cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of small scale carbon mitigation by patch iron fertilization

Abstract. While nutrient depletion scenarios have long shown that the high-latitude High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (HNLC) regions are the most effective for sequestering atmospheric carbon dioxide, recent simulations with prognostic biogeochemical models have suggested that only a fraction of the potential drawdown can be realized. We use a global ocean biogeochemical general circulation model developed at GFDL and Princeton to examine this and related issues. We fertilize two patches in the North and Equatorial Pacific, and two additional patches in the Southern Ocean HNLC region north of the biogeochemical divide and in the Ross Sea south of the biogeochemical divide. We evaluate the simulations using observations from both artificial and natural iron fertilization experiments at nearby locations. We obtain by far the greatest response to iron fertilization at the Ross Sea site, where sea ice prevents escape of sequestered CO2 during the wintertime, and the CO2 removed from the surface ocean by the biological pump is carried into the deep ocean by the circulation. As a consequence, CO2 remains sequestered on century time-scales and the efficiency of fertilization remains almost constant no matter how frequently iron is applied as long as it is confined to the growing season. The second most efficient site is in the Southern Ocean. The North Pacific site has lower initial nutrients and thus a lower efficiency. Fertilization of the Equatorial Pacific leads to an expansion of the suboxic zone and a striking increase in denitrification that causes a sharp reduction in overall surface biological export production and CO2 uptake. The impacts on the oxygen distribution and surface biological export are less prominent at other sites, but nevertheless still a source of concern. The century time scale retention of iron in this model greatly increases the long-term biological response to iron addition as compared with simulations in which the added iron is rapidly scavenged from the ocean.
The global coffee economy and the production of genocide in Rwanda

Abstract Most academic work on the genocide in Rwanda uses either a methodologically social scientific or historical approach to explain the genocide's root causes. These causal stories most often focus on ethnicity and, in doing so, understate how structured economic-material relations made the conditions for genocide possible. Turning to Louis Althusser's concept of structural causality, I form an alternative method for narrating the genocide which treats the genocide as the result of highly complex and over-determined social relations. The paper then re-examines the structural causality of the genocide, focusing on how the coffee economy intersected with the economic, cultural, state, and ideological registers at which the genocide was produced. Representing the genocide in terms of structural causality addresses how over-determined exploitative relationships—between Hutu, Tutsi, coloniser, colonised, rich, poor, farmer, evolue, northerner, southerner, coffee producer, coffee consumer, etc—produced the...
Selected organic pesticides, behavior and removal from domestic wastewater by chemical and physical processes

A study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of chemical and physical wastewater treatment processes in removing selected organic pesticides from domestic wastewater. A 3785 m3 day−1 (1 MGD) nominal capacity pilot plant consisting of biological, chemical and physical units was used for the study. Biologically treated domestic wastewater was subjected to chemical coagulation, multimedia filtration, and activated carbon adsorption. Eight sequences of treatment processes were studied. Influent and effluent samples were analyzed for selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides and chlorophenoxy herbicides using EC-GC. Confirmatory tests such as TLC, extraction of p-value and CPU-MS-GC were applied on selected samples. Results of the study provided qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the performance of the treatment processes studied. Qualitatively characteristic profiles consisting of a limited number of refractory organic residues were detected as peaks on EC chromatograms of extracts from each treatment unit. Thirteen compounds were confirmed in the biologically treated wastewater. These included DDT and its metabolites, aldrin, dieldrin, and 2,4-D alkyl esters and salts. Concentration levels of these compounds in wastewaters were at the ng l−1 (part per trillion) level. Chemical coagulation with alum-lime or lime-ferric chloride was found to effect slight reduction of the organic residues detected on EC chromatograms. Quantitatively only DDT compounds were more completely removed by chemical treatment. Multimedia filters had no discernible effect in removing organic residues from biologically and chemically treated wastewater. Activated carbon columns were found to be the most effective means for removing the refractory organic residues detected. However, breakthrough of some organic residues was noted after usage of the carbon for over 1 year. The overall results of the study showed that application of several sequences of treatment processes on domestic wastewater can produce a high quality effluent which is virtually free from EC detectable organic residues.
Effect of furnace thermal configuration on optical fiber heating and drawing

ABSTRACT The thermal configuration of the draw furnace, which involves the wall temperature profile, the temperature level, and the length of the heated zone, is an important aspect in high-speed optical fiber manufacture. This article presents a computational study on the effect of the furnace thermal configuration on the draw process and on physical quantities such as velocity and temperature difference across the preform/fiber, tension, and neck-down profile. Considering a cylindrical graphite furnace, the study solves a conjugate problem, which involves both the moving silica glass rod or fiber and the inert gases in the furnace. The flow and heat transfer in the two regions is linked due to the boundary conditions at the surface of the glass. Force balance conditions are used to determine the neck-down profile. A fairly versatile finite-difference numerical scheme is employed to consider different temperature distributions along the furnace wall, as well as a range of heating-region lengths. Besides ...
Low-dose naltrexone suppresses ovarian cancer and exhibits enhanced inhibition in combination with cisplatin

Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological malignancies. Although initial therapeutic modalities are successful, 65% of these women relapse with only palliative treatments available thereafter. Endogenous opioids repress the proliferation of human ovarian cancer cells in vitro, and do so in a receptor-mediated manner. The present study examined whether modulation of opioid systems by the opioid antagonist naltrexone (NTX), alone or in combination with standard of care therapies (taxol/paclitaxel, cisplatin), alters human ovarian cancer cell proliferation in tissue culture and tumor progression in mice. Administration of NTX for six hours every two days, but not continuously, reduced DNA synthesis and cell replication from vehicle-treated controls in tissue culture. Moreover, brief exposure to NTX in combination with taxol or cisplatin had an enhanced anticancer action. Mice with established ovarian tumors and treated with a low dosage of NTX (LDN), which invokes a short period of opioid receptor blockade, repressed tumor progression in a non-toxic fashion by reducing DNA synthesis and angiogenesis but not altering cell survival. The combination of LDN with cisplatin, but not taxol, resulted in an additive inhibitory effect on tumorigenesis with enhanced depression of DNA synthesis and angiogenesis. LDN combined with cisplatin alleviated the toxicity (e.g. weight loss) associated with cisplatin. LDN treatment upregulated the expression of the opioid growth factor (OGF, chemical term ([Met(5)]-enkephalin) and its receptor, OGFr. Previous tissue culture studies have reported that OGF is the only opioid peptide with antiproliferative activity on ovarian cancer cells, with OGF action mediated by OGFr. Thus, the common denominator of intermittent opioid receptor blockade by short-term NTX or LDN on ovarian cancer proliferation and tumorigenesis recorded herein appears to be related to the OGF-OGFr axis. These preclinical data may offer a non-toxic and efficacious pathway-related treatment that can benefit patients with ovarian cancer.
In-situ annealing of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 films grown by elemental co-evaporation

The effect of in-situ post-deposition annealing on Cu(InGa)Se 2 films grown by elemental co-evaporation on microstructure and solar cell performance has been characterized. Films were deposited at a substrate temperature of 400°C and then annealed in-situ at 400°C, 475°C, 500°C and 550°C for times from 1 – 60 min. Devices made from films grown at 400°C and then annealed at 550°C for 1 minute had comparable efficiency to devices made from films grown at 550°C. Little or no grain growth was observed in SEM cross-section imagery for films annealed at 400°C, 475° or at 550°C for 1 minute but substantial grain growth was seen in films annealed at 550°C when the anneal time was increased to 10 minutes or more. Device performance also improved as a result of post-deposition annealing, but the improvement in VOC took place even when grain growth appeared stagnant. A decrease in the XRD (112) FWHM for such films, however, indicated that both post-deposition annealing and Cu-rich growth caused a change in the films. VOC was correlated with this measure of Cu(InGa)Se 2 film evolution for 0.55 V ≪ V OC ≪ 0.65 V.
Infants prefer motionese to adult-directed action.

In two studies, we investigated infants’ preference for infant-directed (ID) action or ‘motionese’ (Brand, Baldwin & Ashburn, 2002) relative to adult-directed (AD) action. In Study 1, full-featured videos were shown to 32 6- to 8-month-olds, who demonstrated a strong preference for ID action. In Study 2, infants at 6‐8 months ( n = 28) and 11‐13 months ( n = 24) were shown either standard ID and AD clips, or clips in which demonstrators’ faces were blurred to obscure emotional and eye-gaze information. Across both ages, infants showed evidence of preferring ID to AD action, even when faces were blurred. Infants did not have a preference for still-frame images of the demonstrators, indicating that the ID preference arose from action characteristics, not demonstrators’ general appearance. These results suggest that motionese enhances infants’ attention to action, possibly supporting infants’ learning.
Team oriented capstone design course management: a new approach to team formulation and evaluation

The authors report on a scheme for evaluating students involved in team-oriented capstone engineering design projects. This scheme, implemented in Bradley's Industrial Engineering Department, addresses the problems associated with forming teams, potential interpersonal conflicts within the team, and the difficulty in assigning grades to individuals when the project is a team project. Under the scheme the categories, point values, and weights will vary for different programs. This method of evaluation give the faculty a more objective (and more defensible) approach to team project grading. The faculty involved in each program will have to decide on modifications to this scheme depending on their own requirements. >
Lost to follow-up.

Miriam Stiller stooped over, even while lying in bed. At 62, she was young for dementia and had thick gray hair cut in a short, undifferentiated style. The efficiency of her haircut implied a no-nonsense personality. Remnants of it showed through her confusion at times, like brilliant fish surfacing in murky water. She lay in bed, head and shoulders lifted off the pillow in a stiff, horizontal genuflection. Despite the immobility of her body, or maybe because if it, her eyes were restless. They locked on me when I entered the room. “Help me help me help me I gotta get up I gotta get up.” Her mouth moved little as she spoke. The alarm came not in the volume or even the content of her speech, but in the peculiar disparity between her immobility and the fast, small rush of words with no space between them. No capitals, no periods. Just a tumble of words going nowhere. The resident and I exchanged glances across her bed. “Oh, God,” we thought. “What are we supposed to do with this?” We may even have said it out loud. We went back and reviewed the chart. She had been demented and incontinent for a year, unable to walk for 5 months. Her Mini-Mental State Examination score 2 years ago was 25 of 30. Her CAT scan showed ventriculomegaly. People had been thinking about normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) for 2 years. She had even been referred to Neurosurgery Clinic, but the appointment never occurred and no one noticed until a year later. She had been slipping down the dementia hill for a long time and was now reaching the bottom. Even if she had NPH, it was probably too late to shunt her and achieve recovery. Normal pressure hydrocephalus is a theological concept. …
Communication-Space Tradeoffs for UnrestrictedProtocols

This paper introduces communicating branching programs and develops a general technique for demonstrating communication-space tradeoffs for pairs of communicating branching programs. This technique is then used to prove communication-space tradeoffs for any pair of communicating branching programs that hashes according to a universal family of hash functions. Other tradeoffs follow from this result. As an example, any pair of communicating Boolean branching programs that computes matrix-vector products over GF(2) requires communication-space product \(\Omega(n^2)\), provided the space used is \(o(n/\log n)\). These are the first examples of communication-space tradeoffs on a completely general model of communicating processes.
Fracture Toughness of Ceramic Precracked Bend Bars

Fracture toughness was measured for four ceramic materials using precracked bend bar specimens. The effect of the precracking parameters, used for the bridge indentation method on fracture toughness values, was determined. Excellent agreement was obtained between fracture toughness values measured by this method and values obtained by other techniques.
Going Beyond the Internal-External Dichotomy in Clinical Psychology The Theory of Interpersonal Defense as an Example of a Participatory Model

Thinking in terms of a dichotomy between 'internal' processes, on the one hand, and behaviors and events in the 'external' world, on the other, is a pervasive, problematic feature of work in clinical psychology. Although there have been calls for rejecting this approach, it remains far from clear how to move beyond it. The authors address this issue by present- ing a framework for participatory accounts. This framework is based on a philosophical perspective that takes as its starting point the person involved in practical activities. It includes five points about substantive and method- ological matters. The authors illustrate the participatory approach by discussing a new conceptualization of defense processes called the theory of interpersonal defense in order to (a) show that going beyond the internal-external dichotomy can lead to fresh insights in a substantive area of inquiry, and (b) provide an example that can serve as a guide for investigators interested in approaching other issues in clinical psychology in a manner based on the participatory framework.
High‐Mobility Epitaxial Layers of PbTe and Pb1−xSnxTe Prepared by Post‐Growth Annealing

Postgrowth annealing has been found to give layers of PbTe and Pb1−xSnxTe (with x ≈ 0.2) with much larger low‐temperature Hall mobilities than as‐grown layers. At temperatures down to about 50 °K the Hall mobilities are close to those of good bulk crystals. Below 50 °K there is a tendency to saturation at values greater than 105 cm2 V−1 sec−1. Structural studies indicate that both as‐grown and annealed specimens are single crystals with about the same concentration of low‐angle grain boundaries as the BaF2 substrates. It is suggested that the annealing process removes an excess of native defects.
Evolution of space charges and conductivity with DC aging of polyethylene-synthetic and natural clay composites

The evolution of the space charge and conductivity with DC poling of two types of polypropylene-(PP-) based nanocomposites (PNCs) was investigated. The PNCs were manufactured with different concentrations of synthetic and natural organoclays. The optimal concentrations of nanofiller that can efficiently mitigate the space charge with DC aging time were 2-wt% for PP-natural-clay and between 2 and 4wt% for the PP-synthetic-clay. Above these percentages charge transport through overlapping of nanoparticles can occur due to the interaction zone of double layers formed at the nanoparticle/host material interfaces. Under DC field the overlapping increases the conductivity of PNCs and minimizes the benefit of incorporating nanofillers into PP. The total charge stored in unfilled PP increased continuously with time reaching a maximum around 5000 h before decreasing but it also changed slightly in all filled specimens. It was perceived that the smaller the size of nanofiller platelets the more efficient the charge mitigation. The conductivity of specimens containing 6wt% of natural clay and 8wt% of synthetic clay reached ≈6 times the level of the unfilled PP. This observation could be related and due to the crossing of the percolation threshold for these composites.
Sol y viento: En breve. A Cinematic Journey for Beginning Spanish by VANPATTEN, BILL, MICHAEL J. LEESER, & GREGORY D. KEATING

The article reviews the book "Sol y viento: En breve: A Cinematic Journey for Beginning Spanish," by Bill VanPatten, Michael J. Leeser, and Gregory D. Keating.
Multimodal biometric identification for large user population using fingerprint, face and iris recognition

Biometric systems based solely on one-modal biometrics are often not able to meet the desired performance requirements for large user population applications, due to problems such as noisy data, intra-class variations, restricted degrees of freedom, nonuniversity, spoof attacks, and unacceptable error rates. Multimodal biometrics refers to the use of a combination of two or more biometric modalities in a single identification system. The most compelling reason to combine different modalities is to improve the recognition accuracy. This can be done when features of different biometrics are statistically independent. This paper overviews and discusses the various scenarios that are possible in multimodal biometric systems using fingerprint, face and iris recognition, the levels of fusion that are possible and the integration strategies that can be adopted to fuse information and improve overall system accuracy. This paper also discusses how the image quality of fingerprint, face and iris used in the multimodal biometric systems affects the overall identification accuracy and the need of staffing for the secondary human validation. For a large user population identification system, which often has more than tens or hundreds of millions of subject images already enrolled in the matcher databases and has to process more than hundreds of thousands of identification requests, the system's identification accuracy and the need of staffing levels to properly operate the system are two of the most important factors in determining whether a system is properly designed and integrated
Outcomes of Living Donor Liver Transplantation for Acute Liver Failure: The Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study

For acute liver failure (ALF), living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) may reduce waiting time and provide better timing compared to deceased donor liver transplantation (DDLT). However, there are concerns that a partial graft would result in reduced survival of critically ill LDLT recipients and that the rapid evolution of ALF would lead to selection of inappropriate donors. We report outcomes for ALF patients (and their donors) evaluated for LDLT between 1998 and April 2007 from the Adult-to-Adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort. Of the 1201 potential LDLT recipients, 14 had ALF, only 6 of whom had an identified cause. The median time from listing to first donor evaluation was 1.5 days, and the median time from evaluation to transplantation was 1 day. One patient recovered without liver transplant, 3 of 10 LDLT recipients died, and 1 of 3 DDLT recipients died. Five of the 10 living donors had a total of 7 posttransplant complications. In conclusion, LDLT is rarely performed for ALF, but in selected patients it may be associated with acceptable recipient mortality and donor morbidity.
A theoretical limitation on the formation of lossless multiple beams in linear arrays

It is well known that through the use of lenses, several independent beams can be formed from a single antenna, with each beam having essentially the gain corresponding to the aperture of the lens. Recently, feed systems have been developed for linear arrays which achieve similar performance through the use of directional couplers. In this paper it is shown that the shape of the beams which can be formed from an equispaced array by such a feed matrix is not arbitrary, unless one is willing to accept losses in addition to normal plumbing losses. It is shown that the array space factors associated with the individual beams must be such that they are mutually orthogonal over a period of the space-factor pattern.
A study of two adaptive filters in tandem

The tandem of adaptive filters is common in practice. An example is the tandem of echo cancellers in telecommunication networks. This paper analyzes the convergence characteristics and tracking behavior of two adaptive filters in tandem, together with a comparison of its performance with a single adaptive filter. The adaptive algorithm considered is the LMS and the analysis is on mean-square. The coefficient errors correspond to noise, lag bias and lag variance are examined separately The theoretical results are corroborated with simulations. The study shows that the tandem of two adaptive filters decreases the convergence speed compared to a single adaptive filter. In addition, in steady state and when the step-size is small tandeming increases the coefficient variance due to noise by a factor of 2.5, the coefficient variance due to tracking lag by a factor of 1.5, but decreases the mean-square coefficient bias due to lag by a factor of 2.
Echo-planar Imaging

Echo-planar imaging is a fast magnetic resonance (MR) imaging technique that allows acquisition of single images in as little as 20 msec and performance of multiple-image studies in as little as 20 seconds. Echo-planar imaging achieves its speed by obtaining all spatial-encoding information after a single radio-frequency (RF) excitation. Conventional imaging requires multiple-RF excitations, separated by the repetition time (TR), to acquire this information. An "infinite" TR, routine lipid suppression, and sensitivity to magnetic susceptibility are other features of echo-planar imaging. Standard pulse sequences are used to obtain echo-planar images, which have diagnostic utility similar to that of conventional MR images. Echo-planar imaging is less sensitive to motion than is conventional MR imaging and allows imaging of rapidly changing physiologic processes such as blood flow and kinetic activity. Echo-planar imaging is opening new areas of MR imaging research and clinical applications.
An efficient parallel algorithm for planarity

We describe a parallel algorithm for testing a graph for planarity, and for finding an embedding of a planar graph. For a graph on n vertices, the algorithm runs in O(log2 n) steps on n processors of a parallel RAM. The previous best algorithm for planarity testing in parallel polylog time ([Ja'Ja' and Simon, 82]) used a reduction to solving linear systems, and hence required Ω(n2..49...) processors by known methods, whereas our processor bounds are within a polylog factor of optimal. The most significant aspect of our parallel algorithms is the use of a sophisticated data structure for representing sets of embeddings, the PQ-tree of [Booth and Lueker, 76]. Previously no parallel algorithms for PQ-trees were known. We have efficient parallel algorithms for manipulating PQ-trees, which we use in our planarity algorithm.
BDD Variable Ordering for Interacting Finite State Machines

We address the problem of obtaining good variable orderings for the BDD representation of a system of interacting finite state machines (FSMs). Orderings are derived from the communication structure of the system. Communication complexity arguments are used to prove upper bounds on the size of the BDD for the transition relation of the product machine in terms of the communication graph, and optimal orderings are exhibited for a variety of regular systems. Based on the bounds we formulate algorithms for variable ordering. We perform reached state analysis on a number of standard verification benchmarks to test the effectiveness of our ordering strategy; experimental results demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. The algorithms described in this paper have been implemented in HSIS, a hierarchical synthesis and verification tool currently under development at Berkeley.
Measuring Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Children: An Ecological Measurement Approach

Objective Behavioral, environmental, and biological measures of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure are reviewed with special consideration of medically at-risk children. Methods An ecological measurement framework is introduced to examine SHS exposure of children in the context of their physical and social environments. Results The proposed approach emphasizes the need to measure (a) who uses tobacco, (b) where and when exposure takes place, (c) what media are contaminated, (d) how exposure takes place, (e) how much a child was exposed, and (f) factors that contribute to why tobacco is used in a child’s environment. Conclusions Existing research suggests that medically at-risk children are among the most vulnerable populations for the harmful effects of SHS exposure. Yet, little is currently known about how SHS exposure affects these populations. The proposed approach provides a framework for the comprehensive assessment of SHS exposure to study its health effects and to design effective interventions.
Spl and related factors fail to interact with the NF-kB-proximal G/C box in the LTR of a replication competent, brain-derived strain of HIV-1 (YU-2)

The HIV-1 LTR promoter proximal G/C box array has been demonstrated to function by interacting with the Sp1 transcription factor family whose members can act as either activators or repressors of transcription. In this regard, we have examined the interaction of the HIV-1 Sp binding sites with nuclear factors that are present in cell types that support HIV-1 replication, including those of lymphocytic, monocytic, and astrocytic origin. As determined by electrophoretic mobility shift (EMS) competition analyses using oligonucleotides containing the sequences of each of the Sp1 sites of HIV-1 strain LAI, the NF-kappaB-proximal Sp site (site III) displayed the highest binding activity compared to sites I and II with regard to Sp1 and related factors present in lymphocytic (Jurkat) and astrocytic (U-373 MG) nuclear extracts. Sp1 and two Sp3 isoforms were detected as the primary cellular constituents of DNA-protein complexes formed with the NF-kappaB-proximal site. Only modest differences in Sp1:Sp3 binding ratios were observed when this site was reacted with either astrocytic or lymphocytic nuclear extract. However, when nuclear extracts derived from two monocytic cell types that differ in the degree of differentiation were reacted with the HIV-1 LAI Sp site III, a large difference in Sp1 and Sp3 binding was observed. To determine if naturally occurring and replication-competent strains of HIV-1 contain base pair alterations within the Sp elements that affect the ability of the site to interact with Sp1 and related factors, a series of Sp site III variants were constructed and examined by EMS analyses. One of these sites, obtained from the published sequence of the YU-2 strain (a brain-derived macrophage tropic strain of HIV-1), displayed almost no Sp1 or Sp3 binding activity as a result of a single base pair alteration in Sp site III. This base-pair alteration, when placed in the context of an HIV-1 LAI LTR-luciferase construct, resulted in a 40-50% reduction in LTR activity in transiently transfected Jurkat and U-373 MG cells. Overall, these results suggest that specific G/C box sequence alterations present in the brain-derived HIV-1 variant YU-2, or possibly other brain-derived variants, may exhibit altered replication properties as a result of the low affinity of the NF-kappaB-proximal G/C box for members of the Sp transcription factor family.
Theme and Variation on N-Aryl-1, 8-Napthalimides: Minimal Modification to Red-Shifted Fluorescence and Applications in Fluorescent Chemosensors

Our continuing efforts into the development of N-aryl-1,8-naphthalic dicarboximides (NI) as dual fluorescent (DF) dyes for biomedical applications has led to new insights into the photophysical features that these simple dyes can be designed to display. Consequently, the development of new DF dyes with improved fluorescent properties represents a major focus of our research. The first section of this review presents results involving a “minimal modification approach” to red-shifted absorption and fluorescence in NIs and affords some key design concepts for improved DF dyes. In this section, we demonstrate the significant effect of appropriately placed charges can have on the emission properties of these unique dyes. In the next section, dual fluorescent probes for the ions of potassium and sodium are introduced with the NI framework and crown ether receptors. The ratiometric features of these dyes from absorption as well as fluorescence spectroscopy are highlighted. Finally, in the third section, we demonstrate dual fluorescence detection of saccharides with the same DF dye component as our ion probe, in this case, however, a simple phenylboronic acid is utilized as a saccharide binding component.
Diminished growth and lower adiposity in hyperglycemic very low birth weight neonates at 4 months corrected age

Characterize the relationship between neonatal hyperglycemia and growth and body composition at 4 months corrected age (CA) in very low birth weight (VLBW) preterm infants. A prospective study of VLBW appropriate-for-gestation infants (N=53). All blood glucose measurements in the first 14 days and nutritional intake and illness markers until discharge were recorded. Standard anthropometrics and body composition via air displacement plethysmography were measured near term CA and 4 months CA. Relationships between hyperglycemia and anthropometrics and body composition were examined using multivariate linear regression. Infants with >5 days of hyperglycemia were lighter (5345 vs 6455 g, P⩽0.001), shorter (57.9 vs 60.9 cm, P⩽0.01), had smaller occipital-frontal head circumference (39.4 vs 42.0 cm, P⩽0.05) and were leaner (percent body fat 15.0 vs 23.8, P⩽0.01) at 4 months CA than those who did not have hyperglycemia, including after correcting for nutritional and illness factors. Neonatal hyperglycemia in VLBW infants is associated with decreased body size and lower adiposity at 4 months CA independent of nutritional deficit, insulin use and illness. Downregulation of the growth hormone axis may be responsible. These changes may influence long-term growth and cognitive development.
On frequency dependencies of sliding window correlation

Sliding window correlation (SWC) is one of the most popular methods to study the dynamics of functional connectivity from resting-state functional MRI scans. These scanned signals are often non-stationary and normally bandpass filtered before the SWC analysis, so there are more than one frequency component present in the correlating signals. In this paper we study the effects of two frequencies in such signals by extending the findings of an earlier study that considered only a single frequency. Although the fluctuations in the SWC are reduced when the length of the window approaches the minimum window length, as reported in the earlier study, but the ability of the SWC to give the stationary correlation value dependents on the ratio of the two frequencies rather than the minimum frequency only. Furthermore, some undesirable components other than the modulating frequency would be extracted from non-stationary analysis under certain conditions.
The Formation of Urethan Foams

Abstract An understanding of the formation of urethan foams involves consideration of the organic chemistry of the reactions leading to gas formation and molecular growth, the colloid chemistry of nucleation phenomena and bubble stability, and the rheology of the polymer system as it cures. Experimental data are not available to permit complete evaluation of all details of the foam formation and cure. Nevertheless enough information has been developed in the urethan and related fields to permit one to develop a fairly reasonable explanation of the process. This summary attempts to present such a picture, and is not concerned with the more familiar areas of foam production and foam properties. A distinction is made between experimentally observed data and reasonable speculation. One may naturally assume that future research will modify and extend the concepts presented here.
Antibody organization on lipid films. Influence of pH and interchain disulphide reduction

Two distinct lattice structures are observed for two-dimensional (2-D) antibody organization on phospholipid films. A low-order, small-unit-cell, square lattice is obtained at pH 7 and below for mouse IgE, mouse IgG2a and IgG2b and rabbit IgG. At pH 7.5 and above, the observed lattice structure switches to a large-unit-cell, hexagonal type for rabbit IgG and mouse IgE. Interchain disulphide reduction by exposure to 2 mM-dithiothreitol results in the formation of the compact 2-D lattice for all cases and for all pH conditions.
Demonstration of Theory of Contextual Absorption in Advertisements

Various perspectives,models and theories have been proposed and employed in the explanation of the acquisition of human verbal communication,yet new explorations are still possible.This paper based on social factors and cognitive factors attempts to put forward a new model——contextual absorption model to explore the pragmatic implication of human verbal behaviours.Among human verbal behaviours,advertisements are important and representative,which are common in different languages.This paper analyses many advertisements from different languages to demonstrate the possibility and interpretability of this model.
Changes over time in survival of children after AIDS diagnosis in New York City.

We determined whether survival of children following AIDS diagnosis is improving over time through 1991. AIDS surveillance data from New York City Department of Health on 914 pediatric AIDS patients, diagnosed between 1979 and 1991 and presumed due to maternal-infant HIV transmission, were analyzed. Survival following AIDS diagnosis, established from hospital records and death certificates, was compared by calendar year of initial diagnosis using Kaplan-Meier lifetable analysis. Cox Proportional Hazards regression models were used to compare survival for patients diagnosed earlier or later in the decade, controlling for age at diagnosis, presenting opportunistic illness, and gender of the child. Patients diagnosed with AIDS from October 1987 to September 1989 survived longer, median survival 17 months after diagnosis, than patients diagnosed before September 1987, median survival 10 months (relative risk [RR] = 0.76; 95% confidence intervals [Cl] = 0.62, 0.93). Patients diagnosed from October 1989 to December 1991 also survived a median of 17 months. Secular improvements in survival after AIDS diagnosis remained after controlling for age at diagnosis, presenting diagnosis, and gender, even if deaths within three months of diagnosis were excluded. These data suggest that for recent years, survival following AIDS diagnosis in those contracting the infection through maternal-infant transmission has been prolonged. Possible explanations for these findings include both methodological issues (changes in diagnostic criteria, incomplete ascertainment of deaths) and substantive issues (developments in therapeutic interventions and management of pediatric AIDS).
Electronic structure of Na, K, Si, and LiF from self-consistent solution of Hedin's equations including vertex corrections

A few self-consistent schemes to solve the Hedin equations are presented. They include vertex corrections of different complexity. Commonly used quasiparticle approximation for the Green's function and static approximation for the screened interaction are avoided altogether. Using alkali metals Na and K as well as semiconductor Si and wide-gap insulator LiF as examples, it is shown that both the vertex corrections in the polarizability $P$ and in the self-energy $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ are important. Particularly, vertex corrections in $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ with proper treatment of frequency dependence of the screened interaction always reduce calculated bandwidths/band gaps, improving the agreement with experiment. The complexity of the vertex included in $P$ and in $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}$ can be different. Whereas in the case of polarizability one generally has to solve the Bethe-Salpeter equation for the corresponding vertex function, it is enough (for the materials in this study) to include the vertex of the first order in the self-energy. The calculations with appropriate vertices show remarkable improvement in the calculated bandwidths and band gaps as compared to the self-consistent $GW$ approximation as well as to the self-consistent quasiparticle $GW$ approximation.
Abstract 4001: The anti-CD47 antibody Hu5F9-G4 activates macrophages and inhibits ovarian cancer xenografts, alone and in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy

Macrophage activation by inhibition of CD47 signaling is a new therapeutic approach to cancers. Binding of CD47 to its receptor SIRPα on macrophages initiates a signal cascade that inhibits phagocytosis. Blocking CD47 from interaction with SIRPα by the CD47 antibody Hu5F9-G4 results in phagocytosis of cancer cells, and anticancer activity in xenografts of human cancers. We developed taxane resistant variants from human ovarian carcinoma (OC) cell lines (ES-2, MES-OV and OVCAR-3) by step-wise exposure to paclitaxel (Ptx) and the transport inhibitor valspodar (6x resistance in ES-2/TP, 9x in MES-OV/TP, and 30x in OVCAR-3/TP). These 6 lines were transduced to establish stable luciferase expression for OC xenograft (OCX) imaging. All express CD47 by immunoblotting and flow cytometry, and all express calreticulin (CRT). CRT is a prophagocytic signal that promotes phagocytosis in the presence of CD47 blockade. CRT levels are lower in the Ptx-resistant variants (p Citation Format: Rishil J. Kathawala, David C. Mundy, George E. Duran, Jens-Peter Volkmer, Kevin S. Kao, Yan C. Wang, Aditi Bellary, Irving L. Weissman, Branimir I. Sikic. The anti-CD47 antibody Hu5F9-G4 activates macrophages and inhibits ovarian cancer xenografts, alone and in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4001.
Economics and Physical Science

Modern physical science has moved a considerable distance from the deterministic materialism of the nineteenth century. Even then, the inclusion of fields (gravitational, magnetic, and electric) complemented the massy, solid atoms in making up the world-picture of physics. But in the twentieth century, science replaced the earlier ontology entirely. Quantum mechanics, the crowning achievement of modern physics, has re-opened ages-old questions about the nature of reality, causation, and the connection between consciousness and the external world. The fundamental ground of modern physics is at the epistemological level — what we can know about physical systems is basic, rather than an onto-logical account of the world as it ‘really is.’
NSF values mid-scale infrastructure.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) recently unveiled 10 “Big ideas for future NSF investments” ([ 1 ][1]). One of those ideas targets mid-scale research infrastructure and greater flexibility to fund mid-scale projects. In his News In Depth story “Scientists cheer Senate bill” (1 July, p
Synergistic attenuation of chronic pain using mu opioid and cannabinoid receptor 2 agonists

The misuse of prescription opiates is on the rise with combination therapies (e.g. acetaminophen or NSAIDs) resulting in severe liver and kidney damage. In recent years, cannabinoid receptors have been identified as potential modulators of pain and rewarding behaviors associated with cocaine, nicotine and ethanol in preclinical models. Yet, few studies have identified whether mu opioid agonists and CB2 agonists act synergistically to inhibit chronic pain while reducing unwanted side effects including reward liability. We determined if analgesic synergy exists between the mu-opioid agonist morphine and the selective CB2 agonist, JWH015, in rodent models of acute and chronic inflammatory, post-operative, and neuropathic pain using isobolographic analysis. We also investigated if the MOR-CB2 agonist combination decreased morphine-induced conditioned place preference (CPP) and slowing of gastrointestinal transit. Co-administration of morphine with JWH015 synergistically inhibited preclinical inflammatory, post-operative and neuropathic-pain in a dose- and time-dependent manner; no synergy was observed for nociceptive pain. Opioid-induced side effects of impaired gastrointestinal transit and CPP were significantly reduced in the presence of JWH015. Here we show that MOR + CB2 agonism results in a significant synergistic inhibition of preclinical pain while significantly reducing opioid-induced unwanted side effects. The opioid sparing effect of CB2 receptor agonism strongly supports the advancement of a MOR-CB2 agonist combinatorial pain therapy for clinical trials.
Networks on Chips

Networks implemented on single integrated circuit chips are important to present and future electronic technology. Different interconnection networks suitable for networks on chips are covered including stars, buses, meshes, torii, fat trees, butterfly fat trees, and octagon topologies. The architecture of nodes and switching alternatives are discussed. Characteristics of common interconnection networks are presented.
The Goal Case Affirmative: An Alternative Approach to Academic Debate

(1973). The Goal Case Affirmative: An Alternative Approach to Academic Debate. The Journal of the American Forensic Association: Vol. 9, No. 4, pp. 458-463.
Ibrutinib, fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and obinutuzumab (GA101) (iFCG) for previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) with mutated IGHV and non-del (17p).

7522Background: Pts with mutated IGHV (IGHV-M) have favorable long-term outcomes after FCR. Methods: We designed an investigator-initiated phase II trial with ibrutinib, fludarabine, cyclophosphami...
WATCHING THE GAME: VIEWERSHIP OF ARCHITECTURAL MESOAMERICAN BALL COURTS

The ballgame, played in an open-air public facility, was an integral institution for most major Mesoamerican centers. Although its social roles likely included political and social mediation among polities or communities, who could witness a game? Our estimates of the numbers of viewers derive from lines of sight toward the playing alley from nearby construction and plazas or other open ground. Focusing on centers in south-central and southern Veracruz, Mexico, we assess court viewership relative to people accommodated in the main plaza to determine the degree to which prime ballgame viewership was restricted. Ratios of prime viewers to plaza capacities for primary and secondary centers show that relative limitations in viewership did not covary consistently with the settlement hierarchy. We show that viewership was markedly curtailed compared to public assembly space in plazas and likely favored the upper echelons of society.
Fiber, Lasers, Receivers, and Amplifiers

The success of optical WDM networks depends heavily on the available optical device technology. This chapter is intended as an introduction to some of the optical device issues in WDM networks. It discusses the basic principles of optical transmission in fiber, and reviews the current state of the art in optical device technology.
Long-term Follow Up of Arthroscopically Repaired Meniscal Tears in a Pediatric Population

Background:Meniscal repair is desirable over resection to prevent post-meniscectomy arthritis, especially in young and active patients. However, long-term data is currently lacking following menisc...
Amoris Laetitia: Towards a Methodological and Anthropological Integration of Catholic Social and Sexual Ethics:

There is a long-noted anthropological and methodological divide between Catholic social and sexual ethics. We argue in three cumulative sections that Pope Francis’ Amoris Laetitia moves towards an ...
Complete Genome Sequences of the Arcobacter cryaerophilus Strains ATCC 43158 T and ATCC 49615.

Arcobacter cryaerophilus was originally recovered from aborted bovine and porcine fetuses, but it has been subsequently isolated from meat, water, and human clinical samples. This study describes the complete whole-genome sequences of two A. cryaerophilus strains, ATCC 43158T (=A 169/BT =LMG 24291T) and ATCC 49615 (=CDC D2610 =LMG 10829).
Common benign breast concerns for the primary care physician

Women often visit their primary care physician because of breast concerns such as masses, pain, and nipple discharge. Most breast problems are benign, but it is important to know how to manage these and other breast problems and when to refer patients for further testing.
Intragroup Differences among African Jamaican and African American Women: Empowerment, Male Condom-use Intentions and Negotiation

African American/Black women's rate of HIV infection has been explored along several variables. Understanding how the epidemic affects different ethnic groups of women is crucial in developing effective prevention strategies. There remains a gap in knowledge around the effects of ethnicity on the rate of infection among the culturally diverse groups of women living in the U.S. subsumed under the label African American/Black. The purpose of the study is to explore whether cultural differences exist among African Jamaican and African American women that may affect their empowerment and condom-use intentions, placing them at a more heightened risk of contracting HIV. The results indicate that women's sense of power, either in their relationships or within themselves, was not related to their condom-use self-efficacy or condom-use intentions. Although none of the five hypotheses was fully supported, related significant findings suggest that women's level of acculturation was negatively related to their intentions to negotiate condom use. The longer women were in the United States, the lower their condom-use intentions.
Traumatic Brain Injury Results in Dynamic Brain Structure Changes Leading to Acute and Chronic Motor Function Deficits in a Pediatric Piglet Model.

Abstract Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Pediatric TBI patients often suffer from crippling cognitive, emotional, and motor function deficits th...