cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic evidence for large-scale compositional heterogeneity of oceanic core complexes

Long-lived detachment faults at mid-ocean ridges exhume deep-seated rocks to form oceanic core complexes (OCCs). Using large-offset (6 km) multichannel seismic data, we have derived two-dimensional seismic tomography models for three of the best developed OCCs on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Our results show that large lateral variations in P wave velocity occur within the upper ∼0.5–1.7 km of the lithosphere. We observe good correlations between velocity structure and lithology as documented by in situ geological samples and seafloor morphology, and we use these correlations to show that gabbros are heterogeneously distributed as large (tens to >100 km2) bodies within serpentinized peridotites. Neither the gabbros nor the serpentinites show any systematic distribution with respect to along-isochron position within the enclosing spreading segment, indicating that melt extraction from the mantle is not necessarily focused at segment centers, as has been commonly inferred. In the spreading direction, gabbros are consistently present toward the terminations of the detachment faults. This suggests enhanced magmatism during the late stage of OCC formation due either to natural variability in the magmatic cycle or to decompression melting during footwall exhumation. Heat introduced into the rift valley by flow and crystallization of this melt could weaken the axial lithosphere and result in formation of new faults, and it therefore may explain eventual abandonment of detachments that form OCCs. Detailed seismic studies of the kind described here, when constrained by seafloor morphology and geological samples, can distinguish between major lithological units such as volcanics, gabbros, and serpentinized peridotites at lateral scales of a few kilometers. Thus such studies have tremendous potential to elucidate the internal structure of the shallow lithosphere and to help us understand the tectonic and magmatic processes by which they were emplaced.
Decreased expression of the stress protein HSP70 is an early event in murine erythroleukemic cell differentiation

Two-dimensional protein gels were used to systematically assess changes in gene expression in Friend erythroleukemia cells after exposure to inducers of differentiation. A rapid decrease in expression of the stress protein HSP70 was observed after exposure to inducers. The kinetics of this change suggest that it may be related to the cellular events that regulate the onset of differentiation.
Estimating critical ionosphere parameters from received, wideband HF signals

The goals of this effort are to study the effects of ionospheric variability with temporal scales ranging from seconds to hours on symbol error rates in wideband HF skywave communications, and to develop a method of using realized HF communication signals to ascertain critical ionosphere characteristics in near real-time, for use in updating propagation predictions.
Recognition And Production Exercises In Pronunciation

There a r e three kinds of students in foreign languages. First, those who describe foreign languages; second, those who teach foreign languages; third, those who learn to speak foreign languages. The first group must know about the foreign language but need not speak it. The third group must speak the foreign language but need not know about it. The second group should know about and speak the foreign language and the students‘ native language. This short art icle concerns primarily those of the second group. It a ims to show how the language teacher who speaks both languages has an important advantage over the one who does not in pronunciation exercises. A teacher of pronunciation must know the sound system and other pronunciation features in both the students’ native language and the foreign language. He must be able to predict what pronunciation problems his students are going to have and how to help them to recognize such problems so that they can overcome the difficulties. There a r e two major kinds of pronunciation difficulties. First, two phonetically similar i tems are used to distinguish meaning in the foreign language but a r e grasped by the student as equivalents because they are not used to distinguish meaning in his native language.’ The problem is phonemic. The student must learn to produce the two separate items. Second, the student substitutes an item in the foreign language by a different item from his native language. This substitution is unsatisfactory. Our question is what the teacher could do to achieve satisfactory pronunciation.
The analysis of magnetic-state-selected angular distributions: A quantum mechanical form and an asymptotic approximation

Abstract The exact expression for the angular distribution resulting from photodissociation of selected magnetic states reduces rigorously to the controversial form derived phenomenologically in J. Chem. Phys. 85 (1986) 150 and Chem. Phys. Letters 156 (1989) 1 in a well-defined limit. The approximation involved, however, imposes a severe limit on the range of applicability of the reduced form.
Synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of m-terphenyl amines as cyclooxygenase inhibitors

A series of m-terphenyl amines was synthesized and evaluated as a novel class of cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors. Structure–activity relationships (SAR) were investigated by functional group modification at the para-position of the C-1′ and C-2′ phenyl substituents on the central aromatic ring. Anilines 6a, b, d, and h demonstrated nonselective inhibition of COX-1 and -2 in human whole blood. Compounds 6c and e demonstrated preferential inhibition of the COX-2 isozyme at 10 μM. Molecules 6f, i, and j inhibited only COX-1, and the disubstituted ethoxy derivative (6g) was inactive as a COX inhibitor (≤ 100 μM). Molecular docking studies of these compounds indicate that the COX-1 binding site amino acid Ile523 anchors the m-terphenyl system statically within the enzyme’s active site, while the slightly smaller amino acid Val523 in COX-2 allows the ligand to “roll,” fashioning several acceptable conformers.
Substrate specificity, membrane topology, and activity regulation of human alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2).

Human alkaline ceramidase 2 (ACER2) plays an important role in cellular responses by regulating the hydrolysis of ceramides in cells. Here we report its biochemical characterization, membrane topology, and activity regulation. Recombinant ACER2 was expressed in yeast mutant cells (Δypc1Δydc1) that lack endogenous ceramidase activity, and microsomes from ACER2-expressiong yeast cells were used to biochemically characterize ACER2. ACER2 catalyzed the hydrolysis of various ceramides and followed Michaelis-Menten kinetics. ACER2 required Ca2+ for both its in vitro and cellular activities. ACER2 has 7 putative transmembrane domains, and its amino (N) and carboxyl (C) termini were found to be oriented in the lumen of the Golgi complex and cytosol, respectively. ACER2 mutant (ACER2ΔN36) lacking the N-terminal tail (the first 36 amino acid residues) exhibited undetectable activity and was mislocalized to the endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting that the N-terminal tail is necessary for both ACER2 activity and Golgi localization. ACER2 mutant (ACER2ΔN13) lacking the first 13 residues was also mislocalized to the endoplasmic reticulum although it retained ceramidase activity. Overexpression of ACER2, ACER2ΔN13, but not ACER2ΔN36 increased the release of sphingosine 1-phosphate from cells, suggesting that its mislocalization does not affect the ability of ACER2 to regulate sphingosine 1-phosphate secretion. However, overexpression of ACER2 but not ACER2ΔN13 or ACER2ΔN36 inhibited the glycosylation of integrin β1 subunit and Lamp1, suggesting that its mistargeting abolishes the ability of ACER2 to regulation protein glycosylation. These data suggest that ACER2 has broad substrate specificity and requires Ca2+ for its activity and that ACER2 has the cytosolic C terminus and luminal N terminus, which are essential for its activity, correct cellular localization, and regulation for protein glycosylation.
Constraints on and consequences of a 17-keV neutrino

If the 17-keV neutrino exists, various constraints require that (1) it be a Majorana neutrino which is mainly ντ; (2) it not be the dark matter of the universe, although its existence would rule out dominant hot dark matter; (3) the νμ be a heavy Majorana neutrino of mass 17 keV or in the range 190–270 keV; and (4) the MSW solution to the solar neutrino problem involve νe conversion to a light sterile neutrino. Crucial to these conclusions is ruling out a 17-keV Dirac neutrino because it would have cooled supernova 1987A too rapidly for the duration of the neutrino pulses observed by Kamiokande and IMB. Reasons for strengthening that argument are given, and possible loopholes for avoiding it are explored. The resulting possibilities for neutrino masses point to follow-on experiments, which are discussed.
The C-Terminal Hydrophobic Domain of Hepatitis C Virus RNA Polymerase NS5B Can Be Replaced with a Heterologous Domain of Poliovirus Protein 3A

Replication of the plus-stranded RNA genome of hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs in a membrane-bound replication complex consisting of viral and cellular proteins and viral RNA. NS5B, the RNA polymerase of HCV, is anchored to the membranes via a C-terminal 20-amino-acid-long hydrophobic domain, which is flanked on each side by a highly conserved positively charged arginine. Using a genotype 1b subgenomic replicon (V. Lohmann, F. Korner, J. O. Koch, U. Herian, L. Theilmann, and R. Bartensclager, Science 285:110-113, 1999), we determined the effect of mutations of some highly conserved residues in this domain. The replacement of arginine 570 with alanine completely abolished the colony-forming ability by the replicon, while a R591A change was found to be highly detrimental to replication, viability, and membrane binding by the mutant NS5B protein. Mutations of two other highly conserved amino acids (L588A and P589A) reduced but did not eliminate colony formation. It was of interest, if specific amino acid residues play a role in membrane anchoring of NS5B and replication, to determine whether a complete exchange of the NS5B hydrophobic domain with a domain totally unrelated to NS5B would ablate replication. We selected the 22-amino-acid-long hydrophobic domain of poliovirus polypeptide 3A that is known to adopt a transmembrane configuration, thereby anchoring 3A to membranes. Surprisingly, either partial or full replacement of the NS5B hydrophobic domain with the anchor sequences of poliovirus polypeptide 3A resulted in the replication of replicons whose colony-forming abilities were reduced compared to that of the wild-type replicon. Upon continued passage of the replicon in Huh-7 cells in the presence of neomycin, the replication efficiency of the replicon increased. However, the sequence of the poliovirus polypeptide 3A hydrophobic domain, in the context of the subgenomic HCV replicon, was stably maintained throughout 40 passages. Our results suggest that anchoring NS5B to membranes is necessary but that the amino acid sequence of the anchor per se does not require HCV origin. This suggests that specific interactions between the NS5B hydrophobic domain and other membrane-bound factors may not play a decisive role in HCV replication.
Cell adhesion and growth on synthetic elastomeric matrices containing Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-3.

Synthetic elastomeric polypeptide matrices based on the repeating amino acid sequences of elastin have biophysical and biological properties which are favorable for prosthetic materials. An important requirement envisaged for some applications is the ability to support cell adhesion and growth. The X20–poly– (GVGVP), the γ–irradiation cross-linked elastomeric matrix based on the repeatin poly[n(GVGVP), (GRGDSP)] containing the covalently incorporated cell adhesion sequence Arg–Gly–Asp–Ser (RGDS) were synthesized. These matrices were tested for their ability to support the adhesion and growth of bovine aortic endothelial cells and of bovine ligamentum nuchae fibroblasts. Adhesion experiments carried pentamer Val–Pro–Gly–Val–Gly, and X2 B – out in albumin-containing media showed that matrices containing 60:1, 40:1, and 20:l ratios of (GVGVP):(GRGDSP) supported maximal cell attachment, that matrices containing 100:l exhibited an intermediate level of attachment and that matrices composed of 500:l and (GVGVP) alone were very poor supports for cell attachment. Serum in the media promoted submaximal cell attachment to X20–poly– (GVGVP) but did not permit substantial cell growth. Cell growth was supported by matrices having high ratios of (GRGDSP). Ratios of 60:1, 40:1, and 2O:l supported three population doublings of endothelial cells over 3 days resulting in confluent matrix-adherent monolayers. Ratios of 40:l and 20:l similarly supported the growth of fibroblasts.
Giant shapiro steps in Josephson junction arrays

Abstract Recent experiments have shown that Josephson junction arrays exhibit coherent large-scale versions of the well-known single junction Shapiro steps. We examine this phenomenon both with and without magnetic field. With some assumptions, a formula for the step width may be derived. We also present arguments leading to a dependence of the step width upon resistance inhomogeneity in the arrays.
Nano-spheres dispersed liquid crystal supra-nonlinear negative-zero-positive index metamaterials

We described a nonlinear optical metamaterial formed by randomly dispersing coated core-shell nano-spheres in aligned nematic liquid crystals. Such material will exhibit effective refractive indices ranging from negative, through zero to positive values. The nano-spheres dispersed liquid crystal possesses an effective birefringence that is larger than the natural birefringence of the host liquid crystal, which effectively enhances the nonlinear optical response associated with optical field induced director axis reorientation.
Activation energies for diffusion and for the Zener relaxation in dilute solid solutions

Abstract The problem of the discrepancy between the activation energies for diffusion and the activation energy for the Zener relaxation in substitutional solid solutions is examined for the case of dilute alloys. Using single crystals of αAg-Zn alloys it has been possible to obtain (by extrapolation) a value Q r = 39.0 kcal / mole for the activation energy for relaxation in alloys approaching infinite dilution. This value is distinctly below the activation energies for diffusion of Zn and of Ag into pure silver. The interpretation of these three activation energies and the reasons why they differ are much more apparent for the dilute alloys than for the concentrated alloys previously studied. Specifically, Q r is the activation energy involved in the reorientation of a Zn-Zn pair, while the tracer measurements relate to the jump of isolated Zn and Ag atoms, respectively. The orientation dependence of the relaxation time in single crystals of the 26 at. % Zn alloy was also measured. The results show that the relaxation time is very nearly independent of orientation.
EFFECTS ON VENTRICULAR ENLARGEMENT WHEN COMPARING COGNITIVELY NORMAL ELDERLY AND PEOPLE WITH AMNESTIC AND NONAMNESTIC MILD COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

Background: Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) is widely used for the assessment of severity and/or therapy evaluation of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). But little is known concerning the spatial correlation of the brain regions to the performance in ADAScog. By using a newly developed 3-D statistical imaging software, Correlation Imaging Plots (CIPs), which can visualize the spatial correlation of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) with any continuous parameters, we tried to elucidate the relationship between rCBF and the score of Japanese version of ADAS-cog in AD patients. Methods: The present study was based on 55 patients with early stage of AD patients, 51 mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients and 32 age-matched normal controls. All of them were right handed and those with cerebral organic lesions were excluded. They underwent 99mTc-ECD SPECT and ADAS-cog. We analyzed those data by using and CIPs program and statistical parametrical mapping (SPM) version 8 for comparison. In the SPM analysis, patients were classified into two groups according to the score of ADAS-cog: those with high performance (&x 10) and those with low performance (<10). Results: The ADAS-cog total score correlated with the hypoperfusion in bilateral posterior cingulate cortices, precuneus and superior and inferior parietal lobules in CIPs analysis. Among the ADAS-cog subscales, the orientation, recall and recognition scores correlated with rCBF in the similar regions. Construction score correlated with rCBF in left temporoparietal cortex. Only a small difference was observed in the same areas between the high and low perforamce groups in SPM analysis. Conclusions: Our results indicate that ADAS-cog reflects the bilateral parietal function which is predominantly associated with recall and orientation ability. These brain regions were supposed to be crucial for short-term memory.
Syndromes of the head and neck.

This issue of the Atlas of the Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Clinics of North America serves as an aid to identification of 70 of the more important head and neck syndromes, and organized using the same nosology as in the landmark text of Robert Gorlin. As such, it should be useful to a varied audience, including not only the oral and maxillofacial surgeon but also the oral pathologist, the practitioner of oral medicine, and members of the craniofacial team--the orthodontist, pediatric dentist, speech and language specialist, geneticist, plastic surgeon, ENT specialist, pediatrician, nurse coordinator, and others. Areas covered include: Craniosynostosis Syndromes; Syndromes Affecting Bone; Metabolic and Autoimmune Syndromes; Syndromes Affecting Skin and Mucosa; Hamartoneoplastic Syndromes; Branchial Arch Syndromes; Clefting Syndromes; Syndromes Affecting the Central Nervous System; Chromosomal Syndromes; Syndromes with Unusual Facies; and Syndromes with Unusual Dental Findings or Gingival Components.
A psoralen-conjugated triplex-forming oligodeoxyribonucleotide containing alternating methylphosphonate-phosphodiester linkages: synthesis and interactions with DNA.

A psoralen-conjugated oligodeoxyribopyrimidine (1443), PS-pTTTTCTTTTCTTCTT, where PS is trimethylpsoralen and C is 5-methyl-2‘-deoxycytidine, that contains alternating methylphosphonate-phosphodiester internucleotide linkages was synthesized. The ability of 1443 to form triple-stranded complexes with a purine tract in a synthetic DNA duplex was studied. Irradiation of solutions containing the DNA target and 10 μM 1443 or 0.25 μM of a similar psoralen-conjugated oligodeoxyribonucleotide that contained all phosphodiester linkages, (1193), with long-wavelength UV light resulted in approximately 80% formation of interstrand cross-links at pH 7.0, 37 °C, in the presence of 20 mM magnesium chloride. The extent of triplex formation as monitored by photo-cross-linking decreased over the pH range 5.5−8.0, and the apparent pK of the 5-methylcytosines (C) in 1443 was approximately one-half of a pH unit less than that of the 5-methylcytosines in 1193. Oligomer 1443 formed triplexes in the absence of magnesium, and ma...
Carbon dioxide emission and carbon accumulation in coastal wetlands

Abstract Direct measurements of CO 2 fluxes were made in salt, brackish and freshwater marshes and parallel adjacent open water areas in Barataria Basin, Louisiana. Vertical flux density was determined by monitoring the accumulation of CO 2 in aluminum chambers placed over the water or sediment surfaces. Annual CO 2 fluxes were 418, 180 and 618 g Cm −2 from the salt, brackish and freshwater marsh, respectively. Water bodies adjacent to the marsh evolved 103, 54 and 242 g CO 2 -Cm −2 yr −1 to the atmosphere from saline, brackish and freshwater lakes, respectively. The role these marshes play in serving as a major carbon sink was determined from the carbon content of the sediment, vertical accretion rates and the bulk density of the sediment. Accretion rates were calculated from the depth in the sediment of the 1963 horizon, the year of peak 137 Cs fallout. Net carbon accumulation was essentially the same in all three marshes; 183, 296 and 224 g Cm −2 yr −1 from the salt, brackish and fresh marsh, respectively. Data presented suggest a limited net export of carbon from these coastal marshes. A large percentage of fixed carbon remained on the marsh, being immobilized in accretionary processes or lost to the atmosphere as CO 2 .
The Chick Embryo Fibroblast Cation-Independent Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor is Functional and Immunologically Related to the Mammalian Insulin-Like Growth Factor-II (IGF-II)/Man 6-P Receptor but does not Bind IGF-II*

The insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II)/Mannose 6-P receptor (Man 6-P) is a multifunctional receptor that binds two unrelated ligands, IGF-II and lysosomal enzymes that contain Man 6-P recognition markers. Although this receptor has been extensively characterized in mammalian cells, binding of radiolabeled IGF-II to this receptor in avian cells and tissues has not been reported. In the present study, we demonstrate that chick embryo fibroblasts (CEFs) bind and internalize lysosomal enzymes in a Man 6-P-inhibitable fashion, and possess a protein immunologically related to the mammalian IGF-II/Man 6-P receptor that binds lysosomal enzymes with Man 6-P recognition markers but does not bind IGF-II. 1) When lysates of biosynthetically labeled CEFs were affinity-purified on β-galactosidase- Sepharose, an approximately 250 kilodalton protein was observed in the Man 6-P eluate but not in the Glc 1-P or mannose eluates, that was precipitated by antisera to purified rat and bovine IGF-II/Man 6-P receptors, but n...
A Comprehensive Table of Atomic Fluorescence Detection Limits and Experimental Conditions

A comprehensive table of atomic fluorescence spectrometry results has been compiled and arranged by element. Data tabulated include excitation and fluorescence wavelengths, atom reservoir, excitation source, limits of detection, and comments concerning experimental peculiarities and types of samples analyzed.
FREEZING OF THE VENETIAN LAGOON SINCE THE 9th CENTURY A.D. IN COMPARISION TO THE CLIMATE OF WESTERN EUROPE AND ENGLAND

In the first part of this study, typical of historical climatology, the various sources regarding freezing of the Venetian Lagoon since the 9th century A.D., are reported and discussed. The events are related, where possible, to teleconnections. Two synoptic patterns (weather type A: northerly and D: easterly) seem to have played an important role. After having discussed the dynamics of the icing processes, the problem of comparing the data is considered, as over the centuries many works were made on the Lagoon, in order to divert the major tributaries. In fact, the hydrological regime and the physical characteristic of the Lagoon environment were changed, so that the conditions necessary for freezing were no longer the same. The series was compared with the severe winters in westtern Europe and England, in order to reconstruct the past climate of the Mediterranean region and discuss the observed secular changes in the light of the widely accepted ideas of climatic variations. The comparison shows some differences: e.g. at Venice the Medieval Climatic Optimum with the occurrence of severe winters ended earlier and the Little Ice Age was broken by a milder interval.
Perceptions and Predictors of Surgeon Satisfaction: A Survey of Spouses of Academic Surgeons

Background Although several studies have addressed the role of spouses in physicians' career choices, there is limited data about spousal perception of surgeons' careers after training. This study examined satisfaction with surgeons' careers and potential contributing factors from a spousal standpoint. Study design A survey of spouses of academic surgeons in 38 participating departments was conducted. Questions included demographic information and perceptions of career satisfaction and contributing factors. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Student's t-test or Mann-Whitney U test, and chi-square or Fisher's exact test. Results Three hundred seventy-nine surveys (27%) were returned, with the majority (81%) perceiving their surgeon spouses to be satisfied. Contributing factors to surgeon dissatisfaction included: work hours/call (42%); practice limitations (18%); reimbursement/income (12%); and malpractice/insurance (7%). Dissatisfied surgeons, as perceived by their spouses, did not differ from satisfied surgeons in terms of work hours, income expectations, geographic desirability, or home involvement. On the other hand, predictors of dissatisfied spouses included lack of input into career decisions, less satisfaction with location, and lack of their surgeon spouses' participation in household and child-care activities. Conclusions There are many positive and negative aspects to being an academic surgeon. Yet, despite the time commitment, work hours per se do not appear to contribute to either surgeon or spousal satisfaction. Spousal satisfaction is dependent on surgeon contribution to household and childcare activities. Despite the multiple potential detractors from an academic surgical career, most surgeons, as perceived by their spouses, would not have chosen differently and are satisfied with their career choices.
Contributions of Gaussian Curvature and Nonconstant Lipid Volume to Protein Deformation of Lipid Bilayers

An elastic model for membrane deformations induced by integral membrane proteins is presented. An earlier theory is extended to account for nonvanishing saddle splay modulus within lipid monolayers and perturbations to lipid volume proximal to the protein. Analytical results are derived for the deformation profile surrounding a single cylindrical protein inclusion, which compare favorably to coarse-grained simulations over a range of protein sizes. Numerical results for multi-protein systems indicate that membrane-mediated interactions between inclusions are strongly affected by Gaussian curvature and display nonpairwise additivity. Implications for the aggregation of proteins are discussed.
An assessment of Class-9 (core-melt) accidents for PWR dry-containment systems☆

Abstract The phenomenology of core-melt accidents in dry containments was examined for the purpose of identifying the margins of safety in such Class-9 situations. The scale (geometry) effects appear to crucially limit the extent (severity) of steam explosions. This together with the established reduced explosivity- of the corium-A/water system, and the inherently high capability of dry containments (reinforced concrete, and shields in some cases, seismic design etc.) lead to the conclusion that failure due to steam explosions may be considered essentially incredible. These ‘premixture’ scaling considerations also impact ultimate debris disposition and coolability and need additional development. A water-flooded reactor cavity would have beneficial effects in limiting (but not necessarily eliminating) melt-concrete interactions. Independently of the initial degree of quenching and/or scale of fragmentation, mechanisms exist that drive the system towards ultimate stability (coolability). Additional studies, with intermediate-scale prototypic materials are recommended to better explore these mechanisms. Containment heat removal systems must provide the crucial capability of mitigating such accidents. Passive systems should be explored and assessed against currently available and/or improved active systems taking into account the rather loose time constraints required for activation. It appears that containment margins for accommodating the hydrogen problem are limited. This problem appears to stand out not only in terms of potential consequences but also in terms of lack of any readily available and clear cut solutions at this time.
Eye irritation response of humans to formaldehyde.

Human panelists sensitive to formaldehyde eye irritation were exposed to low concentrations of formaldehyde vapor (0.35 to 1.0 ppm) for 6 minutes. Eye irritation was evaluated by time to detection of the first trace of irritation and by subjective ranking of severity. Both time to response and severity appeared to be functions of formaldehyde concentration. Severity of response was above “slight” only with highest test concentration, 1.0 ppm.
Nasopharyngeal removal of ozone in rabbits and guinea pigs.

Abstract In estimating pollutant concentrations responsible for observed pulmonary effects, nasopharyngeal removal of the pollutant plays an important role. The nasopharyngeal removal of ozone (O 3 ) in anesthetized male guinea pigs and male and female rabbits was determined by drawing O 3 through the isolated upper airways at a constant flow rate which approximated the animal's respiratory minute volume. The tracheal O 3 concentration in rabbits and guinea pigs was markedly similar was linearly related to the chamber concentration of O 3 over a range of 196–3920 μg/m 3 (0.1–2.0 ppm O 3 ). Regression analyses showed that O 3 removal in the nasopharyngeal region is approximately 50% in both species. Both rabbit sexes responded similary over the concentration range studied. Exposures of guinea pigs to O 3 concentrations between 3920 and 5880 μg/m 3 (2.0 and 3.0 ppm) showed that, at these higher concentrations, relatively more O 3 is removed by the upper airways.
Gender, education and the possibility of transformative knowledge

Global policies today encourage greater access by women to formal schooling but leave aside issues of content and school practices essential to the modification of the social relations of gender. This article assumes a holistic approach and compares the promise of education with its actual contribution to transformative knowledge. It examines why education is upheld as such a promising mechanism, despite the numerous obstacles it faces given contemporary developments, particularly the increasing pressures of globalisation that move steadily weakened nation‐states away from interventions to foster social justice. Lack of consensus within the women's and feminist movements, limited efforts to change teacher training programmes and scant attention to the work of women‐led non‐governmental organisations (NGOs) in the provision of alternative education are identified as key elements in need of attention if transformative knowledge is to be secured.
Density and Viscosity Measurements of Zincate/KOH Solutions

The density and viscosity of a solution of potassium zincate in aqueous KOH has been measured for various concentrations of zincate and KOH. The viscosity was measured at room temperature and the density from room temperature to 60°C. The data were tabulated and fitted by multiple regression.
Neurosurgical management of a painful subcutaneous nodule of the knee: angioleiomyoma.

Background and importance Angioleiomyoma (ALM) is a rare, benign smooth muscle tumor that can occur anywhere in the body. Diagnosis is usually delayed due to the unfamiliar location and presentation of the lesion. This tumor is not frequently discussed in neurosurgical publications as part of the differential diagnosis of painful subcutaneous lesions. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a neurosurgical presentation of ALM within an extremity. Clinical presentation A 42-year-old woman presented with more than 2 years of severe right knee pain. The patient had undergone several treatments, including a knee arthroscopy, all without significant relief. Magnetic resonance imaging performed with a fiducial marker placed directly on the point of tenderness demonstrated an 8-mm subcutaneous nodule. The patient underwent complete excision of the lesion, guided by the placement of the fiducial marker and its correlation with the preoperative magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoperatively, the lesion was not found to be associated with a nerve; however, there was a small vessel adjacent to the lesion. Pathology demonstrated this lesion to be an ALM. The patient's symptoms had completely resolved without any new neurological parasthesias or deficits on follow-up. Conclusion Neurosurgeons should keep ALM in the differential diagnosis of painful extremity lesions. Localization using a fiducial marker directly overlying the area of suspicion is useful for the neurosurgeon and also for the radiologist so that the lesion may not be overlooked. Unnecessary interventions for the patient may be avoided with appropriate diagnosis, and surgical resection provides complete cure of the symptoms.
The Radiation-Induced Cationic Polymerization of p-Methoxystyrene in Bulk and in Methylene Chloride Solution

The radiation-induced polymerization of p-methoxystyrene has been investigated in bulk and in methylene chloride solution under “super dry” conditions. The dose-rate dependence of the rate of polymerization was found close to 0.5 in both cases. At 20°C, the bulk polymerization rate constant is equal to 3.10−6 l.mole−1.s−1. The apparent activation energy of the polymerization is close to zero in pure monomer and in CH2Cl2. The data are discussed and compared with independent results reported in the literature.
Determinants of resource utilization and outcomes in laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: a multicenter analysis of 14,251 patients

Background Outcomes for patients who undergo laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) surgery have improved, but a subset of patients who significantly utilize more resources exists. We identified preoperative variables that increase resource utilization in patients who undergo LRYGB.
Painful Reasons: Representationalism as a Theory of Pain

It is widely thought that functionalism and the qualia theory are better positioned to accommodate the ‘affective’ aspect (i.e., the hurtfulness) of pain phenomenology than representationalism. In this paper, we attempt to overturn this opinion by raising problems for both functionalism and the qualia theory on this score. With regard to functionalism, we argue that it gets the order of explanation wrong: pain experience gives rise to the effects it does because it hurts, and not the other way around. With regard to the qualia theory, we argue that it fails to capture the sense in which pain's affective phenomenology rationalises various bodily-directed beliefs, desires, and behaviours. Representationalism, in contrast, escapes both of these problems: it gets the order of explanation right and it explains how pain's affective phenomenology can rationalise bodily-directed beliefs, desires, and behaviours. For this reason, we argue that representationalism has a significant advantage in the debates about pain's affective phenomenology. We end the paper by examining objections, including the question of what representationalists should say about so-called ‘disassociation cases’, such as pain asymbolia.
Autosomal Dominant Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (ADOA): A Review of the Genetics and Clinical Manifestations of ADOA and ADOA+

AbstractAutosomal dominant hereditary optic atrophy (ADOA), also known as Kjer’s syndrome, is a common hereditary cause of progressive bilateral vision loss. Recent advancements in the understanding of the genetics of this condition have revealed that a single gene may account for a large portion of the clinical manifestations in these patients. It has long been recognized that in a not-insignificant number of ADOA patients, a number of “plus” symptoms may follow decades after vision loss. It is important that clinicians recognize the potential link to “plus” manifestations. The goal of this manuscript is to provide for the general ophthalmologist a practical outline of the genetics and clinical manifestations of ADOA and the ADOA+.
Sustainable Rainwater Catchment Systems for Micronesian Atoll Communities

Atoll island communities rely on rainwater catchment systems (RWCS) as a primary method of storing freshwater. However, stored freshwater can be depleted during times of drought, requiring importation of water to sustain community living. To maintain adequate water supply under future climatic conditions, the functioning of RWCS for atoll communities must be analyzed and optimal designs must be adopted. In this study, a quantitative analysis of stored daily water volumes is provided for atoll islands within the Federated States of Micronesia (FSM), with Nikahlap Island, Pakein Atoll, and a generic island in western FSM used as representative cases. Using a daily water balance model for the RWCS, baseline conditions are simulated for the 1997-1999 time period, during which an intense El Ni~ no-induced drought occurred, and a sensitivity analysis is performed to quantify the influence of RWCS features on water system outputs, whereupon an optimal RWCS design using existing infrastructure is analyzed. Results indicate the strong influence of catchment area, system efficiency, and storage capacity on water volumes and the depletion of water during dry seasons and drought periods using current RWCS infrastructure. Adequate storage can be maintained during a major drought if unused RWCS features are employed and if minimal rationing is adopted. Study results provide water resource managers and government officials with valuable data for consideration in water security measures. (KEY TERMS: drought; precipitation; drinking water; sustainability; water supply.)
Brainstem innervation of prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex in the rhesus monkey revealed by retrograde transport of HRP

The cells of origin of projections from the brainstem to the dorsolateral and orbital prefrontal granular cortex and to the anterior cingulate cortex of the rhesus monkey were analyzed by means of retrograde axonal transport of the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Following injections in various portions of the dorsolateral prefrontal and in the cingulate cortex, HRP-positive neurons were found in three main locations: (1) the ventral midbrain including the anterior ventral tegmental area, the medial one-third of the substantia nigra pars compacta, and the retrorubral nucleus; (2) the central superior nucleus and the dorsal raphe nucleus, primarily in its caudal subdivision; and (3) the locus coeruleus and adjacent medial parabrachial nucleus. Labeled neurons in the raphe nuclei and locus coeruleus were distributed bilaterally. A basically similar pattern of labeled somata was found in the brainstem with HRP injections in the orbital prefrontal cortex. Scattered HRP-positive cells were found throughout the ipsilateral ventral tegmental area and in ventromedial portions of the retrorubral nucleus, and a large number of HRP-positive cells were distributed bilaterally in the dorsal raphe and central superior nuclei as well as the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum. However, in contrast to the results obtained with injections on the dorsolateral and medial aspects of the hemisphere, labeled neurons were not found in any portion of the substantia nigra. The neurons labeled retrogradely after injection of HRP in these various regions of the frontal lobe in rhesus monkey correspond both in location and morphology to the monoamine-containing neurons of the brainstem and are thus very likely the source of dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin found in the frontal cortex of the same species (Brown, R. M., A. M. Crane and P. S. Goldman (1979) Brain Res. 168:133–150).
VIP-expressing Dendritic Cells Protect Against Spontaneous Autoimmune Peripheral Polyneuropathy

The spontaneous autoimmune peripheral polyneuropathy (SAPP) model in B7-2 knockout nonobese diabetic mice mimics a progressive and unremitting course of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP). In this study, bone marrow–derived dendritic cells (DCs) were transduced to express vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) using a lentiviral vector (LV-VIP). These transduced DCs (LV-VIP-DCs) were then injected intravenously (i.v.) into 16-week-old (before disease onset) and 21-week-old (after disease onset) SAPP mice in order to prevent or attenuate the disease. Outcome measures included behavioral tests, clinical and histological scoring, electrophysiology, real-time PCR, flow cytometry analyses, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. LV-VIP-DCs were recruited to the inflamed sciatic nerve and reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokines. A single injection of LV-VIP-DC delayed the onset of disease, stabilized, and attenuated clinical signs correlating with ameliorated behavioral functions, reduced nerve demyelination, and improved nerve conduction. This proof-of-principle study is an important step potentially leading to a clinical translational study using DCs expressing VIP in cases of CIDP refractory to standard immunosuppressive therapy.
Positive Control of Ferric Siderophore Receptor Gene Expression by the Irr Protein in Bradyrhizobium japonicum

Ferric siderophore receptors are components of high-affinity iron-chelate transport systems in gram-negative bacteria. The genes encoding these receptors are generally regulated by repression. Here, we show that the ferrichrome receptor gene bll4920 and four additional putative ferric siderophore receptor genes in Bradyrhizobium japonicum are positively controlled by the regulatory protein Irr, as observed by the low level of mRNA transcripts in an irr mutant in iron-limited cells. Potential Irr binding sites with iron control element (ICE)-like motifs were found upstream and distal to the transcription start sites of the five receptor genes. However, purified recombinant Irr bound only some of those elements. Nevertheless, dissection of the bll4920 promoter region showed that a component in extracts of wild-type cells grown in iron-limited media bound only in the ICE motif region of the promoter. This binding was not observed with extracts of cells from the parent strain grown under high-iron conditions or from an irr mutant strain. Furthermore, gel mobility supershift experiments identified Irr as the binding protein in cell extracts. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that Irr occupies the promoters of the five ferric iron transport genes in vivo. We conclude that Irr is a direct positive regulator of ferric iron transport in B. japonicum.
Masculine-like Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis in the Androgen-Insensitive Genetically Male Rat Pseudohermaphrodite

The hypothalamic-pituitary sex of the androgen insensitive, genetically male rat pseudohermaphrodite was studied by examining its vaginal cytology, response to ovarian transplants and urinary steroidal excretion patterns. More than half the pseudohermaphrodites studied were in constant vaginal estrus, while the remaining rats displayed either persistent diestrus or irregular cyclicity tending towards lengthened estrus. Following gonadectomy and ovarian transplantation, normal females displayed regular 4-day cycles while pseudohermaphrodites remained in constant vaginal estrus. In pseudohermaphrodites with ovarian transplants, only C19 steroids were detected in the urine while females excreted both C21 and C19 steroids. Indicative of the urinary findings, transplants in females had corpora lutea and maturing follicles while grafts from pseudohermaphrodites and males contained follicular cysts and luteinized theca. In addition, distribution and activity of histochemical 3β-hydroxy-Δ5 steroid oxidoreductase ...
Monte Carlo Phase Diagram of Symmetric Diblock Copolymer in Selective Solvent

With a lattice Monte Carlo method, we investigate 16−16 symmetric diblock in selective solvent, A-b-B/A, at 10 volume fractions from 1.0 to 0.1, and for each volume fraction, we perform simulations at up to 54 temperatures, using simulation boxes of different sizes. We report temperature dependencies for a number of quantities such as energy, specific heat, and mean-squared end-to-end distances and construct a phase diagram using the thermodynamic and structural quantities as well as snapshots of the selected configurations. The simulated phase diagram is compared with the experimental data of Lodge and co-workers for nearly symmetric poly(styrene-b-isoprene) mixed with dimethyl phthalate.
Determining the Impact of Walk Kansas: Applying a Team-Building Approach to Community Physical Activity Promotion

Research and practice partnerships have the potential to enhance the translation of research findings into practice. This paper describes such a partnership in the development of Walk Kansas (WK) and highlights individual and organizational level outcomes. Phase 1 examined: (a) the reach of WK, (b) physical activity changes, and (c) maintenance of physical activity changes 6 months after the program was completed. Phase 2 explored WK adoption and sustainability over 5 years. WK attracted a large number of participants who were more likely to be female, more active, and older than the adult population within the counties where they resided. Inactive or insufficiently active participants at baseline experienced significant increases in both moderate (p < 0.001) and vigorous (p < 0.001) physical activity. A random selection of participants who were assessed 6 months post-program did not demonstrate a significant decrease in moderate or vigorous activity between program completion and 6-month follow-up. The number of counties adopting the program increased across years, peaking at 97 in 2006 and demonstrated the sustainability of the WK over 5 years. WK is effective, has a broad reach, and enables participants to maintain increased activity. It also shows promise for broad adoption and sustainability.
Futures trading and supply contracting in the oil refining industry

Abstract This paper examines the relation between commodity futures trading and the real side contracting behavior of firms dealing in the commodity. I argue that futures serve as a flexible form of physical contracting and should be examined in the context of the firm's contracting activities, and not strictly in the context of its financial activities. Data from an oil refining company are used to empirically study this relation. The results are consistent with a contracting view of futures use and appear inconsistent with implications of hedging theories.
Fetal Supraventricular Tachycardia with Hydrops and 1:1 Atrioventricular Block in a Pregnant Patient with a Sinus Arrhythmia

respiratory distress in pregnancy. Nonetheless, we seem to be encountering this problem more frequently. The association of pyelonephritis and respiratory distress in pregnancy was first described in 1984. Pyelonephritis alone is estimated to occur in 1 to 2% of all pregnancies. Some studies suggest that one out of every 50 women admitted for pyelonephritis will develop some respiratory distress. Unfortunately, the etiology for the mechanism of the syndrome remains unknown. Respiratory distress in pregnancy is associated with a high rate of perinatal morbidity and mortality. It is fortunate that this patient had access to an institution where she could have maternal fetal medicine and pulmonology consults. Her management prevented artificial ventilation, which would have increased her statistical risk. Providing care for this patient and others like her has increased our awareness of the possible consequences of urinary tract infections in pregnancy.
Long-term absolute benefit of lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients according to the JNC VI risk stratification.

Abstract—Blood pressure (BP) levels alone have been traditionally used to make treatment decisions in patients with hypertension. The sixth report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Det...