cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Associations of sleep duration and quality with disinhibited eating behaviors in adolescent girls at-risk for type 2 diabetes.

Abstract Objectives Short sleep duration and daytime sleepiness have been associated with an increased risk for the onset of type 2 diabetes in adults. There has been far less attention to the characterization of sleep in adolescents at-risk for diabetes or to the possible behavioral mechanisms, such as disinhibited eating, through which sleep may affect metabolic functioning. Methods We evaluated the associations of sleep duration and daytime sleepiness with a multi-modal assessment of disinhibited eating in 119 adolescent girls at-risk for type 2 diabetes based upon being overweight/obese and having a family history of diabetes. Girls also endorsed mild-to-moderate depressive symptoms. Adolescents reported sleep duration and daytime sleepiness with the Sleep Habits Survey and Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire. They were administered a series of successive test meals to measure total energy intake and eating in the absence of hunger (EAH). Adolescent binge eating was assessed with the Eating Disorder Examination interview. Results Accounting for age, race, puberty, body composition, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress, reported sleep duration was positively related to test meal total energy intake (p = 0.04), but not to EAH. Adjusting for the same covariates, daytime sleepiness was associated with a greater odds of objective binge eating in the previous month (p = 0.009). Conclusions In adolescent girls at-risk for type 2 diabetes, reported sleep characteristics are associated with disinhibited eating behaviors that have been linked to excessive weight and adverse metabolic outcomes. Future studies are called for to evaluate these links using objective measures of sleep.
Determinants of Corporate Social Responsibility Disclosure Strategies: A Fresh Perspective

An increasing number of firms are voluntarily reporting their CSR initiatives and disclosing their social, environmental and economic impact (KPMG 2008). CSR reporting can help the firm shape its reputation in the market place (Sen et al. 2006). It can also provide an opportunity for companies to engage stakeholders in an ongoing dialogue (GRI 2012; Nikolaeva and Bicho 2011). Ultimately, CSR reporting provides marketers with a tool to engage with multiple stakeholder groups, build lasting relationships and create value for the firm (Bhattacharya and Korschun 2008; Ferrell et al. 2010; Hult et al. 2011).
Frequency and Risk Factors for Additional Lesions in the Axial Spine in Subjects With Chordoma: Indications for Screening

Study design Retrospective cohort study. Objective We aim to evaluate the frequency and clinical significance of additional lesions in the axial spine in subjects with chordoma and to assess the need for screening. Summary of background data Chordomas are rare tumors that may be multicentric or metastasize and affect several bones in the axial spine. The incidence of multiple lesions in the axial spine is unknown. Understanding the incidence rate of multiple lesions in the spine in subjects with chordomas will help guide utilization of total spine screening imaging. Methods We performed a retrospective review of medical records of 42 subjects with histologically confirmed chordomas who had complete imaging of the axial spine. Lesions with imaging characteristics suggestive of chordomas/notochordal remnants were identified. Data on age at diagnosis, sex, size (in maximal dimension), type of chordoma (conventional, chondroid, or dedifferentiated), and whether pulmonary metastases were present were recorded. Binomial two-sample tests of proportions were used to compare proportions. Logistic regression was used to assess predictors of additional lesions. Results Forty-two subjects (57.1% male) were identified. The proportion of subjects with additional lesions in the axial spine was 16.7% (7/42). Age, sex, size, and subtype of chordoma were not significant predictors of having additional lesions (P > 0.05 for each variable). However, having pulmonary metastases was a significant predictor of having additional lesions (P Conclusion Approximately 17% of subjects with chordomas had additional lesions in the axial spine. It is unclear whether these represent metastases, synchronous primary chordomas or notochordal remnant tissue. Screening imaging of the axial spine may reveal additional lesions in particular in subjects with pulmonary metastases. Level of evidence 3.
Fibre pullout against push-down for fibre-reinforced composites with frictional interfaces

The effects of fibre pullout and fibre push-down are compared for fibre-reinforced composites when axial tensile and compressive stresses are applied, respectively, on the free surface end of the embedded fibre. Unbonded fibre-matrix interfaces with Coulomb friction and radial clamping stresses are considered in the present study. The interfacial frictional shear stress, the elastic stress transfer from the fibre to the matrix, the length of the sliding zone, and the fibre displacement in the loading direction are analysed. Specific results are calculated for SiC-fibre-reinforced AI2O3 composites. The results show substantial differences between fibre pullout and push-down due to Poisson’s effect of the fibre. Compared to fibre push-down, fibre pullout has lower interfacial shear stress, longer sliding zone length and greater fibre displacement in the loading direction.
Local cavitation suppression using cavitation nuclei preconditioning for precise treatment in histotripsy

Our previous work has shown that a highly confined lesion with an area smaller than the natural focal zone can be generated using a cavitation nuclei preconditioning strategy. A cavitation nuclei preconditioning pulse was delivered to the periphery of the focus before each therapy pulse. It was hypothesized that this nuclei preconditioning pulse would destabilize appropriately sized cavitation nuclei in the periphery, therefore suppressing peripheral cavitation. To gain more insight into this phenomenon, this study investigated the effects of nuclei preconditioning pulses on cavitation bubble cloud, cavitation nuclei, and lesion development process. Using high speed photography, we observed that: 1) a narrower and denser bubble cloud was formed within 200 pulses; 2) the cavitation nuclei in the periphery grew to a larger size and migrated out of the periphery after application of the preconditioning pulses; and 3) application of the preconditioning pulses resulted in more efficient treatment in the center of the focus and highly confined lesions. This study supports our hypothesis and furthers our knowledge in the spatial control of cavitation bubble cloud, allowing for active protection of regions immediately surrounding the treatment zone.
Paragangliomas of the Head and Neck: An Overview from Diagnosis to Genetics

Paragangliomas (PGL) develop from the parasympathetic system in the head and neck (HN) and arise primarily in four distinct areas: Carotid body, vagal, middle ear, and larynx. Globally, the diagnosis and morphologic features are the same regardless of anatomic site, however the incidence, frequency of genetic alterations/syndromes and differential diagnosis vary. It is now recognized that nearly 40% of all HN PGLs are hereditary, including a significant subset without a known family history. Now pathologists are central to the evaluation for diagnosis and further management of patients with HNPGLs. Specifically, SDHB immunohistochemical evaluation is an excellent screening tool to detect tumors with alterations in the SDH family of genes that represent the majority of hereditary cases in HNPGL. Similarly, SDHB immunohistochemical analysis allows for screening of PGL syndrome associated tumors (gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), renal cell carcinoma (RCC), and pituitary adenomas) that have now been linked by their overlapping gene alterations. Awareness of the spectrum of these syndromes, and their associated tumors, positions the pathologist to augment patient care and surveillance.
Inelastic scattering of Li-6 from Ni-58 at 71 MeV

Nine excited states of /sup 58/Ni were studied via the /sup 58/Ni(/sup 6/Li,/sup 6/Li) reaction at 71.2 MeV. Two methods were employed to analyze the data. They were the distorted-wave Born approximation, and the method of coupled channels. A comparison of their predictions and the information they provide about the nuclear deformation lengths is presented. In agreement with the Austern-Blair model for strongly absorbed particles, all five parameter sets produced equally good fits to the inelastic data.
Developmental Trajectories of Executive and Verbal Processes in Children with Phenylketonuria.

ABSTRACTPhenylketonuria (PKU) is a hereditary disorder characterized by disrupted phenylalanine metabolism and cognitive impairment. However, the precise nature and developmental trajectory of this cognitive impairment remains unclear. The present study used a verbal fluency task to dissociate executive and verbal processes in children with PKU (n = 23; 7–18 years) and controls (n = 44; 7–19 years). Data were collected at three longitudinal timepoints over a three-year period, and the contributions of age, group, and their interaction to fluency performance were evaluated. Results indicated impairments in executive processes in children with PKU, which were exacerbated by declining metabolic control.
The Development of Social Economy in France Since 1945

AbstractThe social economy is large and legally embedded in France yet its institutions and practices are poorly understood in the English-speaking world. The roots of the social economy lie in pre-Marxian socialism, the labor movement, and social Catholicism. Marginalized after World War II, the theory and practice of social economy made a comeback with the “second left” of the 1970s and 1980s, including a particular emphasis on self-management or “autogestion.” With new legal support for cooperatives and growing academic interest in social economy, the future is promising. At the same time, the collapse of the Socialist Party and the liberal trend of the main union federation supporting social economy are worrisome.
Terrestrial Lessons: The Conquest of the World as Globe. By Sumathi Ramaswamy

Scholars have written extensively on the history of globes especially in Europe and America. Many of the existing books are aimed at collectors and look at individual globes and their makers. Most ...
Waves in Wood

Elastic waves in materials with cylindrical orthotropy are considered, this being a plausible model for waves in wood. For time-harmonic motions, the problem is reduced to some coupled ordinary differential equations. Methods for solving these equations are discussed. These include the method of Frobenius (power-series exapansions) and the use of Neumann series (expansions in series of Bessel functions of various orders).
Literary Impressionism and Phenomenology: Affinities and Contrasts

When Cezanne painted the external world from the standpoint of nature itself, he stripped it of all those aesthetic associations that generally obscure its integrity and its independence of consciousness. With him, description is creative: it is disintegration and reintegration. He wishes to resituate objects in the flux, in the immediate certainty of their first appearance in the conscious mind. With Cezanne, as Merleau-Ponty points out,1 knowledge becomes an intuitive act which appears to reveal the essence of things, or the essence of life contained in things.
A Detailed Analysis of a PushGP Run

In evolutionary computation we potentially have the ability to save and analyze every detail in an run. This data is often thrown away, however, in favor of focusing on the final outcomes, typically captured and presented in the form of summary statistics and performance plots. Here we use graph database tools to store every parent–child relationship in a single genetic programming run, and examine the key ancestries in detail, tracing back from an solution to see how it was evolved over the course of 20 generations. To visualize this genetic programming run, the ancestry graph is extracted, running from the solution(s) in the final generation up to their ancestors in the initial random population. The key instructions in the solution are also identified, and a genetic ancestry graph is constructed, a subgraph of the ancestry graph containing only those individuals that contributed genetic information (or instructions) to the solution. These visualizations and our ability to trace these key instructions throughout the run allow us to identify general inheritance patterns and key evolutionary moments in this run.
Severe obesity and bariatric surgery alter the platelet mRNA profile.

Mechanisms explaining the relationship between obesity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) are needed. Despite growing recognition of the importance of the anucleate platelet transcriptome, low levels...
Maceral/microlithotype analysis of the progressive grinding of a Central Appalachian high-volatile bituminous coal blend.

The petrographic composition of sized coal produced through the progressive grinding of a Central Appalachian high-volatile bituminous coal blend was analyzed for multiple sets either by removing fine, −200-mesh, coal after each test iteration or by retaining the fine coal in progressive test fractions. With prolonged grinding, coarser fractions tend to become depleted in vitrinite and vitrinite-rich microlithotypes, leading to progressively harder-to-grind coal remaining in the oversize, +200-mesh, fractions. The latter trend is shown both by the maceral and microlithotype composition of the coal and by the increased slope and fractal dimension of size-frequency distribution, implying an increase in hardness and resistance to grinding of the oversize coal.
Subacromial Spacer Implantation for the Treatment of Massive Irreparable Rotator Cuff Tears: A Systematic Review

Purpose To synthesize and report the early clinical and radiographic outcomes associated with subacromial spacer use in patients with massive irreparable rotator cuff tears. Methods A systematic search on MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane Library databases was performed during February 2018. Included studies were evaluated regarding the level of evidence and quality using the methodological index for nonrandomized studies. Patient demographics, intraoperative findings, clinical and radiographic outcomes, and complications were recorded for each of the included studies. Results Seven eligible studies including 204 shoulders from 200 patients with subacromial spacer implantation were identified (6 Level IV studies and 1 Level III study). The mean methodological index for nonrandomized studies score for noncomparative studies was 11, whereas that of comparative studies was 15. The mean age of patients was 67.6 years, and the mean reported follow-up time was 19.4 months. All patients had Goutallier stage 3 and 4 fatty infiltration on magnetic resonance imaging. All studies reported consistent improvement in the total Constant score or American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons score over the duration of follow-up. A total of 6 (3%) complications were reported in the included studies. Two studies detailed radiographic outcomes, with discrepant changes in the acromiohumeral interval. Conclusions Patients undergoing subacromial spacer implantation for the treatment of massive irreparable rotator cuff tears have satisfactory outcomes at the 2- to 3-year follow-up with a low rate of complications. Level of Evidence Level IV, systematic review of 1 Level III and 6 Level IV studies.
Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity 1996-2004

Although research on entrepreneurship is growing rapidly, there are very few large national data sets that provide information on recent entrepreneurial trends. Using matched data from the 1996-2004 Current Population Surveys (CPS), a new measure of entrepreneurship has been developed: the Kauffman Index of Entrepreneurial Activity. Separate estimates of the Kauffman Index are reported for several demographic groups.
Use of pre-ART laboratory screening to identify renal, hepatic and haematological abnormalities in Côte d'Ivoire.

BACKGROUND High demand for HIV-services and extensive clinical guidelines force health systems in low-resource settings to dedicate resources to service delivery at the expense of other priorities. Simplifying services may reduce the burden on health systems and pre-antiretroviral therapy (ART) laboratory screening is among the services under consideration for simplification. METHODS We assessed the frequencies of conditions linked to ART toxicities among 34,994 adult, ART-naive patients with specimens referred to the RETRO-CI laboratory in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire between 1998 and 2017. Screening included tests for serum creatinine, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and haemoglobin (Hb) to identify renal dysfunction (estimated glomerular filtration rate 5× upper limit of normal) and severe anaemia (Hb 50 years (adjusted odds ratio (aOR): 2.53; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.19-2.92; P < 0.001) and CD4 < 100 cells/µl (aOR: 2.57; 95% CI: 2.30-2.88; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The relative infrequency of conditions linked to toxicity in Cote d'Ivoire supports the notion that simplification of pre-ART laboratory screening may be undertaken with limited negative impact on identification of adverse events. Targeted screening may be a feasible strategy to balance detection of conditions associated with ART toxicities with simplification of services.
Reconstruction of Upper Third Ear Defects: Utility of a Limited Tanzer Reduction.

Background Large ear defects (>3 cm) present a significant reconstructive challenge and often require extensive operations, which can lead to donor-site morbidity and contour abnormalities. Through our case series, we propose a limited Tanzer reduction, a novel modification of the well-recognized Tanzer technique, as a potential reconstructive option for traumatic and oncologic upper third ear defects. Methods We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent planned ear reconstruction for large ear defects (>3 cm) at a university center by a single surgeon (WPT) over a five-year period. Demographics, complications, and need for revision surgery were recorded. A satisfaction survey was also completed. Results Five patients met our inclusion criteria as they underwent ear reconstruction with the limited Tanzer reduction. All reconstructions followed oncologic resection for cutaneous malignancy. The mean follow-up was 760.2 days. No complications were encountered, and no revisions were required. All cases had good aesthetic outcomes. The satisfaction survey revealed no self-image distortion or social obstacles following the reconstruction. Conclusion The proposed limited Tanzer reduction technique was shown to be a safe, viable, functionally and aesthetically pleasing option for the reconstruction of large defects of the ear and thus should be part of the armamentarium of the reconstructive surgeon.
Simone Weil’s Heterodox Marxism: Revolutionary Pessimism and the Politics of Resistance

In the 1930s and 1940s, in France and Germany, a small group of scholars and rebels reinterpreted Marx’s political thought as Stalin consolidated control over both the Soviet Union and orthodox Marxism. Their heterodoxy was largely based on the publication of Marx’s mid-career notebooks and texts, revealing previously unknown humanistic and anti-state ideals. The chapter begins by outlining those works of Marx that provide the basis for the orthodox (Soviet) and heterodox readings of his politics. The chapter then argues that Simone Weil contributed to this interwar project of the immanent critique and development of the new heterodox Marxism by synthesizing Marx’s work with her own pessimistic and mystical reading of interwar historical conditions. It is then argued that Weilienne Marxism is rooted in Marx’s critiques of labor, the State, and alienation. Weil’s innovation is her rejection of revolution and her pessimistic embrace of resistance without expectation or hope.
EGFR-targeted multifunctional nanoparticles induce autophagic cell death and enhance the antitumor effect of cisplatin and γ-irradiation in non-small cell lung cancer cells

5606 The Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is overexpressed in approximately 80% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) and is a target for novel therapeutics. We have developed a tumor-targeted multifunctional nanoparticle which consists of a paramagnetic iron core that is surrounded by a gold layer and is functionalized with a monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody. The iron core is used for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the gold is used for optical imaging and the antibody for therapy. In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of these EGFR-targeted multifunctional nanoparticles on NSCLC cell lines (HCC827, H1299, H1819), lung fibroblasts (MRC-9, WI38), and normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBE). The levels of EGFR were higher in all the NSCLC cell lines than in normal cells, indicating that NSCLC cells could be selectively killed by targeting the EGFR-mediated signal transduction. Treatment with the EGFR-targeted nanoparticles (1X109 particles) for 72 hours significantly inhibited the growth of all three tumor cell lines but not the fibroblasts or NHBE cells. The growth inhibitory effect was dose and time dependent. Spectroscopic analysis and optical images taken over a 24 h period after treatment of cells with the nanoparticles showed that the concentration of nanoparticles bound to NSCLC cells increased in a time dependent manner. Molecular analysis of nanoparticle-treated tumor cells revealed reduced levels of activated (phosphorylated) EGFR, AKT, p38MAPK, and p44/42MAPK. Furthermore, induction of autophagy followed by apoptosis was observed in nanoparticle-treated tumor cells. In vitro phantom studies using MRI and the iron-containing nanoparticles as contrast agent revealed the spatial distribution of tumor cells. Antibody blocking studies using EGFR-positive (A431) and -negative (MDA-MB-435) tumor cells revealed nanoparticles specificity for EGFR. Since EGFR-targeted therapies have proven more effective when used in combination therapy, we investigated the therapeutic effects of the EGFR-targeted nanoparticles in combination with cisplatin (CDDP) and γ-irradiation (IR). Treatment of tumor cells with the nanoparticles plus low doses of CDDP (0.01 to 0.25 uM) or IR (1 Gy) resulted in an additive increase in inhibitory effects compared to the inhibitory effect produced by individual treatments. Our findings demonstrate EGFR-targeted multifunctional nanoparticles selectively induce cell death in NSCLC cells but not in normal cells, and the therapeutic effect is enhanced when the nanoparticles are combined with CDDP or IR.
SARS-CoV-2 disinfection in aqueous solution by UV222 from a krypton chlorine excilamp

There is an urgent need for evidence-based development and implementation of engineering controls to reduce transmission of SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent of COVID-19. Ultraviolet (UV) light can inactivate coronaviruses, but the practicality of UV light as an engineering control in public spaces is limited by the hazardous nature of conventional UV lamps, which are Mercury (Hg)-based and emit a peak wavelength (254 nm) that penetrates human skin and is carcinogenic. Recent advances in the development and production of Krypton Chlorine (KrCl) excimer lamps hold promise in this regard, as these emit a shorter peak wavelength (222 nm) and are recently being produced to filter out emission above 240 nm. However, the disinfection kinetics of KrCl UV excimer lamps against SARS-CoV-2 are unknown. Here we provide the first dose response report for SARS-CoV-2 exposed to a commercial filtered KrCl excimer light source emitting primarily 222 nm UV light (UV222), using multiple assays of SARS-CoV-2 viability. Plaque infectivity assays demonstrate the pseudo-first order rate constant of SARS-CoV-2 reduction of infectivity to host cells to be 0.64 cm2/mJ (R2 = 0.95), which equates to a D90 (dose for 1 log10 or 90% inactivation) of 1.6 mJ/cm2. Through RT-qPCR assays targeting the nucleocapsid (N) gene with a short ( View larger version (22K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e7f0bborg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@6dbf69org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@131a05corg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1171a7a_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG
Assessment of Resident Opinions and Knowledge of Neurology Subspecialty Fellowship Application (P2.9-025)

Objective: Pilot survey assessing neurology resident opinions/knowledge of the fellowship application process. Background: A majority of neurology residents pursue fellowship, however there is no standardized system for application. Variable timelines and methods of application (match, direct, both), along with the increasing numbers of applicants, are key challenges to the process. To date, no published studies have examined neurology resident opinions/knowledge of the fellowship application process. Design/Methods: IRB-approved surveys were administered to adult PGY2/pediatric neurology PGY3 (n=13) and adult PGY3/pediatric neurology PGY4 residents (n=11) at Stanford in October 2018. Survey questions addressed: whether the resident had chosen their fellowship, familiarity with the application process, and methods of improving the application process. Results: At the time of abstract submission, 54% of the PGY2 (7/13) and 73% (8/11) of the PGY3 class had been surveyed. Of the 7 PGY2 respondents, only 1 had chosen their fellowship; the remainder were undecided. Of the 8 PGY3 respondents, all had chosen their fellowship in either PGY2 or early PGY3 year (except 1 who had chosen not to pursue fellowship). A majority (86%) of PGY2 residents and 63% of PGY3 residents ranked their familiarity with the application process and deadlines for specialties within their areas of interest at their home institution as “not familiar at all” or “slightly familiar.” All PGY3s and 86% of PGY2s rated the timing of fellowship applications as “far too early” or “somewhat early.” The highest ranking choices for improvements were: education sessions, established deadlines, and publication of a fellowship application resource. Conclusions: Our limited single-institution pilot survey suggests that many residents feel unfamiliar with the fellowship application process and a majority feel that fellowship deadlines are early in training. Suggested methods of improvement include publishing a fellowship application resource. These results may ultimately impact changes to the application process, which may benefit both residents and fellowship programs. Disclosure: Dr. Ahmad has nothing to disclose. Dr. Razavi has received compensation for serving on the Board of Directors of CortexXus, Inc. Dr. Razavi holds stock and/or stock options in CortexXus, Inc. Dr. Razavi has received research support from Eisai, Inc.
Why does a platform die? Diagnosing platform death at Friendster’s end

This study of shuttered social network Friendster draws on interviews with 13 former employees to explore the discursive negotiation of this platform’s death. It chronicles the four central ways th...
Predicting hydrogen isotope inventory in plasma-facing components during normal and abnormal operations in fusion devices

Abstract Hydrogen isotope behavior and inventory in plasma-facing components (PFCs) of fusion devices are key concerns for safe, reliable, and economical operation. To accurately estimate hydrogen isotope retention and recovery in tungsten (the current leading candidate as a PFC), we have developed a model that was recently benchmarked against isotope depth profile and retention level in a tungsten target under various conditions and compared with both experimental data and simulation results. In this research, we have extended the model to include details of transient events. Therefore, one can use this model to estimate hydrogen isotope retention behavior in tungsten and potential other PFC candidates during normal operational pulse, effects of edge-localized modes (ELMs), and a possible cleaning processes scenario.
A Method to Determine the Performance of Low-Reynolds-Number Airfoils under Off-Design Unsteady Freestream Conditions

A procedure is described to analyze the boundary layer on airfoils experiencing unsteady flight conditions and to predict the changes in the performance characteristics during off-design. The method predicts the flow in the boundary-layer region near the separation bubble using the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with boundary conditions from inviscid and laminar boundary-layer solutions. The rate at which the separation bubble develops and decays is of primary interest in this study. Unsteady surface-pressure-coefficient distributions and velocity profiles are presented. Immediate-future work will include application of this technique to two state-of-the art airfoils, the ASM-LRN-010 (see Reference [1]) and Wortmann FX63–137 airfoil sections with chord Reynolds numbers of 250,000 and 500,000 and operating under light dynamic stall conditions.
Boosting Item Findability: Bridging the Semantic Gap Between Search Phrases and Item Descriptions

Most search engines do their text query and retrieval based on keyword phrases. However, publishers cannot anticipate all possible ways in which users search for the items in their documents. In fact, many times, there may be no direct keyword match between a search phrase and descriptions of items that are perfect "hits" for the search. We present a highly automated solution to the problem of bridging the semantic gap between item information and search phrases. Our system can learn rule-based definitions that can be ascribed to search phrases with dynamic connotations by extracting structured item information from product catalogs and by utilizing a frequent itemset mining algorithm. We present experimental results for a realistic e-commerce domain. Also, we compare our rule-mining approach to vector-based relevance feedback retrieval techniques and show that our system yields definitions that are easier to validate and perform better.
Radio Continuum Observations of G-M Giants and Supergiants and Inferred Ionized Mass Loss Rates

We have conducted a 6 cm survey of 33 nearby G-M giants and supergiants with the NRAO VLA.* We have detected α1 Her (M5 II) at 0.9 mJy and α Boo (K2 IIIp) at 0.27 mJy, and obtained upper limits for the remaining 31 stars significantly lower than most previous values. If we interpret both detections as being due to radio emission from partially ionized stellar winds, we derive ionized mass loss rates of 2 × 10-9 MΘ yr-1 (α1 Her) and 7 × 10-11 MΘ yr-1 (α Boo). We infer an ionization fraction for the wind of α1 Her of 1.4%, significantly higher than the upper limits of 0.045 and 0.012% for the two other M5 stars (RX Boo and W Hya) that were observed. The weak radio source identified with a Boo appears to share the high proper motion of the star (~2.5 per year), confirming its association with the K giant. This is probably another example of a stellar wind-type source, but we cannot rule out at this time the possibility that the radio emission is from a static, extended chromosphere (Te ~ 104 K) of angular diameter about 1.7 times the photospheric angular diameter.
Stress and Reproduction: Reciprocal Relationships

The sensitivity of reproductive function to the influence of environmental stressors in vertebrates has been clear since the late 1930’s, as have the stressing effects of reproductive activity itself.209,210 However, the agenda for the investigation of interactions between physiological stress and reproductive function did not emerge until after the significance of their mutual influences on population density came to light in the 1950’s. Instrumental was the early work of Christian42 in which activation of the pituitary-adrenocortical axis was associated with high population densities.
Imagination and Creativity: Lectures at the College de France, 3: Insight and Memory. (L'imagination et la créativité: Confèrences au Collège de France, 3: La perspicacité et la mémoire. )

The third of four lectures at the College de France in 2000 on the subject of conceptual mappings and conceptual structure.
Sequence ― Evolution ― Function: Computational Approaches in Comparative Genomics

Preface. Introduction: Personal Interludes. 1. Genomes from Phage to Human. 2. The Evolutionary Concept in Genetics and Genomics. 3. Information Sources for Genomics. 4. Principles and Methods of Sequence Analysis. 5. Genome Annotation and Analysis. 6. Comparative Genomic and New Evolutionary Biology. 7. Evolution of Central Metabolic Pathways: The Playground of Non-orthologous Gene Displacement. 8. Genomes and the Protein Universe. 9. Epilogue: Peering Through the Crystal Ball. Appendices. References. Index.
Tracer diffusion of 60 Co and 63 Ni in amorphous NiZr alloy

Tracer diffusion of 60Co and 63Ni in the amorphous alloy NiZr near the equiatomic composition has been measured in the temperature range between 486 and 641 K using the ion-beam sputter-sectioning technique for serial sectioning. The temperature dependence for the diffusivities of Co and Ni in a-NiZr exhibit Arrhenius behavior; these can be expressed as follows:D * co = 3.6 × 10−7 exp [− (135 ± 14) kJ mol−1 /RT] m2/s and D * Ni = 1.7 × 10−7 exp [− (140 ± 9) kJ mol−1 /RT] m2/s. The values of D * Ni are in good agreement with those measured by the Rutherford backscattering technique. The measured diffusivities were independent of time, indicating that no relaxation took place during diffusion.
Chromosome domain architecture and dynamic organization of the fission yeast genome

Advanced techniques including the chromosome conformation capture (3C) methodology and its derivatives are complementing microscopy approaches to study genome organization, and are revealing new details of three-dimensional (3D) genome architecture at increasing resolution. The fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe (S. pombe) comprises a small genome featuring organizational elements of more complex eukaryotic systems, including conserved heterochromatin assembly machinery. Here we review key insights into genome organization revealed in this model system through a variety of techniques. We discuss the predominant role of Rabl-like configuration for interphase chromosome organization and the dynamic changes that occur during mitosis and meiosis. High resolution Hi-C studies have also revealed the presence of locally crumpled chromatin regions called "globules" along chromosome arms, and implicated a critical role for pericentromeric heterochromatin in imposing fundamental constraints on the genome to maintain chromosome territoriality and stability. These findings have shed new light on the connections between genome organization and function. It is likely that insights gained from the S. pombe system will also broadly apply to higher eukaryotes.
Teaching Critically about the “Myth of War”

Essay review of Whitewashing War - Historical Myth, Corporate Textbooks, and Possibilities for Democratic Education by Christopher R. Leahey. Foreword by E. Wayne Ross. Teachers College Press, Columbia University, 2010. Paperback: $22.95 ISBN 0807750433, 160 pages Cloth: $52.00, ISBN 087750441, 160 pages
Superconductivity: Extraordinarily conventional

Attitudes to high-temperature superconductivity have swung from disbelief to a conviction that it occurs only 'unconventionally'. But conventional superconductivity is now reported at record high temperatures. See Letter p.73
Bad kids and bad feelings: What children's literature teaches about ADHD, creativity, and openness

This paper uses data from children's literature and classroom narratives to consider hyperactivity, inattention, and other non-normative behaviors in children. It encourages educational thinkers and childhood mental health professionals to take a historical perspective on children's badness rather than consigning it to the realm of pathology. Juxtaposing behavior of ADHD-diagnosed children, as well as their overall experiences in school, to classic children's novels that show hyperactive, distractible, or otherwise aberrant behavior, the paper shows the danger and limitations of diagnosis as a lens for viewing childhood. The paper criticizes neurological and psychodynamic approaches that insist on controlling badness via diagnosis, failing to allow children space to tarry with badness. In particular, the paper argues that behaviors frequently associated with ADHD are conducive to creativity and openness in ways that must not be overlooked by professionals working with children.
Signaling Pathways Involved in IL-8-Dependent Activation of Adhesion Through Mac-1

In human neutrophils, IL-8 induces chemotaxis, the respiratory burst, and granule release, and enhances cellular adhesion, a beta(2) integrin-dependent event. IL-8 stimulates neutrophil adhesion to purified fibrinogen in a Mac-1-dependent manner. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation was detected in human neutrophil lysates after treatment with IL-8 and PMA, but not the activating mAb CBR LFA 1/2. IL-8-stimulated neutrophil adhesion to fibrinogen was blocked 50% by the MAPK/extracellular signal-related kinase-activating enzyme inhibitor PD098059. Adhesion was blocked approximately 75% by inhibition of the phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) pathway with LY294002, supporting that activation of both MAPK and PI3K may play a role in IL-8-dependent inside-out signals that activate Mac-1. Activation of MAPK was inhibited in IL-8-stimulated cells in the presence of PI3K inhibitors LY294002 or wortmannin, supporting a model in which PI3K is upstream of MAPK. IL-8-stimulated neutrophil adhesion was inhibited 50% by bisindolylmaleimide-I, implicating protein kinase C (PKC) in the intracellular signaling from the IL-8R to Mac-1. A 74-kDa molecular mass species was detected by an activation-specific Ab to PKC when cells were stimulated with PMA or IL-8, but not a beta(2)-activating Ab. Inhibition of either MAPK or PKC resulted in partial inhibition of IL-8-stimulated polymorphonuclear neutrophil adhesion, and treatment with both inhibitors simultaneously completely abolished IL-8-stimulated adhesion to ligand. Inhibition of PI3K blocked MAPK activation, but not PKC activation, suggesting a branch point that precedes PI3K activation. These data suggest that both MAPK and PKC are activated in response to IL-8 stimulation, and that these may represent independent pathways for beta(2) integrin activation in neutrophils.
Structural changes that accompany the reduced catalytic efficiency of two semisynthetic ribonuclease analogs.

The structures of two catalytically defective semi-synthetic RNases obtained by replacing aspartic acid 121 with asparagine or alanine have been determined and refined at a resolution of 2.0 A (R = 0.186 and 0.172, respectively). When these structures are compared with the refined 1.8-A structure (R = 0.204) of the fully active aspartic acid-containing enzyme (Martin, P.D., Doscher, M.S., and Edwards, B. F. P. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 15930-15938), numerous and widespread changes, much greater in number and magnitude than the small structural variations noted previously between the semisynthetic complex and RNase A, are found to have occurred. These changes include the movement of the loop containing residues 65-72 away from the active site, a more or less generalized relocation of crystallographically bound water molecules, and a number of rearrangements in the hydrogen bonding network at the active site. Most changes are far removed from the immediate site of the modifications and are distributed essentially throughout the molecule. The details of many of these changes are unique to each analog. In the asparagine analog, a destabilization in the positioning of active site residue His-119 also appears to have occurred.
Elimination of cigarette smoking by punishment and self-management training ☆

Abstract Faradic shock punishment and self-management training were used in an attempt to eliminate cigarette smoking in two groups of subjects (23 total) who had smoked from four to 48 years and from 14 to 60 cigarettes per day. Group I received two weeks of post-treatment therapist monitoring while Group II received 11 weeks. Only one subject in each group failed to stop smoking during the course of aversion and self-management treatment and reduction to zero cigarettes per day occurred within four to five successive treatments. Post-treatment follow-ups at one, three, six and twelve months revealed longer cessation of smoking in the second group. Six of the eleven subjects in the second group were not smoking at the twelve month follow-up as compared to three of the twelve subjects in the first group. The results suggest that (1) faradic shock punishment combined with self-management training will for most subjects eliminate cigarette smoking, and (2) post-treatment therapist monitoring seems to be an important variable affecting long term cessation of smoking.
Boating Operator Performance Stressors

Mechanical shock, heat stress, motion sickness, vibration, noise and alcohol effects on man were studied for their potential safety ramifications in small boat operations. The mechanical shock, vibration, noise and heat stressors were found to be the hazards in the small boat environment which could be the subject of immediate remedial actions. The minimum limits of intensity and/or duration of exposure necessary to cause either physiological or psychological decrement are suggested for these latter three stressors based on the limited research in the area. Needed, additional areas for research are outlined. Language: en
Characterization and regional distribution of individual gangliosides in goldfish central nervous system.

Abstract: Gangliosides were partially purified from goldfish brain and fractionated by DEAE Fractogel column chromatography. Each fraction was then analyzed by HPTLC and also by HPLC after conversion of the gangliosides to 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazides. The tetrasialoganglioside GQ1c was found to constitute more than 50% of the total gangliosides. Gangliosides in smaller quantities were also tentatively identified. These included GT1b, GT1c, GT2, GT3, GD1a, and several others. By using this information, the amounts of individual gangliosides in various regions of goldfish central nervous system were compared. Although all areas of brain examined contained similar concentrations of gangliosides, with GQ1c as the predominant component, retina and optic nerve contained significantly lower concentrations of GQ1c, and GM3 was the major component.
Client Family-Member Participation Is Associated with Improved Residential Treatment Program Completion at an International Drug and Alcohol Treatment Center

Prior research at Crossroads Centre Antigua has shown a 15% increase in long-term abstinence rates of clients if a family member attended the family program. This study examines the association of family program participation on client residential treatment completion. A retrospective review of records of all clients admitted from January 2004 to June 2007 was performed. Participation of client family members in the family program (a 4-day program including didactic material, workshops, group and individual counseling sessions for interested family members) was recorded. Information obtained from a limited client database, in addition to family program participation, included age, gender, country of residence, drug of choice, and 29-day treatment program completion. Data from clients having family members participate in the family program were compared with clients not having family members participate. There were 1,014 clients admitted, 681/1,014 (67%) men, mean age 41years, 733/1,014 (72%) from the Unit...
Cell line banks and their role in cancer research

The utility of centralized cell banks in providing reference cultures for cancer research is reviewed. Procedures applied at The American Type Culture Collection in development, maintenance and expansion of such a resource are discussed for example, with emphasis on human tumor cell lines. The various categories of cell-line holdings are explained, and status with regard both to the numbers of lines available and distribution experienced are documented. The locations of other national cell repositories plus contact data are provided.
Linear relations among algebraic solutions of differential equations

Abstract For any univariate polynomial with coefficients in a differential field of characteristic zero and any integer, q , there exists an associated nonzero linear ordinary differential equation (LODE) with the following two properties. Each term of the LODE lies in the differential field generated by the rational numbers and the coefficients of the polynomial, and the q th power of each root of the polynomial is a solution of this LODE. This LODE is called a q th power resolvent of the polynomial. We will show how one can get a resolvent for the logarithmic derivative of the roots of a polynomial from the α th power resolvent of the polynomial, where α is an indeterminate that takes the place of q . We will demonstrate some simple relations among the algebraic and differential equations for the roots and their logarithmic derivatives. We will also prove several theorems regarding linear relations of roots of a polynomial over constants or the coefficient field of the polynomial depending upon the (nondifferential) Galois group. Finally, we will use a differential resolvent to solve the Riccati equation.
Differential quantitative blood cultures for the diagnosis of catheter-related bloodstream infections associated with short- and long-term catheters: a prospective study.

We prospectively evaluated the value of two levels of differential quantitative blood culture (DQBC) ratio (> or =2:1 or > or =5:1) in diagnosing catheter-related bloodstream infections (CRBSIs) in patients with malignancy that have short-term and long-term central venous catheters (CVCs) ( or =30 days of placement). Diagnosis of CRBSIs was based on results of semiquantitative cultures of removed catheters. For short-term CVCs a 5:1 or greater DQBC ratio had an 18% sensitivity, 67% specificity, 18% positive predictive value (PPV) and 67% negative predictive value (NPV), whereas a 2:1 or greater cut-off point for the DQBC was associated with a 45% sensitivity, 48% specificity, 26% PPV, and 68% NPV for the diagnosis of CRBSIs. For long-term CVCs, a cut-off point of 5:1 or greater of the DQBC had an 81% sensitivity, 40% specificity, 36% PPV, and 83% NPV for the diagnosis of CRBSIa, whereas a 2:1 or greater cut-off point had a 90% sensitivity, 30% specificity, 35% PPV, and 88% NPV for the diagnosis of CRBSIs. In conclusion, DQBCs are not diagnostic of CRBSIs for short-term CVCs. In long-term CVCs, DQBCs at 2:1 or greater or 5:1 or greater are sensitive but associated with low specificity and positive predictive value.
Conceptualizing Academic Norms in Middle School: A Social Network Perspective

A wide body of research has documented the relationship between social norms and individual behaviors. There is growing evidence that academic behaviors in early adolescence—when most children begi...