cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonprofit Websites: Prevalence, Usage and Commercial Activity

This paper investigates the extent to which nonprofits have websites and how they are used. Our empirical analyses of 1,000 nonprofit organizations indicates substantial differences in website presence and use among mission categories - conservation related, arts and cultural, religious civil rights, and science and technology. We find that while asset level and mission have statistically significant main effects on predicting website presence, interactions between them are also important. Our estimates suggest that at any particular asset level the increase in probability of having a website with each unit increase in assets is greatest for civil rights organization (compared to religious, conservation and cultural organizations) and least for scientific organizations.
Composite cell MRTD method for the efficient simulation of complex microwave structures

This paper presents a subcell modeling method for use with the Haar-MRTD (multiresolution time-domain) technique. This technique enables the application of the PEC boundary condition at individual equivalent grid points. Through the use of field reconstruction/decomposition, a method is presented that allows the application of pointwise effects using the MRTD technique. This technique makes it possible to use the MRTD time- and space-adaptive grid in the simulation complex structures consisting of PECs and other local effects.
Controversies in the surgical management of newly diagnosed and recurrent/residual thyroid cancer

Background: Thyroid surgery is the mainstay of treatment for thyroid cancer, but there are options for the surgical approach. There is a general agreement that the goal of thyroid cancer surgery is to remove evident disease, minimize treatment and disease-related morbidity, minimize the risk of recurrence and metastatic spread, and facilitate long-term follow-up. Within these parameters, however, there are a number of controversies regarding the extent of surgery. Summary: To minimize the risk of recurrence and to optimize the treatment of patients with thyroid cancer, a total thyroidectomy should be performed as the initial operation if the preoperative diagnosis is consistent with thyroid cancer. Macroscopic lymph node involvement does impact recurrence and may influence survival. Therefore, a preoperative ultrasound evaluation of the neck is essential before operative intervention. If pathologic nodes are identified in either the central or lateral neck they should be removed at the initial operation. ...
Women and Revolution in Nicaragua

Women and Revolution in Nicaragua. Helen Collinson (editor). London: Zed Books, 1990. 244 pp. $49.95 (cloth), $15.00 (paper). ISBN 0-86232-934-5, ISBN 0-86232-935-3.
Biological effects of genes in the Grc and EC region of the rat major histocompatibility complex.

PROBLEM: To study the mechanism of action of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-linked genes affecting reproduction, growth, and susceptibility to chemical carcinogens. METHOD OF STUDY: Tumors derived from rat embryonic fibroblasts were transfected with cosmids from the Grc and its linked regions, the unrelated A region, and a nonMHC region, or with genes from the Grc, Grc-linked, and nonMHC regions, to determine whether they could suppress tumor growth as determined by in vitro (soft agar) and in vivo assays. RESULTS: Tumor fibroblasts transfected with cosmids from the Grc or from the EC region decreased tumor growth in both the in vitro and in vivo assays. Transfection with individual genes from the Grc had no effect on tumor growth in either assay. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of the Grc on reproduction, growth, and tumorigenesis are mediated by extended genetic effects, i.e., by the conformation of the DNA in this region. Similar effects were seen following transfection with cosmids from the Grc-linked EC region, and this finding strengthens the hypothesis that the conformation of the DNA in this general region is critical for its function. A similar effect has been described for the locus control region (LCR) in the β-globin gene family in the human.
Laser remote sensing from aircraft and spacecraft

Since the early 1980s, airborne laser systems have been used for making remote measurements of ozone, water vapor, and aerosols in studies of many important atmospheric processes. Advanced airborne systems are under development to demonstrate autonomous operations of these laser systems and to expand their measurement capabilities. In the near future, laser systems will be used in space to investigate a wide variety of global atmospheric processes. This paper describes the current measurement capabilities of airborne laser systems, the use of these systems in recent atmospheric investigations, and the development of advanced lidar systems for aircraft and spacecraft.
An Examination of Anisotropic Void Evolution in Aluminum Alloy 7075

This paper investigates the anisotropy of void evolution and its relation with ductility in the high strength rolled aluminum alloy 7075-T7351. Smooth tension specimens are extracted from three principal material orientations, i.e. rolling (R), transverse (T), and short transverse (S). The mechanical behavior of these specimens is characterized and the varying ductility in the three orientations is clearly observed. Electron Backscattered Diffraction (EBSD), optical microscopy, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) are employed to characterize the grain structure and the size, location, and chemical composition of the intermetallic particles. In-situ X-ray Tomography (XCT) experiments are performed to obtain tomographic images of the specimens at critical loading steps. The radiographs acquired during the tensile test are then reconstructed and examined through quantitative analysis to partition particles and voids. These tomographic images enable us to visualize void evolution as the specimens are loaded along material orientations. The tomographic images clearly illustrate anisotropy in the void evolution and highlight the importance of local coalescence in developing 1D and 2D void structures prior to global coalescence. Fractography confirms tomography. These findings motivate model forms with appropriate internal variables to adequately describe the dominant mechanisms which govern anisotropic void evolution.
Thin intergranular films and solid-state activated sintering in nickel-doped tungsten

Nickel-doped tungsten specimens were prepared with high purity chemicals and sintered. Although activated sintering starts more than 400 °C below the bulk eutectic temperature, the nickel-rich crystalline secondary phase does not wet the tungsten grain boundaries in the solid state. These results contrast with the classical activated sintering model whereby the secondary crystalline phase was presumed to wet grain boundaries completely. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy revealed the presence of nanometer-thick, nickel-enriched, disordered films at grain boundaries well below the bulk eutectic temperature. These interfacial films can be regarded as metallic counterparts to widely observed equilibrium-thickness intergranular films in ceramics. Assuming they form at a true thermodynamic equilibrium, these films can alternatively be understood as a class of combined grain boundary disordering and adsorption structures resulting from coupled premelting and prewetting transitions. It is concluded that enhanced diffusion in these thin intergranular films is responsible for solid-state activated sintering.
A Path Analysis of the Impact of Application-Specific Perceptions of Computer Self-Efficacy and Anxiety on Technology Acceptance

Perceptions of computer self-efficacy CSE and computer anxiety are valuable predictors of various computer-related behaviors, including acceptance and utilization of information systems IS. Although both factors are purported to have general and application-specific components, little research has focused on the application or system-specific component, especially in IS acceptance contexts. Thus, little is known about the effects of application-specific beliefs on IS acceptance or how such effects compare with the effects of more general CSE and computer anxiety beliefs. Accordingly, a research model comprising application CSE, application anxiety, perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, attitude, and intention was proposed and tested via path analysis. The results demonstrated that the direct impacts of application CSE and application anxiety on perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness were almost equal, but in opposite directions. However, the indirect effect of application CSE on attitude and intention was stronger than that of application anxiety.
Nonlinear Large Angle Solutions of the Blade Element Momentum Theory Propeller Equations

Propeller blade element momentum theory is a first-order method commonly used to analyze propeller performance. Blade element theory discretizes the rotor, analyzes aerodynamic forces acting on each element, and requires only a rudimentary description of the blade geometry. Blade element theory alone lacks the ability of predicting the propeller-induced inflow velocity needed to complete the flowfield description. The flow model is completed using concepts from momentum theory, which assumes a single continuous axisymmetric flow-through rotor disk. The traditional method used to solve the blade element momentum equations assumes a small local angle of attack at all sections along the blade and that local induced drag negligibly reduces the local propeller thrust coefficient. These assumptions, while allowing a closed form solution to be obtained, are known to be inaccurate at high advance ratios and along the inner half-span of the blade. An alternative nonlinear, numerical solution method thatavoidstheseinaccuratesimplifyingassumptionsispresented.Solutionmethodsarecomparedformultiplepitch anglesandadvanceratios.Solutionsarecomparedwiththrustandpowercoefficientdatacollectedfromwind-tunnel testsofsmallradio-controlaircraftpropellers.Thenonlineartheorycorrectionsbetterrepresentmeasuredpropeller performance, especially at high advance ratios.
The N-terminal lysine residue-rich domain II and the 340–430 amino acid segment of eukaryotic initiation factor 2-associated glycoprotein p67 are the binding sites for the γ-subunit of eIF2

Eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2)-associated glycoprotein, p67, plays an important role in protecting eIF2alpha from phosphorylation by eIF2alpha-specific kinases. To understand the molecular details of interaction between p67 and the subunits of eIF2, we applied several biochemical and mutational analyses to identify interacting domains within p67 and eIF2gamma. These studies were combined with functional in vivo and in vitro assays to address the importance of the interactions between p67 and eIF2gamma in eIF2alpha phosphorylation. Studies from yeast two-hybrid assays show that p67 interacts strongly with eIF2gamma, relatively weakly with eIF2alpha, and no interaction with eIF2beta. Further mutational analyses provided evidence that the N-terminal lysine-rich domain II and the 340-430 amino acid segment of p67 interact strongly with the C-terminal 409-472 amino acid segment of eIF2gamma. GST pull-down assays show that the interaction between p67 and eIF2gamma is direct. From co-immunoprecipitation studies, we find that the interaction between p67 and eIF2gamma could not only be detected in mammalian cells growing in growth medium, it could also be detected in transiently transfected cells with expression plasmids encoding p67 and eIF2gamma. However, this interaction could not be detected in p67 mutants lacking lysine-rich domain II and the 340-430 amino acid segment. We also find a very good correlation between p67 binding to eIF2gamma and the protection of eIF2alpha from phosphorylation. Altogether, our data provide genetic evidence for the interaction between p67 and eIF2gamma and that this interaction modulates the phosphorylation of eIF2alpha.
Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette Syndrome with and without Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder

Objective Neuropsychological functioning in children with Tourette syndrome (TS) has been characterized by subtle deficits in response inhibition, visual–motor integration, and fine-motor coordination. The association of these deficits with the tics of the TS versus co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been well understood because of small sample sizes and lack of adequate control conditions. We examined neuropsychological functioning in relatively large and well-characterized samples of children categorized as TS, TS-plus-ADHD, ADHD, and unaffected controls. Method A total of 56 children with TS-only, 45 with TS-plus-ADHD, 64 with ADHD, and 71 healthy community control subjects were assessed on a battery of neuropsychological measures including the Connors' Continuous Performance Test (CPT), the Stroop Color-Word Interference Test (Stroop), the Beery Visual-Motor Integration Test (VMI), and the Purdue Pegboard Test. Results There were no differences between children with TS-only and unaffected controls on the measures of response inhibition and visual–motor integration. Boys with TS-only but not girls with TS-only were impaired in the dominant hand Purdue performance. Children with ADHD were impaired on all study measures. Children with TS-plus-ADHD revealed no deficits on the Stroop, VMI, and Purdue tests but were impaired on the sustained attention portion of the CPT. Conclusions These results indicate that co-occurring ADHD may be responsible for the neuropsychological deficits, or at least those assessed in the present study, in children with TS. Explanations in terms of neurobiological mechanisms of co-occurring TS and ADHD, as well as possible compensatory mechanisms in children with TS, are discussed.
HIV-1 Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Extracts Its Epitope from a Kinked gp41 Ectodomain Region on the Viral Membrane

Although rarely elicited during natural human infection, the most broadly neutralizing antibodies (BNAbs) against diverse human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 strains target the membrane-proximal ectodomain region (MPER) of viral gp41. To gain insight into MPER antigenicity, immunogenicity, and viral function, we studied its structure in the lipid environment by a combination of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) techniques. The analyses revealed a tilted N-terminal alpha helix (aa 664-672) connected via a short hinge to a flat C-terminal helical segment (675-683). This metastable L-shaped structure is immersed in viral membrane and, therefore, less accessible to immune attack. Nonetheless, the 4E10 BNAb extracts buried W672 and F673 after initial encounter with the surface-embedded MPER. The data suggest how BNAbs may perturb tryptophan residue-associated viral fusion involving the mobile N-terminal MPER segment and, given conservation of MPER sequences in HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV, have important implications for structure-guided vaccine design.
Iconic approach to communicating chemical concepts to extraterrestrials

Previous proposals for communicating with extraterrestials have relied heavily on pictorial messages, regardless of whether communicaiton is via electromagnetic radiation or by spacecraft bearing messages. Pictorial messages can be categorized according to whether the pictures can be shown directly or whether they must first be properly formatted. Advantages of more direct representations are suggested, and the universality of pictorial representation is critiqued. An alternative to pictures based on semiotic distinctions is advanced. With this approach, iconic representations, in which the sign bears a physical similarity to that which it represents, are shown directly, rather than in a format that must be reconstructed. This method of communication is illustrated with quantum-mechanical phenomena. The advantages of using this strategy of having the content of a message reflected in the form of the message are detailed.
The use of gabaculine-induced accumulation of GABA for an index of synthesis of GABA in the retina.

Abstract The characteristics of accumulation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the retina after an intravitreal injection of the GABA-T inhibitor, gabaculine, have been studied in rats. The accumulation of GABA after injection of gabaculine was both dosage- and time-dependent. In both dark- and light-adapted-retinas, GABA continued to increase linearly for at least 90 min after an injection of gabaculine and this increase (3-fold) was similar in dark- and light-adapted rats. The GABA agonist, muscimol, and the GABA antagonist, bicuculline methiodide, significantly inhibited and facilitated, respectively, the gabaculine-induced increase in GABA levels. Previous studies have shown that accumulation of GABA following the irreversible inhibition of GABA-T was useful for measuring the rate of synthesis of GABA in the central nervous system, and these studies suggest that this technique may also be useful in the retina.
An online associative query modification methodology

An online system of associative information retrieval is described. The system uses a network representation of the information in a bibliographic database and a processing paradigm modeling a continuing flow of user interest through the network to implement associative retrieval and query modification. The system is capable of relevance feedback, thesaurus and statistical query expansion, Boolean and best‐match searching, and retention of associations based on previous search experience. The query modification capability stems from the ability to incorporate thesaurus or dictionary linkages between terms and preferred or alternative forms and to generate associations between sets of documents and the vocabulary they contain. The former capability allows the automatic incorporation in a query of pre‐defined equivalent or alternate terms. The use of terms associated with retrieved documents allows automatic discovery and inclusion of related vocabulary, index terms, and subject categories and may improve the effectiveness of free text searching in databases incorporating controlled vocabulary indexing and subject classification schemes. A pilot version of the system has been implemented on the DECsystem‐10 and tested on small scale files;illustrative sample searches are presented.
Arthroscopic transfer of the long head of the biceps tendon: functional outcome and clinical results.

Purpose: We sought to evaluate clinical and functional outcome in a cohort of patients who underwent transfer of the long head of the biceps tendon (LHBT). Methods: Patients who were diagnosed with biceps pathology or instability underwent an arthroscopic assisted or all arthroscopic transfer LHBT as either an isolated procedure or part of another shoulder procedure by the senior author. The procedure was performed using a new arthroscopic subdeltoid technique. Forty shoulders in 39 patients were examined at a minimum of 2 years. Patients underwent complete shoulder evaluation and clinical outcomes were scored based on American Society of Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES), University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), and L’Insalata questionnaires. Ipsilateral and contralateral metrics were also evaluated. Results: Forty shoulders (13 female, 26 male, 1 bilateral; average age, 38.5 years) were evaluated with L’Insalata, UCLA, and ASES questionnaires, scoring 75.57, 27.32, and 78.72, respectively. In the 25 patients who had an isolated LHBT transfer, the L’Insalata, UCLA, and ASES scores were 85.2, 29.5, and 84.8, respectively. Three patients had early traumatic failure related to noncompliance with postoperative rehabilitation protocol. This included the only 2 patients who had a Popeye sign at follow-up during active elbow flexion. There was not a statistically significant side-to-side strength difference using a 10-pound weight. Eighty percent of patients were self-rated as good to excellent, and 20% of patients were self-graded as fair or poor, which includes the 3 failures mentioned above. All of the patients reported no arm pain at rest with regard to the biceps. Ninety-five percent of patients reported no biceps tenderness upon palpation of the bicipital groove. Five patients complained of fatigue discomfort (soreness) isolated to the biceps muscle following resisted elbow flexion. Conclusions: Arthroscopic subdeltoid transfer of the LHBT is an appropriate and reliable intervention for active patients with chronic, refractory biceps pathology. There was no loss of strength for biceps curls. All patients reported no pain isolated to biceps muscle at rest. Ninety-five percent of patients had resolution of their preoperative biceps symptoms. Level of Evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series. Key Words: Biceps pathology—Biceps transfer—Subdeltoid arthroscopy.
Prenatal diagnosis of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata due to isolated alkyldihydroacetonephosphate acyltransferase synthase deficiency

Current practices in prenatal diagnosis of rhizomelic chondrodysplasia punctata (RCDP) are reviewed. A case is presented with a family having one daughter affected with RCDP due to alkyldihydroacetonephosphate acyltransferase synthase (DHAPAT synthase) deficiency, and three subsequent pregnancies. Biochemical test values are presented for the pregnancies and daughter. Post-mortem tests of one fetus of a terminated pregnancy showed that radiologic examination could not make the diagnosis of RCDP. We conclude that biochemical or molecular testing is necessary to accurately diagnose this type of RCDP prenatally.
LIPOSUCTION OF THE ABDOMEN: An Analysis of Form

This article presupposes that the surgeon has complete command of the process or craft of liposuction. This consideration of form does not presume to issue a commentary upon the ultimate fitness of the form; rather, form confines itself with shape. The final question that matters is, "has the surgeon used the craft to successfully alter the three-dimensional mass into an aesthetically pleasing end."
Spatially-resolved Analysis Of DNA Nanocomplex Self-assembly Enabled By Integrating Nanophotonics And Microfluidics

Advances in genomics continue to fuel the development of future therapeutics that can target pathogenesis at the cellular and molecular level. Often functional only inside the cell, nucleic acid-based therapeutics require an efficient intracellular delivery system. One widely adopted approach is to complex DNA with a gene carrier to form nanocomplexes via electrostatic self-assembly, facilitating cellular uptake of DNA while protecting it against degradation. The challenge, however, lies in rational design of gene carriers, since premature dissociation or overly stable binding would be detrimental to the cellular uptake and therapeutic efficacy. Nanocomplexes synthesized by bulk mixing showed a diverse range of intracellular unpacking and trafficking behavior, which was attributed to the heterogeneity in size and stability of nanocomplexes. The heterogeneity of nanocomplexes resulting from bulk synthesis hinders the accurate assessment of the self-assembly kinetics and adds to the difficulty in correlating their physical properties to transfection efficiencies or bioactivities. We present a novel convergence of nanophotonics (i.e. QD-FRET) and microfluidics to characterize kinetic aspect of the nanocomplexes synthesis under laminar flow in real-time. QD-FRET provides a highly sensitive and quantitative indication of the onset of molecular interactions and throughout the process of nanocomplexes synthesis, whereas microfluidics offers a well-controlled microenvironment to spatially analyze the process with high temporal resolution (∼milliseconds). For the model system of polymeric nanocomplexes, two distinct stages in the self-assembly process were captured by this analytic platform. The kinetic aspect of the self-assembly process obtained at the microscale would be particularly valuable for microreactor-based reactions which are relevant to many micro- and nano-scale applications. Further, customized nanocomplexes may be generated through proper design of microfludic devices, and the resulting QD-FRET polymeric DNA nanocomplexes could be readily applied for establishing structure-function relationships.
EVALUATION OF HORMONE THERAPY FOR UNDESCENDED TESTES IN MAN

In 1902, Eccles (1) described the physiology of the imperfectly descended testis and suggested that the condition was linked with the glands of internal secretion. Not until recent years have commercial hormone products been available to test the correctness of his hypothesis. Much has been written about the treatment of cryptorchidism in the human but only in the past 3 years has endocrine therapy been suggested as another mode of treatment. Although the reported number of cases thus treated is comparatively small there is sufficient evidence of the efficacy of endocrine therapy to warrant its serious consideration. The purpose of this paper is to review briefly the ubject of cryptorchidism and to summarize cases reported by other workers. Twenty cases treated in the Endocrine Clinic of the Children's Hospital of Buffalo during the past 2 years are added to the series. Incidence. Cryptorchidism is more frequently encountered in children than in adults, a fact which would indicate that in a considerable n...
Bone density in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To assess bone mineralization in children and adolescents with cystic fibrosis. DESIGN: A cross-sectional, observational study of bone mineral density (BMD) in the lumbar vertebrae and the proximal femur of 62 patients aged 4.9 to 17.8 years (mean, 10.7 years). The age-normalized BMD findings ( z scores) were correlated with multiple variables, including measures of pulmonary disease, nutritional status and growth, genotype, calcium intake, and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels. RESULTS: The mean BMD z score was –1.03 ± 0.14 (±SE) in the lumbar vertebrae and –0.71 ± 0.17 in the proximal femur. The BMD in this age range declined relative to normal values at a rapid rate of roughly 1 SD every 6 to 8 years. The BMD z scores correlated well with multiple measures of disease severity, particularly weight and forced expiratory volume in 1 second. CONCLUSIONS: Significant osteoporosis in adults with CF results at least in part from a failure to accumulate bone mineral at a normal rate during skeletal growth and development. The cause of this is likely multifactorial. With increasing longevity, the skeletal consequences of CF become an important consideration. (J PEDIATR 1996;128:28-34)
Fine-needle aspiration biopsy of mucinous cystic neoplasm of the pancreas: a case study.

This report illustrates the cytologic features of well-differentiated cystic adenocarcinoma of the pancreas obtained by fine-needle aspiration biopsy. It also discusses the differentiation of pseudocyst vs neoplastic cyst by this method. Diagn Cytopathol 1986;2:69-71.
Cloud Storage Infrastructure Optimization Analytics

Emergence and adoption of cloud computing have become widely prevalent given the value proposition it brings to an enterprise in terms of agility and cost effectiveness. Big data analytical capabilities (specifically treating storage/system management as a big data problem for a service provider) using Cloud delivery models is defined as Analytics as a Service or Software as a Service. This service simplifies obtaining useful insights from an operational enterprise data center leading to cost and performance optimizations.Software defined environments decouple the control planes from the data planes that were often vertically integrated in a traditional networking or storage systems. The decoupling between the control planes and the data planes enables opportunities for improved security, resiliency and IT optimization in general. This talk describes our novel approach in hosting the systems management platform (a.k.a. control plane) in the cloud offered to enterprises in Software as a Service (SaaS) model. Specifically, in this presentation, focus is on the analytics layer with SaaS paradigm enabling data centers to visualize, optimize and forecast infrastructure via a simple capture, analyze and govern framework. At the core, it uses big data analytics to extract actionable insights from system management metrics data. Our system is developed in research and deployed across customers, where core focus is on agility, elasticity and scalability of the analytics framework. We demonstrate few system/storage management analytics case studies to demonstrate cost and performance optimization for both cloud consumer as well as service provider. Actionable insights generated from the analytics platform are implemented in an automated fashion via an OpenStack based platform.
Management of diabetic foot infections in an era of increasing microbial resistance

Diabetic foot infections cause substantial morbidity, incur significant costs, and may lead to amputation. Resistant organisms, particularly methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms, are becoming more prevalent. Optimal management of diabetic foot infections is multimodal, and includes not only antimicrobial therapy but also biomechanical support and offloading, local wound care, glycemic control, assessment and treatment of underlying vascular disease, and surgical therapy when warranted. Antimicrobial therapy should be targeted at the likely etiologic agents and should take into consideration the depth and severity of infection. With expansion of the reservoir of resistant organisms, obtaining reliable deep cultures can help focus antimicrobial therapy against the dominant pathogens. Newer agents against resistant gram-positive and gramnegative organisms show promise in the treatment of diabetic foot infections.
Pulmonary artery structural changes in pulmonary hypertension complicating congenital diaphragmatic hernia

Primary pulmonary hypertension is characterized by the presence of smooth muscle cells in nonmuscular compartments or segments of the vessel and the abnormal deposition of collagen in both the small muscular arteries and arterioles and the large elastic arteries. Victorian blue van Gieson staining and Immunostaining with anti-alpha smooth muscle actin (ASMA) were performed on lung tissues obtained during autopsy from 21 patients who had congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) complicated by persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPH) and 10 control patients who died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The degree of medial thickening and adventitial thickening was measured in pulmonary arteries by image analysis and compared statistically. There was a significant increase in adventitial as well as medial thickness in arteries of all sizes in CDH patients compared with control patients (P < .001). The most striking increase occurred in arteries with an external diameter (ED) of less than 75 microns. Calculation of the areas of the various components in the wall of each vessel showed that for smaller vessels (< 75 microns ED), the area of the lumen was smaller and the area of the media and adventitia was larger in CDH patients compared with control patients (P < < .001). In vessels greater than 75 microns ED, the areas of media in CDH was the same as in controls and the area of adventitia in CDH was significantly larger than controls (P < .001). The present study provides evidence that an increase in adventitial thickness and adventitial area occurs in pulmonary arteries in CDH patients complicated by PPH. The structural changes in the adventitia of the pulmonary arteries may be an important factor in the development of PPH in patients with CDH.
Clinical trials for early (pre-dementia) Alzheimer's disease: a case for mild cognitive impairment.

A goal of many clinical trials for Alzheimer℉s disease is to develop disease-modifying therapies for the pre-dementia period of the Alzheimer℉s disease process. However, there are no clinical criteria for characterizing subjects in this range. The construct of amnestic mild cognitive impairment has been extensively investigated and may provide useful clinical criteria for this clinical stage. It is proposed that the clinical criteria for mild cognitive impairment be enriched with imaging and other biomarkers to improve the specificity of the outcome, and these criteria might suffice for pre-dementia clinical trials.
Sedimentation velocity determinations of molecular weight distributions

In the sedimentation velocity experiment, the ultracentrifuge fractionates the molecules according to molecular weight, along the radial axis in the rotating cell. The boundary gradient curve measured during the experiment can be transformed into an apparent distribution of sedimentation coefficients, which can twined to determine the true sediment at ion coefficient distribution by the introduction of a number of corrections. This true distribution can often be converted into the weight distribution of molecular weights. This paper discusses the current views of each of these corrections, which account for the effects of diffusion, hydrostatic pressure, concentration, and the time needed to attain operating speed. The sensitivity of the resultant molecular weight distribution to several parameters is indicated for a polystyrene sample.
Normal blood cell counts for the cottontail rabbit.

During a study of the effects of certain pathogens on cottontail rabbits ( Sylvilagus floridanus ) it became necessary to know normal blood cell counts for this species. Rabbits were secured for this purpose by live trapping during the …
Design and characterization of thick InxGa1-xAs metamorphic buffer layers grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy

Thick InxGa1-xAs metamorphic buffer layers (MBLs) grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE) were studied. Relationships between MBL properties and growth parameters such as grading rate, cap layer thickness, final xInAs, and deposition temperature (TD) were explored. The MBLs were characterized by measurement of in-plane residual strain (???), surface etch pit density (EPD), and surface roughness. Capping layer thickness had a strong effect on strain relaxation, with thickly capped samples exhibiting the lowest ???. EPD was higher in samples with thicker caps, reflecting their increased relaxation through dislocation generation. ??? and EPD were weakly affected by the grading rate, making capping layer thickness the primary structural parameter which controls these properties. MBLs graded in discrete steps had similar properties to MBLs with continuous grading. In samples with identical thickness and 10-step grading style, ??? increased almost linearly with final xInAs, while total relaxation stayed relatively constant. Relaxation as a function of xInAs?could be described by an equilibrium model in which dislocation nucleation is impeded by the energy of the existing dislocation array. EPD was constant from xInAs?= 0 to 0.24 then increased exponentially, which is related to the increased dislocation interaction and blocking seen at higher dislocation densities. RMS roughness increased with xInAs?above a certain strain rate (0.15%/?m); samples grown below this level possessed large surface hillocks and high roughness values. The elimination of hillocks at higher values of xInAs?is attributed to increased density of surface steps and is related to the out-of-plane component of the burgers vector of the dominant type of 60? dislocation. TD?did not affect ??? for samples with a given xInAs. EPD tended to increase with TD, indicating dislocation glide likely is impeded at higher temperatures.
Abstract 2220: Toxicities and antitumor efficacy of tumor-targeted AuNRs in mouse model.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Near infrared (NIR)-absorbing gold nanorods (AuNRs) can be systemically or locally delivered into tumors and subsequent irradiated by nonionizing NIR laser light, and creates heat to destroy cancer cells, this technique has been demonstrated to dramatically improve the efficacy of conventional plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) without contrast agents or with molecular agents of dye molecules. In the present study, we have synthesized new HNSCP-1-conjugated AuNRs for targeting the squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), and studied the biodistribution and associated toxicity of such SCCHN-targeted AuNRs in a BALB/c mouse model and SCCHN xenograft models. Our results showed that the conjugation of HNSCP peptide to AuNRs decreased the blood circulation time compared with that of the PEG-coated AuNRs (22nm). The PEG coated-AuNRs (10,000/AuNR, 22nm) were mainly found in the liver(57%) and spleen (38%), while about 92% of the injected HNSCP-1 peptide conjugated-AuNRs (10,000/AuNR) accumulated in the liver (72 hours after AuNRs injection). The tumor-targeted AuNRs increased the accumulation of AuNRs in the tumor mass compared with that of non-targeted AuNRs. The long-term uptake fate of the AuNRs in a mouse model (15 months after injection of 3.6 μg AuNRs) has been studied, and no remarkable toxicities have been observed. Our results showed that the PPTT treatments (single dose of intratumoral injection of 0.5ug HNSCP-1-AuNRs, followed by 2 min of 0.9-1.1 W/cm2 NIR laser exposure) could inhibit the tumor growth in nude mice bearing human SCCHN Tu212 xenograft tumor model. Conclusions: HNSCP-1-AuNRs may selectively accumulate in the tumor mass and inhibit the tumor growth via the PPTT without observed toxicities. This research was supported by NCI U01 CA 151802. Citation Format: Xianghong Peng, Megan Mackey, Lauren Austin, Adegboyega Oyelere, Georgia Chen, Xiaohua Huang, Mostafa A. El-Sayed, Dong M. Shin. Toxicities and antitumor efficacy of tumor-targeted AuNRs in mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2220. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-2220
Appearance Retention of Carpets Using Image Analysis; Correlation with Subjective Method

This study compares a new objective method for measuring texture retention in carpets to the usual subjective technique. The effect of mechanical wear on the texture of a range of nylon cut-pile carpets is examined using the image analysis techniques of covariance and co-occurrence analysis, and the results correlated with the subjective method.The image analysis methods provide reliable measurements of the retention of carpet texture. Such a consistent and reliable instrumental method could play an important role in product design, performance evaluation and quality control in carpet manufacture.
An autonomic routing framework for sensor networks

Current routing services for sensor networks are often designed for specific applications and network conditions, thus have difficulty in adapting to application and network dynamics. This paper proposes an autonomic framework to promote the adaptivity of routing services in sensor networks. The key idea of this framework is to maintain some feature functions that are decoupled from originally-integrated routing services. This separation enables significant service changes to be done by only tuning these functions. Measures including parameterization are taken to save the energy for changing these functions. Further, this framework includes a monitoring module to support a policy-based collaborative adaptation. This paper shows an example autonomic routing service conforming to this framework.
Graphic applications of the Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML)

Abstract The Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) is a language for representing document structure. This paper discusses ways in which the SGML language might be used to represent graphic as well as textual contents of a document. By using SGML markup for both graphics and text, a document processing application can achieve a more uniform treatment and tighter coupling between these two types of materials.
Incidence of perioperative airway complications in patients with previous medialization thyroplasty.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Determine the incidence and characterize perioperative airway complications in patients who have undergone medialization thyroplasty (MT) and subsequently undergo procedures requiring anesthesia. Study Design: Retrospective review of post-MT anesthesia encounters in a large academic hospital. Methods: A series of post-MT patients was reviewed, identifying anesthesia encounters undergoing endotracheal intubation (ETI) or laryngeal mask airway (LMA) placement. Details on the perioperative course of each encounter were extracted and examined for evidence of airway complications. The incidence of airway obstruction and need for airway intervention were determined and compared to those of control patients matched for type of procedure. Relationships between complications and perioperative management were analyzed. Results: A total of 74 anesthesia encounters were identified among 219 post-MT patients. Perioperative airway complications among post-MT patients arose in five procedures (6.8%; 95% CI: 1.0–12.4%). Stridor in the operating or recovery room was exhibited three times, with all episodes requiring nebulized racemic epinephrine and intravenous steroids for resolution of symptoms. One patient underwent an urgent tracheotomy for severe stridor leading to airway compromise in the recovery room. Immediately after induction with an LMA, one patient failed to maintain oxygen saturations above 90% and consequently required conversion to ETI. Among 79 matched controls without prior MT, no perioperative complications (0%) occurred (P = .027). Conclusions: The incidence of perioperative airway complications in post-MT patients is non-neglible and may be serious. Surgical, anesthesia, and recovery room staff should be made aware of the significantly increased risk of airway complications in post-MT patients. Laryngoscope, 2009
A two-pyroxene thermometer

Experimentally determined pyroxene phase relations at 800-1200 C are combined with calculated phase equilibria for the Di-En and Hd-Fs joins to yield a graphical two-pyroxene thermometer that should be suitable for a wide variety of rocks from the earth, the moon, and meteorites. The thermometer can be used directly with natural pyroxenes having low contents of Al and other minor components. Samples having higher contents of 'other' components require special projection onto the Ca-Mg-Fe pyroxene quadrilateral; Wo, En, and Fs as normally calculated will not yield correct temperatures. The special projection is required to approximate the activities of those components in natural pyroxenes. Whereas the effects of pressure are nonnegligible, they can be corrected for. It is pointed out that use of the thermometer for slowly cooled rocks may pose special problems if the pyroxenes have undergone granule exsolution (coalescence of exsolved material to form separate grains).
Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray data of Escherichia coli galactoside acetyltransferase.

Crystals of galactoside acetyltransferase from Escherichia coli have been prepared from solutions of ammonium sulfate containing acetyl-CoA. These crystals diffract to at least 2.7 A resolution, belong to space group C2221 and contain one copy of the trimeric enzyme in the asymmetric unit.
Review on latest developments in random lasers with coherent feedback

The random laser represents a non-conventional laser whose feedback is mediated by random fluctuation of the dielectric constant in space. Depending on whether the feedback is intensity or field feedback, random lasers are classified into two categories: a random laser with incoherent and non-resonant feedback, and a random laser with coherent and resonant feedback. This paper reviews some of the latest developments in the latter, including experiments and theories on the 'classical' and 'quantum' type of random lasers with coherent feedback, the photon localization lasers. The quantum theories of random lasers are briefly introduced, followed by a discussion of the recent studies on the interplay between light localization and coherent amplification.
Help-Seeking for Eating Disorders in Female Adolescents

Abstract This study represents an exploratory analysis of the factors preventing females from seeking counseling for eating disorder symptoms. High school junior and senior females (N = 238) completed assessments of eating disorders, attitudes toward counseling, and reasons for avoiding counseling for eating disordered behaviors. Results indicated that participants with moderate to high levels of eating disorder symptoms (49% of the sample) were not in therapy, primarily due to a perception that their behaviors were not problematic enough to merit counseling. Participants with eating disorder symptoms also reported that a fear of disclosure to others kept them from treatment. General attitudes toward psychotherapy were not related to participants' avoidance of needed psychological treatment. Implications of the findings for college counseling interventions are discussed.
Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of bacterial pathogens isolated from childhood diarrhoea in four provinces of Kenya

Introduction: Diarrhoea is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality among children in sub-Saharan Africa, and one of the main causes of hospital admissions in rural areas of Kenya. In Kenya, antimicrobial resistance surveillance has been conducted only at the institutional levels, with limited sharing of information and analysis of data. As a result, the actual scale of regional or national antimicrobial drug resistance is not well defined. Methodology: Stool samples were collected between 1 October 2007 and 30 September 2008 from a total of 651 outpatients with diarrhoea who were under five years of age in four provinces of Kenya. Conventional, biochemical methods, multiplex PCR and antimicrobial susceptibility were conducted to identify the bacterial causes and virulence factors in the isolates, respectively. Results: Of the 651 patients screened, we identified the causes of 115 cases (17.7%) as follows: Pathogenic E. coli (11.2%) [ enteroaggregative (8.9%), enterotoxigenic (1.2%), enteroinvasive (0.6%), shigatoxigenic (0.5%)], Salmonella (3.5%), Shigella (2%) and Vibrio cholera O1 (0.7%). The highest levels of resistance among the E. coli isolates were observed in ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole each at 95% followed by tetracycline at 81%. Shigella isolate levels of resistance ranged from 80% to 100% for ampicillin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole. Conclusion: The highest prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was to ampicillin followed by trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and tetracycline. Though still at low levels, the major concern from our findings is the emerging resistance of enteric pathogens that was observed to quinolones (ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, norfloxacin) and gentamycin.