cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Correlates of physical activity among individuals with multiple sclerosis.

Background: There is accumulating evidence that individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) are less physically active than nondiseased populations. One method for increasing the level of participation in physical activity among MS patients involves the identification of factors that correlate with physical activity and that are modifiable by a well-designed intervention.Purpose: This study adopts a social cognitive perspective and examines self-efficacy, enjoyment, social support, and disability as correlates of participation in physical activity among individuals with MS.Methods: We recruited 196 individuals with a diagnosis of MS from the Midwest region of the United States. The participants completed a battery of questionnaires and then wore a belt with an accelerometer for a 7-day period. The data were analyzed using covariance modeling.Results: Enjoyment (γ = .38, p > .001), social support (γ = .15, p > .05), and disability (γ =.18, p > .01) had statistically significant direct relations with self-efficacy, and self-efficacy (β = .29, p > .001) and enjoyment (γ = .28, p > .001) had statistically significant direct relations with physical activity.Conclusions: Future researchers should consider examining self-efficacy and enjoyment as possible components of an intervention that is designed to increase physical activity participation in MS patients.
Thyrotoxicosis associated with Aspergillus thyroiditis in chronic granulomatous disease.

Summary Acute suppurative thyroiditis due to Aspergillus fumigatus in a child with chronic granulomatous disease was successfully treated with surgical drainage and amphotericin B. The acute phase of the infection was characterized clinically by hyperthyroidism, chemically by an increase in proteinbound iodine and T 4 , and functionally by a decrease of I 131 uptake. Return to an euthyroid state occurred 6 weeks after the onset of thyroiditis. Recovery of the gland's capacity to trap iodine was not noted until after the sixth week. Thirty-nine months after the onset of thyroiditis, thyroid function is normal.
Anatomical Distribution of Phenolic and Tyrosyl Ring Iodothyronine Deiodinases in the Nervous System of Normal and Hypothyroid Rats

We have evaluated regional differences in T4 5′-deiodinase and iodothyronine tyrosyl ring deiodinase activities and assessed the effect of hypothyroidism on these activities in the rat nervous system. T4 5′-deiodination and T3 tyrosyl ring deiodination were both measured by radiometric assays at 37 C in the presence of 100 mM dithiothreitol in homogenates of cerebral cortex, corpus striatum, midbrain, hypothalamus, cerebellum, brain stem, spinal cord, brachial plexus, and sciatic nerve from normal and hypothyroid rats. T4 5′-deiodinase activity was present throughout the central nervous system. In both groups, the highest mean reaction rates were in cerebral cortical and cerebellar homogenates. The lowest mean rate in normal rats was in spinal cord homogenates, and the lowest mean rate in the hypothyroid rats was in hypothalamic homogenates, with spinal cord being the next lowest. In each central nervous system region, T4 5′-deiodination rates were significantly higher in hypothyroid tissue than in normal...
Learning to “Walk the Talk” A Critical Tale of the Micropolitics at a Total Quality University

This research describes a case study of a major university that has just recently dedicated itself to implementing a total quality management (TQM) program. A combination of deconstruction and metaphor analysis is used to present a dismantling of the micropractices involved when members first attempt to understand, use, and cope with a new management strategy. This project presents that necessary first step for unpacking the complex and volatile dynamics that are an inherent part of the quality program implementation and institutionalization process. The micropolitics under investigation suggest that the movement of TQM philosophy and processes from the corporate sector into higher education is potentially dysfunctional in two different and interrelated aspects: (a) TQM hegemony has a potential to reify linear and dualistic thinking; passive, bounded, regimented, and efficiency-focused thinking tends to be privileged over critical, self-reflective, strategic, and creative thinking, and (b) TQM hegemony ha...
Plasma wave heating during extreme electric fields in the high-latitude E region

[1] This article presents measurements of electron heating in the high-latitude E region during rare, extreme convection electric fields (up to 160 mV/m). As inferred from the merged Sondrestrom incoherent scatter spectra measurements, the electron temperature monotonically increases with the electric field reaching 4000+ K, without any indication of saturation, and the radar backscatter power monotonically decreases.
2-Amino-4-benzyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridines: novel selective beta3-adrenoceptor agonists.

Trimetoquinol (TMQ, 7) is a potent nonselective β-adrenoceptor (AR) agonist. Replacement of the catechol moiety of TMQ with a 2-aminothiazole group resulted in novel thiazolopyridine derivatives 9−11 which have been synthesized and evaluated for biological activity on human β1-, β2-, and β3-AR. The Bischler−Napieralski reaction has been employed as a novel approach to construct the 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine ring system. Although in radioligand binding studies analogues 9 and 10 did not show selectivity toward β3-AR, they exhibited a high degree of selective β3-AR agonist activity in functional assays. Moreover, the β3-AR agonist activity of the 2-aminothiazole derivatives is abolished by N-acetylation (analogue 11) or ring opening (analogue 25). This illustrates the importance of the intact 2-amino-4,5,6,7-tetrahydrothiazolo[5,4-c]pyridine ring for β3-AR activity.
New Design of Orthogonal Filter Banks Using the Cayley Transform

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Magnetoelastic metastructures for passive broadband vibration suppression

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical analysis of a novel metamaterial-inspired distributed vibration suppression system. The proposed research takes advantage of uniquely designed cantilevered zigzag structures that can have natural frequencies orders of magnitude lower than a simple cantilever of the same scale. A key advantage of the proposed vibration suppression system is that the dynamic response of each zigzag structure can be made highly nonlinear with the use of magnets. Arrays of these compact linear and nonlinear zigzag structures are integrated into a host structure to form what is referred to here as a metastructure . The proposed and experimentally validated analytical model employs a Rayleigh-Ritz formulation for a linear metastructure represented as a cantilever beam with a distributed array of attached single degree of freedom oscillators. These attached oscillators are lumped parameter representations of the zigzag structures. Experimental modal analysis results are shown comparing the response of the nonlinear metastructure to that of both the linear metastructure and also to the host structure with no vibration suppression. Results show that the linear system can reduce the maximum response of the host structure by 41.0% while the nonlinear system can achieve over twice that with a reduction of 84.5%. These promising preliminary results provide motivation for future work to be focused on developing nonlinear metastructures for vibration suppression.
Single-step superfinish hard machining: Feasibility and feasible cutting conditions

Abstract A major inefficiency in the manufacturing of hard, high precision parts is the number of processes, or steps, currently needed. For instance, the current method of producing the surfaces of bearing races involves annealing, rough turning, hardening, several types of grinding, and, finally, abrasive based superfinishing. There is always an additional set-up for each additional process, and an occasional inspection between processes. Therefore, there has been an economic motivation to study methods of extending one process or one machine tool's capability so that other processes in the production sequence can be eliminated, thus, reducing set-up time and the complexity of manufacturing scheduling, and gaining significant benefits for flexibility and system efficiency. The concept and feasibility of using a single step for machining hardened steel to a surface comparable to that of lapped bearing races were presented briefly with limited data (Liu and Mittal: J. Mfg Syst. 14(2): 129–133, 1995). In this paper, extensive literature review and considerable data on surface waviness, profile, finish, microstructure and residual stress confirm the feasibility of the proposed new processing concept. The cutting conditions for producing a specific surface finish ranging from 2 to 8 μin. are also presented.
What is the prevalence of senior-athlete rotator cuff injuries and are they associated with pain and dysfunction?

Background Older individuals with rotator cuff injuries may have difficulties not only with activities of daily living, but also with sports activities.
Functional regeneration of respiratory pathways after spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injuries often occur at the cervical level above the phrenic motor pools, which innervate the diaphragm. The effects of impaired breathing are a leading cause of death from spinal cord injuries, underscoring the importance of developing strategies to restore respiratory activity. Here we show that, after cervical spinal cord injury, the expression of chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans (CSPGs) associated with the perineuronal net (PNN) is upregulated around the phrenic motor neurons. Digestion of these potently inhibitory extracellular matrix molecules with chondroitinase ABC (denoted ChABC) could, by itself, promote the plasticity of tracts that were spared and restore limited activity to the paralysed diaphragm. However, when combined with a peripheral nerve autograft, ChABC treatment resulted in lengthy regeneration of serotonin-containing axons and other bulbospinal fibres and remarkable recovery of diaphragmatic function. After recovery and initial transection of the graft bridge, there was an unusual, overall increase in tonic electromyographic activity of the diaphragm, suggesting that considerable remodelling of the spinal cord circuitry occurs after regeneration. This increase was followed by complete elimination of the restored activity, proving that regeneration is crucial for the return of function. Overall, these experiments present a way to markedly restore the function of a single muscle after debilitating trauma to the central nervous system, through both promoting the plasticity of spared tracts and regenerating essential pathways.
Breaching the Conditions for Success for a National Advisory Panel

The authors identify six conditions for success for the work of high-level national panels and identify breaches in these conditions in the recent Foundations for Success: The Final Report of the National Mathematics Advisory Panel (2008). They question the trustworthiness, validity, and intellectual integrity of its findings and advice to the nation because of (a) an inappropriate composition of Panel expertise and biased selection of literature (Condition 1); (b) failure to appropriately and consistently apply methodological standards (Condition 2); and (c) inconsistencies between the task group and subcommittee reports and the final report (Condition 6). In asking what difference these breaches make, the authors recount recent events suggesting that these breaches have already contributed to degrading the national discussion of curriculum standards for K–12 mathematics education.
Pressure Dependence of the Low-Frequency de Haas-van Alphen Oscillations in Zn

We report the results of measurements of the pressure dependence (to \ensuremath{\sim}4 kbar) of the de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations associated with three sections of the Zn Fermi surface. For H along the hexad axis, the cross-sectional area of the 3rd-band electron pockets ("needles") increases with an initial rate given by $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{S}_{1}}{\mathrm{dP}}=(32\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.5)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ k${\mathrm{b}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r})}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The cyclotron effective mass of the needles is also an increasing function of pressure, with a slope given by $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{{m}_{1}}^{*}}{\mathrm{dP}}=(14\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ k${\mathrm{bar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The minimum cross-sectional area of the waists of the combined 1st- and 2nd-band hole surface ("monster") increases at a rate given by $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{S}_{2}}{\mathrm{dP}}=(3.94\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.10)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ k${\mathrm{bar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and the cross-sectional area of the diagonal arms of the monster decreases at a rate given by $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{S}_{3}}{\mathrm{dP}}=\ensuremath{-}(1.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.07)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$ k${\mathrm{bar}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. These experimental data are compared with the results of previous studies of the Fermi surface of Zn as a function of pressure and with the results of recent measurements of the effects of alloying upon the Zn Fermi surface. In addition, these results are compared with predictions of the nearly-free-electron model (NFEM), and in the case of the waist orbits a comparison is also made with the pressure behavior predicted by a screened point-ion-model pseudopotential. We conclude that previous reported results for the pressure dependence of the dHvA periods and ${m}^{*}$ for the needles in Zn are incorrect. The NFEM predictions are at least in qualitative agreement with experiment in the three cases studied. For the needles, the relation between the pressure and alloy results is in excellent agreement with the NFEM, and the observed $\frac{d\mathrm{ln}{m}^{*}}{\mathrm{dP}}$ agrees with the predicted NFEM behavior to within experimental uncertainty. In the case of the waist orbits, the agreement between the alloy results and the model predictions seems to be significantly poorer than for the pressure results.
Long-term Ecological Consequences of Anthropogenic Disturbance on Saginaw Bay Coastal Wet Meadow Vegetation

Natural disturbance related to fluctuating water levels governs the structure and composition of Saginaw Bay coastal wet meadow vegetation. European settlement introduced anthropogenic disturbance to the Saginaw Bay coastal zone, but the impact of anthropogenic disturbance on the vegetation is not known. We compared vegetation and abiotic data from six reference and six disturbed sites to examine anthropogenic impacts on Saginaw Bay coastal wet meadow vegetation. Reference sites were the least disturbed wet meadows available, whereas disturbed sites had suffered various anthropogenic impacts 10–30 years before the study started. We observed no significant difference in mean aboveground plot biomass, stem density, litter depth, hummock height and elevation, or mean site species richness, Shannon-Wiener diversity, coefficient of conservatism, and floristic quality between reference and disturbed sites. The importance values of only two of 15 major species differed significantly between reference and disturbed sites. Native wet meadow species re-vegetated previously disturbed sites, suggesting that Saginaw Bay coastal wet meadow vegetation is resilient once released from at least some forms of anthropogenic disturbance. Purple loosestrife (Lythrum salicaria L.) and several agricultural weeds occurred only in disturbed sites, suggesting a potentially useful metric for monitoring the health of Great Lakes coastal wet meadow vegetation. Additional studies are needed to gain insight into the probable revegetation trajectories of recently disturbed coastal wet meadows and to determine the form and utility of a “weedy plants” metric for classifying the condition of these wetlands.
Identification of the key residues responsible for the assembly of selenodeiodinases.

Type I deiodinase is the best characterized member of a small family of selenoenzymes catalyzing the bioactivation and disposal of thyroid hormone. This enzyme is an integral membrane protein composed of two 27-kDa subunits that assemble into a functional enzyme after translation using a highly conserved sequence of 16 amino acids in the C-terminal half of the polypeptide, 148DFLXXYIXEAHXXDGW163. In this study, we used alanine scanning mutagenesis to identify the key residues in this domain required for holoenzyme assembly. Overexpression of sequential alanine-substituted mutants of a dimerization domain-green fluorescent protein fusion showed that sequence 152IYI154 was required for type I enzyme assembly and that a catalytically active monomer was generated by a single I152A substitution. Overexpression of the sequential alanine-substituted dimerization domain mutants in type II selenodeiodinase-expressing cells showed that five residues (153FLIVY157) at the beginning and three residues (164SDG166) at the end of this region were required for the assembly of the type II enzyme. In vitro binding analysis revealed a free energy of association of –60 ± 5 kJ/mol for the noncovalent interaction between dimerization domain monomers. These data identify and characterize the essential residues in the dimerization domain that are responsible for the post-translational assembly of selenodeiodinases.
Earnings and risk changes around stock repurchase tender offers

Abstract This paper provides evidence that repurchase tender offer announcements convey favorable information about the level and riskiness of future earnings. We show that analysts revise their forecasts of earnings per share upward following repurchase announcements. Repurchase announcement stock price reactions are positively correlated with revisions in short-term forecasts, but not correlated with revisions in long-term forecasts. Thus, the information is primarily about transitory changes in earnings. We also provide evidence that equity betas decline after repurchases. Our findings indicate that the equity beta decreases are due to decreases in the underlying riskiness of the firm's assets.
Childhood anxiety disorders: Parent-child (dis)agreement using a structured interview for the DSM-IV

ABSTRACT Objective To evaluate parent–child agreement for diagnosis of childhood anxiety disorders using a DSM-IV-based structured interview in an anxiety-clinic-referred sample and to explore the role of age and gender on agreement. Method Forty-five children (ages 7–14 years) and their parents completed independent structured diagnostic interviews conducted by separate diagnosticians. Agreement between parent- and child-report on childhood anxiety disorder diagnoses was determined. Results Levels of parent–child agreement were poor for the major childhood anxiety disorders presenting either as principal diagnosis or presence anywhere in the clinical picture. No significant differences were found for age or gender. However, somewhat greater agreement was found in older children for the principal diagnosis of specific phobia, and in females for the principal diagnosis of social phobia. Agreement was found to be greater between parents and children when each reported at least one principal anxiety diagnosis. Conclusions When separate diagnosticians are used, there is limited agreement between parents and children for the DSM-IV anxiety disorders. Appropriately integrating the discrepant reports in reaching a diagnosis remains a methodological issue. Implications for treatment and future research are discussed.
A Semi-supervised Approach to Software Defect Prediction

Accurate detection of software components that need to be exposed to additional verification and validation offers the path to high quality products while minimizing non essential software assurance expenditures. In this type of quality modeling we assume that software modules with known fault content developed in similar environment are available. Supervised learning algorithms are the traditional methods of choice for training on existing modules. The models are then used to predict fault content for newly developed software components prior to product release. However, one needs to realize that establishing whether a module contains a fault or not, only to be used for model training, can be expensive. The basic idea behind semi-supervised learning is to learn from a small number of software modules with known fault content and supplement model training with modules for which the fault information is not available, thus reducing the overall cost of quality assurance. In this study, we investigate the performance of semi-supervised learning for software fault prediction. A preprocessing strategy, multidimensional scaling, is embedded in the approach to reduce the dimensional complexity of software metrics used for prediction. Our results show that the dimension-reduction with semi-supervised learning algorithm preforms significantly better than one of the best performing supervised learning algorithm - random forest - in situations when few modules with known fault content are available. We compare our results with the published benchmarks and clearly demonstrate performance benefits.
A comparison of CMAQ-based and observation-based statistical models relating ozone to meteorological parameters

Abstract Statistical relationships between ground-level daily maximum 8-h ozone (O3) concentrations and multiple meteorological parameters were developed for data drawn from ambient measurements and values that were simulated with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model. This study used concurrent and co-located data from both sources during the O3 season (May 1–September 30) for a four-year period (2002–2005). Regression models were developed for 74 areas across the Eastern U.S. The most important meteorological parameters used in the model were found to be daily maximum temperature and the daily average relative humidity (RH). Average morning and afternoon wind speed as well as factors for the day of the week and years were also included in the statistical models. R2 values above 60% were obtained for the majority of the locations in the analysis for both the ambient and CMAQ statistical models. Analysis of the covariate-specific effects revealed a tendency for the CMAQ model to underestimate how O3 increases with temperature. These results suggest that air quality forecasts that incorporate the CMAQ model may be underestimating the climate penalty on future O3 concentrations from warmer temperatures.
A Social Constructionist Approach to Counseling Religious Couples

This article describes the challenges couples andfamily counselors may encounter when working with particular religious clients, presents a rationale for integrating religious beliefs and counselin...
Fibrillin mutations in Marfan syndrome and related phenotypes

A casual association has been established between mutations in the fibrillin 1 gene and Marfan syndrome and related phenotypes. Analysis of mutations in these disease types has provided new insights into microfibril assembly and function. These include evidence for a mutation in a fibrillin 1 domain associated with severe phenotype; indication of profibrillin processing by a furin-like endoprotease; linkage between extracellular processing and fibrillin 1 polymerization; and involvement of calcium binding in monomer stabilization and microfibril assembly. Identification of intragenic DNA polymorphisms and determination of intron/exon junction sequences have significantly improved our ability to diagnose Marfan syndrome and to detect fibrillin 1 mutations. Additional work has provided strong evidence for structural and functional heterogeneity of microfibrillin. The evidence includes the identification of fibrillin 2, a microfibrillar component structurally related to fibrillin 1; the differential pattern of gene expression of the two fibrillin; and the association of fibrillin 2 mutations with congenital contractural arachnodactyly.
Trout hepatoma: Fibrosis and lymphocytosis as suppressive mechanisms in the rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)

Fibrosis and lymphocytosis are common in aflatoxin-induced hepatoma in rainbow trout. It is suggested that these reactions may control the growth of tumors and in some cases destroy them. Nearly all of the hepatomas we have observed are fibrotic to some extent. The extent of the fibrosis seems to be age dependent and in advanced cases fibrosis appears to have disorganized the tumors to a degree which we believe is suppressive. The lymphocytosis shows a negative correlation with the size and age of the hepatoma, being found almost exclusively in the very “early” (small) hepatomas and preneoplastic nodules. It is suggested that the invasion of the tumors by lymphocytes is a host defense mechanism.
Safety of outpatient laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the elderly: analysis of 15,248 patients using the NSQIP database.

Background Studies have shown that laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in an ambulatory setting is a safe alternative to the traditional overnight hospital stay. However, there are limited data on the morbidity and mortality of outpatient LC in elderly patients. We evaluated the safety of ambulatory LC in the elderly and identified risk factors that predict inpatient admission. Study Design A retrospective analysis was performed using the American College of Surgeon's NSQIP database between 2007 and 2010. The database was searched for patients older than 65 years of age who underwent elective LC at all participating hospitals in the United States. Data from 15,248 patients were collected and we compared patients who underwent ambulatory procedures with those patients who were admitted for an inpatient stay. Results Seven thousand four hundred and ninety-nine (48.9%) patients were ambulatory and 7,799 (51.1%) were nonambulatory. Postoperative complications included mortality (0.2% vs 1.5%; p Conclusions We believe ambulatory LCs are safe in elderly patients as demonstrated by low complication rates. We identified multiple risk factors that might warrant inpatient hospital admission.
Digital deliberation: searching and deciding about how to vote

This paper summarizes a new NSF-funded research project to study and develop an online portal that supports voter deliberation and decision making. User-centered design methods with varied population groups will be employed to develop features and test prototypes of a voter portal.
A G4-DNA/B-DNA junction at codon 12 of c-Ha-ras is actively and asymmetrically methylated by DNA (cytosine-5)methyltransferase

Oligodeoxynucleotides spanning codon 12 of the human c-Ha-ras gene were found to be exceptionally good substrates for de novo methylation by human DNA(cytosine-5)methyltransferase. In the complex formed by two complementary 30mers, only the C-rich strand was methylated by the enzyme. Guanines at the 3′ end of the G-rich strand of the complex could not be completely modified by dimethylsulfoxide suggesting tetrameric bonding at these G-residues. An eight-stranded structure, composed of four duplex DNAs at one end, joined to a G4-DNA segment at the other with the junction between the two DNA forms at codon 12, can account for our results.
Rehabilitation in the new juvenile court: Do judges support the treatment ethic?

This article uses data from a statewide survey of Florida juvenile court judges to examine support for the rehabilitative ethic. Descriptive findings reveal strong support for rehabilitation as an overall goal for the juvenile justice system and the treatment ideal as a focus of staff efforts. In an effort to account for variation between judges in intensity of this support, we compared four explanatory models — ideological influences, organizational environment, court work group, and individual experiences importation. Neither ideological influences nor individual experiences indicators (with the exception of number of years as a judge) contribute to explained variance in support for rehabilitation. Rather, the organizational environment variables and one court work group indicator (having similar views as other judges) account for the greatest relative impact on the dependent variable.
The five-minute oscillations as nonradial pulsations of the entire sun.

Calculations of the stability coefficient show that the Sun should be pulsating as a unit in nonradial modes of high order. The pulsations are driven by the superadiabatic gradient of the low photosphere and by the same sensitive changes in opacity that are known to be important in variable stars. The existence of solar pulsations can explain many of the large scale features observed in the well known 5-minute oscillations of the solar atmosphere.
Olefin metathesis reaction on GaN (0 0 0 1) surfaces

Abstract Proof-of-concept reactions were performed on GaN (0 0 0 1) surfaces to demonstrate surface termination with desired chemical groups using an olefin cross-metathesis reaction. To prepare the GaN surfaces for olefin metathesis, the surfaces were hydrogen terminated with hydrogen plasma, chlorine terminated with phosphorous pentachloride, and then terminated with an alkene group via a Grignard reaction. The olefin metathesis reaction then bound 7-bromo-1-heptene. The modified surfaces were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle measurements following each step in the reaction scheme. The XPS data was used to qualitatively identify surface chemical species and to quantitatively determine molecular surface coverage. The bromine atom in 7-bromo-1-heptene served as a heteroatom for identification with XPS. The reaction scheme resulted in GaN substrates with a surface coverage of 0.10 monolayers and excellent stability towards oxidation when exposed to oxygen plasma.
Genetic Structure and Molecular Variability of Cucumber mosaic virus Isolates in the United States

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) has a worldwide distribution and the widest host range of any known plant virus. From 2000 to 2012, epidemics of CMV severely affected the production of snap bean (Phaseulos vulgaris L.) in the Midwest and Northeastern United States. Virus diversity leading to emergence of new strains is often considered a significant factor in virus epidemics. In addition to epidemics, new disease phenotypes arising from genetic exchanges or mutation can compromise effectiveness of plant disease management strategies. Here, we captured a snapshot of genetic variation of 32 CMV isolates collected from different regions of the U.S including new field as well as historic isolates. Nucleotide diversity (π) was low for U.S. CMV isolates. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses revealed that CMV subgroup I is predominant in the US and further showed that the CMV population is a mixture of subgroups IA and IB. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis suggests likely reassortment between subgroups IA and IB within five CMV isolates. Based on phylogenetic and computational analysis, recombination between subgroups I and II as well as IA and IB in RNA 3 was detected. This is the first report of recombination between CMV subgroups I and II. Neutrality tests illustrated that negative selection was the major force operating upon the CMV genome, although some positively selected sites were detected for all encoded proteins. Together, these data suggest that different regions of the CMV genome are under different evolutionary constraints. These results also delineate composition of the CMV population in the US, and further suggest that recombination and reassortment among strain subgroups does occur but at a low frequency, and point towards CMV genomic regions that differ in types of selection pressure.
Development of a long-term ovine model of cutaneous burn and smoke inhalation injury and the effects of early excision and skin autografting

Abstract Smoke inhalation injury frequently increases the risk of pneumonia and mortality in burn patients. The pathophysiology of acute lung injury secondary to burn and smoke inhalation is well studied, but long-term pulmonary function, especially the process of lung tissue healing following burn and smoke inhalation, has not been fully investigated. By contrast, early burn excision has become the standard of care in the management of major burn injury. While many clinical studies and small-animal experiments support the concept of early burn wound excision, and show improved survival and infectious outcomes, we have developed a new chronic ovine model of burn and smoke inhalation injury with early excision and skin grafting that can be used to investigate lung pathophysiology over a period of 3 weeks. Materials and methods Eighteen female sheep were surgically prepared for this study under isoflurane anesthesia. The animals were divided into three groups: an Early Excision group (20% TBSA, third-degree cutaneous burn and 36 breaths of cotton smoke followed by early excision and skin autografting at 24 h after injury, n = 6), a Control group (20% TBSA, third-degree cutaneous burn and 36 breaths of cotton smoke without early excision, n = 6) and a Sham group (no injury, no early excision, n = 6). After induced injury, all sheep were placed on a ventilator and fluid-resuscitated with Lactated Ringers solution (4 mL/% TBS/kg). At 24 h post-injury, early excision was carried out to fascia, and skin grafting with meshed autografts (20/1000 in., 1:4 ratio) was performed under isoflurane anesthesia. At 48 h post-injury, weaning from ventilator was begun if PaO 2 /FiO 2 was above 250 and sheep were monitored for 3 weeks. Results At 96 h post-injury, all animals were weaned from ventilator. There are no significant differences in PaO 2 /FiO 2 between Early Excision and Control groups at any points. All animals were survived for 3 weeks without infectious complication in Early Excision and Sham groups, whereas two out of six animals in the Control group had abscess in lung. The percentage of the wound healed surviving area (mean ± SD) was 74.7 ± 7.8% on 17 days post-surgery in the Early Excision group. Lung wet-to-dry weight ratio (mean ± SD) was significantly increased in the Early Excision group vs. Sham group ( p Conclusions The early excision model closely resembles practice in a clinical setting and allows long-term observations of pulmonary function following burn and smoke inhalation injury. Further studies are warranted to assess lung tissue scarring and measuring collagen deposition, lung compliance and diffusion capacity.
Hazardous substances and cancer incidence: introduction to the special issue on risk assessment and risk management☆

Abstract This paper is the introduction to a special issue that focuses on analyzing risks. It presents general background information on epidemiology and animal research for helping us learn more about the causes of cancer. It describes the positions of different groups on the question of a link between increased synthetic chemical production and an increased incidence of cancer. Finally, it heralds the new analytic approach and puts each paper of the series in perspective in terms of determining the current and future impacts of hazardous substances.
Prosarcoptes faini Lavoipierre (acari: sarcoptidae): a rediscription of the holotype and descriptions of the adult male and immature stages

Abstract The sarcoptic mange mite, Prosarcoptes faini Lavoipierre, is redescribed. Illustrations and detailed descriptions of the adult female, adult male, and immature stages are presented for the first time.
Triethyltin sulfate-induced neuropathy in rats. Electrophysiologic, morphologic, and biochemical studies.

• Adult rats given high orally administered doses of triethyltin (TET) sulfate lost weight, developed hind limb wasting, and became paraplegic or quadriplegic within three weeks of intoxication. A 33% reduction in the motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) of the sciatic nerve in the absence of significant demyelination was observed. There was observed, however, intramyelinic edema formation and an increased number of axonal neurofilaments and neurotubules; changes that paralleled the decrease in MNCV during the period of intoxication. Although the animals became asymptomatic and the MNCV normalized within two to three weeks of discontinuing the TET intoxication, the intramyelinic vacuoles and the increased numbers of neurofilaments and neurotubules persisted.
Orientational preferences shown by microspikes of growing nerve cells in vitro.

Abstract The shapes of microspikes on single neurones cultured in vitro have been analysed with respect to angles of bending and branching. Characteristic frequency distributions were found in all of the four categories of angles. Certain `preferred' orientations of bending and branching were seen to center about 60°, 90°, and 120°. The possible cellular basis for such behavior is discussed, as well as the similarity of bending and branching in the axonal-microspike system of the single nerve cell to the analogous branching in the vertebrate blood vascular system.
Jim Blinn's Corner-uppers and downers. 2. (graphics)

The Feynman diagrams, which represent the product of tensors in diagram form as directed graphs, are described. In the diagrams, each tensor in the product is a node in the graph, each index is an arc, bound indices are arcs connecting the nodes, and free indices are dangling arcs. The epsilon-delta rule in diagram rotation is presented. >
The Dartmouth Pain Questionnaire: an adjunct to the McGill Pain Questionnaire

The Dartmouth Pain Questionnaire is presented as an adjunct to the McGill Pain Questionnaire. It adds assessment of 4 objective measurements (pain complaints, somatic interventions, impaired functioning, and remaining positive aspects of function) and 1 subjective measure (changes in self-esteem since onset of pain). The entire device fits on one piece of paper and patients easily learn to self-administer it. Standardization results show acceptable levels of reliability and validity.
Nanomechanical Quantification of Elastic, Plastic, and Fracture Properties of LiCoO2

LiCoO 2 is an important lithium storage compound that adopts a distorted rock-salt structure of the α -NaFeO 2 type. After the discovery of reversible lithium (de)intercalation in this layered host compound by Mizushima et al., [ 1 ] this material became central to the introduction and subsequent development of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) of high energy and power density. The advantages of LiCoO 2 as a lithium-ion positive electrode material are numerous and include high specifi c capacity and energy density, [ 1 ] high electronic [ 2 ] and ionic [ 3–5 ] conductivities, long cycle life, [ 6 ] and relatively modest structural distortion with varying lithium concentration. [ 7 ] A broad range of isostructural compositions within the pseudoquaternary system Li(Co,Ni,Mn,Al)O 2 remain at the forefront of lithium battery research and development. [ 8 ]
Recent advances in understanding nicotinic receptor signaling mechanisms that regulate drug self-administration behavior.

Tobacco smoking is one of the leading causes of disease and premature death in the United States. Nicotine is considered the major reinforcing component in tobacco smoke responsible for tobacco addiction. Nicotine acts in the brain through the neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). The predominant nAChR subtypes in mammalian brain are those containing α4 and β2 subunits. The α4β2 nAChRs, particularly those located in the mesoaccumbens dopamine pathway, play a key role in regulating the reinforcing properties of nicotine. Considering that twelve mammalian nAChR subunits have been cloned, it is likely that nAChRs containing subunits in addition to, or other than, α4 and β2 also play a role in the tobacco smoking habit. Consistent with this possibility, human genome-wide association studies have shown that genetic variation in the CHRNA5-CHRNA3–CHRNB4 gene cluster located in chromosome region 15q25, which encode the α5, α3 and β4 nAChR subunits, respectively, increases vulnerability to tobacco addiction and smoking-related diseases. Most recently, α5-containing nAChRs located in the habenulo-interpeduncular tract were shown to limit intravenous nicotine self-administration behavior in rats and mice, suggesting that deficits in α5-containing nAChR signaling in the habenulo-interpeduncular tract increases vulnerability to the motivational properties of nicotine. Finally, evidence suggests that nAChRs may also play a prominent role in controlling consumption of addictive drugs other than nicotine, including cocaine, alcohol, opiates and cannabinoids. The aim of the present review is to discuss recent preclinical findings concerning the identity of the nAChR subtypes that regulate self-administration of nicotine and other drugs of abuse.
Structure−Property Correlation in Iron Oxide Nanoparticle−Clay Hybrid Materials

Heterostructures between montmorillonite and embedded alpha-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are explored to create new hybrid particles with high magnetic response and magnetic-field induced tunability. α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles are hybridized to montmorillonite clays by using an intercalation technique. Also, stable aqueous fluids consisting of the heterostructured particles are prepared and the rheology of the fluids under external magnetic field is examined. When α-Fe2O3 a nanoparticles are embedded in the interlayer space of montmorillonite clays, the magnetization per Fe atom increases at most 60 times. This unique combination of the magnetization and the coercivity is traced to the suppressed growth of embedded α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles by the aluminosilicate layers, leading to the size control, anisotropic magnetic interaction, and uniaxial stress of two-dimensionally distributed α-Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Furthermore, high magnetization of heterostructured particles leads to strong dependence of fluids' viscosity on the external magnetic field. The present study indicates that the new heterostructured particles have unique magnetic fielddependent properties that are not attainable in individual clay or iron oxide particles.
Design And Fabrication Of The NASA 2.4-Meter Space Telescope

For more than 15 years, NASA, the National Academy of Sciences, the America Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, and the community of the world's astronomers vigorously promoted the idea of a telescope in space, at seminars, symposia and conferences. Follow-ing several years of detailed engineering design studies, Congress in 1977 gave approval for a 2.4-meter Space Telescope to be designed, developed and launched from the Space Shuttle, which itself at that time was in the early stages of development. Following a competition, contracts were awarded to Lockheed for the Spacecraft and to Perkin-Elmer for the Optical Telescope Assembly.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Spreads of nonsingular pairs in symplectic vector spaces

Let V be a vector space of dimension 2n, n even, over a field F, equipped with a nonsingular symplectic form. We define a new algebraic/combinatorial structure, a spread of nonsingular pairs, or nsp-spread, on V and show that nsp-spreads exist in considerable generality. We further examine in detail some particular cases.
MobiQuery: a spatiotemporal data service for sensor networks

Spatiotemporal query is a new type of data service that allows a user to periodically gather information from a geographic area that moves with the user. A defining feature of this new service model is that each query result is subject to a set of spatiotemporal constraints in terms of response time, data freshness, and changing locations of data sources due to user mobility. We have developed MobiQuery to support spatiotemporal query services in a wireless sensor network environment. MobiQuery can work with in-network aggregation, energy conservation, and motion prediction techniques. A novel just-in-time prefetching mechanism is employed to provide spatiotemporal performance guarantees despite extremely low node duty cycles and unpredictable communication delays in sensor networks, while still achieving significant energy conservation. We also provide theoretical analysis and ns-2 simulation results which demonstrate the robustness and efficiency of MobiQuery under a range of realistic settings.
Attention deficits, Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, and intellectual disabilities

Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and its earlier nosologic classifications have been extensively investigated since the 1960s, with PubMed listings alone exceeding 13,000 entries. Strides have been made in the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD in individuals with intellectual function in the normal range, as described in companion reviews in this special issue. In contrast, comparatively little is known about ADHD in intellectual developmental disabilities (IDD) despite the possibility that ADHD is statistically overrepresented among individuals with IDD (Pearson et al. 1997 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in mental retardation: nature of attention deficits. In: Burack J, Enns J, editors. Attention, development, and psychopathology. New York: Guilford Press. p 205-229; Pearson et al. 2000 Am. J. Ment. Retard. 105:236-251). Here, we provide a review of diagnostic controversies in ADHD with IDD, and discuss several topics that are currently attracting research efforts in the field. These include behavioral phenotyping and attempts to come to grips with problems of behavioral and etiological heterogeneity. Additionally, we consider issues relating to methodologically sound assessment of attention disorders and evidence-based intervention procedures that may clarify and/or ameliorate attention deficits in individuals with IDD.
Minor Parenting Stresses with Young Children

The importance of major life stress and minor daily hassles associated with parenting was studied in 74 mothers and their 5-year-old children. Of interest were the relative and absolute contributions of the stress factors to indices of parental, child, and family functioning. Mothers completed questionnaires regarding stressors, aspects of parenting and individual psychological status, social support, family functioning, and child behavioral status. Mother-child pairs were also observed in interactions in a laboratory setting. Analyses indicated that life stress and parenting daily hassles significantly predicted aspects of child, parent, and family status. Hassles, however, proved to be a more powerful stress construct. Further analyses indicated that mothers' social support moderated the influence of hassles on indices of maternal behavior. The results are discussed in relation to the potential for minor parenting stresses to influence microsocial processes within parent-child relationships and contribute to dysfunction in children and families.