cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome-Nuclear Envelope Interactions Have Multiple Effects on Chromosome Folding Dynamics in Simulation

It is well recognized that the chromosomes of eukaryotes fold into non-random configurations within the nucleus. In humans and fruit flies, chromosomes likely adopt a particular 3D configuration called the fractal globule (FG) which has multiple biologically significant properties. However, the fractal globule is a metastable state which, over time, transitions to a less biologically favorable state called the equilibrium globule. One of the key questions is how the FG state is stabilized in-vivo? We use simulations to study the effects of chromosome-nuclear envelope (Chr-NE) interactions on the dynamics of the fractal globule within a model of Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) interphase chromosomes. The computational model represents chromosomes as self-avoiding walks (SAW) bounded by the nuclear envelope (NE). Model parameters such as nucleus size, chromosome persistence length, and chromosome-nuclear envelope interactions are taken directly from experiment. Several key characteristics of the non-equilibrium FG state are monitored during each simulation's progress: chromosome territories, intra-chromosomal interaction probabilities, loci specific diffusion constants, and presence of the Rabl (polarized) chromosome arrangement. Next, we compare the outcomes of simulations which include or exclude Chr-NE interactions. We find that Chr-NE interactions reinforce the non-equilibrium properties such as chromosome territories, high intra-chromosome interaction probabilities, and the Rabl chromosome arrangement. In addition, Chr-NE interactions affect loci specific and averaged chromosomal diffusion. Based on these results we conclude that the presence of Chr-NE interactions may delay the decay of the biologically relevant fractal globule state in vivo.
Internuclear Distances in Se 2 , Te 2 , and HgCl by Electron Diffraction

Electron diffraction photographs have been obtained from the gas molecules ${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$, ${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$, and HgCl. The internuclear distances found for ${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$ were 2.19\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03A and 2.59\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02A, respectively, while for HgCl a separation of 2.23\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03A was obtained. Additional photographs were taken of Hg${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ indicating an Hg-Cl distance of 2.27\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.03A near to the above value for HgCl. Comparison is made with band spectrum data on the internuclear distances for ${\mathrm{Se}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{Te}}_{2}$.
Slack, Shortage, and Discouraged Consumers in Eastern Europe: Estimates Based on Smoothing by Aggregation

As a consequence of aggregation over markets, the observed quantity may be less than the quantity demanded and less than the quantity supplied. To deal with such situations, a new technique is proposed for estimating demand and supply curves and the extent of shortage and slack. The technique is applied to the consumption goods markets of Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Yugoslavia. It is found that shortage, even corrected for a discouraged consumer effect, is seldom as great as slack.
Commodification as a system of signs in the contemporary historical bloc

L'A. se demande en quoi l'identite de l'individu est liee aux biens de consommation. Par le biais de la valeur d'usage, une identification sociale s'effectue a travers la consommation. L'A. passe en revue les diverses theories de l'economie symbolique, depuis la fetichisation chez Marx, jusqu'a l'economie du signe chez Baudrillard. Face a l'ubiquite des echanges de signes mediatises, la question posee reside dans le probleme de voir l'existence toute entiere reduite au statut de signe de consommation
Erythroadsorption and enzyme-linked immunoassays (EAIA and ELISA) for specific circulating antibodies and antigens in schistosomiasis.

Summary We developed a method of immunologic titration by erythroadsorption in order to assay anti-Schistosoma mansoni soluble cercarial antigen IgM antibodies and anti-S. mansoni soluble worm and egg antigen IgG antibodies. This method was compared to the ELISA technique. Results obtained using the two techniques were similar, although the erythroadsorption technique was less sensitive for identifying IgM during the acute phase of the disease. Both assay systems revealed a correlation between the level of circulating soluble antigens contained in the eggs and the number of eggs found in the stools of this particular group of patients.
Some Influences of Domestication upon Three Stocks of Brook Trout (Salvelinus fontinalis Mitchill)

Abstract Three stocks of brook trout–domestic, wild, and first generation removed from wild stock–were tested and observed for effects of domestication. The domestic stock had been selectively bred for 90 years, whereas the wild stock came from an isolated lake in the Adirondack Mountains. To reduce differential environmental influence to a minimum, the three lots were reared from eggs in adjacent rearing troughs at the same water temperature. After 1 year under these hatchery conditions the domestic fish were 5.2 inches in length and the wild, 3.6 inches. Throughout the rearing domestic stock were tamer and exhibited less fright than wild-stock fish. Laboratory tests showed that wild stock could stand a greater concentration of accumulated metabolites, that they could endure higher water temperature, and that domestic stock had a surface response whereby they moved to the surface of a rearing trough or a tall aquarium. Domestic fish also lacked the desire to conceal themselves. Stamina tests conducted by...
Numerical simulation of flame propagations in circular cylinders

Abstract This paper presents a computational method for the solution of the equations for the turbulent combustion of a premixed gas. A random choice method is used for the modeling reaction-diffusion system. A hybrid vortex method is used for solving Navier-Stokes equation which governs the fluid motion. With the assumption of incompressibility, the fluid motion can be uncoupled from the chemistry. The method is applied to a flow past a circular cylinder, which demonstrates an ability to resolve turbulent effects on flame front propagation.
Twice-Cursed?: The Mentally Disordered Criminal Defendant

A comparison of individual-level data on 379 cases involving mentally disordered defendants with aggregate data on criminal sanctions for all defendants in a single jurisdiction provides the basis for a tentative conclusion that mentally disordered defendants may well be “twice-cursed.” The research findings indicate that compared to the general population of defendenats, mentally disordered defendants receive more severe criminal sanctions, and are often subjected to both punishment and mental health treatment ordered on the authority of the criminal court.
GluR2 hippocampal knockdown reveals developmental regulation of epileptogenicity and neurodegeneration.

In adult rats, kainic acid-induced status epilepticus reduces GluR2 subunit expression prior to neurodegeneration of hippocampal CA3 neurons. Increased formation of Ca2+ permeable AMPA receptors may contribute to the delayed neurodegenerative process. In rat pups, highly prone to seizures but resistant to seizure-induced hippocampal damage, GluR2 mRNA and protein expression remain constant in CA3 neurons possibly contributing to their survival. To investigate whether reduced GluR2 expression in hippocampus may lead to enhanced hippocampal vulnerability in an age-dependent manner and whether changes correspond to altered electroencephalography (EEG) patterns, unilateral microinfusion of GluR2 antisense oligodeoxynucleotides (AS-ODNs) into hippocampus was performed at three ages (postnatal (P8), P13, and adult). At P13, GluR2 knockdown resulted in spontaneous seizure-like behavioral manifestations and neurodegeneration of CA3 neurons lateral and distal from the cannula infusion site. EEG recordings revealed high rhythmic activity associated with seizure-like behavior. In P8 pups and adult rats, there were no behavioral manifestations; distant hippocampal damage of the CA3 was not observed. Results indicate that unilateral knockdown of hippocampal GluR2 subunit expression induces age-dependent seizure-like behavioral manifestations, altered EEG recording patterns, and reduces the survival of CA3 neurons in the hippocampus of young rats during a specific postnatal period (3rd week), when GluR2 expression peaks in development and glutamatergic inputs are maturing.
Systemic oxygen extraction during incremental exercise in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

To determine if decreased systemic oxygen (O2) extraction contributes to the exercise limit in severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), 40 consecutive incremental cycle ergometer exercise tests performed by such patients, from which a "log-log" lactate threshold (LT) was identified, were compared to those of 8 patients with left ventricular failure (LVF) and 10 normal controls. Pulmonary gas exchange and minute ventilation were measured continuously and arterial blood gas tensions, pH, and lactate concentrations were sampled each minute. Cardiac output (Qc) was measured by first-pass radionuclide ventriculography. The systemic O2 extraction ratio (O2ER) was calculated as arterial - mixed venous O2 content difference (CaO2 - CvO2)/CaO2. Peak exercise O2 uptake (VO2peak) was markedly reduced in both COPD and LVF [41 (3) and 42 (3)% predicted, respectively], compared to controls [89 (2)% predicted, P 0.05]. In the COPD group, an early LT correlated with reduced systemic O2ER at peak exercise (r = 0.64, P < 0.0001), but not with any index of systemic O2 delivery. These data suggest that lactic acidemia during exercise in patients with severe COPD is better related to abnormal systemic O2 extraction than to its delivery and contributes to the exercise limit.
Smoothing Balanced Single-Error-Term Analysis of Variance

We present an approach to smoothing balanced, single–error term analysis of variance (ANOVA), descended from Smith, that also allows spatial, temporal, or spatiotemporal smoothing. The approach addresses unreplicated designs, masked contrasts in effects with many degrees of freedom, and subgroup analysis, demonstrated using a study of denture-lining materials. Our approach is Bayesian but can be viewed as a way to generate frequentist procedures. A simulation experiment compares four priors, unsmoothed ANOVA, and dropping nonsignificant interactions. Three priors have advantages when some interactions are absent; dropping nonsignificant interactions has serious flaws. We contrast our approach with the approaches of Nobile–Green and Gelman.
Targeting extra-articular manifestations in PsA: A closer look at enthesitis and dactylitis

Purpose of reviewEnthesitis and dactylitis are cardinal manifestations of psoriatic arthritis (PsA), but a limited understanding of underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms has hindered development of targeted therapies. This gap is of clinical relevance because these manifestations are clinically rel
Cloud computing and security challenges

Cloud Computing recently emerged as a promising solution to information technology (IT) management. IT managers look to cloud computing as a means to maintain a flexible and scalable IT infrastructure that enables business agility. In this paper Cloud Computing services including data storage service, cloud computing operating system and software as a service will be introduced, Cloud Computing security challenges will be discussed and Cisco Secure Cloud Data Center Framework will be presented.
Activation of rabbit muscle fructose diphosphatase by EDTA and the effect of divalent cations.

Abstract Rabbit muscle fructose diphosphatase, purified to homogeneity, was found to require EDTA for activity at neutral, but not alkaline, pH. In the presence of EDTA the enzyme shows a single optimum at pH 7.2 with MgCl 2 , and two optima at pH 7.5 and 9.5 with MnCl 2 . The absence of the alkaline pH optimum with Mg 2+ may be attributed to inhibition by this cation at alkaline pH, which is observed when the enzyme is tested in the presence of both Mn 2+ and Mg 2+ . In addition, inhibition by excess substrate and KF is observed only in the presence of Mg 2+ . The concentration of EDTA required for half-maximum activity at pH 7.2 varies with the nature and concentration of the divalent cation employed. With MgCl 2 (10 m m ) half-maximum activity was observed with 1.5 μ m EDTA; with MnCl 2 (0.1 m m ) the concentration of EDTA required was 0.02 m m . When the concentration of EDTA exceeded that of the divalent cation, the reaction was inhibited. Therefore, it is concluded that in addition to the absolute requirement for free Mn 2+ or Mg 2+ , the EDTA-divalent cation complex is required for optimal activity at neutral pH. The affinity of the enzyme for EDTA-divalent cation complex is much higher with Mg 2+ , as compared to Mn 2+ . Zn 2+ and Pb 2+ , and to a lesser extent Ca 2+ , were found to be strongly inhibitory; inhibition by Ca 2+ was competitive with Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ . The sensitivity to inhibition by AMP is much greater in the presence of Mg 2+ , as compared with Mn 2+ . The results suggest that the conformations induced by Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ are different, with the former being more sensitive to effectors than the conformation induced by Mn 2+ .
Eating disorders during pregnancy.

Eating disorders during pregnancy, once thought to be rare, occur in a significant number of women. The incidences of the major eating disorders—anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa—are increasing because of cultural pressures on the drive for thinness. Because the age range for these major eating d
Wall Representations of Rectangular Dissections and Their Use in Automated Space Allocation

A procedure is described which generates dissections of rectangles into rectangular components in order to obtain solutions to space-allocation problems which are restricted through topological and dimensional constraints. Solutions are generated in two steps: step 1 determines basic geometric properties of the arrangements to be produced, and step 2 computes the dimensions of the spaces in such an arrangement. Both steps are based on `wall representations' of the solutions. These representations allow geometric relations and operations to be transformed into relations and operations defined on character strings. They furthermore allow the (possibly infinite) set of solutions to be systematically searched for a finite set of `principal options'. The importance linear-programming techniques for step 2 is described
Dopamine differentially induces aggregation of A53T mutant and wild type α-synuclein: Insights into the protein chemistry of Parkinson’s disease

Abstract Aggregation of α-synuclein is known to be a causal factor in the genesis of Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Duplication and/or triplication and mutation of the α-synuclein gene are associated with sporadic and familial Parkinson’s disease. Synucleinopathies appear to primarily affect dopaminergic neurons. The present studies investigate the role of dopamine in α-synuclein aggregation through NMR. Dopamine causes aggregation of both wild type and A53T mutant α-synuclein in a temperature-dependent manner, but the mutant A53T shows a greater propensity to aggregate in the presence of dopamine only at 37 °C. A single point mutation in the α-synuclein A53T mutant gene results in a structural change in the protein and drastically increases its propensity to aggregate in the presence of dopamine. The present data indicate that mutation in the α-synuclein gene may predispose the protein to dopamine-induced aggregation, thereby contributing to disease pathogenesis.
Robust video and audio-based synchronization of multimedia files

This paper addresses the problem of robust and automated synchronization of multiple audio and video signals. The input signals are from a set of independent multimedia recordings coming from several camcorders and microphones. While the camcorders are static, the microphones are mobile as they are attached to people. The motivation for synchronization of all signals is to support studies and understanding of human interaction in a decision support environment that have been limited so far due to the difficulties in automated processing of any observations during the decision making sessions. The application of our work is to environments supporting decisions. The data sets for this work have been acquired during training exercises of response teams, rescue workers, and fire fighters at multiple locations. The developed synchronization methodology for a set of independent multimedia recordings is based on introducing aural and visual landmarks with a bell and room light switches. Our approach to synchronization is based on detecting the landmarks in audio and video signals per camcorder and per microphone, and then fusing the results to increase robustness and accuracy of the synchronization. We report synchronization results that demonstrate accuracy of synchronization based on video and audio.
Preference reversals with losses

People who prefer larger, later gains over smaller, sooner gains when considering outcomes far in the future often reverse their preference as the alternatives become closer in time. This finding, which is contrary to a normative economic account of intertemporal choice, has been interpreted as support for hyperboloid discounting, but the results can also be explained by steeper discounting of smaller amounts. The present study is the first to demonstrate that analogous preference reversals occur with losses: People who preferred a smaller, sooner loss over a larger, later loss when the outcomes were far in the future reversed their preference when these alternatives were closer in time. Because there was no magnitude effect (i.e., smaller losses were not discounted more steeply than larger losses), the present findings strongly support the proposition that reversals in preference between delayed outcomes occur because of the hyperboloid shape of the discounting function.
Influence of suckling status and type of birth on serum hormone profiles and return to estrus in early-postpartum spring-lambing ewes

Abstract Twenty-three mature, spring-lambing, fine-wool ewes of Debouillet × Rambouillet breeding were allotted at parturition to one of four treatments which were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with groups representing number of lambs born (i.e., one or two) and suckling intensity (i.e., lambs were weaned at 2 d of age or lambs remained with dams). Beginning at 0900 h on Day 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30 post partum (PP), jugular blood samples were collected from each dam at hourly intervals for the ensuing 6 h. Additional jugular blood samples were collected daily (Days 2 through 30). Animals were observed twice daily for signs of estrus using vasectomized rams. Interval from parturition to estrus (mean ± SEM) was similar (P > 0.15) in ewes nursing their offspring (117 ± 6 d) and those that had their lambs removed (124 ± 6 d). Dams producing single lambs returned to estrus in 126 ± 5 d compared with 116 ± 5 d (P > 0.15) for ewes producing twins. Serum luteinizing hormone and progesterone were low ( 0.10) between suckled dams and those that had their lambs removed, but ewes giving birth to single offspring had higher (P 0.40) between suckling intensity groups on Day 2 PP; however, by Days 16, 23, and 30, ewes in the suckled group had more (P
Studies on hexosamine and collagen in tissues of rats which survived x-irradiation.

The ratio of hexosannine to collagen was determined in skin, feraur, sternum, lung, aorta, and vena cava of rats which had survived x-ray treatment administered in one dose frora 15 to 18 months previously. It was observed that the ratios were lower than that of uniradiated animals of similar age if early phase mortality had exceeded 30%. This seemed to be due to a significant increase in collagen content. The hexosannine content seemed to be reduced but not significantly. These findings are consistent with the concept of accelerated aging in animals which survive irradiation damage. It is suggested that in part this phenomenon is due to increased fibrillogenesis following death or injury of parenchymal cells.
Strains recorded on a High Magnification Interferometric Seismograph

WE report here a comparison between wavetrains recorded on seismographs of the pendulum type and on a strain seismograph with high magnification and low distortion.
Theoretical study of an amorphous chalcogenide surface

Abstract The structure of amorphous surfaces is a challenging frontier yet to be thoroughly explored. Standard surface characterization techniques like STM are difficult to apply to these surfaces. We have studied GeSe 2 glass surfaces using first principle methods in a slab geometry. The glass surfaces are obtained by quenching a slab of an equilibrated liquid. We have found that these surfaces are well characterized by the distribution of rings. A detailed study of ring formation and associated properties is presented. We also briefly describe the electronic/optical and vibrational structure of these surfaces.
Clinical use of aromatase inhibitors: current data and future perspectives.

(1990). Clinical Use of Aromatase Inhibitors: Current Data and Future Perspectives. Journal of Enzyme Inhibition: Vol. 4, No. 2, pp. 79-99.
RED CELL (RBC) GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE DEFICIENCY (GPI): CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVIDENCE OF INCREASED BLOOD VISCOSITY

RED CELL (RBC) GLUCOSE PHOSPHATE ISOMERASE DEFICIENCY (GPI): CLINICAL AND LABORATORY EVIDENCE OF INCREASED BLOOD VISCOSITY
Evaluation of laser based alignment algorithms under additive random and diffraction noise

The purpose of the automatic alignment algorithm at the National Ignition Facility (NIF) is to determine the position of a laser beam based on the position of beam features from video images. The position information obtained is used to command motors and attenuators to adjust the beam lines to the desired position, which facilitates the alignment of all 192 beams. One of the goals of the algorithm development effort is to ascertain the performance, reliability, and uncertainty of the position measurement. This paper describes a method of evaluating the performance of algorithms using Monte Carlo simulation. In particular we show the application of this technique to the LM1_LM3 algorithm, which determines the position of a series of two beam light sources. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated for an ensemble of over 900 simulated images with varying image intensities and noise counts, as well as varying diffraction noise amplitude and frequency. The performance of the algorithm on the image data set had a tolerance well beneath the 0.5-pixel system requirement.
Potential source contribution function analysis and source apportionment of sulfur species measured at Rubidoux, CA during the Southern California Air Quality Study, 1987

During the Southern California Air Quality Study (SCAQS) in summer and fall of 1987, specially designed SCAQS samplers were used to collect particles and gaseous species. Ion chromatography (IC) and colorimetry were employed to analyze the gaseous and particulate ionic species while the trace elements in the particles were analyzed using x-ray fluorescence (XRF). Potential source contribution function (PSCF) analysis was applied to the chemistry data of the acidic species collected by the SCAQS samplers at the Burbank, Claremont and Rubidoux sites and the meteorology data in the form of air parcel backward trajectories. The results are presented as gridded conditional probability maps showing source areas that have a potential to contribute to the high concentrations of acidic species observed at the receptor sites. In order to quantitatively determine the mass contributions of acidic species from these identified source areas to the receptor sites, a source apportionment method was developed that utilizes the PSCF analysis results and the ground and elevated level emission inventories. One result is a gridded joint probability map showing the quantities of emitted acidic species from source areas that were transported to the three receptor sites with and/or without undergoing chemical transformations during the transport. Another result is a gridded map for each single receptor site showing the possible maximum amounts of emitted acidic species from source areas that were transported to that receptor site with and/or without undergoing chemical transformations. The potential source areas identified by the PSCF analysis and the amount of transported emissions identified by the source apportionment method are generally well correlated with the emission inventories. The receptor modeling results of SO2 and SO2−4 are presented to illustrate the methodology.
A study of the Prather software metric (abstract)

Due to the increasing complexity of modern software code, we need ways of effectively measuring the difficulty of programs to detect problem code during development. Program metrics [Conte, 86] are a partial answer to this need. They offer us various ways of measuring the length, modularity, nesting, and data flow of software.The Prather metric, developed by Ronald E. Prather [Prather, 84], is a statement structure metric which measures statement nesting and control structures as a function of the simple statements they contain. For our research, we developed a program2 which takes Pascal programs as input and returns the Prather measures of the programs.Our project was to examine the Prather metric by comparing it with the Statement Count and McCabe measures, both are commonly used metrics, and see if there was a relationship between Prather and the other measures. If there is a correlation, this would show that Prather is not truly a unique measure, but it contains aspects of Statement Count or McCabe's measure.We also examined the use of the Prather metric as a cheating checker on student programs. We found that Prather may be better at picking out possible cheaters than Statement Count and McCabe's measure. We concluded that this was due to the nature of the Prather metric: it includes aspects of statement count and number of paths plus a measure of nesting.
Acyclic and dideoxy terminator preferences denote divergent sugar recognition by archaeon and Taq DNA polymerases

The nucleotide-binding site in a variety of DNA polymerases was probed by analyzing incorporation of dideoxy and acyclic chain terminators. Family B archaeon DNA polymerases Vent, Deep Vent, 9 degrees N and Pfu incorporated acyclic in preference to dideoxy terminators, while the Family A DNA polymerases Taq and Klenow preferred dideoxy terminators. These divergent biases suggest that significant differences exist in sugar recognition in these two classes of polymerases. Mutants of Vent (A488L) and Taq (F667Y) that increase incorporation of dideoxy terminators maintained the acyclic/dideoxy bias of the parent enzyme, while more efficiently incorporating both dideoxy and acyclic terminators. The preference of archaeon DNA polymerases for acyclic analogs was exploited in chain terminator DNA sequence and genotype analysis. This technology was additionally aided by identification of specific dye-modified bases that improve terminator incorporation over that of the unmodified terminator. These three enhancing effects, (i) acyclic analogs, (ii) archaeon variants and (iii) specific dyes, appear to act additively and independently to increase terminator incorporation efficiency, collectively enhancing incorporation approximately 8000-fold over the wild-type incorporation of dideoxynucleotides. Fluorescent chain terminator DNA sequence traces demonstrate the applicability of these advances in improving terminator incorporation, as required in DNA sequence and genotype determinations.
Schnyder corneal dystrophy.

Purpose of reviewThe present review of Schnyder corneal dystrophy (SCD) corrects the misconceptions in the published literature about this disease. Understanding the clinical findings facilitates diagnosis of the dystrophy.Recent findingsRetrospective case series of 115 affected individuals from 34
Preference discrimination and faculty diversity

Abstract Drawing upon Becker’s theory of preference discrimination, this paper proposes a theoretical framework that analyzes the effect of employer discrimination, employee discrimination and customer discrimination on faculty diversity. The authors then consider institutional features of the U.S. academic workplace in order to discuss the extent to which each source of discrimination can explain faculty diversity across universities. This discussion suggests that customer discrimination is a particularly convincing argument to explain differences in faculty diversity across U.S. universities. Finally, research directions are suggested.
Leptospiral immunoglobulin-like proteins elicit protective immunity

The identification of new vaccine candidates for leptospirosis is of great interest. This paper describes the identification of two homologous immunogenic proteins, LigA-m and LigB-m, of Leptospira interrogans serovar manilae strain UP-MMC-NIID, which show strong similarity with LigA found recently in L. interrogans serovar pomona. Southern blot analysis indicated the conservation of the lig genes among pathogenic leptospires. LigA-m protein was shown to be a surface-exposed lipoprotein expressed during in vitro culture. Both LigA-m and LigB-m induced protective immunity against a challenge with a homologous serovar of L. interrogans in mice. Furthermore, patients' sera infected with heterologous serovars' strains contained antibodies against LigA-m and LigB-m. Our results suggest that LigA-m and LigB-m proteins are new vaccine candidates for the prevention of leptospirosis.
Comparison of glucocorticoid receptors in two rat hepatoma cell lines with different sensitivities to glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids

Two independently derived rat hepatoma cell lines, HTC and Fu5-5, differ in their sensitivities to both glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids, despite virtually identical number and affinity of glucocorticoid receptors. The present study further examined both receptors for differences that could account for the nonidentical responses of the two cell lines. HTC and Fu5-5 cell receptors that were covalently labeled with [3H] dexamethasone 21-mesylate ([3H]DM) had the same mol wt of about 97,000 on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the same isoelectric point of about 6.4 by nonequilibrium pH gradient electrophoresis. Limited proteolysis of receptor-[3H]DM complexes with three different proteases generated identical protease-specific digestion patterns regardless of the cellular origin of the receptors. Receptor-[3H]dexamethasone complexes prepared from either Fu5-5 or HTC cells bound calf thymus DNA with the same affinity in vitro. In intact cells, the intracellular distribution of receptor-dexamethasone or receptor-DM complexes at equilibrium was almost identical in the two cell lines. Thus, we detected no differences in the size, sequence, or net charge of Fu5-5 or HTC cell receptors; additionally, there were no significant differences in steroid uptake, receptor binding, or activation, translocation, and nuclear binding of receptor-steroid complexes. However, the DM labeling efficiency, calculated as the percentage of total receptors covalently labeled by DM, was higher in HTC cells (65.9 +/- 12.9%; n = 5) than in Fu5-5 cells (39.3 +/- 7.7%; n = 5). The labeling efficiency of DM correlated inversely with its ability to induce tyrosine aminotransferase activity, suggesting that DM forms noncovalent, as well as covalent, complexes in vivo which mediate the glucocorticoid and antiglucocorticoid activities of DM, respectively. Further research is required to identify the factor(s) that influences DM labeling efficiency, thereby affecting the amount of DM agonist activity and, possibly, the sensitivity of the cells to glucocorticoids.
An optimal domain-based reconfiguration algorithm for WSI processor arrays

Abstract This paper addresses an optimal reconfiguration algorithm based on the domain constraint. The domain of a logical cell is a set of physical cells where the logical cell can be assigned. It is necessary to justify the correctness of a reconfiguration algorithm through the association of a reconfiguration algorithm to the required channel complexity which satisfies the interconnection requirement of the reconfiguration algorithm. A reconfiguration algorithm is defined as optimal, if it can find a solution with the minimal channel complexity whenever there exists at least one within the predefined constraints. Reconfiguration problem with domain constraint is formalized as complete matching. Since complete matching is a special case of maximal matching, domain-based reconfiguration can be solved by a maximal matching. To obtain the minimal channel complexity, the array is partitioned into as small units as possible while preserving the array reconfigurability. For the six-cell domain, it is proved that 3×4 track is the minimal channel complexity. Therefore, our proposed reconfiguration algorithm employing the complete matching and 3×4 channel complexity is an optimal reconfiguration algorithm under the constraint of the six-cell domain.
Examining compiled code

The use of annotated listings of compiler-generated code has the potential to make teaching more effective in several different courses. We consider the production of such listings for several popular compilers and computer systems, including Turbo Pascal on MS-DOS machines and Pascal on Ultrix and VMS systems. The usefulness of these listings in assembly language, computer organization/architecture, and compiler courses, as well as introductory courses, is also considered.
The Role of Emotion and Cognition in Juror Perceptions of Victim Impact Statements

Recent legislation has contributed to an increasing number of victims participating in the trial process by way of providing victim impact statements (VISs). The present study evaluated jurors’ perceptions of VISs in a jury-eligible sample. Participants were 402 jury-eligible community members in the southwestern United States. Using a vignette-based method, VIS presence and content (i.e., Victim Harm versus Victim Emotion information) were examined for their influence on sentencing decisions and blame attribution. Individual differences of need for affect (NFA) and need for cognition (NFC) were featured as moderators of these relations. Notable results included significantly lengthier sentencing recommendations and decreased levels of victim blame in the presence of a VIS, regardless of content. In addition, juror NFC was significantly positively associated with perpetrator blame, while NFA moderated the relation between VIS content and sentencing length. The presence of a VIS impacted blame and sentencing, although jury panel member individual differences moderated such effects. Implications for victim rights policy, trial consultation, and social–emotional theory are discussed.
Computers as Aids in the Prevention and Remediation of Reading Disabilities

This article provides examples of ways that computer-assisted instruction can help children with learning disabilities (LD) learn to read more effectively. Computer-assisted instruction and practic...
RF system for bunch lengthening

A harmonic cavity is used in the VUV ring to increase the Touschek lifetime and to help reduce peak current related instabilities. Phase locking servos for such a system normally require comparison of a Fourier component of the beam to a reference or information about the symmetry of the bunch. We have found it simpler to initially set the phase of the drive so that the center of the bunch is positioned at the zero crossing of the harmonic cavity voltage waveform. This phase relationship is then maintained by comparing the amplitude of the harmonic cavity field to the forward power, and adjusting the phase of the drive to keep the two powers equal. A system of this type has been operating in the VUV ring since October, 1993. It consists of a 52.88 MHz accelerating cavity and a 211.54 MHz bunch lengthening cavity providing increased lifetime over all operating currents.
An articulated-body model for a free-flying robot and its use for adaptive motion control

We synthesize an adaptive motion control law for a free-flying robot with no external forces or moments. The basic idea is to make use of the articulated part of the space robot to control the position and orientation of the end-effector in an inertial frame. The inertia parameters for the robot end-effector and load are assumed to be a priori unknown. The articulated-body model is linear in the unknown parameters, so that an adaptive control law is developed. A novel feature of our approach is that the parameter estimates are obtained using momentum integrals only. In addition, we use unit quaternions to represent orientation errors. The stability properties of the adaptive control law is shown using Lyapunov stability theory. Computer simulations of an example 12 degrees of freedom space robot system are presented.
A Matched Comparison of Adjustment in Children with Cystic Fibrosis and Psychiatrically Referred and Nonreferred Children

Utilized the Child Assessment Schedule, a standardized clinical interview, to assess psychosocial adjustment in terms of DSM-III diagnoses. The criteria for a major DSM-III diagnosis were met by 58% of the children with cystic fibrosis compared to 23% for the nonreferred children and 77% for the psychiatrically referred children. Children with cystic fibrosis generally did not demonstrate more symptoms of psychological disturbance than nonreferred children. It was in terms of worries, poor self-image, and anxiety, that the children with cystic fibrosis demonstrated symptom levels comparable to that of psychiatrically referred children. Findings are discussed in terms of the specific risk of internalizing behavior problems for children with chronic illness.
Exploring the relationships between perceptions of tutoring and tutoring behaviours: a focus on graduate students serving as peer tutors to college-level chemistry students

It has been established that both tutors and tutees gain from tutoring sessions. However, tutors' benefits may be enhanced or limited depending on the type of behaviours they perform during the tutoring sessions. Although behaviours enhancing both tutor and tutee learning can be promoted by training, generalized tutor training models that are often used do not take into account tutors' preexisting perceptions of tutoring, which may guide their instructional behaviours. The goals of this multiple-case study of three chemistry tutors are to characterise their perceptions of tutoring, their behaviors during tutoring sessions, and the connections between their perceptions and behaviors. Data was collected through interviews in which tutors' perceptions of tutors and tutoring were probed and through video recordings of three to four sessions for each tutor. Interviews were analyzed using a thematic analysis approach. Video recordings of sessions were analyzed using a list of codes corresponding to different types of behaviours that had been reported in prior tutoring studies. Analysis of the interviews indicated that tutors' perceptions of tutoring did not overlap fully across all the three tutors. Cross-case analysis indicates that tutors' perceptions of tutees and of the role of tutor were reflected in the instructional behaviours the tutors enacted during the sessions. The results of this study may be used to improve tutor training programmes, particularly through examining individual tutor's perceptions of tutoring as this may help anticipate natural instructional preferences of tutors.
Electro‐Optical Effects. I

The theory of Toupin and Rivlin for the propagation of electromagnetic waves in a centro‐symmetric isotropic material to which static electric and magnetic fields are applied is specialized to the case when only a static electric field is applied. The reflection‐refraction problem for an electromagnetic wave normally incident on the interface between free space and the material is studied for arbitrary direction of the applied electric field. It is found that, in general, there are two refracted rays and that these are not generally normal to the interface.
INCOME INEQUALITY, RACE, AND PLACE: DOES THE DISTRIBUTION OF RACE AND CLASS WITHIN NEIGHBORHOODS AFFECT CRIME RATES?*

This study tests the effects of neighborhood inequality and heterogeneity on crime rates. The results of this study, which were obtained by using a large sample of census tracts in 19 cities in 2000, provide strong evidence of the importance of racial/ethnic heterogeneity for the amount of all types of crime generally committed by strangers, even controlling for the effects of income inequality. Consistent with predictions of several theories, greater overall inequality in the tract was associated with higher crime rates, particularly for violent types of crime. Strong evidence revealed that within racial/ethnic group inequality increases crime rates: Only the relative deprivation model predicted this association. An illuminating finding is that the effect of tract poverty on robbery and murder becomes nonsignificant when the level of income inequality is taken into account; this finding suggests that past studies that failed to take income inequality into account may have inappropriately attributed causal importance to poverty. This large sample also provides evidence that it is the presence of homeowners, rather than residential stability (as measured by the average length of residence), that significantly reduces the level of crime in neighborhoods.
Types of Fluorescence Transitions in Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry

Since the discovery of atomic fluorescence as an analytical tool, various types of atomic fluorescence transitions have been utilized for analytical studies. Unfortunately, as a result of the rapid development of the technique, some confusion has resulted in the designation of atomic fluorescence transitions. Because of the possibility of increased confusion with the use of the tunable dye laser source which is capable of exciting many new atomic fluorescence transitions, we felt that a consistent terminology was needed for atomic fluorescence spectrometry. We have attempted to utilize, where possible, the terminology previously used by authors of atomic fluorescence papers and have identified a number of atomic fluorescence transitions not yet utilized for analytical studies. For example, there are basically five types of atomic fluorescence transitions: resonance fluorescence, in which the same lower and upper levels are involved in the excitation-deexcitation processes; direct line fluorescence, in which the same upper level is involved in the radiational excitation and deexcitation processes; stepwise line fluorescence, in which different upper levels are involved in the radiational excitation and deexcitation processes; sensitized fluorescence, where one species is excited (called the donor) and transfers excitation energy to an atom of the same or another species (called the acceptor), either of which deexcites radiationally; and multiphoton fluorescence, where two (or more) identical photons excite an atomic species which then radiationally deexcites.
The role of contingencies and “principles of behavioral variation” in pigeons' pecking

Staddon and Simmelhag's proposal that behavior is produced by “principles of behavioral variation” instead of contingencies of reinforcement was tested in two experiments. In the first experiment pigeons were exposed to either a fixed-interval schedule of response-contingent reinforcement, an autoshaping schedule of stimulus-contingent reinforcement, or a fixed-time schedule of noncontingent reinforcement. Pigeons exposed to contingent reinforcement came to peck more rapidly than those exposed to noncontingent reinforcement. Staddon and Simmelhag's “principles of behavioral variation” included the proposal that patterns (interim and terminal) were a function of momentary probability of reinforcement. In the second experiment pigeons were exposed to either a fixed-time or a random-time schedule of noncontingent reinforcement. Pecking showed a constant frequency of occurrence over postfood time on the random-time schedule. Most behavior showed patterns on the fixed-time schedule that differed in overall shape (i.e., interim versus terminal) from those shown on the random-time schedule. It was concluded that both the momentary probability of reinforcement and postfood time can affect patterning.
Activin Inhibits Basal and Androgen-Stimulated Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis in the Human Prostatic Cancer Cell Line, LNCaP*

LNCaP cells, derived from an androgen-sensitive cell line widely employed as an in vitro model of human prostate cancer, have been shown to express activin receptors. Activin is a local regulator of cellular growth, appears to play a key role in mesoderm induction and differentiation during development, and has been implicated in gonadal tumorigenesis. Follistatin, a monomeric glycoprotein that specifically binds and neutralizes activin, is often coexpressed with activin and, thus, modulates the autocrine/paracrine biological activity of this potent growth factor. We tested the hypothesis that LNCaP growth is modulated by the activin/follistatin system. Recombinant human activin A inhibited [3H]thymidine incorporation in a dose-dependent fashion with an ED50 of approximately 0.43 +/- 0.3 nM. Activin (0.1-3 nM) also inhibited dihydrotestosterone (DHT)-stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in LNCaP cells. Similarly, recombinant human inhibin A inhibited LNCaP proliferation, but was only 1/100th as potent a...
Cladistic analysis of cassiduloid echinoids: trying to see the phylogeny for the trees

The Neognathostomata (comprising the orders Clypeasteroida, Oligopygoida, Neolampadoida, and the paraphyletic Cassiduloida) form one of the three major clades of irregular echinoids. Despite the group's apparent success since the Jurassic and impressive peak diversity in the mid-Cretaceous, most included clades are now severely reduced. A phylogeny is essential for reconstructing the taxonomic, environmental and biogeographic patterns of this decline, and understanding the causal processes responsible for them. I examined the distribution of qualitative morphological characters (including those defining genera) for 97 species from 77 non-clypeasteroid genera and the three clypeasteroid suborders. Following preliminary analyses, I reduced the data to 40 characters (having 60 apomorphic states) and 71 representative genera. Goloboff's data decisiveness, the skewness of tree length distributions, and permutation tests all reveal significant phylogenetic structure in the data. Heuristic searches conducted with PAUP found more than 72 500 trees of 217 steps (CI = 0.276), but only the first 30,000 were evaluated. These exhibit considerable instability in the relationships among taxa. Successive approximations weightings did not reduce the numbers of favoured trees. Analyses using only less homoplasious characters failed to improve the resolution. Fisher's stratigraphic debt provides an objective means of selecting a very few of the morphologically most-parsimonious trees. Most nodes are supported by only one to three character changes, and these are generally reversed or paralleled elsewhere. The results suggest some cassiduloid families can not be separated, and support the reassignment of several genera. Despite the high levels of homoplasy, the most-parsimonious trees require fewer changes than had been previously suggested for evolutionary trends in several characters. Whether the rampant homoplasy present in the data reflects incorrect character analysis, limited structural or developmental options, or the effects of parallel selection, its presence raises severe obstacles to phylogenetic analyses.