cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term survival of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy treated by coronary artery bypass grafting versus medical therapy.

Background We prospectively applied the Surgical Treatment of Ischemic Cardiomyopathy trial entry criteria to an observational database to determine whether coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) decreases mortality compared with medical therapy (MED) for patients with coronary artery disease and depressed left ventricular ejection fraction. Methods This was a retrospective, observational, cohort study of prospectively collected data from the Duke Databank for Cardiovascular Disease. Long-term mortality was the main outcome measure. Between January 1, 1995, and July 31, 2009, 86,874 patients underwent cardiac catheterization for suspected ischemic heart disease and were evaluated for inclusion in the analysis. Results A total of 2,624 patients were found to have left ventricular ejection fraction less than 0.35, coronary artery disease amenable to CABG, and no left main stenosis of greater than 50%. After exclusions including ongoing Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III angina and acute myocardial infarction, 763 patients were included for propensity score analysis, including 624 who received MED and 139 who underwent CABG. Adjusted mortality curves were constructed for those patients in the three quintiles most likely to receive CABG. The curves diverged early, with risk-adjusted mortality rates at 5 years of 46% for MED versus 29% for CABG, and the survival benefit of CABG over MED continued through 10 years of follow-up (hazard ratio, 0.63; 95% confidence interval, 0.45 to 0.88). Conclusions Among a propensity-matched, risk-adjusted, observational cohort of patients with coronary artery disease, left ventricular ejection fraction less than 0.35, and no left main disease of greater than 50%, CABG is associated with a survival advantage over MED through 10 years of follow-up.
The Hays Creek Watershed: A Case Study of Collaborative Watershed Restoration Planning and Place-Based Learning

The goal of many environmental studies programs is to immerse students in real-world learning contexts while also contributing to the improvement of environmental conditions in local regions. Watersheds provide an excellent integrating context in which to pursue these complementary goals. For instance, the Chesapeake Bay watershed is a well-known national treasure that is experiencing many of the environmental problems facing watersheds everywhere, primarily centered on water pollution from anthropogenic sources. This paper describes the approach used in one particular course at a small liberal arts institution to facilitate student learning about and contribution to local watershed issues.
Olefin Hydrogenation by carbon monoxide and water using a platinum chloride-tin chloride catalyst system

Abstract The water gas shift catalyst system composed of K2PtCl4 and SnCl45H2O in HCl/HOAc/H2O Torr of CO and 180 Torr of ethylene or propylene hydrogenates the olefin when heated at 88°C. The reaction with ethylene proceeds cleanly according to the equation C2H4 + CO + H2O → C2H6 + CO2 yielding 31 turnovers per Pt for a 24 h reaction time; the reaction with propylene is less clean, showing concurrent H2 production from the shift reaction and isopropyl chloride formation from direct reaction of C3H6 with the HCL-containing medium. No evidence for significant hydroformylation is obtained. For the case of ethylene, no water gas shift catalysis is observed as long as olefin is present, and if H2 is added to the reactant gases, it is not consumed in the course of ethane formation. Hydrogenation is thus thought to proceed via a metal hydride formed from CO oxidation, its reaction with olefin and protonation.
Construction of bimetallic oxide materials from molybdate building blocks and copper–ligand tethers with flexible spaces: Structures of the two-dimensional [{Cu2(L4)(H2O)2}Mo8O26(H2O)2] and of the three-dimensional [{Cu2(L4)}2(Mo8O26)(MoO4)2] (L4 = N1, N1, N4, N4-tetrakis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)butane-1,4-diamine)

Abstract The hydrothermal reactions of cupric acetate, MoO3 and the dipodal linker ligand N1, N1, N4, N4-tetrakis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)butane-1,4-diamine (L4) provided a high temperature phase [{Cu2(L4)(H2O)2}Mo8O26(H2O)2]·2H2O ( 1 ·2H2O) and a low temperature phase [{Cu2(L4)}2{Mo8O26}{MoO4}2]·2H2O ( 2 ·2H2O). Compound 1 is two-dimensional, constructed from {Mo8O26(H2O)2}4− clusters linked through {Cu2(L4)(H2O)2}4+ rods. In contrast, compound 2 is three-dimensional with two distinct molybdate building blocks, γ-{Mo8O26}4− clusters and {MoO4}2− tetrahedra, linked through two distinct {Cu2(L4)}4+ subunits, one connecting four {MoO4}2+ tetrahedra and the second a {MoO4}2+ tetrahedron and one octamolybdate cluster.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN SCHEDULING AND INSTRUCTION SELECTION FOR DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSORS

In this paper we describe a novel approach to the scheduling and instruction selection phases of code generation. Our approach mimics that used by human programmers and combines heuristic search with hierarchical planning and a modified means-ends analysis. Optimal code generation is known to be NP-Complete hard. Our algorithm can be executed in time polynomial to the size of the input program and exponential only to the depth of the search. Empirical results show that very good results can be accomplished with depths as small as 3. The quality of the generated code is comparable (in some cases superior) to that of codes generated by human digital signal processing experts.
Aluminum Nitride Micro-Channels Grown via Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy for MEMs Applications

Aluminum nitride (AlN) is a promising material for a number of applications due to its temperature and chemical stability. Furthermore, AlN maintains its piezoelectric properties at higher temperatures than more commonly used materials, such as Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT) [1, 2], making AlN attractive for high temperature micro and nano-electromechanical (MEMs and NEMs) applications including, but not limited to, high temperature sensors and actuators, micro- channels for fuel cell applications, and micromechanical resonators. This work presents a novel AlN micro-channel fabrication technique using Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy (MOVPE). AlN easily nucleates on dielectric surfaces due to the large sticking coefficient and short diffusion length of the aluminum species resulting in a high quality polycrystalline growth on typical mask materials, such as silicon dioxide and silicon nitride [3,4]. The fabrication process introduced involves partially masking a substrate with a silicon dioxide striped pattern and then growing AlN via MOVPE simultaneously on the dielectric mask and exposed substrate. A buffered oxide etch is then used to remove the underlying silicon dioxide and leave a free standing AlN micro-channel. The width of the channel has been varied from 5 im to 110 im and the height of the air gap from 130 nm to 800 nm indicating the stability of the structure. Furthermore, this versatile process has been performed on (111) silicon, c-plane sapphire, and gallium nitride epilayers on sapphire substrates. Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction (RHEED), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), and Raman measurements have been taken on channels grown on each substrate and indicate that the substrate is influencing the growth of the AlN micro-channels on the SiO2 sacrificial layer.
Cancer in the oldest old

Our previous work revealed that 88% of centenarians delay or escape the age-related lethal diseases cardiac disease, stroke and diabetes. In the cases of those having a history of cancer we have observed anecdotes of centenarians presenting with large primary tumors that would have otherwise been expected to have metastasized and to have been lethal. However, these tumors were removed without consequence. To better understand the relationship between cancer and exceptional longevity, we quantified age of cancer diagnoses, life-time clinically evident cancer prevalence, tobacco use and family histories through medical record review and interviews. One thousand one hundred and forty-three subjects were studied revealing 20% (N = 152) of female and 22% (N = 80) of male centenarians with a history of non-skin cancer. The most common cancers were prostate (11.7% of males), breast (8.2% of females), and colon (5.7%). The average age of diagnosis was 80.5 years compared to 63.2 years in the general population according to National Cancer Institute SEER data. Similar delays were noted when age of onset was examined according to specific type of cancer. In conclusion, the age of diagnosis of cancer is relatively delayed in those who live to 100 years. Some cancers are very rare among these individuals suggesting that there are certain cancers that may be incompatible with survival to extreme old age.
Tonic and phasic relationships between heart rate and somato motor activity in monkeys

Heart rate (HR) and somato-motor activity were measured in monkeys (Macaca mulatto) during sessions when the animals were operantly conditioned to slow and to speed HR. Tonic (baseline) levels of HR were independent of somato-motor activity. Phasic changes of HR during conditioning were variably coupled with phasic chants in activity. The discriminative cues which signaled the operant contingencies reliably elicited cardiac operants and somato-motor responses. Monotonic trends in cardiac phasic activity generally were independent of phasic responses in somato-motor activity. Short term phasic responses in HR often were correlated with short term phasic responses in somato-motor responses. The findings indicate that the relationship of HR to somato-motor activity) depends upon temporal adjustments within given conditions and stages of training, and upon particular adjustments within each animal. The main conclusion of this study is that HR and somato-motor activity are variably coupled hut that conditioned HR responses are not necessarily caused by somato-motor responses.
A multidisciplinary approach to management in a patient with bilateral superior sulcus non-small-cell lung carcinoma.

Superior sulcus tumors comprise a rare subset of non–small-cell lung carcinomas that are particularly challenging to treat because of their location and extent of nerve and vessel involvement. In this report, we present a case illustrating the uncommon situation of a patient presenting with bilateral superior sulcus tumors, and we review the latest combined therapeutic approach developed to aggressively treat the more common unilateral presentation of these tumors.
On the use of refractive-index-matched hydrogel for fluid velocity measurement within and around geometrically complex solid obstructions

Laboratory-based particle image velocimetry (PIV) was used to measure current-driven hydrodynamics within and around a collection of complex obstacles. These obstacles were fabricated using a specialty superabsorbent hydrogel produced through the free-radical copolymerization of sodium acrylate and acrylamide. The optical properties of this gel were found to be nearly identical to those of liquid water. Because of refractive index matching (RIM) of both the fluid and solid media, PIV laser light sheets passed through the obstructions without significant degradation or modification. As a result, all tracer particles suspended in the flow were uniformly illuminated, regardless of their position or proximity relative to individual obstacle features. PIV light sheets were also successfully imaged through the hydrogel, enabling accurate velocity measurement in regions that would otherwise be optically inaccessible. These outcomes were reached without reliance on unconventional fluids or specialized flow facilities. For many experimenters interested in fluid–solid interactions, hydrogel-based RIM may thus be less costly and more adaptable than methods that rely on the existing suite of techniques.
Calculating failure probabilities for TRISO-coated fuel particles using an integral formulation

The fundamental design for a gas-cooled reactor relies on the safe behavior of the coated particle fuel. The coating layers surrounding the fuel kernels in these spherical particles, termed the TRISO coating, act as a pressure vessel that retains fission products. The quality of the fuel is reflected in the number of particle failures that occur during reactor operation, where failed particles become a source for fission products that can then diffuse through the fuel element. The failure probability for any batch of particles, which has traditionally been calculated using the Monte Carlo method, depends on statistical variations in design parameters and on variations in the strengths of coating layers among particles in the batch. An alternative approach to calculating failure probabilities is developed herein that uses direct numerical integration of a failure probability integral. Because this is a multiple integral where the statistically varying parameters become integration variables, a fast numerical integration approach is also developed. In sample cases analyzed involving multiple failure mechanisms, results from the integration methods agree closely with Monte Carlo results. Additionally, the fast integration approach, particularly, is shown to significantly improve efficiency of failure probability calculations. These integration methods have been implemented in the PARFUME fuel performance code along with the Monte Carlo method, where each serves to verify accuracy of the others.
Putin, Parliament, and Presidential Exploitation of the Terrorist Threat

Since well before 11 September 2001, Russia has faced a significant threat of terrorism from radical Islamist groups based in Chechnya and other parts of the North Caucasus region. First as prime minister under Yeltsin, then as president, Vladimir Putin cited terrorism as justification for a comprehensive series of measures centralising power. These measures included appointing presidential envoys to federal super-districts, ending the direct election of regional governors, eliminating single-member district seats from the State Duma, expanding state control over the mass media, and tightening controls over public political activity. Efforts by parliament to assert oversight power over the security agencies, such as through investigations of their actions in the Beslan crisis, were effectively blocked. The terrorist threat thus created opportunities for President Putin to pursue a political agenda that aggrandised presidential power at the expense of the Duma and other federal-level institutions, as well ...
An appointment-based service center with guaranteed service

Abstract Customers are scheduled to arrive at periodic scheduling intervals to receive service from a single server system. A customer must start receiving service within a given departure interval; if this is not the case, the system will pay a penalty and/or transfer the customer to another facility at the system's cost. A complete transient and steady-state analysis of the system is given, the optimal scheduling and departure intervals are determined, and the virtual work in the system is analyzed.
Failure of hexamethylmelamine as salvage therapy in ovarian epithelial adenocarcinoma resistant to combination chemotherapy

Abstract Favorable responses to hexamethylmelamine (HMM) have been documented in untreated as well as in alkylating agent-resistant ovarian epithelial adenocarcinoma (OvCa). Platinum-based combination therapy for OvCa has been used since 1976. Eighteen patients with OvCa were treated with HMM as salvage therapy between February 1979 and October 1981. All patients had histologically confirmed OvCa. Eleven tumors were grade IIIIII and seven tumors were grade IIIII. Sixteen patients had received cisplati-based combination therapy, whereas two had received doxorubicin/cyclophosphamide because of other medical conditions. HMM was used alone in 16 patients and in combination with other drugs in two patients. The initial dose of HMM was 300 mg/m 2 /day × 14 days when used alone and 130 mg/ m 2 /day × 14 days when used in combination with other drugs. Six patients were treated at a reduced initial dose because of prior marrow toxicity. Adverse effects were tolerable, with 14 patients experiencing hematologic toxicity (5 mild, 5 moderate, 3 severe, 1 life threatening) and 15 patients experiencing GI toxicity (5 mild, 7 moderate, 3 severe). Only 2 patients experienced no toxicity. No objective tumor responses were observed. Four patients had progression of tumor within 4 weeks of starting therapy and 14 patients had stable disease with a mean progression-free interval of 21 weeks. Although HMM is an active drug in untreated and alkylating agent-resistant OvCa, experience suggests that HMM at the dose and schedule tested has insignificant activity in patients who have failed cisplatin-based combination therapy.
The consequences of professionalism among police chiefs

The importance of police professionalism has been noted widely, but few studies have evaluated its consequences empirically. In the present research we examine the impact of police chiefs' professionalism on three asspects of the police function: job satisfaction, work relations, and professionalization of the police occupation. Our findings show that chiefs' professionalism is a minimal predictor for these areas, and that, surprisingly, professionalism affects several criteria of professionalization in the direction opposite from what was expected. In conclusion we discuss the implications of our findings for the police reform movement.
Kinetics of solvolysis of dihalo-(3,3′,3″-triaminotripropylamine)cobalt(III) perchlorate

The kinetics of the primary solvolysis reaction of [Co(trpn)X 2]+ ions (trpn = 3,3′,3″-triaminotripropylamine = N(CH2CH2CH2NH2)3; X = F, Cl, Br) in acetonitrile were studied. At 25°C, the rate constants for the release of one halide are 7.8 × 10−4, 1.66 × 10−3 and 1.87 × 10−2 s−1 for X = F, Cl and Br, respectively. The corresponding activation parameters ΔH‡ (kcal mol−1) and ΔS‡ (cal K−1 mol−1) are as follows: 24.7(±0.6), 10.8(±1.8); 13.6(±0.6), −25.8(±1.8); 5.05(±0.8), −49.5(±2.4) for the same series. The rate constants were found to be independent of the initial complex concentration. The solvolysis product [Co(trpn)(CH3CN)Br]BrClO4, of the reaction of the complex [Co(trpn)Br2]ClO4 with acetonitrile, was isolated and characterized. No evidence was found for the second solvolysis step. The results are discussed in terms of the dissociative Id mechanism.
Parathyroid Hormone Status Does Not Influence Blood and Bone Lead Levels in Dialysis Patients

ABSTRACT Elevated blood lead levels, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, have been reported among patients with end-stage renal disease. We evaluated whether these higher levels are due to release of lead from the skeleton because of uremic bone disease. Fifty-one African-American patients with end-stage renal disease were recruited from 3 Tulane University dialysis programs between January and July 2005. An interviewer-administered questionnaire, blood specimen collection and 109 Cd-based x-ray fluorescence measurement of tibia lead occurred during a single study visit. Levels of serum parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium, phosphorus, and albumin were abstracted from the patients’ charts. The distributions of tibia and blood lead were similar across levels of serum PTH. Specifically, for participants with serum PTH μ g/g and 17 μ g/g, respectively, and geometric mean blood lead levels were 6.7 μ g/dL and 6.6 μ g/dL, respectively ( P = 0.70 and 0.87, respectively). After adjustment for age, gender, education, cigarette smoking, and dialysis vintage, natural log transformed blood lead was 0.022 lower in patients with serum PTH ≥300 pg/mL ( P = 0.87). There were no differences in tibia and blood lead across levels of serum calcium, serum phosphorus, and the calcium phosphorus product (all P > 0.40). The high blood lead levels observed among dialysis patients do not appear to be the result of increased bone turnover. The causes of higher blood lead levels for these patients need to be identified and attenuated.
Characterizing binding of small molecules. II. Evaluating the potency of small molecules to combat resistance based on docking structures

Drug resistance severely erodes the efficacy of therapeutic treatments for many diseases. Assessing the potency of a drug lead to combat resistance is no doubt critical for designing new drugs or new therapeutic combinations. Virtual screening is often the first step in drug discovery and a challenging problem is to accurately predict the resistant profile of an inhibitor based on the docking structures. Using a well studied system HIV-1 protease, we have illustrated the success of a computational method called MIEC-SVM on tackling this problem. We computed molecular interaction energy components (MIECs) between the ligand and the protease residues to characterize the docking poses, which were input to support vector machine (SVM) to distinguish resistant from nonresistant mutants. More importantly, the method is able to predict resistant profiles for new drugs based on the docking structures as indicated by its satisfactory performance in leave-one-drug-out and leave-drug/mutants-out tests. Therefore, th...
Macrophage phenotype during cholestatic injury and repair: The persistent inflammatory response

Abstract Background/Purpose: Biliary decompression for congenital or acquired obstruction (eg, biliary atresia) does not uniformly lead to liver repair, restore function, or prevent cholangitis. The authors hypothesize that failed repair is caused by altered macrophage (Mo) phenotypes central to an ongoing inflammatory and fibrogenic response. Methods: In adult rats, biliary obstruction was performed by suspension of the common bile duct for 5 or 7 days. Decompression followed release of the loop until death during the course of liver repair. To determine Mo phenotype in the presence or absence of resident macrophages, animals were either administered gadolinium chloride or saline before injury and repair. At death, hepatic Mo were isolated, stained with MAC-1 (CD11b/CD 18) and OX-3 (MHC class II), and quantified with flow cytometry. Liver sections were immunostained for ED-1 and ED2; positive Mo were counted per square millimeter of tissue. Results: Obstruction led to bile duct proliferation, fibrosis, and inflammation. Decompression relieved jaundice and ductal hyperplasia. After injury, hepatic Mo showed an 80% phenotypic conversion to MAC-1 and OX-3-positive cells. Cells isolated from livers at 9 days of repair persisted with 60% MAC-1 and 77% OX-3 expression. Gadolinium reduced Kupffer cells at all stages of repair. Recruited Mo in treated animals increased 4-fold greater than controls. Conclusions: Kupffer cells appear to limit the recruitment and persistence of a systemic macrophage phenotype in liver injury and repair. Cell surface markers for systemic macrophages appear after injury and persist during repair, despite adequate biliary decompression. After biliary decompression, this macrophage phenotype accounts for inflammatory complications such as cholangitis and ongoing fibrosis. J Pediatr Surg 36:220-228. Copyright © 2001 by W.B. Saunders Company.
Risk Factors for the Onset of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/DSM-III Agoraphobia in a Prospective, Population-Based Study

• We analyzed the onset of agoraphobia in a large prospective study of the general population. The annual incidence of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/ DSM-III agoraphobia is estimated at 22 per 1000 population per year. Latent class analysis of new cases in the at-risk population reveals the existence of two subtypes of agoraphobia. The relationship of the incidence of the two subtypes to sociodemographic and psychopathologic risk factors suggests different origins. The data also show that in two thirds of the 260 new cases of Diagnostic Interview Schedule/ DSM-III agoraphobia, onset occurs without a history of panic attack. We analyzed the relationship of these epidemiologic results to earlier clinical findings in terms of possible measurement and sampling differences.
Feeding behavior responses of Zucker rats to naloxone

The effects of naloxone on feeding patterns were studied in both obese and lean Zucker rats during both light and dark phases of the diurnal cycle. Eight female obese (471 +/- 9 g) and lean (225 +/- 6 g) Zucker rats were trained to bar press for food. They were administered 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg naloxone at the initiation of the light or dark phase of the diurnal cycle and feeding behavior was recorded for the subsequent 12 hr using an automated real-time data collection system. First meal size and duration were decreased and first postmeal interval was increased by naloxone and responses did not vary with phenotype or phase of the diurnal cycle. Naloxone decreased food intake during the 12-hr period by decreasing average meal size but meal frequency was not affected. Overall, the feeding behavior responses of obese rats to naloxone were greater than those of lean rats, supporting the hypothesis of an association between opioid peptides and obesity. Opioid involvement in diurnal control of food intake is also supported by the greater responses generally demonstrated in the light compared with dark phases.
Esophagectomy after induction chemoradiation.

The definition of a standard therapy for resectable esophagealcancer remains a clinical controversy. In the past decade, a variety ofstrategies have been developed in an attempt to improve local controland decrease the all too common problem of distant metastases. Preoperative treatment with radiotherapy or chemotherapy has beenproved to be feasible, although neither strategy has resulted inimproved survival rates. More recently, concurrent, neoadjuvantchemoradiation has been utilized with encouraging pathologic responses. Equally important is the recognition that such aggressive therapy doesnot lead to worse surgical outcomes. The evidence for the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of induction therapy followed byesophagectomy is presented in the context of developing a rationalmethodology to allow for the ongoing modification of standards of carein the management of this difficultdisease.
A NEW TEST FOR FAT ABSORPTION WHICH EMPLOYS AN IODINATED TRIGLYCERIDE.

A new test for fat absorption is described based upon determinations of iodine inprotein-free blood filtrates at various intervals after ingestion of an iodinated triglyceride (Lipiodol). A method is described for the determination of blood iodine following an oral dose of iodized oil. The test is less tedious and time-consuming than previously described tests for fat absorption. In a control group of 27 normal subjects the blood iodine values following iodized oil ingestion were significantly higher than those obtained in 22 children with a variety of absorptive defects associated with steatorrhea.
Real-time modeling of quantum cascade laser operation using linear combinations of intrawell properties

Description of multi-quantum well heterostructures based on localized properties of the constituent single well eigenstates permits invaluable insight into the relationships between structure design and device operation. Analytical descriptions of single well electronic states permits analytical evaluation of tight-binding parameters used to describe coupled well interactions. An expansion of Fermi’s Golden Rule in the single well basis is presented under the assumption that transitions between delocalized states can be written as linear combinations of intrawell mean scattering rates. This assumption of localized transitions permits the construction of predetermined sets for the limited single well scattering events. Using a simplified density matrix description of transport, where incoherent scattering and coherent tunneling is restricted to intrawell and interwell transitions, respectively, allows for an easily accessible model of transport. The combination of these computational techniques produces a simulation tool requiring near zero computational time. Application of these techniques to a four-well and a three-well resonant phonon depopulation quantum cascade laser demonstrates this method as a valuable tool for fast approximation of device operation.
Development of a dual fluorogenic and chromogenic dipeptidyl peptidase IV substrate.

A new far-red dual fluorogenic and chromogenic substrate, 5-glycylprolylglycylprolyl-9-di-3-sulfonyl-propylaminobenza[a]phenoxazonium perchlorate (GPGP-2SBPO), was developed for dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV) sensing. The glycylprolylglycylprolyl tetrapeptide was chosen as the recognition sequence due to its stability under physiological conditions. In contrast, the truncated substrate, GP-2SBPO, containing only a glycylprolyl peptide, is unstable. Proteolysis of GPGP-2SBPO was assayed by monitoring the absorbance and fluorescence signals from the released fluorochrome, 2SBPO, at 625 and 670 nm, respectively.
Large viscoplastic deflections of impulsively loaded plane frames

Abstract Applications are described of two estimation techniques to obtain final deflections and response times of plane rectangular frames subjected to impulsive loading on the transverse (beam) member. Deflections up to roughly one third the span (thirty thicknesses) are estimated by the mode approximation and deflection bounds techniques, treating the plastic rate dependence by means of homogeneous viscous constitutive equations. Comparisons are made with recent test results, and the degree of agreement is discussed in terms of the known error sources of the two techniques.
Perturbations in optimal trellis source code design

Given a fixed source model, a fixed trellis, and a fixed finite set of quantizer levels, one obtains a trellis source code for coding the given source by assigning each trellis edge a label from the set of quantizer levels. We consider the problem of finding which edge label assignment gives an optimal (or near optimal) trellis source code, i.e., a code yielding minimum (or near minimum) expected distortion per source sample. Group structures are imposed on the set of edges of the trellis and the set of quantizer levels, and the edge label assignment is required to be a group homomorphism. We define a trellis source code to be a perturbation of a given trellis source code if the set of edges where the edge label mappings of the two codes disagree is of smallest possible cardinality. We present the results of computer experiments showing that for a finite alphabet memoryless source model and Hamming distortion, an optimal or near optimal trellis source code may be found which is "intermediately perturbable" in the sense that the number of perturbations of the code is close to halfway between the minimum and maximum number of perturbations a trellis source code on the given trellis can have. This principle, where valid, can be used as a means to narrow the search for good trellis source codes
Psychosocial Development of the Gifted: Implications for a Counseling Intervention for Gifted Students

Traditional approaches to the education of gifted children and youth have focused on cognitive dimensions, with a program emphasis of enriched and accelerated education, providing services in special classes, special schools, and in the regular classroom. In the current public school environment in the United States, considerable attention is being placed on raising standards and testing students. No piece of educational legislation in the past decade has stirred as much comment and controversy as the No Child Left Behind Act that includes a mandate for an extensive testing program across major subject areas (Gallagher, 2004). Academic success and cognitive development have become the focus of educational programs, especially for gifted students. Gifted students feel pressure to succeed; consequently, their emotional and social development is being neglected by the school (Fleith, 2001). This paper examines the critical importance of developing the emotional, social and personal self of the exceptional child who needs to understand the intensities and challenges of functioning fully as a gifted person. The paper includes a summary of the essential counseling interventions for Gifted students.
Re-mediating the University: Learning through Sociocritical Literacies

The article provides a framework for the development of robust learning ecologies organized around the cultural historical concept of “re-mediation”. In contrast to traditional “remedial” approaches to students from nondominant communities, re-mediation involves a transformation of the learning ecology, including a shift in the way tools and forms of assistance function to incite and facilitate learning. This article elaborates the notion of “re-mediation” in redesigning contexts for learning in which all students can be “smart” through the conscious and strategic use of a range of theoretic and material tools. The key concepts of re-mediation, a historicizing education, and sociocritical literacies are discussed in the context of two cases that illustrate two learning ecologies developed for students historically excluded from robust learning and higher education. A programme that was antecedent to the design of the current project addressed in this special issue is elaborated to emphasize the importance...
Analytical prediction of stable optical trapping in optical vortices created by three TE or TM plane waves

A closed-form analytical expression of the force on an infinite lossless dielectric cylinder due to multiple plane wave incidences is proposed. The formula for a TE polarization is derived and completes our previous work which was limited to TM polarizations. A unified form of the analytical expression of the force is proposed and used to study the curvature of the one dimensional potential of an optical lattice created by the interference of three plane waves. It is shown that the points of zero curvature yield optical vortices which can be used to stably trap particles of particular sizes and index contrasts with the background. Under these circumstances, the trajectories of the particles can be assimilated to spirals whose centers correspond to the points of undetermined phase in the optical landscape.
Combined sources of motivation and escape responding

Zero and 21μ hr. (approximately) of food deprivation were orthogonally combined with 40 and 70 v of shock during a single shock-escape trial. Escape performance was directly related to both level of deprivation and shock intensity.
Haven't I seen you before? Straight men who are insecure of their masculinity remember gender-atypical faces

To navigate a busy interpersonal landscape, people direct perceptual resources in a motivated fashion that maximizes goals and minimizes threats. While adaptive, these heuristics can also lead to noteworthy biases, including a well-documented memory advantage for ingroup members. Recent research has extended these findings to reveal other motivational biases that emerge early in social perception. When perceivers feel threatened, for example, they are vigilant to outgroup members. Although compelling, evidence for this vigilance-threat hypothesis is currently limited to feelings of physical threat and memory for racial outgroups. Here, we extended these findings to a different form of threat—gender identity threat. Four studies documented that straight men who feel insecure about their masculinity have heightened recognition of gender-atypical faces. We therefore argue that gender identity concerns play an important role in social vision, arousing perceptual biases that have implications for how men attend to and remember others in their social environments.
ArH 2 + and NeH 2 + as Global Minima in the Ar + /Ne + + H 2 Reactions: Energetic, Spectroscopic, and Structural Data

In light of the recent discovery of ArH+ in the Crab nebula, it is shown through high-level quantum chemical comptuations that the global minima on the Ar+/Ne+ + H2 potential energy surfaces are ArH2+ and NeH2+. Hence, ArH2+ may be a necessary intermediate in the Ar+ + H2 -> ArH+ + H formation reaction proposed in the same work where ArH+ is first reported in the Crab nebula. ArH2+ is also probably an intermediate in the alternative Ar + H+2 -> ArH+ + H reaction. Additionally, it is shown that Ne+ + H2 -> NeH+2 will subsequently most likely yield Ne + H+2 and not NeH+ + H offering a possible rationale as to the absence of NeH+ in spectra obtained from the interstellar medium (ISM). Following from this, spectroscopic data (both rotational and vibrational) are provided for NeH2+ and ArH2+ through the use of highly-accurate quantum chemical quartic and cubic force fields. All possible isotopologues are also included for 20Ne, 22Ne, 36Ar, 38Ar, 40Ar, 1H, and D. The dipole moments for these systems are quite large at 5.61 D for NeH2+ and 4.37 D for ArH2+. The spectroscopic constants provided will aid in the potential detection of these open-shell noble gas dihydride cations in the ISM.
A note on optimal stopping for possible change in the intensity of an ordinary Poisson process

Abstract Peskir and Shiryaev [2002. Solving the Poisson disorder problem. In: Advances in Finance and Stochastics: Essays in Honor of Dieter Sonderman. Springer, New York, pp. 295–312] determined the optimal stopping rule for a problem of quick detection of a change-point in the intensity of a homogeneous ordinary Poisson process, when the cost per unit time of delayed detection is in a given range, and the change-point occurs at random times following a mixed exponential distribution. Using the same Bayesian framework, we extend their results to a range of cost values not considered before. We obtain the results by using the Dynamic Programming rather than the analytical methods used by Peskir and Shiryaev.
Should we disclose amyloid imaging results to cognitively normal individuals

SUMMARY Demonstration of brain accumulation of fibrillar amyloid-β protein via PET with amyloid-specific ligands may support the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). There is increasing recognition of the potential use of amyloid imaging to detect the pathology of AD in vivo in individuals with no ostensible cognitive impairment. Research use of amyloid PET in cognitively normal patients will be key to the pursuit of therapies able to delay cognitive impairment and dementia due to AD. We review the pros and cons of disclosing amyloid imaging results to cognitively normal individuals in clinical and research settings and provide draft recommendations.
The effects of cryoprotectants on the sensory properties of frozen blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) meat

The sensory properties of cryogenically frozen crab meat, treated with polydextrose, a blend of sucrose/sorbitol/phosphate or water was compared with pasteurised crab meat using both trained and consumer panels. Samples were vacuum sealed, cryogenically frozen and stored at -29°C for 32 weeks. A trained panel evaluated changes in appearance, aroma, flavour, and texture at periods of 0, 4, 8, 16, 20, 24, 28 and 32 weeks while a consumer panel evaluated sensory changes after 0, 16 and 32 weeks of storage. An untreated cryogenically frozen reference sample was stored at -65°C. Polydextrose and sucrose/sorbitol/phosphate treatments were closest in sensory attributes to fresh crab meat in that they had fewer adverse changes in quality than the water, reference or pasteurised treatments. Panellists detected more sour, rancid, and ammonia notes and less fresh crab flavor in the pasteurised sample. All of the cryogenically frozen samples were closer to fresh crab meat, in quality attribute terms than pasteurised crab mat. Consumer panel evaluations were in agreement with trained panel assessments showing that cryoprotectants were effective in delaying the deterioration of sensory attributes during frozen storage.
DEFECTS IN MBE SILICON

A study of defects that are observed in Si MBE layers under certain growth conditions is reported. Optical microscopy examinations of unetched and etched layers reveal particle-like defects of micron size, stacking faults, dislocations, and saucer pits. TEM shows interfacial defects of tens of Angstroms size at the substrate-epitaxial layer interface. Reproducible defect densities are given for various in-situ cleaning procedures.
A 64-site multishank CMOS low-profile neural stimulating probe

Describes a low-profile micromachined CMOS probe for multisite stimulation and recording in the central nervous system. The probe uses flexible silicon interconnects to allow the signal processing portion of the probe to fold at right angles to the penetrating probe shanks, limiting the implanted profile above the cortex to less than 1 mm. The probe is designed to stimulate a 4 mm/sup 3/ volume of neural tissue with a spatial resolution of 400 /spl mu/m using 1000 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ electrode sites. Eight of the 64 sites on the probe can be driven simultaneously over a current range from -127 /spl mu/A to +127 /spl mu/A with 1 /spl mu/A resolution. An on-chip preamplifier allows the neural activity on any selected site to be recorded with an overall gain of 30 and bandwidth from 50 Hz to 9 kHz. The probe operates with a stimulus current linearity of 0.98 up to clock frequencies as high as 5 MHz and dissipates less than 15 /spl mu/A in standby from /spl plusmn/5 V supplies.
The green algal pigment caulerpin as a plant growth regulator

Abstract Caulerpin, a green algal pigment possessing a unique bis-indole structure, has been shown to be a plant growth regulator. Root growth assays were conducted with caulerpin and its hydrolysis product, and the results were compared with data obtained with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-pyruvic acid (IPA) and indole-3-acrylic acid (IAcA). This study has indicated that caulerpin, in essence a dimer of indole-3-acrylic acid, behaves much like the indole auxins.
DIURNAL FLUCTUATIONS IN THE MOISTURE CONTENT OF SOME HERBACEOUS PLANTS

1DIURNAI FLUCTUATIONS in the moisture content of the leaves of many plants have been reported by numerous workers including Lloyd (1913), Shreve (1914), Miller (1917), Metzger et al. (1925), and Hawkins (1927). Data from experiments reported by Kramer (1937) on changes in the moisture content of leaves confirm an observation of Miller that the maximum moisture content of the leaves of some herbaceous plants was reached during the middle of the night. It was also observed that the moisture content of the leaves of certain plants reached a peak early in the evening, declined towards 2 a.m. and then reached another peak towards sunrise. Although the data were not analyzed statistically, this trend was thought to be real. A review of the literature did not reveal any experiments performed to determine whether there are fluctuations in the moisture content of the plant as a whole. It was believed that simultaneous determinations of the moisture content of the roots, stems, and leaves of a group of plants over the course of a day might indicate whether the various plant organs maintain the same relative moisture content and react as a whole to the loss of water by transpiration, or whether internal factors might cause different reactions in the various organs of the plant. MET'IIODS.-Herbaceous species were used since it was felt that their large water content would allow the greatest possible daily fluctuation. Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and amaranthus (Amaranthus spinosus L.) were the species employed. Experiments were performed during two summers, when a sufficient number of field grown plants of amaranthus and of sunflower were available to provide material for 6 groups of experiments. When the plants were approximately 7 weeks old and between 3 and 4 ft. in height, they were divided at random, by the use of Tippet's numbers, into thirteen groups of six plants each. Since moisture determinations were to be made every 2 hr. for 26 hr., each group represented the plants that were to be used foronedetermination. When it was believed that a clear day, which would approximate standard day conditions with a maximum temperature of 30350C., was at hand, the soil in which the plants were growing was thoroughly watered in the evening and the experiments started at 6 a.m. the following rnorning. Root, stem and leaf samples were taken every 2 hr. until 6 a.m. the following morning. The six plants, which constituted a sample, were
A review of recent american work on gun erosion and its control

Abstract Gun erosion is a complicated process which involves a number of interrelated factors. There is general agreement that erosion is a function of bore temperature but this does not eliminate controversy about its causes or the relative importance of different factors. The three effects involved in gun erosion are thermal, chemical and mechanical. In the case of the most important erosion, that of steel bores at the origin of rifling, the chief factor is probably thermal. However, no matter what the specific mechanism of erosion, it is a function of the rate of heat transferred to the bore. It can only be controlled by making the steel bore more resistant to temperature by coating it with a layer of another material or by lowering the rate of heat transfer from the propellant gases.
The application of cognitive learning theory to criminal justice education

Most criminal justice programs began as extensions of vocational technical training courses, but within the last decade they have begun to parallel the liberal arts programs originally proposed. As a result of this reorientation, criminal justice instructors lack many of the instructional methods used by colleagues in other fields. In addition, the dual nature of criminal justice instruction, requiring both experience and theory, places demands on criminal justice instructors that their colleagues may not experience. The field needs an instructional approach that blends the best of the vocational aspects and the theoretical underpinnings. This paper reviews cognitive learning theory, specifically Kolb's experiential learning model. Recommendations are offered for the application of this model to instruction in criminal justice courses.
Low-impurity, highly conformal atomic layer deposition of titanium nitride using NH3–Ar–H2 plasma treatment for capacitor electrodes

Abstract The atomic layer deposition (ALD) of titanium nitride (TiN) films using tetrakis(dimethylamido)titanium and ammonia (NH3) with and without NH3–Ar–H2 plasma posttreatment was evaluated. Based on the saturation mechanism, the growth rate with and without plasma treatment was saturated at 0.24 and 0.46 nm/cycle, respectively. Plasma-treated TiN films had nanocrystalline structures, and the root-mean-square thickness was 0.211 nm. Carbon impurities decreased from 12% without plasma treatment to 3% with plasma treatment. ALD TiN films formed using plasma posttreatment retained perfect step coverage on trenches with aspect ratios from 8 to 20.
Number of mitochondria and some properties of mitochondrial DNA in the mouse egg

Abstract The number of mitochondria stored in the 1-cell mouse egg was determined by electron microscopic morphometry. In the four eggs examined, the average mitochondrial number obtained per egg was 92,500 ± 7000 SD. The total DNA from 6600 unfertilized mouse eggs was isolated by buoyant density centrifugation in an ethidium bromide-CsCl gradient. A fluorometric assay performed on a sample of the purified DNA gave a value of about 8 pg for the DNA content of the unfertilized mouse egg (without the first polar body); it was estimated that about one-third of this amount, 2–3 pg, represented mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Electron microscopic visualization revealed that 11% of the mtDNA population consisted of catenated forms. About 30% of the mtDNA circles contained a D loop and 70% were clean duplex circles. No larger replicative intermediates of mtDNA were found, suggesting an absence of mtDNA replication in the unfertilized mouse egg.