cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Membrane-Bound Transcription Factor CREB3L1 Is Activated in Response to Virus Infection to Inhibit Proliferation of Virus-Infected Cells

Summary CREB3L1/OASIS is a cellular transcription factor synthesized as a membrane-bound precursor and activated by regulated intramembrane proteolysis in response to stimuli like ER stress. Comparing gene expression between Huh7 subclones that are permissive for hepatitis C virus (HCV) replication versus the nonpermissive parental Huh7 cells, we identified CREB3L1 as a host factor that inhibits proliferation of virus-infected cells. Upon infection with diverse DNA and RNA viruses, including murine γ-herpesvirus 68, HCV, West Nile virus (WNV), and Sendai virus, CREB3L1 was proteolytically cleaved, allowing its NH 2 terminus to enter the nucleus and induce multiple genes encoding inhibitors of the cell cycle to block cell proliferation. Consistent with this, we observed a necessity for CREB3L1 expression to be silenced in proliferating cells that harbor replicons of HCV or WNV. Our results indicate that CREB3L1 may play an important role in limiting virus spread by inhibiting proliferation of virus-infected cells.
Response of Early- and Late-Maturing Commercial Leghorn Pullets to Low Levels of Dietary Phosphorus

Abstract An experiment with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to determine differences in responses of early-maturing (EM) and late-maturing (LM) pullets fed low dietary P (.4% total P; LP) and normal dietary P (.7% total P; NP) levels. Six hundred pullets (18-wk-old) were equally and randomly allocated to the LP and NP treatments. Egg production, egg weight, egg specific gravity, and eggshell breaking strength were measured at 26 and 28 wk. When pullets were 28 wk of age, plasma total Ca (TCa), ionic Ca (Ca++), and inorganic P (Pi) concentrations, urine Ca concentrations, and urine pH, bone mineral content (BMC), bone density, total kidney weight, and kidney weight ratio (heavier kidney ÷ lighter kidney) were determined from 15 pullets each from EM-NP, EM-LP, LM-NP, and LM-LP treatments. The pullets with osteoporosis and pullets that died during the experiment were categorized into EM and LM groups. Results showed that LP caused severe adverse effects on LM pullets. The LM pullets fed the LP diet had high plasma Ca++ concentration, low plasma Pi concentration, increased urine Ca concentration, a high incidence of osteoporosis, mild kidney lesions, and elevated mortality compared with pullets subjected to the other treatments. The EM pullets fed the LP diet were also adversely effected by LP, but were less susceptible to osteoporosis and mortality. The LP diet improved eggshell quality, but this beneficial effect was only temporary. The severity of adverse effects of low dietary P was greater for LM than the EM pullets.
Autologous T-cell vaccination for multiple sclerosis: a perspective on progress.

T-cell vaccination (TCV) is a unique approach to induce immune regulation that may have importance in the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). TCV employs a classic vaccine strategy of injecting an attenuated form of the disease-causing agent — in this case, myelin-reactive T cells — that have been selected and expanded from each MS donor and then re-injected after irradiation to induce protective immunity. This anti-T-cell immunity consistently results in selective deletion or regulation of the targeted pathogenic T cells in vivo. Longitudinal studies have established that TCV is safe and often results in a reduced relapse rate and clinical stability or improvement, at least temporarily, in the majority of treated MS patients. These results lend direct support to the involvement of inflammatory myelin-reactive T cells in the MS disease process. However, these hopeful trends reported in a number of pilot trials await validation in larger proof-of-principle trials that are now in progress.
Trans -spanning acetylenic bispyridine ligands: synthesis and structural characterization of novel organic and organometallic pseudodehydroannulenes

Abstract The synthesis of a novel ferrocene based pincer ligand C5H5-Fe[C5H3(--C5H4N)2] is reported. This pincer ligand was prepared by the Pd-catalyzed reaction of 1,2-diethynylferrocene with 2-iodopyridine. The complex is a trans-spanning ligand and analogous to 1,2-bis(2-pyridinylethynyl)-4,5-dimethoxybenzene. A series of trans-coordinated 1:1 or 2:1 complexes (empirical formulae C51H37ClCuF3N4O7S and C23H18Cl4N2O2Pd) that form from the ligands and (CH3CN)2PdCl2 or Cu(OTf)2 were obtained. These complexes form 13-membered rings. Structurally these complexes resemble a hexadehydro[14]annulene in which two benzene groups are replaced by pyridine rings and one alkyne group is replaced by the co-ordinated metal. All of the trans-spanning complexes were characterized by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Their molecular and solid-state structures are discussed. The Pd-complexes are of interest as potential high activity catalysts for Sonogashira-type couplings of alkynes to aryl halides. The 1,2-(bis-2′-pyridylethyn-1′-yl)ferrocene, was crystallized with PdCl2 to obtain a novel organometallic trans-spanning complex of the formula C24H16Cl2FeN2Pd that was crystallographically characterized.
Coupled oscillators and negative probabilities

Two Lee-type oscillators are coupled for the purpose of studying, in as elementary a manner as possible, the negative-probability problems occuring in a theory with more than one renormalization constant which may be less than zero. These constants are expressed in terms of variable renormalization parameters and the negative-probability implications for the two lowest, nontrivial subspaces are then analysed.
Randomly rattled ratchets

Ratchets are anisotropic periodic potentials. Particles subject to ratchet forces and simultaneously to thermal and nonthermal fluctuations can rectify the nonequilibrium noise, thereby extracting energy from incoherent and otherwise symmetric random forces. In this paper I describe some simple models which illustrate this phenomenon, highlighting two particular mechanisms leading to fluctuation-induced current.
Cooperative and competitive motives enhance perceptual sensitivity to angry and happy facial expressions

The interdependent motives of cooperation and competition are integral to adaptive social functioning. In three experiments, we provide novel evidence that both cooperation and competition goals enhance perceptual acuity for both angry and happy faces. Experiment 1 found that both cooperative and competitive motives improve perceivers’ ability to discriminate between genuine and deceptive smiles. Experiment 2 revealed that both cooperative and competitive motives improve perceivers’ perceptual sensitivity to subtle differences among happy and angry facial expressions. Finally, Experiment 3 found that the motivated increase in perceptual acuity for happy and angry expressions allows perceivers to overcome the effects of visual noise, relative to unmotivated control participants. Collectively, these results provide novel evidence that the interdependent motives of cooperation and competition can attune visual perception, accentuating the subjectively experienced signal strength of anger and happiness.
Models of excellence: improving oncology drug development.

Simulations based on disease-progression models and phase II trial results can predict phase III results and have the potential to improve oncology drug development by informing end-of-phase II decisions (EOP2Ds). Many barriers impede effective use of modeling and simulation (M&S) for EOP2Ds in oncology: concerns about model validity, lack of access to M&S results and patient-level data, limited awareness of M&S among academic oncologists, and inexperience fitting M&S into the drug development timeline. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2012); 92 5, 548–550. doi:10.1038/clpt.2012.99
Management of HIV-infected pregnant patients in malaria-endemic areas: Therapeutic and safety considerations in concomitant use of antiretroviral and antimalarial agents

Chemotherapy in pregnancy is an intricate process requiring prudent use of pharmacologic agents. Malarial infection during pregnancy is often fatal, and prophylaxis against the causative parasite necessitates rational therapeutic intervention. Various agents have been used for prophylaxis against malaria during pregnancy, including chloroquine, mefloquine, proguanil, pyrimethamine, and pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine. Use of these agents has been based on a risk-benefit criterion, without appropriate toxicologic or teratologic evaluation. Some of the aforementioned prophylactic agents have been shown to alter glutathione levels and may exacerbate the oxidation-reduction imbalance attendant on HIV infection. HIV-infected patients traveling to or residing in malaria-endemic areas require protection from malarial infection to avoid placing themselves in double jeopardy. Zidovudine (AZT) is recommended for the prevention of vertical transmission of HIV-1 from mother to child. Other agents, such as lamivudine alone or in combination with AZT, nevirapine, or the HIV-1 protease inhibitors, are either being considered or are currently undergoing trials for use in preventing vertical transmission of HIV-1 or managing HIV infection in infants and children. Although the potential for antimalarial agents to cause congenital malformations is low when they are used alone, their ability to cause problems when combined with antiretroviral drugs needs to be evaluated. In developing countries that have high birth rates, a high endemicity of malaria, and alarming rates of new cases of HIV, prophylaxis against both diseases with combination agents during pregnancy is a challenge.
Tapered meander slot antenna for dual band personal wireless communication systems

A small size antenna is designed for dual-band operation for personal wireless communication systems. The design is based on a tapered meander slot in a finite size ground plane, with a microstrip feed line at the opposite side of the dielectric substrate. The antenna supports 1800 MHz and 2400 MHz operations simultaneously with bandwidths of 130 MHz and 350 MHz, respectively. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 36: 381–385, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.10770
Mutations of the human P gene associated with type II oculocutaneous albinism (OCA2)

Mutations in the human P gene lead to oculocutaneous albinism type 2 (OCA2, MIM #203200), the most common type of albinism in humans. The P gene encodes a 110 kDa protein that is associated with melanosomal membranes and contains 12 potential membrane spanning domains. The specific function of the P protein is currently unknown. We report 7 new mutations in the P gene associated with OCA2. This includes 6 missense mutations (S86R, C112F, A368V, T592I, A724P and A787V) and one frameshift mutation (1047del7). We also report 8 polymorphisms including one amino acid substitution, D/A257. We and others have found many polymorphisms of the P gene in the coding region, several of which result in amino acid substitutions, making molecular diagnosis problematic. In contrast to this is the tyrosinase gene associated with OCA1, with a limited number of polymorphic variations in the coding region. There is also no apparent clustering of P gene missense mutations in contrast to the clustering observed by the tyrosinase gene missense mutations that define functional domains of the protein. Further mutational analysis is needed to help define the critical functional domains of the P protein and to allow a definitive diagnosis of OCA2. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Brain-SM/SDPC/Cholesterol Phase Diagram

We report the solved 3-component phase diagram for the biologically relevant mixture of brain-SM/ SDPC (18:0,22:6)-PC/cholesterol. Polyunsaturated acyl chains can have special influences on the mixing and phase behaviors of lipid mixtures. Their high degree of unsaturation affects the physical properties of biomembranes in ways that are still not fully understood, and their high concentration in some membranes makes them key players in membrane structure. FRET techniques and fluorescence microscopy imaging of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) were employed for phase boundary visualization and phase identification of this 3-component mixture. Fluorescent lipid probes having complementary partitioning behavior were used to distinguish between phases. Of particular interest is the “raft” region of Ld + Lo phase coexistence, which shows phase separation by FRET methods, yet GUVs appear uniform under microscopy. Taken together these results indicate nanoscopic Ld + Lo phase separation in brain-SM/ SDPC (18:0,22:6)-PC/cholesterol mixture.
Distribution of hsp-27 and HER-2/ neu in in situ and invasive ductal breast carcinomas

Background: The overexpression of heat shock protein 27 (hsp-27) in early-stage breast cancer is associated with histopathologic features of poor prognosis and clinically with an increased probability of disease recurrence. Hsp-27 is overexpressed in 25% of invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC); however, its distribution in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and DCIS associated with IDC has not been investigated. We postulated that hsp-27 might be detected and variably expressed in DCIS and, like HER-2/neu oncoprotein expression, might be a tumor-specific marker worthy of future clinical investigation.
‘Water mania!’: drought and the rhetoric of rule in nineteenth-century Algeria

This article explores the confluence of water crisis and social-political power in the 1860s in Algeria. An unprecedented series of environmental events – ongoing drought, locust invasion, the outbreak of epidemic disease – conspired with the privations of three decades of colonial rule to kill around 800,000 people between 1865 and 1870. This crisis was the impetus for a reconfiguration of the practice and discourse of water control and hygiene into a unique architecture of power relations. The colonial state appeared in this environment as a singular, unitary entity that could act on the environment for the benefit of society. Actions such as washing streets, repairing wells, building dams, and mandating hygienic measures to protect the population suggested a coherence of power different from what had existed in the colony previously. This apparent coherence, I argue, was an effect brought about by the confluence of hydraulic infrastructural projects, settler rhetoric about water, hygiene, and modernity...
Functional Coupling of Phosphorylation and Nucleotide Binding Sites in the Proteolytic Fragments of Na+/K+-ATPase

Abstract Cleavage of the α-subunit of Na+/K+-ATPase by trypsin at Arg438-Ala439 causes enzyme inhibition which has been suggested to be due to altered alignment of phosphorylation site on the 48-kDa N-terminal fragment with nucleotide binding site on the 64-kDa C-terminal fragment. Our aims were to test this hypothesis and to assess the effect of the cleavage on the enzyme's two ATP sites. Na+-dependent phosphorylation of the partially cleaved enzyme by ATP showed that K0.5 values of ATP for phosphorylations of intact α and 48-kDa peptide were the same (0.4 μM). Unchanged interactions among the residues across the cleavage site were also indicated by data showing that reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate with the 64-kDa peptide blocked phosphorylation of the 48-kDa peptide by ATP. ATP is known to block the reaction of fluorescein isothiocyanate with the enzyme. Experiments on the partially cleaved enzyme showed that K0.5 of ATP for protection of α was 30-60 μM, and the value for the protection of interacting 48-kDa and 64-kDa peptides was 1-3 mM. Evidently, while the cleavage does not affect the high affinity catalytic site, it disrupts the allosteric low affinity ATP site. Experiments on reconstituted preparations showed that the cleavage abolished ATP-dependent Na+/K+ exchange, Pi + ATP-dependent Rb+/Rb+ exchange, ATP-dependent Na+/Na+ exchange, and ADP + ATP-dependent Na+/Na+ exchange activities. Selective disruption of the low affinity ATP site accounts for the inhibitions of all functions involving K+(Rb+), based on the established role of this site in the control of K+ access channels. Cleavage-induced inhibitions of other activities, however, suggest additional roles of the low affinity ATP site in the reaction cycle.
Aggressive early total parental nutrition in low-birth-weight infants.

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to compare nitrogen balance and biochemical tolerance of early aggressive versus late total parenteral nutrition in very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) infants over the first week of life. STUDY DESIGN: In all, 32 ventilator-dependent preterm infants were prospectively randomized into two groups. The Early Total Parenteral Nutrition (ETPN) group received 3.5 g/kilo-day amino acids (AA), and 3 g/kilo-day of 20% Intralipid (IL), starting within 1 hour after birth. The Late Total Parenteral Nutrition group (LTPN), started on a solution containing glucose during the first 48 hours of life, followed by 2 g/kilo-day of AA and 0.5 g/kilo-day of IL. For the LTPN group AA and IL were each increased by 0.5 g/kilo-day to a maximum of 3.5 and 3 g/kilo-day, respectively. RESULTS: Nitrogen retention was significantly greater in all infants in the ETPN group throughout the 7-day study period. All infants in the LTPN group were in negative nitrogen balance during the first 48 hours of life, while those in the ETPN group were in positive nitrogen balance throughout. The mean (±SD) nitrogen retention in the ETPN was 384.5 mg/kilo-day (±20.2), compared to 203.4 mg/kilo-day (±20.9) in the LTPN group (p <0.001). In each of the first 5 days of life, energy intake was significantly greater in the ETPN group compared to the LTPN group (p <0.001). Mean fluid intake during the study period was similar between, the ETPN and the LTPN groups (162 and 165 cm3/kilo-day, respectively). The mean weight gain was similar in the ETPN and LTPN groups. Plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, bicarbonate, blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and pH were similar in both groups during the study period. Mean (±SD) serum glucose in the LTPN group was higher, but remained in normal range (101.1±5.2 and 80.8±5.4 mg/kilo-day, respectively). The mean peak serum bilirubin was significantly higher in the ETPN group, compared to The LTPN group (7.7 and 6.2 mg/dl). CONCLUSION: This study shows that aggressive intake of AA and IL can be tolerated immediately after birth by VLBW infants. Also, ETPN significantly increased positive nitrogen balance and caloric intake, without increasing the risk of metabolic acidosis, hypercholesterolemia, or hypertriglyceridemia.
Analytic Solutions and Experimental Data for Cyclic Voltammetry and Constant-Power Operation of Capacitors Consistent with HEV Applications

We derive and implement analytic solutions for the description of cyclic voltammetry (CV) and constant-power operation of high-power-density supercapacitors based on carbon electrodes and nonaqueous solvents. An equivalent circuit, consisting of a resistor in series with a capacitor, is used to capture the supercapacitor behavior. A single dimensionless group governs the performance of the system during cyclic voltammetry; we vary the frequency of the cycle over the range of interest for hybrid-electric vehicle (HEV) applications, which gives rise to current and potential variations commensurate with HEV applications as well. Constant-power operation is of direct interest for vehicle integration: for energy management of HEVs, one wants to know the available energy and the energy efficiency as a function of the demanded power, and our analytic solutions for charge and discharge address this issue directly. For both CV and constant-power operation, closed-form analytic solutions are compared with experimental data.
An AD-like model

A very fruitful line of research in recent years has been the application of techniques in large cardinals and forcing to the production of models in which certain consequences of the axiom of determinateness (AD) are true or in which certain "AD-like" consequences are true. Numerous results have been published on this subject, among them the papers of Bull and Kleinberg [4], Bull [3], Woodin [15], Mitchell [11], and [1], [2]. Another such model will be constructed in this paper. Specifically, the following theorem is proven. THEOREM 1. Con(ZFC + There are cardinals K < 6 < i so that K is a supercompact limit of supercompact cardinals, i is a measurable cardinal, and 6 is ,1 supercompact) . Con(ZF + N1 and N2 are Ramsey cardinals + The sN for 3 < n < Cl are singular cardinals of cofinality co each of which carries a Rowbottom filter + N,+ 1 is a Ramsey cardinal+ ? 8+ 2 is a measurable cardinal). It is well known that under AD + DC, N1 and N2 are measurable cardinals, the sN for 3 < n < co are singular Jonsson cardinals of cofinality N2, N0, is a Rowbottom cardinal, and N. + 1 and Na, +2 are measurable cardinals. The proof of the above theorem will use the existence of normal ultrafilters which satisfy a certain property (*) (to be defined later) and an automorphism argument which draws upon the techniques developed in [9], [2], and [4] but which shows in addition that certain supercompact Prikry partial orderings are in a strong sense "homogeneous". Before beginning the proof of the theorem, however, we briefly mention some preliminaries. Ordinal and cardinal notation used are all standard. We mention, though, that standard interval notation will also be used. For K and i cardinals, R(K) will be the sets of rank < K, and PK(A) = {X c A: IXI < K}. For X a set, X is the order type of X, and TC(X) is the transitive closure of X. Familiarity with large cardinals is assumed throughout. The reader unfamiliar with such notions should consult [5] or [14]. We mention only that when taking an ultrapower of a model via a countably complete measure, no distinction will be made between the ultrapower and its transitive collapse.
An example of seismic time picking by third-order bicoherence

Conventional seismic time-delay estimation relies on the crosscorrelation that quantifies the similarities between two measurements in the second-order time domain. When the noise correlation in the measurements is considerable, the correlation peak can be substantially distorted, resulting in imprecise and even biased estimation of the time delay. The synthetic data computed by Ikelle et al. (1993) and Ikelle and Yung (1994) in their studies of wave propagation through random media provide a good example of data with considerable noise correlation. In picking the arrival times in this data set, we found that the crosscorrelation technique suffers both from the severely restricted signal bandwidth and from the presence of coda. Here we present an alternative approach involving high-resolution nonparametric time-delay estimation in the third-order domain.
Acidolytic cleavage of tris(alkoxy)benzylamide (PAL) “internal reference” amino acyl (IRAA) anchoring linkages: validation of accepted procedures in solid‐phase peptide synthesis (SPPS)

Under the normal conditions of acidolytic cleavage/deprotection of tris(alkoxy)benzylamide (PAL) anchoring linkages in Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS), product release occurs by a straightforward single-step pathway. A recently reported cleavage of the NH--alpha CH bond of an amino acyl residue adjacent to PAL [see Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 38, 146-153 (1991)] could not be confirmed in novel experiments incorporating a double "internal reference" amino acid (IRAA) design. The results of the present work revalidate the widely accepted application of IRAAs to monitor yields in SPPS, and confirm the reliability of PAL methodology for the preparation of C-terminal peptide amides.
Discovery of the new particle J

Abstract We present a description of an experiment carried out at the 30 GeV Alternating Gradient Synchrotron of the Brookhaven National Laboratory. The experiment used a high intensity slow extracted proton beam of between 10 10 and 2·10 12 protons per pulse and measured the e + e − mass spectrum from the reaction p + Be→e + e − + X. The results of this experiment shows the production of a new type of particle, J, which decays to e + e − with a width consistent with zero.
The feeding, respiration, and excretion of zooplankton in the Bering Sea during a spring bloom

The feeding, respiration, and excretion of Bering Sea net zooplankton were measured during the spring bloom. Respiration and excretion rates are related to body size by allometric equations with identical weight exponents, and ingestion rate is a function of body size and food concentration. Growth rates of the largeNeocalanus spp., estimated by assuming 70% of ingested food is assimilated and subtracting respiratory expenditures, agree reasonably well with population parameters from previous studies, but suggest that ingestion is slightly underestimated, respiration is slightly overestimated, or both. Rates of community grazing and excretion are calculated by applying the ingestion and excretion rates of individual organisms to the measured zooplankton populations. The community rates are compared to carbon fixation and nitrogen uptake rates by phytoplankton. Grazing by net zooplankton is equivalent to 18% of the daily phytoplankton production in the oceanic and outer-shelf regions, 25% in the mid-shelf region, and 6% in the coastal region. However, regional differences in the levels of primary productivity n result in about twice aa much phytoplankton remaining unaccounted for in the mid-shelf region as in the outer regions. Ammonium excretion by the net zooplankton community is equivalent to 13% of the daily ammonium uptake by phytoplankton in the outer-shelf region and in the mid-shelf and coastal regions values are 16 and 2%, respectively. These values overestimate the importance of zooplankton excretion because about half of the nitrogen uptake by phytoplankton was in the form of nitrate.
Orion CEV Earth Landing Impact Attenuating Airbags - Design Challenges And Application

Airbags are currently being evaluated by NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) as a candidate impact attenuation system technology for earth landing of the Orion crew exploration vehicle (CEV). The purpose of the system is to limit landing loads and provide stability, to protect the crew and to allow vehicle reuse. Other candidate technologies include retro-rockets, crushables, and hybrid approaches. In support of LaRC's investigation, ILC Dover has generated a conceptual design of an airbag landing system (ALS) for a generic CEV and fabricated a prototype airbag set. ILC modeled the system using LS DYNA, and showed that the proposed design meets objectives in response to nominal and off nominal landing scenarios. Presented herein is an overview of airbag principles of operation, key requirements, design drivers, configuration trades, supporting analysis, and a design overview. Materials selection is discussed, along with an overview of planned testing.
Modulation of abnormal growth by retinoids: A clinical perspective of the biological phenomenon

Abstract Extensive in vitro and in vivo results in animals suggest that vitamin A and its natural and synthetic derivatives (retinoids) can modulate differentiation and proliferation of normal and abnormal cells. Retinoids can suppress the phenotypic expression of malignancy whether promoted by chemicals, radiation, viruses, or sarcoma growth factor as well as inhibit the proliferation of some established malignant cells. These responses may be effected through several mechanisms, including membrane alterations, interaction with an intracytoplasmic receptor(s), direct inhibition of ornithine decarboxylase expression, and in vivo modification of host immune responses. Individual retinoids vary markedly in their ability to produce a response in different biological systems. The current data suggest that retinoids may be effective chemopreventative and antitumor agents if used on a rational biological basis. Since classical antitumor therapy is largely based on cytotoxic effects and direct killing, a reorientation in approach will be required to derive maximal clinical benefit from the retinoids.
Kinetics of endomitosis in primary murine megakaryocytes.

Megakaryocytes (MKs) develop from diploid progenitor cells via successive rounds of DNA synthesis in the absence of cell division, a process termed endomitosis (EnM). While the mechanism underlying EnM is not known, studies in yeast and leukemic cell lines have suggested that it may be due to reduced levels of cyclin B1 or cdc2, leading to a decrease in mitotic kinase activity. Using flow cytometry to study EnM highly purified marrow-derived MK precursors, we found that: (1) on average, 36% of 8N-32N MKs expressed abundant cyclin B during G2/M. The percentage of cells in G2/M decreased in >64N MKs, suggesting the limit of EnM, (2) the level of cyclin B per G2/M MK increased linearly with ploidy, (3) cyclin B expression oscillated normally in polyploid MKs, (4) MPM-2, a phosphoepitope created by the action of mitotic kinases and specific to M-phase cells, was expressed in a significant fraction of polyploid MKs, and (5) there was an apparent increase of cyclin B in G1-phase in polyploid MKs. This study provides the first qualitative kinetic data regarding the cell cycle status of MKs within individual ploidy classes. It also demonstrates the feasibility of using anti-cyclin B antibody and flow cytometry to resolve G1 from G2/M populations in polyploid MKs. Finally, these findings establish that neither a relative nor absolute deficiency of mitotic kinase components is responsible for EnM, suggesting that the departure from normal cell division kinetics seen in polyploid MKs is likely due to alterations in other cell cycle regulators. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The shape of the KNO scaling function in QCD

Abstract We present a simple, heuristic derivation of the shape of the KNO scaling function in a leading log model for QCD.
Development of process strategies for berberine production in plant cell suspension cultures

Abstract Several factors enhancing berberine production in Thalictrum rugosum cultures were found. Some of them enhanced both cell growth and product formation, but others resulted in a decoupling of growth and product formation with significant enhancement in the specific product level. Since berberine production usually follows growth-associated product formation kinetics, we looked to develop a process strategy using enhancing factors in an optimal fashion. Combination of positive effectors was discovered to have a synergistic effect and increased product formation considerably.
Inhibition of neurogenic plasma exudation in guinea-pig airways by CP-96,345, a new non-peptide NK1 receptor antagonist.

Abstract A new non-peptide tachykinin antagonist, CP-96,345, inhibited airway plasma exudation induced in guinea-pigs by i.v. substance P in a dose-dependent manner with dose-ratios in the main bronchi of 5 at 1 nmol kg-1 and 19 at 100 nmol kg-1. At 100 nmol kg-1, CP-96,345 completely inhibited plasma exudation induced by either electrical stimulation of the cervical vagus nerves or i.v. capsaicin, indicating inhibition of the effects of endogenous tachykinins, but did not inhibit the bronchoconstrictor response to neurokinin A, suggesting selectivity for NK1 receptors. CP-96,345 may be useful in examining the role of endogenous tachykinins in vivo.
WordStar: The Fiction Format and Function Keys

When you are learning to use your micro‐computer as a word processor, you will quickly realize that some commands that the program uses are invoked by an outlandish number of keystrokes, other commands are not mnemonic, and still others are awkwardly placed on the keyboard.
A Short Review of Monte Carlo Hadronic Cascade Calculations in the Multi - TeV Energy Region

Abstract Studies of a number of design problems of high energy proton accelerators are often carried out using Monte Carlo simulations of hadronic and electromagnetic cascades. This paper reviews results obtained using three computer programs which are compatible with the design problems of multi-TeV accelerators. Comparisons of the results obtained using these codes are made with each other and, where possible, with existing experimental data. Rather good agreement is typically found.
A method for automatically scheduling notified deferrable loads

In this paper we propose a novel algorithm for the automatic scheduling of deferrable loads in a notified system. Load profiles are deferred in a `greedy' manner in order to reduce the sum of squared errors between the aggregate scheduled load and a specified target load profile. Numerical results using data from the Plugwise dataset are shown and we also describe how the algorithm helps in peak reduction, and how this delay corresponds to energy storage. As this load scheduling system is designed to follow a target curve, another use of this algorithm is to provide energy market participants with a means of bidding into capacity markets the difference between the original aggregate load and the scheduled aggregate load.
The Recovery of Irregularly Sampled Band Limited Functions via Tempered Splines

Abstract We show that band limited functions can be recovered from their values on certain irregularly distributed discrete sampling sets as the limits of the piecewise polynomial spline interpolants when the order of the splines goes to infinity. This is an extension of the classical case when the sampling set is a lattice which was considered by Collatz, Quade, Schoenberg, and others.
Separation and tracking of multiple speakers in a reverberant environment using a multiple model particle filter glimpsing method

In this paper, we explore the problem of separating and localizing multiple maneuvering speakers in a reverberant environment. Moreover, the speakers can become silent intermittently, making the problem more challenging especially when the speaker is moving while silent. A two stage method is proposed. In the first stage a multiple model particle filter (MMPF) is used to track the mixing matrices by “glimpsing” or listening in the silence gaps as the set of active speakers change with time. In the second stage, a secondary microphone array is utilized to localize and track the speakers by intersecting their directions of arrival (DOA) obtained from estimates of the tracked mixing matrices. Computer simulations using the proposed method are conducted showing improved performance when compared with an online independent component analysis (ICA)-based algorithm.
Fungal translocation as a mechanism for soil nitrogen inputs to surface residue decomposition in a no-tillage agroecosystem

Additions of ( 15 NH4)2SO4 to the soil inorganic nitrogen (N) pool were used to measure rates of N flux from the mineral soil to surface-applied wheat straw decomposing in intact soil cores collected from a no-tillage (NT) field. Half of the soil cores were treated with a fungicide to reduce fungal populations. Fungicide application significantly reduced fungal biomass, decomposition rates, and net N immobilization in surface residues. Net N immobilization over the study period was estimated to be 1.5 and 0.9 gNm ˇ2 for untreated and fungicide-treated residues, respectively. The rate of 15 N transfer averaged 13.4 mg 15 Ng ˇ1 residue d ˇ1 for untreated wheat straw. Fungal inhibition reduced 15 N flux by 59‐78%, reductions of similar magnitude to those observed for fungal biomass. Nitrogen transfer in sterilized soil cores accounted for only 7.8% of the total upward N transport in control cores, indicating that abiotic processes did not contribute substantially to N flux. We estimate a total annual fungalmediated N flux of 2.4 g m ˇ2 , which is nearly equivalent to the N immobilization potential predicted, based on initial N and lignin content, for the wheat straw used in this study. We conclude that fungal N translocation is a significant mechanism for soil N input and can account for the observed net N immobilized by surface residues decomposing in the field. Both residue quality and N availability appear to be important controls on fungal biomass associated with surface residues and rates of soilto-residue N translocation. 7 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
The effect of progressive resistance training on leg strength, aerobic capacity and functional tasks of daily living in persons with Down syndrome.

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of progressive resistance training on leg strength, aerobic capacity and physical function in persons with Down syndrome (DS). Method. Thirty persons with DS (age 28 SD 8 years) were assigned to an intervention or control group. The intervention group performed resistance training 2 days per week for 10 weeks. Participants performed tests to measure isometric and isokinetic knee extensor and flexor peak torque, peak aerobic capacity and timed performance on chair rise, walking and stair ascent and descent. Result. Persons with DS receiving the intervention significantly increased their isokinetic knee extensor and flexor peak torque [Absolute change (post minus pre-value) was 17.0 SD 29.6 and 12.6 SD 18.9 N m, respectively] and isometric knee extensor peak torque at angles of 458 (2.9 SD 23.2 N m), 608 (3.0 SD 22.9 N m) and 758 (14.2 SD 30.0 N m). These changes were significantly greater than in the control group. In addition, the time to ascend (70.3 SD 0.8 s) and descend (70.6 SD 0.9 s) stairs significantly decreased in the intervention group compared to the control group. Conclusion. These findings show that progressive resistance training is an effective intervention for persons with DS to improve leg strength and stair-climbing ability.
Resolving the phylogeny of malaria parasites

Regardless of what aspect of malaria one might discuss, superlatives will always be abundant in the conversation. That is because human malaria parasites are among the deadliest scourges of our species, have been recorded farther back in our recorded history than any other pathogen, and are among the first pathogens to be identified and studied in a modern public health context. However, despite the extreme significance to the health of our species, malaria has been a most elusive subject of scientific inquiry, and hence a persistent challenge for those seeking to interrupt its transmission. In PNAS, Outlaw and Ricklefs (1) present a unique insight on the phylogenetic relationships among these parasites. To appreciate the relevance of these findings fully, it is necessary to contextualize them in light of the past 130 y of malaria research.
Computer simulation of chemical nucleation

The problem of nucleation at chemical instabilities is investigated by means of microscopic computer simulation. The first-order transition of interest involves a new kind of nucleation arising from chemical transformations rather than physical forces. Here it is the chemical state of matter, and not matter itself, which is spatially localized to form the nucleus for transition between different chemical states. First, the concepts of chemical instability, nonequilibrium phase transition, and dissipative structure are reviewed briefly. Then recently developed methods of reactive molecular dynamics are used to study chemical nucleation in a simple model chemical reaction. Finally, the connection of these studies to nucleation and condensation processes involving physical and chemical interactions is explored.
Geographic variation in field body temperature of sceloporus lizards

Using data from the literature, I assessed how broad climatic patterns aAected field body temperatures (Tb's) of lizards in the genus Sceloporus. 2. Sceloporus at temperate latitudes had mean Tb's of 358C throughout their elevational range. This pattern is associated with ''tropical'' temperatures that extend into high north latitudes during the sum- mer and the relatively low elevations occupied by the lizards. 3. At tropical latitudes, mean Tb declined from 358C at low elevations to 318C at high elevations. This pattern is associated with low seasonal variation in temperature at tropical latitudes and the rela- tively high elevations occupied by the lizards. # 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved
KDAC8 substrate specificity quantified by a biologically relevant, label-free deacetylation assay

Analysis of the human proteome has identified thousands of unique protein sequences that contain acetylated lysine residues in vivo. These modifications regulate a variety of biological processes and are reversed by the lysine deacetylase (KDAC) family of enzymes. Despite the known prevalence and importance of acetylation, the details of KDAC substrate recognition are not well understood. While several methods have been developed to monitor protein deacetylation, none are particularly suited for identifying enzyme-substrate pairs of label-free substrates across the entire family of lysine deacetylases. Here, we present a fluorescamine-based assay which is more biologically relevant than existing methods and amenable to probing substrate specificity. Using this assay, we evaluated the activity of KDAC8 and other lysine deacetylases, including a sirtuin, for several peptides derived from known acetylated proteins. KDAC8 showed clear preferences for some peptides over others, indicating that the residues immediately surrounding the acetylated lysine play an important role in substrate specificity. Steady-state kinetics suggest that the sequence surrounding the acetylated lysine affects binding affinity and catalytic rate independently. Our results provide direct evidence that potential KDAC8 substrates previously identified through cell based experiments can be directly deacetylated by KDAC8. Conversely, the data from this assay did not correlate well with predictions from previous screens for KDAC8 substrates using less biologically relevant substrates and assay conditions. Combining results from our assay with mass spectrometry-based experiments and cell-based experiments will allow the identification of specific KDAC-substrate pairs and lead to a better understanding of the biological consequences of these interactions.
Large integer multiplication on massively parallel processors

Results obtained by multiplying large integers using the Fermat number transform are presented. The effectiveness of the approach was previously limited by word-length constraints, which are not a factor with many new computer architectures. A convolution algorithm on a massively parallel processor, based on the Fermat number transform, is presented. Examples of the tradeoffs between modulus, interprocessor communication steps, and input size are given. The application of this algorithm in the multiplication of large integers is then discussed, and performance results on a Connection Machine are reported. The results show multiplication times ranging from about 50 ms for 2-kb integers to 2600 ms for 8-Mb integers. >
Teratocarcinoma: model for a developmental concept of cancer.

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews studies upon teratocarcinomas of the testes that establish embryonal carcinoma cells as the multipotential stem cells of the tumor, originating the somatic tissues by differentiation. The biological behavior of the somatic tissues was observed in situations devoid of embryonal carcinoma; only two exceptions the somatic tissues were benign. Consequently, it is proposed that the dogma of the irreversibility of the malignant change is incorrect. Using teratocarcinomas as models of tumors in general, it is postulated that differentiated cells respond to carcinogens in a manner analogous to embryonic cells responding to embryonic inductors. In other words, carcinogenesis may be explained as a stable response to inductive phenomena acting through cytoplasmic nuclear controls on an initially unaltered genome rather than as an accident of genetic coding. Because tumor cells are continually differentiating, it is proposed that therapy be approached by attempting to enhance the differentiation of malignant cells through the use of embryonic inductors.
Contrast responsivity in MT+ correlates with phonological awareness and reading measures in children

There are several independent sets of findings concerning the neural basis of reading. One set demonstrates a powerful relationship between phonological processing and reading skills. Another set reveals a relationship between visual responses in the motion pathways and reading skills. It is widely assumed that these two findings are unrelated. We tested the hypothesis that phonological awareness is related to motion responsivity in children's MT+. We measured BOLD signals to drifting gratings as a function of contrast. Subjects were 35 children ages 7–12 years with a wide range of reading skills. Contrast responsivity in MT+, but not V1, was correlated with phonological awareness and to a lesser extent with two other measures of reading. No correlation was found between MT+ signals and rapid naming, age or general IQ measures. These results establish an important link between visual and phonological processing in children and suggest that MT+ responsivity is a marker for healthy reading development.
Recent Developments in 3D Multi-modal Laser Imaging Applied to Cultural Heritage

This paper proposes a novel multi-modal three-dimensional (3D) laser scanning system that combines high-accuracy 3D laser imaging, very high-resolution perspective color projection, and on-site geometric calibration of the intrinsic and extrinsic parameters. Motion compensation directly from the range measurements using ICP and a 6-DOF self-built model tracking is also used to eliminate the need for stable mechanical structures and external positioning sensors. We show that scanner performances, modeling, and visualization are intimately linked and must be considered as an integral part of the modeling chain. This is particularly important in the field of heritage where the acquisition must adapt to the environment. Equations and charts are presented to compute the optimum color camera and laser scanner configuration for a given 3D modeling application in terms of camera settings such as optimum lens aperture, focal length, optimum range, and total range depth. These equations are general and can be used for most 3D acquisition systems including time-of-flight laser scanners. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the validity of the approach.
Superconducting Qubits Coupled to Nanoelectromechanical Resonators: An Architecture for Solid-State Quantum Information Processing

We describe the design for a scalable, solid-state quantum-information-processing architecture based on the integration of GHz-frequency nanomechanical resonators with Josephson tunnel junctions, which has the potential for demonstrating a variety of single- and multiqubit operations critical to quantum computation. The computational qubits are eigenstates of large-area, current-biased Josephson junctions, manipulated and measured using strobed external circuitry. Two or more of these phase qubits are capacitively coupled to a high-quality-factor piezoelectric nanoelectromechanical disk resonator, which forms the backbone of our architecture, and which enables coherent coupling of the qubits. The integrated system is analogous to one or more few-level atoms (the Josephson junction qubits) in an electromagnetic cavity (the nanomechanical resonator). However, unlike existing approaches using atoms in electromagnetic cavities, here we can individually tune the level spacing of the ``atoms'' and control their ``electromagnetic'' interaction strength. We show theoretically that quantum states prepared in a Josephson junction can be passed to the nanomechanical resonator and stored there, and then can be passed back to the original junction or transferred to another with high fidelity. The resonator can also be used to produce maximally entangled Bell states between a pair of Josephson junctions. Many such junction-resonator complexes can be assembled in a hub-and-spoke layout, resulting in a large-scale quantum circuit. Our proposed architecture combines desirable features of both solid-state and cavity quantum electrodynamics approaches, and could make quantum-information processing possible in a scalable, solid-state environment.