cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporal microbial community dynamics within soil aggregates.

Abstract Soil microbial communities are highly spatially organized, shaped in part by the structure of soil itself. Understanding how spatially discrete microbial communities change across years and seasons in response to environmental factors, plant phenology and aggregate turnover, is key to understanding how varying management practices impact the ecology of soil microbial communities. We investigated both seasonal (within year) and annual (across sampling years) changes of discrete microbial communities in soil aggregate fractions, large macroaggregates (LM) and microaggregates (MICRO) in three different bioenergy management systems. We hypothesized that 1) seasonal changes due to plant phenology and aggregate turnover will be most pronounced within the MICRO aggregate soil microbial community; 2) inter-annual variability will lead to changes in microbial diversity across aggregate sizes and the magnitude of change will be mediated by management regime. We found that LM and MICRO aggregates have unique microbial communities within soil. MICRO aggregate microbial communities are more diverse and change more dynamically across the sampling season, peaking in diversity at peak plant growth and maximum biomass. The number of families indicative of specific MICRO aggregate habitats increases over the growing season for both bacteria (from 3 to 51) and fungi (from 8 to 14). The LM aggregates harbored less diverse, yet more stable, communities within a growing season. By contrast, between years the LM aggregates were the most responsive to inter-annual variability. Our study demonstrates the importance of including the spatio-temporal dynamics of soil microbes. We identified “hot spots” of microbial diversity within soil, with a greater diversity of microbes found under prairies, within the MICRO aggregates, and seasonally during peak plant biomass. Targeted analysis of the MICRO aggregates can contribute to deeper understanding of potential diversity and functioning of soil microbial communities for ecosystem maintenance as well as the response to climatic events and environmental change.
Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: Direct cobalt nitrate reduction of promoted Co/TiO2 catalysts

Abstract The effect of the direct reduction of cobalt nitrate versus the more conventional calcination/reduction treatment has been investigated. Porosity properties of the catalysts are not significantly modified by avoiding the calcination step, as similar BET surface area, pore volume and pore diameter are obtained for the activated catalysts. In contrast, the cobalt reducibility decreases, but smaller cobalt particles size and higher dispersion are obtained. The reduction phenomena occurring for the uncalcined catalysts are more complex because of the additional nitrate decomposition steps. TPR-MS and TPR-XANES point out that CoOx intermediate species are formed during the reductive nitrate decomposition. However, these species are oxidized by NOX (formed by nitrate decomposition) to spinel type Co3O4, which is then converted to CoO prior to the final reduction step to Co0. The addition of promoters (Pt, Re, Ru, Ag) improves the cobalt reducibility, especially by shifting the final reduction step (i.e., CoO to Co0) to lower temperature. FT activity testing data show that activated uncalcined catalysts have higher CO conversion following the initial decline and leveling off period relative to the activated calcined catalyst. The best performance is achieved with uncalcined Pt-12%Co/TiO2. This catalyst has the highest CO steady state conversion, which is 1.2 times higher than the Pt-promoted calcined catalyst. Moreover, its deactivation rate is 0.13%/h compared to 0.2%/h for the corresponding calcined catalyst. The difference in the catalytic activity is even higher for the un-promoted samples, where the activated uncalcined catalyst has almost double the CO conversion as compared to its calcined counterpart. Finally, the addition of other promoters such as Ru, Re and Ag has no significant effect on catalytic activity.
The Innovation Ecology: Collaborative Information, Community Support, and Policy in a Creative Technology Community.

In this paper, we explore a network of distributed individuals’ collective efforts to establish an innovation ecology allowing them to engage in bottom up creative technological practices in today’s information society. Specifically, we present an empirical study of the technological practices in an emerging creative technology community – independent [indie] game developers in the United States. Based on indie game developers’ own accounts, we identified four themes that constitute an innovation ecology from the bottom up, including problem solving; collaborative information seeking, sharing, and reproducing; community support; and policy and politics. We argue that these findings inform our understanding of bottom up technological innovation and shed light on the design of sociotechnical systems to mediate and support such innovation beyond the gaming context.
Abstract 2075: MAPK pathway expression in platinum-treated cancers

The Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) Pathway is a critical cell signaling pathway in normal cell function. It is involved in cell proliferation, cell survival, and differentiation. It is a common pathway that is mutated in many cancers, and drug targets have already been developed and tested in clinical trials for many components of this pathway. Further understanding of how gene expression in this pathway is altered by treatment of chemotherapeutic agents can potentially impact resistance to chemotherapeutic agents. The half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) was found for A549 cultured lung adenocarcinoma cells treated with cisplatin and for DLD1 cultured colorectal adenocarcinoma cells and HCT116 colorectal carcinoma cells treated with cisplatin and oxaliplatin. The IC50 concentration of cisplatin-treated A549 cells was 5.429 µM, of DLD1 cells was 5.017 µM, and of HCT116 cells was 4.42 µM. The IC50 concentration of oxaliplatin-treated DLD1 cells was 37.53 µM, as compared to 10.36 µM for HCT116 cells. Therefore, the HCT116 cell type is more sensitive to both chemotherapies. qPCR was then conducted on platinum-treated A549 cultured cells, DLD1 cultured cells, and HCT116 cultured cells to evaluate expression of 6 MAPK pathway genes: RAF1, MAP2K1, MAPK1, STAT1, CREB1, and LAMTOR3. A different pattern of induced gene expression was observed across all three cell types. The 24 hour time point of cisplatin-treatment of A549 cells demonstrated a consistent upregulation of expression in all genes, which is starkly contrasted with a significant downregulation at the 48 hour time point. In HCT116 cells, cisplatin treatment led to the opposite trend, as there was downregulation at the 18 hour time point and significant upregulation at the 48 hour time point. DLD1 had inconsistent results. This demonstrates that level of expression of genes in the pathway is cell-type dependent and time-dependent. Naringenin is a flavonoid that has been implicated in MAPK signalling. We tested this compound as an inhibitor to determine the effect on platinum induced gene expression in lung and colorectal cells. These results have implications for treatment of multiple cancers, especially lung and colorectal cancer. Citation Format: Rebecca A. Georgiadis, Amy Stark, Amanda B. Hummon. MAPK pathway expression in platinum-treated cancers [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2075.
Chronic Binge Alcohol-Associated Differential Brain Region Modulation of Growth Factor Signaling Pathways and Neuroinflammation in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Male Macaques.

AIMS Microarray analysis of hippocampal tissue from chronic binge alcohol (CBA)-administered, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected male macaques identified altered immune response and neurogenesis as potential mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in macaques. This study investigated the differential brain region associations between markers of neuroinflammation and growth factor signaling with microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP2) expression. METHODS Adult male rhesus macaques were administered CBA (13-14 g EtOH/kg/week, n = 8) or sucrose (SUC, n = 7) beginning 3 months prior to SIV infection and continued until animals reached end-stage disease criteria (3-24 months post infection). Expression of inflammatory cytokines, growth factors, and viral loads were determined in the prefrontal cortex (PFC), caudate (CD), and hippocampus (HP). Brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) expression and phosphorylation of intracellular kinases downstream of BDNF were investigated in the PFC. RESULTS Our results show reduced MAP2 expression in the PFC of longer-surviving, CBA/SIV macaques. BDNF expression was most closely associated with MAP2 expression in the PFC. In the caudate, significant positive associations were observed between MAP2 and BDNF, time to end-stage and set-point viral load and significant negative associations for CBA. In the hippocampus, positive associations were observed between MAP2 and inflammatory cytokines, and negative associations for brain viral load and CBA. CONCLUSIONS CBA differentially affects growth factor and inflammatory cytokine expression and viral load across brain regions. In the PFC, suppression of growth factor signaling may be an important neuropathological mechanism, while inflammatory processes may play a more important role in the CD and HP.
Commentary: Parallel Realities: Star Architecture and Overtourism in the Age of the Internet

This commentary deals with the origins and characteristics of star architects and star architectures at the end of the twentieth century. Star architecture and overtourism are two sides of one coin compulsively searching for global attention within the flat and indistinguishable spectrum of the World Wide Web. In the early twenty-first century, the destruction of the urban objects of desire through overtourism is seen as an analogy to the self-exhaustion produced by the search for ever more spectacular star architecture. In this way, parallel realities are constructed locally: star architecture and tourist destinations exist despite quotidian environments.
Tribal Pardons: A Comparative Survey

This paper surveys American Indian tribal justice systems to assess whether collateral consequences attach to convictions and whether a pardon or expungement process exists to remove tribal convictions. Tribal criminal jurisdiction is often limited to lesser crimes and only those occurring on a reservation by members of the tribe; with exceptions, other cases are transferred to U.S. state or federal court. The framework of the tribal pardon power varies widely across jurisdictions: it may be exercised by a tribal executive, a tribal legislature or council, a specially appointed pardons board or committee, a vote of the tribal membership, or some combination of the above. Some jurisdictions instead have a traditional peacemaking, forgiveness, or reconciliation ritual process in lieu of a true pardon or expungement process. Many Indian tribes impose collateral consequences for convictions both in tribal court and in state or federal court. Most commonly, these consequences restrict tribal membership and rights, including the right to vote in tribal elections or hold tribal office, but they may extend to housing, gaming licenses, tribal employment, and other areas. Many tribal jurisdictions do not have a pardon or expungement process, despite having collateral consequences attach to convictions. Several tribal courts have considered whether their tribal constitutions create an implied pardon power where one is not specifically provided for in tribal law. As a normative matter, this paper takes the position that tribal jurisdictions should have a pardon or expungement process (or its equivalent in indigenous law) where collateral consequences attach to conviction.
Mode of Delivery in Stillbirth, 1995-2004

Objective:There are no national reports on the mode of delivery in pregnancies that end in stillbirth. We aimed at analyzing the cesarean delivery rates in pregnancies resulting in stillbirth over a 10-year period in the United States.Materials and Methods:This was a retrospective analysis evaluating data from the 1995 to 2004 US linked live birth–infant death files reported by the National Center for Health Statistics to examine the cesarean delivery rates in singleton pregnancies with and without stillbirth.Results:There were 39 797 616 singleton births registered in the database after the 20th week of gestation. During the study period, there were 243 979 stillbirths (0.61 per 100). Significant differences in stillbirths were noted in the African American population, nonmarried patients, in mothers who smoked, and at the extremes of the patients reproductive age (P < .01). The overall cesarean delivery rate in liveborn was 23.54% (9 309 961 cases) and 10.5% in stillbirth (25 558 cases; P < .01). The ra...
Molecular genetics of the beta-hexosaminidase isoenzymes: an introduction.

Publisher Summary In this chapter, an introduction on the molecular genetics of the β-Hexosaminidase Isoenzymes is discussed. The chapter investigates the enzymatic hydrolysis of G M2 ganglioside by various tissues using a radioactively labeled substrate prepared by in vivo labeling. A quarter-century has elapsed from recognition of the enzyme deficiency in Tay-Sachs disease (TSD) to the engineering of an animal knockout for this disease. Progress in our understanding of the molecular causes of TSD and other variants of G M2 gangliosidosis has closely paralleled the development of techniques for cloning genes and detecting mutations. Direct benefits continue to accrue to patients and their families in more accurate diagnoses, carrier detection, and prenatal diagnoses. The chapter discusses the numerous challenges that lie ahead, especially in the application of this knowledge to the prevention and treatment of these diseases.
Pigmented cardiac paraganglioma.

Abstract A pigmented left atrial paraganglioma was found at autopsy in a 40-year-old black man who died unexpectedly. The cause of death was ascribed to coronary artery disease. The atrial mass was sharply demarcated and polypoid, measured 4 cm in greatest dimension, and had a cut surface that revealed dark red-brown soft tumor tissue. Histopathologically, the neoplasm exhibited a classic organoid clustering of cells (zellballen) with a prominent capillary network. The chief cells contained a brown-black pigment with histochemical characteristics of melanin. We report a case of pigmented cardiac paraganglioma because of its rarity. To our knowledge, no mention has been made of the presence of pigment in previously reported cases of cardiac paragangliomas.
Computing Power Series Expansions of Modular Forms

We exhibit a method to numerically compute power series expansions of modular forms on a cocompact Fuchsian group, using the explicit computation of a fundamental domain and linear algebra. As applications, we compute Shimura curve parametrizations of elliptic curves over a totally real field, including the image of CM points, and equations for Shimura curves.
Raman spectrum of gaseous perchloryl fluoride and the deconvolution of bands due to a single isotopic species

The vapor phase Raman spectrum of perchloryl fluoride has been observed under higher resolution and sensitivity conditions than reported previously, and a temperature study has been carried out for the bands due to the totally symmetric modes. A method has been developed to extract the band due to a single isotopic species from the observed spectrum of a mixture of two isotopic species and applied to the present case. The remaining hot band structure is discussed.
The Diagnosis of Upper Tropospheric Divergence and Ageostrophic Wind Using Profiler Wind Observations

Abstract Wind fields derived from a network of three VHF Doppler radars are used to calculate the mean kinematic properties of the wind field over Colorado and an area-averaged geostrophic and ageostrophic wind. A numerical technique that is equivalent to the line integral method is used to compute the kinematic quantities. Details of this technique, termed the linear vector point function method (LVPF) are discussed. The behavior of the vorticity, divergence, deformation, geostrophic wind and ageostrophic wind are examined for two case studies when the synoptic scale weather patterns over Colorado are dominated by moderately intense upper-level troughs and jet streams. We find that the computed quantities of divergence, absolute vorticity, deformation, geostrophic and ageostrophic wind are modified by the passage of the weather systems in a manner consistent with our present understanding of upper-level dynamics. In addition, temporal variations in the kinematic properties, geostrophic wind and ageostrop...
Phase Transformation and Properties under Different Quenching Mediums of a X120 Pipeline Steel

The microstructure, CVN toughness and micro-hardness of an X120 pipeline steel were investigated by metalloscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) etc. It showed that the microstructure evolved from lathe martensite, lathe bainite to granular bainite and polygonal ferrite, the size of M-A islands increased. With cooling velocity increasing, the CVN toughness at -20 was fluctuating, and reaching its peak in the steel cooled in oil had the best toughness, while the steel cooled in furnace was brittle at -20 . With cooling velocity decreasing, the micro-hardness of the steel decreased, whereas, the micro-hardness of the steel cooled in furnace increased slightly.
2-D*: a new focal plane array figure of merit

A new focal plane array (FPA) figure of merit is derived for use in the design and analysis of staring sensor systems. This new approach maintains historical continuity by building upon the familiar D concept, and includes the three noise sources most often quoted for focal plane arrays.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Control of Lte1 Localization by Cell Polarity Determinants and Cdc14

Abstract Background: The putative guanine nucleotide exchange factor Lte1 plays an essential role in promoting exit from mitosis at low temperatures. Lte1 is thought to activate a Ras-like signaling cascade, the mitotic exit network (MEN). MEN promotes the release of the protein phosphatase Cdc14 from the nucleolus during anaphase, and this release is a prerequisite for exit from mitosis. Lte1 is present throughout the cell during G1 but is sequestered in the bud during S phase and mitosis by an unknown mechanism. Results: We show that anchorage of Lte1 in the bud requires septins, the cell polarity determinants Cdc42 and Cla4, and Kel1. Lte1 physically associates with Kel1 and requires Kel1 for its localization in the bud, suggesting a role for Kel1 in anchoring Lte1 at the bud cortex. Our data further implicate the PAK-like protein kinase Cla4 in controlling Lte1 phosphorylation and localization. CLA4 is required for Lte1 phosphorylation and bud localization. Furthermore, when overexpressed, CLA4 induces Lte1 phosphorylation and localization to regions of polarized growth. Finally, we show that Cdc14, directly or indirectly, controls Lte1 dephosphorylation and delocalization from the bud during exit from mitosis. Conclusion: Restriction of Lte1 to the bud cortex depends on the cortical proteins Cdc42 and Kel1 and the septin ring. Cla4 and Cdc14 promote and demote Lte1 localization at and from the bud cortex, respectively, suggesting not only that the phosphorylation status of Lte1 controls its localization but also indicating that Cla4 and Cdc14 are key regulators of the spatial asymmetry of Lte1.
The Evolution of Fertility Expectations Over the Life Course

In low-fertility contexts, how many children people have is largely a product of how many children they want. However, the social, institutional, and individual factors that influence how many children people want are not well understood. In particular, there is scant evidence about how fertility expectations change over the life course. This article provides an empirical description of changes in women's expected fertility over the entire span of childbearing years. Using data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979 cohort, group-based trajectory analysis illuminates common patterns in the evolution of fertility intentions and identifies individual characteristics associated with these patterns. Factors related to family formation, such as marriage and whether a woman has a child at an early age, are found to be the most consistent correlates of patterns of change in expected family size.
Some proposals concerning glottal consonants

A topic that was not discussed at the 1989 Kiel convention was the phonetic specification of [h]. Judging by its current place on the chart it appears to be a voiceless glottal fricative. But this is a misnomer, in that most forms of [h] have very little friction at the glottis. The vocal cords are apart and any turbulent airflow that there might be is due to what Pike (1943) calls “cavity friction” rather than local friction at a particular point, [h] has no more friction at the glottis than [f] or any other voiceless sound with a comparable airflow.
Low-noise quantum frequency conversion of single photons from a single quantum dot

Background-free quantum frequency upconversion of single photons emitted from a single semiconductor quantum dot is demonstrated. The single-photon nature of the quantum dot emission at 980 nm is preserved after the frequency conversion process to 600 nm.
Pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma : A distinctive meningocerebral glioma of young subjects with relatively favorable prognosis. A study of 12 cases

Twelve cases of a distinctive form of supratentorial astrocytoma occurring in young subjects (ages 7 to 25) are reported. The tumors were superficial and involved the leptomeninges extensively. The tumor cells display marked pleomorphism, including bizarre giant cells and a number of mitotic figures, but no necrosis. Many contain large amounts of lipid in their cytoplasm and are surrounded by reticulin fibers, thus simulating a mesenchymal tumor. For these reasons, some examples of this tumor have been previously interpreted to represent meningocerebral fibrous xanthomas. Immunoperoxidase technique performed in nine of the twelve cases has, however, established the presence of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the tumor cells, which are therefore considered to be astrocytic. By electron microscopy many tumor cells are surrounded by basal laminae, accounting for the abundant reticulin network demonstrable in silver preparations. Since subpial astrocytes are known to be partly covered by a basal lamina, it is likely that they are the cells of origin for this neoplasm. In contrast to its pleomorphic cytology, the biological behavior of this tumor appears to be relatively favorable, and long survival times (up to 25 years) have been recorded in some cases. (These tumors are distinct from intracranial fibrous xanthomas of mesenchymal derivation. Cells of the latter are negative on GFAP stain.)
Hybrid Simulation of Boiling Water Reactor Dynamics Using a University Research Reactor

A ``hybrid`` reactor/simulation (HRS) testing arrangement has been developed and experimentally verified using The Pennsylvania State University (Penn State) TRIGA Reactor. The HRS uses actual plant components to supply key parameters to a digital simulation (and vice versa). To implement the HRS on the Penn State TRIGA reactor, an experimental or secondary control rod drive mechanism is used to introduce reactivity feedback effects that are characteristic of a boiling water reactor (BWR). The simulation portion of the HRS provides a means for introducing reactivity feedback caused by voiding via a reduced order thermal-hydraulic model. With the model bifurcation parameter set to the critical value, the nonlinearity caused by the neutronic-simulated thermal/hydraulic coupling of the hybrid system is evident upon attaining a limit cycle, thereby verifying that these effects are indeed present. The shape and frequency of oscillation ({approximately} 0.4 Hz) of the limit cycles obtained with the HRS are similar to those observed in operating commercial BWRs. A control or diagnostic system specifically designed to accommodate (or detect) this type of anomaly can be experimentally verified using the research reactor based HRS.
Properties of Polymeric Fiber-Reinforced Concrete

The mechanical properties of lightweight and normal concrete containing nylon polymeric fibers are presented. Fiber reinforced concrete made with nylon fibers was evaluated. The 19-mm-long fibers were in single filament form. The control concrete was designed for a compressive strength of 20 MPa. The primary independent variable was fiber volume fraction. The response variables were air content, unit weight of fresh concrete, compressive strength, modulus of rupture (flexural strength) and toughness, splitting tensile strength, and impact strength. The addition of fibers decreased the slump values. The decrease was negligible at fiber contents of 0.45 and 0.6 kg/m3. The fibers distributed well in the matrix. Fibers could be directly added in the mixer. The effect fibers had on unit weight of concrete is negligible. Addition of fibers up to 2.4 kg/m3 did not change the compressive, flexural, and splitting tensile strengths appreciably. Impact strength and flexural toughness increased consistently with the ...
Observations of swash zone velocities: A note on friction coefficients

[1] Vertical flow structure and turbulent dissipation in the swash zone are estimated using cross-shore fluid velocities observed on a low-sloped, fine-grained sandy beach [Raubenheimer, 2002] with two stacks of three current meters located about 2, 5, and 8 cm above the bed. The observations are consistent with an approximately logarithmic vertical decay of wave orbital velocities within 5 cm of the bed. The associated friction coefficients are similar in both the uprush and downrush, as in previous laboratory results. Turbulent dissipation rates estimated from velocity spectra increase with decreasing water depth from O(400 cm2/s3) in the inner surf zone to O(1000 cm2/s3) in the swash zone. Friction coefficients in the swash interior estimated with the logarithmic model and independently estimated by assuming that turbulent dissipation is balanced by production from vertical shear of the local mean flow and from wave breaking are between 0.02 and 0.06. These values are similar to the range of friction coefficients (0.02–0.05) recently estimated on impermeable, rough, nonerodible laboratory beaches and to the range of friction coefficients (0.01–0.03) previously estimated from field observations of the motion of the shoreward edge of the swash (run-up).
Some inequalities about the covering radius of Reed-Muller codes

Let R(r, m) be the rth order Reed-Muller code of length 2m, and let ρ(r, m) be its covering radius. We prove that if 2≤ k ≤ m - r - 1, then ρ(r + k, m + k) ≥ ρ(r, m + 2(k - 1). We also prove that if m - r ≥ 4, 2 ≤ k ≤ m - r - 1, and R(r, m) has a coset with minimal weight ρ(r, m) which does not contain any vector of weight ρ(r, m) + 2, then ρ(r + k, m + k) ≥ ρ(r, m) + 2k(. These inequalities improve repeated use of the known result ρ(r + 1, m + 1) ≥ ρ(r, m).
Show and tell: visualizing gene expression in living cells

The development of non-invasive methods of visualizing proteins and nucleic acids in living cells has provided profound insight into how they move and interact with each other in vivo. It is possible to evaluate basic mechanisms of gene expression, and to define their temporal and spatial parameters by using this methodology to label endogenous genes and make reporter constructs that allow specific DNA and RNA regulatory elements to be localized. This Commentary highlights recent reports that have used these techniques to study nuclear organization, transcription factor dynamics and the kinetics of RNA synthesis. These studies show how imaging gene expression in single living cells can reveal new regulatory mechanisms. They also expand our understanding of the role of chromatin and RNA dynamics in modulating cellular responses to developmental and environmental signals.
Long-term effects of postnatal amphetamine treatment on striatal protein kinase A activity, dopamine D1-like and D2-like binding sites, and dopamine content

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to determine whether exposure to amphetamine during the preweanling period would alter dopaminergic functioning in the dorsal striatum of adult rats. In three experiments, we assessed the effects of repeated amphetamine treatment on striatal protein kinase A (PKA) activity, dopamine (DA) D1-like and D2-like binding sites, and DA content. Rats were pretreated with saline or amphetamine (2.5 mg/kg, ip) for 7 consecutive days starting on postnatal day (PD) 11. At PD 90, rats were killed and their dorsal striata (i.e., caudate–putamen) were removed and frozen until time of assay. Amphetamine pretreatment produced long-term reductions in both striatal PKA activity and DA content. Early amphetamine exposure also resulted in an upregulation of D2-like binding sites, while leaving D1-like binding sites unaffected. It is likely that the upregulation of D2-like binding sites was stimulated by the persistent decline in striatal DA levels. Although speculative, it is possible that excess striatal D2-like receptors were responsible for inhibiting PKA activity through actions on the cAMP signal transduction pathway. The behavioral relevance of these amphetamine-induced neurochemical changes has not yet be determined.
Linear rank statistics, finite sampling, permutation tests and Winsorizing

Asymptotic normality and a representation of all possible subsequential limiting distributions of a simple linear rank statistic are obtained. This is then applied to finite sampling and permutation tests for slope coefficients. The effects of Winsorizing in these situations are considered carefully. Of particular interest regarding slope coefficients is that either using normal score regression constants or Winsorizing slowly increasing numbers of the population values will guarantee asymptotic normality.
CONSERVATION OF SYMPATHY IN CRANFORD

B YT HE MID -NINETEENTH CENTURY, British women had ample motivation for imagining forms of charity that did not require money. Property laws continued to deprive most married women of personal wealth and new statistics revealed a “surplus” of unmarried middle-class women lacking employment. 1 Elizabeth Gaskell addressed these financial challenges by envisioning alternative forms of economic power for women. Her novella Cranford (1851– 53) depicts a community of shabby-genteel women who support each other, in the virtual absence of men, through gift practices. 2 Using principles of sympathetic and economic conservation, Cranford’s system of exchange reworks material limitations, turning these women’s lack of private property to their advantage. Cranford is among a number of midcentury works that treat sympathetic exchange in a sustained manner and on an expanded scale, writing women’s charity in terms of sympathy and sisterhood rather than coin. By doing so, it not only co-opts the traditional province of the upper class by pitting middleclass women’s care-giving against unfeeling wealth, 3 but also defines a sympathetic gift economy in opposition to the masculinized marketplace essential to such models of charity as that of Dickens’s turkey-buying Scrooge. 4 Noting Cranford’s resemblance to Knutsford, where Gaskell spent much of her youth, 5 critics overwhelmingly read this fictional town as its author’s quaint and old-fashioned feminine utopia. In contrast, the story’s other fictional town is an acknowledged site of modern industry and finance. Drumble, whose very name echoes the dreary rumble of machinery, stands in for Manchester, home of Gaskell’s adult life and source of her “industrial” novels Mary Barton and North and South. 6 According to this distinction, Cranford may very well seem like the wrong place to posit economic power. But Manchester offered more to Gaskell’s literary imagination than industry or factories. Home to the theories of political economist Friedrich Engels and scientific engineer James Prescott Joule, Gaskell’s Manchester was, in the 1840s, fertile ground for two important intellectual premises: one of capital, commodities, and circulation; the other of energy, conversions, and conservation. Cranford brings these theories together to offer a practical counterpart to Drumble’s industrial development, an alternative economy that corresponds to new scientific models. Lacking factory engines but not nearly as old-fashioned as most accounts describe it to be, the feminized Cranford community is itself a tightly-knit system of sympathetic energy. In Cranford, where materials are scarce, streamlined processes of conservation and circulation replace consumption and
Ancient erosional grooves on exhumed bypass margins of carbonate platforms: Examples from the Apennines

The margins of carbonate platforms have been broadly classified into those where sediment is deposited at the margin and those where sediment bypasses the margin. Although modern bypass margins have been described from north of Jamaica and the Bahamas, examples of ancient bypass margins are conspicuously absent. However, the recent discovery of parts of several bypass margins in the Jurassic carbonates of the Umbria-Marches Apennines in Italy allows a close look at the processes that create and shape these margins. The bypass margins in the Apennines were created on the escarpments of large normal faults, which broke up a large, continuous platform into a group of small, isolated platform remnants. The newly discovered outcrops allow us to recognize that the marginal escarpments of these platforms are characterized by a series of deep grooves that were cut into the escarpment by the subaqueous erosive action of bypassing sediment swept off the tops of the platforms and deposited in the basins. Erosion of the escarpments and sediment bypassing gradually diminished as the basins filled with sediments and the platforms submerged to greater depths, cutting off the rapid shallow-water sedimentation.
Structure of the beta-form of poly d(A).poly d(U).

The crystalline beta-form of the sodium salt of poly d(A).poly d(U) trapped in oriented fibers forms a Watson-Crick base-paired, 10(1) double-helix of pitch 3.2 nm. Two molecules are present in a monoclinic unit cell apparently isomorphous with beta-poly d(A).poly d(T). The two chains in each molecule both carry C2'-endo puckered furanose rings but are conformationally not identical. The orientations of the A:U base-pairs relative to the helix-axis are distinctly different from those in classical B-DNA and the overall morphology of the duplex in which they reside resembles that of the alpha-forms of poly (purine).poly (pyrimidine) DNA duplexes previously reported.
Alteration in functional brain systems after electrical injury

Abstract Neuropsychological studies in electrical injury patients have reported deficits in attention, learning, and working memory, but the neural substrates of these deficits remain poorly characterized. In this study we sought to examine whether electrical injury subjects demonstrate abnormal patterns of brain activation during working memory and procedural learning tasks. Fourteen electrical injury subjects and fifteen demographically matched healthy control subjects performed a spatial working memory paradigm and a procedural learning paradigm during functional MRI studies. For the spatial working memory task, electrical injury patients exhibited significantly greater activation in the middle frontal gyrus and motor and posterior cingulate cortices. Increased activation in EI subjects also was observed on a visually-guided saccade task in several sensorimotor regions, including the frontal and parietal eye fields and striatum. On the procedural learning task, electrical injury patients exhibited sign...
Detection of Traumatic Complications of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation by Ultrasound

Abstract Study objective: We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of ultrasonography in the detection of traumatic complications of CPR. Methods: A prospective case series was undertaken with a convenience sample of 21 emergency department patients who sustained nontraumatic cardiopulmonary arrest. A 5- to 7-minute ultrasound examination was performed during resuscitation. The presence or absence of free fluid was noted in the left and right upper quadrants, coronal views of the kidneys, the pelvis, and the pericardium; autopsies to determine the source of fluid were not performed. Cardiac activity and the concurrent electrical rhythm were also noted. All ultrasonographers had previously been trained in the use of this technique for the evaluation of trauma patients. Examinations were stored on videotape for further review. Results: Seven of 20 patients (29%) had findings on ultrasound that could have resulted from CPR-related trauma. In one additional case, findings of free fluid were probably the result of preexisting illness (ascites). Pericardial effusion was found in three patients, perihepatic fluid in four, pleural fluid in one, perirenal fluid in four, perisplenic fluid in two, and pelvic fluid in three; several patients had multiple findings. Cardiac motion with pulseless electrical activity was noted in seven patients. Five patients had return of spontaneous circulation and survived to hospitalization, and one survived to discharge. Conclusion: Traumatic complications of CPR are well known but typically difficult to assess. Ultrasonography may identify injuries, help guide procedures, and serve as a means to assess pharmacologic effects on cardiac performance during CPR. It is a readily available, noninvasive means to assess these critically ill patients. [Corbett SW, O'Callaghan T: Detection of traumatic complications of cardiopulmonary resuscitation by ultrasound. Ann Emerg Med March 1997;29:317-322.]
Emerging principles for the recognition of peptide antigens by MHC class I molecules

Class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules interact with self and foreign peptides of diverse amino acid sequences yet exhibit distinct allele-specific selectivity for peptide binding. The structures of the peptide-binding specificity pockets (subsites) in the groove of murine H-2Kb as well as human histocompatibility antigen class I molecules have been analyzed. Deep but highly conserved pockets at each end of the groove bind the amino and carboxyl termini of peptide through extensive hydrogen bonding and, hence, dictate the orientation of peptide binding. A deep polymorphic pocket in the middle of the groove provides the chemical and structural complementarity for one of the peptide's anchor residues, thereby playing a major role in allele-specific peptide binding. Although one or two shallow pockets in the groove may also interact with specific peptide side chains, their role in the selection of peptide is minor. Thus, usage of a limited number of both deep and shallow pockets in multiple combinations appears to allow the binding of a broad range of peptides. This binding occurs with high affinity, primarily because of extensive interactions with the peptide backbone and the conserved hydrogen bonding network at both termini of the peptide. Interactions between the anchor residue (or residues) and the corresponding allele-specific pocket provide sufficient extra binding affinity not only to enhance specificity but also to endure the presentation of the peptide at the cell surface for recognition by T cells.
Repercussions of the Execution of William de Braose: a Letter from Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to Stephen de Segrave

Long overlooked because of its near illegibility, this draft of a letter sent by Llywelyn ab Iorwerth to Stephen de Segrave around midsummer 1230 illuminates the complex dynastic and political problems Llywelyn faced in the wake of the execution of William de Braose for his adultery with the prince's wife Joan. The affair and the subsequent execution created tensions between Llywelyn and the princes of southern Wales, as well as jeopardizing his good relations with the royal government and the Braose family, with whom Llywelyn had been negotiating a marriage for his son Dafydd. The letter underscores the importance of family ties in Llywelyn's diplomatic policies, and reveals the failure of the royal government, preoccupied by continental ambitions and distracted by factional dispute, to respond effectively to dangerous developments on the Welsh March. These unresolved tensions and royal inattention ultimately led to the outbreak of war in south Wales in 1231.
Synthesis of 2′,3′-Dideoxyuridine Via the Corey-Winter Reaction

Abstract Heating of 5′-protected uridine cyclic 2′,3′-O-thiocarbonates in trimethyl phosphite in an inert atmosphere gives 5′-protected 2′,3′-didehydro-2′,3′-dideoxy-uridines in nearly quantitative yield.
Mechanisms of Orthostatic Hypotension and Tachycardia in Patients with Pheochromocytoma

We have explored the pathophysiological mechanisms of orthostatic hypotension and orthostatic tachycardia, found to be present in 83% and 61% respectively of 18 patients with subsequently proven pheochromocytoma. Orthostatic increases in plasma norepinephrine (NE) concentrations were significantly greater in the patients than in normal control subjects. Intravenous infusions of NE at 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 micrograms/min induced similar increases in plasma NE levels but smaller increments in systolic and diastolic BP in the pheochromocytoma patients than in normal control subjects. This was reflected by a significantly greater increment in plasma NE concentration required to raise systolic BP by 15 mm Hg and diastolic BP by 7 mm Hg in the pheochromocytoma patients than in the normal subjects (P < .05 and P < .01, respectively). Measurements of venous contractile responses to locally infused NE by the dorsal hand vein (LVDT) technique revealed significantly reduced slopes of the regressions of log NE infusion rate on change in venous diameter in the pheochromocytoma patients compared with normal subjects. The results indicate reduced responsiveness of the vasculature to NE in patients with pheochromocytoma, probably due to down-regulation of alpha-adrenergic receptors resulting from persistent elevation of the physiological agonist NE. This was shown by other authors to be present in circulating platelets. The pathophysiological importance of the subnormal venous responses to the orthostatic hypotension and tachycardia in the patients were supported by the finding that the orthostatic changes were corrected by lower body compression to 45 mm Hg with a MAST pressure suit.
MPI Microtask for programming the cell broadband engine TM processor

The Cell Broadband EngineTM processor employs multiple accelerators, called synergistic processing elements (SPEs), for high performance. Each SPE has a high-speed local store attached to the main memory through direct memory access (DMA), but a drawback of this design is that the local store is not large enough for the entire application code or data. It must be decomposed into pieces small enough to fit into local memory, and they must be replaced through the DMA without losing the performance gain of multiple SPEs. We propose a new programming model, MPI microtask, based on the standard Message Passing Interface (MPI) programming model for distributed-memory parallel machines. In our new model, programmers do not need to manage the local store as long as they partition their application into a collection of small microtasks that fit into the local store. Furthermore, the preprocessor and runtime in our microtask system optimize the execution of microtasks by exploiting explicit communications in the MPI model. We have created a prototype that includes a novel static scheduler for such optimizations. Our initial experiments have shown some encouraging results.
The effect of bursectomy on natural xenoreactive antibodies and vascularized rat cardiac xenograft rejection in the chicken

The clinical application of xenotransplantation between distantly related species is currently prevented by the occurrence of hyperacute rejection (HAR). Controversy exists over the importance of natural xenoreactive antibody (NAb)-mediated activation of the classical complement pathway vs. direct activation of the alternative C pathway in this process. In order to evaluate HAR of xenografts (Xgs) in the absence of NAb, this study utilized K strain leghorn chickens that were bursectomized (Bx) on day 17 in ovo (n = 18) to prevent B cell development and production of NAb. Aged-matched untreated siblings served as controls (n = 13). Based on pretransplant antibody levels, the Bx chickens were divided into two groups: totally Bx (Total Bx, n = 9) and partially Bx (Part Bx, n = 9). Chickens then underwent heterotopic cardiac xenotransplantation using PVG rats as donors, where the Xg was connected to the circulation of the chicken recipient utilizing cannulae. For the control group, Xg survival was 28 +/- 3 min (mean +/- SEM), while Part Bx prolonged survival to 80 +/- 15 min. Total Bx extended rat Xg survival to 102 +/- 11 min, with 5 of 9 Xgs functioning well at the time of termination of the study (90-120 min). Three chickens in the Total Bx group with rat cardiac Xgs that were functioning at 120 min were given a 1 ml i.v. injection of heat inactivated control chicken serum. This led to loss of Xg function within 10 min, confirming the important role for NAb in HAR in this species combination. Histologic examination of the Xgs following perfusion revealed significant arterial endothelial injury in the control and Part Bx groups but not in the Total Bx group. Conversely, Xgs from the Total Bx group showed marked venous congestion, which was not seen in the other two groups. This study demonstrates that: (1) Bx effectively eliminates NAb; (2) Xg survival is significantly prolonged in the absence of NAb in this rat-to-chicken xenogeneic combination; (3) the presence of NAb is associated with arterial endothelial injury; and (4) in the absence of NAb, marked venous congestion and injury occurs, which is possibly mediated by alternative C pathway activation or other humoral mechanisms.
Identifying trainers' knowledge of training transfer research findings – closing the gap between research and practice

Training professionals were surveyed concerning their knowledge of transfer of training research. Survey items were developed from an integrative literature review based on empirical findings of factors that directly or indirectly (through learning) influence training transfer. Survey results suggest that training professionals are in agreement with empirical transfer findings in the areas of training design and the work environment, but differ in their agreement of how individual differences impact transfer success and of relevant transfer evaluation findings. Training professionals were more familiar with academic transfer research when they occupied higher job positions within their organization, held a training certification and had a college degree. The results of our study and the implications for addressing the research-to-practice gap among training professionals are also discussed.