cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Concurrent Criterion Validity of a Modified Pass/Fail Grading System and Associated Error Rates.

The concurrent criterion validity of a modified pass/fail grading system in a medical school was assessed. The investigators examined possible differences between honor society and non-honor society students on three medical school entry variables and on scores on the Part I and Part II examinations of the National Board of Medical Examiners. Additionally, a model was constructed and applied whereby the observed National Board scores were the sole criteria in predicted honor society or non-honor society classification. Resultant error rates were then computed; false-positive errors over a five year period were less than 10% but false-negative errors exceeded 50%.
Eulogy for the Dollar

Globalization has indeed flattened the earth, paving the way for new beginnings and the resurgence of old cultures alike by levelling the playing field for all comers. While this new era of post-globalization certainly heralds de-Westernization by century's end, is it more likely to mean a revival of the old ways of the East or the new hybrid ways of the first global civilization? Some of Asia's most provocative voices, as well as the world's most renowned cellist and cross-pollinating musician, offer their views.
STOCK OPTIONS AS A FORM OF COMPENSATION FOR AMERICAN EXECUTIVES: IMPACT ON ACCOUNTING RULES OF THEMES AND ARGUMENTS REPORTED IN NEWSPAPERS AND BUSINESS MAGAZINES, 1975-1993

For the period of 1975 through 1993, this research utilizes content analysis to examine rhetorical activity in newspapers and business magazines vis-a-vis stock option compensation. Tracing the evolution of accounting regulator's views regarding accounting for stock option compensation and its relation to media rhetoric reveals findings relevant to understanding the social evolution of accounting for stock options. Our findings provide evidence that historically the SEC, Congress, and FASB have reacted to shifts in views expressed in the news and business media. The research provides evidence that views expressed in the media impacted the timing of FASB action regarding the development, issuance, and reconsideration of the exposure draftAccounting for Stock Based Compensation.Accordingly, the neutrality of accounting standard setting is challenged by the study.
Defect characterization of roller bearing surfaces with laser Doppler vibrometry

Abstract Laser Doppler vibrometry is presented as an effective method of surface profile measurement and surface crack detection in rolling bearing balls. For both inspections, a surface velocity profile is used in addition to surface displacement profile. An experimental setup and a signal-processing algorithm are used to obtain digitized surface profiles and power spectral density measurements of ball surfaces. Profile measurements are presented that match lobed ball frequency results with a resolution of 0.025 μm. Velocity measurement provides a much higher bandwidth for defect detection. Cracks down to 22 μm in width can be detected with a 150 μm by 500 μm wide laser spot size. Cracks smaller than 22 μm can be detected by decreasing the laser spot size. The method is well suited for a manufacturing environment because of its durability, simplicity, and high speed.
Steroid Hydroxylations by Human Adrenal Cortex Microsomes1,2

Microsomes were prepared from human adrenals obtained at the time of cadaveric renal transplantation. Microsomes were assayed for cytochrome P-450 concentrations (mean =0.63 nmol/mg protein) and NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity (mean 65 nmol times min-1 times mg-1 protein). Rates of steroid hydroxylation were measured. In man, the rate of 21-hydroxylation of 17-hydroxyprogesterone was approximately three times the rate of 21-hydroxylation of progesterone. The rate of 17-hydroxylation of progesterone was approximately three times the rate of 21-hydroxylation of progesterone. Substrate binding to microsomes showed a type I spectrum with progesterone and 17-hydroxy-progesterone. Both substrates bound all spectrally identifiable sites. Antibody prepared against procine NADPH-cytochrome c reductase inhibited concomitantly human reductase, 21-hydroxylation of progesterone and 17-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17-hydroxylation of progesterone. These results were compared to previous studies with beef adrenal microsomes. No specific evidence was obtained to suggest multiple forms of 21-hydroxylase in human adrenal microsomes. It appears as though the human adrenal microsomal cytochrome P-450 electron transport chain is immunologically similar to those studied previously--beef adrenal, and rat and human liver.
On a theorem of Feferman

In this paper I have argued that Feferman's theorem does not signify the existence of skeptic-satisfying consistency proofs. However, my argument for this is much different than other arguments (most particularly Resnik's) for the same claim. The argument that I give arises form an analysis of the notion of ‘expression’, according to which the specific character of that notion is seen as varying from one context of application (of a result of arithmetic metamathematics) to another.
Transient ventricular dysfunction after an asphyxiation event: stress or hypoxia?

Objective: This report of a pediatric patient with acute upper airway obstruction causing asphyxiation emphasizes the need to maintain clinical suspicion for acquired myocardial dysfunction, despite the presumed role of noncardiogenic causes for pulmonary edema after an acute upper airway obstruction. Design: Case report. Setting: A tertiary pediatric intensive care unit. Patient: A 10-year-old girl with no significant medical history who developed flash pulmonary edema and acute myocardial dysfunction after an acute upper airway obstruction. Interventions: Serial echocardiograms, exercise stress test, and coronary angiography were performed. Serial pro-brain natriuretic peptide, troponins, and CK-MB levels were also followed. Results: Troponin level normalized approximately 7 days after the acute event. CK-MB and pro-brain natriuretic peptide levels decreased but had not completely normalized by time of discharge. The patient was discharged home 10 days after the event on an anticipated 6-month course of metoprolol without any signs or symptoms of cardiac dysfunction. Conclusions: Myocardial dysfunction is rarely documented in children after an acute upper airway obstruction or an asphyxiation event. Pediatric intensivists and hospitalists should maintain a high degree of clinical suspicion and screen for possible myocardial dysfunction in the pediatric patient with an acute severe hypoxic event especially when accompanied by pulmonary edema. Prompt evaluation ensures appropriate support. Additionally, some role may exist for early adrenergic receptor blockade.
Experimental study of 351-nm and 527-nm laser-initiated surface damage on fused silica surfaces due to typical contaminants

Optics damage under high-intensity illumination may be the direct result of laser light interaction with a contaminant on the surface. Contaminants of interest are small particles of the materials of construction of large laser systems and include aluminum, various absorbing glasses, and fused silica. In addition, once a damage site occurs and begins to grow, the ejecta from the growing damage site create contamination on nearby optic surfaces and may initiate damage on these surfaces via a process we call "fratricide." We report on a number of experiments that we have performed on fused silica optics that were deliberately contaminated with materials of interest. The experiments were done using 527-nm light as well as 351-nm light. We have found that many of the contaminant particles are removed by the interaction with the laser and the likelihood of removal and/or damage is a function of both fluence and contaminant size. We have developed an empirical model for damage initiation in the presence of contaminants.
Multifunctional deadenylase complexes diversify mRNA control

Dynamic changes of the lengths of mRNA poly(A) tails are catalysed by diverse deadenylase enzymes. Modulating the length of the poly(A) tail of an mRNA is a widespread means of controlling protein production and mRNA stability. Recent insights illuminate the specialized activities, biological functions and regulation of deadenylases. We propose that the recruitment of multifunctional deadenylase complexes provides unique opportunities to control mRNAs and that the heterogeneity of the deadenylase complexes is exploited to control translation and mRNA stability.
Effect of Silicone Gluteal Implant on Bone Mineral Density Evaluation by DXA Scan

Aamna Hassan,* Erin Grady, Joseph Ringelstein, James R. Halama, Alaleh Mazhari, and Nicholas C. Friedman Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hines VA Medical Center, Hines, IL, USA; Department of Nuclear Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA; Department of Radiology, Section of Nuclear Medicine, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA; and Department of Endocrinology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL, USA
The Prognosis in Idiopathic Diaphragmatic Paralysis

Forty cases of idiopathic diaphragmatic paralysis were studied in an effort to learn something of the permanence of the condition. Follow-up information was available in 87 per cent, including roentgenologic evidence in 68 per cent. None of the patients died or had serious illness during the period of observation, which ranged from 4 months to 19 years. Twenty-six per cent of the traced patients exhibited spontaneous return of the diaphragm to apparently normal function, as evidenced by re-examination after intervals ranging from 2 to 19 years. The findings indicate that idiopathic diaphragmatic paralysis is a benign condition, and that without untoward associated findings unilateral idiopathic phrenic paralysis is seldom, if ever, a harbinger of serious disease. Further, the study suggests that in phrenic paralysis there is a likelihood of at least 25 per cent that complete or partial recovery of normal diaphragmatic function will occur spontaneously.
SU-E-T-529: The Dosimetric Uncertainty of Helical MVCT Images for Use in Adaptive Radiotherapy

Purpose: To determine the dosimetric uncertainty of MVCT images obtained with a helical TomoTherapy unit for use in adaptive radiotherapy evaluations. Methods: A water, head, and thorax phantom were used to quantify the baseline uncertainty in dose recomputations. Each phantom was planned and then re‐imaged using helical MVCT. Dose was recalculated on the MVCT images and compared to the plan DVHs for each target. Next, the variation of the MVCT images over three years on two machines was assessed. MVCT images of the TomoTherapy CT density calibration phantom were analyzed to find the variation in the solid water CT number over this time. To quantify the dosimetric changes resulting from this temporal variability, dosimetric endpoints were compared versus solid water CT number changes for an oropharynx patient.Results: The D95, D50, and D05 dosimetric endpoints were compared for each phantom in the baseline evaluation. D50 deviated by −0.4%, −1.3%, and 0.7% from the planned dose for the water, head, and thorax phantoms, respectively. The solid water CT number varied, over time, from a maximum of 108 HU to a minimum of −3 HU. This translated into a total dosimetric variation in the D50 of the oropharynx patient's PTV of 2.9% (−1.7% to +1.2%). The parotids varied less than the target with a total D50 variation of 1.5% and 1.2% for the right and left parotids, respectively Conclusions: This work suggests that the observed temporal variation of the MVCT number alone does not translate into dosimetric discrepancies greater than 3%. Maintaining the solid water MVCT number within 30 HU of its calibrated value should be sufficient to achieve dose recalculation results within 2.5% of the expected values, including the baseline error. This study was funded in part by a grant from TomoTherapy, Inc.
Mice: fetal estrogen exposure does not facilitate later activation of fighting by testosterone.

Abstract Male and female mice born of adults having been administered 10–50 μg estrogen on Days 12 through 18 of gestation displayed normal latencies to fight following the commencement of chronic testosterone exposure during adult life. Thus, in contrast to its ability to facilitate fighting when given to females during the early postnatal period, estrogen does not act in a facilitatory manner with regard to fetal tissue involved in the subsequent elaboration of fighting behavior.
Argon Beam Coagulation Compared With Cryoablation of Ventricular Subendocardium

Abstract The Argon Beam Coagulator uses radiofrequency energy to excite argon gas that may be used for ventricular ablation. The effects of power level and number of applications of the Argon Beam Coagulator were compared with cryothermia. Ten mongrel dogs underwent cardiac extirpation. The endocardial surfaces of 5 hearts were used for the creation of lesions using the Argon Beam Coagulator at five power levels with either one or two applications. Five hearts were used for endocardial and epicardial lesions using cryothermia (15-mm-diameter probe at −70 °C) for 1, 2, 3, or 4 minutes. The Argon Beam Coagulator lesions showed an increase in depth with increasing power levels (2.25 ± 1.05 mm at 50 W to 6.64 ± 0.75 mm at 150 W) and number of applications (maximum depth of 6.64 ± 0.75 mm with one application, 11.2 ± 1.1 mm with two applications). Cryothermia lesions were similar in depth regardless of duration or site of application (range, 6.1 to 10.2 mm). Both techniques resulted in homogeneous and well-demarcated lesions. These data show that the Argon Beam Coagulator results in discrete endocardial lesions, which may be created quickly and reproducibly. This may be a useful alternative for the operative ablation of endocardial scar in the treatment of ventricular tachycardia.
Spectroscopy of Ultracold 39 K 85 Rb Triplet Rydberg Molecules through the a 3 Σ + State formed by Photoassociation

We have observed vibrational levels of the 23Pi state and the 33Sigma+ state of 39K85Rb through the a3Sigma+ state formed by photoassociation (PA) spectroscopy. Convenient state-selective detection methods for exploring triplet Rydberg states from the metastable a3Sigma+ state of ultracold KRb molecules by photoionization and time-of-flight mass spectroscopy are proposed.
A Patch-Clamp ASIC for Nanopore-Based DNA Analysis

In this paper, a fully integrated high-sensitivity patch-clamp system is proposed for single-molecule deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis using a nanopore sensor. This system is composed of two main blocks for amplification and compensation. The amplification block is composed of three stages: 1) a headstage, 2) a voltage-gain difference amplifier, and 3) a track-and-hold circuit, that amplify a minute ionic current variation sensed by the nanopore while the compensation block avoids the headstage saturation caused by the input parasitic capacitances during sensing. By employing design techniques novel for this application, such as an instrumentation-amplifier topology and a compensation switch, we minimize the deleterious effects of the input-offset voltage and the input parasitic capacitances while attaining hardware simplicity. This system is fabricated in a 0.35 μm 4M2P CMOS process and is demonstrated using an α-hemolysin protein nanopore for detection of individual molecules of single-stranded DNA that pass through the 1.5 nm-diameter pore. In future work, the refined system will functionalize single and multiple solid-state nanopores formed in integrated microfluidic devices for advanced DNA analysis, in scientific and diagnostic applications.
Role of retinal metabolism in methanol‐induced retinal toxicity

Methanol is a toxicant that causes systemic and ocular toxicity after acute exposure. The folate-reduced (FR) rat is an excellent animal model that mimics characteristic human methanol toxic responses. The present study examines the role of the methanol metabolites formaldehyde and formate in the initiation of methanol-induced retinal toxicity. After a single oral dose of 3.0 g/kg methanol, blood methanol concentrations were not significantly different in FR rats compared with folate-sufficient (FS) (control) rats. However, FR rats treated with 3.0 g/kg methanol displayed elevated blood (14.6 mM) and vitreous humor (19.5 mM) formate levels and abnormal electroretinograms (loss of b-wave) 48 h postdose. FR rats pretreated with disulfiram (DSF) prior to 3.0 g/kg methanol treatment failed to display these symptoms. Formaldehyde was not detected in blood or vitreous humor with or without DSF treatment, suggesting that formate is the toxic metabolite in methanol-induced retinal toxicity. Additionally, creating a blood formate profile (14.2 mM at 48 h) similar to that observed in methanol-treated rats by iv infusion of pH-buffered formate does not alter the electroretinogram as is observed with methanol treatment. These data suggest that intraretinal metabolism of methanol is necessary for the formate-mediated initiation of methanol-induced retinal toxicity.
Reversible swelling of chitosan and quaternary ammonium modified chitosan brush layers: effects of pH and counter anion size and functionality

This study investigates the swelling of grafted polycationic brushes as a function of pH and anion type. The brushes are chitosan (CH) and chitosans with 27% and 51% degrees of substitution (DS) of quaternary ammonium salts, denoted as CH-Q25 and CH-Q50, respectively. The water content and swelling behaviors are monitored using in situ quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). The pH varies from ∼3.5 to 8.5, and the counter anion types include chloride, acetate, and citrate. At fixed pH, the water content and brush swelling increase as the DS increases. While the CH-Q50 brush layer shows symmetric swelling with a minimum near pH = 4.5, the swelling of CH and CH-Q25 is relatively constant as pH decreases from 8.2 to 5.5, and then begins to increase near pH 4. These studies indicate that the symmetric swelling of CH-Q50 is likely attributed to increasing protonation of primary amines at pH values below 6.5 and the quaternary ammonium salts above pH 6.5. At pH 4, the swelling of the CH brush increases upon exchanging the smaller chloride with bulkier acetate anions, which is less effective in screening intra/inter-molecular repulsion. In contrast, upon exchanging the acetate with trifunctional citrate anions, CH and CH-Q25 brushes collapse by 53 and 42%, respectively, because the citrate anions form ionic cross-links. To test antibacterial properties, silicon oxide, CH and CH-Q50 brush layers are exposed to 107–108 cfu ml−1 of S. aureus for two days at 37 °C and to stepped shear stresses at 2 min intervals. While an S. aureus biofilm adheres strongly to silicon oxide and CH for stresses up to 12 dyne per cm2, biofilms on CH-Q50 detach at a relatively low shear stress, 1.5 dyne per cm2. Due to their high degree of swelling that can be tuned via pH, counterion size and type, chitosan and quaternary modified chitosans have potential as responsive coatings for applications including MEMS/NEMS devices and drug eluting implants.
Social Support and Adolescent Mothers: Action Research Contributions to Theory and Application

Two longitudinal studies examined the influences of social support, networks, and support interventions on the adjustment of teenage mothers and their babies. Structured interviews were conducted prenatally and during postnatal follow-up in both studies. Group and home-based educational support interventions were also conducted through the baby's first year of life. Perceived support, social network resources, and support interventions were related to better postpartum adjustment for young mothers and improved health and development for their babies. Some negative effects were also suggested. The results confirm the importance of assessing specific sources of support and of distinguishing between the concepts of perceived support and social networks. Implications for future social support research and interventions are discussed.
Toward plasmonic solar cells: protection of silver nanoparticles via atomic layer deposition of TiO2.

Plasmonic silver nanoparticles have unique properties that lend themselves to unusual optical applications, potentially including use as absorption amplifiers in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). However, these particles are easily damaged under oxidizing conditions. Atomic layer deposition of TiO2 onto transparent-conductive-oxide-supported silver particles was examined as a means of protecting particles while simultaneously incorporating them into DSSC-functional photoelectrodes. The resulting assemblies were exposed to corrosive I−/I3− solutions, and the degree of silver etching was determined via scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy. To form a pinhole-free (i.e., fully protective) crystalline TiO2 layer, 7.7 nm (300 cycles) must be deposited. If, however, a 0.2 nm (2 cycles) Al2O3 adhesion layer is included, only 5.8 nm (211 cycles) of TiO2 are necessary for the formation of a pinhole-free coating.
On Mixed Elements for Acoustic Fluid-Structure Interactions

In this paper we investigate the performance of some mixed finite elements used in the displacement/pressure (u/p) and displacement-pressure-vorticity moment (u-p-Λ) formulations for acoustic fluid-structure interactions. In particular, we show that certain elements pass a numerical inf-sup test and are valuable for general applications. Also considered are macroelements that are based on simple four-node elements.
Memory in monkeys severely impaired by combined but not by separate removal of amygdala and hippocampus

THE profound anterograde amnesia that has been attributed in the clinical literature to damage of the hippocampal system1,2 has not been observed in animals with such damage. Hippocampal-system lesions in animals do markedly impair some forms of spatial memory3,4, but the effects on other forms of memory have generally seemed minor5,6 compared with the dramatic disorder described in man7,8. This discrepancy between the clinical and animal literature could indicate a true evolutionary shift in the functions of the hippocampus9,10, or, at the other extreme, it could simply reflect the use of incommensurate measures across species11,12. (Strong support for this second interpretation has been provided by Gaffan13.) A third possibility, however, is that the discrepancy points to inaccurate localisation of the neuropathology in man that is responsible for the profound amnesia. Support for this last alternative comes from new evidence in monkeys indicating that a striking impairment in visual memory can be produced by the combined ablation of the hippocampal formation and the amygdaloid body, but not by ablation of either of these structures alone.
The positions of lanthanum (actinium) and lutetium (lawrencium) in the periodic table: an update

This article updates the author’s 1982 argument that lutetium and lawrencium, rather than lanthanum and actinium, should be assigned to the d-block as the heavier analogs of scandium and yttrium, whereas lanthanum and actinium should be considered as the first members of the f-block with irregular configurations. This update is embedded within a detailed analysis of Lavelle’s abortive 2008 attempt to discredit this suggestion.
Luteolysis Is Linked to Luteinizing Hormone-Induced Depletion of Adenosine Triphosphate in Vivo

An elevation of ATP levels in luteal cells markedly enhances their response to gonadotropin. In contrast, depletion of ATP in all cells leads to a series of interrelated events that produces irreversible cell injury. Since the corpus luteum has a transient existence, functional regression and involution of this gland play a fundamental role in the regulation of reproduction. The objective of the present studies was to evaluate whether the luteal ATP content may be regulated in an endocrine fashion and whether luteolysis may be linked to depletion of ATP in the corpus luteum in vivo. The present studies show that removal of the pituitary, maintenance of luteal function in hypophysectomized rats with PRL, or acute treatment with prostaglandin F2α had no effect on luteal ATP levels. However, LH produced a rapid and marked decrease in adenine nucleotide levels in both intact and hypophysectomized PRLreplaced rats, whereas GTP levels were unaffected. In pituitaryintact rats, this same effect of LH occurred wit...
Dark septate endophyte and arbuscular mycorrhizal status of vegetation colonizing a bottomland hardwood forest after a 100 year flood

Levels of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization and dark septate endophyte (DSE) colonization were assessed in the vegetation recolonizing a remnant bottomland hardwood forest in north central Texas following a 100 year flood. Thirty seven plant species representing 21 dicotyledonous and 2 montocotyledonous families established following floodwater recession. AM and/or DSE were found in all species. AM colonization was found in 31 out of the 37 species assessed including both monocotyledonous families (Poaceae and Cyperaceae) and 17 out of 21 dicotyledonous families (Acanthaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Loganiaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Onagraceae, Pedaliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae, Solanaceae, Verbanaceae and Violaceae). DSE were found in 31 out of 37 species assessed including both monocotyledonous families and 15 out of 21 dicotyledonous families (Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Boraginaceae, Brassicaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lythraceae, Malvaceae, Pedaliaceae, Phytolaccaceae, Polygonaceae, Ranunculaceae, Sapindaceae, Scrophulariaceae and Violaceae). There were no detectable differences in AM or DSE colonization levels among wetland indicator groups (p > 0.05). Levels of DSE colonization were negatively correlated with vesicular colonization and hyphal colonization for the obligate wetland species. There were no other significant relationships between AM and DSE colonization detected. Spearman rank order correlation coefficients did not differ significantly among wetland indicatory category for any level of AM or DSE colonization.
Propylene glycol dermatitis: re‐evaluation of an old problem

Evaluation of dermatitis associated with propylene glycol application or ingestion remains a challenge. The research dealing with skin reactions to propylene glycol is revisited and new aspects for future research are outlined. Based on literature review and our own observations, we propose classifying skin reactions to propylene glycol into 4 mechanisms: (a) irritant contact dermatitis, (b) allergic contact dermatitis, (c) non-immunologic contact urticaria, and (d) subjective or sensory irritation. This concept allows a partial explanation of effects observed by different authors. Despite attempts to define objective criteria, biologically, histopathologically, or clinically, the distinction between irritant and allergic reactions remains unclear. Furthermore, the irritation threshold of propylene glycol, and likewise the optimal standard concentration in patch tests, is sub judice. Future studies on propylene glycol dermatitis should include repeated patch tests with serial dose dilutions, repeated open application tests/provocative use tests, oral challenge tests, and biopsies for a more complete evaluation of mechanisms and clinical significance.
Continual Light and Constant Estrus in Hamsters

Twenty-six female golden hamsters were maintained in continual light (LL) for 69–72 days (short-term LL group). Eleven additional females were maintained in LL for 6–14 months. Twenty-six control females were maintained in 12 hr of light followed by 12 hr of darkness for 70–72 days and were then killed in estrus. These exhibited regular 4-day cycles and regressing CL when killed. The 26 shortterm LL animals completed 9–14 consecutive 4-day cycles (mean = 12.4 cycles) in LL and thereafter typically exhibited altered cycles of 5–32 days (mean = 8.27 days) until killed. During the extended part of each altered cycle vaginal smears were characteristic of estrus except for the presence of leukocytes in moderate numbers, the upper vaginal and cervical epithelia were heavily cornified and constantly sloughing, ovarian follicles were larger than those of cyclic estrus, and the ovaries contained regressing CL. Pituitary prolactin levels at the end of 69–72 days in LL were comparable to those of cyclic estrus. Prio...
Policy-based dissemination of partial web-ontologies

Traditional discretionary access control, without data alteration operators, applied directly on ontologies can result in revealing unintended information because ontologies contain meta-information about objects. As an alternative we provide a constraint logic programming based policy language that can extract, rove or desensitize sensitive concepts in ontologies prior to requested disclosures. Our policies are stratified Horn clauses with constructive negation, and our constraint syst uses a finitary syst of ZF sets developed by Dovier et al. - and consequently, admits a three-valued Kripke-Kleene santics. Consequently, it is suitable for safeguarding meta-information stored on the Santic web using OWL. We show how our three-valued santics faithfully represents traditional OWL santics.
Diagnosis and treatment of subclavian artery occlusive disease

Atherosclerosis of the brachiocephalic vessels is uncommon in comparison to the prevalence of disease in the extracranial carotid arteries. Prior to 1980, occlusive disease of this vascular bed had been treated primarily with surgical intervention, which carried a significant rate of morbidity and mortality. In the last 30 years, however, minimally invasive endovascular techniques have become an important tool in the management of symptomatic patients. Angioplasty and stenting have been reported as a viable therapeutic option, producing good technical success and durability. Here, we examine the natural history of subclavian artery occlusive disease, along with the diagnostic evaluation and various treatment modalities currently available, with special attention paid to the evolution of the role of endovascular management.
Chromatic dispersion-monitoring technique based on phase-sensitive detection

A novel chromatic dispersion-monitoring technique is proposed and demonstrated. A path imbalanced interferometer is used to monitor the intensity to phase conversion of a radio-frequency spectral component of a modulated signal. The measurement range of the technique is independent of the data rate and can be tuned by adjusting the path length difference of the interferometer. An unambiguous measurement range of >2300 ps/nm is demonstrated for a 10-GB/s nonreturn-to-zero signal.
Pervasive Antisense Transcription Is Evolutionarily Conserved in Budding Yeast

Antisense transcription, or transcription on the opposite strand of the same genomic locus as another transcript, has been observed in many organisms, including yeast. Several antisense transcripts are known to be conserved across various species of yeast, and a few antisense transcripts are associated with functional regulation of the sense transcript. We detect antisense transcription from approximately 90% of protein-coding genes, and antisense transcription is generally associated with histone modifications indicative of a transcriptionally active state. The pattern of genome-wide antisense transcription in two species of budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and S. paradoxus, is widely evolutionarily conserved: Antisense transcripts exhibit conserved expression levels and localization with respect to gene annotations. Regions of genes exhibiting conserved antisense transcription also show less sequence divergence than regions of genes without antisense transcription. These findings provide further support that widespread antisense transcription is functional in yeast, and expand the catalog of putative functional antisense transcripts to include nonpolyadenylated transcripts. Because antisense transcripts are less divergent in sequence than expected, they likely contain sequences important to their function.
PALEOSOLS AND WIND-BLOWN SEDIMENTS | Weathering Profiles

Weathering profiles form over extended periods of time as geologic materials are altered in response to physical and chemical changes in the near-surface environment. Weathering profiles are the long-lasting ‘roots’ of surface soils and their properties reflect the cumulative effects of weathering under changing climatic, biotic, and geomorphic conditions at a given location. Variations in the factors that affect weathering from place to place on a landscape, around the globe, and through time, have produced patterns in the properties of weathering profiles. Deciphering the history preserved in these patterns can provide information crucial to understanding long-term processes that shape the Earth's surface and that affect the environment in which we live.
Pathogenetic factors in peptic ulcer disease

Peptic ulcers are believed to develop because of increased acid and pepsin secretion, a reduced mucosal defense mechanism, or a combination of these two abnormalities. Environmental factors such as use of nonsteroidal and steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, smoking, and emotional stress may play a role in the pathogenesis of ulcer disease in some patients. The exact mechanisms whereby these factors cause ulcers is unknown, although it is likely that non-steroidal drugs cause ulcers by reducing mucosal defense mechanisms whereas emotional stress may lead to ulceration by increasing acid secretion and/or decreasing mucosal defense mechanisms. Genetic factors may be important in the pathogenesis of ulcers in some patients.
The functional units of a peptostreptococcal protein L

Protein L is a cell-surface protein from Peptostreptococcus which interacts with immunoglobulin kappa light chains. A gene from Peptostreptococcus strain 3316 coding for protein L and fragments thereof were expressed in Escherichia coli. The peptides were examined for binding to immunoglobulin and serum albumin. The four C units were shown to be responsible for binding to immunoglobulin and the four D units for binding to albumin. This protein L molecule therefore binds to albumin at a site separate from that involved in binding to immunoglobulin. The albumin-binding units have high amino acid sequence identity with the albumin-binding units of streptococcal cell-surface proteins. The gene contains three sites available for internal initiation of translation resulting in three active proteins. The protein L molecule presented in this report was compared with a previously reported protein from Peptostreptococcus strain 312. The two proteins differ in several respects, including size and the number and types of repeat units.
Circulating 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Kidney Cancer Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers

Although the kidney is a major organ for vitamin D metabolism, activity, and calcium-related homeostasis, little is known about whether this nutrient plays a role in the development or the inhibition of kidney cancer. To address this gap in knowledge, the authors examined the association between circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) and kidney cancer within a large, nested case-control study developed as part of the Cohort Consortium Vitamin D Pooling Project of Rarer Cancers. Concentrations of 25(OH)D were measured from 775 kidney cancer cases and 775 age-, sex-, race-, and season-matched controls from 8 prospective cohort studies. Overall, neither low nor high concentrations of circulating 25(OH)D were significantly associated with kidney cancer risk. Although the data showed a statistically significant decreased risk for females (odds ratio = 0.31, 95% confidence interval: 0.12, 0.85) with 25(OH)D concentrations of ≥75 nmol/L, the linear trend was not statistically significant and the number of cases in this category was small (n = 14). The findings from this consortium-based study do not support the hypothesis that vitamin D is inversely associated with the risk of kidney cancer overall or with renal cell carcinoma specifically.
Benchmark measurements of current UPC platforms

UPC is a parallel programming language based on the concept of partitioned shared memory. There are now several UPC compilers available and several different parallel architectures that support one or more of these compilers. This paper is the first to compare the performance of most of the currently available UPC implementations on several commonly used parallel platforms. These compilers are the GASNet UPC compiler from UC Berkeley, the v1.1 MuPC compiler from Michigan Tech, the Hewlet-Packard v2.2 compiler, and the Intrepid UPC compiler. The parallel architectures used in this study are a 16-node x86 Myrinet cluster, a 31-processor AlphaServer SC-40, and a 48-processor Cray T3E. A STREAM-like microbenchmark was developed to measure fine- and course-grained shared-memory accesses. Also measured are five NPB kernels using existing UPC implementations. These measurements and associated observations provide a snapshot of the relative performance of current UPC platforms.
Nursing Knowledge and Human Science: Ontological and Epistemological Considerations

This article examines the meaning of human science in relation to extant nursing knowledge. The origins of the human science tradition are traced to the philosopher Wilhelm Dilthey, who challenged the dominance of the positivist perspective for generating knowledge of the human lifeworld. Specific ontological and epistemological criteria for human science are proposed. Four nursing frameworks, Paterson and Zderad's humanistic nursing, Newman's model of health as expanding consciousness, Watson's human science and human care, and Parse's theory of human becoming, are found to have consistencies and inconsistencies with the human science tradition. It is proposed that the human science perspective is present in and will continue to be reflected in the evolution of nursing science.
Evaluating Empirical Relationships Among Prediction, Measurement, and Scaling Invariance

The purpose of this study was to consider the relationships of prediction, measurement, and scaling invariance when these invariances were simultaneously evaluated in psychometric test data. An approach was developed to evaluate prediction, measurement, and scaling invariance based on linear and nonlinear prediction, measurement, and scaling functions. The approach was used to evaluate the relationships among 12 pairs of tests in 6 datasets for gender invariance. The prediction, measurement, and scaling invariance results were found to be similar for most of the test relationships evaluated, in that all 3 invariances were more likely to be established for highly correlated tests than for less highly correlated tests. The invariance results appeared to be well summarized by intercept differences in the linear prediction, measurement, and scaling functions. The implications of the results were discussed with respect to the relationships among prediction, measurement, and scaling invariances described in prior theoretical and empirical research. Suggestions for extending theoretical and empirical invariance research were provided.
Work in progress - instrumentation on a truss adapted for pre-college outreach

Engineering content is a valuable addition to pre-college instruction in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) since it applies scientific concepts, illustrates scientific relevance and technology, and provides measurement opportunities. Also, complex systems and interactions can be shown. This work describes outreach resources using a seven-member instrumented truss apparatus. This aluminum bench-top model is scaled to support up to fifty pounds. Electrical resistance gauges are installed on several members for strain measurement. The resource set includes the truss apparatus, instrumentation, a PowerPoint presentation, and a background document. The pre-college objective is a set of demonstration resources for middle or high school classrooms. Effective outreach design is modeled by tailoring to accommodate curriculum standards, level-appropriate concept terms, and grade continuity. The resources were developed by students in an interdisciplinary college class on sensors and structures. The development activities involved testing the models and measurements and refining the construction. Selected resources were implemented and evaluated in a local middle school classroom. The interdisciplinary content includes structural, force analysis, sensing, and measurement components.
Information theoretic analysis of linear shift-invariant edge-detection operators

Generally, the designs of digital image processing algorithms and image gathering devices remain separate. Consequently, the performance of digital image processing algorithms is evaluated without taking into account the influences by the image gathering process. However, experiments show that the image gathering process has a profound impact on the performance of digital image processing and the quality of the resulting images. Huck et al. proposed one definitive theoretic analysis of visual communication channels, where the different parts, such as image gathering, processing, and display, are assessed in an integrated manner using Shannon's information theory. We perform an end-to-end information theory based system analysis to assess linear shift-invariant edge-detection algorithms. We evaluate the performance of the different algorithms as a function of the characteristics of the scene and the parameters, such as sampling, additive noise etc., that define the image gathering system. The edge-detection algorithm is regarded as having high performance only if the information rate from the scene to the edge image approaches its maximum possible. This goal can be achieved only by jointly optimizing all processes. Our information-theoretic assessment provides a new tool that allows us to compare different linear shift-invariant edge detectors in a common environment.
CIS-TRANS PHOTOISOMERIZATION OF ABSCISIC ACID

— An important regulator of numerous physiological processes in higher plants is abscisic acid (ABA), which is photoisomerized from the more biologically active cis isomer to the nearly inactive trans isomer by natural sunlight. It is possible that this photoisomerization is a UV control mechanism in functions regulated by ABA. The quantum yields of both the cis to trans and trans to cis photoisomerizations were measured by an initial velocities method under various conditions of pH and oxygen concentration at room temperature. The yield for photoisomerization of cis-ABA ranged from 0.25 at pH 3.0 to 0.11 at pH 7.0. Oxygen partially quenched the process. The quantum yield varies only slightly with wavelength. The quantum yield of photolysis of cis-ABA is reported for pH 3.0 as 0.06. This yield also varies slightly with wavelength and is relatively insensitive to oxygen. This relatively high yield explains the loss of potency of ABA during UV irradiation. Phosphorescence of cis- and trans-ABA is observed in methanol at 77 K. Onset of the emission is at 350 nm. The emission spectra is the same for both isomers. From these results a mechanism of UV action on plants based on the photoisomerization of the inactive trans-ABA to the biologically active cis isomer is proposed.
Three distinct types of pacemaker cells in the sinoatrial node: computer simulations

Based on recent experimental data, the rapid and slow potassium currents (I/sub Kr/ and I/sub Ks/, respectively) were incorporated into the rabbit sinoatrial node (SAN) model of Demir et al. (1994) in place of I/sub K/. Using the modified model as a template, computational models of elongated spindle, spindle, and spider cells were then developed, which agree with data from isolated rabbit sinoatrial node cells of the three types (Verheijck et al. 1998). The biophysically detailed models are consistent with the known properties of rabbit SAN cells in terms of membrane current behavior, amplitudes, and ion concentrations In the intracellular and extracellular spaces. Modeled application of Cs/sup +/, which reduces both the hyperpolarization activated cation current (I/sub f/) and I/sub Kr/, on the three cell types yielded an increase in period of pacing (PP) by 14%, 23%, and 5.4% for spider, spindle, and elongated spindle cells, respectively. The modeled application of Ni/sup 2+/, which reduces the low-threshold Ca/sup 2+/ current, yielded an increase in the PP by 26%, 17%, and 4.3%, for spider, spindle, and elongated spindle cells, respectively. The simulated application of propofol, which reduces I/sub Kr/, reduced the PP by 8.1%, 13%, and 25% in spider, spindle, and elongated spindle cells, respectively. The modeled application of E-4031 which is known to reduce I/sub Kr/, abolished pacing in all three cell types. The models are based on physiological data, and demonstrate the proper behavior under drug applications. The underlying mechanisms which differentiate the cell types provide plausible mechanisms for cellular differences in the SAN tissue.
Methoxycarbonylsulfamoyl)triethylammonium Hydroxide

[29684-56-8] C8H18N2O4S (MW 238.35) InChI = 1S/C8H18N2O4S/c1-5-10(6-2,7-3)15(12,13)9-8(11)14-4/h5-7H2,1-4H3 InChIKey = YSHOWEKUVWPFNR-UHFFFAOYSA-N (dehydration agent1) Alternate Name: Burgess reagent. Physical Data: mp 76–79 °C. Solubility: sol benzene, toluene, THF, triglyme, acetonitrile, dichloromethane. Form Supplied in: colorless solid. Preparative Method: although the Burgess reagent is commercially available, it can be easily synthesized in two steps:1a the reaction of anhydrous methanol with Chlorosulfonyl Isocyanate followed by the addition of Triethylamine affords the reagent in good yield. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: moisture sensitive; the use of anhydrous solvent and atmosphere in reactions with this reagent is recommended.
Genetic analysis of ion channels in vertebrates.

Voltage-sensitive ion channels mediate voltage-dependent changes in surface membrane permeability to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ in a wide range of cell types. In electrically excitable cells, they are required for generation of propagated action potentials. In inexcitable cells, they participate in regulation of the plasma membrane potential and the intracellular concentrations of Ca2+ and monovalent ions. This class of membrane transport proteins is distinguished by three functional characteristics: high selectivity for transported ions, high single-channel conductance, and steep voltage dependence of ion transport activity. The ion transport activity of most voltage-sensitive ion channels is regulated on the millisecond time scale by two experimentally separable processes: activation, which controls the rate and voltage dependence of the increase in ion conductance following depolarization, and inactivation, which controls the rate and voltage dependence of the return of ion conductance to the resting level during prolonged depolarization. In addition, many voltage­ sensitive ion channels are modulated on the time scale of seconds to hours or longer by intracellular second messengers and protein phosphorylation reac­ tions. The molecular basis of these functional properties of voltage-sensitive ion channels and their expression and role in physiological processes are the subject of intense study by both biochemical and genetic methods. The chapter by Papazian et al (44) describes the application of both classical
Sympathetic nonnoradrenergic cutaneous vasoconstriction in women is associated with reproductive hormone status.

We tested whether a nonnoradrenergic component of reflex vasoconstriction of skin blood flow (SkBF) is sensitive to female reproductive hormones. Six women taking oral contraceptives underwent whol...