cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development and Pathway Formation of Peripheral Neurons During Leech Embryogenesis

By labeling the germinal plates of staged leech embryos with monoclonal antibodies to the immunoglobulin superfamily member Tractin, we have documented the distribution and initial development of peripheral neurons in a hirudinid leech. We find, in addition to sensillar and extrasensillar sensory neurons, that there are 21 identifiable peripheral neurons in each hemisegment. These neurons are found in highly stereotyped positions, and all but two of them are associated with the segmental nerves. We show that eight of the peripheral neurons have the characteristic morphology of stretch receptor neurons and that they form a circumferentially distributed grid aligned in such a way that each of five specialized longitudinal muscle fascicles are monitored by at least two stretch receptor cells covering ventral, lateral, and dorsal regions of the body wall. Furthermore, we show that, in contrast to the dorsal posterior nerve, which is pioneered by central projections, the pathways of the three remaining segmental nerves are likely to be pioneered or guided by peripheral neurons.
Comet showers as a cause of mass extinctions

Three independent pieces of evidence supporting a connection between comet showers and clustering in terrestrial cratering and mass extinctions are presented. The temporal profile of a comet shower triggered by a star passing through the Oort cloud is calculated. Four weak peaks are found in the age of distribution of impact craters over the past 100 Myr, as well as two compact clusters of ages of impact glass broadly coincident with crater-age peaks. Recent paleontological observations are reviewed that indicate a stepwise character for some well-documented mass extinctions in the past 100 Myr which roughly coincide with three of the four peaks in crater ages and which have a duration compatible with comet shower predictions.
Density-dependent nest predation in waterfowl: the relative importance of nest density versus nest dispersion.

When nest predation levels are very high or very low, the absolute range of observable nest success is constrained (a floor/ceiling effect), and it may be more difficult to detect density-dependent nest predation. Density-dependent nest predation may be more detectable in years with moderate predation rates, simply because there can be a greater absolute difference in nest success between sites. To test this, we replicated a predation experiment 10 years after the original study, using both natural and artificial nests, comparing a year when overall rates of nest predation were high (2000) to a year with moderate nest predation (2010). We found no evidence for density-dependent predation on artificial nests in either year, indicating that nest predation is not density-dependent at the spatial scale of our experimental replicates (1-ha patches). Using nearest-neighbor distances as a measure of nest dispersion, we also found little evidence for “dispersion-dependent” predation on artificial nests. However, when we tested for dispersion-dependent predation using natural nests, we found that nest survival increased with shorter nearest-neighbor distances, and that neighboring nests were more likely to share the same nest fate than non-adjacent nests. Thus, at small spatial scales, density-dependence appears to operate in the opposite direction as predicted: closer nearest neighbors are more likely to be successful. We suggest that local nest dispersion, rather than larger-scale measures of nest density per se, may play a more important role in density-dependent nest predation.
Cogency and the Validation of Induction

I.T. Oakley claims that the cogency of invalid, but cogent, arguments is context independent. Robert Pargetter and John Bigelow claim that the apparent cogency of any cogent, but invalid, argument is to be explained by the existence of a corresponding valid argument. I argue that both claims are incorrect and provide my own account of the cogency of arguments.
Charge movement and SR calcium release in frog skeletal muscle can be related by a Hodgkin-Huxley model with four gating particles.

Charge movement currents (IQ) and calcium transients (delta[Ca2+]) were measured simultaneously in frog skeletal muscle fibers, voltage clamped in a double vaseline gap chamber, using Antipyrylazo III as the calcium indicator. The rate of release of calcium from the SR (Rrel) was calculated from the calcium transients using the removal model of Melzer, W., E. Rios, and M. F. Schneider (1987. Biophys. J. 51:849–863.). IQ and delta [Ca2+] were calculated for 100 ms depolarizing test pulses to membrane potentials from -30 to +20 mV. To eliminate an inactivating component of Rrel, each test pulse was preceded by a large, fixed prepulse to +20 mV. The resulting Rrel records, which represent the noninactivating component of Rrel, were compared with integral of IQdt.(Q), the total charge that moves. The voltage dependence of the steady state Rrel was steeper then that of Q and shifted to the right. During depolarization, the Rrel waveform was similar to that of Q but was delayed by several ms, while, during repolarization, Rrel preceded Q. All of these results could be explained with a Hodgkin-Huxley type model for E-C coupling in which four voltage sensors in the t-tubule membrane which give rise to IQ must all be in their activating positions for the calcium release channel in the SR membrane to open.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
3-(Triethoxysilyl)propionitrile sol–gel coating

Abstract 3-(Triethoxysilyl)propionitrile (TESPN) sol–gel has been prepared under different conditions. It was employed for coating the surfaces of quartz and aluminum. Infrared (IR) and Raman spectra of TESPN and TESPN sol–gels have been recorded in the study of the sol–gel process. Transmission and reflection absorption IR (RAIR) spectra of TESPN sol–gel coated quartz and aluminum have also been collected for better understanding the film formation on the substrate surfaces. Spectra collected at different temperatures indicated that the silane film on quartz decomposes at 700 °C. Results from thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) supported this result. Based on the group frequencies and the spectral behavior in different states, some vibrational modes were assigned to the observed bands. The anticorrosion behavior of the sol–gel coated aluminum in comparison with the uncoated metal was evaluated by measuring the potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS).
Iron requirement for longevity of Pseudomonas cultures

Cultures of five out of six strains ofPseudomonas species grown in shaken flasks at 37 C needed tenfold more iron for longevity than for growth. At 30 C, the iron requirement was present in only two, and at 25 C in only one, of the six strains. The metal acted during early stationary phase and, to function, required protein synthesis. In a variety of microorganisms, qualitative and quantitative trace metal requirements for secondary metabolism and culture longevity are identical; we propose that successful completion of the former is a prerequisite of the latter.
Reduced renal function in patients with simple renal cysts

Reduced renal function in patients with simple renal cysts. Background. Sporadic renal cysts not associated with genetic polycystic disorders are common and generally thought to be of no clinical significance. Since multiple cysts frequently develop in end-stage renal disease (ESRD), we tested the hypothesis that cysts that are solitary or few in number are an early mani- festation of reduced renal function. Methods. We evaluated 561 hospitalized patients who un- derwent contrast-enhanced, abdominal computed tomography (CT) and correlated clinical characteristics and parameters of renal function with the presence or absence of renal cysts. Results. Age ranged from 16 to 100 years, mean serum creati- nine concentration was 0.88 mg/dL (range 0.4 to 2.1 mg/dL), and mean estimated creatinine clearance was 94 mL/min/ 1.73 m 2 (range 22 to 218 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). The presence of cysts was significantly correlated with older age (P < 0.001), higher serum creatinine concentration (P < 0.002), and lower estimated creatinine clearance (P < 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, including age and gender, estimated creatinine clear- ance still correlated with the presence of cysts (P = 0.009). When patients were grouped by age, estimated creatinine clear- ance correlated with cysts in patients <40 years and 40 to 59 years, but not in patients 60 to 79 years or ≥80 years. There was no association of cysts with hypertension or pro- teinuria. In patients with cysts, serum creatinine increased pro- gressively but not significantly with cyst number, and did not correlate with size or distribution of cysts. Renal parenchymal volume was slightly but not significantly reduced in patients with cysts. Conclusion. The presence of kidney cysts, even single cysts, is associated with reduced renal function in hospitalized patients younger than 60 years. This relationship may be obscured by the reduced renal function and the high incidence of cysts in older patients. These results suggest that acquired cystic kidney disease may begin early in the course of renal disease and that underlying renal disease should be considered in individuals with renal cysts prior to age 60 years.
Induced changes in the molecular weight of polybutadiene using alkyllithium-alkyl halide complexes

It has been demonstrated that gel permeation chromatography is useful in studying the reaction of aliphatic chloride, such as CCl4 and secondary-butyl chloride, with polybutadiene. These materials produce an increase in average molecular weight of the polymer and the concomitant change in distribution assists in verification of the proposed mechanism of reaction. Reaction is assumed to proceed through intermediate formation of radicals. If live polymer is used, both allyl and alkyl radicals are produced. Allyl radicals readily dimerize while alkyl radicals attack double bonds in the backbone of the chain to produce crosslinking. Quite different distributions result from these two reactions. Molecular weight distributions of polymers produced by reacting either CCl4 or secondary-butyl chloride with live polymer indicate the predominant reaction to be dimerization of allyl radicals. On the other hand, the crosslinking reaction occurs exclusively if dead polymer is reacted with secondary butyl chloride. In this case, it is necessary to add a strong base, such as n-butyllithium, to obtain the molecular weight increase.
Real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) during active wrist motion--initial observations.

Background: Non-invasive imaging techniques such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provide the ability to evaluate the complex anatomy of bone and soft tissues of the wrist without the use of ionizing radiation. Dynamic instability of wrist – occurring during joint motion – is a complex condition that has assumed increased importance in musculoskeletal medicine. The objective of this study was to develop an MRI protocol for evaluating the wrist during continuous active motion, to show that dynamic imaging of the wrist is realizable, and to demonstrate that the resulting anatomical images enable the measurement of metrics commonly evaluated for dynamic wrist instability. Methods: A 3-Tesla ‘‘active-MRI’’ protocol was developed using a bSSFP sequence with 475 ms temporal resolution for continuous imaging of the moving wrist. Fifteen wrists of 10 asymptomatic volunteers were scanned during active supination/pronation, radial/ulnar deviation, ‘‘clenched-fist’’, and volarflexion/dorsiflexion maneuvers. Two physicians evaluated distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ) congruity, extensor carpi ulnaris (ECU) tendon translation, the scapholunate (SL) interval, and the SL, radiolunate (RL) and capitolunate (CL) angles from the resulting images. Results: The mean DRUJ subluxation ratio was 0.04 in supination, 0.10 in neutral, and 0.14 in pronation. The ECU tendon was subluxated or translated out of its groove in 3 wrists in pronation, 9 wrists in neutral, and 11 wrists in supination. The mean SL interval was 1.43 mm for neutral, ulnar deviation, radial deviation positions, and increased to 1.64 mm during the clenched-fist maneuver. Measurement of SL, RL and CL angles in neutral and dorsiflexion was also accomplished. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the initial performance of active-MRI, which may be useful in the investigation of dynamic wrist instability in vivo.
On the Thermoelastic Martensitic Transformation in Tetragonal Zirconia

Recent evidence is summarized showing that the tetragonal (t) → monoclinic (m) martensitic transformation in ZrO2 can occur thermoelastically in certain ZrO2-containing ceramics, and that microcracking accompanying the transformation is more common than had previously been recognized. The implications of these new data for the conditions under which the stress-induced transformation is irreversible, and for the particle size dependence of the transformation start (Ms), temperature, are discussed.
Evolving patterns of iatrogenic multifetal pregnancy generation: Implications for aggressiveness of infertility treatments

Abstract Objective: Our purpose was to assess the changes in multifetal pregnancy generation as a function of utilization of ovulation stimulation and assisted reproductive techniques and to document the relative control of hyperstimulation between the methods. Study design: The methods of infertility treatment, number of fetuses, and outcomes of 220 patients referred for multifetal pregnancy reductioni were compared over three time periods (1986 to 1989, 1991 to 1992, and 1992 to 1993). Clomiphene, human menopausal gonadotropin, and ovulation stimulation wit urofollitropin were compared against gamete intrafallopian transfer, zygote intrafallopian transfer, and in vitro fertilization (assisted reproductive techniques). Results: The proportion of multifetal pregnancies generated by assisted reproductive techniques has steadily risen from 26% in the first two time periods to nearly half in the last 2 years. However, the number and proportion of quintuplet and greater pregnancies from assisted reproductive techniques have steadily fallen while for ovulation stimulation the proportion has remained about one third. Conclusion: Despite considerably increased use and proportionate generation of triplet and quadruplet pregnancies, the incidence of quintuplets has fallen for assisted reproductive techniques while there has been no improvement for ovulation stimulation. Continued, greter vigilance, particularly in the use of human menopausal gonadotropin and urofollitropin, must be emphasized.
Gamma-Ray Burst Energetics and the Gamma-Ray Burst Hubble Diagram: Promises and Limitations

We present a complete sample of 29 gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) for which it has been possible to determine temporal breaks (or limits) from their afterglow light curves. We interpret these breaks within the framework of the uniform conical jet model, incorporating realistic estimates of the ambient density and propagating error estimates on the measured quantities. In agreement with our previous analysis of a smaller sample, the derived jet opening angles of those 16 bursts with redshifts result in a narrow clustering of geometrically corrected gamma-ray energies about 1.33 x 10(exp 51) ergs; the burst-to-burst variance about this value is 0.35 dex, a factor of 2.2. Despite this rather small scatter, we demonstrate in a series of GRB Hubble diagrams that the current sample cannot place meaningful constraints upon the fundamental parameters of the universe. Indeed, for GRBs to ever be useful in cosmographic measurements, we argue the necessity of two directions. First, GRB Hubble diagrams should be based upon fundamental physical quantities such as energy, rather than empirically derived and physically ill-understood distance indicators (such as those based upon prompt burst time-profiles and spectra). Second, a more homogeneous set should be constructed by culling subclasses from the larger sample. These subclasses, although now first recognizable by deviant energies, ultimately must be identifiable by properties other than those directly related to energy. We identify a new subclass of GRBs (" f-GRBs ") that appear both underluminous by factors of at least 10 and exhibit a rapid fading (f(sub nu is proportional to t(sup -2) at early times (t < or = 0.5 day). About 10%-20% of observed long-duration bursts appear to be f-GRBs.
Baer subgeometry partitions

For any odd integern ≥3 and prime powerq, it is known thatPG(n−1, q2) can be partitioned into pairwise disjoint subgeometries isomorphic toPG(n−1, q) by taking point orbits under an appropriate subgroup of a Singer cycle ofPG(n−1, q2). In this paper, we construct Baer subgeometry partitions of these spaces which do not arise in the classical manner. We further illustrate some of the connections between Baer subgeometry partitions and several other areas of combinatorial interest, most notably projective sets and flagtransitive translation planes.
Thermoelectric transport in indium and aluminum-doped lead selenide

We present galvanomagnetic and thermomagnetic properties of bulk PbSe doped by substituting the donor elements In and Al for Pb. Although prominent resonant level effects are not seen, lightly doped samples display a high thermoelectric figure of merit (zT) in excess of 1.2 at 600 K, a temperature corresponding well to automotive waste heat recovery applications. This material's high zT is achieved without the use of nanostructuring or the relatively rare element Te. Phonon drag contributions to thermopower appear at temperatures below 30 K in Al-doped samples.
Holistic review in admissions: A strategy to diversify the nursing workforce

Individuals both within and outside the nursing profession have called for more diversity in nursing, from the education arena to the workforce. Implementing initiatives that address diversity and determining their effects have been limited. The University of Illinois at Chicago College of Nursing used the American Association of Medical Colleges Holistic Review Project as a platform to implement a process and paradigm shift for admissions to its nursing programs. We believe that the use of holistic admissions can increase the diversity among nursing students and provide the first step toward a diversified nursing profession. In hopes of assisting other institutions, we describe our experiences with preparing and implementing a holistic admissions process within the context of lessons learned and continued challenges. Furthermore, we hope our efforts will serve as a catalyst for a national dialogue on the use of holistic review as a strategy for the development of a more diverse nursing workforce.
Correction of clivoaxial angle deformity in the setting of suboccipital craniectomy: technical note.

A subset of patients with Chiari Type I malformation may develop neurological dysfunction secondary to an abnormally obtuse clivoaxial angle (CXA) and clivoaxial deformity causing deformative stress injury to the neural axis. Clivoaxial deformity can occur after initial standard suboccipital craniectomy, duraplasty, and C-1 laminectomy for brainstem compression, or severe clivoaxial deformity may be present in conjunction with a Chiari malformation. Clivoaxial deformity and abnormal CXA can be treated with an occipitocervical fusion (OCF). Performing OCF in the setting of a cranial defect can be challenging with currently available instrumentation. The authors describe their recent experience and outcomes in 3 consecutive pediatric patients using the “inside-out” technique for treating clivoaxial deformity and abnormal CXA in the setting of a craniectomy defect to restore stability to the craniocervical junction, while correcting the CXA.
Fingerling Muskellunge Production in an Intensive–Extensive Culture System in New York State

Declining stocks of adult muskellunge (Esox masquinongy) in Chautauqua Lake prompted changes in the production procedures employed at the Chautauqua State Fish Hatchery, Mayville, New York. The sys...
EFFECTS OF METHYLECGONIDINE ON ACETYLCHOLINE-INDUCED BRONCHOCONSTRICTION AND INDICATORS OF LUNG INJURY IN GUINEA PIGS

The fumarate salt of methylecgonidine (MEG; anhydroecgonine methylester), a pyrolysis product of cocaine, has previously been shown to antagonize contractions of guinea pig isolated trachea induced by acetylcholine (ACh) and other spasmogenics. We determined the effects of MEG fumarate on ACh-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo. Specific airway conductance (SGaw) was measured in guinea pigs receiving 30-300 mg/kg s.c. MEG fumarate and exposed one hour later to nebulized ACh (0.2-3.2%; by inhalation). MEG fumarate did not induce any changes in SGaw; neither did it antagonize dose-dependent decreases in SGaw induced by ACh. However, tremors, salivation, startle and increased numbers of fecal boli were observed after MEG administration. Thus, unlike antagonism of ACh-induced contractions of guinea pig isolated trachea observed in vitro, MEG fumarate does not antagonize ACh-induced bronchoconstriction in vivo, even at doses which induced changes in grossly-observable behavior. Inhalation of a condensation aerosol of MEG base induced lung damage as evidenced by the presence of blood and higher levels of protein and lactate dehydrogenase in the lung lavage fluid of MEG-treated animals than of control animals. Aerosols of MEG fumarate, on the other hand, did not induce lung damage when inhaled. These results extend previous observations that MEG base may contribute to detrimental pulmonary effects of crack smoking.
Simultaneous optimization of controlled structures

A formulation is presented for finding the combined optimal design of a structural system and its control by defining a composite objective function as a linear combination of two components; a structural objective and a control objective. When the structural objective is a function of the structural design variables only, and when the control objective is represented by the quadratic functional of the response and control energy, it is possible to analytically express the optimal control in terms of any set of “admissible” structural design variables. Such expression for the optimal control is used recursively in an iterative Newton-Raphson search scheme, the goal of which is to determine the corresponding optimal set of structural design variables that minimize the combined objective function. A numerical example is given to illustrate the computational procedure. The results indicate that significant improvement of the combined optimal design can be achieved over the traditional separate optimization.
The relationship between ASSH membership and the treatment of distal radius fracture in the United States Medicare population.

Purpose Internal fixation for distal radius fractures (DRFs) in the elderly has increased from 3% in 1997 to 17% in 2007. This increase has been uneven across regions of the United States. There is some evidence that patients treated by hand surgeons receive internal fixation at an increased rate and that hand surgeons might be driving the increased usage in regions where their presence is greatest. The specific aim of this study was to explore this relationship by analyzing Medicare beneficiaries treated by members of the American Society for Surgery of the Hand (ASSH). Methods Surgeons who were members of ASSH in 2007 were matched with surgeons treating Medicare beneficiaries for DRFs in the same year. We then fit a series of multilevel models to estimate the proportion of total variance in internal fixation usage explained by ASSH membership status, patient demographic data, patient comorbidity, and/or type of fracture diagnosed. Results Beneficiaries treated by ASSH members received internal fixation significantly more often than beneficiaries who were treated by surgeons who were not ASSH members. ASSH member status accounts for 12% of the total variance in internal fixation utilization. Conclusions Medicare beneficiaries who were treated by ASSH member surgeons receive internal fixation at a significantly higher rate than do patients of other physicians. When there is uncertainty about the optimal treatment for a condition, there is the possibility for specialty-related disparities. This specialty effect contributes to the national variations in the treatment of DRFs in the Medicare population. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic II.
Staining of bacterial colonies on the Millipore filter to improve contrast.

About 5 ml of 1% blue tetrazolium in 70% ethyl alcohol were poured over mature colonies of Pasteurella pestis and Malleomyces pseudomallei on Millipore filters (MF), contained in the filter holder apparatus, and allowed to drain through with the suction applied. The MF was washed with water and then covered with about 10 ml of 0.001% aqueous trypan blue and drained. This technique provided vivid white colonies sharply defined against a blue background.Another method utilized 0.1% quinacrine-HCl (Atabrine) to stain colonies yellow and 0.05% vital red to stain the MF pink to light red.
The feline immunodeficiency virus vif gene is required for productive infection of feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells and monocyte-derived macrophages.

The role of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) vif gene in establishing productive infection in feline peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) was examined in cell culture systems. A 375-bp deletion was introduced into the vif gene of the wild-type FIV-pPPR infectious molecular clone to produce Vif deletion mutant FIV-pPPRΔvif. This mutant FIV proviral construct expressed FIV proteins p24gag and gp100env in transfected Crandell feline kidney cells as measured by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis as well as immunocytochemical analysis; these cultures produced very low levels of virus by cocultivation of transfected cells with PBMCs and K-258 cells, as measured by production of p24gag. Replication kinetics of wild-type and vif-deleted virus were compared in PBMCs and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) by infection with cell-free virus preparations. Similar to findings with other lentiviruses, the vif gene was found to be essential for establishment of productive FIV infection in both PBMCs and MDMs. This study indicates that vif is essential for productive FIV infection of host target cells in vitro and that FIV-pPPRΔvif may be an excellent candidate viral mutant for attenuated virus vaccine studies.
Substrate specificity and inhibitors of a capillary injury-related protease from sheep lung lymph

A serine protease (Mr 70,000 to 75,000) appearing in sheep lung lymph after capillary damage induced by Escherichia coli endotoxin, oleic acid, or air emboli, was studied for its specificity toward a series of synthetic peptide and thioester substrates containing an Arg residue in the P1 position. High specificity constants (kcat/Km) were generally obtained with substrates having two or more basic amino acid residues, and with those having a Gln residues in the P2 position. Secondary enzyme-substrate interactions at sites more removed from the scissile bond are of importance, since a few peptides with two basic residues were hydrolyzed slowly, and the site of cleavage of natural peptides was influenced by the amino acid sequence beyond the immediate vicinity of the hydrolyzed bond. The properties of the enzyme and its pattern of specificity distinguish it from enzymes of the clotting cascade, from components of the complement system, and from lung and skin tryptase. The enzyme was inactivated by p-amidinophenylmethanesulfonyl fluoride and by a series of mechanism-based isocoumarin derivatives, the most potent inhibitor being 4-chloro-7-guanidino-3-(2-phenylethoxy)isocoumarin. Enzyme solutions inactivated by reaction with isocoumarin inhibitors could be completely reactivated after 30 h by treatment with hydroxylamine at neutral pH. Formation of a stable sheep lymph acyl enzyme--in contrast to thrombin and other trypsin-like enzymes--is not followed by alkylation of an active site nucleophile that leads to irreversible enzyme inactivation. The high activity toward substrates with two basic residues suggests that the enzyme may potentially function in processing of precursors of bioactive peptides.
N-linked protein glycosylation in the rat parotid gland during aging

N-Linked protein glycosylation was examined in vitro in dispersed rat parotid acinar cells from young adult (3-6 months) and aged (22-24 months) rats. A small decrease in general protein production was observed with cells from aged animals (approximately 20% lower incorporation of [14C]leucine into 10% CCl3 COOH insoluble protein during continuous pulse labeling). Incorporation of [3H]mannose into N-linked glycoproteins by aged cells was further reduced (approximately 35%). Similarly microsomal membranes from parotid glands of aged animals showed approximately 50% reduction in the synthesis of mannosylphosphoryl dolichol, a key intermediate in the dolichol pathway of protein N-glycosylation. Man-P-Dol synthase, the microsomal enzyme responsible for production of this saccharide-lipid, displayed no change in apparent Km for GDP-mannose when preparations from aged animals were utilized, but did show approximately 50% reduction in Vmax. Following beta-adrenoreceptor activation, cells from both young adult and aged glands showed increased N-linked protein glycosylation almost to the same extent (approximately 2-fold). The data suggested that in aged rat parotid cells there is a basal reduction of activity in the pathway responsible for asparagine-linked protein glycosylation, but that following exocytotic stimuli this pathway responds in a manner comparable to cells from young adult glands.
Dispersion of effective refractory period during abrupt reperfusion of ischemic myocardium in dogs

Dispersion of the effective refractory period was measured in anesthetized dogs using a computerized system and bipolar epicardial electrodes or, alternatively, transmural plunge electrodes. Measurements were made at 1 minute intervals during short (5 minute) and long (15 minute) periods of coronary arterial ligation and for 3 to 5 minutes after release of the ligatures. Both transepicardial and transmural temporal dispersion of refractoriness correlated well with the increased vulnerability to spontaneous ventricular fibrillation during short periods of ligation and the relative electrical stability observed toward the end of the longer periods of ligation. During reperfusion, transmural dispersion increased somewhat after ligature release in the longer-term experiments but the increase did not appear adequate to explain the associated large incidence of spontaneous arrhythmias after release. Effective refractory periods measured at one nonischemic and five ischemic electrode sites at intervals as short as 20 seconds revealed abrupt shortening of the refractory period at all ischemic sites during the 1st minute of reperfusion, resulting in a large but short-lived electrical gradient between the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium. This increased dispersion between the ischemic and nonischemic myocardium occurred at a time of maximal vulnerability to reperfusion arrhythmias. However, this increased dispersion was greater after the 5 minute than after the 15 minute periods of ligation and thus does not fully explain the greater incidence of reperfusion arrhythmias after ligature release in the longer-term studies. Although arrhythmias of acute ischemia are associated with increased dispersion of refractoriness within the ischemic segment and reperfusion arrhythmias with dispersion between ischemic and nonischemic segments, other electrophysiologic alterations probably play an important role in the genesis of the arrhythmias of reperfusion.
Basic and advanced competence in collaborating with clergy.

Some of the stories of psychologists and clergy working together have happy endings, and some do not. Twenty psychologists and clergy who work together well were interviewed, and 94 clergy (53% response rate) and 145 psychologists (76% response rate) were surveyed. A 2-tiered schema for working well with clergy is proposed. Basic collaborative qualifications, such as respect for clergy and communication with clergy as needed, should be considered minimal competence for all professional psychologists. Additional qualifications, such as awareness of religious spirituality and shared values, are necessary for more advanced forms of collaboration.
The Membranes of a Eukaryotic Cell

Synopsis. The evolution of internal membrane systems has introduced many additional control steps into pathways that, although basically similar in prokaryotic cells, are less sophisticated and leave many aspects up to chance. Temporal and spatial control of secre? tion, quality control of the proteins secreted or inserted into the plasma membrane, and exquisite control over the selective degradation of macromolecules, for example, are apparently indispensible requirements in multicellular organisms, but are relatively unimportant in bacteria. Although complicated in detail, most membrane traffic in the eukary? otic cell can be reduced to a few basic principles. Such a reductionist's view provides a conceptual framework that allows the reader to organize an otherwise overwhelming amount of data on cellular membrane architecture and dynamics.
Consideration of primary creep at a stationary crack tip: implications for the Ct parameter

A finite element creep analysis of a center crack specimen has been carried out under small scale to extensive creep conditions. The crack was assumed to be stationary. Several constitutive models were used; these consisted of elastic, power-law creep with and without rate-independent plasticity, as well as one which also included primary creep. The mechanics basis of the Ct parameter, which has been proposed for correlating creep crack growth behavior under conditions ranging from small scale to extensive creep, is explored.
Treatment of Bilateral Vocal Fold Immobility

The purpose of this review is to analyze the literature updates on bilateral vocal fold immobility (BVFI) from 2011 to 2013. Whereas management of BVFI has not changed substantially in recent years, some modifications to techniques have been reported in the literature since 2011. These will be discussed in detail. Management of BVFI continues to challenge the laryngeal surgeon, especially with regard to voice preservation while establishing an adequate airway. Although static procedures continue to be the mainstay of treatment, focus is turning toward the development of new devices that would enable dynamic restoration of movement.
A staggered spectral element model with application to the oceanic shallow water equations

A staggered spectral element model for the solution of the oceanic shallow water equations is presented. We introduce and compare both an implicit and an explicit time integration scheme. The former splits the equations with the operator-integration factor method and solves the resulting algebraic system with generalized minimum residual (GMRES) iterations. Comparison of the two schemes shows the performance of the implicit scheme to lag that of the explicit scheme because of the unpreconditioned implementation of GMRES. The explicit code is successfully applied to various geophysical flows in idealized and realistic basins, notably to the wind-driven circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean. The last experiment reveals the geometric versatility of the spectral element method and the effectiveness of the staggering in eliminating sprious pressure modes when the flow is nearly non-divergent.
Face recognition by using discriminative common vectors

In face recognition tasks, the dimension of the sample space is typically larger than the number of the samples in the training set. As a consequence, the within-class scatter matrix is singular and the linear discriminant analysis (LDA) method cannot be applied directly. This problem is also known as the "small sample size" problem. In this paper, we propose a new face recognition method based on the discriminative common vectors for the small sample size case. The discriminative common vectors representing the people in the face database were found by using the null space of the within-class scatter matrix. Then, these vectors were used for classification of new faces. Test results show that the proposed method is superior to other methods in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and numerical stability.
Interview with Sampath Durgadas

In November 1998, Paul I. Karofsky visited with several family-owned and -managed businesses in India. The powerful cultural and family influences on family-owned enterprises sparked his desire to interview Sampath Durgadas, a visiting professor and consultant to family businesses at the Institute of Management in Bangalore. Over a 12-year period, Mr. Durgadas conducted extensive experiential research on the nature of transition in three family-owned companies. Although the focus of his work is on the four South Indian states of India, he traveled widely throughout the country. His book, entitled Inheriting the Mantle: Managing Succession in Indian Family Business, is under publication by Sage Publications New Delhi.
Over-restriction of Dietary Fat Intake in Newly Diagnosed Hypercholesterolemic Children † 645

The National Cholesterol Education Program Step 1 Diet recommends ≤30% calories from total fat and < 10% from saturated fat. We studied a unique population of children, after diagnosis of hyperlipidemia but prior to them seeking formal nutritional counseling. We determined the nutritional intake of those on cholesterol lowering diets (CLD) and compared them to healthy control children. Three-day food records were obtained from 46 children referred to our Children's Cardiovascular Health Center for treatment of hyperlipidemia who had achieved the dietary recommendation for total fat (mean ± S.E., age: 9.7 ± 0.5, 53% boys, 57% Latino/43% white) and 34 healthy children participating in well-child visits at a local pediatric practice (age: 9.8± 0.3; 54% boys, 57% Latino/43% white). Patients and controls were instructed on how to complete the food record and all diet records were collected prior to nutritional counseling. Records were analyzed by a registered dietitian using the Minnesota Nutrient Data System. Outcome measures were intakes of energy, total and saturated fat, essential fatty acids, fat-soluble vitamins, folate, vitamin C, calcium, iron and zinc. The% kcal from fat and saturated fat was significantly lower in the hyperlipidemic population (hyperlipidemic vs. controls, total fat: 22.7 ± 0.7 vs. 34.0± 0.5 p <. 0.0001; saturated fat: 7.8 ± 0.3 vs. 12.9 ± 0.4, p < 0.0001). The caloric intake in controls was 17% higher than patients (hyperlipidemic vs. controls: 1502 ± 61.3 vs. 1822 ± 80.5, p < 0.001). 90% of the decrease in calories in the hyperlipidemic group could be accounted for by the decrease in total fat intake. After adjusting for calories, there were no significant differences between groups for any of the vitamins or minerals mentioned above. Our preliminary findings suggest that prior to formal nutritional counseling, overzealous dietary fat restriction can occur in hypercholesterolemic children. CLD in hypercholesterolemia has a definite place in prevention of cardiovascular disease, but parents should be given preliminary instructions and education to avoid excessive fat restriction.
Remote Delivery of rAAV-GFP to the Rat Brainstem Through the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve†

Objective To demonstrate that a recombinant adeno-associated viral vector (rAAV) carrying the gene for green fluorescent protein (GFP) could be delivered to the rat brainstem by remote injection into the recurrent laryngeal nerve. Study Design/Methods rAAV-GFP is a serotype 2 adeno-associated vector containing the cDNA of GFP and woodchuck hepatitis virus posttranscriptional regulatory element (WPRE) under the control of the CAG promoter (obtained from Matthew During, PhD, Thomas Jefferson Medical College). Five microliters or 10 μL of 1.4 × 109 particles/μL of rAAV-GFP were injected into the right recurrent laryngeal nerve of adult Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were killed and perfused at 3 (n = 3) and 11 weeks (n = 3). Brainstems were removed and cryosectioned. Fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) was performed on cryosections from animals killed at 3 weeks using a cDNA probe for woodchuck polyribosomal enzyme within the rAAV vector. In a third group (n = 2), Fluoro-Gold (Fluorochrome, Inc., Denver, CO) was injected into the right thyroarytenoid muscle for comparison of neuronal uptake distribution. These rats were killed and perfused at 3 weeks. Results The presence of GFP was noted in neurons throughout the medulla of all rat brainstems after unilateral rAAV-GFP injection at both 3 and 11 weeks. In contrast to the Fluoro-Gold, GFP was noted bilaterally and outside of the nucleus ambiguus. FISH confirmed the presence of virus within neurons expressing GFP at 3 weeks. Conclusions Remote delivery of rAAV-GFP to the rat brainstem is possible through injection into the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This has important therapeutic implications for the future treatment of recurrent laryngeal nerve injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
Supramolecular architectures with π-acidic 3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine cavities: role of anion-π interactions in the remarkable stability of Fe(II) metallacycles in solution.

The comprehensive investigation reported herein provides compelling evidence that anion−π interactions are the main driving force in the formation of self-assembled Fe(II)-templated metallacycles with bptz [3,6-bis(2-pyridyl)-1,2,4,5-tetrazine] in high yields. It was demonstrated by X-ray crystallography, 1H NMR, solution and solid-state MAS 19F NMR spectroscopies, CV and MS studies that the anions [X]− = [BF4]−, [ClO4]− and the anions [Y]− = [SbF6]−, [AsF6]−, [PF6]− template molecular squares [Fe4(bptz)4(CH3CN)8][X]8 and pentagons [Fe5(bptz)5(CH3CN)10][Y]10, respectively. The X-ray structures of [{Fe4(bptz)4(CH3CN)8}⊂BF4][BF4]7 and [{Fe5(bptz)5(CH3CN)10}⊂2SbF6][SbF6]8 revealed that the [BF4]− and [SbF6]− anions occupy the π-acidic cavities, establishing close directional F···Ctetrazine contacts with the tetrazine rings that are by ∼0.4 A shorter than the sum of the F···C van der Waals radii (∑RvdW F···C = 3.17 A). The number and strength of F···Ctetrazine contacts are maximized; the F···Ctetrazine distan...
Atrial Fibrillation and Outcomes in Heart Failure With Preserved Versus Reduced Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction

Background Atrial fibrillation (AF) and heart failure (HF) are 2 of the most common cardiovascular conditions nationally and AF frequently complicates HF. We examined how AF has impacts on adverse outcomes in HF-PEF versus HF-REF within a large, contemporary cohort. Methods and Results We identified all adults diagnosed with HF-PEF or HF-REF based on hospital discharge and ambulatory visit diagnoses and relevant imaging results for 2005–2008 from 4 health plans in the Cardiovascular Research Network. Data on demographic features, diagnoses, procedures, outpatient pharmacy use, and laboratory results were ascertained from health plan databases. Hospitalizations for HF, stroke, and any reason were identified from hospital discharge and billing claims databases. Deaths were ascertained from health plan and state death files. Among 23 644 patients with HF, 11 429 (48.3%) had documented AF (9081 preexisting, 2348 incident). Compared with patients who did not have AF, patients with AF had higher adjusted rates of ischemic stroke (hazard ratio [HR] 2.47 for incident AF; HR 1.57 for preexisting AF), hospitalization for HF (HR 2.00 for incident AF; HR 1.22 for preexisting AF), all-cause hospitalization (HR 1.45 for incident AF; HR 1.15 for preexisting AF), and death (incident AF HR 1.67; preexisting AF HR 1.13). The associations of AF with these outcomes were similar for HF-PEF and HF-REF, with the exception of ischemic stroke. Conclusions AF is a potent risk factor for adverse outcomes in patients with HF-PEF or HF-REF. Effective interventions are needed to improve the prognosis of these high-risk patients.
A Pedagogical Model for Increasing Race-Related Multicultural Counseling Competency 1ψ7:

With the increasing need for multicultural competence, questions have emerged about the appropriate classroom strategies to cultivate growth in this area. These questions have been further complicated by a growing focus on self-awareness, which has increased the affective demands of and student resistance to the material. This article proposes a pedagogical model to enhance what the authors call race-related multicultural counseling competency, which focuses on race, racism, and racial identity development. The fundamental premise is that two types of safety, psychological safety and identity safety, must be present. The authors further argue that safety requires attention to both course content and teaching processes as well as an incremental learning approach that emphasizes race-related competence as a lifelong developmental process.
Characterization of a fourth tungsten-containing enzyme from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus.

Pyrococcus furiosus is an anaerobic archaeon that grows optimally near 100°C using peptides or sugars as the carbon and energy sources (31). The end products of its metabolism are organic acids, CO2, and H2. In addition, H2S is produced if S0 is added to the medium (16, 17). The growth of P. furiosus is dependent upon tungsten, an element rarely used in biological systems (4). Three tungsten-containing enzymes were previously purified from this organism, all of which oxidize aldehydes of various types. The enzymes are termed aldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (AOR) (22, 23), glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate ferredoxin oxidoreductase (GAPOR) (24), and formaldehyde ferredoxin oxidoreductase (FOR) (26). AOR has a broad substrate specificity but is most active with aldehydes derived from amino acids (via transamination and decarboxylation) (9, 21). It is thought to play a key role in peptide fermentation by oxidizing aldehydes generated by the four types of 2-keto acid oxidoreductase present in this organism. The best substrates for FOR are C4 to C6 semi- and dialdehydes, and this enzyme is also thought to have a role in peptide catabolism (26). In contrast, the only known substrate for GAPOR is glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, and it functions in the unusual glycolytic pathway that is present in P. furiosus, replacing the expected glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (24, 34). The three tungstoenzymes of P. furiosus have subunits of similar size (∼70 kDa) which have high sequence similarity (≥50%). They constitute the so-called AOR family of tungstoenzymes, and each contains a single [4Fe-4S] cluster and a mononuclear tungsten atom that is coordinated by a bispterin cofactor (11, 19). Here we used a combination of column chromatography and tungsten analysis to purify a fourth member of this family, WOR 4, from cell extracts of P. furiosus. The biochemical properties of this new tungstoprotein, which may play a role in S0 reduction, are presented.