cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dependence of Water Heater Energy Factor on Deviations from Nominal Conditions

An analytical study is carried out to assess the impact of corrections to nominal test conditions on the measured energy factor for residential water heaters. While test conditions are specified in the method of test, the difficulty in exactly achieiving these test conditions in the laboratory necessitates a computational approach to correct the results to nominal conditions. This paper examines the magnitude of those corrections for a range of water heaters of various fuel type, heating method, and size across a number of potential draw volumes during a 24 hour simulated use test. In making these corrections, a recovery efficiency and a standby heat loss coefficient are determined during the test; the effects of variations in those measured values on the resultant energy factor are discussed. Finally, the impact of tighter test tolerances on the variability of the energy factor is investigated to assist in evaluating the benefits of changing test conditions.
Generalized simultaneous multi‐orientation 2D imaging

Purpose Flexibility in slice prescription is critical for precise motion monitoring during MR-guided therapies. Adding more slices to improve spatial coverage during rapid 2D cine imaging often hampers temporal resolution. This work describes a framework to simultaneously acquire multiple arbitrarily oriented slices which share a common frequency encoding axis. This framework allows for higher frame rates for a given number of slices compared to conventional interleaved-slice multi-orientation cine imaging. Theory and methods A framework to calculate zeroth gradient moments to be played out between sequentially excited slices with multiple orientations is described here. Experiments were performed in phantom, and in vivo in the head/neck and abdomen of patients. Results Images arbitrarily rotated relative to one another were successfully obtained in phantom and in vivo. Simultaneous multi-orientation (SMO) images were also acquired with additional in-plane acceleration to demonstrate the capability of this method to rapidly image objects moving with physiological motion. Conclusions The technical feasibility of the generalized SMO imaging framework was tested in this study. It shows promise for continued development for motion monitoring during MR-guided therapies.
Parasitology of sucking beef calves treated with macrocylic lactone anthelmintics in either an extended-release injectable formulation or a pour-on formulation

The objective of this trial was to test the hypothesis that treating suckling beef calves grazing summer pastures with an extended-release injectable parasiticide containing eprinomectin (ERE) would result in additional weight gain when compared to ivermectin in a pour-on (POI) formulation. Extended-release eprinomectin contains the anthelmintic with a poly-lactide-co-glycolic-acid polymer allowing slow release of eprinomectin following injection with a label claim for protection against reinfection with Cooperia oncophora and Cooperia punctata for 100 d and Ostertagia ostertagi for 120 d. Pour-on ivermectin claims 21 d control for C. punctata with 14 for O. ostertagi and C. oncophora.
“The Light at the End of the Tunnel Has Been Permanently Shut Off”: Work-Role Overload Among U.S. Police

The functional breadth of the police role is a primary issue facing law enforcement. However, few empirical data examine how officers are experiencing an occupational environment characterized by a...
Can warnings curb the spread of fake news? The interplay between warning, trust and confirmation bias

Despite attempts by social media companies to curb the spread of fake news with warnings flagging news credibility, the effectiveness of such measures remains unclear. Through the lens of the cogni...
Identifying discrete geologic structures that produce anomalous hydraulic response : An inverse modeling approach

[1] Subsurface hydraulic response is controlled by discrete geologic structures in a variety of aquifer settings. In this work, we analyze data from the well-studied alluvial fan system that underlies the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. There, subsurface flow and transport behavior is strongly influenced by discrete channel deposits, which are embedded within less permeable floodplain deposits. We model the distribution of these deposits using a multiple-point geostatistical approach that enables simulation of geologically plausible connected permeable bodies consistent with a training image. By coupling the geostatistical model with a dynamic flow model in a simulation inversion framework, we identify specific channel structures that are consistent with transient aquifer test data at six observation wells. We perform shortest-path analysis to characterize the geometry of the simulated channels and to locate critical high-permeability conduits that control the system's response to pumping. In one area, all successful inverse solutions identify the same set of stacked channel deposits, a geologic feature that provides an explanation for anomalous response behavior observed during the aquifer test.
Resonance Rings and Galaxy Morphology

Rings of star formation are a common phenomenon of early to intermediate Hubble type disk galaxies. Most rings form by gas accumulation at resonances, usually under the continuous action of gravity torques from a bar pattern, but sometimes in response to a mild tidal interaction with a nearby companion. In either case, a resonance is a very special place in any galaxy where star formation can be enhanced and may proceed either as a starburst or continuously over a long time period. This article describes the characteristic morphologies of bar-driven and tidally-driven resonance rings.
Human homologue of the Drosophila melanogaster lats tumour suppressor modulates CDC2 activity

We have previously used mosaic flies to screen for tumour suppressors or negative regulators of cell proliferation1. The cellular composition of these flies resembles that of cancer patients who are chimaeric individuals carrying a small number of mutated somatic cells. One of the genes we identified is the large tumour suppressor gene, lats (also known as wts), which encodes a putative serine/threonine kinase1,2. Somatic cells mutant for lats undergo extensive proliferation and form large tumours in many tissues in mosaic adults. Homozygous mutants for various lats alleles display a range of developmental defects including embryonic lethality1. Although many tumour suppressors have been identified in Drosophila melanogaster3,4,5,6,7, it is not clear whether these fly genes are directly relevant to tumorigenesis in mammals. Here, we have isolated mammalian homologues of Drosophila lats. Human LATS1 suppresses tumour growth and rescues all developmental defects, including embryonic lethality in flies. In mammalian cells, LATS1 is phosphorylated in a cell–cycle–dependent manner and complexes with CDC2 in early mitosis. LATS1–associated CDC2 has no mitotic cyclin partner and no kinase activity for histone H1. Furthermore, lats mutant cells in Drosophila abnormally accumulate cyclin A. These biochemical observations indicate that LATS is a novel negative regulator of CDC2/cyclin A, a finding supported by genetic data in Drosophila demonstrating that lats specifically interacts with cdc2 and cyclin A.
Regulation of UDP-glucuronosyltransferase by lipid-protein interactions. Comparison of the thermotropic properties of pure reconstituted enzyme with microsomal enzyme.

Abstract The temperature dependence of two kinetic properties of the GT2P isoform of microsomal UDP-glucuronosyltransferase was studied for enzyme in intact microsomes and for pure enzyme reconstituted into different types of lipid bilayers. The properties studied were the non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics of the enzyme and activity at Vmax(app). For enzyme in intact microsomes, the pattern of non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics was seen at all temperatures in the range tested (23 to 48 degrees C), and the slopes of the Hill plots of the data were constant across this range of temperatures. Although non-Michaelis-Menten kinetics were present for pure enzyme in bilayers of 1,2-dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine or 1,2-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine only in the gel phase (Hockman, Y., Kelley, M., and Zakim, D. (1983) J. Biol. Chem. 258, 6509-6519), it was not possible to reconstitute this pattern of kinetics for enzyme at T greater than 40 degrees C. For example, GT2P displayed Michaelis-Menten kinetics in bilayers of 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylcholine at 44 degrees C. For enzyme in microsomes, activities at Vmax(app) increased with increasing temperature in the range 23 to 48 degrees C, with a discontinuity in the slope of the Arrhenius plot at 34 degrees C. This thermotropic property also could not be reconstituted with pure GT2P. Instead, activities at Vmax(app) for GT2P reconstituted in 1,2-dioleoylphosphatidylcholine, 1,2-distearoylphosphatidylcholine, or 1,2-stearoyl oleoylphosphatidylcholine increased in the range 23 to 37 degrees C, but then decreased at T greater than 37 degrees C. The fall in activity at T greater than 37 degrees C was reversible, indicating that GT2P undergoes a reversible change at 37 degrees C to a less active form of the enzyme. The differences between pure, reconstituted GT2P and microsomal GT2P indicate that the thermotropic properties of the microsomal enzyme are not properties of the enzyme per se but depend on interactions between it and other components in the microsome. The data suggest, therefore, that the properties of GT2P in microsomes results in part from an organization of components in the microsomal membrane.
On τ-Functions of Zakharov—Shabat and Other Matrix Hierarchies of Integrable Equations

Matrix hierarchies are: multi-component KP, general Zakharov—Shabat (ZS) and its special cases, e.g., AKNS. The ZS comprises all integrable systems having a form of zero-curvature equations with rational dependence of matrices on a spectral parameter. The notion of a τ-function is introduced here in the most general case along with formulas linking τ-functions with wave Baker functions. The method originally invented by Sato et al. for the KP hierarchy is used. This method goes immediately from definitions and does not require any assumption about the character of a solution, being the most general. Applied to the matrix hierarchies, this involves considerable sophistication. The paper is self-contained and does not expect any special prerequisite from a reader.
Low-Context Cultures

Cultural anthropologist Edward T. Hall claimed that human interaction, can be divided into two cultural communication systems: low- and high-context cultures. Low-context cultures have a tendency to place emphasis on the intention or meaning expressed through explicit verbal messages. Furthermore, the structure of the language system itself may be more low-context in expression. There are many implications of this context pattern, including individualistic values, linear logic, direct verbal style, verbal assertiveness and informal verbal style. Low-context culture refers to the tendencies of a cultural group that does not place high importance on ingroups. Low-context cultures such as the United States and Denmark do not rely on the context of a message but explain more via words and verbal communication. Keywords: communication; non-verbal communication
Carbon Dioxide: A Reagent for the Simultaneous Protection of Nucleophilic Centres and the Activation of Alternative Locations to Electrophilic Attack.

Abstract 2-Pyridone, using the one-pot protection method, is lithiated specifically in the 4-position. In this way, a range of 4-substituted 2-pyridones was prepared. Their orientation of substitution was proved by X-ray analysis
Calcium regulation of actin filament capping and monomer binding by macrophage capping protein.

Macrophage capping protein (MCP) is a unique member of the gelsolin-villin family of calcium-activated barbed end capping proteins which in micromolar Ca2+ also binds actin monomers and nucleates actin assembly. Unlike gelsolin, MCP cannot sever actin filaments, and its Ca(2+)-dependent interaction with actin is completely reversible. The Ca2+ binding properties of MCP and its Ca(2+)-dependent functions were studied quantitatively. MCP undergoes a Ca(2+)-induced conformational change as evidenced by different chymotryptic digest patterns in 0.2 mM CaCl2 compared with 2 mM EGTA. MCP has a single low affinity Ca2+ binding site (KD = 37 microM). Binding of MCP to actin monomers requires a similar Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]0.5 = 62 microM) suggesting that MCP.Ca2+ complex formation promotes monomer binding. In contrast, filament capping by MCP requires 1/60th of the Ca2+ concentration required for monomer binding, half-maximal capping occurring at 1 microM Ca2+. The marked difference in the Ca2+ sensitivity of these two functions indicate that MCP's primary actin regulatory role in the macrophage is likely to be capping of the barbed ends of actin filaments.
Data driven production runtime energy control of manufacturing systems

Energy consumption and cost of manufacturing systems have been gradually considered as key performance indicators (KPIs) to evaluate the overall performance of manufacturing due to the increasing concerns of environmental protection and climate change. Different energy management methods have been developed for both specific manufacturing processes and entire manufacturing systems. Many of them are focused on optimal decision-making by offline calculations, while neglecting the online information for the real time decision-making. In this paper, we propose a data-driven energy control method that can provide manufacturers with a dynamic joint production and energy control scheme utilizing the online information regarding both production and energy to reduce energy consumption and cost while maintaining production. The proposed control schemes can be implemented and integrated into production runtime control system in manufacturing plants to save energy and its cost. A case study based on a real auto part manufacturing plant is conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Rupture of the uterine segment and bladder following cesarean section

Abstract Two cases are here reported, which were strikingly similar except that, in the second, the bladder itself did not rupture but acted as a tampon to the tear in the uterine lower segment, while, in the first case, rupture of the lower segment into the bladder took place. The second patient had been unwisely allowed to remain in hard labor for several hours before the consultant was called, and rupture had taken place when the patient was first seen by the author.
Cutting Edge: Identification of a Hybrid Cytokine Consisting of IL-7 and the β-Chain of the Hepatocyte Growth Factor/Scatter Factor

Pre-pro-B cell growth-stimulating factor (PPBSF) is a heterodimer of IL-7 and a 30-kDa cofactor. Unlike monomeric IL-7, PPBSF selectively induces proliferation and differentiation of pre-pro-B cells and up-regulates IL-7Rα-chain expression. Here we clone the PPBSF cofactor from bone marrow stromal cells and identify it as a variant β-chain of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), a pleiotropic cytokine homologous to plasminogen that regulates cell growth, motility, and morphogenesis. We further demonstrate that, in the presence of low m.w. heparin sulfate-derived oligosaccharides, rHGFβ combines with rIL-7 to form a biologically active heterodimer having the properties of PPBSF. The results indicate that PPBSF is a novel form of cytokine (hybrid cytokine) consisting of the bioactive components of two unrelated cytokines. Based on its heparin-binding and mitogenic properties, we postulate that the HGFβ-chain in PPBSF enables IL-7 to participate in cognate interactions at the stromal cell surface and to transduce signals effectively at low levels of IL-7R.
Emotion regulation, internalizing symptoms and somatic complaints in pediatric survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Objectives This study aimed to examine whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)—a physiological index of children's emotion regulation—moderates the relation between cancer diagnosis and internalizing problems in children. Methods Participants were twenty-two 7–12-year survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 20 age-matched controls. RSA was calculated from cardiac interbeat interval using spectral time-series analysis. t-Scores on the Child Behavior Checklist Anxious/Depressed, Withdrawn/Depressed, and Somatic Complaints subscales were computed. Results Respiratory sinus arrhythmia moderated the relation between diagnostic status and both child somatic complaints and withdrawn/depressed symptoms. The positive association between diagnostic status and somatic complaints was significant for children with low RSA but not significant for children with high RSA. This association was also significant for withdrawn/depressed symptoms. Low RSA was associated with more somatic complaints and withdrawn/depressed symptoms for children with cancer but not for control participants. Conclusions Children who have poor emotion regulation abilities may be more vulnerable to the range of stressors associated with the diagnosis, treatment, and survivorship of cancer. Behavioral interventions targeting emotion regulation skills may reduce internalizing symptoms in this population. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A dyadic model of living with epilepsy based on the perspectives of adults with epilepsy and their support persons

Epilepsy is a chronic condition that significantly affects the lives of individuals with epilepsy and their support persons, though few studies have examined the experiences of both. To examine these experiences and explore the interpersonal relationships between dyad members, we conducted in-depth interviews with 22 persons with epilepsy and 16 support persons. Data analysis was guided by a grounded theory perspective. We developed a model that shows how epilepsy impacts the lives of both persons with epilepsy and their support persons and how the experiences of persons with epilepsy and supporters influence one another. The core model elements were seizure and treatment factors, relationship characteristics, self-management, seizure control, support provided, illness intrusiveness, and quality of life. Persons with epilepsy moved through the model in five trajectories depending on seizure control, relationship type, and gender. Support providers followed four trajectories based on seizure control, perception of burden, and support for themselves. Persons with epilepsy and their primary support providers have varied experiences in how epilepsy affects their lives. This model could serve as a basis for future research and intervention efforts focused on ways to reduce illness intrusiveness and improve quality of life for persons with epilepsy and their supporters.
Curriculum Disruption: A Vision for New Practices in Teaching and Learning.

With increased attention to measurable, common student achievement outcomes, the experience of both students and teachers has been overlooked. While measurable outcomes may possess value, they have served to shift the focus of schools, administrators, and teachers to writing curriculum that centers on assessable content learning rather than meaningful educational experiences for teachers and students alike. This study of a recent teacher workshop examines a lesson planning approach that is based on John Deweys notion of the aesthetic experience and places such experiences at the heart of the educational enterprise. Findings include the notion of curriculum disruption, which refers to an alteration of the improvement trajectory of standardized curricula, offering innovation in lesson planning.
Differential involvement of phospholipase A2/arachidonic acid and phospholipase C/phosphoinositol pathways during cholecystokinin receptor activated Ca2+ oscillations in pancreatic acini.

Abstract In pancreatic acini, administration of the phospholipase C inhibitor, U-73122, abolished Ca 2+ oscillations and amylase secretion induced by CCK but had much less effect on the action of CCK analog JMV-180. In contrast, the phospholipase A 2 inhibitor, ONO-RS-082, inhibited both Ca 2+ spikes and amylase secretion induced by JMV-180, but it had little effect on the action of CCK-8. Both arachidonic acid (AA) and a cytochrome P-450 inhibitor, SKF-96365, generated Ca 2+ spikes from the agonist-sensitive pool. AA was capable of releasing Ca 2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), suggesting the direct Ca 2+ releasing pathway. There is no evidence of Ca 2+ -induced Ca 2+ release (CICR) since neither caffeine, a CICR potentiator, nor ryanodine, a CICR inhibitor, modulated agonist-induced Ca 2+ oscillations and Ca 2+ release from the ER. On the contrary, increasing concentrations of caffeine abolished agonist-induced Ca 2+ spikes. Therefore we have demonstrated that depending on the agonists used, CCK receptor activation may result in the differential involvement of the phosphoinositol and arachidonic acid pathways to mediate calcium oscillation and amylase secretion.
Introductory lecture series for first-year radiology residents: implementation, investment and assessment.

Rationale and Objectives A lecture series aimed at providing new radiology residents a rapid course on the fundamental concepts of professionalism, safety, and interpretation of diagnostic imaging was established. Evaluation of the course’s educational value was attempted through surveys. Materials and Methods Twenty-six live 45-minute lectures presented by 16 or 17 faculty members were organized exclusively for the first class of radiology residents, held over a 2-month period at the beginning of certain weekdays. Online surveys were conducted after the course to gather feedback from residents. Average resident rotation evaluation scores were measured over the first semester for the two classes before and after this new course implementation. Results The lecture series was successfully organized and implemented. A total of 33 residents sat through the course over three summers. Faculty reported a reasonable number of preparation hours, and 100% of residents indicated they valued the course. Comparison of class average evaluation scores before and after the existence of this 2-month course did not significantly change. Conclusions This collection of introductory lectures on professionalism, safety, and diagnostic imaging, delivered early in the first year of the radiology residency, requires a reasonable number of invested preparation hours by the faculty but results in a universal increase in resident confidence. However, we were unable to demonstrate an objective improvement in resident performance on clinical rotations.
Central injection in rats of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone analog: effects on food intake and brain Fos

Lateral cerebroventricular (LCVT) administration of the alpha-MSH agonist analog Nle4DPhe7alpha-MSH (NDP-MSH) inhibited food intake in food-deprived rats, but did not inhibit water intake in water-deprived rats. When NDP-MSH was administered into the fourth ventricle (4CVT), comparable suppressions of food intake were observed. LCVT and 4CVT administration of NDP-MSH also reduced spontaneous 24 h food intake. LCVT injection of NDP-MSH greatly attenuated food intake stimulated in sated rats by acute CVT administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY). These and other data suggest that alpha-MSH is an important endogenous regulator of food intake, possibly acting downstream of NPY. In an attempt to assess further the sites of action of NDP-MSH, a qualitative mapping study of Fos-like immunoreactive (Fos-ir) neurons was performed following LCVT administration of NDP-MSH. LCVT injection of NDP-MSH induced Fos-ir in several forebrain regions including cortex, striatum, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and arcuate nucleus. The combination of NPY and NDP-MSH did not produce obvious antagonism or cancellation of effects in any region examined. Thus, the site(s) of action of NDP-MSH on food intake remain to be clarified.
Simultaneous reconstruction from several holograms using one laser beam

Abstract It is shown that the directly transmitted light during the usual reconstruction in holography can be further used for illuminating other holograms. The possibility in this regard is described by experimental results.
Peace in Our Time

Our task isn't to claim a seat at the table because we know how the technology operates, but because we know the fundamental network principles. The Web extra at http://youtu.be/WSJlzP9NLQQ is a video in which author David Alan Grier expands on his Errant Hashtag column, discussing the First and Second Great Wars of Internet Governance.
Effects of intravenous magnesium sulfate on arrhythmias in patients with congestive heart failure.

Intravenous magnesium is an effective treatment for ventricular tachycardia of some etiologies, and in patients with congestive heart failure low serum magnesium concentrations are associated with frequent arrhythmias and high mortality. This suggests that magnesium administration may decrease the frequency of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with heart failure. We therefore assessed the impact of an intravenous magnesium infusion upon the frequency of ventricular premature depolarizations in 40 patients with New York Heart Association (NYHA) class II to IV heart failure and serum magnesium or = 0.75 mg/dl, but increased by 72 +/- 393 hr-1 in patients with a change or = 300 premature ventricular depolarizations hr-1 demonstrated a decrease from 794 +/- 309 to 369 +/- 223 hr-1 (p < 0.001). Intravenous magnesium administration decreased the frequency of couplets from 233 +/- 505 to 84 +/- 140 (p < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
International capital flows under dispersed private information

Abstract It is well established that private information is critical to our understanding of asset prices. In this paper we argue that it also affects international capital flows and use a simple two-country DSGE model to illustrate its impact. We show that private information (i) increases the volatility of both net and gross capital flows, (ii) leads to a high correlation between capital inflows and outflows, (iii) leads to a disconnect of capital flows from observed macro fundamentals and (iv) implies that capital flows contain information about the future macro fundamentals. We also show that dispersed information affects capital flows both through asset prices and directly, so that the impact on flows is not just the mirror image of the impact on prices.
The median voter and his elasticity of substitution

In some recent contributions to the literature on public choice both in this journal and elsewhere, Lovell (1975, 1978) has demonstrated that if it is presumed that the median voter dominates the ballot box and if it is assumed that all voter have a particular identical, but very generalized, utility function, then a particular empirical specification for explaining the proportion of income spent on schooling across school districts is implied. Moreover, this specific empirical form is capable of yielding estimates both of elasticities of substitution between schooling and all other goods, as well as estimates of the degree to which non-residential taxes are shifted to non-voters and the degree to which renters do not perceive the property tax burden. The estimate of the elasticity of substitution has important implications for certain changes in the institutions of public choice. The purpose of this note is to repeat, to the extent that it is possible, Lovell's empirical experiments on a separate data base and to reiterate the implications of our findings, which are consistent with his, that the elasticity of substitution between schooling and all other goods is less than unity.
Adsorption of Phosphate on Manganese Dioxide in Seawater

The adsorption of phosphate on manganese dioxide (δMnO2) was determined in seawater as a function of pH, temperature, and salinity. The adsorption in a simple electrolyte solution (0.7 M NaCl) was adequately fitted using the triple-layer surface complexation model, assuming that phosphate formed outer-sphere complexes on the surface of δMnO2. SO42- and humic acid were found to suppress the adsorption at low pH, but had no effect in the pH range of seawater. The addition of Ca2+ and Mg2+ in 0.7 M NaCl was found to enhance the adsorption of phosphate on δMnO2 at pH > 4. This increased adsorption might be due to the changes in both the surface charge of δMnO2 and the solution speciation of phosphate in the presence of Ca2+ and Mg2+. The results suggest that manganese oxides can act as important adsorbents of phosphate in natural waters, as well as in surface sediments, when they are present at higher concentrations than other reactive constituents, such as iron and aluminum oxides.
Condition of restored Acropora palmata fragments off Mona Island, Puerto Rico, 2 years after the Fortuna Reefer ship grounding

Acropora palmata fragments generated by the Fortuna Reefer ship grounding (1997, Mona Island, Puerto Rico) were secured to reef substrate and to dead, standing A. palmata skeletons using stainless-steel wire (n=1,857). The purpose of this study was to assess fragment survivorship and condition 2 years after the attachment of fragments. Surviving fragments (57%) were larger than dead fragments (26%) and 17% were missing, mostly from shallow water. Live fragments had tissue covering 52% of upper branch surfaces; 23% of the live fragments experienced little or no tissue loss; 27% exhibited proto-branches; 14% had fused to the substrate; and 16% had overgrown the wire. Mortality was greatest in deeper water, especially among fragments secured to A. palmata skeletons. Mortality was attributed to overgrowth by Cliona spp. and macroalgae, predation by Coralliophila abbreviata and Hermodice carunculata, disease, and Stegastes planifrons territories. Limitations associated with the restoration technique include a low ability of coral tissue to overgrow wire and wire corrosion and breakage. Low rates of natural fusion and continued wire failure may hinder long-term recovery as storms periodically detach and remove restored fragments.
Personalizing large computers

Many of us in the computing field who have been accustomed to using time-sharing systems on mini and maxi computers are not yet ready to give up our access to large interactive systems in favor of a personal computer. Personal computers simply do not provide the diversity of software and data available through a good time-sharing facility. However, as computing professionals we realize that personal computers will become a larger part of our work and that we ought to have one in our office. How can we reasonably justify personal computers and bridge the gap between our past experience and the newer technology? Obviously we must provide the incentive of offering better interactive access to maxi computers through a microcomputer. In this case, "better" can mean faster, cheaper, and more friendly computing.
Theories of the Pathogenesis of Inclusion Body Myositis

Inclusion body myositis is a progressive disease of the skeletal muscle. Here, specific theories of its pathogenesis are reviewed and general considerations pertaining to modeling of this disease discussed. Understanding of inclusion body myositis disease mechanism remains extremely poor. Current published animal models do not represent the disease. Future studies need to consider the critical role of biomarkers and methodologic issues in their discovery.
3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde: a potential target for neuroprotective therapy in Parkinson's disease.

The simplest explanation for the selective loss of substantia nigra (SN) dopamine (DA) neurons in Parkinson's disease (PD) is that DA or a metabolite is neurotoxic. Recently, a series of investigations implicate the MAO metabolite of DA, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetaldehyde (DOPAL), as the critical endogenous toxin which triggers DA neuron loss in PD: 1. Hereditary PD contains mutations in the gene for alpha-synuclein (alpha-syn). Investigations implicate a DA metabolite as mediator of alpha-syn neurotoxicity, and DOPAL is 1000-fold more toxic than DA in vivo. 2. A deficit in mitochondrial complex I is found in PD SN. Inhibition of complex I causes increases in DOPAL levels and death of DA neurons in vitro and in vivo. 3. L-DOPA, the precursor of DA, which is used to treat PD, is toxic and contributes to the progression of PD. L-DOPA-treated rats have an 18-fold increase in striatal DOPAL. 4. Free hydroxyl radicals (.OH) trigger aggregation of alpha-syn to its toxic form. DOPAL with H(2)O(2) generates.OH radicals. These investigations provide several therapeutic strategies to limit DOPAL toxicity and progression of PD: 1. Delaying the start of L-DOPA therapy by early use of DA receptor agonists, which may also be free radical scavengers, limits the amount of DOPAL formed from L-DOPA. 2. Nonspecific MAO inhibitors may more effectively decrease production of DOPAL from DA than MAO-B inhibitors. 3. Newer more potent and targeted free radical scavengers could block DOPAL toxicity. 4. Coenzyme Q(10) increases complex I activity and nicotine adenine dinucleotide (NAD) synthesis, and thereby could enhance DOPAL catabolism by aldehyde dehydrogenase, which uses NAD as a cofactor. 5. DA uptake blockers could be used to limit intraneuronal DOPAL production. 6. Tauroursodeoxycholic acid, an inhibitor of apoptosis shown to be effective in models of Huntington's disease, may also prove effective in blocking DOPAL toxicity in PD. 7. Agents which block aggregation of alpha-syn should limit DOPAL toxicity.
Statistical design of experimental analysis of TiN films deposited by ion metal plasma PVD for sub-0.25-um IC process applications

A Vectra IMPTM (Ion Metal Plasma) source was used to deposit TiN films for application such as W plug liner and Al wetting layer. The process is based on conventional magnetron sputtering with the addition of a higher density, inductively coupled RF plasma between the sputtering cathode and the substrate. This new technology enables deposition of the films into deep submicron contacts with >50% bottom coverage. In addition to enhancing step coverage of metal films, such as Ti and TiN, this process also has significant effects on the materials properties of the films. The film properties of the TiN films were studied as a function of the fundamental process parameters, namely DC target power, RF coil power, and chamber process pressure, using statistical DOE technique. The study shows that a high degree of control over the film properties can be obtained in the IMP process.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experiments on a rotating fluid heated from below

Abstract Heat transfer measurements have been made in a right circular cylinder which is heated from below and rotated steadily about its vertical axis. The range of rotational rates was chosen such that both the gravitational and centrifugal accelerations influenced the convection. Two silicone oils having Prandtl numbers σ = 3100 and σ = 7.2 were used in the experiments. The influence of rotation on heat transfer and on the onset of gravitational instabilities was determined.
Surface Electronic States of Low Temperature H-plasma Cleaned Si(100) and Ge(100) Surfaces

The surfaces of Si(100) and Ge(100), cleaned at low temperatures by H-plasma, were studied by Angle Resolved UV-Photoemission Spectroscopy(ARUPS). In the case of Si(100), H-plasma exposure produced ordered H-terminated crystallographic structures with either a 2x1 or 1x1 LEED pattern while for Ge(100) a weak H-terminated 2x1 pattern was obtained. The hydride phases, found on the surfaces of the cleaned Si(100), were shown to depend on the temperature of the surface during H-plasma cleaning. The electronic states for the monohydride and dihydride phases were identified by ARUPS. When the plasma cleaned surface was annealed, the phase transition from the dihydride to monohydride was observed. For the Ge(100) surface, an ordered 2x1 monohydride phase was obtained from the surface cleaned at 180°C. After plasma exposure at ≤170°C a 1x1 surface was observed, but the ARUPS indicated that the surface was predominantly composed of disordered monohydride structures. After annealing above the H-dissociation temperatures, the dangling bond surface states were identified for both Si and Ge. The Si(100) and Ge(100) ARUPS spectra shifted after annealing, indicating that the H-terminated surfaces were unpinned.
Experimental investigation of dropwise condensation on hydrophobic heat exchangers. Part II: Effect of coatings and surface geometry

Abstract This is Part II of an experimental investigation of hydrophobic heat exchangers. Two plates were studied: (a) 0.127-mm-thick titanium grade 2 and (b) 0.203-mm-thick copper. Titanium plate had round-dimpled spacers. Copper had either round-dimpled spacers or round-shaped vertical-grooved spacers. Titanium was bare but copper had electroless Ni–P–PTFE hydrophobic coating. Two chemical compositions of the hydrophobic coating were employed: lead-containing and lead-free. For some studies, the coating thickness was varied from 0.635 to 127 μm. To measure the overall heat transfer coefficient, the plates were mounted in a sealed two-chamber apparatus with condensing saturated steam on one side and forced-convective boiling liquid water on the other. The best overall heat transfer coefficient was U = 240 kW/(m 2 ·°C) (0.203-mm-thick copper plate, round-shaped vertical grooves, 2.54-μm-thick lead-free Ni–P–PTFE, P = 722 kPa, T = 160 °C, Δ T = 0.20 °C, saturated liquid velocity v liq = 1.57 m/s, shearing steam v steam = 0.23 m/s, and flow ratio R ≈ 0.6 kg shearing steam/kg condensate).
The ecology of insular biotas

Abstract The Ecology of Insular Biotas conference was held at Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, from 12–16 February 2001.
Compton profiles of Si: Pseudopotential calculation and reconstruction effects

Using an ab initio pseudopotential calculation, we compute Compton profiles of silicon along the (100), (110), and (111) directions, and then reconstruct the pseudo-wave-functions to regain the oscillatory behavior of the all-electron valence wave functions near the atomic cores. We study the effect that this reconstruction has on the Compton profiles and their anisotropies. We find a decrease in the magnitude of the profiles at small wave vectors and in their anisotropies. These changes bring the theoretical predictions closer to experimental results.
A modeling study of the effect of nitric acid on cloud properties

[1] The effect of nitric acid (HNO3) on cloud microphysical and radiative properties is studied using an adiabatic cloud parcel model for a range of aerosol size distributions, different water vapor mass accommodation coefficients, and HNO3 concentrations. Results show that HNO3 not only increases cloud drop number concentration Nd, but also leads to significantly broader droplet size spectra at both the small- and large-size ends. The broader spectra are generally the result of competition for H2O and HNO3 among the polydisperse droplets. The increase in the number of activated cloud droplets in the presence of HNO3, and the deactivation of some of the small cloud droplets due to the outgasing of HNO3, lead to spectral broadening at the small-size end. At the large-size end the broadening is caused by an increase in the driving force for growth. For small drops the driving force tends to be decreased by the presence of HNO3. Although Nd increases with increasing HNO3 concentration, the increases in cloud optical depth and albedo due to HNO3 cannot necessarily be predicted by the commonly used relationships for cloud optical properties. The dependence of the cloud optical depth on Nd to the one-third power is shown to be an overestimate because droplet spectra are significantly broadened by HNO3. We show that broadening effects due to HNO3 and other chemical or microphysical factors need to be considered when estimating cloud optical properties and their effect on climate.
Language learning in a virtual classroom: synchronous methods, cultural exchanges

Exploring language development through using synchronous (real-time) voice and chat technology will be the focus of this paper. Researchers interviewed students, teaching assistants, and teachers of an online English as Second Language program based in Taiwan, using grounded theory to begin generating a theory of language learning using this new technology. Students of all ages reported preferring the online environment because they were less fearful of speaking online due to the anonymity afforded by the technology. Engaging article content motivated learners to interact with teachers and, as they became comfortable to interact collaboratively with each other. The opportunity to speak English with native speakers enabled students to obtain the necessary fluency for business, school and travel.
Compositional grading of InxGa1-xAs/GaAs tunnel junctions enhanced by ErAs nanoparticles

We investigate the electrical conductivity of GaAs-based tunnel junctions enhanced with semimetallic ErAs nanoparticles. In particular, we examine the effects of digitally-graded InGaAs alloys on the n-type side of the tunnel junction, along with different p-type doping levels. Device characteristics of the graded structures indicate that the n-type Schottky barrier may not be the limiting factor in the tunneling current as initially hypothesized. Moreover, significantly improved forward and reverse bias tunneling currents were observed with increased p-type doping, suggesting p-side limitation.
Inelastic transition densities

Inelastic scattering transition densities in single particle operator reduced matrix elements between initial and final nuclear states for nucleon angular momentum calculations
The Evaporative Decomposition of Solutions Method (Eds) for the Production of Ultrafine Y1Ba2Cu3O7 from Nitrate and Mixed Anion Precursor Solutions

Y 1 Ba 2 Cu 3 O 7 has been prepared by the evaporative decomposition of solutions method. Nitrate and mixed anion solutions were atomized and decomposed at temperatures ranging from 300°C to 950°C. The resulting materials have been characterized using x-ray powder diffraction, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), particle size analysis, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The powder consists of 0.3 micron agglomerated hollow spheres with a primary particle size of 0.06 micron. TGA and x-ray diffraction indicate the presence of barium nitrate and barium carbonate due to incomplete decomposition and/or product contamination by the process environment.
Akt activation enhances ribosomal RNA synthesis through casein kinase II and TIF-IA

Transcription initiation factor I (TIF-IA) plays an essential role in regulating ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis by tethering RNA polymerase I (Pol I) to the rDNA promoter. We have found that activated Akt enhances rRNA synthesis through the phosphorylation of casein kinase IIα (CK2α) on a threonine residue near its N terminus. CK2 in turn phosphorylates TIF-IA, thereby increasing rDNA transcription. Activated Akt also stabilizes TIF-IA, induces its translocation to the nucleolus, and enhances its interaction with Pol I. Treatment with AZD8055, an inhibitor of both Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation, but not with rapamycin, disrupts Akt-mediated TIF-IA stability, translocation, and activity. These data support a model in which activated Akt enhances rRNA synthesis both by preventing TIF-IA degradation and phosphorylating CK2α, which in turn phosphorylates TIF-IA. This model provides an explanation for the ability of activated Akt to promote cell proliferation and, potentially, transformation.
Relaying with distributed interference alignment in multi-node networks

A system with multiple transmitters (i.e. base stations) and multiple receivers (mobile nodes) is considered. The transmitter-receiver pairs are assumed to operate using the same resources without any coordination and hence the receivers unavoidably experience interference from undesired transmitters. A MIMO relaying scheme is proposed to manage the interference in the network by judiciously optimizing the relay precoding matrix and aligning the interference at each receiver simultaneously. It is shown that the proposed scheme provides a closed-form optimal precoding matrix. Moreover, the numerical results for various scenarios show that the scheme performs better than the considered baseline schemes for most of the channel conditions.
Hearing the Story: Critical Indigenous Curriculum Inquiry and Primary Source Representation in Social Studies Education

Abstract Although primary source accounts provide students with direct access to the experiences of historical participants, they can reinforce the dominant culture historical narrative if misrepresented by teachers, curriculum publishers, or scholars. The author demonstrates the importance of adhering to guidelines presented by critical Indigenous scholars when evaluating resources that incorporate primary accounts attributed to Native Americans. To illustrate the potential for critical Indigenous theory to inform curricular decision making, the author analyzed three resources that incorporate Chief Joseph's surrender speech according to: (a) their respect of Native peoples, (b) their recognition of discursive positionality, and (c) their honoring of the complexity of Native knowledge systems. Results demonstrate the potential for social studies resources, even those that include accounts from historically marginalized peoples, to reinforce the hidden curriculum, to position peoples using discourse, and ...
Communication of the Position of Exon-Exon Junctions to the mRNA Surveillance Machinery by the Protein RNPS1

In mammalian cells, splice junctions play a dual role in mRNA quality control: They mediate selective nuclear export of mature mRNA and they serve as a mark for mRNA surveillance, which subjects aberrant mRNAs with premature termination codons to nonsense-mediated decay (NMD). Here, we demonstrate that the protein RNPS1, a component of the postsplicing complex that is deposited 5' to exon-exon junctions, interacts with the evolutionarily conserved human Upf complex, a central component of NMD. Significantly, RNPS1 triggers NMD when tethered to the 3' untranslated region of beta-globin mRNA, demonstrating its role as a subunit of the postsplicing complex directly involved in mRNA surveillance.
Segregation of object and background motion in the retina

An important task in vision is to detect objects moving within a stationary scene. During normal viewing this is complicated by the presence of eye movements that continually scan the image across the retina, even during fixation. To detect moving objects, the brain must distinguish local motion within the scene from the global retinal image drift due to fixational eye movements. We have found that this process begins in the retina: a subset of retinal ganglion cells responds to motion in the receptive field centre, but only if the wider surround moves with a different trajectory. This selectivity for differential motion is independent of direction, and can be explained by a model of retinal circuitry that invokes pooling over nonlinear interneurons. The suppression by global image motion is probably mediated by polyaxonal, wide-field amacrine cells with transient responses. We show how a population of ganglion cells selective for differential motion can rapidly flag moving objects, and even segregate multiple moving objects.