cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Visualization System for Surgical Planning and Guidance Using Image Fusion and Interventional Imaging

We present a software package which uniquely integrates several facets of image-guided medicine into a single portable, extendable environment. It provides capabilities for automatic registration, semi-automatic segmentation, 3D surface model generation, 3D visualization, and quantitative analysis of various medical scans. We describe its system architecture, wide range of applications, and novel integration with an interventional Magnetic Resonance (MR) scanner to augment intra-operative imaging with pre-operative data. Analysis previously reserved for pre-operative data can now be applied to exploring the anatomical changes as the surgery progresses. Surgical instruments are tracked and used to drive the location of reformatted slices. Real-time scans are visualized as slices in the same 3D view along with the pre-operative slices and surface models. The system has been applied in over 20 neurosurgical cases at Brigham and Women’s Hospital, and continues to be routinely used for 1-3 cases per week.
Spectral Sequences and Detection Theorems

In this chapter we introduce the main computational techniques for determining the cohomology of finite groups. We start with the various forms of the Lyndon-Hochschild-Serre spectral sequence, first from a geometric point of view in §1 and. then from a purely algebraic point of view, following work of A. Liulevicius and C.T.C. Wall, in §2.
Research on Women in Legislatures: What Have We Learned Where Are We Going?

Abstract Media commentators, political activists, and feminist scholars all express the belief that the election of more women to public office will result in greater attention to the needs of women, children, and families and will change the very process by which public policy is made. This review essay examines the progress made by scholars towards answering these questions. I evaluate the major findings in three significant areas of research: the experience of women as candidates, the policy impact of women as legislators, and the relationship of women to the institutions in which they serve. Finally, directions for future research are suggested.
Increased brain uptake of γ-aminobutyric acid in a rabbit model of hepatic encephalopathy

Abstract Transfer of the inhibitory neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid across the normal blood-brain barrier is minimal. One prerequisite for γ-aminobutyric acid in plasma contributing to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy would be that increased transfer of γ-aminobutyric acid across the blood-brain barrier occurs in liver failure. The aim of the present study was to determine if brain γ-aminobutyric acid uptake is increased in rabbits with stage II–III (precoma) hepatic encephalopathy due to galactosamine-induced fulminant hepatic failure. A modification of the Oldendorf intracarotid artery-injection technique was applied. [ 3 H] γ-aminobutyric acid, [ 14 C] butanol, and 113m In-labeled serum protein (transferrin) were injected simultaneously 4 s before decapitation. The ipsilateral brain uptake index of γ-aminobutyric acid was determined from measurements of the 3 isotopes in 5 brain regions. Uncorrected or simple brain uptake indices of [ 3 H] γ-aminobutyric acid and [ 113m In] transferrin were calculated using [ 14 C] butanol as the highly extracted reference compound. The [ 113m In] transferrin data were also used to "correct" the brain uptake index of [ 3 H] γ-aminobutyric acid for intravascular retention of [ 3 H] γ-aminobutyric acid. The methodology adopted minimized problems attributable to rapid [ 3 H] γ-aminobutyric acid metabolism, and slow brain washout and recirculation of the radiolabeled tracers. Both the unconnected and corrected brain uptake indices of γ-aminobutyric acid as well as the simple brain uptake index of transferrin were significantly increased in both stage II and III hepatic encephalopathy in all brain regions studied. Moreover, these brain uptake indices were significantly greater in stage III hepatic encephalopathy than in stage II hepatic encephalopathy. These findings indicate that transfer of γ-aminobutyric acid from plasma to brain extracellular fluid is increased in the model of hepatic encephalopathy studied; hence, they provide support for the hypothesis that plasma-derived γ-aminobutyric acid may contribute to the neural inhibition of hepatic encephalopathy due to fulminant hepatic failure.
The segment polarity gene armadillo interacts with the wingless signaling pathway in both embryonic and adult pattern formation

The segment polarity genes of Drosophila were initially defined as genes required for pattern formation within each embryonic segment. Some of these genes also function to establish the pattern of the adult cuticle. We have examined the role of the armadillo (arm) gene in this latter process. We confirmed and extended earlier findings that arm and the segment polarity gene wingless are very similar in their effects on embryonic development. We next discuss the role of arm in pattern formation in the imaginal discs, as determined by using a pupal lethal allele, by analyzing clones of arm mutant tissue in imaginal discs, and by using a transposon carrying arm to produce adults with a reduced level of arm. Together, these experiments established that arm is required for the development of all imaginal discs. The requirement for arm varies along the dorsal-ventral and proximal-distal axes. Cells that require the highest levels of arm are those that express the wingless gene. Further, animals with reduced arm levels have phenotypes that resemble those of weak alleles of wingless. We present a description of the patterns of arm protein accumulation in imaginal discs. Finally, we discuss the implications of these results for the role of arm and wingless in pattern formation.
Variation in refill protocols and procedures in a family medicine residency network.

Medication prescriptions are an integral part of physician visits. In 2007, medications were ordered, supplied, or administered at 73.2% of all office visits1 and in the past decade, the number of prescriptions has increased 39% (2.8 billion to 3.9 billion).2 More than two thirds of medications mentioned in physician visit notes represent refills as opposed to new medications.1 Attempts to characterize the components of a best practices refill protocol have been published,3,4 but little descriptive data detailing the breadth of refill procedures in any outpatient setting is available. In one study detailing best practices for handling prescription refills among five primary care practices, a family medicine residency program practice had the highest error rate and labor cost per prescription refill.4 Variability of refill practices within the program was also high. Residency programs present challenges beyond those of a private practice. Trainee turnover is high by design, and breaks in continuity result from having many part-time clinicians within a practice.5 Because medical residents and faculty do not have consistent clinic hours from day to day, patient refill requests may be handled by many different members of the health care team. Further, these programs often care for economically disadvantaged patient populations that are, themselves, prone to breaks in continuity of medical care.6 At the same time, residency programs seek to teach the highest quality practice skills and as such may offer model refill protocols and procedures from which best practices can be derived. This study examines the variation in medication refill protocols and procedures across family medicine residency programs in a five-state region. The results of this descriptive study provide context for future studies that focus on the development of best practice guidelines for medication refills.
Workers, Education, and Social Change in Brazil

This article examines how Brazilian labor organizations developed educational programs that simultaneously confronted the issues of large scale illiteracy, particularly among young workers, while at the same time seized the opportunity to educate new generations of social movement and labor activists. Specifically, it explores the educational program Projeto Integrar, organized by the National Confederation of Metalworkers (CNM/CUT), and its importance for the broader process of political transformation presently underway in Brazil.
Comparison of Next-Generation Sequencing Versus Biological Indexing for the Optimal Detection of Viral Pathogens in Grapevine

A bioassay is routinely used to determine the viral phytosanitary status of commercial grapevine propagation material in many countries around the world. That test is based on the symptoms developed in the field by specific indicator host plants that are graft-inoculated from the vines being tested. We compared the bioassay against next-generation sequencing (NGS) analysis of grapevine material. NGS is a laboratory procedure that catalogs the genomic sequences of the viruses and other pathogens extracted as DNA and RNA from infected vines. NGS analysis was found to be superior to the standard bioassay in detection of viruses of agronomic significance, including virus infections at low titers. NGS was also found to be superior to the bioassay in its comprehensiveness, the speed of its analysis, and for the discovery of novel, uncharacterized viruses.
Emergency department blood or body fluid exposure evaluations and HIV postexposure prophylaxis usage.

Objectives: To determine the frequency and type of patient visits for blood or body fluid exposures to a large, urban emergency department (ED); to ascertain the frequency that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) was prescribed for these exposures; and to compare HIV PEP usage by patient group, occupation, and exposure type. Methods: Retrospective medical record review of ED patient visits (January 1, 1995, through June 30, 2001) extracted from two separate billing record computerized databases using 14 ICD-9 codes that defined blood or body fluid exposures. Results: Of the 1,436 visits, 22% were by health care workers (HCWs) and 78% by non-HCW adults, adolescents, or children. Sixty percent of the HCWs sustained needlestick or sharp injuries, 73% of non-HCW adults had human bites, and 81% of adolescents and children had sexual exposures. Nurses were the largest group of HCWs, whereas police, correction officers, and security guards were the largest group of non-HCWs exposed at work. HCWs and non-HCW adults who sustained nonsexual exposures were much more likely to present for an evaluation within 24 hours than adolescents or children who suffered sexual assault (p < 0.001). HIV PEP was prescribed 143 times: 92 to HCWs and 51 to all other patients. HIV PEP was most often prescribed to HCWs sustaining needlestick injuries. Conclusions: The majority of patients were not HCWs, which attests to the need for national, nonoccupational blood or body fluid management guidelines. There may be particular groups who would benefit from educational campaigns informing them of the need for early-intervention, postexposure measures to prevent an HIV infection.
The Kitchen Voice as Confessional

In this article I argue there is a distinct literary genre that I shall call the “kitchen confessional.” More specifically, I consider what kinds of works qualify as kitchen confessionals and why. ...
Diffusion of boron and arsenic implants in 〈111〉 and 〈100〉 Si during rapid thermal annealing

Abstract The diffusion of arsenic and boron dopants resulting from rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in a tungsten-halogen lamp heater have been compared for implantations into 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 Si wafers. Random direction implantations have been performed for As, and random as well as channel implantations for B. The As profiles, measured by RBS, show no orientation dependence in inward diffusion. However, large differences in As out diffusion are observed above 1080°C, with the 〈111〉 cut crystal losing significantly more As than the 〈100〉 crystal. The B profiles, measured by SIMS, are practically the same for both Si orientations. They support the results of previous measurements which have shown that an initial fast diffusion occurs in the low concentration tail of the B profile. The major diffusion, however, takes place in the non-channeled part of the B distribution when annealing temperatures greater than 1000°C are employed.
Emergent leadership and female sex role identity.

ABSTRACT The effects of female sex role identity on self- and rater evaluations of emergent leadership behavior were compared in two studies. We used the same consensus-seeking procedure in both studies to collect the data; only the biological sex composition of the groups in the second study was changed. Study 1 examined 15 mixed-sex groups of 39 female and 21 male students; Study 2 contained 96 female students in 22 same-sex groups. Sex role orientation was measured with the Bern Sex Role Inventory (BSRI: Bem, 1974). Androgynous and feminine-oriented self-ratings of leadership were significantly higher than peer ratings and were also significantly higher than the undifferentiated self-ratings. The self-ratings of masculine-oriented women agreed most closely with peer ratings. Contrary to research and theory, peer evaluation of leadership behavior by sex role orientation did not differ.
Dilatation and hypertrophy of the heart in infancy due to parenchymatous myocarditis

Summary Two cases of marked dilatation and hypertrophy of the heart observed in infants, aged 1 year, and 6 months, respectively, are reported. Histologic examination revealed in each instance different stages of diffuse parenchymatous myocarditis. Cardiac symptoms and enlargement of the heart first appeared following acute infections (bronchopneumonia, acute stomatitis).
Multiprocessor shared memory access and rewards

Abstract Computer architecture and software have evolved largely independently of mathematical models for computers as physical systems. Most bus arbitration policies are independent of the algorithm being executed on the multiprocessing architecture. While this may be adequate for platforms for which utilization is much smaller than capacity, high-performance applications require maximum utilization of resources. Communications technologies such as Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) have demonstrated the usefulness of arbitration schemes that are application dependent. This paper introduces the application of a Markov analysis based upon rewards to bus arbitration in shared memory architectures. A two-processor example is developed which relates system gain to algorithm. Generalization is provided so the formulation my be extended to N processors .
Canine Parietal Cell Binding by Antibodies to the Complementary Peptide of Somatostatin

ABSTRACT Using antibodies to a complementary peptide of somatostatin, putative somatostatin binding proteins were characterized on canine parietal cells. A synthetic peptide (S-C1) was derived from the complementary mRNA sequence for somatostatin-14. Antiserum containing antibodies to S-C1 inhibited competitively 125 I-Tyr 11 -somatostatin binding to canine oxyntic mucosal membranes. Canine parietal cell preparations were incubated with carbachol in the presence or absence of somatostatin and antisera to S-C1. Antibodies to S-C1 produced a decrease in carbachol-stimulated 14 C-aminopyrine uptake comparable with that produced by 10 − 6 M somatostatin. In immunocytochemical studies by light microscopy, antibodies to S-C1 produced positive staining of parietal cells throughout the oxyntic gland area. By electron microscopy using immunogold techniques, binding by antibodies to somatostatin C-1 was localized ultrastructurally to basolateral and intracellular membranes and to secretory canalicular membranes of parietal cells. These studies support the conclusion that antibodies to the somatostatin complementary peptide demonstrate properties similar to those of somatostatin in that they inhibit carbachol-stimulated aminopyrine uptake and 125 I-somatostatin binding. Furthermore, these antibodies localize to specific regions on plasma membranes of parietal cells, which may represent somatostatin binding sites.
Amygdaloid-striatal substrates underlying odor hedonics and odor-guided behaviors.

tory tubercle by the amygdala. The olfac-tory tubercle is a striatal structure with a cortical-like organization which displays odor-evoked activity and may be criti-cal for olfactory perception (Wesson and Wilson, 2011). The anatomical findings by Novejarque et al. (2011) along with those of previous groups (Usunoff et al., 2009) suggest the involvement of the olfactory tubercle (and perhaps the tubercle’s strong connections with the basal ganglia) in the emotional regulation of olfactory percep-tion and the strong hedonic responses evoked by odors (e.g., Herz and Cupchick, 1995). Despite this, without data showing the role of the olfactory tubercle to olfactory processing, little can be inferred regarding the amygdala innervation of the olfactory tubercle.Another major contribution of the pre-sent study was the finding that all cortical amygdaloid nuclei (excluding the piri-form cortex) innervate the major island of Calleja. This was especially the case for the posteromedial cortical amygdaloid nucleus. The islands of Calleja are dense granule cell clusters residing mostly within layers II and III of the olfactory tubercle in rodents and largely in the nucleus accum-bens in humans. However, the function of the islands of Calleja is unknown. Thus while this finding by Novejarque et al. (2011) is difficult to interpret in terms of functional consequences, it is almost undoubted that the amygdala’s dense innervation of the major island of Calleja will be found important to the emotional modulation of odor perception (given their positioning within the olfactory tubercle) and to the regulation of socio-sexual behaviors.There are ample future directions to link these anatomical findings by Novejarque et al. (2011) to functional significance. First, and most recently discussed, would elimi-nation or inactivation of the major island of Calleja abolish associative changes in odor hedonics? This of course is based upon the
Monitoring the Oedometric Compression of Sands with Acoustic Emissions

The development and use of a noninvasive technique to monitor the acoustic emissions (AEs) generated during the oedometric compression of coarse-grained soil are documented. Technique implementation is described with the aid of experiments conducted on sands with contrasting grain features. Results indicate that the proposed technique is capable of capturing the onset of characteristic stress-strain behavior regimes exhibited by the soil during loading. The clarity of such capture is, however, dependent on the amplitude of the AE relative to that of the background noise and, as such, dependent on the soil type. The technique is anticipated to aid in enhancing the fundamental study of soil behavior at high stresses and may find potential use in the realm of penetrometer-based stratigraphy characterization.
The development of a target‐focused process capability index with multiple characteristics

Within an industrial manufacturing environment, Process Capability Indices (PCIs) enable engineers to assess the process performance and ultimately improve the product quality. Despite the fact that most industrial products manufactured today possess multiple quality characteristics, the vast majority of the literature within this area primarily focuses on univariate measures to assess process capability. One particular univariate index, Cpm, is widely used to account for deviations between the location of the process mean and the target value of a process. While some researchers have sought to develop multivariate analogues of Cpm, modeling the loss in quality associated with multiple quality characteristics continues to remain a challenge. This paper proposes a multivariate PCI that more appropriately estimates quality loss, while offering greater flexibility in conforming to various industrial applications, and maintaining a more realistic approach to assessing process capability. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
True Polar Wander since the Early Cretaceous

The motions of the lithospheric plates have been reconstructed for three time intervals back to the Early Cretaceous. These displacements were analyzed to determine the best-fitting rigid rotation, which could then be ascribed to true polar wander. The true polar wander so obtained is no larger than a few degrees and is within the magnitude of the uncertainties involved.
Reappraisal of the postcranium of Hadropithecus (Primates, Indroidea).

Hadropithecus stenognathus (Lorenz von Liburnau [1899] Anz. Akad. Wiss. Wien 36:255-257), a giant extinct lemur from Madagascar, has been reconstructed as primarily terrestrial and probably cursorial on the basis of its postcranial anatomy, especially long bone gracility and interlimb proportions. We show here that aspects of this reconstruction are almost certainly incorrect. Hindlimb bones of Archaeolemur have been misattributed to Hadropithecus, and new hindlimb allocations (including newly recognized elements such as the calcaneus) indicate that Hadropithecus had a robust body build and lacked osteological specializations for cursoriality. We review the evidence for the existence of Bradylemur' and offer a view of archaeolemurid positional behavior that includes terrestrial and arboreal components. Body size and limb proportions of Hadropithecus are reassessed in light of our new allocations. Am J Phys Anthropol 103:529-556, 1997.
OFDM for Cooperative Networking with Limited Channel State Information

In this paper, we investigate the use of OFDM to facilitate cooperation among relays in a wireless network. In particular, we consider different relay and subchannel assignment and combining schemes. Based on the amount of channel state information, resources, such as subchannels, can be allocated to relays to improve the end-to-end performance. Simulation results are provided to compare the performance of these schemes in terms of block error rate. It can be seen that significant performance gains can be obtained even with little channel state information at the relays.
Technical communique: On semi-global stabilizability of MIMO nonlinear systems by output feedback

For multi-input multi-output (MIMO) nonlinear systems, we prove that global stabilizability via smooth state feedback and uniform observability imply semi-global stabilizability by dynamic output feedback. This result incorporates and generalizes Teel-Praly's theorem established previously for single-input single-output (SISO) nonlinear systems. The generalization is made possible by employing, in contrast to the complicated proof in Teel and Praly [(1994). Global stabilizability and observability imply semi-global stabilizability by output feedback. Systems and Control Letters, 22, 313-325], a simple and intuitive argument that involves no intricate Lyapunov functions.
Monolithic multiple axis accelerometer design in standard CMOS

Using a single maskless postprocessing step we have developed an accelerometer in a standard commercial CMOS process capable of a sensitive axis parallel or perpendicular to the die surface. Out postprocess is realized using xenon difluoride (XeF2) as a bulk etchant. The combination of this etchant and the standard CMOS process allows realization of cantilevers with piezoresistive sensors in all spacial coordinates from a widely-accessible source and at a minimal cost. Fabrication of accelerometers for all three axes and associated electronics on a single piece of silicon reduces the cost of 3D acceleration detection while increasing sensor reliability.
Some Thoughts on Dreyfus' ``Critique of Artificial Reason''

Dreyfus' two major arguments against an optimistic view on artificial intelligence are: 1) failure of artificial intelligence during the period 1957-1967 to achieve the initial promises, and 2) wrong assumptions underlying the optimistic view on artificial intelligence. It is shown that neither argument is a valid one. His suggestions for alternative views are sometimes interesting, but present nothing essentially new. The reviewer agrees that there are things that the computer cannot do, but most of the author's arguments are illogical or out of place.
Nanoscale materials characterization of degradation in VCSELs

Significant advancements have been made in the characterization and understanding of the degradation behavior of the III-V semiconductor materials employed in Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser (VCSEL) diodes. Briefly, for the first time a technique has been developed whereby it is possible to view the entire active region of a solid state laser in a Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) using a novel Focussed Ion Beam (FIB) prepared plan-view sample geometry. This technique, in conjunction with TEM cross-section imaging has enabled a three-dimensional characterization of several of the degradation mechanisms that lead to laser failure. It is found that there may occur an initial drop in laser power output due to the development of cracks in the upper mirror layers. In later stages of degradation, dislocations are punched out at stress-concentrating sites (e.g. oxide aperture tips) and these dislocations can then extend over the active region in a manner consistent with recombination enhanced dislocation motion. Alternatively, complex three-dimensional dislocation arrays which exhibited dendritic-like growth and which cover the entire active region can nucleate on a single defect.
Early life-history dynamics of Caribbean coral species on artificial substratum: the importance of competition, growth and variation in life-history strategy

The development of a coral community was monitored for 6 years (1998–2004) on 46 m2 of artificial settlement substrate in Curacao, Netherlands Antilles. Growth and survival of recruits (n=1385) belonging to 16 different species were quantified in relation to characteristics of the benthic community developing around them. The early life history dynamics (i.e. growth rate, growth strategy and survival) of corals differed among species although these differences were small for species occupying similar habitats (i.e. underside versus topside of substratum). In contrast to recruit survival, juvenile growth rates were highly variable and unrelated to benthic community structure, at least at the scale of this study. Competing benthic organisms affected coral recruitment success through space preemption (mainly by macroalgae) or recruit overgrowth (mainly by sponges). The results highlight the small spatial scale (mm–cm) at which the processes responsible for recruitment success or failure occur and emphasize the need to include such small-scale observations in studies of coral early life-phase dynamics.
Intra-Aortic Balloon Pump Associated with Dynamic Left Ventricular Outflow Tract Obstruction After Valve Replacement for Aortic Stenosis

An unstable patient with critical aortic stenosis had an intra-aortic balloon pump placed preoperatively for hemodynamic support and alleviation of symptoms. After separation from cardiopulmonary bypass following aortic valve replacement, the patient was hypotensive with increased pulmonary artery pressures. Transesophageal echocardiography revealed left ventricular outflow tract obstruction associated with systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve and severe mitral regurgitation. This pathophysiology was present when ventricular systole was preceded by balloon counterpulsation, but was absent during unassisted systole. This case report demonstrates a potentially significant untoward effect of intra-aortic balloon pump augmentation after aortic valve replacement for aortic stenosis. The timely diagnosis of this iatrogenic condition in the operating room permitted the prompt implementation of appropriate management strategies and avoided unnecessary surgical intervention.
Prediction of aluminum combustion efficiency in solid propellant rocket motors

Aluminum combustion efficiencies in solid propellant rocket motors are calculated by means of an improved theoretical model for the physical and chemical processes involved. In particular, more complete allowance is made for the fact that the gas-phase concentration of oxidizing species in the rocket chamber varies from point to point as a result of depletion by the aluminum combustion reaction. Analyses are carried out for both onedimensional and two-dimensional gas flowfields and both with and without consideration of particle velocity lags. Numerical calculations indicate that the neglect of variations in the oxidizer concentration a leads to significant errors when the combustion efficiency is substantially less than unity. These errors can be effectively eliminated, with little additional effort, by accounting for the variations in a under the assumption that particles of different sizes may be treated independently and that oxidizer depletion is not seriously affected by velocity lags-
Wavelength-modulated, continuum-source excited atomic fluorescence spectrometric system for wear metals in jet engine lubricating oils using electrothermal atomization

Abstract A system for measuring atomic fluorescence of atoms produced via an electrically-heated graphite filament in a flame (acetylene/air or acetylene/nitrous oxide) and excited with a 300-W Eimac xenon are lamp is described. The experimental system also included wavelength modulation for background emission/fluorescence/scatter correction and an optically-triggered electronic integrator for efficient monitoring of the analyte fluorescence signal. Copper, aluminum and molybdenum were determined in jet engine lubricating oil samples (1 μl) with no pretreatment. The determinations are evaluated with respect to the accuracy and repeatability criteria of the U.S. Joint Oil Analysis Program.
Force-velocity relations of nine load-moving skeletal muscles

The relationship between maximal velocity and load was studied in nine muscles of the cat’s hind limb using a technique in which the initial and final muscle lengths are determined by equilibrium of a suspended mass and the muscle’s passive and active forces elicited by tetanic stimulation. The maximal veloities of shortening during contraction under each of various loads was used to fit a Hill model using the least-squares method. It was shown that different muscles varied significantly in their ability to generate maximal velocity over a range of loads. The tibialis anterior muscle generate the highest velocity (28·4 cms−1), whereas the tibialis posterior generated the lowest maximal velocity (4·2 cms−1). In general, muscles with predominantly fast twitch fibres and with the largest elongation/shortening range displaced the load at the highest velocities, as compared with muscles with predominantly slow twitch and short excursion range which respond with low velocities. The a/P0 ratio of Hill’s equation, which defines the curvature of the force velocity, also varied widely, being most monotonic (0·927) for the soleus and the steepest (0·067) for the extesor digitorum longus, further suggesting that fibre composition is also highly influential on the force—velocity relations of the muscle.
Versions of history from antiquity to the enlightenment

(1993). Versions of history from antiquity to the enlightenment. History of European Ideas: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 119-120.
Aqueous Processing of Cellulosic Biomass for Biological Production of Sustainable Transportation Fuels

Cellulosic biomass including agricultural and forestry residues, substantial fractions of municipal solid waste, and grasses and woody plants grown for energy provide the only low cost and abundant resource that could be used for sustainable production of liquid transportation fuels on a large scale. The challenge is to develop low cost processing technologies to convert this inexpensive resource into viable transportation fuels. Biological conversion systems can apply the power of modern biotechnology to dramatically reduce the costs of converting cellulosic biomass to fuels, and ethanol represents a particularly desirable product in the near term because of its excellent fuel properties, widespread use, and compatibility with biological conversion systems. Ethanol use can also build from commercial experience gained with ethanol made from starch crops in the United States and cane sugar in Brazil. The most expensive steps in biological processing are associated with breaking down the cellulose and hemicellulose fractions of biomass to release sugars, with pretreatment particularly critical to achieving low costs and high yields Our research focuses on improving the understanding of aqueous pretreatment and its interactions with enzymatic hydrolysis with the goal of reducing costs. This presentation will summarize comparative data on pretreatment technologies, developing and applying a high throughput miniaturized approach to pretreatment and hydrolysis, and continuous fermentations to reduce enzyme use. Once successfully introduced into the marketplace, fuels from cellulosic biomass can have powerful and unique strategic, environmental, and economic benefits.
Human os penis.

Abstract We report a case of human penile ossification with roentgenologic and histologicconfirmation. The English literature is reviewed, and the pathogenesis of such a rare lesion is presented. Penile ossification appears to be an acquired metaplastic process occurring in an area of fibrosis.
Inferior vena cava filter presenting as chronic low back pain

Our purpose is to report a rare complication of an inferior vena cava (IVC) filter with vertebral bone penetration, interval fracture, subsequent endovascular management and outcome. We report a case of an IVC filter embedded within the second lumbar vertebral body and in which one of the primary struts fractured, which presented as chronic low back pain. The filter was retrieved percutaneously approximately 2 years after placement. A fractured small strut remained within the vertebral bone; patient's pain resolved. Symptomatic filter in situ should be retrieved even when fractured.
Canaries in the Ethical Coal Mine? Case Vignettes and Empirical Findings for How Psychology Leaders Have Adopted Twitter

Twitter, an online application, allows users to post microblog statements in real time. Have psychologists in leadership positions adopted Twitter? What ethical standards are navigated in doing so? Little research has examined the adoption rate of Twitter within a sample of psychologists. This article outlines a series of case vignettes depicting ethical dilemmas encountered by psychologists who adopt Twitter. Data reviewing Twitter adoption by professional psychologists who served as president within psychology advocacy organizations reveal higher adoption rates from student group leaders than professional organization advocacy presidents. Implications for ethical standards and professional development are discussed.
Selective Cobalt (II) Exchange Properties of Na-2-Mica and Na-ETS-4

Co2+ exchange isotherms and Kielland plots were determined for highly-charged sodium swelling mica (Na-2-mica) and sodium Engelhard Titano-Silicate-4 (Na-ETS-4). The results showed that both Na-2-mica and Na-ETS-4 were highly selective for Co2+ at (equivalent fraction) of < 0.3. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns after 2Na+ → Co2+ exchange process were examined to check for change in d001-spacing of Na-2-mica. As the uptake of Co ions increased, strong ∼14 A phase (two-layer hydrate) of Na-2-mica increased, while the ∼12 A phase (one-layer hydrate) decreased. These synthetic ion exchangers have a great potential for decontamination of radioactive or stable cobalt from waste water and soils.
Expansions and phase transitions for the ground state of quantum Ising lattice systems

Expansions for the ground state of some transverse Ising-like models are developed. These expansions are easily estimated by the solutions to some simple implicit equations. Short range or long range order obtains, depending on the coupling constants of the models.
Information Availability and Market Power in Export Competition: The Case of Regional Health Care Markets

In this paper I analyze the spatial-economic determinants of export competition. I develop a competing central place spatial interaction model to analyze the spatial availability of information, market power, distance, demand threshold, and interregional market variables. Model estimates are based on national data from The Dartmouth Atlas of Health Care, and I examine Medicare health exports from the Seattle hospital market to markets throughout the Pacific Northwest. Information availability and market power for the Seattle export hospitals have a significant effect on export sales of hospital Medicare services. Intra and interregional competition with other major hospital markets are significant determinants of export competition. Distance to the Seattle market has a strong, negative effect on export sales and on patient migration from other markets.
Statistical mechanics of the nonlinear Schrödinger equation. II. Mean field approximation

We investigate a mean field approximation to the statistical mechanics of complex fields with dynamics governed by the nonlinear Schrodinger equation. Such fields, whose Hamiltonian is unbounded below, may model plasmas, lasers, and other physical systems. Restricting ourselves to one-dimensional systems with periodic boundary conditions, we find in the mean field approximation a phase transition from a uniform regime to a regime in which the system is dominated by solitons. We compute explicitly, as a function of temperature and density (L2 norm), the transition point at which the uniform configuration becomes unstable to local perturbations; static and dynamic mean field approximations yield the same result.
Hausdorff-Besicovitch Dimension of Graphs and p-Variation

A relationship between Hausdorff-Besicovitch dimension of graphs of trajectories and p-variation index is well known for many real-valued Levy processes (see, e.g., [10]). Here this relationship is extended to a class of subordinated processes used in econometrics.
KELP FOREST FISH POPULATIONS IN MARINE RESERVES AND ADJACENT EXPLOITED AREAS OF CENTRAL CALIFORNIA

Population structure (density and size distribution) of 10 species of epibenthic kelp forest fishes was compared between three marine reserves and adjacent exploited areas in central California. We also contrasted substrate relief, algal turf cover, and kelp population density among these areas. Densities of fishes were 12–35% greater within the reserves, but this difference was not statistically significant. Habitat features explained only 4% of the variation in fish density and did not vary consistently between reserves and nonreserves. The average length of rockfish (genus Sebastes) was significantly greater in two of the three reserve sites, as was the proportion of larger fish. Population density and size differences combined to produce substantially greater biomass and, therefore, greater reproductive potential per unit of area within the reserves. The magnitude of these effects seems to be influenced by the reserve's age. Our findings demonstrate that current levels of fishing pressure influence ke...
Photochemistry of benzophenone in micelles. Phosphorescence emission from aromatic ketones in micellar solution

Abstract Benzophenone phosphoresces in sodium dodecyl sulfate and other micelles at room temperature and the spectrum approaches that observed in hydrocarbon solution and/or glasses at 77 K.
Inservice Training in Speech-Language Pathology

Inservice training needs in speech-language pathology were surveyed in two groups: (a) directors of university training programs and (b) supervisors of speech-language services in the schools. Additionally, the number of clock hours of preservice training in basic disorders and information concerning major weaknesses in inservice programs were supplied. Results were related to recent findings of preferences of speech-language pathologists for treatment of speech and language disorders and training needs identified by supervisors of clinical programs. Deficiencies in both preservice and inservice training of fluency disorders appeared to be related to lower preferences of speech-language pathologists to treat these disorders. Characteristics of effective inservice programs to enhance and upgrade speech-language pathologists' knowledge and skills were identified.
The tact of teaching RN-to-BSN students.

Abstract Despite the increased need for highly educated clinical registered nurses (RNs), recruitment and retention of RN-to-Bachelor of Science in Nursing (BSN) students have steadily declined since 1999. To explore the context of this problem in relation to faculty who teach these students, the following research question was addressed: How do faculty perceive the context of their teaching experiences with RN-to-BSN students? By using a hermeneutic phenomenological approach, unstructured interviews were conducted with 17 faculty teaching RN-to-BSN students. Data were analyzed with van Manen’s (1997) approach to human science research analysis. One overarching pattern, “providing the fertile soil for teaching and learning,” was revealed. Integrated into this pattern were three different characteristics faculty brought to their teaching: (1) cultivating, (2) pruning, and (3) drought-ridden. Fluidity was evidenced by faculty using more than one teaching approach. A defining factor for faculty using the cultivating approach was the “tact” that created pedagogical moments of connecting with a student. Data suggested that the accumulation of these pedagogical moments laid the foundation for a faculty member’s connection with students. This tact of teaching provides an educational context that might help to recruit and retain RNs returning for a BSN.
Newborn temperament and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A comparison of victims and their cotwins

Temperament assessed in the newborn period was compared for four twin infants who subsequently died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and their surviving cotwins. The assessment focused on irritability, resistance to soothing, reactivity, reinforcement value, activity while awake, and activity during sleep. No differences were observed between cotwins on a combined irritability rating. SIDS victims, however, were less irritable than their siblings in response to aversive stimuli. When irritable, the SIDS infants were more difficult to soothe than their cotwins. While awake, SIDS infants were less active than their cotwins, but during sleep, no activity differences were observed. The SIDS infants were more reactive to orienting stimuli, and neither group was found to be more or less rewarding to the examiner. It was concluded that this study has helped to define behavioral variables that might be characteristic of infants whose subsequent deaths are attributed to SIDS.
A molecular mechanics study of alkyl peroxides

Studies have been carried out on alkyl peroxides with MM3 that have led to a parameter set that allows the calculation of geometries, energies, vibrational frequencies, and heats of formation for alkyl hydroperoxides (R-O-O-H) and dialkyl peroxides (R 1 -O-O-R 2 ). The results obtained are in agreement with the available experimental and theoretical data. A similar, although less good, parameter set has been developed for MM2
Humility and Passion: A Caitanyite Vaishnava Ethics of Devotion

Two axiological elements—humility and passion—I argue, are at the ethical core of Bengal Vaishnavism. These modes of behavior, derived from early theological sources, are dialectically related and form the basis for an ethics of devotion that allows the devotee to accept, while simultaneously transcending social norms and identities. I draw primarily from what is considered the most honored story of the Bhāgavata Purāna, the Rāsallā, involving the cowherd maidens who exhibit the highest devotion to God, and from the Caitanya Caritāmrta, the biography of the sixteenth century revivalist and saint Caitanya, the tradition’s model for devotional life.
Hexane and heptane as extraction solvents for cottonseed: A laboratory-scale study

For many years, commercial-grade hexane has been the preferred solvent for extracting oil from cottonseed. Recent environmental and health concerns about hexane may limit the use of this solvent; therefore, the need for a replacement solvent has become an important issue. Heptane is similar to hexane, but does not have the environmental and health concerns associated with the latter. On a laboratory scale, delinted, dehulled, ground cottonseed was extracted with hexane and heptane. The solvent-to-meal ratio was 10:1 (vol/wt). The yield and quality of the oil and meal extracted by heptane were similar to that extracted by hexane. Extraction temperature was higher for heptane than for hexane. A higher temperature and a longer time were required to desolventize miscella from the heptane extraction than from the hexane extraction. Based on these studies, heptane offers a potential alternative to hexane for extracting oil from cottonseed.
Theory of Heat Transfer From a Surface Covered With Hair

This paper describes the fundamental mechanisms of heat transfer through a surface covered with perpendicular hair strands of uniform density. An air flow parallel to the skin seeps through the spaces created between the hair strands. It is shown that the total heat transfer rate from the surface is due to two contributions: (i) the heat conducted through the hair strands, which act as fins, and (ii) the heat convected from the bare portions of the skin. When the air flow is slow enough to conform to the Darcy regime, there exists an optimum hair strand diameter for which the total heat transfer rate is minimum. The optimum diameter increases as the square root of the length swept by the air flow, that is the linear size of the body of the animal covered with hair.
Photodynamic therapy as treatment of chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy.

Background and Objective Chronic idiopathic central serous chorioretinopathy (ICSC) is characterized by persistent, recurrent, and multifocal serous detachments of the neurosensory retina. Our objective is to evaluate the visual and anatomical outcomes of patients who underwent photodynamic therapy (PDT) with Verteporfin for chronic ICSC. Study Design/Materials and Methods A retrospective review of 13 eyes of 12 patients (mean age 55, range 45–66 years) treated with PDT for chronic ICSC between June 2004 and January 2008 was conducted. Two eyes that subsequently developed choroidal neovascularization were excluded. Best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and clinical examination prior to PDT and at most recent follow-up were recorded. Fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) findings prior to and following treatment were reviewed. Results Mean duration of symptoms prior to PDT was 26.7 months (range 3–108 months). Mean follow-up duration was 21.9 months (range 2–42 months). BCVA improved in seven of eleven eyes (mean 1.7 lines, range 1–3 lines), two eyes remained unchanged, and two eyes worsened. Complete resolution of serous detachment was demonstrated in 9 of 11 eyes by FA or OCT and 10 of 11 eyes by clinical examination. One eye showed a reduction in serous detachment by OCT and clinical exam. Three eyes required two treatments for recurrent serous detachment following initial treatment. Conclusion Our data suggest that PDT leads to resolution of serous detachments and visual improvement in patients with chronic ICSC. Further follow-up would be prudent to assess the long-term outcomes and safety in this patient population. Lasers Surg. Med. 40:671–675, 2008. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.