cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discourses of the Nerve

I call this two-part talk “Discourses of the Nerve”, having developed it as part of a larger project on the discourses of mind and body on which I have been engaged for the last few years (Rousseau, 1975); but in different settings and circumstances than this one it could as well have been called “The Product of Literature and Science”, for — as you will see in Part 2 — I am concerned as much with the product of our activity, with the finished object, the eventual discourse, the narrative produced at the end of the process we are beginning to call ‘Literature and Science’, as with the discourses themselves.
Bacterial Biofilms Are Associated With Tunnel Widening In Failed ACL Reconstructions

Objectives:Technical errors, traumatic re-injury, and biologic failure all play a potential role in failure after ACL reconstruction (ACLR). Recent work has demonstrated the frequent presence of bi...
Inspection Path planning of Free Form Surfaces Using Virtual Machining

Abstract The goal of our research is to reduce the number of inspection points for free form surfaces using the machining path created using virtual machining process obtained from a CAD/CAM software. ProEngineer is used as a CAD/CAM software to obtain the inspection points. The dimensional error which is the difference between the CAD model and the inspected part has been determined using a Coordinate Measuring Machine (CMM). Reducing the number of inspection points depending on the way the part is machined with, is the ultimate goal of this work. The dimensional error obtained using the CMM is 0.7315 mm at 48 points compared to 1.1 mm dimensional error obtained virtually at the same number of points. This is the minimum number of points on the machining path used to machine the surface which in turn depends on the geometry of the surface being machined. This technique has been compared with another technique that distribute the sampling points uniformly on the surface machined. This comparison also has proved that the technique proposed gives similar dimensional error with lower number of points.
Cryoablation as Treatment for Renal Cell Carcinoma Induced Hematuria: A Case Report

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer in adults. Cryoablation therapy, which uses rapid freeze and thaw cycles to destroy diseased tissue, is the standard nephron-sparing option for RCC treatment. This case report suggests cryoablation as an effective therapy for hematuria in RCC. A 52-year-old male patient with Stage IV RCC presented to the ED with hematuria and flank pain. He was catheterized, and several blood clots were removed from the bladder. Embolization was considered, however renal angiography failed to demonstrate a tumoral blush and no target for embolization was identified. In lieu of continued large volume hematuria, cryoablation of the tumor was offered as a potential therapy. We describe a case of successful treatment of clinically significant hematuria in a patient with RCC with cryoablation.
Implementing a Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home Integrated Care Coordination Pathway for Laryngeal Cleft Repair.

BACKGROUND The Pediatric Perioperative Surgical Home (PPSH) model is an integrative care model designed to provide better patient care and value by shifting focus from the patient encounter level to the overarching surgical episode of care. So far, no PPSH model has targeted a complex airway disorder. It was hypothesized that the development of a PPSH for laryngeal cleft repair would reduce the high rates of postoperative resource utilization observed in this population. METHODS Institutional review board approval was obtained for the purpose of data collection and analysis. A multidisciplinary team of anesthesiologists, surgeons, nursing staff, information technology specialists, and finance administrators was gathered during the PPSH development phase. Standardized perioperative (preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative) protocols were developed, with a focus on preoperative risk stratification. Patients presenting before surgery with ≥1 predefined medical comorbidity were triaged to the intensive care unit (ICU) postoperatively, while patients without severe systemic disease were triaged to a lower-acuity floor for overnight observation. The success of the PPSH protocol was defined by quality outcome and value measurements. RESULTS The PPSH initiative included 120 patients, and the pre-PPSH period included 115 patients who underwent laryngeal cleft repair before implementation of the new process. Patients in the pre-PPSH period were reviewed and classified as ICU candidates or lower acuity floor candidates had they presented in the post-PPSH period. Among the 79 patients in the pre-PPSH period who were identified as candidates for the lower-acuity floor transfer, 70 patients (89%) were transferred to the ICU (P < .001). Retrospective analysis concluded that 143 ICU bedded days could have been avoided in the pre-PPSH group by using PPSH risk stratification. Surgery duration (P = .034) and hospital length of stay (P = .015) were found to be slightly longer in the group of pre-PPSH observation unit candidates. Rates of 30-day unplanned readmissions to the hospital were not associated with the new PPSH initiative (P = .093). No patients in either group experienced emergent postoperative intubation or other expected complications. Total hospital costs were not lower for PPSH observation unit patients as compared to pre-PPSH observation unit candidates (difference = 8%; 95% confidence interval, -7% to 23%). CONCLUSIONS A well-defined preoperative screening protocol for patients undergoing laryngeal cleft repair can reduce postoperative ICU utilization without affecting patient safety. Further research is needed to see if these findings are applicable to other complex airway surgeries.
Leukemic infiltration of the sigmoid colon. Report of a case simulating carcinoma with obstruction.

Large-bowel obstruction due to a leukemic infiltration of the sigmoid colon in a patient with chronic lymphatic leukemia is reported. This is a previously undescribed complication of this disease.
Early life high-fat diet exposure maintains glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity with a fatty liver and small brain size in the adult offspring.

Diet during pregnancy has long lasting consequences on the offspring, warranting a study on the impact of early exposure to a high fat diet on the adult offspring. We hypothesized that a prenatal n-6 enriched diet will have adverse metabolic outcomes on the adult offspring that may be reversed with a postnatal n-3 enriched diet. To test this hypothesis, we examined the adult offspring from three groups: (1) n-6 group: during gestation and lactation, dams consumed an n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid enriched diet, (2) n-3 group: gestational n-6 diet was followed by an n-3 enriched diet during lactation, and (3) a control (CD) group that received standard diet throughout gestation and lactation. Offspring from all groups weaned to a control diet ad libitum. Beginning at postnatal day 2 (P < .03) and persisting at 360 days in males (P < .04), an increase in hypothalamic AgRP expression occurred in the n-6 and n-3 groups, with an increase in food intake (P = .01), and the n-3 group displaying lower body (P < .03) and brain (P < .05) weights. At 360 days, the n-6 and n-3 groups remained glucose tolerant and insulin sensitive, with increased phosphorylated-AMP-activated protein kinase (P < .05). n-6 group developed hepatic steatosis with reduced hepatic reflected as higher plasma microRNA-122 (P < .04) that targets pAMPK. We conclude that early life exposure to n-6 and n-3 led to hypothalamic AgRP-related higher food intake, with n-6 culminating in a fatty liver partially mitigated by postnatal n-3. While both diets preserved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, postnatal n-3 displayed detrimental effects on the brain.
Using theory of change as a framework for examining community context and philanthropic impact

Abstract As part of the process of examining their theory of change (TOC) and reflecting on grant making activity, one Midwestern foundation employed a multipronged strategy to assess 209 community-based mental health grants across seven years of funding. This article details the evaluation approach, which comprised these areas of the TOC: grantees’ use of evidence-based interventions, cultural competency, quality improvement, community collaboration, and use of integrated care. Inductive analyses identified grantees’ use of innovative practices, trauma-informed care, and use of validated instruments. In an iterative exercise spanning multiple years, the foundation and researchers found ways to gather information about community capacity and impact while simultaneously minimizing grantee data collection/reporting burden. Findings revealed that community agencies were improving in their uptake of evidence-based interventions and use of validated instruments. Community grantee use of trauma informed care also improved over the study period. Grantee desire to collaborate and coordinate services within the community was also strong. The research also revealed that in multiple domains (such as technology and non-profit operating costs) grantees needed support in building agency capacity. These findings shed light on which aspects of the foundation’s TOC were being addressed through funding, and which areas of the community needed additional support.
Quelling Ukrainian Opposition in Interwar Poland: The Ministry of Interior’s Divide and Rule Strategy:

Interwar Poland has a less than stellar reputation for its treatment of minority ethnic groups, which was cause for concern, considering that nearly one-third of Poland’s population comprised minor...
Comparison of Biliary Stent versus Biliary Sphincterotomy Alone in the Treatment of Bile Leak.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile leaks are uncommon but are a painful postoperative complication of hepatobiliary interventions. Many authors advocate treating them with biliary stenting. We compared the outcomes in patients treated with endoscopic biliary sphincterotomy (EBS) alone versus EBS with biliary stenting. METHODS We reviewed charts of patients treated endoscopically for bile leak from 2009 to 2015 at our tertiary care center. Based on endoscopists' practice preference, patients underwent EBS alone or with a biliary stent. Clinical resolution of bile leak and total number of endoscopic and nonendoscopic interventions were compared between patients treated with EBS alone versus EBS with a biliary stent. RESULTS Fifty-eight patients were included; etiology was cholecystectomy (52), hepatic resection (5), and liver trauma (1). The leak was from the cystic duct (22), duct of Luschka (23), common bile, or hepatic duct (2), and intrahepatic duct (11). Thirty-seven patients had EBS alone (EBS group), and 21 had stents (stent group). Single intervention resolved the bile leak in 34 (92%) patients in EBS group and 19 (90%) in the stent group (p = 0.85). Resolution was slower (p = 0.02) and more patients required second intervention (p < 0.01) in the stent group. CONCLUSION EBS with or without a biliary stent is highly effective in the management of bile leak. Clinical resolution of the bile leak is quicker with EBS alone, requires fewer interventions, and may cost less.
Surgical outcomes of ERCP-guided transpapillary gallbladder drainage versus percutaneous cholecystostomy as bridging therapies for acute cholecystitis followed by interval cholecystectomy

Abstract Background Select patients with acute cholecystitis (AC) are not candidates for index cholecystectomy. We compared the influence of ERCP-guided transpapillary gallbladder drainage (ERGD) versus percutaneous cholecystostomy (PC) on delayed cholecystectomy outcomes. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing ERGD or PC for AC from January 2007 to October 2018 were included. Primary outcome was the rate of conversion to open cholecystectomy and perioperative complications in groups. Results The study included 52 patients with ERGD and 140 with PC prior to cholecystectomy (median 68 days [IQR: 47–105.5]). Technical success was higher in the PC group (100% vs 91%; P = 0.0004). There was a nonsignificant trend to lower postoperative complications with ERGD (30.7% vs 43.5%; P = 0.07). No difference in conversion to open cholecystectomy OR: 1.5 (95% CI: 0.68–3.65; P = 0.28) or severity of complications (Clavien-Dindo grade >2) OR: 0.60, (95% CI: 0.19–1.87; P = 0.38) was noted between the ERGD and PC groups. PC was associated with higher rates of unplanned repeat intervention (16.4% vs 7.7%; P = 0.02). Conclusion ERGD is suitable for patients with AC who is candidates for delayed cholecystectomy and should be considered for gallbladder drainage in patients with concomitant choledocholithiasis or cholangitis who require ERCP.
Experiences with Prenatal and Postpartum Contraceptive Services among Women with a Preterm Birth.

Abstract Background Providing postpartum contraception can help to achieve recommended interpregnancy intervals (≥18 months from birth to next pregnancy), decrease the risk of preterm birth, and thus improve maternal and infant health outcomes of future pregnancies. However, the experiences of women with preterm birth regarding contraceptive services have not been documented. We sought to better understand contraceptive counseling experiences and postpartum contraception of women with a preterm birth. Methods We interviewed 35 women, ages 18–42 years, with a recent preterm birth in California. The transcribed interviews were analyzed using ATLAS.ti v.8. Results Women had public (n = 15), private (n = 16), or no insurance (n = 4) at the time of the interview. Women were mainly Latina (n = 14), Caucasian (n = 9), or African American (n = 6); 15 women were foreign born. Women's experiences ranged from spontaneous preterm births to births with severe medical complications. We identified five themes that were associated with women's engagement in the contraceptive method choice and understanding of birth spacing: 1) timing and frequency of contraceptive counseling; 2) quality of patient–provider interaction and ability to follow up on questions; 3) women's personal experiences with contraceptive use and experiences of other women; 4) context in which contraceptive counseling was framed; and 5) system barriers to contraceptive use. Conclusions Postpartum contraceptive counseling should address women's preterm birth experience, medical conditions, age, contraceptive preference, and childbearing plans. Having a preterm birth intensifies gaps in hospital and outpatient clinic coordination and provider–patient communication that can lead to use of less effective or no contraceptive methods and risk of early subsequent unplanned pregnancies.
A Multicenter Randomized Three-Arm Phase II Study of (1) Everolimus, (2) Estrogen Deprivation Therapy (EDT) with Leuprolide + Letrozole, and (3) Everolimus + EDT in Patients with Unresectable Fibrolamellar Carcinoma.

Lessons learned FLC is a complex cancer with many implicated oncogenic pathways. Single or dual targeting does not appear to alter the natural history of the cancer, and novel therapeutics are needed. Estrogen deprivation therapy with letrozole and leuprolide, alone or in combination with the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, did not demonstrate clinical activity in advanced fibrolamellar carcinoma. The study drugs were well tolerated when administered as single agents or in combination in this patient population. This study demonstrates that, despite the rarity of FLC, multicenter therapeutic clinical trials are feasible and support the value of this consortium. Background Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is an uncommon malignancy in young people and is sometimes associated with pregnancy and oral contraceptive use. Immunohistochemical staining and genetic profiling of FLC tumor specimens have revealed aromatase overexpression. The overexpression of mTOR and S6 kinase has been noted in 25% of FLC. On the basis of interaction between estrogen and the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, we hypothesized that suppression of estrogen and mTOR signaling could have antineoplastic activity in FLC. Methods Patients were randomized to arm A (everolimus), arm B (letrozole/leuprolide; estrogen deprivation therapy [EDT]), or arm C (everolimus/letrozole/leuprolide). Upon disease progression, patients in arm A or B could proceed to part 2 (everolimus/letrozole/leuprolide). The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) at 6 months (PFS6) assessed using a Simon's minimax two-stage design, hypothesizing an improvement in PFS6 from 40% to 64% with the study regimen. Results Twenty-eight patients were enrolled. An unplanned analysis was performed because of perceived concern for lack of efficacy. Stable disease was observed in 9 of 26 evaluable patients (35%). PFS6 was 0%. Median overall survival (OS) was 12.4 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 7.4-20.9) for the whole study cohort. Grade 3 adverse events in ≥10% of patients were nausea (11%), vomiting (11%), anemia (11%), elevated aspartate transaminase (AST; 32%), alanine transaminase (ALT; 36%), and alkaline phosphatase (14%). All 28 patients experienced an event for PFS outcome, and four deaths were due to disease progression. Conclusion Neither EDT nor mTOR inhibition improved outcomes in FLC. Other treatment strategies are needed.
An Anti-Collision Scheme for RFID for Patient Tracking Using Linear Interpolation Estimation

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags are widely used in the healthcare industry for patient tracking. A mainstream RFID implementation is based on a series of readers installed in a fixed location within a hospital or a nursing home and tags are embedded in the clothing worn by patients. Caregivers can readily obtain near real-time location information of individual patients from the tag locations. For implementation in washable clothing tags are often passive such that tag collision is a common problem within co-operation mechanism between tags. Tag anti-collision scheme is there an important consideration that affects the identification effectiveness. To address this issue, this paper proposes a dynamic frame slotted Aloha algorithm based on linear interpolation based estimation that adaptively adjusts the frame length. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm yields an estimation error below 1.5% achieved in less than 10 iterations, it provides reduction in identification time while reduces the tags leakage probability in a clinical environment where patient tracking is automatically managed.
The Effect of Isometric Scaling on Flaked Stone Projectile Point Impact Durability: An Experimental Assessment

A variety of flaked stone projectile point attributes can affect impact durability, which is the relationship between projectile impact force and point breakage. We examine the role of isometric sc...
Nanoelectromechanical tuning of dual-mode resonant metasurfaces

We demonstrate nanoelectromechanical tuning of dual-mode resonant dielectric metasurfaces. The devices achieve intensity modulation over 40%, > 10kHz speed, and 144◦ phase shift with 7V bias voltage.
Bankruptcy, boards, banks, and blockholders: Evidence on changes in corporate ownership and control when firms default

Abstract In 111 publicly traded firms that either file for bankruptcy or privately restructure their debt between 1979 and 1985, bank lenders frequently become major stockholders or appoint new directors. On average, only 46% of incumbent directors remain when bankruptcy or debt restructuring ends. Directors who resign hold significantly fewer seats on other boards following their departure. Common-stock ownership becomes more concentrated with large blockholders and less with corporate insiders. Few firms are acquired. Collectively, these results suggest that corporate default leads to significant changes in the ownership of firms' residual claims and in the allocation of rights to manage corporate resources.
Observation of approximately 500-Kev protons in interplanetary space with Mariner IV.

Proton detection of approximately 500 KeV kinetic energy by Mariner IV Space Probe during interplanetary flight
Studies on Mutarotases I. PURIFICATION AND PROPERTIES OF A MUTAROTASE FROM HIGHER PLANTS

Abstract The enzyme mutarotase (aldose 1-epimerase), found in most mammalian tissues and certain bacteria, catalyzes interconversion of the anomeric forms of certain sugars, particularly those pentoses and hexoses related configurationally to d-glucose. This paper describes the widespread distribution of a similar enzyme in higher plants. The enzyme was found in both mono- and dicotyledons and was most widely distributed in the families Solanaceae (bell pepper, red pepper, tomato, eggplant), Cucurbitaceae (cantaloupe, cucumber, squash), and Liliaceae (asparagus, hyacinth, tulip). It was absent from all tested members of the Rutaceae (lime, lemon, orange, grapefruit) and Rosaceae (plum, pear, apple, strawberry). The mutarotase from green pepper (Capsicum frutescens) was isolated and purified approximately 1400-fold by a combination of salt fractionation, dialysis, preferential protein stabilization, and column chromatography on hydroxylapatite and diethylaminoethyl cellulose. The substrate specificity, in order of decreasing catalytic efficiency (d-glucose = 100), was d-galactose, 150; l-arabinose, 49; d-xylose, 18; and maltose, 6. The Km for d-glucose was 23.5 mm. Maltose, l-arabinose, and cellobiose were effective competitive inhibitors (Ki = 3.1, 6.3, and 12.3 mm, respectively). Phloridzin, phloretin, l-fucose, and l-deoxyglucose did not inhibit plant mutarotase. This is in marked contrast to the inhibitor specificity of the mammalian enzyme. The temperature optimum was 40°, and a broad pH-activity spectrum was displayed from pH 4.0 to 8.5, with the maximum at pH 7.4. The enzyme activity sedimented as a single band in sucrose density gradients and was eluted as a single peak from chromatographic columns. The molecular weight is approximately 50,000, and the turnover number is in excess of 8 x 105 moles of α- to β-glucose per min. The enzyme is sulfhydryl-dependent, being completely inactivated by 2 x 10-5 m mercuric chloride and reactivated by cysteine. A rapid, semiautomated assay procedure for the enzyme is also described.
Contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography in children: initial experience at 3.0 Tesla

Background To assess the role of contrast enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CEMRA) at 3.0T in pediatric patients referred for vascular evaluation, and to compare the technical and diagnostic performance of a clinically similar control group at 1.5T. Methods Fifty pediatric patients referred for vascular evaluation and without evidence of congenital heart disease, were evaluated with CEMRA. Thirty-five patients received 37 studies at 3.0T (age 0.4 -16.5 years, mean 5.8 ± 4.7 years. Fifteen patients received 16 studies at 1.5T (age 0.1 - 17.5 years, mean 5.8 ± 6.4 years). CEMRA was performed in three phases: arterial, early venous and late venous. Two independent observers analyzed the studies for image quality, artifacts and vessel definition. Results Overall image quality and vessel definition scores were higher at 3.0T than 1.5T in the arterial and early venous phase, however not the late venous phase. Overall
The Human Uncoupling Protein-3 Gene: GENOMIC STRUCTURE, CHROMOSOMAL LOCALIZATION, AND GENETIC BASIS FOR SHORT AND LONG FORM TRANSCRIPTS *

Uncoupling protein-3 (UCP3) is a recently identified candidate mediator of adaptive thermogenesis in humans. Unlike UCP1 and UCP2, UCP3 is expressed preferentially and at high levels in human skeletal muscle and exists as short and long form transcripts,UCP3 S and UCP3 L.UCP3 S is predicted to encode a protein which lacks the last 37 C-terminal residues of UCP3 L. In the present study, we have defined the intron-exon structure for the human UCP3 gene and determined that UCP3 S is generated when a cleavage and polyadenylation signal (AATAAA) located in the last intron prematurely terminates message elongation. In addition we have mapped UCP3 to the distal segment of human chromosome 11q13 (between framework markers D11S916 and D11S911), adjacent to UCP2. Of note, UCP2 and UCP3 in both mice and humans colocalize in P1 and BAC genomic clones indicating that these two UCPs are located within 75–150 kilobases of each other and most likely resulted from a gene duplication event. Previous studies have noted that mouse UCP2 maps to a region of chromosome 7 which is coincident with three independently mapped quantitative trait loci for obesity. Our study shows that UCP3 is also coincident with these quantitative trait loci raising the possibility that abnormalities in UCP3 are responsible for obesity in these models.
Seston Sedimentation in a Tropical Reservoir

ABSTRACT Wet and dry season epilimnetic losses of particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, and total suspended solids were determined for a small, mesotrophic reservoir in Lago Yure, Honduras. Measured particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron losses varied between 364–1,621 mg/m2/day, 42–118 mg/m2/day, 4–16 mg/m2/day, and 54–349 mg/m2/day, respectively, depending upon allochthonous loading. Particulate carbon to nitrogen ratios in the sedimented material consistently ranged from about 9 to 11, approximating epilimnetic seston. Deposition rates of particulate phosphorus relative to concentrations in the epilimnion were quite low, indicating rapid mineralization and recycling. Phosphorus sedimentation rate coefficients (σ) calculated from both phosphorus budget and sediment trap data indicated internal phosphorus loading (5.2 mg/m2/day) only during the dry season.
Effect of various chemicals on macromolecular binding during oxidative dealkylation of dimethylnitrosamine by hamster liver microsomes

Differential inhibitory effects of various chemicals on both formaldehyde formation and total macromolecular binding have been examined during oxidative demethylation of [14C]dimethylnitrosamine (DMN) by hamster liver microsomes. One group of chemicals such as diethyldithiocarbamate (DEDTC), aminoacetonitrile (AAN), 2-[(2,4-dichloro-6-phenyl) phenoxy]-ethylamine (DPEA), azide and ethanol inhibits both HCHO formation and total macromolecular binding. A second group of chemicals such as reduced glutathione, semicarbazide and N-(1-naphthyl)thiourea (NTU) inhibits macromolecular binding without appreciably affecting HCHO formation. Possible mechanisms of these differential inhibitory effects by these chemicals are discussed.
Several overlooked introduced scrophulariaceae in tropical america

Lindernia blancoi Philcox andVeronica plebeia R. Br. are reported for the first time from Mexico and Costa Rica, respectively. Additional stations forV. javanica Blume in Brazil are reported, along with a first report from Mexico. Specimen citation lists and brief diagnostic keys are provided.
Estimating Natural Frequencies and Mode Shapes from Forced Response Calculations

A method is proposed for condensing a structural eigenvalue problem by using more than one forced response vector in a condensation. The method approximates an eigenvector by a linear combination of forced response vectors, resulting in a significantly smaller eigenvalue problem that retains the eigenpairs that were most excited by the force vectors. The condensation is extremely economical in cases where the forced response vectors have been computed for other purposes. In cases where some eigenpairs are approximately known, the method produces accurate eigenvalue estimates by choosing the force vectors to be parallel to the approximate eigenvectors. This idea forms the basis of an iterative procedure that finds all of the eigenvalues in a specified frequency range. Theoretical error bounds on the estimated eigenvalues are also presented. Numerical examples illustrate unique features of the condensation in its noniterative and iterative forms.
The paranoid person: A biopsychosocial perspective

Paranoia is not a uniquely medical term. Articles on the subject appear in the literature of fields as diverse as psychology, sociology, linguistics, cognitive processing, and computers. Paranoia is also a human response to physical, psychical, interpersonal, and social ills and, as such, is a phenomenon of interest to nursing. The study of paranoia by several disciplines provides nurses with a variety of perspectives from which to understand the experiences of paranoid clients. Paranoia will be presented as a phenomenon that can be viewed from levels ranging from the suborganismic level to the sociocultural. Implications for nursing interventions geared to each level will be discussed.
Decentralized optimal traffic engineering in connectionless networks

This work addresses the problem of optimal traffic engineering in a connectionless autonomous system. Based on nonlinear control theory, the approach taken in This work provides a family of optimal adaptation laws. These laws enable each node in the network to independently distribute traffic among any given set of next hops in an optimal way, as measured by a given global utility function of a general form. This optimal traffic distribution is achieved with minimum information exchange between neighboring nodes. Furthermore, this approach not only allows for optimal multiple forwarding paths but also enables multiple classes of service, e.g., classes of service defined in the differentiated services architecture. Moreover, the proposed decentralized control scheme enables optimal traffic redistribution in the case of link failures. Suboptimal control laws are also presented in an effort to reduce the computational burden imposed on the nodes of the network. Finally, an implementation of these laws with currently available technology is discussed.
Natural history of clinically localized prostate cancer.

The natural history of clinically localized prostate cancer is controversial. However, the data that is available suggests outcomes are good for men with well and moderately differentiated disease, but relatively poor for men with poorly differentiated cancer. For example, in one synthesis of individual-patient level data from six series, ten-year prostate cancer-specific mortality for men with well, moderate, and poorly differentiated disease was estimated at 13%, 13%, and 66%, respectively. Tumor grade is the dominant predictor of prognosis. Few studies report on risks of morbidity due to local cancer progression; the data available suggest this risk is relatively low. Cancer-specific mortality figures overestimate the impact of disease among older men with competing causes of mortality. Given the available data on prognosis of men with localized prostate cancer not treated for cure, clinical trials designed to measure the effectiveness of aggressive therapy will need to be large. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Topological data models and approximate retrieval and reasoning

Topological data models.One of the most important goals of data modeling is to capture the information requirements of an application in terms of structures, constrains, and operations that naturally reflect the real world situation. To date Codd's relational data modeling has been one of the most successful representations of real world problems. As requirements are extended from "(exact) retrievals" or "(exact) queries" to "approximate retrievals" or "fuzzy queries". There are needs to generalize relational data models. To capture certain semantics information, various authors introduce new structures into relational data models: Ginsburg and Hull introduced partial ordering, while Motro introduced distance. Analysis of some examples of Motro's approach reveals that the exact numeric values of distances are not important. The essence lies in the qualitative massage carried by the numeric values. In this paper, the notion of topology is used to capture the qualitative messages directly. The model is called topological data model. In terms of category theory, Codd's relational data models are representations of real world problems in the category of sets, Ginsburg and Hull's models are in the category of partial ordered sets, Motro's models are in the category of metric spaces, while present work are in the category of topological spaces.
The mechanical nature of stress-corrosion cracking in Al-Zn-Mg alloys: I. Evaluation of the ductile rupture contribution

A detailed study of rapid stress-corrosion-cracking (SCC) in a 7075 aluminum alloy has allowed separation of the mechanical and chemical contributions. This was accomplished by combining scanning electron microscopy, stress-wave emission and crack growth rate observations as a function of test temperature. These established an activation energy of 11.2 kcal/mol, a stress-intensity squared dependence of crack growth, and a range of 20 to 80 pct dimpled rupture on the fracture surfaces. Thus a two-step crack growth mechanism is proposed combining a thermally activated electrochemical process and a discontinuous mechanical jumping process.
Selected values, perceived control, and reasons for choice

The present study related terminal core values measured by the List of Values and perceived control with reasons for an exercise program. Data (N = 531) were derived from a national sample of treadmill owners. Principal components analysis confirmed Veroff, Douvan, and Kulka's five categories for the nine values; however, the hierarchy of needs previously postulated in the list was not substantiated. For this sample, self-fulfillment appears to be a type of self-gratification. These social cognitions, i.e., values, and perceived control appear to capture different domains and both are linked to reasons for choice.
Youth homelessness in San Francisco: A life cycle approach

HIV risk behaviors and seroprevalence are particularly high among street youth. Though many programs have been designed to serve them, street youth have low rates of service utilization. The aim of this street-based, ethnographic project was to study the social and cultural context of street life in this population. Data were collected by participant observation, exploratory interviews and semi-structured interviews. Twenty street youth (15-23 years old; six female), recruited from street sites in San Francisco, participated in the interviews. Field notes and transcriptions were analyzed using an inductive technique for model building. This analysis yielded a proposed model of the life cycle of youth homelessness. In the first on the street stage, youth face an intense psychological feeling of outsiderness, and an urgency to meet basic needs. These stresses either lead to an escape from street life or to a process of acculturation to the street. Initiation to the street is facilitated by street mentors, who provide youth with survival skills. In the stasis stage, youth reach a tenuous equilibrium in which they can meet their basic needs. A strong street ethic allows youth to rationalize significant conflicts and frequent physical suffering. Youth in stasis are repeatedly thrown into disequilibrium, crises that frequently cause them to come into greater contact with mainstream society. After repeated episodes of disequilibrium, some youth extricate themselves from street life, finding a new identity in mainstream society. Otherwise, youth return to the street, in an episode of recidivism. The life cycle model suggests that street youth who are most open to intervention are those who are in transitional states, i.e., those who have just arrived on the street or those who are in crisis (disequilibrium). If this model is validated in a larger population of youth, programs that are aimed at these two stages in the life cycle could potentially effectively complement existing programs, which are usually focused on youth in stasis.
Four species from western Mexico new to Lobelia (Campanulaceae: Lobelioideae)

Lobelia knoblochii, L. mcvaughii, andL. villaregalis are described and referred, withHeterotoma macrocentron Benth., toLobelia “grex Eriniformes” Wimmer. All are narrow endemics occurring on volcanic soils in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico.Lobelia macrocentron, L. mcvaughii, andL. villaregalis are known only from the type localities.
Electrowetting Droplet Manipulation for Application in Thermal Management of Compact Microsystems

Digitized heat transfer (DHT), a novel active management technique for high power density electronic and integrated micro systems in which heat is transported by a discrete array of electrostatically activated microdroplets, is proposed. Liquids, especially liquid metals or alloys, support significantly higher heat transfer rates than classical air-cooled heat sinks; in addition, discrete microdroplets are shown to be actuated and controlled with a high degree of precision and programmability. As a consequence, DHT is a viable new alternative for achieving the most important objectives of electronic cooling, i.e., minimization of the maximum substrate temperature, reduction of the substrate temperature gradient and removal of substrate hot spots. Three methods of microdroplet actuation, electrowetting on dielectric (EWOD), dielectrophoresis (DEP), and continuous electrowetting (CEW), are described, with simple results for steady state velocities in terms of known parameters. The use of EWOD to transport a droplet of commercially available liquid metal is reported. In addition, preliminary considerations on the heat transfer rates of such droplets are presented, with a simple analysis leading to a generalization of the continuous Nusselt number to a discretized flow.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Workers, Citizens and the Argentine Nation: Party Politics and the Working Class in Rosario, 1912–3

The electoral democracy created by the Saenz Pefia Law of 1912 opened up dramatic new possibilities for working-class political identity. In the important port city of Rosario, the Radical politician Ricardo Caballero crafted a political discourse that combined an explicit defence of working-class interests with a nostalgic depiction of the country's rural past. By linking class consciousness with images drawn from the popular culture of the 'gauchesque,' Caballerismo constructed a distinctively working-class version of Argentine nationalism and citizenship. In 1912, Argentina's President Roque Saienz Penia signed into law a package of electoral reform measures that would rapidly transform the nation's political system. Although universal male suffrage had long been the legal standard in Argentina, the so-called Saenz Pefia Law introduced several important innovations: compulsory voting, the secret ballot, a system of minority representation, as well as the use of new and improved voter lists. Together, these reforms led to an immediate and dramatic expansion of the electorate; over three times as many voters participated in the national elections of I912 as had voted just two years before.1 Recently, historians have begun to reconsider the nature of this transformation by analyzing politics in the periods before and after the Saenz Pefia Law.2 This article contributes to this project through an
Some Interim Results from a Controlled Trial of Cost Sharing in Health Insurance

A total of 7706 persons are participating in a controlled trial of alternative health-insurance policies. Interim results indicate that persons fully covered for medical services spend about 50 per cent more than do similar persons with income-related catastrophe insurance. Full coverage leads to more people using services and to more services per user. Both ambulatory services and hospital admissions increase. Once patients are admitted to the hospital, however, expenditures per admission do not differ significantly among the experimental insurance plans. In addition, hospital admissions for children do not vary by plan. The income-related cost sharing in the experimental plans affects expenditure by different income groups similarly, but adults' total expenditure varies more than children's. Sufficient data are not available on whether higher use by persons with free care reflects overuse, or whether lower use by those with income-related catastrophe coverage reflects underuse. Both may well be true.
Antiviral activities in human saliva.

In this review, the authors survey the large number of antibacterial and antiviral proteins present in human saliva. Of interest, most of these antibacterial proteins display antiviral activity, typically against specific viral pathogens. The review focuses on one protein that interacts with both bacteria and viruses—gp340, originally referred to as salivary agglutinin. In the oral cavity, soluble gp340 binds to and aggregates a variety of bacteria, and this is thought to increase bacterial clearance from the mouth. However, when bound to the tooth surface, gp340 promotes bacterial adherence. In the oral cavity, most gp340 is found soluble in saliva and can function as a specific inhibitor of infectivity of HIV-1 and influenza A. In contrast, in the female reproductive track, most gp340 is bound to the cell surface, where it can promote HIV-1 infection.
Interactive volume visualization on a heterogeneous message-passing multicomputer

This paper describes VOL2, an interactive general-purpose volume renderer based on ray casting and implemented on Pixel-Planes 5, a distributed-memory, message-passing multicomputer. VOL2 is a pipelined renderer using image-space task parallelism and object-space data partitioning. We describe the parallelization and load balancing techniques used in order to achieve interactive response and near-real-time frame rates. We also present a number of applications for our system and derive some general conclusions about operation of image-order rendering algorithms on message-passing multicomputers.
Influences of flooding and hyporheic exchange on floodplain plant richness and productivity

Flooding disturbance and associated fluvial processes are generally thought to be the primary controls on floodplain species richness patterns. We expanded this idea to include ground and surface water (hyporheic) exchange within alluvial flood plains. At the floodplain scale, we hypothesized that upwelling areas would be richer in species and support higher growth rates of woody plants. At reaches within each flood plain, we evaluated the mechanisms of flood duration, patterns in sedimentation and driftwood as influences. We found patterns of species richness within the shifting mosaic of floodplain wetland habitats to be incoherent with flood duration for large flood plains on the Flathead and Talkeetna Rivers. Rather, species richness was closely associated with hyporheic exchange at the floodplain scale and locally with alluvial particle size. Species richness was highest in areas of both flood plains characterized by upwelling groundwater. On annually scoured surfaces, richness was affected by large wood debris that reduced flow competence, allowing fine sediment deposition and plant establishment. Richness within upwelling and downwelling reaches was highest at sites with the finest alluvia. Growth rates of woody species used as indices of site productivity were also significantly higher at areas characterized by upwelling. We concluded that plant species richness was strongly controlled by hyporheic exchange at the floodplain scale and locally by the deposition of fine alluvia. This interpretation was not consistent with intermediate levels of flood disturbance. Indeed, areas of the flood plain least influenced by flow energy had the highest richness on both flood plains. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
“Assisted” covert sensitization: A preliminary report

Because covert sensitization alone had prove ineffective with several patients, a modification of the standard technique was attempted by the introduction of a malodorous substance at critical points during scene presentations. The technique is described as applied to the treatment of homosexuality and compulsive eating. The substance used, valeric acid, is safe, inexpensive, readily available, and may considerably strengthen the technique of covert sensitization in selected cases.
Relationship of Field Independence and Dogmatism with an Hierarchically Arranged Concept Learning Task

23 Ss were administered the Dogmatism Scale (D), an Embedded-figures Test (EFT), and a modification of the Heidbreder conceptual learning task. A multiple regression analysis tested the influence of field independence, dogmatism, and their interaction with the first trial on which S identified every instance of a general concept serving as the criterion. It was predicted that: (1) object concepts would be easier than design concepts and these would be easier than number concepts; (2) field-independent Ss would experience less difficulty with the design and number concepts; (3) field-independent Ss who were also open-minded would require fewer trials for all concepts, whereas field-dependent closed-minded Ss would experience the greatest difficulty with all concepts. Hypotheses were supported differentially for object, design, and number concepts.
Polarizing beam splitters using aluminum oxynitride tunnel layers embedded in galium phosphide cube for visible and near-infrared wavelengths

Frustrated total internal reflection and optical tunneling at 45° angle of incidence by a symmetric AlO x N y -GaP-AlO x N y trilayer stack of near-half-wavelength total thickness, which is embedded in GaP cube, are tailored to fully transmit the p (TM) polarization and nearly totally reflect the orthogonal s (TE) polarization. Such polarizing beam splitters are suited for red and near-infrared (600 to 1600 nm) wavelengths and have applications for polarization state detection and polarization demultiplexing in lightwave communication systems.
Shared ethnicity effects on service encounters: A study across three U.S. subcultures

Abstract This research investigates how contact employee–customer shared ethnicity affects face-to-face service encounters. Drawing on insights from cultural orientation literature, social identity theory, and resource exchange theory, the authors propose that encounters involving employees and customers from traditionally collectivist subcultures who are minorities in their country of residence will be especially susceptible to the effects of shared ethnicity. The results from a field experiment suggest shared ethnicity affects customers' expectations of exchanging particularistic resources and receiving preferential treatment benefits. Qualitative data on customer service experiences from three different ethnic subcultures (i.e., Hispanics, Asians, and Caucasians) extend the experimental findings. Under conditions of shared ethnicity, high levels of ethnic identification appear to promote in-group favoritism. The paper develops a broad conceptual model and discusses implications of the research.
Morquio's disease: An abnormality of mucopolysaccharide metabolism.

Two siblings with the clinical and radiographic manifestations of Morquio's disease have been found to excrete keratosulfate, a mucopolysaccharide not found in the urine of normal people or in patients with Hurler's disease. Although not usually listed as characteristics of Morquio's disease, it is suggested that corneal opacities, Reilly granules in the leukocytes, and abnormal mucopolysaccharides in the urine may be found in a high percentage of these patients if they are looked for carefully. An 8-month-old baby is presented who has no clinical signs of Morquio's disease, but who was found to have diagnostic radiographic findings, Reilly bodies in leukocytes, and keratosulfate in the urine.