cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
WLC33-3: Simple Average BER Formula for M-ary Orthogonal Signals with Noncoherent Diversity Combining Over Arbitrarily Correlated Nonidentically Distributed Nakagami-m Fading Channels

This paper presents simple, exact, and closed-form expressions for the average bit error rate (BER) of M-ary orthogonal signals with noncoherent diversity combining over independent as well as arbitrarily correlated nonidentically distributed Nakagami-m fading channels. The fading channels are allowed to have arbitrary average signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) as well as arbitrary fading parameters. The derived expressions are given in terms of elementary functions, they do not involve numerical integrals or complicated functional operations, and can easily be evaluated numerically. The results show that the system average BER can be estimated using the derived expressions herein with large computational time savings as compared with those taken by the ones addressed perviously.
Depression, Delinquency, and Suicidal Behaviors Among College Students

Background: Liu (2004) investigated the interaction between delinquency and depression among adolescents and found that delinquency moderated the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. Aims: This study also explored the relationship between depression, delinquency, and suicidal behaviors, although delinquency was expected to mediate, as opposed to moderate, the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. Method: The participants comprised 354 college students. The students completed a series of questionnaires measuring delinquent behavior, depressive symptoms, and suicidal thoughts and behaviors. Results: Contrary to Liu’s (2004) findings, delinquency was found not to moderate but rather to partially mediate the relationship between depression and suicidal behaviors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that for some college students, depression is associated with delinquent behaviors, which, in turn, are associated with suicidal behaviors.
The Condition of England and the Standard of Living: Cotton Textiles in the Northwest, 1806–1850

This article examines the workers' standard of living in the cotton textile industry of Northwest England from 1806 to 1850. Hedonic earnings regressions using 1835 data suggest that power-loom weavers required substantial compensation for the high rents and poor sanitation of urban locations. Adjusting earnings in the factory sector for the impact of urbanization cuts growth in living standards by 10 percent, or up to one-quarter of gains realized by 1850. Inclusion of those employed in the handloom sector implies that any improvements in the living standards of all workers in the industry appeared only during the 1840s.
Pupation site preference and environmentally cued pupal colour dimorphism in the swallowtail butterfly Papilio polyxenes Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Environmentally cued polymorphisms are hypothesized to evolve when the environment is coarse-grained and different genotypes are unable to choose the habitats in which they are most fit. InPapilio polyxenes, which has an environmentally cued pupal colour dimorphism, there is genetic variation in both tendency to produce brown or green pupae and preference for green- or brown-inducing pupation sites, but the two traits are not correlated.
High-dose cyclophosphamide for moderate to severe refractory multiple sclerosis.

Background High-dose cyclophosphamide is active in immune-mediated illnesses. Objective To describe the effects of high-dose cyclophosphamide on severe refractory multiple sclerosis. Design, Setting, and Patients Patients with multiple sclerosis with an Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) score of 3.5 or higher after 2 or more Food and Drug Administration–approved disease-modifying therapy regimens were evaluated. Interventions Patients received 200 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide over 4 days. Main Outcome Measures Patients had brain magnetic resonance imaging and neuro-ophthalmologic evaluations every 6 months and quarterly EDSS and quality-of-life evaluations for 2 years. Results Twelve patients were evaluated for clinical response (median follow-up, 15.0 months; follow-up range, 6-24 months). During follow-up, no patients increased their baseline EDSS scores by more than 1.0. Five patients decreased their EDSS scores by 1.0 or more (EDSS score decrease range, 1.0-5.0). Two of 11 patients had a single enhancing lesion at baseline; these lesions resolved after high-dose cyclophosphamide treatment. At 12 months, 1 patient showed 1 new enhancing lesion without a corresponding high-intensity T2-weighted or fluid-attenuated inversion recovery signal. Patients reported improvement in all of the quality-of-life parameters measured. Neurologic improvement involved changes in gait, bladder control, and visual function. Treatment response was seen regardless of the baseline presence or absence of contrast lesion activity. Patient quality-of-life improvement occurred independently of EDSS score changes. In this small group of patients with treatment-refractory multiple sclerosis, high-dose cyclophosphamide was associated with minimal morbidity and improved clinical outcomes. Conclusions High-dose cyclophosphamide treatment in patients with severe refractory multiple sclerosis can result in disease stabilization, improved functionality, and improved quality of life. Further studies are necessary to determine the most appropriate patients for this treatment. Published online August 14, 2006 (doi:10.1001/archneur.63.10.noc60076).
Photoinduced Energy and Electron Transfer between Ketone Triplets and Organic Dyes

Cationic organic dyes (phenosafranine, safranine T (ST + ), thiopyronine, and methylene blue) are efficient quenchers of the triplet states of aromatic ketones. The triplets of benzophenone (BP), xanthone, thioxanthone, benzil, and N-methylacridone are quenched by the dyes via energy transfer, generating triplet excited dyes (typically kq ) 5.5 10 9 M -1 s -1 for 3 BP * + ST + in acetonitrile solution). Regarding Michler’s ketone, p-(dimethylamino)benzophenone, and 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)thioxanthone, the mechanism of triplet quenching is solvent-dependent. Electron transfer occurs in polar solvents like acetonitrile, and energy transfer is the dominant reaction pathway in less polar solvents, such as dichloromethane. Delayed fluorescence of the dye caused by heterotriplet-triplet annihilation involving ketone and dye was detected upon studying the reaction of the dyes with triplet excited ketones (BP, xanthone, thioxanthone, and benzil). By applying two successive laser pulses (Iex ) 532 and 308 nm, respectively), the rate constant of the reaction 3 BP * + 3 (ST + ) * was determined: kht ) 1.1 10 10 M -1 s -1 .
Real self-deception.

Self-deception is made unnecessarily puzzling by the assumption that it is an intrapersonal analog of ordinary interpersonal deception. In paradigmatic cases, interpersonal deception is intentional and involves some time at which the deceiver disbelieves what the deceived believes. The assumption that self-deception is intentional and that the self-deceiver believes that some proposition is true while also believing that it is false produces interesting conceptual puzzles, but it also produces a fundamentally mistaken view of the dynamics of self-deception. This target article challenges the assumption and presents an alternative view of the nature and etiology of self- deception. Drawing upon empirical studies of cognitive biases, it resolves familiar "paradoxes" about the dynamics of self-deception and the condition of being self-deceived. Conceptually sufficient conditions for self-deception are offered and putative empirical demonstra- tions of a kind of self-deception in which a subject believes that a proposition is true while also believing that it is false are criticized. Self- deception is neither irresolvably paradoxical nor mysterious, and it is explicable without the assistance of mental exotica. The key to understanding its dynamics is a proper appreciation of our capacity for acquiring and retaining motivationally biased beliefs.
Difluoromethane, a New and Improved Inhibitor of Methanotrophy

Difluoromethane (HFC-32; DFM) is compared to acetylene and methyl fluoride as an inhibitor of methanotrophy in cultures and soils. DFM was found to be a reversible inhibitor of CH4 oxidation by Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath). Consumption of CH4 in soil was blocked by additions of low levels of DFM (0.03 kPa), and this inhibition was reversed by DFM removal. Although a small quantity of DFM was consumed during these incubations, its remaining concentration was sufficiently elevated to sustain inhibition. Methanogenesis in anaerobic soil slurries, including acetoclastic methanogenesis, was unaffected by levels of DFM which inhibit methanotrophy. Low levels of DFM (0.03 kPa) also inhibited nitrification and N2O production by soils. DFM is proposed as an improved inhibitor of CH4 oxidation over acetylene and/or methyl fluoride on the basis of its reversibility, its efficacy at low concentrations, its lack of inhibition of methanogenesis, and its low cost.
A Theory for Midlatitude Forcing of Tropical Motions during Winter Monsoons

Abstract In order to understand the northeasterly monsoon surges and associated tropical motions over Southeast Asia during northern winter, the dynamic response of the tropical atmosphere to midlatitude pressure surges is studied using the linearized shallow-water equations on an equatorial β plane. The forcing is specified to have a Gaussian spatial distribution with a zonal scale corresponding to approximately wavenumber 7 and a meridional scale of approximately 11°. It rises rapidly from zero to maximum within one day or less and then decays slowly over 2–4 days. The main results are as follows: 1) After an initial period of gravity-wave type motions with strong northerly winds, the main tropical response takes the form of a Rossby wave group. 2) A pronounced northeast-southwest tilt in this Rossby wave group develops due to the faster westward group velocity of the lower meridional modes relative to the higher meridional modes. 3) Several conspicuous features of the Rossby response closely resemble t...
Endotoxemia in mice stimulates production of complement C3 and serum amyloid A in mucosa of small intestine

We examined the effect of endotoxemia in mice on protein and mRNA levels for the acute phase proteins complement C3 and serum amyloid A (SAA) in jejunal mucosa. Endotoxemia was induced in mice by the subcutaneous injection of 250 μg lipopolysaccharide per mouse. Control mice were injected with saline. C3 and SAA were measured by ELISA. Messenger RNA levels were determined by Northern blot analysis or competitive PCR. Immunohistochemistry was performed to determine in which cell type(s) C3 and SAA were present. Mucosal C3 and SAA protein and mRNA levels were increased in endotoxemic mice. Immunohistochemistry showed that C3 was present in both enterocytes and cells of the lamina propria, whereas SAA was seen mainly in lamina propria cells. Results suggest that endotoxemia stimulates production of C3 and SAA in small intestinal mucosa. The response may be regulated at the transcriptional level and probably reflects increased synthesis of the acute phase proteins in both enterocytes and cells of the lamina propria.
Silent Prions and Covert Prion Transmission.

Prions are infectious agents with zoonotic potential that cause progressive neurodegenerative diseases, known as the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), in animals and humans. Prion disease can be initiated by a spontaneous event, handed down within families from generation to generation through genetic inheritance, or transmitted between susceptible hosts via direct exchange of bodily fluids and/or excreta (saliva, blood, urine, and feces), indirect contact with contaminated environments (bedding, buckets, soils, water), or during medical intervention (transfusion, dura mater grafts, human growth hormone, contaminated instruments) [1–3]. Observation and study of prion diseases has led to an understanding that transmission dynamics and efficiency varies among prions, dependent upon agent strain, inoculation route, and host factors/genetics [1,2]. A hallmark of prion diseases is a protracted incubation period. In fact, the extended incubation times associated with these diseases led early researchers to investigate a “slow” or lentiviral etiology [4,5]—viruses with a known lengthy asymptomatic phase of disease. It was only after seminal experiments demonstrated that infectivity was primarily associated with protein and not nucleic acid that the term “prion” (proteinacious infectious particle) was coined to classify these diseases [6]. Extensive mapping of prion deposition and trafficking in conjunction with new assays with increased detection sensitivity have enhanced our understanding of the long silent phase of prion disease. While titer and timing may vary with the strain and route of inoculation, prions are initially detected in the lymphoreticular system (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease [vCJD], scrapie, transmissible mink encephalopathy [TME], bovine spongiform encephalopathy [BSE], chronic wasting disease [CWD]) [1,2]. Of particular interest is the finding that prions replicate in the spleen of infected hosts that do not develop clinical disease [7–9]. It has been postulated that these individuals maintain splenic prion titers without progression to the central nervous system—i.e., incubation time exceeds the natural lifespan of the host (Fig 1 derived from [7]). Thereby creating a population of individuals that harbor prions and may be a potential source of infection for the duration of their lives—i.e., silent carriers. Fig 1 Clinical and silent carrier prion disease progressions.
Evidence that only one type of Beta adrenergic receptor mediates inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release from guinea-pig minced lung

Lungs obtained from guinea pigs actively sensitized to ovalbumin were minced and prepared for histamine release studies. The effects of selective beta adrenergic receptor agonists and antagonists on the ovalbumin dose-response curve for histamine release were quantified. Beta agonist dose-response curves for inhibiting histamine release evoked by low, medium and maximum antigen concentrations as well as for shifting the antigen dose-response curve to the right were obtained. All experiments were conducted in the presence of phenoxybenzamine, 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraynoic acid and tissues were taken from reserpine-pretreated animals. The beta agonists isoproterenol and sulfonterol inhibited antigen-induced histamine release, whereas the beta-1 selective agonist, ICI 118587, had no effect at concentrations up to 10(-5) M. The beta-1 selective agonist R0363 inhibited histamine release only at concentrations known to activate the beta-2-type receptor. The maximum responses and potencies of isoproterenol and sulfonterol were inversely related to the concentration of ovalbumin at which the response was measured. The -log molar ED50 values of isoproterenol and sulfonterol were decreased approximately 10- and 5-fold, respectively, by increasing the antigen concentration from 10(-3) to 1 mg/ml. Therefore, the potency of sulfonterol relative to isoproterenol changed with antigen concentration. The beta antagonists propranolol, butoxamine and practolol did not alter antigen-induced histamine release when incubated with the tissue for 60 min. Apparent dissociation constants (KB) for propranolol and butoxamine were independent of the concentration of antigen used to provoke histamine release.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A Moderate to High Red to Far-red Light Ratio from Light-emitting Diodes Controls Flowering of Short-day Plants

In protected cultivation of short-day (SD) plants, flowering can be inhibited by lighting from incandescent (INC) lamps during the night. INC lamps are being phased out of production and replaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs), but an effective spectrum to control flowering has not been thoroughly examined. We quantified how the red (R (600 to 700 nm)) to far red (FR (700 to 800 nm)) ratio (R:FR) of photoperiodic lighting from LEDs influenced flowering and extension growth of SD plants. Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum ·morifolium), dahlia (Dahlia hortensis), and african marigold (Tagetes erecta) were grown at 20 8C under a 9-hour day with or without a 4-hour night interruption (NI) treatment by INC lamps or LEDs with seven different R:FR ranging from all R to all FR. Flowering in the most sensitive species, chrysanthemum, was not inhibited by an R:FR of 0.28 or lower, whereas an R:FR of 0.66 or above reduced flowering percentage. Flowering in dahlia was incomplete under the FR-only NI and under SDs, but time to flower was similar under the remaining NI treatments. The least sensitive species, african marigold, flowered under all treatments, but flowering was most rapid under the FR-only NI and under SDs. For all species, stem length increased quadratically as the R:FR of the NI increased, reaching a maximum at R:FR of '0.66. We conclude that in these SD plants, a moderate to high R:FR (0.66 or greater) is most effective at interrupting the long night, blue light is not needed to interrupt the night, and FR light alone does not regulate flowering.
Depressor and pressor afferent fibers in the carotid sinus nerve of the dog.

SummaryBy progressively increasing the duration of an electrical stimulus, two barosensory and one chemosensory fiber groups have been illustrated in the CSN of the dog. Both barosensory fiber groups are more easily excited than the chemosensory fibers. In the cat, similar groups of fibers have been reported, but the chemosensory fibers are of intermediate excitability. All the fibers appear to exert their action on the sympathetic adrenergic system, since the response is blocked by bretylium, but not by atropine.
PMN-PT Nanowires with a Very High Piezoelectric Constant

A profound way to increase the output voltage (or power) of the piezoelectric nanogenerators is to utilize a material with higher piezoelectric constants. Here we report the synthesis of novel piezoelectric 0.72Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.28PbTiO3 (PMN-PT) nanowires using a hydrothermal process. The unpoled single-crystal PMN-PT nanowires show a piezoelectric constant (d33) up to 381 pm/V, with an average value of 373 ± 5 pm/V. This is about 15 times higher than the maximum reported value of 1-D ZnO nanostructures and 3 times higher than the largest reported value of 1-D PZT nanostructures. These PMN-PT nanostructures are of good potential being used as the fundamental building block for higher power nanogenerators, high sensitivity nanosensors, and large strain nanoactuators.
Structure of Aqueous Water Films on Textured −OH-Terminated Self-Assembled Monolayers

We report the thickness and interfacial molecular structure of thin (1–3 nm) aqueous films supported on hydroxyl-terminated self-assembled monolayers over a silver substrate. The water film structure is studied as a function of varying the monolayer’s methylene chain lengths. Analysis techniques include ellipsometry, contact angle, and polarization modulation reflection adsorption infrared spectroscopy. The aqueous film thicknesses follow 4-mercaptobutanol (4-MBU) > 11-mercaptoundecanol (11-MUD) > 6-mercaptohexanol (6-MHE) > 9-mercaptononanol (9-MNO). Water contact angle measurements across the same surfaces are very similar; however, vibrational spectroscopic analysis of the films shows that intermolecular bonding patterns of D2O are significantly different from those of bulk D2O. This evokes unique interfacial molecular architectures for each of these films. The structural differences depend on the nature of the SAM structure and resulting water–SAM interactions, which are evident from PM-IRRAS data. Sp...
Investigation and analysis on an outbreak of typhoid fever caused by substandard water source

Objective To analyze the cause of the outbreak of typhoid fever and its risk factors, so as to provide references for preventing this kind of typhoid fever and other intestinal infections in future. Methods The investigation was carried out through field investigation, sampling, detection, and descriptive epidemiology. Results 18 laboratory-confirmed cases of typhoid fever were collectedduring the period from 30thNov. 2012 to 1stJan. 2013. The total numbers of bacteria and coliform bacteria were found to exceed standards variously in source water, finished water and tap water before this disease outbreak. Conclusion The outbreak of typhoid fever is caused by using substandard water source. Comprehensive control measures are taken, such as field epidemiological investigation, changing water source, strengthening the work of water disinfection and inspection, as well as management of sources of infection. The typhoid epidemic is finally effectively controlled.
Investigation of resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in the four areas of Shaanxi province

Objective To understand the resistance of Musca domestica to insecticides in the four areas of Shaanxi province for providing evidence for scientific application of insecticides. Methods Insects were collected in the fields in urban areas where flies bred and sensitive insects were reared in laboratory without exposure to insecticides. Topical dropping method was used to determine the death rate by different drug concentrations, with LD50 obtained by POLO software analysis. Results The LD50 of sensitive insects to DDVP, temephos, DDT, propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin was 0.004, 0.113, 0.010, 0.214, 0.003 07, 0.000 63, 0.003 and 0.013 μg/♀, respectively. Different degrees of resistance of M. domestica to the eight commonly used insecticides were observed in Ankang, Weinan, Baoji, Tongchuan city of Shaanxi province. The LD50 of M. domestica in four areas to DDVP, temephos, DDT, propoxur, beta-cypermethrin, deltamethrin, cypermethrin and permethrin was 0.051-0.301, 4.429-14.480, 1.259-1.573, 13.579-33.556, 0.024-0.303, 0.017-0.046, 0.047-0.269 and 0.016-0.053 μg/♀, respectively, with the average LD50 to the eight insecticides from 0.028 to 23.549 μg/♀. The resistance ratio (R/S) was from 2.54 to 140.20, DDT being the highest and permethrin the lowest. Conclusion Insecticides should be applied scientifically to effectively curb the increase of resistance of M. domestica to the insecticides.
Prevalence of HCV among children under 15 years old in Guoyang county,Anhui province

Objective To know about infectious status and the related influencing factors of hepatitis C among children in order to provide scientific evidence for prevention and control of hepatitis C.Methods Cluster sampled the children under 15 years old from ten administrative villages and investigated them by uniform questionnaires and to the detection of HCV antibodies.Results Of 3 261 children,1 490 were female and 1 771 were male.The average age was 7.09±3.55(0~14)years old.Infectious rate of HCV was 0.90%,and the infectious rates decreased as ages increased.The difference was significant(χ2=9.81,P0.01).Unconditional Logistic Regression Analysis showed OR was 2.46 among the children who had injection histories,and OR was 4.04(P0.01) among the children who had intravenous injection histories.Conclusion Infectious rate of HCV among children under 15 years old in some county was above national level,and their major infection route was nosocomial infection.
Assessing Methods of Removing Metals from Wastewater: The Effect of Ferric Chloride Addition on Metal Speciation and Removal

The presence of cationic pollutant metals in municipal wastewater effluent is a concern because stringent discharge requirements cannot always be met with conventional treatment methods. Attempts to improve metal removal are often unsuccessful because a significant fraction of the cationic metals are complexed by the synthetic chelating agent ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). To identify practical approaches for improving metal removal, an analytical method for measuring metal-EDTA complexes was used to survey metal speciation at a series of wastewater treatment plants. Following these analyses, bench-scale experiments were conducted. The survey data indicated that pollutant metal-EDTA complexes account for a significant fraction of the dissolved metals in wastewater. The bench-scale studies indicated that ferric chloride addition improves the removal of copper and zinc by approximately 20%. To test the results of the bench-scale experiments, a full-scale experiment was conducted by interrupting chemical addition at a municipal wastewater treatment plant that normally adds ferric chloride during primary treatment. Results indicated that ferric chloride addition had a slight impact on metal speciation but no effect on metals removal. The lack of an effect was attributed to changes in metal speciation that occurred during primary treatment irrespective of ferric chloride addition. This title belongs to WERF Research Report Series ISBN: 9781843396949 (Print) ISBN: 9781780404387 (eBook)
NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS WITH MALIGNANT DISEASES. 1. SYSTEMIC AND LOCALIZED EFFECTS OF MALIGNANCIES.

(1965). Nutritional Problems With Malignant Diseases. Postgraduate Medicine: Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. A-125-A-129.
Macronutrient ratios in pollen shape bumble bee (Bombus impatiens) foraging strategies and floral preferences

Abstract To fuel their activities and rear their offspring, foraging bees must obtain a sufficient quality and quantity of nutritional resources from a diverse plant community. Pollen is the primary source of proteins and lipids for bees, and the concentrations of these nutrients in pollen can vary widely among host-plant species. Therefore we hypothesized that foraging decisions of bumble bees are driven by both the protein and lipid content of pollen. By successively reducing environmental and floral cues, we analyzed pollen-foraging preferences of Bombus impatiens in (i) host-plant species, (ii) pollen isolated from these host-plant species, and (iii) nutritionally modified single-source pollen diets encompassing a range of protein and lipid concentrations. In our semifield experiments, B. impatiens foragers exponentially increased their foraging rates of pollen from plant species with high protein:lipid (P:L) ratios; the most preferred plant species had the highest ratio (∼4.6:1). These preferences were confirmed in cage studies where, in pairwise comparisons in the absence of other floral cues, B. impatiens workers still preferred pollen with higher P:L ratios. Finally, when presented with nutritionally modified pollen, workers were most attracted to pollen with P:L ratios of 5:1 and 10:1, but increasing the protein or lipid concentration (while leaving ratios intact) reduced attraction. Thus, macronutritional ratios appear to be a primary factor driving bee pollen-foraging behavior and may explain observed patterns of host-plant visitation across the landscape. The nutritional quality of pollen resources should be taken into consideration when designing conservation habitats supporting bee populations.
Mechanisms of Hepatocyte Detoxification

This chapter describes how the liver disposes of toxic substances and reviews clinical conditions that may impact the detoxification process. Optimal detoxification depends on the unique anatomy of the liver and on the specific properties of the hepatocyte — the ultimate detoxifying cell in an organ that has perfected this task. Hepatocytes have a high concentration of non-specific metabolizing enzymes that can handle virtually any chemical toxin, an array of mechanisms for disposing of these compounds, and robust mechanisms for self-preservation and regeneration. They store and regulate the availability of potentially toxic essential nutrients such as iron and copper. Continued study will improve therapies to correct detoxification deficiencies caused by genetic and infectious disease, drug interactions and overdose, and environmental exposures.
Equivalent Crack, Fracture Size Effect, and Cohesive Stress Zone of Plain Concrete under Quasi-Static and Variable High-Cycle Fatigue Loading

AbstractCompliance-derived equivalent cracks are often used in high-cycle fatigue cracking predictions for computational expediency. Its dependence on the cohesive stress zone, however, may limit general applicability under high-cycle variable amplitude fatigue loading and limit the objectivity of the Paris constants and fatigue fracture toughness. In this paper, notched three-point bend concrete specimens of different sizes are subjected to (1) different loading modes: quasi-static and high-cycle fatigue; and (2) different fatigue loading sequences: constant, variable, and random. The results indicate that the fracture toughness does not depend significantly on loading sequence or loading mode. The Paris constants are not size dependent when a crack resistance curve is inserted into a modified Paris law within the range of experimental conditions considered here. The observations and statistical comparisons were consistent for both beam sizes, although they exhibited some significantly different cohesive...
Phase I study of everolimus (E; RAD001) + low-dose weekly cisplatin (C) for patients with advanced solid tumors: Preliminary results.

e14527 Background: Preclinical studies demonstrate synergistic anti-tumor activity with the combination of E + C. Methods: Patients received E per oral for days 1–21 of a 28 day cycle. E was dose e...
Remaining Useful Lifetime Estimation for Power MOSFETs Under Thermal Stress With RANSAC Outlier Removal

Reliability of power converters is crucial for mission critical systems. Among the components that are susceptible to failure, power semiconductor devices are one of the major causes of the power converter failures. This paper focuses on the remaining useful lifetime (RUL) estimation of degraded power MOSFETs, which are stressed by thermal cycling. The relative change in on-state resistance is identified as the fault signature. A data-driven RUL estimation algorithm based on a linear approximation model is proposed. The empirical coefficients are estimated by the classical least squares, where the outliers are removed by random sample consensus (RANSAC) algorithm. A sliding window approach is used to track the nonlinearities. The window size, threshold value, and number of samples used by RANSAC are optimized with the genetic algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed RUL estimation tool is verified on a number of thermally aged discrete power MOSFET data.
Resolving Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Coral Bleaching Risk Using Image Analysis: An Active Learning Experience to Improve Climate Change Literacy in College Students.

Recent studies indicate poor understanding of the causes and consequences of climate change among college students. In an effort to improve climate change literacy, we have developed an authentic research experience for upper level undergraduate students focused on resolving spatial and temporal patterns of coral reef bleaching, an ecologically and economically important consequence of climate warming. In the research, students use a public archive of maps generated by the United States National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Association (NOAA) that use coloration to depict ocean areas experiencing above-average surface temperatures and where corals are at an increased risk of bleaching. Students are required to quantify the total area of coloration on individual maps using open-source image analysis software called Image J. By quantifying coloration (ie bleaching risk) over a large number of maps in a chronological sequence, students can test hypotheses regarding the relationship between ongoing c...
Early discontinuation of antiseizure medications in neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy

SummaryObjective Neonates with hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) managed with therapeutic hypothermia (TH) often experience acute symptomatic seizures, prompting treatment with antiseizure medications (ASMs). Because the risk of seizure occurrence after hospital discharge is unknown, the optimal ASM treatment duration is unclear. We aimed to determine the risk of seizure occurrence after hospital discharge and the impact of ASM treatment duration on this outcome. Methods We performed a single-center, retrospective study of consecutive neonates with HIE managed with TH who received ASMs for acute symptomatic seizures from June 2010 through December 2014. Neonates were monitored with continuous electroencephalography (EEG) during TH. Results Follow-up data were available for 59 (82%) of 72 neonates who survived to discharge, with a median follow-up period of 19 months (interquartile range [IQR] 11–25). Acute symptomatic seizures occurred in 35 neonates (59%), including electrographic seizures in 21 neonates (36%). ASMs were continued upon discharge in 17 (49%) of 35 neonates. Seizures occurred in follow-up in four neonates (11%). No patient for whom ASMs were discontinued prior to discharge experienced seizures during the follow-up period. Significance Among neonates with HIE, seizures after hospital discharge were rare in those with acute symptomatic seizures and did not occur in neonates without acute symptomatic seizures. ASM discontinuation prior to discharge did not increase the risk of seizures during the follow-up period, suggesting that ASMs may be discontinued in many neonates prior to discharge.
Export-Dumping Plans

HE lower prices and incomes received by farmers since 1937 have revived interest in a number of "farm relief" plans which have been before the public in one form or another since the beginning of the post-war agricultural depression. The more prominent of these plans, although appearing in dissimilar outward guises which lead to confused notions that they represent different methods of dealing with the problem, are based on essentially the same major principle. To this principle the generic term, "export dumping," may be applied. In view of the revived interest in proposed measures of this type, an abjective analysis of their differences, possibilities and limitations should be helpful at this time. Although the European war has considerably affected the conditions which determine the results of export-dumping, 1940 apparently will be a year in which there will be much public interest in certain proposed measures of this type.
Cataloging Library Resources: An Introduction

In recent years, the decrease in library budgets and resulting elimination of professional positions have caused many technical services departments to allocate work that used to be performed by pr...
Reply to Nash: Color terms are lost, despite missing data.

David Nash (1) calls into question our findings (2) that color terms are likely lost as well as gained, citing questions about the semantics of certain lexical items, treatment of unattested items, and, crucially, problems with missing (vs. absent) data in Bayesian phylogenetic models. For ancestral state reconstructions to be correct, several conditions must be satisfied: Sample data must be representative and accurate, the analytical tools should be applicable to the dataset under study, and the analyses must be interpreted correctly. … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: claire.bowern{at}yale.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Passion, Poverty, and Travel: Traditional Hakka Songs and Ballads

This volume introduces hitherto untranslated items from the folk literature of the Hakka (or “Kejia” 客家) people associated with mountainous areas of southeast China and various diaspora communities...
Partridge, Christopher and Marcus Moberg (eds) 2017. 'The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music'. London: Bloomsbury. xiv + 403pp. £130.00. ISBN: 978-1-4742-3733-8 (hbk).

Partridge, Christopher and Marcus Moberg (eds) 2017. The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music. London: Bloomsbury. xiv + 403pp. £130.00. ISBN: 978-1-4742-3733-8 (hbk).
Preeclampsia as a Form of Type 5 Cardiorenal Syndrome: An Underrecognized Entity in Women's Cardiovascular Health.

Background Preeclampsia is a multisystem vascular disorder of pregnancy that remains a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia remains an underrecognized risk factor for future cardiovascular and kidney disease in women and represents the confluence of preexisting vascular risk factors with superimposed endothelial injury from placental mediated anti-angiogenic factors. Summary This review highlights the close relationship between preeclampsia and future cardiovascular and kidney disease. It describes the pathophysiology and current understanding of biomarkers that form the molecular signature for long-term endothelial dysfunction in preeclamptic women. Finally, it describes strategies for early identification and management of women with preeclampsia with elevated risk for cardiovascular and kidney disease. Key Messages: Future rigorous studies on cardiovascular risk modification in this phenotype of disease are essential to reduce the burden of cardiovascular and kidney disease, in women with preeclampsia.
8 – CHEMICAL REACTIONS

This chapter introduces the equilibrium constant and discusses the rate of entropy production in chemical reactions and coupling aspects of multiple reactions. Enzyme kinetics is also summarized. The rate of reaction, which is the change of the extent of the reaction with time, has the same sign as the affinity. The reaction system is in equilibrium state when the affinity is zero. In chemical kinetics, the reaction rates are proportional to concentrations or to some power of the concentrations. Phenomenological equations, however, require that the reaction velocities are proportional to the thermodynamic force or affinity. Affinity, in turn, is proportional to the logarithms of concentrations. Some structures can only originate in a dissipative (nonequilibrium) medium and be maintained by a continuous supply of energy and matter. Such dissipative structures exist only within narrow limits due to the delicate balance between reaction rates and diffusion. If one of these factors is changed, then the balance is affected and the whole organized structure collapses. Michaelis and Menten assumed that the enzyme and substrate react reversibly to form a substrate–enzyme complex. Later, the complex dissociates to form the free enzyme and product(s).
Mathematics and the Twelve-Tone System: Past, Present, and Future

Certainly the first major encounter of non-trivial mathematics and non-trivial music was in the conception and development of the twelve-tone system from the 1920s to the present. Although the twelve-tone system was formulated by Arnold Schoenberg, it was Milton Babbitt whose ample but non-professional background in mathematics made it possible for him to identify the links between the music of the Second-Viennese school and a formal treatment of the system. To be sure, there were also important inroads in Europe as well,1 but these were not often marked by the clarity and rigor introduced by Babbitt in his series of seminal articles from 1955 to 1973 (Babbitt 1955, 1960, 1962, 1973).
Human Models of Space Physiology

Maintaining the health and fitness of astronauts is essential to the successful exploration of space. Consequently, the development of methods (i.e., countermeasures) designed to minimize potential adverse clinical effects of space flight depends on an understanding of the physiological mechanisms that underlie human adaptation to microgravity. However, uncontrolled conditions and mission logistics associated with spaceflight present significant limitations to the scientific study of human physiology in the space environment. Although no one model precisely simulates the actual space environment, the quantitative as well as qualitative comparisons of space physiology with the 6ℴ head-down bed rest (HDBR) model are striking. Selective comparisons presented in this chapter demonstrate distinct qualitative and quantitative similarities in the underlying physiology of body fluids, cardiovascular and autonomic functions, muscle, bone, and metabolism in humans between HDBR and space. Because of these similarities, the use of the HDBR model has provided critical direction for the investigation of space physiology that otherwise could not be addressed adequately in the space environment. HDBR has proven to be one of the most effective and valuable models for assessing the effects of prolonged exposure to microgravity on human physiological functions by inducing physical and physiological changes similar to those that occur when humans are exposed to the actual environment of space.
Linear Free Energy Relationships in Enzymology

The primary objective of the application of the various linear free energy relationships in enzymology, as is often the case in non-enzymic studies of this type, is the elucidation of reaction mechanism. Thus, it is expected that systematic perturbations in the structure of the substrate for a particular enzyme will affect the catalysed reaction in such a manner as to provide evidence concerning the mode of catalysis, which can be rationally interpreted.
Giant M1 resonance in 140Ce.

Highly polarized tagged photons were used to measure the distribution of M1 transition strength in /sup 140/Ce at excitations between 6.7 and 8.7 MeV. A strength of summationgGAMMA/sub 0//sup 2/(M1)/GAMMA = 11.2/sub -3.1/ /sup +4.5/ eV corresponding to a B(M1up-arrow) of about 7.5..mu../sub 0//sup 2/ was observed centered at an excitation of 7.95 MeV. This distribution of M1 strength can account for the giant magnetic dipole resonance predicted in /sup 140/Ce.
Rehospitalization to a child and adolescent psychiatry unit: Role of trauma and bullying.

Abstract Objective Psychiatric rehospitalizations results in a significant burden to patients, families, and health care systems. Understanding psychiatric rehospitalizations offers an opportunity to identify weaknesses in current systems of care. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that a history of trauma or ongoing bullying increases the risk of psychiatric rehospitalization. Method Retrospective cohort study of 366 individual patients (71% female) admitted to a pediatric psychiatry unit between 1/1/2015 and 12/31/2015. The primary outcome measure was rehospitalization to the same psychiatric hospital unit within one year of first discharge. Trauma was defined as having a history of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder, Reactive Attachment Disorder, or a filed Suspected Abuse and Neglect of a Child report by the end of first hospitalization. Ongoing bullying was identified by medical record review. Results History of trauma (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.2, 95% Confidence Interval (CI) = 1.8–5.6, p Conclusion History of trauma or ongoing bullying are important risk factors for pediatric psychiatric rehospitalization.
Composite Hydrogel Embedded with Porous Microspheres for Long-Term pH-Sensitive Drug Delivery.

Current delivery of chemotherapy drugs to osteosarcoma is limited by the difficulties in overcoming the solid tumor microenvironment and the cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin (DOX). In previous work we...
A ternary memory cell using small Josephson junction arrays

In this paper we present a ternary cryogenic memory cell paradigm that is based on an array of inductively coupled Josephson junctions. We show how reading, writing and resetting are implemented using single flux quantum current pulse inputs to the circuit and reading voltage pulse outputs from the circuit. We further show how both destructive readout and non-destructive readout can be implemented.
Modules for Teaching Parallel Performance Concepts

This chapter introduces three teaching modules centered on parallel performance concepts. Performance related topics embody many fundamental ideas in parallel computing. In the ACM/IEEE curricular guidelines (ACM2013), an entire knowledge unit has been devoted to parallel performance. In addition, performance topics pervade every knowledge area within PDC and can be found across other knowledge areas including Algorithms, Architecture and Systems Fundamentals. The three modules presented in this chapter cover a range of parallel performance topics. Since power savings have become an important consideration from hand-held devices to supercomputers, energy efficiency is also emphasized in each module. The modules focus more on architectural and algorithmic issues rather than the programming aspects. The modules are constructed to illustrate parallel performance issues primarily through code examples and experimental studies. This approach makes the modules accessible to students who do not yet have a strong background in parallel programming. Thus, the target audience for this chapter are instructors who are teaching CS1, with or without parallel programming, and also instructors who are teaching upper-level electives where their students may already have taken a semester of parallel programming.
UAV-IoT for Next Generation Virtual Reality

We investigate UAV-IoT data capture and networking for remote scene virtual reality (VR) immersion. We characterize the delivered immersion fidelity as a function of the assigned UAV-IoT capture/network rates and study the optimization problem of maximizing it, for given system/application constraints. We explore fast reinforcement learning to discover the best dynamic UAV-IoT network placement over the scene of interest to maximize the expected remote immersion fidelity. We design scalable source-channel viewpoint coding to maximize the expected reconstruction fidelity of the data captured at every UAV location at the ground-based aggregation point. Finally, we explore layered directional networking and rate-distortion-power optimized embedded scheduling methods to effectively transmit the encoded data and overcome network transients that lead to packet buffering, which represent the fourth system component of our framework. Experimental results demonstrate considerable performance efficiency gains enabled by each system component over the respective state-of-the-art reference methods, in delivered VR immersion fidelity, application interactivity/play-out latency, and transmission power consumption.
Medical Family Therapy in Home-Based Settings: A Case Application:

Medical family therapy (MedFT) is a systemic, biopsychosocial meta-framework by which clinicians provide therapeutic services to patients and their families who are experiencing physical health pro...
State-of-the-Art Reviews: Safety in Complex Spine Surgery

The surgical correction of spinal deformities carries a high risk of perioperative morbidity. As the incidence of debilitating spinal deformities continues to increase, so too does our obligation to search for ways to enhance safety in our delivery of surgical care. Standardized work processes and other lean manufacturing methodologies have the potential to improve efficiency, safety, and hence value in our delivery of surgical care to patients with complex spine pathologies by reducing variability in our work processes. These principles can be applied to patient care from the initial preoperative assessment to long-term postoperative follow-up in the creation of comprehensive protocols that guide the management of these complex patients. Early evidence suggests that short-term outcomes can be improved by implementing packages of systems reform aimed at reducing variability in our work processes; however, contradicting evidence exists on the utility of several specific components of these systems-reform packages.