cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Light Induced Protochlorophyll–Chlorophyll a‐Transformation and the Succeeding Interconversions of the Different Forms of Chlorophyll

Curve resolution into Gaussian components of the absorption spectra during the varying stages of the Shibata shift in dark grown, irradiated leaves of barley indicates that the chlorophyll a forms formed after irradiation consist of the same main components which have been reported to be present in all hitherto investigated plant materials (peak values in the red region 662, 670, 677 and 683 nm, respectively) but in varying proportions. The spectra during the Shibata shift proper can be satisfied by a mixture of two single components gradually changing their proportions, although a four component system gives a still better fit to the measured absorption curves. It is also shown that curves taken before and after the shift and added together in the appropriate proportions will match the absorption spectrum measured with peak at the isosbestic point (after ca. 15 min at room temperature).
Dormancy and the cell cycle.

The localization of the Kip-related proteins to meristematic regions suggests that these proteins might be associated with dormancy regulation. Additionally, the localization of chromatin remodeling to specific genes and loci may reveal the important regulation mechanisms for the dormant state. Developmental mutants that fail to develop bud scales and shift meristem programs toward an over-wintering bud would be informative in identifying.
Effect of Hand Dynamics on Virtual Fixtures for Compliant Human-Machine Interfaces

In human-machine interfaces with joint/link compliance, human hand dynamics can have a detrimental effect on system performance. This paper investigates the effect of human dynamics on the effectiveness of a virtual fixture implemented on an admittance-controlled robot with joint compliance. Two open-loop control methods are proposed for creating a virtual fixture that prevents the user from entering a forbidden region: one that compensates for hand dynamics, and one that predicts overshoot based on the user’s current velocity. The methods determine a“safe” location of the virtual fixture that prevents the user from entering the true forbidden region. A first experiment was conducted to determine hand dynamic parameters (mass, damping, and stiffness) and evaluate their relationship to the force applied by the user on the interface. A second experiment demonstrated that both methods for creating safe virtual fixtures prevent the user from entering the forbidden region, even when the interface has significant joint compliance.
ENVIRONMENTAL CHARACTERISTICS RELATED TO PATIENT ASSAULT

Environmental factors related to physical assault by patients were examined to identify clinical implications warranting further investigation and to test methodology. The concepts of ward conditio...
Educating managers for decision making and leadership

This paper describes a research program, spanning three decades, on the development of a model of leadership style – specifically, the form and degree to which managers should involve team members in decision making. The model distinguishes five levels of participation and, in its current form, 11 situational factors which influence the effects of participation on decision quality, implementation, time, and team development. Pencil and paper and computer‐based representations of the model are described and compared. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the use of the model in management development. Based on experience in training managers in many countries around the world, the author argues that didactic expositions of the model are largely ineffective in producing behavior change unless accompanied by experiential activities which enable managers to examine their own implicit assumptions about the consequences of sharing their decision making power.
Characterization of the mitochondrial DNA in patients with multiple sclerosis

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) abnormalities with primary pathogenic significance for optic nerve atrophy have been detected in inflammatory demyelinating conditions indistinguishable from multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the degree of involvement of mtDNA alterations in the pathogenesis of MS is not clear. To further clarify this question, we sequenced the entire mtDNA in three MS patients. A number of nucleotide alterations were defined relative to the standard mtDNA sequence in each patient. After excluding the silent mutations and common polymorphisms, eight unusual mtDNA variants within the ribosomal (r) RNA, transfer (t) RNA or protein encoding regions were identified and characterized. Two mutations remained as putative MS related alterations after screening a population of 49 patients and 63 controls for the presence of these mutations. An A to G transition at nucleotide (nt) 13 966 causing a threonine to phenylalanine exchange in a non-conserved region of the ND-5 was detected in two independent MS patients and in none of the sixty-three controls or in any of the large control population in the literature. The second mutation of interest at 14798 is a T to C transition changing a phenylalanine to leucine in a relatively conserved domain of the cytochrome b. Although it is a known polymorphism, a tendency for prominent optic nerve involvement was observed among patients carrying this mutation. As we have performed the first complete mtDNA sequence analysis on MS patients, we conclude that MS may occur without mtDNA abnormalities of primary pathogenic significance. However, contribution of the mtDNA to genetic susceptibility or phenotypic presentation of MS is possible in certain subgroups of patients, and merits further investigation.
Pituitary Ovarian Relationships in the Cow

Abstract Ovulation in the cow, as in other species, appears to be accomplished by increasing secretion rates of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinzing hormone during proestrus and estrus. Plasma levels of LH, as measured by a recently developed solid phase radioimmunoassay, rise markedly at the beginning of estrus and decline to quite low levels during the first three days of the cycle. Luteinizing hormone appears to be the major luteotrophin responsible for corpus luteum growth and progesterone secretion. One or more coincident peaks in plasma levels of progesterone and luteinizing hormone were noted during the luteal phase of the cycle (between Days 7 and 18) in some but not in all animals. These peaks were individually variable but usually occurred at about 4- to 5-day intervals. Plasma progesterone levels declined precipitously between Days 16 and 19, after which plasma LH levels rose sharply. Progesterone appears to dominate the events that occur during the cycle; it is only after the pituitary is released from the apparent progesterone inhibition that the blood levels of luteinizing hormone necessary for estrus and ovulation are attained. The role of estrogens in luteinizing hormone release in the cow have not yet been studied. Conversely, corpus luteum regression is not from inhibition of LH secretion; it occurs at a time when plasma luteinizing hormone levels are rising rapidly. The mechanism by which this rapid regression of luteal function occurs is incompletely understood; it may not involve anterior pituitary hormones at all and probably involves a mechanism requiring the presence of the uterus. The roles of prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, and estrogens in regulation of corpus luteum function are inadequately understood. Exogenous estrogen is luteolytic, and levels of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones that promote increased estrogen secretion may promote luteolysis. Stress may increase plasma progesterone, which could conceivably interfere with reproductive functions.
International Trade and Wage Discrimination: Evidence from East Asia

The paper explores how competition from international trade affects gender wage discrimination in two open economies. According to neoclassical theory, if discrimination is costly, then increased industry competitiveness from international trade lessens the incentive for employers to discriminate against women. This effect should be stronger in concentrated sectors, where employers can use excess profits to cover the costs of discrimination. Alternatively, increased international trade may reduce women's bargaining power to achieve wage gains. Results for Taiwan and Korea indicate that, in contrast to neoclassical theory, competition from foreign trade in concentrated industries is positively associated with wage discrimination against women.
Quadriceps Strength Asymmetry After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Alters Knee Joint Biomechanics and Functional Performance at Time of Return to Activity

Background:Quadriceps strength deficits are observed clinically after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury and reconstruction and are often not overcome despite rehabilitation. Given that quadriceps strength may be important for achieving symmetrical joint biomechanics and promoting long-term joint health, determining the magnitude of strength deficits that lead to altered mechanics is critical.Purpose:To determine if the magnitude of quadriceps strength asymmetry alters knee and hip biomechanical symmetry as well as functional performance and self-reported function.Study Design:Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:A total of 73 patients were tested at the time they were cleared for return to activity after ACL reconstruction. Quadriceps strength and activation, scores on the International Knee Documentation Committee form, the hop for distance test, and sagittal plane lower extremity biomechanics were recorded while patients completed a single-legged hop.Results:Patients with high and m...
Political Leadership as a Causative Phenomenon: Some Recent Analyses

The study of political leadership has undergone a shift of focus in recent years. Since the late 1960s, political scientists have been increasingly interested in the question of exactly how the persons identified as leaders influence the political process. Two recent studies are critically examined: Paige's, based on a systems or macrolevel approach, concerns itself mainly with leadership as a phenomenon within the context of a political system which acts upon it and upon which it impinges; Burns's, based on a sociopsychological or microlevel approach, emphasizes the interaction between leaders and followers as an engagement of persons with diverse predispositions and motivations. The authors focus on different aspects of the same general set of phenomena, but they share a common goal. Both seek a vehicle on which to move toward a general theory that explains how leadership acts as a causative phenomenon in a polity. The clarification of their differences and complimentariness offers new opportunities for further research, theoretical or descriptive.
Evaluating and Combining Physicians' Probabilities of Survival in an Intensive Care Unit

In this paper, probabilities of survival assessed by physicians for patients admitted to an intensive care unit are studied. The probabilities from each of four types of physicians are evaluated on an overall basis and in terms of specific attributes, and the groups are compared. The physicians with the most experience and expertise perform better overall. All four groups appear to be reasonably well calibrated, and the key factor in relative overall performance is the level of discrimination provided by the probabilities. Averages of two, three, and four probabilities for each individual patient are also analyzed. As the number of the probabilities in the average increases, performance improves on average on all dimensions, although the best overall performance is exhibited by a combination of probabilities from the two physician types performing best individually. Some comparisons are made with previous work, and implications for probability assessment and combination in medicine and more generally in other areas of application are discussed. Important characteristics of the study are the fact that it was conducted on-line in a real setting, the involvement of individuals with different levels of expertise, the use of a true predictive situation with a clearly-defined event, the consideration of multiple dimensions of the quality of judgments, and the collection of multiple probabilities for each case to permit the investigation of a variety of possible combinations of probabilities.
Histone octamer transfer by a chromatin-remodeling complex.

Abstract RSC, an abundant, essential chromatin-remodeling complex related to SWI/SNF complex, catalyzes the transfer of a histone octamer from a nucleosome core particle to naked DNA. The newly formed octamer–DNA complex is identical with a nucleosome in all respects. The reaction requires ATP and involves an activated RSC–nucleosome intermediate. The mechanism may entail formation of a duplex displacement loop on the nucleosome, facilitating the entry of exogeneous DNA and the release of the endogenous molecule.
Relationship between ethanol's acute locomotor effects and ethanol self-administration in male Long-Evans rats.

Background: Human studies have suggested an important relationship between ethanol sensitivity and risk of alcoholism. These studies have led some to hypothesize that a low initial sensitivity to ethanol’s depressant effects and/or an elevated response to ethanol’s stimulant effects may represent important risk factors associated with the development of abusive drinking behavior. Unfortunately, elucidating neurobiologic mechanisms that may underlie these relationships between ethanol sensitivity and ethanol drinking have been hampered by difficulties in modeling some of these interactions in animals. In this study, we re-examined some of these relationships in an outbred strain of rats using continuous access two-bottle choice drinking and a limited-access operant procedure that engenders pharmacologically relevant levels of ethanol intake and permits the discrete assessment of appetitive and consummatory measures of ethanol drinking behavior. Methods: Twenty-three male Long-Evans rats were habituated to a locomotor activity box and then tested for their response to a stimulant (0.5 g/kg) and depressant (1.5 g/kg) ethanol dose. Rats were then trained to complete a lever pressing requirement to gain access to 10% ethanol for 20-minute sessions conducted 5 d/wk for 5 weeks. Appetitive behavior was assessed after 2.5 and 4.5 weeks using 20-minute extinction trials in which ethanol was not presented and lever responses were recorded. Home-cage ethanol preference was also assessed prior to and immediately following the 5-week self-administration regimen using a continuous access, two-bottle choice procedure. Results: A significant increase in home-cage ethanol preference was observed following the self-administration procedure, however, neither measure of ethanol preference correlated with average daily ethanol intake during the operant self-administration sessions or with initial sensitivity to ethanol’s stimulant or depressant effects. Notably, a significant negative correlation was observed between sensitivity to ethanol’s locomotor depressant effect and daily intake during the operant self-administration sessions. No significant relationships were noted between sensitivity to ethanol’s locomotor effects and extinction responding. Conclusions: The results of these studies suggest that the well-established relationship between a low level of response to ethanol and increased ethanol consumption reported in human studies can be observed in an outbred rodent strain using a limited-access operant self-administration procedure, but not with home-cage ethanol drinking.
A Positive Theory of Financial Exchange Organization with Normative Implications for Financial Market Regulation

Although there has been extensive research on the economic functions of financial exchanges and the properties of prices determined on exchanges, there has been little research on the organizational structure and governance of these entities. This article demonstrates that the heterogeneity of the suppliers of financial services that are members of financial exchanges explains salient features of exchange organization. Specifically, when suppliers of financial services are heterogeneous, one expects to observe exchanges organized as not-for-profit firms, especially if an exchange can enforce collusive agreements. Moreover, heterogeneity can lead to conflicts between members over rents, which necessitates the creation of formal governance mechanisms. Finally, if exchanges exercise market power or are protected from competitive entry (as is plausible), exchanges may adopt inefficient rules; the efficiency of exchange rules depends in part upon the distributive consequences of these rules (which depends in turn on membership heterogeneity) and the ability of exchange governance structures to enforce wealth-enhancing bargains among members with disparate interests. There is evidence consistent with these predictions. First, non-profit form is observed for traditional open outcry exchanges but for-profit is common for newer computerized exchanges; computerized exchanges typically have far more limited and homogeneous memberships. Second, exchange members earn economic rents (which is consistent with their adoption of inefficient, but profit maximizing rules.) This research is topical due to the rapid structural changes currently occurring in financial exchange markets. Several exchanges have evaluated changes for non-profit to for-profit form in recent years, and two have voted to make the change in the past twelve months. These changes coincide with changes in trading technology (specifically, a shift to computerized trading) that reduces the importance of heterogeneity. This research has both positive and normative content. It makes positive predictions about how exchanges are organized. Moreover, it has implications for the efficient regulation of financial markets. In particular, it implies that self-regulation by exchange members may not result in the adoption of first best rules governing the trade in financial assets and derivatives. This, in turn, raises the possibility that external regulation (e.g., the SEC) may improve resource allocation by imposing more efficient rules. Since a rent seeking calculus also affects regulators, however, it is impossible to determine a priori whether self-regulation by exchange members or external regulation is superior.
Reliability of urinary albumin, total protein, and creatinine assays after prolonged storage: The family investigation of nephropathy and diabetes

Background and objectives: This study investigated the effect of long-term storage at 70°C on urinary albumin, protein, and creatinine measurements in the Family Investigation of Nephropathy and Diabetes, a multicenter study designed to identify genes for diabetic nephropathy. Design, setting, participants, & measurements: Spot urine samples were collected at eight centers and shipped overnight on ice packs to a central laboratory. Samples were aliquotted and frozen at 70°C for a median of 8 d before initial assay. As part of quality control procedures to determine interassay variability, 351 replicate samples were retrieved from storage at 70°C after a median storage time between original and quality control analyses of 126 d (range 28 to 869 d). Freezer time was characterized as the difference in days between the initial assay and quality control assay. Percentage difference [(quality control original/original) 100%] between samples was regressed on storage time and adjusted for original value, age, race, gender, hypertension, and diabetes. Results: After adjustment, freezer time per 30 d was associated with small decreases in percentage difference of urinary albumin (0.25%, P 0.02), total protein (0.23%, P 0.02), and albumin-to-creatinine ratio (0.34%, P 0.001). Urinary creatinine levels were not affected by freezer time (P 0.25). Conclusions: Measurements of urinary albumin, total protein, and albumin-to-creatinine ratio are minimally affected by storage at 70°C for approximately 2.5 yr. Prolonged storage results in small decreases of urinary albumin and protein that do not substantially affect phenotype classification of overt renal disease.
Turbulence and Wind-Turbine Performance

Activities managed by Rockwell International for the Department of Energy have begun to determine the quantitative significance of turbulence to wind-turbine utilization. At the Wind Systems Test Center three methods are available for analysis of performance data taken in turbulent winds. Frequency-matching, the method-of-bins and most-probable-power methods are described and it is shown that the method-of-bins is the most accurate method for calculating a system power curve for use in energy yield predictions. Limitations and advantages of the analysis methods are highlighted. Wind energy conversion system development subcontracts have resulted in improved understanding of the importance of turbulence in system design. In nine designs, turbulence (gust) considerations have been second only to maximum survival wind speed, in importance to structural design. The experiences to date of the nine design efforts are summarized.
Comparing metabolomic and pathologic biomarkers alone and in combination for discriminating Alzheimer’s disease from normal cognitive aging

A critical and as-yet unmet need in Alzheimer disease (AD) research is the development of novel markers that can identify individuals at risk for cognitive decline due to AD. This would aid intervention trials designed to slow the progression of AD by increasing diagnostic certainty, and provide new pathophysiologic clues and potential drug targets. We used two metabolomics platforms (gas chromatography-time of flight mass spectrometry [GC-TOF] and liquid chromatography LC-ECA array [LC-ECA]) to measure a number of metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from patients with AD dementia and from cognitively normal controls. We used stepwise logistic regression models with cross-validation to assess the ability of metabolite markers to discriminate between clinically diagnosed AD participants and cognitively normal controls and we compared these data with traditional CSF Luminex immunoassay amyloid-β and tau biomarkers. Aβ and tau biomarkers had high accuracy to discriminate cases and controls (testing area under the curve: 0.92). The accuracy of GC-TOF metabolites and LC-ECA metabolites by themselves to discriminate clinical AD participants from controls was high (testing area under the curve: 0.70 and 0.96, respectively). Our study identified several CSF small-molecule metabolites that discriminated especially well between clinically diagnosed AD and control groups. They appear to be suitable for further confirmatory and validation studies, and show the potential to provide predictive performance for AD.
The Drug Addict and the Stigma of Addiction

Two hundred and fifty-six respondents from a small, upper-midwestern college town answered a questionnaire designed to assess their first impression images of the term "drug addict." The results indicated that the overwhelming image was of a disoriented, unhealthy, thin, low-class, male "hippie" with behavioral and skin problems who suffered from a disease. Only 11% of the responses described the condition as a crime. This study is compared with a previous, similar study of the first impression of the term "alcoholic," and suggestions are provided to explain the categorization of the conditions as disease states.
Social anxiety and cardiovascular responses to interpersonal communication

This study reports data on the relationship of heart rate and blood pressure to state and trait social anxiety. Findings support the prediction that high trait anxiety subjects evidence a correlation between physiological measures and social anxiety. Measures of heart rate in both resting and talking periods correlate with state anxiety among high trait anxiety subjects. By contrast, systolic blood pressure during the talking period correlates with social anxiety for all subjects. These results confirm predictions about the psychosomatics of speech anxiety and demonstrate the importance of studying blood pressure.
Commercial Plant-Produced Recombinant Cellulases for Biomass Conversion

Cellulases must be one of the least expensive enzymes produced to be effective for biomass conversion, and they must be produced in extremely large quantities. Thus, the seed production system is the system of choice for a number of reasons including high protein accumulation in the target tissue, long-term stable storage, and little capital equipment required for production other than farming equipment. An endocellulase and an exocellulase have been produced and sold from corn grain demonstrating functionality of the system. High protein accumulation, stable storage, and high utility in industrial cellulose degradation have been demonstrated.
“The Schedule Has Been Tough But We Think It's Worth It”: The Joys, Challenges, and Recommendations of Youth Sport Parents

Substantial research has been conducted on children's experiences in youth sports, and on parental influences on children's' affective responses to participation, yet little is known about how pare...
Patterns and Predictors of Weight Loss After Gastrectomy for Cancer.

Weight loss following gastrectomy for patients with gastric cancer has not been well characterized. We assessed the impact of patient and procedure-specific variables on postoperative weight loss following gastrectomy for cancer. A prospectively maintained gastric cancer database identified patients undergoing gastrectomy for cancer. Clinical and pathologic characteristics, baseline body mass index (BMI), and postoperative weights were extracted. Change in weight was analyzed by percent change in weight and absolute change in BMI. Random coefficients models were used to test whether the rate of change in weight over time differed by factors of interest. Of 376 consecutive patients who underwent resection for gastric adenocarcinoma, 55 % were male, median age 66 years, and mean preoperative BMI 27.1 (range 16.2–45.6). Total gastrectomy was associated with more weight loss than subtotal gastrectomy at 1 year (15 vs. 6 %, early stage; 17 vs. 7 %, late stage). Maximum weight change was observed at 6–12 months after operation and remained stable or improved at 2 years. For early- and late-stage patients, median percent weight loss at 1 year was greater for BMI ≥ 30 versus BMI < 30 (14 vs. 8 %, early stage; 15 vs. 9 %, late stage). The extent of weight loss after gastrectomy for gastric cancer is dependent on preoperative BMI and extent of gastric resection. Maximum weight change is expected by 12 months after operation and will stabilize or improve over time.
CJON Reporter: The Role of the Data Safety Monitoring Board: Why Was the Avastin® Phase III Clinical Trial Stopped?

In early February 2006, Genentech Inc. issued a joint press release with Roche Holding Corporation explaining that their phase III early-stage colon cancer trial of Avastin (bevacizumab, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA) would be stopped after the deaths of four patients. This announcement was the result of preliminary review of the data by the Data Safety Monitoring Board (DSMB) that was formed to monitor the study. What is the DSMB? What criteria does it use to determine whether a study should be stopped early? The purpose of this article is to (a) explain the role of the DSMB, (b) give an overview of the Avastin Adjuvant (AVANT) study, and (c) provide information and resources about clinical trials for practicing RNs in oncology.
An Employment and Wage Analysis of Anthropology and Archaeology Occupations

Employment and wage characteristics of anthropologists, archaeologists, and related postsecondary teaching occupations are analyzed in terms of employment level, geographical concentration of occupation, annual mean wage, and entry-level wage. The study found anthropology- and archaeology-related occupations outperformed the overall economy in employment and wage growth over the past five years, while 10 year comparisons were mixed.
Growth and Retrogression in Larvae of Trogoderma glabrum (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). 3. Ecdysis and Form Determination

The number of larval stadia occuring in the life cycle of Trogoderma glabrum (Herbst) is an indeterminate characteristic. Under optimal, uninterrupted rearing conditions, there may be as few as 5 (males) or 6 (females) larval stadia, but there is no apparent species-typical maximum number of ecdyses possible. Under retrogressive conditions, ecdyses continue to occur and are accompanied by a reduction in larval size and weight. Under conditions that permit growth but prohibit pupation, a stable maximum larval size is attained (Dauer-larvae), and ecdyses continue to occur, but without significant changes in larval weight or dimensions. Different but relatively constant frequencies of ecdyses were observed under each of the 3 culturing conditions tested (progressive growth, retrogressive growth, and Dauer-larval conditions). The rates of occurrence of the molting cycle appeared to be determined by the general metabolic rates of the larvae, rather than by nutritional state or by increment of weight change (either positive or negative). Determination of post-ecdysial form is controlled, at least in part, by the titer of juvenile hormone (JH). JH at a concentration of 70 ppm in the dietary medium effectively inhibited pupation of regrown, previously retrogressed, larvae under conditions otherwise known to stimulate pupation. Exogenous JH also stimulated larval growth. Wing anlagen and other imaginal discs could not be demonstrated in larvae prior to their having been committed to pupation, supporting the interpretation that the duration of larval life is indeterminate and that an indefinite series of larval ecdyses is not complicated or limited by a concurrent differentiation of adult structures.
Ortega y Gasset's Philosophy of Art

In one of his most stimulating discussions Ortega y Gasset declares that the function of the critic is neither to defend nor to attack, but to understand. In this sense the critic, he says, actually interprets and completes the work of the author so that the public can better understand him.
E-022 Single institutional experience with placement of a compliant guide catheter into extremely distal locations within the intracranial and extracranial vasculature to facilitate treatment of various neurovascular pathologies

Introduction and purpose Access to the intracranial pathology through tortuous vasculature has often been the limiting factor in treating certain patients. To address this issue, the 6 French Neuron (0.053 inches) delivery catheter (Penumbra Inc, Alameda, California, USA) was developed to provide greater proximal guide support and enable distal microcatheterization of the intracranial vasculature. A few articles have described the technique but guide positions in these publications were below the level of the dura. The purpose of this paper is to describe our experience with very distal placement of the guide catheter within the intracranial and extracranial vasculature enabling treatment of various neurovascular pathologies. Materials and methods In 12 patients, attempts were made to initially treat the neurovascular pathology with a standard guide catheter and microcatheter but they were unsuccessful either due to tortuous supra-aortic, cervical, extracranial or intracranial vasculature. The 6 F Neuron delivery catheter was substituted through a 6 F sheath for greater distal purchase and support. Results The 6 F Neuron guide catheter was delivered in very distal vascular locations providing excellent support for advancement of the microcatheter and treatment of the lesion. The guide catheter was positioned in the following locations for treatment: origin of ophthalmic artery, M1 segment, M2 segment, A1 segment, P1 segment, basilar artery, origin of the anterior inferior cerebellar artery, distal internal maxillary artery, distal occipital artery, distal superficial temporal artery, cavernous sinus and distal superficial temporal vein. Three patients were treated for carotid cavernous fistula, three patients for arteriovenous malformations, three patients for dural arteriovenous fistulas, two patients for intracranial aneurysms and one patient for vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. There was no evidence of vasospasm or complications related to the distal position of the guide catheter. Conclusion Utilization of the guide catheter in extremely distal positions is safe and effective, allowing for treatment of traditionally inaccessible lesions. The guide catheter allows for more distal placement and greater proximal support to access neurovascular lesions in the setting of tortuous cervical and/or intracranial vasculature.
Finite Element Modeling of Piezoelectric Actuators for Active Flow Control Applications

This paper discusses finite-element modeling and design of piezoelectric flap actuators. The goal of this research is to ultimately develop and validate design tools for piezoelectric actuators. Once validated for simple beam configurations, these tools can be extended to design actuators with more complex geometries. Two different finite element models are developed. One is a beam model that assumes a perfect bond exists between the piezo and shim, and the second extends the perfect bond model by incorporating a shear element for the bond layer. These models are then used to predict the magnitude of the DC response (i.e., output tip displacement per unit applied voltage) and the natural frequency of a piezoelectric flap. The results are compared with experimental data obtained from a parametric study, in which ten otherwise identical piezo flaps with varying piezo patch sizes are fabricated and characterized using a laser displacement sensor and a scanning laser vibrometer. The results indicate that both models provide good estimates for the DC response. In addition, the shear-lag model provides better predictions for the natural frequency than the perfect bond model, but the predictions are still consistently higher than the measured values for large piezo patch sizes. Possible sources for this observed discrepancy are discussed.
Economic burden of hypoglycemia: utilization of emergency department and outpatient services in the United States (2005-2009)

AbstractObjective: To estimate the economic burden of hypoglycemia on the healthcare system at the national level in the US between the years of 2005–2009.Methods: This study analyzed the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), including emergency department (ED) and outpatient department (OPD) components, and the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). The annual rates of ED and OPD visits associated with hypoglycemia were reported. Subsequent medical services after disposition were studied. The unit cost of specific medical service was estimated from the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). All annualized costs were adjusted to US 2009 dollars. We also estimated the rates of injury and ambulance use incurring within a visit for hypoglycemia.Results: The total direct medical cost of hypoglycemia was estimated as $3.49 billion in 2005 and decreased gradually to $1.84 billion in 2009. The declining trend was correlated with hospital admissions from ED, which decreased from 1...
Legislative Error and the “Politics of Haste”

Legislative error is an important and understudied element of the policy process. Even simple clerical mistakes—if unnoticed before enactment—can lead to ambiguity about a law’s meaning, spark political battles concerning rulemaking and implementation, and involve the courts in statutory interpretation. Understanding how and why error occurs can help us better understand how political institutions are intertwined in the design, enactment, and implementation of public policy. This article analyzes the sources of legislative error using data on corrected legislation in the US Senate from 1981 to 2012. The author finds that Senate drafting error is related to unified control of Congress and new majority parties, inexperienced committee members, and committee workload. In addition to bringing in different perspectives and preferences, elections can affect a legislature’s ability to draft clear, error-free statutes.
Survey on finished water quality of rural waterworks in Zhejiang province

Objective:To understand the finished water quality and prevent intoxication and prevalence of water-born infection diseases for the unqualified rural drinking water.Methods: Representative monitoring areas were selected to investigate the basic information of rural drinking water.Water samples were taken in wet season and dry season respectively according to waterworks of different water treatment and finished water of different water source types.Water quality was evaluated by Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water(GB 5749-2006).Results: 78.74% of rural population got drinking water from centralized water supply in 402 villages and towns.According to the comprehensive indexes,the pass rates of the rural water quality in wet season and dry season were 88.2% and 88.3% respectively.Conclusion: The most reason for low pass rates of finished water quality of rural waterworks may be unperfect treatments and unstandard disinfection.
Water use efficiency of winter wheat under limited irrigation:A simulation study.

Based on the daily meteorological data of Zhengzhou in 2003-2004 when the precipitation in winter wheat growth season was of somewhat shortage,the water deficit at different growth stages of winter wheat was analyzed,and the effects of limited irrigation on the water use efficiency(WUE) of winter wheat were studied with the DSSAT-CERES Wheat model after parameter calibration. Four treatments were designed,i.e.,no irrigation,irrigation once,twice,and three times with limited(100 mm) water,and water management response indicators(WMRIs) were introduced as an integrative evaluation reference for the design of optimal irrigation schemes. Limited irrigation alleviated water stress to some extent,and promoted the grain yield and WUE. Comparing with no irrigation,limited irrigation increased the grain yield by 13.1%-73.3%. Irrigation twice showed the best effect in promoting the water absorption and utilization by winter wheat,followed by irrigation three times,and irrigation once. The WUE was the highest when watering at wintering and grain-filling stages,while the utilization efficiency of irrigation water reached the highest when watering at elongation stage. Therefore,elongation stage was the best phase to actualize limited irrigation.
A specific soluble protein from the catecholamine storage vesicles of bovine adrenal medulla. I. Purification and chemical characterization.

The soluble proteins obtained by osmotic lysis of time catecholamine storage vesicles have been purified by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and Sephadex G-200. The major protein fraction (S1) appears to be highly purified: it sedimented as a single homogeneous fraction in the ultracentrifuge; it gave, with few exceptions, a single protein spot upon electrophoresis at different pH values, and its amino acid composition and fingerprints of tryptic digests were constant from preparation to preparation. Immunological and enzymic analysis of this protein indicated that it contained less than 1% of highly immunogenic contaminants, one of which was dopamine-β-oxidase. In addition to the major protein fraction, two other protein peaks were obtained from the Sephadex G-200 column. One of these (S2) appeared homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge and had an S25,w of 1.4 at a protein concentration of 3 mg/ml. This fraction was less pure than S1. Studies of the amino acid composition, fingerprints of tryptic digests and the molecular weight of S1 indicate that the protein may consist of two identical subunits having a molecular weight of 40,000. Time data are consistent with a unit structure of (a) a single peptide chain with one intrachain disulfide bond, or (b) two or more different chains with one intra- or one interchain disulfide bond. Studies of time binding capacity of S1 showed that it did not, by itself, or in the presence of Mg++ and ATP, bind sufficient amounts of catecholamines to be able to account for the stability of a significant fraction of the catecholamines within the storage vesicles.
Collisional loss from a 7 Li magneto-optical trap

The process of collisional trap loss in magneto-optically trapped 7Li shows a rich dependence on the depth of the trapping potential, ET. When the trap is shallow enough to allow the escape of atoms with kinetic energy equal to one-half the fine-structure splitting, ΔEfs, fine-structure changing collisions [FS] dominate the collisional trap loss rate. However when the trap is deeper than 1 2 Δ E FS, only the radiative escape mechanism [RE] contributes to trap loss. In this regime, Julienne and Vigue predicted that the collisional loss rate will depend on ET as ~ET-17/6.1 We have measured the collisional loss rate, β, of 7Li from a beam-loaded magneto-optical trap.2 The circles in Fig. 1 show the data for four different trap laser detunings, Δ, and a range of trap laser intensities, 1. The solid line in Fig. 1 is the result of a semi-classical, optical Bloch equation calculation of the RE trap loss rate3 using as input ET, calculated from a truly three-dimensional model.4 The trap depth model predicts that ET is anisotropic. The dashed line in Fig. 1 shows the intensity at which the model predicts E T > 1 2 Δ E FS in all directions, for each detuning. The theory predicts the magnitude of the RE trap loss rate accurately near the point at which the fine structure mechanism turns off, where the trap depth is well known. However at larger detunings and intensities the calculations deviate from the measured values. This suggests that the trap depth model overestimates E, at higher intensities and detunings, or that the trap depth dependence of the RE loss rate deviates from ET-17/6.
The road to Pearl Harbor

American capital was the main sustainer of the international economic system during the 1920s. The role of American financial resources has sometimes been referred to as the diplomacy of the dollar. In some such fashion, a revitalized global economy came to hinge on a relationship of financial interdependence between the United States and Europe, and indeed the rest of the world as well. The penetration of world markets by American goods as well as capital and technology was providing a basis, the economic foundation, for the postwar international order. If American economic influence was linking different parts of the world closer together, thereby creating a greater sense of global interdependence, there was a contrary trend as well: the new immigration policy of the United States. Both the 1921 and the 1924 immigration laws established a quota system on the basis of nationality.
Effect of irradiation on the parameters that influence quality characteristics of uncured and cured cooked turkey meat products

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of irradiation on lipid/protein oxidation, color changes, and off-odor volatiles production in uncured and cured cooked turkey meat products. Uncured cooked turkey breast meat and cured commercial turkey breast rolls and ham were prepared and irradiated at 0, 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5 kGy using a linear accelerator. The results showed that irradiation had little effects on lipid oxidation of cured cooked turkey products, but accelerated lipid oxidation in uncured cooked turkey breast meat (P < 0.05). Protein oxidation was increased both in cured and uncured meats (P < 0.05), but more in cured cooked meat by irradiation. The redness of uncured cooked turkey was increased (P < 0.05), but the redness of cured cooked turkey meat was faded by irradiation (P < 0.05). Irradiated cured cooked turkey meat products produced less off-odor volatile compounds (dimethyl disulfide, 3-methyl/2-methyl-butananl, and hexanal) than irradiated uncured cooked meat products due to various additives in the cured meat products. Our results suggested that irradiation resulted in different chemical reactions to pigments in uncured and cured cooked turkey meat products, but cured cooked turkey meat products have a higher tolerance to odor deterioration than uncured cooked turkey meat products.
Lyα Cooling Radiation from High-Redshift Halos

The baryons inside high-redshift halos with virial temperatures T 104 K cool radiatively as they condense inside dark matter potential wells. We show that the release of the gravitational binding energy, over the halo assembly timescale, results in a significant and detectable Lyα flux. At the limiting line flux ≈10-19 ergs s-1 cm-2 arcsec-2 of the Next Generation Space Telescope, several sufficiently massive halos, with velocity dispersions σ 120 km s-1, would be visible per 4' × 4' field. The halos would have characteristic angular sizes of ≈10'', would be detectable in a broadband survey out to z ≈ 6-8, and would provide a direct probe of galaxies in the process of forming. They may be accompanied by He+ Lyα emission at the ≈10% level, but remain undetectable at other wavelengths. Our predictions are in good agreement with the recent finding of two Lyα "blobs" at z = 3.1 by Steidel et al.
Using Multiobjective Optimization As a Separation Strategy for Nonseparable Problems

The purpose of this paper is to investigate efficient solution schemes for a class of nonseparable optimization problems using multiobjective optimization as a separation strategy. The general conditions are provided for characterizing an optimal solution of a nonseparable problem from among the set of noninferior solutions of the corresponding multiobjective optimization problem. Multilevel solution schemes are discussed. Applications are presented in the areas of general multiple linear-quadratic control, network reliability optimization, and optimal maintenance policies for large-scale deteriorating water distribution systems.
Combining calibration schemes on a real-time multiuser MIMO-OFDM system with implicit feedback

Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with implicit feedback utilize uplink channel state information (CSI) for downlink transmit beamforming, relying on over-the-air channel reciprocity. We develop real-time hardware for multiuser MIMO transmission with implicit feedback based on orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM), with field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). This paper presents indoor experimental results by the real-time hardware, employing several calibration schemes for uplink CSI. In particular, we investigate performance of our proposed scheme, weighted-combining calibration (WCC), in which multiple calibration coefficients are calculated and then combined with weights based on channel gain, to improve the calibration accuracy. It is shown that WCC improves real-time throughput considerably, compared with equal gain-combining calibration (EGCC), a scheme which combines coefficients with equal weighting.
Troubleshooting Raspberry Pi Computers

Raspberry Pi computers are generally pretty sturdy and reliable, and Raspbian is a mature and stable operating system. That said, sooner or later you’re almost certain to experience problems with some of your Raspberry Pi computers. This chapter shows you how to troubleshoot the problems you’re most likely to encounter.