cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lower limb ischemia in young adults: Prognostic implications *

Fifty patients (41 men and nine women) less than 36 years of age were evaluated for lower limb ischemia. Claudication was the presenting symptom in 30 patients (60%) and distal ulceration in 20 (40%). The mean age was 28.3 years. Premature atherosclerosis was present in 24 patients (48%) and thromboangiitis obliterans in 12 (24%). Other causes included a variety of unusual etiologies. Risk factors were analyzed. Twenty-two patients with claudication underwent arterial reconstruction; three had sympathectomy. Arterial reconstruction was possible in only three patients with ulceration; 17 had sympathectomy. No operative deaths or early amputations occurred. Follow-up averaged 13.5 years. Twenty-four patients with claudication were improved, three were unchanged, one developed ulceration, one required late amputation, and one was lost to follow-up. Four patients with ulceration were improved, one was unchanged, 14 required late amputation, and one was lost to follow-up. Ten patients, all with atherosclerosis obliterans, developed coronary artery disease; five died of myocardial infarction. No patient developed cerebrovascular disease. We conclude that reconstructive arterial surgery for claudication can be performed with low risk and a strong likelihood of long-term improvement. Most patients presenting with ulceration, however, will ultimately require amputation. Patients with atherosclerosis obliterans are at risk for coronary artery disease and death of myocardial infarction.
Competitive Grammar Writing

Just as programming is the traditional introduction to computer science, writing grammars by hand is an excellent introduction to many topics in computational linguistics. We present and justify a well-tested introductory activity in which teams of mixed background compete to write probabilistic context-free grammars of English. The exercise brings together symbolic, probabilistic, algorithmic, and experimental issues in a way that is accessible to novices and enjoyable.
Field effect and Josephson junctions

The value of the Josephson current in an S-MS system, where M contains low-dimensional electron gas, can be affected noticeably by an applied voltage (field effect). This effect is directly related to the possibility of building a three-terminal device. The dependence of the current on the carrier concentration is studied. The peculiar situation When the state of lowest subband is described by the "dirty" limit whereas the higher subband represent the "clean" limit appears to be realistic. Inter-subband scattering results in a non-monotonic behavior of the current.
Development of ethical concepts in dialysis: Seattle in the 1960s

SUMMARY: Maintenance hemodialysis for chronic renal failure first began in Seattle in 1960. Once proved successful, the community developed the first free-standing out-patient dialysis facility in 1962. Chronic renal failure, a previously fatal disease, was now treatable, but funding for this was extremely limited, and patient selection had to occur. Experience in Seattle over the next few years highlighted the ethical problems that still occur in health care because resources everywhere are limited. This article describes the issues and some of the contemporary reactions to them.
Species replacement by a nonnative salmonid alters ecosystem function by reducing prey subsidies that support riparian spiders

Replacement of a native species by a nonnative can have strong effects on ecosystem function, such as altering nutrient cycling or disturbance frequency. Replacements may cause shifts in ecosystem function because nonnatives establish at different biomass, or because they differ from native species in traits like foraging behavior. However, no studies have compared effects of wholesale replacement of a native by a nonnative species on subsidies that support consumers in adjacent habitats, nor quantified the magnitude of these effects. We examined whether streams invaded by nonnative brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) in two regions of the Rocky Mountains, USA, produced fewer emerging adult aquatic insects compared to paired streams with native cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii), and whether riparian spiders that depend on these prey were less abundant along streams with lower total insect emergence. As predicted, emergence density was 36% lower from streams with the nonnative fish. Biomass of brook trout was higher than the cutthroat trout they replaced, but even after accounting for this difference, emergence was 24% lower from brook trout streams. More riparian spiders were counted along streams with greater total emergence across the water surface. Based on these results, we predicted that brook trout replacement would result in 6–20% fewer spiders in the two regions. When brook trout replace cutthroat trout, they reduce cross-habitat resource subsidies and alter ecosystem function in stream-riparian food webs, not only owing to increased biomass but also because traits apparently differ from native cutthroat trout.
A discussion of the potential impacts of climate change on the shorelines of the Northeastern USA

An increase in the rate of sea-level rise and potential changes in storminess represent important components of global climate change that will likely affect the extensive coasts of the Northeastern USA. Raising sea level not only increases the likelihood of coastal flooding, but changes the template for waves and tides to sculpt the coast, which can lead to land loss orders of magnitude greater than that from direct inundation alone. There is little question that sea-level rise, and in particular an increased rate of rise, will result in permanent losses of coastal land. However, quantitative predictions of these future coastal change remains difficult due in part to the complexity of coastal systems and the influence of infrequent storm events, and is further confounded by coastal science’s insufficient understanding of the behavior of coastal systems over decadal timescales. Recently, dramatic improvements in technology have greatly improved our capabilities to investigate and characterize processes and sedimentary deposits in the coastal zone, allowing us, for the first time, to address some of the over-arching problems involved in shoreline change. Despite advances in many areas of coastal geology, our fundamental understanding of shoreline change has been limited by a lack of a broad and integrated scientific focus, a lack of resources, and a lack of willingness on the part of policymakers who make crucial decisions about human activity along the coast to support basic research in this area. Although quantitative predictions remain constrained, there remains little doubt that the predicted climates changes will have profound effects upon the Northeastern coast.
Lack of Association Between Intraocular Melanoma and Cutaneous Dysplastic Nevi

The occurrence of uveal and cutaneous malignant melanoma and the dysplastic nevus syndrome in the same individual suggests an etiologic relationship among these diseases. Thus, the dysplastic nevus syndrome could be viewed as marking an increased risk of both cutaneous and ocular melanoma. We postulated that if such a relationship exists, patients with both forms of melanoma should have a high prevalence of dysplastic nevi. We examined 44 patients (31 women and 13 men ranging in age from 20 to 80 years) with uveal melanoma for evidence of cutaneous melanoma and dysplastic nevi. We also examined photographs of 46 patients (24 men and 22 women ranging in age from 19 to 67 years) with nonfamilial cutaneous melanoma to determine the prevalence of dysplastic nevi. We found a 4.5% prevalence of dysplastic nevi in patients with uveal melanoma, significantly lower than the 41% prevalence in patients with cutaneous melanoma (two of 44 patients vs 19 of 46 patients). This study indicates that uveal and cutaneous melanoma are not etiologically linked through dysplastic nevi and suggests that patients with uveal melanoma are no more likely to have cutaneous dysplastic nevi than the general population.
Hydrocarbon pollution from marinas in estuarine sediments

Abstract A measure of the impact of marinas on three Eastern Virginia estuarine creeks was obtained by a study of hydrocarbons in their sediments. Two of the creeks support considerable marine activity, including pleasure boat marinas, boat repair facilities, and commercial fishing operations. The third creek, which served as a control, is seldom used by boats, and is surrounded by marsh and woodland. Sediments from the creeks with marinas contained significantly higher levels of both aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons than did the control. Differences in the concentrations of certain oil-pollution indicators, such as the 17α,21β-hopane homologs and phytane, and low molecular weight aromatic hydrocarbons, are indicative of light petroleum fractions. Most of the aromatic hydrocarbons from all creeks, however, appear to have a pyrogenic origin. Although hydrocarbons from three probable origins (petroleum, pyrogenesis, and recent biosynthesis) were detected in all locations, the petroleum-derived and pyrogenic hydrocarbons were of only minor importance relative to the biogenic hydrocarbons in the control creek.
Effect de l'hGH sur le métabolisme des protéines et des acides aminés chez l'homme

Resume La mise a disposition d'hormone de croissance recombinante obtenue par biologie moleculaire (rhGH) a permis d'etudier ses effets et l'interet potentiel de son utilisation chez l'homme. L'administration de rhGH entraine une augmentation de la depense energetique de repos chez l'adulte en cas de deficit en GH mais a peu d'effet sur la depense energetique des sujets en l'absence de ce deficit. Par des mecanismes qui restent a elucider, la rhGH augmente l'oxydation des graisses, reduit l'oxydation proteique et a peu d'effet sur celle des glucides. Le bilan net des modifications de l'oxydation des substrats liees a l'action de la rhGH est une reduction de la masse grasse et une augmentation de la masse musculaire chez l'adulte presentant une insuffisance en GH et une acceleration de la courbe de croissance chez l'enfant presentant ce deficit. L'effet principal de la rhGH sur la masse proteique serait d'augmenter la vitesse de synthese proteique global sans modifier notablement les vitesses de proteolyse, au cours du jeune comme en periode postprandiale. La rhGH administree en aigu provoque un pic de synthese proteique mesuree au niveau de l'avant-bras. Elle a cependant peu d'effet sur la masse et la force musculaire lorsqu'elle est administree pendant 3 mois chez l'adulte presentant une insuffisance en GH. Nous presentons ici une revue des effets de la rhGH dans deux modeles de catabolisme proteique (restriction calorique et traitement glucocorticoide) chez l'homme. Les connaissances sur l'action et l'interet therapeutique de la rhGH se sont considerablement accrues au cours de la derniere decennie. Cependant, beaucoup reste a decouvrir en ce qui concerne les genes specifiquement induits ou reprimes par la rhGH avant de pouvoir apprecier toutes ses applications cliniques potentielles.
Grain Growth in Polycrystalline Ice

Literature is not available on the grain growth in polycrystalline ice. The present paper deals with such grain growth in pure ice and ice doped with sodium chloride. The technique consists in measuring grain size distributions as a function of time and deriving the numberaverage equivalent “diameter”, considering the grains as spheres. The functional relationship between the average diameter and time of growth is, for pure and doped ice, of the same form as that found for metals. Arrhenius plots show that the energy of activation is higher for doped ice than for pure ice. The results are discussed in terms of interfacial free energy as being ultimately responsible for grain growth. On a molecular scale, processes take place, which lead to diffusion of units consisting of a number of water molecules across the boundaries. Aus der Literatur ist nichts uber das Kornwachstum in polykristallinem Eis bekannt. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschaftigt sich mit solchem Kornwachstum in reinem und mit Natriumchlorid dotiertem Eis. Die Technik besteht in der Messung der Verteilung der Korngose als Funktion der Zeit und der Herleitung eines mittleren aquivalenten „Durchmessers”, wobei die Korner als Kugeln angenommen werden. Der funktionelle Zusammenhang zwischen dem mittleren Durchmesser und der Wachstumszeit ist fur reines und dotiertes Eis von der gleichen Form, wie er fur Metalle gefunden wird. Arrheniuskurven zeigen, das die Aktivierungsenergie fur dotiertes Eis groser als fur reines Eis ist. Die Ergebnisse werden mit der Annahme erklart, das die freie Energie der Zwischenflache letztlich fur das Kornwachstum verantwortlich ist. In einer molekularen Betrachtung finden Prozesse statt, die zu die einer Diffusion von Einheiten, die aus einer Anzahl von Wassermolekulen bestehen, durch die Korngrenzen fuhren.
The Instability of a Baroclinic Vortex

Abstract An experimental study is made of a baroclinic vortex produced in a two-layer fluid. After the equivalence between the experiment and the heated annulus experiment of Hide is established, it is argued that the Potential energy of the stratification is the source for wave-like instabilities which develop and split the vortex into separate, distinct circulations. The stability of sonic mesoscale oceanic vortices is examined.
Effects of load ratio, R, and test temperature on fatigue crack growth of fully pearlitic eutectoid steel (fatigue crack growth of pearlitic steel)

Abstract The effects of changes in load ratio, R , and test temperature on the fatigue crack growth behaviour of fully pearlitic eutectoid steel have been investigated. Separate fatigue crack growth experiments were performed at load ratios of 0.1, 0.4, and 0.7 at −125 °C and compared to the behaviour at room temperature. An increase in load ratio at −125 °C decreased the fatigue threshold and significantly increased the Paris Law slope. Similar effects of changes in R , but less in magnitude, were observed in tests conducted at 25 °C. Fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. The significantly increased Paris Law slope exhibited in separate tests conducted at −125 °C and/or higher load ratio was coincident with an increase in the amount of cleavage fracture present on the fracture surface.
Increased prevalence and titer of Epstein‐Barr virus antibodies in patients with multiple sclerosis

The prevalence and titer of serum antibodies to several Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) antigens were compared among patients with multiple sclerosis, healthy siblings of multiple sclerosis patients, patients with other neurological diseases, and healthy non-blood-related subjects. Serum-cerebrospinal fluid (serum-CSF) pairs were available on a selected number of multiple sclerosis and control subjects. An increased antibody response to EBV antigens was noted rather consistently in the sera of the multiple sclerosis group in comparison with the control groups. A greater number of reduced ratios of serum:CSF IgG antibody to EBV-capsid antigen and antibody to EBV-early antigen components than to adenovirus, a reference or control virus, were found in the multiple sclerosis group. Reduced ratios of these EBV antibodies were detected more frequently or showed a trend in this direction in multiple sclerosis patients compared with the group with other neurological diseases. Our findings extend the results of an earlier report and strengthen the association between EBV and multiple sclerosis.
Degradation rates of substituted phenols by natural populations of marine bacteria

Abstract Phenolic compounds are found in coastal marine environments. They may be naturally produced by marine organisms or enter the ocean from anthropogenic sources. Little is known about the rates of biodegradation of these compounds at low levels by natural populations of marine microorganisms. In this study the growth rates and biodegradation rates using substituted phenols as substrates were determined in batch cultures of natural marine bacteria. Experimental conditions were selected for batch cultures which optimized acclimation and degradation rates. Phenols tested were o -cresol, p -cresol. 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2-bromophenol in concentrations of 100, 500 and 1000 μg·l −1 . Growth rates were fastest for cells incubated in cresols and ranged from 2.8 × 10 7 to 7.7 × 10 7 cells·l −1 ·h −1 . They were much slower for populations exposed to halogenated phenols, ranging from 5.8 × 10 5 to 7.9 × 10 6 cells·l −1 ·h −1 for 2-bromo- and 2,4-dichlorophenol. Biodegradation rates ranged from 2.8 to 19 μg·l −1 ·h −1 for p -cresol and from 9.2 to 16 μg·l −1 ·h −1 for o -cresol. Half life values of cresols were calculated and averaged 10 days in Southern California coastal water at 20°C. Half life values for halogenated phenols are predicted to be much longer.
Trends in violent death among the elderly.

Since a literature review produced no study of violent death rates over time among the elderly, the author presents data to suggest the extent to which rates for homicide, suicide, all accidents, motor vehicle accidents, and other accidents have changed in the U.S. for each age category from 1960 to 1975. Rates for these causes of death among the elderly are also broken down by sex and race. While homicide rates among the elderly have increased over this sixteen year period by approximately 100 per cent there has been an offsetting decrease in rats for the other violent causes of death. Consequently, the overall violent death rate among the elderly has decreased significantly over this time period. The pattern of decreases in accidents and suicide and increases in homicide is also found when the elderly population is broken down by sex and race. Language: en
Continuous Hypothermic Arrest Versus Intermittent Ischemia for Myocardial Protection During Coronary Revascularization

Abstract To assess the safety of two commonly used methods of myocardial protection, 144 consecutive patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting for chronic disabling or unstable angina were studied. Profound local cardiac hypothermia (LCH) with a single continuous period of ischemic arrest was used in 71 patients and compared with intermittent ischemia with intervening periods of reperfusion in 73 patients. Both groups were similar in age, sex distribution, number of obstructed coronary arteries, and number of coronary arterial bypass grafts performed. The electrocardiogram, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) were measured preoperatively, the day of operation, and for two days postoperatively. The operative mortality was 0.7%. The overall perioperative myocardial infarction rate defined by QRS criteria was 6.3%. In the LCH group the infarction rate was 4.2%, and in the ischemia group, 8.2%. Although mean initial postoperative SGOT and LDH were noticeably lower in the LCH group, other enzyme values, including CPK, did not differ noticeably between the groups. These data indicate that a single continuous period of ischemic arrest with profound local cardiac hypothermia as well as intermittent aortic cross-clamping with moderate systemic hypothermia are safe techniques for protecting the myocardium during coronary revascularization.
On the problem of stabilization of motion for a parametric family of nonlinear singularly perturbed systems

For nonlinear uncertain singularly perturbed systems, we construct a control guaranteeing their absolute parametric stability and estimate the set of values of the parameters for which this property of the system is preserved.
Once more, with feeling: Empathy and technology in customer care

Abstract Information technology is reshaping relationships between companies and customers, often bringing benefits to both. The unfettered use of technology, however, can erode customer care. For a company to care for customers, its managers and front-line employees must listen empathetically to what they have to say. But a rash of ‘innovations’ aimed primarily at reducing costs has made many companies opaque to their customers, who are—as a consequence—inadequately served and increasingly frustrated. Equally damaging is the resulting estrangement of employees from customers, a separation that dampens the empathy upon which true care for customers depends. As a number of innovative companies have shown, though, technology need not necessarily sour relations between businesses and those they serve. Indeed, technology can actually enrich them if senior managers (1) affirm their commitment to active, empathetic involvement with customers; (2) understand the ways in which current procedures and systems mediate interactions with customers; and (3) promote the deployment of social networks and other technologies to help customers tell their stories, and to enable workers and managers alike to hear them. Only when employees can step into their customers’ shoes can companies add authenticity to the claim: “We care for you.”
Staging of lung cancer.

arl in the history of thoracic surgery, attempts were made to classify patients as to the extent of disease, in order to avoid unnecessary surgery. Evarts A. Graham,1 the surgeon who first successfully removed a carcinomatous lung in 1933, listed in 1944 the following signs of inoperabiity: (1) the presence of a bloody pleural effusion; (2) paralysis of the ipsilateral hemidiaphragm; (3) paralysis of the left vocal cord; (4) severe pain in the thoracic wall or down the arm; (5) bronchoscopic evidence of extension of the tumor into the trachea; (6) the presence of distant metastases; and (7) advanced age is not an absolute contraindication. More recently, the American Joint Committee for Cancer Staging has advocated staging of cancer of the lung to permit more precise definition of the extent of the disease. Staging is essential in the evaluation of treatment and also in the selection of proper treatment for individual patients. The classification covers the size and location of the tumor, the extent of the metastases to the lymph nodes, and the presence and extent of distant metastases.2 Tables 1 and 2 summarize the classification. Table 1 defines the size and location of primary tumors (TO to T4), the extent of nodal metastases (NO to N2), and whether distant metastases are present. This leads to the staging classification shown in Table 2. This system of classification is important for the evaluation of the results of therapy and for defining appropriate therapy for the individual patient. For the clinician, another important question is how to assess the extent of the tumor in the individual patient. A chest x-ray film and bronchoscopic examination usually suffice to provide the T classification of the tumor. The assessment of N or M classifications is more difficult. At the Veterans Administration Hospita! in San Diego, Calif, we have completed a study of 100 consecutive patients with cancer of the lung, exclusive of oat cell carcinoma.3 These patients all had bone, liver, and brain scans and scans with radioactive gallium performed. At the time of this presentation to the American College of Chest Physicians, only preliminary conclusions were available, since analysis had not been completed. Final analysis confirms the preliminary one. There were some surprising conclusions. We found that if the neurologic history and physical examination gave no evidence of abnormality, the brain scan did not add significant information. If the findings from physical examination and studies of hepatic function were normal, a liver scan was not helpful. In fact, it gave both false-positive and falsenegative results. Bone scanning gave many falsepositive results (old fractures, arthritis, etc) but did not find occult metastases that were not indicated by symptoms of pain. Thus, in the asymptomatic patient with normal findings on physical examination, scans of the brain, liver, and bones are not helpful.4 Scanning with radioactive gallium did prove useful in evaluating the need for mediastinoscopy or anterior thoracostomy, as follows: (1) if the primary
Thermal Biology and Temperature Selection in Juvenile Lizards of Co-occurring Native and Introduced Anolis Species

Abstract Microhabitat selection is critical to thermoregulation in ectotherms, particularly in small-bodied organisms for which low thermal inertia can impose rapid acquisition of thermal equilibrium with the environment. Although thermal microhabitat selection is often included in studies of niche partitioning among lizard species these investigations typically address only adult thermoregulation and, therefore, potentially neglect age classes in which thermal microhabitat selection could be especially consequential. We measured thermal time constants for juveniles of the lizard Anolis carolinensis and compared thermal microhabitat selection of this species with that of an invasive co-occurring congener, Anolis sagrei. In keeping with the exceptionally low mass of these lizards, heating and cooling rates were found to be extremely high and more similar to those of some insects than to other terrestrial vertebrates. On laboratory thermal gradients juvenile A. carolinensis tended to select warmer temperatu...
Hydrodynamic picture of light trapping in integrated photonic nanostructures and metamaterials

We introduce a concept of light trapping on the nanoscale via pinning optical vortices to optimally-designed nanostructures, reveal this mechanism behind known focusing phenomena, and offer new approaches to design nanophotonic platforms and/or coupling schemes.
Synchronizing out of Phase

Synchronous-machine torques due to out-of-phase synchronizing may be quite large; larger in fact than those encountered during a 3-phase short circuit. Previous works have presented various forms of equations to calculate these torques.1-3,6 With the advent of the widespread use of systems analyzers and computers, it becomes convenient to use more exact equations to calculate synchronous machine transient performance. The objectives of this paper are to present the derivation of the equations for the currents and electrical torques which occur when turbine generators are synchronized out of phase; to show how these electrical torques arise; to illustrate the application of these equations to the problem of calculating the transient mechanical torques in a large, multiunit turbine-generator set under these conditions.
Imidazole-induced elevations of intracellular calcium in HL-60 cells : Effect of inhibition of phospholipase C by the steroidal maleimide U73122

A variety of agents, including imidazoles, such as miconazole, elicit elevations of calcium in human leukemic HL-60 cells through a stimulation of influx of calcium and/or a release of intracellular calcium. Release of intracellular calcium by such agents may involve stimulation of IP3 formation. The steroidal maleimide U73122, a potent phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor, at 3–10 µM blocked elevations of calcium elicited in HL-60 cells by ATP. At a 10&!hyphen; µM concentration, U73122 either blocked or altered elevations of calcium elicited by imidazoles, such as miconazole, SKF 96365, and clotrimazole that are often used to block capacitative calcium entry, and by calmidazolium, a quaternary imidazole that can trigger massive influx of calcium in HL-60 cells. Elevations of calcium elicited by thapsigargin were not affected by 3 µM U73122, but were reduced by higher concentrations. Remarkably, U73122 at 10 µM did not block, but instead slowed and potentiated the elevation of calcium elicited by higher concentrations of imidazoles, an effect that may involve inhibition of Ca2+ -ATPases of the endoplasmic reticulum. The steroidal succinimide U73343 had minimal effects on calcium elevations in HL-60 cells. The results indicate that U73122 requires cautious use in assessing the role of PLC in controlling calcium levels in HL-60 cells, in particular when used with imidazoles, such as SKF 96365, which are used to block capacitative calcium entry. The effects of U73122 on cell calcium are reviewed. In toto, the results suggest that many lipophilic agents may affect intracellular calcium by activating PLC through unknown mechanisms. Drug Dev. Res. 67:519–534, 2006. Published 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fractal images of formal systems

Formal systems are standardly envisaged in terms of a grammar specifying well-formed formulae together with a set of axioms and rules. Derivations are ordered lists of formulae each of which is either an axiom or is generated from earlier items on the list by means of the rules of the system; the theorems of a formal system are simply those formulae for which there are derivations. Here we outline a set of alternative and explicitly visual ways of envisaging and analyzing at least simple formal systems using fractal patterns of infinite depth. Progressively deeper dimensions of such a fractal can be used to map increasingly complex wffs or increasingly complex ‘value spaces’, with tautologies, contradictions, and various forms of contingency coded in terms of color. This and related approaches, it turns out, offer not only visually immediate and geometrically intriguing representations of formal systems as a whole but also promising formal links (1) between standard systems and classical patterns in fractal geometry, (2) between quite different kinds of value spaces in classical and infinite-valued logics, and (3) between cellular automata and logic. It is hoped that pattern analysis of this kind may open possibilities for a geometrical approach to further questions within logic and metalogic.\looseness=-1
Effect on Preschoolers' Literacy when Never‐Married Mothers Get Married

Healthy Marriage programs in the United States aim to promote marriage primarily among low-income individuals. There is little research assessing whether children fare better when their never-married mothers get married. The present study uses the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey–Birth Cohort to test the hypothesis that children have higher literacy scores when their mothers who had never married when the children were 9 months old had married when the children were 48 months old (N = 2,800). A small positive effect was found, but only when marriage was compared with cohabitation. The association between marriage and literacy is partially explained by mothers' increased household income. The children of mothers who were single noncohabitants or married and then divorced or separated were also doing better with respect to literacy than children of cohabiting mothers. Future research is needed to better understand how cohabitation is associated with negative effects on children's literacy.
Thin-film heterojunction field-effect transistors for ultimate voltage scaling and low-temperature large-area fabrication of active-matrix backplanes

Thin-Film heterojunction field-effect transistor (HJFET) devices with crystalline Si (c-Si) channels and gate regions comprised of hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) or organic materials are demonstrated. The HJFET devices are processed at 200°C and room temperature, respectively; and exhibit operation voltages below 1V, subthreshold slopes in the range of 70–100mV/dec and off-currents as low as 25 fA/µm. The HJFET devices are proposed for use in active matrix backplanes comprised of low-temperature poly-Si (LTPS) as the c-Si substrate. Compared to conventional LTPS devices which require process temperatures up to 600°C and complex fabrication steps, the HJFET devices offer lower process temperature, simpler fabrication steps and lower operation voltages without compromising leakage or stability.
Silica laser damage mechanisms, precursors and their mitigation

Controlling laser damage is essential for reliable and cost-effective operation of high energy laser systems. We will review important optical damage precursors in silica up to UV fluences as high as 45J/cm2 (3ns) along with studies of the damage mechanisms involved and processes to mitigate damage precursors. We have found that silica surface damage is initiated by nano-scale precursor absorption followed by thermal coupling to the silica lattice and formation of a laser-supported absorption front. Residual polishing compound and defect layers on fracture surfaces are primarily responsible for optic damage below about 10J/cm2; they can be mitigated by an optimized oxide etch processes. At fluences above about 10J/cm2, precipitates of trace impurities are responsible for damage; they can be mitigated by eliminating the chances of impurity precipitation following wet chemical processing. Using these approaches, silica damage densities can be reduced by many orders of magnitude allowing large increases in the maximum operating fluences these optics see.
Simulation of mode-locked surface-emitting lasers through a finite-difference time-domain algorithm.

An approach based on the finite-difference time-domain method is developed for simulating the dynamics of passive mode locking in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs). The material response is modeled by the effective semiconductor Bloch equations through a resonant polarization term in the Maxwell’s equations. Nonlinear gain saturation is incorporated through a gain compression factor in the equation governing the dynamics of the resonant polarization. An extended-cavity VCSEL with a quantum-well saturable absorber is simulated, and stable mode-locking pulses are obtained. Fine features of the spatial profile of the mode-locked pulses are also studied within this approach.
Hemodynamic and Electrocardiographic Effects of Magnesium Sulfate in Healthy Dogs

We investigated the effects of graded dosages of magnesium given i.v. to anesthetized dogs on blood pressure, cardiac output, and electrophysiology. Magnesium was infused at 0.12 mEq/kg/minute until ventricular fibrillation occurred naturally or was provoked by programmed electrical stimulation or until arrest of the sinuatrial node in 8 dogs. Plasma total magnesium concentrations doubled in 1 minute of that infusion rate, and a hemodynamically safe plasma concentration of 12.2 mEq/L was achieved after 16 minutes of infusion. Heart rate, inotropy, lusitropy, and cardiac output increased up to a cumulative infusion dosage of magnesium of 1.0-2.0 mEq/kg, which produced plasma magnesium concentrations of 8.5-12.2 mEq/L (n = 5). Above the cumulative infusion dosage, inotropy decreased and lusitropy increased until death occurred between cumulative infusion dosages of 5.9 mEq/kg and 10.9 mEq/kg. Arterial pressure and vascular resistance decreased, and PQ interval and QRS complex increased, in a dose-dependent fashion. The relationship between ionized and total magnesium was y = 0.624x - 0.542 (r2 = .986), where y is ionized and x is total magnesium in mEq/L in 3 dogs. In conclusion, a cumulative infusion dosage of 0.1-0.2 mEq/kg of magnesium may be given without changing hemodynamic parameters, but with higher cumulative infusion doses heart rate accelerates. Hemodynamic parameters except those related to blood pressure continued to increase to a cumulative infusion dosage of 2.0 mEq/kg. At higher cumulative infusion dosages dogs became hypotensive and the PQ interval was prolonged. However, dangerous arrhythmias were not provoked until a total dosage of 3.9 mEq/kg.
Lipoprotein and apolipoprotein levels in angiographically defined coronary atherosclerosis.

Recent studies suggest that apolipoproteins and subfractions of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol may be better predictors of atherosclerotic coronary artery disease (CAD) than are plasma cholesterol and total HDL cholesterol. To examine this hypothesis, plasma cholesterol and triglyceride, cholesterol of low-density lipoprotein, HDL and its subfractions 2 and 3, apolipoproteln A-I, the apoplipoprotein B of low-density lipoprotein, the ratio of apolipoprotein EII to EIII, and ratios of several of these variables were measured in a selected series of 126 patients (83 men and 43 women) who underwent coronary angiography for suspected CAD. Mean values of many of these variables differed significantly between the men with CAD and the men without significant CAD, when controlled for age, use of β blockers and diuretic drugs. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the only variable that made a significant independent contribution in predicting CAD in men was the ratio of HDL cholesterol to total plasma cholesterol (p <0.0001). The mean of this ratio was 0.17 ± 0.01 mg/dl in the men with CAD and 0.23 ± 0.02 mg/dl in the male controls. All men with ratios of less than 0.15 mg/dl had significant CAD, defined as 50% or greater luminal diameter narrowing of 1 or more of the major coronary arteries. No measurement was a significant univariate or multivariate predictor of CAD in the women, but the power to detect such predictors was reduced because of small group sizes. In conclusion, the ratio of HDL cholesterol to plasma cholesterol may be superior to many of the more recently described lipoprotein and apolipoprotein-derived predictors of CAD.
XPS Study of Buried Metal/Polymer and Polymer/Metal Interface

Metal/Polymer systems have potential applications as interconnect materials in integrated circuits. Polymers with low dielectric constants, if used as interlayer dielectric, can reduce the RC time constant. Device speed can be doubled if a polymer can replace the present dielectric material, SiO2. However, the problem of weak metal/polymer adhesion must be understood and resolved. In situ deposition and analysis are the most controlled means to study an interface formation process. However, for practical reasons, i.e., application, time, cost, and flexibility, it is critical to study metal/polymer interface ex situ. X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), can be used to determine the composition and bonding structures of buried interfaces. This is achieved by examining peeled surfaces, thin overlayer, and lowenergy- ion sputtered surfaces. The possible adhesion mechanism or failure mode is determined by correlating XPS results with adhesion strength. Based on these results, adhesion enhancement methods, such as substrate surface treatments, can be formulated. The product of these treatments can be evaluated using the same analysis. These techniques for studying buried interfaces using XPS are reviewed and results of their applications to the metal/Teflon AF 1600 interface is presented.
Risk of Cataract in Persons with Cytomegalovirus Retinitis and the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

Objective To evaluate cataract risk in eyes of patients with AIDS and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis and to identify risk factors. Design Prospective cohort study. Participants Patients with AIDS and CMV retinitis. Methods Patients 13 years of age and older were enrolled between 1998 and 2008. Demographic and clinical characteristics, slit-lamp biomicroscopy findings, and dilated ophthalmoscopy results were documented at quarterly visits. Cataract status was determined at the initial visit (prevalence) and at follow-up visits (incidence). Main Outcome Measures For cataract, a high grade of lens opacity by biomicroscopy to which best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/40 was attributed. Eyes that had undergone cataract surgery before enrollment or between visits also were counted as having cataract. Results Seven hundred twenty-nine eyes of 489 patients diagnosed with CMV retinitis were evaluated. Higher prevalence was observed for patients with bilateral versus unilateral CMV retinitis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.74; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.76–4.26) and, among unilateral CMV retinitis cases, for eyes with retinitis versus without retinitis (15% vs. 1.4%; P P Conclusions Cytomegalovirus retinitis is associated with a high absolute and relative risk of cataract. Among several risk factors, large retinal lesion size and use of silicone oil in retinal detachment repair are potentially modifiable, albeit not in all cases. Cataract is likely to be an increasingly important cause of visual morbidity in this population. Financial Disclosure(s) The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.
Christian Colleges and Universities as Moral Communities: The Effects of Institutional Characteristics on Student Religiosity

Research suggests that some Christian colleges function as moral communities that can help sustain religious belief and practice (Hill in J Sci Study Relig 48:515–534, 2009). In this paper, we explore several mechanisms by which this phenomenon may occur. Using a survey of college students from 31 institutions belonging to the Council for Christian Colleges and Universities, we examine how institutional characteristics influence changes in religiosity throughout college, finding that religious homogeneity and the availability of spiritual mentors consistently have significant effects on changes in religious belief and practice. The results are discussed in light of the existing literature on religious homogeneity and pluralism, as well as their implications for administrators at Christian colleges and universities.
A Histopathologic Study of Chicks Deficient in Pantothenic Acid

Abstract THE histopathology of pantothenic acid deficiency in chicks has been studied by one group of workers so far, i.e. Phillips et al. (1939). Not only is the information on histopathology insufficient, but in the previous work cited, liver was used as the source of pantothenic acid in a diet heated to destroy this factor, a process which not only destroys pantothenic acid but is also likely to affect the composition of the diet adversely in other respects. In view of the need for more information further work was undertaken in which a purified diet supplemented with synthetic calcium pantothenate was employed. Phillips et al. (1939) demonstrated the occurrence of widespread degeneration in the myelin sheath and axis cylinders of the spinal cord of all the birds. They also showed the necessity for pantothenic acid in the maintenance of the normal intact structures of the spinal cord and in the prevention . . .
Impact of TPS Recession on the ORION CEV Aerodynamics

The ORION Crew Exploration Vehicle (CEV) is being designed to take crew to and from both ISS and the Moon. The current baseline Thermal Protection System (TPS) for the CEV is Phenolic Impregnated Carbonaceous Ablator (PICA). Being an ablator, PICA will undergo recession during the reentry, gradually changing the shape of the Outer Mold Line (OML) and therefore changing the aerodynamics of the vehicle. Furthermore, due to the tailoring of the TPS thickness across the vehicle heat shield the actual shape of the OML will not be the ideal axisymmetric shape. This paper will begin by briefly describing the process used to analyze the CEV vehicle in terms of aerodynamics, aerothermodynamics, trajectory, TPS sizing, and the prediction of recession along the reference trajectories. The results of these analyses will be used to estimate the post-facto impact recession will have on the trim angle of attack and the trimmed lift to drag (L/D) ratio. II. Aerodynamics, Trajectory, Aerothermal, and TPS Analyses The aerodynamic database [4,5] for the ORION CEV is built upon a combination of CFD and experimental data. The aerodynamic database is used in the development of the CEV trajectory from entry interface to landing. The geometry of the CEV is assumed be axisymmetric. However it is known that the basic OML will be slightly asymmetric due to 1) the asymmetric tailored thickness of the TPS system, and 2) the asymmetric recession that occurs during reentry. Neither of these geometry effects is accounted for in the aerodynamic database, but instead is covered in a general fashion via uncertainty estimates. The CEV trajectories are flown through the CEV aerothermal database, described in references 2 and 3. The output of the aerothermal analysis is the time varying heating environments over the vehicle surface for any given trajectory. The time varying heating environments are supplied to the TPSSIZER tool [6] which performs the final TPS sizing analysis. The resultant TPS thickness distribution defines a Outer Mold Line (OML) which varies slightly from the purely axisymmetric shape assumed in the foregoing analysis. The time histories of the predicted recession provide an estimate of the overall shape change the CEV OML will undergo during reentry.
Gregor Mendel: Creationist Hero

In histories of twentieth-century Darwinism few developments loom larger than the turn-of-the-century rediscovery of Gregor Mendel’s genetic research and the later application of Mendelian principles in constructing so-called Neo-Darwinism. Virtually unknown is the equally enthusiastic embrace of Mendel by antievolutionists, who as early as 1917 adopted the Austrian monk as their most celebrated scientific hero, a status he continues to hold down to the present day.
A fast algorithm for designing stack filters

Stack filters are a class of nonlinear filters with excellent properties for signal restoration. Unfortunately, present algorithms for designing stack filters can only be used for small window sizes because of either their computational overhead or their serial nature. This paper presents a new adaptive algorithm for determining a stack filter that minimizes the mean absolute error criterion. The new algorithm retains the iterative nature of many current adaptive stack filtering algorithms, but significantly reduces the number of iterations required to converge to an optimal filter. This algorithm is faster than all currently available stack filter design algorithms, is simple to implement, and is shown in this paper to always converge to an optimal stack filter. Extensive comparisons between this new algorithm and all existing algorithms are provided. The comparisons are based both on the performance of the resulting filters and upon the time and space complexity of the algorithms. They demonstrate that the new algorithm has three advantages: it is faster than all other available algorithms; it can be used on standard workstations (SPARC 5 with 48 MB) to design filters with windows containing 20 or more points; and, its highly parallel structure allows very fast implementations on parallel machines. This new algorithm allows cascades of stack filters to be designed; stack filters with windows containing 72 points have been designed in a matter of minutes under this new approach.
Subtractive immunization yields monoclonal antibodies that specifically inhibit metastasis.

Subtractive immunization allowed the isolation and characterization of monoclonal antibodies that specifically inhibit metastasis but not proliferation of highly metastatic human tumor cells. The tolerizing agent cyclophosphamide was used to suppress the immune system in mice to dominant immunodeterminants present on a non-metastatic variant (M-) of the human epidermoid carcinoma cell line (HEp3). Mice were then inoculated with a highly metastatic variant (M+) of HEp3 to enhance an immune response to antigenic determinants present on metastatic cells. Hybridomas were generated and screened by ELISA for differential reactivity to M+ HEp3 over M- HEp3 cells. This experimental approach, termed subtractive immunization (S.I.), was compared to a control immunization protocol, which eliminated the cyclophosphamide treatment. The S.I. protocol resulted in an eight-fold increase in the proportion of mAbs that react with molecules enriched on the surface of the M+ HEp3 cells. Two of the mAbs derived from the S.I. protocol, designated DM12-4 and 1A5, were purified and examined for their effect in a metastasis model system in which chick embryos are transplanted with primary HEp3 tumors. Purified mAbs DM12-4 and 1A5, inoculated i.v. into the embryos, inhibited spontaneous metastasis of HEp3 cells by 86 and 90%, respectively. The mAbs are specifically anti-metastatic in that they have no effect on the growth of HEp3 cells in vitro nor did they inhibit primary tumor growth in vivo. The mAbs recognize M+ HEp3 cell surface molecules of 55 kD and 29 kD, respectively. These data demonstrate that the S.I. protocol can be used for the development of unique mAbs that are reactive with antigenic determinants whose expression is elevated on metastatic human tumor cells and which function mechanistically in the metastatic cascade.