cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Corynebacterium equi: An interhost review with emphasis on the foal

Abstract A review of the recent and/or significant literature concerning Corynebacterium equi , including its morphologic, biochemical, immunological, and pathological characteristics in the foal, humans and other animals is presented. The similarity in the tissue responses of mammalian hosts to C. equi and Mycobacterium spp. is discussed. The antigenic structure and virulence factors associated with C. equi. other corynebacteria and mycobacteria are compared. The immunological aspects of resistance to C. equi are considered. The evidence suggests that the major immune response elicited in the foal by C. equi is cell-mediated. However, the immunopathogenic mechanism needs clarification. Areas of future research are suggested.
EPISTEMIC VALUE: TRUTH OR EXPLANATION?

L'A. analyse la position des consequentialistes epistemiques (Goldman), qui visent a justifier les croyances, en comparaison avec les explicationnistes (Lycan). Il soutient que la verite des croyances et la coherence explicative sont toutes deux des buts importants de la theorie de la connaissance, sans toutefois en etre l'une ou l'autre le but supreme
Approximation of "Total Vascular Space" and its Distribution in Three Sizes of Blood Vessels in Rats by Plastic Casts

To know where given amounts of blood might be, we need to know the potential vascular space and what the distribution among various sized vessels is. Methyl methacrylate was injected via the cannulated aorta into 4 rats, and vascular casts made. Polymerization caused 15 per cent shrinkage. The casts were separated into 3 compartments: 150 µ. and smaller, 150 to 600 µ., and 600 µ. and larger. Using the shrinkage, specific density, and weights of plastic, the "total vascular spaces" in cc./100 Gm. were found to be 8.9, 10.6, 11.1 and 11.1, respectively. The mean percentages for the 3 compartments were 10.4 in vessels 706 µ and larger, 6.7 in 188 to 706 µ., and 82.9 in vessels 188 µ. and smaller. Because the only observed distortions of the casts on the basis of comparisons with the in vivo vasculature of a number of organs were some noninjected capillaries and nonmaximally injected veins, the approximations of "total vascular space" are considered too low. The utility of methyl methacrylate casts for gravimetric determinations of volumes was demonstrated. The finding of over 80 per cent of the vascular space in vessels 188 µ. and smaller is relevant to the potential location of blood within the body.
The atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune: A review

Abstract Plausible models for the atmospheres of Uranus and Neptune are reviewed. Current ideas favor the presence of massive atmospheres above solid cores. Observations of Uranus imply the presence of a visible cloud layer (probably composed of solid methane) beneath about 100 km amagats of hydrogen. A number of other cloud layers far below this upper layer are also possible. However, before any of these conclusions can be considered firm, a number of further crucial observations are required.
Stranded tar on Florida beaches: September 1979–October 1980

Abstract Amounts of tar stranded on Florida beaches were determined periodically over one year (September 1979–October 1980). Results show that tar fouling of southeast Florida beaches is an order of magnitude greater than the rest of the state. This may result from the extensive ship traffic in the Straits of Florida. There is no evidence that any Florida beaches received increased amounts of tar as a result of the 1979 Ixtoc-1 blowout in the southern Bay of Campeche. There is also no evidence that the amounts of tar on southeast Florida beaches have increased over amounts measured in API studies conducted in 1958 and 1971.
Divalent cation dopants for polyparaphenylene

Abstract Free-standing films of polyparaphenylene (PPP) were synthesized from the electrochemical oxidation of benzene. A potential of about 4.7 V was applied across the counter and working electrodes in a nitrobenzene solution containing lithium hexafluoroarsenate and copper (II) chloride as electrolytes. The PPP chain length was estimated by infrared analysis to be at least 14 monomer units. Alkaline earth metals and the lanthanides Eu and Yb dissolve in liquid ammonia to make very strong reducing solutions by forming solvated electrons. PPP is partially reduced in these solutions with the divalent cations (Ca, Sr, Ba, Eu, or Yb) diffusing into the polymer to balance the charge. At room temperature, the conductivities of films and pressed pellets of divalent doped PPP increase up to about 0.1 Scm −1 . These can be compared to values of about 10 Scm −1 for potassium doped PPP prepared in liquid ammonia. Luminescence spectra confirm that the europium incorporated into the PPP is in a +2 oxidation state.
When Science and Information Literacy Meet: An Approach to Exploring the Sources of Science News with Non-Science Majors.

The skill set associated with lifelong scientific literacy often includes the ability to decode the content and accuracy of scientific research as presented in the media. However, students often find decoding science in the media difficult, due to limited content knowledge and shifting definitions of accuracy. Faculty have developed a variety of approaches to increasing scientific literacy, but these approaches often miss out on valuable opportunities to teach core information literacy skills, including accessing original scientific research. We describe a scaffolded assignment using news reports that allows students enrolled in a science course for non-majors to learn about the nature of the scientific research literature, the connection between the popular press and the scientific literature, and the accuracy of popular media reporting of science while developing important information literacy skills. Our experience suggests that students develop information literacy skills associated with finding scien...
A framework for incorporating case writing assignments in graduate agribusiness courses

Abstract Case studies have been the primary tool utilized for enhancing experiential learning in agribusiness courses. The case analysis technique of instruction can be made even more vivid and profound for students when they are involved in the actual gathering of data and writing of cases. The procedures and experiences of actually writing cases, and more specifically involving students in writing new case studies, are not addressed in the existing agribusiness literature. This article relates the case writing activity to the changing profile of agribusiness education and the desirable characteristics of graduates. It also utilizes a specific example to illustrate the issues of class composition and course requirements; and develops a framework for integrating case writing in graduate courses.
Infant cortical electrophysiology and perception of vowel contrasts

Cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) were obtained for vowel tokens presented in an oddball stimulus paradigm. Perceptual measures of vowel discrimination were obtained using a visually-reinforced head-turn paradigm. The hypothesis was that CAEP latencies and amplitudes would differ as a function of vowel type and be correlated with perceptual performance. Twenty normally hearing infants aged 4-12 months were evaluated. CAEP component amplitudes and latencies were measured in response to the standard, frequent token /a/ and for infrequent, deviant tokens /i/, /o/ and /u/, presented at rates of 1 and 2 tokens/s. The perceptual task required infants to make a behavioral response for trials that contained two different vowel tokens, and ignore those in which the tokens were the same. CAEP amplitudes were larger in response to the deviant tokens, when compared to the control condition in which /a/ served as both standard and deviant. This was also seen in waveforms derived by subtracting the response to standard /a/ from the responses to deviant tokens. CAEP component latencies in derived responses at 2/s also demonstrated some sensitivity to vowel contrast type. The average hit rate for the perceptual task was 68.5%, with a 25.7% false alarm rate. There were modest correlations of CAEP amplitudes and latencies with perceptual performance. The CAEP amplitude differences for vowel contrasts could be used as an indicator of the underlying neural capacity to encode spectro-temporal differences in vowel sounds. This technique holds promise for translation to clinical methods for evaluating speech perception.
Studies of Curvature Effects on Laminar Premixed Flames: Stationary Cylindrical Flames

Abstract A solution of the stationary cylindrical flame in both source and sink configurations is obtained analytically using simplified reaction rate and diffusion models. The solution is used to investigate the effects of curvature in the absence of stretch and identify the ranges where ducting and source/sink effects are dominant. We also investigate the concept of a minimum radius of curvature by introducing non-local effects on the flame. For both configurations a stable solution may be found for any imposed source flow rate. Ducting, a purely hydrodynamic process, is dominant at low curvature when the flame is far from the source or sink. Near a source, however, source effects become important. This occurs when the flame radius of curvature is comparable to the flame thickness. The modification of the reaction zone structure and the burning rate is not significant since the flame still completely burns the reactants. At Le ≠ 1 the reaction zone thickness is further increased for Le > 1 and further r...
Neural-network-based method for intrathoracic airway detection from three-dimensional CT images

This paper presents a neural network-based method for intrathoracic airway detection and segmentation from 3D HRCT images. Two feed-forward neural networks are independently trained to identify various airway appearances in 3D CT images. While the first network identifies potential airways located adjacent to vessels, the second network identifies potential airways by assessing the existence of walls surrounding airways, The two networks are combined to construct a dual-network classifier taking its inputs from a 21 X 21 moving subimage window: (1) raw gray-level subimage and (2) 4 directional profiles. By design, each network provides a superset of airways that are present in the CT images and only the airways identified by both networks are considered reliable. After the networks are trained by the generalized delta rule with momentum using limited number of airway/nonairway samples apart from the validation data sets, the generalization performance of the networks is assessed with two independent standards consisting of 282 and 167 observer-traced airways. The performance of the current method is compared with that of the conventional seeded region growing method. Our validation results indicate that the presented method indeed provide enhanced detection of peripheral airways compared to the conventional region growing method.
A Study of Dendrimer-Solute Interactions via Electrokinetic Chromatography

Polyacid cascade dendrimers (generations 1−4) are used as a pseudostationary phase for electrokinetic capillary chromatography to separate mixtures of neutral species. Separation of a homologous series of molecules allow the capacity factors and distribution coefficients to be calculated, which in turn allow the standard enthalpy, entropy, and Gibbs free energy for solubilization to be evaluated by van't Hoff analysis. Comparison of these values to analogous values measured for sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles suggests fundamental differences in the thermodynamic quantities associated with solubilization. As the size of the polyacid dendrimer increases, entropy becomes the driving force for solubilization, and enthalpy is disfavored. Gibb's free energy values are negative for all of the dendrimer/analyte interactions investigated. The capacity factor is found to increase linearly with increasing concentrations of dendrimer. Thermodynamic parameters are evaluated for several small molecules to show th...
Distributed Autonomous Virtual Resource Management in Datacenters Using Finite-Markov Decision Process

To provide robust infrastructure as a service (IaaS), clouds currently perform load balancing by migrating virtual machines (VMs) from heavily loaded physical machines (PMs) to lightly loaded PMs. Previous reactive load balancing algorithms migrate VMs upon the occurrence of load imbalance, while previous proactive load balancing algorithms predict PM overload to conduct VM migration. However, both methods cannot maintain long-term load balance and produce high overhead and delay due to migration VM selection and destination PM selection. To overcome these problems, in this paper, we propose a proactive Markov Decision Process (MDP)-based load balancing algorithm. We handle the challenges of allying MDP in virtual resource management in cloud datacenters, which allows a PM to proactively find an optimal action to transit to a lightly loaded state that will maintain for a longer period of time. We also apply the MDP to determine destination PMs to achieve long-term PM load balance state. Our algorithm reduces the numbers of Service Level Agreement (SLA) violations by long-term load balance maintenance, and also reduces the load balancing overhead (e.g., CPU time, energy) and delay by quickly identifying VMs and destination PMs to migrate. Our trace-driven experiments show that our algorithm outperforms both previous reactive and proactive load balancing algorithms in terms of SLA violation, load balancing efficiency and long-term load balance maintenance.
Hospital-level variation in the percentage of admissions originating in the emergency department.

Abstract Purpose Well over half of all US hospital patients are now admitted directly through the emergency department (ED) rather than scheduled through the admissions department by a referring member of the medical staff. This study sought to understand hospital-level variation in the percentage of admissions originating in the ED. Basic Procedures This was a retrospective, cross-sectional analysis of 5 748 375 ED visits and 2 265 478 inpatient discharge occurring in 192 short-term acute Florida hospitals in calendar year 2005. Main Findings Hospitals with increasing percentages of patients admitted through the ED are smaller in scale with fewer admissions, beds, and smaller medical staffs but admit a higher percentage of their ED visits to the hospital. Patients in these hospitals are increasingly Hispanic, older, Medicare insured, and likely to represent a preventable ambulatory sensitive condition. Conclusions The increasing rate of admissions from the ED department is a national trend, but there is substantial variation at the hospital level. In Florida, measures of hospital scale and an older population with some limitations in access to, or the quality of, primary care are the factors influencing hospital-level variation. Factors implicated in increased ED use such as ED visit acuity, lack of insurance, and race are not important contributory variables. The process of admission and, particularly, the role of the organized medical staff in this process are evolving, and the consequences of these changes require further research.
Natural killer cells in the blood and bone marrow of the rhesus monkey

Natural killer (NK) cells in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and bone marrow (BM) cells of the rhesus monkey were detected by their functional activity against K562 cells. Animals could be grouped into "high" or "low" NK responders, a trait found to be consistent over a period of 2 years. NK active cells in PBL were in the nonadherent population, with the majority bearing Fc receptors and a further subdivision of these into CR+ (complement receptor) and CR- NK cells. Of 10 monoclonal antibodies directed against different epitopes of human lymphocytes, OKT11, OKT10, and Leu 11 showed reactivity with rhesus NK cells. Only OKT10 was reactive with the effector site of the cell, as shown by its capability to block NK function. Of the Leu 11 monoclonal antibodies (a, b, c), Leu 11c was nonreactive while Leu 11a and Leu 11b were shown by immunofluorescence to bind to 7 to 21% of PBL; Leu 11b was also cytotoxic to the NK cells. Leu 11b did not prevent binding of Leu 11a to PBL, suggesting reactivity of these antibodies with different epitopes. Percoll fractionation of PBL and BM revealed a greater enrichment of NK activity with BM; also, with PBL peak NK activity occurred in fractions 4 and 5 while this occurred in fraction 5 with BM. Although Percoll PBL fractions contained a higher percentage of Leu 11b cells, the NK activity of the BM fractions was proportionately greater. The majority of PBL cells with NK activity were FcR+ while significant activity could be attributed to FcR- cells of BM, in both the unseparated and Percoll fractions of each tissue. The data suggest NK active cells of BM may be distinct from those found in PBL.
Alteration of in vitro murine peritoneal macrophage function by dietary enrichment with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in menhaden fish oil.

Abstract The effects of diets containing menhaden fish oil (MFO), compared with those of diets containing safflower oil (SAF) or an essential fatty acid deficient hydrogenated coconut oil (HCO), on in vitro activation of tumoricidal capacity by murine macrophages were assessed. Mice fed the experimental diets for 4 weeks were injected intraperitoneally with sterile thioglycollate broth 3 days before use. There was no difference between any of the groups with respect to total peritoneal exudate cells or the percentage of macrophages, although the fatty acid profile of purified adherent macrophages closely paralleled that of the diets. Macrophages from mice fed MFO killed fewer P815 mastocytoma cells upon activation with recombinant interferon γ (IFNγ) and lipopolysaccharide. Macrophages from all diets were equally competent for tumoricidal capacity when activated pharmacologically with calcium ionophore, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS), suggesting that MFO diet macrophages were hyporesponsive to IFNγ. Priming with higher concentrations of IFNγ restored the partial defect in activation of MFO macrophages. When activated for 24 hr with high levels of LPS, macrophages from mice fed SAF displayed little cytolytic capacity; addition of indomethacin (1 μ M ) resulted in enhanced levels of P815 kill. In contrast, MFO and HCO diet macrophages were highly cytolytic with similar LPS treatment with or without indomethacin. Macrophages from mice fed SAF produced threefold more prostaglandin E in response to LPS than did MFO and HCO diet macrophages. These results suggest that dietary manipulation of fatty acids can alter activation of tumoricidal capacity of macrophages, possibly both dependent and independent of changes in eicosanoid synthesis.
Induction of parallel human telomeric G-quadruplex structures by Sr2+

Human telomeric DNA forms G-quadruplex secondary structures, which can inhibit telomerase activity and are targets for anti-cancer drugs. Here we show that Sr(2+) can induce human telomeric DNA to form both inter- and intramolecular structures having characteristics consistent with G-quadruplexes. Unlike Na(+) or K(+), Sr(2+) facilitated intermolecular structure formation for oligonucleotides with 2 to 5 5'-d(TTAGGG)-3' repeats. Longer 5'-d(TTAGGG)-3' oligonucleotides formed exclusively intramolecular structures. Altering the 5'-d(TTAGGG)-3' to 5'-d(TTAGAG)-3' in the 1st, 3rd, or 4th repeats of 5'-d(TTAGGG)(4)-3' stabilized the formation of intermolecular structures. However, a more compact, intramolecular structure was still observed when the 2nd repeat was altered. Circular dichroism spectroscopy results suggest that the structures were parallel-stranded, distinguishing them from similar DNA sequences in Na(+) and K(+). This study shows that Sr(2+), promotes parallel-stranded, inter- and intramolecular G-quadruplexes that can serve as models to study DNA substrate recognition by telomerase.
Increasing the discriminatory power of DEA in the presence of the sample heterogeneity with cluster analysis and decision trees

Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a widely used non-parametric data analytic tool discriminatory power of which is dependent on the homogeneity of the domain of the sample. In many real-life cases, however, the sample of the decision making units (DMU) could consist of two or more naturally occurring subsets, thus exhibiting clear signs of heterogeneity. In such situations, the discriminatory power of DEA is limited, for the nature of the relative efficiency of a DMU is likely to be influenced by its membership in a particular subset of the sample. In this study, we propose a three-step methodology allowing for increasing the discriminatory power of DEA in the presence of the heterogeneity of the sample. In the first phase, we use cluster analysis (CA) in order to test for the presence of the naturally occurring subsets in the sample. In the second phase DEA is used to calculate the relative efficiencies of the DMUs, as well as averaged relative efficiencies of each subset identified in the previous phase. Finally, we utilize decision tree (DT) induction in order to inquire into the subset-specific nature of the relative efficiencies of the DMUs in the sample. Illustrative example is provided.
Investigation on an EM framework for partial volume image segmentation

This work investigates a new partial volume (PV) image segmentation framework with comparison to a previous PV approach. The new framework utilizes an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm to estimate simultaneously (1) tissue fractions in each image voxel and (2) statistical model parameters of the image data under the principle of maximum a posteriori probability (MAP). The previous EM approach models the PV effect by down-sampling a voxel and then labels each sub-voxel as a pure tissue type, where the number of sub-voxels labeled by a given tissue type over the total number of sub-voxels reflects the fraction of that tissue type inside the original voxel. The tissue fractions in each voxel in this discrete PV model are represented by a limited number of percentage values. In the new MAP-EM approach, the PV effect is modeled in a continuous space and estimated directly as the fraction of each tissue type in the original voxel. The previous discrete PV model would converge to our continuous PV tissue-mixture model if there is an infinite number of sub-voxels within a voxel. However, in practice a voxel is usually down-sampled once or twice for computational reasons. A comparison study between this limited down-sampling approach and our continuous PV model reveals, by computer simulations, that our continuous PV model is computationally more effective and thus improves the PV segmentation over the discrete PV model.
T-cell regulation of B-lymphoblastoid cell line function

Abstract Seventeen B-lymphoblastoid cell lines (B-LCLs) have been studied for their ability to intereact with normal T cells and produce IgG and IgM in culture. All B-LCLs were HLA homozygous, having been derived from consanguineous donors by in vitro transformation with Epstein-Barr virus, 1 × 10 4 B-LCLs were cultured with 0, 5, 10, or 20 times as many normal peripheral blood T cells in a 0.2-ml culture. Culture supernatants were removed after 3 and 6 days and assayed for IgG and IgM by a radioimmunoassay. Thirteen of the cell lines were able to secrete immunoglobulin (50–6000 ng/ml), primarily IgG, when cultured without T cells. Addition of T cells (sheep erythrocyte rosette-forming cells) modulated immunoglobulin production, causing either marked enhancement or suppression depending upon the B-cell line. T cells cultured without the B-LCLs did not secrete immunoglobulin above the background level of the immunoassays (6.25 ng/ml). Cell lines which did not secrete IgM when cultured alone could frequently be induced to do so when T cells from select donors were added. Under these conditions, IgM was generally found only in the supernatant fluid removed after 6 days. Taken together, these results suggest that B-LCLs contain cells of at least two stages, those that secrete IgG and resting cells capable of secreting IgM. Furthermore, cells at both stages can be regulated by normal T cells.
Transforming engineering and science education through active learning

Advances in engineering methods and technology, modern system complexity, and the need to work across cultures and multiple time zones have influenced significant change in the practice of engineering. The same cannot be said of engineering education. This paper describes the Digital Home case study project that covers full life-cycle development of a software product (project management, requirements analysis and specification, design, implementation, testing and maintenance) that has been integrated throughout graduate and undergraduate curriculum. The paper will discuss some of our experiences gained during this project, followed by some guidelines on how this can be done at other schools.
Modeling of dielectric barrier discharge-induced fluid dynamics and heat transfer

Abstract A dielectric barrier discharge, operating at kHz and kV conditions, can generate largely isothermal surface plasma and induce wall-jet-like fluid flow. It can serve as an aerodynamic actuator, and has advantages of no moving parts. In order to better understand the mechanism of the momentum coupling between the plasma and the fluid flow, both computational modeling and experimental information are presented. Furthermore, the impact of such athermal, non-equilibrium plasma discharges on low-speed aerodynamics and heat transfer is discussed. The plasma and fluid species are treated as a two-fluid system exhibiting decades of length and time-scale disparities. For Reynolds numbers of 104–105, the time-scales ratios between those characterizing the discharge physics (convection, diffusion, and reaction/ionization) and the fluid flow mechanisms are separated by several decades, allowing the effect of plasma on the fluid dynamics modeled via a one-way body force treatment. At a phenomenological level, the plasma model can be established using a linearized force distribution to approximate the discharge structure. A high-fidelity approach using a first-principle-based hydrodynamic-plasma model is also reviewed. Numerical techniques such as operating splitting are introduced in order to handle the computational stiffness resulting from the time and length scale variations. The goal is to use time-step sizes in the range of the fluid dynamics level while treating the fast varying ones statistically. The momentum coupling is discussed in the context of discharge chemistry; species transport properties, insulator and electrode materials, and dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) geometry. Parametric studies conducted on the operating variables such as voltage, frequency and geometric arrangements offer substantial insight into the plasma physics, as well as a basis to explore thermal management and flow control applications.
CAD-Based Virtual Assembly Prototyping – A Case Study

This paper presents the methodology for quantifying the blade assembly process with the future objective of fully automated assembly planning. The proposed method is aimed at eliminating the expensive and time-consuming physical prototyping needs by analysing and evaluating the feasibility of the blade assembly process using a CAD-based virtual prototype. The virtual prototype of the entire assembly operation is created for the blade assembly from a torque converter of an automobile transmission system. This model development is implemented using ProEngineer. Owing to the modelling requirements, the design intents, pertinent parameters, and their relationships in the entire blade assembly process must be captured and integrated into the model. The virtual assembly prototyping package developed is capable of computing and offering computer animated simulations of the interference of the blade tabs with the turbine and the pump shell during the assembly process. The work focuses on quantifying the blade assembly process by expertly defining some benchmarks and indices based on the kinematic behaviour of the assemblages. The benchmarks can also be used for documenting, evaluating, and comparing the blade assembly designs in various assemblages of torque converters to improve and transfer the experiences of the designers embedded in the model, for the torque converter industry. The model developed in this work has been tested and verified to be effective with a real torque converter model built at a local company. The results of the experiments are discussed.
Determining drought frequency and intensity on the basis of plant response: Wild hay in the sand hills of Nebraska, U.S.A.

Abstract A definition of agricultural drought which relies on plant response to weather conditions was tested for the North Crop-Reporting District of north-central Nebraska, U.S.A. The period 1925–1979 was studied. The frequency of drought affecting production of wild hay, the principal forage, was determined. The occurrence of negative yield departures of more than 10% below that expected under normal weather conditions was used to define a drought year. This definition had previously been applied to the major grain-producing areas of the U.S.A. by McQuigg. (1973). The applicability of this type of drought definition to a forage crop in a sub-humid environment was considered uncertain when we began the analysis. Where no trend in yield exists, this frequency analysis procedure can be performed independent of climatic data. Drought events were segregated on the basis of their severity. No trend in wild hay yield data was determined to exist. The incidence of negative yield departures greater than 10%, but less than 20%, from that expected under normal weather conditions defined the ‘moderate drought’ years. Negative yield departures of 20% or more defined the ‘severe drought’ years. The single-year probabilities of drought occurrence for wild hay were 0.15 for severe drought and 0.05 for moderate drought on a district-wide basis. A county-level analysis of drought frequency for wild hay production revealed less sensitivity to drought in the drier western portion of the district. The probability of severe drought in a single year was as much as six times greater in the more humid eastern sections of the district than in the drier west. This seeming anomaly is due to the fact that a high proportion of wild hay is produced on sub-irrigated wet meadowland in the western counties. This distinct ecological zone disrupts the expected drought pattern for the region and suggests that agricultural drought frequency is best assessed at the smallest geographical unit for which yield data are available.
Some Speculations Regarding the Lower Hidden Zone of the Dore Lake Complex and Its Potential Mineral Resources

Note: This paper is dedicated to Aaron and Elizabeth Waters on the occasion of Dr. Waters' retirement. The Dore Lake Complex is an Archean layered intrusion in the Chibougamau area, Quebec. The complex has been folded and metamorphosed to the greenschist facies. The sill-shaped Chibougamau Pluton intrudes the Dore Lake Complex at the level of the Anorthosite Zone, hiding from view the lower 4,000 ft of the complex. The Lower Hidden Zone could contain important deposits of chromite and platinum-group metals.
Water solubility and chlorine partitioning in Cl-rich granitic systems: Effects of melt composition at 2 kbar and 800°C

Abstract Experiments have been conducted in the system Na2O-K2O-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O-Cl2O−1 at 2 kbar and 800°C to determine the effects of melt composition on the solubility of water in haplogranite melt and on the distribution of Cl between aqueous fluid and haplogranite melt. The melts studied include peraluminous, subaluminous and peralkaline haplogranites and quartz-albite and quartz-orthoclase compositions. The solubility of water at 2 kbar and 800°C in water-saturated haplogranite melts varies strongly as a function of melt composition. Water solubility in melt decreases in the order strongly peralkaline haplogranite &> quartz-albite composition ≈ moderately peralkaline haplogranite ≈ peraluminous haplogranite ≈ subaluminous haplogranite &> quartz-orthoclase composition. D Cl (wt% Cl in fluid/wt% Cl in melt) is a strong function of system composition. D Cl increases as the concentration of Cl in the system increases. A comparison of the distribution of Cl between haplogranite melts of subaluminous, peraluminous, and peralkaline compositions and aqueous fluids shows that with similar concentrations of Cl in the system; D Cl is largest for subaluminous melts ( A/NK ≈ 1 ) having relatively high K2O concentrations. As the A/NK of melt increases or decreases from 1 or as the N/NK of the melt increases, both D Cl and the concentration of Cl in the fluid decrease. The experimental data imply that complexes involving Cl and Na in hydrous, subaluminous granite melts are dominant. Furthermore, the data imply that in hydrous, peraluminous granite melts, Cl complexes with network modifying A13+ and in hydrous, peralkaline granite melts Cl complexes with network modifying Na + ± K + . On a molar basis, Cl apparently complexes with network modifying A13+ in peraluminous melts as strongly as it does with Na+ and K+ in peralkaline melts. Experimental studies of Cl partitioning in granitic systems suggest that the strongest enrichment of magmatic-hydrothermal fluids in Cl and ore metals complexed with Cl will most likely occur in fluids exsolved from subaluminous granite magmas that are relatively enriched in K2O, SiO2, and Cl, and relatively depleted in F, CO2, and Na2O.
Expansion Properties of Cayley Graphs of the Alternating Groups

LetCbe a conjugacy class in the alternating groupAn, and let supp(C) be the number of nonfixed digits under the action of a permutation inC. For every 1>?>0 andn?5 there exists a constantc=c(?)>0 such that if supp(C)??nthen the undirected Cayley graphX(An, C) is acexpander. A family of such Cayley graphs withsupp(C)=o(n)is not a family ofc-expanders. For every?>0, ifsupp(C)?nthen sets of vertices of order at most(12??)(n?(n/supp(C)))!inX(An, C) expand. The proof of the last result combines spectral and representation theory techniques with direct combinatorial arguments.
Adolescent Delinquency, Drinking, and Smoking: Does the Gender of Friends Matter?

Youths who have deviant and delinquent friends are more likely to engage in delinquency. Interestingly, most quantitative studies of the association between deviant peers and deviant behavior have assumed that all peer connections have similar effects. Yet, it is possible that peer influence may vary depending on the characteristics of peers. Using social network data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study examines the impact of same-sex and cross-sex friendships on deviance and delinquency in adolescent networks. The findings demonstrate that peer association is a significant predictor of delinquency for males, although its effects depend on the gender of boys’ friends. For females, by contrast, the link between associating with deviant peers and behavior is minimal once the stable characteristics of individuals are taken into account. Rather, social bonds are the most important predictors of delinquency.
Fabrication and characterization of polyetherimide nanofoams using supercritical CO2

Polymer nanofoams have recently attracted significant interest in both industry and academia. The unique nanoscaled porous structure could bring unprecedented material properties that have not been seen in conventional or microcellular polymer foams. It has been hypothesized that nanofoams could have a much higher specific strength and toughness as well as significantly improved thermal resistivity. In this research, we study the fabrication and characterization of polyetherimide nanofoams using a supercritical carbon dioxide foaming process. A process map indicating the conditions to obtain various polyetherimide foam structures, including micro-, micro/nano transition, and nanofoams has been established. Two types of nanofoams were observed, one made with high gas concentrations and the other with high foaming temperatures. The one with high gas concentrations exhibited a higher specific modulus than that of unfoamed polyetherimide. Nanofoams generally showed a higher thermal resistivity than microfoams...
CVD of copper using copper(I) and copper(II) β-diketonates

Abstract Reaction paths for the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of copper from (hfac)Cu(vtms), Cu(hfac) 2 , and Cu(fod) 2 were studied using mass spectrometric analysis of the reaction products. Cu(hfac) 2 was identified as one of the products when (hfac)Cu(vtms) reacts with or without hydrogen at temperatures from 130 to 235 °C in a hot-wall batch reactor. Therefore, the route to copper formation is a disproportionation reaction which we found to be reversible under all operating conditions. The reverse reaction regenerates the precursor, (hfac)Cu(vtms). Our experiments show that Cu(hfac) 2 reacts very slowly with H 2 at temperatures below 250 °C, which typically are used for (hfac)Cu(vtms). Therefore, below 250 °C, the deposition rate of copper from (hfac)Cu(vtms) is not increased by the reaction of its product, Cu(hfac) 2 , with hydrogen. For CVD using Cu(hfac) 2 and Cu(fod) 2 with hydrogen, Hhfac and Hfod are the reaction products.
Panic disorder: Relationship to high medical utilization

The purpose of this review is to describe the relationship between panic disorder, somatization, functional disability, and high medical utilization. Data from community, primary-care, and specialty studies were reviewed to determine the prevalence of anxiety and panic disorder in these populations. Data from the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study were reviewed to emphasize the effect of panic disorder on health-care utilization and health perception in a community population. Data on the prevalence of panic disorder in primary care and mode of presentation of primary-care patients with panic disorder were also reviewed. Finally, the epidemiologic psychiatric findings from our recent study of distressed high utilizers of primary care were presented. Panic disorder was found to occur in 1-3% of people in the study community and 1.4-8% of primary-care patients. Of people with or without psychiatric disorder, people with panic disorder in the community had the highest risk of having multiple medically unexplained symptoms and of being high utilizers of medical ambulatory services. People with panic disorder in the community compared to both community psychiatric and nonpsychiatric controls tend to perceive themselves as having poor physical health and to be high users of emergency and hospital inpatient services, as well as ambulatory services. Most patients with panic disorder present to their primary-care physician with somatic complaints, especially cardiac (tachycardia, chest pain), gastrointestinal (epigastric pain or irritable bowel syndrome), or neurologic complaints (headaches, dizziness, or presyncope). Patients who were distressed high utilizers of primary care had an extremely high prevalence of current panic disorder (12%) and lifetime panic disorder (30%), which supported the association between panic disorder and high medical utilization found in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study.
Does in proestrus-estrus hasten estrus onset in does estrous synchronized during breeding season

Abstract During the breeding season, 68 Nubian goats were synchronized for estrus with intravaginal sponges impregnated with fluorgestone acetate (FGA; n=36) or medroxyprogesterone acetate (MAP; n=32). The experiment was performed in two replicates. In each replicate, the does were maintained in the same pen and divided equally into two groups: early sponge removal (EAR) and late sponge removal (LAT). In the LAT group, the sponges were removed 48 h after the EAR group. The sponges were inserted in the morning at unknown stages of the estrous cycle and maintained in the vagina for 14 days for both groups. Estrus detection was performed every 12 h after sponge removal using a vasectomized buck conducted by leash. Estrus onset for FGA–EAR and FGA–LAT was (mean±S.D.) 45.3±13.5 and 26.0 h ±7.1 h, respectively (P 38.3 h ±14.3 h, respectively (P
A THEORY OF LIGHT UTILIZATION IN PLANT PHOTOSYNTHESIS.

Abstract A model for the photochemical steps in photosynthesis is described in which only one type of reaction center participates in the chemical conversion of excitation energy. Two types of energy-collecting pigment systems can occur, but in distinction to most current models the energy is delivered to a unique type of chlorophyll-enzyme complex. Of the two photochemical steps in photosynthesis, one is mediated by the metastable triplet state of chlorophyll in this complex and the other requires singlet excitation for efficient operation. The nature of chlorophyll in the two pigment systems is identified on the basis of spectroscopic evidence. The far-red absorbing pigment, P700, is considered to be a crystallized chlorophyll that may participate in photosynthetic energy collection but is not essential for the overall process. The model is tested by comparisons with experimental evidence from fluorescence, afterglow, the Emerson effect, reversible bleaching, and alternate photochemical pathways.
The "Frequency Interleaving" Principle in the NTSC Standards

In the NTSC signal, in order to achieve minimum interference by the chrominance signal to the luminance information, it is necessary that the subcarrier frequency have a special relationship to the field and line frequencies. This paper discusses the general conditions which are necessary as well as the practical considerations leading to a choice of the subcarrier frequency in the NTSC standards.
Examining the correlation between religion and social responsibility in engineering

The development of social responsibility, both personally and professionally, is critical in the movement toward developing more holistic engineers, as called for by many professional engineering societies to address the complex problems that face our society. This paper presents correlations between engineering students' religious beliefs and their views of personal and professional social responsibility. Data were gathered from 895 engineering respondents to the Engineering Professional Responsibility Assessment tool and from 25 semi-structure interviews with engineering students. It was found that students who considered themselves `very active' in their religious preference had stronger beliefs of their ability and personal obligation to help others, and in a professional sense of obligation to help others as engineers.
The Harrowing of Hell, Psalm 24, and Pliny the Younger: a Note

As late as the fifteenth century a prominent theme in medieval English prose and poetry was the one usually called the "harrowing of hell". 1 The antecedents of it in Insular, as well as in Continental, literature are too numerous and familiar to cite at length. The motif is derived, mediately or immediately, from an apocryphal work known as the Gospel of Nicodemus or the Acts of Pilate. The latter part of the ancient document is an account of the descent of Christ into Hades, a narrative apparently older than the rest of the tale; actually of unknown date, it may have originated in the third or even second century. 2 The central idea, the rescue of the pre-Christian faithful believers from the hold of Hades, is still older and probably Scriptural (I Pet. 3 : 19; 4 : 6). But there is a detail in many versions of the descensus that cannot be traced in any writing earlier than the Gospel of Nicodemus: when the Lord dies on the cross and goes to the place of departed spirits, He challenges the entrance to the nether region with the words
The Conversion of Area Distributed, Incidental Radio Noise Envelope Distribution Functions by Radio Propagation Processes

The central limit theorem may be invoked for man-made incidental radio noise to establish the limiting statistical distribution which is approached as either the noise source-to-observer distance or the observation frequency is increased. As these parameters separately increase, the distribution of the received noise-voltage envelope for either surface or airborne noise is shown to approach a Rayleigh distribution. Conversion of the impulsive noise voltage envelope distribution to a Rayleigh distribution occurs through a combination of effects associated with both the radio propagation process and the spectral density of the noise sources. Free-space spreading and the dispersion of irregular terrain for low-height antennas are the propagation processes which contribute to the conversion of the noise statistics measured by constant-gain antennas. The noise emission spectra, derivable from a Poisson process below the VHF band and from a white-noise process in the upper VHF and UHF bands contribute the second factor to the noise-dispersion function. Existing in-flight observations, although qualitative, of impulsive noise distribution transformations with increasing range are predicted. Additional predictions of impulsive noise-voltage envelopedistribution conversion to a Rayleigh distribution are made for both airborne and surface observations as either the observation frequency or the range increases.
HTML page analysis based on visual cues

We present an approach to automatically analyzing semantic structure of HTML pages based on detecting visual similarities of content objects on Web pages. The approach is developed based on the observation that in most Web pages, layout styles of subtitles or records of the same content category are consistent and there are apparent separation boundaries between different categories. Thus these subtitles should have similar appearances if they are rendered in visual browsers and different categories can be separated clearly In our approach we first measure visual similarities of HTML content objects. Then we apply a pattern detection algorithm to detect frequent patterns of visual similarity and use a number of heuristics to choose the most possible patterns. By grouping items according to these patterns, we finally build a hierarchical representation (tree) of an HTML document with "visual consistency" inferred semantics. Preliminary experimental results show promising performances of the method with real Web pages.
ACCEPTANCE AND STABILITY OF CHOCOLATE AND STRAWBERRY FOUNTAIN SYRUPS MADE WITH CONCENTRATED, DECOLORIZED, DEIONIZED HYDROLYZED WHEY PERMEATE 1

Two lots of whey permeate from ultrafiltration of sweet cheese whey were deionized, decolorized, treated with a β-galactosidase to hydrolyze lactose and concentrated. The second lot was heated to 75 C following concentration to decrease the potential for sugar crystallization. Each lot of concentrated, decolorized, deionized hydrolyzed whey permeate (CHWP) was used in chocolate and strawberry fountain syrups as a partial or total sucrose replacement. Each syrup underwent organoleptic evaluation with comparison to a sucrose control. Samples of each syrup were also stored for 2 months at 4 C and 25 C. Chocolate syrups made with complete replacement by CHWP lots 1 and 2 scored very high but only syrups made with CHWP lot 2 were stable after 2 months storage. Strawberry syrups made with complete replacement by either lot of CHWP were sweet enough but scored poor in off-flavor intensity and overall preference. Syrups made with 50% replacement scored high in overall preference but poor in off-flavor intensity. Syrups made with greater than 50% replacement of sucrose became irreversibly crystallized and discolored after 2 months storage. CHWP had acceptable flavor and sweetness for use in highly flavored fountain syrups and should be economical to produce and be competitive with fructose and corn sweeteners.