cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome abnormalities of early rabbit embryos.

Blastocysts recovered six days after fertilization from five California and four Dutch-Belted does were used to study the chromosome aberrations of early rabbit embryos. The nine does had a mean ovulation rate of 8.8 ± 0.7 (range 7 to 14). On the basis of corpora lutea counts, 95% of the embryos were recovered. Anomalies were found in nine of the 75 embryos recovered; there being two cases of hypoploidy (2n = 43), four cases of double hypoploidy (2n = 42), and three cases of mosaicism. In addition to the chromosomally abnormal embryos, three embryos could not be cultured successfully and appeared to be degenerating.
Co‐ordinated bacteriocin production and competence development: a possible mechanism for taking up DNA from neighbouring species

It is important to ensure DNA availability when bacterial cells develop competence. Previous studies in Streptococcus pneumoniae demonstrated that the competence-stimulating peptide (CSP) induced autolysin production and cell lysis of its own non-competent cells, suggesting a possible active mechanism to secure a homologous DNA pool for uptake and recombination. In this study, we found that in Streptococcus mutans CSP induced co-ordinated expression of competence and mutacin production genes. This mutacin (mutacin IV) is a non-lantibiotic bacteriocin which kills closely related Streptococcal species such as S. gordonii. In mixed cultures of S. mutans and S. gordonii harbouring a shuttle plasmid, plasmid DNA transfer from S. gordonii to S. mutans was observed in a CSP and mutacin IV-dependent manner. Further analysis demonstrated an increased DNA release from S. gordonii upon addition of the partially purified mutacin IV extract. On the basis of these findings, we propose that Streptococcus mutans, which resides in a multispecies oral biofilm, may utilize the competence-induced bacteriocin production to acquire transforming DNA from other species living in the same ecological niche. This hypothesis is also consistent with a well-known phenomenon that a large genomic diversity exists among different S. mutans strains. This diversity may have resulted from extensive horizontal gene transfer.
Born again group testing: Multiaccess communications

A brief summary of the basic notions of group testing is presented together with a brief historical account. One of the early papers on group testing is shown to include a description of the tree-search polling algorithm of Hayes. The classical group testing problem is formulated, including a criterion for optimality of test plans. A restricted class of tests, called nested testing, is described, and a complete description for an optimal nested strategy is given for both a finite number and an infinite number of Bernoulli distributed random variables. A generalization of group testing applicable to the random access communications problem is presented.
Susceptibility of Dipel-Resistant and -Susceptible Ostrinia nubilalis (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) to Individual Bacillus thuringiensis Protoxins

Abstract Dipel-resistant and -susceptible strains of Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) were evaluated for larval mortality and growth inhibition when fed diets containing individual Bacillus thuringiensis protoxins. Resistance ratios for four of the protoxins in Dipel (Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry2Aa) were 170-, 205-, 524-, and >640-fold, respectively, considerably higher than the 47-fold resistance to Dipel. The Dipel-resistant strain was 36-fold resistant to Cry1Ba, a protoxin not present in Dipel. Another non-Dipel protoxin, Cry1Ca, did not cause significant mortality for either resistant or susceptible larvae with doses as high as 1.0 mg/ml. In an evaluation of larval growth inhibition, resistance to Cry1Aa, Cry1Ab, Cry1Ac, and Cry1Ba was significant at concentrations of 0.054 and 0.162 μg/ml. However, growth inhibition with Cry2Aa was not significant at either dose. These data provide information on the spectrum of resistance and cross-resistance to individual Cry protoxins in this strain.
Band Structure Calculation of Si and Ge by Non-Local Empirical Pseudo-Potential Technique

In this paper, the principle of spatial nonlocal empirical pseudopotential and its detailed calculation procedure is presented. Consequently, this technique is employed to calculate the band structures of Silicon and Germaniun. By comparing the results with photoemission experimental data, the validity and accuracy of this calculation are fully conformed for valence or conductance band, respectively. Thus it can be concluded that the spin-orbit Hamiltonian will only affect the energy band gap and another conductance or valence band structure. Therefore, this nonlocal approach without spin-orbit part is adequate for the device simulation of only one carrier transport such as metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (MOSFET)'s, and it can significantly reduce the complication of band structure calculation.
DNA methylation: A link between genome variation and blood pressure

Hypertension affects more than 1 billion people, causing ~9 million deaths each year from heart, kidney, and cerebrovascular disease. Kato et al. now report a genome-wide association and replication study of blood pressure phenotype in a very large, multi-ancestry cohort (320,251 individuals of East Asian, European, and South Asian ancestry in total). Their analysis revealed 12 new loci (SNPs) associated with blood pressure and a unique DNA methylation profile surrounding certain blood pressure–associated SNPs. By using a conservative threshold for significance and careful replication in their association study, the authors found 12 new SNPs that were enriched in genes involved in vascular smooth muscle and renal functions. Interestingly, the sentinel SNP (the SNP with the lowest P value against any blood pressure phenotype tested) showed associated DNA methylation at multiple adjacent CpG sites, suggesting that genotype-dependent DNA methylation may be important for linking sequence variation to blood pressure. In a test of whether the DNA methylation was genotype-dependent or was a result of later environmental exposure, the authors were able to find the relationship between the SNPs and DNA methylation in newborns, before substantial adverse environmental exposure. This finding supported a causal relationship of the sentinel SNPs on blood pressure. The authors’ results suggest that DNA methylation may be involved in the regulatory pathway linking common genetic variants to blood pressure. This article reports the largest genome-wide association study of blood pressure phenotype to date across three ancestral population groups. Their analysis identified new common blood pressure–associated loci where DNA methylation may play a critical role in gene regulation. The next step will be to test the association of rare genetic variants and blood pressure phenotypes. N. Kato et al ., Trans-ancestry genome-wide association study identifies 12 genetic loci influencing blood pressure and implicates a role for DNA methylation. Nat. Genet. 10.1038/ng.3405 (2015). [[Abstract]][1] [1]: http://www.nature.com/ng/journal/vaop/ncurrent/pdf/ng.3405.pdf
Effect of Method of Application on Resistance to Pyrethroid Insecticides in Blattella germanica (Orthoptera: Blattellidae)

A DDT-resistant ( kdr ) strain of Blattella germanica (L.) (VPIDLS) showed broad cross-resistance to all pyrethroids when tested by topical application to the abdomen. By contrast, the strain’s cross-resistance spectrum did not extend to cypermethrin and deltamethrin (two typical Type II pyrethroids) when a surface contact method was used. To understand the cause(s) for such a difference in cross-resistance expression, different application methods and toxicity criteria were examined. Location of topical application, including the head and tibia, had little influence on the cross-resistance pattern. We concluded that, by surface contact, cypermethrin and deltamethrin act in a way atypical of DDT or other typical Type I pyrethroids.
R&D en support du parc nucléaire aux Etats-Unis

L'objectif de cet article est de resumer les priorites et les moyens de la R&D nucleaire aux Etats-Unis. L'article decrit les activites de R&D menees par l'Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI) qui est l'organisme de R&D finance principalement par les exploitants americains. La majeure partie de l'article traite des priorites liees a l'amelioration de la performance des centrales existantes par l'introduction de technologies avancees.
Social Comparison and Informal Group Influence

Little is known about the basis on which an individual selects and is influenced by specific reference groups. An attempt is made to explain consumer susceptibility to informal group influence by F...
The effect of ambient temperature on the relationship between ventilation and metabolism in a small parrot (Agapornis roseicollis)

Values for basal metabolism, standard tidal volume (VT), standard minute volume (\(\dot V_{\text{I}} \)), and mean extraction efficiency (EO2) in the thermal neutral zone (TNZ) inAgapornis roseicollis (1.84 ml·min−1; 0.95 ml·br−1, STPD; and 33.3 ml·min−1, STPD; and 22.5%; respectively) were all very similar to values for these parameters previously measured inBolborhynchus lineola, a similarly sized, closely related species from a distinctly different habitat.
Ozone-induced airway hyperresponsiveness and loss of neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor function

The effect of acute ozone exposure on the function of efferent parasympathetic nerves, M3 muscarinic receptors on airway smooth muscle, and inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptors on the parasympathetic nerves was studied. Immediately after exposure to 2.0 ppm ozone for 4 h, guinea pigs became hyperresponsive to electrical stimulation of the vagus nerves. The normal airway response to intravenous cholinergic agonists at this time demonstrates normal M3 receptor function. M2 muscarinic receptors on the nerves, which normally inhibit release of acetylcholine, were dysfunctional after ozone exposure, as demonstrated by the failure of the muscarinic agonist pilocarpine to inhibit, and the failure of the M2 antagonist gallamine to potentiate, vagally mediated bronchoconstriction. Thus, loss of inhibitory M2 muscarinic receptor function after ozone exposure potentiates release of acetylcholine from the vagus nerves, increasing vagally mediated bronchoconstriction. By 14 days, postozone responses to vagal nerve stimulation were not different from those of air-exposed animals and the function of the neuronal M2 muscarinic receptor was normal, confirming that ozone-induced hyperresponsiveness is reversible.
A Practical Site Selection Method for Dynamic Reactive Power Compensation in Multi-Infeed DC Power Grid

To reasonably select the sites to install dynamic reactive power compensators to improve the voltage stability of multi-infeed DC power grid, in accordance with the feature that there exists voltage sag area in multi-infeed DC power grid and the mechanism of dominant nodes, the voltage sensitivity based indices and corresponding computational method are proposed to assess compensation effect of the installed reactive power compensators, and the definition of DC weight in the indices and its computing method are also determined. A time-domain simulation and computation based flow chart to determine the sites to install reactive power compensators, which cyclically orders the indices of compensation effects of compensators located at the substations within the region to install dynamic reactive power compensators, is decided. The proposed method is applied to perspective long-term plan of Jiangsu power grid and a dynamic reactive power compensation scheme is attained. Comparing the security and stability calculated by the attained scheme with those computed by other schemes, the comparison results show that under the configuration of dynamic reactive compensators with the same capacity, a better system voltage stability can be achieved by the scheme obtained by the proposed method, thus, both correctness and practicality of the proposed method are proved.
A Review of Einstein's Philosophy of Science Studies

There are many scholars who study Einstein's philosophy of science from different angles and come to different conclusion. This essay elaborates some representative points of view and points out that scholars' study are directed by their philosophical orientation. We should connect Einstein's philosophy of science with his scientific work,religious thought and contemporary philosophical thought in order to comprehend his philosophy of science correctly.
Ureteral Stump Transitional Cell Carcinoma in a Patient with Recurrent Superficial Bladder Cancer: An Argument for Complete Nephroureterectomy in Selected Patients

Abstract A 62-year-old white man had diffuse transitional cell carcinoma of a right ureteral stump 2½ years after initial transurethral resection of a bladder tumor and right radical nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. This case and review of the literature suggest an indication for complete ureterectomy in nephrectomy candidates with prior or concurrent transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder. (J. Urol., 144: 972–973, 1990)
Thevenin forms of digital discrete-time non-Foster RC and RL circuits

Previous design approaches for digital discrete-time non-Foster circuits have typically employed ideal current-output digital-to-analog converters to establish port currents based on measured voltages. In this paper, the design of digital discrete-time non-Foster circuits is presented for the case of voltage-output digital-to-analog converters with finite source impedance. These finite-impedance converters act as Thevenin sources that can be converted to Norton-equivalent sources for design and analysis. However, it is also straightforward to incorporate the finite source impedance directly into the signal processing, and this is the approach presented. In addition, it is often desirable to add series resistance to improve stability or to mitigate parasitic resistance, so the design of series resistor-capacitor and series resistor-inductor digital discrete-time non-Foster circuits are considered. Finally, unavoidable time-delay latencies associated with conversion time and computation time are also included.
Bergson and the Morality of Uncertainty

Moral and political theories, insofar as they are based on the fragile life of human beings, usually incorporate a reflection on the role of uncertainty or contingency. The question remains however, how exactly do we experience ‘uncertainty’? Can it show us different faces, to which we then react in different ways? If so, what is the meaning of such multiplicity for the exercise of agency? Comparing Bergson’s inquiry into the modern belief in chance with Jean-Marie Guyau’s reflections on the love of risk, I examine the moral significance of different ways of relating to uncertainty, and analyze their respective pedagogical purchase regarding the constitution of human freedom. When confronted with the unknown future, human agency gets easily trapped in the vicious and vertiginous circle of impotence and omnipotence. The contrast between Bergson and Guyau illuminates this problem, showing how our relation to uncertainty informs our identity, our capacity for action, and our sense of obligation
Alkyl-Cyclens as Effective Sulfur- and Phosphorus-Free Friction Modifiers for Boundary Lubrication

Modern automotive engines operate at higher power densities than ever before, driving a need for new lubricant additives capable of reducing friction and wear further than ever before while not poisoning the catalytic converter. Reported in this paper is a new class of molecular friction modifier (FM), represented by 1,4,7,10-tetradodecyl-1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane (1a), designed to employ thermally stable, sulfur- and phosphorus-free alkyl-substituted nitrogen heterocycles with multiple nitrogen centers per molecule. The multiple nitrogen centers enable cooperative binding to a surface which provides strong surface adsorption and lubricant film durability in the boundary lubrication (BL) regime. A 1 wt % loading of the cyclen FM 1a in Group III base oil exhibits strong surface adsorption, leading to excellent reductions in friction (70%) and wear (95%) versus the pure Group III oil across a wide temperature range. The lubricant with the new FM additive also outperforms two commercially available nonc...
Claimed Not Granted: Finding a Human Right to a Healthy Environment

Scholars, activists, and decision-makers of all stripes increasingly invoke human rights in the face of the looming climate catastrophe. This article explores how advocates might use human rights to reframe existing legal regulatory regimes, thereby avoiding the tendency to trade environmental protection for short-term economic advantage.
100-period InGaAsP/InGaP superlattice solar cell with sub-bandgap quantum efficiency approaching 80%

InGaAsP/InGaP quantum well (QW) structures are promising materials for next generation photovoltaic devices because of their tunable bandgap (1.50–1.80 eV) and being aluminum-free. However, the strain-balance limitations have previously limited light absorption in the QW region and constrained the external quantum efficiency (EQE) values beyond the In0.49Ga0.51P band-edge to less than 25%. In this work, we show that implementing a hundred period lattice matched InGaAsP/InGaP superlattice solar cell with more than 65% absorbing InGaAsP well resulted in more than 2× improvement in EQE values than previously reported strain balanced approaches. In addition, processing the devices with a rear optical reflector resulted in strong Fabry-Perot resonance oscillations and the EQE values were highly improved in the vicinity of these peaks, resulting in a short circuit current improvement of 10% relative to devices with a rear optical filter. These enhancements have resulted in an InGaAsP/InGaP superlattice solar ce...
Wearable Apocalypses: Enabling Technologies for Aspiring Destroyers of Worlds

2014 is the centennial of the birth of William S. Burroughs (novelist, essayist, painter 1914–1997). In honor of this I examine “Apocalypse”, an essay on the possibilities of street art that he wrote as a collaboration with Keith Haring (pop and graffiti artist, social activist 1958–1990). While written in 1988 this essay can serve as a guide for current and future artists who work in Augmented Reality interventions into public spaces by situating their work within a 2,000+ year old cycle of revolution and counter revolution in art, culture, and spirituality. My contention is that looking backward to pre-modern mythology in this way provides larger frame of reference that is even more useful to contemporary Augmented Reality artists than it was to the graffiti artists of the 1980s that this essay was originally discussing, as the technological and artistic affordances of mobile devices have expanded the possibilities of street art to begin to match Burroughs’ vision.
Tribological Mechanism of Friction and Wear Reduction Using Oil-Based ZnO Nanofluid Applied on Brass

In this research, friction and wear characteristics of oil-based ZnO nanofluid applied on brass disk specimens using a flat-on-flat reciprocating sliding test were studied. Oleic acid was used as surfactant to improve the stability and dispersibility of the ZnO nanofluid. Metallurgical optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were utilized to understand the mechanisms. A 2wt% ZnO nanofluid resulted in 61.1% reduction in coefficient of friction. Good wear resistance was achieved using low concentrations of 0.5wt% and 1wt% ZnO nanofluid. A tribo-film mainly composed of carbon was found inside the wear track, which enhanced the wear resistance and lowered the interface shear strength. This tribo-film was produced by oleic acid which was chemically adsorbed to the brass materials.
Analysis of technical efficiency of small holder wheat-growing farmers of Jamma district, Ethiopia

A large majority of Ethiopians and the poor living in rural areas are deriving their livelihood from agriculture. The existence of inefficiency in production comes from inefficient use of scarce resources. The measurement of efficiency in agricultural production is important issue for agricultural development, and it gives useful information for making relevant decision in the use of these scare resources and for reformulating agricultural policies. Moreover, since social development is dynamic, it is imperative to update the information based on the current productivity of farmers. However, the productivity of agricultural system in the study area is very low. The aim of this study was to determine the level of technical efficiency of smallholder wheat producers and identify factors affecting technical efficiency of smallholder farmers in wheat production of Jamma district, Ethiopia. The maximum likelihood parameter estimates showed that wheat output was positively and significantly influenced by area, fertilizer, labor and number of oxen. The estimated mean levels of technical efficiency of the sample farmers were about 82%. The estimated stochastic production frontier model together with the inefficiency parameters showed that age, education, improved seed, training and credit were found to have negative and significant effect on technical inefficiency, while farm size was found to have positive and significant effect on technical inefficiency of wheat production. We conclude that there is a room to increase wheat output from the existing level if farmers are able to use these input variables in an efficient manner. Hence, local government should provide necessary supports such as formal as well as informal education, training, credit, improved seed and timely supply of fertilizer.
Pearls & Oy-sters: May-Thurner syndrome as a cause of embolic stroke of undetermined source in a young patient.

•May-Thurner syndrome (MTS) is an anatomic abnormality consisting of chronic compression of the left common iliac vein (CIV) by the overlying right common iliac artery (CIA) and may predispose to local deep venous thrombus (DVT) formation, which in turn can result in paradoxical embolus in patients with a right-to-left cardiac shunt.
Asymmetric redox-neutral radical cyclization catalysed by flavin-dependent ‘ene’-reductases

Flavin-dependent ‘ene’-reductases (EREDs) are exquisite catalysts for effecting stereoselective reductions. Although these reactions typically proceed through a hydride transfer mechanism, we recently found that EREDs can also catalyse reductive dehalogenations and cyclizations via single electron transfer mechanisms. Here, we demonstrate that these enzymes can catalyse redox-neutral radical cyclizations to produce enantioenriched oxindoles from α-haloamides. This transformation is a C–C bond-forming reaction currently unknown in nature and one for which there are no catalytic asymmetric examples. Mechanistic studies indicate the reaction proceeds via the flavin semiquinone/quinone redox couple, where ground-state flavin semiquinone provides the electron for substrate reduction and flavin quinone oxidizes the vinylogous α-amido radical formed after cyclization. This mechanistic manifold was previously unknown for this enzyme family, highlighting the versatility of EREDs in asymmetric synthesis. Flavin-dependent ‘ene’-reductases have now been shown to catalyse redox-neutral radical cyclizations of α-haloamides to form enantioenriched oxindoles. Mechanistic studies indicate the reaction proceeds via the flavin semiquinone/quinone redox couple, where a ground state flavin semiquinone provides the electron for substrate reduction and flavin quinone oxidizes the radical formed after cyclization.
Estéticas de la aspiración, políticas de la inclusión: glosas al desarrollo en dos saraus de Rio de Janeiro

During the last five years and after the days of June, the tradition of the Saraus in Brazil experienced a quantitative change: its incidence increased exponentially throughout the territory of the country, following the example of pioneering events such as Cooperifa. The jump was also qualitative: there is a version of these cultural performances that responds to the new socioeconomic dynamics of the country and that discovers a repertoire of meanings that can be seen as part of a genealogy of development that has always been present behind its staging. The article presents, from the ethnographic work in three of these events, a cultural landscape that interprets the context and meanings of a phenomenon that is not only inscribed in relation to the tradition of the saraus as the space par excellence of peripheral culture, but with the narratives of economic development in the region, especially those put into practice by the governments of the Workers' Party. Commentary and rupture, this new scene of saraus sheds clues about the obstacles still present to the desire for equality of the Brazilian nation.
Berry flux diagonalization: Application to electric polarization

The switching polarization of a ferroelectric is determined by the current that flows as the system is switched between two variants. Computation of the switching polarization in crystal systems has been enabled by the modern theory of polarization, where it is expressed in terms of a change in Berry phase from the initial state to the final state. It is straightforward to compute this change of phase modulo $2\ensuremath{\pi}$, thus requiring a branch choice to specify the predicted switching polarization. The measured switching polarization depends on the actual path along which the system is switched, which in general involves nucleation and growth of domains and is therefore quite complex. In this work we present a first-principles approach for predicting the switching polarization that requires only knowledge of the initial and final states based on the empirical observation that for most ferroelectrics, the observed polarization change is the same as that for a path involving minimal evolution of the state. To compute the change along a generic minimal path, we decompose the change of Berry phase into many small contributions, each much less than $2\ensuremath{\pi}$, allowing for a natural resolution of the branch choice. We show that for typical ferroelectrics, including those that would have otherwise required a densely sampled path, this technique allows the switching polarization to be computed without any need for intermediate sampling between oppositely polarized states.
The ‘Coercive Control Framework’: Making Law Work for Women

The potential efficacy of a new offence of coercive control will be determined by the constellation of factors that surround its implementation. Drawing on experiences with s 76 of the Serious Crime Act 2015 (EW an articulation of the current dilemma posed to the justice system by policing domestic violence; centralised coordination by justice professionals; activist pressure from advocacy organisations such as Women’s Aid; and exhibitions of political will. I endorse the comprehensive, bespoke offence crafted in Scotland; however, the cases of Northern Ireland and the Irish Republic also illustrate how meaningful reform can be achieved despite narrow or ambiguous statutory language. I conclude by responding to critics of the new offence as ‘more law’, and by clarifying the definition of coercive control and the underlying value commitments.
Energy, Attentiveness, and Fatigue After Bariatric Surgery and Associations with Daily Physical Activity and Weight Loss: an Ecological Momentary Assessment Study.

Energy and fatigue are thought to improve after bariatric surgery. Such improvements could be related to weight loss and/or increased engagement in day-to-day health behaviors, such as moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). This study used ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to evaluate several aspects of energy/fatigue in real-time in patients’ natural environment during the first year after surgery and assessed the associations of percent total weight loss (%TWL) and daily MVPA with daily energy/fatigue levels. Patients (n = 71) undergoing Roux-en-Y gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy rated their energy, alertness and attentiveness (averaged to create an “attentiveness” rating), and tiredness and sleepiness (averaged to create a “fatigue” rating) via smartphone-based EMA at 4 semi-random times daily for 10 days at pre-surgery and 3-, 6-, and 12 months post-surgery. Daily MVPA minutes were assessed via accelerometry. Weight was measured in clinic. Energy ratings initially increased from pre- to post-surgery, before leveling off/decreasing by 12 months (p < 0.001). Attentiveness and fatigue ratings did not change over time. %TWL was unrelated to any ratings, while MVPA related to both energy and attentiveness but not fatigue. Participants reported more energy on days with more total MVPA min (p = 0.03) and greater attentiveness on days with more total (p < 0.001) and bouted (p = 0.02) MVPA. While more research is needed to confirm causality, results suggest that greater daily MVPA is associated with increased daily energy and attentiveness among bariatric surgery patients, independent of %TWL. Findings add to growing evidence of MVPA’s potential benefits beyond energy expenditure in the context of bariatric surgery.
Patient-level barriers and facilitators to completion of patient-reported outcomes measures

To identify patient-level barriers and facilitators to completion of patient-reported outcomes measures (PROMs) in a hand and upper extremity clinic in Baltimore, Maryland. We conducted 12 h of direct observation of PROM completion (October–November, 2020). Ethnographic observation memos were qualitatively analyzed for barriers and facilitators using rapid thematic analysis. Informed by observation findings, we conducted 17 semi-structured interviews with mixed-literacy patients, caregivers, and clinic staff to understand the patient experience when completing PROMs (November 2020–March 2021). We identified initial themes through inductive and deductive framework analysis and validated findings through subsequent interviews with member-checking. We identified nine patient-level factors that influence PROM completion: platform design, print literacy, health literacy, technology literacy, language proficiency, physical functioning, vision, cognitive functioning, and time. There are multiple distinct patient-level factors that affect PROM completion. Failure to consider these factors in PROM design and implementation may lower completion rates or prevent accurate completion, undermining PROM validity. Because certain factors affect minority populations at disproportionate rates, this may also contribute to existing health disparities.
Future Utilization of Dairy Products

Summary Dairy products undoubtedly will continue to hold a prominent place in the American diet, but there will have to be more diligent efforts to adapt them to changing market demands. The deep-seated food habits of American consumers are not likely to be altered greatly by any new dairy product unless it exhibits unique flavor qualities or applications to other processed foods. The dairy industry must prepare to meet its competition in the domestic foods field with products, rather than depend upon historical tradition to carry it along. We are not obsessed with the idea that consumers can or should greatly expand their per capita intake of dairy foods. In this land of abundance and variety in foods, it is only natural that consumer selections will be made on the basis of taste appeal, nutritional quality, availability, and price. Dietary trends that relate to the physiological demands of our changing way of life may also dictate the future food patterns of our population. In milk, however, we have a raw material which contains most of the known nutritional requirements of man and which, because of its dynamic state, can be converted into a wide variety of wholesome, taste-appealing food products. The outlook for milk is bright and its benefits to humanity can be broadened still further through an aggressive research and development program. It will be the job of the chemist and food technologist to explore more fully the potential food and industrial applications of this important agricultural raw material.
The Decline of Molecular Activity of Cytochrome Oxidase during Purification

Abstract The losses of molecular activity which take place when cytochrome oxidase is purified from bovine heart muscle particles by the procedures of Yonetani ((1960) J. Biol. Chem. 235, 845) and of Fowler et al. ((1962) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 64, 170) have been examined. Bovine heart muscle particles (about 1 nmole of heme a per mg of protein) and oxidase-rich particles (about 4 nmoles of heme a per mg of protein) treated with deoxycholate under optimal conditions, had molecular activities (MA0,max) (at infinitely high concentration of cytochrome c, spectrophotometrically determined in 0.05 m phosphate buffer, pH 7.0, 25°) in the range of 530 to 580 s-1. MA0,max, determined under identical reaction conditions, declined with successive steps in the Yonetani and Fowler et al. purification procedures for cytochrome oxidase, to considerably lower values for the finally isolated enzymes, while Kmapp stayed relatively unchanged. Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of dodecyl sulfate, showed no evidence of essential component removal during purification, that might account for decreased MA0,max values. The accumulation of an endogenous inhibitor in the course of preparation was also shown to be an unlikely cause for the observed decline of MA0,max. Treatment with limited quantities of dodecyl sulfate led to stimulation of activity of Yonetani's preparation. Similar treatment of Fowler's preparation and of deoxycholate-treated, oxidase-rich particles resulted only in decreased molecular activity. Dodecyl sulfate appeared to be an uncompetitive inhibitor of cytochrome oxidase. The aerobic ferrocytochrome c oxidation catalyzed by deoxycholate-solubilized particulate oxidase exhibited apparent first order kinetics over at least 99% of the reaction course. Purified oxidase preparations showed deviations from first order (concave semilogarithmic reaction plots) at low remaining substrate concentrations. This could not be ascribed either to spontaneous activation in the reaction mixture or to unequal affinities of the oxidase for ferrous and ferric forms of cytochrome c. Reversible unproductive binding of ferrocytochrome c with a fraction of the oxidase in the purified preparations explains this. Deoxycholate-treated oxidase particles exhibited a largely oxidized 605 nm band during the aerobic steady state in the system containing ascorbate, cytochrome c, oxidase, and O2, whereas Yonetani's enzyme appeared appreciably reduced. This indicates a blockade of the electron transfer from a to a3 in the inactive or latent portion of the oxidase preparation. It appears from these observations that some portion of the original membrane-bound cytochrome oxidase may be transformed during purification into catalytically inactive or latent species, possibly by reorganization of the original multimeric phospholipid-protein complex in a portion of the purified enzymes. Various physical, chemical, and catalytic complexities which have been observed with chemically purified cytochrome oxidases may have their origins in molecular heterogeneities.
Efficiently Finding Arbitrarily Scaled Patterns in Massive Time Series Databases

The problem of efficiently finding patterns in massive time series databases has attracted great interest, and, at least for the Euclidean distance measure, may now be regarded as a solved problem. However in recent years there has been an increasing awareness that Euclidean distance is inappropriate for many real world applications. The limitations of Euclidean distance stems from the fact that it is very sensitive to distortions in the time axis. A partial solution to this problem, Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), aligns the time axis before calculating the Euclidean distance. However, DTW can only address the problem of local scaling. As we demonstrate in this work, uniform scaling may be just as important in many domains, including applications as diverse as bioinformatics, space telemetry monitoring and motion editing for computer animation. In this work, we demonstrate a novel technique to speed up similarity search under uniform scaling. As we will demonstrate, our technique is simple and intuitive, and can achieve a speedup of 2 to 3 orders of magnitude under realistic settings.
A Non-Restrictive Concurrency Control for Object Oriented Databases

We propose an algorithm for executing transactions in object oriented databases. The object oriented database model generalizes the classical model of database concurrency control by permitting accesses to class and instance objects, by permitting arbitrary operations on objects as opposed to traditional read and write operations, and by allowing for the nested execution of transactions on objects. In this paper, we first develop a uniform methodology for treating both classes and instances. We then develop a two phase locking protocol with a new relationship between locks called ordered sharing for an object oriented database. Ordered sharing does not restrict the execution of conflicting operations. Finally, we extend the protocol to allow for nesting. The resulting protocol permits more concurrency that other known locking-based protocols.
"Think Glocal, Act Glocal": The Praxis of Social Justice Lawyering in the Global Era

Millions of people in the world struggle to survive in extreme economic deprivation, and deteriorating conditions have highlighted the failure of international development policies to "lift all boats." The complex and globalized context of poverty compels social justice lawyers to innovate transnational advocacy strategies, expanding human rights norms as part of those efforts. This Article suggests a cross-border, collaborative advocacy model for clinical education. The model is premised on theories of global interconnectedness that integrate progressive lawyering, social change theory and anti-poverty work in the global era, thereby contributing to the discourse about and praxis of combating international economic injustice. Specifically, the Article proposes a clinical partnership with a Chinese law school to advance workers' rights in China and across the globe. Because China commands unparalleled power in setting working conditions, the consequences of attacking international indifference and inaction toward abysmal labor standards in China will reverberate for low wage workers throughout the world. In targeting the particularly vulnerable low-skilled migrant Chinese work force, the clinic would incorporate culturally sensitive lawyering tactics designed to nurture the incipient legal consciousness among Chinese workers and provide legal representation that can begin to elevate labor standards for low-wage laborers across borders. This pioneering model inaugurates a new paradigm of the "rule of law" that incorporates explicit social justice goals rather than the purportedly neutral concepts that have been historically advanced. Although the piece proposes a clinical template, the underlying theory can inspire broader transnational advocacy collaborations that engender the rights-consciousness, strategic alliances and global solidarity that are necessary precursors to meaningful social change.
A COMPARISON OF STATIC AND DYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF PHOTOELASTIC MATERIALS

The dynamic values of the modulus of elasticity and photoelastic fringe constant of Homalite 100 and ten epoxy resins were determined. Of those tested, it was found that five exhibited desirable dynamic properties including two materials which exhibited no appreciable change in fringe constant. Included in this group of five materials were three materials which can be purchased in precast shapes; thus, enabling laboratories without casting facilities to obtain suitable materials for dynamic photoelastic experiments.
Rapid ice nucleation: Laboratory and field studies of the phenomenon and its importance

Artificial ice nucleation, using silver iodide (AgI) and AgIcontaining aerosol particles, has been studied in laboratory cloud chambers and used for atmospheric experimentation. These aerosols produce ice crystals by processes described as contact freezing, condensation freezing, immersion freezing, and deposition nucleation. AgI functions by contact freezing in cloud chambers at temperatures from -6 to -16 C (DeMott et al., 1983).
Abstract 2775: Development and characterization of a MEK1 inhibitor (AZD6244) sensitive childhood astrocytoma cell line

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA We previously characterized the development and reversal of acquired resistance to the MEK1 inhibitor AZD6244 in an in vivo model of childhood astrocytoma. The BT-40 astrocytoma xenograft model expresses mutated BRAFV600E and is highly sensitive to AZD6244, but acquires resistance, which can be overcome with the addition of the STAT3 inhibitor LLL12. The purpose of this current study was to establish and characterize a cell line derived from the xenograft model as well as develop an orthotopic mouse model. Sensitivity to AZD6244 and LLL12, expression-profiling assessment of MEK signature and compensatory pathways, and cytokine levels were assessed in the newly developed BT-40 cell line. The BT-40 cell line exhibited sensitivity to AZD6244 and LLL12 with IC50 values of 350nM and 1µM, respectively. Combination treatment was additive. Treatment of the cells with AZD6244 inhibited p-Erk and the mTOR downstream signaling molecule p-S6, while p-Akt, p-STAT3, p-4E-BP1 increased. Kinase expression arrays performed on cells treated with AZD6244 displayed a decrease in IL-1α, G-CSF, and IL-6 and an increase in CXCL10. The decrease in IL-6 was restored to baseline levels with the addition of LLL12. Interestingly, the JAK2 inhibitor AZD1480 failed to restore the IL-6 levels. The IL-6 results observed in the expression arrays were confirmed by ELISA, where AZD6244 decreased soluble IL-6 levels and LLL12, but not AZD1480, restored IL-6 levels to baseline. The BT-40 cell line, along with a cell line stably expressing luciferase (BT-40Luc), were implanted into the caudate putamen using stereotaxic guidance. The BT-40Luc cells exhibited exponential growth over time as evaluated with bioluminescent imaging. In conclusion, a cell line derived from a previously described in vivo model of childhood astrocytoma was developed that closely recapitulated our original findings in the xenograft model following treatment with the MEK1 inhibitor AZD6244. Furthermore, an orthotopic model of these cells was developed, which will allow us to characterize response to established and novel therapeutic agents. Supported by PHS award CA169368. Citation Format: Adam W. Studebaker, Hemant K. Bid, Doris A. Phelps, Peter J. Houghton. Development and characterization of a MEK1 inhibitor (AZD6244) sensitive childhood astrocytoma cell line. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 2775. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-2775
The Differing Values of Multigeneration and First‐Generation Farmers: Their Influence on the Structure of Agriculture at the Rural‐Urban Interface

Recognizing the inherent pressures on farm families and farmland, USDA has been developing policies and programs that simultaneously attempt to retain existing farm families on the landscape, recruit new farmers, and create lasting economic opportunities rooted in agriculture. In this article we argue that to date there has been an overemphasis on economic and structural approaches and a systematic discounting of the way individual farmer and farm household motivations can differ as they relate to the farm household life cycle, enterprise growth, adaptation, and reproduction. We use a sociological lens to qualitatively and quantitatively examine the social differences between multigeneration and first-generation farmers at the rural-urban interface by exploring how economic and noneconomic values influence succession plans and enterprise structure. We find that the answers to these questions are complex, layered, and not static, as farm households cycle through the life course. We describe how the differences between young and old multigeneration and first-generation farmers can influence the structure of agriculture at the rural-urban interface, and conclude with some practical policy recommendations.
Mechanisms of stable serum resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae that resist complement-dependent killing by normal human serum (NHS) are sometimes killed by immune convalescent sera from patients recovering from disseminated gonococcal infection (DGI). In these studies, killing by immune serum was prevented or blocked by immunoglobulin G (IgG) or F(ab′)2 isolated from NHS. Purified human IgG antibodies directed against gonococcal protein III, contained most of the blocking activity in IgG. In addition, immune convalescent DGI serum, which did not exhibit bactericidal activity, was restored to killing by selective immunodepletion of protein III antibodies. Blocking IgG or F(ab′)2 prepared from IgG, partially inhibited binding of bactericidal antibody to N. gonorrhoeae. Also, binding of a monoclonal antibody recognizing N. gonorrhoeae outer membrane protein PHI was almost completely inhibited by blocking F(ab′)2.
Cooling and localization dynamics in optical lattices

Using Bragg scattering as a sensitive probe, we study how atoms are cooled and localized after the sudden turn-on of 1D and 3D optical lattices. We measure the time evolution of the mean-square position spread of the atoms in the lattice potential wells, a quantity proportional to their effective temperature. The rate of exponential approach to equilibrium is proportional to the photon scattering rate and about 6 times faster in 1D than in 3D. This simple proportionality was unexpected, based on the usual model of Sisyphus cooling, but is in agreement with our 1D Monte Carlo simulations.
Tubulin assembly induced by cobalt and zinc.

Summary Both Co(II) and Zn(II) stimulate the assembly of bovine brain 6S tubulin in the absence of organic solvents, under conditions where Mg(II) is ineffective. The products of the assembly reaction depend on the cation/tubulin ratio. At lower ratios microtubules are formed, but as the cation concentration is increased, broad sheets of protofilaments are the predominate products. The assembly reaction in Co(II) is inhibited by high ionic strength, GDP, colchicine, and Ca(II). Unlike other inhibitors, which will cause depolymerization of Co(II)-induced microtubules, Ca(II) added to Co(II)-induced microtubules causes the formation of broad sheets of protofilaments.
Communication confidence and listening competence: An investigation of the relationships of willingness to communicate, communication apprehension, and receiver apprehension to comprehension of content and emotional meaning in spoken messages

For many years teachers have assumed that confidence is an aid to effective communication. This study investigated whether or not self‐confidence, expressed both as willingness to communicate and a lack of anxiety, is really a valid indicator of overall competence in listening. Listening is a complex activity and consists of the comprehension of content, as well as understanding the emotional or paralanguage aspects of spoken messages. One hundred and one students responded to Willingness to Communicate, Communication Apprehension, and Receiver Apprehension scales and were evaluated on comprehension and paralanguage parts of both the Kentucky Comprehensive Listening Test and the Watson‐Barker Listening Test. In general, and considering specific gender differences, results showed that there is a positive relationship between communication confidence and listening comprehension, but that a student's ability to decipher emotional content in messages tends to be inversely related to his/her expressed confidence.