cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Papillitis with retinal venous congestion and intraocular inflammation.

Abstract Purpose To describe a case of pronounced papillitis with diminished venous outflow and vitreous inflammation in a 50-year-old man who was later found to have clinical and serological manifestations of dermatomyositis. Observations A 50-year-old man presented with papillitis associated with venous congestion and intraocular inflammation. He was normotensive, not on medications, and without known heritable hypercoagulable or inflammatory disease. Review of systems revealed axial and proximal muscle pain involving the lower back, hip, and thigh, and he developed a transient rash of the scalp. His evaluation including infectious, hypercoagulable, and inflammatory etiologies was negative except for a significantly elevated Mi-2 antibody titer. Treatment with intravenous and oral steroids improved the papillitis, visual acuity and visual field deficit. Conclusions Significant papillitis and retinal venous stasis with intraocular inflammation may be associated with dermatomyositis. Importance Rapidly progressive optic disc edema with associated inflammation and venous stasis requires a broad work up for infectious, hypercoagulable, and autoimmune etiologies for targeted therapy and visual preservation. To the best of our knowledge, this may be the first reported clinical presentation of dermatomyositis manifesting initially with papillitis and retinal venous congestion, based upon elevated Mi-2 antibodies and additional clinical features.
A Brief History of Money

This chapter presents a brief history of the various forms of money that humans have used over thousands of years. These range from precious metals and stones, to stone disks, to clay tablets, to food grain, to animal skins, to paper, and to the latest and newest, i.e., cryptocurrency, and everything in between. I go over the role that banks play in creating money, and why it is important. This chapter also presents a brief history of the use of paper currency in the United States. While reading this chapter, keep reminding yourself that the moment we divorce money from the underlying economy, confusions arise and even simple concepts can become overwhelming.
Ultrafast electro-optic light with subcycle control

Light sources that are ultrafast and ultrastable enable applications like timing with subfemtosecond precision and control of quantum and classical systems. Mode-locked lasers have often given access to this regime, by using their high pulse energies. We demonstrate an adaptable method for ultrastable control of low-energy femtosecond pulses based on common electro-optic modulation of a continuous-wave laser light source. We show that we can obtain 100-picojoule pulse trains at rates up to 30 gigahertz and demonstrate sub–optical cycle timing precision and useful output spectra spanning the near infrared. Our source enters the few-cycle ultrafast regime without mode locking, and its high speed provides access to nonlinear measurements and rapid transients.
If it ducks like a quack: balancing physician freedom of expression and the public interest

Physicians expressing opinions on medical matters that run contrary to the consensus of experts pose a challenge to licensing bodies and regulatory authorities. While the right to express contrarian views feeds a robust marketplace of ideas that is essential for scientific progress, physicians advocating ineffective or dangerous cures, or actively opposing public health measures, pose a grave threat to societal welfare. Increasingly, a distinction has been made between professional speech that occurs during the physician-patient encounter and public speech that transpires beyond the clinical setting, with physicians being afforded wide latitude to voice empirically false claims outside the context of patient care. This paper argues that such a bifurcated model does not sufficiently address the challenges of an age when mass communications and social media allow dissenting physicians to offer misleading medical advice to the general public on a mass scale. Instead, a three-tiered model that distinguishes between citizen speech, physician speech and clinical speech would best serve authorities when regulating physician expression.
Straight and Narrow: Girls, Sexualities, and the Youth Justice System

Throughout transformations in U.S. juvenile justice, the control over girls’ bodies, sexual behavior, and identities has remained a constant focal point among decision-makers, with girls infrequently charged with serious law violations and commonly judged in terms of their moral welfare and virtue. This chapter shows the complexities of constructing, controlling, and responding to sexualities in court and correctional settings, as it illustrates girls’ interpretations and reactions to such attempts. Using in-depth interview data with 18 young women in conflict with the law, it examines girls’ experiences with the contemporary youth court and correctional system, and the policies and procedures used to enforce heteronormativity and restrain sexual agency and reproductive choices, both physically and cognitively. This chapter concludes with ideas for reform and change.
A putative role for lncRNAs in epigenetic regulation of memory.

Abstract The central dogma of molecular genetics is defined as encoded genetic information within DNA, transcribed into messenger RNA, which contain the instructions for protein synthesis, thus imparting cellular functionality and ultimately life. This molecular genetic theory has given birth to the field of neuroepigenetics, and it is now well established that epigenetic regulation of gene transcription is critical to the learning and memory process. In this review, we address a potential role for a relatively new player in the field of epigenetic crosstalk – long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). First, we briefly summarize epigenetic mechanisms in memory formation and examine what little is known about the emerging role of lncRNAs during this process. We then focus discussions on how lncRNAs interact with epigenetic mechanisms to control transcriptional programs under various conditions in the brain, and how this may be applied to regulation of gene expression necessary for memory formation. Next, we explore how epigenetic crosstalk in turn serves to regulate expression of various individual lncRNAs themselves. To highlight the importance of further exploring the role of lncRNA in epigenetic regulation of gene expression, we consider the significant relationship between lncRNA dysregulation and declining memory reserve with aging, Alzheimer's disease, and epilepsy, as well as the promise of novel therapeutic interventions. Finally, we conclude with a discussion of the critical questions that remain to be answered regarding a role for lncRNA in memory.
The social and economic integration of Portuguese immigrants in Brazil at the end of the nineteenth century and in the twentieth century

This survey of the Portuguese migration to Brazil analyses the Portuguese and Brazilian statistics to determine the volume, timing and quality of Portuguese immigrants to Brazil as well as the importance of Brazil in the overall Portuguese emigration. The patterns of geographic and econornic mobility for the Brazilian resident Portuguese is exarnined, especially for the period since 1900. The Portuguese carne to Brazil from the earliest times and were important imrnigrants until the second half to the 20th century. They eventually were the single most numerous of the foreign born rnigrants. The Portuguese were also the most urban oriented and least subsidized of the immigrants. As a result they tended to have a higher proportion of single male rnigrants than any other major European or Asian migrant group. They did reasonably well in terms of rural land ownership, but seerned to do better in urban commercial and industrial activities. Their early urban concentration may explain their high rates of participation in urban crimes in the early part of the century. Though their rapid integration into the Brazilian economy may explain their very low rates of return migration - the lowest of the major European imrnigrants - they were also the most endogamous of the European migrants, having relatively low rates of intermarriage with native Brazilians and other immigrants.
Surgeon-Specific Instruments

Here are instruments that are personalized depending on the surgeon’s unique surgical technique. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all instrument options but rather an introduction to their functions with some examples provided.
Microgrids [distributed power generation]

Environmentally friendly renewable energy technologies such as photovoltaics and clean, efficient, fossil-fuels technologies such as micro-turbines and fuel cells are among new generating systems driving the demand for distributed generation of electricity. If combined heat and power at residential industrial plants or commercial buildings can be achieved the efficiencies can be higher than conventional central generation plants. The smallness of these new distributed generation along with the low voltages at the interface create a new class of problems which requires innovative approaches to managing and operating the distributed resources. One such concept is the microgrid.
Some thoughts about social perception and employment discrimination law: a modest proposal for reopening the judicial dialogue.

Part I examines how and why people engage in stereotyping and prejudiced thinking. It also summarizes the available data on the continued existence of racial discrimination in employment. Part II explains why the due process clause, the right to trial by jury, and elemental notions of fairness obligate judges and juries to listen to known facts about racism and discrimination and how this can be accomplished through jury instructions, judicial notice and expert testimony. Part III demonstrates that neither the language of the most controversial Supreme Court opinions nor the theories of the icons of contemporary conservative thought foreclose our modest proposal.
Assessing Physical Health

The assessment of physical health in adults with intellectual disability is an important and complex process. Identifying and targeting health problems early is key in reducing unnecessary morbidity and mortality in this vulnerable and heterogeneous patient group. While assessments will often rely heavily upon collateral information from surrogates, it is essential to always first try eliciting concerns and complaints from the adults and to never assume that they are unable or unwilling to provide information and comply with treatment plans. Though physical examinations will often require a degree of clinician flexibility, they should be thorough and complete to the best of the examiner’s ability. Though particular attention should be paid to reviewing symptoms of medical conditions which may disproportionately affect this population, the same standard of care for medical work-up and diagnostic testing for age-matched peers in the general population should be applied to adults with intellectual disability as well. Finally, as such adults live longer and may be affected by increased rates of chronic disease and possibly dementia, the need for advanced care planning become increasingly important. Plans and guidance should be reviewed with adult with intellectual disability and caregivers early in order to tailor care to desired goals and preferences and ensure a safe and stable long-term living arrangement.
Effects of brefeldin A on the processing of viral envelope glycoproteins in murine erythroleukemia cells.

This paper documents the effects of brefeldin A (BFA) on the processing and transport of viral envelope glycoproteins in a retrovirus-transformed murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cell line. BFA is a fungal metabolite that disrupts intracellular membrane traffic at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi complex junction. In MEL cells, BFA inhibited the processing of the newly synthesized precursor, gPr90env, of the murine leukemia virus envelope protein, gp70, and curtailed the budding of virions into the culture medium by blocking the transport of this protein out of the ER. The block resulted in the intracellular accumulation of gPr90env and two putative products of its processing (78 and 66 kDa). The results of endoglycosidase (endo) H and D digestion of the viral glycoproteins in the presence and absence of BFA indicated that (i) there was no glycoprotein processing during the first approximately 2 h of the BFA block; (ii) active Golgi enzymes relocated to the ER in approximately 2 h during BFA treatment, resulting in the production of partially endo H-resistant forms of the spleen focus-forming virus glycoprotein, gp55 (in controls, this glycoprotein was generally retained in the ER as an endo H-sensitive entity); and (iii) proteolytic processing of gPr90env to gp70 occurred prior to the acquisition of endo H resistance and at approximately the same time as endo D sensitivity (i.e. in a cis Golgi compartment). In control cells, the spleen focus-forming virus glycoprotein, gp55, underwent turnover with a half-life of approximately 5 h. In contrast, its turnover was considerably slower during BFA treatment (t 1/2 = approximately 20 h), suggesting that transport of gp55 out of the ER was required for its degradation or that BFA afforded it protection from proteolysis within the ER.
Interpolation and gradient estimation of images using the discrete cosine transform

A signal can be represented completely by the weighted sum of any complete orthonormal set of basis functions. The discrete cosine transform (DCT) has long been used in image processing because, short of the Karhunen-Loeve transform, it typically provides the highest amount of compression of the image transforms commonly used. In addition to its use in compression, the DCT may also be used as a set of basis functions. We demonstrate how the DCT basis functions may be used to interpolate an image and provide a gradient estimate at interpolated points.
The golden era of ocular disease gene discovery: Race to the finish

Within the last decade, technological advances have led to amazing genetic insights into Mendelian and multifactorial ocular diseases. We provide a perspective of the progress in gene discovery and discuss the implications. We believe that the time has come to redefine the goals and begin utilizing the genetic knowledge for clinical management and treatment design. The unbelievable opportunities now exist for those nimble enough to seize them.
Percutaneous Nephrostomy under Guidance of Ultrasonography and Fluoroscopy Using a Pigtail Catheter

SUMMARY— Percutaneous nephrostomy using a pigtail catheter was performed in 37 patients under the guidance of ultrasonography and fluoroscopy. The only failure in 60 attempts was due to a subcapsular haematoma. The catheter appears to be well tolerated and is large enough for good drainage. Ultrasonography has proved to be a valuable part of this technique and has made antegrade pyelography easy.
Cuticular ridge patterns of Nematodirella (Nematoda: Trichostrongyloidea) of North American ruminants, with a key to species

Trichostrongyloid nematodes are usually identifed by characteristics of the males. In an effort to find additional diagnostic characteristics of both sexes of Nematodirella of North American ruminants, cuticular ridges were studied. Four distinct cuticular morphotypes were found among specimens from North American ruminants. The four cuticular morphotypes represent three species previously reported in North America and a fourth Asian species not previously reported in North America. One species has numerous ridges that are discontinuous in a regular pattern: N. antilocaprae, parasitic in the pronghorn antelope, Antilocaprae americana, is believed to be confined to North America. Two species have numerous continuous ridges and are parasites of Holarctic cervids, namely, N. longissimespiculata with 44–52 cervical ridges, parasitic in the reindeer, Rangifer tarandus, and N. alcidis with 28–34 cervical ridges, parasitic in the moose, Alces alces. The fourth species, N. gazelli, has 14 cervical ridges, and is parasitic in Holarctic bovids including Ovis aries. A fifth species, not known to occur in North America, was also studied — N. dromedarii with 22 cervical ridges is parasitic in the camel, Camelus dromedarius. The cuticular characteristics are correlated with other characteristics in a key to species and the evolution of the species of Nematodirella is discussed. Numerous redeterminations are made of specimens from earlier reports. ac]19821013
Prior exposure to superantigen can inhibit or exacerbate autoimmune encephalomyelitis: T-cell repertoire engaged by the autoantigen determines clinical outcome

Abstract Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) is inducible in experimental animals immunized with myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein (PLP) or their peptides. We compared T-cell responses to encephalitogenic epitopes of PLP(43–64) and MBP(Ac1–11) in a single mouse strain, (PL/J × SJL)F1. MBP(1–11)-specific T-cell hybridomas expressed predominantly TCR Vβ8 or Vβ4, while PLP(43–64)-specific hybridomas expressed a diverse TCR repertoire. To analyze the biologic significance of the TCR repertoire (limited vs. diverse) to disease susceptibility, we pretreated mice with a superantigen (SEB), and then induced disease with these autoantigens. Mice injected with SEB and immunized with MBP(Ac1–11) showed significant inhibition of EAE, whereas SEB-pretreated mice immunized with PLP(43–64) had an increased severity of EAE and developed a chronic disease. These data demonstrate that prior exposure to microbial superantigens can significantly alter the autoimmune disease course depending upon the TCR repertoire used by the autoantigen.
Interactions of proteins with uniform colloidal hematite and chromium hydroxide particles. II. Stability and mobility

Stability of hematite and chromium hydroxide particles covered by ovalbumin, γ-globulin, and lysozyme, respectively, and mobilities of the same coated particles in aqueous media were investigated as a function of the pH, ionic strenght [NaNO3, Mg(NO3)2], and the amount of added proteins. It was found that ovalbumin causes electrosteric stabilization of dispersions at pH values other than 5, while flocculation occurred at pH 5 (which was the i.e.p. of the coated particles). Mobility curves of ovalbumin covered particles resembled those of the pure protein. Dispersions with γ-globulin flocculated at and around the i.e.p. of the macromolecule (pH≈7). The mobility curves of γ-gobulin-coated sols were intermediate between those of the protein and of the cores, and were dependent upon the amount of adsorbed γ-globulin. Heterocoagulation was observed for both hematite and chromium hydroxide dispersions with lysozyme. Mobilities of lysozyme covered particles were between those of the cores and of the protein, but were not dependent upon the quantity of adsorbed polymer.
Age-associated loss of Sirt1-mediated enhancement of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in beta cell-specific Sirt1-overexpressing (BESTO) mice.

Summary The Sir2 (silent information regulator 2) family of NAD-dependent deacetylases regulates aging and longevity across a wide variety of organisms, including yeast, worms, and flies. In mammals, the Sir2 ortholog Sirt1 promotes fat mobilization, fatty acid oxidation, glucose production, and insulin secretion in response to nutrient availability. We previously reported that an increased dosage of Sirt1 in pancreatic β cells enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and improves glucose tolerance in beta cell-specific Sirt1-overexpressing (BESTO) transgenic mice at 3 and 8 months of age. Here, we report that as this same cohort of BESTO mice reaches 18–24 months of age, the GSIS regulated by Sirt1 through repression of Ucp2 is blunted. Increased body weight and hyperlipidemia alone, which are observed in aged males and also induced by a Western-style high-fat diet, are not enough to abolish the positive effects of Sirt1 on β cell function. Interestingly, plasma levels of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), an important metabolite for the maintenance of normal NAD biosynthesis and GSIS in β cells, are significantly reduced in aged BESTO mice. Furthermore, NMN administration restores enhanced GSIS and improved glucose tolerance in the aged BESTO females, suggesting that Sirt1 activity decreases with advanced age due to a decline in systemic NAD biosynthesis. These findings provide insight into the age-dependent regulation of Sirt1 activity and suggest that enhancement of systemic NAD biosynthesis and Sirt1 activity in tissues such as β cells may be an effective therapeutic intervention for age-associated metabolic disorders such as type 2 diabetes.
Antisense miR-7 impairs insulin expression in developing pancreas and in cultured pancreatic buds.

MicroRNAs regulate gene expression by inhibiting translation or inducing target mRNA degradation. MicroRNAs regulate organ differentiation and embryonic development, including pancreatic specificat...
New arrivals to New York City: vulnerability to HIV among urban migrant young gay men.

This qualitative study explored the social experiences and HIV-related sexual practices of 30 young gay and bisexual men who moved to New York City in the past 3 years from other countries or elsewhere in the United States. For many migrants, a key basis of vulnerability to HIV was their engagement with New York City’s unfamiliar sexual culture. Many recent arrivals migrated from places with small gay communities and low HIV prevalence, and some came with a practice of limited condom use. Participants described encountering an abundance of sexual opportunity in New York City, accessible to even the newest arrivals through internet sex sites. Some migrants expressed surprise that few men they met were interested in dating or establishing trust before having sex. Although frequent HIV testing was common, HIV status, testing history, and condom use were seldom discussed with sex partners for some men even with new partners or before sex without condoms. International and in-country migrants who are beginning to navigate New York City’s gay sexual culture may be more vulnerable to HIV infection than established residents if they are inexperienced in encountering vast sexual opportunity, are less practiced in local norms of sexual communication, or if their lack of economic resources or social connections encourages them to have sex for money or shelter. This article suggests HIV prevention interventions for urban migrants and other men who have sex with men.
Ion properties from high-L Rydberg fine structure: dipole polarizability of Si2+

Fine structure intervals connecting n = 19 Rydberg levels of Si+ with L between 9 and 16 were measured precisely using the RESIS/microwave technique. The fine structure pattern conforms closely with that predicted by an effective potential model, and indicates a value of 11.666(4)a30 for the adiabatic dipole polarizability of the Mg-like ion, Si2+.
Fiber optic laser angioplasty probe with optical steerability

We have designed and bench tested an optically steerable fiberoptic probe for use in laser angioplasty. The unique feature of this design is the use of a gradient-index (GRIN) lens attached to the distal end of a seven-fiber bundle. By selecting which fiber of the bundle is illuminated by the source, the radiation pattern from the probe's tip may be steer&l either straight ahead or off-axis in one of six angularly biased directions. The probe may also be used to collect scattered light (for example, fluorescence) for the purpose of detecting the spatial distribution of the plaque on the vessel's walls.© (1990) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Lead isotope tracking of atmospheric response to post- industrial conditions in Yerevan, Armenia

Temporal gradients in environmental lead concentrations and isotopic compositions trace the rapidly shifting transition from high to low industrial emissions in Yerevan, Armenia following the dissolution of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s. Shortly after the breakup, in 1995 and 1996, atmospheric lead concentrations averaged B0.4mgm ! 3 and the combustion of leaded gasoline was the primary source of industrial lead emissions in Yerevan. But by 1998, unleaded gasoline was predominant and atmospheric lead concentrations had decreased by two orders of magnitude to p0.003mgm ! 3 because industrial lead emissions from stationary sources had also been radically curtailed. The increased proportion of unleaded gasoline use is clearly seen in comparisons of the isotopic compositions of lead in air and gasoline. In 1998 and 1999, the isotopic composition of atmospheric lead (1.1605p 206 Pb/ 207 Pbp1.1641) was comparable to that in soil (1.1357p 206 Pb/ 207 Pbp1.1649); and it was markedly different from the average isotopic value of gasoline ( 206 Pb/ 207 Pb=1.1407 in 1998 and 1.1555 in 1999). Binary mixing calculations suggest that 75% of the atmospheric lead in 1998 was derived from re-suspended soil that retains lead from past emissions and 25% was derived from a mixture of present industrial emissions and uncontaminated soil. Anthropogenic lead persists in urban air, albeit at relatively low levels, despite leaded gasoline phase out and stationary emissions curtailment. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
In situ scanning electron microscope electrical characterization of GaN nanowire nanodiodes using tungsten and tungsten/gallium nanoprobes

Abstract A lithography-free technique for measuring the electrical properties of n-type GaN nanowires has been investigated using nanoprobes mounted in a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Schottky contacts were made to the nanowires using tungsten nanoprobes, while gallium droplets placed in situ at the end of tungsten nanoprobes were found to be capable of providing Ohmic contacts to GaN nanowires. Schottky nanodiodes were fabricated based on single n-type nanowires, and measured current–voltage ( I – V ) results suggest that the Schottky nanodiodes deviate from ideal diodes mainly due to their nanoscopic contact area. Additionally, the effect of the SEM electron beam on the I – V characteristics was investigated and was found to impact the transport properties of the Schottky nanodiodes, possibly due to an increase in carrier density in the nanodiodes.
Measuring Habits of Mind: Toward a Prompt-less Instrument for Assessing Quantitative Literacy

In this study, we offer a new “prompt-less” instrument for measuring students’ habits of mind in the field of quantitative literacy. The instrument consists of a series of questions about a newspaper article the students read. The questions do not explicitly solicit quantitative information; students’ habit of mind is assessed by their use of quantitative reasoning even when it is not asked for. Students’ answers were graded according to a modified version of the Quantitative Literacy Assessment Rubric (QLAR) published in this journal (vol. 4, issue 2). We applied the instrument and rubric to assess preand post-intervention habits of mind in opportunistic samples of two cohorts of students: the general (non-STEM) student body and (non-STEM) honors students at Central Washington University. The intervention was a QL course designed around a collection of newspaper articles to provide authentic context. The preand post-course assessment showed no statistically significant improvement in either group. We close with a discussion of practical aspects of using the rubric based on our experience of using it in this QL class.
Modular implementations of linearly constrained beamformers

This paper describes a cascade decomposition of the generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) implementation for linearly constrained minimum variance beamformers. The GSC is initially separated into an adaptive interference cancellation module followed by a non-adaptive beamformer. We prove that the adaptive interference cancellation module can be decomposed into a cascade of first (or higher) order adaptive interference cancellation modules, where the order corresponds to the number of adaptive degrees of freedom represented in the module. This distributes the computational burden associated with determining the adaptive weights over several lower order problems and facilitates simultaneous implementation of beamformers with differing numbers of adaptive degrees of freedom.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Shot Effect in Space Charge Limited Currents

The shot effect in space charge limited currents from tungsten and thoriated tungsten has been investigated. The effective fluctuation level is recognized, in general, as the combination of a depression due to pure space charge, and an elevation due to the liberation of electrons by positive ions. The magnitude of the elevation may be such as to carry the fluctuation level far above that for the same current under temperature limitation, or it may simply alter the form of the depression curve. The abnormal fluctuations observed have been analyzed, and their cause traced to inherent mixed emission from the metal surface. The effect of age and heat treatment has been studied for specimens of tungsten. A double grid tube has been used for obtaining a space stream consisting solely of electrons, and the conditions determined under which this stream is governed by the laws of pure chance applying in the simple shot effect theory. With this arrangement space charge measurements of fluctuations can be made over a considerable range with the same degree of precision attainable with temperature limited currents. Considerations involving statistical correlation between instantaneous values of the anode current provide a possible theoretical basis for the space charge depression of shot effect. This treatment yields an expression for the ratio of the mean square value of the fluctuation voltage under given space charge conditions to that under strict temperature limitation of the current: $\frac{{{\overline{V}}_{s}}^{2}}{{{\overline{V}}_{t}}^{2}}=f(\frac{{i}_{0}}{i}){e}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\omega}}^{2}}{2{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}}}$ ${\mathrm{i}}_{0}$ is the space current, $i$, the saturation current, or total emission associated with a particular emitter temperature, and their ratio characterizes the space charge situation. It has been shown that in the absence of abnormal effects, the depression of the mean square fluctuation voltage which results is independent of the frequency, $\frac{\ensuremath{\omega}}{2\ensuremath{\pi}}$, at which it is measured. This conclusion provides information regarding the spread of the correlation function defined in the theoretical section. A relation showing the fluctuation depression proportional to the square of the current depression under space charge is indicated.
Lack of direct effect of light on synthesis or specific enzymatic activity of fraction I protein of tobacco leaves

Abstract Crystalline Fraction I protein isolated from completely etiolated shoots of Nicotiana tabacum had enzymatic and physicochemical properties identical to protein isolated from normal green tobacco leaves. Radioactive amino acids became incorporated into crystalline Fraction I protein of normal green leaves during darkness at about one-half the rate where the leaves were illuminated. Evidently, light has no direct effect on either synthesis of Fraction I protein or activation of its enzymatic activity.
Disturbing the data: looking into gender and family size matters with US Evangelical homeschoolers

This qualitative study draws on the theory of feminist physicist Karen Barad to examine how gender matters in Evangelical homeschooling families of various sizes, with an emphasis on large families. The two-phase data collection includes interviews with 18 participants and observations of several participants over one year. We use a Baradian analytic process called diffractive analysis to read the messy borders between the discursive and material for mothers, fathers, daughters, sons, and elements of homeschooling environments. We find that materiality intra-acted with gender in complex and sometimes surprising ways but that gendered possibilities in homeschooling are steeped in the terrains of politics, history, culture, economics, and environment. In addition, we see possibilities for using this method of analysis as a way to more carefully and complexly read data in the micro.
A study of the thermodynamics and influence of temperature on chiral high-performance liquid chromatographic separations using cellulose tris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) coated zirconia stationary phases

In chiral HPLC, the separation is based on the differential interaction of a pair of enantiomeric molecules with a chiral selector. Temperature will affect such interactions. Most studies indicate that a decrease in temperature increases chromatographic selectivity. This is consistent with an enthalpy-controlled separation, but a more complete characterization of the physicochemical interactions is required to understand the driving forces for chiral recognition. In this work, we studied the separation of a number of enantiomers on cellulosetris(3,5-dimethylphenylcarbamate) supported on porous zirconia, over the temperature range of 0 to 55°C usingn-hexane/2-propanol mixtures as the eluent. The differences in the enthalpy (Δ(ΔH°)) and entropy (Δ(ΔS°)) of transfer of the enantiomers from the mobile to the chiral stationary phase were estimated from van’t Hoff plots. These relationships allow the study of the origin of the differences in interaction energies. The most interesting finding is that while most solutes show a negative Δ(ΔH°) difference, the two most easily resolved enantiomeric pairs were separated by an entropy dominated process. Studies of the relationship between the thermodynamics of transfer of these two entropically controlled separations and the eluent composition showed a substantial change in the interaction energies of these two solutes with the chiral polymer when the alcohol was reduced to 2% (ν/gn). Finally, we show that there is virtually no correlation between Δ(ΔG°) and overall retention, between Δ(ΔH°) and ΔH°, and little or no enthalpy-entropy compensation. These findings indicate the extreme difficulty in predicting or even correlating chiral selectivity with overall intermolecular interactions.
In vitro and in vivo T cell oligoclonality following chronic stimulation with staphylococcal superantigens.

Abstract Microbial superantigens (SAg), including SEB and TSST-1, polyclonally activate T cells belonging to specific TCR BV families. A pathogenic role for SAg in various human diseases has been suggested, but enthusiasm for this view has been tempered by the T cell oligoclonality in these disorders. To assess whether T cell oligoclonality can emerge following protracted SAg stimulation, human PBMC were stimulated with SEB, TSST-1, or anti-CD3 mAb and maintained in culture with exogenous IL-2. Oligoclonality was appreciated by day 14 among CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. In addition, mice transgenic for human DR2 and DQ8 were injected weekly with SEB, and splenic CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were analyzed for oligoclonality. In mice that received one or three such injections, little-to-no oligoclonality was detected. In contrast, considerable oligoclonality was detected in mice that received eight weekly SEB injections. Many of these T cell oligoclones were identical to “spontaneously” arising oligoclones detected in SEB-naive mice. Thus, T cell oligoclonality can emerge following chronic SAg stimulation. In hosts who have lost tolerance to self Ag, chronic exposure to SAg may preferentially promote expansion of autoreactive T cells and facilitate development of clinical disease.
PALLADIUM/TITANIUM DIOXIDE NANOFIBERS FOR GLYCEROL ELECTROOXIDATION IN ALKALINE MEDIUM

Abstract Highly conductive palladium/titanium dioxide (Pd/TiO 2 ) nanofibers have been successfully fabricated by electroless-plating Pd on the electrospun TiO 2 nanofibers. The application of Pd/TiO 2 nanofibers for electrooxidation of glycerol was demonstrated. The results showed that Pd/TiO 2 nanofibers can greatly promote glycerol electrooxidation in alkaline medium, and both glycerol and KOH concentrations had an effect on the peak current density and the peak potential. The mechanism of desorption of poisoning intermediate was discussed by changing the upper potential limit. The application of the Pd/TiO 2 nanofibers for electrooxidation of methanol, ethylene glycol, and 1,2-propanediol was also demonstrated.
27. Inhibition of miR-98 ameliorates stress-impaired wound healing

Stress impairs wound healing and bacterial clearance. The growth hormone receptor (GHR) is key in GH signaling, bacterial removal, inflammation and tissue growth. GHR is a target of miR-98. Hypothesis: stress dyregulates miR-98, GHR, and GH downstream genes, thus, impairing bacterial clearance and wound closure. Inhibition of miR-98 via LNA-98 ameliorates the GH pathway, and improves healing. SKH-1 mice were food-and-water deprived (controls) or restrained 12 h/day for 3 days prior and 5 days post-wounding. Two 3.5 mm wounds were created on their backs. Wounds were non-treated or treated with 1 μM miR-98 inhibitor, LNA-98, or LNA-scramble prior to and the day of surgery. Wound picture were taken daily for photoplanimetry. Unwounded tissue and 1 day (D1) wounds were processed (n = 25) to measure miR-98, mRNA of GHR and genes induced by GH pathway (SCD1, MYC, Bcl-2, SOCS2). Stress increased miR-98 at D1 by 30-fold (p < 0.05) and 2-fold lower GHR (p < 0.05). LNA-98 treatment decreased miR-98 levels by 2-fold (p < 0.05) at D0 and D1, ameliorated wound closure in stressed group (p < 0.05) and decreased the bacterial load by 8-fold (p < 0.05). SCD1, Myc, Bcl-2 and SOCS2 were restored to control levels in LNA-98 stressed group. Stress increased miR-98, inhibited the GH pathway including GHR expression. Inhibition of miR-98 ameliorated stress-impaired healing, and the dysregulated GH pathway. MiR-98 inhibition is a potential therapeutic for surgical patients at risk.
A review of: Losing our religion: The liberal media's attack on Christianity, by S. E. Cupp, and Christians are hate-filled hypocrites … and other lies you've been told, by B. R. E. Wright

Cupp, S. E. (2010). New York, NY: Threshold Editions, 269 pp. $24.00 (hardcover). Wright, B. R. E. (2010). Minneapolis, MN: Bethany House, 253 pp. $14.99 (paperback). Christianity's concern over it...
Defensive Medicine and Tort Reform: New Evidence in an Old Bottle

Quantitative analysis of medical liability?s influence on medical practice is a small but growing field, noted this literature review and commentary. The three papers on defensive medicine in this journal issue illustrated three possible analytic approaches: case study of technological diffusion, survey of physician responses to detailed clinical scenarios, and multivariate analysis of relation of physicians' scenario responses to objective liability experience. The papers also offered a good picture of the state of the art: Many difficulties hamper research in this area, and these papers like others offer considerable illumination but leave much uncovered. Defensive medicine surely exists, but its impacts on health care spending and access are unclear. The most important lessons for public policy are that tort reform may be necessary but not sufficient to reduce the problems associated with defensive medicine and that the major malpractice problem continues to be malpractice. (Journal of Health Politics, Policy and Law 1996 Summer; 22(5); 1133-1189).
Microscopic Model for Elastostatic and Elastodynamic Excitation of Chiral Sculptured Thin Films

The Mori–Tanaka average stress and the Eshelby tensor for ellipsoids are used within the framework of localized homogenization to estimate the elastic constitutive properties of chiral sculptured thin films (STFs) from their micro-structural details. The devised model contains five arbitrary parameters, whose values can be decided upon by suitable experimentation. Composite compliances governing the elastostatic and the elastodynamic responses of chiral STFs to axial excitation are derived and their dependences on certain microstructural features are examined. The characteristics of the polarization-discriminatory Bragg phenomenon are also delineated.
cGMP modulates transport across the ciliary epithelium

cGMP reduced the short-circuit current (ISC) when applied to the aqueous surface of isolated rabbit and cat ciliary epithelia. cGMP either stimulated (in the rabbit) or had no effect (in the cat) on ISC when applied to the stromal surface. Addition of the cGMP-mediated hormone atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) to the stromal (but not the aqueous) surface, or the nitrovasodilator sodium nitroprusside to the stromal surface, inhibited ISC across rabbit ciliary epithelium.
The resolution of photoelectron microscopes with UV, X-ray, and synchrotron excitation sources

The resolution of emission electron microscopes is calculated by determining the intensity distribution in the image. The object is a small disc of uniform brightness centered on the axis. A finite object, as distinct form a point source, provides a non-zero current in the image without the requirement of infinite object brightness and the consequent infinities in the geometrical intensity distribution. The minimum object size, which in turn affects the resolution of the microscope, depends on the minimum current or contrast required in the image. In photoelectron microscopes with UV illumination just above the threshold for emission the predominant aberrations are the chromatic and spherical aberrations of the accelerating field and the spherical aberration of the objective lens. For higher energies, e.g. in the soft X-ray range, the chromatic aberration of the objective lens must also be taken into account, as the aberration coefficients of the accelerating field are greatly reduced. The intensity distributions in the image are calculated first for single energies. The intensity distribution for a beam with a range of energies is obtained by adding a series of single-energy distribution curves weighted according to the energy distribution function. In the presence of spherical aberration the position of the image formed by the electrons depends on the angle of emission. In image planes between the paraxial and marginal planes the combination of spherical aberration and defocus causes the the image spot to have a retrograde type of behavior as the angle of emission increases. The image spot initially moves away from the axis in the azimuth of emission and then returns to the axis and moves away in the opposite azimuth. As a result the intensity in the central portion of the image plane is enhanced. The single-energy intensity distribution curves calculated as a function of depth in the image reveal the existence of a compact, high-intensity image peak in an image plane located between the paraxial and marginal planes. This peak occurs in the plane in which the image spot has a maximum retrograde displacement equal to its radius. The present analysis shows that the resolution in the high-intensity plane is better than in the plane of least confusion, and the effects of aberrations in these two planes are quite different.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The tyrosine phosphatase CD148 is excluded from the immunologic synapse and down-regulates prolonged T cell signaling

CD148 is a receptor-like protein tyrosine phosphatase up-regulated on T cells after T cell receptor (TCR) stimulation. To examine the physiologic role of CD148 in TCR signaling, we used an inducible CD148-expressing Jurkat T cell clone. Expression of CD148 inhibits NFAT (nuclear factor of activated T cells) activation induced by soluble anti-TCR antibody, but not by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) loaded with staphylococcal enterotoxin superantigen (SAg) or immobilized anti-TCR antibody. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that the extracellular domain of CD148 mediates its exclusion from the immunologic synapse, sequestering it from potential substrates. Targeting of the CD148 phosphatase domain to the immunologic synapse potently inhibited NFAT activation by all means of triggering through the TCR. These data lead us to propose a model where CD148 function is regulated in part by exclusion from substrates in the immunologic synapse. Upon T cell-APC disengagement, CD148 can then access and dephosphorylate substrates to down-regulate prolongation of signaling.
Craniofacial adaptation to protrusive function in young rhesus monkeys

I t is still not fully understood how clinical corrections are achieved by activators and other related orthodontic and orthopedic procedures, largely because the role of function in craniofacial growth and orthodontic treatment is not yet clear. Numerous experiments have been conducted using different methods and producing widely varying results. Clinical studies have offered one avenue of approach to this problem. Patients treated by one of the functional jaw orthopedic methods have been analyzed individually or compared to untreated controls. Many of these studies reported differences in the craniofacial growth pattern, particularly in the mandible.lm4 Both Brownel and Marschner and Harris,2 in two of the few clinical studies that consider total mandibular length rather than mandibular positioning, noted significantly higher mandibular growth rates in the treated groups. However, Bj6rk5 stated that any skeletal changes during this type of treatment may well be within the range of normal growth. Other investigators5-7 found that treatment had no apparent effect on mandibular growth but, rather, acted by reshaping the alveolar arches, by altering vertical dimension, and by affecting the eruption and alignment of teeth. Definitive comparisons among these findings are somewhat obscured by differences in measuring methods, experimental design, and treatment procedures. Experimental approaches have also been taken. The studies most relevant to the clinician have been those utilizing nonhuman primates. Since the original
Cerebrovascular accident after Greenfield filter placement for paradoxical embolism.

Abstract A 69-year-old man with paradoxical embolism suffered a cerebral embolism despite treatment with anticoagulants and placement of a Greenfield filter. The open architecture of the filter allows it to maintain caval patency better than other mechanical devices, but this design also permits passage of emboli up to 3 mm in diameter. Although such small emboli do not produce symptoms in the pulmonary circuit, they can be devastating in the cerebral circulation. For this reason, the Greenfield filter may be inadequate treatment for paradoxical embolism. Ligation of the inferior vena cava is proposed as an alternative that provides better protection against small emboli. (J Vasc Surg 1989;9:452–4.)