cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Origin of regional pressure gradients in the left ventricle during early diastole

Left ventricular (LV) pressure (P)-diameter, LVP-area, or LVP-volume relationships used to evaluate LV diastolic function assume uniform LV wall motion and constant LVP. Contrary to these assumptions, there are significant differences in ventricular dynamic geometry and in LV pressures measured simultaneously in different parts of the LV, particularly during early diastole. We instrumented six anesthetized open-chest dogs with three pairs of orthogonal ultrasonic crystals (anterior-posterior and septal-free wall minor axes, and base-apex major axis) and two micromanometers (in the apex and in the LV base). The mitral valve occluder was implanted during standard cardiopulmonary bypass in the mitral annulus. Data were recorded during 11 transient vena caval occlusions. The mitral valve was occluded for 1 beat every 6-8 beats during each vena caval occlusion to produce nonfilling diastole. With the decrease of the LV end-systolic volume (Ves) below the equilibrium volume Veq (volume of the completely relaxed LV at LVP = 0); the minimum negative LVP in nonfilling beats increases, the shape of the ventricle is more ellipsoidal in both filling and nonfilling beats, and the base-to-apex pressure gradient at the time of LVP minimum increases regardless of the presence or absence of filling. Thus heterogeneous myocardial stresses during isovolumic relaxation and early diastole result in ventricular shape changes, intraventricular redistribution of chamber volume, local accelerations of blood, and associated intraventricular LVP gradients. The role of elastic recoil assumes greater importance at Ves smaller than Veq, when the left ventricle becomes more ellipsoidal in shape during isovolumic relaxation, leading, in turn, to greater shape changes and greater LVP gradient.
Missing teeth and pediatric obstructive sleep apnea

Missing teeth in early childhood can result in abnormal facial morphology with narrow upper airway. The potential association between dental agenesis or early dental extractions and the presence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) was investigated. We reviewed clinical data, results of polysomnographic sleep studies, and orthodontic imaging studies of children with dental agenesis (n = 32) or early extraction of permanent teeth (n = 11) seen during the past 5 years and compared their findings to those of age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched children with normal teeth development but tonsilloadenoid (T&A) hypertrophy and symptoms of OSA (n = 64). The 31 children with dental agenesis and 11 children with early dental extractions had at least 2 permanent teeth missing. All children with missing teeth (n = 43) had clinical complaints and signs evoking OSA. There was a significant difference in mean apnea-hypopnea indices (AHI) in the three dental agenesis, dental extraction, and T&A studied groups (p < 0.001), with mean abnormal AHI lowest in the pediatric dental agenesis group. In the children with missing teeth (n = 43), aging was associated with the presence of a higher AHI (R 2 = 0.71, p < 0.0001). Alveolar bone growth is dependent on the presence of the teeth that it supports. The dental agenesis in the studied children was not part of a syndrome and was an isolated finding. Our children with permanent teeth missing due to congenital agenesis or permanent teeth extraction had a smaller oral cavity, known to predispose to the collapse of the upper airway during sleep, and presented with OSA recognized at a later age. Due to the low-grade initial symptomatology, sleep-disordered breathing may be left untreated for a prolonged period with progressive worsening of symptoms over time.
Tourism and Poverty Reduction: An Economic Sector Analysis for Costa Rica and Nicaragua:

This study examines the existence of a long-run relationship between indigence or extreme poverty reduction and agricultural, manufacturing and tourism development in Costa Rica and Nicaragua. An econometric methodology consisting of an autoregressive distributed lag bounds testing approach to co-integration is used. For Costa Rica, agricultural and manufacturing (not statistically significant) and tourism development are negatively related to indigence poverty with estimated elasticity values of –0.50 for agriculture, –0.17 for manufacturing and –0.58 for tourism. For Nicaragua, the estimated elasticity values are –0.40 for agriculture, –0.13 for manufacturing (not statistically significant) and –0.64 for tourism. Tourism's rate of poverty reduction was statistically significantly greater than that of agriculture for both countries. The main contribution of this paper lies in the understanding of sector contributions to alleviating poverty. The methods utilized can be undertaken by most countries in the world, thereby providing insights into developing targeted investment policies and strategies to achieve higher rates of poverty reduction.
Spray Drop Size and Velocity Measurements in a Swirl-Stabilized Combustor

A pressure-swirl fuel nozzle generating a hollow-cone spray with nominal cone angle of 30 degrees is used in a swirl-stabilized combustor. The combustor is circular in cross section with swirl plate and fuel nozzle axes aligned and coinciding with the axis of the chamber. Kerosene is injected upward inside the chamber from the fuel nozzle. Separate swirl and dilution air flows are uniformly distributed into the chamber that pass through the honey comb flow straighteners and screens. Calculated swirl number of 1.5 is generated with the design swirl plate exit air velocity of 30 degrees with respect to the chamber axis. Effects of swirl and dilution air flow rates on the shape and stability of the flame are investigated. Stable and classical liquid fuel sheet disintegration zone exists close to the nozzle with no visible light followed by a luminous blue region and a mixed blue/yellow region that subsequently turns into yellow for most of the part in the flame. A Phase Doppler Particle Analyzer (PDPA) is used to measure drop size, mean and rms axial velocity for two cases of with and without combustion at six different axial locations from the nozzle. For the no-combustion case all air and fuel flow rates were kept at the same values as the combusting spray condition. Results for mean axial drop velocity profiles indicate widening of the spray due to combustion while the magnitudes of the peak velocities are slightly increased. No measurements inside the hollow-cone spray are possible due to burning of fuel droplets. Drop turbulence decreases due to combination of increase in gas kinematic viscosity and elimination of small drops at high temperatures. Sauter Mean Diameter (SMD) radial profiles at all axial locations increase with combustion due to preferential burning of small drops.Copyright © 1991 by ASME
The exoskeletal structure and tensile loading behavior of an ant neck joint.

Abstract Insects have evolved mechanical form and function over millions of years. Ants, in particular, can lift and carry heavy loads relative to their body mass. Loads are lifted with the mouthparts, transferred through the neck joint to the thorax, and distributed over six legs and tarsi (feet) that anchor to the supporting surface. While previous research has explored attachment mechanisms of the tarsi, little is known about the relation between the mechanical function and the structural design and material properties of the ant. This study focuses on the neck – the single joint that withstands the full load capacity. We combine mechanical testing, computed tomography (CT), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and computational modeling to better understand the mechanical structure–function relation of the neck joint of the ant species Formica exsectoides (Allegheny mound ant). Our mechanical testing results show that the soft tissue forming the neck joint of F. exsectoides exhibits an elastic modulus of 230±140 MPa and can withstand ~5000 times the ant's weight. We developed a 3-dimensional (3D) model of the structural components of the neck joint for simulation of mechanical behavior. Finite element (FE) simulations reveal the neck-to-head transition where the soft membrane material meets the hard exoskeleton as the critical point for failure of the neck joint, which is consistent with our experiments. Our results further indicate that the neck joint structure exhibits anisotropic mechanical behavior with the highest stiffness occurring when the load path is aligned with the axis of the neck.
Spectroscopic analysis and laser modeling of neodymium-doped potassium lead chloride

Abstract We present a discussion of the low-phonon energy host material potassium lead chloride, KPb 2 Cl 5 , doped with neodymium. Crystal growth, spectroscopic measurements, and an analysis of the magnetic and electric dipole transitions based on the Judd–Ofelt model are presented. Concentration quenching of the fluorescence is also examined. Based on the spectroscopic data and the known resonances in energy spacing of the first three excited states in neodymium, we suggest the possibility of a 3-for-1 cross-relaxation process. This process may efficiently populate the first excited state, 4 I 11/2 , which we show to be metastable with lifetime on the order of a few milliseconds. Population inversion of this level should be possible enabling a laser based on the 5.5-μm, 4 I 11/2 to 4 I 9/2 transition.
Climate Impact of Solar Variability

The conference on The Climate Impact of Solar Variability, was held at Goddard Space Flight Center from April 24 to 27, 1990. In recent years they developed a renewed interest in the potential effects of increasing greenhouse gases on climate. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and the chlorofluorocarbons have been increasing at rates that could significantly change climate. There is considerable uncertainty over the magnitude of this anthropogenic change. The climate system is very complex, with feedback processes that are not fully understood. Moreover, there are two sources of natural climate variability (volcanic aerosols and solar variability) added to the anthropogenic changes which may confuse our interpretation of the observed temperature record. Thus, if we could understand the climatic impact of the natural variability, it would aid our interpretation and understanding of man-made climate changes.
Association of waist circumference and body mass index with all-cause mortality in CKD: The REGARDS (Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke) Study.

Background Obesity management requires understanding the mortality risks associated with different adiposity measures. Study Design Prospective cohort. Setting & Participants 5,805 adults with body mass index (BMI) ≥18.5 kg/m 2 and stages 1-4 chronic kidney disease, defined as a spot urine albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g and/or estimated glomerular filtration rate 2 , enrolled in the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Predictor BMI categorized as 18.5-24.9, 25.0-29.9, 30.0-34.9, 35.0-39.9, and ≥40 kg/m 2 and waist circumference categorized as Outcomes All-cause mortality. Measurements BMI and waist circumference were measured using a standardized protocol during the home visit. Results 686 (11.8%) deaths occurred during a median follow-up of 4 years. Compared with the referent BMI category of 25-29.9 kg/m 2 , HRs for mortality were 1.27 (95% CI, 0.96-1.69) for BMI 2 and 0.84 (95% CI, 0.62-1.13), 0.81 (95% CI, 0.52-1.26), and 0.95 (95% CI, 0.54-1.65) for BMI categories 30-34.9, 35-39.9, and ≥40 kg/m 2 after adjustment for covariates including waist circumference, respectively. In contrast, after adjustment for covariates including BMI, higher mortality rates were noted for all waist circumference categories compared with the referent ( Limitations BMI and waist circumference measured at baseline only. Conclusions Waist circumference should be considered in conjunction with BMI when assessing mortality risk associated with obesity in adults with chronic kidney disease.
Bioremediation of petroleum wastes from the refining of lubricant oils

The results of an initial feasibility study on the bioremediation of sludge are presented. The sludge used in the study was taken from a site containing waste produced during the refining of lubricant oils to which sulfuric acid had been added. The effectiveness of bioremediation was examined using shake flask experiments with indigenous and other bacteria sources and nutrient supplementation. The initial results show limited effectiveness of biological treatment at conditions employing indigenous bacteria and low (2%) sludge concentraticws in Bushnell-Haas media. In addition, the indigenous bacteria were seen to degrade the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons naphthalene, penanthrene and pyrene which are present at some locations at the site. No apparent degradution of material was seen using conditions of high (30%) sludge concentrations in Bushnell-Haas medium under a variety of conditions. In addition, nutrients were rapidly depleted at these sludge concentrations, with the exception of sulfates which were produced when high sludge concentrations were used.
The Effects of Teachers and Schooling on the Vocational Choice of University Research Scientists

Thirty-five research scientists from the academic areas of Chemistry, Geology, Physics and Zoology were surveyed to obtain information regarding the effect of teachers and formal schooling on their decisions to become scientists. All subjects included in the study held the PhD. degree and were actively involved in research. Data analysis indicated that 63 percent of the subjects had identified a genuine interest in science by the time they were in the ninth grade, but only 9 percent of them attributed this interest to their elementary or junior high school teachers. The data revealed that 43 percent of the population were influenced to become scientists by one or more high school teachers. Also, one-third of the subjects had made the decision to become a scientist by the time of high school graduation. Most of the other two-thirds of the individuals studied decided to become scientists because of the influence of college professors in their freshman-and sophomore-level courses. The subjects were asked if particular events that occurred in junior or senior high school science classes positively influenced them to become scientists. Seventy-eight percent of the subjects responded that there were no classroom activities occurring that attracted them to science.
Female mate choice in vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus).

Female mate choice was examined in a captive group of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus). Male-female interactions were examined under both dyadic and group conditions to determine whether females mate with different males under the two conditions. Results showed that all females preferred to mate with the alpha male under both dyadic and group conditions. Alpha females, however, were more successful than subordinate females in rejecting the sexual solicitations of subordinate males. Thus female dominance status played an important role in determining the degree to which females exercised mate choice.
Educational Assessment Reassessed

For decades, the assessment of educational entities--school systems, individual schools, and teachers--has evoked strong and sometimes violent emotions from the educational community, the general public, and their legislative representatives. In spite of attempts to codify standards for the evaluation of these entities, assessment experts remain denominationalized--often religiously so. Methods of assessment based on the use of standardized tests have come under intense fire in recent years with some critics going so far as to call for their complete elimination. Those who advocate alternative methods of assessment have become increasingly outspoken in establishing exclusive rights to the legitimate assessment paradigm. However, some of the most respected advocates of alternative assessment have taken a more moderate view, warning against an "either-or" mentality (Brandt, 1992, p. 35). Reflecting this more moderate perspective, this paper strongly advocates the use of multiple indicators of student learning, including those provided by standardized tests.
BECOMING A PSYCHOANALYST: COMMENTARY ON STEPHEN D. PURCELL'S “BECOMING RELATED: THE EDUCATION OF A PSYCHOANALYST”

(2014). Becoming a Psychoanalyst: Commentary on Stephen D. Purcell’s “Becoming Related: the Education of a Psychoanalyst”. The Psychoanalytic Quarterly: Vol. 83, No. 4, pp. 811-829.
Inhibition of phorbol ester-stimulated phospholipase D activity by chronic tamoxifen treatment in breast cancer cells

We have shown that in an estrogen receptor-negative multidrug-resistant subline of MCF-7 human breast carcinoma cells longer-term (24 h), but not shorter-term (30 min), treatments with clinically relevant (2–5 μM) concentrations of tamoxifen (TAM) inhibited phorbol ester-stimulated phospholipase D (PLD) activity by 50–80%. TAM caused these inhibitory effects without inducing membrane translocation or down-regulation of protein kinase C-α, the major mediator of phorbol ester effects on PLD activation. The results raise the possibility that prolonged inhibition of the protein kinase C-α-regulated PLD system may contribute to the cytotoxic effects of tamoxifen in estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer cells.
Acquisition of the Token-Reward Habit in the Rat

Apparatus and procedure for establishing tokens as conditioned reinforcers in laboratory rats are described. Five rats were initially trained to deposit tokens (marbles) into a receptacle with each...
Isolation and characterization of humic acids from Alberta oil sands and related materials

Abstract Thirteen humic acid samples were isolated from a number of oil sand feedstocks using 0.5 N NaOH or a mixture of 0.1 N NaOH + 0.1 M Na 4 P 2 O 7 . The feedstocks included three different grades of Athabasca oil sand, two samples of overburden, a sample of centrifuge tailings from the Syncrude Canada Ltd plant in Alberta and a heavy minerals fraction from oil sand tailings containing adsorbed organic matter. Based on the extraction efficiency of the two solvents it appears that the humic acids from oil sand and overburden feedstocks are strongly associated with calcium, while the humic acids from other feedstocks could be bound to non-silicate aluminum and/or iron. Comparison of analytical data for the various humic acid samples with corresponding data for humic acids from subbituminous coal, peat, soil and asphaltenes from bituminous feedstock, shows the similarity of these humic acids to those from subbituminous coal. Examination of the elemental analyses in terms of a van Krevelen diagram shows that most of the data either overlap or fall directly in the region of the recent and shallow kerogens. This kind of organic matter has very little potential for oil production, suggesting that the origin of this organic matter could be different from that of the greater part of the bitumen of the Athabasca oil sands.
A PARALYTIC DISEASE OF GUINEA PIGS DUE TO THE TUBERCLE BACILLUS

The experimental data collected during this study of a transmissible type of paralysis developing in tuberculous guinea pigs indicate the condition to be a true tuberculous meningitis. We have been able to rule out the possibility that it is due to a non-tuberculous infection of the central nervous system caused by Roemer's virus, or by an atypical herpes virus, or by some bacterium other than the tubercle bacillus. Roemer's virus and herpes could be eliminated from consideration when Berkefeld N filtrates of infectious brain emulsions proved incapable of reproducing the disease. Furthermore, rabbits could be infected as they cannot with Roemer's virus, and the disease elicited in rabbits bears no semblance to herpes encephalitis. No organism other than the tubercle bacillus could be obtained on culturing brain or brain emulsions from experimental cases, and no others were seen in examining fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. In a modified Noguchi medium a tubercle bacillus possessing atypical staining properties was obtained. This organism was capable of producing the typical paralytic disease when injected intracerebrally into guinea pigs, and also generalized tuberculosis in animals inoculated subcutaneously with it. Typical tuberde bacilli were readily demonstrable in sections of the meninges from animals with the disease, and culture of pieces of brain on Dorset's egg medium usually yielded a growth of tubercle bacilli. Only in the first of the experimental passages, on the other hand, was it possible to demonstrate acid-fast organisms in fresh smear preparations from the central nervous system. This fact and the attributes of the atypically staining organisms encountered in the cultures in Noguchi media will be considered more fully in a subsequent publication. In view of the much discussed question of the filtrability of the tubercle bacillus our observations concerning the failure of this organism to pass a Berkefeld N filter are of interest. No animal in our series inoculated intracerebrally with brain emulsion from either a "spontaneous" or experimental case of tuberculous meningitis failed to develop meningitis, and that rather acutely, while no animal in our series injected with a Berkefeld filtrate of brain emulsion has developed tuberculous meningitis or any other form of tuberculosis. In connection with this observation it must be recalled that the organism was atypical in respect to its staining qualities at least.
Generation of short, intense gradient pulses

Abstract A method of generating intense, short pulses of magnetic field gradient is described, for application in solid-state, multiple-pulse imaging. The gradient coil is resonated with an energy storage capacitor, producing a half-sinusoidal current waveform. Clean turnoff occurs automatically at a zero-crossing, so RF pulses may be used immediately before and/or after gradient pulses.
Experimental measurements of atmospheric aerosol inhomogeneities.

Experimental measurements of inhomogeneities in the spatial distribution of boundary-layer aerosols, including structure and probability density functions, are presented. Correlations between the statistics and meteorological conditions are discussed.
Failure of Corynebacterium parvum to inhibit antipyrine metabolism in man

In animals, Corynebacterium parvum lowers the rate of drug metabolism and enhances the pharmacologic effect of drugs requiring hepatic microsomal enzyme activity for elimination. A pilot study was conducted to assess this drug interaction in patients given clinical protocol doses of C. parvum. In individual patients, C. parvum did not reduce microsomal drug metabolism as measured by antipyrine half-life. Conversely, antipyrine elimination appeared to be enhanced in 10 of 14 patients. Results from this small heterogenous patient group are not definitive, and further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of the effects of nonspecific immunotherapy on drug metabolism.
The generic classification of Fayum anthropoidea

The early anthropoid species initially described asAegyptopithecus zeuxis Simons, 1965, from the Oligocene of Egypt, although retained by many authors in the monotypic genusAegyptopithecus, has been lumped by others into the genusPropliopithecus. Similarly, the species originally described asParapithecus grangeri Simons, 1974, has been ranked by some authors in a monotypic genusSimonsius, while others retain it inParapithecus. Criteria to be considered in resolving these taxonomic debates are (1) the adequacy and consistency of proposed morphological differences between species; (2) analogy with the degree of morphological variation tolerated within extant genera; and (3) nomenclatural conservatism. A philosophy that would require strict monophyletic classification is of insufficient practical value for assessing the validity of Fayum genera. Characters cited as distinguishing vetweenAegyptopithecus andPropliopithecus, and betweenSimonsius andParapithecus, are reviewed and evaluated. The results indicate thatA. zeuxis is generically distinct from species ofPropliopithecus, based on differences in the crown structure and proportions of the molars.Pa. grangeri cannot be shown to differ at the generic level from the type and only known specimen ofPa. fraasi, thus establishing Simonsius as a junior synonym ofParapithecus.
Eddy current determination of the electrical conductivity-temperature relation of Cd1−xZnxTe alloys

A multifrequency eddy current sensor has been installed in a vertical Bridgman furnace and used to measure the electrical conductivity of Cd1−xZnxTe alloys (for x = 0, 0.045 and 0.08) as a function of temperature during heating and cooling through the melting transition. The conductivity of the x = 0.0 and 0.08 samples increased exponentially with temperature up to the melting point. A 4–6 fold increase of conductivity accompanied melting, sufficient for the proposed eddy current sensing of liquid-solid interfaces in this materials system. Above the melting point, the liquid phase conductivity again exponentially increased with temperature. The x = 0.045 sample exhibited similar behavior except in a ∼ 30°C interval immediately below the melting/solidification transition on heating and cooling. In this temperature interval, an “anomalous” decrease in conductivity with an increase in temperature was repeatedly observed. Zn has been found to depress the liquid conductivity while that of the solid (near its melting point) exhibited a weak maximum in conductivity at x = 0.045. These observations raise the possibility of eddy current monitoring of melt composition and segregation/homogenization behaviors during post-solidification annealing.
Enabling ATM networks

Asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) is the primary candidate technology for emerging high-speed networks. ATM standardization provides the basic framework for building ATM networks. Although the development of ATM standards and the availability of high-speed links in the network is essential, what really matters is how ATM networks are enabled so as to integrate different services with different traffic characteristics and service requirements. Two important contributions to this integration are the development of network control services complementing ATM standards while achieving high utilization of network resources and the efficient implementation of the ATM standards in the network. In this paper, we present a short overview of the current status of ATM standards, discuss how various control services that were developed in IBM's Networking BroadBand Services architecture complement the ATM standards, and provide an overview of various functions included in the architecture for their efficient implemen tation.
STORYBOARD-BASED PROGRAMMING TOOLS

Despite the progress in graphical capabilities of hardware and software systems to date, programmers do their jobs with little to no graphic support. This absence of graphic support is particularly costly in the process of debugging. The process of debugging is arduous and expensive, and text-based tools are limited in that they can only provide a one-dimensional view of program execution. The crucial factor in the debugging process is the programmer's ability to visualize how the events in the program unfold over time.
Comparison of beliefs about AIDS among urban, suburban, incarcerated, and gay adolescents

Beliefs about AIDS were surveyed among opportunistic samples of 1572 adolescents to compare four subgroups of youth: urban public high school students; suburban private school students; youth incarcerated in a detention facility; and a group who were contacted through a gay youth organization. The questionnaire items formed four important theoretical constructs derived by an expert group extensively involved with AIDS education. The constructs were: 1) agreement with health guidelines; 2) perceived personal threat of AIDS; 3) a sense of personal efficacy to prevent infection and the spread of AIDS; and 4) perceived norms of safe sex behaviors. In all groups, females were more likely to endorse higher norms for safe sex practices than males. Older adolescents of both sexes tended to perceive less personal threat of AIDS, and also rated lower norms for safe sex practices than did the younger adolescents. The incarcerated group of adolescents demonstrated significantly poorer knowledge and lower agreement with health guidelines (p = 0.0000), lower perceived personal threat of AIDS (p = 0.005), lower personal efficacy to prevent AIDS (p = 0.003), and lower perceived norms of safe sex practices (p = 0.0000), compared to the other groups. The education implications of these findings are discussed, including the necessity of program elements directed toward subculture peer norms and support, a realistic sense of vulnerability about AIDS, and self-confidence building as well as specific skills to prevent the infection and spread of the human immunodeficiency virus among adolescents.
Hemodynamic and respiratory responses of conscious swine to E. coli endotoxin.

Abstract : The injection of a sublethal bolus of E. coli endotoxin into conscious swine produced an early increase in pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP) and a decrease in left atrial pressure (LAP). This hemodynamic effect may be secondary to the pulmonary venous constriction seen in other species, or may relate to demonstrated multiple pulmonary microemboli. Hypoxemia developed in only 4 of 17 animals although all endotoxin-treated swine showed interstitial pulmonary edema and elevated wet/dry weight ratios with normal pulmonary surfactant. In addition, endotoxin-treated swine developed signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation with renal cortical infarcts in 44%, and coronary arterial thrombi in 28% including one transmural myocardial infarction. This effect was observed in the absence of prolonged hypotension in swine and should provide a useful model for further study of the relationship of endotoxin to disseminated intravascular coagulation.
A modelling methodology for assessing the impact of climate variability and climatic change on hydroelectric generation

A new methodology relating basic climatic variables to hydroelectric generation was developed. The methodology can be implemented in large or small basins with any number of hydro plants. The method was applied to the Sacramento, Eel and Russian river basins in northern California where more than 100 hydroelectric plants are located. The final model predicts the availability of hydroelectric generation for the entire basin provided present and near past climate conditions, with about 90% accuracy. The results can be used for water management purposes or for analyzing the effect of climate variability on hydrogeneration. Climate change scenarios were defined to investigate the impact of global warming on the hydrogeneration availability in the basin. A wide range of results can be obtained depending on the climate change scenario used.
Stimulatory actions of insulin-like growth factor-I and transforming growth factor-alpha on intestinal neurotensin and peptide YY.

Proliferation of the gastrointestinal mucosa is stimulated by the growth factors, insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha), or the closely related epidermal growth factor (EGF), as well as the gastrointestinal hormones, gastrin, neurotensin (NT), and peptide YY (PYY). The stimulatory actions of these growth factors or gastrointestinal hormones on the gastrointestinal mucosa may be direct or mediated in part by gastrointestinal peptides or the growth factors, respectively. The purpose of these studies therefore was to examine the effects of IGF-I and TGF-alpha on stomach gastrin and intestinal NT and PYY gene expression [i.e. messenger RNA (mRNA), peptide levels] and secretion. Mice were given recombinant human IGF-I (3, 6 mg/kg BW/day x 14 days). Transgenic mice with the rat TGF-alpha gene linked to a metallothionein promoter were used as a model of chronic TGF-alpha excess. IGF-I and TGF-alpha did not affect gastrin gene expression. Steady-state intestinal NT and PYY mRNA and peptide levels were elevated in a dose-related manner by IGF. TGF-alpha also increased intestinal expression of NT and PYY peptide, but not mRNA levels. Basal serum levels of PYY were elevated by IGF-I and TGF-alpha. IGF-I and TGF-alpha did not increase intestinal chromogranin A (CGA) gene expression, a marker of endocrine cells, or the density of PYY-containing cells in the colon, indicating that the elevations in intestinal gut peptide gene expression by IGF-I and TGF-alpha are not due simply to an increased number of enteroendocrine cells. IV infusion of EGF also stimulated release of PYY in the dog. Together, these findings indicate that IGF-I and TGF-alpha may cause secretion of gut hormones and exert a major upregulatory influence on the regulation of intestinal peptide hormone homeostasis.
University Training of Tube Engineers, in the US and Abroad

Approximately 30 years ago, it became apparent to the US tube industry that new engineering hires were not receiving specialized training in vacuum electronics because most or all universities had dropped related courses from their curricula. Twenty years earlier, the microwave tube industry was hiring engineers with PhD and Master's degrees from Stanford, University of California and MIT, who had actually built tubes in the university laboratories, tested them, and published papers on their work. These engineers, the pioneers in our industry, were approaching middle age in the 70s, and the schools they had graduated from were were no longer interested in microwave tubes. The US military developed similar concerns about this situation since the Cold War was at its peak and the DoD depended on the tube industry for electronic warfare components. The " AFTER" program (Air Force Thermionic Engineering and Research), managed by Varian Associates and funded by the Air Force, was created in 1977 to provide qualified tube engineers for the US industry. It began at Stanford, where Marvin Chodorow was brought back from retirement to teach a key Microwave Electronics course. Several tube companies sponsored students, a total of perhaps 5-10 every year, who applied for PhD and Engineer degrees. Their tuition was paid by the program and they spent their summers working at their sponsoring company. AFTER had 4 years at Stanford before it moved to the University of Utah.
Quantized control with data compression constraints

The linear-quadratic-Gaussian problem of quantized control subject to quantized measurements is considered with the measurement and control quantizers formulated as data compression systems. The optimum closed-loop control is shown to be separable in control law, control quantizer and estimation. However, estimation and measurement quantization are non-separable. The optimum measurement quantizer is of a differential structure but requires optimum state estimation at both encoder and decoder. A fixed total number of quantization levels should be equally allocated to the measurement and control quantizers, and the quantizer design depends on both the known control law and the solution to the matrix Riccati equation. A suboptimum control structure is developed, and the effect of quantization error on estimation error is shown to be stable.
Observation of Nanosecond Laser Induced Fluorescence of In Vitro Seawater Phytoplankton

Seawater has been irradiated using a train of 70 ns flashes from a 440 nm laser source. This wavelength is on resonance with the blue absorption peak of Chlorophyll pigment associated with the photosystem of in vitro phytoplankton. The resulting fluorescence at 685 nm is instantaneously recorded during each laser pulse using a streak camera. Delayed fluorescence is observed, yielding clues about initiation of the photosynthetic process on a nanosecond time scale. Further data processing allows for determination of the functional absorption cross section, found to be 0.0095 A(2), which is the first reporting of this number for in vitro phytoplankton. Unlike other flash-pump studies of Chlorophyll, using a LED or flashlamp-based sources, the short laser pulse used here does not reveal any pulse-to-pulse hysteresis (i.e., variable fluorescence), indicating that the laser pulses used here are not able to drive the photosynthetic process to completion. This is attributed to competition from a back reaction between the photoexcited photosystem II and the intermediate electron acceptor. The significance of this work as a new type of deployable ocean fluorimeter is discussed, and it is believed the apparatus will have applications in thin-layer phytoplankton research.
Abnormal anatomy of the superficial branch of the radial nerve.

Background The superficial branch of the radial nerve is frequently encountered when performing the harvest for a radial forearm free tissue transfer. Methods and Results We present an abnormal course of this nerve which has not been described in the literature. During a harvest of a radial forearm free flap, we encountered a nerve that was not deep to the brachioradialis muscle in the proximal arm; rather, the superficial branch of the radial nerve was found to be superficial to this muscle through its entire course. An in-depth literature review was performed, and there was no documented abnormality identified resembling the abnormality we encountered. Conclusion Knowledge of the normal and abnormal anatomy is essential for the microvascular surgeon to assure the safety of this nerve. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2013
THE DEVELOPMENT OF ENTREPRENEURSHIP AND PRIVATE ENTERPRISE IN THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA AND ITS RELEVANCE TO TRANSITIONAL ECONOMIES

This paper aims to study the issues and unique characteristics surrounding the birth and development of the private sector in the People's Republic of China (China); analyze the interaction of entrepreneurial behavior and the country's unique and continuously changing regulatory and institutional environment; examine the actions, outcomes, and composition of this emerging entrepreneurial class; and analyze the implications for entrepreneurship research in transitional economies. The paper offers a model built on a dynamic and transitional cycle. Using this model, the paper examines how uncertainties, ambiguities, and changing regulatory environments may create opportunities, bolstering the entrepreneurial class as well as an impressive private sector in a country where entrepreneurs and private business can be at odds with socialist ideology and culture in addition to many regulatory and institutional obstacles. Rather than relying upon limited survey data targeted at specific locations, industries, or time periods, this study is based on seven large-scale surveys conducted from 1993 to 2006 in both urban and rural areas extending horizontally across different industries in China, with a primary focus on private business. The findings are relevant for future research and government policy in transitional economies.
PAIRING PLUS QUADRUPOLE FORCE MODEL FOR ODD-MASS SINGLE CLOSED SHELL NUCLEI

Abstract An intermediate coupling calculation is performed for odd-mass nuclei with the neutrons or protons at a closed shell. The Hamiltonian, an adiabatic approximation to the pairing force plus quadrupole Hamiltonian, is diagonalized to include all states containing up to two phonons of quadrupole vibration. The validity of the approximations is discussed. The level energies and wave functions resulting from the calculation are compared with experimental results and with the results of ref. 1 ).
A New Experimental Search for CP Violation in Hyperon Decays

The theoretical and experimental status of CP violation in hyperon decays is reviewed. The current experimental limit on the asymmetry of the decay parameter α between Λ0 and Λ is at least two orders of magnitude above theoretical predictions of 10−5 to 10−4. A new dedicated effort, the HyperCP experiment (E871) at Fermilab, intends to measure this asymmetry in both Λ and Ξ decays to better than the 10−4 level.
Microbial metabolism of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Publisher Summary This chapter deals with the microbial transformation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The similarities and differences between the microbial and mammalian metabolism are described. Bacteria, filamentous fungi, yeasts, cyanobacteria, diatoms, and other eukaryotic algae have the enzymatic capacity to oxidize PAHs that range in size from naphthalene to benzo[ a ]pyrene. The hydroxylation of PAHs always involves the incorporation of molecular oxygen; however, there are differences in the mechanism of hydroxylation of PAHs by prokaryotic and eukaryotic microorganisms. Bacteria oxygenate PAHs to form a dihydrodiol with a cis configuration. The genes for the initial oxidation of PAHs are localized on plasmids. In contrast to bacteria, fungi oxidize PAHs via a cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase to form arene oxide, which can isomerize to phenols or undergo enzymatic hydration to yield trans-dihydrodiols. Multiple oxidative pathways may be involved in the cyanobacterial metabolism of PAHs. Studies on PAH metabolism are entering a new era; biochemical genetic techniques such as gene cloning and transposon mutagenesis will provide new insight into the biochemistry and regulation of PAH degradative pathways.
Comparing errors in ED computer-assisted vs conventional pediatric drug dosing and administration

Abstract Background Compared to fixed-dose single-vial drug administration in adults, pediatric drug dosing and administration requires a series of calculations, all of which are potentially error prone. The purpose of this study is to compare error rates and task completion times for common pediatric medication scenarios using computer program assistance vs conventional methods. Methods Two versions of a 4-part paper-based test were developed. Each part consisted of a set of medication administration and/or dosing tasks. Emergency department and pediatric intensive care unit nurse volunteers completed these tasks using both methods (sequence assigned to start with a conventional or a computer-assisted approach). Completion times, errors, and the reason for the error were recorded. Results Thirty-eight nurses completed the study. Summing the completion of all 4 parts, the mean conventional total time was 1243 seconds vs the mean computer program total time of 879 seconds ( P P Conclusions Computerized assistance reduced errors and the time required for drug administration calculations. A pattern of errors emerged, noting that reading/interpreting certain drug labels were more error prone. Optimizing the layout of drug labels could reduce the error rate for error-prone labels.
Slow inactivation of muscle μ1 Na+ channels in permanently transfected mammalian cells

The slow inactivation of cloned muscle α-subunit Na+ channels was investigated using a Chinese hamster ovary cell line permanently transfected with rat muscle ul cDNA. Expression of ul Na+ channels was found in cells maintained for more than 6 months after transfection; > 70% of cells expressed > 3 nA of Na+ current at +30 mV under whole-cell patch-clamp conditions. As expected, Na+ currents in these cells were blocked by tetrodotoxin as well as by μ-conotoxin. After prolonged depolarization (10 s at +30 mV) to inactivate voltage-gated Na+ channels, Na+ currents slowly reappeared over a time course of several minutes, during which time the cell was repolarized to the holding potential of −100 mV. This recovery from slow inactivation was best fitted by a double exponential function with τ1 = 2.5 s (amplitude = 53%) and τ2 = 83.4 s (amplitude = 38%). In contrast, the development of slow inactivation at +30 mV was best fitted by a single exponential function, with τ = 3.0 s. Steady-state slow inactivation (s8) had a midpoint potential (s0.5) of − 52 mV and a slope factor (k) of 7.8 mV. Elimination of fast inactivation by treatment with chloramine-T accelerated the development of slow inactivation significantly (by ≈four fold) but had little effect on recovery or on steady-state slow inactivation. Finally, as in cloned brain Nail A Na+ channels, batrachotoxin abolished both fast and slow inactivation of μ1 Na+ channels. These results together suggest that slow inactivation takes place in the α-subunit of μ1 muscle Na+ channels and is governed by a ul protein region different from that governing fast inactivation.
The existence of the scattering operator for moving obstacles

Abstract For solutions of the wave equation outside a moving obstacle, the scattering operator exists if and only if the local energy decays to zero.
Solarization of soda–lime–silicate glass containing manganese

Abstract Soda–lime–silicate glasses containing manganese, manganese and antimony, and manganese and iron were exposed to an ultraviolet light source. The manganese-doped glasses with antimony solarized because the easily reduced Sb5+ ion underwent an ultraviolet-induced reaction with Mn2+ to produce Mn3+, resulting in a darkening of the glass. A similar reaction was not observed for iron and manganese in the glass.
Cooperation via contract: An analysis of research and development agreements

Abstract We examine research and development (R&D) agreements between government agencies and other organizations. Consistent with theories of contractual “hold up,” contracts are longer and more complete when the parties envision a joint product as opposed to when they merely plan to share information. Contracts are less complete when the parties have an ongoing business relationship, suggesting an interaction between reputation and explicit contracting. While our experiment cannot dismiss the possibility that these empirical regularities simply reflect the nature of the parties' joint investment, the findings are consistent with arguments that theories of contracting for tangible inputs also pertain to R&D.
Making sense of amino acid sensing

Mammalian cells integrate nutrient and growth factor availability with anabolic responses to support cell growth and proliferation. A key signaling hub in this process is the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) ( 1 , 2 ). Growth factor receptors deliver activating signals to mTORC1 primarily through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)–AKT signaling cascade. However, amino acid sufficiency activates mTORC1 through a family of guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) called Rags ( 3 , 4 ). The lysosome is now recognized as a key intracellular organelle involved in mTORC1 activation by amino acids and growth factors ( 5 ). A candidate amino acid sensor for lysosome-based activation of mTORC1 has now been identified by Wang et al. ( 6 ) on page 188 of this issue, and by Rebsamen et al. ( 7 ). However, studies by Thomas et al. ( 8 ), and by Jewell et al. ( 9 ) on page 194 of this issue, demonstrate that amino acid sensing is not the sole domain of either the lysosome or its associated Rag GTPases. These four studies advance substantially our understanding of the amino acid–sensing machinery in mammalian cells.
The Respectable fabliau: Jean Bodel, Rutebeuf, and Jean de Condé

AbstractThis article suggests that the fabliau is less scandalous and more respectable than might at first sight seem to be the case. Three major poets, Jean Bodel, Rutebeuf, and Jean de Conde are accomplished and practitioners of the genre. By demonstrating that their fabliaux share stylistic, rhetorical, and structural features with their other works and with other genres of Old French literature in general, I argue in favour of the view that the "conte a rire en vers" lies at the centre and not on the periphery of the Old French literary corpus.