cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Business Myths, Lawyerly Strategies, and Social Context: Ernst on Labor Law History

As any reader of Law and Social Inquiry undoubtedly knows, over the past 40 years, American legal historians have increasingly scrutinized the changing relationship between law and society. An improved understanding of the historical effect of law on American workers has been one product of this effort. Since the mid-1980s, landmark studies by Christopher Tomlins (1993), William Forbath (1991), Victoria Hattam (1993), and Karen Orren (1991) have illuminated the historical interactions of courts, workers, and employers. With the recent publication of Daniel Ernst's Lawyers against Labor: From Individual Rights to Corporate Liberalism, an examination of the people, institutions, and ideals that transformed the law of industrial relations between 1900 and 1919, this disciplinary strength shows no signs of flagging. The methodological backdrop for Lawyers against Labor is the struggle to analyze courts and cases while moving beyond canned conceptions of social relations. Toward this end, Ernst writes three histories. First, he presents a rich institutional history of the American Anti-Boycott Association (AABA), an organization deeply involved in early-twentieth-century
Parathyroid adenoma autoinfarction: a report of a case.

Background. Parathyroid adenoma autoinfarction, although uncommon, is an entity that has been previously reported in the literature; however, the influence of intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) monitoring on therapeutic management has not been reported. Methods. We present a case of parathyroid autoinfarction that is unique in that it applies a new technology to parathyroid surgery: intraoperative PTH monitoring. Results. Intraoperative PTH monitoring aided in the successful surgical management of this patient. Conclusions. Intraoperative PTH monitoring can serve as a therapeutic adjunct in the surgical management of parathyroid adenoma autoinfarction. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 695–699, 2003
Some Cases of Apparent High Conductivity in Simple Molecular Crystals

WHEN one approaches the examination of dark conductivity of molecular crystals, a good first approximation is that ‘molecular crystals are electrical nonconductors’1. Most measurements of dark conductivity on molecular crystals such as anthracene must be regarded as involving carrier injection from electrode material, ambient gas, impurities or surface imperfections. Simple d.c. measurements by two-probe techniques which neglect polarization or space-charge effects are relatively meaningless. These measurements are, however, commonly performed to screen materials in an attempt to find high conductivity crystals.
XIHbox 8, an endoderm-specific Xenopus homeodomain protein, is closely related to a mammalian insulin gene transcription factor.

The cis-acting sequences that mediate insulin gene expression exclusively in pancreatic islet beta-cells are localized within the 5'-flanking region between nucleotides -340 and -91. We have identified an evolutionarily conserved, A+T-rich element at -201/-196 basepairs in the rat insulin II gene that is essential for efficient expression in beta-cells. Affinity-purified antibody to the XIHbox 8 protein super-shifted the major beta-cell-activator factor complex binding to the -201/-196 element. XIHbox 8 is a Xenopus endoderm-specific homeodomain protein whose expression is restricted to the nucleus of endodermal cells of the duodenum and developing pancreas. Antibody to XIHbox 8 specifically interacts with a 47-kilodalton protein present in this DNA complex. Immunohistochemical studies revealed XIHbox 8-like proteins within the nucleus of almost all mouse islet beta-cells and a subset of islet alpha- and beta-cells. These results are consistent with the proposal that an XIHbox 8-related homeoprotein of 47...
Partial Transcriptome of the Developing Pituitary Gland

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is composed of five hormone-producing cell types and develops from Rathke's pouch, an invagination of oral ectoderm. In mice, rapid cell proliferation occurs in the pouch from embryonic day 12.5 (e12.5) to e14.5, preceding the appearance of most hormone transcripts. Cell-type-specific commitment probably occurs prior to e14.5, but cell differentiation can be demonstrated only by detection of hormone transcripts. Although several transcription factors critical for pouch expansion are known, few of their target genes have been identified. To identify putative transcription factor target genes and cell-type-specific markers, we used differential display PCR analysis of RNA prepared from e12.5 and e14.5 Rathke's pouches. We present an expression profile of the developing pituitary gland including 83 transcripts, 40% of which are novel. The tissue distribution, cell specificity, and developmental regulation were determined for a subset of the transcripts.
Haptic Data Visualization and Creative Thought: Beyond Standard Measures of Performance

Recently, there has been a large push for the use of multimodal interfaces to enhance data visualization. However, supporting data visualization displays with haptic feedback has been slower to dev...
Rayleigh scattering temperature measurements in a plane turbulent air jet at moderate Reynolds numbers

Rayleigh scattering temperature measurements were made in a slightly heated plane jet at various Reynolds numbers and the effect of this parameter on the temperature field was determined. The axial and lateral distributions of the mean and rms temperature as well as the temperature spectra along the jet axis were determined. Results indicated that increasing Reynolds numbers led to lower levels of rms temperature and jet dilution in the moderate Reynolds number regime (between 700 and 2500). It was also found that slower spread rates of the thermal jet occured with larger Reynolds numbers in this regime.
Changes in bone turnover during the menstrual cycle in cynomolgus monkeys.

It is well established that estrogen deficiency at menopause results in increased bone turnover, which is reflected in increased concentrations of markers of bone formation and bone resorption in serum and urine. Since serum 17β-estradiol concentrations vary markedly throughout the menstrual cycle, one would expect to see changes in bone turnover as well. Studies in humans have not yielded consistent results, perhaps because of differences in diet and activity throughout the test period. Therefore, we examined changes in bone biomarkers throughout the menstrual cycle in cynomolgus macaques. Seven intact female cynomolgus macaques (Macaca fascicularis) were evaluated. Vaginal swabs for menstrual blood were performed 3 times/week to determine the stage of the reproductive cycle. Blood and urine were collected at weekly or biweekly intervals for a total of eight samples per monkey for analysis of serum 17β-estradiol, progesterone, parathyroid hormone (PTH), osteocalcin, bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BSAP), and urinary CrossLaps™. Cycle lengths were determined, and collection days were adjusted to a standardized length of 28 days for all monkeys. Values for bone biomakers were evaluated as % mean for each monkey cycle. By fitting the data to a sine wave (cosinor analysis), serum osteocalcin, BSAP, and urinary CrossLaps demonstrated significant cycles with peaks at days 2.6, 7.3, and 27.8, respectively. Serum osteocalcin and urinary CrossLaps were inversely correlated to serum 17β-estradiol. Urinary CrossLaps were significantly lower in the week just prior to and during ovulation when estradiol was elevated. No rhythm was detected in serum PTH. A peak in bone resorption when serum 17β-estradiol is at its nadir is consistent with the hypothesis that estrogen decreases bone turnover.
Disparities in pharmacists' patient education for hispanics using antidepressants

Abstract Objectives To assess pharmacists' provision of antidepressant information and to examine the effect of patient ethnicity and language skills on pharmacists' provision of information and patient education. Design Cross-sectional, randomized, between-subjects study. Setting Wisconsin, from September to November 2008. Participants 540 community pharmacists. Intervention Participants were exposed to one of three vignettes describing a patient coming into the pharmacy for an initial dispensation of an antidepressant. Vignettes varied according to patient ethnicity (white or Hispanic) and language spoken (English or Spanish). Main outcome measures Respondents' information and education messages given to patients about antidepressants and whether Hispanic patient ethnicity and English language ability reduced pharmacists' communication about antidepressants. Results A majority of participants would provide information regarding the medication's name (93.3%) and dosage schedule (92.8%). Many pharmacists also reported that they would tell the patient to take the medication on a daily basis (92.6%) and that it takes 2 to 4 weeks for the medication to have a noticeable effect (87.8%). Multivariate models showed that pharmacists would provide significantly less information (β = −0.24 [95% CI −0.31 to −0.17]) and education messages (–0.17 [–0.24 to −0.09]) to Spanish-speaking patients. Conclusion These findings suggest that Spanish-speaking patients may face disparities in the level of care received from community pharmacists. Interventions should be available to enhance pharmacists' communication with Spanish-speaking patients in an effort to facilitate safe and effective medication use.
Ultraviolet Observations of Prominence Activation and Cool Loop Dynamics

In this paper we investigate the thermal and dynamic properties of dynamic structures in and around a prominence channel observed on the limb on 2003 April 17. Observations were taken with the Solar and Heliospheric Observatory's Solar Ultraviolet Measurements of Emitted Radiation (SOHO SUMER) in lines formed at temperatures from 80,000 K to 1.6 MK. The instrument was pointed to a single location and took a series of 90 s exposures. Two-dimensional context was provided by the Transition Region and Coronal Explorer (TRACE) in the UV and EUV and the Kanzelhohe Solar Observatory in Hα. Two dynamic features were studied in depth: an activated prominence and repeated motions in a loop near the prominence. We calculated three-dimensional geometries and trajectories, differential emission measures, and limits on the mass, pressure, average density, and kinetic and thermal energies. These observations provide important tests for models of dynamics in prominences and cool (~105 K) loops, which will ultimately lead to a better understanding of the mechanism(s) leading to energy and mass flow in these solar features.
Intestinal synthesis and lymphatic secretion of apolipoprotein A-IV after cessation of duodenal fat infusion: mediation by bile

Abstract We tested whether secretion of apolipoprotein (apo) A-IV depends upon intestinal triglyceride (TG) transport by comparing output kinetics of TG and apo A-IV during and after duodenal lipid infusion in lymph-fistula rats. Lipid infusion (triolein, 40 μmol/h, 8 h) produced increases in lymphatic TG and apo A-IV output. After 8 h, triolein infusate was replaced with glucose–saline; TG output returned to basal levels 4–5 h later. However, apo A-IV output continued at significantly elevated levels until 20 h after the start of the experiment. Bile diversion blocked this continued output of A-IV during the post-lipid period, and resulted in basal TG output that was 75% lower than in bile-intact rats. Return of bile or low-dose triolein infusion (5 μmol/h) into the intestine reversed these effects. There were no differences in hepatic synthesis or filtration of plasma A-IV into lymph between bile-intact and bile-diverted groups. Intestinal A-IV synthesis was elevated in both groups even during the post-lipid period. The results support the hypothesis that intestinal triglyceride transport drives apo A-IV secretion, and suggest the existence of a bile-dependent, post-translational mechanism for the control of lymphatic apo A-IV output.
Synthesis and characterization of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 photoprobes selective for the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPS). photoaffinity labeling of the IGF-binding domain on IGFBP-2

Elevated insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 levels are prognostic for the development of prostate and breast cancers and exacerbate the complications of diabetes. In each case, perturbation of the balance between IGF-1/2, the IGF-1 receptor, and the IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) leads to elevated IGF-1 sensitivity. Blockade of IGF action in these diseases would be clinically significant. Unfortunately, effective IGF antagonists are currently unavailable. The IGFBPs exhibit high affinity and specificity for the IGFs and serve as natural IGF antagonists, limiting their mitogenic/anti-apoptotic effects. As an initial step in designing IGFBP-based agents that antagonize IGF action, we have begun to analyze the structure of the IGF-binding site on IGFBP-2. To this end, two IGF-1 photoprobes, N(alphaGly1)-(4-azidobenzoyl)-IGF-1 (abG(1)IGF-1) and N(alphaGly1)-([2-6-(biotinamido)-2(p-azidobenzamido)hexanoamido]ethyl-1,3'-dithiopropionoyl)-IGF-1 (bedG(1)IGF-1), selective for the IGFBPs were synthesized by derivatization of the alpha-amino group of Gly(1), known to be part of the IGFBP-binding domain. Mass spectrometric analysis of the reduced, alkylated, and trypsin-digested abG(1)IGF-1.recombinant human IGFBP-2 (rhIGFBP-2) complex indicated photoincorporation near the carboxyl terminus of rhIGFBP-2, between residues 266 and 287. Mass spectrometric analysis of avidin-purified tryptic peptides of the bedG(1)IGF-1.rhIGFBP-2 complex revealed photoincorporation within residues 212-227. Taken together, these data indicate that the IGFBP-binding domain on IGF-1 contacts the distal third of IGFBP-2, providing evidence that the IGF-1-binding domain is located within the C terminus of IGFBP-2.
Reading performance and visual comfort with scale to grey compared with black-and-white scanned print

A particular problem in the display of scanned text is the fact that, given current technology limitations, images can be scanned at a much higher pixel density than they can be displayed on the monitor. Therefore one pixel on the monitor must be used to represent a block of pixels in the scanned image. Most commonly a reduction algorithm is applied to the scanned image to produce a set of black and white pixels on the screen (BW). Another algorithm approach (‘scale to grey’ or STG) is to display a pixel whose grey scale value is calculated from the mix of white and black pixels in the scanned image. STG produces characters which appear more visible — similar to anti-aliasing which can be used for designed text. We tested the effects of BW and STG displayed text upon reading performance and visual comfort. Twenty-one subjects performed six 20 min reading trials under different display conditions. These six conditions consisted of three different monitors each with BW and STG. The three monitors were selected to provide different display resolutions. Reading performance was measured as the number of lines read, and symptoms were measured with a questionnaire at the end of each trial. ANOVA analysis showed reading performance to be significantly related (p<0.0001) to the monitor and also to the display algorithm (p<0.0001). Reading performance was better on higher resolution monitors, and for each monitor the performance was better with STG (by 19.9, 7.3 and 4.1% for low to high resolution monitors). The symptom score was significantly related to the display algorithm (p<0.0032), symptoms were lower with STG. STG text resulted in significantly faster reading speed and significantly lower symptom scores compared to the same text displayed in BW. The STG advantages were greatest on monitors with lower resolution.
Density Functional Theory Investigation into Structure and Reactivity of Prenucleation Silica Species

We investigated the condensation and reverse hydrolysis reactions of several silica clusters ranging in size up to the octamer cage. Using density functional theory (DFT) at the B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) level of theory, we found that under neutral conditions the reactions proceeded through a single-step, SN2-type mechanism with formation of a pentacoordinated transition state. Under acidic conditions, the reactions of the smaller species followed a two-step mechanism with formation of a stable pentacoordinated intermediate, while the larger species proceeded through a single-step mechanism similar to the neutral route. In vacuo energy calculations showed a decreased activation barrier for formation of the larger ringed oligomers compared to the barriers of the smaller species. Calculation also showed an increasing kinetic and thermodynamic barrier for the silica clusters to break back into smaller less-condensed constituent species as they oligomerized to form larger species. To study the influence of solvation o...
Congenitally bicuspid aortic valves: a surgical pathology study of 542 cases (1991 through 1996) and a literature review of 2,715 additional cases.

Objective To describe a clinicopathologic study of a large group of congenitally bicuspid aortic valves surgically excised at a single institution. Material and Methods The medical charts and bicuspid valves from patients undergoing aortic valve replacement at Mayo Clinic Rochester between 1991 and 1996 were retrospectively reviewed. Results The age of the 542 patients ranged from 1 to 86 years (mean, 61), and 372 (69%) were men. Among these, 409 (75%) had pure aortic stenosis (AS), 73 (13%) had pure aortic insufficiency (regurgitation) (AI), 53 (10%) had combined AS and AI, and 7 (1%) had normal function. The mean age was higher for those with AS than AI (65 versus 46 years; P Conclusion Functionally, the most common fate of congenitally bicuspid aortic valves was calcific stenosis with or without regurgitation (85%). Because approximately 4 million US citizens have bicuspid valves and because valve replacement is currently the only treatment of symptomatic AS, this disorder will continue to affect health-care costs.
Sodium washout kinetics across inner and outer barriers of the isolated frog skin epithelium.

Abstract 22 Na washout kinetics were measured from isolated frog skin epithelium that had been differentially loaded from the outer, inner, or both bathing solutions in a 7 cm 2 Ussing-type chamber. Regardless of the side from which loading occurred 96% of the exchangeable Na + washed out towards the inner solution. Under the three loading conditions the amount of Na + labelled was: (1) 0.33 μequiv./cm 2 from both solutions, (2) 0.16 μequiv./cm 2 from the outer solution, (3) 0.14 μequiv./cm 2 from the inner solution. Tissue Na + content determined by flame photometry was 0.33μequiv./cm 2 . Preincubation with ouabain before loading from the outside reduced the labelled Na + content to 0.05 μequiv./cm 2 . However, when loading occurred from the inside solution, ouabain increased the labelled Na + to 0.92 μequiv./cm 2 . The Na + transfer coefficient (epithelium-inside) was reduced by ouabain from 0.79 to 0.013 min −1 . These results show that: (1) the back leak from the epithelium across the outer barrier is negligible; thus the Na + uptake across this barrier is nearly equal to the net Na + transport; (2) the tissue Na + is almost completely exchangeable with the Na + in both bathing solutions; and (3) ouabain inhibits both Na + uptake across the outer barrier and the pump at the inner barrier, while increasing Na + flux from the inner solution into the epithelium.
Multi‐angle ratiometric approach to measure chemical exchange in amide proton transfer imaging

Amide proton transfer (APT) imaging, a specific form of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging, has previously been applied to studies of acute ischemic acidosis, stroke, and cancer. However, interpreting the resulting contrast is complicated by its dependence on the exchange rate between amides and water, the amide concentration, amide and water relaxation, and macromolecular magnetization transfer. Hence, conventional CEST contrast is not specific to changes such as reductions in pH due to tissue acidosis. In this paper, a multi-angle ratiometric approach based on several pulsed-CEST scans at different irradiation flip angles is proposed to specifically reflect exchange rates only. This separation of exchange effects in pulsed-CEST experiments is based on isolating rotation vs. saturation contributions, and such methods form a new subclass of chemical exchange rotation transfer (CERT) experiments. Simulations and measurements of creatine/agar phantoms indicate that a newly proposed imaging metric isolates the effects of exchange rate changes, independent of other sample parameters.
Products compositions and release rates from intense thermal treatment of soil

Yields, compositions, and global release rates of major products from heating a synthetic soil matrix under conditions pertinent to current and emerging thermal remediation technologies are reported. The soil specimens were mixtures prepared for the U.S. EPA to reflect certain attributes of soils from U.S. Superfund sites. Because this study focuses on determining how soil decomposition itself may affect thermal cleanup, exogenous contaminants were not added to the soil. The experiments involved heating 49−54 mg batches of 63−125 μm neat soil particles, thinly spread on a 0.001 in. thick stainless steel foil, at nominal rates of 1000 °C/s, to temperatures in the 350−1050 °C range, under 3 psig of helium. Above 500−600 °C the total weight loss increased strongly with increasing temperature. Devolatilization exceeded 21 wt % when soil was heated to 1033 °C and then maintained at this temperature for 5 s before cooling. For this heating regimen, CO2, CO, and tars were the major volatile products, material an...
Characterizing the ear canal acoustic impedance and reflectance by pole-zero fitting.

Abstract This study characterizes middle ear complex acoustic reflectance (CAR) and impedance by fitting poles and zeros to real-ear measurements. The goal of this work is to establish a quantitative connection between pole-zero locations and the underlying physical properties of CAR data. Most previous studies have analyzed CAR magnitude; while the magnitude accounts for reflected power, it does not encode latency information. Thus, an analysis that studies the real and imaginary parts of the data together, being more general, should be more powerful. Pole-zero fitting of CAR data is examined using data compiled from various studies, dating back to Voss and Allen (1994) . Recent CAR measurements were taken using the Mimosa Acoustics HearID system, which makes complex acoustic impedance and reflectance measurements in the ear canal over a 0.2–6.0 [kHz] frequency range. Pole-zero fits to measurements over this range are achieved with an average RMS relative error of less than 3% with 12 poles. Factoring the reflectance fit into its all-pass and minimum-phase components estimates the effect of the residual ear canal, allowing for comparison of the eardrum impedance and admittance across measurements. It was found that individual CAR magnitude variations for normal middle ears in the 1–4 [kHz] range often give rise to closely-placed pole-zero pairs, and that the locations of the poles and zeros in the s-plane may systematically differ between normal and pathological middle ears. This study establishes a methodology for examining the physical and mathematical properties of CAR using a concise parametric model. Pole-zero modeling accurately parameterizes CAR data, providing a foundation for detection and identification of middle ear pathologies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “MEMRO 2012”.
Hans Chiari (1851–1916)

Introduction Hans Chiari will ever be remembered in neurosurgery for his paper (Ueber Veranderungen des Kleinhirns infolge von Hydrocephalie des Grosshirns) describing what is now regarded as the Chiari malformations in 1891.
Anticipating post-automobility: design policies for fostering urban mobility transitions

Recent developments in urban mobility in many affluent countries suggest that private car use is declining and this trend is beginning to open up opportunities for municipal planners to consider a future of less extensive reliance on automobiles. This analysis examines current efforts by cities to expand opportunities for non-motorised transport and identifies heritage cities, modern green metropolises and eco-cities as three urban archetypes with instructive potential. We then highlight the experience of brief case studies corresponding respectively to these paradigmatic forms: the Old City of Jerusalem, Copenhagen and Masdar City. The investigation entails the formulation and application of 10 planning criteria to assess each exemplar city on the basis of both built and human dimensions. The scoring system aims to identify design policies that can be relevant as planners commence in coming to years to more actively reconfigure urban space to facilitate non-motorised modes of urban mobility.
Recent advances in the theory and practice of electrophoresis.

IN ITS restricted sense the term, electrophoresis, refers to the movement of charged colloidal particles and macromolecular ions under the influence of an electric field; but recent usage includes viruses, biological cells and subcellular organelles and small organic molecules such as amino acids. Depending upon the sign of their net charge, they migrate either to the cathode or anode. Differences in migration velocities provide a sensitive means of separating substances from their mixtures which are otherwise difficult to fractionate. Indeed, electrophoresis is often the only method available for the quantitative analysis and fractionation of biological tissues and fluids and the characterization of their purified components. Likewise, it is a powerful tool for detection and characterization of macromolecular interactions. The development of electrophoresis from a chance observation by the Russian physicist Reuss [1] in 1809 to its present status as a valuable analytical method illustrates the long evolutionary process through which a physical method must often pass before it can become a routine laboratory technique. Thus, moving-boundary electrophoresis was described by Lodge [2] in 1886 and developed to a high degree of perfection for the study of transference numbers of inorganic electrolytes by MacInnes and Longsworth [3] at the turn of the third decade of this century. The first application to the study of proteins was made in 1892 by Picten and Linder [4] who showed that hemoglobin is negatively charged in alkaline solution and positively charged in acid solution. But, it was not possible to make precise measurements on purified proteins and complex biological materials until Tiselius [5] described his adaptation of the moving-boundary method in 1937. Since then, however, progress has been rapid. The abundant results obtained with the Tiselius apparatus as modified by Longsworth [6] have contributed significantly to the remarkable strides made in the past two decades in the various branches of biochemistry and medicine. With the unequivocal demonstration [7-12] in 1950 of the value of paper electrophoresis for the separation of proteins, zone electrophoresis on solid supports and in gels gained tremendous popularity. For, it is the method of choice in situations where separation rather than precise physicochemical measurements is the over-riding consideration. Furthermore, zonal methods are suitable for the analysis of very small quantities of
Calculators and the elementary school: an idea and some implications

Calculators are now cheap enough to provide ready access to all elementary school students. I propose that this be done. This paper examines some of the potential impacts upon the elementary school mathematics curriculum. It suggests a need for a decrease in emphasis upon pencil-and-paper aided computation and an increase in both mental computation and the overall emphasis upon problem solving. It also lists some of the reasons why rapid introduction of calculators into the curriculum is apt not to occur.
Renormalization group analysis of quasi-periodicity in analytic maps

Analytic maps of the form\(f(z) = e^{2\pi i\Omega } z + \mathcal{O}(z^2 )\) display quasiperiodicity when Ω satisfies a diophantine condition. Quasiperiodic motion is confined to a neighborhood of the origin known as a Siegel domain. The boundary of this domain obeys universal scaling relations. In this paper we investigate these scaling relations through a renormalization group analysis, and we discuss singularities and asymptotic form of the scaling function.
Synthesis of 3-(2-aminoethylthio)propyl glycosides☆

Abstract Anomeric pairs of 3-(2-aminoethylthio)propyl d -galactopyranoside ( 4, 4a ), d -glucopyranoside ( 5, 5a ), and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- d -glucopyranoside ( 6, 6a ) were prepared by addition of 2-aminoethanethiol to the corresponding, anomeric, allyl glycosides. The allyl α-glycosides were prepared by refluxing the sugars with allyl alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst; the allyl β-glycosides were prepared by the reaction of acetylated glycosyl bromides with allyl alcohol in the presence of mercuric cyanide, followed by O -deacetylation. The rate of thiol addition to the allylic group was found to be different for each glycoside.
Reactive inhibition theory and intertrial correlations.

From certain theoretical properties of Hull’s reactive inhibition and from the known modest reliability of reminiscence measures, it follows that intertrial correlations among psychomotor test scores should be higher under distributed-practice conditions than under massed-practice conditions. This proposition was tested in a conventional practice distribution paradigm involving 168 Caucasian subjects. Bartlett’s test for the homogeneity of covariance matrices confirmed the prediction, and a sign test for matched correlation pairs showed that correlations in the distributed practice mode were significantly more often higher than those in the massed practice mode. These results refute the prevailing view that intertrial correlations are invariant with respect to practice distribution, and they strengthen the credibility of Hull’s principle of reactive inhibition.
Flare rates and the McIntosh active-region classifications

Multiple linear regression analysis was used to derive the effective solar flare contributions of each of the McIntosh classification parameters. The best fits to the combined average number of M- and X-class X-ray flares per day were found when the flare contributions were assumed to be multiplicative rather than additive. This suggests that nonlinear processes may amplify the effects of the following different active-region properties encoded in the McIntosh classifications: the length of the sunspot group, the size and shape of the largest spot, and the distribution of spots within the group. Since many of these active-region properties are correlated with magnetic field strengths and fluxes, we suggest that the derived correlations reflect a more fundamental relationship between flare production and the magnetic properties of the region. The derived flare contributions for the individual McIntosh parameters can be used to derive a flare rate for each of the three-parameter McIntosh classes. These derived flare rates can be interpreted as smoothed values that may provide better estimates of an active region's expected flare rate when rare classes are reported or when the multiple observing sites report slightly different classifications.
Development and testing of lightweight composite reflector panels

Several years ago the Jet Propulsion Laboratory embarked upon a program to develop advanced polymer composite mirror elements as enabling technology for orbiting far IR/submillimeter telescopes. Structural composite mirrors have the advantages of high specific stiffness, good thermal stability and low cost that beneficially affect the entire telescope design. The goal of this panel development program is to design and fabricate prototype mirror panels: up to one meter in size with a surface precision and orbital thermal performance of a few microns, to achieve real densities close to 5 kg/sq m and to demonstrate the thermally stable performance of these panels experimentally. Studies leading to current mirror design are summarized. The precision and thermal performance of the mirror panels were tested in a dedicated test facility. Data showing panel performance are presented. Finally, the test results are compared to the analytically predicted panel performance.
Isotopic mass dependence of metal cation diffusion coefficients in liquid water

Abstract Isotope distributions in natural systems can be highly sensitive to the mass ( m ) dependence of solute diffusion coefficients ( D ) in liquid water. Isotope geochemistry studies routinely have assumed that this mass dependence either is negligible (as predicted by hydrodynamic theories) or follows a kinetic-theory-like inverse square-root relationship ( D ∝ m −0.5 ). However, our recent experimental results and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations showed that the mass dependence of D is intermediate between hydrodynamic and kinetic theory predictions ( D ∝ m − β with 0 ⩽ β + , Cl − , Mg 2+ , and the noble gases). In this paper, we present new MD simulations and experimental results for Na + , K + , Cs + , and Ca 2+ that confirm the generality of the inverse power-law relation D ∝ m − β . Our new findings allow us to develop a general description of the influence of solute valence and radius on the mass dependence of D for monatomic solutes in liquid water. This mass dependence decreases with solute radius and with the magnitude of solute valence. Molecular-scale analysis of our MD simulation results reveals that these trends derive from the exponent β being smallest for those solutes whose motions are most strongly coupled to solvent hydrodynamic modes.
Stability of a rotating relativistic electron beam in a waveguide near the cyclotron resonance.

The stability of a thin electron beam in a uniform magnetic field is studied. It is found that if the conducting wall is close to the beam, the cyclotron-maser action occurs in a fast wave structure. For given geometrical parameters, there is a critical current density below which the beam is stable to perturbations.
A 1.6GHz/4.8GHz dual-band CMOS fractional-N frequency synthesizer for S-Band radio applications

A 1.6 GHz/ 4.8 GHz fractional-N frequency synthesizer in 0.18-μm CMOS technology is presented in this paper. Its purpose is to generate the local oscillator (LO) signals for a fully integrated S-Band transceiver with a direct-conversion receiver (RX) and a dual up-conversion transmitter (TX) to avoid the frequency pulling problem. The synthesizer achieves phase noise of -141.3 dBc/Hz at 1.62 GHz and -132.6 dBc/Hz at 4.86 GHz (both at 3 MHz offset), with reference spurs <;-70.2 dBc for the lower band (LB) and <;-63.8 dBc for the higher band (HB). Total power consumption is 18.2-22.7 mW from a 1 V supply for the VCO and 1.8V for the other synthesizer blocks.
Wide Excision (Nonnerve Sparing) Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Using an Initial Perirectal Dissection

ABSTRACTPurpose: Positive surgical margin rates after radical retropubic prostatectomy are reported to range from 25 to 50% in contemporary series. We report on 53 nonnerve sparing radical retropubic prostatectomies performed with attention paid to extending the margin of attached periprostatic tissue. This was accomplished primarily by initial perirectal release of periprostatic tissues at the level of longitudinal rectal fibers posterior and lateral of the prostate. This perirectal release ensures that maximal quantities of periprostatic tissue will remain with the prostate specimen and will not be attenuated or sheared away at subsequent stages of the procedure.Materials and Methods: Pathological material was examined for capsular penetration and surgical margins using transverse whole mount sections of the prostate at 4 to 5 mm. intervals. Patients were followed at regular intervals with physical examinations and serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) determinations.Results: The series consisted of 6, ...
On the Orthonormalization of Sparse Vectors

The problem of finding the optimum order in which the columns of a given sparse matrix should be orthonormalized, such that the resulting matrix is as sparse as possible, is discussed. It is shown how, under certain conditions, the optimum can be determined. Some computationally simple methods, which give a reasonably close approximation to the optimum column order, are given. The results of computational experiments performed on randomly generated matrices are also given. The analysis and the results of the paper hold for both theGram-Schmidt and theHouseholder methods of orthonormalization.
The normative case for indigent defense systems

Today, every indigent person accused of a crime, where incarceration is a reasonably possible sentence, has the right to counsel apppointed by the State. From an historical perspective, this right is relatively new, since it has only evolved over the last 50 years and is the result of a variety of decisions by the Supreme Court of the United States. In essence, the States have developed three mechanisms to comply with these decisions: (1) Assigned Counsel Systems; (2) Contract Counsel Systems; and (3) Public Defender Systems. This paper (a) reviews the decisions applicable to indigents; (b) reviews existing indigent defense delivery systems; and (c) concludes that the independent State Public Defender Agency is the best system available from the perspectives of both the taxpayer and the defendant.
FMR Study of Permalloy Films Patterned Into Square Lattices of Diamond Antidots

We have performed broadband (10 MHz-14 GHz) ferromagnetic resonance measurements on permalloy thin films patterned with square lattices of diamond-shaped antidots of variable size and separation. We observe remarkably reproducible mode structures in the low-frequency, hysteretic regime in which various domain wall patterns and unsaturated magnetization textures exist and are strongly affected by the geometry of the antidot lattice. The magnetic field, frequency and angular dependences of the observed modes (some not previously reported) are in good agreement with recently developed micromagnetic simulations. The mode reproducibility is attributed to a reproducible evolution of domain wall textures governed by their pinning to antidot edges. We conclude variations of antidot size, shape and spacing can be used to control magnetic reversal, domain wall pinning and spin wave mode structure.
Mechanism of the glutathione transferase-catalyzed conversion of antitumor 2-crotonyloxymethyl-2-cycloalkenones to GSH adducts.

Human glutathione (GSH) transferase (hGSTP1-1) processes with similar kinetic efficiencies the antitumor agents 2-crotonyloxymethyl-2-cyclohexenone (COMC-6), 2-crotonyloxymethyl-2-cycloheptenone (COMC-7), and 2-crotonyloxymethyl-2-cyclopentenone (COMC-5) to 2-glutathionylmethyl-2-cyclohexenone, 2-glutathionylmethyl-3-glutathionyl-2-cycloheptenone, and 2-glutathionylmethyl-2-cyclopentenone, respectively. This process likely involves initial enzyme-catalyzed Michael addition of GSH to the COMC derivative to give a glutathionylated enol(ate), which undergoes nonstereospecific ketonization, either while bound to the active site or free in solution, to a glutathionylated exocyclic enone. Free in solution, GSH reacts at the exomethylene carbon of the exocyclic enone, displacing the first GSH to give the final product. This mechanism is supported by the observation of multiphasic kinetics in the presence of high concentrations of hGSTP1-1 and the ability to trap kinetically competent exocyclic enones in aqueous ...
Equivalence between voltage-processing methods and discrete orthogonal Legendre polynomial (DOLP) approach

There are three methods for solving the least-squares estimation (LSE) problem. (1) the power method; (2) the voltage-processing method (square-root method); and (3) the discrete orthogonal Legendre polynomial (DOLP) method. The first involves a matrix inversion and is sensitive to computer round-off errors. The second and third do not require a matrix inversion and are not as sensitive to computer round-off errors. It is shown that the voltage-processing LSE methods (Givens, Householder, and Gram-Schmidt) become the discrete orthogonal Legendre polynomial (DOLP) LSE method when the data can be modeled by a polynomial function and the times between measurements are equal. Furthermore, when the data can be modeled by a polynomial function and the time between measurements are equal, the DOLP is the preferred method because it does not require an orthonormal transformation and it does not require the back-substitution method.
Early phenotypes that presage late-onset neurodegenerative disease allow testing of modifiers in Hdh CAG knock-in mice

In Huntington's disease (HD), CAG repeats extend a glutamine tract in huntingtin to initiate the dominant loss of striatal neurons and chorea. Neuropathological changes include the formation of insoluble mutant N-terminal fragment, as nuclear/neuropil inclusions and filter-trap amyloid, which may either participate in the disease process or be a degradative by-product. In young Hdh knock-in mice, CAGs that expand the glutamine tract in mouse huntingtin to childhood-onset HD lengths lead to nuclear accumulation of full-length mutant huntingtin and later accumulation of insoluble fragment. Here we report late-onset neurodegeneration and gait deficits in older Hdh(Q111) knock-in mice, demonstrating that the nuclear phenotypes comprise early stages in a disease process that conforms to genetic and pathologic criteria determined in HD patients. Furthermore, using the early nuclear-accumulation phenotypes as surrogate markers, we show in genetic experiments that the disease process, initiated by full-length mutant protein, is hastened by co-expression of mutant fragment; therefore, accrual of insoluble-product in already compromised neurons may exacerbate pathogenesis. In contrast, timing of early disease events was not altered by normal huntingtin or by mutant caspase-1, two proteins shown to reduce inclusions and glutamine toxicity in other HD models. Thus, potential HD therapies in man might be directed at different levels: preventing the disease-initiating mechanism or slowing the subsequent progression of pathogenesis.
Use of a microprocessor-based pacemaker to control an implantable drug delivery system

Present strategies for treating paroxysmal atrial fibrillation are centered on the use of prophylactic oral administration of antiarrhythmic agents to prevent onset. This laboratory had proposed a system which senses the onset of atrial fibrillation and then delivers drug from an implanted pump to terminate infusion. In this system, arrhythmia detection was based on simple beat counting, while infusion was done with a programmable infusion pump. The viability of this system as an alternative to conventional therapy can be increased with a robust rate estimate based on median filtered AA interval measurements. System performance can be further enhanced by allowing on-line computation of appropriate drug delivery times. An optimal infusion based on patient pharmacokinetic parameters is capable of quickly reaching, then maintaining, therapeutic plasma levels. Design of this infusion requires solving the two-compartment pharmacokinetic equations. Since present pacing devices are incapable of floating-point operations, the two-compartment equations are solved indirectly using integer arithmetic, on/off control, and appropriate approximations. >
The stratigraphy of Mars

A global stratigraphy of Mars was developed from a global geologic map series derived from Viking images; the stratigraphy is composed of three maps. A new chronostratigraphic classification system which consists of lower, middle, and upper Noachian, Hesperian, and Amazonian systems is described. The crater-density boundaries of the chronostratigraphic units and the absolute ages of the Martian epochs aer estimated. The relative ages of major geologic units and featues are calculated and analyzed. The geologic history of Mars is summarized on the maps in terms of epochs.
Neurologic signs and mobility limitations: a neglected link in the elderly.

9 ait disturbance and abnormalities in mobility are common problems in the elderly, yet there have been surprisingly few systematic assessments of his important problem. We thus read with great enthuiasm the article by Ferrucci and colleagues (1) in this ssue of the Journal, about the relation between neuroogic abnormalities and mobility limitations in elderly ersons without a history of neurologic disease or cogniive impairment. In the current study, Ferrucci et al (1) found neuroogic signs in 80% of community-dwelling elderly adults, nd that the prevalence of these signs increased draatically with age. As early as 1881, Charcot (2) made xtensive observations about older adults, noting a high redominance of neurologic dysfunction, even in those ithout dementia or other neurologic diseases. Later, ritchley (3) also had similar observations. In 1949, owell (4) conducted one of the first studies evaluating eurologic signs in 200 healthy subjects from 65 to 91 ears of age. He too found a high prevalence of neurologic igns that increased with age. More recent studies report eurologic abnormalities in 10% and 64% of older subects in the absence of neurologic disease (4 – 8). The revalence reported by Ferrucci et al is even higher, posibly due to the use of a thorough and reliable neurologic xamination. In a smaller study by Whitman and colleagues (9), hite matter hyperintensities were a strong correlate of ait disturbance, suggesting that structural brain lesions ere involved in unexplained gait disorders. Critchley ad noted, “The problem at once arises whether distincion can be made between what is ‘normal’ and what is pathological’ in old age” (3). It is still not known if neuologic signs in aging represent normal aging or subclincal neurologic disease, and if a single etiology (e.g., cererovascular disease) or multiple factors (e.g., arthritis, eripheral neuropathy, cerebrovascular disease) account or abnormalities in mobility in the elderly. Indeed, therpeutic approaches to immobility in the elderly could be mproved if the pathogenesis were understood.
Linking Aging Theory and Disability Models: Increasing the Potential to Explore Aging With Physical Impairment

Purpose: Social theories of aging are discussed in relation to their preparedness to address the aging-with-physical impairment phenomenon. Design and Methods: An overview of the social theories of aging is presented. Individual theories of aging are reviewed to examine (a) how they currently depict and/or include disability in their frameworks and (b) how they could be used to explore the experience of aging with physical impairment. Results: Most social theories of aging do not directly address aging with physical impairment or the cumulative experience of disability over the life course. Implications: Potential exists for social theories of aging to be applied to the experience of aging with physical impairment. To do so, physical impairment and disability must be clearly operationalized. The author suggests using social models of disability as frameworks in this process and provides examples of how this might be done with current social theories of aging.
Singular problems modelling phenomena in the theory of pseudoplastic fluids

Existence criteria are presented for nonlinear singular initial and boundary value problems. In particular our theory includes a problem arising in the theory of pseudoplastic fluids.