cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Dynamics of Idealized Convection Schemes and Their Effect on the Zonally Averaged Tropical Circulation

In this paper, the effect of a simple convection scheme on the zonally averaged tropical general circulation is examined within an idealized moist GCM to obtain broad classifications of the influence of convection on the Tropics. This is accomplished with a simplified convection scheme in the style of Betts and Miller. The scheme is utilized in a moist GCM with simplified physical parameterizations (gray radiation, with zonally symmetric, slab mixed layer ocean boundary conditions). Comparisons are made with simulations without a convection scheme [i.e., with large-scale condensation (LSC) only], with the moist convective adjustment (MCA) parameterization, and with various formulations and parameter sets with a simplified Betts–Miller (SBM) scheme. With the control run using the SBM scheme, the Tropics become quieter and less dependent on horizontal resolution as compared with the LSC or MCA simulations. The Hadley circulation mass transport is significantly reduced with the SBM scheme, as is the ITCZ precipitation. An important factor determining this behavior is the parameterization of shallow convection: without shallow convection, the convection scheme is largely ineffective at preventing convection from occurring at the grid scale. The sensitivities to convection scheme parameters are also examined. The simulations are remarkably insensitive to the convective relaxation time, and only mildly sensitive to the relative humidity of the reference profile, provided significant large-scale condensation is not allowed to occur. The changes in the zonally averaged tropical circulation that occur in all the simulations are understood based on the convective criteria of the schemes and the gross moist stability of the atmosphere.
Sampling error and other statistical problems with query-based situation awareness measures:

An analysis of query-based measures for situation awareness was conducted, focusing on the effect of sampling from among the population of possible queries and the assumption that all queries are e...
Shaped time-optimal control for disk drive systems with back EMF, slew rate limits, and different acceleration and deceleration rates

This paper derives shaped time-optimal servomechanism (STOS) controllers for flexible structures consisting of a second-order rigid body with damping and a damped flexible mode. The approach uses input shaping to account for the damped flexible mode by altering the time-optimal velocity profile that moves the second-order rigid body with damping from rest to rest. Considering the slew rate limit constraints, the maneuver is categorized into three ranges due to their different shaped input profiles. For one of the maneuver ranges, when systems have different acceleration and deceleration capabilities, the time-optimal control for the second-order with damping rigid body portion has to be solved numerically. However, the STOS control for this maneuver range can still be derived analytically by using the curve-fit approximation of the switching time of the time-optimal control. Simulation show that the derived STOS control laws yield near time-optimal performance without unwanted residual vibration at the end of the maneuver.
First-principle homogenization of magnetodielectric metamaterial arrays

We develop here a rigorous homogenization approach applied to dense cubic arrays of magnetodielectric spheres, in order to determine their first-principle bulk constitutive parameters. We carefully model their electromagnetic response and assess the validity and limitations of commonly used approximate homogenization models for metamaterials. In particular, we show that, in regimes for which exotic wave propagation is obtained, near the array resonances and for especially dense arrays, more rigorous homogenization models are necessary, including magneto-electric coupling and weak spatial dispersion effects. We apply our findings to the design of negative-index metamaterial devices, and compare their scattering properties with those of our homogenized model. The comparison of near-field distributions shows remarkable agreement and confirms that a proper homogenization model can indeed correctly capture the physics and complex wave propagation in exotic metamaterial arrays.
Instructional effectiveness of an integrated theater arts program for children using augmentative and alternative communication and their nondisabled peers: Preliminary study

The use of inclusive theater arts activities offers numerous potential benefits to children using augmentative and alternative communication (AAC). The activities may provide an effective context t...
Interstitial Lung Disease in Patients with Hepatopulmonary Syndrome: A Case Series and New Observations

Hepatopulmonary syndrome (HPS) is characterized by impaired oxygenation due to pulmonary vascular dilatation in patients with end-stage liver disease. At our center, we identified 29 patients who were listed for liver transplantation (LT) with a model for end-stage liver disease exception for HPS between 2001 and 2012. Five of these patients were found to have concurrent interstitial lung disease (ILD). The chest high-resolution computed-tomography demonstrated ground-glass opacities and subpleural reticulation, most consistent with nonspecific interstitial pneumonia (NSIP). All four of our patients who underwent LT experienced prolonged hypoxemia postoperatively, with one surgery-related death. However, the three surviving patients had eventual resolution of their hypoxemia with no evidence of ILD progression. In conclusion, we report a high prevalence of ILD, most consistent with NSIP, among patients with HPS. Although there may be increased perioperative risks, the finding of ILD in patients with HPS should not be considered an absolute contraindication to LT.
Experimental Vehicles Program Aides in Innovative Hands-On Learning Experiences

The Experimental Vehicles Program (EVP) was created in 2004 as an umbrella program for five different undergraduate experimental vehicle design teams. These projects consist of the Solar Vehicle, Moonbuggy, Baja SAE, Formula SAE, and Solar Boat. The goal of the EVP is to foster undergraduate student development through hands-on construction of experimental vehicles with the guidance of faculty mentors and partnerships with both national and international industry leaders.Each EVP project performs a vital function in the professional development of students. The projects provide a forgiving environment in which students can test their classroom knowledge in a real-world setting and learn important skills such as leadership, effective communication, and working as a team member. Furthermore, the students in the EVP develop highly versatile and qualified skill sets that will allow them to fill various positions within the workplace. In the past 90% of EVP graduates have been able to obtain highly regarded national and international positions upon graduation due to their real-world hands-on experience gained throughout their involvement in the EVP. Each year the EVP sponsors up to sixty interdisciplinary students that come together in peer-led teams to combine and expand upon their classroom knowledge in building innovative vehicles. The successes of the MTSU EVP have been recognized by becoming the national model for hands-on engineering education; helping engineering students take classroom knowledge and apply it to real-world situations. Students work in teams to annually design, construct, and test novel vehicle designs for participation in national and international competitions. Due to the competitive nature of each of the events, students must use cutting edge technology and design methods in order to create the best entries possible. Often times this means creating partnerships with industry leaders who help mentor the students from the design conception, the fabrication, through the manufacturing of each vehicle. These partnerships benefit both the students and the companies; students are able to create real-world contacts and gain a working knowledge of the industry that they cannot learn in the classroom. Furthermore, the students are able to use the contacts to garner equipment like solar panels and wheels. Likewise, the companies are able to receive recognition at national and international competition as program sponsors are advertised on the competition vehicles. Moreover the industries are able to build relationships with future employees who have real-world experience and who have become intimately involved with specialized technology such as “green energy”.© 2013 ASME
Persistent patterns in accretion discs

We present a set of new characteristic frequencies associated with accretion disks around compact objects. These frequencies arise from persistent rotating patterns in the disk that are finite in radial extent and driven purely by the gravity of the central body. Their existence depends on general relativistic corrections to orbital motion and, if observed, could be used to probe the strong gravity region around a black hole. We also discuss a possible connection to the puzzle of quasi-periodic oscillations.
Timing budgeting under arbitrary process variations

Timing budgeting under process variations is an important step in a statistical optimization flow. We propose a novel formulation of the problem where budgets are statistical instead of deterministic as in existing works. This new formulation considers the changes of both the means and variances of delays, and thus can reduce the timing violation introduced by ignoring the changes of variances. We transform the problem to a linear programming problem using a robust optimization technique. Our approach can be used in late-stage design where the detailed distribution information is known, and is most useful in early-stage design since our approach does not assume specific underlying distributions. In addition, with the help of block-level timing budgeting, our approach can reduce the timing pessimism. Our approach is applied to the leakage power minimization problem. The results demonstrate that our approach can reduce timing violation from 690 ps to Ops, and the worst total leakage power by 17.50% on average.
Applied Mathematics: Methods and Matlab

The book Methods of Applied Mathematics for Engineers and Scientists by Thomas B. Co presents a range of topics in applied mathematics suitable for teaching a graduate student-level course or an entry-level reference volume for the professional. The introduction of Matlab notation side-by-side with theoretical background and the inclusion of many companion example codes in this text will prove particularly useful to those already using or wishing to learn Matlab.
Accurate simulation of mixer noise and oscillator phase noise in large RFICs

Traditional Spice-like linear noise analysis cannot predict the noise performance of a circuit with frequency-mixing effects, such as mixers and oscillators. Because it is a nonlinear frequency-domain technique, harmonic balance easily lends itself to fast and accurate noise analysis of mixers and oscillators including the large-signal effects. This paper presents the basic theory behind mixer noise and oscillator phase noise analysis using harmonic balance. The theory is illustrated with two examples that demonstrate simulation of the noise figure of an RFIC mixer and the phase noise of an RFIC oscillator.
Spatial regression models for demographic analysis

While spatial data analysis has received increasing attention in demographic studies, it remains a difficult subject to learn for practitioners due to its complexity and various unresolved issues. Here we give a practical guide to spatial demographic analysis, with a focus on the use of spatial regression models. We first summarize spatially explicit and implicit theories of population dynamics. We then describe basic concepts in exploratory spatial data analysis and spatial regression modeling through an illustration of population change in the 1990s at the minor civil division level in the state of Wisconsin. We also review spatial regression models including spatial lag models, spatial error models, and spatial autoregressive moving average models and use these models for analyzing the data example. We finally suggest opportunities and directions for future research on spatial demographic theories and practice.
Childhood Physical Punishment and Problem Solving in Marriage

Drawing from social learning theories and symbolic interactionist understandings of social life, the authors suggest that physical punishment teaches aggressive and controlling strategies for solving the problems of living together and hinders the development of important problem-solving skills, specifically the ability to role take with others. These strategies and skills become part of an individual's toolkit for problem resolution within his or her marriage. The analysis is based on 188 married couples in Washington State who participated in a longitudinal study of the first 2 years of marriage. The analysis reveals the following: Individuals who were physically punished during childhood are more likely to engage in physical and verbal aggression with their spouses, individuals who were physically punished during childhood are more controlling with their spouses, and individuals who were physically punished during childhood are less able to take their spouse's perspective.
Partial trisomy 20p: familial occurrence.

Partial trisomy 20p syndrome in an uncle and niece are compared to 32 previous cases. Am. J. Med. Genet. 95:316–319, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Consistency in Management Earnings Guidance Patterns

I examine the pattern of management earnings guidance issued across quarters of the year. Using a constant sample, I find that a large and increasing percentage of firms have provided guidance in consistent patterns across years, suggesting that their benchmark for guidance provision is their prior guidance, not no-guidance, as implicitly assumed in the prior literature. Incorporating prior guidance as the benchmark, I examine the changes in guidance provision. I find that firms, whose previous guidance is consistent, but not necessarily frequent, act more like regular guiders – they are less sensitive to guidance determinants and subsequently are less likely to change guidance. Whereas prior studies use past frequent guidance to identify regular guiders, I show that the consistency in past guidance patterns significantly improves this identification.
Availability Principle Applied to a Fuzzy Supervisory Control of a Pilot Flotation Column

Abstract This work presents a study of fuzzy expert control system, based on the availability principle, of a pilot flotation column at the Hybrid Process Control Laboratory in Santa Maria University. Sensors and actuators are communicated to a programmable Logic Controller (PLC) where calibrations and local control are implemented, and the data is sent to a PC network, where a Distributed Control System (DCS) is running. Process model predictions are obtained by running a simulator fed with actual operating variables and virtual variables associated to feed characteristics. All data is displayed at PC stations and historical data files are also built for further analysis. Operating variables (real and virtual) can also be analyzed off-line by advanced software tools. Supervisory control running on PC network writes DCS set points on PLC. The supervisory control performance was experimentally evaluated by keeping the mineralogical objectives of concentrate grade and recovery in narrow bands. The operation of the supervisor was compared to a base case where there is no supervisory control, and each experiment was subjected to stochastic auto-correlated disturbances in the feed conditions. The fuzzy supervisory control, unlike conventional control, is more capable of maintaining the metallurgical results within control limits during almost 90% of the operating time. An availability principle for manipulated variables was successfully tested acting on top of the fuzzy logic decision system.
A view of health care around the world.

NAPCRG’s 2012 Annual Meeting took place in New Orleans, Louisiana the first week of December and was a celebration of NAPCRG’s 40th anniversary. The first day’s plenary session by T. R. Reid, American author, well-known reporter, documentary filmmaker, and commentator on National Public Radio
Adolf Hitler and the National Socialists: A Case Study in Political Constructivism

Adolf Hitler and his National Socialist Party gained and maintained power by adopting the philosophy of constructivism and applying it to political leadership. The Nazi leader took advantage of every situation which made his approach to morals and politics dependent on the climate of public, national, and international opinion at the time. This situational relativist approach can be considered constructivist in nature. Therefore, by selectively exploring the coups of Hitler and his henchmen the constructivist, unstructured nature of National Socialism will become apparent.
'China,' A Book Chapter in Sources of State Practice in International Law (2nd Ed)

Source of State Practice in International Law (2nd edition) contains a bibliography of electronic and print resources useful in conducting treaty research in specific countries. Each chapter also describes issues related to treaty succession and treaty implementation for that jurisdiction. The chapter on China, written by law librarian Kara Phillips, introduces various print materials and online resources that can help with treaty research on the People's Republic of China.
Transition Metal-Oxide Free Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by a New Organic Charge Transport Layer.

Various electron and hole transport layers have been used to develop high-efficiency perovskite solar cells. To achieve low-temperature solution processing of perovskite solar cells, organic n-type materials are employed to replace the metal oxide electron transport layer (ETL). Although PCBM (phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester) has been widely used for this application, its morphological instability in films (i.e., aggregation) is detrimental. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of a new fullerene derivative (isobenzofulvene–C60–epoxide, IBF–Ep) that serves as an electron transporting material for methylammonium mixed lead halide-based perovskite (CH3NH3PbI3–xClx) solar cells, both in the normal and inverted device configurations. We demonstrate that IBF–Ep has superior morphological stability compared to the conventional acceptor, PCBM. IBF–Ep provides higher photovoltaic device performance as compared to PCBM (6.9% vs 2.5% in the normal and 9.0% vs 5.3% in the inverted device configuration). Moreove...
Long-run Automobile Demand:

N the past, the theory and measurement of automobile demand has been subjected to econometric scrutiny in the pioneering work by Roos and Szeliski.2 Their purpose was to estimate the demand for cars year by year, as indicated by the word "changes" in the title of their paper. But suppose one is merely interested in the long-run trend of automobile output because one wants to know whether current levels are above or below normal. This would be a relevant question to ask if one is concerned with longrun investment decisions. If trend rather
Collaborative prediction with expert advice

Many practical learning systems aggregate data across many users, while learning theory traditionally considers a single learner who trusts all of their observations. A case in point is the foundational learning problem of prediction with expert advice. To date, there has been no theoretical study of the general collaborative version of prediction with expert advice, in which many users face a similar problem and would like to share their experiences in order to learn faster. A key issue in this collaborative framework is robustness: generally algorithms that aggregate data are vulnerable to manipulation by even a small number of dishonest users. We exhibit the first robust collaborative algorithm for prediction with expert advice. When all users are honest and have similar tastes our algorithm matches the performance of pooling data and using a traditional algorithm. But our algorithm also guarantees that adding users never significantly degrades performance, even if the additional users behave adversarially. We achieve strong guarantees even when the overwhelming majority of users behave adversarially. As a special case, our algorithm is extremely robust to variation amongst the users.
Experience and Counter-measure on the Construction of Industrial Centralization Area in Urban City Belt along Yangtze River

Based on the needs of undertaking massive industrial transfer,highlighting demonstration effect of Urban City Belt along Yangtze River and exploring innovative undertaking mode,the construction of Industrial Centralization Area should draw on the successful experience of Binhai New Area in Tianjin,fully play the role of Wan Jiang Golden waterway,innovate diversification of the financing system,pioneer investment invitation way,actively develop industrial clusters,optimize land utilization through intensification,and promote the construction of supporting facilities,so as to create a characteristic way of development for Anhui.
GABAB receptor plasticity in corticotrophin releasing hormone neurons in the paraventricular nucleus during chronic unpredictable stress

GABAB (γ-aminobutytic acid type B) receptor is important in the regulation of neuronal excitability. Chronic stress leads to hyperactivity of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) neurons. However...
Influence of ocean circulation changes on the inter-annual variability of American eel larval dispersal

Author Posting. © Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, 2016. This article is posted here by permission of Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Limnology and Oceanography 61 (2016): 1574–1588, doi:10.1002/lno.10297.
Medicolegal Considerations in Breast Health: The Benefits of Collaboration Between OB/GYNs and Radiologists

A common endeavor shared by physicians practicing in specialty fields of Radiology and Obstetrics and Gynecology is the comprehensive care and diagnosis of women with breast problems and breast disease. Because each specialty provides its respective clinical expertise in breast health, each also shares a concern, which is the high risk of litigation associated with a missed or delayed diagnosis of breast cancer. This shared concern is well documented for both specialties. Instead, it is argued that physicians are better prepared by engaging in the practice of evidence-based breast care in their respective specialties.
Catalytic Tandem and One-Pot Dehydrogenation–Alkylation and −Insertion Reactions of Saturated Hydrocarbons with Alcohols and Alkenes

The ruthenium-hydride catalyst has been successfully used for the tandem sp3 C–H dehydrogenation–alkylation reaction of saturated hydrocarbon substrates with alcohols to form the alkyl-substituted alkene and arene products. The analogous one-pot dehydrogenation–insertion of saturated ketones with alkenes and dienes directly yielded synthetically useful 2-alkylphenol and benzopyran products in a highly regio- and stereoselective manner without forming any wasteful byproducts.
Knowing God directly

L'A. illustre les differentes manieres de connaitre Dieu de maniere directe. Pour lui, l'esprit est lui-meme caracterise par la transcendance dans la mesure ou certains esprits se depassent et se transcendent pour acceder a une connaissance autre. L'homme peut prendre conscience de sa dependance vis-a-vis de Dieu. Cette dependance est due a la realite de l'esprit lui-meme et a sa subjectivite ideale.
The Indian Experience as a Swahili Mirror in Colonial Mombasa: The Ambiguous Position of Sheikh Al-Amin Bin Ali Mazrui

People of Indian descent had long interacted with the Swahili of East Africa. This interrelationship became particularly momentous during British colonial rule that gave additional impetus to Indian migration to East Africa. In time East Africa, in general, and Mombasa, Kenya’s second largest city, in particular, became home to significant populations of Indian settler communities. Motivated by an immigrant psychology and relatively privileged status under colonial rule, Indian immigrants took full advantage of the opportunities to become remarkably successful socially and economically.Local inhabitants were fully aware of the success of Indian immigrants of East Africa, and for some of them, the Indian record became a yard stick for their own successes and failures. Among these was Sheikh Al-Amin bin Ali Mazrui (1891-1947), famed for his reformist ideas about East African Islam. Using his Swahili periodical, Swahifa , he tried to galvanize members of Swahili-Muslim community towards the goal of community uplift by drawing on the experiences of East African Indians as a way of referring them back to some of the fundamentals of a progressive Islamic civilization in matters of the economy, education, and cultural preservation. In this sense, the East African Indian “mirror” became an important means of propagating Sheikh Al-Amin’s agenda of an alternative modernity rooted in Islamic civilization.
Abstract 3635: Improved T Cell activation bioassays to advance the development of bispecific antibodies and engineered T cell immunotherapies

T cells play a central role in cell-mediated immunity and can mediate long-term, antigen-specific, effector and memory responses. In recent years, a variety of immunotherapy strategies aimed at inducing, strengthening or engineering T cell responses have emerged as promising approaches for the treatment of diseases such as cancer and autoimmunity. Current methods used to measure TCR-mediated T cell proliferation and cytokine production rely on primary PBMCs as a source of T cells, which must be stimulated via co-culture with APCs or anti-TCR/CD3 antibodies. These assays are laborious and highly variable due to their reliance on donor primary cells, complex assay protocols and unqualified assay reagents. As a result, these assays are difficult to establish in quality-controlled drug development settings. To overcome this barrier, we developed two reporter-based bioluminescent T cell activation bioassays that can be used for the development of bispecific antibodies and engineered T cell immunotherapies. The assays consist of Jurkat T cells genetically engineered to express luciferase downstream of either NFAT or IL-2 response elements. The T cell activation bioassays reflect the mechanisms of action of biologics designed to induce TCR and/or CD28-mediated T cell activation, as demonstrated using anti-CD3 and/or anti-CD28 antibodies as well as blinatumomab, a bispecific antibody that simultaneously binds CD3 expressed on T cells and CD19 expressed on malignant B cells. The bioassays are pre-qualified according to ICH guidelines and show assay specificity, precision, accuracy and linearity required for routine use in potency and stability studies. Finally, our data illustrate the use of reporter-based T cell activation bioassays for characterizing and measuring the activity of engineered chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Citation Format: Richard L. Somberg, Pete Stecha, Denise Garvin, Jim Hartnett, Frank Fan, Mei Cong, Jey Cheng. Improved T Cell activation bioassays to advance the development of bispecific antibodies and engineered T cell immunotherapies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3635. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3635
Chapter 29 A discussion of Willem van Zwet’s probability papers

I shall begin my discussion of Willem’s probability papers with his 1978 paper on the Kakutani conjecture. Willem tells me that this is his favorite paper. I can see why. It is not only a fine piece of mathematics; it also displays very well a common feature of many of Willem’s best papers, namely, it begins with a key insight, which lights the way to the solution of a knotty problem.
Strategy of Heat Exchanger Design

The modern strategy of heat exchanger design is a parallel approach to all the pertinent design submodules: a) process specification; b) thermo-hydraulic; c) architectural; d) mechanical/metallurgical; and e) operation, control, and maintenance. Present computer programs deal mainly with the thermo-hydraulic aspects and require careful selection of the input specifications and analysis of the output results. The true optimum design will often be a compromise between the subsets modular optimums and is frequently decided on by judgement of several experts. Guidelines for a proper design process are discussed and illustrated on a typical example.
Near-Perfect CO2/CH4 Selectivity Achieved through Reversible Guest Templating in the Flexible Metal–Organic Framework Co(bdp)

Metal–organic frameworks are among the most promising materials for industrial gas separations, including the removal of carbon dioxide from natural gas, although substantial improvements in adsorption selectivity are still sought. Herein, we use equilibrium adsorption experiments to demonstrate that the flexible metal–organic framework Co(bdp) (bdp2– = 1,4-benzenedipyrazolate) exhibits a large CO2 adsorption capacity and approaches complete exclusion of CH4 under 50:50 mixtures of the two gases, leading to outstanding CO2/CH4 selectivity under these conditions. In situ powder X-ray diffraction data indicate that this selectivity arises from reversible guest templating, in which the framework expands to form a CO2 clathrate and then collapses to the nontemplated phase upon desorption. Under an atmosphere dominated by CH4, Co(bdp) adsorbs minor amounts of CH4 along with CO2, highlighting the importance of studying all relevant pressure and composition ranges via multicomponent measurements when examining m...
A Paradigm Shift in Cancer Immunotherapy: From Enhancement to Normalization

Harnessing an antitumor immune response has been a fundamental strategy in cancer immunotherapy. For over a century, efforts have primarily focused on amplifying immune activation mechanisms that are employed by humans to eliminate invaders such as viruses and bacteria. This “immune enhancement” strategy often results in rare objective responses and frequent immune-related adverse events (irAEs). However, in the last decade, cancer immunotherapies targeting the B7-H1/PD-1 pathway (anti-PD therapy), have achieved higher objective response rates in patients with much fewer irAEs. This more beneficial tumor response-to-toxicity profile stems from distinct mechanisms of action that restore tumor-induced immune deficiency selectively in the tumor microenvironment, here termed “immune normalization,” which has led to its FDA approval in more than 10 cancer indications and facilitated its combination with different therapies. In this article, we wish to highlight the principles of immune normalization and learn from it, with the ultimate goal to guide better designs for future cancer immunotherapies.
Heat and Mass Transport in Modeling Membrane Distillation Configurations: A Review

Identification and mitigation of challenges associated with membrane distillation (MD) modeling are very crucial to the applicability of MD technology in the industry. Several research studies have been carried out on direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) modeling because of its simplicity, while other MD configurations have gained little attention. Most studies conducted on MD modeling were achieved based on uniform membrane pore size and pore size distribution assumption. This study exploits the homogeneity of these assumptions to conduct a modeling review for temperature polarization (TP) and concentration polarization (CP), as they apply to MD configurations. TP and CP phenomena have been identified as two of the main challenges to advance MD modeling for further development of MD technology. Their impact is detailed in the heat and mass transfer mechanisms discussed. Thermal conductivity of common hydrophobic commercial membrane materials at different temperatures are presented in this study. The use of optimal operating flow rate, suitable membranes and proper module design are recommended as viable solutions to reduce the effects of TP and CP on permeate flux decay.
Repair of Bilateral Comminuted Mandibular Fractures in a 12-Week-Old Puppy Using Locking and Nonlocking Maxillofacial Reconstruction Plates

A 12-week-old male intact French bulldog presented to a university teaching hospital for bilateral comminuted caudal mandibular fractures following an altercation with another dog. The fractures we...
Some Findings on Conceptual Development of Computational Skills.

have long been fighting rote memorization of facts and algorithms, one is a bit reluctant to report data on students' ability to compute. However, the findings reported here on achievement in addition and subtraction by first-grade children help make the case for the conceptual rather than the mechanized approach to the operations. The results may not be startling, but the instruction that brought them about does suggest some strategies for teaching computation. It appears, to our dismay, that many people think of the basics as being little more than the ability to compute with paper and pencil to achieve 80 percent correct on tests of computational ability. This superficial view of the basics has two problems. Not only does it lead to superficial treatment, or no treatment at all, of topics that are basic to mathematical literacy, such as geometry, statistics, and probability, but it also leads to superficial treatment of the operations themselves. This lack of attention will
Comparison of intravenous versus intraperitoneal administration of oncolytic herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) for peritoneal carcinomatosis in mice

3302 Gastrointestinal malignancies frequently recur with metastatic disease limited to the abdominal cavity. Current treatments for peritoneal carcinomatosis are of limited efficacy, and median survival time after diagnosis is less than 9 months. We previously demonstrated that a single intravascular administration of an oncolytic HSV-1 mutant (hrR3) into immune-competent mice bearing diffuse colorectal carcinoma liver metastases significantly reduces tumor burden and prolongs animal survival. In the current study we compared survival benefit and biodistribution of hrR3 following intravenous (IV) versus intraperitoneal (IP) administration of hrR3 in immune-competent mice bearing peritoneal colon carcinoma metastases. Methods: hrR3 is engineered such that it replicates preferentially in tumor cells because of its defective expression of viral ribonucleotide reductase. Animals bearing peritoneal metastases were randomized to receive hrR3 by either IP or IV administration. Mice were treated with 1x10E8 pfu hrR3 every other day for a total of 3 doses. Control animals received IP mock-infected media. Biodistribution was assessed by polymerase chain reaction amplification of HSV-1 specific sequences from tissue samples including tumor and normal gut, liver, spleen, kidney, lung, heart and brain. Animals were monitored for survival to determine efficacy of treatment. Results: The frequency of detection of hrR3 in tumors was similar in mice randomized to either IP or IV administration. However, IP administration resulted in a more restricted biodistribution, with a reduction in frequency of hrR3 detection in normal tissues such as kidney, lung, and heart. The frequency of distribution to normal liver was similar in IP and IV groups. Observed survival was similar amongst the groups, with a median survival of 13 days after the final hrR3 dose. Conclusions: Frequency of hrR3 detection in peritoneal tumors is similar following IV or IP administration, and overall survival of the animals is similar. However, the IP group is observed to have a more restricted (favorable) biodistribution of virus to normal tissues. Thus, subsequent studies evaluating the relationship between dose-schedule and toxicity will be evaluated using the IP route of administration.
Robotic Resection of Abdominal Wall Endometriosis

Video Objective To describe surgical techniques used to resect abdominal wall endometriosis. Setting The patient is a 49 year old female who presents to a tertiary care academic institution with complaints of cyclic pelvic pain. Interventions Minimally invasive excision of extrapelvic endometriosis. Conclusion The goals of resection of abdominal wall endometriosis are restoration of normal anatomy and adequate excision of pathology in order to decrease risk of recurrence. Robotic excision of abdominal wall endometriosis is feasible with understanding of anatomy and mastery of basic surgical techniques.
Jumping in arboreal salamanders: A possible tradeoff between takeoff velocity and in-air posture

Abstract Jumping performance can have important implications for an animal’s fitness by expanding its ability to evade predators and move between microhabitats. Jumping in terrestrial plethodontid salamanders is achieved through lateral bending and rapid unbending of the trunk, an action powered by axial musculature. Arboreal plethodontids, some of which are known to occupy tree crowns, tend to have more robust limbs and longer digits, which may affect their jumping kinematics and performance. We examined jumping kinematics in ten species of plethodontid salamanders, including four arboreal species of the genus Aneides, using high speed imaging and kinematic analysis. Salamanders of the genus Aneides exhibit lower takeoff velocities when compared with the terrestrial plethodontids Eurycea, Desmognathus, and Plethodon, possibly due to reduced trunk bending. Aneides also exhibit higher frequencies of two-footed takeoffs, and often orient their feet to launch from vertical surfaces when presented with the option. This suggests an alternative jumping behavior in salamanders that may reflect an arboreal lifestyle. All plethodontid species examined displayed distinctive in-air parachute postures after 45–100% of descending jumps, with Aneides showing the highest frequency of this behavior.
Not Race or Age but Their Interaction Predicts Pre-Adolescents' Inhibitory Control.

Background: African American pre-adolescents are at a higher risk of risky behaviors such as aggression, drug use, alcohol use, and subsequent poor outcomes compared to Caucasian pre-adolescents. All these high-risk behaviors are connected to low levels of Inhibitory Control (IC). Aim: We used the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) data to compare Caucasian and African American pre-adolescents for the effect of age on pre-adolescents IC, a driver of high-risk behaviors. Methods: This cross-sectional analysis included 4,626 pre-adolescents between ages 9 and 10 from the ABCD study. Regression was used to analyze the data. The predictor variable was age measured in months. The main outcome was IC measured by a Stop-Signal Task (SST). Race was the effect modifier. Results: Overall, age was associated with IC. Race also showed a statistically significant interaction with age on pre-adolescents’ IC, indicating weaker effects of age on IC for African American than Caucasian pre-adolescents. Conclusion: Age-related changes in IC are more pronounced for Caucasian than African American pre-adolescents. To eliminate the racial gap in brain development between African American and Caucasian pre-adolescents, we should address structural and societal barriers that alter age-related development for racial minority pre-adolescents. Social and public policies, rather than health policies, are needed to address structural and societal barriers that hinder African American adolescents’ brain development. Interventions should add resources to the urban areas that many African American families live in so their children can have better age-related brain development. Such changes would be essential given IC in pre-adolescents is a predictor of a wide range of behaviors.
Composing Literary Arguments in an 11th Grade International Baccalaureate Classroom: How Classroom Instructional Conversations Shape Modes of Participation

In U.S. secondary schools there is an overriding emphasis on formulaic approaches to argumentative writing instruction in English language arts that tends to trivialize disciplinary norms of argument and evidence because of institutional pressure to bolster students’ test performances. This paper seeks to provide an ethnographically-informed framework for understanding for whom, how, when, and to what extent it is possible for students to participate, through writing, in the study of literature as the central disciplinary content of English language arts. The corpus of data used in this study of an 11th grade International Baccalaureate (IB) classroom (26 students) consisted of classroom instruction (video-recordings and field notes) that occurred across an initial instructional unit (September 8th to November 3rd). Of particular importance is a summative writing assignment, teacher interviews and collaborative data analysis (with video clips), student interviews about instruction and their writing, samples of student writing, and related documents. We also analyzed two essays written by the two case study students in response to a writing assignment that the teacher, described as an IB “literary commentary with an unspecified topic” that she reframed as a literary argument. Discourse analysis of a series of events within instructional conversations revealed that rather than prescribed forms, the teacher offered “possible” writerly moves for her students’ arguing to learn. Consequently, her students enacted their writerly moves in a variety of patterns suggestive of disciplinary ways of knowing in English language arts rather than in a pre-set formula that they had learned in previous grades. In order to trace how the students enacted modes of participation (procedural display and deep participation) in disciplinary activity (literary argumentation) as writing practices and shifting writer identities we also conducted a multi-phased and multi-layered analysis using procedures based off of previous intertextual analysis scholarship and backward mapping processes.
Evidence for the involvement of interleukin-1α during development of experimental cytomegalovirus retinitis in immunosuppressed mice.

Interleukin-1α (IL-1α) is an alarmin involved in the recruitment of macrophages and neutrophils during tissue inflammation. IL-1α can undergo cleavage by proteases, such as calpain-1, that enhances IL-1α binding to its receptor, although proteolytic cleavage is not necessary for biological activity. Macrophages and neutrophils are involved in the retinal inflammation associated with development of AIDS-related human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) retinitis. We therefore performed studies to test the hypothesis that IL-1α gene expression is stimulated intraocularly during retinitis development using two mouse models of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) retinitis that differ in method of immunosuppression, one by retrovirus-induced immunosuppression (MAIDS) and the other by corticosteroid-induced immunosuppression. MCMV-infected eyes of groups of retinitis-susceptible mice with MAIDS of 10 weeks duration (MAIDS-10 mice) and retinitis-susceptible corticosteroid-treated mice showed significant stimulation of IL-1α mRNA. Western blot analysis confirmed IL-1α protein production within the MCMV-infected eyes of MAIDS-10 mice. Whereas significant intraocular calpain-1 mRNA and protein production were also observed within MCMV-infected eyes of MAIDS-10 mice, the MCMV-infected eyes of retinitis-susceptible corticosteroid-treated mice showed a pattern of mRNA synthesis equivalent to that found within the MCMV-infected eyes of healthy mice that fail to develop retinitis. Our findings suggest a role for the alarmin IL-1α in the pathogenesis of MCMV retinitis in immunosuppressed mice. These findings may extend to the pathogenesis of HCMV retinitis in patients with AIDS or other forms of immunosuppression.
Economic Analysis of the Factors Affecting the Sheep Production: Case Study of Al-Hasaka District, Syria

Sheep rearing occupies an important role associated with animal production in Al-Hasaka governorate, due to the economic advantages it enjoys. Further, study of the production function is useful in measuring the production process and estimating the economic relations. These are important in determining the extent of production efficiency of the factors achievable that affects the sheep production. Accordingly, the research aimed mainly at measuring productive efficiency. The sample size was 313 rearers, who were chosen adopting a simple random sample method. The results identified the most influencing factors on the estimated production function. The sheep rearer experience and labor wage accounted for about 34% and 17%, respectively. Further, the use of production factors falls in the second stage of the production process, and the total flexibility reached was 1.479, and that the distribution efficiency of all factors of production was greater than one. The study recommends more efforts to increase investment in using factors of production to increase production to an level. Key words: Total production, return to scale, allocative efficiency, elasticity, sheep products.
How stress, discrimination, acculturation and the gut microbiome affect depression, anxiety and sleep among Chinese and Korean immigrants in the USA: a cross-sectional pilot study protocol.

Introduction Although a considerable proportion of Asians in the USA experience depression, anxiety and poor sleep, these health issues have been underestimated due to the model minority myth about Asians, the stigma associated with mental illness, lower rates of treatment seeking and a shortage of culturally tailored mental health services. Indeed, despite emerging evidence of links between psychosocial risk factors, the gut microbiome and depression, anxiety and sleep quality, very few studies have examined how these factors are related in Chinese and Korean immigrants in the USA. The purpose of this pilot study was to address this issue by (a) testing the usability and feasibility of the study’s multilingual survey measures and biospecimen collection procedure among Chinese and Korean immigrants in the USA and (b) examining how stress, discrimination, acculturation and the gut microbiome are associated with depression, anxiety and sleep quality in this population. Method and analysis This is a cross-sectional pilot study among first and second generations of adult Chinese and Korean immigrants in the greater Atlanta area (Georgia, USA). We collected (a) gut microbiome samples and (b) data on psychosocial risk factors, depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance using validated, online surveys in English, Chinese and Korean. We aim to recruit 60 participants (30 Chinese, 30 Korean). We will profile participants’ gut microbiome using 16S rRNA V3-V4 sequencing data, which will be analysed by QIIME 2. Associations of the gut microbiome and psychosocial factors with depression, anxiety and sleep disturbance will be analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including linear regression. Ethics and dissemination This study has been approved by the Institutional Review Board at Emory University (IRB ID: STUDY00000935). Results will be made available to Chinese and Korean community members, the funder and other researchers and the broader scientific community.