cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ON ONE-DIMENSIONAL FINITE-STRAIN BEAM THEORY: THE PLANE PROBLEM

The paper formulates a one-dimensional large-strain beam theory for plane deformations of plane beams, with rigorous consistency of dynamics and kinematics via application of the principle of virtual work. This formulation is complemented by considerations on how to obtain constitutive equations, and applied to the problem of buckling of circular rings, including the effects of axial normal strain and transverse shearing strain.
Development of a highly enantioselective capacitive immunosensor for the detection of α-amino acids

This work describes a highly enantioselective and sensitive immunosensor for the detection of chiral amino acids based on capacitive measurement. The sensor was prepared by first binding mercaptoacetic acid to the surface of a gold electrode, followed by modification with tyramine utilizing carbodiimide activation. The hapten 4-amino-d-phenylalanine was then covalently immobilized onto the electrode by diazotization. Stereoselective binding of an anti-d-amino acid antibody to the hapten-modified sensor surface resulted in capacitance changes that were detected with high sensitivity by a potentiostatic step method. Using capacitance measurement, detection limits of 5 pg of antibody/mL were attained. The exquisite stereoselectivity of the antibody was also utilized in a competitive setup to quantitatively determine the concentration of the analyte d-phenylalanine in nonracemic samples containing both enantiomers of this amino acid. Trace impurities of d-phenylalanine as low as 0.001% could be detected.
Unusual rhodium promoted reaction of a vinylcyclopropene to give a cyclobutadiene ligand. Formation of (η5-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl)- [η4-tri-t-butyl(methyl) cyclobutadiene]rhodium

Abstract In contrast to its cyclopentadienyl and indenyl analogues 5 and 6, the pentamethylcyclopentadienyl-rhodium complex 8 undergoes a thermal reaction to give the η4-cyclobutadiene complex 9, which has been characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy and microanalysis. A mechanism is proposed for the H-shift and ring closure pathway.
The effects of heterogeneities on memory-dependent diffusion

Case II diffusion is often seen in glassy polymers, where the mass uptake in sorption is proportional to rime t instead of √t. A memory dependent diffusion is needed to explain such effects, where the relaxation function used to describe the memory effect has a characteristic time. The ratio of this time to the overall diffusion times is the diffusional Deborah number. Simple models show that case II results when the Deborah number is around one, that is, when the two time scales are comparable. Under investigation are the possible effects of the fact that the glassy polymers are heterogeneous over molecular scales. The averaging form given by DiMarzio and Sanchez has been used to obtain the averaged response.
Post-buckling behavior of cold-formed thin-walled stainless steel beams☆

Abstract A numerical approach for predicting the post-buckling responses of cold-formed thin-walled stainless steel beams is presented. In the analysis, the nonlinear and unsymmetrical stress-strain relations in tension and compression for both flat and corner materials are considered. The effective width concept is used to account for the post-buckling strength of the thin compression flange of the beam. Using this concept, the value of the effective width varies with the stress borne by the flange edge. In view of the nonlinearities introduced by considering the material characteristics and the post-buckling behavior of the individual elements, an iterative procedure is employed to establish the nonlinear moment-curvature relation of a section. In a beam subjected to bending, the effective moment of inertia of the section varies from point to point along the length of the beam depending upon the magnitude of the moment at the point considered. In this analysis, the continuously flexible beam is replaced with a finite number of discrete rigid elements connected by flexible joints at which the continuously varied curvature is lumped through numerical integration. In the case of a continuous beam, it is further complicated by the fact that the bending moment distribution along the beam is not known a priori and its determination is part of the solution to the problem. An iterative algorithm is developed to obtain the approximate true moment distribution considering the compatibility conditions at the support. A computer program following th e above solution scheine has been developed and is capable of predicting the nonlinear responses of most of the common thin-walled sections encountered in light-gage steel design. Comparisons with some available experimental data are provided.
Random circular permutation leading to chain disruption within and near alpha helices in the catalytic chains of aspartate transcarbamoylase: effects on assembly, stability, and function.

A collection of circularly permuted catalytic chains of aspartate transcarbamoylase (ATCase) has been generated by random circular permutation of the pyrB gene. From the library of ATCases containing permuted polypeptide chains, we have chosen for further investigation nine ATCase variants whose catalytic chains have termini located within or close to an α helix. All of the variants fold and assemble into dodecameric holoenzymes with similar sedimentation coefficients and slightly reduced thermal stabilities. Those variants disrupted within three different helical regions in the wild-type structure show no detectable enzyme activity and no apparent binding of the bisubstrate analog N-phosphonacetyl-l-aspartate. In contrast, two variants whose termini are just within or adjacent to other α helices are catalytically active and allosteric. As expected, helical disruptions are more destabilizing than loop disruptions. Nonetheless, some catalytic chains lacking continuity within helical regions can assemble into stable holoenzymes comprising six catalytic and six regulatory chains. For seven of the variants, continuity within the helices in the catalytic chains is important for enzyme activity but not necessary for proper folding, assembly, and stability of the holoenzyme.
Newcomb's paradox and Priest's principle of rational choice

Priest (2002) gives an intriguing analysis of Newcomb's paradox. He argues that the Newcomb situations, situations described to present the paradox, are rational dilemmas namely, situations in which rationality requires you to do two incompatible things. In this paper, I aim to show that the argument fails because there are good reasons for rejecting the principle of rational choice that it rests on.' In doing so, I distinguish the disputed principle from an intuitively plausible principle and argue that one cannot identify them without assuming a wrong analysis of the notion of consequence of action. I think that the discussions in this paper point to a resolution of Newcomb's paradox, but I leave it for another occasion to spell it out.
Two counterexamples in Power Series Rings

Abstract In Seminormality in Power Series Rings, Brewer and Nichols ask whether Rrcd seminormal implies R[[X]]red is seminormal. They prove that the implication holds if R is Noetherian (J. Algebra 92 (1983), 282–284). The purpose of this paper is to show that if R is not Noetherian the implication need not hold. In other terminology, R Pic regular does not imply R[[X]] Pic regular. In the discussion of whether the example had the desired (or undesired) properties, the following question arose. If ∑∝i=0 ai Xi is nilpotent in R[[X]], must the degree of nilpotency of the {ai} in R be bounded? That the ai, are nilpotent is known. The paper will give an example where (∑ ai Xi)2 = 0 but there is no N so aNi = 0, for all i.
Heterogeneity within geniohyoid motor unit subpopulations in firing patterns during breathing.

Abstract Respiratory motor units (MU) segregate into subpopulations, which differ in firing patterns during resting and stimulated breathing. For phrenic/diaphragm MUs, diversity also exists within subpopulations, and is greater for late than early-onset MUs. The present study characterized the extent of diversity within upper airway respiratory MU subpopulations by recording geniohyoid MUs in anesthetized cats. Inspiratory MUs (I-MU, n =21) had a wide range of firing durations (coefficient of variation (CV)=42%). In contrast, inspiratory–expiratory MUs (I/E-MU, n =19) had a narrow range of firing durations during inspiration (CV=13%), but a wide range of firing durations during expiration (CV=36%). Mean firing frequency had similar degrees of diversity among units for I-MU and I/E-MU (CV=31–40%). For I-MU firing duration correlated with mean firing frequency, whereas no such relationship was apparent for I/E-MU. Single-breath end-expiratory airway occlusion decreased heterogeneity in firing duration during inspiration and increased it during expiration, whereas end-inspiratory airway occlusion decreased heterogeneity during expiration. In conclusion, (a) there is considerable diversity within geniohyoid MU subpopulations receiving respiratory drive; (b) the degree of diversity within subpopulations differs for I-MU and I/E-MU; and (c) diversity within subpopulations in timing of activity is modulated by single-breath airway occlusion.
Dimension of Time in Illness: An Objective View

It is almost impossible to represent and analyze clinical data in the absence of a temporal dimension. This paper emphasizes the crucial role that tasks of temporal reasoning and temporal maintenan...
Metamorphism in the Troodos ophiolite: implications for marine magnetic anomalies

The magnetic mineralogy and Koenigsberger ratio (the ratio of the remanent to induced magnetization) of basaltic rocks from the Troodos ophiolite undergo critical transformations at the zeolite–greenschist facies boundary. At this boundary the magnetic mineralogy changes abruptly from titanomaghaemite to magnetite and the Koenigsberger ratio decreases to less than 1. If similar metamorphism is occurring near the active oceanic ridges today, then the application of the two-layer model to marine magnetic anomalies may be primarily due to the degree of metamorphism and not to the mode of emplacement, intrusive versus extrusive. We show here that apparently in the Troodos ophiolite and, therefore, probably in oceanic rocks formed at spreading centres, the presence of magnetite at depth is a function of the pressure and temperature regime seen at the spreading centre.
Using computer conferencing to formulate a computer simulation of transitive behavior

The activities of a group engaged in simulation modeling via computer conferencing are described, and the model which resulted from those activities is briefly outlined. The phenomena which were modeled were initially described in a series of studies by Trabasso and his colleagues. These studies centered upon exhibition of transitive choices by children and adults, and supported the hypothesis that the choices were guided by formation of “linear arrays“ of the choice objects.
Advances in therapy for hairy cell leukemia

Background. Hairy cell leukemia (HCL) is a chronic B-cell malignancy, typically seen in middle-aged men, characterized by pancytopenia, splenomegaly, immunologic abnormalities, and morphologically typical neoplastic mononuclear cells in the blood, bone marrow, liver, spleen, and other tissues. Diagnosis is confirmed by demonstration of hairy cells in biopsy specimens from the bone marrow or spleen or in peripheral blood. The natural history of this lymphoproliferative disorder varies. Patients may die early during the initial phase of therapy; others may require no therapy; and for some, splenectomy alone, without further treatment, may suffice for many years. Recently, the nucleosides pentostatin (2′-deoxycoformycin) (DCF) and 2′-chlorodeoxyadenosine (2-CdA) have been shown to produce greater numbers of durable complete remissions with curative potential in patients with HCL. The treatment options, with emphasis on major therapeutic advances with alpha-interferon, DCF, and 2-CdA, are reviewed in this article. Methods. Studies on HCL published from 1958 to 1992 were reviewed using the Cancerline and Medline retrieval systems and other bibliographies. Results. Management of HCL has changed in the last decade as a result of three new effective agents: alpha-interferon, DCF, and 2-CdA. DCF has produced an overall response rate of 86% and a complete remission rate of 62%. 2-CdA has yielded an overall response rate of 95% and a complete remission rate of 82%. Alpha-interferon has given an overall response rate of 82% and a complete remission rate of 8%. Other agents with limited activities include chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, cytarabine, vincristine, doxorubicin, and zorubicin hydrochloride. The effects of lithium carbonate, immunotherapy, splenic irradiation, androgens, and leukaphoresis are minimal and transient. Conclusions. Modern management of HCL with 2-CdA and DCF is now potentially curative rather than palliative in some patients; however, the optimal therapeutic approach remains uncertain. Alpha-interferon has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration as the first-line drug therapy, followed by DCF in non-responding patients. 2-CdA remains an experimental therapy, but its higher response rate and ease of administration may make it the first-line treatment of choice. Additional research into the biology of HCL and further clinical trials are needed to determine the optimal treatment strategy for this disorder. Therefore, the best therapeutic approach at the current time is to include patients with HCL in ongoing clinical trials.Cancer 1993; 72:5–16.
Diversity and Succession of Bacterial Communities in the Uterine Fluid of Postpartum Metritic, Endometritic and Healthy Dairy Cows

The diversity of the uterine bacterial composition in dairy cows is still poorly understood, although the emerging picture has shown to be increasingly complex. Understanding the complexity and ecology of microorganisms in the uterus of postpartum dairy cows is critical for developing strategies to block their action in reproductive disorders, such as metritis/endometritis. Here, we used PCR-Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) and DNA pyrosequencing to provide a comprehensive description of the uterine bacterial diversity and compare its succession in healthy, metritic and endometritic Holstein dairy cows at three intervals following calving. Samples were collected from 16 dairy cows housed in a dairy farm located in upstate New York. PCR-DGGE revealed a complex profile with extensive differences in the community structure. With few exceptions, clustering analysis grouped samples from cows presenting the same health status. Analysis of >65,000 high-quality 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the uterine bacterial consortia, regardless of the health status, is mainly composed of members of the phyla Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Tenericutes. In addition to these co-dominant phyla, sequences from Spirochaetes, Synergistetes, and Actinobacteria appear less frequently. It is possible that some sequences detected in the uterine fluid resulted from the presence of fecal or vaginal contaminants. Overall, the bacterial core community was different in uterine fluid of healthy cows, when compared to cows suffering from postpartum diseases, and the phylogenetic diversity in all the combined samples changed gradually over time. Particularly at the 34–36 days postpartum (DPP), the core community seemed to be specific for each health status. Our finding reveals that the uterine microbiota in dairy cows varies according with health status and DPP. Also, it adds further support to the hypothesis that there is uterine contamination with diverse bacterial groups following calving and emphasizes the role of unidentified microorganisms in this context.
TIRF(ing) reveals Msh2-Msh6 surfing on DNA.

Faced with the thermodynamic and kinetic challenge of finding a few specific sites on DNA among millions of nonspecific sites, within a limited amount of time, what's a protein to do? Single-molecule studies show that some proteins have selected sliding on DNA as a solution.
Engineering design of the Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) instrument: an OSIRIS-REx student collaboration

OSIRIS-REx is a NASA New Frontiers mission scheduled for launch in 2016 that will travel to the asteroid Bennu and return a pristine sample of the asteroid to Earth. The REgolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) is a student collaboration instrument on-board the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft. REXIS is a NASA risk Class D instrument, and its design and development is largely student led. The engineering team consists of MIT graduate and undergraduate students and staff at the MIT Space Systems Laboratory. The primary goal of REXIS is the education of science and engineering students through participation in the development of light hardware. In light, REXIS will contribute to the mission by providing an elemental abundance map of the asteroid and by characterizing Bennu among the known meteorite groups. REXIS is sensitive to X-rays between 0.5 and 7 keV, and uses coded aperture imaging to map the distribution of iron with 50 m spatial resolution. This paper describes the science goals, concept of operations, and overall engineering design of the REXIS instrument. Each subsystem of the instrument is addressed with a high-level description of the design. Critical design elements such as the Thermal Isolation Layer (TIL), radiation cover, coded-aperture mask, and Detector Assembly Mount (DAM) are discussed in further detail.
Histologic lesions in the thyroid glands of patients receiving radioiodine for hyperthyroidism.

HISTOPATHOLOGIC lesions in hyperplastic thyroid glands of patients treated with radioiodine lack detailed descriptions. This study was concerned with 23 hyperthyroid patients who had hyperplastic or nodular thyroid glands irradiated with I131 and examined later histologically. The purpose of this report is to describe and illustrate a variety of alterations observed in these glands, to discuss their pathogenesis, and to relate them to the interrupted course of hyperthyroidism. Our studies have indicated that amelioration of hyperthyroidism may occur following irradiation of the thyroid gland with I131, usually in the absence of the classic structural changes generally associated with injury from radiation. Twenty-one patients received radioiodine (I131) therapeutically. Two patients (Cases 10 and 19) received only test doses of I131 (Table 1). Nine patients received I131 as the sole therapeutic agent; the remainder had, in addition, either Lugol's solution, thiouraciltype drugs, or both. None of these dru...
A spatial database approach for estimating areas suitable for agroforestry in subSaharan Africa: aggregation and use of agroforestry case studies

The growing awareness of the importance and potential of agroforestry has resulted in an invaluable proliferation of site specific case studies. These presently exist in the necessary quantity and quality so as to facilitate their aggregate utilization in larger-scale research and application inquiry. We report here an approach for aggregating and using agroforestry case studies for agroforestry-related research at scales larger than the local site.
Enhancement of medication recall using medication pictures and lists in telephone interviews

SUMMARY Purpose To determine the effect of reading medication lists and providing medication pictures on recall of non-aspirinnon-steroidal anti-inﬂammatory drugs (NANSAIDs) during telephone interviews in a case–control study.Methods After a series of indication-speciﬁc questions, a list of all available NANSAIDs was read to study participantsand a series of pictures was reviewed when available. Recall was deﬁned as enhanced if a participant recalled NANSAID useonly after the memory aids.Results Among the 1484 participants who reported NANSAID use, 94 (6.3%) recalled their NANSAID use only after thememory aids. Several groups demonstrated enhanced recall following the memory aids: men (odds ratio (OR): 1.73; 95%conﬁdence interval (CI): 1.11, 2.69), users of non-prescription versus prescription NANSAIDs (OR 2.28; 95% CI: 1.21,4.30), those using>2 other medications (OR 1.69; 95% CI: 1.06, 2.69), those who did not have all of their medication contain-ers available during the interview (OR 1.58; 95% CI: 1.03, 2.42) and cases versus controls (OR 1.90; 95% CI: 1.11, 3.28).Conclusion The reading of medication names with the availability of medication photographs enhanced recall by approxi-mately 6%. The use of this type of memory aid may reduce recall bias in case–control studies that rely on medication recall,depending on the overall prevalence of medication use and the effect size of the drug on the outcome. Copyright #2003 JohnWiley & Sons, Ltd.key words—anti-inﬂammatory agents; non-steroidal; case–control studies; epidemiologic methods; memory
Conversations with children about death — Ethical considerations in research

(1974). Conversations with children about death — Ethical considerations in research. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 3, Death and Children, pp. 19-21.
Critical and near-critical branching processes.

Scale-free dynamics in physical and biological systems can arise from a variety of causes. Here, we explore a branching process which leads to such dynamics. We find conditions for the appearance of power laws and study quantitatively what happens to these power laws when such conditions are violated. From a branching process model, we predict the behavior of two systems which seem to exhibit near scale-free behavior—rank-frequency distributions of number of subtaxa in biology, and abundance distributions of genotypes in an artificial life system. In the light of these, we discuss distributions of avalanche sizes in the Bak-Tang-Wiesenfeld sandpile model.
Chromatid structure: relationship between DNA content and nucleotide sequence diversity.

Models of chromatid structure are based on inferences made from genetic, cytological, and cytochemical observations. An alternative approach can provide limits as to the number of identical subunits present in chromatids. This method is based on the demonstration that nucleotide sequence diversity may be estimated from the kinetics of renaturation of denatured DNA. Measurements of DNA content and renaturation rate constants are given for several eukaryotic DNAs. Control experiments involved measurements of renaturation kinetics of DNAs from bacteria and bacteriophage. These estimates show that most of the nucleotide sequences in mouse, Drosophila, and Ciona DNA are present only once per sperm. Since the reduction of DNA content during meiosis indicates that mouse sperm contain a haploid set of chromatids, it follows that a set of mouse meiotic chromatids contains a single copy of most sequences. Models of chromatid structure which postulate multiple subunits with identical nucleotide sequences are therefore not tenable for mouse meiotic chromatids. This method of analyzing nucleotide sequence diversity may be of general use in designing models of chromatid structure in other organisms.
Dretske's “information-theoretic” account of knowledge

One of the major theses of Fred Dretske's book Knowledge and the Flow of Information1 is that the traditional justified, true belief account of knowledge should be replaced with an "information-theoretic" account. An information-theoretic account of knowledge is one which makes essential use of the concepts employed in the mathematical theory of information, or communication theory.2 In particular, Dret ske argues for the following:
Does Plant Variety Protection Contribute to Crop Productivity? Lessons for Developing Countries from US Wheat Breeding

The application of intellectual property rights (IP) in developing countries is and remains highly controversial, particularly as regards applications to food/agriculture, and pharmaceuticals, which have direct ramifications for large numbers of peoples. One dimension complicating a reasoned dialogue on the public benefits of IP, particularly when many developing countries are implementing the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) as mandated by membership in the World Trade Organization, is a dearth of information on their actual operation and effects. In this study, we address one particular aspect of the limited documentation on the effects of IP systems, the effect of plant variety protection (PVP) on the genetic productivity potential of varieties. Specifically, we examine wheat varieties in Washington State, United States, which are produced by both public and private sector breeders. Results from the study show that implementation of PVP attracted private investment in open pollinated crops such as wheat in the United States and provided greater numbers of varieties of these crops, which are high yielding from both the public and private sectors. These results may provide some insights for policy makers from developing countries on the effects of IP for plants as their TRIPS commitments are being implemented.
A hybrid method for electromagnetic scattering from multiple conducting objects

In this paper, we propose a new hybrid method for the electromagnetic scattering problem from a medium with multiple conducting arbitrary objects. The scene is divided into sub-domains, and each sub-domain is solved independently using any appropriate full-wave, asymptotic, or analytical method. Once each sub-domain is analyzed, an iterative approach interfaces the sub-domain solutions to obtain the final solution for the entire domain. This technique allows the solution of large problem sizes with reduced memory requirements and computational complexity. The accuracy of the results for the proposed hybrid method is verified with a full-wave solution using the commercial software package FEKO.
Involvement of the central adrenomedullin peptides in the baroreflex

The peptides derived from post-translational processing of preproadrenomedullin are produced in and act on areas of the autonomic nervous system important for blood pressure regulation. We examined the role of endogenous, brain-derived adrenomedullin (AM) and proadrenomedullin N-terminal 20 peptide (PAMP) in the central nervous system arm of the baroreflex by using passive immunoneutralization to block the actions of the endogenous peptides. Our results indicate that the preproadrenomedullin-derived peptides do not play a role in sensing changes in blood pressure (baroreflex sensitivity), but the adrenomedullin peptides do regulate the speed with which an animal returns to a normal, stable blood pressure. These findings suggest that endogenous, brain-derived AM and PAMP participate in the regulation of autonomic activity in response to baroreceptor activation and inactivation.
Quadrupole and magnetic resonance of linear chain RbFeCl3 and CsFeCl3

Abstract The quadrupole coupling tensors and NMR shift tensors are reported for chlorine sites in RbFeCl 3 and CsFeCl 3 . These data are combined with recently reported far-infrared data and temperature-dependent quadrupole splittings in the 57 Fe Mossbauer spectra to give a consistent fit of the trigonal crystal field, spin-orbit interaction, covalency parameters, and the charge distributions in the lattices. The fit gives empirical estimates of dipole polarization and quadrupole shielding effects for the chloride ion. CsFeCl 3 shows no evidence of ordering above 1.24 K.
The total Iodine and Iodate-iodine content of sea-water☆

Abstract Iodine in sea water samples from the Northeast Pacific and Arctic Oceans was determined by two independent methods of analysis, one of which was also capable of determining iodate. Both oceans showed a constant iodine-chlorinity ratio of 3·3 × 10 −6 at depths from 250–4000 metres. Some significant variation was observed in the iodine chlorinity ratio in the surface layers. In the North Pacific from one- to two-thirds of the total iodine was present as iodate, with no discernible trends with depth or location. In the Arctic, the iodate increased with depth — from a minimum near the surface to a maximum at 500–1000 metres-where 100 per cent of the iodine was found to be iodate. More iodate was present in the Arctic from 200–2000 metres than was present in any North Pacific sample. Inland waters of the State of Washington showed iodine-chlorinity ratios about 15 per cent lower than oceanic stations, probably due to accumulation of iodine by benthonic algae.
Growth of large methyl-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-aminopropanoate: 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline crystals for nonlinear optical applications

Abstract Large single crystals (8 × 8 × 80 mm 3 ) of mixed methyl-(2,4-dinitrophenyl)-amino-propanoate(MAP): 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline(MNA) have been grown by a novel solution crystal growth technique. In this technique, the seed crystal is pulled upward from its growth solution at a controlled rate along with a decrease in the solution temperature to create a desired supersaturation. Information about the morphology-solvent relationship of spontaneously nucleated crystals is also given. The grown crystal is of high optical quality with appropriate size for fabrication of optical devices.
Limits on new forces coexisting with electromagnetism

We consider the limits arising from different electromagnetic systems on the existence of a possible new electromagnetic analogue of the fifth force. Although such a force may have no intrinsic connection to electromagnetism (or gravity), its effects could be manifested through various anomalies in electromagnetic systems, for appropriate values of the coupling strength and range. Our work generalizes that of Bartlett and L\"ogl (who considered the case of a massive vector field coexisting with massless electrodynamics) to encompass a broad class of phenomenological interactions mediated by both scalar and vector exchanges. By combining data from both gravitational and electromagnetic systems, one can eventually set limits on a new force whose range $\ensuremath{\lambda}$ extends from the subatomic scale ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}15}$ m) to the astrophysical scale ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\approx}{10}^{12}$ m).
Predicting Useful Neighborhoods for Lazy Local Learning

Lazy local learning methods train a classifier "on the fly" at test time, using only a subset of the training instances that are most relevant to the novel test example. The goal is to tailor the classifier to the properties of the data surrounding the test example. Existing methods assume that the instances most useful for building the local model are strictly those closest to the test example. However, this fails to account for the fact that the success of the resulting classifier depends on the full distribution of selected training instances. Rather than simply gathering the test example's nearest neighbors, we propose to predict the subset of training data that is jointly relevant to training its local model. We develop an approach to discover patterns between queries and their "good" neighborhoods using large-scale multi-label classification with compressed sensing. Given a novel test point, we estimate both the composition and size of the training subset likely to yield an accurate local model. We demonstrate the approach on image classification tasks on SUN and aPascal and show its advantages over traditional global and local approaches.
Association between mother-child sexual communication and HPV vaccine uptake.

Objective To examine the association between mother-child communication about sex, sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and contraception/condoms and HPV vaccine uptake by gender.
Comparison of cyclosporin A, verapamil, PSC-833 and cremophor EL as enhancing agents of VP-16 in murine lymphoid leukemias

Although verapamil, cyclosporin A, cremophor EL and PSC-833 are active as multidrug resistance modulators, there has been limited study of these compounds as possible chemotherapy enhancing agents against drug-sensitive tumors. We compared these agents as modifiers of VP-16 cytotoxicity in vitro and modifiers of VP-16 efficacy in vivo against drug-sensitive P388 and L1210 leukemias. Our study indicates that cyclosporin A enhances VP-16 cytotoxicity to a significantly greater extent than equimolar concentrations of verapamil or PSC-833. Although cremophor EL shows significantly greater activity than verapamil in VP-16 cytotoxicity enhancement in vitro, it is ineffective when added to VP-16 therapy of mice bearing L1210 leukemia.
Toward urban model acquisition from geo-located images

High fidelity textured geometric models are a fundamental starting point for computer graphics, simulation, visualization, design, and analysis. Existing tools for acquiring 3D models of large scale (e.g., urban) geometry, from imagery, require significant manual input and suffer other algorithmic scaling limitations. We are pursuing a research and engineering effort to develop a novel sensor and associated geometric algorithms, to achieve fully automated reconstruction from close range color images of textured geometric models representing built urban structures. The sensor is a geo-located camera, which annotates each acquired digital image with metadata recording the date and time of image acquisition, and estimating the position and orientation of the acquiring camera in a global (geodetic) coordinate system. This metadata enables the formulation of reconstruction algorithms which scale well both with the number and spatial density of input images, and the complexity of the reconstructed model. We describe our initial dataset of about four thousand geo-located images acquired through a prototype sensor, manual surveying, and semi automated refinement of navigation information. We demonstrate, for a small of office park on the MIT campus, the operation of fully automated algorithms for generating hemispherical image mosaics, for reconstructing vertical building facades, and for estimating high resolution texture information for each facade. Finally, we describe the status of our efforts, and discuss several significant research and engineering challenges facing the project.
Management of subtrochanteric femur fractures with internal fixation and recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-7 in a patient with osteopetrosis: a case report

Introduction Osteopetrosis is a group of conditions characterized by defects in the osteoclastic function of the bone resulting in defective bone resorption. Clinically, the condition is characterized by a dense, sclerotic, deformed bone which, despite an increased density observable by radiography, often results in an increased propensity to fracture and delayed union.
Reading impairment in a patient with missing arcuate fasciculus

We describe the case of a child ("S") who was treated with radiation therapy at age 5 for a recurrent malignant brain tumor. Radiation successfully abolished the tumor but caused radiation-induced tissue necrosis, primarily affecting cerebral white matter. S was introduced to us at age 15 because of her profound dyslexia. We assessed cognitive abilities and performed diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to measure cerebral white matter pathways. Diffuse white matter differences were evident in T1-weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion anisotropy, and mean diffusivity measures in S compared to a group of 28 normal female controls. In addition, we found specific white matter pathway deficits by comparing tensor-orientation directions in S's brain with those of the control brains. While her principal diffusion direction maps appeared consistent with those of controls over most of the brain, there were tensor-orientation abnormalities in the fiber tracts that form the superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) in both hemispheres. Tractography analysis indicated that the left and right arcuate fasciculus (AF), as well as other tracts within the SLF, were missing in S. Other major white matter tracts, such as the corticospinal and inferior occipitofrontal pathways, were intact. Functional MRI measurements indicated left-hemisphere dominance for language with a normal activation pattern. Despite the left AF abnormality, S had preserved oral language with average sentence repetition skills. In addition to profound dyslexia, S exhibited visuospatial, calculation, and rapid naming deficits and was impaired in both auditory and spatial working memory. We propose that the reading and visuospatial deficits were due to the abnormal left and right SLF pathways, respectively. These results advance our understanding of the functional significance of the SLF and are the first to link radiation necrosis with selective damage to a specific set of fiber tracts.
On Thinking and Doing: Cognitive Science and the Production of Social Behaviour:

The aims of this paper are, first, to make a case for cognitive approaches to the study of social behaviour, and, second, to overview the articles in this special issue. We suggest that issues of behavioural production are crucial to our understanding of social interaction. Further, because the problems of behavioural production implicate mental structures and processes, a theoretical approach that admits such constructs is desirable. Finally, we suggest that within the general orientation of cognitivism, some approaches are more likely than others to yield general, powerful principles. The framework articulated in pursuit of these points is then applied to a brief overview of the remaining papers in this issue.
Dynamic Assessment and Prediction of Learning Potential in Clients With Unilateral Neglect

Objective We investigated the application of dynamic assessment in examining learning potential for adults with right hemisphere stroke and unilateral neglect. Methods Forty adults with right cerebrovascular accident were randomly assigned to a control or dynamic group. Both groups were administered standard pretests and posttests of unilateral neglect. The dynamic group received cues, strategy training, and feedback during an object search task. Results Multivariate analysis of covariance indicated significant differences between groups on the object search task, with reduced unilateral neglect in the dynamic group. Greater initiation of left-sided search, strategy use, and near and intermediate transfer of learning were observed in the dynamic group. Conclusions The brief dynamic assessment, developed for this study, provided an opportunity to observe the client's ability to incorporate strategy training and feedback across visual search tasks. This assessment approach has the potential to characterize learning profiles and to guide intervention decisions.
An Advanced Evenly-Spaced Streamline Placement Algorithm

This paper presents an advanced evenly-spaced streamline placement algorithm for fast, high-quality, and robust layout of flow lines. A fourth-order Runge-Kutta integrator with adaptive step size and error control is employed for rapid accurate streamline advection. Cubic Hermite polynomial interpolation with large sample-spacing is adopted to create fewer evenly-spaced samples along each streamline to reduce the amount of distance checking. We propose two methods to enhance placement quality. Double queues are used to prioritize topological seeding and to favor long streamlines to minimize discontinuities. Adaptive distance control based on the local flow variance is explored to reduce cavities. Furthermore, we propose a universal, effective, fast, and robust loop detection strategy to address closed and spiraling streamlines. Our algorithm is an order-of-magnitude faster than Jobard and Lefer's algorithm with better placement quality and over 5 times faster than Mebarki et al.'s algorithm with comparable placement quality, but with a more robust solution to loop detection
A Sketch of a Geographic Theory of Morality

A realist geographic theory of morality, based on the assumption that the real exists and that the good also exists and is part of the real, broadens and deepens geography's contribution to moral concerns. The theory focuses on the moral qualities of place. Places are essential to our projects because they allow some things to take place and disallow or displace other things. Because place is engaged in including and excluding, it raises moral issues from the start. Geography provides two approaches to evaluating these issues. Thefirst is based on instrumental geographic judgments, which relativize the virtues of truth, justice, and the natural that are mixed within each place. What is good (true, just, and natural) is shaped by the projects or goals of the place. The second issue is based on intrinsic geographic judgments. These draw upon qualities of the good that are not dependent on any particular placeor project, but that can be used to judge them. Intrinsic geographic judgments show how truth, justi...
Wide range pyroelectric anemometers for gas flow measurements

Studies of pyroelectric anemometers (PAs) have demonstrated that these sensors have an extraordinarily wide operational range and excellent resolution. Measurements were conducted in two structures: a 3.3-mm-diameter pipe with an anemometer located in the center of the pipe and a 4.5-cm-diameter pipe with anemometers placed in the center and on the walls of the pipe. These measurements demonstrated that the PA can detect flows from approximately 1 mL/min to over 20 L/min in the 3.3-mm-diameter tube. Based on the measurements, It is concluded that the PA shows promise as a good flow transfer standard and as a candidate for monitoring extremely low flow rates. >
Dynamics of wrist and forearm rotations.

Human movement generally involves multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) coordinated in a graceful and seemingly effortless manner even though the underlying dynamics are generally complex. Understanding these dynamics is important because it exposes the challenges that the neuromuscular system faces in controlling movement. Despite the importance of wrist and forearm rotations in everyday life, the dynamics of movements involving wrist and forearm rotations are currently unknown. Here we present equations of motion describing the torques required to produce movements combining flexion–extension (FE) and radial–ulnar deviation (RUD) of the wrist and pronation–supination (PS) of the forearm. The total torque is comprised of components required to overcome the effects of inertia, damping, stiffness, and gravity. Using experimentally measured kinematic data and subject-specific impedance parameters (inertia, damping, and stiffness), we evaluated movement torques to test the following hypotheses: the dynamics of wrist and forearm rotations are (1) dominated by stiffness, not inertial or damping effects, (2) significantly coupled through interaction torques due to stiffness and damping (but not inertia), and (3) too complex to be well approximated by a simple, linear model. We found that (1) the dynamics of movements combining the wrist and forearm are similar to wrist rotations in that stiffness dominates over inertial and damping effects (p<0.0001) by approximately an order of magnitude, (2) the DOF of the wrist and forearm are significantly coupled through stiffness, while interactions due to inertia and damping are small, and (3) despite the complexity of the exact equations of motion, the dynamics of wrist and forearm rotations are well approximated by a simple, linear (but still coupled) model (the mean error in predicting torque was less than 1% of the maximum torque). The exact and approximate models are presented for modeling wrist and forearm rotations in future studies.
How to Use Search Engine Optimization Techniques to Increase Website Visibility

Research questions: This tutorial aims to answer two general questions: (1) What contributes to search engine rankings? and (2) What can web content creators and webmasters do to make their content and sites easier to find by audiences using search engines? Key concepts: Search engines' rankings are shaped by three classes of participants: search engine companies and programmers, search engine optimization practitioners, and search engine users. Key lessons: By applying three key lessons, professional communicators can make it easier for audiences to find their web content through search engines: (1) consider their web content's audiences and website's competitors when analyzing keywords; (2) insert keywords into web text that will appear on search engine results pages, and (3) involve their web content and websites with other web content creators. Implications: Because successful search engine optimization requires considerable time, professional communicators should progressively apply these lessons in the sequence presented in this tutorial and should keep up to date with frequently changing ranking algorithms and with the associated changing practices of search optimization professionals.
Knowledge production and border nationalism in northern Mexico

. This article examines the transformations in the cultural sphere of Tijuana, one of Mexico's largest and fastest growing cities, in order to emphasise the border as a crucial site of nation-building in northern Mexico. I propose that cultural and intellectual actors, through particular sites, are changing the way the city is positioned in relation to the national political space of Mexico. Two institutions are considered specifically, both of which are integral to the propagation of an array of representations of Tijuana. In looking to articulations of nationhood and practices of knowledge production, this article delineates how urban identities reclaim and reconfigure key aspects of national identity in a region heretofore unrecognised as central to the creation of a national imaginary.
Genetically based susceptibility to herbivory influences the ectomycorrhizal fungal communities of a foundation tree species

Although recent research indicates that herbivores interact with plant-associated microbes in complex ways, few studies have examined these interactions using a community approach. For example, the impact of herbivory on the community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) is not well known. The influence of host plant genetics on EMF community composition is also poorly understood. We used a study system in which susceptibility to herbivory has a genetic basis and a 20-yr insect removal experiment to examine the influence of chronic herbivory and plant genetics on the EMF community structure of Pinus edulis. We compared EMF communities of herbivore resistant trees, herbivore susceptible trees and herbivore susceptible trees from which herbivores were experimentally removed at two dates 10 yr apart. In both years sampled, resistant and susceptible trees differed significantly in EMF community composition. After 10 yr and 20 yr of herbivore removal, the EMF communities of removal trees were similar to those of susceptible trees, but different from resistant trees. The EMF community composition was more strongly influenced by innate genetic differences in plant traits associated with resistance and susceptibility to herbivory than by indirect effects of herbivory on host plant relationships with ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Chiral β-iodoamines by urea-catalysed iodocyclization of trichloroacetimidates

Highly enantioselective vicinal iodoamination of olefins is accomplished through the iodocyclization of alkenyl trichloroacetimidates catalysed by a new chiral Schiff-base urea derivative. The resulting products are converted readily to a variety of polyfunctional amine-containing chiral building blocks.