cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructure of the lateral neurosecretory cells during reproductive development of Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Insecta: Coleoptera).

Abstract This study describes the fine structure of the lateral neurosecretory cells in the brain of the female granary weevil Sirophilus granarius (L.) and determines whether any morphological change occurs which could be correlated with normal reproductive development. The lateral cells of five groups of adult weevils were examined: zero-day-old virgin females, seven-day-old virgin and mated females, and fourteen-day-old virgin and mated females. Seven large neurosecretory cells (LNC I) and two to four small, putative neurosecretory cells (LNC II) were found in the lateral region of each lobe of the brain. The diameters of the elementary neurosecretory granules of the LNC I were in the range of 1000–3000 A, while the granules in the LNC II were between 600–1300 A. The nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, the number, size, and distribution of neurosecretory granules, and the development of the Golgi complex and endoplasmic reticulum were analyzed in order to determine whether any change occurred during the 14-day developmental period. No significant difference was detected between any of the cell groups.
Pressure fluctuations in vacuum systems

Abstract Some of the pressure fluctuations or pips in vacuum systems are shown to originate at the regular sealing surfaces of elastomer gaskets and not to be caused by oil films at the lip of the seal groove. The fluctuations are virtually absent with greased gaskets. They increase as the surfaces are freed from oils and greases. The joints giving the pips can be located by observing the decrease in pip frequencies as the joint is cooled and sometimes by use of a leak detector.
Capitalizing on Paradox: The Role of Language in Transforming Organizational Identities

A strongly identified workforce presents a paradox during times of radical organizational change. Though it may bind people together behind the change initiative, strong organizationwide identification often blinds and potentially blocks the view of new possibilities. Prior research on identity change has tended to either ignore the paradox or resolve it by advocating some middle ground such as hybrid organizational identities or group-level identifications. This paper presents an identity transformation model that capitalizes on the paradoxical tensions over time by unpacking the processes by which individual and organizational levels of identity interact. It operationalizes the model by suggesting linguistic markers that describe the different stages of the process and rhetorical techniques that leaders can use to guide people through the process. To illustrate the model and its application, the paper highlights moments across a 10-year period at Tech-Co, a high-technology company undergoing a significant identity transformation.
Longitudinal Optical Vibrations in Glasses: Ge O 2 and Si O 2

We show that longitudinal optical (LO) vibrational modes account for several previously unexplained peaks in the Raman spectra of vitreous Ge${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and Si${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. Identification of LO modes in these and other glasses reduces the complexity of the spectra that must be explained by simple structural models. It also follows that long-range (Coulomb) forces should be included in complete theories of the vibrational properties of many glasses.
31P NMR spectroscopy measurements of human ovarian carcinoma xenografts: relationship to tumour volume, growth rate, necrotic fraction and differentiation status.

Abstract 31 P NMR spectroscopy was used to study lipid and energy metabolism as well as tumour pH in three human ovarian carcinoma xenograft lines with widely differing growth rate, necrotic fraction and differentiation status. Two of the lines showed decreasing PCr (phcsphocreatine) and NTPβ (nucleoside triphosphates β) resonances and an increasing P i (inorganic phosphate) resonance with increasing tumour volume in the volume range 100–4000 mm 3 . This decrease in bioenergetic status was accompanied by a decrease in tumour pH from about 7.15 to about 6.95. The volume-dependence of these spectral parameters probably reflected increased nutritional deprivation and development of hypoxia and necrosis during tumour growth. The phosphomonoesters (PME) and phosphodiesters (PDE) resonances did not change significantly with tumour volume. The third xenograft line did not show changes in the intensity of any of the resonances during tumour growth, in agreement with the observation that necrotic fraction and tumour pH (about 7.0) remained constant over the entire volume range. The spectral parameters differed significantly among the xenograft lines at given tumour volumes, but no correlations with volume-doubling time, necrotic fraction or differentiation status were found. The xenograft lines showed less extensive volume-dependence of the spectral parameters than did the KHT and RIF-1 murine tumour lines under identical experimental conditions.
Transferrin Receptor (TfR) and HFE Protein Characterization, Localization and Quantitation in Placentas of Iron Deficient Intrauterine Growth Retarded (IUGR) Newborns

Transferrin Receptor (TfR) and HFE Protein Characterization, Localization and Quantitation in Placentas of Iron Deficient Intrauterine Growth Retarded (IUGR) Newborns
Rab23 regulates Nodal signaling in vertebrate left-right patterning independently of the Hedgehog pathway.

Abstract Asymmetric fluid flow in the node and Nodal signaling in the left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) drive left–right patterning of the mammalian body plan. However, the mechanisms linking fluid flow to asymmetric gene expression in the LPM remain unclear. Here we show that the small GTPase Rab23, known for its role in Hedgehog signaling, plays a separate role in Nodal signaling and left–right patterning in the mouse embryo. Rab23 is not required for initial symmetry breaking in the node, but it is required for expression of Nodal and Nodal target genes in the LPM. Microinjection of Nodal protein and transfection of Nodal cDNA in the embryo indicate that Rab23 is required for the production of functional Nodal signals, rather than the response to them. Using gain- and loss-of function approaches, we show that Rab23 plays a similar role in zebrafish, where it is required in the teleost equivalent of the mouse node, Kupffer׳s vesicle. Collectively, these data suggest that Rab23 is an essential component of the mechanism that transmits asymmetric patterning information from the node to the LPM.
Current-voltage relations of sodium-coupled sugar transport across the apical membrane of Necturus small intestine

The current-voltage (I-V) relations of the rheogenic Na-sugar cotransport mechanism at the apical membrane of Necturus small intestine were determined from the relations between the electrical potential difference across the apical membrane, psi mc, and that across the entire epithelium, psi ms, when the latter was varied over the range +/- 200 mV, under steady conditions in the presence of galactose and after the current across the apical membrane carried by the cotransporter, ImSNa, is blocked by the addition of phloridzin to the mucosal solution. ImSNa was found to be strongly dependent upon psi mc over the range -50 mV less than psi mc less than EmSNa where EmSNa is the "zero current" or "reversal" potential. Over the range of values of psi mc encountered under physiological conditions the cotransporter may be modeled as a conductance in series with an electromotive force so that ImSNa = gmSNa (EmSNa - psi mc) where gmSNa is the contribution of this mechanism to the conductance of the apical membrane and is "near constant." In several instances ImSNa "saturated" at large hyperpolarizing or depolarizing values of psi mc. The values of EmSNa determined in the presence of 1, 5, and 15 mM galactose strongly suggest that if the Na-galactose cotransporters are kinetically homogeneous, the stoichiometry of this coupled process is unity. Finally, the shapes of the observed I-V relations are consistent with the predictions of a simple kinetic model which conforms with current notions regarding the mechanico-kinetic properties of this cotransport process.
A DWBA study of angular distributions for the state-to-state reactive scattering process of F + H2 → HF + H

Abstract Based on our earlier three-dimensional DWBA theory, we discuss angular distributions and the roles of various angular momenta. The theory predicts a relatively small number of partial waves, backward scattering, and broadening of angular distributions with increased energy, for the reaction F+ H 2 ( v a = 0, j a = 0) → HF ( v b = 2 j b = 0) + H
The estimation of missing observations in related time series data: Further results

Earlier work has provided an efficient method for the prediction of missing data in a dependent variable series using a system of grouped regression equations. This paper extends the previous literature in two ways. First, a test statistic capable of indicating the advantage of the grouped procedure is derived. Second, it is demonstrated through an empirical application that the most prevalent methodology used for examining the impact of financial economic events is a special case of the missing data estimation problem.
Novel Measurement Disturbance Rejection Current Control for Linear Switched Reluctance Motor Drives

Phase currents corrupted by measurement disturbances mainly arising from sensor noise, PWM switching noise, DC-link ripple, and measurement offset, increase torque or force ripple, acoustic noise and EMI. This paper presents a novel current controller for a linear switched reluctance motor (Lobo et al., 2006) to suppress measurement disturbances without extra hardware. The controller is based on an extended state observer (ESO) and a nonlinear proportional controller (NLP). The proposed method does not require an accurate mathematical model of the system and lends itself for implementation with a low-cost DSP controller. The proposed ESO is exploited to estimate measurement disturbances on measured phase currents and the proposed NLP compensates for measurement disturbances estimated by the ESO. The performance of the proposed current control is validated through dynamic simulations and experiments on linear switched reluctance motor drive. Analytical and experimental results prove that measurement disturbances contained in phase currents are mitigated by the proposed control method. Moreover, the rejection of measurement disturbances results in a reduction of force ripple and acoustic noise. From this study, it is inferred that the proposed current control technique is a strong candidate to suppress measurement disturbances with the same promising results without extra hardware in other motor drives as well.
Electrophysiological Assessment of Recognition Memory in 6-Month-Old Infants of Diabetic Mothers and Growth Retarded Infants ♦ 1304

Electrophysiological Assessment of Recognition Memory in 6-Month-Old Infants of Diabetic Mothers and Growth Retarded Infants ♦ 1304
Spelling in African American children: the case of final consonant devoicing

This study examined the effect of dialect variation on children’s spelling by using devoicing of final /d/ in African American Vernacular English (AAVE) as a test case. In line with the linguistic interference hypothesis, African American 6-year-olds were significantly poorer at spelling the final d of words such as salad than non-African American students after their spelling performance on other parts of the words was statistically taken into account. Specifically, African American students were more likely than non-African American students to produce spelling errors such as salat for salad. Such misspellings were particularly common in African American children who showed higher rates of devoicing when pronouncing the words. African American students did not have more difficulty than non-African American students in spelling the final t of words such as planet. The results suggest that the spellings of some words are particularly opaque for speakers of AAVE and that instruction should take account of this opacity.
Partial Anomalous Left Pulmonary Artery

A 4-year-old girl with Kabuki syndrome was evaluated and diagnosed with an atrial septal defect on the basis of an abnormal cardiac physical examination. A chest radiograph was performed, which demonstrated multiple skeletal abnormalities and mild prominence of the pulmonary vasculature consistent with an atrial septal defect (Figure 1). A complete echocardiogram was performed under sedation, which demonstrated the atrial septal defect as well as dual pulmonary arterial supply to the left lung with a partial anomalous left pulmonary artery (LPA) from the right pulmonary artery (RPA) (Figure 2). Cardiac magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed to further delineate pulmonary arterial anatomy as well as possible tracheal compression from the partial anomalous LPA. Figure 1. Chest radiograph in the anteroposterior projection demonstrates irregularity of the right clavicle with separation of the hypoplastic distal half (arrowhead), butterfly vertebrae of T11 (arrow), absence of the left twelfth rib (asterisk), mild prominence of the pulmonary vasculature, and a normal cardiac silhouette. Figure 2. High parasternal short-axis echocardiogram with color compare shows the partial anomalous LPA (ALPA) arising from the RPA. AAo indicates ascending aorta; MPA, main pulmonary artery; and DRPA, distal RPA. A complete cardiac MR study was performed including gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography. The 3-dimensional reconstructed MR angiography data set demonstrates that the left lung receives blood supply from 2 left pulmonary arteries. One of …
Moving Beyond Tokenism: Ratification of the Equal Rights Amendment and the Election of Women to State Legislatures*

Objective. State legislative bodies that contain more than a token level (15 percent) of female representatives provide these lawmakers with a greater sense of self-efficacy and opportunities for wider policy influence than those where women number under 15 percent. The objective of this study is to determine the set of factors that carry states across this critical threshold, with a particular emphasis on the political mobilization effects of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) ratification drive. Method. This study used event-history analysis methods on state-level data collected from 1972–2000. Results. I find that states that ratified the ERA, but not states that ratified only later to rescind, had a higher likelihood of crossing this token threshold as compared with states that never ratified at all. These results obtain even after controlling for the social eligibility pool of female candidates, the political opportunity structure, the social context of each state, and preexisting levels of female representation. Conclusions. The ERA ratification campaign during the 1970s and early 1980s created long-lasting, state-level effects in electing women through its role as a political education tool as well as through its symbolic power.
A computational model for the rise and dispersion of wind-blown, Buoyancy-driven plumes. III: Penetration of atmospheric inversion

Abstract The computational model of Zhang and Ghoniem (1993, Atmospheric Environment 27, 2295–2311; 1994. Atmospheric Environment, 28, 3005–3018) is applied to simulate the dispersion of a wind-blown, buoyancy-driven plume in a stratified atmosphere characterized by a sharp density drop across a thin horizontal inversion layer. Results show that the plume may completely penetrate, partially penetrate or get fully trapped below the inversion layer depending on the plume buoyancy, the height, strength, and thickness of the inversion layer. Plume penetration is favored by the lower height, weaker strength and larger thickness of the inversion layer. The presence of inversion accelerates the plume bifurcation into two diverging, downwind drifting material lumps, supported by the formation of two counter-rotating streamwise eddies, below the inversion. As a plume impinges on an inversion, internal gravity waves are generated along the layer, absorbing some of the plume energy and reducing its penetration potential. Concomitant with the wave activities, re-entrainment plays an important role in determining the final equilibrium height and the generation of weak oscillations in the plume trajectory, ambient circulation and trapping fraction. The mechanism of baroclinic-vorticity generation is used to interpret various buoyancy-related phenomena in this problem. The plume trapping fraction, defined as the percentage of plume material held below the initial inversion height, is calculated under different conditions. Comparison with laboratory experiments shows that the predicted terminal trapping fraction agrees well with the measurements.
Universal properties of integer-valued polynomial rings

Abstract Let D be an integral domain, and let A be a domain containing D with quotient field K. We will say that the extension A of D is polynomially complete if D is a polynomially dense subset of A, that is, if for all f ∈ K [ X ] with f ( D ) ⊆ A one has f ( A ) ⊆ A . We show that, for any set X , the ring Int ( D X ) of integer-valued polynomials on D X is the free polynomially complete extension of D generated by X , provided only that D is not a finite field. We prove that a divisorial extension of a Krull domain D is polynomially complete if and only if it is unramified, and has trivial residue field extensions, at the height one primes in D with finite residue field. We also examine, for any extension A of a domain D, the following three conditions: (a) A is a polynomially complete extension of D; (b) Int ( A n ) ⊇ Int ( D n ) for every positive integer n; and (c) Int ( A ) ⊇ Int ( D ) . In general one has (a) ⇒ (b) ⇒ (c). It is known that (a) ⇔ (c) if D is a Dedekind domain. We prove various generalizations of this result, such as: (a) ⇔ (c) if D is a Krull domain and A is a divisorial extension of D. Generally one has (b) ⇔ (c) if the canonical D-algebra homomorphism φ n : ⊗ i = 1 n Int ( D ) → Int ( D n ) is surjective for all positive integers n, where the tensor product is over D. Furthermore, φ n is an isomorphism for all n if D is a Krull domain such that Int ( D ) is flat as a D-module, or if D is a Prufer domain such that Int ( D m ) = Int ( D ) m for every maximal ideal m of D.
SWELLING STUDIES ON LIVER MITOCHONDRIA FROM ESSENTIAL FATTY ACID DEFICIENT RATS.

Abstract Liver mitochondria from essential fatty acid deficient rats swell more rapidly, both spontaneously and in the presence of a number of swelling accelerators, than do normal mitochondria. ATP reverses the swelling of deficient mitochondria in 0.154 M KCl to a greater extent than it does with normal ones. Reversal effects with both mitochondria in the presence of Ca2+ and thyroxine, are similar. Azide, amytal, and cyanide inhibit the swelling of normal mitochondria suspended in sucrose, but only partially prevent it in deficient ones. 0.01 M ATP prevented the swelling of deficient mitochondria in the presence of either 0.3 M sucrose or 0.154 M KCl, but prevented swelling of normal mitochondria only in the KCl. An (ATP + Mg2+)-mitochondrial relationship appears to exist in the case of normal mitochondria that is not found in the deficient ones. EDTA, present in the medium throughout the process of preparation of mitochondria, prevents swelling in both deficient and normal ones. It is suggested that the swelling tendency in liver mitochondria from essential fatty acid deficient rats is associated with altered respiratory and/or phosphorylating mechanisms rather than with a membrane alteration.
Diagnosis of interconnects using a structured walking-1 approach

Abstract This paper presents a new approach for testing interconnects for boundary scan architectures. This approach relies on a structured walking-1 test set in the sense that a structural analysis based on the layout of the interconnect, is carried out. The proposed structural test method differs from previous approaches as it explicitly avoids aliasing and confounding and is applicable to dense as well as sparse interconnect layouts. The proposed method is applicable to both one-step and two-step test generation and diagnosis of stuck-at as well as bridge faults. Two algorithms with an execution complexity of O(n2), where n is the number of nets in the interconnect, are given. New criteria for test vector compaction are proposed; a greedy condition is exploited to compact test vectors for one-step and two-step diagnosis. For a given interconnect, the two-step diagnosis algorithm requires a number of tests as a function of the number of faults present, while the one-step algorithm requires a fixed number of tests. Simulation results for benchmark and randomly generated layouts show a substantial reduction in the number of tests using the proposed approaches compared with previous approaches. It is also shown that the proposed algorithms can be used interchangeably depending on the requirements of the overall test process (such as off/on-line execution as well as reduction in number of vectors and test generation time).
Notes: Reduction in Prey Capture Ability and Condition of Mummichogs from a Polluted Habitat

Abstract Previous studies have shown that mummichogs Fundulus heteroclitus inhabiting Piles Creek, a polluted tributary of the Arthur Kill in Linden, New Jersey, do not grow as well as conspecifics from more pristine habitats. Our study was designed to investigate whether or not reduced prey capture ability contributes to the impaired growth in the pollution-stressed population. When presented with juvenile guppies Poecilia reticulata as food, the mummichogs from Piles Creek did not capture them as effectively as did fish from a reference site in Southampton, New York. Furthermore, field-collected specimens from the reference site showed both greater body weight for a given length and fuller stomachs than Piles Creek specimens. Gut contents of Piles Creek fish consisted primarily of detritus and sediments, whereas those of the reference fish were largely crustacean remains. Thus, the reduced growth in the Piles Creek population may be due in part to reduced feeding rate.
The 5,6- and 4,5-Benzo Derivatives of 1-Hydroxy-7-azabenzotriazole†

Syntheses of the two benzo derivatives of HOAt are described. Conversion of the two isomers to the corresponding onium-style coupling reagents gave in one case a guandinium species 14 and in the other, presumably as a result of steric factors, a uronium species 15. The two systems are compared as to their effectiveness in peptide coupling processes.
Playing and Learning Together: Patterns of Social Interaction in Handicapped and Nonhandicapped Children

Two projects at the Kansas Early Childhood Institute have investigated characteristics of social interaction by handicapped, at-risk, and nonhandicapped children. The first project examined patterns of social interaction and play behavior among children in an integrated classroom. Four Down's syndrome and four nonhandicapped subjects were observed longitudinally. Results indicated that handicapped and nonhandicapped children preferred the same types of activities. Handicapped children most frequently selected handicapped playmates, and nonhandicapped children selected nonhandicapped playmates. Handicapped subjects spent more time engaged in solitary play than nonhandicapped subjects. The second project described the specific social skills and interaction parameters exhibited by normal, at-risk, and handicapped preschoolers in a mainstreamed classroom. Handicapped children typically showed delays in social interaction skills commensurate with their general developmental delay; however, there was considerab...
Reforming Subsidies in the Federal Budget

The U.S. government spent approximately $52.52 billion in subsidies in 2006, yet many of these subsidies actually reduce social welfare because of a lack of information and political lobbying by influential interest groups and coalitions. Through detailed analysis of economic markets, this report illustrates the economic effects of both proper and improper subsidies and proposes the creation of an independent Subsidy Review Board (SRB). This two-tiered board with offices representing different sectors of the U.S. economy would evaluate subsidies at the industrial and national level under the specific economic criteria established in this report. This proposal would eliminate information asymmetry problems because the information costs of evaluating subsidies would be shifted away from time-constrained politicians to the SRB, staffed with economists whose sole responsibility is to evaluate these subsidies. Furthermore, an independent board would not be as susceptible to political or socioeconomic pressures as individual legislators. A reformation of the federal subsidy process would eliminate billions of dollars from the federal budget each year and direct better allocation of the remaining taxpayer funds.
Allometric Growth in Four Species of Digenetic Trematodes of Marine Fishes from Belize

Four species of digenetic trematodes of marine fishes from Belize are studied for allometric growth: Multitestis rotundus Sparks, 1954 (Lepocreadiidae), Stenopera equilata Manter, 1933 (Opecoelidae), Leurodera decora Linton, 1910 (Hemiuridae), Prosorhynchus pacificus Manter, 1940 (Bucephalidae). These are compared with six other species for which allometric growth is known. Positive growth is exhibited in all species only by the hindbody, whereas the forebody, suckers, and pharynx are negative in all. The body width, post-testicular body, and gonads are positive in some species and negative in others. At times the body proportion or organ is growing at about the same rate as the body length.
Susceptibility of the myelin-associated glycoprotein and basic protein to a neutral protease in highly purified myelin from human and rat brain.

: Incubation of highly purified human myelin at 25° and pH 8 in ammonium bicarbonate buffer resulted in the conversion of the myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) to a smaller derivative (dMAG) with an apparent molecular weight about 10,000 less. dMAG was stable and was not degraded to lower-molecular-weight breakdown products. Incubation of myelin under these conditions also resulted in the degradation of basic protein, but at a much slower rate. Half of the MAG was converted to dMAG in about 30 min, whereas degradation of half of the basic protein required 18 h of incubation. There was no significant loss of proteolipid, the Wolfgram doublet, or other myelin proteins during incubation for up to 18 h under these conditions. The formation of dMAG and the degradation of basic protein appear to be mediated by similar enzymatic activities; both processes exhibited broad pH optima in the neutral range, were prevented by briefly heating the myelin to 70° before incubation, and were stimulated by ammonium bicarbonate and other salts. Incubation of purified rat myelin also resulted in the formation of dMAG and the degradation of basic protein, but the conversion to dMAG occurred much more slowly than in human myelin preparations. In the rat, the percentage decreases in intact MAG and in basic protein were similar to each other and proceeded at rates comparable to the loss of basic protein in human myelin. These studies confirm and extend earlier demonstrations of neutral protease activity in purified myelin, and show that cleavage of MAG is one of the effects of this activity. The proteolytic activity affecting MAG and basic protein was not significantly reduced by further purification of the myelin on sucrose or CsCl gradients, suggesting that the neutral protease may be a myelin-related enzyme. The very high susceptibility of human MAG to this enzyme indicates that the effect of neutral protease on this glycoprotein should be considered in connection with demyelinating diseases.
Differential Sensitivity of Choroidal Endothelial, Retinal Ganglion, and Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells In Vitro to Proton Radiation

Purpose To evaluate the differential sensitivity of choroidal endothelial, retinal pigment epithelial, and retinal ganglion cells to escalating doses of proton beam radiation and to establish a safe dose range for the management of choroidal neovascularization associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Design Laboratory investigation. Methods Proliferating simian choroidal endothelial cells (RF/6A), differentiated rat retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5), and serum-starved human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) were exposed to 2, 4, 8, and 12 cobalt gray equivalent of proton beam radiation and cell viability was quantified on day 9. Reactive oxygen species levels were analyzed. Results Significant decline of choroidal endothelial cell viability was noted as dose escalated from 4 to 8 cobalt gray equivalent with maximum effect observed at 12 cobalt gray equivalent. RGC-5 and ARPE-19 cell count decreased to 95% and 62.7% at 8 cobalt gray equivalent, respectively. Sub-analysis between 4 and 8 cobalt gray equivalent radiation revealed significant decrease in choroidal endothelial cell viability (43.1% at 7 cobalt gray equivalent and 32.3% at 8 cobalt gray equivalent of radiation). Correspondingly, RGC-5 and ARPE-19 cells did not show decrease in cell count or viability. Reactive oxygen species levels significantly increased in radiation-treated choroidal endothelial cells (8.3%-11.9%). Conclusions At 6-8 cobalt gray equivalent proton beam radiation, retinal ganglion and retinal pigment epithelial cells are preserved while choroidal endothelial cells are completely inhibited. This dosage offers optimum therapeutic safety window for treatment using proton beam radiation for exudative AMD.
A flexible top metal structure to improve ultra low-k reliability

High stresses generated from chip-package interactions (CPI), especially when large die is flip mounted on organic substrate using Pb-free C4 bumps, can easily cause low-k delamination. A novel scheme by applying an elastic material can effectively reduce the transmitted stresses and, thus, resolve the interfacial delamination issue. Along with an optimized chip-package integration solution, a reliable interconnect structure with good electrical performance, has been successfully demonstrated.
Mouse Zp1 encodes a zona pellucida protein homologous to egg envelope proteins in mammals and fish.

Zp1 encodes one of the three major glycoproteins of the zona pellucida, an extracellular matrix that surrounds growing oocytes, ovulated eggs, and preimplantation embryos. The mouse gene is composed of 12 exons ranging in size from 82 to 364 base pairs and spans 6.5 kilobase pairs on chromosome 19 (2.13 ± 1.5 centimorgans distal to D19Bir1). The Zp1 exon map is similar to ZPB, a human orthologue, and an E-box (CANNTG), implicated in oocyte-specific gene expression of mouse Zp2 and Zp3, is similarly located upstream of the transcription start site. The single copy Zp1 gene encodes a 623-amino acid protein, the carboxyl-terminal half of which is significantly similar to a corresponding region of mouse ZP2. The conservation of this same region in a fish egg envelope protein suggests that not only has this protein domain been duplicated in mammals but that it has been conserved and used as an egg envelope protein in species that diverged 650 million years ago.
Beyond the Heisenberg uncertainty

Following Einstein, Podolsky, and Rosen (EPR) original argument, we derive a pair of inequalities for the uncertainties in the sum of the momenta and in the difference of the positions of an entangled two-particle system. We prove that only entangled systems can satisfy both EPR-inequalities, in violation of the limits imposed by classical statistics. We propose an operational approach that allows applying the EPR inequalities to two-photon systems, as well. In particular, we demonstrate a scheme that allows implementing the EPR gedanken-experiment and verifying the EPR inequalities on systems of pairs of photons. We report the experimental results obtained in this kind of quantum interference and imaging experiment: SPDC two-photon system satisfies both EPR inequalities. The experimental verification of the EPR inequalities represents a practical way to experimentally distinguish entanglement from classical correlation in momentum and/or position variables for systems of two particles/photons. We emphasize the practical consequences of the EPR inequalities: only entanglement allows one to go beyond the limitations imposed by Heisenberg uncertainty on systems of classically correlated particles/photons. In this context we review a recent experiment of two-photon diffraction and quantum lithography.
An interim thermodynamic property formulation for air

Abstract A new interim formulation for the thermodynamic properties of air which includes estimated properties for the liquid is reported. The range of the formulation is for temperatures from 85 K to 873 K at pressures to 70 MPa. Separate equations for the calculation of bubble point and dew point properties are included. The need for further measurements of liquid air properties and of properties on and near the dew point curve and bubble point curve to provide the basis for a new accurate correlation is summarized. Vapor properties are believed to be sufficiently accurate for design and analysis work, except near the dew point curve, but no substantiated claim for the accuracy of the calculated liquid properties can be made.
Investigation of Polymer Nanostructure Evolution during the Formation of Polymer/Smectic Liquid Crystal Composites

Polymer stabilized liquid crystalline systems (PSLCs) have been of considerable research interest due to their great potential in liquid crystal display applications. Of particular importance in the properties of PSLC systems is the evolution of the polymer nanostructure. The unique characteristics of fluorinated monomers not only may provide unique polymer nanostructure but also may enhance desirable properties of PSLC materials. This study focuses on the polymerization and polymer nanostructure of low surface energy fluorinated materials in a liquid crystalline solvent. Enhanced polymerization rates are observed as the order of the liquid crystalline solvent is increased with particularly pronounced acceleration for a fluorinated monoacrylate. This behavior is primarily due to segregation both before and after polymerization. Fluorinated monomers segregate between the smectic layers of the liquid crystal comparable to segregation behavior of analogous aliphatic monomers. The monomer structure has a significant impact on the polymer segregation behavior in these polymer/liquid crystalline composites as well. Network polymer structures, obtained from both aliphatic and fluorinated diacrylate monomers, phase separate from the liquid crystal while linear fluorinated polymer structures remain segregated between the smectic layers of the liquid crystal. Not only does this linear polymer remain between the smectic layers and retain its segregation behavior throughout the polymerization, but the polymer is also ordered to a much greater degree than the monomer. This ordered structure significantly alters the polymer/LC interaction and leads to birefringence at temperatures well above the liquid crystalline isotropic clearing point.
Design of Exponentially Weighted Moving Average Control Charts for Autocorrelated Processes With Model Uncertainty

Residual-based control charts are popular methods for statistical process control of autocorrelated processes. To implement these methods, a time series model of the process is required. The model must be estimated from data, in practice, and model estimation errors can cause the actual in-control average run length to differ substantially from the desired value. This article develops a method for designing residual-based exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) charts under consideration of the uncertainty in the estimated model parameters. The resulting EWMA control limits are widened by an amount that depends on a number of factors, including the level of model uncertainty.
Ultraviolet effects on killing, fruiting body formation and the spores of Dictyostelium discoideum.

— -Ultraviolet effects on amoeboid cells of three strains of Dictyosrrlium discoidruin, NC-4. γs-13 and γs-18. for killing. fruiting body formation, spore formation and viability of the spores were studied. The strain of γs-13 was more sensitive to UV light for killing than NC-4 at 10% survival. In addition. γs-13 was the most sensitive strain among the three for fruiting body formation and spore formation. The developmental process of this organism, however, showed a large resistance to UV light when compared with the killing. The spores of γs-13 formed after UV irradiation were mostly non-viable, though those of γs-18 and NC-4 were fully viable
Dental and Temporomandibular Joint Pathology of the Northern Fur Seal (Callorhinus ursinus).

Summary Skulls from 145 northern fur seals ( Callorhinus ursinus ) were examined macroscopically according to predefined criteria. The museum specimens were acquired from strandings along the west coast of the USA between 1896 and 2008. Seventy-one skulls (49.0%) were from male animals, 56 (38.6%) from female animals and 18 (12.4%) from animals of unknown sex. Their age varied from juvenile to adult, with 58 adult animals (40.0%) and 87 juvenile animals (60.0%). The majority of teeth were available for examination (95.1%); 3.4% of teeth were artefactually absent, 0.8% were deemed absent due to acquired tooth loss and 0.6% were deemed congenitally absent. Males were no more likely than females to have either acquired tooth loss ( P = 0.054) or congenitally absent teeth ( P = 0.919). Adults had significantly more acquired tooth loss than juveniles ( P = 0.0099). Malformations were seen in 11 teeth (0.2% of all 4,699 teeth available for examination). Two roots, instead of the typical one root, were found on 14 teeth (0.3%). Supernumerary teeth were associated with 14 normal teeth (0.3%) in eight specimens (5.5% of the total number of specimens). A total of 22 persistent deciduous teeth were found, 19 of which were associated with the maxillary canine teeth. Attrition/abrasion was seen on 194 teeth (3.9%); the canine teeth were most often affected, accounting for 39.7% of all abraded teeth. Adults were found to have a greater prevalence of abraded teeth than juveniles ( P P = 0.072). Tooth fractures were found in 24 specimens (16.6%), affecting a total of 54 teeth (1.1%). Periapical lesions were found in two skulls (1.4%). None of the specimens showed signs of enamel hypoplasia. About a fifth (18.6%) of alveoli, either with or without teeth, showed signs of alveolar bony changes consistent with periodontitis. A total of 108 specimens (74.5%) had at least one tooth associated with mild periodontitis. Lesions consistent with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJ-OA) were found in 29 specimens (20.0%). Both periodontal disease and TMJ-OA were significantly more common in adults than in juveniles ( P P
Constructing the Next Teaching Move

Carol Ann Moore Faculty of Educational Foundations and Research The Ohio State University When a teacher speaks to students, he or she is acting through oral language. When students respond, they are also acting verbally. What a teacher says, when and how, affects instruction and potentially learning. Therefore, any characterization of effective teaching must consider classroom speech, what a teacher or student can meaningfully say at different points in a lesson and how teachers decide what to say next. In the first part of this paper, teachers' speech is discussed abstractly in terms of teaching moves reflecting decisions about verbal actions germane to immediate context. Then, in the second part, some exchanges between teachers and students are considered.
The Generosity of Social Insurance, 1971–2002

International comparisons of national social policy rely overwhelmingly on programme spending ratios. However, there are widespread problems with this type of data as an indicator of trends in societies' commitments to social protection. This paper suggests an alternative approach to understanding social commitments and introduces a new international data set of social insurance programmes that is comprised of important characteristics of three types of public insurance: unemployment, sick pay, and public pensions. The data are available annually from the 1970s for 18 OECD countries. Looking more closely at trends in two programme characteristics, income replacement rates and programme coverage, we develop an indicator of expected benefits. According to this indicator, there is considerably more evidence of welfare state retrenchment in recent years than most analyses of public spending have suggested. Copyright 2006, Oxford University Press.
The Community Water Jar: Gender and Technology in Guinea

Access to clean water and water transportation systems have been long-standing signifiers of ‘modernity.’ Current statistics of availability to improved water sources suggest that Guineans are living outside of accepted norms for modern life. This paper explores daily life through the lens of water workers, water collection, water sources and water containers in order to understand the day-to-day reality behind these statistics and to explore the meaning of modern life in urban West Africa. My point of entrance parallels this measurement of ‘modernity’ and asks how does water arrive in the homes of West African urban families? For a mid-sized West African city there are various pathways that deliver water to households that all involve water workers and technologies: this paper documents and explores them in order to think critically about avenues of development that aim to improve the flow and access to clean water. The research is based upon participant observation, in-depth interviews and surveys of co...
PS-6 Theoretical and Experimental Study of A High Flow Rate Ultrasonic Horn Pump

This work investigates a liquid pump formed by a silicon ultrasonic horn that can pump fluid from tip of the horn to the shank end of the horn through an internal channel, when the horn is actuated at its half-wavelength longitudinal mode. The pumping rate increases with actuating voltage and decreases with the fluid's viscosity. Water flow rate as high as 9.9 mL/min at 28 Vpp actuating voltage was measured, for a microchannel with cross-sectional area of 0.177 mm 2. Nonlinear acoustic streaming phenomena generated by the high velocity vibration of the horn is studied analytically and experimentally, to illustrate the interaction between the vibrating structure and fluids, and to gain understanding of the pumping mechanism. The microfabricated silicon horn pump has no complicated moving parts and is self priming. The fluid being pumped is not subject to electrical or magnetic fields, making the ultrasonic horn pump an appealing candidate for fluid sampling in microfluidic devices
Digital scan converters in diagnostic ultrasound imaging

The use of digital scan converters in ultrasonic imaging is presented. The basic principles of ultrasound physics and imaging are briefly reviewed. A detailed description of the components and principles of operation of digital scan converters follows. The capabilities of current digital scan converters in terms of resolution, writing speed, pre-processing and postprocessing, and new rapid scanning techniques are discussed. A summary of the factors which limit performance demonstrates the interdependence of the ultrasonic pulse-repetition frequency, memory size and speed, magnification, depth of penetration, and the occurrence of Moire artifacts. Concluding remarks summarize the technology status and indicate expected future developments.
Optimized quadrature surface coil designs.

Background Quadrature surface MRI/MRS detectors comprised of circular loop and figure-8 or butterfly-shaped coils offer improved signal-to-noise-ratios (SNR) compared to single surface coils, and reduced power and specific absorption rates (SAR) when used for MRI excitation. While the radius of the optimum loop coil for performing MRI at depth d in a sample is known, the optimum geometry for figure-8 and butterfly coils is not.
Modulation of Escherichia coli type 1 fimbrial expression and adherence to uroepithelial cells following exposure of logarithmic phase cells to quinolones at subinhibitory concentrations

Quinolone antibiotics at sub-inhibitory concentrations have been shown to antagonize the adherence of Escherichia coli to urinary tract epithelium. This may be due either to reduced expression or to alterations to the structure of the fimbriae which mediate adherence. While E. coli cells in the stationary growth phase have previously been used to investigate quinolone-induced inhibition of adherence, the present study has demonstrated that bacteria in the logarithmic phase also produce type 1 fimbriae and that the adherence of these organisms is reduced following exposure to various quinolones. In all experiments, cells in the logarithmic phase were incubated for 3 h in the presence of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, CI-960 or PD131628 at a concentration equivalent to 0.5 x MIC. An in-vitro adherence assay which used acid-washed uroepithelial cells and a type 1-fimbriated strain of E. coli showed reductions in adherence of 47%, 72% and 95% after exposure to enoxacin, ciprofloxacin and PD131628, respectively. The effects of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, CI-960 and PD131628 on two phase variation controlling genes, fimB and fimE, and the main structural gene, fimA, were evaluated by quantifying beta-galactosidase production encoded by chromosomally-located fim::lacZ fusions. All four quinolones tested caused reductions in beta-galactosidase production by a fimA::lacZ fusion strain, but did not significantly affect production of this enzyme by fimB::lacZ and fimE::lacZ fusion strains; these agents also led to decreases in wild-type beta-galactosidase production. Amplification of the invertible element after exposure to enoxacin at 0.25, 0.5 or 1 x MIC revealed no changes in orientation distribution compared with the antibiotic-free control. In addition, a fluorescence assay specific for type 1 fimbriae showed only 23%, 21%, 25% and 11% reductions in the surface expression of the structural subunit after incubation in the presence of ciprofloxacin, enoxacin, CI-960 and PD131628, respectively, at 0.5 x MIC.
A multiscale stochastic image model for automated inspection

In this paper, we develop a novel multiscale stochastic image model to describe the appearance of a complex threedimensional object in a two-dimensional monochrome image. This formal image model is used in conjunction with Bayesian estimation techniques to perform automated inspection. The model is based on a stochastic tree structure in which each node is an important subassembly of the three-dimensional object. The data associated with each node or subassembly is modeled in a wavelet domain. We use a fast multiscale search technique to compute the sequential MAP (SMAP) estimate of the unknown position, scale factor, and 2-D rotation for each subassembly. The search is carried out in a manner similar to a sequential likelihood ratio test, where the process advances in scale rather than time. The results of this search determine whether or not the object passes inspection. A similar search is used in conjunction with the EM algorithm to estimate the model parameters for a given object from a set of training images. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated on two different real assemblies.