cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cysteine proteases of malaria parasites

A number of cysteine proteases of malaria parasites have been described, and many more putative cysteine proteases are suggested by analysis of the Plasmodium falciparum genome sequence. Studies with protease inhibitors have suggested roles for cysteine proteases in hemoglobin hydrolysis, erythrocyte rupture, and erythrocyte invasion by erythrocytic malaria parasites. The best characterised Plasmodium cysteine proteases are the falcipains, a family of papain-family (clan CA) enzymes. Falcipain-2 and falcipain-3 are hemoglobinases that appear to hydrolyse host erythrocyte hemoglobin in the parasite food vacuole. This function was recently confirmed for falcipain-2, with the demonstration that disruption of the falcipain-2 gene led to a transient block in hemoglobin hydrolysis. A role for falcipain-1 in erythrocyte invasion was recently suggested, but disruption of the falcipain-1 gene did not alter parasite development. Other papain-family proteases predicted by the genome sequence include dipeptidyl peptidases, a calpain homolog, and serine-repeat antigens. The serine-repeat antigens have cysteine protease motifs, but in some the active site Cys is replaced by a Ser. One of these proteins, SERA-5, was recently shown to have serine protease activity. As SERA-5 and some other serine-repeat antigens localise to the parasitophorous vacuole in mature parasites, they may play a role in erythrocyte rupture. The P. falciparum genome sequence also predicts more distantly related (clan CD and CE) cysteine proteases, but biochemical characterisation of these proteins has not been done. New drugs for malaria are greatly needed, and cysteine proteases may provide useful new drug targets. Cysteine protease inhibitors have demonstrated potent antimalarial effects, and the optimisation and testing of falcipain inhibitor antimalarials is underway.
A Method for Unbiased High-Resolution Aerosol Retrieval from Landsat

Abstract Because the land surface reflectance varies spatially, the atmospheric radiative transfer over land in clear-sky conditions is essentially three-dimensional. This is manifested through horizontal radiative fluxes that blur satellite images. It is important that the atmospheric blurring systematically increases the apparent brightness of the dark pixels. As a consequence, there are systematic biases in the satellite products of aerosol optical thickness and surface albedo over dark targets based on 1D theory, which may have a negative impact on climate research. Below, a new dark target method is presented for unbiased simultaneous retrieval of the aerosol model and optical thickness over land from Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+) data, based on 3D radiative transfer theory. The method automatically selects an aerosol model from a large set of candidate models using a statistical approach of the probability distribution function. The dark target method of aerosol retrieval in the blue ...
Pour Bien Faire du Sport (1912): An Important Precursor to Recent Books that Support and Acclaim the Achievements of Women in Sports

A short time before the 2012 London Olympics, the President of the International Olympic Committee declared: ‘Women have the right to practice sport … [W]e must make sure that barriers are broken down.’ Although such words would have greatly troubled Pierre de Coubertin, they would be lauded by his contemporary la Duchesse d’Uzes, who had written in the preface to Pour Bien Fair du Sport (1912): ‘Oh my sisters … have hands that are capable of grasping a rifle or leading a horse … Courage! And above all perseverance.’ Pour Bien Faire du Sport was in many ways a precursor to recent popular books such as Coming on Strong (1994) and Heroines of Sport (2000); however, it has been grossly overlooked. This paper sheds much-needed light upon the book and its messages – and also upon la Duchesse d’Uzes and Pierre Lafitte, whose interests had made its publication possible.
The Growth of the Broadband Internet Access Market in California: Deployment, Competition, Adoption, and Challenges for Policy

This report examines the great progress made in availability and adoption in the broadband market over the past few decades and shows how Californian residents and businesses have come to use broadband widely. The policy issues involved with continuing the tremendous strides already made are discussed, along with recommendations for policy-makers. The report begins by documenting the rapid growth of Internet usage in the U.S. and California. There is a review of the current state of competition in voice and broadband markets, discussing the decline of traditional telephone service, which is rapidly approaching irrelevance, and the rise of wireless and Internet services. California consumers dropped one in five of their remaining traditional voice lines in 2013, leaving only 9 percent residential voice lines in California as traditional POTS lines. As of the first half of 2014, 47 percent of U.S. households relied only on wireless phones. The report discusses policy issues of availability and adoption of broadband, both overall and broken out by race, ethnicity, poverty status, age, and size of business. Since availability is nearly ubiquitous, policy focus should switch to the remaining barriers to adoption. State and federal policy toward universal service (CASF, CAF, Lifeline) is reviewed. The report presents detailed statistics on the availability of broadband in California. Growth in availability since 1999 to today’s nearly ubiquitous coverage is presented. Broadband has been growing at an annualized rate of 30.4 percent since 1999 and more than 130 broadband providers have entered the market in the state. Mobile broadband now accounts for 70 percent of broadband connections. The data show rapidly increasing quality of service, with speeds rising from 7 Mbps in 2008 to 55 Mbps in 2015. Over the same time period, there was a significant decline in the quality-adjusted price for broadband, from $12.89/Mbps in 2008 to $3.42 in 2015.The report concludes with policy recommendations to expand broadband access and adoption, including deploying low cost options to achieve broadband parity, coordinating state and federal rural access subsidies to prevent waste, and updating state and federal Lifeline programs to support broadband. Other policy implications discussed include the need to remove barriers to deploying broadband infrastructure such as access to municipal rights of way, and retargeting CASF funds to unserved (rather than underserved) areas.
Comparison of Wind Turbine Wakes in Steady and Turbulent Inflow

This paper presents simulation results of wake effects in a wind farm, under both steady and turbulent inflow conditions. Depending on a wind farm’s design, wake interference can cause large power losses and increased turbulence levels. The extent of these wake interference effects depends strongly on the atmospheric inflow conditions. The objective of the present study is to employ several modeling methods to reach an improved understanding of wake effects and to use this information to better optimize a farm’s layout. The methods used in order of low to high complexity are: a blade element model with freevortex wake approach for inflow (UWake), an actuator disk based Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method (DiskFloW) and a full blade RANS CFD code (HELIOS) that utilizes adaptive mesh refinement (AMR). The methods are collectively employed to model wind turbines at the Sexbierum wind farm, which allows for comparisons to experimental data and also for cross comparisons between the models. Single turbine wake deficits are modeled using both steady and turbulent inflow. Inflow turbulence is introduced using data from a precursor large eddy simulation (LES) of a neutral atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). A two turbine exact row case is also modeled to investigate the dependence of the power deficit at the downstream turbine on inflow conditions. The differences in the diffusion of the wake with and without turbulent inflow are presented, and the limitations of each method are discussed.
Attitude and Phase Synchronization of Formation Flying Spacecraft: Lagrangian Approach

This article presents a unified synchronization framework with application to precision formation flying spacecraft. Central to the proposed innovation, in applying synchroniza- tion to both translational and rotational dynamics in the Lagrangian form, is the use of the distributed stability and performance analysis tool, called contraction analysis that yields exact nonlinear stability proofs. The proposed decentralized tracking control law synchronizes the attitude of an arbitrary number of spacecraft into a common time-varying trajectory with global exponential convergence. Moreover, a decentralized translational tracking control law based on phase synchronization is presented, thus enabling coupled translational and rotational maneuvers. While the translational dynamics can be adequately controlled by linear control laws, the proposed method permits highly nonlinear systems with nonlinearly coupled inertia matrices such as the attitude dynamics of space-craft whose large and rapid slew maneuvers justify the nonlinear control approach. The proposed method integrates both the trajectory tracking and synchronization problems in a single control framework.
Ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy reduced LDL cholesterol in primary hypercholesterolemia.

Source Citation Gagne C, Bays HE, Weiss SR, et al. Efficacy and safety of ezetimibe added to ongoing statin therapy for treatment of patients with primary hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2002;9...
Fluorescence imaging study of organic anion transport from renal proximal tubule cell to lumen

The mechanisms driving organic anion transport from cell to lumen were studied in intact killifish proximal tubules using fluorescence microscopy. Three fluorescent substrates were used as follows: 1) fluorescein (FL); 2) carboxyfluorescein (CF), generated intracellularly from carboxyfluorescein diacetate (CFDA); and 3) bimane-S conjugates, generated intracellularly by conjugation of monochlorobimane (MCB) with glutathione (GSH) and subsequent metabolism. The latter two substrates bypassed the basolateral uptake mechanism, allowing direct study of luminal transport mechanisms. At steady state, for all three substrates, luminal fluorescence was two to three times higher than cellular fluorescence. With FL as substrate, addition of p-aminohippurate (PAH) or probenecid to the incubation medium reduced cellular and luminal fluorescence to roughly the same extent. With CFDA or MCB as substrate, PAH and probenecid only slightly reduced cellular fluorescence but greatly reduced luminal fluorescence. MCB blocked transport of FL from cell to lumen; CFDA blocked transport of bimane-S conjugates from cell to lumen. Finally, depolarizing tubule cells with high-potassium medium did not affect the steady-state lumen-to-cell distribution of FL, CF, or bimane-S conjugates. These results show that organic anion transport from cell to lumen is mediated and uphill but not sensitive to the electrical potential difference across the luminal membrane.
A new high power density modular multilevel DC-DC converter with localized voltage balancing control for arbitrary number of levels

A new modular multilevel DC-DC converter with high power density and simplified localized voltage balancing control is proposed. In the proposed configuration, converter building blocks with the same power handling capability are connected in parallel in each row. Converter building block consists of an H-bridge and mutually coupled inductors whose total current is nearly ripple free. These features are shown to reduce the voltage ripple of DC-link capacitors significantly, leading to a smaller capacitance and size. An optimized control algorithm with voltage feedback PI loop is proposed resulting in the elimination of current sensors. This, reduces overall system complexity and increases cost-effectiveness. Significant ripple reduction of the inductor current and capacitor voltages is observed based on the simulation and prototype of multi-level systems. With a fully modular power stage module and localized control module, a system of arbitrary number of level can be built by stacking modules thereby contributing to enhanced system redundancy.
Evaluation of disinfectants on military NATO and DECON litters

OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated the effectiveness of five disinfectants: A33, 10% bleach, 1% bleach, SPOROX, and 3% H2O2, on military NATO and DECON litters. DESIGN: Suspensions of Acinetobacter baumannii, Staphylococcus aureus, and spore-enhanced Bacillus subtilis, with five percent albumin, were inoculated onto litters and dried overnight. The litters were saturated with disinfectant solutions and sampled after 10 minutes. The Log10 reduction in the number of bacteria recovered was calculated. SETTING: 59th Medical Wing, 59th Clinical Research Division, Lackland AFB TX. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: A reduction of ≥3 Log10 in the number of bacteria recovered from the test squares compared to the control squares was considered effective disinfection. RESULTS: On the NATO litter 10% bleach and SPOROX were effective against vegetative cells. On the DECON litter A33, 10% bleach, and SPOROX were effective against vegetative cells. After the 10 minute exposure none of the disinfectants evaluated were effective against spore-enhanced B. subtilis. CONCLUSION: When contaminated with vegetative cells military NATO and DECON litters can be effectively dis-infected with a 10 minute exposure to some disinfectants. Further research is needed to find an effective disinfectant for spore contamination. ABBREVIATIONS:AFB = Air Force Base; ATCC = American Type Culture Collection; BAMC = Brooke Army Medical Center; BSA = bovine serum albumin; CFU = colony forming units; D/E = Dey/Engley; DECON = decontamination; H2O2 = hydrogen peroxide; NAM = nutrient agar with manganese sulfate (50 μg/mL); NATO = North Atlantic Treaty Organization; QAC = quaternary ammonium compound; SBA = Trypticase soy agar with five percent sheep9s blood.
Multiplication of Salmonella Enteritidis on the Yolk Membrane and Penetration to the Yolk Contents at 30°C in an In Vitro Egg Contamination Model

Refrigeration to limit bacterial multiplication is a critical aspect of efforts to control the transmission of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) to consumers of contaminated eggs. Although the nutrient-rich yolk interior is an uncommon location for SE contamination in freshly laid, naturally contaminated eggs, migration across the vitelline membrane could lead to rapid bacterial multiplication even when the initial site of deposition is outside the yolk. Multiplication on the yolk membrane (before, or in addition to, multiplication within the yolk contents) could be another source of increased risk to consumers. The present study used an in vitro egg contamination model to compare the abilities of four strains of SE to either multiply in association with the yolk membrane or migrate through that membrane to reach the yolk contents during 36 h of incubation at 30 degrees C. After inoculation onto the exterior surface of intact, whole yolks, all four SE strains penetrated the vitelline membrane to reach the yolk contents (at an overall frequency of 11.5%) after 12 h of incubation. The mean log concentration of SE was significantly higher in whole yolks (including yolk membranes) than in yolk contents at both 12 h (0.818 versus 0.167 CFU/ ml) and 36 h (2.767 versus 1.402 CFU/ml) of incubation. These results demonstrate that SE multiplication on the vitelline membrane may both precede and exceed multiplication resulting from penetration into the yolk contents during the first 36 h of unrefrigerated storage, reinforcing the importance of rapid refrigeration for protecting consumers from egg-transmitted illness.
Employment and Income Distribution Constraints in Latin America

It is by now a commonplace to assert that most Latin American countries have experienced rather respectable per capita income growth rates over the past quarter-century but that the performance in the employment and income distribution dimensions has remained ‘unsatisfactory’ and is probably worsening. Certainly Latin American economies have thus far provided substantial support for the so-called ‘Kuznets law’ that income distribution must get worse before it gets better in the course of rapid growth, on a country-specific historical rather than simply a multicountry cross-sectional basis. Why is this so and can anything be done about it — in the light of our present understanding of development processes and of the specific Latin American reality?
Access to and Engagement in Evidence-Based Integrated Care

Patients seen in general medical settings commonly have behavioral health conditions comorbid with other chronic medical disorders, each requiring high levels of integrated care management. With recent health care policy reform, the number of such patients recognized in the US health care system will likely increase, intensifying the need for practical integrated care models that address co-occurring behavioral and general medical disorders. Access to evidence-based integrated care can be enhanced by viewing general medical settings, especially primary care settings where people with behavioral health comorbidities are frequently seen for general medical problems, as opportunities for engagement in behavioral health care. We now have multiple evidence-based models for delivering integrated care in general medical settings. Embedded within these models are specific strategies to promote access to and engagement in evidence-based behavioral health care, such as patient activation, culturally acceptable care, shared decision making, patient education, self-management support, care coordination, reducing patients’ logistical barriers to care, and use of health information technology. Yet many settings in which integrated behavioral health care could and should be accessed remain untapped or underutilized. While barriers at multiple levels hinder progress, abundant opportunities to overcome these deficits exist, such as the development of flexible integrated care models applicable to large patient populations, enhanced training for the workforce delivering integrated care, health information technology tools that support delivery of integrated care, minimization of financial barriers to evidence-based integrated care, and expansion of the integrated care science base.
Procedurally just cooperation: Explaining support for due process reforms in policing

Abstract Purpose We explore criminal justice workers' (CJW) support for due process reforms in policing. We build on and integrate four related literatures—scholarship analyzing 1) process-based regulation, 2) the generality of procedural justice, 3) the bilateral and dialogical nature of legitimacy, and 4) the tensions between the due process versus crime control models of criminal justice. We hypothesize that when citizens exercise procedural justice in their decisions about how to respond to legal authorities' inquiries and directives it enhances “rights legitimacy” and increases CJW's support for the due process model of criminal justice. Methods We analyze data from a nationwide sample ( N = 579) of CJW. We examine whether CJW's perceptions that citizens are fair and respectful toward police are associated with their support for due process reforms. Results Procedurally just cooperation predicts support for due process reforms among police officers and other CJW, both before and after a highly publicized negative police-citizen encounter (the police killing of Michael Brown), and regardless of respondents' race, gender or career length. Conclusions The findings support the generality of the process-based model and the bilateral and dialogical nature of legitimacy.
Radical Grammars: Interplays of Form and Function

ABSTRACT Standard Chomskian grammatical theory not only treats language as a bounded system of rules, but considers it a property of “mind” as well, putting it squarely in the domain of individual psychology. Although he does not discuss the issue of multilingual competence , it seems to follow from Chomsky's main arguments that different languages must be stored separately as non-overlapping systems in the minds of multi-lingual individuals. In this essay we will try to develop a more adequate formal model of multilingual competence, and suggest how such a model might articulate with a model of language use. What is abundantly clear from empirical evidence is that multilinguals present special problems for the “individual psychological” view of grammatical competence. Six months of observations on the spontaneous daily social interactions of eleven multi-lingual friends and co-workers serve as the data base for this study. Depending on the particular constellation of individuals present at any given time, recorded conversations revealed the whole spectrum of multi-lingual speech possibilities, from isolated borrowings , to multi-lingual code-switches , to true pidginization . On the other hand, observation of this group also showed that multilingual speech obeyed many structural or grammatical constraints , and was in no sense a case of “anything goes” - just as multilingual speech is not a case of unconstrained functional variation. We have numerous examples of social interactions that led to restructuring of individual's formal linguistic competence, suggesting a dynamic and processual model of language - one which is socio-psychological rather than individual. Our observations bear on the question of the permeability of codes and the kinds of social and structural factors affecting it. We offer the notion of “radical grammars”, extensions of, restructurings of, or stabs at the “normal” grammatical rules of an official code.
Corneal wound architecture and integrity after phacoemulsification evaluation of coaxial, microincision coaxial, and microincision bimanual techniques.

Purpose To compare the effects of microincision bimanual phacoemulsification, standard coaxial phacoemulsification, and microincision coaxial phacoemulsification on clear corneal incision architecture and wound integrity. Setting Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Methods A prospective study of 15 human cadaver eyes (3 groups of 5 eyes) ranging 1 to 4 days postmortem had simulated phacoemulsification by bimanual phacoemulsification (1.2 mm incision), standard coaxial phacoemulsification (2.75 mm), or microincision coaxial phacoemulsification (2.2 mm). All phacoemulsification settings were kept constant across each group. After phacoemulsification, intraocular pressure (IOP) was cyclically raised and lowered from 0 to 125 mm Hg. Two eyes in each group had India ink placed above the wound, and the IOP was varied as above. Entry of India ink into the wound or aqueous leakage from the wound was recorded. The same 2 corneas in each group were removed for histopathologic review of India ink penetration. Scanning electron microscopy was used to evaluate wound architecture in 1 eye in each group. Results Spontaneous wound leakage was evident in all 5 eyes having bimanual phacoemulsification, in 1 eye (20%) having standard coaxial phacoemulsification, and no eye having microincision coaxial phacoemulsification. India ink penetration was grossly evident in 2 of 2 eyes having bimanual phacoemulsification, 1 of 2 eyes having standard coaxial phacoemulsification, and neither of the 2 eyes having microincision coaxial phacoemulsification. Scanning electron microscopy showed increased endothelial cell loss and greater compromise to Descemet's membrane with bimanual phacoemulsification than with standard coaxial phacoemulsification or microincision coaxial phacoemulsification. Conclusion Results in this experimental setting suggest microincision coaxial phacoemulsification and standard coaxial phacoemulsification induce less wound stress and alteration of wound morphology leading to wound leakage than microincision bimanual phacoemulsification.
Management of Cardiac Failure in the Intensive Care Unit

Heart failure is a serious condition affecting an estimated 2 million Americans and is a common reason for hospitalization. Patients presenting with an acute deterioration of cardiac function are often admitted to the ICU. These patients are likely to benefit from treatment in an ICU. However, patients with end-stage cardiac failure whose condition has progressed slowly and inexorably despite maximal medical therapy are poor candidates for admission to the ICU, unless they are candidates for cardiac transplantation or have suffered from an acute medical complication. The following patients with cardiac failure may benefit from admission to an ICU: Worsening pulmonary edema with acute respiratory failure Acute myocardial ischemia Acute hemodynamic compromise due to arrhythmias Severe complicating disease, e. g., pneumonia
Sex-related differences in muscle size explained by amplitudes of higher-threshold motor unit action potentials and muscle fibre typing.

AIM To investigate the relationships between motor unit action potential amplitudes (MUAPAMP ), muscle cross-sectional area (mCSA) and composition (mEI), per cent myosin heavy chain (%MHC) areas and sex in the vastus lateralis (VL). METHODS Ten males and 10 females performed a submaximal isometric trapezoid muscle action that included a linearly increasing, steady torque at 40% maximal voluntary contraction, and linearly decreasing segments. Surface electromyographic decomposition techniques were utilized to determine MUAPAMPS in relation to recruitment thresholds (RT). Ultrasound images were taken to quantify muscle mCSA and mEI. Muscle biopsies were collected to calculate %MHC areas. Y-intercepts and slopes were calculated for the MUAPAMP vs RT relationships for each subject. Independent-samples t tests and ANOVA models examined sex-related differences in mCSA, mEI, slopes and y-intercepts for the MUAPAMP vs RT relationships and %MHC areas. Correlations were performed among type IIA and total type II %MHC area, mCSA and the slopes and y-intercepts for the MUAPAMP vs RT relationships. RESULTS Males exhibited greater slopes for the MUAPAMP vs RT relationships (P = .003), mCSA (P < .001) and type IIA %MHC (P = .011), whereas females had greater type I %MHC area (P = .010) and mEI (P = .024). The mCSA, type IIA and total II %MHC area variables were correlated (P < .001-.015, r = .596-.836) with the slopes from the MUAPAMP vs RT relationships. CONCLUSION Sex-related differences in mCSA and MUAPAMPS of the higher-threshold MUs were likely the result of larger muscle fibres expressing type II characteristics for males.
Mosaic Plots and Their Variants

In this chapter we consider mosaicplots, which were introduced by Hartigan and Kleiner (1981) as a way of visualizing contingency tables. Named “mosaicplots” due to their resemblance to the art form, they consist of groups of rectangles that represent the cells in a contingency table. Both the sizes and the positions of the rectangles are relevant to mosaicplot interpretation, making them one of the more advanced plots around.With a little practice they can become an invaluable tool in the representation and exploration of multivariate categorical data.
Endoscopy in the Elderly: Risks, Benefits, and Yield of Common Endoscopic Procedures

There has been limited research examining the risks, benefits, and use of common endoscopic procedures in the elderly. Furthermore, gastroenterology training programs do not routinely incorporate elderly concerns when dealing with common gastrointestinal issues. There exists a broad array of endoscopic procedures with varying inherent risks that must be weighed with each elderly patient in mind. This article discusses the benefits and drawbacks of the most common procedures and indications for endoscopy including upper endoscopy, colonoscopy, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic ultrasound, percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy, and deep enteroscopy.
Tissue Harvesting and Fixation

Fixation is the chemical or physical process that allows tissue sections to be viewed in a close approximation to the living tissue.1 Histological fixation practices have been derived from many other fields, such as the leather tanning industry. Fixation is the single most important factor in achieving a well-prepared section for microscopic analysis. Fixation processes should be standardized so that subtle changes in microanatomy may be detected by comparing similarly fixed sections. When tissue is removed from the host, a good fixative will stop autolysis (the dissolution of cells by intracellular enzymatic digestion) and putrefaction (the breakdown of tissue by bacterial action) by inactivating the enzymes, bacteria, and molds that begin to form immediately after death. It will also protect the tissue from excessive shrinkage and swelling, and it will not dissolve or distort the tissue. Dehydrating agents and clearing agents can cause distortion of tissue, so the chosen fixing agent will also protect the cellular constituents so that they will not be altered by these chemicals.2 The fixative must also protect the tissue during the embedding process, which involves polymer impregnation at a high temperature. Finally, it must protect the tissue during sectioning, where the potential for mechanical damage is high.
Der I.Q. im Mutterleib

Das Thema dieses Kapitels ist streng genommen nicht relevant fur die Frage, ob der I.Q. durch die Gene determiniert ist. Wir werden uns hier damit befassen, in welchem Ausmas man eine Beziehung zwischen intrauteriner Erfahrung und I.Q. nachgewiesen hat. Es besteht fur Theoretiker, die die Auffassung von der I.Q.-Erblichkeit vertreten, eine ungewohnliche aber verstandliche Tendenz, den Mutterleib als Ort fur den Effekt — wie durftig er auch immer sein mag -, den die Umwelt fur die intellektuelle Entwicklung angeblich hat, vorzuschlagen. Wir haben in den vorangegangenen Kapiteln gesehen, wie die Professoren Jensen und Herrnstein zu der Schlusfolgerung kamen, das „etwas Pranatales“ ein„groserer“ oder der „einzig wichtigste“ Umwelteinflus fur den I.Q. war. Diese Verbindung der vererbungstheoretischen Sichtweise mit der Auffassung pranataler Determination ist ideologisch konsistent. Zu betonen, das der groste Teil der I.Q.-Varianzen der Bevolkerung genetisch bedingt ist, bedeutet, das man behauptet, das Bildung und soziale Prozesse eine auserst geringe Wirkung haben. Von solch einer Behauptung aus ist es nur ein kleiner Schritt bis zu der Folgerung, das die triviale Auswirkung der Gesellschaft auf den I.Q. wahrscheinlich durch unbemerkte Ereignisse im Mutterleib ubertroffen wird. Die praktische Implikation der Betonung pranataler Faktoren heist, — wie die der vererbungstheoretischen Sicht — das eine Anstrengung, die erzieherische und soziale Umwelt zu verbessern, fast uberhaupt keine Auswirkung auf den I.Q. haben wird. Diese Betonung pranataler Faktoren hat jedoch eine klar humanitare Konsequenz. Die Ernahrungsweise der schwangeren Mutter kann aus dieser Sicht eine Rolle bei der Determination des I.Q. ihres Kindes spielen. Diejenigen, die sich mit der Anhebung des I.Q. beschaftigen, wurden folglich gut daran tun, Mutter, die der Fursorge anvertraut sind, gut zu ernahren — zumindest wahrend sie schwanger sind. Der Ernahrungsstatus des Vaters wurde jedoch irrelevant scheinen.
Nominalization and Predicative Prepositional Phrases

The focus of this paper is the interaction between nominalization and the character of PP complements to nominals, specifically their ability to occur predicatively, across the copula from the NP they modify. We outline the basic analysis of nominals from Grimshaw (1990), which treats PPs as bearing one of three relationships to the head depending on the properties of the head Noun. We then develop an analysis of PPs in terms of the distinction between grammatical and semantic prepositions, from Williams (1989), and finally we compare and combine the two views in explaining the possible occurrences of predicative PPs and their characteristics.
The Need for Continued Innovation in Solar, Wind, and Energy Storage

Varun Sivaram is the Philip D. Reed fellow for science and technology at the Council on Foreign Relations. He is also an adjunct professor at Georgetown University, an adjunct senior research scholar at Columbia University, and a member of the energy and environment advisory boards at Stanford University. He is the author of the book, Taming the Sun: Innovations to Harness Solar Energy and Power the Planet (MIT University Press, 2018) and the editor of the book, Digital Decarbonization: Promoting Clean Energy Systems Through Digital Innovations (CFR Press, 2018). Forbes named him one of its 30 under 30 in law and policy, and Grist named him one of the top 50 leaders in sustainability. John Dabiri is Professor of Civil & Environmental Engineering and of Mechanical Engineering at Stanford University, senior fellow in the Precourt Institute for Energy, and a MacArthur Fellow. His research focuses on science and technology at the intersection of fluid mechanics, energy and environment, and biology. For his research in bio-inspired wind energy, Bloomberg Businessweek magazine listed him among its Technology Innovators, and MIT Technology Review magazine named him one of its 35 innovators under 35. David M. Hart is professor at the Schar School of Policy and Government at George Mason University, co-chair of the Innovation Policy Forum at the National Academies of Science, Engineering and Medicine, and senior fellow at the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation . He co-authored the April 2018 MIT Energy Innovation working paper Energy Storage for the Grid: Policy Options for Sustaining Innovation with William B. Bonvillian and Nathaniel Austin.
LXR/RXR signaling and neutrophil phenotype following myocardial infarction classify sex differences in remodeling

Sex differences in heart failure development following myocardial infarction (MI) are not fully understood. We hypothesized that differential MI signaling could explain variations in outcomes. Analysis of the mouse heart attack research tool 1.0 (422 mice; young = 5.4 ± 0.1; old = 23.3 ± 0.1 months of age) was used to dissect MI signaling pathways, which was validated in a new cohort of mice (4.8 ± 0.2 months of age); and substantiated in humans. Plasma collected at visit 2 from the MI subset of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS; a community-based study consisting of middle aged and older adults of African ancestry) underwent glycoproteomics grouped by outcome: (1) heart failure hospitalization after visit 2 (n = 3 men/12 women) and (2) without hospitalization through 2012 (n = 24 men/21 women). Compared to young male mice, the infarct region of young females had fewer, but more efficient tissue clearing neutrophils with reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression. Apolipoprotein (Apo) F, which acts upstream of the liver X receptors/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) pathway, was elevated in the day 7 infarcts of old mice compared to young controls and was increased in both men and women with heart failure. In vitro, Apo F stimulated CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ activation in male neutrophils to turn off NF-κB activation and stimulate LXR/RXR signaling to initiate resolution. Female neutrophils were desensitized to Apo F and instead relied on thrombospondin-1 stimulation of CD36 to upregulate AMP-activated protein kinase, resulting in an overall better wound healing strategy. With age, female mice were desensitized to LXR/RXR signaling, resulting in enhanced interleukin-6 activation, a finding replicated in the JHS community cohort. This is the first report to uncover sex differences in post-MI neutrophil signaling that yielded better outcomes in young females and worse outcomes with age.
The Physics of Gamma-Ray Bursts

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most luminous explosions in the universe, which within seconds release energy comparable to what the Sun releases in its entire lifetime. The field of GRBs has developed rapidly and matured over the past decades. Written by a leading researcher, this text presents a thorough treatment of every aspect of the physics of GRBs. It starts with an overview of the field and an introduction to GRB phenomenology. After laying out the basics of relativity, relativistic shocks, and leptonic and hadronic radiation processes, the volume covers all topics related to GRBs, including a general theoretical framework, afterglow and prompt emission models, progenitor, central engine, multi-messenger aspects (cosmic rays, neutrinos, and gravitational waves), cosmological connections, and broader impacts on fundamental physics and astrobiology. It is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and experienced researchers in the field of GRBs and high-energy astrophysics in general.
The somatosensory mismatch negativity as a window into body representations in infancy

Abstract How the body is represented in the developing brain is a topic of growing interest. The current study takes a novel approach to investigating neural body representations in infants by recording somatosensory mismatch negativity (sMMN) responses elicited by tactile stimulation of different body locations. Recent research in adults has suggested that sMMN amplitude may be influenced by the relative distance between representations of the stimulated body parts in somatosensory cortex. The current study uses a similar paradigm to explore whether the sMMN can be elicited in infants, and to test whether the infant sMMN response is sensitive to the somatotopic organization of somatosensory cortex. Participants were healthy infants (n = 31) aged 6 and 7 months. The protocol leveraged a discontinuity in cortical somatotopic organization, whereby the representations of the neck and the face are separated by representations of the arms, the hands and the shoulder. In a double-deviant oddball protocol, stimulation of the hand (100 trials, 10% probability) and neck (100 trials, 10% probability) was interspersed among repeated stimulation of the face (800 trials, 80% probability). Waveforms showed evidence of an infant sMMN response that was significantly larger for the face/neck contrast than for the face/hand contrast. These results suggest that, for certain combinations of body parts, early pre-attentive tactile discrimination in infants may be influenced by distance between the corresponding cortical representations. The results provide the first evidence that the sMMN can be elicited in infants, and pave the way for further applications of the sMMN in studying body representations in preverbal infants.
Realtime Robustification of Interdependent Networks under Cascading Attacks

This paper studies the problem of robustifying an interdependent network by rewiring a small number of links in realtime during a cascading attack. Interdependent networks have been widely used to model interconnected complex systems such as a critical infrastructure network including both the power grid and the Internet. Realtime robustification of interdependent networks, therefore, has significant practical importance. This paper formulates the problem using the Markov decision process (MDP) framework. We first show the problem is NP-hard and then develop an effective and efficient greedy algorithm, named R EAL W IRE , to robustify the network in realtime. R EAL W IRE scores each link (and each node) based on the expected number of links failures resulted from the failure of the link (or the node), and rewires the links greedily according to the scores. Extensive experimental results show that R EAL W IRE outperforms other algorithms on multiple trobustness metrics.
An IoT-Based Data Driven Precooling Solution for Electricity Cost Savings in Commercial Buildings

The buildings sector is one of the largest energy consuming entities today, accounting for about 40% of global energy consumption. Alongside, electricity prices are increasing in several nations worldwide, putting pressure on facility managers to reduce the expense incurred in operating their buildings. In this paper, we focus on building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning and make the following contributions. First, inspired by the deployment of Internet of Things in buildings, we propose a data driven gray box model for zone thermal dynamics and use it to develop an optimization framework for precooling a building. The goal is to determine a precooling strategy that not only shifts the peak air conditioning power to low electricity tariff regimes, but also reduces the peak power, energy consumption, and electricity costs associated with cooling a building. Second, the optimal precooling problem turns out to be nonlinear. To enable ease of use of our framework in the real-world without undermining its efficacy, we develop a linearized version of the problem and show that it has comparable performance to the original formulation. Third, we quantify the benefits of the precooling optimization framework by applying it to building management system data, across multiple days, obtained from a large office building in Australia. The evaluations reveal that optimal precooling lowers the peak power, energy consumption, and electricity costs for cooling the building by up to 30% while ensuring that the thermal comfort of the occupants is maintained. We conclude by describing two applications of the proposed optimization framework for use in developing countries. Our precooling solution incurs no capital expense and permits facility managers to take decisions from a data driven point of view for improving the energy efficiency of their buildings.
Trends in Tdap vaccination among privately insured pregnant women in the United States, 2009-2016.

BACKGROUND Infants younger than 6 months are at increased risk of complications and mortality from pertussis infection. In October 2012, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices revised its recommendation to include a Tdap dose during each pregnancy, ideally between 27 and 36 weeks gestation. OBJECTIVE Assess trends in Tdap vaccination coverage among privately insured pregnant women from 2009 to 2016 including timing of Tdap vaccination (before, during, or after pregnancy), trimester of vaccination for women vaccinated during pregnancy, and missed vaccination opportunities for unvaccinated women. Identify factors associated with vaccination during the optimal period of 27-36 weeks gestation. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective analysis of privately insured women 15-49 years who delivered live births during 2009-2016 conducted using 2009-2016 MarketScan data. Tdap vaccination coverage and the timing of Tdap vaccine administration were assessed for women continuously enrolled from 6 months before pregnancy to 1 month after delivery. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors independently associated with receipt of Tdap vaccine at 27-36 weeks gestation. RESULTS Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy increased from 0.4% in 2009 to 6.2% in 2012 and to 53.2% in 2016. The proportion of vaccinated women receiving Tdap at 27-36 weeks gestation increased from <10% in 2009 to nearly 90% in 2016, with most vaccination occurring at 27-32 weeks gestation. Women of older age, residing in a metropolitan statistical area, residing outside the South, and having a capitated health insurance plan were more likely to receive Tdap at 27-36 weeks gestation than their counterparts. Among women not vaccinated during pregnancy, 77.7% had a pregnancy-related medical claim between 27 and 36 weeks gestation. CONCLUSION Tdap vaccination coverage during pregnancy increased significantly from 2009 to 2016, with the greatest increase occurring after the revised Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommendation. Most women who did not receive Tdap vaccine had a missed vaccination opportunity during pregnancy, indicating potential for much higher vaccination coverage and consequent infant protection against pertussis.
A team-based learning approach to interprofessional education of medical and pharmacy students.

Abstract Background As collaborative team-based healthcare expands, there is a need for effective interprofessional education (IPE). Although the desired outcomes of IPE are defined by the Interprofessional Education Collaborative (IPEC), resources often limit IPE implementation. The purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of a novel interprofessional activity in improving health professions students' interprofessional competencies using team-based learning (TBL). Interprofessional education activity Teams of second year pharmacy and medical students participated in a novel IPE session targeting roles and responsibilities. This activity was designed and implemented by a small number of faculty and used TBL to educate a large number of students using limited resources. Class averages for individual and team readiness assurance test (iRAT/tRAT) scores were collected, and students were invited to complete the Interprofessional Collaborative Competencies Attainment Survey (ICCAS) to evaluate the effectiveness of the activity. Discussion On average, tRAT scores were 20% higher than iRAT scores. While there was significant improvement for all items on the ICCAS, questions within the roles and responsibilities domain of the ICCAS were most affected. Implications This novel IPE activity was successful in teaching a large group of professional students in the targeted domain of roles and responsibilities in a single session. This activity was a rich experience in which students learned together using limited resources which can be easily replicated at other institutions to help professional students gain proficiency in interprofessional competencies.
The Effects of Restricted Sight Distances on Drivers at Simulated Rural Intersections

Short sight distances at rural intersections can result in reduced safety including drivers choosing smaller gaps between oncoming vehicles (Yan & Richards, 2010). Conversely, increased sight dista...
Arc Fault Detection in DC Distribution Using Semi-Supervised Ensemble Machine Learning

Series arc fault detection in a dc system is a challenging task due to the randomness of arc discharge and the dynamic behavior dependence on the system current level. DC arc faults could potentially create a fire hazard if not detected and isolated quickly. This paper introduces two ways to improve the predictive performance of existing conventional machine learning (ML) algorithms as an arc fault detection method. A semi-supervised ML ensures sufficient training data when there is a vast number of unlabeled data and limited labeled data. An ensemble ML method further superimposes on a conventional ML algorithm to create a better classifier, which reduces the bias and decision variance. The goal is to evaluate the effectiveness of both methods in dc arc fault detection. Accuracy, precision, and recall scores are used as the key performance metrics. Finally, an experimental arc fault detection was conducted using a microcontroller Udoo X86 with detection latency time as a performance metric.
Nomology, validity, and interprofessional research: The missing link(s).

There are many calls for increased rigor in interprofessional research, and scale validation improvements are particularly needed. Specifically, current validation efforts are limited, as few inter...