cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A developmental function of motor activity among nutritionally at-risk children.

Learning about the dynamics of early childhood development in the context of poverty and malnutrition is an effective way to identify the periods of highest psychosocial vulnerability and the role of timing in the differential responsivity of young children to interventions. Motor activity under natural conditions is one area of development that requires further study because of its biological and psychological developmental importance. This paper presents an estimate of the development function of motor activity among poorly nourished children whose ages ranged from 12 to 30 months. It also focuses on the longitudinal relationship between the nature level of motor development and intensity of motor actions on the one hand and physical growth dietary intake and motor activity on the other. Two cohorts (12 and 18 months old) of rural West Javanese children were studied. Motor activity energy intake physical growth and motor development were measured every 2 months. A motor activity score was calculated based on the estimated energy cost and intensity of each activity and their frequency and duration during each of the periods of observation. Intensity was classified according to a three-point scale (high = 1.25 moderate = 1.0 low = 0.75). The Bayley Scale of Motor Development and a scale of motor milestones were used to assess motor development (e.g. crawling creeping walking and running). The developmental function of activity was curvilinear. It showed a moderately fast acceleration from 12 to about 18-20 months; at that point the curve reached a plateau. The functions of growth and energy intake were linear. The average motor behavior of these children was characterized by its low level of intensity. Although the relationship between motor activity and motor development was relatively close up to about 20 months thereafter the motor activity and motor development scores were independent of each other. The changes in activity level were primarily determined by a significant decline of involvement in activities having a low energy cost and an increase in activities having moderate or high energy cost. The decline of motor activity observed at 18 months is reminiscent of the decline in growth velocity observed during the first 6 months of life among malnourished children. It is plausible that the pattern of activity observed could be explained by either contextual or cultural factors. (authors)
Research and Application of Remote Removal of Floating Foreign Objects on Transmission Lines Based on Fiber Laser

Floating foreign objects are one of the biggest safety hazards to overhead transmission lines. The existing tools and methods of removing foreign objects are difficult to meet the requirements for economical, rapid and safe removal. To solve this problem, a method of using laser to remotely remove foreign objects on overhead lines is proposed in this paper. After selecting a suitable type of laser, the appropriate power density is determined through the irradiation experiment on the typical foreign objects. Then, the influence of the laser on the main components of the transmission line is studied. The result shows that this certain power density laser has no damage to the line. On this basis, a laser equipment for removing foreign objects on transmission lines is developed, and simulation experiments and field tests are applied. The results prove that the removal equipment using fiber laser can remove foreign objects on live lines remotely, quickly, and safely.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy of the Brain in Alcohol Abuse.

Magnetic resonance (MR) technology produces data on brain structure and activity without relying on radiation or invasive surgery. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) creates images, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) produces spectra based on the ability of atomic nuclei in tissues to absorb and release pulses of energy. MRS studies of alcohol in the brain reveal that only a portion of the alcohol in the brain can be detected by MR technology, suggesting that alcohol there exists in multiple pools. The pools not visible using MRS is hypothesized to be bound to cell membranes. Indirect evidence from MR studies of chronic alcohol abusers suggests that tolerance to alcohol's effects results in an increased rigidity of cell membranes that forces more alcohol to remain in the MR-visible pool (i.e., the pool not bound to membranes) compared with alcohol in the brains of nontolerant people.
Artificial intelligence in medical devices and clinical decision support systems

Abstract Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a broad conceptual category of computer software that is designed to mimic, emulate, or improve human decision-making. There are two broad categories of AI: rules-based expert systems (ES), and machine-learning (ML) systems.
Isotopy classification of three-dimensional embedded nets

The article by Power et al. [ Acta Cryst. (2020), A76, 275–301 ] on the isotopy classification of crystal nets is discussed.
Breeding Program Optimization for Genomic Selection in Winter Wheat

Developing methodologies in the fields of phenomics and genomic prediction have the potential to increase the production of crop species by influencing germplasm improvement. The integration of these technologies into germplasm improvement and breeding programs requires evidence that there will be a direct economic benefit to the program. We determined a basic set of parameters, such as prediction accuracy greater than 0.3, the ability to genotype over 7 lines for the cost of one phenotypic evaluation, and heritability levels below 0.4, at which the use of genomic selection would be of economic benefit in terms of genetic gain and operational costs to the Kansas State University (KSU) winter wheat breeding program. The breeding program was then examined to determine whether the parameters benefitting genomic selection were observed or achievable in a practical sense. Our results show that the KSU winter wheat breeding program is at a decision point with regards to their primary means of selection. A few operational changes to increase prediction accuracy would place the program in the parameter space where genomic selection would be of greatest benefit to the program.
Abstract 15426: Comparison of Multimodality Imaging in Mitral Leaflet Lengths in Patients Undergoing Surgical Myectomy: A Prospective Study in Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy Patients

Introduction: In hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), mitral valve (MV) leaflets in often contribute to left ventricular outflow tract obstruction (LVOTO). Hence, MV assessment is crucia...
CRISPR-based tools for microbial cell factories

Abstract The development of microbial chassis for the production of a variety of biochemicals and biofuels is a growing area of research. How to efficiently manipulate genetic information to achieve optimal production of these compounds is a key area of focus in the field. In recent years, clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and its associated proteins (Cas) have become a popular strategy for gene editing and regulation in many organisms due to its versatility and efficacy. Here, we describe methods developed utilizing CRISPR-Cas systems for engineering microbial cell factories (e.g., bacteria and yeast) at the single gene to genome scale for mutagenesis and transcriptional regulation of target genes. Finally, we provide a perspective on the challenges and opportunities for the applications of advanced CRISPR-Cas-based tools for engineering microbial cell factories.
Critical Evaluation of Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR)-Based Methods to Measure Asphalt Binder Diffusion

Past studies have proposed various dynamic shear rheometer (DSR)-based procedures to measure diffusion between reclaimed and virgin binders but have noted experimental challenges. Therefore, this study sought to critically evaluate the ability to reliably quantify the rate of diffusion between two binders using the DSR. In these experiments, reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) and virgin binder wafers were conditioned in contact. Oscillatory loading was applied to monitor the time-dependent response of the wafer system and infer blending. Experiments in which samples were conditioned within the DSR and external to the DSR were tried. When samples were conditioned within the DSR at hot-mix asphalt production temperatures, poor stress waveform quality precluded the application of oscillatory loading in the DSR using sufficiently low strain amplitudes to prevent mechanical mixing. The use of relatively large, 50-mm-diameter samples did not alleviate the data quality limitations. When samples were conditioned outside of the DSR, mechanical mixing was induced when the samples were transferred from the conditioning chamber to the DSR, which compromised measurements. In the absence of mechanical mixing, time-dependent blending between binder specimens conditioned in contact in the DSR at 120°C was not observed, which suggests diffusion was minimal. Based on the aforementioned observations, the diffusion rate between RAP and virgin binders could not be quantified using the DSR experiments evaluated in this study. Based on the lack of observed diffusion in the absence of mechanical mixing, it is hypothesized that understanding mechanical mixing is critical to inferring blending in RAP mixtures and thus merits further research.
Single nanocrystal anti-stokes shifted superfluorescence

Superfluorescence (SF) is a unique optical phenomenon that consists of an ensemble of emitters coupling collectively to produce a short but extremely intense burst of light. SF has also only been realized in extreme conditions (at low temperatures of around 6 K). Moreover, no anti-Stokes shift SF has been discovered in either an ensemble of nanoparticles or at bulky crystal levels. We report on a new lanthanidedoped upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as a medium to achieve cavity free anti-Stokes shifted SF at room temperature, culminating in rapid, intense, and narrow spectral peaks of upconverted SF. This is the first time that SF has been discovered in a single nanocrystal regime and is the smallest-ever SF media. We observed the resultant UCNP SF with an extremely narrow spectral width at single nanocrystal-level (full-width at half-maximum, FWHM = 2 nm), and to have a significantly shortened lifetime (τ = 46 ns, 10,000-fold accelerated radiative decay, when compared to the lifetime of τ = 455.8 μs of normal upconversion luminescence (UCL). The significantly upspeeded upconverted SF lifetimes at tens of nanoseconds scale should break through the key limitation in normal UCL. This will open up the opportunity to carry out high speed bioimaging using upconversion nanoparticles without compromising the imaging quality. In addition, our ultrafast upconverted SF will achieve fine temporal resolution control of highly dynamic physiological processes that have been constrained by normal UCL.
Wound healing in the imaginal discs of Drosophila: I. Scanning electron microscopy of normal and healing wing discs☆

Abstract Scanning electron microscopy was used to investigate the morphology of intact imaginal wing discs of third-instar larvae of Drosophila melanogaster. The disc stalk, nerve and tracheal entries and the surface ultrastructure of the columnar cells, the peripodial membrane cells, and the adepithelial cells are described. The behavior of various fragments of the wing disc during culture in vivo was also studied. After injuring a wing disc by cuts with a tungsten needle, during the first day of culture the epithelium curls and the wound surface contracts. Subsequent closure of the wound in 3 4 and 1 4 sectors, in fragments generated by straight cuts and in central squares, leads to the confrontations of cells from formerly separate positions, as was proposed in connection with the polar coordinate model of French, Bryant, and Bryant [(1976). Pattern regulation in epimorphic fields. Science 193, 969–981]. Wound healing comprises three steps: (1) Cell debris is removed; (2) occasional cell processes span the wound; (3) all cells at the wound edge contact cells on the opposite side. After 2–3 days, a continuous epithelium is re-established. The tissue distortion may lead to transient contacts of the columnar epithelium with the peripodial membrane and with itself. The latter can explain the occasional duplications of structures which, according to the fate map, arise from near the wound edge, and which have been previously reported from cultured imaginal disc fragments. The tissue movements appear to be due to the contractile properties of individual cells.
Security Issues in Dynamic Spectrum Access

Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) systems are being developed to improve spectrum utilization. DSA can be employed either using market-based or MAC based approaches. An important challenge for both the market-based and MAC-based DSA methods is security. Most of the research for either type of DSA assumes that the participants involved are honest and cooperative and that no malicious adversaries will attack or exploit the network. Some recent research efforts have focused on studying security issues in cognitive radios but there are still significant security challenges in both market-based and MAC-based DSA that have not been addressed.In this paper we focus on security issues in both market-based and MAC-based DSA and suggest some possible approaches to address them. We address MAC-based DSA security challenges such as Denial of Service (DoS) attacks on primary and secondary users, spoofing, etc. We also identify various attacks (e.g., DoS attacks, system penetration, repudiation, spoofing, authorization violation, malware infection, data modification, etc.) and suggest various approaches to address these for Market-based DSA networks. We conclude that convincing spectrum owners to implement secure DSA on market-based DSA is more likely since the service providers are being compensated. In doing so, service providers would allow for competition in business between the various providers as they are offering a more attractive, (secure) product for a given price. This option is a more “business friendly” approach than the simple MAC-based DSA in which, though the services are free, they are not regulated or guaranteed to be secure.
The information in forward rates

Abstract Term-structure models from Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985) imply that conditional expected discrete-period returns on discount instruments are linear functions of forward rates. Tests reject a single-latent-variable model of expected returns on U.S. Treasury bills, but two or three latent variables appear to describe expected returns on bills of all maturities. Expected returns estimated using two-latent-variables exhibit variation with business cycles similar to what Fama (1986) observes for forward rates. Inverted term structures precede recessions and upward-sloping structures precede recoveries.
Chapter 13 The biology of human melanoma

Summary Incidence of melanoma, a malignant disease of pigment producing melanocytes, has climbed dramatically in recent years. Ultraviolet radiation probably plays a role in disease pathogenesis. The process of melanoma progression is better understood than that of most human cancers. It is generally accompanied by specific chromosomal alterations and changes in the expression of growth factors, their receptors and other cell surface molecules. While surgery can cure the majority of patients with melanoma, current therapies for metastatic disease are not widely effective. However, since melanoma patients often exhibit a potential weak immune response to the disease, an understanding of melanocyte biology, particularly antigen expression, is leading to new therapeutic strategies. Several promising immunotherapies, including the use of cytokines, anti-melanoma antibodies, and vaccines, are currently under investigation.
Equity Theory Revisited: Comments and Annotated Bibliography

Publisher Summary This chapter offers a few comments on existing equity theory and research. Notwithstanding the optimism generated by equity theory, there are lacunae that appear to deserve attention. In particular, theoretical and research effort might profitably be directed to the phenomenological experience of inequity, how inequity may be used instrumentally, the analysis of the interactive dynamics of inequity reduction, and the quantification of inequity. The chapter provides an extensive annotated bibliography of theoretical, review, and research papers, published and unpublished, on equity. The annotations for research papers describe the essential contents: tasks, independent and dependent variables, results, and, for populations of possible special interest, subject characteristics.
Tapered Inlet Design Using Specific Energy Curves

Design charts to simplify the hydraulic design of tapered inlet culverts for both rectangular and circular sections are presented. The use of these design charts greatly reduces the opportunity for error and the amount of time needed to design a tapered inlet. The use of these tapered inlet culverts in the state of Iowa has resulted in the savings of millions of dollars in construction costs over a period of years. In addition, many of these raised inlet culverts have enabled the highway department to provide ponds for recreation or for stock watering, and have helped control channel degradation and bank erosion.
Mucus, Calcium, Sweat, Water, and Permeability in Cystic Fibrosis

Gibson et al.1 have proposed that mucus normally inhibits passive flow of water and small ions, but fails to perform this function adequately in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF), due to excessive secretion of calcium for exocrine glands. Negus2 first suggested, without adequate experimental data, that epithelial mucins control water and electrolyte permeability. For reasons discussed here, this concept, and other facets of the Gibson hypothesis, are not supported by Gibson9s investigations. The authors developed an assay (Exp. I) for movement of water through films of submaxillary saliva (SMS) layered on dialysis membranes. When movement through CF and control films was compared, disparate relationships between film thickness and water permeability were observed.
Experiments in Vulnerability: Sociability and Care in Chicago's Redeveloping Public Housing

This essay examines tensions emerging around public spaces in a mixed-income development built to replace a distressed public housing project on Chicago's West Side. It argues that the disorienting experiences of moving through these spaces prodded new and long-term residents of the area to examine the practices of sociability they subscribed to. Specifically, it prodded them to examine what it would take to become more or less vulnerable to each other, and in the process, better able to care for themselves and those in their immediate vicinity. I show that scholarly attention to the reconfiguration of sociability in such places helps us better understand post-Welfare social collectivities and the conditions of belonging to them.
Hydrology of two forested wetlands that receive pumped agricultural drainage water in Eastern North Carolina

Wetlands have been recommended for buffering the impact of agricultural drainage water on tidal rivers and estuaries. This two-year study documented the hydrology of two wetland buffer areas in eastern North Carolina that received pumped agricultural drainage water. The hydrology of both sites was documented by monitoring rainfall and pumping rates and by monitoring water surface elevations over a network of stations on each wetland. Water velocities and wetland roughness coefficients were determined by dye tracer studies on the wetlands. The pumping rates of drainage water onto the wetlands were highly variable, depending on the amount and intensity of rainfall and on the antecedent soil-water conditions on the agricultural area. The two study sites, Laurel Bay (LB) and Northwest Fork (NF), differed in that the wetland at LB was larger in area and received drainage water from a smaller agricultural area. Water depth on the wetland at LB increased by as much as 210 mm in response to pumping compared to a 380 mm maximum increase in water depth at NF. Measured velocities of the pumped water on the LB wetland ranged from 400 to 900 m/d compared to 1600 to 4600 m/d at NF. Factors causing lower velocities on the LB wetland were lower ground slope from the pumps to the receiving stream, greater resistance to flow, lower pumping rates, and better distribution of the pumped water (facilitated by a canal that distributed pumped water laterally before entering the wetland). Lower velocities will result in greater residence times and greater pollutant removal on the wetland.
A selective NK-2 antagonist blocks the increase of canine colonic tone and ileal contractions induced by the NK-2 selective receptor agonist, [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4-10)

SUMMARY Background: The regulatory roles of tachykinins in intestinal motor function may be clarified by use of novel, stable and selective antagonists of neurokinin receptors. We studied the effects of the non-peptide NK-2 receptor antagonist SR48968 on canine colonic tone under resting conditions and after stimulation by the selective NK-2 receptor agonist [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10) Methods: Experiments were performed in three conscious female dogs. Proximal colonic tone was recorded by a barostat and intraluminal pressures were recorded in the terminal ileum, 10, 15 and 20 cm orad to the ileocaecal junction. In separate experiments, and in a random sequence, dogs received an i.v. injection of the NK-2 antagonist SR48968, 10, 100, 1000 μg/kg, followed after 30 min by 2 μg/kg of the agonist [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10). Experiments were replicated twice in each dog. Results: The NK-2 agonist increased colonic tone, and SR48968 antagonized these effects in a dose-dependent fashion (Spearman's rank, r= 0.86; P < 0.01); antagonism was complete at the highest dose. SR48968 alone had no effect on colonic tone and ileal motility. When given during phase I or II of the interdigestive motor complex, [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10) increased ileal contractions: pre-treatment with SR48968 blocked this increase in ileal motility. When given during phase III, [βAla8] neurokinin A-(4–10) interrupted the motility front; this effect was not antagonized by SR48968. Conclusions: SR48968 antagonizes the increase in canine colonic tone and ileal motility induced by activation of NK-2 receptors. However, SR48968 by itself had no effect on the control of colonic tone and ileal motility under unstimulated conditions. SR48968 may be useful for investigating the physiological role of tachykinins on the gastrointestinal tract.
t-Butyl Nitrite (TBN) and t-Butyl Alcohol (TBA) Reactions on Clean and O-Covered Rh

The reactions of t-butyl nitrite (TBN) and t-butyl alcohol (TBA) on clean and O-covered Rh foils were investigated using time-of-flight mass spectrometry temperature-programmed desorption and Auger electron spectroscopy. Although t-butoxy groups are formed when TBN and TBA dissociate on clean Rh and when TBA dissociates on O-covered Rh, there are significant differences in the thermal behaviors of these systems. For TBN on clean Rh, there is evidence that a monolayer decomposes to form NO and two oxygen-containing fragments, t-butoxy and a stabilized oxametallacycle. The proposed oxametallacycle decomposes at 350 K to acetone, whereas t-butoxy, relatively stable in the presence of N and NO, decomposes to isobutene at 500 K. For TBA dosed onto an O-covered surface, the OH bond breaks between 200 and 300 K to form t-butoxy. This occurs in competition with TBA desorption. The t-butoxy is stable only up to 380 K where, assisted by O, it decomposes to acetone and butene via a transient form of the oxametallacy...
Autoionization states of SO2

Assignments are reported for the autoionizing states of SO2(+) in the 1020-630 A region. The Rydberg states of SO(+) were observed by the method of molecular beam photoionization mass spectrometry, which ensures that all the states observed are autoionizing in nature. The vibrational progressions obtained are assigned to the 4b2-3s, 4b2-3d, 7a1-3p, 7a1-3d, and 2b1-3p Rydberg states. Dips in the photoionization efficiency curves of SO2(+) and SO(+) correspond to those of a window resonance series previously observed in photoabsorption.
The complexities of "big data": the opportunities and challenges for e-government

In this plenary panel, speakers from academia and government consider the technical, scientific, and organizational implications of Big Data and offer observations about what it means for research and practice related to e-government.
Tourism in the Galápagos Islands: The Dilemma of Conservation

The Galapagos Archipelago is an area of very special significance to ecologists. Its unique flora and fauna, rugged scenery, and historical connections with Charles Darwin, make it a place of environmental pilgrimage. Between 1970 and 1985, visiting tourist numbers, comprised largely of foreign naturalists, grew from negligible levels to about 15,000 per annum. In 1987, visitor arrivals to the Galapagos grew to 32,500 following the opening of a second airport in 1986.Management of tourism has involved a policy which requires most visitors to be accommodated on boats, places strict controls on the sites which can be visited, and requires tourists to be accompanied by highly-trained Naturalist Guides. The policy precludes development of any substantial island-based tourist infrastructure. Recently this approach has become increasingly inadequate in the face of rapid small-scale, little coordinated, tourist development.
ICE: Intelligent Cell BrEathing to Optimize the Utilization of Green Energy

This letter proposes Intelligent Cell brEathing (ICE) to optimize the utilization of green energy in cellular networks by minimizing the maximal energy depleting rate of the low-power base stations powered by green energy. Minimizing the maximal depleting rate is an NP-hard problem. ICE is thus proposed to achieve low computational complexity. ICE, in each iteration, finds the energy dependent set and the vector of beacon power level decrements for low-power base stations in the set, and then shrinks the coverage area of these base stations by reducing their beacon power levels. The algorithm iterates until the optimal solution is found. ICE balances the energy consumptions among LBSs, enables more users to be served with green energy, and therefore reduces the on-grid energy consumption.
Fabrication of asymmetric-gradient-concentric ring patterns via evaporation of droplets of PMMA solution at different substrate temperatures

Gradient-concentric ring patterns were constructed via the evaporation of droplets of PMMA–toluene solution at different substrate temperatures, using a copper ring to control the evaporative behavior of the droplets and the motion of the contact line. The wavelength and amplitude of the concentric rings were found to decrease with the decrease of the distance to the copper ring. Curvature-induced asymmetry of the surface patterns with respect to the copper ring was observed. The geometric characteristics of the concentric rings were dependent on the solution concentration and the substrate temperature. Higher substrate temperature led to the formation of concentric rings of larger wavelengths and smaller ratio of the amplitude to the wavelength for the inner concentric rings. Microscale structures were observed in the trenches between two adjacent polymer ridges, which changed with the wavelength of the concentric rings and the substrate temperature.
The estimation and comparison of molecular weight of angiotensin I converting enzyme by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis

Abstract The angiotensin I converting enzyme from rat lung was observed to be a glycoprotein containing 8.3% carbohydrate and consisting of a single polypeptide chain with an estimated molecular weight of 139 000 as determined by sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 150 000 by sucrose density gradient sedimentation analysis. A comparison of the mobility of angiotensin I converting enzyme from rat lung, rabbit lung, and two hog lung sources on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels indicates that all four enzymes have very similar molecular weights and subunit structures. Some previously reported molecular weight discrepancies appear to be due to anomalous behavior of the enzyme on gel filtration.
Roles of the Yfe and Feo transporters of Yersinia pestis in iron uptake and intracellular growth

In Yersinia pestis, the Yfe and Feo systems likely function to transport ferrous iron. Both FeoA and FeoB are essential for iron acquisition activity while FeoC is not. Mutations in yfe and feo had an additive effect on microaerophilic growth under iron-chelating conditions. Y. pestis cells lacking the Ybt siderophore-dependent system, the Yfe or the Feo system grow normally in J774A.1 cells. However, a double yfeAB feoB mutant was no longer able to grow in this murine macrophage cell line. This growth defect likely resulted from iron and not manganese deprivation since a yfeAB mntH mutant grew normally in J774A.1 cells. These results suggest that the Yfe and Feo systems are somewhat redundant ferrous iron transporters capable of iron acquisition during intracellular growth of the plague bacterium.
A splitting theorem for manifolds of almost nonnegative Ricci curvature

Cheeger and Gromoll proved that a closed Riemannian manifold of nonnegative Ricci curvature is, up to a finite cover, diffeomorphic to a direct product of a simply connected manifold and a torus. In this paper, we extend this theorem to manifolds of almost nonnegative Ricci curvature.
Initial therapy of HIV infection.

Background: The use of antiretroviral therapy has improved the quality of life and has increased the survival of HIV-infected individuals. However, the rapid rate of virus mutation and subsequent emergence of drug-resistant HIV variants threaten the longer-term efficacy of HIV treatment. The initial regimen provides the greatest chance for lasting suppression of viral load. Aims: Appropriate selection of the initial antiretroviral regimen is critical. The growing number of drug classes allows healthcare providers to individualize treatment regimens. Factors influencing the selection of first-line therapy include baseline viral load and CD4 count, drug pharmacokinetics, potency, tolerability, safety, resistance and salvageability. Characteristics likely to affect adherence, such as regimen complexity and pill burden, must also be considered, as poor adherence is the most common cause of treatment failure. Conclusion: The selection of the initial regimen requires consideration of several factors. Drugs from new classes as well as new drugs from existing classes with favorable resistance and side effect profiles are in various stages of development. Many of these drugs will enhance available options for initial therapy.
SOME TECHNIQUES FOR USING FREQUENCY ANALYSIS AND REALTIME DATA TO INTERPRET FLOOD POTENTIAL DATA

: Flood potential data can be effectively interpreted if simple frequency analysis concepts are used to explain the significance of flood potential. Instead of simply presenting data as a quantitative amount or as a percentage of the average condition, predictions can be discussed in terms of their probabilities of exceedance, or return periods. Criteria are presented for evaluating the significance of various return periods. Frequency interpretations are applied to snow course data, peak flow forecasts, and streamflow volume forecasts in northern Utah to illustrate these concepts. In addition, access to realtime data allows tracking of snowmelt progression and identification of any deviations from the forecast flood potential situation. Several data elements, including snowpack, streamfiow volume and peak, and realtime data are jointly evaluated to assess potential hazard and probable risk.
The effects of prenatal and postnatal auditory stimulation on early vocalization and approach behavior in the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).

The purpose of this experiment was to examine the effects of prenatal and postnatal auditory stimulation and the effects of age, experience, and social context during testing on the early behavior of chicks of the quail Coturnix coturnix japonica. One group of chicks (group PRO) was exposed to a 2000-Hertz tone twice per second for 4 hours before hatching and 4 hours after hatching. A second group (group PR) was exposed to the auditory stimulus for 4 hours before hatching. A third group (C, controls) was not exposed to the stimulus. For testing, each group was divided into 7 categories defined by age at testing, prior test experience, and whether the subject was tested singly or with another chick. Each chick was tested for 8 minutes with the auditory stimulus on and 4 minutes with it off. Peep (distress) vocalizations and approaches to the auditory stimulus as opposed to a tactile stimulus in a choice test were recorded. Chicks in all groups peeped less when the auditory stimulus was turned on, and peeped less when tested in pairs. Age at testing and prior test experience had no effect. Group PRO peeped more than either group PR or group C, regardless of whether the sound was on or off. Few chicks approached either stimulus in the choice test, but all that did preferred the auditory stimulus. Group PRO approached more frequently than group C but less frequently than group PR. Thus both prenatal and postnatal auditory stimulation modified later vocalization and approach behavior. Several possible interpretations of these findings as well as their implications for imprinting research methodology are discussed.
"If they could make us disappear, they would!" youth and violence in Cité Soleil, Haiti

This study explores community-level risk and protective factors for youth violence in Cite Soleil, Port-au-Prince's most violent slum. The youth of Cite Soleil have often been mobilized to violence by powerful actors as tools for achieving political or financial gain. Drawing on a formal survey (N=1,575) and ethnographic data collected between March 2008 and April 2009, we analyze the factors that contributed—and continue to contribute—to making these youth available for such mobilization. Youth frame their experiences in terms of a broader social conflict between the “included” and the “excluded,” and view violence as an effective means of obtaining what is denied to them by society: opportunity, respect, and material benefits. The experiences from Haiti offer important lessons in understanding the community level drivers of youth violence, and can contribute to policy approaches that go beyond stabilization measures toward addressing structural violence. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CALCIUM AND PHOSPHATE METABOLISM IN PATIENTS WITH DISSEMINATED BREAST CANCER: EFFECT OF ANDROGENS AND OF PREDNISONE.

The authors measured blood and urine levels of total calcium, protein-free calcium, phosphate and creatinine in 75 women with disseminated breast cancer. In 50 patients, before endocrine treatment, serum calcium and phosphate levels were significantly elevated without change in renal clearance of tubular reabsorption of calcium or of phosphate. Preterminally, glomerular filtration fell significantly. Androgen treatment in 34 women lowered serum calcium and phosphate levels, but did not change clearance or tubular reabsorption of calcium or of phosphate. Prednisone, 30 mg, plus triiodothyronine, 50 μg daily, given to 24 patients farther along in the course of their disease, when the glomerular filtration rate was lower, increased clearances of calcium and phosphate by lowering tubular reabsorption. The serum phosphate level fell but the serum calcium level was maintained. The authors interpret these findings to mean that breast cancer produces osteolysis with or without osseous metastases and preterminally...
Competition between strain and interface energy during epitaxial grain growth in Ag films on Ni(001)

Epitaxial Grain Growth (EGG) is an orientation-selective process that can occur in polycrystalline thin films on single crystal substrates. EGG is driven by minimization of crystallographically anisotropic free energies. One common driving force for EGG is the reduction of the film/substrate interfacial energy. We have carried out experiments on polycrystalline Ag films on Ni(001) substrates. The orientation dependence of the Ag/Ni interfacial energy has been previously calculated using the embedded atom method. Under some conditions, EGG experiments lead to the (111) orientations calculated to be interface- and surface-energy-minimizing. However, when Ag films are deposited on Ni(001) at low temperature, EGG experiments consistently find that (111) oriented grains are consumed by grains with (001) orientations predicted to have much higher interface and surface energy. The large elastic anisotropy of Ag can account for this discrepancy. Strain energy minimization favors growth of (001) grains and can supersede minimization of interfacial energy if sufficient strain is present and if the film is initially unable to relieve the strain by plastic deformation.
Evaluation of Radionuclide Transport: Effect of Radionuclide Sorption and Solubility

One of the major factors involved in evaluating the suitability of the Columbia River basalts for the siting of a nuclear waste repository is the assessment of the ability of the basalt geohydrologic system to retard the transport of radionuclides to the accessible environment. Solubility limited release of radionuclides and sorption of radionuclides on basalt and its associated secondary minerals are two of the dominant mechanisms for retardation of radionuclide transport in the groundwater-basalt system. A simple one-dimensional transport model, incorporating the available radionuclide solubility constraints and sorption behavior imposed by the basalt geohydrologic system, has been employed to evaluate the ability of the basalt system to retard the migration of radionuclides to the accessible environment. A comparison of the resultant predicted radionuclide transport behavior with proposed US environmental regulations has been used to evaluate preliminary performance requirements for a waste package in the basaltic repository. 18 refs., 5 tabs.
The importance of standing dead shoots of the narrow leaved cattail, Typha angustifolia L.

Abstract Field experiments in a brackish tidal wetland dominated by Typha angustifolia L. demonstrated that dead shoots provide vital aeration for rhizomes of dormant Typha . Cutting off or bending over dead shoots at the sediment surface lowered oxygen concentrations in rhizomes and lowered above-ground production and flowering in the following growing season. The effects were more severe the earlier in the dormant season treatments were applied. Cutting had a greater effect than bending. Cutting reduced the numbers of live stems appearing in the following growing season, but bending increased their numbers while still reducing above-ground biomass. Dead shoots can be bent over by wind or snow, destroyed by fire and cut off by ice movement or by muskrats building lodges. These natural disturbances can effect the growth and reproduction of Typha .
Marking the spot.

. Tattooing with India ink is a precise and practical method for identifying biopsy sites when there is a significant delay between biopsy and definitive surgery.
Exercise modulation of cardiorespiratory variability in humans.

Abstract Cardiorespiratory variability is the product of the integration of centrally generated rhythms with feedback from central and peripheral sensors. To quantify the effect of increased central drive on scaling patterns of cardiorespiratory activity, breath-to-breath interval (BBI) and heartbeat-to-heartbeat interval (RRI) were recorded from 17 female and 17 male adult subjects at rest and at two levels of mild exercise. Temporal scaling of BBI and RRI was quantified with detrended fluctuation analysis. Relative to a resting state, exercise induced a decrease in the short-term scaling of BBI ( p = 0.022), an increase in the long-term scaling of RRI ( p = 0.006), and abolished a significant positive linear relationship in females subjects ( p = 0.024) and a significant negative relationship in male subjects ( p = 0.025) in the short-term scaling of BBI and RRI. In conclusion, exercise has opposing effects on the control of breathing and heart rate, and modulates a divergent gender-based coupling of the temporal scaling of cardiorespiratory function.
Risk factors for hip fracture in white men: The NHANES I epidemiologic follow-up study

This prospective population-based study assessed predictors of hip fracture risk in white men. Participants were members of the Epidemiologic Follow-up Study cohort of the First National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized civilians who were followed for a maximum of 22 years. A cohort of 2879 white men (2249 in the nutrition and weight-loss subsample, 1437 in the bone density subsample) aged 45-74 years at baseline (1971-1975) were observed through 1992. Ninety-four percent of the original cohort were successfully traced. Hospital records and death certificates were used to identify a total of 71 hip fracture cases (61 in the nutrition and weight-loss subsample, 26 in the bone-density subsample). Among the factors evaluated were age at baseline, previous fractures other than hip, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol consumption, nonrecreational physical activity, weight loss from maximum, calcium intake, number of calories, protein consumption, chronic disease prevalence, and phalangeal bone density. The risk adjusted relative risk (RR) of hip fracture was significantly associated with presence of one or more chronic conditions (RR = 1.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19-3.06), weight loss from maximum > or = 10% (RR = 2.27, 95% CI 1.13-4.59), and 1 SD change in phalangeal bone density (RR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.11-2.68). No other variables were significantly related to hip fracture risk. Although based on a small number of cases, this is one of the first prospective studies to relate weight loss and bone density to hip fracture risk in men.
Plasma LH Levels After Ovariectomy, Corpus Luteum Removal and Estradiol Administration in Cattle

Plasma LH was measured in heifers after estrogen injection, sham operation, ovariectomy, corpus luteum (CL) removal, and following combinations of these treatments. All treatments were initiated on days 13–15 of the estrous cycle. No changes in plasma LH levels were observed following sham operations or estrogen injections into intact animals. LH levels rose slowly and then fell during the first 30 hr following either ovariectomy or corpus luteum removal. The mean LH level for the 30 hr following CL removal was significantly higher than in control animals (p < 0.05), but significantly lower than in the ovariectomized animals (p < 0.01). Estradiol injections given at the time of ovariectomy or CL removal had no significant effect on mean LH level during the first 30 hr. When estradiol benzoate injections were given at the time of either CL removal or ovariectomy and again 12 hr later, they were followed by sharp LH peaks 42.0 ± 3.7 hr after ovariectomy and 39.0 ± 5.6 hr after CL removal. When no estrogen i...
Jurisprudence in an Indeterminate World: Pragmatist not Postmodern

Determinacy marks a belief in the existence, for any given law, of a “correct” meaning or “proper” application and, correspondingly, of a “right” answer to any given legal case. Indeterminacy refers to the lack of determinate knowledge of what many legal rules mean, and of how they should be applied in specific instances. A pragmatist1 jurisprudence fully embraces the phenomenon of indeterminacy. It regards legally relevant behavior and belief as products of their particular social and historical context, not of innate knowledge (as natural law2 asserts) or established authority (as Ratio Juris. Vol. 11 No. 4 December 1998 (382–98)
Gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric evidence for the identification of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline as an invivo constituent of rat brain

Abstract Based on gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric data, obtained using the method of selected ion monitoring, the compound 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline has been tentatively identified as an in vivo constituent of rat brain.
Single-image hard copy display of musculoskeletal digital radiographs

Screen film radiography often fails to optimally display all regions of anatomy on muskuloskeletal exams due to the wide latitude of tissue densities present. Various techniques of image enhancement have been applied to such exams using computerized radiography but with limited success in improving visualization of structures whose final optical density lies at the extremes of the interpretable range of the film. An existing algorithm for compressing optical density extremes known as dynamic range compression has been used to increase the radiodensity of the retrocardiac region of the chest or to decrease the radiodensity of the edge of the breast in digital mammography. In the skeletal system, there are regions where a single image may contain both areas of decreased exposure that result in light images and areas of higher exposure that result in dark regions of the image. Faced with this problem, the senior author asked Fuji to formulate a modification of the DRC process that incorporates a combination of the curves used for chest and breast images. The newly designed algorithm can thus simultaneously lower the optical density of dark regions of the image and increase the optical density of the less exposed regions. The results of this modification of the DRC algorithm are presented in this paper.
Growth of the pre-erythrocytic tissue stages of Plasmodium berghei in isolated, perfused tree rat liver.

RECENT improvements in the maintenance of isolated organs in perfusion systems1–4 suggested that these techniques could be used to study certain pathogens which need a specific cellular environment and an organ of choice. The malaria parasites of man and all other mammalian plasmodia undergo a primary development cycle in the parenchyma cells of the liver of their hosts before invasion of the blood takes place. We thought therefore that, successful growth of the tissue phase of the malaria parasites (commonly known as pre-erythrocytic schizogony) in isolated, perfused liver could shed some light on the nutritional requirements of plasmodia during their initial growth in the body and be of use in studies of chemotherapy and immunity. We now report the successful growth of the pre-erythrocytic tissue stages of Plasmodium berghei in isolated, perfused tree rat liver.
Distress Tolerance, Emotion Dysregulation, and Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms Among HIV+ Individuals

The current study examined the mediational effects of emotion dysregulation in terms of the relation between perceived distress tolerance and anxiety and depressive symptoms among HIV+ individuals. Participants included 176 HIV+ adults (21.6 % female, Mage = 48.40 years, SD = 8.66). Results indicated that distress tolerance was significantly related to greater depressive and anxiety symptoms. Results also indicated that emotion dysregulation mediated this association. The observed findings were evident above and beyond the variance accounted for by CD4 T-cell count, ethnicity, gender, education level, and cannabis use status. The results are discussed in terms of the potential explanatory utility of perceived distress tolerance and emotion dysregulation in terms of psychological well-being among HIV+ individuals.