cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protein-Based Control of Silver Growth Habit Using Electrochemical Deposition

Here, we exploit the ability of electrodeposition to decouple materials nucleation and growth to investigate how engineered biomineralizing proteins control inorganic morphogenesis. Using a silver-binding designer protein at concentrations proximal to its equilibrium dissociation constant, we produce rosettelike silver particles instead of the pentagonal twinned crystals obtained without additive or with a wild-type protein that nonspecifically adsorbs to silver. We correlate the difference in silver growth habit to specific interactions between the designer protein and the {111} faces of polycrystalline silver nuclei. Our results suggest that electrodeposition is a powerful tool to interrogate protein−inorganic interactions and to screen solid-binding proteins for shape-changing activity.
C BAND HETEROCHROMATIN AND DNA CONTENT IN ZEA MAYS

The number of mitotic chromosomal C-bands, the percent ofthe genome comprised of C-band heterochromatin, and genome size (4C DNA content) were determined for 22 North American inbred and open-pollinated lines of Zea mays. The number of C-bands ranged from 0 in Tama Knobless Flint to 18 in Zapolate Grande. The percent C-band heterochromatin ranged from 0% in Tama Knobless Flint to 16.9% in Tx601. Genome size varied over 23%: Gaspe Flint had the lowest DNA content (9.82 pg), and Zapolate Grande had thehighest (12*12 pg). Genome size and the amount of heterochromatin were significantly correlated. The corn lines were assigned to five maturity zones encompassing a south-to-north range from Mexico to Canada. Significant negative correlations were detected between the amount of C-band heterochromatin and maturity zones, and between DNA content and maturity zones among the lines. It is speculated that the simultaneous selection by man for earlier maturation and plant size may be related to the lower DNA content of corn varieties adapted to higher latitudes. Such selection for larger plants may have been achieved through selection for more cells, which could result from the shorter mitotic cycle time that correlates with reduced DNA amount.
Systematic analysis of the effect of multiple templates on the accuracy of comparative models of protein structure

Although multiple templates are frequently used in comparative modeling, the effect of inclusion of additional template(s) on model accuracy (when compared to that of corresponding single-template based models) is not clear. To address this, we systematically analyze two-template models, the simplest case of multiple-template modeling. For an existing target-template pair (single-template modeling), a two-template based model of the target sequence is constructed by including an additional template without changing the original alignment to measure the effect of the second template on model accuracy. Even though in a large number of cases a two-template model showed higher accuracy than the corresponding one-template model, over the entire dataset only a marginal improvement was observed on average, as there were many cases where no change or the reverse change was observed. The increase in accuracy due to the structural complementarity of the templates increases at higher alignment accuracies. The combination of templates showing the highest potential for improvement is that where both templates share similar and low (less than 30%) sequence identity with the target, as well as low sequence identity with each other. The structural similarity between the templates also helps in identifying template combinations having a higher chance of resulting in an improved model. Inclusion of additional template(s) does not necessarily improve model quality, but there are distinct combinations of the two templates, which can be selected a priori, that tend to show improvement in model quality over the single template model. The benefit derived from the structural complementarity is dependent on the accuracy of the modeling alignment. The study helps to explain the observation that a careful selection of templates together with an accurate target:template alignment are necessary to the benefit from using multiple templates in comparative modeling and provides guidelines to maximize the benefit from using multiple templates. This enables formulation of simple template selection rules to rank targets of a protein family in the context of structural genomics.
Confronting the Home-Field Disadvantage

This book provides a broad, historically informed, methodologically sophisticated argument for diversity in the conduct of psychological and anthropological research that seeks to understand the re...
Ramsay-Curve Differential Item Functioning.

Differential item functioning (DIF) occurs when an item on a test, questionnaire, or interview has different measurement properties for one group of people versus another, irrespective of true grou...
Right ventricular dilatation, right ventricular wall thickening, and Doppler evidence of pulmonary hypertension in patients with a pure restrictive ventilatory impairment

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the severity of pure restrictive ventilatory impairment that results in right ventricular (RV) dilatation, increased RV wall thickness, and pulmonary hypertension. Two dimensional (2-D) echocardiography, Doppler measurements of pulmonary flow, and spirometry were performed on 26 unselected patients (17 female, 9 male) with a pure restrictive ventilatory impairment. A restrictive ventilatory impairment was defined as a forced vital capacity (FVC) 20.4 cm2) was shown in 0 of 10 (0 percent) patients with a mild impairment, 6 of 12 (50 percent) patients with moderate restriction, and 2 of 4 (50 percent) patients with severe restriction. Increased RV wall thickness (> 0.5 cm) was observed in 0 of 10 (0 percent) patients with mild restrictive impairment, 3 of 12 (25 percent) with moderate impairment, and 1 of 4 (25 percent) with severe restrictive impairment. Doppler evidence of pulmonary hypertension (ACT/ET ratio < 0.32) (ACT = acceleration time, ET = ejection time) was shown in 0 of 10 (0 percent) patients with a mild restrictive impairment, 8 of 12 (66 percent) patients with moderate restriction, and 4 of 4 (100 percent) patients with severe restriction (p < 0.01 mild vs moderate and mild vs severe). The RV area by 2-D echocardiography correlated well with the FVC percent predicted (r = 0.90, p < 0.001). The ACT/ET ratio also correlated well with the FVC percent predicted (r = 0.73, p < 0.001). In conclusion, RV enlargement and pulmonary hypertension were seen only in patients with a moderate or severe restrictive ventilatory impairment. These data may be useful in the assessment of the likelihood of subtle RV enlargement in patients with occupational pleuropulmonary disease.
A Quantitative Methodology for Assessment of Wheelchair Controllability

Changes in wheeled mobility user demographics and technologies over the past 30 years show the need for design guidelines for accessibility to persons with disabilities, including those who use wheelchairs. A key component is wheelchair maneuverability, which determines the clear space needed for travel in the environment. Previous studies have applied rating scales to assess the difficulty when wheelchair users maneuver in a built environment. These need to be complemented by direct maneuverability measurements. Having wheelchair users perform self-paced control tasks, for both lateral and longitudinal tasks is a potential method to meet the requirement. This study validated a methodology of measuring the steering controllability and start/stop controllability of wheelchairs so that further studies can apply this methodology to evaluate either environmental or wheelchair designs. The same speed/accuracy relationships were found for wheelchair users as had been found earlier for a variety of vehicles. Language: en
Embedding prevention services within systems of care: Strengthening the nexus for children

Abstract System-of-care models that offer a continuum of integrated mental health services for children are being widely implemented in local communities. Preventive services, arising from the theoretically grounded prevention sciences, are an important but neglected component of this model. Studies of the use of mental health services by children are reviewed, and an integrative model is proposed to incorporate prevention services as a component of the child mental health service system. Construction of the prevention sciences has followed a linear phase model that has advantages and disadvantages for bridging prevention sciences and services research. As prevention science progresses into broader field tests of its effectiveness, studies of child services can be informative, especially in advancing the applicability and dissemination of research findings. Future directions are outlined to strengthen the nexus between services research and prevention science, and to construct a new genre of prevention services research.
Reaction and Retrenchment in the Highlands of Chiapas in the Wake of the Zapatista Rebellion

The Zapatista movement initially coalesced pan-indigenous identities in broad alliances that raised hope for progressive political and social change in Chiapas. Yet broad alliances have also exposed the movement's grass roots to new and sometimes unwelcome inroads of power. As illustrated in this case study of current events in Zinacantan. in Chiapas's central highlands, these inroads have sometimes seemed to sharpen local-level conflict and disempower ordinary people rather than empower them, evoking retrenchment and reaction that threatens to undercut the Zapatista base. The retrenchment also reflects concerted government effort to erode the Zapatista movement's ability to tap support from church groups, the media, and national and international civil society
Total rhinoplasty or prosthesis

This article outlines the basic anatomy of the nose as it relates to a pleasing facial appearance and discusses the problems involved in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the patient sustaining total rhinectomy.
Macrophages and control of granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis

The granuloma that forms in response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis must be carefully balanced in terms of immune responses to provide sufficient immune cell activation to inhibit the growth of the bacilli, yet modulate the inflammation to prevent pathology. There are likely many scenarios by which this balance can be reached, given the complexity of the immune responses induced by M. tuberculosis. In this review, we focus on the key role of the macrophage in balancing inflammation in the granuloma.
Medical Outcomes Studies in Peripheral Vascular Disease

Index terms: Arteries, stenosis or ob- struction Arteries, surgery . Arteries, transluminal angioplasty Arteriosclero sis . Economics, medical . Quality of life . Medical outcomes studies ASSESSING medical outcomes from the perspective of the patient is an important aspect of health services research. These methods will be in- creasingly used as payors, including Medicare, pursue value for their health care dollar. Someday soon, physicians will be expected to dem- onstrate cost-effectiveness of treat- ments they provide to ensure their reimbursement.
Investigation of differential diffusion in turbulent jet flows using planar laser Rayleigh scattering

A series of laser Rayleigh-scattering experiments has been performed to investigate the effects of differential molecular diffusion in turbulent nonreacting jet flows. A turbulent jet of a mixture of Freon and H{sub 2} exiting into coflowing air was studied at various Reynolds numbers. In laminar flow, Rayleigh scattering clearly showed H{sub 2} diffusing ahead of Freon. In turbulent flow, the instantaneous Rayleigh images showed differential diffusion at the many interfaces between jet fluid and entrained air. Yet, ensemble averages of instantaneous images showed no average diffusion of H{sub 2} ahead of Freon.
Osseous choristoma of the conjunctiva simulating extraocular extension of retinoblastoma.

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the clinicopathologic features of an epibulbar osseous choristoma simulating extraocular extension of retinoblastoma. DESIGN: Interventional case report. METHODS: A 7-month-old male presented with a unilateral intraocular mass localized to the temporal retina and a white pedunculated lesion extending from the conjunctiva, anterior to the insertion of the lateral rectus muscle. Clinical examination and computed tomography scan findings led to the diagnosis of retinoblastoma with extraocular extension. The child underwent excision of the epibulbar lesion and enucleation of the globe. RESULTS: The histopathologic examination of the epibulbar lesion revealed an osseous choristoma. The intraocular contents displayed features typical of retinoblastoma without extraocular extension. CONCLUSION: An epibulbar osseous choristoma can simulate extraocular extension of retinoblastoma in an eye harboring the intraocular malignancy.
Factors associated with the development of substance use disorder in depressed adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective To document rates of substance use disorders (SUD) in adolescents with unipolar major depressive disorder and to examine demographic, clinical, and biological factors associated with the development of SUD. Method Twenty-eight adolescents with unipolar major depression and no SUD history and 35 group-matched normal controls who participated in a cross-sectional sleep polysomnography and neuroendocrine study were reassessed clinically 7 years later. Results The risk for SUD was high in both groups (34.6% in the depressed group and 24.2% in the controls). Depressed adolescents had earlier onset of SUD than controls. Depressed adolescents who developed SUD had more significant psychosocial impairment than depressed adolescents who did not develop SUD. More anxiety traits and elevated cortisol secretion near sleep onset were associated with SUD in depressed teenagers, whereas less emotional responsiveness to exciting stimull and higher density of eye movements during REM sleep were related to depression without SUD. Conclusions Depressed adolescents who have anxiety traits and whose hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is active when the system is normally quiescent may be at risk for developing SUD. Co-occurrence of depression and SUD is associated with serious psychosocial morbidity. Identification of risk factors for SUD in depressed teenagers may be helpful in developing more effective treatment and prevention programs. J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry, 1999, 38(9):1109–1117.
A randomized controlled trial of a self-guided, multimedia, stress management and resilience training program.

Abstract Background Stress is a common and costly behavioral health issue. Technology-based behavioral health programs (e.g., computer or web-based programs) are effective for treating anxiety or depression. These programs increase availability of evidence-based interventions to individuals who are not able or willing to receive such in-person treatments. Stress management training has empirical support, but little data exists on its efficacy with stressed but healthy individuals, and there are no prior studies employing a self-guided, multimedia intervention. We conducted a randomized controlled trial of a self-guided, multimedia stress management and resilience training program (SMART-OP) with a stressed but healthy sample. Methods Participants ( N = 66) were randomized to SMART-OP or an attention control (AC) group that received marketed videos and published material on stress management. Participants were evaluated on self-report measures and Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) performance. Analyses were based on study completers ( N = 59). Results SMART-OP group reported significantly less stress, more perceived control over stress, and rated SMART-OP as significantly more useful than AC. During the TSST, the data suggests the SMART-OP group showed greater within-task α-amylase recovery at post-assessment. Conclusions SMART-OP is highly usable and is a more effective and useful stress management training program than an educational comparison.
Making sense of daily life data: From commonalities to anomalies: VAST 2014 Mini Challenge #2

In this paper, we report the approach and results on the VAST 2014 Mini-Challenge 2: Analysis Movement and Tracking data of GAStech Employees' daily lives. Based on the commercial interactive visualization software Tableau[l], we follow the sense-making loop for analysis of the massive multi-dimensional, multi-source and time-varying data sets. The findings show that we can effectively identify the patterns and discovery the anomaly from these complex data sets.
FBEXPERT - An Intelligent Assistant to Diagnose FASTBUS

The complexity of the FASTBUS network at CDF makes access to expert assistance a necessity for efficient operation. A software Expert System, called FBEXPERT, is being developed to diagnose FASTBUS errors and advise users on recovery options in the interactive Data Acquisition environment. The prototype expert system, FBEXPERT, has been developed using OPS5 and applied to the diagnosis of a FASTBUS network problem. This paper introduces some basic features of the OPS5 "knowledge engineering" language, as well as mentioning other aspects pertaining to the specific implementation of VAX OPS5. The paper includes an example which shows how FBEXPERT updates its knowledge base as it proceeds to the correct solution.
Online Database for Atmospheric Observational Research

A new Internet-accessible database of U.S. atmospheric science observing facilities and instrumentation, called the Facilities Assessment Database (FADB), is now available to the research community. The database contains pertinent information about all facilities and instrumentation available to researchers, including their locations, technical specifications, means for gaining access for research, lists of contact people, and, if applicable, the facilities' and instruments' stage of development relative to deployment-ready condition.
Renormalization of Gauge Theories, W Decay, and μ Decay

We present a renormalization program for spontaneously broken gauge theories in the unitary formalism. It is compared with the renormalization program for renormalizable gauges and necessary constraints are discussed. We then explicitly formulate this program for the Weinberg SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) theory of leptons and show how it provides the basis for the dispersive calculations of higher-order corrections to $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay reported in a previous paper. As we pointed out there, certain symmetry-breaking effects are finite and calculable. In this paper, we calculate the breaking of $\ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{-}e$ universality in order $\ensuremath{\alpha}$. We also explicitly verify the consistency of our renormalization procedure on the one-loop level. There are certain subtleties in the treatment of infrared divergences in gauge models, particularly in dispersive calculations. We give a method for handling this problem, calculate the rate for $W$ decay, and complete the calculation of the photonic contributions to $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay in the Weinberg SU(2)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}U(1) model. Our predictions for the decay rate and the electron energy spectrum in $\ensuremath{\mu}$ decay for the Weinberg model are experimentally indistinguishable from those of the old current-current theory of weak interactions. Finally we make some comments about other gauge models and other physical processes.
Heteroepitaxial diamond detectors for heavy ion beam tracking

Abstract Heteroepitaxy has been shown to produce uniform crystals of single crystal diamond. An advantage of heteroepitaxy is its potential for creating materials suitable for energetic particle detectors that require large-area plates. At this point, there is little information on the electronic properties of heteroepitaxial material and its suitability for detector use is an open question. To address this issue, a heteroepitaxially grown single crystal was used for high-temperature DC transport measurements and for evaluation as a heavy ion particle detector. Using a transverse geometry with an as-grown Ir film as one electrode and a diffused Ti–Au top electrode, the sample showed no detectable current leakage at room temperature up to 100 V bias. At temperatures between 250 and 600 °C, the DC electrical conductivity exhibited thermally activated behavior with an activation energy of 1.4 eV. A 76 Ge beam with an energy of 100 MeV/u produced at the Coupled Cyclotron Facility at Michigan State University was used to test detector performance. At typical beam fluences, single events were recorded with instrumentally limited rise times of 0.5 ns and pulse width 1 ns. Single pulses corresponded to an energy loss Δ E = 46 MeV. A pulse-height resolution of the energy loss signal of Δ E / E = 18% was measured. Of particular importance is the fast performance at high beam intensities. No degradation of timing properties and energy resolution could be observed with count rates up to 10 6 particles/s. These measurements reflect the properties of the as-grown heteroepitaxial diamond crystal to which no subsequent processing was applied. It is anticipated that by using thicker crystals that allow the defective initial growth region to be removed mechanically, greatly improved energy resolution can be observed.
The catalytic oxidation of propylene: III. Additional evidence for surface-initiated, homogeneous reactions

Abstract The catalytic oxidation of propylene was studied in flow reactors having different postcatalytic volumes. Several different metal oxide catalysts were studied, including bismuth molybdate and cuprous oxide. Additional evidence is presented for a surface-initiated, homogeneous reaction that can occur in the postcatalytic volume. The reaction initiator is apparently an allyl peroxide or allyl hydroperoxide species which is formed on the surface by a mechanism involving the reaction of an adsorbed allyl species with molecular oxygen. Moreover, the results suggest that this allyl peroxide or allyl hydroperoxide species may also undergo a decomposition on the surface to produce acrolein in addition to the initiation of the homogeneous reaction.
An inexpensive agarose gel electrophoresis system

This article describes the design and construction of an inexpensive apparatus for agarose gel electrophoresis. The gel unit comprises an empty pipette tip box fitted with aluminum foil electrodes. A schematic is also provided for a DC power supply composed of simply a transformer and diodes. Photographic evidence is presented to document the resolution and utility of these devices.
Simulation models for evaluation of network design and hierarchical transactive control mechanisms in Smart Grids

Smart-grid technologies seek to enhance the electrical grid's efficiency by introducing bi-directional communication and dynamic adaptive control between energy suppliers and consumers. We develop a large-scale network simulation model for evaluating such a hierarchical transactive control system that is part of our work on the Pacific Northwest Smart Grid Demonstration Project. The transactive control system communicates local supply conditions using incentive signals and load adjustment responses using feedback signals in a distributed fashion in order to match the consumer-desired load to the utility-desired supply scenario. We study the system protocol and a dynamic control mechanism that is implied by the design under a reasonable collection of models that capture load variation, stochastic signal losses, consumer fatigue to demand response and certain ‘stickiness’ criterion on the control signals that arise out of physical constraints. Our results indicate that the control mechanism can perform adequately in adjusting the aggregate supply-demand mismatch, and is robust to steady transactive signal losses.
Democratization and Institutional Change in Mexico: The Logic of Partial Insulation

This article builds on previous work examining the incentives facing authoritarian elites to use central bank reform to constrain the economic policy choices of future governments. It suggests that because creating an autonomous agency is costly, authoritarian elites will only cede policymaking powers to an independent body commensurate with the degree of democratic threat that they face. When a transition is looming, insulation should be complete so as to tie the hands of successor governments to the greatest extent possible. But when this risk of replacement is milder, incumbent elites will be careful to design rules that continue to afford them some margin of maneuver as long as they remain in office. The Mexican central bank reform of 1993 is used as an illustration of the partial insulation strategy at work.
Polar Histograms of Curvature for Quantifying Skeletal Joint Shape and Congruence

The effect of articular joint shape and congruence on kinematics, contact stress, and the natural progression of joint disease continue to be a topic of interest in the orthopedic biomechanics literature. Currently, the most widely used metrics of assessing skeletal joint shape and congruence are based on average principal curvatures across the articular surfaces. Here we propose a method for comparing articular joint shape and quantifying joint congruence based on three-dimensional (3D) histograms of curvature--shape descriptors that preserve spatial information. Illustrated by experimental results from the trapeziometacarpal joint, this method could help unveil the interrelations between joint shape and function and provide much needed insight for the high incidence of osteoarthritis (OA)--a mechanically mediated disease whose onset has been hypothesized to be precipitated by joint incongruity.
Threonine phosphorylation is associated with mitosis in HeLa cells.

Phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of proteins play an important role in the regulation of mitosis and meiosis. In our previous studies we have described mitosis-specific monoclonal antibody MPM-2 that recognizes a family of phosphopeptides in mitotic cells but not in interphase cells. These peptides are synthesized in S phase but modified by phosphorylation during G2/mitosis transition. The epitope for the MPM-2 is a phosphorylated site. In this study, we attempted to determine which amino acids are phosphorylated during the G2-mitosis (M) transition. We raised a polyclonal antibody against one of the antigens recognized by MPM-2, i.e. a protein of 55 kDa, that is present in interphase cells but modified by phosphorylation during mitosis. This antibody recognizes the p55 protein in both interphase and mitosis while it is recognized by the monoclonal antibody MPM-2 only in mitotic cells. Phosphoamino acid analysis of protein p55 from 32P-labeled S-phase and M-phase HeLa cell extracts after immunoprecipitation with anti-p55 antibodies revealed that threonine was extensively phosphorylated in p55 during G2-M but not in S phase, whereas serine was phosphorylated during both S and M phases. Tyrosine was not phosphorylated. Identical results were obtained when antigens recognized by MPM-2 were subjected to similar analysis. As cells completed mitosis and entered G1 phase phosphothreonine was completely dephosphorylated whereas phosphoserine was not. These results suggest that phosphorylation of threonine might be specific to some of the mitosis-related events.
Mimicry of the hepatitis delta virus replication cycle mediated by synthetic circular oligodeoxynucleotides

Background Hepatitis delta virus (HDV) is a circular single-stranded RNA pathogen whose monomeric form results from self-processing. Although studies have examined minimal HDV ribozyme activities, the mechanism for forming the circular virus remains unclear, and the frans catalytic properties of self-processed forms of HDV ribozymes have not been studied. In addition, HDV ribozymes have not previously been engineered to cleave a non-HDV sequence. Results Long repeating RNAs have been produced from in vitro rolling-circle transcription of synthetic circular oligodeoxynucleotides encoding catalytically active subsets of the entire antigenomic RNA virus. Like full-length HDV, these multimeric RNAs undergo self-processing to monomer length; importantly, cyclization is found to occur efficiently, but only in the presence of the circular template. Linear and circular monomer ribozymes and engineered variants are shown to be active in cleaving HDV and HIV RNA targets in frans, despite having self-binding domains. Conclusions Mimicry of the rolling-circle replication pathway for HDV replication has led to a new proposal for cyclization of HDV RNA. Under these conditions, cyclization is mediated by the complementary circular template. In addition, it has been shown that self-processed HDV ribozymes can be catalytically active in frans despite the presence of antisense sequences built into their structure.
Micromachined chemiluminescent system for explosives detection

Under a recent US Office of Naval Research University Affiliated Research Center (UARC) Basic Research Program we have begun a number of activities that we hope will enhance future ability to detect the presence of explosives vapors and residues. Here we present initial work on the development of a microfluidic system for a new point chemical sensor allowing the rapid, accurate, and specific detection of vapors emitted by explosive materials. We have already extensively tested a micromachined platform with external optical excitation and detection. Our new chemical approach is to create a receptor with high affinity and selectivity to nitro-explosives. A series of chemiluminescent molecular signaling systems are proposed that are specifically directed toward detection of TNT, PETN, RDX, HMX, and CL-20. These will be used in a new micromachined platform that integrates photodetectors directly into a micromachined micro-fluidic bead platform for detection of the chemiluminescent signals. By integrating photodetectors into the sidewalls of our chemical sensor array, in immediate proximity to the sensing microbeads, we can eliminate all external optics currently required for optical signal collection. This should allow a more compact and robust system to be constructed by integrating photodetection and fluidics into a single chip-based platform. Additionally, a concept of accessing a photodiode using inductive coupling, i.e. non-contact wireless reading, is introduced and demonstrated.
Identification of cobalt protoporphyrin IX formation in vivo following cobalt administration to rats.

Abstract An electron paramagnetic resonance method for the identification and quantitation of cobalt protoporphyrin IX has been developed to provide definitive evidence for the formation of the cobalt chelate of protoporphyrin IX in vivo. Both authentic and enzymatically generated cobalt protoporphyrin exhibited a characteristic primary resonance at g = 2.32 at 100° Kelvin (K) in the reduced state. At low concentrations, signal averaging was found to improve considerably the signal to noise ratio and thereby allow for the measurement of low concentrations of cobalt protoporphyrin. It was possible to determine concentrations of cobalt protoporphyrin IX as low as 0.5 μM in biologic preparations, and the signal height of the e.p.r. resonance was linear with cobalt protoporphyrin concentrations up to at least 8.0 μM. Following the administration of cobaltous chloride to rats, cobalt protoporphyrin IX was demonstrated in livers at times when alterations in heme biosynthesis are known to occur. Cobalt protoporphyrin IX at the level of 4.8 nmoles/g liver was detected 120 min after the administration of cobaltous chloride at a dose of 60 mg/kg of body weight. This finding supports the concept that cobalt protoporphyrin IX is rapidly produced in vivo after the administration of cobaltous chloride and may be responsible for the observed inhibition of hepatic heme biosynthesis.
Exact controllability and observability and realization theory in Hilbert space

In this paper we study in depth a class of infinite dimensional linear time invariant systems. We get concrete analytic conditions characterizing esact controllability and exact observability in the sense of Helton. Also, we characterize the class of transfer functions having realizations that are exactly controllable and esactly observable. There are currently two approaches to the problem of describing linear systems, using external and internal descriptions. The external description gives the input/output relations, whereas the internal description gives the dynamics of the system that produce the given input/output relations. The problem of realization is to find from a given external description all the possible internal descriptions and the relations among them. This is an impossible task unless some additional assumptions are made. One natural assumption is that in some sense a realization should be minimal. Liehen this assumption is made precise, we get a complete theory for finite dimensional time invariant linear systems, whether discrete or continuous. We will quote some of the highlights of the finite dimensional theory, that will serve as reference and motivation for the results of this paper. For a more complete exposition excellent accounts are in [3, 131. Two linear spaces C.r and 5’ are given. U is called the control space and E’ the output space. A (discrete) linear time invariant input/output map is a linear map sending sequences of elements of U into sequences of elements E such that yrl = Cyzt =jljU,_j_l , where 9j E L( CT, I’). The sequence (A,, -4, ,...) is called the impulse response function, whereas z =l# (or x Aizitl) is called the transfer function of the system. Usually we identify
Late Miocene—Early Pliocene paleotemperatures for California from marine diatom evidence

Abstract Paleotemperatures have been interpreted from the evidence of the diatom flora for an Upper Miocene section of marine diatomaceous sediment near Lompoc, California. The diatom flora has been compared with the distribution of modern diatoms in surface sediments of the North Pacific Ocean to propose a Miocene sea paleotemperature curve for this area of California. Temperatures declined sharply in the Late-Mohnian (Upper Miocene) to a winter minimum of about 10°C. Thereafter, a gradual and fluctuating rise in temperature characterized the latest Miocene (Delmontian); minimum seasonal temperatures approached 17°C by the Early Pliocene. This diatom assemblage paleotemperature curve is supported by other evidence. Independent studies of particular diatom temperature indicator species show the same trends, as do the paleotemperature indications of a fossil fish fauna and the foraminiferal fauna in the section. Furthermore, the curve shows a marked correspondence to paleotemperature curves based on planktonic foraminifers and on radiolarians for the Upper Miocene of southern California, providing an additional tool for paleotemperature reconstruction.
Unsteady Airflows and Their Impact on Small Unmanned Air Systems in Urban Environments

Existing unmanned air system platforms currently do not lend themselves well to autonomous operation within complex, highly variable aerodynamic environments. As such, there is a need for accurate high-fidelity urban airflow models to help reduce the risk of failure of urban unmanned air system surveillance and engagement missions. Although urban aerodynamics are exceptionally complicated because of complex interactions between geometry, physical conditions, and varying meteorology, high-fidelity computational fluid dynamics models exist that capture these interactions effectively. Using sufficient resolution, these large-eddy simulation models provide a viable means to characterize urban airflow environments when wind-tunnel testing and field trials are too expensive or impossible. This paper presents a simulation tool that captures unsteady aerodynamics of aircraft flight in an urban environment for the study of vehicle–environment interactions. By combining a high-resolution model of the terrain/buildi...
Amiodarone prophylaxis reduces major cardiovascular morbidity and length of stay after cardiac surgery: A meta-analysis

This meta-analysis of 10 randomized, double-blind trials involving 1744 patients showed that amiodarone prophylaxis substantially decreased the occurrence of atrial fibrillation, ventricular tachya...
Association of genetic polymorphisms with risk of renal injury after coronary bypass graft surgery.

Background: Post-cardiac surgery renal dysfunction is a common, serious, multifactorial disorder, with interpatient variability predicted poorly by preoperative clinical, procedural, and biological markers. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that selected gene variants are associated with acute renal injury, reflected by a serum creatinine level increase after cardiac surgery. Methods: One thousand six hundred seventy-one patients undergoing aortocoronary surgery were studied. Clinical covariates were recorded. DNA was isolated from preoperative blood; mass spectrometry was used for genotype analysis. A model was developed relating clinical and genetic factors to postoperative acute renal injury. Results: A race effect was found; therefore, Caucasians and African Americans were analyzed separately. Overall, clinical factors alone account poorly for postoperative renal injury, although more so in African Americans than Caucasians. When 12 candidate polymorphisms were assessed, 2 alleles (interleukin 6 −572C and angiotensinogen 842C) showed a strong association with renal injury in Caucasians ( P 50% decrease in renal filtration when they present together). Using less stringent criteria for significance (0.01 > P > 0.001), 4 additional polymorphisms are identified (apolipoproteinE 448C [ϵ4], angiotensin receptor1 1166C, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase [eNOS] 894T in Caucasians; eNOS 894T and angiotensin-converting enzyme deletion and insertion in African Americans). Adding genetic to clinical factors resulted in the best model, with overall ability to explain renal injury increasing approximately 4-fold in Caucasians and doubling in African Americans ( P Conclusion: In this study, we identify genetic polymorphisms that collectively provide 2- to 4-fold improvement over preoperative clinical factors alone in explaining post-cardiac surgery renal dysfunction. From a mechanistic perspective, most identified genetic variants are associated with increased renal inflammatory and/or vasoconstrictor responses.
Chronic exposures to low and high concentrations of ibuprofen elicit different gene response patterns in a euryhaline fish

Ibuprofen is one of the most commonly detected pharmaceuticals in wastewater effluent; however, the effects of ibuprofen on aquatic organisms are poorly understood. This study presents the transcriptome-wide response of the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, to chronic exposure to ibuprofen. At the lowest exposure concentration (0.0115 mg/L), we detected a downregulation of many genes involved in skeletal development, aerobic respiration, and immune function. At the highest exposure concentration (1.15 mg/L), we detected increased expression of regulatory genes in the arachidonic acid metabolism pathway and several immune genes involved in an inflammatory response. Additionally, there was differential expression of genes involved in oxidative stress responses and a downregulation of genes involved in osmoregulation. This study provides useful information for monitoring the effects of this common wastewater effluent contaminant in the environment and for the generation of biomarkers of exposure to ibuprofen that may be transferable to other fish species.
Characterization of a Euglena gene encoding a polyprotein precursor to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II.

A 7.4 kb segment of a Euglena nuclear gene encoding a portion of the polyprotein precursor to the light-harvesting chlorophyll a/b-binding protein of photosystem II (LHCPII) has been isolated and sequenced. Nine exons can be assembled into a continuous open reading frame encoding 113 amino acids of the C-terminus of an LHCPII, followed by 4 complete LHCPIIs. The intron-exon junctions required to maintain maximum amino acid sequence homology between the LHCPIIs encoded by the Euglena genomic clone and Arabidopsis LHCPII do not conform to the consensus splice site sequences present in most eukaryotic organisms. Three types of LHCPIIs are contained within the polyprotein precursor. There is greater than 90% sequence identity at both the protein and nucleic acid level within a type while between types, there is less than 65% sequence identity. All Euglena LHCPIIs contain three hydrophobic membrane-spanning domains in the same positions as found in other LHCPIIs. Hybridization of genomic Southern blots with a probe encoding LHCPII suggests that the Euglena genome encodes a large number (30–50) of LHCPIIs. A probe derived from the 3′ end of the sequenced genomic clone hybridizes with equal intensity to 2–3 genomic fragments on Southern blots. The probe encoding LHCPII hybridizes to RNAs of 9.5 and 6.6 kb on northern blots of total RNA while the 3′-end probe hybridizes only to the 6.6 kb RNA. The 6.6 kb LHCPII band detected on northern blots appears to be composed of transcription products derived from 2–3 LHCPII genes. Euglena appears to be unique in that a large number of LHCPIIs are encoded by a small number (3–5) of polyprotein genes.
Chromosomal nonhistone proteins of rat hepatomas and normal rat liver

Abstract Chromatin isolated from several well-differentiated rat hepatomas and regenerating liver contains more nonhistone proteins than chromatin of normal liver. Also there are several differences in the electrophoretic patterns of chromosomal nonhistone proteins between hepatomas and normal liver, but not between regenerating or fetal liver and normal liver.
Lightning parameters for engineering applications — An update on CIGRE WG C4.407 activities

This report summarizes activities of CIGRE WG C4.407 from April 2008 to present. A total of seven meetings were held. Main topics discussed are listed. Current version of the outline of the Reference Document is presented.
Teleconcussion: An Innovative Approach to Screening, Diagnosis, and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Abstract Concussion awareness and management in sports have gained a great deal of attention in light of research illustrating the potentially devastating consequences of repeated traumatic brain injuries. In order to address this public health crisis, numerous states have passed legislation that mandates medical clearance before being eligible to return to play of concussed athletes by a qualified healthcare provider. As the number of qualified healthcare providers with expertise in the diagnosis and management of concussions remains very small, patient safety and the ability to fulfill these legislative return-to-play requirements present unique problems to rural communities without easy access to subspecialty care. Telemedicine is a possible means by which to address the needs of the rural student-athlete.
Risk of symptomatic brain tumor recurrence and neurologic deficit after radiosurgery alone in patients with newly diagonised brain metastases: results and implications

Abstract Purpose: A single-institution experience using primary stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) alone in the management of newly diagnosed brain metastases was analyzed to identify the risk of symptomatic brain tumor recurrence (BTR) and neurologic deficit associated with such a treatment strategy. Methods and Materials: Thirty-six patients were treated for newly diagnosed single/multiple brain metastases using SRS alone followed by planned observation. SRS minimum tumor dose ranged from 8 to 25 Gy (median: 20 Gy). Factors evaluated in analysis of treatment outcome included number of metastases, site of metastasis, primary tumor site, histology, extent of intracranial and extracranial disease, and interval to diagnosis of brain metastasis. Results: Median and 1-year survival for the entire group was 9 months and 36%, respectively. BTR anywhere in the brain occurred in 47% (17/36) of patients. Forty-seven percent of BTR (8/17) recurred at the site of original metastasis; 35% (6/17) recurred at distant sites in the brain, and 18% (3/17) recurred at both original and distant brain sites. Seventy-one percent (12/17) of the patients were symptomatic at the time of recurrence, and 59% (10/17) had an associated neurologic deficit. Multivariate analysis found that only the extent of disease was a predictor of BTR. Patients who had disease limited to the brain only had a BTR rate of 80% (8/10) vs. 35% (9/26) who had disease involving the brain, primary site, and/or other extracranial metastatic sites ( p = 0.03). Conclusions: Use of primary SRS alone in this setting is associated with an increasingly significant risk of BTR with increasing survival time. In addition, the majority of such recurrences are symptomatic and associated with a neurologic deficit, a finding not analyzed in recently reported experiences withholding whole brain radiation therapy as part of the primary treatment of brain metastasis.
An Eco-Behavioral Analysis of Children's Engagement in Urban Public School Preschool Classrooms.

Abstract The primary aim of this study was to identify particular group configurations and teacher behaviors that co-occurred with children's active engagement in public school early childhood classrooms for 4-year-olds. Children ( N = 138, 52% boys) were observed using a time sampling method in 12 classrooms in 12 urban schools serving students from predominantly lower-income, minority families. Children were involved in whole group settings for 52% of observations. The most common teacher behavior in any setting was providing direction/instruction. Logistic regression analyses indicated that, during academic activities, children were more likely to be actively engaged when involved in a peer group and when teachers were providing affirmations or were monitoring, and least likely to be actively engaged in a whole group and when teachers were providing directions. During play activities, children were more likely to be actively engaged when they were alone and least likely to be engaged in a whole group and in a child–teacher setting.
Characterization of the microstructure of disordered media: A unified approach

Transport and mechanical properties of porous and other two-phase composite media have been expressed in terms of different sets of statistical correlation functions. A general methodology is put forth which provides a means of deriving and computing all of these different types of correlations (for a certain class of model micro- structures), and of establishing the relationships between these functions. This is done by obtaining series representations of a new and general n-point distribution function H/sub n/. The distribution function H/sub n/ also characterizes the structure of liquids. Applications of this treatment to compute bulk properties are described.