cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Eagle Rocks: Isolation and Cosmopolitanism in Albania’s Pop-Rock Scene

Albania is widely regarded as the most isolated of all Eastern European countries. However, Williams argues that despite its isolation, there was an underground penetration of international pop culture, particularly from Italy. Moreover, during the 1980s, private groups also met at Tirana’s artificial lake and performed forbidden western music. These performances by the so-called ‘Lake Bands’ provided an opportunity for Albanians to familiarise themselves with western rock music. Nonetheless, it was not until 1988 that singer/guitarist Aleksander Gjoka staged Albania’s first rock concert. Williams points to the fact that even in a country epitomising isolation there was room for western and indigenous pop-rock.
Application of multiscale entropy on EEG signals for emotion detection

Multiscale Entropy (MSE) is a method that measures the temporal regularity of time series across different time scales. In this paper, we study the use of Multiscale Entropy for the detection of different emotion states. We apply MSE in Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings of subjects watching musical videos, selected to elicit specific emotions. MSE is able to uncover significant differences in the temporal organization of the EEG during events that elicit emotions with low/high valence and arousal.
Total Mercury Released to the Environment by Human Activities

We estimate that a cumulative total of 1540 (1060–2800) Gg (gigagrams, 109 grams or thousand tonnes) of mercury (Hg) have been released by human activities up to 2010, 73% of which was released after 1850. Of this liberated Hg, 470 Gg were emitted directly into the atmosphere, and 74% of the air emissions were elemental Hg. Cumulatively, about 1070 Gg were released to land and water bodies. Though annual releases of Hg have been relatively stable since 1880 at 8 ± 2 Gg, except for wartime, the distributions of those releases among source types, world regions, and environmental media have changed dramatically. Production of Hg accounts for 27% of cumulative Hg releases to the environment, followed by silver production (24%) and chemicals manufacturing (12%). North America (30%), Europe (27%), and Asia (16%) have experienced the largest releases. Biogeochemical modeling shows a 3.2-fold increase in the atmospheric burden relative to 1850 and a contemporary atmospheric reservoir of 4.57 Gg, both of which agr...
Cancer in primary immunodeficiency diseases: An analysis of cancer incidence in the United States immune deficiency network (USIDNET) registry.

1520Background: We reported the overall and site-specific incidence of cancer in the United States Immune Deficiency Network (USIDNET) Registry.We hypothesized that patients with Primary Immunodefi...
In Memoriam Winthrop Niles Kellogg 1898–1972

The professional life of W. N. Kellogg was marked by research contributions in a number of areas and by his impact on a relatively large group of students, undergraduate and graduate, who were influenced both in his classes and his laboratories.
Magnetic Textures at Edges and Defect Sites

The previous three chapters presented a survey of typical carbon nanosystems in two, one and zero dimensions, namely graphene, carbon nanotubes and fullerenes, respectively. None of these systems is intrinsically magnetic.Magnetism, however, can arise through dimensional reduction of structures with one or more dimensions. Thus, as one truncates the infinite graphene sheet, one may generate graphene nanoribbons of the zigzag type (zGNRs), as introduced in Section 4.5.1. In the first section of this chapter, we will show that localized states at the zGNR edges give rise to antiferromagnetic ground states in these systems, and review experimental confirmation for this assertion. The analysis of zigzag edges will be extended to vacancies in graphene-based structures that lack magnetic edge states, such as aGNRs. In this context, we will emphasize the importance of Lieb's theorem as a principle underlying many magnetic phenomena in carbon nanostructures, albeit not all. Further, we will describe specific one-dimensional substructures in graphene-based systems, namely zGNR edge excitations (7.2.3), and topological line defects (7.3). Intrinsic magnetism in truncated carbon nanotubes of the zigzag type (zSWCNTs) will be discussed in analogy to zGNR magnetism. Section 7.4.1 deals with aggregates of several zSWCNTs. The magnetic effects in these complexes turn out to be rooted in the electronic features of carbon surfaces with negative Gaussian curvature. We conclude with some remarks on the controversial topic of intrinsic magnetism in pure fullerene systems. Systems Derived from Graphene In what follows, we review magnetic effects associated with the rupture of the pristine graphene network, as it arises from the formation of edges, or vacancies, or voids as aggregations of vacancies. The focus is here on zigzag edge structures as the preferred loci of unpaired electrons, and thus the substructures of the graphene lattice from which spin interactions originate. Magnetism in Zigzag Graphene Nanoribbons Zigzag graphene nanoribbons (see Section 4.5.1) exhibit magnetism in their electronic ground states. In the following we will consider the physical origin of this phenomenon. Once more, we associate the x ( y ) coordinate with the periodic (finite) direction. Inspecting the zGNR ground state solutions (see Eqs. (4.71)– (4.77)), we found that the graphene wave function must be modified to allow for edge-localized states.
Bilingualism effects in Basque Subject Pronoun Expression: Evidence from L2 Basque

The Interface Hypothesis (IH) ( Sorace, 2011 ; Sorace & Filiaci, 2006 ; Sorace & Serratrice, 2009 ) proposes that structures involving an interface between syntax and other modules are less likely to be fully acquired. Whereas some studies have found evidence in favor of the IH ( Michnowicz, 2015 ), others have reported that adult 2L1 and L2 speakers of differing proficiencies are equally efficient in acquiring the pragmatic constraints conditioning Subject Pronoun Expression (SPE) ( Carvalho & Bessett, 2015 ; Prada-Perez, 2015 ). In light of these contradictory results, this study tests the IH by exploring the acquisition of Basque SPE using naturally-occurring speech from 25 Basque-Spanish bilinguals. Results show that Basque L2-learners are responsive to discourse-pragmatic constraints. In fact, L2-Basque SPE is conditioned by a more complex set of constraints than native Basque SPE, for which we propose that L2 SPE results from a process of complexification ( Dahl, 2004 ), triggered by transfer effects from Spanish.
Review of Samuels, E. (2014), "Fantasies of Identification: Disability, Gender, Race"

The nineteenth century American trend of identifying and classifying human bodies arose from the simultaneous development of several complex historical processes: “greater geographic and class mobility; urbanization, colonialism and expansion; the beginnings of the welfare state; and challenges to racial and gendered hierarchies” (1). Since the 1800s, “fantasies of identification” have been marked by a unifying characteristic—a tendency to “claim a scientific, often medical framework and function to consolidate the authority of medicine,” even though they “often exceed or contradict any actual scientific basis” (2-3). In Fantasies of Identification: Disability, Gender, Race , Ellen Samuels examines various ailments that unified “under the modern signifier of disability” in the 1800s (20). She uses the social model of disability, which highlights how differences from and exceptions to standards of normalcy caused social anxieties regarding the standardization and classification of human bodies (21).
Lens-corrected visual field sensitivity and diabetes.

PURPOSE To examine whether peripheral S-cone system and achromatic sensitivity was reduced in patients with diabetes compared to normal controls. METHODS Perimetric measurements were obtained to study peripheral S-cone system and achromatic sensitivity in patients with diabetes and normal controls. Measures of individual lens absorption of short-wavelength light were used to correct visual field sensitivity values for attenuation of test light due to lens absorption. RESULTS Both before and after correction for lens absorption of test spot light, peripheral field-averaged S-cone system and achromatic sensitivities were not significantly reduced among patients with diabetes compared to normals of the same age. However, localized sensitivity losses in the visual field were found in most patients with diabetes both before and after lens absorption correction, compared to age norms. The amount of localized loss (number of field locations with reduced sensitivity) was significantly correlated with the level of retinopathy. Statistical analysis showed that after the effects of age and duration were removed, field-averaged S-cone system sensitivity in patients with diabetes was also significantly reduced as a function of increasing severity of retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with diabetes may have areas of reduced S-cone system sensitivity with development of diabetic retinopathy.
Goodbye to All That?: A Requiem for the Destination-Based Cash Flow Tax

In this article, the author addresses the destination-based cash flow tax, which was recently proposed as a tax reform option in the United States, compares it to its forebears, the flat tax and the X-tax, and concludes that, although its substance has potential merit, it does not warrant further consideration in tax policy debate.
Calcium isotope systematics at hydrothermal conditions: Mid-ocean ridge vent fluids and experiments in the CaSO4-NaCl-H2O system

Abstract Two sets of hydrothermal experiments were performed to explore Ca isotope fractionation and exchange rates at hydrothermal conditions (410–450 °C, 31.0–50.0 MPa). The first set of experiments determined the magnitude of vapor-liquid Ca isotope fractionation and anhydrite solubility in the CaSO4-NaCl-H2O system. The data indicate no statistical difference between the Ca isotopic composition of coexisting vapor and liquid. The second set of experiments utilized an anomalous 43Ca spike to determine the rate of Ca exchange between fluid and anhydrite as a function of total dissolved Ca concentration. Results show that the rate of exchange increases with dissolved Ca concentrations (12–23 mM/kg), but no change in exchange rate is observed when the Ca concentration increases from 23 to 44 mM/kg Ca. 74–142 days are required to achieve 90% anhydrite-fluid Ca isotope exchange at the conditions investigated, while only several hours are necessary for vapor-liquid isotopic equilibrium. The lack of vapor-liquid Ca isotope fractionation in our experiments is consistent with δ44Ca of mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal vent fluids that remain constant, regardless of chlorinity. Moreover, the narrow range of end member fluid δ44Ca, −0.98 to −1.13‰ (SW), is largely indistinguishable from MORB δ44Ca, suggesting that neither phase separation nor fluid-rock interactions at depth significantly fractionate Ca isotopes in modern high-temperature mid-ocean ridge hydrothermal systems.
The Haitian Revolution and the Early United States: Histories, Textualities, Geographies. By Elizabeth Maddock Dillon and Michael J. Drexler. (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016. Pp. vii, 422. $55.00.)

The editors introduce this volume with a bold, instructive claim: “It should no longer be possible to write a history of the early republic of the United States without mentioning Haiti, or St. Dom...
Words are Weapons: Inside ISIS’s Rhetoric of Terror

Season 6 of the adult animated comedy, Archer, begins with the title character working for the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). In prior seasons, Sterling Archer, the world's greatest spy, was em...
Shop talk: talking shop about creating safe spaces in the HBCU classroom

The perception of historically Black colleges and universities (commonly known as HBCUs) in the United States is that they are culturally familiar havens for students of color from underrepresented groups who are seeking shelter from ideological and racially biased predominately White institutions or PWIs. The fact of the matter is that there are components of the culture at HBCUs and other similarly situated universities that speak to the need for the creation of “safe spaces” in order to ensure that all students who attend are protected and made to feel welcomed. Using muted group theory along critical discourse theory as a backdrop, this study was conducted among a small sample of educators who participated in a faculty institute workshop and book talk (N = 14) at an HBCU in Maryland about their classroom practices and ways in which each member created a safe space in their own teaching processes. The findings of this study include faculty respondents who largely reported that they do make some accommodations to assist students in their efforts to feel comfortable within their own classrooms. These actions they stated were necessary in today’s political climate and to ensure inclusiveness for all. Discutere di lavoro: conversazioni professionali sulla creazione di spazi sicuri in classi HBCU La percezione negli Stati Uniti degli Historically Black Colleges and Universities (comunemente noti come HBCU) e che siano paradisi culturalmente familiari per studenti di colore provenienti da gruppi sottorappresentati, che cercano riparo da istituzioni con pregiudizi ideologici e razziali, istituzioni prevalentement Bianche o PWI. La realta e che ci sono componenti culturali presso le HBCU e altre universita similmente collocate che parlano della necessita di creare “spazi sicuri” al fine di garantire a tutti gli studenti che frequentano di essere protetti e fatti sentire accolti. Utilizzando la muted group theory insieme alla teoria del discorso critico come sfondo, questo studio e stato condotto su un piccolo campione di educatori che ha partecipato a un workshop in un istituto universitario e ad un book talk (N = 14) presso una HBCU nel Maryland riguardante le pratiche didattiche e i modi in cui ogni membro ha creato uno spazio sicuro nei propri processi di insegnamento. I risultati di questo studio includono interviste tra i docenti i quali hanno ampiamente riferito di prendere alcune misure per assistere gli studenti nei loro sforzi di sentirsi a proprio agio all’interno delle aule. Queste azioni sono state presentate come necessarie nel clima politico odierno e per garantire a tutti l’inclusione.
Does interparental conflict decrease following changes in observed parenting from a preventive intervention program

Interparental conflict, which is common among families where a parent has a history of Major Depressive Disorder, is associated with deficits in parenting. Models of family functioning propose that interparental conflict and parenting behaviors are transactional in nature. Given the interdependent nature of family systems, increases in positive parenting practices may lead to subsequent decreases in interparental conflict. The current study was a secondary analysis of data from a preventive intervention to improve parenting, child coping skills, and child behavior in families with a history of parental depression. We hypothesized that increases in positive parenting strategies would be associated with decreases in interparental conflict 12 months later. Results supported the study hypothesis. Findings underscored the interdependent nature of parent-child and parent-parent subsystems.
Quantum-accurate spectral neighbor analysis potential models for Ni-Mo binary alloys and fcc metals

In recent years, efficient interatomic potentials approaching the accuracy of density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been developed using rigorous atomic descriptors satisfying strict invariances, for example, for translation, rotation, permutation of homonuclear atoms, among others. In this paper, we generalize the spectral neighbor analysis potential (SNAP) model to bcc-fcc binary alloy systems. We demonstrate that machine-learned SNAP models can yield significant improvements even over the well-established high-performing embedded atom method (EAM) and modified EAM potentials for fcc Cu and Ni. We also report on the development of a SNAP model for the fcc Ni-bcc Mo binary system by machine learning a carefully constructed large computed data set of elemental and intermetallic compounds. We demonstrate that this binary Ni-Mo SNAP model can achieve excellent agreement with experiments in the prediction of a Ni-Mo phase diagram as well as near-DFT accuracy in the prediction of many key properties, such as elastic constants, formation energies, melting points, etc., across the entire binary composition range. In contrast, the existing Ni-Mo EAM has significant errors in the prediction of the phase diagram and completely fails in binary compounds. This paper provides a systematic model development process for multicomponent alloy systems, including an efficient procedure to optimize the hyperparameters in the model fitting, and paves the way for long-time large-scale simulations of such systems.
Ommochrome pigments in the eyes of Euphausia superba (Crustacea, Euphausiacea)

Ommin and a xanthommatin-like ommochrome pigment have been extracted from the eyes of Euphausia superba, and identified by their absorbance spectra and redox reactions invarious solvents. The absorbance spectrum of ommin is relatively stable, but that of the xanthommatin pigment is sensitive to light, pH, and hydroxylamine. Both pigments are readily soluble in 2% digitonin. They are therefore likely contaminants of visual pigment extracts, and may consequently introduce artifacts into visual pigment characterizations. Microspectrophotometric measurements show that both pigments are components of the distal and proximal screening pigment granules in E. superba ommatidia.
Assessing changes in the surface area of the non-cellulose fraction of lignocellulosics

Cholic acid, which preferentially associates with the non- cellulose component of lignocellulosics, is used as a probe to monitor changes in the relative surface area of this fraction of lignocellulosic biomass-to-ethanol substrates. The method is experimentally demonstrated in a traditional enzyme-catalyzed lignocellulosic saccharification experiment.
Development and performance of a novel vasopressor-driven mortality prediction model in septic shock

Vasoactive medications are essential in septic shock, but are not fully incorporated into current mortality prediction risk scores. We sought to develop a novel mortality prediction model for septic shock incorporating quantitative vasoactive medication usage. Quantitative vasopressor use was calculated in a cohort of 5352 septic shock patients and compared using norepinephrine equivalents (NEE), cumulative vasopressor index and the vasoactive inotrope score models. Having best discrimination prediction, log10NEE was selected for further development of a novel prediction model for 28-day and 1-year mortality via backward stepwise logistic regression. This model termed ‘MAVIC’ (Mechanical ventilation, Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation-III, Vasopressors, Inotropes, Charlson comorbidity index) was then compared to Acute Physiology And Chronic Health Evaluation-III (APACHE-III) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) scores in an independent validation cohort for its accuracy in predicting 28-day and 1-year mortality. The MAVIC model was superior to the APACHE-III and SOFA scores in its ability to predict 28-day mortality (area under receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC] 0.73 vs. 0.66 and 0.60) and 1-year mortality (AUROC 0.74 vs. 0.66 and 0.60), respectively. The incorporation of quantitative vasopressor usage into a novel ‘MAVIC’ model results in superior 28-day and 1-year mortality risk prediction in a large cohort of patients with septic shock.
The impact of prothrombin complex concentrates when treating DOAC-associated bleeding: a review

Bleeding complications are a risk associated with all anticoagulants. Currently, the treatment options for the management of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC)-associated bleeding are limited. Prothrombin complex concentrates (PCCs) have been proposed as a potential therapeutic option, and evidence regarding their use is increasing. Many studies supporting PCC have used preclinical models and healthy volunteers; however, more recently, observational studies have further improved insight into current DOAC reversal strategies. Multiple clinical practice guidelines now specifically suggest use of PCCs for this indication. Specific reversal agents for Factor Xa inhibitors may become available in the near future, but data on their efficacy are still emerging. Ultimately, a multimodal approach may be the optimal strategy to restore haemostasis in patients presenting with DOAC-associated coagulopathy.
Lessons from Joe: Insights from a Journey with a World-Class Educator and Scholar

This chapter describes three key lessons learned from Joseph F. Hair Jr. beginning as a student in the inaugural DBA cohort at Kennesaw State University’s DBA program and through the journey of developing into a scholar under Joe’s tutelage. These lessons are universal to those who wish to grow their abilities as an educator and researcher. Begin by simplifying the meaning of the subject you wish to communicate. Next, look for innovative new methods to grow as an educator and researcher. Finally, create an environment that fosters engagement and encourages others to collaborate and grow. Each of these lessons is as straightforward as they are difficult to master; however, Joe’s accomplishments and perhaps, more importantly, his relationships demonstrate how much can be accomplished when they are mastered.
Foreign Remote Vendors and the Possibility of Non-Compliance: Is the Only Thing We Have to Fear is the Fear Itself?

In South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc., the Supreme Court eliminated Quill’s physical presence nexus requirement for use tax collection. Now, both foreign and domestic remote vendors without a physical presence must collect and remit a state’s use tax if they satisfy its nexus rules. With respect to actually collecting and remitting the tax, however, a major difference between foreign and domestic vendors would arise. Under the United States Constitution’s Full Faith and Credit Clause, any state can enforce a judgment in another state. No such rule exists in the foreign realm. Thus, if a foreign vendor refuses to collect and remit a state’s use tax, the state would need a foreign court to enforce its judgment, notwithstanding the hoary rule against such a practice. (While an extensive network of income tax treaties has superseded this rule, those treaties are typically limited to federal income taxes, and generally have no impact on state sales or use taxes.) If a non-compliant foreign vendor has assets in the United States, a state could seize those assets to satisfy its judgment. This, however, is no guarantee, as foreign vendors could easily use distribution facilities in Mexico or Canada to service the United States, and use servers in those countries to sell downloadable intangible property. Nonetheless, there are other options available for states to adequately enforce their nexus rules against non-compliant foreign vendors. First, foreign vendors using United States banks to process credit card purchases are vulnerable to having their accounts seized to satisfy a state’s judgment under the myriad requirements of Code Sec. 6050W(c)(2). (To avoid this issue, foreign companies could proactively cease all contacts with United States financial institutions, although this would be difficult and costly.) Second, the United States Customs Bureau could seize packages sent from vendors with outstanding judgments at airports and docks. But this avenue seems more like a Pollyannaish dream than a practical remedy given the volume of imports flowing into the country and the ease of using shell corporations with different names, which is a practice to avoid sanctions. Third, some states have enacted marketplace facilitator laws that require the collection of use taxes on all third-party sales. The major platforms have complied with these laws so far, and these statutes are sweeping the country. Where applicable, foreign vendors will have the platform collect and remit the sales tax. All in all, the fear of widespread non-compliance by foreign vendors appears exaggerated. As marketplace facilitator legislation becomes more commonplace, this threat will wane even further.
Trojan Detection Using Machine Learning

Machine learning techniques have the capability to explore high-dimensional feature space and find patterns that are not intuitive for analytic approaches. It is natural to apply these techniques for hardware Trojan detection to distinguish Trojan-infected designs from good designs. Almost in all aspects of hardware Trojan detection, we can tune machine learning for hardware Trojan detection. For logic testing, machine learning can help generate test vectors that are more likely to have Trojans triggered or partially activated. For side-channel analysis, machine learning can build the pattern of side-channel fingerprints of normal circuits and any outlier will be a Trojan circuit. For approaches based on structural or functional analysis, we can extract the structural or functional properties as features and train machine learning for classification. For runtime Trojan detection or monitoring, machine learning can help as long as we can extract the runtime behavior into features and train the model properly. This chapter discusses some of the successful cases of using machine learning in these aspects to inspire readers for more research in this exciting research domain.
Influence of blood flow occlusion on muscular recruitment and fatigue during maximal-effort small muscle-mass exercise.

KEY POINTS The heavy-to-severe intensity exercise threshold (i.e. critical force) distinguishes between steady-state and progressive metabolic and neuromuscular responses to exercise. High levels of skeletal muscle sensory feedback related to peripheral fatigue development are thought to restrict motor unit activation and limit exercise tolerance. Utilizing limb blood flow occlusion, we demonstrate that critical force reflects an oxygen-delivery-dependent balance between motor unit activation and peripheral fatigue development. Our findings suggest that mechanisms which determine the total force-producing capacity of exercising skeletal muscle are significantly altered during blood flow occlusion. These findings may have widespread implications for exercise tolerance in patient populations who experience partial vascular occlusion or altered neuromuscular reflexes. ABSTRACT High levels of muscle sensory feedback restrict motor unit activation and limit exercise tolerance. The roles of muscle fatigue development and motor unit activation in determining the heavy- to severe-intensity threshold (critical force; CF) remain unclear. This study utilized blood flow occlusion (OCC) to determine relationships between muscle fatigue development and motor unit activation during the determination of CF. We hypothesized that (1) OCC would exacerbate peripheral fatigue development and increase the rate of motor unit deactivation, and (2) blood flow reperfusion (REP) would result in muscle recovery and re-recruitment of motor units despite continuous maximal effort, (3) resulting in an end-exercise force not different from CF. Seven young, healthy subjects performed maximal-effort rhythmic handgrip exercise for 5 min under control conditions (CON) and during OCC and REP. Peripheral fatigue development and motor unit activation were measured via electrical stimulation and electromyography, respectively, during each test. OCC resulted in significantly greater peripheral fatigue development than CON (54.3 ± 34.8%; P < 0.001). Motor unit deactivation was only observed during OCC (P < 0.001). REP resulted in significant peripheral recovery (P < 0.001) and the re-recruitment of motor units (P < 0.001) to levels not different from CON. While OCC resulted in a significantly greater reduction in force production compared to CON (65.7 ± 35.6%; P < 0.001), REP resulted in the restoration of maximal-effort force production (266 ± 19 N; P < 0.001) to levels not different from CF (276 ± 55 N). These data suggest that CF reflects an oxygen-delivery-dependent balance between motor unit activation and peripheral fatigue development. Furthermore, this study established that mechanisms which determine the total force-producing capacity of exercising skeletal muscle are altered during OCC.
Resident Experiences With Virtual Radiology Learning During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Rationale and Objectives COVID-19 has disrupted radiology education and forced a transition from traditional in-person learning to a virtual platform. As a result of hospital and state mandates, our radiology residency program quickly transitioned to a virtual learning platform to continue dissemination of knowledge, maintain resident engagement, and ensure professional development. The goal of this study is to assess the strengths and weaknesses of the virtual learning platform at our institution using resident ratings. Materials and Methods This institutional IRB-exempt study involved a survey of 17 questions which was electronically distributed to 45 radiology residents using SurveyMonkey. Questions encompassed resident satisfaction with teaching and professional development, scheduling changes, and engagement with the virtual platform. Answers to most questions were submitted on a Likert scale. Results A total of 31 of 45 respondents completed the survey (response rate = 69%). Most residents were satisfied with the virtual platform with teaching activities identified as a strength and the incorporation of professional development as a weakness. The most frequent barriers to attending the virtual curriculum were technical difficulties (43%) and childcare (36%). Residents who reported experiencing barriers were less likely to adhere to the virtual curriculum (p = 0.004). Most respondents (81%) reported a desire to maintain elements of the virtual learning practice postpandemic. Conclusion The majority of residents reported high satisfaction with virtual learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Teaching activities are a curricular strength. Weaknesses identified include the incorporation of professional development and extrinsic barriers, such as technical difficulties and family obligations, which require further support for trainees.
Thinking Beyond the Comparison of Online Versus Traditional Learning: A Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis

Over the last few years, the Internet has been challenging the status quo in higher education, pushing the comfort zone of many and taking them to places they may not be fully prepared to engage. It has become increasingly clear, that the world the Internet has opened is now a permanent and integral part of higher education. Today, there are no boundaries to what we could learn from each other across the world, and knowledge that was confined to local environments has now become accessible from anywhere, anytime, and to anyone who has access to a computer and the Internet. Current research being done in this field has dealt mostly with justifying that online learning outcomes are as good as those from traditional classrooms. Indeed, numerous empirical research papers compare the quality of online and face-to-face offerings, and most of these studies conclude that online education is as good as traditional approaches – and in some instances is even better. However, very few meta-analyses on this body of research exist. The proposed analysis will thus assess empirical evidence that compared face-to-face and online education, in institutions that offer both types of education. Also, the meta-analysis will point to various gaps in research, including how policy and curriculum development should be guided in this fast moving medium of education. Significant gaps remain, especially in the area of adaptability of both faculty and students to various forms of online education. Conversely, as students are increasingly diverse, bringing a range of backgrounds, expectations, and culturally specific interactions to the table, how is online learning shaping the new classroom? Using a systematic review of the literature, we will attempt to answer this question. This study aims to contribute to our understanding of the future of online education and inform policy.
Safety and efficacy of GammaTile intracranial brachytherapy implanted during awake craniotomy.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION GammaTile intracranial brachytherapy (cesium-131 seeds) has demonstrated encouraging safety and local control results, and recently received Food and Drug Administration clearance for newly diagnosed and recurrent brain tumors. The authors present the first reported case of GammaTile intraoperative brachytherapy performed during an awake craniotomy. METHODS A 50-year-old man had a biopsy-proven, 2.8 cm left lateral frontal glioblastoma lesion nearing Broca's area on MRI. Despite several interventions (craniotomy, adjuvant chemoradiation, tumor treating fields) tumor progression occurred near the left parietal resection cavity. Re-resection was planned with awake craniotomy and language mapping. A preoperative planning session involving Radiation Oncology and Neurosurgery identified the area of the expected postoperative bed, and consequently five GammaTiles were ordered, each containing 4 cesium-131 3.5 U seeds. RESULTS During surgery, tumor mapping and bipolar stimulation were performed while the patient spoke in complete sentences. Speech arrest occurred upon stimulation at the posterior edge of the gyrus, indicative of language cortex. Microsurgical maximal safe resection subsequently occurred, and areas at risk for residual/recurrence disease were determined in consultation with Radiation Oncology. Subsequently, Neurosurgery placed all five GammaTiles (20 cesium-131 seeds total) after which closure was completed and radioactive surveys of the room remained within state statue. Postoperative dosimetry yielded excellent coverage. CONCLUSIONS The first reported case of GammaTile intraoperative brachytherapy during awake craniotomy supports the safety and feasibility of this treatment strategy. This case indicates that for patients with tumors adjacent to eloquent cortex, awake craniotomy can allow for custom implantation of intraoperative brachytherapy following maximum safe resection.
Fire season and canopy cover interact to affect reproduction of a pyrogenic bunchgrass, Aristida beyrichiana

Environmental heterogeneity can interact with ecosystem processes to alter individual plant reproduction. A better understanding of the factors that contribute to variation in plant reproduction between and within populations will increase our ability to predict larger-scale plant persistence. Longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) savannas are mostly open, heterogeneous landscapes characterized by occasional patches of trees that create partially closed canopies. This creates a mosaic of microsite conditions that can alter plant reproduction. Frequent, low-intensity fires that occur during different seasons are also considered fundamental drivers of plant reproduction in this system. The effects of varying fire season on plant reproduction have produced mixed results, likely because fire season interacts with microsite conditions, such as canopy cover. We investigated fire season and canopy cover effects on reproduction of wiregrass (Aristida beyrichiana), a species whose reproduction can be fire stimulated. We established plots under open and partially closed canopies in three pine savanna management units burned during different seasons (i.e., early dry, mid-dry, and early wet). We recorded reproductive state and number of inflorescences produced by individuals occurring within plots and germinated seeds from reproducing individuals. We found that wiregrass burned during the early dry season had the lowest reproduction with few individuals flowering. When burned during the mid-dry season, probability of reproduction was the highest, but seed germination was low. Plants burned during the early wet season produced seeds with the highest probability of germination, especially under partial canopy. Our results indicate that wiregrass reproduction is affected by both small-scale environmental variation and large-scale ecosystem processes, with fires during the early wet season most likely to promote the production of viable seeds.
Amygdaloid and basal forebrain direct connections with the nucleus of the solitary tract and the dorsal motor nucleus

Although the amygdala complex has long been known to exert a profound influence on cardiovascular activity, the neuronal and connectional substrate mediating these influences remains unclear. This paper describes a direct amygdaloid projection to medullary sensory and motor structures involved in cardiovascular regulation, the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and the dorsal motor nucleus (DVN), by the use of autoradiographic anterograde transport and retrograde horseradish peroxidase (HRP) techniques in rabbits. Since all of these structures are highly heterogeneous structurally and functionally, details of the specific areas of the neuronal origin and efferent distribution of the projection were examined in relation to these features and with reference to a cytoarchitecture description of the relevant forebrain regions in the rabbit. Amygdaloid projections to the NTS and DVN, as determined from HRP experiments, arise from an extensive population of neurons concentrated exclusively within the ipsilateral central nucleus and confined to and distributed throughout a large medial subdivision of this nucleus. Projection neurons, however, also distribute without apparent interruption beyond the amygdala dorsomedially into the sublenticular substantia innominata and the lateral part of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and thus delineate a single entity of possible anatomical unity across all three structures, extending rostrocaudally within the basal forebrain as a diagonal band. Descending central nucleus connections, based upon autoradiographic experiments, project heavily and extensively to both the NTS and the DVN. Within both nuclei, the projections have a highly specific distribution pattern, appearing to correspond largely to structural subdivisions, including the dorsomedial, medial, ventrolateral, ventral, and commissural NTS, and to cell group “a,” a caudally located dorsomedial region, and peripheral regions of the DVN, some of which appear to be involved in cardiovascular regulation. The existence of such an extensive projection system connecting these specific regions is significant evidence in support to its potential for participation in the amygdaloid expression of cardiovascular influences and has important implications for the cellular analysis of the functional role of these influences.
Mechanical Properties of Superconducting Nb-Ti Composites

Recently, the use of large superconducting magnets for plasma containment in controlled thermonuclear reactors has gained increased attention. Toroidal magnets up to 6 m minor radius and 12 m major radius are in the conceptual design stage. Magnets of this size compound the problems normally associated with superconducting solenoids. In the past, large coils were designed to operate at current densities much lower than the values measured in short-sample tests. However, the Tokamak confinement system will require magnetic fields approaching short-sample performance, and the “training”[1] effect sometimes observed in large coils must be prevented. Training occurs when the initial current that can be passed through a conductor is below that value found in a short-sample test but increases after several superconducting to normal state transitions. Most workers involved in the construction of large devices agree that any movement of the conductor should be avoided in order to minimize training, but the exact mechanism of the effect is still unclear Evans suggests that serrated yielding of the Nb-Ti is related to training, while Edwards et al. found that strain apparently plays a major role.
Reactions between nitric oxide and haemoglobin under physiological conditions

The tenet of high-affinity nitric oxide (NO) binding to a haemoglobin (Hb) has shaped our view of haem proteins and of small diffusible signaling molecules. Specifically, NO binds rapidly to haem iron in Hb (k approximately 10[7] M[-1] s[-1]) and once bound, the NO activity is largely irretrievable (Kd approximately 10[-5] s[-1]); the binding is purportedly so tight as to be unaffected by O2 or CO. However, these general principles do not consider the allosteric state of Hb or the nature of the allosteric effector, and they mostly derive from the functional behaviour of fully nitrosylated Hb, whereas Hb is only partially nitrosylated in vivo. Here we show that oxygen drives the conversion of nitrosylhaemoglobin in the 'tense' T (or partially nitrosylated, deoxy) structure to S-nitrosohaemoglobin in the 'relaxed' R (or ligand-bound, oxy) structure. In the absence of oxygen, nitroxyl anion (NO-) is liberated in a reaction producing methaemoglobin. The yields of both S-nitrosohaemoglobin and methaemoglobin are dependent on the NO/Hb ratio. These newly discovered reactions elucidate mechanisms underlying NO function in the respiratory cycle, and provide insight into the aetiology of S-nitrosothiols, methaemoglobin and its related valency hybrids. Mechanistic reexamination of NO interactions with other haem proteins containing allosteric-site thiols may be warranted.
Relationship between isocratic and gradient retention times in the high-performance ion-exchange chromatography of proteins. Theory and experiment.

Using isocratic retention parameters, the gradient elution retention time for several proteins has been calculated. The gradient retention time calculation is based on fitting the isocratic retention data to an equation of the form: log k′  m log (1/[Ca2+]) + log K and on applying well-established principles of gradient elution. A good correlation between the observed and calculated retention times for several test proteins was obtained at various total gradient times and column flow-rates. Conversely, isocratic retention parameters characterizing protein retention can be calculated from gradient elution retention data. However, even with retention data of high quality, small errors are amplified by the log—log nature of the ion-exchange isocratic retention model employed. Based on the close correlation between predicted and observed gradient retention times, no evidence for protein denaturation resulting from immobilization of the protein at high initial k′ values at or near the column inlet was observed.
Migration of control in distributed intelligence systems

A methodology and associated models are described that allow designers of information processing and decision systems to investigate the effects their designs have on the properties of decision-making organizations. Specifically, a quantitative model of a property that becomes very important when distributed decision making is considered, the migration of control, is described. An effort is made to determine how the migration occurs and which decision-making node becomes dominant. An attempt is also made to develop rules for redesigning the protocols of the organization or restructuring it to avoid migrations. The model and the computational procedure are illustrated by an example in command and control. The analysis shows that the presence of distributed decision making gives rise to dynamic phenomena that need novel approaches and concepts for their description. >
A numerical method for the electromagnetic field time domain propagator equations

A new numerical method for calculating the full wave time domain electromagnetic field is presented. The method, developed from a propagator solution of Maxwell's equations, is based upon finding the fields at a point in numerical space due to radiation from the field at the causal boundary surrounding that point. We briefly review previous propagator methods and the development of the current method. The numerical equations and some results for cases in which the wave propagates through multiple dielectric regions are presented and compared to results obtained with the FDTD method for the same structures.
Effects of chronic mild stress on rats selectively bred for behavior related to bipolar disorder and depression

To test the possibility that chronic mild stress (CMS) might be unreliable in producing its often-intended outcome (i.e., decreased preference for sucrose, hypothesized to represent depression-relevant anhedonia) because it is typically applied to "normal" rats, a CMS procedure was applied to rats that may possess genetic susceptibility to affective disorders, having had been selectively-bred to show behavior indicative of such disorders. These rat lines were: Hyperactive (HYPER) rats, which show characteristics of bipolar disorder, Swim-test Susceptible (SUS) and Swim-test Resistant (RES) rats, being susceptible or resistant to effects of stress in the swim test, Swim High-active (SwHi) and Swim Low-active (SwLo) rats, which innately show high or low activity in the swim test. These selectively-bred lines were compared to normal, non-selectively bred (NS) rats. During CMS, HYPER rats, both females and males, as well as RES and SwHi rats, showed reduced consumption of a palatable 2% sucrose solution, and reduced preference for sucrose (vs. water) in comparison to non-stressed rats (no CMS) of the same lines. In contrast, CMS produced no decrease in sucrose consumption or in preference for sucrose in normal NS rats, and actually a caused a slight increase in sucrose consumption and preference in male NS rats. Other measures that indicate depression - food intake and motor activity in the home cage - were also assessed. SwLo and SwHi showed greater sensitivity to having their home-cage ambulatory activity reduced by CMS than did NS rats, but no other such differences relative to NS rats were seen for these other measures; thus, changes in sucrose intake or preference could not be explained by a change in caloric intake. These results suggest that the genetic attributes of animals can influence the outcome of CMS, and that the application of CMS to normal, non-selected rats may account, at least in part, for the unreliability of CMS in decreasing consumption of palatable substances and decreasing preference for such substances.
Patient-reported outcomes to initiate a provider–patient dialog for the management of hip and knee osteoarthritis

Abstract Purpose Although many treatment guidelines exist for hip and knee osteoarthritis (OA), uptake in clinical practice is typically low. Valid patient-reported outcome measures (PROs) that can be easily used in the clinic could aid implementation and evaluation of treatment recommendations, and the tracking of symptoms and function over time. This project responded to a 2012 Call to Action of the Chronic Osteoarthritis Management Initiative of the United States Bone and Joint Initiative; we aimed to develop a tiered list of recommended PROs that could be feasibly applied in common clinical settings, across four domains of pain, function, fatigue, and sleep. Methods PROs were identified through a focused literature review. Clinicians and researchers with OA expertise evaluated each measure׳s feasibility for use in routine clinical practice, followed by meaningfulness in assessing OA outcomes. Eligible PROs were categorized by domain and ranked into Tiers One (very brief measures for initial use in clinical settings), Two (brief measures with more in-depth assessment), and Three (most detailed assessment). Results Total PROs identified were 172 for pain, 160 for function, 55 for fatigue, and 60 for sleep. Of these, 9 pain, 7 function, 7 fatigue, and 8 sleep PROs were ranked into one of three tiers. Conclusions This three-tiered list of recommended PROs provides a basis for tools to systematically track outcomes, facilitate provider–patient dialog, and guide treatment for hip or knee OA. Research is needed to test the utility and feasibility of systematic implementation of these measures in primary care and specialty clinical settings.