cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Successful classroom deployment of a social document annotation system

NB is an in-place collaborative document annotation website targeting students reading lecture notes and draft textbooks. Serving as a discussion forum in the document margins, NB lets users ask and answer questions about their reading material as they are reading. NB users can read and annotate documents using their web browsers, without any special plug-ins. We describe the NB system and its evaluation in real class environment, where students used it to submit their reading assignments, ask questions and get or provide feedback. We show that this tool can be and has been successfully incorporated into a number of different classes at different institutions. To understand how and why, we focus on a particularly successful class deployment where the instructor adapted his teaching style to take students' comment into account. We analyze the annotation practices that were observed - including the way geographic locality was exploited in ways unavailable in traditional forums - and discuss general design implications for online annotation tools in academia.
Genesis of a highly active cerium oxide-supported gold catalyst for CO oxidation.

X-Ray absorption spectra show that a CeO2-supportedCOoxidation catalyst prepared from AuIII(CH3)2(C5H7O2) initially incorporated AuIII complexes that were catalytically active at 353 K; during operation in a flow reactor, the gold aggregated into clusters and the catalytic activity increased.
A Versatile Ligand Platform that Supports Lewis Acid Promoted Migratory Insertion

A helping hand: Incorporation of Group 2 Lewis acids into a macrocycle appended to a phosphine ligand attached to a rhenium carbonyl complex promotes otherwise unfavorable transformations of coordinated CO (see scheme; M=Ca, Sr). These Lewis acids form relatively weak M-O bonds, thereby enabling release of organic products from the metal center.
A Review of “The Privacy Advocates: Resisting the Spread of Surveillance”

From the worlds of Facebook to Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act, the issue of privacy has been a staple on the front pages of our newspapers. This signals not just a persistent concern with of...
Sarcoidosis of gastrointestinal tract: a rare disease

Gastrointestinal (GI) tract sarcoidosis is an uncommon form of sarcoidosis. The GI tract can be involved as an isolated disease as a part of systemic sarcoidosis. Clinical manifestations of esophageal, gastric, small bowel, colon, and appendicular sarcoidosis are discussed in this review. The differential diagnosis of GI sarcoidosis is extensive. Other granulomatous diseases of the GI tract, like tuberculosis, fungal infections, parasitic diseases, inflammatory bowel disease, and Whipple's disease, should be excluded before making the diagnosis of GI sarcoidosis. Corticosteroid therapy is effective in treatment of GI sarcoidosis. Surgical intervention may be necessary in patients with bowel obstruction, perforation, or massive hemorrhage.
The use of a fuzzy logic algorithm to integrate renewable energy sources

The overall purpose of the work performed was to develop a controller that uses fuzzy logic to control various sub-systems of the Alternative Multisource Power System (AMPS) controller. The reasons for this were to maximize the systems output from wind and solar resources and minimize detrimental effects to the fuel cell and battery. The end system model uses a fuzzy control system that prioritizes the sources in the order they should be connected to the load. The fuzzy control system reads in the load voltage and determines an error depending on how high or low the voltage is compared to a set point of 12 volts. This error is then processed by the fuzzy system to give an output that is used to determine which sources need to be connected to the load. The final system output shows that the solar and wind systems serve as the primary sources for the AMPS controller in times of low load, the battery serves as a secondary in times of medium load, and the fuel cell is only used during the peak loads. The final output of the system has a smooth and consistent output even though the load current is changing rapidly. This shows that the AMPS simulation model is able to control the complex array of renewable energy resources to power a dynamic load.
A New Method for Analyzing Content Validity Data Using Multidimensional Scaling

Validity evidence based on test content is of essential importance in educational testing. One source for such evidence is an alignment study, which helps evaluate the congruence between tested obj...
A critique of Mark D. Allen’s “The preservation of verb subcategory knowledge in a spoken language comprehension deficit”

Allen [Allen, M. (2005). The preservation of verb subcategory knowledge in a spoken language comprehension deficit. Brain and Language, 95, 255-264.] reports a single patient, WBN, who, during spoken language comprehension, is still able to access some of the syntactic properties of verbs despite being unable to access some of their semantic properties. Allen claims that these findings challenge linguistic theories which assume that much of the syntactic behavior of verbs can be predicted from their meanings. I argue, however, that this conclusion is not supported by the data for two reasons: first, Allen focuses on aspects of verb syntax that are not claimed to be influenced by verb semantics; and second, he ignores aspects of verb syntax that are claimed to be influenced by verb semantics.
Peltier Enhanced Heat Spreading for Localized Hot Spot Thermal Management

Localized areas of high heat flux on microprocessors are currently being identified as a dominant challenge for the thermal management community. Heat flux values up to 1 kW/cm2 prevailing over a fraction of the overall CPU surface area create local hot spots that need to be cooled. However, thermal solutions designed for the maximum heat flux overcool the rest of the CPU, wasting resources and creating large on-die temperature gradients. Wasting resources obviously has a negative economic and thermodynamic impact. However, it has been argued that large on-die temperature gradients reduce chip reliability and increase the difficulty in laying out the electric circuits. The current study proposes a strategy to reduce local hot spots by enhancing heat spreading through the use of the Peltier effect. The Peltier effect is most commonly associated with the operation of thermoelectric modules. In thermoelectric modules, heat is transported across the module by electrons. Ideally, the material used for the thermoelectric module would have a very low thermal conductivity to reduce the amount of back heat conduction through the thermoelectric elements, and the electric resistivity would be very low to minimize the Joule heating. Using today’s best commercially available thermoelectric materials, the thermal conductivity, electric resistivity, and Seebeck coefficient are such that the COP for the thermoelectric module is on the order of 1. This implies that in order to cool a processor dissipating 100W, an additional 100W of electric power must be supplied to the thermoelectric module. A total of 200W must then be rejected by the heat sink and any building HVAC system. A more pragmatic approach is to use the Peltier effect to not cool the entire CPU, but rather only the high heat flux region. This is accomplished by placing the thermoelectric elements laterally on the backside of the CPU. The cooling junction is placed in the proximity of the high flux region, while the heating junction is placed in contact with the CPU in low heat flux area that can tolerate the additional heat, effectively creating an active heat spreader. The Peltier enhanced heat spreading proposed here is shown to provide a reduction in the temperature of a localized hot spot relative to passive heat spreading. The amount of reduction in temperature depends on the thickness of the material as well as the thermal conductivity, but values up to 50% are illustrated.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
On thermal edge effects in composite laminates

Results are presented for a finite-element investigation of the combined influence of edge effects due to mechanical and thermal mismatch in composite laminates with free edges. Laminates of unidirectional boron/epoxy symmetrically bonded to sheets of aluminum and titanium were studied. It is shown that interlaminar thermal stresses may be more significant than the interlaminar stresses due to loading only. In addition, the stresses due to thermal mismatch may be of the same sign as those due to Poisson's mismatch or they may be of opposite sign depending upon material properties, stacking sequence, and direction of loading. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of thermal stresses in all-composite laminates.
METHODOLOGY FOR MODELING A ROAD NETWORK WITH HIGH TRUCK VOLUMES GENERATED BY VESSEL FREIGHT ACTIVITY FROM AN INTERMODAL FACILITY

An innovative methodology has been developed for analyzing freight movement on local road networks by merging previously developed truck trip generation models using artificial neural networks (ANNs) and a microscopic network simulation model. Through computer simulation, this methodology comprehensively analyzes a seaport considered a special generator of heavy truck traffic and an adjacent road network that includes identified intermodal routes that connect to a seaport. Truck traffic from the seaport is initially modeled with ANNs using vessel freight activity at the seaport. These ANN models have been incorporated into the methodology to provide accurate truck and total traffic volumes for modeling the networks. This methodology was successfully tested with two network microscopic simulation models. Transferability was successfully tested with two seaports with different characteristics. Three months of field data from each port and selected locations on the networks were used in calibration and validation. Both models were successfully validated and showed no statistically significant difference between the field and model output data. This methodology can be used to evaluate local port networks to manage traffic efficiently during heavy congestion or investigate forecasted port growth. These networks can also be used for information technology applications such as incident management or alternative route choice. The ability to develop a network that includes significant truck volumes generated by freight activity is a useful tool especially for engineers and planners involved in intermodal transportation analysis.
The synthesis and molecular dynamics of phospholipids having hydroxylated fatty acids at the sn-2 position.

Abstract We have devised a general method for the synthesis of phospholipids containing hydroxylated fatty acids and have utilized this methodology to synthesize two naturally occurring hydroxylated lecithins (i.e. 1-palmitoyl-2-[15(S)-hydroxy-5E,8E,11E,13Z-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-palm-2-15HETE PC) and 1-palmitoyl-2-[5-hydroxy-6Z,8E,11E, 14E-eicosatetraenoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (1-palm-2-5HETE PC)). After protection of the hydroxylated fatty acid as its t-butyldimethylsilyl derivative, the anhydride of the protected fatty acid was formed utilizing dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and subsequently was condensed with a regiospecific lysolecithin utilizing pyrrolidinopyridine as catalyst to form the protected hydroxylated lecithin. Finally, hydroxylated lecithins were formed after removal of the t-butyldimethylsily group with acetic acid. Electron spin resonance spectroscopy was utilized to interrogate the molecular dynamics of lipid bilayers comprised of mixtures of the se hydroxylated lecithins and naturally occurring lecithins. Remarkably, the molecular dynamics of spin-labeled phospholipids in liposomes comprised of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine were altered substantially after addition of only 3.5 mol% 1-palm-2-15HETE PC as assessed by the order parameter of 16-doxylstearoyl phosphatidylcholine.
Effect of pressure-induced freezing on the energy of the intervalence transfer electronic absorption band of binuclear mixed-valence complexes

Abstract The Marcus continuum model for the solvent reorientation contribution to the energetics of outer-sphere electron transfer has often been used to analyze the energy of the intervalence transfer (IT) electronic absorption band for a binuclear mixed-valence transition-metal complex. E op , the energy required to transfer an electron optically in a mixed-valence complex, was measured as a function of pressure for two binuclear mixed-valence complexes in different solvents which freeze at 25°C under pressures
Registration of 'Bellagio' Cranberry Bean

'Bellagio' cranberry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) (Reg. No. CV-297, PI 659109), developed by the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station was released in 2010 as a new edible, dry-bean cultivar combining virus and anthracnose resistance with excellent canning quality. Bellagio was developed using pedigree selection to the F 4 generation followed by pure-line selection for disease, agronomic, and quality traits. Bellagio is a vine cranberry that combines improved plant architecture and full-season maturity with disease resistance and superior canning quality. In 4 yr of field trials, Bellagio yielded 2282 kg ha ―1 , the plant height averaged 49 cm, the lodging resistance score was 2.5, and the seed size was 53.5 g 100 seed ―1 . Bellagio differs from the commercial 'Michigan Improved Cranberry' (MIC) vine cranberry cultivar in possessing resistance to Bean common mosaic virus and anthracnose. Bellagio and MIC both possess the type-III indeterminate growth habit, but Bellagio has a more upright structure and better resistance to lodging. Bellagio flowers in 43 d and matures in 96 d, 3 d earlier than MIC and has excellent canning quality that is equivalent to that of MIC.
Psychiatric Adverse Effects of Pediatric Corticosteroid Use

Corticosteroids, highly effective drugs for myriad disease states, have considerable neuropsychiatric adverse effects that can manifest in cognitive disorders, behavioral changes, and frank psychiatric disease. Recent reviews have summarized these effects in adults, but a comprehensive review on corticosteroid effects in children has not been published since 2005. Here, we systematically review articles published since then that, we find, naturally divide into 3 main areas: (1) chronic effects of acute prenatal and neonatal exposure associated with prematurity and congenital conditions; (2) immediate behavioral effects of acute exposure via oncological protocols; and (3) acute behavioral effects of sporadic use in children and adolescents with other conditions. PsycInfo, MEDLINE, Embase, and Scopus were queried to identify articles reporting psychiatric adverse effects of corticosteroids in pediatric patients. Search terms included corticosteroids, adrenal cortex hormones, steroid psychosis, substance-induced psychoses, glucocorticoids, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone, prednisone, adverse effects, mood disorders, mental disorders, psychosis, psychotic, psychoses, side effect, chemically induced, emotions, affective symptoms, toxicity, behavior, behavioral symptoms, infant, child, adolescent, pediatric, paediatric, neonatal, children, teen, and teenager. Following guidelines for systematic reviews from the Potsdam Consultation on Meta-Analysis, we have found it difficult to draw specific conclusions that are more than general impressions owing to the quality of the available studies. We find a mixed picture with neonates exposed to dexamethasone, with some articles reporting eventual deficits in neuropsychiatric functioning and others reporting no effect. In pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, corticosteroid use appears to correlate with negative psychiatric and behavioral effects. In children treated with corticosteroids for noncancer conditions, adverse effects have been observed both during treatment and after cessation, although the data from article to article are not consistent enough to establish dose relationships. By and large, inhaled corticosteroids are considered safe and free of severe neuropsychiatric effects. Although both antipsychotic medications and benzodiazepines have been used to treat corticosteroid-induced mania and psychosis, no unified management strategy has emerged. Large-scale standardized investigations are needed to clarify the psychiatric effect of corticosteroids on children in all these conditions. Meanwhile, there is general agreement that patients as well as caregivers should be warned of the potential for behavioral adverse effects when patients receive these drugs.
Correction of H3+ contributions in hydrogen isotope ratio monitoring mass spectrometry.

Two fundamentally different approaches, termed “pointwise” and “peakwise,” are currently used to correct hydrogen isotope ratio monitoring data for the presence of H3+ ion contributions. Consideration of the underlying assumptions shows that the peakwise approach is valid only for peaks with the same functional shape and only when background signals do not vary. The pointwise correction is much more versatile and can be used even when peak shapes and sizes, as well as background signals, vary significantly. It is not exact and is limited in accuracy by (1) the signal-broadening effects of electronic time constants, (2) the analog-to-digital conversion frequency, and (3) the highest frequency of the sample signal. To minimize errors for typical gas chromatographic signals, time constants of <500 ms and analog-to-digital sampling intervals of ≤250 ms are needed. Errors are further minimized by matching sample and standard peaks in both amplitude and D/H ratio. Using the pointwise algorithm, we demonstrate t...
A note on frequency pulling in resonant media

Abstract Whether the carrier frequency of an undistorted optical pulse adjusts to the central atomic frequency of the resonant medium in which it propagates is shown to depend on three parameters. Two of these parameters characterize the conductivity and homogeneous relaxation time of the medium, and one is related to the difference between the light phase velocity in the host medium and the assumed pulse velocity.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Acortatarins A and B

Acortatarins A and B have been synthesized via stereoselective spirocyclizations of glycals. Mercury-mediated spirocyclization of a pyrrole monoalcohol side chain leads to acortatarin A. Glycal epoxidation and reductive spirocyclization of a pyrrole dialdehyde side chain leads to acortatarin B. Acid equilibration and crystallographic analysis indicate that acortatarin B is a contrathermodynamic spiroketal with distinct ring conformations compared to acortatarin A.
Intermediate-term results of ascending–descending posterior pericardial bypass of complex aortic coarctation

Objective Extra-anatomic bypass of complex thoracic aortic disease through a median sternotomy has been reported as a safe alternative to thoracotomy. Our objective was to examine intermediate-term outcomes. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 50 consecutive patients with congenital aortic coarctation or recurrent coarctation who underwent ascending–descending posterior pericardial aortic bypass between January 1985 and November 2005. Demographic data, in-hospital and postoperative morbidity and mortality, and resolution of hypertension were determined by examination of the medical record. Results The mean age at operation was 42 years; 27 (54%) were men. There were no perioperative deaths. Upper-extremity blood pressure after coarctation repair with ascending–descending aortic bypass was significantly improved. Mean systolic blood pressure decreased from 158 ± 25 mm Hg preoperatively to 123 ± 14 mm Hg postoperatively ( P Conclusions The ascending–descending aortic bypass through a posterior pericardial approach is a safe operation and is effective in relieving obstruction and improving hypertension.
Priority algorithms for makespan minimization in the subset model

We continue the recent study of priority algorithms initiated by Borodin et al. [Proc. 13th ACM-SIAM Symp. on Discrete Algorithms, 2002, pp. 752-761]. The definition of a priority algorithm nicely captures the idea of a "greedy-like" type algorithm. While priority algorithms are applicable to many optimization problems, in this paper we consider the problem of makespan minimization in scheduling in the subset model. We show that by using a fixed priority algorithm one cannot achieve a considerable improvement over the approximation ratio given by the online greedy algorithm. Namely, we present an Ω(log m/log log m) lower bound on the approximation ratio of any fixed priority algorithm where m is the number of machines.
A developmental framework towards dynamic incident rerouting using vehicle-to-vehicle communication and multi-agent systems

Non-recurring roadway traffic incidents are a part of everyday life that impedes normal traffic flow. One of the major challenges is to reroute traffic around incidents in order to maximize throughput. This often comes up when an incident occurs on a freeway and alternate routes need to be utilized on city and residential streets. Today's navigational devices can be used to find alternate routes based on minimum-distance or minimum-duration algorithms. However, these navigational devices tend to use the same greedy routing algorithms. This often results in moving the congestion from the incident location to another location in the network and perhaps causing further incidents due to the increased traffic that the roads are not designed to handle. In order to tackle this problem, we present an architectural framework that borrows concepts from multi agent systems and recent activity in vehicle-to-vehicle communication to model and implement behaviors that maximize overall system throughput.
DETERMINATION OF BOVINE TRANSFERRIN TYPES BY DISC ELECTROPHORESIS.

Abstract Two electrophoresis methods were developed and used in the initial phase of this investigation, to determine which one would be the most desirable in determining the transferrin type of cattle blood plasma. The recently innovated disc electrophoresis method was chosen over the conventional starch gel method, because it produced more discrete transferrin bands, which were more easily analyzed. The reasons for this improved resolution were that the acrylamide gel pore size could be adjusted, and the starting zone of the sample was very narrow. The disc electrophoresis technique included the formation of a three-layered acrylamide gel in a small glass cylinder. The upper (sample) gel contained four microliters of the plasma sample. The middle (spacer) gel electrophoretically concentrated the sample proteins. Electrophoretic separation of the proteins took place in the lower (small pore) gel, which served as sieving medium. Following electrophoresis, the samples were fixed and stained, destained, placed in small containers, and analyzed for the transferrin type. To evaluate the accuracy of the technique, samples of blood plasma from 35 Santa Gertrudis animals were tested several times. In all cases the original transferrin determination was in full agreement with all subsequent evaluations.
50th International Mathematical Olympiad

(2010). 50th International Mathematical Olympiad. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 83, No. 3, pp. 236-239.
Gas‐phase chemistry dominates O3 loss to a forest, implying a source of aerosols and hydroxyl radicals to the atmosphere

[1] Tropospheric ozone (O3) effectively deposits to forested ecosystems but the fate of O3 within the forest canopy is unresolved. We partitioned total measured ecosystem daytime O3 deposition to a ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa) forest into its major loss pathways; stomatal uptake, non-stomatal surface deposition, and gas-phase chemistry. Total O3 flux was dominated by gas-phase chemistry during the summer and by stomatal uptake during winter. O3 loss due to gas-phase chemistry was exponentially dependent on temperature, with the same functionality as biogenic hydrocarbon emissions, implicating reactions with biogenic hydrocarbons as the likely gas-phase chemical O3 loss process within the canopy. The reaction of O3 with biogenically-emitted hydrocarbons leads to both hydroxyl radical formation and secondary aerosol growth with important effects on atmospheric chemistry and climate.
Calculation of the interfacial free energy of a binary hard-sphere fluid at a planar hard wall.

Using molecular-dynamics simulation and Gibbs-Cahn Integration, we calculate the interfacial free energy γ of a binary hard-sphere fluid mixture at a structureless, planar hard wall. The calculation is performed as a function of packing fraction (density) for several values of the diameter ratio α = σ2/σ1, where σ1 and σ2 are the diameters of the two particle types in the mixture. Our results are compared to those obtained from the bulk version of the White Bear Mark II (WBII) classical density-functional theory, which is a modification of the Fundamental-Measure Theory of Rosenfeld. The WBII bulk theory is shown to be in very good agreement with the simulation results, with significant deviation only at the very highest packing fractions.
Nondestructive Determination of the Elastic Anisotropy in Aluminum—SiC and —Al 2 O 3 Metal—Matrix Composites

Process control is becoming increasingly important to the high performance applications of aluminum metal—matrix composites. Most processing conditions of metal—matrix composites introduce a degree of anisotropy that results in the directional dependence of material properties. Aluminum alloys reinforced with up to 20 volume % silicon-carbide or alumina particles are examined using ultrasonic velocity measurements. The measurements indicate that these composites are transversely isotropic and thus their elastic properties can be described by the five independent elastic constants C11 , C33 , C44 , C12 , and C23 . Anisotropy parameters are determined assuming either a preferred alignment of the matrix crystallites or a preferred alignment of the reinforcement. Comparing measured and theoretical anisotropy parameters for partially aligned reinforcement or for texture shows that neither is the single contributor to anisotropy in the composite material.
MMR2 Immunization at 4 to 5 Years and 10 to 12 Years of Age: A Comparison of Adverse Clinical Events After Immunization in the Vaccine Safety Datalink Project

Background The Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommends a second dose of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR2) at age 4 to 5 years of age, whereas the American Academy of Pediatrics suggests MMR2 immunization at age 11 to 12 years of age. Because there is little information on whether the rate of adverse reactions to MMR2 immunization varies among these two age groups, we took advantage of differing immunization policies at two large HMOs to compare the frequency of clinical events after, and possibly related to, MMR2 immunization. Methods Information was collected on clinical events plausibly associated to MMR immunization (seizures, pyrexia, malaise/fatigue, nervous/musculoskeletal symptoms, rash, edema, induration/ecchymoses, lymphadenopathy, thrombocytopenia, aseptic meningitis, and joint pain) in two cohorts. At three facilities at Northern California Kaiser (Oakland, CA), 8514 children received MMR2 immunization at age 4 to 6 years of age; at Group Health Cooperative (Seattle, WA) 18 036 children received MMR2 immunization at age 10 to 12 years of age. To account for age-related differences in health care use, within each HMO, clinical events in a 30-day period after immunization were compared with a 30-day period before vaccination. Results Children 10 to 12 years of age were 50% more likely to have a clinical event after MMR2 immunization than in the period before immunization (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval: 1.00,2.10). Children 4 to 6 years of age were less likely to have a visit for an event after immunization compared with the period before immunization (odds ratio, 0.64; 95% confidence interval: 0.40,1.01). Conclusions These results suggest that the risk for clinical events after MMR2 immunizations is greater in the 10- to 12-year age group.
Toxin-producing cyanobacteria in freshwater: a review of the problems, impact on drinking water safety, and efforts for protecting public health.

Cyanobacteria have adapted to survive in a variety of environments and have been found globally. Toxin-producing cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) have been increasing in frequency worldwide and pose a threat to drinking and recreational water. In this study, the prevalence, impact of CHABs and mitigation efforts were reviewed, focusing on the Lake Erie region and Ohio’s inland lakes that have been impacted heavily as an example so that the findings can be transferrable to other parts of the world that face the similar problems due to the CHABs in their freshwater environments. This paper provides a basic introduction to CHABs and their toxins as well as an overview of public health implications including exposure routes, health effects, and drinking water issues, algal bloom advisory practices in Ohio, toxin measurements results in Ohio public water supplies, and mitigation efforts.
Insect Populations on Forage Grasses: Effect of Nitrogen Fertilizer and Insecticides

Significantly more leafhoppers, especially Ambylsellus curtisii (Fitch), Doratura stylata (Boheman), Draeculacephala antica (Walker), Graminella nigrifrons (Forbes), Endria inimica (Say), and Macrosteles fascifrons (Stal), were collected from nitrogen fertilized (480 kg N/ha) than from unfertilized plots of 3 grass cultivars out of 39 in 1971 and 9 out of 23 N-fertilized (240kg N/ha) cultivars in 1972. Also, more grasshoppers, Dicromorpha viridis Scudder, Melanoplus bivittatus (Say), and another Melanoplus species; the flea beetles, Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer and Systena frontalis (F.); and the frit fly, Oscinella frit (L.), were collected in significantly higher numbers on some N-fertilized cultivars. Peak numbers of most insect species occurred in late summer. Carbofuran (10% granules, 2.24 kg AI/ha in 1972) and (flowable, 1.12 kg AI/ha in 1973) reduced mean numbers of most species of insects and resulted in increased dry matter yield of a few cultivars both years.
Estrogen Increases Apolipoprotein (Apo) A-I Secretion in Hep G2 Cells by Modulating Transcription of the Apo A-I Gene Promoter

Abstract—Estrogen administration to postmenopausal women has been shown to increase plasma levels of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I. A human hepatoma cell line, Hep G2, was used to test the hypothesis that estrogen increases the hepatic production of apo A-I by modulating gene expression. When Hep G2 cells were treated for 24 hours with E2, the apo A-I content in the medium increased 4.3±1.0-fold at 10 μmol/L E2 and 1.8±0.4-fold at 1 μmol/L E2 compared with untreated cells. A time-course experiment indicated that there was no E2-dependent (10 μmol/L) increase in apo A-I medium content at 1 hour and 2 hours and that apo A-I was 165% of controls at 6 hours and 440% at 24 hours. Hep G2 cells were transfected, by the cationic lipid method, with constructs containing serial deletions of the 5′ region of the apo A-I gene (−41/+397, −256/+397, and −2500/+397) cloned in front of the luciferase gene and with or without a 7-kb region spanning the apo C-III/A-IV intergenic region, which has been shown to contain regulator...
The Migration of Divalent Cations in Mitochondria Visualized by a Fluorescent Chelate Probe

The use of the fluorescent chelate probe, chlorotetracycline, in mitochondria is described. The probe shows a high fluorescence in the presence of mitochondria which may be ascribed to binding of the probe to membrane-associated Ca(++) and Mg(++). The fluorescence excitation and emission spectra are diagnostic of binding of the probe to Ca(++) in coupled mitochondria and Mg(++) in uncoupled mitochondria. The fluorescence polarization spectra are diagnostic of the cations having a moderately high mobility in the membrane environment. The effects of exogenous EDTA and of endogenous Mn(++) indicate that the probe is primarily visualizing actively accumulated Ca(++) on the inner surface of the inner membrane. By employing the Ca(++) transport inhibitor, Tb(+++), the fluorescence changes associated with metabolic alterations are shown to arise partly from cation transport and partly through alterations in the binding properties of the inner surface of the membrane. Chlorotetracycline is a probe for divalent cations associated with the membrane and is of general utility in the study of cation migrations in cellular and subcellular systems.
MntABC and MntH Contribute to Systemic Staphylococcus aureus Infection by Competing with Calprotectin for Nutrient Manganese

During infection, vertebrates limit access to manganese and zinc, starving invading pathogens, such as Staphylococcus aureus, of these essential metals in a process termed “nutritional immunity.” The manganese and zinc binding protein calprotectin is a key component of the nutrient-withholding response, and mice lacking this protein do not sequester manganese from S. aureus liver abscesses. One potential mechanism utilized by S. aureus to minimize host-imposed manganese and zinc starvation is the expression of the metal transporters MntABC and MntH. We performed transcriptional analyses of both mntA and mntH, which revealed increased expression of both systems in response to calprotectin treatment. MntABC and MntH compete with calprotectin for manganese, which enables S. aureus growth and retention of manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase activity. Loss of MntABC and MntH results in reduced staphylococcal burdens in the livers of wild-type but not calprotectin-deficient mice, suggesting that these systems promote manganese acquisition during infection. During the course of these studies, we observed that metal content and the importance of calprotectin varies between murine organs, and infection leads to profound changes in the anatomical distribution of manganese and zinc. In total, these studies provide insight into the mechanisms utilized by bacteria to evade host-imposed nutrient metal starvation and the critical importance of restricting manganese availability during infection.
Vector sensor processing for electromagnetic source localization

A novel approach is presented for the localization of electromagnetic sources using vector sensors. Two types of source transmissions are considered: (1) single signal transmission and (2) dual signal transmission. The model is given in terms of several parameters including the wave direction of arrival and state of polarization. A compact expression is derived for the Cramer-Rao bound (CRB) on the estimation errors of these parameters for the multi-source multi-vector sensor model. The advantage of using vector sensors is highlighted by explicit evaluation of the CRB and the associated mean-square angular error for source localization with a single vector sensor. A simple algorithm is proposed for estimating the source DOA with this sensor. >
Economic Status of Older Asians in the United States

Data from the 5-percent Census 2000 Public Use Microdata were utilized to examine the economic status of six Asian-only groups in the United States aged 65 and older. Japanese Americans’ economic status emulated that of older Whites; whereas, older Korean and Vietnamese economic status more closely resembled that of older Blacks. Regression results indicated that education, household size, and duration of immigration were significantly and positively related to household income for most of the Asian-only groups, supporting the theory that human capital, structural barriers, and acculturation all play a role in determination of household income for older Asian Americans.
Blind channel equalization in a multiuser OFDM communications system

We consider a multiuser OFDM system, and propose a novel approach for blind channel estimation. Each user information signal is linearly precoded before OFDM modulation. The receiver uses an antenna array. Using cross-correlations of the blocks received at the array elements leads to the estimation of the underlying channels within a scaling ambiguity.
Moisture content effect on radon emanation in porous media

It is impractical to establish the detailed recoil range distribution and to measure the rough recoil surface of the porous media experimentally. Thus a computer based modelling approach is followed. The ion collision theory of nuclear physics provides the basics for calculating the recoil range distributions for radon within solid, water and air. The collision history is established by the modified Monte Carlo TRIM program. The recoil emanation power can also be calculated from the recoil range distributions. The recoil surface areas of the porous media are calculated through the fractal quantification of the synthetic porous media. The embedding effects are numerically calculated for solid, water and air, the three coexisting phases. The moisture distribution in the porous media is discussed based on the capillary theory. The simulation results indicate that the radon emanation rate is positively correlated with the moisture saturation in the porous media. The greater the moisture saturation is, the greater the possible radon emanation rate is. With moisture contents from 10% up to 30%, the recoil emanation rates quickly reach the emanation rate of the saturated condition. As the moisture reaches 30%, a universal thin film on the pore surface is formed. This thin film is sufficient to stop the recoil radon from embedding into another part of the pore wall. The existing experimental data support this result.
Housing, welfare reform, and self-sufficiency: An assessment of the family self-sufficiency program

Abstract Recently passed welfare reform legislation may have adverse impacts on the incomes of public and assisted housing residents and hence on the rental income of housing authorities. One way to dampen these impacts is to help welfare‐reliant tenants find jobs. The Family Self‐Sufficiency (FSS) programs sponsored by many housing authorities may be an important means of doing this. This article presents the findings of an early study of the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development's FSS program and explores the program's potential for dampening the impacts of welfare reform. The study involved a mail survey of the coordinators of 564 FSS programs. The survey results indicate a surprising lack of interest in the early FSS program among potential participants. The results also indicate that these programs are inadequately staffed, and that the programs’ potential to dampen the effects of welfare reform are limited by the relatively small percentage of welfare‐reliant residents enrolled.
Mercury and Fatty Acids in Canned Tuna, Salmon, and Mackerel

Canned tuna (n = 240), salmon (n = 16), and mackerel (n = 16) were analyzed for mercury and fatty acids. Average mercury levels were 188, 45, and 55 ppb, respectively, and below the FDA Action Level of 1000 ppb. "Light tuna in water" contained lower mercury (x - = 54 ppb) compared with "white/albacore tuna in water," which contained higher eicosapentaenoic acid/docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) x - = 711 mg/100 g wet tissue).
Understanding the Role of the Promotora in a Latino Diabetes Education Program

We explore the role of the promotora de salud (health promoter) who provided diabetes self-management education to Puerto Rican diabetics in her community. The education program was developed as a hospital and community-based organization partnership. Information from both Spanish-language focus groups with 35 class participants and an in-depth interview with the promotora indicated patients appreciated having the classes taught in Spanish by a Latina promotora from their community. Respondents reported satisfaction with the program, increased ability to self-manage diabetes, and strengthened connections with other Latino diabetics. Terms patients used for the promotora included comadre, hijita, and buena profesora. Some of these words denote almost kinship-level connections, suggesting that patients were forming strong connections with the promotora. Specific promotora roles were identified but varied among patients, promotora, and the literature. This hospital and community-based organization partnershi...
Clinical Implications of Internet Infidelity: Where Facebook Fits In

The Internet can enhance existing relationships or facilitate the development of new relationships, including illicit ones. Increased research in this area has predominately been on online sexual addiction and pornography, with few about social networking sites. Facebook, a popular social networking site boasting 1.15 billion active users. This article reviews existing literature on Internet infidelity, comparing online activities and Facebook-specific behaviors. Five areas related to Internet infidelity will be explored, such as definitions and the impact on relationships. Although several similarities exist between general Internet and Facebook-specific infidelity, unique differences exist. Implications for future research and clinical practice are presented.
Body surface area measurement with structured light

The image processing steps and algorithms used to recover the range data from a single camera image are outlined. Curve and surface representation and area computation methods are described. Calculating the area is done in five steps: camera and projector calibration; image capture and processing; reconstruction of the 3-D points by triangulation; segmentation of the area; and calculating the area. After combining the reconstructed 3-D locations and the segmented image, cubic splines are used to represent the surface area. Gaussian quadrature double integration is used to compute the area. Experimental results are included to show that the method is reliable and accurate. This system can be used as a reliable and accurate method to measure burn area. >
Regulation of leukocyte transmigration: cell surface interactions and signaling events.

A fundamental event in the inflammatory response is recruitment of blood leukocytes to a site of injury or infection, often resulting in tissue dysfunction and damage. The steps in this recruitment process are leukocyte adhesion to the endothelial lining of the vessel wall, diapedesis, or
Examination of the Watershed-Wide Distribution of Escherichia coli along Southern Lake Michigan: an Integrated Approach

Recent research has highlighted the occurrence of Escherichia coli in natural habitats not directly influenced by sewage inputs. Most studies on E. coli in recreational water typically focus on discernible sources (e.g., effluent discharge and runoff) and fall short of integrating riparian, nearshore, onshore, and outfall sources. An integrated "beachshed" approach that links E. coli inputs and interactions would be helpful to understand the difference between background loading and sewage pollution; to develop more accurate predictive models; and to understand the differences between potential, net, and apparent culturable E. coli. The objective of this study was to examine the interrelatedness of E. coli occurrence from various coastal watershed components along southern Lake Michigan. The study shows that once established in forest soil, E. coli can persist throughout the year, potentially acting as a continuous non-point source of E. coli to nearby streams. Year-round background stream loading of E. coli can influence beach water quality. E. coli is present in highly variable counts in beach sand to depths just below the water table and to distances at least 5 m inland from the shore, providing a large potential area of input to beach water. In summary, E. coli in the fluvial-lacustrine system may be stored in forest soils, sediments surrounding springs, bank seeps, stream margins and pools, foreshore sand, and surface groundwater. While rainfall events may increase E. coli counts in the foreshore sand and lake water, concentrations quickly decline to prerain concentrations. Onshore winds cause an increase in E. coli in shallow nearshore water, likely resulting from resuspension of E. coli-laden beach sand. When examining indicator bacteria source, flux, and context, the entire "beachshed" as a dynamic interacting system should be considered.
Optimal concentration of hepatocyte growth factor for treatment of the aged rat vocal fold

Objectives/Hypothesis: Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) demonstrates beneficial properties in the treatment of aged vocal folds. However, the optimal concentration of HGF remains unknown. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of HGF concentration on treatment of the aged rat vocal fold. Study Design: Prospective animal study. Methods: Seventy-five rats were studied. The rats were divided into five groups and received serial injections of HGF in 10 lL of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) at the following concentrations: 10 ng/10 lL, 50 ng/10 lL, 100 ng/10 lL, 200 ng/10 lL, or control (PBS only). Alcian blue staining was performed to investigate hyaluronan (HA), and immunohistochemistry was performed to investigate collagen type I and III. Gene expression of hyaluronic acid synthase (HAS)-1, -2, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP)-2, -9, and procollagen I and III were also investigated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Histologic analyses revealed increased HA and decreased collagen type I in rats receiving injections of HGF at 100 ng/10 lL. Results were supported by RT-PCR revealing upregulated expression of HAS-2, decreased expression of procollagen I, and a significant increase of MMP-9 mRNA in rats receiving HGF at 100 ng/10 lL. Conclusions: We report the first in vivo concentration study of HGF for treatment of the aged vocal fold. Results revealed desirable biochemical effects of HGF at 100 ng/10 lL. These data will be used to provide immediate direction to programmatic efforts aimed at examining future applications of HGF for treatment of the aged vocal fold.
Acute methamphetamine-induced zif/268, preprodynorphin, and preproenkephalin mRNA expression in rat striatum depends on activation of NMDA and kainate/AMPA receptors

Abstract This study tested the role of N-methyl- d -aspartate and kainate/AMPA receptors in mediating mRNA expression of the immediate early gene zif/268 and the opioid peptide genes preprodynorphin and preproenkephalin in rat forebrain following a single injection of methamphetamin. At 3 h after acute methamphetamine [4 mg/kg, intraperitoneally (IP)], quantitative in situ hybridization histochemistry revealed that zif/268 mRNA expression was increased in the dorsal striatum (caudoputamen) and in the sensory cortex. Preprodynorphin was increased in both dorsal and ventral striatum (nucleus accumbens) and preproenkephalin was increased in the dorsal striatum. Pretreatment with (±)-3-(2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-1-phosphonic acid (CPP) (10 mg/kg, IP), an N-methyl- d -aspartate receptor antagonist, blocked the methamphetamine-induced zif/268 mRNA expression in the striatum and in the region of sensory cortex representing the upper limb and nose. 6,7-Dinitro-quinoxaline-2,3-dione (DNQX) (100 mg/kg, IP), a kainate/AMPA receptor antagonist, did not reduce the ability of methamphetamine to induce zif/268 mRNA in striatal and cortical neurons. Furthermore, both antagonists caused a parallel blockade of methamphetamine-stimulated preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the dorsal and ventral striatum but did not significantly affect methamphetamine-stimulated preproenkephalin mRNA expression. CPP and DNQX reduced basal levels of zif/268 mRNA in cortical and striatal neurons but did not affect the constitutive expression of the two opioid mRNAs in the striatum. Neither antagonist had a significant effect on methamphetamine-induced demonstrate that both N-methyl- d -aspartate and kainate/AMPA receptor-mediated glutamatergic transmission is linked to modulation of the methamphetamine-stimulated opioid peptide gene expression in rat forebrain. Furthermore, N-methyl- d -aspartate receptors participate in methamphetamine-stimulated zif/268 expression.