cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the active center of trypsin. Further characterization of the hydrophobic binding site.

The effectiveness of benzamidine and phenylguanidine as competitive inhibitors of trypsin has been attributed to the binding of their aromatic rings in a hydrophobic slit between the anionic and catalytic sites at the active center of trypsin (1). The normal function of this region of the active center was considered to be the binding of substrate methylene groups in lysyl and arginyl residues. To test this interpretation of the orientation of bound benzamidine and phenylguanidine, derivatives containing ester groups in the para position were prepared and examined for substrate behavior. Esters whose length approximated the extended form of normal substrates were found to be cleaved with kinetic characteristics consistent with this picture.
New algorithms for fast discovery of association rules

Discovery of association rules is an important problem in database mining. In this paper we present new algorithms for fast association mining, which scan the database only once, addressing the open question whether all the rules can be efficiently extracted in a single database pass. The algorithms use novel itemset clustering techniques to approximate the set of potentially maximal frequent itemsets. The algorithms then make use of efficient lattice traversal techniques to generate the frequent itemsets contained in each cluster. We propose two clustering schemes based on equivalence classes and maximal hypergraph cliques, and study two traversal techniques based on bottom-up and hybrid search. We also use a vertical database layout to cluster related transactions together. Experimental results show improvements of over an order of magnitude compared to previous algorithms.
Monetary policy: recent theory and practice

Milton Friedman’s monetarism provoked hot debates on the conduct of monetary policy from the 1950s through the 1970s. The monetarists wanted the central bank to stop setting interest rates and instead to target growth in a monetary quantity, a stock of money by one or another definition, from the monetary base to intermediate aggregates as inclusive as M2 and M3. For hitting at least some of these monetary targets setting a money-market interest rate might be the operating mechanism. (The alternative could be quantitative control of the bank reserves portion of the monetary base, as practiced by the Federal Reserve 1979–82.)
Malabsorption of essential amino acids in tropical sprue.

The absorption of seven amino acids from an equimolar mixture containing each of the eight essential amino acids in a concentration of 20 mm was evaluated using a marker perfusion technique in 9 patients with untreated tropical sprue and in 6 healthy Puerto Rican control subjects. The rate of absorption of from two to six of the amino acids tested was lower in 7 of the patients than in the control subjects. The absorption of isoleucine, leucine, valine, and threonine was significantly lower in the group of sprue patients than in the control subjects. Treatment of 4 patients with oral tetracycline for 2 weeks was associated with return of amino acid absorption to normal in the 3 persons who had improved intestinal function, as tested by other parameters. More prolonged treatment was required for normalization of amino acid absorption in the 4th patient. These observations indicate that the absorption of certain essential amino acids is reduced in some patients with untreated tropical sprue.
Organ Culture of Human Rectal Mucosa

Mucosal biopsies from human rectum were cultured in vitro using a simple organ culture system. Light microscopy consistently revealed good preservation of rectal mucosa in biopsies cultured for up to 24 hr. Moreover, mucosal morphology was well preserved in some but not all biopsies cultured for as long as 48 hr. Electron microscopy revealed preservation of surface epithelial cell structure in biopsies cultured for 24 hr. Autoradiographs of biopsies cultured over thymidine-3H-containing medium for 6 hr showed labeling of proliferating cells in the lower two-thirds of the rectal crypts. In biopsies subsequently cultured for an additional 18 hr over isotope-free medium, some of the labeled cells had migrated to the upper crypts and the absorptive surface. These studies show that mucosal morphology is maintained and that some epithelial cell proliferation continues for at least 24 hr in rectal mucosal biopsies cultured in vitro in this organ culture system.
Husserl’s Phenomenology of Scientific Reason

The senior philosophy professor at my university, a friend of 25 years, recently shared his complaint that phenomenology today seems to be stalled and is offering little beyond repeating old insights. He suggested that phenomenology is trapped within the analytic routines of its own conceptual universe, even while being trapped by one's thinking is one of its principal topics. James Dodd' s new book on Husserl disproves such a thesis. Dodd not only reiterates the phenomenological project clearly, he engages a variety of phenomenological topics critical to an adequate historical understanding of modern science, and he carries out his own inquiries, extending Husserlian reflection into new areas. Dodd focuses his study upon the historical character of reason and the idea of the lifeworld as a way into phenomenology, as these topics are developed by Edmund Husserl in his Crisis of the European Sciences and "The Origin of Geometry " ( 1 970). ' Dodd offers lucid accounts in chapters on Galileo, the lifeworld, and the phenomenological reduction. Historicality and the lifeworld are both topics that suggest there is a larger role to be given to the social, one that might "compromise" (p. 66) an overly idealized subjective being such as may be conceived by some phenomenologists; however, Dodd himself is hesitant to challenge phenomenological orthodoxy, despite offering many suggestive readings of phenomenological themes. Dodd describes Husserl's project in the Crisis as an inquiry into "the distance marking out the encounter of thought and being," which is a decent epigraph for phenomenological research (p. 150). Reason is viewed as an accomplished and ongoing cultural project, "the decisive question of our times" (p. 169). Dodd reviews Husserl's account of the paradoxes that reason faces necessarily, and he deepens them with his own understanding. In order to remain rigorous, "Reason
The Effect of the Frequency of Holdings Data on Conclusions About Mutual Fund Management Behavior

A number of articles in financial economics have used quarterly or semi-annual mutual fund holdings data to test hypotheses about investment manager behavior. This article reexamines four well-known hypotheses in finance to determine whether the results of prior tests of these hypotheses remain valid when higher frequency (monthly) holdings data are employed. The areas examined are: momentum trading, tax-motivated trading, window dressing, and tournament behavior. We find that the use of monthly holdings data rather than quarterly holdings data or, in the case of tournament behavior, holdings data rather than monthly return data, change, and in some cases reverse, previous results. This occurs because monthly holdings data capture a large number of trades missed by quarterly data (18.5% of the trades) and permit a more precise estimation of the timing of trades.
Automatic Rule Learning for Resource-Limited MT

Machine Translation of minority languages presents unique challenges, including the paucity of bilingual training data and the unavailability of linguistically-trained speakers. This paper focuses on a machine learning approach to transfer-based MT, where data in the form of translations and lexical alignments are elicited from bilingual speakers, and a seeded version-space learning algorithm formulates and refines transfer rules. A rule-generalization lattice is defined based on LFG-style f-structures, permitting generalization operators in the search for the most general rules consistent with the elicited data. The paper presents these methods and illustrates examples.
Cinematographic construction by brains of knowledge from information

Brains create knowledge and express it in information that they post-process into an organized database for exploration by commands that control goal-directed actions. Perception is explained by analyzing the neural activity in human and animal brains as they engage in exploratory behaviors. Measurement is by decomposition and modeling of the neural activity in order to deduce brain operations within and between three levels: microscopic of single neurons, mesoscopic of local networks forming modules, and macroscopic of the global self-organization of the cerebral hemispheres by the organic unity of neocortex. Knowledge is conveyed in fields of dendritic currents in sequences of 'cinematographic' frames.
Respiratory systems in the hemin-requiring Haemophilus species.

White, D. C. (Rockefeller Institute, New York, N.Y.). Respiratory systems in hemin-requiring Haemophilus species. J. Bacteriol. 85:84-96. 1963.-If grown in Levinthal's medium or in proteose peptone medium with excess hemin, Haemophilus influenzae, H. aegyptius, and H. canis (H. haemoglobinophilus) form an electron-transport system consisting of six cytochromes and two respiratory flavoproteins. In proteose peptone, these species can greatly modify the composition of their electron-transport complex. With anaerobic incubation in the presence of nitrate, they produce increased amounts of cytochrome c(1) and the cytochrome oxidases a(1) and o. This anaerobic pattern is greatly exaggerated by growth under carbon monoxide, in which case large concentrations of cytochrome oxidase are produced. In the presence of the inhibitor secobarbital or of growth-limiting amounts of hemin, intermediate amounts of cytochromes and respiratory flavoproteins are formed. When only small amounts of hemin are present, these species grow but form no detectable cytochrome system. Catalase is the only hemoprotein found. Under these conditions, the addition of glucose induces the formation of a lactate oxidase flavoprotein if the system is incubated aerobically. This cytochromeless state also occurs when these species are grown in KCN or anaerobically without nitrate and with excess hemin. The ability of these species to modify the composition of the electron-transport system strongly suggests that this function unit is formed from individual components. Hemin-requiring Haemophilus species have a hemin-sparing compensatory mechanism that allows growth under conditions under which hemin-independent Haemophilus species will not grow.
Waveform Design for Active Sensing Systems: A Computational Approach

Active sensing applications such as radar, sonar and medical imaging, demand proper designs of the probing waveform. A well-synthesized waveform can significantly increase the system performance in terms of signal-to-interference ratio, spectrum containment, beampattern matching, target parameter estimation and so on. The focus of this work is on designing probing waveforms using computational algorithms. We first investigate designing waveforms with good correlation properties, which are widely useful in applications including range compression, channel estimation and spread spectrum. We consider both the design of a single sequence and that of a set of sequences, the former with only auto-correlations and the latter with auto- and cross-correlations. The proposed algorithms leverage FFT (fast Fourier transform) operations and can efficiently generate long sequences that were previously difficult to synthesize. We present a new derivation of the lower bound for sequence correlations that arises from the proposed algorithm framework. We show that such a lower bound can be closely approached by the newly designed sequences. A two-dimensional extension of the time-delay correlation function is the ambiguity function (AF) that involves a Doppler frequency shift. We give an overview of AF properties and discuss how to minimize AF sidelobes in a discrete formation. Besides good correlation properties, we also consider the stopband constraint that is required in the scenario of avoiding reserved frequency bands or strong electronic jammer. We present an algorithm that accounts for both correlation and stopband constraints. We finally consider transmit beampattern synthesis, particularly in the wideband case. We establish the relationship between a desired beampattern and underlying waveforms by using the Fourier transform. We highlight the increased design freedom resulting from the waveform diversity of a MIMO (multi-input multi-output) system.
O Silencio Redimido: A New Perspective on the Spanish Civil War

expectedly positive formulations a theme present in Christianopoulos's work from die very beginning. In die former a truck driver from Corinth "moves Heaven and Earth" to locate the now impoverished and deranged Roza—in more fortunate days, before die Second World War, die singer had helped him out in some way or perhaps even had loved him—and takes care of her until her death. "All by himself he served and nursed her . . . he washed her, combed her hair, took her out for walks, and whenever he had to leave on long trips entrusted her to die women in die neighborhood. . . . When you hear such stories," concludes die narrator, "you gain faith in man" (p. 22). In the latter a girl, a foreign tourist, chooses to walk all night back to town widi her Greek boyfriend—they had apparendy made love in the countryside, dien on die way back dieir motorcycle had been damaged— rather than to accept a ride widi die narrator and his friend. Because of die late hour die narrator and his friend have not been able to make their "pilgrimage" to die grave of die English poet Rupert Brooke, but now they are struck with an equally revering admiration for the girl's love. In die work of Dinos Christianopoulos such faithfulness, whedier to others or to oneself, is rarely depicted as leading to anydiing but a "catastrophe."
Biosynthesis of the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls. XVI. The reversible fixation of radioactive penicillin G to the D-alanine carboxypeptidase of Bacillus subtilis.

Abstract A particulate d-alanine carboxypeptidase present in Bacillus subtilis has been studied. This enzyme has a pH optimum near 5, and is activated by Zn+2 cations. The enzyme is inactivated by penicillin G and activity cannot be restored by washing or by treating it with penicillinase. 14C-Penicillin G is also bound to this particulate enzyme. Both the binding of penicillin G and the inactivation of the carboxypeptidase by penicillin G are reversed by treatment with neutral hydroxylamine, and the kinetics of these two processes is identical. d-Alanine carboxypeptidase activity is also inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents such as iodoacetate in a manner similar to their inhibition of penicillin binding. The possibility that the particulate d-alanine carboxypeptidase may be an uncoupled transpeptidase is discussed.
The folded Gilbert cell: a low voltage high performance CMOS multiplier

Three linearity-improved implementations of a Gilbert cell in CMOS technology are presented. They have low voltage supply requirements and wide input signal ranges on both inputs. Experimental results of a CMOS test chip are presented. The utilization of the cell as a very wide tuning range linear transconductor is discussed. >
A preliminary study on the relationships between global health/quality of life and specific head and neck cancer quality of life domains in Puerto Rico.

Purpose: Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important treatment outcome for head and neck cancer (HNC) patients. By ascertaining the most important HNC HRQOL issues, research and practice can be directed toward enhancing patient QOL. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study of 46 ENT clinic HNC patients in Puerto Rico (PR) was completed. The European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer (EORTC) QLQ-C30 (general QOL), and the QLQ-H&N35 (HNC QOL) instruments were administered. Correlations and multivariable regressions were separately conducted for QLQ-H&N35 variables on the three QLQ-C30 outcome variables: overall health, overall QOL, and the global health/QOL domain. Results: Correlation findings included statistically significant negative correlations between the three QLQ-C30 outcome variables and the QLQ-H&N35 variables pain, swallowing, social eating, social contact, and sexuality. Multivariable linear regression identified statistically significant inverse indicators of the outcomes: (1) “lessening of sexuality” with “overall health” (p= 0.02), (2) “problem with social eating” (p= 0.023), “taking pain killers” (p= 0.025), and “problem with social contact” (p= 0.035) with “overall QOL,” and (3) “problems with social eating” (p < 0.009) and “taking pain killers” (p= 0.016) with the “global health/QOL” domain. Conclusions: We conclude that problems with pain, social eating, social interactions, and loss of sexuality are critical indicators of degraded HRQOL in HNC patients living in Puerto Rico. Our results add to the overall knowledge base regarding QOL among HNC patients. The promise of improved QOL for the HNC patient is attainable through additional research in conjunction with advances in clinical treatments and patient management protocols.
Current Saturation and Electrical Breakdown in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes

We investigate the limits of high energy transport in multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs). In contrast to metal wires, MWNTs do not fail in the continuous, accelerating manner typical of electromigration. Instead, they fail via a series of sharp, equally sized current steps. We assign these steps to the sequential destruction of individual nanotube shells, consistent with the MWNT's concentric-shell geometry. Furthermore, the initiation of this failure is very sensitive to air exposure. In air failure is initiated by oxidation at a particular power, whereas in vacuum MWNTs can withstand much higher power densities and reach their full current carrying capacities.
The interplay of context and emotion for non-anthropomorphic robots

Household robots are becoming commonplace. The application of social cues, such as emotion, has the potential to make such robots easier to use and understand. However, it remains unclear how household robots can or should display emotion, and what considerations should be given to emotive behavior regarding the expected set of contexts in which the robot will operate. In this paper, we report the results of our systematic evaluation of context and emotion recognition of a non-anthropomorphic robot, the iRobot Roomba. Considerations, implications, and future work are discussed.
Survey of Opinions and Judgements on Load-Carrying Among Soldiers Engaged in Combat

Abstract : Users who do not have a basic understanding of principles underlying the design of a load system may incur greater strain by not using the features available. The purpose of this survey was to investigate soldiers' understanding of load-carrying. Questionnaires were administered to one hundred fifty-three soldiers engaged in load-carrying in combat. Results show significant differences in load-carrying knowledge among soldiers based on military experience. Those with more experience demonstrate greater understanding of load biomechanics. They better understand trade-offs between good biomechanics and tactical requirements of combat. In contrast, soldiers with less experience are more uncertain about ways to carry loads. The less experienced show a limited understanding of efficient load-carrying techniques. The survey also shows most soldiers do not enter the service with any prior backpacking experience. Results suggest a need to institute realistic load training and instruction on load-carrying early in the soldier's training in order to avoid the costs of having to learn during their first exposure to combat.
Increased 16α-Hydroxylation of Estradiol in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus*

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is one of many chronic diseases with a predilection for the human female. The reasons for the high female to male (9:1) incidence remain unknown. The total extent of hydroxylation estradiol at either C-16 to more estrogenic metabolites or at C-2 to the catechol estrogens was determined by a radiometric method in the human. Comparing 23 SLE patients to 44 normal controls, an increase in the extent of hydroxylation toward the 16α-metabolites was found in SLE (SLE 15.2 ± 4.3±, range 8.8–30±; normal 9.1 ± 2.3±, range 5.3–14.4%; P < 0.001). Increased 16α-hydroxylation was found in both males (SLE 13.2 ± 3.0%, normal 8.3 ± 2.1%) and females (SLE 15.7 ± 5%, normal 9.9 ± 2.2%) with disease when compared to normal subjects. In addition, studies of several other chronic diseases by the same method did not indicate a similar alteration in 16-hydroxylation. No change in hydroxylation at C-2 was found in male patients, but a decrease was found in female patients. These data suggest t...
Asymmetry in the magnetoconductance of metal wires and loops.

Universal conductance fluctuations in wires and Aharonov-Bohm oscillations in loops are not symmetric about $H=0$. The observation of asymmetry in the periodic oscillations is possible when the phase-coherence length of the wave function is comparable to the separation of the voltage probes. In both cases, four-probe measurements yield resistances which depend on lead configuration. The asymmetries appear like Hall voltages, and are consistent with Onsager's relations.
First principles simulations of local and extended migration of H and defects in a-Si

Extensive and lengthy molecular dynamics (MD) simulations on a-Si:H using the ab initio code of Sankey and Drabold are reported. The supercells contain about 70 atoms and only one defect in order to minimize defect-defect interaction. Simulations on supercell samples that originally contain one bond centered (BC) H in an otherwise defect free sample exhibit BC to BC diffusion as in c-Si. However, localized motion of defects and H atoms were observed that have also been observed in several experiments.
ALIPOMA OF THE EXTENSOR TENDON SHEATHS IN A HORSE

This report describes the identification and surgical removal of a lipoma from the extensor tendon sheaths of a horse. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of a lipoma of the extensor tendon sheaths of a horse. Ultrasonographic evaluation was crucial to patient management, providing information regarding the soft tissue mass characteristics, tumor margins and synovial involvement prior to surgical exploration. Surgical removal was performed and was curative.
Experimental progress of and prospects for nanomagnet logic (NML)

We present the current state-of-the-art of nanomagnetic logic (NML), which is one of the beyond-Moore device technologies being pursued within the SRC-NRI (Nanoelectronics Research Initiative). Advantages of NML include low power and non-volatility. We show that all key ingredients for NML architectures have been demonstrated - including logic, fan-out, and on-chip clock structures. Input and output can be accomplished in a fashion similar to MRAM technology. As such, NML is CMOS compatible.
Effects of prolonged EEG suppression by a pyrrolopyrimidine on learned behavior

Abstract It was found that BW 58-271, a pyrrolopyrimidine, produced a CNS effect in rats resembling cortical spreading depression with suppression of spontaneous electrical activity and production of repeated high voltage slow waves. The effects of anesthetization of rats were studied in an operant conditioning situation with short (SI) and long (LI) fixed intervals for food rewards. Anesthetization with ether or thiopental 24–30 hr after the last training session had no demonstrable effect on this conditioning. Anesthetization with BW 58-271 caused an increase in lever pressing rate during both portions of the LI but did not affect the SI rate. The rats relearned the LI, the rate dropping back to control levels after three weekly trials. Using a photocell activity cage it was found that anesthetization with BW 58-271 also caused an increase in locomotor activity for several subsequent trials in experienced rats but not in inexperienced rats. The effects on learned behavior were postulated to be a consequence of the prolonged spreading depression.
Flexible Distribution of Energy and Storage Resources

Flexible Distribution of EneRgy and Storage Resources (FDERS) is a new framework of integrating Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) and energy storage devices. It was inspired by the V-shape formation of flocks of birds and peloton formation of cycling racing teams that extend the range of traveled distance significantly by way of composite energy savings. For example, the V-shape formation consisting of 25 birds could result in a 70% increase in the range of distance flown by them as compared with a bird flying solo. Similar ideas when applied in integrating DERs and energy storage devices offer the benefits of increased DER lifetime, optimal energy storage deployment, enhanced controllability and improved system robustness. FDERS is an enabling technology to achieve this goal through reconfiguration and the use of variable interface reactances for interconnecting multiple DERs with the utility and load. The values of interface reactances are adjusted depending on the energy resource availability, response characteristics and fuel pricing of individual DERs. This paper presents the basic concept of FDERS supported by energy savings analysis of DER formations in series and parallel configurations.
Reconstructing/Reimagining Democratic Education: From Context to Theory to Practice

Many have suggested that issues of democracy are fundamentally related to school curricula and contexts (Conant, 1948; Dewey, 1944; Dimitriadis and Carlson, 2003; West, 2004). Current social theorists have suggested that a globalized social, economic, and cultural structure has necessitated a rethinking of the relationships between individuals, communities, and institutions. It follows, then, that the premise that democracy must be reinvented (Dewey [1937] 1964; Foucault 2003; Hardt and Negri, 2000) necessarily leads to new notions of curriculum, schools, and education itself. This article argues that thinking through these notions as ways in which to engage the social studies may prove fruitful for those working within critical approaches to education. This cultural studies approach holds as fundamental to our argument that the shifting nature of the political, as part of a greater social structure, simultaneously affects and requires a reimagining of the pedagogical.
Achievements and Challenges II: An Analysis of 1990 Supported Employment Expenditures.

This article describes and discusses the supported employment fiscal activities of the states. Data from a survey of fiscal year 1990 supported employment fiscal activity across the United States are presented, and fund source utilization patterns are compared to those from previous years' surveys. Supported employment expenditures grew approximately 19% from 1989 to 1990. Non-vocational rehabilitation (VR) funds accounted for two thirds of total state expenditures for supported employment. Title I was the largest source of VR supported employment funding, indicating that states are using more general case service dollars and general state revenue to fund supported employment. This change is indicative of supported employment's increasing integration into the VR system.
Renal lymphangioma: a cause of neonatal nephromegaly.

A new born male presented with bilateral nephromegaly and mild hypertension. Function of the right kidney was reduced on excretory urography. Ultrasound showed bilaterally enlarged kidneys with increased echogenicity and poorly defined corticomedullary junctions. Areas of decreased medullary enhancement were seen on CT. Renal biopsy demonstrated lymphangioma, probably arising from the peripelvic renal tissues.
Effect of Preexisting Immunity to Adenovirus Human Serotype 5 Antigens on the Immune Responses of Nonhuman Primates to Vaccine Regimens Based on Human- or Chimpanzee-Derived Adenovirus Vectors

In this study we compared a prime-boost regimen with two serologically distinct replication-defective adenovirus (Ad) vectors derived from chimpanzee serotypes C68 and C1 expressing Gag, Pol, gp140, and Nef of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 with a regimen in which replication-defective Ad vectors of the human serotype 5 (AdHu5) were given twice. Experiments were conducted in rhesus macaques that had or had not been preexposed to antigens of AdHu5. There was no significant difference in T-cell responses tested from peripheral blood of the different groups, although responses were overall highest in nonpreexposed animals immunized with the chimpanzee Ad vectors. Preexisting immunity to AdHu5 completely inhibited induction of transgene product-specific antibodies by the AdHu5 vectors without affecting antibody responses to the chimpanzee vectors. Upon euthanasia, T-cell responses were tested from a number of tissues. Preexisting immunity to AdHu5, commonly found in humans, changed the homing pattern of vaccine-induced T cells. In AdHu5-preexposed animals vaccinated with the chimpanzee Ad vectors, frequencies of transgene-specific T cells were higher in spleens than in blood, and in most preexposed animals vaccinated either with AdHu5 vectors or chimpanzee adenovirus vectors, frequencies of such T cells were exceptionally high in livers. The latter results indicate that analysis of T-cell responses solely from blood mononuclear cells of vaccine recipients may not suffice to compare the potencies of different vaccine regimens.
Bose condensation in biosystems

Abstract A microscopic approach to Frohlich's theory of Bose condensation in biological systems is discussed. The conclusions from this microscopic analysis offer further support for Frohlich's hypothesis.
The 20th anniversary of the three-nucleon analyzing power puzzle - A personal recollection

The history of the three-nucleon analyzing power puzzle is described by an experimentalist who has been collaborating with few-body theoreticians in trying to unravel the physics of this long-standing phenomenon. Although surprising effects have been discovered along the way, the puzzle is still unexplained. Hopefully, some of the long-range three-nucleon force terms predicted by chiral effective field theory in N3LO will eventually solve the puzzle.
Analysis of the joint action of two biological compounds on the gypsy moth

Methods for the analysis of data from a complex bioassay are described. The bioassay was carried out to study the effects of the joint action of two compounds on the mortality of the gypsy moth. It was carried out by first determining a stimulus-response model based on a putative biological mode of action of the mixture. Next, a statistical procedure is described for the analysis of correlated binary data observed over time. These procedures were then used to estimate parameters of interest to biologists, such as estimates for the concentrations of the compounds that cause a certain percentage of the insects to die by a given time.
MRI/MRS evaluation of a female carrier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate skeletal muscle composition of lower extremity muscles in a manifesting female carrier of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MFC DMD ) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). MRI/MRS was performed on the lower extremities and heart of a MFC DMD (47years, 51kg) on four occasions within 21months and in a control subject. Heterogeneity and asymmetry among muscles in the MFC DMD was observed in lipid fraction and mean transverse relaxation time (T 2 ) of lower extremity muscles with some muscles presenting as unaffected (e.g., rectus femoris) and others showing substantial deterioration and lipid infiltration (e.g., vasti muscles). There was an association of abnormal MRI findings and strength and motor function. Over the 21months a small decrease in CSA max and increase in lipid fraction and T 2 was observed in the MFC DMD in some muscles. In summary, this MFC DMD revealed significant imaging evidence of pathologic heterogeneity among muscles. Furthermore, this study shows the feasibility of combining various quantitative MRI and MRS approaches to monitor skeletal muscle involvement.
Material Matters: Representation and Materiality of the Harappan Body

In the Indus Civilization (ca. 2600–1900 BC), a society with no readable texts and few larger-scale representations, terracotta figurines were the most common representations of the human body. This paper explores the unique construction of the material representations of bodies and other material culture from Harappa, a major Indus site now in Pakistan. Hand-modeling representations of human bodies from dual clay pieces, sometimes decorated with bone pigments, suggests a focus on the process and ideological rather than practical choices in the materialization of the Harappan human body. For the Harappans, material matters as they engage physically with their world and embody themselves and their worldview.
Simultaneous Separation of Inorganic Ions and Neutral Organics on a Sol-Gel-Coated Capillary using Combined Capillary Zone Electrophoresis and Capillary Electrochromatography

Abstract Capillary zone electrophoresis was combined with capillary electrochromatography to effect the separation of ionic and neutral organic mixtures. Sol-gel technology was used to coat the capillary wall with a silane-based stationary phase. An n-octyl phase was used for cation-organic mixtures and an octadecyl phase, which incorporated a quaternary ammonium group to effect electroosmotic flow reversal, was employed for anion-organic mixtures. Tetraethoxy silane was used as a spacer to control the density of stationary phase interactive groups. Some data on the optimum ratio of analyte-interactive group to spacer silane in the sol-gel reaction mixture was obtained. Mobile phases were mixtures of typical capillary electrophoresis run buffer and reversed phase chromatography constituents. In all cases, the analytes were separated both within and between classes, the ions exiting the capillary as a group before the neutral organics. Investigation of mobile phase methanol cosolvent and pH effects found t...
Mother-child interactions and seizure control: Relations with behavior problems in children with epilepsy

Abstract Mother-child interaction and level of seizure control were examined in relation to the incidence of reported behavior problems in 59 children with epilepsy. Children with controlled seizures and those without successful seizure control differed on 4 of 20 measures of parent- and teacher-reported behavior problems after relations between mother-child interactions and behavioral ratings were controlled. For behavior problem scales on which children with and without seizure control differed, mother-child interaction measures and children's level of confidence on an individual problem-solving task were as predictive or more predictive of the incidence of behavior problems than was level of seizure control. Findings suggest that both family interactions and children's self-esteem and level of seizure control are critical variables related to the adjustment of children with epilepsy. These results have implications for the multidisciplinary treatment of children with epilepsy and their families.
The list chromatic index of a bipartite multigraph

Abstract For a bipartite multigraph, the list chromatic index is equal to the chromatic index (which is, of course, the same as the maximum degree). This generalizes Janssen′s result on complete bipartite graphs Km, n with m ≠ n; in the case of Kn, n, it answers a question of Dinitz. (The list chromatic index of a multigraph is the least number n for which the edges can be colored so that adjacent edges get different colors, the color of each edge being chosen from an arbitrarily prescribed list of n different colors associated with that edge.)
Species distribution modelling for plant communities: stacked single species or multivariate modelling approaches?

Aim Landscape management and conservation planning require maps of vegetation composition and structure over large regions. Species distribution models (SDMs) are often used for individual species, but projects mapping multiple species are rarer. We compare maps of plant community composition assembled by stacking results from many SDMs with multivariate maps constructed using nearest-neighbor imputation. Location Western Cascades ecoregion, Oregon and California, USA. Methods We mapped distributions and abundances of 28 tree species over 4,007,110 ha at 30-m resolution using three approaches: SDMs using machine learning (random forest) to yield: (1) binary (RF_Bin); (2) basal area (abundance; RF_Abund) predictions; and (3) multi-species basal area predictions using a nearest-neighbor imputation variant based on random forest (RF_NN). We evaluated accuracy of binary predictions for all models, compared area mapped with plot-based areal estimates, assessed species abundance at two spatial scales and evaluated communities for species richness, problematic compositional errors and overall community composition. Results RF_Bin yielded the strongest binary predictions (median True Skill Statistics; RF_Bin: 0.57, RF_NN: 0.38, RF_Abund: 0.27). Plot-scale predictions of abundance were poor for RF_Abund and RF_NN (median Agreement Coefficient (AC): −1.77 and −2.28), but strong when summarized over 50-km radius tessellated hexagons (median AC for both: 0.79). RF_Abund's strength with abundance and weakness with binary predictions stems from predicting small values instead of zeros. The number of zero value predictions from RF_NN was closest to counts of zeros in the plot data. Correspondingly, RF_NN's map-based species area estimates closely matched plot-based area estimates. RF_NN also performed best for community-level accuracy metrics. Conclusions RF_NN was the best technique for building a broad-scale map of diversity and composition because the modelling framework maintained inter-species relationships from the input plot data. Re-assembling communities from single variable maps often yielded unrealistic communities. Although RF_NN rarely excelled at single species predictions of presence or abundance, it was often adequate to many (but not all) applications in both dimensions. We discuss our results in the context of map utility for applications in the fields of ecology, conservation and natural resource management planning. We highlight how RF_NN is well-suited for mapping current but not future vegetation.
Exploiting Analytics Shipping with Virtualized MapReduce on HPC Backend Storage Servers

Large-scale scientific applications on High-Performance Computing (HPC) systems are generating a colossal amount of data that need to be analyzed in a timely manner for new knowledge, but are too costly to transfer due to their sheer size. Many HPC systems have catered to in situ analytics solutions that can analyze temporary datasets as they are generated, i.e., without storing to long-term storage media. However, there is still an open question on how to conduct efficient analytics of permanent datasets that have been stored to the backend persistent storage because of their long-term value. To fill the void, we exploit the analytics shipping model for fast analysis of large-scale scientific datasets on HPC backend storage servers. Through an efficient integration of MapReduce and the popular Lustre storage system, we have developed a Virtualized Analytics Shipping (VAS) framework that can ship MapReduce programs to Lustre storage servers. The VAS framework includes three component techniques: (a) virtualized analytics shipping with fast network and disk I/O; (b) stripe-aligned data distribution and task scheduling and (c) pipelined intermediate data merging and reducing. The first technique provides necessary isolation between MapReduce analytics and Lustre I/O services. The second and third techniques optimize MapReduce on Lustre and avoid explicit shuffling. Our performance evaluation demonstrates that VAS offers an exemplary implementation of analytics shipping and delivers fast and virtualized MapReduce programs on backend Lustre storage servers.
73. Cell type-specific interleukin-1 receptor 1 mediates distinct downstream effects in the central nervous system following an intracerebralventricular injection of interleukin-1 beta

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) in the brain can contribute to numerous behavior abnormalities. Previous studies have shown that IL-1 exerts distinct actions on different cell types with the same IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1) resulting in the activation of different signaling pathways. Additionally, the roles of neuronal and endothelial IL-1R1 expression in mediating IL-1 induced illness behavior and learning and memory deficits remain controversial due to the lack of animal models to precisely dissect a specific cell type from the brain. In this study, we created a novel genetic mouse model that selectively restores functional IL-1R1 on defined cell types under its endogenous promoters. In the IL-1R1 restore mice (R1r/r), the normal IL-1R1 expression are disrupted. After they mated with Tie2Cre or LysMCre mice, IL-1R1 expression has been shown to be restored in endothelial cells or myeloid cells with its mRNA tracked by Tdtomato fluorescence and protein expression monitored by 3HA tag immunohistochemistry. Activation of cyclooxygenase 2 and infiltration of CD45+ cells into the brain parenchyma following an intracerebralventriclar IL-1β injection were observed in the Tie2Cre R1r/r mice, the same as in the wild type control, but not R1r/r mice. The LysMCre R1r/r mice showed distinct responses to IL-1β injection from Tie2Cre, indicating IL-1R1 on different cell types mediate different effects. Additional studies will further distinguish the cellular signaling pathways triggered by IL-1R1 in endothelial cells versus myeloid cells.
Parturient Paresis. I. the Incidence of Parturient Paresis and Changes in the Total Blood Serum Calcium at Parturition in Prepartum Milked Cows

Summary Forty-six cows were prepartum milked from 2 to 16 days. Nine of these cows had parturient paresis. Prepartum milking did not significantly reduce the incidence of parturient paresis. It would seem from the results of this study that factors in addition to the initiation of milk secretion are involved in causing parturient paresis. The incidence of parturient paresis is not seasonal in this herd.
A test of the self-help model and use of complementary and alternative medicine among Hispanic women during treatment for breast cancer.

Purpose/objectives To describe the relationships in Braden's Self-Help Model of side-effect burden to uncertainty, complementary and alternative medicine (CAM), self-care, and quality of life (QOL) in Hispanic women during breast cancer treatment. Design Descriptive, correlational; convenience sample; cross-sectional design. Setting An outpatient oncology clinic in a public setting of a metropolitan community in southern Texas. Sample 137 Hispanic women receiving or completing treatment for breast cancer. Methods Participants completed a comprehensive set of instruments. Analyses included a correlation of variables and multiple regressions to examine variables for potential theoretical relationships. Main research variables CAM use, uncertainty, and enabling skills. Findings CAM use as a resource to reduce uncertainty for Hispanic women during breast cancer treatment was not supported. As a type of self-care, CAM was minimally effective in improving QOL. The greater the side-effect burden that Hispanic women experienced, the more uncertainty and depression and lower QOL scores were found. In contrast, women who were involved in CAM self-care had higher QOL scores. Conclusions The study results provide valuable information about understanding CAM's role during breast cancer therapy among Hispanic women. The model-testing findings indicated strong support for a predicted pattern in Braden's Self-Help Model with a slight trend for CAM as a special type of self-care. Implications for nursing The findings further inform the concept development of CAM and model building. Additional research with a longitudinal design is needed to understand how CAM is used throughout the breast cancer treatment trajectory and will contribute to knowledge guiding nurses in facilitating self-care interventions for Hispanic women.
Role of monocytes in anti-CD3-induced T-cell DNA synthesis : effect of chloroquine and monensin on anti-CD3-induced human T-cell activation

Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) induces proliferation of freshly isolated peripheral blood T cells only in the presence of monocytes/macrophages and requires binding of the Fc portion of antibody to monocytes/macrophages. In this investigation, we examined whether monocytes process anti-CD3 similar to any soluble antigen and present to T cells in context with HLA-DR to induce maximal DNA synthesis. Adherent monocytes were pulsed with anti-CD3 MoAb in the presence or absence of the lysozomotropic agents chloroquine and monensin, which are known to inhibit processing of soluble antigens, washed extensively, and then incubated with autologous T cells in the absence of soluble anti-CD3, and 3H-thymidine incorporation and CD25 expression were measured. Both monensin and chloroquine inhibited anti-CD3-pulsed monocyte-induced T-cell DNA synthesis and CD25 expression in a dose-dependent manner. This inhibitory effect was not due to any loss in cell viability or the effect on the expression of HLA-DR on monocytes. Paraformaldehyde-fixed monocytes pulsed with anti-CD3 MoAb induced significantly less DNA synthesis, HLA-DR expression, and CD25 antigen expression on autologous T cells as compared to responses induced by unfixed anti-CD3-pulsed monocytes. The treatment of anti-CD3-pulsed monocytes with framework-specific anti-HLA-DR MoAb inhibited their capacity to induce T-cell DNA synthesis. These data suggest that monocytes, in addition to serving as the matrix for cross-linking, also process anti-CD3 MoAb and present to the T cells in the context of HLA-DR antigens to induce optimal DNA synthesis.
Intracellular Ca2+ Release Mediates Cationic but Not Anionic Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) Dendrimer-Induced Tight Junction Modulation

Purpose Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers show great promise for utilization as oral drug delivery vehicles. These polymers are capable of traversing epithelial barriers, and have been shown to translocate by both transcellular and paracellular routes. While many proof-of-concept studies have shown that PAMAM dendrimers improve intestinal transport, little information exists on the mechanisms of paracellular transport, specifically dendrimer-induced tight junction modulation.
The Consistency of Stromgren-Beta Photometry for Northern Galactic Clusters. II. Praesepe and NGC 752

We have measured stars in Praesepe and NGC 752 in an internally-consistent Stromgren-Beta system. This system is based in large part on published Hyades and Coma measurements. On comparing our Praesepe results to those of Crawford and Barnes (1969, AJ, 74, 818), we find that the published color indices require corrections of 10-18 mmag to put them on the Hyades-Coma system. This deduction applies for b-y, m1 and Beta (but not c1). For the NGC 752 data of Crawford and Barnes (1970, AJ, 75, 946), we obtain a nonzero correction only for Beta. This correction is about 9 mmag. Also for NGC 752, we find that the data of Twarog (1983, ApJ, 267, 207) require corrections ranging from 4-17 mmag, with all Stromgren indices being affected and the largest correction being for m1. These corrections resolve the long-standing problem posed by the differences between the Twarog and Crawford-Barnes data. For three published sources of V magnitudes, we obtain offsets ranging from -14 to +27 mmag relative to our zero point, and we suggest that such offsets are fairly common in published photometry for galactic clusters. For Praesepe, we use new and corrected data to test for a c1 anomaly and is indistinguishable from Coma in that regard.