cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic azimuthal anisotropy beneath the Pakistan Himalayas

Teleseismic S, SKS and SKKS data, collected from a temporary broadband array across the Himalayan front in Pakistan, are analyzed for shear-wave splitting parameters. The SKS and SKKS phases have ray paths originating from both the South Pacific and Colombia which have azimuths approximately 40° apart with respect to the Pakistan array. If significant seismic azimuthal anisotropy is present we should observe splitting associated with one of these ray paths. No evidence was seen for any shear-wave splitting beneath any of the stations in the array. Teleseismic S waves were also used in order to provide better azimuthal coverage for the shear-wave splitting measurements. We were able to correct for any source-side anisotropy when needed. No receiver-side splitting was observed in any of the S wave data. The lack of shear-wave splitting beneath the Pakistan array indicates that there is no appreciable large-scale azimuthal anisotropy beneath this part of the Himalayas. Therefore, if there is any significant strain in the upper mantle beneath this area, it must either be vertically oriented, or, if horizontal, vertically vary in such a way that the integrated effect on S wave splitting is null.
Synthesis of Homoleptic Neopentoxide and Hydrido-Neopentoxide Trirhenium(III) Clusters.

The purpose of this study was to synthesize Re3(μ-OCH2CMe3)3(OCH2CMe3)6 and to determine if it could serve as a source of Re3(μ-OCH2CMe3)3(H)(OCH2CMe3)5 by analogy to Re3(μ-O-i-Pr)3(O-i-Pr)6, a pre...
Centroid moment tensor solutions for deep earthquakes predating the digital era: The historical dataset (1907-1961)

Abstract We present a catalogue of 35 centroid moment tensor solutions for deep earthquakes ( h ≥300 km), covering the years 1907–1961, and obtained by applying the inversion algorithm routinely used in the Harvard CMT project to analog records obtained from archived collections of historical seismograms. While the catalogue does not achieve completeness, it provides new insight into as many significant historical events as could be obtained given the available data.
Kinetics of insulin aggregation in aqueous solutions upon agitation in the presence of hydrophobic surfaces.

Abstract The stability of protein-based pharmaceuticals (e.g., insulin) is important for their production, storage, and delivery. To gain an understanding of insulin's aggregation mechanism in aqueous solutions, the effects of agitation rate, interfacial interactions, and insulin concentration on the overall aggregation rate were examined. Ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy, high-performance liquid chromatography, and quasielastic light scattering analyses were used to monitor the aggregation reaction and identify intermediate species. The reaction proceeded in two stages; insulin stability was enhanced at higher concentration. Mathematical modeling of proposed kinetic schemes was employed to identify possible reaction pathways and to explain greater stability at higher insulin concentration.
TH‐A‐217BCD‐05: Material Decomposition in Spectral Computed Tomography (CT) Using a Likelihood‐Based Method

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of accurate quantification of concentrations of mixtures of K‐edge contrast agents in spectral Computed Tomography(CT)imaging based on a novel maximum likelihood based method. Methods:Calcium,gold, and iodine solutions of various concentrations were prepared in vials and placed in phantoms for imaging at 100 kVp with a Cadmium‐Zinc‐Telluride (CZT) photon counting detector. The linear attenuation maps were reconstructed in 5 energy bins, whose boundaries were 22, 34, 60, 80, and 100 keV. A novel maximum likelihood‐based algorithm for material decomposition was developed. Summing over the energy bins, on a pixel‐by‐pixel basis, this procedure takes into account the reconstructed linear attenuation coefficient, its associated noise, and the tabulated mass attenuation coefficient of each material of interest, to determine a cost function. The unknown parameters to be fitted by optimization by the MINUIT optimizer (from CERN) of the cost function are the concentrations of the materials of interest at each pixel. The result is a density map image for upper limits on the concentration of each material. Results: Multiple material decomposition of the spectral CT phantoms according to this method yields reliable estimates of concentrations. The upper limits on concentrations are linearly correlated with known concentrations. Conclusions: This study indicates that the problem of decomposition of multiple materials of interest may be facilitated by optimization in the image domain, based on linear attenuation values, and using log‐likelihood and upper limit techniques. This technique can be used for analysis of the spectral CT data.
Determination of the Coefficient of Diffusion and Frequency of Ionization in Microwave Discharges

A method is presented for direct determination of the frequency of ionization and of the coefficient of free diffusion for electrons in a microwave discharge. The method is based on determining the rate of growth of the electron density in a microwave cavity in which an electric field larger than that necessary for breakdown is applied. The ionization frequency and the coefficient of free diffusion for electrons in hydrogen were measured in a pressure range of 15 to 45 mm Hg. Comparison is made with existing theory.
Protein solubilities determined by a rapid technique and modification of that technique to a micro-method

A simple, rapid method for determination of protein solubilities has been developed which is based upon maximization of the free solution volume to be brought into equilibrium. The tetragonal lysozome solubility diagram has been determined from pH 4.0 to 5.2 (0.1 M sodium acetate), 2-7 percent NaCl, 3-25 C, and portions of the orthorhombic solubility diagram using this technique. Both tetragonal and orthorhombic solubilities were found to increase smoothly with decreasing salt concentration and increasing temperature; no retrograde solubilities were observed. Using column volumes of 75, 300, and 900 microliters, identical tetragonal lysozyme solubility diagrams were obtained. Chymotrypsinogen solubilities have also been determined using this apparatus, being retrograde over the temperature range tested. It is noted that the primary limiting factor in reducing the crystalline volume is the minimum solution sample size needed to accurately quantitate the protein.
Can the cosmological constant stabilize galaxy clusters

JACKSON has proposed that the cosmological constant is negative, and so large as to stabilize the clusters of galaxies without “hidden mass”1. But if we explain the stability of clusters of galaxies in this way, the entire universe must implode during the time taken for one galaxy to cross a cluster once; this conclusion is independent of the Hubble constant, and the motions in the clusters would arise mainly from the Hubble expansion itself, since there is no time over which to define a steady state.
High resolution urban feature extraction for global population mapping using high performance computing

The advent of high spatial resolution satellite imagery like Quick Bird (0.6 meter) and IKONOS (1 meter) has provided a new data source for high resolution urban land cover mapping. Extracting accurate urban regions from high resolution images has many applications and is essential to the population mapping efforts of Oak Ridge National Laboratory's (ORNL) LandScan population distribution program. This paper discusses an automated parallel algorithm that has been implemented on a high performance computing environment to extract urban regions from high resolution images using texture and spectral features.
Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve

Congenital absence of the pulmonary valve (CAPV) is a rare anomaly usually associated with ventricular septal defect or Fallot's tetralogy. CAPV may be rapidly fatal in infancy because of severe disturbance of pulmonary ventilation resulting from bronchial compression by massively dilated pulmonary arteries. Other cases may be relatively benign. Our group of five cases with CAPV ranged from the severe to one case in which there was documented closure of a patent ductus arteriosus and a ventricular septal defect, leaving the CAPV as an apparently isolated, well-tolerated lesion. Plain chest radiographs play a major part in the diagnosis of CAPV since they almost invariably give some indication od the aneurysmal dilatation of the pulmonary arteries. On angiography, dilated main pulmonary arteries are shown giving rise to branches of normal or even diminished caliber.
Effects of pressure on optical F-bands in rubidium halides

Abstract High pressure optical absorption measurements have been made on additively colored RbCl and RbBr at pressures up to 10 kbar and on electrolytically colored Rbl up to 4 kbar. The pressure dependence of the F -band produced in RbCl by x -irradiation in the s.c. phase is also reported. Effects of the pressure induced structure transformation in these salts are described. F -band pressure shifts are related to a semi-empirical treatment which takes account of relative ion sizes. A new Ivey law for F -centers in host crystals having the s.c. structure is presented. This relation is established using all available F -band data including those for salts transformed to the s.c. structure by the application of high pressure.
Defining the superior border of posterior fossa radiation treatment fields

Abstract Purpose: Lateral posterior fossa treatment fields are usually defined on traditional simulation films based on bony landmarks. The superior field border, intended to include the apex of the tentorium cerebelli, is frequently difficult to define. While sagittal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images or three-dimensional treatment planning tools are good means to locate the tentorial apex, these are not always available. We herein describe a method for locating the tentorial apex based on bony landmarks. Methods and Materials: Midsagittal magnetic resonance images of 53 patients were reviewed. Using a Cartesian grid, the geometric relationship between the tentorial apex and several bony landmarks was assessed. Two lines were defined: the first connected the posterior clinoid and the internal occipital protuberance (AB). The second was perpendicular to the first, included the tentorial apex, and extended from the base of the skull inferiorly to the “crown” of the skull superiorly (DE). Relationships between measurements were made using linear regression and least square fits. Results: Line DE was within 5 mm of the perpendicular bisector of line AB in 83% (44/53) of patients. The tentorial apex was located within 10 mm of the midpoint of DE in 91% (48/53) of patients. Conclusion: In the majority of patients, the location of the tentorial apex can be estimated based on bony landmarks, to within approximately 10 mm. The technique described is a useful means of estimating the location of the tentorial apex in patients where sagittal MRI imaging or three-dimensional treatment planning tools are not available.
Translation of representations of the structure of matter and its relationship to reasoning, gender, spatial reasoning, and specific prior knowledge

The purpose of this study was to characterize high school chemistry students' ability to make translations between three representations of the structure of matter, and to determine the degree to which the students' ability to make these translations is related to reasoning ability, spatial reasoning ability, gender, and specific knowledge of the representations. Translation between formula, electron configuration, and ball-and-stick model representations of matter were chosen for study because of their promise for adding to knowledge of students' conceptual ecology, and because they may be of practical use for teaching and evaluation in chemistry classrooms. Representations have the characteristic that they embed selected details of the relevant concept or principle, but permit other details to fade. As one example, the chemical formula for water, H2O, explicitly conveys the identity of the constituent elements and their ratio, but does not explicitly convey the bond angle or whether the bonds are single or double. On the other hand, the ball-and-stick model of water explicitly conveys the bond angle and bond orders, but does not emphasize the ratio of the elements. Translation between representations is an information processing task, requiring understanding of the underlying concept to the extent that the individual can interpret the information provided by the initial representation and infer the details required to construct the target representation. In this study, the use of the translations of representations as an indicator of understanding of chemical concepts is developed in terms of (a) its relationship to four variables associated with achievement in chemistry, (b) specific representation error types, and (c) its utility in revealing details of students' conceptions and concept formation. Translation of representation performance was measured by administering, audio recording, transcribing, and scoring individual, task-based, think-aloud interviews. The associated interview schedule was entitled Translation of Representations—Structure of Matter [TORSOM]. Reasoning ability was measured by the Group Assessment of Logical Thinking—short form (GALT-s), spatial reasoning ability by the spatial reasoning subtest of the Differential Abilities Test (SRDAT), and prior knowledge of the representations by a test developed by the first researcher (Knowledge of Representations—Structure of Matter). When each of the hypothetical correlates were regressed on TORSOM individually, results indicated the KORSOM and GALT-s but not gender or SRDAT were statistically significant (alpha = .05). The two-predictor model accounts for 28% of the variance in the TORSOM scores. Representation error types are described and exemplified.
A variational method for harmonic mappings onto convex regions

Harmonic mappings arise in several areas of analysis and geometry. Our purpose is to present a general variational method for treating extremal problems over families of univalent harmonic functions which map the unit disk onto a given convex region. In the special case where the target region is again the unit disk, the method leads to sharp estimates for coefficients and other functionals.
Normal pressure "herniation".

Introduction: Hydrocephalus with normal intracranial pressure has rarely been reported to result in herniation. Methods: Case report. Results: A 52-year-old man became acutely comatose with extensor posturing and ventriculomegaly 17 days after experiencing a primary ventricular hemorrhage. An external ventricular drain revealed normal intracranial pressure. After 24 hours without improvement with the drain set at a level of 5 mm H2O, negative-pressure siphoning (50 mL of cerebrospinal fluid [CSF] removed) reduced ventricular size and led to dramatic clinical recovery. Conclusion: Normal pressure hydrocephalus can result in delayed brainstem herniation after ventricular hemorrhage. CSF siphoning in these patients can reverse the syndrome.
Association of steroid receptor coactivator AIB1 with estrogen receptor-alpha in breast cancer cells.

The steroid receptor coactivator AIB1 (amplified in breast cancer-1) is a transcriptional coactivator which has been found to be amplified in breast cancer. We have now investigated the role of the AIB1 protein in breast cancer cell lines. Although detectable levels of AIB1 were present in most cell lines, high levels of AIB1 expression were observed only in the ER-positive cell lines MCF-7 and BT-474 by western blot analysis. Newly developed monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were used in several assays to show an association between AIB1 and estrogen receptor-α (ER). AIB1 and ER co-localized to the nucleus of ER positive cell lines as shown by immunofluorescence microscopy, and a functional association of native AIB1 and ER in MCF-7 nuclear extracts was shown by EMSA. Recombinant ER also recruited AIB1 protein from nuclear extracts, shown by EMSA and by precipitation of ER-complex proteins bound to a biotinylated-ERE DNA target. Additionally, anti-AIB1 mAbs were able to immunoprecipitate ER from nuclear extracts of chemically cross-linked cells but not from uncross-linked cells. Both immunoprecipitation and oligonucleotide precipitation studies demonstrated the presence of p300 and CBP as part of the ER transcriptional complex. These results suggest that AIB1 and ER do associate physically in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines. We propose that in AIB1 amplified breast cancers, a heightened AIB1/ER association may play a crucial role in the progression of these tumors.
Shattuck Lecture--Hidden barriers to improvement in the quality of care.

The Shattuck Lecture is delivered at the Annual Meeting of the Massachusetts Medical Society. In the 111th lecture, Dr. Barbara McNeil discusses a core problem in health policy, the barriers to improvement in the quality of medical care. She focuses on two key impediments: uncertainty about which therapeutic and diagnostic interventions are actually effective, and cost pressures, which may result in the underuse of potentially valuable medical treatments and techniques.
Fatty Acid and Carnitine-Linked Abnormalities During Ischemia and Cardiomyopathy

Myocardial ischemia, a condition whereby reduced perfusion provides an insufficient supply of oxygen to the heart, begins with potentially reversible metabolic and physiological changes which last about 20 minutes (1, 2). Many of these changes seem geared to protect the heart during periods of oxygen deficiency (3). Nevertheless, if perfusion is not restored within this period, irreversible changes in metabolism, structure and function occur, and ultimately the condition will lead to myocardial infarction and cellular death (1, 4, 5).
The effect of temperature on nuclear permeability.

Die relative Transportgeschwindigkeit von kolloidalem Gold durch die Membran des Zellkerns verringert sich, wenn die Temperatur von 34° auf 10°C herabgesetzt wird. Ein ahnlicher Temperatureffekt darf fur den Transport von Ribonukleoproteinen angenommen werden, da diese Substanzen denselben Weg benutzen wie kolloidale Teilchen. Werden die Zellen bei 2°C inkubiert, so machen sich Anzeichen einer Zerstorung der Kernmembrane bemerkbar. Die beobachteten Konzentrationsunterschiede von kolloidalem Gold innerhalb des Kernplasmas konnten nicht durch Grossenanderungen der Zentralkanale in den Kernporen erklart werden.
Status of thousand cankers disease on eastern black walnut in the eastern United States at two locations over 3 years

Summary Thousand cankers disease (TCD), a lethal fungal dieback of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra), caused by Geosmithia morbida, and spread by the walnut twig beetle, Pityophthorus juglandis, was documented in 2009 to be very destructive in the western United States and was identified in the native range of J. nigra at Knoxville, Tennessee, in 2010, and in 2011 at Richmond, Virginia. Beginning late 2010, we studied branch dieback levels (per cent live crown) and new TCD symptom development at these two quarantined locations monthly for 3 years. Of the 106 trees studied (53 at each location), 31 trees had low live crown ratings of 70 to 0% with little change over the 3 years of the study. One per cent of the trees developed new symptoms on a per-year basis. Thus, a moderate level of TCD (mean = 76% live crown) was present in these two locations, and most trees were in a quiescent or dormant TCD condition for 3 years, an important finding not previously reported. We found new TCD symptoms developed in Richmond in 2011 and 2012 when precipitation from January 1 to the end of August was low (60–64 cm), and not when the precipitation in Richmond was higher (99 cm). In late 2012, in Richmond, soil water potential assays indicated that some black walnut trees were under severe physiological stress (−15 bars). In contrast, in 2013, high precipitation levels (99 and 130 cm) and high soil water potentials (−0.1 to −3 bars) at both locations were associated with extensive new foliage and stem growth and recovery from TCD. Further research is needed on water relationships in regard to TCD and black walnut health.
Endosome-based protein trafficking and Ca2+ homeostasis in the heart

The ability to dynamically regulate, traffic, retain, and recycle proteins within the cell membrane is fundamental to life and central to the normal function of the heart and cardiovascular system. In the heart, these systems are essential for the regulation of cardiac calcium, both at the level of the plasma membrane, but also at local domains of the endoplasmic reticulum, sarcoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, nucleus, and nuclear envelope. One intracellular pathway often overlooked in relation to cardiovascular calcium regulation and signaling is the endosome-based trafficking pathway. Highlighting its importance, this system and its molecular components are evolutionarily conserved across all metazoans. However, remarkably little is known of how endosome-based protein trafficking and recycling functions within mammalian cells systems, especially in the heart. The vast majority of what is known has been derived from heterologous cell systems. However, recently, more appropriate cell and animal models been developed that have allowed researchers to begin to understand how this system functions within the intact physiological environment. All excitable cells, including cardiomyocytes, depend on the proper expression and organization of multiple ion channels, pumps, exchangers, and transporters within the plasma membrane. As the endosomal system acts to regulate the expression and localization of membrane proteins, understanding the in vivo function of this system in the heart is important. This review will focus on endosome-based protein trafficking in the heart in both health and disease. Special emphasis will be given to the role played by the family of endocytic regulatory proteins, C-terminal Eps15 homology domain -containing proteins (EHDs), as recent data demonstrates that this family of proteins is essential for the proper trafficking and localization and of key proteins involved in excitation-contraction coupling.
A Confirmatory Factor-Analytic Evaluation of the Purpose in Life Test: Preliminary Psychometric Support for a Replicable Two-Factor Model

This study’s purpose was to use confirmatory factor analysis to compare published factor-analytic models of the 20-item Purpose in Life test (PIL) to identify the one that provides the best fit to the data. To date many different models have been described, with limited evidence to support whether they are replicable. This study utilized data from undergraduates (N = 620) from a medium-sized university located in the southern United States. Ten different PIL models were tested, with support found for the two-factor model (exciting life, purposeful life) of Morgan and Farsides. Recommendations and implications for research are provided.
Are dopamine antagonists a risk factor for breast cancer? An answer from Parkinson's disease

Women undergoing chemotherapy for breast cancer are often administered dopamine antagonist adjuvant medications that may increase levels of prolactin potentially increasing the risk of cancer. Using nationwide computerized registers of death data for the years 1991 through 1996 we examined 12,430,473 deaths of persons over 40 years of age and extracted 144,364 cases with Parkinson's disease (PD), a dopamine deficient population. Patients with PD had lower rates of breast and other types of malignancies, even in the presence of depression and suicide.
High-mobility group box 1 inhibition protects against hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Introduction. Hepatic ischemia followed by reperfusion (I/R) occurs in the settings of trauma, transplantation, and elective liver resections. The mechanisms that account for local organ damage are only partially understood. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been identified as a late mediator of lethality in sepsis and is released by damaged tissues where it could also act as a mediator of inflammation and organ injury. We hypothesized that HMGB1 would contribute to organ injury following hepatic I/R. Methods. HMGB1 protein expression and hepatocellular secretion were determined in rat hepatocytes subjected to hypoxia (1% O2) versus normoxic cells. The role of HMGB1 in mediating hepatic I/R injury was examined in C57Bl/6 mice that underwent 90 min of partial I/R injury. These mice were pretreated with neutralizing HMGB1 antibody (600 μg) or control normal saline 1 h prior to ischemia. Results. Basal HMGB1 expression was observed in normoxic hepatocytes and was dramatically up regulated 12–24 h after hypoxia. This corresponded to increased HMGB1 secretion 18–24 h after hypoxia. In mice undergoing partial warm liver I/R injury, HMGB1 protein expression is increased as early as 1 h after reperfusion and then increases in a time-dependent manner up to 24 h. Inhibition of HMGB1 activity with neutralizing antibody significantly decreased liver damage after warm ischemia compared to control animals. TABLE—ABSTRACT 81 . Group ALT-1 h ALT-6 h ALT-24h Sham 67 ± 24 57 ± 8 51 ± 2 Control 3101 ± 1167 8140 ± 1656 905 ± 65 Anti-HMGB1 662 ± 120 ∗ 2382 ± 687 ∗ 265 ± 16 ∗ Note. Data are mean ± SEM, n = 3–4 per group; ∗ indicates P Conclusion. This study demonstrates that HMGB1 is up regulated in hepatocytes by simple hypoxia. The same was seen to occur in vivo in liver I/R as early as 1 h. The reduction in liver damage by a neutralizing antibody shows that HMGB1 is a key mediator in the pathways that lead to organ damage in warm liver I/R. Thus, unlike sepsis where HMGB1 is late mediator, this danger protein appears to be an early mediator in I/R.
Simulated microgravity impairs leukemic cell survival through altering VEGFR-2/VEGF-A signaling pathway.

Motile cells capable of undergoing transendothelial migration, such as hematopoietic and leukemic cells, have been shown to sense and respond to a decrease in their surrounding gravity. In this study, we investigated the effects of microgravity on human leukemic cell proliferation and expression of receptors that control cell survival, such as the tyrosine kinase vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR-2). VEGFR-2 is shuttled between the nucleus and membrane, and through an autocrine activation of its ligand, VEGF-A, conveys signals that control cell survival. Autocrine or paracrine stimulation of VEGFR-2 facilitates localization of this receptor from the membrane to the nucleus—a process that results in increased survival of the leukemic cells. Here, we provide evidence that the mechanical forces altered by simulated microgravity localize and maintain VEGFR-2 in the membrane, and also block VEGF-A expression. This interferes with the shuttling of VEGFR-2 to the nucleus, resulting in a decrease in signaling and enhanced leukemic cell death. These data suggest that microgravity modulates cell survival through altering the cellular trafficking and activation state of tyrosine kinase receptors. This study has potential implications for understanding the regulation of receptor biology in pathophysiology, particularly VEGFR trafficking, thereby providing for the development of appropriate therapeutic strategies to abrogate intracrine stimulation triggered by VEGFR internalization.
The ion fly-wheel effect on the electro-thermal instability in non-equilibrium MHD hall disc generators

Abstract The electro-thermal instability has so far been studied in collisional time scales, neglecting the effects of the charge separation field which follows any perturbation in a non-equilibrium plasma used as the operating fluid in a closed-cycle MHD generator. In this paper, the electro-thermal instability has been treated in an approximately collisionless time scale. With the appearance of the charge separation field, some energy will be transferred from the electrons to the ions during the process of restoration of the charge neutrality. Part of the energy thus transferred can be stored in the azimuthal translational mode of the ions (referred to in this paper as “the ion fly-wheel”, for simplicity); the energy thus stored will be transferred to the neutrals by ion-neutral collisions, without triggering further instabilities. There will be a gain in the critical Hall parameter, since the energy causing the instability is now reduced. The conditions for the transfer of energy from the electrons to the ion fly-wheel are ideally available in a non-equilibrium MHD Hall disc generator operating with flow symmetry. Approximate calculations predict that the critical Hall parameter can be raised from 2 to 3 by virtue of the ion fly-wheel effect, if the pressure gradient is about 2 bars/m for the case of a potassium seeded argon plasma with T e = 2500 K and B = 3 tesla.
ANALYSIS OF NUCLEON-NUCLEUS SCATTERING

The small angle scattering amplitudes of 140 MeV nucleons elastically scattered from He, Be, C, and Al have been determined by making a least squares fit to some of the available proton and neutron cross section and polarization data. The nuclear amplitudes were parameterized as in the earlier work of Cromer and (in the case of p-nucleus scattering) were combined with the Coulomb amplitudes following the work of Bethe. The analysis was restricted to the angular region from 3° to 11° and resulted in the determination of the real and imaginary parts of the spin-independent and spin-dependent amplitudes at zero degrees. All the p-nucleus data at angles <6° were corrected for multiple Coulomb scattering, following the work of Cormack. These corrections were very large (e.g., the correction was 35% for carbon at 4° lab.) and were found to be necessary in order to obtain simultaneous fits to the proton and neutron data. The high energy scattering approximation was then used to determine the central and spin-orbit optical parameters from these amplitudes. In impulse approximation these optical parameters are related directly to the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes (The subscripts 1 and 0 refer to the isotopic spin states of the two-nucleon system.) In this way a and c have been determined from the scattering amplitudes for each nucleus. The results are found to be approximately independent of the particular nucleus, as they should be. Good agreement is found value. None of the basic conclusions of the paper is affected by this change in the polarization.
Evolutionary neuroscience: Limitations and prospects

Brain evolution is a complex weave of species similarities and differences, bound by diverse rules and principles. This book is a detailed examination of these principles, using data from a wide array of vertebrates but minimizing technical details and terminology. It is written for advanced undergraduates, graduate students, and more senior scientists who already know something about “the brain,” but want a deeper understanding of how diverse brains evolved. The book’s central theme is that evolutionary changes in absolute brain size tend to correlate with many other aspects of brain structure and function, including the proportional size of individual brain regions, their complexity, and their neuronal connections. To explain these correlations, the book delves into rules of brain development and asks how changes in brain structure impact function and behavior. Two chapters focus specifically on how mammal brains diverged from other brains and how Homo sapiens evolved a very large and “special” brain.
The Effects of a Reinforcement Package for On-Task and Reading Behavior with At-Risk and Middle School Students with Disabilities

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the use of a reinforcement package with four middle school students who were below grade level in reading. Data were gathered, independently by two observers, for on-task behavior for the number of correct words read for a two-minute timed trial, and for book pre- and posttests. These data were gathered during Direct Instruction Corrective Reading Lessons. The participants earned points for increases in reading academic behaviors and on-task during the lesson. The effects of the reinforcement package were evaluated in an ABAB single case replication design. The overall outcomes indicate that on-task behavior improved from the low levels during both baselines and increased to high levels when the reinforcement package was in effect. Changes in reading rate were also dramatic with the largest increases found when the reinforcement package was in effect. Increases in pre- and posttest scores were noted for each of the participants. The advantages of em...
Sensory discrimination training in the treatment of a case of chronic constipation

A 31-year-old woman with a history of life-long constipation and laxative dependence was treated with discrimination training for rectal sensation. She had complained of absence of the urge to defecate, bloating with abdominal discomfort, and need for laxatives to relieve symptoms. Manometric examination with an anorectal balloon assembly revealed a normal threshold for sphincteric reflexes, but an abnormally elevated threshold for detection of rectal distention. Behavioral treatment consisted of a manometrically based sensory discrimination procedure designed to reduce the sensory threshold for rectal distention. Multiple training sessions with this procedure allowed recognition of progressively smaller rectal distention volumes. Accompanying these changes in rectal sensory threshold were concomitant increases in the frequency of bowel movements, decreases in the weekly use of laxatives, and decreases in subjective discomfort. Therapeutic effects were maintained at follow-up examination one year later. The results of this case study suggest that behavioral training to increase rectal sensation may be useful in treating constipation in patients who have abnormal rectal sensory thresholds.
Neutral information structure for manufacturing simulations: designing reusable simulation modules for electronics manufacturing systems

Developing simulation models for related problems in the same domain is generally a repetitive process. Such simulation models are similar in many aspects and have only minor differences. Modeling efforts can be reduced to a great extent through the development of domain specific modules or templates that encapsulate the domain-specific logic and hide many of the modeling details. This paper describes the development of such a domain-specific template for electronics assembly. In particular, the template focuses on the automated assembly of printed circuit boards. The template encompasses the complexity of the target domain and simplifies the model-building process. While the paper focuses on a language-neutral description of the template, specific experience with Arena is described.
Diagnosis and treatment of cystinuria.

Abstract Diagnosis and treatment of cystinuria are reviewed, with 4 case reports. Problems in the management of these patients with low methionine diet, fluids, alkalinization of the urine, and d-penicillamine (Cuprimine) are discussed.
Complaints as Positive Strategies: What the Learner Needs to Know

This study is an analysis of the speech act sequence of indirect complaint/commiseration in conversational interactions between Japanese learners of English as a second language and their English-speaking peers. An indirect complaint (IC) is defined as the expression of dissatisfaction about oneself or someone/something that is not present. It differs from a direct complaint in that the addressee is neither held responsible nor capable of remedying the perceived offense. Data from a larger study on ICs among native speakers (NSs) showed that ICs are frequently employed as positive strategies for the purpose of establishing points of commonality. The focus here is a contrastive view of IC responses by NSs and Japanese learners. Consequences of nonsubstantive, noncommiserative responses on the part of the learners are explored in light of missed opportunities for sustained interaction that can lead to increased opportunities for negotiation of meaning in the L2.
DO RACIAL AND ETHNIC STEREOTYPES DEPEND ON THE SEX OF TARGET GROUP MEMBERS? Evidence from a Survey‐Based Experiment

Several social scientific perspectives suggest that racial and ethnic stereotypes vary by the sex of minority group members. However, prior research has not used survey data to test the hypothesis that the public holds strong gendered racial/ethnic stereotypes. We exploit a between-subjects experiment in the Multi-City Study of Urban Inequality to investigate the extent to which respondents' beliefs about seven attributes of four racial/ethnic target groups depend on the sex of target group members. Consistent with the “contingent” perspective of intersectionality theory, we find that effects of target group sex depend upon the extent to which particular racial/ethnic stereotypes have been gendered in American culture. However, we also find that effects of target group sex are consistently much smaller than those of race/ethnicity. We conclude by discussing implications for survey research on stereotypes across multiple status dimensions.
Evolution of the Moon's orbit and the origin of life

Indications about the past history of the lunar orbit that are yielded by palaeontological data derived from periodicities in fossil corals are shown to suggest that the moon approached the earth 2,850 plus or minus 250 Myr BP. Convergent evidence in the geological record indicates that a pulse of high temperature volcanism occurred about 2800 Myr BP. The implied catastrophe roughly coincides with the first records of life. It seems within the realm of possibility that a global thermal event might have been involved in the origin of life.
Skin reflectance of lowland Bolivian youths of European ancestry

The skin reflectances of 257 Bolivian youths of European ancestry (140 males, 117 females; 9.0-19.9 yr) residing in Santa Cruz, Bolivia (average altitude of 400 m) are described. Reflectances were measured at three wavelengths (425 nm, 545 nm, and 685 nm) on two different sites, the medial surface of the inner upper arm and the forehead. Males tended to be darker than females, significantly on the inner upper arm (P .05). The results of comparisons between two groups based on maternal and paternal surnames (two Spanish surnames, at least one non-Spanish European surnames) were consistent with expectations, or with those with two Spanish surnames tending to be significantly darker than those with one or more non-Spanish European surname (P < .05). Finally, the results of a principal components analysis of reflectances were similar to those found in a previous study of highland Bolivians of Aymara ancestry. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 10:559-565, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
An experimental investigation of natural convection in a horizontal cylinder

This work deals with an experimental investigation of natural convection inside a horizontal cylinder. The fluid, geometry, and thermal boundary condition were chosen so as to have a high Prandtl number and unit-order Grashof number.The thermal boundary condition was established by imposing temperatures at two points, 180° apart, on the circumference of the cylinder. The resulting boundary condition for the full 360° was found experimentally and is presented. The apparatus was constructed so that the entire cylinder could be rotated in order to introduce an arbitrary heating angle into the boundary condition.Temperature profiles and streamline patterns were observed at steady state for various values of this heating angle and for various initial conditions. For some cases, velocity profiles were also plotted. It was found that the interior ‘core’ of fluid was thermally stratified when the diameter containing the two imposed temperatures was horizontal. The flow occurred primarily in the region close to the cylinder wall. The cylinder was rotated so that the diameter containing the two imposed temperatures made an angle with the horizontal. The hotter of the imposed temperatures was always below the horizontal diameter of the cylinder. As this angle of rotation increased, it was found that the velocities encountered in the fluid increased and the degree of thermal stratification in the core region decreased. It was also found that the steady-state results were identical for the different initial conditions imposed. The results of this study are compared with previous work, both analytic and experimental.
Deposition of Gallium Nitride Films using Ammonia and Triethylgallium Seeded Helium Beams

Gallium nitride films have been deposited on Si(100) and Al2O3(0001) substrates using triethylgallium and ammonia seeded into highly expanded helium gas streams. A two step deposition process that reproducibly results in continuous crystalline GaN films has been developed. The microstructure and composition of the resultant films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, reflection high energy electron diffraction and Auger electron spectroscopy and film character was correlated to deposition conditions.
Liver transplant donor candidates: Associations between vascular and biliary anatomic variants

Our objective was to investigate the coexistence of vascular and biliary anatomic variants, the latter of which are known to increase the risk of biliary complications in living liver donor transplantation. A total of 108 consecutive liver donor candidates were examined by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging that included 2 MR cholangiography methods, T2-weighted MR cholangiography and mangofodipir-enhanced T1-weighted three-dimensional (3D) MR cholangiography, as well as gadoliniumenhanced MR angiography and venography of the liver. Images were interpreted by at least 2 investigators in consensus for definition of hepatic arterial, portal venous, and biliary anatomy. A subset of 51 subjects underwent laparotomy for right hepatectomy. Of the 108 subjects examined, 50 (46%) demonstrated normal hepatic artery, portal vein, and biliary anatomy. Variants of the hepatic artery were found in 27 of 108 (25%) subjects, of the portal vein in 12 of 108 (11%) subjects, and of the bile ducts in 30 of 108 (28%) subjects. Of the 27 subjects with hepatic arterial variants, 8 (30%) also had variant biliary anatomy. The association between hepatic arterial variants and biliary variants was not statistically significant (P > .5). However, of the 12 subjects with portal vein variants, 7 (58%) had biliary variants, and in 6 of 7 cases, the right posterior hepatic duct was anomalous. By chi-square analysis, the association between portal venous and biliary variants was significant (P = .012). In conclusion, over half of subjects with portal vein variants were found to have anomalous biliary anatomy, which always involved the hepatic ducts of the right lobe. The association between portal venous and biliary variants is statistically significant, while there is no significant association between hepatic arterial and biliary variants. (Liver Transpl 2004;10:1049–1054.)
Elevated platelet-derived growth factor-B in congenital cystic adenomatoid malformations requiring fetal resection.

Abstract Background: During lung development, platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) is maximal during the canalicular stage and decreases by the saccular stage. PDGF-BB stimulates lung growth by increasing cell proliferation. Fetal CCAMs have been shown to have an elevated proliferative index, but it is not known why some CCAMs rapidly enlarge in utero and cause fetal hydrops. The authors hypothesized that the high proliferative index and rapid enlargement of some fetal CCAMs may be caused by persistently elevated PDGF-BB production compared with normal fetal lung. Methods: To test this hypothesis, tissue was obtained at the time of resection from two fetal CCAMs (22 weeks), three full-term CCAMs, and three normal fetal lungs (21 to 22 weeks). PDGF-BB production by fetal CCAMs was compared with normal age-matched fetal lung using immunohistochemistry, reverse transcriptionase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and Western blot analysis. Results: CCAMs resulting in fetal hydrops and requiring fetal resection had strong mesenchymal immunostaining for PDGF-BB next to epithelial lined cysts, increased PDGF-B gene expression by RT-PCR, and elevated PDGF-BB protein by Western blot, compared with normal age-matched fetal lung. Term CCAMs had minimal PDGF-BB staining, PDGF-B gene expression, and PDGF-BB protein production. Conclusions: CCAMs that grew rapidly and progressed to hydrops, requiring in utero resection, demonstrated increased mesenchymal PDGF-B gene expression and PDGF-BB protein production compared with age-matched normal fetal lung, which may, in part, be responsible for the autonomous growth and proliferation seen in hydropic fetal CCAMs.
"Softened" Impact Craters on Mars: Implications for Ground Ice and the Structure of the Martian Megaregolith

Abstract "Terrain softening" is a distinct style of landform degradation observed on Mars. The morphology and distribution of softened terrain have led to the hypothesis that it is the result of quasiviscous relaxation of topology due to the creep deformation of subsurface ice. In order to test this hypothesis, we use a finite element model to investigate the relaxation of impact craters on Mars. For the martian megaregolith we assume a non-Newtonian viscoelastic rheology derived from experiments on frozen soils. Our results indicate that impact craters in softened terrain at midlatitudes on Mars have a morphology consistent with relaxation in a deforming layer no more than ∼1 km deep. We therefore conclude that creep of ground ice is consistent with the morphology of terrain softening. We also use our results to estimate the total quantity of subsurface ice on Mars. We find a quantity of ice equal to ∼17 m, spread over the planet, associated with the terrain softening observed to date. This number increases to 55 m if we include locations for which terrain softening is likely but for which adequate imaging data do not exist and 125 m if the conditions required for terrain softening are assumed to exist everywhere poleward of ±30° latitude.
Coherent control of bound entangled electrons in a CdMnTe quantum well

Ultrafast laser pulses were used to control the spin state of a pair of entangled, donor-bound electrons in a CdMnTe quantum well. The entanglement, mediated by an optically-excited exciton, was characterized by pumpprobe spectroscopy. The data exhibits two dominant oscillations, one at the frequency of the spin-flip of a donor electron and the second one at twice this frequency. Their amplitudes depend linearly on the pump power. The quantum state of the two-electron spin system can be controlled by appropriate spatial and temporal shaping of the pump pulses. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
An Homogeneous Fluorescence Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay to IdentifySalmonella

Abstract We have developed a semiquantitative homogeneous fluorescence assay that combines polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with direct fluorescence detection (HF-PCR). The assay eliminates the need to perform gel electrophoresis on test samples. Using a set of Salmonella -specific primers, this system was used to verify suspect colonies from culture plates as Salmonella. The fluorescence signal is generated by a nucleic acid dye, YO-PRO-1, that is included in the amplification reaction. This homogeneous PCR assay was used to test 84 Salmonella strains picked from selective culture plates. All data indicated positive results when compared with 17 non- Salmonella strains (in general, Citrobacter, Hafnia, Proteus, and Escherichia ). The HF-PCR assay is a sensitive, simple, accurate, and reproducible method that correlates well with size-exclusion high-performance liquid chromatography and gel electrophoresis techniques as a means to monitor PCR-mediated DNA amplification. This assay can confirm suspect colonies within 2.5 h.