cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Capturing incomplete information in resource allocation problems through numerical patterns

Abstract We look at the problem of optimizing complex operations with incomplete information where the missing information is revealed indirectly and imperfectly through historical decisions. Incomplete information is characterized by missing data elements governing operational behavior and unknown cost parameters. We assume some of this information may be indirectly captured in historical databases through flows characterizing resource movements. We can use these flows or other quantities derived from these flows as “numerical patterns” in our optimization model to reflect some of the incomplete information. We develop our methodology for representing information in resource allocation models using the concept of pattern regression. We use a popular goodness-of-fit measure known as the Cramer–Von Mises metric as the foundation of our approach. We then use a hybrid approach of solving a cost model with a term known as the “pattern metric” that minimizes the deviations of model decisions from observed quantities in a historical database. We present a novel iterative method to solve this problem. Results with real-world data from a large freight railroad are presented.
PI3K and Erk MAPK mediate ErbB signaling in Xenopus gastrulation

ErbB signaling regulates cell adhesion and movements during Xenopus gastrulation, but the downstream pathways involved have not been elucidated. In this study, we show that phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K) and Erk mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) mediate ErbB signaling to regulate gastrulation. Both PI3K and MAPK function sequentially in mesoderm specification and movements, and ErbB signaling is important only for the late phase activation of these pathways to control cell behaviors. Activation of either PI3K or Erk MAPK rescues gastrulation defects in ErbB4 morphant embryos, and restores convergent extension in the trunk mesoderm as well as coherent cell migration in the head mesoderm. The two signals preferentially regulate different aspects of cell behaviors, with PI3K more efficient in rescuing cell adhesion and spreading and MAPK more effective in stimulating the formation of filopodia. PI3K and MAPK also weakly activate each other, and together they modulate gastrulation movements. Our results reveal that PI3K and Erk MAPK, which have previously been considered as mesodermal inducing signals, also act downstream of ErbB signaling to participate in regulation of gastrulation morphogenesis.
A technique for recording and integrating multiple unit activity simultaneously with the EEG in chronic animals.

Abstract Multiple unit activity, with concurrent EEG recordings, has been recorded and integrated from various brain sites in chronic, unrestrained animals. The output of the integration circuit follows rapid changes in both frequency and amplitude of multiple unit activity without being disproportionately influenced by isolated, large amplitude spikes. Thus, action potentials from a large population of units can be quantitated and the resultant activity patterns compared with concurrent slow wave EEG activity recorded from the same site.
An improved kinetic mechanism for 3-pentanone pyrolysis and oxidation developed using multispecies time histories in shock-tubes

Abstract Laser-based OH, CO, CH 3 , and H 2 O species histories during 3-pentanone oxidation were measured behind reflected shock waves over the temperature range of 1277–1678 K at pressures around 1.6 atm, and for equivalence ratios of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5, complementing recent work also conducted in this laboratory (Lam et al., 2012). These data are used to develop an improved detailed kinetic mechanism for 3-pentanone pyrolysis and oxidation. A 3-pentanone submechanism consisting of 13 species and 61 reactions is superimposed upon the H 2 /CO/C 1 –C 4 base mechanism of JetSurF 2.0 (Wang et al., 2010), with several reactions updated in order to obtain better agreement with shock tube oxidation data. The improved mechanism shows satisfactory agreement with the wealth of shock tube data presented here and previously published, although there remain some conditions where the model can benefit from further improvements. Major rate parameter uncertainties in the model are also discussed and will be used in a companion work addressing model optimization and experimental design of shock tube studies using data obtained with the Stanford shock tube.
Reactions of coordinated hydroxymethylphosphines with NH-functional amines: the phosphorus lone pair is crucial for the phosphorus Mannich reaction

Non-coordinated hydroxymethylphosphines react readily with primary and secondary amines by the phosphorus Mannich reaction. To determine if this reactivity can be used to synthesize phosphine macrocycles, trans-Fe(DHMPE)(2)Cl(2) (DHMPE = 1,2-bis(dihydroxymethylphosphino)ethane) was prepared and reacted with various amines. However, no phosphorus Mannich reactivity was observed. In order to understand why no reactions occurred, the Mannich reactivity of the borane-coordinated hydroxymethylphosphines DHMPE·2BH(3) and Ph(2)PCH(2)OH·BH(3) was investigated. These borane-coordinated phosphines also did not undergo the phosphorus Mannich reaction. These results suggest that the lone pair of electrons on the phosphorus atom is essential for the phosphorus Mannich reaction to occur, and therefore it is not possible to use this reaction in a templated synthesis of phosphine macrocycles. It is speculated that the mechanism of the phosphorus Mannich reaction may involve a methylenephosphonium intermediate, analogous to an iminium in the standard Mannich reaction. X-ray crystal structures of trans-Fe(DHMPE)(2)Cl(2) and DHMPE·2BH(3) are also presented. Both crystal structures display an extended hydrogen-bonding network in the solid state.
Variation in biofilm formation among symbiotic and free-living strains of Vibrio fischeri

Persistence and survival under various environmental stresses has been attributed to the capacity of most bacteria to form biofilms. In aquatic environments, the symbiotic bacterium Vibrio fischeri survives variable abiotic conditions during its free-living stage that dictates its ability to colonize the squid host. In the present study, the influence of different abiotic factors such as salt concentration, temperature, static/dynamic conditions, and carbon source availability were tested to determine whether biofilm formation occurred in 26 symbiotic and free-living V. fischeri strains. Statistical analysis indicate that most strains examined were strong biofilm producers under salinity concentrations that ranged between 1-5%, mesophilic temperatures (25-30 °C) and static conditions. Moreover, free-living strains are generally better biofilm formers than the symbiotically competent ones. Geographical location (strain origin) also correlated with biofilm formation. These findings provide evidence that abiotic growth conditions are important for determining whether mutualistic V. fischeri have the capacity to produce complex biofilms, allowing for increased competency and specificity during symbiosis.
Performance analysis of multi-segment wavelength routing

We refer to all-optical networking segments as a portion of an all-optical path which requires particular consideration for wavelength routing, e.g. administrative or technological boundaries, and analyze end-to-end blocking of connection requests.
Creativity and innovation: The elusive competitive advantage for technology-driven industries

The relationship between an organization's technology and the effect it has on its infrastructure is receiving considerable attention from several research specialist that focus on organization theory. Most of the research is empirical, however some good theoretical work is starting to surface. Suggested approaches and methods for encouraging technological innovation and change are abundant in the literature. One approach called social innovation deals with public policy and regulations to enhance technological innovation at the macro-level [1-4]. Another approach at the macro-level deals with establishing the creative environment necessary for technological innovation and change at the national level [5-11]. Some suggestions are tax incentives for increased business investment, development of new energy sources, reduced government regulations, channelling of investments to industries with the greatest growth potential, and one article grappling with the ethics of it all. This is by no means all of the suggestions offered. However, at the micro-level some of the literature is very specialized to narrow areas of technology implementation [12,13]. These may be subjects describing how the computer can bridge a technology gap, while another explains the advantages of using operations research models to optimize the planning and execution of technology. The planning, implementation, and management of technology in a large corporate environment has spawned numerous articles and books [14-28]. Specific areas of interest from several of these references will be detailed further throughout this perspective on creativity, technology, and the management of technology. One very good research study did a review of seventy-five articles concerned with innovation characteristics as they related to the adoption and implementation of innovation [29,p.40]. They found that three of the innovation characteristics compatibility, relative advantage, and complexity had the most significant and consistent relationships to innovation adoption of the ten characteristics evaluated in their study. Compatibility and relative advantage were found to be positively related to adoption while complexity was negatively related. Another excellent research study evaluated the various aspects of environmental uncertainty and their impacts on innovativeness of new products and processes at fifty-four different organizations. The findings showed that perceived uncertainty in the areas of competition, customers, and government regulations have little or no influence on major process adoption [30,p.2]. However, these three areas
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF RECOVERY IN PNEUMOCOCCAL PNEUMONIA : IV. THE MECHANISM OF PHAGOCYTOSIS IN THE ABSENCE OF ANTIBODY.

1. Evidence has been presented in previous publications that the phagocytosis of pneumococci in the pneumonic lung during chemotherapy is due neither to specific opsonins nor to capsular injury (1, 2). The present studies have shown that the phagocytosis taking place in the lung is independent of any sort of intermediary factor and results from a direct action of the phagocytic cells upon the pneumococci. 2. Phagocytosis in the absence of antibody has been demonstrated not only in the lungs of living rats but in formalin-fixed lungs, on the surfaces of a variety of tissues (both freshly removed from the animal and previously "killed" with heat), and on the surfaces of such inert materials as moistened filter paper, cloth, and fiber glass. On the other hand, smooth materials such as glass, cellophane, albumin, and paraffin have failed to support the phagocytic reaction. This latter observation indicates that the physical character of the surface to which the leucocytes have access constitutes a determining factor in the non-antibody mechanism of phagocytosis. 3. Further experiments have defined the relationship of "surface phagocytosis" to that induced by specific opsonins. The non-antibody mechanism was found to operate only upon surfaces of suitable physical properties, whereas opsonins enabled phagocytes floating freely in a fluid medium to engulf the fully encapsulated organisms. 4. Direct visualization of the surface phenomenon in the lung revealed that leucocytes phagocyte the virulent organisms in the absence of antibody only after having trapped them against the alveolar walls. Once the encapsulated pneumococci have been ingested, they can be seen to undergo digestion within a few hours. The discovery of the phenomenon of surface phagocytosis affords clarification of previously unanswered problems concerning the mechanism of recovery in pneumococcal pneumonia.
Thermal imaging and the fourth amendment:Kyllo v. U.S.

The Fourth Amendment protects persons from unreasonable searches and seizures. The extent to which the availability of new technology will impact this protection is an evolving area. One practice, police use of thermal imaging technology, has engendered substantial division in the courts. Recently, however, the United States Supreme Court addressed this issue in the case of Kyllo v. U.S. (2001). The Court determined that the pre-warrant use of thermal imaging machinery was a “search” under the Fourth Amendment and, thus, unconstitutional in nature. This paper traces the case development and examines the issues raised therein.
Self-calibrating differential predictive floating-point analog-to-digital converter

Various architectures for floating-point analog-to-digital converters (FP-ADC) have been conceived. The highest conversion rates were achieved, to the precision's detriment, by employing flash analog-to-digital converters as basic building blocks. This paper proposes a new architecture that contains a high-precision, low-rate, analog-to-digital converter that periodically performs calibration cycles to compensate for the inaccuracies introduced in the measurement process by the components' parameters drift. Besides a better accuracy, the proposed solution provides a higher reliability of FP-ADC operation.
Failure of erythromycin to cure secondary syphilis in a patient infected with the human immunodeficiency virus

• The case presented here involves a 32-year-old homosexual man with human immunodeficiency virus seropositivity and secondary syphilis. Because of possible penicillin allergy, he was initially treated with erythromycin base by mouth. During four weeks of therapy, his cutaneous lesions worsened as did his systemic symptoms. Following desensitization and parenteral penicillin therapy, his cutaneous lesions and symptoms rapidly resolved. His VDRL titer fell appropriately. ( Arch Dermatol 1989;125:82-84)
Competitive Advertising Strategies and Market-Size Dynamics: A Research Note on Theory and Evidence

This paper analyzes competing firms advertising strategies in markets characterized by dynamic market sizes. For new product innovations, a large literature has been developed on the basis of the celebrated Bass diffusion process, which captures what we call market-size dynamics. However, in spite of the significant literature incorporating competitiveness into the Bass model, few if any analytical results have been obtained, especially those with normative implications. On the other hand, important theoretical and empirical insights have recently been obtained using the famous Lanchester warfare model of competition, in which market-share dynamics are governed by advertising activities for mature products whose market sizes are typically fixed or stable. Our paper seeks to address the issue of optimal advertising strategies incorporating both market-share dynamics and market-size dynamics. In doing so, we seek to take advantage of the theoretical and normative insights currently available in the Lanchester formulation for mature products to obtain normative, analytical results on competitive advertising strategies for new product innovations whose markets evolve around the Bass process. We first obtain analytical solutions to the problem at hand and offer theoretical implications for competitive advertising on the Bass diffusion model. The models parameters are then estimated using a set of data on sales and advertising expenditures of Polaroid Corp. and Eastman Kodak Co. in instant photography during the 19761985 period; optimal trajectories for the firms advertising spending are then calculated, and other marketing and managerial implications of optimal advertising strategies are explored.
Xerography; a new principle of photography and graphic reproduction.

A new process of graphic reproduction and photography has been developed. The basic process, known as xerography, is dry, direct positive-to-positive, rapid, and has a number of potential applications in graphic arts and related fields. As a photographic process, xerography employs a re-usable plate consisting of a thin layer of a photo-conductive material on an electrically conductive base. The plate is sensitized by electrostatic charging immediately before use. After exposure, the image is developed by dusting the plate with a micronized powder. Prints are made by transferring and fixing the powder image to paper or other materials. The plate can be used many times to produce additional images. Xerography also provides a unique and simplified process of graphic reproduction, particularly in printing and duplicating.
Run-time behavior of Ardea: a dynamically reconfigurable distributed embedded control architecture

This paper presents the run-time behavior of the Ardea system. Ardea (automatically reconfigurable distributed embedded architectures) is a framework for developing dependable embedded systems based on graphical software specification. Ardea supports many fault-tolerance techniques including graceful degradation, where alternate implementations of software modules can be defined to replace primary implementations as hardware and software failures occur. At run-time, Ardea uses a set of managers on each processing element and a central "system manager" to recognize and respond to faults. This paper discusses the Ardea approach, Ardea's run-time behavior, and ongoing work on a prototype implementation of Ardea for control of autonomous UAVs.
Improving Strength of Postbuckled Panels Through Stitching

The behavior of blade-stiffened graphite-epoxy panels with impact damage is examined to determine the effect of adding through-the-thickness stitches in the stiffener flange-to-skin interface. The influence of stitches is evaluated by examining buckling and failure for panels with failure loads up to 3.5 times greater than buckling loads. Analytical and experimental results from four configurations of panel specimens are presented. For each configuration, two panels were manufactured with skin and flanges held together with through-the-thickness stitches introduced prior to resin infusion and curing and one panel was manufactured with no stitches holding the flange to the skin. No mechanical fasteners were used for the assembly of any of these panels. Panels with and without low-speed impact damage were loaded to failure in compression. Buckling and failure modes are discussed. Stitching had little effect on buckling loads but increased the failure loads of impact-damaged panels by up to 30%.
The fate of soluble and insoluble surfactant monolayers subjected to drop impacts

Surfactant monolayers were formed on a water surface and subjected to water drops falling from a nozzle. Surface tension was measured during these experiments to determine the effect of the drop impacts on the surfactant monolayer. The purpose of this work was to determine whether monolayers can be altered by drop impacts without the formation of a splash. Accordingly, a small fall height was used to avoid drop splashes and concomitant surfactant loss by droplet ejection. The relevance of this work pertains to the fate of surfactant monolayers during rain events. Results are presented for a soluble and insoluble surfactant. The results show that the insoluble monolayer is virtually unaffected by the drops, indicating that the monolayer immediately reforms after the drop impact. The soluble monolayer shows significant changes in measured surface tension during droplet impact when the surfactant concentration is high.
Evaluation of propranolol and quinidine in the treatment of quinidine-resistant arrhythmias☆

Abstract Combining propranolol and quinidine should improve the antiarrhythmic action of quinidine by blocking beta adrenergic receptors, an action helpful in cases of arrhythmias associated with anesthetic agents, digitalis and stress. To test this hypothesis, 60 patients with paroxysmal arrhythmias resistant to quinidine and 17 with chronic atrial fibrillation were given propranolol alone or in combination with quinidine (or procainamide) and followed up 1 to 17 months. Patients with severe aortic valve disease, severe mitral insufficiency, acute myocardial infarction or obstructive airway diseases were excluded from this study. The condition of 13 of 19 patients with paroxysmal atrial or nodal tachycardia was improved. In paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia combined therapy or propranolol alone was effective in 11 of 14 patients. Paroxysmal atrial flutter or fibrillation was suppressed in 11 of 16 patients, with a 75 percent or greater reduction in attacks. Prophylaxis of chronic atrial fibrillation terminated by drugs or by electroshock was effective in 9 of 11 patients (15 trials) followed up for 7 months. Sustained atrial fibrillation was terminated with propranolol, 40 to 160 mg, and quinidine sulfate, 1.2 to 1.6 g/day, in 41 percent of patients, a result no better than with propranolol alone. Propranolol slowed the ventricular rate in normal sinus rhythm as well as in atrial fibrillation and flutter. Significant slowing, although it was less in magnitude, occurred with the combination of propranolol and quinidine. It is concluded that propranolol potentiates quinidine and allows effective prophylaxis of atrial, nodal and ventricular arrhythmias in quinidine-resistant patients. Diarrhea was the only side effect peculiar to the combination of drugs.
Toward Ultra High Speed Locomotors: Design and test of a cheetah robot hind limb

High speed robot locomotion is one of the most challenging problems in mobile robots. Fast robots push the limits of mechanical design, control and perception. The cheetah is an existence proof of what the authors term an Ultra-High Speed Locomotor, which can attain speeds of greater than 50 leg lengths per second and can cover 10 meters in a single gait cycle.
Informing early intervention through an occupational science description of infant-toddler interactions with home space.

OBJECTIVE. The study provides a substantive description of infant and toddler play with everyday objects and independent negotiation of home space. METHOD. A grounded theory approach was used to study 18 typically developing children longitudinally from ages 1 to 18 months. Data from 133 home visits included videotaped self-directed play sessions with usual objects, maternal interviews, and observation records. RESULTS. Infant Space Theory is a substantive theory of infant�toddler interactions with the spaces and objects of the home. This contextualized view of the infant�toddler describes progressions in gaze and visual play, in mapping and ranging home space, in stationary object play, and in the little-described development of mobile object play. CONCLUSION. Therapists providing early intervention services within the home environment may benefit from the theory in their creation and modeling of naturalistic interventions with infants and families
Just Over the Horizon: Catheter Delivery of Stem Cell Therapy

Our understanding of how the brain responds to injury has dramatically improved. Although brain recovery has limited intrinsic potential, several approaches to stimulate repair appear promising (Ifejika-Jones, Barrett. Neurotherapeutics 8:452; 2011) and are rapidly evolving. There have been many exciting developments in the field of regenerative medicine as exemplified by a growing number of studies in animals and now in patients using cell-based therapies. In this chapter, we explore the role of cell-based therapies with a specific focus on their endovascular applications in vascular neurological disorders and neurodegenerative disease.
Abstract P1-05-02: Epithelial-to-epithelial transition precedes collective breast cancer invasion

BACKGROUND: Invasion represents a fundamental step in tumor progression and is a driving force for metastasis and cancer-related mortality. Invasion has been studied largely in the context of single cells, but in vivo, most tumor cells are not found in isolation, but rather are found as ensembles of cells with substantial molecular heterogeneity. It remains poorly understood in this context which cells are invasive, how these cells arise or how these cells interact collectively to accomplish invasion. RESULTS: We developed an ex-vivo 3D culture assay enabling us to distinguish invasive from non-invasive cells and to interrogate their molecular phenotype. In two mouse models of luminal breast cancer, we find that invasive cells express markers of basal epithelium including cytokeratin K14, p63 and P-cadherin. Invasive K14+ cells were also molecularly and functionally distinct from normal myoepithelial cells and co-expressed luminal K8 and E-cadherin. In vivo, K14+ cells were localized to tumor-stromal interfaces in the primary tumor and in lung micro and macro-metastases. Using a molecular biosensor and time-lapse microscopy, we observed that K14+ invasive cells were derived from K14-negative luminal tumor cells by direct phenotypic conversion. Interestingly, the capacity of luminal tumor cells to acquire basal markers varied by model, with few K14+ cells in MMTV-Her2 and many K14+ cells in MMTV-PyMT mice, correlating with the known in vivo kinetics of tumor progression in these models. To block this epithelial to epithelial transition, we tested the activity of an inhibitor of ribosome S6 kinase (RSK), which has been shown previously to inhibit myoepithelial differentiation in normal mammary epithelium. RSK inhibition caused relative depletion of K14+ tumor cells in 3D culture and abrogation of invasion. Finally, our assay revealed that in fresh primary tissue from human ER+ luminal breast cancers, invasive cells also expressed basal epithelial markers. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these data suggest that an epithelial-to-epithelial transition precedes collective invasion in luminal breast cancers. Because we observe K14+ leader cells independent of tumor estrogen receptor status, these data may be generally applicable to breast cancer invasion across subtypes. Because many epithelial tissues have basal populations, K14+ tumor cells may also lead invasion in other cancers. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2012;72(24 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-05-02.
Translations and rewritings of Hamlet in China

Certain Western classics have become increasingly popular in China, such as two film versions of Hamlet in 2006 alone. This article looks at translations and adaptations of Hamlet in China, several early translations by Tian Han, Shao Ting, and Liang Shiqiu, and then more contemporary adaptations in film and theater, including versions by Lin Zhaohua, Li Guoxiu, Xiong Yuanwei, and Feng Xiaogang. Here, one can see the fruition of Susan Bassnett and Andre Lefevere’s ideas about translation and rewriting at work, how readers or viewers are more likely to have read or seen adaptations and/or rewritings than the original, and how rewriters and directors insert their own ideas and references to the receiving cultures’ myths and belief systems. Indeed, new definitions of translation and rewriting are needed for the twenty-first century, those that include ideas of reinvention, transformation, and transcreation.
Farm Account Projects—A Valuable Tool in Extension Program Development

5M /UCH has been written and even more has been said about shortcomings of farm accounts, but little has been written explaining the way farm management specialists in some states use an account project in an extension program. There is a need to present the convictions of those who conscientiously believe in the necessity of an account project to meet extension program objectives. The purpose of this note is to present the functions of account projects in meeting extension objectives in a realistic manner and to discuss account projects in relation to other activities.
Poised chromatin in the mammalian germ line

Poised (bivalent) chromatin is defined by the simultaneous presence of histone modifications associated with both gene activation and repression. This epigenetic feature was first observed at promoters of lineage-specific regulatory genes in embryonic stem cells in culture. More recent work has shown that, in vivo, mammalian germ cells maintain poised chromatin at promoters of many genes that regulate somatic development, and that they retain this state from fetal stages through meiosis and gametogenesis. We hypothesize that the poised chromatin state is essential for germ cell identity and function. We propose three roles for poised chromatin in the mammalian germ line: prevention of DNA methylation, maintenance of germ cell identity and preparation for totipotency. We discuss these roles in the context of recently proposed models for germline potency and epigenetic inheritance.
Converted-waves imaging condition for elastic reverse-time migration

Polarity changes in converted-wave images constructed by elastic reverse-time migration causes destructive interference after stacking over the experiments of a seismic survey. We derive a simple imaging condition for converted waves imaging designed to correct the image polarity and reveal the conversion strength from one wave mode to another. Our imaging condition exploits pure Pand S-modes obtained by Helmholtz decomposition. Instead of correlating components of the vector S-mode with the scalar P-mode, we exploit the entire S wavefield at once to produce a unique image. We generate PS and SP image using geometrical relationships between the propagation directions for the P and S wavefields, the reflector orientation, and the S-mode polarization direction. Compared to alternative methods for correcting PS and SP images polarity reversal, our imaging condition is simple and robust and does not add significantly to the cost of elastic reverse-time migration.
Histological methods for ex vivo axon tracing: A systematic review.

Objectives: Axon tracers provide crucial insight into the development, connectivity, and function of neural pathways. A tracer can be characterized as a substance that allows for the visualization of a neuronal pathway. Axon tracers have previously been used exclusively with in vivo studies; however, newer methods of axon tracing can be applied to ex vivo studies. Ex vivo studies involve the examination of cells or tissues retrieved from an organism. These post mortem methods of axon tracing offer several advantages, such as reaching inaccessible tissues and avoiding survival surgeries.Methods: In order to evaluate the quality of the ex vivo tracing methods, we performed a systematic review of various experimental and comparison studies to discern the optimal method of axon tracing.Results: The most prominent methods for ex vivo tracing involve enzymatic techniques or various dyes. It appears that there are a variety of techniques and conditions that tend to give better fluorescent character, clarity, and...
Managing risk in normal volunteers participating in metabolic studies.

Background: Much emphasis has been placed on the risks volunteers face when participating in research studies, but little has been said about how to mitigate against such risks. Methods: We review our experiences in over 15 years of managing risk in metabolic studies and the results of an intervention study designed to reduce the risk of femoral artery and femoral vein catheterization. Results: Assessing the causes of adverse events and the context of a research study allowed us to design educational processes that reduced the incidence of adverse events. Conclusions: Although risk is inherent in any research study, approaching the risk issues in a manner designed to minimize the risk is possible. Ongoing efforts to further reduce risk in the context of research studies can benefit both the volunteers and the scientific community.
Galaxy groups and clusters

About half the galaxies in the Universe are found in groups and clusters, complexes where typically half the member galaxies are packed into a region ≲1 Mpc across. Groups and clusters no longer expand with the cosmic flow: mutual gravitational attraction is strong enough that the galaxies are moving inward, or have already passed through the core. Clusters are the denser and richer structures. Within the central megaparsec, they typically contain at least 50 luminous galaxies: those with L ≳ L * ~ 2 × 10 10 L ☉ . Poorer associations are called groups; they are generally less massive than ~ 10 14 M ☉ . Galaxies and clusters are not simply concentrations of galaxies: the fact that a galaxy is a member significantly affects its development. The most common inhabitants of groups are spiral and irregular galaxies. The Local Group is typical; its three bright members are all spirals. Almost all the large galaxies of the Ursa Major group, featured in Figures 5.6, 5.8, and 5.23, are disk systems; there are no more than two ellipticals among the brightest 79 galaxies. Elliptical and S0 galaxies predominate in dense clusters. Curiously, both the most luminous giant ellipticals and the dwarfs with L ≲ 3 × 10 9 L ☉ are concentrated more strongly into clusters than the midsized ellipticals. By contrast with groups, which we discuss in Section 7.1, we will see in Section 7.2 that most of the baryonic (‘normal’) matter in galaxy clusters is not in the galaxies themselves.
GaN cascode performance optimization for high efficient power applications

GaN Cascode performance optimization for high efficient power applications is presented in this paper. Analytical equations of Cascode capacitance network (Ciss, Coss, Cgd) is demonstrated and the equations accuracy is verified through experimental measurement. Analysis shows that Cascode Cgd is determined by HV D-MISFETs Cds, LV Si FETs Cgd/Coss ratio, and extra zener diode capacitance. With low intrinsic capacitance HV D-MISFETs [1-2], proper LV Si FETs selection, and extra zener diode protection, optimization for Cascode switching figure-of-merit (FOM, Ron x Qgd) is well demonstrated. 8.8X lower switching figure-of-merit than commercial best-in-class Si SJ FETs [3] is achieved, double pulse test (DPT) and hard switching PFC system verification result all indicate that GaN Cascode is the promising solution and ready for next generation energy systems.
Viruses and Other Foodborne Biohazards

Covered in this chapter are foodborne viruses, scombroid poisoning, and paralytic shellfish poisoning. Also, some background information is provided on Aeromnas hydrophila, Plesiomonas shigelloides, and Bacteroides fragilis as possible/potential agents of foodborne illness.
Exploring William James’s Radical Empiricism and Relational Ontologies for Alternative Possibilities in Education

In A Pluralistic Universe, James argues that the world we experience is more than we can describe. Our theories are incomplete, open, and imperfect. Concepts function to try to shape, organize, and describe this open, flowing universe, while the universe continually escapes beyond our artificial boundaries. For James and myself, the universe is unfinished, a “primal stuff” or “pure experience.” However, James starts with parts and moves to wholes, and I want to start from wholes and move to parts and back to wholes again. This is an issue between us I further consider, for while he describes himself as a radical empiricist, emphasizing the parts, my descriptions are in terms of w/holism. I use this opportunity to explore James’s contributions to my metaphor of “pure experience” as being like an infinite Ocean and the fishing nets we create represent our ontologies and epistemologies that help us catch up our experiences and give them meaning. I also make the case for why a better understanding of ontology matters for us as educators, using Maria Montessori’s curriculum and instruction design, Dine Primary School, and Cajete’s theology of place and culturally based science as examples of relational fishing nets we could be using to teach our children.
Preconception consultations with Maternal Fetal Medicine for obese women: a retrospective chart review

Obesity is associated with impaired fertility and pregnancy complications, and preconception weight loss may improve some of these outcomes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality and effectiveness of Maternal Fetal Medicine (MFM) preconception consults for obese women. We performed a retrospective chart review examining 162 consults at an academic medical center from 2008 to 2014. The main outcome measures included consultation content – e.g. discussion of obesity-related pregnancy complications, screening for comorbidities, and referrals for weight loss interventions – and weight loss. Screening for diabetes and hypertension occurred in 48% and 51% of consults, respectively. Discussion of obesity-related pregnancy complications was documented in 96% of consults. During follow-up (median 11 months), 27% of patients saw a nutritionist, 6% saw a provider for a medically supervised weight loss program, and 6% underwent bariatric surgery. The median weight change was a loss of 0.6% body weight. In this discovery cohort, a large proportion of MFM preconception consultations lacked appropriate screening for obesity-related comorbidities. While the vast majority of consultations included a discussion of potential pregnancy complications, relatively few patients achieved significant weight loss. More emphasis is needed on weight loss resources and delaying pregnancy to achieve weight loss goals.
A Two-Course Sequence of Real Projects for Real Customers

Since 2012, over 1,100 students at our institution have participated in software engineering courses in which they had the opportunity to partake in "real projects for real customers." Unlike typical one-semester courses or yearlong capstones, our approach is unique in that we offer a two-course sequence in which one group of students develops the initial implementation in the first course and different students maintain and improve the code in the second. This paper presents our experiences in teaching these courses and serves as a blueprint for other educators who wish to create similar interventions for their students over a two-course sequence. In addition to describing our motivation and the structure of the courses, we discuss how we address issues of scale by using students as Project Managers and the benefits of doing so. We also present empirical evidence that the projects help students feel more confident working in groups, using the agile development process, and working with a real-world customer.
Base Excision Repair Variants in Cancer

Base excision repair (BER) is a key genome maintenance pathway that removes endogenously damaged DNA bases that arise in cells at very high levels on a daily basis. Failure to remove these damaged DNA bases leads to increased levels of mutagenesis and chromosomal instability, which have the potential to drive carcinogenesis. Next-generation sequencing of the germline and tumor genomes of thousands of individuals has uncovered many rare mutations in BER genes. Given that BER is critical for genome maintenance, it is important to determine whether BER genomic variants have functional phenotypes. In this chapter, we present our in silico methods for the identification and prioritization of BER variants for further study. We also provide detailed instructions and commentary on the initial cellular assays we employ to dissect potentially important phenotypes of human BER variants and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of our approaches. BER variants possessing interesting functional phenotypes can then be studied in more detail to provide important mechanistic insights regarding the role of aberrant BER in carcinogenesis.
Growth and development of Negro infants. VI. Relationship of certain environmental factors to neuromuscular development during the first year of life.

Summary The neuromuscular development during the first year of life of Negro infants from low and middle socioeconomic levels was studied and related to certain environmental and cultural factors. The study groups differed in annual family income, type of occupation, and the amount of education achieved by the parents. An analysis of the data shows: 1. That an inverse relationship exists between the number of siblings and the education of the parents. 2. That the age of “walking alone” apparently is not affected by the number of siblings and the formal academic education of the mother. 3. The there is an inverse relationship between the weight gain and the achievement of “sitting” and “walking alone”, i.e., the greater the weight the slower the development of these two patterns. 4. That no relationship exists between intelligence (at about 13 months of age, measured by the Cattell Infant Scale) and the age of “walking alone” in a sample of normal infants.
The Mathematical Needs of Students in the Physical Sciences

My task in this paper is to consider proposed changes in the mathematics curriculum from the point of view of a physics teacher. To do that I first need to distinguish between what students ought to be learning and what they do in fact learn. On the surface the present calculus curriculum is ideally suited to the needs of physics students; but a significant change seems in order when one examines the type of knowledge students are currently gaining. Thus the bulk of my paper will deal with certain problems in the calculus curriculum that I would hope will be effectively addressed by any new curriculum.
Time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry of organometallic ligand substitution in alkane solvents: Molybdenum-alkane σ bond controls fast ligand addition to molybdenum pentacarbonyl

Abstract The kinetics and energetics of molybdenum hexacarbonyl ligand substitution with lone pair donor ligands in alkane solvents have been investigated by time-resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (PAC). Two mechanistic steps can be resolved following irradiation: (1) substitution of CO by solvent to form an alkane sigma complex and (2) the displacement of the alkane by a donor ligand. The enthalpy of the first step was 29 kcal/mol for all ligands, while the second step varies from −4 (benzene) to −24 (tetrahydrothiophene) kcal/mol for ten σ, π, and lone pair donors. Stereospecific solution bond energies are reported for the alkane solvent and ten ligands. In heptane, second-order rate constants vary nearly 600-fold (benzene to triethylphosphite), correlate poorly with bond energies but do correlate well with the steric environment of the donor electrons: σ and π
Zombies vs. Anxiety: An Augmentation Study of Prescribed Video Game Play Compared to Medication in Reducing Anxiety Symptoms:

Objective. Anxiety is a typical reaction to stress and when uncontrolled, clinical anxiety disorders may develop. Traditional anxiety interventions have established efficacy; however, they are ofte...
What are animal science departments doing to address contemporary issues

Animal science departments are principle progenitors and disseminators of scientific information relating to the production of agricultural animals and their food products. The Land-Grant university missions of teaching, research, and extension are conduits designed to advance and enhance scientific knowledge within agriculture and to make this knowledge available to the public. I conducted an electronic survey to determine whether animal science departments are addressing contemporary issues through the traditional missions of the Land-Grant university system, which issues they are addressing, and how they are addressing these issues. Sixty-three animal science department administrative heads (AH) were contacted through an E-mail listserve maintained through Michigan State University. An introductory letter described the goals of the survey and asked the AH to submit contact information for faculty coordinators of teaching, research, and extension within their departments. Forty-nine percent of the administrative heads responded and submitted contact information for 72 faculty members. Survey questions were sent to the identified faculty. The total survey return was 38.9%, 37.7% of the respondents answered questions for teaching, 31.1% for research, and 31.1% for extension. Animal waste, animal welfare, and food safety are examples of issues where all three missions have concentrated efforts. However, graduate student education on issues was identified as lacking emphasis. Animal science departments are responding to contemporary issues in all three of the Land-Grant mission components.
Management of Septic Patients

The American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine developed a set of terms and definitions to define sepsis in a more precise manner. The term systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) was coined to describe the systemic response to a wide variety of insults and characterized by two or more of the following clinical manifestations: 1. A body temperature of >38°C or <36°C 2. A heart rate of >90 beats/min 3. Tachypnea, as manifested by a respiratory rate of >20 breaths/min 4. A WBC count of >12,000 cells/mm3, or 10% immature neutrophils
Medicine: Explanation, Manipulation, and Creativity

There is a common view among the authors in this volume that it is misleading to understand modem medicine simply as a science, as a technology, or as an art. Some ([28], [20], [9], [13], [11], [27], [29]) hold that although medicine embraces all three components, it favors one over the other. Others ([24], [1], [9], [13], [11], [27], [211) hold that medicine is not reducible to these components and that it is “more than the sum of its parts”. This essay shares this latter view and continues the dialogue regarding the complexity of medicine by reflecting on the dynamic interplay among science, technology, and art in modern medicine [3]. Moreover, this essay reflects on the grounds and the limits of the medical profession’s legitimate authority and its obligation toward patients through an analysis of the role of values in medicine.
Are the neurocognitive deficits associated with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine caused by statistical deficits in ecstasy research? A systematic review:

There is growing concern that the majority of modern research may be comprised of false findings, which is partly attributed to unacceptable flexibility in data analyses. Here this issue is conside...
Adult Attachment Security and Different Types of Relational Violence Victimization Among College-Age Couples

This study aims to understand the associations between adult attachment security and different types of intimate partner violence victimization including that of emotional abuse, physical violence, and sexual coercion among heterosexual couples. Participants included 87 couples with the mean age 22.3 years. An actor-partner interdependence model was fit to the data. Findings indicated that adult attachment security accounted for 15% of the variance in the emotional abuse victimization of females, 9% of the variance in the sexual coercion victimization of females, and 7% of the variance in minor physical victimization of males. This may significantly impact risk factor assessment, and contribute to improved therapeutic intervention and increased understanding of the development and progression of relationship violence.