cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Velocity Profiles in a Vessel's Turbulent Wake Observed by a Dual-Beam Along-Track Interferometric SAR

The dual-beam interferometer is an airborne instrument that combines two vertically polarized C-band along-track interferometric synthetic aperture radars (AT-InSARs) observing the surface below at different squints. The system was designed by the University of Massachusetts and saw several deployments in the early 2000s. An imagery of a small vessel with a rather pronounced wake pattern captured during one of such flights is the subject of this letter. Specifically, the interferometric phase in the turbulent wake exhibits a conspicuous banding structure that is still visible at distances more than 1 km behind the craft. The phase signatures from the fore and aft looks are combined to retrieve both longitudinal and lateral velocity components along cuts traversing the wake 400 and 750 m behind the boat. The results identify appreciable variations in the longitudinal velocity across the turbulent wake which are apparently consistent with the combined effect of the hull drag and the propeller backwash. A persistent pattern for the lateral component is also observed but is harder to interpret without the detailed knowledge of the vessel. The examples demonstrate the utility of AT-InSAR and, particularly, of a dual-beam AT-InSAR, for studies of centerline ship wakes. Readily available velocity signatures of a turbulent wake obtained with such systems can help with vessel classification tasks.
Leptin and Its Emerging Role in Children and Adolescents

Leptin is an adipocyte-secreted hormone which plays a key role in energy homeostasis. Recent "proof of concept" studies involving leptin administration to humans support its critical role in regulating energy homeostasis, neuroendocrine and immune function as well as insulin resistance in states of energy/ caloric deprivation. Moreover, interventional studies in leptin deficient children and observational studies in normal girls and boys support a role for leptin as a permissive factor for the initiation of puberty in children. The potential clinical usefulness of leptin in several disease states in children and adolescents, including hypothalamic amenorrhea, eating disorders and syndromes of insulin resistance is still under investigation.
Magnitude of water reward in the runway: A parametric investigation

Forty rats were given 42 acquisition and 15 extinction trials in a runway at 1 trial/day. The magnitude of water reward during acquisition was varied across five levels for independent groups (.1, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, and 4.1 ml). Acquisition response speeds were an inverted-U-shaped function of the magnitude of reward. The results of the extinction phase showed that the rats that received the smallest reward during training showed the greatest persistence during extinction. The extinction performance of the rats that received the larger rewards during training did not differ. The results of both the acquisition and extinction phases were seen as generally consistent with the literature on the magnitude of food reward.
First Report of Immatures, Genitalia and Maternal Care in Eugenysa columbiana (Boheman) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae: Eugenysini)

Abstract Illustrated descriptions of larvae, pupae and adult genitalia are provided for Eugenysa columbiana (Boheman) in Costa Rica. These represent the first such descriptions for the tribe Eugenysini. Females are reported as exhibiting guarding of larvae and pupae. Male presence with the female and larval group is also described. The distribution range is extended to Peru, and host plant data is recorded. A new character from the spermatheca is presented and its potential usefulness in deducing eugenysine relationships is discussed.
Explaining public opinion on international criminal justice

Despite the fact that international courts have proven popular in the last 20 years, systematic and empirical inquiry to determine whether they are beginning to realize their objectives is a fairly recent phenomenon. Support among the publics in the affected countries is critical to their success for, as deGuzman writes, ‘… the globalization of communications increasingly means that an institution’s legitimacy depends on the opinions of ordinary citizens around the world’. I develop a theory of public opinion regarding international criminal justice and test it on support for the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), among peoples of the former Yugoslavia. I contend that support for the ICTY is filtered through individuals’ perceptions of the past, present, and future. As one’s beliefs about whether conditions are good or improving grow more positive, such positive perceptions are generalized to extend to international institutions that play a major role in shaping those conditions. In addition, I argue that support for the ICTY is strongly influenced by an individual’s views of the legitimacy and morality of the law. Ethnicity is also important in differentiating levels of support across the peoples of the former Yugoslavia.
Cassegrain Offset Subreflector-Fed X/Ka Dual-Band Reflectarray With Thin Membranes

The development of a 0.75-m Cassegrain offset subreflector-fed X/Ka dual-band reflectarray antenna is presented. The subreflector (SR) is fabricated using combinations of prescribed geometric parameters and two left-hand circularly polarized microstrip patch arrays are designed as feed networks with one covering X-band and the other covering Ka-band. The phase corrections in the reflectarray required to form a planar phase front are realized by rotating microstrip ring elements. Low-dielectric constant foam layers are inserted below both the X- and Ka-band membranes to act as support structures and to minimize the degrading effects of thin substrates. It is believed that this is the first Cassegrain offset-fed reflectarray ever been developed. The measured results show efficiencies around 50% for both frequency bands with room for improvements
Serum Free Fatty Acid Biomarkers of Lung Cancer

BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality. Surgical removal of the tumor at an early stage can be curative. However, lung cancer diagnosis at an early stage remains challenging. There is evidence that free fatty acids play a role in cancer development. METHODS Serum samples from 55 patients with lung cancer were propensity matched with samples from 165 similar pulmonary patients without known cancer. Patients were propensity matched on age, sex, smoking history, family history of lung cancer, and chronic diseases that might affect free fatty acid levels. RESULTS Free fatty acids arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) and their metabolites hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs)(5-HETE, 11-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE) were an estimated 1.8- to 3.3-fold greater in 37 patients with adenocarcinoma vs 111 patients without cancer (all P 0.50, discriminating patients with lung cancer and control subjects for six of eight biomarkers and two of seven phospholipids tested, and ranged between 0.69 and 0.82 (all P 0.70 at the best cutpoint. Concentrations of free fatty acids and their metabolites were similar in 18 patients with squamous cell carcinoma and 54 control subjects without cancer. CONCLUSIONS Serum fatty acids and their metabolites demonstrate good sensitivity and specificity for the identification of adenocarcinoma of the lung.
Prospective Models of Depressive Symptoms in Early Adolescence: Attributional Style, Stress, and Support.

Models of depressive symptoms were compared in a 6-month prospective study of 95 nonreferred 11- to 13-year-olds. Maladaptive attributional style and social support correlated with multiple measures of concurrent depressive symptoms. Life stress generally failed to correlate with concurrent depressive symptoms. Prospectively, attribution style failed to predict depressive symptoms, whereas social support predicted mother, but not self-, ratings of depressive symptoms. The interaction between attributional style and subsequent life stress generally failed to predict future depressive symptoms. Limited specificity was found in that risk factors correlated similarly with depressive symptoms and aggressive behaviors. Findings showed that attributional style was primarily a concomitant of depressive symptoms in the present sample, although length of follow-up and age need to be considered when testing the temporal relationships posited by causal attributional style models. In addition, future research should e...
THE RELATIONSHIP OF THE STRUCTURE OF THE EPIDERMIS TO PERCUTANEOUS ABSORPTION

SUMMARY.— The epidermal barrier unit is composed of cells of the keratinocytic, transitional, and horny layers. The epidermis often contains other dendritic, leukocytic, and neural cells in the intercellular spaces. The epidermal intercellular canals and epidermal phagocytosis are 2 routes of transepidermal and transcorneal passage of materials. Individual, regional, age, and species differences in epidermis may account for variations in cutaneous permeability. Mitotic rate may be the most significant factor in barrier production.
Visual Mining Intrusion Behaviors by Using Swarm Technology

The alerts produced by the real time intrusion detection systems, e.g. Snort, can be difficult for security administrators to efficiently review and respond to, due to the enormous amount of messages generated in a short time frame. In this research, we developed a technique, the swarm based visual data mining approach (SVDM), to help user gain insight into the alert event data of the intrusion detection system, come up with new hypothesis, and verify the hypothesis via the interaction between the human and the system. The SVDM system can efficiently help security administrators detect anomaly behaviors of malicious user in a large volume of high dimensional time-dependent state spaces. The output visual representation from this system exploits the human being's innate ability to recognize patterns and utilizes this ability to help security administrators understand the relationship between the seemingly discrete security breaches.
Prosthetic patch remnants to treat infected arterial grafts

Abstract Purpose: Our previous experience with the traditional management of infected prosthetic arterial grafts, which included graft excision and vein patch repair of the involved artery, was complicated by a high incidence of vein patch rupture. This study assessed the treatment of infected prosthetic grafts with subtotal graft excision and oversewing of small graft remnants. Methods: During the last 20 years, we treated 53 wounds involving 45 infected prosthetic grafts in 42 patients by means of subtotal graft excision and oversewing of a residual 2- to 3-mm graft remnant (patch) at an intact arterial anastomosis. This technique was selectively used to maintain patency of small-diameter arteries (41 common femoral, five deep femoral, three axillary, two iliac, and two popliteal), which were critical for limb salvage or amputation healing. This strategy avoided difficult dissection of the underlying artery in scarred wounds and obviated the placement of a new patch in an infected field. Graft remnants were polytetrafluoroethylene in 51 cases and Dacron in two cases. Of the 45 grafts, 31 were occluded and 14 were patent. All infected tissue was widely debrided, wet-to-dry dressing changes were performed three times daily, and appropriate intravenous antibiotics were administered for at least 1 week. Secondary bypass grafting procedures were performed as needed to achieve limb salvage. The follow-up period in surviving patients averaged 32 months (range, 1 to 218 months). Results: No complications were directly attributable to prosthetic patch remnants in 92% of cases (49 of 53 cases). Six of 42 patients (14%) died during hospitalization (three of cardiac complications and three of sepsis with multiple organ failure). Two infected pseudoaneurysms developed 8 and 34 months after surgery, and two wounds failed to heal. Sixteen secondary bypass grafting procedures were necessary to achieve limb salvage. Patch oversewing led to limb salvage without the need for secondary revascularization in 26 other cases and to the successful healing of 10 amputated limbs when secondary revascularization was not possible. Conclusion: Prosthetic patch remnants are a useful adjunct that simplify management of infected prosthetic grafts, are associated with a low incidence of wound complications, and help maintain patency of essential collaterals to achieve limb salvage or heal an amputation. (J Vasc Surg 2000;31:245-52.)
Whole body adhesion: hierarchical, directional and distributed control of adhesive forces for a climbing robot

We describe the design and control of a new bio-inspired climbing robot designed to scale smooth vertical surfaces using directional adhesive materials. The robot, called Stickybot, draws its inspiration from geckos and other climbing lizards and employs similar compliance and force control strategies to climb smooth vertical surfaces including glass, tile and plastic panels. Foremost among the design features are multiple levels of compliance, at length scales ranging from centimeters to micrometers, to allow the robot to conform to surfaces and maintain large real areas of contact so that adhesive forces can support it. Structures within the feet ensure even stress distributions over each toe and facilitate engagement and disengagement of the adhesive materials. A force control strategy works in conjunction with the directional adhesive materials to obtain sufficient levels of friction and adhesion for climbing with low attachment and detachment forces.
Survivable Multipath Traffic Grooming in Telecom Mesh Networks With Inverse Multiplexing

We investigate the survivable traffic grooming problem with inverse multiplexing in telecommunication mesh networks employing next-generation SONET/SDH and WDM. With the support of virtual concatenation, a connection of any bandwidth can be provisioned as several subconnections (i.e., inverse multiplexed) over diverse paths. Therefore, it is important to efficiently groom and protect these low-speed subconnections onto high-capacity wavelength channels, considering the typical constraints. We propose and investigate the characteristics of survivable multipath traffic grooming with protection-at-connection and protection-at-lightpath levels for grooming connections with shared protection, subject to the constraints of the inverse-multiplexing factor, differential-delay constraint, and grooming ports. Since this problem is NP-complete, we propose effective heuristics using a novel analytical model. Our results show that (1) the network performance, in metrics of bandwidth blocking ratio and resource overbuild, can be notably improved by exploiting the inverse-multiplexing capability, (2) tight constraints have negative impact on performance, (3) protection-at-connection performs better in most cases of multipath provisioning when the constraints are not too tight, and (4) protection-at-lightpath achieves better performance when the number of grooming ports is moderate or small.
Hot Isostatic Consolidation of P/M Superalloys.

Abstract : The kinetics of powder consolidation, or densification, and the powder morphological changes occurring during hot isostatic pressing (HIP) are studied as a function of particle size distribution and hold time at HIP temperature for the nickel base superalloy RENE-95. In order to understand the extent of individual powder particle deformation during consolidation and its effect on subsequent prior particle boundaries (PPB), particle size distribution was studied as a variable. Particle size distributions studied include monosized (75-90 micrometers), bimodal (75-90 micrometers and 33-35 micrometers) and commerical (104 micrometerss) size distribution. The experimental results of HIP densification kinetics are compared with a newly developed analytical deformation mechanism model for HIP consolidation which takes into account the effect of a distribution of particle sizes on the kinetics of densification. (Author)
CROSS‐SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BEAGLE THORAX

Transverse sections of the thorax of the Beagle were prepared, photographed, and compared with computerized tomographic scans and dissection specimens. Anatomical features were identified by these means with the aid of anatomical texts. A series of labeled photographs was produced to aid in the interpretation of computerized tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance scans.
Translating the QABF to Spanish with an Eye Toward Reliability and Validity

We developed a Spanish-language version of the Questions About Behavioral Function (QABF) utilizing a forward-adaptation and back-adaptation translation process. Subsequently, we administered the assessment with 80 bilingual participants to assess the reliability and validity of the instrument. Results demonstrated that the Spanish version of the QABF was both reliable (i.e., was internally consistent) and valid (i.e., identified the correct function). Implications and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical Simulation of Zener Pinning with Growing Second-Phase Particles

The Zener pinning effect with growing second-phase particles in Al2O3-ZrO2 composite systems were studied by two-dimensional (2-D) computer simulations using a diffuse-interface field model. In these systems, all second-phase particles are distributed at grain corners and boundaries. The second-phase particles grow continuously, and the motion of grain boundaries of the matrix phase is pinned by the second-phase particles which coarsen through the Ostwald ripening mechanism, i.e., long-range diffusion. It is shown that both matrix grains and second-phase particles grow following the power-growth law, Rtm - R0m = kt with m = 3. It is found that the mean size of the matrix phase (D) depends linearly on the mean size of the second-phase particles (r) for all volume fractions of second phase from 10% to 40%, which agrees well with experimental results. It is shown that D/r is proportional to the volume fraction of the second phase (f) as f−1/2 for a volume fraction less than 30%, which agrees with Hillert and Srolovitz's predictions for 2-D systems, while experimental results from 2-D cross sections of three-dimensional (3-D) Al2O3-rich systems showed that either a f−1/2 or a f−1/3 relation might be possible. It is also found that D/r is not proportional to f−1/3 and f−1 in 2-D simulations, which suggests that the Zener pinning effect can be very different in 2-D and 3-D systems.
Do Macroeconomic Factors Help In Predicting International Equity Risk Premia?: Testing The Out-Of-Sample Accuracy Of Linear And Nonlinear Forecasts

This paper investigates whether macroeconomic variables can improve the predictability of equity risk premia. Ex ante forecasts of excess returns are generated recursively from both linear regression analysis and nonlinear neural networks. Empirical results suggest that these forecasts are superior to the random walk predicator at almost all horizons in the U.S., Japanese, British and German stock markets. However, there does not appear to be a significant difference between linear and nonlinear forecasts.
Cannibalistic-morph Tiger Salamanders in unexpected ecological contexts

Abstract Barred tiger salamanders [Ambystoma mavortium (Baird, 1850)] exhibit two trophic morphologies; a typical and a cannibalistic morph. Cannibalistic morphs, distinguished by enlarged vomerine teeth, wide heads, slender bodies, and cannibalistic tendencies, are often found where conspecifics occur at high density. During 2012 and 2013, 162 North Dakota wetlands and lakes were sampled for salamanders. Fifty-one contained A. mavortium populations; four of these contained cannibalistic morph individuals. Two populations with cannibalistic morphs occurred at sites with high abundances of conspecifics. However, the other two populations occurred at sites with unexpectedly low conspecific but high fathead minnow [Pimephales promelas (Rafinesque, 1820)] abundances. Further, no typical morphs were observed in either of these later two populations, contrasting with earlier research suggesting cannibalistic morphs only occur at low frequencies in salamander populations. Another anomaly of all four populations ...
Effects of handle angle and work orientation on hammering. I: Wrist motion and hammering performance

This research investigated the range of wrist motion characteristics associated with the ergonomic principle of "bending the tool and not the wrist" as applied to the hammer. It is thought that bending the tool reduces angular wrist motion, which has been shown in the literature to be a risk factor in hand/wrist disorders such as carpal tunnel syndrome and tenosynovitis. Hammer handles angled at 0 (straight), 20, and 40 deg were investigated in this study. For novices, hammer handles bent at 20 and 40 deg resulted in less total ulnar deviation than straight hammers. However, there was a trade-off in beginning and ending positions of the wrist in that the angled hammers reduced ulnar deviation at the impact position but increased radial deviation at the starting position of a hammer stroke. Handle angle did not significantly affect hammering performance. Wrist motion was affected minimally by hammering orientation, but hammering performance was significantly worse in the wall orientation compared with the bench orientation. This research suggests that for novice users, hammers with handles bent in the range of 20 to 40 deg could possibly decrease the incidence of hand/wrist disorders caused by hammering.
The Prediction of Thoracic Impact Injuries

This paper presents the concepts and first group of test results from a project designed to: quantify thoracic impact response using cadaver and baboon subjects; compile analytical functions relating thoracic kinematic response to injuries observed in the experiments; and define performance specifications insuring response fidelity between human and surrogate thoraxes. The experiments, which vary G-level, velocity, and direction of impact, utilize restraint systems including belts, airbags, and EA-columns. Resulting injuries are recorded at autopsy and an AIS rating assigned. Using the kinematic accelerometer data, injury-predictive functions are generated using statistical regression procedures. The utilization of project results in developing performance specifications for surrogate thoraxes is discussed in conclusion.
The effect of a specialized dyslexia font, OpenDyslexic, on reading rate and accuracy

A single-subject alternating treatment design was used to investigate the extent to which a specialized dyslexia font, OpenDyslexic, impacted reading rate or accuracy compared to two commonly used fonts when used with elementary students identified as having dyslexia. OpenDyslexic was compared to Arial and Times New Roman in three reading tasks: (a) letter naming, (b) word reading, and (c) nonsense word reading. Data were analyzed through visual analysis and improvement rate difference, a nonparametric measure of nonoverlap for comparing treatments. Results from this alternating treatment experiment show no improvement in reading rate or accuracy for individual students with dyslexia, as well as the group as a whole. While some students commented that the font was "new" or "different", none of the participants reported preferring to read material presented in that font. These results indicate there may be no benefit for translating print materials to this font.
Low Temperature Desulfurization of H2S: High Sorption Capacities by Mesoporous Cobalt Oxide via Increased H2S Diffusion

Mesoporous cobalt oxides (M-Co-X, X = 150, 250, 350, 450 °C) with tunable porosity and crystallinity were synthesized based on an inverse micelle soft template method. They are the members of recently discovered University of Connecticut (UCT) mesoporous materials. The M-Co-X materials were investigated as desulfurizing sorbents in a fixed bed reactor in the temperature range of 25–250 °C. A considerably high sulfur sorption capacity was observed even at room temperature (13.4 g S/100 g sorbent), and very high values were observed in the temperature range of 175–250 °C (65.0–68.9 g S/100 g sorbent). The sulfided materials were further analyzed with LA-XRD, WA-XRD, N2 sorption studies, FESEM, FESEM-EDX, TEM, FETEM-EDX, TGA, and TPO. The M-Co-250 material reached 100% theoretical sulfur capacity at 150 °C. The presence of interconnected intraparticle voids and surface exposed particles were found to be the critical factors determining the ability of H2S to diffuse in the sorbent. The mesostruture of the M-C...
Prevalence of duodenal ulcer in cirrhotic males referred for liver transplantation. Does the etiology of cirrhosis make a difference

The prevalence of symptomatic duodenal ulcer (DU) assessed primarily in alcoholic males with cirrhosis is estimated to be approximately fivefold increased compared to the normal population. Little information is available, however, as to the prevalence of DU in nonbleeding, nonalcoholic subjects with cirrhosis. In order to estimate the prevalence of DU in males with various types of cirrhosis and its relation to the degree of portal hypertension, 216 male cirrhotic patients (165 with parenchymal liver disease and 51 with cholestatic liver disease) being evaluated for liver transplantation at the University of Pittsburgh between January 1985 and June 1987 underwent pan-upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The prevalence of DU in each group was 7.8%. However, among the various subgroups it was as follows: chronic active hepatitis due to HBV: 9.4%, alcoholic: 12.2%, cryptogenic: 3.5%, autoimmune chronic active hepatitis: 6.6%, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC): 9.5%. The reference data for this study consist of data reported in the literature obtained in 355 healthy asymptomatic male volunteers. The prevalence of DU in this group is significantly less than in the study group (2.2% vs 7.8%; P<0.005). While the estimated risk for a DU is increased 3.71-fold (95% CI: 8.74, 1.57; P<0.005) in cirrhotic males in general as compared to normal males, only the subgroups with CAH due to HBV, alcoholism, and PSC were found to have an increased estimated risk of DU (all at least P<0.01). No association between the prevalence of DU and degree of portal hypertension could be demonstrated in either group.
Barbie Girls and Xtractaurs: Discourse and identity in virtual worlds for young children

This paper examines the ways in which Mattel’s Barbie Girls and Xtractaurs, online sites aimed at girls and boys of six years of age and up, respectively, offer markedly distinct literate and semio...
Addressing Pneumococcal Vaccine Uptake Disparities among African-American Adults in the United States

Objective Pneumococcal illnesses affect over one million Americans annually, making invasive pneumococcal disease (pneumonia) the most prevalent vaccine-preventable illness. Despite well-documented vaccine safety and efficacy, pneumococcal vaccine (PPSV23) uptake remains low, particularly among minorities. This study sought to define variables predicting PPSV23 uptake in eligible African-American (AA) adults. Design and Sample This was a cross-sectional study using a combined version of the Health Belief (HBM) and Precaution Adoption Process Models (PAPM). A convenience sample of 295 AA adults self-administered the Vaccine Uptake Questionnaire (VUQ). Measures Bivariate chi-square analyses were conducted and significant variables evaluated using backward stepwise logistic regression. Results PPSV23 uptake was 32.2% (n = 95). Older age, female gender, vaccine awareness, increased knowledge, higher trust scores, perceived susceptibility, and presence of provider recommendation for PPSV23 predicted vaccine uptake. In regression modeling, age, awareness, and provider recommendation remained significant predictors with younger age, unawareness, and lack of provider recommendation decreasing the likelihood of vaccination. Conclusion Three dimensions of the HBM (barriers, cues, and susceptibility) predicted PPSV23 uptake. With 147 (47.8%) unaware of PPSV23 existence prior to this study, adding the dimension “unaware” from the PAPM may strengthen the model and assist efforts to increase PPSV23 uptake among AA adults.
How Freelance Journalists Can Help Shape Journalism Education

Despite shrinking newsrooms, we have more journalism choices, in part because of freelance journalists. Freelancing creates workers who are particularly adaptive and creative; skills educators want...
Surgical and psychiatric profile of patients who self-harm by burning in a regional burn unit over an 11-year period.

INTRODUCTION: Patients admitted to hospital for deliberate self-harm by burning (DSHB) provide a challenge for medical, surgical and psychological management. We retrospectively reviewed all the patients admitted to a Scottish regional burn unit with DSHB over an 11-year period to assess demographics and outcome. METHODS: Ward admission data were used to identify DSHB patients admitted to the South East Scotland regional burn unit in Livingston, UK between 2002 and 2012, as well as a control group of accidental burn patients. Data were extracted concerning burn injury, psychiatric history and inpatient management. RESULTS: A total of 53 DSHB patients with 58 attendances over the 11-year period were compared to 49 accidental burns patients. Compared to controls, DSHB patients were more likely to be unemployed, live alone and have a previous psychiatric diagnosis (p CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, DSHB patients have more severe burn injuries and require longer, resource-intensive hospital stays. Burn units should have an appropriate specialist psychologist/psychiatrist who works within the Burn multi-disciplinary team to help manage this complex group of patients' healthcare needs and reduce their risk of further self-harm.© The Author(s) 2016. Language: en
Derby and Conservative Defiance

The formation of a Conservative government in 1858 was a direct assault on Whig and Liberal belief; a fundamental repudiation of that which Whigs and Liberals held to be true. The Liberals had come to regard themselves ‘in some degree as the heirs in fee simple of power’.1 They were loath to credit the Conservatives, shorn of Peelites, with the resources or ability to form an administration. Sir Francis Baring, the Whig backbencher, even urged on Russell that ‘the existence of the [Conservative] ministry [was] contrary to parliamentary government’.2
A Brief History of Representative Institutions

FROM REPRESENTATIVE INSTITUTIONS TO DEMOCRACY Before delving into the analysis, it should be helpful to have at least a brief historical background. What follows in this chapter are some stylized facts, without any attempt at explanations. Additional facts are provided in the subsequent chapters, where they are most relevant. This chapter begins with an overall glance and then enters into some details. Modern representative institutions are those that combine lower houses of legislatures elected on the basis of individual suffrage (even if restricted but as distinct from estate or corporate representation), separation of executive from legislative functions, the power of legislatures to convoke themselves (even if they could be dissolved), and the placement of taxing power in legislatures. While recent research dug up a variety of legislative assemblies in various parts of Europe already in the late medieval period and, indeed, in quite a few in other places around the world, systems of representative institutions as defined here first emerged in England and in Poland, where they can be dated discretely to 1493 (Jȩdruch 1998). The War of Independence in the United States resulted in the first appearance of such institutions in the Western Hemisphere. They were first established in France in 1789 and in Spain in 1812. After Poland lost independence in 1795, England, the United States, France, and Spain became the paragons of institutional engineering for countries in Latin America that became independent after 1810 and in Europe, beginning with Norway in 1814.
Dyslexia Limits the Ability to Categorize Talker Dialect

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine whether the underlying phonological impairment in dyslexia is associated with a deficit in categorizing regional dialects. Method Twenty adults wi...
Chapter 18 – Tuberculosis Vaccines

Tuberculosis (TB) is the number one infectious cause of death globally. A vaccine that would effectively prevent adult forms of pulmonary TB is likely to have a great impact on the epidemic. The current vaccine, BacilleCalmette-Guerin (BCG), protects infants and young children against severe TB, but is poorly protective against adult lung TB. Development of new, better vaccines focus on learning more about protective immunity, on stimulating branches of the immune system that have not traditionally been targeted by vaccines, and on developing approaches that indicate potential protective efficacy of vaccine candidates early in development.
Low-rank approximation of impedance matrix blocks using non-uniform sampling methods

Two physics-based rank-revealing multilevel algorithms are presented to efficiently compute impedance matrix blocks' low-rank representations. Both algorithms rely on non-uniform sampling of phase- and amplitude-compensated fields but use different auxiliary grids. The algorithms' computational costs and range of validity are compared.
Allele-Level HLA Matching Impacts Key Outcomes Following Umbilical Cord Blood Transplantation for Inherited Metabolic Disorders

Abstract Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has demonstrated efficacy for numerous inherited metabolic disorders (IMDs). Umbilical cord blood transplant (UCBT) is increasingly used as a graft source in IMDs, but little is known of the impact of cord blood unit (CBU)/recipient HLA allelic disparity on key outcomes following UCBT for IMD. We reviewed outcomes of 106 consecutive first, single UCBTs for IMD at the University of Minnesota with regard to CBU/recipient HLA allelic matching (HLA-A, -B, -C, and -DRB1). The median age at UCBT was 1 year, and 87 patients (82%) received myeloablative conditioning. Primary diagnoses were Hurler syndrome (41%), cerebral adrenoleukodystrophy (35%), metachromatic leukodystrophy/globoid cell leukodystrophy (9%), and other (16%). The 5-year overall survival (OS) for the entire cohort was 70% (95% confidence interval, 59% to 79%). Rates of severe acute and chronic graft-versus-host disease were low (6% for each). CBU/recipient HLA conventional matching was based on antigen-level matching at HLA-A and -B, and on allele-level matching at HLA-DRB1. Of 46 conventional matched UCBTs, 20 (43%) were mismatched at 1 or more alleles. Of 49 conventional 5/6 UCBTs, 30 (61%) were mismatched at ≥2 alleles and 19 (39%) were mismatched at ≥3 alleles. Within the 6/6 conventional match stratum, comparisons of key outcomes between allele-matched and allele-mismatched UCBT were as follows: 5-year OS, 88% versus 42% (P
Impact Investing at the Base of the Pyramid: Unitus Seed Fund

The Unitus Seed Fund is an early-stage venture fund focused on investing in companies with innovative, scalable business plans to serve the population at the base of the economic pyramid (BOP). Operating out of Seattle in the USA, and Bangalore in India, the Unitus Fund partners and Fund investors believe that local entrepreneurial activity will provide a strong and sustainable foundation for economic development and improved quality of life at the base of the pyramid in India and other countries. This chapter describes the Unitus Seed Fund investment strategy, profiles the social mission and impact of some of the Fund’s portfolio companies in India, and analyzes the challenges of achieving the Fund’s dual goals of providing venture investors with superior, long-term capital appreciation by investing in companies that will provide critical services and economic opportunities to millions of BOP individuals in India.
Space-charge effect of the time-varying electron injection in a diode: Classical and relativistic regimes

Conventionally, space-charge (SC) limited current density is defined as the maximal current density allowed to traverse a diode under a DC voltage when a time-invariant flow is injected from the cathode. In this work, we study the SC limited current density under a time-varying injection for both classical and relativistic regimes and determine the maximal amount of limited current density under certain conditions. Our simulations show that it is unlikely that a time-varying injection emitted from the cathode exceeds the known SC limits, in either the classical or relativistic regime.
Thermal Stability of Self-Supported Metallic Multilayered Thin Films

The morphological stability and strength retention following elevated temperature exposure or thermal cycling will be crucial in exploiting the extremely high strengths of nanolayered materials in advanced engineering applications. The effects of elevated temperature (≤800°C) vacuum annealing on the morphological stability and mechanical properties of sputter deposited Cu-Nb multilayers with 75 nm bilayer period are reported here. Even after 800°C/ 1 hour anneal, the continuity of the layered structure is maintained and the bilayer periods are unchanged. The in-plane grain sizes in both Cu and Nb coarsened but were anchored at grooved boundaries preventing further growth. For a constant bilayer period, the effect of increasing the in-plane grain size on the multilayer hardness is found to be insignificant. After annealing, the layers are observed to be offset by shear along a vertical plane at the triple point junctions that have equilibrium groove angles aligned in a zig-zag pattern. A new mechanism is proposed for the evolution of this “anchored” structure that is resistant to further morphological instability.
Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization of Butyl-Substituted trans-Cyclooctenes

The synthesis and ring-opening metathesis polymerization of highly strained 3- and 1-butyl-trans-cyclooctenes was investigated with the goal of quickly preparing regioregular polymers with narrow molar mass distributions, which could serve as precursors for high precision short-chain branched polyethylene. 3-Butyl-trans-cyclooctene was unable to be polymerized in a regioregular manner, however 1-butyl-trans-cyclooctene did yield regioregular product, although the dispersities were higher than expected. Investigation by NMR provided evidence that the nature of the propagating alkylidene is likely nonuniform throughout the course of the reaction, leading to the broadened molar mass distribution.
Analysis of the Efficiency of Surfactant-Mediated Stabilization Reactions of EGaIn Nanodroplets.

A methodology based on light scattering and spectrophotometry was developed to evaluate the effect of organic surfactants on the size and yield of eutectic gallium/indium (EGaIn) nanodroplets formed in organic solvents by ultrasonication. The process was subsequently applied to systematically evaluate the role of headgroup chemistry as well as polar/apolar interactions of aliphatic surfactant systems on the efficiency of nanodroplet formation. Ethanol was found to be the most effective solvent medium in promoting the formation and stabilization of EGaIn nanodroplets. For the case of thiol-based surfactants in ethanol, the yield of nanodroplet formation increased with the number of carbon atoms in the aliphatic part. In the case of the most effective surfactant system–octadecanethiol–the nanodroplet yield increased by about 370% as compared to pristine ethanol. The rather low overall efficiency of the reaction process along with the incompatibility of surfactant-stabilized EGaIn nanodroplets in nonpolar or...
The People’s Plan? Participation and Post-Politics in Flint’s Master Planning Process

Drawing upon an analysis of Flint’s 2012–2013 master planning process, this article explores a puzzling set of questions: Why would a city under emergency management with an abrogated democratic process explicitly encourage extensive citizen participation in one of its most important and strategic documents? How does the urge to involve the community in decision-making reflect new priorities of urban governance? The paper suggests that such a paradox can be conceived as a coherent strategy for addressing conflicting priorities. On the one hand, the exigencies of official claims to democratic engagement operate during a period in which public discourse on inequality has grown in prominence. On the other, harsh fiscal constraint compels local officials and stakeholders to create the conditions for new market-led investment as the singular remedy to urban decline. The result is a transformation of the normative boundaries of the public, lauded as democratic, yet narrowly defined as those participating in hig...
p53 and NF 1 loss plays distinct but complementary roles in glioma initiation and progression

Malignant glioma is one of the deadliest types of cancer. Understanding how the cell of origin progressively evolves toward malignancy in greater detail could provide mechanistic insights and lead to novel concepts for tumor prevention and therapy. Previously we have identified oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) as the cell of origin for glioma following the concurrent deletion of p53 and NF1 using a mouse genetic mosaic system that can reveal mutant cells prior to malignancy. In the current study, we set out to deconstruct the gliomagenic process in two aspects. First, we determined how the individual loss of p53 or NF1 contributes to aberrant behaviors of OPCs. Second, we determined how signaling aberrations in OPCs progressively change from pre-malignant to transformed stages. We found that while the deletion of NF1 leads to mutant OPC expansion through increased proliferation and decreased differentiation, the deletion of p53 impairs OPC senescence. Signaling analysis showed that, while PI3K and MEK pathways go through stepwise over-activation, mTOR signaling remains at the basal level in pre-transforming mutant OPCs but is abruptly up-regulated in tumor OPCs. Finally, inhibiting mTOR via pharmacological or genetic methods, led to a significant blockade of gliomagenesis but had little impact on pre-transforming mutant OPCs, suggesting that mTOR is necessary for final transformation but not early progression. In summary, our findings show that deconstructing the tumorigenic process reveals specific aberrations caused by individual gene mutations and altered signaling events at precise timing during tumor progression, which may shed light on tumor-prevention strategies.
Foundations in Public Health Ethics

This article reviews the conceptual foundations of the values and ethical standards of public health policy and practice. A thorough review of these foundations requires three steps: (1) an analysis of the broader ideological or political theoretic context within which discourse concerning public health takes place; (2) a description of the various perspectives from which public health is viewed ethically; and (3) a review of various principles that have been put forward by public health ethicists to guide the design and implementation of public health policies and programs. The meanings and interconnections of these foundations are discussed. Illustrations to particular public health programs and issues are given.
Nutritionally Related Metabolic Adaptations of Carnivores and Ruminants

Among the present day mammals, ruminants and true carnivores represent two groups with widely divergent dietary habits and digestive systems. Both groups are presumed to have arisen from common ancestors -primitive insectivores which appeared during the Cretaceous period (Romer, 1966; Geist, 1972; Colbert, 1980). During the course of evolution, the metabolism of these mammals appears to have been adapted to accommodate the end products absorbed from their respective digestive systems. The purpose of this paper is to briefly review and contrast some of these metabolic adaptations and relate them to the nutrition of these two groups of mammals. Because of their economic importance, ruminants belonging to the family Bovidae (which includes cattle, sheep and goats) have been most extensively studied and will be used as type examples. However, living members of the sub-order Ruminantia comprise about 150 species with considerable diversity of feeding habits (Van Soest, 1982) and these examples may not truly represent all species.
Effects of supplemental fat on growth performance and quality of beef from steers fed barley-potato product finishing diets: I. Feedlot performance, carcass traits, appearance, water binding, retail storage, and palatability attributes.

To measure the effects of dietary fat on feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and beef appearance, moisture binding, shelf life, and palatability, 168 crossbred beef steers (317 +/- 1.0 kg) were allotted randomly, within weight blocks, to a randomized complete block design with a 3 x2 + 1 factorial arrangement of dietary treatments. Main effects were level of yellow restaurant grease (RG; 0, 3, or 6%) and level of alfalfa hay (AH; 3.5 or 7%), with the added treatment of 6% tallow and 7% AH in barley-based diets containing 15% potato by-product and 7% supplement fed for 165 d (all dietary levels on a DM basis). Dietary treatment did not (P >0.10) affect DMI, LM area, beef brightness, or beef texture. Level of RG linearly increased (P 0.10) affect any of the measurements; however, AH interacted with level of RG on fat thickness and yield grade (linear; P 0.10) affected by diet. Trained sensory panel scores for initial tenderness increased quadratically (P = 0.07) as dietary RG increased, but diet did not (P >0.10) affect drip loss, cooking loss, or trained sensory panel scores for sustained tenderness, initial and sustained juiciness, and beef flavor. Therefore, RG increased diet energy, improved performance, and increased carcass fatness; however, dietary fat and AH did not affect most measurements of water retention, color stability, or palatability of beef.
Concerted Two-Electron Reduction of Ubiquinone in Respiratory Complex I

Respiratory complex I catalyzes two-electron/two-proton reduction of a ubiquinone (Q) substrate bound at its Q-binding pocket; upon reduction, ubiquinole carries electrons further down the electron transport chain. The mechanism of this two-electron transfer reaction is poorly understood. Here we consider a hypothetical scheme in which two electrons transfer together with two protons in a concerted fashion. On one side, a coupled electron/proton transfer occurs from the reduced N2 FeS cluster and protonated His38 residue, respectively, while on the other side a hydrogen atom transfer occurs from the neutral Tyr87 residue, generating a tyrosyl radical. A method to evaluate the coupling matrix element that corresponds to a concerted tunneling of two electrons was developed. Overall, our calculations indicate that the concerted reaction is feasible, in which case a transient tyrosyl radical is formed during the catalytic cycle of the enzyme.
Power Delivery Network Pre-Layout Design Planning and Analysis Through Automated Scripting

Passive power delivery design has often been an afterthought in printed circuit board (PCB) and package design processes. Signal performance is frequently prioritized using the most optimal resources available to the design engineers. Based upon recent experience, the power delivery network (PDN) requirements for high performance compute (HPC) systems have evolved to a level of stringency that must be addressed through rigorous and purposeful design practice rivaling traditional high-speed signaling considerations. A pre-layout design planning process, using automated structure and parameter scripting, with corresponding AC and DC analyses in relevant power delivery networks, is presented here.