cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Amphiphilic Compounds Assemble into Membranous Vesicles in Hydrothermal Hot Spring Water but Not in Seawater

There is a general assumption that amphiphilic compounds, such as fatty acids, readily form membranous vesicles when dispersed in aqueous phases. However, from earlier studies, it is known that vesicle stability depends strongly on pH, temperature, chain length, ionic concentration and the presence or absence of divalent cations. To test how robust simple amphiphilic compounds are in terms of their ability to assemble into stable vesicles, we chose to study 10- and 12-carbon monocarboxylic acids and a mixture of the latter with its monoglyceride. These were dispersed in hydrothermal water samples drawn directly from hot springs in Yellowstone National Park at two pH ranges, and the results were compared with sea water under the same conditions. We found that the pure acids could form membranous vesicles in hydrothermal pool water, but that a mixture of dodecanoic acid and glycerol monododecanoate was less temperature-sensitive and assembled into relatively stable membranes at both acidic and alkaline pH ranges. Furthermore, the vesicles were able to encapsulate nucleic acids and pyranine, a fluorescent anionic dye. None of the amphiphiles that were tested formed stable vesicles in sea water because the high ionic concentrations disrupted membrane stability.
Statistical and artificial neural network-based analysis to understand complexity and heterogeneity in preeclampsia.

Abstract Preeclampsia is a pregnancy associated disease. It is characterized by high blood pressure and symptoms that are indicative of damage to other organ systems, most often involving the liver and kidneys. If left untreated, the condition could be fatal to mother and baby. This makes it important to delineate the complexities associated with the disease at a molecular level that would help develop methods for early diagnosis. In microarray-based studies, Textoris et al. and Mirzakhani et al. have analyzed the transcriptome with a view to identify biomarkers for preeclampsia. The current study has extensively analyzed these microarray data sets to understand the complexity and heterogeneity associated with preeclampsia. A statistical multiple comparisons-based approach has been used to identify features capable of distinguishing preeclampsia from normotensive cases. These features were then used to build an artificial neural network-based machine learning model that successfully classified the samples. Further, the machine learning model was used to delineate features critical for its internal representation by extending the calliper randomization approach to the analysis of microarray data. Functional analysis of the features identified by the calliper randomization approach revealed pathways that could be crucially involved in the mechanism of the underlying disease. Biological processes associated with the features identified have revealed among others, genes involved in reproductive processes to be differentially expressed.
The Interaction of Follitropin (FSH) with Membrane-Bound and Solubilized Gonadal Receptors and Adenylate Cyclase

The interaction of follitropin (FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone) with testicular receptors has been studied most extensively in the rat model. Means and Vaitukaitis (1972) studied the binding of tritiated human FSH (hFSH) to receptors in immature rat testis. We have studied the interaction of biologically active, radioiodinated hFSH [125I]-hFSH with receptors in homogenates (Bhalla and Reichert, 1974a,b) and purified membranes from testes tubules of mature rats (Abou-Issa and Reichert, 1976). Desjardins et al. (1977) utilized radioiodinated human and rat FSH to study binding of the hormone to testis during maturation in the rat. It was found that the amount of labeled hormone bound to testis receptor increased slightly (P< 0.01) between 5 and 15 days and then remained relatively constant from 30 to 90 days. No apparent differences were noted in binding parameters between rat FSH and hFSH, although this was not rigorously examined. Considerable information is now available on the characteristics of the follitropin—receptor interaction in rat testes. A summary of reported values for K d and binding capacity is given in Table I. An outline of different conditions utilized to achieve maximum specific binding is also given in Table I. Binding of radiolabeled hFSH to rat testicular receptor is hormone- and tissue-specific and temperature- and pH-dependent, and apparently requires divalent cations for maximum binding, with no apparent specificity shown among Mg2+, Mn2+, and Ca2+ (Abou-Issa and Reichert, 1976).
Constructing Finite State Automata for High-Performance XML Web Services.

This paper describes a validating XML parsing method based on deterministic finite state automata (DFA). XML parsing and validation is performed by a schema-specific XML parser that encodes the admissible parsing states as a DFA. This DFA is automatically constructed from the XML schemas of XML messages using a code generator. A twolevel DFA architecture is used to increase efficiency and to reduce the generated code size. The lower-level DFA efficiently parses syntactically well-formed XML messages. The higher-level DFA validates the messages and produces application events associated with transitions in the DFA. Two example case studies are presented and performance results are given to demonstrate that the approach supports the implementation of high-performance Web services.
Heat Transfer Aspects

Heat Transfer Aspects – describes experimental and analytical studies of energy loss incurred in a combustion system by heat transfer to its surroundings. The aim of these studies is to evaluate the time profile of this loss and determine on this basis the profile of the mass fraction of generated combustion products.
The Exotic in Daily Life: Trade and Exchange in Historical Archaeology

This chapter provides a brief overview of perspectives on trade, exchange, exoticism through the lens of historical archaeology. It is argued that at no point can we evaluate objects without consideration for how they were incorporated into daily life. Exchange was not just material, but also ideological, and we must be attentive to the social relations of exchange. Rather than locating our attention on points of manufacture and exchange, this chapter provides some consideration for how the exchange of material goods and the incorporation of distant things into daily life allowed for new constructions and understandings of social identity.
A Simple Introduction to Error Estimation for Nonlinear Hyperbolic Conservation Laws

In these notes, we present a simple introduction to the topic of a posteriori error estimation for nonlinear hyperbolic conservation laws. This is a topic of great practical interest which has been receiving increasing attention from many researchers in recent years. On the other hand, the highly complex character of its mathematics often obscures the main ideas behind the technical manipulations. Aware of this unfortunate situation, we have written these notes in an attempt to emphasize the ideas and simplify, as much as possible, the presentation of the techniques.
Methodologies for the probabilistic risk assessment of digital reactor protection and control systems

Nuclear power plants are in the process of replacing the existing analog instrumentation and control (I&C) systems with digital technology. Digital systems distinguish themselves from other control and instrumentation systems mainly due to the presence of active software/ firmware as well as hardware. The U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission policy statement on the use of probabilistic risk assessment (PRA) methods in nuclear regulatory activities encourages licensees to use PRA and associated analyses to support the licensing applications to the extent supported by the state-of-the-art and data. Before digital system reviews can be performed in a risk-informed manner, PRAs will need the capability to model digital I&C systems. The available methodologies for the reliability and risk modeling of digital I&C systems are reviewed with respect to their capability to account for the features of the digital I&C systems relevant to digital reactor protection and control systems, as well as the integrability of the resulting model into an existing PRA. It is concluded that the methodologies that rank as the top two with most positive features and least negative or uncertain features (using subjective criteria based on reported experience) are the dynamic flowgraph methodology and the Markov methodology combined with the cell-to-cell mapping technique, each with different advantages and limitations.
LAND USE, MICROCLIMATE, AND SURFACE RUNOFF LINKAGES: SPACE-TIME MODELING FROM ROKEL-SELI RIVER BASIN, SIERRA LEONE

Abstract. This study mainly utilized the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) together with SWAT-CUP, both free and open source software (FOSS), to construct a distributed hydrologic flow model for the Rokel-Seli River basin, Sierra Leone, in a bid to spatiotemporally evaluate the role of changes in land use/land cover (LULC) and microclimate on streamflow regimes. The model was informed by LULC data derived from three Landsat satellite images collected in 2002, 2010, and 2016. The LULC data was generated with the aid of several python libraries accessed through the FOSS Anaconda Navigator. LULC change analysis demonstrated that between 2002 and 2016, urban, agricultural, water, and mining lands expanded significantly but forest cover reduced the most (−5.7 %). While average annual surface runoff dramatically increased from 2002 to 2010 (31.7 %), the period after the reservoir construction (2010–2016) recorded lower increase in surface runoff (0.9 %). Result of the study suggested that the construction of a major reservoir to support hydroelectricity in concert with significant loss of forest cover and shrub played a greater role in increasing surface runoff compared with the influence of microclimate.
von Willebrand factor competes with fibrin for occupancy of GPIIb:IIIa on thrombin-stimulated platelets

We have investigated two major questions related to the molecular basis of interactions between the three-dimensional fibrin network and thrombin-stimulated human platelets. First, what are the roles played by glycoproteins (GP) Ib and IIb:IIIa in linking the fibrin clot tightly to the platelet surface? Second, does von Willebrand factor (vWF) modulate the extent of platelet-fibrin interactions? Quantitative fluorescence microscopy (microfluorimetry) has been used to determine the quantity of fluorescein-labeled fibrin bound to the surface of thrombin-stimulated, gel-filtered platelets (the supernatants of which contained small quantities of vWF) in the presence/absence of receptor-specific and vWF-specific monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs), as well as exogenous vWF. A MoAb specific for the GPIIb:IIIa complex exhibited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fibrin binding, whereas a MoAb specific for GPIb was ineffective in this regard. Similarly, a MoAb that recognizes the N-terminal region of vWF involved in GPIb binding did not influence fibrin binding. In contrast, a MoAb that binds to a C-terminal region of vWF involved in GPIIb:IIIa recognition caused a specific, concentration-dependent increase in the quantity of platelet-bound fibrin. We also found that exogenous vWF caused a concentration-dependent decrease in fibrin binding. These results support the hypothesis that vWF and fibrin, both of which are multimeric adhesive ligands, compete for occupancy of the GPIIb:IIIa complex on thrombin-stimulated platelets.
Integrating lithofacies and well logging data into smooth generalized additive model for improved permeability estimation: Zubair formation, South Rumaila oil field

Integrating discrete distribution of lithofacies into the petrophysical property modeling is essential to preserve reservoir heterogeneity and improve flow modeling. Specifically, various studies have been implemented to model the permeability as a function of well logging data without taking into account the effect of lithofacies, which is rational to produce distinct regression lines given each facies type. In this paper, advanced statistical learning approaches were adopted as an integrated workflow to model the core permeability given well logging records and discrete lithofacies classification for a well in the South Rumaila oil field, located in Iraq. In particular, the probabilistic neural networks was first applied for modeling and predicting the discrete lithofacies classification given the well logging records: neutron porosity, shale volume, and water saturation. Next, smooth generalized additive model (SGAM) was used to model the core permeability as a function of the same well logging records. In addition, the predicted lithofacies was included as a discrete independent variable in the core permeability modeling to provide different regression lines given each lithotype. The SGAM was also modeled for three subset data given each separate lithofacies to verify the efficiency of SGAM and to provide more accurate prediction of permeability. The same procedure of SGAM was completely repeated by the generalized linear model (GLM) to prove the higher effectiveness of SGAM for permeability modeling and prediction. The root mean square prediction error in SGAM was lower than in GLM in all the combined and separate lithofacies models. In addition, the SGAM model overcame the multicollinearity between shale volume and water saturation variables by using the smoothed terms. Finally, making accurate permeability prediction for all wells in the field should ensure capturing the spatial variation and correlation between the data and then preserving the reservoir heterogeneity.
Key Morphological Events following Late-Season Goosegrass (Eleusine indica) Germination

Goosegrass is a weedy C4 species throughout the world and a major pest in turfgrass systems. Further research is needed to characterize morphological events of goosegrass germinating in late summer to enhance long-term management programs. The objective of this study was to determine whether goosegrass germinating on August 15 will complete a life cycle before the first killing frost, typically November 15 in Clemson, SC. A biotype from Clemson, SC, was collected and a growth-chamber experiment was conducted to simulate autumn maximum and minimum temperatures. Culm, leaf, root, and raceme biomass measurements were recorded weekly, and growth curves were modeled. The inflection point (i.e., point of maximum growth) occurred for the following growth parameters: culm dry weight at 26.5 d after emergence (DAE), leaf dry weight at 26.6 DAE, number of racemes per plant at 50.7 DAE, raceme dry weight (including germinable seed) at 56.0 DAE, and root dry weight at 42.1 DAE. The completion of the life cycle occurred on October 22 (68 DAE), approximately 3 wk before the typical first killing frost in Clemson, SC. In summary, turf managers need to address goosegrass that germinates through approximately the first week of September at this location to avoid production of viable seed.Nomenclature: Goosegrass, Eleusine indica (L.) Gaertn.
Teaching a Generative Model: Mathematical Formulation and Solution Framework

Abstract We develop the mathematical formulation for teaching generative models to a learner whose learning processes and cognitive behaviors may be analytically intractable, but can be simulated by numerical processes. The model considers the learner’s bias (prior knowledge) or memory process by using stochastic models. We also present an optimization framework for solving the involved non-convex, stochastic optimization problems associated with machine teaching. The algorithm design and the conditions and analysis are discussed for local convergence properties of the proposed optimization algorithms. In the paper, we discuss a number of example cases to illustrate the algorithmic ideas and demonstrate their efficiency.
Neuropathy with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors: A meta-analysis.

Objective To explore the association of peripheral neuropathy with vascular endothelial growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (VEGFR-TKIs) use in patients with cancer. Methods Published data search up to November 2018 reporting peripheral neuropathy in patients with cancer treated with VEGFR-TKIs was performed. The primary outcome was presence of peripheral neuropathy at the end of the trial. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate relative risk (RR) of individual treatment. Results Thirty randomized clinical trials (RCTs) including 12,490 patients with cancer were included in this analysis. Eight studies compared VEGFR-TKIs with placebo and the remaining studies compared VEGFR-TKIs with the standard chemotherapeutic regimen. When compared against placebo, VEGFR-TKIs were associated with a higher risk of peripheral neuropathy (RR 1.76; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13–2.75, p = 0.01). Similarly, a stronger association was noted for sensory neuropathy with VEGFR-TKIs monotherapy (RR 1.61; 95% CI 1.09–2.37, p = 0.02). Risk of peripheral neuropathy with VEGFR-TKIs was higher even when they were compared against control (either placebo or standard chemotherapeutic agents) (RR 1.08; 95% CI 1.01–1.15, p = 0.03). High-grade neuropathy (RR 1.28; 95% CI 1.06–1.54, p Conclusions VEGFR-TKIs therapy appeared to be associated with an increased risk of neuropathy.
Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008

Background: Urinary dialkylphosphate metabolites are considered to be a proxy of the cumulative exposure to organophosphorus pesticides. We analyzed the urinary levels of six dialkylphosphate (DAP) metabolites in US adults, to assess the factors associated with levels of urinary metabolites, and observe the time trends. Methods: We analyzed the combined urinary levels of Dimethylphosphate (DMP), Diethylphosphate (DEP), Dimethylthiophosphate (DMTP), Diethylthiophosphate (DETP), Dimethyldithiophosphate (DMDTP), and Diethyldithiophosphate (DEDTP) in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999 and 2008. Results: Increased age and female gender were positively associated with combined levels of urinary DAP metabolites; BMI 25 kg/m2, current smoking, and later survey year were inversely associated with combined levels of DAP metabolites. Among those with at least one detectable DAP in their urine, the mean levels decreased starting in 2001, but stayed relatively stable through 2008. Although the maximum combined urinary DAP level was highest in 1999–2000, throughout all years, we observed extremely high levels of exposure for subgroups of individuals. Conclusion: Despite the fact that organophosphorus pesticides were banned for residential use in the US in 2006, there are still opportunities for exposure in the general population. The average urinary DAP levels have decreased over time; however, the decline appears to have plateaued in recent years, and there remains highly exposed individuals.
Transcutaneous Electrical Stimulation Rescues Gastric Emptying in Lung Transplant Patients with Moderate to Severe Gastroparesis

Purpose Gastroparesis (GP) is prevalent after lung transplant (Ltx) (50-68%). GP has been associated with symptoms and delayed absorption of medications. Of particular concern after Ltx, GP can predispose to gastroesophageal reflux disease considered the main culprit for chronic allograft dysfunction. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment is recommended in Ltx patients. Pharmacologic intervention for GP is not efficacious to improve gastric emptying and can induce potential serious side effects. Transcutaneous electric stimulation (TES) has been proposed to improve motility in various gastrointestinal motility disorders Methods We tested the hypothesis that TES may improve gastric emptying in Ltx patients. A 4-hour solid-phase gastric emptying study was done for worsening lung function before and after TES. Surveillance gastric emptying study (GEE) was done 2-12 weeks after TES. Five patients (4 female, age 48 ± 8), interval post-transplant (1-10 years), underwent TES as rescue therapy for moderate to severe GP (gastric retention >25% at 4 hours) that failed standard pharmacologic and dietary interventions. TES was delivered in continuous square wave, pulse rate 120 Hz, pulse width 220 µs, and pulse intensity to the maximum tolerated level without pain or muscle twitching. Two cutaneous electrodes were placed between T6 and T10 spinal levels (gastric autonomic segment) over the spine. Patients were instructed to use TES for 30 min after meals and for 30 min at bedtime Results Following TES, the percentage of gastric retention at 4 hours improved in the majority of patients (42 median, 25-73 min-max before TES; 20 median 7-43 min-max) after TES, p=0.01; figure 1). Three patients reported GP symptoms. Only one patient reported no significant improvement in the severity of symptoms Conclusion TES appears to modulate symptom perception and significantly improves gastric emptying in Ltx patients with moderate to severe gastroparesis
Comparing students’ study abroad experiences and outcomes across global contexts

Abstract In this study, we explored the influence of international destinations on student experiences and learning outcomes in study abroad by comparing outcomes across international tracks within a common global program. All students take the same semester-long course then travel on one of seven international tracks to different countries. Our study treated each international track as a case and used a mixed-methods approach to analyze students’ journals kept while studying abroad to compare the experiences and learning outcomes of students across cases. This analysis revealed that although the cultural distance between the United States and the host culture appears to influence students’ experiences, several other factors such as the presence of a foreign language and visible historical environment are also important to consider. These results provide insight for designers of global programs regarding the implications of choosing different international destinations as the focus of their programs.
Visualization and Analysis of Clickstream Data of Online Stores with a Parallel Coordinate System

Clickstreams are visitors' path through a Web site. Analysis of clickstreams shows how a Web site is navigated and used by its visitors. Clickstream data of online stores contains information useful for understanding the effectiveness of marketing and merchandising efforts. In this paper, we present a visualization system that provides users with greater abilities to interpret and explore clickstream data of online stores. The system visualizes a large number of clickstreams by assigning parallel coordinates to sequential steps in click-streams. To demonstrate how the presented visualization system provides capabilities for examining online store clickstreams, we present a series of parallel coordinate visualizations, which display clickstream data from an operating online retail store.
The concentration dependence of the diffusion and permeability in a homogeneous membrane

For the sorption and diffusion coefficient dependence on the concentration of the penetrant the transport properties of a homogeneous medium are calculated. The diffusion current is assumed to be proportional to the negative gradient of the chemical potential. This is in contrast with the first Fick's law that assumes this current to be proportional to the negative gradient of the concentration of the penetrant. The difference between the two cases depends on the concentration dependence of the sorption coefficient. In a homogeneous membrane the chemical potential formulation leads to an equation which is very similar to the Fickian expression. The apparent diffusion coefficient, however, depends not onlly on the transport resistance but also on the deviation of the sorption coefficient from constancy.
Judicial Behavior and Public Opinion: Popular Expectations Regarding the Factors That Influence Supreme Court Decisions

This article examines the mass public's perceptions of the factors that actually influence Supreme Court decisions as well those that ought to influence such decisions. We expect significant discrepancies between what the public believes ought to be the case and what it perceives to actually be the case with regard to Supreme Court decision making and that these discrepancies have a significant negative impact on the public's assessment of the Court. More specifically, we hypothesize that the public believes that political factors have more influence on the Court than “ought” to be the case and that the public perceives traditional legal factors to be less influential than they should be. We find that the expected discrepancies do exist and significantly detract from popular regard for the Court.
The Process of Learning in Gymnastics.

(1978). The Process of Learning in Gymnastics. Journal of Physical Education and Recreation: Vol. 49, No. 7, pp. 44-47.
Caenorhabditis elegans Vulval Induction

Study of Caenorhabditis elegans vulval development has improved our understanding of inductive signalling and pattern formation at the single cell level, and has led to the definition of signalling cascades. Studies of signal transduction during vulval development have led to the discovery of what is considered a universal signalling pathway from growth factor receptor to RAS to MAP kinase to the nucleus, and the discovery of the LIN-12/Notch family of receptors that mediate lateral signalling. Keywords: intercellular signalling; signal transduction; pattern formation; organogenesis; cell lineage
Spectral Classification of Eclipsing Binaries

Approximately 375 classification spectra of 130 Southern Hemisphere eclipsing binary stars were obtained between 1978 and 1982 at Mt. John University Observatory, New Zealand using the 0.6 meter reflector, and at Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory, Chile using the 0.4, 0.6, 0.9, and 1.0 meter telescopes. The spectra have been classified by one of us (GWW) using a grid of standards obtained on the various spectrographs at each of the observatories. Since many of the spectra were taken during primary and secondary minima, it has been possible in many cases to classify separately each component in the binaries.
A Dynamic Systems Theory Model of Visual Perception Development

This article presents a model for understanding the development of visual perception from a dynamic systems theory perspective. It contrasts to a hierarchical or reductionist model that is often found in the occupational therapy literature. In this proposed model vision and ocular motor abilities are not foundational to perception, they are seen as only a part of the complex interaction of components that give rise to the experience of vision. Other components include tactile perception, movement, language and motivation with attention and knowledge overarching all intelligent perceptual activity. However, this is not simply a summation of components, the “dynamic” aspect is that each component affects and is affected by the others in a moment-by-moment as well as developmental time scale. This model does not begin with the visual image, instead the main driver of this system is the goal of the task. Current research and theoretical work from a variety of disciplines is presented to support the view of pe...
Autonomous replication and expression of RNA 1 from black beetle virus.

Abstract Black beetle virions contain two RNAs. The smaller one, RNA 2, has previously been shown to be a messenger for viral coat protein. It is shown here, by infecting sensitized Drosophila cells with the individually purified RNAs, that the larger one, RNA 1, carries the viral gene(s) required for RNA polymerase functions. RNA 2 was dispensible for synthesis of viral RNA 1 and subgenomic RNA 3 but was essential for synthesis of RNA 2 and virions. Cells infected with RNA 1 alone produced RNA 3 in proportions 10- to 20-fold greater than cells infected with virions. This overproduction of RNA 3 decreased with increasing proportions of RNA 2 in the infecting RNA 1. We conclude that RNA 1 is the previously unidentified progenitor of subgenomic RNA 3, whereas RNA 2 regulates the amount of RNA 3 produced in the infected cell.
261 - A Mediated Electrochemical Redox Study of Soluble Spinach Ferredoxin Using Optically Coupled Methods

Abstract The application of mediated electrochemical redox titrations employing spectroelectrochemical techniques to the study of the energetics and stoichiometry of soluble spinach ferredoxin is presented. The electrochemical mediators used in this study for reductions are 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-dipyridinium dichloride (methyl viologen) and 5,5′-dimethyl-1,1′-trimethylene-2,2′-dipyridinium dibromide. Electrochemically generated oxygen was used to oxidize ferredoxin. Quantitative reductive titrations of ferredoxin using the 2,2′-dipyridinium mediator were performed at a solution pH of 7.3 where quantitative reduction with sodium dithionite is not possible. The results presented here show that mediated coulometric electrochemical titrations of ferredoxin at pH 7.3 achieve poised solution potentials which are sufficiently negative to quantitatively reduced this molecule.
A Permeant Ion Binding Site Located between Two Gates of the Shaker K+ Channel

K+ channels can be occupied by multiple permeant ions that appear to bind at discrete locations in the conduction pathway. Neither the molecular nature of the binding sites nor their relation to the activation or inactivation gates that control ion flow are well understood. We used the permeant ion Ba2+ as a K+ analog to probe for K+ ion binding sites and their relationship to the activation and inactivation gates. Our data are consistent with the existence of three single-file permeant-ion binding sites: one deep site, which binds Ba2+ with high affinity, and two more external sites whose occupancy influences Ba2+ movement to and from the deep site. All three sites are accessible to the external solution in channels with a closed activation gate, and the deep site lies between the activation gate and the C-type inactivation gate. We identify mutations in the P-region that disrupt two of the binding sites, as well as an energy barrier between the sites that may be part of the selectivity filter.
Postsynaptic dorsal column pathway of the rat. II. Evidence against an important role in nociception.

Abstract The response characteristics of neurons at the origin of the postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) pathway were determined in unanesthetized, decerebrated, spinalized rats. Sixty-four percent of PSDC neurons responded only to innocuous mechanical stimuli. Thirty-six percent responded to innocuous stimuli but were more powerfully activated by noxious pinch, Ninety-three percent of the tested PSDC neurons were not activated by any of several intensities of sustained, repeated noxious heating of their receptive fields. The failure of pinch-responssive PSDC cells to respond to thermal stimulation, even in sensitized skin, suggests that they do not receive a functionally significant input from C polymodal nociceptors, heat nociceptors, or mechanical-heat nociceptors. We conclude, therefore that the postsynaptic dorsal column pathway is not importantly involved in nociception in the rat.
Anonymous nuclear markers for Malagasy plated lizards (Zonosaurus)

We report the development of 18, single-copy, anonymous nuclear loci from the Malagasy plated lizard Zonosaurus madagascariensis. More than 140 clones from a genomic library were examined and 38 potential loci tested across both closely and distantly related lizards. Of the 18 loci reported here, more than half (10) work in closely related zonosaurines although only one successfully amplified a homologous fragment in the distantly related iguanid (Oplurus). Sequences of these loci revealed a high frequency of single nucleotide polymorphisms, supporting previous reports of high levels of intraspecific variation in lizards.
A Novel High Frequency, High Power, Pulsed Oscillator Based on Transmission Line Transformer Technology

Recent experiments have demonstrated the potential for transmission line transformers to be employed as high frequency, high power, pulsed oscillators operating in the 10 to 100 MHz regime at peak power levels on the order of 10 MW. Researchers at the University of Missouri-Columbia have fabricated and tested a prototype system that generates a 28 MW damped sinusoidal waveform over a 3-25 MHz spectrum into a 200 ? resistive load. A SPICE model has been developed to accurately model circuit behavior and scaling laws have been identified to allow for circuit design at higher frequencies and higher peak power.
Using Dream Interpretation to Resolve Group Developmental Impasses

This paper focuses on the use of dream interpretation in psychoanalytic group psychotherapy. One of the goals of the paper is to demonstrate that the kinds of dreams, manifestly about the group, offered at various points in the life history of the group, are influenced by, and, in turn, influence developmental phases in group. Dream interpretation also helps the therapist to identify emerging developmental themes in the group-as-a-whole as well as illuminate developmental impasses and resistances of the group. The second goal of this paper is to demonstrate how interpretations of these dreams can help lessen resistance and help the group to resolve the impasse. The paper first reviews some basic principles and approaches to dream interpretation in a group setting and then elucidates typical phases in group development. Two extended case examples are presented to illustrate how dream interpretation may be utilized to help the group move beyond the impasse.
Automated detection of wall and plaque borders in intravascular ultrasound images

Intravascular ultrasound is a minimally invasive tomographic technique which produces 2-D cross-sectional images depicting vessel wall architecture and plaque morphology. Currently, no reliable automated approaches exist that offer segmentation of blood and vascular wall. We have developed a method for automated segmentation of intravascular ultrasound images to differentiate among plaque, wall, and blood. To achieve reliable border detection in noisy intravascular ultrasound images, a priori knowledge is incorporated in the edge detection process using heuristic graph searching. The method was validated using images from two phantoms that were imaged under several pressure conditions. In the first image set, our automated border detection method correctly identified the wall and plaque borders in 69/91 images. In the second image set, our method successfully identified external and internal wall and plaque borders in all 36 images. Lumen cross-sectional areas correlated very well with distending pressure in both sets of images. By comparison with the micrometer determined average wall thickness, mean absolute error of wall thickness was 0.02 +/- 0.01 mm.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
SELMA THE JEWISH SEER: FEMALE PROPHECY AND BOURGEOIS RELIGION IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY GERMANY

This article discusses the importance of spiritualism and mysticism for nineteenth-century German Jews though the lens of a book about a Jewish female clairvoyant in 1830s Berlin. In 1838, Morris Wiener published Selma, die judische Seherin, a widely read story about his sister's miraculous healing and prophetic visions after being treated by a physician specializing in Mesmerism. This article proposes that we consider Selma's unusual story as an expression of nineteenth-century German Jews' experiences of bourgeois religion. In their attempt to prove that their religion was compatible with modern life, many German Jews sought to show not only how rational their religion was, as scholars have long emphasized, they also sought to demonstrate how spiritual Jews could be and to suggest that Judaism, like Protestantism and Catholicism, could engender multiple forms of mystical religiosity.
Methods of translation in Bartók's twenty Hungarian folksongs

(1992). Methods of translation in Bartok's twenty Hungarian folksongs. Journal of Musicological Research: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 189-211.
Hydrogen photoproduction under continuous illumination by sulfur-deprived, synchronous Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cultures

Unsynchronized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cells subsequently deprived of sulfur produce H2 under continuous illumination in the laboratory for 3– 4 days. However, cultures grown outdoors will be exposed to day-and-night cycles that may synchronize their growth and cell division. While it is clear that only insigni6cant amounts of H2 can be produced by sulfur-deprived cells during the night period, little work has been done to examine the e7ects of the light=dark cycles preceding sulfur deprivation on subsequent H2 photoproduction. We show that (a) C. reinhardtii cells exhibit synchronized growth and cell division in the presence of acetate, (b) cells with the highest speci6c rates of H2 photoproduction also have the highest rates of biomass accumulation, and (c) the highest rates of starch and protein degradation coincide with the highest rates of formate and acetate accumulation, but not with H2 photoproduction. This work shows that it is possible to maximize the production of H2 by sulfur-depriving synchronized cultures at about 4 h after the beginning of the light period. ? 2002 International Association for Hydrogen Energy. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Adolescent Suicide: Risk Factors and Countermeasures

Abstract Suicide is the second leading cause of death for adolescents aged 15-to-24. The rate of completed and attempted suicides could be reduced by training teachers, counselors, and students to recognize those who are high risk and immediately responding by implementing both prevention and postvention strategies. Prevention strategies include identifying warning signs of suicidal behavior, referring to trained personnel, and teaching alternative coping techniques. Postvention strategies are directed toward sharing information, expressing feelings, and identifying those who are most vulnerable for suicidal actions.
Physical vapor deposition of GaAs on single crystal sapphire

The growth by physical vapor deposition of GaAs films on single crystal sapphire has been studied. A vacuum evaporation technique was used whereby Ga and As2 vapors were supplied from a single crucible containing GaAs. In the substrate temperature range investigated, 200–600°C, only GaAs was observed; neither excess Ga nor As was detected. Reflection electron diffraction indicated the best films, grown at ~ 585°C, were single crystal with twinning. Films grown at lower temperatures were increasingly polycrystalline. Laue back-reflection x-ray diffraction generally indicated a larger degree of polycrystallinity or less well developed single crystallinity than did the reflection electron diffraction. Films grown on poorly polished substrates were consistently poorer in quality than those grown on scratch-free substrates. The films had resistivities > 1 × 105 ohm-cm.
Multiple assessments of succession rates on Mount St. Helens

Understanding what regulates successional recovery improves ecosystem management, but since facets of vegetation structure respond differentially to regulatory mechanisms and do not develop concurrently, multiple measures of succession rates are needed to fully describe recovery. Using permanent plots located across a disturbance gradient on Mount St. Helens, we explore factors that regulate succession rates and methods to assess them. Rates were assessed with eight criteria. Structural recovery was determined by cover accumulation. Floristic turnover was evaluated by trajectory complexity (community type turnover), time to reach 20 % similarity to initial conditions, mean plot similarity, regression of the similarity decay, Euclidean distance (ED) in detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) space, principal components analysis of the DCA space, and the slope of this regression. Cover recovery is related to impact intensity, while floristic changes were inversely related to impact intensity, modified by local conditions. Scour sites soon achieved maximum cover, but stress delayed floristic recovery. Development on lahars was inhibited by isolation. Pumice and protected blasted ridge sites developed quickly; rates were slowed by disturbance and enhanced in protected sites and where Lupinus lepidus thrived. Comparisons of plots in different habitats confirmed that recovery rates are slowed by stresses imposed by elevation, exposure, and infertility, by isolation and by disturbance. No single criterion can characterize succession rates comprehensively, but trajectory complexity, matrix similarity, and ED in DCA space offer critical insight to understand the interactive effects of environment and disturbance history on rates of successional recovery.
Transport of a solvent mixture across two glove materials when applied in a paint matrix.

The transport of mixed paint solvents through natural rubber latex (4 mil) and nitrile rubber (5 mil) gloves was evaluated after spray application of the paint formulation directly on the glove surface. Glove materials and thicknesses were those selected by the majority of spray painters in the local automobile repair industry. A flat panel containing glove specimens mounted in multiple permeation cells permitted evaporation of solvents from the applied paint and incorporated a solid sorbent receiving medium for measuring glove membrane transport. The panel was sprayed in a paint booth to simulate use conditions. Charcoal cloth under the glove adsorbed transported solvents, which were quantified by gas chromatography. For each solvent component, results were expressed as mass transported through the glove relative to the mass applied, per unit area, during 30 min after spray application. The paint formulation contained ketones, acetates, and aromatics. Natural rubber latex allowed 6–10 times the transport of solvents relative to nitrile rubber for all eight solvent components: methyl ethyl ketone, toluene, styrene, ethyl benzene, xylene isomers, and 2-heptanone. m-Xylene showed the largest difference in transport between the two glove materials. This solvent also had the highest transport for each material. The results indicate that nitrile rubber gloves offer somewhat greater chemical resistance to all eight solvents studied compared with natural rubber latex gloves, regardless of the chemical properties of the individual solvent components. However, it must be emphasized that neither of the glove materials, in the thicknesses used in this study, provide adequate protection when exposed by direct spray painting. Simulation of realistic spray conditions may offer a source of useful information on the performance of chemical protective gloves because it accounts for solvent evaporation and the effect of paint polymerization after application on glove transport.
Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates as carbocation transition state analogs for isoprenoid biosynthesis.

Nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates are potent bone antiresorptive agents as well as having herbicidal and antiparasitic activity, and are thought to act by inhibiting enzymes of the mevalonate pathway. Using molecular modeling and ab initio quantum chemical calculations, we show that bisphosphonates can act as aza-isoprenoid transition state analogs, thereby inhibiting isoprenoid biosynthesis. The two phosphonate groups of the 1,1-bisphosphonates readily dock into the diphosphate-Mg(2+) binding site in farnesyl diphosphate synthase, while the charged ammonium (or pyridinium or imidazolium) groups act as carbocation transition state analogs, whose binding is stabilized by a cluster of oxygen atoms in the active site cleft, and an overall negative electrostatic potential in this region. Enhanced activity is shown to correlate with increasing van der Waals stabilization due to N-alkylation, or the presence of a charged, planar (sp(2)-hybridized) aromatic residue in the carbocation binding site. These results are of general interest since they suggest a rational approach to bisphosphonate drug design.
The contested nature of vacant land in Philadelphia and approaches for resolving competing objectives for redevelopment

Abstract The redevelopment of vacant land is a contested issue in most urban places. Municipal governments advocate for the conversion of underutilized lots into tax-revenue generating developments, while residents may prefer additional green space or parks. The purpose of this paper is to provide a framework for managing these competing objectives through an analysis of vacant land redevelopment alternatives in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. This study employs a GIS-based multi-objective land allocation (MOLA) methodology at two scales – citywide and neighborhood level – to balance three competing objectives: green space, commercial, and residential. The results of the multi-objective land allocation (MOLA) model identify the most suitable reuses of vacant land across Philadelphia. Further, this study provides a policy-oriented framework and methodology for balancing competing objectives in vacant land planning that could be readily applied in different contexts.
Thymoma—Morphologic subclassification correlates with invasiveness and immunohistologic features: A study of 122 cases

Abstract We applied the classification system of Marino and Muller-Hermelink (Virchows Arch A Pathol Anat Histopathol 407:119–149, 1985) and Kirchner and Muller-Hermelink (Prog Surg Pathol 10: 167–189, 1989) to 122 thymic epithelial tumors to evaluate the utility of this classification and to determine its correlation with invasiveness, follicular lymphoid hyperplasia, myasthenia gravis, and immunophenotype. The majority of cases could be classified according to this scheme: eight cases (7%) were medullary thymoma, 34 cases (28%) were mixed thymoma, 20 cases (16%) were predominantly cortical (organoid) thymoma, 22 cases (18%) were cortical thymoma, 32 cases (26%) were well-differentiated carcinoma (WDC), two cases (2%) were high-grade carcinoma, and four cases (3%) were unclassifiable. We report a detailed histologic analysis of these subtypes, with criteria for diagnosis. We propose that the term "organoid thymoma" be replaced by "predominantly cortical thymoma". We also observed a previously unrecognized subtype of WDC with spindle-shaped epithelial cells, which must be distinguished from medullary thymoma. There was a strong correlation between histologic subtype and invasion ( P P
Experimental and Computational Study of n-Heptane Autoignition in a Direct-Injection Constant-Volume Combustion Chamber

The purpose of this study was to characterize experimental n-heptane combustion behavior in a direct-injection constant-volume combustion chamber (DI-CVCC), using chamber pressure to infer ignition delay and heat-release rate. Measurements generally displayed expected trends and indicated entirely premixed combustion with no mixing-controlled phase. A significant finding was the observation of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) behavior. Comparing results with CHEMKIN-PRO simulations, it was found that a homogeneous combustion model was reasonably accurate for ignition delays longer than 5 ms. The combination of NTC behavior and homogeneous fuel-air mixtures suggests that this DI-CVCC can be useful for validation of chemical-kinetic mechanisms.
Fracture toughness determination of dental amalgams through microindentation

A microindentation technique was used to study and estimate the fracture toughness of six amalgams. A significant difference is observed between fracture toughness at the bulk and the margin of amalgams. All amalgams show significant differences in fracture toughness as a function of distance from the margin. Microindentation measurement of fracture toughness appears to be an effective method of evaluating the localized brittleness of amalgams.