cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Differential effect of chloride ions on β-galactosidase isoenzymes: A method for separate assay

Abstract Kinetic, electrophoretic, and gel filtration studies demonstrated the presence of two components of β-galactosidase in human liver, an ‘acid’ enzyme(s) (pH 4–4.35) which was thermolabile, and the ‘neutral’ enzyme (pH 5–6.5) which was thermostable. The ‘neutral’ enzyme probably possessed both β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase activities. Chloride ions stimulated and stabilized the ‘acid’ β-galactosidase but strongly inhibited the ‘neutral’ enzyme. The concentrations of chloride ions which gave maximal stimulation and stabilization of ‘acid’ β-galactosidase were 0.7 mequiv and 10 mequiv respectively. ‘Neutral’ β-galactosidase was markedly inhibited by chloride ions at pH 4.5 and below, but not at higher pH's. β-Glucosidase was inhibited by chloride in an identical manner. The concentration of chloride giving half maximal inhibition of both ‘neutral’ β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase was 70 mM. Taking advantage of the striking differential effect of chloride ions on ‘acid’ and ‘neutral’ β-galactosidase, a simple method was developed for their separate assay.
Nonlinear laser dynamics : from quantum dots to cryptography

Part I Nanostructured Devices Modeling Quantum-Dot-Based Devices Kathy Ludge Exploiting Noise and Polarization Bistability in Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers for Fast Pulse Generation and Logic Operations J. Zamora-Munt and Cristina Masoller Mode Competition Driving Laser Nonlinear Dynamics Marc Sciamanna Quantum Cascade Laser: An Emerging Technology Andreas Wacker Controlling Charge Domain Dynamics in Superlattices M. T. Greenaway, Alexander G. Balanov, E. Scholl, and T.M. Fromhold Bifurcation Study of a Semiconductor Laser with Saturable Absorberand Delayed Optical Feedback Bernd Krauskopf and Jamie J. Walker Modeling of Passively Mode-Locked Semiconductor Lasers Andrei G. Vladimirov, Dmitrii Rachinskii, and Matthias Wolfrum Dynamical and Synchronization Properties of Delay-Coupled Lasers C.M. Gonzalez, M.C. Soriano, M.C. Torrent, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, and Ingo Fischer Complex Networks Based on Coupled Two-Mode Lasers Andreas Amann Part III Synchronization and Cryptography Noise Synchronization and Stochastic Bifurcations in Lasers Sebastian M. Wieczorek Emergence of One- and Two-Cluster States in Populations of Globally Pulse-Coupled Oscillators Leonhard Lucken and Serhiy Yanchuk Broadband Chaos Kristine E. Callan, Lucas Illing, and Daniel J. Gauthier Synchronization of Chaotic Networks and Secure Communication Ido Kanter and Wolfgang Kinzel Desultory Dynamics in Diode-Lasers: Drift, Diffusion, and Delay K. Alan Shore
THE ECOLOGY OF POLITICAL REFORM

In several studies of political behavior in Chicago, Thomas Guterbock has identified “localism,” an affectual commitment to a bounded subcommunity, as the key sentiment generating electoral support for the Democratic organization. Localistic sentiment has been linked to pro-machine voting, Guterbock suggests, because the organization is perceived as the source of valuable support for maintaining the neighborhood. A replication of the Guterbock study in Memphis finds that localism, measured by the same aggregate indicators selected by Guterbock, was a strong predictor of support for the reformers who challenged the Crump machine in elections from 1948–1955. By the postwar era, it seems, the Memphis machine was losing the will and capacity to respond to demands for community development, thereby losing its standing as a valuable resource for the neighborhood patriots whose political choices were dictated by instrumental considerations. This finding underscores that the link between localism and political behavior depended upon the nature of the political alternatives available to the electorate.
Abnormal anterior chamber associated immune deviation (ACAID) in 129-strain mice.

Purpose: To characterize anterior chamber immune deviation (ACAID) in 129-strain and mixed 129-strain mice. Methods: ACAID was assayed using standard protocols with herpes simplex-1 (HSV-1) and trinitrophenol-hapten-spleen cells (TNP-spleen) in C57B1/6, 129P2, 129X1, and intercrossed strains. Systemic tolerance induction was assayed using an ultraviolet light skin tolerance protocol to 2,-4,6-trinitro-l-chlorobenzene (TNCB). Results: 129X1 and C57Bl/6xl29Xl Fl mice did not show ACAID to HSV-1. C57Bl/6xl29P2 mice did not show ACAID to TNP-spleen. C57Bl/6xl29P2 mice did show normal peripheral immune deviation to TNCB. (C57Bl/6xl29Xl) × C57B1/6 N2 backcrossed mice showed a bimodal ACAID response to HSV-1 suggesting a single dominant allele in the 129X1 background responsible for suppressing ACAID. Conclusion: ACAID to multiple antigens is significantly reduced in 129-strain mice and their outcrossed progeny. Since 129-strain embryonic stem cells are widely used to generate knockout and transgenic mice, care ...
Prediction of the Kinetics of Disappearance of Sulfur Hexafluoride and Perfluoropropane Intraocular Gas Bubbles

Intravitreal gases are useful in treating complicated retinal detachments by providing internal tamponade of retinal breaks. The geometry of the intraocular gas bubble and the kinetics of intraocular gas absorption determine the geometry and duration of internal tamponade of the retinal break. The authors derived a mathematical relationship based on a geometric model of the rabbit eye which allows calculation of the volume of an intraocular gas bubble from its observed meniscus height. When compared with actual measured bubble volumes, this technique was found to provide an accurate, noninvasive method for determining true intraocular gas volumes. Using this model, the absorption of nonexpansile concentrations of sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and perfluoropropane (C3F8) were found to obey first-order kinetics. Both gases were found to have an intraocular half-life two to three times shorter in aphakic rabbit eyes after total vitrectomy than in phakic rabbit eyes with intact vitreous.
Macroscopic Aspects of Neutron Interaction in Magnetics

The interaction of neutrons with magnetic materials, as described by the Halpern-Holstein relations that properly include the role of the domain structure, is characterized macroscopically. Certain interesting properties of these relations are delineated, such as the inequality ${K}^{2}+Kp\ensuremath{-}{w}^{2}\ensuremath{\ge}0$ which restricts the physically meaningful combinations of the absorption coefficient $K$ and the polarization and depolarization parameters $w$ and $p$, respectively. This particular finding establishes a criterion for the validity of theoretically evaluated constants derived from microscopic treatment of neutron scattering and depolarization phenomena.
Effects of cortisone and testosterone on diaphragmatic function and biochemistry in the rabbit

The effects of cortisone and testosterone on in vivo diaphragmatic function and biochemistry were assessed in rabbits to determine whether androgens can prevent the effects of corticosteroids on diaphragmatic function and biochemistry and what mechanisms of muscle function may be altered. Cortisone altered respiratory muscle endurance and diaphragmatic glycogen and lactate levels but had little effect on diaphragmatic strength. Testosterone had no significant impact on diaphragmatic strength, endurance, or biochemistry. However, concomitant administration of testosterone with cortisone blunted the effect of cortisone on respiratory muscle endurance, even though it failed to block the effects of cortisone on diaphragmatic glycogen and lactate levels. Alterations in respiratory muscle endurance were not due to low- or high-frequency contractile fatigue of the diaphragm or diaphragmatic glycogen depletion or lactate accumulation in any of the treatment conditions. On the other hand, alterations in central drive played a dominant role, as evidenced by alterations in inspiratory duty cycle and a falloff in the intensity of central drive during loading. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the alterations in central drive remain unknown, concomitant administration of androgens with corticosteroids blunted the impact of corticosteroids on respiratory muscle function.
Open-source distribution transient modeling with Modelica

Modelica is a relatively new multi-domain simulation language that is well suited to modeling power system transients. This paper gives an introduction to Modelica for distribution system applications with some examples. Overhead line models are given as an example of using Modelica for developing components. An interface to Modelica simulations through R, an open-source processing environment, allows for plotting, parameter sweeps, component optimization, and Monte Carlo analysis.
Predicting clinical outcome in CLL: how and why

The clinical course of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is heterogeneous, with some patients experiencing rapid disease progression and others living for decades without requiring treatment. Clinical features and molecular/biologic factors such as ZAP-70, immunoglobulin heavy chain (IGHV) gene mutation status, and cytogenetic abnormalities on fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) have been found to be robust predictors of treatment-free survival and overall survival among newly diagnosed patients. Beyond their widely recognized value for providing insight into disease biology and utility for stratifying patient risk in clinical trials, these prognostic tools play an important role in the current counseling and management of patients with CLL. Recent studies have focused on how to combine the results of multiple prognostic assays into an integrated risk stratification system and explored how these characteristics influence response to treatment. This chapter reviews the available tools to stratify patient risk and discusses how these tools can be used in routine clinical practice to individualize patient counseling, guide the frequency of follow-up, and inform treatment selection.
Effects of natal experience on habitat selection when individuals make choices in groups: a multilevel analysis

We studied the effects of natal experience on preference for a postdispersal habitat (natal habitat preference induction, NHPI) in groups of newly eclosed female Drosophila melanogaster, using multilevel statistical models to take into account dependencies of responses from individuals making choices within the same hour. Groups consisting of flies with one of five genotypes (crosses of highly inbred female isolines) were allowed free access to a high-quality natal habitat after emergence from their pupae. The flies were then allowed to select one of two new habitats in a large ‘seminatural’ environment over the next 3 days. The flies showed strong positive effects of training habitat on their choice of a new habitat, after controlling for potential dependence in choices within hours and trials. The genotypes also varied with respect to the effects of conspecifics and humidity on individual choice. A second analysis using data aggregated at the trial level and a traditional statistical approach (a generalized linear model, GLM) also detected effects of training on habitat choice. However, the GLM produced other results that may have been artefacts resulting from the omission of within-trial factors with important effects on choice in this trial-level analysis. This study shows the advantages of using multilevel models rather than aggregating data to control for interactions among subjects when animals select items in groups.
How to quickly predict the overall TWT and the multistage depressed collector efficiency

A set of simple expressions is presented which provides a quick but accurate prediction of overall TWT efficiency using only a pocket calculator.
Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Thin Polymer Films using Scanning Probe Microscopy

The extremely high measurement sensitivity and accuracy has made scanning probe microscopy (SPM) a valuable tool for detecting various kinds of tip surface interactions such as Van der Waals force for AFM, electron tunneling for STM, electric / magnetic forces for EFM/MFM, frictional force for LFM, etc. This paper presents a new technique, SPM nanoindentation technique, for monitoring the repulsive force between the sharp probe and material surface as a means to detect the mechanical properties of materials. The key advantages of SPM nano-indentation are its imaging capability which allows accurate measurement of indentation geometry and precise location of indentation probe for micro-mechanical measurement. This particular study explores the areas of applicability of SPM for measuring mechanical properties such as Young’s modulus of materials. Limit studies have been done in understanding the reproducibility of force curves, the effect of surface roughness on force curve, substrate on Young’s modulus measurement, etc.. Examples of Young’s modulus extraction for organic films will be presented.
The role of behavioral inhibition and behavioral approach systems in the associations between mood and alcohol consequences in college: A longitudinal multilevel analysis

The behavioral inhibition system (BIS) and behavioral approach system (BAS) are thought to influence sensitivity to reinforcement and punishment, making them useful for predicting mood-related drinking outcomes. This study provided the first examination of BIS and BAS as moderators of longitudinal within-person associations between mood and alcohol-related consequences in college student drinkers. Participants (N = 637) at two public U.S. universities completed up to 14 online surveys over the first three years of college assessing past-month general positive and negative moods, as well as past-month alcohol use and consequences. BIS and BAS were assessed at baseline. Using multilevel regression, we found that BIS and BAS moderated the within-person associations between negative mood and alcohol consequences. For students high on BIS only, high on BAS only, or high on both BIS and BAS, within-person increases in negative mood were associated with greater alcohol consequences in the first year of college. However, these negative mood-alcohol consequence associations diminished over time for students high on BIS and low on BAS, but remained strong for students high on both BIS and BAS. Within-person associations between positive mood and alcohol consequences changed from slightly positive to slightly negative over time, but were not moderated by BIS or BAS. Findings suggest that BIS and BAS impact the within-person association between general changes in negative mood and negative alcohol consequences, working jointly to maintain this relationship over time.
Rawls's Theory of Justice

John Rawls's theory of justice is best understood as an attempt to adapt Rousseau's theory of the general will to the modern liberal democratic state. Central to the theory is a belief in the rationality of human nature and dynamics. In a well-ordered society men's natural sentiments will prove to be both unified and stable, and they will not permit morally arbitrary advantages to influence their social arrangements. Rawls's theory offers a rational accommodation of freedom and equality. His philosophical perspective opens him to the charge that his theory slights the historical dimension of human justice. His conception of human personality is somewhat ambiguous. There is incongruity between his ethical theory and the realities of democratic politics. Nevertheless, Rawls's formulation of the moral and political principles of liberalism is a major achievement and entirely worthy of his intellectual ancestry
FEBRILE CONVULSIONS AND COT DEATH

Abstract Examination of the records of hospital admissions and all deaths among the 40 544 Sheffield children who were aged less than two years in the period 1975-79 revealed 475 children admitted with their first febrile convulsion and 50 children who presented as cot deaths. Rectal temperatures taken before refrigeration were traced for 24 of the latter. 10 of these 24 children had temperatures in excess of 38°C and 5 were greater than 40°C. There was a transition in age at presentation between the two groups, with most cot deaths occurring before six months of age and febrile convulsions after that age. No time-based clustering between the date of presentation with cot death or febrile convulsion was found to suggest a single aetiological agent. It is suggested that febrile convulsions and some inexplicable sudden infant deaths may be equivalent responses to a febrile stimulus, but with a different outcome because of the difference in age of occurrence. A common mechanism could be thermolabile syncope which, in the susceptible younger infant, leads to irreversible cerebral ischaemia. The rectal temperature should be taken as soon as possible in all cot deaths. An aberration of a vagally mediated reflex may be responsible for some cot deaths.
Optimizing inhaled corticosteroid therapy in children with chronic asthma.

Asthma is the most common chronic illness among children, and inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are the most effective long-term therapy available for suppressing airway inflammation in persistent asthma. While the primary aim of ICS therapy is good efficacy with minimal side effects, early diagnosis and treatment of asthma can also improve asthma control and normalize lung function, and may prevent irreversible airway injury. Poor patient compliance is a major barrier to treatment. Simplified dosing regimens (e.g., once-daily administration), good inhaler technique, and education of the patient/caregiver should improve patient compliance. Concerns over ICS therapy are often based on the potential for systemic effects associated with oral corticosteroids (e.g., effects on bone mineral density, or growth suppression in children). Since adverse events are associated with high doses of ICS, the dose in all patients should be titrated to the minimum effective dose required to maintain control. Optimal distribution of an ICS in the lungs rather than the systemic compartment is affected by several factors, including the drug's pharmacokinetic profile, inhaler type, inhaler technique, and drug particle size. For young patients unable to use a dry-powder inhaler or pressurized metered-dose inhaler, a nebulizer facilitates drug delivery through passive inhalation; ICS therapy in the form of budesonide inhalation suspension can be given to children with persistent asthma from 12 months of age. In conclusion, selecting a drug with good efficacy and minimal side effects, such as budesonide, together with an easy-to-use delivery system and ongoing patient/caregiver education, is important in optimizing ICS therapy for children with persistent asthma. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Fat facets does a Highwire act at the synapse.

Neuromuscular synapses are highly dynamic structures that respond to both intercellular and intracellular cues to manipulate synaptic form. A variety of post-translational modifications of synaptic proteins are used to regulate synaptic plasticity. A recent report by DiAntonio et al.(1) shows that two ubiquitin pathway proteins, Highwire and Fat facets, may be mutually antagonistic regulators of presynaptic growth at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. This work adds support to the emerging idea that ubiquitin, a polypeptide that targets proteins for proteasomal degradation, regulates synaptic development. BioEssays 24:13–16, 2002. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Blood pressure management in stroke: Five new things

Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor for stroke, with an estimated 51% of stroke deaths being attributable to high systolic blood pressure globally.1,2 The management of hypertension in stroke is determined by timing, the type of stroke, use of thrombolysis, concurrent medical conditions, and pharmacologic variables. We highlight the details of elevated blood pressure management in the hyperacute/acute, subacute, and chronic stages of ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage.
Comment on “Glacial cycles drive variations in the production of oceanic crust”

Crowley et al. (Reports, 13 March 2015, p. 1237) propose that abyssal hill topography can be generated by variations in volcanism at mid-ocean ridges modulated by Milankovitch cycle-driven changes in sea level. Published values for abyssal hill characteristic widths versus spreading rate do not generally support this hypothesis. I argue that abyssal hills are primarily fault-generated rather than volcanically generated features.
Regulation of intracerebral arteriolar tone by Kv channels: effects of glucose and PKC

Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) are critical regulators of membrane potential and vascular tone. These channels exert a hyperpolarizing influence to counteract the depolarizing effects of intraluminal pressure and vasoconstrictors. However, the contribution of Kv channel activity to the functional regulation of cerebral (parenchymal) arterioles within the brain is not known. Thus Kv channel properties in parenchymal arteriolar SMCs were characterized. Isolated, pressurized parenchymal arterioles and arterioles in cortical brain slices exhibited robust constriction in the presence of the Kv channel inhibitor 4-aminopyridine (4-AP). 4-AP also decreased the amplitude of Kv currents recorded from SMCs. The steady-state activation and inactivation properties of Kv currents suggested that these channels are composed of Kv1.2 and 1.5 subunits, which was confirmed by RT-PCR. Kv channels can be regulated by extracellular glucose, which may be involved in the functional hyperemic response in the brain. Thus the effects of glucose on Kv channel activity and arteriolar function were investigated. Elevation of glucose from 4 to 14 mM significantly decreased the peak Kv current amplitude and constricted arterioles. Arteriolar constriction was prevented by inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC), consistent with previous studies showing enhanced PKC activity in the presence of elevated glucose. In cortical brain slices, the dilation generated by neuronal activity induced by electrical field stimulation was decreased by 54% in 14 mM glucose when compared with the dilation in 4 mM glucose. In anesthetized mice the whisker stimulation-induced increase in local cerebral blood flow was also significantly decreased in 14 mM glucose, and this effect was similarly prevented by PKC inhibition. These findings point to a critical role for Kv channels in the regulation of intracerebral arteriolar function and suggest that changes in perivascular glucose levels could directly alter vascular diameter resulting in a modulation of local cerebral blood flow.
Fast lifetime measurements of infrared emitters with low-jitter superconducting single photon detectors

We use a superconducting single photon detector with ~65 ps jitter and < 40 Hz dark count rate to measure spontaneous emission lifetimes of quantum wells emitting light in the 900-1300 nm wavelength range.
Trends in physician diagnosed gout and gout therapies in the US: results from the national ambulatory health care surveys 1993 to 2009

Introduction Gouty arthritis (gout) is primarily cared for in ambulatory care settings. Although the prevalence of gout in the US is thought to be increasing, there have been few data on this as well as temporal changes in gout medication use.
Glucocorticoids Differentially Modulate Insulin-Mediated Protein and Glycogen Synthetic Signaling Downstream of Protein Kinase B in Rat Myocardium

Insulin and protein kinase B (or Akt) play critical roles in cardiomyocytic growth and survival. High concentrations of glucocorticoids antagonize insulin’s action. To examine whether endogenous glucocorticoids modulate insulin’s effect on Akt signaling in the protein and glycogen synthetic pathways in myocardium, we studied three groups of rats (n = 12 each) 4 d after either a bilateral adrenalectomy (ADX), ADX with physiological stress dose dexamethasone treatment (ADX + DEX), or a sham operation. Rats received either a saline infusion or a 3 mU/kg·min euglycemic insulin clamp for 3 h. ADX had no effect on myocardial Akt or GSK-3 [glycogen synthase (GS) kinase 3] phosphorylation, but it decreased the phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4E-BP1) and ribosomal protein S6 kinase (p70S6K) (P < 0.003 for both). Insulin enhanced the phosphorylation of Akt (P < 0.04), 4E-BP1 (P < 0.002), and p70S6K (P < 0.0001) in ADX, but not in sham rats. Dexamethasone restored the levels of ...
Effect of Experience on Recovery Following CNS Lesions

Recovery of function following central nervous system lesions can be attributed to several changes in the nervous system that occur with time following the initial injury. This article reviews research demonstrating that if the subjects were required to perform specific tasks on a daily basis, recovery was facilitated. Pyramidal tract, cerebellar, and central visual lesions are discussed. Although most of the studies cited deal with research on monkeys, examples are given in the visual system of applying the established monkey paradigm to human subjects, which resulted in an increase in the functional recovery.
COLLEGE STUDENTS ATTITUDES TOWARD WORLD FOOD CRISIS

Summary.-Attitudes of 72 college students toward the world-wide shortage of food and food reserves were determined by a sample survey. Although most students perceived the food crisis as nonthreatening on a personal and national level, they felt the rest of the world was in imminent danger. Seniors, in contrast to freshmen, reported being more personally threatened by the crisis and more skeptical about the availability of a solution. Population control was viewed by the majority of these students as the best available,means of ameliorating the crisis. The current world-wide shortage of food and food reserves (Abelson, 1975; Brown, 1974; Newman, 1974; Peterson, 1975; Science, 1975; Time, 1975) has already cost millions of lives in underdeveloped nations and might bring economic and social chaos to highly industrialized nations. Tragically, active concern for this crisis seems confined to the popular news media, innocuous international conferences, and a few relatively minor charitable organizations. Americans seem either unconcerned with the problem, or the concern, if present, has not been manifest in large scale social movements. The purpose of this endeavor was to study, on a very small scale, possible reasons for the apparent lack of domestic concern and meaningful action in relation to the current food crisis. To this end the present study assessed attitudes of a group of psychology students toward the following domains related to the world food crisis: perceived threat to self, United States, and world, and perceived availability of solutions through population control, increased technology, and increased traditional religion.
Seasonal variation in top-down and bottom-up processes in a grassland arthropod community

Both top-down and bottom-up processes are common in terrestrial ecosystems, but how these opposing forces interact and vary over time is poorly understood. We tested the variation of these processes over seasonal time in a natural temperate zone grassland, a field site characterized by strong seasonal changes in abiotic and biotic conditions. Separate factorial experiments manipulating nutrients and cursorial spiders were performed in the wet and dry seasons. We also performed a water-addition experiment during the summer (dry season) to determine the degree of water limitation during this time. In the spring, nutrient addition increased plant growth and carnivore abundance, indicating a bottom-up control process. Among herbivores, sap-feeders were significantly enhanced while grazers significantly declined resulting in no net change in herbivore abundance. In the summer, water limitation was predominant increasing plants and all herbivores while nutrient (N) effects were non-significant. Top-down processes were present only in the spring season and only impacted the guild of grazing herbivores. These results show that bottom-up limitation is present throughout the season in this grassland, although the specific limiting resource changes as the season progresses. Bottom-up processes affected all trophic levels and many different guilds, while top-down effects were limited to a select group of herbivores and did not extend to the plant trophic level. Our results show that the relative strengths of top-down and bottom-up processes can shift over relatively short periods of time in habitats with a strong seasonal component.
Ultrastructural Characteristics of Human Tumor Cells in Vitro

In this chapter, only tumor cells of human origin will be considered. Animal tumor cells will not be considered, except when a direct comparison between the results of ultrastructural studies of human cells and those of animal cells will help in furthering the discussion. The history of ultrastructural studies of human tumor cells grown in vitro has been determined by a number of important factors. The first was the development, in the late 1940s, of commercially available electron microscopes, followed by the development, in the early 1950s, of thin-sectioning procedures and fixation and embedding procedures (Palade, 1952; Porter and Kallman, 1953) for biological material that were suitable for electron microscopy. For several years, electron microscopists have been experiencing serious difficulties with fixative solutions and even more with media for embedding. Methacrylate, the plastic commonly used for embedding until 1963–1964, was a poor medium. The understanding of cellular ultrastructure improved considerably when fixation in glutaraldehyde (Sabatini et al.,1963), followed by fixation in osmic acid, and use of high-quality embedding resins such as Epon (Luft, 1961) and Araldite (Glauert et al., 1956) were introduced for preparation of specimens. At the same time, the development of media for tissue culture (Eagle, 19556; McCoy and Neuman, 1956) protected against contamination by a variety of antibiotics made possible the prolonged cultivation of human tumor cells with reasonable chances of success.
Sub-Surfacing Lasers

1. Sub-surfacing lasers consist of a variety of medical devices (a) KTP lasers (b) Pulsed dye lasers (c) 1,064 nm Q-Switched Nd: YAG lasers (d) 1,064 nm Long Pulsed Nd: YAG lasers (e) 1,319/1,320 nm Nd: YAG lasers (f) 1,450 nm Diode lasers (g) 1,540 Erbium Glass lasers (h) Intense Pulsed Light Sources 2. Developed to meet need of efficacy in rejuvenation without associated downtime (a) Erbium and CO 2 laser resurfacing standards (b) Adverse events, too much downtime (c) New devices to effect collagen in dermis, minimal downtime (d) Epidermal cooling required for treatment to be safe and effective (e) All have clinical studies showing effectiveness (f) All have a rejuvenation effect (g) All have potential for adverse events including blistering, burns, pigmentary concerns, scars Ablative laser resurfacing has been the gold stan• dard throughout the 1980s and 1990s for improving skin texture by renovating photo damaged and aging skin. Although excellent results have been obtained with • the use of ablative laser devices, the use of nonablative laser systems have been increasingly popular as an alternative to obtaining the same results. The mechanism of ablative laser resurfacing • involves the removal of the epidermis and the dermis, causing a wound to develop which may take up to several months to heal. The use of non-ablative laser systems have mini• mal side-effects by causing direct thermal damage to the dermis, while sparing the epidermis, and reducing the risks of post-treatment adverse effects and downtime.
Emerging topics in industrial biotechnology.

Conversion of cellulosic materials and sugars is but one area in which biotechnology can contribute to the production of fuels and chemicals. Emerging areas of research hold great promise for utilizing a wider array of potential substrates for fuel and chemical production as well as complementing conventional catalysis in fuel and chemical processing. The papers presented at the Eighteenth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals address several areas in which emerging technologies will impact the future of bioprocessing.
Multiplicity of Roles, Role Conflict Resolution and Marketing Implications

Role enactment is important "because people (including consumers), knowingly or not, feel obligated to act in such a way as to be consistent with their roles. This paper examines the relevance of the concept and its marketing implications which include the planning of marketing strategies to resolve role conflict.
An Electromyographic Analysis of the Elevator/Depressor Muscle Motor Programme in the Freely-Walking Scorpion, Paruroctonus Mesaensis

SUMMARY Electromyograms from the elevator and depressor muscles, together with tarsal claw receptor activity, were recorded from the fourth legs of freely walking scorpions. The slope of the depressor burst duration versus step cycle time was less for short cycle times, below about 600 ms, than it was for longer cycles. The opposite was true for the elevator burst duration versus step cycle relationship, and the slope for longer cycle times was not significantly different from zero. The switching of motor activity between antagonists at the stance to swing phase transition was different from that of the swing to stance phase. The depressor burst invariably terminated before the elevator burst, while the elevator burst frequently did not terminate until after the depressor burst had begun. A similar asymmetry of the elevator/depressor motor programme has been described for insect and crustacean preparations. The termination of the depressor muscle burst represents the initial peripheral indicator that the decision to step has been made centrally. The latency between the central decision and the time when the leg is lifted, as determined by tarsal claw receptor burst termination, can be as much as 125 ms. This observation is of importance when considering both intrasegmental and intersegmental neural control mechanisms of scorpion locomotion.
A Patient with Acute Kidney Pain and High Blood Pressure

This case presented challenging diagnostic and management issues in a young healthy man who presented with abdominal pain and new-onset hypertension. The differential diagnosis evolved over the course of the clinical presentation. The patient had severe vascular involvement of his renal and basal cerebral arteries that initially was assumed to be due to a vasculitic process or hypercoagulable state. Finally it became apparent that the patient did not have a systemic illness but rather a localized vascular disease most likely due to segmental arterial mediolysis, a rare, under-recognized condition that can potentially be fatal. This condition is often difficult to distinguish from fibromuscular dysplasia. It is important to recognize and correctly diagnose the condition, particularly in the acute phase of the disease, because delay in diagnosis can contribute to morbidity and mortality.
Microstructure and Coercivity of Rapidly Quenched ND-FE-B Magnets

Rapidly quenched Nd2Fe14B-based permanent magnets owe their high intrinsic coercivity H ci to their unique submicron-sized grain structure. While no clear consensus has yet emerged regarding the microscopic origin of coercivity in these fascinating materials, magnetic and structural data suggest pinning of magnetic domain walls at or in an intergranular phase between Nd2Fe14B grains as the most likely mechanism. The small, randomly oriented grains in isotropic melt-spun ribbons produce a magnetic structure wherein each Nd2Fe14B grain is a single magnetic domain, with the domain walls expelled to the grain boundaries. The magnetic interaction between neighboring grains plays an important role in the magnetization reversal of individual grains, as revealed, for example, by detailed examination of the initial magnetization and demagnetization processes. The formation of large domain structures via these interactions is frustrated by the random grain orientation in ribbons, but short range magnetic correlations between grains (“interaction domains”) are observed locally. The oriented grains in aligned die upset magnets produce a very different magnetic structure having large scale coherent domains which extend through many grains. A variety of experiments, including studies of the temperature dependence of H ci , suggest that coercivity arises from pinning of the extended domain walls at Nd2Fe14B grain edges.
Bringing peace back in: Presidential address to the Peace Science Society, 2013:

Two recent books, Pinker’s the Better Angels of our Nature (2011) and Goldstein’s Winning the War on War (2011), demonstrate that the long-term trend in human society is toward a dramatic reduction in violence. The reductions that they describe range from state-led violence against subjects to crime and to interstate war. This reduction in violence over the long stretch of human history, moreover, is so dramatic that Pinker opines that we should no longer ask the question ‘‘what causes war’’ but rather we should begin to ask the question ‘‘what causes peace’’. This is not a new idea, and in fact recent scholarship is beginning to make inroads (e.g. Goertz et al., 2011; Hoglund and Kovacs, 2010; Wallensteen, 2012), but the idea that social scientists, historically and in general, focus on the wrong question is a key facet of my argument. Peace to us has many faces and it goes well beyond the traditional emphasis on the absence of war, both interand intra-state, to incorporate the conditions under which states have little need or incentive to use violence against their citizens, and conversely, citizens have little motivation or incentive to challenge a state by force of arms. In a perfectly peaceful environment our lexicon would only use words like ‘‘political repression’’, ‘‘genocide’’ and ‘‘civil war’’ in the context of historical discussions about social evolution from our violent past to our peaceful contemporary world. Two main points motivate this paper: (a) that members of the Peace Science community should study peace directly rather than through war; and (b) that we should not let our methodological sophistication obscure the value-laden aspect of our intellectual focus. We should embrace the values that are at the foundation of our subject matter and we should do so without sacrificing rigor. I start with the observation that contemporary social science focuses primarily on the study of war and lesser forms of armed conflict, and unless we study the pathways to peace as vigorously as we study those to war, we might miss the forest because the trees are in our way. Moreover, we should not assume that, because we have some understanding of the pathways to violence and war, we then understand the pathways to peace. Put differently, the methods of achieving peace are probably not simply the negative of the pathways to
Inside the Dogon Masks: The Selection of Woods for Ritual Objects

At the foot of the Bandiagara cliffs in Mali lives one of the most studied and yet most mysterious ethnic groups of West Africa, the Dogon. According to their religion, masks have a key role in traditional rites, since they are the link between the earthly and the divine. The production and maintenance of such important tools have precise rules handed down by the Dogon secret society called Awa. Fifteen traditional Dogon masks were studied to ascertain the wood species selected to carve them. The analysis shows the occasional use of marula (Sclerocarya birrea, 3 masks) and African grape (Lannea spec., 2 masks) and a preference for ceiba (Ceiba pentandra, 10 masks), a tree revered as sacred by the Dogon. The results suggest potential implications concerning the use of trees and woods in Dogon tradition.
Epidemiological characteristics of the reported measles cases in Taizhou City,2004—2008

Objective To find the epidemiological characteristics of measles in Taizhou City from 2004 - 2008,so as to provide basis for scientific prevention and control measures.Methods Descriptive epidemiological method was adopted to describe measles prevalence.Results From 2004 to 2008,the incidence of measles were 426,1 734, 189,667,2 121 cases,respectively,annual reported incidence was 8.27/100,000,33.65/100,000,3.67/100.000, 13.14/100,000 and 41.16/100,000,respectively,there was no death case reported;The number of measles in floating population were 208,484,75,278 and 607 cases,respectively.In 2005,"special strengthening immunity activity to eliminate measles" was carried out,measles incidence in 2006 was the lowest(3.67/100,000).Incidence peaks were between March and May each year.In 2008,the cases concentrated on population below the age of 2 years old and 10 - 40 years old;84.82%(1 799/2 121) of population were without history of measles vaccination or with unknown immunization history.Conclusion The carrying out of strengthened immunity activity can control the incidence of measles obviously;routine immunization in population under the age of 2 and 10 - 40 years old should continue to strengthen.
Impact of Waist Stabilization Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction on White Area Index of Trunk Muscle Thickness Density

Purpose: In this study experiments were performed during 6 weeks with 40 adults, 20 subjects in the waist stabilization exercise with blood flow restriction group and 20 subjects in the waist stabilization exercise without blood flow restriction group, in order to determine the impact of waist stabilization exercise on White Area Index (WAI) followed by blood flow restriction. Methods: Thickness of external oblique abdominal muscle, internal oblique abdominal muscle, and transversus abdominis muscle, as well as density and WAI of external oblique abdominal muscle were measured, followed by performance of repeated ANOVA. Results: Significant difference in thickness of external oblique abdominal muscle according to periodical difference was observed between groups (p<0.05). Significant difference in thickness of internal oblique abdominal muscle and transversus abdominis muscle according to periodical difference was observed between groups (p<0.05). Significant difference in density and WAI of external oblique abdominal muscle according to periodical difference was observed between groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, significant difference was observed after waist stabilization exercise with blood flow restriction. These results can be used as basic data for future research on waist stabilization exercise and blood flow restriction exercise.
Equation of state of a classical electron layer

The equation of state of a dilute two-dimensional classical electron gas is calculated by the virial expansion in the ring approximation. Four corrections to ideal-gas behavior are obtained exactly; the central result, in terms of the small parameter ${\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}=\frac{4\ensuremath{\pi}\ensuremath{\rho}{e}^{4}}{{({k}_{B}T)}^{2}}$, is $\frac{P}{\ensuremath{\rho}{k}_{B}T}\ensuremath{-}1=\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}\mathrm{ln}(2\ensuremath{\epsilon})}{4}\ensuremath{-}\frac{(1\ensuremath{-}\frac{\ensuremath{\gamma}}{2}){\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{2}}{4}\ensuremath{-}\frac{{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{4}{\mathrm{ln}}^{2}(\frac{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{2})}{4}+\frac{(\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\gamma}){\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{4}\mathrm{ln}\ensuremath{\epsilon}}{2}+O({\ensuremath{\epsilon}}^{4})$, where $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ is Euler's constant. The lowest-order correction agrees with a Debye-H\"uckel calculation, which is also presented.
Low frequency vibration detection and compensation

This digest first proposes a scheme of detecting low-frequency vibration based on down-sampled position error signal (PES). When vibration is detected, vibration compensation method is applied to identify and compensate the vibration-induced disturbance from plant input. Hard drive experiment on vibration shaker validated the effectiveness of this scheme.
Theoretical study of electron transport in silicene and germanene using full-band Monte Carlo simulations

We present first-principles analytical and Monte Carlo simulations of electron transport in silicene and germanene, assuming a long-wavelength cutoff for the acoustic flexural modes (ZA) to control the divergence of the electron/ZA-phonons coupling at small wavevectors. We also consider the electron mobility in phosphorene as an example illustrating the effect of various physical models employed to handle the electron/phonon coupling. Finally, we briefly review our present understanding of electron transport in two-dimensional materials for the future CMOS technology.
Mitochondria on the Road to Power Axonal Regeneration.

In this issue of Neuron, Han et al. (2016) and Cartoni et al. (2016) define a critical role of mitochondrial transport for successful axon regeneration after injury and provide new insights into intrinsic mechanisms controlling neuronal regeneration capacity in worms and mice.
Shear Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators

High Q, low loss, small size, and the potential for high-frequency operation are the primary benefits of shear piezoelectric MEMS resonators. The mechanical Q of a device strongly determines the overall frequency stability of the resonator/oscillator under test. In particular, piezoelectric crystals such as quartz can be carefully oriented to provide frequency stabilization over temperature. Thickness-shear-mode (TSM) piezoelectric resonators have been fabricated in the MHz–GHz frequency range using wafer-level processing suitable for volume manufacturing of frequency control devices. This chapter discusses the fundamentals of shear-mode operation and provides examples of simulated and fabricated devices and their performance and applications.
Response of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) to imatinib by Choi criteria and response evaluation criteria in solid tumors (RECIST) as surrogates for survival and time to progression

9506 Background: Recent studies have demonstrated that RECIST is insensitive in evaluating GIST’s treated with imatinib. We have demonstrated in a small group of patients that a good response by Choi Criteria, i.e., a 10% decrease in unidimensional tumor size or a 15% decrease in tumor density on contrast-enhanced CT, correlated well with good response by PET (Proc. ASCO 22:819, 2003) and was more predictive of time to tumor progression (TTP) than response by RECIST (CTOS 2004). The aim of this study was to validate the correlation with disease-specific survival (DSS) and TTP with follow-up updated to 5-years. Methods: We evaluated 98 patients treated with imatinib for recurrent or metastatic GIST at our institution from December 2000 to September 2001 by RECIST and Choi criteria. All patients had pre-treatment and initial 2-monthly follow-up CT’s. DSS and TTP were analyzed by response category. Results: There were 28 (48%) good responders by RECIST and 30 (52%) poor responders. There were 49 (84%) good r...
College Admissions Tests and LD and ADHD Documentation Guidelines: Consistency With Emerging Legal Guidance

Testing agencies request documentation to verify a test-taker’s disability status under the Americans With Disabilities Act of 2008 and Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. A number of re...