cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract P6-08-46: Clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients with intermediate oncotype DX recurrence scores (RS): A review of the Cleveland Clinic Experience

Background: The 21 gene RT-PCR assay (Oncotype Dx, Genomic Health, Inc, Redwood City, CA) performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue quantifies the likelihood of distant recurrence in patients with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, axillary lymph node-negative breast cancer. The 21 gene recurrence score (RS) also quantifies the magnitude of clinical benefit of adjuvant cytotoxic chemotherapy to endocrine therapy. Patients with a high risk RS clearly benefit from the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy, while patients with a low RS do not. However, approximately one-third of patients have an intermediate RS (18-31) and the incremental benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy is unclear. The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes of early stage breast cancer patients with intermediate RS. Methods: We identified 262 patients with intermediate RS (18-31) in a prospectively maintained registry of patients with Oncotype Dx testing at the Cleveland Clinic from 2004-2013. ER status, progesterone receptor (PR) status, HER2 gene amplification, treatment with chemotherapy, follow-up for distant recurrences and other clinical and pathological variables were collected for all patients in the registry. Results: Patient characteristics are listed in Table 1. One hundred patients (38.2 %) were treated with chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy, while 156 (59.5%) were treated with endocrine therapy alone. Treatment data was unavailable for 6 patients (2%). Distant recurrence status is unknown for 2 patients. The overall rate of distant plus local recurrence for all 262 patients was 3.8% (3 local and 7 distant recurrences). There were 6 and 4 recurrences respectively, for patients received chemotherapy plus endocrine therapy (6%), and in patients treated with endocrine therapy alone (2.5%), which was not significantly different (p=.21). Conclusions: With a median follow-up of 45 months, our data indicate that the realized distant recurrence rate for patients with an intermediate range RS was less than 5%. These data do not exclude the possibility that some patients with an intermediate RS may derive a small incremental benefit from the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy. Larger, randomized prospective trials like TAILORx should provide additional guidance for the management of this patient population. Citation Format: Lindsey M Goodman, Alberto J Montero, Lisa Rybicki, Karen Mrazeck, Benjamin Calhoun, Raymond Tubbs, Halle Moore. Clinical outcomes of breast cancer patients with intermediate oncotype DX recurrence scores (RS): A review of the Cleveland Clinic Experience [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Thirty-Seventh Annual CTRC-AACR San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium: 2014 Dec 9-13; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(9 Suppl):Abstract nr P6-08-46.
Multimatroids II. Orthogonality, minors and connectivity

A multimatroid is a combinatorial structure that encompasses matroids, delta-matroids and isotropic systems. This structure has been introduced to unify a theorem of Edmonds on the coverings of a matroid by independent sets and a theorem of Jackson on the existence of pairwise compatible Euler tours in a 4-regular graph. Here we investigate some basic concepts and properties related with multimatroids: matroid orthogonality, minor operations and connectivity.
Mass spectrum labeling: theory and practice

We introduce the problem of labeling a particle's mass spectrum with the substances it contains, and develop several formal representations of the problem, taking into account practical complications such as unknown compounds and noise. This task is currently a bottle-neck in analyzing data from a new generation of instruments for real-time environmental monitoring.
Shakespeare and the Nobility

Introduction 1. The Staffords (Dukes of Buckingham) 2. The Dukes of Suffolk 3. The Nevilles (Earls of Warwick) 4. The Talbots (Earls of Shrewsbury) 5. The Cliffords (Earls of Cumberland) 6. The Stanleys (Earls of Derby) 7. The gentry (William Lucy, Lord Saye) Conclusion.
Jim Blinn's corner: a trip down the graphics pipeline

How Many Ways Can You Draw a Circle? What, Teapots Again? Nested Transformations and Blobby Man. Platonic Solids. How to Write a Paper for SIGGRAPH. Me and My (Fake) Shadow. Things I Hope Not to See or Hear at SIGGRAPH. Where Am I? What am I Looking At? The Three-Dimensional Kaleidoscope. Fractional Invisibility. Optimal Tubes. The Ultimate Design Tool. Line Clipping. Pixel Coordinates. Subpixelic Particles. Grandpa, What does "Viewport" Mean? Hyperbolic Interpolation. The Homogeneous Perspective Transform. Backface Culling Snags. Farewell to FORTRAN.
Creep-rupture and fractographic analysis of Stirling engine superalloys tested in air and 15 MPa hydrogen

A brief comparative analytical and microstructural evaluation of creep-rupture performance of two iron-base superalloys in air and 15 MPa of hydrogen, is presented. Creep rupture data are presented for the sheet alloy 19-9DL and the cast alloy XF-818, including temperature, initial stress, rupture life, minimum creep rate, time to reach one percent creep strain, and total elongation. In 19-9DL, both rupture life and minimum creep rate are more sharply dependent on small stress changes than in XF-818 in the given environment, and 19-9DL appears to become a more creep-resistant material with increasing Q (apparent activation energy) while the opposite is noted for XF-818. There appears to be no environmental effect on minimum creep rate for 19-9DL, whereas Q becomes less negative for XF-818 for 15 MPa of H2. Multiple cracks leading to rupture are observed on the fracture surfaces, with sheet specimens showing many more cracks close to the fracture surface than cast specimens.
How You Question is What You Get: Collective Inquiry Dialogues in Online Forums

In today’s networked environment, online forums emerge as a popular form of social structures that provides greater opportunities for learning from external resources without pre-established knowledge network. However, our inquiries in online forums do not always generate knowledge desideratum satisfactorily. A few recent studies noticed that communication practices become a means to characterize online forums and influences on effectiveness of collaborative learning. Our preliminary case study in an enduring online forum showed that how dialogue unfolds, i.e., asking questions and suggesting hypothetical solutions, shapes different dynamisms of collaborative learning; some dialogues are highly generative, drawing broad attention, surfacing multiple voices, and producing new knowledge through active reflection, refinement, and exploration; but some fail to be generative and display narrow, inadequate inquiry. Given the importance of dialogue and structures of interaction for learning, we propose to study how different dialogue practices in online forums are related to different levels of generative inquiry.
Initial Impressions and Performance in Field Practica

Abstract Students' initial impressions of field practica are important because educators try to balance consumer satisfaction with curricular objectives, and because they may motivate students' learning. Do students' initial reactions to their field settings in fact affect their subsequent performance? This study included 69 Master of Social Work students who completed a beginning and advanced field practicum. Two weeks after beginning each practicum, they rated their satisfaction with the practicum, their desire for that type of practicum, and whether their learning goals could be accomplished in that setting. Their initial impressions were not associated with their performance of practice skills at any of three evaluation points during the practicum. However, students with more positive initial impressions were more satisfied at the end of the practicum.
The Risk of Persistent Bacteriuria after Extracorporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy of Infection Stones: A Prospective Study

Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) effectively pulverizes infected (struvite) renal calculi. However, after ESWL minute residual fragments which may harbor bacteria and cause persistent bacteriuria can remain in the renal collecting system for months. We investigated prospectively the incidence of persistent Proteus mirabilis bacteriuria after ESWL among 20 consecutive women with P. mirabilis urinary tract infections and struvite calculi. All patients received parenteral gentamicin for three to 13 (mean 4.9) days immediately before and after ESWL. Oral antimicrobials were then administered for 14 to 70 (mean 31) days. Fifteen patients maintained a sterile urine or experienced urinary reinfection by other organisms during five to 22 (mean 14) months of subsequent bacteriologic surveillance. Nine of these 15 patients had residual fragments at last follow-up. Five patients developed P. mirabilis bacteriuria after one to seven months of surveillance. Three of these five patients had residual fragments. The mean stone size, methods of and duration of renal drainage procedures, and duration of antimicrobial therapy were similar for the two patient groups. P. mirabilis was isolated from the cultures of only three of 16 retrievable stone fragments. In contrast to intact infected renal calculi, residual stone fragments after ESWL are often susceptible to sterilization with antimicrobials.
Exploring Inner Experience: The descriptive experience sampling method

Written for the psychologist, philosopher, and layperson interested in consciousness, Exploring Inner Experience provides a comprehensive introduction to the Descriptive Experience Sampling (DES) method for obtaining accurate reports of inner experience. DES uses a beeper to cue participants to pay attention to their experience at precisely defined moments; participants are then interviewed to obtain high-fidelity accounts of their experience at those moments. Exploring Inner Experience shows (a) how DES uncovers previously unknown details of inner experience; (b) how the implications of this method affect our understanding of inner experience and the human condition more generally; (c) how DES avoids the traps that destroyed the introspections of the previous century; (d) why DES reports of inner experience should be considered reliable and valid; and (e) how to use the DES method. This book will be basic reading for all psychologists, philosophers, and students interested in consciousness, as well as anyone who is seriously concerned with understanding the human condition.(Series B)
Clarifying Journalism’s Quantitative Turn

As quantitative forms have become more prevalent in professional journalism, it has become increasingly important to distinguish between them and examine their roles in contemporary journalistic practice. This study defines and compares three quantitative forms of journalism—computer-assisted reporting, data journalism, and computational journalism—examining the points of overlap and divergence among their journalistic values and practices. After setting the three forms against the cultural backdrop of the convergence between the open-source movement and professional journalistic norms, the study introduces a four-part typology to evaluate their epistemological and professional dimensions. In it, the three forms are classified according to their orientation toward professional expertise or networked participation, transparency or opacity, big data or targeted sampling, and a vision of an active or passive public. These three quantitative journalistic forms are ultimately characterized as related but disti...
Coactivation of Receptor Tyrosine Kinases Affects the Response of Tumor Cells to Targeted Therapies

Targeted therapies that inhibit receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) and the downstream phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway have shown promising anticancer activity, but their efficacy in the brain tumor glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and other solid tumors has been modest. We hypothesized that multiple RTKs are coactivated in these tumors and that redundant inputs drive and maintain downstream signaling, thereby limiting the efficacy of therapies targeting single RTKs. Tumor cell lines, xenotransplants, and primary tumors indeed show multiple concomitantly activated RTKs. Combinations of RTK inhibitors and/or RNA interference, but not single agents, decreased signaling, cell survival, and anchorage-independent growth even in glioma cells deficient in PTEN, a frequently inactivated inhibitor of PI3K. Thus, effective GBM therapy may require combined regimens targeting multiple RTKs.
Sexuality Sensitive Schooling

American schools, especially their physical education and sport programs, provide some of the most hostile social geographies in all of society for gay youth. With the aim of transforming schools toward more democratic and sexuality sensitive institutions, this paper reviews the literature on sexuality and education. In the review, three themes, critical for educators pursuing sexuality sensitive change in schools, are presented. These themes include the following: cultural experiences of gay and lesbian youth in the home, community, and school; consequences of sexuality-based victimization; and the role that physical education teachers and sport coaches can play in fostering sexuality sensitive schooling.
Fault detection and classification in permanent magnet synchronous machines using Fast Fourier Transform and Linear Discriminant Analysis

The main objective of this paper is to propose a method to detect the presence of a fault in Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines (PMSMs), determine the type of that fault and estimate the severity in the case of eccentricity fault. In this paper, three types of faults are discussed: static eccentricity, inter-turn short circuit, and demagnetization faults. The machine is controlled using a three phase current source and the harmonics of the stator voltage are used as detailed features for the classifier for fault detection. Two dimensional (2-D) Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is used to model and simulate the machine under healthy and faulty conditions. Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) analysis is performed to the phase voltage signal to detect the frequency spectrum and Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) is chosen as a classification method. To validate the method, two different types of PMSMs are tested: the first with a concentrated winding and the second with a series distributed winding. The tests are applied for different operation loads.
Generating Human-Like Behaviors Using Joint, Speech-Driven Models for Conversational Agents

During human communication, every spoken message is intrinsically modulated within different verbal and nonverbal cues that are externalized through various aspects of speech and facial gestures. These communication channels are strongly interrelated, which suggests that generating human-like behavior requires a careful study of their relationship. Neglecting the mutual influence of different communicative channels in the modeling of natural behavior for a conversational agent may result in unrealistic behaviors that can affect the intended visual perception of the animation. This relationship exists both between audiovisual information and within different visual aspects. This paper explores the idea of using joint models to preserve the coupling not only between speech and facial expression, but also within facial gestures. As a case study, the paper focuses on building a speech-driven facial animation framework to generate natural head and eyebrow motions. We propose three dynamic Bayesian networks (DBNs), which make different assumptions about the coupling between speech, eyebrow and head motion. Synthesized animations are produced based on the MPEG-4 facial animation standard, using the audiovisual IEMOCAP database. The experimental results based on perceptual evaluations reveal that the proposed joint models (speech/eyebrow/head) outperform audiovisual models that are separately trained (speech/head and speech/eyebrow).
Cholinesterase inhibition by methamidophos and its subsequent reactivation

Abstract Methamidophos (O,S-dimethylphosphoramidothioate, Monitor) is an organophosphorus, cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticide. The rate constant (ki) for inhibiting rat plasma cholinesterase (ChE) was 1.57 ± 0.03 × 103 M−1 min−1, for rat erythrocyte ChE was 8.86 ± 1.10 × 103 M−1 min−1, and for rat brain ChE was 6.58 ± 0.42 M−1 min−1. Brain and plasma cholinesterases spontaneously recovered from over 90% inhibition at 30 min to 50% inhibition in 4 and 14 hr, respectively. Pralidoxime increased the rate of reactivation in vitro. In vivo, rats poisoned with methamidophos exhibited signs of cholinergic stimulation. The LD50 of ip methamidophos in male rats was 15 ± 0.7 mg/kg. Pralidoxime (60 mg/kg) and atropine (10 mg/kg) given with the methamidophos increased the LD50 to 52 ± 4.9 mg/kg and 60 ± 0.4 mg/kg, respectively. In rats given 12.5 mg methamidophos (an LD20), ChE activity was depressed 95 ± 12.5% in plasma, 92 ± 0.6% in stomach, and 88 ± 1% in brain at 1 hr after injection. At 48 hr after injection ChE activity had returned to 60% or more of control values in each of the tissues. Administration of a single dose of 60 mg/kg of pralidoxime along with methamidophos did not increase ChE activities at the times and places it was measured.
Water—ethanol—gasoline blends as spark ignition engine fuels

Abstract The miscibility characteristics of hydrated ethanol with gasoline is investigated as a means of reducing the cost of ethanol/gasoline blends for use as a spark ignition engine fuel. For a given percentage of water in the ethanol, the experimental data shows that a limited volume of gasoline can be added to form a stable mixture. Engine experiments indicate that, at normal ambient temperatures, a water/ethanol/gasoline mixture containing up to 6 vol% of water in the ethanol constitutes a desirable motor fuel with power characteristics similar to those of the base gasoline. As a means of reducing the smog causing components of the exhaust gases, such as the oxides of nitrogen and the unburnt hydrocarbons, the water/ethanol/gasoline mixture is superior to the base gasoline.
Mean annual poleward energy transports by the oceans in the southern hemisphere

Abstract A survey is made of the published estimates of the components of the poleward flux of energy by the atmosphere in the Southern Hemisphere in order to determine the total atmospheric transport. Together with recent measurements by satellite of the Earth's radiation budget this allows a new estimate of the required poleward energy transport by the oceans in the Southern Hemisphere for mean annual conditions. Results show that the ocean and atmosphere each contribute similar amounts for 0–30°S and that the ocean probably also transports about one third of the total at 60°S. The latter is in contrast to similar latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere where the ocean transport is negligible, but consistent with the different distribution of land and sea in the two hemispheres.
Guessing the next output of a stationary process

Suppose we start watching a stationary process at time 0. Then the conditional probability of a particular output at time −1, given the outputs at times 0 throughk, will converge. In this paper we will show that we can make a guess, depending only on the outputs from 0 throughk (and not, of course, on the process) that will converge to the above limit with probability one.
Comprehensive Defect Avoidance Framework for Mitigating EUV Mask Defects

Defect avoidance methods are likely to play a key role in overcoming the challenge of mask blank defects in EUV lithography. In this work, we propose a novel EUV mask defect avoidance method. It is the first approach that allows exploring all the degrees of freedom available for defect avoidance (pattern shift, rotation and mask floorplanning). We model the defect avoidance problem as a global, non-convex optimization problem and then solve it using a combination of random walk and gradient descent. For a 8nm polysilicon layer of an ARM Cortex M0 layout, our method achieves 60% point better mask yield compared to prior art in defect avoidance for a 40-defect mask.
From the Editor in Chief: The Search for Jim, and the Search for Altruism

When computer scientist Jim Gray disappeared in his sailboat in January, several in the community began trying to locate him through computing technology.
Hydrogen-Bonded Double Strands: Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Propertiesof a 2,2′-Dipyrryl Ketone

The synthesis, crystal structure determination, conformational analysis, and spectroscopic properties of 3,3′-diethyl-4,4′-dimethyl-2,2′-dipyrryl ketone (1) are reported. The dipyrryl ketone is a model for the dipyrrole core of 10-oxobilirubin, a presumed metabolite in alternate pathways of excretion of the yellow pigment of jaundice, bilirubin. In the crystal, 1 adopts a helical conformation, with a molecule of one helicity being hydrogen-bonded to two molecules of the opposite helicity. Thus, 1 self-assembles via hydrogen bonding into supramolecular double-stranded arrays, where molecules of the same helicity comprise one strand and are paired through hydrogen bonding to molecules of opposite helicity in the second strand. In the observed molecular conformation each pyrrole ring and adjacent carbonyl group are rotated into an sc conformation (torsion angle ∼29 °), with each N-H pointing in the same direction as the C*O. Molecular mechanics/dynamics calculations predict the sc,sc conformation, absent hydrogen bonding, to be the most stable, but only by a few tenths of a kj/mol. In CHCl3, 1 is monomeric according to vapor pressure osmometry studies (\(\)). 1H NMR NH chemical shifts in CDCl3 suggest a predominantly anti orientation of the C=O and pyrrole NHs, which is opposite to the orientation observed in the crystal.
Natural Convection Heat Transfer From an Array of Rectangular Protrusions in an Enclosure Filled With Dielectric Liquid

An experimental investigation of natural convection liquid immersion cooling of a three by three array of rectangular protrusions in an enclosure is presented. The heated elements geometrically simulated 20 pin dual-inline electronic packages and were mounted on a plexiglass substrate, which formed one vertical wall of a dielectric liquid filled rectangular enclosure. The remaining vertical boundaries of the enclosure were insulated, while the top and bottom were maintained at prescribed temperatures using individual heat exchanger plates. Protrusion surface temperatures in steady state are reported for a range of power dissipation levels for three fluorinert liquids spanning a Prandtl number range from about 20 to 1400. The influence of enclosure top and bottom surface boundary conditions and its width on element temperatures is investigated. Non-dimensional heat transfer results are empirically correlated. Changes in component temperatures due to partial powering of the array are also measured.
Energy decay rates and equilibrium state properties for a distributed parameter identification algorithm

The author considers an inverse problem, i.e., the identification of the position-dependent leading coefficient appearing in elliptic ordinary differential equations (a scalar) and partial differential equations (a diagonal matrix). He examines the identification algorithm based on the substitution or comparison model method. As suggested by the method of stationarization, he models the algorithm by a nonlinear dynamical system, the state of which is the unknown coefficient. With reference to some inverse problems in one and two spatial dimensions in the continuum case, the state equations are obtained. The author determines the system's energy function, its decay rate, and the influence constraints have on it. He then considers the admissible equilibrium states. If an admissible coefficient, i.e., a solution to the inverse problem, exists, it is generally not unique: the (admissible) equilibrium state depends on the initial state and on a control term, some preliminary properties of which the author specifies in some special cases. >
Operation of functional circuit elements using BEOL-transistor with InGaZnO channel for on-chip high/low voltage bridging I/Os and high-current switches

Functional circuit elements based on novel BEOL-transistors with a wide-band-gap oxide semiconductor InGaZnO (IGZO) film are integrated onto LSI Cu-interconnects, and their operations are demonstrated. High-current comb-type transistors show excellent I on /I off ratio (>108) and high-V d operation with linear area dependence, realizing area-saving compact high-current BEOL switches. Successful operation of voltage-controlled inverter switches with high-V d enables on-chip bridging I/Os between high/low voltage on conventional Si system LSIs. Setting the gate-to-drain offset design to just 0.1µm realizes +20V enhancement of the breakdown voltage to ∼60V with excellent safety operation at around V d =50V due to the wide-band-gap characteristics.
Hydrocracking of coal to light distillate with molten zinc chloride

Abstract Molten zinc chloride has the ability to rapidly hydrocrack coals, producing largely gasoline with a high octane number, and to remove nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur impurities, resulting in liquid products with 10–100 times less nitrogen and sulphur than corresponding fractions from other direct coal liquefaction processes. The process minimizes or eliminates toxic compounds owing to elimination of nitrogenbearing species and polynuclear aromatics, and produces gasoline at an estimated cost which is among the lowest for any direct coal liquefaction process. The paper summarizes a five-year process development in continuous units up to 1 t day −1 , and suggests further development needed to reach commercial scale.
Use of resorbable plates and screws in pediatric facial fractures.

Purpose The use of resorbable plates and screws for fixation of pediatric facial fractures is both well tolerated and effective. It enables realignment and stable positioning of rapidly healing fracture segments while obviating any future issues secondary to long-term metal retention. Patients and methods Forty-four pediatric facial fractures were treated over a 10-year period at our institution using differing techniques of polymeric bone fixation. Twenty-nine mandible fractures in patients under the age of 10 (age range, 6 months to 8 years) were treated. Displaced fractures of the symphysis, parasymphysis, body, and ramus underwent open reduction and either 1.5-mm or 2.0-mm plate and screw fixation in 14 patients. Subcondylar fractures were treated by a short period of maxillomandibular fixation (3 weeks) achieved with suture ligation between resorbable screws placed at the zygoma and symphysis or a circummandibular suture attached to a zygomatic screw. Fifteen patients (age range, 4 to 11 years) with isolated frontal, supraorbital, intraorbital, or orbitozygomatic fractures were treated by open reduction and internal fixation with 1.5-mm resorbable plates, mesh, and screws. Results No long-term implant-related complications were seen in any of the treated patients. Conclusions Resorbable polylactic and polyglycolic acid plates and screws can be an effective fixation method for facial fractures in children in the primary and secondary dentition periods.
The adaptive decision maker

Preface 1. Adaptive decision behaviour: an introduction 2. Contingencies in decision making 3. Deciding how to decide: an effort/accuracy framework 4. Studying contingent decisions: an integrated methodology 5. Constructive processes in decision making 6. Why may adaptivity fail? 7. Improving decisions and other practical matters 8. The adaptive decision maker: a look backward and a look forward Appendix Footnotes Bibliography.
NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.
Indirect determination of correlation

Abstract A likelihood ratio procedure is proposed for concluding whether the expectations of two unpaired variates are linearly related in the case where they are linked to one another through a third independent variable. The procedure turns out to be related to the least significant of two t -statistics, it is motivated by, and applied to a numerical example involving lead concentration, mutation frequency and distance from lead source.
Role of ATP sensitive potassium channel in extracellular potassium accumulation and cardiac arrhythmias during myocardial ischaemia

Extracellular potassium rises rapidly during myocardial ischaemia, correlating with the onset of ventricular arrhythmias. The extracellular accumulation of potassium can induce abnormalities in both impulse conduction and impulse generation. Inhomogeneities of potassium conductance will elicit regional differences in action potential duration and repolarisation. The resulting spatial dispersion of refractory period will allow for fragmentation of impulse conduction on ensuing beats, the formation of irregular reentrant pathways and ventricular fibrillation. In a similar manner, the spread of injury current from the ischaemic tissue to surrounding normal tissue can trigger extrasystoles (depolarisation induced automaticity). It has been hypothesised that the activation of the ATP sensitive potassium channel contributes significantly to reductions in action potential duration and increases in extracellular potassium accumulation during myocardial ischaemia. ATP sensitive potassium channel antagonists prevent ischaemically induced reductions in action potential duration and the dispersion of refractory period but may induce oscillatory afterpotentials under some conditions (for example, calcium overload). In contrast, potassium channel agonists enhance the dispersion of refractory period ischaemia, which promotes the formation of re-entrant arrhythmias. The pharmacological modulation of the ATP sensitive potassium channels could therefore offer a novel approach for the management of cardiac arrhythmias in patients with ischaemic heart disease. In general, channel antagonists prevent ventricular fibrillation, while high (hypotensive) doses of channel agonists can induce malignant arrhythmias during ischaemia in animal models. However, recent evidence also suggests that potassium channel agonists may promote a better preservation of myocardial mechanical performance during reperfusion while ATP sensitive potassium channel antagonists exacerbate mechanical depression during ischaemia in experimental models.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Hypocomplementemia with low Cls-Cl inhibitor complex in systemic lupus erythematosus

Ninety-three serum and plasma samples from 45 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus were analyzed for the complex formed by C1s and its inhibitor, as well as for C3, C4, C4a desarginine, and staphylococcal protein A-bound immune complexes. There were statistically significant correlations between C1s-C1 inhibitor complex and CH50, between C1s-C1 inhibitor complex and C4, and between C1s-C1 inhibitor complex and C4a desarginine. Serial studies were performed on 24 patients over a period of 6 months. Seven of 21 patients with hypocomplementemia had persistently normal levels of C1s-C1 inhibitor complex, 7 had transiently abnormal levels of C1s-C1 inhibitor complex, and 7 had sustained abnormal levels of C1s-C1 inhibitor complex. Two of 3 pregnant patients with normal levels of complement had abnormal levels of C1s-C1 inhibitor complex. Staphylococcal protein A-bound immune complexes demonstrated no correlation with any of the complement assays. Complement activation, as measured by C1s-C1 inhibitor complex, is often a transient phenomenon in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with persistent hypocomplementemia.
Interfacial thermal conductivity: Insights from atomic level simulation

We analyze the results of molecular-dynamics simulations of the interfacial (Kapitza) resistance of representative grain boundaries in Si. Simulations of the interactions of phonon wave packets with the Si grain boundaries show that the scattering process depends strongly on both the branch and wavelength of the incident phonons. This approach has the potential for providing detailed spectral information to mesoscale simulations of thermal transport in interfacial systems.
Consistent surface potentials from bulk suspension properties

Abstract The equilibrium mechanical properties of face centered cubic (FCC) colloidal crystals interacting through the Yukawa potential are investigated. We investigate the use of a screened Coulomb interaction potential to define a single, electrostatic surface potential capable of predicting both the elastic modulus and osmotic pressure of colloidal crystals. Correlations are developed which capture the volume fraction, particle size, and ionic strength dependencies of these properties.
Vanadium ion inhibition of alkaline phosphatase-catalyzed phosphate ester hydrolysis

Abstract Oxovanadium(IV) ion (VO2+) and vanadium(V) ion (VO3−) are potent competitive inhibitors of the Escherichia coli alkaline phosphatase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl phosphate. The dissociation constants (Ki) of the enzyme-inhibitor complexes have been determined as a function of pH over the pH range 7.0–10.0. Vanadium(V) (Ki = 2.2 × 10−6 m, pH 8.0, Tris buffer) binds about as well as inorganic phosphate and has a pH-Ki profile similar to that of phosphate. Oxovanadium(IV) ion binds about one to two orders of magnitude better than phosphate over this pH range (Ki = 4 × 10−7 m, pH 8.0, barbital buffer). Theorell-Yonetani plots show that vanadium(V) binds mutually exclusively with inorganic phosphate, and VO2+ also appears to bind in this manner at lower inhibitor concentrations. Tris buffer lowers the effectiveness of VO2+ as an inhibitor by a factor of four to five. These observations indicate that VO3− can bind quite specifically at the phosphate-binding site on the enzyme. The more potent inhibition by VO2+ suggests that the enzyme-complexed inhibitor may have some resemblance to the metastable intermediate formed during the hydrolysis of phosphate esters.
Best restricted range approximation

A theory of best restricted range approximation is developed for an extended n-dimensional Chebyshev subspace of C[a,b] of order n without restricting the upper and lower restraining functions. This theory includes a “zero in the convex hull” characterization, an alternation theorem, and a strong uniqueness theorem.
Sleepy driving: accidents and injury.

OBJECTIVE: The study goals were to evaluate the associated risks of driving and to assess predictors of accidents and injury due to sleepiness.STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional Internet-linked survey was designed to elicit data on driving habits, sleepiness, accidents, and injuries during the preceding 3 years. Statistical analysis included logistic models with covariate-adjusted P values of <0.01 (odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals or limits). Independent accident predictors were sought.RESULTS: Responses from 10,870 drivers were evaluated. The mean ± SD age was 36.9 ± 13 years; 61% were women and 85% were white. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale overall baseline score was 7.4 ± 4.2 (for drivers with no accidents) and ranged to 12.7 ± 7.2 (for drivers with ≥ 4 accidents) (P = < 0.0001). Twenty-three percent of all respondents experienced ≥ 1 accident. Among respondents who reported ≥ 4 accidents, a strong association existed for the most recent accident to include injury (P < 0.0001). Sleep disorders were...
Effect of CCK-8 on basal and meal-stimulated somatostatin in the baboon.

Abstract We measured the ability of CCK-8 alone, a test meal alone, or a combination of the two, to increase peripheral plasma somatostatin levels in the baboon. Baboons received a five-minute intravenous infusion of either CCK-8 (1, 2, or 4 μg/kg) or saline prior to a 30-minute meal. CCK-8 administration at all doses resulted in a significant rise of plasma somatostatin-like immunoreactivity (SLI). In addition, ingestion of a meal following a control saline infusion resulted in a significant rise of plasma SLI. However, the meal-related rise in SLI was blunted by prior administration of CCK-8 at all doses, including a dose which did not significantly decrease meal size. CCK-8 administration at all doses also blunted the meal-related rise of plasma insulin and glucose. We conclude that the known ability of CCK-8 to inhibit gastric emptying, as well as to decrease meal size, may account for its suppression of the meal-related SLI release.
Auger electron intensity variations in oxygen-charged silver

Auger intensity variations over an oxygen-charged polycrystalline silver surface have been observed by studies of Auger images and line scans of selected adjacent grains which were determined to be the (421) and (221) orientations. The observed contrast (M4.5VV transition) between the grains is produced by the variation in the detected Auger electrons caused by the different directions (interatomic direction) of forward focusing in each grain. The contrast produced by the Ag Auger electrons was found to be strongly dependent on the surface order of the grains, but that of the O Auger electrons was not, presumably because the atoms were randomly distributed throughout the Ag surface or subsurface. The contrast observed between the grains at the lower Auger energies (N1VV and N1N2.3V transitions) appeared to be produced by constructive interference from multiple scattering. The N1N2.3V electrons at 29 eV, for example, gave higher contrast than that of the N1VV transition at 78 eV.
Reciprocal Cooperation in Dyads.

Abstract This study investigated the conditions that promote long-term social exchange when the immediate payoff for social participation is equal to or less than for individual responding. The 10 subjects, from a special education unit and ranging between 10 and 16 years of age, comprised five dyads to participate in daily 20-min sessions. During the first experiment, the subjects sat beside each other and in front of an automated apparatus which automatically distributed points (representing money) to self, to partner, or to the group. During baseline conditions, the subjects could earn reinforcers from all three modes. During the dependency conditions, which alternated between subjects at 3-day intervals, one subject could earn reinforcers from all three modes while a partner could earn reinforcers only from the mode requiring subject's assistance. Four of the five dyads increased their levels of cooperative responding during the several reversals in which first one and then the other subject was dependent upon the partner for reinforcement. This pattern maintained when the method of distributing reinforcers was changed to a manual procedure requiring the experimenter to record point distributions by transferring beads on an abacus. This suggested that the distribution modes rather than the experimental apparatus were important in promoting the cooperative pattern. In the second experiment all subjects continued to cooperate with partner, even when they could have earned more by working alone. Eventually a value for the self mode was reached where the subjects discontinued their cooperation to work for self.
The slow motion of two touching fluid spheres along their line of centers

Abstract The creeping motion along their line of centers of two fluid spheres in contact is analyzed. An exact solution is presented. Corrections to the Hadamard—Rybezynski equation are tabulated for various particle radii ratios and particle fluid to external fluid viscosity ratios. In the limit of infinite particle viscosity, these corrections are shown to agree with previous calculations for rigid spheres.
Maillard reaction as influenced by buffer type and concentration

Abstract Buffering agents are added to many diverse foods to control the pH of the system. Limited data exist on the effects these buffers have on the Maillard reaction. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of buffer type and concentration on the Maillard reaction. The loss of glycine and the formation of brown pigment were evaluated in phosphate and citrate buffer solutions of various concentrations at pH 7 and 25 °C. No glycine loss nor brown pigment formation was observed in the citrate buffer solutions. However, citrate did not appear to be functioning as an inhibitor of the reaction. The rates of glycine loss and browning increased with increasing phosphate buffer concentration. The bifunctional catalytic ability of the phosphate anion was proposed as an explanation for the differing effects of the buffers.
Electrical and optical properties of FeO

Single crystals of Fe1−xO, where0.05 < x < 0.15, have been grown by chemical vapor deposition. Optical absorption measurements indicate two Jahn-Teller-split Fe2+ crystalline-field peaks and an absorption edge near 2.4 eV, independent of stoichiometry. The latter is interpreted as due to a transition from a localized3d electron to the4s band. Infrared reflectivity measurements are also reported. Electrical conductivity of Fe0.91O was measured from 20 to 300 K. The activation energy above 120 K was 0.07 eV. In the region from 100 to 120 K, the activation energy increased to 0.14 eV, strongly indicating both band-like conduction and partial compensation. From 20 to 100 K, the logarithm of the conductivity is proportional toT−1/4, behavior indicative of the predominance of phonon-assisted tunneling of trapped holes in the vicinity of the Fermi energy. The data are consistent with band-like conduction in the oxygen2p band in parallel with small-polaron hopping in theFe2+ 3d6 band.
Technical Writing and the Recreation of Reality

Technical writing is one kind of creative writing. Using knowledge of facts, audience, and situation, the technical writer recreates reality in a technical report. Concepts of reality and creativit...
Negative Ion Chemistry of Ozone in the Gas Phase

A novel ozone source was developed to study the negative ion chemistry of ozone in the gas phase. Rate constants and product ion branching fractions are reported for 17 negative ion-molecule reactions involving ozone (O 3 ). This is the most comprehensive set of O 3 reactions with negative ions to date. The reactions proceed primarily through charge transfer and O atom transfer. The reaction rate constants for O - , O 2 - , and OH- are large and approximately equal to the thermal energy capture rate constant given by the Su-Chesnavich equation based on average dipole orientation theory. The negative ions NO 2 - , CO 4 - , SF 6 - , and PO 2 - are somewhat less reactive, reacting at approximately 20-50% of the thermal capture rate. The hydrofluorocarbon ions CF 3 - and C 2 F 5 - react at 80% of the thermal capture rate, and F- is the major product ion formed. NO 3 - , CO 3 - , PO 3 - , CF 3 O - , F - , Cl-, and Br- are found to be unreactive with rate constants < 5 × 10 - 1 2 cm 3 s - 1 , which is the present detection limit of our apparatus using this ozone source. The I- ion was observed to cluster with O 3 to form IO 3 - with a rate constant of approximately I x 10 - 1 1 cm 3 s - 1 , which is a factor of 2 above our detection limit, and no other product channels were observed. All of the anions listed above showed no reactivity, k < 5 x 10 - 1 3 cm 3 s - 1 , with O 2 .
Gaffkya anaerobia Infection and Recurrent Parotitis

This is a case report of a child with recurrent parotitis, distortion of Stensen's duct, and recovery of Gaffkya anaerobia on one occasion. Cause and effect relationships are discussed.
A Measurement Method for Atmospheric Ammonia and Primary Amines Based on Aqueous Sampling, OPA Derivatization and HPLC Analysis

A method of precolumn derivatization HPLC with fluorescence detection has been developed for the measurement of ammonia, primary methylamine, ethylamine, propylamine, and butylamine in the atmosphere. Air samples were collected by two continuously wetted glass frit/coil samplers, one directly from ambient air for the sum of gaseous and aerosol species, and the other after an acid-coated annular denuder for the aerosol species. The collection efficiency for all analytes was found to be > or = 99% at a sampling gas flow rate of 2 L min(-1) and a scrubbing water flow rate of 0.24 mL min(-1). The collected ammonia and primary amines were derivatized with o-phthalaldehyde (OPA) and n-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) reagents in an in-line derivatization coil to form highly fluorescent sulfonatoisoindole derivatives. Detailed kinetic study showed that derivatization reactions were fast but the derivatives were not very stable. Derivatization conditions, such as reagent concentrations, derivatication medium pH, and derivatization time, were optimized to achieve maximum derivative yields for all the analytes. The derivatives were separated on a C-18 reverse-phase column using a gradient elution and detected by a fluorescence detector at an excitation wavelength of 330 nm and an emission wavelength of 471 nm. The respective lower detection limits for ammonia and for the four primary amines were 24 parts per trillion by volume (pptv) and < or = 3 pptv, with a sample time resolution of about 1 min and a sampling/ analysis time of 20 win per cycle. The analytical methodology has been applied in the field measurements; results from two case studies are presented.
Evaluation of a pumpless lung assist device in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension in juvenile piglets.

Persistent pulmonary hypertension is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in term infants. The lung assist device (LAD) is a novel, pumpless, low-resistance extracorporeal oxygenator to supplement mechanical ventilation. The LAD may be associated with fewer complications compared to conventional extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The objective is to test the feasibility and efficacy of the LAD in juvenile piglets with hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Pulmonary hypertension was acutely induced by hypoxia in six 3 – 4 week old acutely instrumented and intubated piglets. The LAD was attached between a carotid artery and jugular vein. Gas exchange and hemodynamic variables including pulmonary arterial pressure and cardiac output were measured. Successful LAD cannulation was achieved without complications in all animals. Extracorporeal shunt flow through the device averaged 18% of cardiac output. The LAD achieved oxygen delivery of 20% of total oxygen consumption. Pulmonary arterial pressure was reduced by 35% from 28±5 to 18±4 mm Hg (p<0.05) and systemic PaO2 increased by 33% from 27±2 to 36±4 mm Hg (p<0.05). Other hemodynamic variables remained stable. The novel LAD shows feasibility and efficacy in improving gas exchange and reducing pulmonary arterial pressures in a juvenile animal model of hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension.