cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comprehensive numerical simulation of Io’s sublimation-driven atmosphere

Abstract Io’s sublimation-driven atmosphere is modeled using the direct simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method. These rarefied gas dynamics simulations improve upon earlier models by using a three-dimensional domain encompassing the entire planet computed in parallel. The effects of plasma heating, planetary rotation, inhomogeneous surface frost, molecular residence time of SO 2 on the exposed (non-volatile) rocky surface, and surface temperature distribution are investigated. Circumplanetary flow is predicted to develop from the warm dayside toward the cooler nightside. Io’s rotation leads to a highly asymmetric frost surface temperature distribution (due to the frost’s high thermal inertia) which results in circumplanetary flow that is not axi-symmetric about the subsolar point. The non-equilibrium thermal structure of the atmosphere, specifically vibrational and rotational temperatures, is also examined. Plasma heating is found to significantly inflate the atmosphere on both the dayside and nightside. The plasma energy flux causes high temperatures at high altitudes but plasma energy depletion through the dense gas column above the warmest frost permits gas temperatures cooler than the surface at low altitudes. A frost map (Doute, S., Schmitt, B., Lopes-Gautier, R., Carlson, R., Soderblom, L., Shirley, J., and the Galileo NIMS Team [2001]. Icarus 149, 107–132) is used to control the sublimated flux of SO 2 which can result in inhomogeneous column densities that vary by nearly a factor of four for the same surface temperature. A short residence time for SO 2 molecules on the “rock” component is found to smooth lateral atmospheric inhomogeneities caused by variations in the surface frost distribution, creating an atmosphere that looks nearly identical to one with uniform frost coverage. A longer residence time is found to agree better with mid-infrared observations (Spencer, J.R., Lellouch, E., Richter, M.J., Lopez-Valverde, M.A., Jessup, K.L, Greathouse, T.K., Flaud, J. [2005]. Icarus 176, 283–304) and reproduce the observed anti-jovian/sub-jovian column density asymmetry. The computed peak dayside column density for Io assuming a surface frost temperature of 115 K agrees with those suggested by Lyman-α observations (Feaga, L.M., McGrath, M., Feldman, P.D. [2009]. Icarus 201, 570–584). On the other hand, the peak dayside column density at 120 K is a factor of five larger and is higher than the upper range of observations (Jessup, K.L., Spencer, J.R., Ballester, G.E., Howell, R.R., Roesler, F., Vigel, M., Yelle, R. [2004]. Icarus 169, 197–215; Spencer et al., 2005 ).
Impact ignition mechanisms of rocket propellants

Abstract The high strain-rate (10 3 −10 4 s −1 ) fracture properties and impact ignition sensitiveness of several typical in-service and research composition rocket propellants (HTPB/AP, HTPB/PETN, HTPB/RDX, PEG,PCP/RDX,HMX, and a NC/NG (42:46) CDB) were assessed using a modified Hopkinson Bar. A microflash photography technique was used to photograph the deformation/fracture and ignition events during projectile impact. The predominant impact ignition mechanisms under various conditions of strain-rates, specimen geometry, and material properties were identified, and the stress-strain states related to deformation/fracture and ignition processes. In the HTPB/AP propellant, specimen geometry affects the relative extent of ductile and shear failure, but the overall impact ignition mechanism is not altered. Photographic evidence of plastic deformation/flow and the role of shear in the impact ignition events were obtained for this propellant. The RDX and PETN propellants were in a rubbery-viscous state before ignition was evident. Viscous heating from viscoplastic work, after plastic deformation/flow produced localized melting in the regions of maximum shear stress, is responsible for the initiation of ignition. For the RDX propellant, there is some photographic evidence of ignition occurring in the gaseous phase. The PEG,PCP/RDX,HMX propellant exhibits the large-strain viscoelastic deformation behavior characteristic of elastomers and is one of the least sensitive to impact. Two very distinct phases, a solid layer and a “melt” layer, are observed. Ignition is confined in the “melt” layer, near the junction of the solid and molten layers, and is indicative of a viscous heating mechanism. For the CDB propellant, comparatively less plastic flow was observed and ignition occurred during/after brittle fracture around the grains of the propellant, suggesting that adiabatic heating at the tips of fast propagating cracks is a possible ignition mechanism.
Presence of Anti-La (SS-B) Is Associated with Binding to the 13-kD Carboxyl Terminus of 60-kD Ro(SS-A) in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus

In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) clinical manifestations, autoantibody production, and immunogenetics are inter-related. The ability to study parts of the autoimmune response may allow a more detailed understanding of these relationships. We undertook this study to determine whether the fine specificity of the autoimmune response to 60-kD Ro(SS-A) was related to the presence of other autoantibodies. We screened 74 patients with SLE for antibodies to the carboxyl 13-kD terminal of 60-kD Ro(SS-A) (13 kD). Twenty-five sera had such antibodies. This reactivity was distinguished by the presence of not only anti-Ro(SS-A) but also other antibodies. All nine sera with Ro(SS-A) and La(SS-B) Ouchterloney immunodiffusion precipitins bound 13-kD (p = 0.01), whereas 10 of 11 sera with both anti-Ro(SS-A) and anti-La(SS-B) as determined by immunosorbent assay bound 13-kD (p = 0.002). Inhibition studies demonstrated that antibodies binding the 13-kD fragment bound the 60-kD Ro(SS-A) protein but did not bind the La(SS-B) protein. Thus, anti-La(SS-B) was found in those sera that bound epitopes within the 13-kD carboxyl terminal of 60-kD Ro(SS-A). These data suggest a structural basis by which anti-Ro(SS-A) and anti-La(SS-B) are coupled in SLE.
Mechanism of protection against vascular smoking-induced changes by hormone replacement therapy.

I read with interest Teede et al.’s [(1)][1]report that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) protects against smoking-induced changes that favor ischemic heart disease (IHD). The ability of one agent to prevent IHD (HRT) to protect against another risk factor (smoking) raises basic issues about the
The Effects of High-Molecular-Weight Components on the Viscoelastic Properties of Polystyrene

The effects of molecular weight distribution (MWD) on the steady-state shear and the dynamic viscoelastic properties of high-molecular-weight (MW>97000) polystyrene have been examined with a Weissenberg rheogoniometer. Synthetic MWDs were produced by blending polystyrene components of defined MWs and narrow MWDs. Experiments were designed to examine the effects of small amounts of a high-MW component on the viscous and elastic properties of the melt.The frequency response of the storage and loss moduli, G′ and G″, and the storage compliance J′, are compared with the shear rate dependence of the shear stress τ12, the primary normal stress difference P11−P22, and the shear modulus G, as a function of the composition of the blend. At low deformation rates the dynamic and the steady-state shear properties are equal; G″=τ12, G′=(P11−P22/2, and G=1/J′. At higher deformation rates the steady-state shear properties are primarily controlled by the high-MW component while the dynamic properties reflect the response of each component. The zero shear viscosities of the blends and the narrow-MWD components exhibit the same dependence on the weight-average MW. Four predictions for the MWD dependence of the steady-state shear compliance Je° are compared with the experimental results. Although overestimating the magnitude in the maximum in Je°, only Graessley’s theory accounts for the observed behavior on either side of the maximum.The data is used to discuss the previously reported dependence of the characteristic relaxation time, τ=η°Je°, on the shape of the non-Newtonian flow response. The τ is found to be a measure of the time scale of the relaxation processes of the high-MW component.
Sexual partners of substance abuse clients: Strategies for HIV/AIDS prevention

THE AGE OF AIDS has brought new challenges and burdens to substance abuse treatment programs (Brown, 1991; Brown & Beschner, 1989). Among the challenges is the pressure to involve clients' sexual partners in education about HIV prevention and in the care of HIVinfected clients. Client populations in alcohol and drug programs provide linkages to sexual partners who otherwise might not be reached except through mass media messages. Direct links to information and personal contacts can make the prevention message personal and compelling. However, there has been little policy-making on any level, from federal to clinic, focused on the responsibilities of substance abuse treatment programs towards clients' sexual partners. Nonetheless, many programs have made concerted efforts to reach sexual partners through informal methods such as sending home information or inviting partners in for counseling sessions. For partners
Boolean techniques for low power driven re-synthesis

We present a boolean technique to reduce power consumption of combinational circuits that have already been optimized for area and delay and then mapped onto a library of gates. In order to achieve a better optimization, we cluster gates by collapsing two or more levels of gates into a single node. When optimizing each cluster, our method extends the algorithms used in ESPRESSO, by adding heuristics that bias the minimization toward lowering the power dissipation in the circuit. The results of our method, on a number of benchmark circuits, show an average of 11% improvement in power savings compared to existing boolean techniques.
Electric power distribution: economies of scale, mergers, and restructuring

Electricity distribution is generally viewed as a natural monopoly and therefore as having the least potential for the kinds of reforms that have swept the electric power sector in many countries. Mergers among distribution companies and efforts at retail competition have nonetheless altered the operation of the distribution stage. This research into US electric utilities uses a much larger and less selective data base than previously available to examine the scale properties of distribution with respect to output, distance, and customer numbers, and for different functions within distribution. It finds significant economies at low output levels, holding system size and customer density constant, but the cost gradient is otherwise modest. It also finds that geographic size and customer numbers are quite important and that economies are significantly stronger for the infrastructure or ‘wires’ business than for the marketing function performed by distribution utilities. These results lend credence to effort...
Stress-induced Apoptosis Associated with Null Mutation of ADAR1 RNA Editing Deaminase Gene

One type of RNA editing involves the conversion of adenosine residues into inosine in double-stranded RNA through the action of adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADAR). A-to-I RNA editing of the coding sequence could result in synthesis of proteins not directly encoded in the genome. ADAR edits also non-coding sequences of target RNAs, such as introns and 3′-untranslated regions, which may affect splicing, translation, and mRNA stability. Three mammalian ADAR gene family members (ADAR1-3) have been identified. Here we investigated phenotypes of mice homozygous for ADAR1 null mutation. Although live ADAR1-/- embryos with normal gross appearance could be recovered up to E11.5, widespread apoptosis was detected in many tissues. Fibroblasts derived from ADAR1-/- embryos were also prone to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. Our results demonstrate an essential requirement for ADAR1 in embryogenesis and suggest that it functions to promote survival of numerous tissues by editing one or more double-stranded RNAs required for protection against stress-induced apoptosis.
MO‐D‐351‐05: A “Slicing” Approach for IMRT Optimization Using Linear Programming

Purpose: To present a two‐stage optimization approach that explicitly considers aperture‐specific dose distributions prior to dose optimization.Method and Materials: Approximate and fast non‐Monte Carlo dose calculation models have typically been utilized for pencil beam weight optimization. Such approximate dose calculations do not take into account aperture specific collimator effects. This leads to potentially significant differences between the dose distribution corresponding to the optimization and a final more accurate dose calculation is typically used to evaluate the treatment plan (conventional planning). We propose a 2‐stage approach in which the aperture specific dose distributions were calculated using Monte Carlo and then optimized using sequential linear programming techniques. Our approach was compared with the “conventional” IMRT planning approach and a single‐stage process known as “direct aperture optimization”. Results: We have tested our approach on a head and neck case in the which, the target involved the primary tumor plus the nodal volume. The dose prescription was a simultaneous integrated boost. The conventional plan used 159 apertures, the 2‐stage plan used 123 apertures (36 of the original apertures yielded weights of zero) and the DMPO plan used 89 apertures. The 2‐stage plan outperformed both the conventional IMRT plan and the DMPO plans. The 2‐stage optimization approach resulted in an improvement of almost 10–14% for the RP compared with the other optimization approaches and in the lowest maximum cord and brainstem doses. The 2‐stage approach also resulted in the least volume of the CTV (both primary and nodal volumes) receiving “hot spots”. These improvements were achieved with greater delivery efficiency relative to the conventional plan. Conclusion: Our results demonstrate that the 2‐stage optimization process in which an initial set of apertures is obtained and then re‐optimized using linear programming yields superior results relative to the conventional approach and to the DMPO direct aperture‐based approach.
Spheroplasts of Marine Bacteria induced by the Action of Penicillin

SEVERAL species of marine bacteria which are characterized by osmotic dependence have been induced to form spheroplasts by the action of penicillin added to cultures growing optimally in a nutrient broth prepared with sea water. Two factors indicated the likelihood of obtaining this result. First, recent papers1–3 have contained results indicating that the internal osmotic pressure of marine bacteria and halophiles was equal to, or less than, the external environment; consequently, spheroplasts of these bacteria should be stable in the growth medium. Second, the media, in particular those containing sea water, are characterized not only by a high osmotic pressure but also by a high content of magnesium ions, a characteristic of solutions used to stabilize penicillin-induced spheroplasts of Gram-negative bacteria4. The techniques for inducing spheroplasts of marine bacteria and a comparison of the osmotic fragilities of cells and spheroplasts of one species are described briefly in this communication.
Role of c-Src Tyrosine Kinase in G Protein-coupled Receptorand Gβγ Subunit-mediated Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinases

Several G protein-coupled receptors that interact with pertussis toxin-sensitive heterotrimeric G proteins mediate Ras-dependent activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases. The mechanism involves Gβγ subunit-mediated increases in tyrosine phosphorylation of the Shc adapter protein, Shc·Grb2 complex formation, and recruitment of Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor activity. We have investigated the role of the ubiquitous nonreceptor tyrosine kinase c-Src in activation of the MAP kinase pathway via endogenous G protein-coupled lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptors or by transient expression of Gβγ subunits in COS-7 cells. In vitro kinase assays of Shc immunoprecipitates following LPA stimulation demonstrated rapid, transient recruitment of tyrosine kinase activity into Shc immune complexes. Recruitment of tyrosine kinase activity was pertussis toxin-sensitive and mimicked by cellular expression of Gβγ subunits. Immunoblots for coprecipitated proteins in Shc immunoprecipitates revealed a transient association of Shc and c-Src following LPA stimulation, which coincided with increases in Shc-associated tyrosine kinase activity and Shc tyrosine phosphorylation. LPA stimulation or expression of Gβγ subunits resulted in c-Src activation, as assessed by increased c-Src autophosphorylation. Overexpression of wild-type or constitutively active mutant c-Src, but not kinase inactive mutant c-Src, lead to increased tyrosine kinase activity in Shc immunoprecipitates, increased Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, and Shc·Grb2 complex formation. MAP kinase activation resulting from LPA receptor stimulation, expression of Gβγ subunits, or expression of c-Src was sensitive to dominant negatives of mSos, Ras, and Raf. Coexpression of Csk, which inactivates Src family kinases by phosphorylating the regulatory C-terminal tyrosine residue, inhibited LPA stimulation of Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, Shc·Grb2 complex formation, and MAP kinase activation. These data suggest that Gβγ subunit-mediated formation of Shc·c-Src complexes and c-Src kinase activation are early events in Ras-dependent activation of MAP kinase via pertussis toxin-sensitive G protein-coupled receptors.
Experimental induction of anxious and depressed moods: Are Velten and musical procedures necessary?

We tested the relative effectiveness of Velten and musical procedures for inducing anxious and depressed moods in normal subjects. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of four conditions: instructions to get into the target mood, instructions plus Velten, instructions plus music, instructions plus Velten plus music. Subjects underwent an anxiety induction and a depression induction, both involving the same induction procedure. There were no reliable differences among induction procedures: All significantly produced increases on self-report and behavioral measures of the target moods. These findings suggest that at least some subjects can achieve mood changes without the benefit of formal mood induction procedures (e.g., Velten, music).
Preliminary Simulations of FLR Effects on RFP Tearing Modes

Preliminary simulations of finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects on m = 1 tearing instabilities in a reverse field pinch (RFP) plasma are presented. δ f particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations were performed by extending a hybrid drift kinetic-MHD model to include the full Lorentz equations of motion to take into account finite Larmor radius (FLR) effects. The simulations show that for an idealized phase space distribution, sufficiently energetic ions stabilize the tearing mode. These simulations show good agreement with analytic theory and demonstrate the FLR physics capability of the hybrid kinetic-MHD model.
Smoking modifies the relationship between XRCC1 haplotypes and HPV16-negative head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Reports on the relationship between head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and polymorphisms in X-ray cross complementing group 1 (XRCC1) have been inconsistent. We hypothesized this may be due to not accounting for Human papillomavirus type-16 (HPV16) and thus examined whether smoking modified the association between XRCC1 haplotypes and HNSCC risk within HPV16 serologic strata. Cases were diagnosed in Greater Boston, Massachusetts. Controls were matched to cases on age, gender and residential town. Genotyping was conducted on three XRCC1 polymorphisms (Arg194Trp, Arg280His and Arg399Gln) and serology was used to determine HPV16 exposure. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), adjusting for age, sex, race, education, smoking, alcohol consumption and HPV16 serology. There was no overall association between XRCC1 polymorphisms and HNSCC risk. Smoking did not modify the association between XRCC1 polymorphisms and HNSCC risk among the HPV16 seropositive (pinteraction = 0.89) but it did for the HPV16 seronegative (pinteraction=0.04). Among the HPV16 seronegative, heavy smokers with a haplotype containing a variant allele had an increased HNSCC risk (haplotype with 399Gln: OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 0.97–1.86), whereas never/light smokers with variant alleles may have a reduced risk. In sum, the association between XRCC1 and HNSCC risk differed by HPV16 status and smoking. Among the HPV16 seronegative, heavy smokers with XRCC1 variant alleles had an increased HNSCC risk. There was no relationship between XRCC1 and HPV16-related HNSCC, regardless of smoking. Our findings underscore the importance of accounting for HPV16 exposure even when studying susceptibility to HNSCC. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamos and cosmic magnetic fields

Abstract This paper discusses the origin of the galactic magnetic field. The theory of the mean field dynamo in the interstellar medium is reviewed and shown to be flawed because it ignores the strong amplification of small-scale magnetic fields. An alternative origin is offered. It is proposed that the galactic fields are created in the protogalaxy by protogalactic turbulence. It is shown that they are first created from zero by the turbulence through the Biermann battery mechanism. The resulting weak seed fields are then amplified by the dynamo action of the protogalactic turbulence up to a field strength adequate for a primordial field origin of the galactic magnetic field. It is suggested that the amplification of the small-scale fields, that are a problem for the interstellar origin, are suppressed in the protogalaxy by collisionless processes that act on scales smaller than the mean free path. Since the relative size of the mean free path is quite large in the protogalaxy, the dynamo would generate only large-scale fields. After compression this field could become the galactic field. It is possible that no further amplification of it need occur in the interstellar medium.
The serotonin and norepinephrine innervation of primary visual cortex in the cynomolgus monkey (Macaca fascicularis)

The morphology and laminar distribution of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) axons in the primary visual cortex of cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) have been analyzed by immunocytochemistry with antibodies directed against dopamine-beta-hydroxylase (DBH) and against 5-HT. The NE and 5-HT innervation of primary visual cortex (area 17) in the monkey exhibit highly differentiated laminar patterns. Both of these monoamine axonal systems form tangentially continuous laminar bands that differ in density, morphology, and predominant orientation of constituent fibers. Serotonin axons, present in all cortical layers, form two especially prominent, dense bands of arborizing fibers; one extending from midlayer III through IVC-alpha and the other from VA through VI. NE axons within cynomolgus visual cortex are markedly less dense than 5-HT axons, and laminar differences in NE density are less prominent. NE axons form two broad bands of moderate density extending through deep and superficial cortical layers, separated by layer IVC, which is conspicuously poor in NE fibers. The laminar complementarity of 5-HT and NE innervation that is a notable feature of the squirrel monkey visual cortex is not present in cynomolgus monkey; in this Old World monkey NE and 5-HT axons show considerable overlap such that the same cortical layers appear to be innervated by both neurotransmitters. By virtue of their laminar distribution, 5-HT and NE axons may each have a selective influence on the intrinsic circuitry of primate cerebral cortex, and, for 5-HT in particular, the specific cellular targets of this influence are likely to differ in New and Old World monkeys.
Comment on: ‘Are fast atmospheric pulsations optical signatures of lightning-induced electron precipitation?’ by J. LaBelle

LaBelle [1987] proposed that Fast Atmospheric Light Pulsations (FAPs), which have been observed at L=1.5-2.2 in the northern hemisphere, are optical signatures of ≥2 MeV electrons associated with Lightning-induced Electron Precipitation events produced by strokes in the southern hemisphere. FAPs cannot be produced by ≥2 MeV electrons in the inner radiation belt because the upper limit for fluxes of such particles is only about 0.2% of the value that was used in the analysis and the correct value results in an unrealistically short electron lifetime prediction. The discrepancy comes from using an electron model, AE-2, which included the Starfish fission electrons. Additionally, the use of a model in which southern hemisphere lightning strokes result in northern hemisphere FAPs via a cyclotron mode interaction between magnetospheric electrons and lightning-generated waves is also untenable because it would result in FAP intensities two orders of magnitude greater in the southern hemisphere than in the northern hemisphere, leading to a further two orders of magnitude reduction in estimated inner zone electron lifetimes.
A Genome Survey for Novel Alzheimer Disease Risk Loci: Results at 10-cM Resolution

We completed a systematic survey of the human genome, conducted at an average resolution of 10 cM, for the identification of simple sequence tandem repeat polymorphisms (SSTRPs) that target new risk genes for Alzheimer disease (AD) by virtue of linkage disequilibrium. The efficiency of our association study was enhanced by genotyping pools of DNA from autopsy-confirmed cases with AD and matched controls. Allelic associations with AD were observed for 6 of the 391 SSTRPs in the CHLC Human Screening Set/Weber Version 6 (Research Genetics, Inc., Huntsville, AL): D1S518, D1S547, D10S1423, D12S1045, D19S178, and DXS1047. These allelic associations were replicated in an independent sample of autopsied AD cases and controls recruited from a geographically disparate site. The association of the large D19S178 alleles with AD appeared to arise from linkage disequilibrium with the APOE epsilon 4 allele, whose effect on increasing the risk of AD has been established. None of the remaining SSTRPs was in close proximity to loci previously reported to influence the risk of developing AD. Instead, they may identify five novel AD susceptibility loci.
Wiggler imperfections in free-electron lasers

Abstract A self-consistent 3-D analysis of wiggler imperfections in FELs is described using the WIGGLIN simulation code. WIGGLIN treats the electron dynamics using the 3-D Lorentz force equations, and does not rely on a wiggler-averaged formalism. In the planar wiggler model used, both the divergence and the axial component of the curl vanish identically while the transverse components of the curl are small. In describing wiggler imperfections, a random variation is chosen for the pole-to-pole variations in the amplitude and a continuous map is used between the pole faces. The average efficiency, as well as the standard deviation about the average efficiency, is determined by using an ensemble of different randomly chosen wiggler variations with a fixed rms value. The specific parameters chosen correspond to the 35-GHz ELF experiment conducted at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory; however, the fundamental physics is relevant to a wide range of FEL experiments. On average, increases in the field imperfections cause a decrease in the efficiency; however, this is relatively benign and is certainly a much less severe constraint than that imposed by electron beam quality considerations. In addition, particular error distributions can result in efficiency enhancements.
Behaviourism, phenomenology and holism in psychology: a scientific analysis

Abstract With some important exceptions scientific procedure has up to now been directed toward discovering causal relations between events. Science so pursued is essentially reductive and explains complexity in terms of emergent properties. The important exceptions to such procedures have considered as primitives, systems which establish a structure or state. Transitions from one structure or state to another are characterized by perturbation, relativity and the reasonableness of the characterization. In psychology, behaviorism is the expression of the causal approach to science while phenomenological and existential approaches express the relativistic, structural approach. In psychology, this latter type of procedure has become confounded with yet another, a wholistic, which is just beginning to be recognized as a legitimate scientific pursuit. It is suggested that transformations characterize wholistic science and that such transformations can be as rigorously specified as causal relations.
MRI assessment followed by successful mechanical recanalization of a complete tandem (internal carotid/middle cerebral artery) occlusion and reversal of a 10-hour fixed deficit.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND Mechanical clot extraction up to 8 hours after stroke onset is an alternative strategy for opening large vessels, especially for patients ineligible for intravenous thrombolysis. Safety beyond this therapeutic window is untested. METHODS An 81-year-old woman presented 8 hours after she developed left-sided weakness and dysarthria with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score fluctuating between 6 and 13. Neuroimaging revealed a large perfusion deficit with no diffusion abnormalities. An emergent cerebral angiogram revealed a complete internal carotid artery terminus occlusion. RESULTS Successful mechanical thrombectomy was performed without complication and resulted in almost complete reversal of the patient's deficit to an NIHSS score of 1, 10 hours after stroke onset. CONCLUSION Patients with large hypoperfused areas and minimal diffusion abnormalities on the MRI may benefit from mechanical thrombectomy beyond an 8-hour window.
Higher-order elasticity of cubic metals in the embedded-atom method

The higher-order elasticity of cubic metals in the framework of the embedded-atom method (EAM) is investigated. Proper groupings of the second- and third-order elastic moduli are shown to yield expressions that depend solely on either the electron density function or the pair potential and which therefore facilitate the construction of EAM models. This formulation also makes evident some important restrictions on the EAM functions and lattice summations. In order for the EAM to model the anharmonic properties accurately, (a) at least the third-nearest-neighbor interactions must be included in the expressions for the cohesive energies of both the body-centered-cubic and face-centered-cubic metals and (b) an electron density function of an inverse power form, as has been employed previously, generally is not valid. Specific EAM models are constructed for a diverse selection of metals (i.e., aluminum, copper, sodium, and molybdenum). These models identically reproduce the respective second- and third-order elastic moduli, as well as the binding energy, atomic volume, unrelaxed vacancy formation energy, and Rose's universal equation of state. They also provide reasonable phonon frequency spectra and structural energy differences
Constituents of the Cotton Bud. XIX. Attractancy to the Boll Weevil of the Terpenoids and Related Plant Constituents

Bioassay results with 37 terpenoids and related plant constituents indicate that linalool oxide, geranyl acetate, neryl acetate, rose oxide, fenchone, menthone, isovaleraldehyde, and linalool were among the most attractive to Anthonomus grandis Boheman. Three 4–6 component mixtures were nearly as attractive as extracts of cotton buds.
Antennal Drumming Behavior in Polistes Wasps (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)

and Summary Antennal drumming, in which Polistes queens rapidly beat the antennae on the rims of nest cells, is described in detail for P. fuscatus and shown to be performed in the context of feeding prey to the larvae. Following the distribution of solid food to the larvae, the queen goes from cell to cell on the nest, drumming her antennae on the cell rims, producing an audible sound. After several min of this, each drum on a cell is followed by contact with a larva, usually the one in the drummed cell, during which the queen regurgitates prey juice to the larva. The average burst of drumming lasts just under one s. The two antennal flagella strike the cell rim together at an average frequency of 29 strokes per s. Similar behavior is documented in 10 other Polistes species. We hypothesize that antennal drumming communicates to the larva that it is about to receive liquid food from the adult and should withhold the release of salivary secretion. This predicts that a larva that has received the drumming signal will exude less secretion than if it has not been recently signaled. An experimental test of this hypothesis yielded the predicted result, and we therefore conclude that our hypothesis is supported.
Lipid mixtures containing a very high proportion of saturated fatty acids only modestly impair insulin signaling in cultured muscle cells

In vitro examinations of the effect of saturated fatty acids on skeletal muscle insulin action often use only one or two different fatty acid species, which does not resemble the human plasma fatty acid profile. We compared graded concentrations (0.1-0.8mM) of 3 different lipid mixtures: 1) a physiologic fatty acid mixture (NORM; 40% saturated fatty acids), 2) a physiologic mixture high in saturated fatty acids (HSFA; 60% saturated fatty acids), and 3) 100% palmitate (PALM) on insulin signaling and fatty acid partitioning into triacylglycerol (TAG) and diacylglycerol (DAG) in cultured muscle cells. As expected, PALM readily impaired insulin-stimulated pAktThr308/Akt and markedly increased intracellular DAG content. In contrast, the fatty acid mixtures only modestly impaired insulin-stimulated pAktThr308M/Akt, and we found no differences between NORM and HSFA. Importantly, NORM and HSFA did not increase DAG content, but instead dose-dependently increased TAG accumulation. Therefore, the robust impairment in insulin signaling found with palmitate exposure was attenuated with physiologic mixtures of fatty acids, even with a very high proportion of saturated fatty acids. This may be explained in part by selective partitioning of fatty acids into neutral lipid (i.e., TAG) when muscle cells were exposed to physiologic lipid mixtures.
Circulating Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Genetic Association Study Identifies a Novel Gene Cluster Associated With Stroke in Whites

Background— The goal of this study was to identify genetic determinants of plasma N-terminal proatrial natriuretic peptide (NT-proANP) in the general community by performing a large-scale genetic association study and to assess its functional significance in in vitro cell studies and on disease susceptibility. Methods and Results— Genotyping was performed across 16 000 genes in 893 randomly selected individuals, with replication in 891 subjects from the community. Plasma NT-proANP1–98 concentrations were determined using a radioimmunoassay. Thirty-three genome-wide significant single-nucleotide polymorphisms were identified in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB locus and were all replicated. To assess the significance, in vitro functional genomic studies and clinical outcomes for carriers of a single-nucleotide polymorphism rs5063 (V32M) located in NPPA that represented the most significant variation in this genetic locus were assessed. The rs5063 variant allozyme in transfected HEK293 cells was decreased to 55±8% of wild-type protein ( P =0.01) as assessed by quantitative western blots. Carriers of rs5063 had lower NT-proANP levels (1427 versus 2291 pmol/L; P <0.001) and higher diastolic blood pressures (75 versus 73 mm Hg; P =0.009) and were at an increased risk of stroke when compared with wild-type subjects independent of age, sex, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atrial fibrillation, and cholesterol levels (hazard ratio, 1.6; P =0.004). Conclusions— This is the first large-scale genetic association study of circulating NT-proANP levels performed with replication and functional assessment that identified genetic variants in the MTHFR-CLCN6-NPPA-NPPB cluster to be significantly associated with NT-proANP levels. The clinical significance of this variation is related to lower NT-proANP levels, higher blood pressures, and an increased risk of stroke in the general community.
Considerations in Analyzing Single‐Trough Concentrations Using Mixed‐Effects Modeling

The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of trial design and data analysis choices on the bias and precision of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameter estimation. NONMEM was used to simulate and analyze plasma concentrations collected according to a dense (five samples) or sparse (single-trough samples) sampling scheme for a one-compartment open model with intravenous administration. The results indicated that the bias on estimates of CL with only single-trough data was 17% compared to less than 1% for only dense data. The estimates of CL were improved by fixing all other parameters and estimating only mean and variance of CL (-11% to 1.4%, depending on the estimation method). Adding dense data led to further improvements (-2.3% to 0.3%, depending on further improvements). In these cases, first-order conditional estimation (FOCE) methods resulted in better estimates of CL than first-order (FO) methods. These steps also improved the Bayesian estimates of CL. These studies support the following recommendations: (1) avoid collecting single-trough concentrations unless there is reasonable knowledge about the PK of the drug; (2) if collecting single-trough concentrations is inevitable, avoid estimating all parameters when modeling single-trough concentration data; (3) use prior information by modeling the single-trough concentration data along with dense data from other studies; and (4) use Bayes estimates if the PK model and its parameters are known with reasonable certainty.
Application of a standardised treadmill exercise test for clinical evaluation of fitness in 10 Thoroughbred racehorses

Summary Clinical exercise stress testing is an important diagnostic tool for evaluating exercise intolerance and degree of fitness in human athletes. The purpose of this paper was to describe the methodology necessary to perform a clinical exercise test and report the results of performance evaluations on 10 Thoroughbred racehorses using this test. The test utilised an open flow gas analysis system for ease of use with untrained horses and a fast time response lactate analyser for rapid data analysis. Exercise test measurements used to evaluate fitness included peak oxygen consumption (mean VO2peak = 161.9 ± 12.9 ml/kg/min), peak heart rate (mean HRpeak = 232 ± 10 b/m), peak venous blood lactate concentration (mean LAC peak = 15.2 ± 5.8 mmol/l), peak packed cell volume (mean PCVpeak = 0.64 ± 0.3 l/l) and the maximum number of steps completed (mean STEPmax = 8.7 ± 0.5 steps). The relationship between these exercise test measurements with velocity and time post exercise was also evaluated. Change in serum creatine kinase levels resulting from exercise test were minimal (mean ΔSCK = 72 ± 53 u/l).
How Large Is the Metabolome? A Critical Analysis of Data Exchange Practices in Chemistry

Background Calculating the metabolome size of species by genome-guided reconstruction of metabolic pathways misses all products from orphan genes and from enzymes lacking annotated genes. Hence, metabolomes need to be determined experimentally. Annotations by mass spectrometry would greatly benefit if peer-reviewed public databases could be queried to compile target lists of structures that already have been reported for a given species. We detail current obstacles to compile such a knowledge base of metabolites. Results As an example, results are presented for rice. Two rice (oryza sativa) subspecies have been fully sequenced, oryza japonica and oryza indica. Several major small molecule databases were compared for listing known rice metabolites comprising PubChem, Chemical Abstracts, Beilstein, Patent databases, Dictionary of Natural Products, SetupX/BinBase, KNApSAcK DB, and finally those databases which were obtained by computational approaches, i.e. RiceCyc, KEGG, and Reactome. More than 5,000 small molecules were retrieved when searching these databases. Unfortunately, most often, genuine rice metabolites were retrieved together with non-metabolite database entries such as pesticides. Overlaps from database compound lists were very difficult to compare because structures were either not encoded in machine-readable format or because compound identifiers were not cross-referenced between databases. Conclusions We conclude that present databases are not capable of comprehensively retrieving all known metabolites. Metabolome lists are yet mostly restricted to genome-reconstructed pathways. We suggest that providers of (bio)chemical databases enrich their database identifiers to PubChem IDs and InChIKeys to enable cross-database queries. In addition, peer-reviewed journal repositories need to mandate submission of structures and spectra in machine readable format to allow automated semantic annotation of articles containing chemical structures. Such changes in publication standards and database architectures will enable researchers to compile current knowledge about the metabolome of species, which may extend to derived information such as spectral libraries, organ-specific metabolites, and cross-study comparisons.
Dichotic competition of simultaneous tone bursts of different frequency: IV. Correlation with dichotic competition of speech signals.

Abstract Presentation of dichotic chords to thirty subjects showed that 23% were right ear dominant, 40% were left ear dominant and 37% had no marked ear dominance. Presentation of dichotic consonant-vowel (CV) signals to the same subjects showed that 70% were right ear dominant and 30% were left ear dominant. Despite the fact that an ear dominance effect was present for both speech and non-speech sounds there was no significant correlation (either positive or negative) between an individual's performance on the two tasks. The performance of native speakers of tonal languages and of musicians was not significantly different from the experimental group of English speaking subjects. These results suggest that the two ear dominance effects are unrelated.
Intraovarian regulation: A 1996 update on the IGF paradigm

Background: The intraovarian IGF-I system is now viewed as a potential regulator of ovarian function.Methods: A thorough literature review of the English-speaking literature, special emphasis being placed on the hypothesis under study.Results: Current data support the view that intraovarian IGF-I may act as an amplifier of gonadotropin hormonal action. The role of IGF-I as a determinant of follicular fate remains a matter of study.Conclusions: The intraovarian IGF-I system is projected to play a central role in ovarian physiology by amplifying gonadotropin hormonal action and by possibly playing a role in determining follicular fate.
Compact on-chip measurement system for testing programmable delay lines

A compact on-chip measurement system is proposed for the testing of multiple programmable delay lines (timing digital-to-analogue converters (DACs)) through a low-speed analogue test bus. The system consists of very small delay-to-current converters local to each timing DAC, multiplexed to a centrally located programmable-gain sense amplifier. Silicon test results demonstrate that the system is capable of characterising the delay against the control code relationship of a timing DAC.
Relationship between soil cellulose decomposition and oil contamination after an oil spill at Swanson Creek, Maryland

In wetlands, oil spills may affect decomposition in soils, which controls organic matter accumulation, the primary contributor to positive elevation change. In this study we examined how oil from a spill affected organic matter decomposition in soils of a brackish intertidal marsh in Maryland. Decomposition was measured using the cellulose (cotton) strip technique. Cellulose decomposition was not affected by concentrations of different oil components (total hydrocarbons, total resolved hydrocarbons, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Rather, other abiotic characteristics of the soil had strong effects on decomposition rates, including strong negative effects of soil depth and salinity, and a positive effect of pH. Measures of soil fertility (NH4–N and PO4–P) were not significantly related to cellulose decomposition. Thus, we conclude that decomposition was controlled more by naturally occurring environmental factors rather than by exposure to oil.
Clinical issues in the administration of an anti-epidermal growth factor receptor monoclonal antibody, IMC-C225

Objectives To review the clinical safety experience of the monoclonal antibody IMC-C225, focusing on two clinically important adverse events: acne-like rash and allergic reactions. In addition, practical administration issues are discussed. Data Sources Research articles. Conclusions IMC-C225 administration is well tolerated and adverse events are mild and manageable. IMC-C225 can be safely and conveniently administered once weekly in outpatient settings. Implications for Nursing Practice Because nurses will be involved with administration of IMC-C225 in the clinical setting, they must understand and be prepared to manage the acute and long-term adverse events associated with this agent.
A critical role for direct TLR2-MyD88 signaling in CD8 T-cell clonal expansion and memory formation following vaccinia viral infection

Recent advances have suggested a crucial role of the innate immunity in shaping adaptive immune responses. How activation of innate immunity promotes adaptive T-cell responses to pathogens in vivo is not fully understood. It has been thought that Toll-like receptor (TLR)–mediated control of adaptive T-cell responses is mainly achieved by the engagement of TLRs on antigen-presenting cells to promote their maturation and function. In this study, we showed that direct TLR2–myeloid differentiating factor 88 (MyD88) signaling in CD8 T cells was also required for their efficient clonal expansion by promoting the survival of activated T cells on vaccinia viral infection in vivo. Effector CD8 T cells that lacked direct TLR2-MyD88 signaling did not survive the contraction phase to differentiate into long-lived memory cells. Furthermore, we observed that direct TLR2 ligation on CD8 T cells promoted CD8 T-cell proliferation and survival in vitro in a manner dependent on the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)–Akt pathway activation and that activation of Akt controlled memory cell formation in vivo. These results identify a critical role for intrinsic TLR2-MyD88 signaling and PI3K-Akt pathway activation in CD8 T-cell clonal expansion and memory formation in vivo and could lead to the development of new vaccine approaches.
Endoscopic ultrasonography as a therapeutic modality.

Purpose of reviewEndoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) has taken on more of a therapeutic role in recent years. This review will focus on the therapeutic applications of EUS.Recent findingsMultiple studies on the therapeutic applications of EUS have been published. EUS facilitates endoscopic drainage of
Binaural interaction revisited in the cat primary auditory cortex.

The binaural interactions of neurons were studied in the primary auditory cortex (AI) of barbiturate-anesthetized cats with a matrix of binaural tonal stimuli varying in both interaural level diffe...