cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Germplasm-transmitted Alteration of Histocompatibility in the Progeny of Homograft Tolerant Mice

THE in vivo co-existence of cells of two genotypes achieved in the state of actively acquired tolerance inspired this investigation to determine if any detectable changes occurred in progeny of tolerant mice secondary to the exposure of maturing germ cells to a chimaeric environment.
Redundancy, resilience, and host specificity of the ruminal microbiota: implications for engineering improved ruminal fermentations.

The ruminal microbial community is remarkably diverse, containing hundreds of different bacterial and archaeal species, plus many species of fungi and protozoa. Molecular studies have identified a “core microbiome” dominated by phyla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes, but also containing many other taxa. The rumen provides an ideal laboratory for studies on microbial ecology and the demonstration of ecological principles. In particular, the microbial community demonstrates both redundancy (overlap of function among multiple species) and resilience (resistance to, and capacity to recover from, perturbation). These twin properties provide remarkable stability that maintains digestive function for the host across a range of feeding and management conditions, but they also provide a challenge to engineering the rumen for improved function (e.g., improved fiber utilization or decreased methane production). Direct ruminal dosing or feeding of probiotic strains often fails to establish the added strains, due to intensive competition and amensalism from the indigenous residents that are well-adapted to the historical conditions within each rumen. Known exceptions include introduced strains that can fill otherwise unoccupied niches, as in the case of specialist bacteria that degrade phytotoxins such as mimosine or fluoroacetate. An additional complicating factor in manipulating the ruminal fermentation is the individuality or host specificity of the microbiota, in which individual animals contain a particular community whose species composition is capable of reconstituting itself, even following a near-total exchange of ruminal contents from another herd mate maintained on the same diet. Elucidation of the interactions between the microbial community and the individual host that establish and maintain this specificity may provide insights into why individual hosts vary in production metrics (e.g., feed efficiency or milk fat synthesis), and how to improve herd performance.
Exogenous and endogenous opioid-induced enhancements of naloxone's effects on serum luteinizing hormone levels in the male rat.

Abstract We have previously shown that brief periods of exposure to opiate alkaloid drugs markedly enhance the subsequent effects of the opiate antagonist, naloxone, on serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the male rat. In the present studies, we have found that this phenomenon is not simply a property of opiate drugs, but can be produced by a metabolically stable analog of an endogenously occuring opioid peptide, methionine enkephalin (FK 33–824). These findings suggest that alterations in the sensitivity of those opioid receptors involved in LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) generated in our experimental paradigm may occur under in vivo conditions, particularly since it now appears that endogenous opioids are released in an episodic manner like most neurotransmitter/neuromodulators. We also attempted to more fully characterized the factors responsible for the development of opiate-induced enhancements of naloxone's effects on LH. We found that this effect was produced only by those doses of morphine which initially suppressed serum LH levels, followed by a “rebound” increase in the gonadotropin 6–8 h later. A modest facilitation of LHRH-evoked increases in serum LH was also observed, but our data suggest that this represents only a minor component of opiate-induced enhancements of naloxone's effects. These data indicate that hypothalamic or suprahypothalamic sites are the major loci involved, but no differences in the uptake or regional distribution of naloxone in brain have been previously found, as a function of morphine pretreatment, nor were we able to demonstrate any alterations in opiate binding sites in the hypothalamus or whole brain. Thus, the mechanisms involved in this effect remain unclear.
Structure and composition of intracytoplasmic membranes of Ectothiorhodospira mobilis.

The lamellar membrane stacks of Ectothiorhodospira mobilis were isolated and purified by a combination of lysozyme and osmotic shock treatment, followed by differential and density gradient centrifugation. Preparations of lamellar membranes were enriched at least 2.4-fold in the ratio of bacteriochlorophyll a to protein.
Breast Surgery Outcomes as Quality Measures According to the NSQIP Database

Background The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (NSQIP) is a risk-adjusted database designed to benchmark quality initiatives. NSQIP captures uniform morbidity variables for all operations and calculates expected morbidity probabilities. Given the frequent need for reoperation following breast-conserving surgery (BCS) and mastectomy, we hypothesized that NSQIP may inaccurately reflect surgical morbidity after breast cancer operations.
Composting rapidly reduces levels of extractable oxytetracycline in manure from therapeutically treated beef calves

Oxytetracycline (OTC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic used in livestock production. The widespread use and relative persistence of OTC may encourage development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The objective of this study was to determine whether composting would substantially reduce the concentration of OTC found in manure from medicated animals. The effect of OTC on composting was also investigated. Five beef calves were medicated for 5 days with 22 mg/kg/day of OTC. Approximately 23% of the OTC fed to the calves was recovered in the manure. Manure samples collected from calves prior to and after medication were mixed with straw and woodchips, and aliquots of the subsequent mixtures were treated in laboratory composters for 35 days. In addition, aliquots of the OTC-containing mixture were incubated at 25 degrees C or sterilized followed by incubation at 25 degrees C. The presence of OTC did not appear to affect composting processes. Within the first six days of composting, levels of extractable OTC in the compost mixture decreased from 115+/-8 microg/g dry weight to less than 6+/-1 microg/g dry weight (a 95% reduction). In contrast, levels of extractable OTC in room temperature incubated and sterilized mixtures decreased only 12-25% after 37 and 35 days, respectively. Levels of total heterotrophic bacteria and OTC-resistant bacteria in the finished compost mixture were roughly 30-fold higher and 10-fold lower, respectively, than levels in the mixture prior to composting. Although the basis of the OTC disappearance during composting is not known, the preponderence of OTC-sensitive bacteria and the decrease of OTC-resistant bacteria in the finished compost suggests that OTC residues have been rendered biologically inactive or unavailable.
Synthesis of Diporphyrins via Palladium-Catalyzed C−O Bond Formation: Effective Access to Chiral Diporphyrins

Diporphyrins can be efficiently synthesized from bromoporphyrin precursors via palladium-catalyzed C-O bond formation. The synthetic methodology is general and can be applied to various diols, forming a series of homo-diporphyrins containing different types of spacers in high to excellent yields. Chiral diporphyrins can be readily constructed through the use of optically active diols. A similar strategy allows access to hetero-diporphyrins and triporphyrins, including free-base and metalloporphyrin hetero dimers.
Enterostatin alters protein trafficking to inhibit insulin secretion in Beta-TC6 cells

Enterostatin is a peptide that regulates dietary fat intake in rodents and inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic beta cells. Microarray studies of the genomic response of both a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2 cells) and a mouse hypothalamic cell line (GT1-7 cells) to enterostatin suggested that it might regulate protein trafficking. Using semi-quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analysis, we confirmed that enterostatin upregulated Scamp2 and down regulated Dynamin2 in these cell lines. The receptor for enterostatin is the F1-ATPase beta subunit. We transfected HepG2 cells with either a green fluorescent protein (GFP) tagged F1-ATPase beta subunit or a red fluorescent protein (RFP) tagged F1-ATPase alpha subunit to study the effects of enterostatin on translocation of its own receptor protein. Enterostatin induced movement of GFP-beta subunit to the cell periphery area but did not have any effect on the localization of RFP-alpha subunit protein in HepG2. As Scamp2 is involved in glucose uptake in mouse Beta-TC6 insulinoma cells we tested enterostatin's effect in Beta-TC6 cells. Glucose stimulated insulin release was inhibited by enterostatin as reported previously. Using siRNA to Scamp2 did not change glucose stimulated insulin release but siRNA to Dynamin2 and dominant negative Dynamin2 (Dyn K44A) inhibited glucose stimulated insulin release and abolished the response to enterostatin. This suggests enterostatin inhibits glucose stimulated insulin release in pancreatic beta cells through down regulation of Dynamin2. This study also suggests that enterostatin might have a more generalized effect on protein trafficking in various cells.
Aquatic-based cyber-physical systems in the Calcasieu Estuary

This paper documents the application requirements and basic design for a wireless sensor network for monitoring the marshes, swamps, bayous, and rivers of southwest Louisiana. An entomologist and an environmental scientist who are studying the southwest Louisiana region have provided the application specifications. This has resulted in two related sets of data collection goals: environmental data related to mosquito bionomics, and environmental data related to movement of water and its contents in the Calcasieu Estuary.
Traumatic stress disorder: diagnostic and clinical issues in former prisoners of war

Examined are a variety of clinical issues in the diagnosis and treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) of former prisoners of war (POWs). Difficulties and complexities in understanding and diagnosing PTSD in former POWs presenting symptomatic complaints associated with this disorder are explored. Data collected on former POWs complaining of PTSD and diagnosed by DSM-III-R criteria revealed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) and Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) clinical profiles appropriate for clinical application. Comparative data between German-held and Japanese-held POWs experiencing PTSD and adjustment-related stressors are discussed. Import on clinical strategies with diagnosed patients suggests both behavioral approaches to treatment and future directions in research.
Interaction of polynucleotides with aromatic hydrocarbons

DNA in its native and denatured form and yeast RNA complex individual aromatic hydrocarbon molecules but single-stranded poly A does not. The degree of complexing appears to depend on molecular dimensions; it is appreciable for phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzpyrene but very small or undetectible for coronene, tetracene, pentacene, and 20-methylcholanthrene.
Q- and Z-dependence of angular momentum transfer in deeply inelastic collisions of 86Kr with 209Bi

Abstract The dependence of the in-plane and out-of-plane angular correlations of fragments from fissioning heavy products on the kinetic energy and Z of the light reaction partner have been measured. From the dependence of the angular correlations on Q -value and hence energy loss, together with existing data from which the total angle-integrated cross section as a function of energy loss can be extracted, we have determined the dependence of the angular momentum transferred to the heavy product on the initial orbital angular momentum or impact parameter. The resulting dependence is qualitatively consistent with the sticking limit for a reaction intermediate of touching deformed fragments. More specific nuclear models generally underestimate the angular momentum transfer, although the one-body proximity-friction model accounts for the major fraction of the angular momentum transfer. A recent model incorporating both one-body proximity friction and collective excitations accounts quite well for the observed angular momentum transfer. The Z-dependendence of the anisotropy shows the importance of angular momentum fractionation for the less probable events, where the Z of the fissioning system is appreciably less than that of the target. The transferred angular momentum is shown to be fairly strongly aligned along the perpendicular to the reaction plane, with alignment values of 0.6 to 0.8. The component of angular momentum not along the perpendicular to the reaction plane is found to be primarily oriented perpendicular rather than parallel to the recoil direction. The absolute fission probabilities are found to be qualitatively consistent with J -dependent calculations using the J -values deduced from the angular correlations.
Chemotherapy-induced lactose intolerance in adults.

Background. Anorexia and weight loss contribute to the morbidity and mortality from cancer. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that chemotherapy produces lactose intolerance which could have an adverse effect on the nutritional status of patients receiving cytotoxic drugs. Methods. Twenty-seven patients were evaluated for the development of lactose intolerance during chemotherapy. Lactose breath hydrogen testing (LBHT) was used to assess lactose malabsorption objectively. This test is based on the principle that in patients with lactase deficiency, lactose is not hydrolyzed in the small intestine and ultimately is degraded by colonic bacteria. This results in the production of hydrogen gas, which is excreted by the lungs and can be quantified with a breath hydrogen analyzer. Results. Of the 27 patients studied, 8 (30%) had an abnormal postchemotherapy LBHT results, and for the population as a whole, postchemotherapy LBHT values were significantly greater than prechemotherapy values (P = 0.04). However, only three patients (11%) showed clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance during the postchemotherapy LBHT. Five patients had asymptomatic elevations in breath hydrogen excretion on prechemotherapy testing. One of these patients had a further increase in hydrogen excretion on Day 8 after chemotherapy, which was accompanied by symptoms of lactose intolerance. Twenty-two patients had normal prechemotherapy LBHT results. Two of these patients had abnormal postchemotherapy LBHT results, which were associated with symptoms of lactose intolerance. Conclusion. Although chemotherapy may interfere with lactose metabolism, the development of symptomatic lactose intolerance is uncommon. Dietary restriction of milk products in patients receiving chemotherapy therefore is not warranted unless clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance are observed. Cancer 1994; 74: 1629-33.
Hardy function and unique continuation for evolution equations

Abstract In this paper, unique continuation problems are considered for the first order evolution equation: u t (x, t) = P(t, D) u(x, t), x ∈ R n , t ∈ R, (∗) where P(t, D) represents a mth order differential operator with time dependent coefficients. In one space dimension case (n = 1), a necessary and sufficient condition is given for any nonzero solution of (∗) in the class of C(R; L2(R)) to have a support on a horizontal half line in the x−t space at two different times. With some assumptions on the coefficients of P(t, D), it is shown that any solution u(x, t) ∈ C(R; L2(R)) is uniquely determined by its part on any two horizontal half lines or any open subset in the x−t space. In higher space dimension case (n > 1), a necessary condition is given for any solution u ∈ C(R; L2(Rn)) of (∗) to be supported on a half hyperplane in the space Rn at two different times. Some higher order evolution equations are also considered for their unique continuation properties.
The simultaneous determination of axial dispersion and mass transfer coefficients

Abstract A method is illustrated for the simultaneous determination of axial dispersion and mass transfer parameters for some continuous flow process operations. The procedure involves the matching of computed and experimental axial concentration profiles. Steady state readings are employed, thus avoiding the problems associated with transient analyses. When applied to available experimental packed tower mass transfer data, the results confirmed that the effect of axial dispersion on the performance was slight.
Proprietary Schools and Community Colleges: The Next Chapter.

The author reviews the arguments presented and tentatively concludes that convergence is more apparent than real, but that if external pressures continue or increase, it may become reality.
Developmental and motivational perspectives on cooperative learning: a reconciliation

Research on cooperative learning strategies has been done from 2 major theoretical perspectives, developmental and motivational. The developmental perspective, based on Piagetian and Vygotskian theories, holds that task-focused interaction among students enhances learning by creating cognitive conflicts and by exposing students to higher-quality thinking that is within their proximal zones of development. In contrast, motivational theories of cooperative learning emphasize that rewarding groups on the basis of the individual learning of all group members creates peer norms and sanctions favoring achievement-related efforts and active helping of peers. In the developmental view, incentives for group learning efforts are unnecessary or harmful, while in the motivationalist view they are crucial to enhanced learning outcomes. This article reviews research bearing on both the developmental and the motivational perspectives, and presents a theory reconciling these perspectives that emphasizes the role of group rewards for individual learning in motivating students to provide high-quality assistance and elaborated explanations to their group-mates.
Examining implementer fidelity: conceptualising and measuring adherence and competence

The positive outcomes demonstrated in programme efficacy trials and the apparent ineffectiveness of programmes in community settings have prompted investigators and practitioners to examine implementation fidelity. Critically important, but often overlooked, are the implementers who deliver evidence‐based programmes. This article distinguishes fidelity at the programme level from implementer fidelity. Two components of implementer fidelity are defined. It is proposed that implementer adherence and competence are related but unique constructs that can be reliably measured for training, monitoring and outcomes research. Observational measures from a school‐based preventive intervention are used to illustrate the contributions of implementer adherence and competence. Distinguishing implementer adherence to the manual from competence in programme delivery is the next step in child mental health programme implementation research.
Design of robot accuracy compensator after calibration

A design is presented of a robot accuracy compensator after calibration, which can efficiently calculate and compensate the calibrated kinematic errors for robot manipulators. This compensator consists of a direct robot accuracy calculator (DRAC) that efficiently calculates the accurate robot Cartesian positions using a recursive formulation of the T/sub /i matrix, and an inverse robot accuracy compensator (IRAC), that calculates the equivalent changes in robot joint positions caused by the Cartesian errors obtained from the DRAC. By subtracting these equivalent joint position changes to the current existing kinematic joint solutions, the robot accuracy caused by the kinematic errors can be compensated. As an example, an efficient accuracy compensator designed for PUMA 560 robots is given. >
Invariance transformations for magnetic flux leakage signals

Magnetic flux leakage (MFL) methods are used extensively for inspecting ferromagnetic materials. The analysis of the MFL signal is however fraught with problems associated with the sensitivity of the signal to a number of factors such as the MFL sensor velocity and variations in the permeability of the test specimen. The interpretation can be simplified if the signals can be processed to attain invariance to these conditions. This paper presents novel methods for obtaining permeability invariant and velocity invariant MFL signals.
Vapor‐liquid and liquid‐liquid vapor phase behavior of the carbon monoxide‐propane and the carbon monoxide‐ethane systems

Low-temperature vapor-liquid phase data are reported for the carbon monoxide-propane and the carbon monoxide-ethane systems. The data for the carbon monoxide-propane system are reported at eight temperatures ranging from −125°C to +50°C., with pressure up to 2,000 lb./sq. in. abs., those for the carbon monoxide-ethane system are reported at four temperatures from −100°C to 0°C., with pressures ranging up to the critical locus. Liquid phase immiscibility was observed at low temperatures in both the carbon monoxide-ethane and the carbon monoxide-propane systems. The pressure-temperature loci for these two systems in liquid-liquid vapor equilibrium were determined.
Benchmarking two types of restricted transitive closure algorithms

The authors present and evaluate two algorithms-one linear and one logarithmic-for the computation of the restricted transitive closure of a binary database relation. The algorithms are implemented in a relational database management system (Ingres), and on equipment which is fairly common in today's database application environments. The performance evaluation reveals three important points. First, unlike the case of the complete transitive closure computations where the linear (seminaive) method is outperformed by the logarithmic methods, in the computation of the restricted transitive closure the opposite is true. Second, contrary to the popular belief that the algorithms run faster if the size of the intermediate result relations is decreased by deleting excess data, the fastest algorithms are those which attempt to delete no data. Unless deletions can be handled efficiently, their potential benefits are overshadowed by the cost incurred to perform them. Third, the operations union and difference are established as being significantly more expensive than the join operation in these algorithms. >
Seven shots: an NYPD raid on a terrorist cell and its aftermath

Hunt, Jennifer C. (2010). Seven shots: an NYPD raid on a terrorist cell and its aftermath. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 978-0-226-36090-4. pp. 361, hbk. On 30 July 1997, shortly ...
Decision and coordination strategies for robocup rescue agents

We describe the decision processes of agents in the Robocup Rescue Agent Simulation. Agents have to rescue civilians trapped in buildings and extinguish fires in a city which has been struck by an earthquake. Lack of information and limited communications hamper the rescue process. We examine how effective our strategies and algorithms are and compare their performance against the baseline agents and agents which competed in last year's competition.
Nutrition, inflammation and chronic kidney disease.

Purpose of review Protein-energy wasting and chronic inflammation are important comorbid conditions that predict poor clinical outcome in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease. The current article aims to provide a brief overview of the etiology and nutritional consequences of chronic inflammation with an outline of potential treatment options. Recent findings The exact mechanisms leading to these unfavorable conditions are not fully elucidated and are most likely multifactorial. Irrespective of the specific etiologic mechanisms, it appears that the common pathway for all the metabolic derangements is related to exaggerated protein degradation relative to protein synthesis. Several studies suggest that chronic inflammation can predispose advanced chronic kidney disease patients to a catabolic state leading to worsening of protein-energy wasting by both increasing protein breakdown and decreasing protein synthesis. Chronic administration of nutritional supplementation, both parenterally and orally, improves nutritional status even in inflamed hemodialysis patients. Several pilot studies indicate that antiinflammatory intervention can also improve the metabolic and nutritional profiles. Summary While a single common etiology has not been identified in this complex process, nutritional and antiinflammatory interventions can provide potential treatment options to improve the high mortality and morbidity in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.
Analysis and enhancements to piecewise linear comparametric image registration

This correspondence details enhancements to previous work on piecewise linear comparametric image registration. The enhancements come in the form of slope constraints and knots' location selection in the comparametric modeling. An analysis of the properties of comparametric functions leads to two general slope constraints that, along with a knot location selection based on the reference image's pixel value distribution, serves to reduce error and sensitivity to the number of segments considered as well as allow for the solution to cases in which there are gaps in the comparagram. Results on real images are presented.
Clinical clerkship timing revisited: Support for non-uniform sequencing.

Background: The logistical necessity of students taking required clinical clerkship rotations in non-uniform sequences may have significant consequences on performance.Aims: To investigate (1) the impact of previous clinical clerkship experience and the national licensing examination (USMLE Step 1) rankings on end-of-clerkship overall skills assessments and (2) the effect of clinical clerkship order on end-of-year objective structured clinical examination (OSCE) performance.Method: The core clinical phase of UCLA consists at six clinical clerkships during a 48-week continuum. The clerkships are structured in two different tracks with different rotation order. Clinical performance scores were analyzed for 124 year-3 students in the two different tracks.Results: Performance, as reviewed on a standardized clinical clerkship evaluation form by faculty and residents, improved significantly across the clinical year, regardless of track suggesting an accumulated advantage of previous experiences. There were no s...
Changes in plasma TGFβ levels during pulmonary radiotherapy as a predictor of the risk of developing radiation pneumonitis

Abstract Purpose : To determine whether plasma transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) levels measured before and during radical radiotherapy for lung cancer could be used to predict patients at risk for the development of radiation pneumonitis. Methods and Materials : The first eight patients with lung cancer (nonsmall cell: seven, small cell: one) enrolled in a prospective study designed to evaluate physiological and molecular biologic correlates of radiation induced normal tissue injury are described. The study began in June 1991. All patients were treated with radiotherapy with curative intent. Plasma transforming growth factor-R levels were obtained before, weekly during, and at each follow-up after treatment. Pretreatment pulmonary function tests and single photon emission computed tomography scans were obtained to assess baseline lung function and were repeated at follow-up visits. Dose-volume histogram analyses were performed to determine the volume of lung which received ≥ 30 Gy. Patients were assessed at each follow-up visit for signs and symptoms of pneumonitis. Results : Five patients developed signs and/or symptoms of pulmonary injury consistent with pneumonitis and three patients did not. In all three patients not developing pneumonitis, plasma TGF-β levels normalized by the end of radiotherapy. In contrast, four out of five patients who suffered pneumonitis had persistently elevated plasma TGF-β levels by the end of therapy. This finding appeared to be independent of the volume of irradiated lung. Conclusions : These results suggest that plasma TGF-β levels during treatment may be useful to determine which patients are at high risk of developing symptomatic pneumonitis following thoracic radiotherapy. This finding may have implications when planning additional therapy (either chemotherapy or radiotherapy) which may have potentially adverse consequences on the lung.
Methods to improve the validity and sensitivity of a self/peer assessment instrument

A process employing both quantitative and qualitative methods was developed to improve the validity and sensitivity of self/peer ratings in assessing teamwork skills. Preliminary results indicate a dramatic improvement in the sensitivity of scales in measuring differences between student skill levels. The data also indicate that the process improves the validity of the ratings in measuring what the developers intended.
A Layered Notch Filter for High-Frequency Dynamic Isolation

Methode de calcul d'un dispositif stratifie pour isoler un equipement des vibrations de haute frequence: utilisation de la theorie de Floquet pour resoudre les equations de propagation des ondes planes dans un systeme lamine de plaques paralleles en materiaux differents, perpendiculairement aux plaques; verification experimentale
THE RHYTHMIC RANGE OF THE WHITE BLOOD CELLS IN HUMAN, PATHOLOGICAL LEUCOPENIC AND LEUCOCYTIC STATES, WITH A STUDY OF THIRTY-TWO HUMAN BONE MARROWS

In a study of twenty clinical cases with a wide range of diagnoses, repeated total counts of the white cells at 15 minute intervals reveal a large fluctuation at various levels comparable to that found for the normal (1, 2). The granulocytes seem to follow a more or less hourly rhythm, the most marked shift to the left in the Ameth pattern and the moment of greatest percentage of motility coinciding with the peaks. The independence found existing between the peripheral blood concentrations of individual strains of white cells and the red cells, as determined by total and differential counts, their differential response to pathological and pharmacological stimuli, and their normal relative relations, all indicate some separate physiological mechanism of control for each type of cell, either working through, or independently of, their sources of origin. The many factors to which the circulation of the blood, as such, is subject, the complexity of the influences on origin, maturation, delivery, longevity, and destruction of each cell group, the limitations inherent in the present involved, indirect technics of counting, combine to make any single observation subject to grave misinterpretation. The value to the clinician must come in repeated observations, at times when the diagnosis or a therapeutic procedure is in doubt, at frequent intervals, at other times over longer or shorter periods, but always with the relation between consecutive counts, rather than the absolute values, the important point for consideration. Both the red and the white cells probably change their relative concentrations in the peripheral blood from time to time over a considerable range that is quite within normal physiological limits, so that, in theoretical considerations and in practical functional estimations, a zonal concept with adequate individual extremes should always be kept in mind for both physiological and pathological states. A cytological analysis of thirty-two bone marrows from human biopsy and autopsy material shows the striking reciprocity found to exist between the myelocytes and the mature polymorphonuclear leucocytes. This, together with the observed focal uniformity of maturation found in bone marrow, and the periodicity of the fluctuations of the neutrophils in the peripheral blood, leads to the formulation of the hypothesis of a constant functional withdrawal of granulocytes from the peripheral blood with a periodic delivery of new cells from the marrow, which in leucopenia and in leucocytosis represents a depression or a stimulation, respectively, of the normal mechanism. The nature and degree of the response are an approximate index of the cellular factor in the complex of the "resistance" of the particular individual.
Defining and classifying medical error: lessons for learning

The capacity for learning is directly affected by how potentially dangerous events are interpreted and categorized The categories used by organizations to classify and sort events are not trivial; they channel attention, shape interpretations, and serve as springboards for action. One example is the way in which organizations categorize small failures. Some organizations classify mistakes that have been caught and corrected with no untoward consequences—such as a near collision in aviation—as a “near miss”, a kind of failure that reveals how close the organization came to disaster. Other organizations do just the opposite. They look at a near miss and label it a “close call”, seeing it as evidence of success and the ability to avoid disaster.1,2 The problem with this is that organizations that see mishaps as close calls often fail to treat these events as possible warnings that signal areas of vulnerability. By labeling a near miss as a “close call”, the cycle of learning is curtailed: beliefs that current operations are adequate to contain disaster are reinforced which, in turn, limits the search for information and also circumscribes actions to safeguard future operations.2 Alternatively, when …
Transport properties of polyvinylpyridinium anion‐exchange membranes

Measurements have been made of the electrical conductivity of water-saturated heterogeneous anion-exchange pyridinium membranes in their carbonate and hydroxyl ionic forms as a function of temperature. The pyridinium membranes were prepared from quaternized poly-4-vinylmethyl-pyridinium resin electrolyte incorporated in a polyvinylidene fluoride matrix; the ratio of the pyridinium electrolyte to polyvinylidene fluoride was 4 to 1 by weight. The ion-exchange capacity and water content of these anion-exchange pyridinium membranes were measured. Corresponding Arrhenius activation energies of ion transport of carbonate and hydroxyl counter-ions have been calculated. Self-diffusion coefficients and the equivalent conductances of these pyridinium membranes in their carbonate and hydroxyl counter-ion forms have also been determined over a wide temperature range and compared to the reported values for present quaternary ammonium anion-exchange membranes.
Reconsidering the odds ratio as a measure of 2×2 association in a population

The odds ratio (OR) is probably the most widely used measure of 2 x 2 association in epidemiology, but it often produces results that are puzzling or misleading. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) methods are used totake a fresh look at the OR and show where and why such puzzling results arise. When researchers choose to report a summary measure of association, the OR is one of many measures of association that might be considered, not one that should be considered the 'gold standard' of 2 x 2 measures of association. In a randomized clinical trial with binary outcome for success, either the success or failure rates in treatment and control groups might be reported separately or the number needed to treat to achieve one extra success, to emphasize the cost of unnecessary treatment needed to achieve a success. In studies assessing reliability or heritability, we recommend the intraclass kappa. In studies in which one binary variable is assessed against a binary criterion, we recommend the weighted kappa.
Deploying Ourselves: Islamist Violence, Globalization, and the Responsible Projection of U.S. Force

A noted theorist of globalization offers a complete reconstruction of our national security institutions and strategies to better match today's realities. David A. Westbrook shows how "deploying ourselves" – as statesmen and – women, as citizens can better achieve U.S. national security.Westbrook explains why today's national security establishment is outdated, entrenched in a model of defense befitting the post–World War II Cold War era. Today, without military peers, the U.S. must re-create its institutions around wielding influence globally, based on the cooperation of other states and groups. Even when we deploy troops today, our goal is the construction of order, not "defense."Westbrook explores radical (including Jihadist) challenges, the "long war" on terror, and other current topics to show how defense institutions could be reconceived in order to become both more responsible and more effective. His measures include a wholesale revision of the National Security Act of 1947 to radically reform intelligence work by reintegrating it into democratically responsible military and diplomatic bureaucracies.
United States Detention Operations in Afghanistan and the Law of Armed Conflict

Looking back on US and coalition detention operations in Afghanistan to date, three key issues stand out: one substantive, one procedural and one policy. The substantive matter - what are the minimum baseline treatment standards required as a matter of international law? - has clarified significantly during the course of operations there, largely as a result of the US Supreme Court’s holding in Hamdan v. Rumsfeld. The procedural matter - what adjudicative processes does international law require for determining who may be detained? - eludes consensus and has become more controversial the longer the Afghan conflict continues. And the policy matter - in waging counterinsurgency warfare, how do foreign military forces transition military detention operations to effective civilian institutions? - has emerged as a critical strategic priority for which the law of armed conflict provides little instructive guidance. After briefly outlining the basis of US and coalition detention operations, this article addresses each of these issues in turn. It concludes with some general observations about the convergence of law and strategy.
Muscular Dystrophy-Dystroglycanopathy and Epilepsy

Investigators from the University of Catania, and other centers in Europe have identified a novel genetic glycosylation disorder, DPM2-CDG (part of the DPM synthase complex) in 3 infants with severe hypotonia, progressive muscle weakness and wasting, elevated CK, absent psychomotor development, intractable epilepsy with onset at 1 week to 5 months, and early mortality.
The Downing Street Memos: Revealing the Bizarre Ethics Behind the US/UK Relationship

The release of "The Downing Street Memos" in May 2005 has had far reaching implications for the international and domestic reputations of both President George W. Bush and former British Prime Minister Tony Blair. These memos discussed in relative detail the problems seen in the intelligence relating to the Iraq War. In short, they indicated that the British felt the intelligence leading the US into the Iraq War had been "fixed" (Barry, Hosenball, Nordland, & Stryker, 2005), that there were issues related whether or not Iraq was truly in possession of Weapons of mass destruction, and that there was no legal reason to go to war with Iraq in the first place (Wikipedia 2008). All of these issues if true would have been major ethical problems for the Bush administration. If Tony Blair did in fact have evidence of these ethical lapses, why did he support the war by sending British troops? Why did the alleged intelligence fixing not come out? Why were the UN weapons inspectors' reports not taken seriously by either administration? Why was more not made of the resistance to waiting for UN approval? Simply because for many years the United Kingdom has had a strange and interesting co-dependent relationship with the United States. This relationship is best illustrated by looking at the relationship between President Bush and Prime Minister Blair.
Old World St. Augustinegrasses Resistant to the Southern Chinch Bug (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)

Several introduced clones of St. Augustine grass, Stenotaphrum secunda tum (Walt.) Kuntze and S. dimidiatum (L.) Brongn., from the Republic of South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Malagasy Republic exhibited high levels of resistance (antibiosis > ‘Floratam’, a resistant cultivar) to the southern chinch bug, Blissus insularis Barber. Resistance of 37 Stenotaphrum clones was evaluated on the basis of mortality of field-collected adult clinch bugs confined for 7 days with grass stolon terminals in plastic bags. Only polyploid St. Augustnegrasses were antibiotic to B. insularis. Resistance was found in both Old and New World clones, but not all polyploid St. Augustine grass clones were resistant to the southern chinch bug.
Notes on North American Drosophilidae with Descriptions of Twenty-Three New Species.

The writer has in preparation a comprehensive treatment of the North American species of Drosophila and closely related genera. This paper is not yet ready for publication; but there are several unnamed species that are being used as laboratory animals, so it has seemed advisable to put out a preliminary paper describing these and other new forms, and revising the names of a few additional species.
Occupational Hazards in Printing Industry and its Control

Printing industry is a conventional industry which has many occupational hazard factors.This paper presents a comprehensive introduction of the procedure and classification of printing industry,the occupational hazard factors and its effect on health of workers,and the progress of prevention and control of occupational hazards in printing industry,so as to attract attention of administrators and employees.
Csuti, B., T. A. O'Neil, M. M. Shaughnessy, E. P. Gaines, and J. C. Hak. 2001. Atlas of Oregon Wildlife: Distribution, Habitat, and Natural History. 2nd ed. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 526 pp.

B. Csuti, T. A. O'Neil, M. M. Shaughnessy, E. P. Gaines, J. C. Hak 2001. Atlas of Oregon Wildlife: Distribution, Habitat, and Natural History. 2nd ed. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, 526 pp. ISBN 0-87071-535-6, price (paper), $39.95. The dearth of shelf space that plagues most biologists in the office and the shortage of backpack volume in the field make the idea of a single text that reviews all vertebrate species quite appealing. The substantial amount of information that must be compiled and condensed to make this seeming pipedream a reality is enough to dissuade most biologists from attempting such a magnum opus. This 2nd edition of a work originally published in 1997 continues to build on a Herculean effort to link geographic information system databases and natural history information on the 642 species of terrestrial vertebrate found in the state of Oregon. This total represents 42% of the known species from the United States and Canada. The diverse nature of Oregon, the 9th largest state of the United States at 254,820 km2, with an altitude that ranges from sea level to 3,426 m and habitats as …
Abstract 5123: Multiplex in situ immunoprofiling and survival outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer

The clinical activity of immune checkpoint blockade (“immunotherapies”) in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has highlighted the importance of the immune system in controlling cancer growth. Immune cells play a central role in determining response to immunotherapies, yet obtaining phenotypic information about the various immune cells in intact tissue sections and measuring cell-to-cell interactions is challenging. For this study, we applied multiplex immunofluorescence imaging to simultaneously resolve both phenotypic and morphologic information in order to determine the immune subset in the tumor -microenvironment that dictated the prognosis of NSCLC. One-hundred-twenty nine non-metastatic NSCLC tumors were studied using Tissue Microarray (TMA), with each tumor represented in triplicate. Majority of the patients were females (56%), had stage 2 (11%) or stage 3 (84%) disease, and all patients had primary resection and postoperative radiotherapy. TMA sections were stained for CD4, CD8, CD68, FOXP3, CD274 (PD-L1) and cytokeratin, with a DAPI counterstain, using a sequential multiplex IHC approach involving antibody stripping and tyramide signal amplification. Slides were imaged using an automated multispectral microscope. We determined cellular phenotype counts and per-cell marker expression in tumor and stromal areas in each core of the TMA, using machine learning-based pattern recognition and cell classification approaches. On average, 4,770 cells were analyzed in each TMA core. The densities of phenotyped cells (counts/mm2) for tumor and stroma were calculated. We analyzed the tumor to stroma ratios in each core for each of the immune subsets (CD8, CD4, FoxP3+ Treg, and CD68+ macrophages). In multivariate analysis, after controlling for patient and tumor characteristics, high CD4 tumor:stroma ratio predicted significantly for poorer overall survival (OS) (5 year OS of CD4 high: 27% vs. CD4 medium/low: 50%, p = 0.001). High CD4 content also correlated significantly to high FoxP3+ Treg levels (p Citation Format: Steven H. Lin, James R. Mansfield, Xiayu Rao, Wen Jiang, Penny Fang, Kristin Roman, Chichung Wang, Ritsuko Komaki, Stephen Hahn, Stephen G. Swisher, Junya Fujimoto, Ignacio Wistuba, Jing Wang, Clifford C. Hoyt. Multiplex in situ immunoprofiling and survival outcomes in non-small cell lung cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 5123.
Alternative Accounts of Function

In this chapter, I consider three theories of function that are relatively new, in the sense that they have been developed over the last twenty years. The “weak etiological theory” says, roughly, that a trait token in an organism has a function so long as that kind of trait contributed to the fitness of that organism’s ancestors and it is inherited. It defines function in terms of inheritance and past contributions to fitness, but not selection. I assess some differences between this theory and the standard selected effects account and question the motivation for the account. A second group of theories is known as the “systems-theoretic” or “organizational” view. This is not a single theory but a family of theories based on the idea that a trait token can acquire a function by virtue of the way that very token contributes to a complex, organized, system, and thereby to its own continued persistence, as a token. I argue that the organizational approach faces liberality problems. Finally, the modal theory of function holds that the function of a trait token has to do with the behavior of that token in certain nearby possible worlds. I assess the theory and survey some problems. Bence Nanay developed the modal theory as an attempt to solve a certain circularity problem that he believes afflicts most other theories of function, but it is not clear whether there is a real problem here to be resolved.