cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Investigation and correlation of drug polymer miscibility and molecular interactions by various approaches for the preparation of amorphous solid dispersions

Curcumin (CUR) was used as a poorly soluble drug whereas polyvinyl pyrrolidone K90 (PVP), Eudragit EPO (EPO), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E5 (HPMC) and polyethylene glycol 8000 (PEG) were used as hydrophilic polymers. CUR polymer miscibility was evaluated by solubility parameter, melting point depression and glass transition temperature (Tg) measurements. Molecular interactions between CUR and polymers were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman. Amorphous solid dispersions were prepared with CUR-polymer ratio of 70:30 (w/w) by solvent evaporation technique and were evaluated for dissolution enhancement using USP II method. Physical states of solid dispersions were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) whereas thermal behaviors were investigated using modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). CUR-EPO system showed good miscibility through all the approaches, whereas immiscibility was found in other CUR-polymer systems. CUR-EPO and CUR-HPMC systems showed significant molecular interactions whereas CUR-PVP and CUR-PEG showed no molecular interactions. All solid dispersions showed significant dissolution enhancement with CUR-EPO showing highest dissolution rate during first 1h whereas CUR-HPMC was effective in maintaining high CUR concentrations for 6h. The study highlights the importance of investigating and correlating drug polymer miscibility and molecular interactions by various approaches for successful formulation of amorphous solid dispersions.
The effects of lesions to the rat hippocampus or rhinal cortex on olfactory and spatial memory: retrograde and anterograde findings.

The role of the hippocampal system in retrograde and anterograde amnesia was investigated by using a novel olfactory-guided paradigm and a traditional test of spatial learning. In the retrograde study, rats were trained on a sequence of two-choice olfactory discriminations in the weeks prior to receiving neurotoxic lesions of the hippocampus or aspiration lesions of the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex. Memory tests for preoperatively learned discriminations revealed no statistical impairment for subjects with damage to the hippocampus on a problem learned remote in time from surgery (i.e., 4 weeks +) or on the two recently learned discriminations (i.e., 1–3 weeks prior to surgery). The performance of subjects with perirhinal-entorhinal damage provided an important comparison for subjects with specific hippocampal lesions. Despite showing intact memory for the remotely learned problem, perirhinalentorhinal damage resulted in numerically (although not significantly) weaker performance on postoperative tests of retention for the discriminations learned in the 3 weeks prior to surgery. In the anterograde portion of the study, long-term memory for newly acquired discriminations was spared in subjects with damage to the hippocampus, whereas subjects in the perirhinal-entorhinal lesion group again showed the weakest memory performance on these tests of 5-day retention. Postoperative water maze learning was uniformly impaired in subjects with damage to the hippocampus and perirhinalentorhinal cortex, thus confirming the effect of these lesions and supporting the involvement of these brain areas in spatial processes. These findings further dissociate the specific involvement of the hippocampus in tasks of a spatial-relational nature versus nonrelational tasks, such as discrimination learning and recognition memory (e.g., Duva et al., 1997; Eichenbaum, 1997; Eichenbaum, Schoenbaum, Young, & Bunsey, 1996). Moreover, the results suggest that damage to the hippocampus itself does not contribute to retrograde or anterograde memory impairments for all types of information, whereas the data suggest a more important role for the perirhinal-entorhinal cortex in recognition memory, irrespective of modality.
Purification and assay of intact human basic fibroblast growth factor using heparin-sepharose chromatography

Intact human hepatoma derived basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) is a cationic 18 400-molecular-weight polypeptide, which stimulates the proliferation of 3T3 and endothelial cells at 1 ng/ml. bFGF has a strong affinity for heparin, and can be purified to homogeneity from human hepatoma cells using heparin-Sepharose chromatography. A three-step procedure is used: (a) extraction of the cells with 1M NaCl at pH 7.5; (b) Bio-Rex 70 cation exchange chromatography; and (c) heparin-Sepharose chromatography. The molecular weight of bFGF depends on the pH of the cell extraction step. When extracted at neutral pH, intact bFGF is obtained with a molecular weight of 18 400, however when extracted at pH 3.5 to 4.5 the molecular weight of bFGF is about 16 500. Lowering the molecular weight by acid pH extraction can be inhibited with a mixture of the proteinase inhibitors, PMSF, leupeptin, and pepstatin. These results suggest that degradation of bFGF is the result of cleavages by acid proteinases. It has been determined by amino acid sequence data and western blot analysis that the cleavages occur at the amino terminus of bFGF. The lower molecular weight form of bFGF has the same biological activity and exhibits the same chromatographic behavior on heparin-Sepharose as does intact bFGF.
Fermions and the {Kaluza-Klein} Monopole

Abstract This paper investigates the behavior of light charged matter in the presence of the recently constructed Kaluza-Klein monopole, starting with a mechanism for obtaining such matter in the first place. For scalars the separation of variables is identical to that for the ordinary Dirac monopole, but the geometrical picture sheds some light on the strange quantum numbers of the resulting states. Fer fermions there is a new repulsive potential, even in the lowest partial wave. This renders the hamiltonian self-adjoint without any family of extensions, in contrast to the Dirac pole. Consideration of quantum effects on long-distance physics, however, modifies the basic monopole solution and restores the usual fermion physics.
Estimation of HIV dynamic parameters

Investigation of HIV viral dynamics is important for understanding the HIV pathogenesis and for development of treatment strategies. Perelson et al. demonstrated that simple viral dynamic models fit to data on viral load as measured by plasma HIV-RNA could produce estimates of rates of clearance of virus and of infected CD4+ T-lymphocytes. In this paper we extend the work of Perelson et al. by proposing models with less restrictive assumptions about drug activity. Our models take into account the fact that infectious and non-infectious virions are produced by infected T-cells both before and after the treatment. We also show that direct measurement of infectious virus load provides sufficient information for estimation of antiretroviral drug efficacy parameter. For characterizing viral dynamics of populations and estimation of dynamic parameters, we propose a hierarchical non-linear model. Compared to other methods such as the non-linear least square method used by Perelson et al., we show that the proposed approach has the following advantages: (i) it is more appropriate for modelling within-patient and between-patient variation and to characterize the population dynamics; (ii) it is flexible enough to deal with both rich and sparse individual data; (iii) it has more power to detect model misspecification; (iv) it allows incorporation of covariates for viral dynamic parameters; (v) it makes more efficient use of between-subject information to get better parameter estimates. We give two simulation examples to illustrate the proposed approach and its advantages. Finally, we discuss practical issues regarding the clinical trial design for viral dynamic studies.
Parallelism orchestration using DoPE: the degree of parallelism executive

In writing parallel programs, programmers expose parallelism and optimize it to meet a particular performance goal on a single platform under an assumed set of workload characteristics. In the field, changing workload characteristics, new parallel platforms, and deployments with different performance goals make the programmer's development-time choices suboptimal. To address this problem, this paper presents the Degree of Parallelism Executive (DoPE), an API and run-time system that separates the concern of exposing parallelism from that of optimizing it. Using the DoPE API, the application developer expresses parallelism options. During program execution, DoPE's run-time system uses this information to dynamically optimize the parallelism options in response to the facts on the ground. We easily port several emerging parallel applications to DoPE's API and demonstrate the DoPE run-time system's effectiveness in dynamically optimizing the parallelism for a variety of performance goals.
Effect of Annealing and Passivation on the Electromigration and Linewidth Dependence

Continued miniaturization of conductor geometry below 0.5μm has by a concomitant decrease in Al deposition temperature, typically below 300°C. The degree of reliability exhibited by these films is strongly dependent on the grain size distribution and metallurgical configuration. This investigation focuses on the impact of post-deposition processing on changes in conductor microstructure and electromigration for films deposited at low temperature. AlCu(l%)Si(l%) was deposited at 300°C on PECVD phosphosilicate glass. The impact of post-deposition thermal budget on the as deposited grain size and distribution, preferred orientation and stress/strain states were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy, X-Ray diffraction and bending beam technique, respectively. These characteristics were also measured on unpassivated films subjected to the same thermal budget as SiO2 passivated films so that the geometric confinement and Al-SiO2 surface interaction could be quantified. Electromigration characteristics were measured for linewidths in the range W=1.0μm to W=10μm, for passivated and unpassivated films. A direct correlation between passivation and grain size was observed for both failure modes. This paper will also discuss the relationship between film stress and preferred orientation, the observed failure modes and their linewidth dependence.
THE LAWRENCE LIVERMORE LASER FUSION PROGRAM: A STATUS REPORT*

The Laser Fusion Program at the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory is presently emerging from a three-year period of intensive development of the tools required for significant DT implosion experiments of continuously increasing scale. These diverse tools include target design codes, sophisticated target fabrication techniques, radically new diagnostics instrumentation, high peak- power-high brightness laser technology, and fully integrated laser-target- diagnostic irradiation facilities. These tools have recently led to the successful production of neutrons from compressed DT-containing targets together with a wealth of correlating plasma physics data. The current status of major program activities at LLL will be reviewed and major future milestones will be projected. (auth)
Current evidence for the use of coffee and caffeine to prevent age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer’s disease

Although nothing has been proven conclusively to protect against cognitive aging, Alzheimer’s disease or related dementias, decades of research suggest that specific approaches including the consumption of coffee may be effective. While coffee and caffeine are known to enhance short-term memory and cognition, some limited research also suggests that long-term use may protect against cognitive decline or dementia. In vitro and pre-clinical animal models have identified plausible neuroprotective mechanisms of action of both caffeine and other bioactive components of coffee, though epidemiology has produced mixed results. Some studies suggest a protective association while others report no benefit. To our knowledge, no evidence has been gathered from randomized controlled trials. Although moderate consumption of caffeinated coffee is generally safe for healthy people, it may not be for everyone, since comorbidities and personal genetics influence potential benefits and risks. Future studies could include short-term clinical trials with biomarker outcomes to validate findings from pre-clinical models and improved epidemiological studies that incorporate more standardized methods of data collection and analysis. Given the enormous economic and emotional toll threatened by the current epidemic of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias, it is critically important to validate potential prevention strategies such as coffee and caffeine.
Parent preference in the attachment exploration balance in infancy: An experimental psychoanalytic approach

Fifteen 15-month old infants with mother as primary caretaker were observed in Ainsworth's Strange Situation modified to provide a simultaneous choice of mother or father during post-separation reunion episodes. Both exploratory and attachment behaviors were more significantly affected by separation from mother than from father, suggesting the greater importance of the mother as a secure base for exploration and as an attachment figure. The intrapsychic version of the parent most crucial to exploration and attachment at this age is that of mother, in whose absence the infant is not yet able to evoke the memory of the mother to sustain either exploratory behavior or the attachment bond adequately.
Treatment of infantile spasms with very high dose prednisolone before high dose adrenocorticotropic hormone.

SummaryPurpose This study investigated the short-term response to a standardized hormonal therapy protocol for treatment of infantile spasms. Methods Twenty-seven children with video electroencephalography (EEG)–confirmed infantile spasms received very high dose (8 mg/kg/day, max 60 mg/day) oral prednisolone for 2 weeks. Response (absence of both hypsarrhythmia and spasms) to prednisolone was ascertained by repeat overnight video-EEG. Responders were tapered over 2 weeks and nonresponders were immediately transitioned to high dose (150 IU/m2/day) intramuscular adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) for two additional weeks. Response was again determined by overnight video-EEG after ACTH therapy. Key Findings Sixty-three percent (17/27) of patients responded completely to prednisolone. Subsequently, 40% (4/10) of prednisolone nonresponders exhibited a complete response after an additional 2-week course with ACTH. Among 27 subjects with median follow-up of 13.5 months (interquartile range [IQR] 4.8–25.9), 12% (2/17) of prednisolone responders and 50% (2/4) of ACTH responders experienced a relapse between 2 and 9 months after initial response. Significance Very high dose prednisolone demonstrated significantly higher efficacy than previously reported for lower doses in prior studies. High dose ACTH may be superior to very high dose prednisolone, and in lieu of a definitive clinical trial, the choice between prednisolone and ACTH for initial treatment of infantile spasms remains controversial.
IEEE 802.15.7 physical layer summary

This paper summarizes the PHY layer of the IEEE 802.15.7 Standard for Short-Range Wireless Optical Communication using Visible Light, and highlights issues that drove the technical content. The discussion explains the modulation formats developed in the standard and then shows how these formats are modified to maintain LED light visibility and support dimming while preventing perceivable flicker.
Impact of configuration errors on DNS robustness

During the past twenty years the Domain Name System (DNS) has sustained phenomenal growth while maintaining satisfactory performance. However, the original design focused mainly on system robustness against physical failures, and neglected the impact of operational errors such as misconfigurations. Our recent measurement effort revealed three specific types of misconfigurations in DNS today: lame delegation, diminished server redundancy, and cyclic zone dependency. Zones with configuration errors suffer from reduced availability and increased query delays up to an order of magnitude. Furthermore, while the original DNS design assumed that redundant DNS servers fail independently, our measurements show that operational choices made at individual zones can severely affect the availability of other zones. We found that, left unchecked, DNS configuration errors are widespread, with lame delegation affecting 15% of the DNS zones, diminished server redundancy being even more prevalent, and cyclic dependency appearing in 2% of the zones. We also noted that the degrees of misconfiguration vary from zone to zone, with most popular zones having the lowest percentage of errors. Our results indicate that DNS, as well as any other truly robust large-scale system, must include systematic checking mechanisms to cope with operational errors.
Isolation and some characteristics of a group-specific antigen of the murine leukemia viruses.

Abstract Gross leukemia virus from infected rats was purified by potassium tartrate density gradient centrifugation as a band at a density of 1.156 g/ml. A group-specific antigen of the murine leukemia viruses ( MuLV-gs1 ), released from intact virus by Tween-ether or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and detected by rat antisera, was separated from other components by Sephadex G 200 and CM-cellulose chromatography and by isoelectric focusing. The antigen has an estimated molecular weight of 35,000–40,000 and a sedimentation value s 20,w of 2.7, and separates by immunoelectrophoresis into 2 immunologically identical components with β- and γ-globulin mobility. It can be resolved into at least 2 molecular species by isoelectric focusing and into 3 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, all of which show immunologic identity. Rabbits immunized with disrupted Gross virus or with MuLV-gs1 (isolated by Sephadex G 200 chromatography) form precipitating antibody to MuLV-gs1 , whereas rabbits immunized with intact virus do not. The evidence suggests that MuLV-gs1 is an internal component of the virus and contains 2.5–4% nucleic acid.
The AASM Scoring Manual Four Years Later

Purpose of Review:Review published studies and critiques which evaluate the impact and effects of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) Sleep Scoring Manual in the four years since its publ...
Interventions to Improve Walking in Older Adults

Interventions to improve walking in older adults have historically been multifactorial (i.e., strengthening, endurance and flexibility programs) focusing on improving the underlying impairments. These impairment-based programs have resulted in only modest improvements in walking. In older adults, walking is slow, less stable, inefficient, and the timing and coordination of stepping with postures and phases of gait is poor. We argue the timing and coordination problems are evidence of the loss of motor skill in walking. Taking a lesson from the sports world and from neurorehabilitation, task-oriented motor learning exercise is an essential component of training to improve motor skill and may be a beneficial approach to improving walking in older adults. In this article we: (1) briefly review the current literature regarding impairment-based interventions for improving mobility, (2) discuss why the results have been only modest, and (3) suggest an alternative approach to intervention (i.e., task-oriented motor learning).
Desensitizing Effect of N-terminal Truncated cTnI In RCM Myofibrils

Cardiac TnI (cTnI) mutations have been associated with the development of restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) characterized by a Ca2+ hypersensitivity and diastolic dysfunction in cardiac myofibrils. Whereas cTnI N-terminal deletion (cTnI-ND) caused by restricted proteolysis in cardiac adaptation to stress manifests a lower left ventricular end diastolic pressure and an enhanced ventricular diastolic function. By crossing the RCM cTnI R193H transgenic mice (cTnI193His) with cTnI-ND transgenic mice (cTnI-ND) that contain 100% cTnI-ND in the heart, we have obtained double TG mice containing both the cTnI R193H mutant and cTnI-ND. In this study, by using these TG mouse lines, we have investigated the desensitizing effect of cTnI-ND on the RCM cTnI mutant mice and myofibrils. Our survival data for these mice indicated that cTnI-ND greatly reduced the mortality of the RCM cTnI193His mice. Ca2+ sensitivity measured in skinned myofibrils confirmed that increased myofibril Ca2+ sensitivity was the major mechanism that resulted in impaired relaxation and diastolic dysfunction in RCM cTnI193His mice and that cTnI-ND could reverse the cellular dysfunction by desensitizing the myofibrils to Ca2+. The PKA stimulation assays showed that cTnI193His myofibrils were able to respond to PKA activation, resulting in a right-shift of pCa curve after PKA treatment. However, since the myofibrils from cTnI-ND hearts lacked Ser residues 23 and 24, they had no response to PKA stimulation, showing a similar pCa curve before or after PKA. Our data have, for the first time, demonstrated a desensitizing effect by an endogenous myofibril protein proteolysis without the intervention of β-adrenergic stimulation mediated cTnI phosphorylation. The desensitizing function in cTnI-ND hearts indicates that the removal of cTnI N-terminal extension by restricted proteolysis represents a novel mechanism to improve myofibril relaxation and cardiac diastolic function in cardiac adaptation to hemodynamic and inotropic stresses.
Building the Institutional Competence of Black Colleges and Universities: The Role of Philanthropic Fellowship Programs, 1928–60

In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, northern philanthropic foundations played a significant role in the development of higher education for African Americans in the South. The General Education Board (1902–60), a Rockefeller philanthropy, expended $122 million on black education through a wide-ranging programmatic agenda. The Julius Rosenwald Fund (1917–48) is best known for the rural schoolbuilding program that constructed schoolhouses, teachers' homes, and shops throughout the South during the early 1930s. A lesserknown initiative on the part of both foundations was the utilization of fellowship programs that enabled southern blacks to obtain graduate and professional education at northern institutions. This article discusses the barriers to graduate education for African Americans during the first half of the twentieth century, the characteristics of the General Education Board and Rosenwald Fund fellowship programs, and the role of the fellowship programs in building the institutional competence of black colleges and universities.
From 9 to 90: Engaging Learners of All Ages

This paper details the creation of a two-day computer science and robotics outreach course aimed at simultaneously engaging youth (children, ages 9-14) and senior (their grandparents, ages 55+) students. Our goal is to encourage enthusiasm for science and technology in students of all ages as well as provide practical instruction regarding common computer science concepts, including variables, loops, and boolean logic. To this end, we ground our course in the emerging field of social robotics, which enables the design of several multidisciplinary hands-on activities for students. We report on a four-year experience in the development of our course, which has been offered twelve times and involved over 210 youth and senior students. Our work presents a discussion regarding the challenges in designing a course for students from diverse ages, guidelines for creating similar courses, and a reflection on how we might improve our own class. The activities and project code developed for our course are available online as open-source resources.
Bark anatomy of radiata pine, corsican pine, and douglas fir grown in New Zealand

Abstract The bark anatomy of Pinus radiata D. Don, P. nigra Arnold, and Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco is described. Inner bark is composed of sieve cells, axial parenchyma, and rays. In P. menziesii it also contains fibres. In all species axial parenchyma is abundant. Some axial parenchyma cells have crystals which are more numerous in P. radiata and P. menziesii than in P. nigra. Horizontal resin canals are present but axial canals are absent. Outer bark or rhytidome is composed of alternating bands of periderm and dead phloem. Phelloderm is better developed in P. radiata and P. nigra than in P. menziesii. The boundary between phelloderm and the preceding phloem is poorly defined. Three types of phellem cell occur in P. nigra. Phellem in P. menziesii displays “growth zones”. Crystals are present in some phellem cells in P. nigra and P. menziesii. Dead phloem consists of cells which are distorted and crushed to varying degrees. Structural variability and the presence of dark-coloured polyphenols ar...
Mass casualties in combat: lessons learned.

Abstract : The current military trauma systems in Iraq and Afghanistan are effective at dealing with both routine multiple casualty events and the less common mass casualty event. Analysis of multiple and mass casualty events from current conflicts can provide critical lessons learned regarding triage and resource utilization that can potentially be applied to other conflicts or civilian multiple or mass casualty events. Although the findings of this study regarding blood product utilization may not be directly applicable to catastrophic, national-level events, the consistency of the findings with the Israeli experience and across a wide range of smaller multiple or mass casualty explosion-related events is striking. Hence, for such events, the number of casualties generated may provide a reliable baseline prediction of blood product needs and percentages of patients who will require transfusion and massive transfusion. This in turn can help determine the distribution of casualties among medical treatment facilities and allow for activation of additional blood resources, such as notification of more distant blood banks or initiation of fresh whole blood drives. Clearly, the experiences with mass casualty events that both military and civilian surgeons encounter must continue to be studied and shared.
Thinking About Workplace Engagement: Does Supervisor and Coworker Incivility Really Matter?

The Problem.This study investigated the frequency with which employees (N = 272) in a computer sciences company in the United States were the target of supervisor and coworker incivility as well as the link between this incivility and worker engagement. Participants completed a paper-and-pencil survey consisting of the Workplace Engagement Scale (Shuck) and modified versions of the Workplace Incivility Scale (Cortina, Magley, Williams, & Langhout).The Solution.Results indicated that 78% of the participants had experienced supervisor incivility and 81% had experienced coworker incivility during the past year. MANOVA analysis revealed that females had experienced more coworker incivility and males had experienced more supervisor incivility. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that after controlling for gender and age, both incivility variables were negative predictors of safety and availability engagement. Specifically, coworker incivility more powerfully predicted safety engagement whereas superviso...
Adherence and health-related quality of life in adolescent liver transplant recipients

Adolescence is a particularly high-risk period for non-adherence with post-transplant medical regimens. There remains a lack of research investigating factors related to non-adherence in adolescent LT recipients. The present study empirically assessed the relationship between adherence and HRQOL in adolescent LT recipients. Participants included 25 adolescents (mean = 15.1 yr, range 12-17.9) and their parent/guardian(s). Adherence was assessed using multiple indices including clinician-conducted interviews, rate of clinic attendance, and s.d. of consecutive tacrolimus blood levels. HRQOL was examined using self-report and parent-proxy report on well-validated assessment measures. Results indicated that 76% of participants were non-adherent on at least one measure of adherence, and HRQOL was significantly lower than normative data for healthy children. Tacrolimus s.d. were significant related to poor HRQOL across domains of physical, school, and social functioning. Non-adherent adolescents reported poorer health perceptions, self-esteem, mental health, family cohesion, and more limitations in social and school activities related to physical, emotional, and behavioral problems. These results suggest that empirically based assessment of HRQOL may help identify those at highest risk for behavior, emotional and school difficulties, as well as non-adherence. The examination of tacrolimus s.d. may also help identify patients who may benefit from intervention to promote adherence and HRQOL. Prospective investigations are necessary to further identify the impact of HRQOL on adherence and long-term health outcomes to further guide clinical intervention.
Hemoperitoneum in a newborn secondary to antenatal hemorrhage into a retroperitoneal lymphangioma

Hemoperitoneum in the newborn is an uncommon event, occurring most often in the setting of traumatic delivery. Hemoperitoneum resulting from antenatal hemorrhage into an abdominal mass is rare. We present a case of neonatal hemoperitoneum secondary to antenatal hemorrhage into a retroperitoneal lymphangioma. The differential diagnosis of neonatal hemoperitoneum is discussed.
Magnetic excitations of spin glass systems in a strong magnetic field

Abstract The spin waves of a ± J spin glass system were studied in a strong magnetic field. The effect of both the bond disorder and the site dilution on the spectrum of spin waves was considered in the current formalism. The Bethe lattice approximation and the Green's function technique were employed to calculate the local density of states (LDOS) of spin waves. Numerical results were presented.
You, Me, and the Neandertals

Readers of Qualitative Inquiry are no strangers to the notion of the self and other emerging out of discursive interaction. Neither antecedes the other entity but both require the other to exist. Perhaps the notion that the evolutionary process produces levels of emergent phenomena falls outside of conventional reading. However, each fossil species in the human lineage, for example, constitutes wholes greater than the sum of their parts. Nowhere is this truer than the species commonly referred to as the Neandertal. Furthermore, the Neandertal remains provide us with the first direct evidence of self, other, and death. No doubt, earlier species in our lineage pose the interrelated trilogy, but the Neandertal in burying their dead speak to us most directly of the presence of absence.
Electrohydrodynamic Impedance in the Presence of Nonuniform Transport Properties

A numerical model is described for electrohydrodynamic impedance spectroscopy (EHDISI in the presence of viscosity and diffusivity gradients near the electrode. The viscosity is assumed to depend on the concentration of a diffusion-limited reaction product raised to a power. An effective diffusion coefficient measured from a Levich analysis is shown to approach the near-surface value of the diffusion coefficient when the near-surface kinematic viscosity is greater than in the bulk. Similarly. EHDIS measurements can lead to quick estimates of near-surface viscosity. The model is applied to interpret experimental data for the steady-state limiting current and electrohydrodynamic impedance of the zinc-KOH system.
Army Signal Corps Organization for Reseach and Development

The Army Signal Corps organization for research and development is described. Research and development and combat development are closely related in the Signal Corps. The Office of the Chief Signal Officer staff in Washington and five Signal Corps field agencies have responsibilities in these areas. The relations among these five agencies as well as coordination with other key Signal Corps activities are summarized.
Effects of Feeding TH-6040 to Two Breeds of Chickens

Thompson-Hayward TH-6040 (Dimilin®); ( N -(4-chlorophenyl)- N ′-(2,6-difluorobenzoyl) urea) was fed to White Leghorn and Black Sexlinked Cross hens at a level of 10 ppm in the ration. Detectable residues were found in eggs, liver, and visceral fat; residues were significantly higher in the White Leghorns. The TH-6040 in eggs did not affect fertility or hatchability.
Introduction: Suicidal Behaviors in the African American Community:

This article reviews the risk and protective factors associated with suicidal thoughts and behaviors in the African American community. The authors provide a brief review of the history of suicide research in African American communities and critique some of the paradigms and underlying assumptions that have made it difficult to address the problem of suicidal behaviors in the African American community. The article also summarizes the articles that are presented in this special edition of the Journal of Black Psychology on suicidality in the African American community.
Bureaucratizing Democracy, Democratizing Bureaucracy

This article analyzes the relationship between how rationality is conceived and how democracy is practiced in the Bureau of Reclamation, a water development agency in the Department of Interior. The efforts of some inside the agency to institutionalize rational decision-making models, partly in response to new environmental law, expanded the number and range of interest groups that participated in its decisions fry incorporating their preferences into their models for evaluating plans. But the terms under which people could express their values and interests were strictly controlled in ways that some felt misrepresented their concerns. How we conceive of rationality has important implications for how and which people are included in bureaucratic decision making.
Multi-criteria based staging of Optimal PMU Placement using Fuzzy Weighted Average

In this paper, a multi-criteria based two step method for Optimal PMU Placement (OPP) using Fuzzy Weighted Average (FWA) is proposed. In the first step, a Genetic Algorithm is used to compute the OPP solution based on the requirement of full system observability and maximum measurement redundancy. In the second step, PMU installation criteria are modeled as Fuzzy Sets (FSs) and the FWA is applied to rank the selected PMU installation sites. The criteria of observability, cost, importance, and security are used here for the multi-criteria decision making. It is shown that the proposed method using the FWA can handle a mixture of criteria types (real values, intervals and fuzzy sets) and produce a suitable staging strategy for the PMU installation.
BLOOGO: BLOOm filter based GOssip algorithm for wireless NDN

Modern ad-hoc networks focus on data rather than ob- solete end-to-end communications. This paper describes BlooGo, a gossip algorithm that disseminates messages throughout the network with a minimum number of trans- missions. Its peculiarity lies on the fact that without any knowledge of the network the receiver of a packet can de- cides autonomously whether to forward it or not. All the information that BlooGo uses to decide the utility of a transmission is enclosed in the packet as a bloom filter; this way the parties, i.e. sender and receiver, never have to communicate directly. This approach makes BlooGo state-less; lightweight; power-efficient; ideal for sensors or embedded devices that use the NDN philosophy.
Perioperative bladder management after primary total hip arthroplasty

A retrospective review of 95 consecutive primary total hip arthroplasty patients was performed to assess the clinical outcome of two postoperative bladder management protocols. The first 49 patients (group 1) were treated with a pro re nata straight catheterization protocol. The next 46 patients (group 2) were treated with an indwelling catheterization protocol. There were no differences between the groups with respect to sex or age. The patients in group 2 had significantly lower incidences of urinary retention (P .1). This trend of increased contamination in the catheterization group may be related to a mean catheterization duration of 72 hours.
Clinical applications of contrast echocardiography.

Advances in the engineering of transpulmonary ultrasound contrast agents have greatly enriched contemporary two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography, a technique that has became the most commonly employed imaging tool in cardiology. The currently approved application of contrast echocardiography is for left ventricular opacification (LVO) and enhanced endocardial border delineation (EBD) in patients with sub-optimal echocardiograms. In addition, the use of contrast echocardiography in clinical practice allows blood-flow assessment, identification of geometric distortions (such as an aneurysm or a pseudoaneurysm), and differentiation of various mass formations (such as thrombus, tumor, or simple trabeculation). Ongoing scientific work points to the potential of contrast echocardiography in assessing myocardial perfusion and in using contrast agents in therapeutic maneuvers. The use of modern contrast agents in echocardiography can shorten examination time, improve diagnostic accuracy, eliminate unnecessary tests, and lower medical costs. In fact, qualitative or quantitative assessment of cardiac function is difficult to achieve without the improved visualization provided by contrast enhancement.
Emission thermophotometry. IV. Cellulose and some cellulose derivatives

Abstract The technique of emission thermophotometry (ETP) was used to characterize cellulose and some cellulose derivatives. In this technique, the light emitted by the sample is recorded as a function of temperature, as the sample is heated at 20°C min−1. The effect of heating rate on the ETP curves of ethyl cellulose was determined. It was found that the peak maximum temperature increased from 220°C at 5°C min−1 to 250°C at 20°C min−1. Each ETP curve was unique for the cellulose samples and could be used for their qualitative characterization.
Neutron depolarisation effects in precession magnets

Abstract The measurement of the polarisation of neutron beams is greatly facilitated by the magnetic precession technique, in which a reversal of the polarisation vector is achieved by allowing the neutrons to precess about a suitable magnetic field. However, in general, a depolarisation of the beam occurs because of unwanted magnetic field components. We have studied the behaviour of a 100% polarised beam of classical non-relativistic neutrons which pass through the bore of a simple solenoid. The amount of the depolarisation was calculated for several geometries by following in detail the motion of the neutron spin vector. Assuming the beam fills the bore of the solenoid and considering only trajectories parallel to the solenoid axis, it was found that a beam depolarisation of 1% occurs for a solenoid length-to-radius ratio of 10. However, if the length equals the radius, the depolarisation is 21%.
Counseling as an Interpersonal Influence Process: A Perspective for Counseling Practice

J. D. Corrigan, D. M. Dell, K. N. Lewis, & L. D. Schmidt. Counseling as a social influence process: A review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 1980, 27, 395–441 (Monograph).
Diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance imaging in brain tumors

The article reviews recent progress made in the field of diffusion and perfusion magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and presents possible applications in brain tumors. Diffusion, a new parameter, provides useful data to assess tissue structure and function. Perfusion MR imaging gives results that are somewhat similar to those obtained with classic non-MR imaging methods, but it offers several potential advantages.
Scattering of fundamental Lamb wave modes obliquely incident on a surface breaking crack in a plate

The use of guided Lamb waves for non-destructive evaluation of metal and composite plates has been investigated in numerous studies. In order to locate and size defects with Lamb waves, it is important to develop a quantitative understanding of their interaction. When Lamb waves are obliquely incident on a transverse crack in a plate, they are subject to scattering. This study develops analytical solutions for the reflection and transmission energy coefficients of the waves scattered by the fundamental anti-symmetric Lamb mode incident obliquely on surface breaking cracks. The modal decomposition technique coupled with the method of collocation is used to determine the energy coefficients. These coefficients are shown to depend on the crack depth and the incident frequency. Experiments were conducted to verify the analytical results. Two different crack depths and frequencies were used. The experimental results follow the trends seen in the analytical results.
Photoaffinity Ligands for the [3H]tbob Binding Site of the GabaA Receptor

Two types of 1-substituted-4-t-butyl-2,6,7-trioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octanes are examined as candidate photoaffinity ligands to irreversibly inhibit the [3H]TBOB binding site of the GABAA receptor complex present in bovine brain membranes. The 1-substituted-(4-bromo-6-diazocyclohexa -1,4-dien-3-onyl) derivative (IC50 1.1 microM) dissociates completely in the dark, but on irradiation produces over 40% photoirreversible inhibition of [3H]TBOB binding. This photoinactivation can be partially (64%) protected using a potent and completely dissociating TBOB analog. The 1-substituted-(4-azidophenyl) derivative (IC50 149 nM) also dissociates completely in the dark and at 2.2 microM gives 20% photoirreversible inhibition which is completely protectable. The corresponding 1-(4-azido-3,5-dichlorophenyl) analog and its 4-(1-methylpropyl) isomer are 16- and 8-fold more potent inhibitors, respectively, than the azidophenyl derivative but these dichloro probes are not examined further because they do not dissociate in the dark by an apparently non-covalent mechanism. Thus, the bromodiazocyclohexadienonyl and azidophenyl compounds photoirreversibly and therefore covalently modify the [3H]TBOB binding site of the GABAA receptor complex.
The proton release group of bacteriorhodopsin controls the rate of the final step of its photocycle at low pH.

The factors determining the pH dependence of the formation and decay of the O photointermediate of the bacteriorhodopsin (bR) photocycle were investigated in the wild-type (WT) pigment and in the mutants of Glu-194 and Glu-204, key residues of the proton release group (PRG) in bR. We have found that in the WT the rate constant of O → bR transition decreases 30-fold upon decreasing the pH from 6 to 3 with a pKa of about 4.3. D2O slows the rise and decay of the O intermediate in the WT at pH 3.5 by a factor of 5.5. We suggest that the rate of the O → bR transition (which reflects the rate of deprotonation of the primary proton acceptor Asp-85) at low pH is controlled by the deprotonation of the PRG. To test this hypothesis, we studied the E194D mutant. We show that the pKa of the PRG in the ground state of the E194D mutant, when Asp-85 is protonated, is increased by 1.2 pK units compared to that of the WT. We found a similar increase in the pKa of the rate constant of the O → bR transition in E194D. This pr...
Postnatal development of cholinergic presynaptic inhibition in rat hippocampus

Muscarinic depression of field potential excitatory postsynaptic potentials (fEPSPs) in striatum radiatum of area CA1 was compared in hippocampal slices from rats of different ages. Bath application of 4 microM muscarine reversibly depressed the fEPSP slope by 68.4% in slices from adult animals (P43-P60), but caused only a 32.2% depression in slices from P5-P7 animals. The magnitude of the depression increased with age during the first postnatal month. Reduced sensitivity of excitatory synaptic transmission to cholinergic depression during postnatal development could be one factor contributing to the hyperexcitability of immature hippocampus.
A Surface Wind Extremes (“Wind Lulls” and “Wind Blows”) Climatology for Central North America and Adjoining Oceans (1979–2012)

This study explores long-term deviations from wind averages, specifically near the surface across central North America and adjoining oceans (258‐508N, 608‐1308W) for 1979‐2012 (408 months) by utilizing the North American Regional Reanalysis 10-m wind climate datasets. Regions where periods of anomalous wind speeds wereobserved (i.e., 1 standard deviation below/above both the long-term mean annual and mean monthlywind speedsateachgridpoint)wereidentified.Thesetwoclimaticextremeswereclassifiedaswindlulls(WLs;below) orwindblows (WBs;above).Majorfindings for the NorthAmerican studydomainindicatethat1) meanannual windspeedsrangefrom1‐3ms 21 (IntermountainWest) toover7ms 21 (offshoretheEastandWestCoasts), 2) mean durations for WLs and WBs are high for much of the southeastern United States and for the open waters of the North Atlantic Ocean, respectively, 3) the longest WL/WB episodes for the majority of locations have historically not exceeded 5 months, 4) WLs and WBs are most common during June and October, respectively, for the upper Midwest, 5) WLs are least frequent over the southwestern United States during the North American monsoon, and 6) no significant anomalous wind trends exist over land or sea.
Energy and Multipole Order of Nuclear Gamma-Rays

The energies of some nuclear gamma-rays emitted in deuteron-induced radioactivities have been measured with a magnetic $\ensuremath{\beta}$-ray spectrograph with photographic film as detector. The energies measured were those of the conversion electrons, and in some cases also those of the photoelectrons ejected from a heavy element. Independent measurements of the multipole order have been obtained where possible from the internal conversion coefficient, the $\frac{K}{L}$ conversion ratio, and the lifetime of the $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-ray transition. In the case of eight out of the fourteen $\ensuremath{\gamma}$-rays measured, a fairly definite assignment of the multipole order has been made. In the nuclei ${\mathrm{Zn}}^{69}$, ${\mathrm{Kr}}^{83}$, ${\mathrm{Sr}}^{87}$, and ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{107\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{r}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}109}$ the probable nuclear spins of the states involved are given.
Transnational cocaine and heroin flow networks in western Europe: A comparison.

Abstract Background A comparison of the properties of drug flow networks for cocaine and heroin in a group of 17 western European countries is provided with the aim of understanding the implications of their similarities and differences for drug policy. Methods Drug flow data for the cocaine and heroin networks were analyzed using the UCINET software package. Country-level characteristics including hub and authority scores, core and periphery membership, and centrality, and network-level characteristics including network density, the results of a triad census, and the final fitness of the core-periphery structure of the network, were computed and compared between the two networks. Results The cocaine network contains fewer path redundancies and a smaller, more tightly knit core than the heroin network. Authorities, hubs and countries central to the cocaine network tend to have higher hub, authority, and centrality scores than those in the heroin network. The core-periphery and hub–authority structures of the cocaine and heroin networks reflect the west-to-east and east-to-west patterns of flow of cocaine and heroin respectively across Europe. The key nodes in the cocaine and heroin networks are generally distinct from one another. Conclusion The analysis of drug flow networks can reveal important structural features of trafficking networks that can be useful for the allocation of scarce drug control resources. The identification of authorities, hubs, network cores, and network-central nodes can suggest foci for the allocation of these resources. In the case of Europe, while some countries are important to both cocaine and heroin networks, different sets of countries occupy positions of prominence in the two networks. The distinct nature of the cocaine and heroin networks also suggests that a one-size-fits-all supply- and interdiction-focused policy may not work as well as an approach that takes into account the particular characteristics of each network.