cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legislating Entrepreneurship: An Oxymoron?

Can the passage of a federal law help entrepreneurs? This is not just an academic question. It arises frequently in federal policy discussions regarding the Internet, most recently during the net neutrality debate. Fostering entrepreneurial markets requires decisive commitment to a set of regulatory rules. However, passing major new legislation is rarely decisive; more frequently, it signals the opening of a multiple-act legal and regulatory soap opera. This point is not widely appreciated or acknowledged. Many politicians speak as if they have never thought about the topic. Yet, the events following the passage of the 1996 Telecommunications Act, which is used as an example in this article, amply illustrate the typical response to new legislation
Distributed computing and sensing for structural health monitoring systems

Structural health monitoring involves automated evaluation of the condition of the structural system based on measurements acquired from the structure during natural or controlled excitation. The data acquisition and the ensuring computations involved in the health monitoring process can quickly become prohibitively expensive with the increase in size of the structure under investigation. In this paper, we propose a distributed sensing and computation architecture for health monitoring of large structures. This architecture involves a central processing unit that communicates with several data communication and processing clusters paced on the structure by wireless means. With this architecture the computation and acquisition requirements on the central processing unit can be reduced. Two different hardware implementation of this architecture one involving RF communication links and the other utilizing commercial wireless cellular phone network are developed. A simple health monitoring experiment that uses neural network based pattern classification is carried out to show effectiveness of the architecture.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Student reactions and learning: evaluation of a biochemistry course that uses web technology and student collaboration

Abstract Many academic institutions across the country are incorporating computer and Internet technology into their classrooms. Rensselaer has developed a studio classroom that incorporates student collaboration and Internet technology. The purpose of this research was to examine student reactions and learning in an undergraduate biochemistry course taught in a studio classroom. Student reactions to the course, the technology, and working in groups were positive. Students liked using the technology, felt it helped them to learn the material, and thought working in groups was beneficial for learning. Pre-test and post-test grades on a standardized examination indicated a significant increase in learning. In addition, positive reactions to using the technology in the course, as well as student confidence to do well in the course, were significantly related to improved course performance.
The maximin objective function and less developed countries

Modifying a traditional optimal growth model by using a maximin objective function and allowing the country to borrow from abroad is a useful process for examining the problems faced by LDC's. For example, an LDC's planners may realize the importance of long-term planning, but, because of the gravity of the country's current situation, be forced to emphasize short-term goals. In the model developed here, the planners' desire to maximize current sustainable consumption precludes the possibility of long-term gorwth. The ability to borrow from abroad eases this dilemma but does not remove it.
A nondestructive readout film memory

A film memory system, utilizing BICORE memory elements and capable of nondestructive readout operation, was designed and built. Two thin films are used for each memory element: one of high-coercivity cobalt-iron alloy, one of low-coercivity nickel-iron alloy. The former is used to store the bit while the latter senses it. These films were vacuum deposited in a multilayer fashion onto a single glass substrate. The film cores are circular discs with a diameter of 0.050 in. and placed on 0.100-in. centers and fabricated in 16 x 18 arrays. A model memory containing sixteen 18-bit words was designed and constructed to evaluate the performance of this type of memory and to provide a device which could be used to rapidly test film core arrays. The design and operating characteristics of the memory are reported. Read currents can vary over a 2:1 range without producing errors. Temperatures and other environmental factors did not appreciably affect memory performance. Later, a 1024-word 36-bit memory using the same principle of operation was constructed and operated. Some of the design details as well as the preliminary results of this larger memory are reported.
Pulmonary infarction from cardiac catheterization.

Summary1. Pulmonary infarction has occurred in 19 patients with severe mitral stenosis or congestive heart failure 2 1/2 to 79 hours following wedging of a cardiac catheter into a branch of the pulmonary artery for the measurement of pulmonary “capillary” pressure. 2. Over a period of 6 months, pulmonary infarction occurred in over half the patients studied with severe mitral stenosis. 3. In other patients without pulmonary congestion, pulmonary infarction did not occur. When the catheters were sterilized by auto-claving instead of by soaking in mercurioxy-cyanide, pulmonary infarction did not occur in 20 consecutive patients with either severe mitral stenosis or congestive heart failure.
Hydrogen Permeability and Diffusivity in Nickel and Ni-Base Alloys

Abstract Electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments were performed on polycrystalline nickel and nickel-base alloys in order to study the factors affecting the entry and transport of hydrogen in such materials. The diffusivity of hydrogen is found to be dependent upon alloy composition, prior cold work, and the concentration of hydrogen absorbed into the solid. The addition of P, S, and As compounds to the electrolyte promotes hydrogen absorption as expected. Within the limits of the experimental approach pursued in this study, thermal treatment intended to induce grain boundary solute segregation did not appear to affect hydrogen permeation characteristics. On the other hand, nickel-base glassy alloys, which are considered to be bulk analogs of segregated grain boundaries in nickel, are found to absorb considerable amounts of hydrogen. The latter suggests that segregated impurities may induce intergranular cracking by promoting hydrogen absorption at grain boundaries and in their vicinity.
Tandem mass spectrometric analysis of cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide and their metabolites.

A detailed multi-stage (MSn) fragmentation study of cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and their major metabolites, using an ion-trap mass spectrometer and a Q-TOF mass spectrometer, was performed with the aid of specifically deuterium-labeled analogs. The analytes showed good responses in positive-ion electrospray mass spectrometry as [MH]+ ions. Tandem mass spectra revealed a wealth of structurally specific ions, allowing characterization of the fragmentation pathways of these analytes. The major fragmentation pathways of the protonated CP and IF are elimination of ethylene from C5 and C6 of 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide via a McLafferty rearrangement, and cleavage of the PN bond. However, their activated 4-OOH and 4-OH metabolites primarily underwent hydrogen peroxide elimination and dehydration, respectively, followed by fragmentation pathways similar to those of CP and IF. These results should prove useful in structural elucidation of future analogs of CP and IF, and/or of their metabolites. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pancreatic mucinous cystic neoplasm with sarcomatous stroma metastasizing to liver: a case report and review of literature

We report a case of mucinous cystic neoplasm of pancreas with sarcomatous stroma metastasizing to the liver. The tumor occurred in a male patient aged 46 years. Symptoms included persistent epigastric and right upper quadrant pain. Radiographically, the pancreas contained four large cystic masses located in the neck, body, and tail. Histologically, the cysts were lined with benign, mucinous epithelium with underlying bland, storiform, ovarian-like stroma. An undifferentiated focally hyalinized, sarcomatous stroma composed of bland spindle cells showing short fascicular growth pattern and focal nuclear palisading was associated with the epithelial component in one of the cysts. These cells showed strong immunoreactivity with vimentin and inhibin (weak), they were negative for CD34, estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, androgen, calretinin, S-100, CD117, melan A, chromogranin, and synaptophysin. A morphologically and immunohistochemically identical metastatic sarcomatous focus was identified in the liver without any glandular component. This case is unique in its clinically malignant behaviour and metastatic nature despite its morphologically benign epithelial and stromal components.
Constraint Forces and Undetermined Multipliers in Constrained Multibody Systems

This paper addresses the relation between constraining forces, constraint equations, and undetermined multipliers, used in studying constrained multibody systems. A formalism is developed establishing the undetermined multiplier method through the concept of a generalized constraint force, partial velocities, and kinematic constraint equations.
Social Mobilization in Protest of Trans-boundary Highway Projects: Explaining Contrasting Implementation Outcomes

Trans-boundary highways have increasingly complemented trade agreements as instruments of global economic integration, and both have incurred political protest. This article presents a comparative analysis of two recently proposed trans-boundary highway projects, the Trans-Texas Corridor from Mexico through Texas to Oklahoma in the USA, and the Inter-Oceanic Highway in the southwestern Amazon where Bolivia, Brazil and Peru meet. The analysis focuses on the similar political contexts, justifications and funding models, as well as the contrasting political responses and implementation outcomes. The findings reveal important differences in the two cases, even among their ostensibly similar aspects, which are necessary to provide an adequate explanation as to why social mobilization stopped one project but not the other. The analysis bears implications for the social-political study of trans-boundary infrastructure as an instrument of economic globalization.
Precipitation, decomposition and litter decomposability of Metrosideros polymorpha in native forests on Hawai’i

Summary 1 The effects of precipitation on litter quality and surface litter decomposition were evaluated across a natural rainfall gradient, ranging from 500 to 5500 mm mean annual precipitation, on the island of Hawai’i. 2 Litter of Metrosideros polymorpha from the driest (500 mm) and wettest (5500 mm) extremes of the gradient was decomposed at five sites along the precipitation gradient. Metrosideros polymorpha litter collected from all sites was also decomposed at a single common site (2500 mm), and M. polymorpha litter collected from each site was decomposed at the site of collection (in situ). 3 Initial litter quality varied significantly with precipitation at the site. Leaf mass per area (LMA) and phosphorus content decreased, while lignin and nitrogen content both increased, with increasing site precipitation. 4 Mass loss of all common litter types increased with increasing precipitation, as did in situ decomposition, which gave k-values ranging from 0.22 to 1.06. When decomposition at the same site was evaluated, litter from the driest site decomposed up to 2.5 times more rapidly than wet-site litter. 5 Decomposition at the common site showed an inverse correlation between inherent decomposability of litter (i.e. litter quality) and precipitation at the site from which litter originated, with k-values ranging from 0.71 for litter from the driest site to 0.28 for litter from the wettest site. Decomposability correlated strongly and inversely with initial lignin concentrations. 6 Proportional nutrient release from in situ litter was slower than mass loss, but nitrogen and phosphorus mineralization generally increased with increasing precipitation. 7 At the common site, there was an inverse relationship between rate of nutrient release and precipitation at the site where litter was collected. The systematic variation in litter decomposability due to changes in annual precipitation appears to buffer the direct effects of precipitation on carbon and nutrient turnover.
A Spectral Integral Method and Hybrid SIM/FEM for Layered Media

This paper first presents a spectral integral method (SIM) for electromagnetic scattering from homogeneous dielectric and perfectly electric conducting objects straddling several layers of a multilayered medium. It then uses this SIM as an exact radiation boundary condition to truncate the computational domain in the finite-element method (FEM) to form a hybrid SIM/FEM, which is applicable to arbitrary inhomogeneous objects. Due to the high accuracy of the SIM, the sampling density on the radiation boundary requires less than five points per wavelength to achieve 1% accuracy. The efficiency and accuracy of the developed methods have been demonstrated with several numerical experiments for the TMz case. The TEz case can be obtained by duality
Adjugate pairs of sparse arrays for sampling two dimensional signals

Sparse sampling with coprime lattice arrays was introduced recently in the literature. It has been shown that a dense coarray can be constructed from such a pair of arrays, and is useful in array processing and image processing applications. For example, the coarray allows one to identify many more sources than sensors. After a brief review of these fundamentals, this paper examines the case where the two arrays are generated by matrices that are adjugates of each other. In this case it is possible to obtain a dense rectangular tiling of the 2D frequency plane from a pair of coarse 2D DFT filter banks. The special case where the adjugate pairs are generated by skew circulant matrices has some advantages, which are examined in detail.
I just cannot control myself: The Dark Triad and self-control

Despite the recent flurry of research on the Dark Triad, this work has been atheoretical. In two studies, totaling 358 participants, we attempt to situate the Dark Triad within the larger framework of Life History Theory by correlating them with three measures of self-control. Both psychopathy (Study 1 and Study 2) and Machiavellianism (Study 2 only) were correlated with low self-control, a tendency to discount future consequences, and high rates of attention deficit disorder. Narcissism was not correlated with measures of self-control in either study. Results are consistent with Life History Theory in that these two sets of psychological traits are expected to be part of a fast life strategy.
Recent Developments and Future Directions for MT3DMS and Related Transport Codes

Introduction MT3DMS is a three-dimensional (3D) multispecies contaminant transport model with a modular structure to permit simulation of solute transport processes independently or jointly (Zheng and Wang 1999; Zheng 2009). MT3DMS interfaces directly with the U.S. Geological Survey’s finite-difference ground water flow model, MODFLOW, for the flow solution, and supports all the hydrologic and discretization features of MODFLOW (McDonald and Harbaugh 1988; Harbaugh et al. 2000; Harbaugh 2005). MT3DMS is unique in that it contains several transport solution techniques in a single code, including the fully implicit finite-difference method (FDM), the particle-tracking based method of characteristics (MOC) and its variants, and a third-order total-variation-diminishing (TVD) scheme that conserves mass while limiting numerical dispersion and artificial oscillation. Since its first release in 1990 as MT3D for singlespecies mass transport (Zheng 1990), MT3DMS has been widely used in research projects and practical field applications. In recent years, continuing development efforts have significantly expanded the simulation capabilities of MT3DMS through new extensions and related codes. This column provides a brief overview of the recent developments and future directions in the MT3DMS family of transport-modeling tools.
Trajectory ambiguity for active sensors

Trajectory ambiguity for an active sensor is discussed in the context of a linear time-varying channel. This type of ambiguity representation preserves details of target/channel behavior that are lost in a correlative ambiguity function representation. The trajectory diagram, which is a graphical view of radar and sonar, is used to motivate the discussion. Ambiguity manifests as sets of ambiguous target trajectories: different range versus time profiles for a target that produce identical received signal phase. These trajectories provide a "trajectory domain" picture of ambiguity that is useful for signal analysis and signal design.
Application of extensible languages to specialized application languages

It is becoming increasingly clear that one of the major thrusts of the programming language field is in the direction of specialized application languages - sometimes called special purpose languages. These specialized application languages have already been developed for such diverse fields as civil engineering, electrical engineering, computer assisted instruction, systems programming, equipment checkout, movie animation, etc. Of the roughly 165 languages currently in use in the United States, approximately 85 of them might be classified as specialized. (See the list in Reference 1.) For description and illustration of many of these, see Chapter 9 in Reference 2. All languages are applications oriented. In fact, this is probably the best way to categorize the set of programming languages. However, some application areas are obviously larger than others, e.g., scientific computation (numeric and non-numeric) and business data processing. The main concern here is with the more specialized languages. While each person may have a different idea of what the categories of specialization should be, there can be little dispute about the wide diversity and large number of them.
Coping with uncertainty in FPGA architecture design

The design of FPGA architectures involves optimization of area, delay, power and routability across hundreds of architectural choices (e.g. LUT size, wire length, flexibility and circuit sizing). Since the difficulty of defining and predicting the design space only grows as we approach 65nm and 45nm processes it is necessary to have a better understanding of uncertainty in the architecture definition. In this paper we look at the sources of uncertainty, describe current unpublished methods for encapsulating error and uncertainty in experiments, and propose new methodologies involving ad-hoc, analytic and Monte Carlo simulation techniques to manage these risks in the future.
Optimized halftoning using dot diffusion and methods for inverse halftoning

Unlike the error diffusion method, the dot diffusion method for digital halftoning has the advantage of pixel-level parallelism. However, the image quality offered by error diffusion is still regarded as superior to most of the other known methods. We show how the dot diffusion method can be improved by optimization of the so-called class matrix. By taking the human visual characteristics into account we show that such optimization consistently results in images comparable to error diffusion, without sacrificing the pixel-level parallelism. Adaptive dot diffusion is also introduced and then a mathematical description of dot diffusion is derived. Furthermore, inverse halftoning of dot diffused images is discussed and two methods are proposed. The first one uses projection onto convex sets (POCS) and the second one uses wavelets. Of these methods, the wavelet method does not make use of the knowledge of the class matrix. Embedded multiresolution dot diffusion is also discussed, which is useful for rendering at different resolutions and transmitting images progressively.
Language and Cognition

Cognitive scientists have long debated whether language and cognition are separate mental faculties, or whether language emerges from general cognitive abilities. Keywords: cognitive revolution; cognitive linguistics; Chomsky; language acquisition; connectionism
A computational model of fractionated conflict-control mechanisms in task-switching.

A feature of human cognition is the ability to monitor and adjust one’s own behavior under changing circumstances. A dynamic balance between controlled and rapid responding is needed to adapt to a fluctuating environment. We suggest that cognitive control may include, among other things, two distinct processes. Incongruent stimuli may drive top-down facilitation of task-relevant responses to bias performance toward exploitation vs. exploration. Task or response switches may generally slow responses to bias toward accuracy vs. speed and exploration vs. exploitation. Behavioral results from a task switching study demonstrate these two distinct processes as revealed by higher-order sequential effects. A computational model implements the two conflict-control mechanisms, which allow it to capture many complex and novel sequential effects. Lesion studies with the model demonstrate that the model is unable to capture these effects without the conflict-control loops and show how each monitoring component modulates cognitive control. The results suggest numerous testable predictions regarding the neural substrates of cognitive control.
A multicenter study of noninvasive cardiac output by bioreactance during symptom-limited exercise.

Abstract Background Hemodynamic responses to exercise were assessed in patients with varying degrees of chronic heart failure (CHF) to determine the feasibility of using bioreactance during exercise testing in multicenter studies of CHF. Methods and Results A total of 210 symptomatic CHF patients and 22 subjects without heart failure were subjected to symptom-limited exercise testing on a bicycle (105) or treadmill (127) while measuring gas exchange for VO 2 , cardiac output (CO) noninvasively by a bioreactance technique, heart rate, and blood pressure. Peak CO (pCO) and VO 2 (pVO 2 ) during exercise were lower in patients with higher New York Heart Association (NYHA) class, in females and in older patients. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that pCO (L/min)=19.6+4·M –2.1·NYHA+1.9·G –0.09·Age, where M=1 for treadmill and 0 for bicycle and G=1 for males and 0 for females. Similarly, pVO 2 (mL/kg/min)=24+2.1·M –2.9·NYHA+1.26·G –0.08·Age. VO 2 and CO were also highly correlated to each other: pCO (mL/kg/min)=0.059+0.007·pVO 2 +0.036·M –0.025·G. Similar correlations were determined for other parameters of exercise, including left ventricular power, and the ratio of peak/resting VO 2 (cardiovascular reserve), the ratio of peak/resting CO (cardiac reserve), and total peripheral vascular resistance. Conclusion Bioreactance-based noninvasive measurements of CO at rest and during exertion identified abnormalities of cardiovascular function consistent with those identified by pVO 2 and in prior studies using invasive CO measurements. This technique might therefore be useful for indexing disease severity, prognostication, and for tracking responses to treatment in clinical practice and in clinical trials.
Lack of effect of oral N-acetylcysteine on the acute dialysis-related lowering of total plasma homocysteine in hemodialysis patients

Hyperhomocysteinemia refractory to standard B-vitamin supplementation treatment persists in > or = 75% of maintenance dialysis patients, potentially increasing their risk for atherothrombotic sequelae. We examined whether predialysis administration of oral N-acetylcysteine (NAC), which acutely increases the non-protein bound, dialyzable fraction of plasma homocysteine, might augment the homocysteine-lowering effect of dialysis therapy. Predialysis and postdialysis total plasma homocysteine levels were determined on a control day, and on a day in which oral NAC (1200 mg) was administered predialysis in n = 11 maintenance hemodialysis patients. Although NAC treatment had no significant effect on hemodialysis removal of plasma homocysteine (P = 0.594), we observed a 16% reduction (P = 0.033) in non-fasting prehemodialysis total plasma homocysteine on the NAC treatment vs. non-treatment day. Longer term, placebo-controlled confirmation of this finding will be required to evaluate the possible chronic homocysteine-lowering efficacy of NAC treatment in hemodialysis patients.
TOMS total ozone trends in potential vorticity coordinates

Global total ozone measurements from the Nimbus 7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) are analyzed using potential vorticity (PV) as an approximate vortex-following coordinate. We analyze the time period November 1978-May 1991, prior to the volcanic eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. The TOMS data are remapped into PV coordinates and trends are calculated, thereby characterizing ozone losses inside and outside the winter polar vortices. These analyses show large regions of ozone loss outside of the vortex in both hemispheres. Furthermore, these data suggest that midlatitude losses in the NH during winter-spring do not result solely from the transport of ozone depleted air from inside to outside the vortex.
Oxygen Chemical Diffusion Coefficient of Uranium Dioxide

The diffusion of oxygen in UO2+α was measured between 600° and 1100°C. Samples with initial O/U values 2.08 and 2.04 were reduced in hydrogen; reduction was monitored continuously by electrical conductivity measurements. The relation between total conductivity and average O/U ratio was derived, and the diffusion coefficients were obtained. The validity of the electrical conductivity vs O/U relation was checked by measuring weight loss during reduction. Diffusion-controlled kinetics were confirmed by oxygen gradient measurements. The oxygen chemical diffusion coefficient is given by D= 0.5 exp - This equation agrees with previously determined values of the oxygen chemical diffusion coefficient of UO2+α.
A Bully New Genus from the Andes (Compositae: Liabeae)

Abstract Dillandia (Compositae, Liabeae) is described as new on the basis of three species: D. perfoliata (S. F. Blake) V. A. Funk and H. Rob. (=Liabum perfoliatum), D. chachapoyensis (H. Rob.) V. A. Funk and H. Rob. (=Munnozia chachapoyensis), and D. subumbellata V. A. Funk and H. Rob. Phylogenetic analysis of Liabeae using data from the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer (Kim et al. unpublished data) places two of the Dillandia species outside the subtribe Munnoziinae and separates them from all other clades in the tribe as well. Irregular spine groupings on the pollen confirm the separation of these species from the Munnoziinae. Morphological analysis suggests that these two and one additional species form a monophyletic group defined by their possession of bullate leaf surfaces and pale anther thecae. This study is an example of how molecular and morphological data, when used together, can lead to a better classification. Communicating Editor: Aaron Liston
Auxiliary subunits highlight a role for the LBD–TMD linkers in glutamate receptor desensitization

Rapid communication between neurons is mediated by the release of neurotransmitters that activate ligand‐gated ion channels at synapses. In the mammalian CNS, most synapses are excitatory and glutamate is the neurotransmitter. There are three pharmacologically defined families of ionotropic glutamate receptors (iGluRs), named after the agonists that selectively activate them: AMPA, NMDA and kainate. Each receptor subtype is a tetrameric, dimer‐of‐dimers, assembly of four pore‐forming subunits that form a cation‐selective ion channel. Although the individual subunits differ for each iGluR subtype, they share a common domain structure: extracellular amino terminal and ligand binding domains (ATD and LBD), a transmembrane pore domain (TMD) with fourfold symmetry, and an intracellular carboxyl terminal domain.
“Africana” Textiles: Imitation, Adaptation, and Transformation during the Jazz Age

Despite centuries of missionary work and trade along the African coasts, not until European colonization at the end of the nineteenth century did African art reach significant levels of visibility ...
Twinning in Dairy Cattle

Abstract Twinning in dairy cattle is an unavoidable outcome of reproduction and is undesirable because it reduces the overall profitability of a dairy operation through negative effects on cows calving twins as well as on calves born as twins. Cows calving twins are at greater risk for many periparturient reproductive and metabolic disorders than nontwinning herdmates, and incidences of abortion, stillbirth, neonatal calf mortality, and reduced birth weight are greater among twin compared with singleton calves. Twinning is a complex trait with multiple causative factors, and empirical evidence supports a role for both genetic and environmental risk factors in cattle. Risk factors for twinning include genetics, season, parity, ovulation rate, and milk production. The observation that twinning has increased in the dairy cattle population over time suggests a concurrent change in one or more of these causative factors during this same period. At present, dairy farmers and their consultants are ill prepared to make sound-management decisions to mitigate the negative effects of twinning on their operations because of a lack of applied scientific data on management strategies for periparturient dairy cows carrying twin fetuses. A clear understanding of the factors responsible for twinning is essential for future development of strategies to manage twinning in dairy operations.
Rapid hematopoietic engraftment following fractionated TBI conditioning and transplantation with CD34(+) enriched hematopoietic progenitor cells from partially mismatched related donors.

Nineteen adult patients with poor-risk hematologic malignancy received T cell-depleted (TCD) hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplant from partially mismatched related donors (PMRD). The preparative regimen (FITFA) included fractionated TBI, thiotepa, fludarabine, and horse (n = 3) or rabbit (n = 16) anti-thymocyte anti-sera (ATG). GVHD prophylaxis consisted of TCD by positive/negative selection using the Isolex 300i system and pre-transplant ATG with no post-transplant immunosuppression. The mean number (±s.d.) of transplanted CD34+ and CD3+ cells were 8.9 × 106/kg ±4.3 (range 2.6–19.3) and 1.4 × 104/kg ±1.2 (range 0.3–4.6) respectively. Seventeen patients evaluable for neutrophil engraftment achieved an ANC >0.5 × 109/l at a median of 12 days (range 9–27), with evidence of full donor chimerism. Thirteen patients died of the following causes: relapse (n = 6), infections (n = 5), interstitial pneumonia (n = 1), and unknown causes (n = 1) None of the recipients of rabbit ATG required therapy for acute or chronic GVHD. Five patients are alive and disease-free at a median time of 303 days post transplant (range 100–660). The FITFA preparative regimen using fractionated TBI is well tolerated and is sufficiently immunosuppressive to allow rapid and stable donor origin hematopoietic engraftment without ‘mega’ doses of CD34+ cells. Combination of stringent ex vivo TCD and pre-transplant ATG is effective GVHD prophylaxis.
Evolutionary pressure on the topology of protein interface interaction networks.

The densely connected structure of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks reflects on the functional need of proteins to co-operate in cellular processes. However, PPI networks do not adequately capture the competition in protein binding. By contrast, the interface interaction network (IIN) studied here resolves the modular character of protein-protein binding and distinguishes between simultaneous and exclusive interactions that underlie both co-operation and competition. We show that the topology of the IIN is under evolutionary pressure and we connect topological features of the IIN to specific biological functions. To reveal the forces shaping the network topology, we use a sequence-based computational model of interface binding along with network analysis. We find that the more fragmented structure of IINs, in contrast to the dense PPI networks, arises in large part from the competition between specific and nonspecific binding. The need to minimize nonspecific binding favors specific network motifs, including a minimal number of cliques (i.e., fully connected subgraphs) and many disconnected fragments. Validating the model, we find that these network characteristics are closely mirrored in the IIN of clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Features unexpected on the basis of our motif analysis are found to indicate either exceptional binding selectivity or important regulatory functions.
Study on Solid Phase Extraction Technology of Enriching the Benzene Series in the Water

Benzene series especially for benzene,toluene and xylene as solvent and important basic chemical raw materials,widely used in paint,pesticide,medicine,organic chemical and other industries,and the wastewater,waste gas became rivers,an important source of air and underground water and other organic pollutants. In addition to the benzene is a known carcinogen,several other compounds on human and aquatic organisms have different levels of toxicity. In the blacklist of priority control pollutants in water environment in our country,three kinds of benzene,toluene,ethylbenzene and xylene isomers are on the list. Therefore,benzene series determination in water content is of great importance to environmental protection. Based on the solid phase extraction( SPE) technology in the enrichment of water samples were benzene series,choice of benzene,toluene,ethyl benzene,xylene,o- xylene,styrene and isopropyl benzene as the target compounds,the enrichment of C18bonded phase adsorbent adsorption of benzene series water and stripping process parameter optimization is studied,in order to establish a simple,efficient detection method of benzene series water to provide the basis.
Clark Lecture in 1968 “Processes of Cognitive Growth: Infancy”

Distinguished colleagues, ladies and gentlemen. I am deeply honored and personally moved to be the Heinz Werner Lecturer. For Heinz Werner was a man whose stature and purpose give dignity and substance to the study of development.
Wow! that looks strange: computational models for detection and reasoning about abnormalities in images

We study various types of atypicalities in images by proposing a new dataset of abnormal images, extracting a list of reasons of atypicality, enumerating distinct modes or types of abnormal images, and deriving computational models motivated by human-level reasoning.
Exploiting Variant-Based Parallelism for Data Mining of Space Weather Phenomena

This paper studies a form of parallelism termed variant-based parallelism, which exploits commonalities and reuse among variant computations in order to improve multithreading scalability. The problem is motivated by space weather studies that aim to identify changes in the Earth's ionosphere caused by auroral activity, tsunamis, and earthquakes. Today it is common to execute cluster algorithm variants with different parameters in order to determine which ones best explain phenomena in empirical data. We propose a novel approach and a set of optimizations to maximize throughput in such clustering algorithms. This is achieved by executing multiple clustering algorithm variants in parallel and developing efficient approaches to concurrently cluster data and maximize the reuse of results from completed variants. We present evaluations on real-world space weather datasets with up to 5 million ionospheric total electron content data points as well as synthetic datasets with up to a million data points. Results show a 1101% performance improvement due to indexing tailored for variant-based clustering, and a 2209% performance improvement when applying all of our proposed optimizations. Our optimizations enable new approaches in computer-aided discovery and could enable the short run times required for early warning systems for natural hazards.
Evidence-Based Practice and School Violence

School violence is a serious American problem plaguing school systems all over the country. The increase in rates of violence and the fact that many victims of school violence may become perpetrators should give us pause as we consider the many intelligent children who are treated badly by lower functioning classmates, and who consider acts of violence as methods of payback for the humiliation they have suffered. An FBI profile is presented giving a number of characteristics of violence-prone youth in school, but several writers advanced the notion that children who have been bullied and harassed by school mates may form a core of “invisible children” who outwardly seem non-violent but inwardly harbor strong feelings of anger which sometimes lead to violence.
Determination of spatial distribution of interface states on submicron, lightly doped drain transistors by charge pumping measurement

A novel method of determining the spatial distribution of interface states of MOS transistors by charge pumping measurement has been developed. Unlike other existing methods, this method determines the absolute interface-state density profiles on the drain and source sides of transistors, extends the available scanning range, and provides self-consistent testing procedures to estimate the error induced by device simulation and testing parameters. This technique has been used to study the hot carrier degradation of submicron LDD (lightly doped drain) devices. The results indicate that the hot carrier damage occurred inside the LDD region. This damaged location can be shifted by changing the tip dose of the LDD region to improve the hot carrier performance of transistors. >
Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Perihemorrhagic Edema and Secondary Hematoma Expansion: From Bench Work to Ongoing Controversies.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a medical emergency which often leads to severe disability and death. ICH-related poor outcomes are due to primary injury causing structural damage and mass effect and secondary injury in the peri-hemorrhagic region over several days to weeks. Secondary injury after ICH can be due to hematoma expansion (HE) or a consequence of repair pathway along the continuum of neuroinflammation, neuronal death, and peri-hemorrhagic edema (PHE). This review article is focused on PHE and HE and will cover the animal studies, related human studies, and clinical trials relating to these mechanisms of secondary brain injury in ICH patients.
Spiking network algorithms for scientific computing

For decades, neural networks have shown promise for next-generation computing, and recent breakthroughs in machine learning techniques, such as deep neural networks, have provided state-of-the-art solutions for inference problems. However, these networks require thousands of training processes and are poorly suited for the precise computations required in scientific or similar arenas. The emergence of dedicated spiking neuromorphic hardware creates a powerful computational paradigm which can be leveraged towards these exact scientific or otherwise objective computing tasks. We forego any learning process and instead construct the network graph by hand. In turn, the networks produce guaranteed success often with easily computable complexity. We demonstrate a number of algorithms exemplifying concepts central to spiking networks including spike timing and synaptic delay. We also discuss the application of cross-correlation particle image velocimetry and provide two spiking algorithms; one uses time-division multiplexing, and the other runs in constant time.
Dural Arteriovenous Fistula, Medullary Edema, and Ondine’s Curse: A Case Report (P3.195)

Background: Dural arteriovenous fistulas (dAVF) are abnormal arteriovenous connections that become symptomatic due to venous hypertension, ischemia, or hemorrhage, and may present with any constellation of neurologic deficits. We report an unusual case of a high-grade dAVF causing medullary edema and Ondine’s curse--acquired central alveolar hypoventilation with sudden apnea during sleep--without alteration in consciousness or extremity weakness. Case Presentation: A 28-year-old male presented with 8 weeks of headaches followed by one week of progressive dysphagia, diplopia, vomiting, hiccups, and gait ataxia. On admission, he was intubated for hypercapneic respiratory failure due to decreased respiratory drive. Neurologic exam was notable for an alert and oriented intubated male with vertical nystagmus, diplopia, and mild dysmetria with relative sparing of long tract deficits. MRB showed abnormal T2/FLAIR hyperintensity throughout the medulla. Further investigation with MR spine to look for other lesions suggestive of demyelinating disease demonstrated prominent flow voids in the subarachnoid space in the posterior fossa and cervical region. A cerebral and spinal angiogram confirmed a high grade dAVF. The patient underwent successful transarterial embolization of the fistula with rapid improvement of all symptoms except for central apnea during sleep which was managed with a bilevel noninvasive ventilator with a backup rate at night. Conclusions: New onset respiratory failure due to dysfunction in the CNS, called acquired central alveolar hypoventilation, has been seen in several common conditions that may affect the medulla, including demyelinating lesions and stroke. We report the first case of acquired central alveolar hypoventilation due to dAVF, where apnea during sleep (was the patient’s only residual neurologic deficit after treatment, the so-called Ondine’s curse. Clinicians evaluating hypercapnic respiratory failure should consider brainstem pathology that may impair central respiratory function and consider a dedicated angiography to identify a culprit vascular lesion, as brainstem edema (T2 hyperintensity) is nonspecific. Disclosure: Dr. Culler has nothing to disclose. Dr. Afshari has nothing to disclose. Dr. Maas has nothing to disclose.
The Influence of Incumbency and Partisanship on Fenno’s Paradox: Evidence from Taiwan’s Legislative Yuan:

Fenno’s Paradox—the preference for one’s own legislator while disliking the legislature as a whole—remains one of the most consistent findings in American politics. This tendency increases the like...
Living off the land: The connection between cropland, food security, and violence against civilians:

Food security has attracted widespread attention in recent years. Yet, despite preliminary evidence connecting food insecurity to political violence, we lack a systematic understanding of the relationship(s) between local food resources and violence against civilians. This study develops a food-security based theory to explain the significant variation that we observe in violence against civilians across both time and subnational geographic space. We argue that combatants, be they government or rebel actors, often must turn to local agricultural resources for sustenance. During times of relative peace, armed actors and civilians have long time horizons, and the prospects of repeated interactions thereby promote a strategy of co-optation to obtain food resources. However, the existence of immediate conflict in a region leads armed actors to discount the benefits of future interactions in favor of obtaining food immediately, using violence if necessary. In estimating a series of statistical models on a samp...
Experience With Pericardiectomy for Constrictive Pericarditis Over Eight Decades

Background The purpose of this study was to review the surgical outcomes of pericardiectomy for constrictive pericarditis and to examine risk factors for overall mortality in a contemporary period. Methods We reviewed all patients who underwent pericardiectomy for constriction from 1936 through 2013. The investigation included constrictive pericarditis cases confirmed intraoperatively, all other types of pericarditis were excluded; 1,071 pericardiectomies were performed in 1,066 individual patients. Patients were divided into two intervals: a historical (pre-1990) group (n = 259) and a contemporary (1990–2013) group (n = 807). Results Patients in the contemporary group were older (61 versus 49 years; p p p p p p p p = 0.014). Conclusions There was a significant change in disease etiology over the study period. Long-term survival after pericardiectomy is affected by patient characteristics including etiology of constriction and severity of symptoms.
Presentation of the 2016 Schuchert Award of the Paleontological Society to Alycia L. Stigall

It is a privilege to be able to stand here and present my first graduate student with the Charles Schuchert Award. Being a mentor to students like Alycia is undoubtedly the most satisfying part of being a professor. She is a highly deserving Schuchert awardee, not only for her incredible scientific acumen, but also because of her quality and integrity as an individual. This merit is further buttressed by the tireless work she has performed as a scientist, educator, and mentor, and in the service she has done on behalf of our society and discipline. It was an amazing professional opportunity to have such an outstanding student early in my career. Alycia arrived possessing not only a superlative academic background, but also a coveted NSF graduate research fellowship. …
An Industry-Specific VAT in Michigan - Objective Valuation in the Retail Gasoline Trade

New York adopted an industry-specific value added tax (VAT) to solve problems with virtual intermediaries (room remarketers) under its hotel accommodations tax. The New York VAT resembles the VAT used in the European Union (EU). It is a credit-invoice VAT that subjectively values supplies. Michigan has also adopted an industry-specific credit-invoice VAT, however the targeted industry is the retail gasoline trade. The valuation method is objective, rather than subjective. In valuing supplies objectively rather than subjectively, the Michigan VAT resembles the exception provisions that are found in most VATs around the globe. Objective valuations are used in VATs when dealing with inherently problematical transaction types. The central point is that Michigan, like New York, has departed from the traditional American approach of taxing consumption in a single stage (directly from the consumer through a retail sales tax). Michigan is doing this because it wants to capture the administrative benefits of utilizing a multi-stage levy. What New York and Michigan are interested in securing is: a larger and more stable and revenue flow through the VAT’s fractioned payment mechanism, and a more easily audited tax regime through a leveraging of the VAT’s self-enforcement mechanisms.