cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of migration on the educational levels of the black resident population at the origin and destination, 1955–1960 and 1965–1970

Using the 1960 and 1970 census data, this paper analyzes the net effects of the interregional migration of black males on the educational levels of the resident black male population at the regions of origin and destination. Significant variations are observed in the educational selectivity of outmigrants from each region, by region of destination. Comparing the educational levels of the return migrants to the South with those of the resident population in the nonsouthern regions provides no evidence that the return migrants are "failed" migrants. The net effect of interregional migration on the educational levels of the black male resident population at the regions of origin and destination is insignificant in most age groups, for both the 1955–1960 and 1965–1970 periods. In particular, in-migration from the South to nonsouthern regions has little effect on the educational levels of the resident population in most age groups. In fact, for nonsouthern regions, out-migration is more detrimental to the educational level of the resident black male population than is in-migration from the South. Furthermore, the net effect of interregional migration has declined from the 1955–1960 period to the 1965–1970 period.
THE EFFECT OF THERMAL DESORPTION OF WATER ON SURFACE STATES ON GERMANIUM IN ULTRAHIGH VACUUM.

Abstract Large signal alternating current field effect experiments in the dark and under illumination were carried out on “real” germanium surfaces following a heat treatment in ultrahigh vacuum. After prolonged heating (about 10h at 520°K, the surfaces were slightly p-type, exhibiting 3 to 5 times higher density of traps than prior to heating. Higher temperatures (560°K, 600°K and 640°K) rendered the surfaces more p-type, but caused essentially no change in the density of traps. The observed changes of the electrical properties were correlated to the results of desorption experiments in which a mass spectrograph was employed. The total surface charge was found to increase linearly with the amount of desorbed water (2.5 × 10 −4 negative elementary charges per desorbed water molecule).
American Business and Health Care Reform

American business is the purchaser of a third of all health services and supplies in the United States. As a major purchaser, business has a clear stake in keeping health care costs under control. Yet, despite efforts to control costs and a variety of political interventions over a 20-year period, business has not been able to have a substantial impact on the growth of the medical care industry. Within the context of this failure to affect costs, it seems logical that business leaders would aggressively pursue comprehensive reform. Yet opinion polls show deep splits between and among segments of business over how to effect reform. This article examines the way in which business becomes involved in the policy process, areas of consensus and disagreement over health care reform within the business community, the business view of managed competition and the Clinton administration's reform plan, and possibilities for future business support of comprehensive health care reform.
Interpretation of a Landsat image of an unusual flood phenomenon in Australia

Abstract A Landsat image of part of the flooded area of Cooper Creek, Queensland, Australia, in February 1974, shows large dark areas within the flooded valley. The dark areas are believed to be wet, but unflooded, areas of dark alluvial soil. These striking features, which have not previously been identified on Landsat images, must be properly interpreted so as not to confuse them with clear water.
Water Ice on Nereid

Abstract A near-infrared spectrum of Neptune's satellite Nereid was obtained at the Keck Observatory on 1997 May 1. The spectrum shows two absorptions near 1.54 and 2.03 μm and is well matched by a synthetic spectrum of an intimate mix of low-temperature, particulate water ice and dark, blue-colored material. Comparisons of Nereid's spectrum with those of other objects such as the Centaurs 1997 CU 26 and 5145 Pholus, and Neptune's largest regular satellite Proteus, admit the possibility that Nereid is a primordial satellite of Neptune (and perhaps its only remaining one) rather than a captured object, but more data are needed to rule out one scenario or the other.
Can perceived risks affect the relationship of switching costs and customer loyalty in e‐commerce?

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to verify the relationship between switching costs and customer loyalty in e‐commerce.Design/methodology/approach – The study conducted an empirical research. A total of 425 online shopping customers were invited from northeastern USA as samples.Findings – The findings show that switching costs positively influence customer loyalty. In addition, perceived risks will affect the relationship of switching costs and customer loyalty. For customers with low perceived risks, switching costs are also positively associated with customer loyalty. However, for customers with high perceived risks, the relationship of switching costs and customer loyalty is weak or negative.Research limitations/implications – One limitation is that mostly students were selected in the sample. The insights of this study can further validate the previous studies about the relationship of switching costs and customer loyalty, and suggest that perceived risks can be a moderating factor affecting thi...
Freezing, maintaining and thawing Ehrlich-Lettre ascites carcinoma cells.

SummaryIn these freezing experiments utilizing glycerol and sucrose as additives, the primary criterion employed for evaluating maintenance of the Ehrlich-Lettre hyperdiploid carcinoma cells was oxygen consumption, endogenously and with added lactate or glucose. Microscopic examinations were made to determine the morphologic state of the cells, and viability determinations carried out with mice. Glycerol and sucrose were equally effective for preservation of the cells for a few days, but sucrose was more effective when cells were kept for many weeks. Optimum conditions in our experiments were: (a) adding sucrose to the washed cells to make a concentration of 0.4 M, (b) reacting with the cells for 10 min, (c) freezing at a rate requiring 180 sec to reach —79°, (d) maintaining the frozen cells at —79°, and (e) thawing the cells at +56° for 1 1/2 min. These cells, following a twofold washing with isotonic phosphate buffer, were found to have near to normal oxygen consumption, morphology and viability.
Human activities directly alter watershed dissolved silica fluxes

Controls on chemical weathering, such as bedrock geology, runoff, and temperature, are considered to be the primary drivers of Si transport from the continents to the oceans. However, recent work has highlighted terrestrial vegetation as an important control over Si cycling. Here we show that at the regional scale (Southern New England, USA), land use/land cover (LULC) is an important variable controlling the net transport of Si from the land to the sea, accounting for at least 40% of dissolved Si (DSi) fluxes. A multiple linear regression model using average DSi fluxes from 25 rivers (>2,300 observations) shows the percent forest cover, as well as development and agricultural land use, to be significant (p < 0.05) drivers of DSi flux. This was true regardless of watershed size and lithology. Furthermore, forest cover is significantly negatively correlated, while development is significantly positively correlated, with Si concentrations and fluxes. We hypothesize that these relationships are due to several mechanisms, specifically the ability of terrestrial vegetation to store large amounts of Si within its biomass, the altered watershed hydrology that accompanies LULC change, and the capability of urban regions to serve as sources of Si to aquatic systems. Thus, we conclude that anthropogenic activities may be directly perturbing the global Si cycle through land use change and we offer a conceptual model which highlights a new approach to understanding the non-geochemical controls on Si fluxes.
VASCULAR SYSTEM OF THE FERTILE FLORET OF PANICUM (GRAMINEAE: PANICOIDEAE: PANICEAE)

Serial transections of the rachilla of Panicum were used to reconstruct the vascular system of its fertile floret at anthesis. A developmental bias to the description of the floret vascular system furnishes new aspects of comparison within the subfamily Panicoideae and, outside of it, with the floret vascular systems of other subfamilies. The two collateral bundles descending the styles merge below the locule of the ovary of P. dichotomiflorum. The merging stylar bundles are joined by the descending placental bundle. The three blend into an amphivasal bundle that continues descending the rachilla as the pistil prong. It descends in the posterior of the rachilla until the level of entry and merger of the three stamen traces at the anterior of the rachilla. Horizontal unions of sieve and tracheary elements connect these erstwhile independent components. Intermediary cells specialized as transfer cells are abundant in the rachilla at this level. In the lower regions of this major interconnection, a minor trace from each of the two lodicules joins the entering lateral stamen traces. The anterior stamen trace is the major component that continues descending the anterior of the rachilla beyond the horizontal connection of stamen traces and pistil prong. In the rachilla at the lowest levels of the fertile floret, the median trace of the lemma joins, as a minor vein, the descending anterior stamen trace. Sorghum, a grass of the tribe Andropogoneae of the subfamily Panicoideae, has a spikelet whose fertile floret has a distinctive vascular system (Long, 1930; Pizzolato, 1991). For instance, the component of the system related to the pistil is a vascular plexus in the form of a hollow cylinder crossed by a bundle comprised of the united stylar bundles. The several placental bundles distally contain abnormal tracheary elements. Moreover, the traces from the stamens and the lodicules tend to remain discrete in the rachilla of the fertile floret. Differences in spikelet morphology recognized classically (Arber, 1934) between the tribes of the Panicoideae, the Andropogoneae and the Paniceae, and sustained by contemporary systematics (Clayton and Renvoize, 1986), suggest that the vascular system of the fertile floret of Panicum is also distinctive, yet one to have similarities to the vascular system of the
Sound and Listening: Beyond the Wall of Broadcast Sound

I have thought of listening as a discipline, a mindful state of awareness, something to learn, study, and practice—a skill that can be either acquired or lost. I have also questioned these assumpti...
Mycoplasma genitalium infection among HIV-positive women: prevalence, risk factors and association with vaginal shedding:

This study examined the prevalence and factors associated with Mycoplasma genitalium (MG) infection among HIV-positive women and the association between MG and vaginal HIV-1 RNA shedding. HIV-positive women attending an outpatient clinic in New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, from 2002 to 2005 were examined for a battery of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and underwent a behavioural survey. A selected subset had a measurement of vaginal shedding analysed. Of the 324 HIV-positive women, 32 (9.9%) were infected with MG. HIV-positive women with MG were more likely to be co-infected with Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Chlamydia trachomatis and to have had ≥1 male sexual partners in the last month. In the subset (n = 164), no differences were found in the presence of detectable vaginal HIV-1 RNA between women infected and not infected with MG (30.8% versus 34.8% shedding; P = 0.69). While MG was a common co-STI in this sample of HIV-positive women, it was not associated with vaginal HIV shedding.
Placental mosaicism in a case of 46,XY, −22, +t(22;22)(p11;q11) or i(22q) diagnosed at amniocentesis

46,XY, −22,+t(22;22)(p11;q11) or i(22q) was diagnosed in 15/15 cells from two cultures from the amniotic fluid culture of a 31-year-old patient whose fetus demonstrated cystic hygroma on ultrasound. Cytogenetic studies performed on fetal skin from the abortus revealed the same karyotype as that seen on amniocentesis, but the placenta demonstrated a 46,XY,46,XY, −22,+t(22;22) or i(22q) mosaicism, with 65 per cent of the cells being 46,XY. This case provides an example of placental mosaicism for a normal male karyotype, while the fetus demonstrated non-mosaic trisomy 22.
Does better throughput require worse latency

Let throughput denote the amount of application-level work performed in unit time, normalized to the amount of work that would be accomplished with perfect linear scaling. Let latency denote the mean time required for a thread on one core to observe a change effected by a thread on another core, normalized to the best latency possible for the given platform. Might it be true that algorithms that improve application-level throughput worsen inter-core application-level latency? As techniques for improving performance have evolved from mutex-and-locks to race-and-repair, each seems to have offered more throughput at the expense of increased latency.
Perturbation of intrinsic luminescence by lattice defects in NaCl

Abstract Radiative recombination at 77°K in NaCl previously colored by irradiation was studied. Intrinsic luminescence is reduced by preirradiation and an emission band appears at 310 nm. F-band bleaching reduces and F'-band bleaching or X-irradiation restores the height of 350 nm emission band.
On uniform Opial condition and uniform Kadec-Klee property in Banach and metric spaces

In this paper we define a property that implies uniform Opial condition or uniform Kadec-Klee property in Banach spaces. This will unify many examples in the literature. Finally we will extend these properties into hyperbolic metric spaces.
Three-Dimensional Free Vibration of Pretwisted Beams

A method for analyzing the free vibration of pretwisted structural members of arbitrary but uniform cross section is presented. This method is based on three-dimensional elasticity theory and three-dimensional finite element formulation. The equations of elasticity and the governing equations of motion are obtained using a rotating coordinate system that rotates along with the cross section. The relationship between the fixed Cartesian coordinate system and the rotating coordinate system is based on the pretwist angle rate. This method can capture warping, Poisson effects, and shear effects. Hamilton's principle is used to derive the equations of motion that, in turn, are used to obtain the natural frequencies and mode shapes. Results showing the relationship between the rate of pretwist and the natural frequencies of prismatic members with rectangular cross sections and different lengths are presented. The results also show coupling between the two bending modes and coupling between the axial and torsional modes. If the axis of rotation and the centroid of the cross section are not coincident, coupling among all four basic modes and higher modes may occur. This behavior is difficult or sometimes impossible to capture with simpler technical theories. Because the method is based on three-dimensional elasticity theory it can accurately capture the behavior of long or short beams, thin or thick sections, arbitrary geometry, and inhomogeneous, laminated (anisotropic) materials.
Diode laser surgery: Principles and application in exotic animals

The term LASER stands for Light Amplification by the Stimulated Emission of Radiation, a concept first theorized by Albert Einstein in 1916. Since that time, numerous developments and refinements have led to surgical equipment becoming available and within the financial grasp of veterinarians. The most common veterinary surgery lasers are the carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and diode lasers. This review introduces the zoo/exotic clinician to laser surgery, indicates the pros and cons of CO 2 and diode models, and demonstrates the usefulness of laser technology in exotic species.
CFD Study of the Relationship Between Wall Shear Stress and Aspect Ratio in Elastase Induced Rabbit Aneurysm Models

Hemodynamic factors are thought to play an important role in the initiation, growth, and rupture of cerebral aneurysms. In-vitro studies have demonstrated a correlation between the magnitude and distribution of wall shear stress (WSS) and biological response of both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells [1–3]. In elastase induced saccular aneurysms, low WSS (below 0.5 Pa) was found to have a correlation with altered expression of biological markers [4]. Localized regions of rapid aneurysm growth in-vivo have been shown to be associated with regions where WSS is below a critical value of 0.1 Pa [5]. Further, aspect ratio (AR), the ratio of the maximum diameter of the aneurysm to the width of the aneurysm neck, has been correlated with elevated risk of rupture [6]. The purpose of the current study is to explore the possibility of creating elastase induced aneurysms in rabbits with a range of aspect ratios (ratio of aneurysm height/neck) and evaluate the existence of a correlation between aspect ratio and WSS distribution. Aneurysms with ARs from 0.98 to 2.8 were created at the origin of the right common carotid artery (n = 30). Qualitative differences in WSS distribution were found in the high AR aneurysms (HARA) (AR>1.6) and low AR aneurysms (LARA) (AR<1.6) [7].Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Neutrophil degranulation: coactivation of chemokine receptor(s) is required for extracellular nucleotide-induced neutrophil degranulation.

Extracellular nucleotide-induced stimulation of leukocytes and subsequent adhesion to endothelium plays a critical role in inflammatory diseases. The extracellular nucleotides stimulate a P2Y receptor on human PMN with the pharmacological profile of the P2Y2 receptor. Followed by generation of arachidonic acid, subsequently metabolized by 5 lipoxygenase forming the leukotrienes (LT). Of the several LTs generated, LTB(4)is a potent chemokine and upon its release binds to the PMN in an autocrine manner leading to the PMN degranulation. It is known that LTB(4)causes neutrophil degranulation through its receptor specific binding while the molecular mechanism remains not known at present. However, it is not known whether any LTB(4)receptor exists in cytoplasm in any given cell type and also, the existence of any other signaling cascade for the extracellular nucleotide-induced neutrophil degranulation. Based on the few direct experimental and numerous circumstantial evidence, it is conceivable that the extracellular nucleotides require LT generation, as an essential intermediate for mediating neutrophil degranulation.
Chemical speciation of nickel in fly ash by phase separation and carbon paste electrode voltammetry

Abstract In a risk-based approach to cost-effective management of power plant emissions, chemical speciation of fly ash is required. A quantitative but indirect separation of nickel phases by sequential extraction was undertaken in conjunction with direct analysis of the sulfidic nickel phase by carbon paste electrode voltammetry (CPEV). Four ash samples produced in a laboratory combustion system from burning high- and low-sulfur residual oil at excess O 2 of 1 and 2–3 mol% were studied. The extractions yielded five phases of nickel. The CPEV analysis of sulfidic nickel in the ash and extraction residues was performed in pH 5 acetate. The anodic peak (−0.1 V) unique to Ni 3 S 2 , distinguishing it from NiS and NiS 2 , was found to be absent from these ash samples. The CPEV method was consistent with phase extraction, which showed NiSO 4 being predominant with very low proportions of sulfidic nickel.
Compartmental analysis of calcium metabolism in very-low-birth-weight infants.

ABSTRACT: The calcium metabolism of 13 very-low-birth-weight infants fed a high-calcium diet was evaluated by means of stable isotope kinetic and balance studies. The studies used orally and i.v. administered stable isotopes, and the kinetic data were evaluated with the aid of a sequential, three-compartment model. The infants (postmenstrual age 33 ± 1 wk, weight 1.34 ± 0.03 kg) had higher bone calcium deposition rates (160 ± 7 mg·kg−1.d−1 or 4.00 ± 0.18 mmol·kg−1·d−1) than those previously reported for either older children or adults. Furthermore, when analyzed as a function of net calcium absorption, bone calcium deposition rates increased markedly and significantly as net calcium absorption increased (r = 0.70, p < 0.01), whereas in older individuals, bone calcium deposition is a relatively invariant function of absorption. A relatively smaller response of bone calcium removal to calcium absorption was found for the very-low-birth-weight infants in this study (r = −0.39, p = 0.18), whereas in adults, bone calcium removal constitutes the major regulatory response. It is suggested that the calcium kinetic results in the very-low-birth-weight infants reflect the high rate of bone growth typical of the third trimester of gestation.
Chemistry of tantalum clusters in solution and on SiO2 supports: analogies and contrasts.

Tantalum clusters have been synthesized from Ta(CH{sub 2}Ph){sub 5} on the surface of porous fumed SiO{sub 2}. When these clusters are small, incorporating, on average, several Ta atoms, their chemistry is similar to that of molecular tantalum clusters (and other early transition-metal) clusters. For example, The Ta-Ta bonds in these small supported clusters have been characterized by extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), IR, and UV-vis spectroscopy, being similar to those in molecular analogues. The redox reactions of the supported clusters, characterized by X-ray absorption near-edge structure, are analogous to those of early transition-metal clusters in solution. In contrast to the largest of these clusters in solution and in the solid state, those supported on SiO{sub 2} are raftlike, facilitating the substantial metal-support-oxygen bonding that is evident in the EXAFS spectra. Samples consisting of tantalum clusters on SiO{sub 2} catalyze alkane disproportionation and the conversion of methane with n-butane to give other alkanes, but catalytic properties of analogous clusters in solution have barely been explored.
Objective Metrics of Ocular Surface Disease in Contact Lens Wearers: Meibography

Dry eye symptoms are very prevalent in contact lens wearers and are most commonly attributed to evaporative dry eye (EDE) due to alterations in the quality of the pre-lens tear film lipids. Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), the most common cause of EDE, may result in contact lens-associated dry eye and ultimately to intolerance to contact lens wear. Thus, a thorough assessment of meibomian glands and the eyelid margin prior to and during contact lens wear may ensure continuous contact lens tolerance and the maintenance of a healthy ocular surface. Since meibomian glands are not overtly visible on slit-lamp biomicroscopy, imaging methods such as infrared meibography could play an important role in the evaluation of meibomian gland health. This review discusses the most pertinent advances in infrared meibography and its application to contact lens wearers, with a focus on the utility of quantitative imaging methods in the evaluation of meibomian glands.
Cooperative forensics sharing

Having timely and credible security information is becoming critical to network and security management. Most current sources of threat information and detection techniques suffer from having a limited view of the global threat scenario. In this paper, we present Foresight, an internet scale threat analysis, indication, early warning and response architecture. We describe the design of an incentive based cooperation scheme to create a global trusted community which is more accountable and hence less vulnerable to attacks and abuse. Foresight utilizes this infrastructure to share a global threat view in order to detect unknown threats and isolate them. We describe a novel behavioral signature scheme to extract a generalized footprint for multi-modal threats. System performance analysis through trace-based simulations show significant benefits for sharing forensics across cooperating domains.
Effect of food-grade surfactant on bioremediation of explosives-contaminated soil.

Abstract The use of native soil bacteria to biodegrade explosives-contaminated soil under co-metabolic conditions has been demonstrated. The addition of food-grade surfactants could improve the process by enhancing the rates of explosives desorption from soil, thereby increasing the bioavailability of explosives for microbial degradation. The objective of this study was to decrease residence time in the slurry reactor, thereby increasing output and reducing clean-up costs. In this study, Tween 80 (monooleate), served not only as a surfactant but also as the carbon substrate for the soil microorganisms. Four 2 l soil slurry reactors were operated in batch mode with soil containing 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX). The results indicated that TNT and RDX were removed in all reactors except the control (no added carbon source). The reactor enriched with surfactant and molasses performed better than reactors with either molasses or surfactant alone. The TNT and its metabolite, 4-amino-2,6-dinitrotoluene were removed faster in the reactor with surfactant plus molasses (35 days) than in the reactor with molasses alone as carbon source (45 days). A radiolabeling study of the mass balance of TNT in the slurry reactors showed substantial mineralization of TNT to CO 2 .
Stress leads to prosocial action in immediate need situations.

Stress clearly influences decision making, but the effects are complex. This review focuses on the potential for stress to promote prosocial decisions, serving others at a temporary cost to the self. Recent work has shown altruistic responses under stress, particularly when the target’s need is salient. We discuss potential mechanisms for these effects, including emotional contagion and offspring care mechanisms. These neurobiological mechanisms may promote prosocial—even heroic—action, particularly when an observer knows the appropriate response and can respond to a target in need. The effects of stress on behavior are not only negative, they can be adaptive and altruistic under conditions that promote survival and well-being at the individual and group level.
Univariate hyperbolic tangent neural network approximation

Here we study the univariate quantitative approximation of real and complex valued continuous functions on a compact interval or all the real line by quasi-interpolation hyperbolic tangent neural network operators. This approximation is derived by establishing Jackson type inequalities involving the modulus of continuity of the engaged function or its high order derivative. Our operators are defined by using a density function induced by the hyperbolic tangent function. The approximations are pointwise and with respect to the uniform norm. The related feed-forward neural network is with one hidden layer.
Temperature dependence of the dynamic light scattering of linear phi 29 DNA: implications for spontaneous opening of the double-helix.

The apparent diffusion coefficient Dapp(K) of a single sample of linear ϕ29 DNA (Mr = 11.5 × 106) has been measured as a function of K2 from 0.21 × 1010 to 20 × 1010 cm−2 at a variety of temperatures from −0.5 to +70°C. Dapp(K) scales closely as T/η at every value of K2. All of these data are simulated by a particular Rouse-Zimm model comprised of a constant number of subchains with constant rms subchain extension b = 1057 A and an apparent subchain diffusion coefficient Dplat that scales at T/η from −0.5 to +70°C. It is inferred from these results that any temperature dependence of the flexural and torsional rigidities of DNA must be rather weak. A less firm inference is that these rigidities actually increase slightly with temperature, possibly in proportion to T, which is weak T dependence in this context. These findings eliminate the possibility that spontaneous transient opening of the DNA structure has any significant effect on the flexural and torsional rigidities of the DNA filament. A review of the most pertinent available data from other experiments concerning spontaneous transient opening of the DNA is presented. The formaldehyde kinetics data do not unequivocally implicate an open base-pair intermediate and provide only an upper limit to the fraction of open base pairs. An alternative nonopening model with a protonated doorway state is proposed to accommodate the hydrogen-exchange data. It is concluded that there is presently no incontrovertible evidence for a fraction of unstacked open base pairs greater than about 10−4.
Induced phase modulation by noisy fields.

I compute the induced spectral distribution of a weak probe propagating in a Kerr medium in the presence of a copropagating noisy pump field. Gaussian and non-Gaussian Markovian pump fields, with equal second-order correlation functions, modify differently the spectral distribution of the probe. The autocorrelation function and the spectral distribution of the probe are evaluated as functions of the propagation distance in the nonlinear medium for different classes of incoherent pumps.
Dimethylsulfoxide exposure modulates HL-60 cell rolling interactions

Human leukaemic HL-60 cells are widely used for studying interactions involving adhesion molecules [e.g. P-selectin and PSGL-1 (P-selectin glycoprotein ligand-1)] since their rolling behaviour has been shown to mimic the dynamics of leucocyte rolling in vitro. HL-60 cells are neutrophilic promyelocytes that can undergo granulocytic differentiation upon exposure to compounds such as DMSO (dimethylsulfoxide). Using a parallel plate flow chamber functionalized with recombinant P-selectin–Fc chimaera, undifferentiated and DMSO-induced (48, 72 and 96 h) HL-60 cells were assayed for rolling behaviour. We found that depending on P-selectin incubation concentration, undifferentiated cells incurred up to a 6-fold increase in rolling velocity while subjected to an approximately 10-fold increase in biologically relevant shear stress. HL-60 cells exposed to DMSO for up to 72 h incurred up to a 3-fold increase in rolling velocity over the same shear stress range. Significantly, cells exposed for up to 96 h incurred up to a 9-fold decrease in rolling velocity, compared with undifferentiated HL-60 cells. Although cell surface and nuclear morphological changes were evident upon exposure to DMSO, flow cytometric analysis revealed that PSGL-1 expression was unchanged, irrespective of treatment duration. The results suggest that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells may be problematic as a substitute for neutrophils for trafficking studies during advanced stages of the LAC (leucocyte adhesion cascade). We suggest that remodelling of the cell surface during differentiation may affect rolling behaviour and that DMSO-treated HL-60 cells would behave differently from the normal leucocytes during inflammatory response in vivo.
Locating structural damage using operational deflection shapes

Presented here is a newly developed Boundary Effect Detection (BED) method for pinpointing locations of small damage to structures using Operational Deflection Shapes (ODSs) measured by a scanning laser vibrometer. The BED method requires no model or historical data for locating structural damage. It works by decomposing a measured ODS into central solutions and boundary-layer solutions by using a sliding-window least- squares curve-fitting technique. For high-order ODSs without damage, boundary-layer solutions are non-zero only at structural boundaries. For a damaged structure, because damage introduces new boundaries, its boundary-layer solutions are non-zero at damage locations as well as its original boundaries. At a damage location, the boundary-layer solution of slope changes sign, and the boundary-layer solution of displacement peaks up or dimples down. The theoretical background is shown in detail. Experiments are performed on several different structures with different damages, including surface slots, edge slots, surface holes, internal holes, and fatigue cracks. Experimental results show that this damage detection method is more sensitive and reliable for locating small damage than other dynamics-based methods using curvatures or strain energies.
Hot spots and functional organization of human chromosomes

Our working hypothesis is that the Q-darker human chromosome segments have higher gene densities than the bright regions. Especially prominent in this respect are six hot spots, the short Q-dark regions in 3p, 6p, 11q, 12q, 17q, and 19 (p or q), which have been chosen because their density of mitotic chiasmata is above 5. Chromosomes with gene-rich segments would act as trisomy lethals in very early embryos, whose spontaneous abortions would not be recognized. Containing active genes, the regions would be looped out in interphase and thus be more easily available for mitotic pairing and crossing-over.
Design and Analysis of Microcoils for NMR Microscopy

The signal-to-noise ratio achieved in a nuclear magnetic-resonance microscopy experiment is directly related to the performance of the radiofrequency coil. An accurate determination of coil performance requires that the resistance of the coil be well characterized. Traditional high-frequency electric-circuit models used to describe larger NMR coils are inadequate when the diameter of the conductor is reduced to the dimensions of the electrical skin depth (delta) at the frequency of operation. A more extensive model based on a scaling parameter that includes delta is presented. This model complements other existing circuit models that represent sample losses, ground-loop and parasitic losses, and the signal induced in the RF coil. Experimental verification is accomplished using a series of solenoidal microcoils in 1H NMR microspectroscopy experiments at 4.7 T (200 MHz). This study demonstrates for the first time that a predictable performance enhancement is achieved using microcoils as small as 50 microns in diameter.
Shell-model calculation for 212Po

Abstract A detailed shell-model calculation for the lower excited levels and high-spin, alpha-emitting isomer of 212Po is reported. Our result shows that the main configuration of the isomeric state of 212Po is [ h 9 2 ) 8 2 ( g 9 2 i 11 2 ) 10 ] and has spin J=18. The calculated spectrum also suggests the existence of a few low-lying levels which have not been observed experimentally, including a possible isomer with J = 10. Alpha reduced widths and electromagnetic transition probabilities have been calculated and compared with those of the previous works, and with experiment. The results are generally satisfactory. The wave functions are strongly configuration admixed including non-negligible higher seniority components.
AMMONIA PRODUCTION BY THE PREGNANT SHEEP UTERUS

It is generally assumed that, during gestation, nitrogen metabolism of the uterus and conceptus is directed exclusively toward the synthesis of new tissues. The finding of large quantities of urea excreted by the fetal lamb prompted us to question that assumption and to examine the role of ammonia as an excretory product of the pregnant uterus in sheep with chronically implanted catheters. Seventeen pregnant ewes (GA 47-155 days) were studied with uterine vein and femoral artery catheters; 7 fetuses (114-144 days) had umbilical vein and pedal artery catheters. Two nonpregnant sheep were also studied. After postoperative recovery, simultaneous fetal and maternal blood samples were obtained for NH3 and O2 content. Between-group differences in mean arterial [NH3] (fetus 49.27 ± 2.35 μM; pregnant ewe 36.70 ± 0.93 μM; nonpregnant ewe 23.04 ± 1.01 μM) were statistically significant. In all cases, NH3 was excreted from the gravid uterus into both the uterine and umbilical circulations by tissues other than the fetus. Thus, the placenta is the probable site of NH3 formation. Quantitatively, at 70 days of gestation, the ratio of nitrogen excreted by the uterus as NH3 to the combined total nitrogen requirements for both growth and NH3 excretion is ~ 44%. Toward the end of gestation, uterine NH3 production represents ~ 12% of fetal nitrogen requirements. Ammonia is an important metabolic end product of the ovine gravid uterus, especially in early pregnancy.
Aortic insufficiency in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Three cases of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) with aortic insufficiency are presented. One patient had Libman-Sacks endocarditis at necropsy. Another had aortitis and pancarditis. The third had a fenestrated aortic valve showing mucoid degeneration, similar to the lesions described in Marfan's syndrome and the “floppy valve” syndrome, and had a successful insertion of a prosthetic valve. Two patients with subcutaneous “rheumatoid nodules” had persistently negative latex fixation tests.
A Simple Theory for Waterspouts

Abstract It is shown that the simple thermodynamic theory for dust devils, proposed by Renno et al., also applies to waterspouts. The theory is based on the thermodynamics of heat engines and predicts the central pressure and the wind speed of these convective vortices. Moreover, it provides a simple physical interpretation of their general characteristics. In particular, the heat engine theory shows that convective vortices are more likely to form in the regions where the occurrence of the warmest and moistest updrafts and the coldest and driest downdrafts are supported by the local environment. These are the regions where both the heat input into the convective heat engine is maximum and the solenoidal generation of vorticity is the greatest. This explains why waterspouts are frequently observed near the boundaries between relatively warm and relatively cold waters. Moreover, since the work done by the convective heat engine is equal to the total heat input multiplied by the thermodynamic efficiency, th...
Ultrastable microwave and millimeter wave photonic oscillators

Novel photonic realizations of ultrastable microwave and millimeter-wave sources are discussed. The phase noise performance of an all-photonic microwave and millimeter-wave oscillator based on a mode-locked semiconductor laser stabilized by a fiber-optic delay-time is investigated. The phase noise performance is calculated using previously derived theory, and it is shown to compare favorably with the performance of state-of-the-art microwave oscillators. >
COMPLEXITY and MYSTERY AS PREDICTORS OF INTERIOR PREFERENCES

OBJECTIVE: This study sought to determine the validity of complexity and mystery as predictors of interior preferences and to identify design attributes related to their perception in interiors. RESEARCH DESIGN: Preference ratings for 80 diverse interiors presented as black and white slides were provided by 321 college students. These were compared to ratings of two independent groups of students (n = 31 each) who sorted photographs of the scenes according to assessments of either complexity or mystery. ANALYSIS: Quantitative relationships among complexity, mystery, and preference were described by Pearson's correlation coefficients. Design attributes related to perceptions of complexity and mystery were identified via visual content analyses of the environmental sample sequenced according to mean complexity and mystery ratings. KEY FINDINGS: Complexity and mystery were positively related to preference (r= .8164 and r= .5832, p < .001, 1-tailed, respectively), and also to each other (r= .4195, p < .001, 1-tailed). Design characteristics underlying perceptions of complexity included the number and variety of elements present, the composition of scene elements, and the scene's spatial geometry. Perceptions of mystery were associated with scene accessibility, distance to the nearest point of interest, screening of view, degree of enclosure, and presence of dramatic brightness contrasts. CONCLUSION: This study points to the utility of information models for explaining interior preferences and provides specific design direction for manipulating complexity and mystery within interior environments.
Instability of Composite Panels

The US Air Force Institute of Technology (AFIT) has been carrying out research related to the instability of composite cylindrical panels since 1979. This chapter is a review of the AFIT work and will discuss both its experimental and analytical features. Other organizations have pursued similar research [1, 2] and the AFIT work has cited their findings. AFIT is the only organization that has continued to explore many of the intricacies of this interesting area. More than 150 composite graphite/epoxy cylindrical panels have been tested.
Data, ideas, and the nature of scientific progress

Scientists sometimes have the idea that “data are eternal,” i.e., that our scientific observations long outlive our hypotheses and ideas based on such. In this Editorial, we make use of work by science historians Chang (2004), Danielson and Graney (2014) and others, to show that data have a limited period of usefulness—a date of expiration so to speak. Beyond that date (probably mostly unknown beforehand), data either are (1) no longer of interest, because the problems that motivated their collection are resolved or no longer of concern, or (2) because new technologies render them obsolete. Scientific progress in any era is thus defined as the art of making observations that are “good enough”—so as to develop the “middle-level” and other theories, which as discussed by Chang (2004), appear to have lasting value.
Beyond the Bake Sale: A Community-Based Relational Approach to Parent Engagement in Schools

Background/ContextParent involvement in education is widely recognized as important, yet it remains weak in many communities. One important reason for this weakness is that urban schools have grown...
Acorn-Foraging Preferences of Four Species of Free-Ranging Avian Seed Predators in Eastern Deciduous Forests

Abstract. Oaks (Quercus spp.) rely on vertebrates for seed dispersal. However, the extent to which dispersal is facilitated depends on the vertebrate species involved, its preferences for acorns of different species, and the relative availability of acorns. We examined foraging preferences by free-ranging individuals of four species of birds for acorns of white (Q. alba), black (Q. velutina), and pin (Q. palustris) oak. We photographed selection of acorns at feeding platforms and used discrete-choice models to estimate preferences. Blue Jays (Cyanocitta cristata) had strong and consistent preferences in the order pin oak > black oak > white oak, whereas Red-bellied Woodpeckers (Melanerpes carolinus) exhibited the same but weaker preferences. On the basis of acorn's chemical and physical attributes, these birds appear to focus on maximizing the net value of cached food. Tufted Titmice (Baeolophus bicolor) and White-breasted Nuthatches (Sitta carolinensis) preferred acorns of both pin and white oak over tho...
Delaware Shelf Valley: Estuary Retreat Path, Not Drowned River Valley

The transverse shelf valleys of the North American Atlantic Shelf have generally been interpreted as relict fluvial landforms. While they were indeed initiated as such, they subsequently became estuary retreat paths, in which constructional as well as erosional topography has been formed in a shallow marine environment subsequent to transgression. The Delaware Shelf Valley is an especially informative example of such an estuary retreat path, in that the shelf valley has not been decoupled from the generative estuary mouth by the late Pleistocene reduction in the rate of sea-level rise, as many other estuary mouths have been. The transverse bar blocking the mouth of Delaware Bay is breached on the south side by a well-developed, en echelon set of ebb-dominated and flood-dominated channels. The seaward-trending flood channel, a response to the tidal regime of the bay mouth, is continuous with the Delaware Shelf Valley. This feature is only approximately superimposed on the subsurface fluvial channel and is more precisely termed a flood-channel retreat path . North of the conjugate set of ebb and flood channels, Delaware Bay mouth is blocked by a large shoal which is the depocenter for the littoral drift system of the New Jersey coastal compartment. It may be traced seaward into a shelf–transverse high on the north flank of the flood-channel retreat track, which is thus an estuary shoal-retreat massif . This set of paired morphologic retreat elements terminates in a large mid-shelf high which is interpreted as a mid-shelf delta. However, comparison with the modern Apalachicola Delta suggests that, as it was transgressed, the delta had superimposed upon it a cape shoal-retreat massif , deposited by the littoral drift convergence of a retreating cuspate foreland. The tide-generated ridges and swales of the estuary-mouth shoal are normal to shore. As the shoal is traced seaward into the shoal-retreat massif, ridge-and-swale orientations rotate until they trend across the massif, parallel to shore. This change in orientation suggests that as the shoreline has retreated, the initially tidal topography has been remade in response to southwest-trending storm currents. Such a compensating response to a change in regime is the definitive characteristic of an equilibrium system. Thus, while a relict component may be observed in the topographic pattern, the descriptor “relict” is not particularly appropriate for the sand body itself.
Future Directions in Late Life Suicide Prevention

Late life suicide is characterized by less warning, higher lethality, and greater prevalence of depression and physical illness than suicide earlier in the lifespan. Suicidal older adults are more ...
Promoting healthful diets and exercise: efficacy of a 12-week after-school program in urban African Americans.

Abstract This study examined the effectiveness of a unique extracurricular after-school initiative designed to promote healthy diets and exercise in urban African Americans. The Students and Parents Actively Involved in Being Fit after-school program was offered for 12 weeks to students and their parents/guardians at an urban middle school. Specific aims of the intervention were to increase participants' vegetable and fruit intake by using established 5 A Day for Better Health educational resource materials/activities and to affect their health-related fitness through dance, games, and fitness activities. Fifty-six children and 25 parents/guardians completed a standard battery of evaluations before and after the program. Pre-post pairwise t test revealed that both children and their parents/guardians showed an increase in fruit consumption and a reduction in diastolic blood pressure ( P P
In vitro Caries-like Lesion Production by Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus Using Sucrose and Starch

We investigated the formation of caries-like lesions on root and enamel sections by S. mutans and A. viscosus when grown in four different carbohydrate substrates. The substrates were: sucrose, starch + α-amylase, and a combination of starch and sucrose with and without a-amylase. Twenty-four sections with exposed windows on both the root and enamel surfaces were exposed to the individual bacterial species in each of the four substrates for three weeks. At three weeks, the sections were removed and lesion depths measured. When grown in sucrose alone, S. mutans produced significantly deeper lesions in both root and enamel surfaces when compared with A. viscosus. However, S. mutans failed to produce lesions when grown in "limited" sucrose with starch added, whereas A. viscosus in this same substrate produced lesions in the enamel and root surfaces. A. viscosus also produced either similar or significantly deeper lesions in both root and enamel surfaces, when compared with S. mutans grown in the two substrat...