cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Survey of nonlinear attitude estimation methods

This paper provides a survey of modern nonlinear filtering methods for attitude estimation. Early applications relied mostly on the extended Kalman filter for attitude estimation. Since these applications, several new approaches have been developed that have proven to be superior to the extended Kalman filter. Several of these approaches maintain the basic structure of the extended Kalman filter, but employ various modifications in order to provide better convergence or improve other performance characteristics. Examples of such approaches include: filter QUEST, extended QUEST and the backwards-smoothing extended Kalman filter. Filters that propagate and update a discrete set of sigma points rather than using linearized equations for the mean and covariance are also reviewed. A twostep approach is discussed with a first-step state that linearizes the measurement model and an iterative second step to recover the desired attitude states. These approaches are all based on the Gaussian assumption that the probability density function is adequately specified by its mean and covariance. Other approaches that do not require this assumption are reviewed, Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. Email: johnc@eng.buffalo.edu. Associate Fellow AIAA. Aerospace Engineer, Guidance, Navigation and Control Systems Engineering Branch. Email: Landis.Markley@nasa.gov. Fellow AIAA. Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering. Email: cheng3@eng.buffalo.edu. Member AIAA.
Note on the derivation of the Boltzmann equation from the Liouville equation

Abstract In Bogolubov's derivation of the Boltzmann equation from the Liouville equation a boundary condition in the past plays an essential role. It is shown that if the same boundary condition is used in the future an equation is obtained that differs from the Boltzmann equation in the sign of the collision term. Similarly, as has been noted before, if in Kirkwood's derivation of the Boltzmann equation from the Liouville equation distribution functions are used that are time-smoothed over an interval — τ to 0 instead of from 0 to τ, again an equation with the wrong sign for the collision term is obtained. A discussion and a possible interpretation are presented.
Bedside manner and effective academic administrative leadership

Bedside manner is about relationships, and tailoring attitudes, approaches, and demeanor to accommodate individuals results in improved collegiality.
Arrival time and calibrated contour of the pulse wave, determined indirectly from recordings of arterial compression sounds.

Abstract A new, safe, indirect method for obtaining a calibrated ascending limb of the arterial pulse wave and its arrival time at the site of measurement is described. The time from onset of the Q wave of the electrocardiogram until the registration of the arterial compression sound of Korotkoff (Q-K time) is shown to be related to the arrival time of the pulse wave at the artery under the cuff. A plot of the Q-K time against the pressure in the sphygmomanometer cuff permits the construction of a calibrated contour of the pulse wave. This relationship was confirmed by intra-arterial puncture techniques. The Q-K time is unaffected by changes in the blood flow through the extremity compressed by the cuff. The Q-K time is shortened and the slope of the upstroke is made more steep by generalized exertion, epinephrine, and norepinephrine. Analysis suggests that the shortening and the change in slope may be manifestations of an increase in pulse-wave velocity.
Introduction: Convergence as an emergent property in bilingual speech

In introducing this special issue of Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, we feel it is critical to clarify what we understand ‘linguistic convergence’ to mean in the context of bilingualism, since ‘convergence’ is a technical term more readily associated with the field of language contact than with the field of bilingualism (for recent discussions of the role of convergence in contact see Thomason and Kaufman, 1988; Thomason, 2001; Myers-Scotton, 2002; Clyne, 2003; Winford, 2003). Within the language contact literature, the term invites a variety of uses. Some researchers adopt a definition of convergence that requires that all languages in a contact situation change, sometimes to the extent that the source of a given linguistic feature cannot be determined (see April McMahon's commentary in this issue). For others, convergence may be more broadly defined to also apply to situations in which one language has undergone structural incursions of various sorts from contact with another.
Uranium azide photolysis results in C–H bond activation and provides evidence for a terminal uranium nitride

Uranium nitride [U[triple bond]N](x) is an alternative nuclear fuel that has great potential in the expanding future of nuclear power; however, very little is known about the U[triple bond]N functionality. We show, for the first time, that a terminal uranium nitride complex can be generated by photolysis of an azide (U-N=N=N) precursor. The transient U[triple bond]N fragment is reactive and undergoes insertion into a ligand C-H bond to generate new N-H and N-C bonds. The mechanism of this unprecedented reaction has been evaluated through computational and spectroscopic studies, which reveal that the photochemical azide activation pathway can be shut down through coordination of the terminal azide ligand to the Lewis acid B(C(6)F(5))(3). These studies demonstrate that photochemistry can be a powerful tool for inducing redox transformations for organometallic actinide complexes, and that the terminal uranium nitride fragment is reactive, cleaving strong C-H bonds.
Forget Me Not: Dementia in Prison

The number of older adults with dementia in U.S. prisons is rapidly rising. Yet, the vast majority of this marginalized subgroup of the aging population is left neglected behind bars without access to adequate medical and mental health care services. We assert that proactive, interdisciplinary collaborative efforts to improve practice, policy, and research and to develop a high-quality evidence-based continuum of care for this aging population are urgently needed. The overarching goals of this paper are to raise awareness of the life and experiences of persons with dementia in prison and to stimulate discussion, research, and advocacy efforts for this forgotten subgroup of older Americans. We describe the growing number of older adults with dementia in U.S. prisons, high-risk factors for dementia present in the prison population, and the life and experience of persons with dementia in the culture and environment of prison that is primarily not designed for them. We review the current state of services and programs for dementia in prison. We conclude by proposing practice, policy, and research-related priority areas and strategies for interdisciplinary gerontological responses.
Pharmacological doses of dietary curcumin increase colon epithelial cell proliferation in vivo in rats

Although curcumin has preventive actions in animal models of colon cancer, whether the mechanism of action is through anti-proliferation in normal environment is not clearly understood. Here, we studied the effects of chemopreventive doses of curcumin on the proliferation rate of colon epithelial cells (CEC), using a recently developed stable isotope-mass spectrometric method for measuring DNA synthesis rate. Adult male F344 rats were given diets containing 0, 2 and 4% curcumin for 5 weeks. 4% (2)H(2)O was given in drinking water to label DNA, after a priming bolus, for 4 days prior to sacrifice. The isotopic enrichment of the deoxyribose moiety of deoxyadenosine from DNA was measured by gas chromatography - mass spectrometry. Cell cycle analysis was performed after propidium iodide staining of CECs. Curcumin administration did not reduce but instead resulted in dose-dependent increases in CEC proliferation rate (p < 0.05) for 2% and 4% curcumin vs 0%). The length of the colon crypts and the fraction of cells in S-phase were also increased in the 2% and 4% curcumin groups (p < 0.05). Thus, pharmacological doses of curcumin increase CEC proliferation rate and pool size in normal rats. Reduction of CEC proliferation therefore cannot explain the proposed chemopreventive actions of curcumin in colon cancer.
A penalized likelihood approach for investigating gene–drug interactions in pharmacogenetic studies

Pharmacogenetics investigates the relationship between heritable genetic variation and the variation in how individuals respond to drug therapies. Often, gene-drug interactions play a primary role in this response, and identifying these effects can aid in the development of individualized treatment regimes. Haplotypes can hold key information in understanding the association between genetic variation and drug response. However, the standard approach for haplotype-based association analysis does not directly address the research questions dictated by individualized medicine. A complementary post-hoc analysis is required, and this post-hoc analysis is usually under powered after adjusting for multiple comparisons and may lead to seemingly contradictory conclusions. In this work, we propose a penalized likelihood approach that is able to overcome the drawbacks of the standard approach and yield the desired personalized output. We demonstrate the utility of our method by applying it to the Scottish Randomized Trial in Ovarian Cancer. We also conducted simulation studies and showed that the proposed penalized method has comparable or more power than the standard approach and maintains low Type I error rates for both binary and quantitative drug responses. The largest performance gains are seen when the haplotype frequency is low, the difference in effect sizes are small, or the true relationship among the drugs is more complex.
Hemodilution: modeling and clinical aspects

Hemodilution is defined as the dilution of the concentration of red blood cells and plasma constituents by partially substituting the blood with colloids or crystalloids and it is a strategy to avoid exposure of patients to the hazards of homologous blood transfusions. Several mathematical models and computer simulations have been introduced to validate the efficacy of hemodilution; the amount of maximal allowable blood loss and final postoperative hematocrit or hemoglobin has been calculated. The basic prerequisite for preserving tissue oxygenation during hemodilution is adequate oxygen delivery and therefore all determinants of oxygen transport should be monitored. Compensatory mechanisms such as increased cardiac output and stroke volume occur following hemodilution. When debating the use of colloid and crystalloid during fluid replacement, it is imperative to think about all of the components of the Starling equation. In order to better analyze the clinical outcome of hemodilution, more realistic mathematical models should be developed.
Mechanical circulatory support in patients with heart failure secondary to transposition of the great arteries

Advances in palliation of congenital heart disease have resulted in improved survival to adulthood. Many of these patients ultimately develop end-stage heart failure requiring left ventricular assist device implantation (LVAD). However, morphologic differences in the systemic ventricle of these patients require careful attention to cannula placement. We report on the evolution of our surgical technique for implanting LVADs in 3 patients with transposition of the great arteries and congenitally corrected transposition of the great arteries. Applying standard LV cannulation techniques to the systemic ventricle led us too anteriorly in our first patient, creating obstruction by the moderator band. Subsequent use of epicardial and transesophageal echocardiography allowed for intraoperative localization of the intracardiac muscular structures to identify the optimal cannulation site. The acute angle of the inflow cannula on the DeBakey LVAD (MicroMed Technology, Houston, TX) required flipping the device 180°. The HeartMate II device (Thoratec, Pleasanton, CA) could be shifted towards the midline. One patient underwent successful transplant and 2 are home waiting for a donor organ. We conclude from our experience that LVAD surgery can be safely performed in patients with congenital heart disease when implanted under echocardiographic guidance.
REVISION OF THE PROBLEMATIC EARLY PALEOCENE GENUS OXYCLAENUS (MAMMALIA: OXYCLAENIDAE) AND A NEW SPECIES OF CARCINODON

Abstract A long-standing taxonomic error is corrected by recognizing that the previously enigmatic early Paleocene (Torrejonian) mammal Microclaenodon assurgens (Cope, 1884) from western North America is a subjective junior synonym of Oxyclaenus cuspidatus (Cope, 1884). Carcinodon simplex (Cope, 1884) (= C. filholianus) is suggested as a new combination. Specimens previously incorrectly referred to O. cuspidatus are tentatively referred to the genus Carcinodon as a new species, “C.” olearyi. A phylogenetic analysis that reconstructed the relationships of Oxyclaenus, “Carcinodon,” selected “triisodontids,” selected basal ungulates, and basal mesonychians incorporates 30 taxa and 66 dental characters and results in up to 210 MPTs, each 180 steps long, with a C.I. of 0.51 and a H.I. of 0.49. O. cuspidatus is resolved as the sister species of Andrewsarchus mongoliensis. The Andrewsarchus + Oxyclaenus clade is the sister lineage of Mesonychia. Outside of this grouping, “triisodontids” form a polytomy, which is...
Making knowledge: history, literature, and the poetics of science.

ABSTRACT As a field of study, literature and science has gradually expanded to encompass both the impact of science on literary culture and the literary‐linguistic practices intrinsic to the production of scientific knowledge. Such transformations both reinforce and fundamentally recalibrate the detailed attention focused on scientific practice by historians of science since the 1980s. As a result, this essay and the Focus section it introduces suggest that history of science and literature and science are, in fact, interdependent fields. Attention to their convergences will yield better understanding of the performative dimensions of scientific practices and thence of science itself as a form of making of knowledge of things and events in the world of nature. Science as a form of making involves the convergence of things, material practices, and a panoply of meaningful artifacts—instruments of thought and action—that refuse any simple dichotomy between “text” and “action.”
Synthesis and Characterization of Copper-Iron Nitride Thin Films

Iron nitride thin films have potential applications in the biomedicine and energy. The magnetic properties of these films can be tuned by incorporating copper nitride. In this study, iron copper nitride thin films have been fabricated by magnetron sputtering technique either by co-sputtering iron nitride and copper nitride or by layer stacking of the materials. The structure, morphology and magnetic properties of the films have been studied by scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray reflectivity and vibrating sample magnetometry.
Retinoids, retinoic acid receptors, and cytoplasmic retinoid binding proteins in perinatal rat lung fibroblasts

The early postnatal life of most mammals marks a period of extensive enlargement of the alveolar surface area and increase in the elastin content of the lung. The factors that regulate the onset and abatement of this burst of elastin synthesis have not been identified. Previous studies of lipid-laden rat pulmonary interstitial fibroblasts (LIF) have shown that their elastin synthesis is increased in vitro by retinoic acid (RA). We hypothesized that temporal changes in the endogenous RA content of LIF may correlate with changes in elastin synthesis by these cells. LIF were isolated from the lungs of rats at gestational day 19 and postnatal days 2, 4, 8, and 12 and their retinoid contents were quantitated. Retinyl esters were highest at gestational day 19 (2.9 +/- 0.6 pmol/10(6) cells, means +/- SE) and decreased to 1.6 +/- 0.2 pmol by postnatal day 2 (P < 0.05). This decrease in retinyl esters was accompanied by an increase in retinol from 0.4 +/- 0.1 to 2.0 +/- 0.6 pmol/10(6) cells (P < 0.05). RA increased in LIF from 0.07 +/- 0.04 pmol/10(6) cells at gestational day 19 to 0.29 +/- 0.05 pmol/10(6) cells at postnatal day 2 (P < 0.05) and increased in whole lung tissue from 0.07 +/- 0.04 to 0.29 +/- 0.05 nmol/g, over the same interval. The increase in RA content was accompanied by an increase in RA receptor (RAR)-beta and -gamma mRNAs. The steady-state mRNA level of cellular retinol binding protein (CRBP) was high in LIF, relative to whole lung tissue at day 2. Cellular RA binding protein (CRABP) mRNA rose fourfold from day 2 to day 8 and then fell by day 12. In summary, RA, RAR, and CRBP mRNA in LIF are highest before the period of maximal elastin synthesis, which occurs at postnatal days 8 and 12. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that endogenous RA could contribute to the postnatal increase in elastin production by pulmonary fibroblasts.
Transient ischemia induces regional myocardial glycogen synthase activation and glycogen synthesis in vivo

Glycogen is consumed during ischemic preconditioning and synthesized during the subsequent period of ischemic tolerance. To better understand this sequence, we examined the effect of brief coronary artery occlusions on regional myocardial glycogen metabolism in intact, anesthetized rats. Sequential 2-min periods of left coronary artery occlusion reduced the glycogen concentration of the anterior left ventricle approximately 30% relative to the posterior region. During subsequent reperfusion, the activity of the physiologically active glycogen synthase I form of glycogen synthase increased threefold in the anterior region (0.58 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.18 +/- 0.08 mumol.g-1.min-1, P < 0.01), stimulating a similar regional increase in glycogen synthesis rate (0.24 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.08 +/- 0.03 mumol.g-1.min-1, P < 0.01). These events were preceded by a rise in regional glucose 6-phosphate concentration, which increased the activity of a myocardial glycogen synthase phosphatase. In diabetic rats glycogen synthase phosphatase activity was significantly lower, and postischemic glycogen synthase activation was significantly impaired. These data suggest the operation of a feedback loop in which transient ischemia leads to a glucose 6-phosphate-mediated increase in the activity of a phosphoprotein phosphatase active toward glycogen synthase. This suggests phospho-protein phosphatase activation may be a feature of the preconditioned myocardium.
Catastrophizing is associated with clinical examination findings, activity interference, and health care use among patients with temporomandibular disorders.

Aims: To examine whether catastrophizing is associated with clinical examination findings, pain-related activity interference, and health care use among patients with pain related to temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Methods: Patients with TMD (n = 338; 87% female; mean age, 37 years) completed measures of pain, pain-related activity interference, health care use, and depression, and received a Research Diagnostic Criteria/ Temporomandibular Disorders (RDC/TMD) clinical examination from an oral medicine specialist. Results: Catastrophizing was not significantly associated with the more objective clinical examination measures of maximum assisted jaw opening and jaw-joint sounds, but it was associated with the more subjective examination measures (unassisted opening without pain, extraoral muscle site palpation pain severity, joint site palpation pain severity) and with increased TMD-related activity interference and number of health care visits (P values for all < .01). Even after controlling for demographic variables, pain duration, and depression severity, catastrophizing remained significantly associated with extraoral muscle and joint site palpation pain severity and with activity interference and number of health care visits. Conclusion: TMD patients who catastrophize have higher scores on clinical examination measures reflecting more widely dispersed and severe pain upon palpation of TMD-related facial muscle and joint sites, as well as greater TMD-related activity interference and health care use. Clinicians should consider screening patients with moderate or greater TMD pain and activity interference for catastrophizing. Cognitive-behavioral interventions may help reduce pain, disability, and health care use of patients who catastrophize.
Monitoring the Adequacy of Oxygen Supply and Demand

One of the main goals of blood circulation is to ensure oxygen supply to organs and tissues. The determinants of arterial oxygen delivery (DO2) are the CO and the arterial oxygen content (CaO2). The arterial oxygen content has two components; the main component is oxygen bound to hemoglobin (SaO2), and the secondary component is dissolved oxygen. The former is dependent on the hemoglobin concentration; the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen (which varies for Hb isotypes); environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, or 2,3-DPG concentrations; and thus the Hb oxygen saturation. The second component is dependent on the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2) and is considered to be negligible due to the very low solubility coefficient of oxygen in plasma (close to 0). It is therefore possible to set the equations: $$ {\mathrm{CaO}}_2=\left(\mathrm{H}\mathrm{b}\times 1.34\times {\mathrm{SaO}}_2\right)+\left(0.003\times {\mathrm{PaO}}_2\right) $$ $$ {\mathrm{DO}}_2=\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}\times {\mathrm{CaO}}_2 $$ By ignoring the dissolved oxygen component, we obtain: $$ {\mathrm{DO}}_2=\mathrm{C}\mathrm{O}\times \mathrm{H}\mathrm{b}\times 1.34\times {\mathrm{SaO}}_2 $$ Arterial blood is normally deoxygenated in tissues. Tissue oxygen extraction is dependent on tissue demand but also on the ability of the tissue to extract oxygen. Therefore, following peripheral oxygen extraction, the venous oxygen content is dependent on the arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2), on the balance between VO2 and the cardiac output (CO), and on hemoglobin (Hb) levels.
8 The Challenge of Nonrecovery

Sorensen argues that Younghill Kang has failed to be recovered into multicultural literary history or modernist studies and that this failure is instructive. The elements of Kang’s work that have made him difficult to recover resonate with larger debates about the project of critical multiculturalism and the future of Asian American Studies. Here Sorensen models his alternative mode of partial, fragmentary recovery. The outcome of such a recovery is not a vision of Kang as an unfairly deposed ancestor who finally receives his just due. Instead Sorensen recovers Kang as an uncannily absent figure, one that reminds scholars of the incompleteness of our knowledge of the periods, areas, and writing that we study.
Ultrasonic Methods for Characterizing the Interface in Composites

Micromechanical modeling studies of composite materials have highlighted the need for better characterization of the interface zone in composite materials. Bulk behavior in composites has been predicted to be strongly influenced by the local elastic properties, residual stresses, and adhesion of the interface. Techniques to nondestructively measure these newly perceived quantities of importance do not exist. Thus it is not possible experimentally to (i) confirm the micromechanical model predictions, (ii) explore the relationships between interface properties and processing variables, and (iii) ensure acceptable interface properties in commercially fabricated composites. We report here the current status of a SDIO/ONR funded research program directed at developing experimental techniques for characterizing the interface zone in composites through the use of ultrasonic interface waves [1].
Feature Construction for Dense Inline Data in Semiconductor Manufacturing Processes

Abstract: Management and analytics for inline manufacturing process data has become a critical but increasingly complex task in the semiconductor fabrication industry. The importance of new methods for construction of informative features has been accentuated by advancements in the data collection technology employed in this industry, which has recently increased sampling rates for inline data from values below 1 Hz to frequencies in excess of 10Hz. In this paper, a new feature construction method is proposed that aims to extract as much of the information accessible with these increased sampling rates as possible, while simultaneously minimizing redundancy and user involvement. The proposed method results in a meaningful dynamics inspired feature set, which provides insight into the underlying process and equipment dynamics. The advantages offered by this feature set are established using data collected at several modern 300mm fabs, for chamber and tool matching tasks, as well as wafer defect level prediction.
Psychologists and Musicians: Then and Now

Since the mid-19th century, musicians and psychologists have, from their separate perspectives, been writing about the art and science of listening to music. This chapter compares the work of three important music psychologists with the work of three musician scholars who were their contemporaries. A review of developments in the academic specialty of music cognition since the 1980s ends with a look back at the brilliant but today little known Victorian writer Violet Paget (who wrote as Vernon Lee). Her work on music listening included one of the very first surveys of listening habits and preferences.
An Opsin Monomer Scrambles Phospholipids

The G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) opsin is a phospholipid scramblase that facilitates rapid transbilayer phospholipid exchange in liposomes. The mechanism of opsin-mediated lipid scrambling is not known but it has been proposed that the lipid translocation pathway may lie within the interface created by the two protomers of an opsin dimer. To test this proposal we engineered QUAD opsin, in which four lipid-facing residues in transmembrane helix 4 are substituted with tryptophan. Herein we show that QUAD opsin has scramblase activity similar to that of the wild type protein. However, unlike wild type opsin, QUAD opsin reconstitutes as a monomer into the vesicles in which its scrambling activity is measured. In addition to the QUAD mutant, we have found that some unclassified Retinitis Pigmentosa-linked mutations (V209M and F220C in TM5 and F45L in TM1), which are otherwise functional proteins, also scramble as monomers. These results indicate that opsin dimerization is not a prerequisite for lipid scrambling.
Religious Slaughter in Europe: Balancing Animal Welfare and Religious Freedom in a Liberal Democracy

In February 2014, Denmark joined a growing list of European nations to ban kosher and halal butchering methods without pre-stunning. While this policy is a victory for the animal welfare and rights movements, it is also part of a troubling trend of European states limiting religious freedom for religious minorities. This violation of minority rights is not just a problem for liberal democracy, but I suggest it is also a challenge to animal welfare and rights globally. In this chapter, I will look at the ethical, political, and theological issues surrounding the banning of non-stun religious slaughter to underlie a practical policy recommendation that members of a liberal democracy, including proponents of animal welfare and animal rights, ought to oppose bans on kosher and halal butchering without pre-stunning for the sake of religious freedom and animal welfare. First, I will describe the requirements of religious slaughter in Judaism and Islam along with the controversy in Europe over the banning of non-stun religious slaughter. Next, I will challenge the claim that stun slaughter is more humane than non-stun slaughter. In the third section, I will discuss religious freedom and the moral status of animals within the liberal requirements of moral pluralism and secularism. Finally, I will argue that religious traditionalists and animal welfarists ought to work together to promote overall animal well-being. My purpose in this essay is not just to discuss liberal democratic principles but to engage in the deliberative process of exchanging reasons and finding common ground. Far too often groups with opposing interests work to improve their arguments against one another, but genuine deliberation involves understanding the underlying motivations for policy positions. The goal here is not to downplay the differences between animal movement proponents and religious traditionalists but to highlight the areas where their interests overlap for the benefit of animal welfare, religious freedom, and liberal democracy.
Highly efficient luminescent solar concentrators employing commercially available luminescent phosphors

Abstract Luminescent solar concentrators (LSC) have great potential for providing solar energy at a competitive cost. They are simple devices employing a luminescent material embedded in a transparent sheet with solar cells attached on the edges. The luminescent material absorbs short wavelength solar radiation and emits red-shifted light. The emission is then guided towards the sheet edges, where the concentrated light is absorbed by the solar cell to produce electricity. The commercialization of luminescent solar concentrators has been stunted by an ongoing search for an adequate luminescent species that, among other things, is UV stable and inexpensive. While luminescent phosphors exhibit these characteristics, as well as other desirable qualities, their use in LSCs has received limited attention because they are highly scattering. Here, we demonstrate that luminescent solar concentrators can effectively employ scattering luminescent phosphors in the form of films. Monte Carlo simulations are used to investigate the optimum film location (top or bottom of the LSC) and concentration of phosphor within the film. The results show that when a film with a high phosphor concentration is placed at the bottom of the LSC, escape cone losses are lower than when the film is placed at the top, which increases light concentration within LSC. Four LSCs fabricated with commercially available materials, including the luminescent phosphor, are tested at varying incident angles using a full spectrum solar simulator. Moderate flux gains are achieved with efficiencies ranging from ~1.6 to 8.6%, depending on the angle of incidence and aspect ratio (AR). These results demonstrate the potential of luminescent phosphors for LSC applications.
A note on “Convergence and best proximity points for Berinde's cyclic contraction with proximally complete property”

Recently, Sanhan and Mongkolkeha introduced the concept of Berinde's cyclic contraction, and they established some results. Unfortunately, these results seem to be incorrect. In this paper, some counterexamples are given.
Combination of Melolabial Interpolation Flap and Nasal Sidewall and Cheek Advancement Flaps Allows for Repair of Complex Compound Defects.

Background The paramedian forehead flap (PMFF) is the repair of choice for large nasal defects involving multiple cosmetic subunits. However, the PMFF may not be optimal for all patients. The combination of a melolabial interpolation flap (MLIF) and a nasal sidewall flap may serve as an alternative. Objective To present the surgical technique and aesthetic outcomes of the alternative reconstruction for surgical defects of the lower nose. Materials and methods Fourteen patients with multisubunit nasal Mohs defects reconstructed alternatively were identified from 2 academic centers in this retrospective case series. Illustrations and photographs were used to demonstrate surgical technique and outcomes. Final aesthetic results were analyzed using the Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale. Results The physician observer rated the scar outcome a mean score of 10.9 ± 3.3. Patients rated their results as a mean of 9.1 ± 4.7. The mean "Patient" Overall Opinion score was 2.3 ± 2.6 and the mean "Observer" Overall Opinion score was 1.9 ± 0.9. No patients reported problems with nasal airflow or obstruction, and cosmetic complications such as pincushioning or alar buckling were not observed. Conclusion The combined MLIF and nasal sidewall flap is an alternative repair for complex distal nasal defects.
Information Systems in Emergency Department Diagnostic Imaging

Information systems that support diagnostic imaging in emergency settings have the potential to improve efficiency, quality, and patient safety while moderating costs. The imaging value chain includes forming a diagnostic inquiry, performing a diagnostic procedure, establishing a diagnostic result, and completing communication and follow-up tasks. This cycle serves as a useful framework to assess existing information systems and emerging technologies.
Selecting subexpressions to materialize at datacenter scale

We observe significant overlaps in the computations performed by user jobs in modern shared analytics clusters. Naively computing the same subexpressions multiple times results in wasting cluster resources and longer execution times. Given that these shared cluster workloads consist of tens of thousands of jobs, identifying overlapping computations across jobs is of great interest to both cluster operators and users. Nevertheless, existing approaches support orders of magnitude smaller workloads or employ heuristics with limited effectiveness.In this paper, we focus on the problem of subexpression selection for large workloads, i.e., selecting common parts of job plans and materializing them to speed-up the evaluation of subsequent jobs. We provide an ILP-based formulation of our problem and map it to a bipartite graph labeling problem. Then, we introduce BigSubs, a vertex-centric graph algorithm to iteratively choose in parallel which subexpressions to materialize and which subexpressions to use for evaluating each job. We provide a distributed implementation of our approach using our internal SQL-like execution framework, SCOPE, and assess its effectiveness over production workloads. BigSubs supports workloads with tens of thousands of jobs, yielding savings of up to 40% in machine-hours. We are currently integrating our techniques with the SCOPE runtime in our production clusters.
How to Run the Toolkit Program on a PC

A computer program which will carry out the tests described in Chapter 2 is available free of charge from the authors. It can be downloaded from either of two Internet locations: http://ashleymac.econ.vt.edu/ashleyhome.html http://www.wkap.nl/kapis/appendices/toolzipd.exe
Diffuse Axonal Injury: Changes of Cerebral Blood Flow, Intracranial Pressure and Evoked Potentials

There are various types of diffuse brain damage as a consequence of nonmissile head injury, but it is likely that widespread tearing of nerve fibers occurs at the moment of injury in most of these patients. A number of synonyms have been proposed to denote this type of brain damage. Recently, “diffuse axonal injury (DAI)” was preferably used and the concept of DAI has been well recognized not only pathologically [1] but also clinically [2]. However, the details of its clinical features and its influence on prognosis remain to be elucidated. This prospective study was done to investigate the relationship of ICP, cerebral blood flow (CBF) and changes of multimodality evoked potentials (MEPs) with outcome in patients with DAI.
Arousal and locomotion: from schizophrenia to narcolepsy.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the brain stem control of locomotion and control the level of arousal of the nervous system. The level of arousal of the nervous system is essential to displaying a normal pattern of even simple movements. The locomotor step cycle of the manic individual is obviously hyperkinetic and that of the depressive abnormally sluggish. If the level of excitability is too high, “hyperactivity” results, if too low, bradykinesia or akinesia are evident. Such disorders can be differentiated not only by the locomotor pattern manifested but also by the unusual postures these patients exhibit. The dissociation between the “emotional” and the “motor” can only lead to an abnormal pattern of movements of varying degrees depending on the distance of the dissociation. These results suggest that there is a strong relationship between those brain stem systems modulating posture and locomotion and those modulating arousal. It is, therefore, not surprising that an integral part of movement and posture is its “emotional” context and that normal movement strategies hinge on the level of excitability or state of the system.
ONTOGENETIC CLUES TO THE PHYLOGENY OF THE VISUAL SYSTEM

The visual system of vertebrates has long presented a puzzle for evolutionary biology: Darwin himself pointed out the difficulties of understanding how such a perfect dioptric apparatus with extra- as well as intraocular muscles, motoneurons, and connections for neuronal analysis could have evolved through stages where this entire system was at best functioning rather differently. Fossil vertebrates have been of very limited help because they either had no eyes or fully developed lateral eyes. Moreover, the relationship of fossil jawless vertebrates to living vertebrates, in particular to hagfish, is largely obscure (Carroll, 1988). The gap in our knowledge of vertebrate lateral eye evolution was addressed in a number of pertinent papers at the turn of the century. The hope at that time was that studies of the organization of the visual system of primitive craniate vertebrates, like hagfish, might provide clues to the ancestral condition of jawed vertebrates. Retzius (1893) was the first to conclude that the eye of hagfish is regressed rather than primitive. Older and more recent suggestions along this line (Franz, 1934; Walls, 1942; Duke-Elder, 1958; Holmberg, 1978; Wicht and Northcutt, 1990) were rooted in the belief that hagfish are modern descendents of fossil jawless vertebrates known to have had large eyes and were supported by the apparent similarities between the hagfish eye and the regressed eyes of some amphibians (Franz, 1934; Wake, 1985) and fish (Franz, 1934; Peters and Peters, 1984). Unfortunately, the differences between the retinae of jawless (Holmberg, 1978) and jawed vertebrates have not been put into an evolutionary context. Consequently, the substantial evidence for evolutionary changes at least in the neural retina as presented here went unrecognized for almost a century.
Evidence for ancient lakes in the Hellas region

This chapter summarizes the geomorphic settings of the Hellas region from previously published observations, which were analyzed and mapped by numerous authors using orbital datasets from several instruments and missions over the past four decades. The Hellas region, due to its size, age, and diversity of landforms, provides insight into a long record of dynamic and complex geomorphic processes on Mars that likely varied in response to fluctuations in climate. The unmodified term Hellas refers to the part of the region that is enclosed by the topographic rim of the Hellas impact structure, and therefore includes both uplifted highlands terrain and an infilled inner basin, Hellas Planitia. The broad physiography of Hellas is defined by the regional slope toward the center of the basin, which serves as a natural trap for material eroded from the surrounding highlands. Ubiquitous valley networks and channels, formed by water, dissect the entire periphery of Hellas. Well-developed inward-facing scarps, abrupt changes in morphology, zones of differentially cratered terrain, and characteristic sequences of layered deposits that occur at comparable elevations around Hellas provide evidence for paleolake shorelines. The morphology and mineralogy of the extensive band of reticulate material along the –5800 m contour in western Hellas are suggestive of an aqueous environment, perhaps marking the margin of an ice-covered lake. The abrupt change in texture marking the contact between the plains unit and lower mantling unit, both interpreted to be fluvial or lake sediment, is associated with this contour were not obscured by subsequent volcanic deposits.
Evaluation of a pectin agar medium for isolation of Yersinia enterocolitica within 48 hours.

A modified pectin agar medium was evaluated for the rapid isolation and presumptive identification of Yersinia enterocolitica . Of 118 isolates of Enterobacteriaceae tested, only the 13 Y. enterocolitica and the three Klebsiella oxytoca strains produced colonies that depressed and sank into the agar. Yersinia enterocolitica was also easily identified in mixed cultures, even from inocula containing three times as many other Enterobacteriaceae organisms as Y. enterocolitica . The recovery of Y. enterocolitica was evaluated on Mueller-Hinton, pectin, Hektoen enteric, xylose lysine desoxycholate, Salmonella- Shigella, and MacConkey agars. Compared with Mueller- Hinton agar, the pectin agar showed a 100% recovery of Y. enterocolitica , with all strains having depressed colonies, while the other media showed lesser recoveries of only 5 to 25%, with no other discriminating colonial characteristic.
Aortic regurgitation after arterial switch operation.

In the early 1980s, Jatene developed the arterial switch operation (ASO), which soon became the preferred surgery for d-loop transposition of the great arteries (TGA). This operation includes translocation of the pulmonary artery and aorta above the sinuses, often with a Lecompte maneuver (bringing
Stability and Sensitivity of CBF Indices in the Noninvasive 133Xe Method

Although the two-compartment model for 133Xe inhalation/IV injection studies (Obrist et al. 1975) has proven useful in a variety of applications, under certain pathologic conditions the computed CBF parameters become quite unstable due to shifts in compartment size (Risberg et al. 1975). This phenomenon, referred to as “slippage,” applies not only to the noninvasive method, but also to compartmental variables of the intracarotid 133Xe technique (Waltz et al. 1972; Iliff et al. 1974; Heiss et al. 1975; Enevoldsen and Jensen 1977).
Libido and Learning: Psychosocial Models

Same-sex eroticism is a problem for most moralists and many scientists. As this chapter’s epigraphs suggest, same-sex erotic attraction is often seen as a contagion, and people who have such desires are seen sometimes as dangerous predators of innocent children. Even people who believe that same-sex erotic attraction is inherited may worry that children will learn to be “gay” from hearing about “gay” people’s lives, watching “gay” characters on television, or having intimate physical contact with someone of the same-sex. Many religious fundamentalists of various stripes—Christian, Islamic, and ultra-orthodox Judaism—believe that same- sex erotic attraction is easily acquired and a deadly threat. Some Christian fundamentalists describe same-sex eroticism as a potent virus1 that is strategically designed to break through fragile “heterosexual” defenses and infect and destroy “our” most cherished (heterosexual) traditions (Dannemeyer, 1989; Dobson & Bauer, 1990). In fact, fear of same-sex erotic attraction is at the core of contemporary Western culture. For over 100 years, Western culture has obsessed about male same-sex eroticism, which is the primary reason why scientific theories of erotic attraction are largely theories of male homosexuality. Male-male eroticism has been seen in this culture as a critical social and moral problem that demands explanation and remedy. Female-female eroticism, on the other hand, has been far less of a cultural concern and has received little attention, scientific or otherwise. And, male- female eroticism, while requiring defense against deviant forms of sexuality, has been viewed as normal, natural, automatic, and needing no explanation.
Synthesis of Halogenated Anilines by Treatment of N, N-Dialkylaniline N-Oxides with Thionyl Halides.

The special reactivity of N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides allows practical and convenient access to electron-rich aryl halides. A complementary pair of reaction protocols allow for the selective para-bromination or ortho-chlorination of N,N-dialkylanilines in up to 69% isolated yield. The generation of a diverse array of halogenated anilines is made possible by a temporary oxidation level increase of N,N-dialkylanilines to the corresponding N,N-dialkylaniline N-oxides and the excision of the resultant weak N–O bond via treatment with thionyl bromide or thionyl chloride at low temperature.
A Critical Analysis on the Thin Crystalline Silicon PV Module of the Lightweight PV System

This work provides an analysis of the thin crystalline silicon PV module for a Lightweight PV (LPV) system. We first examine the advantages of the LPV system and then discuss the technical and economic challenges of the thin crystalline silicon PV module in assisting LPV system development for future market penetration. A critical analysis is conducted on the efficiency and yield challenge, and the system weight and costs reduction of thin crystalline silicon PV for the future development of the LPV system. It has shown that the key in speeding up thin silicon LPV market diffusion lies in developing cost-effective passivation and light trapping methods, as well as high-yield thin silicon fabrication technologies.
The Phylogenomic Diversity of Herbivore-Associated Fibrobacter spp. Is Correlated to Lignocellulose-Degrading Potential

Members of the genus Fibrobacter are cellulose-degrading bacteria and common constituents of the gastrointestinal microbiota of herbivores. Although considerable phylogenetic diversity is observed among members of this group, few functional differences explaining the distinct ecological distributions of specific phylotypes have been described. In this study, we sequenced and performed a comparative analysis of whole genomes from 38 novel Fibrobacter strains against the type strains for the two formally described Fibrobacter species F. succinogenes strain S85 and F. intestinalis strain NR9. Significant differences in the number of genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzyme families involved in plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation were observed among Fibrobacter phylotypes. F. succinogenes genomes were consistently enriched in genes encoding carbohydrate-active enzymes compared to those of F. intestinalis strains. Moreover, genomes of F. succinogenes phylotypes that are dominant in the rumen had significantly more genes annotated to major families involved in hemicellulose degradation (e.g., CE6, GH10, and GH43) than did the genomes of F. succinogenes phylotypes typically observed in the lower gut of large hindgut-fermenting herbivores such as horses. Genes encoding a putative urease were also identified in 12 of the Fibrobacter genomes, which were primarily isolated from hindgut-fermenting hosts. Screening for growth on urea as the sole source of nitrogen provided strong evidence that the urease was active in these strains. These results represent the strongest evidence reported to date for specific functional differences contributing to the ecology of Fibrobacter spp. in the herbivore gut.IMPORTANCE The herbivore gut microbiome is incredibly diverse, and a functional understanding of this diversity is needed to more reliably manipulate this community for specific gain, such as increased production in ruminant livestock. Microbial degraders of plant cell wall polysaccharides in the herbivore gut, particularly Fibrobacter spp., are of fundamental importance to their hosts for digestion of a diet consisting primarily of recalcitrant plant fibers. Considerable phylogenetic diversity exists among members of the genus Fibrobacter, but much of this diversity remains cryptic. Here, we used comparative genomics, applied to a diverse collection of recently isolated Fibrobacter strains, to identify a robust association between carbohydrate-active enzyme gene content and the Fibrobacter phylogeny. Our results provide the strongest evidence reported to date for functional differences among Fibrobacter phylotypes associated with either the rumen or the hindgut and emphasize the general significance of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the evolution of fiber-degrading bacteria.