cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nucleic acid amplification tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Conventional tests for tuberculous pleuritis have several limitations. A variety of new, rapid tests such as nucleic acid amplification tests – including polymerase chain reaction – have been evaluated in recent times. We conducted a systematic review to determine the accuracy of nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests in the diagnosis of tuberculous pleuritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis of 38 English and Spanish articles (with 40 studies), identified via searches of six electronic databases, hand searching of selected journals, and contact with authors, experts, and test manufacturers. Sensitivity, specificity, and other measures of accuracy were pooled using random effects models. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were used to summarize overall test performance. Heterogeneity in study results was formally explored using subgroup analyses. Of the 40 studies included, 26 used in-house ("home-brew") tests, and 14 used commercial tests. Commercial tests had a low overall sensitivity (0.62; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.43, 0.77), and high specificity (0.98; 95% CI 0.96, 0.98). The positive and negative likelihood ratios for commercial tests were 25.4 (95% CI 16.2, 40.0) and 0.40 (95% CI 0.24, 0.67), respectively. All commercial tests had consistently high specificity estimates; the sensitivity estimates, however, were heterogeneous across studies. With the in-house tests, both sensitivity and specificity estimates were significantly heterogeneous. Clinically meaningful summary estimates could not be determined for in-house tests. Our results suggest that commercial NAA tests may have a potential role in confirming (ruling in) tuberculous pleuritis. However, these tests have low and variable sensitivity and, therefore, may not be useful in excluding (ruling out) the disease. NAA test results, therefore, cannot replace conventional tests; they need to be interpreted in parallel with clinical findings and results of conventional tests. The accuracy of in-house nucleic acid amplification tests is poorly defined because of heterogeneity in study results. The clinical applicability of in-house NAA tests remains unclear.
Complete scene structure from four point correspondences

A technique is presented for computing 3D scene structure from point and line features in monocular image sequences. Unlike previous methods, the technique guarantees the completeness of the recovered scene, ensuring that every scene feature that is detected in each image is reconstructed. The approach relies on the presence of four or more reference features whose correspondences are known in all the images. Under an orthographic or affine camera model, the parallax of the reference features provides constraints that simplify the recovery of the rest of the visible scene. An efficient recursive algorithm is described that uses a unified framework for point and line features. The algorithm integrates the tasks of feature correspondence and structure recovery, ensuring that all reconstructible features are tracked. In addition, the algorithm is immune to outliers and feature drift, two weaknesses of existing structure from motion techniques. Experimental results are presented for real images. >
Simultaneous implementation of Six Sigma and knowledge management in hospitals

Six Sigma programmes aspire to reduce variation in organizational processes and achieve clear financial results. Six Sigma initiatives have proven to be an effective technique for improving quality in manufacturing. Similarly, the importance of knowledge management has grown considerably in recent years and has emerged as a major source of competitive advantage for manufacturing firms. From the perspective of a decision support system, knowledge management is concerned with information acquisition, dissemination, and responsiveness. Little research has examined simultaneous applications of Six Sigma and knowledge management. The purpose of this paper is to explore the usefulness of knowledge management for the implementation of Six Sigma in hospitals. We hypothesize that knowledge management will enhance the implementation of Six Sigma by leading to improvements of quality programme results and sustainable competitive advantage. The results of hierarchical regression analysis demonstrate that knowledge ma...
Geographic diversity cline of R gene homologs in wild populations of Solanum pimpinellifolium (Solanaceae).

Plant resistance ( R ) genes tend to be highly variable within plant species and are thought to be under natural selection; however, little is known about the geographic distribution of R gene diversity within and among plant populations. To determine the possible roles of demography and selection on R gene evolution, patterns of diversity at the multigenic Cf-2 R gene family were studied in Solanum pimpinellifolium populations along the northern coast of Peru. Population diversity levels of Cf-2 homologs follow a latitudinal cline, consistent with the species ’ s history of gradual colonization of the Peruvian coast and population variation in outcrossing levels. Although previous evidence suggests that selection has shaped the DNA sequence content of the Cf-2 genes, current results imply that the geographic distribution of Cf-2 homolog diversity has been shaped primarily by demographic factors or by selective pressures with a clinal distribution.
Reduced use of intensive care after liver transplantation: patient attributes that determine early transfer to surgical wards.

Part 1 of our report, presented in the same issue of the Journal, shows that immediate postoperative extubation and direct transfer to the surgical ward is safe and reduces reliance on the intensive care unit in most liver transplant recipients. However, there is no method to preoperatively predict which patients will need ventilatory support after surgery. To address this issue, we examined the relationship between perioperative patient attributes and extubation outcome in patients entered into our immediate postoperative extubation study from 1996 to 1998. Variables chosen stemmed from considerations in the literature. We examined the influence of 13 preoperative and 6 intraoperative factors on extubation outcome. Preoperative attributes included sex, race, diagnosis, United Network for Organ Sharing status, Child-Pugh score, presence of a portosystemic shunt, ascites, encephalopathy, coagulation, age, body mass index (BMI), creatinine level, and year of surgery. Intraoperative factors were type of surgery, surgeon, anesthesiologist, number of red blood cells administered, length of surgery, and surgical start time. Female sex (P = .02), BMI of 32 or greater (P = .015), portosystemic shunt (P = .022), and encephalopathy (P = .041) were associated with no attempt by the physician to extubate, whereas encephalopathy (P = .01) and BMI of 34 or greater (P = .002) were associated with failure to meet criteria for postoperative extubation (described in part 1 of this study). We conclude there are limited factors that predict an increased risk for postoperative respiratory failure in liver transplant recipients. Our results indicate that physicians are conservative in their approach to extubation immediately after surgery, and sole reliance on physician judgment to determine suitability for postoperative extubation leads to unnecessary use of postoperative cardiopulmonary support.
The matrix secreted by 804G cells contains laminin-related components that participate in hemidesmosome assembly in vitro

Hemidesmosomes are important adhesion devices found in epithelial cells. They connect the intermediate filament cytoskeleton network with components of the basement membrane zone. 804G cells are an unusual epithelial cell line, since they form bona fide hemidesmosomes when plated on glass or plastic. In this study we tested an hypothesis: that this ability is a consequence of an extracellular component produced by the 804G cells. As probes for our study we generated a rabbit antiserum (J18) and monoclonal antibodies against components of urea-solubilized 804G matrix. Antibodies in the J18 serum recognize major lectin-binding polypeptides of 150, 140 and 135 kDa in the 804G matrix. A monoclonal antibody (5C5) that shows reactivity with the 150 and 135 kDa polypeptides in western immunoblots immunoprecipitates all three molecular mass species, indicating that these polypeptides are part of a matrix complex. Moreover, one, at least, of these matrix elements is immunologically related to laminin, since J18 antibodies selected on fusion protein fragments of a newly characterized laminin variant, laminin B2t (Kallunki et al., J. Cell Biol., 119, 679-694, 1992), react with the 140 kDa polypeptide component of the 804G cell matrix. To undertake functional analyses of 804G matrix, cells of the human epidermal carcinoma line SCC12, which do not assemble bona fide hemidesmosomes in vitro, were cultured on 804G matrix for 24 h and then analysed by confocal immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. In SCC12 cells maintained on 804G cell matrix, hemidesmosomal antigens localize in a distinctive leopard spot pattern that mirrors the distribution of 804G matrix elements. Furthermore, ultrastructural analysis reveals that the 804G cell matrix supports the formation of 'mature' hemidesmosomes by SCC12 cells. Thus 804G cell matrix is a remarkable tool for hemidesmosome studies and it will now be of great importance to determine the exact composition of the 804G matrix, especially its structural and antigenic relationship to laminins.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α Is Essential for Cell Cycle Arrest during Hypoxia

A classical cellular response to hypoxia is a cessation of growth. Hypoxia-induced growth arrest differs in different cell types but is likely an essential aspect of the response to wounding and injury. An important component of the hypoxic response is the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) transcription factor. Although this transcription factor is essential for adaptation to low oxygen levels, the mechanisms through which it influences cell cycle arrest, including the degree to which it cooperates with the tumor suppressor protein p53, remain poorly understood. To determine broadly relevant aspects of HIF-1 function in primary cell growth arrest, we examined two different primary differentiated cell types which contained a deletable allele of the oxygen-sensitive component of HIF-1, the HIF-1alpha gene product. The two cell types were murine embryonic fibroblasts and splenic B lymphocytes; to determine how the function of HIF-1alpha influenced p53, we also created double-knockout (HIF-1alpha null, p53 null) strains and cells. In both cell types, loss of HIF-1alpha abolished hypoxia-induced growth arrest and did this in a p53-independent fashion. Surprisingly, in all cases, cells lacking both p53 and HIF-1alpha genes have completely lost the ability to alter the cell cycle in response to hypoxia. In addition, we have found that the loss of HIF-1alpha causes an increased progression into S phase during hypoxia, rather than a growth arrest. We show that hypoxia causes a HIF-1alpha-dependent increase in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27; we also find that hypophosphorylation of retinoblastoma protein in hypoxia is HIF-1alpha dependent. These data demonstrate that the transcription factor HIF-1 is a major regulator of cell cycle arrest in primary cells during hypoxia.
A cognitive apprenticeship for science literacy based on journalism

The Science Literacy through Science Journalism (SciJourn) project aims to reframe the discussion of science literacy for citizenship, and explore how science journalism practices can be used to inform a cognitive apprenticeship that increases the science literacy of participants. This symposium features four paper presentations that report on the progress of the SciJourn project. We report on the development of standards for science content literacy based on the expertise exhibited by science journalists, assessment measures for science literacy, and assessment measures for engagement with science and technology. Finally, we describe our efforts aimed at apprenticing high-school aged learners into a science journalism community of practice spanning multiple schools and a community-based organization.
Hyperhomocysteinemia Evoked by Folate Depletion: Effects on Coronary and Carotid Arterial Function

High circulating concentrations of homocysteine (ie, hyperhomocysteinemia [Hhcy]) impair the vascular function of peripheral conduit arteries and arterioles perfusing splanchnic and skeletal muscle regions. The effects of HHcy on coronary resistance vessel function and other indexes of vascular function, ie, arterial permeability and stiffening, are unclear. We tested the hypotheses that HHcy impairs coronary resistance vessel reactivity; increases carotid arterial permeability; and initiates arterial stiffening. Male rats that consumed folate-replete (CON, n=44) or folate-deplete (HHcy, n=48) chow for 4 to 5 weeks had total plasma homocysteine concentrations of 7+/-2 or 58+/-4 micromol/L, respectively. Maximal acetylcholine-evoked relaxation (approximately 40% vs approximately 60%) and tension development from baseline in response to nitric oxide synthase inhibition (approximately 20% vs approximately 40%) were lower (both P<0.05) in coronary resistance vessels (approximately 120 microm, internal diameter) isolated from HHcy versus CON animals, respectively, whereas sodium nitroprusside-evoked relaxation and contractile responses to serotonin and potassium chloride were similar between groups. Permeability to 4400 MW and 65 000 MW fluorescently labeled (TRITC) dextran reference macromolecules (quantitative fluorescence microscopy) was approximately 44% and approximately 24% greater (P<0.05), respectively, in carotid arteries from HHcy versus CON rats. Maximal strain, evaluated by using a vessel elastigraph, was less ( approximately 32% vs 42%, P<0.05) in carotid arterial segments from HHcy versus CON animals, respectively. Finally, estimates of oxidative (copper-zinc+manganese superoxide dismutase activity) and glycoxidative (pentosidine) stress were elevated (P<0.05) in arterial tissue from HHcy versus CON rats. These findings suggest that moderately severe HHcy evoked by folate-depletion impairs endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary resistance vessels, increases carotid arterial permeability, and initiates arterial stiffening. HHcy may produce these effects by a mechanism associated with increased oxidative and glycoxidative stress.
ForCent model development and testing using the Enriched Background Isotope Study experiment

soil organic matter pools. ForCent model validation was performed by comparing the observed Enriched Background Isotope Study experimental data with simulated live and dead root biomass D 14 C data, and with soil respiration D 14 C (mineral soil, humus layer, leaf litter layer, and total soil respiration) data. Results show that the model correctly simulates the impact of the Enriched Background Isotope Study 14 C experimental treatments on soil respiration D 14 C values for the different soil organic matter pools. Model results suggest that a two‐pool root growth model correctly represents root carbon dynamics and inputs to the soil. The model fitting process and sensitivity analysis exposed uncertainty in our estimates of the fraction of mineral soil in the slow and passive pools, dissolved organic carbon flux out of the litter layer into the mineral soil, and mixing of the humus layer into the mineral soil layer.
Treatment of acute myeloid leukemia with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation provides the most powerful antileukemic effect in the treatment of acute myeloid leukemia. Due to its significant morbidity and mortality, it should be used in first remission patients whose relapse risk is substantial. Reduced intensity transplantation is safer and extends the application of early transplantation to older patients and those with comorbidities. In patients with advanced disease, allotransplantation provides a lower chance for cure, but is often the only curative treatment available. Advances in histocompatibility typing and supportive care have improved results of allogeneic transplantation in acute myeloid leukemia.
Inhibition of β-catenin/p300 interaction proximalizes mouse embryonic lung epithelium

Wnt/β-catenin signaling has been suggested to regulate proximal-distal determination of embryonic lung epithelium based upon genetically modified mouse models. The previously identified and characterized small molecule inhibitor IQ1 can pharmacologically decrease the interaction between β-catenin and its transcriptional coactivator p300, thereby enhancing the β-catenin/CBP interaction. Inhibition of the β-catenin/p300 interaction by IQ1 blocks the differentiation of embryonic stem cells and epicardial progenitor cells; however, whether differential coactivator usage by β-catenin plays a role in proximal-distal determination of lung epithelium is unknown. We examined the effects of inhibiting the β-catenin/p300 interaction with IQ1 on lung branching morphogenesis in mouse embryos in utero and mouse embryonic lung organ culture ex vivo. The phenotype of IQ1 treated lungs was analyzed by epithelial staining, histology, quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. Inhibition of the β-catenin/p300 interaction by IQ1 disrupted the distal branching of mouse lung epithelium both in utero and ex vivo. IQ1 proximalized lung epithelium with decreased expression of the genes Bmp4 and Fgf10, hallmarks of distal lung determination, and increased expression of the proximal genes Sox2 and Scgb1a1 (CC10) as shown by quantitative PCR and in situ hybridization. The disruption of branching was reversible ex vivo as branching was reinitiated after removal of IQ1 from the media. The results demonstrate that the β-catenin/p300 interaction plays a critical role in proximal-distal determination of the epithelium in mouse lung branching morphogenesis and β-catenin/p300 inhibition pharmacologically proximalizes lung epithelium.
Estimation of Operation Time for Soil Vapor Extraction Systems

Soil vapor extraction (SVE) has become an acceptable method of removing volatile organic compounds from soil. However, determining the length of time these systems should operate has been historically difficult. This paper presents a procedure for determining this length of operation. The procedure incorporates principles of uncertainty analysis, contaminant transport, and decision theory. An example is provided to illustrate the use of the procedure. Additional analysis of the results shows that a simple calculation can be made that will determine if a SVE system that has been operating for a period of time and is in the later stages of contaminant removal should continue to operate. This calculation consists of dividing the cost of treating the remaining contaminated soil with an alternative method (e.g., ex situ biological treatment) by the annual operation and maintenance cost and comparing this ratio to the inverse of the interest rate. If this ratio is less than the inverse of the interest rate the system should be shut off.
Genetic variants of alphas1-CN in goat milk: breed distribution and associations with milk composition and coagulation properties

One dairy goat herd of mixed breeds was investigated for frequency of genetic variants of alphas1-casein (as1-CN) and relationships between the genetic variants, milk composition, coagulation properties, and breed. Milk composition (percent total solids, solids-non-fats (SNF), fat, protein, casein, and as1-CN), genetic variants of as1-CN, and coagulation properties (coagulation time, coagulation rate, and curd firmness) were determined for the milk of 93 individual goats. The elution order of the as1-CN genetic variants by reverse-phase high pressure liquid chromatography was D, F, (E and B3), C, A, B2 or B1. The frequencies of individual variants, in descending order, were F (52.7%), E (18.3%), A (9.7%), B1 or B2 (4.8%), O and D (4.8% each), C (2.7%), and B3 (2.2%). The most common allele combinations were F/F (37.6%), F/E (10.8%), and E/E (10.8%). Milks containing at least one ‘high type’ genetic variant (as1-CN A, B1, B2, B3, or C) contained higher percent total solids, SNF, protein, and as1-CN than milks that contained only ‘low type’ variants (as1-CN F or D) or were homozygous for the null variant (as1-CN O/O). Alphas1-CN genetic variants were not highly correlated with coagulation properties. Milk from Nubians was more likely to contain a high type genetic variant than Alpine milk. # 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Fivefold Virtue: Reformulating Mencian Moral Psychology in Han Dynasty China

This article examines Confucian ethics in Han Dynasty China in light of the newly discovered silk manuscript known as the ‘Essay on the Five Phases’ (wuxingpian). This manuscript demonstrates the growing importance of the relationship between ethics and natural philosophy in early imperial China. Consistent with other Han attempts to reconcile conflicting Confucian models of self‐cultivation, the silk manuscript represents an adaptation of the theory of human nature developed by the followers of Mencius (Mengzi , c. 371‐c. 289 B.C.E.) to the understanding of the relationship between the body and the cosmos developed in HuangLao technical literature. The appeal of the ‘Essay on the Five Phases’ to this discourse not only provides insight into development of Confucianism in the Han, but also provides early evidence of the attempt to synthesize models for governing the human world according to the same correlative schemata believed to govern the natural world.1
An architecture for dialogue management, context tracking, and pragmatic adaptation in spoken dialogue systems

This paper details a software architecture for discourse processing in spoken dialogue systems, where the three component tasks of discourse processing are (1) Dialogue Management, (2) Context Tracking, and (3) Pragmatic Adaptation. We define these three component tasks and describe their roles in a complex, near-future scenario in which multiple humans interact with each other and with computers in multiple, simultaneous dialogue exchanges. This paper reports on the software modules that accomplish the three component tasks of discourse processing, and an architecture for the interaction among these modules and with other modules of the spoken dialogue system. A motivation of this work is reusable discourse processing software for integration with non-discourse modules in spoken dialogue systems. We document the use of this architecture and its components in several prototypes, and also discuss its potential application to spoken dialogue systems defined in the near-future scenario.
Effects of interferon in combination with cytotoxic drugs on mouse bladder tumor (MBT-2) growth in vitro and in vivo.

The effects of interferon alone and in combination with either adriamycin, mitomycin C or thiotepa were evaluated for antiproliferative activity for the mouse bladder tumor, MBT-2. In vitro dose response studies with adriamycin, mitomycin C and thiotepa showed dose dependent antiproliferative activity over a concentration range of .001 microgram./ml. to 10 microgram./ml. Interferon also exhibited dose dependent inhibition over a dose range of 250 units/ml. to 4000 units/ml. Comparative in vitro antiproliferative studies showed adriamycin to consistently be the most inhibitory cytotoxic drug followed by mitomycin C and thiotepa. Interferon and thiotepa produce similar (35%) inhibition at the highest concentrations studied. In vitro studies assessing the effects of interferon (1000 units/ml.) combined with each cytotoxic drug (0.01 to 1.0 microgram./ml.) were performed. The most effective combination was observed to be interferon and adriamycin. In three of four experiments either additivity or synergism was observed while consistently augmented activity was not observed with interferon combined with either thiotepa or mitomycin C. In vivo studies on MBT-2 tumors implanted intravesically showed no antitumor activity for adriamycin alone, interferon alone or a combination of both. These results show that combination intravesical therapy with interferon and adriamycin is not an effective treatment regimen in the mouse model when administered as described in this report. These data further suggest that combinations of interferon and cytotoxic drugs may not provide improved response rates in patients treated for superficial bladder tumors.
Opportunity or risk? How news organizations frame social media in their guidelines for journalists

ABSTRACTGuided by regulatory focus theory and framing, the present study analyzes how U.S. and British mainstream news organizations (N = 12) frame the current social media environment in their social media guidelines. The results indicate that news organizations dominantly frame the new environment as a risk to guard against, warning of the possible harm to their reputations and journalism norms such as accuracy and objectivity (prevention-focused), rather than as an opportunity to actively take advantage of (promotion-focused).
‘The Pathetic Side of the World’: Hardy and Theodore Dreiser

On 2 June 1920, Thomas Hardy’s eightieth birthday, a group of distinguished American writers, among them Sherwood Anderson, Van Wyck Brooks, Robert Frost, E. A. Robinson, Carl Sandburg and Theodore Dreiser, cabled Hardy to wish him well and to express gratitude for his ‘living contribution to our literature’. The word ‘living’ was an appropriate one, for ever since June 1873, when Holt and Williams of New York published Under the Greenwood Tree in the Leisure Hours series, Hardy’s novels had enjoyed an extraordinary popularity in America — among critics and reviewers, with the general public, and, perhaps most importantly, among American novelists such as William Dean Howells, Sherwood Anderson, Ellen Glasgow, Willa Cather, Hamlin Garland and Theodore Dreiser.1 Though the main concern here is Hardy’s influence on Dreiser, it is helpful to note also some of the responses of other American novelists to the Wessex Novels; for it is clear that Dreiser’s admiration for Hardy, like Proust’s in France a few years later, was part of a national response.
“Your Reasonings Carry My Judgment”: Deception, Mischief, and Satanic Persuasion in Austen’s Emma

Jane Austen studies in recent decades have become increasingly preoccupied with themes of religion and secularity. Colin Jager addresses the problem of the seeming “lack—one might even say avoidanc...
Lessons for massively parallel applications on message passing computers

A decade's work on message passing MIMD (multiple instruction-multiple data) parallel computers in the areas of hardware, software, and applications is reviewed. The author concludes that distributed memory parallel computing works, and he describes the implications of this for future portable software systems. He claims that the message passing model was and will continue to be very successful. The vendors will build better hardware with lower communication latency and reasonable t/sub comm//t/sub calc/ >
Combination of Bortezomib with Tipifarnib (R115777) Induces Synergistic Myeloma Cell Apoptosis Via Down-Regulation of HDAC6 and Inhibition of Aggresome Formation.

Background: We have previously demonstrated that the combination of bortezomib and a farnesyl transferase inhibitor (FTI) induce synergistic myeloma cell apoptosis, and that maximal cell death is sequence dependent (AACR meeting-2004, ASH meeting -2005, David, E. et.al., Blood, (2005)106: 4322–4329,). The mechanism responsible for this synergy has been poorly understood. As FTI’s are known to downregulate HDAC6 expression, we further evaluated alternative mechanisms responsible for the observed synergy between bortezomib and tipifarnib. Methods: Myeloma cell lines and primary human myeloma cells were used for the analysis. Confocal microscopy was used to assess ubiquitination in RPMI8226 cells exposed to each drug combination. Western blot analysis and flow cytometry were used to assess phospho-protein expression and apoptosis in MM.1S cell line. Results: The use of tipifarnib and bortezomib resulted in a time dependent reduction in HDAC6 expression as measured by western blot. Confocal images revealed that bortezomib treatment, both alone and in combination with tipifarnib resulted in an accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins, suggesting a disruption of the aggresome complex. Moreover, a potential sequence-dependent antagonistic affect was observed when tipifarnib was given prior to bortezomib resulting in the reduction of ubiquitination. Additional experiments also demonstrated that apoptosis induced by the combination was only partially inhibited by the pan-caspase inhibitor ZVAD-FMK. This led us to explore caspase independent causes of apoptosis. Inhibition of cathepsins demonstrated overall apoptosis was significantly inhibited, suggesting that both caspase independent and dependent pathways are important in myeloma cell apoptosis induced by this potent combination. Although FTI alone inhibited GO/G1/S phases to some level, only the combination of bortezomib and tipifarnib resulted in the enhanced level of apoptosis which was confirmed by different biochemical methods. Conclusion: The use of a FTI represents an important and alternative mechanism by which to inhibit HDAC6 and thus the aggresome pathway of protein degradation. Given that combinations of bortezomib and aggresome inhibition have been shown to be very active in vitro and in animal models, this approach represents an attractive method by which to target both critical pathways of protein degradation within malignant cells.
The role of the neutrophil in myocardial ischemia and reperfusion.

The purpose of this chapter is to discuss the potential mechanisms by which neutrophil-mediated inflammatory injury may complicate myocardial ischemia. It should be emphasized that no one seriously proposes that the primary injury associated with myocardial ischemia is inflammatory in nature, rather our goal is to describe mechanisms of reaction to injury and to present evidence suggesting that this secondary reaction might extend and complicate cardiac injury associated with ischemia.
Evaluating Local News on the Radio: A National Survey of Radio Station Executives

News radio stations function as major sources of local news and information for their listeners, but radio stations across the United States are facing unprecedented challenges with constant drops ...
Global Increase in Replication Fork Speed during a p57KIP2-Regulated Erythroid Cell Fate Switch

Cell cycle regulators are increasingly implicated in cell fate decisions such as the acquisition or loss of pluripotency and self-renewal potential. The cell cycle mechanisms that regulate these cell fate decisions are largely unknown. Here we studied an S phase- dependent cell fate switch in the erythroid fetal liver, in which murine early erythroid progenitors transition in vivo from a self-renewal state into a phase of active erythroid gene transcription and concurrent maturational cell divisions. In the fetal liver, this transition corresponds to the transition from subset S0 (CD71-low, Ter119-negative) to subset S1 (CD71-high, Ter119-negative). We found that the S0 to S1 transition takes place during an S phase that is abruptly shorter (decreasing from 7 hours to 4 hours). Further, self-renewing S0 cells uniquely express the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p57KIP2 during S phase. To investigate its potential role, we studied DNA replication in vitro and in vivo in p57KIP2 -deficient fetal liver progenitors, employing a variety of techniques, including DNA combing. We found that S0 erythroid progenitors are dependent on p57KIP2-mediated slowing of replication forks for self-renewal, either in vivo, or in dexamethasone-dependent expansion cultures in vitro. The switch from self-renewal in S0 to differentiation in wild-type S1 progenitors entails rapid downregulation of p57KIP2 with a consequent global increase in replication fork speed and an abruptly shorter S phase. In the absence of p57KIP2, replication fork processivity increases prematurely in self-renewing S0 cells, prior to the activation of the erythroid transcriptional program (Figure 1), resulting in replicative stress and cell death. It is well established that differentiation leads to reprogramming of DNA replication, reflected by changes to origin usage and to the timing of replication of chromatin domains. Here we find that the replication program is fundamentally altered in additional key respects: the global processivity of replication forks, regulated by CDK activity, increases abruptly with the switch from self-renewal to differentiation, affecting DNA synthesis rates and S phase duration. Our results are also of interest since the regulation of replication kinetics was thought to be primarily via the regulation of origin firing efficiency, rather than via fork processivity. Here we found no difference in the former (there was no significant change in inter-origin distances, Figure 1). While the full significance of faster forks to the activation of the erythroid transcriptional program is yet to be understood, a recent report found that T cell help leads to faster forks and a shorter S phase in B cells (Gitlin et al., Science 349, 643-646 2015). Regulation of global fork speed may therefore be an intrinsic part of physiological developmental programs. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Brachytherapy in the Management of Prostate Cancer

Brachytherapy is performed by directly inserting radioactive sources into the prostate gland and is an important treatment option for appropriately selected men with prostate adenocarcinoma. Brachytherapy provides highly conformal radiotherapy and delivers tumoricidal doses that exceed those administered with external beam radiation therapy. There is a significant body of literature supporting the excellent long-term oncologic and safety outcomes achieved when brachytherapy is used for men in all risk categories of nonmetastatic prostate cancer. This article highlights some important considerations and published outcomes that relate to brachytherapy and its role in the treatment of prostate cancer.
Getting Personal!: Twitter Communication between School Districts, Superintendents, and the Public.

The purpose of this study is to examine the Twitter communication between school districts, superintendents, and the public. Content analysis of the tweets posted by the 100 largest U.S. school dis...
From Ensemble Clustering to Multi-View Clustering.

Multi-View Clustering (MVC) aims to find the cluster structure shared by multiple views of a particular dataset. Existing MVC methods mainly integrate the raw data from different views, while ignoring the high-level information. Thus, their performance may degrade due to the conflict between heterogeneous features and the noises existing in each individual view. To overcome this problem, we propose a novel Multi-View Ensemble Clustering (MVEC) framework to solve MVC in an Ensemble Clustering (EC) way, which generates Basic Partitions (BPs) for each view individually and seeks for a consensus partition among all the BPs. By this means, we naturally leverage the complementary information of multi-view data in the same partition space. Instead of directly fusing BPs, we employ the low-rank and sparse decomposition to explicitly consider the connection between different views and detect the noises in each view. Moreover, the spectral ensemble clustering task is also involved by our framework with a carefully designed constraint, making MVEC a unified optimization framework to achieve the final consensus partition. Experimental results on six real-world datasets show the efficacy of our approach compared with both MVC and EC methods.
Quality improvement in neurology: Essential Tremor Quality Measurement Set.

Essential tremor (ET) is one of the most common movement disorders in the world, with prevalence rates in the general population ranging from 0.4% to 4.6%.1,2 The incidence of ET increases with age,1 with the average age at onset in mid-to-late 40s.3 ET is estimated to affect as many as 7 to 10 million Americans.3,4 Clinically, ET is characterized by bilateral, symmetric, postural tremor in hands and forearms, with or without kinetic tremor, in the absence of abnormal posturing or task specificity.5 ET can also affect lower extremities, head, and voice.6,7 Symptoms may be barely noticeable, or severe and disabling. The authors thank the ET Quality Measurement Set Work Group members for their dedication, time, energy, contributions, and work that supported the development of this manuscript: Theresa A. Zesiewicz, MD, FAAN (American Academy of Neurology); Kelly L. Sullivan, PhD, MSPH (American Academy of Neurology); Paras Bhattarai, MD, MBBS (American Academy of Neurology); Kelvin L. Chou, MD (American Academy of Neurology); Peter Hedera, MD, PhD (American Academy of Neurology); Janis M. Miyasaki, MD, FAAN (American Academy of Neurology); Diego R. Torres-Russotto, MD (American Academy of Neurology); Laurice Yang, MD (American Academy of Neurology); Margaret M. Lambert, RN, BSN, CNRN (American Association of Neuroscience Nurses); Julie Barkmeier-Kraemer, PhD, CCC-SLP (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association); Ellen Air, MD, PhD, FAANS (American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery); Jane Ott, PT, DPT, NCS (American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery); Lauren Seeberger, MD, FAAN (American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery); Shari Finsilver, MS (International Essential Tremor Foundation); Fatta B. Nahab, MD (Movement Disorder Society); Dietrich Haubenberger, MHSc, MD (National Institute of Neurologic Disorders and Stroke/NIH); Anna D. Hohler, MD, FAAN (American Academy of Neurology facilitator); Marcus Ponce de Leon, MD, FAAN (American Academy of Neurology facilitator); Amy Bennett, JD (American Academy of Neurology staff); Gina Gjorvad (American Academy of Neurology staff); Katie Hentges (American Academy of Neurology staff); Erin Lee (American Academy of Neurology staff); Karen Lundgren, MBS (American Academy of Neurology staff); Becky Schierman, MPH (American Academy of Neurology staff).
What We Do: Key Activities of an Outpatient Palliative Care Team at an Academic Cancer Center

Abstract Background: Outpatient palliative care (PC) has been shown to positively impact quality of life and decrease healthcare utilization, but there are limited data describing what activities render these benefits. Objective: Describe the topics addressed by an outpatient PC team during scheduled visits. Design: Longitudinal cohort study. Setting: The Symptom Management Service, an ambulatory PC program at an academic comprehensive cancer center. Measurement: Between March 23, 2015 and June 14, 2016, outpatient PC providers completed a checklist after each clinic visit, documenting topics covered during the visit. Results: During the study period, 1243 visits were conducted for 577 unique patients. Symptom management was the topic most commonly addressed during initial visits (in 92% of visits), followed by an introduction of PC (69%), support for family caregivers (47%), and communication with other clinicians (38%). Providers also supported patients to understand their prognosis (28%), treatment opt...
Student Advertising Competitions: Faculty Advisor Beliefs Concerning the AAF National Student Advertising Competition.

A study examined American Advertising Federation (AAF) National Student Advertising Competition (NSAC) team faculty advisor beliefs regarding the value of the competition for themselves and students. The value for the advisors is assessed according to intrinsic and extrinsic rewards, career goals, and tenure, promotion, and/or merit prospects. The value for students is assessed according to the educational, experiential, and career-orientation benefits afforded students who participate in the competition. A survey of 121 faculty advisors from all AAF districts contained 15 statements with responses to those statements arranged on a continuum interval scale from "strongly disagree to strongly agree," plus 4 open-ended questions regarding issues of, for instance, benefits and drawbacks for student competition. Results indicated that advisors believe an equitable extrinsic reward structure does not exist for them and suggest faculty advisor dissatisfaction or skepticism regarding extrinsic rewards attached to career advancement. Findings also suggest the strength of intrinsic rewards for both students and advisors. (Contains 5 tables of data and 12 references.) (Author/CR) *********************************************************************** Reproductions supplied'by EDRS are the best that can be made from the original document. *********************************************************************** Student Advertising Competitions: Faculty Advisor Beliefs Concerning the AAF National Student Advertising Competition U.S DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION Office of Educational Research and Improvement EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) iThis document has been reproduced as received from the person or organization originating it. CI Minor changes have been made to improve reproduction quality. Points of view or opinions stated in this document do not necessarily represent official OERI position or policy. James L. Marra Department of Journalism Temple University Philadelphia, PA 19122 PERMISSION TO REPRODUCE AND DISSEMINATE THIS MATERIAL HAS BEEN GRANTED BY TO THE EDUCATIONAL RESOURCES INFORMATION CENTER (ERIC) Jim Avery Department of Journalism and Public Communications University of Alaska Anchorage Anchorage, AK 99508 Maria Elizabeth Grabe School of Journalism Indiana University Bloomington, IN 47405 Submitted for consideration as part of the Advertising Division Professional Freedom & Responsibility paper presentations, AEJMC, August, 19%
Functional and Psychosocial Ramifications of Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus in Pediatric Endocrinology

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a common chronic medical disorder of childhood and adolescence that requires intensive day to day management. In addition to measuring dietary intake, children and adolescents with diabetes must test their blood sugar and administer insulin multiple times daily. They are also responsible for correcting high and low sugars. A comprehensive diabetes knowledge base and effective family communication and problem solving skills are necessary to optimize blood sugar control, so as to avoid both short- and long-term diabetes complications. Diabetes management requires a unique therapeutic alliance in which patients and their families manage diabetes, and their healthcare providers serve as mentors and consultants.
Toward an Intelligent, Multipurpose 5G Network: Enhancing Mobile Wireless Networks

Fifth-generation (5G) networks are evolving from special purpose-built networks to software-defined, intelligent, multipurpose networks, enabling service innovation and autonomous network operation. In this article, we present an intelligent mobile edge network based on standardized 5G network function entities and New Radio (NR) radio access networks (RANs). We propose a multitier, self-organizing network (SON) with a middle-tier SON (mSON), centralized SON (cSON), and distributed SON (dSON) to support increasing network dynamicity for different verticals and to take advantage of the latest high-layer F1 interface. This is essential to support low-latency applications and ultrahigh-reliability services. It also enables more dynamically tight interworking of 5G NR and LTE with dual connectivity, expanding initial 5G NR coverage. We analyze a lower-layer RAN split to optimize fronthaul and so further improve radio efficiency by utilizing the multitier SON among various radio nodes as well as distributed units (DUs) and centralized units (CUs). This will facilitate massive multiple-input/multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems and accelerate centralized and virtualized RAN deployments.
Energy harvesting of a frequency up-conversion piezoelectric harvester with controlled impact

Frequency up-conversion is an effective approach to increase the output power of a piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH). In this work, we studied a piezoelectric energy harvesting system, which converts low-frequency vibration from ambient sources to the resonant vibration of the PEH to improve the energy harvesting efficiency. The PEH includes two beams, a pair of rack and pinions, and a slider crank mechanism to retrieve energy from ambient low-frequency vibrations through impacts. The soft driving beam is subjected to a sinusoidal base excitation along the transverse direction. The piezoelectric bimorph undergoes both slow longitudinal motion as well as transverse vibrations. The transverse vibration of the bimorph is induced by impacts which is the vibration source to generate output power. The longitudinal motion of the bimorph is used to control the impact with the soft driving beam, which guarantees the harvester to pump in more kinetic energy from the driving beam. Using the discontinuous dynamic theory, the energy harvesting performance of the impact-controlled system was studied in period one and period two motions. The stability of periodic solutions was investigated and bifurcation diagrams of impact velocities, times and displacements were obtained. The harvested power of the piezoelectric beam versus the based excitation frequency was also obtained, and the results were compared to the power generation of a piezoelectric beam directly subjected to the base excitation along the transverse direction.
Defensa y diplomacia novohispanas: implicaciones jurídicas de la rebelión de Yanga*

espanolResumen A lo largo del siglo XVI, la institucion juridica de la esclavitud se extendio en Nueva Espana mediante la importacion de personas desde Africa. Si bien la historiografia tradicional ha priorizado el aspecto sociopolitico y narrativo de la rebelion de esclavos liderada por Yanga en Veracruz, el objetivo del presente trabajo es esclarecer las implicaciones juridicas de este conflicto y las politicas de defensa y diplomacia que adoptaron las autoridades virreinales para enfrentarse al mismo. La actitud conciliadora y diplomatica del virrey Luis de Velasco, en aras de evitar erogaciones innecesarias, se vio sustituida gradualmente por una politica agresiva de defensa interior que culmino con el pacto que daria origen al primer pueblo libre del continente, de naturaleza foral. EnglishAbstract Throughout the XVI century, the legal institution of slavery spread across Nueva Espana, as people were imported from Africa. Whereas traditional historiography has emphasized the sociopolitical aspect of the slave rebellion in Veracruz led by Yanga, this paper aims to clarify the juridical implications of the conflict, as well as the defensive and diplomatic policies implemented by the vice-royal authorities. The pragmatically prudent and diplomatic initial attitude of Viceroy Luis de Velasco towards the rebellious slaves, to avoid unnecessary public spending, switched gradually to an aggressive policy of interior defense that culminated with the pact that gave origin to the first free town in the American continent, which had an ex gratia legal nature.
Analysis of regression discontinuity designs using censored data

In medical settings, treatment assignment may be determined by a clinically important covariate that predicts patients' risk of event. There is a class of methods from the social science literature known as regression discontinuity (RD) designs that can be used to estimate the treatment effect in this situation. Under certain assumptions, such an estimand enjoys a causal interpretation. However, few authors have discussed the use of RD for censored data. In this paper, we show how to estimate causal effects under the regression discontinuity design for censored data. The proposed estimation procedure employs a class of censoring unbiased transformations that includes inverse probability censored weighting and doubly robust transformation schemes. Simulation studies demonstrate the utility of the proposed methodology.