cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Obesity and liver disease

Obesity increases the risk for liver disease, including liver cancer. The mechanisms for this association are not well understood. At the very least, obesity might function as a comorbidity factor, accentuating processes (such as microsomal enzyme induction or pro-inflammatory cytokine production) that mediate liver damage caused by alcohol, hepatotoxic drugs, or certain viral infections. However, a growing body of evidence suggests that obesity-related insulin resistance plays a fundamental role in the initiation and progression of liver damage and liver cancer by altering the viability of liver cells. Efforts to delineate the molecular mechanisms that mediate insulin’s actions on cellular apoptosis and proliferation are increasing, and should help us design more effective therapies to prevent and treat obesity-related liver diseases.
SYNERGISTIC EFFECT OF PLANT GROWTH SUBSTANCES AND SOUTHERN BEAN MOSAIC VIRUS

THE QUESTION of how viruses produce their characteristic effects in plants is of major interest to virologists. A possible answer is that they do so by utilizing protoplasmic or other constituents that are essential for normal development of host cells. Total depletion of such essential materials could result in death of cells while partial depletion could lead to decreased vigor, reduction in size, loss of color, or other characteristic effects. No doubt, depletion of essential host cell constituents accounts for some of the changes induced by viruses. However, there is evidence that other mechanisms are involved. The fact that severity of symptoms is not necessarily correlated with virus concentration suggests that virus multiplication is accompanied by production of specific materials that have deleterious effects on cells in which they arise. The fact that toxic substances have been demonstrated in some virus-infected plants (Kraybill et al., 1932) supports this suggestion. The similarity in effects of viruses and auxins, or growth-regulating substances, noted by a number of investigators (Zimmerman and Hitchcock, 1941, 1942; Thomas and Riker, 1943) suggested that additional information about virus activity in cells of their hosts might be ascertained by studying the combinatorial effects of viruses and growth substances. The changes induced by applications of beta-napthoxyacetic acid (B-NOA), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), and parachlorophenoxyacetic acid (P-CPA) separately and in combination with Southern Bean Mosaic (SBM) virus (Zaumeyer and Harter, 1942) have been compared with those induced by SBM virus alone. Similar but less extensive studies were carried out with aster yellows virus. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the experiments and to report the results obtained. REVIEW OF LITERATURE.-The physiological activity of beta-napthoxyacetic acid (B-NOA) was first reported by Irvine in 1938 who compared its effects when applied in lanolin to the effects of X-radiation in plants. It was later reported to be active when applied as a vapor or in solution (Zimmerman and Hitchcock, 1939). B-NOA was the first substance observed to possess ability to produce formative effects in leaves and flowers (Zimmerman and Hitchcock, 1941). Para-chlorophenoxyacetic acid (P-CPA) and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) were subsequently found to
Growth of complex single-crystal hexagonal ferrites

Abstract Numerous “mixed-layer type” hexagonal ferrites have been grown as crystals from molten flux. Two structural series both of which belong to ternary systems of the type BaO-MeO-Fe 2 O 3 are differentiated. In the structural series M n Y p , Me was Zn, Mg, Ni, Co, Fe, Cu, and Mn. The formation of a particular structure could not be correlated with Me, flux, composition or growth conditions used within the range that they were varied. A maximum in the frequency of occurrence of crystals with 46 layers could be accounted for statistically.
Father- and Mother-Adolescent Decision-Making in Mexican-Origin Families

Understanding the prevalence and correlates of decisional autonomy within specific cultural contexts is necessary to fully comprehend how family processes are embedded within culture. The goals of this study were to describe mothers’ and fathers’ decision-making with adolescents (M = 12.51 years, SD = 0.58; 51% female), including parent-unilateral, joint, and youth-unilateral decision-making, and to examine the socio-cultural and family characteristics associated with these different types of decision-making in 246 Mexican-origin families. Mothers reported more joint and youth-unilateral decision-making and less parent-unilateral decision-making than did fathers. Fathers reported more youth-unilateral decision-making with sons than with daughters. Further, for mothers, more traditional gender role attitudes and higher levels of mother-adolescent conflict were associated with more parent-unilateral and less joint decision-making. In contrast, for fathers, lower levels of respect values were associated with more youth-unilateral decision-making with sons, and higher levels of parent-adolescent warmth were associated with more youth-unilateral decision-making with daughters. The importance of understanding the different correlates of mothers’ and fathers’ decision-making with sons versus daughters is discussed.
Radiofrequency dosimetry for the ferris-wheel mouse exposure system

Abstract Faraone, A., Luengas, W., Chebrolu, S., Ballen, M., Bit-Babik, G., Gessner, A. V., Kanda, M. Y., Babij, T., Swicord, M. L. and Chou, C-K. Radiofrequency Dosimetry for the Ferris-Wheel Mouse Exposure System. Radiat. Res. 165, 105–112 (2006). Numerical and experimental methods were employed to assess the individual and collective dosimetry of mice used in a bioassay on the exposure to pulsed radiofrequency energy at 900 MHz in the Ferris-wheel exposure system (Utteridge et al., Radiat. Res. 158, 357–364, 2002). Twin-well calorimetry was employed to measure the whole-body specific absorption rate (SAR) of mice for three body masses (23 g, 32 g and 36 g) to determine the lifetime exposure history of the mice used in the bioassay. Calorimetric measurements showed about 95% exposure efficiency and lifetime average whole-body SARs of 0.21, 0.86, 1.7 and 3.4 W kg−1 for the four exposure groups. A larger statistical variation in SAR was observed in the smallest mice because they had the largest variation ...
Broken colour symmetry and liberated quarks

Abstract We present and discuss a quark model of hadrons, in which local SU(3) gauge symmetry is completely broken and yet asymptotic freedom is presented. There is no infrared slavery in this model, and isolated quarks are free to exist. Colour becomes a global symmetry which is only approximate under SU(3) but nearly exact under SU(2) × U(1), as far as the usual hadron spectroscopy is concerned.
MACI personality scale profiles of depressed adolescent suicide attempters: A pilot study

Employing the Millon Adolescent Clinical Inventory (MACI), we examined differences in the maladaptive personality style profiles of clinically referred, depressed adolescents presenting with (n = 26) and without (n = 23) a history of previous suicide attempts. Relative to the comparison group, adolescent attempters experienced more severe overall levels of personality dysfunction. At the trait level, attempters obtained higher scores on the forceful and borderline tendency scales and lower scores on the submissive and conforming scales of the MACI, reflecting negative mood regulation deficits (e.g., anger control problems) and persistently high levels of aggressive impulsivity. These preliminary findings suggest that MACI personality scales may be useful in discriminating adolescents with and without previous suicidal behavior, especially among depressed outpatient samples.
Anxiolytics block excessive grooming behavior induced by ACTH1–24 and bombesin

Abstract Diazepam and meprobamate significantly attenuated the increases in grooming behavior induced by peptides. Significant increases in total grooming frequency over a thirty minute observation period were produced by intraventricular administration of 1 μg ACTH 1–24 and by 1 μg bombesin to awake rats. Diazepam 1 mg/kg IP blocked the peptide-induced increases in grooming. Non-sedating doses of diazepam also completely reversed the grooming seen when rats were placed in a novel environment. The functional antagonism between anxiolytics and stress-related peptides supports the concept of interacting brain mechanisms mediating stress and anxiety.
Synthesis of (E)-and (Z)-α,β-difluorourocanic acid

Horner-Emmons fluoroolefination of an aryl aldehyde followed by introduction of a second fluorine via "FBr" addition provides an original approach to the preparation of 1-alkyl-2-aryl-1,2-difluoroethenes. The utility of this procedure is demonstrated by the preparation of (E and Z)-alpha,beta-difluorourocanic acid.
Cancer survivorship and aging : moving the science forward.

Given the high incidence and prevalence of cancer in older adults and the anticipated growth of this population over the next few decades, oncologists, geriatricians and primary care providers will be challenged to provide timely and appropriate post-treatment care to a diverse population of older cancer survivors. Few post-treatment epidemiologic or clinical trial studies have investigated the mental, social and physical health issues among older cancer survivors. The behavioral oncology, gerontology, geriatric and psychology literature on cancer survivorship and aging is reviewed. This article highlights several methodological challenges investigators face when conducting epidemiological and cancer clinical trial research with older cancer survivors following treatment. These challenges must be considered and overcome to develop an informative body of scientific knowledge to address the post-treatment health care needs of this growing population. Future research directions, new models of care, and the need for trans-disciplinary approaches are discussed.
Finding Science in the School Body: Reflections on Transgressing the Boundaries of Science Education and the Social Studies of Science.

This paper examines the framings that the fields of the social studies of science and science education use for each other. It is shown that the social studies of science frames science education as passive and timeless. Science education frames science studies as a set of representations to better capture how science works. The paper then proceeds to sketch an alternative in which schools are understood, drawing on actor-network theory and cultural studies of science, as constituted through contesting scientific practices and discourses and, therefore, are proper objects of study within science studies frameworks. The curricular implications are briefly developed, emphasizing the need for much more reflection upon and activism within science education regarding the technoscientific constitution of students and schools. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed92:389–403, 2008
The gender division of labor in rice post-harvest processing in Sierra Leone: Implications for extension and technology development

Abstract Gender is an important organizing principle in the production and post-harvest processing of rice in Sierra Leone. Gender relations shape access to technologies and information services that can benefit women in their productive activities. Because public sector extension has historically maintained a narrow focus on mainly production activities, the patterns of participation in rice processing and the gender barriers to information and technology access have largely remained invisible. This paper draws on an inland valley swamp rice production study in northern Sierra Leone to explore patterns of participation in relation to location and extension contact among the social actors in post harvest processing. It examines the nature of existing post-harvest technologies, and the labor and health implications for women. In concluding, it reflects on the implications of a gender and technology development focus for extension policy, and argues for participatory extension practice that incorporates wom...
A Cognitive Analysis of Equation Reading Applied to the Development of Assistive Technology for Visually-Impaired Students

The purpose of this research was to investigate the perceptual and cognitive processes involved in equation reading to apply that knowledge to the development of assistive technology for blind equation readers. The research used a process tracing observational study, three experiments, and an eye-tracking study to examine several hypotheses about equation reading: people (1) read equations from left to right, one element at a time, (2) back scan when reading equations, (3) substitute the outcome of a parenthetical expression for the initial elements, and (4) scan the entire equation before element by element reading to create a schematic structure. The process tracing study provided evidence for all of the hypotheses, with the experiments supporting the first three hypotheses, but not the fourth. These results have been implemented in assistive software for visually-impaired users, the Math Genie – an auditory browser.
A comparative study of library and information science education: China and the United States

Abstract This paper delineates the historical retrospective and current status of library and information science education in China. Emphases are on analysing the similarities and differences in origin, evolution, scale, structure, curriculum, faculty and students in library and information science education between China and the United States. Possible causes are also explored. The golden age of China's library education in the 1980s and the disastrous Great Cultural Revolution, both clearly show that China's political situation has a greater influence on its library education than does the US political situation on American library education. On the other hand, it seems that the impact of financial resources and job market for librarians on American library education is more influential than on China's. It has become clear that China's substantial progress in the 1980s has reduced the gap between the two countries.
Sterilizing Syringes - the “Wesley Way”

(1953). Sterilizing Syringes - the “Wesley Way”. Hospital Topics: Vol. 31, No. 11, pp. 75-76.
Correlation of altered tyrosine phosphorylation with methotrexate resistance in a cisplatin-resistant subline of L1210 cells

Abstract Collateral resistance to cisplatin and methotrexate has been reported in several cell lines. A murine leukemia cell line (L1210/DDP) selected for cisplatin resistance also has been shown to be highly resistant to methotrexate. Of the mechanisms proposed for methotrexate resistance, only changes in methotrexate transport into the cells were found in an earlier report. Methotrexate enters mammalian cells via an active transport system. In the present study, we demonstrated that the transport into the cell may be impaired in the resistant cells due to altered tyrosine phosphorylation of a membrane protein with a molecular mass of 66 kDa. This alteration was manifested by altered tyrosine phosphorylation of the 66 kDa protein and may be an underlying modification that renders the cells resistant to methotrexate. These results suggest involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation in folate transport and methotrexate resistance in L1210/DDP cells.
SCID Mouse as a Model for Transplantation Studies

Abstract Mice expressing the severe combined immunodeficiency trait (SCID) lack functional T and B lymphocytes and have been widely used for the study of B-cell development and for cancer and HIV research. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the SCID mouse as a potential model for T-cell maturation and transplantation studies. C3H/HEN SCID mice screened by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and radial immunodiffusion assay (RID) were verified homozygous recessive if CD3 − , CD22 − , and serum (IgG) 7 donor bone marrow cells derived from [syngeneic (syn): male wild-type C3H/HEN, allogeneic (allo): male BALB/c or C57BL/6) mice by intravenous injection. Four weeks post-transplant, engraftment was determined by FACS; repopulation of blood, thymus, and spleen; RID; and histologic evaluation. Immune function against donor, recipient, and third-party antigen was assayed in vitro by mixed lymphocyte response (MLR) and in vivo by full-thickness skin grafting. Greater than 90% of both syngeneic and allogeneic reconstitutions expressed CD3 + , CD4 + , CD8 + , and CD22 + cells of donor origin in peripheral blood and spleen. FACS analyses of lymphocyte subpopulations in blood and spleen were not significantly different between reconstituted SCID mice and wild-type C3H/HEN or BALB/c controls, with engraftment stable for >4 months. No evidence of graft-versus-host disease was observed in stable, long-term (>4 months postreconstitution) chimeras. White blood cell, total thymocyte, and total splenocyte counts were significantly elevated ( P t ) following reconstitution of homozygous SCID mice to levels found in wild-type controls. Serum (IgG) for reconstituted allo- and syn-SCID mice was consistently >150 mg/liter ( n = 22), with histologic lymphocyte engraftment of spleen, duodenum, and thymus. Histologic examination of lymphocyte engraftment in spleen, duodenum, and thymus was indistinguishable from normal controls in SCID mice after reconstitution. Prior to reconstitution, scant lymphoid cells were observed at these sites. Allo-SCID splenocyte response against third-party antigen was significantly elevated ( P t ) when compared with donor and recipient antigen response with a proliferation index (PI) comparable to wild-type controls. Unreconstituted SCID mice were unresponsive. In vivo, allo-SCID mice demonstrated rejection of only third-party skin grafts between postoperative days 9 and 14 (controls: postoperative days 7 and 11). The SCID mouse model demonstrates in vitro and in vivo B- and T-cell immune function comparable to that of wild-type mice and provides a useful model for T-cell maturation and transplantation studies.
The computer‐aided design of microwave matching networks

Matching networks, as used between the consecutive stages of an amplifier to manage the transfer of power between the complex source impedance, the active devices, and the load, continue to be of importance, particularly in microwave systems. Synthesis techniques for these networks have evolved from the classical theory to novel numerical approaches that yield significant practical advantages. We review here several well-known design methods, including the classical derivation, sloped-approximation synthesis, and the real-frequency technique. Also considered are enhancements and variations of these methods. Furthermore, we describe the iterated analysis approach, which appears to provide the greatest design flexibility, efficiency, and accuracy to date. Examples are given which illustrate the relative merits of some of the more modern computer-assisted techniques. Finally, we discuss ideas for further research in the area of matching network synthesis.
Mercury and Methylmercury Dynamics in the Hyporheic Zone of an Oregon Stream

The role of the hyporheic zone in mercury (Hg) cycling has received limited attention despite the biogeochemically active nature of this zone and, thus, its potential to influence Hg behavior in streams. An assessment of Hg geochemistry in the hyporheic zone of a coarse-grained island in the Coast Fork Willamette River in Oregon, USA, illustrates the spatially dynamic nature of this region of the stream channel for Hg mobilization and attenuation. Hyporheic flow through the island was evident from the water-table geometry and supported by hyporheic-zone chemistry distinct from that of the bounding groundwater system. Redox-indicator species changed abruptly along a transect through the hyporheic zone, indicating a biogeochemically reactive stream/hyporheic-zone continuum. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total Hg, and methylmercury (MeHg) concentrations increased in the upgradient portion of the hyporheic zone and decreased in the downgradient region. Total Hg (collected in 2002 and 2003) and MeHg (collected in 2003) were correlated with DOC in hyporheic-zone samples: r 2 = 0.63 (total Hg-DOC, 2002), 0.73 (total Hg-DOC, 2003), and 0.94 (MeHg-DOC, 2003). Weaker Hg/DOC association in late summer 2002 than in early summer 2003 may reflect seasonal differences in DOC reactivity. Observed correlations between DOC and both total Hg and MeHg reflect the importance of DOC for Hg mobilization, transport, and fate in this hyporheic zone. Correlations with DOC provide a framework for conceptualizing and quantifying Hg and MeHg dynamics in this region of the stream channel, and provide a refined conceptual model of the role hyporheic zones may play in aquatic ecosystems.
Silencing of stathmin induces tumor-suppressor function in breast cancer cell lines harboring mutant p53

Cancers harboring dominant-negative p53 mutations are often aggressive and difficult to treat. Direct attempts to restore wild-type p53 function have produced little clinical benefit. We investigated whether targeting a p53-target gene could induce certain tumor-suppressor characteristics. We found that inhibition of stathmin, a microtubule regulator that can be transcriptionally repressed by wild-type p53, restored certain wild-type functions to cancer cells with mutant p53. Silencing of stathmin by small interfering RNA (siRNA) in mutant p53 cell lines lowered expression to that observed following activation of wild-type p53 by DNA damage in wild-type p53 cell lines. siRNA-induced repression of stathmin decreased cell proliferation, viability and clonogenicity in mutant p53 cell lines. Furthermore, knockdown of stathmin partially restored cell-cycle regulation and activation of apoptosis. Therefore, targeting stathmin, a gene product that is overexpressed in the presence of mutant p53, may represent a novel approach to treating cancers with aberrant p53 function.
The epistemic regress problem

The best extant statement of the epistemic regress problem makes assumptions that are too strong. An improved version assumes only that that reasons require support, that no proposition is supported only by endless regresses of reasons, and that some proposition is supported. These assumptions are individually plausible but jointly inconsistent. Attempts to explain support by means of unconceptualized sensations, contextually immunized propositions, endless regresses, and holistic coherence all require either additional reasons or an external condition on support that is arbitrary from the believer’s own point of view.
Diode pumped alkali laser kinetics: comparison of theory and experiment

The performance of Diode Pumped Alkali Lasers (DPAL) depends critically on both collisionally broadened linehapes and rates for fine structure mixing. The first four potential surfaces for K, Rb, and Cs interactions with rare gases have been computed at the MCSCF/MR SOCI level. These surfaces are then used to compute scattering matrix elements for the spin-orbit relaxation, yielding temperature dependent cross-sections. Theoretical predictions are compared to recent experimental results. The observed fine structure mixing rates for rare gas collisions are interpreted in terms of collision adiabaticity. For molecular partners, ro-vibrational energy appears to dominate the mechanism.
Chromophore vibrations during isomerization of photoactive yellow protein: analysis of normal modes and energy transfer

Abstract Ultrafast studies of fluorescence decay of photoactive yellow protein (PYP) and several mutants by Mataga et al. [Chem. Phys. Lett. 352 (2002) 220] reveal coherent oscillations of about 140 cm −1 , attributed to largely chromophore motions, and 50 cm −1 , corresponding more to protein matrix vibrations. We identify these vibrations by normal mode analysis. Vibrational modes near 130 cm −1 are relatively localized to the chromophore, consistent with interpretation of the ultrafast data. Dynamical coupling between the chromophore and protein matrix enhances twisting of the thioester group near 130 cm −1 compared to the isolated chromophore. We also compute rates of vibrational energy transfer rates in PYP and discuss its influence on the photoisomerization kinetics.
RIGHT-LEFT DISCRIMINATION: NO SEX DIFFERENCE AMONG NORMALS ON THE HAND TEST AND THE ROUTE TEST

84 male and 76 female high school students were individually examined on two tests which involve right-left discrimination. The Hand Test requires distinguishing drawings of right from left hands. The Route Test involves walking out patterns with various turns according to diagrams drawn on cards. Results on both tests showed a wide range of performance, but differences between the sexes were minute and statistically nonsignificant. In addition to right-left discrimination, each test also taps different additional spatial functions. Both tests are easy to administer in clinical settings; normative data given here can be useful in evaluating patients' performance.
Evaluating chemical effects on mammary gland development: A critical need in disease prevention.

a b s t r a c t Although understanding the environmental factors that contribute to breast cancer could improve dis- ease prevention, standard chemical testing protocols do not adequately evaluate chemicals' effects on breast development. Evidence suggests: (1) mammary gland (MG) development is a complex process that extends from gestation through fetal and neonatal growth, puberty, and pregnancy; (2) altered MG devel- opment can increase the risk of breast cancer and other adverse outcomes; and (3) chemical exposures during susceptible windows of development may alter the MG in ways that increase risk for later disease. Together, these highlight the need to better understand the complex relationship between exposure to endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) and the alterations in MG morphology and gene expression that ultimately increase disease risk. Changing guideline toxicity testing studies to incorporate perinatal exposures and MG whole mounts would generate critical knowledge about the effects of EDCs on the MG and could ultimately inform disease prevention.
Tools for remote collaboration on the DIII-D National Fusion Facility

The DIII-D National Fusion Facility, a tokamak experiment funded by the US Department of Energy and operated by General Atomics (GA), is an international resource for plasma physics and fusion energy science research. This facility has a long history of collaborations with scientists from a wide variety of laboratories and universities from around the world. That collaboration has mostly been conducted by travel to and participation at the DIII-D site. Many new developments in the computing and technology fields are now facilitating collaboration from remote sites, thus reducing some of the needs to travel to the experiment. Some of these developments include higher speed wide area networks, powerful workstations connected within a distributed computing environment, network based audio/video capabilities, and the use of the world wide web. As the number of collaborators increases, the need for remote tools become important options to efficiently utilize the DIII-D facility. In the last two years a joint study by GA, Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory (PPPL), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), and Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has introduced remote collaboration tools into the DIII-D environment and studied their effectiveness. These tools have included the use of audio/video for communication from the DIII-D control room, the broadcast of meetings, use of inter-process communication software to post events to the network during a tokamak shot, the creation of a DCE (distributed computing environment) cell for creating a common collaboratory environment, distributed use of computer cycles, remote data access, and remote display of results. This study also included sociological studies of how scientists in this environment work together as well as apart. As a result of these studies, there is now in place an automated distributed processing environment connected to the real-time experimental operations which can be joined by users at remote locations. This environment will allow further exploration of the technology and sociology of remote participation in the DIII-D program. Having the tools in place has already permitted remote participation in DIII-D experiments that would not have occurred otherwise, and thus the introduction of these tools has shown the initial feasibility of increasing and improving remote collaboration.
Composite Biomarkers for Assessing Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy: An Initial Assessment

Abstract Background Compared with individual parameters, composite biomarkers may provide a more effective means for monitoring disease progression and the effects of therapy in clinical trials than single measures. In this study, we built composite biomarkers for use in Duchenne muscular dystrophy by combining values from two objective measures of disease severity: electrical impedance myography and quantitative ultrasound and evaluating how well they correlated to standard functional measures. Methods Using data from an ongoing study of electrical impedance myography and quantitative ultrasound in 31 Duchenne muscular dystrophy and 26 healthy boys aged 2-14 years, we combined data sets by first creating z scores based on the normal subject data and then using simple mathematical operations (addition and multiplication) to create composite measures. These composite scores were then correlated to age and standard measures of function including the 6-minute walk test, the North Star Ambulatory Assessment, and handheld dynamometry. Results Combining data sets resulted in stronger correlations with all four outcomes than for either electrical impedance myography or quantitative ultrasound alone in six of eight instances. These improvements reached statistical significance ( P Conclusions Arithmetically derived composite scores can provide stronger correlations to functional measures than isolated biomarkers. Longitudinal study of such composite markers in Duchenne muscular dystrophy clinical trials is warranted.
The lipids of mitochondria of human gray and white matter

Mitochondrial enriched fractions were obtained separately from gray and white matter of human and bovine brains. The preparations differed in that choline and ethanolamine glycerophosphatides were present in higher concentration in mitochondria than in gray or white matter from which they were derived. The fatty acid composition also was at variance, palmitic, palmitoleic and linoleic acids being present in considerably higher concentration in the mitochondria of white matter than in the corresponding homogenate, and fatty acids of C25 and C26 chain length being absent. A deficiency of polyunsaturated fatty acids and the lowest linoleic acid were found in a preparation obtained from a multiple sclerosis brain, a lesser deficiency was noted in the preparation from an emaciated individual.
CBA Main Magnet Power Supply Ripple Reduction

The preliminary results of a development program to minimize beam perturbation resulting from ripple current generated by the CBA Main Magnet Power Supply are presented. The assessment of the magnitude and causes of the ripple generated led to a modification of the SCR Gate Driver and the addition of a bandpass amplifier correction loop which gave significant improvement. A description of the changes made and the results obtained are included. A second design approach was developed in which the timing of the SCR gate pulses is directly determined by a VCO. The results reported with this VCO Loop indicate superior performance particularly at frequencies below 60 Hz. A shunt transistor regulator design is proposed to minimize higher SCR switching frequency harmonics.
Modeling trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems

A computer simulation model was developed for predicting trace gas emissions from agricultural ecosystems. The denitrification-decomposition (DNDC) model consists of two components. The first component, consisting of the soil climate, crop growth, and decomposition submodels, predicts soil temperature, moisture, pH, Eh, and substrate concentration profiles based on ecological drivers (e.g., climate, soil, vegetation, and anthropogenic activity). The second component, consisting of the nitrification, denitrification, and fermentation submodels, predicts NH3, NO, N2O, and CH4 fluxes based on the soil environmental variables. Classical laws of physics, chemistry, or biology or empirical equations generated from laboratory observations were used in the model to parameterize each specific reaction. The entire model links trace gas emissions to basic ecological drivers. Through validation against data sets of NO, N2O, CH4 and NH3 emissions measured at four agricultural sites, the model showed its ability to capture patterns and magnitudes of trace gas emissions.
Primary Care Guidelines for the Management of Persons Infected With HIV: 2013 Update by the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America

Evidence-based guidelines for the management of persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were prepared by an expert panel of the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. These updated guidelines replace those published in 2009. The guidelines are intended for use by healthcare providers who care for HIV-infected patients. Since 2009, new antiretroviral drugs and classes have become available, and the prognosis of persons with HIV infection continues to improve. However, with fewer complications and increased survival, HIV-infected persons are increasingly developing common health problems that also affect the general population. Some of these conditions may be related to HIV infection itself or its treatment. HIV-infected persons should be managed and monitored for all relevant age- and sex-specific health problems. New information based on publications from the period 2009-2013 has been incorporated into this document.
Discussion by Terry Speed

It is a pleasure to be able to discuss Dr. Scargle’s very comprehensive and readable paper. However, I should say at the outset that I am just an interested observer, not a contributor to the growing amount of literature on statistical aspects of chaos. I will give references to some of this — mostly very recent — work in due course.
A focused approach to assessing program fidelity.

The primary goals of the present study were 1) to explore the types and frequencies of adaptation reported by facilitators; 2) to document their reasons for making those adaptations; and 3) to propose an efficient approach to the study of prevention program fidelity based on interview data. We interviewed 42 program facilitators involved in a large-scale dissemination about their implementation of a community-based prevention program. Interview questions addressed facilitators’ attitudes about program fidelity and the various types of changes, deletions, and additions they made. Although nearly all facilitators reported that fidelity to program curriculum was important, most also reported adapting the program. The most frequent reason facilitators gave for adaptation was deleting or changing material because they ran out of time. We employed a method used in business and health care settings (the Pareto principle, or the “law of the vital few”) to identify the minority (30%) of types of adaptation that accounted for a majority (70%) of all adaptations reported. Similarly, we identified the minority of reasons (25%) for adaptation that accounted for a majority (75%) of reasons reported. This approach helps to focus the assessment of fidelity on those adaptations that occur with high frequency, since low-frequency events are unlikely to have a significant impact on large-scale outcomes. High-frequency adaptations can then be targeted to determine their effect on outcomes; to address in training; and to assess on an ongoing basis for continuous quality improvement.
Attitudes without Monsters: A Japanese Perspective

The semantics of attitude verbs (believe, deny, etc.) and indirect discourse verbs (say, state, etc.) has long been an important topic for philosophy of language and natural language semantics. The point made by Frege (1892) remains valid to this day, which is that an attitude verb creates an intensional context in that the semantic contribution made by its sentential complement cannot be its denotation (i.e., a truth value). Nevertheless, It is not easy to pinpoint precisely the semantic contribution of the complement clause. Let us first consider several different ways of formalizing the semantics of attitude verbs. The truth conditions for (1) could be formalized in various ways as shown in (2a-d). Throughout this paper, w0 and t0 represent the actual world and the utterance time, respectively.
How to Jump-Start the Post-Revolutionary Era in Egypt

The Great Arab Revolt of 2011 has moved swiftly from the peaceful overthrow of autocrats in the nation-states of Tunisia and Egypt to brutal repression in the tribal societies of Libya, Syria, Bahrain and Yemen. Meanwhile, the wired youth bulge of the Middle East that brought change is dissipating into an impotent diaspora while the organized interests of the old regimes and the once-suppressed Islamists charge ahead to power. This section examines the revolt, the reaction and the power struggles in its aftermath.
Substitution of Valine for Histidine 265 in Carbon Monoxide Dehydrogenase from Rhodospirillum rubrum Affects Activity and Spectroscopic States

In carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) from Rhodospirillum rubrum, histidine 265 was replaced with valine by site-directed mutagenesis of the cooS gene. The altered form of CODH (H265V) had a low nickel content and a dramatically reduced level of catalytic activity. Although treatment with NiCl2 and CoCl2 increased the activity of H265V CODH by severalfold, activity levels remained more than 1000-fold lower than that of wild-type CODH. Histidine 265 was not essential for the formation and stability of the Fe4S4clusters. The Km and KD for CO as well as the KD for cyanide were relatively unchanged as a result of the amino acid substitution in CODH. The time-dependent reduction of the [Fe4S4]2+ clusters by CO occurred on a time scale of hours, suggesting that, as a consequence of the mutation, a rate-limiting step had been introduced prior to the transfer of electrons from CO to the cubanes in centers B and C. EPR spectra of H265V CODH lacked the gav = 1.86 and gav = 1.87 signals characteristic of reduced forms of the active site (center C) of wild-type CODH. This indicates that the electronic properties of center C have been modified possibly by the disruption or alteration of the ligand-mediated interaction between the nickel site and Fe4S4 chromophore.
Low Temperature Plasma-Based Sterilization: Overview and State-of-the-Art

Summary: Low temperature, high pressure, non-equilibrium plasmas are now routinely used in several material processing applications, and in some cases are competing with low pressure plasmas in areas where these have historically been dominant. Etching and deposition are examples of such applications. Amongst the novel applications of non-equilibrium plasmas, biomedical applications such as electrosurgery, surface modification of biocompatible materials, and the sterilization of heat-sensitive medical tools are particularly interesting. In this paper, first a brief overview of recent research on reduced-pressure plasma-based sterilization/decontamination methods is given. Then a detailed review and discussion on the effects of atmospheric pressure non-equilibrium plasmas on the cells of bacteria is presented. This includes the evaluation of the inactivation kinetics and the roles of the various plasma agents in the inactivation process. Measurements of the plasma temperature, the UV emission, and concentrations of various reactive species for the case of air plasma are presented. Plasma sub-lethal effects are also briefly discussed, and the prospects of the use of “cold” plasmas in the biomedical field are outlined.
Overview of Conventional and Novel Devices

The devices which we have discussed so far in this book have been chosen based on the fact that they presently have been demonstrated to have useful microwave performance. Except for two very recent devices-the RTD and the HBT-they are being employed in numerous system applications, and the latter two devices are likely to find practical use in the near future as well. There are quite a large number of additional devices which have been proposed, and are being researched actively. It appears impossible to give justice to a treatment of all such“novel” devices, without doubling the size of this book. Fortunately, a couple of other recent books devote themselves entirely to this topic (Capasso, 1990; Sze, 1990). Of course, further devices will also be proposed in the future. A common occurrence is actually that a device may have been proposed long before it was feasible to realize it-a good example is the HBT, which was proposed in 1953, but had to await the development of crucial technology before it became realizable in the 1980s, as discussed in Chapter 12.
Restatements Relating to Property: Why Lawyers Don't Really Care

This Article examines the genesis and evolution of the Restatements of Property. The author argues that, while the Restatement (First) of Property took as its original purpose to restate the law, in the course of its creation it was turned to reform. Subsequent Restatements of Property are dedicated almost wholly to reform. The author concludes that this shift in objectives has sparked criticism and rendered these works of less value and interest to the legislatures, bench and the bar, which have largely ignored the property Restatements.
Posterior semicircular canal dehiscence secondary to jugular enlargement

Semicircular canal dehiscence is an important entity often presenting with symptoms of noise or pressure induced vertigo, autophony, aural fullness and conductive hearing loss. Due to its varied presentation and mimic of other otologic conditions its consideration is of increased importance. Within we report a case of right sided posterior semicircular canal dehiscence secondary to an enlarged and high jugular bulb. The results of this observation indicate a need for patients with auditory symptoms and high riding jugular bulbs to be evaluated for possible posterior semicircular canal dehiscence.
Homogenization and Specialization Effects of International Trade: Are Cultural Goods Exceptional?

In contrast to the logic that international trade leads to greater specialization and differentiation of products, cultural industries are often still protected from imports, in part, because of the worry that trade will lead instead to homogenization. Is this true for cultural goods and if so, is this different from other goods? I consider the effects of homogenization on industrial development, propose a network-based method of identifying homogenization in global trade patterns, and test a range of industries. I ﬁnd evidence of homogenization in many industries, calling into question a major justification for free trade.
The politics of economic adjustment policy in Argentina, Brazil, and Mexico: Experiences in the 1980s and challenges for the future

During the debt crisis of the 1980s, new democratic governments in Argentina and Brazil experimented with heterodox approaches to economic stabilization, whereas Mexico's dominant party regime adopted a far more orthodox line of adjustment. None of these approaches had led to a sustained recovery by the end of the decade. Difference in policy choices are attributable to goals and beliefs of top decisionmaking officials and to the way the institutional features of their respective political regimes structured time horizons and vulnerability to domestic distributive pressures. Converging economic outcomes are attributable to underlying structural problems that cut across these distinctions: political constraints on the management of fiscal deficits, and international power asymmetries impeding significant reductions in the external debt burden.
Reassessment of risk genotypes (GRN, TMEM106B, and ABCC9 variants) associated with hippocampal sclerosis of aging pathology.

Hippocampal sclerosis of aging (HS-Aging) is a common, high morbidity-associated neurodegenerative condition in elderly persons. To understand risk factors for HS-Aging, we analyzed data from the Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium and correlated the data with clinical and pathologic information from the National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center database. Overall, 268 research volunteers with HS-Aging and 2957 controls were included; detailed neuropathologic data were available for all. The study focused on single nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with HS-Aging risk: rs5848 (GRN), rs1990622 (TMEM106B), and rs704180 (ABCC9). Analyses of a subsample that were not previously evaluated (51 HS-Aging cases and 561 controls) replicated the associations of previously identified HS-Aging risk alleles. To test for evidence of gene-gene interactions and genotype-phenotype relationships, pooled data were analyzed. The risk for HS-Aging diagnosis associated with these genetic polymorphisms was not secondary to an association with either Alzheimer disease or dementia with Lewy bodies neuropathologic changes. The presence of multiple risk genotypes was associated with a trend for additive risk for HS-Aging pathology. We conclude that multiple genes play important roles in HS-Aging, which is a distinctive neurodegenerative disease of aging.
Cushing Disease Presenting as Atypical Psychosis Followed by Sudden Death

The authors report a case of Cushing's Disease that first presented as a diagnostically confusing Atypical Psychosis. Sudden death occurred secondary to unexpected gastrointestinal bleed. Pathological findings confirmed the diagnosis. Neurochemical mechanisms for the behavioral aberrations are explored.
Assessing Attitudes Toward Content and Design in Alibaba’s Dry Goods Business Infographics

Alibaba’s Graphic Media (GM) is the first and only Internet content source that uses infographics to educate Chinese e-commerce merchants. This study investigates target audiences’ attitudes toward...
Effects of African dust deposition on phytoplankton in the western tropical Atlantic Ocean off Barbados

Bioassay incubation experiments conducted with nutrients and local atmospheric aerosol amendments indicate that phosphorus (P) availability limited phytoplankton growth in the low-nutrient low-chlorophyll (LNLC) ocean off Barbados. Atmospheric deposition provides a relatively large influx of new nutrients and trace metals to the surface ocean in this region in comparison to other nutrient sources. However, the impact on native phytoplankton is muted due to the high ratio of nitrogen (N) to P (NO3:SRP > 40) and the low P solubility of these aerosols. Atmospheric deposition induces P limitation in this LNLC region by adding more N and iron (Fe) relative to P. This favors the growth of Prochlorococcus, a genus characterized by low P requirements and highly efficient P acquisition mechanisms. A global three-dimensional marine ecosystem model that includes species-specific phytoplankton elemental quotas/stoichiometry and the atmospheric deposition of N, P, and Fe supports this conclusion. Future increases in aerosol N loading may therefore influence phytoplankton community structure in other LNLC areas, thereby affecting the biological pump and associated carbon sequestration.