cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Communicating Necessary Evils: The Role of Expressive and Diffusive Capabilities

Communicating harmful messages in order to accomplish organizational goals is an unfortunate, yet unavoidable part of organizational life. Because “necessary evil” messages are often of personal consequence to the receiver, it is important the communication process be designed in a way that will minimize harm caused to both messengers and receivers without compromising communication performance. This can be difficult to accomplish. When designing necessary evil communication, messengers may select from a variety of media with multiple features. In this paper, I distinguish between two types of media capabilities, expressive and diffusive, and explain how features of the media selected for message communication differentially affect the messenger and receiver, as well as the clarity and fidelity of the message. The objective of this paper is to explain how the psychological and physical challenges faced by the messenger and receiver affect the relationship between expressive and diffusive media capabilities and communication performance.
Depressive Symptoms and Momentary Mood Predict Momentary Pain Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients

Although a relationship between mood and pain has been established cross-sectionally, little research has examined this relationship using momentary within-person data. We examined whether baseline depressive symptoms and within-person levels of negative and positive mood predicted momentary pain among 31 individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Depressive symptomatology was measured at baseline. Mood and RA symptoms were self-reported via ecological momentary assessment five times a day for seven consecutive days. Analyses controlled for gender, age, weekend day, time of day, and experiences of stress. Greater momentary positive mood was associated with less momentary pain and fewer arthritis-related restrictions; negative mood was associated with more restrictions. Greater depressive symptomatology also predicted more pain and restrictions, an effect which was not accounted for by mood. Results suggest that both depression and mood are uniquely associated with momentary pain; as such, multi-component interventions may provide optimal disease management.
A Secure Protocol for Data Hiding in Compressed Fingerprint Images

Data hiding techniques can be employed to enhance the security of biometrics-based authentication systems. In our previous work, we proposed a method to hide challenge responses in a WSQ-compressed fingerprint image. In this paper, we extend the work to analyze the security holes in the data hiding method and enhance the hiding technique to thwart attacks on the system. We employ several proven IT security techniques to provide a secure method of hiding responses in fingerprint images. The technique presented here can be used in hiding responses in other biometrics with minor changes to suit the domain.
Functional elements DE2A, DE2B, and DE1A and the TATA box are required for activity of the chicken alpha A-crystallin gene in transfected lens epithelial cells.

alpha A-crystallin is an abundant soluble protein of the vertebrate eye lens. In addition to the TATA box, four positive cis-regulatory elements of the chicken alpha A-crystallin gene have been identified by linker scanning mutagenesis, DNase I footprinting, and gel mobility shift experiments. The regulatory elements described here have been named DE2A (at positions -144 to -134), DE2B (at positions -128 to -118), and DE1A (at positions -114 to -103). DE2A and DE2B form a dyad of symmetry between positions -141 and -118 (5‘-AGACTGTCAT....AGGTCAGTCT-3‘), consistent with the close similarity in the mobility of complexes formed with lens nuclear proteins by these two elements. Mutations in DE2A, DE2B, and DE1A leading to loss of promoter activity using the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene transfected into primary embryonic chicken lens epithelial cells resulted in a corresponding loss in the ability to compete for complex formation with lens nuclear proteins in gel mobility shift assays. Mutation of the alpha A-CRYBP1-like site (-67/-57), necessary for function of the mouse alpha A-crystallin promoter, did not affect the activity of the chicken promoter. The DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift experiments confirmed the previously noted binding of nuclear proteins to a dyad of symmetry at positions -153 to -140. In contrast to DE2A, DE2B, and DE1A, mutagenesis and gel mobility shift experiments failed to correlate function and protein binding for the -153/-140 dyad. DE2A, DE2B, and DE1A agree well with the regulatory elements alpha CE1 (-162/-134), alpha CE3 (-135/-121), and alpha CE2 (-119/-99) (Matsuo, I., and Yasuda, K. (1992) Nucleic Acids Res. 20, 3701-3712) for this gene. The present results suggest, however, that the lens enhancer activity of alpha CE1 is due to the sequence -141/-134, which forms the upper half of the DE2A/DE2B dyad of symmetry, rather than the -153/-140 dyad as previously suspected.
Penelope: an Ada software assurance editor

The development of a prototype verification editor named Penelope, which allows users to develop specifications, Ada programs, and proofs of verification conditions, is presented. Penelope differs from previous verification systems in that it is interactive, allowing the user to develop specification, program, and proof concurrently. Verification conditions can be inspected and used to guide program development and the correction of errors. The user proves verification conditions within Penelope, appealing to previously formulated axioms and lemmas. >
Performance evaluation of temporal range registration for autonomous vehicle navigation

In this article, we evaluate the performance of an iterative registration algorithm for position estimation of Unmanned Ground Vehicles (UGVs) operating in unstructured environments. Field data obtained from trials on UGVs traversing undulating outdoor terrain is used to quantify the performance of the algorithm in producing continual position estimates. These estimates are then compared with those provided by ground truth to facilitate the performance evaluation of the algorithm. Additionally, we propose performance measures for assessing the quality of correspondences that are crucial to achieving accurate and reliable registration. We describe in detail how these measures, collectively, can provide an indication of the quality of the correspondences thus making the registration algorithm more robust to outliers as spurious matches are not used in computing the incremental transformation.
Structural and regulatory properties of pyruvate kinase from Pseudomonas citronellolis

Pseudomonas citronellolis contains a single variety of pyruvate kinase regardless of the substrate on which the organism is grown. The enzyme has been purified to homogeneity and shown by cross-linking and gel electrophoretic studies to be a tetramer of M/sub r/ = 225,000 to 240,000. Unlike pyruvate kinases from yeast, liver, kidney, and red cells, the Pseudomonas enzyme is not affected by fructose 1,6-bisphosphate. However, it is activated by 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG), an intermediate of the Entner-Doudoroff pathway which is utilized for glucose catabolism by this organism. The Pseudomonas enzyme is also activated by ribose-5-P,5'-AMP, and fructose-6-P. Kinetic studies suggest that this group of metabolites may act at a single site with KDPG activation occurring at a separate site. All of the activators function by increasing the affinity of the enzyme for P-enolpyruvate. The latter substrate shows a strong positive cooperativity with the enzyme which is lowered or abolished by the presence of the activators. A strong synergistic effect exists between KDPG and ribose-5-P as exhibited by a mutual lowering of the concentrations required for activation as well as by a more than additive effect on the enzyme's affinity for P-enolpyruvate. Pyruvate kinase from P. citronellolis also differs from most varietiesmore » of the enzyme in that it is not activated by K/sup +/ orNH/sub 4//sup +/, requires high concentrations of Mg/sup 2 +/ and is relatively nonspecific with respect to its nucleoside diphosphate substrate.« less
Impact of dairy ingredients on the flavor profiles of foods

Abstract: Dairy ingredients encompass a wide range of highly functional and nutritious ingredients. Flavor of these products can have a significant impact on the quality and shelf-life of ingredient applications. The flavor variability and shelf stability of these products and the influence of processing steps and storage are the topics of this chapter.
Tryptophan Transport in Neurospora crassa II. Metabolic Control

The rate of tryptophan transport in Neurospora is regulated by the intracellular pool of tryptophan. When cells were shifted from growth in minimal medium to tryptophan-containing medium for 10 min, there was a 50% reduction in the rate of tryptophan transport. Intracellular tryptophan pools derived from indole were equally effective in reducing the rate of transport as externally supplied tryptophan. The regulatory influence of tryptophan on the transport system appears to be a property of all the amino acids transported by the tryptophan transport site or sites. Lysine and glutamic acid are not transported by the tryptophan transport site or sites and are ineffective in the regulation of tryptophan uptake. Continued protein synthesis is required for the maintenance of a functional tryptophan transport system. The half-life of the transport system, estimated by inhibiting protein synthesis with cycloheximide, was about 15 min. Turnover of the system occurred at 30 C but not at 4 C, suggesting that the breakdown of the system is enzymatically mediated. It was inferred that the rate of tryptophan transport in Neurospora is modulated through the maintenance of a delicate balance between the synthesis and breakdown of some component of the transport system.
Retinoids, retinoid-responsive genes, cell differentiation, and cancer.

Vitamin A (retinol), its natural and synthetic derivatives, and its metabolites are known collectively as retinoids (Fig. 1). Vitamin A is required in the diets of vertebrate animals, and vitamin A is oxidized to RA,2 a compound that exerts dramatic effects on vertebrate development and cell differentiation. In addition, retinoids can inhibit or reverse the process of malignant transformation in some cell types. Most of the actions of retinoids are thought to be mediated by two different types of nuclear retinoic acid receptors. Smaller high-affinity CRABPs may also function to modulate the effects of RA within cells.
p73 is regulated by tyrosine kinase c-Abl in the apoptotic response to DNA damage

The protein p73 is a structural and functional homologue of the p53 tumour-suppressor protein but, unlike p53, it is not induced in response to DNA damage1,2. The tyrosine kinase c-Abl is activated by certain DNA-damaging agents3 and contributes tothe induction of programmed cell death (apoptosis) by p53-dependent and p53-independent mechanisms4. Here we show that c-Abl binds to p73 in cells, interacting through its SH3 domain with the carboxy-terminal homo-oligomerization domain of p73. c-Abl phosphorylates p73 on a tyrosine residue at position 99 both in vitro and in cells that have been exposed to ionizing radiation. Our results show that c-Abl stimulates p73-mediated transactivation and apoptosis. This regulation of p73 by c-Abl in response to DNA damage is also demonstrated by a failure of ionizing-radiation-induced apoptosis after disruption of the c-Abl–p73 interaction. These findings show that p73 is regulated by a c-Abl-dependent mechanism and that p73 participates in the apoptotic response to DNA damage.
Clinical, microbiological, and experimental animal studies of Candida lipolytica.

Abstract Candida lipolytica was recovered from six patients in three different clinical centers. The index isolate caused a persistent fungemia with catheter-associated Candida thrombophlebitis, the second isolate was from a polymicrobial sinusitis, and the remaining four isolates were involved in tissue colonization. These and 20 other isolates were consistent in their morphological and physiological characteristics. All formed true hyphae and blastoconidia on cornmeal-Tween 80 agar and all assimilated glucose, glycerol, and erythritol. In a murine model of disseminated candidiasis, the index isolate that caused clinical fungemia caused no mortality and produced only two lesions on a kidney, as determined at necropsy. The nine isolates selected for in vitro antifungal susceptibility studies had intermediate susceptibilities to amphotericin B but were susceptible to ketoconazole. We conclude that C. lipolytica is a weakly virulent pathogen which may require an intravascular foreign body to cause fungemia.
Osmotic Stress Inhibits p70/85 S6 Kinase through Activation of a Protein Phosphatase

While studying the stress regulation of p70/85 S6 kinase (S6K), we observed that anisomycin and UV light stimulated S6K activity, but that sorbitol inactivated S6K. Pretreatment with hyperosmotic stress also prevented the activation of S6K by both 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate and anisomycin. Comparison of sorbitol and rapamycin revealed that both agents inactivated S6K and caused dephosphorylation of Ser/Thr-Pro sites in the COOH terminus of S6K, including Thr412, a residue essential to S6K regulation, as determined by phospho-specific antibodies. Rapamycin-resistant S6K truncation mutants were similarly resistant to deactivation by sorbitol. Additionally, the PHAS-1 mobility shift, which is sensitive to rapamycin, was also found to be sensitive to osmotic stress. Experiments using the p38 inhibitor SB203580 and dominant negative mutants involving both stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and p38 stress pathways indicated that these pathways are probably not involved in osmotic stress inhibition of S6K. Examining the potential involvement of a phosphatase, we found that sodium pyrophosphate, sodium vanadate, cyclosporin A, tautomycin, and okadaic acid had no effect on osmotic stress inhibition of S6K. However, calyculin A prevented both rapamycin- and sorbitol-mediated deactivation of S6K. Our results suggest that osmotic stress and rapamycin act through a calyculin A-sensitive phosphatase to cause dephosphorylation and deactivation of S6K.
Methods to increase tenderness of individual muscles from beef rounds when cooked with dry or moist heat.

Abstract Muscles ( n =9) from beef rounds ( n =40) were subjected to one of the four tenderization strategies: control, blade tenderization, enzymatic tenderization or salt/phosphate injection. Treated muscles were aged, cut into steaks, cooked using one of the two cooking methods (dry-heat or moist-heat), and Warner–Bratzler shear (WBS) force values were determined. For dry-heat cookery, injection with a salt and phosphate solution resulted in the lowest WBS values, however, WBS values for blade tenderization and enzymatic tenderization were comparable in the M. adductor , M. vastus lateralis , M. rectus femoris , and M. semimembranosus (cranial and caudal aspects). The M. gluteobiceps (cranial and caudal aspects, and ischiatic head) and M. semitendinosus showed little improvement in WBS values with any of the tenderization treatments. For moist-heat cookery, only the M. rectus femoris and M. semimembranosus , caudal aspect, showed significant decreases in WBS values, and those improvements were only associated with salt and phosphate injection and enzymatic tenderization. Within each cooking method and tenderization treatment, the M. rectus femoris , M. semimembranosus , cranial aspect had the lowest WBS values, whereas the M. gluteobiceps , ischiatic head and M. semimembranosus typically had the highest WBS values. All tenderization strategies increased the frequency of muscles being rated as “very tender” (WBS
Jet stream in upper troposphere and cyclone formation

In this report, cases of relatively straight westerly flow aloft are investigated in an attempt to find criteria that indicate under what circumstances cyclone formation will take place along low-tropospheric disturbances in such instances. It is found that pronounced cyclogenesis will occur mainly if the westerly current aloft is very strong and concentrated in a narrow latitudinal band, constituting a “jet stream.” The structure of the jet stream is discussed with particular emphasis on the tropopause region. Finally the suggested relation between jet stream and cyclone formation is illustrated with the period January 27 to 29, 1947.
A systematic technique of smart phone keyboard layout design for optimal text-messaging

Text messaging is one of the most used functionalities of mobile phones. However, current QWERTY keyboard layout is not ideal for typing text messages. The objective of this paper is to propose an “optimal” keyboard layout design technique that results in fast typing speed or ergometric easiness.
Restudy of the Upper Ordovician Lepidocoleus jamesi (Machaeridia) from Ohio, USA

Abstract The enigmatic machaeridians suffer from a confusing taxonomic situation caused by lack of study and hence also understanding of the structure and arrangement of articulated specimens. Here, Lepidocoleus jamesi (Hall & Whitfield, 1875), the type species of the genus Lepidocoleus Faber, 1886, is re-described and re-illustrated with emphasis on articulated specimens from the Cincinnatian (Upper Ordovician) of Ohio State.
Facilitation interaction, communication and collaboration in online courses

Abstract As the Internet evolves into a truly world wide communications medium, the roles of faculty and students at institutions of higher learning are changing. Traditional face-to-face classes are being converted to an online setting, where materials from syllabi to lectures to assignments are available at the click of a mouse. New technological options are challenging and changing the very nature of teaching as faculty migrate from being deliverers of information to facilitators and mentors. Students are also undergoing a transformation from passive recipients to participants in an active learning environment. Interactions are at the heart of this revolution as students and faculty create new methodologies for the online classroom. New types of interactions are emerging between faculty and students, between students and other students and between students and the educational resources they are exploring. As the online teaching and learning environment expands and matures, new social and instructional interactions are replacing the traditional occurrences in face-to-face classrooms. New communication options are also evolving as a critical component of the online classroom. The shift from a synchronous to an asynchronous communication structure has also had a significant impact on the way students and faculty interact. The use of e-mail, listservs and web-based conferencing has given teachers and learners new flexibility and has fostered a climate where learning takes place wherever and whenever it is convenient. HyperGroups, a communication tool that was developed at the University of Houston, allows students and faculty to seamlessly participate in course-related discussions and easily share multimedia resources. This article explores the many issues associated with facilitating interaction, communication and collaboration in online courses.
Impact of biofuel production and other supply and demand factors on food price increases in 2008

Abstract The prices of some grain commodities more than doubled from March 2007 to March 2008. Increased food prices coincided with increasing global biofuel production, leading to speculation that biofuel production was responsible for the increased food prices. However, over the six-month period after March 2008, grain prices declined by 50% while biofuel production continued to increase. It is not possible to reconcile claims that biofuel production was the major factor driving food price increases in 2007–2008 with the decrease in food prices and increase in biofuel production since mid-2008. The available data suggests that record grain prices in 2008 were not caused by increased biofuel production, but were actually the result of a speculative bubble related to high petroleum prices, a weak US dollar, and increased volatility due to commodity index fund investments. Many factors converged in 2007–2008 to increase food and related commodity prices including increased demand, decreased supply, and increased production costs driven by higher energy and fertilizer costs. Disentangling these factors and providing a precise quantification of their contributions is a difficult, perhaps impossible, task. In 2008, several reports were published by governmental and international agencies that speculated on the cause of increased food prices worldwide. Taken together, the available analyses suggest that biofuel production had a modest (3–30%) contribution to the increase in commodity food prices observed up to mid-2008. The development of second-generation biofuels (e.g., cellulosic ethanol) which use non-food residual biomass or non-food crops should mitigate any future impact of biofuel production on food prices.
Not all prospective bicyclists are created equal: the role of attitudes, socio-demographics, and the built environment in bicycle commuting

Abstract Barriers to bicycling may vary widely depending on individual, attitudinal, and built environment characteristics; barriers may be modest for some (e.g. requiring secure bike parking) or significant for others (e.g. improving regional bicycle-accessibility). This research suggests that for a substantial population of travelers who are interested in bicycling but unwilling to cycle regularly, barriers to increasing commute cycling may be different than for individuals who already commute by bicycle at least occasionally. Treating these two populations as one homogenous group may be inappropriate and reduce the effectiveness of bicycle promotion strategies. This research disaggregates these two prospective commute-cyclist populations and tests how attitudes, socio-demographics, and the built environment impact their commute mode choice. Socio-demographic and attitudinal data are drawn from a survey of “Bike to Work Day” participants in Denver, Colorado while built environment measures – including street network connectivity, street network density, and trip distance – were calculated with GIS. Bicycle commuting decisions within the two groups of prospective cyclists are estimated using binary and ordered logistic regression. Distinct socio-demographic and built environment factors are significant for different groups of prospective cyclists. Significant attitudinal variables are similar across groups; for both populations, convenience and utility of the bicycle relative to other modes is significant, suggesting that these factors outweigh issues regarding safety for the sample population. Findings from this research demonstrate that there are important distinctions between the decision to start commuting by bicycle and the decision to increase the frequency of bicycling to work.
Off-pump coronary artery bypass is associated with improved risk-adjusted outcomes

Abstract Background . The impact of off-pump median sternotomy coronary artery bypass grafting procedures on risk-adjusted mortality and morbidity was evaluated versus on-pump procedures. Methods . Using the Department of Veterans Affairs Continuous Improvement in Cardiac Surgery Program records from October 1997 through March 1999, nine centers were designated as having experience (with at least 8% coronary artery bypass grafting procedures performed off-pump). Using all other 34 Veterans Affairs cardiac surgery programs, baseline logistic regression models were built to predict risk of 30-day operative mortality and morbidity. These models were then used to predict outcomes for patients at the nine study centers. A final model evaluated the impact of the off-pump approach within these nine centers adjusting for preoperative risk. Results . Patients treated off-pump (n = 680) versus on-pump (n = 1,733) had lower complication rates (8.8% versus 14.0%) and lower mortality (2.7% versus 4.0%). Risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality were also improved for these patients (0.52 and 0.56 multivariable odds ratios for off-pump versus on-pump, respectively, p Conclusions . An off-pump approach for coronary artery bypass grafting procedures is associated with lower risk-adjusted morbidity and mortality.
Residual Parental Rights: Legal Trends and Controversies

This paper discesses current legal trends and controversies in the matter of residual parental rights and reviews a representative set of statutory criteria which delineate "the best interests of the child." Permanency planning is advocated as a measure to avert the psychological complications of "foster care drift."
Estimation of Ionization Potentials by Comparison with Neighboring Elements

If a spectrum contains an unperturbed series of at least three members, the ionization potential can be found with fair accuracy from its limit. If but two members are available, serious errors occur if the Ritz correction is ignored. This correction can often be closely estimated by comparison with elements of neighboring atomic numbers. This method is familiar, but published estimates have not been made on a uniform system. Such estimates for spark spectra from Ca ii to Zn ii give ionization potentials differing from a smooth formula by ±0.02 volt, while the differences in the three cases where the Ritz correction was not applied, average ±0.39 volt.
Pulse Shape Discrimination with Organic Liquid Scintillator Solutions

The source of the delayed fluorescence by triplet–triplet interactions is discussed as the basis of the technique of differentiating between particles of different specific ionizations. The variation in the relative intensity of delayed fluorescence (called the slow component of scintillation) is correlated with the type of ionizing radiation. The decay times of the prompt and slow components do not depend upon the type of ionizing particle. The slow component in liquid scintillator solutions free of dissolved gases (especially oxygen) has a decay time of about 250 × 10−9 sec. Liquid scintillator solutions with pulse shape discrimination properties have been used to measure neutrons (proton recoils) in the presence of gamma rays (Compton scattered electrons). They have also been demonstrated as able to measure the relative activities of alpha particles and fission fragments from a fission source in the presence of gamma and beta background.
Altered distribution of the nuclear receptor rarβ accompanies proliferation and differentiation changes caused by retinoic acid in Caco-2 cells

All epithelial cells require retinoic acid for growth, maintenance, and differentiation. Although the epithelial cells that line the gastrointestinal tract are exposed to extreme retinoid concentration fluctuations in luminal fluid, whether proliferation and differentiation in these cells are significantly affected is not known. We have investigated this question using Caco-2 cells as a model because, although they are derived from a colon adenocarcinoma, they differentiate spontaneously in a manner similar to enterocytes in the small intestine. We found that retinoic acid caused maximum inhibition of cell growth and ornithine decarboxylase activity during the proliferative period. Retinoic acid increased brush border enzyme activities only in differentiating cells but stimulated transglutaminase activity in cells at all stages. In untreated proliferating cells, we found an early peak of transglutaminase activity that has not been reported before. Retinoic acid in intestinal cells acts through its nuclear receptor, RARβ. The nuclear distribution of this receptor has not been demonstrated. In this study, we show that RARβ responds to increasing concentrations of retinoic acid with a shift to the nuclear membrane in undifferentiated cells and progressive aggregation, diffusion, and loss in differentiated cells. We conclude that retinoic acid can inhibit proliferation and stimulate differentiation in Caco-2 cells depending on concentration and cell stage, and that these effects are accompanied by changes in distribution, as well as by the loss of RARβ.
Ethnic socialization of African American children: Implications for parenting, identity development, and academic achievement

This research explores ethnic socialization among middle-income African American parents and their children who attend predominantly white schools. Descriptive data regarding parents' and children's reports of ethnic socialization practices were obtained. Additionally, the relationship between ethnic socialization, ethnic identity, and academic achievement was assessed through correlational and predictive statistics. Correlation analyses indicated that children's reports of ethnic socialization were significantly related to the encounter stage of ethnic identity. Surprisingly, the child's report of ethnic socialization was predictive of lower classroom grades. Findings are discussed in terms of their implications for ethnic socialization and identity development among African American children.
Designer discodermolide segments via ozonolysis of vinyl phosphonates.

To apply our collection of enantiopure 7-ring vinyl sulfones to probe the anticancer SAR of a series of computer-designed (+)-discodermolide analogs, the ozonolytic reactivity of transposed cyclic vinyl phosphonates was explored. Successful preparation of the desired aldehyde-esters and lactones from vinyl phosphonates via an oxidative cleavage−phosphite/methanol exchange sequence is described.
Site of pain: relationship to measures of pain description, behavior and personality.

Abstract Recent research has focused on identification of clinically meaningful subgroupings within the chronic pain population in contrast to prior emphasis on the homogeneity of these patients. The present study investigates site of pain as a potentially useful classification variable for identification of differences among chronic pain patients. In the study 92 patients presenting to a multidisciplinary pain clinic with chronic, benign pain were categorized as to site of pain (head/neck, low back, neither, both). Patients completed self-report scales assessing various activity abilities and health behaviors, a measure of pain description (McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ)), health related measures of personality (Illness Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ)), and health beliefs (Multidimensional Health Locus of Control (MHLC)). One-way ANOVAs revealed significant differences as a function of pain site on a number of behavioral variables (downtime, walking, recreational and social abilities), pain description (MPQ — number of words chosen, total sum of ranks, sensory and affective) and psychological variables (IBQ — disease conviction, psychologic vs. somatic perception of illness and MHLC — internality). These results suggest site of pain to be of significance in the elaboration of behavioral and psychological response to chronic pain and implications for treatment are discussed.
Joints in Venusian lava flows

The bright polygonal patterns seen in some Magellan images of the volcanic plains are interpreted as joint networks. Several areas displaying such patterns are identified, noting their areal extent, the presence of volcanic features, and the regional topography. Intersection geometries of the lineations defining the polygonal patterns are typical of those found in tensile networks. In addition, the polygonal patterns exhibit no preferred orientation, implying that they are the result of horizontally isotropic stress fields. It is demonstrated that sufficient tensile stresses develop in a cooling Venusian flow to allow joints to form and that the thermal strain predicted is not incompatible with that observed. It is suggested that the tensioned networks are the result of a thermally stressed layer much thicker than a single lava flow. A second model is also considered in which thermal stresses develop as a result of regional elevation of the temperature gradient.
A study of the early stages of erosion of 1100 aluminum using a mechanical properties microprobe

Abstract The incubation period during erosion of 1100 Al has been studied by monitoring the changes occurring in the immediate subsurface layers using a mechanical properties microprobe. The results show that the very near surface regions reach maximum hardness well before steady state, concurrent with the development of a characteristic surface ripple structure. This is interpreted as support for models of material removal in steady state based on some form of critical strain criteria rather than a fracture flow stress. It is also observed that material under valleys in the ripple structure is hardened to shallower depths. The significance of this result is not yet clear but appears to be linked to the development of the ripple structure.
Distal Pancreatectomy: Incidence of Postoperative Diabetes

Distal pancreatectomy is an accepted and safe procedure for lesions of the body and tail of the pancreas. Limited resections, including central pancreatectomy, have recently been advocated as possible strategies to preserve pancreatic endocrine function. The true rate of diabetes after distal pancreatectomy is not known, but we hypothesize that the risk is nominal. We reviewed 125 consecutive patients who underwent distal pancreatectomy between January 1, 1992, and March 31, 2006. Of these 125 patients, 27 (21.6%) had an islet cell tumor, 25 (20%) adenocarcinoma, 24 (18.4%) serous cystic neoplasm, 19 (15.2%) mucinous cystic neoplasm, 11 (8.8%) chronic pancreatitis, and eight (6.4%) intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm. In addition to the distal pancreatectomy, 105 (84%) of the patients underwent splenectomy and 12 (9.6%) a concomitant liver resection. The median operative time was 232 min and median blood loss 250 cc. Postoperative complications occurred in 44 (35.2%) patients (12% fistula), and there was one death. Fourteen patients had known type 2 diabetes preoperatively. With a median follow-up of 21 months, 10 (9%) of previously nondiabetic patients developed new onset diabetes. There was a trend toward increased risk of new onset diabetes among patients with pancreatitis (odds ratio, 2.9). In the absence of pancreatitis, the rate was 7.5%. Length of hospitalization was greater for patients with new onset diabetes (9.4 vs 7.5, P < .05). Neither demographics, diagnosis, nor operative statistics impacted the risk of postoperative diabetes. We conclude that the rate of clinically apparent new onset diabetes after distal pancreatectomy is minimal. Alternative pancreatic resections aimed at preserving pancreatic mass are likely to be unwarranted.
Vertical mantle flow associated with a lithospheric drip beneath the Great Basin

Rapid surface uplift or subsidence and voluminous magmatic activity have often been ascribed to regional-scale downwelling of lithospheric mantle. However, because lithospheric drips—sinking plumes of cold and dense lithosphere—are relatively small and transient features, direct evidence of their existence has been difficult to obtain. Moreover, the significant vertical mantle flow that should be associated with such structures has not been detected. Here we integrate seismic anisotropy data with tomographic images to identify and describe a lithospheric drip beneath the Great Basin region of the western United States. The feature is characterized by a localized cylindrical core of cooler material with fast seismic velocities and mantle flow that rapidly shifts from horizontal to vertical. Our numerical experiments suggest that the drip can be generated by gravitational instability resulting from a density anomaly of as little as 1% and a localized temperature increase of 10%. The drip tilts to the northeast—opposite to the motion of the North American plate in the hotspot reference frame—and thereby indicates northeast-directed regional mantle flow. Seismic anisotropy data for the Great Basin region of the western United States, coupled with tomographic images, help delineate a northeast-dipping lithospheric drip. Numerical experiments suggest that the drip could have formed owing to gravitational instability triggered by a density increase of about 1% and a temperature increase of about 10%.
Parental identification and patterns of career orientation in college women

Abstract We argued that parental identification should be viewed as an intermediate variable which mediates the impact of parental characteristics on women's career orientation but does not directly affect career orientation itself. Questionnaire data from 457 college women showed that, while there was no overall association between career orientation and parental identification, these variables interacted significantly in their association with self-differentiation from the father, maternal employment and occupation, and maternal sex role ideology. As predicted, career orientation among mother-identified women was associated with more extensive maternal employment and less conventional sex role ideology in both parents. For this group it was also associated with greater dissimilarity between perception of self and father. For father-identified women, we hypothesized that career orientation would be associated with less dissimilarity between self and father, less extensive maternal employment, and greater maternal sex role traditionality. Results directionally supported this father-identified pattern.
Adjusting roasted peanut attribute scores for fruity attribute and nonoptimum CIELAB L* values

Developing peanut breeding strategies for roasted peanut flavor improvement requires that roasting be to an optimum and effects of negative environmental exposure be to a minimum. In practice it is difficult to achieve these conditions. However, statistical adjustments are possible. To ascertain the proper adjustments, surface response equations were determined relating roast color and fruity attribute scores to roasted peanut attribute score. Fruity attribute had a depressing effect on roasted peanut attribute score. Similarly, underroasting as well as overroasting led to reduced roasted peanut attribute scores. Adjusting for genotype and location had nonsignificant effects on mean optimal roast color or linear equation slope values of the fruity-roasted peanut relationship. With these findings a method for maximization of roasted peanut values was developed using a modified SAS routine. Although the capability to estimate the roasted peanut flavor of a sample with optimal roasting and environmental effects has several potential applications, our specific application is to evaluate parentage contribution to flavor enhancement or flavor reduction.
Two Types of Ventilated Porometers Compared on Broadleaf and Coniferous Species

Two ventilated porometers (diffusion and steady-state) were compared on four broadleaf and five coniferous species. The diffusion porometer gave consistently lower conductance values for both types of species, reflecting a direct stomatal response to low chamber humidity. At high conductance values, the porometers produced a linear and nearly equal response, but the diffusion porometer was less sensitive at low conductance values. This was due to lower air flow (20% of the velocity in the steady-state porometer) and water vapor sorption (by its acrylic plastic chamber). The broadleaf species had less variation (R2 = 0.81) than did the coniferous species (R2 = 0.61), but, with the latter, there was better correspondence between the two porometers, possibly due to sampling technique. Conductance values were clustered by species.
Implantable levonorgestrel contraception: 4 years of experience with Norplant.

Thirty years ago the International Committee for Contraceptive Research of the Population Council began sponsoring research into a long-acting implantable contraceptive device. Several progestins were considered for application in such a device but levonorgestrel was ultimately chosen due to the nature of its pharmacodynamics its high efficacy and its low incidence of side effects. More than 60000 women participated in worldwide clinical trials using levonorgestrel in implantable silastic rods making Norplant the most thoroughly studied contraceptive agent prior to release upon the general market. US Food and Drug Administration approval was granted in December 1990 and since 1991 approximately one million US women have had the implants inserted and more than three million women worldwide have used Norplant. Norplant is marketed in the US by Wyeth-Ayerst Laboratories and the silastic component of the system is manufactured by Dow Corning. The author discusses Norplants mechanism of action pharmacokinetics effectiveness legal challenges side effects other specific concerns with Norplant continuation rates insertion removal removal techniques patient selection and counseling and the future and notes that the device still faces challenges four years after its introduction.
Halobacterium strain 5 contains a plasmid which is correlated with the presence of gas vacuoles

GAS vacuoles are subcellular inclusions in certain prokaryotic organisms which enclose a gas-filled space and consist of a proteinaceous membrane containing one or two very hydrophobic protein subunits1. Gas vacuoles are, with few exceptions, limited to aquatic microorganisms2, where it has been proposed either that they may be involved in regulating buoyancy, or that the light-scattering properties of the inclusions may protect the cells from the deleterious effects of high light intensities1. Several species of Halobacterium possess gas vacuoles3, and in certain strains, forms which lack gas vacuoles arise at a relatively high frequency. The rate of loss of gas vacuoles in Halobacterium strain 5 occurs so often that regular recloning of individual colonies containing gas vacuoles is necessary to maintain the wild-type strain4. Gas vacuoles are also lost spontaneously in other aquatic microorganisms, and it was this observation which led Walsby to propose that the gas-vacuole protein might be carried on a plasmid5. Plasmids have not previously been shown to exist in Halobacterium. All the obligate halophiles as yet examined contain a satellite DNA which may account for between 11 % and 36% of the total DNA (ref. 6, 7). Moore and McCarthy7, however, argued that the satellite DNA is not composed of multiple copies of a plasmid because its amount is unchanged by growing the cells in the presence of known plasmid-curing agents, and because total Halobacterium DNA renatures at a rate expected for single-copy DNA. Here I show that the wild-type Halobacterium strain 5 contains three plasmids, and also show a correlation between the presence of a plasmid of molecular weight (MW) 44×106 and the presence of gas vacuoles.
Beyond the myth of the supernova-remnant origin of cosmic rays.

Since their discovery in 1912, cosmic rays have puzzled theorists trying to explain their origin. Cosmic rays are in fact streams of subatomic particles and ions accelerated to close to the speed of light by distant and extremely energetic events. Extragalactic cosmic rays may well be generated by distant active galaxies hosting supermassive black holes. In a Progress review (available in our International Year of Astronomy reviews package on http://tinyurl.com/prhcqy ), Yousaf Butt takes aim at the current orthodoxy concerning 'Galactic' cosmic rays. It is widely accepted that these streams of particles, less energetic than the extragalactic sort, are accelerated in the shock waves associated with powerful supernova in our Galaxy. Butt thinks that the case for a supernova-remnant origin has not been made, and that even the notion that individual cosmic-ray acceleration sites exist could be flawed. The entire Galaxy, and structures called 'super-bubbles', could be involved. The origin of Galactic cosmic-ray ions has remained an enigma for almost a century. Although it has generally been thought that they are accelerated in the shock waves associated with powerful supernova explosions—for which there have been recent claims of evidence—the mystery is far from resolved. In fact, we may be on the wrong track altogether in looking for isolated regions of cosmic-ray acceleration.
Non-invasive vesicoureteral reflux imaging.

Abstract Objective To evaluate non-invasive and non-ionizing methods of determining the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and to preview upcoming ideas that have the potential of finding VUR non-invasively. Materials and methods We performed a PubMed search using the terms ‘vesicoureteral reflux/radiography’, ‘vesicoureteral reflux/ultrasonography’ and ‘magnetic resonance imaging/urologic disease’. We also included information from a recent American Academy of Pediatrics meeting and our own research. Results Voiding ultrasonography is non-radiating and has undergone significant improvements recently. Best results require instillation of contrast through invasive catheter placement, and doubts regarding sensitivity and specificity are significant. Magnetic resonance cystograms are best with catheter-instilled contrast. They are expensive, require anesthesia or sedation, and are impractical. Horizon technologies include magnetic resonance cystogram with gadolinium ‘activation’ within the bladder. Another promising completely non-invasive method includes warming the bladder with microwaves and measuring kidney temperatures before and after warming. Detection of a rise in kidney temperatures would indicate VUR. Conclusions Voiding cystourethrography remains the gold standard in reflux diagnosis but is invasive and submits the child to ionizing radiation. Developing technologies need improvements and further research before they may have a role in significantly decreasing voiding cystourethrography use or replacing it completely.
Primers for identification and polymorphism assessment of Vespertilionid bats in the Pacific Northwest

Species-specific primers for portions of the mitochondrial DNA 16S ribosomal subunit gene were designed to identify bats of the family Vespertilionidae (Mammalia). Two fragments, each of 190 base pairs, were found to contain sufficient genetic variability to consistently resolve 10 of the 14 Pacific Northwest species included in this study. The remaining four species could be resolved into two sets of paired species that were unique from the other 10 species. These primers are demonstrably useful for purposes of surveys designed for species identification of bats, including using DNA extracted from guano collected from roost sites when bats are absent.
Psychometric validation of the Clubhouse climate questionnaire as an autonomy support measure for people with severe mental illness

AbstractBackground: Self-determination represents a paradigm shift from “shoulds” to “decisions and behaviors” as the best options for helping people with mental illness achieving recovery goals. Autonomy support plays an important role in self-determination.Aims: The purpose of this study was to validate the Clubhouse climate questionnaire (CCQ) as an autonomy support measure.Method: One hundred and twenty-four participants were recruited from eight Clubhouse programs in Hawaii. Measurement structure of the CCQ was evaluated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.Findings: CCQ is a unidimensional scale with good reliability and acceptable levels of divergent and convergent validity.Conclusions: CCQ is a brief, reliable and valid instrument for assessing autonomy support and contributes to the use of self-determination as a paradigm for improving recovery outcomes in psychiatric rehabilitation.
Ultraviolet absorption spectra of FNO3 and HOF

Ultraviolet absorption cross sections of gas phase FNO3 and HOF have been measured over the wavelength range 180 to 400 nm at 295 K. The maximum photolysis lifetime for FNO3 in the stratosphere is calculated to be in the order of days, and for HOF in the order of hours.