cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Perfect rectangular bands of inverse monoids

Abstract Representations for the free rectangular band of inverse semigroups on a set and the free perfect rectangular band of inverse monoids on a set as quotients of suitable free unary semigroups are provided. It is shown that every rectangular band of inverse semigroups may be embedded in a perfect rectangular band of inverse monoids and that the free rectangular band of inverse semigroups on a set X may be embedded in a natural way in the free perfect rectangular band of inverse monoids on X . A modified version of Rasin's representation of the free completely simple semigroup on a set is discussed.
Model for the interfacial impedance between a solid electrolyte and a blocking metal electrode

Abstract The roughness of the interface between a solid electrolyte and a blocking metal electrode is modeled with pores on the electrode. The impedance of each pore is approximated with a transmission line with position-dependent resistance and capacitance per unit length. For pores with some special shapes, the interfacial impedance has the fractional-power-law dependence on the frequency ω: B(jω)−n over wide ranges of ω as observed experimentally. The model can qualitatively explain the experimental results that n decreases with increasing roughness of the interface and with increasing temperature.
Studies on the biosynthesis of thiostrepton: 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)quinoline-2-carboxylate as a free intermediate on the pathway to the quinaldic acid moiety

Specifically 13C-labeled quinoline-2-carboxylate derivatives were synthesized from quinoline and used to study the biosynthesis of thiostrepton in a strain of Streptomyces laurentii. 13C NMR analysis of thiostrepton recovered after feeding methyl (RS)-[11-13C]-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)quinoline-2-carboxylate or methyl [11-13C]-4-acetylquinoline-2-carboxylate showed conclusively that these compounds are specifically and efficiently incorporated into thiostrepton. Both compounds were also detected in cultures of the producing organism by isotope dilution analysis. The significance of the relative endogenous concentrations of the two compounds and of the relative extent of the incorporation of exogenously added labeled material into thiostrepton are discussed in terms of the biosynthetic pathway linking tryptophan and 4-(1-hydroxyethyl)quinoline-2-carboxylate in S. laurentii. A highly specific enzyme activity was detected in cell-free extracts of S. laurentii that was capable of adenylating (12S)-4-(1-hydroxyethyl)quinoline-2-carboxylic acid. Partial purification of the enzyme was achieved. The enzyme was found to be specific for the enantiomer of the substrate which has the same absolute configuration as found in the natural antibiotic structure. The presence of one specific enzyme catalysing the adenylation process in S. laurentii was shown by photoaffinity labeling with [alpha-32P]-8-azido-ATP and subsequent SDS PAGE analysis of the labeled products. The native molecular weight of the active enzyme, determined by gel permeation chromatography, was found to be approximately 47 kDa, compared with a denatured weight of 50 kDa estimated for the photoaffinity-labeled protein. The enzyme is thus probably monomeric.
Increased collagen mineralization affects the yield stress but not the yield strain in cortical bone of rats: Implications for age-related tissue embrittlement

It has been well documented that the fracture susceptibility of cortical bone increases significantly with age [1]. Although the age-related decline in the fracture resistance of the cortical bone is attributed to reduced bone quantity; a substantial overlap in the bone mass of normal subjects and those sustaining fractures suggests that bone mass alone does not identify the fracture risk on an individual basis [2]. Therefore, the conceptual framework should be improved to include bone quality measures in addition to bone quantity to refine fracture risk assessment. In this study, Raman microspectroscopy was used to assess two key variables of bone tissue quality in aging rat cortical bone: the relative amount of mineral with respect to the amount of collagen (i.e. collagen mineralization) and the mineral crystallinity (i.e. size and stoichiometric perfection of mineral crystals). In this regard the first aim of this study was to investigate age-related changes in the extent of mineralization of collagen fibers and to test its relationship to elastic deformability of cortical bone tissue. The second aim of the study was to investigate age-related changes in the mineral crystallinity and to test its relationship to elastic deformability of cortical bone tissue. The first hypothesis of this study is that both collagen mineralization and mineral crystallinity will increase with age. The second hypothesis of this study was that age-related changes in compositional properties will compromise the elastic deformation capacity of cortical bone tissue.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
The microeconomics of manufacturing modernization programs

Abstract Manufacturing modernization programs are designed to improve the competitiveness of small- and medium-sized manufacturers by accelerating their use of best-practice technologies. Justification for these programs is most often cast in terms of past slow rates of adoption, international economic competitiveness, and market failures in the provision of information. These frameworks, however, do not adequately address policy and programmatic issues related to program design, financing, and program evaluation. Using a microeconomic model based on the firm- and industry-level effects of these programs, we examine the importance of spillover benefits from modernization efforts, both horizontal spillovers to rivals of program clients and vertical spillovers to clients' customers, and the implications for these policy and programmatic issues.
Hue signals from short- and middle-wavelength-sensitive cones

Hue sensations resulting from the selective stimulation of short-wavelength-sensitive (S) and middle-wavelength-sensitive (M) cones were deduced from measurements of spectral unique green and unique blue under conditions of high or low S-cone sensitivity relative to M- and long-wavelength-sensitive-cone sensitivity. Selective reduction of S-cone stimulation shifted unique blue toward shorter wavelengths and unique green toward longer wavelengths, implying losses of perceived yellowness and short-wavelength redness relative to perceived blueness. The results imply that, under acromatic adaptation conditions, M-cone stimulation yields a sensation of predominately bluish cyan and S-cone stimulation yields a sensation of predominately reddish magenta. S-cone stimulation also appears to be indirectly responsible for yellowish sensations at long wavelengths and, by cancellation of the M-cone blueness signal, for greenish sensations at middle wavelengths.
Classification schema of posttraumatic amnesia duration-based injury severity relative to 1-year outcome: analysis of individuals with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Nakase-Richardson R, Sepehri A, Sherer M, Yablon SA, Evans C, Mani T. Classification schema of posttraumatic amnesia duration-based injury severity relative to 1-year outcome: analysis of individuals with moderate and severe traumatic brain injury. Objective Early investigations classified traumatic brain injury (TBI) severity according to posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) duration, designating "greater than 7 days" as the most severe. PTA durations of more than 7 days are common in neurorehabilitation populations. Moreover, no study has derived a PTA severity schema anchored to late outcome. The purpose of this study was to develop a PTA severity classification schema. Design Prospective observational study. Setting Rehabilitation hospital. Participants Sample included TBI Model System participants (N=280) with known or imputed PTA duration during acute hospitalization and 1-year productivity status. Participants were primarily male (70%), median age of 27 years; and the most common mechanism of injury was motor vehicle collisions (79%). For study purposes, 4 injury severity groups were identified by observing differences in productivity associated with different PTA durations. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measure Productivity status at 1 year postinjury. Results Fisher exact test comparisons revealed significant differences among 3 of the groups. Most individuals with PTA fewer than 14 days had favorable 1-year outcome (68% productive), whereas worse outcomes were associated with PTA more than 28 days (18% productive). Conclusions If validated by other investigators, the proposed schema will be useful in determining prognosis for late functional status based on PTA duration.
Some construct network effects of modifying the Stroop Color and Word Test

Abstract This study extended the work of Bohnen, Jolles, and Twijnstra (1992) by examining the construct network effects of modifying the Stroop Color and Word Test to include a set-shifting component. College students were administered a number of neuropsychological measures and three versions of the interference task in the SCWT. Scores obtained for each of the interference versions were correlated with scores on the other tests. Results indicated that the construct network of the SCWT is largely unaffected by these modifications. However, scores on the most modified version of the SCWT showed significantly greatest convergence with scores on TMT Part B as compared to correlations of other SCWT versions and neuropsychological tests.
The Simulation Argument again

Nick Bostrom has argued that given some plausible assumptions, we should believe that we are not humans but rather conscious computer simulations of humans (Bostrom 2003). I will offer a new way of thinking about Bostrom's Simulation Argument. Bostrom envisages post-humans who create conscious minds on com puters. The post-humans use their vast computing power to implement programming that ensures that 'the computational processes of a human brain are structurally replicated in suitably fine-grained detail', in a way that 'would suffice for the generation of subjective experiences' (Bostrom 2003: 244). Brian Weatherson calls these non-human, computer-generated minds Sims (Weatherson 2003). Sims have experiences which represent the Sims to be normal, embodied humans living in a Sim-free 21st century world. The post-humans thus run ancestor simulations within the artifi cially created, computer-instantiated minds of the Sims. Here is how Weatherson sketches the Simulation Argument: since (1) 'the percentage of human-like agents that are Sims' (i.e. the number of Sims divided by the number of Sims plus humans) is 'far above 50 per cent', and since (2) 'we don't have any specific evidence that tells on whether we are a Sim or a human', we should believe that we are Sims, not humans (Weatherson 2003: 425). Says Bostrom: 'One's credence in the hypothesis that one is in a simulation should be close to unity', given the way in which the human like Sims vastly outnumber normal humans (Bostrom 2003: 249). It is worth noting that one reason why Bostrom thinks that the number of Sims will vastly outstrip the number of humans is that Sims 'will run their own ancestor-simulations on powerful computers they build in their simu lated universe' (Bostrom 2003: 253). The computers in question will be 'virtual machines' which can be 'stacked': 'it is possible to simulate one machine simulating another machine, and so on, in arbitrarily many steps of iteration' (Bostrom 2003: 253). However, since a Sim cannot really build a computer he merely seems to build one within his simulation it follows that he cannot really create another human-like Sim mind that is instanti ated in the programming of a real computer that he really builds. The Sims cannot really create other Sims. The idea that 'stacked virtual machines' can give rise to more and more conscious Sims seems to be just a confusion.1
SOME CONSEQUENCES OF THE SATURATION OF COVARIANT SUM RULES DERIVED FROM QUARK CHARGE-COMMUTATION RELATIONS.

Some features of a model introduced recently by Fubini, Segr\`e, and Walecka and by Segr\`e and Walecka are examined. A high-energy contribution to a sum rule appearing in the model is calculated, producing better agreement with experiment. The results of the model are then applied to electromagnetic meson decays, the ${N}^{*}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}N\ensuremath{\pi}$ decay, and low-momentum-transfer ${N}^{*}$ production by neutrinos.
Differential Effects of Estradiol, Progesterone, and Testosterone on Vaginal Structural Integrity

Ovarian steroids are known to be important in maintaining vaginal tissue, and evidence is mounting that imbalances in the hormonal milieu contribute to vaginal pathophysiology. To date, limited data are available on the effects of hormone deprivation and replacement on vaginal tissue morphology and vaginal innervation. The goal of this study was to assess the dynamic changes in vaginal tissue structure in response to sex steroid hormone deprivation and administration. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were either kept intact (controls) or ovariectomized. Ovariectomized animals were treated with vehicle, estradiol, testosterone, progesterone, or a combination of estradiol plus testosterone or progesterone. Histological techniques, including stereological analysis and immunohistochemistry for localization of neuronal markers, were used. Ovariectomy produced a significant decrease in epithelial height that was restored with estradiol replacement. Interestingly, a subphysiological dose of estradiol resulted in hyperplasia of the vaginal epithelium and nonvascular smooth muscle. Neither testosterone nor progesterone had a significant effect on epithelial height or muscularis thickness. However, testosterone treatment resulted in a significant increase in small adrenergic nerve fibers. Addition of either testosterone or progesterone to estradiol mitigated but did not abolish the effects of estradiol alone. This study demonstrates that estradiol and testosterone have differential effects on vaginal tissue parameters and that ovarian hormones are critical for the maintenance of genital tissue structure. Present observations also suggest that combined replacement regimens may be required for an optimal physiological response.
Effects of hippocampectomy on consummatory behavior and movement-inhibition in rats

Abstract The daily food and water intake of hooded rats with small and large, bilateral lesions of the hippocampus as well as neocortical and sham-operated controls was measured for 16 days preoperatively and 60 days postoperatively. These same subjects were then tested in a continuous-trial passive-avoidance task. The results indicated that the hippocampectomized subjects did not consume any more food or water than did the operated control groups. Moreover, the hippocampal animals were not deficient, relative to the control subjects, in withholding a prepotent approach tendency to avoid a noxious stimulus. These results caution against an unequivocal acceptance of prevailing views implicating the hippocampus in the regulation of food and water consumption as well as certain response-inhibition debilities.
Electrospray ionization fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry of dissolved organic phosphorus species in a treatment wetland after selective isolation and concentration.

A method for the selective concentration of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) from complex surface water samples for the first time allows mass spectral characterization of individual DOP compounds in phosphorus-limited ecosystems. The entire dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool is first separated according to molecular weight by tangential cross-flow ultrafiltration (CFF). DOP is selectively isolated and concentrated from CFF fractions by a barium precipitation procedure. The DOP precipitate is then reconstituted in distilled water and excess barium, and other cations are removed with an ion-exchange resin. The DOP isolation/concentration step can provide up to 15-fold concentration and 300-fold concentration of high molecular weight DOP when combined with the inherent concentration provided by CFF. The procedure also removes cations and most of the background DOM, leaving DOP in a matrix suitable for electrospray ionization and mass spectral characterization. Model organic phosphate standards representa...
Microcrystallography using single-bounce monocapillary optics.

X-ray microbeams have become increasingly valuable in protein crystallography. A number of synchrotron beamlines worldwide have adapted to handling smaller and more challenging samples by providing a combination of high-precision sample-positioning hardware, special visible-light optics for sample visualization, and small-diameter X-ray beams with low background scatter. Most commonly, X-ray microbeams with diameters ranging from 50 µm to 1 µm are produced by Kirkpatrick and Baez mirrors in combination with defining apertures and scatter guards. A simple alternative based on single-bounce glass monocapillary X-ray optics is presented. The basic capillary design considerations are discussed and a practical and robust implementation that capitalizes on existing beamline hardware is presented. A design for mounting the capillary is presented which eliminates parasitic scattering and reduces deformations of the optic to a degree suitable for use on next-generation X-ray sources. Comparison of diffraction data statistics for microcrystals using microbeam and conventional aperture-collimated beam shows that capillary-focused beam can deliver significant improvement. Statistics also confirm that the annular beam profile produced by the capillary optic does not impact data quality in an observable way. Examples are given of new structures recently solved using this technology. Single-bounce monocapillary optics can offer an attractive alternative for retrofitting existing beamlines for microcrystallography.
Efficient generated libraries for asynchronous derivative computation

Abstract The computation of derivatives via automatic differentiation is a valuable technique in many science and engineering applications. While the implementation of automatic differentiation via source transformation yields the highest-efficiency results, the implementation via operator overloading remains a viable alternative for some application contexts, such as the computation of higher-order derivatives or in cases where C++ still proves to be too complicated for the currently available source transformation tools. The Rapsodia code generator creates libraries that overload intrinsics for derivative computation. In this paper, we discuss modifications to Rapsodia to improve the efficiency of the generated code, first via limited loop unrolling and second via multithreaded asynchronous derivative computation. We introduce the approaches and present runtime results.
T-Cell Receptor Gene Rearrangement and CD30 Immunoreactivity in Traumatic Ulcerative Granuloma With Stromal Eosinophilia of the Oral Cavity

Traumatic ulcerative granuloma with stromal eosinophilia (TUGSE) is an ulcerative lesion of the oral mucosa with unknown pathogenesis. A few recent case reports have demonstrated molecular evidence of T-cell clonality in TUGSE and CD30 immunoreactivity in the large atypical mononuclear cells, raising the possibility that a TUGSE subset may represent the oral counterpart of primary cutaneous CD30+ T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. We examined the immunoreactivity for CD30 and T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma gene rearrangement in 37 TUGSE cases. Clonal TCR gene rearrangements were demonstrated in 7 (24%) of 29 cases with amplifiable DNA, and the morphologic features and CD30 immunoreactivity of these cases did not differ from those with polyclonal TCR gene rearrangements. Clinical follow-up was available for 5 of 7 TUGSE cases with clonal TCR gene rearrangement for an average period of 1.75 years after the initial biopsy or excision, and there was no evidence of local recurrence or development of systemic T-cell lymphoproliferative disorder. Without morphologic and/or clinical evidence of lymphoma, T-cell clonality and/or CD30 positivity in these lesions is not indicative of malignancy and should be interpreted with caution.
Dissociative cooling - Effect on stagnation heat transfer of gas mixture injection

By embedding a dissociating material into the porous outer structure of a projectile, stagnation-point heat transfer may be reduced by transpiration cooling resulting from the outflow of the dissociated gas products. The principal material considered is ammonium chloride, NHLjCl, which dissociates at temperatures over 613 K, hence providing additional heat-transfer reduction. Stagnation-point heat-transfer solutions for the injection of the dissociation products of NH^Cl into both equilibrium and frozen boundary layers are presented and compared with those for the injection of other gases such as helium. Results show that dissociative cooling has the potential to provide a significant reduction in stagnation-point heat transfer as temperatures rise, because the gas injection rate increases with the temperature of the NH4C1 interface.
Some theoretical considerations concerning crystals with relevance to the physical properties of bone

Abstract Some of the apparently anomalous properties of bone crystals can be understood by relatively simple thermodynamic consideration of the characteristics of a crystal bed in contact with an aqueous solution of its ionic constituents. The small size of bone crystals means that an appreciable proportion of the mineral constituents of bone are in the surface or interfacial phase. This means that the (Gibbs) free energy for the transition of ionic constituents from solution into the crystal bed (or vice versa) depends upon not only the pressure, temperature and mole numbers but also upon the geometrical parameter defining the surface to volume ratio. Under such circumstances the solubility product will not be defined, a conclusion in agreement with the discrepant results of the various attempts to measure such a quantity experimentally. It is also demonstrated that the thermodynamic potential will favor internal rearrangements of the crystal bed such that the surface to volume ratios of the crystals in the bed are decreased giving rise to various effects associated with the maturation of bone. This also provides an interpretation of the discrepancy between the isotopically observed rates of exchange between the supernatant solution and crystal bed and the time required for the crystal bed to come to solubility equilibrium with its supernatant solution. Some thermodynamic distinctions between precipitation and crystal growth are discussed and suggestions presented concerning the kinetics of formation of calcium phosphate microaggregates in the absence of seeding sites.
Gender, Residence and Ethnicity Affect Freshman BMI and Dietary Habits.

OBJECTIVES To examine relationships between gender, ethnicity, and residency, with factors influencing weight gain in 756 multiethnic college freshmen. METHODS An online survey obtained participants' height and weight; consumption of fruits, vegetables, dairy, and meals; dieting and exercise patterns. RESULTS Ten percent of Asians were underweight; most lived off campus. Forty percent of Hispanics were overweight/obese; most lived on campus. After starting college, on-campus students decreased intake of fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and meal frequency; off-campus students decreased dairy and dinner frequency (P < 0.001). Few met dietary guidelines. CONCLUSIONS Moving to campus may contribute to weight gain in some ethnic groups.
“Room Service” - Feeding on Demand Succeeds for Cancer Inpatients

Abstract In January 1995, the authors implemented a room service feeding system for cancer inpatients at a 57-bed cancer research institute. The concept of feeding on demand enabled the authors to increase patient satisfaction while decreasing food cost. Restaurant-style menus were developed for therapeutic diets. Cancer patients receive a menu and instructions for placing meal requests through room service. Patients place meal requests by phone at their convenience, daily from 7:00 am to 7:00 pm. Dietetic technicians monitor calls, and orders are faxed to the kitchen for delivery within thirty minutes. The menu allows cold food preparation to par levels, and hot food preparation to order. Quality controls include product dating, detailed temperature monitoring, product acceptability, and tray accuracy checks before delivery. Patient satisfaction increased due to greater control over meal delivery times. Previously, patients selected meals 24 hours in advance. Due to fluctuations in appetite with cancer treatments, patients are often unable to eat at scheduled mealtimes. Refused meals were disposed, and produced again when the patient's appetite improved. Nutritional monitoring shows that total caloric intake increased with room service, while meals per patient day decreased from 2.7 to 2.1, decreasing total food cost.
3H-estradiol, 3H-testosterone and 3H-dihydrotestosterone localization in the brain of the lizard Anolis carolinensis: an autoradiographic study.

The presence and the neuroanatomical topography of sex hormone concentrating cells in the brain of the American chameleon, Anolis carolinensis have been demonstrated by these experiments. After 3H-estradiol administration large numbers of hormone concentrating cells were found in the amygdala, septum, medial preoptic area, anterior hypothalamic area, the ventromedial and periventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary. In addition, labelled cells were found in the torus semicircularis, in and around the nucleus isthmus pars parvocellularis. A small number of labelled cells could also be found in the rostral pallium, motor nucleus of the fifth cranial nerve, the raphe nuclei, and the spinal cord. After 3H-testosterone or 3H-dihydrotestosterone administration the neuroanatomical pattern was very similar to that found after 3H-estradiol; however, fewer labelled cells were seen after the androgens were given. Two exceptions to the similarity of pattern were in a caudal part of the pallium and in the mesencephalic tegmental area. Hormone-concentrating cells were found after 3H-testosterone or 3H-dihydrotestosterone administration, while labelled cells in these two areas after 3H-estradiol administration were extremely rare. The pattern of hormone-concentrating cells was the same in male and female brains, for each of the hormones. The preoptic area, hypothalamus, and anterior pituitary have been demonstrated in reptiles to be involved in neuroendocrine regulation and in the control of sex behaviors. The presence and neuroanatomical pattern of sex steroid binding cells in the brains of a wide variety of vertebrates have been documented. Large numbers of hormone-concentrating cells were found in all of these species in the medial preoptic area, tuberal hypothalamus, specific limbic structures, the mesencephalon deep to the tectum, and the anterior pituitary. Most hormone-concentrating cells in the brain of A. carolinensis were found in these same brain regions, thus indicating a vertebrate-wide stable core of hormone-concentrating cells in neuroanatomically defined regions.
Myocardial protection : The adenosine story

It has been recognized for many years that the purine nucleoside adenosine exerts numerous effects in mammalian myocardium. During the last decade, an in particular over the last 5 years, substantial evidence has accumulated that adenosine also exerts beneficial effects in the ischemic/reperfused myocardium. The cardioprotective effects of adenosine are manifest by attenuation of reversible postischemic ventricular dysfunction (i.e., stunning) and reduction of myocardial infarct size. These effects can be produced by augmenting endogenous adenosine levels with adenosine deaminase inhibitors and nucleoside transport inhibitors and by infusing adenosine (intracoronary or intravenous). Similar to adenosine's effects in nonischemic hearts, the cardioprotective effects of adenosine are mediated by activation of extracellular adenosine receptors. The results of studies with adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists indicate that adenosine's beneficial effect in reversibly and irreversibly injured myocardium is mediated primarily via adenosine A 1 receptor activation. The protective effects of adenosine appear to occur during ischemia since adenosine infusion during reperfusion neither attenuates stunning nor reduces infarct size. Adenosine is cardioprotective in rats, rabbits, dogs, and pigs, and initial clinical reports indicate that adenosine may enhance myocardial protection during open heart surgery in humans. This review will summarize the current state of knowledge on the cardioprotective effects of adenosine in experimental and clinical studies.
Climate responses to a doubling of atmospheric carbon dioxide for a climatically vulnerable region

[1] Global modeling studies of future climate change predict large scale climatic responses to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2). While there have been several regional climate modeling studies that produced results at spatial and temporal scales relevant for climate change impact analysis, few have employed statistical significance testing of results. In a sensitivity study that focused on mean climate states, we use a regional climate model to generate ensembles of climate scenarios under atmospheric conditions of 280 and 560 ppm CO2, for a domain centered over California. We find statistically significant responses by mean annual and monthly temperature, precipitation, and snow to CO2 doubling. Relative to the 280 ppm results, 560 ppm results show temperature increasing everywhere in the region annually (up to 3.8°C), and in every month, with the greatest monthly surface warming at high elevations. Snow accumulation decreased everywhere, and precipitation increased in northern regions by up to 23%, on a mean annual basis.
The Politics of Restoring versus Restocking Salmon in the Columbia River

This essay reviews the recent attempts by the Northwest Power Planning and Conservation Council (NPPC) to conserve and restore wild salmon lost to hydroelectric development along the Columbia River and its tributaries. The restoration of the wild salmon is predicated on cooperation between myriad stakeholders in a planning process that includes the NPPC, 11 state and federal agencies, 13 Indian tribes, 8 utilities, and numerous interest groups. The two goals of the essay are (1) to review the recent amendments to the NPPC's fish and wildlife program, and (2) to describe the political barriers to restoration versus restocking of wild salmon in the Columbia River. The failure of political and administrative entities to deal with the problem of restoring wild salmon may result in drastic requirements being imposed by the imperatives of the Endangered Species Act.
Author cocitation analysis and Pearson's r

In their article "Requirements for a cocitation similarity measure, with special reference to Pearson's correlation coefficient," Ahlgren, Jarneving, and Rousseau fault traditional author cocitation analysis (ACA) for using Pearson's r as a measure of similarity between authors because it fails two tests of stability of measurement. The instabilities arise when rs are recalculated after a first coherent group of authors has been augmented by a second coherent group with whom the first has little or no cocitation. However, AJ&R neither cluster nor map, their data to demonstrate how fluctuations in rs will mislead the analyst, and the problem they pose is remote from both theory and practice in traditional ACA. By entering their own rs into multidimensional scaling and clustering routines, I show that, despite r's fluctuations, clusters based on it are much the same for the combined groups as for the separate groups. The combined groups when mapped appear as polarized clumps of points in two-dimensional space, confirming that differences between the groups have become much more important than differences within the groups--an accurate portrayal of what has happened to the data. Moreover, r produces clusters and maps very like those based on other coefficients that AJ&R mention as possible replacements, such as a cosine similarity measure or a chi square dissimilarity measure. Thus, r performs well enough for the purposes of ACA. Accordingly, I argue that qualitative information revealing why authors are cocited is more important than the cautions proposed in the AJ&R critique. I include notes on topics such as handling the diagonal in author cocitation matrices, lognormalizing data, and testing r for significance.
Seven Revolutions: Global Strategic Trends Out to the Year 2025

The seven most significant forces now at work changing the world out to the year 2025 are (1) population; (2) resource management and environmental degradation; (3) technological innovation and diffusion; (4) the flows of information and knowledge; (5) global economic integration; (6) conflict; and (7) governance. Together, these seven strategic forces will have a significant impact on how the world unfolds over the next two decades and beyond. Leaders need to develop new approaches and organizational structures. Strategic coalitions between governments, international organizations, the private sector, and civil society will be essential to addressing many of these and other challenges that confront us.
NMR chemical shifts of129Xe dissolved in liquid haloalkanes and their mixtures

Xenon-129 NMR spectra have been measured for solutions containing Xe dissolved in a variety of linear 1-haloalkanes, α, ω-dihaloalkanes, and their mixtures. The data are found to be linearly related to solvent composition expressed as volume fraction of the constituent methyl groups, methylene groups, and halogen atoms. This behavior is consistent with a model in which the large dispersion force contributions to the chemical shift of129Xe result from pair interactions between dissolved Xe atoms and the methyl, and methylene groups, and the halogen atom, from which the solvent molecules are composed.
Effects of Postinfarct Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein Antibody Treatment on Motor Recovery and Motor Map Plasticity in Squirrel Monkeys

Background and Purpose—New insights into the brain’s ability to reorganize after injury are beginning to suggest novel restorative therapy targets. Potential therapies include pharmacological agents designed to promote axonal growth. The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of one such drug, GSK249320, a monoclonal antibody that blocks the axon outgrowth inhibition molecule, myelin-associated glycoprotein, to facilitate recovery of motor skills in a nonhuman primate model of ischemic cortical damage. Methods—Using a between-groups repeated-measures design, squirrel monkeys were randomized to 1 of 2 groups: an experimental group received intravenous GSK249320 beginning 24 hours after an ischemic infarct in motor cortex with repeated dosages given at 1-week intervals for 6 weeks and a control group received only the vehicle at matched time periods. The primary end point was a motor performance index based on a distal forelimb reach-and-retrieval task. Neurophysiological mapping techniques were use...
Decompressing aggressive inpatients: Breaking the aggression cycle to enhance positive outcome

Prolonged seclusions can result in exacerbation of psychotic symptomatology, self-injurious behavior, and increased likelihood of subsequent aggression. A patient's aggression can be contextualized as an interpersonal and cyclic series of events in which both the staff and the patient can play a contributing role. If this cycle can be interrupted, the likelihood of aggression decreases. The authors describe this aggression cycle and some strategies for interrupting it via a “decompression” treatment modality. Four case examples illustrate the range of outcomes achieved with patients who had been secluded for between 2 to 5 years due to their chronic history of aggression. The authors offer suggestions for developing a decompression treatment program.
The Effects of Magnetic Fields on the Growth of Thermal Instabilities in Cooling Flows

The effects of heat conduction and magnetic fields on the growth of thermal instabilities in cooling flows are examined using a time-dependent hydrodynamics code. It is found that, for magnetic field strengths of roughly 1 micro-Gauss, magnetic pressure forces can completely suppress shocks from forming in thermally unstable entropy perturbations with initial length scales as large as 20 kpc, even for initial amplitudes as great as 60 percent. Perturbations with initial amplitudes of 50 percent and initial magnetic field strengths of 1 micro-Gauss cool to 10,000 K on a time scale which is only 22 percent of the initial instantaneous cooling time. Nonlinear perturbations can thus condense out of cooling flows on a time scale substantially less than the time required for linear perturbations and produce significant mass deposition of cold gas while the accreting intracluster gas is still at large radii.
Kinetics of the formation of hydroxyacetaldehyde-sulfur(IV) adducts at low pH

The kinetics of the addition of hydroxyacetaldehyde and S(1V) was studied spectrophotometrically over the pH range of 0.7-3.3. Formation rates of the adduct 1,2-dihydroxy-1-ethanesulfonate (DHES) were consistent with the following three-term rate exmession: d[DHES]/dt = (k_0{H^+}α_1/K_(a0) + (k_1α_1 + k_2α_2) C_2H_3O_2]t[S(IV)] where [C_2H_3O_2]_t = [CH_2(OH)CHO] + CH_2(OH)CH(OH)_2] [S-(IV)] = [H_2O•SO_2] + [HSO_3^-] + [SO_3^(2-)],[S(IV)], and α_2 = [SO_3^(2-)]/ [S(IV)], and K_(a0) is the acid dissociation constant for CH_2(OH)C^+HOH. The rate constant k_0 corresponds to a proton-catalyzed pathway in which bisulfite reacts with the carbocation CH_2(OH)C^+_-HOH. A value for the constant k_0/K_(a0) was determined as 5.4 (±2.0) M^(-2), s^(-1) (25 oC, µ = 0.2 M). The intrinsic constants k_1 and k_2 are the respective rate constants for the reactions of HSO_3^- and SO_3^(2-) with unhydrated hydroxyacetaldehyde, where it was determined that k_1 = 1.74 (±0.16) M^(-1) s^(-1) and k_2 = 5.02 (±0.12) x 10^4 M^(-1) s^(-1). Because of the high intrinsic solubility of CH_2(OH)CHO, calculated DHES formation rates in fogwater and cloudwater are faster than the addition rate of formaldehyde and S(IV). DHES is shown to satisfy the criteria of a significant S(IV) reservoir in atmospheric droplets.
Network topology analysis based optimal measuring device placement

In view of the current common situations of the domestic grid that the number of harmonic power measuring points is small, the measuring devices are used both for the harmonic voltage and current, and the measuring points are separated, a method is introduced in this paper, which is applied in the analysis of network observability utilizing network topology assisted by suspicious harmonic injection node. This method makes recursive computation of adjacency matrix and the voltage and current measuring vectors by means of Boolean operation, with small computing amount. The method can be used in the analysis and calculation as well as the optimal measuring placement of the harmonic regional observable network, which has no or separated sensors. On the basis of observability analysis, an comprehensive objective function which has relation with load type and voltage grade is proposed to realize optimal placement and importance sort. The practicality and efficiency of this method has been testified by the example of a regional power grid.
The organized shear layer due to oscillations of a turbulent jet through an axisymmetric cavity

Abstract The organized wave in the shear layer of a self-oscillatory jet in a cavity is shown to evolve non-linearly from the separation lip of the cavity, rapidly spreading in the transverse direction, and experiencing minimal amplification over the length of the cavity. Depending upon the ratio of acoustic to hydrodynamic contributions to the organized wave, severe distortion of shear layer amplitude distributions and of contours of constant phase can result. The approximate equivalence between the self-generated wave and that induced by external excitation of the corresponding non-impinging shear layer is demonstrated by comparing amplitude and phase distributions.
Influence of acute exercise of varying intensity and duration on postprandial oxidative stress.

Aerobic exercise can reduce postprandial lipemia, and possibly oxidative stress, when performed prior to a lipid-rich meal. To compare the impact of acute exercise on postprandial oxidative stress. We compared aerobic and anaerobic exercise bouts of different intensities and durations on postprandial blood triglycerides (TAG), oxidative stress biomarkers (malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, advanced oxidation protein products), and antioxidant status (trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase). Twelve trained men (21–35 years) underwent four conditions: (1) No exercise rest; (2) 60-min aerobic exercise at 70 % heart rate reserve; (3) five 60-s sprints at 100 % max capacity; and (4) ten 15-s sprints at 200 % max capacity. All exercise bouts were performed on a cycle ergometer. A high-fat meal was consumed 1 h after exercise cessation. Blood samples were collected pre-meal and 2 and 4 h post-meal and analyzed for TAG, oxidative stress biomarkers, and antioxidant status. No significant interaction or condition effects were noted for any variable (p > 0.05), with acute exercise having little to no effect on the magnitude of postprandial oxidative stress. In a sample of healthy, well-trained men, neither aerobic nor anaerobic exercise attenuates postprandial oxidative stress in response to a high-fat meal.
Numerical Modeling of Injection of Shear-Thinning Gel Propellants Through Plain-Orifice Atomizer

A series of axisymmetric Navier–Stokes simulations were performed to study the mean and unsteady characteristics of gel propellant orifice flows at conditions representative of rocket injectors. The rheology of the gel was simulated assuming a shear-thinning fluid behaving in accordance with the Carreau–Yasuda model. The effects of Reynolds number (flow velocity), orifice L=D, fluid rheology, and orifice inlet chamfering were studied in a series of 200 independent simulations. Unsteady conditions were observed in most cases, due to the high injection velocities typical of rocket injection conditions. The magnitude and frequency of pulsations were characterized in these cases. In general, steady flows were obtained for lower Reynolds numbers and smoother inlet (i.e., greater chamfering) conditions. Mean discharge coefficients were computed for all cases to support design studies and engineering analyses.
Pressure dependence of the melting and α-β phase transition temperatures of carbon monoxide

The pressure dependences of the melting temperature T/sub m/ and crystallographic phase transition temperture T/sub b/of carbon monoxide have been measured as a function of hydrostatic pressure to 1.75 kbar by using associated changes in the nuclear spin-spin relaxation time T/sub 2/ of /sup 13/C as an indicator of the transitions. From the Clausius-Clapeyron equation the volume increments at zero pressure are deduced to be ..delta..V/sub m/=2.50 +- 0.07 and ..delta..V/sub alphabeta/cm/sup 3//mole. The CO phase diagram is compared with that of N/sub 2/.
A study of interactions between pharmaceutical representatives and ophthalmology trainees.

Purpose To evaluate the behavior and attitudes among ophthalmology trainees toward pharmaceutical promotions. Design Questionnaire survey. Methods A questionnaire on behavior and attitudes toward interactions with pharmaceutical representatives was distributed to 110 ophthalmology residency programs in the United States. Responses were collected and analyzed. Results One hundred and twenty-two responses were received. Most (87%) respondents reported seeing pharmaceutical representatives visiting their program at least once every 1 to 2 months. Most respondents reported having accepted gifts from them. Although only 26% of trainees have changed prescribing behavior based on information provided by pharmaceutical representatives, 77% did so because of available medicine samples. Trainees tended to consider their peers more susceptible than themselves to the influence of pharmaceutical promotions. When asked to rate their agreement to questionnaire statements, with 5 meaning strongly agree and 1 meaning strongly disagree, the average score for “Pharmaceutical representatives influence my prescribing” was only 2.72, compared with 3.67 for “Pharmaceutical representatives influence other physicians' prescribing” (P Conclusions Ophthalmology trainees have frequent encounters with pharmaceutical representatives. The trainees tend to consider their peers more susceptible than themselves to the influence of pharmaceutical promotions. Pharmaceutical representatives seem able to change prescribing practices among trainees they contact by providing information or leaving drug samples. Many trainees have not received any education in this area from their programs.
Transportation and its influence on cities

Abstract This paper presents some theoretical background and empirical findings relevant to the questions: “How do you characterize technology quantitatively, particularly transportation systems?”. and “What forces give rise to cities? Are there any observed regularities in their growth? Is there such a thing as an optimum or equilibrium city size?” The underlying concepts focus on the role transportation plays in urban growth and interaction.
A Direct Role for FMRP in Activity-Dependent Dendritic mRNA Transport Links Filopodial-Spine Morphogenesis to Fragile X Syndrome

The function of local protein synthesis in synaptic plasticity and its dysregulation in fragile X syndrome (FXS) is well studied, however the contribution of regulated mRNA transport to this function remains unclear. We report a function for the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) in the rapid, activity-regulated transport of mRNAs important for synaptogenesis and plasticity. mRNAs were deficient in glutamatergic signaling-induced dendritic localization in neurons from Fmr1 KO mice, and single mRNA particle dynamics in live neurons revealed diminished kinesis. Motor-dependent translocation of FMRP and cognate mRNAs involved the C terminus of FMRP and kinesin light chain, and KO brain showed reduced kinesin-associated mRNAs. Acute suppression of FMRP and target mRNA transport in WT neurons resulted in altered filopodia-spine morphology that mimicked the FXS phenotype. These findings highlight a mechanism for stimulus-induced dendritic mRNA transport and link its impairment in a mouse model of FXS to altered developmental morphologic plasticity.