cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
NIGHT TIME RECOGNITION OF REFLECTORIZED WARNING PLATES AS A FUNCTION OF SHAPE AND TARGET BRIGHTNESS

Two independent studies, each employing 12 subjects sitting in a stationary car on an unused airport runway with low beams on, were conducted to determine the distance at which a shape coded, reflectorized warning plate can be recognized at night as a function of target brightness. Recognition distances were recorded for a balanced combination of 15 experimental conditions consisting of 3 different specific intensity levels of target brightness (high 1080 cd/fc/sq ft at .2 degrees observation angle and −4 degrees entrance angle; medium 305 cd/fc/sq ft and low 105 cd/fc/sq ft) and 5 different shapes of equal area (18 square inches) targets (rectangle, circle, square, triangle, octagon). Study 1 used a car heading angle of 10 degrees to the right while Study 2 used a car heading angle of −3 degrees to the left. Results of these studies indicated that increasing target brightness had either no effect or only a small effect on target recognition distance, and the triangle (the object with the longest sides) w...
An X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy study of the oxidation state of chromium in electrodeposited oxide films

Abstract The oxidation state of chromium incorporated into simulated corrosion films of nickel has been investigated using the technique of `in situ' X-ray Absorption Near-Edge Spectroscopy (XANES). The films were prepared by electrochemical deposition of the appropriate oxide (hydroxide) onto a graphite substrate. Cathodic deposition from a 0.01 M Cr(NO3)3 solution at constant current results in a Cr3+ oxide (hydroxide) film. Deposition from a 0.01 M K2CrO4 solution produces a film which is predominantly Cr3+ but with some Cr6+. This material is air-sensitive and the ratio of Cr6+ to Cr3+ increases with time of exposure to ambient. Cathodic codeposition of Cr3+ with nickel hydroxide from Cr(NO3)3 solution results in a film with chromium in the 3+ oxidation state. On the other hand, cathodic codeposition from a Cr6+ solution of K2CrO4 with nickel hydroxide leads to a film containing Cr6+.
Supervision and efficiency in socialized agriculture

(1972). Supervision and efficiency in socialized agriculture. Soviet Studies: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 465-473.
Perspectives on Engineering Leadership

?The purpose of education is to mold character.? ?Mahatma Gandhi Both education and character are artifacts of the civilization of mankind. Man's continued attempts at self-improvement and actualization materialize through advances in engineering and have contributed to these artifacts. In my view, leadership in engineering is but an extension of these artifacts of civilized behavior-a quality that molds the direction society takes with its increased dependence on the advancement of science and technology.
Decline of hemopoietic stem cells during serial transplants in lethally irradiated recipients

Stochastic and field models of hemopoietic stem cell renewal are tested for quantitative predictions regarding limited survival of mouse stem cells during serial transplant from donors into lethally irradiated recipients. Besides circumventing the limitations of stochastic theories, the field model is found to be congruent with experimental data.
Metabolism of sulphobromophthalein.

DESPITE the great sensitivity and widespread use of sulphobromophthalein (BSP) retention as an index of liver function, little is known of the actual function(s) involved in the hepatic uptake and excretion of the dye. Presumably, sulphobromophthalein is bound to proteins in the serum and is thus conveyed to the liver, where the pigment–protein complex is broken. On release it is excreted into the bile as the free dye1. We have found, however, that pigments of sulphobromophthalein appearing in the bile and other biological fluids are chromatographically different from the parent compound2, suggesting that a chemical modification is involved in the clearance of sulphobromophthalein by the liver.
Cellular Conditioning and Activation of β-Catenin Signaling by the FPB Prostanoid Receptor

FP prostanoid receptors have been identified as two isoforms named FP(A) and FP(B). We have shown that the FP(B) isoform, but not the FP(A), activates beta-catenin-mediated transcription. We now report that the mechanism of this FP(B)-specific activation of beta-catenin signaling occurs in two steps. The first is a conditioning step that involves an agonist-independent association of the FP(B) receptor with phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase followed by constitutive internalization of a receptor complex containing E-cadherin and beta-catenin. This constitutive internalization conditions the cell for subsequent beta-catenin signaling by increasing the cellular content of cytosolic beta-catenin. The second step involves agonist-dependent activation of Rho followed by cell rounding. Because of the conditioning step, this agonist-dependent step results in a stabilization of beta-catenin and activation of transcription. Although stimulation of the FP(A) isoform activates Rho and induces cellular shape change, it does not activate beta-catenin signaling, because the FP(A) does not undergo constitutive internalization and does not condition the cell for beta-catenin signaling. The cellular conditioning described here for the FP(B) illustrates the potential of the receptor to alter the signaling environment of a cell even in the absence of agonist and has general significance for understanding G-protein-coupled receptor signaling.
The Discourse of Human Rights in China: Historical and Ideological Perspectives

Acknowledgements Abbreviations Introduction Human Rights in Western Liberal Thinking Rights, Human Rights and Chinese Confucianism The Discourse of Rights in Late Qing and Republican China Marx, Marxism and Rights Rights-Thinking in the People's Republic of China New Departures in Chinese Thinking on Human Rights Conclusion Notes Bibliography Index
Atheroembolism in cardiac surgery.

Abstract Background Atheroembolism is a recognized complication of cardiac surgery, but its incidence and various outcomes have not been completely described. A retrospective study was undertaken to better characterize the syndrome. Methods Records of 49,377 autopsies and surgical specimens from the Johns Hopkins Hospital between 1973 and 1995 were reviewed. Three hundred twenty-seven patients (0.7%) had an identifiable atheroembolism on histologic examination. Of these patients, 29 (0.2%) had undergone a cardiac surgical procedure within 30 days of autopsy or surgical resection. Patient charts and pathology specimens were reviewed for operative findings, postoperative outcomes, and histology. Results Six of the 29 patients (21%) had atheroembolism to the heart, 7 patients (24%) had embolism to the central nervous system, 19 patients (66%) had embolism to the gastrointestinal tract, 14 patients (48%) had embolism to one or both kidneys, and 5 patients (17%) had embolism to a lower extremity. Sixteen patients (55%) had atheroembolism in two or more areas. In 6 patients (21%), death was directly attributable to atheroembolism, including intraoperative cardiac failure from coronary embolism (n = 3), massive stroke (n = 2), and extensive gastrointestinal embolization (n = 1). Conclusions Atheroembolism in cardiac surgery has a broad spectrum of clinical presentations, including devastating injuries and death. Although the true incidence is probably underestimated in this retrospective study, the high attendant mortality and morbidity of atheroembolism have been documented. Improvements in outcome are likely to be associated with preoperative identification of patients at high risk, modifications of perfusion technique, and interventions to minimize secondary thrombosis and progressive organ ischemia.
The cardioregulatory function of the first two abdominal ganglia of Limulus polyphemus L.

1. 1. Decreases in heart rate accompanied spontaneous appendage movement and tactile stimulation in restrained Limulus polyphemus. 2. 2. Recordings of efferent activity in segmental cardiac nerves No. 9 and No. 10 show spikes of 1–5 different heights. 3. 3. Spike activity did not show any relationship to heart rate. except in animals with fluctuating heart rate. 4. 4. Tactile stimulation of gills caused cardioinhibition and increased or decreased the firing rates of different spikes. 5. 5. Acetylcholine perfusion of the first two abdominal ganglia increased heart rate and the spiking activities of nerves No. 9 and No. 10. 6. 6. It is suggested that these nerves contain cardioinhibitory and cardioacceleratory fibers.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies to aflatoxin M1 and molecular modeling studies of related aflatoxins

Aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) and seven structural analogs were used to investigate the correlation between antibody binding and the conformational and electronic properties of these molecules. Mice were immunized with AFM1-BSA and hybridomas secreting anti-AFM1 antibodies were isolated and characterized. The cross-reactivities of seven structurally similar aflatoxins were determined by competition enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA). In an effort to correlate antibody binding with three-dimensional properties of the analogs, all of the aflatoxins (and the immunogen) were modeled and global energy minima were determined using molecular, mechanical and quantum mechanical methods. The results demonstrate that, for these molecules, loss of optimum structure and introduction of steric hindrance in the portion of the molecule that would fit into the antibody binding site are more important to binding than simply loss of a determinant group. Molecular computational techniques can give reasons for the wide variation in IC50 values observed between structural analogs and can be used as a tool for determining which conformational and electronic properties of molecules are most important for antibody binding.
Perturbation of the immune network in herpes gestationis

Abstract We have studied the development of anti-idiotypic antibodies to HLA and of autoantibodies reacting with alloactivated T lymphoblasts in a woman with herpes gestationis (HG). This primigravida developed an elevated titer of anti-HLA antibodies, (Ab 1 ), in association with a low titer and late appearance of anti-anti-HLA antibodies (Ab 2 ). At delivery she developed only minimal levels of antibodies reacting with autologous T lymphoblasts (T 1 ), sensitized against the immunizing HLA antigens of the child. Her serum reacted, however, with T lymphoblasts, primed in AMLC against autologous T blasts alloactivated in vitro against her husband (T 2 ). Because healthy gravidae do not show such antibodies, it appears that they are peculiar to and may represent a perturbation of the idiotypic network in regard to the immune response to HLA.
Multi-view prediction of protein function

The problem of predicting protein function using Gene Ontology terms is a hierarchical classification problem. There are a variety of genomic data that are relevant to a protein's function: its sequence, its interactions with other proteins, expression of its gene, etc. Some of these sources (interactions and expression) are species-specific, while protein sequence is comparable across species, which complicates the task of integrating labeled data from a target species with labeled data from other species. We address this problem using the methodology of structured output learning, present a framework based on multi-view learning that is naturally suited for combining both types of data, and demonstrate its effectiveness in making predictions for proteins in S. cerevisiae and M. musculus. The code for our framework is available at http://strut.sourceforge.net.
Business Unit Strategy and Changes in the Product R&D Budget

This study of changes in Product R&D intensity in business units supplements past studies by including two major classes of independent variables which have not been examined previously: the competitive strategy of the business and role of the business in the overall corporate portfolio. Multiple regression analysis is used on a sample drawn from the PIMS data base. The results suggest that R&D decisions in growth businesses are responsive to competition, evolving strategies, and intra-firm resource flows. In mature businesses, a pattern of stability and R&D equilibrium is evident, even in the face of changes by competitors. Managerial implications are noted.
TH‐A‐214‐05: Creation of Patient Size Dependent Methods of Estimating Organ Doses in Tube‐Current Modulated MDCT Exams

Purpose: To assess the feasibility of developing patient‐size specific methods of estimating organ doses in tube‐current modulated MDCT exams. Methods: A previously developed tissue‐equivalent anthropomorphic phantom and an accompanying adipose equivalent add‐on were used with a fiber opticdosimetrysystem to collect specific organ doses for tube‐current modulated chest, abdomen, and pelvic MDCT exams on both a Siemens and Toshiba scanner. The adipose add‐on allowed for measurements in both a 50th and 90th percentile by weight male, with the same image quality setting being used for imaging both phantoms. Plots of tube current response of each system to the phantoms were collected along with average doses to organs of interest. Organ doses from each phantom were then compared and plotted versus phantom circumference in order to develop scanner and organ specific equations to adjust organ dose for patient size in tube‐current modulated exams. Results: Organ doses were seen to increase in the larger phantom for nearly all organs and exams across both scanners, with average increases on the order of 25%. The nature of the increases differed between the scanners, which showed markedly differing tube‐current responses to the two phantoms, indicating that any attempts to account for TCM and patient size in organ doses must be scanner specific. A circumference based, patient size dependent organ dose calculator was developed for both scanners using the collected dose measurements, though much more data is required for the calculator to be useful. Collected physical measurements for breast and lung dose on a Siemens chest scan matched well with the limited published simulation data. Conclusions: The creation of patient size specific, organ dose estimators for TCM MDCT scans appears feasible, though a larger sample of organ dose data is required, which is something more easily achieved through simulation, rather than physical measurement. A portion of the author's graduate assistantship during the course of this research was funded by Toshiba.
The genetic basis of male sterility in Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), an endemic Hawaiian genus

The genetic basis of male sterility in Schiedea (Caryophyllaceae), an endemic Hawaiian genus
Development of a Racial and Ethnic Identity Scale for African American Adolescents: The Survey of Black Life:

The authors report the development of a racial/ethnicity identity (REI) measure for African American adolescents. The Adolescent Survey of Black Life (ASBL) was administered to two samples, compris...
Componentwise Bounded Controllers for Robust Exponential Convergence

This paper presents controllers for a class of nonlinear uncertain systems when each control input is subject to an upper bound on its magnitude or norm. The proposed controllers ensure that all closed loop state trajectories which originate in a bounded region exponentially converge to a desired neighborhood of the origin with a desired rate of convergence. The results are illustrated by applying them to the stabilization of a spacecraft subject to bounded control and disturbance torques.
The sentient map and its application to e-learning

The sentient map is a new paradigm for visual information retrieval. It enables the user to view data as maps, so that gestures, and more specifically c-gestures (command gestures, represented by mouse clicks and keystrokes), can be used for the interaction between the user and the multimedia information system. Different c-gestures are then dynamically transformed into spatial/temporal queries (/spl sigma/-queries) for multimedia information sources and databases. An electronic learning environment involving many academic institutions serves as a testbed to evaluate this approach.
Using web metrics to analyze digital libraries

This paper discusses the use of web metrics tools at four digital libraries, the Instructional Architect, the Library of Congress, the National Science Digital Library, and WGBH Teachers' Domain. We describe some of the issues involved in using web metrics to report on ongoing web site performance. We also describe how web metrics can be used for focused data mining, using session length metrics as our example; and here, we recommend that session length metrics, which were developed to track e-commerce, need to be carefully considered when they are applied in non-e-commerce settings, such as digital libraries. We conclude by discussing some of the current limitations and possibilities of using web metrics to analyze and evaluate digital library use and impact.
EM interaction of handset antennas and a human in personal communications

In personal communications, the electromagnetic interaction between handset-mounted antennas and the nearby biological tissue is a key consideration. This paper presents a thorough investigation of this antenna-tissue interaction using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) electromagnetic simulation approach with detailed models of real-life antennas on a transceiver handset. The monopole, side-mounted planar inverted F, top-mounted bent inverted F, and back-mounted planar inverted F antennas are selected as representative examples of external and internal configurations. Detailed models of the human head and hand are implemented to investigate the effects of the tissue location and physical model on the antenna performance. Experimental results are provided which support the computationally obtained conclusions. The specific absorption rate (SAR) in the tissue is examined for several different antenna/handset configurations. It is found that for a head-handset separation of 2 cm, the SAR in the head has a peak value between 0.9 and 3.8 mW/g and an average value between 0.06 and 0.10 mW/g for 1 W of power delivered to the antenna. Additionally, the head and hand absorb between 48 and 68% of the power delivered to the antenna. >
Combined compressed sensing and parallel mri compared for uniform and random cartesian undersampling of K-space

Both compressed sensing (CS) and parallel imaging effectively reconstruct magnetic resonance images from undersampled data. Combining both methods enables imaging with greater undersampling than accomplished previously. This paper investigates the choice of a suitable sampling pattern to accommodate both CS and parallel imaging. A combined method named SpRING is described and extended to handle random undersampling, and both GRAPPA and SpRING are evaluated for uniform and random undersampling using both simulated and real data. For the simulated data, when the undersampling factor is large, SpRING performs better with random undersampling. However, random undersampling is not as beneficial to SpRING for real data with approximate sparsity.
Effects of Fatty Acids on the Oxidative Stability of Soybean Oil

Effects of 0, 0.5, and 1.0% levels of stearic, oleic, linoleic or linolenic acid or octadecane on the oxidative stability of soybean oil were determined by a combination of peroxide values and measurements of volatile compounds and oxygen in the headspace of samples by gas chromatography. These fatty acids showed similar prooxidant activities which were not statistically different at α= 0.05. However, octadecane which had the same number of carbons as stearic, oleic, linoleic or linolenic acid but no carboxylic group, did not show prooxidant activity.
Serum post‐albumins and fertility in dairy cattle

Summary Blood samples from 180 Guernsey cows and 599 Holstein cows were typed for post-albumins (Poa). The genotypes were compared for breeding efficiency, mean return interval, anestrus interval, service interval, gestation length and lactation length. Poa SF cows had a significantly shorter (P < 0.01) mean return interval than SS cows. The effect is associated with order of insemination, but is independent of lactation number. None of the other parameters showed genotypic differences.
Models of evaporating black holes. I

Classical spacetimes which contain evaporating black holes (EBH's) are constructed using the Vaidya metric. These model EBH spacetimes are spherically symmetric, asymptotically flat, and contain event horizons which terminate after finite duration. These model EBH spacetimes are then used as fixed backgrounds for particle-creation calculations, in an attempt to learn something of the dynamics of real, semiclassical EBH spacetimes while bypassing the difficulties associated with the back-reaction problem. The stress-energy tensor of a quantized massless scalar field is studied on the two-dimensional EBH spacetimes obtained by setting $d\ensuremath{\theta}=d\ensuremath{\varphi}=0$. If $\mathrm{lim}(\frac{\mathrm{dM}}{\mathrm{dv}})\ensuremath{\ne}0$ as $M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$ ($v$ the usual ingoing null coordinate), then an infinite flux of outgoing radiation is produced along the Cauchy horizon of the EBH. This behavior suggests that a correct, self-consistent semiclassical EBH spacetime must have $\mathrm{lim}(\frac{\mathrm{dM}}{\mathrm{dv}})=0$ as $M\ensuremath{\rightarrow}0$, contrary to the behavior deduced by naively extrapolating Hawking's result all the way down to $M=0$, which gives $\frac{\mathrm{dM}}{\mathrm{dv}}\ensuremath{\sim}{M}^{\ensuremath{-}2}$. It also shows that not all zero-mass naked singularities left at the end point of an evaporating black hole are benign; they may produce a divergent flux of created particles.
Electrically tunable solid-state silicon nanopore ion filter

We show that a nanopore in a silicon membrane connected to a voltage source can be used as an electrically tunable ion filter. By applying a voltage between the heavily doped semiconductor and the electrolyte, it is possible to invert the ion population inside the nanopore and vary the conductance for both cations and anions in order to achieve selective conduction of ions even in the presence of significant surface charges in the membrane. Our model based on the solution of the Poisson equation and linear transport theory indicates that in narrow nanopores substantial gain can be achieved by controlling electrically the width of the charge double layer.
Search for minimum molecular programmable units

Molecular electronics can be developed if we are able to program a random arrangement of molecules or a field programmable molecular random array. The ansatz that small molecules can be programmed needs to be demonstrated, that means characterizing the smallest molecular system with programmable features. Current programs for the calculation of current-voltage characteristics of electronic circuits, needed for such demonstrations, are only able to predict single-valued characteristics. We present a procedure to incorporate our molecular physics procedures with a practical analysis of molecular circuits having strong non linearities.
Sphere-packing bound for block-codes with feedback and finite memory

A lower bound bound is established on the error probability of fixed-length block-coding systems with finite memory feedback, which can be described in terms of a time dependent finite state machine. It is shown that the reliability function of such coding systems over discrete memoryless channels is upper-bounded by the sphere-packing exponent.
Visualization of altered myocardial lipids by 1H NMR chemical-shift imaging following ischemic insult

Acute myocardial infarction is associated with an accumulation of lipids. Spectroscopic and chemical-shift imaging strategies which can depict the spatial distribution of these chemical species are evolving. The present study was undertaken to test whether the Dixon method could detect spatially lipids known to accumulate in myocardium after an ischemic insult. Seven dogs underwent a 24-h coronary artery occlusion (LAD = 4, Cx = 3). Post mortem, hearts were removed and imaged ex vivo. Myocardial samples were also evaluated by high-resolution 1H NMR spectroscopy. Lipid images revealed regions of increased signal intensity, in the regions corresponding to the myocardial infarction, particularly in the periphery of the infarction. An increase in mobile lipids was observed by 1H NMR spectroscopy of myocardial samples with moderately reduced blood flow and corresponding to regions with increased signal intensity on the lipid image. This study shows that chemical-shift imaging may be useful for detecting alterations in myocardial lipid levels following an ischemic insult. © 1991 Academic Press, Inc.
Fall arrest strategy affects peak hand impact force in a forward fall.

We measured the peak hand impact force involved in bimanually arresting a forward fall to the ground from a 1-m shoulder height in five healthy young males. The effects of three different subject instruction sets: ‘‘arrest the fall naturally’’; ‘‘keep the head as far from the ground as possible’’; and ‘‘minimize the peak hand forces’’ were studied by measuring body segment kinematics, ground reaction forces, and upper-extremity myoelectric activity. The hypotheses were tested that the (a) arrest strategy did not influence peak impact force, (b) arm configuration, impact velocity and upper-extremity electromyography (EMG) levels correlate to the peak impact force (c) and impacting the ground with one hand leading the other does not increase the impact force over that obtained with simultaneous hand use. The results show that these subjects were able to volitionally decrease the peak impact force at the wrist by an average of 27% compared with a ‘‘natural landing’’ ðp ¼ 0:014Þ and 40% compared with a ‘‘stiff-arm landing’’ ðpo0:0005Þ: The magnitude of the peak unilateral wrist force varied from 0.65 to 1.7 body weight for these moderate falls onto a padded surface. Peak force correlated with the elbow angle at impact, wrist velocity at impact and with pre-EMG triceps activity. The force was not significantly higher for non-simultaneous hand impacts. We conclude that fall arrest strategy can substantially alter the peak impact forces applied to the distal forearm during a fall arrest. Therefore, the fall arrest strategy likely influences wrist injury risk independent of bone strength. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
When is active surveillance the appropriate treatment for prostate cancer

AbstractBackground. The incidence of prostate cancer has increased dramatically worldwide during the past few decades in part because of increased testing for prostate specific antigen (PSA). The aggressive use of this screening tool has resulted in the identification of many localized prostate cancers a majority of which are relatively low volume, low grade tumors. Older autopsy studies have documented that incidental prostate cancer is quite common especially in older men. The finasteride chemoprevention trial confirmed these findings. Many prostate cancers are not destined to progress to clinically significant tumors. Several case series have documented the natural history of clinically detected prostate cancer. The progression of disease identified by PSA testing is less certain. These studies uniformly show that many men with low grade tumors can survive for over two decades in the absence of treatment. Furthermore, randomized clinical trials have shown only a modest ten year survival advantage for t...
The Passion of the Christ Meets Fahrenheit 9/11 A Study in Celebrity Advocacy

Why are The Passion of the Christand Fahrenheit 9/11mentioned in the same breath when referring to the political campaigns of 2004? What role did these films play in the election debate? How did television code reception, at once expanding and disciplining, tantalizing and moralizing the public? The article examines the entwinement of entertainment, media, and politics in national debate, as the most talked about films of 2004 transmute wartime suffering into political purpose, each serving a similar function for respective Republican and Democratic campaigns and each generating controversy stirred and strangled by televisual critics. The article concludes by advocating a role for critical inquiry into celebrity advocacy—as artistic enactment, stylistic vision, and mass media promotion. Studies of the multiple dimensions of celebrity advocacy should augment significantly our contemporary discussions of deliberative democracy.
Basement and Cover-Rock Deformation During Laramide Contraction in the Northern Madison Range (Montana) and Its Influence on Cenozoic Basin Formation

Two major Laramide fault systems converge in the northwestern Madison Range: the northwest-striking, southwest-vergent Spanish Peaks reverse fault and the north-striking, east-vergent Hilgard thrust system. Analysis of foliation attitudes in basement gneiss north and south of the Spanish Peaks fault indicates that the basement in thrusted blocks of the Hilgard thrust system has been rotated by an amount similar to that of the basement-cover contact. Steeply dipping, north-striking breccia zones enclosing domains of relatively undeformed basement may have permitted domino-style rotation of basement blocks during simple shear between pairs of thrusts. In most places along the Hilgard thrust system, a large basement overhang, produced by thrusting of Archean blocks above rocks as young as Late Cretaceous, overlies a tight footwall syncline. This tight folding is largely concentric and was accommodated by flexural slip, resulting in severe crowding in synclinal hinges that resulted in observed or inferred features such as bedding-plane slip, imbricate and out-of-syncline thrusting, and hinge collapse. The north-striking Madison normal fault system, a zone of Tertiary and Quaternary valley-forming normal faults, is approximately parallel to the Hilgard thrust system. In some places, normal faults are reactivated thrusts on which large basement overhangs of the Hilgard thrust system were dropped back into the Madison Valley and covered by Tertiary basin-fill deposits, leaving only the rocks of the footwall synclines exposed. In other places, both the thrusted Archean blocks and the near-isoclinal footwall synclines are well preserved. This paired fault system (the Madison normal fault system and the Hilgard thrust system) of the northern Madison Range is strikingly similar to other paired systems in southwestern Montana along and adjacent to the western margins of the Ruby Range, Snowcrest Range, Greenhorn Range, Tobacco Root Mountains, and Bridger Range. Such systems may be the result of collapse of the crestal zones of large Laramide basement uplifts (arches) during Tertiary extension. No hydrocarbon discoveries have been made in this unique structural province. However, petroleum exploration here has focused on basement-cored anticlines, both surface and subthrust, related to the two major Laramide fault systems and on the fault-bounded blocks of Tertiary rocks within the post-Laramide extensional basins. The interplay of the two Laramide fault systems during both Laramide shortening and Tertiary extension has produced a variety of possible structural traps in the Madison Range that have not yet been thoroughly investigated.
Orion's Exoatmospheric Burn Guidance Architecture and Algorithm

Orion's exoatmospheric Orbit Guidance (OrbGuid) framework continues and extends the successful Shuttle powered flight guidance (PFG) algorithm's unified approach to burn guidance. Like Shuttle’s PFG software, OrbGuid consists of two main parts, the powered explicit guidance (PEG) algorithm and an executive wrapper around PEG. The PEG algorithm performs OrbGuid’s primary function: to guide a burn such that the vehicle state at burn cut-off meets the specified target condition. OrbGuid’s enhancements over Shuttle lie mainly in the PEG corrector routine, where OrbGuid includes more target options and improves planar control. This paper reviews the PEG algorithm and describes the architecture and enhancements for the Orion program.
Acculturative Stress: Minority Status and Distress.

The process of acculturative stress is examined in a survey of 177 Hispanic and 93Anglo freshman college students. A multivariate framework is proposed that includes social class, gender, and ethni...
Optimization of the Feed Impedance for an Arbitrary Crossed-Feed-ARM Impulse Radiating Antenna

Impulse radiating antennas (IRAs) are members of a class of antennas that are designed for the radiation of ultra-wideband (UWB) electromagnetic impulses. Through a combination of a non-dispersive transverse electromagnetic (TEM) feed structure and a focused aperture, IRAs act like differentiators for the early-time portion of the waveform. When excited by a fast-rising step, the radiated field closely resembles a narrow impulse. While the nature of the focusing optic and the feed structure do affect the features of the radiated waveform before and after the prompt impulse, the fast part of the radiated signal for a general IRA is [1]
TONGUE MOVEMENTS IN FEEDING AND SPEECH

The position of the tongue relative to the upper and lower jaws is regulated in part by the position of the hyoid bone, which, with the anterior and posterior suprahyoid muscles, controls the angulation and length of the floor of the mouth on which the tongue body 'rides'. The instantaneous shape of the tongue is controlled by the 'extrinsic muscles' acting in con- cert with the 'intrinsic' muscles. Recent anatomical research in non-human mammals has shown that the intrinsic muscles can best be regarded as a 'laminated segmental system' with tightly packed layers of the 'transverse', 'longitudinal', and 'vertical' muscle fibers. Each segment receives separate innervation from branches of the hypoglosssal nerve. These new anatomical find- ings are contributing to the development of functional models of the tongue, many based on increasingly refined finite element modeling techniques. They also begin to explain the observed behavior of the jaw-hyoid-tongue complex, or the hyomandibu- lar 'kinetic chain', in feeding and consecutive speech. Similarly, major efforts, involving many imaging techniques (cinefluo- rography, ultrasound, electro-palatography, NMRI, and others), have examined the spatial and temporal relationships of the tongue surface in sound production. The feeding literature shows localized tongue-surface change as the process progresses. The speech literature shows extensive change in tongue shape between classes of vowels and consonants. Although there is a fundamental dichotomy between the referential framework and the methodological approach to studies of the orofacial com- plex in feeding and speech, it is clear that many of the shapes adopted by the tongue in speaking are seen in feeding. It is sug- gested that the range of shapes used in feeding is the matrix for both behaviors.
Fractured Freedoms: The United States’ Postmodern Approach to Protecting Privacy

Privacy law in the United States can be characterized as postmodern. It is fragmented and reflects postmodern paradox. This article is particularly concerned with the threats to the freedoms that underlie the right to privacy in the United States caused by this postmodern approach-particularly the lack of comprehensive regulation or protections against violations of privacy. The weaknesses of the United States' fragmented approach are apparent when contrasted to the more comprehensive and centrally-regulated European approach, such as that found in the European Data Privacy Directive.But one cannot simply state that the United States should borrow the comprehensive European approach. A strong argument can be made that-in light of the dizzying speed of technological change - the marketplace, custom, and common law (rather than statutory or other governmental restrictions) should determine how privacy should be protected. Similarly, the unregulated, free-market approach to privacy protections is arguably another form of freedom that is being protected in the United States. Although at times confusing, the fragmented postmodern tangle of statutory, judicial-made common law, government regulation, and voluntary custom that makes up privacy law is possibly what works best to protect freedom in postmodern America. Indeed, American legal culture and tradition demonstrates a deference to market forces over government regulation. On the other hand, the problem with this free-market approach is that it has left gaping holes in privacy protections under U.S. law. Technological change and fears of terrorism have aggravated this problem even further.This paper explores whether this freedom in the marketplace is at the expense of the freedoms of privacy of American citizens. It expresses concern about the potential of abuse that can ultimately emerge from the lack of privacy protections engendered by a postmodern, fragmented approach. The countervailing threat to the freedom of average citizens' privacy is too great for the United States not to take a more coherent and comprehensive approach to privacy protections.
Through-Substrate Event Reporting Using Harvested Energy in Ultrasound Sensor Networks

This paper develops an energy-aware and through- substrate sensor network using a Pulse Switching (PS) architecture for Structural Health Monitoring applications. Pulse Switching based protocols as developed in our prior work use single pulses instead of multi-bit packets for information delivery with ultra high energy-efficiency. Such packet-less networking is shown to be sufficient for event monitoring applications with binary sensing requirements. Pulse Switching using ultrasound, in particular, is well suited for communication through metal/composite substrates used in structures such as bridges, aircraft wings, etc. This paper presents a joint MAC- Routing architecture and its associated algorithms for Pulse Switching using an ultrasonic through- substrate physical layer. It also develops novel energy-aware protocol syntaxes in the PS domain for reliable operation in intermittently energy- constrained systems such as those powered by vibration energy harvesting. Experimental evaluation of a through-substrate pulse modem and ultrasonic pulse data-link is presented for demonstrating the feasibility of a pulse based ultrasonic physical layer. Using simulation experiments, it is shown that the proposed energy- aware mechanisms can offer a performance-enhanced through-substrate network that can be reliably used for structural health monitoring using energy harvested from structure vibrations.
The structure of photosystem I. Current Opinion in Structural Biology 1993, 3:508-514

Abstract The cofactors and polypeptides that comprise the photosystem I reaction center are now largely known, and the functions of the low molecular mass polypeptides are rapidly becoming elucidated. We can expect significant progress in the study of the reaction center components because of two experimental advances: the determination of the three-dimensional structure of the cyanobacterial photosystem I complex, and the successful application of site-specific mutagenesis of the photosystem I polypeptides.
Biomechanics of the human walk-to-run gait transition in persons with unilateral transtibial amputation

Propulsive force production (indicative of intrinsic force-length-velocity characteristics of the plantar flexor muscles) has been shown to be a major determinant of the human walk-to-run transition. The purpose of this work was to determine the gait transition speed of persons with unilateral transtibial amputation donning a passive-elastic prosthesis and assess whether a mechanical limit of their intact side plantar flexor muscles is a major determinant of their walk-to-run transition. We determined each individual׳s gait transition speed (GTS) via an incremental protocol and assessed kinetics and kinematics during walking at speeds 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, 120%, and 130% of that gait transition speed (100%:GTS). Unilateral transtibial amputees transitioned between gaits at significantly slower absolute speeds than matched able-bodied controls (1.73±0.13 and 2.09±0.05m/s respectively, p 120%: 0.23±0.05BW, p<0.05). In contrast, amputee subjects' intact side generated significantly higher peak anterior-posterior propulsive forces while walking at speeds above their preferred gait transition speed (100%: 0.28±0.04<110%: 0.30±0.04BW, p<0.05). Changes in propulsive force production were found to be a function of changes in absolute speed, rather than relative to the walk-to-run transition speed. Therefore, the walk-to-run transition in unilateral transtibial amputees is not likely dictated by propulsive force production or the force-length-velocity characteristics of the intact side plantar flexor muscles.
The Influence of Job Factors in the Introduction of Rest Breaks for Intensive Data Entry Work

The study examined the relationships that psychosocial factors of work, psychological state, and personal factors had on musculoskeletal discomfort for intensive data entry work. A unique feature o...
Abstract 754: Nuclear liaison between PAK4 and PPARγ regulates radiation-induced MOX-1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration via a ROS-dependent mechanism in glioblastoma.

Despite the use of post-surgical radiation and chemotherapy, the mean survival rate is less than two years in glioblastoma (GBM), the most lethal human brain tumor. Augmented cell invasion and migration and increased tumor recurrence after ionizing radiation (IR) treatment is, in part, attributed to the IR-induced elevation in reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and ROS-dependent signaling in tumors. Several reports, including our own studies, have confirmed the PAK4 oncogenic role in the regulation of tumor cell migration and invasion in GBM and various other tumors. However, the potential role of PAK4 in post-irradiated tumor malignancy and the underlying molecular mechanisms still remain unknown. Here, we show the significant PAK4 nuclear translocation in correlation with elevated ROS-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) in IR-treated human glioma xenograft cells 4910 and 5310. Surprisingly, protein-transcription factor (TF) interaction arrays revealed a significant binding of nuclear-PAK4 with several TFs involved in tumor progression including AhR/ARNT, GATA1/2, FOXI1, Pax4, PPARα, PPARγ and TCF/LEF. We also observed that the nuclear co-localization of PAK4/PPARγ was elevated in correlation with increasing GBM grades. Most importantly, IR treatment elevated the PAK4/PPARγ nuclear interaction and increased MOX-1 expression, a PPARγ-target gene. In addition, EMSA and ChIP assays confirmed the presence of PAK4 in the PPARγ-DNA binding complex and recruitment onto MOX-1 promoter, which is further elevated in IR-treated cells. Stable shRNA-mediated knockdown of PPARγ or inhibition with a specific inhibitor, GW9662, abrogated IR-induced ROS levels, EMT and cell migration in vitro. siRNA-mediated PAK4 downregulation significantly decreased PPARγ DNA-binding activity and MOX-1 expression and inhibited EMT. On the other hand, PAK4 overexpression reversed GW9662-inhibited ROS levels, EMT and migration. In vivo experiments in nude mice showed the IR-induced PAK4/PPARγ nuclear co-localization in tumors. Furthermore, PAK4.si inhibited tumor growth and ROS-induced MOX-1 levels in IR-treated tumors. In summary, our studies not only demonstrate a prominent PAK4/PPARγ nuclear interaction but also suggest a novel regulation of PPARγ-mediated EMT by PAK4, thereby indicating the future therapeutic potential of targeting PAK4/PPARγ binding in glioma treatment. Citation Format: Divya Kesanakurti, Dilip Maddirela, Meena Gujrati, Sanjeeva Mohanam, Jasti S. Rao. Nuclear liaison between PAK4 and PPARγ regulates radiation-induced MOX-1-mediated epithelial-mesenchymal transition and cell migration via a ROS-dependent mechanism in glioblastoma. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 754. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-754
Intel® Threading Building Block (Intel® TBB) flow graph as a software infrastructure layer for OpenCL™-based computations

Modern computing systems are becoming heterogeneous with a variety of programmable units: CPU, GPU, FPGA, domain-specific accelerators, etc. OpenCL™ API is a cross-platform programming model for a wide range of computing devices, but using the language in a complex heterogenous system remains a challenge. Intel® Threading Building Blocks (Intel® TBB) is a widely used C++ library for shared-memory parallel programming that provides the flow graph functionality to express unstructured parallelism and asynchronous computations. Our presentation shows how OpenCL and Intel TBB flow graph can be used in conjunction to simplify programming for complex heterogeneous systems.
The Role of “Cyber-Dissent” in Stimulating Democratization in the MENA Region and Empowering Youth Voices

This study examines how social networking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, blogospheres, and YouTube are used for political purposes in order to circumvent severe press censorship and political restrictions imposed by the governments of the Middle East and North African region. The usage of social media for the purpose of political dissent is defined in this study as “cyber-dissent.” Examining the nature of “cyber-dissent” will show how it exposes a lack of freedom of speech and press, which is a direct result of authoritarianism, and how cyber-dissent can stimulate members of society to find other means to engage and communicate with each other. There are several underlying questions addressed: How has social media stimulated democratization in the Middle East? What are the characteristics of social media that enabled the “Arab Spring”? Lastly, how has blogging and social media empowered youth and minority voices in the region? We find that several key factors have had a significant impact on cyber-dissent which ultimately was a catalyst for the Arab Spring: legislation and restrictions that inhibit freedom of press, a high youth population between the ages of 15 and 29, greater access to technology, an increase in wealth (or gross domestic product, GDP per capita), and an increase in education.