cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
DNA flow cytometric analysis of paraffin-embedded tissue for the diagnosis of malignancy in bile duct biopsies.

Summary Differentiation of reactive versus neoplastic epithelial changes can be challenging in bile duct biopsies. The samples are often scant, distorted, and mixed with significant inflammation, ulceration, and/or debris. Histological confirmation of malignancy is often required before the initiation of surgical therapy, and an erroneous diagnosis of malignancy can lead to unnecessary clinical management. Aneuploidy assessment by DNA flow cytometry was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue from 63 bile duct biopsies: 10 with a malignant diagnosis (7 with adenocarcinoma and 3 with at least high-grade dysplasia [HGD]); 3 with an atypical diagnosis showing rare atypical glands/cells, concerning but not definite for malignancy; 28 likely reactive biopsies with acute/chronic inflammation, ulceration, and/or mild nuclear atypia; and 22 additional benign biopsies without significant inflammation, ulceration, or nuclear atypia. Aneuploidy was detected in 7 (70%) of the 10 biopsies with definite neoplasia (5 of 7 adenocarcinoma cases and 2 of 3 at least HGD cases), all 3 (100%) atypical biopsies, and none of the 50 benign biopsies. All 3 atypical cases with aneuploidy were subsequently found to have adenocarcinoma (n = 2) or HGD (n = 1). Among the 2 cases of at least HGD with aneuploidy, 1 case developed adenocarcinoma, but no follow-up information was available in the other case. The remaining 1 case of at least HGD, despite having normal DNA content, was found to have adenocarcinoma on follow-up. None of the 50 benign cases (further supported by normal DNA content) developed adenocarcinoma within a mean follow-up time of 37 months (range: 0–282 months). The estimated sensitivity of aneuploidy as a diagnostic marker of malignancy (adenocarcinoma and HGD) was 70%, with the specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 94%. In conclusion, DNA flow cytometry using FFPE tissue from bile duct biopsies demonstrates a high rate of aneuploidy (70%) in malignant cases and normal DNA content in all benign biopsies. Although the sample size is small, the results indicate that this assay can be potentially useful in challenging atypical cases, where morphological evaluation is limited by scarcity of atypical glands/cells, inflammation, and/or ulceration.
Oncogenes Feed Treg Cells without Calling CD8s to the Table.

Metabolic support for regulatory T (Treg) cells in noninflamed tumors is not well understood. In this issue of Immunity, Kumagai et. al. show how oncogene-driven fatty-acid synthesis favors Treg cells over effector T cells and how this imbalance can be overcome.
A Critical Care Transport Program's Innovative Approach to Safety During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic

Abstract Objective The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has resulted in the frequent transfer of critically ill patients, yet there is little information available to assist critical care transport programs in protecting their clinicians from disease exposure in this unique environment. The Lifeline Critical Care Transport Program has implemented several novel interventions to reduce the risk of staff exposure. Methods Several safety interventions were implemented at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. These initiatives included the deployment of a transport safety officer, a receiving clean team for select interfacility transports, and modifications in personal protective equipment. Results From February 29, 2020, to August 29, 2020, there were 1,041 transports of persons under investigation, 660 (63.4%) of whom were ultimately found to be COVID-19 positive. Approximately one third were ground transports, 11 (1.1%) were by air, and the remainder were intrahospital transports. There were 0 documented staff exposures or illnesses during the study period. Conclusion The adaptation of these safety measures resulted in 0 staff exposures or illnesses while maintaining a high-volume, high-acuity critical care transport program. These interventions are the first of their kind to be implemented during the COVID-19 pandemic and offer a framework for other organizations and future disease outbreaks.
The Conditional CAPM and Time Varying Risk Premium for Equity REITs

Executive Summary.Given the recent interest in Real Estate Investment Trusts (REITs), this study investigates whether REITs provide investors with a superior risk-return trade off. Utilizing a cond...
Object manipulation in immersive virtual environments: Hand Motion tracking technology and snap-to-fit function

Abstract There have been recent efforts to use virtual reality and manipulation to train construction workers and inspection. However, there is a lack of research efforts comparing and evaluating virtual manipulation hardware for construction tasks. Moreover, the current practice of virtual manipulation has limited functionality to guide users with the placement of objects in virtual environments. To address these issues, this paper presents 1) a detailed case study that compares three types of manipulation hardware (image-based, infrared-based, and magnetic-based) for construction applications and 2) a snap-to-fit method that improves the VM through solving limitations of the advanced virtual reality interaction metaphors. The latter enhances the placement process for manipulation by comparing two models (e.g., scan and BIM models) for proper placement in assembly scenarios. The case study results show that magnetic-based systems outperform others in construction scenarios. Lastly, the snap-to-fit function was validated in terms of accuracy and time performance.
'What is Neoliberalism? And What Has it Meant?': A Primer

"'What is Neoliberalism? And What Has it Meant?': A Primer" endeavors to offer the reader a broad understanding of what has in recent years become the controversial idea, "neoliberalism," on the basis of four claims it makes, explains and defends. These are, namely, 1. Neoliberalism is a distinct phenomenon, extending but also distinct from classical liberalism; and while broadly identifiable with certain prescriptions (deregulation, privatization, etc.) ultimately taking the form of the economic model here termed "Neoliberal Financialization" (distinguishable from the preceding Keynesian Fordism). 2. Neoliberalism, while developing over the course of the twentieth century, became an effective political force amid the crisis of the 1970s, primarily as a response to economic developments rather than the "intellectual fashions" emphasized by many of its chroniclers. 3. Neoliberalism's economic results have consistently fallen short of the promises made for them over past decades, whether the issue is industrial renewal, economic development, economic growth, the attainment of sounder government finances or anything else, but that policymakers and elites (who have done well out of the era) have remained committed to the model in spite of its disappointments. 4. Neoliberalism has never enjoyed broad public appeal, and been the object of popular backlashes during the decades in which it has prevailed, up to the present. Recent years have seen stronger challenges, identifiable with such events as "Brexit" and recent presidential elections in the U.S., but especially from the right the challenge has been limited, and overall the neoliberal model remains dominant.
Rigorous simulation of photon recycling effects in perovskite solar cells and LEDs

Secondary photogeneration due to reabsorption of internally emitted photons in metal halide perovskites is assessed using a novel dipole emission model that is compatible with detailed balance rates. The model considers the non-uniform local photon density of states of thin film absorbers/emitters consistently in internal and external emission and provides insight into the impact of photon confinement on the effectiveness of photon recycling in the wave optics regime. New and general expressions for local radiative recombination and generation rates in terms of the local values of refractive index, extinction coefficient, density of states, and quasi-Fermi level splitting allow for a seamless integration of photon recycling into full opto-electronic device simulation frameworks.
A New Short-Term County Population Projection Method

This paper proposes a new method for short-term county population projections. It is based on a modification of the ratio-correlation method of population estimation. The modified ratio-correlation method can produce projections with a high potential for accuracy without requiring substantial data and intensive intellectual labor inputs. Tests of accuracy are examined for the modified ratio-correlation method and two currently available alternatives using data from Washington state. The tests suggest that the new method performs well. (EXCERPT)
Development of novel electrode materials for the electrocatalysis of oxygen-transfer and hydrogen-transfer reactions

Throughout this thesis, the fundamental aspects involved in the electrocatalysis of anodic O-transfer reactions and cathodic H-transfer reactions have been studied. The investigation into anodic O-transfer reactions at undoped and Fe(III)[doped MnO{sub 2} films] revealed that MnO{sub 2} film electrodes prepared by a cycling voltammetry deposition show improved response for DMSO oxidation at the film electrodes vs. the Au substrate. Doping of the MnO{sub 2} films with Fe(III) further enhanced electrode activity. Reasons for this increase are believed to involve the adsorption of DMSO by the Fe(III) sites. The investigation into anodic O-transfer reactions at undoped and Fe(III)-doped RuO{sub 2} films showed that the Fe(III)-doped RuO{sub 2}-film electrodes are applicable for anodic detection of sulfur compounds. The Fe(III) sites in the Fe-RuO{sub 2} films are speculated to act as adsorption sites for the sulfur species while the Ru(IV) sites function for anodic discharge of H{sub 2}O to generate the adsorbed OH species. The investigation into cathodic H-transfer reactions, specifically nitrate reduction, at various pure metals and their alloys demonstrated that the incorporation of metals into alloy materials can create a material that exhibits bifunctional properties for the various steps involved in the overall nitrate reduction reaction. The Sb{sub 10}Sn{sub 20}Ti{sub 70}, Cu{sub 63}Ni{sub 37} and Cu{sub 25}Ni{sub 75} alloy electrodes exhibited improved activity for nitrate reduction as compared to their pure component metals. The Cu{sub 63}Ni{sub 37} alloy displayed the highest activity for nitrate reduction. The final investigation was a detailed study of the electrocatalytic activity of cathodic H-transfer reactions (nitrate reduction) at various compositions of Cu-Ni alloy electrodes. Voltammetric response for NO{sub 3}{sup -} at the Cu-Ni alloy electrode is superior to the response at the pure Cu and Ni electrodes. This is explained on the basis of the synergism of the two different metal sites at these binary alloy electrodes acting within the proposed response mechanism. Accordingly, adsorbed H-atoms are generated by cathodic discharge of H{sup +} at the Ni-sites whereas adsorption of NO{sub 3}{sup -} occurs at the Cu-sites.
Wrong Claim, Wrong Party, Wrong Court: Assessing the Petition Brought by a Coalition of Clergy, Lawyers, & Professors on Behalf of Detainees Held by the U.S. Military in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba

This brief article assesses the merits of the habeas corpus petition filed by a group of Los Angeles-based attorneys and professors on behalf of terrorists being detained by the United States in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. It argues that the petitioners had no standing; that the Central District of California had no geographic connection and therefore no jurisdiction; and that the Constitution's guarantee of the writ of habeas corpus did not does not extend to non-citizens beyond the borders and sovereign authority of the United States.
Steric parameters, molecular modeling and hydropathic interaction analysis of the pharmacology of para-substituted methcathinone analogues.

Background and Purpose There is growing concern over the abuse of certain psychostimulant methcathinone (MCAT) analogues. This study extends an initial quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) investigation that demonstrated important steric considerations of seven 4- (or para-)substituted analogues of MCAT. Specifically, the steric character (Taft's steric ES) of the 4-position substituent affected in vitro potency to induce monoamine release via dopamine and 5-HT transporters (DAT and SERT) and in vivo modulation of intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS). Here, we have assessed the effects of other steric properties of the 4-position substituents. Experimental Approach Definitive steric parameters that more explicitly focus on the volume, width and length of the MCAT 4-position substituents were assessed. In addition, homology models of human DAT and human SERT based upon the crystallized Drosophila DAT were constructed and docking studies were performed, followed by hydropathic interaction (HINT) analysis of the docking results. Key Results The potency of seven MCAT analogues at DAT was negatively correlated with the volume and maximal width of their 4-position substituents, whereas potency at SERT increased as substituent volume and length increased. SERT/DAT selectivity, as well as abuse-related drug effects in the ICSS procedure, also correlated with the same parameters. Docking solutions offered a means of visualizing these findings. Conclusions and Implications These results suggest that steric aspects of the 4-position substituents of MCAT analogues are key determinants of their action and selectivity, and that the hydrophobic nature of these substituents is involved in their potency at SERT.
Analyzing and reconstructing gene regulatory networks

The study of networks is becoming an increasingly important area of biological research. This chapter starts with a general discussion of network properties, and then focuses on the transcriptional control network of Escherichia coli, a gene regulatory network that is better characterized than in most other organisms. This network is analyzed in terms of distinct layers that show short paths from higher, input to lower, output levels. This structure suggests that short temporal delays are favored over additional information integration that might be achieved with more levels of processing. Repeating structures, termed motifs, were discovered including triangle-, square-, and tree-shaped motifs. In an example shown, discovered motifs suggest that functional modules may be inferred from such topological analyses. Other topological structures such as redundant pathways and negative feedback loops are not found, perhaps indicating that simple feed-forward designs are favored over more complex systems that might improve cellular robustness. Current gene regulatory networks are reconstructed by combining data from many experiments and many labs using hypothesis-driven approaches, but there is a growing effort to infer biological networks from high-throughput and genome-wide data sets. While sufficient data is generally lacking for fully detailed kinetic reconstructions, efforts to reconstruct network topology have shown promise. We review some of these reconstruction methods in light of an eventual goal of reconstructing whole regulatory networks. Keywords: networks; topology; transcriptional regulation; gene regulation; network inference; reconstruction; pathways; gene expression data; E. coli
…So They Understand: Cultural Issues in Oral History

Reviewed Medium: book Authors: William Schneider Year: 2002 Pages: vii + 198 Publisher: Utah State University Press Prices: $22.95
Dereferee: instrumenting C++ pointers with meaningful runtime diagnostics

Proper memory management and pointer usage often prove to be the most difficult concepts for students learning C++ to grasp. Compounding this problem is the fact that the compilers and runtime environments traditionally used to introduce these concepts leave much to be desired with regard to generating meaningful diagnostics to assist students in tracking down and fixing memory-related logical errors. To alleviate this, we have developed Dereferee, an advanced yet thin wrapper around C++ pointers that greatly increases the quality of these runtime diagnostics, but with only a small amount of intrusion into the development process. With regard to performance, memory-intensive programs will experience execution times approximately 20-30 times slower when using Dereferee, which is comparable with other similar tools. Furthermore, the library has been designed to be customizable and easily disabled to transition codes from development to production.Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A computational approach to soliton solutions of the Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation

In this paper, we present a computational approach to develop soliton solutions of the nonlinear Kadomtsev-Petviashvili equation. Our approach rests mainly on the Adomian decomposition method to include few components of the decomposition series. The proposed framework is presented in a general way so that it can be used in nonlinear evolution equations of the same type. Numerical examples are tested to illustrate the proposed scheme.
Protein Kinase C Deficiency Blocks Recovery from Agonist-induced Desensitization

Protein phosphorylation is central to agonist-induced attenuation of the function of G-protein-linked receptors. Stable expression of RNA antisense to specific protein kinase mRNAs permitted analysis of loss-of-function mutants of A431 human epidermoid carcinoma cells, lacking protein kinase A, protein kinase C, or β-adrenergic receptor kinase. Deficiency of protein kinase C, but not the others, amplified rather than attenuated agonist-induced desensitization. In wild-type cells, the t1/2 for recovery from desensitization was ∼25 min following removal of agonist. In the protein kinase C-deficient cells, no resensitization was observed even 60 min after agonist removal. Like protein kinase C-deficiency, inhibition of protein kinase C with bisindolylmaleimide or calphostin C blocked resensitization. Resensitization was suppressed by FK506, an inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2B, mimicking protein kinase C-deficiency, but in a non-additive manner. The data reveal protein kinase C and protein phosphatase 2B to be critical elements of resensitization.
SENSITIVITY OF THROMBIN AND AUTOPROTHROMBIN C TO SELECTED ENZYME INHIBITORS.

Abstract The enzyme thrombin is sensitive to diisopropylfluorophosphate and phenylmethanesulfonyl flouride, but not to p-toluenesulfonyl-phenylalanyl-chloromethylketone. It is relatively resistant to -SS- reducing agents. Under appropriate conditions the enzyme activity regenerates after reduction. Autoprothrombin C activity is easily destroyed 3y -SS- reducing agents, but resistant to the other three reagents cited above.
Design Techniques for Beam Waveguide Systems

Various design techniques used for beam waveguide feed systems are characterized. These include the use of gaussian beam, Geometrical Optics and physical optics systems. Also introduced is a new technique based upon a conjugate phase matching focal plane technique. Advantages, disadvantages and range of applicability of each technique is given. In addition, comparisons of computed and measured results from each type of design are presented.
Mid-Infrared Spectra of Comets P/Borrelly, P/Faye, and P/Schaumasse

A 10 micron silicate emission feature has been discovered in the spectra of comets P/BorrelIy and P/Faye at R approximately 1.5 AU. These are the first short period comets in which silicate emission has definitely been detected. The broad emission features are about 25% above the continuum. No emission feature was present in the spectrum of P/Schaumasse; it is possible that the nucleus of P/Schaumasse was directly detected. If all of the observed flux originated from the nucleus, then the effective radius is about 3 km; the observed color temperature is consistent with a rapidly rotating nucleus. We present models that show how the shape of the silicate feature can depend on the way in which silicate and absorbing material are mixed in the grains.
Methoxyflurane acts at the substrate binding site of cytochrome P450 LM2 to induce a dependence on cytochrome b5.

Abstract Rabbit cytochrome P450 isozyme 2 requires cytochrome b 5 to metabolize the volatile anesthetic methoxyflurane but not the substrate benzphetamine [ E. Canova-Davis and L. Waskell (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 2541–2546 ]. To determine whether the requirement for cytochrome b 5 for methoxyflurane oxidation is mediated by an allosteric effect on cytochrome P450 LM 2 or cytochrome P450 reductase, we have investigated whether this anesthetic can induce a role for cytochrome b 5 in benzphetamine metabolism. Using rabbit liver microsomes and antibodies raised in guinea pigs against rabbit cytochrome b 5 , we found that methoxyflurane did not create a cytochrome b 5 requirement for benzphetamine metabolism. Methoxyflurane also failed to induce a role for cytochrome b 5 in benzphetamine metabolism in the purified, reconstituted mixed function oxidase system. Studies of the reaction kinetics established that in the absence of cytochrome b 5 , methoxyflurane and benzphetamine are competitive inhibitors, and that in the presence of cytochrome b 5 , benzphetamine and methoxyflurane are two alternate substrates in competition for a single site on the same enzyme. These results all indicate that the methoxyflurane-induced cytochrome b 5 dependence of the mixed function oxidase cytochrome P450 LM 2 system is a direct result of the interaction between methoxyflurane and the substrate binding site of cytochrome P450 LM 2 and suggest the focus of future studies of this question.
Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest

(1997). Kesey's One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest. The Explicator: Vol. 56, No. 1, pp. 48-50.
Molecular Dynamics with Molecular Temperature

The difficulty in simulating a large number of large molecules lies in the enormous difference in time scale between translational and intramolecular motions. If a molecular dynamics simulation is to model an event of microsecond duration, a computation time step on the order of a femtosecond is still required, making the simulation virtually impossible. One approach is to ignore intramolecular interactions (i.e., a hard spheres or rigid molecule model; see, for example, Chushak, Y. G.; Bartell, L. S. J. Phys. Chem. B 1999, 103, 11196), which may be adequate if the energy stored inside a molecule is unaltered. This excludes a number of important applications, such as MALDI and laser desorption/ionization of organic particles, which are based on the ability of molecules to absorb energy. Another approach is to combine all molecular motions into a single degree of freedom with a time scale that is chosen based on the phonon spectrum of the particle (Zhigilei, L. V.; Kodali, P. B. S.; Garrison, B. J. J. Phys...
Fibrinolytic Activity Is Similar in Physically Active Men With and Without a History of Myocardial Infarction

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate fibrinolytic potential at rest and after a fibrinolytic stressor in men with a history of myocardial infarction (MI) compared with an age- and activity-matched group of men without coronary artery disease (CAD). All men were currently enrolled in exercise programs. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (TPA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity and antigen levels were measured at rest and after a maximal exercise test. A 2×2 (group×time) ANOVA with repeated measures was used to evaluate fibrinolytic potential. Bivariate regressions were conducted to evaluate relations between fibrinolytic potential and maximal oxygen uptake (VO 2max ). Age was similar between groups (CAD, 57.5±6.6; non-CAD, 58.1±7.3 years); however, VO 2max was higher in non-CAD subjects (36.2±6.2 vs 27.5±5.9 mL·kg −1 ·min −1 ). Mean±SEM resting TPA and PAI-1 activities were similar between CAD and non-CAD subjects (TPA, 2.8±0.2 vs 2.8±0.2 IU/mL; PAI-1, 15.9±3.1 vs 13.1±4.1 AU/mL). Both groups showed similar significant increases in TPA activity with exercise ( P P P 2max was positively correlated with postexercise TPA activity ( r =.52, P r =−.43, P r =.63, P
Keratinocyte growth factor is up-regulated by estrogen in the porcine uterine endometrium and functions in trophectoderm cell proliferation and differentiation.

Keratinocyte growth factor (KGF) is expressed by uterine endometrial epithelial cells during the estrous cycle and during pregnancy in pigs, whereas KGF receptor is expressed in conceptus trophectoderm and endometrial epithelia. In particular, KGF expression in the endometrium is highest on day 12 of pregnancy. This corresponds to the period of maternal recognition of pregnancy in pigs, which is signaled by large amounts of estrogen secreted by conceptus trophectoderm acting on the endometrium. Our hypothesis is that estrogens of conceptus origin stimulate endometrial epithelial KGF expression, and, in turn, secreted KGF stimulates proliferation and differentiation of conceptus trophectoderm. To determine the factors affecting KGF expression in the uterus, endometrial explants from gilts on day 9 of the estrous cycle were cultured in the presence of 17beta-estradiol, catechol estrogens, or progesterone. 17beta-Estradiol stimulated the expression of KGF (P 0.05). Between days 9 and 15 of pregnancy, proliferating cell nuclear antigen was abundant in conceptuses, but was barely detectable in uterine endometrial epithelia. To determine the effects of KGF on conceptus trophectoderm, porcine trophectoderm (pTr) cells were treated with recombinant rat KGF (rKGF). rKGF increased the proliferation of pTr cells (P < 0.01) as measured by [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. rKGF elicited phosphorylation of KGF receptor and activated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (ERK1/2) cascade in pTr cells. pTr cell differentiation was affected by rKGF, because it increased expression of urokinase-type plasminogen activator, a marker for differentiation in pTr cells. Collectively, these results indicate that estrogen, the pregnancy recognition signal from the conceptus in pigs, increases uterine epithelial KGF expression, and, in turn, KGF stimulates the proliferation and differentiation of conceptus trophectoderm.
Role of protein kinase C in ethanol-induced activation of adenylyl cyclase.

Ethanol is known to enhance the activity of adenylyl cyclase (AC) in a number of cells and tissues. Recent work has suggested that the various isoforms of AC show differential sensitivity to ethanol, with Type VII AC being most sensitive. However, the mechanism of action of ethanol is unclear. In the present work, we investigated the effect of ethanol on AC activity in the human erythroleukemia (HEL) cell line, platelets, and AC VII-transfected HEK 293 cells. The HEL cells contain abundant amounts of mRNA for Type VII AC. We found that both ethanol and phorbol dibutyrate (PDBu) treatment enhanced agonist (prostaglandin E1; PGE1)-stimulated AC activity in HEL cells, as well as in platelets and HEK 293 cells transfected with AC VII. Inhibitors of protein kinase C (PKC) blocked the stimulatory effects of both ethanol and PDBu. However, the effects of ethanol and PDBu on AC activity were additive, suggesting that the mechanisms of action of ethanol and PDBu were not identical. Furthermore, a 30-min exposure of HEL cells to ethanol attenuated (desensitized) the ability of ethanol, but not PDBu, to enhance agonist-activated AC activity. On the other hand, a 30-min pretreatment with PDBu attenuated the AC response to the phorbol ester, but not to ethanol; but, after a 20 hr preincubation with phorbol ester, the ability of both PDBu and ethanol to enhance prostaglandin E1-stimulated AC activity was completely eliminated. Finally, pretreatment of HEL cells with pertussis toxin blocked the effect of PDBu, but not ethanol, on AC activity. The results support the involvement of phorbol ester-sensitive PKC(s) in ethanol's enhancement of agonist-activated activity of AC in HEL cells, but suggest that the mechanism of ethanol's action is different from that of PDBu. The findings with pertussis toxin suggest that PDBu activation of PKC(s) may affect AC activity through phosphorylation of a G1 protein, whereas ethanol may act by promoting phosphorylation of a different substrate (e.g., AC VII).
A synthetic DNA walker for molecular transport

Inspired by kinesin movement along a microtubule, we demonstrate a processive bipedal DNA walker. Powered by externally controlled DNA fuel strands, the walker locomotes with a 5 nm stride by advancing the trailing foot to the lead at each step. Real-time monitoring of specific bidirectional walker movement is achieved via multiplexed fluorescence quenching.
On the intermolecular potential in solid N 2

An anisotropic intermolecular potential for solid N2 is proposed in terms of a sum of multipole-like interactions. The potential is shown to lead to an α-γ transition. Furthermore, the hexadecapolar terms in the hard-core potential reduce the libronic frequencies atT=0K to approximately those calculated with the electric quadrupole potential alone. It is suggested that the smallness of the hexadecapolar terms in the 6–12 atom—atom potential accounts for its inability to explain the properties of solid N2
Cognitive structure and death anxiety

Abstract One goal of thanatology is to study the idiosyncratic belief systems that individuals have regarding the meaning of death. Although more recent multidimensional scales for assessing death anxiety represent an improvement over earlier global scales, both are limited in their ability to measure subtle structural properties of such belief systems. The present paper investigated the feasibility of studying personal meanings of death through the use of the Death Attitude Repertory Test (DART), a cognitive assessment strategy grounded in personal construct theory. Pilot data indicate that (a) the DART can assess the complexity, flexibility and uncertainty of our frame- works for understanding death, (b) these properties relate meaningfully to demo- graphic and psychological characteristics of respondents, and (c) such cognitive structural variables are nonredundant with traditional death anxiety measures, whether unidimensional or multidimensional.
Spectral Analysis and Photofragmentation Dynamics of the Perdeuteromethoxy Radical

The A2A1−X2E electronic spectrum of the CD3O radical has been investigated in detail. By using a variety of techniques, including rotational structure analysis, over 65 bands terminating on different vibronic levels of the A state have been assigned. The branching ratios for fluorescence decay vs photofragmentation of these same levels have also been determined. The detailed spectroscopic mapping of the A state vibronic structure is used to interpret the dynamical observations. The fragmentation is found to be rather mode specific, with ν3, the C−O stretch, being a major promoting mode, while ν2, the umbrella motion, is not. Unexpectedly the methyl rock, ν6, also appears to be an effective promoting mode.
Current Status and Prospects of Malaria Vaccines.

Malaria is a parasitic disease caused by four Plasmodium species infecting humans, Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae. The parasite is transmitted by the Anopheles mosquitoes that flourish in warm climates. These vectors thus are present in many tourist areas of the world, including Africa, Asia, and South America. Known in China, as far back as 2700 BC, malaria was controlled by medicinal plants or drugs. This was until drug resistance occurred, beginning in Asia with chloroquine in the 1960s and spreading quickly all over the world. Today, the status of malaria drug resistance is critical and has lead to the appearance of virulent and deadly P. falciparum strains that are difficult to control. In addition, the number of cases of malaria has increased owing in part to an increase in the spread of malaria caused by another flying vector: the airplane. Airplanes can carry not only infected travelers, but also, sometimes, mosquitoes. As an example, more that 1000 cases of imported malaria were reported in 1992 in the United States, where malaria had previously been eradicated. The mosquito vector (personal communication, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA) still exists in the U.S., and recent acquisitions of malaria among persons living in New Jersey and Texas, who had no risk factors for malaria, underscores the potential for imported malaria to affect the nonimmune host population in any country in the world.
Quantum feedback control of a solid-state qubit

We have studied theoretically the basic operation of a quantum feedback loop designed to maintain a desired phase of quantum coherent oscillations in a single solid-state qubit. The degree of oscillations synchronization with external harmonic signal is calculated as a function of feedback strength, taking into account available bandwidth and coupling to environment. The feedback can efficiently suppress the dephasing of oscillations if the qubit coupling to the detector is stronger than the coupling to the environment.
Molecular structure of a low-amylopectin starch and other high-amylose maize starches

Abstract The molecular structure of two commercially available high-amylose maize starches, HYLON® V starch and HYLON® VII starch, and of a newly developed low-amylopectin starch (LAPS) was examined. These high-amylose starches give three apparent fractions as determined by gel-permeation chromatography: a high-molecular weight (mol.wt) amylopectin fraction, a low-mol.wt amylose fraction, and an intermediate-mol.wt fraction which contains both linear and branched components. The low-mol.wt amylose fraction increases from 9·4% in HYLON V starch to 17·7% in HYLON VII starch and 26·5% in LAPS, whereas the high-mol.wt amylopectin fraction decreases from 31·1% in HYLON V starch to 13·8% in HYLON VII starch and 2·5% in LAPS. The percentage of linear components in HYLON V starch, HYLON VII starch, and LAPS are 42, 54, and 80%, respectively. High-amylose starches have a large proportion of long chains in their branched fractions compared to waxy-maize and normal-maize starch. Both HYLON VII starch and the LAPS give B plus V-type X-ray diffraction patterns, but the LAPS has even a higher gelatinization temperature, lower swelling power in hot water, and is more resistant to acid digestion. With the lack of amylopectin, amylose accounts for at least part of the double helical structure in the LAPS granules.
A program for comprehension monitoring of text using hypercard for the Macintosh

We describe a program using HyperCard for the Macintosh that allows the collection of several different types of text processing data in a realistic, natural, and unobtrusive experimental setting. The program allows a sentence-by-sentence presentation of text and allows unconstrained movement forward and backward through the text. Subjects can, at any point during reading, look back at individual sentences presented previously, or review all previously presented sentences at once. All sentence readings and rereadings are timed, and the sequence of readings, rereadings, and reviews is recorded. Following passage reading, questions are asked to examine comprehension and memory of the passage. The program is well suited for the examination of comprehension evaluation and regulation in readers, as well as for the examination of other comprehension and memory processes.
Ten Year Follow-Up of a Comprehensive Rehabilitation Program for Severe COPD

tioning. Life-quality as represented by the SIP overall score, also shows statistically significant relationships with pulmonary function and cardiac variables including Pa02, a cardiac index (L/min/m2) obtained from exercise testing and maximum workload achieved during exercise. Although the relationships between life-quality and the physiologic variables are modest in many cases, it should be noted that the entry criteria for the NOTT permit only the most ill patients to enter the study. The result is a very restricted range of pulmonary function which decreases the likelihood of large correlations. DISCUSsIoN The results of initial analyses of the NO’IT data lead us to conclude that patients with COPD experience substantial emotional disturbance and reductions in life quality. The significant interrelationships between neuropsychologic and life-quality variables suggest that some of the emotional effects of hypoxemia may be the results of an inadequate supply of oxygen to the limbic system and other portions of the brain that mediate emotional behavior. However, it is also clear that socioemotional changes may be the secondary result of the restrictions that are placed on the lifestyles of COPD patients by their disease. Indeed, as our results demonstrate, COPD patients must curtail their activities and forego usual modes of recreation and employment. Declining mental faciities,� no doubt provide additional impetus to frustration, depression and irritability. In summary, it is evident that the interrelationships between life quality, neuropsychologic functioning and physiologic variables in COPD are quite complex. We are developing a conceptual model to help us understand better these interrelationships and to guide future research in this area. Our initial research has involved the use of simple correlations; however, we plan to employ causal-modeling techniques to enable us to unravel these complex interrelationships.
OBESITY AS A VARIABLE AFFECTING PERFORMANCE ON THE ROD AND FRAME TEST

Summary.-Apparent similarities between S. Schachtec's stimulus binding construct and H. A. Witkin's construct of psychological differentiation, specifically field dependence, have been noted in the literature. The present study examined field dependence on the rod-and-frame test among 20 obese and 42 average-weight subjects. Obese subjects were more field-dependent than were average-weight subjects. Women were slightly more field-dependent than were men. The author concluded that obese persons are more field-dependent and speculated that the constructs may be describing similar phenomena.
Physical characterization of cyclosporine binding sites in lymphocytes

The binding of cyclosporine to human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) was studied by measuring the fluorescence emission spectrum and lifetime of the fluorescent and immunosuppressive cyclosporine derivative dansyl-cyclosporine (DCs). The emission maximum and fluorescence lifetime of DCs were characterized in several solvents. The fluorescence emission maximum and lifetime of DCs increased at a high dielectric constant. The fluorescence lifetime decay curve of DCs was a monoexponential function in all solvents tested. Fluorescence micrographs of lipid vesicles and erythrocytes labeled with DCs exhibit uniform staining patterns, whereas PBLs show heterogeneous DCs labeling. DCs exhibits a relatively low emission maximum (490 nm) in erythrocyte membranes. Such an emission maximum is characteristic of a hydrophobic environment. DCs in PBLs also has a low emission maximum (484 nm). The lifetime of DCs in PBLs required two exponential terms to properly fit the lifetime decay curve and could not be attributed to light scattering. One short component (4.7 +/- 1.0 ns) and a second long component (18.5 +/- 1.0 ns) were resolved from the DCs fluorescence decay curves. Time-resolved anisotropy of DCs in PBLs revealed that the labeled drug was present in an anisotropic environment, consistent with at least some DCs being bound to a membrane. These fluorescence studies suggest that DCs interacts with multiple and/or heterogeneous sites in peripheral blood lymphocytes.
Active learning of introductory optics: interactive lecture demonstrations and optics magic tricks

Widespread physics education research has shown that most introductory physics students have difficulty learning essential optics concepts even in the best of traditional courses, and that a well-designed active learning approach can remedy this. This active presentation will provide direct experience through audience participation with methods for promoting active involvement of students in the learning process. The focus will be on Interactive Lecture Demonstrations (ILDs)1,2—a learning strategy for large (and small) lectures, including the use of special Optics Magic Tricks. Sample ILD materials and instructions on how to do the tricks will be distributed.
A spatially explicit scheme for tracking and validating annual landscape scale changes in soil carbon

Abstract Short term change in the relations of land cover (LC) and soil organic carbon (SOC) are a challenge for management requiring a modeling methodology for monitoring annual transitions in the SOC. As part of this methodology, ‘annual land cover change information’, available from remote sensing is assimilated within an ecosystem modeling framework. In this research, this framework comprises of CENTURY, an agro-ecosystem model that simulates SOC and WEPP a process-based, distributed parameter model for computing soil erosion. The proposed methodology is used for studying changes in SOC from 1999 to 2006, in the Big Creek watershed, located in the Union and Pulaski Counties of Southern Illinois. Validation is performed by comparing the modeled SOC at the end of year 2006 against SOC obtained from extensive soil sampling. Two sets of hypotheses are tested, these are: (1) equality of the means of the modeled and measured SOC for the entire watershed, and (2) equality of the means of the modeled and measured SOC of the different soil series in the watershed. Extensive analysis of the measured SOC is also performed. This assessment reveals significant differences between the means of the measured SOC across LCs, whereas these differences were insignificant across soil series. Modeling results indicate increase in the SOC over eight years, with LC having a major impact in governing this change. Overall, the presented methodology, even with limited information, performs adequately. A comparison of the modeled and the measured SOC shows absence of significant differences in the means. For different soil series, both significant and insignificant differences in the means of the modeled and the measured SOC were observed. However, these mixed results are expected, as the primacy of LC in governing SOC confounds the influence of soils on SOC.
Voltage Pulse Modulation of Photoluminescence in p -GaP

A substantial enhancement of the photoluminescence of $p$-GaP and a shift to shorter wavelengths have been observed at 27 and 4\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, after the application of a voltage pulse of sufficient magnitude to raise the current appreciably above the value extrapolated from low fields. The current rises abruptly above a critical voltage. The observations are explained in terms of a model based on impact ionization of holes bound to isolated acceptors.
Interaction of a streamwise vortex with a free surface

An experimental investigation on the flow structure resulting from the interaction of a single tip vortex with a deformable free surface is described. The results have shown that the free surface redistributes part or all of the normal turbulent kinetic energy into streamwise and spanwise components. The turbulent kinetic energy first decrease sharply with increasing vertical distance from the vortex and then remains nearly constant within a thin layer below the «roughened» free surface. The results lend further credence to the simulation of near-surface structures by a decaying two-dimensional turbulence via vortex or contour dynamics
Discovery of novel 7-membered cyclic amide derivatives that inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1

A series of novel 5-trans-hydroxyadamantan-2-yl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropyrazolo[4,3-c]azepin-4(1H)-ones that inhibit 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 are described. We discovered these 7-membered cyclic amide derivatives by introducing a distinctive linker through pharmacophore analysis of known ligands included in X-ray co-crystal structures. Further optimization using docking studies led to highly potent inhibitors 15b and 27, which furthermore showed the potent efficacy in in vivo studies.
Individual differences in attention strategies during detection, fine discrimination, and coarse discrimination.

Interacting with the environment requires the ability to flexibly direct attention to relevant features. We examined the degree to which individuals attend to visual features within and across Dete...
Kinetic energy budgets during the life cycle of intense convective activity

Synoptic-scale data at three- and six-hour intervals are employed to study the relationship between changing kinetic energy variables and the life cycles of two severe squall lines. The kinetic energy budgets indicate a high degree of kinetic energy generation, especially pronounced near the jet-stream level. Energy losses in the storm environment are due to the transfer of kinetic energy from grid to subgrid scales of motion; large-scale upward vertical motion carries aloft the kinetic energy generated by storm activity at lower levels. In general, the time of maximum storm intensity is also the time of maximum energy conversion and transport.
Novel functional roles for PERIANTHIA and SEUSS during floral organ identity specification, floral meristem termination, and gynoecial development.

The gynoecium is the female reproductive structure of angiosperm flowers. In Arabidopsis thaliana the gynoecium is composed of two carpels fused into a tube-like structure. As the gynoecial primordium arises from the floral meristem, a specialized meristematic structure, the carpel margin meristem (CMM), develops from portions of the medial gynoecial domain. The CMM is critical for reproductive competence because it gives rise to the ovules, the precursors of the seeds. Here we report a functional role for the transcription factor PERIANTHIA (PAN) in the development of the gynoecial medial domain and the formation of ovule primordia that is revealed in aintegumenta (ant) pan and seuss (seu) pan double mutants. Additionally, enhanced disruptions of gynoecial morphology suggest that gynoecial patterning processes are disrupted in the seu pan double mutant. Previously, PAN was identified as a regulator of perianth organ number and as a direct activator of AGAMOUS expression in floral whorl four. However, the seu pan double mutants display enhanced ectopic AG expression in developing sepals and the partial transformation of sepals to petals indicating a novel role for PAN in the repression of AG in floral whorl 1. These results indicate that PAN functions as an activator or repressor of AG expression in a whorl specific fashion. The seu pan double mutants also display enhanced floral indeterminacy, resulting in the formation of “fifth whorl” structures and disruption of WUS expression patterns revealing a novel role for SEU in floral meristem termination.
Five-coordinate platinum(IV) complex as a precursor to a novel Pt(II) olefin hydride complex for alkane activation.

The five-coordinate platinum(IV) complex (nacnac)PtMe3 (nacnac- = [{(o-iPr2C6H3)NC(CH3)}2CH]-) thermally eliminates ethane and methane to produce a novel olefin(hydrido)platinum(II) complex, where the olefin is part of the nacnac-type ligand. This Pt(II) product activates hydrocarbons, including alkanes under mild conditions, as indicated by scrambling of hydrogen and deuterium between the hydrocarbon solvent and selected positions on the ligand of the platinum complex. A mechanism in which olefin insertion into the metal hydride bond opens a site to allow hydrocarbon coordination and C−H bond oxidative addition is proposed.