cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing Sequence and Topological Specificity in the Binding of Tetra(Methylpyridyl)Porphines to DNAs

The binding of a family of tetra(methylpyridyl)porphines to relaxed and supercoiled circular phiX197RF DNA has been probed using restriction endonuclease activity assays employing nine restriction enzymes (selected for different cleavage sequences and different flanking sequences), mung bean nuclease assays and E.coli topoisomerase assays. The restriction enzyme assays indicate that placement of the methyl substituent alters the sequence and topological specificity of binding. For example, the the restriction enzyme Mlu I (cleavage site ACGCGT), the ortho isomer yields partial inhibition of cleavage of supercoiled and relaxed DNA, the meta isomer yields inhibition of the relaxed DNA and no effect with supercoiled DNA, and the para isomer gives enhanced cleavage of supercoiled and relaxed DNA. With Dra I (TTTAAA), the ortho isomer again gives partial inhibition cleavage of supercoiled and relaxed DNA, the meta isomer gives inhibition of cleavage of relaxed AND supercoiled DNA, and the para isomer has no effect on cleavage of either form. Variations in flanking sequences affect the selectivity in binding. Mung bean digestion assays indicate that all three isomers alter the conformation of the supercoiled DNA, with the ortho isomer giving the greatest distortion. Topoisomerase studies suggest that these molecules unwind the DNA. Molecular modeling suggests that the placement of the methyl substituent on the pyridyl rings affects the planarity of the molecules, which may alter the binding to DNA and lead to the observations above.
Purification and characterization of a cyclic GMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase from the cytosol of human platelets

Abstract A cyclic GMP-stimulated cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase was purified to near homogeneity from the 150,000 g supernatant fraction of human platelets by a combination of DEAE-cellulose chromatography and cyclic GMP affinity chromatography. Overall purification was about 7400-fold with a 10% to 15% recovery of activity. On NaDodSO4-containing polyacrylamide gels, the purified enzyme migrates as a single band M r = 105,000. Phosphodiesterase activity co-migrates with the protein band on native polyacrylamide gels. Both Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ support the activity of this phosphodiesterase. The enzyme hydrolyzes both cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP with similar maximal rates. The hydrolysis of both nucleotides exhibits positive homotropic cooperativity with S 0.5 values of 50 ± 12 μM for cyclic AMP and 35 ± 15 μM for cyclic GMP and Hill coefficients of 1.2 to 1.5 for both nucleotides. Low levels of cyclic GMP stimulate the rate of cyclic AMP hydrolysis from 3- to 10-fold. The activity of this phosphodiesterase is not stimulated by the calcium binding protein, calmodulin. The cyclic GMP stimulation of cyclic AMP hydrolysis by this phosphodiesterase may provide a possible regulatory link between the metabolism of these two nucleotides in platelets.
Fructose: Metabolic, Hedonic, and Societal Parallels with Ethanol

Abstract Rates of fructose consumption continue to rise nationwide and have been linked to rising rates of obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. Because obesity has been equated with addiction, and because of their evolutionary commonalities, we chose to examine the metabolic, hedonic, and societal similarities between fructose and its fermentation byproduct ethanol. Elucidation of fructose metabolism in liver and fructose action in brain demonstrate three parallelisms with ethanol. First, hepatic fructose metabolism is similar to ethanol, as they both serve as substrates for de novo lipogenesis, and in the process both promote hepatic insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and hepatic steatosis. Second, fructosylation of proteins with resultant superoxide formation can result in hepatic inflammation similar to acetaldehyde, an intermediary metabolite of ethanol. Lastly, by stimulating the "hedonic pathway" of the brain both directly and indirectly, fructose creates habituation, and possibly dependence; also paralleling ethanol. Thus, fructose induces alterations in both hepatic metabolism and central nervous system energy signaling, leading to a "vicious cycle" of excessive consumption and disease consistent with metabolic syndrome. On a societal level, the treatment of fructose as a commodity exhibits market similarities to ethanol. Analogous to ethanol, societal efforts to reduce fructose consumption will likely be necessary to combat the obesity epidemic.
Helmet-to-Helmet Contact: Avoiding a Lifetime Penalty by Creating a Duty to Scan Active NFL Players for Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

[T]his stuff is for real because I’m experiencing it now. I’m scared to death. I have four kids, I have a beautiful wife and I’m scared to death what might happen to me 10 or 15 years from now. Rod...
Public-health preparedness for biological terrorism in the USA.

and public concerns due to accounts in the popular press of killer germs. 7 The initial activities were aimed at regulation of biological agent transfers and training emergency responders in 120 cities—commonly referred to as the Nunn-Lugar-Domenici preparedness programme—and was aimed at overt chemical terrorism. 8,9 This focus has expanded to acknowledge and address the key role that public health will have in detection and management of a covert biological terrorist incident. Similar efforts to coordinate national contingency arrangements and successfully conclude negotiations over the protocol for verification of the Biological Weapons Convention are underway in the UK. 9
Stability of trapped fermionic gases with attractive interactions

We present a unified overview, from the mean-field to the unitarity regime, of the stability of a trapped Fermi gas with short range attractive interactions. Unlike in a system of bosons, a Fermi gas is always stable in these regimes, no matter how large the particle number. However, when the interparticle spacing becomes comparable to the range of the interatomic interactions, instability is not precluded.
Stability of neuronal number in the human nucleus basalis of Meynert with age

Abstract —Numbers of neurons in the nucleus basalis of Meynert were estimated in seventeen non-demented patients who died of chronic hepatic or cardiopulmonary disease. Neurons were counted at the site of maximal neuronal density (SMND). This site was chosen by reviewing serial sections around the decussation of the anterior commissure and appeared to be comparable in different individuals. No correlation between numbers of neurons and age could be found. It appears that no uniform neuronal loss occurs in the nucleus basalis with age. Taken together with biochemical studies of cerebral cortical choline acetyltransferase activity, these findings suggest that there is no overall change in cholinergic input to cerebral cortex with age.
A new understanding of subjective probability and its generalization to lower and upper prevision

Abstract This article introduces a new way of understanding subjective probability and its generalization to lower and upper prevision. Instead of asking whether a person is willing to pay given prices for given risky payoffs, we ask whether the person believes he can make a lot of money at those prices. If not––if the person is convinced that no strategy for exploiting the prices can make him very rich in the long run––then the prices measure his subjective uncertainty about the events involved. This new understanding justifies Peter Walley’s updating principle, which applies when new information is anticipated exactly. It also justifies a weaker principle that is more useful for planning because it applies even when new information is not anticipated exactly. This weaker principle can serve as a basis for flexible probabilistic planning in event trees.
Spinal anomalies in Pfeiffer syndrome.

Abstract Review of the spinal radiographs of a consecutive series of 11 patients with Pfeiffer syndrome presenting to the Australian Craniofacial Unit was performed. The prevalence of cervical spine fusions was high, and the pattern of fusion complex. Isolated anomalies were evident at lower levels, including two cases of sacrococcygeal eversion. Spinal anomalies occur more frequently in the more severely involved cases of Pfeiffer syndrome emphasizing the generalized dysostotic nature of this condition.
GLOSS: A high level machine

A program of a high level language can be executed either by applying a suitable high level machine to the program or by translating the program to an equivalent program in another language for which a machine exists. Constructing a high level machine for each language is an interesting solution, but such a solution requires the construction of many machines and also does not enable the semanticist to compare programming languages. Using an existing conventional machine whose machine language is the target language of a translator provides an un-interesting solution which also does not allow the semanticist to easily compare programming languages.If we use a high level machine, such as GLOSS, whose machine language is the target language of a translator, then we can write a translator which merely rearranges syntax and does not lose any semantics. Such a solution is interesting to the semanticist if a large class of programming languages can be translated into this high level machine by syntax rearrangement because the high level machine can serve as a medium of programming language comparison.
Perceiving head, shoulders, eyes and toes in augmented virtuality interfaces for mobile robots

Occupancy grid maps derived from laser range finder readings can be used to create virtual worlds for planar environments. These virtual worlds can be augmented with video to create augmented virtuality displays. Such displays, suitably adapted to represent local terrain and pan-tilt-zoom cameras, can make it easier for operators to simultaneously perceive the pose of the robot and its relation to information in the world. We motivate this claim using two abstractions from a model of cognitive information processing: working memory and mental models. We then describe visualization techniques that try to minimize cognitive workload by displaying information about the "head", "shoulders", "eyes", and "toes" of a teleoperated robot.
Confidence intervals for simulations using Reed-Solomon codes

The minimum length confidence interval (CI) for the decoded binary symbol error probability is considered for a Monte Carlo communication system simulation which includes a Reed-Solomon (RS) code. The binary errors at the demodulator output are assumed to be independent with probability P/sub ch/, and the RS decoder is assumed to be an errors-only, incomplete (bounded distance) decoder with decoded bit error probability P/sub c,b/. Let z denote the number of codewords sent through the channel for a simulation trial and let random variable (RV) N/sub z/ be the number of errors observed to occur at the RS decoder output. To compute the CI, the discrete probability density function (pdf) . >
The Yeast Centrin, Cdc31p, and the Interacting Protein Kinase, Kic1p, Are Required for Cell Integrity

Cdc31p is the yeast homologue of centrin, a highly conserved calcium-binding protein of the calmodulin superfamily. Previously centrins have been implicated only in microtubule-based processes. To elucidate the functions of yeast centrin, we carried out a two-hybrid screen for Cdc31p-interacting proteins and identified a novel essential protein kinase of 1,080 residues, Kic1p (kinase that interacts with Cdc31p). Kic1p is closely related to S. cerevisiae Ste20p and the p-21– activated kinases (PAKs) found in a wide variety of eukaryotic organisms. Cdc31p physically interacts with Kic1p by two criteria; Cdc31p coprecipitated with GST–Kic1p and it bound to GST–Kic1p in gel overlay assays. Furthermore, GST–Kic1p exhibited in vitro kinase activity that was CDC31-dependent. Although kic1 mutants were not defective for spindle pole body duplication, they exhibited a variety of mutant phenotypes demonstrating that Kic1p is required for cell integrity. We also found that cdc31 mutants, previously identified as defective for spindle pole body duplication, exhibited lysis and morphological defects. The cdc31 kic1 double mutants exhibited a drastic reduction in the range of permissive temperature, resulting in a severe lysis defect. We conclude that Kic1p function is dependent upon Cdc31p both in vivo and in vitro. We postulate that Cdc31p is required both for SPB duplication and for cell integrity/morphogenesis, and that the integrity/morphogenesis function is mediated through the Kic1p protein kinase.
Use of complementary and alternative medicine and prayer among a national sample of cancer survivors compared to other populations without cancer

Summary Objectives Extensive use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among cancer survivors has been described in literature, but the rate has not previously been compared to other groups in a true population sample. Methods We performed a cross-sectional study using data from the 2002 National Health Interview Survey to determine the prevalence of CAM and prayer for health (PFH) use among cancer survivors and compared the rates of such use among cancer survivors with the US general and other chronic diseased populations while controlling for key socio-demographic factors. Results Among 31,044 adult survey respondents, 1904 had a prior cancer diagnosis, of whom 40% reported CAM and 62% reported PFH use during the year before the survey. The top three CAM modalities were herbs (20%), deep breathing (14%) and meditation (9%). Controlling for other factors, cancer survivors used more CAM than the general population (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–1.53), but similar to those with chronic symptomatic illness (p = 0.5). Cancer survivors used PFH more than the general population (OR 1.87, 95% CI 1.66–2.10) and all other groups (p 10 years). Conclusion A previous cancer diagnosis is associated with a modest increase in CAM use compared with the general population but similar to other chronic symptomatic illnesses; however, cancer survivors are more likely to pray for health than all other populations Exploring CAM and prayer use in clinical settings may help clinicians better understand the needs of their patients.
The Sordid Affair Between Human Herpesvirus and HIV

Both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and human herpesvirus (HHV) infections persist lifelong, and almost all individuals infected with HIV are also infected with ≥1 HHV. These coinfections are not independent processes or benign. In this review, we discuss how HHVs, and cytomegalovirus in particular, interact with concurrent HIV infection, and we describe the next steps necessary to understand and address these connections.
Modeling of field‐aligned guided echoes in the plasmasphere

The conditions under which high frequency (f>>f(sub uh)) long-range extraordinary-mode discrete field-aligned echoes observed by the Radio Plasma Imager (RPI) on board the Imager for Magnetopause-to-Aurora Global Exploration (IMAGE) satellite in the plasmasphere are investigated by ray tracing modeling. Field-aligned discrete echoes are most commonly observed by RPI in the plasmasphere although they are also observed over the polar cap region. The plasmasphere field-aligned echoes appearing as multiple echo traces at different virtual ranges are attributed to signals reflected successively between conjugate hemispheres that propagate along or nearly along closed geomagnetic field lines. The ray tracing simulations show that field-aligned ducts with as little as 1% density perturbations (depletions) and less than 10 wavelengths wide can guide nearly field-aligned propagating high frequency X mode waves. Effective guidance of wave at a given frequency and wave normal angle (Psi) depends on the cross-field density scale of the duct, such that ducts with stronger density depletions need to be wider in order to maintain the same gradient of refractive index across the magnetic field. While signal guidance by field aligned density gradient without ducting is possible only over the polar region, conjugate field-aligned echoes that have traversed through the equatorial region are most likely guided by ducting.
Fast message ordering and membership using a logical token-passing ring

The Totem protocol supports consistent concurrent operations by placing a total order on broadcast messages. This total order is achieved by including a sequence number in a token circulated around a logical ring that is imposed on a set of processors in a broadcast domain. A membership algorithm handles reconfiguration, including restarting of a failed processor and remerging of a partitioned network. Effective flow-control allows the protocol to achieve message ordering rates two to three times higher than the best prior protocols. The single-ring total ordering protocol of Totem provides fault-tolerant agreed and safe delivery of messages within a broadcast domain. >
Chapter 20 Future directions and therapeutic approaches

Abstract Clinically important problems encountered with cardiovascular biomaterials and medical devices are predominantly mediated by cellular and molecular interactions between forein surfaces and the blood and tissue they contact. The most frequest cardiovascular device complications are thromboembolism, hemorrhage due to therepeutic anticoagulation, infection, abnormal healing such as intimal hyperplasia, and structural dysfunction due to biomaterials failure. This chapter summarizes recent progress toward alleviating some of these complications, particularly in preventing thrombosis and thromboembolism, intimal thickening and biomaterials calcification.
Buoyancy-driven mean flow in a long channel with a hydraulically constrained exit condition

Convection plays a major role in a variety of natural hydrodynamic systems. Those in which convection drives exchange flows through a lateral contraction and/or over a sill form a special class with typical examples being the Red and Mediterranean Seas, the Persian Gulf, and the fjords that indent many coastlines. The present work focuses on the spatial distribution and scaling of the density difference between the inflowing and outflowing fluid layers. Using a long water-filled channel, fitted with buoyancy sources at its upper surface, experiments were conducted to investigate the influence of the geometry of the strait and the channel as well as the magnitude of the buoyancy flux. Two different scaling laws, one by Phillips (1966), and one by Maxworthy (1994, 1997) were compared with the experimental results. It has been shown that a scaling law for which g ′ = kB 0 2/3 x / h 4/3 best describes the distribution of the observed density difference along the channel, where B 0 is the buoyancy flux, x the distance from the closed end of the channel, h its height at the open end (sill) and k a constant that depends on the details of the channel geometry and flow conditions. This result holds for the experimental results and appears to be valid for a number of natural systems as well.
Detection of a Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium mexicanum) in Ectoparasites (Mites and Ticks), and Possible Significance for Transmission

Two species of sandflies (Lutzomyia) are competent vectors of Plasmodium mexicanum, a malaria parasite of lizards. The very patchy distribution of sites with high P. mexicanum prevalence in the lizards, and often low or even nil sandfly density at such sites, provoked an evaluation of 2 common lizard ectoparasites, the tick Ixodes pacificus and the mite Geckobiella occidentalis, as potential passive vectors. Plasmodium sp.-specific polymerase chain primers were used to amplify a long segment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene that is unlikely to survive intact if the parasite cells are killed within a blood-feeding arthropod. The segment was strongly amplified from sandflies (the positive control for the method) from 1 to 96 hr postfeeding on an infected lizard. For ticks, the gene fragment was poorly amplified at 0 hr postfeed, and not amplified after 2 hr. In contrast, strong amplification of the parasite DNA was observed from mites from 0 to 20 hr postfeed, and weak amplification even at 96 hr.
Searching for plasmas with anomalous dispersion in the soft X-ray regime

Over the last decade the electron density of plasmas has been measured using X-ray laser interferometers in the 14 to 47 nm wavelength regime. With the same formula used in decades of experiments with optical interferometers, the data analysis assumes the index of refraction is due only to the free electrons, which makes the index less than one. Over the last several years, interferometer experiments in C, Al, Ag, and Sn plasmas have observed plasmas with index of refraction greater than one at 14 or 47 nm and demonstrated unequivocally that the usual formula for calculating the index of refraction is not always valid as the contribution from bound electrons can dominate the free electrons in certain cases. In this paper we search for other materials with strong anomalous dispersion that could be used in X-ray laser interferometer experiments to help understand this phenomena. An average atom code is used to calculate the plasma properties. This paper discusses the calculations of anomalous dispersion in Ne and Na plasmas near 47 nm and Xe plasmas near 14 nm. With the advent of the FLASH X-ray free electron laser in Germany and the LCLS X-FEL coming online at Stanford in 2 years the average atom code will be an invaluable tool to explore plasmas at higher X-ray energy to identify potential experiments for the future. During the next decade X-ray free electron lasers and other X-ray sources will be used to probe a wider variety of plasmas at higher densities and shorter wavelengths so understanding the index of refraction in plasmas will be even more essential.
Venous Air Embolism*: Diagnosis by Spontaneous Right-Sided Contrast Echocardiography

This report describes the definitive diagnosis of venous air-embolism by documentation of spontaneous echo contrast in the right cardiac chambers following removal of a jugular venous catheter in a patient with hepatic failure. This complication was potentiated by the presence of concurrent hepatic coagulopathy which prejudiced effective hemostasis at the central venous puncture site. (Chest 1991; 99:784–85)
A Model for Interlaboratory Differences

When a single specimen is divided into samples and sent to different laboratories for analysis, it often happens that a few of the laboratories obtain results that consistently are discrepant from the others. Using an additive model, we propose a new approach based on ordering and selection principles to detect and remove the discrepant laboratories. Parameters are then estimated using the remaining laboratories.
Tumor Necrosis Factor Promotes Runx2 Degradation through Up-regulation of Smurf1 and Smurf2 in Osteoblasts

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bone loss through stimulation of osteoclastic bone resorption and inhibition of osteoblastic bone formation. Compared with the well established role of TNF in osteoclastogenesis, mechanisms by which TNF inhibits osteoblast function have not been fully determined. Runx2 is an osteoblast-specific transcription factor whose steady-state protein levels are regulated by proteasomal degradation, mediated by the E3 ubiquitin ligases, Smurf1 and Smurf2. We hypothesized that TNF inhibits osteoblast function through Smurf-mediated Runx2 degradation. We treated C2C12 and 2T3 osteoblast precursor cell lines and primary osteoblasts with TNF and found that TNF, but not interleukin-1, significantly increased Smurf1 and Smurf2 expression. TNF increased the degradation of endogenous or transfected Runx2 protein, which was blocked by treating cells with a proteasomal inhibitor or by infecting cells with small interfering (si)RNA against Smurf1 or Smurf2. TNF inhibited the expression of bone morphogenetic protein and transforming growth factor-β signaling reporter constructs, and the inhibition of each was blocked by Smurf1 siRNA and Smurf2 siRNA, respectively. Overexpression of Smurf1 and/or Smurf2 siRNAs prevented the inhibitory effect of TNF on Runx2 reporter. Consistent with these in vitro findings, bones from TNF transgenic mice or TNF-injected wild type mice had increased Smurf1 and decreased Runx2 protein levels. We propose that one of the mechanisms by which TNF inhibits bone formation in inflammatory bone disorders is by promoting Runx2 proteasomal degradation through up-regulation of Smurf1 and Smurf2 expression.
Yellow-bellied marmots: insights from an emergent view of sociality

Ecological factors explain variation in sociality both within and between species of marmots-large alpine ground squirrels. Fifty years of study, by me and my colleagues, of the yellow-bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) at the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory, near Crested Butte, CO, USA, has created opportunities to see how sociality changes with population and group size. Over the past decades, we have witnessed a natural experiment whereby the population tripled in size. If we view sociality as an emergent process, then demography acts as a constraint on interactions between individuals, and the threefold increase in population size should have consequences for group structure. We have used social network statistics to study the causes and consequences of social interactions by capitalizing on this demographic variation. Such an emergent view is ideally studied in an integrative Tinbergian way that focuses on both mechanism and function. We have determined that some social attributes are heritable, that social cohesion is established through age and kin structure, that well-embedded females (but not males) are less likely to disperse, and that there are fitness consequences of social attributes. Together, this integrative relationship-centred view expands on the traditional ecological model of sociality and offers a framework that can be applied to other systems.
Minocycline inhibits antigen processing for presentation to human T cells: additive inhibition with chloroquine at therapeutic concentrations.

Abstract The ability of minocycline to inhibit processing of tetanus toxoid (TT) for presentation to human T cells was tested. Peripheral blood antigen presenting cells (APC) were incubated with TT before or after addition of test compounds for 4 h. APC were then fixed with paraformaldehyde, and added to autologous TT-responsive T cell lines for a proliferation assay. Minocycline (0.1–0.4 mM) gave significant inhibition of T cell response to TT and was equivalent to chloroquine. Inhibition was not observed when TT was incubated with APC before minocycline, indicating that presentation of preprocessed antigen was not inhibited. Minocycline, doxycycline, and tetracycline all inhibited the proliferation of PBMC to TT. The combination of minocycline and chloroquine resulted in additive inhibition at clinically relevant levels of both drugs (3.7 μM). This study suggests a novel immunosuppressive mechanism for minocycline, as well as possible additive anti-inflammatory effect when combined with chloroquine or hydroxychloroquine.
Influence of Nutrition on Metabolism of Carcinogens

The recognition that nutrition has an important bearing on the determination of cancer risk has received support in many quarters in the last few years. Moreover, foods which supply these nutrients may also contain a large variety of nonnutrient, adventitious components, some of which may be carcinogenic. Various epidemiological estimates during the last ten years have generally agreed that 80–90% of all human cancers are associated with the environment and/or ingestion of carcinogenic chemicals (Doll, 1967; Boyland, 1967; Higginson, 1969). However, we know very little about the fundamental mechanisms which account for these relationships. One hypothesis that should be considered is the possibility that nutritional status may play a role through modification of enzyme activities which are responsible for carcinogen metabolism.
Aspects of the Unconscious

The question of unconscious influences on behavior is as old as psychology itself. Freud gave new meaning and excitement to the word unconscious and caused it to be often associated with the psychoanalytic approach. It has surfaced as an important consideration in perception, conditioning, and in motivation, but it is seldom dealt with completely and often retains a murky character of mystery. The unconscious probably involves a number of separate systems, any of which operate simultaneously with the higher level. Some of these systems may be called “monitors” that perhaps keep track of sensory inputs about which we are unaware. We introduced these in the chapter on attention. They do not act except routinely on the results of their monitoring but may store to some extent, while generally functioning simply to interrupt and shift the higher level. We refer to this interruption as “getting our attention.” It is not yet at all clear how many subattentional systems or monitors exist, nor how they interact. There may be other processors that also make connections between memories, but these are even less clear. In this chapter we try to illustrate some of the ways the unconscious operates in memory and perception and some of the applications to advertising.
Delivery methods for drugs used in the treatment of overactive bladder

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Overactive bladder affects a significant portion of the population and results in prescribing of numerous medications for its treatment. Traditional drug delivery systems used in therapy are associated with multiple commonly reported side effects. Adherence rates with use of these medications are low. It is likely that low adherence rates with the use of these drugs are due in some part to drug side effects. It is therefore important that alternate methods for drug delivery be explored to reduce side effect profiles and improve patient compliance.Areas covered: This article addresses the various forms of drug delivery for overactive bladder medications, focusing on those currently in use. Newer systems of drug delivery are also discussed. Through thorough review of research data, randomized trials and meta analyses, drug delivery systems were evaluated.Expert opinion: Expert opinion favors the use of the transdermal patch and recognizes the necessity for further research and developm...
Homicide in the workplace: the U.S. experience, 1980-1988.

1. Homicide was the third leading cause of occupational injury death in the United States from 1980 to 1988. 2. Of all occupational injury deaths to females from 1980 to 1988, 40% were homicides. 3. The highest age specific rates of occupational homicide were found among workers 65 years and older (2.04 per 100,000 workers). 4. Protection of workers will require the collaborative work of public health and safety professionals, including occupational health nurses, as well as law enforcement, engineering, and architecture professionals and behavioral scientists. Language: en
Cell components in the immune response: I. Gradient separation of immune cells☆

Abstract Cell suspensions from the spleens of normal mice were separated into four subpopulations by differential flotation on a discontinuous albumin gradient. Individual populations or combinations of populations were cultured under standard conditions in the presence of foreign erythrocytes and the number of hemolytic plaque-forming cells was measured at day 4. Marked cooperative effects were demonstrated in the size of the response when cells from the densest band were cultured with small numbers of cells from the lightest band. The dense band was shown to contain the precursor cells.
Invariant metrics and the boundary behavior of holomorphic functions on domains in\(\mathbb{C}^n \)

Invariant metrics are used to provide a unified approach to the study of holomorphic functions in Hardy classes on domains in one and several complex variables. Both approach regions and boundary measures are constructed from the metric. Examples are provided to show how diverse theories can be unified with this approach. The Hartogs extension phenomenon and Fatou’s theorem are seen to be two aspects of the same circle of ideas.
Resistance of Annual Ryegrass Germplasm to a Highly Aggressive New Strain of Blast (Gray Leaf Spot)

ABSTRACTAnnual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) is a highly nutritive, fast-growing, C3 cool-season annual forage. Blast or gray leaf spot is a fungal disease of ryegrass caused by Magnaporthe orygae (anamporph Pyricularia oryzae). The disease kills seedlings as well as adult plants. Blast-resistant annual ryegrass cultivars are not available at present. Therefore, identifying sources of resistance and developing blast-resistant germplasm are priorities to circumvent the devastating disease. Incorporation of germplasm screening in a breeding program requires an efficient, low-cost, and high-throughput evaluation system. Screening methods reported in literature lack both efficiency and throughput capabilities suitable for breeding. The aims in this work were to develop a low-cost, high-throughput phenotyping system, and to screen the annual ryegrass National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS) collection with a highly aggressive, newly isolated M. oryzae strain from naturally infected annual ryegrass plants, w...
Brittleness investigation of producing units in Three Forks and bakken formations, williston basin

Abstract Brittleness is a key factor in identifying intervals and areas for fracking in tight oil and gas reservoirs. The brittleness index of reservoir rocks can be calculated by elastic properties, but laboratory measurement of elastic properties is usually expensive and time consuming. In this paper, a method is proposed to predict the brittleness from known mineralogy and applied to assess the upper Three Forks formation in the Williston basin. In this method, a correlation between the elastic properties of the formation rock and mineralogy was first established based on rule of mixture. This correlation was verified by the measured elastic properties of the middle Bakken member. Then the correlating approach was used to predict the elastic property-based brittleness index of the upper Three Forks formation. The results indicate that the upper Three Forks formation should be conducive to reservoir stimulation as its predicted brittleness index ranges from 53 to 67 in the direction parallel to the bedding plane and 58 to 70 in the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane. Its brittleness is comparable to that of the middle Bakken member, which has been already successfully stimulated. The correlating method presented in this paper is also applicable to other major tight reservoirs.
Dynamic Simulation Platform for Power Market and Power System Part Two Support Layer Design

This three-part paper introduces the design of the dynamic simulation platform for power market power system(DSPMPS).Based on the function design introduced in part one,the application programming interface is created to enable the integration of internal components,in order to support the development of server or client side simulation contents.IT technologies for visualization and networking are used to create a multi-player game environment.Event-driven and service-oriented mechanisms are applied to simplify the dynamic interactions among objects modeled in multi-time,space and targeting parameter scales.These technologies finally lead to a standardized interface of the support layer,based on which even end users can manipulate building blocks to customize applications efficiently.The platform is also open to other software platforms for interoperations through a multi-purpose network complied with international communication protocols to access multi-field contents and multi-core computation resources.The next paper will introduce the method to develop visual and interactive simulation applications for generalized congestion studies by creating and using building blocks and other properties based on the support layer.
Anti-inflammatory and Anti-bacterial Activities of Extractsfrom Mussaenda parviflora Extract in Animal Models

Objective: To select Mussaenda extract on animal models of inflammatory,antibacterial research and analysis. Method: The mice were randomly divided into control group,positive control group and M.parviflora extract high,medium and low dose group( 24,12,6 g · kg- 1) administered orally,using xyleneinduced mouse ear profile swelling,granuloma; carrageenan-induced rat paw edema inflammation model,and antibacterial experiments in vitro evaluation M. parviflora extract anti-inflammatory,effect. Result: M. parviflora extract significantly inhibited mouse ear edema( P 0. 05),as well as rat granuloma rat paw edema formation( P 0. 05); M. parviflora extract on a variety of pathogenic bacteria were inhibited( P 0. 05),the minimum inhibitory concentration( MIC50) Staphylococcus aureus 0. 95 μg·mL- 1,E. coli 0. 75 μg·mL- 1,pneumococcal0. 65 μg·mL- 1,Streptococcus 0. 50 μg·mL- 1,Shigella 0. 25 μg·mL- 1. Conclusion: M. parviflora extract on acute and chronic inflammation and in vitro inhibition significantly inhibitory effect.
Pulmonary aspects of liver disease and liver transplantation.

SUMMARY This article has summarized the liver-lung relationships from a clinical perspective. The physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology that link the two organs are of great importance in that many disorders described affect young patients. Indeed, pulmonary abnormalities in patients with hepatic disorders are frequent, and both the pulmonary and hepatic problems may be reversible in the current era of organ transplantation.
Preschool Enrollment, Classroom Instruction, Elementary School Context, and the Reading Achievement of Children from Low-Income Families

Abstract Applying sociological and developmental theoretical perspectives to educational policy issues, this study analyzed data from 7,710 children from low-income families in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Kindergarten Cohort. The goal was to examine how much the association between phonics instruction in kindergarten classrooms and children’s reading achievement during the first year of school in the low-income population would depend on whether children had previously attended preschool as well as the socioeconomic composition of their elementary schools. Lagged linear models with a series of sensitivity tests revealed that this association was strongest among children from low-income families who had not attended preschool and then enrolled in socioeconomically disadvantaged elementary schools and among children from low-income families who had attended preschool and then enrolled in socioeconomically advantaged elementary schools. These findings demonstrate how insights into educational inequality can be gained by situating developing children within their proximate ecologies and institutional settings, especially looking to the match between children and their contexts. They are especially relevant to timely policy discussions of early childhood education programs, classroom instructional practices, and school desegregation.
Bone Grafting: Physiology and Techniques

Craniofacial anatomy represents one of the few places in the body where bony anatomy is truly married to that of soft tissue. As well as providing structural support and protecting sensory anatomy, the skeletal component of craniofacial anatomy is essential in fulfilling perhaps the face’s most important role: to look like a face. Given this unique marriage of form and function, the goal of this chapter is to review the principles of bone anatomy, physiology, histochemistry, repair and regeneration, and reconstruction and grafting techniques, as they pertain specifically to craniofacial surgery.
Plasmonic Enhancement of Photoactivity by Gold Nanoparticles Embedded in Hematite Films

Semiconducting n-type nanostructured hematite (α-Fe2O3) is a promising photocatalyst for solar water splitting because of its favorable band gap of 2.2 eV, low cost, and abundance in nature. However, its photoactivity is limited by the poor absorptivity and short hole diffusion length. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) of metallic (Au, Ag, and Cu) nanostructures is known to concentrate and scatter incident light over a broad wavelength range and holds the promise of enhancing the light absorption cross section of a semiconducting material around the plasmonic structures. Herein we report enhanced photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of a smooth chemical vapor deposited hematite film embedded with Au nanoparticles (NPs). About 3 times higher light absorption and photocurrent enhancement are obtained from thin hematite films containing Au NPs than with pristine hematite films. The plasmonic enhancement increases with the amount of Au NPs for the same thickness of hematite. Thickness-dependent study of photo...
Physical, Chemical and Biological Degradation of Mycotoxins in Foods and Agricultural Commodities

Aflatoxin is partially or completely degraded by irradiation, heat, or treatment with strong acids or bases, oxidizing agents or bisulfite. Hydrogen peroxide plus riboflavin denature aflatoxin in milk. Mycelia of Aspergillus parasiticus can degrade aflatoxin, possibly via fungal peroxidase. Such degradation is affected by strain of A. parasiticus , amount of mycelium, temperature, pH and concentration of aflatoxin. Adsorbants, including bentonite and activated charcoal, can physically remove aflatoxin and patulin from liquid foods. Patulin is stable at low pH values but not in the presence of large amounts of vitamin C or bisulfite. Patulin can be degraded by actively fermenting yeasts and rubratoxin can be degraded by the mycelium of Penicillium rubrum .
Relationship between Pore-size Distribution and Flexibility of Adsorbent Materials: Statistical Mechanics and Future Material Characterization Techniques.

Measurement of the pore-size distribution (PSD) via gas adsorption and the so-called “kernel method” is a widely used characterization technique for rigid adsorbents. Yet, standard techniques and analytical equipment are not appropriate to characterize the emerging class of flexible adsorbents that deform in response to the stress imparted by an adsorbate gas, as the PSD is a characteristic of the material that varies with the gas pressure and any other external stresses. Here, we derive the PSD for a flexible adsorbent using statistical mechanics in the osmotic ensemble to draw analogy to the kernel method for rigid materials. The resultant PSD is a function of the ensemble constraints including all imposed stresses and, most importantly, the deformation free energy of the adsorbent material. Consequently, a pressure-dependent PSD is a descriptor of the deformation characteristics of an adsorbent and may be the basis of future material characterization techniques. We discuss how, given a technique for resolving pressure-dependent PSDs, the present statistical mechanical theory could enable a new generation of analytical tools that measure and characterize certain intrinsic material properties of flexible adsorbents via otherwise simple adsorption experiments.
The Licensure of Industrial and Organizational Psychologists: It's Déjà Vu All over Again

If one has been involved in the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology (SIOP) since its inception, as we have, one will have had several opportunities to reflect on the issue of licensing to regulate the practice of industrial and organizational psychology (IOP). Some find value in licensure, but the vast majority of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychologists do not. As the target article written by the Licensure of Consulting and Industrial-Organizational (I-O) Psychologists (LCIOP) Joint Task Force (2017) documents, there have been several policy statements made by SIOP leadership over the years. The essence of SIOP's policy is quite clear and consistent. Although SIOP does not support and will not promote the licensure of I-O psychologists, it does support a pathway to licensure for those who desire it, and is supportive of efforts to reduce the many barriers to licensure for those who desire it. It is our understanding that SIOP's participation in the LCIOP Joint Task Force was predicated on this long-standing policy.
Complex Behavior of Simple Systems

Since the seminal work of Lorenz [1963J and Rossler [1976], it has been known that complex behavior (chaos) can occur in systems of autonomous ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with as few as three variables and one or two quadratic nonlinearities. Many other simple chaotic systems have been discovered and studied over the years, but it is not known whether the algebraically simplest chaotic flow has been identified. For continuous flows, the Poincare-Bendixson theorem [Hirsch 1974] implies the necessity of three variables, and chaos requires at least one nonlinearity. With the growing availability of powerful computers, many other examples of chaos have been subsequently discovered in algebraically simple ODEs. Yet the sufficient conditions for chaos in a system of ODEs remain unknown.
Technologies for Digitisation Solutions

This chapter presents technologies and innovative solutions which are available today or in the foreseeable future for digitisation projects in the automotive industry. These include information technology such as Cloud offerings, mobile applications, Big Data and Cognitive Computing, as well as production technology with robotics, drones, nanotechnology and 3D printing, small electronic portable devices, and playful forms of project work, so-called gamification The chapter explains the main developments with the aim of understanding the practically relevant possible applications and potential benefits of these solutions in order to assess their importance for current and upcoming projects for digital transformation.
Nitrospinaceae fam. nov.

Ni.tro.spi.na' ce.ae. M.L. masc. n. Nitrospina type genus of the family; -aceae ending to denote family; M.L. fem. pl. n. Nitrospinaceae the Nitrospina family. Proteobacteria / Deltaproteobacteria / Desulfobacterales / Nitrospinaceae Keywords: Nitrospinaceae fam. nov.; Nitrospina; Deltaproteobacteria class nov.; Desulfobacterales ord. nov
Air as Noēsis and Soul in Diogenes of Apollonia

This article examines Diogenes of Apollonia’s doctrines of intellection (νόησις) and soul in relation to his material principle, air. It argues that for Diogenes both intellection and soul are not, as commonly thought, some sort of air (namely, warm air), even though both intellection and soul are to be understood in terms of air and the system of τρόποι of air that he has set up. These new interpretations of intellection and soul yield insight into Diogenes’ claims about the ordering activity of air as intellection and a renewed appreciation for his material monism.
Spaces of Functions

In this chapter, we will be investigating several types of spaces constructed from functions on a given space X to some other space Y. The spaces X and Y will usually be uniform spaces, but the theory of function spaces is more general than that. Much of this chapter, is independent of uniform spaces. The spaces we will study first will be needed in the next chapter to develop the concept of uniform differentiation. In fact, much of the content of this chapter and the next is needed simply to develop the machinery from classical analysis so that we can discuss uniform differentiation in isogeneous uniform spaces.