cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Legislating the Labor Force: Sedentarization and Development in India and the United States, 1870–1915

Scholars have treated British colonial rule in India and the internal colonization of the United States in the nineteenth century as analytically distinct moments. Yet these far-flung imperial projects shared a common set of anxieties regarding land and labor. This paper seeks to conceptualize the Criminal Tribes Act of 1871 in India and the Indian Appropriation Acts of 1851–1871 in the United States as part of a congruent effort to manage and define the labor force in the context of the intensified expropriation of land. In the complement to agricultural improvement programs, British and American colonizers sought to rehabilitate itinerant populations to create a labor pool endowed with suitable qualities for unleashing the productive capacity of land. While in India the cumulative effect of criminal tribes legislation was inclusive in that members of criminal tribes were purportedly reformed in preparation for joining the colonial labor force, reservation policy in the United States excluded Native Americans from lands that were the preserve of white labor while simultaneously laying the groundwork for assimilation.
Deep Learning based Geometric Features for Effective Truck Selection and Classification from Highway Videos

Freight analysis creates a comprehensive picture of freight movements across the state (and country), by capturing and gathering a variety of sources. Understanding and predicting freight flow patterns is useful in planning and policy decisions at the federal, state, and local levels.Trucks are largely in charge of transporting freight, both in terms of tonnage and revenue. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) has a methodology for classifying these trucks into nine categories. Determining the class of the truck is useful in understanding the type of commodity that truck is carrying. This paper details a video based machine learning approach for truck classification. Our approach uses an array of techniques from image processing, deep learning and data mining to develop highly accurate classifiers. Additionally, we provide mechanisms for automatically filtering out trucks from video data.
Strain engineering of dischargeable energy density of ferroelectric thin-film capacitors

Abstract Ferroelectric oxide thin-film capacitors find applications in microelectronic systems, mobile platforms, and miniaturized power devices. They can withstand higher electric fields and display significantly larger energy densities than their bulk counterparts and exhibit higher maximum operating temperatures and better thermal stabilities than polymer-based dielectric capacitors. However, ferroelectric oxide thin films typically possess large remanent polarization and exhibit significant dielectric loss, thereby limiting their dischargeable energy densities. Here we demonstrate, using phase-field simulations, that strain can be utilized to modify the polarization response to electric field and thus optimize the energy-storage performance of ferroelectric thin-film capacitors. For example, an in-plane tensile strain can significantly narrow hysteresis loops by reducing the remanent polarization without significantly decreasing the out-of-plane saturated polarization. As a result, both the dischargeable energy density and charge-discharge efficiency can be significantly enhanced. We analysed the domain structures and energy surfaces to understand the underlying mechanisms for the enhancements. We also propose a bending strategy to further improve the dischargeable energy density, which can be achieved, e.g., by growing ferroelectric thin films on a flexible substrate (e.g., mica). This work provides a general strategy to optimize the energy-storage performance of ferroelectric thin-film capacitors for high-energy/power-density storage applications.
The Culture of Digital Scholarship in Academic Libraries: by Robin Chin Roemer and Verletta Kern, Chicago, IL, ALA Editions, 2019, 240 pp., $71.99 (paperback), ISBN 978-0-8389-1897-5

Digital scholarship is a growing area of service and programming at institutions of higher education, often with the academic library at the center of support. Editors Robin Chin Roemer, Interim Di...
MOPED25: A multimodal dataset of full-body pose and motion in occupational tasks

Abstract In recent years, there has been a trend of using images and deep neural network-based computer vision algorithms to perform postural evaluation in workplace safety and ergonomics community. The performance of the computer vision algorithms, however, heavily relies on the generalizability of the posture dataset that was used for algorithm training. Current open-access posture datasets from the computer vision community mainly focus on the pose and motion of daily activities and lack the context in workplaces. In this study, a new posture dataset named, MOPED25 (Multimodal Occupational Posture Dataset with 25 tasks) is presented. This dataset includes full-body kinematics data and the synchronized videos of 11 participants, performing commonly seen tasks at workplaces. All the data has been made publicly available online. This dataset can serve as a benchmark for developing more robust computer vision algorithms for postural evaluation at workplaces.
Safety and Efficacy of Apixaban Following Bioprosthetic Valve Replacements: A Retrospective Evaluation:

Background: Data on the use of direct oral anticoagulants in the setting of bioprosthetic valve replacements is limited. Objective: The purpose of this study was to describe outcomes among patients...
Money for Justice: Plaintiffs’ Lawyers and Social Justice Tort Litigation

Tort lawsuits brought in response to social injustice occasionally generate incentives for entrepreneurial plaintiffs’ lawyers to get involved in the litigation. What ethical responsibilities do such lawyers navigate in this space? And to what extent are they interested in, and well-positioned to produce, social change? The Article addresses these questions using a previously uncharted case study on civil actions for damages filed by Palestinians against the Israeli government. Through fifty-five in-depth, semi-structured interviews with the various types of lawyers involved in the litigation, alongside quantitative analysis of an original data set of 300 judicial opinions, the Article reveals how fee-for-service plaintiffs’ lawyers stepped into a void left by human rights organizations — well-versed in impact litigation, but less so in tort lawsuits. While these plaintiffs’ lawyers notched achievements on the individual client level, their involvement shaped the litigation as a stream of particularized claims rather than a systematic struggle to alter the status quo. It also inadvertently — and ironically — supported lawmakers’ initiatives to discourage anti-government tort litigation. Through this case study, the Article allows us to rethink the cause lawyering framework—defined as the set of practices engaged in by lawyers to mobilize the law to promote or resist social change — and its role in conceptualizing where social change comes from. Questioning conventional scholarly focus on lawyers’ motivations, the Article shows that plaintiffs’ lawyers’ practices — such as using confidential settlements and the contingent fee structure — are just as important as motivations in determining their function as agents of change. It also argues that personal injury lawyers should not generally be considered “cause lawyers,” given their practice’s limited capacity to challenge the status quo. Yet, in the current political climate, when civil society organizations are under constant attack and social justice is an ever-waning resource, plaintiffs’ lawyers and traditional cause lawyers should join hands to mobilize civil society and leverage tort litigation to effect change.
Macroevolutionary thermodynamics: Temperature and the tempo of evolution in the tropics.

An influential hypothesis proposes that the tempo of evolution is faster in the tropics. Emerging evidence, including a study in this issue of PLOS Biology, challenges this view, raising new questions about the causes of Earth’s iconic latitudinal diversity gradient (LDG).
Widespread attenuating changes in brain connectivity associated with the general factor of psychopathology in 9- and 10-year olds.

Convergent research identifies a general factor ("P factor") that confers transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology. Large-scale networks are key organizational units of the human brain. However, studies of altered network connectivity patterns associated with the P factor are limited, especially in early adolescence when most mental disorders are first emerging. We studied 11,875 9- and 10-year olds from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, of whom 6593 had high-quality resting-state scans. Network contingency analysis was used to identify altered interconnections associated with the P factor among 16 large-scale networks. These connectivity changes were then further characterized with quadrant analysis that quantified the directionality of P factor effects in relation to neurotypical patterns of positive versus negative connectivity across connections. The results showed that the P factor was associated with altered connectivity across 28 network cells (i.e., sets of connections linking pairs of networks); pPERMUTATION values < 0.05 FDR-corrected for multiple comparisons. Higher P factor scores were associated with hypoconnectivity within default network and hyperconnectivity between default network and multiple control networks. Among connections within these 28 significant cells, the P factor was predominantly associated with "attenuating" effects (67%; pPERMUTATION < 0.0002), i.e., reduced connectivity at neurotypically positive connections and increased connectivity at neurotypically negative connections. These results demonstrate that the general factor of psychopathology produces attenuating changes across multiple networks including default network, involved in spontaneous responses, and control networks involved in cognitive control. Moreover, they clarify mechanisms of transdiagnostic risk for psychopathology and invite further research into developmental causes of distributed attenuated connectivity.
A 1.5 GHz third generation Itanium/spl reg/ processor

A third-generation 1.5 GHz Itanium/spl reg/ processor implements the Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC) architecture and features an on-die 6 MB, 24-way set associative L3 cache. The 374 mm/sup 2/ die contains 410M transistors and is implemented in a dual-V/sub T/ 0.13 /spl mu/m technology having 6-level Cu interconnects with FSG dielectric and dissipates 130 W.
Characterization of a transplasma membrane redox system of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum

The transplasma membrane redox system of the brown rot fungus Gloeophyllum trabeum was characterized with ferricyanide reduction kinetics. Nitrogen deficiency did not statistically affect the ferricyanide reduction rate, which depended on initial ferricyanide concentration and initial mycelial mass. The reduction rate increased with pH above pH 5.0, and was statistically lower in HEPES buffer (pH 8.0) than in potassium phosphate buffer (pH 8.0). Carbonyl cyanide m-chloromethoxyphenyl hydrazone, 2,4-dinitrophenol and sodium azide were efficient inhibitors of the transplasma membrane redox system. The quinone reducing activity of extracellular, membrane-bound, and intracellular quinone reductases of G. trabeum was tested, extracellular quinone reducing activity was not observed under the examined culture conditions. Quinone reduction by mycelium and the intracellular enzyme showed different kinetic constants. The fungus produced constitutive intracellular benzoquinone reductases, which are NAD(P)H-dependent.
Irradiation control parameters for computer-assisted laser photocoagulation of the retina

A system for robotically assisted retinal surgery has been developed to rapidly and safely place lesions on the retina for photocoagulation therapy. This system provides real- time, motion stabilized lesion placement for typical irradiation times of 100 ms. The system consists of three main subsystems: a global, digital-based tracking subsystem; a fast, local analog tracking subsystem; and a confocal reflectance subsystem to control lesion parameters dynamically. We have reported on these subsystems in previous SPIE presentations. This paper concentrates on the development of the second hybrid system prototype. Considerable progress has been made toward reducing the footprint of the optical system, simplifying the user interface, fully characterizing the analog tracking system and using measurable lesion reflectance growth parameters to develop a noninvasive method to infer lesion depth. This method will allow dynamic control of laser dosimetry to provide similar lesions across the non-uniform retinal surface. These system improvements and progress toward a clinically significant system are covered in detail within this paper.
X-ray pole-figure study of the epitaxial growth of C60 thin films on mica (001)

The growth of epitaxial C60 thin films on mica(001) by thermal evaporation has been studied in detail by X-ray pole-figure measurements. The influence of the deposition rate, the substrate temperature and the film thickness on the in-plane epitaxial arrangements and the formation of twins has been investigated. It has been demonstrated that the C60 growth is determined by two independent and equivalent C60-crystal grain alignments (type-A and type-B). The nearly six-fold symmetry of the mica(001)-substrate surface offers the three-fold fcc-(111)-oriented C60-crystal grains two equivalent crystal alignments. A high deposition rate of 0.5 A/s is responsible for the formation of twins at a substrate temperature of 150°C, which diminishes by a higher substrate temperature of 200°C. By a decrease of the deposition rate down to 0.08 A/s the twins vanish at a film thickness of 200 nm and at the substrate temperature of 150°C. Under the same sublimation conditions, in addition to the type-A and type-B crystal orientations, the growth of the thin C60 films starts with a slight fibre texture which does not appear at a larger film thickness.
Lipid changes with aging in cardiac mitochondrial membranes

Mitochondrial membranes were isolated from the myocardium of young (4-month-old) and aged (33-month-old) male Long-Evans rats and compared in terms of cholesterol content and phospholipid and fatty acid composition. In aged rats, as compared to young, the major observations include: markedly higher cholesterol content; increased percentage of sphingomyelin and diphosphatidylglycerol (cardiolipin); in fatty acids, variable changes, with a predominant increase in the 16:0 in most phospholipids except cardiolipin, and sporadic increase in the longer chain (20:0, 24:0) fatty acids in cardiolipin; decreased unsaturation index for most phospholipids but increased for cardiolipin. These results are tentatively interpreted as indicative of an aging-related decrease in fluidity and energy transduction of mitochondrial membrane in the heart of aged rats and may be responsible, in part, for the decrements in cardiac function with aging.
Fractal Mathematics Applied to Flow in Porous Systems

The Leitz TAS-Plus image analysis system was programmed to automatically measure both the ‘shape’ fractal and ‘fragmentation’ fractal for various types of fine particle filter cakes. The automated nature of the analysis facilitated the collection of statistically significant volumes of ‘fractal’ data. This data was then revised, where possible, to conventional theories of flow behavior. Several new insights evolved from the study as explained in the following analysis.
Numerical studies of asymmetric adiabatic accretion flow - The effect of velocity gradients

A numerical study of the time variation of the angular momentum and mass capture rates for a central object accreting from a uniform medium with a velocity gradient transverse to the direction of the mean flow is presented, covering a range of velocity asymmetries and Mach numbers in the incident flow. It is found that the mass accretion rate in a given evolutionary sequence varies in an irregular manner, with the matter accreting onto the central object from either a continuously moving accretion wake or from an accretion disk. The implications of the results from the study of short-term fluctuations observed in the pulse period and luminosity of X-ray pulsars are discussed.
Fourier spectroscopy, past, present, and future.

Several comments concerning the analytical relationship between measured interferograms and spectra serve to clarify some common misconceptions. A brief history traces fourier spectroscopy, beginning with Fellgett’s thesis and culminating with the Connes’ measurements. Special note is made of the fact that astronomy has served as the challenge and motivation for almost all the progress. The discussion of the present situation mentions both the commercial tangle and the general clouds that now hang over science. A simple pedantic experiment, which is described in some detail, may prove helpful in diminishing the hesitations of future scientists. The applications of fourier spectrometry in the infrared, both near and far, are already well in hand. Further application at shorter wavelengths, both visible and ultraviolet, will also be fruitful. Even though Fellgett’s advantage is not applicable, the Jacquinot and Connes advantages will prove most important. In particular, capabilities surpassing those of the conventional coude spectrograph present an intermediate step on the path to the eventual consummation of a giant flux collector worthy of fourier spectrometry.
An assessment of ESL writing placement assessment

Abstract What are the best assessment practices for ESL and international students who must be placed into first-year composition courses at both two- and four-year institutions in the United States? In this article, I examine this issue in three ways. First, I enumerate the stances in the literature; following that I submit results of preliminary research which questions modes of writing assessment and their relationship to final grades in composition classes. Finally, I present results of an internet search of one set of prominent American institutions’ placement practices. From this data, it might be inferred that we use multiple instruments to place ESL students into composition classes rather than resorting to a multiple-choice test (especially a standardized instrument) as the sole means of determining placement. My primary purposes in this paper are to argue that second language composition specialists need to examine our placement practices and aim for a reconciliation of these practices with our classroom pedagogies. Further, if we are not involved in placement decisions at our various institutions, we must strive to be included in important decisions concerning our students and to be advocates for second language writers.
Numerical study of the effects of reactor geometry on a chlorine plasma helicon etch reactor

The flow field inside a helicon plasma etch reactor is simulated using a direct-simulation Monte Carlo method for a chlorine feed gas flow. Computations for the gas discharge are carried out modeling the ions and neutrals as particles and imposing the electrons as a background condition conforming to experimental measurements. The neutrals and ions are then allowed to interact with the background electrons and relax to a steady state. The resulting plasma is primarily composed of chlorine atoms and ions. The plasma flow is compared for three separate nozzle locations. The flow field, in the presence of the plasma, is found to be affected minimally by the nozzle location. A nozzle location is identified which maximizes flux to the wafer.
Lattice Conductivity of Tin

The thermal conductivities of several impure tin specimens have been measured at liquid helium temperatures. Impurities of antimony, bismuth, and indium between 0.1% and 6% were used to lower the electronic conductivity. The conductivities are found to be consistent with the equation $K=\ensuremath{\alpha}T+\ensuremath{\beta}{T}^{2}$, where the first term may be ascribed to the electronic conductivity and the second to the lattice conductivity. For impurities of 3% or less the values of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$, combined with measurements of the residual electrical resistivity, agree to about one percent with the prediction of the Wiedemann-Franz law. For the same samples $\ensuremath{\beta}$ is approximately constant with a mean value of (3.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.4)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$ watt/cm ${\mathrm{deg}}^{3}$. The comparative constancy of this value of $\ensuremath{\beta}$ indicates that it is characteristic of the intrinsic conductivity of the tin lattice.
Ischemia/reperfusion injury to the ileum does not account for the ileal Vo2-Do2 alterations induced by endotoxin

Abstract Purpose: Endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide [LPS])-induced systemic organ injury leads to disruption of normal systemic organ metabolic processes, which are manifest clinically by signs of accelerated anaerobic metabolism (eg, tissue acidosis and hyperlactatemia) and altered Vo 2 -Do 2 relationships. The association of increased anaerobic metabolism with Vo 2 -Do 2 alterations has led to the notion that ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury may be a prerequisite for the development of Vo 2 -Do 2 alterations during endotoxemia. However, in contrast to sepsis, in which oxygen consumption is often increased, oxygen consumption is severely decreased after I/R injury. Based on these observations, we hypothesized that I/R injury would result in systemic organ Vo 2 -Do 2 alterations, which are distinct from those that occur in sepsis. Materials and Methods: We used the in situ autoperfused feline ileal preparation to simultaneously examine microvascular permeability, reflected as the ileal lymph to plasma protein concentration ratio (C L /C P ), and ileal Vo 2 -Do 2 relationships after either intravenous LPS (2.0 mg/kg; n = 5) or I/R injury (n = 5), and in matching controls (n = 5). Results: As expected, all LPS-treated and I/R-injured animals were found to have extensive ileal histological damage and marked increases in the C L /C P compared with controls (0.315 ± 0.009 and 0.329 ± 0.034, respectively, v 0.097 ± 0.009; P 2 (Do 2 c) was elevated, and the critical oxygen extraction was decreased in both the I/R and LPS groups relative to controls. However, as initially hypothesized, the Vo 2 at the critical Do 2 was markedly decreased in the I/R group compared with that of the LPS group. Conclusions: These data indicate that I/R injury is insufficient to account for the systemic organ Vo 2 -Do 2 alterations that occur with LPS injury.
The essentiality of oxygen for life

Abstract Understanding the many roles that oxygen plays in biology has fascinated scientists for decades. One estimates that over 350 different types of enzymes currently exist that have been shaped during evolution to accommodate the need for biological systems to capture the energy associated with the conversion of oxygen (or its intermediate reduction products) to water. Further, a large number of enzymes have evolved to protect sensitive cellular components from deleterious intermediary oxygen-reduction products. In this presentation, we discuss a question surrounding the most prevalent of the oxygen reacting enzymes—the superfamily of monooxygenase hemeproteins called cytochrome P 450. We ask, “Can we understand the changes that have occurred with time that have dictated modifications in the structure and functions of the P450s?” We use as an example a comparison of differences for one P450, CYP17A, a steroid hydroxylating enzyme located at a branch point of steroid hormone synthesis. We have compared by homologous modeling the structural location of amino acids altered during the evolution of CYP17A from closely related species of ungulates of the Order Artiodactyla. These studies indicate that amino acids located in loops on the surface of the P450 molecule are most frequently altered. Analysis of the codon sequences of the cDNAs indicate changes in amino acid composition may result from single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
X-Ray Diffractometer Studies of Dehydroxylization

A technique has been developed for obtaining the position and intensity of a diffraction maximum while increasing the temperature of the sample at a regular rate. A small furnace, mounted on the horizontal shaft of the North American Philips X-ray Diffractometer, holds and heats the sample while the goniometer is run back and forth across the maximum in an arc of about one degree two theta. The top of the resulting envelope represents the position and intensity of the maximum while the bottom represents the background. This technique has been applied to the study of the dehydration and dehydroxylation of clay and mica minerals by following the changes in the (001) spacings which take place on heating.
Longing for Less of the Same

Forum on: Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and Other Real-and-Imagined Places, by Edward W. Soja
An arithmetic formula for the partition function

Although there is a vast literature on the properties of p(n), typically motivated by work of Ramanujan, some of the simplest questions remain open. For example, little is known about p(n) modulo 2 and 3. Most results concerning the congruence properties of p(n) have been proved using properties of (1.1). Theorems typically depend on q-series identities, the theory of modular equations, or the theory of Hecke operators acting on p-adic modular forms. Here we propose a new approach, one based on the properties of algebraic numbers associated to CM points. Before we discuss the partition function, we begin by considering the q-series
Comment on hoerl and kennard's ridge regression simulation methodology

Ridge regression has received strong support in several Monte carlo studies, leading some authors to advocate its general use. It is argued, however, that these studies were strongly biased in favor of ridge regression by simulating regression coefficient vectors centered at the origin; a condition well suited for a shrinkage technique. Studies which modeled some non-zero regression coefficients and which showed only qualified support for ridge regression are cited in support of this argument. It is concluded that only to the extent that ridge regression type coefficient vectors actually underlie real data sets -a poorly understood phenomenon - will ridge regression be of use.
Fatigue Testing of Stiffened Traffic Signal Structures

Based on in-service inspection of poles with traditional designs, the inventory of Wyoming Department of Transportation (WYDOT) exhibited approximately a one-third cracking rate. A ring-stiffened connection is presently used. Sixteen fatigue tests were performed on 12 ring-stiffened cantilevered traffic signal pole connections to quantify the fatigue resistance. Two pole sizes were tested in three loading configurations: in plane, out of plane, and diagonal. Cyclic loading was applied to produce stress ranges (SRs) at several levels up to 16 ksi in the main member, more than six times the SR observed during monitoring an in-service pole. The WYDOT stiffened connection appears to be adequate to resist Wyoming’s sustained winds that average approximately 12 mph in many locations. The possibility of using this connection with longer mast arms exists. Connection bolt fatigue failures were observed and may be the limiting fatigue design feature and important for inspection.
Supporting optimization of business-to-business e-commerce relationships

Abstract Much current e-commerce subscribes to very simple interaction models. Many of the potentialities of e-commerce are identical to those that have been under study for some time in the field of automated workflow management systems. In this paper, we describe a new workflow interoperability model, the monitored–nested model (MNM), and show that it can support optimized, extended e-commerce transactions that are not supported by current models. Like other interoperability models, MNM is dependent on process activities, and thus is brittle under real-world conditions of process evolution. This is overcome by augmenting the model with goal-based meta-data and the use of a coordination inferencing algorithm.
Effect of Exogenous Bovine Somatotropin on Mammary Lipid Metabolism and Milk Yield in Lactating Dairy Cows

Abstract Eight lactating Holstein cows were used to study the effect of bovine somatotropin on mammary lipid metabolism, milk production, and milk composition. Eight cows were injected with either ex-cipient (n=4) or 50 IU somatotropin/d (n=4). A 2-wk adjustment period preceded a 10-d period when treatments were administered. On d 9, serial blood samples were collected from 2 to 5h post-injection to determine concentrations of somatotropin and metabolites in plasma. Mammary tissue biopsies were obtained 2 to 3h after a.m. milking on d 10 to determine lipoprotein lipase activity and in vitro rates of acetate incorporation into fatty acids and acetate oxidation by mammary tissue slices. Activity of lipoprotein lipase in milk and mammary tissue and rate of acetate metabolism by mammary tissue were not affected by treatment. The following means for placebo and somatotropin, respectively, were: milk production (21.5 and 24.8kg/d), milk fat (3.8 and 4.0%), and 4% FCM (20.7 and 25.1kg/d). Plasma concentrations of somatotropin (3.0 and 43.4ng/ml) and free fatty acids (105.6 and 219.5μeq/L) were significantly elevated with somatotropin. The injection of somatotropin into lactating dairy cows did not affect the mechanisms of fatty acid synthesis or metabolism evaluated in this study.
A MATLAB Toolbox for Solving Acid-Base Chemistry Problems in Environmental Engineering Applications

A MATLAB toolbox incorporating several computer programs has been developed in an attempt to automate laborious calculations in acid-base chemistry. Such calculations are routinely used in several environmental engineering applications including the design of wastewater treatment systems and for predicting contaminant fate and transport in the subsurface. The computer programs presented in this study do not replace student thinking involved in formulating the problem solving strategy but are merely tools that simplify the actual problem solving process. They encompass a wide variety of acid-base chemistry topics including equilibrium constant calculations, construction of distribution diagrams for mono and multiprotic systems, ionic strength and activity coefficient calculations, and buffer index calculations. All programs are characterized by an intuitive graphical user interface where the user supplies input information. Program outputs are either numerical or graphical depending upon the nature of the problem. The application of this approach to solving actual acid-base chemistry problems is illustrated by computing the pH and equilibrium composition of a 0.1 M Na2CO3 system at 30°C using several programs in the toolbox. As these programs simplify lengthy computations such as ionization fraction and activity coefficient calculations, it is hoped they will help bring more complicated problems to the environmental engineering classroom and enhance student understanding of important concepts that are applicable to real-world systems. The programs are available free of charge for academic use from the authors. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 13: 257–265, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20051
A life table for the cinnabar mothTyria jacobaeae, in Oregon

The cinnabar moth,Tyria jacobaeae L. (Arctiidae), was introduced into Oregon in 1960 against the weed tansy ragwort,Senecio jacobaea L., and in 1970 an intensive study of a population of this biological control agent was initiated. Field sampling methods were devised, and laboratory investigations of feeding and larval development were conducted.
Interpreting Unary, Binary, and Ternary Mixture Permeation Across a SAPO-34 Membrane with Loading-Dependent Maxwell-Stefan Diffusivities

Unary permeation experiments were performed with He, H2, CO2, N2, O2, CO, Ar, and CH4 across a SAPO-34 membrane at 295 K with upstream pressures ranging to 7.2 MPa, ensuring that high occupancies within the zeolite layer are reached. Careful analysis of the unary permeation experiments shows that the Maxwell−Stefan (M-S) diffusivity Đi is loading-dependent for all gases except He and H2. The model of Reed and Ehrlich (Surf. Sci. 1981, 102, 588−609) was used to describe the loading-dependence of Đi. The zero-loading diffusivity Đi(0) and the Reed−Ehrlich parameter φi are backed out from the permeation experiments, providing a complete description of Đi as a function of loading, qi. Permeation experiments for CO2/CH4, CO2/N2, N2/CH4, H2/CH4, H2/N2, H2/CO, and CO2/CH4/N2 mixtures were performed to determine to what extent loading-dependent M-S diffusivities influence permeation fluxes and selectivities. Good agreement between the M-S mixture model and experiments are obtained, provided the binary exchange co...
Synthesis and Characterization of a Thiophene Copolymer for Photovoltaic Application

A soluble thiophene copolymer having polar and non polar side groups was synthesized and its photovoltaics performance was investigated. The synthesized copolymer was characterized using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and optical spectroscopy. Dye sensitized solar cells were fabricated using this copolymer as sensitizer. An open-circuit voltage of 0.50V, a short-circuit current density of 1.195 mA/cm2 and an overall power conversion efficiency of 0.3% were measured.
Soft Tissue Sarcoma: Preoperative and Postoperative Imaging for Staging

Soft tissue sarcoma (STS) management requires accurate tumor imaging for staging, treatment planning, and clinical follow-up. Careful preoperative planning may prevent poor primary resections that place the patient at risk for more operations, local recurrence, and worse survival. Although MRI may be preferred for extremity STS, contrast-enhanced CT is an excellent alternative, with no decrease in ability to plan the operative strategy for limb-sparing resection. In retroperitoneal and other intra-abdominal STS, double (oral/intravenous) contrast-enhanced CT evaluates for liver metastases, defines surrounding vital structures that might be resected en bloc, identifies margins at risk for local recurrence, and shows surrounding organs at risk for toxicity during radiation therapy. Postoperative clinical follow-up and imaging must continue even beyond 5 years because of the continued risk of long-term relapse.
Expression and evolution of the phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C gene family in Arabidopsis thaliana

Phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C cleaves the substrate phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate and generates inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and 1,2-diacylglycerol, both of which are second messengers in the phosphoinositide signal transduction pathways operative in animal cells. Five PI-PLC isoforms, β, γ, δ, ɛ and ζ, have been identified in mammals. Plant PI-PLCs are structurally close to the mammalian PI-PLC-ζ isoform. The Arabidopsis genome contains nine AtPLC genes. Expression patterns of all nine genes in different organs and in response to various environmental stimuli were studied by applying a quantitative RT–PCR approach. Multiple members of the gene family were differentially expressed in Arabidopsis organs, suggesting putative roles for this enzyme in plant development, including tissue and organ differentiation. This study also shows that a majority of the AtPLC genes are induced in response to various environmental stimuli, including cold, salt, nutrients Murashige–Skoog salts, dehydration, and the plant hormone abscisic acid. Results of this and previous studies strongly suggest that transcriptional activation of the PI-PLC gene family is important for adapting plants to stress environments. Expression patterns and phylogenetic relationships indicates that AtPLC gene members probably evolved through multiple rounds of gene duplication events, with AtPLC4 and AtPLC5 and AtPLC8 and AtPLC9 being duplicated in tandem in recent times.
Development of a vaccine against Staphylococcus aureus

A vaccine to prevent infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus would have a tremendously beneficial impact on public health. In contrast to typical encapsulated bacterial pathogens, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and Neisseria meningitides, the capsule of S. aureus is not clearly linked to strain virulence in vivo. Furthermore, it is not clear that natural infection caused by S. aureus induces a protective humoral immune response, as does infection caused by typical encapsulated bacteria. Finally, pure B cell or antibody deficiency, in either animal models or in patients, does not predispose to more frequent or more severe S. aureus infections, as it does for infections caused by typical encapsulated bacteria. Rather, primary immune mechanisms necessary for protection against S. aureus infections include professional phagocytes and T lymphocytes (Th17 cells, in particular) which upregulate phagocytic activity. Thus, it is not clear whether an antibody-mediated neutralization of S. aureus virulence factors should be the goal of vaccination. Rather, the selection of antigenic targets which induce potent T cell immune responses that react to the broadest possible array of S. aureus strains should be the focus of antigen selection. Of particular promise is the potential to select antigens which induce both humoral and T cell-mediated immunity in order to generate immune synergy against S. aureus infections. A single-antigen vaccine may achieve this immune synergy. However, multivalent antigens may be more likely to induce both humoral and T cell immunity and to induce protection against a broader array of S. aureus isolates. A number of candidate vaccines are in development, raising the promise that effective vaccines against S. aureus will become available in the not-so-distant future. Possible development programs for such vaccines are discussed.
Theory of sandwich plates with piezoelectric reinforcements

A theory of sandwich plates with composite-material facings and piezoelectric actuators- stiffeners bonded to the surface or embedded in the facings is developed. The stiffeners bonded to the surfaces are modeled using either the plane stress assumption or a first-order shear deformable theory. The former approach is appropriate if the stiffeners represent thin strips while the latter method can be used in the case where the stiffeners are relatively deep piezoelectric ribs. The stiffeners embedded in the facings in the form of piezoelectric strips are considered using the plane stress assumption.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Connection between asymptotic normalization coefficients, subthreshold bound states, and resonances

We present here useful relations showing the connection between the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) and the fitting parameters in K- and R-matrix theory methods which are often used when analyzing low energy experimental data. It is shown that the ANC of a subthreshold bound state defines the normalization of both direct radiative capture leading to this state and resonance capture in which the state behaves like a subthreshold resonance. A determination of the appropriate ANC(s) thus offers an alternative method for finding the strength of these types of capture reactions, both of which are important in nuclear astrophysics.
Organic views of nature: The debate over organic certification for aquatic animals

Organic and conventional agriculture are considered different not only because of distinct food production practices, but also because organic production is thought to rest on non-dualistic and non-modern views of the natural world. However, views of nature that were expressed in the debate leading up to the US decision not to develop certification standards for fish and shellfish show that organic views of nature are quite complicated, and cannot easily be categorized as either dualistic or non-dualistic. The paper identifies three themes: how those in the organic movement conceptualized the relationship between organic and natural; the emphasis on control as a key dimension of organic practice; and ways that different organisms were classified as being similar or different from each other. Analysis reveals concepts of nature that rely on making sharp distinctions between terrestrial and aquatic systems, distinctions that led to deciding that it is inappropriate to ever certify fish as organic.
Ultrafast dynamics of heat flow across molecules

Abstract An ultrafast flash thermal conductance apparatus is used to study heat flow through aliphatic and aromatic molecules arranged in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). The apparatus consists of a thin metal film which can be flash-heated by many hundreds of degrees in ∼1 ps using a femtosecond pulse. Heat flow from the metal surface into the SAM molecules is detected using vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The SAMs studied were alkanethiolates (AT) ranging from C6 to C24, benzenethiolate (BT) and benzylmercaptide (BMT). SFG in the CH-stretch region selectively probes transitions of the terminal methyl groups of AT and the CH moiety at the 4-position of the phenyl ring of BT and BMT (opposite the thiolate-surface bond). The SFG signal is sensitive to temperature-jump induced thermal disorder of the SAM and also to vibrational frequency shifts induced by the changing intramolecular vibrational populations. The SFG probe functions as a thermometer, and this thermometer is ∼1.5 A thick with a response time of ∼1 ps. In the AT chains, a study of the length dependence is used to determine the rate heat flows across the metal–SAM interface and the rate of heat flow through the AT chains. The interface thermal conductance is 220 GW m−2 s−1. The AT molecular conductance is 50 pW K−1 or 0.3 eV s−1 K−1. Heat flow through the AT chains is ballistic with a velocity of 1 km/s. Heat flow into BMT is slower than in BT because BMT has one additional methylene linker group. The BT and BMT structures evidence a thermally-initiated surface rearrangement occurring in a few tens of picoseconds. These SAMs are strained and the phenyl rings cannot adopt the most stable staggered herringbone structure. After the T-jump, the SAM molecules have enough freedom to relax into more favorable configurations.
Evaluation and correlation of partition parameters involved in paper chromatography

Abstract A graphical method has been developed on theoretical grounds for evaluating the partition parameters involved in the mobility of a homologous series of compounds undergoing partition chromatography. The method has been tested by applying it to maltodextrin saccharides. The method permits an assessment of the solvent proportions which would favour maximum separation.
Ultrastructural immunocytochemical localization of luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) in the median eminence of the guinea pig.

LH-RH was localized at the ultrastructural level in axons and nerve terminals of the median eminence of the male guinea pig. LH-RH positive neuronal profiles were most concentrated in the medial-dorsal aspect of the infundibular stalk and in the post-infundibular median eminence at the level immediately following separation of the stalk from the base of the brain. LH-RH containing axon profiles were most abundant in the palisade zone; nerve terminals in contact with the hypophysial portal vasculature were relatively rare. The hormone was present within granules that measured 900–1,200 A in axons of the palisade zone and 400–800 A in nerve terminals abutting on the portal plexus. The differently sized granules represent heterogeneous populations.
The influences of glucagon, epinephrine and α- and β-adrenergic agents of glycogenolysis in isolated rabbit hepatocytes and perfused livers

Abstract 1. 1. Glucagon, epinephrine, norepinephrine, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, isoproterenol and phenylephrine each enhance glycogenolysis in isolated perfused rabbit livers and/or hepatocytes. 2. 2. Such enhancement by epinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol and phenylephrine is eliminated by propranolol but unaltered by phentolamine, suggesting that stimulation of glycogenolysis by each of these agents involves β-adrenergic-mediated mechanism(s). 3. 3. Data obtained with hepatocytes from 16–20-week-old rabbits and from 7–8-week-old rabbits are identical as far as enhancement of glycogenolysis by β-adrenergic stimulation is concerned, implying that the nature of functional adrenergic receptors in rabbit liver does not change during the process of maturation.
The identification and some functions of GABAergic neurons in the distal catfish retina.

Abstract Putative GABAergic neurons in the outer retina of the Texas channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, were studied using autoradiographic, biochemical and electrophysiological techniques. A red cone horizontal cell was found to accumulate exogenous GABA in the presence of red light. GABA could be released from these cells with high K + Ringers solution. The release was only partially blocked by Co 2+ and therefore may be only partially Ca 2+ dependent. The red cone horizontal cells were found to contain significant activities of l -glutamic acid decar☐ylase and GABA transaminase, the enzymes responsible for GABA synthesis and degradation respectively. These data suggest that catfish red cone horizontal cells are GABAergic. To substantiate this, recordings were made from photoreceptors and horizontal cells during the superfusion of the GABA blocking agents bicuculline methochloride or picrotoxin. These agents modified the cone responses in the manner specified if they were blocking the feedback pathway from horizontal cells to cones. Thus it is likely that the horizontal cells are using GABA as the transmitter in the feedback pathway. In addition, the GABA blocking agents were found to interfere with changes in horizontal cell responses which occur during light adaptation.
Rab10 delivers GLUT4 storage vesicles to the plasma membrane

The glucose transporter, GLUT4, redistributes to the plasma membrane (PM) upon insulin stimulation, but also recycles through endosomal compartments. Different Rab proteins control these transport itineraries of GLUT4. However, the specific roles played by different Rab proteins in GLUT4 trafficking has been difficult to assess, primarily due to the complexity of endomembrane organization and trafficking. To address this problem, we recently performed advanced live cell imaging using total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, which images objects ~150 nm from the PM, directly visualizing GLUT4 trafficking in response to insulin stimulation. Using IRAP-pHluorin to selectively label GSVs undergoing PM fusion in response to insulin, we identified Rab10 as the only Rab protein that binds this compartment. Rab14 was found to label transferrin-positive, endosomal compartments containing GLUT4. These also could fuse with the PM in response to insulin, albeit more slowly. Several other Rab proteins, including Rab4A, 4B and 8A, were found to mediate GLUT4 intra-endosomal recycling, serving to internalize surface-bound GLUT4 into endosomal compartments for ultimate delivery to GSVs. Thus, multiple Rab proteins regulate the circulation of GLUT4 molecules within the endomembrane system, maintaining optimal insulin responsiveness within cells.