cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inventing Partners in Computer-Mediated Communication: How CMC Sustains Self-fulfilling Prophecies and Relational Attributions

Research on computer-mediated communication CMC vacillates between arguments that the medium of text is too barren to experience partners' personalities, to claims that we "fill in the blanks" when encountering others online. This metaphor of filling in the blanks can be substantiated scientifically by examining data from several studies that demonstrate when and how CMC users form idealized false impressions, and what false attributions they bestow when they anticipate or interact with online partners. These instances take place when users are provided insufficient descriptions of chat partners, or with avatars that are knowingly random with respect to their operators. Going beyond mere impressions, CMC users create their own versions of their partners' attractiveness and sociability. They do so outside their own awareness, creating demonstrable self-fulfilling prophecies in ways that traditional research eschews in the CMC context. Research examining behavioral disconfirmation online, the behaviors that actuate it, and the erroneous relational attributions CMC users apply to partners, depict how these self-fulfilling prophecies are realized.
Making State Merit Scholarship Programs More Equitable and Less Vulnerable

Since the 1993 arrival of Georgia’s Helping Outstanding Pupils Educationally (HOPE) Program, merit scholarships have become popular tools for states seeking to maximize human capital within their borders. However, research has concluded both that the bulk of merit scholarships goes to students with the least financial need and the popularity of these programs has led to a de-emphasis on need-based scholarship funding in some states. These trends are even more worrisome when these programs are funded by lottery revenue, as is the case with HOPE. Lotteries are inherently regressive because the people who play (and pay related taxes) tend to be poor and less educated. Therefore, when lottery revenue is distributed in the form of scholarships to higher-income recipients, this regressivity is exacerbated. This article presents two policy proposals for reducing socioeconomic and racial disparities in state merit scholarship awarding while also alleviating the fiscal pressures that tend to beset lottery-funded programs. The first proposal is to implement a need-based scholarship program with an early engagement component. The second proposal is to award merit scholarships using a “merit-aware” index.
Strain-specific neutralizing determinant in the transmembrane protein of simian immunodeficiency virus.

Monoclonal antibody SF8/5E11, which recognizes the transmembrane protein (TMP) of simian immunodeficiency virus of macaque monkeys (SIVmac), displayed strict strain specificity. It reacted with cloned and uncloned SIVmac251 but not with cloned SIVmac142 and SIVmac239 on immunoblots. This monoclonal antibody neutralized infection by cloned, cell-free SIVmac251 and inhibited formation of syncytia by cloned SIVmac251-infected cells; these activities were specific to cloned SIVmac251 and did not occur with the other viruses. Site-specific mutagenesis was used to show that TMP amino acids 106 to 110 (Asp-Trp-Asn-Asn-Asp) determined the strain specificity of the monoclonal antibody. This strain-specific neutralizing determinant is located within a variable region of SIVmac and human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) which includes conserved, clustered sites for N-linked glycosylation. The determinant corresponds exactly to a variable, weak neutralizing epitope in HIV-1 TMP which also includes conserved, clustered sites for N-linked glycosylation. Thus, the location of at least one neutralizing epitope appears to be common to both SIVmac and HIV-1. Our results suggest a role for this determinant in the viral entry process. Genetic variation was observed in this neutralizing determinant following infection of a rhesus monkey with molecularly cloned SIVmac239; variant forms of the strain-specific, neutralizing determinant accumulated during persistent infection in vivo. Selective pressure from the host immune response in vivo may result in sequence variation in this neutralizing determinant. Images
GraphQ: graph query processing with abstraction refinement: scalable and programmable analytics over very large graphs on a single PC

This paper introduces GraphQ, a scalable querying framework for very large graphs. GraphQ is built on a key insight that many interesting graph properties -- such as finding cliques of a certain size, or finding vertices with a certain page rank -- can be effectively computed by exploring only a small fraction of the graph, and traversing the complete graph is an overkill. The centerpiece of our framework is the novel idea of abstraction refinement, where the very large graph is represented as multiple levels of abstractions, and a query is processed through iterative refinement across graph abstraction levels. As a result, GraphQ enjoys several distinctive traits unseen in existing graph processing systems: query processing is naturally budget-aware, friendly for out-of-core processing when "Big Graphs" cannot entirely fit into memory, and endowed with strong correctness properties on query answers. With GraphQ, a wide range of complex analytical queries over very large graphs can be answered with resources affordable to a single PC, which complies with the recent trend advocating single-machine-based Big Data processing. Experiments show GraphQ can answer queries in graphs 4-6 times bigger than the memory capacity, only in several seconds to minutes. In contrast, GraphChi, a state-of-the-art graph processing system, takes hours to days to compute a whole-graph solution. An additional comparison with a modified version of GraphChi that terminates immediately when a query is answered shows that GraphQ is on average 1.6-13.4× faster due to its ability to process partial graphs.
Internucleosomal DNA fragmentation during deprived and non-deprived olfactory development

Abstract DNA fragmentation is a key marker of neuronal death during development, yet little is known about the size, pattern or quantities of fragments generated during normal and sensory-deprived development. Since there are few neurons dying at any particular time, it has not been possible to obtain sufficient quantities of material to make such a determination. By using a highly sensitive Taq polymerase-based technique, we revealed DNA fragments of 180 base pairs and multiples thereof both in bulbs and cortex of young rats (P4–P31). The bulbs subjected to olfactory deprivation at P1 had higher levels of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation at P16 than the contra-lateral, non-deprived bulbs. Interestingly, the DNA fragmentation induced by olfactory deprivation displayed a characteristic internucleosomal fragmentation pattern, suggesting that the cells induced to die may do so by apoptosis. A significant inverse correlation between DNA fragmentation and the natural variation in normal bulb size was found, suggesting that bulb size may be related to cell death.
The rate-limiting step in P450 hydroxylation of hydrocarbons a direct comparison of the "somersault" versus the "consensus" mechanism involving compound I.

Model theoretical quantum mechanical (QM) calculations are described for the P-450 hydroxylation of methane, isobutane, and camphor that compare the concerted somersault H-abstraction mechanism wit...
A fuzzy-nets in-process (FNIP) system for tool-breakage monitoring in end-milling operations

Abstract The fuzzy-nets in-process (FNIP) system is proposed for monitoring tool breakage in end-milling operations. The FNIP system consists of two components: (1) the fuzzy search classifier (FSQ, which maps a state vector into a recommended action using fuzzy pattern recognition; and (2) the fuzzy adaptive controller (FAQ, which maps a state vector and a failure signal into a scalar grade that indicates state integrity. The FAC also produces the output action value, p , to upgrade FSC mapping according to the variation of the input state. By coupling fuzzy logic control systems and neural networks into the fuzzy-nets system, a self-learning capability (ability to generate rule bases and to fine-tune the membership functions of each linguist variable to the appropriate level of granularity) was developed. With this on-line learning capability, the fuzzy rule bases of FSC and FAC are established by fine-tuning the parameters in the FNIP system. After establishing all the fuzzy rule bases, the performance of the FNIP system is examined for an end-milling operation. Experiments have shown that the FNIP system is able to detect tool breakage in the end-milling operation “on-line”, approaching a real-time basis.
Students' Perceptions and Communicative Management of Instructors' Online Self–Disclosure

Computer-mediated communication has become one of the many teaching strategies used to enhance students' cognitive and affective learning. What happens, however, when instructors use the Internet for personal purposes, such as staying in touch with friends and sharing gossip? This study investigated how college students perceive and communicatively manage their instructors' private information after viewing these profiles. An interpretive analysis of 21 interviews with college students confirmed previous research regarding student perceptions of instructors' self-disclosure, and students reported the information online impacted their communication with the instructor in various ways. Implications and future research suggestions are discussed.
Current transport modeling in carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs) and bio-sensing applications

Current transport in carbon nanotube field effect transistors (CNT-FETs) has been modeled from charge distributions and the potential inside the carbon nanotube. Analytical equations describing I-V characteristics of the CNT-FETs have been obtained from the combination of diffusion and drift mechanisms in the channel region for normal and sub-threshold operations. It is shown that the electronic transport in semiconducting single-walled carbon nanotubes and field effect transistors can provide better understanding of their bio- and chemical sensing for the detection of traces of agents at molecular levels.
Immunologic and morphologic effects of cryosurgery of the monkey (macaque) prostate.

A reduction in the size of the Macaque prostate following single and multiple in situ freezings was accompanied by histologic alterations, which occurred predominately in the caudal lobe and were characterized by what appeared to be specific periacinar foci of lymphocytic infiltrates. These lymphocytes were observed to infiltrate onto acinar epithelial cells, resulting in their subsequent separation from the basal lamina and epithelial destruction. Other histologic alterations were in consonance with studies of the prostate following cryosurgery by others. Circulating antibodies specific for prostate were present in only one of the seven animals at the time at which these histologic observations were made. These observations suggest the possible development of a cellular immunologic response following cryosurgery of the prostate. The relevancy of these observations to those obtained following cryoprostatectomy in man and other species is considered. Pending confirmation, they may be of potential significance in providing an explanation of reported cases of eradication of human prostatic carcinomas following cryotherapy.
Down-regulation of serotonin2, but not of beta-adrenergic receptors during chronic treatment with amitriptyline is independent of stimulation of serotonin2 and beta-adrenergic receptors

Abstract Antidepressant drugs down-regulate beta-adrenergic, alpha2-adrenergic and serotonergic 5-HT2 receptors with a time course that parallels their clinical efficacy, i.e. chronic administration is required (Crews and Smith, 1978; Svensson and Usdin, 1978; Banerjee, Kung, Riggi and Chanda, 1979; Bergstrom and Keller, 1979; Peroutka and Snyder, 1980). In the present study, it was found that the 5-HT2 receptor antagonist, nefazadone (50 mg/kg per day) did not prevent the downregulation of 5-HT2 receptors in the cerebral cortex produced by amitriptyline (10 mg/kg per day), when administered for 3 weeks. Moreover, treatment with nefazadone (50 mg/kg per day) alone for 3 weeks decreased binding to 5-HT2 receptors in cerebral cortex. In contrast, administration of propranolol, the beta receptor antagonist, (10 mg/kg per day) with amitriptyline (10 mg/kg per day) for 3 weeks prevented the down-regulation of beta receptors, but did not alter the decrease in binding to 5-HT2 receptors. In addition, the depletion of central stores of norepinephrine and serotonin by a 4-day treatment with reserpine (5 mg/kg per day) increased binding to beta receptors in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus, but did not affect binding to 5-HT2 receptors in either region. These results suggest that the 5-HT2 receptor is not down-regulated by direct stimulation by serotonin agonists and that the down-regulation of 5-HT2 receptors by amitriptyline is independent of down-regulation of beta-adrenergic receptors.
On the stabilization by fixation of configurational states in beef heart mitochondria

The energized configuration of the cristal membrane of beef heart mitochondria can be maintained only as long as oxygen is available for electron transfer. When the oxygen supply is exhausted, the membrane undergoes a transition to the nonenergized configuration. Since the exhaustion of the available oxygen supply is complete in 5–20 sec, it is impossible to apply the method of sedimenting the mitochondria prior to fixation for studying the energized configurational states of mitochondria. The direct addition of glutaraldehyde followed by osmium tetroxide to the mitochondrial suspension is the most effective way of freezing the configurational state of the cristal membrane. Fixation with glutaraldehyde appears to be complete within 1–2 sec even at 0°. Osmium tetroxide alone can also “freeze” the energized configuration by fixation but the concentration of the fixative is critical. The problem of capturing the configurational state applies not only to energized transitions (nonenergized to energized) but also to nonenergized transitions (orthodox to aggregated). The freezing by fixation of the cristal membrane in the aggregated configuration is best accomplished by the sequential use of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide. When the levels of glutaraldehyde and osmium tetroxide are respectively too low or too high, the mitochondrion will undergo a transition from the aggregated to the orthodox configuration before fixation is complete. Light-scattering studies provide an independent method for monitoring configurational changes in mitochondria; these light-scattering measurements confirm that the conditions for fixation which lead to stabilization of the energized state as judged by electron microscopy, also show maintenance of configuration as judged by absence of light-scattering changes after the fixatives are introduced. Reagents used in negative staining will induce the geometrical form of the energized configuration of the mitochondrion even under nonenergizing conditions. These reagents are thus unsuitable for use in studies of configurational transitions in mitochondria.
Motivation and Ownership: History of the Ownership of the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-A. G.

(1970). Motivation and Ownership: History of the Ownership of the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks-A. G. Business History: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 1-24.
Gait analysis in the treatment of the ambulatory child with cerebral palsy

Surgical treatment of children with cerebral palsy has changed from staged, single joint procedures to comprehensive simultaneous bony and soft-tissue corrections. This regimen of treating multiple joint levels and planes of abnormality is subject to error when based solely on the clinical examination. A more scientific evaluation can be provided by the use of clinical gait analysis. Both preoperative and postoperative analyses provide the clinician with information from which neurologic patterns can be determined and surgical protocols can be judged.
LONG-TERM CHANGES IN VITAL CAPACITY OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS RECEIVING MIST TENT THERAPY

LONG-TERM CHANGES IN VITAL CAPACITY OF PATIENTS WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS RECEIVING MIST TENT THERAPY
From work to text to document

The defining trope for the humanities in the last 30 years has been typified by the move from “work” to “text.” The signature text defining this move has been Roland Barthes seminal essay, “From Work to Text.” But the current move in library, archival and information studies toward the “document” as the key term offers challenges for contemporary humanities research. In making our own movement from work to text to document, we can explicate fully the complexity of conducting archival humanistic research within disciplinary and institutional contexts in the twenty-first century. This essay calls for a complex perspective, one that demands that we understand the raw materials of scholarship are processed by disciplines, by institutions, and by the work of the scholar. When we understand our materials as constrained by disciplines, we understand them as “works.” When we understand them as constrained by the institutions of memory that preserve and grant access to them, we understand them as “documents.” And when we understand them as the ground for our own interpretive activity, we understand them as “texts.” When we understand that humanistic scholarship requires an awareness of all three perspectives simultaneously (an understanding demonstrated by case studies in historical studies of the discipline of rhetoric), we will be ready for a richer historical scholarship as well as a richer collaboration between humanists and archivists.
Doing it all: Women’s employment and reproductive work in Tajikistan

Abstract Central Asia has low labor force participation rates for women, despite high levels of poverty in the non-oil producing countries. Female labor force participation is related to competing uses for women’s time, especially in a context of poor infrastructure and limited availability of purchased replacements for household labor. We examine factors affecting women’s participation in employment and reproductive household work in Tajikistan, drawing on the 2003 Tajikistan Living Standards Survey. We incorporate specific conditions in Central Asia, including the prevalence of extended family households, norms about how women share household work, an absence of market substitutes for caring and reproductive labor, employment in family enterprises and poor infrastructure, especially in rural areas. We estimate the system using a Generalized Maximum Entropy (GME) approach. We find that few individual and household characteristics are related to time in employment. Time in noncare reproductive work decreases if a woman receives direct remuneration for her employment (compared to working in a family farm or enterprise but receiving no direct remuneration), but increases if the woman has less access to infrastructure. Rural women spend more time in both employment and non-care reproductive work than urban women, but less time in care work. Lack of infrastructure may leave women with few choices with respect to non-care reproductive work, while overall levels of time poverty create pressures on care time.
Quantitative single-cell characterization of CAR+ T cell effector functions

Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) utilizing chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells rendered specific for CD19 have demonstrated significant anti-tumor effects in patients with CD19+ chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In spite of the clinical promise of ACT in achieving complete responses, their efficacy remains unpredictable and new approaches are needed to address a priori define the therapeutic potential of T-cell based therapies. In our current work, we characterize the in vitro functionality of CD19-specific (CD19RCD28) CAR+ T cells propagated using artificial antigen presenting cells expressing membrane bound IL-21, by employing a novel methodology single-cell nanowell screening that determines their cytotoxic ability and cytokine secretion capability at single-cell resolution. We show that CAR+ T cells exert specific cytotoxicity against NALM6 cells (31 ± 8 %) when co-incubated at a 1:1 ratio in nanowell containers. Furthermore, single CAR+ T cells were capable of engaging and killing multiple targets; 17 ± 8% of T cells killed two target cells and 9 ± 3% killed three target cells within the 6 hour window of observation. In parallel, microengraving was used to determine the cytokine secretion profile of these same cells. Hierarchical clustering of the two functions indicated that interferon-gamma (IFNγ) secretion is not correlated to cytotoxicity or the ability of T cells to kill multiple target cells. Simultaneously, monitoring apoptosis on CAR+ T cells allowed us to quantify their activation-induced cell death (AICD). CAR+ T cells that secreted IFNγ upon target ligation did not undergo AICD whereas T cells that engaged in repeated killing showed an increased propensity to undergo AICD (p = 0.04). Dynamic time-lapse imaging of the interactions between CAR+ T cells and tumor cells indicated that the majority of CAR+ T cells have high basal motility, form long-lived interactions with tumor cells (50 - 100 min) that lead to motility arrest and subsequent tumor-cell apoptosis. However, contact lifetimes or overall contact duration were not reliable predictors of subsequent tumor-cell apoptosis. Finally, kinetics of serial killing suggest that motile CAR+ T cells that form short-lived contacts exhibit rapid killing with very little motility arrest in vitro. In summary, our SNS based methodology allows the deep functional characterization of clinical grade CAR+ T cells and can be used to: (1) determine in vitro functions of CAR+ T cells that correlate with clinical efficacy and (2) inform CAR design to maximize effector functionality while minimizing AICD.
Nickel-Catalyzed Cycloisomerization of Enynes: Catalyst Generation via C-H Activation of Carbene Ligands.

Abstract The combination of Ni(0) and an N-heterocyclic carbene acts as a precatalyst for the cycloisomerization of enynes to afford 1,3-dienes. During the course of the reaction, a nickel hydride is formed from oxidative addition of the ortho C–H on the carbene ligand. Deuterium labeling studies are presented.
Role of powering geometries and sheath gas composition on operation characteristics and the optical emission in the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge

Abstract Characterization of the liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy (LS-APGD-OES) source is described with regards to applications in low-flow separations such as capillary liquid chromatography and electrophoresis. Four powering modes are investigated, including the effects of the individual modes on current–voltage characteristics, analyte emission response, and temporal broadening of flow injection profiles. A concentric sheath gas is employed to stabilize the solution delivery at low liquid flow rates. Sheath gas composition (N2 or He) effects analyte emission responses as well as gas phase rotational and excitation temperatures. The respective powering modes both measures of temperature, with the OH rotational gas temperatures ranging from ∼2100 to 3000 K and the Fe (I) excitation temperatures ranging from ∼2400 to 3600 K. Rotational temperature values increase slightly when helium is employed as a sheath gas as opposed to nitrogen, with the corresponding excitation temperatures increasing somewhat as well. Analytical response curves for Na and Hg in the various powering modes demonstrate good linearity, with the limits of detection for the analytes found to be on the order of ∼4–10 ppm for 5 μl injections; equating to absolute detection limits of between 20 and 45 ng. It is believed that the approach demonstrated here suggests further improvements that will permit applications in a wide variety of aqueous solution analyses where low-flow rates and limited volumes are encountered.
Effects of novel odor exposure on maternal aggression in mice

A variety of novel odors increase both risk assessment and defensive behaviors and inhibit offensive attack among male mice. In this experiment, the effects of a novel mammalian (wool) and nonmammalian (chocolate) odor on maternal aggression were examined. Both novel odors produced a mild suppression of lunge attacks. In addition, the chocolate odor reduced boxing behavior and the wool odor increased grooming. Neither odor altered other social behaviors. The results are consistent with previous data in suggesting that odor novelty evokes fear-motivated defensiveness and inhibits attack. These effects appear to be somewhat weaker than those seen among male mice, however.
Numerical and analytical models of cosmogenic radionuclide dynamics in landslide-dominated drainage basins

[1] In many tectonically active regions on Earth, landslides dominate sediment delivery to channels. While cosmogenic radionuclides (CRN) represent a valuable tool to document basin-averaged erosion rates, a better understanding of CRN dynamics in these systems is required before erosion rates can be reliably inferred from CRN concentrations. The stochastic nature of landslides results in variability of CRN concentrations in both alluvial and hillslope samples that is both difficult to document and poorly understood. To guide sampling strategies, we developed a 2-D plan view model to simulate the influence of landslides on CRN dynamics. We employ a sediment mixing model, in which concentrations of CRNs from material eroded by both landslides and steady processes are combined to evaluate how best to infer erosion rates from CRN concentrations. This model is further used to test a new analytical solution for the distribution of CRN concentrations on hillslopes in a landslide-prone system. Results suggest that for landscapes dominated by deep (>5 m) landslides, only large drainage basins (≥100 km2) provide consistently reliable estimates of erosion rates from CRN concentrations. For landscapes dominated by shallow landslides (0.7–2 m), smaller basins can produce reliable estimates. Results further suggest that the distribution of concentrations from hillslope samples could be used to deduce the relative contribution of material derived from landslide and steady processes. These findings underscore the need to consider carefully the sources of natural variability in sampling and analyzing CRNs; if properly done, the variability can reveal useful information about geomorphic processes in landslide-prone areas.
Identification of in vivo disulfide conformation of TRPA1 ion channel.

TRPA1 (transient receptor potential ankyrin 1) is an ion channel expressed in the termini of sensory neurons and is activated in response to a broad array of noxious exogenous and endogenous thiol-reactive compounds, making it a crucial player in chemical nociception. A number of conserved cysteine residues on the N-terminal domain of the channel have been identified as critical for sensing these electrophilic pungent chemicals, and our recent EM structure with modeled domains predicts that these cysteines form a ligand-binding pocket, allowing for the possibility of disulfide bonding between the cysteine residues. Here, we present a comprehensive mass spectrometry investigation of the in vivo disulfide bonding conformation and in vitro reactivity of 30 of the 31 cysteine residues in the TRPA1 ion channel. Four disulfide bonds were detected in the in vivo TRPA1 structure: Cys-666—Cys-622, Cys-666–Cys-463, Cys-622–Cys-609, and Cys-666–Cys-193. All of the cysteines detected were reactive to N-methylmaleimide (NMM) in vitro, with varying degrees of labeling efficiency. Comparison of the ratio of the labeling efficiency at 300 μm versus 2 mm NMM identified a number of cysteine residues that were outliers from the mean labeling ratio, suggesting that protein conformation changes rendered these cysteines either more or less protected from labeling at the higher NMM concentrations. These results indicate that the activation mechanism of TRPA1 may involve N-terminal conformation changes and disulfide bonding between critical cysteine residues.
Diurnal Variation of Plasma Aldosterone, Cortisol and Renin Activity in Supine Man

In order to evaluate episodic secretion of aldosterone over the entire day, plasma aldosterone, renin activity and cortisol were measured every 10 or 30 min in normal human subjects, on both normal and sodium restricted diets, while receiving dexamethasone, on oral contraceptives and in patients with primary aldosteronism, all while supine. Peak levels of aldosterone occurred in the latter part of the sleeping hours and early in themorning in normal subjects on normal sodium diets. Aldosterone was positively correlated with cortisol in all these subjects but with renin in only 3 out of 5. When cortisol secretion was suppressed by dexamethasone, the hours of peak plasma aldosterone levels were the same, and these peak levels were not always related to renin. These data are compatible with a common determinant for ACTH and aldosterone secretion rhythms in supine man. On sodium restriction both subjects tested hadstatistically significant correlation of aldosterone with both cortisol and renin, and the 2 wom...
Development of tobacco callus cultures over expressing Arabidopsis PAP1/MYB75 transcription factor and characterization of anthocyanin biosynthesis

The Arabidopsis PAP1 gene (At1g56650) encodes the MYB75 transcription factor, which has been demonstrated to essentially regulate the biosynthesis of anthocyanins. Our previous study showed that ectopic expression of the PAP1 gene led to high pigmentation of anthocyanins in all tissues of transgenic tobacco plants. In order to understand the mechanisms of how PAP1 regulates anthocyanin biosynthesis and what can regulate the function of PAP1, we have established PAP1 transgenic tobacco callus cultures. Phenotypically different calli including anthocyanin-producing red and anthocyanin-free white calli lines were differentially induced from the same genotype of PAP1 transgenic plants. RT-PCR analysis showed that the expression of the PAP1 transgene was similar in the two types of calli, indicating that the transgenic red and white calli had differential responses to the regulation of PAP1. The growth of transgenic red calli followed a “sigmoid-like” curve in a 25-day callus culture period, during which the time course obviously impacted the profiles and the average levels of anthocyanins even though the expression of the PAP1 transgene was constitutive. A HPLC–UV–ESI-mass spectrum-based profiling characterized nine anthocyanin molecules (e.g., 595, 579 and 609 m/z) in the transgenic red calli over the course of the culture period. Cyanidin, pelargonidin, and peonidin were the major anthocyanidins identified by HPLC-mass spectrum analysis. We have demonstrated that dark, nitrogen nutrients, and auxin apparently affect the anthocyanin profiles in PAP1 transgenic callus cultures; and suggest that these cell cultures are an appropriate system to study the regulatory function of PAP1 on the anthocyanin biosynthesis at post-transcriptional level in vivo.
1‐Octen‐3‐ol in the Cultivated Mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

Enzymatic formation of l-octen-3-ol in the cultivated mushroom, Agaricus bisporus, was studied. The optimal activity of lipoxygenase-hydroperoxide lyase enzymes for l-octen-3-ol formation was observed over the pH range 5.0 to 7.0. The highest amount of l-octen-3-ol was produced at pH 6.0. During the crop cycle, the l-octen-3-ol content of mushrooms varied from 19.3 to 37.2 ppm. More l-octen-3-ol was produced in the gills than other morphological tissues. During post-harvest storage at 12°C, enzyme activity as well as l-octen-3-ol content decreased dramatically over time.
Implementing infrared determination of quartz particulates on novel filters for a prototype dust monitor.

Research by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has pursued quartz analysis for the specialized filter assemblies of a new worker-wearable personal dust monitor (PDM). The PDM is a real-time instrument utilizing a tapered element oscillating microbalance (TEOM®). Standard fiberglass TEOM filters cannot accommodate the desired P-7 infrared analytical method used by the Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). Novel filter materials were tested with the objective of demonstrating this type of analysis. Low temperature ashing and spectrometric examination were employed, revealing that nylon fiber candidate filters left minimal residual ash and produced no significant spectral interference. Avoiding titanium dioxide in all filter materials proved to be a key requirement. Fine quartz particulates were collected on prototype filters in a Marple chamber, either open-faced or through PDMs during test runs. The filters were then subjected to MSHA P-7 analysis and the spectrometrically based analytical results for quartz mass were compared to reference measurements. Also, PDM instrumental mass readings were compared to filter gravimetric measurements. Results suggest that the P-7 method is adaptable to variations in filter materials and that quartz dust analysis by the P-7 method when utilizing the new ashable PDM filters can have accuracy and precision within 10% and 4%, respectively. This is within the declared 13% accuracy and 7–10% precision of the P-7 method itself. Instrument mass readings had modest positive bias but met NIOSH accuracy criteria. Continued work with specialized PDM filters is merited, as they are a new type of TEOM sample amenable to ashing analysis of particulates.
Undecidability of safety for the schematic protection model with cyclic creates

Abstract In the schematic protection model subjects are classified into protection types. Creation is authorized by a can-create binary relation on types. It is shown that with arbitrary cycles in can-create safety is undecidable. Whereas it has been previously shown safety is decidable for acyclic can-create. It is also shown that safety remains undedicable even if all creates are attenuating in that tickets (capabilities) given to a subject on its creation are attenuated copies of tickets available to its parent. This contrasts with decidable safety for attenuating cycles of length one. It appears safety is decidable for the practically useful cases while undecidability results from undue laxity in authorizing creation.
Reconciling public administration and democracy: the role of the responsible administrator

This article considers whether the individual responsibilities of bureaucratic officials provide a useful means for reconciling the tension between democracy and bureaucracy. Three questions central to the proper definition of bureaucratic responsibility are examined: (1) What is the relation of bureaucratic responsibility to the view that proper bureaucratic conduct is essentially a matter of ethics and morality? (2) If the appeal to moral values does not ordinarily offer an acceptable guide to proper bureaucratic conduct, upon what principles does a theory of bureaucratic responsibility rest? (3) What issues arise in putting responsibility into practice within a complex organizational setting? The article concludes that a democratic, process-based conception offers the most useful way of thinking about the responsibilities of bureaucratic officials. The tension between democracy and bureaucracy has bedeviled public administration. However one defines democracy, its core demand for responsiveness (to hig...
The effect of pressure pulsations on time mean flow rate.

Abstract The flow rate of Newtonian fluids (water and a 1:1 water/glycerol mixture) was studied in small rigid tubes (415, 441, 706, and 1403 μm diameter). The time mean flow rates produced by steady pressure gradients were compared with the flow rates produced by superimposing cyclically varying pulses on the same mean pressure gradients. Pulse frequencies between zero and 4 Hz and pulse amplitudes of 20 and 40% of the upstream mean pressure were applied. Two cases were considered. In the first, long tubes ( L D = 96 and 216 ) in which entrance effects are insignificant were used. The second case employed short tubes ( L D = 30, 24, and 21 ), where the entrance effects are important. The latter situation more closely corresponds with the conditions that exist in the small arterial distributing system than does the long tube model. Earlier theoretical studies of flow in long tubes predict that superimposed pressure oscillations do not modify the time mean flow rates when compared with static perfusion. Our results confirm these predictions. No theoretical studies have yet been made to predict the effects of superposition of pressure pulses on steady flow in short rigid tubes. Our experimental results demonstrate that in this case superposition of pulses produce only minor changes in the mean flow. The largest observed deviations were about 4%. However, statistically significant changes most frequently observed were only of the order of 1–2%. We interprete this to mean that pulsation adds no new nonlinearities of importance to those produced by the entrance effects in steady flow. Extrapolating these results to the circulation, one may conclude that any effects of the arterial pulse on the time mean flow rate through vascular regions composed of frequently branching vessels must be due to effects such as wall distensibility, non-Newtonian behavior of blood, and vascular smooth muscle reactivity.
An experimental evaluation of coefficients of static friction of common workpiece–fixture element pairs

Abstract Most machining fixtures utilize clamping forces and friction at fixture–workpiece joints to help prevent the workpiece from slipping out of the fixture during machining. The magnitudes of the clamping forces required are a direct function of the coefficients of static friction at the joints. Recently, analytical methods have been developed to predict minimum clamping forces. However, these methods require accurate estimates of the friction coefficients. One source of friction data are handbooks. However, these data are typically listed relative to the materials of the contacting elements and are otherwise completely generalized. This paper will illustrate that the coefficient of static friction for typical fixture–workpiece joints is not a simple function of the workpiece materials. Instead it is also a function of factors such as fixture element geometry, workpiece surface topography, clamping forces, the presence or absence of cutting fluids, and normal joint rigidity.
Differential Regulation of Tyrosinase Activity in Skin of White and Black Individuals In Vivo by Topical Retinoic Acid

Tyrosinase activity is a key determinant of melanin production in skin. Because retinoic acid regulates tyrosinase activity in melanoma cells, we analyzed modulation of pigmentation in vivo by retinoic acid. Black and white subjects were either not treated, or treated topically for 4 d under occlusion with vehicle, retinoic acid (0.1%), or the irritant sodium lauryl sulfate (2%). In untreated skin, tyrosinase activity and melanin content were significantly greater (2.3 times, and 3.2 times, respectively) in blacks versus whites. Four days of treatment with topical retinoic acid did not alter tyrosinase activity or melanin content in black skin. In contrast, retinoic acid treatment significantly induced (2.7 times, n = 8) tyrosinase activity, compared to vehicle treatment, in white skin. Melanin content, however, remained unchanged at 4 d. In separate experiments, tyrosinase activity in white subjects (n = 25) was increased 16% (p = 0.01) in sodium lauryl sulfate – treated skin, and 77% (p = 0.0005) in retinoic acid – treated skin, compared to vehicle-treated skin. The effect of retinoic acid on tyrosinase activity could be differentiated from non-specific irritation, because tyrosinase activity in retinoic acid – treated skin was significantly greater (52%, p = 0.004) than sodium lauryl sulfate-treated skin. Similar results were obtained with the dihydroxyphenylalanine reaction done on vehicle, sodium lauryl sulfate-, and retinoic acid – treated white skin. Northern analysis (n = 6) and semi-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (n = 6) demonstrated that retinoic acid treatment did not alter tyrosinase mRNA levels in white skin. Western analysis revealed that induction of tyrosinase activity by retinoic acid also was not associated with increased tyrosinase protein content (n = 9), indicating that regulation of tyrosinase activity by retinoic acid occurs through a post-translational mechanism. These data demonstrate that low tyrosinase activity in white skin in vivio is retinoic acid inducible and high tyrosinase activity in black skin in vivo is neither further induced nor reduced by retinoic acid
The power of the mind

Music, what's the point? Steven Pinker has called it useless, with no adaptive value. Oliver Sacks and Daniel Levitin beg to differ. In their respective books Musicophilia and This is Your Brain on Music, they cite courtship and cognitive development among its purposes. Laura Garwin, once Nature's North American editor but now to be found in the concert hall, reviews both books. And with Laura's roots in the physical sciences, it is Galileo's way with a tune that seems to impress most. Other topics covered in the Autumn Books package include the nature of the scientific process, how mathematicians think, toxicity, and lab-lit.
Fifty years of analytic group psychotherapy : a personal retrospective

It is a great honor to have been invited to give the Asya Kadis Memorial Lecture in Analytic Group Psychotherapy. This is especially so since the joint recipient is my highly esteemed colleague of many years, Dr. Alexander Wolf. Asya Kadis was a vibrant, distinguished, and caring analyst, teacher, and administrator of the Analytic Group Psychotherapy Department. She imbued all with whom she came in contact with her enthusiastic zeal. I met Asya for the first time in the 1950s when Helen Durkin requested me to substitute for her as a leader of a seminar she could not attend. Asya sat in the class and, when it was over, ran up, hugged me in her inimitable manner, as she introduced herself to me and added decisively, "You must become a member of our staff!" And who could refuse Asya? Even though I was still working at the Brooklyn Child Guidance Center and heading the Group Therapy Department at the New Rochelle Guidance Center. And so I am here today to give you a personal retrospective of Fifty Years of Analytic Group Psychotherapy. Marvin Aronson suggested that I describe the field when I first entered it. This suggestion reminds me of a current radio advertisement for a Caribbean hotel. A 16-year-old girl is complaining to her mother of boredom with their vacation. Her mother inquires, "What are the other kids doing?" The girl answers plaintively, "There aren't any." This would be a good description of the field at the time, especially at child guidance clinics. It was at the Brooklyn Juvenile Protective Association, later called Brooklyn Child Guidance Center, that I met Helen Durkin and Jeannette Hirch, when we were doing our internship and being trained by John Levy, the Psychiatric Director, in his theory and method, Relationship Therapy (Levy, 1938). His approach to the treatment of children was a modified form of Freudian psychoanalysis that incorporated the Rankian concept of evaluating current attitudes and feelings and Melanie Klein's object relations theory. In those days, any form of psychoanalytic child treatment involved 4-5 visits a week. He adapted his Relationship Therapy for use on a once-a-week basis. Levy introduced the idea of treating parents of problem children when he found that psychotherapy with the child was not enough. He taught us to treat both mother and child individually and to work with the fathers if they were available. We found
Early blood transfusions protect against microalbuminuria in children with sickle cell disease

Background Microalbuminuria (MA) is an early indicator for glomerulopathy in sickle cell disease (SCD). Procedure We reviewed the medical records of asymptomatic patients ages 4–20 with sickle hemoglobinopathies, who were screened for MA in order to find out its prevalence and risk factors. Results Nineteen of 120 (15.8%) screened patients had MA detected by spot urine (mean albumin absolute value 6.95 ± 0.56 mg/dl) and abnormal albumin to creatinine ratios (79.8 ± 0.62 mg/g creatinine). Twenty four-hour urine collections confirmed 57% of MA cases by spot urine. There was no difference in hyperfiltration between positive and negative patients. From the MA-positive patients, 15 had SS (16.8% of SS group) and 4 had SC (18% of SC group). Nineteen percent of children 10 years of age or older had MA, as compared to 8% of the younger children (P = 0.018), demonstrating that increasing age is a risk factor for MA. There was a positive correlation between MA and acute chest syndrome. Young age at start of chronic transfusions was inversely related to MA and therefore renoprotective (P = 0.03). We did not see a protective effect in the group of patients taking hydroxyurea for a relatively short time, mean age at start of treatment 12 ± 5 years; however the sample was small. Conclusions We conclude that: (1) children with sickle cell hemoglobinopathies 10 years or older should be screened for MA and (2) chronic transfusions starting at an early age may be renoprotective. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
High-power picosecond laser pulse recirculation.

We demonstrate a nonlinear crystal-based short pulse recirculation cavity for trapping the second harmonic of an incident high power laser pulse. This scheme aims to increase the efficiency and flux of Compton-scattering based light sources. We demonstrate up to 36x average power enhancement of frequency doubled sub-millijoule picosecond pulses, and 17x average power enhancement of 177 mJ, 10 ps, 10 Hz pulses.
Making sense of genetics: Students' knowledge use during problem solving in a high school genetics class

Interest in including ideas about the nature of science in instruction and research has led to the realization that, in addition to developing courses which offer students experience with science practice, it is important to understand the ways in which students learn and use science knowledge within such courses. The study reported here is based on a particular view of the nature of scientific practice: Science is collaborative; scientists use knowledge in the construction of new knowledge; and scientists' understanding of problems and problem-solving strategies change during knowledge construction. Given this perspective, the study examines the ways in which students in an innovative high school genetics class collaborate to construct knowledge as they develop genetics models. In this classroom, students use three kinds of knowledge: knowledge of genetics, permitting them to recognize anomalous aspects of new data and providing a template from which to develop new models; knowledge of the process of model revision, helping them make decisions about how to develop new models; and knowledge of their own problem-solving strategies, allowing them to “keep track” of what they have done, as well as make connections between the development of new models and their knowledge of genetics. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Determinants of the stock price reaction to leveraged buyouts

This paper investigates the determinants of leveraged buyout activity through the use of an abnormal return premium from the time of the first announcement through the final trading day. Consistent with the free. cash flow theory, firms with either high free cash flow or low Tobin’s q have higher abnormal returns. However, the returns to firms with both high free cash flow and low Tobin’s q are lower than firms with just one of these characteristics. Firms which substantially increase leverage and management buyouts with high insider ownership prior to the buyout have lower abnormal returns. Firms with lower risk, and therefore greater debt capacity, have higher abnormal returns.