cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Ovarian-pituitary hormone interactions during the perimenopause

To describe the hormone changes that occur at the onset of the perimenopause, daily urine and random blood samples were collected from 5 peri-menopausal women for 3 or 4 consecutive cycles. Estrone conjugate and pregnanediol-3-glucoronide concentrations were determined for urine samples. Circulating luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, progesterone, estradiol and estrone concentrations were determined in serum samples. Two of the 5 women experienced irregular menstrual intervals during the study period. One of these subjects experienced a prolonged intermenstrual interval. Three other women exhibited apparently regular ovulatory menstrual cycles. The prolonged intermenstrual interval of one women exhibiting irregular menstrual intervals was associated with low urinary estrogen levels in the early follicular phase of the affected cycle, followed by increased gonadotrophin levels and increased estrogen levels that rose to exceed normal cycle concentrations by 2- or 3-fold. Increased estrogen levels were followed by declining gonadotrophin levels, minimal progesterone production, and, ultimately, vaginal bleeding. These data suggest that there are some forms of menstrual variability at the time of the perimenopause associated with lowered early follicular phase estrogen levels. Reduced negative feedback and subsequently increased gonadotrophin levels may have stimulated estrogen production which may have suppressed gonadotrophin secretion and lowered estrogen excretion, resulting in the observed oscillations between episodes of hypo- and hyperestrogenism.
Some physical and chemical properties of element 118 (Eka-Em) and element 86 (Em)

Abstract Various physical properties of eka-emanation (element 118) and emanation (element 86) are derived from van der Waal's theorem of corresponding states for noble gases. The properties include crystal lattice parameters and unit cell dimensions, density and atomic volume of solid and liquid from 0°K to the critical point, critical parameters, vapour pressure of solid and liquid, heat content, heats of sublimation, vaporization and fusion and a number of others. The chemical properties, i.e., the fluorides and oxides, of these two elements are discussed briefly.
Soil, Seeds, and the Pumpkin Patch!

ABSTRACT “Soil, Seeds, and the Pumpkin Patch!” is an integrated unit designed to provide elementary school teachers with ideas for using hands-on activities, fostering inquiry and valuable discussion, and using technology as a learning tool. This unit integrates science with language arts, mathematics, literature, and technology. During this unit, students will work cooperatively as they involve themselves in engaging activities designed to help them understand the processes of erosion, soil composition, and healthy plant growth.
Unanticipated Antigens: Translation Initiation at CUG with Leucine

Major histocompatibility class I molecules display tens of thousands of peptides on the cell surface for immune surveillance by T cells. The peptide repertoire represents virtually all cellular translation products, and can thus reveal a foreign presence inside the cell. These peptides are derived from not only conventional but also cryptic translational reading frames, including some without conventional AUG codons. To define the mechanism that generates these cryptic peptides, we used T cells as probes to analyze the peptides generated in transfected cells. We found that when CUG acts as an alternate initiation codon, it can be decoded as leucine rather than the expected methionine residue. The leucine start does not depend on an internal ribosome entry site–like mRNA structure, and its efficiency is enhanced by the Kozak nucleotide context. Furthermore, ribosomes scan 5′ to 3′ specifically for the CUG initiation codon in a eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2–independent manner. Because eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 is frequently targeted to inhibit protein synthesis, this novel translation mechanism allows stressed cells to display antigenic peptides. This initiation mechanism could also be used at non-AUG initiation codons often found in viral transcripts as well as in a growing list of cellular genes.
MIDAS: management of information for design and analysis of systems

Abstract The paper describes features, system design and implementation of a database management system called MIDAS. The system has capability to organize data of both relational and numerical models, and meets several important requirements — a good data model, ability to organize large matrix data, handle various data types, simplified data definition and data manipulation languages, dynamic data definition, multiple database organization, speed of data access, and provision for temporary databases. Tabular and matrix form of data generated and used in design and analysis of system can be conveniently organized. Details of various commands of the database management system MIDAS are presented.
A new discrete distrlbution, with applications to survival, dispersal and dispersion

We describe a new discrete probability distribution with several useful properties for the analysis and modelling of survival processes and dispersion. First, the model can be used to describe survival processes with monotonically decreasing, constant, or increasing hazard functions, simply by tuning one parameter. Also, the model can describe counts that are overdispersed (contagious) or underdispersed, since the variance can exceed, equal, or be less than the mean. All of these properties are demonstrated both theoretically and with ecological examples, using ad-hoc parameter estimation techniques. Finally, the equations are tractable compared with, say, the negative binomial, and easily incorporated into larger models.
Functional role of the cis-acting elements in human monocyte chemotactic protein-1 gene in the regulation of its expression by phorbol ester in human glioblastoma cells

The monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) is a 76 amino acid protein that specifically attracts monocytes. The expression of MCP-1 gene can be induced by lipopolysaccharides (LPS), phorbol esters (TPA) and several cytokines. However, how they regulate MCP-1 gene expression is not known. We tested whether the two putative TPA-responsive elements (TREs) and one κB enhancer-like region found in the MCP-1 promoter region, are involved in this regulation of MCP-1 gene expression. The 5′ untranslated region of MCP-1 gene was linked to chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT) reporter gene and transfected into human glioblastoma cells in which endogenous MCP gene expression was found to be stimulated by TPA and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The 128 bp 5′-flanking region containing one TRE was adequate for basal promoter activity but the presence of both TREs in the MCP-1 promoter region were needed to give TPA responsive enhancement (2.5 fold) of expression of the marker gene. Mutations in either of the TRE's could abolish the TPA induction of CAT expression. Replacement of the κB enhancer-like element with a TRE-like sequence caused a 10-fold enhancement of CAT expression by TPA treatment. Random mutation of κB enhancer-like element did not affect CAT expression or its TPA induction. None of the MCP promoter constructs showed significant increase in CAT expression by treatment with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). This result suggested that the TNF regulation of MCP-1 gene involves other parts of the gene besides the proximal 5′ flanking region. (Mol Cell Biochem141: 121–128, 1994)
Models of the scalar spectrum for turbulent advection

Several models are developed for the high-wavenumber portion of the spectral transfer function of scalar quantities advected by high-Reynolds-number, locally isotropic turbulent flow. These models are applicable for arbitrary Prandtl or Schmidt number, v/D, and the resultant scalar spectra are compared with several experiments having different v/D. The ‘bump’ in the temperature spectrum of air observed over land is shown to be due to a tendency toward a viscous-convective range and the presence of this bump is consistent with experiments for large v/D. The wavenumbers defining the transition between the inertial-convective range and viscous-convective range for asymptotically large v/D (denoted k* and k1* for the three- and one-dimensional spectra) are determined by comparison of the models with experiments. A measurement of the transitional wavenumber k1* [denoted (k1*)s] is found to depend on v/D and on any filter cut-off. On the basis of the k* values it is shown that measurements of β1 from temperature spectra in moderate Reynolds number turbulence in air (v/D = 0·72) maybe over-estimates and that the inertial-diffusive range of temperature fluctuations in mercury (v/D ≃ 0·02) is of very limited extent.
Mechanisms underlying the relationship between health literacy and glycemic control in American Indians and Alaska Natives.

Abstract Objective Research suggests that health literacy (HL) is associated with clinical outcomes. Few studies, however, have examined the mechanisms accounting for this relationship. To understand why HL is related to outcomes, we tested a theoretical framework proposing that diabetes-related knowledge and behavior mediate (explain) the relationship between HL and glycemic control (i.e., A1c). Methods Analyses used baseline data from the Special Diabetes Program for Indians Healthy Heart Project ( N =2594), an intervention to reduce cardiovascular risk among American Indians/Alaska Natives (AI/ANs) with diabetes. Three nested structural equation models tested the theoretical framework. Results Model 1 demonstrated that participants with stronger HL skills had better glycemic control. Model 2 tested whether diabetes-related behaviors accounted for this relationship. Self-monitoring of blood glucose significantly mediated the HL-A1c relationship. Model 3 examined the role of diabetes knowledge, showing that it mediated the relationship between HL and dietary behavior. When knowledge was included, behavior was no longer a significant mediator, suggesting that knowledge was the main driver of the relationship between HL with A1c. Conclusion Interventions to improve knowledge may be particularly important in enhancing outcomes among AI/ANs with diabetes. Practice implications Strategies known to enhance patient comprehension may enable low-literate patients to develop needed diabetes knowledge.
Miniaturized power converters for smart-structure applications

One definition of a smart structure is a structure with a miniaturized control system embedded in or attached to the material for improved performance of the structure. The feasibility of embedding piezoelectric sensors and actuators has been demonstrated. Current research is focusing on the development of the support electronics for these sensors and actuators. In this paper we discuss miniaturized power conversion/amplifier electronics for these actuators suitable for these smart structure applications. State-of-the-art dc to dc power converters with a 2 square inch footprint and a 1/4 in profile with power densities up to 50 W/in3 with efficiencies above 80% are described. The power converters to minimize thermal dissipation. The power bus requirements are also discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
eNOS Mediates l-Arginine–Induced Inhibition of Thick Ascending Limb Chloride Flux

We recently reported that the rat thick ascending limb (THAL) possesses an active isoform of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) that is substrate-limited in vitro. NO produced by THAL NOS inhibits chloride flux. Protein and transcript for each of the primary NOS isoforms-endothelial (eNOS), inducible (iNOS), and neuronal (nNOS)-have been demonstrated in THALs. However, the NOS isoform that mediates NO-induced inhibition of chloride flux is unknown. We hypothesized that NO produced from eNOS in the THAL inhibits NaCl transport. THALs from male eNOS, iNOS, and nNOS knockout mice and C57BL/6J wild-type controls were perfused in vitro and the response of transepithelial chloride flux (J(Cl)) to L-arginine (L-Arg), the substrate for NOS, and spermine NONOate (SPM), an NO donor was measured. We first tested whether isolated mouse THALs could synthesize NO and whether this NO inhibits transport. Addition of 0. 5 mmol/L L-Arg to the bath decreased J(Cl) from 105.8+/-17.5 to 79. 2+/-15.8 pmol/mm per minute (P<0.01) in C57BL/6J wild-type mice, whereas addition of D-Arginine had no effects on J(Cl.) In contrast, addition of 0.5 mmol/L L-Arg to the bath did not alter J(Cl) of THALs from eNOS knockout mice. When 10 micromol/L SPM was added to the bath of eNOS knockout THALs, J(Cl) decreased from 89.1+/-8.6 to 74.8+/-7.5 pmol/mm/min (P<0.05). Thus the lack of responsiveness of eNOS knockout THALs to L-Arg was not due to an inability to respond to NO. We next evaluated the role of iNOS and nNOS in the response to L-Arg. Addition of 0.5 mmol/L L-Arg to the bath decreased J(Cl) in THALs from iNOS and nNOS knockout mice by 37.7+/-6.4% (P<0.05) and 31.8+/-8.3% (P<0.01), respectively. We conclude that eNOS is the active isoform of NOS in the THAL under basal conditions. Mouse THAL eNOS responds to exogenous L-Arg by increasing NO production, which, in turn, inhibits J(Cl).
Precision temperature test station for quartz crystals

A temperature test station has been developed for testing moderate quantities of crystal resonators. The primary function of this station is to accurately measure the frequency versus temperature characteristics of quartz crystals of all types. Additional features include curve-fitting routines to characterize the frequency-temperature function and the derivation of the crystal's equivalent circuit parameters as a function of temperature. In this system all electrical tests are performed by a network analyzer which interfaces directly with a computer. All functions of the network analyzer are controllable through the computer interface. Crystal measurements are performed with an HP 3577A network analyzer using the general methods outlined in EIA Crystal Measurement Standard 512. This work describes the equipment used in this station and provides a general description of the custom software used to operate the system. Estimates of system accuracy and repeatability are provided. Test results for a variety of crystals are given. >
A university flexible technology foundry for VLSI application specific integrated circuits

The Rochester Institute of Technology has established a factory operation within its cleanroom facility. The factory coexists with class laboratory instruction and research. About one lot per week is released into the factory, and processing is completed automatically by paid student operators several weeks later. The customers for the factory are students and faculty involved in VLSI design courses in Electrical Engineering or Computer Engineering. Other customers included the Microelectronic Engineering faculty and staff and graduate students from a variety of programs. The factory supports a variety of processes, such as NMOS and bipolar. A description is given of the organization and operation of this student-operated factory. >
Feasibility of Using a Hand- Carried Sonographic Unit for Investigating Median Nerve Pathology

Numerous research studies describe the prevalence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WRMSD) in diagnostic medical sonographers, but little research has investigated contributing factors and biological changes in symptomatic individuals. Improved image quality and portability, combined with lower cost and dynamic capabilities, have led to increased use of sonography over magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in musculoskeletal evaluations. The purpose of this pilot study was to develop a valid and reliable sonographic protocol for the evaluation of work-related median nerve pathology with a hand-carried sonographic unit. A GE Logiq i (Milwaukee, Wisconsin) hand-carried unit with a 12-MHz linear transducer was used to collect nine longitudinal and transverse images of the median nerve at various anatomical locations in the distal upper extremity of three healthy volunteers. Doppler waveforms were also collected in the median nerve sheath. Qualitative review indicated high-quality images with well-defined...
On the use of singular value decomposition and decimation in discrete-time band-limited signal extrapolation

The problem of extrapolating a band-limited signal in discrete time is viewed as one of solving an underdetermined system of linear equations. Choosing the minimum norm least-squares (MNLS) solution is one criterion for singling out an extrapolation from all the possible solutions to the linear system. Use of the Moore-Penrose inverse yields the MNLS solution, and singular value decomposition (SVD) provides a means for implementing the Moore-Penrose inverse. An expression for the mean-square error incurred in solving a linear system via SVD is derived. This can be used to estimate the number of singular values needed to form the inverse. The error expression also indicates that decimation can be applied in the extrapolation problem to reduce the high computational cost of SVD without degrading the extrapolation. The results developed for the one-dimensional case are extended to higher dimensions. Examples of the SVD approach to extrapolation are given, along with examples using other extrapolation techniques for comparison. The SVD approach compares favorably with known MNLS extrapolation methods.
Effect of Marination with Sodium Pyrophosphate Solution on Oxidative Stability of Frozen Cooked Broiler Leg Meat

Abstract Fresh raw broiler halves were marinated in 0, 1, 3, or 6% sodium pyrophosphate (SPP) or 3% SPP plus 3% NaCl for 6, 12, or 24 hr in Experiment 1 and for 12 hr in Experiment 2; held frozen for 1 week, and then thawed and cooked. Control samples were packed in crushed ice. Legs were removed, packed in polyethylene bags, and stored at −34 C for 3 days or 2 months for Experiment 1, and for 7 months for Experiment 2. All Experiment 1 samples were thawed at 4 C for 30 hr and all Experiment 2 samples were thawed at 4 C for 16 or 64 hr. After thawing, samples were deboned and analyzed for oxidative stability by the thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method. The most effective marinade for cooked meat during long periods of storage was 6% SPP, followed by 3% SPP plus 3% NaCl and 3% SPP. Longer thawing time increased the oxidation rate significantly. It was concluded that SPP or SPP plus NaCl marination may effectively retard oxidation of cooked broiler meat during frozen storage and subsequent thawing and holding periods.
TAK1-mediated induction of nitric oxide synthase gene expression in glial cells

Inflammatory cell signaling leading to transcriptional activation is primarily mediated by signal transduction via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and NFjB pathways. A common upstream kinase that signals the activation of these pathways is TGFb‐activated kinase 1 (TAK1), which itself becomes activated in response to cytokines and upon engagement of a class of cell surface receptors involved in innate immunity, that is Toll-like receptors (TLRs) by bacterial and viral pathogens. This study directly tests the role of TAK1 in the induction of inducible nitric oxide (NO) synthase (iNOS) in glial cells, which represent immune-regulatory cells of the CNS, by transient transfection assays. Transfection of C-6 glia, primary astrocytes and a rat microglial cell line with TAK1 (but not its inactive form) along with its activator protein, TAK1-binding protein 1 (TAB1) resulted in a marked stimulation of a co-transfected rat iNOS promoter-reporter construct (iNOSLuc). TAK1-induced iNOS-Luc activity was substantially inhibited by pharmacological inhibitors of the known downstream kinases, p38 MAPK and JNK (SB203580 and SP620125), and was almost completely blocked by co-expression of a phosphorylation mutant of IjB. TAK1/ TAB1 also induced the production of NO and the expression of iNOS in microglial cells in a p38 MAPK-, JNK- and NFjBdependent manner. The results of these studies provide evidence for an important role for TAK1-mediated intracellular signaling, via p38 MAPK, JNK and NFjB, in the transcriptional
The management of the AIDS crisis in the workplace: a survey of employers in New York City

This paper examines how employers are managing the AIDS crisis in the workplace. The results of a mail survey of 208 public, private and non-profit employers in New York City are presented. The survey discovers most organi zations are following legal standards in the management of the AIDS crisis. Generally, employers are not furnishing AIDS policy statements or testing job applicants and employees for AIDS, but they are willing to accommodate workers who contract AIDS. The management issues surrounding these deci sions are explored.
Thermal Expansion, Compressibility, and Polymorphism in Hafnium and Zirconium Titanates

Using X-ray diffraction techniques, thermal expansion and compressibility were measured on the orthorhombic compounds HfTiO4, Hf1.26Ti0.74O4, and ZrTiO4 (both quenched and cooled slowly from 1300°C). The thermal expansion of HfTiO4 is highly anisotropic; the thermal expansion coefficients along the crystallographic axes are αa=+(8.7±0.5)×10−6°C−1, αb=−(5.2±0.5)×10−6°C−1, and αc=+ (5.3±0.5)×10−6°C−1. The thermal expansion of Hf1.26Ti0.74O4 was similar to that of HfTiO4 but that of ZrTiO4 was markedly less anisotropic. The compressibilities of HfTiO4 and ZrTiO4 also differed markedly. All compounds investigated, however, behaved similarly in exhibiting a polymorphic transition to a high-pressure phase having the monoclinic baddeleyite (ZrO2) structure. The polymorphism can be explained qualitatively on the basis of crystal structure.
Anionic Snieckus-Fries rearrangement: solvent effects and role of mixed aggregates.

Lithiated aryl carbamates (ArLi) bearing methoxy or fluoro substituents in the meta position are generated from lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) in THF, n-BuOMe, Me2NEt, dimethoxyethane (DME), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA), N,N,N′,N′-tetramethylcyclohexanediamine (TMCDA), and hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA). The aryllithiums are shown with 6Li, 13C, and 15N NMR spectroscopies to be monomers, ArLi−LDA mixed dimers, and ArLi−LDA mixed trimers, depending on the choice of solvent. Subsequent Snieckus−Fries rearrangements afford ArOLi−LDA mixed dimers and trimers of the resulting phenolates. Rate studies of the rearrangement implicate mechanisms based on monomers, mixed dimers, and mixed trimers.
CAN THERE BE AN “AFTER SOCIALISM”?

There is no “after socialism.” There will not be in our or in our children's lifetimes an “after socialism.” In the wake of the Holocaust and the ruins of Nazism, anti-Semitism lay low a bit, embarrassed by its worst manifestation, its actual exercise of state dominion. In the wake of the collapse of Communism, socialism's only real and full experience of power, socialism too lays low for just a moment. Socialism's causes in the West, however, remain ever with us, the product of the convergence of two extraordinary achievements: liberal free enterprise and political democracy. The former creates wealth that has transformed all human possibility, but it also gives rise to particularly deep envy. The latter allows ambition a route to power by an appeal to the democratic state to seize and redistribute wealth in the name of social equality. As Friedrich Hayek and Ludwig von Mises understood perfectly, the bounty of free enterprise leads the unproductive to believe that such wealth is a fact of nature, there for the taking.
Scheduling conditions for concurrent real-time readers and writers

The article studies real-time systems which have a set of periodic readers and writers accessing a shared data object. The sufficient scheduling conditions for these tasks to finish their executions before the end of their periods are derived. The paper also studies a scheduling technique called job coalescence which combines many reader jobs or writer jobs into a job cluster and executes the cluster as a single job. >
Phosphorylation and activation of Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase IV by Ca(2+)-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase Ia kinase. Phosphorylation of threonine 196 is essential for activation.

Abstract Purified pig brain Ca-calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase Ia kinase (Lee, J. C., and Edelman, A. M.(1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 2158-2164) enhances, by up to 24-fold, the activity of recombinant CaM kinase IV in a reaction also requiring Ca-CaM and MgATP. The addition of brain extract, although capable of activating CaM kinase IV by itself, provides no further activation beyond that induced by purified CaM kinase Ia kinase, consistent with the lack of a requirement of additional components for activation. Activation is accompanied by the development of significant (38%) Ca-CaM-independent CaM kinase IV activity. In parallel fashion to its activation, CaM kinase IV is phosphorylated in a CaM kinase Ia kinase-, Ca-CaM-, and MgATP-dependent manner. Phosphorylation occurs on multiple serine and threonine residues with a Ser-P:Thr-P ratio of 3:1. The identical requirements for phosphorylation and activation and a linear relationship between extent of phosphorylation of CaM kinase IV and its activation state indicate that CaM kinase IV activation is induced by its phosphorylation. Replacement of Thr-196 of CaM kinase IV with a nonphosphorylatable alanine by site-directed mutagenesis abolishes both the phosphorylation and activation of CaM kinase IV, demonstrating that Thr-196 phosphorylation is essential for activation.
Size of the donor follicle, but not stage of reproductive cycle or seasonality, influences meiotic competency of selected domestic dog oocytes.

Ability of ovarian oocytes from the domestic dog to complete nuclear maturation in vitro (IVM) varies markedly among donors and generally is 20% or less of all oocytes cultured. To identify the cause(s) underlying these significant variations in meiotic maturation (to metaphase II; MII), we retrospectively analyzed data from 1,643 oocytes recovered from 90 bitches for which stage of reproduction and season of year were known. Neither stage of reproduction (proestrus/estrus, diestrus, anestrus, or prepuberty) nor season (P > 0.05) influenced the ability of oocytes to achieve nuclear maturation in vitro. A second study was conducted to examine the impact of follicular size on meiotic maturation. Populations of large oocytes were recovered from four categories of follicles (ranging from 2 mm in diameter) and cultured in TCM 199 for 48 hr. Follicular size influenced (P 2 mm diameter follicles, respectively. In summary, stage of reproduction and season have no impact on the ability of dog oocytes to achieve nuclear maturation in vitro. However, we demonstrated for the first time that dog oocytes acquire meiotic competency during follicular development. IVM success of selected oocytes from large size follicles (almost 80%) is about 60% higher than measured in most previous studies involving randomly collected oocytes. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Tontines, Public Finance, and Revolution in France and England, 1688–1789

Tontines were used more extensively by France than Britain. Comparative tontine history illuminates the differing evolution of public finance in the two countries and its political consequences. Archival materials establish the number of participants in French tontines. Internal rates of return on tontines and alternatives show subsidy of tontines by the French government. Repudiation in 1770 contributed to the political attitudes of life annuitants, the most important class of state creditors, during the fiscal crisis of the late 1780s.
Patterns and Causes of Atlanta's Urban Heat Island–Initiated Precipitation

Abstract Because of rapid growth and urbanization of Atlanta, Georgia, over the past few decades, the city has developed a pronounced urban heat island (UHI) that has been shown to enhance and possibly to initiate thunderstorms. This study attempts to find patterns and causes of Atlanta's induced precipitation that might not have been initiated otherwise. Land use maps, radar reflectivity, surface meteorological data, upper-air soundings, and airmass classification (spatial synoptic classification) types are all used to determine when, where, and why precipitation is initiated by Atlanta. Findings illustrate significant spatial and temporal patterns based on a 5-yr climatological description of events. July had the most events, with a diurnal peak just after local midnight. Low-level moisture, rather than UHI intensity, appears to be the most important factor for UHI-induced precipitation. However, UHI intensity also plays an important role. Events tended to occur under atmospheric conditions that were mo...
The survival of poliomyelitis and Coxsackie viruses following their ingestion by flies.

Poliomyelitis virus and Coxsackie (or C) virus were quantitatively fed to blowflies, Phormia regina and Phaenicia sericata, and to houseflies, Musca domestica. Naturally infectious human stools were the source of virus. Poliomyelitis virus can be almost quantitatively recovered from flies and from their excreta collected over a period of several days following the feeding. C virus can also be recovered but in lesser yields. No conclusive evidence for virus multiplication in these laboratory-bred insects was obtained. Poliomyelitis virus from human sources could be detected in flies between the 5th and 17th day and in the excreta between the 4th and 10th day. Murine-adapted strains of poliomyelitis virus and murine encephalomyelitis virus could not be detected beyond the 5th day, even though comparable amounts of virus were fed. The persistence of C virus excretion (2 to 12 days) varied directly with the amount of virus fed. Poliomyelitis virus, as present in human stools, survived drying and storage at room temperature for at least 3 days and at 4 degrees for 3 weeks. C virus from human stools under the same circumstances was detected for 15 days at room temperature (with marked drop in titer after the 3rd day) and for 21 days at 4 degrees with little loss in titer. When stool samples were fed to flies and the dried excreta of the insects examined, it was found that (a) poliomyelitis virus persisted for at least 1 to 2 days at room temperature and for 3 to 4 days at 4 degrees , and (b) C virus persisted for 1 day at room temperature and for 5 days at 4 degrees . Poliomyelitis virus could be carried through only two serial passages in adult flies. Flies emerging from maggots fed virus were free from the agent.
Short-Term Impacts of Tree Removal on Runoff and Erosion From Pinyon- and Juniper-Dominated Sagebrush Hillslopes☆,☆☆

Tree removal is often applied to woodland-encroached rangelands to restore vegetation and improve hydrologic function, but knowledge is limited regarding effects of tree removal on hydrologic response. This study used artificial rainfall and overland flow experiments (9–13 m2) and measures of vegetation and ground cover to investigate short-term (1–2 yr) responses to tree removal at two woodland-encroached sites. Plots were located under trees (tree zone) and in the intercanopy (shrub-interspace zone, 75% of area). Before tree removal, vegetation and ground cover were degraded and intercanopy runoff and erosion rates were high. Cutting and placing trees into the intercanopy did not significantly affect vegetation, ground cover, runoff, or erosion 1 yr posttreatment. Whole-tree mastication as applied in this study did not redistribute tree mulch within the intercanopy, but the treatment did result in enhanced herbaceous cover and hydrologic function in the intercanopy. Fire removal of litter and herbaceous cover increased tree-zone runoff and erosion under high-intensity rainfall by 4- and 30-fold at one site but had minimal impact at the other site. Site response differences were attributed to variability in burn conditions and site-specific erodibility. Burning had minimal impact on shrub-interspace runoff and erosion from applied high-intensity rainfall. However, 1 yr postfire, erosion from concentrated overland flow experiments was 2- to 13-fold greater on burned than unburned tree-zone and shrub-interspace plots and erosion for burned tree zones was 3-fold greater for the more erodible site. Two yr postfire, overland flow erosion remained higher for burned versus unburned tree zones, but enhanced intercanopy herbaceous cover reduced erosion from shrub-interspace zones. The net impact of burning included an initial increase in erosion risk, particularly for tree zones, followed by enhanced herbaceous cover and improved hydrologic function within the intercanopy. The overall results suggest that erosion from late-succession woodlands is reduced primarily through recruitment of intercanopy herbaceous vegetation and ground cover.
A Parameter Choosing Method of SVR for Time Series Prediction

It is important to choose good parameters in support vector regression (SVR) modeling. Choosing different parameters will influence the accuracy of SVR models. This paper proposes a parameter choosing method of SVR models for time series prediction. In the light of data features of time series, the paper improves the traditional cross-validation method, and combines the improved cross-validation with epsilon-weighed SVR in order to get good parameters of models. The experiments show that the method is effective for time series prediction.
Low Temperature Oxygen Transport in Nonstoichiometric CeO2

The dioxides of the f luorite structure are known to have oxygen-ion nobilities which are much greater than the cation mobilities, due to the relative ease of incorporation of oxygen vacancies [1–3]. The oxides of Ce, Pr and Tb are of special interest, since they show gross nonstoichiometric behavior ranging between the sesquioxide R2O3 (where R = Ce, Pr or Tb) and the dioxide RO2. In each of these systems the nonstoichiometric defects are believed to be oxygen vacancies. At a high enough temperature, the vacancies exist essentially at random in an otherwise perfectly ordered fluorite lattice. However, at a lower temperature (T < 500°C), a series of intermediate phases are found to occur, in which the vacancies are ordered and the symmetry of the crystal is lowered. A homologous series of the general formula Rn°2n-2 iias been proposed for these structures, mainly through studies on PrOy, where a number of such phases are observed [4–6].
Shock Wave Mediated Plume Chemistry for Molecular Formation in Laser Ablation Plasmas

Although it is relatively straightforward to measure the ionic, atomic, molecular, and particle emission features from laser ablation plumes, the associated kinetic and thermodynamic development leading to molecular and nanocluster formation remain one of the most important topics of analytical chemistry and material science. Very little is known, for instance, about the evolutionary paths of molecular and nanocluster formation and its relation to laser plume hydrodynamics. This is, to a large extent; due to the complexity of numerous physical processes that coexist in a transient laser-plasma system. Here, we report the formation mechanisms of molecules during complex interactions of a laser-produced plasma plume expanding from a high purity aluminum metal target into ambient air. It is found that the plume hydrodynamics plays a great role in redefining the plasma thermodynamics and molecular formation. Early in the plasma expansion, the generated shock wave at the plume edge acts as a barrier for the co...
The free boundary Euler equations with large surface tension

Abstract We study the free boundary Euler equations with surface tension in three spatial dimensions, showing that the equations are well-posed if the coefficient of surface tension is positive. Then we prove that under natural assumptions, the solutions of the free boundary motion converge to solutions of the Euler equations in a domain with fixed boundary when the coefficient of surface tension tends to infinity.
Recall of Prose As a Function of Age and Input Modality

Three short paragraphs were presented to 18 young (means = 27.6 years) and 18 old (means = 67.2 years) female volunteers to evaluate the effects of three types of input conditions on recall. In the Aloud (combined auditory-visual) condition subjects read the paragraphs aloud, without review, four times (trials), and, after each reading, verbally recalled as much as possible. In the Silent (visual) condition the task was identical except that the paragraph was read silently. In the Review condition subjects also read silently, but were allowed to review the material. The results indicated that, for both age groups, opportunity for review required more reading time and led to significantly better recall than either the silent or aloud conditions, which did not differ. There were no age-related differences in the time used for reading the paragraphs. Further, an Age X Trial interaction indicated that age-related differences in recall were not significant until Trial 3, with the young subjects showing greater increases across trials than the old.
TIME RELATIONSHIP OF INJECTION OF ACTINOMYCIN D AND ANTIGEN TO THE IMMUNE RESPONSE.

SummaryLarge basophilic cells in the lymphoid nodule of spleen are damaged when actinomycin D is given before, with, or after injection of sheep erythrocytes. The severity of cytotoxicity is dependent upon the time the drug is given in relation to injection of antigen. Consonant with the relative degree of damage is delay in appearance of circulating hemagglutinin. The time for injection of animals for maximal delay in appearance of hemagglutinin and coincident maximal cytotoxicity is 4 to 8 hours before injection of antigen.
Proposing an empirical approach to risk management focusing on damage-reduction

We inhabit an Earth where disasters and hazard events are more the norm than the exception, damage is often repeated and residents of vulnerable communities are surprised at the power of Nature. The typical model for emergency management lacks the critical component of hazard mitigation, and considers people as victims instead of resources, while focusing on response instead of changing outcomes from hazards event.
Free energy of solvated salt bridges: a simulation and experimental study.

Charged amino acids are the most common on surfaces of proteins and understanding the interactions between these charged amino acids, salt bridging, is crucial for understanding protein–protein interactions. Previous simulations have been limited to implicit solvent or fixed binding geometry due to the sampling required for converged free energies. Using well-tempered metadynamics, we have calculated salt bridge free energy surfaces in water and confirmed the results with NMR experiments. The simulations give binding free energies, quantitative ranking of salt bridging strength, and insights into the hydration of the salt bridges. The arginine–aspartate salt bridge was found to be the weakest and arginine-glutamate the strongest, showing that arginine can discriminate between aspartate and glutamate, whereas the salt bridges with lysine are indistinguishable in their free energy. The salt bridging hydration is found to be complementary to salt bridge orientation with arginine having specific orientations.
S07.2 The Extrusion Paradigm of Chlamydia Pathogenesis

Chlamydia is the most commonly reported bacterial disease in the United States, and remains the leading bacterial cause of sexually transmitted infection, responsible for approximately 90 million new STI cases annually worldwide. Of particular concern is that infections with C. trachomatis can lead to severe medical complications in women, such as pelvic inflammatory disease and ectopic pregnancy. Alarmingly, there remain fundamental gaps in our understanding of Chlamydia pathogenesis in vivo , for example their natural course of infection in humans and why protective immunity is not established. To help address these questions, our laboratory has been interested in determining how Chlamydia disseminate within the host. Our original discoveries elucidated the mechanisms by which chlamydiae exit host cells in vitro . Surprisingly, Chlamydia possess two mechanisms for cellular escape that are mutually exclusive: ( i ) Extrusion, a packaged release of Chlamydia in which the vacuole pinches off and exits the cell within a membrane-encased compartment; this leaves the original host cell intact, often with a residual chlamydial inclusion. ( ii ) Lysis, a destructive process that is mediated by proteases and the sequential rupture of vacuole, nuclear and plasma membranes, culminating in the release of free bacteria. The maintenance of two discrete exit mechanisms underscores the fundamental importance of this process for intracellular pathogens such as Chlamydia . Extrusions are novel pathogenic structures that we hypothesise confer unique means of interacting with the host’s innate immune system, enabling immune evasion and promoting tissue dissemination. To this end, we have recently illuminated key characteristics of chlamydial extrusions that allow direct infection of new cells and their engulfment by professional phagocytes. Bacteria within phagocytosed extrusions are protected from macrophage killing mechanisms for at least 8 h. These results have important implications for Chlamydia pathogenesis in vivo , including dissemination, transmission and the elicitation of immune responses.
Thyroid Cancer Metabolism: A Review

Metabolic dysregulation within the tumor microenvironment (TME) is critical to the process of tumorigenesis in various cancer types. Thyrocyte metabolism in papillary and anaplastic thyroid cancer, however, remains poorly characterized, and studies analyzing the role of multicompartment metabolism in thyrocyte oncogenesis are sparse. We present a review of the current knowledge on cellular metabolism in non-cancerous and cancerous thyroid tissues, focusing on the monocarboxylate transporters MCT1 and MCT4, and on a transporter of the outer mitochondrial membrane TOMM20. Understanding the metabolic phenotype of tumor cells and associated stromal cells in thyroid cancer can have profound implications on the use of biomarker staining in detecting subclinical cancer, imaging as it relates to expression of various transport proteins, and therapeutic interventions that manipulate this dysregulated tumor metabolism to halt tumorigenesis and eradicate the cancer. Future studies are required to confirm the prognostic significance of these biomarkers and their correlation with existing staging schemas such as the AGES, AMES, ATA and MACIS scoring systems.
The Influence of Early Photoperiod Lengths on Birds Maintained Under “Short Days”

Abstract Numerous reports have been published regarding the influence of different lighting programs on sexual maturity and subsequent egg production in the domestic fowl (King, 1961; Morris and Fox, 1960; Bowman and Jones, 1961). Little information is available, however, on the effect of photoperiod length prior to maturity on birds subjected to day lengths shorter than 24 hours (“short days”). Davis et al. (1964) subjected birds maintained under “short days” to different light regimes from 12 to 18 weeks of age and noted that birds receiving a 12-hour dark period per cycle matured earlier than other treatment groups. This report involves the response of birds maintained under 18-hour “short days” to both constant and decreasing photoperiod lengths during the growing period. METHODS Approximately 300 Cornell Randombred female chicks were divided equally among four pens of a controlled environment windowless house in both 1962 and 1963. Birds in two pens received a . . .
Recent Trends in Electrical Stimulation Therapy

1991年から1993年までの3年間における国内の理学療法士の論文，学会発表と，同時期のPhysical Therapy誌における論文の比較から，電気刺激療法に関する最近の傾向と問題点を探った。国内の学会では，筋力増強のための電気刺激療法，Physical Therapy誌では，創傷・潰瘍治癒，浮腫抑制のための電気刺激療法に関するものが多くみられた。また，Physlcal Therapy誌では動物を対象とした基礎的研究に関する論文がみられるのも特徴的であった。これらのことから，従来より指摘されている，より基礎的な研究による作用メカニズムの解明が必要なことが改めて示唆された。
Attention dynamics in multiple object tracking.

We present a computational model of multiple object tracking that makes trial-level predictions about the allocation of visual attention and the resulting performance. This model follows the intuition of allocated resources modulating spatial resolution, but it implements it in a specific way that leads to accurate predictions in multiple task manipulations. Experiments on human subjects, guided by the model’s predictions, demonstrate that observers tracking multiple objects use lowlevel computations of target confusability to adjust the spatial resolution at which the target needs to be tracked, and that the resulting allocation closely approximates the rational solution. Whereas earlier models of multiple object tracking have predicted the big picture relationship between stimulus complexity and response accuracy, our approach makes accurate predictions of both the aggregate effect of target number and velocity and of the variations in difficulty across individual trials and targets arising from the idiosyncratic within-trial interactions of targets and distractors.
Alterations in nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens and ventral tegmental area following single and repeated doses of cocaine

Abstract Rationale and objectives. Previous studies have demonstrated that sensitization to repeated doses of cocaine results in prolonged changes in glutamate transmission. However, little is known about long-term changes in glutamate transmission following a single dose of cocaine. Our laboratory has previously reported that a single dose of cocaine, but not repeated cocaine, decreased the density of presynaptic nerve terminal glutamate immunolabeling in the nucleus accumbens when measured 3 days later. This study extends the results of our previous work by examining nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity 17 days after the last dose of cocaine. Methods. Quantitative electron-microscopic immunocytochemistry was used to determine the density of presynaptic nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity in rats that received single or repeated doses of cocaine followed by 17 days of withdrawal. Animals that received repeated cocaine were separated into behaviorally sensitized and non-sensitized groups based on individual differences between cocaine-stimulated locomotor activity on the first and last days of cocaine administration. Results. There were significant decreases in the density of presynaptic nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity in the nucleus accumbens core of the group that received a single dose of cocaine. The repeat cocaine groups had significant decreases in nerve terminal glutamate immunolabeling in the ventral tegmental area. Conclusions. Acute cocaine administration resulted in a significant loss of nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivity that was persistent in the nucleus accumbens core, but there were only transient changes in the shell. Nerve terminal glutamate immunoreactivities in the behaviorally sensitized and non-sensitized groups were not significantly different from one another, which suggests that cocaine-induced alterations in presynaptic glutamate immunoreactivity may not be sufficient for the expression of behavioral sensitization.