cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Figures of Film. Metaphor, Metonymy, and Repetition

Abstract This article is a comparative analysis of Sofia Coppola’s films Lost in Translation (2003) and Isabel Coixet’s Map of the Sounds of Tokyo (2009). I argue that repetition is an important resource to metaphorical mappings as a result of the cinematic style of both directors. The repeated presence of food items and activities and also of Tokyo as a city are transformed from metonymic elements of the film’s background to personifications or sources mapped on the concept of Self (Lakoff and Johnson Philosophy) or of national identity. In these films Coppola and Coixet attempt to break away from the Hollywood cinema style by using all the resources to represent and communicate emotional states onto their audiences. Resume Le present article est une analyse comparative des films Lost in Translation (Sofia Coppola, 2003) et Map of the Sounds of Tokyo (Isabel Coixet, 2009). L’auteur pretend que la repetition est une source importante de metaphores liee au style cinematographique des deux cineastes. La presence repetee de nourriture, d’activites et de Tokyo en tant que ville est transformee d’elements metonymiques de l’arriere-plan du film en personnifications ou sources metaphoriques pour le concept de Soi (Lakoff et Johnson Philosophy) ou d’identite nationale. Dans ces films Coppola et Coixet essaient de rompre avec le style hollywoodien en utilisant toutes les ressources pour representer et communiquer des emotions.
EGG VOLUME AND SURFACE AREA CALCULATIONSBASED ON MACHINE VISION

Egg volume(V) and surface area(S) are two important geometrical calculations for the poultry industry and in biological studies, as they can be used in research on population and ecological morphology, and to predict chick weight, egg hatchability, shell quality characteristics, and egg interior parameters. With machine vision technology, the objective of the research herein was to develop a much more fast and available method to predict them. Besides, the researcher gave the definition of Volume in Pixels (Vp) and Surface area in Pixels (Sp) for the first time. Finally, new linear models were established. The R value for volume model is 0.88 and surface area is 0.86. The prediction ability of the models are: for volume, the correctness reaches 52% with ± 1cm3 statistical errors, 89% with ± 2cm3, for surface, the correctness reaches 49% with ±1cm2 statistical errors , 87% with ±2 cm2.
Subzeros in Feedback Transmission

This paper introduces the new concept of transmission subzeros for linear, time-invariant, finite-dimensional, causal, dynamical systems. Unlike the customary transmission zeros of multi-input, multi-output systems, transmission subzeros may be placed by certain types of output feedback. This dependence of subzeros upon feedback gains is characterized naturally by means of classical adjoint representations. For design purposes, it is shown how to reconstruct an (essentially) unique matrix from its adjoint, for both singular and nonsingular cases. Specifically, the zeros of (m-1)×(m-1) closed-loop subtransmissions may be directly shifted by a single-loop feedback closure around m×m plants. For computational purposes, these definitions are set up at the Rosenbrock System Matrix level. Example calculations for a tactical aircraft in planar motion are presented.
Studies on the biochemical basis of mutation: IV. Effect of amino acid substitution on the enzymatic and biological properties of bacteriophage T4 DNA polymerase

Abstract The effects of substituting specific amino acids at specified loci in the bacterio-phage T4 DNA polymerase molecule have been studied. Gene 43 (DNA polymerase) amber mutants grown on suppressor strains which substitute serine, glutamine, or tyrosine at specific sites in the polymerase molecule, produce enzymes with substantially different physical, enzymatic and biological properties when compared to wild type. When amB22, a gene 43 mutant which makes a DNA polymerase fragment with only 3′-exonuclease activity, was grown in Escherichia coli B40( sup + 1), -( sup + 2) or -( sup + 3), enzymes with different temperature sensitivities and nuclease to polymerase ratios were produced. Measurements of spontaneous mutation rates in these suppressed strains indicated that the two with higher than normal exonuclease activity were antimutators, and the one with a slightly lower exonuclease activity was a mutator. The substituted amino acids at the amB22 site perturbed the 3′-exonuclease activity creating either antimutator or mutator phenotypes. Thus, the B22 enzymes provide additional biochemical evidence to support the hypothesis that the exonuclease to polymerase ratio may influence the spontaneous mutation rate in phage T4.
Ground validation of the inertial stellar compass

The inertial stellar compass (ISC), under development at Draper Laboratory, provides spacecraft attitude determination to 0.1 degree accuracy using just 3.5 W of power. This work describes the process of validating the performance of the instrument on the ground prior to characterizing it on orbit. Starting with subsystem-level testing of the ISC's active pixel sensor camera and MEMS (microelectromechanical system) 3-axis gyro board, we describe the operations leading up to integrated system testing of the camera and gyro sensor outputs, which are combined to provide a robust attitude solution over a wide range of operating conditions. Under the guidance of NASA's New Millennium Program, the ground validation process, which will be followed by an on-orbit demonstration, will make feasible a new class of low-power, integrated attitude sensors for small spacecraft.
Methylation of Ethanolamine Phosphatides by Microsomes from Normal and Mutant Strains of Neurospora crassa

Abstract The phospholipid N-methyltransferase system in microsomes of normal Neurospora crassa was compared with those in two choline-deficient mutant strains. The normal transferase system catalyzed the three transmethylations leading to the synthesis of lecithin, and the three phosphatide bases involved in this sequence of reactions were isolated as isotope-labeled products. The microsomes of a mutant, strain 34486, proved to have a subnormal phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase activity. The microsomes of a second mutant, strain 47904, could not catalyze the twostep conversion of phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine to lecithin at a measurable rate and therefore were deficient in the phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine N-methyltransferase found in the normal strain. Evidence was presented to corroborate the view based on previous studies that a single enzyme in N. crassa converts phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine to lecithin.
Highly Ionized HVCs Towards Pks 2155–304: Galactic or Extragalactic?

To gain insight into the nature of highly ionized high-velocity clouds (HVCs), we have investigated two such objects using HST-STIS and FUSE data for the PKS 2155−304 sight line (Collins et al. 2003). The presence of low ion stages is suggestive of a Galactic halo location for these HVCs. The highly-ionized HVCs detected in O VI and C IV absorption may represent low column density analogs to the Galactic HVCs detected in HI emission. It has also been proposed that these O VI HVCs are extragalactic and may trace low-density shock-heated remnants from the formation of the Local Group, the so-called warm-hot intergalactic medium (WHIM). We measured column densities for metal ion species ranging in ionization state from C II/III/IV and Si II/III/IV to O VI for two HVC components. One of the components in particular is seen in both low and high ions and exhibits a multi-component structure. The presence of low ions implies that the cloud density is too high to represent the diffuse WHIM. Single-parameter photoionization models cannot explain the observed ionization pattern. If one instead assumes that O VI arises from collisional ionization, one can explain the lower ions with an extragalactic (AGN) radiation field, but with low gas pressures, P/k ≈ 1−10 cm−3 K, implying an extragalactic location for the HVCs. Similarly low pressures arise in models of the PG 1259+593 sight line through HVC Complex C, when constrained by C IV and Si IV. Since Complex C is believed to lie in the Galactic halo, with nH ∼ 0.01− 0.1 cm−3, we believe these models are over-simplified and misleading. Instead, if the photoionization models are constrained by H I and the singly-ionized species, significantly larger gas pressures are found, and a Galactic halo association for the HVCs would be likely.
INTESTINAL ANGINA ASSOCIATED WITH PREGNANCY.

Abstract During early pregnancy with its frequently associated nausea and vomiting, the presence of mesenteric arterial insufficiency may not be readily suspected. The persistence of postcibal crampy abdominal pain, loss of weight, and negative physical and laboratory findings should suggest the possibility, even though remote, of intestinal angina.
Considerations for Microcomputing Resource Decisions In Hri Programs

HRI decision-makers charged with putting in place appropriate microcomputer resources face the challenges of assessing needs, identifying educational objectives, and appropriating and allocating resources. In this paper are outlined major considerations for each area, supported by interviews, a literature review, and the experience of the authors. Vallen has been dean of a major hospitality administration program for 21 years. Cummings is a former computer analyst for a large computer firm and, for the past four years, has served as computing coordinator within the above program. Key terms: computing, funding, educational objectives, resource allocation.
Fabrication of an electron multiplier utilizing diamond films

High secondary electron yields (sigma=14-27) from polycrystalline diamond films on Mo substrates have been reported previously. We observed that continuous exposure to an electron beam degraded the secondary yield in vacuum as a function of fluence owing to a loss of surface hydrogen. However, the hydrogen partial pressure could be adjusted such that the high secondary yield remained stable during beam exposure. We have constructed a prototype electron multiplier using these diamond films for use in ultrahigh vacuum. A gain of 0.9 times 10(exp 5) has been measured in a d.c. mode. Palladium, titanium and aluminum nitride have been studied for possible dynode substrate materials which might eliminate the need for hydrogen during operation. Total secondary yields as high as 50 were measured from diamond on palladium and sigma was stable at 25 during heating at 700 K in vacuum. Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy showed that variations in sigma from diamond films on Pd were due to differing concentrations of non-diamond carbon.
Selective inhibition of angiogenesis in small blood vessels and decrease in vessel diameter throughout the vascular tree by triamcinolone acetonide.

PURPOSE To quantify the effects of the steroid triamcinolone acetonide (TA) on branching morphology within the angiogenic microvascular tree of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of quail embryos. METHODS Increasing concentrations of TA (0-16 ng/mL) were applied topically on embryonic day (E) 7 to the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of quail embryos cultured in petri dishes and incubated for an additional 24 or 48 hours until fixation. Binary (black/white) microscopic images of arterial end points were quantified by generational analysis of vessel branching (VESGEN) software to obtain major vascular parameters that include vessel diameter (D(v)), fractal dimension (D(f)), tortuosity (T(v)), and densities of vessel area, length, number, and branch point (A(v), L(v), N(v), and Br(v)). For assessment of specific changes in vascular morphology induced by TA, the VESGEN software automatically segmented the vascular tree into branching generations (G(1)... G(10)) according to changes in vessel diameter and branching. RESULTS Vessel density decreased significantly up to 34% as the function of increasing concentration of TA according to A(v), L(v), Br(v), N(v), and D(f). TA selectively inhibited the growth of new, small vessels because L(v) decreased from 13.14 +/- 0.61 cm/cm(2) for controls to 8.012 +/- 0.82 cm/cm(2) at 16 ng TA/mL in smaller branching generations (G(7)-G(10)) and for N(v) from 473.83 +/- 29.85 cm(-2) to 302.32 +/- 33.09 cm(-2). In contrast, vessel diameter (D(v)) decreased throughout the vascular tree (G(1)-G(10)). CONCLUSIONS By VESGEN analysis, TA selectively inhibited the angiogenesis of smaller blood vessels, but decreased the vessel diameter of all vessels within the vascular tree.
Overwintering, Survival, Fecundity, and Mating Behavior of the Rice Stink Bug

The rice stink bug, Oebalus pugnax (F.), entered hibernation quarters during October, and emerged during April; males emerged about 10 days earlier than females. Overwintered females laid about the same number of eggs as females of the 2 subsequent generations. Females reared on rice oviposited an avg. 915 eggs, about twice the fecundity of females reared on vaseygrass and barnyard grass. Fecundity of unmated and mated females was about the same. Of all the eggs laid by females that mated once, 25% were sterile. Mating began during the evening hours, and males were aggressive individuals. The insects mated an avg. 34.1 times during their life time.
Method for finding stationary states of point vortices

The condition for stationary configurations of point vortices (or screw dislocations, line charges, etc.) having arbitrary strengths embedded in an external flow field is expressed as a differential equation for functions whose zeros are the vortex positions. For vortices of unit strength but mixed sign the stationary states are closely related to both the rational and the N-soliton solutions of the Korteweg--de Vries equation. Examples are given for no external flow, uniform flow, and quadrupole flow.
Life satisfaction of individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy using long-term mechanical ventilatory support.

The Life Domain Satisfaction Measures and Semantic Differential Scale of General Affect are instruments designed by Campbell to measure perceived wellbeing. They were used to survey 82 ventilator-assisted individuals with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) and 273 physically intact health care profes
Portal and peripheral vein concentrations of insulin and glucagon after arginine infusion in morbidly obese subjects

Abstract Five morbidly obese subjects with fasting normoglycemia underwent catheterization of portal and peripheral veins immediately prior to jejunoileal bypass surgery. Levels of immunoreactive insulin (IRI), immunoreactive glucagon (IRG), and glucose were determined in simultaneously obtained serum samples before and after infusion of arginine. Portal levels exceeded peripheral levels by at least 50% with IRI and by 30%–40% with IRG. These results were similar to those reported in nonobese subjects and show that in morbid obesity as well as in nonobese states, peripheral insulin to glucagon molar ratios ( I G ) underestimate portal I G . Although hepatic extraction was not specifically measured, the data suggest that the peripheral levels of insulin and glucagon reported in morbid obesity result from alterations in secretion and not altered extraction.
Practical Synthesis of Prostratin, DPP, and Their Analogs, Adjuvant Leads Against Latent HIV

Although antiretroviral therapies have been effective in decreasing active viral loads in AIDS patients, the persistence of latent viral reservoirs prevents eradication of the virus. Prostratin and DPP (12-deoxyphorbol-13-phenylacetate) activate the latent virus and thus represent promising adjuvants for antiviral therapy. Their limited supply and the challenges of accessing related structures have, however, impeded therapeutic development and the search for clinically superior analogs. Here we report a practical synthesis of prostratin and DPP starting from phorbol or crotophorbolone, agents readily available from renewable sources, including a biodiesel candidate. This synthesis reliably supplies gram quantities of the therapeutically promising natural products, hitherto available only in low and variable amounts from natural sources, and opens access to a variety of new analogs.
The Social Norms of Tax Compliance: Evidence from Australia, Singapore, and the United States

Tax compliance is a concern to governments around the world. Prior research (Alm, J. and I. Sanchez: 1995, KYKLOS 48, 3–19) has attributed unexplained inter-country differences in compliance rates to differences in social norms. Economics researchers studying tax compliance in the United States (U.S.) (see for example J. Andreoni et al.: 1998, Journal of Economic Literature 36, 818–860) have called for more attention to social (as opposed to economic) influences on tax compliance. In this study, we extend this prior research by explicitly examining the role of social norms [Cialdini, R. and M. Trost: 1998, The Handbook of Social Psychology (Oxford University Press, New York)] on tax compliance in three different countries. We test our research hypotheses using a hypothetical compliance scenario, which was administered in Australia, Singapore, and the U.S. There were differences in compliance rates and social norms among the three countries. Factor analysis of the social norm questions identified three distinct social norm constructs. Two of these factors were significant in explaining tax compliance behavior. The first and most influential factor was taxpayers’ own personal moral beliefs, along with the beliefs of those close to them (e.g., friends and important others). The second significant factor represented societal views of proper behavior. We conclude that social norms help to explain tax compliance intentions and why tax compliance rates are higher than would be predicted by strictly economic models.
Acceptor Pincer Coordination Chemistry of Platinum: Reactivity Properties of (CF3PCP)Pt(L)+ (L = NC5F5, C2H4)

Synthetic strategies toward the synthesis of electron-poor pincer complexes (CF3PCP)PtH and (CF3PCP)Pt(η2-H2)+ are described. Metathesis of (CF3PCP)PtCl with hydride reagents does not lead to (CF3PCP)PtH; (CF3PCP)PtCl with KH in tetrahydrofuran (THF) afforded an unusual metallated bimetallic pincer product (CF3PCP)Pt[κ1-C,κ3−P,C,P-2,6-(CHP(CF3)2)(CH2P(CF3)2)-C6H3]PtCl, which has been structurally characterized. Chloride abstraction from (CF3PCP)PtCl or protonolysis of (CF3PCP)PtMe in the presence of H2 gives the structurally characterized hydride-bridged dimer {(CF3PCP)Pt}2(μ-H)+. In the presence of trapping ligands H2O, C2H4, or pentafluoropyridine, the corresponding complexes (CF3PCP)Pt(L)+ (L = H2O, C2H4, NC5F5) are cleanly produced and have been structurally characterized. The C2H4 and NC5F5 adducts may be alternatively prepared by methide abstraction from (CF3PCP)PtMe with Ph3C+B(C6F5)4− in the presence of trapping ligand. Evidence for the transient formation of (CF3PCP)PtH from treatment of (CF3PCP)...
Nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of H, H2 and dopants in hydrogenated amorphous silicon and related materials

Nuclear magnetic resonance has been successfully applied to the study of the microstructure of hydrogenated amorphous silicon and related materials. It has been used to determine the local bonding and structural environment of the host atoms, the hydrogen, and the dopants. First, we review some of these NMR experimental results on the hydrogen microstructure in hydrogentaed amorphous semiconductors and compare the results on plasma deposited hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H), remote hydrogen plasma deposited a-Si:H, thermally annealed a-Si:H, doped a-Si:H, microcrystalline Si and amorphous (Si, Ge):H alloys. A common feature is that these materials exhibit a heterogeneous distribution of hydrogen bonded to the semiconductor lattice in dilute and clustered phases. In addition, the lattice contains voids of varying number and size that contain non-bonded molecular hydrogen whose quantity is altered by deposition conditions and thermal treatment. Second, we review some aspects of the local bonding structure of dopants in a-Si:H. A significant fraction of the dopants are found to be in dopant-hydrogen clusters similar to those proposed to explain hydrogen passivation in crystalline silicon. Implications of the determined local structure on the doping efficiency are discussed.
Estrogen treatment induces MLL aberrations in human lymphoblastoid cells

Epidemiological data indicates increased risk of infant acute leukemia involving MLL gene aberrations with use of oral contraceptives. To determine whether estrogens might be implicated, we examined the effect of estradiol (E2) or 4-OH-E2 in an in vitro model of translocation susceptibility. Genomic DNA from the TK6 human lymphoblastoid cell line was screened by ligation mediated PCR and inverse PCR at a rearrangement hot spot within the MLL breakpoint cluster region to detect DNA aberrations. An increase in DNA double strand breaks was observed within this region after exposure to either E2 or 4-OH-E2. An increase in the frequency of MLL translocations was only found after exposure to E2. Induction of cleavage due to increased activation of apoptotic nucleases was excluded by pre-treatment with the pan-caspase inhibitor, zVAD.fmk. We conclude that concentrations of E2 and 4-OH-E2 that may occur during pregnancy, or during use of oral contraceptives, can cause aberrations of the MLL gene and could thus be a factor in the early events of leukemogenesis occurring in utero.
Style markers in authorship studies

The last issue of Forensic Linguistics presented two articles on stylemarker selection in studies of questioned authorship. The first paper (Chaski 2001) represents an interesting approach to marker selection, but two significant weaknesses detract from its purpose: it rejects virtually all previous work in stylistics, hundreds studies representing more than a century of work, as unscientific and irrelevant present forensic needs; and it is founded on a theoretical position that views linguistic variation as a feature of linguistic performance, thus missing the point of the inherent variability of language. The second paper (Grant and Baker 2001) hits the mark in three significant ways: it is a good review of the style-marker issue; it recognizes that authorship attribution must be based on an aggregate array of markers; and it describes the statistical and linguistic bases of Principal Component Analysis, a promising method for measuring the collective range of variation needed for authorship identification.
Adaptation of the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) for the Korean cultural context

Background: Previous research on wisdom has suggested that wisdom is comprised of cognitive, reflective, and affective components and has developed and validated wisdom measures based on samples from Western countries. To apply the measurement to Eastern cultures, the present study revised an existing wisdom scale, the three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS, Ardelt, 2003) for the Korean cultural context. Methods: Participants included 189 Korean heritage adults (age range 19–96) living in Los Angeles. We added a culturally specific factor of wisdom to the 3D-WS: Modesty and Unobtrusiveness (Yang, 2001), which captures an Eastern aspect of wisdom. The structure and psychometrics of the scale were tested. By latent cluster analysis, we determined acculturation subgroups and examined group differences in the means of factors in the revised wisdom scale (3D-WS-K). Results: Three factors, Cognitive Flexibility, Viewpoint Relativism, and Empathic Modesty were found using confirmatory factor analysis. Respondents with high biculturalism were higher on Viewpoint Relativism and lower on Empathic Modesty. Conclusion: This study discovered that a revised wisdom scale had a distinct factor structure and item content in a Korean heritage sample. We also found acculturation influences on the meaning of wisdom.
Friedreich's Ataxia Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Model Intergenerational GAA⋅TTC Triplet Repeat Instability

The inherited neurodegenerative disease Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is caused by GAA⋅TTC triplet repeat hyperexpansions within the first intron of the FXN gene, encoding the mitochondrial protein frataxin. Long GAA⋅TTC repeats cause heterochromatin-mediated gene silencing and loss of frataxin in affected individuals. We report the derivation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from FRDA patient fibroblasts by transcription factor reprogramming. FXN gene repression is maintained in the iPSCs, as are the global gene expression signatures reflecting the human disease. GAA⋅TTC repeats uniquely in FXN in the iPSCs exhibit repeat instability similar to patient families, where they expand and/or contract with discrete changes in length between generations. The mismatch repair enzyme MSH2, implicated in repeat instability in other triplet repeat diseases, is highly expressed in pluripotent cells and occupies FXN intron 1, and shRNA silencing of MSH2 impedes repeat expansion, providing a possible molecular explanation for repeat expansion in FRDA.
Implementing RDA at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library

In this article the authors present a case study implemented at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library that trained catalogers in Resource Description and Access (RDA), a new cataloging code. The authors provide detailed descriptions of the library's in-house training sessions and the strategies behind these sessions. They also discusses the creation of digital tools used to facilitate the creation of quality RDA bibliographic records. The authors close by contextualizing RDA training within the library linked data initiative.
Extracellular polysaccharides matrix--an often forgotten virulence factor in oral biofilm research.

Extracellular Polysaccharides Matrix — An Often Forgotten Virulence Factor in Oral Biofilm Research
Identification of novel malarial cysteine protease inhibitors using structure-based virtual screening of a focused cysteine protease inhibitor library.

Malaria, in particular that caused by Plasmodium falciparum, is prevalent across the tropics, and its medicinal control is limited by widespread drug resistance. Cysteine proteases of P. falciparum, falcipain-2 (FP-2) and falcipain-3 (FP-3), are major hemoglobinases, validated as potential antimalarial drug targets. Structure-based virtual screening of a focused cysteine protease inhibitor library built with soft rather than hard electrophiles was performed against an X-ray crystal structure of FP-2 using the Glide docking program. An enrichment study was performed to select a suitable scoring function and to retrieve potential candidates against FP-2 from a large chemical database. Biological evaluation of 50 selected compounds identified 21 diverse nonpeptidic inhibitors of FP-2 with a hit rate of 42%. Atomic Fukui indices were used to predict the most electrophilic center and its electrophilicity in the identified hits. Comparison of predicted electrophilicity of electrophiles in identified hits with t...
Max-plus enabled dynamic programming for sensor platform tasking

In a military context, the value of a future operation is obtained as the expectation of the payoff, based on the current probability distributions describing our knowledge of the battlespace state. Sensing vehicles may be employed to improve this value function through control of the observation-conditioned distribution. We consider the problem of tasking sensing vehicles so as to optimize the future value. Max-plus based dynamic programming was employed, exploiting the special form of the value function as a pointwise maximum of linear functionals, where we note that this form is preserved as one propagates. This approach avoids the curse-of-dimensionality, but encounters another computational complexity difficulty. This complexity growth is attenuated through projection onto lower-dimensional subspaces. An error analysis is developed for these approximations.
Squaric acid and esters: Analysis for contaminants and stability in solvents

Two squaric acid diesters, squaric acid diethyl ester (SADEE) and squaric acid dibutyl ester (SADEE), have been suggested as replacements for 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene in the treatment of alopecia areata and alopecia totalis. We synthesized these squaric acid diesters and examined them for the presence of carcinogenic contaminants, hexachlorobutadiene and tetrachloro-2-cyclobutene-1-one, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The stability of SADBE to hydrolysis by water in acetone, butanol, isopropanol, and absorbent ointment with and without molecular sieves was examined. The stability of SADEE in ethanol and acetone, with and without molecular sieves, was also studied. Hydrolysis products were detected by their formation of a colored complex with ferric chloride. This complex absorbs in the visual range at 480 nm, thus affording a convenient method for determination of the concentration of free squaric acid in a solution. No contaminants were found by positive or negative ion detection in our GC-MS system. At the end of 3 weeks the extent of hydrolysis was greater in alcohols than in acetone when 10 and 100 molar excess of water were added to the solutions. In the presence of molecular sieves, hydrolysis was reduced even at 100 molar excess of added water in alcohol or acetone. However, under storage conditions without sieves, acetone solutions and alcohol solutions were equally stable over a period of 2 months. Molecular sieves reduce hydrolysis of squarate esters in the presence of a large molar excess of water, regardless of solvent.
Through two lenses: A cultural–developmental approach to moral psychology

Abstract This paper proposes a cultural–developmental approach to moral psychology. The approach builds on and synthesizes findings from different research traditions, including the cognitive-developmental, domain, two orientations, three ethics, and moral identity traditions. The paper introduces a conception termed a cultural–developmental template. The template charts developmental patterns across the life course for moral reasoning in terms of the three Ethics of Autonomy, Community, and Divinity. The template, however, is not one-size-fits-all. Its general developmental patterns accommodate to the different constellations of Ethics held by culturally diverse peoples. From the present theoretical proposal follows a set of specific research expectations as well as a set of broader research implications for how to conduct research on morality from the vantage points of both culture and development. These expectations and implications include consideration of moral emotions, definitions of morality, and cultural variation in the life course itself.
Controlling Polarization Dependent Reactions to Fabricate Multi‐Component Functional Nanostructures

In spite of novel lithographic processes that enable new approaches to fabricating materials, directed assembly of multi-component hybrid devices remains a challenge. Ferroelectric nanolithography exploits polarization dependent surface interactions to pattern nanoparticles, but the factors that control the particle size and distribution are not sufficiently well understood to produce hybrid nanostructures. Here the effects of photon energy, photon flux, and polarization vector orientation on ferroelectric domain specific photoreactions are quantified, leading to an understanding of the nanoparticle deposition mechanism. Patterned nanoparticle arrays functionalized with optically active porphyrin complexes are configured into optoelectronic devices.
Highly purified splenic nerve vesicles: early post-mortem effects on norepinephrine content and pools.

Isolated large dense-core vesicles from bovine splenic nerve can be prepared at a purity comparable to that of adrenomedullary vesicles. Improved methods coupled with a short post-mortem delay of ∼10 min, from the moment of sacrifice at the slaughterhouse to chilling the nerves, yield vesicles containing 11–12 μg norepinephrine (NE)/mg protein (range 5–18) at 80–90% purity. In the upper range, therefore, the vesicles contain 100 nmol NE/mg protein uncorrected for purity, which is more than an order of magnitude higher than published values for splenic nerves from other laboratories. The extrapolated estimate for contentin vivo is 200 nmol/mg protein.
Upper Extremity Multifocal Neuropathy in a 10-Year-Old Boy Associated With NS6S Disaccharide Antibodies:

We present a 10-year-old boy with a predominantly motor multifocal neuropathy with demyelinating and axonal changes with sensory involvement, affecting only one upper extremity. Laboratory studies revealed an elevated titer of immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies against the NS6S antigen. He responded to treatment with high dose intravenous immunoglobulins. Focal or multifocal immune-mediated neuropathies are not common in children and may be underdiagnosed.
Affirmative action in municipal government: Political, structural and demographic determinants of alternative strategies

Abstract The 167 members of the California City Managers Association were surveyed regarding the affirmative action policies of their cities. The research sought to determine factors that influence affirmative action efforts. Affirmative action outcomes and policies were measured against the following: minority political power as reflected in the diversity of the city council, frequency of interaction regarding affirmative action between council members and administrators, the ethnic composition of the city, level of advocacy regarding affirmative action in the city and the personal values of the city manager. The finding support the thesis that affirmative action success in government varies directly with the diversity of the population served and the political representation of minorities. Also important was the relationship between managerial values and affirmative efforts. Council manager interaction was directly related to the percentage of minority supervisors and managers.
Nuclease resistant circular DNAs copurify with infectivity in scrapie and CJD.

In transmissible encephalopathies (TSEs), it is commonly believed that the host prion protein transforms itself into an infectious form that encodes the many distinct TSE agent strains without any nucleic acid. Using a Ф29 polymerase and chromatography strategy, highly infectious culture and brain preparations of three different geographic TSE agents all contained novel circular DNAs. Two circular “Sphinx” sequences, of 1.8 and 2.4 kb, copurified with infectious particles in sucrose gradients and, as many protected viruses, resisted nuclease digestion. Each contained a replicase ORF related to microviridae that infect commensal Acinetobacter. Infectious gradient fractions also contained nuclease-resistant 16 kb mitochondrial DNAs and analysis of >4,000 nt demonstrated a 100% identity with their species-specific sequences. This confirmed the fidelity of the newly identified sequences detailed here. Conserved replicase regions within the two Sphinx DNAs were ultimately detected by PCR in cytoplasmic preparations from normal cells and brain but were 2,500-fold less than in parallel-infected samples. No trace of the two Sphinx replicases was found in enzymes, detergents, or other preparative materials using exhaustive PCR cycles. The Sphinx sequences uncovered here could have a role in TSE infections despite their apparently symbiotic, low-level persistence in normal cells and tissues. These, as well as other cryptic circular DNAs, may cause or contribute to neurodegeneration and infection-associated tumor transformation. The current results also raise the intriguing possibility that mammals may incorporate more of the prokaryotic world in their cytoplasm than previously recognized.
Atmospheric Energy Calculations Related to Radiation Observations.

Abstract Synoptic black ball radiation measurements made during the nights of 26–30 May 1959 have shown that the rate of infrared radiation to space by the earth and its atmosphere varies enormously with distance and time. The variation is due almost exclusively to high clouds and appears to be associated with changes in the energies stored in the atmosphere. It is shown that the variability in the infrared radiation to space is comparable in magnitude to the variability in the kinetic and potential energies of the atmosphere, calculated on a per unit area basis. This must be of significance in formulating the equations of motion for the atmosphere, particularly since the radiation extremes appear to be positionally correlated with energy extremes.
PER-TIM Interactions in Living Drosophila Cells: An Interval Timer for the Circadian Clock

In contrast to current models, fluorescence resonance energy transfer measurements using a single-cell imaging assay with fluorescent forms of PER and TIM showed that these proteins bind rapidly and persist in the cytoplasm while gradually accumulating in discrete foci. After ∼6 hours, complexes abruptly dissociated, as PER and TIM independently moved to the nucleus in a narrow time frame. The perL mutation delayed nuclear accumulation in vivo and in our cultured cell system, but without affecting rates of PER/TIM assembly or dissociation. This finding points to a previously unrecognized form of temporal regulation that underlies the periodicity of the circadian clock.
A full-dimensional quantum dynamical study of H2+H2 collisions: Coupled-states versus close-coupling formulation

Collision-induced energy transfer involving H2 molecules plays an important role in many areas of physics. Kinetic models often require a complete set of state-to-state rate coefficients for H2+H2 collisions in order to interpret results from spectroscopic observations or to make quantitative predictions. Recent progress in full-dimensional quantum dynamics using the numerically exact close-coupling (CC) formulation has provided good agreement with existing experimental data for low-lying states of H2 and increased the number of state-to-state cross sections that may be reliably determined over a broad range of energies. Nevertheless, there exist many possible initial states (e.g., states with high rotational excitation) that still remain elusive from a computational standpoint even at relatively low collision energies. In these cases, the coupled-states (CS) approximation offers an alternative full-dimensional formulation. We assess the accuracy of the CS approximation for H2+H2 collisions by comparison with benchmark results obtained using the CC formulation. The results are used to provide insight into the orientation effects of the various internal energy transfer mechanisms. A statistical CS approximation is also investigated and cross sections are reported for transitions which would otherwise be impractical to compute.
Direct synthesis of unimodal and bimodal nanoporous carbon

Abstract Unimodal and bimodal nanoporous (mesoporous) carbons have been synthesized by simply removing silica from carbon/silica nanocomposites. The sucrose/silica nanocomposites are directly prepared by the sol–gel process of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) with or without colloidal silica particles in the presence of carbon precursor molecules (i.e., sucrose). Subsequent carbonization converts the sucrose/silica nanocomposites into nonporous carbon/silica composites. Removal of the silica templates results in nanoporous carbons with high surface areas (e.g., >1500 m2/g) and pore volumes (e.g., >1.0 cm3/g). Using TEOS as the only silica source, nanoporous carbons with unimodal ∼2 nm worm-like pores are produced. Nanoporous carbons with bimodal ∼2 and ∼27 nm diameter pores have been prepared by using both the TEOS-derived silica network and the colloidal silica particles as templates.
An automatically compensating gradient-layer calorimeter for animal metabolic studies.

A calorimeter has been described which has been found to be useful in the study of laboratory-animal metabolism. Its novel aspect is its autoregulation. This is accomplished by using the signal of a gradient-layer calorimeter to control the heat from within the calorimeter. Animal metabolism is measured by the effect produced when an animal is put into the calorimeter. These effects are seen to be more rapid and more stable than those when the feedback control is not used. The application of this method may be advantageous to the study of animal metabolism under specified environmental conditions.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance of Trivalent Gadolinium in the Yttrium Gallium and Yttrium Aluminum Garnets

The spin Hamiltonian parameters for Gd+++ when substituted for Y+++ in two diamagnetic garnets, YAlG and YaG, have been determined by electron paramagnetic resonance techniques. From these results the contribution of the independent Gd+++ ions to the anisotropy of gadolinium iron garnets may be estimated. The fourth‐order constants in the spin Hamiltonian are very similar in YAlG and YGaG and their contribution to the anisotropy constant in GdIG shows good agreement with the experimental data. The contribution of the second‐order constants falls short of the values needed to fit experimental data by an order of magnitude. These constants, however, differ markedly in the two garnets and thus their use to predict anisotropy in GdIG is not justified. The present results, therefore, are not in disagreement with a model that ascribes the origin of the crystalline anisotropy in magnetic garnets to the anisotropy energy of the individual ions in the presence of the crystalline electrostatic field.
Structural maturation of the interface region between the stria vascularis and spiral ligament in the neonatal rat cochlea

The ultrastructural morphology of the interface region between the stria vascularis (SV) and spiral ligament (SL) was examined in the neonatal rat cochlea via transmission electron microscopy. At postnatal day (PND) 3, morphology of both basal cells and fibrocytes was simple and immature. Only a small number of fibrocytes was observed in the SL. Intercellular junctions between basal cells and fibrocytes, and between adjacent fibrocytes, were few. At PND 7, the number of fibrocytes increased, and more organelles appeared within their cytoplasm. From PND 11 to 14, nuclei of the basal cells appeared to be more spindle-shaped and contained more heterochromatin. The cytoplasm of the fibrocytes was pale, and a greater number of cytoplasmic vesicles and mitochondria emerged. More intercellular junctions were observed between basal cells and fibrocytes at the interface region and between fibrocytes in the SL. By PND 21, the morphology of basal cells and fibrocytes and their intercellular junctions appeared to be adult-like. These morphological observations correlate with previous reports on the functional maturation of the developing rat cochlea.
Attentional selection of moving objects by a serial process

How does the efficiency of attentional selection depend on the number of attended objects in a display? We measured the channel capacity (CC) of human observers during the attentional tracking of moving targets. The relation between CC and target number was used to estimate target-sampling rate. The sampling rate was halved when the number of targets was doubled, indicating that tracking was accomplished by a mechanism whose processing rate did not vary with target number. Systematically varying the dynamic parameters of the display provided inconclusive evidence for the idea that the time interval between successive samples of the same target increased with target number. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that the selection of multiple moving objects involves a limited capacity processor.
On the Performance of Multiple Region Reverse Frequency Allocation Scheme in a Single Cell Downlink Heterogeneous Networks

The need for small-sized and low-powered home base stations such as femtocells has increased with an escalated data demand. Since the downlink traffic is larger in magnitude than the uplink, use of femtocells provides a good solution. Femto- cells not only increase the throughput but also the overall capacity of the system while operating in the same licensed spectrum. Because of their operation in the same spectrum, interference becomes a major problem. In this paper, we study the downlink performance of a heterogeneous network by proposing a Reverse frequency allocation (RFA) scheme by dividing the cell service area into multiple regions and assign frequencies to various cell entities in such a way that the major interference is avoided. RFA scheme not only improves the spectral efficiency by utilizing the complete spectrum within one cell but also eliminates the strong interference due to macro base station on femto users. We analyze and evaluate the achievable performance of this technique for the downlink scenario. Using simulations, we show that under reasonable signal-to-interference plus noise ratio (SINR) values, multiple regions enhance the performance of users by decreasing the overall system outage probability. It is shown that a 4-region RFA scheme provides almost double performance gain over a 2-region RFA scheme for the same set of parameters. Index Terms—Reverse frequency allocation, interference, fre- quency reuse.
A clinically useful method for plasma testosterone determination

Abstract A simple method has been developed for clinically measuring plasma testosterone. Its sensitivity allows one to measure normal female levels of plasma, and the results are comparable to those obtained by double isotope derivative methods. This procedure requires paper chromatography of a methylene chloride extract of plasma and final determination by the competitive protein-binding technique, using salt precipitation of the bound fraction. By this method, the normal range for plasma testosterone was 26 to 108 mμg/100 ml in females and 273 to 1211 mμg/100 ml in males.
Molecular orbital calculations of infrared intensities beyond the Born-Oppenheimer approximation using the dipole momentum operator

Abstract The first molecular orbital calculations of infrared transition intensities using adiabatic non-Born-Oppenheimer vibronic coupling expressions for the dipole momentum operator are reported. The calculated dipole momentum intensities for the CH stretching modes in three deuterated alanine isotopomers agree favorably with those calculated from conventional dipole length expressions.
Lubricity effect of carbon dioxide used as an environmentally friendly refrigerant in air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors

Abstract Environmental concerns have increased the interest in alternative natural refrigerants for air-conditioning and refrigeration compressors. Carbon dioxide (CO2) or R744 is an attractive candidate to replace harmful hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants, which will need to be replaced in the near future due to their high global warming potential. In this paper the tribological behavior of gray cast iron in the presence of CO2 under unlubricated conditions was investigated. Specifically different regions of the CO2 pressure–temperature (P–T) phase diagram were studied to understand the role of pressure, temperature, CO2 mass, and the chemical interaction of gray cast iron with CO2, focusing on their impact on the friction and wear behavior. It was found that friction decreases significantly when CO2 pressure and temperature approach the gas–liquid transition in the P–T phase diagram, thus exhibiting a form of “superlubricity.” Through X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy it was found that an increase in CO2 pressure causes partial transformation of iron oxides into iron carbonates which have a positive effect on the tribological performance. The thickness of the tribolayer film, formed in the contact zone, was evaluated using Focus Ion Beam and it was found to be of the order of 0.5 μm.
Designing embodied interfaces to support spatial ability

In this paper, I describe the motivation for and the background necessary to develop and evaluate an early set of design guidelines for creating tangible and embodied interfaces that focus on engaging, augmenting and improving spatial ability. I then briefly analyze prior tangible and embodied interactive systems (TEIs) from a spatial ability perspective and discuss the next steps in the development of my proposed guidelines.