cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Parameters of the Change in Clinical Refractive Error in Young Myopes

A common clinical finding in youngsters with myopia is an increase in the amount of the myopia over a period of months or years, as manifested by an increase in the minus sphere spectacle lens required to correct to best visual acuity. Conventional wisdom in the ophthalmic professions holds that this myopia progression continues until the middle or late teens. This has been confirmed in general terms in papers by BUCKLERS [1] and HOFSTETTER [2] but it has not been studied previously on a quantitative basis.
Tailorable Exciton Transport in Doped Peptide–Amphiphile Assemblies

Light-harvesting biomaterials are an attractive target in photovoltaics, photocatalysis, and artificial photosynthesis. Through peptide self-assembly, complex nanostructures can be engineered to study the role of chromophore organization during light absorption and energy transport. To this end, we demonstrate the one-dimensional transport of excitons along naturally occurring, light-harvesting, Zn-protoporphyrin IX chromophores within self-assembled peptide–amphiphile nanofibers. The internal structure of the nanofibers induces packing of the porphyrins into linear chains. We find that this peptide assembly can enable long-range exciton diffusion, yet it also induces the formation of excimers between adjacent molecules, which serve as exciton traps. Electronic coupling between neighboring porphyrin molecules is confirmed by various spectroscopic methods. The exciton diffusion process is then probed through transient photoluminescence and absorption measurements and fit to a model for one-dimensional hopp...
Effects of an evidence-based parenting program on biobehavioral stress among at-risk mothers for child maltreatment: A pilot study

ABSTRACTParental stress is an important risk factor for child maltreatment (CM) perpetration. Evidence-based, parent-training programs can decrease CM perpetration risk and reduce self-reported parental stress; however, little is known about how such programs impact physiological stress correlates. In this quasi-experimental pilot study, maternal biobehavioral responses were measured in response to SafeCare®, an evidence-based program targeting CM, often implemented by social workers in child welfare settings. Maternal participants (N = 18) were recruited to complete SafeCare and repeated within-subject assessments pre- and post-intervention. Analyses examined associations between self-reported parental stress and mental health symptomology with stress markers for cortisol, alpha-amylase, and dihydroepiandrosterone at baseline and follow-up. Baseline correlation analyses showed strong associations between parental stress, salivary cortisol levels, and alpha-amylase. At follow-up, significant correlations ...
STIP: An SNP-trait inference platform

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have received increasing attention to understand how a genetic variation affects different human traits. Recent works show that the Bayesian network is powerful in modeling the conditional dependency between single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and traits using only the GWAS statistics. In this paper, we present STIP, a web-based SNP-trait inference platform capable of a variety of inference tasks, such as trait inference given SNP genotypes and genotype inference given traits. The core of STIP is two Bayesian networks which model the SNP-categorical trait associations and SNP-quantitative trait associations, respectively. Both Bayesian networks are derived from the public GWAS catalog. The inference tasks are based on the dependency relationship captured in the Bayesian networks. The current version of STIP provides three services which are SNP-trait inference, Top-k trait prediction and GWAS catalog exploration.
Land-Sparing Opportunities for Solar Energy Development in Agricultural Landscapes: A Case Study of the Great Central Valley, CA, United States.

Land-cover change from energy development, including solar energy, presents trade-offs for land used for the production of food and the conservation of ecosystems. Solar energy plays a critical role in contributing to the alternative energy mix to mitigate climate change and meet policy milestones; however, the extent that solar energy development on nonconventional surfaces can mitigate land scarcity is understudied. Here, we evaluate the land sparing potential of solar energy development across four nonconventional land-cover types: the built environment, salt-affected land, contaminated land, and water reservoirs (as floatovoltaics), within the Great Central Valley (CV, CA), a globally significant agricultural region where land for food production, urban development, and conservation collide. Furthermore, we calculate the technical potential (TWh year–1) of these land sparing sites and test the degree to which projected electricity needs for the state of California can be met therein. In total, the CV ...
Protective Splinting for the Hand and Wrist

Providing adequate protection is a very important component of proper treatment of athletic injuries of the upper extremity. This article reviews the anatomic considerations involved in fabricating splints for various joints of the hand and wrist that will allow the athlete to compete as early as possible while preventing reinjury or permanent disability.
Establishing and Maintaining Pluripotency: An Epigenetic Perspective

Maintaining and changing cellular identity involves a complex interplay between DNA-interacting factors (protein and RNA) and the underlying chromatin structure. One of the most fascinating and unique states from an epigenetic perspective is pluripotency. Pluripotent stem cells self-renew while maintaining the potential to differentiate into representative types of all three germ layers. Moreover, while these cells express many epigenetic regulators at uniquely high levels, they are themselves molecularly and phenotypically unaffected by their deletion until directed to differentiate. Here we will review the key epigenetic mechanisms that are currently known to act in pluripotent cells as well as how these modifications are dynamically regulated during entry into and exit from pluripotency.
Synchronous Machines with Salient Poles

The study of engineering devices begins almost invariably with simplifying assumptions. After this method has led to results, the effects of the assumptions upon the results can be investigated, both in theory and empirically. In some cases, such investigations reveal no significant difference between the simplified model and the actual device. In other cases, the simplifications may have led to results so worthless that a new beginning has to be made, with fewer, or different, such assumptions. Many more cases are found to lie between these extremes.
Estrategias queer para reapropiar y resignificar el espacio urbano en la narrativa de Gerardo González y Facundo R. Soto / Queer Strategies to Reappropiate and Resignify the Urban Space in Gerardo Gonzale’z and Facundo Soto’s Narrative

Focused on the narrative of two 21st century Argentine writers –Gerardo Gonzalez y Facundo R. Soto– this article addresses the way their work reappropriates and resignifies some of the urban spaces most closely related to traditional patriarchy –the family house, the gym, and the soccer field. The article uses theoretical concepts such as Henri Lefebvre’s production of space and Michel Foucault’s heterotopy to show that Gonzalez’ and Soto’s texts are mostly successful in challenging the paradigms of traditional urban planning and in queering said urban spaces.
Practical conformance evaluation in the measurement of flexible parts

Abstract Sheet metal parts and large structures both distort under gravitational and fixturing loads. When it is physically or economically impractical to restrain the product during measurement, measurement data must be manipulated to determine whether the product conforms to geometric specifications. The proposed evaluation method relies on the super-position of the effects of gravity and fixturing restraints to deform the nominal model to the measurement data. Because these effects are calculated a priori, the deformation of the nominal model during measurement evaluation is computationally efficient. Comparing the distortion-compensated model directly to the inspection point cloud reveals profile deviations and locating forces.
Single-Cell Sequencing in Precision Medicine

The application of next-generation sequencing in cancer genomics allowed for a better understanding of the genetics and pathogenesis of cancer. Single-cell genomics is a relatively new field that has enhanced our current knowledge of the genetic diversity of cells involved in the complex biological systems of cancer. Single-cell genomics is a rapidly developing field, and current technologies can assay a single cell’s gene expression, DNA variation, epigenetic state, and nuclear structure. Statistical and computational methods are central to single-cell genomics and allows for extraction of meaningful information. The translational application of single-cell sequencing in precision cancer therapy has the potential to improve cancer diagnostics, prognostics, targeted therapy, early detection, and noninvasive monitoring. Furthermore, single-cell genomics will transform cancer research as even initial experiments have revolutionized our current understanding of gene regulation and disease.
The Molecular Orbital Cluster Model Approach to Electronic Structure

The cluster model approach involves choosing a finite, and not exceptionally large, number of atoms to represent an extended, condensed matter, system of interest. Typically, the number of atoms included in the cluster is ~20, see for example Refs. 1 and 2, but larger numbers have been used.3 The electronic wave function for this cluster is obtained using the methods of ab initio molecular orbital, MO, theory; methods which were developed for Quantum Chemistry. 1,4 When electron correlation effects are not included, a self-consistent field, SCF, wave function is used; when correlation effects are included, either multi-configuration SCF, MC SCF, or general configuration interaction, CI, wave functions are used. One particularly attractive feature of this approach is that approximations are included in a controlled fashion. Parameters which are adjusted to make the computed results fit experimental data are not used. In principle, the exact cluster wavefunction may be obtained by using a sufficiently large CI. The approach is truly ab initio.
A Low-mass GEM Detector with Radial Zigzag Readout Strips for Forward Tracking at the EIC

We present design and construction of a large low-mass Triple-GEM detector prototype for forward tracking at a future Electron-Ion Collider. In this environment, multiple scattering of forward and backward tracks must be minimized so that electron tracks can be cleanly matched to calorimeter clusters and so that hadron tracks can efficiently seed RICH ring reconstruction for particle identification. Consequently, the material budget for the forward tracking detectors is critical. The construction of the detector builds on the mechanical foil stretching and assembly technique pioneered by CMS for the muon endcap GEM upgrade. As an innovation, this detector implements drift and readout electrodes on thin large foils instead of on PCBs. These foils get stretched mechanically together with three GEM foils in a single stack. This reduces the radiation length of the total detector material in the active area by a factor seven from over 4% to below 0.6%. It also aims at improving the uniformity of drift and induction gap sizes across the detector and consequently signal response uniformity. Thin outer frames custom-made from carbon-fiber composite material take up the tension from the stretched foil stack and provide detector rigidity while keeping the detector mass low. The gas volume is closed with thin aluminized polyimide foils. The trapezoidal detector covers an azimuthal angle of 30.1 degrees and a radius from 8 cm to 90 cm. It is read out with radial zigzag strips with pitches of 1.37 mrad at the outer radius and 4.14 mrad at the inner radius that reduce the number of required electronics channels and associated cost while maintaining good spatial resolution. All front-end readout electronics is located away from the active area at the outer radius of the trapezoid. Scans of small readout boards with the same type of zigzag strip structure using highly collimated X-rays show spatial resolutions of 60–90 microns.
Disseminating Education and Treatment for Children and Adolescents with Eating Disorders Across Levels of Care.

Background Eating disorders (EDs) are psychiatric illnesses with high rates of morbidity and mortality. Healthcare providers often receive inadequate training in evidence-based ED assessment and treatment. Design Project CORE (Creating Opportunities for Rhode Island Eating Disorders Professionals) was developed to disseminate ED training/education and treatment approaches to the healthcare workforce. An interdisciplinary research team partners with pediatric healthcare professionals/trainees and supports them to better understand how to diagnose, manage, and collaborate across disciplines in the care of patients with EDs. Methods Phase I involves a needs assessment of pediatric healthcare professionals' knowledge, attitudes and needs in treating EDs. Phase II involves the development of training/education approaches, and therapeutic interventions for patients with EDs. In Phase III approaches/interventions are further developed and disseminated across RI. Principal conclusions Project CORE's goals will address barriers to effective ED treatment in RI and broaden the workforce of interdisciplinary providers trained to recognize and treat patients with EDs across multiple healthcare settings.
Numerical Investigation of Thermal Transport in Foam Filled Heat Exchangers Employing Circular and Non-Cicrular Jet Impingement Cross Sections

Development of advanced electronic devices and microprocessors has resulted in high heat flux and temperature values in these devices. In order to keep the temperature of electronic devices at a safe temperature, different electronic cooling techniques have been introduced. It is shown that jet impingement can provide a high efficiency cooling for a variety of applications including electronics cooling. On the other hand, employment of conductive foam material improves heat transfer process and temperature control. In this study, uniform and non-uniform metal foam filled heat exchangers are investigated numerically. The heat exchanger employs jet impingement, indirect cooling, and highly conductive metal foam for heat transfer augmentation. The heat exchanger has a forced flow arrangement entering through a vertical inlet channel, passes through the foam substrate inserted inside a confined channel and leaves through two similar lateral exit channels. The base of the heat exchanger is attached to the surface of the device to be cooled and so the base is subjected to a uniform high heat flux value. For numerical modeling, local thermal non-equilibrium model in porous media is employed. In this model, volume averaging are performed over each of the fluid and solid phases in porous media which results in two energy equations, one for solid phase and one for fluid phase. The results are compared with data in literature for verification. The foam properties of two copper and aluminum metal foams are measured and used for simulations. The effect of jet impingement cross section is investigated by studying a rectangular, a square, and three different circular cross sections.
White Supremacy: Origins and Evolution, a Brief History of Who is Included and Excluded and How it Has Created a Crisis in America

The origins of White Supremacy are described in this paper along with the elements of European agrarian history that produced the structure of its ideology. A review of who has been considered White is presented as well as a discussion of the changes in ideology that have accommodated such change. The idea of good and evil, of power and submission as well as the nature of legitimacy are all fundamental to the basis of slavery, ethnic discrimination and religious persecution. The definition of social membership and the processes of pollution and guilt, punishment and debt are the means of understanding how White Supremacy has been couched and maintained for 5 centuries. How such groups have adapted to contemporary events is covered.
Inhibition of lysosomal phospholipase A2 predicts drug-induced phospholipidosis

Abstract Phospholipidosis, the excessive accumulation of phospholipids within lysosomes, is a pathological response observed following exposure to many drugs across multiple therapeutic groups. A clear mechanistic understanding of the causes and implications of this form of drug toxicity has remained elusive. We previously reported the discovery and characterization of a lysosome-specific phospholipase A2 (PLA2G15) and later reported that amiodarone, a known cause of drug-induced phospholipidosis, inhibits this enzyme. Here, we assayed a library of 163 drugs for inhibition of PLA2G15 to determine whether this phospholipase was the cellular target for therapeutics other than amiodarone that cause phospholipidosis. We observed that 144 compounds inhibited PLA2G15 activity. Thirty-six compounds not previously reported to cause phospholipidosis inhibited PLA2G15 with IC50 values less than 1 mM and were confirmed to cause phospholipidosis in an in vitro assay. Within this group, fosinopril was the most potent inhibitor (IC50 0.18 μM). Additional characterization of the inhibition of PLA2G15 by fosinopril was consistent with interference of PLA2G15 binding to liposomes. PLA2G15 inhibition was more accurate in predicting phospholipidosis compared with in silico models based on pKa and ClogP, measures of protonation, and transport-independent distribution in the lysosome, respectively. In summary, PLA2G15 is a primary target for cationic amphiphilic drugs that cause phospholipidosis, and PLA2G15 inhibition by cationic amphiphilic compounds provides a potentially robust screening platform for potential toxicity during drug development.
Implicit CP FEM scheme for twinning materials

Many computational papers have dealt with twinning in a crystal plasticity framework. Considerable former works have proposed constitutive theories based on continuum mechanics and crystal plasticity to consider the complex response of materials deformed by twinning. However, many of the former computational twinning papers did not provide the detailed implementation procedures that were used to produce their simulation results. Given that the mechanical response of materials deformed by twinning is highly nonlinear and complex, a sophisticated numerical scheme is needed. The complex interaction among various slip and twin modes causes different kinds of interaction hardening in their slip/twin systems and therefore makes the mechanical response of twinning materials change abruptly. Such a change causes difficulty in convergence and typically requires the use of small time steps, making the simulation time lengthy. To deal with this highly nonlinear and rapidly changing mechanical response of twinning materials effectively, an implicit time integration scheme that considers the constitutive theories of twinning materials is proposed in this study. The proposed implicit computational scheme for twinning materials is derived in a way that the scheme is effectively implemented in a large deformation finite element (FE) code. This study uses the experimental data of single and poly crystal magnesium shown in Refs. [1, 2] and successfully reproduces the strain-strain responses. The simulation results indicate that twinning causes more numerical difficulties than the slip process. The proposed implicit time integration crystal plasticity FE method (CP FEM) scheme provides better efficiency, accuracy, stability, and robustness than previously used explicit CP FEM schemes, especially in dealing with the numerical difficulties associated with twinning.
The Sterilization of Space Vehicles to Prevent Extraterrestrial Biological Contamination

Present knowledge of the planets Mars and Venus is compatible with the possibility both of an indigenous life and of the maintenance and rapid spread of terrestrial microorganisms. The introduction of terrestrial organisms as contaminants on planetary probes might so distort the biology of either planet as to constitute a scientific catastrophe.
CRIMES AND OFFENSES Threatening or Influencing Witnesses: Expand Prohibitions

The Act expands the statute which proscribes threatening or influencing a witness. The Act prohibits threatening an administrative hearing witness and makes unlawful any threats concerning the employment of a witness or of a witness's relative.
Language Networks as Models of Cognition: Understanding Cognition through Language

Language is inherently cognitive and distinctly human. Separating the object of language from the human mind that processes and creates language fails to capture the full language system. Linguistics traditionally has focused on the study of language as a static representation, removed from the human mind. Network analysis has traditionally been focused on the properties and structure that emerge from network representations. Both disciplines could gain from looking at language as a cognitive process. In contrast, psycholinguistic research has focused on the process of language without committing to a representation. However, by considering language networks as approximations of the cognitive system we can take the strength of each of these approaches to study human performance and cognition as related to language. This paper reviews research showcasing the contributions of network science to the study of language. Specifically, we focus on the interplay of cognition and language as captured by a network representation. To this end, we review different types of language network representations before considering the influence of global level network features. We continue by considering human performance in relation to network structure and conclude with theoretical network models that offer potential and testable explanations of cognitive and linguistic phenomena.
Inorganic carbon loading as a primary driver of dissolved carbon dioxide concentrations in the lakes and reservoirs of the contiguous United States

[1] Accurate quantification of CO2 flux across the air-water interface and identification of the mechanisms driving CO2 concentrations in lakes and reservoirs is critical to integrating aquatic systems into large-scale carbon budgets, and to predicting the response of these systems to changes in climate or terrestrial carbon cycling. Large-scale estimates of the role of lakes and reservoirs in the carbon cycle, however, typically must rely on aggregation of spatially and temporally inconsistent data from disparate sources. We performed a spatially comprehensive analysis of CO2 concentration and air-water fluxes in lakes and reservoirs of the contiguous United States using large, consistent data sets, and modeled the relative contribution of inorganic and organic carbon loading to vertical CO2 fluxes. Approximately 70% of lakes and reservoirs are supersaturated with respect to the atmosphere during the summer (June–September). Although there is considerable interregional and intraregional variability, lakes and reservoirs represent a net source of CO2 to the atmosphere of approximately 40 Gg C d–1 during the summer. While in-lake CO2 concentrations correlate with indicators of in-lake net ecosystem productivity, virtually no relationship exists between dissolved organic carbon and pCO2,aq. Modeling suggests that hydrologic dissolved inorganic carbon supports pCO2,aq in most supersaturated systems (to the extent that 12% of supersaturated systems simultaneously exhibit positive net ecosystem productivity), and also supports primary production in most CO2-undersaturated systems. Dissolved inorganic carbon loading appears to be an important determinant of CO2 concentrations and fluxes across the air-water interface in the majority of lakes and reservoirs in the contiguous United States.
Initiation of adenovirus DNA replication. II. Structural requirements using synthetic oligonucleotide adenovirus templates.

Abstract Adenovirus (Ad) virions contain a 55-kDa terminal protein covalently linked to both 5'-ends of the linear duplex DNA genome. The origin of DNA replication is contained within the terminal 50 base pair of the inverted terminal repeats. In the accompanying paper (Kenny, M. K., Balogh, L. A., and Hurwitz, J. (1988) J. Biol. Chem. 263, 9801-9808), it was demonstrated that synthetic oligonucleotide templates which contain the Ad origin, but lack the 55-kDa terminal protein, can serve as templates for the initiation of Ad DNA replication. Partially duplex oligonucleotides that lacked up to 14 nucleotides from the 5'-end of the nontemplate (displaced) strand supported initiation as much as 20-fold more efficiently than fully duplex oligonucleotides. The removal of 18 nucleotides or more from the 5'-end of the displaced strand resulted in a sharp decrease in the ability of the DNA templates to support initiation. The poor template efficiency of certain DNAs could be explained by their inability to bind nuclear factor I. The initiation efficiency observed with other DNAs correlated with their ability to bind the preterminal protein-Ad DNA polymerase complex. At low concentrations of the Ad DNA-binding protein, protein-primed initiation was also observed on single-stranded DNAs. The single-stranded template strand of the Ad origin was at least 5-20-fold better at supporting initiation than other single-stranded DNAs. These findings suggest a model in which the 3'-end of the template strand is rendered single-stranded as a prerequisite for initiation of Ad DNA replication.
Bacteriology of newborn with special reference to hemolytic streptococci

Abstract Three hundred and eighty-seven throat cultures from 130 newborn infants were taken. Ten of 32 cultures taken during the first twenty-four hours and 20 of 56 cultures taken during the second twenty-four hours of life contained colonies of green streptococci, B. coli, and staphylococci. Seventy-eight cultures taken within the first seventy-two hours of life contained organisms. Two infant's throats remained sterile but showed organisms on the following day. Four beta type of hemolytic streptococci were found in this series, but were not present constantly. Twenty-nine infants contained alpha type of hemolytic streptococci in repeated cultures. Green streptococci were the most common invaders and were present most constantly. Beta hemolytic streptococci were found rarely on the surface of infants' tonsils as compared with their frequent appearance in children and adults.
The Catharsis of Aggression: An Evaluation of a Hypothesis

Publisher Summary Theorizing on aggression catharsis that follows psychoanalytic or ethological reasoning formulated in the frustration–aggression hypothesis assumes a basic linear cause–effect model. According to this model, provocation to aggression creates a state of arousal that motivates aggression, which in turn lowers arousal and diminishes the probability of further violence. Evidence from psychophysiological research indicates that under some conditions, aggression does produce decreased arousal when the latter is quantified in terms of cardiovascular activity. Data regarding the effects of aggression on the other indices of autonomic recovery are ambiguous. Aggression does not promote cardiovascular recovery in the following conditions: when the target possesses a higher social status than the attacker, when aggression is a manifestly inappropriate response in a given situation, and when the individual is predisposed to react to aggression with the feelings of guilt. The notion of catharsis has not been confirmed, that reductions in aggression following aggression, insofar as they have been demonstrated, might be more parsimoniously explained in terms of active inhibition, and that in the absence of such inhibitions the expression of aggression increases the likelihood of further such behavior.
Rhetoric and Advocacy

This is an excerpt of Chapter 2 of Murray and DeSanctis’s, Advanced Legal Writing and Oral Advocacy: Trials, Appeals, and Moot Court (Foundation Press, forthcoming, December 2013). The goal of the chapter is to teach law students to: frame arguments to the best advantage of the client; deliver a persuasive, logical argument by way of its structure, its style of discourse, and its contents; target the values and preferences of the audience through a careful consideration of the emotional impact of the discourse; project competence, mastery of the material, and trustworthiness through the contents of the discourse; and discover the best possible modes of persuasion to address the issues and requirements of the situation at hand.
Social media and oncology: The past, present, and future of electronic communication between physician and patient

The relationship between patient and physician is in flux with the advent of electronic media that are advancing and enhancing communication. We perform a retrospective, current, and forward-looking examination of the technologies by which information is exchanged within the healthcare community. The evolution from e-mail and listservs to blogs and the modern social networks is described, with emphasis on the advantages and pitfalls of each medium, especially in regard to maintaining the standards of privacy and professionalism to which doctors are held accountable. We support the use of contemporary platforms like Twitter and Facebook for physicians to establish themselves as trustworthy online sources of medical knowledge, and anticipate ongoing collaboration between researchers, patients, and their advocates in trial design and accrual.
Application of artificial neural networks to unit commitment

Artificial neural networks are currently being applied to a variety of complex combinatorial optimization and nonlinear programming problems. In this paper, a combination of Hopfield Tank type, and Chua-Lin type artificial neural networks is applied to solve simultaneously the unit commitment and the associated economic unit dispatch problems. The approach is based on imbedding the various constraints in a generalized energy function, and then defining the network dynamics in such a way that the generalized energy function is a Lyapunov function of the artificial neural network. The novel feature of the proposed approach is that the nonlinear programming and the combinatorial optimization problems are solved simultaneously by one network. An illustrative example is also presented. >
THE REVOLVING DOOR: A CLOSER LOOK AT MAJOR FACTORS IN VOLUNTEERS’ INTENTION TO QUIT

In nonprofit organizations, volunteer coordinators deal with high rates of volunteer turnover due, in part, to increased levels of volunteer burnout. This study sought to identify how burnout can help explain volunteers’ intention to quit and identify two potential antecedents of burnout: voice and role ambiguity. Specifically, it is hypothesized that volunteer voice and role ambiguity affects volunteers’ intention to quit through their relationship with volunteer burnout. Data were obtained from volunteers working in an animal welfare organization in the western United States (N = 151). An online survey was administered to volunteers who responded to a variety of questions and scales concerning their experiences as volunteers in an animal welfare organization. Structural equation modeling was used to test the mediation hypotheses. The findings provide tentative support that volunteer burnout mediates the relationship between two potential predictors of burnout (e.g., perception of voice and role ambiguity) and intention to quit. Consistent with conservation of resources theory, volunteers who are drained of their cognitive resources through dealing with a lack of voice and ambiguous volunteer role situations experience increased burnout. The practical and theoretical significance of these findings are discussed. C
The Heart of Federalism: Pretext Review of Means-End Relationships

Section I of this article seeks to correct a common scholarly misconception regarding the sort of pretext review envisioned by McCulloch v. Maryland. All students of McCulloch understand the decision to call for judicial review of the means-end relationship underlying a federal statute. But McCulloch also indicated that the Court would strike down legislation "should Congress, under the pretext of executing its powers, pass laws for the accomplishment of objects not entrusted to the government."Various constitutional scholars construe this pretext passage to contemplate a second inquiry -- separate from the Court's scrutiny of means-end relationships -- into whether the legislative motive behind a statute satisfies constitutional standards. Drawing upon Chief Justice Marshall's anonymous essays explaining McCulloch, this article rejects that reading of the pretext passage.Section II argues that the grounds invoked for invalidating legislation in the recent Fourteenth Amendment cases constitute forms of means-end pretext review consistent with this corrected reading of McCulloch. Section III relates the Fourteenth Amendment case law to the Supreme Court's recent commerce power decision in Lopez and Morrison.
Maternal Investment in Human Brain Growth

Regarding the energy requirements of the evolving human brain and maternal investment (A. Gibbons, “Solving the brain's energy crisis,” Research News, 29 May, p. [1345][1]), a well-nourished Western woman stores one-quarter of her body weight, about 16 kilograms, as fat, equivalent to 144,000
Calibrating seismometers by means of earthquake data

Recordings of earthquakes were used to calculate the magnification of ground motion produced by various seismometers. The calculations were based upon die ‘A’ values (energy parameters) listed by Gutenberg for seismic waves P, PP, and S. Results of the calibration procedure indicate that the energy content of P, PP, and S waves recorded on Benioff instruments increases with increasing wave period. In order to calibrate the horizontal seismometers by use of recorded longitudinal waves, it is necessary to correct for the fact that the amplitudes recorded transverse to the direction of wave propagation are appreciable. The resultant calibrations were accurate enough to be used for a subsequent study of the energy content of seismic waves.
Topology Improves Phylogenetic Motif Functional Site Predictions

Prediction of protein functional sites from sequence-derived data remains an open bioinformatics problem. We have developed a phylogenetic motif (PM) functional site prediction approach that identifies functional sites from alignment fragments that parallel the evolutionary patterns of the family. In our approach, PMs are identified by comparing tree topologies of each alignment fragment to that of the complete phylogeny. Herein, we bypass the phylogenetic reconstruction step and identify PMs directly from distance matrix comparisons. In order to optimize the new algorithm, we consider three different distance matrices and 13 different matrix similarity scores. We assess the performance of the various approaches on a structurally nonredundant data set that includes three types of functional site definitions. Without exception, the predictive power of the original approach outperforms the distance matrix variants. While the distance matrix methods fail to improve upon the original approach, our results are important because they clearly demonstrate that the improved predictive power is based on the topological comparisons. Meaning that phylogenetic trees are a straightforward, yet powerful way to improve functional site prediction accuracy. While complementary studies have shown that topology improves predictions of protein-protein interactions, this report represents the first demonstration that trees improve functional site predictions as well.
EXAFS Analysis of Size-Constrained Semiconducting Materials

Semiconducting materials such as CdSe, CdS, PbS and GaP are included in crystalline zeolite Y and mordenite and structurally flexible ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymer solid matrices. EXAFS analysis reveals formation of species with dimensions of molecular size up to ca. 13 A in the crystalline hosts, while the polymer matrices allow agglomeration of larger semiconducting particles. Zeolite anchored structures are distinctively different to small particles with bulk crystal structure as usually found in colloidal systems.
Nonlinear dipole rotation/oscillation in anisotropic lattices

We demonstrate forced rotation/oscillation of 2nd-band dipole gap solitons by an asymmetrically positioned square lattice. Emergence of vortex with topological charges seems to accompany the dynamical dipole evolution.
Kα x-ray imaging of laser-irradiated, limited-mass zirconium foils

X-ray fluorescence measurements to determine the effect of target heating on imaging efficiency, at a photon energy of 15.7 keV corresponding to the Kα line of zirconium, have been carried out using limited-mass foils irradiated by the Texas Petawatt Laser. Zirconium foils that ranged in volume from 3000 × 3000 × 21 μm3 to 150 × 150 × 6 μm3 were irradiated with 100 J, 8 ps-long pulses and a mean intensity of 4 × 1019 W/cm2. The Kα emission was measured simultaneously using a highly ordered pyrolytic graphite crystal spectrometer and a curved quartz imaging crystal. The measured ratio of the integrated image signal to the integrated spectral signal was, within the experimental error, constant, indicating that the imaging efficiency's dependence on temperature is weak throughout the probed range. Based on our experience of target heating under similar conditions, we estimate a temperature of ∼200 eV for the smallest targets. The successful imaging of Kα emission for temperatures this high represents an impo...
Development and investigation of flexible polymer neural probe for chronic neural recording

Neural recording through microelectrodes requires biocompatibility and long term chronic usage. With a potential for various applications and effort to improve the performance of neural recording probes, consideration is taken to the tissue and cellular effects in these device designs. The degeneration of neurons due to brain tissue motion is an issue along with brain tissue inflammation in the insertion of the probes. To account for motion and irritation the material structure of the probes must be improved upon. This research presents the fabrication of neural probes on the microscale utilizing flexible polymers. Polyimide neural probes have been considered possibly to reduce degradation in their variability caused by brain motion. The microfabrication of the polyimide neural probe has an increased flexibility while accounting for biocompatibility and the needs for chronic use. Through microfabrication processes a needle probe is produced and tested for neural recording.
Anxiety and Depression as Predictors of Recurrence in Geriatric Depression: A Preliminary Report

The authors studied elderly patients with major depression (MDD) who recovered after nortriptyline treatment to determine the relationship of affective symptoms at completion of continuation treatment to eventual MDD recurrence. Independent objective measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms were obtained before and after nortriptyline tapering. Univariate log-rank analysis demonstrated a trend for total post-discontinuation anxiety scores to predict time-to-recurrence in 12 subjects with complete data sets. Items assessing excessive worry and psychic tension (subjective anxiety) were significant predictors. No relationship was found between continuation-phase anxiety or depressive symptoms either immediately preceding or after discontinuation and course.
Polyelectrolyte Multilayers with Intrinsic Antimicrobial Functionality: The Importance of Mobile Polycations

Cationic contact-killing is an important strategy for creating antimicrobial surfaces that prevent viable bacteria attachment. Recent studies have shown that highly swollen, compliant surfaces resist bacterial attachment and a sufficient density of mobile cationic charge can effectively disrupt bacterial cell membranes. Polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs), a popular coating system for surface modification, have been used to kill bacteria through the incorporation of contact-killing or leaching biocides. In this work, we show that manipulation of multilayer assembly and postassembly conditions (e.g., pH) to expose mobile cationic charge can create antimicrobial PEMs without the addition of specific biocidal species. As a model system, we explored PEMs comprising poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) and poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (SPS) assembled at high pH and subsequently immersed in low pH solutions. This system undergoes a reversible pH-dependent swelling transition, and we demonstrate that antimicr...
The calculation of Stieltjes' integral

A method is proposed for the evaluation of integrals of the type $$\int\limits_0^1 {f^{(p)} (x)} g^{(q)} (x) dx$$ f( p ) (x)g( q ) (x)dx in terms of function values off(x) andg (x). The method is based on extrapolation and is very similar to Romberg Integration. Some of the properties of the method, including its ultimate convergence, are discussed.
ASEE’ s International Cooperation in Engineering Education

In recent years the American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE) has become very active in international cooperation in engineering education. Its international partners include corporate partnerships, a partnership with the World Bank Institute, and partnerships with international counterpart societies, such as the Japanese Society for Engineering Education (JSEE), the Korean Society for Engineering Education (KSEE), the European Society for Engineering Education (SEFI), and the Indian Society for Technical Education (ISTE). ASEE has also become active in many international activities, such as the ASEE Global Colloquia, the International Federation of Engineering Education Societies (IFEES), which includes Engineering for the Americas (EftA), the Indo-US Collaboration for Engineering Education (IUCEE), and the Global Engineering Deans Council (GEDC), the East Asia and Pacific Summer Institutes (EAPSI), and the International Association for Continuing Engineering Education (IACEE). All of these activities have facilitated ASEE’ s International Cooperation in Engineering Education over the past decade.
Eukaryotic mRNA 5′-Leader sequences have dual regions of complementarity to the 3′-terminus of 18s rRNA*

We have used a microcomputer program to test eukaryotic mRNA 5′-leader sequences for complementarity to the 3′-terminus of 18S rRNA. No mismatched bases, bulge loops, or viral mRNA's were utilized. At least one-fourth of the more than 200 mRNA's studied were found to have two distinct regions of complementarity which resulted in an ability to bind to two separate rRNA regions (GAAGG and UUUGG). The analysis of 60 mRNAs with these dual sites resulted in a consensus structure that was a mean distance of 11·75 bases 5′ from the initiator AUG and had an average predicted interstrand binding strength of G = −13·40 kcal. These characteristics compare favorably to those observed for the prokaryotic 16S rRNA-mRNA Shine and Dalgarno bond.
Vortex shedding from circular cylinders: Experimental data and a new model

Abstract Vortex-induced response of a spring-mounted circular cylinder was observed in the wind tunnel. Vertical displacement of cylinder and velocity fluctuations in the near wake were measured. The ‘lock-in’ or synchronization phenomenon, and its dependence on mechanical damping, were observed in detail. An analyical model with linear and nonlinear aerodynamic damping and linear parametric coupling was analyzed and compared with Experimental dta. with experimental data.
Biphasic Effects of FKBP12 on RyR1 Activity

The skeletal muscle Ca2+ release channel (RyR1) binds four molecules of the immunophilin FKBP12 (FK506 Binding Protein, 12kDa). The interaction of FKBP12 with RyR1 is thought to both stabilize a closed state of the channel and promote cooperative interactions among its four subunits. We find that a (80-90%) decrease in FKBP12 concentration in skeletal muscle slows diaphragm fatigue compared to wild-type diaphragms, but this fatigue resistance is lost if the muscle is treated with rapamycin, suggesting that the slowing of fatigue requires some bound FKBP, but is reversed by higher FKBP12 concentrations. Myotubes from FKBP12 deficient mice display smaller voltage gated Ca2+ transients and smaller fractional decreases in the transients with repetitive stimulation than wild-type or Cre+ myotubes. Treatment of myotubes from the FKBP12 deficient mice with rapamycin further decreases the Ca2+ transients. Over-expression of FKBP12 also decreases the Ca2+ transient. These findings suggest that FKBP12 has a biphasic effect on RyR1 activity: some FKBP12 is required for maximal voltage gated Ca2+ release, but full saturation of RyR1 sites decreases voltage gated release. This work was supported by grants from NIH (AR041802) and MDA to S.L.H.
Sphingosine-1-phosphate in allergic responses, asthma and anaphylaxis

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a bioactive sphingolipid metabolite involved in many cellular processes, acting not only as an extracellular ligand to its specific G protein-coupled receptors, but also as a putative intracellular messenger with yet unidentified targets. Mast cells are tissue-dwelling pivotal early effectors of allergic responses, which produce and secrete S1P that can bind to its receptors present on mast cells to influence their activation and functions. In this review, we will first discuss the current knowledge of S1P production by two isozymes of sphingosine kinase (SphK). Mechanisms of SphK activation will be discussed, with an emphasis on experimental approaches developed to study their differential activation and biological roles in the context of mast cells. The relevance of mast cells in the etiology of allergic disorders, asthma and anaphylaxis is well established. In this review, this concept will be revisited, focusing on the contribution of S1P production and secretion to the symptoms associated with dysregulated inflammatory responses. To conclude, counteracting the proinflammatory effects of S1P could be envisioned as a therapeutic strategy to treat allergic disorders, exacerbated airway inflammation, and anaphylactic reactions, and various options will be discussed, such as the development of pharmacological tools to inhibit SphKs, S1P neutralizing monoclonal antibody, and S1P receptor antagonists.
Staining Paraffin Sections with Protargol 5. Chloral Hydrate Mixtures, with and Without Formamide, for Fixing Peripheral Nerves

A series of experiments was directed toward finding a means of improving fixation of mammalian glandular tissue and peripheral nerves with chloral hydrate. Specimens from cat, dog, rat, guinea pig, and man were fixed in solutions of 5–15% chloral hydrate in ethyl, methyl, and propyl alcohols, both pure and diluted with varying amounts of water. Modifiers were added, including acids, alkalies, alkaloids, amines, formamide, pyridine, piperidine, and formalin. The sectioned material was stained by the 2-hour method (AgNO3-protargol) described previously (Davenport et al., 1939). The acidification of alcoholic chloral hydrate mixtures was deleterious to fixation but alkalinization was not. Among the modifiers, formamide was the one which showed definite improvement of fixation. A 10% solution of formamide alone in 50% ethyl alcohol gave good fixation and staining of peripheral nerve trunks, but addition of 5–7% chloral hydrate to this mixture improved staining. Treatment with 1% ammoniated alcohol after fixat...
Summary results of the ACR experience with an in-training examination for residents in radiation oncology

In 1984, the American College of Radiology administered its first in-training examination to residents in radiation oncology. This paper provides a summary of the overall results of the first 4 years of experience with this evaluatory instrument.