cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparative effectiveness research would contribute more to ethical policy making if cost were considered

Ethical medical decision making would be enhanced if recommendations for guidelines and best practices were based on comparative cost effectiveness, which uses the results of comparative effectiveness research to inform cost effectiveness analyses.
Looks can be deceiving: recent insights into the mechanism of protein secretion by the autotransporter pathway

Autotransporters are a large superfamily of cell surface proteins produced by Gram-negative bacteria that consist of an N-terminal extracellular domain ('passenger domain') and a C-terminal β-barrel domain that resides in the outer membrane (OM). Although it was originally proposed that the passenger domain is translocated across the OM through a channel formed exclusively by the covalently linked β-barrel domain, this idea has been strongly challenged by a variety of observations. Recent experimental results have suggested a new model in which both the translocation of the passenger domain and the membrane integration of the β-barrel domain are facilitated by the Bam complex, a highly conserved heteroligomer that plays a general role in OM protein assembly. Other factors, including periplasmic chaperones and inner membrane proteins, have also recently been implicated in the biogenesis of at least some members of the autotransporter superfamily. New results have raised intriguing questions about the energetics of the secretion reaction and the relationship between the assembly of autotransporters and the assembly of other classes of OM proteins. Concomitantly, new mechanistic and structural insights have expanded the utility of the autotransporter pathway for the surface display of heterologous peptides and proteins of interest.
An Evaluation of Intelligent Reading Tutors

Reading comprehension is a very important life skill, yet millions of Americans are functionally illiterate. Technology can help, but most computer-based training programs for reading skills fall short in their ability to provide self-paced, individualized learning. The Navy funded three innovative intelligent tutors that were developed based on well-recognized cognitive models of reading and learning. In addition, these tutors provide tools for customization of content. This paper reports a large-scale study of these tutors that demonstrates their teaching effectiveness when used individually and in combination. Of particular note is an ordering of the tutors that led to a skill gain of 1.1 grade levels.
Stress hormones and brain aging: adding injury to insult?

Glucocorticoids are known to promote the death of neurons in a variety of experimental systems. A new study suggests that they may also contribute to hippocampal atrophy during normal human aging.
The syntheses and crystal structures of [PPh4] [In (SePh) 4] and [PPh4] [In(SePh)3(SeH)]

Abstract The reaction of InCl3 with NaSePh in ethanol followed by addition of PPh4C1 affords tetraphenylphosphonium tetra (benzeneselenolato)indium(III), [PPh4][In(SePh)4] (1). Reaction of the [In(SePh4)]-reaction mixture with NaBH4 and elemental sulfur followed by the addition of PPh4Cl yields tetraphenylphosphonium tri(benzeneselenolato)(hydroselenido)indium(III), [PPh4][In(SePh)3(SeH)] (2). The structures of 1 and 2, as determined from single-crystal X-ray data, feature well-separated cations and anions with the In(III) centers of the anions tetrahedrally coordinated to four [SePh]− ligands or three [SePh]− ligands and one [SeH]− ligand, respectively.
ECH control system for new 1 MW 110 GHz gyrotrons at DIII-D

Two new Varian 1 MW 110 GHz gyrotrons are currently being developed and are due to be tested at General Atomics next year. A new cost-effective gyrotron control system to operate multiple gyrotrons simultaneously is being developed. Different systems and combinations that were considered include CAMAC, PLC, VXIbus, and a local computer. This paper will explain the decision making processes used in choosing and implementing the new control system architecture.
Is the University Universal? Mobile (Re)Constitutions of American Academia in the Gulf Arab States

Through ethnographic examples of students' engagement with American universities in the United Arab Emirates and Qatar, I argue that branch campuses have a particularly important relationship with emerging forms of racial consciousness, identity, and politicization among students, both citizen and foreign resident. This entry point is one that deliberately foregrounds the parochialism of an American perspective on the future of the academy as part of a broader project of postcolonial and transnational engagement with this new knowledge economy.
Opioids, pain, the brain, and hyperkatifeia: a framework for the rational use of opioids for pain.

Objective Opioids have relieved more human suffering than any other medication, but their use is still fraught with significant concerns of misuse, abuse, and addiction. This theoretical article explores the hypothesis that opioid misuse in the context of pain management produces a hypersensitivity to emotional distress, termed hyperkatifeia.
The Power of Cross‐Cultural Metadiscourse

Jonathan D. Hill. Keepers of the Sacred Chants: The Poetics of Ritual Power in an Amazonian Society. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1993. xix. 245 pp.
Can statistical modeling help with data mining? A database marketing application for U.S. hotels.

Abstract This article focuses on how statistical modeling can be applied in data mining to support database-marketing projects in hospitality and tourism. It illustrates the potential contribution of customer profiling in market segmentation and new customer prospect identification. The research study investigated the effects of demographic, socioeconomic, psy-chographic, purchase and credit behavior characteristics on customers' hotel usage propensity. Using logistic regression analysis, three models were developed showing customer propensities for general hotel use, frequent hotel use, and spending levels at hotels.
Under-utilization of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillators in Patients with heart Failure - The Current State of Sudden Cardiac Death Prophylaxis

Abstract Background Despite ACC/AHA guidelines indicating implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) as class I therapy for primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with EF≤35%, ICD utilization rates in real world practice have been low. Objective To determine the rate of ICD implantation at a tertiary care academic center and to assess the reasons for under-utilization of the same. Methods Review of a prospectively collected database which included all patients diagnosed with an EF≤35% was performed to assess the rate of ICD implantation and mortality. Reasons for non-implantation of ICD were then assessed from detailed chart review. Results A total of 707 patients (age 69.4 ± 14.1 years) with mean EF of 26±7% were analyzed. Only 28% (200/707) of patients had ICDs implanted. Mortality was lower in the group with ICD (25% vs 37%, p=0.004). When patients who either died or were lost to follow-up prior to 2005 were excluded, ICD utilization rate was still low at 37.6%. The most common reason for non-implantation of ICD was physicians not discussing this option with their patients. Patient refusal was the second most common reason. Conclusions ICD Implantation rates for primary prevention of SCD in patients with EF≤35% is low. Physician and patient education should be addressed to improve the utilization rates.
How Effective are Groupon Promotions for Businesses

Although social promotions, especially Groupon promotions, have been wildly popular with consumers, it is unclear how businesses fare upon running such promotions. In a survey-based study of 150 businesses that ran and completed Groupon promotions between June 2009 and August 2010, we find that the promotion was profitable for 66% and unprofitable for 32% of respondents. When compared to businesses with profitable Groupon promotions, those with unprofitable promotions reported significantly lower rates of both spending by Groupon users beyond its face value (25% vs. 50%) and return rates to purchase from the business again at full prices (13% vs. 31%). There was disillusionment with the extreme price sensitive nature and transactional orientation of consumers using these promotions among many respondents. Surprisingly, rather than features of the promotion or its effects, employee satisfaction is found to be the primary driver of the promotion’s profitability. We also analyzed the predictors of number of Groupons sold and whether the business would run another social promotion in the future. Based on these findings, suggestions to modify social promotion offers are provided to better balance consumer appeal with positive outcomes for the small businesses offering them.
Project GreenLight: Optimizing Cyber-infrastructure for a Carbon-Constrained World

Even with a variety of aggressive energy efficiency measures, the ICT sector's carbon emissions will nearly triple from 2002 to 2020. We must accelerate ICT energy efficiency so that we can increase the use of ICT in smart infrastructure capable of reducing global greenhouse gas emissions.
“Indelible impressions”: Gender and language in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein

(1998). “Indelible impressions”: Gender and language in Mary Shelley's Frankenstein. Women's Studies: Vol. 27, No. 6, pp. 547-580.
An improved direct viable count for the enumeration of bacteria in milk.

Abstract The direct viable count (DVC), a microscopic method for the enumeration of viable bacteria, was modified by replacing nalidixic acid with ciprofloxacin. This modification made it possible to apply this method to a variety of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria which was not previously possible. Of the four antibiotics tested (nalidixic acid, novobiocin, ciprofloxacin and mitomycin C), ciproofloxacin and mitomycin C were the only ones effective for use in the DVC with all of the bacteria tested. In addition, ciprofloxacin could be used at a single concenration (1 μg/ml) while adjustments were necessary with the other antibiotics when examining bacteria from different genera and, in some instances, from different species. The use of ciprofloxacin in the DVC resulted in viable cells that had elongated by 5–11 times their original length. We conclude that the modified DVC will be useful in growth and survival studies of bacterial pathogens and spoilage organisms in milk and other foods
The disarrayed mutation results in cell cycle and neurogenesis defects during retinal development in zebrafish

Background The vertebrate retina is derived from proliferative neuroepithelial cells of the optic cup. During retinal development, cell proliferation and the processes of cell cycle exit and neurogenesis are coordinated in neuroepithelial progenitor cells. Previous studies have demonstrated reciprocal influences between the cell cycle and neurogenesis. However the specific mechanisms and exact relationships of cell cycle regulation and neurogenesis in the vertebrate retina remain largely unknown.
Energy Use for Continuous Thermal Processing of Milk

Energy use in a direct heat/vacuum cooling system was evaluated and compared to an indirect unit during start-up, sterilization, and milk processing. Product flow rates were 606-1325 L/hr. Process temperatures were 138 and 149°C. Energy for start-up was 1.7 to 2.9 x 105 kJ for the direct; 0.9 to 1.4 x 105 kJ, indirect. Energy for 30 min sterilization was 4.0 to 5.6 x 105 kJ for direct; 2.3 to 3.7 x 105 kJ, indirect. Product processing energy was 357.9-436.8 kJ/kg for indirect; 547.8-697.6 kJ/kg direct. Greater heat recovery potential and fewer pumps made the indirect system less energy intensive. Methods of energy conservation are suggested.
Conditional and unconditional estimators of population size

Estimators for the population sizes of animal species are similar to Horvitz-Thompson estimators — they involve dividing counts of detected animals by the probabilities of detection. Knowing detection probabilities for different subpopulations allows one to estimate each sub-population size with such an estimator, and to add the results for an estimator of the total population. In the case where the proportions of animals belonging to the different sub-populations are also known, this paper shows that using those proportions to arrive at a common average detection probability will, when used in conjunction with the total number of animals detected, result in a better estimator. We provide two examples where the inferior estimator may seem sensible.
The classification of newborn infants by birth weight and gestational age.

The recognition that low-birth-weight infants do not represent a homogeneous group revived interest in the gestational age as an important adjunct to birth weight in the classification of newborn infants. This paper discusses the problems generated by the joint classification of births by means of the birth weight and gestational age. An attempt is made to formulate the objectives and purposes of such a classification. Certain classification systems currently in use, such as the percentile curves of Lubchenco and the "minus two score" of Gruenwald, are discussed. A scheme for classifying births in five groups is suggested.
Imaging findings, prevalence and outcome of de novo and secondary malignant fibrous histiocytoma of bone

To evaluate the radiographic and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging features of primary and secondary malignant fibrous histiocytoma in bone and determine the demographics, prevalence and outcome of patients with this tumor. A retrospective search of files from two institutions identified 28 patients with malignant fibrous histiocytoma (MFH) of bone. Microscope slides were reviewed to confirm diagnosis and identify any pre-existing lesions. Medical records were reviewed with respect to patients’ demographic characteristics and outcomes. Radiographic features demonstrated an aggressive osteolytic lesion with a permeative pattern of bone destruction. Periosteal reaction was seen in three of 13 lesions. T1-weighted images (T1WIs) demonstrated signal intensity iso- to slightly hyperintense to muscle. T2-weighted images (T2WIs) demonstrated mildly higher signal intensity than that of muscle. The 5-year survival rate was 53%. The tumor arose secondarily in pre-existing lesions in 43% of patients. Metastases occurred in 46% of patients during the course of the disease, with pulmonary and osseous metastases being the most common. Secondary MFH of bone was slightly less common than primary MFH and had a prognosis similar to that of primary MFH of bone. MR imaging showed variable and somewhat unusual low to intermediate T2 signal characteristics for a radiographically malignant osteolytic lesion.
Critical exponents by the scaling-field method: The isotropic N -vector model in three dimensions

A numerical technique, termed the scaling-field method, is developed for solving by successive approximation Wilson's exact renormalization-group equation for critical phenomena in three-dimensional spin systems. The approach uses the scaling-field representation of the Wilson equation derived by Riedel, Golner, and Newman. A procedure is proposed for generating in a nonperturbative and unbiased fashion sequences of successively larger truncations to the infinite hierarchy of scaling-field equations. A "principle of balance" is introduced and used to provide a self-consistency criterion. The approach is then applied to the isotropic $N$-vector model. Truncations to order 13 (10, when $N=1$) scaling-field equations yield the leading critical exponents, $\ensuremath{\nu}$ and $\ensuremath{\eta}$, and several of the correction-to-scaling exponents, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{m}$, to high precision. Results for $N=0, 1, 2, \mathrm{and} 3$ are tabulated. For the Ising case ($N=1$), the estimates $\ensuremath{\nu}=0.626\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.009$, $\ensuremath{\eta}=0.040\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.007$, and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}\ensuremath{\equiv}{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{400}=0.54\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.05$ are in good agreement with recent high-temperature-series results, though exhibiting larger confidence limits at the present level of approximation. For the first time, estimates are obtained for the second and third correction-to-scaling exponents. For example, for the Ising model the second "even" and first "odd" correction-to-scaling exponents are ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{422}=1.67\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.11$ and ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{500}=1.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3$, respectively. Extensions necessary to improve the accuracy of the calculation are discussed, while applications of the approach to anisotropic $N$-vector models are described elsewhere. Finally, the scaling-field method is compared with other techniques for the high-precision calculation of critical phenomena in three dimensions, i.e., high-temperature-series, Monte Carlo renormalization-group, and field-theoretic perturbation expansions.
Inverted follicular keratosis

Inverted follicular keratosis, a benign tumor of the skin believed to arise from the infundibular portion of the hair follicle that can involve perioral skin, has a unique histologic picture. It can be confused with forms of skin cancer; with knowledge of this entity, oral and maxillofacial surgeons may be able to avoid unnecessary surgery. The clinical and microscopic findings of 12 cases of inverted follicular keratosis are reported.
Requirement for Geranylgeranyl Transferase I and Acyl Transferase in the TGF-β-Stimulated Pathway Leading to Elastin mRNA Stabilization

Abstract The TGF-βs are multipotent in their biological activity, modulating cell growth and differentiation as well as extracellular matrix deposition and degradation. Most of these activities involve modulation of gene transcription. However, TGF-β1 has been shown previously to substantially increase the expression of elastin by stabilization of tropoelastin mRNA through a signaling pathway which involves a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase and a protein kinase C. The present results, through the use of specific inhibitors of geranylgeranyl transferase I, farnesyl transferase, and acyl transferase, demonstrate that geranylgeranylated and acylated, but not farnesyslated protein(s) is required for this TGF-β1 effect. In addition, the general tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein completely blocked this TGF-β1 effect. The results suggest that the TGF-β1 signaling pathway requires not only receptor ser/thr kinase activity, but also tyrosine kinase and small GTPase activities.
Highly fluorinated tetrazanes and other polynitrogen compounds

Abstract Highly fluorinated tetrazanes and cyclic, polycyclic and acyclic high nitrogen compounds are thermally and hydrolytically stable and, in general, shock insensitive materials. They are slightly volatile, colorless liquids which are only very slightly soluble in most solvents. Their synthetic routes are straighfforward but, as is typical of the chemistry of compounds which contain fluorine, there is always sufficient of the unexpected to tweak the imagination.
The new BNL high-energy gamma-ray spectrometers

Abstract The new plastic-shielded NaI gamma-ray spectrometers (BNL-MK II and MK III) have been developed for the detection of photons between 5 and 50 MeV. Both spectrometers are capable of operating stably and reliably at extremely high counting rates (over 1 MHz above 1 MeV). The superior resolution and line shape of the MK III detector represents a remarkable improvement in response, achieving 2.18 ± 0.05% fwtm and 6.44 ± 0.12% fwtm at 22 MeV. This is due to a large number of factors, the two most important being a new technique for grading the reflective surfaces of the NaI(Tl) crystal, and segmentation of the plastic anticoincidence shield. The design, construction, and response of these detectors are discussed in detail.
Stabilization of prompt gamma-ray neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) spectra from NaI detectors

Abstract NaI detectors are still used frequently in industrial Prompt Gamma-Ray Neutron Activation Analysis applications such as in bulk material analysis. They have the advantages of being efficient for high-energy gamma rays, being relatively rugged, and being able to be used without cooling. When using NaI detectors, and consequently photomultiplier tubes, the quality of the data can drastically deteriorate through gain and zero shifts that result in spectral smearing due to temperature and/or counting rate changes. A new offline approach is presented to stabilize the NaI spectral drift. The approach is not sensitive to the cause of the drift and takes into account the NaI and ADC non-linearities. Peak resolution is improved substantially when this approach is used in the presence of spectral drift.
Eikonal approximation for forward and backward scattering

Abstract Elastic scattering in the presence of direct plus space-exchange potentials leads to differential cross-sections which are both forward- and backward-peaked. By expanding about the forward and backward directions simultaneously, one can derive exactly soluble coupled integral equations for the forward- and backward-scattering amplitudes.
One-sided approximation by entire functions

Let f : R → R have an nth derivative of finite variation Vf(n) and a locally absolutely continuous (n - 1)st derivative. Denote by E± (δ, f)p the error of onesided approximation of f(from above and below, respectively) by entire functions of exponential type δ > 0 in Lp(R)-norm. For 1 ≤p≤ ∞ we show the estimate E±(δ f)p ≤ Cn1-1/p π1/pVf(n) δ-n-1/p, with constants Cn > 0.
On the genus Dinobothrium van Beneden (Cestoda), with a description of two new species from sharks, and a note on Monorygma sp. from the electric ray.

A new species of the giant phyllobothriid genus Dinobothrium (D. keilini n.sp.) is described from the blue shark (Carcharinus glaucus); it is compared with D. planum Linton, found for the first time from British waters, in the basking shark (Cetorhinus maximus), and the structure of both is discussed in relation to that of the genotype, D. septaria van Beneden. A fourth species, D. paciferum n.sp., also from the basking shark, is described, and though only a tenth the size of the other species, it shares most of their diagnostic scolex characters. It has eight true suckers above the four pendent bothria: in D. planum there are four true suckers and four pseudo-suckers, while in D. keilini there are only four true suckers, and D. septaria is said to have four pseudo-suckers alone. The nomenclature of the older species is revised, and the genus redefined.Attention is directed to the adaptations in these large cestodes which facilitate interchange with the substratum: the development of lateral furrows through which the main excretory canals open to the exterior. There is also a ventral furrow, which in the nascent segments is an open cleft: this accommodates the growing uterus and permits a protracted gravid phase of the proglottides in situ. The effect is of five longitudinal hinges, which allow of considerable lateral expansion of the thick-walled strobilus. The smaller D. paciferum lacks these modifications, and the cylindrical segments are apparently detached in the gravid state. An explanation is offered for the conflicting accounts of the lateral extent of the vitellaria in this genus: there is a lateral contraction of the ventral vitelline reticulum as the ovarian phase waxes. In D. paciferum the vitellaria completely encircle the proglottis at the inception of the ovarian phase.Notes are given on the selachian hosts examined, their food and the other parasites present. The relationships of Dinobothrium to other phyllobothriid genera and to Tetrabothrius are discussed.In one electric ray, Torpedo nobiliana, a single immature strobilus of another kind of phyllobothriid was found; it is probably a new species of Monorygma, though it has slight resemblances to Calyptrobothrium—a genus characteristic of electric rays. The boat-shaped bothria are held at an angle from the scolex by contractile buttress-like wings, and at their proximal end there is a relatively large and complex sucker. Affinities with related genera are discussed and the nomenclature of Monorygma angusta (Linton) is emended.
Gonadal involvement in sexual size dimorphism in the African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus)

Sexual size dimorphism was investigated in the African bullfrog (Pyxicephalus adspersus), a species in which adult males are about 2.5 times larger than females. Growth profile analysis revealed that males and females begin to diverge in growth rates at 4 weeks postmetamorphosis, concurrent with the appearance of differentiated gonads. At the end of 300 days, males were about 75% heavier and 20% longer than females (females remained previtellogenic). The difference was attributable primarily to an extended period of accelerated linear growth in males between days 166 and 195, and an extended period of accelerated weight gain between days 139 and 166. Surgical gonadectomy did not affect growth in males or females. Reduced plasma steroid levels, failure to show steroid response to GnRH injection, and abolishment of male agonistic behaviors confirmed the completeness of gonadectomy. In addition, there was no correlation between plasma steroid hormones and size or growth rate. The current study suggests that gonadal hormones may not play an “activational” role in establishing sexually dimorphic growth patterns. Sexual size dimorphism may be due to either “organizational” hormonal effects or genetic control of growth patterns. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Gene Duplication and the Properties of Biological Networks

Patterns of network connection of members of multigene families were examined for two biological networks: a genetic network from the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a protein–protein interaction network from Caenorhabditis elegans. In both networks, genes belonging to gene families represented by a single member in the genome (“singletons”) were disproportionately represented among the nodes having large numbers of connections. Of 68 single-member yeast families with 25 or more network connections, 28 (44.4%) were located in duplicated genomic segments believed to have originated from an ancient polyploidization event; thus, each of these 28 loci was thus presumably duplicated along with the genomic segment to which it belongs, but one of the two duplicates has subsequently been deleted. Nodes connected to major “hubs” with a large number of connections, tended to be relatively sparsely interconnected among themselves. Furthermore, duplicated genes, even those arising from recent duplication, rarely shared many network connections, suggesting that network connections are remarkably labile over evolutionary time. These factors serve to explain well-known general properties of biological networks, including their scale-free and modular nature.
Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate Is Lower in Copper Deficient Rat Cerebellum Despite Higher Content of Phosphorylated AMP-Activated Protein Kinase:

Limitation in copper (Cu) leads to pathophysiology in developing brain. Cu deficiency impairs brain mitochondria and results in high brain lactate suggesting augmented anaerobic glycolysis. AMP activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a cellular energy "master-switch" that is thought to augment glycolysis through phosphorylation and activation phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2) resulting in increases of the glycolytic stimulator fructose-2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP). Previously, Cu deficiency has been shown to augment cerebellar AMPK activation. Cerebella of Cu-adequate (Cu+) and Cu-deficient (Cu-) rat pups were assessed to evaluate if AMPK activation in Cu- cerebella functioned to enhance PFK2 activation and increase F2,BP concentration. Higher levels of pAMPK were detected in Cu- cerebella. However, PFK2 activity, mRNA, and protein abundance were not affected by Cu deficiency. Surprisingly, F2,6BP levels were markedly lower in Cu- cerebella. Lower F2,6BP may be due to inhibition of PFK2 by citrate, as citrate concentration was significantly higher in Cu- cerebella. Data suggest AMPK activation in Cu- cerebellum does not augment glycolysis through a PFK2 mechanism. Furthermore, other metabolite data suggest that glycolysis may actually be blunted, since levels of glucose and glucose-6-phosphate were higher in Cu- cerebella than controls.
Fundamentals for establishing and maintaining an academic centre for global surgery: the University of Utah experience

Abstract Background Although departments of surgery and surgical specialties are well established components of all medical schools, these departments generally focus on the teaching of technical aspects of surgery and clinical and basic science aspects of perioperative care. Few departments have dedicated resources to the study of surgical systems or ecosystems within health care as a whole. The Center for Global Surgery at the University of Utah was founded on the mission to develop the next generation of global surgical and anaesthesia leaders able to design innovative, affordable surgical care, locally and abroad, that is accessible to all through education, research, development, and advocacy. Methods The following were established as priorities: overcoming misconceptions about the scope of global surgery and its potential as an academic endeavour; improving public and academic awareness of disparities in surgical care as a public health problem; advocating for improved access for underserved populations worldwide; and extending expertise in global surgery by training undergraduate students, graduate students, medical students, residents, fellows, and faculty in research methods pertinent to the field. Findings Initially approved as a programme within the Department of Surgery in 2009, the Center for Global Surgery has grown to include participation of other departments within the health sciences programmes (anaesthesia, ophthalmology, orthopaedics, family practice, preventive medicine, and telehealth) and the main campus (engineering and anthropology) to serve a broad community within the University of Utah and worldwide. The centre provides a forum for collaboration and intersection of many disciplines that affect surgical care. Since its inception, the centre has supported engagement in advocacy at the World Health Assembly; education, including courses in global surgery; the University of Utah's Extreme Affordability Conferences; and international collaborative research. Interpretation Global surgery is now recognised in foundational surgical textbooks and publications on disease control priorities. Similar academic programmes in global surgery could benefit universities at many levels and should be integrated into dynamic and robust health education. Funding University of Utah School Department of Surgery, Adele Parkinson Endowment.
Performing Reconciliation: Transnational Advocacy in Rwanda

In June 2010, I traveled to Kigali, Rwanda with a group of academics, community theatre professionals, performance artists, students, and genocide scholars from the U.S., Afghanistan, Mexico, Singapore, Belarus, Uganda, and Rwanda. While in Kigali we went to various genocide memorials and historical sites, toured a national prison, and spoke with political and academic experts from the region about such complex topics as the politics of witness and testimony, processes of reconciliation, (inter-)national recovery, and local (if any socio-political issue can be said to be limited thusly anymore) and transnational memory. The summer program hails such well-known alumna as Lynn Nottage, who on the same trip began writing her recent Pulitzer Prize-winning play Ruined, which explores the latent effects of sexual violence in the Congo.
Hairy cell leukemia. An immunologic and ultrastructural study

A case of hairy cell leukemia in a 39-year-old man is reported. Hairy cells from the peripheral blood, spleen, and bone marrow had lambda-type immuno-globulin on their surfaces; those from the peripheral blood and bone marrow also had IgD on their cell membranes. Frozen sections of spleen reacted with IgGEA, but not IgMEA or IgMEAC markers. Transmission-electron microscopy revealed ribosome-lamella complexes in cells from the spleen, but not the peripheral blood. Scanning electron microscopy demonstrated a spectrum of cell surface morphology with many cells characterized by ridges and ruffles. The significance of these findings is considered and it is suggested that the hairy cell is a B lymphocyte.
Environmental clustering of lakes to evaluate performance of a macrophyte index of biotic integrity

Abstract Proper classification of sites is critical for the use of biological indices that can distinguish between natural and human-induced variation in biological response. The macrophyte-based index of biotic integrity was developed to assess the condition of Minnesota lakes in relation to anthropogenic stressors, but macrophyte community composition varies naturally across the state. The goal of the study was to identify environmental characteristics that naturally influence macrophyte index response and establish a preliminary lake classification scheme for biological assessment (bioassessment). Using a comprehensive set of environmental variables, we identified similar groups of lakes by clustering using flexible beta classification. Variance partitioning analysis of IBI response indicated that evaluating similar lake clusters could improve the ability of the macrophyte index to identify community change to anthropogenic stressors, although lake groups did not fully account for the natural variation in macrophyte composition. Diagnostic capabilities of the index could be improved when evaluating lakes with similar environmental characteristics, suggesting the index has potential for accurate bioassessment provided comparable groups of lakes are evaluated.
Organelle formation in the presence of a protease inhibitor.

Abstract Light-dependent chlorophyll formation and growth of Euglena is blocked by the protease inhibitor phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride (PMSF). Inhibition of chlorophyll formation can be completely relieved by addition of ammonium phosphate, and to a limited extent by some amino acids. Growth is not resumed upon addition of nitrogen sources. PMSF inhibits protease activity from Euglena extracts. It is proposed that light stimulates a protease dependent break-down of protein to supply nitrogen for organelle biosyntheses.
Is the preference of natural versus man-made scenes driven by bottom-up processing of the visual features of nature?

Previous research has shown that viewing images of nature scenes can have a beneficial effect on memory, attention and mood. In this study we aimed to determine whether the preference of natural versus man-made scenes is driven by bottom-up processing of the low-level visual features of nature. We used participants’ ratings of perceived naturalness as well as aesthetic preference for 307 images with varied natural and urban content. We then quantified ten low-level image features for each image (a combination of spatial and color properties). These features were used to predict aesthetic preference in the images, as well as to decompose perceived naturalness to its predictable (modelled by the low-level visual features) and non-modelled aspects. Interactions of these separate aspects of naturalness with the time it took to make a preference judgment showed that naturalness based on low-level features related more to preference when the judgment was faster (bottom-up). On the other hand perceived naturalness that was not modelled by low-level features was related more to preference when the judgment was slower. A quadratic discriminant classification analysis showed how relevant each aspect of naturalness (modelled and non-modelled) was to predicting preference ratings, as well as the image features on their own. Finally, we compared the effect of color-related and structure-related modelled naturalness, and the remaining unmodelled naturalness in predicting aesthetic preference. In summary bottom-up (color and spatial) properties of natural images captured by our features and the non-modelled naturalness are important to aesthetic judgments of natural and man-made scenes, with each predicting unique variance.
Near-surface and bulk deep trap states in AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs

We have measured the field-effect deep-level transient spectra of AlxGa1-xAs/GaAs (where x=0.385) at different reverse-bias fields to probe the near-surface deep trap and bulk deep trap states. In the temperature range 77 to 380 K and for a reverse-bias field -1 to -5 V/cm, four major deep traps were identified. The results of our investigation indicate a distinct effect on the deep-level spectra. Three of the deep trap states E1, E2 and E3 showed definite peak enhancement with the applied reverse-bias field and were identified as bulk deep trap states. The fourth deep trap state E4 was a very weak deep trap state and it showed a decrease of the peak height with the applied reverse-bias field. It was labeled as a near-surface deep trap state.
Decision-Based Conceptual Design: Modeling and Navigating Heterogeneous Design Spaces

Information gathering and refinement are critical activities in conceptual design. A decision-based framework is developed consisting of three main components: a flexible, extensible design space model based on a Gaussiankernel which synthesizes information from design instances; expected value decision-making which focuses the design process on the most promising subspaces within this model; and information value theory which identifies uncertainty in the design evaluation whose reduction could redirect the design process. Together, these components form a normative method for conceptual design around a key process-the co-evolution of a design and the evaluation model used to quantify its value. Formalizing conceptual design toward reducing arbitrary design decisions and focusing attention on the most critical design concerns holds the potential to substantially improve both the process and product of design. The proposed methodology is demonstrated through an example in the domain of electric motor selection.
Appetite for information in the hobby of cooking

This project examines the role that information plays in the hobby of gourmet cooking in the United States. While still in the groundwork stages of what will be an extended investigation, the ultimate aim is to address the question: How does information play a role in cooking, and ultimately, in the everyday pleasures of life? As a first step, a pilot study will be conducted in summer 2002 to establish defining characteristics of hobbyist cooks in terms of general behaviors, with attention to their information use. This will be followed by interviews with 15-20 cooks over the course of the next year. The inquiry is innovative due to its: (1) commitment to view information as it is submerged in an enjoyable aspect of day-to-day life; (2) consideration of text and non-traditional information sources such as human relationships and hands-on experiences; and (3) interdisciplinary approach that borrows models from other social sciences.
Ischemic preconditioning prior to aortic cross-clamping protects high-energy phosphate levels, glucose uptake, and myocyte contractility.

Abstract Background. We hypothesized that indices of myocyte contractility and metabolism could be preserved with ischemic preconditioning in a model of reversible ischemia similar to that occurring during routine cardiac surgery. Regional measures of metabolism and function have not been studied in conjunction with individual myocyte function during postischemic recovery of preconditioned myocardium. Patients and methods. In 16 dogs, myocardium supplied by the left anterior descending artery (LAD) was preconditioned with intermittent LAD ischemia and reperfusion. Following preconditioning, the heart was made globally ischemic for 20 min at normothermia by aortic cross-clamping while on cardiopulmonary bypass. In 10 animals, serial measurements of LAD and remote region adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, glucose uptake, and wall thickening were obtained with full-thickness drill biopsies, positron emission tomography (PET), and 2-D echocardiography, respectively. In the remaining 6 animals, cardiac myocytes were isolated after 1 h of reperfusion for measurement of myocyte contractility and intracellular calcium transients. Results. ATP levels were higher in the preconditioned LAD region than in the remote region at end of ischemia (3.17 ± 0.33 nmol/mg vs 2.59 ± 0.30 nmol/mg, P = 0.006). Similarly, preconditioned region glucose uptake was 40% higher than remote region glucose uptake at 2 days postischemia (0.35 ± 0.06 μmol/min/g vs 0.25 ± 0.05 μmol/min/g, P = 0.019). There were no differences in regional wall thickening as measured by 2-D echo either immediately following ischemia or at 2 days. Individual myocyte contractile response to increasing concentrations of extracellular calcium was preserved in cells from preconditioned myocardium, but it was severely depressed in remote region myocytes. Conclusions. We conclude that regional ischemic preconditioning prior to prolonged ischemia protects myocardial glucose uptake and myocyte contractile function. The beneficial effects on glucose metabolism suggest that preconditioning may have sustained protective effects on cell metabolism.
A taxonomy of players and activities across the ERP project life cycle

An important problem in probabilistic description is to understand who are the key players, which activities associated with enterprise system implementations are important, and when their effect is most prevalent across the IT development stages. Using an information theory approach, we analyze the fit between their importance, as noted in the current literature, and the experiences reported by a cross-section of 116 organizations that completed an enterprise system implementation experience. Our results suggest that the early literature- and case-based research on enterprise systems does not take into account the importance of several key variables. These findings provide guidance to managers on how best to utilize their limited resources by employing such factors at the stage in the project's life cycle when they will have the greatest impact.
Are Gulf landfalling hurricanes getting stronger

Recent predictions of increased hurricane activity in the Atlantic basin, as well as explosive coastal population growth, have prompted a study of the trends in quantity and intensity of U.S. landfalling hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico. Gulf of Mexico hurricane landfalls from Cape Sable, Florida, to Brownsville, Texas, are binned by decade from 1886 to 1995 to determine whether gulf hurricane landfalls are becoming more or less frequent. From these bins, subsets of intense hurricanes (sustained winds of 96 kt or more) per decade are also made. The results show that there is no sign of an increase of hurricane frequency or intensity in the Gulf of Mexico at this time.
A socio-technical systems approach to studying interruptions: understanding the interrupter's perspective.

The purpose of this study was to understand the cognitive processes underlying nurses' decision to interrupt other nurses. The Institute of Medicine (2000) reported that interruptions are likely contributors to medical errors. Unfortunately, the research to date has been quite homogenous, focusing only on the healthcare provider being interrupted, ignoring the true complexities of interruptions. This study took a socio-technical approach being the first to examine interruptions from the viewpoint of the interrupting nurse. Over 15 h of observations and 10 open-ended interviews with expert nurses in a Neuroscience Surgical Intensive Care Unit were conducted. It was found that nurses conduct a quick cost-benefit assessment to determine the interruptibility of other nurses and whether an interruption is value-added vs. non-value added. To complete the assessment, nurses consider several conditional factors related to the interruptee, the interrupter, and the nature of the interruption content, and different potential consequences of the interruption.
Landscape design, planning, and management: An approach to the analysis of vegetation

The process of analyzing vegetation in terms of its suitability for various non-consumptive uses is primitive in comparison with systems for evaluating other resources such as soil and topography. This paper proposes a framework for developing a standardized, quantitative vegetation analysis system based on plant ecology methods. A tentative scheme under study in Wisconsin is presented for discussion purposes.
Approximation and interpolation by convexity-preserving rational splines

A discussion and algorithm for combined interpolation and approximation by convexity-preserving rational splines is given.
Special Section Guest Editorial: Infrared Systems

Infrared sensing technology has come a long way since Hershel made the unexpected discovery in 1800 that radiation at wavelengths beyond the visible spectrum were measurable by his rudimentary bolometer instrument. The tremendous advancements in this technology have been propelled heavily through defense research and development, aimed at providing important night vision and target detection capabilities for surveillance, reconnaissance, targeting, and threat warning systems. The maturation of the underlying infrared sensing technology, specifically infrared optics and focal plane arrays, has not only enhanced the system capabilities for these missions, but has also resulted in the proliferation of infrared systems into a more diverse set of air, land, sea, and space-based platforms. Furthermore, infrared sensing has become more affordable through the advent of uncooled and high-operating-temperature focal plane arrays, which has opened up civilian and commercial applications such as thermography, law enforcement, fire and security, weather monitoring, transportation, and spectroscopy.
Particle adsorption on finite-width square terraces in stepped surfaces

Abstract The preferential adsorption on the steps of finite-width terraces is modeled by allowing lattice–adsorbate interaction at the edges (or steps) of the terrace to be different from that in the bulk. As in our previous studies, the system is at sufficiently low temperature, and at thermodynamic equilibrium. However, no a priori assumptions are made as to whether forces are attractive or repulsive, or as to their relative strength. The occupational characteristics of all the phases are found to fit exact analytic expressions in the width M of the terrace. Many numerical values of the occupational characteristics at the transitions also fit exact analytic expressions in M and the golden ratio (1+(5)1/2)/2. Our results are compared with experiments, in particular, the adsorption of cobalt on Ag(1 0 0), and bromine on Cu(s)- [10(1 0 0)×1(0 0 1)] .
Flexible Scaffolding Made of Rigid BARs

Crescent-shaped BAR domains are generic actors in the creation of membrane curvature. In this issue, Frost et al. (2008) reveal how collective twisting of rigid F-BAR domains on a soft membrane surface may lead to different membrane curvatures.
The Surgical Relief of Aortic Stenosis by Means of Apical—Aortic Valvular Anastomosis

A means has been devised whereby the aortic valve can be effectively by-passed. Left ventricular blood leaves via the apex through a lucite tube in continuity with a modified Hufnagel valve and then enters the thoracic aorta. In dogs so treated the ascending arch of the aorta may be totally and permanently occluded without apparent impairment of the circulation. Postoperatively these dogs run, jump and swim and are not readily distinguishable from normal dogs. The entire ventricular manipulation is completed in 30 to 60 seconds. The applicability of this procedure to the alleviation of aortic stenosis in man is discussed.