cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of Visible Third Molars in the United States Population: How Many Individuals Have Third Molars?

Purpose To determine the prevalence of third molars in the US population and to report the differences in prevalence of visible third molars in the most recent National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) population of 2011 through 2012 by participant, jaw, and demographics. Materials and Methods The number of visible third molars in the NHANES data was assessed in nonclinical settings by trained, calibrated dental hygienists by decade of age beginning in the 20- to 29-year-old cohort through the 70- to 79-year-old cohort. Cross-sectional analyses of third molar data were conducted by the authors from the NHANES databases of 2001 through 2002, 2009 through 2010, and 2011 through 2012 to compare data for similarity of outcomes on third molar prevalence in the US population. Outcomes on third molar prevalence also were assessed from the NHANES of 2011 through 2012 by participant, jaw, and demographics: gender, race or ethnicity (Caucasian, African American, other), and education (less than high school, high school graduate, some college, college graduate). Results Data on the mean number of third molars from NHANES of 2001 through 2002, 2009 through 2010, and 2011 through 2012 were similar. The number of visible third molars in the NHANES of 2011 through 2012 decreased progressively from a mean of 1.48 in the 20- to 29-year-old cohort to 0.81 in the 60- to 69-year-old cohort, No visible third molars were observed in 47% of the 20- to 29-year-old cohort compared with 53% in the 50- to 59-year-old cohort. Participants who were male, non-Caucasian, and had less than a high school education were more likely to have a visible third molar in all age cohorts. No data were collected by NHANES examiners to determine why third molars were absent. Conclusion Third molar prevalence did not appear to differ in the US population during the first decade of the 21st century. Numbers of visible third molars, prevalent in young adults, decreased progressively through each successive age cohort. Demographic differences exist for prevalence of third molars in the US population.
Nonthermal phenomena in stellar coronae: Evidence from radio observations

In the past few years a number of different kinds of stars have been detected at radio wavelengths, the majority of them cool stars. In most cases the radio emission is indicative of high energy, nonthermal processes: acceleration of electrons to some 10's of keV or, in some circumstances, several MeV or more. These electrons then emit radio waves by the incoherent processes of gyroresonance and gyrosynchrotron radiation, and the coherent processes of cyclotron maser and plasma radiation.
Gabapentin misuse, abuse and diversion: a systematic review

Background and Aims Since its market release, gabapentin has been presumed to have no abuse potential and subsequently has been prescribed widely off-label, despite increasing reports of gabapentin misuse. This review estimates and describes the prevalence and effects of, motivations behind, and risk factors for gabapentin misuse, abuse, and diversion. Methods Databases were searched for peer-reviewed articles demonstrating gabapentin misuse, characterized by taking a larger dosage than prescribed or taking gabapentin without a prescription, and diversion. All types of studies were considered; grey literature was excluded. Thirty-three articles met inclusion criteria, consisting of 23 case studies and 11 epidemiological reports. Published reports came from the USA, the UK, Germany, Finland, India, South Africa, and France, and two analyzed websites not specific to a particular country. Results Prevalence of gabapentin misuse in the general population was reported to be 1%, 40-65% among individuals with prescriptions, and between 15-22% within populations of people who abuse opioids. An array of subjective experiences reminiscent of opioids, benzodiazepines, and psychedelics were reported over a range of doses, including those within clinical recommendations. Gabapentin was primarily misused for recreational purposes, self-medication, or intentional self-harm and was misused alone or in combination with other substances, especially opioids, benzodiazepines, and/or alcohol. Individuals with histories of drug abuse were most often involved in its misuse. Conclusions Epidemiological and case report evidence suggests that the antiepileptic and analgesic medication gabapentin is being misused internationally at a rate of about 1%, with substance abuse populations at special risk for misuse/abuse. Language: en
Failure of Hypnotic and Convulsive Aents to Alter the Course of Experimental Poliomyelitis

ConclusionsNeither the administration of narcotic doses of luminal nor the production of systemic shock by means of insulin or metrazol were capable of influencing the course of experimental poliomyelitis. Moreover, the extent and severity of the lesions in the spinal cord showed no significant difference between treated monkeys and untreated control animals. Even though essentially negative, the above results are considered important in demonstrating that propagation of the virus of poliomyelitis in the central nervous system is not affected by profound cytological and metabolic changes in the nerve tissue, as were produced by the methods employed in this work.
Using census data and birth certificates to reconstruct the early-life socioeconomic environment and the relation to the development of Alzheimer's disease.

The early-life environment and its effect on growth and maturation of children and adolescents are associated with several adult chronic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. Because it is not feasible to collect information prospectively over the average life span, methods to reconstruct the early-life environment of the aged are necessary to evaluate these associations. In a community-based case-control study conducted in the United States, we collected U.S. census records and birth certificates to reconstruct the early-life socioeconomic environment of each elderly subject. Information was found on 82% of the available Alzheimer's disease cases (239 of 292) and 87% of the available controls (245 of 282). We investigated risk of Alzheimer's disease associated with father's occupation, parental age, household size, sibship size, and birth order. Subjects whose fathers were unskilled manual workers or laborers were at higher risk for Alzheimer's disease (odds ratio = 1.80, 95% confidence interval = 1.19-2.73). The risk of Alzheimer's disease was increased with increasing number of people in the household. We also evaluated whether subjects with the apolipoprotein e4 allele (APOE e4), a strong genetic risk factor that is not a necessary cause or a sufficient cause by itself for the development of Alzheimer's disease, were at higher risk than subjects who did not carry this allele. Among subjects with the APOE e4 allele whose fathers held lower-socioeconomic level occupations, the odds of developing Alzheimer's disease were higher (odds ratio = 2.35, 95% confidence interval = 1.07-5.16) compared with subjects without the allele (odds ratio = 1.40, 95% confidence interval = 0.78-2.52). Subjects carrying the APOE e4 allele alone have a threefold increased risk of Alzheimer's disease (odds ratio = 3.17, 95% confidence interval = 1.99-5.04). Compared with subjects with neither risk factor, subjects with both the genetic and the environmental risk factors (household size of seven or more and father's occupation being manual) had a relatively high risk of Alzheimer's disease (odds ratio = 14.8, 95% confidence interval = 4.9-46). The data suggest that APOE e4 may modify the associations between father's occupation, other early-life environmental factors, and development of Alzheimer's disease in late life.
Toward an Alternative Form of Play in Organizations: A Practice-Based Perspective on SLAs

The current literature on play in work settings continues to be dominated by studies on serious play. In this article, we seek to respond to recent calls for a more detailed examination of other ma...
The pro-inflammatory effect of obesity on high grade serous ovarian cancer.

Abstract Introduction Obesity is a known generator of chronic inflammation but has an uncertain role in ovarian carcinogenesis and survival. Pro-inflammatory cytokines have previously been associated with poor outcomes. Given the established links, we sought to determine whether obesity and pro-inflammatory cytokines affect platinum sensitivity. Methods A retrospective review was performed of patients undergoing primary debulking surgery (PDS) for high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSC) who had available pre-operative serum. Oncologic and treatment characteristics were recorded and analyzed using SAS version 9.3. Bioplex reagent kit was used to measure serum cytokine concentrations. Results 86 patients met study criteria. Most were Caucasian (88%) and non-diabetic (92%). All patients had advanced stage (III/IV) disease and received chemotherapy after PDS. In univariate analysis, lower VEGF (p=0.013) was associated with longer overall survival (OS). Low IL-8 level (p=0.053) was marginally associated with platinum resistant disease. After adjusting for covariates including residual disease and maintenance therapy, IL-8 was no longer associated with platinum sensitive status (p=0.13), VEGF remained associated with OS (low vs. high HR 0.3, 95% CI 0.1–0.8, p=0.018), and higher IL-12 was associated with longer PFS (HR 0.4, 95% CI 0.2–0.9, p=0.031). Conclusion In HGSC, pro-inflammatory cytokines are influenced by obesity, as differing inter-cytokine correlations were observed based on BMI, possibly due to dysregulation between cytokines in the setting of obesity. Differences in survival and platinum sensitivity were not noted. Future studies are warranted to determine whether obesity may be a modifiable risk factor for poorer outcomes due to differing immune response.
The catch-22's of cost containment.

AbstractWhile exploring the problem of escalation of health care expenditures in urology and analyzing various means to curtail this escalation, we noted a recurrent problem relating to the negative incentives inherent in presently used reimbursement mechanisms. Proposed solutions to a particular problem usually are accompanied by new economic difficulties arising from the solution. A series of Catch-22’s are encountered in many different problems concerning economic health care delivery. We herein elucidate a number of these problems and propose a novel reimbursement system in which there are positive incentives provided to those urologists who make an honest effort at cost containment.
Usefulness of Subclassification of Follicular Lesion of Undetermined Significance

The 2007 National Cancer Institute State of the Science Conference proposed a category of follicular lesion of undetermined significance (FLUS) or atypia of unknown significance (AUS) for lesions that are characterized by too great a degree of architectural or cytologic atypia for definitive assignment to the benign category but insufficient findings for a diagnosis of follicular neoplasm or suspicious for carcinoma. Studies have shown that routinely subclassifying lesions in the FLUS category into two help to better stratify these cases for management, and uniform criteria have been defined for both subcategories. The first subcategory is for cases that demonstrate low cellularity as well as a predominantly microfollicular pattern and no or minimal colloid. These features elicit concern for a follicular neoplasm. The second subcategory is used for cases that show nuclear atypia, which elicit concern for a papillary carcinoma.
8-wavelength photonic integrated 2/spl times/2 WDM cross-connect switch using 2/spl times/N phased-array waveguide grating (PAWG) multi/demultiplexers

A photonic integrated 2 × 2 WDM cross-connect switch which provides full access to eight wavelength channels has been designed and fabricated in silica on silicon substrate. The switch consists of two novel 2 × N phased-array waveguide gratings which are connected by a thermo-optic switch array with no waveguide crossing. The crosstalk for the cross and bar states is better than –20 and –15 dB, respectively, with a fibre-to-fibre insertion loss of <13 dB.
Maritime autonomy in a box: Building a quickly-deployable autonomy solution using the Docker container environment

We present a method to dramatically reduce the level of effort and lead time required to take autonomy algorithms from initial development to field experiments when using shared assets. The method leverages the Docker containerization environment coupled with automatic configuration and deployment modules and a standardized autonomy framework. The result is a quickly-deployable, easily reconfigurable, and vehicle-agnostic autonomy solution for use when assets are shared and repeatedly re-baselining the system is necessary. For an initial implementation of the containerization system, we leverage the Mission-Oriented Operating Suite - Interval Programming autonomy framework.
Acute Transverse Myelitis in an Infant After Dtap Vaccination

This is a condition of edema of the spinal cord developing after vaccination with diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis (DTaP) vaccination as evidenced by neurological exam and MRI imaging.
Electric field-induced bending and folding of polymer sheets

Abstract Electroactive polymers (EAPs) show great promise in realizing self-folding of structures due to their lightweight, flexibility, relatively high electromechanical strain and their ability to be fabricated in multiple shapes. However, EAP actuators also possess drawbacks that impede their implementation in applications, namely they induce relatively low force and require high actuation voltages. In this work, we propose to address these issues through a multilayered actuator unimorph concept. Due to the complex fabrication process of multilayered unimorphs and the large number of experimental parameters, we have developed an analytical model to guide the experimental design and fabrication of these actuators. The model is based on a set of non-dimensional equations for electric field-induced curvature, tip displacement and blocked force, taking into account the wide range of design parameters (such as thickness, modulus, number of layers, electric field magnitude, etc.) We have selected P(VDF–TrFE–CTFE) terpolymer as the model EAP because of its high electrostrictive coefficient and large electromechanical strain. First, analytical results are validated with experimental studies, then the model is used to predict the displacement, curvature, blocked force and maximum work output of bending multilayered actuator unimorphs for various input parameters such as thickness, modulus, number of layers, electric field and stiffness contrast. An advantage of this combined modeling and experimental approach is the ability to maximize the performance of the designed actuator for the particular application of interest; for example, whether displacement or force is the goal would determine the number of layers and type of substrate used. Finally, using insights from this model, we experimentally demonstrate the realization of active self-folding structures and action origami structures.
In This Issue: On-the-Ground Advances & High-Level Influences

This issue of Annals conveys new knowledge to support practice- and patient-level improvements in practice, and reveals policy-level factors that constrain or enhance on-the-ground work to improve health. The sweet spot between the easy, usual way of measuring blood pressure and the hassle of 24-
Surveying the Law of Emojis

Everyone loves emojis! It’s easy to see why. Historically, most online communications have emphasized text, and emojis add much-needed emotional content to text-driven communications—and often help people express themselves more precisely. Due to the enthusiastic embrace of emojis, we are witnessing a historic change in how we communicate online. This article surveys three significant ways the emoji revolution will impact the law. First, questions about what emojis mean will arise in a wide range of legal doctrines, from criminal law to contracts. Our standard interpretative tools generally can handle new communicative technologies, but several aspects of emojis will require careful consideration. Most significantly, senders and receivers will unexpectedly see different versions of an emoji due to technological intermediation, leading them to make reasonable—but different—interpretations of the same communication, with potentially adverse consequences for one or both parties. The article will explore some steps that would reduce the risks of these misunderstandings. Second, emojis will often qualify for copyright and trademark protection. However, IP protection encourages platforms to differentiate their emoji implementations, which exacerbates the risks of miscommunications and misunderstandings. To mitigate this outcome, IP protections for emojis should be interpreted narrowly. Third, emojis create some issues for judicial operations, including if and how judges will display emojis in their opinions, if emojis in court opinions will be searchable, and how best to present emojis as evidence to fact-finders.
Electing Peace: From Civil Conflict to Political Participation

Settlements to civil conflict, which are notably difficult to secure, sometimes contain clauses enabling the combatant sides to participate as political parties in post-conflict elections. In Electing Peace, Aila M. Matanock presents a theory that explains both the causes and the consequences of these provisions. Matanock draws on new worldwide cross-national data on electoral participation provisions, case studies in Central America, and interviews with representatives of all sides of the conflicts. She shows that electoral participation provisions, non-existent during the Cold War, are now in almost half of all peace agreements. Moreover, she demonstrates that these provisions are associated with an increase in the chance that peace will endure, potentially contributing to a global decline in civil conflict, a result which challenges prevailing pessimism about post-conflict elections. Matanock's theory and evidence also suggest a broader conception of international intervention than currently exists, identifying how these inclusive elections can enable external enforcement mechanisms and provide an alternative to military coercion by peacekeeping troops in many cases.
Osteoporosis for the Female Patient

As more women will suffer from an osteoporotic fracture than from myocardial infarction, strokes and cancers combined, providers must be competent with identifying and treating osteoporosis (OP). The diagnostic criteria for OP rests mostly on identification of risk factors, bone mineral density (BMD) results, and a history of fragility fracture. The clinician must differentiate therapeutic strategies for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Additional pharmacologic therapy is indicated in all patients with OP, diagnosed either by BMD or clinically by presence of a fragility fracture. For those with low bone density, the Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) is utilized to calculate absolute 10 year fracture risk. Additional pharmacologic therapy is indicated in all patients with OP, diagnosed either by BMD or clinically by presence of a fragility fracture. Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX®) can be utilized to calculate absolute 10 year fracture risk and help in therapeutic decisions.
Surface chemistry of MgO/SiO2 catalyst during the ethanol catalytic conversion to 1,3-butadiene: in-situ DRIFTS and DFT study

1,3-Butadiene is an important commodity chemical and new, selective routes of catalytic synthesis using green feedstocks, such as ethanol, is of interest. For this purpose, surface chemistry of MgO/SiO2 catalyst synthesized using wet-kneading was explored during the reaction of ethanol and the corresponding reactive intermediates, including acetaldehyde, crotonaldehyde, crotyl alcohol using temperature programmed in situ DRIFT spectroscopy combined with DFT calculations. Ethanol adsorption yielded several physisorbed and chemisorbed surface species. Acetaldehyde exhibited high reactivity to form crotonaldehyde. However, aldehyde intermediates resulted in strongly bound surface species stable even at high temperatures, assigned to surface acetate, and/or 2,4-hexadienal or polymerized acetaldehyde. Crotonaldehyde was reduced by ethanol to yield crotyl alcohol via MPV mechanism. Crotyl alcohol, on the other hand, showed to be very reactive and yield two different species on the surface, namely physisorbed and deprotonated that would further desorb as 1,3-BD. Presence of gas phase hydrogen containing molecules, such as ethanol, proved to be key in several reactive steps, including acetaldehyde condensation step and crotonaldehyde reduction. Altogether, these data suggested complex reactive interactions between the surface hydroxyl groups, gaseous reactants and surface bound reactive intermediates during the 1,3-BD formation. Future work is needed to correlate vapor phase product evolution with the transient reactive surface intermediates to examine trends leading to higher overall 1,3-BD selectivity.
Immigration, Occupation and Inequality in Emergent Nineteenth-Century New England Cities

This article explores the social interactions of immigration, occupation, and wealth in two urban industrial cities of nineteenth-century New England that were largely built upon, and shaped by, immigration: the very rapidly growing factory town of Holyoke, Massachusetts, and a more mixed-market and steadily growing nearby community of Northampton, Massachusetts. Both communities were emergent, rapidly industrializing, inland cities, providing a quite distinct immigration context than large established cities of the East Coast. Both were destinations for the same general ethnic immigration waves over the late nineteenth century, but with very different, and differently impacted, social spaces into which immigrants arrived. Contrasting and considering both these emergent cities allows us to ascertain the extent to which the occupational distribution and accumulation of wealth by immigrant groups supports the broad pattern of nineteenth-century assimilation, and reveals ways in which other migration processes may have been at odds, or intertwined, with the long-term historical assimilation of immigrants in such communities. Our findings support a traditional assimilationist perspective in emergent urban-industrial centers. However, they also reveal the role of universal immiseration in an industrial city dual-labor market in facilitating or forcing assimilation, the temporal advantages for ethnic groups of arriving early in growing settlements, and the more individualistic nature of economic enclaves in gaining advantages over time that did not manifest across broad immigrant or occupational groups.
Will a small randomly assembled community be feasible and stable

How likely is it that few species can randomly assemble into a feasible and stable community? Some studies have answered that as long as the community is feasible, it will nearly always be stable. In contrast, other studies have answered that the likelihood is almost null. Here, we show that the origin of this debate has been the underestimation of the association of the parameter space of intrinsic growth rates with the feasibility and stability properties of small randomly-assembled communities. In particular, we demonstrate that not all parameterizations and sampling distributions of intrinsic growth rates lead to the same probabilities of stability and feasibility, which could mistakenly lead to under- or overestimate the stability properties of feasible communities. Additionally, we find that stability imposes a filtering of species abundances "towards" more even distributions in small feasible randomly-assembled communities. This indicates that the stability of feasible communities is inherently linked to the starting distribution of species abundances, a characteristic that many times has been ignored, but should be incorporated in manageable lab and field experiments. Overall, the return to this debate is a central reminder that a more systematic exploration of the feasible parameter space is necessary to derive general conclusions about the stability properties of ecological communities.
Calibration of Normal and Lateral Forces in Cantilevers Used in Atomic Force Microscopy

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an indispensable technique for nanoscale topographic imaging as well as quantification of normal and lateral forces exerted on the AFM tip while interacting with the surface of materials. In order to measure these forces, an accurate determination of the normal and lateral forces exerted on the AFM cantilever is necessary. In this chapter, we present a critical review of various techniques for measuring cantilever stiffness in the normal and lateral/torsional directions in order to calibrate the normal and lateral forces exerted on AFM cantilevers. The key concepts of each technique are presented, along with a discussion of their advantages and disadvantages.
A Viewpoint on Evolutionary Economic Theory

Over the past decade evolutionary economics, or at least bodies of thought and writing that are associated with that term, has become increasingly fashionable. The Schumpeter Society has a strong evolutionary spirit, a society for evolutionary political economy has become well established in Europe, and there have been several summer schools concerned with teaching evolutionary economics. Several years ago, the Journal of Evolutionary Economics was launched, and there are several other new journals that clearly have an evolutionary economics flavor. I would like to praise Industrial and Corporate Change as an especially interesting journal for economists inclined towards an evolutionary theory. Geoffrey Hodgson has written a book that surveys precursors to modern evolutionary economic theorizing, Ulrich Witt has put together a volume of what he considers is classic work in the field, and now Japan has initiated a society for evolutionary economics.
Health effects of ionizing radiation

Although humans have evolved in an environment of ionizing radiation, it was not until man-made sources were developed that the effects of ionizing radiation started to become known. Detection and measurement of radiation is not only sophisticated but widely applied. This article deals with exposure to this kind of radiation and the risk it may cause.
Implications of Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutics Use for Clinical Laboratory Testing

BACKGROUND: Monoclonal antibody therapeutics (MATs) represent a rapidly expanding class of biological drugs used to treat a variety of diseases. The widespread use of MATs increasingly affects clinical laboratory medicine. CONTENT: This review provides an overview of MATs currently approved for clinical use in the US, starting from basic biology of antibodies to the engineering, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, nomenclature, and production of MATs. Immunogenicity and the production of antidrug antibodies (ADAs) play a major role in loss of therapeutic response and the development of treatment failure to certain MATs. Laboratory-based monitoring for MATs and detection of ADAs represent emerging needs for optimizing the use of MATs to achieve the best outcomes at affordable cost. In addition, the increased use of MATs affects clinical laboratory testing by interference of MATs with clinical laboratory tests across different areas of laboratory medicine, including histocompatibility, blood bank, and monoclonal protein testing. SUMMARY: The number of MATs is rapidly growing each year to address previously unmet clinical needs. Laboratory monitoring of MATs and detecting ADAs represent expanding areas of laboratory testing. Test-based strategies allow for treatment optimization at the level of the individual patient, thus providing a personalized medicine approach. In addition, clinical laboratories must be aware that the increasing use of MATs affects laboratory testing and be ready to implement methods to eliminate or mitigate interference with clinical tests.
Lessons learned during formative phase development of an asynchronous, active video game intervention: Making sedentary fantasy sports active

Abstract Objectives Active fantasy sports is a type of active video game (AVG) developed using principles from self-determination theory and the trans-contextual motivation model. The game leverages elements of a popular, previously sedentary game -- traditional fantasy sports -- but incorporates and encourages physical activity (PA) of participants ("fantasy team owners"). Early proof-of-concept stage research demonstrated potential for active fantasy sports to increase PA in adults ( Moller et al., 2014 ). However, more formative research identifying factors that influence enjoyment of active fantasy sports and PA goal achievement could improve efficacy and inform the development of alternative AVGs. Design Three active fantasy sports leagues were organized and data from the three leagues were combined to examine intervention and social factors that predicted enjoyment and PA goal achievement. Method Participants (N = 33, 15.2% female, M-Age = 34.0 years) wore an accelerometer to track PA and completed self-report measures about their experience upon league conclusion (league duration ranged from 16 to 17 weeks). Results Findings revealed that average steps significantly increased during the first six weeks of the intervention and then significantly decreased during subsequent weeks. Frequency of checking the league website was associated with greater PA goal achievement. Greater frequency of checking the accelerometer website and the league website were also associated with greater league enjoyment. Conclusions Promoting greater frequency of using the league and accelerometer websites is important to achieving greater impact on PA and league enjoyment through active fantasy sports. Future studies of active fantasy sports leagues could use randomized controlled trial and multiphase optimization strategy designs to vary game components in order to test which components sustain intrinsic motivation and increase PA. Lessons may be further applied to the development of other AVGs, especially those that build on established and popular sedentary video games.
Metabolic Syndrome Associated With Increased Rates of Medical Complications After Intracranial Tumor Resection

Background When diagnosed simultaneously, obesity, diabetes, and hypertension form a medical constellation called metabolic syndrome (MetS). The prevalence of MetS in Western cultures has been on a steady increase and MetS has been associated with increased postoperative complications in multiple surgical settings. Objective In this study, we evaluate the relationship between MetS and the outcomes of craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumor. Methods Cases of craniotomy for supratentorial brain tumors were extracted from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program for 2012–2016. The 15,136 patients identified were divided into 2 cohorts based on the presence (4.1%) or absence (95.9%) of MetS. We compared the 2 cohorts for preoperative comorbidities, intraoperative details, and postoperative morbidity and mortality. Results Patients in the MetS+ cohort were significantly older (63.4 vs. 56.1 years) and were more likely to show comorbidities of various organ systems (all P ≤ 0.05). However, operative times were similar (P = 0.573). The number of medical complications was almost double in patients with MetS (15.8% vs. 8.5%; P ≤ 0.001). Unplanned readmissions (14.6% vs. 10.4%; P = 0.004), reoperations (6.9% vs. 4.6%; P = 0.007), and mortality (5.6% vs. 2.9%; P ≤ 0.001) were also more frequent in our MetS+ group. Nevertheless, surgical complications localized to the operative site were not statistically increased (7.4% vs. 5.8%; P = 0.098). Conclusions A diagnosis of MetS does not seem to be associated with increased rates of surgical site events. However, neurosurgeons should be aware that these patients have a significantly higher likelihood of general medical complications, readmissions, reoperations, and death.
133) Preliminary Analysis of the Relationship between Refractory Menstrual Pain and Naproxen Metabolism

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are commonly used to treat painful periods, also known as dysmenorrhea. A subset of women, however, do not benefit from this treatment. Since the pharmacological basis of treatment resistance in dysmenorrhea has not been characterized, we assessed the relationship between measures of naproxen metabolism and self-reported menstrual pain relief. While on their menses, dysmenorrheic participants (n=24) and healthy controls (n=11) answered questionnaires assessing their menstrual pain, including a 0-100 visual analog scale (VAS). Participants also graded their discomfort with cramping events in real-time for 10 minutes, using a hand squeeze bulb paradigm. Following baseline assessments, participants received naproxen. Ninety minutes later, participants reported their pain relief and repeated the bulb-squeeze paradigm. We also quantified serum concentrations of naproxen and its metabolite O-desmethylnaproxen from blood collected 90 minutes post ingestion. Serum naproxen and O-desmethylnaproxen concentrations were reliably measured across a range of standards (R2 >0.98). Dysmenorrheic participants had severe menstrual pain (71±4, VAS) and missed 3.5±1 days of work or school over the last three months. Naproxen effectiveness, reported as a percent change in VAS before and after taking naproxen, varied across dysmenorrhea participants: 8 participants reported pain decreased by ≥50%, 6 reported pain decreased between 20-50%, 4 between 0-20%, and 6 reported no change or worsened pain. Reported naproxen effectiveness was negatively correlated to serum naproxen concentration (r= -0.49, p=0.019). Similarly, increased O-desmethylnaproxen concentrations were associated with greater naproxen effectiveness (r= -0.45, p=0.032). No dysmenorrheic participants, however, demonstrated an abnormal metabolism profile. Serum naproxen or O-desmethylnaproxen concentrations did not differ between healthy controls and dysmenorrhea participants (p=0.59 and p=0.92, respectively). Overall, low serum concentrations of naproxen and its metabolite were associated with minimal menstrual pain relief, suggesting naproxen absorption, but not metabolism may be altered in women with NSAID-resistant dysmenorrhea.
Overcoming Impediments to Offshore Carbon Dioxide Storage: Legal Issues in the U.S. and Canada

Limiting future temperature increases and associated climate change requires immediate action to prevent additional carbon dioxide being released into the atmosphere and lower the existing atmospheric carbon dioxide load. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, to remain within the 2oC temperature threshold set in the Paris Agreement, emissions must be reduced to “net zero” by mid-century or shortly thereafter and then go “net negative.” This goal could be advanced through carbon capture and storage (CCS), which involves collecting carbon dioxide that would otherwise be released by power plants or similar facilities and injecting it into underground geologic formations, where it will remain permanently sequestered. The techniques developed for CCS can also be used to sequester carbon dioxide that has been removed from the atmosphere using direct air capture or other negative emission technologies. To ensure CCS delivers lasting climate benefits, injection sites must be carefully selected to avoid leakage of carbon dioxide. One promising option involves injecting carbon dioxide offshore, into sub-seabed geologic formations comprised of basalt rock, which has been shown to react with carbon dioxide, converting it into an immovable solid and thereby substantially reducing the potential for leakage. This paper explores the legal framework governing offshore CCS in U.S. and Canadian waters. Particular attention is devoted to waters off the west coast, adjacent to Washington State in the U.S. and British Columbia in Canada, where there is a large sub-seabed basalt rock formation (the Cascadia basin) with significant carbon dioxide storage potential. Neither the U.S. nor Canada has enacted comprehensive legislation specific to offshore CCS, resulting in significant uncertainty as to how future projects will be regulated. Projects may be subject to a patchwork of general laws that were developed for other activities and are often poorly suited to regulating offshore CCS. Indeed, the laws currently prohibit some offshore CCS projects entirely, and impose unnecessarily burdensome restrictions on others. Unless and until these issues are addressed, offshore CCS projects are unlikely to occur in U.S. federal and Canadian waters, despite the potential climate benefits. To realize those benefits, the paper recommends that both the U.S. and Canada enact legislation that deals specifically with offshore CCS, establishing a well-defined framework for the regulation of future projects.
Activity-Based Training Alters Penile Reflex Responses in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury.

A bstract Introduction Multisystem functional gains have been reported in males with spinal cord injury (SCI) after undergoing activity-based training (ABT), including increases in scoring of sexual function and reports of improved erectile function. Aim This study aims to examine the effect of daily 60-minute locomotor training and exercise in general on sexual function in a rat SCI contusion model. Methods Male Wistar rats received a T9 contusion SCI. Animals were randomized into 4 groups: a quadrupedal stepping group (SCI + QT), a forelimb-only exercise group (SCI + FT), a non-trained harnessed group (SCI + NT), and a home cage non-trained group (SCI + HC). The 2 non-trained groups were combined (SCI) post hoc. Daily training sessions were 60 minutes in duration for 8 weeks. Urine samples were collected during bi-weekly 24-hour metabolic cage behavioral testing. Latency, numbers of penile dorsiflexion, and glans cupping were recorded during bi-weekly penile dorsiflexion reflex (PDFR) testing. Terminal electromyography (EMG) recordings of the bulbospongiosus muscle (BSM) were recorded in response to stimulation of the dorsal nerve of the penis (DNP). Outcomes ABT after SCI had a significant effect on PDFR, as well as BSM EMG latency and burst duration. Results SCI causes a significant decrease in the latency to onset of PDFR. After 8 weeks of ABT, SCI + QT animals had a significantly increased latency relative to the post-SCI baseline. BSM EMG response to DNP stimulation had a significantly decreased latency and increase in average and maximum amplitude in SCI + QT animals. SCI animals had a significantly longer burst duration than trained animals. Time between PDFR events, penile dorsiflexion, glans cupping, and urine testosterone were not affected by ABT. Clinical Implications ABT has a positive influence on sexual function and provides a potential therapy to enhance the efficacy of current sexual dysfunction therapies in the male SCI population. Strengths and Limitations Several significant small improvements in sexual function were found in a clinically relevant rat model of SCI using a readily available rehabilitative therapy. The limited findings could reflect insensitivity of the PDFR as a measure of erectile function. Conclusions These results indicate that task-specific stepping and/or loading provide sensory input to the spinal cord impacting the neural circuitry responsible for sexual function. Steadman CJ, Hoey RF, Montgomery LR, et al. Activity-Based Training Alters Penile Reflex Responses in a Rat Model of Spinal Cord Injury. J Sex Med 2019; 16:1143–1154.
EFFECTS OF ATOMIC ORDER ON THE UPPER CRITICAL FIELD AND RESISTIVITY OF A15 SUPERCONDUCTORS

Substantial variations in Hc2(T) and ρ (T) are observed in the A15 type compounds V3Ga, Mo3Os, Nb3Pt and Nb3Au0.7Pt0.3 for different degrees of atomic ordering produced by different heat treatment. The effect of atomic order on Hc2(0) and ρ (T) varies strongly from system to system.
Math and English language development: MELDing content and academic language for English learners

Project Mathematics and English Language Development (MELD) is a sixth-grade mathematics intervention aimed at supporting English learners’ (ELs) development of academic language and mathematical k...
Mentalization-Based Treatment Activities, Games, and Intersession Activities

Mentalizing is fundamentally an ACTIVE activity. Incorporating games and activities into the family therapy space allows members to see themselves from outside and others from the inside, and find the process enjoyable. Games and activities that focus on mentalizing promote structure, safety, and playfulness around exploring mental states. This very playfulness and inherent humor is part of the built-in challenge that makes such activities work so well in restoring mentalizing. Activities provide emotional distance, security, and predictability, which brings mentalizing online and restores epistemic trust within the context of the attachment relationship. Once epistemic trust is restored, families are able to think about one another, to learn new aspects of themselves and their family members, to discuss unspoken concerns or feelings, and hence to understand misunderstandings.
Effects of Dry Needling on Spasticity and Range of Motion: A Systematic Review

Importance This systematic review summarizes existing studies on dry needling for spasticity and range of motion (ROM) and discusses its potential for use as an occupational therapy intervention. Objective To examine existing studies on the effects of dry needling on spasticity and ROM. Data sources Article citations and abstracts from Scopus, Cochrane Library, PubMed, CINAHL, and a university library search. Study selection and data collection Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines were used in abstracting data. Peer-reviewed journal articles published in English between January 2007 and June 2019 were searched. Of 270 identified studies, 10 met the inclusion criteria. Studies were divided into categories on the basis of outcome measures (Modified Modified Ashworth Scale and ROM). Pain outcome measures were excluded because a systematic review addressing this outcome has recently been completed. Findings Strong evidence was found to support the use of dry needling to decrease spasticity and increase ROM. Conclusions and relevance This systematic review suggests that dry needling is an effective physical agent modality to decrease spasticity and increase ROM, both of which are potentially beneficial to functional outcomes. What this article adds This article provides information that may be helpful in determining the appropriateness of dry needling as an occupational therapy intervention.
Brief Report: Are Serious Falls Associated With Subsequent Fragility Fractures Among Veterans Living With HIV?

Background The extensive research on falls and fragility fractures among persons living with HIV (PWH) has not explored the association between serious falls and subsequent fragility fracture. We explored this association. Setting Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Methods This analysis included 304,951 6-month person- intervals over a 15-year period (2001-2015) contributed by 26,373 PWH who were 50+ years of age (mean age 55 years) and taking antiretroviral therapy (ART). Serious falls (those falls significant enough to result in a visit to a health care provider) were identified by the external cause of injury codes and a machine learning algorithm applied to radiology reports. Fragility fractures were identified using ICD9 codes and included hip fracture, vertebral fractures, and upper arm fracture and were modeled with multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations. Results After adjustment, serious falls in the previous year were associated with increased risk of fragility fracture [odds ratio (OR) 2.10; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.83 to 2.41]. The use of integrase inhibitors was the only ART risk factor (OR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.03 to 1.33). Other risk factors included the diagnosis of alcohol use disorder (OR 1.49; 95% CI: 1.31 to 1.70) and having a prescription for an opioid in the previous 6 months (OR 1.40; 95% CI: 1.27 to 1.53). Conclusions Serious falls within the past year are strongly associated with fragility fractures among PWH on ART-largely a middle-aged population-much as they are among older adults in the general population.
Federal Agencies Say State Cannot Discriminate Against Parents with Disabilities

This article provides an overview of the DOJ/HHS findings and their anticipated wide-ranging impact on parents with disabilities in the child welfare system. It briefly discusses the investigation and findings, and the expected impact of the Departments’ involvement as it relates to parents with disabilities, and provides information on how to file similar complaints.
A System Dynamics (SD) Model of Post-Merger Integration

The managerial problems are becoming complex due to rapid socioeconomic changes. Managers find it difficult to cope with the complex problems with the ‘traditional management’ approach. To manage the complexities and contradictions, system dynamics (SD) is a methodology that judiciously combines the traditional management with cybernetics and computer simulation so as to carry out a sound policy analysis.
Reactions of 237 Np with 4 He near the interaction barrier

Cross sections have been measured for the reactions $^{237}\mathrm{Np}(^{4}\mathrm{He},f)$, ($^{4}\mathrm{He},n$), ($^{4}\mathrm{He},2n$) at energies below the interaction barrier (17.5-22.5 MeV). The total reaction cross sections have been fitted to an equation for theoretical barrier penetration and parameters describing the interaction barrier have been obtained.NUCLEAR REACTIONS, FISSION $^{237}\mathrm{Np}(^{4}\mathrm{He},f)$, ($^{4}\mathrm{He},n$), ($^{4}\mathrm{He},2n$); $E=17.5\ensuremath{-}22.5$ MeV; measured $\ensuremath{\sigma}(E)$.
Die hydrodynamische Theorie der Stoßwellenausbreitung in einem idealen Gras mit konstanter spezifischer Wärme

Poisson 1 ) zeigte im Jahre 1808, das die Stromungsgeschwindigkeit u hinter einer Druckstorung dargestellt werden kann durch: $$u = f\left\{ {x - \left( {a + u} \right)t} \right\}\,d.\,h.\,als\,Funktion\,von\,\left\{ {x - \left( {a + u} \right)t} \right\}.$$ Dabei ist a die Schallgeschwindigkeit. Challis 2 ) und Stokes 3 ) wiesen 1848 auf Grund dieser Beziehung nach, das kleine Druckstorungen unter Umstanden eine Druckdiskontinuitat hervorrufen konnen, weil jede nachfolgende Schallwelle in ein Medium hineinlauft, das eine etwas hohere Schallgeschwindigkeit hat. Die genannten Autoren und ebenso Earnshaw 4 ) (im Jahre 1860) vermuteten, das Warmeleitung und Viskositat die Ausbildung einer Diskontinuitat in einem realen Medium verhindern.
CONDOR: A Coarse-grained Parallel Architecture for Robot Control

This paper presents an overview of the CONDOR, a real-time development environment designed for robotics research applications. The architecture is based on standard hardware components consisting of upto eight microprocessors interconnected through a shared memory bus, and is coupled with a powerful software environment based on message passing that enables the development of control programs for complicated robots. The hardware is extremely easy to set up since it uses standard components. Besides program libraries tuned for real-time control, the software utilities include a multi-processor pseudo-terminal emulator, a file-server and a flexible symbolic debugger that greatly enhance programmer productivity.