cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Model for Contextual Interference Effects in Motor Learning

There exists substantial evidence that practice under conditions of high contextual interference can facilitate retention and transfer performance (Magill & Hall, 1990). Contextual interference refers to the situation in which there is interference among different tasks being learned across practice trials. Practice under a condition of high contextual interference (e.g., when multiple tasks are practiced in a random order) typically results in less proficient performance than practice under a condition of low contextual interference (e.g., when multiple tasks are practiced in a blocked order). These findings are reversed for retention and transfer tests, however, with performance being more proficient for the high contextual interference practice condition than for the low contextual interference practice condition. This phenomenon has attracted wide interest among motor skill researchers because it is counter to the common assumption that practice in situations with little or no interference is most advantageous for learning. We describe a contextual interference experiment and prevailing explanations for its findings. We then describe a hybrid connectionist model for contextual interference that has been successful in predicting empirical findings.
Experimental and Finite Element Modal Analysis of the Flexible Wings of Micro Munition Vehicles

Biologically inspired wings of micro munition vehicles are constructed with the pre-strained hyperelastic membrane, attached with composite reinforcing structures. Finite element models are developed for the modal characteristics of the flexible wings of micro munition vehicles and validated by experimental results. The effect of added mass, damping, and aerodynamic loads on the modal characteristics (natural frequencies and mode shapes) of the wings is investigated. The wings are vibrated in the vacuum and air environments for investigating the effect of added mass and damping on their modal characteristics. Aerodynamic loads are calculated from the wind tunnel test data where the angle of attack of the wings and free stream velocity of air are varied. Natural frequencies increase with mode, pre-strain level of the membrane, and aerodynamic loads but decrease in air from those in the vacuum environment due to the added mass of air. Damping of air is low and has minimal effect on the natural frequencies of the wings but helps to reduce the out-ofplane modal amplitude of vibration. The effect of added mass, damping, and aerodynamic loads on the mode shapes of the wings is also presented in the paper.
Protest Observation and Mass Self-Communication: Meditations on the Arab Spring

The Arab Spring has drawn a host of inquiries into the role of the Internet and social media during protest, leading many to question the links between online communication and offline activity. Evidence suggests that much of the information sharing about the protest events happened via online networks. Building on these observations and the literature of citizen journalism, this paper provides a new perspective on Internet communication technologies (ICTs) and protest. It advances the concept of protest observation as a distinct level of collective action involvement. This level of involvement holds particular importance in the digital age because witnessing protest and sharing experiences can have a larger impact than ever before on shaping the meaning and reach of a given demonstrations.
Deformation induced intermediate metastable lattice structures facilitate ordered B2 nucleation in a fcc-based high entropy alloy

Ordered B2 precipitates typically nucleate at the grains-boundaries of fcc-based high entropy alloys. Here, we report a novel mixed-mode coupled displacive-diffusional transformation resulting in h...
Graduating Medical Student Perspectives on Factors Influencing Specialty Choice An AAFP National Survey.

Background and objectives Fewer than 10% of US medical school graduates enter family medicine residencies each year. Little is known about the perceptions and attitudes of senior medical students as they make final decisions about specialty choice, especially those that support a decision to pursue family medicine. The American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) administered a national survey to US seniors in 2015 to explore these factors. Methods US seniors who were AAFP members (N=11,998) were invited to complete a survey exploring attitudes toward family medicine and experiences that influenced interest and choice of family medicine (FM) or other specialties. This was offered after students submitted their National Residency Matching Program rank list but before match. For those matching in family medicine, additional questions explored mentorship experience. Factors significantly predicting intent to match in family medicine, mentor attributes significantly influencing student attitudes, and family medicine interest group (FMIG) participation were identified via regression. Results The survey response rate was 15.1%. Student perceptions of the respect of FM (OR=0.82), the future of FM (OR=2.04), and FMIG involvement (OR=1.75) predicted choosing FM, as did AAFP student membership (OR=2.13-2.44) and AAFP National Conference of Family Medicine Residents and Students attendance (OR=9.77). For students entering FM, having supportive mentors outside of FM and being dedicated to FM positively influenced their attitudes toward FM and their FMIG participation. Conclusion National programs, FMIGs, mentorship, and medical school support of family medicine play a role in student selection of family medicine.
Postoperative Adjuvant Therapy After Resection of Regionally Advanced Esophageal Cancer

For regionally advanced esophageal cancer, surgical resection alone has been shown to be inadequate due to the systemic nature of the disease. Effective local radiotherapy and systemic chemotherapy, directed at micrometastases and added to surgical resection, may lead to increased survival. Studies have evaluated preoperative, perioperative, and postoperative treatment approaches in combination with surgery. This chapter will discuss the evidence for postoperative radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and chemoradiotherapy and discuss areas of controversy as well as of ongoing research.
Detecting Aberrant Linking Behavior in Directed Networks

Agents with aberrant behavior are commonplace in today’s networks. There are fake profiles in social media, malicious websites on the internet, and fake news sources that are prolific in spreading misinformation. The distinguishing characteristic of networks with aberrant agents is that normal agents rarely link to aberrant ones. Based on this manifested behavior, we propose a directed Markov Random Field (MRF) formulation for detecting aberrant agents. The formulation balances two objectives: to have as few links as possible from normal to aberrant agents, as well as to deviate minimally from prior information (if given). The MRF formulation is solved optimally and efficiently. We compare the optimal solution for the MRF formulation to existing algorithms, including PageRank, TrustRank, and AntiTrustRank. To assess the performance of these algorithms, we present a variant of the modularity clustering metric that overcomes the known shortcomings of modularity in directed graphs. We show that this new metric has desirable properties and prove that optimizing it is NP-hard. In an empirical experiment with twenty-three different datasets, we demonstrate that the MRF method outperforms the other detection algorithms.
Cooperation among Conflict: Prophages Protect Bacteria from Phagocytosis

Bacteriophages, viruses that infect bacteria, are the most abundant biological entities within the holobiont. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Jahn et al. (2019) describe a group of phages that can suppress immune cell function in marine sponges using secreted ankyrin proteins. They call these phages Ankyphages.
A Novel High Frequency Impedance Analysis Method to Protect DC Electrical Railway Systems

In this article, a new protection scheme for dc electrical traction supply systems is introduced. The method is based on a continuous high-frequency impedance measurement of the electric supply system. The measurement is synthesized by injecting a high-frequency signal into the line and blocking the measurement signal from low-impedance paths, such as the train and substations. Using this injection and blocking technique, a new high-frequency system, which is sensitive to leakage currents, is created. The correlation between the traction supplies’ high-frequency impedance and the physical integrity of the system is shown. The proposed method can be used for both protection and monitoring of the physical condition of the system. The method is nonintrusive, nondestructive, and can be used for both dc and ac systems without making major changes to the existing system or incurring large costs. The proposed high-frequency-based electrical railway monitoring system is analyzed, simulated, built, and experimentally verified.
Adiposity and Endometriosis Severity and Typology.

ABSTRACT Study Objective Prior research has collectively shown that endometriosis is inversely related to women's adiposity. The aim of this study was to assess whether this inverse relationship holds true by disease severity and typology. Design Cross-sectional study among women with no prior diagnosis of endometriosis. Setting Fourteen clinical centers in Salt Lake City, UT, and San Francisco, CA. Patients A total of 495 women (of which 473 were analyzed), aged 18–44 years, were enrolled in the operative cohort of the Endometriosis, Natural History, Diagnosis, and Outcomes (ENDO) Study. Interventions Gynecologic laparoscopy/laparotomy regardless of clinical indication. Measurements and Main Results Participants underwent anthropometric assessments, body composition measurements, and evaluations of body fat distribution ratios before surgery. Surgeons completed a standardized operative report immediately after surgery to capture revised American Society for Reproductive Medicine staging (I–IV) and typology of disease (superficial endometriosis [SE], ovarian endometrioma [OE], and deep infiltrating endometriosis [DIE]). Linear mixed models, taking into account within-clinical-center correlation, were used to generate least square means (95% confidence intervals) to assess differences in adiposity measures by endometriosis stage (no endometriosis, I–IV) and typology (no endometriosis, SE, DIE, OE, OE + DIE) adjusting for age, race/ethnicity, and parity. Although most confidence intervals were wide and overlapping, 3 general impressions emerged: (1) women with incident endometriosis had the lowest anthropometric/body composition indicators compared with those without incident endometriosis, (2) women with stage I or IV endometriosis had lower indicators compared with women with stage II or III, and (3) women with OE and/or DIE tended to have the lowest indicators, whereas women with SE had the highest indicators. Conclusion Our research highlights that the relationship between women's adiposity and endometriosis severity and typology may be more complicated than prior research indicates.
Interaction with Cartilage Increases the Viscosity of Hyaluronic Acid Solutions

Injection of hyaluronic acid (HA) viscosupplements is a prevalent treatment for patients suffering from mild to moderate osteoarthritis. The efficacy of these supplements is attributed to increased synovial fluid viscosity, which leads to improved lubrication and reduced pain. Therefore, viscosity is a key parameter to consider in the development of HA supplements. HA localizes near the cartilage surface, resulting in a viscosity gradient with heightened viscosity near the surface. Traditional rheological measurements confine HA between metal fixtures and therefore do not capture the effect of HA localization that occurs on cartilage. In these experiments, we investigate the effect of modifying rheometer fixtures with cartilage surface coatings on the effective viscosity of HA solutions. Our results demonstrate up to a 20-fold increase in effective viscosity when HA was confined between cartilage surfaces compared to steel surfaces. For low-molecular-weight HA, the effective viscosity was dependent on the gap height between the rheometer plates, which is consistent with the formation of a viscous boundary film. Together, these results indicate that this method for assessing HA viscosity may be more relevant to lubrication than traditional methods and may provide a more accurate method for predicting the viscosity of HA viscosupplements in vivo where HA is able to interact with the cartilage surface.
A Two-Step Fabrication Method for 3D Printed Microactuators: Characterization and Actuated Mechanisms

The fabrication and integration of microactuators with 3D micromechanisms are necessary to develop microrobots with higher capability and complexity. In this work, a two-step fabrication method combining 3D printing with two-photon polymerization (TPP) and aluminum sputtering is demonstrated. Actuators using two different transduction mechanisms (thermal and electrostatic) were fabricated in this process, and a thermal actuator was printed with a mechanism in three-dimensional space without additional assembly steps. This work also provides parameterized characterizations which can be used as design guidelines for building actuators and mechanisms. A design approach to electrically isolate the actuators from the substrate is introduced so that the device can be functional after two fabrication steps without patterning the metal layer. Metal coverage on the sidewalls of trenches are characterized, which provides a design space for deciding electrode gaps and heights in electrostatic actuators. Using these guidelines, 500 $\mu \text{m}$ long thermal actuators showed a maximum displacement of 18.0 $\mu \text{m}$ at 8.31mW and reliably actuated up to 8,500 cycles. An interdigitated electrostatic comb-drive actuator was also successfully demonstrated, displacing 12.7 $\mu \text{m}$ when 160V was applied. Finally, a 3D actuated mechanism was designed by incorporating a thermal actuator with 3D compliant mechanisms to flap 250 $\mu \text{m}$ long wings. Flapping motion was successfully demonstrated. [2020-0010]
Measures of emotions as influences on eating and weight control

Abstract The goal of this chapter is to describe measures of emotions as influences on eating behavior and weight control. We begin with the measurement of eating behavior in response to negative emotions or stress (i.e., emotional eating). Next, we show how the measures of emotions can test theoretical models that underlie emotional eating along with the triggers and relief components of emotional eating. We end this section with an amalgamation of current theoretical and empirical perspectives referred to as the emotional eating cycle, a feed forward loop that generates positive feedback via emotional relief and thereby leads to overeating and weight gain. We then present empirical evidence from research studies that both support and refute these theoretical models and discuss challenges to measurement of emotional eating and related constructs in these contexts, as well as directions for future research. Finally, we address the biological link between theoretical models and measurements of physiological changes induced within the body in response negative emotions or stress, in conjunction with mathematical and statistical model connections to overeating and weight gain, in both clinical and research applications.
Acceptability and Willingness to Pay for a Meal Kit Program for African American Families with Low Income: A Pilot Study

Food insecurity is a persistent issue among individuals with low income and is associated with various nutrition- and health-related consequences. Creative approaches to increasing food access should be investigated as possible solutions. Meal kits, which are boxes or bags of fresh and shelf-stable ingredients for one or more meals, along with a step-by-step recipe showing how to cook each meal at home, may serve as a creative solution. Meal kits have historically been marketed to higher-income demographics. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the utilization, acceptability, and willingness to pay for a healthy meal kit program among African American main food preparers with children and low income (n = 36). Participants received a healthy meal kit with three recipes and ingredients, a cooking incentive, and a nutrition handout weekly for six weeks. Data were collected on participants' use, acceptability, and willingness to pay for the meal kits and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The intervention was highly utilized, and participants reported high acceptability ratings for most recipes. After the intervention, participants were willing to pay $88.61 ± 47.47 for a meal kit with three meals, each with four portions, which was higher than indicated at baseline and similar to the cost to produce the kits. Meal kits may offer a creative solution to improving food access if affordable for families with low income.
Skin Manifestations of Immunoglobulin G4-Related Disease

Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG4-RD) is a fibro-inflammatory condition characterized by infiltration of IgG4+ plasma cells into one or multiple organs. The disease mostly affects middle-aged to elderly males. Recently, there has been an increased awareness of the cutaneous manifestation of IgG4-RD as an isolated lesion either as a primary or as a secondary disease from involvement by a systemic disease. Clinically, cutaneous IgG4-RD presents as papules, plaques, and subcutaneous nodules involving most commonly the head and neck region. Tissue sections characteristically show an increased infiltration of IgG4+ polyclonal plasma cells and elevated ratio of IgG4+/IgG plasma cells of more than 40%, with a storiform pattern of fibrosis. Blood tests might show eosinophilia, along with high levels of IgG4 levels. Diagnosis requires an integration of clinical, pathological, and serological studies. IgG4-RD mimics several diseases and must be distinguished from inflammatory and neoplastic processes. In this book chapter, we describe this new yet challenging entity of cutaneous IgG4-RD describing the histologic and clinical manifestations and differential diagnosis and highlighting the importance of early recognition to ensure appropriate management. Dermatologists and dermatopathologists should be aware of this rare emerging entity to avoid misinterpretation.
Interspecific Gene Flow and Mitochondrial Genome Capture During the Radiation of Jamaican Anolis Lizards (Squamata; Iguanidae)

Gene flow and reticulation are increasingly recognized as important processes in the diversification of many taxonomic groups. With the increasing ease of collecting genomic data and the development of multispecies coalescent network approaches, such reticulations can be accounted for when inferring phylogeny and diversification. Caribbean Anolis lizards are a classic example of an adaptive radiation in which species have independently radiated on the islands of the Greater Antilles into the same ecomorph classes. Within the Jamaican radiation at least one species, A. opalinus, has been documented to be polyphyletic in its mitochondrial DNA, which could be the result of an ancient reticulation event or incomplete lineage sorting. Here we generate mtDNA and genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) data and implement gene-tree, species-tree, and multispecies coalescent network methods to infer the diversification of this group. Our mtDNA gene-tree recovers the same relationships previously inferred for this group, which is strikingly different from the species-tree inferred from our GBS data. Posterior predictive simulations suggest that our genomic data violate commonly adopted assumptions of the multispecies coalescent model, so we use network approaches to infer phylogenetic relationships. The inferred network topology contains a reticulation event but does not explain the mtDNA polyphyly observed in this group, however coalescent simulations suggest that the observed mtDNA topology is likely the result of past introgression. How common a signature of gene flow and reticulation is across the radiation of Anolis is unknown; however, the reticulation events that we demonstrate here may have allowed for adaptive evolution, as has been suggested in other, more recent adaptive radiations.
Recruiting older women to research studies: the san diego cooperative mammography project.

BACKGROUND Despite the growing number of older people in the population, this age group continues to be under represented in clinical trials. As a result, physicians must base treatment decisions for older patients on data from studies involving primarily younger, and presumably healthier, adults. Little experience is available to guide the development of study methodologies that will enhance the recruitment of older patients to clinical studies. METHODS This pilot study compared two methods of recruiting women 75 years and older to a clinical research study related to their most recent screening mammogram. The effectiveness of a single, "in-person" invitation to participate made during the screening mammogram appointment was compared with the effectiveness of a single invitation to participate sent "by-mail" following a screening mammogram. RESULTS Both methods succeeded in recruiting a sizable sample (N=2,394). The "in-person" invitation to participate was more labor-intense and less likely to be inclusive of all eligible women, but secured a significantly greater proportion of the women to participate. However, once recruited, women in the "by-mail" method were significantly more likely to comply with the optional elements of the study and to express a willingness to continue with follow-up studies than those recruited by the "in-person" method. CONCLUSIONS Lack of participation of older women in clinical research may be more a reflection of not being asked, rather than their lack of willingness to participate, thus reinforcing the key role health care providers can play in recruiting older women to clinical studies.
Moisture absorption and mechanical performance of surface mountable plastic packages

The results of moisture-absorption tests on 68L plastic-leaded chip-carriers (PLCC) are presented. Environmental variables include both temperature (30, 40, 50, 60 and 85 degrees C) and relative humidity (24, 40, 60 and 85%). Control samples of pure molding compound were tested to determine the effect of leads on the PLCC samples. Comparison was made between absorbed moisture measurements and predictions based on the one-dimensional Fickian diffusion solution. Nonlinear regression analysis indicates that Fickian diffusion behavior represents the actual moisture absorption for relative humidities below 85%. At 85% RH, however, the deviation becomes significant after 500 hr. On the basis of the agreement at moderate values of relative humidity and time, analytical models were developed that show the effect of temperature and relative humidity on moisture mass gain and diffusion coefficient. A stress and deformation analysis was performed to predict the envelope in parameter space separating cracked and uncracked packages. The model used depends on the presence of saturated water between the die paddle and the molding compound. Doming of the plastic underneath the paddle is attributed to flashing of all the trapped liquid water to steam. >
Sex, lies, and Hollywood’s administrators: The (de)construction of school leadership in contemporary films

The author argues that messages about educational administrators found in contemporary films both shape and limit popular discourse about schools and their mission. Of particular importance is the dissonance between the celluloid images created by Hollywood and the complex and challenging realities found in our own communities. Based on a textual analysis of 28 recent productions, she argues that practitioners would do well to attend popular culture representations and to consider the ways in which mass media shape policy debates about public institutions and appropriate administrative behavior.
Microwave nondestructive sensing of moisture content in shelled peanuts independent of bulk density and with temperature compensation

Dielectric methods for rapid and nondestructive sensing of moisture content in shelled peanuts from free-space measurement of attenuation and phase shift, and their corresponding dielectric properties at temperatures ranging from 1 to 38 °C and frequencies ranging from 8 to 14 GHz, are presented. These methods provide moisture content independent of bulk density and compensated for temperature effects. Results of moisture prediction with three density-independent calibration functions (ψ1, ψ2, and ψ3) are compared. For each function, the moisture calibration equation with temperature compensation is given along with corresponding standard errors of performance (SEP). For all three calibration functions, the SEP was less than 1% moisture content. Also, the frequency behavior of each of these calibration functions was examined in the frequency range between 8 and 14 GHz. Among the three density-independent calibration functions, calibration function ψ3 showed the least variation with frequency.
A model of thalamocortical relay cells

It is well established that the main intrinsic electrophysiological properties of thalamocortical relay cells, production of a low threshold burst upon release from hyperpolarized potential and production of a train of single spikes following stimulation from depolarized potentials, can be readily modelled using a single compartment. There is, however, another less well explored intrinsic electrophysiological characteristic of relay cells for which models have not yet accounted: at somatic potentials near spike threshold, relay cells produce a fast ragged high threshold oscillation in somatic voltage. Optical [Ca2+] imaging and pharmacological tests indicate that this oscillation correlates with a high threshold Ca2+ current in the dendrites. Here we present the development of a new compartment model of the thalamic relay cell guided by the simultaneous constraints that it must produce the familiar regular spiking relay mode and low threshold rebound bursts which characterize these cells, as well as the less-studied fast oscillation occurring at near-threshold somatic potentials. We arrive at a model cell which is capable of the production of isolated high threshold Ca2+ spikes in distal branch segments, driven by a rapidly inactivating intermediate threshold Ca2+ channel. Further, the model produces the low threshold spike behaviour of the relay cell without requiring high T-current density in the distal dendritic segments. The results thus support a new picture of the dendritic tree of relay cells which may have implications for the manner in which thalamic relay cells integrate descending input from the cortex.
Diversity Dialogue Groups

Summary Academic libraries have tor some time focused on [lie importance of achieving diversity within our organizations. However, the focus is shitting beyond efforts to increase the number of iintlertepresenled groups in the workplace, to managing workplace diversity. The creation of Diversity Dialogue Groups presents libraries with a new model for increasing the understanding and acceptance of differences in the workplace.
Prophylactic radical cystectomy for the management of keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder in a man with tetraplegia.

Background/Objective: To report a case of keratinizing squamous metaplasia of the bladder treated with radical cystectomy.Design: Case report and discussion of management options.Methods: Keratiniz...
Paul's Areopagus Speech of Acts 17:16–34 as Both Critique and Propaganda

Interpretations of Pauls Areopagus discourse in Acts 17:16-34 are often rad ically incongruous. They range from seeing it as a placid pantheistic sermon on natural theology all the way to seeing it as a scathing demonization of Gentile reli gion.1 Interpreters who emphasize the speech's similarities to Greco-Roman phi losophy incline toward the former view, while those attuned to the Jewish context incline toward the latter. Both types have a significant amount of supporting evi dence and are able to provide strong readings for their argument, given that the speech does indeed utilize Hellenistic philosophical concepts and Jewish critiques of idolatry. I suggest, however, that matters are more complex than an either/or interpretation of the Areopagus discourse and that Luke's purposes are more sub tie than either "accommodation" or "critique/resistance" would allow.2
EFFICACY OF VEGETATIVE FILTER STRIPS TO MINIMIZE SOLIDS AND NUTRIENTS FROM FEEDLOT RUNOFF

Normal 0 false false false EN-US X-NONE BN /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Table Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0in; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} Runoff from open animal feeding operation is a major source of non-point pollution. Vegetative filter strips (VFS) are one of the effective ways in controlling non-point source pollution. In this study, performance of a vegetative filter strip situated at down slope end of a beef feedlot was evaluated under North Dakota climatic conditions. Two automatic ISCO samplers were installed to collect runoff water entering and leaving the vegetative filter strip. Runoff samples were analyzed for solids, nutrients, pH, and conductivity using standard methods. Results indicated that VFS was effective in reducing concentration of total solids (TS) by 33.7%, total suspended solids (TSS) by 68.0%, total phosphorous (TP) by 29.9%, ortho-phosphorous (OP) by 19.3%, ammonium nitrogen (NH 4 -N) by 31.8%, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) by 35.6%, and potassium (K) by 19.8%. Nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 -N) concentrations at the outlet samples increased as expected, and the buffer was not effective in reducing soluble nutrients. Performance of the VFS indicated that a VFS can be used for reducing runoff pollution that comes directly from feedlots into VFSs without passing through the settling basins. Longer buffer lengths might be required for reducing soluble pollutants.
Control relevant identification of sheet and film processes

Sheet and film processes pose a difficult multivariable identification problem. Model-based control strategies depend on process characteristics that must be accurately identified in the model, otherwise poor or unstable performance may result. An identification procedure is proposed which provides the required information in an efficient manner by exploiting the inherent structure of sheet and film processes.
Engagement, Alienation, and Anthropology's New Moral Dilemmas

Summary Recent calls for increased engagement are befitting the moral humanitarianism of anthropological purpose. However, various forms of engagement pose particular challenges to the field. In stepping outside the academic realm, anthropologists confront differential stances on and expectations for the production of knowledge. These different positions strike at the heart of anthropological self-definitions and pose certain dilemmas for the discipline. In particular, resolving the disjuncture between academic and engaged goals for anthropological activity potentially entails maintaining contradictory, and at times hypocritical, stances or it entails redefining the form of anthropological knowledge content. In this paper, I consider these dilemmas as moral dilemmas because of the way they intersect with disciplinary understandings of the field's own sense of purpose.
Hume's Psychology of Identity Ascriptions

Soulevant le probleme de l'acquisition de la notion d'objet persistant dans le temps et dans le changement chez Hume, l'A. examine la conception de la relation identitaire developpee dans le «Traite de la nature humaine» a partir de l'idee de successions simples et de l'idee d'objet existant a un instant. Rejetant les interpretations unitaire et metaphysique de Hume, l'A. propose une lecture de la psychologie humeenne des attributions de l'identite fondee sur le concept des distinctions de la raison
Testing Fixed and Rotary Shipboard and Marine Platform Operations

This experienced-based chapter describes the testing of all types of aircraft operations from marine platforms, along with the preparatory work and instrumentation needed before embarked trials commence. Performance and handling issues are addressed in both the launch and landing phases by day and by night, considering aircraft carriers as well as smaller ships and fixed platforms such as oil rigs. The implications of different sea states and wind conditions are considered in the context of progressive trials, conducted in a safe manner, leading to the formulation of practicable limits for in-service use. Keywords: catapult; flight; helicopters; performance; ships; ski-jump; testing; VSTOL
The Nyquist stability criterion in the Nichols chart

Summary The Nyquist stability criterion is a widely used technique for determining in the complex s-plane the stability of a dynamical system with feedback. This paper presents a practical and comprehensive method to compute the Nyquist stability criterion directly in the Nichols (magnitude/phase) chart. The proposed method also gives guidelines to design controllers to stabilize unstable plants when dealing with frequency domain techniques like the quantitative feedback theory robust control. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological abnormalities and sensorimotor deficits in larval fish exposed to dissolved saxitoxin.

Abstract The dietary uptake of one suite of dinoflagellate-produced neurotoxins, that are commonly called paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins, is known to cause acute fish kills. However, little is known about the effects of dissolved phase exposure and the potential sublethal effects of this route of exposure on early developmental stages of fish. Toxin exposure during early development is of particular concern because the embryos and larvae of some marine fish species may be unable to actively avoid the dissolved toxins that algal cells release into the water column during harmful algal blooms. Here we use the zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model experimental system to explore the sublethal effects of a dissolved PSP toxin, saxitoxin (STX), on early development in fish, including sensorimotor function, morphology, and long-term growth and survival. Aqueous phase exposures of 229±7 μg STX eq. l−1 caused reductions in sensorimotor function as early as 48 h postfertilization (hpf) and paralysis in all larvae by 4 days postfertilization (dpf). Rohon–Beard mechanosensory neurons appeared to be more sensitive to STX than dorsal root ganglion neurons at this dose. Additionally, exposure to 481±40 μg STX eq. l−1 resulted in severe edema of the eye, pericardium, and yolk sac in all exposed larvae by 6 dpf. The onset of paralysis in STX-exposed larvae was stage-specific, with older larvae becoming paralyzed more quickly than younger larvae (5 h at 6 dpf as compared to 8 and 46 h for 4 and 2 dpf larvae, respectively). When transferred to clean water, many larvae recovered from the morphological and sensorimotor effects of STX. Thus, the sublethal effects of the toxin on larval morphology and behavior were reversible. However, zebrafish exposed to STX transiently during larval development (from 2 to 4 dpf) had significantly reduced growth and survival at 18 and 30 days of age. Collectively, these data show that (1) dissolved phase STX is bioavailable to fish embryos and larvae, (2) the toxin is a paralytic with potencies that are stage-specific for fish larvae, (3) the observed toxicological effects of STX exposure are reversible, and (4) a short-term toxin exposure can negatively impact the survival of fish several weeks later. Dissolved algal toxins may therefore have important sublethal effects on vulnerable species of fish.
Single cell analysis using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) tags

Fluorescence is a mainstay of bioanalytical methods, offering sensitive and quantitative reporting, often in multiplexed or multiparameter assays. Perhaps the best example of the latter is flow cytometry, where instruments equipped with multiple lasers and detectors allow measurement of 15 or more different fluorophores simultaneously, but increases beyond this number are limited by the relatively broad emission spectra. Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) from metal nanoparticles can produce signal intensities that rival fluorescence, but with narrower spectral features that allow a greater degree of multiplexing. We are developing nanoparticle SERS tags as well as Raman flow cytometers for multiparameter single cell analysis of suspension or adherent cells. SERS tags are based on plasmonically active nanoparticles (gold nanorods) whose plasmon resonance can be tuned to give optimal SERS signals at a desired excitation wavelength. Raman resonant compounds are adsorbed on the nanoparticles to confer a unique spectral fingerprint on each SERS tag, which are then encapsulated in a polymer coating for conjugation to antibodies or other targeting molecules. Raman flow cytometry employs a high resolution spectral flow cytometer capable of measuring the complete SERS spectra, as well as conventional flow cytometry measurements, from thousands of individual cells per minute. Automated spectral unmixing algorithms extract the contributions of each SERS tag from each cell to generate high content, multiparameter single cell population data. SERS-based cytometry is a powerful complement to conventional fluorescence-based cytometry. The narrow spectral features of the SERS signal enables more distinct probes to be measured in a smaller region of the optical spectrum with a single laser and detector, allowing for higher levels of multiplexing and multiparameter analysis.
Slowed recovery of rod photoresponse in mice lacking the GTPase accelerating protein RGS9-1

Timely deactivation of the ɑ-subunit of the rod G-protein transducin (Gɑt) is essential for the temporal resolution of rod vision. Regulators of G-protein signalling (RGS) proteins accelerate hydrolysis of GTP by the ɑ-subunits of heterotrimeric G proteins in vitro. Several retinal RGS proteins can act in vitro as GTPase accelerating proteins (GAP) for Gɑt. Recent reconstitution experiments indicate that one of these, RGS9-1, may account for much of the Gɑt GAP activity in rod outer segments (ROS). Here we report that ROS membranes from mice lacking RGS9-1 hydrolyse GTP more slowly than ROS membranes from control mice. The Gβ5-L protein that forms a complex with RGS9-1 (ref. 10) was absent from RGS9-/- retinas, although Gβ5-L messenger RNA was still present. The flash responses of RGS9-/- rods rose normally, but recovered much more slowly than normal. We conclude that RGS9-1, probably in a complex with Gβ5-L, is essential for acceleration of hydrolysis of GTP by Gɑt and for normal recovery of the photoresponse.
Pediatric kidney transplantation for cystinosis

Abstract In an experience of more than 700 kidney transplants, three recipients are known to have had congenital cystinosis. A cadaver kidney transplant in a 10 yr old child with nephropathic cystinosis functioned well for 712 yr before it was rejected and the graft was free of recurrent cystinosis after that interval. This prolongation of life was associated with marked accumulation of cystine in the patient's thyroid gland, presenting as a mass in the neck. If additional longevity is achieved in this patient, abnormal intracellular cystine accumulation may be expected in other host tissues. Retransplantation was carried out with the father as donor, accepting the possibility of increased cystine levels in the retransplant. This patient's age of 18 yr identifies him as one of the longest known survivors of infantile nephropathic cystinosis.
An open-pore structure of the mechanosensitive channel MscL derived by determining transmembrane domain interactions upon gating

Mechanosensation, the ability to detect mechanical forces, underlies the senses of hearing, balance, touch, and pain, as well as renal and cardiovascular regulation. Although the sensors are thought to be channels, relatively little is known about eukaryotic mechanosensitive channels or their molecular mechanisms. Thus, because of its tractable nature, a bacterial mechanosensitive channel that serves as an in vivo osmotic “emergency release valve,” MscL, has become a paradigm of how a mechanosensitive channel can sense and respond to membrane tension. Here, we have determined the structural rearrangements and interactions between transmembrane domains of MscL that occur upon gating. We utilize an electrostatic repulsion test: If two residues approach upon gating we predicted that substituting like-charges at those sites would inhibit gating. The in vivo growth and viability and in vitro vesicular flux and electrophysiological data all support the hypothesis that residues G26 and I92 directly interact upon gating. The resulting model predicted other interacting residues. One of these sets, V23 and I96, was confirmed to truly interact upon gating by disulfide trapping as well as the electrostatic repulsion test. Together, the data strongly suggest a model for structural transitions and residue-residue proximities that occur upon MscL gating.—Li, Y., Wray, R., Eaton, C., Blount, P. An open-pore structure of the mechanosensitive channel MscL derived by determining transmembrane domain interactions upon gating.
In vitro activity of cefixime (CL284635) and other antimicrobial agents against Haemophilus isolates from pediatric patients.

In vitro activity of cefixime, an experimental oral third-generation cephalosporin and 7 other antimicrobials (ampicillin, augmentin, trimethoprim/sulfamethaxa-zole, cefamandole, cefotaxime, cefuroxim
Higher Prevalence of Obesity Among Children With Asthma

The aim of this study is to investigate the association between childhood obesity and asthma, and whether this relationship varies by race/ethnicity. For this population-based, cross-sectional study, measured weight and height, and asthma diagnoses were extracted from electronic medical records of 681,122 patients aged 6–19 years who were enrolled in an integrated health plan 2007–2009. Weight class was assigned based on BMI-for-age. Overall, 18.4% of youth had a history of asthma and 10.9% had current asthma. Adjusted odds of current asthma for overweight, moderately obese, and extremely obese youth relative to those of normal weight were 1.22 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.20, 1.24), 1.37 (95% CI: 1.34, 1.40), and 1.68 (95% CI: 1.64, 1.73), respectively (P trend < 0.001). Black youth are nearly twice as likely (adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.89, 1.99), and Hispanic youth are 25% less likely (adjusted OR = 0.75, 95% CI: 0.74, 0.77), to have current asthma than to non-Hispanic white youth. However, the relationship between BMI and asthma was strongest in Hispanic and weakest in black youth. Among youth with asthma, increasing body mass was associated with more frequent ambulatory and emergency department visits, as well as increased inhaled and oral corticosteroid use. In conclusion, overweight, moderate, and extreme obesity are associated with higher odds of asthma in children and adolescents, although the association varies widely with race/ethnicity. Increasing BMI among youth with asthma is associated with higher consumption of corticosteroids and emergency department visits.
Ethanol reduces the phase locking of neural activity in human and rodent brain

How the neuromolecular actions of ethanol translate to its observed intoxicating effects remains poorly understood. Synchrony of phase (phase locking) of event-related oscillations (EROs) within and between different brain areas has been suggested to reflect communication exchange between neural networks and as such may be a sensitive and translational measure of ethanol's effects. Using a similar auditory event-related potential paradigm in both rats and humans we investigated the phase variability of EROs collected from 38 young men who had participated in an ethanol/placebo challenge protocol, and 46 adult male rats given intraperitoneal injections of ethanol/saline. Phase locking was significantly higher in the delta frequencies in humans than in rats. Phase locking was also higher for the rare (target) tone than the frequent (non-target) tone in both species. Significant reductions in phase locking to the rare (target) tone in the delta, theta, alpha, beta and gamma frequencies, within and between brain sites, was found at 1h following ethanol as compared to placebo/saline administration in both rats and humans. Reductions in phase locking in the alpha frequencies in the parietal cortex were found to be correlated with blood ethanol concentrations. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ethanol's intoxicating actions in the brain include reducing synchrony within and between neuronal networks, perhaps by increasing the level of noise in key neuromolecular interactions.
Modeling inflation-induced adaptive behaviors

Predicting consumers' responses to inflationary pressures has been a dominant research area in psychology, economics, and marketing. The present study attempts to model consumers' inflation-induced adaptive behavior using demographic, shopping patterns, and attitudes as predictors. Also, the present study is not limited to purchase behaviors. Rather, inflation-induced adaptive behaviors are examined for the purchase, preparation, and consumption of necessity goods (food items) involving a relatively low expenditure per purchase but a relatively high annual expenditure.
Why We Needed Audience Costs and What We Need Now

Audience costs are not unlike the “dark matter” of international relations: they are hard to observe directly—we occasionally get indirect glimpses—but postulating their existence turns out to be v...
Kinetic resolution of racemic glycidyl butyrate using a multiphase membrane enzyme reactor: experiments and model verification.

A laboratory-scale multiphase hollow fiber membrane reactor was employed to investigate the lipase-catalyzed enzymatic resolution of racemic glycidyl butyrate. A mathematical formulation was feveloped to simulate the performance of this system. Model parameters were determined independently (except the effective rate constant, ks) and incorporated in the model simulations. In this study, two modes of operation are considered: subtractive resolution, in which the unreacted substrate is recovered in the organic stream; and product recovery, where the optically pure product of the enzymatic reaction is recovered in the aqueous stream. Good agreement was obtained between theoretical predictions and experimental results under a variety of conditions. The effect of mass transport limitations on the performance of this system was investigated. An increase in enzyme loading resulted in a higher Thiele modulus due to an elevated rate constant as well as a concomitant decrease in the effective diffusivity. Optical purity decreased in both subtractive resolution and product recovery at higher Thiele modulus with the effect being more pronounced in the product recovery mode. Finally, normalized plots were established to describe the effect of enzyme immobilization on both the effective enzymes activity and effective diffusivity. © 1993 Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Substance Use and Treatment of Substance Use Disorders in a Community Sample of Transgender Adults

Background Transgender people have elevated substance use prevalence compared with the U.S. general population, however no studies have comprehensively examined the relationship of psychosocial risk factors to substance use and substance use disorder (SUD) treatment among both male-to-female (MTF) and female-to-male (FTM) transgender adults.