cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast: a cytologic dilemma. Report of a case and review of the literature.

Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast is a rare benign tumor made up of epithelial and myoepithelial cells. The cytologic features of this lesion are not well defined. This report describes the cytologic features of a case of adenomyoepthelioma characterized by hypercellularity and the presence of many atypical epithelial cells, leading to the erroneous diagnosis of adenocarcinoma. Review of the cytology literature shows that this condition frequently mimics the cytologic features of a number of benign and malignant breast lesions, thus representing not only an important potential pitfall in the diagnosis of carcinoma but also a differential diagnosis to consider in a variety of breast lesions.
Historical Dictionary of Romantic Music by John Michael Cooper

John Michael Cooper, with the assistance of Randy Kinnett, has assembled a dictionary of terms, musicians, musical works, and events with which to enlighten students and researchers of the Romantic...
Indicator bacteria concentrations as affected by hydrologic variables in the Apalachicola river, Florida

Concentrations of fecal coliform and fecal Streptococcus bacteria were monitored in the Apalachicola River, Florida, at various river stages. Bacteria transported by the river may eventually be assimilated by estuarine filter feeders, including shellfish. Sources along the river contributed to relatively high coliform and coliform: Streptococcus ratios at a few sites upstream, but there was a general decreasing trend in coliform numbers in a downstream direction. The data suggested that coliform densities depend not only on discharge, but also on factors such as whether the river stage is rising or falling, whether the flood is in an early or late phase, and the volume of the current peak relative to earlier peaks. A regression model indicated that 53 % of fecal coliform variability could be accounted for by river discharge and 32% could be accounted for by other hydrologic characteristics of the flood.
Modeling impacts of roof reflectivity, integrated photovoltaic panels and green roof systems on sensible heat flux into the urban environment

Abstract This study presents results of a modeling effort to explore the role that sustainable roofing technologies play in impacting the rooftop energy balance, and the resultant net sensible heat flux into the urban atmosphere with a focus on the summertime urban heat island. The model has been validated using data from a field experiment conducted in Portland Oregon. Roofing technologies explored include control dark membrane roof, a highly reflective (cool) roof, a vegetated green roof, and photovoltaic (PV) panels elevated above various base roofs. Energy balance models were developed, validated with experimental measurements, and then used to estimate sensible fluxes in cities located in six climate zones across the US. On average the black roof and black roof with PV have the highest peak daily sensible flux to the environment, ranging from 331 to 405 W/m2. The addition of PV panels to a black roof had a negligible effect on the peak flux, but decreased the total flux by an average of 11%. Replacing a black roof with a white or green roof resulted in a substantial decrease in the total sensible flux. Results indicate that if a black membrane roof is replaced by a PV-covered white or a PV-covered green roof the corresponding reduction in total sensible flux is on the order of 50%. The methodology developed for this analysis provides a foundation for evaluating the relative impacts of roof design choices on the urban climate and should prove useful in guiding urban heat island mitigation efforts.
Cognitive processing speed is related to fall frequency in older adults with multiple sclerosis.

Abstract Objective To examine mobility, balance, fall risk, and cognition in older adults with multiple sclerosis (MS) as a function of fall frequency. Design Retrospective, cross-sectional design. Setting University research laboratory. Participants Community-dwelling persons with MS (N=27) aged between 50 and 75 years were divided into 2 groups—single-time (n=11) and recurrent (n=16; >2 falls/12 mo) fallers—on the basis of fall history. Intervention Not applicable. Main Outcome Measures Mobility was assessed using a variety of measures including Multiple Sclerosis Walking Scale-12, walking speed (Timed 25-Foot Walk test), endurance (6-Minute Walk test), and functional mobility (Timed Up and Go test). Balance was assessed with the Berg Balance Scale, posturography, and self-reported balance confidence. Fall risk was assessed with the Physiological Profile Assessment. Cognitive processing speed was quantified with the Symbol Digit Modalities Test and the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test. Results Recurrent fallers had slower cognitive processing speed than single-time fallers ( P ≤.01). There was no difference in mobility, balance, or fall risk between recurrent and single-time fallers ( P >.05). Conclusions Results indicated that cognitive processing speed is associated with fall frequency and may have implications for fall prevention strategies targeting recurrent fallers with MS.
The role of sense of school belonging and gender in the academic adjustment of latino adolescents

The aim of this study was to examine the roles of sense of belonging and gender in the academic outcomes of urban, Latino adolescents. It was expected that sense of belonging would play a different role in males' and females' academic adjustment. Participants (N = 143) included mostly Mexican and Puerto Rican seniors from a large, urban high school. The academic outcomes assessed were grade point average, absenteeism, motivation, effort, and educational aspirations and expectations. As hypothesized, females consistently had more positive academic outcomes than males. Sense of school belonging significantly predicted academic outcomes, including academic motivation, effort, and absenteeism. Regression analyses did not show that gender explained differences in the relationship between sense of belonging and academic outcomes. Implications and future directions for research on urban Latino males and females are discussed.
Type A botulinum neurotoxin complex proteins differentially modulate host response of neuronal cells.

Abstract Type A Botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT/A), the most potent poison known to mankind, is produced by Clostridium botulinum type A as a complex with neurotoxin-associated proteins (NAPs). Currently BoNT/A in purified and complex forms are both available in therapeutic and cosmetic applications to treat neuromuscular disorders. Whereas Xeomin ® (incobotulinumtoxin A, Merz Pharmaceuticals, Germany) is free from complexing proteins, Botox ® (onabotulinumtoxin A, Allergan, USA) contains NAPs, which by themselves have no known role in the intracellular biochemical process involved in the blockade of neurotransmitter release. Since the fate and possible interactions of NAPs with patient tissues after intramuscular injection are not known, it was the aim of this study to evaluate the binding of BoNT/A and/or the respective NAPs to cells derived from neuronal and non-neuronal human tissues, and to further explore neuronal cell responses to different components of BoNT/A. BoNT/A alone, the complete BoNT/A complex, and the NAPs alone, all bind to neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. The BoNT/A complex and NAPs additionally bind to RMS13 skeletal muscle cells, TIB-152 lymphoblasts, Detroit 551 fibroblasts besides the SH-SY5Y cells. However, no binding to these non-neuronal cells was observed with pure BoNT/A. Although BoNT/A, both in its purified and complex forms, bind to SH-SY5Y, the intracellular responses of the SH-SY5Y cells to these BoNT/A components are not clearly understood. Examination of inflammatory cytokine released from SH-SY5Y cells revealed that BoNT/A did not increase the release of inflammatory cytokines, whereas exposure to NAPs significantly increased release of IL-6, and MCP-1, and exposure to BoNT/A complex significantly increased release of IL-6, MCP-1, IL-8, TNF-α, and RANTES vs. control, suggesting that different components of BoNT/A complex induce significantly differential host response in human neuronal cells. Results suggest that host response to different compositions of BoNT/A based therapeutics may play important role in local and systemic symptoms in patients.
ADMINISTRATIVE REFORM AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: CONCEPTS, ISSUES, AND THE NATIONAL EXPERIENCE

This symposium examines issues related to the links between administrative reform policy and economic development policy. The symposium introduction paper consists of two parts. First, it offers an overview of the background of theoretical and conceptual issues that are important to the connection between administrative reform and economic development. The issues reviewed include the role of government in economic development, the importance of public policy and management to economic development, the contribution of development administration, and the need of administrative reform to remove bureaucratic problems and promote efficiency. Next, the introduction paper provides a brief summary of the research arguments and findings addressed in the following six articles. They include an evaluation of administrative reform in Arab world economic growth, an examination of administrative reform and economic development in Latin America and the Caribbean, a political economy analysis of policy reform in Korea, a study of the implementation of privatization strategies in India's public sector reform, a discussion of the concerns between efficiency and ethics in China's economic development, and the study of administrative and economic development in Mongolia. The implications of the research findings and the need for further study of the linkage between administrative reform and economic development are emphasized in the conclusion.
Effective longitudinal shear modulus of a unidirectional fiber composite containing interfacial cracks

Abstract The problem of evaluating the effective longitudinal shear modulus of a unidirectional fiber composite containing fiber-matrix interfacial cracks is considered. The generalized self-consistent scheme is employed in the formulation of the problem. The resulting mixed boundary value problem leads to a system of dual series equations, which can then be reduced to Fredholm integral equations of the first kind with a logarithmically singular kernel. The reduced longitudinal shear modulus is calculated by solving the governing weakly singular integral equations.
ON THE MECHANISM OF OUABAIN INHIBITION OF SYNAPTOSOME PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

— Ouabain (200μm) inhibited incorporation of radiolabelled leucine or glycine into the protein of neonatal synaptosome fractions but had minimal effect on preparations from adult rats. Leucine uptake into synaptosomes was rapid but not influenced by 200μm-ouabain in contrast to ouabain inhibition of [14C]glycine and [14C]γ-aminobutyric acid uptake. Ouabain blocked the Na+ -dependent (stimulated) component of synaptosome fraction protein synthesis in the presence of 25mm-K+. Ouabain inhibition was not alleviated by addition of ADP or ATP. 100μm-atractylate failed to influence [3H]leucine uptake or incorporation. Synergistic inhibition by ouabain was observed with the cycloheximide-sensitive component of protein synthesis and the chloramphenicol sensitive phase. Increasing the medium Ca2+ concentration stimulated protein synthesis and this stimulated component was inhibited by ouabain. Ouabain inhibition was associated with decreasing intraterminal K+ concentration and [K]i was linearly related to the protein synthesis rate in control and ouabain treated preparations.
Research article: Deposition and extension approach to find longest common subsequence for thousands of long sequences

The problem of finding the longest common subsequence (LCS) for an arbitrary number of sequences is a very interesting and challenging problem in computer science. This problem is NP-complete, but because of its importance, many heuristic algorithms have been proposed, such as Long Run, Expansion Algorithm and THSB. However, the performance, either in result quality or in process time, of many current heuristic algorithms deteriorates fast when the number of sequences and sequence length increase. In this paper, we have proposed a post-process heuristic algorithm for the LCS problem, the Deposition and Extension Algorithm (DEA). This algorithm first generates common subsequence by ''sequence deposition'' based on fine tuning of search range, and then extends this common subsequence. The algorithm is proven to generate Common Subsequences (CSs) with guaranteed lengths. The experiments on different dataset showed that the results of DEA algorithm were better than those of Long Run and Expansion Algorithm, especially on many long sequences. The algorithm also had superior efficiency both in time and memory space.
Intrinsic photoemission signals, surface preparation, and surface stability of high temperature superconductors

Abstract Photoemission signals which are characteristic of high quality surfaces of high temperature superconductors are briefly reviewed. Criteria for assessing surface quality are determined, and these criteria are then used to evaluate the various surface preparation procedures reported in the literature. It will be shown that some widely used procedures effectively clean surfaces of some materials, but damage other materials. For example, surfaces of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ and Nd 1.85 Ce 0.15 CuO 4−δ scraped in vacuum show clear signs of damage, such as loss of intensity at the Fermi edge, and in the case of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7−δ the spectral features are consistent with loss of oxygen resulting from the “cleaning” procedure. Finally, the stability of clean high temperature superconductor surfaces is discussed.
Ambient air pollutants: collection, chemical characterization and mutagenicity testing.

Abstract This review discusses sources and types of air pollution; collection, fractionation and chemical analysis of air samples; and in vitro bioassay systems capable of quantitating mutagenicity of these air samples and their components. Case studies utlizing bioassays to detect mutagenicity, such as the Tradescantia plant assay (on-site) and the Ames/Salmonella bacterial assay (off-site) are reviewed. Problems such as sample size, complexity of the air sample (both vapor-phase and particulate), and artifact generation are discussed. The state-of-the-art techniques for air-pollution analysis (an integrated biological and chemical approach) are reviewed, and directions for future research are commended. Methods for collection of air particulate and vapors are reviewed, as are solvent extractiona nd further fractionation of particulate organic matter into various chemical groups (e.g. acid, base, PNA, PN, NPN). Methods for chemical identification of individual components by GC/MS/computer systems and collection and assay methods for vapor-phase components are included. Experimental results comparing Tradescantia with Ames/Salmonella mutagenicyt studies are presented (certain vapor-phase organic substances were highly mutagenic for Tradescantia plant stamen hairs). Bacterial mutagenesis test results of air particulates and their extracts indicated the major portion of the activity resided in the acid, base and PNA fractions. Different types of mutagens identified in fractionated air-particulate extracts are discussed, and recommendations for the use of integrated chemical-analytical and biological screening systems in further studies of toxic air pollutants are proposed.
Sociology Today: An Appraisal*

A BOOK written by twenty-six different authors or teams of authors cannot be discussed as a unit. It is, rather, necessary to assess each contributor's chapter independently. Merton's extremely thoughtful "Notes on Problem-Finding in Sociology" are in part based on inferences from the various contributions to the volume. The sections "Ingredients of Sociological Problems" and "Occasions for Problem-Finding in Sociology" ought to be required reading in any methods course. The short discussion of "Social Determinants of Sociological Problems" contains many hints for a sociology of sociology. Parsons reports on Parsons' progress and problems. It appears premature, to say the least, to equate "General Theory in Sociology" with Parsons' theories plus and minus nothing. But this is exactly what the article implies. Lazarsfeld sees the task of the modern social scientist in a "parsimonious organization of knowledge through systematic theory and development of empirical methods to gauge how much regularity there is in the social world ... ." In methodology he distinguishes six major themes: location of topics, clarification of terms, explication of research techniques, their interrelation, systematization of findings, and formalization of reasoning. He specifically discusses the translation of complex phenomena into "indicators" which may be either expressive or predictive. The sample nature of all lists of indicators is stressed. It is not essential that these lists show high correlation among each other as long as they are equally predictive with regard to relevant outside events. Sociologists must learn to think in terms of multivariate analysis rather than in terms of relations between two variables. Changes through time need to be given
Critical Review of Existing Solutions To Predict and Model Liquid Loading in Gas Wells

Liquid loading in gas wells is a multiphase flow phenomenon where the liquid content of the well creates back pressure (usually dominated by gravitational pressure changes) which restricts, and in some cases even stops, the flow of gas from the reservoir. The industry recognizes the importance of liquid loading and tries to alleviate the problem using various measures, yet the fundamental understanding of the associated multiphase phenomena remains weak. This paper discusses the complexity of the multiphase flow phenomena associated with liquid loading in gas wells. An extensive review of the current modeling solutions available to predict the arrival of liquid loading, diagnose its impact on production and screen remedial options is presented. The paper also critically reviews recent attempts to model the dynamic interactions between reservoir and wellbore. The review highlights the limitations of the current models, stressing the need for a fully transient multiphase flow approach.
Human genetic adaptation to high altitude.

Some 140 million persons live permanently at high altitudes (>2500 m) in North, Central and South America, East Africa, and Asia. Reviewed here are recent studies which address the question as to whether genetic adaptation to high altitude has occurred. Common to these studies are the use of the oxygen transport system and the passage of time as organizing principles, and the recognition of the multifaceted ways in which genetic factors can influence physiological processes. They differ in terms of study approach and sources of evidence for judging duration of high altitude residence. Migrant, family set, and admixture study designs have been used for comparisons within populations. These collectively demonstrate the existence of genetic influences on physiological characteristics of oxygen transport. Differences in oxygen transport-related traits between Tibetan, Andean and European populations have been interpreted as having demonstrated the existence of genetic influences on high altitude adaptation bu...
AIDS Stigma and Contact With Persons With AIDS: Effects of Direct and Vicarious Contact.1

This paper examines the relationship between AIDS-related stigma and (a) direct, personal contact with people with AIDS (PWAs), and (b) vicarious contact—through mass media—with a public figure with AIDS or HIV. Data are presented from a 2-wave national telephone survey with a probability sample of US. adults (ns = 538 at Wave 1; 382 at Wave 2) and an oversample of Black Americans (ns = 607 and 420, respectively). Direct contact with a PWA was associated with less support for coercive AIDS policies, less blame for PWAs, and less avoidance of PWAs. Vicarious contact–operationalized as the self-reported impact of Earvin “Magic” Johnson's disclosure of his HIV infection–appeared to have its greatest impact among respondents who previously had manifested high levels of stigma. In that group, levels of stigma diminished somewhat to the extent that respondents reported having been strongly influenced by Johnson's announcement.
Direct imaging of periodic subwavelength patterns generated by optical phase masks

We have demonstrated direct imaging of interference fringes of total atomic density with periods {lambda}/4 and {lambda}/2 for optical wavelength {lambda} that have been produced in a de Broglie wave atom interferometer. The imaging was done by means of an 'optical mask' technique, which allowed us to observe subwavelength periodic patterns with a resolution of up to {lambda}/16. In addition, the dependence of the fringe pattern on the recoil phase and pulse area reveals quantum dynamics in the atomic center-of-mass motion. The behavior of the fringe patterns near the interference times distinguishes the effects of phase gratings from those of amplitude gratings.
All the commissioner's men: The federal bureau of narcotics and the Dewey‐Luciano affair, 1947–54

(1990). All the commissioner's men: The federal bureau of narcotics and the Dewey‐Luciano affair, 1947–54. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 171-192.
Inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activity induces nerve growth factor‐resistant apoptosis in PC12 cells

The mechanism(s) underlying nerve growth factor (NGF)-mediated rescue of neurons from apoptosis is poorly understood, although it is well established that the high-affinity NGF receptor (TrkA) plays a pivotal role in mediating NGF effects. The report that the low-affinity NGF receptor (p75NGFR) can induce apoptosis prompted us to analyze the role played by a putative p75NGFR-associated signal-transduction element, the transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB), in the modulation of apoptosis in PC12 cells. Here, we report that inhibition of NFκB function results in apoptosis of rat PC12 cells, a neuroblast-like cell line model of NGF-responsive neural tissues. Furthermore, NGF did not protect PC12 cells from cell death induced by the inhibition of NFκB. These results indicate that NFκB function is essential to maintain PC12 cell survival and to permit NGF-mediated rescue, consistent with the idea that signaling elements potentially associated with both TrkA- and p75NGFR are involved in the regulation of apoptosis. J. Neurosci. Res. 47:155–162, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Infrared spectroscopic parameters of COF2, SF6, ClO, N2, and O2

The status of the middle infrared spectroscopy of selected atmospheric trace gases, COF2, SF6, ClO, N2, and O2 is reviewed. Emphasis is placed on improved sets of spectroscopic parameters that have been included in the 1991 and 1992 versions of the HITRAN database.
A new explanation of persistent double meteor trains

[1] Persistent meteor trains, studied for more than a century, remain somewhat mysterious [Newton, 1869; Trowbridge, 1907; Chapman, 1955; Hapgood, 1980]. The Leonids meteor showers of recent years afforded opportunities to apply new research technologies, including lidars and sophisticated cameras. Here we explore a particularly curious but common feature: double trains. Since the traditional hollow cylinder explanation has been shown to be untenable, we suggest a new explanation, arguing that one train is due to gaseous vapor train emissions behind the meteor while the other is due to heterogeneous chemistry associated with recoagulated dust. In this model the separation is caused by gravitational sedimentation of dust particles, an idea supported by rocket-based observations of recoagulated dust behind a meteor, by rocket-based observations of enhanced sodium emissions in a dust layer, by rocket observations of a dusty trail, and by recent theoretical estimates of chemical reactions on dust.
Fondements biologiques et utilisation clinique du “Twin Block”

Cet article presente, avec le “Twin Block” (TB), une approche therapeutique qui gagne actuellement la faveur des orthodontistes nord-americains. Il propose, tout d'abord, un bref apercu historique de la conception des appareils qui permettent un “saut d'articule”, suivi d'une revue des etudes experimentales de la propulsion fonctionnelle chez les rongeurs et les primates non humains.La seconde partie de l'article decrit l'utilisation clinique du TB. Les modifications de configuration de l'appareil ainsi que la preparation des arcades dentaires avant son utilisation therapeutique font l'objet de recommandations specifiques. Les etapes du traitement comportent la prise d'empreintes, l'enregistrement de l'occlusion, les techniques de laboratoire, la pose de l'appareil, la sequence des rendez-vous, le rebasage a la resine acrylique et la reactivation de l'appareil. Le suivi therapeutique apres traitement par le TB est egalement aborde.La derniere partie de l'article expose brievement une retrospective clinique recente des effets therapeutiques du TB. Compares a un groupe temoin de sujets de Classe II non traites, les patients traites par TB montrent un accroissement de la longueur mandibulaire, une augmentation de hauteur de l'etage inferieur de la face, mais sans limitation du developpement de l'etage moyen. Les modifications alveolo-dentaires au cours du traitement associent une limitation de l'eruption des dents maxillaires posterieures a une legere vestibulo-version des incisives inferieures.
Cognitive functions in children with cerebellar malformations.

In the last few years the role of the cerebellum has been increasinglydemonstrated, not only in the coordination of movements and control of posture, but also in cognitive functions. Cerebellar involvement in cognitive processes has been best characterized by Schmahmann and Sherman in adults. 1 They described cerebellarcognitiveaffectivesyndrome(CCAS),whichinvolves the disturbances of executive functions, impaired spatial cognition, linguistic difficulties, and personality changes. Acquired focal cerebellar lesions represent the best models in which to study cognitive functions in paediatric cerebellar disorders. In children with low-grade cerebellar astrocytoma several studies demonstrated visuospatial, language sequencing, and memory problems. 2 Cognitive impairment has also been reported in cerebellar malformations. In Joubert syndrome and related disorders, developmental delay and ⁄or cognitive impairment are considered to be key features, while normal cognitive functions are exceptional. Despite normal Full-scale IQ (IQ=93), one patient showed specific difficulties in visuospatial organization and in some executive functions. 3 This pattern of deficits is partly reminiscent of CCAS. In rhombencephalosynapsis, cognitive functions are mostly impaired at a level of mild intellectual impairment, but without a typical cognitive profile. 4 Additionally, behavioural problems such as attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder are frequent. In children with non-progressive congenital ataxia detailed neurocognitive examinations revealed significant cognitive deficits affecting, particularly, attention, processing speed, and visuospatialfunctions. 2 The study of cognitive functions in cerebellar malformations presents some difficulties: (1) cerebellar malformations are rare (Joubertsyndromeisoneofthemostfrequentcerebellarmalformations and its estimated prevalence is 1:100.000); (2) severe cognitive impairment may disable a formal IQ assessment; and (3)typicalclinicalsignssuchaslimbataxia,dysarthria,orabnormaleyemovementsmayimpairtheperformanceofneurocognitive tasks. In the view of these difficulties, the cohort of patients
Characterization of genes involved in ceramide metabolism in the Pacific oyster ( Crassostrea gigas )

The lipid signaling molecule, ceramide, is a key component of the vertebrate stress response, however, there is limited information concerning its role in invertebrate species. In order to identify genes involved in ceramide metabolism in bivalve molluscs, Pacific oyster genomic resources were examined for genes associated with ceramide metabolism and signaling. Several genes were identified including full-length sequences characterized for serine palmitoyltransferase-1, 3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase, acid ceramidase, and ceramide glucosyltransferase. Genes involved in ceramide synthesis and metabolism are conserved across taxa in both form and function. Expression analysis as assessed by quantitative PCR indicated all genes were expressed at high levels in gill tissue. The role of the ceramide pathway genes in the invertebrate stress response was also explored by measuring expression levels in adult oysters exposed to Vibrio vulnificus. Two genes demonstrated increased expression during the bacterial challenge: a gene involved in hydrolytic breakdown of ceramide (acid ceramidase) and a gene involved in de novo generation of ceramide (3-ketodihydrosphingosine reductase), suggesting a possible role of ceramide in the invertebrate stress and immune responses. In silico and laboratory results support that Pacific oysters have the basic components of the ceramide metabolism pathway. These results also indicate that ceramide may have analogous functions in vertebrates and invertebrates. The gene expression pattern of acid ceramidase and 3-kethodihydrosphingosine reductase in response to bacterial exposure especially supports that ceramide and sphingolipid metabolism may be involved in the oyster’s stress and/or immune responses.
Beta-2 adrenergic agonists: focus on safety and benefits versus risks

The use of beta(2)-adrenergic receptor agonists, or beta agonists, and their potential for an increased risk of asthma-related death were identified in the 1960's, and appears to have been related to the marketing of specific preparations of short-acting beta agonists (SABA) that are no longer in use today. Subsequent studies have reported a potential for life-threatening or fatal adverse events with the use of long-acting beta agonist (LABA) therapy, but this conclusion must be tempered by the suboptimal design of the studies which form the foundation for these conclusions. Multiple prospective clinical trials and meta-analyses have demonstrated that the combination of a LABA and an ICS confers proven clinical benefits which appear greater than the rare risk for serious or life-threatening adverse events, although all of these studies have inadequate power to be definitive.
Modification of methane-air nonpremixed flamelets by vortical interactions☆

Abstract The structure of a nonpremixed methane-air flame interacting with avortex is described by a two-step reduced mechanism. The mixture-fraction field Z for the flamelet is approximated by a stretched parabola. This synthetic mixture-fraction field is used to relate the vortex swirl velocity to the tangential velocity along the flamelet and to identify a rate of scalar dissipation χ appropriate for parabolically shaped flame tongue. The flame temperature and χ along the tongue are calculated in the context of rate-ratio asymptotics. It is found that the peak temperatures, and hence the smallest χ, occur at the flame tip. In addition, analytical estimates are made to evaluate the importance of the transverse convective effects in the reaction zone relative to the usually assumed diffusive-reactive balance. Away from the tip of the flame tongue but near it, the influences of transverse convection are important, but the relative magnitude of these effects is dependent on the curvature κ of the flamelet as well as on the spacing l between the mixture-fraction contour of the oxidizer stream (Z = 0) and that of the fuel stream (Z = 1); the convective influence becomes more pronounced as κ and/or l is increased. However, the estimates show that the importance of transverse convection is not as large as would be indicated using activation-energy asymptotics.
Surgical Diseases of the Small Intestine

Surgical disorders of the gastrointestinal tract of cattle occur occasionally, and veterinarians are challenged to determine an accurate diagnosis and treatment for these conditions. Although surgical diseases most commonly occur in the forestomachs (dislocated abomasum, reticuloperitonitis) and the colons (cecal dilatation), this article focuses on lesions in the small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum).
Anticipatory and carry-over nasal coarticulation in the speech of children and adults.

Producing /n/ requires a lingual constriction to be formed and the velopharyngeal port (VPP) to be opened. This study examined interarticulator timing in the speech of adults and children aged 5 an...
Reactivity of biologically important reduced pyridines. VIII. A semiempirical (AM1) study of the oxidation of 3‐substituted‐1‐methyl‐1,4‐dihydropyridines

Significant linear correlations were observed between AM1-derived adiabatic, but not vertical, ionization potentials and the log of ferricyanide-mediated oxidation of 3-substituted-1-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridines. This result is consistent with a rate-determining electron loss in the reaction sequence and suggests molecular relaxation subsequent to the initial electron transfer. In addition, useful relationships were generated between oxidation rate and absolute electronegativity, a parameter derived from hard-soft acid-base theory.
Bent pseudoknots and novel RNA inhibitors of type 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) reverse transcriptase.

Abstract The reverse transcriptase (RT) of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a proven target for therapeutic intervention of HIV infections. We have found several new RNA inhibitors of HIV-1 RT that differ significantly from the pseudoknot ligands found previously, along with a wide variety of pseudoknot variants. One pseudoknot variant and three novel ligands were studied in more detail. Each specifically inhibits DNA polymerization by HIV RT (half-maximal inhibition at 0.3 to 20 nM inhibitor), but not that of RTs derived from MMLV or AMV. The minimal binding element of each isolate was determined by deletion analysis and by gel electrophoresis of protein-bound, partially alkaline-hydrolyzed RNA. Truncations of three of the isolates bound nearly as well as (or better than) the parental sequences, while most deletions in the fourth caused substantial disruption of binding. The truncated versions of two isolates were subjected to six rounds of secondary SELEX after resynthesizing them mutagenically. Patterns of conserved and covarying nucleotides yielded structural models consistent with 5′ and 3′ boundary determinations for these molecules. Among the four isolates studied in detail, the first is confirmed as being a pseudoknot, albeit with substantial structural differences as compared to the canonical pseudoknots identified previously. The second forms a stem-loop structure with additional flanking sequences required for binding. Tentative structural models for the other two isolates are presented. The minimal fully active truncations of each of these four isolates compete with each other and with a classical RNA pseudoknot for binding to HIV RT, suggesting that they all recognize the same or overlapping sites on the protein, in spite of their apparently dissimilar structures. We model their interactions with RT as mimicking the 40 to 45 degree bend in dsDNA co-crystallized with RT.
Rapid isolation and purification of mitochondria for transplantation by tissue dissociation and differential filtration.

Previously described mitochondrial isolation methods using differential centrifugation and/or Ficoll gradient centrifugation require 60 to 100 min to complete. We describe a method for the rapid isolation of mitochondria from mammalian biopsies using a commercial tissue dissociator and differential filtration. In this protocol, manual homogenization is replaced with the tissue dissociator’s standardized homogenization cycle. This allows for uniform and consistent homogenization of tissue that is not easily achieved with manual homogenization. Following tissue dissociation, the homogenate is filtered through nylon mesh filters, which eliminate repetitive centrifugation steps. As a result, mitochondrial isolation can be performed in less than 30 min. This isolation protocol yields approximately 2 x 1010 viable and respiration competent mitochondria from 0.18 ± 0.04 g (wet weight) tissue sample.
Effects of state-trait anxiety on the ability to enhance and suppress EEG alpha.

The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between self-reported state and trait anxiety and the ability to enhance or suppress (i.e., control) alpha density in a biofeedback situation. Forty subjects were randomly divided into alpha enhancement and alpha suppression conditions and then underwent four 40-min eyes-closed biofeedback sessions. Immediately before and after each session, each subject completed the A-State scale of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Prior to the first session and again at the end of the final session, the A-Trait scale of the STAI was also completed. The results indicated that: a) subjects with low initial trait and state anxiety were significantly better than high anxiety subjects at suppressing but not enhancing alpha, b) final state anxiety scores were unrelated to alpha control, and c) significant pre- to post-session declines in state anxiety across all subjects were unrelated to both the direction and success of alpha control. It was concluded that anxiety may be related to the ability to increase cortical arousal level (i.e., to reduce alpha) in a biofeedback situation rather than being a direct correlate of alpha level per se. However, since the biofeedback procedure did not result in significant alpha enhancement, the relationship between anxiety and the ability to reduce cortical arousal remains unclear.
Social dominance in gerbils and hamsters

Dominance orders in four groups of gerbils (Meriones unguiculates) and four groups of hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were measured in two conventional tests. Both species evidenced reliable rank orders in a majority of group-test combinations. Water competition rankings were associated with obvious aggression and were positively correlated with body weight. In the gerbils, tunnel competition rankings were not accompanied by overt aggression and were negatively correlated with body weight and uncorrelated with water dominance orders. In the hamsters, tunnel dominance orders were mediated by overt aggression and were positively correlated with both body weight and water dominance orders.
Environmental consequences of industrial-scale fuel-ethanol production☆☆☆

Abstract The environmental consequences of the construction and operation of a commercial-scale fuel-ethanol plant of conventional design are evaluated. The hypothetical facility was assumed to have a production capacity of 60 × 106 L/yr of anhydrous ethanol, to use corn (dry milling) as a feedstock, to use benzene for dehydration, and to burn coal for process heat. Although there is potential for environmental degradation, this analysis indicated that careful siting of the plant and application of available pollution abatement techniques should reduce impacts to acceptable levels.
The effect of chemistry on the polymerization, thermo-mechanical properties and degradation rate of poly(β-amino ester) networks

Poly(β-amino ester) networks are gaining attention as a scaffold material for tissue engineering applications where it is important to have tailorable degradation rate and elastic modulus. The objective of this work is to characterize and understand the relationships between chemical structure, polymerization, thermo-mechanical properties, and degradation in poly(β-amino esters) networks. The networks were synthesized from a primary amine with systematically varied molar ratios and chemical structures of diacrylates. Fundamental trends were established between the chemical structure, conversion during polymerization, macromer molecular weight, rubbery modulus, and degradation rate. The thermo-mechanical properties were dependent upon both polymerization steps. The rubbery modulus was tailorable over a range of several MPa by changing molar ratio and diacrylate molecular weight. The degradation rate ranged from hours to months depending upon the composition. Select chemical structures showed degradation rate independent of modulus. This work provides a basis for designing poly(β-amino esters) networks with specific thermo-mechanical properties and degradation rates for biomedical scaffolds.
Diagnosis of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and other viruses in weed and rotation crops in potato fields

The methodology for the detection of tobacco rattle virus (TRV) and for the incidence of TRV and other viruses was determined in weed species associated with potatoes.
Control of Jovian radio emission by Ganymede

Galileo has been in orbit around Jupiter since December 1995. We present the results of a survey of the data for the frequency range 3.2 MHz to 5.6 MHz, the low-frequency decametric (DAM) emissions. While the control of a portion of the radio emission by the moon Io is well-known, we report that a small but significant portion of low-frequency DAM emission is seen to be correlated with the orbital phase of Ganymede. This result is in agreement with other recent results indicating a significant interaction of the magnetosphere of Ganymede with that of Jupiter.
Antibody-Coated Bacteria in the Urine of Obstetrical Patients with Acute Pyelonephritis

The direct immunofluorescence method for the detection of antibody-coated bacteria in urine sediments was used to test urine samples from obstetrical patients with the clinical diagnosis of acute pyelonephritis or cystitis. Antibody-coated bacteria were present in the urine from 12 of 15 patients with acute pyelonephritis, but they were not observed in the urine from 13 patients with cystitis. The classes of antibody coating the bacteria were IgG, IgA, and, in some cases, IgM. A correlation between a high titer of antibody in serum and the presence of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine was noted. These results confirm that the immunofluorescence test can be useful, as previously reported, in distinguishing infection of the kidney from infection of the bladder. Recently we reported the use of direct immunofluorescence as a means of visualizing antibody complexed with bacteria in the urine of patients with urinary tract infections [1]. Results indicated that there is a remarkable correlation between the occurrence of antibody-coated bacteria in the urine and the presence of infection in the kidney rather than in the bladder. These studies were confirmed by Jones et al. [2], who found that the presence of antibody-coated bacteria correlated closely with renal bacteriuria as determined by a direct localization method, the bladder washout technique. The patient population in our previous study consisted primarily of patients with chronic pyelonephritis [1]. We wanted to test the usefulness of the fluorescent antibody (FA) technique in patients with acute pyelonephritis. Be
Geometrical optimization of helical flow in grooved micromixers

Owing to the enhancement of surface effects at the micro-scale, patterned grooves on a micro-channel floor remain a powerful method to induce helical flows within a pressure driven system. Although there have been a number of numerical studies on geometrical effects concerning fluid mixing within the staggered herringbone mixer, all have focused mainly on the groove angle and depth, two factors that contribute greatly to the magnitude of helical flow. Here we present a new geometrical factor that significantly affects the generation of helical flow over patterned grooves. By varying the ratio of the length of the grooves to the neighboring ridges, helical flow can be optimized for a given groove depth and channel aspect ratio, with up to 50% increases in transverse flow possible. A thorough numerical study of over 700 cases details the magnitude of helical flow over unsymmetrical patterned grooves in a slanted groove micro-mixer, where the optimized parameters for the slanted groove mixer can be translated to the staggered herringbone mixer. The optimized groove geometries are shown to have a large dependence on the channel aspect ratio, the groove depth ratio, and the ridge length.
Low complexity transceivers and autonomous concept of operations for optical planetary access links

Optical access links can be used for relaying data from the surface of Mars to spacecraft orbiting Mars. In this paper considerations related to the concept of operations, link analysis and low-complexity transceiver design required for future implementation are discussed, along with the description of some prototype transceiver development that has been completed.
SU-E-T-307: Quantitative Assessment of the Source Attenuation for the New CT-Compatible Titanium Fletcher-Suit-Delclos (FSD) Gynecologic Applicator.

Purpose: To quantify the effect of 192Ir source attenuation due to titanium material used in manufacturing the new CT‐compatible FSD device during treatment delivery. Methods: A typical cervical cancer treatment includes primary external beam followed by a course of HDR Intra‐Cavitary brachytherapy using FSD applicator. A detailed geometry of the applicator obtained from the manufacturer is implemented using Monte Carlo(MC) simulation package MCNP5. The bending angles of tandem and colpostats are 150 and 1200 respectively. The source geometry is of the VariSource wire model VS2000. We assigned 8 dwell positions in the tandem and 4 dwell positions in each colpostat to calculate dose rate at reference points with and without titanium wall present in the simulation. Results: Based on the MC computation, the titanium tube reduced the overall dose to point A by ∼1.5%, with contributions varying for each dwell position. We also compare MC results with BrachyVision treatment planning system calculations. The clinically used algorithm is based on AAPM report TG‐43, which calculates the dose without inhomogeneity correction. The latest Varian release of the planning software BrachyVision‐Acuros has the updated algorithm capable of inhomogeneity corrected dose calculation. For this study a treatment plan is created based on the exact coordinates of the MC model and used to calculate dose at reference points. The dose to reference point A with BrachyVision traditional algorithm is in excellent agreement with the homogeneous MC model result. Conclusion: The attenuation due to Ti wall is ∼1.5% at point A compared to ∼5% using a non‐CT compatible system. Comparative accuracy of the two treatment planning systems with MC, especially in their abilities to account for the source attenuation due to the applicator titanium walls will also be presented.
Implementing Detention Intake Reform: The Judicial Response

This study examines several influences on judges' attitudes toward implementation of new detention intake policies in Florida. Based on a statewide survey of all circuit judges on the juvenile bench, the analysis focuses specifically on the relative impact of judges' agreement with the statutory purpose of detention, working relationships with other juvenile justice professionals, and a variety of demographic and occupational variables on support for these reforms. The findings, which indicate that agreement with the statutory purpose of detention exerts the dominant influence, have implications for policy-makers interested in improving the implementation process in juvenile justice.
Stress and EEG-alpha.

When stressed, subjectd showed increased arousal as measured by changes in pulse rate, skin conductance, and self-reports but did not show changes in EEG-alpha production. The finding that EEG-alpha was not sensitive to changes in arousal above the normal level is inconsistent with what has generally been assumed and suggests that alpha biofeedback training will not be effective for teaching persons to reduce high levels of arousal.