cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 15385: Acute Intravenous Infusion of Bendavia (MTP-131), a Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Improves Left Ventricular Systolic Function in Dogs with Advanced Heart Failure

Background: Bendavia (MTP-131) is a novel mitochondria-targeting peptide that improves the efficiency of mitochondria electron transfer chain and improves mitochondria respiration and ATP synthesis. This study examined the acute effects of intravenous Bendavia on left ventricular (LV) systolic function in dogs with advanced heart failure (HF). Methods: Studies were performed in 12 anesthetized dogs with intracoronary microembolization-induced HF. Seven dogs, selected at random, received intravenous Bendavia at a dose of 0.05 mg/kg/hr for 2 hours and 5 dogs received a volume matched placebo control (normal saline) also administered over 2 hours. Hemodynamic and ventriculographic measurements were made at baseline, prior to drug administration, and at the end of 2 hours of drug or placebo infusion. Measurements included heart rate (HR), mean aortic pressure (mAoP), LV ejection fraction (EF), stroke volume (SV), cardiac output (CO), LV peak +dP/dt and systemic vascular resistance (SVR). Results: Data are shown in the table (mean ± SEM). Compared to baseline, saline infusion over 2 hours had no effect on HR, mAoP, EF, ESV, SV, peak +dP/dt and SVR. Infusion of Bendavia also had no effect on HR, mAoP or SVR but significantly increased EF, SV, CO and +dP/dt. Conclusions: In dogs with advanced HF, acute intravenous administration of Bendavia improved LV systolic function without increasing heart rate or decreasing systemic pressure and SVR. The improvement of LV function is likely the result of improved cardiac energetics. The findings support the continued development of Bendavia for the treatment of patients with acute HF syndromes.
Using 1D Patch-Based Signatures for Efficient Cascaded Classification of Lung Nodules

In the last years, convolutional neural networks (CNN) have been largely used to address a wide range of image analysis problems. In medical imaging, their importance increased exponentially despite of known difficulties in building large annotated training datasets in medicine. When it comes to 3D image exams analysis, 3D convolutional networks commonly represent the state-of-art, but can easily became computationally prohibitive due to the massive amount of data and processing involved. This scenario creates opportunities for methods that deliver competitive results while promoting efficiency in data usage and processing time. In this context, this paper proposes a comprehensive 1D patch-based data representation model to be used in an efficient cascaded approach for lung nodules false positive reduction. The proposed pipeline combines three convolutional networks: a 3D network that uses regular multi-scale volumetric patches, a 2D network that uses a trigonometric bi-dimensional representation of these patches, and a 1D network that uses a very compact 1D patch representation for filtering obvious cases. We run our experiments using the publicly available LUNA challenge dataset and demonstrate that the proposed cascaded approach achieves very competitive results while using up to 55 times less data in average and running around 3.5 times faster in average when compared to regular 3D CNNs.
Abstract WMP30: Cardiac Arrest Does Not Increase the Long-Term Risk of Seizures

Introduction: Epilepsy is a feared late sequela of acute neurovascular injury. While early seizures after cardiac arrest have received much attention, the long-term risk of seizures in cardiac arre...
Machine learning with remote sensing data to locate uncontacted indigenous villages in Amazonia

Background The world's last uncontacted indigenous societies in Amazonia have only intermittent and often hostile interactions with the outside world. Knowledge of their locations is essential for urgent protection efforts, but their extreme isolation, small populations, and semi-nomadic lifestyles make this a challenging task. Methods Remote sensing technology with Landsat satellite sensors is a non-invasive methodology to track isolated indigenous populations through time. However, the small-scale nature of the deforestation signature left by uncontacted populations clearing villages and gardens has similarities to those made by contacted indigenous villages. Both contacted and uncontacted indigenous populations often live in proximity to one another making it difficult to distinguish the two in satellite imagery. Here we use machine learning techniques applied to remote sensing data with a training dataset of 500 contacted and 25 uncontacted villages. Results Uncontacted villages generally have smaller cleared areas, reside at higher elevations, and are farther from populated places and satellite-detected lights at night. A random forest algorithm with an optimally-tuned detection cutoff has a leave-one-out cross-validated sensitivity and specificity of over 98%. A grid search around known uncontacted villages led us to identify three previously-unknown villages using predictions from the random forest model. Our efforts can improve policies toward isolated populations by providing better near real-time knowledge of their locations and movements in relation to encroaching loggers, settlers, and other external threats to their survival.
Is scrupulosity behind the relationship between problematic pornography viewing and depression, anxiety, and stress?

This study examined how scrupulosity, depression, anxiety, stress, and neuroticism may statistically predict problematic pornography viewing dimensions. Participants (n = 507 women and n = 250 men)...
Depression and psychological distress in US adults with atopic dermatitis

Abstract Background Symptoms of anxiety and depression appear to contribute to the overall burden of atopic dermatitis (AD). However, the burden of mental health symptoms and psychological distress in AD have not been fully elucidated. Objective To determine the prevalence and predictors of depressive symptoms and psychological distress among US adults with AD and how they compare with psoriasis and other disorders. Methods We analyzed the 2004-2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys, a representative sample of US adults. Patient Health Questionnaire-2 (PHQ-2) and Kessler-6 index (K-6) scores assessed depressive symptoms and psychological distress, respectively. Results Atopic dermatitis in adults is associated with increased odds of screening positive for depressive symptoms (PHQ-2 ≥2) (44.3% vs 21.9%; adjusted odds ratio [aOR] [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 2.86 [1.14, 7.16]) and severe psychological distress (K-6≥13) (25.9% vs 5.5%; 6.04 [2.28, 15.99]). Adults with vs without AD had increased K6 scores overall (linear regression, P = .04) and severe psychological distress in particular (K-6≥13; logistic regression; adjusted odds ratio [95% CI]: 6.04 [2.28, 15.99]). K-6 scores were associated with lower household income (linear regression; adjusted beta [95% CI]: 6.22 [0.88, 11.56]) and middle income (4.49 [0.39, 8.59]), but inversely associated with black (-7.36 [-11.70, -3.03]) and multiracial/other (-2.85 [-5.67, -0.03]) race/ethnicity. Conclusion Atopic dermatitis is associated with more depressive symptoms and psychological distress overall, and even worse than many other chronic diseases. These findings highlight the need for clinicians to consider screening for and monitoring mental health symptoms in AD patients. Future studies are needed to develop interventions to reduce psychological distress in AD.
The mixed polychalcogenorhenate(IV) anions [Re4Q4(S3)4(S4)2](4-) (Q = S, Te): syntheses and crystal structures of [NMe4]5[Me2NH2]3[Re4Se4(S3)4(S4)2](2)*2.25H2O and [NH4]4[Re4Te4(S3)4(S4)2]*8H2O.

The Re(IV) mixed polychalcogenides [NMe4]5[Me2NH2]3[Re4Se4(S3)4(S4)2]2·2.25H2O (1) and [NH4]4[Re4Te4(S3)4(S4)2]·8H2O (2) have been synthesized by the reaction of Re4Se4(TeCl2)4Cl8 with ammonium pol...
The Prevalence of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency in Post-HSCT Pediatric Patients.

Abstract Children undergoing HSCT are at risk for vitamin D deficiency due to lack of sun exposure, the recommended use of sunscreen, dietary insufficiency, and the effects of medications such as glucocorticoids and calcineurin inhibitors. We assessed the prevalence of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OH vitamin D) deficiency in pediatric post-HSCT patients in an outpatient oncology clinic during 4 weeks in May 2008. Patients found to have low 25-OH vitamin D levels were referred for dietary counseling and given supplementation or repletion as needed. 25-OH vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were measured in 62 (88.6%) of 70 eligible patients. 83.8% of patients had a 25-OH vitamin D level less than the institutional lower limit of normal, 30 ng/mL. 29% of patients were 25-OH vitamin D insufficient with levels 20–29 ng/mL (range of 20–29). 54.8% of patients were 25-OH vitamin D deficient with levels
Penetrating Abdominal Aortic Injury: Comparison of ACS-Verified Level-I and II Trauma Centers:

OBJECTIVES Penetrating abdominal aortic injury (PAAI) is a highly acute injury requiring prompt surgical management. When compared to surgeons at level-II trauma centers, surgeons at level-I trauma centers are more likely to take in-house call, and may more often be available within 15 minutes of patient arrival. Thus, we hypothesized that level-I trauma centers would have a lower mortality rate than level-II trauma centers in patients with PAAI. METHODS We queried the Trauma Quality Improvement Program database for patients with PAAI, and compared patients treated at American College of Surgeons (ACS)-verified level-I centers to those treated at ACS level-II centers. RESULTS PAAI was identified in 292 patients treated at level-I centers and 86 patients treated at level-II centers. Patients treated at the 2 center types had similar median age, injury severity scores and prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, and smoking (p > 0.05). There was no difference in the frequency of additional intra-abdominal vascular injuries (p > 0.05). Median time to hemorrhage control (level-I: 40.8 vs level-II: 49.2 minutes, p = 0.21) was similar between hospitals at the 2 trauma center levels. We found no difference in the total hospital length of stay or post-operative complications (p > 0.05). When controlling for covariates, we found no difference in the risk of mortality between ACS verified level-I and level-II trauma centers (OR:1.01, CI:0.28-2.64, p = 0.99). CONCLUSION Though the majority of PAAIs are treated at level-I trauma centers, we found no difference in the time to hemorrhage control, or the risk of mortality in those treated at level-I centers when compared to those treated at level-II trauma centers. This finding reinforces the ACS-verification process, which strives to achieve similar outcomes between level-I and level-II centers.
Exploiting Topological Properties of Mie-Resonance-Based Hybrid Metasurfaces for Ultrafast Switching of Light Polarization

The Mie resonances of high-index nanostructures offer the possibility of manipulating light with extremely low loss. Enhanced optical magnetism, with a concomitant significant increase in the quali...
Environmental exposure to pyrethroid pesticides in a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults and children: The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2012.

Abstract Pyrethroids are an important class of insecticides, and thousands of tons of these compounds are used in the United States every year. This study characterized exposures to pyrethroids and assessed demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors that modulate pyrethroid exposure using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2012, a nationally representative survey of the non-institutionalized population of the United States. Urinary levels of commonly used biomarkers of pyrethroid exposure, including 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), 4-fluoro-3-phenoxybenzoic acid (F-PBA), and cis-dibromovinyl-dimethylcyclopropane carboxylic acid (DBCA), were determined by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The detection rate of 3-PBA, a nonspecific metabolite of several pyrethroids, was 78.1% in adults (N = 5233) and 79.3% in children (N = 2295). The detection rates of all other pyrethroid metabolites were
Contracting for sex in the Pacific War

Abstract The protracted political dispute between South Korea and Japan over the wartime brothels called “comfort stations” obscures the contractual dynamics involved. These dynamics reflected the straightforward logic of the “credible commitments” so basic to elementary game theory. The brothel owners and potential prostitutes faced a problem: the brothel needed credibly to commit to a contractual structure (i) generous enough to offset the dangers and reputational damage to the prostitute that the job entailed, while (ii) giving the prostitute an incentive to exert effort while working at a harsh job in an unobservable environment. Realizing that the brothel owners had an incentive to exaggerate their future earnings, the women demanded a large portion of their pay upfront. Realizing that they were headed to the war zone, they demanded a relatively short maximum term. And realizing that the women had an incentive to shirk, the brothel owners demanded a contractual structure that gave women incentives to work hard. To satisfy these superficially contradictory demands, the women and brothels concluded indenture contracts that coupled (i) a large advance with one- or two-year maximum terms, with (ii) an ability for the women to leave early if they generated sufficient revenue.
Viral therapies for glioblastoma and high-grade gliomas in adults: a systematic review

Objective High-grade gliomas (HGGs) inevitably recur and progress despite resection and standard chemotherapies and radiation. Viral therapies have emerged as a theoretically favorable adjuvant modality that might overcome intrinsic factors of HGGs that confer treatment resistance. Methods The authors present the results of systematic searches of the MEDLINE and ClinicalTrials.gov databases that were performed for clinical trials published or registered up to July 15, 2020. Results Fifty-one completed clinical trials were identified that made use of a virus-based therapeutic strategy to treat HGG. The two main types of viral therapies were oncolytic viruses and viral vectors for gene therapy. Among clinical trials that met inclusion criteria, 20 related to oncolytic viruses and 31 to gene therapy trials. No oncolytic viruses have progressed to phase III clinical trial testing, although there have been many promising early-phase results and no reported cases of encephalitis or death due to viral therapy. Three phase III trials in which viral gene therapy was used have been completed but have not resulted in any FDA-approved therapy. Recent efforts in this area have been focused on the delivery of suicide genes such as herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase and cytosine deaminase. Conclusions Decades of research efforts and an improving understanding of the immunomodulatory effects of viral therapies for gliomas are informing ongoing clinical efforts aimed at improving outcomes in patients with HGG. The available clinical data reveal varied efficacy among different virus-based treatment strategies.
Motivations and spatial behavior of OHV recreationists: A case-study from central Utah (USA)

Abstract Despite the growing popularity of off-highway vehicle (OHV) recreation, only a small body of research has focused on the motivations of these recreationists, how motivations vary across participants, and how motivations are related to recreationists’ on-site behavior. Our investigation integrates established theory from the field of outdoor recreation management to develop a better understanding of the diverse motivations of OHV users visiting the Sheeprock Mountains region of central Utah, USA. We pair data on OHV users’ recreation experience preferences with data on their spatial behavior to develop strategic approaches for resource management. This can help balance the trade-offs between maintaining the quality and diversity of outdoor recreation experiences while limiting resource impacts. Our analyses revealed the motivations of OHV users were not related to a variety of variables characterizing OHV users’ rides (e.g., distance, speed, etc.). However, we did find distinct differences in the routes favored by OHV users preferring different outdoor recreation experiences. We visualize the concentration of routes preferred by OHV users with different experience preferences to inform the development of spatially targeted interpretation and signage efforts. Through this approach, we demonstrate how a better understanding of the diverse motivations of OHV users can be used to inform communication strategies designed to get the most meaningful information in front of the right users in the right places. Management implications The motivations of OHV users were not related to a variety of variables characterizing the OHV users' rides. There were distinct differences in the routes favored by OHV users preferring different outdoor recreation experiences. We document a method for visualizing the concentration of routes preferred by OHV users with different experience preferences. Visualizations of the concentration of routes preferred by OHV users with different experience preferences can be used to inform the development of spatially targeted interpretation and signage efforts.
Cinema and classical texts : Apollo's new light

List of illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction: the god of light and the cinema eye 1. A certain tendency in classical philology 2. Divine epiphanies: Apollo and the Muses 3. The complexities of Oedipus 4. Patriotism and war: 'Sweet and fitting it is to die for one's country' 5. Helen of Troy: marriage and adultery according to Hollywood 6. Women in love Epilogues: 'Bright shines the light' Bibliography Index.
Business im Internet: Was geht, was geht nicht in der globalen Web-Infrastruktur?

Gerade Software-Designer mussen sich immer wieder bewust machen, das sie nicht nur Komponenten zu einem Ganzen zusammenfugen, sondern Infrastrukturen fur die Kommunikation von Partnern gestalten mussen. Dabei ist es nutzlich, diesen Begriff in seiner ganzen Bedeutung zu verwenden. In der Definition des Brockhaus [1] ist Infrastruktur, Gesamtheit der staatl. und privaten Einrichtungen, die fur eine ausreichende Daseinsvorsorge und die wirtsch. Entwicklung eines Gebiets erforderlich sind. Hierzu zahlen z.B. die Einrichtungen des Verkehrswesens, der Energieversorgung (technische I.); Kindergarten, Schulen, Sportanlagen, Krankenhauser, Alten- und Pflegeheime (soziale I.) als materielle L.; daneben unterscheidet man institutionelle I. (Normen, Verfahrensweisen einer Volkswirtschaft) und personelle I. (Zahl und Fahigkeiten der am Wirtschaftsprozes beteiligten Personen).
Soybean and Coconut Biodiesel Fuel Effects on Combustion Characteristics in a Light-Duty Diesel Engine

This study investigated the effects of soybean- and coconut-derived biodiesel fuels on combustion characteristics in a 1.7-liter direct injection, common rail diesel engine. Five sets of fuels were studied: 2007 ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD), 5% and 20% volumetric blends of soybean biodiesel with ULSD (soybean B5 and B20), and 5% and 20% volumetric blends of coconut biodiesel with ULSD (coconut B5 and B20). In conventional diesel combustion mode, particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxides (NO/dx) emissions were similar for all fuels studied except soybean B20. Soybean B20 produced the lowest PM but the highest NO/dx emissions. Compared with conventional diesel combustion mode, high efficiency clean combustion (HECC) mode, achieved by increased EGR and combustion phasing, significantly reduced both PM and NO/dx emissions for all fuels studied at the expense of higher hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and an increase in fuel consumption (less than 4%). ULSD, soybean B5, and coconut B5 showed no difference in exhaust emissions. However, PM emissions increased slightly for soybean B20 and coconut B20. NO/dx emissions increased significantly for soybean B20, while those for coconut B20 were comparable to ULSD. Differences in the chemical and physical properties of soybean and coconut biodiesel fuels comparedmore » with ULSD, such as higher fuel-borne oxygen, greater viscosity, and higher boiling temperatures, play a key role in combustion processes and, therefore, exhaust emissions. Furthermore, the highly unsaturated ester composition in soybean biodiesel can be another factor in the increase of NO/dx emissions.« less
Personal Income Taxation: The Cornerstone of the Tax System in Democratic Spain

The aim of this chapter is to explain the most significant events during the lifetime of the personal income tax (PIT) which, since its introduction, has become the form of taxation most widely known by Spanish taxpayers. We will therefore describe its historical origins, analyze its significance within the Spanish tax framework and offer a statistical evaluation of the tax since it came into force. We will also review the three most significant processes of reform since 1978. The first was in 1991 under the Socialist government of Felipe Gonzalez; the other two were carried out in 1998 and 2002 by Jose Maria Aznar's Partido Popular government.
LDGM codes for joint source-channel coding of correlated sources

A system based on the use of systematic linear codes with low-density generator matrix (LDGM codes) for joint source-channel coding of multiterminal correlated binary sources is proposed. The encoding structure and different decoding possibilities are investigated and evaluated. For the case of binary sources and AWGN channels, the resulting performance is close to the theoretical limits.
Science, information, technology, and the changing character of public policy in non-point source pollution

Information technologies are already delivering important new capabilities for scientists working on non-point source (NPS) pollution in the vadose zone, and more are'expected. This paper focuses on the special contributions of modeling and network communications for enhancing the effectiveness of scientists in the realm of policy debates regarding NPS pollution mitigation and abatement. The discussion examines a fundamental shift from a strict regulatory strategy of pollution control characterized by a bureaucratic/technical alliance during the period through the 1970's and early 1980's, to a more recently evolving paradigm of pluralistic environmental management. The role of science and scientists in this shift is explored, with special attention to the challenges facing scientists working in NPS pollution in the vadose zone. These scientists labor under a special handicap in the evolving model because their scientific tools are often times incapable of linking NPS pollution with individuals responsible for causing it. Information can facilitate the effectiveness of these scientists in policy debates, but not under the usual assumptions in which scientific truth prevails. Instead, information technology's key role is in helping scientists shape the evolving discussion of trade-offs and in bringing citizens and policymakers closer to the routine work of scientists.
Activation of Coagulase Clotting by Trypsin Inhibitor

Egg white trypsin inhibitor activated coagulase clotting when added to a final concentration between 2 and 60 mg/ml. The greatest increase in clotting rate was observed in reaction mixtures containing the lowest concentrations of serum and plasma. Maximal activation was reached with 40 mg of trypsin inhibitor per ml when either serum or plasma was used as the source of coagulase-reacting factor (CRF). The increased rate of clotting is partly due to inhibition of plasmin. Freezing and thawing reduced plasma clotting inhibition. Soybean trypsin inhibitor also activated the coagulase reaction. The increased rate of clotting was observed with a coagulase preparation from organisms which produced plasminogen activators and with the culture supernatant fraction from organisms which did not activate plasminogen to plasmin. The tube test for coagulase could be made more sensitive for some strains of staphylococci by increasing the concentration of CRF (added as plasma or serum) by adding trypsin inhibitor, or both.
The Persistence of Experimentally Induced Attitude Change

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the persistence of experimentally induced change. Several theoretical benefits are expected from a review of the persistence literature that has slowly and unsystematically accumulated in experimental social psychology. Just as theories of long-term memory stress different concepts from theories of short-term memory, so theories of persistence may employ different concepts from theories of initial attitude change. It is also useful to highlight the constructs that are unique to persistence theories and are not part of current analyses of initial attitude change. The chapter indicates how well current procedures leading to initial attitude change succeed in producing persistent attitude change. The concern for predicting persistence can be expressed at several theoretical levels. The chapter explores that, at the level of specific theories, it is important to compare the level of persistence. Reviewing the persistence literature also helps in help in determining whether “attitude’’ really changes in laboratory experiments on attitude change.
Estimation of phytoplankton size fractions based on spectral features of remote sensing ocean color data

[1] Through its influence on the structure of pelagic ecosystems, phytoplankton size distribution (pico-, nano-, and micro-plankton) is believed to play a key role in “the biological pump.” In this paper, an algorithm is proposed to estimate phytoplankton size fractions (PSF) for micro-, nano-, and pico-plankton (fm, fn, and fp, respectively) from the spectral features of remote-sensing data. From remote-sensing reflectance spectrum (Rrs(λ)), the algorithm constructs four types of spectral features: a normalized Rrs(λ), band ratios, continuum-removed spectra, and spectral curvatures. Using support vector machine recursive feature elimination, the algorithm ranks the constructed spectral features and Rrs(λ) according to their sensitivities to PSF which is then regressed against the sensitive spectral features through support vector regression. The algorithm is validated with (1) simulated Rrs(λ) and PSF, and (2) Rrs(λ) obtained by Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and PSF determined from High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) pigments. The validation results show the overall effectiveness of the algorithm in estimating PSF, with R2 of (1) 0.938 (fm) for the simulated SeaWiFS data set; and (2) 0.617 (fm), 0.475 (fn), and 0.587 (fp) for the SeaWiFS satellite data set. The validation results also indicate that continuum-removed spectra and spectral curvatures are the dominant spectral features sensitive to PSF with their wavelengths mainly centered on the pigment-absorption domain. Global spatial distributions of fm, fn, and fp were mapped with monthly SeaWiFS images. Overall, their biogeographical distributions are consistent with our current understanding that pico-plankton account for a large proportion of total phytoplankton biomass in oligotrophic regions, nano-plankton in transitional areas, and micro-plankton in high-productivity regions.
Effect of prolonged exercise on muscle citrate concentration before and after endurance training in men

It has been hypothesized that endurance training reduces carbohydrate utilization during exercise via citrate-mediated inhibition of phosphofructokinase (PFK). To test this hypothesis, vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples were obtained from eight men before and immediately (approximately 10 s) after 2 h of cycle ergometer exercise at 60% of pretraining peak O2 uptake, both before and after 12 wk of endurance exercise training (3 days/wk running, 3 days/wk interval cycling). Training increased muscle citrate synthase (CS) activity from 3.69 +/- 0.48 (SE) to 5.30 +/- 0.42 mol.h-1.kg protein-1 and decreased the mean respiratory exchange ratio during exercise from 0.92 +/- 0.01 to 0.88 +/- 0.01 (both P < 0.001). Muscle citrate concentration at the end of exercise correlated significantly with CS activity (r = 0.70; P < 0.005) and was slightly but not significantly higher after training (0.80 +/- 0.19 vs. 0.54 +/- 0.19 mmol/kg dry wt; P = 0.16). Muscle glucose 6-phosphate (G-6-P) concentration at the end of exercise, however, was 31% lower in the trained state (1.17 +/- 0.10 vs. 1.66 +/- 0.27 mmol/kg dry wt; P < 0.05), in keeping with a 36% decrease in the amount of muscle glycogen utilized (133 +/- 22 vs. 209 +/- 19 mmol.kg dry wt-1.2 h-1; P < 0.01). The lower G-6-P concentration after training suggests that the training-induced reduction in carbohydrate utilization results from attenuation of flux before the PFK step in glycolysis and is not due to citrate-mediated inhibition of PFK.
Subcellular distribution of hydralazine in rat single vascular muscle cells

High specific activity (20 Ci/mmol) tritiated hydralazine (3Hyd) distribution in isolated, cultured vascular muscle cells was determined to identify the sites of Hyd binding. 3Hyd dose-dependently bound to extracellular protein and to the area of organelles which secrete these proteins. Increased extracellular binding after Hyd pre-exposure suggests new binding sites may be exacerbated as a result of Hyd interactions. These experiments suggest a potentially important feature of the mechanism of action of this directly acting vasodilator.
Russia and the CIS in 2007: Putin's Final Year?

Russia in 2007 moved further away from a constitutional order governed by the rule of law as President Vladimir Putin9s second term drew to a close and the country prepared for parliamentary and presidential elections. High oil and gas prices buoyed the economy, but little progress was made in addressing Russia9s serious social problems. In foreign policy, confrontation with the West was balanced by excellent relations with most of Asia.
Uptake of norepinephrine by isolated pineal bodies

Abstract Isolated pineal bodies of the cat, incubated in a Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate medium containing 5 mμg/ml of DL-norepinephrine-7 3 H, took up radioactivity to a concentration approximately 25 times that in the medium. The corresponding concentration ratio in pineal slices of calf was about 4. The uptake was inhibited by reserpine and ouabain and apparently required a carrier mechanism. Of the total isotope in the slices of calf pineal, about 30 per cent represents unchanged norepinephrine and the remainder acidic products of oxidation deamination by monoamine oxidase.
ARC: Adaptive Reputation based Clustering Against Spectrum Sensing Data Falsification Attacks

IEEE 802.22 is the first standard based on the concept of cognitive radio. It recommends collaborative spectrum sensing to avoid the unreliability of individual spectrum sensing while detecting primary user signals. However, it opens an opportunity for attackers to exploit the decision making process by sending false reports. In this paper, we address security issues regarding distributed node sensing in the 802.22 standard and discuss how attackers can modify or manipulate their sensing result independently or collaboratively. This problem is commonly known as spectrum sensing data falsification (SSDF) attack or Byzantine attack. To counter the different attacking strategies, we propose a reputation based clustering algorithm that does not require prior knowledge of attacker distribution or complete identification of malicious users. We provide an extensive probabilistic analysis of the performance of the algorithm. We compare the performance of our algorithm against existing approaches across a wide range of attacking scenarios. Our proposed algorithm displays a significantly reduced error rate in decision making in comparison to current methods. It also identifies a large portion of the attacking nodes and greatly minimizes the false detection rate of honest nodes.
Antimalarial chemotherapy: Orally curative artemisinin-derived trioxane dimer esters

Abstract Eight new artemisinin-derived trioxane dimer esters 5 have been prepared and tested for antimalarial efficacy in malaria-infected mice. At a single oral dose of only 6 mg/kg combined with 18 mg/kg of mefloquine, each of the dimer esters 5 outperformed the antimalarial drug artemether (2). The most efficacious dimer, dichlorobenzoate ester 5h, prolonged mouse survival past day 30 of infection with three of the four mice in this group having no detectable parasitemia and appearing and acting healthy on day 30.
Finite-size scaling for directed self-avoiding walks

A directed self-avoiding walk model is solved exactly for a finite cylinder geometry where the cylinder's axis is parallel to the directed axis of the walk. The finite-size scaling behavior of the longitudinal and transverse correlation lengths is examined. Although the infinite system has a continuous transition, one of the scaling variables for the finite system varies exponentially with the cylinder circumference, which is reminiscent of finite-size effects at first-order transitions in scalar-spin systems.
Bureau of mines research in scrap and waste utilization

Abstract The Bureau of Mines has been influential in increasing the recycling of mineral values from various waste materials. Industrial utilization of Bureau research includes cobalt and tungsten carbide recovery from machining tool scrap, regenerating chromic acid from spent electroplating solutions, and resource recovery from municipal solid waste. Current scrap and waste utilization studies are being directed in part toward developing environmentally acceptable and energy-efficient methods of recycling secondary lead, recovering chromium and other critical metals from scrap materials, and developing new uses for nonmetallic scrap. Work is conducted at Bureau research centers located throughout the country as well as at the facilities of private research organizations that have been awarded Bureau contracts. Work in cooperation with the Tanners' Council of America, Inc., has been directed toward developing effective methods for treating leather tanning wastes to prevent environmental degradation while recovering the chromium values for effective recycling. The status of current scrap and waste utilization research is shown in relation to the goals and objectives of the Bureau's mineral resources technology program.
Dissociation and concomitant activation of adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase by histone.

Abstract Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate-dependent (cAMP-dependent) protein kinase from bovine brain has been examined after sedimentation in a sucrose density gradient. The molecular weight of the catalytic and of the cAMP binding protein decreased in the presence of low concentrations of either histone or cAMP, indicating that the enzyme had dissociated into subunits. The dissociation in the presence of histone was accompanied by conversion of the enzyme activity from a cAMP-dependent to a cAMP-independent form.
Optimizing hydrocarbon generation calculations

Abstract Modern simulations of hydrocarbon generation are complex and intractable analytically. Commercial software for solving nonlinear systems seldom yields sufficient accuracy by modern standards. Specially written software tends to be slow. All methods must cope with reaction rate constants that change rapidly as temperature or pressure varies, and stiffness where certain reactions proceed rapidly. A combination of standard and new techniques produces improvements in both run time and accuracy. Two types of numerical integration methods are derived: Pseudo-steady approximations of two levels of complexity, and an adjustable-stage quasi-Runge-Kutta method that is optimal for steady conditions and can be modified to approximate a “perfect” pseudo-steady method under nonsteady conditions. Richardson Extrapolation, a robust method of accelerating convergence, is introduced and demonstrated, and the Epsilon method is presented as an alternate acceleration method that requires less prior analysis. These are used to improve the performance of the integration methods, usually many-fold. Comparative benchmarks show that all these methods outperform a commercial stiff solver. One of the pseudo-steady methods, depending on how it is used, gains two or three digits of accuracy in the same run time, or yields the same accuracy in one-fifth to one-tenth the run time, as the commercial routine. It is capable of greater accuracy with a further increase of run time. The adjustable-stage method improves over the pseudosteady method by a further factor of ten or more, but it is more difficult to use properly. The classic fourth-order Runge-Kutta method, combined with Richardson Extrapolation, proved to be many-fold more robust than it is in its ordinary use, and merits further study.
Jacinto Grau's “El señor de Pigmalión”

IN SHAKESPEARE'S Hamlet, Tamayo y Baus' Un drama nuevo, and Ferenc Molnar's The Play's the Thing, a play takes place within a play, but the distinction between the two is always clear-cut. In Pirandello's Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore, based on an earlier story of his, there is a play within a play, but the line of demarcation between the reality of the live actors and that of the six created characters is completely lost. This fusion of reality with fantasy, and the independence of the created from the creator is seen also in Karel Capek's R. U.R. and Jacinto Grau's El seiror de Pigmali6n.1 All three plays were written in 1921. Although it has not had the world-wide recognition of the other two plays, Grau's has also had an illustrious career, and deserves wider recognition. It has been translated into French, Italian, Czech and English. The play, like many of don Jacinto's, was published (1921) before it was performed, and received its world premiere in a foreign country. It was presented in Paris in 1923 by Charles Dullin, in Prague in 1925 by Karel Capek, and in Italy (date unknown) by Luigi Pirandello. It did not reach Madrid till 1928, when the Melia-Cibrian company played it. As its name indicates, the story is based on the myth of Pygmalion and Galatea. From it Grau takes the fundamental idea of the creation of life from inorganic matter, and of the creator falling in love with the thing created. As in the Russian ballet Petrouchka, the animated objects are dolls.
Sex-lethal is a Target of Bruno-mediated Translational Repression in Promoting the Differentiation of Stem Cell Progeny during Drosophila Oogenesis

The RNA Recognition Motif (RRM) type RNA binding protein Bruno is required for the differentiation of cystoblasts, the committed daughters of germline stem cells in the Drosophila ovary. To understand how Bruno controls cystoblast differentiation, we used a bioinformatics approach to identify potential mRNA targets of Bruno. One such target is the Sex-lethal (Sxl) transcript MS11, which contains four Bruno Response Elements (BREs) in its 3′ untranslated region. Electrophoresis mobility shift assays demonstrated that Bruno specifically binds to the BREs of Sxl MS11 mRNA. Tagged transgenic Sxl MS11 cDNA constructs were used to show that Bruno represses the translation of the Sxl MS11 mRNA via the BRE-containing region in the 3′UTR. The lack of either Bruno or the BRE-containing region leads to overexpression of SXL, which in turn causes defects in cystoblast differentiation similar to the Bruno mutant phenotype. Therefore, Sxl MS11 represents a novel target of Bruno-mediated translational repression required for cystoblast differentiation.
Using Psychologists' Letters to Teach about Introspection

In the history and systems course, psychologists' letters can be used to facilitate an understanding of the introspective way of thinking and of the historical era in which introspection flourished. Excerpts from two letters illustrate how the “introspective attitude” characterized the everyday cognition of experimentalists.
IMAGING OF NEONATAL GASTROINTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION

In evaluation of the neonate with bowel obstruction, it is essential to develop an understanding of basic principles and how these pertain to the conditions that affect the newborn infant. The most fundamental of these are consonant with common sense, and overlap at all ages: there is dilatation proximal to the obstruction, and collapse distally. Others are characteristic of newborn infants (e.g., it is not possible to distinguish small and large bowel on neonatal abdominal radiographs). Finally, some of the conditions that present in the newborn, such as intestinal atresias and intrauterine perforation, are unique to this age group. Supported by these basic principles, there are several valid approaches to focus the various entities that result in gastrointestinal obstruction. They can be grouped as high or low obstructions, which in turn simplifies the understanding of the clinical findings and radiologic interventions: High Obstruction Gastric outlet obstruction Pyloric atresia Pyloric stenosis Antral web Duodenal obstruction Duodenal atresia Duodenal stenosis Annular pancreas Preduodenal portal vein Malrotation Jejunal obstruction Atresia Jejunal stenosis Low Obstruction Distal small bowel Ileal atresia Meconium ileus Uncomplicated Complicated Colonic obstruction Dysmotility states Meconium plug Small left colon syndrome Hirschsprung's disease Colonic atresia
Prescribing errors in a pediatric emergency department

Objectives To determine the frequency, prescriber, and type of prescribing errors in written in-house orders and ambulatory prescriptions in a pediatric emergency department (PED). Methods A 17-day retrospective chart review and a 6-month retrospective ambulatory prescription review in a PED for medications with weight-based dosing. Orders and prescriptions were checked for prescriber identification number, route, weight-based target dose in milligrams per kilogram, frequency, correct dosing, and drug allergies. Narcotics were excluded from the prescription analysis. Results Forty-seven (12.5%) of 377 in-house orders and 37 (19.4%) of 191 individual charts contained at least 1 error: 4 (1.1%) orders contained an incorrect dose, 41 (10.8%) were written incorrectly, and 2 (0.5%) contained an incorrect dose and were written incorrectly. Thirty (4.3%) of 696 ambulatory prescriptions contained 1 error: 14 (2.0%) contained an incorrect dose, and 16 (2.3%) were written incorrectly. Pediatric postgraduate year-3 residents had the highest in-house order incorrect dose error rate (1 of 29 orders or 3.5%), and ED pediatric postgraduate year-2 residents had the highest ambulatory prescription incorrect dose error rate (6 of 66 prescriptions or 9.1%). Pediatric ED attending physicians had the highest error rates for writing orders and prescriptions incorrectly, 25% (3 of 12) and 9.7% (3 of 31), respectively. Antibiotics, analgesics, and narcotics were most often involved in errors. Conclusions Prescribing errors are common in both written in-house orders and ambulatory prescriptions in a PED. Targeting safety interventions toward groups with less practice in prescribing pediatric doses and reeducating groups on safe medication writing techniques could decrease this error rate.
A Novel Approach for Vehicle Inertial Parameter Identification Using a Dual Kalman Filter

This paper proposes a novel algorithm to identify three inertial parameters: sprung mass, yaw moment of inertia, and longitudinal position of the center of gravity. A four-wheel nonlinear vehicle model with roll dynamics and a correlation between the inertial parameters is used for a dual unscented Kalman filter to simultaneously identify the inertial parameters and the vehicle state. A local observability analysis on the nonlinear vehicle model is used to activate and deactivate different modes of the proposed algorithm. Extensive CarSim simulations and experimental tests show the performance and robustness of the proposed approach on a flat road with a constant tire–road friction coefficient.
Mono-oxygenase activities of coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) liver microsomes using three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon substrates.

1. Benzo[a]pyrene, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, and naphthalene were used as substrates for a coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) liver microsomal preparation.2. The apparent Michaelis constants (Km) were as follows: benzo[a]pyrene, 2.1 μM; 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, 15.3 μm; and naphthalene, 300 μM.3. The results indicate that the microsomal preparation had a high affinity for 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene. Thus, 2,6-dimethylnaphthalene, an important constituent of petroleum products, is a useful substrate for research on the disposition in vivo and in vitro of xenobiotics introduced into marine environments by petroleum pollution.
Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonism inhibits vein graft remodeling in mice.

Objective Vein graft failure rates resulting from adverse graft remodeling remain high with no effective therapy. The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) plays a role in pathologic arterial remodeling. We demonstrated recently that the MR is upregulated in venous tissues after grafting and hypothesized that MR inhibition would reduce vein graft remodeling. Methods Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were used to examine the expression of the MR and other components of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system in human vein and primary human saphenous vein smooth muscle cells (HSVSMC). Adenoviral reporter gene assays were used to explore MR transcriptional activity in HSVSMC. The effect of MR inhibition on vein graft remodeling in vivo was characterized in a mouse vein graft model. Results Messenger RNAs encoding the MR, 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and the angiotensin-converting enzyme are expressed in whole HSVSMC. MR and 11-β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 2 protein expression is confirmed, and MR-dependent transcriptional regulation is demonstrated at physiologic aldosterone concentrations in HSVSMC. Treatment of mice with the MR antagonist spironolactone, at doses that do not lower blood pressure (20 mg/kg per day), reduces maximal vein graft intima–media thickness by 68%, with an associated reduction in graft inflammatory cell infiltration and fibrosis. Conclusions MR is expressed in human venous tissue and cells and modulates gene expression in HSVSMC in response to physiologic aldosterone concentrations. In vivo, MR inhibition reduces vein graft thickening and inflammation. These preclinical data support the potential to use MR antagonists as novel treatments to preserve vein graft patency.
APPLICABILITY OF THE FAMA-FRENCH THREE-FACTOR MODEL IN FORECASTING PORTFOLIO RETURNS

For the model-based estimation of the equity cost of capital, evidence shows that the common practice of using the average historical factor premiums as the estimates of the next-period factor premiums generates inaccurate estimates. I propose an alternative way to estimate factor premiums by using the structural variables that are important predictors of future asset returns. Based on the out-of-sample results from a trading strategy with four in-sample model-selection criteria, I find that my estimation procedure performs better than the common practice even when transaction costs are considered.
Experimental affirmation of the statistical model of overlap

Abstract This article briefly reviews the statistical model of overlap and reports results from its first application to a fully characterized experimental chromatogram in which the numbers of detectible components, singlet peaks, doublet peaks, and triplet peaks are known. The overall agreement between these numbers and their theoretically expected values, which were predicted by the model from the relative distribution of maxima in the chromatogram, is very good. Specifically, the absolute errors between the predicted and actual numbers are all less than or equal to three.