cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Do anatomic changes found in the throwing arm after a season of pitching resolve with off-season rest? A dynamic ultrasound study.

Hypothesis Our hypothesis was that seasonal adaptive changes in the ulnar collateral ligament (UCL), ulnohumeral joint space (UHJS), and glenohumeral internal rotation deficit (GIRD) of the pitching extremity would subsequently resolve with off-season rest. Methods Eleven collegiate pitchers underwent preseason, postseason, and off-season evaluations including physical examination; dynamic ultrasound imaging of the UCL and UHJS; and the short version of the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH) questionnaire. Ultrasound images were evaluated by 2 fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologists. Results All 11 pitchers were included in the final analysis, with an average age of 20.1 years and with 14.1 years of playing experience. After a season of pitching, we found significant increases in GIRD (P = .004) and UCL thickness (P = .033) and nonsignificant increases in both unloaded (P = .069) and loaded (P = .122) UHJS. Preseason GIRD correlated with this increase in loaded UHJS (r = 0.80, P = .003). The increase in UCL thickness was significantly greater in pitchers with GIRD greater than 10° (P Conclusions The pitching season produced adaptive changes in the throwing elbow that subsequently resolved after off-season rest. However, shoulder range-of-motion deficits were progressive and did not resolve. Ultrasound adaptations of the pitching elbow were significantly related to GIRD.
Disassociation of Vitamin D’s Calcemic Activity and Non-calcemic Genomic Activity and Individual Responsiveness: A Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trial

The aims of this randomized controlled double-blind clinical trial were to assess the impact of vitamin D supplementation on calcium metabolism and non-calcemic broad gene expression by relating them to the individual’s responsiveness to varying doses of vitamin D3. Thirty healthy adults were randomized to receive 600, 4,000 or 10,000 IU/d of vitamin D3 for 6 months. Circulating parathyroid hormone (PTH), 25(OH)D, calcium and peripheral white blood cells broad gene expression were evaluated. We observed a dose-dependent increase in 25(OH)D concentrations, decreased PTH and no change in serum calcium. A plateau in PTH levels was achieved at 16 weeks in the 4000 and 10,000 IU/d groups. There was a dose-dependent 25(OH)D alteration in broad gene expression with 162, 320 and 1289 genes up- or down-regulated in their white blood cells, respectively. Our results clearly indicated that there is an individual’s responsiveness on broad gene expression to varying doses of vitamin D3. Vitamin D3 supplementation at 10,000 IU/d produced genomic alterations several fold higher than 4,000 IU/d even without further changes in PTH levels. Our findings may help explain why there are some inconsistency in the results of different vitamin D’s clinical trials.
Locally delivered minocycline microspheres do not impair osseointegration of titanium implants in a rat femur model.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study was to determine whether intramedullary administration of extended-release minocycline microspheres would affect osseointegration. Methods Twenty-two rats were randomized to minocycline or saline femoral intramedullary injection followed by implantation of titanium alloy rods. Following euthanasia at four-weeks, pushout testing was performed and bone-volume-fraction assessed. Results Pushout strength was marginally greater in minocycline-treated implants (122.5 ± 39.1 N) compared to saline (96.9 ± 26.1 N) (P = 0.098). No difference was observed in energy to maximum load, mean stiffness, or peri-implant bone-volume-fraction (P > 0.05). Conclusions Peri-implant minocycline administration did not impair implant fixation strength or peri-implant bone-volume, supporting its potential utility as an adjunct to intramedullary implants.
Simultaneous Phasing of Multiple Polyploids

We address the problem of phasing polyploids specifically with polyploidy larger than two. We consider the scenario where the input is the genotype of samples along a genic chromosomal segment. In this setting, instead of NGS reads of the segments of a sample, genotype data from multiple individuals is available for simultaneous phasing. For this mathematically interesting problem, with application in plant genomics, we design and test two algorithms under a parsimony model. The first is a linear time greedy algorithm and the second is a more carefully crafted algebraic algorithm. We show that both the methods work reasonably well (with accuracy on an average larger than 80%). The former is very time-efficient and the latter improves the accuracy further.
The Natural History of Pre-Existing Donor Specific Antibody and Amnestic Responses after Heart Transplantation

Purpose Sensitized patients have prolonged wait times for heart transplant and often low-level donor specific antibodies (DSA) will be crossed when accepting a donor heart. The purpose of this study was to determine if positive low-level DSA at the time of transplant increase in strength post transplant and increase the risk of antibody mediated rejection (AMR). Methods We reviewed 72 heart transplant patients between 2010 and 2018 in whom low-level DSA were crossed. DSA strength, as measured by mean fluorescence intensity (MFI) and AMR on biopsy was assessed at 1, 3, 6, 12 months post transplant. Other outcomes assessed: freedom from first-year rejection (acute cellular rejection (ACR), any treated rejection (ATR)), freedom from cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV, as defined by stenosis ≥30% by angiography), and freedom from graft dysfunction (LVEF ≤40%). Patients were compared to a contemporaneous control group conditional to 1-year survival without DSA at transplant. Results Approximately one-third of patients with pre-existing DSA at transplant demonstrated an increase in DSA strength. Patients with pre-existing DSA had decreased freedom from ATR and AMR but no differences in freedom from CAV, graft dysfunction, or ACR compared to the control group. Conclusion Crossing low-level DSA may increase the risk of AMR, but there is no difference in clinically important sequelae such as CAV or graft dysfunction. Thus, accepting low-level DSA at the time of transplant appears feasible and could broaden the donor pool.
Mechanisms of steroidal implants to improve beef cattle growth: a review

For more than 60 y, beef cattle producers have safely used various types of growth-enhancing technology (GET) such as steroidal implants with anabolic activity and orally active beta-adrenergic ago...
The Impact of Televised Stereotypes on the State Self-Esteem of Latino/a Emerging Adults: The Moderating Role of Ethnic–Racial Identity:

We investigated how stereotypical portrayals of Latino/a characters on television influence Latino/a emerging adults’ (N = 136; ages 18–25) state self-esteem (i.e., social, appearance, and performa...
No Regrets: Surgical Decision Regret in Women Pursuing Surgery for Endometriosis or Chronic Pelvic Pain

Study Objective identify incidence of decision regret associated with surgery for endometriosis or pelvic pain. Design survey study. Setting academic medical center. Patients or Participants all patie.nts who underwent surgery for endometriosis or chronic pelvic pain (CPP) from January 2016 to June 2019 Interventions Questionnaire. Measurements and Main Results 253 patients were contacted to complete a survey consisting of two validated questionnaires: the decision regret scale (DRS) and the patient global impression of improvement (PGI-I). 154 patients responded (60.8% response rate). 137 women (90%) agreed or strongly agreed that having surgery for endometriosis or CPP was the right decision. 134 women (87%) indicated they would choose to have surgery again. On the PGI-I scale, 96 women (62.7%) reported feeling very much better or much better than before surgery. Survey responders did not differ from non-responders in age (years, 33.9 vs 35, p=0.25), robotic route of surgery (83.1% vs. 78.8%, p=0.66), or performance of hysterectomy (27.3% vs. 26.3%, p=0.85). Responders were more likely to have stage III/IV endometriosis (50.6% vs. 29.3% p Overall, 25 patients (16.3%) reported some level of regret after surgery for endometriosis or CPP. Regret was not associated with lower PGI-I score (OR: 4.37, CI: 0.81-23.7), age (OR: 0.98, CI 0.93-1.04), time since surgery (OR: 1, CI: 0.97-1.04), number of previous surgeries (OR: 1.08, CI: 0.9-1.31), pathology negative for endometriosis (OR 2.82, CI 0.95-8.32), hysterectomy (OR: 0.82, CI: 0.30-2.21), or complications (OR: 1.07, CI: 0.22-5.16). Conclusion Most women who pursue surgery for endometriosis or CPP are satisfied with their decision. Regret was not associated with lower PGI-I score, negative pathology for endometriosis, performance of hysterectomy, or complications. Gynecologic surgeons should engage in shared decision-making with patients considering surgery for endometriosis or CPP.
Reducing Unplanned Extubations in the NICU

Background: Unplanned extubation and re-intubations are not benign events and have been well noted to increase the risk of adverse events. To reduce unplanned extubation we adopted strict care standards to be followed in order to reach our set goal in reducing unplanned extubations per patient ventilator days. Many look to the securing device for blame on unplanned extubation, however we hypothesis adopting a strict care standard would be the key in our success and not the altering of the securing the device. Methods: Every unplanned extubation (UE) between Jan 2013 and August 2016 was reviewed to establish the average rate of UE per patient ventilator day and to identify when and how each event occurred in order to determine root cause. Mandatory NICU RCP staff meetings were held to share analysis and to determine the root causes. Staff was tasked to identify practice variations and create standardized process improvements. A "Save My Airway" questionnaire form was created in order for every UE to be examined in real time explaining how the UE occurred and how it could have been prevented. This was then shared with all the NICU RCP9s to evaluate and assess for potential solutions as a group. NICU Staff presented and evaluated each UE as a group for Performance Improvement. New Standards of Care were implemented, monitored, and modified after each UE. Each UE was analyzed by using the Pareto chart and each month was analyzed using control charts. Results: Baseline data showed a 3.5-year average of 56 ventilator days per unplanned extubation (UE) and the goal was set to achieve 70. During the year of the P. I. Project we were able to improve by 168% to 150 ventilator days per UE. By continuous monitoring post P. I. project, we continued to improve and make further gains and are currently at 259 ventilation days per UE, which is a 363% improvement. Conclusions: The key to reducing unplanned extubations in the NICU was the implementation of the "New Standards of Care" changing the staff9s awareness and bedside practice along with the reporting of each individual UE with the 9Save My Airway9 questionnaire. As per our hypothesis we were able to exceed our goal and continue to maintain and improve without any change to the securing device. The change in culture has solidified our practice and sustainability. When indexed to 1 UE per 100 patient ventilator days our current rate is 0.38 which exceeds the suggested benchmark rate of
A Mobile Health Behavior Intervention to Reduce Pain and Improve Health in Older Adults With Obesity and Chronic Pain: The MORPH Pilot Trial

Chronic, multisite pain is a common phenomenon in aging and is associated with a host of negative health outcomes. It is a complex and multifaceted condition that may be exacerbated by weight gain and long periods of inactivity. Unfortunately, older adults suffering from chronic pain have unique barriers limiting access to center-based behavior change interventions. The MORPH study first adapted and iteratively refined an evidence-based group-mediated intervention for delivery in the home via mHealth tools (a smartphone app, teleconferencing software, wearable activity monitor, smart weight scale). This was followed by a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) meant to assess feasibility of the MORPH intervention, and to examine initial effects on physical function, pain, weight, and sedentary behavior. We recruited low-active and obese older adults with multisite pain to partake in a series of N-of-1 refinement studies (N = 5 total) or a 12-week pilot RCT delivered largely in the home (N = 28 assigned to active intervention or wait-list control). The refinement phase identified several key technological (e.g., selection of a new smart weight scale) and user interface (e.g., clarification of in-app phrasing) modifications that were made before initiating the RCT phase. Analyses of covariance, controlling for baseline values, sex, and age indicated effects favoring the intervention across all domains of interest: there was a substantially clinically meaningful difference in short physical performance battery scores (0.63 points, η 2 = 0.08), a moderate-to-large difference in PROMIS pain intensity scores (5.52 points, η 2 = 0.12), a large difference in body weight (2.90 kg, η 2 = 0.207), and a moderate effect on adjusted ActivPAL-assessed sedentary time (64.90 min, η 2 = 0.07) with a small effect on steps (297.7 steps, η 2 = 0.01). These results suggest a largely-home delivered movement and weight loss program for older adults with pain is feasible and recommendations are provided for future programs of this nature. Clinical trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT03377634.
Temporal bias in case-control design: preventing reliable predictions of the future

One of the primary tools that researchers use to predict risk is the case-control study. We identify a flaw, temporal bias, that is specific to and uniquely associated with these studies that occurs when the study period is not representative of the data that clinicians have during the diagnostic process. Temporal bias acts to undermine the validity of predictions by over-emphasizing features close to the outcome of interest. We examine the impact of temporal bias across the medical literature, and highlight examples of exaggerated effect sizes, false-negative predictions, and replication failure. Given the ubiquity and practical advantages of case-control studies, we discuss strategies for estimating the influence of and preventing temporal bias where it exists.
Affinity and Structural Analysis of the U1A RNA Recognition Motif with Engineered Methionines to Improve Experimental Phasing.

RNA plays a central role in all organisms and can fold into complex structures to orchestrate function. Visualization of such structures often requires crystallization, which can be a bottleneck in the structure-determination process. To promote crystallization, an RNA-recognition motif (RRM) of the U1A spliceosomal protein has been co-opted as a crystallization module. Specifically, the U1-snRNA hairpin II (hpII) single-stranded loop recognized by U1A can be transplanted into an RNA target to promote crystal contacts and to attain phase information via molecular replacement or anomalous diffraction methods using selenomethionine. Herein, we produced the F37M/F77M mutant of U1A to augment the phasing capability of this powerful crystallization module. Selenomethionine-substituted U1A(F37M/F77M) retains high affinity for hpII (KD of 59.7 ± 11.4 nM). The 2.20 A resolution crystal structure reveals that the mutated sidechains make new S-π interactions in the hydrophobic core and are useful for single-wavelength anomalous diffraction. Crystals were also attained of U1A(F37M/F77M) in complex with a bacterial preQ1-II riboswitch. The F34M/F37M/F77M mutant was introduced similarly into a lab-evolved U1A variant (TBP6.9) that recognizes the internal bulged loop of HIV-1 TAR RNA. We envision that this short RNA sequence can be placed into non-essential duplex regions to promote crystallization and phasing of target RNAs. We show that selenomethionine-substituted TBP6.9(F34M/F37M/F77M) binds a TAR variant wherein the apical loop was replaced with a GNRA tetraloop (KD of 69.8 ± 2.9 nM), laying the groundwork for use of TBP6.9(F34M/F37M/F77M) as a crystallization module. These new tools are available to the research community.
Mantle Cell Lymphoma

Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a distinct subtype of mature B-cell neoplasm with characteristic histologic, immunophenotypic, genetic, and clinical features. The neoplastic cells of MCL appear to correspond to naive B cells that normally home to, and reside in, primary lymphoid follicles and mantle zones of the secondary follicles. MCL brings together the worst characteristics of high-grade and low-grade lymphomas; the course of the disease is not indolent, and the disease is rarely curable. Novel and better therapies are definitely needed for this group of lymphomas.
Improving Undergraduate Attitudes Towards Responsible Conduct of Research Through an Interactive Storytelling Game

Responsible conduct of research (RCR) is an essential skill for all researchers to develop, but training scientists to behave ethically is complex because it requires addressing both cognitive (i.e., conceptual knowledge and moral reasoning skills) and socio-affective (i.e., attitudes) learning outcomes. Currently, both classroom- and web-based forms of RCR training struggle to address these distinct types of learning outcomes simultaneously. In this paper, we present a study providing initial evidence that playing a single brief session of Academical, a choice-based interactive narrative game, can significantly improve players’ attitudes about RCR. We further demonstrate the relationship between engagement with the game and resulting attitudes. Combined with our previous work showing Academical’s advantages over traditional RCR training for teaching cognitive learning outcomes, this study’s results highlight that utilizing a choice-based interactive story game is a uniquely effective way to holistically address RCR learning outcomes that drive ethical research behavior.
Current Management of Thyroid Eye Disease

In this review, we review the current understanding of the pathogenesis and known associations in thyroid eye disease. We describe recent developments in treatment paradigms including recently approved agents, upcoming future therapies, and current technologies and strategies in approaching patients surgically. The development of biologic agents, such as rituximab, tocilizumab, and most recently the human monoclonal antibody teprotumumab that binds to the IFG-1 receptor, has altered the management of patients in the active phase of thyroid eye disease. Randomized controlled trials have demonstrated teprotumumab infusion in the relatively early phase of orbital inflammation results in a durable reduction in proptosis and strabismus in the majority of patients. Regarding surgical management, many studies have described refining surgical techniques and approaches, with specific attention to customizing approaches based on pre-operative assessments and using computer-assisted technologies. New insights in gene expression have improved our understanding of the etiology of thyroid eye disease and helped to define the role of lifestyle modifications. Steroids continue to have a role in temporizing severe orbitopathy while teprotumumab is useful in patients with moderate disease activity when utilized within 9 months of disease onset. Advances/progress in surgical management continue to increase effectiveness and safety through an ideal, predictable, consistent approach remains elusive.
Investigating a small-sized bike-sharing system’s impact on transit usage: a synthetic control analysis in Tucson, Arizona

The bike-sharing system (BSS) is an emerging travel mode that has attracted increased attention in recent years. One of the most critical reasons for this increased attention is that the BSS claims to solve the first-mile and last-mile problems, and can be used to connect with existing transit. However, some studies suggest that BSSs could compete with transit rather than collaborating. Previous studies only focused on large-sized BSSs, ignoring an analysis of the impact of small-sized BSSs. To fill this gap, this paper conducted a case study to investigate the impacts of introducing a small-sized BSS on transit (including regular bus, express, and streetcar) usage in Tucson, Arizona. All transit routes are categorized into two groups: treated routes with the defined buffer of BSS and control routes without BSS. Then, the synthetic control method (SCM) is employed to provide an unbiased comparison on the average ridership per stop of the treated transit routes. The ridership data and point-of-interest data are collected and used to synthesize virtual treatment transit routes. The results show that a small-sized BSS generally has a slight impact on the ridership of most transit routes because of the limited coverage. However, the streetcar experiences an increase in ridership and increases by 0.55 passengers as a result of 1 BSS trip. Furthermore, the relationship between a small-sized BSS and transit may be also dependent on whether a transit route can access areas having the densest BSS network. These findings suggest that the role of BSSs in an urban transportation system can be controlled by relocating the locations of BSS stations considering the characteristics of transit routes.
Endothelial-to-mesenchymal Transition in Cardiovascular Pathology

Recent studies have documented a high incidence of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) in a number of pathological conditions associated with inflammation such as myocardial infarction, c...
String matching with preprocessing of text and pattern

We consider the well known string matching problem where a text and pattern are given and the problem is to determine if the pattern appears as a substring in the text. The setting we investigate is where the pattern and the text are preprocessed separately at two different sites. At some point in time the two sites wish to determine if the pattern appears in the text (this is the on-line stage). We provide preprocessing and on-line algorithms such that the preprocessing algorithm runs in linear time and requires linear storage and the on-line complexity is logarithmic in the text. We also give an application of the algorithm to parallel data compression, and show how to implement the Lempel Ziv algorithm in logarithmic time with linear number of processors.
Global integration and innovation: Multicountry knowledge generation within MNCs

This paper examines both conditions that can enable collaborative and combinative knowledge generation within multinational corporations (MNCs) and benefits that firms can achieve from these types of innovations. I posit that more basic relationships that have been established through manufacturing integration can enable multicountry collaborative innovations and that these innovations will bring together diverse knowledge that is likely to spawn further innovation within firms. Empirical analysis of a panel that includes comprehensive and confidential data on the worldwide operations of U.S. MNCs and their worldwide patents reveals robust support for these arguments. Overall, this paper broadens extant research on knowledge generation within MNCs by exploring both the antecedents and benefits of multicountry collaborative innovations.
An effect of insulin on cyclic adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate phosphodiesterase activity in fat cells.

Abstract Homogenates of rat fat cells were separated into three fractions by centrifugation: P1 (sedimented at 10,000 x g for 7 min), P2 (sedimented from the 10,000 x g supernatant after 20 min at 100,000 x g), and S (the 100,000 x g supernatant). All fractions contained adenosine 3':5'-monophosphate (cAMP) phosphodiesterase activity. The S fraction was enriched in higher Km (∼15 µm) phosphodiesterase and the P2 fraction in low Km (∼0.2 µm) activity, although both exhibited two apparent Michaelis constants for cAMP. When assayed with 62 nm cAMP, the specific activity of P2 was 2 to 3 times that of the unfractionated homogenate, and this fraction contained more than one-half the total phosphodiesterase activity. Incubation of fat cells with 1.0 milliunit per ml of insulin invariably increased the phosphodiesterase activity assayed in homogenates with l10 µm cAMP. The increment in activity was for the most part confined to the P2 fraction, the specific activity of which was increased 71 ± 5.5% (mean ± S.E.) in 24 experiments. The specific activity of 5'-AMP nucleotidase in P2 (which was 3 to 4 times that in the whole homogenate) was not altered by insulin. The effect on phosphodiesterase activity was essentially maximal after exposure of cells to insulin, 1 milliunit per ml, for 6 to 8 min. It was not diminished by washing the cells four times without insulin but was completely reversed by incubation for 30 min without insulin after washing. Neither prostaglandin E1, 2.8 µm, nor nicotinic acid, 10 µm, mimicked the effect of insulin on fat cell phosphodiesterase activity. The effect of insulin was prevented by anti-insulin serum and insulin treated with dithiothreitol was inactive. When present in the phosphodiesterase assay, dithiothreitol, 0.0042 to 4.2 mm, increased the activity of both P2 and S fractions isolated from control cells, whereas heparin, 8.4 to 420 ng per ml, and ethylene glycol bis(β-aminoethyl ether-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), 0.05 to 2.0 mm, increased P2 activity with little or no effect on the activity of the supernatant fraction. Dithiothreitol, heparin, and EGTA increased, and sodium deoxycholate, 25 to 850 µg per ml, inhibited the activity of P2 fractions isolated from control and insulin-treated cells. Triton X-100, 0.0025 to 0.25%, was without effect. Incubation at 45° for 5 min reduced the phosphodiesterase activity of P2 fractions from control and insulin-treated cells to the same level which was about 50% of the initial control value. The activities then were stable for at least 25 min at 45°. Treatment of rats with dexamethasone for 20 hours decreased the phosphodiesterase activity of the isolated fat cells. The decrement in activity of whole homogenates was apparently accounted for by a loss of activity in the P2 fraction. These observations are consistent with the view that the effects of insulin and perhaps corticosteroids on cAMP-mediated processes in fat cells may be the result of alterations in the activity of a membrane-associated phosphodiesterase which has a relatively high affinity for cAMP.
Examining the role of T cell co-receptors CD4 and CD8 in T cell activation by using high-affinity T cell receptors

The recognition of foreign antigens by T cells is accomplished through the binding of the T cell receptor (TCR) in collaboration with co-receptor (CD4 or CD8) recognition of MHC. It is clear that CD4 and CD8 function by binding to their cognate MHCs and by delivering the kinase Lck to the TCR complex for initiation of signaling, however, the mechanistic details of this process remain unclear. For example, it remains unknown if co-receptors must engage the same MHC as the TCR, or if engagement of a nearby non-cognate MHC molecule is sufficient to initiate signaling. To examine the details of co-receptor function, we used a class II MHC specific TCR system consisting of a wild-type (K D 20 μM) and high-affinity variant (K D 25 nM). A panel of T cell hybridomas was generated expressing either the wild-type or high-affinity TCR paired with either the CD4 or CD8 co-receptor. The low-affinity, but not the high-affinity, TCR required cognate CD4 for activity. Unexpectedly, non-cognate CD8 was able to enhance the activity of the low-affinity TCR, and CD8:class I MHC interactions were required for activity mediated by the high-affinity TCR. Unexpectedly, CD8 also operated by preventing apoptosis of the antigen presenting cells (APCs). These data show that CD8 can act by binding to non-cognate MHC, and that its functions extend to the prevention of apoptosis of APCs. The findings thus provide a framework for a new model of co-receptor function.
Considerations of some problems of comprehension.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses some of the contributions made by listeners while comprehending and remembering. The ability to understand linguistic symbols is based not only on the comprehender's knowledge of his language but also on his general knowledge of the world. Much of the extralinguistic knowledge affecting comprehension and memory may come from visually presented information. The chapter presents a number of studies that illustrate some of the interplay between linguistic inputs and extralinguistic knowledge. It highlights various implications of these studies with respect to the problem of characterizing the thought processes involved in comprehending language, and of characterizing the role of comprehension factors in learning and memory. The results of the studies reported do not dictate a detailed model of comprehension, but they suggest a general orientation toward the problem of linguistic comprehension that places it squarely within the domain of cognitive psychology, and that generates questions for future research. The aspects of the comprehension process may involve mental operations on knowledge structures and the realization of the implications of these operations. Information about the consequences of such operations—rather than information only about the input itself—may be necessary for comprehending subsequent inputs and may be an important part of what is available in memory tasks.
Bone regeneration in critical bone defects using three-dimensionally printed β-tricalcium phosphate/hydroxyapatite scaffolds is enhanced by coating scaffolds with either dipyridamole or BMP-2

Bone defects resulting from trauma or infection need timely and effective treatments to restore damaged bone. Using specialized three-dimensional (3D) printing technology we have created custom 3D scaffolds of hydroxyapatite (HA)/beta-tri-calcium phosphate (β-TCP) to promote bone repair. To further enhance bone regeneration we have coated the scaffolds with dipyridamole, an agent that increases local adenosine levels by blocking cellular uptake of adenosine. Nearly 15% HA:85% β-TCP scaffolds were designed using Robocad software, fabricated using a 3D Robocasting system, and sintered at 1100°C for 4 h. Scaffolds were coated with BMP-2 (200 ng mL-1 ), dypiridamole 100 µM or saline and implanted in C57B6 and adenosine A2A receptor knockout (A2AKO) mice with 3 mm cranial critical bone defects for 2-8 weeks. Dipyridamole release from scaffold was assayed spectrophotometrically. MicroCT and histological analysis were performed. Micro-computed tomography (microCT) showed significant bone formation and remodeling in HA/β-TCP-dipyridamole and HA/β-TCP-BMP-2 scaffolds when compared to scaffolds immersed in vehicle at 2, 4, and 8 weeks (n = 5 per group; p ≤ 0.05, p ≤ 0.05, and p ≤ 0.01, respectively). Histological analysis showed increased bone formation and a trend toward increased remodeling in HA/β-TCP- dipyridamole and HA/β-TCP-BMP-2 scaffolds. Coating scaffolds with dipyridamole did not enhance bone regeneration in A2AKO mice. In conclusion, scaffolds printed with HA/β-TCP promote bone regeneration in critical bone defects and coating these scaffolds with agents that stimulate A2A receptors and growth factors can further enhance bone regeneration. These coated scaffolds may be very useful for treating critical bone defects due to trauma, infection or other causes. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 366-375, 2017.
Longitudinal viscosity of two-dimensional Yukawa liquids

The longitudinal viscosity η(l) is obtained for a two-dimensional (2D) liquid using a Green-Kubo method with a molecular dynamics simulation. The interparticle potential used has the Debye-Huckel or Yukawa form, which models a 2D dusty plasma. The longitudinal η(l) and shear η(s) viscosities are found to have values that match very closely, with only negligible differences for the entire range of temperatures that is considered. For a 2D Yukawa liquid, the bulk viscosity η(b) is determined to be either negligibly small or not a meaningful transport coefficient.
Body Size, Weapon Use, and Natural Selection in the European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic

Evidence for a relationship between hunting strategies and body size is examined for human skeletons dating to the European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic. Trends for reduced limb size and stature seem to be correlated with improvements in the types of weapons utilized and a shift from aggressive to more docile game. Although some of these observations fit the predictions of Brues concerning the spearman-archer model, it is suggested that selection for reduced metabolic demands is a more plausible explanation for decrease in body size from the Upper Paleolithic to the Mesolithic. [Upper Paleolithic, Mesolithic, hunting, body size] IN A PAPER APPEARING IN THIS JOURNAL over 20 years ago, Brues (1959) presented a model describing the relationship between body build and offensive weapons. Through time, Brues's model of the spearman and the archer has become a commonly accepted axiom in the anthropological literature, if one can label an axiom by the frequency and regularity of its citation in introductory textbooks. Yet, the spearman-archer model has never really been tested against paleontological or osteological data. There has been sporadic reference to "atlatl elbow" (Angel 1966; Ortner 1968) and to other morphological correlates of specific hunting patterns (see Brace and Montagu 1977:362), but the major features of Brues's hypothesis have never been subjected to data drawn from populations which are lineally related to each other, yet which follow different technological means in hunting pursuits. In this paper, I will present evidence drawn from European Upper Paleolithic and Mesolithic groups in an attempt to test the basic contentions of the Brues spearman and archer model.
The Politics of Juvenile Awareness Programs: A Case Study of JOLT

Michigan's Department of Corrections recently completed an evaluation of Project JOLT, a “Scared Straight” type of program. The evaluation was unable to uncover any benefits to juveniles from the p...
Cosmic rays and interstellar tunnels

MEASUREMENTS have been made1 of the isotopic abundances of Be in cosmic rays, which have led to the conclusion that the typical cosmic ray lifetime in the galaxy is ∼ 2× 107 yr. Furthermore, measurements2 of the cosmic ray electron energy spectrum in the range 6–100 GeV, have shown a bend in the spectrum which can be attributed to inverse Compton and synchrotron losses. The position of the bend is indicative of the cosmic ray electron lifetime, and an age of 1.2×107 yr is derived.
A Quasi-Triangular Hopf Structure Derived from the Burchnall-Chaundy C*-Algebra

The Burchnall–Chaundy algebra is a commutative algebra of formal pseudodifferential operators that is instrumental for constructing Lax pairs. It has been shown that via an operator-theory modification of the Sato correspondence, there is an associated C*-algebra: the Burchnall–Chaundy C*-algebra. Commencing with the relationship between a Baxter Lie algebra and Lax pairs, it is shown that the Burchnall–Chaundy C*-algebra naturally leads to an associated quasi-triangular Hopf C*-algebra when the latter is viewed initially in the category of locally compact quantum semigroups. Mathematics Subject Classification (2010): 47A05 (47B10 53B10).
Creative casuistry and feminist consciousness: The rhetoric of moral reform

The American Female Moral Reform Society was one of the first ante‐bellum reform movements to be founded and controlled by women. This paper examines the rhetoric of the society's primary organ, The Advocate of Moral Reform, to discover how these women justified abandoning their traditional feminine roles to pursue social change. The analysis reveals that through skillful casuistic stretching of the feminine ideal, the women were able to justify non‐traditional actions in the name of traditional values. In so doing, the movement also created a new feminist consciousness that recognized the essential victimage of all women and their power to instigate social change.
Robust vibration isolation via frequency-shaped sliding control and modal decomposition

Abstract A robust controller design is proposed for multi-degree-of-freedom active vibration isolation, which accounts for plant uncertainties and payload disturbances using frequency-shaped sliding control. First, modal decomposition is employed to rewrite the MIMO vibration control problem as a combination of individual SISO control problems in modal coordinates. The modal parameters for decomposition and modelling can be extracted from theoretical or experimental modal analysis. Next, the target frequency-domain performance of isolation, in this case a skyhook model, is recast as a frequency-shaped sliding surface. The practical effects of boundary layer approximation in the resulting controller design are examined. Simulations illustrate that the ideal skyhook effect can indeed be robustly achieved. The frequency-shaped manifold is also extended to adaptive vibration isolation without using model reference. This algorithm has been recently verified by experiments (IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology (2005), in press), and has been demonstrated very effective for vibration isolation. The paper also shows, more generally, that the design of a frequency-shaped sliding surface is formally equivalent to a feedback–feedforward compensation problem. Nonlinear target dynamics of the same order as the nominal plant can also be attained.
Restoration of noisy blurred images by a smoothing spline filter

For the restoration of noisy blurred images, a controllable smoothing criterion based on the locally variable statistics and minimization of the second derivative is defined, and the corresponding filter, applicable to both space-variant and space-invariant degradations, is obtained. The output of this filter is a cubic spline function. The parameters of the filter determine the local smoothing window and over-all extent of smoothing, and thus the tradeoff between resolution and smoothing is controllable in a spatially nonstationary manner. The interesting properties of this filter have made it capable of restoring signal-dependent noisy images, and it has been successfully applied for filtering images degraded by film-grain noise. Since the matrices of this filter are banded circulant or Toeplitz, efficient algorithms are used for matrix manipulations.
Association analysis between the Val66Met polymorphism in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene and treatment response to venlafaxine XR in generalized anxiety disorder

Abstract While antidepressant drugs are used to treat generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), patients vary greatly in their treatment response. Evidence shows genetic factors may play a role in treatment response in GAD. We examined whether the BDNF gene, which has been shown to play a role in antidepressant treatment response in major depressive disorder (MDD), also has an effect in GAD. In our study, 155 patients diagnosed with GAD received venlafaxine XR treatment as part of an 18-month relapse prevention study. Genotypes were obtained for the BDNF functional variant rs6265 (Val66Met) for the entire sample ( n = 155); however, only the European American (EA) population was considered ( n = 111) for pharmacogenetic analysis. We did not find a significant association between rs6265 and antidepressant treatment response in our GAD population. Future studies in larger populations will need to be conducted to further elucidate the pharmacogenetic role of this variant in anxiety disorders.
Soybeans as an Alternative to Hormone Replacement Therapy

The use of phytoestrogens in a theoretical case of a women with menopausal symptoms is discussed. The impact of breast cancer family history is also discussed in this context.
INFO: interactive APL documentation

A large body of APL code may be hard to understand and analyze, particularly if you are not its author. A code system that spans multiple workspaces (WSs) compounds that problem.INFO is a Multi-WS system written in APL+Win that provides convenient interactive documentation of APL+Win and APL+DOS multi-WS systems. The User has a variety of displays that give insight into the system structures and relationships within single- or multi-WS systems. An administrator can easily set up and maintain the INFO static analysis data bases for any number of WS groups.This paper demonstrates INFO by showing how INFO documents itself. A distribution package contains the complete code and instructions for setting up this self-documentation.
Hyperfine magnetic fields in Fe−Co alloys and their tempera ture dependences

We obtained57Fe hyperfine field parameters from Fe1−x-Cox alloys (0≤x≤0.6) from 77 K to 900 K. We first discuss the origin of the low temperature hyperfine fields in terms of the 3d and 4s electrons at57Fe atoms. The57Fe hyperfine magnetic field (hmf) of Fe-Co alloys depends more weakly on temperature than the hmf of pure Fe. This temperature dependence occurs because the alignment of the magnetic moments at both the Fe atoms and at the Co atoms depend on temperature in the same way as the bulk magnetization of Fe-Co alloys.
Optical Linewidth Measurement On Patterned Metal Layers

In a previous paper, 1 a waveguide model was developed for the imaging of micrometer-sized lines patterneu in thick layers of dielectric materials (silicon dioxide) with application to linewidth measurement on integrated-circuit wafers. This paper describes the extension of this work to metals characterized by their complex index of refraction, n + iK, as well as the inclusion of a sublayer such as a silicon dioxide insulating layer. This extension allows the modeling of optical imaging and linewidth measurement on metal-on-silicon (MOS) structures. It is shown that the image structure for metals at and near focus is different from that for dielectrics. Thick and thin layer (less than 200 nm) imaging is compared. Experimental image profiles of metal lines at and near focus are also shown. The experimental data were obtained from a bright-field microscope using a laser source (530 nm) and controlled spatial coherence.
The Pursuit of Brain-Language Relationships

The past century has been a time of many new developments in the fields of language and neuroscience. We have seen the growth of linguistics and the application of its theories to the study of aphasia. We have learned much about neurophysiology and neural structures and the mechanisms of brain injury and recovery. At the same time, the prevailing model concerning the brain areas that subserve language has changed relatively little. In this regard, we have tended to rely on nineteenth-century theories of language localization and have been reluctant to take advantage of our new methods and technologies to explore additional brain regions, novel ideas, or alternative models. It would be my hope for the next century of the new millenium that we would take advantage of these new tools and use them to broaden our perspective regarding additional brain‐language relationships and the integration of these different brain areas in the processing of language. The traditional model still describes Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and the arcuate fasciculus as the key structures involved in language. We believe that Wernicke’s area controls all language comprehension, Broca’s area all language production, and that the transmission of information between these areas is facilitated by the arcuate fasciculus. We assume that all patients with Broca’s aphasia have lesions in Broca’s area, that all patients with Wernicke’s aphasia have lesions in Wernicke’s area, and that all patients with conduction aphasia have lesions in the arcuate fasciculus. We pass this information on to our patients, our students, and our colleagues, and we rarely question whether it is, in fact, true. Recent studies have found that the traditional model of brain‐language relationships is not always supported (e.g., Basso, Lecours, Moraschini, & Vanier, 1985; Mohr, 1976; Murdoch, 1988; Vignolo, Boccardi, & Caverni,
Laboratory sediment toxicity tests, sediment chemistry and distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates in sediments from the keweenaw waterway, michigan

Acute laboratory sediment toxicity tests using the water flea Daphnia magna and the burrowing mayfly nymph Hexagenia limbata were conducted on sediments from two areas of the Keweenaw Waterway, Michigan, to determine whether the tests reflected the condition of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. The organisms were tested simultaneously in a recirculating bioassay chamber in which Daphnia were tested during the first two and last two days of a 10-d Hexagenia test. Sediment from the northern, copper-impacted portion of the waterway was generally acutely toxic to Daphnia, but not to Hexagenia, while sediment from the southern, less-impacted portion was not toxic to either organism. Positive relationships existed between organism mortality, copper content of the sediment and field distribution of macroinvertebrates.
Quasi-free nucleon-nucleon scattering

Abstract A simple approximation is described for the calculation of quasi-free † proton-proton scattering using distorted incoming and outgoing waves. The method is applied to Li 7 . The results show that in this light nucleus the refraction by the collective nuclear potential does not destroy the strong connection between the angular correlation of the emerging protons and the momentum distribution of the knocked-out proton in the nuclear shell concerned.
Analysis of the properties of spores of Bacillus subtilis prepared at different temperatures.

Aims: To determine the effect of sporulation temperature on Bacillus subtilis spore resistanceand spore composition.Methods and Results: Bacillus subtilis spores prepared at temperatures from 22 to 48 C hadidentical amounts of dipicolinic acid and small, acid-soluble proteins but the core water contentwas lower in spores prepared at higher temperatures. As expected from this latter ﬁnding,spores prepared at higher temperatures were more resistant to wet heat than were sporesprepared at lower temperatures. Spores prepared at higher temperatures were also moreresistant to hydrogen peroxide, Betadine, formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and a superoxidizedwater, Sterilox. However, spores prepared at high and low temperatures exhibited nearlyidentical resistance to u.v. radiation and dry heat. The cortex peptidoglycan in spores preparedat different temperatures showed very little difference in structure with only a small, albeitsigniﬁcant, increase in the percentage of muramic acid with a crosslink in spores prepared athigher temperatures. In contrast, there were readily detectable differences in the levels of coatproteins in spores prepared at different temperatures and the levels of at least one coat protein,CotA, fell signiﬁcantly as the sporulation temperature increased. However, this latter changewas not due to a reduction in cotA gene expression at higher temperatures.Conclusions: The temperature of sporulation affects a number of spore properties, includingresistance to many different stress factors, and also results in signiﬁcant alterations in the sporecoat and cortex composition.Signiﬁcance and Impact of the Study: The precise conditions for the formation ofB. subtilis spores have a large effect on many spore properties.