cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Latte: Use-Case and Assistive-Service Driven Automated Accessibility Testing Framework for Android

For 15% of the world population with disabilities, accessibility is arguably the most critical software quality attribute. The ever-growing reliance of users with disability on mobile apps further underscores the need for accessible software in this domain. Existing automated accessibility assessment techniques primarily aim to detect violations of predefined guidelines, thereby produce a massive amount of accessibility warnings that often overlook the way software is actually used by users with disability. This paper presents a novel, high-fidelity form of accessibility testing for Android apps, called Latte, that automatically reuses tests written to evaluate an app’s functional correctness to assess its accessibility as well. Latte first extracts the use case corresponding to each test, and then executes each use case in the way disabled users would, i.e., using assistive services. Our empirical evaluation on real-world Android apps demonstrates Latte’s effectiveness in detecting substantially more useful defects than prior techniques.
How Capital Budgeting Helped a Sick City: Thirty Years of Capital Improvement Planning in Cleveland

During the 1970s, Cleveland's capital improvement plan (CIP) was scorned as a bad joke, and the city's roads, bridges, and public buildings fell into disrepair. The city's default on its fiscal obligation in 1978 seemed to cap the city's infrastructure problem; there was no comprehensive strategy for capital spending and in a bankrupt city, no money to spend in any event. Yet, during the 1980s, with support from the administration, the business community, and the innovations of a small group of dedicated urban planners, the CIP was restructured and hundreds of millions were systematically invested in public infrastructure. By the 1990s, most of the innovative changes of the 1980s seemed to be institutionalized, but there were ominous clouds on the horizon.
Understanding the influence of geometric and electronic structure on the excited state dynamical and photoredox properties of perinone chromophores

In this work, a series of eight similarly structured perinone chromophores were synthesized and photophysically characterized to elucidate the electronic and structural tunability of their excited state properties, including excited state redox potentials and fluorescence lifetimes/quantum yields. Despite their similar structure, these chromophores exhibited a broad range of visible absorption properties, quantum yields, and excited state lifetimes. In conjunction with static and time-resolved spectroscopies from the ultrafast to nanosecond time regimes, time-dependent computational modeling was used to correlate this behavior to the relationship between non-radiative decay and the energy-gap law. Additionally, the ground and excited state redox potentials were calculated and found to be tunable over a range of 1 V depending on the diamine or anhydride used in their synthesis (Ered* = 0.45–1.55 V; Eox* = −0.88 to −1.67 V), which is difficult to achieve with typical photoredox-active transition metal complexes. These diverse chromophores can be easily prepared, and with their range of photophysical tunability, will be valuable for future use in photofunctional applications.
Measurement of interbilayer adhesion energies.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the methods and equipment that are concerned with the formation and micropipette manipulation of giant (30μm) lipid bilayer vesicles and the measurement of their mutual adhesion energies. The chapter illustrates some examples of lipid vesicle systems in which adhesion phenomena have been investigated. A brief description is presented of some recent experiments in which the micromanipulation technique is applied to electropermeabilization and electro-fusion of lipid vesicles. Certain surfactant molecules, such as lipids, spontaneously form bilayer membrane-bound capsules in aqueous media. As a first approximation, they resemble the plasma and organelle membranes of biological cells and serve as models of natural membranes. These bilayers are condensed states of matter that exhibit solid like or liquid like material behavior and interact nonspecifically via long range electrostatic, electrodynamic, and solvation forces. Basic knowledge of their mechanical and interactive properties is necessary to propose realistic mechanisms underlying the instability phenomena and interbilayer fusion. Experimental difficulties, however, arise in carrying out micromechanical and adhesion tests on lipid vesicles and cells owing to the small size range of these capsules and membranes and the small stresses involved in mutual adhesion, membrane deformation, and destruction.
Abstract 119: Apoe-ɛ4 Is Associated With Cerebrovascular Insufficiency, Increased Susceptibility to White Matter Injury and Cognitive Dysfunction

ApoE-ɛ4 (apoE4) is a risk factor for white matter ischemic lesions (Neurology 81:292, 2013) and Alzheimer’s disease (Neuron 63:287, 2009). However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be defined. We tested the hypothesis that the apoE4 allele is associated with alterations in the regulation of the cerebral circulation and increased white matter susceptibility to ischemic injury. To this end, we used human ApoE targeted replacement mice (Sullivan et al., JBC, 272:17972, 1997) in which cerebral blood flow (CBF) was measured by laser-Doppler flowmetry in the somatosensory cortex under anesthesia (n=5/group; age 4 mo.). In apoE4 mice, the increase in CBF produced by whisker stimulation (WS) or by topical application of the endothelium-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) was attenuated (WS, -48%; ACh, -39%; p<0.05; mean±SE). Next, we asked if this neurovascular dysfunction increases the propensity of apoE4 mice to develop white matter ischemic lesions. White matter hypoperfusion was induced in the corpus callosum by bilateral carotid artery stenosis (BCAS) with microcoils for 4 weeks. BCAS led to more severe white matter injury in apoE4 than in apoE3 mice. Thus, BCAS reduced myelin density more in apoE4 (10±1 relative fluorescence units) than in apoE3 mice (15±1), a reduction of 33% (p<0.05). Furthermore, the axonal nodal structure, assessed by the NaV1.6/caspr index, was disrupted in apoE4 mice (normal index 0.5; BCAS apoE3: 0.58±0.13; BCAS apoE4: 1.05±0.13; p<0.05 from apoE3). BCAS induced impairments in spatial memory in the Y-maze test (arm alternation rate), an effect worse in apoE4 (43±3%) than apoE3 mice (52±3) (p<0.05). These findings suggest that the apoE4 allele is associated with cerebrovascular dysfunction, which leads to more severe white matter damage and cognitive deficits following exposure to chronic cerebral hypoperfusion. Cerebrovascular alterations in apoE4 carriers may play a role in the cognitive impairment associated with vascular risk factors and in the ischemic pathology associated with Alzheimer's disease.
An Interdisciplinary Framework for Understanding and Cultivating Law Student Enthusiasm

Anecdotal evidence abounds about the loss of enthusiasm experienced by law students. Law review articles too note this loss of enthusiasm and the demoralization of law students that occurs during their time in law school. However, although the loss of law student enthusiasm is frequently noted, little has been done to systematically analyze law student enthusiasm. Existing literature does not provide a definition of "law student enthusiasm" or a foundation of theory and research for understanding law student enthusiasm and its significance in legal education.In an effort to fill the gap in our understanding of law student enthusiasm, this article establishes "the enthusiasm paradigm": a new framework for understanding and cultivating law student enthusiasm. This article proposes a definition of "law student enthusiasm," drawing on psychology theory and research. Specifically, this article defines "law student enthusiasm" as law student interest for law study and vitality associated with law study. The article identifies the cultivation of law student enthusiasm as a priority for legal education. The article then applies psychology theory and research regarding interest and vitality to legal education, examining particular aspects of legal education that warrant reexamination through the lens of the enthusiasm paradigm. The article suggests numerous changes to legal education in order to cultivate law student enthusiasm, while also accomplishing the other important goals of legal education.
Punitive Damages in Securities Arbitration: The Tower of Babel Revisited

This article explores when and how punitive damages should be applied in securities arbitration. It briefly outlines the nature of punitive damages and traces the background of securities arbitration. It then proceeds to explore whether punitive damages, in any form permitted in courtroom litigation, should be available for use as a remedy by non-judicial arbitrators sitting in consensual forums involving securities disputes.
“What comes to mind when you think of science? The perfumery!”: Documenting science-related cultural learning pathways across contexts and timescales

In this paper, we explore the details of one youth's science-related learning in- and out-of-school at the time of her participation in an ethnography of youth science and technology learning across contexts and over time. We use the Cultural Learning Pathways Framework to analyze the youth's interests, and the related sociocultural, historical, material, and affect-laden practices in which she and her family participated. The following question guided our analysis: How do everyday moments—experienced across settings, pursuits, social groups, and time—result in scientific learning, expertise development, and identification? We found that this youth's interest in various aspects of the sciences was years in the making, embedded in situated events that were part of a space–time continuum bound by passion for the practices involved, influenced by specific cultural practices, and explored with the help of close family collaborators. We also found that school science activity in which the youth in question participated both supported and could have potentially constrained her science-related cultural learning pathways. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 51: 260–285, 2014
Screening Colonoscopy: Rationale and Performance

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in North America and Western Europe [1]. As populations live longer due to advances in medicine and public health, rates of CRC are likely to increase. The biology of CRC offers an opportunity for both early detection and prevention. Most cancers evolve from premalignant adenomas over a period of many years; spread of malignancy from the colon to sites outside the colon likewise occurs over years. Screening of asymptomatic populations has demonstrated that cancers can be detected at early, more curable stages, compared to unscreened controls. Furthermore, studies have demonstrated that detection and removal of premalignant adenomas can prevent incident cancers [2,3]. Therefore, if screening tests could identify patients with high-risk adenomas, many cancers could be prevented, mortality reduced, and the burden of caring for patients with cancer diminished. If the target of screening is the advanced adenoma, we should ask: how effectively do screening tests identify patients with advanced adenomas?
The Third Ear

Among Freud’s (1912/1958) basic ground rules for establishing the psychoanalytic situation, he describes the appropriate stance for listening to the patient and refers to the proposed technique as “a very simple one” (p.111). It consists simply in not directing one’s notice to anything in particular and in maintaining the same “evenly-suspended attention” (as I have called it) in the face of all one hears. ... Or to put it purely in terms of technique: “He should simply listen, and not bother about whether he is keeping anything in mind.” (pp. 111–112)
Changes in the phyllosphere community of the resurrection fern, Polypodium polypodioides, associated with rainfall and wetting

A combination of analyses were used to characterize the changes that occur in a bacterial community present in the phyllosphere of the epiphytic resurrection fern, Polypodium polypodioides, as the fern rehydrates from a desiccation-resistant, physiologically inactive state. Enrichment assays showed an increase in the viable count of bacteria using labile organic substrates following rainfall. Isolates obtained from enrichments were predominantly Gram-positive bacteria affiliated with various groups of the Actinobacteria and Firmicutes. In contrast, sequencing of 16S rRNA genes clones obtained from whole community DNA revealed that much of the community was dominated by other taxa, particularly the Alphaproteobacteria. Similar isolates were obtained from both dry and hydrated P. polypodioides fronds, whereas 16S rRNA gene sequencing of community DNA revealed different ribotypes on the dry and wet fern, and an overall reduction in richness following wetting. Wetting also produced changes in phyllosphere extracellular enzyme activity, with an initial burst of activity following rainfall and a subsequent burst approximately 48 h later. These findings suggest that the resurrection fern harbors a complex phyllosphere community, and that rehydration of the fern following rainfall may act as an enrichment culture stimulating certain bacterial populations and changing the overall community structure and activity.
Vibrational spectroscopy and theory of Fe2+(CH4)n (n = 1–3)

Vibrational spectra are measured for Fe2(+)(CH4)n (n = 1-3) in the C-H stretching region (2650-3100 cm(-1)) using photofragment spectroscopy, by monitoring the loss of CH4. All of the spectra exhibit an intense peak corresponding to the symmetric C-H stretch around 2800 cm(-1). The presence of a single peak suggests a nearly equivalent interaction between the iron dimer and the methane ligands. The peak becomes slightly blue shifted as the number of methane ligands increases. Density functional theory calculations, B3LYP and BPW91, are used to identify possible structures and predict the spectra. Results suggest that the methane(s) bind in a terminal configuration and the complexes are in the octet spin state.
Impact of intranasal corticosteroids on asthma outcomes in allergic rhinitis: a meta‐analysis

Given the relationship between allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma, it can be hypothesized that reducing inflammation in the upper airway with intranasal corticosteroid (INCS) medications may improve asthma outcomes. The goal of this study was to perform a systematic review with meta-analysis of the efficacy of INCS medications on asthma outcomes in patients with AR and asthma. Asthma-specific outcomes from randomized, controlled studies evaluating INCS medications in patients with AR were evaluated, including studies that compared INCS sprays to placebo, INCS sprays plus orally inhaled corticosteroids to orally inhaled corticosteroids alone, and nasally inhaled corticosteroids to placebo. Sufficient data for meta-analysis were retrieved for 18 trials with a total of 2162 patients. Asthma outcomes included pulmonary function, bronchial reactivity, asthma symptom scores, asthma-specific quality of life, and rescue medication use. The subgroup of studies comparing INCS spray to placebo had significant improvements in FEV1 (SMD = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.04–0.58), bronchial challenge (SMD = 0.46; 95% CI, 0.12–0.79), asthma symptom scores (SMD = −0.42; 95% CI, −0.53 to −0.30), and rescue medication use (SMD = −0.29; 95% CI, −0.58 to −0.01). Nasal inhalation of corticosteroids significantly improved morning and evening peak expiratory flow. There were no significant changes in asthma outcomes with the addition of INCS spray to orally inhaled corticosteroids. Thus, the results of this meta-analysis demonstrated that intranasal corticosteroid medications significantly improve some asthma-specific outcome measures in patients suffering from both AR and asthma. This effect was most pronounced with INCS sprays when patients were not on orally inhaled corticosteroids, or when corticosteroid medications were inhaled through the nose into the lungs. Overall, intranasal corticosteroid medications improve some asthma-specific outcome measures in patients with both AR and asthma. Further research is needed to clarify the role of INCS sprays as asthma-specific therapy, as well as the role of the nasal inhalation technique as a monotherapy in patients suffering from both asthma and AR.
Underemployment: economic or psychological?

There are many experimentally untested economic theories on causes of chronic or recurrent “involuntary” unemployment of the able-bodied. The Keynes-inspired theory positing completely impersonal factors such as aggregate demand and the interest rate is usually cited. No one has thus far, systematically tested individual psychological characteristics of chronically underemployed persons to assess possible causes. The WAIS and 4 other tests selected for measuring psychopathic tendencies, rather than clinical psychological illness, were given 50 able-bodied chronically underemployed men. Tests were given orally to avoid illiteracy problems. All tests, except one which was inconclusive, showed statistically significant differences between the underemployed group and a control group of 50 steadily employed men of similar age, with limited, though somewhat higher educational levels. Greater incidence of aberrant test scores among the underemployed persisted after interaction of uncontrolled variables of race a...
Awareness of, knowledge of and attitudes to nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) and actinic keratosis (AK) among physicians

Background Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common type of cancer that affects the Caucasian population. Approximately 80% of NMSCs are basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and 20% are squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Actinic keratosis (AK) is a precancerous lesion that may develop into SCC. Methods A market research survey was conducted in which dermatologists and primary care physicians (PCPs) were randomly selected from seven countries (USA, Australia, UK, Italy, France, Germany and Spain). Their knowledge of nonmelanoma skin cancer and their current clinical practice were assessed. Results In total, 2100 physicians took part in the survey. They had practised medicine for between 1 and 30 years and saw at least 30 patients in a typical week. The majority of dermatologists (97%) were familiar with BCC and AK, and treated each condition with a minimum of referrals. PCPs were more familiar with BCC (90%) than with AK (74%). Of the PCPs that were aware of BCC, only 31% treated the condition, and of those aware of AK, 40% treated the condition. Surgery was the most common choice of treatment for BCC. The most popular treatment choice for AK lesions was cryotherapy. Eighty to 100% of physicians reported that they discussed skin cancer prevention with their patients. A much lower number of physicians (ranging from 5 to 37%) provided educational material to patients. Overall, PCPs in the two countries that have a high incidence of NMSC (USA and Australia) were more familiar with BCC and AK and more likely to treat each condition than PCPs in Europe. All physicians rated BCC as a more serious condition than AK. Facial lesions were considered more serious than lesions on the head or trunk for both conditions. Conclusions As the burden of disease and the number of patients seeking treatment for NMSC increase, dermatologists are well placed to lead educational initiatives for PCPs and provide educational material for patients. This would increase awareness of AK and BCC and could improve early diagnosis.
1227 UREA CYCLE ENZYMES DURING FASTING IN THE OVINE FETUS

Activities of five urea cycle enzymes were measured in maternal and fetal sheep liver during the normal fed state and following five days of fasting. Six ewes and 10 fetuses were studied in both the fed and fasted periods at 132 days gestation (term = 147 days) for liver protein, DNA and enzyme levels. Results indicated that protein and DNA contents remained unchanged during fasting in both the maternal and fetal liver. Fetal liver weight was decreased during fasting from 108 ± 23 to 71 ± 21 gm (mean ± SD). Fed state fetal enzyme levels were at 25-50% of maternal values per mg DNA and 50-125% of maternal levels per gm liver. After fasting, four of the five enzymes increased by 2.3 to sixfold (per mg DNA) in fetal liver; only one enzyme (AS) increased significantly in maternal liver. Activities of each enzyme per whole fetal liver'gave similar results. These data indicate that the in vivo studies which demonstrate a doubling in fetal urea production in the fasted sheep in latter gestation are associated with parallel increases in the fetal hepatic activities of several enzymes responsible for urea synthesis.
The Influence of Stops on Vehicle Fuel Consumption in Urban Traffic

A simple linear relation between fuel consumption per unit distance, ϕ and trip time per unit distance T, ϕ = k1 + k2T is established for the fuel data collected in Austin and Dallas, Texas, and Matamoros, Mexico. The qualities of traffic service in these cities are compared through the study of the spread of the data points along the ϕ, T trend, showing that the Matamoros data in general have higher ϕ and T values. The fuel consumption model ϕ = k1 + k2T is improved by the addition of a term proportional to ΔNs(T), the deviation of the number of stops for a given datum point from the average number of stops associated with the trip time interval into which the datum point falls. It is shown in the resulting new model, ϕ = k1 + k2T + k3ΔNs, that since T and ΔNs are virtually uncorrected, the values of k1 and k2 in the simpler model remain unchanged. A discussion of the physical interpretation of the model parameters is presented. In addition, an analysis of data obtained in central London shows that k1 de...
DISCHARGE PLANNING FOR THE HIGH‐RISK NEONATE: A Consultation‐Liaison Role for the Infant Mental Health Specialist

Frequent difficulties in discharge planning for the high-risk neonate are discussed, and case material is used to illustrate brief, focused psychiatric consultation-liaison intervention on behalf of an infant and its parents at high medical and psychosocial risk, respectively. Familial and hospital team dynamics, particularly issues of affective bonding, are examined, and the role of the infant mental health specialist is delineated. Principals of consultation in the neonatal services unit are outlined.
EuO bonding and spectroscopy of Eu(III) in β″-alumina

Abstract The trivalent β″-aluminas are the only crystalline solids yet reported in which trivalent cations are significantly mobile at moderate temperatures (≈400°C). The investigations described in this paper examined the factors that influence the Eu(III) ion distribution, bonding, and spectroscopy in a range of Na(I)Eu(III) β″-alumina compositions. The low-temperature ion-exchange synthesis used to prepare these materials leads to unusual Eu(III)O bonding in the structure. The trivalent ions are relatively free to move in β″-alumina at moderate temperatures because there appears to be no site in the conduction layers at which the trivalent ion-oxygen bonding is particularly strong. The site occupations and the optical properties of the Eu(III) ions in β″-alumina have been shown to be sensitive to the thermal history of the samples.
Water-column concentrations and partitioning of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the New York/New Jersey Harbor, USA

Despite the emerging concern regarding polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), very few measurements of BDE concentrations in ambient water have been published. In the present study, BDEs were measured in water samples from the New York/New Jersey Harbor (USA). Samples were taken in Raritan Bay west of Sandy Hook during four intensive sampling campaigns in 2000 and 2001. Congeners 17, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183, and 209 were detected. Total BDE (SigmaBDE) concentrations (average +/- standard deviation) were 175 +/- 75 ng/g in the particle phase and 110 +/- 72 pg/L in the apparent dissolved phase. The deca-congener, BDE 209, constituted 85 and 9% of SigmaBDEs in the particle and apparent dissolved phases, respectively. The SigmaBDE levels are significantly higher than those measured in Lake Ontario, USA, and in The Netherlands, but they are similar to concentrations measured in Lake Michigan and San Francisco Bay (both USA). Calculated values of the organic carbon-water partition coefficient (K(OC)) were strongly correlated with literature values of the octanol-water partition coefficient (K(OW)). The data suggest that sorption of BDEs to colloids is important in this system, although quantifying the extent of colloid sorption is difficult.
Domain structure of pleiotrophin required for transformation.

Abstract The pleiotrophin (PTN) gene (Ptn) is a potent proto-oncogene that is highly expressed in many primary human tumors and constitutively expressed in cell lines derived from these tumors. The product of the Ptn gene is a secreted 136-amino acid heparin binding cytokine with distinct lysine-rich clusters within both the N- and C-terminal domains. To seek domains of PTN functionally important in neoplastic transformation, we constructed a series of mutants and tested their transforming potential by four independent criteria. Our data establish that a domain within PTN residues 41 to 64 and either but not both the N- or C-terminal domains are required for transformation; deletion of both the N and C termini abolishes the transformation potential of PTN. Furthermore, deletion of two internal 5-amino acid residue repeats enhances the transformation potency of PTN 2-fold. Our data indicate that PTN residues 41–64 contain an essential domain for transformation and suggest the hypothesis that this domain requires an additional interaction of the highly basic clusters of the N or C terminus of PTN with a negatively charged “docking” site to enable the transforming domain itself to engage and initiate PTN signaling through its cognate receptor.
PEFC stacks as power sources for hybrid propulsion systems

Abstract In this paper the performance of two polymeric electrolyte fuel cell systems (FCS) for hybrid power trains are presented and discussed. In particular, an experimental analysis was effected on 2.4 and 20 kW stacks with the aim to investigate the energy management issues of the two FCSs for utilization as power sources in electric power trains for scooter and minibus, respectively. The stack characterizations permitted the effect of the main operative variables (temperature, pressure and stoichiometric ratio) on mean power density of cells to be evaluated. The FCS efficiency was evaluated and compared for the two traction systems, individuating the optimal operative conditions for automotive application and specifying the energy losses of the auxiliary components. The efficiency of both fuel cell systems resulted higher than 40% in a wide range of loads (100–600 mA/cm 2 ), with maximum values close to 50%. The experimental characterization of the two power trains was carried out on dynamic test benches, able to simulate the behaviour of the two vehicles on the European R40 driving cycle. The characterization of the two propulsion systems on R40 driving cycle evidenced that the overall efficiency was not affected significantly by the hybrid configuration adopted, as the efficiency values ranged from 27 to 29% in the different procedures analyzed.
Probabilistic projections of 21st century climate change over Northern Eurasia

We present probabilistic projections of 21st century climate change over Northern Eurasia using the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Integrated Global System Model (IGSM), an integrated assessment model that couples an Earth system model of intermediate complexity with a two-dimensional zonal-mean atmosphere to a human activity model. Regional climate change is obtained by two downscaling methods: a dynamical downscaling, where the IGSM is linked to a three-dimensional atmospheric model, and a statistical downscaling, where a pattern scaling algorithm uses climate change patterns from 17 climate models. This framework allows for four major sources of uncertainty in future projections of regional climate change to be accounted for: emissions projections, climate system parameters (climate sensitivity, strength of aerosol forcing and ocean heat uptake rate), natural variability, and structural uncertainty. The results show that the choice of climate policy and the climate parameters are the largest drivers of uncertainty. We also find that different initial conditions lead to differences in patterns of change as large as when using different climate models. Finally, this analysis reveals the wide range of possible climate change over Northern Eurasia, emphasizing the need to consider these sources of uncertainty when modeling climate impacts over Northern Eurasia.
Climate Change Impacts on U.S. Commercial Building Energy Consumption: An Analysis Using Sample Survey Data

Although much of the commercial sector infrastructure for the next century is currently under construction or is in the planning stages, little has been done in communicating how potential global warming might change the energy consumption characteristics of the building stock. The research discussed in this article advances the literature on how climate change affects commercial sector energy demand systems. It projects the effects of climate change on commercial energy demand in the United States at the national level. The article relies heavily on time-series regressions of monthly energy consumption by building on monthly heating and cooling degree days. It provides empirical results for the effects of climate on a projected building stock in the year 2030 and examines the prospects for saving energy with advanced building designs in the context of potential global warming.
Heavy ion accelerators and storage rings for pellet fusion reactors

Abstract Heavy ion accelerators and storage rings in the multi-GeV energy regime can be utilized for inertial-confinement fusion. A discussion is presented of design parameters for some systems, based on existing accelerator technology, capable of delivering beams of order 100 terawatt to a pellet of a few millimeters in diameter. A specific conceptual design for an 8 GeV system, using a beam of iodine ions, is described in some detail.
The effect of phosphorylated hesperidin on experimental atherosclerosis.

Abstract The intraperitoneal administration of phosphorylated hesperidin failed to influence the development of aortic atherosclerosis in rabbits fed cholesterol for four weeks. After eitht weeks of feeding cholesterol and the administration of 100 mg. of phosphorylated hesperidin three times a week, distinctly less aortic atherosclerosis was evident. However, this may be due to the sharply decreased weight gain seen in the animals receiving phosphorylated hesperidin.
Measuring the Impact of P.L. 99‐252: an Economist's View

This paper examines ways in which standard economic analysis may be used to predict and evaluate the impact of P.L. 99-252, the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Health Education Act of 1986. Simple supply and demand models are used to illustrate the range of possible effects of the act. Analysis indicates that the act should reduce demand, though the magnitude of the impact can only be determined empirically. Given that the act affects only one of the principal determinants of demand, consumer preferences, the impact may be rather limited in magnitude. The impact on supply is more ambiguous, but it is possible that restrictions on advertising might lower the smokeless tobacco producers' costs in ways that would lead to an increase in supply. Several suggestions for empirical measurement of impact are made. Three other issues are identified and discussed: potential negative consequences of the act's required health warnings (as a liability defense for firms); the importance of point of view in dealing with the costs of smokeless tobacco use; and a comparison of the act to alternative strategies to reduce smokeless tobacco use, such as taxation.
Axon Regeneration Pathways Identified by Systematic Genetic Screening in C. elegans

The mechanisms underlying the ability of axons to regrow after injury remain poorly explored at the molecular genetic level. We used a laser injury model in Caenorhabditis elegans mechanosensory neurons to screen 654 conserved genes for regulators of axonal regrowth. We uncover several functional clusters of genes that promote or repress regrowth, including genes classically known to affect axon guidance, membrane excitability, neurotransmission, and synaptic vesicle endocytosis. The conserved Arf Guanine nucleotide Exchange Factor (GEF), EFA-6, acts as an intrinsic inhibitor of regrowth. By combining genetics and in vivo imaging, we show that EFA-6 inhibits regrowth via microtubule dynamics, independent of its Arf GEF activity. Among newly identified regrowth inhibitors, only loss of function in EFA-6 partially bypasses the requirement for DLK-1 kinase. Identification of these pathways significantly expands our understanding of the genetic basis of axonal injury responses and repair.
'Only a Sith Thinks Like that': Llewellyn's 'Dueling Canons', Twenty-Five to Twenty-Eight

This is the sixth and concluding installment in a series of articles examining the famous twenty eight pairs of “dueling canons” left to us in 1950 by Karl N. Llewellyn, “Remarks on the Theory of Appellate Decision and the rules or Canons of about how Statutes are to be Construed,” 3 VANDERBILT L.REV. 395 (1950). After more than half a century, Llewellyn’s assault on the legitimacy of canons remains an imposing landmark in statutory interpretation scholarship. The first five installments of this study, covering pairs 1 through 24, showed that Llewellyn’s thesis that for every canon of construction there was another to opposite effect did not stand up to examination. This study of pairs 25 through 28 shows the pattern to be uniform for Llewellyn’s entire list. Llewellyn’s practice of taking a familiar principle of interpretation and splitting off its “unless” clause, then calling both parts canons and therefore contradictory, again features clearly in Pair 27. Only a determination to deny legislative intention in favor of interpretive formulae can save the contrariety of these pairs. And his strategy, familiar from pairs number 1, 4, 6, 9, 12, 13, 15, 16, 17, 18, 22, 23, and 24 of creating a parry from a variation on “. . . unless the legislature intended otherwise” appears again in pairs ## 25 and 27. As this is the concluding episode in this series, there is a final, general conclusion. Llewellyn’s celebrated list proved not at all deconstructive, let alone devastatingly so. Only Pair 5 came close to a genuine contradiction, and that seemed to be because the thrust had been created for the purpose of opposing the parry. A surprise of the study was how obviously un-canonical were so many of the thrusts and parries. For example Pair #11 incorporates three separate subjects, titles, preambles, and section captions: what canon covers three subjects, all with different underlying considerations (such as state constitutions’ entrenching the interpretive power of titles)? And a disappointing surprise was Llewellyn’s concocting many too many of the list members from section headings in treatises, too often without proper citation, and always without quotation marks. The conclusion ends with an explanation of the first part of the title, “Only a Sith Thinks Like That,” which seems to have clicked few synapses as a synonym for ‘Manichean.’ It implied an argument that one should have thought apparent in 1950.
The Theory of Defect Concentration in Crystals

The theory of the formation of vacancy and interstitial defects in crystals is re-examined. It is suggested that a Born-von Karman type of lattice provides an adequate model for the calculation of the essential parameters giving the concentration of defects as a function of temperature. It is concluded that the entropy of formation depends only on the lattice frequencies before and after formation of the defect, and no further contribution to the entropy arises even though the enthalpy of formation may appear to remain temperature dependent at constant pressure. Data on vacancy concentration in NaCl and LiF are analyzed roughly in the light of present ideas. The results for NaCl are understandable in a simple way; those for LiF seem to require more complete calculations.
Reduced graphene oxide/titanium dioxide composites for supercapacitor electrodes: shape and coupling effects

TiO2 nanobelts (NBs) and nanoparticles (NPs) have been coupled with the chemically reduced graphene oxide (rGO) to form nanocomposites which are used as supercapacitor electrodes. The specific capacitance of rGO–TiO2 composites is higher than that of monolithic rGO, TiO2 NPs or NBs. The optimal electrochemical performance is achieved with the rGO–TiO2 composites at a rGO:TiO2 mass ratio of 7:3. In addition, the rGO–TiO2 NBs exhibit better performance than the rGO–TiO2 NPs in terms of specific capacitance, rate capability, energy density and power density. The specific capacitances of rGO–TiO2 NBs and rGO–TiO2 NPs with a mass ratio of 7:3 are 225 F g−1 and 62.8 F g−1 at a discharge current density of 0.125 A g−1, respectively. The better performance of the rGO–TiO2 NBs is attributed to the nanobelt's unique shape, better charge transport property and larger area of contact with the rGO nanosheet.
The Checkpoint Simulation: A Tool for Informing Border Patrol Checkpoint Design and Resource Allocation

Proper resource allocation at Border Patrol checkpoints is essential for effective and efficient screening. Improper resource allocation can lead to flushing-i.e., allowing cars to pass through a checkpoint without screening-or cost inefficiencies. To better inform resource allocation, we present a prototype simulation that models the major processes of an operational checkpoint. Data for the simulation was collected during extensive site visits to checkpoints on the U.S. northern and southern borders. In a case study, we configure the simulation to model the Tucson Sector, I-19 checkpoint. We found that the checkpoint can handle current traffic demands, but additional screening capacity is needed to accommodate traffic in the next 20 years.
Fine carbide-strengthened 3Cr-2WVTa bainitic steel

Both the 3Cr-3WV and the 3Cr-2WVTa steels exhibit an acicular bainite microstructure under the normalized and the normalized-and-tempered condition. The addition of Ta to the 3Cr-3WV steel substantially decreases the prior austenite grain size, but it has little effect on the bainite packet size. Fine TaC precipitates are formed in the normalized 3Cr-3WVTa specimen. After further tempering of 3Cr-3WVTa steel, fine TaC particles are further precipitated and dispersed within grains. The carbides at the prior austenite grain boundaries in the Ta-containing steel are much smaller than those in the steel without Ta. Tensile tests and fracture toughness (KIC) tests have been performed on both the 3Cr-3WV and 3Cr-3WVTa steels at room temperature. The 0.2 pct yield strength of the Ta-containing steel is higher than that of the steel without Ta, especially under the normalized-and-tempered condition. The 3Cr-3WVTa steel is primarily strengthened by a secondary-phase precipitation mechanism represented by the formation of fine carbides after tempering. The 3Cr-3WVTa steel exhibits higher fracture toughness than the 3Cr-3WV steel. The toughening mechanism is also discussed based on the dependence of the calculated fracture stress upon the carbide size and the bainite packet size.
Minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy in the reoperative neck.

Abstract Background: Operations for hyperparathyroidism (HPT) in a previously operated neck present a significant challenge and carry much higher morbidity rates than first-time operations. Our extensive experience with minimally invasive radioguided parathyroidectomy (MIRP) for first-time surgery for HPT has shown this method to be a directed approach to the offending adenoma, suggesting that the technique could be used to minimize reoperative neck surgery as well. Methods: Over an 11-month period 24 consecutive patients with primary HPT who had undergone at least one previous neck operation were referred for re-exploration. All patients underwent preoperative sestamibi scanning; 21 localized sufficiently to undergo MIRP. Results: All patients were cured after reoperation. Eighteen patients underwent MIRP under local anesthesia as outpatients; 3 MIRPs were done under general anesthesia. Average total operative time was 44 minutes, average incision length was 3.0 cm ± 0.2 cm. Nineteen of the procedures were completed without any frozen sections. There were no complications. Conclusion: MIRP is extremely effective in patients with HPT who have undergone previous neck exploration for parathyroid or thyroid disease. The technique allows for such a directed dissection that smaller incisions and local anesthesia in an outpatient setting are routine. (Surgery 1998;124:1088-93.)
Comparison of longitudinal biomechanical adaptation to shoe degradation between the dominant and non-dominant legs during running

This study compared the biomechanical adaptation to running shoe degradation between the dominant (D) and non-dominant (ND) leg. Twenty-four runners performed a pre-test in the laboratory, completed 200 miles of road running in a pair of assigned shoes and then returned for a post-test. Kinetic and kinematic data of running in new and worn shoes were collected. Repeated measures ANOVA (Shoe×Leg) were used to analyze temporal, kinetic and kinematic variables (α=.05). A symmetry index (SI) was calculated for the temporal and kinetic variables and paired t-tests were used to compare the SI between shoe conditions. Stance time increased by approximately 7 ms in worn shoes (p=.027). Bilateral differences in the kinematic change (Shoe×Leg interaction) were seen in the torso (p<.05), knee (p<.05), marginally at the hip (p<.10) but not the ankle. No difference in kinetic variables or SI was observed. When running in worn shoes, the torso displayed reduced forward lean for both sides and to a greater extent during the D leg strike. The D hip and knee showed a more extended position for the worn shoe condition while an increased flexion was observed in the ND leg. Most of the kinematic differences observed were small and within the intra-subject variability measured during the same session. Future studies may consider performing a three-dimensional analysis at a higher sample rate and further explore whether asymmetrical adaptation is related to running injuries.
The ontogeny of epidermal growth factor receptors during mouse development

In an attempt to understand the role(s) of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in vivo during murine development, we have examined the 125I-EGF binding characteristics of EGF-receptors in membrane preparations of tissues from the 12th day of gestation to parturition. Using autoradiography, the earliest time that we could detect EGF-receptors was on trophoblast cells cultured for 3 days as blastocyst outgrowths. Trophoblast eventually forms a large portion of the placenta, where EGF-receptors have long been recognized. We measured the number and affinity of EGF-receptors on tissues dissected from conceptuses from the 12th day of gestation in order to identify a stage when tissues may be most sensitive to EGF. Whereas the number of EGF receptors increases during gestation for all tissues examined, the affinity of the receptors declines for carcass and placenta and remains relatively unchanged for brain and liver. This suggests that EGF may function differently throughout development. Our hypothesis is that EGF (or its embryonic equivalent) initially stimulates proliferation in embryonic cells and then stimulates differentiation as the tissues mature. In the adult, its main role could be to stimulate tissue repair after damage.
Intracellular calcium in the entrainment pathway of molluscan circadian pacemakers.

Circadian clock systems contain three components—an entrainment pathway, a pacemaker mechanism, and an output or expressed rhythm. The entrainment pathway for light stimuli can be studied by separating steps involved in light transduction and subsequent events acting on the pacemaker mechanism from the steps critical for continued motion of the pacemaker. Studies indicate that calcium entry across the plasma membrane is a required step in the light entrainment pathway of the ocular circadian pacemaker of the marine snail Bulla gouldiana. A calcium influx due to phase-shifting stimuli has recently been measured using the calcium-sensitive dye Fura-2 in dissociated pacemaker neurons from Bulla. Studies preceding these calcium imaging experiments are presented together with a simple model of the role of Ca2+ influx in entrainment and a discussion of problems in demonstrating that calcium influx alone is a sufficient step in the entrainment pathway.
Grain elongation and anisotropic grain growth during superplastic deformation in an AlMgMnCu alloy

Evolution of grain morphology in a fine grained Al-Mg-Mn-Cu alloy during uniaxial superplastic deformation is studied quantitatively. Grains undergo elongation, as well as dynamic grain growth along all directions, the separation and analysis of which is attempted here. Based on such analysis, the computed true grain growth rate along directions transverse to the tensile axis are found to exceed that parallel to the tensile axis. Possible mechanisms for this new observation are suggested. A unique relationship between grain boundary sliding rate and dynamic grain growth rate is found at different applied strain rates; this indicates that grain boundary sliding and grain boundary migration rates are inherently connected through the same mechanism.
Listening to Older Adult Parents of Adult Children With Mental Illness

This article uses qualitative research and narrative analysis to examine the experience of women age 55 and older who are parents caring for adult children with mental illness. Knowledge about the conflicts of older parents with dependent children is underdeveloped. In this study, analysis of women's stories about parenting in later life reveal that the women have two sets of feelings: wanting to be free from the responsibility of caregiving and feeling responsible to continue the support and protection of their adult vulnerable children. The women's conflicts are palpable and are found in the ideational themes of the narratives, as well as the structure of how the narratives are spoken. The discussion highlights the relevance of the theory of ambivalence for clinical practice when working with older women who are caregivers for their adult dependent children.
ClearType sub-pixel text rendering: Preference, legibility and reading performance

ClearType is an onscreen text rendering technology in which the red, green, and blue sub-pixels are separately addressed to increase text legibility. However, it results in colored borders on characters that can be bothersome. This paper describes five experiments measuring subject preference, text legibility, reading performance, and discomfort symptoms for five implementation levels of ClearType rendered text. The results show that, while ClearType rendering does not improve text legibility, reading speed or comfort compared to perceptually-tuned grayscale rendering, subjects prefer text with moderate ClearType rendering to text with grayscale or higher-level ClearType contrast. Reasons for subject preference and for lack of performance improvement are discussed.