cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chapter 18 Stability and shedding of small cell carcinoma membrane antigens: Applications to detection of antigens in marrow and serum

Summary Flow cytometry and radioimmunoassays were used to evaluate the stability, shedding, and internalisation of SCLC antigens by varying the time and sequence of primary and secondary antibodies. The antigens recognised by the different anti-SCLC antibodies used in this study showed three types of expression. The antigen recognised by SM1 antibody typified stable expression on the surface membrane of SCLC cells in spite of prolonged incubation with antibody. LAM6 was an example of an extensively shed antigen, whereas LAM7 appeared to be internalised. Small amounts of SM1 antigen appeared to be shed from SCLC cells but the regeneration of antigenic sites on the surface membrane is rapid so that high amounts of SM1 antigen remains on the surface membrane in spite of repeated or continuous exposure to SM1 antibody. A shed SCLC antigen, recognised by SM1 antibody, was also detected in serum of patients with SCLC tumours. Prior to treatment, all sera from patients with extensive disease and 50% of those with limited disease were found to have high SM1 antigen. In contrast, sera from normal volunteers, patients with benign disease, and patients with nonpulmonary primary tumours had low SM1 antigen. The serum SM1 antigen levels of SCLC patients treated with chemotherapy were influenced by tumour response. The serum SM1 antigen level was also observed to rise many months prior to any radiologic evidence of recurrent disease and antedated the elevation in CEA level. The detection of shed SCLC antigen may therefore by useful in monitoring tumour response and relapse after therapy of patients with lung cancer. SCLC monoclonal antibodies were found to be more sensitive than conventional histology in screening bone marrows for SCLC metastasis. However, the handling of specimens is critical in obtaining useful data. These antibodies can also be used to eradicate SCLC in marrows without affecting normal marrow precursors.
Vehicle road navigation to minimize pollutant exposure

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) technology is often aimed at improving vehicle safety and mobility. Lately a number of ITS applications are also focusing on environmental issues such as reducing greenhouse gases (through improved fuel economy) and reducing overall pollutant emissions. Typical environmental ITS applications (e.g., eco-routing) focus on reducing total mass vehicle emissions for generalized areas. To date however, environmental ITS applications haven't considered emissions from a pollutant exposure point-of-view. In this paper, we introduce a new vehicle routing methodology that goes beyond minimizing overall pollutant emissions, instead minimizing pollutant exposure to localized populations along roadways. As part of this effort, a unique modeling suite has been developed to allow for the evaluation of environmental ITS applications from a traffic emissions exposure point of view. For the routing algorithm, the human intake fraction that is commonly used for quantifying emission exposure is modeled and used as a routing cost. Experimental modeling results show that the intake fraction of particulate matter for 5-14 year-old school children on school days can be reduced approximately 80%-90% on a typical schoolday with the implementation of intelligent routing algorithms.
Fiber spinning from the nematic melt. IV. Effect of P oxybenzoate crystallinity on the spinning and fiber properties of the copolyester of polyethylene terephthalate and p-oxybenzoate

We have previously reported two studies of the rheology and fiber properties of one sample of the copolymer of polyethylene terephthalate having 60 mol% of p-oxybenzoate (PHB) units. The DSC curve of that sample exhibited crystalline melting transitions, and the sample appeared to contain PHB blocks. Here we compare those results with observations for a second sample that, although nominally the same polymer, appears to be more random because it exhibits little PHB crystallinity. We had previously reported that the flow of the copolymer containing PHB blocks was non-Newtonian at all temperatures, and that it exhibited a thermal history effect. We find the flow of the more random polymer is Newtonian above the melting temperature, and the melt viscosity of the more random copolymer exhibits no thermal history effect. Fibers were spun from the more random copolymer with a capillary rheometer using a capillary having a length/diameter ratio of 14.1 and a shear rate at the wall of 6.4 sec−1. Spinning temperatures were 250, 260, and 280°C, and the spin draw ratio was examined as a variable. The initial modulus increased with spin draw ratio but exhibited no dependence upon the spinning temperature. For the copolymer containing PHB blocks, the initial modulus increased as the spinning temperature was raised. These differences are due to the larger amount of PHB crystallinity in the more blocky sample. When chips of the more random sample were heated for 1 h at 235°C, the melt viscosity increased and the initial modulus of the fibers decreased. These changes are due to the crystallization of longer PHB blocks produced by melt interchange.
Viable Borrelia burgdorferi Enhances Interleukin-10 Production and Suppresses Activation of Murine Macrophages

Although it is capable of eliciting strong innate and adaptive immune responses, Borrelia burgdorferi often evades immune clearance through largely unknown mechanisms. Our previous studies determined that infected interlukin-10−/− (IL-10−/−) mice show significantly lower B. burgdorferi levels than wild-type (B6) mice and that IL-10 inhibits innate immune responses critical for controlling B. burgdorferi infection. To determine whether virulent B. burgdorferi preferentially enhances IL-10 production, we developed an in vitro coculture medium (RPMI.B) in which both B. burgdorferi and primary macrophages (Mφs) remain viable. B. burgdorferi grew at similar rates and was able to regulate expression of immunoreactive proteins with similar kinetics in RPMI.B and in traditional BSK medium; in contrast, B. burgdorferi cultured in conventional tissue culture medium (RPMI) rapidly lost viability. Coculture of viable B. burgdorferi in RPMI.B with Mφs resulted in more rapid and significant increases in IL-10 transcripts and secreted proteins than coculture with nonviable B. burgdorferi in RPMI, which corresponded with decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Addition of live B. burgdorferi to Mφs in RPMI.B also elicited substantially higher IL-10 levels than heat-killed bacteria elicited, confirming that increased IL-10 production was not inherent to coculture in RPMI.B. Transfer of supernatants from B. burgdorferi-stimulated Mφs into naive Mφ cultures resulted in suppressed activation upon subsequent stimulation with different bacterial agonists, and this suppression was obviated by IL-10-specific antibody. In vivo analyses determined that murine skin samples exhibited substantial upregulation of IL-10 within 24 h of injection of B. burgdorferi. Together, these results suggest that viable B. burgdorferi can suppress early Mφ responses during infection by causing increased release of IL-10.
Design of the oxygen and substrate pathways. IV. Partitioning energy provision from fatty acids.

This paper quantifies the fluxes of fatty acids through the pathways supplying muscle mitochondria with oxidative fuel in exercising dogs and goats. We used continuous infusions of 1-[14C]palmitate and indirect calorimetry to measure fatty acid supply from two sources: the circulation and the triglyceride stores within the muscle cells. Our goal was to determine maximal flux through these two branches of the lipid pathway as key functional parameters for testing the principle of symmorphosis, i.e. that structural capacity is quantitatively matched to functional demand in the oxidative substrate pathways. It is under these rate-limiting conditions that we predict that all of the structural capacity will be used. Maximal rates of fatty acid oxidation were reached at low exercise intensities of 40% Mo2max. Fatty acids from the circulation supplied only a small fraction (15-25%) of the total fat oxidized under these conditions. Although dogs were able to oxidize circulatory fatty acids faster than goats, maximal rates were not in proportion to the 2.2-fold difference in aerobic capacity between the two species. Dogs compensated for their relatively lower use of circulatory fatty acids by oxidizing more triglycerides from lipid droplets in their muscle cells. We conclude that fatty acids from intramuscular triglyceride stores are a major source of fuel during maximal rates of lipid oxidation. Furthermore, it is this branch of the fatty acid pathway that is adapted to the large difference in aerobic capacity between dogs and goats.
On the interaction of rate and history dependence in structural metals

In slow motions, such as occur in repeated creep, relaxation and low-cycle fatigue loadings, rate and history dependence interact and the conventional metallic material idealizations do not appear to be appropriate. For later use an operational definition of aging, rate and history dependence is given. Constitutive equations capable of reproducing history dependence must not only depend on the forcing function in the present time interval but must also have a not completely fading memory of prior loadings. It is demonstrated that certain forms of integral constitutive equations and defined history dependence. The history dependence of structural metals is examined and it is shown that prior deformation can change the response of structural metals to the same forcing function permanently but only in degree and not in kind; the variable hereditary property of structural metals is limited and is caused by deformation-induced changes of the microstructure. Variant and invariant response properties under prior loading are stated.
Evidence for a neural influence on the house fly heart.

Various techniques, surgical as well as electrophysiological, have shown the myocardial activity of insect hearts, including the house fly, to be variable (Ballard and Holcomb 1965, Ballard and Hall 1969, Jones 1964). To study this problem further, surface potentials, recorded by means of suction electrodes placed on 2 segments of the heart of the house fly Musca domestica L., were compared. Simultaneous recordings suggest an anterior influence on the heart beat, as well as a possible cause for its variability.
P3-S3.10 An assessment of the effects of ancillary services on CD4 counts and viral loads of people living with HIV/AIDS

Background The Ryan White Modernisation Care Act 2006 integrated medical case management with supportive social services to ensure that Persons Living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) from lower socioeconomic, marginalised groups, and those with mental health/substance use issues are sustained in medical care. This study sought to establish the relationship between the CD4 and viral load of PLWHA and the receipt of ancillary services. Methods A random sample of N=222 subjects were drawn from the Bluegrass Care Clinic (BCC) database. The cohort was 67% white, 21.6% black, and 8.6% Hispanic with the majority of the subjects between 100 and 149% of the poverty level. Self-reported HIV risk factors for the sample were 59.9% MSM, 28.4% heterosexual, and 8.1% IDU. This sample adequately represents the population of the BCC as ethnicity, socioeconomic status and risk factors were similar for the clinic population as a whole. One way ANOVA tests were used to determine if the receipt of ancillary services by PLWHA in the BCC affects their viral loads and CD4 counts by using a multivariable analysis. Results There was a statistically significant difference in mean CD4 counts when comparing between ethnicities. The ANOVA test showed a statistically significant relationship (p=0.002) between Hispanic ethnicity and mean CD4 count, as subjects in the study that were of Hispanic origin had lower mean CD4 counts (305) than non-Hispanic whites (550) and non-Hispanic African Americans (500). There was also a statistically significant difference (p=0.021) between the mean viral load of PLWHA having one to three mental health visits and PLWHA with no mental health visits at all. Conclusion At the BCC, patients with adherence issues appear to be referred for mental health services, confirming the essential role of social workers on a multi-disciplinary HIV team. The BCC also has a Hispanic population with disproportionately lower CD4 counts. Implications for program improvement are to continue to target Hispanic patients with lower CD4 counts to retain them in medical care and improve adherence to ART medications. This study was limited by the fact that ancillary social services were lumped in with medical case management in the data set rather than delineated into individual service categories. Future research should use data sets that more accurately capture the various ancillary services provided to the sample subjects.
Modeling students' interest in mathematics homework

ABSTRACTThe authors examine the factors influencing mathematics homework interest for Chinese students and compare the findings with a recent study involving U.S. students. The findings from multilevel analyses revealed that some predictors for homework interest functioned similarly (e.g., affective attitude toward homework, learning-oriented reasons, monitoring motivation) across the two cultural samples, while some others did not (e.g., parent education, family homework help, and teacher feedback), suggesting that cultural differences influence students' interest in homework. In addition, this study bridges a gap in previous research on homework, by revealing that mathematics homework interest was positively related to mathematics self-concept. These findings were discussed relating to previous research in the field, and in the context of cultural values and societal influences.
A study of the quality of life and its influencing factors for gastric patients undergoing radical resection after concurrent chemoradiotherapy

Objective To understand the quality of life( QoL) and its influencing factors for gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection after concurrent chemoradiotherapy. Methods 128 clinic follow-up gastric cancer patients undergoing radical resection who had accepted the concurrent chemoradiotherapy for 6 to 24 months were selected from a hospital. The Chinese version of EORTC QLQ-C3 was used to evaluate their QoL,and multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze its influencing factors. Results The mean age of gastric cancer patients was 50. 36 ± 9. 73 years old, and the overall score of their QoL was 75. 13 ± 19. 64. The role function got a higher score( 86. 98 ± 14. 58) in functional areas,and in symptom areas the tiredness got a higher score( 30. 47 ± 12. 44),in single entry areas economic hardship got a higher score( 38. 29 ± 14. 78). The multiple linear regression analysis showed that the factors of income,pathological stage and education level were significant for QoL of gastric cancer patients. Conclusion Income,pathological stage and education level may influence the QoL of the gastric cancer patients.
Statistical measurement of the inventory shortage cost

ABSTRACTIn searching for the optimal inventory control policy, the objective is to minimize the expected total costs related, of which the shortage cost is an important element. Due to the difficulty in calculating the indirect cost of the loss of goodwill resulted from the shortage, practitioners and researchers often simply assume a fixed penalty cost on the inventory shortage or switch to the alternative method by assigning a specific customer service level. The development of an appropriate tool for measuring the shortage cost can help a business control the total costs and improve the productivity more effectively. This paper proposes probabilistic measurements of the shortage cost, based on mathematical relationship between the cost and the shortage amount. The derived closed-form estimates of the expected shortage cost value can then be applied to support the determination of the optimal inventory control policy.
Investigation on Nutrition Knowledge,Attitude and Dietary Behaviors of Students in Technical Secondary Schools in Longgang District of Shenzhen City

[Objective]To understand the nutrition knowledge,attitude and dietary behaviors of Longgang technical secondary school students,and provide evidence for carrying out nutrition education and intervention.[Methods]Self-designed questionnaire of nutrition knowledge,attitude and dietary behaviors was adopted to investigate 278 students of Longgang technical secondary schools.[Results]Students did not have comprehensive and profound nutrition knowledge.Nutrition awareness rate was only 51.3%.Skipping breakfast and unreasonable distribution of meals was universal among students.[Conclusion]Multiple approaches should be applied to provide students with better nutrition knowledge,education as well as correct instruction of dietary behaviors.
Afew Suggestions about Promoting Healthy Development of Electronic Business in Our Country

Electronic business is business activity with technical method of modern science.It has features like effective use of resources,speeding the cycle of business activity,time-saving,cost-reducing,raising profit of enterprises,etc..In the process of electronic business development of our country,there are still problems,for example,the infrastructure is backward,operating rules are not stardard,payment system is not sound.Therefore,to strengthen the construction of infrastructure,to lay down legal frame for electronic business,to strengthen people's consciousness concerning electronic business and so on will be the important links in promoting the healthy development of electronic business in our country.
Conjugation to Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers and Pulmonary Delivery Reduce Cardiac Accumulation and Enhance Antitumor Activity of Doxorubicin in Lung Metastasis

Lung is one of the most common sites to which almost all other primary tumors metastasize. The major challenges in the chemotherapy of lung metastases include the low drug concentration found in the tumors and high systemic toxicity upon systemic administration. In this study, we combine local lung delivery and the use of nanocarrier-based systems for improving pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of the therapeutics to fight lung metastases. We investigate the impact of the conjugation of doxorubicin (DOX) to carboxyl-terminated poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (PAMAM) through a bond that allows for intracellular-triggered release, and the effect of pulmonary delivery of the dendrimer–DOX conjugate in decreasing tumor burden in a lung metastasis model. The results show a dramatic increase in efficacy of DOX treatment of the melanoma (B16-F10) lung metastasis mouse model upon pulmonary administration of the drug, as indicated by decreased tumor burden (lung weight) and increased survival rates of the animals (...
Effect of top electrode material on radiation-induced degradation of ferroelectric thin film structures

The effects of gamma irradiation on the dielectric and piezoelectric responses of Pb[Zr0.52Ti0.48]O3 (PZT) thin film stacks were investigated for structures with conductive oxide (IrO2) and metallic (Pt) top electrodes. The samples showed, generally, degradation of various key dielectric, ferroelectric, and electromechanical responses when exposed to 2.5 Mrad (Si) 60Co gamma radiation. However, the low-field, relative dielectric permittivity, er, remained largely unaffected by irradiation in samples with both types of electrodes. Samples with Pt top electrodes showed substantial degradation of the remanent polarization and overall piezoelectric response, as well as pinching of the polarization hysteresis curves and creation of multiple peaks in the permittivity-electric field curves post irradiation. The samples with oxide electrodes, however, were largely impervious to the same radiation dose, with less than 5% change in any of the functional characteristics. The results suggest a radiation-induced chang...
English-Language Fiction of Bangladesh

In an interview conducted in 1977 and published in 1998, Kaiser Haq, perhaps Bangladesh’s most prominent contemporary English-language poet, asserted that no one can ‘envisage an anglophone literary community evolving’ in that country because ‘[i]ndividual Bangladeshis [are] still trying to write in English work in isolation’ (Quayum 1998, p. 22). Nearly two decades on, Haq’s prognosis for the future of English-language literary production in Bangladesh provokes several interconnected responses. By asserting the isolated nature of working in English, for instance, Haq makes a self-fulfilling prophecy of his observation about the absence of a literary community that would, presumably, nurture and expand cultural production in this area. This point about isolation/community speaks to what may have been a paucity of venues, including publishing houses, through which Bangladeshi authors using English could gain audiences for their work. However, with the 2012 entrance onto the publishing scene of Bengal Lights, Khademul Islam’s new literary online and print magazine, the recent launch of Bengal Lights Books in 2014 (Bengal Lights 2015) and the first Dhaka Hay Festival, also in 2013, which, according to author and festival organizer Tahmima Anam, hosted several major publishing houses and resulted in young writers receiving their first contracts, the problem of appropriate venues appears to be lessening (Shook 2013, p. 47). Nonetheless, the question of audience brings up some related points: the state and status of English in Bangladesh and the forms and themes found in contemporary Bangladeshi English-language literature. Moreover, Haq’s use of the adverb ‘still’ also subtly cues a surprisingly necessary recognition: namely, that writers from across the vast expanse of the South-Asian subcontinent have long produced English-language literature—since the publication of Sake Dean Mohamed’s travel writings in 1794 (Fisher 2000) and continuing through the nineteenth century with the publication of Kylas and Shoshee Chunder Dutt’s work in the 1830s and 1840s (Mukherjee 2000, pp. 52–5; Tickell 2005, 7–22)—a historical reality that prompts its own set of questions regarding what literary students and scholars mean when we talk about anglophone/global literary production.
The design of Quantum-dot CellularAutomata decimal adder

Recently, there has been an increasing interest in hardware support for decimal arithmetic driven by the growing demands from financial and commercial applications. A crucial building block for decimal operations is the decimal adder. Thus, it is important to explore its design in future nanotechnologies. This work presents the first decimal adder design in quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) nanotechnology using majority voting gates. The proposed one-digit QCA decimal full adder structure in this paper requires 27 majority voting gates and 16 inverters.
Learning with dynamic group sparsity

This paper investigates a new learning formulation called dynamic group sparsity. It is a natural extension of the standard sparsity concept in compressive sensing, and is motivated by the observation that in some practical sparse data the nonzero coefficients are often not random but tend to be clustered. Intuitively, better results can be achieved in these cases by reasonably utilizing both clustering and sparsity priors. Motivated by this idea, we have developed a new greedy sparse recovery algorithm, which prunes data residues in the iterative process according to both sparsity and group clustering priors rather than only sparsity as in previous methods. The proposed algorithm can recover stably sparse data with clustering trends using far fewer measurements and computations than current state-of-the-art algorithms with provable guarantees. Moreover, our algorithm can adaptively learn the dynamic group structure and the sparsity number if they are not available in the practical applications. We have applied the algorithm to sparse recovery and background subtraction in videos. Numerous experiments with improved performance over previous methods further validate our theoretical proofs and the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Abstract A077: Identifying novel effectors of the gut microbiota that modulate cancer cell killing by CTLs using functional metagenomics

The immune system, which is profoundly affected by the microbiota composition and activity, plays an anti-tumorigenic role by surveying for and killing cancer cells. Indeed, recent studies found the microbiota to be essential for the success of cancer immunotherapy treatments in mice, while the bacterial effectors remain unknown. We developed an innovative high throughput screening system to isolate microbiota-derived effectors that modulate the ability of immune cells to kill cancer cells. We utilize the mouse CT26 colon carcinoma cell line as targeT-cells and the GSW11 specific CCD2Z T-cell hybridoma cell line as the effector cells. Bacterial DNA extracted from fecal contents of mice bearing colorectal tumors served for generation of metagenomics libraries. Supernatnants of the metagenomic clones were added to the CT26-CCD2Z co-culture and CCD2Z activation was measured using a LacZ reporter, regulated by NFAT. We identified about 40 clones that activate CCD2Z cells. We performed secondary screens and tested the activation of CD8+ T-cells sorted from mouse spleens. We sequenced the metagenomic DNA of several clones and analyzed the coding sequences. Currently, we are sub-cloning the clones to find the microbial genes responsible for CD8+ T-cell activation and design strategies for isolation of active molecules from these bacterial supernatnats. Finally, we hope that our future results could be taken to the clinic and serve for diagnosis, prognosis and therapeutics. Citation Format: Lior Lobel, Wendy S. Garrett. Identifying novel effectors of the gut microbiota that modulate cancer cell killing by CTLs using functional metagenomics [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; Sept 30-Oct 3, 2018; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2019;7(2 Suppl):Abstract nr B066.
Host plant species determines symbiotic bacterial community mediating suppression of plant defenses

Herbivore associated bacteria are vital mediators of plant and insect interactions. Host plants play an important role in shaping the gut bacterial community of insects. Colorado potato beetles (CPB; Leptinotarsa decemlineata) use several Solanum plants as hosts in their natural environment. We previously showed that symbiotic gut bacteria from CPB larvae suppressed jasmonate (JA)-induced defenses in tomato. However, little is known about how changes in the bacterial community may be involved in the manipulation of induced defenses in wild and cultivated Solanum plants of CPB. Here, we examined suppression of JA-mediated defense in wild and cultivated hosts of CPB by chemical elicitors and their symbiotic bacteria. Furthermore, we investigated associations between the gut bacterial community and suppression of plant defenses using 16 S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Symbiotic bacteria decreased plant defenses in all Solanum hosts and there were different gut bacterial communities in CPB fed on different host plants. When larvae were reared on different hosts, defense suppression differed among host plants. These results demonstrate that host plants influence herbivore gut bacterial communities and consequently affect the herbivore’s ability to manipulate JA-mediated plant defenses. Thus, the presence of symbiotic bacteria that suppress plant defenses might help CPB adapt to host plants.
BIIB021 is a small molecule inhibitor of the heat shock protein, Hsp90, that shows potent anti-tumor activity in preclinical models

B161 Hsp90 is a widely-expressed molecular chaperone that functions in the maturation and stabilization of cellular proteins. Complexed together with other co-chaperone proteins, Hsp90 catalyzes the conformational changes of client proteins via its ATPase activity. The activity of Hsp90 maintains a variety of client proteins in their active conformation and plays an important role in the regulation of several key oncogenic signaling proteins. Mutant and over-expressed oncoproteins that drive malignant progression are particularly dependent on Hsp90 chaperone activity. In tumor cells inhibition of Hsp90 results in degradation of these proteins followed by cell death making Hsp90 a target of substantial interest for cancer therapy. The prototypic natural product drug, 17-AAG, has shown promise in early trials but is limited by poor pharmaceutic properties and hepatotoxicitiy. Here we describe BIIB021, a novel synthetic inhibitor of Hsp90. BIIB021 binds competitively with geldanamycin in the ATP binding pocket of Hsp90. In a flow cytometric assay designed to detect HER-2 protein levels treatment of MCF-7 cells with BIIB021 induced HER-2 degradation with an EC50 of 32nM. Western blot analysis after treatment of MCF7 cells with BIIB021 demonstrated the degradation of key client proteins including HER-2, Akt, and Raf-1 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. As shown with other Hsp90 inhibitors the upregulation of expression of heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp27 was also observed. In tumor cell growth assays treatment with BIIB021 led to growth inhibition and cell death at nanomolar concentrations. BIIB021 was tested two models that express high levels of the HER-2 oncoprotein, the BT474 breast and N87 gastric human tumor xenograft models. Oral administration of BIIB021 led to the degradation of the Hsp90 client protein HER2 and the potent inhibition of tumor growth in these models. BIIB021 also showed anti-tumor activity in the CWR22 prostate tumor model that expresses another Hsp90 client protein, the androgen receptor (AR). BIIB021 is a promising new Hsp90 inhibitor designed to be given orally and has potent preclinical anti-tumor activity. BIIB021 is currently undergoing Phase I clinical trials.
Incremental SAT-Based Reverse Engineering of Camouflaged Logic Circuits

Layout-level gate or routing camouflaging techniques have attracted interest as countermeasures against reverse engineering of combinational logic. In order to minimize area overhead, typically only a subset of gate or routing components are camouflaged, and each camouflaged component layout can implement one of a few different functions or connections. The security of camouflaging relies on the difficulty of learning the overall combinational logic function without knowing the functions implemented by the individual camouflaged components of the circuit. In this paper, we expand our previous work on using incremental SAT solving to reconstruct the logical function of a circuit with camouflaged components. Our algorithm uses the standard attacker model in which an adversary knows only the noncamouflaged component functions, and has the ability to query the circuit to learn the correct output vector for any input vector. Our results demonstrate a $10.5\times$ speedup in average runtime over the best known existing deobfuscation algorithm prior to this technique. The results presented go beyond our previous work by showing that this technique, previously applied only to a particular style of gate camouflaging, is general and can be used to deobfuscate three different proposed styles of camouflaging. We give results to quantify the effectiveness of camouflaging techniques on a variety of ISCAS-85 benchmark circuits.
Managing Global Innovation: Frameworks for Integrating Capabilities around the World

Scholars have long talked about a global economy and a new world in which non-triadic countries become central for innovation. Popular books, like The World is Flat (Friedman 2006) and The Fortune ...
Momentary relations among waking-time activity, mindfulness, and cognitive functioning in university students: A time use perspective

Regular physical activity and mindfulness training both have been shown to improve cognitive functioning among different populations, especially for older adults and children. These associations are less understood in young adults and at the momentary (i.e., within-person) level of analysis. This study examined relations among momentary levels of activity, mindfulness and cognitive functioning in university students under daily context. University students (N = 158) used a mobile phone application to provide 14,589 momentary self-reports (M = 92 reports/person) over two weeks. About 2/3 (62%) of the sampled moments were allocated in sedentary activities, whereas about 1/3 (38%) of the sampled moments were reported spent standing or moving. Approximately 40% of the variance in momentary cognitive functioning was attributed to between-person differences. At the within-person level, cognitive functioning was higher when moving (compared to sitting), and state mindfulness increased the association between momentary movement and cognitive function. At the between-person level, usual mindfulness was positively associated with cognitive functioning. There were no significant differences in usual levels of cognitive functioning by the day of week, or usual levels of standing or moving (compared to sitting). In sum, after controlling for usual and momentary stress, within-person associations were identified among momentary activity, mindfulness and cognitive functioning. These results inform how interventions might be designed to promote physical activity and enhance cognitive functioning for university students.
Temporal clustering for order reduction of nonlinear parabolic PDE systems with time-dependent spatial domains: Application to a hydraulic fracturing process

In this work, we present a temporally-local model order-reduction technique for nonlinear parabolic partial differential equation (PDE) systems with time-dependent spatial domains. In lieu of approximating the solution of interest using global (with respect to the time domain) empirical eigenfunctions, we derive low-dimensional models by constructing appropriate temporally-local eigenfunctions. Within this context, we partition the time domain into multiple clusters (i.e. subdomains) by using the framework known as global optimum search (GOS). This approach, a variant of Generalized Benders Decomposition (GBD), formulates clustering as a Mixed-Integer Nonlinear Programming problem and involves the iterative solution of a Linear Programming problem (primal problem) and a Mixed-Integer Linear Programming problem (master problem). Following the cluster generation, local (with respect to time) eigenfunctions are constructed by applying the proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) method to the snapshots contained within each cluster. Then, the Galerkin's projection method is employed to derive low-dimensional ordinary differential equation (ODE) systems for each cluster. The local ODE systems are subsequently used to compute approximate solutions to the original PDE system. The proposed local model order-reduction technique is applied to a hydraulic fracturing process described by a nonlinear parabolic PDE system with the time-dependent spatial domain. It is shown to be more accurate and computationally efficient in approximating the original nonlinear system with fewer eigenfunctions, compared to the model order-reduction technique with temporally-global eigenfunctions. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Recreational Aviation and Wildlife: the Physiological Stress Response in Deer and Associated User Perceptions

Wildfire is a key factor influencing bird communities in western North American forests. We need to understand species and community responses to wildfire and how responses vary regionally to effectively manage for biodiversity in dry conifer forests. We compared avian relationships with wildfire burn severity between two locations of Arizona and Idaho. We predicted different responses to wildfire corresponding with regional differences in historical fire regime. We conducted point-count surveys for 3 years following wildfire (Arizona: 1997–1999; Idaho: 2008–2010) and used multispecies hierarchical models to analyze relationships of bird occupancy with burn severity. Consistent with our prediction for mixed-severity fire regimes characterizing the Idaho location, we observed proportionately more positive species occupancy relationships and, consequently, a positive species richness relationship with burn severity in Idaho. We also observed the opposite pattern in Arizona, which was congruent with our prediction for the low-severity fire regime characterizing that location. Cavity nesters and aerial insectivores occupied more severely burned sites following wildfire, corresponding with predicted increases in nesting substrate and foraging opportunities for these species. In contrast, canopy-nesting foliage gleaners and pine-seed consumers exhibited negative relationships with burn severity. Congruence with species life histories and with patterns reported in the literature suggests generality of observed patterns. We therefore suggest that optimal management strategies for maintaining avian diversity could differ regionally. Specifically, intensive fuels management may be ecologically less appropriate for promoting biodiversity in areas such as the Idaho location where mixed-severity wildfires and dense forest stands were historically more common.
Systematik der Seltenerdmetall-Blei-Legierungen

Das systematische Verhalten (sowie dessen Fehlen) der Seltenerdmetall-Blei-Legierungen wird untersucht. Es wurden 12 verschiedene Verbindungsstochiometrien beobachtet. Fast alle dreiwertigen Lanthanidenelemente bilden die PhasenR5Pb3,R5Pb4 undRPb3. Von den anderen moglichen Stochiometrien kommen, mit Ausnahme vonRPb2, nur von einigen Lanthaniden Verbindungen vor. Die bekannten kristallographischen Daten werden durchbesprochen und die Existenz und Nichtexistenz einiger Phasen auf Grund kristallchemischer Theorien diskutiert. Das Schmelzverhalten derR-reichen Eutektika und der PhasenR5Pb3,RPb2 undRPb3 wird dargestellt. Die bekannten Informationen uber diese Legierungen werden auf der Basis der relativen Volumskontraktionen und des 4f-Beitrags zur Bindung uberpruft und die Ergebnisse zu Voraussagen uber die relativen Stabilitaten der VerbindungenR5Pb3,RPb2 undRPb3 verwertet.
Abstract 527: Apelin-13 Inhibits Large-Conductance Ca2+-Activated K+ Channels in Cerebral Artery Smooth Muscle Cells via a PI3-Kinase-Dependent Mechanism

Apelin-13 has been reported to act directly on APJ receptors in vascular smooth muscle (VSM) to induce vasocontraction. However, the ionic mechanisms underlying this action at the cellular level remain unclear. Large-conductance Ca2+-activated K+ (BKca) channels in VSM cells are critical regulators of membrane potential and vascular tone. Thus, in the present study, we examined the effect of apelin-13 on BKca channel activity in VSM cells, freshly isolated from rat middle cerebral arteries. In whole-cell patch clamp mode, apelin-13 (0.001μM-1μM) caused dose-dependent inhibition of BKca in VSM cells. Apelin-13 (0.1μM) significantly decreased the BKca current density from 71.25±8.14 pA/pF to 44.52±7.10 pA/pF (n=14 cells, P 0.05), suggesting that the inhibitory effect of apelin-13 on BKca is not mediated by its direct action on BKca. In whole cell patches, pretreatment of VSM cells with LY-294002 (10 μM), a PI3-kinase inhibitor, markedly attenuated the apelin-13-induced decrease in BKca current density by 52%. Next, we examined the effect of apelin-13 on PI3- kinase activity in rat cerebral arteries using western blot analysis. Treatment with apelin-13 (0.1μM) significantly increased the ratio of phosphorylated-Akt/total Akt by 40%, indicating that apelin-13 significantly increases PI3-kinase activity. In summary, apelin-13 inhibits BKca channel current density via a PI3-kinase-dependent signaling pathway, which may contribute to its regulatory action in the control of vascular tone.
The Relationship between Servant Leadership, Perceived Organizational Support, Performance, and Turnover among Business to Business Salespeople

The purpose of this study, using a sample of 382 business-to-business salespeople in the United States, was to investigate how servant leadership influences salespersons’ perceived organizational support (POS), outcome performance, turnover intentions, and turnover. The results showed that servant leadership had a direct influence on POS and performance, but was related only indirectly to both turnover intentions and turnover through POS and performance.
Ensuring the Future of JMBE.

In my last editorial, I described the growing success of JMBE and the need for the publication to innovate and evolve. For example, in the past year, we have expanded our editorial board, moved to a continuous publication model, and continued to broaden our audience through themed issues. Since JMBE was established in 2000, the publication has grown exponentially from five articles that first year to over 100 published in 2016. The journal was the American Society for Microbiology’s (ASM) first open-access publication and, throughout these 17 years, the Society has supported the quality of this biological and microbiological sciences teaching practitioner journal and subsidized all production costs.
Parkinson disease: Blood transcriptomics for Parkinson disease?

Parkinson disease (PD) affects up to 10 million people worldwide and is clinically diagnosed. Molecular phenotyping of patient samples might help to corroborate diagnosis, and a new study suggests that blood-based gene expression profiling might distinguish between patients with PD and those without. However, experience suggests that additional replication is needed.
The Fixation of (Moral) Belief: Making Imperial Administration Modern

This article argues that the transition between early-modern and modern organization of empires—especially the administrative outlooks and institutional logics used to govern them—revolved around how moral conflict was viewed within imperial organizations themselves and by metropolitan audiences. Early modern imperial organizations were deeply patrimonial, and hence relied on a style of embedded moral reasoning that distanced and segmented their affairs from the metropole. By contrast, modern empires order what they govern in hierarchies that are nominally objective and whose criteria seem universal. Using a case study of the British Empire’s crisis and transformation at the turn of the 19th century, I argue that modern imperial administration emerged because networks of moral justification, which provided the scaffolding for patrimonial early-modern empire, eroded in the face of “disinterested” metropolitan scrutiny. This scrutiny created an audience for bitter political and moral conflicts among imperial administrators, who then used disembedded moral claims to mobilize support.
Norepinephrine: Adrenergic Receptors

Norepinephrine is an important neurotransmitter in both the peripheral and central nervous systems. After norepinephrine is released from noradrenergic neurons, the action of norepinephrine is terminated mainly by its reuptake into the nerve terminal via the norepinephrine transporter, which is the target for some antidepressant drugs. Norepinephrine produces its many effects in the body by activating the three members of the adrenergic receptor family: alpha-1, alpha-2, and beta adrenergic receptors. These receptors are seven transmembrane proteins which activate guanine nucleotide regulatory binding proteins. Drugs which activate or inhibit adrenergic receptors are useful in the treatment of a variety of disorders, including nasal congestion, hypertension, glaucoma, asthma, premature labor, benign prostatic hypertrophy, and angina.
HAITI: The Kaiser Permanente Experience-Part 1.

Our cause is health, our passion is service, and we are here to make lives better. This is the social mission of Kaiser Permanente (KP), and the personal mission of the staff whose stories are shared in this collection of essays. Each volunteered their time, sacrificed their personal safety and comfort, and challenged themselves to extend well beyond their normal limits both personally and professionally. And each of them would say that they gained more than they gave. Why is volunteering such an elevating human experience? Why is being of service to someone who cannot repay you so profoundly rewarding? Perhaps it is legacy, knowing that one has truly made an invaluable contribution to the lives of others. Perhaps it is mastery, the challenge of testing one’s expertise, resilience, and resourcefulness in an unfamiliar and austere environment. Perhaps it is gratitude, the recognition that we live and work in a community of extraordinary wealth and privilege, and that with this privilege comes the opportunity, even the responsibility, to give back. Perhaps it is just the human desire to connect in an authentic and noncontractual way. These stories give us a glimpse into the many factors that motivate us. Every physician and nurse who worked in Haiti did so because colleagues and family at home made it possible. These stories are written both to inform and to express gratitude to the many silent partners that made this work possible. Many are extracted from letters, blogs, or e-mails written while in Haiti or soon after returning to the US. They are written to honor the people of Haiti, suffering or healed, living or dead. They are written to acknowledge the courage, the sacrifice, and the skill of those who continue to dedicate themselves to making lives better. Because the desire to share the stories was as great as the outpouring of compassion , this collection is being published in two parts. This first part is an introduction and commentary on the experience, the need, and the organization of answering the need. The second part, in the Winter 2011 issue, will be the personal stories, triumphs and failures of some of those who traveled to Haiti whose lives were changed. v
Self-supervised acquisition of vowels in American English

This paper presents a self-supervised framework for perceptual learning based upon correlations in different sensory modalities. We demonstrate this with a system that has learned the vowel structure of American English - i.e., the number of vowels and their phonetic descriptions - by simultaneously watching and listening to someone speak. It is highly non-parametric, knowing neither the number of vowels nor their input distributions in advance, and it has no prior linguistic knowledge. This work is the first example of unsupervised phonetic acquisition of which we are aware, outside of that done by human infants. This system is based on the cross-modal clustering framework introduced by [4], which has been significantly enhanced here. This paper presents our results and focuses on the mathematical framework that enables this type of intersensory self-supervised learning.