cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Energetics to energy: Combustion and environmental considerations surrounding the reapplication of energetic materials as boiler fuels

Millions of pounds of waste energetic materials (EM) such as rocket fuel and high explosives are generated every year. Although some of the material can be recycled, much of it is difficult to separate or has little intrinsic value, and some of the material contains hazards such as asbestos and chlorine. Typically this material is disposed of through open burning/open detonation (OB/OD) or in landfills. This wastes the energy content of the fuels and may generate significant pollution. Combustion in an industrial boiler is a compelling alternative disposal option for EM that would capture the energy value in the fuel and also would mitigate many environmental hazards using boiler pollution controls. We examine combustion issues associated with EM, including an evaluation of energy content, NO x production, aluminum combustion behavior, and the fate of asbestos. Although they have lower traditional heating values than typical boiler fuels due to their oxygen content, EM actually contain more energy per unit mass of combustion products. Experiments with a variety of common EM show that NO x production from EM-derived fuels (EMDF) may be quite high. In some cases this arises from a high nitrate concentration, and in others it is from aluminum in the fuel, which burns at very high temperatures. Up to 80% of the fuel-bound nitrogen in trinitrotoluene (TNT) was converted into NO x in our experiments. We demonstrate that staged combustion can effectively control NO x formed by nitrate group decomposition, reducing levels by approximately 60%–65% for a 5% TNT/95% toluene mixture. The high temperatures caused by aluminum combustion create a second concern, damage to the boiler itself. Finally, we give evidence that asbestos incorporated in EMDF from solid rocket motor liners can be rendered nonhazardous by combustion.
LOCALIZATION OF FREE AND BOUND SECRETORY COMPONENT IN HUMAN INTESTINAL EPITHELIAL CELLS A MODEL FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF SECRETORY IgA

Antibody reagents were made specific for each of the two forms of human SC, FSC and BSC, which is an integral part of the sIgA molecule. With the fluorescent antibody method the cytological and histological localization of FSC, BSC, and α-chains has been studied in various human mucous membranes. SC was present in columnar epithelial cells of the intestines and in the cells of serous acini of bronchial and salivary glands. In contrast, SC was not found in intestinal goblet cells or cells of mucous acini of bronchial and salivary glands. In the columnar epithelial cells of the small and large bowel, FSC was present most prominently in the Golgi zone, and much less prominently in the apical cytoplasm. On the other hand, BSC and α-chains were located only in the apical cytoplasm in an overlapping manner. The results favor a model in which sIgA is assembled inside epithelial cells from SC, which was synthesized in the same cell, and IgA, which entered the epithelial cell after synthesis in and secretion by a plasma cell.
NONLINEAR OPTICAL RESPONSES OF C70-TOLUENE SOLUTIONS

Abstract The third-order optical nonlinearities of C 60 -toluene solution were studied by time-resolved degenerate four-wave mixing at 532 nm. The time response of the nonlinearities was measured for different polarization configurations to isolate the singlet excited state lifetime from the other relaxation components. The rise time of the four-wave mixing signal was found to shorten as the laser excitation energy increases. The rise time change is attributed to the larger singlet-singlet excited state absorption cross section. This assumption was supported by theoretical fits to the experimental data using rate equations and analysis, and by Z-scan measurements performed at the same wavelength.
Immune therapies in non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.

Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) continues to be a challenging disease to manage. Treatment involves transurethral resection and, often, intravesical therapy. Appropriate patient selection, accurate staging, and morphological characterization are vital in risk-stratifying patients to those who would most benefit from receiving intravesical therapy. Bacillus of Calmette and Guerin (BCG) continues to be the first-line agent of choice for patients with intermediate- and high-risk NMIBC. Treatment should begin with the standard induction course of 6 weekly treatments. The inclusion of subsequent maintenance courses of BCG is imperative to optimal therapeutic response. While patients with intermediate-risk disease should receive 1 year of maintenance therapy, high-risk patients benefit from up to 3 years of maintenance therapy. BCG use should not be used in low-risk patients with de novo Ta, low-grade, solitary, <3-cm tumors. Conversely, patients with muscle-invasive disease should forgo intravesical immunotherapy and proceed directly to radical cystectomy. Cystectomy also should be considered in patients with multiple T1 tumors, T1 tumors located in difficult to resect locations, residual T1 on re-resection, and T1 with concomitant CIS. Although promising new immunotherapeutic agents, such as Urocidin, protein-based vaccines, and immune check point inhibitors are undergoing preclinical and clinical investigation, immunotherapy in bladder cancer remains largely reliant on intravesical BCG with surgical consolidation as the standard salvage treatment for patients with BCG failure.
Incidence of chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea in premenopausal women treated with adjuvant FOLFOX for colorectal cancer.

Abstract Background Studies indicate that the incidence of young women diagnosed with colorectal cancer is rising, thus there is an increasing number of female colorectal cancer survivors of premenopausal and child-bearing age. Adjuvant FOLFOX (5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin) chemotherapy is the most widely used standard treatment for stage III and high-risk stage II colon cancer. We evaluated the incidence of FOLFOX-induced amenorrhea in women age 50 and younger treated with adjuvant therapy for colorectal cancer. Patients and Methods A search of pharmacy records identified 119 women age 50 or younger who received adjuvant FOLFOX chemotherapy at Memorial Sloan-Kettering for stage II or III colorectal cancer from January 2002 and January 2011. Eligible patients were mailed an anonymous questionnaire. The returned surveys were reviewed and the results tallied. Results Seventy-three patients returned the questionnaire. Twenty-four patients were excluded from analysis: 19 were treated with pelvic radiotherapy, 2 patients had undergone bilateral oophorectomy, 2 had a hysterectomy, and 1 stopped menstruating before diagnosis. Forty-nine patient responses were analyzed. In total, 41% (n = 20) experienced amenorrhea during chemotherapy. Sixteen percent had persistent amenorrhea 1 year after completion of chemotherapy. The incidence of amenorrhea during chemotherapy trended higher in patients aged older than 40 compared with patients aged 40 and younger (59% vs. 31% [P = .075]). There was no statistically significant difference in persistent amenorrhea between the 2 age groups (24% vs. 13%; P = .42). Conclusion In this retrospective series, there appears to be a trend toward FOLFOX induced amenorrhea during chemotherapy increasing with age. Twenty-four percent of women older than the age of 40 were found to have persistent amenorrhea after FOLFOX therapy. Because of the small sample size, the study is underpowered to detect a statistically significant difference between older and younger patients. Prospective studies are planned to further characterize the effect of FOLFOX on early menopause and fertility.
Invertebrates as model organisms for research on aging biology.

Invertebrate model systems, such as nematodes and fruit flies, have provided valuable information about the genetics and cellular biology involved in aging. However, limitations of these simple, genetically tractable organisms suggest the need for other model systems, some of them invertebrate, to facilitate further advances in the understanding of mechanisms of aging and longevity in mammals, including humans. This paper introduces 10 review articles about the use of invertebrate model systems for the study of aging by authors who participated in an ‘NIA-NIH symposium on aging in invertebrate model systems’ at the 2013 International Congress for Invertebrate Reproduction and Development. In contrast to the highly derived characteristics of nematodes and fruit flies as members of the superphylum Ecdysozoa, cnidarians, such as Hydra, are more ‘basal’ organisms that have a greater number of genetic orthologs in common with humans. Moreover, some other new model systems, such as the urochordate Botryllus schlosseri, the tunicate Ciona, and the sea urchins (Echinodermata) are members of the Deuterostomia, the same superphylum that includes all vertebrates, and thus have mechanisms that are likely to be more closely related to those occurring in humans. Additional characteristics of these new model systems, such as the recent development of new molecular and genetic tools and a more similar pattern to humans of regeneration and stem cell function suggest that these new model systems may have unique advantages for the study of mechanisms of aging and longevity.
Intensive insulin protocol implementation and outcomes in the medical and surgical wards at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center.

BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia is an important marker for clinical outcomes and mortality in hospitalized patients. New national standards have been established emphasizing the importance of improving inpatient glycemic control in individuals with diabetes or new-onset hyperglycemia. Implementation of these new standards is complex and requires a multidisciplinary team approach. A basal-bolus insulin regimen approach has been shown to improve inpatient glycemic control. Few studies have been published regarding basal-bolus insulin protocol outcomes in the non-intensive care unit (ICU) setting. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of a basal-bolus insulin protocol on inpatient glycemic control in a non-ICU setting, as measured by mean blood glucose and number of hypoglycemic episodes per patient admission. METHODS: A retrospective, observational, single-center study was conducted to compare blood glucose control pre- (October 2006-March 2007) and postprotocol (November 2007-January 2008) implementation. Inclusion criteria consisted of patient admission to a medical or surgical ward for at least 72 hours, with a diagnosis of diabetes, or presentation with 2 blood glucose readings greater than 180 mg/dL. Patients admitted to the ICU or those not admitted to a medical or surgical ward were excluded. RESULTS: Following protocol implementation, the mean +/- SD blood glucose level increased from 174 +/- 88 mg/dL to 188 +/- 95 mg/dL (p < 0.001) and the hypoglycemic incidents significantly decreased, from 1.11 to 0.51 events per patient admission (p < 0.0025). CONCLUSIONS: In this pilot study, implementation of a basal-bolus insulin protocol significantly reduced hypoglycemic events; however, mean blood glucose values increased. These results suggest that a basal-bolus insulin protocol can reduce hypoglycemia; however, factors such as protocol compliance, barriers in overcoming the use of the traditional sliding scale insulin regimens, staff education, and change of work-flow habits can influence the overall efficacy and impact of a basal-bolus insulin protocol on inpatient glycemic control.
Intentional action in ordinary language: core concept or pragmatic understanding?

Among philosophers, there are at least two prevalent views about the core concept of intentional action. View I (Adams 1986, 1997; McCann 1986) holds that an agent S intentionally does an action A only if S intends to do A. View II (Bratman 1987; Harman 1976; and Mele 1992) holds that there are cases where S intentionally does A without intending to do A, as long as doing A is foreseen and S is willing to accept A as a consequence of S’s action. Joshua Knobe (2003a) presents intriguing data that may be taken to support the second view. 1 Knobe’s data show an asymmetry in folk judgements. People are more inclined to judge that S did A intentionally, even when not intended, if A was perceived as causing a harm (e.g. harming the environment). There is an asymmetry because people are not inclined to see S’s action as intentional, when not intended, if A is perceived as causing a benefit (e.g. helping the environment). In this paper we will discuss Knobe’s results in detail. We will raise the question of whether his ordinary language surveys of folk judgments have accessed core concepts of intentional action. We suspect that instead Knobe’s surveys are tapping into pragmatic aspects of intentional language and its role in moral praise and blame. We will suggest alternative surveys that we plan to conduct to get at this difference, and we will attempt to explain the pragmatic usage of intentional language. We suspect that folk notions of intentional action are not clearly articulated. There are many factors required for an action to be performed intentionally. One of them involves the causal relation between an intention and the intended action. Not many folk would have very clear notions of counterfactual causal dependency of action upon intention necessary for intentional action on either view above. If an intention is connected by causal deviance to its conditions of satisfaction, the action is not done intention
Core-shell structured sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathodes for lithium-sulfur batteries

A sulfur-polypyrrole composite cathode with a core-shell structure consisting of spherical sulfur particles coated with polypyrrole has been developed. The conductive polypyrrole coating on the sulfur facilitates fast electron transport enabling the material with superior electrochemical stability, rate capability, and cyclability in lithium-sulfur batteries.
Molecular weight effect on theta‐gel formation in poly(vinyl alcohol)–poly(ethylene glycol) mixtures

Injectable hydrogel formulations that undergo in situ gelation at body temperature are promising for minimally invasive tissue repair. This work focuses on the investigation of injectable poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) mixtures. The injectable PVA–PEG aqueous solutions form a hydrogel as temperature is reduced to near body temperature, while filling a defect in the injection site. Gamma sterilization of these solutions compromises injectability presumably due to crosslinking of PVA. We hypothesized that by modifying the PEG molecular weight and its concentration, injectability of radiation sterilized PVA–PEG hydrogels can be optimized without compromising the mechanical properties of the resulting gel. The use of a bimodal mixture of higher and lower molecular weight PEG (600 and 200 g/mol) resulted in lower PVA/PEG solution viscosity, better injectability, and higher gel mechanical strength. The PVA/bimodal-PEG had a lower viscosity at 2733 ± 149 cP versus a viscosity of 5560 ± 278 cP for PVA/unimodal-PEG (400 g/mol). The gel formed with the bimodal PEG mixture had higher creep resistance (61% total creep strain under 0.5 MPa) than that formed with unimodal PEG (84%). These hydrogel formulations are promising candidates for minimally invasive tissue repair. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA. II : THE FACTOR OF PROPORTIONALITY FOR CATAPHORETIC AND ELECTROENDOSMOTIC MOBILITIES.

Two theories which predict different values for the ratio of VE, the electroendosmotic velocity of a liquid past a surface, to Vp, the electric mobility of a particle of the same surface through the same liquid are discussed. The theory demanding that See PDF for Equation was supported by certain data of van der Grinten for a glass surface. Re-calculation of van der Grinten9s data reveals that the ratio varies between 2.1 and 2.8. These results are in accord with previous data of Abramson. It is pointed out that glass is unsuitable for the investigation. The ratio See PDF for Equation is here determined for a flat surface and particles when both are covered by the same proteins. Under these conditions See PDF for Equation The theory is similarly tested for a round surface using a micro-cataphoresis cell. It is shown that See PDF for Equation for a round surface is approximately 1.00. These findings are confirmatory of previous data supporting the view that cataphoretic mobility is independent of the size and shape of the particles when all particles compared have similar surface constitutions.
The Simulation Data Language (Sdl™): Applications and Examples

The Simulation Data Language (SDL) is a database management system specifically designed for use in simulation. A typical example for the use of SDL is the evaluation of the operations of a job shop. In this example, SDL helps the analyst organize and use data gathered from the shop itself, analyze results independently of model runs, and compare alternative policies. Current applications of SDL include studies of health-care delivery and availability, scheduling of aircraft maintenance, manufacturing of discrete parts, steel production, large-scale socio- economic systems, and river systems. In these applications, SDL helped analysts produce statistical analyses, summaries, and reports of data independent ly of model runs, use data gathered from the real system in their models, decompose large, complex models into component models, provide data collection, post-run data analysis, and report generation capabilities that are transparent to the ultimate user of a special-purpose simulation language.
Relation of membrane structural changes to energy spillover in oat and spinach chloroplasts: use of fluorescence probes and light scattering.

SUMMARY The antagonism observed by Gross and Hess (Gross, E. and Hess, S. C. (1973) Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 159, 832-836) in the effect of monovalent and divalent cations on energy spillover between Photosystems I and II, as indicated by chlorophyll a fluorescence, was confirmed in spinach. Significant differences with oats, peas and lettuce were found using the same low salt method of preparation: the response to Na + and Ca 2+ was reversible, Ca 2÷ alone, when added first, produced a large (85 %) increase in the variable portion of the chlorophyll a fluorescence transient or the steady-state fluorescence, and Ca 2 + not only fully restored a Na ÷ induced inhibition of 680 nm fluorescence, but brought it above the original level. The fluorescence probes 1-anilinonaphthalene-8-sulfonate and N-phenyl-l-naphthylamine showed a rapid and a slower response, respectively, to the addition of mono- or divalent cations. Neither the structural changes responsible for the probe data, nor those leading to the measured cation stimulated changes in 90 ° light scattering could be precisely equated with any alteration of conformation involved in the chlorophyll spillover events.
Development of X-ray excitable luminescent probes for scanning X-ray microscopy.

Transmission soft X-ray microscopy is now capable of achieving resolutions that are typically 5 times better than the best-visible light microscopes. With expected improvements in zone plate optics, an additional factor of two may be realized within the next few years. Despite the high resolution now available with X-ray microscopes and the high X-ray contrast provided by biological molecules in the soft X-ray region (j"2}5 nm), molecular probes for localizing speci"c biological targets have been lacking. To circumvent this problem, X-ray excitable molecular probes are needed that can target unique biological features. In this paper we report our initial results on the development of lanthanide-based #uorescent probes for biological labeling. Using scanning luminescence X-ray microscopy (SLXM, Jacobsen et al., J. Microscopy 172 (1993) 121}129), we show that lanthanide organo-polychelate complexes are su$ciently bright and radiation resistant to be the basis of a new class of X-ray excitable molecular probes capable of providing at least a "vefold improvement in resolution over visible light microscopy. Lanthanide probes, able to bind 80}100 metal ions per molecule, were found to give strong luminescent signals with X-ray doses exceeding 108 Gy, and were used to label actin stress "bers and in vitro preparations of polymerized tubulin. ( 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Effect of heterogeneities in the cellular microstructure on propagation of the cardiac action potential

Cardiac arrhythmias are initiated in regions that undergo cellular remodeling as a result of disease. Using a sub-cellular model of myocardium, we studied the mechanism of block caused by tissue microstructure remodeling: cell geometry [quantified as length/width (L/W) cell ratio] and cell-to-cell coupling (G j ). Heterogeneities in cell L/W ratio and G j lead to block when excitability is reduced and the corresponding space constant λ (in the direction of propagation) increases by >40 %. Tissue architectures with elongated cells (i.e. large cell L/W ratios) that are better coupled (i.e. large G j ) are less prone to block at sites of regional heterogeneities in cell geometry and/or cell coupling than tissue architectures consisting of cells with smaller L/W ratios and/or poorer coupling. Whether an increase in tissue anisotropic ratio (ANR) is arrhythmogenic or not depends on the cellular mechanism of the increase: ANR leads to an increased risk of block when G j decreases, but to a decreased risk of block when cell L/W ratio increases. Our findings are useful to understand the mechanisms of block in cardiac pathologies that result in tissue architecture remodeling.
The next fifty years of series capacitors — And the last eighty-six

Series capacitors are and will continue to be an important element in power transmission systems around the world. Series capacitors in a transmission line allow higher levels of current to flow and therefore more power than could otherwise be delivered through a given transmission line. This paper examines the eighty-six year history of one manufacturer's experience with series capacitors, especially with regard to protection, and also looks ahead at possible developments the field may see in the next fifty years. The next fifty years will likely see widespread application of more series compensated transmission lines as resistance to building new lines combined with remote, renewable generation become the norm, requiring the maximum throughput from the existing transmission infrastructure.
Implicit Attitudes in Consumer Purchase Intent

Consumer attitudes toward products may be consciously-accessible (explicit) and unconscious (implicit). It is challenging to evaluate the effects of product design on consumer attitudes, because design may exert unconscious influences on consumer attitudes. This study tested the effectiveness of two prominent measures of implicit attitudes in discriminating products of differing design qualities. The measures used were the Evaluative Movement Assessment (EMA) and priming effects of washer images in the Lexical Decision Task (LDT). Explicit liking was also assessed. Responses were assessed to four washing machines chosen to span a range of quality and style options available on the market. Findings showed that the EMA but not the LDT measure discriminated the products, as well as the responses of buyers and non-buyers. Furthermore, the EMA and explicit ratings appear to tap into different aspects of consumer attitudes. Implications for product design and evaluation are discussed.
The carboxyl terminus of protein kinase c provides a switch to regulate its interaction with the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase, PDK-1.

The function of protein kinase C family members depends on two tightly coupled phosphorylation mechanisms: phosphorylation of the activation loop by the phosphoinositide-dependent kinase, PDK-1, followed by autophosphorylation at two positions in the COOH terminus, the turn motif, and the hydrophobic motif. Here we address the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of protein kinase C bII by PDK-1. Co-immunoprecipitation studies reveal that PDK-1 associates preferentially with its substrate, unphosphorylated protein kinase C, by a direct mechanism. The exposed COOH terminus of protein kinase C provides the primary interaction site for PDK-1, with co-expression of constructs of the carboxyl terminus effectively disrupting the interaction in vivo. Disruption of this interaction promotes the autophosphorylation of protein kinase C, suggesting that the binding of PDK-1 to the carboxyl terminus protects it from autophosphorylation. Studies with constructs of the COOH terminus reveal that the intrinsic affinity of PDK-1 for phosphorylated COOH terminus is over an order of magnitude greater than that for unphosphorylated COOH terminus, contrasting with the finding that PDK-1 does not bind phosphorylated protein kinase C effectively. However, effective binding of the phosphorylated species can be induced by the activated conformation of protein kinase C. This suggests that the carboxyl terminus becomes masked following autophosphorylation, a process that can be reversed by the conformational changes accompanying activation. Our data suggest a model in which PDK-1 provides two points of regulation of protein kinase C: 1) phosphorylation of the activation loop, which is regulated by the intrinsic activity of PDK-1, and 2) phosphorylation of the carboxyl terminus, which is regulated by the release of PDK-1 to allow autophosphorylation.
How we treat metastatic colon cancer in older adults

The past decade has seen unprecedented advancements in our ability to treat patients with metastatic colorectal cancer. When applying these advances--hepatic resection and multi-agent chemotherapy--to the care of older patients, it is essential to first perform some assessment of function beyond performance status and to elicit feedback from the patient about how he/she values quality versus quantity of life. For robust older patients with potentially surgically resectable oligometastatic cancer, we recommend a standard approach of surgery with perioperative chemotherapy. However, operative risk increases with age, and careful discussion about prognosis is warranted. For patients with unresectable cancer, first-line chemotherapy with either 5-fluoruracil/leucovorin alone, or with a 20% dose reduced FOLFOX or FOLFIRI regimen, is well tolerated by older patients. Either dose escalation or addition of a second drug can typically be undertaken after 1-2 cycles. First-line bevacizumab with chemotherapy is warranted in those with low risk for atherothrombotic complications. EGFR inhibitors with combination chemotherapy for KRAS wild type cancers offer the best response rates, but toxicity can be difficult and may be best reserved for second-line in all but the fittest elderly. In second-line, we routinely offer continued chemotherapy with the agents that the patient has not yet received. The role of aflibercept and regorafenib has not been well studied in the elderly, but they are both reasonable options for patients with good function and no contraindication. With this cautious approach older patients can be expected to maintain a good quality of life during treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer.
A comparison between radiographic and sonically produced cephalometric values

Abstract Cephalometric radiography has become a standard and invaluable means of obtaining diagnostic information for the management of malocclusion and skeletal disharmony. However, concerns over radiographic exposure, particularly in growing individuals, may limit its use, especially in longitudinal analyses. Less invasive means of obtaining vital information would be desirable. A recently introduced system (Digigraph™, Dolphin Imaging Systems; Valencia, Calif) provides sonically produced representations of cranial landmarks and has been introduced by its manufacturer as an alternative to standard cephalometric radiography. The purpose of the study was to compare the validity and reproducibility of cephalometric values generated sonically on a digital image analyzer (Digigraph™) with those obtained from standard cephalometric radiographs for 43 different measurements. Although 58.1% of the sonically produced measurements showed significant correlation with radiographically produced measurements, there w...
An artificial neural minimum-variance estimator

Results are presented of a study into one aspect of the application of artificial neural nets to the continuous working mode. For the proposed configuration, the authors give sufficient conditions for the existence and uniqueness of the steady-state solution. They show the feasibility of the choice of the proposed recurrent net for solving a quadratic programming problem using an analog working mode. The authors validate the theory for minimum-variance deconvolution. >
Linking Gender-Role Conflict to Nonnormative and Self-Stigmatizing Perceptions of Alcohol Abuse and Depression.

The aim of this study was to test the theoretical assumption that individuals adhering to proscriptive masculine roles may be more likely to have negative perceptions of mental health problems, which may lower their likelihood of help seeking (M. E. Addis & J. R. Mahalik, 2003). Participants were 120 undergraduate students who completed measures assessing negative perceptions (nonnormativeness and self-stigma) of alcohol abuse and depression and adherence to proscriptive gender roles. Both men and women who endorsed experiences and beliefs associated with proscriptive masculine gender roles were more likely to perceive problems negatively. Alcohol abuse was seen as more self-stigmatizing than depression, but no mean differences emerged in perceptions of normativeness. Findings have implications for the development of gendersensitive interventions aimed at facilitating help seeking.
Patient-perceived cosmesis and satisfaction after breast biopsy: Comparison of stereotactic incisional, excisional, and wire-localized biopsy techniques

Abstract Background. Several options exist for obtaining tissue for pathologic diagnosis of nonpalpable breast lesions. They are generally divided into traditional, open wire-localized biopsy through a 3- to 5-cm incision, stereotactic-guided excisional biopsy through a 1- to 2.5-cm incision, and stereotactic-guided incisional biopsy through a puncture wound a few millimeters long. Because all 3 techniques are reliable, cosmesis has been suggested to be a critical issue driving procedure choice. However, no study has surveyed breast biopsy patients themselves as to the importance of this issue. Methods. We conducted telephone interviews with 59 women who underwent wire-localized biopsy (WL), stereotactic incisional biopsy with the Mammotome device (Mammo), or stereotactic excisional biopsy with the ABBI device (ABBI). All patients had benign diagnoses, were at least 2 years after procedure, and were matched to age and race. The questions were (1) How would you rate your scar? (2) Were you satisfied or dissatisfied with your biopsy experience? (3) Which is more important to you—complete removal of the abnormality or scar appearance? (4) Do you have any additional comments? Results. Eighty percent of patients ranked complete removal of the abnormality more important than cosmesis. Ninety-five percent of the ABBI and Mammo patients rated their scar as excellent, whereas only 25% of WL did ( P =.02). Ninety percent of WL patients, 80% of Mammo patients, and 75% of ABBI patients were satisfied with their experience ( P = not significant). Many of the reasons for dissatisfaction were related to service quality rather than medical quality. Conclusions. Complete removal of the mammographic abnormality may be the priority for patients undergoing breast biopsy. There did not seem to be patient-perceived difference in cosmetic result between the Mammo and ABBI patients. Patient satisfaction is multifactorial, and attention must be paid to these issues generally ignored by physicians. (Surgery 2002;131:497-501.)
Emerging biological materials through molecular self-assembly.

Abstract Understanding of new materials at the molecular level has become increasingly critical for a new generation of nanomaterials for nanotechnology, namely, the design, synthesis and fabrication of nanodevices at the molecular scale. New technology through molecular self-assembly as a fabrication tool will become tremendously important in the coming decades. Basic engineering principles for microfabrication can be learned by understanding the molecular self-assembly phenomena. Self-assembly phenomenon is ubiquitous in nature. The key elements in molecular self-assembly are chemical complementarity and structural compatibility through noncovalent interactions. We have defined the path to understand these principles. Numerous self-assembling systems have been developed ranging from models to the study of protein folding and protein conformational diseases, to molecular electronics, surface engineering, and nanotechnology. Several distinctive types of self-assembling peptide systems have been developed. Type I, “molecular Lego” forms a hydrogel scaffold for tissue engineering; Type II, “molecular switch” as a molecular actuator; Type III, “molecular hook” and “molecular velcro” for surface engineering; Type IV, peptide nanotubes and nanovesicles, or “molecular capsule” for protein and gene deliveries and Type V, “molecular cavity” for biomineralization. These self-assembling peptide systems are simple, versatile and easy to produce. These self-assembly systems represent a significant advance in the molecular engineering for diverse technological innovations.
A case study of the early institutionalization process of a restorative justice social movement organization.

IV INTRODUCTION: CHAPTER I 1 CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 7 THE RESTORATIVE JUSTICE MOVEMENT 8 FACTORS IMPACTING THE DEVELOPMENT OF A SMO 11 INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF A SMO 20 CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY 28 CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS 32 THE EMERGENCE OF RESTORATIVE JUSTICE LOUISVILLE 32 STRUCTURE OF THE ORGANIZATION 33 SOCIAL NETWORKS LEADING TO THE “RIGHT” PEOPLE 39 STRATEGIES USED BY THE ORGANIZATION 42 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION 54 REFERENCES 64 APPENDIX A: INTERVIEW GUIDE 77 APPENDIX B: RJL CONFERENCE PROCESS 80 CURRICULUM VITA 82
Zone herbicide application controls annual weeds and reduces residual herbicide use in corn

Abstract To minimize the chance of surface water contamination by herbicides, farmers need alternative ways to manage weeds in field crops, such as field corn, that reduce herbicide use. Zone herbicide application (ZHA) reduces herbicide use compared with conventional broadcast herbicide application by (1) banding low herbicide rates between corn rows (≤ 1× normal broadcast registered rate), (2) managing crops to favor crop competition, and (3) banding very low herbicide rates over crop rows (≪ 1× normal rate). The research goal was to compare the relative effectiveness of reduced-rate ZHA with broadcast herbicide application on in-row (IR) and between-row (BR) summer annual weed cover (chiefly giant foxtail and waterhemp species), grain yields, and net returns resulting from herbicide application in field corn. Preemergence ZHA of atrazine + metolachlor + clopyralid + flumesulam was made in zones (i.e., even width bands) at different rates between and over crop rows for three site-years in Missouri, and ...
A scheduling philosophy for multiprocessing systems

A collection of basic ideas is presented, which have been involved by various workers over the past four years to provide a suitable framework for the design and analysis of multiprocessing systems. The notions of process and state vector are discussed, and that the nature of basic operations on processes is considered. Some of the connections between processes and protection are analyzed. A very general approach to priority-oriented scheduling is described, and its relationship to conventional interrupt systems is explained. Some aspects of time-oriented scheduling are considered. The implementation of the scheduling mechanism is analyzed in detail and the feasibility of embodying it in hardware established. Finally several methods for interlocking execution of independent processes are presented and compared.
Draft Genome Sequences of Nine Pseudomonas aeruginosa Strains, Including Eight Clinical Isolates

ABSTRACT We report on nine draft genomes of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates, assembled using a hybrid paired-end and Nextera mate-pair library approach. Eight are of clinical origin, and one is the ATCC 27853 strain. We also report their multilocus sequence types.
Agile specifications

Traditional formal methods and modern agile methods are separated more by limitations of current technology than by fundamental intellectual differences. A mixed interpreter that executes mixed programs, comprising both declarative specification statements and regular imperative statements, might bridge the gap. This paper explores how such an interpreter might be used, showing by example how it might support a variety of development activities.
Contextual Influences on the Implementation of a Schoolwide Intervention to Promote Students' Social, Emotional, and Academic Learning.

Schoolwide interventions are among the most effective approaches for improving students’ behavioral and academic outcomes. However, researchers have documented consistent challenges with implementation fidelity and have argued that school social workers should be engaged in efforts to improve treatment integrity. This study examines contextual influences on the implementation of a whole-school intervention called Responsive Classroom (RC) in one urban K–8 public school serving a diverse student body. RC improves social, emotional, literacy, and math outcomes for disadvantaged students with behavior problems by building on the assets of teachers to intervene with misbehaving students in the classroom setting or school environment. Yet little is understood regarding the factors that constrain or enable implementation of RC in noncontrolled research conditions. Results from a mixedmethods convergent analysis of focus group, observation, and survey data indicate the influence of the following three contextual factors on implementation fidelity: (1) intervention characteristics such as compatibility with staff members’ beliefs about behavior change and management, (2) organizational capacity such as principal and teacher buy-in, and (3) the intervention support system such as training and technical assistance. Implications for future school social work research and practice with respect to the implementation of schoolwide programs are discussed.
Phenology of trophic amd gonobiologic states in Culiseta morsitans and Culiseta melanura (Diptera: Culicidae).

Specimens of Culiseta morsitans and Culiseta melanura were collected daily from emergence traps and diurnal resting shelters, and populations were evaluated for meconium, fertility, blood feeding, egg stage, parity, sugar feeding, survival rates, and vectorial capacity. Although male Cs. morsitans emerged 8–11 days before females, both sexes dispersed to the uplands within 2 days after emergence. On the average, females mated at 23 days, ingested blood at 39 days, and completed the 1st ovarian cycle at 50 days. The corresponding survival rates for these 3 events were 32.0, 18.9, and 13.9%, respectively. The average daily survival rate was 0.96 and the longevity factor was 0.704 to 0.913. Culiseta melanura males emerged 5 days before females but remained in the swamp until the females emerged. Mating occurred in the first 4 days of female adult life, and blood feeding followed within the next few days; oviposition was completed by day 12. Corresponding survival rates were 49.6, 26.6, and 20.8%. The average daily survival rate was estimated at 0.89 and the longevity factor at 0.265 to 0.594. Males and females of both species ingest sugars on 7–19-day cycles.
Relative Impact of Various Resources in the US National Airspace System (NAS) On Total Flight Delays

This paper discusses the results of modeling and simulation performed by FAA’s Performance Analysis and Strategy office to forecast delays at thirty major US airports six months ahead of time. In order to have reliable delay forecasts, it is important that the simulation model validates well with historic actual data. As part of the validation efforts, we recognize that an aircraft’s movement in the US National Airspace System (NAS) involves its interaction with various resources along the flight path, such as airport runways, arrival and departure fixes, airspace sectors, and terminal gates. When multiple aircraft compete for access to these resources, their movements are impeded due to operational and safety considerations, resulting in flight delays. The objective of this study is to understand how various resources contribute to total flight delays, and how sensitive the delays are to changes in resource capacities. The results to date indicate that reduced airport runway capacities play a significant role in overall delays, but arrival and departure fixes and airspace sector constraints do not. Our use of historical airport AARs and ADRs for runway capacities, which may inherently account for fix constraints, yields delays that agree very well with actual values reported in ASPM. However, care has to be taken to use and interpret these rates when there are runway additions or closures. One area in which all NAS-wide models fail to replicate the behavior of the NAS is gate-out delay. Our simulation includes modeled distributions to capture gate-out delays, but they were found to capture only a fraction of actual gate-out delays. Terminal gate constraints were added to verify if they yielded large gate-in delays that would result in additional gate-out delays. No significant additional gate-out delays were obtained, although we gained better insight into how gate-in delays may occur. We are continuing to research potential NAS interactions that would account for the gap in predicting gate-out delays. Additional simulation model enhancements are planned to account for traffic flow initiatives such as GDP, as well as itinerary adjustments due to flight cancellation and substitutions.
Locomotor control of limb force switches from minimal intervention principle in early adaptation to noise reduction in late adaptation

During movement, errors are typically corrected only if they hinder performance. Preferential correction of task-relevant deviations is described by the minimal intervention principle but has not been demonstrated in the joints during locomotor adaptation. We studied hopping as a tractable model of locomotor adaptation of the joints within the context of a limb-force-specific task space. Subjects hopped while adapting to shifted visual feedback that induced them to increase peak ground reaction force (GRF). We hypothesized subjects would preferentially reduce task-relevant joint torque deviations over task-irrelevant deviations to increase peak GRF. We employed a modified uncontrolled manifold analysis to quantify task-relevant and task-irrelevant joint torque deviations for each individual hop cycle. As would be expected by the explicit goal of the task, peak GRF errors decreased in early adaptation before reaching steady state during late adaptation. Interestingly, during the early adaptation performance improvement phase, subjects reduced GRF errors by decreasing only the task-relevant joint torque deviations. In contrast, during the late adaption performance maintenance phase, all torque deviations decreased in unison regardless of task relevance. In deadaptation, when the shift in visual feedback was removed, all torque deviations decreased in unison, possibly because performance improvement was too rapid to detect changes in only the task-relevant dimension. We conclude that limb force adaptation in hopping switches from a minimal intervention strategy during performance improvement to a noise reduction strategy during performance maintenance, which may represent a general control strategy for locomotor adaptation of limb force in other bouncing gaits, such as running.
The Human Genome Diversity Project: ethical problems and solutions.

The goal of the Human Genome Diversity Project (HGDP) is to provide a comprehensive study of genetic diversity across different human populations. Scientists working on the HGDP plan to collect samples from all 400 to 500 geographically isolated or culturally unique human populations that desire to participate in the project. Few people have questioned the scientific merits of the HGDP and its potential contribution to our understanding of human genetics, but the project has created a storm of moral, cultural, and political controversy during its brief existence. Opponents have argued that the HGDP smacks of racism, commercialism, exploitation, and cultural imperialism. Critics have also found fault with the informed consent process proposed by organizers of the HGDP. Opposition to the HGDP has succeeded in impeding (but not derailing) this project. The essay explores some of the key moral, political, and cultural issues raised by the HGDP and argues that the project should be implemented and should be funded, provided that researchers and organizers take steps to address the issues it raises.
Acting out in group therapy : Avoiding authority struggles

Acting out is the indirect expression of a feeling, wish, or thought through action rather than in words, and is a frequent occurrence in group therapy. Acting out may take obvious forms such as lateness or premature termination, or it may be more subtle, such as rambling, withholding, or avoiding specific affects. Working through occurs as the group confronts the acting-out behavior with curiosity and concern rather than pressure or criticism. When group members themselves address acting out, they are more likely to avoid power struggles with authority figures than when the clinician enforces the rules.
The Political Economy of International Trading Arrangements: A Survey

One of the most significant developments in the international trading system in recent years has been the increase in the number of regional trading arrangements and the expansion in the membership of existing agreements. For example, in the western hemisphere, the United States which had long followed a policy of not participating in such arrangements, formed free trade agreements with Israel in 1985, with Canada in 1988, and jointly with Canada and Mexico in 1993 — the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). NAFTA members are now negotiating with Chile for its admission to the agreement and, at a 1994 summit of the leaders of most western hemisphere countries, it was decided to negotiate a free-trade arrangement among the countries of the North and South America by 2005. Another recent integration agreement in the western hemisphere is the customs union among Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay (MERCOSUR), which formally came into operation on 1 January 1995. Countries such as Bolivia, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela are currently considering the possibility of joining MERCOSUR. Older regional arrangements such as the Central American Common Market and the Andean Group have also been revitalized to some extent in recent years.