cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Based Optimization of Propulsion Inverter for More-Electric Aircraft Applications Using Double Fourier Integral Analysis

More-electric aircraft (MEA) concept is getting popular as it increases system efficiency with less costs. The concept leads to numerous challenges including power density and volume. This paper presents a novel application of model based optimization (MBO) on 3L-TNPC inverter to determine the optimal semi-conductor selection, modulation strategy, and passive components. The algorithm extensively relies on double fourier integral analysis (DFIA) for selection of the modulation strategy and filter design. The algorithm helps optimize the design of a 450 kVA three-phase full SiC-MOSFET based inverter with peak efficiency of 99.47%. And the estimated converter efficiency at full-load is 99.10%. The algorithm developed is scalable and can be extended for future high-performance inverter design applications.
Use of Insulin Sensitizers in the Polycystic Ovary Syndrome

Insulin resistance is a central feature of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Women with PCOS suffer both short- and long-term health consequences from insulin resistance and the compensatory hyperinsulinemia associated with PCOS. Short-term consequences include anovulation, hyperandrogenism, infertility, and early pregnancy loss. Over the long term, chronic hyperinsulinemia predisposes women with PCOS to increased risks of diabetes and cardiovascular events. Current data support the use of metformin for treatment of anovulation in women with PCOS, both in monotherapy and in combination with clomiphene in clomiphene-resistant patients. The effect of insulin sensitizers on hirsutism will also be reviewed. In addition, novel evidence, although limited, suggests that insulin sensitizers may play a role in preventing early pregnancy loss. Over the long term, insulin sensitizers may prevent cardiovascular and diabetes complications by ameliorating the metabolic syndrome associated with chronic insulin resistance in PCOS, pending further evidence. Several insulin-sensitizing agents are available commercially: metformin, rosiglitazone, and pioglitazone. Metformin has the most desirable pregnancy safety profile and is the agent that has been most frequently studied in PCOS. In conclusion, there is strong support for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs, particularly metformin, in women with PCOS.
Surprising spatiotemporal stability of a multi‐peak fitness landscape revealed by independent field experiments measuring hybrid fitness

The effect of the environment on fitness in natural populations is a fundamental question in evolutionary biology. However, experimental manipulations of both environment and phenotype at the same time are rare. Thus, the relative importance of the competitive environment versus intrinsic organismal performance in shaping the location, height, and fluidity of fitness peaks and valleys remains largely unknown. Here, we experimentally tested the effect of competitor frequency on the complex fitness landscape driving adaptive radiation of a generalist and two trophic specialist pupfishes, a scale-eater and molluscivore, endemic to hypersaline lakes on San Salvador Island (SSI), Bahamas. We manipulated phenotypes, by generating 3407 F4/F5 lab-reared hybrids, and competitive environment, by altering the frequency of rare transgressive hybrids between field enclosures in two independent lake populations. We then tracked hybrid survival and growth rates across these four field enclosures for 3-11 months. In contrast to competitive speciation theory, we found no evidence that the frequency of hybrid phenotypes affected their survival. Instead, we observed a strikingly similar fitness landscape to a previous independent field experiment, each supporting multiple fitness peaks for generalist and molluscivore phenotypes and a large fitness valley isolating the divergent scale-eater phenotype. These features of the fitness landscape were stable across manipulated competitive environments, multivariate trait axes, and spatiotemporal heterogeneity. We suggest that absolute performance constraints and divergent gene regulatory networks shape macroevolutionary (interspecific) fitness landscapes in addition to microevolutionary (intraspecific) competitive dynamics. This interplay between organism and environment underlies static and dynamic features of the adaptive landscape.
To Teach and Delight: The Varieties of Learning From Fiction:

It is well known that people who read fiction have many reasons for doing so. But perhaps one of the most understudied reasons people have for reading fiction is their belief that reading will resu...
5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Shedding Light on Where to Focus.

Background Surgical management of gliomas is predicated on “safe maximal resection” across all histopathologic grades because progression-free survival and overall survival are positively affected by the increasing extent of resection. Administration of the prodrug 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) induces tumor fluorescence with high specificity and sensitivity for malignant high-grade glioma (HGG). Fluorescence-guided surgery (FGS) using 5-ALA improves the extent of resection in the contrast-enhancing and nonenhancing tumor components in HGG. It has also shown preliminary usefulness in other central nervous system tumors, but with certain limitations. Methods We review and discuss the state of 5-ALA FGS for central nervous system tumors and identify the limitations in its use as a guide for future clinical optimization. Results 5-ALA FGS provides maximum clinical benefits in the treatment of newly diagnosed glioblastoma. 5-ALA fluorescence specificity is limited in low-grade glioma, recurrent HGG, and non-glial tumors. Several promising intraoperative adjuncts to 5-ALA FGS have been developed to expand its indications and improve the clinical efficacy and usefulness of 5-ALA FGS. Conclusions 5-ALA FGS improves the clinical outcomes in HGG. However, further optimization of the diagnostic performance and clinical use of 5-ALA FGS is necessary for low-grade glioma and recurrent HGG tumors. Neurosurgical oncology will benefit from the novel use of advanced technologies and intraoperative visualization techniques outlined in this review, such as machine learning, hand-held fibe-optic probes, augmented reality, and three-dimensional exoscope assistance, to optimize the clinical usefulness and operative outcomes of 5-ALA FGS.
Lower objectively and subjectively assessed numeracy are both associated with poorer self-rated health.

OBJECTIVE To compare an objective with a subjective numeracy assessment for association with self-reported health status, where numeracy refers to "the degree to which individuals have the capacity to access, process, interpret, communicate, and act on numerical, quantitative, graphical, biostatistical, and probabilistic health information needed to make effective health decisions" RESULTS: We completed a secondary analysis of two population-based surveys, the Empire State Poll (n = 763) and the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC; n = 2609). The first survey assessed numeracy with a 3-item subjective instrument. The second assessed numeracy with more than 20 math problems. Both used the same measure for self-reported health status. Lower numeracy, whether subjectively or objectively assessed, was associated with worse self-reported health, even after controlling for education and other sociodemographic confounders. The odds ratios for the association were very similar (0.91 and 0.90 respectively). A lengthy objective numeracy assessment and a brief self-report assessment had similar associations with health status. A brief self-report measure of numeracy has similar properties to a lengthy objective assessment and is likely to be more feasible to use to screen patients in practice.
Higher Franz-Reidemeister torsion

Cocycles in Volodin $K$-theory Spaces of matrices and higher Franz-Reidemeister torsion A model for the Whitehead spaces Morse theory and filtered chain complexes Homotopy type of the Whitehead space The framing principle and Bokstedt's theorem Proof of complexified Bokstedt theorem Framed graphs Bibliography Index.
Studies on the nature of dengue viruses. IV. The structural proteins of type 2 dengue virus.

Abstract The proteins of type 2 dengue virus were labeled by infecting KB cells with virus in the presence of either a mixture of radioactive amino acids or a single radioactive amino acid. Concentrated virus was shown by sucrose gradient centrifugation to contain two major types of hemagglutinating particles designated complete and incomplete virus. Complete virus labeled with mixed amino acids and examined by acrylamide gel electrophoresis contained at least 3 polypeptides: a major slow-moving peak (VSP-3) and two more rapidly moving minor peaks (VSP-1 and VSP-2). Incomplete virus yielded VSP-1 and VSP-3 but lacked VSP-2. By comparing the relative mobilities of Sindbis and dengue structural proteins in acrylamide gel electrophoresis, the following molecular weights were assigned to the dengue proteins: VSP-1, 7700; VSP-2, 13,500; and VSP-3, 59,000. VSP-2 was lysine rich, but incorporation of histidine into this component was not demonstrable. 14C-1-Glucosamine was incorporated into VSP-3 of complete virus. The nonionic detergent Nonidet P40 was used to degrade complete dengue 2 virus into a slowly sedimenting fraction and an RNA-containing core. Gel electrophoresis of these viral components showed that the viral core structure contained VSP-2 and that the slowly sedimenting fraction contained VSP-1 and VSP-3. It is suggested that VSP-3 is a glycoprotein and a major component of the viral envelope, that VSP-2 is the protein moiety of the nucleoprotein core, and that VSP-1 may represent a capsid protein tightly bound to the envelope.
U.S. Housing: Determinants of Structural Adequacy and Crowding

This paper studies structural adequacy and crowding as dimensions of housing quality. American Housing Survey of Metropolitan Areas data for seven metropolitan areas, Atlanta (Georgia), Baltimore (Maryland), New York (New York), St. Louis (Missouri), San Diego (California), Seattle (Washington), and Washington D.C. are analyzed using a logit model to determine the factors that influence structural adequacy and crowding. We report the prevalence of structural adequacy and crowding in the seven metropolitan areas. A logit model of the determinants of structural adequacy and crowding is specified and estimated. The data reveal that there exist significant disparities in housing quality across metropolitan areas and population groups by race, household type, tenure, and central city or suburban location. The results of the logit analysis indicate that even after statistically adjusting for many factors, race, tenure, location, household type, age of the structure and income are significant in determining housing quality. We find that while structural adequacy has stronger economic and engineering determinants, such as, income, vehicle ownership, unit type and age of the building, crowding has stronger cultural and life-cycle determinants, such as, race, education and presence of young children.
Did a Woman Write "The Great American Novel"?: Judging Women's Fiction in the Nineteenth Century and Today

In the fall of 2009, as I was preparing to teach a senior capstone course for English majors on the nineteenth-century American novel and questions of literary value and the canon, I went trolling for suggestions of recent secondary readings about canonicity. The response came back loud and clear: “The canon wars are over. We all teach whatever we want to teach, and everything is fine.” My experiences with students suggest that, at least in American literary studies before 1900, the canon wars are not over, or, perhaps, they have entered a new stage. Most of my students had heard of James Fenimore Cooper, and a few had read him, but none (with the exception of one student who had previously taken an early American novel class with me) had even heard of his contemporary Catharine Maria Sedgwick. Most had heard of Harriet Beecher Stowe, and a few had previously read Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852). Although some aspiring fiction writers initially objected to what they felt was an overly intrusive narrator, I succeeded in persuading the class to read Stowe’s novel with respectful attention. All of them had heard of Mark Twain, and all but a tiny minority had read his Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885). Those who had read the novel professed their admiration for the novel as one of the greatest ever written and certainly a prime candidate for the Great American Novel. When I asked them to read Jane Smiley’s infamous essay “Say It Ain’t So, Huck: Second Thoughts on Mark Twain’s ‘Masterpiece,’” in which she suggests that Huckleberry Finn was not that great and perhaps Uncle Tom’s Cabin was better, something curious happened.1 Not only did they defend Twain’s novel, but many abruptly turned on Stowe’s. In a radical reversal of their attitudes just a few weeks earlier, many now dismissed Uncle Tom’s Cabin as simplistic, racist, and sub-literary. This chain of events in my classroom represents fairly, I believe, the understanding of American literary history before 1900 that prevails out-
Angular dose dependency of MatriXX TM and its calibration

The MatrixxEvolution (IBA Dosimetry), is an ionchamber array used in the experimental verification of absolute dose for conventional IMRT and rotational therapies such as VMAT and TomotherapyTM. One of its many applications consists of cumulative plan verification against treatment planning systems (TPS) where dose from all treatment gantry angles is delivered to the stationary detector. Experimental calibration of the detector recommended by the manufacturer involves only an AP calibration field and does not address angular dependence of MatrixxEvolution. This angular dependence may introduce dose bias in cumulative plan verification if not corrected. In this study, the angular dependence of MatrixxEvolution has been characterized and a method for its calibration was developed. Relatively large discrepancies were found in dose response for anterior vs. posterior fields for four different MatrixxEvolution detectors (up to 11%). And relatively large variability of responses as a function of gantry angle, specifically in angle ranges of 91°-110° and 269°-260°. With our calibration method, the bias due to angular dependence is effectively removed in experimental verification of IMRT and VMAT plans.
Ingestion of caustic cosmetic products

Twelve children over a 6-year period (1985 to 1991) underwent aerodigestive tract endoscopy after ingestion of lye-containing cosmetic products. All children were less than 2 years of age and had facial and/or oral cavity burns. Eleven of these patients ingested alkaline hair products such as "activators" or "relaxers." Endoscopy revealed pharyngeal burns in five patients but no laryngeal or esophageal burns in any patient. Erythema of the esophageal mucosa was seen in one patient. One patient ingested a solution used in fingernail decorating. This patient sustained extensive superficial burns of the pharynx, larynx, and esophagus and required intubation and admission to the intensive care unit. No long-term sequelae developed. Cosmetic products containing caustic chemicals represent a significant health risk to small children, especially because child-proof packaging is not standard for these products.
A long-term evaluation of applied nucleation as a strategy to facilitate forest restoration

Applied nucleation is a restoration technique that seeks to facilitate woody-plant establishment by attracting birds or other animals that may introduce seeds of dispersal-limited species. In 1991, an experimental test of applied nucleation was initiated in an abandoned landfill in New Jersey, USA. Trees and shrubs were planted into 16 10 x 10 m plots, covering < 3% of the 6-ha site. In 2010-2011, we sampled the plant community to test the impact of the treatments on forest cover and plant biodiversity. Site-wide forest cover increased substantially in the 19 years since planting from none to 59%. The original planted plots had significantly higher stem density, particularly of bird-dispersed species, than unplanted areas. Species composition outside the planted plots was dominated by the wind-dispersed Fraxinus americana and several small-seeded bird-dispersed species, but there were few species indicative of later successional stages. The expected model of successional development via the nucleation model that rates of colonization would be highest near plantings and that forest cover would spread outward from established clusters was not supported after this time span. Given the site's isolation from potential sources of woody propagules, the experimental treatments may not have been enough to overcome many species' dispersal limitation. Regardless of the mechanism, however, the treatments transformed the once essentially treeless site into a densely wooded habitat, and did so at a rate faster than other descriptions of reforestation following disturbances or land-use changes in the region. Despite the relatively low species richness of the community, this experiment demonstrated that reforestation of even severely degraded habitat can be achieved with minimal management after site preparation and cluster plantings.
Tetra-n-butylditin 1,2-Difljoride

Abstract Thermal decomposition of di-n-butyltin fluoride hydride at 100°C produced hydrogen and 1,1,2,2-tetra-n-butylditin 1.2-difluoride. It gave the expected analyses for C, H, Sn and F and reacted quantitatively with bromine. upon exposure to air, the known compound, bis(di-n-butylfluorotin) oxide was obtained. It was also converted to the known organoditin, tetra-n-butylditin 1,2-dibenzoate, upon reaction with sodium benzoate.
Quantum chemical molecular models for fluorinated polymers: visualization of structures and vibrational motions

Ab initio molecular orbital theory has been used to cal culate the electronic structure of model perfluoroalkanes, perfluoroethers, and a fluorinated macrocycle that binds fluoride ion. The molecular geometries were optimized. The perfluoroalkanes and the perfluoroethers do not have all trans configurations but rather show twisting of 10Â° to 20Â° about the C-C and C-O bonds. The molec ular force fields were calculated in the harmonic ap proximation. The low-frequency normal modes are dis played in the accompanying video. These low-energy modes involve coupled torsions. The visualization shows the various couplings of the torsional degrees of freedom. Certain features including the presence of "spectator" methyl side groups and of only a small cou pling of C-O torsions to the C-C bonds in the chain were revealed. Other features of the visualization allow one to study sterically accessible sites that are potentially reactive in these systems.
“Old People are Cranky”: Helping Professional Trainees' Knowledge, Attitudes, Aging Anxiety, and Interest in Working with Older Adults

This study investigated the efficacy of a gerontology education course in decreasing ageism and aging anxiety and increasing knowledge and interest in working with older adults among undergraduates training for social services careers. Participants completed study measures at the beginning and end of semester. Analyses supported the study hypotheses: ageism and aging anxiety declined over the semester whereas knowledge of aging and interest in working with older adults increased over the semester. Implications for training individuals for aging-related careers are discussed.
Selective growth of metal and binary metal tips on CdS nanorods.

Here, we demonstrate an approach for the selective growth of Pt, PtNi, and PtCo on CdS nanorods. The hybrid nanostructures prepared via an organometallic synthesis have promise for photocatalytic and magnetic applications.
Body image and borderline personality disorder among psychiatric inpatients

Abstract Objective With the exclusion of studies in individuals with eating disorders, few investigators have examined body image issues in patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD). In this study, we examined among psychiatric inpatients relationships between body image and BPD. Method In a cross-sectional sample of convenience, we surveyed 126 women in an inpatient psychiatric unit using 5 measures for body image and 2 measures for BPD. Results Using standardized cutoffs for BPD diagnosis, participants with BPD demonstrated a number of differentiating features with regard to body image issues. Explicitly, BPD did not seem to be related to being self-conscious about one's appearance, although BPD was related to being more self-conscious, in general. Individuals with BPD were not more invested in their appearance as a source of self-definition but evaluated their own appearance more negatively and were more likely to believe that attractiveness is an important factor for happiness and acceptance. Although BPD was not related to perceptions about the strength and competence of one's own body, those with BPD indicated less comfort and trust in their own bodies. In general, it appeared that body image measures that were more perceptually grounded were more likely to be similar to non-BPD participants, whereas body image measures that were more cognitively grounded were more likely to be statistically significantly different in comparison with non-BPD participants. Conclusions Psychiatric inpatients with BPD demonstrate a number of disturbances in body image.
Velocity overshoot of electrons in GaAs with space charge and non-uniform field

Simple analytical transport model is used for self-consistently calculating velocity overshoot under constant current. It is shown that space charge and non-uniform field drastically reduce the overshooting velocity and greatly elongate its distance of effectiveness. Ein einfaches analytisches Transportmodell wird fur eine selbstkonsistente Berechnung des Geschwindigkeitsuberschusses bei konstantem Strom benutzt. Es wird gezeigt, das Raumladung und ein ungleichformiges Feld den Geschwindigkeitsuberschus drastisch reduzieren und seine Wirkungsdistanz weit ausdehnen.
Protein engineering: electrifying cell receptors.

Ion channels can be attached to certain types of protein receptors in cells to make a detector–switch pair that could be used in various sensing and screening applications.
INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN THE BOLTZMANN DISTRIBUTION FOR RELATIVISTIC FREE PARTICLES AND THE RAYLEIGH-JEANS LAW FOR THERMAL RADIATION WITHIN CLASSICAL ELECTRODYNAMICS

The classical electrodynamic model introduced by Einstein and Hopf of a massive free particle containing an electric dipole oscillator in interaction with random classical radiation is extended to relativistic particle velocities. The equilibrium distribution of classical particle velocities enforced by the Rayleigh-Jeans law of thermal radiation is found to be different from the Boltzmann distribution for relativistic free particles at the same temperature. Thus apparently there is an inconsistency within classical theory between the relativistic Boltzmann particle distribution and the Rayleigh-Jeans law for thermal radiation.
Modeling the Interactions between Polymer-Coated Surfaces

Using a two-dimensional self-consistent field calculation and scaling theory, we investigate the interaction between two planar surfaces where: (1) each surface is grafted with both solvophilic and solvophobic homopolymers and (2) both surfaces are coated with solvophobic polyelectrolytes. The chains are tethered by one end and grafted at relatively low densities. For both systems, we determine the morphology of the layers and the energy of interaction as the layers are compressed. The energy of interaction versus distance profiles show a wide region of attraction as the surfaces are brought together. This attractive interaction is due to the self-assembled structures that appear at low grafting densities in poor solvents. Furthermore, for polyelectrolytes at high degrees of ionization (α), compressing the layers results in a novel first-order phase transition: the uniformly stretched, charged chains spontaneously associate into aggregates (pinned micelles) on the surfaces. At both low and high α, the f...
Melanoma genetics: an update with focus on the CDKN2A(p16)/ARF tumor suppressors.

Abstract Investigative interest in atypical nevi and familial melanoma has contributed to the identification of several candidate melanoma loci within the human genome. Molecular defects in both tumor suppressor genes and oncogenes have been pathogenically linked to melanoma in recent studies. Of the loci currently characterized, the major gene resides on chromosome 9p and encodes a tumor suppressor designated p16. This gene, which is also known as CDKN2A, is either mutated or deleted in a large majority of melanoma cell lines, as well as in many uncultured melanoma cells and in the germline of melanoma kindreds. A novel aspect of the p16 locus is that it encodes not just one but two separate gene products that are transcribed in alternative reading frames. Both products function as negative regulators of cell cycle progression. The p16 protein itself executes its effects by competitively inhibiting cyclin-dependent kinase 4, which is a factor necessary for cellular progression through a major regulatory transition of the cell division cycle. Inherited and acquired deletions or point mutations in the p16 gene increase the likelihood that potentially mutagenic DNA damage will escape repair before cell division. Notably, the second product of the locus, ARF (for alternative reading frame), regulates cell growth through independent effects on the p53 pathway. Although there is little evidence that ARF by itself is involved in the pathogenesis of melanoma, deletions at the p16 locus disable two separate pathways that control cell growth. These recent advances open up the possibility of genetic testing for melanoma susceptibility in the setting of familial melanoma and suggest novel therapeutic strategies for melanoma based on gene therapy or small molecule mimicry targeted to the correction of defects in the p16 regulatory pathway. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2000;42:705-22.) Learning Objective: At the conclusion of this learning activity, participants should be familiar with the historical aspects of melanoma genetics and should have a greater understanding of the CDKN2A(p16)/ARF tumor suppressor genes.
Maximum battery life routing to support ubiquitous mobile computing in wireless ad hoc networks

Most ad hoc mobile devices today operate on batteries. Hence, power consumption becomes an important issue. To maximize the lifetime of ad hoc mobile networks, the power consumption rate of each node must be evenly distributed, and the overall transmission power for each connection request must be minimized. These two objectives cannot be satisfied simultaneously by employing routing algorithms proposed in previous work. We present a new power-aware routing protocol to satisfy these two constraints simultaneously; we also compare the performance of different types of power-related routing algorithms via simulation. Simulation results confirm the need to strike a balance in attaining service availability performance of the whole network vs. the lifetime of ad hoc mobile devices.
βγ subunits mediate the NPY enhancement of ATP-stimulated inositol phosphate formation

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) enhances ATP-stimulated inositol phosphate (InsP) formation in bovine chromaffin cells through an unknown mechanism. Chromaffin cells were transduced with the carboxyl terminus of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase 1 (betaARK1CT), a Gbetagamma subunits scavenger, using a recombinant adenovirus system. The adenovirus also expresses a green fluorescent protein (GFP) which serves as an index of transduction. Flow cytometry showed that up to 80% of chromaffin cells were transduced by the virus. There was a direct correlation between the betaARK1CT inhibition of the NPY enhancement of ATP-stimulated InsP formation and the percent of cells expressing GFP ( r2=0.9993 ). These results demonstrate that Gbetagamma subunits are required for the NPY enhancement of ATP-stimulated InsP formation in bovine chromaffin cells.
Enhanced oxidative metabolism in liver mitochondria from genetically obese mice.

Abstract Liver mitochondria from genetically obese (ob/ob) mice exhibited a higher rate of oxidation than those from normal littermate controls when β-hydroxybutyrate, succinate, or ascorbate plus N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyl-p-phenylene diamine were employed as substrates. Succinate and β-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase activities showed a similar increase. No such difference, however, was observed with glutamate as substrate. The intramitochondrial concentrations of all the cytochromes were increased significantly, as was the total ATPase activity, while the ADP O ratios were identical in mitochondria from the two kinds of mice.
Production and decay of W boson in electron-positron annihilation

Abstract We study the characteristics of the μe events due to e+e− → W+W− and the subsequent leptonic decay of W±, in the Weinberg-Salam model. The differential cross section for W production is given for non-polarized electron-positron beams as well as transversely polarized beams. The energy angle distributions as well as angular correlations of the final μe events are presented for beam energy of 100 + 100 GeV. Potential backgrounds are also discussed.
Hecke algebras of type An and subfactors.

In his paper [J-l] V. Jones introduced an index, which 'measures' the size of a subfactor in a II1 factor. The main result of that paper is that the index of a subfactor has to be either greater or equal than 4 or it has to be equal to 4cosZ(x//) for some l~N, I>3 and that there exist subfactors for all these index values. Similarly as for subgroups, the index alone does not characterize the subfactor up to conjugacy by automorphisms. The fact that there are only countably many possible index values < 4 seems to be related to another invariant. Subfactors with index less than 4 always have trivial centralizers, (or relative commutants), i.e. the only elements of the factor which commute with every element of the subfactor are multiples of the identity. On the other hand, the examples given in I-J-l] for subfactors with index greater than 4 all have nontrivial centralizers. Furthermore, all known examples of subfactors with trivial relative commutants have as index an algebraic integer. At the current state of knowledge, it is still unknown whether there are only countably many values possible for the index of subfactors with trivial centralizers. Note however, that the set of all possible index values of a subfactor with trivial centralizer in an arbitrary II~ factor has to be a closed subset of R (see [HW]). Our original motivation for this paper was to study how subfactors of the hyperfinite II1 factor can be constructed via AF algebras. We provide a method of computing the index and we give an upper bound for the size of the centralizer of the constructed subfactor. Our general results will then be applied to the series of complex Hecke algebras H,(q), n~N of type A,_I. Their standard generators gx, g2, -.., gn1 satisfy the same relations as a set of simple reflections of the symmetric group S, except that the reflection property g~ = 1 is replaced by g ~ = ( q 1 ) g i + q . It is well-known that H,(q) is isomorphic to C S , if q is not a root of unity. If the parameter is a root of unity, Hn(q) may no longer bc sernisimple and its structure is not known in general. This is, however, the most interesting case as far as subfactors are concerned. We define representations p of Ha(q) such that p(H,(q)) is semisimple for all n~N. Together with
Resolving the mystery of prompt CO2: The HCCO+O2 reaction

The potential energy surface for the reaction of the ketenyl radical (HCCO) with O 2 is characterized with a combination of density functional. Moller Plesset perturbation and coupled cluster theories. Trajectory simulations, employing directly determined density functional force fields are used to explore the mechanism further. Variational transition state theory based master equation simulations, implementing the quantum, chemically determined molecular properties, provide estimated product state distributions and rate constants. For all temperatures considered here (300–2500 K), the dominant products are CO 2 +CO+H independent of pressure up to 100 atm, thereby explaining the coincident formation of CO 2 and CO in the oxidation of acetylene. These products arise primarily from the decomposition of the initial OOCHCO adduct via the formation of a four-membered OCCO ring, followed by, in succession, the splitting of the OO, the CC, and the CH bonds. At low temperatures, the modest barrier in the entrance channel, which arises from the need to break the, resonances in the reactants prior to bond formation, provides the rate-limiting transition state. A variational treatment of this transition state reduces the calculated rate coefficient relative to conventional transition state theory by ≈35%. At higher tempratures, the formation of the four-membered ring becomes a rate-limiting step, even though this process is essentially barrierless. An OCHCO+O channel becomes increasingly important with increasing temeprature, but still contributes only about 10% at 2500 K. The direct dynamics simulations indicate that various H transfers may occur during the final dissociation, steps, primarily to yield CO+CO+OH with an overall branching ratio of about 9%. A downward adjustment by 3.2 kcal/mol of the HCCO+O 2 entrance barrier results in total rate coefficients that are in good agreement with experiment. The predicted channel-specific rate coefficients are then 7.94×10 −12 T −0.142 exp(−1150/ RT )(CO 2 +CO+H), 3.62×10 −22 T 269 exp(−3541/ RT )(OCHCO+O) and 3.17×10 −13 T −0.020 exp(−1023/ RT )(CO+CO+OH) cm 3 molecule −1 s −1 , where R =1.987 cal mol −1 K −1 .
The Genus Nannocyrtopogon (Diptera, Asilidae)

The genus Nannocyrtopogon is here proposed for certain species of small western robber flies, two of which were formerly placed in the genus Cyrtopogon . As the genus Cyrtopogon is now one of the largest of the North American genera of Asilidae, it seems advisable to limit it where possible. The species included are apparently rare, and with the exception of one species have been taken only in the State of California.
You are lost without a map: Navigating the sea of protein structures

X-ray crystal structures propel biochemistry research like no other experimental method, since they answer many questions directly and inspire new hypotheses. Unfortunately, many users of crystallographic models mistake them for actual experimental data. Crystallographic models are interpretations, several steps removed from the experimental measurements, making it difficult for nonspecialists to assess the quality of the underlying data. Crystallographers mainly rely on "global" measures of data and model quality to build models. Robust validation procedures based on global measures now largely ensure that structures in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) are largely correct. However, global measures do not allow users of crystallographic models to judge the reliability of "local" features in a region of interest. Refinement of a model to fit into an electron density map requires interpretation of the data to produce a single "best" overall model. This process requires inclusion of most probable conformations in areas of poor density. Users who misunderstand this can be misled, especially in regions of the structure that are mobile, including active sites, surface residues, and especially ligands. This article aims to equip users of macromolecular models with tools to critically assess local model quality. Structure users should always check the agreement of the electron density map and the derived model in all areas of interest, even if the global statistics are good. We provide illustrated examples of interpreted electron density as a guide for those unaccustomed to viewing electron density.
Type I Interferons Inhibit Interleukin-10 Production in Activated Human Monocytes and Stimulate IL-10 in T Cells: Implications for Th1-Mediated Diseases

Type I interferons (IFNs) directly induce development of Th1 cells. However, IFN-α and IFN-β should generate Th2 cells because these IFNs induce interleukin-10 (IL-10) and block secretion of IFN-γ....
Flash-induced blocking of the high-affinity manganese-binding site in photosystem II by iron cations: dependence on the dark interval between flashes and binary oscillations of fluorescence yield.

Incubation of Fe(II) cations with Mn-depleted PSII membranes (PSII(-Mn)) under weak continuous light is accompanied by blocking of the high-affinity, Mn-binding (HAZ) site with ferric cations (Semin, B.K. et al. Biochemistry 2002, 41, 5854−5864). In this study we investigated the blocking yield under single-turnover flash conditions. The flash-probe fluorescence method was used to estimate the blocking efficiency. We found that the yield of blocking increases with flash number and reaches 50% after 7 flashes. When the dark interval between the flashes (Δt) was varied, we found that the percentage of blocking decreases at Δt < 100 ms (t1/2, 4−10 ms). No inhibition of the blocking yield was found at longer time intervals (as with photoactivation). This result shows the necessity of a dark rearrangement during the blocking process (the dual-site hypothesis described in the text) and indicates the formation of a binuclear iron center. During the blocking experiments, we found a binary oscillation of the Fmax ...
Energy barrier scalings in driven systems.

Energy landscape mappings are performed for two different molecular systems under mechanical loads. Barrier heights are observed to scale as $\ensuremath{\Delta}U\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\delta}}^{3∕2}$, where $\ensuremath{\delta}$ is a residual load. Catastrophe theory predicts that this scaling should arise for vanishing $\ensuremath{\delta}$; however, this region is irrelevant in physical processes at finite temperature because thermal fluctuations cause the system to cross over the barrier before reaching the small-$\ensuremath{\delta}$ regime. Surprisingly, we find that the $\ensuremath{\Delta}U\ensuremath{\sim}{\ensuremath{\delta}}^{3∕2}$ scaling is valid far beyond the vanishing $\ensuremath{\delta}$ regime described by catastrophe theory. We discuss how this scaling will therefore be relevant at finite temperatures and gives corrections to Eyring's theory for transition rates.
Mechanism of nickel disilicide growth caused by RIE plasma-induced damage on silicon substrate

Effects of dry-etching damage at the surface of p-type silicon on pyramidal spike growth of nickel disilicide (NiSi2) were investigated by using sheet resistance (Rs) measurement, cross sectional SEM7TEM, UV Raman spectroscopy and elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA), and as a result, a model for nickel diffusion induced by vacancies was proposed. According to this model, the pyramidal spike shape growth of NiSi2 is enhanced by vacancies in silicon substrate generated by H ions projected during reactive ion etching (RIE). To confirm this model, Si ions were implanted prior to nickel deposition instead of RIE process, and the vacancies with the same depth in silicon substrate as those caused by H+ ions during RIE were generated. The Rs increase of NiSi was successfully reproduced by this Si ion implantation technique. Then, it is concluded that pyramidal spike growth of MS12 is caused by the vacancies generated by H ion projected during RIE process before nickel silicidation.
Queueing network analysis: concepts, terminology, and methods

Queueing network analysis can be a valuable tool to analyze network models. However, the vast number and diverse nature of the tools available to analyze a problem can often leave the uninitiated frustrated or bewildered--awash in concepts, terminology, and methods not encountered elsewhere. As a primer for queueing network analysis, this paper emphasizes essential concepts and terminology. Selection of analytical methods based on the type of queueing network is discussed. Analytical methods are demonstrated using numerous examples and references for further study into advanced analysis are included throughout.
The Placebo Effect and the Molecules of Hope

Taking its point of departure from the author’s theory that humor has a placebo effect, this article explores evidence that placebos have a positive biochemical effect, argues on the basis of this evidence that the placebo serves religious ends, and draws implications of this argument for physicians with religious convictions and for pastors who understand themselves to be agents of hope. It specifically argues that physicians should not pray with their patients and pastors should inform their parishioners of the negative as well as the positive effects of religion.
Retro iminonitroso Diels-Alder reactions: interconversion of nitroso cycloadducts

Retro iminonitroso Diels-Alder reactions were investigated in both solution and solid phase. In thermal or Cu(I)-mediated reactions, interconversion of various nitroso cycloadducts occurred in the presence of separate dienes. Up to 99% of conversion was observed. Use of chiral ligands in the Cu(I)-medicated reactions gave new cycloadducts enantioselectively.
The Role of eGovernance in Mitigating Corruption

ABSTRACT: This paper presents a model that illustrates the enablers of corruption, and delineates how eGovernance, based on the principles of transparency and accountability, can dismantle the enablers of corruption. Key enablers of corruption, such as economic rents, discretionary power of bureaucrats, and weak institutions, are identified from the extant literature to argue that these enablers undermine the public interest through unequal access to basic goods and services. The critical role of accounting and accounting information systems is highlighted by examining selected eGovernance initiatives that enhance transparency and accountability in dismantling corruption. Reduction of the discretionary power of bureaucrats, enforced consequences, and the demand for accountability enables equal access to information and public goods and services that could result in a bridging of the economic divide in a developing country such as India. Hence, a case study of India is utilized to analyze and assess the su...
Customer Participation and the Trade-Off Between New Product Innovativeness and Speed to Market

Abstract To address the trade-off between new product innovativeness and speed to market caused by customer participation activities, the author differentiates two dimensions of customer participation—customer participation as an information resource (CPI) and customer participation as a codeveloper (CPC)—and explores the moderating effects of downstream customer network connectivity and new product development process interdependence and complexity. Matched data collected from 143 customer–component manufacturer dyads indicate that CPI has a negative influence on innovativeness when downstream customer network connectivity is high but a positive effect when it is low. In contrast, CPI has a positive effect on speed to market when downstream customer network connectivity is high and no significant effect when it is low. In addition, CPC undermines new product speed to market when process interdependence is high. In contrast, CPC can improve new product speed to market but hurt new product innovativeness w...
Mediation of Conflicts through Design: How American Execution Chambers Represent Conflicting Social Perspectives

ABSTRACTArtefact mediation literature refers to mediation as a process through which diverse social entities resolve their differences and assign a common symbolic meaning to an artefact. This research proposes that diverse social groups cannot arrive at a set of common conventions and form meaningful relationships with one another unless such groups recognize their ideological differences. The current study investigates the concept of recognition as it pertains to artefact mediation. It examines ways in which artefacts allow unequal social groups to reach a compromise while preserving their differences. For example, the adoption of enclosed execution chambers allowed the American judicial system to deliver a symbolic message denoting the triumph of good over evil and facilitate recognition between two conflicting social groups: those who believed that capital punishment was necessary and a minority group that condemned it as an unnecessary act of cruelty.
The use of solvent extractions and solubility theory to discern hydrocarbon associations in coal, with application to the coal–supercritical CO2 system

Abstract Samples of three high volatile bituminous coals were subjected to parallel sets of extractions involving solvents dichloromethane (DCM), carbon disulfide (CS 2 ), and supercritical carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) (40 °C, 100 bar) to study processes affecting coal–solvent interactions. Recoveries of perdeuterated surrogate compounds, n -hexadecane-d 34 and four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), added as a spike prior to extraction, provided further insight into these processes. Soxhlet-DCM and Soxhlet-CS 2 extractions yielded similar amounts of extractable organic matter (EOM) and distributions of individual hydrocarbons. Supercritical CO 2 extractions (40 °C, 100 bar) yielded approximately an order of magnitude less EOM. Hydrocarbon distributions in supercritical CO 2 extracts generally mimicked distributions from the other solvent extracts, albeit at lower concentrations. This disparity increased with increasing molecular weight of target hydrocarbons. Five- and six-ring ring PAHs generally were not detected and no asphaltenes were recovered in supercritical CO 2 extractions conducted at 40 °C and 100 bar. Supercritical CO 2 extraction at elevated temperature (115 °C) enhanced recovery of four-ring and five-ring PAHs, dibenzothiophene (DBT), and perdeuterated PAH surrogate compounds. These results are only partially explained through comparison with previous measurements of hydrocarbon solubility in supercritical CO 2 . Similarly, an evaluation of extraction results in conjunction with solubility theory (Hildebrand and Hansen solubility parameters) does not fully account for the hydrocarbon distributions observed among the solvent extracts. Coal composition (maceral content) did not appear to affect surrogate recovery during CS 2 and DCM extractions but might affect supercritical CO 2 extractions, which revealed substantive uptake (partitioning) of PAH surrogates into the coal samples. This uptake was greatest in the sample (IN-1) with the highest vitrinite content. These findings indicate that hydrocarbon solubility does not exert a strong influence on hydrocarbon behavior in the systems studied. Other factors such as coal composition and maceral content, surface processes (physisorption), or other molecular interactions appear to affect the partitioning of hydrocarbons within the coal–supercritical CO 2 system. Resolving the extent to which these factors might affect hydrocarbon behavior under different geological settings is important to efforts seeking to model petroleum generation, fractionation and expulsion from coal beds and to delineate potential hydrocarbon fate and transport in geologic CO 2 sequestration settings.
Socially Responsible Investing and Public Pension Fund Performance

ABSTRACTThis article examines the scope and implications of socially responsible investing by public pension funds. Standard analytical methods from financial econometrics are applied to analyze a new dataset of the equity holdings of thirteen of the largest state government pension plans. Contrary to previous research, pension funds are found to be deeply engaged in socially responsible investing. Moreover, the recent performance of socially responsible investments is largely indistinguishable from that of the state pension funds. Much of this new socially responsible investing activity is due to the broadening definition of the term “socially responsible.” Policymakers and public pension fund managers should reconsider the term and, if necessary, redefine it more usefully.