cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Photoperiodic modulation of voluntary ethanol intake in C57BL/6 mice.

Abstract Seasonal and geographic variations in light exposure influence human mood and behavior, including alcohol consumption. Similarly, manipulation of the environmental lighting regimen modulates voluntary ethanol intake in experimental animals. Nevertheless, previous studies in rats and hamsters have been somewhat inconsistent, and little is known concerning such effects in mice. In the present study, we maintained male C57Bl/6 mice in running-wheel cages under either short- or long-photoperiod light–dark cycles (LD 6:18 vs. LD 18:6); subsequently, the same animals were maintained under short or long “skeleton photoperiods”, consisting of two daily 15-min light pulses signaling dusk and dawn (SP 6:18 vs. SP 18:6). Running wheels were locked mechanically for half the animals under each photoperiod. Analysis of running wheel patterns showed that mice displayed stable circadian adaptation to both standard LD cycles and skeleton photoperiods. Mice consumed more ethanol and less water, and thus showed higher ethanol preference, under LD 6:18 and SP 6:18 relative to the corresponding long-photoperiod regimens. While running-wheel access increased water intake, ethanol intake was unaffected by this manipulation. These effects are consistent with previous studies showing that short photoperiods or constant darkness increases ethanol intake in rodents. Further, the similarity of the effects of complete and skeleton photoperiods suggests that these effects are mediated by photoperiod-induced alterations in the circadian entrainment pattern, rather than by light exposure per se.
Grape Maturity and Quality

Quality is a subjective judgment that depends on the degree to which the wine is satisfying and balanced and reflects the character of the grape. It can be described in nine categories: color (hue, strength, purity, and stability), aroma intensity, vitality (purity), complexity, subtlety, palate strength, length, balance, and longevity. Hue refers to the dominant color wavelength, strength to the depth of color, and purity to the degree of “off’ or tawny tones. Intensity refers to the magnitude of aromas and vitality to the quality and purity of those aromas. Complexity denotes the harmony of wine components. Delicate, refined flavors, strength of palate, length of finish and balance, or the entire integration of the wine, and longevity or conservation, are also important quality factors.
Immunoelectrophoretic study on the antigen composition of a mouse sarcoma.

A methylcholanthrene-induced subcutaneous sarcoma of the C3H/HeN mouse has been studied by immunoelectrophoresis. By use of different antisera and absorption methods two globulins (α1- and β-) were detected, which were absent, from the normal tissue of origin of the tumor. They were found, however, in low quantity in lung and liver extracts. Quantitative rather than qualitative changes in the antigen composition of tissues during neoplastic transformation in this case was suggested.
Clearing the smoke on nicotine and angiogenesis.

Nicotine is widely used as an aid to smoking cessation and is being evaluated to treat non-smoking related disorders. Stimulation of angiogenesis by nicotine raises many questions about its mechanism of action and use in therapy. (pages 833–839 )
Learning to Write in Braille: An Analysis of Writing Samples from Participants in the Alphabetic Braille and Contracted (ABC) Braille Study

This article reports the results of data from 114 writing samples of 39 children who read braille and who were included in the Alphabetic Braille and Contracted Braille (ABC) Study between 2002 and...
Fatty Acid Formula Supplementation and Neuromotor Development in Rhesus Monkey Neonates

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is highly concentrated in CNS tissues. Although breast milk contains the fatty acids DHA and arachidonic acid, infant formulas marketed in North America do not contain these nutrients. The potential deleterious effects of rearing infants with formulas devoid of these nutrients was assessed by comparing nursery-reared rhesus macaque infants (Macaca mulatta) fed standard formula with infants fed standard formula supplemented with physiologically relevant concentrations of DHA (1.0%) and arachidonic acid (1.0%). Neurobehavioral assessments were conducted on d 7, 14, 21, and 30 of life using blinded raters. The 30-min assessment consisted of 45 test items measuring orienting, temperament, reflex capabilities, and motor skills. Plasma concentrations of DHA in standard formula-fed infants were significantly lower than those fed supplemented formula or mother-raised (breast-fed) infants; however, infants fed the supplemented formula exhibited higher arachidonic acid levels than either mother-reared infants or infants fed standard formula. Infant monkeys fed the supplemented formula exhibited stronger orienting and motor skills than infants fed the standard formula, with the differences most pronounced during d 7 and 14. This pattern suggests an earlier maturation of specific visual and motor abilities in the supplemented infants. Supplementation did not affect measures of activity or state control, indicating no effect on temperament. These data support the assertion that preformed DHA and arachidonic acid in infant formulas are required for optimal development.
The comparative stability of pantothenic acid and panthenol.

In vivo studies have shown that panthenol, the alcohol analog of pantothenic acid, displays the vitamin activity, qualitatively and quantitatively, of pantothenic acid. Under certain conditions of dosage, the physiological availability of panthenol is superior to that of pantothenic acid. The present in vitro experiments demonstrate that panthenol is considerably more stable than pantothenate in acid solutions at pH 3 to 5.
A statistical comparison of pad numbers versus pad weights in the quantification of urinary incontinence.

Aims Pad per day (PPD) usage is a frequently utilized measure of urinary incontinence. The 24-hour pad weight test (24PWT) is a reproducible test for quantifying incontinence volumes. We investigated whether PPD validly reports the magnitude of urinary incontinence. Methods This was a retrospective review of patients undergoing stress incontinence surgery from July 2002 to 2005. Inclusion criteria were a documented 24PWT and patient-reported PPD usage. Grams of urine loss per pad (GPP) provided a third measure of incontinence. Descriptive statistics and correlations between all variables and significance were noted. Factor analysis was performed on the three measures of leakage and age for all patients over age 50. Results One hundred forty-five male and 116 female patients met inclusion criteria. Correlated against 24PWT, GPP has the strongest association with a correlation of 0.80 for males and 0.88 for females. PPD has a weaker correlation of 0.64 for males and 0.61 for females (R2 = 0.38 overall). Factor analysis identified two components associated with incontinence. A “leakage” component correlated best with 24PWT and GPP. Additionally, an “age” component implies that despite stable 24PWT values, older patients increase GPP while PPD decreases. Conclusions Self-reported PPD is an unreliable measure of incontinence as this variable only measures 38% of the variation of urinary incontinence volume. Patients at a given PPD level present with a wide range of 24PWT values. Older patients have higher per-pad leakage. Future incontinence studies should report 24PWT to ensure the most reliable and uniform data. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Why HIV virions have low numbers of envelope spikes: implications for vaccine development.

The major structural proteins of most viruses, including both naked icosahedral and enveloped types, are present in a dense array on the virion surface. This pattern has likely evolved to promote structural integrity, maximize cell binding and entry, and minimize genome size. HIV and related simian lentiviruses are unusual in having a low density of envelope protein spikes on their surfaces (Figure 1) [1]. Why has HIV evolved this exceptional virion structure? We believe that studies of human papillomavirus (HPV) virus-like particles (VLPs), which are the basis of the highly successful HPV vaccine, may provide the conceptual underpinning for answering this question and key insights for developing effective HIV prophylactic vaccines. Figure 1 What's different about HIV virions? Why Does HIV Have So Few Virion Spikes? HIV is notably inefficient at transmission—it has been estimated that 200–2,000 encounters are required per heterosexual transmission event [2]. In large part this may be due to the low number (estimated to be 14, on average) of envelope spikes per virion, especially since increasing the number of envelope spikes per virion increases infectivity, at least in an in vitro simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model [1], [3]. It seems unlikely that HIV evolved a low number of envelope spikes to limit its transmission efficiency. Low density of env spikes may have evolved, in part, because it prevents bivalent binding of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies to the virion, thus reducing antibody avidity and impeding neutralization [4]. However, we think that an alternative explanation for the selection for low numbers of envelope spikes is that this feature retards the induction of a broad spectrum antibody response.
Major bleeding after hospitalization for deep-venous thrombosis.

Abstract PURPOSE: Most studies of oral anticoagulant-related bleeding have analyzed the incidence of adverse outcomes among patients with a variety of different conditions and without any comparison with a control group. We determined the incidence, time course, and risk factors associated with major bleeding after hospital discharge among patients with deep-vein thrombosis, and estimated the excess risk of bleeding associated with oral anticoagulant therapy. METHODS: A total of 22,000 adults were hospitalized in California for 3 or more days with a diagnosis of deep-venous thrombosis between January 1, 1992, and September 30, 1994. We determined the risk factors associated with readmission for bleeding. We compared the incidence of readmission for bleeding with comparison cohorts of patients with pneumonia or cellulitis who were matched for age, gender, race, and length of hospital stay. RESULTS: Of 21,250 patients with deep-venous thrombosis who were discharged without bleeding, 1.4% were readmitted for bleeding within 91 days; the rate was 2.7 times greater in the first 30 days than in the next 61 days. Risk factors for bleeding included hospitalization with gastrointestinal bleeding during the previous 18 months (relative hazard [RH] = 2.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6 to 4.1), hospitalization with an alcohol-related diagnosis during the previous 18 months (RH = 2.6, 95% CI: 1.4 to 4.8), chronic renal disease (RH = 2.4, 95% CI: 1.4 to 4.2), female gender (RH = 1.7, 95% CI: 1.3 to 2.2), presence of a malignancy (RH = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.2), nonwhite race (RH = 1.6, 95% CI: 1.2 to 2.1), and age over 65 years (RH = 1.3, 95% CI: 1.0 to 1.7). Significantly more women (n = 40) had intracranial bleeding than men (n = 18, P = 0.02). In the comparison cohorts, the incidence of readmission for bleeding within 3 months of discharge was 0.7%, and the relative risk (RR) of readmission was greater in those with deep-venous thrombosis than in those with cellulitis (RR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.6 to 2.5) or pneumonia (RR = 2.0, 95% CI: 1.7 to 2.5). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of rehospitalization for bleeding was greatest in the first 30 days after discharge, and was approximately twice that seen in patients hospitalized for cellulitis or pneumonia. Further studies are needed to determine why women and nonwhite patients are at increased risk for anticoagulant-related bleeding.
Mixture axioms in linear and multilinear utility theories

Three different approaches to mixture axioms have been used in expected utility theories. The most general approach uses the decision maker's indifference relation in the mixture axioms. We show how this approach can be used to obtain general axiomatizations for the traditional linear utility form and for a recently developed multilinear utility form.
The development of spatial working memory abilities

Morphological development of the human prefrontal cortex (PFC) proceeds well into the 2nd decade of life. However, evidence regarding the developmental time course of frontal functions is limited. A wealth of evidence implicates the dorsolateral PFC and its connections in spatial working memory functions. In this study, we examined whether age-related changes occur in spatial working memory abilities during the 2nd decade oflife. Three hundred and eight male participants, approximately 14 years old, and 170 male participants, approximately 20 years old, performed a computerized spatial delayed response task. The task was similar in design to tasks previously used in neurophysiological studies of the PFC in nonhuman primates. Results indicate that spatial working memory abilities improve significantly from age 14 to 20. Similar results were obtained using a dual task design in which participants were required to read words during the delay period of the spatial working memory task.
A note on operator calculus in quantum mechanics.

Operator calculus, based on momentum operator choice, designed to take account of finite domain of wave functions in quantum mechanics
Theory of Structural Variation in a Quasi-One-Dimensional Conductor

Neutron-scattering studies of the quasi-one-dimensional conductor ${\mathrm{K}}_{2}$Pt${(\mathrm{CN})}_{4}$${\mathrm{Br}}_{0.30}$\ifmmode\cdot\else\textperiodcentered\fi{}${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O demonstrate not only the existence of soft phonon modes but also the coexistence of central peaks and the development of a superlattice on cooling which, however, never becomes a true structural phase transition. We suggest that the central peak is due to bromine-induced, static, platinum-chain distortion and show that it affects the electronic motion sufficiently to create a strong enough fluctuation in the three-dimensional system to remove the expected phase transition.
The pH of clay suspensions in the field and laboratory, and methods of measurement of their pH.

Abstract The pH of water standing in pools in deposits of kaolin-family clays tends to be low, i.e. pH 4 to 5. Streams draining such clay-containing areas commonly also yield pH values below 7, whereas streams flowing over primary, and clay-parent, silicate rocks typically yield a pH of 7 or higher - hence testing the pH of streams may aid in clay-prospecting in igneous country-rock areas. Laboratory-prepared suspensions of clays, simulative of natural clay sols, are acid within the kaolin family but may be alkaline with Na-smectite. Measurements of pH made on the visually clear supernatants of clay sols using colorimetric test paper and glass-electrode methods indicate that the colorimetric method yields the most representative results; apparently the multitude of clay-surface properties and charge effects from clay in even the visually clear sol override and mask the specific electrical properties by which an electrometric method measures the pH value of a clean ionic-molecular solution.
For Love or Money: A Common Neural Currency for Social and Monetary Reward

Two papers in the current issue of Neuron (Izuma et al. and Zink et al.) report that activity in specific regions of the brain, especially the striatum, reflects a common signal of reward in both the economic (e.g., money) and social (e.g., praise and status) domains.
mTOR Signaling in Autophagy Regulation in the Kidney

Cells possess adaptive biosynthetic systems to maintain cellular energy levels for survival under adverse environmental conditions. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular catabolic process that breaks down and recycles cytosolic material including macromolecules and organelles through lysosomal degradation. This catabolic process, represented by macroautophagy, is induced by a variety of cellular stresses such as nutrient starvation, which causes a shortage of cellular energy for cells to maintain cellular homeostasis and essential biological activities. In contrast, upon nutrient availability, cells stimulate anabolic processes. The mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin, a serine/threonine protein kinase, is a key player in stimulating cellular anabolism in response to nutrients and growth factors, and plays a crucial role in suppressing autophagy activity. Growing evidence has suggested that autophagy activity is required for the maintenance and physiological functions of renal cells including proximal tubular cells and podocytes. In this article, we discuss recent progress in the regulation of autophagy by mechanistic/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling.
Population growth, age structure, and age-specific productivity

Motivated by empirical evidence that fluctuations in age structure affect relative wages across age groups, this paper asks whether there is a steady-state age distribution that maximizes the lifetime wages of a representative worker. The paper proves the surprising result that in a pure labor economy with any constant returns technology, a uniform age distribution minimizes lifetime wages. Skewed age distributions, generated by either positive or negative population growth rates, generate unambiguously higher lifetime wages than a stationary population, in spite of possible reductions in per capita output in every period. The presence of non-labor factors complicates, but does not necessarily reverse, this result. The paper relates the beneficial effects of higher rates of population growth on lifetime wages in a pure labor economy with imperfect substitutability across age groups to the benefits of population growth that appear in overlapping-generation consumption loan models with intergenerational transfers.
The ionosphere of Neptune

Limited knowledge of ionospheric processes of the outer planets and practically no information on the upper atmosphere of Neptune result in a range of possible ionospheres for Neptune. Various cases are investigated in order to establish a theoretical framework of the ionospheric structure against which the radio occultation measurements can be evaluated. The peak electron densities could range from 1000/cu cm to 10 to the 6th/cu cm depending on ion loss processes and particle ionization processes. The scale height could also range from 300 km to 2000 km depending on the exospheric temperature. Although various assumptions must be made, it is predicted that an auroral ionosphere with large electron densities and a large scale height will be observed by the ingress radio occultation measurement, and that a compressed ionosphere with small electron densities will be seen during the egress measurement.
Antecedents of emotional attachment to brands

Abstract Marketers desire exclusive brand repurchase. This can occur when customers develop deep emotional “bonds” with brands, as elaborated in the emotional attachment to brands construct. To create emotionally attached repurchase, marketers must understand controllable antecedents of the phenomenon. However, a comprehensive study of antecedents is missing from the literature. We use qualitative methods to derive five primary antecedents of emotional attachment to brands. Our summary model allows for simultaneous operation of multiple antecedents, as we consistently observed in our data. We offer applied suggestions for leveraging antecedents to evoke exclusive repurchase based on emotional attachment to brands.
Further modifications to program spacefil to produce three-dimensional color molecular graphics

Abstract Further modifications to program Spacefil are described which allow color graphics. Moreover, the device-independent approach to computer graphics is illustrated with the NCAR graphics package.
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease

Pulmonary arterial hypertension is a chronic, persistent elevation in pulmonary artery pressure without evidence of left heart failure. Pulmonary hypertension is common in patients with adult congenital heart disease and is usually the result of an increase of pulmonary blood flow through a large left to right shunt. This condition is progressive and patients are symptomatic and usually die between the third and fifth decades of life. To date, there is no standardized treatment for this condition and a general policy of non-intervention to avoid destabilization of the balanced physiology is recommended. Intravenous prostanoids have been shown to have an effect but they are invasive and associated with major side effects. Lung and combined heart and lung transplantation might be a therapeutic option for selected patients. However, donor shortage is a major issue. Oral advanced therapies have been recently shown to improve haemodynamics and survival in idiopathic pulmonary hypertension or in pulmonary hypertension related to scleroderma and may have a role in patients with pulmonary hypertension secondary to congenital heart disease.
The determination of a layered acoustic medium via multiple impedance profile inversions from plane wave responses

Summary Coen suggested a technique for recovering the density and sound velocity profiles of a layered acoustic medium from point source response. We implement the method for computation, and investigate the behaviour of the algorithm in the reconstruction of layered acoustic media from synthetically generated noisy data. We find that the error magnification is unacceptably large, that is, the method is unstable for practical purposes. A statistical analysis explains the propagation of errors. We also discuss the validity and effects of data smoothing prior to reconstruction. Numerical examples illustrate various features of the theory. For the situation in which multiple plane wave data are available, we propose a systematic use of such a data set to reduce the error of the reconstruction, under the assumption that the data errors are uncorrelated in incidence angle. Numerical examples show the predicted improvement.
AIDE: an automated tool for teaching design in an introductory programming course

The Department of Computer Science at the United States Air Force Academy teaches an introductory Pascal programming and problem solving course to 1400 freshman a year. Although the students have a wide range of prior programming experiences, very few have any practice with program design. To encourage proper solution design and alleviate the burdensome and demotivating reams of design documentation, the Department of Computer Science has developed an automated tool, the Automated Interactive Design Editor (AIDE). This paper will provide some background on the problems associated with student design documentation, describe how AIDE attempts to address this problem, and discuss future directions for the tool.
Charge effects in light scattering by association colloidal electrolytes

Abstract A simplified treatment of the effect of charge on the light scattering by colloidal solutions is extended to take into account the refractive index contribution of simple electrolyte. It is shown that this effect leads to a reduction of optical efficiencies of fluctuations and to an apparently smaller molecular weight. In case of association colloidal electrolytes the effect of monomeric ions as well as that of added electrolytes is taken into account. The effect of equilibrium between micelles and monomeric ions on the concentration of monomer is examined under idealized conditions and leads to a minor correction. Literature data on micellar weights are recalculated in the light of these ideas.
Enhancement of mutagenicity by hydroxypyrenes in Salmonella

Abstract 1-Hydroxypyrene and 4,5-dihydro-4,5-dihydroxypyrene were isolated and identified in the metabolites of pyrene by rat liver microsomal fraction, and the presence of 1,8- and 1,6-dihydroxypyrene in the metabolites was proposed. These hydroxypyrenes, as well as pyrenequinones reported previously, enhanced intensively the mutagenicity of 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF).
Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Wheat Straw: A Predictive Model for Energy Consumption Using Response Surface Methodology

Response surface methodology was used to study the effects of parameters namely, time, temperature, and solid content and to optimize the process conditions for the minimum energy consumption in dilute acid pretreatment. Box-Behnken design using response surface methodology was employed. Effects of time and temperature are significant at the significant level of α = 0.05. Longer time and higher temperature result in higher power energy consumption. The best optimal values of the process conditions are time 14–21 min and temperature 129–139 °C.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Determination of optical transfer function by inspection of frequency-domain plot

In cases in which there are zeros in the optical transfer function, display of the absolute value of the Fourier transform of a blurred image may allow these zeros to be seen, if the noise level is low enough. This can be used to identify the optical transfer function, provided that it is one of the suitable common simple forms, or to determine certain parameters of the optical transfer function if its form is known. Examples of the use of this technique in the generation of restoring filters for image enhancement are presented.
Promoting communication with older adults: protocols for resolving interpersonal conflicts and for enhancing interactions with doctors.

In this paper, we review the importance of effective communication in older adulthood, and ideas for promoting it. We focus on theoretical and applied work in two communicative encounters that have particular relevance for older adult health, i.e., interpersonal conflict and visits with a healthcare provider. Little applied work has aimed to adapt training protocols for older adults in these two areas. We will present training protocols we have developed in constructive conflict resolution for older adults, and on enhancing doctor-patient communication. We present these protocols to stimulate ideas on the part of the reader on how to further develop and refine training efforts for older adults in effective communication.
Degradative organelles containing mislocalized α- and β-synuclein proliferate in presenilin-1 null neurons

Presenilin-1 null mutation (PS1 −/−) in mice is associated with morphological alterations and defects in cleavage of transmembrane proteins. Here, we demonstrate that PS1 deficiency also leads to the formation of degradative vacuoles and to the aberrant translocation of presynaptic α- and β-synuclein proteins to these organelles in the perikarya of primary neurons, concomitant with significant increases in the levels of both synucleins. Stimulation of autophagy in control neurons produced a similar mislocalization of synucleins as genetic ablation of PS1. These effects were not the result of the loss of PS1 γ-secretase activity; however, dysregulation of calcium channels in PS1 −/− cells may be involved. Finally, colocalization of α-synuclein and degradative organelles was observed in brains from patients with the Lewy body variant of AD. Thus, aberrant accumulation of α- and β-synuclein in degradative organelles are novel features of PS1 −/− neurons, and similar events may promote the formation of α-synuclein inclusions associated with neurodegenerative diseases.
Correlation of Sodium Atom Reaction Rates with Electron Capture Cross-sections

THE classic Polanyi flame work1,2 explored the reactions of sodium atoms with a very wide range of halogen compounds. For some of these the rate constants were found to be extremely large (∼ 1014 c.c. mole−1 sec−1), corresponding to “reaction on more than every gas-kinetic collision”. This was attributed to an electron-jump mechanism, Here essentially all collision trajectories that pass within the radius rc at which formation of the ion-pair becomes possible lead to reaction3. This radius is given by e2/rc = I(Na) − Eν(X − R), where I denotes the ionization potential of the alkali atom and Eν the vertical electron affinity of the halogen molecule. Recently, several alkali atom reactions of this type (with X − R = Br2, ICl, PBr3, CBr4, SnCl4, SF6, etc.) have been examined in molecular beam scattering experiments4. The form of the angular distributions of elastic and reactive scattering and other detailed dynamical properties observed in these experiments can be very plausibly interpreted in terms of the electron-jump mechanism.
Do Drivers of Small Cars Take Less Risk in Everyday Driving

Previously reported observed data on risky everyday driving are brought together and reanalyzed in order to focus on the relation between risky driving and the size of the car being driven, as indicated by car mass. The measures of risky driving include separation between vehicles in heavy freeway traffic and speed on a two lane road. Observed seat belt use provides a third measure of driver risk. Confounding effects arising from the observed association between car mass and driver age are taken into account by segmenting the data into three driver age groups. Driver risk taking is found to increase with increasing car mass for each of these three aspects of everyday driving. The implications of these results with respect to driver fatality rates are discussed in terms of a simple model relating observed risky driving to the likelihood of involvement in a severe crash.
Mechanisms for accommodation of Miocene extension: Low‐angle normal faulting, magmatism, and secondary breakaway faulting in the southern Sacramento Mountains, southeastern California

The Colorado River extensional corridor (CREC) accommodated up to 100% crustal extension between ∼23 and 12 Ma. The southernmost Sacramento Mountains core complex lies within this region of extreme extension and exposes a footwall of Proterozoic, Mesozoic, and Miocene crystalline rocks as well as Miocene volcanic and sedimentary rocks in the hanging wall to the regionally developed Chemehuevi-Sacramento detachment fault (CSDF) system. New structural, U-Pb-zircon, Ar-Ar, and fission track geochronologic and paleomagnetic studies detail the episodic character of both magmatic and tectonic extension in this region. Extension in this part of the CREC was initiated with tectonic slip along a detachment fault system at a depth between 10 and 15 km. Magmatic extension at these crustal levels began at ∼20–19 Ma and directly account for 5–18 km of extension (10–20% of total extension) in the southern Sacramento Mountains. Three discrete magmatic episodes record rotation of the least principal stress direction, in the horizontal plane, from 55° to 15° over the following ∼3 Myr. The three intrusions bear brittle and semibrittle fabrics and show no crystal-plastic fabric development. The final 3–4 Myr of stretching were dominated by amagmatic or tectonic extension along a detachment fault system, with extension directions rotating back toward 75°. The data are consistent with extremely rapid cooling and uplift of Miocene footwall rocks; the ∼19 Ma Sacram suite was emplaced at a mean pressure of ∼3.0 kbars and uplifted rapidly to a level in the crust where brittle deformation was manifested by movement on the detachment fault at ∼16 Ma. By ∼14 Ma the footwall was exposed at the surface, with detritus shed off and deposited in adjacent hanging wall basins.
A Theoretical Analysis of Non-Isentropic Flow of a Compressible, Viscous Gas in Narrow Passages

A theoretical solution to the problem of two-dimensional flow of a compressible gas in a thin passage is presented. The solution accounts for the effects of viscosity, inertia, compressibility and irreversible entropy production due to viscous dissipation. It represents the first complete two-dimensional solution which lakes all these factors into consideration. The final equations developed are easy to solve and give good agreement with experiment and previous theory. Presented as an American Society of Lubrication Engineers paper at the ASME/ASLE International Lubrication Conference held in New York City, October 9–12, 1972
Rapid detection of bacteriophages in starter culture using water-in-oil-in-water emulsion microdroplets

Bacteriophage contamination of starter culture and raw material poses a major problem in the fermentation industry. In this study, a rapid detection of lytic phage contamination in starter culture using water-in-oil-in-water (W/O/W) emulsion microdroplets was described. A model bacteria with varying concentrations of lytic phages were encapsulated in W/O/W emulsion microdroplets using a simple needle-in-tube setup. The detection of lytic phage contamination was accomplished in 1 h using the propidium iodide labeling of the phage-infected bacteria inside the W/O/W emulsion microdroplets. Using this approach, a detection limit of 10(2) PFU/mL of phages was achieved quantitatively, while 10(4) PFU/mL of phages could be detected qualitatively based on visual comparison of the fluorescence images. Given the simplicity and sensitivity of this approach, it is anticipated that this method can be adapted to any strains of bacteria and lytic phages that are commonly used for fermentation, and has potential for a rapid detection of lytic phage contamination in the fermentation industry.
Facet-sparing lumbar laminectomy

Lumbar laminectomy has gained wide acceptance as the treatment of choice for patients with a history of neurogenic claudication recalcitrant to conservative therapy. The goal of the procedure is to remove the bone and ligament compressing the neurological elements without producing spinal instability. Consequently, we advocate preserving the facet joints by undercutting the involved joints. By using the operative microscope and angling the patient toward the side being decompressed, this maneuver can be performed safely.
Interactive virtual percussion instruments on mobile devices

We present a multimodal virtual percussion instrument system on consumer mobile devices that allows users to design and configure customizable virtual percussion instruments and interact with them in real time. Users can create virtual instruments of different materials and shapes interactively, by editing and selecting the desired characteristics. Both the visual and auditory feedback are then computed on the fly to automatically correspond to the instrument properties and user interaction. We utilize efficient 3D input processing algorithms to approximate and represent real-time multi-touch input with key meta properties and adopt fast physical modeling to synthesize sounds. Despite the relatively limited computing resources on mobile devices, we are able to achieve rich and responsive multimodal feedback based on real-time user input. A pilot study is conducted to assess the effectiveness of the system.
Preconcentration of Uranium for X-ray Fluorescence Determination on Chemically-Modified Filters

Abstract A quantitative preconcentration technique for uranium as the uranyl ion is described. The method utilizes a silica-cellulose filter material (Whatman SG-81, 20%, w/w silica gel) which has been modified by silylation with N-β-ethyl-γ-aminopropyl trimethoxysilane (Dow-Corning Z-6020). The uranyl solution is extracted after adding ammonium carbonate to form the tris-carbonato uranyl-complex (UO2(CO3)4- 3). This complex forms a strong ion-pair with the protonated diamine group bonded to the silica portion of the filter. The extraction is effective in the pH range 6-8 and recovery was observed to lie in the range of 70-95% as the concentration was varied from 10ppm to 0.5 ppm. The low recovery at high concentration is attributed to loading the functional sites. The uranium content of synthetic samples and extractive mining process samples has been determined using x-ray fluorescence measurements on the filter following extraction. The current procedure shows a 3.5 relative standard deviation and a low...
High Resolution Fourier Transform Spectroscopy From The South Pole

A Fourier transform spectrometer was operated at the South Pole. Solar spectra in the 750 - 1350 cm-1 region were obtained with . 015 cm-1 resolution. The spectra are being analyzed to obtain abundances of minor atmospheric species, and will be archived for future reference.
Programmable matter methods

Abstract Fine-grained, indefinitely-extended mesh architectures, which can aptly be termed ‘Programmable Matter’, play a complementary rather than competitive role vis-a-vis traditional architectures. Ideal areas of applicability are physical modeling, materials science, interactive modeling of complex objects, image processing, and pattern recognition. Moreover, these architectures are well suited to furnish a viable blueprint for computers built out of atomic-scale components, towards which technology is inexorably leading. In spite of a potentially huge performance gain over conventional computers, programmable matter is currently hard to exploit. In most cases, its raw computational resources do not directly match the structure of problems one might want to apply it to. Since much ad hoc programming is needed to attain a reasonable fraction of the theoretical performance, so far only niche applications have been explored. We are developing a modeling methodology that will give programmable matter a much broader scope of application. This methodology makes extensive use of synthetic dynamics inspired by physics (kinematic transformations, cellular automata and lattice gases, statistical–mechanical ensembles, simulated annealing, simulated staining, texture-locked loops, etc.), but harnesses these dynamics to data-processing tasks of a more general nature as are encountered in a variety of mundane applications. In particular, by means of suitable feedback, the massive pattern-generation resources of cellular automata machines are used to construct flexible pattern recognizers.
Editorial: An Interim Report

This PDF file contains the editorial “Editorial: An Interim Report” for OE Vol. 30 Issue 07
Softening up hard science: reply to newel1 and card

A source of intellectual overhead periodically encountered by scientists is the call to be "hard," to ensure good science by imposing severe methodological strictures. Newell and Card (1985) undertook to impose such strictures on the psychology of human-computer interaction. Although their discussion contributes to theoretical debate in human-computer interaction by setting a reference point, their specific argument fails. Their program is unmotivated, is severely limited, and suffers from these limitations in principle. A top priority for the psychology of human-computer interaction should be the articulation of an alternative explanatory program, one that takes as its starting point the need to understand the real problems involved in providing better computer tools for people to use.
Why do environmental research

Why do environmental research? This is not simply a facetious question, and I do not ask it to imply that we should not do environmental research. Rather I ask it because I think it is important to examine in detail just what it is that we expect environmental research to accomplish. There is plenty of evidence to indicate that scientists, research administrators, policy makers and the general public often have widely differing ideas about what can be and what should be expected from environmental research. All too often these differing expectations lead to the design and execution of research programs that miss the mark. In this Viewpoint I am trying to present a few thoughts about how the goals of environmental research can be formulated. I hope that these ideas will stimulate further thought about why we do environmental research. My contention is that the most appropriate goal for environmental research is to reduce uncertainty about the environmental consequences of some activity. In addition I will explain why I believe that uncertainty reduction is an appropriate goal and how research can be organized to efficiently provide that reduction. First, however, I should make it clear that I am suggesting this goal only for applied, targeted, or mission-oriented environmental research; research that is intended to support and inform environmental management. I have no doubt that there is an additional need for basic environmental research for which problems and goals are generated by the internal logic of the science. A strong and steady commitment to basic environmental research is vitally important if we want to continue to improve our capabilities for wise environmental management. However, environmental decision makers (a group including elected officials, bureaucrats, special interests, and the general public) often want environmental information of kinds and on schedules that basic research cannot provide. This leads to the commissioning of applied research projects with the general intent of supplying additional information on which to base environmental management decisions. It is these projects whose goals I am examining. The questions which environmental decision makers face are typically extremely complex, involving many interdependent and incompletely understood aspects.
Food Aid and the World Hunger Solution: Why the U.S. Should Use a Human Rights Approach

The United States government has been the world's largest donor of food aid for decades, and since 1990, with the end of the Cold War, its overall purposes and explicit policies are directed to alleviate world food insecurity and hunger. Yet many assert that a human rights approach would be the best way to reduce food insecurity and hunger. This study posits that the security concerns of U.S. foreign policy and the political–economic interests of U.S. stakeholders deflect the program from a human rights approach that would more sustainably and effectively reduce world hunger and meet the food needs of hungry people. Referring to case studies of post-2000 U.S. food-security programs in Ethiopia and Zimbabwe, the study finds these distortions directly affect the management of the U.S. food program and influence the ways recipient countries use and abuse food provided by the American people.
Excellent visual outcome following Aspergillus flavus endogenous endophthalmitis-farmer's lung disease.

Introduction The purpose is to report an eye with endogenous Aspergillus flavus endophthalmitis that achieved a good visual outcome following early and aggressive management. Methods A 76-year-old male recently hospitalized for allergic Aspergillus pneumonitis after cleaning out a grain bin presented with reduced vision and anterior chamber and vitreous inflammation. The patient was treated with intravenous amphotericin and a pars plana vitrectomy with intravitreal amphotericin, and the vitreous biopsy sent for histopathological and microbial analysis. ResultsA. flavus was isolated from the vitreous biopsy. Two weeks after vitrectomy, intravitreal amphotericin was again injected into the affected eye. The patient regained vision to 20/80 several months later, despite a moderate cataract. Conclusion Early treatment of A. flavus endophthalmitis with pars plana vitrectomy, intravitreal and systemic amphotericin can lead to good visual outcomes.
A novel technique in selective venous sampling in the localization of parathyroid tumours utilizing a micro-wire and standardized catheter

Selective venous sampling (SVS) is a useful technique to localize a number of hormone-producing tumours, such as parathyroid tumours, when other imaging techniques are inconclusive. Typically, a 5 French selective single end-hole catheter and standard hydrophilic wire are utilized to access the required vessels and an attempt made to withdraw blood. However, most interventional radiologists are familiar with the difficulty and limited success in withdrawing venous blood through an end-hole catheter. We describe a simple, cheap and novel technique utilizing a micro-wire that we have developed in our interventional suite to overcome this common problem. Having reached the target site with the selective end-hole catheter, a Tuohy Borst adapter is attached to the catheter end. A 0.018-inch micro-wire is then inserted through the selective end-hole catheter such that the distal wire tip exits the distal catheter tip. The purpose of the micro-wire exiting the catheter is to both straighten the catheter tip to a position parallel to the vessel, allowing easier aspiration as well as physically preventing blockage of the catheter by the vein intimal wall collapse on suction. The 5-ml sample required for PTH assay is then successfully obtained via the Tuohy Borst adapter.
JNK1 Phosphorylation of Cdt1 Inhibits Recruitment of HBO1 Histone Acetylase and Blocks Replication Licensing in Response to Stress

In response to environmental stresses, cells activate stress-response genes and inhibit DNA replication. HBO1 histone acetylase is a coactivator both for AP-1 transcription factors responding to stress-activated JNK kinases and also for the Cdt1 licensing factor that ensures that DNA is replicated exactly once per cell cycle. In response to nongenotoxic stress, JNK phosphorylates Jun, an AP-1 transcription factor, leading to increased recruitment of HBO1 and increased transcription of target genes. In addition, JNK phosphorylates Cdt1 on threonine 29, leading to rapid dissociation of HBO1 from replication origins, thereby blocking initiation of DNA replication. Upon relief of stress, HBO1 reassociates with replication origins. Thus, regulated and reciprocal recruitment of the HBO1 coactivator to target genes and replication origins via JNK-mediated phosphorylation of the recruiting transcription and replication licensing factors coordinates the transcriptional and DNA replication response to cellular stress.
Mucin-producing adenocarcinomas and nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis: pathogenetic role of tumor mucin.

The clinicopathologic data for 5 patients who died of nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) and disseminated thrombosis and multiple infarcts associated with mucin-producing adenocarcinomas were presented. Histochemical studies on the valvular vegetations and thrombi revealed that histochemically stainable mucinous substance was an integral part. In 1 patient, circulating mucinous substance was found prior to the development of NBTE and disseminated thrombosis, and the identical mucinous substance was found in the tumor tissue, indicating a possible pathogenetic role of tumor mucin in NBTE-associated mucin-producing adenocarcinomas. Our observations and reports of others suggest that intravascular mucin may be responsible for the clinical syndromes of mucinous malignancies, venous thrombosis, and NBTE with emboli.
Corrigendum to "Knockout of toll-like receptor-4 attenuates the pro-inflammatory state of diabetes" [Cytokine 55 (2011) 441-445]

Corrigendum Corrigendum to ‘‘Knockout of toll-like receptor-4 attenuates the pro-inflammatory state of diabetes’’ [Cytokine 55 (2011) 441–445] Sridevi Devaraj , Peter Tobias , Ishwarlal Jialal a,c,⇑ a Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California, Davis, Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA VA Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA