cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Analyzing privacy policies through syntax-driven semantic analysis of information types

Abstract Context: Several government laws and app markets, such as Google Play, require the disclosure of app data practices to users. These data practices constitute critical privacy requirements statements, since they underpin the app’s functionality while describing how various personal information types are collected, used, and with whom they are shared. Objective: Abstract and ambiguous terminology in requirements statements concerning information types (e.g., “we collect your device information”), can reduce shared understanding among app developers, policy writers, and users. Method: To address this challenge, we propose a syntax-driven method that first parses a given information type phrase (e.g. mobile device identifier) into its constituents using a context-free grammar and second infers semantic relationships between constituents using semantic rules. The inferred semantic relationships between a given phrase and its constituents generate a hierarchy that models the generality and ambiguity of phrases. Through this method, we infer relations from a lexicon consisting of a set of information type phrases to populate a partial ontology. The resulting ontology is a knowledge graph that can be used to guide requirements authors in the selection of the most appropriate information type terms. Results: We evaluate the method’s performance using two criteria: (1) expert assessment of relations between information types; and (2) non-expert preferences for relations between information types. The results suggest performance improvement when compared to a previously proposed method. We also evaluate the reliability of the method considering the information types extracted from different data practices (e.g., collection, usage, sharing, etc.) in privacy policies for mobile or web-based apps in various app domains. Contributions: The method achieves average of 89% precision and 87% recall considering information types from various app domains and data practices. Due to these results, we conclude that the method can be generalized reliably in inferring relations and reducing the ambiguity and abstraction in privacy policies.
Conceptual process and analysis of water-gas-shift membrane reactor

A new conceptual water-gas-shift (WGS) process is designed for integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC), using membrane reactor (MR) equipped with H2-permselective zeolite membranes for the WGS reaction. The new process makes it possible to capture CO2 before power generation process by converting CO in the syngas to CO2 which can be collected after WGS reaction. The new process also produces purer H2 for combustion in gas turbine. Conceptual design of the MR, mass and heat balance analysis, and cost estimation of the new process are also provided in this paper.
Forjando una espiritualidad eclesial. La espiritualidad y la religión de Monseñor Óscar A. Romero

Hace veinticinco anos. Monsenor Oscar Romero recibio un disparo. mientras celebraba la eucaristia, en la capilla que se encuentra a un costado del Hospital Divina Providencia, donde vivia. A nadie tomo por sorpresa su muerte, ni la forma en que murio. Durante los tres anos que llevaba como arzobispo de San Salvador se pronuncio constantemente en ravor de la mayoria de los salvadorenos, que sufrian las secuelas de una campana de represion y terror, cada vez mayor, a manos de una combinacion brutal de fuerzas de seguridad y escuadrones derechistas de la muene. Habia logrado un analisis critico de las condiciones politica y socialmente turbias de su pais, el cual se dirigia veniginosamente hacia una guerra civil, e identifico la raiz comun del descontento popular, la violenta insurreccion izquierdista y la salvaje respuesta derechista. Insistia en que la raiz de las tres descansaba en la injusticia sistematica, que habia dejado a la mayoria de los salvadorenos sin trabajo, sin acceso a las necesidades basicas para vivir y sin esperanza alguna de una vida mejor para sus hijos y para ellos mismos. Tomo estas posturas sin miedo alguno. Llego a tal grado que algunos de sus asesores y amigos mas cercanos pensaron que era irresponsable, al no considerar los riesgos que asumia con su denuncia profetica. Ante todo, pensaba que su vocacion episcopal exigia que hiciera llegar la luz de Cristo "hasta en sus antros mas horrorosos: la tonura, la prision, el despojo, la marginacion, la enfermedad cronica"'. Por ello Monsenor Romero mencionaba nombres, incluyendo los de aquellos que penenecian a las fuerzas
Evaluating classification schemes for second screen interactions

We analyze the performance of classification schemes on information collected from social conversation posted in Twitter among audiences of a popular US based TV show. In this research, we consider entropy as a measure of information exchange in a group conversation that is related to social, temporal, and second screen device features. The group conversations are identified by hashtags present in tweets where the number of members in the group interacting is at least two. We apply different classification schemes to more than 4,900 groups identified from 318,000 tweets. The result shows that 5-nn algorithm outperformed the other procedures in terms of misclassification error to identify the informed groups.
Pilot test of an attribution retraining intervention to raise walking levels in sedentary older adults.

OBJECTIVES: To pilot test a new behavioral intervention to increase walking in sedentary older adults. DESIGN: Pre-post community-based pilot study. SETTING: Three senior centers in greater Los Angeles. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-six sedentary adults aged 65 and older. INTERVENTION: At four weekly 1-hour group sessions held at the senior centers, a trained health educator applied a theoretically grounded, standardized attribution retraining curriculum developed by a multidisciplinary team of investigators. Participants were taught that becoming sedentary is not inevitable with aging and that older adults should attribute being sedentary to modifiable attributes rather than to old age. A 1-hour exercise class including strength, endurance, and flexibility training followed each weekly attribution retraining session. MEASUREMENTS: Change from baseline in steps per week recorded using a digital pedometer was measured after 7 weeks. Age expectations (measured using the Expectations Regarding Aging-38 survey, a previously tested instrument on which higher scores indicate that the participant expects high functioning with aging and lower scores indicate that the participant expects physical and mental decline) and health-related quality of life were measured using in-person interviews. RESULTS: Mean steps per week increased from 24,749 to 30,707, a 24% increase-equivalent to 2.5 miles (2-sided t-test P=.002). Age expectation scores increased 30% (P <.001), and the changes in age expectations and steps per week correlated (correlation coefficient=0.39, P=.01). Participants experienced improved mental health-related quality of life (P=.049) and reported less difficulty with activities of daily living (P=.04). More than 50% of participants reported improvements in pain, energy level, and sleep quality. CONCLUSION: In this small pre-post community-based pilot study, a structured attribution retraining curriculum accompanied by a weekly exercise class was associated with increased walking levels and improved quality of life in sedentary older adults. Attribution retraining deserves further investigation as a potential means of increasing physical activity in sedentary older adults.
Lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis of allogeneic tumor cells in vitro. I. Search for target antigens in subcellular fractions.

Abstract To analyze the nature of the target cell determinants recognized and bound by killer lymphocytes during lymphocyte-mediated cytolysis (LMC), the specific binding of serologically active tumor cell membrane fractions to cytotoxic T lymphocytes has been investigated. Particulate membrane fractions and soluble antigen preparations (extracted by papain or 3 M KCl) from tumor target cells were tested for their ability to inhibit the destruction of intact 51 Cr-labeled target cells by killer lymphocytes in vitro . The effect of papain-solubilized tumor cell antigen on the binding of killer lymphocytes to tumor cell monolayers was also evaluated. Direct assays to determine the extent of binding of unlabeled or radioiodinated soluble antigen (extracted by papain or deoxycholate) to cytotoxic lymphocytes were carried out. In marked contrast to their serological activity, all of these particulate and soluble preparations failed to inhibit LMC or bind to killer lymphocytes in an immunologically specific way. It is suggested that killer lymphocytes recognize and bind to an antigenic complex whose organization is dependent upon the integrity of the target cell membrane.
The effects of isoproterenol on intracellular calcium concentration

beta-Adrenergic agonist, isoproterenol (ISO), is a potent relaxant of tracheal smooth muscle and inhibits carbachol-induced contraction. The effect of ISO on intracellular free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) was examined in bovine tracheal smooth muscle strips, employing aequorin as Ca2+ indicator. Surprisingly, 10 microM ISO induces a 5-fold increase in [Ca2+]i which then gradually declines but still remains higher than basal after 1 h of stimulation. The ISO-induced increase in [Ca2+]i is dose-dependent, and the ED50 is approximately 50 nM. The ISO-induced increase in [Ca2+]i is inhibited by a beta-receptor blocker, propranolol, not by an alpha-blocker, phentolamine. The ISO-induced rise in [Ca2+]i is dependent on extracellular Ca2+. Forskolin, an adenylate cyclase activator, and vasoactive intestinal peptide, which is known to stimulate adenylate cyclase via a specific receptor in this tissue, have similar effects on [Ca2+]i, suggesting that a rise in cyclic AMP concentration mediates this effect of ISO on [Ca2+]i. Pretreatment of muscle with 10 microM ISO inhibits both the initial Ca2+ transient and the contractile response induced by 0.3 microM carbachol. Conversely, in carbachol-pretreated muscle strips, addition of ISO causes a fall rather than a rise in [Ca2+]i, and an inhibition of contraction. These results indicate that ISO has effects on cellular Ca2+ metabolism at more than a single site in bovine tracheal smooth muscle, that these effects are different in control and carbachol-pretreated muscle, and that the relaxing effect of ISO is not due solely to its effect on Ca2+ metabolism.
WESTERN MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY RESEARCH VEHICLE GAMMA

Discussed in this paper are the aerodynamic features of the Western Michigan University Gamma passenger vehicle. The vehicle was designed and constructed for the 1980 Sea-to-Sea Econorallye II. Incorporated in the design were aerodynamic modifications, with special emphasis on front and rear body shapes. The main objective of the aerodynamic modifications was to reduce the drag coefficient of the vehicle. Methods of analysis were scale model wind tunnel testing and coastdown testing.
SPSSI and Racial Research

This review highlights the Society for the Psychological Study of Social Issues (SPSSI)'s racial research contribution to public policy. Although not an initial focus of SPSSI, racial research has long been a central concern of the organization. Klineberg's work in the 1930s established an example of how social research could have widespread influence on social policy. SPSSI books and the Journal of Social Issues reveal the Society's unswerving interest in such topics as prejudice and authoritarianism. The year 1954 proved a watershed year. Gordon Allport published his agenda-setting The Nature of Prejudice, and SPSSI played a key role in the momentous decision of the U.S. Supreme Court that held racially segregated public schools to be unconstitutional. Due to lack of funds, racial research declined sharply in the 1960s. Later, other concerns—such as an emphasis on cognition and the belated rise of attention to gender discrimination—competed with racial issues. Reactionary Supreme Court justices now often spurn social science evidence. The article closes with an assessment of the Society's racial policy influence in the future.
Crossing the exon.

Pathways of intron/exon specification that drive spliceosome assembly remain unclear. In this issue of Molecular Cell, Schneider et al. (2010) extensively characterize complexes formed on exons, demonstrating unexpected components and providing insights into the switch from cross-exon to cross-intron interactions.
Discriminating characteristics of union members’ attitudes toward drug testing in the workplace

In this study of the acceptance by union members of drug testing in the workplace, 919 union members from 13 major unions were asked what drug-testing policy, if any, they preferred. Respondents evaluated particular aspects of a hypothetical drug-testing program. The results show that a large majority of union members agree with a limited drug-testing policy. Five theoretical models of union member attitudes were extrapolated to the drug-testing context and were examined by using discriminant function analysis. No support was found for the individual demographics theory, but empirical support was found for some elements of instrumental union, bargaining outcomes, general normative attitude, and workplace conditions theory. The discriminant function was 80.56 percent successful in classifying union members who accept drug testing.
Serum lipids and lipoproteins in untreated diabetic children.

Abstract Serum lipids and lipoproteins have been investigated in 135 diabetic children prior to treatment. Serum-total-lipid was elevated in 64% of the patients, and serum-total-cholesterol in 43%. Abnormal lipoprotein patterns were found in 77%, the commonest abnormality being an increase in pre-β-lipoprotein. Results obtained in three children with extreme hyperlipidaemia illustrate the fact that serum lipids and lipoproteins can be expected to return to normal when optimal control of diabetes has been achieved.
A Nonparametric Approach for Determining NMR Relaxation Distributions

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and imaging (MRI) can provide unique information about fluid distributions, flow, transport properties, and morphology within permeable media. The mathematical description of NMR relaxation of fluids in permeable media is one key element used to develop such information. We introduce and evaluate nonparametric regression theory to determine continuous relaxation distribution functions from NMR/MRI experiments. Unlike other methods, ours is based on determining the best estimate of the distribution function from experimental data. Our method is robust and does not require user interventions, so it is particularly valuable for accurately determining fluid distributions from MRI experiments. Such information is essential for determining porosity, permeability, and fluid saturation distributions, as well as permeable media morphologies.
Selection of best pH range for extraction of amine‐bromthymol blue complexes

This paper describes the determination of the best pH range for the extraction of amine-bromthymol blue complexes with chloroform. The experimental data on eight amine salts indicate that the best pH range is about 5.2-6.4 for a greater sensitivity in the analytical technique. A theoretical equation was derived and solved using a computer. The experimental results are in fairly good agreement with the theoretical results.
TNF-α Antagonists and Other Recombinant Proteins for the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis

A A N t a m b r r In B ri ef HE BIOLOGICALLY DERIVED disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs are the first agents used in rheumatic diseases to specifically target an inividual molecule. Tumor necrosis factor(TNF) is crucial cytokine involved in the inflammatory process, nd there is abundant evidence that it is overexpressed n many patients with rheumatoid arthritis. The TNFntagonists used clinically bind specifically to TNFnd prevent it from binding to its cognate receptor of he target cell. The inflammatory cascade is thus interupted.
Cyclic AMP response to prostaglandin E1 in mononuclear cells from peripheral blood and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Abstract The cyclic AMP response to prostaglandin E 1 (PGE 1 ) was studied in peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) mononuclear cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The PGE 1 induced accumulation of cyclic AMP was consistently (7 of 8 patients) less in cell suspensions derived from SF than in suspensions of equivalent numbers of mononuclear cells obtained simultaneously from PB. The high PB/SF cyclic AMP ratio was seen most clearly at the lowest concentration (10 −6 M) of PGE 1 tested. There was no correlation between the patients' therapy and cyclic AMP response to PGE 1 . The high PB/SF cyclic AMP ratio was not accounted for by the presence of platelets in PB cell suspensions.
Automatic Partitioning of Frame Structures for Concurrent Processing

An efficient 3-stage algorithm for automatic partitioning of frame structures is presented. Once the input data of the structure is fed into the computer, the domain is partitioned into a number of subdomains equal to the number of the specified processors. The underlying concept is to preprocess the input data in such a manner that subsequent analysis and optimal design steps can be carried out efficiently on multiprocessor computers. Emphasis is directed towards attaining a balance of workload among the processors, minimizing the bandwidth within each subdomain, and minimizing the number of linear equations to be solved for the interface degrees of freedom. All the vectors involved in the partitioning algorithm are integers, requiring a small storage and resulting in calculations that can be processed fast. The algorithm is specially suitable for analysis and design of large structures such as space stations. The algorithm presented is hardware independent. Our applications, however, are limited to the Encore Multimax shared memory computer. The efficiency of the algorithm is demonstrated through partitioning several truss and frame problems, for a variable number of processors.
Clonidine attenuates increased brain glucose metabolism during naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal.

Abstract The effect of two doses of clonidine on regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose were measured during morphine withdrawal in rats. In the first study, 0 or 200μg/kg clonidine was administered to rats subjected to naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal (naloxone, 0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), and to non-dependent control rats. In a second study of similar design, 0 or 20μg/kg clonidine were administered. Withdrawal signs in rats subjected to naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal and receiving 0, 20 or 200 μg/kg clonidine were also assessed. Naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal stimulated regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (59 of 83 regions in study no. 1; 73 of 83 regions in study no. 2). At 200μg/kg, clonidine attenuated this effect (33 of 59 regions). Although 200μg/kg clonidine directly suppressed regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in many regions (significant main effect of clonidine), it attenuated the naloxone-precipitated morphine withdrawal effect specifically in the lateral septal nucleus, medial habenula, subiculum and gracile nucleus (significant interactions between clonidine and morphine withdrawal). The 20μg/kg dose of clonidine had no statistically significant effect. In behavioral experiments, both doses of clonidine diminished withdrawal in that there was no diarrhea, fewer wet-dog shakes and less abnormal posturing. However, locomotion, grooming and jumping were increased by clonidine. Most of these effects were statistically significant only with the 200μg/kg dose. The results of these studies show that clonidine reduces morphine withdrawal-induced increases in regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose in many brain regions, irrespective of the distribution ofα 2 -adrenoceptors. Although clonidine has been thought to ameliorate morphine withdrawal by actions primarily at the locus coeruleus and central amygdala, it may play a major role in other regions as well.
Relation of Infrared Spectra to Coordination in Quartz and Two High-Pressure Polymorphs of SiO2.

Infrared spectra of the four-coordinated quartz and coesite polymorphs of SiO2, the rutile six-coordinated (stishovite) polymorph of SiO2, and the quartz and rutile polymorphs of GeO2 show that a change from tetrahedral to octahedral cation coordination results in (i) a 23-per-cent increase in the wavelength of the main absorption band for both the SiO2 and GeO2 polymorphs and (ii) a significant increase in the force constant of the same magnitude for the SiO2 and GeO2 polymorphs. The quartz and the rutile isostructural pairs for SiO2 and GeO2 show that the effect of increasing mass is to increase proportionally the wavelength of the respective main absorption bands. The infrared data for the rutile form of SiO2 fit the empirical equation of Dachille and Roy relating cation coordination, mass, atomic number, valence, and main absorption wavelength.
The primary structure of rat ribosomal protein S18.

Abstract The amino acid sequence of the rat 40S ribosomal subunit protein S18 was deduced from the sequence of nucleotides in a recombinant cDNA. S18 has 152 amino acids and has a molecular weight of 17,707. Hybridization of the cDNA to digests of nuclear DNA suggests that there are 10–13 copies of the S18 gene. The mRNA for the protein is about 600 nucleotides in length. Rat S18 is identical to mouse S18 (also referred to as KE3) and is related to Escherichia coli S13 and to other S13-like ribosomal proteins from Bacillus subtilis , from Bacillus stearothermophilus , and from plant mitochondria ( Nicotiana tabacum and Zea mays ).
Global stability of two species systems

Sufficient conditions for the global stability of equilibria in general, nonlinear, two-species model ecosystems are derived. These results contain and extend the theorem of Goh (1976), which is specific to linear per capita growth rates.
Social Conflict, Commodity Constraints, and Labor Market Structure in Agriculture

Although only a minority of harvest workers in California are covered by union contracts, jobs in some nonunionized industries are becoming increasingly stabilized and internally stratified in ways and to extents that are largely unnoted. These conditions result from an augmentation of the labor market structure (Fisher 1953), that is, from policies evolving within agricultural industries that partially insulate their job markets from external market forces.
"Drinking less and drinking smarter: Direct and indirect protective strategies in young adults": Correction to Demartini et al. (2012)

Reports an error in "Drinking Less and Drinking Smarter: Direct and Indirect Protective Strategies in Young Adults" by Kelly S. DeMartini, Rebekka S. Palmer, Robert F. Leeman, William R. Corbin, Benjamin A. Toll, Lisa M. Fucito and Stephanie S. O'Malley (Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, Advanced Online Publication, Oct 22, 2012, np). There were errors in the text. These errors are outlined in the erratum. (The following abstract of the original article appeared in record 2012-28650-001.) Efforts to increase the use of protective behavioral strategies are a common component in interventions for young adult drinking. Some strategies, including those utilized while drinking, are directly correlated with lower drinking levels (cf. Martens et al., 2005). Other strategies, however, may be indirectly related to drinking and instead be more closely associated with alcohol-related consequences. Two studies assessed the Protective Strategies Questionnaire (PSQ; Palmer, 2004), which may be well suited to the assessment of direct and indirect strategies. In Study 1, data from a sample of undergraduate drinkers (N = 374) was used to examine the structure of the PSQ with principle components analysis (PCA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). In Study 2, data from a clinical sample of young adult drinkers (N = 173) was used to replicate the CFA model. In both studies, relationships among the factors, alcohol use, and consequences were examined. PCA and CFA in split halves of the undergraduate sample and CFA in the clinical sample confirmed two factors: a Direct Strategies (e.g., "space drinks out over time") factor and an Indirect Strategies (e.g., "have a designated driver") factor. Direct strategies were associated with lower alcohol consumption. Indirect strategies were less strongly associated with drinking but were associated with fewer alcohol-related consequences. Interventions for young adult drinking may be tailored to patient goals to decrease consumption and/or consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2013 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Planning and visualising 3D routes for indoor and outdoor spaces using CityEngine

With the increasing size and complexity of modern buildings, 3D indoor routing is receiving more attention nowadays. Different elements such as route finding, indoor modelling, and route visualisation need to work together to achieve this goal. For this purpose, we propose a framework that makes use of existing data sources and tools that can minimise the time and effort needed for potential 3D indoor routing applications. Our 3D indoor and building models are generated from CAD files and building footprints using CityEngine and its built-in procedural modelling approach. An Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) compatible 3D network is created by combining 3D floor lines and transitions such as staircases and elevators. The resulting routes as well as the indoor and facade models are then visualised through a 3D WebScene generated by CityEngine. Our study demonstrates the usefulness of CityEngine for 3D indoor model generation as well as 3D routing visualisation.
One step closer: Understanding the complex relationship between weight and self-esteem in ethnically diverse preadolescent girls

Abstract Empirical support for the association between childhood overweight and low self-esteem is equivocal. The present study investigated how weight, ethnicity, body esteem, body dissatisfaction, and disordered eating attitudes/behaviors contribute to global and dimensional self-esteem in a non-clinical sample of Hispanic- and Anglo-American grade 3–6 girls ( N = 410). Self-esteem decreased with heavier weight, primarily due to age. There were more similarities than differences between Anglo- and Hispanic-American girls, but Hispanic-American girls reported a weaker inverse association between disordered eating and self esteem. Further, age-standardized weight, body esteem, and disordered eating were unique predictors of global and dimensional self-esteem. A complex relationship emerged between weight and body esteem when predicting self-esteem: among girls with low–moderate body esteem, heavier girls had higher self-esteem than (relatively) lower weight girls. Parallel primary findings were obtained when predicting all six self-esteem dimensions. Future steps for understanding these results and the ethnic association difference are discussed.
Relation between grain boundary segregation and grain boundary character in FCC alloys

An analytical model of segregation at grain boundaries, which takes into account all five macroscopic parameters of grain boundary character, has been developed. The model is based on a combination of previous bond energy treatments of grain boundary energy and of segregation to free surfaces. It is tested by comparing its predictions against previous computations of segregation to symmetrical twist grain boundaries in simple fcc alloys obtained by Monte Carlo simulations in conjunction with embedded atom method potentials. The comparison shows good agreement with the previous computer simulations. Examples of model predictions in the case of asymmetric grain boundaries are also provided.
Sources and dispersal of coarse silt on the south Texas continental shelf

Abstract Grain shape and mineralogical analyses of the coarse-silt fraction of the surficial sediment of the South Texas continental shelf were conducted to determine the sources of this sediment. Two quartz-grain shape types are present in the coarse-silt fraction. One shape type is associated with coarse silt which is relatively mature in mineralogy, and is considered to be derived from mature sedimentary-rock sources; the second shape type is associated with coarse silt which is relatively immature in mineralogy, and is considered to be derived from both crystalline and sedimentary source rocks. The distribution pattern of these two coarse-silt types on the shelf is shown to reflect to varying degrees the late Pleistocene paleogeography of the South Texas continental shelf, the compositions of rocks found in the drainage basins of the various rivers which drain onto this shelf, and the redistributive effects of modern shelf currents. It is concluded that grain-shape analysis, complemented by mineralogical analysis, is a useful tool in determining the source and dispersal pattern of fine-grained sediment.
High-temperature thermoelectric performance of heavily doped PbSe

We present a model calculation, employing first-principles calculations as well as empirical data, which suggests that properly hole-doped bulk PbSe may show a Seebeck coefficient as high as $230\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\text{V}/\text{K}$, in a temperature regime in which the lattice thermal conductivity is rather small. It may therefore show a figure-of-merit ZT as high as 2 for temperatures of 1000 K. Heavily doped p-type PbSe may offer better thermoelectric performance than the sister material, optimized PbTe, for high-temperature applications such as power generation.
Do executive function deficits predict later substance use disorders among adolescents and young adults

Objective There is increasing interest regarding the risk and overlap of executive function deficits (EFDs) in stable cigarette smoking and substance use disorders (SUD). Therefore, we examined whether earlier EFD was a risk factor for subsequent cigarette smoking and SUD and further explored the relationship between EFD and SUD. Method We assessed 435 subjects at the 5-year follow-up (232 subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder [ADHD], mean age ± SD: 15.4 ± 3.43 years; and 203 controls: 16.3 ± 3.42 years) and again 4 to 5 years later as part of a prospective family study of youth with ADHD. Individuals were assessed by structured psychiatric interview for psychopathology and SUD. EFD was categorically defined in an individual who had abnormal results on at least two of six neuropsychological tests of executive functioning. Results At the final follow-up period, ADHD was found to be a significant predictor of stable cigarette smoking ( p p p Conclusions Our results do not support the hypothesis that EFDs predicts later stable cigarette smoking or SUD in children with ADHD growing up. However, stable cigarette smoking is associated with subsequent EFD.
Comment on "Regular and chaotic motions in ion traps: A nonlinear analysis of trap equations"

In a recent publication Baumann and Nonnenmacher [Phys. Rev. A 46, 2682 (1992)] analyze the equations of motion of two ions in a Paul trap in the pseudopotential approximation. Chaos and nonzero Liapunov exponents are found for trap asymmetry parameter \ensuremath{\lambda}=1/2 and angular-momentum parameter \ensuremath{\nu}\ensuremath{\ne}0. It is pointed out that besides the total energy E, a constant of the motion, G=[${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}$/\ensuremath{\rho}+\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\zeta}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{} $^{2}\mathrm{\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}}$+\ensuremath{\rho}/(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}$+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}^{2}$${)}^{1/2}$-${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}^{2}$\ensuremath{\rho}/4${]}^{2}$ +${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}$(\ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\rho}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{} +\ensuremath{\zeta}\ensuremath{\zeta}\ifmmode \dot{}\else \.{}\fi{}${)}^{2}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}$+${\ensuremath{\nu}}^{2}$(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\rho}}}^{2}$+${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\zeta}}}^{2}$), exists for \ensuremath{\lambda}=1/2 and arbitrary \ensuremath{\nu}. Therefore, and contrary to the claims by Baumann and Nonnenmacher, chaos cannot exist for \ensuremath{\lambda}=1/2, and the Liapunov exponents are expected to be zero.
Sedimentation on the Ross Sea continental shelf, Antarctica

Abstract Glacial marine sedimentation has prevailed throughout most of the early glacial history of the Ross Sea region; however, since late Miocene to Early Pliocene time the West Antarctic Ice Sheet has advanced onto the continental shelf, perhaps several times. Glacial troughs of the western Ross Sea may also have formed at this time. These glacial troughs border outlet glaciers of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. A widespread lodgement till facies was deposited during this glacial advance. Holocene (?) retreat of this expanded ice sheet left no conspicuous meltwater record, so decoupling of the ice sheet from the seafloor, rather than rapid melting, is implied. Modern glacial sediment is far less prevalent than biogenic sediment and reworked glacial sediment, except in coastal areas adjacent to small ice shelves and ice tongues. Little or no debris is being transported beyond the calving line of the Ross Ice Shelf. Siliceous mud and ooze occurs in the western Ross Sea where surface circulation is most vigorous and warm deep waters up well. This siliceous sediment, along with terrigenous silt and clay, blankets the seafloor below approximately 300 m water depth; most of the Ross Sea continental shelf is deeper than this. Surface sediments on shallow banks and coastal platforms have clearly been reworked by marine currents. The most vigorous bottom current activity occurs in those areas where geostrophic currents impinge onto the shelf. Debris-flows and turbidity currents are also important in eroding and redistributing glacial sediments on the shelf. Terrigenous silt and clay are more abundant in surface sediment than basal till. The source of this silt and clay is problematic; the most plausible sources being onshore transport of suspended sediment by impinging currents and subglacial meltwater input.
Glycopolypeptide conformations in bioactive block copolymer assemblies influence their nanoscale morphology

We describe the preparation and assembly of glycosylated amphiphilic diblock copolypeptides, where the hydrophilic glycosylated segments adopt either α-helical or disordered conformations. In this study, glycosylated amphiphilic diblock copolypeptides were prepared using poly(L-leucine), poly(L), as the hydrophobic segment, and poly(α-D-galactopyranosyl-L-lysine), poly(α-gal-K), or poly(α-D-galactopyranosyl-L-cysteine sulfone), poly(α-gal-CO2), as the hydrophilic segment. The poly(α-gal-K) and poly(α-gal-CO2) segments are known to be fully α-helical (>90% at 20 °C) and fully disordered in water, respectively. We found that block copolypeptides containing galactosylated hydrophilic segments of either α-helical or disordered conformation give different assembly morphologies, where the disordered glycopolypeptide segments favor vesicle formation and also present sugar residues that can bind to biological targets.
Vertical gradient-freeze growth of aluminate crystals

Single crystals of LaAlO3 and DyAIO3 up to 3 cm in diameter and crystals of NdAIO3 up to 5 cm in diameter have been grown by the vertical gradient-freeze (VGF) technique in sealed tungsten crucibles. The LaAlO3 crystals are water white, while Czochralski-grown LaAIO3 crystals are generally light yellow or tan. The LaAIO3 and NdAIO3 crystals are highly twinned, but the DyAlO3 crystals are twin-free. An effort to grow single crystals of Sr2AlTaO6 and Sr2AlNbO6 by the VGF technique has not been successful, because spontaneously nucleated crystallites tend to propagate upward along the length of the boule without much change in their lateral dimensions, forming a very irregular assembly of rod-like grains.
Glycerol Kinase (GK) Point Mutations in Patients with Isolated GK Deficiency: Possible Genotype-Phenotype Relationships

Glycerol Kinase (GK) Point Mutations in Patients with Isolated GK Deficiency: Possible Genotype-Phenotype Relationships
When Is Watch and See Warranted? A Response to Paul's 1996 Article, Clinical Implications of the Natural History of Slow Expressive Language Development

We commend Paul for undertaking an investigation that concerns critical clinical and theoretical issues. This type of longitudinal developmental research is exactly what is needed to advance the sc...
Effect test spaces

An effect test space, or E-test space, for short, is a generalization of a test space that is able to describe unsharp measurements. Effects in an E-test space correspond to yes-no measurements, and observables correspond to general measurements that may have more than two values. Sharpness, compatibility, and orthogonality of effects are considered. It is shown that every observable is determined by its eigenvalues and eigeneffects. The spectrum of an observable is studied and special types of observables are investigated. Orthocomplements and a natural local sum on an E-test space are introduced. Relationships between the resulting structures and previously studied frameworks are presented.
Tyrosine 129 of the Murine Gammaherpesvirus M2 Protein Is Critical for M2 Function In Vivo

A common strategy shared by all known gammaherpesviruses is their ability to establish a latent infection in lymphocytes – predominantly in B cells. In immunocompromised patients, such as transplant recipients or AIDS patients, gammaherpesvirus infections can lead to the development of lymphoproliferative disease and lymphoid malignancies. The human gamma-herpesviruses, EBV and KSHV, encode proteins that are capable of modulating the host immune signaling machinery, thereby subverting host immune responses. Murine gamma-herpesvirus 68 (MHV68) infection of laboratory strains of mice has proven to be useful small-animal model that shares important pathogenic strategies with the human gamma-herpesviruses. The MHV68 M2 protein is known to manipulate B cell signaling and, dependent on route and dose of virus inoculation, plays a role in both the establishment of latency and virus reactivation. M2 contains two tyrosines that are targets for phosphorylation, and have been shown to interact with the B cell signaling machinery. Here we describe in vitro and in vivo studies of M2 mutants which reveals that while both tyrosines Y120 and Y129 are required for M2 induction of IL-10 expression from primary murine B cells in vitro, only Y129 is critical for reactivation from latency and plasma cell differentiation in vivo.
Cross-calibration of DXA equipment: Upgrading from a hologic QDR 1000/W to a QDR 2000

In this study, the cross-calibration of a fan beam DXA system (Hologic QDR-2000) to a pencil beam scanner from the same manufacturer (Hologic QDR-1000/W) is described. The scanners were calibrated by the manufacturer using the same anthropomorphic spine phantom at installation. To verify consistent machine calibration, a group of 69 female subjects, aged 46–75, had anteroposterior (AP) spine and proximal femur scans on the QDR-1000/W followed by pencil and array scans of the same sites on the QDR-2000 during the same visit. Many of the subjects had bilateral examinations of the proximal femur for a total of 123 hip scans. Pencil and array area, bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) from the QDR-2000 were compared with the values obtained on the QDR-1000/W, and linear regression equations were derived for relating the two instruments. At the spine, no differences were found between the QDR-1000/W BMD values and the QDR-2000 array BMD values. A slight difference between pencil beam modes was detected but was not deemed clinically significant. Linear regression models relating the QDR-2000 and QDR-1000/W AP spine BMD measurements showed correlation coefficients greater than 0.99, with slopes of 1.00, intercepts equivalent to zero, and small root mean square errors. Comparisons at the proximal femur showed equivalency at the femoral neck and trochanter regions for the two machines in pencil mode, but slight increases in BMC and BMD at the other femoral sites on the QDR-2000 in both pencil and array mode. Correlation coefficients were 0.97–0.99 for all measurement regions except for Ward's. Regression slopes relating the BMD for the femoral regions were 1.00–1.04, with intercepts not significantly different from zero and small residual errors. As with the spine, the differences were small enough that they were not of clinical significance. However, in longitudinal drug trials requiring highly precise determination of spinal and femoral BMD changes, these differences may be important.
Using entertainment media to inform student affairs teaching and practice related to career development

Books, music, films and other media sources are identified in terms of their unique value in teaching career development.
Formation and stability of silicides on polycrystalline silicon

Abstract Silicides are widely used in silicon integrated circuits as contacts and interconnections. In many applications silicides are used on polycrystalline silicon (polysilicon) such as the gates of FETs and the emitter of bipolar transistors. The use of silicide on polysilicon structures presents a number of unique challenges both in formation of the silicide and in morphological stability during high temperature processing. The purpose of this paper is to review the formation, morphology, and thermal stability of silicides on polysilicon. Mechanisms for silicide roughening on polysilicon are discussed including non-uniform initial reactions, agglomeration, and silicide enhanced grain growth. Results for silicides on polysilicon are compared with those on single crystal Si where relevant, A detailed description of silicide instability and device degradation is presented for a number of silicides, emphasizing TiSi 2 , CoSi 2 , and WSi 2 . Finally, methods for improving the stability of silicides on polysilicon are discussed.
Pain and U-Shaped Dose Responses: Occurrence, Mechanisms, and Clinical Implications

This article assesses pain within the context of the dose response. A substantial number of studies indicate that the dose response for pain-related endpoints is commonly biphasic, being independent of the type of biological model employed, endpoint measured, or agent tested. The quantitative features of the dose response are also remarkably consistent regardless of the receptor pathway that mediates the nociceptive response, indicating a likely downstream message convergence. These findings have important implications for drug discovery, development, and clinical evaluation.
Fractal characterization of Mytilus edulis L. spatial structure in intertidal landscapes using GIS methods

The blue mussel, Mytilus edulis L., forms dense and variable patch mosaics composed of aggregates of mussel individuals. Knowledge of mussel bed spatial pattern at multiple scales is important for understanding the form and function of intertidal systems where mussels are prominent features. This study extends prior work demonstrating fractal patterns of mussel boundaries in soft-bottom systems at the quadrat-scale by investigating fractal structure using GIS methods at both the quadrat- and bed-scales. The study pursues three goals for mussel beds in eastern Maine: (1) to compare quadrat-scale fractal dimensions obtained using manual methods with those obtained using digital imagery and techniques, (2) to determine if fractal patterns identified at the quadrat-scale are also present at the bed-scale, (3) and to evaluate the effectiveness of aerial photography and image analysis techniques. Photographs of randomly located quadrats (2500 cm2 each) were scan digitized and classified into mussel presence/absence classes. Fractal dimensions of mussel/non-mussel boundaries were calculated using the box-counting method and compared with results obtained using analog photographs and methods. Digital aerial photographs at low tide were acquired for beds at two sites and classified using image processing techniques, and bed-scale fractal dimensions were calculated. At the quadrat-scale, fractal dimensions and their relationship with percent cover differed consistently in absolute value from results using manual methods but agreed in demonstrating fractal patterns for all quadrats and a parabolic trend with percent cover very similar to the one revealed manually. At the bed-scale, both sites were shown to be fractal, with higher dimension value for the bed that subjectively appeared more fragmented and highly dissected. Because mussels are important soft-bottom ecosystem engineers, i.e., foundation species that regulate species composition and abundances, the fractal spatial distribution identified in this study suggests that the species affected by them also exhibit fractal patterns. These results indicate the effectiveness of archive imagery and GIS methods for characterizing intertidal systems and point to the feasibility of future image acquisition.
Renormalization effects in a dilute Bose gas

The low-density expansion for a homogeneous interacting Bose gas at zero temperature can be formulated as an expansion in powers of {radical}({rho}a{sup 3}), where {rho} is the number density and a is the S-wave scattering length. Logarithms of {rho}a{sup 3} appear in the coefficients of the expansion. We show that these logarithms are determined by the renormalization properties of the effective field theory that describes the scattering of atoms at zero density. The leading logarithm is determined by the renormalization of the pointlike 3{r_arrow}3 scattering amplitude. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
The electrochemical response of copper single crystals to corrosion-fatigue in an aqueous, oxide-forming environment

Abstract The electrochemical behaviour of copper single crystals was followed during plastic straincontrolled corrosion-fatigue in an aqueous, oxide-forming solution. The decay of current at fixed potential was interrupted temporarily by the onset of cycling, and irreversibly, and dramatically, by the formation of PSBs. The extremely high oxidation rate of the PSBs was explained by an interaction between their mode of deformation, their shape, and their dislocation content. The rest potential of the sample dropped extensively as the dislocation content increased during rapid hardening, but rose slightly when PSB formation rearranged the dislocations into a lower energy configuration.
Relations among three parametric multiple testing methods for correlated tests

Multiple endpoints in clinical trials are usually correlated. To control the family-wise type I error rate, both Huque and Alosh's flexible fixed-sequence (FFS) testing method and Li and Mehrotra's adaptive α allocation approach (4A) have taken into account correlations among endpoints. I suggested a weighted multiple testing correction (WMTC) for correlated tests and compared it with FFS. However, the relationship between the 4A method and the FFS method or the relationship between the 4A method and the WMTC method has not been studied. In this paper, simulations are conducted to investigate these relationships. Tentative guidelines to help choosing an appropriate method are provided.
Stereoselective Synthesis of a Model C(18)–C(35) Spiroketal Fragment of Integramycin

A highly stereoselective synthesis of a model C(18)–C(35) spiroketal unit (7) of integramycin has been accomplished via an enantioselective stannyl-crotylboration reaction and an N-iodosuccinimide-mediated spiroketalization of 19a.