cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Transperineal template-guided prostate biopsy for patients with persistently elevated PSA and multiple prior negative biopsies

Abstract Objective To evaluate the use of transperineal template-guided prostate biopsy for patients with persistently elevated PSA despite multiple negative prior biopsies. Materials and methods A retrospective review was performed of patients with at least two prior prostate biopsies who underwent transperineal template-guided biopsy. Electronic medical records were reviewed to obtain relevant clinical, laboratory, and pathologic data. Results A total of 34 patients underwent transperineal template-guided biopsy. Patients had a mean of 3.7 ± 1.6 (range 2–8) prior biopsies, including prior negative transurethral resection (TUR) biopsy in 6 (17.6%) patients. Prostate cancer was detected in 17 (50%) of the 34 patients. Of these, 14 (82.4%) patients had cancer in the anterior prostate, 9 (52.9%) patients had cancer in the apical prostate, and 16 (94.1%) patients had cancer in either the anterior or apical prostate. Gleason score was 3+3 in 9 (52.9%) patients and 3+4 or greater in 7 (47.1%) patients. The mean number of positive cores was 4.5 ± 3.0 (range 1–11). Of the 17 patients with a diagnosis of cancer, 7 underwent radical prostatectomy, 7 underwent radiation therapy, 1 elected active surveillance, and 1 was deciding between surgery and radiation therapy; 1 patient received palliative chemotherapy for synchronous metastatic pancreatic carcinoma. Patients in whom cancer was detected had significantly smaller prostate volume, higher PSA, higher PSA density, and greater PSA velocity. Conclusions Transperineal template-guided prostate biopsy is an effective technique for detecting cancer in patients with persistently elevated PSA despite multiple negative biopsies. It improves sampling of the anterior and apical prostate, and should be included as part of the diagnostic algorithm to reduce extensive repeat biopsy.
QL-implication in the checklist paradigm based fuzzy interval logic

This paper continues a study of systems of fuzzy interval logic based on the Checklist Paradigm semantics of Bandler and Kohout. Their five fuzzy interval logic system (m 1 -m 5 ) which were derived using probabilistic measures, called checklist paradigm, are reinterpreted in the viewpoint of a class of fuzzy implications. This paper envisions their m 1 and m 3 interval logic system in the viewpoint of QL-implication. The pairs of interval bounds in m 1 or m 3 system are defined as QL-implications and their properties of fuzzy implication are further investigated. We conclude m 3 interval logic system is a class of QL-implication while m 1 system is a class of strong QL-implication, i.e. S-implication.
Families made by science. Arnold Gesell and the technologies of modern child adoption.

This essay considers the effort to transform child adoption into a modern scientific enterprise during the first half of the twentieth century via a case study of Arnold Gesell (1880-1961), a Yale developmentalist well known for his studies of child growth and the applied technologies that emerged from them: normative scales promising to measure and predict development. Scientific adoption was a central aspiration for many human scientists, helping professionals, and state regulators. They aimed to reduce the numerous hazards presumed to be inherent in adopting children, especially infants, who were not one's "own." By importing insights and techniques drawn from the world of science into the practical world of family formation, scientific adoption stood for kinship by design. This case study explores one point of intersection between the history of science and the history of social welfare and social policy, simultaneously illustrating the cultural progress and power of scientific authority and the numer...
Transduced viral IL-10 is exocytosed from lacrimal acinar secretory vesicles in a myosin-dependent manner in response to carbachol

The purpose of this study was to determine the intracellular trafficking and release pathways for the therapeutic protein, viral IL-10 (vIL-10), from transduced acinar epithelial cells from rabbit lacrimal gland. Primary cultured rabbit lacrimal gland acinar cells (LGACs) were transduced with adenovirus serotype 5 containing viral interleukin-10 (AdvIL-10). The distribution of vIL-10 was assessed by confocal fluorescence microscopy. Carbachol (CCH)-stimulated release of vIL-10 was quantified by ELISA. vIL-10 localization and exocytosis was probed in response to treatments with agents modulating actin- and myosin-based transport. vIL-10 immunoreactivity was detected in large intracellular vesicles in transduced LGAC. vIL-10 was partially co-localized with biosynthetic but not endosomal compartment markers. vIL-10 release was sensitive to CCH, and the kinetics of release showed an initial burst phase that was similar but not identical to that of the secretory protein, β-hexosaminidase. Disassembly of actin filaments with latrunculin B significantly increased CCH-stimulated vIL-10 secretion, suggesting that vIL-10 was released from stores sequestered beneath the subapical actin barrier. That release required the activity of actin-dependent myosin motors previously implicated in secretory vesicle exocytosis was confirmed by findings that CCH-stimulated vIL-10 release was reduced by inhibition of non-muscle myosin 2 and myosin 5c function, using ML-7 and overexpression of dominant negative myosin 5c, respectively. These results suggest that the majority of vIL-10 transgene product is packaged into a subpopulation of secretory vesicles that utilize actin-dependent myosin motors for aspects of actin coat assembly, compound fusion and exocytosis at the apical plasma membrane in response to CCH stimulation.
A Family Affair: The Juvenile Court and Family Violence Cases

Little attention has been devoted to studies of adolescent family violence offending, yet research on adult populations show that victim relationship may make a difference in how offenders are treated in the criminal justice system. Given that the intergenerational transmission of violence may operate through adolescent family violence, a detailed examination of these youth is warranted. Through an analysis of detained youth in a small northeastern state, this study examines differences in court treatment between family and non-family offenders. Family violence offenders are significantly more likely to be minor offenders and to be female than are non-family offenders. Results of logistic regression show that, all else being equal, family violence youth are treated more leniently by the court than non-family offenders. Finally, while most youth are released to community dispositions, there are no differences in court-ordered family counseling between family and non-family offenders. These findings point to areas of needed research on adolescent family violence offenders and larger policy questions about how such youth should be treated relative to other youth.
Business knowledge in surgeons

Abstract Background Surgeons and residents in training receive little, if any, formal education in the economic side of clinical practice during medical school or residency. As medical professionals face shrinking reimbursement, loss of control over health care decisions, and limited resources, surgical specialties must reevaluate the need to teach their members business survival skills. Before designing business related-teaching modules, educators must know the exact gaps in knowledge that exist among surgeons. Methods This article reports a survey of 133 surgeons in the Midwest who were asked to rate their knowledge base in 11 business topics relevant to the practice of medicine. Results The survey showed that the average surgeon perceives himself or herself to be poorly equipped to understand basic financial accounting principles, financial markets, economics of health care, tools for evaluating purchases, marketing, budgets, antitrust and fraud and abuse regulations, and risk and return on investments. Conclusions Armed with this data, teaching faculty, health care systems, and medical specialty societies should design business education seminars to better position surgical specialists and trainees to communicate with insurers, hospital administrators, health care organizations, and their own personal financial advisors.
Nerve growth factor regulates VR-1 mRNA levels in cultures of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons

Nerve growth factor (NGF) regulates the nociceptive properties including sensitivity to capsaicin of a subset of dorsal root ganglion neurons, which express the high-affinity NGF receptor, trkA. Capsaicin sensitivity co-localizes with the expression of a cloned capsaicin receptor, vanilloid receptor type 1 (VR-1), which displays properties similar to the native capsaicin response. To determine whether VR-1 mRNA levels are regulated by NGF, VR-1 mRNA levels and the ability to respond to capsaicin by release of the neuropeptide calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) were measured as a function of NGF concentration in cultures of adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. NGF treatment increased both VR-1 mRNA expression and capsaicin evoked release of CGRP. These effects were inhibited by treatment with the trkA inhibitor k252a.
Case 126: Extramedullary Hematopoiesis

Yahya M. Berkmen, MD Benjamin A. Zalta, MD History A 63-year-old man was admitted with a history of gradually increasing abdominal pain of 3 days duration. At admission, the pain was mostly localized to the right upper quadrant. The patient had a slightly elevated white blood cell count (10 10/L). The clinical impression of acute cholecystitis was confirmed with ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT). Several gallstones were also depicted, and cholecystectomy was performed. Chest CT studies were obtained postoperatively to evaluate an abnormality seen on the admission chest radiograph.
First byte: Force-based clustering of filtered block N-grams to detect code reuse in malicious software

Detecting code reuse in malicious software is complicated by the lack of source code. The same circumstance that makes code reuse detection in malicious software desirable, that is, the limited availability of original source code, also contributes to the difficulty of detecting code reuse. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting code reuse in software, specifically malicious software, that moves beyond the limitations of targeting variant detection (categorization of families). This method expands n-gram analysis to target basic blocks extracted from compiled code vice entire text sections. It also targets individual relationships between basic blocks found in localized code reuse, while preserving the ability to detect variants and families of variants found with generalized code reuse. We demonstrate the limitations of similarity calculated without first disassembling the instructions and show that our First Byte normalization gives dramatic improvements in detection of code reuse. To visualize results, our method proposes force-based clustering as a solution to rapidly detect relationships between compiled binaries and detect relationships without complex analysis. Our methods retain the previously demonstrated ability of n-gram analysis to detect variants, while adding the ability to detect code reuse in non-variant malware. We show that our proposed filtering method reduces the number of similarity calculations and highlights only meaningful relationships in our malware set.
Congenital End-Plate Acetylcholinesterase Deficiency Caused by a Nonsense Mutation and an A→G Splice-Donor–Site Mutation at Position +3 of the Collagenlike-Tail–Subunit Gene (COLQ): How Does G at Position +3 Result in Aberrant Splicing?

Summary Congenital end-plate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) deficiency (CEAD), the cause of a disabling myasthenic syndrome, arises from defects in the COLQ gene, which encodes the AChE triple-helical collagenlike-tail subunit that anchors catalytic subunits of AChE to the synaptic basal lamina. Here we describe a patient with CEAD with a nonsense mutation (R315X) and a splice-donor–site mutation at position +3 of intron 16 (IVS16+3A→G) of COLQ . Because both A and G are consensus nucleotides at the +3 position of splice-donor sites, we constructed a minigene that spans exons 15–17 and harbors IVS16+3A→G for expression in COS cells. We found that the mutation causes skipping of exon 16. The mutant splice-donor site of intron 16 harbors five discordant nucleotides (at −3, −2, +3, +4, and +6) that do not base-pair with U1 small-nuclear RNA (snRNA), the molecule responsible for splice-donor–site recognition. Versions of the minigene harboring, at either +4 or +6, nucleotides complementary to U1 snRNA restore normal splicing. Analysis of 1,801 native splice-donor sites reveals that presence of a G nucleotide at +3 is associated with preferential usage, at positions +4 to +6, of nucleotides concordant to U1 snRNA. Analysis of 11 disease-associated IVS+3A→G mutations indicates that, on average, two of three nucleotides at positions +4 to +6 fail to base-pair, and that the nucleotide at +4 never base-pairs, with U1 snRNA. We conclude that, with G at +3, normal splicing generally depends on the concordance that residues at +4 to +6 have with U1 snRNA, but other cis -acting elements may also be important in assuring the fidelity of splicing.
Initial Design and Results from an Ion Current Collection Diagnostic for the Triggered Plasma Opening Switch Experiment

Study of the triggered plasma opening switch (TPOS) characteristics is in progress via an ion current collection diagnostic (ICCD), in addition to offline apparatus. This initial ion current collection diagnostic has been designed, fabricated, and tested on the TPOS in order to explore the opening profile of the main switch. The initial ion current collection device utilizes five collectors which are positioned perpendicularly to the main switch stage in order to collect radially traveling ions. It has been shown through analytical prowess that this specific geometry can be treated as a planar case of the Child-Langmuir law with only a 6% deviation from the cylindrical case. Additionally, magnetostatic simulations with self consistent space charge emitting surfaces of the main switch using the Trak code are under way. It is hoped that the simulations will provide evidence in support of both the analytical derivations and experimental data. Finally, an improved design of the ICCD (containing 12 collectors in the axial direction) is presently being implemented.
The economics of water and salt balance

Abstract Two environmental features often associated are a shortage of water and an excess of electrolytes. We explored the economics of this situation by jointly manipulating the instrumental cost of consuming water and the amount of salt in the diet of rats. As the dietary salt increased, water intake increased; and as water cost increased, water intake fell. Food intake also declined as water cost increased, and the rats maintained a minimum ratio of water:salt consumed across all conditions. For all diets, as water intake fell, food intake and body weight also declined, perhaps defending the ratio of body water to lean body mass. There was no evidence that the slope of the demand curve for water changed as a function of dietary salt.
Leaf and canopy responses to elevated CO2 in a pine forest under free-air CO2 enrichment.

Physiological responses to elevated CO2 at the leaf and canopy-level were studied in an intact pine (Pinus taeda) forest ecosystem exposed to elevated CO2 using a free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE) technique. Normalized canopy water-use of trees exposed to elevated CO2 over an 8-day exposure period was similar to that of trees exposed to current ambient CO2 under sunny conditions. During a portion of the exposure period when sky conditions were cloudy, CO2-exposed trees showed minor (≤7%) but significant reductions in relative sap flux density compared to trees under ambient CO2 conditions. Short-term (minutes) direct stomatal responses to elevated CO2 were also relatively weak (≈5% reduction in stomatal aperture in response to high CO2 concentrations). We observed no evidence of adjustment in stomatal conductance in foliage grown under elevated CO2 for nearly 80 days compared to foliage grown under current ambient CO2, so intrinsic leaf water-use efficiency at elevated CO2 was enhanced primarily by direct responses of photosynthesis to CO2. We did not detect statistical differences in parameters from photosynthetic responses to intercellular CO2 (A net-C i curves) for Pinus taeda foliage grown under elevated CO2 (550 μmol mol−1) for 50–80 days compared to those for foliage grown under current ambient CO2 from similar-sized reference trees nearby. In both cases, leaf net photosynthetic rate at 550 μmol mol−1 CO2 was enhanced by approximately 65% compared to the rate at ambient CO2 (350 μmol mol−1). A similar level of enhancement under elevated CO2 was observed for daily photosynthesis under field conditions on a sunny day. While enhancement of photosynthesis by elevated CO2 during the study period appears to be primarily attributable to direct photosynthetic responses to CO2 in the pine forest, longer-term CO2 responses and feedbacks remain to be evaluated.
Interactions and mergers at higher redshift

In models of hierarchical structure formation, interactions and mergers at high redshift play a key role in the formation and evolution of galaxies. Numerical modeling and observations of nearby systems explore the detailed physics of galaxy interactions, but applying these results to the high redshift universe remains complicated. Evolution in the properties of galaxies over cosmic history may lead to differences in interaction-induced star formation as a function of redshift. High redshift interacting galaxies may be more prone to extreme, disk-wide starburst activity than are low redshift systems. Also, while activity in nearby clusters seems to be largely diminished, at higher redshift we observe galaxies falling into clusters for the first time. A variety of processes, including interactions and mergers, can drive strong evolution in cluster galaxies at higher redshift.
A neural network for tactile sensing: the Hertzian contact problem

A neural network has been developed for use in local closed-loop gripper control using a tactile sensor array. Backpropagation is used to train a network with a single hidden layer to recognize the angle of contact between a cylindrical finger with an embedded sensor array and a cylindrical rod. Simulation results are presented and discussed. >
Fluid Shear Stress on Endothelial Cells Modulates Mechanical Tension across VE-Cadherin and PECAM-1

Fluid shear stress (FSS) from blood flow acting on the endothelium critically regulates vascular morphogenesis, blood pressure, and atherosclerosis. FSS applied to endothelial cells (ECs) triggers signaling events including opening of ion channels, activation of signaling pathways, and changes in gene expression. Elucidating how ECs sense flow is important for understanding both normal vascular function and disease. EC responses to FSS are mediated in part by a junctional mechanosensory complex consisting of VE-cadherin, PECAM-1, and VEGFR2. Previous work suggested that flow increases force on PECAM-1, which initiates signaling. Deletion of PECAM-1 blocks responses to flow in vitro and flow-dependent vascular remodeling in vivo. To understand this process, we developed and validated FRET-based tension sensors for VE-cadherin and PECAM-1 using our previously developed FRET tension biosensor. FRET measurements showed that in static culture, VE-cadherin in cell-cell junctions bears significant myosin-dependent tension, whereas there was no detectable tension on VE-cadherin outside of junctions. Onset of shear stress triggered a rapid (<30 s) decrease in tension across VE-cadherin, which paralleled a decrease in total cell-cell junctional tension. Flow triggered a simultaneous increase in tension across junctional PECAM-1, while nonjunctional PECAM-1 was unaffected. Tension on PECAM-1 was mediated by flow-stimulated association with vimentin. These data confirm the prediction that shear increases force on PECAM-1. However, they also argue against the current model of passive transfer of force through the cytoskeleton to the junctions, showing instead that flow triggers cytoskeletal remodeling, which alters forces across the junctional receptors.
The Dynamics of Issue Expansion: Cases from Disability Rights and Fetal Research Controversy

This article draws upon cases from the history of disability rights policy-making and from the history of fetal research regulation to explore the role of public opinion in policy-making. Drawing upon Wilson's typology, hypotheses set forth expectations that (a) in episodes of majoritarian politics, policymakers respond to popular concern about an issue; (b) in episodes of entrepreneurial politics, policy-makers mobilize popular concern; (c) in episodes of client politics, policymakers act in the absence of popular concern; and (d) in episodes of interest group politics, mobilization of popular concern is contingent upon the prevailing division of public opinion on the issue. The results generally support the thesis that the role of public opinion is a function of the costs, benefits, and organization of interests surrounding policy issues.
ABSENCE OF SYLLABLE EFFECTS: MONOSYLLABIC WORDS ARE EASIER THAN MULTISYLLABIC WORDS

The role of syllables using the conventional lexical task of naming was examined with 107 college students. Equal numbers of four- and six-letter mono syllabic and multisyllabic words were presented for naming. There were significant syllable effects for 4-letter words as in previous studies but not for 6-letter words. In stead, monosyllabic words take more time to process than multisyllabic words. Most monosyllabic words are exceptional words with irregular correspondence of letter to sound. These results confirm that letter-to-sound consistency is more important in word recognition than the number of syllables.
Integrative Bayesian analysis of neuroimaging-genetic data with application to cocaine dependence

Neuroimaging and genetic studies provide distinct and complementary information about the structural and biological aspects of a disease. Integrating the two sources of data facilitates the investigation of the links between genetic variability and brain mechanisms among different individuals for various medical disorders. This article presents a general statistical framework for integrative Bayesian analysis of neuroimaging-genetic (iBANG) data, which is motivated by a neuroimaging-genetic study in cocaine dependence. Statistical inference necessitated the integration of spatially dependent voxel-level measurements with various patient-level genetic and demographic characteristics under an appropriate probability model to account for the multiple inherent sources of variation. Our framework uses Bayesian model averaging to integrate genetic information into the analysis of voxel-wise neuroimaging data, accounting for spatial correlations in the voxels. Using multiplicity controls based on the false discovery rate, we delineate voxels associated with genetic and demographic features that may impact diffusion as measured by fractional anisotropy (FA) obtained from DTI images. We demonstrate the benefits of accounting for model uncertainties in both model fit and prediction. Our results suggest that cocaine consumption is associated with FA reduction in most white matter regions of interest in the brain. Additionally, gene polymorphisms associated with GABAergic, serotonergic and dopaminergic neurotransmitters and receptors were associated with FA.
Complications related to intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography in liver transplantation

Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) has commonly been used for evaluating cardiac function and monitoring hemodynamic parameters during complex surgical cases. Anesthesiologists may be dissuaded from using TEE in orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) out of concern about rupture of esophageal varices. Complications associated with TEE in OLT were evaluated. We retrospectively reviewed charts and TEE videos of all OLT cases from January 2003 through December 2013 at Mayo Clinic (Jacksonville, Florida). Of the 1811 OLTs performed, we identified 232 patients who underwent intraoperative TEE. Esophageal variceal status was documented during presurgical esophagogastroduodenoscopy in 230 of the 232 patients. Of these, 69 (30.0 %), had no varices; 113 (49.1 %), 41 (17.8 %), and 7 (3.0 %) had grades I, II, and III varices, respectively. Two patients (0.9 %) had no EGD performed because of acute liver failure. During OLT, 1 variceal rupture (0.4 %) occurred after placement of an oral gastric tube and TEE probe; the patient required intraoperative variceal banding. Most patients had preexisting coagulopathy at the time of probe placement. The mean (SD) laboratory test results were as follows: prothrombin time, 21.7 (6.6) seconds; international normalized ratio, 1.9 (1.3); partial thromboplastin time, 43.8 (13.3) seconds; platelet, 93.7 (60.8) × 1000/μL; and fibrinogen, 237.8 (127.6) mg/dL. TEE was a relatively safe procedure with a low incidence of major hemorrhagic complications in patients with documented esophagogastric varices and coagulopathy undergoing OLT. It appeared to effectively disclose cardiac information and allowed rapid reaction for proper patient management.
Evaluating the Devolution Revolution1

This article provides an evaluation of the impact of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) of 1996. The evidence clearly shows that PRWORA has had a major impact on the poverty population and the welfare system. The data analyzed identify those policy areas in which positive changes can be identified, along with implementation and design problems that need reform. The data also show that while some states have made considerable progress in implementing the law, many are lagging.
Features of amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy

Abstract PURPOSE: To report clinical features of amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy and outline the differentiation of amiodarone optic neuropathy from nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. METHOD: We reviewed data from 73 patients reported to have developed an optic neuropathy while taking amiodarone. RESULTS: Amiodarone optic neuropathy is characterized by an insidious onset, slow progression, bilateral visual loss, and protracted disk swelling that tends to stabilize within several months of discontinuing the medication. Nonarteritic ischemic optic neuropathy is characterized by acute, unilateral visual loss that is usually complete at onset, with resolution of disk edema over several weeks. CONCLUSION: Unique clinical features of amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy may help clinicians diagnose and distinguish between amiodarone-induced optic neuropathy and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy.
ELEVATED GLANDULAR KALLIKREIN IN ESTROGEN-INDUCED PITUITARY TUMORS

Anterior pituitary tumors were induced in F344 rats by implants of diethylstilbesterol (DES) for 8 weeks. DES-induced tumors contained 250 times more glandular kallikrein than anterior pituitaries from rats not exposed to estrogen, and 6.6 times more glandular kallikrein than anterior pituitaries from rats exposed to large doses of estrogen for 10 days. DES-induced anterior pituitary tumors in F344 rats arise from lactotroph proliferation. Thus, the results suggest that anterior pituitary glandular kallikrein is associated with lactotrophs.
Implications of State and Local Policy on Community College Transfer in California

Lower division transfer preparation for the university has been the primary mission of community colleges since their inception creating an important pathway to baccalaureate degree attainment for many students who may not otherwise have the opportunity for higher education. Once considered fairly straightforward, the transfer pathway has become overly complex and difficult for students to navigate. The underlying issues with community college transfer are multifaceted and profound, and often the focus of much attention by public policy makers. This study explored the extent to which the complexity with transfer is rooted in flawed state and local policy coupled with insufficient capacity to meet the growing demand for postsecondary education at many public universities in California. Interviews with key players in higher education in the state, a focus group of community college professionals involved with transfer, observations of meetings where transfer was discussed and a review of state and local documents concerned with transfer comprised the methodology of this study. Results suggest that legislative interference in the transfer pathway, university elitism and selectivity, uneven placement of state resources, the confines of the state master plan for higher education and inadequate capacity at the state universities all contribute to damaging the transfer pathway. This embedded case study examined the transfer pathway in one large region in southern California in the first decade of the 21st century.The study investigated the implications of flawed public policy and insufficient capacity at some public universities on the development of local policy, and the unintended consequences for transfer students who are denied admission to transfer.Further, the study described how these policy decisions are hindering access and equity in the public postsecondary education system in the region under investigation. Amidst fluctuating economic conditions, the public higher education system in California has struggled to meet increasing enrollment demand. With the ongoing deterioration in state appropriations for higher education in California, the need for increased baccalaureate degree attainment to meet the future economic demands of the state is more critical than ever.
A Note on Optimal Selling to Asymmetric Retailers

I consider a channel with one manufacturer selling the same product to two retailers engaged in imperfect competition. The retailers are asymmetric because one has a lower marginal selling cost (or a higher demand potential) than the other. I design the manufacturer's optimal selling mechanism, whereby the manufacturer must offer the same contract options to both retailers. I fully characterize the manufacturer's optimal selling mechanism for varying degrees of retailer asymmetry and competition intensity. I find that under certain conditions, the manufacturer is better off selling a larger quantity through the high-cost (or low-demand potential) retailer. I also show how the optimal mechanism can be implemented using a menu of two-part tariffs with quantity controls.
Management Citizenship Behavior and its Consequences

The current article develops the concept of management citizenship behavior (MCB) as a complement to the widely used concept of organizational citizenship behavior. The concept of MCB facilitates an analysis of the behavior of managers as contributors to organizational viability. The author uses data coded from the population of organizational ethnographies (N = 108) to evaluate the determinants and consequences of MCB. Unstable product markets result in lower levels of MCB. Product market competition, however, appears to encourage MCB. In turn, MCB exerts a strong positive effect on organizational citizenship behavior and also reduces conflict between employees and managers and infighting among employees. MCB thus functions both as a mediator of organizational effects and as a strong independent influence. Increased attention to the causes and consequences of management citizenship behavior may assist in the identification of optimal conditions for organizational success and for meaningful work.
HEAD INJURIES IN CHILDREN AND ADULTS

Motor vehicle-related accidents account for the largest number of head injuries in all ages. This article reviews types of injury, neurologic assessment, secondary injury, brain swelling, seizures, resuscitation, and intensive care.
Development of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein in the rat testis

The functional development of the inhibitory guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G1) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) activity was investigated in rat testes. Adult (90-day-old), adolescent (40-day-old), prepubertal (23-day-old), and fetal (20.5 days of gestation) testis cells were cultured with 100 ng/ml pertu.ssis toxin for 24 h. The cells were then cultured with human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), the ADH agonist arginine vasotocin (AVT), or a combination of the two. Testis cells from rats 23, 40, and 90 days of age that were incubated with hCG increased testosterone production when compared with controls. Preincubation of the cells from postnatal rats with pereussis toxin significantly increased hCG-stimulazed testosterone secretion when compared to cells preincubated in medium only at all three ages. AVT suppressed hCG-stimulated testosterone secretion, but this suppression was partially reversed in cells from all postnatal ages preincubated with pertussis toxin. Fetal testis cells showed no response to preincubation with pertu.ssis toxin, even when levels were increased to 400 ng/ml or when pertussis toxin treatment was continued throughout the culture period. AVT also had no effect on fetal testis cells. These results indicate that the G protein and AVT are not functional in fetal testes but are active from prepubertal stages of development through maturity.
Storytelling for Empowerment for Latino Teens: Increasing HIV Prevention Knowledge and Attitudes

Latino adolescents are disproportionately impacted by HIV, but researchers have documented few programs to prevent and reduce HIV risk. The Storytelling for Empowerment (SFE) HIV StoryBook was designed with an innovative ecodevelopment approach combining empowerment, family communication, and positive cultural identity. A mixed method design used both a randomized control group design, as well as grounded theory coding of semi-structured focus group interviews. For the quantitative method, a total of 96 adolescents (85% Latino, M age = 12.2) were randomized to either the SFE HIV StoryBook condition or a control condition and then tested at baseline and at 4 months post-baseline. Study findings indicated that teens who participated in the HIV StoryBook condition maintained sexual abstinence, increased their ability to communicate about sex, increased their intention to stop sexual advances, and increased their HIV prevention knowledge. For the qualitative method, seven focus groups of 38 participants, incl...
Teaching ethics in dental schools: trends, techniques, and targets

The importance of promoting ethical behavior in dental students is reflected in the emphasis on formal ethics teaching within the curricula of most dental schools. Over the last three decades, dental educators have addressed the need for ethics training and examined varied teaching approaches. Today, state-of-the-art ethics education has moved from purely didactic instruction to more interactional teaching methods that promote student introspection and group problem-solving. This paper provides an overview of trends in ethics teaching in dental schools and the current teaching approaches advocated in health science schools. In addition, future needs in dental ethics education are explored including the importance of addressing the unique aspects of the dental education environment.
Biomaterials and the Evolution of Hernia Repair III: Biologically Derived Prosthetic Meshes

The concept of using biologically based tissues as constructs is not new. For example, tissue-based heart valves have been used in cardiac surgery for more than three decades with excellent clinical success. Using protein fixation techniques, long-term host recognition of cadaveric or porcine antigens have been successfully repressed.
Analysis of Hipped Roof Hyperbolic Paraboloid Structures

The results of a finite element analysis of a hipped roof hyperbolic paraboloid shell are presented. The results emphasize the stresses in the supporting and the ridge beams. Significant departure is shown between the calculated results and those predicted by simplified analyses such as by membrane theory. The importance of considering beam weight is stressed. The finite elements used in the analysis are flat triangular elements for the shell and linearly tapered beam sections. The shell element has 27 degrees-of-freedom with the use of midside nodes. The beam elements have 16 degrees-of-freedom with the use of midlength nodes.
Modeling and Guided Practice as Components within a Comprehensive Testicular Self-Examination Educational Program for High School Males

Abstract Research has indicated that while information for young women on breast self-examination (BSE) and pap smears often had been readily available, little information had been available to young men about testicular self-examination (TSE). This lack of information was of particular concern to health professionals and educators who work with young men. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of modeling and guided practice as components within a comprehensive testicular self-examination educational program for high school males. One hundred fifty-one tenth grade males from 10 health education classes participated in this study during the fall, 1988 semester at two southern suburban high schools. The independent variable was membership in one of three treatment groups. Dependent variables were knowledge of testicular cancer, comfort in doing TSE, and frequency of self-reported TSE. This study found that modeling and guided practice were significant factors in relation to comfortability in d...
Amygdala hyperactivation to angry faces in intermittent explosive disorder.

Abstract Background Individuals with intermittent explosive disorder (IED) were previously found to exhibit amygdala hyperactivation and relatively reduced orbital medial prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) activation to angry faces while performing an implicit emotion information processing task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). This study examines the neural substrates associated with explicit encoding of facial emotions among individuals with IED. Method Twenty unmedicated IED subjects and twenty healthy, matched comparison subjects (HC) underwent fMRI while viewing blocks of angry, happy, and neutral faces and identifying the emotional valence of each face (positive, negative or neutral). We compared amygdala and OMPFC reactivity to faces between IED and HC subjects. We also examined the relationship between amygdala/OMPFC activation and aggression severity. Results Compared to controls, the IED group exhibited greater amygdala response to angry (vs. neutral) facial expressions. In contrast, IED and control groups did not differ in OMPFC activation to angry faces. Across subjects amygdala activation to angry faces was correlated with number of prior aggressive acts. Conclusions These findings extend previous evidence of amygdala dysfunction in response to the identification of an ecologically-valid social threat signal (processing angry faces) among individuals with IED, further substantiating a link between amygdala hyperactivity to social signals of direct threat and aggression.
The anti-traditional characteristics in Li Yu's novel

Li Yu's novel because of the ideological and artistic deficiencies suffered descendants criticized,but we can not overlook in the novel field of subversion of the traditional concept of innovation,although there is no systematic theoretical summary,but Li Yu with his creationhe insisted to show us the concept of innovation in the novel can be said that none ever before or since.Li Yu in the cultural concept,with characteristics different from common sense attitude towards life is reflected in the novel creation is the formation of its unconventional unconventional features.
The Ambivalent Consultee

Consultation may be conceived of either as a consistent, firm, and reliable technique that applies well in almost every setting or as a variable, occasionally tenuous, flexible approach that is dependent on the individual problem and the agency concerned. At one end of this dimension, the consultation process may be considered as a concrete mold into which the problem and the process is poured. The problems that exist in one agency and one setting will repeatedly take similar forms as problems in other agencies. The products of increased independence and goal achievement of the consultee are consistent; the mold itself, while sometimes varying in size, reflects the same shape of knowledge and experience.
Population-Based Analysis of Completion Lymphadenectomy in Intermediate-Thickness Melanoma.

Multicenter selective lymphadenectomy trial 1 (MSLT-I) defined the prognostic and potential therapeutic values of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) for intermediate-thickness melanoma. The role of completion lymphadenectomy (CLND) is, however, unclear and the subject of the ongoing MSLT-II trial. From 2003 to 2012, patients with tumors 1–4 mm thick with positive SLNB were identified in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program registry. The patients were divided into two groups: group 1 (CLND) and group 2 (observation). The study enrolled 2172 patients, the majority of whom were white and male with extremity primaries, no ulceration, Clark level 4 invasion, and nodes 2.01–4.0 mm deep. In the univariate analysis, CLND was associated with lower mean age, male gender, primary site, number of positive nodes, and geographic region (p < 0.05). In the multivariate analysis, male gender [odds ratio (OR), 1.27] and geographic area (Michigan OR, 2.31; Iowa OR, 1.69) were associated with CLND (p < 0.05). In the survival analysis, male gender, primary site, ulceration, Clark level, and depth and number of positive nodes were associated with survival (p < 0.05), but CLND was not (p = 0.83). In the Cox regression analysis, the relationship between male gender [hazard ratio (HR), 1.14], primary site trunk versus extremity (HR, 1.3), ulceration (HR, 1.79), Clark level (2 vs. 4 HR, 3.51; 2 vs. 5 HR, 6.48), depth (HR, 1.43) and number of nodes (1 vs. 2: HR, 1.23; 1 vs. ≥3: HR, 2.52) persisted (p < 0.05). However, when CLND was included in this model, it was not associated with improved survival. Age, gender, and geographic area predict the likelihood of CLND. In this retrospective study, CLND did not add survival benefit.
Testicular Structure and Control of Sperm Development in Amphibians

Publisher Summary This chapter explores the structure of the testes on the basis of reviews and the newest literature in the field. It covers new and functionally important literature on amphibian testicular activity and regulation. In the three clades of amphibians, Gymnophiona, Urodela, and Anura, the testes produce sperm through a progression of events similar to development pathways seen in the rest of vertebrates. However, there are differences within the three clades in the general structural foundation of the testes, and there are differences and similarities in how the sperm undergo maturation and release. The chapter reviews the structure of the testes in all three clades and discusses how the interstitial and seminiferous tubule compartments function to lead to sperm development. The pituitary-signaling events known for each group are reviewed, along with the intratesticular paracrine interactions between steroids and nonsteroidal molecular signals that facilitate communication between the different testicular compartments. Research in each clade has led to clade-dependent discoveries and cross-clade identification of similarities. Finally, the differences and similarities in the sperm maturation process among the amphibian clades in both morphology and functional physiology are also described.
Development of peptide-functionalized synthetic hydrogel microarrays for stem cell and tissue engineering applications

Abstract Synthetic polymer microarray technology holds remarkable promise to rapidly identify suitable biomaterials for stem cell and tissue engineering applications. However, most of previous microarrayed synthetic polymers do not possess biological ligands (e.g., peptides) to directly engage cell surface receptors. Here, we report the development of peptide-functionalized hydrogel microarrays based on light-assisted copolymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylates (PEGDA) and methacrylated-peptides. Using solid-phase peptide/organic synthesis, we developed an efficient route to synthesize methacrylated-peptides. In parallel, we identified PEG hydrogels that effectively inhibit non-specific cell adhesion by using PEGDA-700 (M. W. = 700) as a monomer. The combined use of these chemistries enables the development of a powerful platform to prepare peptide-functionalized PEG hydrogel microarrays. Additionally, we identified a linker composed of 4 glycines to ensure sufficient exposure of the peptide moieties from hydrogel surfaces. Further, we used this system to directly compare cell adhesion abilities of several related RGD peptides: RGD , RGD S, RGD SG and RGD SP. Finally, we combined the peptide-functionalized hydrogel technology with bioinformatics to construct a library composed of 12 different RGD peptides, including 6 unexplored RGD peptides, to develop culture substrates for hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), a cell type known for poor adhesion to synthetic substrates. 2 out of 6 unexplored RGD peptides showed substantial activities to support hiPSC-CMs. Among them, PMQKM RGD VFSP from laminin β4 subunit was found to support the highest adhesion and sarcomere formation of hiPSC-CMs. With bioinformatics, the peptide-functionalized hydrogel microarrays accelerate the discovery of novel biological ligands to develop biomaterials for stem cell and tissue engineering applications. Statement of Significance In this manuscript, we described the development of a robust approach to prepare peptide-functionalized synthetic hydrogel microarrays. Combined with bioinformatics, this technology enables us to rapidly identify novel biological ligands for the development of the next generation of functional biomaterials for stem cell and tissue engineering applications.
Dynamin-related proteins in peroxisome division

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotes and essential to the survival of animals and plants. These organelles can be formed de novo in the endoplasmic reticulum and multiply through division. In the past two decades, advances have been made in elucidating the molecular mechanisms governing peroxisome division, using model organisms such as yeasts, mammalian cell lines, and plants. Studies have shown that members of the dynamin-related protein (DRP) superfamily are responsible for the fission step (and at least in some cases, membrane constriction as well) of peroxisome division, and most of these DRPs are shared with the mitochondrial fission machinery. This chapter summarizes current knowledge of the role of DRPs in peroxisomal division in various organisms, isolation of the DRP-based peroxisome division ring from the unicellular red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae, and DRP’s organelle receptors and adaptors identified from different model systems. Regulation of DRP’s activity through posttranslational modification mechanisms will also be briefly discussed, followed by some future questions to be addressed to further dissect mechanisms underlying DRP-mediated peroxisome division.
Enhanced performance of carbon/carbon supercapacitors upon graphene addition

Graphene has great potential for application in capacitive energy storage devices. In this study, we have investigated the effects of employing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) either as an additional supplement or as a total replacement of carbon black, the current conductive additive used in commercial carbon/carbon supercapacitors. We also examined the impact of incorporating rGO before and during the slurry preparation. Some electrochemical and morphological studies were conducted to compare the rGO and carbon black in performance enhancement for conventional activated carbon-based electrodes. Our results have demonstrated the benefits of incorporating graphene into the current carbon/carbon supercapacitors.