cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A single facility location problem on a tree with unreliable edges

This paper addresses the problem of determining a single facility location on an undirected tree with n nodes and edges that fail independently with probability (1 − pe) so that service provided to demand points can be achieved with reliability. Termed the relisum problem, the objective is to find a network location that maximizes the expected number of nodes reachable by operational paths. A decomposition formula is developed for which several properties are analytically derived and realistic vertex optimality conditions are identified. Two polynomial algorithms are presented: an O(n3) algorithm which is an adaptation of the Floyd-Warshall algorithm for finding all pairwise shortest paths in a graph and an O(n2) algorithm based on a depth-first node traversal and the decomposition nature of an operational path. Computational results are provided, and sensitivity analysis ranges and marginal values for pe are analytically derived. Properties and algorithms for the weighted version of the problem are discussed, as well as a polynomial heuristic for finding a relisum node on a cyclic network. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Urban African American Adolescents And School Identification

The present study examined identification among African American adolescents through the voices of 16 low-income, urban high school students. Gender and ability group differences in school identification were examined through an assessment of students' perceptions of teacher feedback, teacher support and accessibility, and students' perceptions of the roles and purposes of school. Findings suggest patterns across gender and achievement groups regarding students' perceptions of teachers and of schools in general.
Polyploidy Induced by X-rays in Chinese Hamster Cells in vitro

The incidence of polyploidy (specifically, in this case, the doubling of the stemline chromosome number) induced by x-rays in cells cultured in vitro is about the same for both "near-diploid" and "near-tetraploid" sublines of the Chinese hamster. Endoreduplication is a principal cytological mechanism for this form of induced polyploidy.
An inelastic multiple discrete aperities model for the effects of compressive underloads in fatigue crack growth

As a common practice, the compressive (negative load ratio) excursions are ignored when analyses of fatigue crack growth in metals are conducted. However, recent experimental data on fatigue crack growth with intermittent compressive load excursions have shown that the use of this assumption leads in most cases to nonconservative predictions. This paper presents a model that is capable of explaining the observed behavior, including the ‘saturation’ of the compressive overload effects, and the increase in the crack growth rate once the initial, positive load ratio profile is resumed, following a compressive excursion. The model is based on the plastic crushing of a single asperity or multiple asperities located on the crack face close to the crack tip and under dominantly plane strain conditions. A comparison of the behavior for one and for two asperities is made. Moreover, the effects of hardness and strain hardening are also examined.
3H[2-(2-benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline] (BFI) binding in human platelets: modulation by tranylcypromine.

2-(2-Benzofuranyl)-2-imidazoline (BFI) is a highly selective ligand for imidazoline-type 2 (I2) binding sites that are known to be associated with monoamine oxidase (MAO). Recently we demonstrated a potentiation of 3H-BFI binding in human but not in rat brain by the non-selective MAO inhibitor tranylcypromine. In the present studies, we evaluated the effect of tranylcypromine on the binding of 3H-BFI to human platelet inner membranes. Membranes were incubated with 3H-BFI at 22 °C in 50 mM Tris, 1.5 mM EDTA, pH 7.5. Saturation experiments with 3H-BFI (0.5–80 nM) were analyzed using non-linear curve fitting. Addition of tranylcypromine (0.1 µM) increased the number of 3H-BFI binding sites (B max=0.35±0.06 vs. 1.87±0.15 pmol/mg protein for vehicle and tranylcypromine, respectively) and increased 3H-BFI affinity slightly (K D =16.0±4.1 vs. 6.5±0.3 nM for vehicle and tranylcypromine, respectively). In competitive binding experiments using the less selective I2 ligand, 3H-idazoxan, tranylcypromine only weakly inhibited binding. Preincubation of platelet membranes with tranylcypromine (1 nM–10 µM) enhanced the B max of 3H-BFI binding in a concentration-dependent manner peaking at 1 µM (13×control) and returning to near baseline at 100 µM. 3H-BFI binding was displaced monophasically (in order of decreasing potency) by BFI > 2-(4,5-dihydroimidazol-2-yl)quinoline (BU224) > cirazoline >idazoxan >>(1,4-benzodioxan-2-methoxy-2-yl)-2-imidazoline (RX821002)=moxonidine. Amiloride, clorgyline, guanabenz and clonidine displayed biphasic curves with nanomolar high affinity components. Tranylcypromine altered the competition curves for all ligands (except BFI) by increasing the affinities for clonidine and RX821002 and decreasing affinities for BU224, cirazoline, guanabenz, idazoxan, clorgyline, moxonidine, and amiloride. Thus, in human platelets tranylcypromine exposes a high capacity 3H-BFI binding site distinct from previously described I2 sites that retains high affintiy for BFI but not other I2 ligands. Our results suggest that 3H-BFI and 3H-idazoxan may not be considered as interchangeable probes for the I2 binding site.
Stable Modelocking of a Coupled Cavity Moving Mirror Ring Dye Laser

Abstract We report the stable operation of a new modelocked standing-wave ring dye laser operating with a repetition rate of 250 MHz. Two external cavities are coupled to a bidirectionally operating continuously pumped ring dye laser. When a moving mirror is placed in one of the external cavities, the laser produces pulses 6 ps in duration. The operation is stable with the modelocked pulses arriving in a constant intensity envelope 5 ms in duration at a repetition rate of 90 Hz.
CUP2 binds in a bipartite manner to upstream activation sequence c in the promoter of the yeast copper metallothionein gene

Induction of the copper metallothionein (CUP1) gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is achieved by CUP2, a transcriptional activator protein which has a metal-dependent DNA-binding activity. It is thought that metal binding to CUP2 results in the formation of several looped regions of the protein which then are capable of binding to DNA. CUP2 binds to a site near the CUP1 gene called upstream activation sequence c (UASc), an imperfect inverted repeat. While CUP2 binds to both half-sites of UASc, the upstream half-site appears to be more important for transcriptional activity. A variant of CUP2 called ace1, in which cysteine-11 is replaced by tyrosine, binds to DNA but is incapable of activating transcription. We have used hydroxyl radical footprinting and missing nucleoside analysis to examine the complexes of wild-type CUP2 and the ace1 mutant protein with UASc. Our results indicate that ace1 interacts with a smaller portion of UASc than does CUP2, providing further evidence that the DNA-binding domain of CUP2 is complex, composed of two or more elements that recognize distinct features of UASc. We also show that CUP2 itself binds slightly differently to the two half-sites of UASc. While CUP2 and ace1 bind in a rather similar manner to the downstream half-site, in the upstream half-site CUP2 makes more extensive interactions. Our results suggest that the more crucial role that the upstream half-site plays in transcriptional activation may be due to differences in how CUP2 binds to each of the half-sites of UASc.
Measurements of vortex line density in counterflowing HeII

Abstract The vortex line density in a thermally induced counterflow in Helium II is measured by means of attenuation of second sound in a long channel 1 cm × 1 cm in cross section. The line density is calibrated by rotating the channel about its vertical axis. The results are compared with current theories of vortex line turbulence.
Degradation of Amyloid β Protein by Purified Myelin Basic Protein

The progressive accumulation of β-amyloid (Aβ) in senile plaques and in the cerebral vasculature is the hallmark of Alzheimer disease and related disorders. Impaired clearance of Aβ from the brain likely contributes to the prevalent sporadic form of Alzheimer disease. Several major pathways for Aβ clearance include receptor-mediated cellular uptake, blood-brain barrier transport, and direct proteolytic degradation. Myelin basic protein (MBP) is the major structural protein component of myelin and plays a functional role in the formation and maintenance of the myelin sheath. MBP possesses endogenous serine proteinase activity and can undergo autocatalytic cleavage liberating distinct fragments. Recently, we showed that MBP binds Aβ and inhibits Aβ fibril formation (Hoos, M. D., Ahmed, M., Smith, S. O., and Van Nostrand, W. E. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282, 9952–9961; Hoos, M. D., Ahmed, M., Smith, S. O., and Van Nostrand, W. E. (2009) Biochemistry 48, 4720–4727). Here we show that Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides are degraded by purified human brain MBP and recombinant human MBP, but not an MBP fragment that lacks autolytic activity. MBP-mediated Aβ degradation is inhibited by serine proteinase inhibitors. Similarly, Cos-1 cells expressing MBP degrade exogenous Aβ40 and Aβ42. In addition, we demonstrate that purified MBP also degrades assembled fibrillar Aβ in vitro. Mass spectrometry analysis identified distinct degradation products generated from Aβ digestion by MBP. Lastly, we demonstrate in situ that purified MBP can degrade parenchymal amyloid plaques as well as cerebral vascular amyloid that form in brain tissue of Aβ precursor protein transgenic mice. Together, these findings indicate that purified MBP possesses Aβ degrading activity in vitro.
Comparison of Cat Swarm Optimization with particle swarm optimization for IIR system identification

Infinite impulse response (IIR) adaptive filters have been developed to identify IIIR systems, but system identification is challenging due to non-unimodality of the error surface and the non-linear relationship between the error signal and the system parameters. Cat Swarm Optimization (CSO) was recently introduced to solve optimization problems with a new learning rule to achieve better performance than particle swarm optimization (PSO). Also, it has been used for IIR system identification. This paper examines the parameters of CSO to optimize them for IIR system identification with a few benchmarked IIR plants. Results demonstrate better performance for the CSO algorithm when compared to the inertia-weighted PSO algorithm.
Self-consistent quantum structure of diffuse helium atom clusters

Diffuse clusters of arbitrary numbers of helium atoms are treated in a mean-field theory of the many-body system. The nonlinear Hartree self-consistent-field equations are solved numerically to give their energy eigenvalues and eigenfunctions. Both isotopes 4He and 3He are treated according to their bosonic and fermionic statistics and symmetry requirements. Clusters of all sizes of 4He atoms are stable, but there is a minimum threshold of ∼70 atoms for the formation of 3He clusters. All the excited states in addition to the ground state were found. The wave functions are seen to have interesting differences from electronic wave functions in atoms.
Initial Validation of the Mental Health Provider Stigma Inventory.

Objective:To conduct an initial validation of the mental health provider stigma inventory (MHPSI). The MHPSI assesses stigma within the service provider–client relationship on three domains—namely,...
Optimum PEC Conditions Under Resist Heating Effect Reduction for 90nm Node Mask Writing

For high-voltage vector e-beam writing systems, solving the resist heating effect problem is one of the highest priorities because it is a major factor affecting localized critical dimension (CD) uniformity. In order to write patterns for 90nm node devices, the utilization of proximity effect correction (PEC) is essential for e-beam mask writers to achieve high CD performance. In this study, the dependence of CD variation on e-beam write conditions was investigated under optimum PEC parameter conditions. Writing conditions such as current density, shot size, number of writing passes, and settling time were tested to see their affects on resist heating. Industry-standard Nippon Zeon ZEP 7000 resist was written by a Toshiba EBM-3500B 50KeV vector e-beam writer using patterns found in sub-130nm node devices. Results indicated that the main factor affecting resist heating CD variation for ZEP 7000 was in fact the e-beam writer shot size selected. Multi-pass writing was effective in reducing the CD variation, and the settling time of each shot in the EBM-3500B had very little influence.
P50 Chlamydia surveillance in the USA: the need for new strategies

Background Preventing infertility through the prevention and control of chlamydia is a priority in the USA. Valid and timely surveillance data on chlamydial infections are needed to estimate disease burden, monitor trends, and inform and evaluate chlamydia prevention strategies. Methods We assessed the strengths and weaknesses of the US chlamydia surveillance system, including notifiable disease reports, opportunistic data from screening programs, and national surveys. Results Notifiable disease report data are heavily influenced by changes in screening coverage, empiric treatment, diagnostic test technology, and reporting practices. Although test positivity data from federally-funded screening programs can account for the number of tests conducted, data are affected by changes in clinics participating in the program, differences in screening criteria between clinics, and demographic shifts in clinic populations. National survey data are representative of the general population and estimate point prevalence. However, data are not timely and low national chlamydia prevalence (estimated prevalence in 2009–2010 was 1.7%, 95% CI 1.0% to 2.3%) combined with small survey sample sizes results in unstable estimates limiting the ability to monitor trends in demographic subpopulations. Discussion The current US chlamydia surveillance system does not provide valid and timely data to estimate disease burden and monitor trends in chlamydial infection. The use of multiple data sources is not sufficient to offset inherent biases in each surveillance method. Consequently, new approaches to monitoring chlamydia morbidity are needed. Sentinel surveillance may provide higher quality data and a more comprehensive understanding of chlamydia trends.
Scales of Melting in the Presence of Natural Convection in a Rectangular Cavity Filled With Porous Medium

Results To assess the accuracy of the scale analysis employed in this note, the dimensionless freeze-coat thickness a, estimated from equation (26), is plotted in Figs. 2 and 3, and compared with the results of Cheung, who obtained the freeze-coat thickness from an accurate analytical-computational scheme based on a similarity transformation. The data of Cheung, plotted in Figs. 2 and 3 in this note, are from Figs. 5 and 6 in his paper. Figures 2 and 3 indicate that the scale analysis successfully predicts the functional dependence of the freeze-coat thickness on the various parameters implied by equation (27). As the physical trends have been discussed adequately by Cheung, only the accuracy of the procedure is further elaborated herein. As seen from the figures, the scale analysis consistently underpredicts the freeze-coat thickness. However, as can be attested from the figures, the accuracy of the scale analysis does not seem to depend strongly on the relative magnitude of the controlling parameters. Thus, in Fig. 2, which is for liquid superheat parameter /3 = 0.1, the scale analysis results seem to be shifted by about 30 percent down from those of Cheung, for Stefan numbers up to around 3 for both Prandtl numbers of 10 and 100, and thermal property ratios y of 0.01 and 1. As the scale analysis results level off faster than those of Cheung, the shift is about 40 percent at Stefan numbers of 10. The cor­responding shift in Fig. 3, which is for thermal property ratio 7 = 0.01, is also about 30 percent up to Stefan numbers of 1, but increases again at Stefan numbers of 10 to about 50 and 40 percent, respectively, for liquid superheat parameters /3 of 0.01 and 1. Conclusions The scale analysis is applied to the integral form of the equations that govern the growth of a solidified freeze-coat layer. As little as the effort involved in employing the scaling technique is, it provides satisfactory estimates as evidenced from the present comparison. Finally, a noteworthy benefit of the scale analysis in phase change problems is that it provides the dimensionless parameters pertinent in similarity analyses. References
Short-Chain PEG Mixed-Monolayer Protected Gold Clusters Increase Clearance and Red Blood Cell Counts

Monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles have great potential as novel building blocks for the design of new drugs and therapeutics based on the easy ability to multifunctionalize them for biological targeting and drug activity. In order to create nanoparticles that are biocompatible in vivo, polyethylene glycol functional groups have been added to many previous multifunctionalized particles to eliminate nonspecific binding. Recently, monolayer-protected gold nanoparticles with mercaptoglycine functionalities were shown to elicit deleterious effects on the kidney in vivo that were eliminated by incorporating a long-chain, mercapto-undecyl-tetraethylene glycol at very high loadings into a mixed monolayer. These long-chain PEGs induced an immune response to the particle presumably generating an anti-PEG antibody as seen in other long-chain PEG-ylated nanoparticles in vivo. In the present work, we explore the in vivo effects of high and low percent ratios of a shorter chain, mercapto-tetraethylene glycol withi...
Internet-based framework to support integration of the customer in the design of customizable products

AbstractIntegration of customers is a necessary element to design and produce customer centric products. Design tools and methodologies need to be altered to accommodate customers into the process ...
Mutations within the decoding site of Escherichia coli 16S rRNA: growth rate impairment, lethality and intragenic suppression

Several C----U transitions and small deletions were introduced into the conserved region centered on base C1400 in Escherichia coli 16S rRNA by in vitro mutagenesis. The mutations were placed within rrnB operons on multicopy plasmids under the transcriptional regulation of either the normal rrnB P1P2 promoters or the temperature-inducible PL promoter from bacteriophage lambda and introduced into E. coli hosts. When expressed from the P1P2 promoters, several of the mutant 16S rRNAs impaired cell growth while others, including one in which U replaced C at position 1400 within the ribosomal decoding site, had little or no effect on cell doubling time. However, C----U transitions at positions 1395 and 1407, as well as the deletion of C1400, appeared to render their hosts inviable. Cells in which these mutations were expressed from the lambdaPL promoter died within four generations after induction. Unexpectedly, the lethal phenotype was suppressed intragenically by replacement of G1505 with A, C or U. Suppression may alleviate a functional defect in 30S subunits containing the U1395, U1407 or deltaC1400 mutations.
Ultrastructural study of viral replication in human fetal intestinal organ culture.

Human fetal intestinal organ cultures were employed to study the growth patterns of various viruses and resultant cytoarchitectural changes using electron microscopic techniques. Representative strains of adenovirus, adenovirusassociated virus, herpes simplex virus, poliovirus, and echovirus were chosen for the study. The intracellular localization of these viruses was demonstrated, and the occurrence and rate of cellular destruction were observed. The difficulty of visualizing smaller viruses represented was emphasized. The use of these techniques to detect certain fastidious viruses of the gastrointestinal tract was suggested, since human fetal intestinal organ culture provides differentiated cell types which may be important for the initiation and support of viral replication.
Massive Skeletal Muscle Invasion by Lymphoma

• Three patients had diffuse enlargement of skeletal muscle of the thigh as the result of infiltration by diffuse large-cell lymphoma. One case presented de novo as diffuse lymphoma, but the other two had previous diagnoses of nodular lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease. Computed tomographic scanning disclosed an enhancing mass in the thigh with infiltration of skeletal muscle groups; abnormal medullary cavities were noted in the adjacent long bones. Muscle biopsy established the diagnosis in two of the patients. (Arch Intern Med1985;145:1818-1820)
The Effects of Top Management Professional Development on Administrator Turnover

This study examines how characteristics associated with professional development of the top management team in 406 nursing homes can affect administrator turnover. Tenure, education, and membership in a professional association are the characteristics investigated. Data used in this investigation came from a survey of nursing facilities and the 1999 On-line Survey, Certification, and Reporting system. Using logistic regression analyses, the effects of the professional development characteristics of the top management team on the turnover of administrators were examined. The average annual turnover rate of administrators was 43%. Controlling for seven organizational factors, the results are generally significant for tenure and membership in a professional association. This study shows that both aggregate and dissimilarity measures of tenure and professional association membership are important influences on administrator turnover. These results suggest that nursing home owners may want to hire top managers...
Major issues currently impeding clinical pastoral education.

My views have been determined by many factors: my long, continuous experience as a teacher and training supervisor in clinical pastoral education within one institution; an intimate knowledge of the field gained through some 20 years of experience at executive committee levels with the Council for Clinical Training and through editorship of the Journal of Pas toral Care; academic involvement with clinical pastoral education concerns at four seminaries since 1942; visits to centers and theological schools inter ested in the subject in the United Kingdom, Europe, and other parts of the world; chairmanship of three national conferences of executive committees of the Advisory Committee on Clinical Pastoral Education; and the urging of fellow-supervisors who have by no means been identified with my way of thinking.
“The structure of his sentences is French”: Johnson and Hume in the history of English

Samuel Johnson, homme de lettres anglais du 18 e siecle, dit un jour en parlant du style de David Hume que la structure de ses phrases etait francaise. A la lumiere de l'ouvrage de Joseph Priestley «The Rudiments of English Grammar», l'A. analyse les significations qui peuvent etre attribuees a ce jugement de Johnson sur le style de Hume
Receptor autoradiography: applications in neuropathology

Abstract In neurological diseases, receptor autoradiography can be used to construct high-resolution maps of receptor distributions and to examine the relationships between specific cellular pathologies and changes in receptor densities. In addition to summarizing the advantages and limitations of this technique, this review considers autoradiographic studies of three neurodegenerative disorders: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, and Alzheimer's disease.
Delayed acquisition of eyeblink conditioning in aged F1 hybrid (Fischer-344 × brown Norway) rats

Abstract We previously reported that the freely moving male Fischer-344 rat provides a useful model to demonstrate the progressive impairment of eyeblink conditioning associated with aging. However, because the youngest F-344 rats only performed at 60% of maximum, we ran the same experiment with hybrid rats and discovered most (i.e., those age 9–24 months) learned rapidly and exhibited conditioned responses on greater than 80% of trials by the end of two training sessions. In contrast, the aged rats (36 months) exhibited significantly fewer CRs on all four training days. However, unlike all ages of F-344 rats (3–30 months) which were run in our last study, these aged hybrid rats exhibited considerable improvement with extra training. These data indicate clear differences in the rate of learning between the two strains and suggest that even young F-344 rats may have deficits in the neural circuits which mediate eyeblink conditioning. Other anecdotal findings on differences between the two strains are noted.
Political Agenda of Education: A Study of Colonialist and Nationalist Ideas

Kumar's (2005) monograph on the Political Agenda of Education is an important contribution to the international comparative study of modern schooling. By applying a materialist perspective toward t...
Community-based intervention for women exposed to intimate partner violence: A randomized control trial.

A community-based intervention, The Moms' Empowerment Program, was tested with 181 mothers exposed to intimate partner violence (IPV) during the past year. Following consent, a sequential randomized control assignment procedure allocated participants to 3 conditions: mother-plus-child received intervention (M + C), child-only received intervention (CO), and a wait list comparison group (CG). A 2-level hierarchical linear model consisting of repeated observations within individuals and individuals assigned to conditions was used to evaluate the effects of time from baseline to postintervention comparing the 3 conditions and from postintervention to 8-month follow-up for both intervention conditions. Outcomes were individual women's positive parenting and depression. Women in the M + C condition showed the greatest improvement over time of the 3 conditions in both positive parenting and depression. Without intervention parenting grew significantly worse over time for women in the comparison group. Thus, this short-term group intervention program was successful in showing moderate change in both domains. (PsycINFO Database Record Language: en
High-Speed Flex Chip-to-Chip Interconnect

Signaling rates up to 20 Gb/s on a flex-circuit chip-to-chip interconnect are reported in active testing based on 90-nm CMOS circuits. The characterization of two flex connector prototypes demonstrates their basic durability and good high-frequency performance.
Altered protamine 2 expression is uncommon in donors of known fertility, but common among men with poor fertilizing capacity, and may reflect other abnormalities of spermiogenesis.

During the spermatid elongation stage of spermiogenesis approximately 85% of sperm nuclear histones are replaced by protamines. Protamines increase the packing ratio of sperm chromatin, presumably facilitating sperm motility and function. In this study we evaluated the incidence of abnormal protamine expression in 75 patients undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) and 50 donors of known fertility by isolation of sperm nuclear proteins, quantitative gel electrophoresis, and Western blot analysis. In addition, we evaluated the relationship between abnormal protamine expression and semen quality, sperm penetration ability, chromatin stability, and IVF outcome. Seventeen percent (13/75) of IVF patients had no measurable protamine 2 (P2) versus 0% (0/50) of donors of known fertility (P < .005). Sperm penetration rates were decreased in 12 of 13 patients without P2, and mean penetration rates (4.6 +/- 1.2 vs 32.8 +/- 2.9, P < .005), normal morphology (22.4 +/- 3.6 vs 48.7 +/- 4.2, P < .05), and progressive motility (22.3 +/- 2.5 vs 35.4 +/- 2.1, P < .05) were all significantly decreased compared with patients with measurable P2. The mean sperm concentration was not significantly different. The presence of protamine precursor bands was also associated with a diminished penetration capacity (18.4 +/- 2.8 vs 36.7 +/- 3.0, P < .05). Sperm chromatin decondensation following exposure to heparin sulfate was significantly increased in patients without a measurable P2 band. Twelve patients with no measurable P2 underwent intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), with 6 patients (6/12, 50%) becoming pregnant. ICSI fertilization and subsequent embryo cleavage were not different in patients without P2 compared with other patients undergoing ICSI. These data indicate that abnormal sperm protamine levels are a common defect in infertility patients, but not in donors of known fertility. It appears that abnormal protamine levels may reflect defects of late spermiogenesis, including sperm penetration capacity.
Desmoid tumors: Local control and patterns of relapse following radiation therapy

Desmoid tumors are benign neoplasms, arising from musculoaponeurotic tissues, which tend to be locally infiltrative, resulting in a high rate of local recurrence following surgical resection. Nineteen patients with desmoid tumors underwent radiation therapy at the University of California, San Francisco, between 1970 and 1980. Fifteen patients were referred with local recurrence following one or more surgical resections. Three patients were referred for initial radiation therapy with unresectable tumors, and one patient received planned postoperative irradiation following subtotal tumor resection. At the time of treatment, 8 patients had nonresectable disease measuring greater than 10 cm. Five patients had residual tumor masses measuring 4 to 6 cm, and six had only microscopic disease following resection. The majority of patients were treated to a tumor dose of 50-55 Gy at 1.6 to 1.8 Gy per fraction. With a median follow-up of 8 years, 13 patients remained free of recurrent disease following radiation therapy. The 5 year relapse free survival was 72% with 10 patients continuing to be free of disease 5 to 11 years following therapy. Local control was not related to the amount of disease present at the time of treatment. Of the 6 patients who developed recurrent disease, only 1 patient had a true in-field recurrence. Four patients recurred at the margin of the radiation field 1 to 5 years following therapy. Of these four patients, 3 were successfully salvaged while 1 died as a result of tumor extension into a major vessel. One patient with an extensive mesenteric mass did not respond to therapy and died 1 month post irradiation. The patient with the in-field recurrence and 1 patient with a marginal recurrence were successfully treated with combination chemotherapy. Moderate dose radiation therapy to desmoid tumors can result in lasting local control when surgical resection is not possible. Post operative radiation can improve the rate of local control for patients with a high risk of recurrence. As desmoid tumors tend to be locally infiltrative, fields must be very generous to prevent marginal recurrence. Systemic chemotherapy offers an alternative to ablative surgery in the event of local failure following radiation therapy.
CULTURE AND NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR

Over the history of time, people have had to solve a host of distinct social problems in order to adapt and thus achieve reproductive success, including negotiating complex status hierarchies, forming successful work and social groups, attracting mates, fighting off potential rivals of food and sexual partners, giving birth and raising children, and battling nature (Buss, 1991, 2001). Universal biological imperatives are associated with a universal set of psychological problems that people need to solve in order to survive; thus, all individuals and groups of individuals must create ways to deal with these universal problems. The ways that each group develops then become their culture. In my view, culture is the product of the interaction between universal biological needs and functions, universal social problems created to 12
Population-genetic inference from pooled-sequencing data.

Although pooled-population sequencing has become a widely used approach for estimating allele frequencies, most work has proceeded in the absence of a proper statistical framework. We introduce a self-sufficient, closed-form, maximum-likelihood estimator for allele frequencies that accounts for errors associated with sequencing, and a likelihood-ratio test statistic that provides a simple means for evaluating the null hypothesis of monomorphism. Unbiased estimates of allele frequencies (where N is the number of individuals sampled) appear to be unachievable, and near-certain identification of a polymorphism requires a minor-allele frequency . A framework is provided for testing for significant differences in allele frequencies between populations, taking into account sampling at the levels of individuals within populations and sequences within pooled samples. Analyses that fail to account for the two tiers of sampling suffer from very large false-positive rates and can become increasingly misleading with increasing depths of sequence coverage. The power to detect significant allele-frequency differences between two populations is very limited unless both the number of sampled individuals and depth of sequencing coverage exceed 100.
Cell-free DNA as a promising marker for risk stratification of pulmonary embolism

Arnalich and colleagues reported an interesting clinical study that evaluated cell-free plasma mitochondrial and nuclear DNA concentrations in patients with pulmonary embolism (PE) [1]. They found increased circulating mitochondrial and nuclear DNA levels, as well as alterations in other cardiac biomarkers (heart-type fatty acidbinding protein and troponin I) in patients with massive PE compared with those found in patients with submassive PE [1]. Importantly, all these biomarkers were found at higher concentrations in fatal massive PE than in nonfatal PE [1]. I would like to add experimental information associating cell-free DNA and acute pulmonary thromboembolism (APT). Experimental evidence showed that cell-free DNA concentrations increase in proportion to the severity of experimental APT [2]. In addition, these previous findings suggest that lysed cells from the thrombi are
High-Content Profiling of Cell Responsiveness to Graded Substrates Based on Combinatorially Variant Polymers

We have developed a novel approach combining high information and high throughput analysis to characterize cell adhesive responses to biomaterial substrates possessing gradients in surface topography. These gradients were fabricated by subjecting thin film blends of tyrosine-derived polycarbonates, i.e. poly(DTE carbonate) and poly(DTO carbonate) to a gradient temperature annealing protocol. Saos-2 cells engineered with a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter for farnesylation (GFP-f) were cultured on the gradient substrates to assess the effects of nanoscale surface topology and roughness that arise during the phase separation process on cell attachment and adhesion strength. The high throughput imaging approach allowed us to rapidly identify the “global” and “high content” structure-property relationships between cell adhesion and biomaterial properties such as polymer chemistry and topography. This study found that cell attachment and spreading increased monotonically with DTE content and were significantly elevated at the position with intermediate regions corresponding to the highest “gradient” of surface roughness, while GFP-f farnesylation intensity descriptors were sensitively altered by surface roughness, even in cells with comparable levels of spreading.
Knowledge and internal organization

Abstract This study investigates the internal organization of the firm when an entrepreneur and worker differ in their knowledge. Unlike the approach in the current literature which treats knowledge as ‘observation’, I introduce knowledge as ‘understanding’ into the entrepreneur's and worker's production possibilities. After the relationships between knowledge, uncertainty and monitoring are discussed, I use a simple model to pose the question ‘who will be the decision-maker?’ It turns out that participatory organizations may exist not because they reduce monitoring costs but because they are the best organizations to take advantage of knowledgeable workers. On the other hand, if the worker is effort-averse, then a participatory organization may be eschewed even if the worker is more efficient or productive than in a non-participatory organization, and even if monitoring of the worker by the entrepreneur is costless.
Pheromone trailing behavior of captive juvenile African house snakes, Boaedon fuliginosus

Abstract. African brown house snakes (Boaedon fuliginosus) provide a unique opportunity to observe juvenile pheromone trailing behavior in a species of snake that does not use overwintering hibernacula or exhibit aggregation behavior. Using a standard Y-maze as a trailing behavioral assay, the presence and likelihood of captive juvenile B. fuliginosus to trail conspecifics was measured. Juveniles were assessed for trailing juvenile conspecifics as well as non-related adult female conspecifics. A binomial statistic determined if trailing behavior is significantly different than random probability. Juvenile B. fuliginosus did not exhibit significant trailing behavior in regards to other juvenile conspecifics (n = 15). However, trailing behavior was observed for juveniles trailing non-related adult females in 80% of trials (n = 15). Presence of juvenile pheromone trailing in this species may have other functions beyond hibernacula searching and/or conspecific aggregation.
Quasi-simultaneous measurement of ionized calcium and alpha-granule release in individual platelets

The effect of alpha-thrombin and ADP on calcium mobilization and alpha-granule release in individual platelets was investigated by flow cytometry. alpha-Thrombin (4.5 nM) caused a uniform rise of free cytosolic calcium ([Ca2+]i) among indo-1-loaded human platelets. Despite the uniformity of this effect, approximately 20% of the cells failed to secrete alpha-granule content, as shown by binding of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-conjugated S12 monoclonal antibody. ADP (10 microM) caused a similar brisk and uniform rise of calcium but did not increase S12 binding to any platelets. On the other hand, with alpha-thrombin (0.5 nM), calcium mobilization was heterogeneous and paralleled granule release. [Ca2+]i increased rapidly in some platelets, while only slowly in others. When an electronic gate was set according to FITC-S12 fluorescence, cells with a greater secretory response proved to be those with a higher calcium level. With both alpha-thrombin and ADP, chelation of external calcium by EGTA (2 mM) reduced calcium response of individual cells. NiCl2 (1 mM) also inhibited calcium rise of individual platelets to the same extent as EGTA (2 mM) in spite of the presence of 1 mM CaCl2 in the extracellular media. The effects of EGTA and NiCl2 were not limited to a particular subpopulation of cells. These data suggest that the putative Ni2(+)-inhibitable divalent cation channel(s) may be responsible for the increased influx of calcium that occurs during platelet activation by alpha-thrombin and ADP. It appears that these calcium channels contribute to the elevation of [Ca2+]i among virtually all the platelets.
Students' Differentiated Translation Processes.

Understanding how students translate between mathematical representations is of both practical and theoretical importance. This study examined students’ processes in their generation of symbolic and graphic representations of given polynomial functions. The purpose was to investigate how students perform these translations. The result of the study suggests that students of different ability levels process translations differently and that students’ apparent difficulties with translations may be directly connected with their processes and obstacles encountered during translations. The study’s novel framework led to identifying aspects of student behavior that were not previously recognized in the literature. In addition to these findings, this study developed an evolution in theoretical frameworks through which to investigate and explain translation actions between representations. The findings of the study have implications for addressing student difficulties in translations among representations. Understanding how students translate between mathematical representations is of both practical and theoretical importance. Educators and researchers recognize the importance of translations in mathematical comprehension and problem solving success. Unfortunately, some studies have reported only a limited understanding of the exact nature of student abilities with the translation process (Kaput, 1989; Knuth, 2000); the intricacies of this process remain mysterious to both students and teachers (Ainsworth & Van Labeke, 2004; Duval, 1999). Kaput (1987a) summarizes that the research literature provides neither a complete picture of the nature of student activities when translating from one representation to another, nor a coherent account of the intricacies of the translation process itself. In an effort to address student translation difficulties, some have argued the need for research that focuses on translation skills and best practices for teaching (Clement et al., 1981; Janvier, 1987). The study in this paper takes steps toward achieving such an understanding by analyzing student translations between representations commonly found in instructional situations (i.e., graphical and symbolic representations). The specific purpose of this study is to better understand how students process translations. Duval (2006) argues that, in order to be genuinely able to see the nature of student abilities and difficulties in translations, one must set up a
Folding of protein fragments.

Publisher Summary Folding of proteins to native-like structure has been demonstrated with fragments of 8-galactosidase, lysozyme, serum albumin, penicillinase, and tryptophan synthetase. The capability of protein fragments for independent formation of structure has substantial experimental basis. Protein folding occurs “by parts”—that is, in a modular fashion. The structural feature of chain continuity within a compact domain is realized in the fragments of only two of the systems in which independent folding has been shown. These two are lysozyme and thermolysin. Most of the proteins on which fragment folding studies have been carried out are extracellular. Many secreted proteins are synthesized with 20 or so additional amino acid residues at the N-terminus of the peptide chain. Secretion can impose additional constraints on protein folding. Different parts of protein molecules can form native-like structure independently. Some protein fragments show the ability to form native-like structures in vivo . So, protein folding “by parts” is a process that goes on in real life as well as in vitro . The chapter also outlines the experimental findings, protein by protein, roughly in chronological order, and explains the significance of these findings.
Robust Anti-Swing Adaptive Fuzzy Tracking Control for Tower Crane Systems With Both Dead-Zone Band and Time-Delays Uncertainties

Complex mechanical systems, such as tower cranes, are known to be highly nonlinear, under-actuated, and non-colocated, which makes their closed-loop control very challenging. The interconnected components of these systems undergo complex dynamic phenomena, such as friction, which lead to energy or momentum transmission delays. The complexity of such systems is further complicated by external disturbances and nonlinearities resulting from using hydraulic and/or electrical actuators, mechanical joints, gears, etc., which result in the formation of dead-zones, backlash, and hysteresis. A dead-zone, which constitutes a significant non-smooth nonlinearity, severely limits the performance of many mechanical systems such as the tower crane. Previous works on the control of tower cranes were based on accurate determination of their actuated states. In this work, a robust control technique based on adaptive fuzzy theory is investigated for anti-swing and trajectory tracking of tower crane systems. The system is subject to uncertainties in parameter parameters, time delays, external disturbances, and unknown actuator nonlinearities. The unknown actuator nonlinearities, from the jib and tower motors, are characterized by dead-zone bands (as opposed to the typical crisp dead-zone functions). First, fuzzy logic systems with on-line adaptations are utilized to evaluate the unknown nonlinear functions. The proposed control scheme uses the H∞ control technique to develop compensators to overcome the effects of parameter variations, time delays, external disturbances, and unknown actuator dead-zone band nonlinearities. The proposed control scheme ensures the stability of the closed-loop system and achieves desired tracking precision such that the states of the tower crane system are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB) and guarantees an H∞ norm bound constraint on disturbance attenuation for all admissible uncertainties based on the Lyapunov criterion. Simulation results show the validity of this approach for the tower crane system.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Disk-Jet Coupling in Black Hole Accretion Systems I: Order within Chaos

General relativistic numerical simulations of magnetized accretion flows around black holes show accreting gas with chaotic motions at equatorial latitudes and coronae and outflows with chaotic magnetic field at higher latitudes. However, the same simulations also produce highly relativistic, Poynting-dominated jets that are nearly consistent with the stationary paraboloidal Blandford-Znajek model of an organized field threading the polar regions of a rotating black hole. How can a disordered accretion disk and corona lead to an ordered jet? We show that the accretion disk and corona, despite appearing very disordered, have a strikingly simple toroidal current distribution of the form dI�/dr / r 5/4 , where I�(r) is the toroidal current enclosed inside radius r. We demonstrate that the poloidal magnetic field in the jet agrees well with the force-free field solution for a non-rotating equatorial current sheet with the r 5/4 current distribution, thus confirming a close causal relationship between the simple current seen in the numerically simulated disk and the ordered field in the jet. The r 5/4 current is associated with an r 5/4 dependence of the field strength in the disk, which is similar to the scaling assumed in two accretion/outflow models in the literature: the magnetohydrodynamic disk wind model of Blandford & Payne (1982) and the advection-dominated accretion flow model of Narayan & Yi (1995). However, the agreement is accidental since these models assume Newtonian gravity and equipartition between magnetic and gas pressure, neither of which is valid in the numerical model.
On the alert for pulmonary arterial hypertension.

Early recognition can help patients get diagnosed and treated sooner for this potentially fatal disease.
Convexity Bias and Perspective Cues in the Reverse-Perspective Illusion.

The present experiment was designed to examine the roles of painted linear perspective cues, and the convexity bias that are known to influence human observers’ perception of three-dimensional (3D) objects and scenes. Reverse-perspective stimuli were used to elicit a depth-inversion illusion, in which far points on the stimulus appear to be closer than near points and vice versa, with a 2 (Type of stimulus) × 2 (Fixation mark position) design. To study perspective, two types of stimuli were used: a version with painted linear perspective cues and a version with blank (unpainted) surfaces. To examine the role of convexity, two locations were used for the fixation mark: either in a locally convex or a locally concave part of each stimulus (painted and unpainted versions). Results indicated that the reverse-perspective illusion was stronger when the stimulus contained strong perspective cues and when observers fixated a locally concave region within the scene.