cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Wavefront control of large optical systems

Several levels of wavefront control are necessary for the optimum performance of very large telescopes, especially segmented ones like the Large Deployable Reflector. In general, the major contributors to wavefront error are the segments of the large primary mirror. Wavefront control at the largest optical surface may not be the optimum choice because of the mass and inaccessibility of the elements of this surface that require upgrading. The concept of two-stage optics was developed to permit a poor wavefront from the large optics to be upgraded by means of a wavefront corrector at a small exit pupil of the system.
Nonrecursive statistics for integral equation solutions

Recursive schemes are often used to solve complex governing equations in mathematical physics. It is demonstrated that such an approach poses unique difficulties when applied to stochastic integral equations. Each subsequent term in the series requires knowledge of higher order statistics than evaluated for the previous term, and thus no true recursion exists. In effect, even if the equation is linear, it is nonlinear in stochastic quantities. The complexity of each term prevents the evaluation of more than a few terms in the iteration, even when symbolic manipulation codes such as MACSYMA are used.
Estolides: From structure and function to structured and functionalized

Oligomeric fatty acid esters, known as estolides, have been studied for close to a century. It has only been in the last few years, however, that efficient methods for preparing estolides have been developed that also allow some control over their molecular structures. By varying the bio-based feedstocks and reaction conditions, the functional properties, particularly those geared toward lubrication, can be modified. More recently, synthetic advances have permitted stepwise construction of estolides with functional groups (hydrophilic or reactive) positioned at specific sites within the chain.
Nucleoprotein layer of the yeast cell.

ELECTRON microscopy of yeast has revealed nucleic acid in a space between the cell-wall and the plasma-membrane. Fig. 1 shows: (a) the thin, double-walled, convoluted, nucleic acid-free, plasma-membrane; (b) a region (occupying almost one-tenth the total cell volume) rich in nucleic acid which lies outside the plasma-membrane directly beneath the cell-wall. The dark stain of this layer, due to the uranyl acetate treatment, following permanganate fixation, shows that the layer contains nucleoprotein.
Motion produced by combination of gravity and pressure differential when a gate in a tank of liquid is broken

A two-dimensional, semi-infinite tank, closed by a vertical wall at one end, is initially filled to a certain level with an in viscid liquid at rest. A gate in the lower part of the wall is suddenly opened to a region where the gas pressure is greater or less than the gas pressure over the free liquid surface in the tank. The liquid escapes (or moves inwardly) through the gate under the combined action of gravity and the driving pressure differential. The fluid motion, the shapes of the two free surfaces, and the discharge through the gate are calculated for small times after the opening.
A splice-site mutation in CCM1/KRIT1 is associated with retinal and cerebral cavernous hemangioma.

Purpose: To report a case of a unilateral retinal cavernous hemangioma associated with a novel splice-site mutation in CCM1/KRIT1. Methods: An 11-year-old girl was noted to have an asymptomatic retinal cavernous hemangioma in the left eye. CCM1/KRIT1 was screened for mutations. Results: Genetic evaluation of CCM1/KRIT1 revealed a single guanine-to-cytosine transversion in the invariant splice acceptor consensus sequence of intron 8 (c.1146-1G→C), which is predicted to result in abnormal protein splicing. Conclusions: Mutations in CCM1/KRIT1 may be found in asymptomatic patients with retinal cavernous hemangioma.
Hormonal regulation of glutamine metabolism in fasting man.

Abstract Regulation of glutamine metabolism has previously been thought to be a function of the acid-base state. However, following the intravenous administration of small amounts of glucagon and insulin to subjects undergoing therapeutic fasting, circulating plasma glutamine levels were markedly lowered. Coincident with these infusions, urinary NH 3 nitrogen excretion increased (glucagon) and urea nitrogen excretion decreased (glucagon, insulin). These data suggest that glutamine handling by kidney, liver, and possibly muscle is subject to hormonal regulation.
Alterations in the synthesis of proteins in hepatocytes of rainbow trout fed cyclopropenoid fatty acids

Hepatocytes from rainbow trout reared on a diet containing cyclopropenoid fatty acids were analyzed for alterations in protein composition and synthesis by double label experiments. Both cytosolic and microsomal hepatocyte fractions were investigated. In the cytosolic fraction, the synthesis of proteins in the range of 68,000 to 74,000 daltons were significantly decreased. The identity of these proteins remains uncertain. A pronounced depression in both the mass and apparent synthesis of a 200,000 to 240,000 dalton microsomal protein was also observed. Immunoblotting with antibodies raised against goose acetyl-CoA carboxylase and avidin-peroxidase staining suggest that this protein is acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Moreover, synthesis of this protein as well as mass of the protein in cyclopropenoid fatty acid-fed fish were less than 20% of that found in control fish.
AGE AND VOLUNTARY TURNOVER: A QUANTITATIVE REVIEW

The bivariate relationship between chronological age and voluntary turnover was examined. Using a database that spans the years 1959-1993 and contains 46 samples with a total of 42,625 individuals, meta-analyses were performed. In contrast to previous reviews (Cotton & Tuttle, 1986; Rhodes, 1983), the relationship between age and turnover was small and near zero (p= -.08). Job tenure did not appear to moderate the relationship to any substantial extent. We conclude that age is not meaningfully related to an individual's decision to leave an organization.
Diagnostic characteristics of combining phonocardiographic third heart sound and systolic time intervals for the prediction of left ventricular dysfunction.

Abstract Background The third heart sound (S3) and systolic time intervals (STIs) are validated clinical indicators of left ventricular (LV) dysfunction. We investigated the test characteristics of a combined score summarizing S3 and STI results for predicting LV dysfunction. Methods and Results A total of 81 adults underwent computerized phonelectrocardiography for S3 and STI (Audicor, Inovise Medical Inc), cardiac catheterization for LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), echocardiography for LV ejection fraction (LVEF), and B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) testing. LV dysfunction was defined as both an LVEDP >15 mm Hg and LVEF P = .0003), −0.53 for LVEF ( P P = .0008). This index had a receiver operative curve c-statistic of 0.89 for diagnosis of LV dysfunction; a cutoff >1.87 yielded 72% sensitivity, 92% specificity, 9.0 positive likelihood ratio, and 88% accuracy. Conclusions In this preliminary study, the LV dysfunction index combined S3 and STI data from noninvasive electrophonocardiography, and yielded superior test characteristics compared to the individual tests for the diagnosis of LV dysfunction.
The role of subjective factors in the information search process

We investigated the role of subjective factors in the information search process. Forty-eight participants each conducted six Web searches in a controlled setting. We examined relationships between subjective factors (happiness levels, satisfaction with and confidence in the search results, feeling lost during search, familiarity with and interest in the search topic, estimation of task difficulty) and objective factors (search behavior, search outcomes, and search-task characteristics). Data analysis was conducted using a multivariate statistical test (canonical correlations analysis). The findings confirmed existence of several relationships suggested by prior research, including relationships between objective search task difficulty and the perception of task difficulty, and between subjective states and search behaviors and outcomes. One of the original findings suggests that higher happiness levels before and during the search correlate with better feelings after the search, but also correlate with worse search outcomes and lower satisfaction, suggesting that, perhaps, it pays off to feel some “pain” during the search to “gain” quality outcomes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gingival Osteogenic Melanoma in Two Dogs

Osteogenic melanoma is a rare variant of metaplastic malignant melanoma in human medicine and appears to be a similarly rare variant in dogs. Two dogs with oral malignant melanoma with neoplastic bone formation are reported in this study. Both tumors were characterized by malignant melanocytes that transitioned into neoplastic bone at the deep margins of the neoplasm. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed S100- and Melan-A-positive neoplastic cells adjacent to, and occasionally embedded within, an osteoid and chondroblastic matrix. Scattered clusters of neoplastic cells were also positive for osteocalcin. The findings indicate that in dogs, as in humans, neoplastic melanocytes have metaplastic potential and can be osteogenic.
Abstract 1377: Transcriptional silencing of MST1/Hippo by a coordinated MYC and EZH2 signaling in prostate cancer

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Prostate cancer is a major cause of cancer-related death in western countries because of the poorly understood disease mechanisms. Hippo-like MST1 protein kinase regulates cell growth, stem cell self-renewal and carcinogenesis. The loss of Mst1 expression is implicated in the etiology several types of cancers with poor prognosis, including prostate cancer. However, the underlying mechanism of Mst1 transcriptional downregulation in prostate cancer is unknown. Here, we report that MYC and EZH2 function as epigenetic suppressors of MST1 in human prostate cancer cells. We showed that decline in MST1 expression correlated with EZH2 and MYC upregulation as demonstrated by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot. Using methylation sensitive PCR and bisulfite genomic DNA sequencing, we showed that Mst1 promoter DNA was methylated at CpG sites that led to a reduction in MST1 expression. Our pharmacologic or RNAi experiments revealed that EZH2 contributed to MST1 silencing by inducing MST1 promoter DNA methylation and H3K27me3 modification that was accompanied by a reduced H3K4me3 mark and RNA polymerase II occupancy on MST1 promoter and thereby reducing its promoter activity and expression. On the other hand, overexpression of MYC stimulated EZH2 and conversely reduced MST1 promoter activation and its mRNA levels. Potent EZH2 inhibitors reversed the MYC effects on MST1, indicating that MYC attenuates MST1 through EZH2. Moreover, MST1 knockdown caused cell resistance to androgen deficiency and to EZH2, or MYC inhibitor-induced growth retardation. These findings indicate that MYC cooperates with EZH2 to epigenetically silence MST1 and suggest that the loss of MST1/Hippo is critical for MYC- and EZH2-driven cancer cell survival. Citation Format: Gamze Kuser Abali, Ahmet Alptekin, Bekir Cinar. Transcriptional silencing of MST1/Hippo by a coordinated MYC and EZH2 signaling in prostate cancer. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 1377. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-1377
Introduction to Logic: Second Edition

This book is a gentle but rigorous introduction to Formal Logic. It is intended primarily for use at the college level. However, it can also be used for advanced secondary school students, and it can be used at the start of graduate school for those who have not yet seen the material. The approach to teaching logic used here emerged from more than 20 years of teaching logic to students at Stanford University and from teaching logic to tens of thousands of others via online courses on the World Wide Web. The approach differs from that taken by other books in logic in two essential ways, one having to do with content, the other with form. Like many other books on logic, this one covers logical syntax and semantics and proof theory plus induction. However, unlike other books, this book begins with Herbrand semantics rather than the more traditional Tarskian semantics. This approach makes the material considerably easier for students to understand and leaves them with a deeper understanding of what logic is all about. In addition to this text, there are online exercises (with automated grading), online logic tools and applications, online videos of lectures, and an online forum for discussion. They are available at logic.stanford.edu/intrologic/ Table of Contents: Introduction / Propositional Logic / Satisfiability / Propositional Proofs / Propositional Resolution / Relational Logic / Relational Logic Proofs / Resolution / Induction / Equality
The modal equations and equal frequencies in definite systems

Abstract Discrete, constrained, linear elastic systems in free vibration are investigated by means of their modal equations in order to establish the necessary conditions for equal frequencies. Among these conditions are found: symmetry, a minimum three-degrees of freedom, and a diagional inertia matrix along with a full stiffness matrix.
ANALOG ADAPTIVE PIEZOELECTRIC SENSORIACTUATOR DESIGN

In order for a piezoelectric transducer to be used as a sensor and actuator simultaneously, a feedthrough charge due to the applied voltage must be removed from the response. Earlier researchers proposed signal processing filters and adaptive digital filtering to remove this term by creating a reference signal which destructively interferes with a portion of the piezoelectric smart structure signal, leaving only the mechanical response signal. This paper presents alternative analog LMS adaptive filtering methods which accomplish the same result. Two advantages of the proposed analog compensation scheme include the ability to more closely match the order of the adaptive filter to the assumed dynamics of the piezostructure and significantly lower electronic component costs compared to the digital adaptive methods. Theoretical and experimental results are provided along with a discussion of the difficulties encountered in trying to achieve perfect compensation of the feedthrough capacitive charge on a piezoelectric wafer.
Processing and Pore Growth Mechanisms in Aluminum Gasarites Produced by Thermal Decomposition

Gasarites are a subclass of metallic foams that have a cylindrical pore morphology created by directional solidification of metals saturated with a gas. Thermal decomposition is an alternative process in which the soluble gas is delivered by decomposition of a particulate gas source. Aluminum gasarites formed through decomposition of titanium and zirconium hydrides were studied to both replicate the results of a previous study and discern pore-formation mechanisms. Replication of the previous study was not achieved, and additional processing enhancements were required to produce gasarite pore morphologies. For the first time, zirconium hydride was utilized to produce gasarites, with porosity levels and pore sizes lower than that from titanium hydride. Maximum average porosity levels of 10 and 6 pct were observed for titanium hydride and zirconium hydride, respectively. Pore-formation mechanisms in aluminum gasarite foams created via thermal decomposition of titanium and zirconium hydrides were evaluated through metallographic analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Definitive evidence of gas–metal eutectic pore growth was not found, but pore morphological characteristics and chemical analysis of particulate at pore surfaces support direct gas evolution from the hydride particles as a contributor to pore formation and growth.
Small Peptide Recognition Sequence for Intracellular Sorting

Increasing evidence indicate that complex arrays of short signals and recognition peptide sequence ensure accurate trafficking and distribution of transmembrane receptors and/or proteins and their ligands into intracellular compartments. Internalization and subsequent trafficking of cell-surface receptors into the cell interior is mediated by specific short-sequence peptide signals within the cytoplasmic domains of these receptor proteins. The short signals usually consist of small linear amino acid sequences, which are recognized by adaptor coat proteins along the endocytic and sorting pathways. In recent years, much has been learned about the function and mechanisms of endocytic pathways responsible for the trafficking and molecular sorting of membrane receptors and their ligands into intracellular compartments, however, the significance and scope of the short-sequence motifs in these cellular events is not well understood. Here a particular emphasis has been given to the functions of short-sequence signal motifs responsible for the itinerary and destination of membrane receptors and proteins moving into subcellular compartments.
Summary, Working Group 1: Electron guns and injector designs

We summarize the proceedings of Working Group 1 of the 2005 Energy Recovery Linac (ERL) Workshop. The subject of this working group, the electron gun and injector design, is arguably the most critical part of the ERL as it determines the ultimate performance of this type of accelerators. Working Group 1 dealt with a variety of subjects: The technology of DC, normal-conducting RF and superconducting RF guns; beam dynamics in the gun and injector; the cathode and laser package; modeling and computational issues; magnetized beams and polarization. A short overview of these issues covered in the Working Group is presented in this paper.
Dynamics of the photosynthesis of carbon compounds II. Amino acid synthesis

Further kinetic studies have been made of the rates of appearance of 14C in individual compounds formed by Chlorella pyrenoidosa during steady state photosynthesis with 14CO2. Total and “active” pools of several amino acids have been determined. The effects of adding unlabeled acetate and of turning off the light have been studied in this system. From these experiments it is concluded that synthesis and utilization of alanine, serine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid and several other amino acids are most active within the chloroplasts during photosynthesis and that these amino acids are formed rather directly from intermediates of the carbon reduction cycle. The major portion of the carbon utilized for amino acid synthesis is accounted for in the synthesis of these compounds. Evidence for the presence of at least two separated pools of these amino acids is given, and the effect of light and dark and of the addition of unlabeled acetate upon the synthesis of these amino acids is discussed.
Families in Demographic Perspective: Implications for Family Counseling

This column presents issues that affect families undergoing separation, divorce, and remariage, including single parenting and stepfamilies.
New insights into the pathophysiology of post-stroke spasticity

Spasticity is one of many consequences after stroke. It is characterized by a velocity-dependent increase in resistance during passive stretch, resulting from hyperexcitability of the stretch reflex. The underlying mechanism of the hyperexcitable stretch reflex, however, remains poorly understood. Accumulated experimental evidence has supported supraspinal origins of spasticity, likely from an imbalance between descending inhibitory and facilitatory regulation of spinal stretch reflexes secondary to cortical disinhibition after stroke. The excitability of reticulospinal (RST) and vestibulospinal tracts (VSTs) has been assessed in stroke survivors with spasticity using non-invasive indirect measures. There are strong experimental findings that support the RST hyperexcitability as a prominent underlying mechanism of post-stroke spasticity. This mechanism can at least partly account for clinical features associated with spasticity and provide insightful guidance for clinical assessment and management of spasticity. However, the possible role of VST hyperexcitability cannot be ruled out from indirect measures. In vivo measure of individual brainstem nuclei in stroke survivors with spasticity using advanced fMRI techniques in the future is probably able to provide direct evidence of pathogenesis of post-stroke spasticity.
Solving the Multi-Period Disassembly-to-Order System Under Stochastic Yields, Limited Supply, and Quantity Discount

Our previous model [1] considered the disassembly-to-order (DTO) system where a variety of returned products were disassembled in order to satisfy the demand for specified number of components in a single period with limited supply and quantity discount. This paper extends the previous model by solving the problem in multiple periods. Lingo 11.0 and spreadsheet analysis are used to solve the problem under stochastic yields, limited supply, and quantity discount. The main objective of the model is to determine the optimal number of take-back end-of-life (EOL) products for the DTO system that maximizes the total profit. In order to meet the customer’s demand for the different components, a wide variety of products and subassemblies are considered for disassembly. Our model is further complicated because the operating conditions of the take-back EOL products are unknown. As a result, heuristic approach is used to transform the stochastic yields into deterministic equivalents. Additionally, several factors are considered before disassembling any product. When solved, the model provides an optimal ordering policy for the multi-period DTO system. An example is considered to illustrate the use of the model.Copyright © 2008 by ASME
Counteracting Structural Loads: Treatment in ASCE Standard 7-05

The load combinations in ASCE Standard 7 for load and resistance factor design (LRFD) and for allowable stress design (ASD) differ in their treatment of counteracting loads, where the permanent gravity load (dead load) stabilizes the structural system against the effect of uplift or lateral loads. In LRFD, the loads are factored prior to the analysis, and the load factor on dead load is less than unity. In ASD, one factor of safety (the allowable stress factor) had been applied to the difference between the nominal load effects through the 1995 edition of ASCE Standard 7. Beginning with the 1998 edition, the load factor on nominal dead load in the ASD combination was increased to 0.6 to achieve consistency between ASD and LRFD. This particular ASD load requirement has been controversial and has drawn criticism from certain segments of the structural engineering community. This technical note examines the treatment of counteracting loads in ASCE Standard 7 from a reliability viewpoint, and shows that failure to reduce the gravity load for design may lead to inadequate safety.
“The Empire Strikes Back”: The US Assault on the International Human Rights Regime

We argue that the post-9/11 environment has amounted to a substantive change in the longstanding United States relationship with the international human rights regime. We identify three distinct phases of that relationship, noting that in the most recent phase, since 9/11, the US has moved from passive support of the international human rights regime to a direct attack of that regime. Realist and liberal regime theories suggest that the human rights regime is relatively weak, and is unlikely to withstand such an attack. We find that the regime has not only continued to persist, but has flourished even as US support has faltered. The human rights regime is surprisingly strong. We argue it is the ideological nature of the regime that explains its resilience, which suggests that constructivist theory is necessary to fully understand the human rights regime.
Takayasu's arteritis. Report of a case with unusual findings

Abstract A case of Takayasu's arteritis with some unusual findings is presented. The patient was a 35 year old woman with a previous history of ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis. She presented with a variety of nonspecific systemic symptoms. On physical examination systolic bruits were heard over both carotid and subclavian arteries and the abdominal aorta. On the basis of aortograms, laboratory data and an aortic biopsy the diagnosis of Takayasu's arteritis was made. Unusual findings were: (1) the past history of ulcerative colitis and rheumatoid arthritis; (2) involvement of the right pulmonary and right renal arteries; (3) recurrent pericardial effusion; and (4) marked symptomatic improvement after steroid therapy without angiographic evidence of resolution of the arterial lesions.
Esophageal function testing using both liquid and viscous substances: provides greater potential to detect abnormalities

Purpose: Traditional esophageal function testing includes esophageal manometry using liquid (water) swallows. Adding viscous (semisolid) swallows as part of esophageal manometry may provide additional information similar to the "modified" barium swallow.
Predator-Prey Relations and Competition for Food Between Age-0 Lake Trout and Slimy Sculpins in the Apostle Island Region of Lake Superior

Slimy sculpins (Cottus cognatus) are an important component of the fish community on reefs and adjacent nursery areas of the Great Lakes and overlap spatially with age-0 lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush). Important interactions between these fishes are possible during the lake trout's first year of life, which could include predation on each other's eggs and larvae, and competition for food resources. We investigated the diets of age-0 lake trout and slimy sculpins on a lake trout spawning reef (Gull Island Shoal) and adjacent nursery area (near Michigan Island) in the Apostle Island region of western Lake Superior during June through September from 1988 through 1991. Organisms in stomachs of 511 lake trout and 562 sculpins were identified and counted. Of the 11 major food types found in age-0 lake trout stomachs from both areas, Mysis was the dominant food item (mean volume in stomachs = 68%) and occurred in about 3/4 of the fish analyzed. Copepods, cladocerans, chironomid pupae, fish, and Bythotrephes were also common in the diet (frequency of occurrence > 4%). Diets of lake trout were more diverse on the reef than on the nursery area where Mysis dominated the diet. Slimy sculpins were only found in lake trout greater than 50 mm. Mysis was an important food item of slimy sculpins over the reef but not over the nursery area, where Diporeia was by far the most important taxon. A variety ofben-thic invertebrates (Asellus, chironomids, benthic copepods, and snails) comprised the bulk of the sculpin diet over the reef. Sculpins also ate lake trout eggs in November. Based on cluster analysis, diets were most similar over the reef where both consumed Mysis, calanoid copepods and chironomid pupae. Diets diverged over the nursery areas where sculpins were strictly benthic feeders and lake trout maintained their planktonic diet. In Lake Superior, where lake trout recruitment through natural reproduction has become well established, the coexistence of the two species appears amicable. However, in other Great Lakes with higher sculpin to lake trout ratios on a reef, the coexistence of the two species may be a bottleneck for age-0 lake trout survival beginning with egg deposition and ending when age-0 lake trout move off the reef and the two species no longer compete for a common food resource.
Solubilization and partial purification of lymphocyte specific antigens in the chicken

Four different lymphocyte antigens were solubilized from chickens homozygous at the B locus. The antigens were identified by immunoelectrophoresis with rabbit anti-lymphocyte sera. 1. A bursa-specific cell surface antigen was extracted with 3 M potassium chloride and partially purified. The antigen was excluded from Sephadex G-200 gels, was heat labile and was a potent immunogen. The antigen could be detected on all bursa cells by immunofluorescence but not on thymus, spleen or blood lymphocytes. The findings do not exclude, however, the possibility that a small number of lymphocytes (e.g. plasma cells) possess the antigen. 2. A thymus-specific antigen was obtained by papain treatment of thymus cells. It migrated cathodically in immunoelectrophoresis. 3. A surface antigen which was specific for lymphocytes from both central lymphoid organs (thymus and bursa) was solubilized by pestle homogenization. 4. A fourth lymphocyte surface antigen was present on lymphocytes from blood, spleen, bursa and thymus. It was best solubilized by 3 M potassium chloride extraction and did not migrate under the conditions of immunoelectrophoresis. Studies did not reveal a stable antigenic marker with specificity for thymus or bursa cells and their progeny in the peripheral lymphocyte pool.
OSO-III High-Energy Gamma-Ray Experiment

Very preliminary results for the distribution of γ-rays with energies greater than 50 MeV are presented. Extraterrestrial γ-rays appear to be concentrated to the plane of the galaxy.
A Theoretical Performance Assessment Tool for Myocardial Elastography

The main purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical tool in order to fundamentally characterize the performance of Myocardial elastography and identify the optimal parameters to be used for the more reliable detection of ischemia or infarction. A complete representation of the left-ventricular function throughout an entire cardiac cycle was previously demonstrated through the use of a 3D finite-element analysis (FEA) model. This FEA model together with an ultrasound image formation model is used here in order to test the performance of 2D myocardial elastography at distinct phases of the cardiac cycle and at different states of myocardium, i.e., normal and ischemic, based on in vivo canine data. A previously developed 3D finite-element analysis (FEA) model of a normal canine left ventricle with 80 nodes and 40 elements was used to simulate all main phases of the cardiac cycle. The axial and lateral displacements within multiple image (x-y) planes across the left-ventricular volume were iteratively calculated and corrected to reduce the decorrelation noise. Given the excellent agreement between the FEA solution and the elastographic strains measured in 2D over an entire simulated cardiac cycle, myocardial elastography proves to be a reliable technique for the accurate assessment of the myocardial deformation in 2D at distinct phases of the cardiac cycle as well as detection of the ischemic region. Preliminary in vivo results of a standard short-axis view in a canine myocardium are shown validating the performance assessment using the proposed model
A Research Agenda for Family Communication

Abstract With increasing life spans, relationships between spouses, parents, and children may extend for 50, 60, or more years. Yet the communication challenges faced in the later years of these relationships have received relatively little attention in the family communication literature. In this article, I outline why attention to communication within families later in the life span is essential, both for its theoretical and applied value to family communication scholarship. The article reviews literature on age stereotyping and communication, my own area of research, highlighting its implications for the study of family communication. The article concludes with suggestions for fruitful directions for family communication research.
Analysis of Lattice and Ionized Impurity Scattering in p -Type Germanium

The scattering of holes in $p$-type germanium by acoustical and optical phonons, and by ionized impurities has been studied over a wide range of temperature from 7 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, and for impurity concentrations from ${10}^{13}$ to ${10}^{17}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$. The mobility was analyzed on the basis of the following approximations: (1) The light- and heavy-hole valence bands are parabolic with spherical constant-energy surfaces and effective-mass ratios of 0.043 and 0.35; (2) the relaxation time for lattice scattering is the same for the heavy and light holes; and (3) the ionized impurity scattering is describable by the Brooks-Herring formula with the scattering limited to intraband transitions. The following results were obtained: (1) The expectation was substantiated that the lattice scattering at $T\ensuremath{\le}70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$K can be attributed to acoustical phonon interactions; the mobility ${\ensuremath{\mu}}_{\mathrm{ac}}=3.37\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{7}{T}^{\ensuremath{-}\frac{3}{2}}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/V-sec was obtained by treating it as the sole adjustable parameter in the range 10 to 70\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K; (2) the stronger ${T}^{\ensuremath{-}2.3}$ dependence of mobility in the range 120 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K can be attributed to the advent of optical mode scattering if the ratio of optical to acoustical mode coupling constants ${(\frac{{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{op}}}{{\mathcal{E}}_{\mathrm{ac}}})}^{2}$ is chosen to be 3.8; (3) the Brooks-Herring formula describes the ionized impurity scattering very well from 30 to 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for impurity concentrations ${N}_{I}\ensuremath{\le}{10}^{15}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}3}$, but overestimates the mobility for higher ${N}_{I}$ or lower $T$. The eventual failure of the analysis may be attributed to the neglect of carrier-carrier and interband ionized impurity scattering.
Reinterpreting the Fort Bragg Evaluation findings: the message does not change.

The previous four articles have thoughtfully raised several issues about the evaluation of the Fort Bragg Demonstration. Some concerns are warranted, as every study has strengths and weaknesses. But other comments simply obscure the clear message delivered by this study. The concerns expressed in these articles have been categorized into four questions. Following each question is a summary of the evaluators' answer to the question. This is followed by selected alternative explanations, in italics, raised in the commentaries.
An integrated intelligent process planning system for prismatic parts using PC-based CAD and CAM software packages

Traditional machining process planning relies heavily on human decision making and manual calculations. The utilisation of CAM software and computers to aid machining reduces errors and planning time. A fully integrated planning system using CAD and CAM software would further increase the efficiency of process planning. The goal of this research is the automation of machining process planning for prismatic parts by integrating Autocad and Mastercam software packages using the Autolisp programming language and artificial intelligence techniques. Using only a 3D representation of the prismatic part geometry drawn in Autocad as input, the integrated system will be capable of producing NC code for the machining of the part with minimal human intervention. This system would greatly enhance the productivity of machining process planning.
Research on Advertising Ethics: Past, Present, and Future

Abstract Research on advertising ethics, as revealed by a search of the ABI/Inform database, shows that advertising ethics has been, and continues to be, a mainstream topic in advertising research. Present beliefs about such research, as expressed by a random sample of academicians in the American Academy of Advertising, include the belief that practitioners are uninterested in ethics research. Beliefs about the future of such research, as forecast by the same academicians, include the need for better measures related to ethics. Other promising research topics are use of deception, advertising to children, ads for legal vices, negative political ads, and stereotyping in ads.
Utility of the Boston Naming Test in Predicting Ultimate Side of Surgery in Patients with Medically Intractable Temporal Lobe Epilepsy

Summary: Purpose: Confrontation naming tasks have long been presumed to be sensitive to left temporal dysfunction and, consequently, are frequently used in the evaluation of surgical epilepsy patients. Despite wide and frequent use, few studies have examined the utility of confrontation naming tasks in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Methods: The current study examined the presurgical Boston Naming Test (BNT) performance of 217 right-handed adult patients with intractable TLE (left, 108; right, 109) to determine the utility of this measure in predicting ultimate side of surgery. Results: The results support the clinical utility of the BNT in determining ultimate side of surgery and suggest that the BNT has incremental validity over and above presurgical delayed memory and intelligence scores. This relation was found to be moderated by Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), age at seizure onset, and duration of epilepsy. The use of a logistic regression equation to predict side of surgery revealed that prediction of left temporal surgery was best among patients with low BNT scores, high FSIQs, and late age at seizure onset. In contrast, right temporal surgery was best predicted among patients with high BNT scores, low FSIQs, and short duration of epilepsy. Conclusions: This study supports the clinical utility of the BNT in the preoperative evaluation of candidates for TLE surgery and highlights the importance of examining potential moderating variables when making predictions about side of surgery. This study further provides clinicians with a regression equation that can be used to predict side of surgery in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Emergency service in Wi-Fi networks without access point association

Emergency "911" service is a critical function provided in the PSTN, cellular and VOIP networks. Wi-Fi, despite its growing importance, has no such service. In this paper, we develop a 911-like service for Wi-Fi capable devices, enabling them to send emergency messages through any available hotspot or access point. Our service makes use of existing 802.11 management frames and does not require the client device to associate or authenticate with the access point; this makes it available even on protected networks to which the client would not normally have access, even encrypted ones. This design ensures maximum potential reach and usability, and helps to increase public safety.
Delay jitter control scheme for packet-switching internetworks

Abstract Delay jitter is the variation of the delays with which packets travelling on a network connection reach their destination. For good quality of reception, continuous-media (video, audio, image) streams require that jitter be kept below a sufficiently small upper bound. This paper proposes a distributed mechanism for controlling delay jitter in a packet-switching network. The mechanism can be applied to an internetwork that satisfies the conditions detailed in the paper, and can coexist with other schemes (including the absence of any scheme) for jitter control within the same network, the same node, and even the same realtime channel. The mechanism makes the distribution of buffer space requirements more uniform over a channel's route, and reduces by a non-negligible amount the total buffer space needed by a channel. The paper argues that if these advantages are sufficient to justify the higher costs of the distributed jitter control mechanism with respect to a non-distributed one, if would be useful to offer to the network's users a jitter control service based on the mechanism proposed here.
InAs-GaSb-AlSb quantum confined structures for IR applications

We review recent progress in the development of quantum confined structures based on the InAs-GaSb-AlSb family of semiconductors. The results of transport and quantum transport experiments are summarized to illuminate band structure features and carrier scattering mechanisms that are key to device applications. The unique band structure engineering possibilities enabled by the presence of L-valleys in the conduction band are explored, as well as, the general progress in band structure calculations and modeling of complex multi-layers. A primary emphasis is the flexibility of the InAs-GaSb-AlSb material system as the basis for a wide variety of E-O modulators, frequency doublers, infrared diode lasers, and other devices.
Goal Setting Effects on Implicit and Explicit Learning of Complex Tasks

Abstract The robust finding that setting difficult, specific goals leads to increased performance on simple tasks has not generalized to complex task performance. The results of the present research suggest that the moderating effect of task complexity on the goal–performance relationship is due to confounding goal difficulty with explicit and implicit learning. Two multiple cue probability learning studies were performed keeping the learning mode constant while varying goal difficulty. Study 1 examined goal setting effects on performance when task processing was implicit. Consistent with previous research on complex tasks, setting difficult, specific goals did not result in performance gains. Study 2 demonstrated that when complex task processing is explicit, goal setting results in gradual but steady improvements in complex task performance. Protocol analysis of strategies used by participants indicate that goal setting resulted in increased performance through the development of better strategies.
Geographic variation in the critical thermal minimum of the green anole, Anolis carolinensis (sauria:Iguanidae), along a latitudinal gradient

Abstract 1. 1. Critical thermal minimum (CTMin) tests were conducted on adult male green anoles ( Anolis carolinensis ) collected in central Florida, southern Georgia and eastern Tennessee. 2. 2. CTMin was determined on the afternoon of capture to obtain a temperature range from which a laboratory acclimation temperature could be extracted. After being held in the laboratory at 25 ± 2°C for 14–18 days, lizards were cold-acclimated to 9°C for 48 hr prior to CTMin retesting. 3. 3. The Tennessee population was significantly more cold resistant than the Florida and Georgia populations, suggesting a genetic basis for the variation noted.
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the United States associated with injecting drug use, 1981-1991.

As of June 30, 1991, 182,834 AIDS cases in the United States had been reported to the Centers for Disease Control, of which 58,879 (32.2%) were associated with illicit drug use. Of these, 39,904 (70.0%) were in both women and heterosexual men reported as injecting drug users (IDUs), 11,823 (20.7%) in men who have sex with men who are also IDUs, 5,305 (9.3%) in sex partners of IDUs, and 1,847 (3.1%) in children whose mothers were either IDUs or sex partners of IDUs. From 1989 to 1990, the increase in the number of United States AIDS cases associated with IDU either directly or indirectly was higher in all regions compared with the Northeast. The highest percentage increases were in the South, U.S. territories, and the North Central. From 1989 to 1990, the percentage of AIDS cases attributed directly to IDU increased in women and men (15.3 and 5.9%, respectively); however, the increase in sex partners of IDUs was much larger (34.5% in men and 29.1% in women). Increases were also higher in sex partners of ID...
Korsakoff's psychosis: Noradrenergic systems and cognitive impairment

Recent studies of patients with Korsakoff's amnesia suggest that central noradrenergic (NE) activity is diminished by the brainstem and diencephalic lesions associated with this disease. Similarly, there is a body of evidence that experimental manipulations of central NE activity affect the ability of animals to learn and remember some conditioned behaviors. The relationship between brain NE activity and human amnesia is underscored by evidence of comparable behavioral deficits in animals with NE depleting lesions and in humans with Korsakoff's psychosis. We argue that diminished NE activity impairs cognitive activation and that this limits processes related to attention and to the information processing capacity of patients with Korsakoff's psychosis.
Alterations in Oropharyngeal Flora in Patients With a Nasogastric Tube: A Cohort Study S. THOMAS, R. RAMAN, J. IDIKULA, ET AL Critical Care Medicine 20:1677-1680, 1992

The authors undertook this prospective study to determine whether the presence of a nasogastric tube results in a change in the bacterial flora in the oropharynx. Patients scheduled to undergo an elective surgical procedure under general endotracheal anesthesia were studied. Sixteen patients had a nasogastric tube placed and 14 patients did not. The two patient groups were comparable in terms of age, gender, severity of underlying illness, and use of perioperative antibiotics. A commercially available, presterilized, clear plastic nasogastric tube was used in all patients. The tube was placed either for gastric decompression or feeding. All patients had a high oropharyngeal swab taken just before surgery. A similar swab was obtained 48 and 72 hours later. Patients were examined for evidence of otitis, sinusitis, and pharyngitis at the beginning of the study and 48 hours later. The authors found a significant increase in the frequency of oropharyngeal colonization by pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria after...
Rat Strain Differences in Restraint Stress Induced Brain Cytokines

Induction of brain cytokines during times of stress has potent effects on altering behavior, mood, and cognitive functioning. Currently, it is unknown why exposure to some stressors such as tailshock and footshock elevate brain cytokines, while exposure to swim, predator odor, and restraint stress do not. Recent data indicate that brain noradrenergic signaling mediates brain cytokine production suggests magnitude of norepinephrine release during stress may be critical in initiating brain cytokine production. The aim of the current study was to investigate stress-induced brain cytokines between rat strains that differ in their magnitude of stress responsiveness as measured by brain norepinephrine and HPA responses. Sprague-Dawley and Fischer rats were placed in a restraint bag for 1 h or 2 h and sacrificed immediately following stressor termination. Exposure to restraint significantly elevated hypothalamic interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-1 receptor type (R) 2 mRNA after 1 h and IL-1β protein after 2 h in the high stress responsive Fischer rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley rats. IL-6, IL-1R1, Il-1 receptor antagonist (RA), and cyclooxygenase (Cox)-2 mRNA were not altered and neither there was expression of any cytokines in the hippocampus or circulating cytokines in either strain. Administration of desipramine (a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor) to Sprague-Dawley rats was sufficient either alone or in combination with stress to increase IL-1β mRNA in the hypothalamus and desipramine combined with stress was sufficient to increase IL-1R2 mRNA in the hypothalamus. These data support our hypothesis that there is a critical threshold of brain norepinephrine necessary to stimulate brain cytokines, which may help to explain why severe stressors are more commonly reported to induce brain cytokines. These data also suggest an organisms' susceptibility to stress-induced brain cytokine production, depends on responsiveness and regulation of noradrenergic neurons.
A new large Damköhler number theory of fuel droplet burning

Abstract The combustion of a liquid fuel droplet is considered when the Damkohler number is very large, and a solution is constructed that is quite distinct from the Burke-Schumann (B-S) limit. For a certain range of parameters this solution coexists with the B-S limit and is probably unstable. However, there are other values of the parameters for which the new solution exists but the B-S solution is excluded, and in this case the new solution is probably stable.