cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Use of and Mortality After Bilateral Mastectomy Compared With Other Surgical Treatments for Breast Cancer in California, 1998-2011

RESULTS Among 189 734 patients, the rate of bilateral mastectomy increased from 2.0% (95% CI, 1.7%-2.2%) in 1998 to 12.3% (95% CI, 11.8%-12.9%) in 2011, an annual increase of 14.3% (95% CI, 13.1%-15.5%); among women younger than 40 years, the rate increased from 3.6% (95% CI, 2.3%-5.0%) in 1998 to 33% (95% CI, 29.8%-36.5%) in 2011. Bilateral mastectomy was more often used by non-Hispanic white women, those with private insurance, and those who received care at a National Cancer Institute (NCI)–designated cancer center (8.6% [95% CI, 8.1%-9.2%] among NCI cancer center patients vs 6.0% [95% CI, 5.9%-6.1%] among non-NCI cancer center patients; odds ratio [OR], 1.13 [95% CI, 1.04-1.22]); in contrast, unilateral mastectomy was more often used by racial/ethnic minorities (Filipina, 52.8% [95% CI, 51.6%-54.0%]; OR, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.90-2.11] and Hispanic, 45.6% [95% CI, 45.0%-46.2%]; OR, 1.16 [95% CI, 1.13-1.20] vs non-Hispanic white, 35.2% [95% CI, 34.9%-35.5%]) and those with public/Medicaid insurance (48.4% [95% CI, 47.8%-48.9%]; OR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.05-1.11] vs private insurance, 36.6% [95% CI, 36.3%-36.8%]). Compared with breast-conserving surgery with radiation (10-year mortality, 16.8% [95% CI, 16.6%-17.1%]), unilateral mastectomy was associated with higher all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 1.35 [95% CI, 1.32-1.39]; 10-year mortality, 20.1% [95% CI, 19.9%-20.4%]). There was no significant mortality difference compared with bilateral mastectomy (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.94-1.11]; 10-year mortality, 18.8% [95% CI, 18.6%-19.0%]). Propensity analysis showed similar results.
Rare Manifestation of Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis

Introduction: Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), formerly known as Wegener granulomatosis, is a multisystem disorder that mainly involves airways and kidneys. Oral GPA may present as ulcerations or strawberry gingivitis. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for overall prognosis.Case Presentation: An unusual case of oral GPA manifested by chronic localized inflammation, leading to failure of dental implants in an elderly woman, is presented. Diagnosis was based on antineutrophil cytoplasmic testing and histopathologic evidence of necrotizing vasculitis. Disease remission was achieved with cyclophosphamide and steroids.Conclusion: Familiarity with oral manifestations of GPA will help dentists and oral surgeons diagnose and treat early or incipient GPA without delay.
How can we use the information provided by process safety performance indicators? Possibilities and limitations

Abstract To make further progress towards a safer industry, process safety performance indicators are indispensable. There are, however, some challenges involved with interpretation of indicator outcomes. By going too far in detail one loses overview, but in not noticing the important detail a false impression of safety may be obtained. Aggregation from a detailed level upward may give relief at this point, but what to do if indicator values do not improve any further? Is there a means to relate indicators to the plant's risk level? The paper will show that when making use of the new technique of Bayesian networks for risk management, progress may be made. It seems possible to relate technical failure rates with risk factors acting over time duration and to take action before something breaks down. While originating in bad design, operation, maintenance, or neglect, these risk factors are influenced in the background by organizational, management, and human factors, which are subject to indicator monitoring. An example will be given of results one can expect when the dependencies are modeled in Bayesian network fashion. Current developments in other areas such as in aviation and offshore platform maintenance appear to be advancing in the same direction.
An experimental approach for quantifying the spatial interactions of plants under different treatment conditions

ABSTRACT Spatial statistics were used in conjunction with standard plot experimentation to form an approach geared towards testing hypotheses about plant spatial interactions under different treatment conditions. Specifically, correlograms were used to quantify the changing patterns in the spatial distribution of plant size (total vegetative length) among pre-planted individuals within a sand box. A repeated-measures ANOVA procedure was then utilized to test for significant differences between the treatment effects as they evolved over time, where the experimental unit was the correlogram value obtained from within each sand box at a specific lag distance. Separate ANOVA tests were also executed for each spatial lag distance and temporal sampling period. In an example demonstrating both procedures, it was shown that a water-stress treatment provoked positive spatial autocorrelation to emerge up to 24 cm from Panicum amarum plants, while a normal water treatment resulted in no change in spatial structure. ...
Stabilization Clauses in Investment Contracts in Developing Countries

Stabilization clause is a contractual clause commonly found in investment contracts such as concession agreements wherein the host country grants a concession i.e. a right to develop certain project to the investor. Stabilization clause is a contractual risk management tool that aims to maintain legal and economic equilibrium of the investment project by preventing unilateral actions of the host country in exercising its sovereign functions. However, when the host country is a developing one then stabilization clauses may adversely affect the development of human rights, labour and environmental laws. This paper argues that removal of stabilization clause is not an appropriate solution for a developing country seeking economic development through foreign investment. Instead, during negotiations host developing countries should narrow the scope and restrict the duration of stabilization clauses.
Early Cambrian metazoans in fluvial environments, evidence of the non-marine Cambrian radiation

[Davies and Gibling (2012)][1] raise concerns that sediments hosting trace fossils in the early Cambrian middle member of the Wood Canyon Formation, which we have interpreted as fluvial, may be marine in origin. They suggest that in the absence of body fossils or specific minerals, it may not be
Plasma levels of zinc in 127 children with rotavirus enteritis

Objective:To explore the levels of plasma zinc through comparison with virus enteritis in healthy infants children.Methods:The fast intravenous plasmas were collected from 1 183 healthy infants and 127 diseased infants.The levels of zinc in plasma were determined,recorded,and the results were analyzed.Results:The plasma levels of zinc in the diseased infants were remarkably lower than those in healthy infants,with significant difference between them(P0.01).Conclusion:Infants diagnosed with roatvirus enteritis have lower level of zinc in sera,which indicates that infants have hypozincemia during roatvirus enteritis.Therefore,zinc supplementation may be an effective aid to treat and prevent rotavirus enteritis.
Neuromorphic architectures with electronic synapses

This paper gives an overview of recent progress on 1) online learning algorithms with spiking neurons 2) neuromorphic platforms that efficiently run these algorithms with a focus on implementation using analog-non-volatile memory (aNVM) as electronic synapses. Design considerations and challenges for using aNVM synapses such as requirements for device variability, multilevel states, programming energy, array-level connectivity, wire energy, fan-in/fan-out, and IR drop are presented. Future research directions and integration challenges are summarized. Algorithms based on spiking neural networks are promising for energy efficient real-time learning, but cycle-to-cycle device variations can significantly impact learning performance. Our analysis suggests that wires are increasingly important for energy considerations, especially for large systems.
Promoting Educational Equity for a Recent Immigrant Mexican Student in an English-Dominant Classroom

According to the National Clearinghouse for English Language Acquisition (NCELA, 2006) there are about 5 million students identified as English-language learners (ELLs) currently enrolled in American public schools in grades pre-K through twelve. This number represents about 10 percent of the total enrollment in U.S. public schools. Within the last fifteen years, the numbers of ELLs have increased at a rate almost eight times greater than the total public-school enrollment. It is estimated that about nineteen million ELLs will be attending public schools in the year 2020 (Trueba, 1999). More startling, by the year 2030 the school-aged children of immigrants, many of whom are ELLs, will total nearly twenty-six million (Tienda & Mitchell, 2006). In view of the rapid growth of ELL populations in American schools, in recent years the educational circumstances of these students have been of national concern (see Snow, 2002).
S-Process Deficiencies in Low-Mass Supergiant Variables

We have carried out abundance analyses of four low-mass supergiant variable stars (the RV Tauri or RV Tau-like variables AI Cmi, RU Cen, and U Mon, and the Type II Cepheid Kappa Pav) and two Population I Cepheids (CO Aur and V378 Cen). We used model atmospheres in which hydrostatic equilibrium, plane-parallel geometry, and local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) were assumed. Discussion of the results, and of published analyses of additional low-mass variables, leads to the following conclusions. (1) The Population I Cepheids show normal, solar elemental abundance ratios (except for the CNO elements, which have been altered by hydrogen burning), lending some support to the validity of the above assumptions for analyses of luminous variable stars. (2) The low-mass variables show metallicities ranging from solar down to [Fe/H] values typical of thick-disk and, in a few cases, of halo stars. (3) Most low-mass variables show a systematic underabundance of the heavy s- and r-process elements. In a few cases this may indicate that the stars were initially of extremely low metal content, and are now hydrogen deficient. However, most of the variables do not appear to belong to the halo population, nor do they show other abundance patterns seen in halo stars. The origin of these underabundances, and their apparent confinement to luminous variables, are difficult to understand in the context of nuclear processing. (4) The heavy-element underabundances correlate with second ionization potential in a manner suggesting that they are non-LTE phenomenan arising from overionization by Lyman-continuum photons. Why a similar effect is not seen in Population I Cepheids is unclear, but may be related to their generally weaker hydrogen emission. (5) Several low-mass variables, including RU Cen and V553 Cen, show carbon enhancements and solar s-process abundances. Relative to the majority of the Type II variables, these stars are s-process enhanced, and we argue that they are related to the Ba II and CH stars.
Plasticity of prefrontal cortex connectivity in schizophrenia in response to antisaccade practice

People with schizophrenia exhibit difficulties in cognitive control that are often attributed to deficits in prefrontal cortex (PFC) circuitry. Practice paradigms have been used to improve these PFC-mediated deficits. The neural consequences of practice on task-based PFC activation have been addressed. Effects on task-based PFC connectivity, however, are largely unknown. We recruited people with schizophrenia and controls to practice antisaccades, a measure of PFC-mediated cognitive control that is disrupted in people with schizophrenia. Subjects performed antisaccades during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) before and after eight days of antisaccade practice. A group (schizophrenia, controls) × time (pre-, post-test) repeated measures ANOVA on the results of a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was used to evaluate changes in PFC connectivity; a similar model was used to evaluate changes in antisaccade behavior. After practice, antisaccade behavior improved and PFC connectivity with insular/temporal regions (involved in bottom-up orienting processes) increased in the schizophrenia group. The level of connectivity at post-test in the schizophrenia group was similar to that seen at pre-test in controls and positively correlated with antisaccade performance. Increases in connectivity between bottom-up and top-down regions may underlie behavioral improvements in people with schizophrenia after cognitive control practice.
A Numerical Method for Solving the Integral Equation of Neutron Transport: III

A simple scheme for solving the integral equation of neutron transport is applied to some problems in x-y geometry with reflecting boundary conditions. The present results are compared with those o...
Differential uptake of gold nanoparticles by 2 species of tadpole, the wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) and the bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus).

Engineered nanoparticles are aquatic contaminants of emerging concern exerting ecotoxicological effects on a wide variety of organisms. We exposed cetyltrimethylammonium bromide capped spherical gold nanoparticles to wood frog and bullfrog tadpoles with conspecifics and in combination with the other species continuously for 21 days, then measured uptake and localization of gold. Wood frog tadpoles alone and in combination with bullfrog tadpoles took up significantly more gold than bullfrogs. Bullfrog tadpoles in combination with wood frogs took up significantly more gold than controls. The rank order of weight normalized gold uptake was wood frogs in combination > wood frogs alone > bullfrogs in combination > bullfrogs alone > controls. In all gold-exposed groups of tadpoles, gold was concentrated in the anterior region compared to the posterior region of the body. The concentration of gold nanoparticles in the anterior region of wood frogs both alone and in combination with bullfrogs was significantly higher than their corresponding posterior regions. We also measured depuration time of gold in wood frogs. After 21 days in a solution of gold nanoparticles, tadpoles lost over 83% of internalized gold when placed in gold-free water for 5 days. After 10 days in gold-free water, tadpoles lost 94 % of their gold. After 15 days, gold concentrations were below the level of detection. Our finding of differential uptake between closely related species living in similar habitats with overlapping geographical distributions argues against generalizing toxicological effects of nanoparticles for a large group of organisms based upon measurements in only one species. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
The Nature of Task Set Representations in Working Memory.

Selection and preparation of action plans (task sets) is often assumed to occur in working memory (WM). Yet, the absence of consistent evidence that WM capacity and task selection efficiency is correlated raises questions about the functional relationship between these two aspects of executive control. We used the EEG-derived contralateral delay activity (CDA) to index the WM load of task sets. In Experiment 1, we found a CDA set size effect (2 vs. 4 stimulus–response [S-R] rules) for high-WM, but not for low-WM, individuals when S-R sets were novel. In contrast, when only four task sets were presented throughout the experiment, we observed a sustained yet set size-independent use of WM for high-WM participants. Moreover, Experiment 2 showed an increase of the CDA in situations with task conflict, and this effect was larger the more that participants experienced RT conflict effects. Combined, these results indicate that even highly familiar S-R settings are maintained in WM, albeit in a compressed manner,...
The Clergyman’s Role in Grief Counseling

There is no time when the minister is more sorely needed than during the crisis of grief. He is usually the first one to be called. He officiates at the funeral. He visits with the family after the service. In Erich Lindemann’s words, the clergyman may be instrumental in emancipating the survivors from their bondage to the deceased, assisting them in their readjustment to the environment in which the loved one is missing, and aiding them in the formation of new relationships.
Ethical violations and discriminatory behavior in the MedPhys Match.

Purpose The purpose of this survey study is to investigate behaviors in conflict with the ethical standards of the Medical Physics Residency (MedPhys) Match (MPM) process as stated in the MPM rules (a) and with the nondiscrimination regulations of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (b), in addition to other behaviors that may in other ways erode the fairness of the system. Methods A survey was sent to all applicants and program directors registered for the 2015 and 2016 MPM. Survey questions asked about application, interview, and postinterview experiences, match results, and overall satisfaction with the process. Results Thirteen percent of 2015 respondents and 20% of 2016 respondents were asked by at least one program how highly they planned to rank them or which program they would rank first. Thirty-seven percent of 2015 and 40% of 2016 program directors indicated that candidates communicated to the program their rank intent, with 22.0% in 2015 and 12.5% in 2016 being told that their program would be ranked first. Twenty-three percent of 2015 respondents indicated being asked by at least one program during the interview about children or plans to have children; including 19% of males and 33% of females. In 2016, these values were 28% overall, 22% male, and 36% female. Fifty-seven percent of 2015 respondents who were asked this question indicated being uncomfortable or very uncomfortable answering, including 27.3% of males and 88.9% of females. In 2016, 42.9% of all respondents indicated being uncomfortable or very uncomfortable answering, including 10.0% of males and 80.0% of females. Conclusions In the first two years of the MPM, there were widespread instances of ethical violations and discriminatory questioning during the interview process. Educating both interviewers and candidates on the MPM rules and general EEOC guidelines should decrease these instances and increase the fairness of the residency selection process.
Plagiarism and copyright: Best practices for classroom education

ABSTRACTPlagiarism and copyright infringement are terms that most students are familiar with, and when asked, most students will readily express the sentiment that plagiarizing the work of others o...
A customized ADMM for rank-constrained optimization problems with approximate formulations

This paper proposes a customized Alternating Direction Method of Multipliers (ADMM) algorithm to solve the Rank-Constrained Optimization Problems (RCOPs) with approximate formulations. Here RCOP refers to an optimization problem whose objective and constraints are convex except a (nonconvex) matrix rank constraint. We first present an approximate formulation for the RCOP with high accuracy by selecting an appropriate parameter set. Then a general ADMM frame is employed to solve the approximated problem without requiring singular value decomposition in each subproblem. The new formulation and the customized ADMM algorithm greatly enhance the computational efficiency and scalability. While ADMM has been extensively investigated for convex optimization problems, its convergence property is still open for nonconvex problems. Another contribution of this paper is to prove that the proposed ADMM globally converges to a stationary point of the approximate problem of RCOP. Simulation examples are provided to demonstrate the feasibility and efficiency of the proposed method.
The Singular Quantum

If you put the word ``quantum'' in a talk title at a (non-physics) scientific conference, you will immediately lose the interest of 90\% of your audience.
Balloon catheter sinuplasty in pediatric chronic rhinosinusitis

In this article, we review indications for balloon catheter sinuplasty in children with chronic rhinosinusitis who have failed medical therapy and adenoidectomy. We will discuss our surgical approach, complications, postoperative care, and share some tips and pearls about the procedure. Balloon sinuplasty is a safe procedure that can be used alone or concomitantly with other procedures such as adenoidectomy and/or endoscopic sinus surgery. Balloon catheter sinuplasty has been shown to be effective in selected cases, and in isolation or in combination with other procedures, and has resulted in great outcomes for these children.
Introduction: Higher Education

The three chapters in this part represent the diverse experiences of minorities in higher education. Each chapter highlights the challenges of the everyday work and school life of teachers who educate international students in Australia, African immigrant students in the United States, and undocumented Latino college students in the United States. The chapters focus on the methodological, theoretical, and practical implications of the research and population. Together, they create a broad and detailed understanding of how culture, class, community, and dominant discourses shape the experiences of minority students.
Effect of the BZLF1 Transactivator on Different Classes of EBV Promoters

The EBV immediate-early gene product, BZLF1, can disrupt viral latency when placed under the control of a strong heterologuous promoter and transfected into EBV-positive B-cells. (1,2). The BZLF1 gene encodes a transactivating function which has been previously shown to stimulate the activity of several different EBV early promoters. It seems likely that the ability of BZLP1 to disrupt viral latency is related to its activation of key EBV genes which are required for productive infection.
Tissue Culture Induced Variation in Oats

Genetic and cytogenetic variation appears as a common feature in plants derived from tissue cultures of oats, just as has been reported for cell and tissue culture derived plants of a wide array of species. Hundreds of papers including numerous reviews have been written describing this variation and speculating on its origin(1,2,3,4). The objectives of the studies described here were to further document the occurrence, frequency, and types of variation in oat plants regenerated from tissue culture, to investigate the origin of this variation, and to explore the value of this variation in oat improvement.
Introduction to Genetics and Genomics in Asthma: Genetics of Asthma

While asthma is a heterogeneous disease, a strong genetic basis has been firmly established. Rather than being a single disease entity, asthma consists of related, overlapping syndromes [Barnes (Proc Am Thor Soc 8:143-148, 2011)] including three general domains: variable airway obstruction, airway hyper-responsiveness, and airway inflammation with a considerable proportion, but not all, of asthma being IgE-mediated further adding to its heterogeneity. This chapter reviews the approaches to the elucidation of genetics of asthma from the early evidence of familial clustering to the current state of knowledge with genome-wide approaches. The conclusion is that research efforts have led to a tremendous repository of genetic determinants of asthma, most of which fall into the above phenotypic domains of the syndrome. We now look to future integrative approaches of genetics, genomics (Chap. 10), and epigenetics (Chap. 11) to better understand the causal mechanism through which, these genetic loci act in manifesting asthma.
The Identification and Analysis of Indicators for Predicting Malarial Incidence in Zimbabwe

With over 50% of the country's population at risk of contracting malaria despite the introduction of several measures to combat the disease, Zimbabwe is one of the eight countries in the Malaria Elimination 8 platform of the Southern African Development Community. Various indicators, including temperature, population distribution, land cover, and access to hospitals affect the incidence and spread of this disease. In this paper, we consider different such indicators and present our analysis of their interaction (e.g., how the Plasmodium falciparum Parasite Rate (PfPR) affects the sickle cell trait) and their effect on malaria incidence in Zimbabwe. We also discuss the results of our preliminary experiments on predictive analytics of malaria incidence based on the indicators we have considered.
Thermocontrolled benzylimine–benzaldimine rearrangement over Nafion-H catalysts for efficient entry into α-trifluoromethylbenzylamines

Abstract Nafion-H and Nafion SAC-13 are efficient solid Bronsted acid catalysts for the preparation of trifluoromethyl ketimines from benzylamines and trifluoromethylated ketones in high yields. A finely tuned benzylimine–benzaldimine rearrangement by facile 1,3-hydrogen shift has been achieved for the formation of fluorinated benzaldimines in high yields by careful optimization of reaction conditions including attempts under microwave conditions and a flow system. These α-trifluoromethylated benzaldimines are efficient precursors for pharmaceutically important α-trifluoromethylated benzylamines, accessed through their direct acid hydrolysis.
Under Treatment of Prostate Cancer in Rural Locations

Purpose:Compared to urban populations, rural populations rank poorly on numerous health indicators, including cancer outcomes. We examined the relationship of rural residence with stage and treatme...
New Top Technologies Every Librarian Needs to Know: A Lita Guide: by Kenneth J. Varnum, Ed. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 2019, $65.00, 272pp., ISBN 978-0-8389-1782-4 (Paper)

With an intent to anticipate directions that libraries will take over the next five years, New Top Technologies Every Librarian Needs to Know is an update from the 2014 edition, Technologies Every ...
Prognostic Factors for Postrelapse Survival after ex Vivo CD34+-Selected (T Cell-Depleted) Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation in Multiple Myeloma

ABSTRACT Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) for multiple myeloma (MM), with its underlying graft-versus-tumor capacity, is a potentially curative approach for high-risk patients. Relapse is the main cause of treatment failure, but predictors for postrelapse survival are not well characterized. We conducted a retrospective analysis to evaluate predictors for postrelapse overall survival (OS) in 60 MM patients who progressed after myeloablative T cell-depleted alloHCT. The median patient age was 56 years, and 82% had high-risk cytogenetics. Patients received a median of 4 lines of therapy pre-HCT, and 88% achieved at least a partial response (PR) before alloHCT. Of the 38% who received preemptive post-HCT therapy, 13 received donor lymphocyte infusions (DLIs) and 10 received other interventions. Relapse was defined as very early ( 24 months; 22%). At relapse, 27% presented with extramedullary disease (EMD). The median postrelapse overall survival (OS) by time to relapse was 4 months for the very early relapse group, 17 months for the early relapse group, and 72 months for the late relapse group (P = .002). Older age, relapse with EMD,
Examination of Interactions of Hexafluoro-2-propanol with Trp-Cage in Hexafluoro-2-propanol-Water by MD Simulations and Intermolecular Nuclear Overhauser Effects.

All-atom molecular dynamic simulations of the peptide Trp-cage in 30% hexafluoro-2-propanol– water (V/V) at 278 K have been carried out with the goal of exploring peptide hydrogen-solvent fluorine ...
Theological Libraries Serving Immigrant Communities

As theological institutions begin to reach out more to immigrant communities through programs and degrees aimed at these groups, libraries will need to understand how best to serve the research and academic needs of these students. This may mean non-English resources, culturally relevant resources, and staffing changes. The presenter provided basic information and group divided into four smaller discussion groups.
Thermomechanical stress analysis of rabbit kidney and human kidney during cryopreservation by vitrification with the application of radiofrequency heating.

Abstract This study presents a computational framework for thermomechanical stress analysis in a specimen undergoing cryopreservation, with emphasis on radiofrequency (RF) heating for recovering from cryogenic storage. In particular, this study addresses cryopreservation by vitrification, where the specimen is stored in the amorphous phase (vitreous means glassy). In broad terms, the relatively high cooling and rewarming rates necessary for vitrification result in differential thermal expansion in the specimen, which is the driving force for thermomechanical stress. Thermomechanical stress can lead to structural damage, such as fractures or plastic deformation, rendering the specimen useless. Not without technical difficulties, those hazardous effects during the rewarming phase of the protocol can be mitigated by applying volumetric heating, with RF heating as an attractive means. The proposed computational framework in this study addresses the coupled electromagnetic, thermal and solid mechanics fields, using commercially available solvers. This study advances from a spherical-case benchmark to realistic models of the rabbit kidney and the human kidney. Results of this study suggest that structural damage to the brittle material can be prevented when stress relaxation is facilitated around the glass transition temperature. Furthermore, this study suggests that volumetric heating is necessary to surpass the critical rewarming rate, while benefiting from lowering the overall thermomechanical stress during recovery from cryogenic storage. More broadly, the computational framework presented here can be used for the optimization of the RF heating parameters, chamber specifics, specimen container shape, and the thermal protocol in order to preserve structural integrity in the specimen.
Crisis Resource Management

In order to effectively and efficiently manage crises in the emergency department, health care professionals must execute highly organized, team-based approaches to care. Crisis resource management (CRM), originally developed for the complex and high-stakes field of aviation, is being adopted as an effective team-based approach for averting and managing crises in multiple fields within healthcare, including emergency medicine. Optimal crisis management in emergency medicine focuses on ten key crisis management behaviors. The simulation environment is an ideal setting to train clinicians in these behaviors and reinforce their importance. Simulation-based, CRM curricula should ensure that the ten behaviors are systematically learned, practiced and reflected upon by learners.
Nano-focusing of light with optical fiber probe for nanoscale chemical imaging

The direct interfacing of photonic crystal fiber to metallic nanoantenna has widespread application in nano-scale imaging, optical lithography, nanoscale lasers, quantum communication, in-vivo sensing and medical surgery. I will present the design, fabrication, and characterization of fiber-plasmonic probes for nanoscale chemical imaging. The proposed Fiber-based Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (F-TERS) combines the spatial (<1 nm) and chemical resolution of TERS with the ease of use of Scanning Near-field Optical Microscopy. F-TERS can operate in virtually any gaseous and liquid environment, enabling new avenues of nanoscale chemical data collection from any sample analysis in most real-world environments.
Leveraging motivation theory for research and practice with students with learning disabilities

Given that the majority of students with learning disabilities (LD) are currently educated alongside general education peers for the majority of the school day in inclusive classrooms, it behooves ...
The Doors of Compression: Time, Space, and Global Backlash to Migration in Mohsin Hamid's "Exit West"

In the introduction to the third edition of Globalization: The Transformation of Social Worlds, editors D. Stanley Eitzen and Maxine Baca Zinn define globalization as a “process whereby goods, information, people, money, communication, fashion (and other forms of culture) move across national borders” (1). The anthology includes notable writers from a number of fields—Anthony Giddens, Khalid Koser, and Thomas Friedman, to name a few—and it contributes to a body of early twenty-first century scholarly and popular analyses that collectively described a new and ever-shrinking world.1 Technological advancements in transportation and communication allowed people, cultures, and capital to move easily and relatively freely, arguments go, making borders, real and metaphoric, if not anachronistic then at least more pliable than ever before. Neoliberal policies supposedly unleashed market forces and “flattened” the world, to use Friedman’s metaphor, but these processes also catalyzed a race to the bottom and widened gaps between the wealthy and poor, the secure and the insecure. The inevitability of the new global order manifest in freer movement and deeper global connections seems to have stalled, as seen in recent political events,such as 2016’s Brexit vote and the rise of nativist populism most notably emblematized in the United States’ election of Donald Trump.
Diagnose Osteoporose

Hintergrund Osteoporose ist eine systemische Skeletterkrankung, die mit einer Abnahme der Knochenstarke, Knochenmineraldichte und Knochenqualitat einhergeht. Die klinische Manifestation ist der Knochenbruch durch ein inadaquates Trauma. Das Wesentliche in der Diagnostik der Osteoporose ist, Patienten mit einem hohen Frakturrisiko herauszufiltern und unnotige Interventionen bei Nichtrisikopersonen zu vermeiden.
Respiratory Mechanics and Association With Inflammation in COVID-19-Related ARDS.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus-associated ARDS (COVID-19 ARDS) often requires invasive mechanical ventilation. A spectrum of atypical ARDS with different phenotypes (high vs low static compliance) has been hypothesized in COVID-19. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective analysis to identify respiratory mechanics in COVID-19 ARDS. Berlin definition was used to categorize severity of ARDS. Correlational analysis using t test, chi-square test, ANOVA test, and Pearson correlation was used to identify relationship between subject variables and respiratory mechanics. The primary outcome was duration of mechanical ventilation. Secondary outcomes were correlation between fluid status, C- reactive protein, PEEP, and D-dimer with respiratory and ventilatory parameters. RESULTS: Median age in our cohort was 60.5 y with predominantly male subjects. Up to 53% subjects were classified as severe ARDS (median P aO 2 /F IO 2 = 86) with predominantly low static compliance (median Cst- 25.5 mL/cm H2O). The overall mortality in our cohort was 61%. The total duration of mechanical ventilation was 35 d in survivors and 14 d in nonsurvivors. High PEEP (r = 0.45, P 2,000 ng/dL (P = .009) correlated with significant increase in physiologic dead space without significant correlation with P aO 2 /F IO 2 . Higher net fluid balance was inversely related to static compliance (r = −0.24, P = .045), and elevation in C- reactive protein was inversely related to P aO 2 /F IO 2 (r = −0.32, P = .02). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort of mechanically ventilated COVID-19 ARDS subjects, high PEEP and D-dimer were associated with increase in physiologic dead space without significant effect on oxygenation, raising the question of potential microvascular dysfunction.
Building a Holistic Online Community: Successful Strategies

Faculty members abruptly transitioned to online course delivery during the COVID-19 public health crisis. Unfortunately, the isolation of learning online could damage students’ well-being during an already immensely stressful pandemic. Moreover, many faculty members had little experience with online modes of instruction and few effective strategies for building community online. This exploratory sequential mixed-methods study uses data from 37 individual interviews with faculty across diverse disciplines and survey data from 347 faculty to answer the following research question: How can faculty foster a sense of community in an online environment to support students’ holistic well-being? Our results indicate that successful strategies centered around intentional and purposeful course design; establishing clear expectations for themselves and their students; and fostering supportive and trustworthy classroom environments. Teaching presence and social presence were especially important in emergency remote instructional contexts.
The Smoking Puzzle: Information, Risk Perception, and Choice

Preface Acknowledgments 1. Linking Information, Risk Perception, and Choice: An Economic Approach 2. Cognition, Perception, and Behavior: Are "Bad Choices" Allowed with Rational Choice? 3. Government Policy and Advertising as Sources of Information for Smokers 4. Can Smokers Expect Personal Health Signals? An Evaluation of the Health Impact of Cigarette Smoking 5. Determinants of Risk Perception 6. Do Health Shocks Influence Smoking Behavior? Cessation and Relapse Patterns in Older Adults 7. Personalized Health Messages and the Perceived Risks of Smoking 8. Risk, Longevity Expectations, and Demand for Cigarettes 9. Conclusions and Policy Implications Notes References Index
Electrochemical behavior of 0.2 to 3 molar ferrous chloride-ferric chloride mixtures on edge-on pyrolytic graphite rotated disk electrodes

Potentiostatic determinations in various mixtures of FeCl2-FeCl3 with excess HCl show rest potentials that are 0.1 V less electropositive than the theoretical values from the formulated ratios of FeII to FeIII (probably as a result of complexing). The standard rate constant sub s. ranges between 0.0001 and 0.000 cm/sec. Tafel slopes b of roughly 0.12V per decade indicate single-electron exchange kinetics. No significant trend in either b or sub s was attributed to mixture composition. The higher sub s. values occurred with and edge-on pyrolytic graphite that had undergone a permanent surface change.
Lost and found: lessons from collaborative research with undergraduate students on the Lost Girls of Sudan

This article focuses on the challenges and rewards of working with undergraduate research assistants. The anthropological research project involves interviews and participant observation with Sudanese refugees living in the United States. Five undergraduates share their reflections as neophyte anthropologists. The audience for this article is primarily anthropologists and others interested in involving students in field-based research. Undergraduate students embarking on research under faculty supervision may be interested as well.
Structural Studies of Bovine Liver Rhodanese I. ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF TWO ACTIVE FORMS OF THE ENZYME

Crystalline bovine liver rhodanese, prepared by ammonium sulfate and pH precipitation, has been shown to be comprised of two fully active components present in approximately equal amounts which are separable by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by ion exchange chromatography. The two rhodanese forms, designated A and B on the basis of their order of elution from columns of DEAE-Sephadex, are not in equilibrium nor do they represent free enzyme and an enzyme-substrate complex. Furthermore, the two rhodanese species are identical with respect to kinetic parameters, amino acid composition, NH2-terminal amino acid, sulfhydryl content, tryptic peptide maps, and molecular weight. Both forms exhibit equal activity toward β-mercaptopyruvate and utilize this sulfur donor at an efficiency of about 1% that of thiosulfate. Although no chemical or physical basis for the difference between the two rhodanese forms has been found as yet, a new, milder method for the preparation of the enzyme yields a preponderance of rhodanese A (85 to 90%). This, considered together with the elution characteristics of rhodaneses A and B, suggests that rhodanese B may arise during the course of the purification by deamidation of the A form.
The Role of Judgment in Explanations of Politics

This paper explores the role of judgment in politics, the character of good political judgment and its ramifications for how we explain politics. It proceeds in four steps. The first section proposes a realist conception of political judgment: a distinct form of practical reasoning that highlights our imperfect capacity to grasp the actual causal relations of the world. The second section discusses the intellectual prerequisites of good political judgment: its deep contextualism, practical focus, conditional strategic orientation, synthetic vision and dispassionate spirit. I argue that these traits constitute a cognitive disposition that stands against styles of inquiry that privileges universal, theoretical, rationalistic, analytical and value-neutral political explanations that dominate many spheres of contemporary political science. The third section of the paper considers the conditions in which political judgment matters. I content that it varies according to the relative stability of specific political circumstances. The final section examines the various explanatory approaches that differentiate large-N statistical analyses, small-N comparative research, and intensive case studies. I argue that the failure of nomothetic theoretical accounts to take political judgment seriously limits their explanations of politics and mars their ability to improve the quality of our political judgment. Conversely, in-depth case studies and mid-range comparative analyses are more likely to perceive the role of judgment in explaining political outcomes and consequently more likely to improve our ability to judge well.
Women with Postpartum Psychiatric Illness: A Professionally Facilitated Support Group

Since the 1990s, many support groups for distressed new mothers have been established. Few of these groups have been described in the literature; most reports are of self-help groups. This paper describes the structure and benefits of an open ended, no fee, professionally facilitated support group established by the Duke Postpartum Support Program. The advantages of having a facilitator with mental health training in serving women with moderate to severe postpartum psychiatric illness are emphasized. Group problems are identified and the results of a satisfaction survey supportive of clinical impressions are included.
Controllable motions of compressible simple materials of various types

It is shown that a motion is possible in every compressible homogeneous isotropic simple solid having a certain range of memory, in the presence of a constant body force field, if and only if it is homogeneous and uniformly accelerated after a certain time. In the class of solids having perfect memory, the only motion of this kind which can be smoothly initiated in a body at rest is a rigid one. For the class of solids having finite memory of durationT and initially at rest, the motions of the type considered need be homogeneous and uniformly accelerated only after timeT. For those solids having fading memory, the motion must reduce to a fixed homogeneous deformation. Similar results are developed for simple fluids and anisotropic simple solids.
Complete Fragment Yields from Spallation Reactions via a Combined Time-of-Flight and ΔE-E Technique

A technique for measuring spallation cross sections of interest for cosmic-ray propagation calculations is described. This technique utilizes micro-channel-plate devices for time-of-flight mass identification and a gas-ionization-counter telescope to measure charge. Preliminary results from the 180 MeV/N p + 27A1 reaction are reported.
Nearest symmetric distributions

Given a finite set S and a group G acting on S, a probability distribution on S is G-invariant, or symmetric, if it is constant on the orbits of the group action. How can one symmetrize a non-symmetric probability distribution - i.e. find the “nearest” G-invariant distribution? When would one want to? We find that for the Renyi and Bregman divergences, symmetrization means averaging over the group orbits in a natural way; for the special case of the Kullback-Leibler divergence, relevant in maximum likelihood inference and in large deviations, symmetrization is either the arithmetic or geometric average, depending on the order of arguments. We apply our results for the symmetries of time-reversibility and exchangeability for Markov chains to answer questions in inference and in large deviations: given some data, what is the maximum likelihood time-reversible Markov chain? How long must we “watch” a trajectory from a Markov chain to establish whether time is running forward or in reverse? What does the data look like conditioned on a time-reversal fluctuation?
Early wirability checking and 2D congestion-driven circuit placement

An effective congestion-driven placement algorithm that uses initial global routing model for congestion analysis and optimization is proposed. The approach has been used for rescuing many difficult chip designs when intensive rip-up and remote technique could not complete the wiring. It is demonstrated that the congestion cost evaluation step of the algorithm can be used as an accurate early wirability checking utility. >
Optimizing signal collection efficiency of the VIPA-based Brillouin spectrometer

Brillouin spectroscopy is an emerging tool for microscopic optical imaging as it allows for noninvasive and direct assessment of the viscoelastic properties of materials. Recent advances of background-free confocal Brillouin spectrometer allows investigators to acquire the Brillouin spectra for turbid samples as well as transparent ones. However, due to strong signal loss induced by the imperfect optical setup, the Brillouin photons are usually immersed in background noise. In this report, we proposed and experimentally demonstrated multiple approaches to enhance the signal collection efficiency. A signal enhancement by > 4 times can be observed, enabling observation of ultra-weak signals.
Interest rate, demand and input price uncertainty and the value of firms

Abstract In an infinite-horizon inventory model, an increase in interest rate uncertainty increases the value of a firm which has positive value. An increase in input price uncertainty increases the value of the firm. If decisions are made before the realization of demand uncertainty, increased uncertainty about an additive demand shock reduces the value of a price-setting firm with a concave value function, and leaves unchanged or increases the value of a quantity-setting firm. If decisions are made after the realization of demand uncertainty, an increase in the uncertainty of an additive demand shock increases the value of the firm.
Glomerular localization of fibrinogen—Linicopathologic, prognostic and therapeutic considerations☆

Abstract Immunofluorescent studies were performed on 250 percutaneous renal biopsies on patients with various renal diseases. The deposition of fibrinogen was correlated with the presence of glomerular I g G and β 1 C globulin, duration, clinical manifestations, chronicity and prognosis of the disease, and light microscopic changes. Fibrinogen was localized frequently in S.L.E., homotransplant rejections, the nephrotic syndrome secondary to membranous, proliferative, mixed and focal disease, acute post-strepto-coccal glomerulonephritis, some collagen vascular diseases and anaphylactoid purpura. Fibrinogen was not localized in asymptomatic proteinuria, hereditary nephropathy, Wegener's granulomatosis, pyelonephritis, nephronopthisis, gouty nephropathy, gold nephropathy or hemosiderosis. Correlation with I g G and β 1 C deposition was inconsistent as were the degree of proteinuria, level of renal function, prognosis, and light microscopic findings. This was particularly true in diseases studied early after the onset of symptoms and those on antimetabolite therapy. Localization of fibrinogen was most valuable in post renal transplant patients. We suggest that combined with other parameters of renal function and morphology, fibrinogen localization may aid as a guide for the use of anticoagulants in renal disease. Larger longitudinal studies may determine whether fibrinogen localization can be of use in predicting chronicity and response to anticoagulant therapy.