cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compositional Analysis of Biomass Reference Materials: Results from an Interlaboratory Study

Biomass compositional methods are used to compare different lignocellulosic feedstocks, to measure component balances around unit operations and to determine process yields and therefore the economic viability of biomass-to-biofuel processes. Four biomass reference materials (RMs NIST 8491–8494) were prepared and characterized, via an interlaboratory comparison exercise in the early 1990s to evaluate biomass summative compositional methods, analysts, and laboratories. Having common, uniform, and stable biomass reference materials gives the opportunity to assess compositional data compared to other analysts, to other labs, and to a known compositional value. The expiration date for the original characterization of these RMs was reached and an effort to assess their stability and recharacterize the reference values for the remaining material using more current methods of analysis was initiated. We sent samples of the four biomass RMs to 11 academic, industrial, and government laboratories, familiar with sulfuric acid compositional methods, for recharacterization of the component reference values. In this work, we have used an expanded suite of analytical methods that are more appropriate for herbaceous feedstocks, to recharacterize the RMs’ compositions. We report the median values and the expanded uncertainty values for the four RMs on a dry-mass, whole-biomass basis. The original characterization data has been recalculated using median statistics to facilitate comparisons with this data. We found improved total component closures for three out of the four RMs compared to the original characterization, and the total component closures were near 100 %, which suggests that most components were accurately measured and little double counting occurred. The major components were not statistically different in the recharacterization which suggests that the biomass materials are stable during storage and that additional components, not seen in the original characterization, were quantified here.
Stress Driven Instability in Non-Hydrostatically Stressed Crystals and its Role in the Problems of Crystalline Thin Films

It was demonstrated in [1] that, in the absence of surface tension aflat boundary of non-hydrostatically stressed elastic solids is always unstable with respect to “mass rearrangement”. The physical mechanisms of the rearrangement can be different, for instance, a)melting-freezing or vaporization-sublimation processes at liquid-solid or vapor-solid phase boundaries, b)surface diffusion of particles along free or interfacial boundaries, b)adsorption-desorbtion of the atoms in epitaxial crystal growth, et... We discuss the role of this instability in the problems of epitaxy and, in particular, the opportunities delivered by this instability for explanation of the recently discovered phenomena of the dislocation-free Stranski-Krastanow pattern of growth [2]. These phenomena cannot be interpreted in the framework of traditional viewpoints since, according to the classical theory, the Stranski-Krastanow pattern is a result of proliferation of the misfit dislocation appearing on the interface “crystalline film-substratum” [3].
Showcase: data mining tornadogenesis precursors

We investigate the value of 3-D visualization to data mining techniques for identifying tornadogenesis precursors in supercell thunderstorm simulations. We've found results will assist defining storm objects extracted and input to the data mining. The video shows samples of updrafts, downdrafts, cold pools, and regions of strong vorticity.
Enlightenment and Moral Politics

The model that definitely had the best results was democracy. Therefore, it was natural to go for what we thought had better results.…There were two main choices in our society. The first was Islam, but this is only the beginning of all disputes. Which Islam? What kind, and with what inclination?…democracy has more or less proved its potential at an international level. It has weak points for sure, yet its merits are such that they turn this system into a unique model. Reza Tehrani The post–June 2009 election uprising in Iran, now referred to as the Green Movement, offers a new vision of social change that can be articulated and theorized as an alternative to discourses of secular authoritarianism and religious “fundamentalism.” The Green Movement situates itself as a post-Islamist and postsecular movement that has developed out of thirty years of having a religious state in power and reflects a unique pattern of thinking on Iran's substitution of a totalizing notion of religion for what was once imagined as secular tyranny. The Green movement presents a moral politics very similar to John Dewey's universal ideal in A Common Faith , where a worldly democratic politics may also include the participation of multiple religious and nonreligious meanings and experiences. The postelection movement in Iran showed a democratic openness to those who practice religion combined with a rejection of the sectarian and exclusivist claims of narrow religious institutions based in rigid dogmas that monopolize power.
Imaginación social para la justicia, misión de la universidad

From the concept "social imagination" used by Paul VI and the virtuous tension between mediocritas and radicality, author reflects in three stages: the proposal for a new humanistic synthesis (hermeneutical moment), the need to investigate the criteria and social venues university mission (epistemological moment) and the intrinsic unity between ethics training and commitment to justice in a liberal arts education project (ethical-political moment ). The author concludes with the proposal of a triple bottom line: inclusivity and sustainability, quality and comprehensive humanist solidarism.
Functional and Temporal Considerations for Top-Down Influences in Social Perception

Perception has long been presumed to play an integral role in social cognition and subsequent behavior. Our inferences, judgments, and actions toward a person are of course driven by how we perceiv...
Stereotactic Ablative Radiation Therapy is Highly Safe and Effective for Elderly Patients With Early-stage Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose To discern the effectiveness and toxicity of stereotactic ablative radiation therapy (SABR) in the elderly population (aged ≥75 years) and to consider how SABR outcomes compare with surgical outcomes historically reported in the elderly. Methods and Materials A total of 772 patients with clinical early-stage I-II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC; stage T1-T3N0M0) underwent SABR (50 Gy in 4 fractions or 70 Gy in 10 fractions) from 2004 to 2014 at our center (n=442, aged Results Compared with patients aged P =.419), lung cancer-specific survival ( P =.275), or toxicity ( P =.536). OS was the same between both age groups at 2 years of follow-up but diverged thereafter, with patients aged Conclusions The effectiveness of SABR was the same for the elderly as for the average-age population according to lung cancer-specific survival and time-to-progression. It also poses no increased toxicity. Compared with the historical outcomes with surgery in the elderly, SABR outcomes can be considered comparable for stage I-II disease but with less morbidity.
The Other, Other Students: Understanding the Experiences of Graduate Student Veterans

As research continues to grow on student veterans, it is important that we recognize the multiple identities within the student veteran demographic. Graduate student veterans remain largely un-researched. This qualitative, descriptive study seeks to understand the lived experiences of graduate student veterans at a large research university in the southwest. Themes from the study include identity, matriculation, money matters, community, the demystification of the veteran, and graduate perspectives on undergraduate veterans.
Screening for Celiac Disease: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force.

Importance Silent or subclinical celiac disease may result in potentially avoidable adverse health consequences. Objective To review the evidence on benefits and harms of screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic adults, adolescents, and children 3 years and older for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Data Sources Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, searched to June 14, 2016. Study Selection Randomized clinical trials and cohort or case-control studies on clinical benefits and harms of screening vs no screening for celiac disease or treatment vs no treatment for screen-detected celiac disease; studies on diagnostic accuracy of serologic tests for celiac disease. Data Extraction and Synthesis One investigator abstracted data, a second checked data for accuracy, and 2 investigators independently assessed study quality using predefined criteria. Main Outcomes and Measures Cancer incidence, gastrointestinal outcomes, psychological outcomes, child growth outcomes, health outcomes resulting from nutritional deficiencies, quality of life, mortality, and harms of screening. No meta-analytic pooling was done. Results One systematic review and 3 primary studies met inclusion criteria. No trials of screening for celiac disease were identified. One recent, good-quality systematic review of 56 original studies and 12 previous systematic reviews (sample sizes of primary studies ranging from 62 to more than 12 000 participants) found IgA tissue transglutaminase was associated with high accuracy (sensitivity and specificity both >90%) for diagnosing celiac disease. IgA endomysial antibodies tests were associated with high specificity. Only 2 studies of serologic tests for celiac disease involving 62 and 158 patients were conducted in asymptomatic populations and reported lower sensitivity (57% and 71%). One fair-quality, small (n = 40) Finnish treatment trial of asymptomatic adults with screen-detected celiac disease based on positive serologic findings found initiation of a gluten-free diet associated with small improvement in gastrointestinal symptoms compared with no gluten-free diet (difference less than 1 point on a scale of 1 to 7) at 1 year, with no differences on most measures of quality of life. No withdrawals due to adverse events occurred during the trial; no other harms were reported. No studies were identified that addressed the other outcomes. Conclusions and Relevance Although some evidence was found regarding diagnostic accuracy of tests for celiac disease, little or no evidence was identified to inform most of the key questions related to benefits and harms of screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic individuals. More research is needed to understand the effectiveness of screening and treatment for celiac disease, accuracy of screening tests in asymptomatic persons, and optimal screening strategies.
Chapter 8 The perception of auditory patterns

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two approaches to the issue of the way elements of perceptual arrays are grouped together. The first approach assumes that the perceptual system forms groupings based on a number of primitive organizational principles. Another approach to perceptual organization argues that the observer employs perceptual principles that give rise to the most effective interpretation of the environment. The chapter describes the perception of auditory and musical patterns from several points of view. The chapter explores ways in which the elements of auditory arrays are perceptually grouped together and focuses on the types of shape abstractions carried out by the auditory system. It is clear from the phenomena that auditory perception is mediated by a highly complex and sophisticated system.
Randomized Controlled Trial of Web-Based Psychoeducation for Women With Borderline Personality Disorder.

Objective To determine if internet-based psychoeducation for borderline personality disorder is effective in reducing symptom severity and improving psychosocial functioning. Methods Eighty women who met DSM-IV criteria for borderline personality disorder were randomly assigned either to the internet-based psychoeducation treatment group (n = 40) or to the internet-based control group with no psychoeducation (n = 40). Recruitment was conducted from July 2013 to March 2015. Subjects participated in 15 assessment periods that were divided into an acute phase (weeks 1-12) and a maintenance phase (months 6, 9, and 12). Main outcomes were assessed using the Zanarini Rating Scale for Borderline Personality Disorder. Results In the acute phase, women in the treatment group were found to have a significant decline in their scores on all 10 outcomes studied, while women in the control group had a significant decline on 7 of these outcomes. Two between-group differences were found to be significant-those in the treatment group reported a significantly greater decline in their impulsivity (z = -1.98, P = .048) and a significantly greater increase in their psychosocial functioning (z = -1.97, P = .049) than those in the control group. In the maintenance phase, those in the treatment group were found to have a significant decline in their scores on 9 of the 10 outcomes studied, while those in the control group had a significant decline in 3 of these outcomes. In terms of between-group differences, those in the treatment group reported a significantly greater decline in all 5 studied areas of borderline psychopathology: affective symptoms (z = -2.31, P = .021), cognitive symptoms (z = -3.20, P = .001), impulsivity (z = -2.44, P = .015), interpersonal difficulties (z = -2.15, P = .032), and overall borderline personality disorder symptoms (z = -2.11, P = .035). Conclusions Taken together, these results suggest that internet-based psychoeducation is an effective form of early treatment for reducing the symptom severity of borderline personality disorder for periods up to 1 year. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01719731.
Physical and Social Contexts of Physical Activity Behaviors of Fifth and Seventh Grade Youth.

Background The purpose of this study was to characterize the temporal, social, and physical contexts for physical activities commonly reported in a diverse cohort of 753 boys and girls from fifth to seventh grade. Methods Data were obtained from a multilevel longitudinal study, the Transitions and Activity Changes in Kids. The Physical Activity Choices instrument assessed previous 5-day participation in specific physical activities and their temporal, social, and physical contexts. Mixed model repeated measure analyses of variance and multinomial analyses examined sex differences and change over time. Results Fifth grade boys and girls reported participation in similar activities at similar frequencies, which declined significantly by seventh grade. One temporal pattern, playing with younger children, changed over time from "both inside/outside" to "outside" school. Boys and females reported more activities performed in class/team groups over time. Most activities took place primarily at home for all participants in both grades. Conclusions Boys and girls reported declines in the variety and frequency of activities from fifth to seventh grade. There were sex-specific patterns in physical activities and groups; however, all participants reported home as the primary location and a shift to class/team groups over time. Schools are well-positioned to provide additional physical activity opportunities.
Industrial and Biological Analogies Used Creatively by Business Professionals.

The objective of this study was to test the effect of far-field industrial (i.e., man-made) versus biological analogies on creativity of business professionals from two organizations engaged in the...
Hot Spot and Whole-Tumor Enumeration of CD8+ Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes Utilizing Digital Image Analysis Is Prognostic in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Abstract Background CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have emerged as a prognostic indicator in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC). There is debate surrounding the prognostic value of hot spots for CD8+ TIL enumeration. Methods We compared hot spot versus whole-tumor CD8+ TIL enumeration in prognosticating TNBC using immunohistochemistry on whole tissue sections and quantification by digital image analysis (Halo imaging analysis software; Indica Labs, Corrales, NM). A wide range of clinically relevant hot spot sizes was evaluated. Results CD8+ TIL enumeration was independently statistically significant for all hot spot sizes and whole-tumor annotations for disease-free survival by multivariate analysis. A 10× objective (2.2 mm diameter) hot spot was found to correlate significantly with overall survival (P = .04), while the remaining hot spots and whole-tumor CD8+ TIL enumeration did not (P > .05). Statistical significance was not demonstrated when comparing between hot spots and whole-tumor annotations, as the groups had overlapping confidence intervals. Conclusion CD8+ TIL hot spot enumeration is equivalent to whole-tumor enumeration for prognostication in TNBC and may serve as a good alternative methodology in future studies and clinical practice.
Glucoheptonate measurement of differential renal function.

Abstract In previous studies using dogs whose renal function was rendered asymmetric by unilateral infarction or partial ureteral obstruction, the efficacy of technetium-99m diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid and dimercaptosuccinic acid in the measurement of differential renal function was demonstrated. The present study was undertaken to determine if technetium-99m glucoheptonate could also be used to quantitate differential renal function in these conditions. Five dogs with partial ureteral obstruction, 4 with segmental infarction and 2 with ipsilateral combination of both were studied. Seven to 10 days following these interventions the animals were given a bolus injection of 10 mCi Tc-99m glucoheptonate. This was acquired in the posterior projection on a minicomputer at 2 seconds/frame for 3 minutes. Static images were obtained anteriorly and posteriorly between 3 and 5 hours postinjection. The following day iothalamate and creatinine clearances were measured by ureteral catheterization. There was good correlation between differential function calculated from the 1 to 3 minute portion of the bolus study and that determined by the ureteral catheter studies, r > 0.99. Correlations based on the static images were less satisfactory due to pelvic retention in the obstructed animals, r = 0.73. We conclude that technetium-99m glucoheptonate may be used to determine differential renal function.
Solitary waves in biology

“Have soliton, will travel (across professional boundaries)” is the caricature that springs to many a biologist’s mind when he or she thinks of the physicists and applied mathematicians who attempt to apply their simple theories from nonlinear dynamics to the teeming world of life. “Don’t they realize,” the biologist wonders, “how complicated living things really are?”
SenseGAN: Enabling Deep Learning for Internet of Things with a Semi-Supervised Framework

Recent proliferation of Internet of Things (IoT) devices with enhanced computing and sensing capabilities has revolutionized our everyday life. The massive data from these ubiquitous devices motivate the creation of intelligent IoT systems that can collectively learn. However, labelling data for learning purposes is extremely time-consuming, which greatly hinders deployment. In this paper, we describe a semi-supervised deep learning framework, called SenseGAN, that can leverage abundant unlabelled sensing data thereby minimizing the need for labelling effort. SenseGAN jointly trains three components with an adversarial game: (i) a classifier for predicting labels of input sensing data; (ii) a generator for generating sensing data samples based on the input labels; and (iii) a discriminator for differentiating the joint data/label distribution between real samples and partially generated samples from either the classifier or the generator. The classifier and the generator try to generate fake data/labels that can fool the discriminator. The adversarial game among the three components can mutually boost their performance, which helps the classifier learn to predict correct labels with unlabelled data in return. SenseGAN can effectively handle multimodal sensing inputs and easily stabilize the adversarial training process, which helps improve the performance of the classifier. Experiments on three IoT applications demonstrate the substantial improvements in accuracy and F1 score under SenseGAN, compared with supervised counterparts trained only on the labelled portion of the data, as well as other supervised and semi-supervised baselines. For these three applications, SenseGAN requires only 10% of the originally labelled data, to attain nearly the same accuracy as a deep learning classifier trained on the fully labelled dataset.
Operationalizing gendered transportation preferences: A psychological framework incorporating time constraints and risk aversion

Abstract The negative outcomes of ingrained gender socialization are evident in many contemporary societies. For example, women spend more time on home care and child rearing tasks than men do. A key impact of gender-based roles, hence, is larger time constraints for women compared to men. Additionally, in some countries women are exposed to daily sexual harassment during day-to-day travel. With the maturing of a middle class in the emerging economies, however, women are gaining financial independence. This has translated to gender-specific travel preferences, which remain understudied. I ask: how do gender-based preferences about time constraints and risk aversion express themselves in the travel choices of young adults? The research relies on purposive sampling where 154 participants at various stages of their young adult lives were recruited for 21 gender-separated focus groups. The sample includes graduate students and early/mid-career professionals in Mumbai. The aim was to explore reasons for differences in the travel behaviors of middle-class, college-educated, professional women and men. Relative to the larger population, this demographic group is less likely to have differences in travel preferences by gender. Yet the evidence suggests that time limitations and physical safety are experienced and expressed differently by each gender. For example, women speak more about safety than about time. I propose a psychological framework to expand transportation research by systematically investigating and incorporating such gendered travel preferences.
Ambulatory Microdose PET: A Wearable PET Scanner for Neurologic Imaging

The ambulatory microdose PET scanner is an innovative machine that is advancing the field of nuclear medicine neurologic imaging. This scanner is a wearable helmet that allows neurologic PET imaging to be done while a subject is sitting upright or ambulating. It has the potential to tell researchers and physicians more about how the brain and movement are connected and give more insight on the deeper structures. The evolving design of the helmet has grown to show improvement in image quality and the ability to image the brain with useful information on different neurologic disorders and diseases. When the ambulatory microdose PET scanner is compared with a conventional PET scanner, it not only provides higher-resolution images and increased sensitivity while allowing the patient to have a greater range of motion but also allows for the introduction of newer radiotracers and lower radiation doses.
Termination and repetition: The dissolution of the frame.

Beginning with Freud, analysts have observed that the pull to repeat is particularly strong as analysis approaches termination and that transferences that have come to light earlier in the analysis...
Changing Lives Through Literature: Bibliotherapy and Recidivism Among Probationers

Although probation is the most common correctional disposition in the United States, research indicates that standard probation has little to no effect on recidivism rates. However, a growing body of evidence indicates that enhanced probation programs can reduce the likelihood of additional criminal offending. This paper examines a bibliotherapy program that is designed to reduce criminal offending and has been adopted in at least six states. Called Changing Lives Through Literature, the program reduces probation sentences in exchange for participation in a small discussion focused on a book and including probation officers and judges as well as probationers. A limited multi-method qualitative study was used to investigate program process and a longitudinal probation database containing offense incidents was used to identify program effect on recidivism. Program participants (673) in five jurisdictions were compared to a comparison sample of 1,574 probationers in the same jurisdictions. The process analysis indicated that many program participants experienced the program as transformative. The impact analysis indicates a significant reduction in the rate of arrests before and after program participation as well as a significant decline in the maximum severity of the offense charged for those who were rearrested. Regression analysis indicates that these declines were independent of background factors, drug use, and years of criminal history and that they were particularly pronounced for drug users and those who were older. These results suggest the importance of a focus in enhanced probation programs on cognitive change and establishing new social relations.
Decreased formation of disinfection by-products during electrochemical leachate oxidation and their post-removal by electro-adsorption.

Abstract Membrane electrochemical reactor (MER) is an effective treatment system to remove recalcitrant compounds in landfill leachate but harmful byproducts can be formed during the treatment. Herein, we have investigated the formation of total halogenated organics and the associated toxicity as a side effect of leachate treatment by the MER. Those byproducts are represented by the term “disinfection byproducts, or DBPs”, because of the similar formation mechanisms. Several DBP groups were detected during the leachate treatment; however, the amount of DBP generated in the MER only accounted for 19.1 ± 4.5% of that in a membrane-less electrooxidation system (control). Likewise, the total toxicity value in the MER effluent was 26.6 × 10−3, only 15.1% of that in the control system. While trihalomethanes dominated mass concentration by 84.1% in the MER, haloacetonitriles contributed to majority of the additive toxicity due to their higher toxicity index. Increasing the initial leachate pH from 9.5 to 13 could increase the DBP concentration by 2.18 times because of less removal of humic acids. A high initial ammonia concentration of 6000 mg L−1 resulted in the increased DBP formation by 146.8%, compared to that with 2500 mg L−1, due to the increased formation of nitrogenous DBPs. A higher current density of 30 mA cm−2 doubled the DBP formation because of a faster reaction rate and a higher solution temperature. The extended treatment time caused trihalomethanes to continue forming DBP and degradation of most DBPs to some extent. With removing 67.5% of DBP mass concentration and 74.4% of the additive toxicity, the GAC-electrode system was shown more effective than GAC adsorption alone in remediating DBP from the MER effluent.
Florida: The New Urban Crisis: How Our Cities Are Increasing Inequality, Deepening Segregation, and Failing the Middle Class and What We Can Do About It

A new urban crisis, according to Richard Florida, has succeeded the older one we associate with the 1960s and beyond. Though physical, economic, and social decline once plagued most American cities...
COVID-19 related admissions to a regional burn center: The impact of shelter-in-place mandate.

The ramifications from the 2019 severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel corona virus will be felt globally for years to come. Mandates to shelter-in-place were called in nearly every state to limit viral exposure. The impact of the mandate on acute burn admissions was unknown. Our objective was to assess the impact of a shelter-in-place order on acute burn admissions at our burn center. All patients admitted to the burn center with burn injuries- including inhalation injury only- and desquamating skin disorders between March 10th to May 22nd, 2020 were eligible for inclusion. We compared all burn center admissions to a month-matched historical cohort from 2019, and summertime admissions for the last five years. Statistical significance was accepted as p < 0.05. There was a 9% increase in pediatric admissions after the shelter-in-place order. Compared to the 2019 cohort, there was a 28% increase in admissions of school aged children in 2020. This was not statistically significant. While the purpose of the "shelter-in-place" mandate was to reduce viral transmission of COVID-19, it consequently led to an increased percentage of admissions of school age children- comparable to our summertime numbers. More outreach and education are needed to provide safe resources for families during this pandemic.
How Well Do Commonly Used Co-Contraction Indices Approximate Lower Limb Joint Stiffness Trends during Gait?

Abstract Muscle co-contraction generates joint stiffness to improve stability and accuracy during limb movement but at the expense of higher energetic cost. The quantification of joint stiffness generated from muscle co-contraction is difficult through both experimental and computational means for its benefit and cost to be assessed. Quantification of muscle co-contraction may offer an alternative path for estimating joint stiffness. By choosing the commonly used Co-Contraction Indices (CCIs) to represent muscle co-contraction, this study investigated the feasibility of using CCI to approximate lower limb joint stiffness trends during gait. A calibrated EMG-driven musculoskeletal model of a hemiparetic individual post-stroke from a previous study was used to generate the quantities required for CCI calculation and model-based estimation of joint stiffness. A total of 14 classes of CCIs for various combinations of antagonistic muscle pairs were calculated based on two common CCI formulations, each with 7 types of quantities that included variations of electromyography (EMG) signals and joint moments from the muscles. Correlations between CCIs and model-based estimates of sagittal plane stiffness of the lower extremity joints (hip, knee, ankle) were computed. Although moderate to strong correlation was observed between some CCI formulations and the corresponding joint stiffness, these associations were highly dependent on the methodological choices made for CCI computation. The overall findings of this study were the following: (1) the formulation proposed by Rudolph et al. (2000), CCI1, was more correlated with joint stiffness than that of Falconer and Winter (1985); (2) Moment-based CCI1 from individual antagonistic muscle pairs was more correlated than EMG-based CCI1; (3) EMG signals with calibrated electromechanical delay and joint moment generated by individual muscle without normalization to a reference value were the most correlated for EMG-based CCI1 and moment-based CCI1, respectively. The combination of antagonistic muscle pairs for most correlated within each CCI class was also identified. By using CCI to approximate joint stiffness trends, this study may open an alternative path to studying joint stiffness.
Closer to the Heart, Closer to the Mind: Using Psychological Distance to Communicate a Measles Outbreak

Psychological distance can influence a variety of risk-related perceptions and behaviors. This study (N = 205) examines the effect of spatial distance manipulation on emotions, risk perception, and...
Quantitative measurement of antibiotic resistance in Mycobacterium tuberculosis reveals genetic determinants of resistance and susceptibility in a target gene approach

The World Health Organization goal of universal drug susceptibility testing for patients with tuberculosis is most likely to be achieved through molecular diagnostics; however, to date these have focused largely on first-line drugs, and always on predicting binary susceptibilities. Here, we used whole genome sequencing and a quantitative microtiter plate assay to relate genomic mutations to minimum inhibitory concentration in 15,211 Mycobacterium tuberculosis patient isolates from 27 countries across five continents. This work identifies 449 unique MIC-elevating genetic determinants across thirteen drugs, as well as 91 mutations resulting in hypersensitivity for eleven drugs. Our results provide a guide for further implementation of personalized medicine for the treatment of tuberculosis using genetics-based diagnostics and can serve as a training set for novel approaches to predict drug resistance.
Families at Risk: How Errant Enforcement and Restrictionist Integration Policies Threaten the Immigrant Family in the European Union and the United States

These simple words, spoken by a Dominican man who was deported and separated from his family after living together in the United States for many years, reflect the profound role of family in society. The importance of family is recognized in many areas of United States domestic law, and has also been the cornerstone of United States immigration law. Internationally, the centrality and “value” of the family is acknowledged in various international treaties, conventions, and covenants. However, despite this reverential view of family embodied in * Professor of Law and Director, Center for Social Justice, Seton Hall University School of Law. I would like to express my gratitude to the Fulbright Commission for granting me a senior scholar research award to study comparative immigration law in Spain and to my mentors and colleagues at my host organization, el Instituto Universitario Sobre Migraciones at the Universidad Pontificia de Comillas in Madrid, Spain. I would also like to thank Hofstra Law School and the student editors at the Hofstra Law Review for organizing an inspiring and thought-provoking symposium and for including my work in its publication. Thanks also to Seton Hall Law for its generosity with research grants. 1. HUMAN RIGHTS WATCH, FORCED APART: FAMILIES SEPARATED AND IMMIGRANTS HARMED BY UNITED STATES DEPORTATION POLICY 61 (2007), available at http://hrw.org/reports/2007/us0707/us0707webwcover.pdf. Hector J. was deported to the Dominican Republic in 2004. He entered the United States with his mother when he was seventeen-years old. He attended New York City public schools, received an Associates degree in human resources, and worked as a community organizer for not-for-profit organizations in Brooklyn, N.Y. His deportation separated him from his oldest daughter and his mother. Id. at 60-61.
Abruptio placentae following a negative oxytocin challenge test.

THE OXYTOCIN challenge test (OCT) has evolved as one method of assessing the respiratory function of the placental unit in the high-risk obstetric patient. It has been well established that oxytocin-induced uterine activity stresses the uteroplacental circulation. This may result in late decelerations of the fetal heart rate in patients with decreased fetoplacental reserve.” * Some investigators have reported uterine hypertonus caused by too-rapid increase in oxytocin dosage as a complication of the oxytocin challenge test. However. the safety of the OCT has not been questioned, and the only stated relative contraindications to its usage are those situations where the risk of oxytocin administration outweighs the advantages of the OCT. These include cases of previous classical cesarean section, placenta previa, cervical imcompetence. and premature rupture of the membranes.* The case presented is one in which abruptio placentae followed a negative OCT.
Basolateral Na+–H+ exchanger-1 in rat taste receptor cells is involved in neural adaptation to acidic stimuli

The role of basolateral Na+–H+ exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1) was investigated in neural adaptation of rat taste responses to acidic stimuli, by direct measurement of intracellular pH (pHi) in polarized taste receptor cells (TRCs) and by chorda tympani (CT) taste nerve recordings. In TRCs perfused with CO2/HCO3−-free solution (pH 7.4), removal of basolateral Na+ decreased pHi reversibly and zoniporide, a specific NHE-1 blocker, inhibited the Na+-induced changes in pHi. The spontaneous rate of TRC pHi recovery from NH4Cl pulses was inhibited by basolateral zoniporide with a Ki of 0.33μm. Exposure to basolateral ionomycin, reversibly increased TRC Ca2+, resting pHi, and the spontaneous rate of pHi recovery from an NH4Cl pulse. These effects of Ca2+ on pHi were blocked by zoniporide. In in vivo experiments, topical lingual application of zoniporide increased the magnitude of the CT responses to acetic acid and CO2, but not to HCl. Topical lingual application of ionomycin did not affect the phasic part of the CT responses to acidic stimuli, but decreased the tonic part by 50% of control over a period of about 1 min. This increased adaptation in the CT response was inhibited by zoniporide. Topical lingual application of 8-CPT-cAMP increased the CT responses to HCl, but not to CO2, and acetic acid. In the presence of cAMP, ionomycin increased sensory adaptation to HCl, CO2, and acetic acid. Thus, cAMP and Ca2+ independently modulate CT responses to acidic stimuli. While cAMP enhances TRC apical H+ entry and CT responses to strong acid, an increase in Ca2+ activates NHE-1, and increases neural adaptation to all acidic stimuli.
Error Estimation for Indirect Measurements: Interval Computation Problem Is (Slightly) Harder Than a Similar Probabilistic Computational Problem

One of main applications of interval computations is estimating errors of indirect measurements. A quantity y is measured indirectly if we measure some quantities xi related to y and then estimate y from the results x, of these measurements as f(x1,..., xn) by using a known relation f. Interval computations are used “to find the range of f(x1,...,xn) when xi are known to belong to intervals xi = [xi — Δi,xi + Δi],” where Δi are guaranteed accuracies of direct measurements. It is known that the corresponding problem is intractable (NP-hard) even for polynomial functions f.
Outcome and survival following primary and repeat surgery for World Health Organization Grade III meningiomas

Object Despite an increased understanding of the biology of malignant meningioma tumor progression, there is a paucity of published clinical data on factors affecting outcomes following treatment for these lesions. The authors present the largest case series to date dealing with these tumors, providing analysis of 63 patients. Methods The authors identified all patients undergoing resection of WHO Grade III tumors at their institution over a 16-year period. They analyzed clinical data from these patients, and performed Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analyses to determine the impact of different clinical characteristics and different treatment modalities on survival following initial and repeat surgery for these lesions. Results Sixty-three patients met inclusion criteria and were analyzed further. The median clinical follow-up time was 5 years (range 1–22 years). The 2-, 5-, and 10-year overall survival rates following initial operation were 82, 61, and 40%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrat...
An Inconsistency Tolerant Model for Belief Representation and Belief Revision

We propose a new model for representing and revising belief structures, which relies on a notion of partial language splitting and tolerates some amount of inconsistency while retaining classical logic. The model preserves an agent's ability to answer queries in a coherent way using Belnap's four-valued logic. Axioms analogous to the AGM axioms hold for this new model. The distinction between implicit and explicit beliefs is represented and psychologically plausible, computationally tractable procedures for query answering and belief base revision are obtained.
Small-Scale Structure in the Stormtime Ring Current

The partial ring current tries to limit itself through the electric field associated with the ionospheric closure currents. The relationship between the hot ion pressure peak and the electric potential structure is examined, and the negative feedback of the stormtime ring current on itself is discussed. To investigate this issue, simulation results for the magnetic storm of April 17, 2002 were analyzed. It was found that the small-scale well-and-peak potential pairs, formed when magnetotail plasma is injected or convected in to the inner magnetosphere, significantly change the near-Earth plasma distribution. Though the potential structures are not always visible in the potential distribution plots or energetic neutral atom images, their effect is noticeable because the main pressure peak is broken into many smaller peaks and the flow pattern of the hot ions is altered. The consequences of these partial ring current-induced potential structures were also discussed. In particular, subauroral polarization streams and injection flow channels were seen in the potential distributions at various times during the storm, formed when the small-scale electric field is aligned with the large-scale electric field in some local region.
DISCERNING THE VOICE OF ZYGON: IDENTITY AND ISSUES

. The challenge to the journal Zygon as suggested here is to respond to three different reference groups: public intellectuals, academia, and religious communities. An extended discussion follows of what I term the situation of irony in which religion-and-science finds itself. I argue that this situation of irony actually constitutes the domain in which our greatest contributions can be offered.
Son-Killer: A Third Extrachromosomal Factor Affecting the Sex Ratio in the Parasitoid Wasp, NASONIA (=MORMONIELLA) VITRIPENNIS

An extrachromosomal factor, termed son-killer (sk), affects the sex ratio in a parasitoid wasp, Nasonia (=Mormoniella ) vitripennis. The factor is maternally transmitted and alters the secondary sex ratio of an infected female through mortality of approximately 80% of the male embryos. No effect on the primary (zygotic) sex ratio is observed. Ninety-five percent of the daughters of an infected female inherit son-killer. The factor can also be transmitted contagiously when the progeny of infected and uninfected females develop simultaneously on a single host. In newly infected strains, the sex ratio effects are equivalent to those in the original.
The Community Reinforcement Approach

This chapter reviews two behavioral substance abuse treatments: The Community Reinforcement Approach (CRA) and Community Reinforcement and Family Training (CRAFT). Both of these programs were built on the concept that an individual’s recovery is greatly affected by his or her unique environment. This environment, or reinforcing “community,” is composed of family, friends, work/school, social activities, and perhaps spiritual affiliations. CRA, the first of these two programs to be developed, was created specifically for the problem drinker (Hunt & Azrin, 1973). The goal of CRA is to rearrange multiple aspects of an individual’s “community” so that a clean and sober lifestyle is more rewarding than one that is dominated by alcohol and drugs. Subsequently, CRAFT was developed for the many individuals with substance abuse problems who are vehemently opposed to treatment (Institute of Medicine, 1990). CRAFT works through concerned family members and friends of these treatment refusers in an effort to get them to seek therapy (Sisson & Azrin, 1986). Descriptions and the empirical support for CRA and CRAFT follow.
De novo malignant craniopharyngioma: case report and literature review

Malignant or anaplastic craniopharyngioma, first described in 1987 by Akachi and coworkers, is a rare occurring craniopharyngioma characterized by cytologic atypia and poor prognosis. Fifteen cases have been previously reported, two of which have been defined de novo, i.e. not developing from a previously treated benign craniopharyngioma; both these patients died in the early post-operative period. Herein we describe the case of a 66-year-old female who presented with visual disturbance and radiological evidence of a sellar and suprasellar tumor. The patient underwent trans-sphenoidal biopsy followed by pterional craniotomy with partial tumor removal. Histological diagnosis documented a malignant adamantinomatous type craniopharyngioma. The patient received adjuvant radiotherapy with a significant tumor reduction. She remained in good clinical conditions for 10 months; she deteriorated and died, due to tumor progression, 15 months after diagnosis. Malignant craniopharyngioma is a rare primary malignant tumor of the sellar region. This is the first case of de novo malignant craniopharyngioma with significant follow-up.
Botryoid odontogenic cyst: Clinicopathologic analysis of ten cases with three recurrences

Abstract The botryoid odontogenic cyst (BOC) is a rare cyst of odontogenic origin originally described in 1973 by Weathers and Waldron1 as a variant of the lateral periodontal cyst. Ten examples of this rare lesion were studied by light and electron microscopy and the clinical and radiographic findings were analyzed. Eight of ten lesions were located in the mandible; the anterior mandible being the dominant site. Five of the ten lesions were unilocular, the largest measuring 4.5 × 1.2 cm. Only two of the ten botryoid odontogenic cysts were radiographically multilocular. Three lesions represented recurrences; 8, 10, and 10 years after previous surgical intervention. All patients were white with an average age of 46 years. Perhaps the most significant information gained from this investigation of botryoid odontogenic cysts is the fact three of ten lesions recurred after initial surgical removal. It is important that practitioners take note of the fact that: 1) a recurrence potential may exist for the botryoid odontogenic cyst that has gone unrecognized, 2) recurrence may not occur until a decade after initial surgery, and 3) lesions may occasionally become destructive.
A Kalman Filter Based Attitude Heading Reference System Using a Low Cost Inertial Measurement Unit

This paper describes the development of a sensor fusion algorithm-based Kalman filter architecture, for an Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) based on a low cost Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU). The system is verified with real time manual flight testing as well as autonomous waypoint flight testing. A low cost IMU uses Micro-ElectricalMechanical System(MEMS) technology using inexpensive, compact, and low grade sensors. The use of low cost IMUs is primarily targeted towards Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) applications due to the requirements for small package size, low energy consumption, and high sampling rate. The high dynamics nature of smaller airframes, coupled with the typical vibration induced noise of UAVs require an efficient, reliable, and robust Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) for vehicle control. To eliminate the singularities at ±90◦ and to maximize the computational efficiency, quaternions are used for state attitude representation.