cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press
Precession of the epsilon ring of Uranus

It is noted that the outer and inner boundaries of the epsilon ring of Uranus can be fitted by aligned Keplerian ellipses. Four possible mechanisms for maintaining uniform precession in the epsilon ring are considered: the ring's self-gravity, precession due to a satellite, smooth pressure gradients, and shocklike phenomena. It is proposed that apse alignment is maintained by the self-gravity of the ring. In this case, a ring mass of approximately 5 x 10 to the 18th g and a mean surface density at quadrature of about 25 g/sq cm are estimated.
Observations On the Distribution and Movements of Macrobrachium Ohione (Smith, 1874) in the Pascagoula River Estuary, Jackson County, Mississippi, U.S.a. (Decapoda, Palaemonidae)1

[D'avril 1978 a avril 1979 une etude de la crevette d'eau douce Macrobrachium ohione a ete effectuee dans la basse riviere Pascagoula (Mississippi, U.S.A.) sur des crevettes adultes et sur des larves capturees dans le plancton. Des specimens marques ont servi a etudier le mouvement et la taille approximative de la population. Il a ete etabli que l'abondance des crevettes adultes se trouvait directement liee a la temperature et a l'eloignement de l'embouchure de la riviere; en outre plus la salinite et la conductivite augmentait, plus le nombre de crevettes diminuait. On a remarque que les crevettes etaient plus nombreuses pendant les mois de juin et juillet que pendant les autres mois au cours desquels des ramassages ont ete egalement effectues. La position de la station n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur le succes des prises. A chaque ramassage il y avait plus de femelles que de mâles. Dans la Pascagoula la saison de reproduction des M. ohione peut certaines annees s'etendre de la fin du mois de mars au mois d'aout. Toutes les larves de crevettes Macrobrachium sp. recoltees dans le plancton se trouvaient au stade I de la phase zoe. Les resultats obtenus d'apres les specimens marques et recaptures indiquent qu'une crevette M. ohione adulte nage a contre-courant et a une vitesse pouvant atteindre 0,460 km par jour; la densite de la population a ete estimee a environ 1,322 x 106 crevettes dans 11,3 km de la branche est de la Pascagoula., D'avril 1978 a avril 1979 une etude de la crevette d'eau douce Macrobrachium ohione a ete effectuee dans la basse riviere Pascagoula (Mississippi, U.S.A.) sur des crevettes adultes et sur des larves capturees dans le plancton. Des specimens marques ont servi a etudier le mouvement et la taille approximative de la population. Il a ete etabli que l'abondance des crevettes adultes se trouvait directement liee a la temperature et a l'eloignement de l'embouchure de la riviere; en outre plus la salinite et la conductivite augmentait, plus le nombre de crevettes diminuait. On a remarque que les crevettes etaient plus nombreuses pendant les mois de juin et juillet que pendant les autres mois au cours desquels des ramassages ont ete egalement effectues. La position de la station n'a pas eu d'effet significatif sur le succes des prises. A chaque ramassage il y avait plus de femelles que de mâles. Dans la Pascagoula la saison de reproduction des M. ohione peut certaines annees s'etendre de la fin du mois de mars au mois d'aout. Toutes les larves de crevettes Macrobrachium sp. recoltees dans le plancton se trouvaient au stade I de la phase zoe. Les resultats obtenus d'apres les specimens marques et recaptures indiquent qu'une crevette M. ohione adulte nage a contre-courant et a une vitesse pouvant atteindre 0,460 km par jour; la densite de la population a ete estimee a environ 1,322 x 106 crevettes dans 11,3 km de la branche est de la Pascagoula.]
Microstructure, evolution, and ontogeny of scale surfaces in cordylid and gerrhosaurid lizards.

The distal oberhautchen and proximal beta layer of 41 species and every genus of cordylid and gerrhosaurid lizard were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Scale organs in these families are concentrated on the face, and scale organs occur singly or in pairs below the keel on the dorsals of cordylids but not gerrhosaurids. Most species examined possess primitive, lenticular scale organs. Unique and previously unknown, projecting scale organs occur in two species of Cordylus. Scale organs appear to be absent in species of Chamaesaura. The scale surfaces of cordylids are covered in macrohoneycomb. Individual compartments of cordylid macrohoneycomb are not intracellular structures but may be overlain by apparent oberhautchen cells. In some cordylid species, part of each cell is free and projects away from the scale surface as a pointed flap. Gerrhosaurids lack macrohoneycomb. Instead, their scale surfaces are covered in lamellae without dentate borders, 50-100 times as long as wide. The epidermis of Platysaurus is unique among cordylids in possessing lamellae 1-8 times as wide as long that overlap macrohoneycomb in some regions of the body. The scale surfaces of Cordylus cordylus undergo an ontogenetic change similar to that recently described for the xenosaurid genus Shinisaurus. Phylogenetic analysis of scale surface features allows the partitioning of Cordylus into three species groups and Chamaesaura into two species groups. Synapomorphies of the species of Chamaesaura, the species of Platysaurus, and the genera of the gerrhosaurids are also described. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Crown repair with a cast post and core

A technique to make a post and core pattern that can be used to save an existing crown has been presented. The technique should become an additional tool in the treatment armamentarium.
Correlates of currency counterfeiting

Abstract Estimates from the U.S. Secret Service suggest that $40 million worth of counterfeit currency are confiscated each year in the United States. Despite measures to guard against the crime, modern technology has made reproducing fraudulent bills relatively easy. Over 90 percent of counterfeiting reported in the United States results from the use of readily available digital technology. Yet, little is known about the characteristics of the crime or those who engage in it. The current article presents a descriptive analysis of counterfeiting using data from closed case files from the Secret Service in a southern jurisdiction. Results suggest advances in consumer digital technologies have democratized the crime. That is, this form of offending is committed by a diverse group in terms of age, gender, race, and criminal history. The majority of counterfeiting cases involved multiple offenders, particularly among female counterfeiters. Sample limitations are discussed, as are recommendations for future research.
Multi-view face detection under complex scene based on combined SVMs

A single face classifier has difficulty in detecting multiview faces under real and complex scenes due to various poses, cluttering environment and small size of faces. In this paper, we propose a novel combination of SVMs to detect multi-view faces, using both cascading and bagging methods. In our method, the faces are divided into seven views. Each of them models a typical pose under complex scenes. By the modified bootstrap method applied in our method, a cascade of SVMs are constructed to quickly select face candidates from image with expected accuracy. Bagging of different SVMs can further eliminate the false detections that are difficult to handle by single SVM. Such combination of SVMs can effectively detect multi-view faces even with large rotation angles and heavy shadow. The experiment results show better accuracy and generalization performance over single classifier.
Why psychology needs conceptual analysts: Wachtel's “discontents” revisited

Abstract Commenting on Wachtel's “Investigation and its Discontents” [Wachtel, P. L. (1980). Investigation and its discontents: Some constraints on progress in psychological research. American Psychologist , 35 , 399–408], I agree that lack of support for a career path of conceptual analysis and critique is a serious problem. Psychology requires a strong conceptual component because it is subject to unusual distortions and self-deceptions in theory formation and evidential evaluation due to issues of power, self-esteem, and social ideology. I agree with Wachtel that pressures for quantity of publication are detrimental to scientific quality, but dispute his suggestion that excessive focus on quantity in assessing productivity can be addressed by having tenure and promotion candidates submit only their three best papers. Such reviews must be based on the entire record, so improvements must involve journals’ acceptance standards. Regarding Wachtel's concern about the influence of grants on reviews, I argue that grants should be relevant only to the extent they bear on the candidate's scholarly goals.
The Ampos Multiprocessor - A Computer System for Laboratory Use

This highly modular processor management system has been designed to provide computational facilities for biomedical research laboratories. It uses a command language and interprocessor communications similar to those of the Unix system.
Mapping pseudouridines in RNA molecules.

Pseudouridine is present in ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, tmRNA, and small nuclear and nucleolar RNAs. All are structured molecules. Pseudouridine is made by enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of specifically selected U residues after the polynucleotide chain is made. No energy input is required. Pseudouridine formation creates a hydrogen bond donor at the equivalent of uridine C-5. Therefore, a major role of pseudouridine may be to strengthen particular RNA conformations and/or RNA-RNA interactions because of this extra H-bond capability. Understanding the role of pseudouridine critically depends on knowledge of their location and number in RNA. The mapping method described here has greatly simplified this task and made it possible to survey many organisms. Procedures are described for mapping pseudouridines in large RNAs like ribosomal RNA and in small RNAs like tRNA. The method involves carbodiimide adduct formation with U, G, and pseudouridine followed by mild alkali to remove the adduct from U and G but not from the N-3 of pseudouridine. This results in attenuation of primed reverse transcription resulting in a stop band one residue 3' to the pseudouridine on sequencing gels. Use of primers means that purified RNAs are not needed, only knowledge of its primary sequence, but limit the sequence scanned to 30-40 residues from the 3' end. A poly(A) tailing procedure is described that allows extension of the method to within a few nucleotides of the 3' terminus.
Effect of surgical techniques on primary implant stability and peri-implant bone.

Purpose To evaluate the primary stability of dental implants placed with condensing-osteotome versus drilling-osteotome techniques and to explore peri-implant mircromorphologic consequences of lateral bone condensing. Materials and Methods The experimental model designed for the study comprised bilateral iliac crests from 3 fresh frozen human cadavers. Two AstraTech dental implants (AstraTech AB, Molndal, Sweden) were consecutively placed with condensing- and drilling-osteotome techniques in bone with a 10-mm interimplant distance. Six experimental bone sites received a total of 12 implants. Installation torque values (ITVs) and implant stability quotients (ISQs) were measured to quantify primary implant stability. Bone specimens including implants were removed to quantify the peri-implant relative bone volume and bone microstructural parameters in the 1-mm circular vicinity of implants using desktop computed tomography (microCT). The Mann-Whitney U test was used to evaluate the differences in primary implant stability values and microCT data for the surgical placement techniques. Results ITVs and ISQs were similar for both surgical placement techniques without statistical significance (P > .05). Relative bone volumes around implants placed with the condensing-osteotome technique were significantly (P Conclusions Managing implant sites with the condensing-osteotome technique results in notable changes in peri-implant bone architecture but might not be as promising in improving primary implant stability compared with the drilling-osteotome technique.
Selective processing of calling songs by auditory interneurons in the female cricket, Gryllus pennsylvanicus: possible roles in behavior

Female crickets (Gryllus pennsylvanicus), caught in the field as nymphs, responded as adults in the laboratory with selective phonotaxis to model calling songs (CSs) that reproduced the dominant carrier frequencies and syllable periods (SPs) characteristic of the male's natural calling song. Extracellular recordings demonstrated two types of auditory interneurons in the female's cervical connectives that were very similar to the AN1 and AN2 neurons previously described in other gryllid species. The AN2 neuron responded to model CSs with a phasically encoded immediate response, and a more tonically encoded prolonged response. AN2's immediate response exhibited SP-dependent decreases (termed decrement) in its responses to sequential syllables of the CS that were greatest to CSs with the shortest SPs and diminished as SPs were lengthened, resulting in an SP-dependent habituation. Picrotoxin application transformed this SP-dependent habituation by AN2 to SP-selective responses in which the degree of decrement was greatest to SPs that were most phonotactically attractive. AN2's prolonged response was most sensitive to 5 kHz CSs and correlated with the carrier frequency tuning for the thresholds of phonotaxis by females. Thus, in females, AN2's immediate (in the presence of picrotoxin) and prolonged responses were selectively tuned to the SPs and carrier frequencies of the male's calls that were most attractive behaviorally. AN1's responses at threshold were also tuned to the dominant carrier frequencies of the male's CS.
On outer bounds to the capacity region of wireless networks

In this correspondence, we study the capacity region of a general wireless network by deriving fundamental upper bounds on a class of linear functionals of the rate tuples at which joint reliable communication can take place. The widely studied transport capacity is a specific linear functional: the coefficient of the rate between a pair of nodes is equal to the Euclidean distance between them. The upper bound on the linear functionals of the capacity region is used to derive upper bounds to scaling laws for generalized transport capacity: the coefficient of the rate between a pair of nodes is equal to some arbitrary function of the Euclidean distance between them, for a class of minimum distance networks. This upper bound to the scaling law meets that achievable by multihop communication over these networks for a wide class of channel conditions; this shows the optimality, in the scaling-law sense, of multihop communication when studying generalized transport capacity of wireless networks.
Childhood victimization and alcohol symptoms in females: causal inferences and hypothesized mediators.

Abstract Objective: Previous research has reported a relationship between childhood victimization experiences and alcohol problems in females. This paper has two distinct goals: (1) to determine whether it is appropriate to make a causal inference regarding the association between early child abuse and neglect and alcohol symptoms in females; and (2) to examine five potential mechanisms (depression, worthlessness, social isolation/loneliness, low self esteem, and using alcohol and/or drugs to cope) that may mediate the relationship between child abuse and neglect and alcohol symptomatology. Method: Substantiated cases of child abuse and neglect from 1967 to 1971 were matched on sex, age, race, and approximate social class with nonabused and non-neglected children and followed prospectively into young adulthood. Subjects were administered a 2–h in-person interview, including the NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS-III-R) to assess alcohol use and abuse. Analyses are restricted to females in the sample (N = 582). Results: Structural equation modeling provides support for the inference that childhood victimization plays a causal role in the development of alcohol symptoms in women. There also is support for the hypothesized mediating role of two mechanisms (depression and using alcohol/drugs to cope), but not for the other mediators. Conclusions: Evidence from this prospective study suggests that childhood victimization may be one of the causal factors in the development of alcohol problems in females. Interventions should be directed at abused and neglected females of all ages to help them to deal with depression and to develop coping strategies to prevent the development of serious alcohol problems.
Negative phototaxis in crustacean larvae: Possible functional significance

Abstract Phototaxis of stage I larvae of the crab Rhithropanopeus harrisi (Gould) was quantitatively monitored by a microscope-television system. After dark-adaptation there is negative phototaxis only at the highest stimulus intensity, whereas the animals respond positively to intensities between 1.0 and 0.0006 W m −2 . After light-adaptation there is positive phototaxis at intensities above 0.005 W m −2 while a negative response is observed to a lower range of intensities. Mean swimming speed during positive phototaxis does not vary with dark or light-adaptation or with stimulus intensity; however, during the negative response after light-adaptation speeds are intensity-dependent and are significantly faster at the highest response-initiating intensities than during a positive response. Arguments are presented to show that this negative response 1) may act as a shadow reflex, and 2) might be important in vertical movements.
Distinguishing Features of Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Self-Classification as an Adult

Research reveals that most 18- to 25-year-old individuals do not consider themselves to be adults. This time period between adolescence and adulthood has been newly defined as emerging adulthood. The purpose of this study was to (a) attempt to identify perceived adults and (b) explore whether differences in adulthood criteria, achievement of those criteria, identity issues, risk-taking behaviors, and depression are based on perceived adult status. Findings from 232 college students’ responses revealed that there was a small group of perceived adults, and when compared to their emerging-adult peers, they(a) did not differ on the adulthood criteria they used; (b) believed they had achieved more of the adulthood criteria; (c) had a better sense of their overall identity, as well as what type of person they wanted as a romantic partner; (d) were less depressed; and (e) engaged in fewer risk behaviors (e.g., illegal drug use and drunk driving).
Microcalorimetric Studies of H2, C2H4, and C2H2Adsorption on Pt Powder

Abstract Microcalorimetric measurements of C 2 H 4 adsorption on Pt powder at 303 and 173 K gave initial heats of 160 and 120 kJ/mol, which correspond to formation of ethylidyne species plus atomic hydrogen and to molecularly bonded C 2 H 4 species, respectively. Microcalorimetric measurements of C 2 H 2 adsorption on Pt powder at 303 and 173 K gave initial heats of 220 and 210 kJ/mol, respectively. Initial heats of H 2 adsorption on Pt powder at 403 and 173 K were 90 kJ/mol. Exposure of Pt samples to C 2 H 4 hydrogenation at 298 K under conditions for which ethylidyne species form, results in decreases in the saturation coverages of H 2 and C 2 H 4 adsorption, as well as decreases in the strengths of interaction of these species with the surface (by 20–30 kJ/mol) at 173 K. Exposure of Pt to C 2 H 4 hydrogenation at conditions for which ethylidyne species do not form, results in a decrease in the saturation uptake and the adsorption strength of H 2 at 173 K. These surfaces contain significant amounts of adsorbed hydrogen, since they show formation of C 2 H 6 upon C 2 H 4 adsorption at 173 K.
Hilbert's theorem 90 in matrix rings †

The fact that every unitary matrix can be expressed in the form A-1A∗ (observed by C. R. Johnson) is interpreted as a "Hilbert Theorem 90" in rings with an involution. Several observations connected with this are included.
High-grade optical polydimethylsiloxane for microfluidic applications

Commercially available polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) elastomers, such as Sylgard 184® are widely used in soft lithography and for microfluidic applications. These PDMS elastomers contain fillers to enhance their mechanical stability. The reinforcing fillers, often sub-micrometer small SiO2 particles, tend to aggregate, swell with water, and thereby become cognoscible in a way that can strongly interfere with the visualization of micro-scale events taking place next to PDMS structures. As PDMS microfluidics are often used for studying cells and micro-/nanoparticles and for creating/handling nanodroplets, it has become highly desirable to employ a PDMS having high optical quality and that allows microscopy observation without artifacts. Here, we present a PDMS formulation that is free of fillers and has sufficiently low viscosity to perform a filtration step of the mixed prepolymers before curing. By molding a bi-layer microfluidic network (MFN), composed of a thin filler-free PDMS layer and a thicker Sylgard 184® backing layer, PDMS MFNs featuring both high optical quality and mechanical stability, can be fabricated.
A Conceptual Framework for Job Change.

Change related to the job is identified as an exigent issue in the field of career development. This paper presents an effort to conceptualize a job change framework. The intent is increase awareness, generate discussion, and stimulate empirical research in this area.
Unearthing the Phylogenetic Roots of Sleep

Why we sleep remains one of the enduring unanswered questions in biology. At its core, sleep can be defined behaviorally as a homeostatically regulated state of reduced movement and sensory responsiveness. The cornerstone of sleep studies in terrestrial mammals, including humans, has been the measurement of coordinated changes in brain activity during sleep measured using the electroencephalogram (EEG). Yet among a diverse set of animals, these EEG sleep traits can vary widely and, in some cases, are absent, raising questions as to whether they define a universal, or even essential, feature of sleep. Over the past decade, behaviorally defined sleep-like states have been identified in a series of genetic model organisms, including fish, flies and worms. Genetic analyses in these systems are revealing a remarkable conservation in the underlying mechanisms controlling sleep behavior. Taken together, these studies suggest an ancient origin for sleep and raise the possibility that model organism genetics may reveal the molecular mechanisms that guide sleep and wake.
Plasmon-enhanced optical sensors: a review

Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) has found extensive applications in chemi-sensors and biosensors. Plasmons play different roles in different types of optical sensors. SPR transduces a signal in a colorimetric sensor through shifts in the spectral position and intensity in response to external stimuli. SPR can also concentrate the incident electromagnetic field in a nanostructure, modulating fluorescence emission and enabling plasmon-enhanced fluorescence to be used for ultrasensitive detection. Furthermore, plasmons have been extensively used for amplifying a Raman signal in a surface-enhanced Raman scattering sensor. This paper presents a review of recent research progress in plasmon-enhanced optical sensing, giving emphasis on the physical basis of plasmon-enhanced sensors and how these principles guide the design of sensors. In particular, this paper discusses the design strategies for nanomaterials and nanostructures to plasmonically enhance optical sensing signals, also highlighting the applications of plasmon-enhanced optical sensors in healthcare, homeland security, food safety and environmental monitoring.
Acoustic Sounding of Meteorological Phenomena in the Planetary Boundary Layer

Abstract The potential of acoustic radar for indirect probing of meteorological phenomena in the planetary boundary layer is reviewed and the relevant acoustical theory is summarized for sound scattering by regions of temperature fluctuations and reflection by airborne particulate matter. The point is made that the high sensitivity of acoustic radar to temperature and velocity fluctuations in comparison with radar or lidar and its low cost of construction and operation relative to alternative sounding methods make the technique attractive as a remote probe for boundary layer studies. The operation of the University of Oklahoma acoustic radar facility, in essentially continuous operation since August 1971, is described in detail and its capability tabulated. Acoustic radar data are presented in the form of three-dimensional facsimile recordings of time, altitude, and reflected signal strength for seven phenomena of particular interest: thermal plumes, stratus, helicopter wakes, insects in flight, cold fron...
Optimizing Stroke Clinical Trial Design Estimating the Proportion of Eligible Patients

Background and Purpose—Clinical trial planning and site selection require an accurate estimate of the number of eligible patients at each site. In this study, we developed a tool to calculate the proportion of patients who would meet a specific trial’s age, baseline severity, and time to treatment inclusion criteria. Methods—From a sample of 1322 consecutive patients with acute ischemic cerebrovascular syndromes, we developed regression curves relating the proportion of patients within each range of the 3 variables. We used half the patients to develop the model and the other half to validate it by comparing predicted vs actual proportions who met the criteria for 4 current stroke trials. Results—The predicted proportion of patients meeting inclusion criteria ranged from 6% to 28% among the different trials. The proportion of trial-eligible patients predicted from the first half of the data were within 0.4% to 1.4% of the actual proportion of eligible patients. This proportion increased logarithmically wi...
Formation of the serine octamer: Ion evaporation or charge residue?

Abstract The mechanism of formation for clusters of serine generated by electrospray ionization is hypothesized to play a critical role in determining their ultimate properties. Under carefully manipulated electrospray source conditions, two distinct and well-separated distributions of clusters can be observed. The characteristics of the two cluster populations are consistent with different formation mechanisms, namely ion evaporation and charge residue. Upon further inspection, it is proposed that the magic number intensity, homochiral selectivity, and unique formation of the serine octamer are best explained within the context of the ion evaporation mechanism. As a consequence, solution phase properties of the octamer become important, particularly in relation to interface effects present on the surface of the charged droplet. In contrast, other clusters of serine, including the B form of the octamer, are probably generated by the charge residue mechanism and may have no connection to condensed phase phenomena.
Phosphate balance in glutathione-depleted states: Tourniquet trauma and bromobenzene injection

Abstract Previous studies have shown that, in the intact mouse, tourniquet trauma decreases the concentration of liver glutathione as well as the ability of the liver to synthesize GSH† after cysteine injection. Prior administration of bromobenzene also decreases liver GSH, but does not decrease GSH synthesis by the liver after cysteine injection. Since the literature indicates that trauma induces depletion of tissue ATP required for GSH synthesis, the present work attempted to study the relationship between liver ATP concentration and the liver's potential for GSH synthesis. In the present experiments the trauma procedure used induced significant increases in liver ATP, whereas bromobenzene preadministration resulted in decreases in liver ATP. Hence, over-all liver ATP concentration does not appear to be limiting for GSH synthesis in trauma. Similar ATP/ADP ratios were obtained for livers of control, traumatized, and bromobenzene-treated mice. Inorganic phosphate and total acid-soluble phosphate were elevated after trauma; total acid-soluble phosphate was depressed after bromobenzene administration.
Measurements of adsorption at the air-water interface by the microtome method

In spite of the wide use and fundamental importance of the classical Gibbs adsorption theorem, its validity has never been given adequate experimental demonstration. Until quite recently the principal means available for testing this theorem was the “moving bubble method”, developed by Donnan and Barker, and later by McBain, Davies, and DuBois. Almost without exception this method has given results many times greater than the values calculated from either the exact or the approximate Gibbs equation. A recent exhaustive investigation of this dynamic method by DuBois and Todd has shown, moreover, that the results for moving bubbles may be varied and controlled over a wide range by merely altering the size or speed of the bubbles or the amount of accompanying liquid. Thus the results, although definite and repro­ducible, vary greatly with the experimental conditions, and hence they bear no definite relation either to the Gibbs value or to that for mono-molecular adsorption. It is evident that a moving surface carries in general an amount of adsorbed material which is much greater than that predicted by the Gibbs theorem. Similar high results are reported by Seymour, Tartar, and Wright for moving droplets of benzene in water, which may carry with them as much soap as would correspond to twenty or more mono-layers.
Cohesive zone modeling and calibration for mode I tearing of large ductile plates

This paper focuses on extensive ductile crack growth by modeling a mode I fracture experiment. Solution of this problem, requires structural scale plate/shell finite which cannot resolve the details of the fracture process. Thus, a cohesive zone model, which accounts for the dependence of the cohesive tearing energy on the crack advance is employed. The steady-state cohesive energy is informed by the detailed analysis of necking localization and shear failure, performed with the Gurson model. The structural scale model reveals the partition of the tearing energy into the cohesive energy and the additional plastic dissipation occurring outside the cohesive zone.
Parallel simulation of Markovian queueing networks using adaptive uniformization

This paper describes a method for simulating a large class of queueing network models with Markovian phase-type distributions on parallel architectures. The method, which is based on uniformization, exploits Markovian properties that permit one to first build schedules of simulation times at which processors ought to synchronize, and then simulate a mathematically correct sample path through the pre-chosen schedule. While the technique eliminates many of the overheads incurred by other synchronization methods, it may suffer when the maximum rate (in simulation time) at which one processor might possibly ever send jobs to another is much larger than the average rate at which it actually does. We show how to reduce these overheads, sometimes doubling the execution rate as a result. We discuss experiments performed on the Intel iPSC/2 and Touchstone Delta architectures, where speedups in excess of 155 are observed on 256 processors.
In Situ Analysis of Protein S-Glutathionylation in Lung Tissue Using Glutaredoxin-1-Catalyzed Cysteine Derivatization

Protein S-glutathionylation (PSSG) is a posttranslational modification that involves the conjugation of the small antioxidant molecule glutathione to cysteine residues and is emerging as a critical mechanism of redox-based signaling. PSSG levels increase under conditions of oxidative stress and are controlled by glutaredoxins (Grx) that, under physiological conditions, preferentially deglutathionylate cysteines and restore sulfhydryls. Both the occurrence and distribution of PSSG in tissues is unknown because of the labile nature of this oxidative event and the lack of specific reagents. The goal of this study was to establish and validate a protocol that enables detection of PSSG in situ, using the property of Grx to deglutathionylate cysteines. Using Grx1-catalyzed cysteine derivatization, we evaluated PSSG content in mice subjected to various models of lung injury and fibrosis. In control mice, PSSG was detectable primarily in the airway epithelium and alveolar macrophages. Exposure of mice to NO2 resulted in enhanced PSSG levels in parenchymal regions, while exposure to O2 resulted in minor detectable changes. Finally, bleomycin exposure resulted in marked increases in PSSG reactivity both in the bronchial epithelium as well as in parenchymal regions. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that Grx1-based cysteine derivatization is a powerful technique to specifically detect patterns of PSSG expression in lungs, and will enable investigations into regional changes in PSSG content in a variety of diseases.
Structural inversion and origin of a Late Ordovician (Trenton) carbonate buildup: evidence from the Tanglewood and Devils Hollow members, Lexington Limestone, central Kentucky (USA)

Abstract Throughout east–central United States, Lexington/Trenton limestones are largely Late Ordovician (Chatfieldian; mid-Caradoc), argillaceous, skeletal calcarenites, which are transgressive upward into Late Ordovician (late Chatfieldian–Edenian; mid-late Caradoc) shales and interbedded micrograined limestones. In central Kentucky, however, the same sequence is partially truncated by an unconformity and passes upward into a thicker, younger (Edenian; late Caradoc), regressive shoal complex of coarse calcarenites and calcirudites that is not generally typical of the Lexington/Trenton sequence elsewhere. The shoal complex is interpreted to have been a carbonate buildup and is partially bound by extant faults with basement precursors. Comparison of isopachous maps for pre- and postunconformity buildup units with basement structural lineaments suggests that the buildup is related to reactivation—and in one prominent case, inversion—of the basement structures. The coincidence of structural reactivation, inversion, and buildup development with other major regional, cratonic changes may reflect a reorganization of cratonic, far-field forces accompanying a nearly coeval reversal in the polarity of Taconic subduction.
An investigation of microcrystalline films produced by a dc glow discharge in silane and hydrogen

Microcrystalline and amorphous Si:H films have been produced in a dc cathodic discharge in atmospheres containing silane diluted in hydrogen. The composition of the discharge atmosphere has a strong effect on the nucleation of microcrystalline Si:H films. Dopants such as boron enhance the formation of microcrystals while higher silanes such as disilane inhibit crystallization. The presence of other gases in the discharge atmosphere generally inhibits the formation of microcrystals.
A tramp abroad chronicles motivation, self-efficacy, and attempts to theorize culture and creativity

The paper works organically from unique experiences the authors have teaching abroad with other trained teachers and scholars and in diverse contexts. It considers the culture and creativity literature, fundamental and relevant mechanisms in Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages and educational psychology, and suggests a relational theory for culture and creativity grounded in research and theory in psychology. Among other things, the paper includes discussions of Bandura, motivation, and self-efficacy. The authors provide real experiences, interaction with the literature, and pragmatic thinking about teaching for which many scholars have called.
Age differences in postural sway during volitional head movement.

Abstract Objective: To examine the role of a volitional self-paced head-turn movement on the postural sway characteristics of healthy young and elderly subjects. Design: Cross-sectional design. Setting: Motor control research laboratory. Subjects: Ten young adults and 10 elderly subjects. Main Outcome Measures: Postural sway characteristics of each subject were examined using a Kistler force platform. Each subject was tested under four experimental conditions: (1) static postural sway with vision; (2) static postural sway without vision; (3) postural sway with vision and self-paced head-turn movement; and (4) postural sway with no vision and a self-paced head-turn movement. Subjects performed six 15-second trials in each experimental condition. Dependent variables analyzed on each trial were mean sway amplitude (in millimeters), sagital sway standard deviation, lateral sway standard deviation, and frequency of sway (in hertz). Results: During the static conditions (eg, no voluntary movement), the young subjects produced significantly less postural sway than the elderly in both the vision condition (sway amplitude in the young, 3.80mm; in the elderly, 4.89mm) and the no-vision condition (young, 5.44mm; elderly, 5.95 mm). This increased sway was the result of greater lateral sway in the elderly for the vision condition (3.73 vs 2.68mm), and greater sagittal sway for the elderly in the no-vision condition (5.55 vs 4.70mm). There were no significant differences between the groups in the frequency of sway. When asked to initiate and complete the head-turn, elderly subjects significantly increased their mean sway amplitude and decreased their frequency of sway whereas the young subjects did not significantly alter their postural sway profiles. Conclusions: These results demonstrate different postural sway control strategies for young and elderly subjects when asked to perform volitional movements.
The Influence of Social Critical Theory on Edward Schillebeeckx's Theology of Suffering for Others

Edward Schillebeeckx has consolidated the theoretical and practical dimensions of the Christian approach to human suffering in his theological method, specifically his theology of suffering for others. The various elements and sources of his method can be gleaned from his later writings, especially those published during the 1970s and 1980s. Schillebeeckx's theology is anchored in (1) the Thomist-phenomenological approach of Flemish philosopher Dominic De Petter; (2) the historical-experiential theology of Marie-Dominique Chenu; and (3) the social theory of the Frankfurt School. De Petter's perspective on Aquinas integrated a Thomist epistemology with the phenomenological notion that concepts cannot ultimately capture the reality of human experience. From Chenu, Schillebeeckx acquired his commitment to both solid historical research and engagement with socio-political problems facing church and world. The problem of suffering, which constitutes an essential dimension of Schillebeeckx's theological ethics with its dual emphasis on theory and praxis, raises the question of human responsibility in the face of unjust and needless suffering. His theoretical-practical approach to the alleviation of human suffering evolved within the framework of social critical theory, specifically: (a) Schillebeeckx's theological integration of Theodor Adorno's negative dialectics into his own method of correlation, which promotes various forms of critical resistance to socio-political injustice rather than a single program; and (b) the unification of theory and praxis, a priority of Jurgen Habermas's ‘new’ critical theory that Schillebeeckx endorses. Both principles of critical theory — negative dialectics and the union of theory and praxis — inform Schillebeeckx's eschatological orientation and his conception of liturgy as a form of social ethics.
Correlations of solar insolation and wind data for SOLMET stations

Correlations of direct solar insolation and windspeed data based upon a 12.5-year period are presented for 26 SOLMET stations distributed over the contiguous United States. These correlations indicate that for all 26 stations 97.5 percent of the available direct insolation occurs at windspeeds of 15 m/s (33.6 mph) or less for three different solar collector tracking apertures. These results imply that operational wind load design criteria for tracking collector devices may be less stringent than is required for survival criteria in the stow orientation. Additional selected frequency distributions for direct insolation, windspeed, and wind direction data spanning the 1952-1964 time frame are also presented.
Prescription refill records as a screening tool to identify antidepressant non-adherence.

Purpose—Non-adherence is a significant problem with antidepressants. Identifying patients at highest risk for discontinuing antidepressant treatment can be used to target clinical management. Accordingly, our purpose was to determine the shortest gap in medication supply that is predictive of discontinuation, while minimizing false positive results. Methods—A retrospective cohort study of medical and prescription claims from a national health plan affiliated with i3 Innovus. Sensitivities, specificities, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for gap lengths to assess how well they predicted discontinuation. Continuously insured individuals aged 18–65 with newly diagnosed major depression and an antidepressant prescription within 45 days of diagnosis were included. Gap length was defined as the maximum number of continuous days without medication supply during acute phase treatment. Discontinuation was defined as a continuous gap of 30 or more days between an expected refill and actual refill. Results—Of 4,545 eligible patients, 73% discontinued antidepressant treatment during the study period. A maximum continuous gap of 14 days had a sensitivity of 87% and a specificity of 82% for predicting discontinuation. In analyses that varied the way gaps and discontinuation were defined, gap lengths between 8 and 19 days were highly predictive of discontinuation without exceeding a 20% false positive rate. Conclusions—Based on administrative pharmacy records, screening for gaps in medication supply of at least 14 days can accurately identify 4 of every 5 patients at risk for discontinuing. This early indicator can be used to target clinical interventions.
Bronchiectasis in children: orphan disease or persistent problem?

More than a decade ago, bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis was termed an "orphan disease", because it had become an uncommon clinical entity among children in the developed world. Bronchiectasis is more common among children in lower socioeconomic classes and in developing countries, presumably due to more frequent and recurrent respiratory infections, environmental airway irritants, poor immunization rates, and malnutrition. Reports from the Southern Pacific and from Alaska Native children reveal persistently high rates of childhood bronchiectasis. Better epidemiologic data throughout the world are needed to reassess the importance of this condition. The pathophysiology includes airway inflammation, mucus production, and regional airway obstruction, yet the reasons why some children develop bronchiectasis while other do not is unclear. The coexistence of asthma with bronchiectasis is associated with more severe disease, yet the impact of asthma therapy in children with both disorders has not been studied. Similarly, the pattern of antibiotic use for children with bronchiectasis varies by region with little data to justify one particular approach. It may be that public health measures aimed at improving living conditions for children and prevention of respiratory infections with antiviral vaccines will have more impact on childhood bronchiectasis than medical treatments in the future.
Impact of cell swelling on proliferative signal transduction in the liver

Cellular swelling has emerged as an important initiator of metabolic and proliferative changes in various cells. Because of the unique regenerative capacity of the adult liver, researchers have delineated key intracellular signals that are activated following mitogens, injury, and partial hepatectomy. Although hepatocellular swelling is commonly observed following these regenerative stimuli, only recently has the relationship between cell volume increase and proliferative activity been investigated; to date, the data implicating cell volume increase with hepatocyte regeneration has been mostly indirect. Hepatocyte swelling has been demonstrated in various clinical scenarios from sepsis, hepatic resection, ischemia-reperfusion injury, glucocorticoid excess, and hyperinsulinemia. Using various in vivo and in vitro models of hepatocyte swelling, particularly hypo-osmotic stress, investigators have demonstrated changes in cellular structure: (1) cell membrane stretch, (2) cytoskeletal microtubule and microfilament reorganization, and (3) alterations in cytoskeletal-membrane complexes. Similar studies have demonstrated a causal relationship between cell volume increase and intracellular signals: (1) activation of cytoplasmic signaling cascades such as MAPKs, PI-3-K, and PKC, (2) activation of proliferative transcription factors NF-kappaB, AP-1, STATs, C/EBPs, and (3) transcription of metabolic and immediate early genes of regeneration. Through mechanotransduction, or the translation of physical changes to chemical signals, cell volume is a potent effector of these signaling events. Growing evidence demonstrates a link between these physical and chemical changes in the swelling-mediated growth in the liver.