cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Taking Account of Both Languages in the Assessment of Dual Language Learners

This article addresses the issue of “adjusted” assessment of bilingual children, a practice that acknowledges that children who know two languages have distributed knowledge of those languages. In recent work, at least three procedures have become common for taking into account this distributed knowledge: a conceptual score, in which children are given credit for knowing some feature of language in either language; a combined or total score, which adds units of knowledge from each language together; and a best score, in which the performance in the better language is taken as the most appropriate measure. The article begins with a discussion of the rationale behind the varied scores. After reviewing a sample of studies that used each type, I will argue that vocabulary and morphosyntax are fundamentally different types of knowledge that may need distinct kinds of adjusted measurement. The value of each kind of adjusted assessment must be considered relative to its purpose: is it to gauge the child's readiness for schooling? Or is it to detect language disorders? Finally, a plea is made for more basic research to answer the many questions that are raised.
BRD4 Phosphorylation Regulates HPV E2-Mediated Viral Transcription, Origin Replication, and Cellular MMP-9 Expression

Post-translational modification can modulate protein conformation and alter binding partner recruitment within gene regulatory regions. Here, we report that bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4), a transcription co-factor and chromatin regulator, uses a phosphorylation-induced switch mechanism to recruit E2 protein encoded by cancer-associated human papillomavirus (HPV) to viral early gene and cellular matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) promoters. Enhanced MMP-9 expression, induced upon keratinocyte differentiation, occurs via BRD4-dependent recruitment of active AP-1 and NF-κB to their target sequences. This is triggered by replacement of AP-1 family members JunB and JunD by c-Jun and by re-localization of NF-κB from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In addition, BRD4 phosphorylation is critical for E2- and origin-dependent HPV DNA replication. A class of phospho-BRD4-targeting compounds, distinct from the BET bromodomain inhibitors, effectively blocks BRD4 phosphorylation-specific functions in transcription and factor recruitment.
Chapter 6 – Fugacity, Activity, and Standard States

Fugacity is a defined quantity that does not need to have significance, but is related to physical quantities. Under some conditions, it becomes the equilibrium gas pressure above a condensed phase. This property makes fugacity especially useful. Fugacity of a condensed phase is the fugacity of the gas in equilibrium with the solid of liquid. Activity is the quantity that corrects the chemical potential at some pressure and composition condition to a standard or reference state. The concept of standard state is an important concept in thermodynamics. The choice of pressure and composition conditions for the standard stare is completely arbitrary, and unusual choices are sometimes made.
Ungulate control of grassland production: grazing intensity and ungulate species composition in Yellowstone Park

Knowledge of the envelope of grazing conditions within which grassland plant and soil processes are sustainable is important for the ecologically sound management of grazed grassland. Here we examined how a recent shift from elk to bison dominance of the northern ungulate community in Yellowstone National Park (YNP), and an associated increase in the duration that grassland was grazed, affected grazing intensity and aboveground net primary production (ANPP). Mean grazing intensity (GI, percentage ANPP removed) and stimulation (grazed ANPP minus ungrazed [exclosed] ANPP) were compared among three studies, two when elk (1988–1989, 1999–2001) and one when bison (2012–2014) dominated the northern YNP ungulate community. We also manipulated GI with small exclosures established for different lengths of time after the start of the growing season to directly determine the effect of the combination of grazing duration (GD) and GI on stimulation at a dry grassland and a mesic grassland. GI was greater under a bison-dominant grazing regime (49%) compared with that measured during the two earlier periods when elk were the dominant ungulate species (31%, 13%). Plotting stimulation on GI for sites sampled across all three studies revealed a unimodal relationship, with peak stimulation of 34% occurring at a GI of 40%. Manipulating GI indicated that the greater GI and longer GD of grazing under a bison-dominant regime reduced stimulation at a mesic grassland and negated it completely at a dry grassland. These findings revealed that a shift in the grazing ungulate community composition and an associated change in the migratory behavior of the dominant species impacted YNP grassland processes. Results also showed that grassland ANPP was resilient to the relatively high rates of prolonged grazing by the bison-dominant community and did not reduce ANPP below paired, ungrazed conditions. However, YNP grassland should be continued to be monitored if such high rates of herbivory continue.
Kinetics of plasma assisted pyrolysis and oxidation of ethylene. Part 1: Plasma flow reactor experiments

Abstract Pyrolysis and oxidation kinetics of ethylene were studied with and without a high-voltage plasma discharge at atmospheric pressure from 420 K to 1250 K. Experiments were performed in a nearly isothermal flow reactor using mixtures diluted in either argon, helium, or nitrogen to minimize the temperature changes from chemical reactions. At the end of the isothermal reaction zone, the gas temperature was rapidly lowered to quench the reaction. Gas composition was then determined using inline non-dispersive infrared analysis and sample extraction, where samples are stored in a multi-position valve for subsequent analysis with gas chromatography. Experiments were performed by fixing the flow rate or residence time in the reactor, and varying the temperature to achieve a reactivity map. The discharge region occupied approximately 11% of the total length of the isothermal reaction zone and could be placed anywhere along the length of the reactor. The discharge was found to enhance both the pyrolysis and oxidation reactions from 420 K to the self-ignition temperature of the fuel. Ethylene pyrolysis was enhanced nearly as much as oxidation below 750 K. For plasma-assisted pyrolysis, the results suggest that ethylene dissociation by electron-impact and collisional quenching with electronically excited states of argon, resulted in the direct formation of acetylene and the growth of larger hydrocarbons. During plasma-assisted oxidation, dissociation, and excitation of oxygen led to further fuel consumption, and enhanced the low temperature oxidative chemistry. Above 750 K, thermal reactions began to couple to the plasma driven reactions providing further oxidation. At the highest temperatures, the radical production by thermal reactions became competitive and the effectiveness of the plasma discharge decreased.
Synthesis of 1,2-Azaborines and the Preparation of Their Protein Complexes with T4 Lysozyme Mutants

We describe a general synthesis of 1,2-azaborines using standard air-free techniques and protein complex preparation with T4 lysozyme mutants by vapor diffusion. Oxygen- and moisture-sensitive compounds are prepared and isolated under an inert atmosphere (N2) using either a vacuum gas manifold or a glove box. As an example of azaborine synthesis, we demonstrate the synthesis and purification of the volatile N-H-B-ethyl-1,2-azaborine by a five-step sequence involving distillation and column chromatography for the isolation of products. T4 lysozyme mutants L99A and L99A/M102Q are expressed with Escherichia coli RR1 strain. Standard protocols for chemical cell lysis followed by purification using carboxymethyl ion exchange column affords protein of sufficiently high purity for crystallization. Protein crystallization is performed in various concentrations of precipitant at different pH ranges using the hanging drop vapor diffusion method. Complex preparation with the small molecules is carried out by vapor diffusion method under an inert atmosphere. X-ray diffraction analysis of the crystal complex provides unambiguous structural evidence of binding interactions between the protein binding site and 1,2-azaborines.
Neurodegenerative disease: Two–for–one on potential therapies

Molecules that inhibit the synthesis of the ataxin 2 protein can ameliorate the effects of two neurodegenerative diseases in mouse models, raising hopes for the success of this approach in clinical trials. See Letters p.362 & p.367 Ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansions increase the risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), two neurodegenerative diseases without a cure. A pair of papers this week report therapeutic approaches towards reducing ataxin 2. Daniel Scoles et al. test antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against ataxin-2 in mice models of SCA2 that recreate progressive adult-onset dysfunction and degeneration of the neuronal network. The most promising therapeutic lead is ASO7, which downregulates ATXN2 mRNA and protein and delays the onset of SCA2 phenotypes. Moreover, treatment of symptomatic mice normalizes firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells and improves motor functioning. Nearly all ALS patients have toxic aggregates of the protein TDP-43 in the brain and spinal cord. Lowering ataxin-2 has been shown to suppress TDP-43 toxicity in yeast and flies, and, elsewhere in this issue, Lindsay Becker et al. show that lowering ataxin-2 in mice, genetically or with antisense oligonucleotides, reduces TDP-43 aggregation and toxicity, improves motor function and increases lifespan. Both papers suggest that antisense oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches could be used to tackle neurodegeneration. Ataxin-2 polyglutamine expansions increase the risk for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2), two neurodegenerative diseases without a cure. A pair of papers this week report therapeutic approaches towards reducing ataxin-2. Nearly all ALS patients have toxic aggregates of the protein TDP-43 in the brain and spinal cord. Lowering ataxin-2 has been shown to suppress TDP-43 toxicity in yeast and flies, and Lindsay Becker et al. now show that lowering ataxin-2 in mice, genetically or with antisense oligonucleotides, reduces TDP-43 aggregation and toxicity, improves motor function and increases lifespan. Elsewhere in this issue, Daniel Scoles et al. test antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) against ataxin-2 in mice models of SCA2 that recreate progressive adult-onset dysfunction and degeneration of the neuronal network. The most promising therapeutic lead is ASO7, which downregulates ATXN2 mRNA and protein and delays the onset of SCA2 phenotypes. Moreover, treatment of symptomatic mice normalizes firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells and improves motor functioning. Both papers suggest that antisense oligonucleotide-based therapeutic approaches could be used to tackle neurodegeneration.
Integrated drug discovery in continuous flow

There are great opportunities for innovation in the drug discovery process, particularly in the lead development phase. The traditional “design–synthesize–screen” cycle has seen little innovation as a whole despite major advances at each stage, including automated purification and synthesis as well as high throughput biological screening. It could be argued that the hit-to-lead and lead optimization processes remain slow and modular with inefficient flow of information, resulting in a loss of time and money. New flow technologies may provide a promising foundation for developing a continuous integrated small molecule optimization platform that would greatly enhance hit-to-lead and lead optimization programs. Herein, we discuss major developments in integrating synthesis, purification, screening, and machine learning into a single continuous-flow platform and provide some insight into future directions of this field.
Heuristics and Cognitive Error in Medical Imaging.

OBJECTIVE. The field of cognitive science has provided important insights into mental processes underlying the interpretation of imaging examinations. Despite these insights, diagnostic error remai...
Emotional Contagion or Symbolic Cognition? A Social Identity Perspective on Media Events

This study aims to understand the psychological mechanisms of the generation of viewers’ emotional reactions in successful media events and the role of social identity in the process. An online sur...
Prognostic ability of CD44 expression in ER-positive breast cancer.

11062 Background: CD44, a cell surface receptor, is implicated in both progression and suppression of metastatic cascade. CD44 has gained attention as a breast cancer stem cell marker and is considered a therapeutic target. However, loss of CD44 expression is also associated with high-grade tumors and metastasis. Earlier studies have been small, therefore, we analyzed the value of CD44 expression in larger gene expression datasets to clarify its prognostic and predictive ability in breast cancer. Methods: CD44 expression levels were analyzed based on ER-status, molecular subtypes and other clinico-pathological parameters using 11 publicly available Affymetrix datasets. Association of outcome was investigated for each patient cohort with distant metastasis free-survival (DMFS) as endpoint and 10 year censoring in the following subgroups: 1) all 1,881 tumors, 2) ER positive tumors (n=1,225), 3) ER-negative tumors (n=395), 4) systemically untreated patients (n=927), and 5) patients treated with tamoxifen alo...
A Strategy of Containment: Heinrich Drimmel’s Political Activism in the Realm of Higher Education Policy in the Early Second Republic

For over nine years, Heinrich Drimmel served as minister for education, becoming one of the most influential conservative politicians of the early Second Republic during his tenure. While the minister was responsible for many policy fields, higher education was particularly close to Drimmel’s heart. Yet today his reign is mostly interpreted as a period of continued provincialization and missed opportunities. That does not imply that Drimmel was a hapless politician – quite the contrary. This article investigates Drimmel’s biography, his political agenda, and his ideological background of political Catholicism, all of which are rooted in the authoritarian regime of the Standestaat. The analysis establishes that Drimmel’s aim was to preserve conservative hegemony at Austrian universities, and he had the means to realize it through a strategy of containing modernity of thought. Drimmel’s “success” had long-lasting effects on the tertiary sector and scientific research in Austria.
Selective Ah Receptor Ligands Mediate Enhanced SREBP1 Proteolysis to Restrict Lipogenesis in Sebocytes

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) mediates 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) induced toxicity that can lead to chloracne in humans. A characteristic of chloracne, in contrast to acne vulgaris, is shrinkage or loss of sebaceous glands. Acne vulgaris, on the other hand, is often accompanied by excessive sebum production. Here, we examined the role of AHR in lipid synthesis in human sebocytes using distinct classes of AHR ligands. Modulation of AHR activity attenuated the expression of lipogenic genes and key pro-inflammatory markers in the absence of canonical DRE-driven transcription of the AHR target gene CYP1A1. Furthermore, topical treatment with TCDD, which mediates DRE-dependent activity, and SGA360, which fails to induce DRE-mediated responses, both exhibited a decrease in the size of sebaceous glands and the number of sebocytes within each gland in the skin. To elucidate the mechanism of AHR-mediated repression of lipid synthesis, we demonstrated that selective AHR modulators, SGA360 and SGA315 increased the protein turnover of the mature sterol regulatory element-binding protein (mSREBP-1), the principal transcriptional regulator of the fatty acid synthesis pathway. Interestingly, selective AHR ligand treatment significantly activated the AMPK-dependent kinase (AMPK) in sebocytes. Moreover, we demonstrated an inverse correlation between the active AMPK and the mSREBP-1 protein, which is consistent with the previously reported role of AMPK in inhibiting cleavage of SREBP-1. Overall, our findings indicate a DRE-independent function of selective AHR ligands in modulating lipid synthesis in human sebocytes, which might raise the possibility of using AHR as a therapeutic target for treatment of acne.
Abstract #LB-117: Peroxiredoxin 5 as a mediator for de-silencing of BRCA2 gene expression in dividing human breast cells

The DNA double stranded break repair protein BRCA2 is not expressed in the quiescent breast cells but is expressed in abundance in the dividing cells. We have shown previously that cell cycle dependent regulation of human BRCA2 gene expression is mediated through the transcriptional repressor protein SLUG (Tripathi M. K. et al., J. Biol. Chem. 280, 17163-17171, 2005). We report here the identification of the BRAC2 silencer binding protein in the dividing human breast cells as peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5). While all three alternatively spliced mRNAs (PRDX5A, -B and -C) are present in the breast cells analyzed, we only could detect a ~19 kDa protein with PRDX5 antibody. This protein is located in the cytoplasm as well as in the nucleus. In the nucleus of the dividing breast cells PRDX5 binds to the BRCA2 gene silencer preferentially over SLUG as was shown by DNA affinity pull down and quantitative chromatin immuno-precipitation assays. Knockdown of PRDX5 using siRNA leads to the restoration of silencer activity as well as the down regulation of BRCA2 mRNA and protein in the dividing breast cells. We propose that PRDX5 competes with SLUG to bind to the BRCA2 gene silencer in the dividing human breast cells to alleviate the BRCA2 gene repressor activity of SLUG. Supported by the DOD-CDMRP IDEA Grant# W81XWH-06-1-0466 and the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation grant# BCTR0707627 to GC. Citation Information: In: Proc Am Assoc Cancer Res; 2009 Apr 18-22; Denver, CO. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; 2009. Abstract nr LB-117.
Neighborhoods and Breast Cancer Survival: The Case for an Archetype Approach

Neighborhoods are consistently and independently associated with breast cancer mortality. The majority of studies on neighborhoods and breast cancer mortality have examined neighborhood socioeconomic status (nSES). A small number of studies, on the other hand, have examined individual attributes of the social and/or built environments or composite measures of specific neighborhood dimensions (e.g. walkability or racial/ethnic segregation). However, while examining breast cancer mortality according to specific attributes of neighborhood social and built environments has been useful in determining independent associations between such attributes and breast cancer mortality, this approach cannot inform how the multitude of often highly correlated neighborhood attributes co-exist and likely interact to impact breast cancer outcomes. Appreciating the complex ways that multiple neighborhood dimensions interact to influence health thus necessitates revisiting how neighborhoods are defined in epidemiologic studies. In response, we identified a 9-class neighborhood archetype model for census tracts in California in the decennial year 2000 that considers interactions among a broad range of attributes of neighborhood social and built environments. We have described breast cancer survival disparities according to these neighborhood archetypes. Relative survival differed by neighborhood archetype and associations between neighborhood archetypes and survival varied by stage at diagnosis, race/ethnicity, and nativity. Archetype classes with the highest mortality were defined by lower SES, but also other neighborhood dimensions such as rural/urban designation, age and race/ethnicity of residents, commuting and traffic patterns, residential mobility, and food environment. The archetype approach thus yields valuable insights into how multiple neighborhood dimensions work synergistically to impact breast cancer mortality.
Impact of genetic subtypes of Prader-Willi syndrome with growth hormone therapy on intelligence and body mass index.

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genomic imprinting disorder characterized by infantile hypotonia with a poor suck and failure to thrive, hypogenitalism/hypogonadism, behavior and cognitive problems, hormone deficiencies, hyperphagia, and obesity. The Stanford Binet and Wechsler (WAIS-R; WISC-III) intelligence (IQ) tests were administered on 103 individuals with PWS from two separate cohorts [University of California, Irvine (UCI) (N = 56) and Vanderbilt University (N = 47)] and clinical information obtained including growth hormone (GH) treatment, PWS molecular classes, weight and height. Significantly higher IQ scores (p < .02) were found representing the vocabulary section of the Stanford Binet test in the growth hormone (GH) treated group when compared with non-GH treatment in the pediatric-based UCI PWS cohort with a trend for stabilization of vocabulary IQ scores with age in the GH treated maternal disomy (UPD) 15 subject group. Significant differences (p = .05) were also found in the adult-based Vanderbilt PWS cohort with 15q11-q13 deletion subjects having lower Verbal IQ scores compared with UPD 15. No difference in body mass index was identified based on the PWS molecular class or genetic subtype. Medical care and response to treatment with growth hormone may influence intelligence impacted by PWS genetic subtypes and possibly age, but more studies are needed.
The Monstrous Power of Uncertainty: Social and Cultural Conflict in Richard Marsh’s The Beetle

The foreign and perverse monstrosity of Richard Marsh’s Beetle reveals that there were traditional and progressive cultural responses to complex social movements like colonialism, the New Woman, homosexuality, and poverty by British subjects at the fin de siecle. Paul Lessingham both condemns foreigners for their misdeeds in Britain and feels great remorse for his own bad behavior after he kills the priestess of Isis in Cairo. British conservatives (traditional members of society), like Lessingham, supported Britain’s colonial project abroad while progressives or New Liberals considered imperialism and colonialism to be unjust and worthy of repeal in the colonies where independence movements were erupting. Marjorie Lindon represents Britain’s condemnation of the New Woman and the embracing of her character after she both works in tandem with a known terrorist (the Beetle) and is ultimately responsible for bringing him to justice in the end, thereby complicating her stereotypes as rebel and role model. Ultimately, Marjorie Lindon creates a life in resistance to her constructs. She continues her work as a New Woman and advocate for women and marries Lessingham, the man of her choosing, showing that New Women are complex beings. The monster, the Beetle, also shows that homosexuality was thought to be both menacing and understandable and that poverty was both degenerate and involuntary and worthy of respect. The Beetle attacks and uses Holt sexually while Holt maintains his character as a sympathetic everyman. All the characters of the novel except for the Beetle like Holt. The Beetle and Holt’s violent sexual encounters show that homosexuality was thought to be dangerous but Marsh argues that it can also be benign. And, poverty is involuntary and should be understood and managed by laborers themselves not the government. After all, it is Holt who is the only one who looks out for his own destiny and clearly needs assistance from the other characters in the novel. The centralized relief efforts for the poor doled out by the government only left the poor, a man like Holt, on the street. When Marjorie Lindon takes care of Holt, this indicates British subjects’ indebtedness to the poor in their home communities. Ultimately, the Beetle’s violence shows that all of these social subjects are complex but also have a conservative/traditional or liberal/progressive disparity running through their interpretations and representations in society. Marsh never takes a decided position on any of the aforementioned issues because they exist in complex conflict and define the culture of the fin de siecle.
Establishing screening criteria for field application of wettability alteration in gas-condensate reservoirs

Abstract The use of wettability alteration to improve production in a gas reservoir that has suffered decline in rates due to condensate banking has garnered tremendous success at the experimental level but has not translated well to field trials. In this paper, we present a study using the design and analysis of experiments approach to investigate the rock and fluid properties that influence the success of wettability alteration in the field. The results quantify the effect of reservoir and fluid properties on the performance of wettability alteration. The work highlights that the condensate yield of the reservoir fluid impacts the extent of the influence of these properties. One of the main findings is that permeability cannot be the sole parameter in judging the potential effectiveness of the approach. The interaction of various parameters need to be considered, namely the yield of the reservoir fluid and the well spacing of the field development plan. The conclusions highlight screening criteria that can be used towards further development of novel chemicals that target specific reservoir and fluid types.
Women, Power, and Property: The Paradox of Gender Equality Laws in India

Quotas for women in government have swept the globe. Yet we know little about their capacity to upend entrenched social, political, and economic hierarchies. Women, Power, and Property explores this question within the context of India, the world's largest democracy. Brule employs a research design that maximizes causal inference alongside extensive field research to explain the relationship between political representation, backlash, and economic empowerment. Her findings show that women in government – gatekeepers – catalyze access to fundamental economic rights to property. Women in politics have the power to support constituent rights at critical junctures, such as marriage negotiations, when they can strike integrative solutions to intrahousehold bargaining. Yet there is a paradox: quotas are essential for enforcement of rights, but they generate backlash against women who gain rights without bargaining leverage. In this groundbreaking study, Brule shows how well-designed quotas can operate as a crucial tool to foster equality and benefit the women they are meant to empower.
Strategies to Increase Personal Resilience in Disaster Response Efforts

In 2018, Hurricane Michael caused extensive damage in the Florida panhandle as a Category 4 hurricane. Cooperative Extension has a disaster preparedness and information dissemination role in hurricane response (Medford-Davis & Kapur, 2014; Washburn, 2006). Personal resilience focuses on reducing stress and increasing coping abilities in stressful situations. A basic qualitative research design explored UF/IFAS Extension agents’ hurricane experiences. Results suggested participants experienced some inability to balance personal and professional demands and were mentally and emotionally stressed. Participants felt fatigued and results suggested they experienced high levels of mental and emotional stress. There is scope to improve Extension agents’ personal resilience by: (1) strengthening individual levels of hardy attitudes and hardy strategies; and (2) reducing barriers such as mental and physical stress and performance deficits.
Bernstein polynomial-based transcription method for solving optimal trajectory generation problems.

This paper presents a method and an open-source implementation, Bernstein/Bezier Optimal Trajectories (BeBOT), for the generation of trajectories for autonomous system operations. The proposed method is based on infinite dimensional optimal control formulations of trajectory generation problems. By approximating the trajectories using Bernstein polynomials, these problems can be transcribed as nonlinear programming problems, which can then be solved using off-the-shelf solvers. Bernstein polynomials possess favorable geometric properties that enable the trajectory planner to efficiently evaluate and enforce constraints along the vehicles' trajectories, including maximum speed and angular rates, minimum distance between trajectories and between the vehicles and obstacles. By virtue of these properties, feasibility and safety constraints typically imposed in autonomous vehicle operations can be enforced and guaranteed independently on the order of the polynomials. Thus, the trajectory generation algorithm can efficiently generate feasible and collision-free trajectories, and can be deployed for real-time safety critical applications in complex environments and for multiple vehicle missions.
Residue-Net: Multiplication-free Neural Network by In-situ No-loss Migration to Residue Number Systems

Deep neural networks are widely deployed on embedded devices to solve a wide range of problems from edge-sensing to autonomous driving. The accuracy of these networks is usually proportional to their complexity. Quantization of model parameters (i.e., weights) and/or activations to alleviate the complexity of these networks while preserving accuracy is a popular powerful technique. Nonetheless, previous studies have shown that quantization level is limited as the accuracy of the network decreases afterward. We propose Residue-Net, a multiplication-free accelerator for neural networks that uses Residue Number System (RNS) to achieve substantial energy reduction. RNS breaks down the operations to several smaller operations that are simpler to implement. Moreover, Residue-Net replaces the copious of costly multiplications with non-complex, energy-efficient shift and add operations to further simplify the computational complexity of neural networks. To evaluate the efficiency of our proposed accelerator, we compared the performance of Residue-Net with a baseline FPGA implementation of four widely-used networks, viz., LeNet, AlexNet, VGG16, and ResNet-50. When delivering the same performance as the baseline, Residue-Net reduces the area and power (hence energy) respectively by 36% and 23%, on average with no accuracy loss. Leveraging the saved area to accelerate the quantized RNS network through parallelism, Residue-Net improves its throughput by 2.8x and energy by 2.7x.
Bottom-up design toward dynamically robust polyurethane elastomers

Abstract Segmented polyurethanes exhibit versatile mechanical properties, where their outstanding resilience and toughness enable material designs with high energy-absorption capability. However, there is a lack of fundamental understanding regarding the underlying molecular pathways toward rapid dissipation of high-pressure fields. Here, we design a set of 4,4′-methylenediphenyldiisocyanate (MDI)−butanediol (BDO)−poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO)-based polyurethanes and elucidate the influence of composition on thermal transition characteristics, crystallinity, segmental dynamics of PTMO, as well as high-strain-rate impact response on the microscale. Furthermore, simulations of shock compression, performed using an isotropic, constant-stress Hugoniostat method, comparing a MDI-BDO-PTMO-based polyurethane with polyethylene models of varying crystallinity suggest that the high-rate mechanical response is dominated by a soft domain response, which in turn can be sensitive to specific interactions present in the PTMO component that are not present in PE.
Carbon dioxide transport across membranes.

Carbon dioxide (CO2) movement across cellular membranes is passive and governed by Fick's law of diffusion. Until recently, we believed that gases cross biological membranes exclusively by dissolvi...
Using data to make the case for program resources and sustainability: the BEST action inventory case study.

Career development programs are a valuable part of any student’s experience, and increasingly is an expected part of graduate school training. While such programs are commonly available to undergraduates, there is a growing need for career support to be offered to graduate students. Making the case for resources can be a challenge in this domain, however. Research on the impact of career services for graduate students and post-doctoral scholars is a growing scholarly concern. However, there remains a need to better understand what level of intervention is most appropriate: What kind of activities, how much time, and what resources would best serve the professional development needs of graduate students and post-doctoral scholars? And to answer these questions, a more foundational one: what activities are drawing the attention of graduate students and post doctoral trainees, and in what activities are they spending their time? In this manuscript, we describe how Our University approached this research question by developing an online data tracking system to capture graduate and post-doctoral trainee participation in one co-curricular professional development program. We demonstrate how this data tracking system can be used to advocate for institutional resources in career development programming, for research, and for practical purposes such as advocating for institutional support and for program design and assessment.
A comparative cross-sectional assessment of statistical knowledge of faculty across five health science disciplines.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare statistical knowledge of health science faculty across accredited schools of dentistry, medicine, nursing, pharmacy, and public health. Methods: A probability sample of schools was selected, and all faculty at each selected school were invited to participate in an online statistical knowledge assessment that covered fundamental topics including randomization, study design, statistical power, confidence intervals, multiple testing, standard error, regression outcome, and odds ratio. Results: A total of 708 faculty from 102 schools participated. The overall response rate was 6.5%. Most (94.2%) faculty reported reading the peer-reviewed health-related literature. Respondents answered 66.2% of questions correctly across all questions and disciplines. Public health had the highest performance (80.7%) and dentistry the lowest (53.3%). Conclusions: Knowledge of statistics is essential for critically evaluating evidence and understanding the health literature. These study results identify a gap in knowledge by educators tasked with training the next generation of health science professionals. Recommendations for addressing this gap are provided.
Mental health outcomes in pediatric trauma patients: A 10 year real world analysis using a large database approach.

INTRODUCTION Traumatic injury is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among children in the United States. Single institution studies suggest an increased risk of poor mental health outcomes among these patients, but there are few population-based studies assessing this risk. METHODS The IBMⓇ MarketScanⓇ private insurance claims database was used to identify children (6-17yo) with traumatic injuries between 2007 and 2016. Time-to-event analysis was performed to compare rates of PTSD, depression, anxiety, and adjustment disorder among children admitted to the hospital compared to children treated in the emergency department (ED), urgent care (UC), or in the outpatient setting, and to children admitted with uncomplicated appendicitis. RESULTS Among children admitted for traumatic injury, 3.3% developed a subsequent mental health diagnosis, and 1.6% developed PTSD. Children admitted for traumatic injury were at increased risk of developing a mental health condition (HR 1.34, p < 0.001) compared to those admitted for appendicitis. Children treated in the ED or UC for traumatic injury and those treated in the outpatient setting were also at increased risk (HR 1.20 and 1.18, p = 0.006 and p = 0.012, respectively). Among those admitted to the hospital, the risk of subsequent mental health diagnosis increased by 1.5% per day; in the first 31 days of hospitalization, the risk of PTSD diagnosis increased by 13% per day. CONCLUSION Children who sustain a traumatic injury are at increased risk of developing a mental health condition. PTSD rates found in our real world analysis are lower than those found in prospective studies, raising the possibility of under-recognition of PTSD in this population. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level II.
Clinical Natural Language Processing for Radiation Oncology: A Review and Practical Primer

Natural language processing (NLP), which aims to convert human language into expressions that can be analyzed by computers, is one of the most rapidly developing and widely used technologies in the field of artificial intelligence. Natural language processing algorithms convert unstructured free text data into structured data that can be extracted and analyzed at scale. In medicine, this unlocking of the rich, expressive data within clinical free text in electronic medical records will help untap the full potential of big data for research and clinical purposes. Recent major NLP algorithmic advances have significantly improved the performance of these algorithms, leading to a surge in academic and industry interest in developing tools to automate information extraction and phenotyping from clinical texts. Thus, these technologies are poised to transform medical research and alter clinical practices in the future. Radiation oncology stands to benefit from NLP algorithms if they are appropriately developed and deployed, as they may enable advances such as automated inclusion of radiation therapy details into cancer registries, discovery of novel insights about cancer care, and improved patient data curation and presentation at the point of care. However, challenges remain before the full value of NLP is realized, such as the plethora of jargon specific to radiation oncology, nonstandard nomenclature, a lack of publicly available labeled data for model development, and interoperability limitations between radiation oncology data silos. Successful development and implementation of high quality and high value NLP models for radiation oncology will require close collaboration between computer scientists and the radiation oncology community. Here, we present a primer on artificial intelligence algorithms in general and NLP algorithms in particular; provide guidance on how to assess the performance of such algorithms; review prior research on NLP algorithms for oncology; and describe future avenues for NLP in radiation oncology research and clinics.
Introduction to gene mapping: linkage at a crossroads

Linkage mapping has been quite successful in establishing marker maps of human chromosomes and in localizing genes for many human disorders. These successes have, in turn, enabled positional cloning of many of the disease genes first localized through linkage mapping. Disorders for which linkage mapping has been successful have a relatively simple relationship between disease phenotype and risk genotypes. In contrast, reliable localization of susceptibility genes for complex disorders has been remarkably elusive. Recent advances in technology will enable very dense maps of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to be genotyped for modest cost in large number of individuals. Thus, we stand at a crossroads with respect to gene mapping. One newer road leads away from linkage mapping to large-scale association studies, many of which will be conducted in unrelated individuals. The historically familiar road, with linkage mapping of families segregating for a disease or disease-related phenotype(s), is suspected by some of becoming a road less traveled. We focus here on advances in gene mapping methodologies included in this section and speculate on future directions of gene mapping in human genetics. Keywords: linkage analysis; mapping; positional cloning; association; complex disorders
Visual Inspirations: The Pedagogical and Cultural Significance of Creative Posters in the Art Classroom.

Creative posters in the classroom can inspire students to become engaged and motivated in learning art. Within the classroom, there are many places to put posters so that students can read them (especially when they get bored in the classroom) - on the cabinets, near the chalkboard, on the teachers desk and any spare space on the wall. There is cultural significance for using creative posters in the classroom; like advertising - the posters operate on a cultural level to provide symbolic associations between images, media figures, and values related to the students lifestyle (Alperstein, 2003). Creating creative posters for a lesson, discussion, or example as part of this lesson helps students develop their critical thinking skills.
Subgroup transitivity in abelian groups

We generalize an appropriate modification of the classical notion of transitivity in abelian p-groups from one that is based on elements to one based on subgroups. We consider those p-groups that are transitive in the sense that there is an automorphism of the group that maps one isotype subgroup H onto any other isotype subgroup H', unless this is impossible due to the simple reason that either the subgroups are not isomorphic or the quotient groups are not (as valuated groups when endowed with the coset valuation). Slight variations of this are used to define the classes of strongly transitive and strongly U-transitive groups. The latter class is studied in some detail in this paper, and it is shown that every CQ-group is strongly transitive with respect to countable isotype subgroups.
School Choice Attributes

Abstract This study was conducted to determine the attributes which parents use in determining the type of school they wish their child to attend. To this end, a sample consisting of 304 parents were asked to rate eleven educational attributes and respond to several openended questions. Statistically significant differences were found which would allow private schools to employ specific marketing strategies toencourage higher enrollment levels.
Widening the Product Profile of Carbon Dioxide Reduction by Vanadium Nitrogenase

Two reaction systems based on vanadium nitrogenase were previously shown to reduce CO2 to hydrocarbons: 1) an enzyme-based system that used both components of V nitrogenase for ATP-dependent reduction of CO2 to ≤C2 hydrocarbons; and 2) a cofactor-based system that employed SmI2 to supply electrons to the isolated V cluster for an ATP-independent reduction of CO2 to ≤C3 hydrocarbons. Here, we report ATP-independent reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons by a reaction system comprising Eu(II) DTPA and the VFe protein of V nitrogenase. Combining features of both enzyme- and cofactor-based systems, this system exhibits improved C-C coupling and a broader product profile of ≤C4 hydrocarbons. The C-C coupling does not employ CO2 -derived CO, and it is significantly enhanced in D2 O. These observations afford initial insights into the characteristics of this unique reaction and provide a potential template for future design of catalysts to recycle the greenhouse gas CO2 into useful products.
Macromolecule Synthesis in Yeast Spheroplasts

Conditions have been established for the preparation of spheroplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae which are able to increase their net content of protein, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), several-fold upon incubation in a medium stabilized with 1 m sorbitol. The rate of RNA and protein synthesis in the spheroplasts is nearly the same as that occurring in whole cells incubated under the same conditions; DNA synthesis occurs at about half the whole cell rate. The spheroplasts synthesize transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA. The newly synthesized ribosomal RNA is incorporated into ribosomes and polysomes. The polysomes are the site of protein synthesis in these spheroplasts. Greater than 90% of the total RNA can be solubilized by treatment of the spheroplasts with sodium dodecyl sulfate or sodium deoxycholate. These spheroplast preparations appear to be a useful subject for the study of RNA metabolism in yeast.
Matchmaking: distributed resource management for high throughput computing

Conventional resource management systems use a system model to describe resources and a centralized scheduler to control their allocation. We argue that this paradigm does not adapt well to distributed systems, particularly those built to support high throughput computing. Obstacles include heterogeneity of resources, which make uniform allocation algorithms difficult to formulate, and distributed ownership, leading to widely varying allocation policies. Faced with these problems, we developed and implemented the classified advertisement (classad) matchmaking framework, a flexible and general approach to resource management in distributed environment with decentralized ownership of resources. Novel aspects of the framework include a semi structured data model that combines schema, data, and query in a simple but powerful specification language, and a clean separation of the matching and claiming phases of resource allocation. The representation and protocols result in a robust, scalable and flexible framework that can evolve with changing resources. The framework was designed to solve real problems encountered in the deployment of Condor, a high throughput computing system developed at the University of Wisconsin-Madison. Condor is heavily used by scientists at numerous sites around the world. It derives much of its robustness and efficiency from the matchmaking architecture.
Periodontal microbial complexes associated with specific cell and tissue responses

Kebschull M, Papapanou PN. Periodontal microbial complexes associated with specific cell and tissue responses. J Clin Periodontol 2011; 38 (Suppl. 11): 17–27. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-051X.2010.01668.x. Abstract Aims: In this review, we summarize data on the association between specific periodontal bacterial profiles and tissue gene/protein expression, generated from cell culture models and in vivo studies. Material and Methods: A PubMed search was conducted to identify publications related to the effects of periodontal microbiota on host cells/tissues. Results and Conclusions: The data indicate the presence of specific host tissue responses to particular microbial complexes, evident by differential regulation of gene or protein expression, ultimately resulting in distinct clinical phenotypes. Transcriptomic analyses showed that periodontal pathogens induce a small, “common core” of differentially regulated genes encoding for an inflammatory response, and a larger variable set of genes that may reflect pathogen-specific cellular responses. Limitations of available studies include (i) the unclear role of hundreds of subgingival species not yet investigated, (ii) the fact that in vitro studies utilizing single populations of oral cells challenged with mono-infections of planktonic bacteria may not adequately portray human periodontal diseases and (iii) the cross-sectional nature of most human studies that makes them inherently incapable of allowing temporal or causal inferences. Longitudinal studies in humans hold the potential to be superior to any model, but need to be adequately powered and controlled.