cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Character, Corrosion and the Civil Servant: The Human Consequences of Globalization and the New Public Management

In The Corrosion of Character, Richard Sennett (1998) traces the effects of corporate reengineering, and similar reforms in private-sector management, on the individual worker. He argues that our drive for flexible, efficient business processes has produced a sense of detachment on the part of human actors and a disconnection between firms and society at-large. As such, the reform agenda has forced us to rethink our notions of work, organization and community. In light of the global trend toward public management reform, we may draw important parallels between Sennett's image of the private sector and the experience of civil servants at the threshold of the twenty-first century. The transformation of government organizations, which in the vernacular of Reinventing Government and the New Public Management are characterized as excessively rule-bound, hierarchic and thus inflexible, has resulted in unintended, deleterious consequences for the public employee. We propose that the effort to break the routines of bureaucracy, create more flexible public organizations, and decentralize decision-making has removed crucial pillars from the foundation of public administration. For the individual, the practice of government has become disorienting. The ethic of service has been displaced by the persistent quest for change and values of commitment and consistency have been cast aside and replaced by the new norms of innovation and risk-taking. We also suggest that reinvention also has changed the system of power in public organizations. While the contemporary reform movement espouses
Martin F. Kagnoff, MD: 1941-2014.

Mucosal immunology lost one of its true pioneers when Marty Kagnoff succumbed to complications of pancreatic cancer on 16 November 2014 at his home in La Jolla, California. He was 73. However, his influence on the field—particularly as personified by the almost 100 students, fellows, and junior faculty members that he was directly responsible for training—will be felt for generations.
Special communication ‐ Breast cancer staging and the “alert”: An educational dilemma

The reports of adjuvant chemotherapy of node‐negative breast cancer have provoked controversy and confusion. Introduced by an “Alert”; from the National Cancer Institute, the study was erroneously ...
Prevalence of Serological Brucella Reactivity in Bovines in Rupununi Savannah, Guyana

SUMMARY Blood samples from 376 cows and 48 heifers of mixed breed from one distinct ecological zone were screened for Brucella abortus antibody using the plate agglutination test. Animals were randomly selected to make up 5 to 10% of the herd population on each ranch. There were no reactors.
Effects of interferon inducing agents (polyriboinosinic acid. Polyribocytidylic acid, tilorone) on hepatic hemoproteins (cytochrome P-450, catalase, tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase, mitochondrial cytochromes), heme metabolism and cytochrome P-450-linked monooxygenase systems.

Single doses of the interferon inducing agents, poly rI·rC and tilorone, were shown to depress hepatic cytochrome P-450, cytochrome b5, catalase and tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase. The cytochrome P-450 level of microsomes declined progressively after a single dose of poly rI·rC for 40 hr and then recovered to within 25% of the control level by 96 hr. The ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity of the microsomes paralleled the cytochrome P-450 level except during the first 4 hr after administration of poly rI·rC when there was a greater loss of demethylase activity than could be accounted for by the loss of cytochrome P-450. Tilorone had effects similar to those of poly rI·rC on cytochrome P-450 and ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity, but its action was delayed. Temporal aspects of the loss and recovery of the catalase of liver homogenates after the administration of poly rI·rC or tilorone were similar to those of microsomal cytochrome P-450. About 60% of the total tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase (apo + holo enzyme) activity of the 100,000 x g supernatant fraction of liver homogenate was lost within 6 hr of the administration of poly rI·rC; activity returned to the control level by 15 hr. However, there was a transient rise in the ratio of holo:total tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase activity at 3 hr which returned to the control value by 5 hr. Tilorone had no statistically significant effect on either the total activity of this enzyme or the ratio of holo to total enzyme. The increase in the ratio of holo:total enzyme was followed by a depression of δ-aminolevulinic acid synthetase (ALA-S) activity at 5 hr and an induction of heme oxygenase activity at 6 to 8 hr. ALA-S activity returned to the control level within 24 hr, but the induced level of heme oxygenase activity remained for 40 hr and did not return to normal until 96 hr. Tilorone had a similar but delayed effect on ALA-S activity. Tilorone induced heme oxygenase activity to a degree equal to that produced by poly rI·rC, but a much longer time was required to reach maximal activity (2 to 3 hr versus 20 to 30 hr). These temporal aspects of the effects of interferon inducing agents on the ratio of holo:total tryptophan 2,3dioxygenase, ALA-S and heme oxygenase are thought to reflect changes in the size of an unassigned heme pool that regulates the synthesis of heme. Mitochondrial cytochromes a, b, and c were not depressed significantly after 4 daily doses of poly rI·rC; cytochrome C1 was depressed about 20%. The cytochrome P-450 content and benzo[a]pyrene activity of intestinal mucosa and adrenal were not affected by 4 daily doses of poly rI·rC; the cytochrome P-450 content of the kidney cortex was not altered, but the benzo[a]pyrene hydroxylase activity was lowered by 40%.
Belts vs. Blades: the Binary Bind in Iron Age Mortuary Contexts in Southwest Germany

The complex interplay between dress and identity has long been a subject of analysis in several fields of study, but until recently, the approach to gender in archaeological mortuary contexts has tended to default to a reductionist binary structure. The concept of intercategorical intersectionality (McCall Signs, 30(3), 1771–1800, 2005) as applied to dress and its material correlates both confounds and challenges this problematic and restricted view of gender in prehistoric societies. Data from an area of Europe in which Iron Age populations marked an interconnected set of social roles through the medium of personal adornment in mortuary contexts reveal significant ambiguities, including two related and apparently significant patterns: the relative under-representation of adult males as compared to females (with a correspondingly large “indeterminate” gender category) and what appears to be an exclusively (and improbably) “female” subadult elite group buried in tumuli. The complex interdigitization of gender with other social roles in mortuary contexts suggests that our interpretations of the early Iron Age burial program must be correspondingly flexible to do justice to this intersectional complexity.
Landowner and manager awareness and perceptions of pine health issues and southern pine management activities in the southeastern United States

We assessed awareness and perceptions of forest landowners and managers in the southeastern United States regarding their stand health especially under the context of the southern pine decline (SPD) phenomenon. E-mail and paper surveys were sent to 4,670 forest landowners and managers in Florida, Georgia, and South Carolina with an overall response rate of 28%. About half (51%) of respondents reported having healthy and symptom-free pine stands, and only 11% reported elevated levels of dying pine or pine mortality within the last year. Few (30%) respondents were aware of SPD. Insects, disease, and drought were perceived as the most important threats to pine health. Respondents usually used material from state agencies, professional speakers, or research publications for information regarding pine stand management. Data indicate a favorable outlook for pine health in the southeastern United States, as landowners were engaged and willing to use recognized management prescriptions.
Lung Cancer Deaths in the National Lung Screening Trial Attributed to Nonsolid Nodules

This report adds further support toward taking a conservative approach of annual follow-up toward the management and treatment of nonsolid nodules, especially when they are solitary.
Faculty and Student Perspectives on Redesigned Learning Spaces at Mason

Mason is reimagining learning spaces on our campuses to foster active and collaborative student learning. This commitment is part of our strategic plan goals for innovative learning and supporting teaching and scholarship excellence. While we currently have 12 classrooms intentionally designed to support active learning, both the Peterson Health Sciences Building and the Robinson rebuild offer significant opportunities for increasing the number of these learning spaces. As part of this initiative we have created an iterative design and implementation process that leverages faculty and student experience feedback. This poster will highlight preliminary findings (e.g., satisfaction, sense of community and connectedness, types of learning experiences, etc.) from both our faculty and student surveys from the 2015-2016 academic year.AÂ
Industry support of physician education in the USA

Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers spend billions annually marketing to physicians in the form of food and beverages, gifts and educational materials, as well as for speaker and consulting fees, and funding for continuing medical education (CME) programmes. Industry payments to physicians may influence physician prescribing,1 and potentially even disease definitions,2 and can therefore influence health expenditures and the healthcare system at large.3 Details of these payments have recently come to light with the passage of the Sunshine Act within the 2010 Affordable Care Act in the USA, and the resulting Open Payments programme. The effects, ethics and need for disclosure of such ties have long been debated.4 ,5 In this article, we review the role that industry plays in the education of physicians, including analyses of initial data from the Open Payments programme, and we discuss current international transparency efforts, existing gaps in transparency of US industry–medicine relationships and potential additions and improvements to the data collected by the Open Payments programme and of its use. Pharmaceutical and medical device manufacturers have a multitude of ways to communicate with physicians to make them aware of their products, provide prescribing and other medical product information, and engage in product promotion. Among the most effective methods is through industry representatives, also known as detailers, who customise their communications to each individual physician to promote their products, such as by invoking reciprocity through gifts and meals, fostering camaraderie through personal relationships, and even by using prescribing data to cultivate prescribing commitments.6 Perhaps the most common form of communication comes in the guise of ‘education’, whereby the industry representative visits a physician's office to discuss their company's products; such visits are frequently accompanied by free lunch for the physician and staff, as well as free journal article …
A flash-based digital circuit design flow

Traditionally, floating gate (flash) transistors have been used exclusively to implement non-volatile memory in its various forms. Recently, we showed that flash transistors can be used to implement digital circuits as well. In this paper, we present the details on the realization and characteristics of the block-level flash-based digital design. The current work describes the synthesis flow to decompose a circuit block into a network of interconnected FCs. The resulting network is characterized with respect to timing, power and energy, and the results are compared with a standard-cell based realization of the same block (obtained using commercial tools). We obtain significantly improved delay (0.59×), power (0.35×) and cell area (0.60×) compared to a traditional CMOS standard-cell based approach, when averaged over 12 standard benchmarks. It is generally rare that a circuit methodology yields results that are better than existing commercial standard-cell based flows in terms of delay, area, power and energy, and in this sense, we submit that our results are significant. Additional benefits of a flash-based digital design is that it allows for precision speed binning in the factory, and also enables in-field re-programmability (we note that our flash-based design is not an FPGA, but rather an ASIC style design) to counteract the speed degradation of a design due to aging. These benefits arise from the fact that the threshold voltage of flash devices can be controlled with precision.
Transfer of five commercial termite bait formulations containing benzoylphenyl urea chitin synthesis inhibitors within groups of the subterranean termite Reticulitermes flavipes (Blattodea: Rhinotermitidae)

ABSTRACTEastern subterranean termite, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar), workers were exposed for 7 days to one of five chitin synthesis inhibitors (CSIs): diflubenzuron, hexaflumuron, lufenuron, noviflumuron, and novaluron in commercially available bait matrices. Following a 7 day exposure period, termite donors (D) were combined with naive (not exposed) termite recipients (R) at five D:R ratios (20:0, 15:5, 10:10, 5:15, and 1:19) and mortality determined daily for up to 68 days. Lethal time and percent mortality data suggest efficient transfer at all D:R ratios for all CSIs tested, except diflubenzuron at 1:19. Despite the data indicating transfer of lufenuron in bioassay, this material may not be effective in field use based on behavioral observations that include limited movement by donors. We also report frequency of visible evidence of CSI intoxication, including the previously described “jackknife” pose and an additional physical deformity, we term “curled-body”. The implications these data and obse...
Editorial re-considering research: why we need to adopt a mixed-methods approach to our work

In this editorial, Lauer argues for expanding our methods of research to include a greater emphasis on quantitative and mixed-methods approaches. This expansion will compliment and help frame the qualitative data collection we already prioritize in the fields of writing studies and design. Lauer discusses the benefits of a mixed-methods approach and presents ten recommendations for how scholars, especially those who may be new to quantitative methods, can learn and employ these methods. Lauer suggests that we need to value this more comprehensive approach to data collection in order to better answer the many questions that remain uninvestigated in our field.
Light Theories in Early Physics

Even though in this book I am interested mainly in the physical conceptions of Maxwell and his contemporaries, I nonetheless must add a few chapters on light theories and related subjects to describe the large framework of meaning in which Maxwell and his contemporaries as scientists worked. I shall take the relevant information again from histories of physics and limit myself again to a bare minimum in so doing. I shall here not make a great effort to explain the interpretive character of the relevant theories and paradigms, even though in the following ages they have become for many scientists “privileged texts,” which generated influential “text traditions” as we shall see.
Finite element and analytical solutions for van der Pauw and four-point probe correction factors when multiple non-ideal measurement conditions coexist.

This paper presents an extensive collection of calculated correction factors that account for the combined effects of a wide range of non-ideal conditions often encountered in realistic four-point probe and van der Pauw experiments. In this context, “non-ideal conditions” refer to conditions that deviate from the assumptions on sample and probe characteristics made in the development of these two techniques. We examine the combined effects of contact size and sample thickness on van der Pauw measurements. In the four-point probe configuration, we examine the combined effects of varying the sample’s lateral dimensions, probe placement, and sample thickness. We derive an analytical expression to calculate correction factors that account, simultaneously, for finite sample size and asymmetric probe placement in four-point probe experiments. We provide experimental validation of the analytical solution via four-point probe measurements on a thin film rectangular sample with arbitrary probe placement. The finit...
Chapter 6.2 Use of microdialysis in drug discovery and development: industry and regulatory perspectives

Abstract This chapter discusses the role of microdialysis in the discovery and development of drugs that act on the central nervous system (CNS). The focus is on strategies that will help to select high-quality compounds for development and that contribute to reducing the current high attrition rate in the pharmaceutical industry. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic microdialysis applications are discussed to illustrate how and when microdialysis can be used in the different stages of the discovery and development process. Since microdialysis data are likely to become an important part of new drug submissions, and thus may potentially contribute to the FDA Critical Path Initiative to facilitate innovation in drug development, some regulatory aspects will be discussed as well.
Mobile Health for Mental Health in West Africa: The Case for Ghana.

Although underdeveloped in mental health care, the sub-Saharan country of Ghana is advanced in telecommunications. In this context, innovative mobile health (mHealth) approaches may help to overcome limited infrastructure (lack of clinics, trained professionals, and landlines) and to address significant unmet public mental health needs. The Technology in Mental Health editor reports on travels to Ghana to assess the viability of mHealth for mental health initiatives in the region. He found that stakeholders from all sectors (patients, providers, government officials, and traditional and faith healers) were open to exploring whether mHealth approaches could promote more humane care, reduce human rights violations, and improve the clinical outcomes of those in need. mHealth strategies that use audio and video content to overcome barriers associated with limited literacy may be most suitable. To succeed, any mHealth model must be culturally and contextually adapted to fit the needs, beliefs, and capacities o...
Inner Ear Infections (Labyrinthitis)

Infection of the inner ear, or labyrinthitis, can be caused by a variety of pathogens. The diagnosis is usually made based on the clinical findings of sensorineural hearing loss and/or vertigo in the setting of an ongoing infection, particularly otitis media or meningitis. It should be determined whether the causative agent is bacterial or viral so that appropriate treatment may be administered. The inner ear is exquisitely sensitive to insults such as infection, and in many cases the patient is left with permanent sensorineural hearing loss and vestibular dysfunction following an inner ear infection. Acute suppurative labyrinthitis can progress to intracranial infectious complications and requires prompt treatment.
Algal–bacterial synergy in treatment of winery wastewater

There is significant potential for employing algae in tertiary wastewater treatment, however, little is known about the contribution of algae-bacteria synergy toward treatment performance. This study demonstrates potential synergy in the treatment of three winery wastewater samples. Two strains of green algae, Auxenochlorella protothecoides and Chlorella sorokiniana were tested and each removed > 90% of nitrogen, > 50% of phosphate, and 100% of acetic acid in the wastewater. Both algae strains grew significantly faster on wastewaters compared to growth on minimal media. Organic carbon in the wastewater apparently played a limited role in algal growth enhancement. When cultured on sterile-filtered wastewater, A. protothecoides increased soluble COD loadings in two of the three wastewaters and C. sorokiniana secreted an insoluble film. Culturing algae with the native wastewater microbial community negated the secretion of algal photosynthate, allowing for simultaneous reductions in COD and nutrient concentrations. Both algae species stimulated bacterial growth in a strain-specific way, suggesting unique responses to algal photosynthate. Cofactor auxotrophy for thiamine, cobalamin, and biotin is widespread among algae and these cofactors are typically obtained from bacteria. Sequencing the wastewater microbial community revealed bacteria capable of synthesizing all three cofactors while liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry (LCMS) and bio-assays revealed the presence of thiamine metabolites in the wastewaters. These cofactors likely increased algal growth rates, particularly for A. protothecoides, which cannot synthesize thiamine de-novo but can salvage it from degradation products. Collectively, these results demonstrate that bacteria and algae provided synergistic growth benefits, potentially contributing to higher levels of wastewater treatment than either organism type alone.
RECEPTOR-MEDIATED UPTAKE OF MACROMOLECULES AND THEIR DELIVERY TO LYSOSOMES IN HUMAN FIBROBLASTS

Efficient mechanisms exist in human fibroblasts for the cellular uptake and delivery to lysosomes of specific macromolecules. The uptake of a variety of macromolecules, including low-density lipoprotein (the cholesterol transport protein in plasma), transcobalamin II (the vitamin B12 transport protein in plasma), epidermal growth factor (a growth-promoting polypeptide hormone), and lysosomal enzymes, is facilitated by an initial binding of the macromolecule to a distinct class of cell surface receptors. In the case of plasma low-density lipoprotein, the coupling of receptor binding, cellular uptake, and delivery to lysosomes is achieved through the localization of the low-density lipoprotein receptors in coated pits on the cell surface. Invagination of these coated pits occurs with such rapidity that the receptor-bound lipoprotein particle is quickly delivered to lysosomes, where it can be degraded so that its cholesterol component can become available for cellular nutrition.
Mujeres Fuertes y Corazones Saludables, a Culturally Tailored Physical Activity and Nutrition Program for Rural Latinas: Findings from a Pilot Study

In the United States, Latino adults, compared with non-Hispanic white adults, are less likely to meet physical activity and dietary recommendations, and have higher rates of obesity. There is an urgent need for culturally adapted health promotion programs that meet the needs of the growing Latino population in the United States. We systematically adapted StrongWomen-Healthy Hearts, an evidence-based physical activity and nutrition program, for rural Latinas. This paper reports results from a pilot study of the adapted program. We used mixed methods to assess the feasibility and efficacy of the adapted program, Mujeres Fuertes y Corazones Saludables, in a nonprofit community organization serving rural Latinos. The intervention consisted of sixty-minute classes held twice weekly for 12 weeks and included 30 minutes of physical activity and 30 minutes of nutrition education. To assess efficacy, we used a one-group, pre⁻post design with overweight/obese, sedentary, middle-aged or older, Spanish-speaking rural Latinas (n = 15). Outcome measures included weight, height, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness, physical activity, dietary behavior, and self-efficacy for diet and physical activity. Process outcomes included attendance, end of class surveys, mid-program evaluation survey, and a post-program focus group. We calculated means and standard deviations, paproired t-tests, and Cohen's D effect size. Qualitative data were analyzed using qualitative description. Significant changes pre- to post-program included weight (-1.5 kg; p = 0.009), BMI (-0.6; p = 0.005), waist circumference (-3.0 cm; p = 0.008), 6-minute walk test (69.7 m; p < 0.001), frequency of sugar-added drink consumption (-0.7 servings; p = 0.008), fruit and vegetable intake (1.3 servings; p = 0.035), and physical activity self-efficacy (0.9 points; p = 0.022). Participants found the program motivating and enjoyable, and on average participants attended 62% of classes and fidelity was maintained. This pilot study suggests that this culturally adapted physical activity and nutrition program for rural Latinas shows promise in improving physical activity, diet, and obesity.
Direct stimulation of somatosensory cortex results in slower reaction times compared to peripheral touch in humans

Direct cortical stimulation (DCS) of primary somatosensory cortex (S1) could help restore sensation and provide task-relevant feedback in a neuroprosthesis. However, the psychophysics of S1 DCS is poorly studied, including any comparison to cutaneous haptic stimulation. We compare the response times to DCS of human hand somatosensory cortex through electrocorticographic grids with response times to haptic stimuli delivered to the hand in four subjects. We found that subjects respond significantly slower to S1 DCS than to natural, haptic stimuli for a range of DCS train durations. Median response times for haptic stimulation varied from 198 ms to 313 ms, while median responses to reliably perceived DCS ranged from 254 ms for one subject, all the way to 528 ms for another. We discern no significant impact of learning or habituation through the analysis of blocked trials, and find no significant impact of cortical stimulation train duration on response times. Our results provide a realistic set of expectations for latencies with somatosensory DCS feedback for future neuroprosthetic applications and motivate the study of neural mechanisms underlying human perception of somatosensation via DCS.
Abstract 288: Nitric Oxide Mediates Active Downregulation of Tissue Factor Expression in Human Pericytes

Tissue Factor (TF) is a transmembrane protein that not only expresses pro-coagulant enzymatic activity, but also mediates signal transduction by several second messenger pathways. It plays an obvio...
Sensor data acquisition systems and architectures

Abstract: This chapter describes key topics in the design and operation of conventional data acquisition systems used for structural health monitoring. These systems are discussed by four sub-system modules: (1) the sensor module, which consists of the physical element(s) that interact with the system-under-test to sense the physical process(es) and convert that information into a detectable signal form (e.g., an electrical voltage); (2) the signal conditioning module, which may have any number of functions, which could be further subdivided into analog functions (voltage amplification, some types of filtering, and possibly telemetry) and digital functions (timekeeping, digitization, triggering, master control); (3) the output module, which provides an actual indication, in an appropriate form, of the measurement(s) desired; and (4) the control module, which contains some form of an active controller that interprets the output and feeds back that information to an actuator that can manipulate the physical process (only present in active sensing systems). In the discussion of each module, the relevant hardware and signal processing components that comprise its operation and function are described, and the chapter concludes with a short summary of key concepts and observation of trends in data acquisition for structural health monitoring.
Workload-aware Management Targeting Multi-Gateway Internet-of-Things

Edge Computing has risen as a new promising computing paradigm, that relies on connected devices to communicate and exchange data closer to the end-user. Specifically, gateways are a critical component as they receive requests from multiple edge devices and perform data processing. However, the continuously increased number of edge devices that each gateway serves and the growing network traffic result in (1) unbalanced workload execution of applications offloaded on the gateway; and (2) unequal distribution of workloads in multi-gateway environments. In this paper, we propose (1) an intra-gateway methodology to detect and balance application slowdown in terms of local unevenly distributed progress; and (2) a distributed inter-gateway methodology to balance workload among multiple gateways, in order to achieve a global progress threshold.
Admission academic metrics and later success in an accelerated master’s entry program

Background: Accelerated master’s entry programs for non-nurse college graduates leading to advanced practice, which are both rigorous and fast-paced, utilize academic metrics to evaluate prospective candidates, including GRE scores and GPA levels. Because this program saw an increased rate of failure from the program (with medical-surgical nursing being associated with > 93% of failures), the aim of this study was to examine if either of these metrics were associated with later success in the program. Methods: A retrospective, descriptive study analyzed admission metrics and first year academic performance to determine if any criteria were associated with academic success. Data collected included age, gender, race, ethnicity, GPA, GREs and scores on the seven required courses in the first 25 weeks. T -tests, correlations, ANOVAs and multiple regression were used to determine if any significant relationships existed. Results: Admission data from 333 students revealed no differences in the mean GPA related to academic success. Students who failed out of the program (n = 15) had significantly lower GRE quantitative, verbal, and writing scores. Additionally, quantitative and verbal scores correlated with exam scores on many didactic courses, and explained 25.4% of the variance in the first medical-surgical exam scores ( p < .001), with GRE quantitative scores having the most effect. Conclusions: This study demonstrated verbal and quantitative scores were the only predictor of academic success suggesting admission offices might consider whether this current trend of omitting GREs is meeting the needs of students, faculty, universities and the public at large.
Introduction: Measuring Rheological Properties of Foods

The science used for qualitatively and quantitatively describing materials’ deformation and flow behaviors is called rheology. In rheological terms, food materials may be characterized as viscous, viscoelastic and elastic materials. Rheological measurements of foods can be conducted in rotational or oscillatory modes, and provide valuable information about food flow and viscoelastic behaviors. They can also be used to evaluate food behaviors over a range of temperatures, time scales, and shear conditions. Accordingly, food rheological properties have gained significant interest from the food manufacturing industry. Rheological techniques are often used as an essential tool in process engineering in manufacturing plants and in quality control of food products. This is because food rheological properties can determine the following: (1) the processability of food materials in the manufacturing pipeline, (2) the stability of manufactured liquid and semisolid food products under different storage conditions, (3) the sensory texture and mouthfeel attributes of processed foods, and (4) the ability of food components to be digested and absorbed in the human gastrointestinal tract. For instance, using rheological techniques and knowledge, one can predict the flow behavior of a given raw food material in a dedicated processing line after running a limited number of trials or suggest reasonable modifications of a processing line when a new material candidate is going to be processed, therefore reducing processing risks such as blockage of pipeline. Additionally, the quantitative measures of rheological properties associated with food mechanical responses to a deformation or torque can be highly correlated with sensory textural attributes, particularly for fluid foods. Therefore, in-depth explorations of food rheological properties open a pathway for food scientists to express sensory behaviors using objective instrumental data and allows prediction of panel sensory results or consumer acceptance using statistical models based on multiple correlated rheological measures.
Lawyering Paradoxes: Making Meaning of the Contradictions

Effective lawyering requires the ability to manage contradictory yet interdependent practices. In their role as traditionally understood, lawyers must fight, judge, debate, minimize risk, and advance clients’ interests. Yet increasingly, lawyers must ALSO collaborate, build trust, innovate, enable effective risk-taking, and hold clients accountable for adhering to societal values. Law students and lawyers alike struggle, often unproductively, to reconcile these tensions. Law schools often address them as a dilemma requiring a choice or overlook the contradictions that interfere with their integration. This Article argues instead that these seemingly contradictory practices can be brought together through the theory and action of paradox. After identifying the features of these two practices of lawyering—called here legality and proactive lawyering—the Article sets out five lawyering paradoxes that stem from the opposing yet interdependent features of legalistic and proactive lawyering: paradoxes of thought and discourse; relationship; motivation, mindset, and justice. Next, the Article shows the consequences of legal education’s tendency to avoid, sidestep, or downplay these paradoxes. Finally, drawing on existing research and experiences of innovators, the Article identifies three strategies that can enable students and lawyers to construct a dynamic tension between legality and proactive lawyering, and in the process build the potential for transformative learning and meaningful justice.
Safe harbor law: pre- to post-implementation change in service providers’ knowledge and response to sex trafficking of minors

Over the past decade, the majority of states in the United States have enacted laws that include legal protection and/or rehabilitative services for juvenile victims of human trafficking. This mixe...
Anti-PD-1 treatment impairs opioid antinociception in rodents and nonhuman primates.

Emerging immunotherapies with monoclonal antibodies against programmed cell death protein–1 (PD-1) have shown success in treating cancers. However, PD-1 signaling in neurons is largely unknown. We recently reported that dorsal root ganglion (DRG) primary sensory neurons express PD-1 and activation of PD-1 inhibits neuronal excitability and pain. Opioids are mainstay treatments for cancer pain, and morphine produces antinociception via mu opioid receptor (MOR). Here, we report that morphine antinociception and MOR signaling require neuronal PD-1. Morphine-induced antinociception after systemic or intrathecal injection was compromised in Pd1−/− mice. Morphine antinociception was also diminished in wild-type mice after intravenous or intrathecal administration of nivolumab, a clinically used anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody. In mouse models of inflammatory, neuropathic, and cancer pain, spinal morphine antinociception was compromised in Pd1−/− mice. MOR and PD-1 are coexpressed in sensory neurons and their axons in mouse and human DRG tissues. Morphine produced antinociception by (i) suppressing calcium currents in DRG neurons, (ii) suppressing excitatory synaptic transmission, and (iii) inducing outward currents in spinal cord neurons; all of these actions were impaired by PD-1 blockade in mice. Loss of PD-1 also enhanced opioid-induced hyperalgesia and tolerance and potentiates opioid-induced microgliosis and long-term potentiation in the spinal cord in mice. Last, intrathecal infusion of nivolumab inhibited intrathecal morphine-induced antinociception in nonhuman primates. Our findings demonstrate that PD-1 regulates opioid receptor signaling in nociceptive neurons, leading to altered opioid-induced antinociception in rodents and nonhuman primates.
Elite Russian Students’ Internet Strategies: Trust, Persuasion, and Rejection

Trust, an essential component of political effectiveness within a country and the international system, always involves risk. Trust introduces benefits such as reducing transactional costs but also carries a risk of self-disclosure. Data from focus groups with 108 upper-level students at three elite Russian universities reveal risk aversion in interpersonal and Internet communication. To detect the prospect of “betrayal” by the other of the expected confidentiality of self-disclosure, they devise tests by which to identify sources to trust or reject. In the real world, as on the Internet, how do risk-averse young elites arrive at interpersonal trust—if they ever do—and how do they navigate the Internet through endless numbers of sites? What criteria do they apply? Do they distinguish between government-generated persuasive-communications sites and others?
Jejunal Diverticulosis Complicated by Diverticulitis and Small Bowel Obstruction.

Diverticular disease is common in the Western population and can cause considerable morbidity. The prevalence of colonic diverticulosis reaches 60% by the age of 60 years. Small bowel diverticulosis is much rarer and, when present, most commonly occurs in the duodenum. We herein report an elderly woman with jejunal diverticulosis complicated by diverticulitis and small bowel obstruction, who subsequently underwent small bowel resection and primary anastomosis. As demonstrated by this case, jejunal diverticulitis can cause serious complications and given the possibility of recurrence and serious complications, surgical options should be discussed early in the course of medical care.
Next-Generation Total Synthesis of Vancomycin.

A next-generation total synthesis of vancomycin aglycon is detailed that was achieved in 17 steps (longest linear sequence, LLS) from the constituent amino acid subunits with kinetically controlled...
Aversive Conditioning of Spatial Position Sharpens Neural Population-level Tuning in Visual Cortex and Selectively Reduces Alpha-band Activity

Abstract Processing capabilities for many low-level visual features are experientially malleable, aiding sighted organisms in adapting to dynamic environments. Explicit instructions to attend a specific visual field location influence retinotopic visuocortical activity, amplifying responses to stimuli appearing at cued spatial positions. It remains undetermined, however, both how such prioritization affects surrounding non-prioritized locations, and if a given retinotopic spatial position can attain enhanced cortical representation through experience rather than instruction. This work examined visuocortical response changes as human observers learned, through differential classical conditioning, to associate specific on-screen locations with aversive outcomes. Using dense-array EEG and pupillometry, we tested the pre-registered hypotheses of either sharpening or generalization around an aversively associated location following a single conditioning session. Specifically, competing hypotheses tested if mean response changes would take the form of a gaussian (generalization) or difference-of-gaussian (sharpening) distribution over spatial positions, peaking at the viewing location paired with a noxious noise. Occipital 15 Hz steady-state visual evoked potential (ssVEP) responses were selectively heightened when viewing aversively paired locations and displayed a non-linear, difference-of-gaussian profile across neighboring locations, consistent with suppressive surround modulation of non-prioritized positions. Measures of alpha band (8 – 12.8 Hz) activity and pupil diameter also exhibited selectively heightened responses to noise-paired locations but did not evince any difference across the non-paired locations. These results indicate that visuocortical spatial representations are sharpened in response to location-specific aversive conditioning, while top-down influences indexed by alpha power reduction exhibit all-or-none modulation. Significance Statement It is increasingly recognized that early visual cortex is not a static processor of physical features, but is instead constantly shaped by perceptual experience. It remains unclear, however, to what extent the cortical representation of many fundamental features, including visual field location, is malleable by experience. Using EEG and an aversive classical conditioning paradigm, we observed sharpening of visuocortical responses to stimuli appearing at aversively associated locations along with location-selective facilitation of response systems indexed by pupil diameter and EEG alpha power. These findings highlight the experience-dependent flexibility of retinotopic spatial representations in visual cortex, opening avenues towards novel treatment targets in disorders of attention and spatial cognition.
Conservation genomics reveals low genetic diversity and multiple parentage in the threatened freshwater mussel, Margaritifera hembeli

Margaritifera hembeli is a federally threatened freshwater mussel species restricted to three central Louisiana drainages. Currently, management efforts are being formulated without an understanding of population-level genetic patterns, which could result in sub-optimal conservation outcomes. In particular, information about riverscape genetic patterns is needed to design effective propagation and reintroduction plans. We apply a genomic approach (RADseq) to assess genetic diversity and structure among four wild populations sampled from across the species range. We also assess the genetic diversity of a captively reared cohort produced from a single female. We recovered population differentiation between individuals sampled to the north and south of the Red River. All sites had similarly low levels of heterogeneity and other measures of genetic diversity. The captive cohort displayed higher levels of genetic diversity than expected and likely represents a case of multiple paternity. Future propagation efforts will likely be able to produce genetically diverse cohorts from a small number of wild-caught females, and we recommend future reintroduction efforts utilize brooders within the sub-drainage closest to the reintroduction effort.
The Case for Self-Management

Self-management of chronic conditions is among the leading candidate solutions for high-need, low-resource healthcare environments. This chapter will describe the breadth of chronic conditions that have proven amenable to a self-management approach and define self-management approaches that have been used broadly in chronic condition management worldwide. This chapter provides a brief history of self-management as a conceptual approach and describes an array of self-management approaches that have garnered empirical support. Self-management has proven effective as a primary prevention strategy, as well as for secondary and tertiary prevention among strikingly diverse physical and mental health conditions. Self-management as a core intervention strategy is robust to condition, age, and demographic factors, is cost-effective, amenable to tailoring, is relatively easy to implement in a range of settings, and can be delivered by lay leaders. As the burgeoning body of research support continues to grow on this highly effective condition management approach, public health systems would do well to adopt self-management as a key systematic intervention strategy.
Mortgage Lending Bias and Breast Cancer Survival Among Older Women in the United States

PURPOSEThe objective was to examine the relationship between contemporary redlining (mortgage lending bias on the basis of property location) and survival among older women with breast cancer in th...
Probabilistic Quasi-Static Time Series Simulation for Distribution Network Planning Considering Multiple Uncertainties of PV and Load in the Presence of BESS

In this study, we propose a comprehensive and computationally efficient Probabilistic Quasi-Static Time Series (PQSTS) method in which the multiple uncertainties of forecasted load and PV data are employed in the distribution network planning problem. Additionally, inverter reactive power capability is implemented to regulate voltage in response to irradiance variation. Furthermore, a Battery Energy Storage System (BESS) is utilized along with the PV array to smooth and shave substation peak power as well as enhance system security/stability. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II combined with Fuzzy Decision-Making Tool (NSGA-II/FDMT) is implemented to solve the multi-objective problem along with three objectives: (a) minimization of distribution network power losses; (b) maximization of system security; and (c) minimization of the total cost. Also, two more indices, i.e., maximum overall voltage deviation and substation peak power, are defined to evaluate DN system performances. A distribution network, including a PV-inverter-battery system with its control functions, is considered to investigate optimal results by an hour-by-hour simulation for the yearly horizon. Since a large computational burden is needed for Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, a robust 8760-hour probabilistic load flow (PLF) method based on the Point Estimate Method (PEM) is implemented to address load/PV uncertainties. Simulation results on the IEEE 33-bus test system through different case studies demonstrate that the detailed distribution network analysis applying an hour-by-hour probabilistic load flow method leads to more realistic PV size and distribution network indices.
Therapeutic Underuse and Delay in Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Prevalence, Associated Factors, and Clinical Impact.

Prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) could be affected by lack of or delayed therapy. We aimed to characterize the prevalence, correlates, and clinical impact of therapeutic underuse and delay in patients with HCC. Patients with HCC diagnosed between 2010 and 2017 were analyzed from the United States National Cancer Database. Logistic regression analysis identified factors associated with no and delayed (>90 days after diagnosis) HCC treatment. Cox proportional hazards regression with landmark analysis assessed the association between therapeutic delay and overall survival (OS), accounting for immortal time bias. Of 116,299 patients with HCC, 24.2% received no treatment and 18.4% of treated patients had delayed treatment. Older age, Black, Hispanic, lower socioeconomic status, earlier year of diagnosis, treatment at nonacademic centers, Northeast region, increased medical comorbidity, worse liver dysfunction, and higher tumor burden were associated with no treatment. Among treated patients, younger age, Hispanic, Black, treatment at academic centers, West region, earlier tumor stage, and receipt of noncurative treatment were associated with treatment delays. In multivariable Cox regression with a landmark of 150 days, patients with and without treatment delays had similar OS (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.98-1.04) with a median survival of 33.7 vs. 32.1 months, respectively. However, therapeutic delay was associated with worse OS in patients who had tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM) stage 1 (aHR, 1.06; 95% CI, 1.01-1.11) or received curative treatment (aHR, 1.12; 95% CI, 1.05-1.18). Conclusion: One-fourth of patients with HCC receive no therapy and one-fifth of treated patients experience treatment delays. Both were associated with demographic, socioeconomic, and clinical characteristics of patients as well as facility type and region. The association between therapeutic delay and survival was stage and treatment dependent.