cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conformational analysis, barriers to internal rotation, ab initio calculations and vibrational assignment of fluoroacetone

Abstract The infrared (3500-20 cm −1 ) and Raman (3200-10 cm −1 ) spectra have been recorded for gaseous and solid fluoroacetone (1-fluoro-2-propanone), CH 2 FC(O)CH 3 . Additionally, the Raman spectrum of the liquid has been recorded and qualitative depolarization values have been obtained. These data have been interpreted on the basis that the molecule exists predominantly in the cis (fluorine atom oriented cis to the methyl group) conformation in the vapor but for the liquid a second conformer having a trans orientation (fluorine atom oriented trans to the methyl group) is present. From a study of the Raman spectrum of the liquid at variable temperatures the trans conformation has been determined to be more stable than the cis form by 416 ± 54 cm −1 (1.19 ± 0.15 kcal mol −1 ) and is the only conformation present in the spectrum of the annealed solid. The asymmetric torsional fundamental for the more stable cis conformer has been observed in the far infrared spectrum of the gas at 69.6 cm −1 with six accompanying hot band transitions proceeding to lower frequency. The corresponding mode for the high energy trans conformer is extensively overlapped but is distinguishable at ∼65 cm −1 . From these data the asymmetric torsional potential function governing internal rotation about the CC bond has been determined and the potential coefficients are: V 1 = 675 ± 2, V 2 = 991 ± 5, V 3 = 74 ± 1 and V 4 = 54 ± 2 cm −1 . The cis to trans and trans to cis barriers are 1332 ± 5 and 731 ± 5 cm −1 , respectively, with an enthalpy difference of 601 ± 8 cm −1 (1.72 ± 0.02 kcal mol −1 ). From ab initio calculations at the 3-21G and 6-31G* basis set levels optimized geometries for both the cis and trans conformers have been obtained and the potential surface governing internal rotation of the asymmetric top determined. The observed vibrational frequencies with their assignments for both the cis and trans conformers are compared to those from the ab initio calculations. All of these results are compared to the corresponding quantities for some similar molecules.
Radiative Forcing of the Stratosphere by SO2 Gas, Silicate Ash, and H2SO4 Aerosols Shortly after the 1982 Eruptions of El Chichón

The 1982 eruptions of the El Chichon volcano injected large quantities of sulfur dioxide gas and silicate ash into the stratosphere. Several studies have shown that the long-lived sulfuric acid aerosols derived from these volcanic effluents produced measurable changes in the radiative heating rates and the global circulation. The radiative and dynamical perturbations associated with the short-lived but more strongly absorbing sulfur dioxide and ash clouds have received much 1ess attention. The authors therefore used an atmospheric radiative transfer model and observations collected by satellites, aircraft, and ground-based observers to estimate the amplitudes of the stratospheric radiative heating rate perturbations produced by each of these components during the first few weeks after the El Chichon eruption. One week after the 4 April 1982 eruption, net radiative heating rate perturbations exceeding 20 K per day were found at altitudes near 26 km. The absorption of sunlight by the silicate ash accounts for the majority of this heating. The sulfur dioxide gas and sulfuric acid aerosols each produced net heating perturbations that never exceeded 3 K per day. In spite of the intense heating by the ash, observations indicate that stratospheric temperatures never increased by more than a few degrees Kelvin. The authors therefore concluded that this radiative heating was largely balanced by upwelling and adiabatic cooling. The amplitude and spatial extent of this upwelling was estimated with a diagnostic, two-dimensional dynamical model. The ash heating rates may have been balanced by a global enhancement in the stratospheric meridional circulation, with zonally averaged upward velocities of about 1 cm sec^(−1) near the latitude of the plume. This enhanced stratospheric circulation persisted only for a few weeks but it may have played a major role in the vertical and horizontal dispersal of the plume. The vertical transport needed to balance the heating by sulfur dioxide gas was only 5%–10% as large, but this perturbation may have produced a 2-km increase in the altitude of the plume. These results suggest that the radiative forcing by the ash and the sulfur dioxide gas should be included in more comprehensive models of the plume evolution. They also suggest that particle size distributions inferred from ash fallout rates could be wrong if the upwelling associated with this radiative heating is not considered.
ENSO Impacts on Lomas Formation in South Coastal Peru: Implications for the Pliocene?

Lomas formations in southern Peru are related to moisture availability due to frequent incursions of fog in austral winter. Due to warming of coastal waters of southern Peru during El Nino, lomas formations are enhanced via greater moisture availability for fog and drizzle. Our study evaluates the modern climatological record in austral winter to determine if there are differences in moisture availability between El Nino and La Nina for fog formation. Our results show anomalous northwesterly onshore flow, warmer than normal sea-surface temperatures, and an increase in precipitable water in El Nino, favoring lomas formations due to advection fog with higher moisture content. On the other hand, La Nina also favors frequent advection fog, with less moisture content due to strong onshore flow over relatively cool SSTs. Since lomas may represent fragments of a continuous vegetation belt that existed during the Pliocene, a permanent El Nino favoring vigorous vegetation production along the south Peruvian coast due to incursions of fog with high precipitable water may have occurred in this period. However, the possibility of normal El Nino variability superimposed on a warmer climatology producing fog with higher moisture content in both El Nino and La Nina conditions cannot be discounted.
Cytology of eccrine sweat glands in the opossum.

Eccrine sweat glands occur only within the glabrous foot and toe-pad skin of the Virginia opossum, Didelphis virginiana, Kerr. Two distinct types of secretory cells are found in the terminal portion of this gland, i.e., dark and clear cells. Thin myoepithelial cells are located between these secretory cells and the outer basal lamina. Histochemical techniques indicate that dark cells contain dense proteinaceous secretory granules. This observation is supported by measuring the refractive index (n) of dark cell granules by interference microscopy. The interferometric properties and certain staining characteristics (acidophilia) displayed by these secretory granules are comparable to those of the stratum corneum layer of opossum glabrous skin. Ultrastructurally, dark cells contain electron-opaque secretory granules and parallel arrays of granular endoplasmic reticulum, resembling those of other protein-secreting cells. Subcutaneous injections of pilocarpine nitrate elicit a secretory response from dark cells consisting of granule extrusion, reduction in cell size, and extreme vacuolization of the cell cytoplasm.
SU-E-I-29: A Prior Information Based Total-Variation Digital Tomosynthesis Reconstruction Algorithm

Purpose: To develop a total‐variation (TV) based compressive sensing image reconstruction algorithm using a set of limited‐angle projections by applying a prior image information to enhance the image quality and anatomic information of current Four&#8208;dimensiona Digital Tomosynthesis (4D‐DTS). In the iterative algorithm, both TV regularization and Bspline deformation field are included to accurately reconstruct 4D‐DTS images in order to reduce imaging dose. Methods: For 4D Cone Beam Computed Tomography (4D‐CBCT), images of different phases share similar anatomical struture, and their difference can be used as sparseness prior in the 4D‐DTS reconstruction. The Bspline tensor transforms the reference image to fit the target image, and is regulated by TV penalty terms in the cost function of the unconstrained optimization problem. Nonlinear conjugate gradient method is applied to solve the unconstrained problem. Results: Several phase pairs of 4D‐CBCT are used examples. With voxel per region sets 50, the algorithm can have the most similarity with the target image with the fastest convergence. By decreasing Bspline resolution, the deformation will be become more flexible while losing some accuracy of registration. The similarity between target image and resulted image can be tuned by regularization factor, which will enable us to determine how much additional information is needed to build the new image volume. The integrated built CPU and GPU platform provides the acceleration tools of forward/backward projection and Bspline coefficients calculation for large‐scale 4D‐CBCT data in the iteration process, which is 100 times faster than using only software method. Conclusions: The performance of the algorithm is determined by two built‐in parameters in the algorithm: Bspline Resolution and Regulization Factor, whose tuning can favor different edge and resolution performances or fidelity and similarity to the target measurements, and also determine the flexibility and accuracy during the registration. Research sponsored by Varian Medical System.
Gravity wave activity in the upper mesosphere over Urbana, Illinois: lidar observations and analysis of gravity wave propagation models

Abstract We analyze 375 h of Na Wind/Temperature lidar measurements of the mesopause region (≈ 80–105 km) Na density and temperature profiles on 57 nights distributed over 2 yr at Urbana, Illinois. These observations yield a high-resolution seasonal data set of gravity wave activity in the upper mesosphere. From this data, we present measurements of the Brunt-Vaisala period, the relative atmospheric density perturbations and their spectra, and the parameters of 143 quasi-monochromatic gravity waves. The direct measurement of the Brunt-Vaisala period allows accurate calculation of the horizontal velocity perturbations and vertical displacement perturbations from the density measurements. The horizontal velocity and vertical displacement vertical wave number spectrum magnitudes and indices show considerable seasonal and nightly variability. The gravity wave amplitudes, wavelengths, and observed periods exhibit systematic relationships similar to those found in previous studies, and are consistent with the MU radar measurements of intrinsic gravity wave parameters. Here, we present a detailed analysis of the observations in terms of Diffusive-Filtering Theory models of gravity wave propagation. The magnitudes of the vertical wave number spectrum, the form of the joint vertical wave number and frequency spectrum, and the systematic relationships between the monochromatic gravity wave parameters are consistent with the Diffusive-Filtering model. We compare these results with a variety of radar, lidar, and airglow observations from other sites. This observational study suggests that the complex nonlinear interactions of the gravity wave field may be modeled successfully as a diffusive damping process, where the effective diffusivity is a function of the total wave variance.
Wild-type coxsackievirus infection dramatically alters the abundance, heterogeneity, and immunostimulatory capacity of conventional dendritic cells in vivo

Abstract In vitro studies have shown that enteroviruses employ strategies that may impair the ability of DCs to trigger T cell immunity, but it is unclear how these viruses affect DCs in vivo . Here, we evaluate the effects of wild-type (wt) coxsackievirus B3 on DCs in vitro and in a murine model in vivo . Although CVB3 does not productively infect the vast majority of DCs, virus infection profoundly reduces splenic conventional DC numbers and diminishes their capacity to prime naive CD8 + T cells in vitro . In contrast to recombinant CVB3, highly pathogenic wt virus infection significantly diminishes the host's capacity to mount T cell responses, which is temporally associated with the loss of CD8α + DCs. Our findings demonstrate that enterovirus infection substantially alters the number, heterogeneity, and stimulatory capacity of DCs in vivo , and these dramatic immunomodulatory effects may weaken the host's capacity to mount antiviral T cell responses.
Optical transceivers for short and medium reach optical networks

Optical transceivers are the dominating technology for the optical front end of short and medium reach optical communication systems. They are diverse, ranging from low cost and high volume applications to extreme performance and relatively low volume products. Different technical solutions for the optical components are used and this paper gives an overview of enabling technologies. Furthermore the challenges (density, power consumption, cost, reach, increased performance) that optical transceivers face today and which technologies may be used to solve these challenges in the future are discussed.
HYDROGEN and OXYGEN PHOTOPRODUCTION BY MARINE ALGAE

The first measurements of the simultaneous photoproduction of hydrogen and oxygen in marine green algae are reported. Eight species in the genera Chlamydomonas, Chlorella and Halochlorocococcum were tested in CO2-free seawater. Four of the five species of Chlamydomonas were able to produce hydrogen in the light after a period of 3 - 4 h of dark anaerobic adaptation. Only one of the two Chlorella species tested was able to photoproduce hydrogen, in trace amounts. Halochlorocococcum fla–9 gave positive results and Chlamydomonas species (clone f-9) had a steady-state rate of hydrogen and oxygen production during irradiation with a stoichiometric ratio near 2:1. The integrated yields of hydrogen and oxygen produced by this species corresponds to about 450 turnovers of the photochemical reaction centers. This number exceeds (by about a factor of 20) the electron-carrying capacity of the electron transport chain linking Photosystems I and II. These data suggest that Chlamydomonas f-9 makes seawater a potential substrate for solar hydrogen and oxygen production.
Paradigms of flexible configurations: I-generation and Beijing-punks in Wang Meng, Xu Xing, and Chun Shu:

This article examines the contested drama of the epic quest of self-identity through a critical rereading of three works by Beijing writers from three different generations, describing Beijing life during three different time periods: Wang Meng’s “Kite Streamers” (1979), Xu Xing’s “Variations Without a Theme” (1985), and Chun Shu’s Beijing Doll (2001). Wang Meng’s protagonists occupy a limited space between their individual dreams and the tarnished collective ideals in the late 1970s. The groundbreaking stream of consciousness technique that Wang Meng ushered in illustrates a rupture between the repressive ideology of the past and an unconscious world of personal desires. Xu Xing’s protagonist is forever wandering Beijing’s streets, positioning himself on the margins of social space. His unfixed identity creates a detached, even schizophrenic, perspective while at the same time it empowers a subjectively critical engagement in the 1980s. Chun Shu (the name of both the writer and the protagonist), an icon ...
Temperature stability range of the binary MoC phase

The MoC phase with the WC structure was prepared by a novel synthetic route that involved the stoichiometric disproportionation of a high-temperature phase, Mo 3C2, to MoC and M02C at 1000 °C. MoC was found to be thermodynamically stable at temperatures below 1080 °C. From consideration of equilibrium and calorimetric data, the thermodynamic properties of MoC can be established as S298 0/R = 4.41(0.3) andΔH 298 0/R = -3430(800)K,
A novel Monte Carlo simulation method for Ising systems

We propose a Monte Carlo method to obtain the thermodynamic functions of Ising systems. We perform a random sampling of spin configurations to determine the degeneracy of the energies of the system, from which an approximant to the partition function is determined. The main advantage of the method over conventional Metropolis lies in the fact that only a single Monte Carlo run is needed to obtain results valid for all temperatures, magnetic fields, and coupling parameters (FM or AFM). As an illustration of the method, we present results for the Ising model in a magnetic field on a 8x8 lattice. The method can be adapted to tackle the random field Ising model (RFIM), the dilute Ising model, and the Ising spin glass, in any spatial dimension.
EMG frequency content changes with increasing force and during fatigue in the quadriceps femoris muscle of men and women

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gender on changes in electromyographic (EMG) signal characteristics of the quadriceps muscles with increasing force and with fatigue. A total of fourteen healthy adults (seven men, seven women) participated in the study. Subjects had to perform isometric ramp contractions in knee extension with the force gradually increasing from 0 to 100% of the maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) in a 6-s period. Subjects then performed a fatigue task, consisting of a sustained maximum isometric knee extension contraction held until force decreased below 50% of the pre-fatigue MVC. Subjects also performed a single ramp contraction immediately after the fatigue task. The Root Mean Square (RMS) amplitude, mean power frequency (MPF) and median frequency (MF) of EMG signals obtained from the vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris were calculated at nine different force levels from the ramp contractions (10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90% MVC), as well as every 5 s during the fatigue task. The main results were a more pronounced increase in EMG RMS amplitude for the three muscles and in MPF for the VL muscle with force in men compared with women. No significant effect of gender was found with regards to fatigue. These observations most likely reflect a moderately greater type II fiber content and/or area in the VL muscle of men compared to that of women.
Disorder in the crystal structure of NaNi4(PO4)3

Abstract NaNi 4 (PO 4 ) 3 crystallizes in the space group Amam , a = 9.892(1), b = 14.842(2), and c = 6.3576(2) A. For Z = 4, the calculated density is 3.862 g/cm 3 ( V = 933.3A 3 ). The presence of several weak reflections (of the class 2 k 0 and 6 k 0) which should be systematically absent in this space group has been attributed to a partial disorder of one of the phosphate tetrahedra. Two half-occupied P (2) sites related by a mirror normal to the a axis result in a column of phosphate tetrahedra pointing either up or down in this direction. Nickel atoms occupy five- and six-coordinated sites while sodium is six-coordinated.
Glucosamine-Linked Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for Imaging of Solid Tumor Xenografts

Purpose Near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) imaging is an attractive technique for studying diseases at the molecular level in vivo. Glucose transporters are often used as targets for in vivo imaging of tumors. The efficiency of a tumor-seeking fluorescent probe can be enhanced by attaching one or more glucosamine (GlcN) moieties. This study was designed to evaluate the use of previously developed GlcN-linked NIRF probes for in vitro and in vivo optical imaging of cancer.
From Statistical Panic to Moral Panic: The Metadiscursive Construction and Popular Exaggeration of New Media Language in the Print Media

As a way of tracking popular framing of CMC, this article critically reviews an international corpus of 101 print-media accounts (from 2001 to 2005) of language-use in technologies such as instant messaging and text messaging. From the combined perspective of folk linguistics and critical discourse analysis, this type of metadiscourse (i.e., discourse about discourse) reveals the conceptual and ideological assumptions by which particular communication practices come to be institutionalized and understood. The article is illustrated with multiple examples from across the corpus in order to demonstrate the most recurrent metadiscursive themes in mediatized depictions of technologically or computer-mediated discourse (CMD). Rooted in extravagant characterizations of the prevalence and impact of CMD, together with highly caricatured exemplifications of actual practice, these popular but influential (mis)representations typically exaggerate the difference between CMD and nonmediated discourse, misconstrue the “evolutionary” trajectory of language change, and belie the cultural embeddedness of CMD.
Pollution prevention at ports: clearing the air

Abstract Seaports are major hubs of economic activity and of environmental pollution in coastal urban areas. Due to increasing global trade, transport of goods through ports has been steadily increasing and will likely continue to increase in the future. Evaluating air pollution impacts of ports requires consideration of numerous sources, including marine vessels, trucks, locomotives, and off-road equipment used for moving cargo. The air quality impacts of ports are significant, with particularly large emissions of diesel exhaust, particulate matter, and nitrogen oxides. The health effects of these air pollutants to residents of local communities include asthma, other respiratory diseases, cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and premature mortality. In children, there are links with asthma, bronchitis, missed school days, and emergency room visits. The significance of these environmental health impacts requires aggressive efforts to mitigate the problem. Approaches to mitigation encompass a range of possibilities from currently available, low-cost approaches, to more significant investments for cleaner air. Examples of the former include restrictions on truck idling and the use of low-sulfur diesel fuel; the latter includes shore-side power for docked ships, and alternative fuels. A precautionary approach to port-related air pollution would encourage local production of goods in order to reduce marine traffic, greener design for new terminals, and state-of-the art approaches to emissions-control that have been successfully demonstrated at ports throughout the world.
Buoyant density of DNA synthesized at different stages of the S phase of mouse L cells

Native DNA was isolated from mitotic mouse L cells which had been labeled with 3H-thymidine at various intervals of the S phase. The ratios of 3H cpm in pulse-labeled DNA to 32P cpm in uniformly labeled DNA in neutral CsCl gradients were determined. These ratios show that no satellite DNA synthesis is detectable during the last quarter of the S phase and that the majority of satellite DNA is synthesized during the third quarter of the S phase. There is a gradual change as the S phase progresses from the synthesis of main band DNA of heavier buoyant density than average in early S phase to main band DNA of lighter buoyant density at the end of the S phase.
Serotonin and genetic differences in sensitivity and tolerance to ethanol hypothermia

Mice have been selectively bred for genetic sensitivity (COLD) or insensitivity (HOT) to acute ethanol-induced hypothermia. COLD mice readily develop tolerance to the hypothermic effects of ethanol (EtOH) when it is chronically administered, while HOT mice do not. A number of studies have implicated serotonergic systems in both sensitivity and the development of tolerance to the hypothermic and ataxic effects of EtOH. In the experiments reported here, we administered the serotonin (5HT) neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) to HOT and COLD mice before the acute and chronic administration of equipotent doses of EtOH. 5,7-DHT lesions significantly reduced (by about 65%) whole brain levels of 5HT in both selected lines. This treatment reduced sensitivity to acute EtOH hypothermia in COLD, but not in HOT mice, and blocked the development of tolerance only in COLD mice. Metabolites of 5HT, norepinephrine, and dopamine were generally increased in hypothalamic and brain stem tissue after acute EtOH injection, but HOT and COLD mice were not differentially susceptible to these effects. These results suggest that genes affecting 5HT systems may mediate some of the differences in response to the hypothermic effects of EtOH characterizing HOT and COLD mice.
It Takes a Community to Create an American Indian Business and Management Course

Management and business curricula have rarely addressed the subject of American Indian business and management. In response to our American Indian students, the broader American Indian community in the region, and to this neglected topic, a small group of faculty members and Native American students embarked on an experimental course at a major Southwestern university. The courses existence illustrates the intersection of culture, business, and organization. The course can be considered a postcolonial bridge between the business college and the American Indian community. This article focuses on the course context including recent tribal economic developments and the subject of culture and business. It then examines the rationale and design of the course including the content and process, participants, and the case study development format. Some course outcomes are reviewed and the implications for management education are drawn out.
The Ribosomal Database project

The Ribosomal Database Project (RDP) is a curated database that offers ribosome-related data, analysis services, and associated computer programs. The offerings include phylogenetically ordered alignments of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequences, derived phylogenetic trees, rRNA secondary structure diagrams, and various software for handling, analyzing and displaying alignments and trees. The data are available via anonymous ftp (rdp.life.uiuc.edu), electronic mail (server/rdp.life.uiuc.edu) and gopher (rdpgopher.life.uiuc.edu). The electronic mail server also provides ribosomal probe checking, approximate phylogenetic placement of user-submitted sequences, screening for chimeric nature of newly sequenced rRNAs, and automated alignment.
The Application of Dynamic Programming in a Discrete Supplementary Control for Transient Stability Enhancement of Multimachine Power Systems

This paper considers the use of a discrete supplementary control for transient stability enhancement of multimachine power systems. The principle advantage of the method presented in this paper is that off-line compuations are used. This permits the application of the supplementary control of a ``multimachine'' power system. The designation ``multimachine'' is used in this context to denote systems of up to three machines; for practical systems containing more than three machines, appropriate model order reduction is suggested. Supplementary controls differ from primary controls in that they are only used during disturbances rather than continuously. Attention is focused on the insertion of braking resistors and a specially designed dynamic programming algorithm is described for optimal resistor switching. The switching strategy is computed off-line so that the online computational requirements are minimal. The contribution of this paper is in the area of multimachine control and, in particular, a power system emergency state control. Topics concerning control models, optimization criteria and characteristics of discrete supplementary controls have been addressed. Control strategies are evaluated through digital and analog simulation involving a ten machine test system. A systematic approach to the optimization of multi-stage decision processes, called dynamic programming, was introduced by Bellman in the 1950' s [1-2]. Dynamic programming principles provide a perspective for examining optimization problems which lead to iterative functional equations. These equations are efficiently solved by using a digital computer and employing a dynamic programming computational procedure described by Larson [3].
Effects of cocaine on monoamine uptake as measured ex vivo.

Abstract The increase in extracellular dopamine (DA) following cocaine administration plays a major role in cocaine abuse. In vitro , cocaine binds to DA transporters (DAT) and blocks DA uptake. Moreover, cocaine can increase extracellular DA concentration as measured by in vivo neurochemical methods. The present study examined the effects of cocaine and other drugs on DA, NE and 5-HT uptake using an ex vivo assay. Rats were injected i.v. with saline or drug and sacrificed at various time points after injections. Brains were dissected for regional monoamine uptake studies ex vivo . In most brain regions, cocaine given in vivo blocked monoamine uptake as expected. [ 3 H]DA uptake in nucleus accumbens was inhibited with an ED 50 = 22.3 μmol/kg. Cocaine fully inhibited [ 3 H]NE uptake (ED 50 = 4.58 μmol/kg) in the occipital cortex and partially inhibited [ 3 H]5-HT uptake (33% at 30 μmol/kg) in the midbrain. However, under the same conditions [ 3 H]DA uptake in the striatum was not inhibited after injections of cocaine up to 56 μmol/kg. Although the mechanism for this discrepancy is unclear, DA binding and uptake sites may be distinct and/or there may be regional differences in DA transporters.
The clinical significance of EEG cyclic alternating pattern during coma.

Summary: To define the clinical significance of EEG “cyclic alternating pattern” (ECAP). ECAP is the periodic presence of a high-voltage slow waves alternating with low voltage irregular faster activity. This term was first described in comatose patients in 1944. It has been less recognized and may be underreported since then. The clinical significance of ECAP in the state of coma remains unknown. We reviewed our prospective EEG database for consecutive patients studied over a period of 4 years (n 4,819) looking for patterns consistent with ECAP. We reviewed the charts of the patients with the above EEG pattern to define the clinical setting and the eventual outcome. Eleven patients were identified. All patients identified were found to be in the coma state at the time of the EEG. The majority of patients (n 10) survived the coma, and half returned to the community in good functional status. ECAP is seen rarely in comatose patients. Regardless of the cause of the coma, the presence of ECAP carries an overall good prognosis for both survival and recovery.
Forecasting Enrollment in Differential Assessment Programs Using Cellular Automata

Urban growth models have been used for decades to forecast urban development in metropolitan areas. Since the 1990s cellular automata, with simple computational rules and an explicitly spatial architecture, have been heavily utilized in this endeavor. One such cellular-automata-based model, SLEUTH, has been successfully applied around the world to better understand and forecast not only urban growth but also other forms of land-use and land-cover change, but like other models must be fed important information about which particular lands in the modeled area are available for development. Some of these lands are in categories for the purpose of excluding urban growth that are difficult to quantify since their function is dictated by policy. One such category includes voluntary differential assessment programs, whereby farmers agree not to develop their lands in exchange for significant tax breaks. Since they are voluntary, today's excluded lands may be available for development at some point in the future....
Time-resolved reconstruction of scene reflectance hidden by a diffuser

We use time-of-flight information in an iterative optimization algorithm to recover reflectance properties of a three-dimensional scene hidden behind a diffuser. We demonstrate reconstruction of wide-field images without relying on diffuser correlation properties.
Mass transfer coefficients for volatilization of polychlorinated biphenyls from the Hudson River, New York measured using micrometeorological approaches

Abstract Air–water exchange is an important process controlling the fate of many organic chemicals in the environment. Modeling this process is hampered by the lack of direct observations. Thus, the purpose of this work was to derive direct measurements of the mass transfer coefficients for air–water exchange (vaw) of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) that may be used to check the validity of values derived from tracer gas experiments. vaw values for PCBs were determined using previously published turbulent fluxes divided by the corresponding dissolved phase concentrations. The median vaw values for each homolog decreased with increasing molecular weight and ranged from 0.29 for hexachlorobiphenyls to 2.2 m d−1 for monochlorobiphenyls with a propagated uncertainty of about 70%, lower than in previous studies. Due to relatively low wind speeds and possible sorption of PCBs to colloids, these numbers may be biased low. These field measurements of vaw differ by as much as a factor of 23 from predictions based on the widely-used Whitman two-film model. Therefore a new formulation for the calculation of vaw based on field measurements is needed. This study demonstrates that micrometeorological approaches are a viable option for the measurement of vaw for hydrophobic organics such as PCBs and should be used to generate enough field data on the air–water exchange of hydrophobic organics to allow the development of new predictive models.
Immunolocalization of estrogen receptor alpha, estrogen receptor beta and androgen receptor in the pre-, peri- and post-pubertal stallion testis

In various species, androgens and estrogens regulate the function of testicular Leydig, Sertoli, peritubular myoid, and germ cells by binding to their respective receptors and eliciting a cellular response. Androgen receptor (AR) is expressed in Sertoli cells, peritubular myoid cells, Leydig cells and perivascular smooth muscle cells in the testis depending on the species, but its presence in germ cells remains controversial. Two different estrogen receptors have been identified, estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ), and their localization and function in testicular cells varies depending on the species, developmental stage of the cell and type of receptor. The localization of AR in an immature and mature stallion has been reported but estrogen receptors have only been reported for the mature stallion. In the present study, the localizations of AR and ERα/ERβ were investigated in pre-pubertal, peri-pubertal and post-pubertal stallions. Testes were collected by routine castration from 21 horses, of light horse breeds (3 months-27 years). Animals were divided into the following age groups: pre-pubertal (3-11 months; n=7), peri-pubertal (12-23 months; n=7) and post-pubertal (2-27 years; n=7). Testicular tissue samples were fixed and embedded, and the presence of AR, ERα and ERβ was investigated by immunohistochemistry (IHC) using procedures previously validated for the horse. Primary antibodies used were rabbit anti-human AR, mouse anti-human ERβ and rabbit anti-mouse ERα. Sections of each region were incubated with normal rabbit serum (NRS; AR and ERα) or mouse IgG (ERβ) instead of primary antibody to generate negative controls. Androgen receptors were localized in Leydig, Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells of all ages. Estrogen receptor alpha was localized in Leydig and germ cells of all ages but only in pre- and peri-pubertal Sertoli cells and post-pubertal peritubular myoid cells. Estrogen receptor beta was localized in Leydig and Sertoli cells of all ages but in only pre-pubertal germ cells and absent in peritubular myoid cells of all ages. Taken together, the data suggest that estrogen regulates steroidogenesis by acting through ERα and ERβ in the Leydig cells and promotes gametogenesis by acting through ERβ in the Sertoli cells and ERα in the germ cells. In contrast androgen receptors are not found in germ cells throughout development and thus are likely to support spermatogenesis by way of a paracrine/autocrine pathway via its receptors in Leydig, Sertoli and peritubular myoid cells.
A note on a multivariate version of rolle's theorem and uniqueness of maximum likelihood roots

This note gives a multivariate version of Rolle's theorem and shows its usefulness in establishing the uniqueness of the root of the maximum likelihood equations, the so-called maximum likelihood equation estimator. The technique is used to prove uniqueness in two situations from the literature where the original proof of uniqueness was in error.
Developmental Shifts in Parent and Peer Influences on Boys' Beliefs About Delinquent Behavior

This paper examines the relative shifts in parent and peer influences on the development of boys' beliefs regarding delinquency from early to middle adolescence. The paper also explores the influence that beliefs about delinquency have on subsequent changes in these social relationships. Structural equation modeling is used to analyze six annual waves of data for 481 boys from the youngest sample of the Pittsburgh Youth Study. Increased parent–adolescent conflict only predicted changes in beliefs about delinquency in early adolescence, while increases in peer delinquency was associated with adopting more tolerant beliefs about delinquent acts from early to middle adolescence. Changes in boys' delinquent peer group association were initially influenced by increased family conflict. However, in middle adolescence increasingly tolerant beliefs about delinquency were related to subsequent increases in delinquent peers. The potential implications for preventing the formation of beliefs favoring delinquency during adolescence are discussed.
A behavioral analysis of incentive prompts for motivating seat belt use

The seat belt usage of drivers was observed at the entrance to two campus parking lots during morning arrival times. After 11 days of baseline, fliers which prompted seat belt wearing were handed to drivers of incoming vehicles. At one parking lot all fliers offered a chance to win a prize (noncontingent rewards); while at the second lot only those fliers given to seat belt wearers included a chance to win a prize (contingent rewards). After 24 consecutive observation days, these interventions were removed for 14 days of withdrawal. The recording of vehicle license plates enabled an analysis of belt usage per individual over repeated exposures to the experimental conditions. At the lot with the contingent reward intervention, mean belt usage was 26.3% during baseline, 45.7% during treatment, and 37.9% during withdrawal. At the noncontingent reward lot, the mean percentage of belt wearing was 22.2% during baseline, 24.1% during treatment, and 21.8% during withdrawal. The analysis of repeated exposures per individual verified that only contingent rewards influenced substantial increases in belt wearing, and showed that most of the influence occurred after the initial incentive prompt.
Dual effect of spermine on mast cell secretion exhibits different calcium and temperature requirements.

Abstract Mast cells release many biologically active molecules upon stimulation by a variety of molecules such as immunoglobulin E (IgE) and specific antigen, anaphylatoxins, as well as a number of cationic compounds which include drugs, kinins and neuropeptides. The effect of the naturally occurring polyamine spermine was studied because, even though it is polycationic, it has been implicated in the modulation of secretory processes in a variety of cells. In particular, it was previously shown that oxidation products of spermine inhibit mast cell secretion. High concentrations of spermine (5×10 −3 M) added at 37°C induced mast cell secretion that had similar characteristics with that triggered by compound 48/80 (48/80). However, spermine inhibited mast cell secretion in a dose-dependent manner as long as it was added at 4–10°C for at least 10 min in the absence of Ca ++ before warming the cells to 37°C and triggering them with 48/80. These findings were true both for purified rat peritoneal mast cells and for rat skin mast cells in situ. Addition of calcium after the cells had been warmed to 37°C could not reverse this inhibition. The inhibition seen when spermine was added at 4°C was, however, overcome if phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) or NaF, which activate PKC and G proteins respectively, were added to mast cells at 37°C together with Ca ++ . These results indicate that polyamines could be important modulators of the activation state of mast cells and might help further define the biochemical events involved in mast cell secretion.
Biotic Enhancement of Weathering Redux

The role of land biota in affecting chemical weathering rates and the carbon cycle is now under active investigation (see Drever, 1994; Cochran and Beruer, this volume). Estimates of the present biotic enhancement of weathering range over at least two orders of magnitude. Laboratory and field studies provide invaluable clues. Another approach has been the inversion of the temperature history of the Earth's surface, a procedure followed for the pre-vascular plant regime of the early Phanerozoic by Berner (1993, 1994). We have attempted the same approach for the Precambrian (Schwartzman and McMenamin, 1993). The possible multifold processes contributing to the biotic enhancement of weathering and its evolution over geologic time are discussed here.
Damage and Management of Meloidogyne hapla Using Oxamyl on Carrot in New York.

The northern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne hapla) is a major pathogen of processing carrot in New York, significantly reducing marketable yield and profitability. Severely infected carrots are stubby, galled and forked and therefore unmarketable. In field microplot trials in 1996 and 1998, the incidence and severity of root-galling increased and the marketable yield of carrot decreased as the initial inoculum density of M. hapla was increased from 0 to 8 eggs/cm3 soil, in mineral or organic soils. The application of oxamyl at planting was effective against M. hapla and its damage to carrots grown in mineral and organic soils. Oxamyl application reduced root-galling severity and increased marketable yield. In commercial fields, the cost-effectiveness of oxamyl application was related to the level of soil infestation with M. hapla.
Parametric database approach integration for handling temporal data in GIS

In large spatial, temporal, and spatio-temporal databases, the concept of dimensions – time and space – is central and their efficient processing has always been a great concern. A Geographic Information System (GIS) is widely known for its efficient and sophisticated handling of the spatial databases; however, integration of the time domain introduces additional complexities. Considerable research is ongoing in this area. Though numerous approaches have already been proposed in the literature to address the time-related challenges in GIS community, such as the development of temporal GIS data models, this study contributes to these ongoing efforts through extensions to the Parametric Data Model. Parametric database approaches (Parametric Data Model) have been developed to handle dimensional data such as space, time, belief, etc. In this study, the time dimension is of specific interest and we propose the integration of parametric approaches to GIS to absorb the temporal burden. The temporal processing of...
Temporal Scale and Qualitative Social Transformation at Chaco Canyon

One of the strengths of the archaeological discipline is our ability to examine social transformations over the course of centuries or millennia. However, we rarely think about the ways in which temporal scale affects our interpretations of these processes. Transformative social changes look different when seen from the perspective of the longue duree, a human lifespan, or a single day. Although they clearly result from human actions, long-term, major social changes cannot be understood simply as additive concatenations of short-term shifts.
Techniques for evaluating selected reproductive disorders of stallions

Numerous techniques may be used for evaluation of the different reproductive disorders of the stallion. Approaches may vary from real-time ultrasonography and biopsy for evaluating testicular tumors to use of special assays for evaluating sperm or plasma for presence of antisperm antibodies. This communication addresses techniques used to evaluate five relatively uncommon, but perplexing, disorders of breeding stallions: (1) seminal vesiculitis, (2) hemospermia associated with idiopathic urethral defects, (3) acrosomal dysfunction, (4) abnormal spermatozoal chromatin, and (5) azoospermia.
Acupuncture's Cardiovascular Actions: A Mechanistic Perspective

Over the last several decades, there has been an explosion of articles on acupuncture, including studies that have begun to explore mechanisms underlying its analgesic and cardiovascular actions. Modulation of cardiovascular function is most effective during manual and low-frequency, low-intensity electroacupuncture (EA) at a select set of acupoints situated along meridians located over deep somatic nerves on the upper and lower extremities. Stimulation at these acupoints activates underlying sensory neural pathways that project to a number of regions in the central nervous system (CNS) that ultimately regulate autonomic outflow and hence cardiovascular function. A long-loop pathway involving the hypothalamus, midbrain, and medulla underlies EA modulation of reflex increases in blood pressure (BP). Actions of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the supraspinal CNS underlie processing of the somatic input and adjustment of autonomic outflow during EA. Acupuncture also decreases elevated blood pressure through actions in the thoracic spinal cord. Reflexes that lower BP likewise are modulated by EA through its actions on sympathetic and parasympathetic nuclei in the medulla. The autonomic influence of acupuncture is slow in onset but prolonged in duration, typically lasting beyond the period of stimulation. Clinical studies suggest that acupuncture can be used to treat cardiac diseases, such as myocardial ischemia and hypertension, associated with overactivity of the sympathetic nervous system.
Psychological Research with Pediatric Conditions: If We Specialize, Can We Generalize?

Considered threats to validity and generalizability of psychological research with pediatric populations and proposed ways to better understand and manage these problems. Variation due to characteristics of acute and chronic conditions (e.g. duration, severity, illness course), settings and referral patterns, family environmental characteristics, as well as investigators' decisions concerning criteria and recruitment limit inferences concerning the impact of pediatric conditions on psychological development and generalizability of findings. These problems call for an expanded use of replication, cross-center, population-based, and theory-driven research. Scientific progress will be made by increasing dialogues and collaboration among researchers concerning generalizability problems and improving research training in epidemiological methods, analysis of large-scale data sets, and meta-analysis.