cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of renal function on treatment options and outcomes in advanced non-small cell lung cancer

Introduction Certain chemotherapeutic agents commonly used for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) require minimum threshold renal function for administration. To determine how such requirements affect treatment options, we evaluated renal function patterns in this population.
Detrusor response to outlet obstruction

Bladder responses to outlet obstruction are thought to involve muscular hyperplasia, increased pressure, and finally, decompensation. While these things probably do occur, the process of bladder response to obstruction also includes loss of reflex control and deposition of collagen.
Military display market segment: aircraft cockpits

The military display market is analyzed in terms of one of its segments, aircraft cockpits. Parameters that require special consideration, such as luminance ranges, light emission / viewing angles, and chromaticity coordinates, are examined.
Hyperfine Structure of Americium-241

Atomic-beam measurements on ${\mathrm{Am}}^{241}$ have confirmed that the nuclear spin is $I=\frac{5}{2}$, and have established that the electronic ground state is characterized by an angular momentum $J=\frac{7}{2}$ and a Land\'e splitting factor ${g}_{J}=\ensuremath{-}1.9371(10)$. In addition, the magnetic-dipole and electric-quadrupole hyperfine-structure coupling constants have been found to be, respectively, $A=\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}17.144(8)$ Mc/sec and $B=\ensuremath{\mp}123.82(10)$ Mc/sec. It is hypothesized that these values arise from a state that is primarily formed from the Hund's rule term $^{8}S$ of the configuration ${(5f)}^{7}{(7s)}^{2}$. However, important contributions to the measured ${g}_{J}$, $A$, and $B$ values are shown to come from the admixture of other terms in the ground state by means of the spin-orbit interaction, and also from the excitation of $s$ electrons in the core to higher $s$ states.
Stable glow discharge for synthesis of carbon nanotubes

The use of a stable glow discharge for the synthesis of carbon nanotubes is reported. Bundles of buckytubes are synthesized with remarkably large diameters (up to 200 μm). The bundles are evenly spaced, parallel, and occupy the entire central region of the deposited rod. High resolution electron microscopy (HREM) images of the deposited rod produced by the glow discharge revealed higher yield and improved quality buckytubes as compared to those produced by an arc discharge. The behavior of the two deposition modes (glow and arc) has been compared and their effects on the formation of buckytubes are discussed.
Potent Inhibition of Grb2 SH2 Domain Binding by Non-Phosphate-Containing Ligands

Development of Grb2 Src homology 2 (SH2) domain binding inhibitors has important implications for treatment of a variety of diseases, including several cancers. In cellular studies, inhibitors of Grb2 SH2 domain binding have to date been large, highly charged peptides which relied on special transport devices for cell membrane penetration. Work presented in the current study examines a variety of pTyr mimetics in the context of a high-affinity Grb2 binding platform. Among the analogues studied are new non-phosphorus-containing pTyr mimetics 23a and 23b which, when incorporated into tripeptide structures 18f and 20f, are able to inhibit Grb2 SH2 domain binding with affinities among the best yet reported for non-phosphorus-containing SH2 domain inhibitors (IC50 values of 6.7 and 1.3 μM, respectively). The present study has also demonstrated the usefulness of the Nα-oxalyl group as an auxiliary which enhances the binding potency of both phosphorus- and non-phosphorus-containing pTyr mimetics. When combined w...
A Critique of the Possibility of Genetic Inheritance of Homosexual Orientation

Many workers in human sexuality have tried to discover causes of sexual orientation. No one theory has proved to be satisfactory. Studies of monozygotic and dizygotic twins, some of whom have been reared separately and some together, suggest that there may be an inherited component of homosexuality. Other studies, particularly those concerned with the evolution of human sexuality, question such a possibility. A further question arises because a large part of the human population is neither exclusively homosexual nor exclusively heterosexual. This paper will examine the evidence for genetic inheritance presented by twin and family studies. It will explore ways in which a gene favoring a homosexual orientation but not reproduction could continue to exist in a population. The importance of defining terms that refer to sexual orientation will be discussed in the context of determining exactly what may be inherited. Finally, the effects of accepting genetic inheritance as the cause of sexual orientation will be discussed.
Unusual structures of Sporothrix schenckii

A series of environmental and clinical isolates of Sporothrix schenckii being studied in our laboratories under standard conditions of temperature, humidity and media, displayed, in some of the isolates, large dematiaceous hyphae. The large hyphae could be seen to produce the fine hyphae associated with S. schenckii on which typical microconidia developed. Typical microconidia also developed occasionally on the large hyphae, and strands of the unusually large hyphae also were seen to form arthroconidia. Some strains formed large, thin-walled cells on thin and/or thick hyphae resembling the ‘balloon cells’ seen in mature colonies of Trichophyton tonsurans.
Switching classes of directed graphs and H -equivalent matrices

Abstract In this paper, we define and study the switching classes of directed graphs. The definition is a generalization of both Van Lint and Seidel's switching classes of graphs and Cameron's switching classes of tournaments. We actually do it in a general way so that Well's signed switching classes of graphs are special cases. As an application, we obtain a formula for the number of H -equivalence classes of matrices of fixed size whose entries are chosen from {1, −1, 2, −2,…, k , − k }.
An historical perspective on forest succession and its relevance to ecosystem restoration and conservation practice in North America

Eugene Odum’s 1969 paper, The Strategy of Ecosystem Development, marks a watershed moment in approaches to the study of succession, ecosystem change caused by discrete disturbances. He argued that succession is unique from other kinds of change with regard to mechanisms (modification of the physical environment by the community), trajectory (orderly, directional and predictable), and endpoint (a stable climax ecosystem in which “maximum biomass and symbiotic function between organisms are maintained per unit energy flow”). Odum also argued that understanding successional change was central to the management of a great variety of environmental challenges. Given the important role of disturbance in these ecosystems, this is particularly true for management aimed at restoration and conservation of forests. Although there was considerable debate among ecologists regarding successional mechanisms, trajectories and endpoints in the decades preceding his exegesis, the views outlined by Odum generally prevailed. These significantly influenced answers to three central restoration and conservation questions during that era. (1) What should we restore and conserve? Climax ecosystems. (2) How should boundaries be set for restoration and conservation areas? This was not an important matter. (3) How should restoration and conservation be accomplished? Because succession would inexorably lead to the ultimate climax goal, forest ecosystems should be protected from disturbance. Over the past five decades, virtually every aspect of succession theory as presented by Odum (1969) has come into question. We now understand that there is no single unique or unifying mechanism for successional change, that successional trajectories are highly varied and rarely deterministic, and that succession has no specific endpoint. Answers to the three restoration and conservation questions have changed accordingly. (1) Restoration and conservation goals should include the full range of variation in species diversity and composition associated with disturbance and the succession that proceeds from it. (2) Pattern, scale and context influence patterns of both disturbance and succession, and preserve design really does matter. (3) Restoration and conservation practice must be tailored to the unique mechanisms and post-disturbance ecological legacies that determine the trajectory and tempo of successional change in each particular ecosystem. The search for a grand unified theory of succession apart from other kinds of ecosystem change is futile. Nevertheless, the change caused by discrete disturbances remains an important matter for concern for restoration and conservation practitioners.
Interpretation of Hexose-dependent Electrical Potential Differences in Small Intestine

ACTIVELY transported sugars added to the solution bathing the mucosal surface of the small intestine produce an increase in the electrical potential difference (p.d.) and short-circuit current (Isc) across the tissue1–4. Schultz and Zalusky1 have shown that the increase in the Isc (ΔIsc) across rabbit ileum is a function of both sugar and sodium concentrations in the bathing solution. When sodium was replaced with potassium, the maximum ΔIsc caused by addition of sugars was a linear function of sodium concentration. Recently, Barry et al.5 reported that the increase in the p.d. (Δp.d.) following addition of galactose to the mucosal bathing solution of everted sacs of rat mid-intestine is independent of sodium concentration when mannitol is used to replace sodium chloride, but is approximately a linear function of sodium concentration when potassium is used to replace sodium. They have concluded that the “galactose dependent potential is unaffected by sodium concentration but is reduced by increasing potassium concentration”. Lyon and Crane6 have reported that, in rat jejunum, the maximum Δp.d. resulting from addition of actively transported sugars is independent of sodium concentration when tris [2-amino-2(hydroxymethyl)-1,3-propanediol] is used to replace sodium, but decreases when potassium is used as replacement ion.
Evaluation of potential use of nootkatone against maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [S. oryzae (L.)](Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Abstract Nootkatone is a natural sesquiterpene ketone that shows insecticidal activity against insects and ticks. Its contact toxicity and repellency against two major stored-product insect pests, maize weevil ( Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky) and rice weevil [ Sitophilus oryzae (L.)], were investigated in the current study. Contact toxicity was evaluated using a no-choice test with treated filter paper, while repellency was evaluated using a choice test with treated corn (for maize weevils) or wheat (for rice weevils). Nootkatone showed low contact toxicity (ranging from 0 to 51%) against the two weevil species at the tested concentrations (ranging from 11.58 μg/cm 2 to 1158.08 μg/cm 2 ) on filter papers. In choice tests, corn treated with 0.10% or higher and wheat treated with 0.5% nootkatone or higher had significantly fewer maize or rice weevils compared with the solvent only treated control, indicating a repellent effect. The repellency percentage ranged between 46.3 and 93.1% against maize weevils and 39.2–67.2% for rice weevils.
Modeling of lossy multiregion substrates in microelectronic circuits using time‐domain surface integral equations

In this work, the electromagnetic modeling of multiregion, finite-sized lossy substrates in microelectronic circuits is carried out utilizing time-domain surface integral equations. To reduce the additional computational complexity in the implementation caused by the decaying “wake” of the Green's function in lossy media, the resulting temporal convolution is addressed by the creation and use of an a priori exponential fitting table for discrete distances through Prony's method. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 47: 68–73, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21084
Charge Transport in Ferrocene-Containing Polyacrylamide-Based Redox Gels

The charge transport properties of the redox gels formed from the copolymerization of vinylferrocene (VF) with acrylamide and N,N‘-methylenebisacrylamide (PVAB gels) are described. The apparent electron diffusion coefficients (Dap) measured by cyclic voltammetry and chronocoulometry exhibit an upward bowlike curvature vs immobilized VF concentration ([VF]imm) within the range 0.1−1.60 mM in 0.10 M supporting electrolyte (NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4, NaClO4, or NaNO3). The range of measured Dap values [(0.6−6.0) × 10-7 cm2 s-1] can be interpreted in terms of the mean-field model developed by Blauch and Saveant (Blauch, D. N.; Saveant, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 3323). The large Dap values are attributed to the large λ (range of molecular motion permitted to the ferrocene residues) and large kex (bimolecular electron self-exchange rate constant of the ferrocenes in the PVAB gels). It was further observed that Dap decreases on increasing the electrolyte (NaClO4 or NaNO3) concentration from 0.10 to 0.50 M, especi...
Desmin myopathy involving cardiac, skeletal, and vascular smooth muscle: Report of a case with immunoelectron microscopy

Desmin myopathy is a rare idiopathic disorder characterized by abnormal aggregates of desmin-type intermediate filaments, which affects cardiac and skeletal muscle, and rarely the intestinal smooth muscle. We report a 42-year-old woman with atrial fibrillation and progressive restrictive cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular biopsy, cardiac explant, and subsequent autopsy study of skeletal muscle revealed cytoplasmic granulo-filamentous inclusions that were continuous with Z-lines and were immunoreactive for desmin filaments both at the light immunohistochemical and electron microscopic level. In addition, we report the presence of characteristic inclusions within the smooth muscle of intramural coronary blood vessels. This is the first description of desmin inclusions within vascular smooth muscle, and underscores the systemic nature of this rare myopathy.
Spectral changes of stochastic beams scattered on a deterministic medium

It is well known that scattering of a polychromatic plane wave by a random medium, i.e., by a medium whose refractive index varies randomly with position, may produce frequency shifts of spectral lines. It has been a common perception that a random medium is required for generation of such spectral shifts by scattering. In this Letter we show that such a phenomenon occurs even when the refractive index of the medium is a deterministic function of position. We also show that this phenomenon may be used to obtain information about the structure of a deterministic medium.
Geochronology and paleoenvironment of pluvial Harper Lake, Mojave Desert, California, USA

Accurate reconstruction of the paleo-Mojave River and pluvial lake (Harper, Manix, Cronese, and Mojave) system of southern California is critical to understanding paleoclimate and the North American polar jet stream position over the last 500 ka. Previous studies inferred a polar jet stream south of 35°N at 18 ka and at ~ 40°N at 17–14 ka. Highstand sediments of Harper Lake, the upstream-most pluvial lake along the Mojave River, have yielded uncalibrated radiocarbon ages ranging from 24,000 to > 30,000 14C yr BP. Based on geologic mapping, radiocarbon and optically stimulated luminescence dating, we infer a ~ 45–40 ka age for the Harper Lake highstand sediments. Combining the Harper Lake highstand with other Great Basin pluvial lake/spring and marine climate records, we infer that the North American polar jet stream was south of 35°N about 45–40 ka, but shifted to 40°N by ~ 35 ka. Ostracodes (Limnocythere ceriotuberosa) from Harper Lake highstand sediments are consistent with an alkaline lake environment that received seasonal inflow from the Mojave River, thus confirming the lake was fed by the Mojave River. The ~ 45–40 ka highstand at Harper Lake coincides with a shallowing interval at downstream Lake Manix.
Erratum to “Determining the Electronic Properties of Individual Nanointerfaces by Combining Intermittent AFM Imaging and Contact Spectroscopy” [Nov 10 741-744]

In the above titled paper (ibid., vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 741-744, Nov. 10), an incorrect version of Fig. 1 was reflected. The correct version of Fig. 1 is presented here.
38 Modelling SO2 emissions from fluidized bed coal combustors

Abstract An analytical model is presented for the calculation of sulfur emissions and sulfur retention by sorbent stones in fluidized bed coal combustors as a function of the molar calcium to sulfur feed ratio. The model is based on an approximate rate expression for each sorbent particle and the two phase theory of fluidization. It is shown that the sulfur retention is not dependent on the amount of excess air used or the sulfur content of the coal, as long as the gas residence time and the calcium to sulfur ratio are fixed. Furthermore, there exists a maximum value of sulfur retention that is attained at high values of the calcium to sulfur ratio and depends directly on the stone reactivity. It is also shown that the ppm SO 2 emissions are proportional to the sulfur content of the coal and inversely dependent on the excess air used. Comparisons of model predictions with experimental data are quite satisfactory.
Brain laterality: differences in cognitive style or motor function?

Two studies were completed to evaluate the role of motor function in the observable brain laterality of normal, familial, dextral males. A right-brain advantage was demonstrated on a figure-matching task and on a sequential-spatial task when subjects responded with a manual key press. A left-brain advantage for the same two tasks was demonstrated when subjects responded by compressing a microswitch embedded in a mouthpiece. The data suggest that both hemispheres of the brain may be capable of processing visuospatial stimuli but do not share the same facility for effecting appropriate motor responses. The results were discussed in terms of lateralized cognitive styles in brain and lateralized control of effector systems. Language: en
Investigation of Hydrogen Transport Related Fracture in Stainless Steels

Stress-assisted hydrogen diffusion analysis was performed on arc-shaped tension specimen (C-specimen) fabricated from Type 21-6-9 stainless steel. Two-dimensional finite element method was applied for the determination of elastic-plastic crack front stress fields, which was later coupled with hydrogen diffusion analyses. The extension of Fick's rule was used as the governing equation for the diffusion analysis. The distributions of hydrogen concentration were compared under various Internal Hydrogen Embrittlement (IHE) and Hydrogen Environment Embrittlement (HEE) conditions. Without any external hydrogen pressure in IHE conditions, the increment of hydrogen concentration driven by the gradient of hydrostatic stress was offset by the out-gasing driven by gradient of hydrogen concentration at the crack front region. As the hydrogen pressure increases, the hydrogen concentration at the crack front region becomes dominant and show peak value around the crack tip. Compared with the results of IHE cases, the hydrogen concentrations in HEE conditions could reach the level of steady state in a relatively short time which is attributed to the high solubility and diffusivity of the material at high temperature.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Oak seedling growth and ectomycorrhizal colonization are less in eastern hemlock stands infested with hemlock woolly adelgid than in adjacent oak stands

Invasive, non-indigenous, phytophagous insects have caused widespread declines in several dominant tree species. The decline in dominant tree species may lead to cascading effects on other tree and microbial species and their interactions, affecting forest recovery following the decline. In the eastern USA, eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr) is declining because of infestation by the hemlock woolly adelgid (HWA; Adelges tsugae Annand). Northern red oak (Quercus rubra L.) is a common replacement species in declining hemlock stands, but reduced mycorrhizal inoculum potential in infested hemlock stands may cause oak to grow more slowly compared with oak in oak stands. We grew red oak seedlings for one growing season in declining hemlock-dominated stands infested with HWA and in adjacent oak-dominated stands. Ectomycorrhizal root tip density and morphotype richness in soil cores were 63 and 27% less, respectively, in declining hemlock stands than in oak stands. Similarly, ectomycorrhizal percent colonization and morphotype richness on oak seedlings were 33 and 30% less, respectively, in declining hemlock stands than in oak stands. In addition, oak seedlings in declining hemlock stands had 29% less dry mass than oak seedlings in oak stands. Analysis of covariance indicated that morphotype richness could account for differences in oak seedling dry mass between declining hemlock stands and oak stands. Additionally, oak seedling dry mass in declining hemlock stands significantly decreased with decreasing ectomycorrhizal percent colonization and morphotype richness. These results suggest that oak seedling growth in declining hemlock stands is affected by reduced ectomycorrhizal inoculum potential. Further, the rate of forest recovery following hemlock decline associated with HWA infestation may be slowed by indirect effects of HWA on the growth of replacement species, through effects on ectomycorrhizal colonization and morphotype richness.
Constructing meaning from the experience of cancer

Objectives: To describe how people with cancer create new sources of meaning at significant times in the illness trajectory. Data sources: Nursing research, including that of the author; documented observations and theories of psychiatrists and psychologists. Conclusion: There are turning points within the cancer trajectory when choices made by persons with cancer and their families may have far reaching consequences in terms of new goals to pursue and new sources of meaning to create. Implications for nursing practice Oncology nurses can assist by carefully listening to what is important to patients, assisting to clarify values when necessary, and encouraging patients to seek connections with similar others that facilitate finding meaning and healing.
Identification of source terms in 2-D IHCP

Abstract We introduce a stable numerical space marching scheme based on discrete mollification—implemented as an automatic adaptive filter—for the approximate identification of temperature, temperature gradient, and source terms in the two-dimensional inverse heat conduction problem (IHCP). The stability and error analysis of the algorithm, together with some numerical examples, are provided.
Vehicle environment interactions: An overview

The advent of Space Shuttle Orbital operations utilizing science and technology payloads has led to a renewal of interest of vehicle-environmental interactions in low earth orbit. The first science payload on STS-3 showed an interaction on the surface of the Orbiter which, although it had been detected earlier on unmanned spacecraft, quickened interest in the possible impact of this phenomena on future missions. Subsequent flights have yielded data on a wide variety of interaction phenomena resulting from the large size of the Orbiter and its outgassing characteristics. These drivers have given rise to modifications in the neutral gas and plasma environments of the Space Shuttle Orbiter. The physics of the interactions result in the generation of disturbed wave fields, optical emissions and particle distributions in the vicinity of the Orbiter. In this overview, the present observations, suggested interpretations and open questions will be addressed.
State Estimation over a Semi-Markov Model Based Cognitive Radio System

Cognitive radio is a very popular research area in the communication community as cost and bandwidth can be saved by sensing the available licensed spectrum for unlicensed users. This paves the way for the application of cognitive radio in control systems over wireless communication links. A typical control system comprises a sensor interconnected with an actuator, a plant and controller. In this paper, it is assumed that the sensor and estimator communicate through a cognitive radio link. The state estimator needs to adjust to this new communication media as it is affected by interruptions from primary users, resulting in packet losses. The cognitive radio link is modeled as multiple semi-Markov processes each of which can capture the channel dynamics. Two different cases are considered. The first case assumes that acknowledgement of packet arrivals is available at the estimator while the second case does not. For the first case, sufficient conditions are derived for the stability of the peak covariance process which guarantees the stability of the estimator covariance. For the second case, an estimator is designed. Numerical examples are given to show the performance of the proposed estimators. Several applications of the proposed work are also discussed.
Foundational issues in information ethics

Purpose – Information ethics, as is well known, has emerged as an independent area of ethical and philosophical inquiry. There are a number of academic journals that are devoted entirely to the numerous ethical issues that arise in connection with the new information communication technologies; these issues include a host of intellectual property, information privacy, and security issues of concern to librarians and other information professionals. In addition, there are a number of major international conferences devoted to information ethics every year. It would hardly be overstating the matter to say that information ethics is as “hot” an area of theoretical inquiry as medical ethics. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview on these and related issues.Design/methodology/approach – The paper presents a review of relevant information ethics literature together with the author's assessment of the arguments.Findings – There are issues that are more abstract and basic than the substantive issues...
Prenatal exposure to opiates

Opiate use has been described for thousands of years. In this century, clinical features of the “neonatal abstinence syndrome” have been amply documented in the medical literature. Indeed, the abuse of “recreational” drugs continues at an alarming rate and results in a high number of adverse maternal-fetal outcomes even as we near the end of the twentieth century. These consequences persist despite the myriad of medical advances that have resulted in the lowest perinatal mortality on record. The effects of opiate exposure on the developing fetus have been extensively described in the literature on animal research, in which neurodevelopmental and behavioral abnormalities have been linked to brain region-specific cellular and molecular findings. The human clinical literature clearly defines the symptoms, timing, and frequency of opiate withdrawal in infants exposed prenatally and documents treatment of withdrawal, which is dependent on the severity of symptoms. A panoply of similarities exist. The adverse complications of maternal opiate addiction during the human prenatal and postnatal period are most significant for the fetus and infant, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Other consequences include stillbirth, premature birth, low birth weight, small head circumference at birth and during childhood, poor postnatal somatic growth, transient hypertonia, maladaptive responses to physiologic stresses of hypoxia and hypercarbia, and an increased rate of sudden infant death syndrome, as well as a variety of neurodevelopmental and cognitive delays. Although the factors relating to socioeconomic status, nutrition, and multisubstance abuse add to the challenges of acquiring reliable data, a vast amount of animal and human data suggest that opioids play a critical role in developmental processes that affect the vulnerability and plasticity of the immature brain. In addition, affected infants and children are subject to significant emotional, social, and environmental instability throughout their lives. This must certainly contribute to their neurobehavioral dysfunction. Regardless of these findings, opiates do not appear to have a specific teratogenic effect. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Complexity-efficient time interpolator for channel estimation in OFDM systems

Complexity-efficient time interpolation for pilot-symbol-assisted channel estimation in OFDM systems is presented. The method exploits a `fraction l +1+-step linear prediction, which leads to no need of symbol data buffers required in a conventional method to match an estimate of channel with the corresponding symbol data due to the difference of their process latencies. The simulation demonstrates a performance comparable to or better than that of the conventional method.
Self-perception and the career aspirations of mathematically talented female adolescents

Abstract The role of self-perceptions of career-relevant abilities in understanding the career aspirations of mathematically talented adolescent females is studied. Female high school sophomores rated themselves on the 12 self-estimates of ability in Holland's Self-Directed Search. Based on her ideal career aspiration, each student was assigned to one of six career-aspiration groups. The results of the multiple discriminant function analysis indicated that nontraditional math career aspirants could be discriminated from the remaining five career-aspiration groups on the basis of seven self-estimates of ability. Further discriminations were less distinct although classification accuracy for all six career groups surpassed that expected by chance alone.
Electrical structure of noctilucent cloud and polar mesosphere summer echo regions

Abstract A number of recent coordinated rocket and ground-based investigations have concentrated on the cold summer mesopause region where the occurrence of noctilucent clouds (NLCs) and polar mesosphere summer echoes (PMSEs) provides excellent examples of layering processes observable over both relatively small and large altitude scales. This paper provides an overview of our recently flown instrumentation and the resulting measurements of mesospheric electrical structure during observed NLC/PMSE conditions. We begin with a brief description of our different probe techniques used to characterize this region's electrical structure, specifically, its polar components of conductivity, the mobilities and concentrations of different positively charged species, and the relative concentration of electron density, including its large- and small-scale vertical structure. Evidence for an electron “bite-out” at NLC/PMSE altitudes exists in our measurements of negative electrical conductivity and the Langmuir probe current data for collected electrons. A very challenging problem has been the detection of charged particles or aerosols, which we have addressed by using different probe geometries and charge collection schemes. Blunt probes operating under ram-flow conditions have measured current fluctuations suggestive of impacting aerosols/dust in both negatively and positively charged forms. Also, swept-voltage Gerdien condensers with stabilized flow geometries have identified very small mobility values that are believed to indicate the presence of sub-visible positive charged particles. The number densities of these species are particularly pronounced in the NLC/PMSE regions.
The Case for the Self-Contained Classroom

chools group children in a variety of ways. From a vertical perspective, children may be assigned to family groups (e.g., kindergarten plus grade one), whose antecedent was the "combination class." (Some types of non-grade programs are organized in this manner.) Schools can also be organized along the lines of the wellknown Joplin Plan, by which children at particular reading levels go to designated reading classes regardless of their age and grade level. Most frequently, this procedure is used in grades four and above. Finally, schools can be structured according to the traditional age-grade grouping by which five-year-olds are usually in kindergarten, six-year-olds in grade one, etc. Retention makes the age range in a grade greater than one might initially assume. From a horizontal perspective, school-wide grouping can be considered from at least two focal points. One is the characteristics of the children, and the other is the structure of the teaching assignments. In the former situation, there are separate classes or pull-out programs for diverse groups such as gifted/talented and educable mentally handicapped as well as homogeneous classrooms designated (by some code) as high, average, or low. The opposite of these organizational placements is random assignment, in which classes are assumed to be heterogeneous (mixed) rather than homogeneous (alike) according to some academic or intellectual criterion. An administrative variation of both alternatives is stratified heterogeneous grouping, a practice in which a principal will assign, for example, two or three reading levels to a teacher in such a manner that each member of the faculty has a relatively high, average, and low reading group. Each child is likely to be provided appropriate materials and to receive more instructional time than is the case when a wide range of differences exists (children
Catecholamine production in tissue cultures of human adrenal medullary tumors and of adrenal medulla.

SummaryHuman adrenal medullary tumors and adrenal medulla produced catecholamines in tissue culture for at least 40 days.
Flow over mountains: Coriolis force, transient troughs and three dimensionality

Some issues, concerning uniform, stratified flow over a three-dimensional mountain, that have not been fully explored are studied using primitive-equation models. When the Froude number (Fr) is small (e.g. Fr < 0.5), we find that the Coriolis force cannot be neglected for flow over small-scale mountains (characteristic length L < 50 km) even though the Rossby number (Ro) is large. When the Coriolis force is neglected, a pair of symmetric vortices is induced on the lee side, irrespective of the scale of the mountain, as long as Fr lies roughly between 0.1 and 0.5. The major effect of the Coriolis force is to modify or diminish the lee vortices due to the leftward deflection on the upstream side of the mountain. The Coriolis deflection also reduces the upstream propagation. When Fr is ≥ 1, most of the flow goes over the mountain and the Coriolis effect is small for the same Ro. Therefore, the importance of the Coriolis effect is determined by both Ro and Fr. As the scale of the mountain increases from small-scale to mesoscale (100 km < L < 300 km), the upstream flow is deflected more to the left by the Coriolis effect, and a trough develops on the lee side. The length-scale of the trough depends on the scale of the mountain in the along-flow direction. For smaller-scale mountains, small vortices can be generated within the lee-side trough when Fr is small. When the mountain scale is increased, the lee-side vortices disappear, and only a lee-side trough remains. Depending on the mean wind speed and the mountain scale, the lee-side trough can be advected by the anticyclonic flow over the mountain to the south, and remain attached to the mountain for a long time. A train of troughs is generated on the lee side of an elliptic mountain associated with the lee-side gravity waves. Simulations of flows over mountains in two-dimensional and three-dimensional models with the same cross-sectional profile are compared. For small-scale mountains (L < 100km), the two-dimensional model overestimates the amount of airflow over the mountain and also the lee-side downslope wind.
Lung cancer treated on the basis of cytologic findings: An analysis of 112 patients

The authors studied 112 patients who received definitive radiotherapy/chemotherapy solely on the basis of positive cytologic findings in the appropriate clinical context. Eighty patients (71.4%) were treated on the basis of one or more positive sputum studies, while the remainder had at least one positive bronchial cytologic preparation. Eighty-six patients (76.3%) received radiotherapy alone; 19 received both radiotherapy and chemotherapy; only 7 were exclusively given chemotherapy. The utilization of stringent verification criteria revealed that none of our patients was falsely positive for malignancy. For those patients categorized as having malignant disease by verification criteria I-IV, there were no significant disparities between histologic and cytologic diagnoses. This study demonstrated, in a systematic fashion, that patients can be reliably and definitively treated for lung cancer on the basis of positive respiratory cytology findings without tissue corroboration.
The use of alternative medicine for the treatment of insomnia in the elderly

Insomnia is a frequent problem among the elderly, for which patients often self-medicate. The use of alternative medicine by individuals worldwide, including the elderly, is increasing and insomnia is a common reason for its use. Conventional treatments do not benefit all, and there is uncertainty about the effects of their long-term use. Many alternative therapies have been considered for the treatment of sleep disorders in published medical reports. These consist of pharmacological therapies, including melatonin, valerian, lavender, hops, kava, Chinese and Japanese herbal compounds, pyridoxine, St John's wort and German chamomile, and non-pharmacological therapies, including massage, acupuncture, music therapy, tai chi, magnetism and white noise. Comparison of these treatments, either with each other or with conventional therapies, is difficult because many studies inadequately define insomnia, have few subjects or lack randomization or controls. Many have not been tested specifically on elderly subjects. As a result of the problems in the trials of these treatments, drawing a definitive conclusion about the effectiveness of these therapies is difficult. Melatonin appears to be the most promising. It has been shown to produce some limited benefit by studies to date, although it has not been investigated in enough appropriate subjects to definitively conclude that there is a benefit at a sufficiently low risk. A promising role for melatonin might be in the treatment of elderly people with sleep-phase disorders. Other pharmacological treatments with potential await well-designed studies on the elderly. There are many non-pharmacological therapies that offer the potential advantages of a low side-effect profile, but the investigations of these have been even less rigorous.
MRI and navicular disease - on the brink of success or another false dawn?

THE enigma of foot lameness in the horse has puzzled veterinary surgeons since the dawn of the profession. Navicular disease emerged as a recognised disease back in the mid-19th century, but understanding of the precise pathophysiology has proved elusive. There have been many false dawns. The description of the thrombosis theory as a unifying explanation for lameness and ‘navicular changes’ as seen on radiographs was one such example (Colles 1982). Another was the discovery that intra-articular analgesia of the coffin (distal interphalangeal) joint abolished lameness in a large proportion of horses with foot lameness (Dyson 1991). Surely, this was the problem – it was osteoarthritis of the coffin joint all along. However, first, a poor response to medication was documented (Dyson 1991). This was followed by clinical evidence that horses with lameness localised to the navicular bursa by local analgesia also responded in approximately 90 per cent of cases to intra-articular analgesia of the coffin joint (Dyson and Kidd 1993). Then there was the discovery that intra-articular analgesia of the coffin joint consistently resulted in analgesia of the heel of the foot, and further, if a large volume of local anaesthetic was used, this would result in analgesia of the whole of the sole (Schumacher and others 2006). Finally, experimental evidence confirmed unequivocally that amphotericin-induced synovitis of the navicular bursa could be alleviated by intra-articular analgesia of the coffin joint (Pleasant and others 1997). In 1998, Wright and others described core lesions of the deep digital flexor tendon, and fibrillation of …
Ionic Conductivity of Yttrium Fluoride and Lutetium Fluoride

At the transitions from the low-temperature orthorhombic forms of lutetium fluoride and yttrium fluoride to the high-temperature hexagonal forms, there are increases of several orders of magnitude in the ionic conductivities. In the high-temperature phases the conductivities are comparable to those of typical ionic melts. These fluoride compounds are therefore solid electrolytes.
Community attitudes toward a proposed nuclear power generating facility as a function of expected outcomes

This study examined the relationship between attitudes toward a proposed nuclear power generating facility and the outcomes expected to accompany it. In a survey of 350 residents of a small rural community, approximately 2/3 expressed favorable attitudes toward the proposed nuclear plant. A principal components factor analysis of the anticipated likelihoods of outcomes of the plant revealed five factors: hazards, economic growth, lower costs, social disruption, and community visibility. Using these factors as predictors, a simple multiple regression equation accounted for 52% of the variation in attitudes toward the plant. The strongest predictor was the perceived likelihood of hazards. These findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between attitudes and expectations, and in relation to decisions regarding public policy.
Amphetamine and Methamphetamine During the 1990s

A 1981 review of toxicity and illicit use of amphetamine noted that governmental actions had diminished the diversion of pharmaceutical amphetamine and methamphetamine. Much of the illicit market prior to 1972 had been supplied by diversion of legitimately manufactured material, chiefly through careless (or even criminal) wholesaling. Following the reduced availability of diverted amphetamine, a number of events transpired. A market of fake "look-alike" products evolved. These were produced in formulations that resembled popular amphetamine products and that contained available over-the-counter stimulants, such as ephedrine and caffeine. Between 1980 and 1982, a very popular "triple product" appeared that contained caffeine, ephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine. The look-alike problem was diminished by a series of actions taken by the federal Food and Drug Administration in 1984 that outlawed the legal marketing of any such combinations. Illicit synthesis and marketing of methamphetamine continues. Although distribution remains limited chiefly to southern California, it has clinical importance. While a volatile version of methamphetamine ("ice") has received wide exposure in the American media, its true clinical impact apparently remains limited. Definitions and Terminology Amphetamine refers to a unique chemical, for which there are a number of precise terms: methylphenethylamine, phenylisopropylamine, and 2-amino-1-phenylopropane. Use of the term "amphetamines" is careless; there is no basis for using the plural term.
Biological Mechanism for the Toxicity of Haloacetic Acid Drinking Water Disinfection Byproducts

The halogenated acetic acids are a major class of drinking water disinfection byproducts (DBPs) with five haloacetic acids regulated by the U.S. EPA. These agents are cytotoxic, genotoxic, mutagenic, and teratogenic. The decreasing toxicity rank order of the monohalogenated acetic acids (monoHAAs) is iodo- > bromo- >> chloroacetic acid. We present data that the monoHAAs inhibit glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) activity in a concentration-dependent manner with the same rank order as above. The rate of inhibition of GAPDH and the toxic potency of the monoHAAs are highly correlated with their alkylating potential and the propensity of the halogen leaving group. This strong association between GAPDH inhibition and the monoHAA toxic potency supports a comprehensive mechanism for the adverse biological effects by this widely occurring class of regulated DBPs.
The genetics of phytochrome signalling in Arabidopsis.

The application of Arabidopsis genetics to research into the responses of plants to light has enabled rapid recent advances in this field. The plant photoreceptor phytochrome mediates well-defined responses that can be exploited to provide elegant and specific genetic screens. By this means, not only have mutants affecting the phytochromes themselves been isolated, but also mutants affecting the transduction of phytochrome signals. The genes involved in these processes have now begun to be characterized by using this genetic approach to isolate signal transduction components. Most of the components characterized so far are capable of being translocated to the cell nucleus, and they may help to define a new system of regulation of gene expression. This review summarises the ongoing contribution made by genetics to our understanding of light perception and signal transduction by the phytochrome system.
Evaluation of the elastic T -stress in surface-cracked plates using the line-spring method

The elastic T-stress has been found to be an important parameter in characterizing the very near tip elastic-plastic stress state under 2-D plane strain conditions (Larsson and Carlsson [1]; Bilby et al. [2]; Betegon and Hancock [3]; etc.). Several computational methods have been developed to evaluate the T-stress (Larsson and Carlsson [1]; Kfouri [4]; Sham [5]). However, none of these methods can be readily adapted to calculate the elastic T-stress in a surface-cracked plate (SCP), which is essentially 3-D in nature. In this paper, the line-spring method, which has proven effective in computing the stress intensity factor of SCPs, is used to evaluate the elastic T-stress along the crack front. SCPs with same length and width, but different crack geometries, from low aspect ratio (a/c=0.24) to high aspect ratio (a/c=0.70), under both remote tension and bending, are studied using the line-spring method. Detailed, three-dimensional continuum finite element (FE) solutions of some ‘extreme’ cases, in terms of both aspect ratio and crack depth, under either remote tension or bending, are compared with the line-spring solutions. The line-spring solutions are in excellent agreement with the 3-D elastic FE solutions, but use 2 to 3 orders of magnitude less computational time and considerably less preparation and post-processing efforts. A concluding example demonstrates the utility of the T-stress in more accurately describing the crack front elastic-plastic field in a SCP at load levels up to moderate scale yielding.
A Response-cost procedure for reduction of impulsive behavior of academically handicapped children

To test the hypothesis that impulsive problem-solving behavior may be due to a child's low concern about response accuracy on the Matching Familiar Figures Test, a procedure was devised which involved punishment of incorrect responses by withdrawal of tokens given before each trial. This Response-cost procedure and the Standard procedure were given in counterbalanced sequence to two groups of 15 children with a mean chronological age of 13.9 and a mean IQ of 71 who were attending special classes because of academic difficulty. Subjects showed significantly longer latency to first response under the Response-cost procedure and also made significantly fewer errors under this procedure when it was the second one administered. When the Response-cost procedure was given first, the subjects tended to carry over their relatively low error rates to the subsequent trials under the standard procedure.
Distribution of 2, 4-D and picloram applied by a mist blower

In this paper we report the distribution of two herbicides in a test grid and an evaluation of three methods for estimating the total amount of herbicide deposited in the sampling area after a mist blower application.