cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Determinism in the Interlocking World City Network

Taylor's interlocking specification of the world city network has offered researchers a theoretically informed way to measure the world city network using readily available firm location data. However, the number and size of firms that are viewed as linking cities to one another impose a form of structural determinism on the world city network. Specifically, when a relatively small number of firms is used to define a network among a relatively large set of cities, or when only larger firms are used, this approach is unable to reveal a wide range of structures features that may actually be present in the world city network it is intended to measure. Through a series of examples, I demonstrate how specific features of firm location data predetermine the structure, number and size of cliques, and density of world city networks derived using the interlocking approach. Concluding comments discuss the implications of this structural determinism by focusing on the case of the commonly used Globalization and World Cities data set 11, offer some suggestions concerning how the interlocking approach can be employed while avoiding structural determinism, and identify some alternative approaches to mapping the world city network. El modelo interconexion cerrada (interlocking) de la red mundial de ciudades (world city network) desarrollado por Taylor (2001) ha proporcionado a los investigadores un marco teorico para medir dicha red con datos facilmente disponibles acerca de la localizacion de empresas. Sin embargo, el numero y tamano de las empresas que son consideradas como ‘vinculadoras’ (de ciudades) imponen una forma de determinismo estructural sobre la red. En concreto, cuando un numero relativamente pequeno de firmas es utilizado para definir la red entre un conjunto relativamente grande de ciudades, o, cuando solo se utilizan las empresas mas grandes, este enfoque (interlocking) no es capaz de identificar o medir una amplia gama de caracteristicas estructurales presentes potencialmente en la red de ciudades mundiales. A traves de una serie de ejemplos, el autor demuestra como varias caracteristicas especificas de los datos de localizacion de las empresas predeterminan la estructura, numero y tamano de los cliques y la densidad de las redes de ciudades mundiales resultantes de la aplicacion de modelos de interlocking. Luego el autor presenta las implicancias del determinismo estructural mencionado, centrandose en el caso la base de datos de uso comun GaWC # 11. Finalmente el articulo ofrece algunas sugerencias sobre como el enfoque de interlocking puede ser empleado sin caer en un determinismo estructural, y se identifican algunos enfoques alternativos para el mapeo de la red mundial de ciudades. 泰勒（2001）采用相对容易获得的公司地理位置数据提出的世界城市网络连锁度量方法，为研究者提供了一种理论途径。然而，将公司的数量和规模视为城市之间的联接是一种强加的世界城市网络结构决定论形式。特别是当用数量相对较少的公司或仅用大公司的数量来定义相对较大的城市网络集时，该方法不能揭示目前实际情况中大范围世界城市网络需要度量的结构特征。通过一系列的案例分析，本文显示了公司区位数据的特有特征预先决定了集团的结构、数量和规模，以及由泰勒的连锁方法推导出世界城市网络的密度。最后，通过曾被广泛采用的GaWC（全球化和世界城市）数据集的11个城市公司数据讨论了结构决定方法的应用，并就应用该方法如何避免结构决定论提出一些建议，进而识别一些可选用的方法来绘制世界城市网络图。
Validating computed grain boundary energies in fcc metals using the grain boundary character distribution

The grain boundary character distribution (GBCD) is a direct measurement that can be determined from a single planar section. Since the GBCD is inversely related to the grain boundary energy distribution, it o!ers a useful metric for validating grain boundary energy calculations. Comparisons between the measured GBCD and calculated energies for 388 grain boundaries in Al show that, for boundaries with a statistically reliable number of observations, including general, R3, R7, R11 and h1 1 1i twist boundaries, the GBCD and calculated grain boundary energy have weighted correlation coe"cients of approximately 0.9, reproducing both qualitative and quantitative trends seen in simulations. GBCDs for Ni and Al are positively correlated, as predicted by simulation. By combining GBCD measurements with simulation results, we validate grain boundary energy simulations in both low and high stacking fault energy metals. ! 2011 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Global population structure of the tope (Galeorhinus galeus) inferred by mitochondrial control region sequence data

In order to properly manage and conserve exploited shark species, detailed analyses of their population structure is needed. Global populations of Galeorhinus galeus are in decline due to the exploitation of the fishery over the past 80 years. Currently, the genetic structure of eastern Pacific populations of G. galeus is not known and recent observations in the northeastern Pacific suggest an increase in numbers. To evaluate gene flow among populations of G. galeus, 116 samples were collected and analysed from six geographically dispersed locations: Australia, North America, South Africa, South America (Argentina and Peru), and the UK. Analysis of 968 to 1006 bp of the 1068-bp mitochondrial control region revealed 38 unique haplotypes that were largely restricted to their collecting locality. Significant genetic structure was detected among populations (Phi(ST) = 0.84; P < 0.000001) and migration estimates were low (Nm = 0.05-0.97). Due to an apparent lack of migration, populations of G. galeus appear to be isolated from each other with little to no gene flow occurring among them. As a consequence of this isolation, increasing numbers of G. galeus in the northeastern Pacific can be best explained by local recruitment and not by input from geographically distant populations.
Development of plasma enhanced closed space sublimation for the deposition of CdS:O in CdTe solar cells

A hollow-cathode plasma-enhanced close space sublimation (PECSS) source was utilized to modify the CdS window layer material as it was being deposited for CdTe Solar cell fabrication. This was done by integrating PECSS into the CSU inline CdS/CdTe-cell fabricating system and by sublimating the CdS semiconductor material through a plasma discharge. To date oxygenated CdS (CdS:O) cells have been grown by sublimating CdS through a PECSS source operated on oxygen. Data are presented showing that PECSS CdS:O films have increased the band gap of the window layer therefore reducing absorption loss, increasing cell current, and improving efficiency by 1.2%.
ASIAN AMERICANS AS A MODEL MINORITY: SELF-PERCEPTIONS AND PERCEPTIONS BY OTHER RACIAL GROUPS

Although an abundance of anecdotal and journalistic articles about Asian Americans as a model minority has appeared in the past two decades, a review of the literature revealed surprisingly few emp...
Age of onset, clinical characteristics, and 15-year course of anxiety disorders in a prospective, longitudinal, observational study

Background Age of onset is rarely studied in the anxiety disorders literature. The current study examined age of onset as it relates to clinical characteristics and course of anxiety disorders using a prospective, longitudinal, observational design.
The birth of bioethics.

Aprimer on medical ethics likens the current state of medicine to the airplane whose pilot announces that he has both good and bad news: “The bad news is that we don't know where we're going. The good news is that we're getting there fast.”1 We should all be grateful, then, that one of the charter members of the bioethics movement, Albert Jonsen, has taken time to write its history in his newly published The Birth of Bioethics .2 Jonsen begins his story with the … Address correspondence to Jeffrey P. Baker, MD, Duke University Medical Center, Children's Primary Care Division, 4020 N Roxboro Rd, Durham, NC 27704.
Sources of archaeological dacite in northern New Mexico

Abstract For years archaeologists in New Mexico, particularly in the northern Rio Grande region have noticed a very fine-grained what appeared to be mafic or basalt raw material source in late Paleoindian and Archaic contexts in northern New Mexico and southern Colorado. Indeed, a number of Folsom, Cody, Plainview, and Archaic bifaces are produced from this material. It appeared that there were at least two possible very fine-grained volcanics that could be the sources for these raw materials – San Antonio Mountain in far northern New Mexico, in the Taos Plateau Volcanic Field, and Cerros del Rio, on the east side of Bandelier National Monument right above the Rio Grande. After reconnaissance collections at the two probable sources, the short story is that the vast majority of “basalt” artifacts were indeed produced from one of these sources, but they are petrologically dacite and silicic volcanic rocks. An additional dacite source, called here the “Newman Dome”, also in the Taos Plateau Volcanic Field was discovered in the 1980s, but remained mainly discussed in the gray literature by CRM archaeologists. Examination of various Paleoindian and Archaic collections from the northern and middle Rio Grande indicates a strong preference for this silicic rock for the production of chipped stone tools, and in concert with obsidian source provenance studies has increased our ability to reconstruct procurement and range in these preceramic periods. These high-alkali dacite sources are easily discriminated with their trace element compositions, and based on this study, procurement seems to be dominantly restricted to these three sources in the region. Here I discuss the petrology, geochemistry, and some of the archaeological issues of these sources and their utility in the Southwest archaeological endeavor in an effort to bring these important prehistoric raw materials into the published realm.
Dislocations and Plastic Deformation In Molybdenum Disilicide

A composite of MoSi{sub 2} (reinforced with SiC whiskers) has been deformed at high temperatures and the resulting dislocation substructure studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Classical g {center dot} b analysis of the dislocations in the MoSi{sub 2} matrix has shown that the Burgers vectors are {l angle}100{r angle}, {l angle}110{r angle}, and {1/2}{l angle}111{r angle} which are the shortest lattice vectors in the body-centered tetragonal lattice. Trace analysis showed that there are numerous possible slip planes for each of the determined slip directions. This result suggests that various operative slip systems can contribute to the deformation, depending on the orientation of the particular grain with respect to the stress state.
The IPW gene is imprinted and is not expressed in the Prader-Willi syndrome.

Since the original description of the Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) in 1956 [1], and the recognition of the involvement of the proximal region of chromosome 15 in this disorder [2], understanding of the molecular basis of the genetic defect in PWS has progressed rapidly. A set of clinical criteria has been defined [3], although the diagnosis on clinical grounds alone remains difficult in the first year of life. Research has focussed both on improving the diagnostic molecular and cytogenetic tests for PWS and on identifying and defining the functions of genes whose expression is altered in this neurobehavioral disorder. Furthermore, this region is known to be subject to genomic imprinting effects, so that expression of genes involved in PWS is expected to be exclusively from the paternal allele. A critical step in the definition of the region containing such genes was the identification of a subset of unusual patients affected with either PWS or the Angelman syndrome, which also involves a gene or genes in the proximal region of chromosome 15. These unique patients, who have chromosome 15 translocations or deletions, helped to narrow the critical region to an interval containing less than 500 kb of DNA [4-6] (Fig. 1). As will be discussed, below, regulatory elements exist in this 500 kb region which alter the expression of genes located outside this interval [7, 8].
The Expanding Universe: A Primer on Relativistic Cosmology

Cosmology - the science of the Universe at large - has experienced a renaissance in the decades bracketing the turn of the twenty-first century. Exploring our emerging understanding of cosmology, this text takes two complementary points of view: the physical principles underlying theories of cosmology, and the observable consequences of models of Universal expansion. The book develops cosmological models based on fundamental physical principles, with mathematics limited to the minimum necessary to keep the material accessible for students of physics and astronomy at the advanced undergraduate level. A substantial review of general relativity leading up to the Einstein field equations is included, with derivations of explicit formulations connecting observable features of the Universe to models of its expansion. Self-contained and up to date in respect of modern observations, the text provides a solid theoretical grounding in modern cosmology while preparing readers for the changes that will inevitably come from future observations.
Modeling Decision and Game Theory Based Pedestrian Velocity Vector Decisions with Interacting Individuals

This paper explores the incorporation of decision and game theory in the velocity vector decisions found in human movement. These decisions are made by individuals when maneuvering in an environment occupied by other people or obstacles. The model developed in this paper examines how human movement can be captured as a result of a decision-making process rather than modeling the behavior directly. In this paper, a novel utility function is formed from the biological-based preference of minimizing energy consumption. This energy function is partially fashioned from the energies due to moving, colliding, and waiting. Time and risk preferences are incorporated into the utility function to uniquely capture human desires. Decision and game theories are used to model the decision making process of individuals when alone and when interacting with a range of evacuee types (panicked, distracted and alert). Beliefs are formed and updated concerning both the environment and individuals in the environment, to truly capture the knowledge of individual evacuees. Assumptions that were made during the creation of this novel decision-focused movement model are discussed throughout the paper. This work expands upon previous research performed using the obstacle avoidance technique known as the velocity obstacle method. Common human traits and tendencies are proven to exist in the model through multiple examples. Future modifications of this alternative approach to traditional behavior-focused movement models are discussed.
Filtering algorithm of unmanned underwater vehicle's navigation system

According to the long term underwater sail of UUV,an integrated navigation system is devised.Then the construction of the integrated navigation system and the filtering algorithm is derived.The theoretical analysis and experimental results indicate that using this integrated navigation system can improve the precision of navigation and the invisibility of UUV dramatically.
Estimation of new HIV-1 infection in high risk groups with BED-CEIA in Zhejiang,2010-2012

Objective To estimate the new infection rate of HIV-1 in high risk groups in Zhejiang province from 2010 to 2012.Methods New infection was detected by using 665 positive samples collected through HIV / AIDS sentinel surveillance and 4030 samples collected from newly reported confirmed cases in Zhejiang during this period with BED HIV-1 capture enzyme immunoassay(BED-CEIA).Results The new HIV-1 infection rate in men who have sex with men(MSM) was 3.52%(2.22%-4.83%) in 2010,6.63%(4.65%-7.94%) in 2011 and 6.33%(4.83%-7.84%) in 2012,respectively.The proportion of positive samples in total BED tested samples was 27.08% in 2010,26.09% in 2011 and 30.35% in 2012,respectively.The new infections in MSM accounted for 40.17% in 2011 and 42.05% in 2012 of total MSM cases.Conclusion The incidence of HIV-1 infection in MSM increased rapidly from 2010 to 2011,slightly decreased from 2011 to 2012,indicating that the prevalence of HIV-1 infection in MSM is still high in Zhejiang.It is very important to strengthen the intervention in MSM.
Correlation of optical coherence tomography findings with visual acuity and macular lesions in patients with Xlinked retinoschisis

Purpose: To evaluate and correlate findings obtained by optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging with visual acuity (VA) andmacular lesions in patientswith X- linked retinoschisis (XLRS). Design: Prospective comparative case series. Participants: Thirty- one patients with confirmed XLRS. Methods: Best- corrected VA was determined using Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study charts, and a dilated funduscopic examination was performed on all patients. For all patients, the macula in each eye was OCT imaged. A correlation between VA, macular presentation, and OCT images was determined. Main Outcome Measures: Analysis of findings on OCT images, including foveal thickness and the area of macular cystic- appearing lesions, and their correlation with VA. Results: Twenty- five patientswith funduscopically evident cysticappearing macular lesions demonstrated cysticlike spaces on OCT images. No statistically significant correlation was observed between the macular area of the cysticlike spaces, foveal thickness, and VA. Three patients with no funduscopic or OCT evidence of foveal cysts demonstrated thinning of the fovea on OCT images and more extensive reduction of their VA. Retinal papillomacular bundle nerve fiber layer thickness on OCT images showed no significant difference between control and patient groups. Conclusions: In XLRS patients with cystic- appearing macular lesions, there was a lack of correlation between VA, foveal thickness, and cystic area. The anatomical appearance of smaller perifoveal cysts on OCT imaging was most consistent with their location being primarily within the inner nuclear layer of the retina. In older patients, macular cysts were no longer apparent clinically or by OCT imaging, and foveal thicknesswas reduced. The findings on OCT images are consistent with the hypothesis of a primary Mu ller cell defect in patients with XLRS.
Aberrant baroreceptor mechanotransduction in adult Dahl rats on low-salt diet

Single fiber, regularly discharging baroreceptors (n = 118) from adult Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats on a low-salt diet were studied using an in vitro aortic arch-aortic nerve preparation. Pressure thresholds (Pth) and suprathreshold pressure sensitivities (Sth) were determined from responses to slow ramps of pressure. Pressure-diameter relationships measured in each rat were used to transform Pth and Sth values to their mechanical equivalents in terms of aortic wall strain. DS and DR ages were not different (approximately 50 wk). Despite the low-salt diet, DS tail systolic blood pressures were significantly higher than DR by approximately 25 mmHg. Pth averaged 84 mmHg in DR and 97 mmHg in DS. Sth values were similar in DR and DS (average 1.44 and 1.39 spikes.s-1.mmHg-1 in DR and DS, respectively). Increased variance of baroreceptor properties of DS over DR was a prominent finding and necessitated use of nonparametric statistics. The cumulative distribution of Pth values of DS was significantly different from DR, but Sth values were similar. Thus baroreceptor pressure set points are altered in adult DS, but pressure sensitivity per se is not. The differences in pressure parameters were not eliminated by conversion to their mechanical equivalents. Correlation analysis found only weak relationships between Pth and blood pressure for DS and DR (r less than 0.40). Thus in contrast to previous studies in the spontaneously hypertensive rat model, baroreceptors in adult DS on low salt are characterized by elevated variability and a weaker than expected correlation to the prevailing blood pressure in the animal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Copper in Wilson’s and Alzheimer’s Diseases, Copper-Lowering Therapy in Cancer and Other Diseases, and Copper Deficiency

Wilson’s disease is reviewed in some depth, providing the tools to recognize and diagnose this inherited disease of copper toxicity. Alzheimer's disease is a second disease, with Wilson's disease being the first, in which copper toxicity plays a major role. It is the divalent form of copper that is toxic in Alzheimer's disease. This explains why tiny amounts of copper in drinking water of Alzheimer's animal models greatly enhance the disease and why supplement-pill copper causes rapid loss of cognition in humans—both are divalent copper, whereas the safe copper in food is primarily monovalent copper. The chapter also considers the great promise of copper-lowering therapy with tetrathiomolybdate in the treatment of cancer, fibrotic diseases, diseases of excessive inflammation, and autoimmunity. The chapter also considers the problem of copper deficiency, which has recently increased in frequency from excessive swallowing of denture adhesive containing high concentrations of zinc.
Single-Point FMR Linewidth Measurement by TE 10 Rectangular Transmission Cavity Perturbation

A method that allows the determination of magnetic permeability in magnetic bodies, as well as the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) linewidth, by measuring only the quality factor and the resonant frequency of the perturbed microwave cavity at FMR is presented. The method is based on a set of equations derived for various types of magnetic media, including ferrites, single crystals, and polycrystalline materials. The evaluation of resonators containing magnetic medium is considered, and a detailed description of the spectrometer and the experimental procedure are presented. Independently measured yttrium iron garnet samples were used to validate the method.
Racial Incidents at the University of Missouri: The Value of Leadership Communication and Stakeholder Relationships

A series of incidents in 2015 escalated racial tensions at the University of Missouri that ultimately contributed to the departure of the university president and chancellor. This case highlights t...
Diffusion-flame ignition by shock-wave impingement on a supersonic mixing layer

Ignition in a supersonic mixing layer interacting with an oblique shock wave is investigated analytically and numerically under conditions such that the post-shock flow remains supersonic. The study requires consideration of the structure of the post-shock ignition kernel that is found to exist around the point of maximum temperature, which may be located either near the edge of the mixing layer or in its interior, depending on the profiles of the fuel concentration, temperature and Mach number across the mixing layer. The ignition kernel displays a balance between the rates of chemical reaction and of post-shock flow expansion, including the acoustic interactions of the chemical heat release with the shock wave, leading to increased front curvature. The analysis, which adopts a one-step chemistry model with large activation energy, indicates that ignition develops as a fold bifurcation, the turning point in the diagram of the peak perturbation induced by the chemical reaction as a function of the Damkohler number providing the critical conditions for ignition. While an explicit formula for the critical Damkohler number for ignition is derived when ignition occurs in the interior of the mixing layer, under which condition the ignition kernel is narrow in the streamwise direction, numerical integration is required for determining ignition when it occurs at the edge, under which condition the kernel is no longer slender. Subsequent to ignition, for the Arrhenius chemistry addressed, the lead shock will rapidly be transformed into a thin detonation on the fuel side of the ignition kernel, and, under suitable conditions, a deflagration may extend far downstream, along with the diffusion flame that must separate the rich and lean reaction products. The results can be helpful in describing supersonic combustion for high-speed propulsion.
The Effect of Attitude, Social Trust and Trust in Social Networking Sites on Two Dimensions of Sharing Behavior.

Although social networking sites (SNS) are among the most important means of sharing and communication in today’s virtual world, little work has been done to explain the sharing behavior of SNS users in detail. This study tries to investigate types of sharing behavior of SNS users and to find important factors affecting their sharing behavior. In terms of the width and depth of sharing information, we distinguish two important dimensions of sharing behavior: sharing regularity and sharing density. As a width dimension of sharing behavior, sharing regularity refers to the frequency of sharing information with other SNS users and as a depth dimension of sharing behavior, sharing density deals with the degree of private information sharing with others. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action, we propose a research model of two dimensions of sharing behavior including sharing attitude, social trust, and trust in a social networking site. We find that social trust and trust in the SNS have a significant effect on SNS users’ sharing attitude, which in turn strongly influences on two dimensions of sharing behavior. The implications of the study for research and practice will be discussed with future directions.
Neck: Semi-supine

This position, with the patient partially recumbent, is advantageous for examining the axilla and for access to the vascular dynamics in the neck. Inspection of the axillae for abnormal pigmentation may reveal acanthosis, sometimes associated with diabetes and, more rarely, is a marker of cancer. Lymph nodes palpated here are much more suggestive of systemic illness compared to those found in the neck and inguinal area.
In-field segmentation and identification of plant structures using 3D imaging

Automatically correlating plant observable characteristics to their underlying genetics will streamline selection methods in plant breeding. Measurement of plant observable characteristics is called phenotyping, and knowing plant phenotypes accurately and throughout a plant's growth is central to making breeding decisions. In-field plant phenotyping in an automated and noninvasive manner is hence crucial to accelerating plant breeding methods. However, most of the existing methods on plant phenotyping using visual imaging are confined to controlled greenhouse environments. This paper presents an automated method of mapping 2D images collected in an outdoor sorghum field to segmented 3D plant units that are of interest for phenotyping. This method leverages multiple horizontal and vertical viewpoints while capturing 2D images from a robotic platform so as to generate in-field 3D reconstructions of the sorghum plant. We develop and quantitatively evaluate segmentation methods on these 3D reconstructions and also compare against reconstructions obtained from a controlled greenhouse environment. We present analysis that contrasts the role of purely local geometric features and the effect of addition of global context in both datasets. This work furthers capabilities of in-field phenotyping which paves the way forward for plant biologists to study the coupled effect of genetics and environment on improving crop yields.
Granulocyte serology: current concepts and clinical signifcance

Applying serologic procedures to the detection of RBC and lymphocyte antigens has facilitated the identification of granulocyte antigens with established clinical significance, which are now classified in the human neutrophil antigen system. Granulocyte alloantibodies and autoantibodies have been implicated in a variety of clinical conditions including alloimmune neutropenia, autoimmune neutropenia, febrile and severe pulmonary transfusion reactions, drug-induced neutropenia, refractoriness to granulocyte transfusions, and immune neutropenia after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Although the intrinsically fragile nature of granulocytes contributes to the inherent challenges of granulocyte serology, several advances in laboratory procedures have improved detection of granulocyte antibodies. This review will provide a current perspective about the importance and use of granulocyte serology for detection of granulocyte antibodies that have significant medical effects.
Mathematical Reasoning in Service Courses: Why Students Need Mathematical Modeling Problems

In this paper we argue that conventional mathematics word problems are not aligned with the typical learning goals and expectations partner disciplines, especially business, have in requiring that their students take mathematics courses. Using the taxonomy of educational objectives presented by Anderson and Krathwohl (2001) we show how mathematical modeling problems can be used to promote the needed alignment and contrast two examples to illustrate the differences. We then demonstrate how the more conventional word problem can be rewritten as a modeling problem. Sample assessment materials and instructional activities are included to support teachers in making the transition to the use of modeling problems.
Toward Juvenile Justice

The strategic questions the society must face in deliberating on the future of the juvenile court and the juvenile justice system are the same as they have always been: first, whether the focus of these institutions should be on crimes committed by juveniles or on the conditions under which children are being raised; second, how public institutions, both service-oriented and legal, might be used in the context of other community institutions such as families, neighborhood associations, and business firms to establish a nexus of care, supervision, and opportunity around families and children that seem headed for trouble; and third, what these institutions must be able to show to legislatures, political executives, and higher courts to satisfy them that something of value has been created with the use of the public authority and money granted to the institutions. One thing that history has taught us is that these questions cannot and should not be answered in the abstract. Nor should one expect the answer given now to be the proper answer in the future. The only proper answer is one that is rooted in the current realities of the society, but that looks ahead into a dimly perceived future.
Transition Readiness for Talking With Providers in Urban Youth With Asthma: Associations With Medication Management.

Abstract Purpose Teen readiness assessments may provide a developmental indicator of the transfer of responsibility for health self-management from caregivers to teens. Among urban adolescents with asthma, we aimed to describe teen readiness for talking with providers and identify how readiness relates to responsibility for asthma management, medication beliefs, and clinical outcomes. Methods Teens and caregivers enrolled in the school-based asthma care for teen's trial in Rochester, NY completed in-home surveys. We classified ready teens as those reporting a score of five on both items of the transition readiness assessment questionnaire talking with providers subscale. We performed bivariate analyses to detect differences between ready teens and other teens in teen- and caregiver-reported responsibility, teen medication beliefs, and clinical outcomes (medication adherence over the past 2 weeks, and healthcare use over the past year). Results Among this sample of 251 adolescents (mean age: 13.4 years), 35% were classified as "Ready." Ready teens were more likely than other teens to want to use a controller medication independently (7.6 vs. 6.5 out of 10, p Conclusions In urban adolescents with poorly controlled asthma, a higher level of teen readiness for talking with providers is associated with higher perceptions of independence in medication taking, but does not appear to relate to clinical outcomes.
Organizational factors affecting physician well-being.

Symptoms of burnout affect approximately half of pediatricians and pediatric subspecialists at any given time, with similarly concerning prevalence of other aspects of physician distress, including fatigue, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. Physician well-being affects quality of care, patient satisfaction, and physician turnover. Organizational factors influence well-being, stressing the need for organizations to address this epidemic. Organizational characteristics, policies, and culture influence physician well-being, and specific strategies may support an environment where physicians thrive. We highlight four organizational opportunities to improve physician well-being: developing leaders, cultivating community and organizational culture, improving practice efficiency, and optimizing administrative policies. Leaders play a key role in aligning organizational and individual values, promoting professional fulfillment, and fostering a culture of collegiality and social support among physicians. Reducing documentation burden and improving practice efficiency may help balance job demands and resources. Finally, reforming administrative policies may reduce work-home conflict, support physician’s efforts to attend to their own well-being, and normalize use of supportive resources. Physician well-being is critical to organizational success, sustainment of an adequate workforce, and optimal patient outcomes. Because burnout is primarily influenced by organizational factors, organizational interventions are key to promoting well-being. Developing supportive leadership, fostering a culture of wellness, optimizing practice efficiency, and improving administrative policies are worthy of organizational action and further research.
Economic Burden Associated with Cancer Caregiving.

Objective The societal value of unpaid caregiving is estimated to exceed $470 billion annually. In spite of the high value care they provide, caregivers experience significant financial burden. This paper examines the sources and impact of financial burden on cancer caregivers. Data Sources Survey of the published peer-reviewed literature complemented by Web-based sources. Conclusion Caregivers for cancer patients may experience financial burden disproportionately relative to other caregivers because of the intensity of care they provide and the cost and complexity of cancer treatment. Financial burden stems from employment loss and cost of care and can continue long after the death of the patient. Few federal policy protections are available for caregivers. Implications for Nursing Practice Oncology nurses can play an important role in recognizing the needs of caregivers and act as navigators to connect caregivers to available resources.
¿Clonar humanos? Límites de la eugenesia

Mankind has not only evolved; but continues to do so. Where is human evolution going? Biological evolution is directed by natural selection, which brings about genetic changes that often appear purposeful because they are dictated by the requirements of the environment. The end result may, nevertheless, be extinction. Genetics, molecular biology and biomedicine have opened up the means to rapidly and effectively manipulate the genetic makeup of humankind. Gene therapy can be somatic or germ-line, which can correct a genetic defect, not only in the organs or tissues impacted, but also avoid transmission of the genetic impairment to the descendants. No interventions of germ-line therapy are currently being considered by scientists, physicians, or pharmaceutical companies. Human cloning may also refer to therapeutic cloning, particularly the cloning of embryonic cells to obtain organs for transplantation or for treating injured nerve cells, or for other health purposes. Some proposals have suggested the cloning of human individuals of great intellectual or artistic achievement or of great virtue. Such utopian proposals, however, are grossly misguided. It is not possible to clone a human individual, even if its genome is cloned. Identical genomes yield, in different familiar, social and cultural environments, individuals who may be quite different. Moreover, ethical, social, and religious values come into play when seeking to decide whether a person might be allowed to be cloned or not.
Molecular thermodynamics of receptor competition for endocytic uptake

Endocytic uptake of receptors from the cell surface plays an important role in diverse processes from cell signaling to nutrient internalization. Understanding the mechanisms by which endocytic structures select receptors for internalization is of fundamental importance to our understanding of cellular physiology. Binding of receptors to the endocytic protein machinery is known to facilitate receptor loading into endocytic structures. However, many receptor species use the same small set of biochemical motifs to interact with the endocytic machinery, suggesting that receptors may compete for a limited number of binding sites within endocytic structures. Previous studies have shown that such competition can substantially modify receptor uptake. However, a predictive biophysical understanding of this phenomenon is currently lacking. Toward addressing this gap, here we employ quantitative imaging and statistical thermodynamics to measure and predict the competition between two distinct receptor species that are internalized simultaneously from the cell surface. Our studies demonstrate that when receptors compete for the same interactions with the endocytic machinery, their uptake is fundamentally coupled. Importantly, we find that these trends can be quantitatively predicted by a simple thermodynamic analysis. These results suggest that multiple receptor species reach an equilibrium partitioning between endocytic structures and the surrounding plasma membrane as the receptors compete for occupancy within dynamic endocytic structures. More broadly, this work provides a quantitative framework for predicting the impact of competition on receptor uptake, an effect which has the potential to physically couple signaling pathways that impact diverse aspects of cellular physiology.
Eye Tracking Area of Interest in the Context of Working Memory Capacity Tasks

Adults diagnosed with Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) have reduced working memory capacity, indicating attention control deficits. Such deficits affect the characteristic movements of human gaze, thus making it a potential avenue to investigate attention disorders. This paper presents a converging operations approach toward the objective detection of neurocognitive indices of ADHD symptomatology that is grounded in the cognitive neuroscience literature of ADHD. The development of these objective measures of ADHD will facilitate its diagnosis. We hypothesize that the characteristic movements of human gaze within specific areas of interests (AOIs) may be used to estimate psychometric measures and that distinct eye movement scan patterns can be used to better understand ADHD. The results of this feasibility study confirm the utility of a combination of fixation and saccade feature set captured within specific AOIs indexing Working Memory Capacity (WMC) as a predictor of a diagnosis of ADHD in adults. Tree-based classifiers performed best in-terms of predicting ADHD with 86% percent accuracy using physiological measures of sustained visual attention during a WMC task.
Stardust: A deep learning serving system in IoT: demo abstract

The deep neural network becomes an increasingly crucial component in recent intelligent applications. The excessive resource consumptions of state-of-the-art neural networks, however, remains a huge impediment towards their widespread deployment in the Internet of Things (IoT). In this paper, we propose an IoT-oriented deep learning serving system, Stardust, that accelerates the neural network inference to improve the quality of IoT services. Stardust integrates several joint contributions from both the system and AI perspectives, including system performance predictor, model compression, and compressive offloading. On one hand, the performance predictor profiles and predicts the runtime characteristics of neural network operations on a particular device with the targeted runtime environment, which enables a hardware and software oriented performance optimization during model compression and offloading. On the other hand, the model compression minimizes the computation time of neural networks on different devices, and the compressive offloading diminishes the network data transferring time during the mobile-edge offloading. Moreover, all these optimizations can be done with almost no compromise on inference accuracy. The integration of these modules, therefore, collaboratively reduce the end-to-end latency of serving deep learning services that reside across embedded/mobile devices and edge servers. We deploy illustrative applications on Stardust, performing human perception tasks with on-device camera microphone and motion sensors to demonstrate the capability of Stardust serving system.
Visualizing different crystalline states during the infrared imaging of calcium phosphates

Abstract Methods utilizing relatively simple mathematical operations during physical analyses to enable the visualization of otherwise invisible correlations and effects are of particular appeal to researchers and students in pedagogical settings. At the same time, discerning the amorphous phase from its crystalline counterpart in materials is challenging with the use of vibrational spectroscopy and is nowhere as straightforward as in phase composition analytical methods such as X-ray diffraction. A method is demonstrated for the use of first- and second-order differentiation of Fourier transform infrared spectra of calcium phosphates to distinguish their amorphous states from the crystalline ones based on the exact line positioning rather than on comparatively vaguer band broadening and splitting effects. The study utilizes a kinetic approach, focusing on the comparison of spectral features of amorphous precursors annealed in air at different temperatures or aged for different periods of time in an aqueous solution until transforming to one or a mixture of crystalline phases, including hydroxyapatite and α- and β-tricalcium phosphate. One of the findings challenges the concept of the nucleation lag time preceding the crystallization from amorphous precursors as a “dead” period and derives a finite degree of constructive changes occurring at the atomic scale in its course. The differential method for highlighting spectral differences depending on the sample crystallinity allows for monitoring in situ the process of conversion of the amorphous calcium phosphate phase to its crystalline analogue(s). One such method can be of practical significance for synthetic solid state chemists testing for the chemical stability and/or concentration of the reactive amorphous phase in these materials, but also for biologists measuring the maturity of bone and medical researchers evaluating its phase composition and, thus, the state of metabolic and mechanical stability.
In vivo and in vitro assessment of commercial probiotic and organic acid feed additives in broilers challenged with Campylobacter coli

Summary Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen associated with the consumption or handling of raw or undercooked poultry meat. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of commercial probiotic and organic acid (OA) feed additives for the reduction of Campylobacter coli. Supernatants from 4 probiotic strains were cocultured with C. coli at different dilutions. Probiotic supernatants decreased (P
Diagnosis of Depression is Associated with Readmission Following Elective Pancreatectomy.

Diagnosis of depression may be associated with adverse outcomes following surgery. The aim of this study is to investigate whether depression is associated with an increased readmission rate following elective pancreatectomy, which is currently unknown. The 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database was used to evaluate whether diagnosis of depression was associated with 30-day readmission following elective pancreatectomy in adult patients. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression models were adjusted for clustering by facility. A secondary analysis was performed to evaluate whether the risk of diagnosis of depression on 30-day readmission rates was modified by length of stay (median 8 days). All multivariate models were adjusted for patient-level characteristics. There were an estimated 11,992 patients who underwent elective pancreatectomy. Mean age was 63 years, and 48.9% were male. Approximately 10.2% (n = 1223) had diagnosis of depression. Depression was associated with higher odds of 30-day readmission following elective pancreatectomy on univariate [odds ratio (OR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01–1.59; P = 0.043] and multivariate analyses (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.01–1.65; P = 0.039). Although length of stay > 8 days was independently associated with higher odds of 30-day readmission (P = 0.005), length of stay did not alter the association between diagnosis of depression and odds of readmission (P = 0.90). Diagnosis of depression was associated with higher odds of 30-day readmission following pancreatectomy, regardless of length of stay. Enhanced focus on evaluation and optimization of perioperative mental health is warranted to identify patients at high risk for readmission and reduce the burden related to readmission following pancreatic surgery.
Chapter 9 – Characteristic parameters

Publisher Summary The main purpose of this chapter is to present the tabulations of data for the important parameters of superconductors including coherence length, penetration depth, energy gap, critical fields, critical current density, and electron-phonon coupling constant. The chapter describes the relationship among the parameters, penetration depths, coherence lengths, critical currents, critical magnetic fields, electron-phonon coupling constants and superconducting gap parameters. The chapter elucidates the information related to various parameters in a tabulated form. It shows that if any two of the characteristic parameters of a Type II superconductor are specified, then the remainder can be estimated. Energy gaps of individual compounds can vary considerably among the different tunneling experiments and an attempt has been made to select the best values. There are a number of ways to determine the critical current in a wire, and a simple way to do so is to send more and more current through the wire until it goes normal.
Recording of DNA binding events during gut commensalism reveals the action of a repurposed Candida albicans regulatory network

ABSTRACT Candida albicans is a central fungal component of the human gut microbiota and an opportunistic pathogen. Two C. albicans transcription factors, Wor1 and Efg1, control its ability to colonize the mammalian gut. They are also master regulators of an epigenetic switch required for mating. Here, we show that six additional mating regulators influence gut commensalism. Using an adapted Calling Card-Seq protocol to record Candida transcription factor DNA binding events in the host, we validated these relationships during murine gut colonization. Finally, by comparing the in-host transcriptomes of regulatory mutants with enhanced vs. diminished commensal fitness, we identified a set of candidate commensalism effectors. These include Cht2, a GPI-linked chitinase whose gene is bound by Wor1, Czf1, and Efg1 in vivo and that we show to promote commensalism. We conclude that the network required for a C. albicans sexual switch is biochemically active in the host digestive tract, where it is repurposed to direct commensalism.
Longitudinal Assessment of Depressive Symptoms After Sport-Related Concussion in a Cohort of High School Athletes.

Background:The long-term effect of sport-related concussion on mood in adolescent athletes is largely unknown.Hypothesis:Longitudinal measures of depression will worsen acutely after sport-related ...
Electron Trapping and Ion Leaching at the Li-Modified Quartz–Water Interface

Electrons and ions at metal oxide–water interfaces have a critical role in many phenomena and applications, thus making their properties of considerable interest. We here investigate the behavior o...