cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microflora of turfgrass treated with fungicides

Abstract Fungicides are used widely to manage high-quality turfgrass, but their use could adversely affect the composition of microbial populations. Fourteen fungicides, a nematicide, and five mixed fungicide programs were applied to turfgrass for 3 yr and were tested for their effects on numbers of bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi, and N concentrations. Combinations of fungicides suppressed fungi and stimulated bacteria and actinomycetes more than individual toxicants. Collective microbial groups were generally less affected by each fungicide than were individual species within each group. The rate of decrease of NH + 4 concentrations in fertilized turf (presumably via nitrification) was only slightly influenced by fungicides. The more harmful effects of some fungicides to turfgrass may involve induced acidity rather than direct suppression of specific microbial groups.
Experiential Techniques that Promote Cross‐Cultural Awareness

Experiential techniques, some of which take only a few minutes of class time, can help make students aware of what culture is and how it functions. These activities may take the form of structured in-class activities dealing with non-verbal and other culture-bound behavior, or out-of-class activities in which students observe and interact with the target culture. Structured class visits by native informants and field trips to ethnic neighborhoods provide other means for direct contact with other cultures. An interdisciplinary course in cross-cultural awareness based on experiential techniques can expand upon work done in language classes; a model for such a course is provided here.
In vitro thyroid hormone rapidly modulates protein phosphorylation in cerebrocortical synaptosomes from adult rat brain

Abstract Thyroid hormones induced rapid changes in phosphorylation in a membrane-containing lysate of synaptosomes purified from adult rat cerebral cortex. The in vitro addition of 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine or l -thyroxine strongly influenced incorporation of label from [γ- 32 P]-ATP into proteins in a cerebrocortical synaptosomal lysate. Incubation with 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine or l -thyroxine had strong biphasic dose-dependent effects on the phosphorylation of 38±1, 53±1, 62±1, and 113±1 kDa proteins (which we termed α, β, γ, and δ, respectively) and several others. Although we observed differing levels of phosphorylation among the four proteins, doses of 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine or l -thyroxine ranging from 1 to 30nM caused significant dose-dependent stimulation of the phosphorylation of all of them, an effect which occurred within three minutes. In each case, the enhancement of phosphorylation diminished with higher concentrations (100nM–1μM) of 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine. In contrast, incubations with similar doses of 3,3′,5′- l -triiodothyronine (reverse l -triiodothyronine) were without significant effect, indicating a specificity for 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine and l -thyroxine. Western blots of synaptosomal lysates incubated with 3,5,3′- l -triiodothyronine (1nM–1μM) demonstrated phosphorylation at the serine residues of a 112 kDa protein (matching δ) and phosphorylation at tyrosyl residues of a distinct 95 kDa protein. These data support the contention that thyroid hormones have a variety of rapid nongenomic pathways for regulation of protein phosphorylation in mature mammalian brain.
How Important Are Same-Gender Role Models to Middle School Girls? Five Characteristics of Mentors Who Sustain Middle-School Girls’ Interest in Science Careers

Content area specialists (scientists) are often recruited to address issues of retention and recruitment in science education. Yet, guidance in the selection of these types of mentors or role models remains unpublished. One strategy for selecting scientists/role models is to select them on the basis of same gender as the participants. This study examined eight scientists (four gender-matched and two gender-mismatched) as they worked with middle-school girls. The data was collected during ‘Side-by-Side’ interaction with content specialists and has implications for classroom practice. These experiences demonstrate that working with highly-skilled, highly-trained scientists reveal that unless the scientists understand the difference between content knowledge and pedagogical content knowledge, they are not open or sometimes unwilling to learning science-content pedagogy. The Mentor-Approach-to-Teaching Continuum as developed in this study can be used to better help teachers understand and assist scientists in their teaching roles. As middle-school girls’ experiences with science content specialists helped the students shape their perception of scientists, careful consideration, preparation, and maintenance of these relationships were critical to the girls sustaining an interest in science. This paper provides suggestions for helping teachers achieve success with science content specialists and provides answers to the question of the importance of same-sex role models in mentoring young girls in science. It also identifies five characteristics educators should look for in selecting science mentors who would be successful in broadening students’ perceptions of scientists.
One-stage correction of high imperforate anus in the male neonate.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the feasibility, safety, and short-term outcome of complete one-stage repair of high imperforate anus in the newborn boy. Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of five full-term male infants who underwent posterior sagittal anorectoplasty without a colostomy within the first 48 hours of birth. Preoperative imaging was performed to assess associated anomalies. All infants underwent cystoscopy before the perineal operation to determine the level of the urinary tract fistula, if present. After completion of the anoplasty, all were turned supine and the colon irrigated free of meconium. Follow-up ranged from 10 to 24 months. Results: Laparotomy was not required for any patient. Three patients had a rectoprostatic urethral fistula, one a rectovesical fistula, and one no fistula (common wall at level of prostate). Tapering rectoplasty was required for only the one patient with a rectovesical fistula. There were no intraoperative complications. All patients passed stool within 12 hours after operation and took full feeding by 48 hours. The average hospital stay was 7 days. Postoperative and stenosis occurred in one patient secondary to parental noncompliance with the postoperative dilation regimen. There were no perineal wound complications. All patients have a strong urinary stream and defecate spontaneously without the aid of oral medication or rectal stimulation or enemas. Conclusions: One-stage repair of high imperforate anus in the male neonate is feasible without short-term genitourinary or gastrointestinal morbidity. Whether it is preferable compared with a delayed (two or three stage) repair depends on ultimate long-term anorectal function, which cannot be assessed for several years.
Morphological observations on the adrenal cortex of the laboratory rat.

INVESTIGATIONS of adreno-cortical morphology have been overshadowed by extensive experimental and clinical reports. The results of many such experiments on the adrenal cortex of the rat have been considered by many workers applicable to theories of human physiology. Such an attitude may be fallacious, because specific morphological differences exist in the adrenal cortices of various mammals. Since function can be correlated so often with morphology, a thorough consideration of the histology of the adrenal cortex of the rat may be useful at this time. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the normal morphology of the adrenal cortex of the laboratory rat from birth to senility. Following the classical work of Arnold (1), a vast amount of literature has accumulated on adreno-cortical morphology. Because this literature has been summarized so well in a recent monograph by Bachmann (2), no attempt to review the general literature will be made.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Modified C-Reactive Protein Antigen in Normal Vascular Tissue

Background: The prototypic acute phase reactant, C-reactive protein (CRP), is a serum soluble, cyclic pentameric protein, the concentration of which increases markedly within hours of any tissue-damaging, inflammatory event. However, upon dissociation of its pentameric quaternary structure, CRP subunits undergo a spontaneous and irreversible conformational change. The resulting molecule, termed modified CRP or mCRP, has reduced aqueous solubility and a propensity to aggregate into a matrix-like lattice structure. Methods: Using monoclonal antibodies, normal human tissues were immunohistochemically screened for the presence of CRP as well as mCRP antigens. Results: Significant levels of mCRP were detected in the walls of blood vessels associated with normal human tissues. These data indicate that mCRP is a naturally occurring form of CRP and that it is a tissue-based rather than serum-based molecule. Significance: This report describes the localization of a stable form of CRP, mCRP, in blood vessels associated with normal human tissues.
Determination of Surface Heating Condition for a Desired Thermal Growth Environment in an Industry-Size Hydrothermal Autoclave

Hydrothermal growth is the most common technique to grow piezoelectric single crystals such as quartz. Due to a high-temperature and high-pressure growth condition, hydrothermal autoclaves are designed to operate as a closed system. During operation, the only control mechanism that crystal growers have is adjusting the power input of the heaters, based on the temperature readings obtained by the thermocouples along the centerline inside the autoclaves. The power adjusting process, however, is purely experience dependent, and, normally, uniform heating conditions from electric heaters are employed along the autoclave wall. This study develops an inverse algorithm, with which the required heat flux distributions from the heaters can be obtained for a desired growth environment inside an autoclave. The algorithm involves solving three sub-models step by step. The first step is to solve a two-dimensional axisymmetric model of solution in the autoclave to obtain the temperature and heat flux on the solution/wall interface. Using these temperature and heat flux conditions as thermal boundary conditions, the second step solves an inverse heat conduction problem in the metal wall. The solution provides the heat flux and temperature on the outer surface of the metal wall. The final step is to solve a heat conduction problem in the insulation layer to obtain the heat flux on the inner surface of the insulation layer. The heat flux distributions for heaters are then determined by the heat flux on the outer surface of the metal wall and heat flux on the inner surface of the insulation layer. The paper describes the details of each model. As an example, the method is used to find the required heat flux distributions of heaters for the growth environment predicted by a 2-D isothermal wall model. The result is then used to develop a two-patch heater for industry autoclaves.© 2003 ASME
Detection of modified matrix encoding using machine learning and compressed sensing

In recent years, driven by the development of steganalysis methods, steganographic algorithms have been evolved rapidly with the ultimate goal of an unbreakable embedding procedure, resulting in recent steganographic algorithms with minimum distortions, exemplified by the recent family of Modified Matrix Encoding (MME) algorithms, which has shown to be most difficult to be detected. In this paper we propose a compressed sensing based on approach for intrinsic steganalysis to detect MME stego messages. Compressed sensing is a recently proposed mathematical framework to represent an image (in general, a signal) using a sparse representation relative to an overcomplete dictionary by minimizing the l1-norm of resulting coefficients. Here we first learn a dictionary from a training set so that the performance will be optimized using the KSVD algorithm; since JPEG images are processed by 8x8 blocks, the training examples are 8x8 patches, rather than the entire images and this increases the generalization of compressed sensing. For each 8x8 block, we compute its sparse representation using OMP (orthogonal matching pursuit) algorithm. Using computed sparse representations, we train a support vector machine (SVM) to classify 8x8 blocks into stego and non-stego classes. Then given an input image, we first divide it into 8x8 blocks. For each 8x8 block, we compute its sparse representation and classify it using the trained SVM. After all the 8x8 blocks are classified, the entire image is classified based on the majority rule of 8x8 block classification results. This allows us to achieve a robust decision even when 8x8 blocks can be classified only with relatively low accuracy. We have tested the proposed algorithm on two datasets (Corel-1000 dataset and a remote sensing image dataset) and have achieved 100% accuracy on classifying images, even though the accuracy of classifying 8x8 blocks is only 80.89%.
Low-iodine diet in the treatment of differentiated thyroid cancer with radioactive iodine.

It is eminently reasonable to exploit the properties of radioactive iodine for the treatment of thyroid cancer, which has a unique avidity for iodine. An LID that restricts nonradioactive iodine, 127I, is rational if it allows greater radioactive iodine localization and delivery of tumoricidal doses of radiation. As discussed, the increased turnover of iodine on an LID and decreased pool size in thyroid cancer may compromise this goal.
Association of coronary-prone behavior scores with recurrence of coronary heart disease.

Abstract A self-administered test for the coronary-prone behavior pattern was completed by nearly 3000 participants in the Western Collaborative Group Study. Men surviving clinical coronary heart disease events of recent occurrence and two samples of men sustaining recurrent myocardial infarction (one studied retrospectively and one studied prospectively) scored significantly above the population mean on the score measuring intensity of the Type A behavior pattern. In one of the two samples of prevalence cases studied, men with two CHD incidents scored significantly higher than men with but a single incident. A small sample of men sustaining fatal CHD events did not differ significantly from the average. Factor scores on Speed and Impatience, Job-involvement, and Hard-driving scales were irregular in their relation to CHD. It was concluded that the self-administered questionnaire is a weaker predictor of CHD than is the original interview procedure. The test, however, is often able to discriminate groups of recent cases and potentially recurrent cases of CHD from a population of employed men of similar ages and occupational levels.
The meaning of “social capital” as it relates to the market process

There is an unhelpful vagueness in the meaning of social capital. While this article does not provide a definitive interpretation of this important concept, after examining a representative sample of various usages—including the contributions of Becker, Coleman, Jacobs, and Putnam—it offers an interpretation of social capital, emphasizing the emergent character of norms and networks in public space, which is germane to the understanding of the entrepreneurially driven market process.
Impact of Edhazardia aedis (Microsporidia: Culicosporidae) on a Seminatural Population of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae)

Abstract The effectiveness of the microsporidium Edhazardia aedis (Kudo) to control a seminatural population of Aedes aegypti (L.) was evaluated over a 2-year period. The tests were conducted in a large screened enclosure against an established population of A. aegypti provided caged rabbits as an ad lib. blood supply. In year 1, inoculative release of E. aedis resulted in dispersal of the microsporidium by infected A. aegypti females to all containers within the enclosed study site over a 20-week period. In the second year of the study, inundative release of E. aedis produced high larval and adult infections and successfully eliminated the population of A. aegypti within 11 weeks of introduction. In both years, a deviation from the typical life cycle that produced horizontally infectious spores was critical for persistence of E. aedis within containers. This study has demonstrated that E. aedis is superbly adapted to A. aegypti, having evolved a number of strategies that ensure long-term survival and make it a serious candidate for introduction as a classical biological control agent.
Effect of Salt and Tripolyphosphate on Acceptability of Flaked and Formed Hamburger Patties

Utility chucks and Choice plates were coarse ground and mixed to provide raw material with a fat content of about 20%. Four 23 kg meat blocks were assigned, at random, to treatments: (1) control, (2) salt, (3) tripolyphosphate (TPP), and (4) salt and TPP. Each treatment was flaked, blended, and hand formed into logs which were PVC wrapped, freeze-tempered, pressed, and sliced to a 12 mm thickness. Patties were freezer wrapped and stored for evaluation initially (time) and after 30 and 60 days storage. The entire experiment was replicated three times. Sensory evaluation showed that cohesiveness, flavor, and juiciness of patties containing salt (treatments 2 and 4) were more desirable (p<0.01) than the control or TPP treatments. Differences over the storage period were not significant. Instron values were lower for the control patties than other treatment groups. Patties stored 60 days had higher (P<0.05) TBA values than those evaluated initially or after 30 days of freezer storage.
Effect of Facial Rejuvenation Surgery on Perceived Attractiveness, Femininity, and Personality

ImportanceTo date, the conversation about facial rejuvenation surgery has focused on one goal: youthfulness. However, human beings are judged throughout life based on many other characteristics and...
Evidence for decidual modulation of contractile function in the pregnant rat uterus.

Abstract This study tested the hypothesis that the decidua of pregnant uterus modulates contractile behavior of the underlying myometrium. Isometric contractile function was measured in transverse rings of pregnant rat uterus with or without the decidua. Observations were made of spontaneous contractions after in vitro isolation, and also of contractile responses to oxytocin and prostaglandin F 2 α (PGF 2 α ) after the tissues had ceased spontaneous mechanical activity. The amplitude and frequency of spontaneous uterine contractions progressively declined after in vitro isolation; during this period, amplitude of spontaneous contractions was greater in the presence of the decidua, whereas contraction frequency was similar in the decidua-intact and decidua-removed tissues. Reinsertion of donor decidua reproduced contractile characteristics of intact tissue. PGF 2 α and oxytocin stimulated myometrial contractions, but contraction frequency was greater in the absence than in the presence of the decidua. Depending upon the stimulus, the decidua seems able to express both excitatory and inhibitory factors which can selectively modulate either strength or frequency of uterine contractions.
Tibiofemoral rotation in landing: the influence of medially and laterally posted orthotics

Abstract Objective . To assess the relationship between foot alignment and transverse plane knee motion during a single leg-landing task. Design . Clinical trial. Setting . Hospital biomechanics laboratory. Participants . Seven healthy young women without excessive forefoot, arch, or rear-foot malalignments. Methods and measures . Varus and valgus foot malalignments were mimicked by placing 8° medial and lateral posted orthotics into the shoes before participants performed three landings from a drop jump off a 43cm high platform. The change in tibiofemoral rotation relative to the no orthotic condition was measured. Results . The medial posted orthotic resulted in 3.1±5.5° less internal tibiofemoral rotation as compared to the nonorthotic condition, while the lateral posting produced 2.6±2.2° more internal tibiofemoral rotation ( t 6 =−2.51, p ≤0.03). Conclusions . Orthotic induced malalignments altered the magnitude of tibiofemoral rotation during a closed kinematic chain activity. Orthotic posting may be used to reduce the rotary stress on the knee during landing activities.
Synthesis, swelling behavior, and viscoelastic properties of functional poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with ureidopyrimidinone side-groups

In this report the swelling and linear viscoelastic behavior of a hydrophilic polymer containing reversibly associating hydrogen bonding side-groups will be examined. Ureidopyrimidinone (UPy) moieties self-associate to form hydrogen-bonded dimers (DDAA) in non-polar media; however, UPy behavior in water-swollen hydrogel environments is unclear. A series of technologically important, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (poly(HEMA)) polymers, with varying UPy side-group content, were prepared using a reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Water swelling experiments revealed that UPy side-groups retard early time (<24 h) Fickian-like swelling and lead to two-stage, temperature-dependent, water sorption. At longer times UPy side-groups promote water swelling. Rheological studies show that the material's viscosity and viscous relaxation time both increase with increasing UPy-content. The activation energy of the shear-induced flow scales linearly with UPy-content, suggesting cooperative dynamics. These results are similar to observations made for hydrophobic polymers bearing hydrogen-bonding side-groups and suggest some UPy hydrogen-bonding occurs in hydrated poly(HEMA), despite competitive H-bonding with water. Experimental observations can be explained by reversible association of UPy side-groups within water-excluded domains of poly(HEMA)'s secondary structure.
Review Essay:Rural Sociology, Migration, and Community Change

Research in Rural Sociology and Development: Focus on Migration, edited by Harry K. Schwarzweller and Brendan P. Mullan. Population Change in the Rural West: 1975–1990, edited by John M. Wardwell and James H. Copp. Lanham, MD Community of Strangers: Change, Turnover, Turbulence and the Transformation of a Midwestern Country Town, by Joseph A. Amato and John Radzilowski.
Computing and Building around Tie Strength in Social Media

Relationships make social media social. But, not all relationships are created equal. We have colleagues with whom we correspond intensely, but not deeply; we have childhood friends we consider close, even if we fell out of touch. Social media, however, treats everybody the same: someone is either a completely trusted friend or a total stranger, with little or nothing in between. In reality, relationships fall everywhere along this spectrum, a topic social science has investigated for decades under the name tie strength, a term for the strength of a relationship between two people. Despite many compelling findings along this line of research, social media does not incorporate tie strength or its lessons. Neither does most research on large-scale social phenomena.Simply put, we do not understand a basic property of relationships expressed online. This monograph takes a wide view of the problem, merging the theories behind tie strength with the data from social media. We show how to reconstruct tie strength from digital traces in online social media, and how to apply it as a tool in design and analysis. Specifically, this article makes two core contributions. First, it offers a rich, high-accuracy and general way to reconstruct tie strength from digital traces, traces like recency and a message's emotional content. For example, the model can split users into strong and weak ties with nearly 89% accuracy. We argue that it also offers us a chance to rethink many of social media's most fundamental design elements. Next, we showcase an example of how we can redesign social media using tie strength: a Twitter application open to anyone on the internet which puts tie strength at the heart of its design. Through this application, called We Meddle, we show that the tie strength model generalizes to a new online community, and that it can solve real people's practical problems with social media. It may be fair to see this monograph as linking the online to the offline; that is, it connects the traces we leave in social media to how we feel about relationships in real life. We conclude the article by reflecting on other ways design might appropriate ideas like tie strength in social computing.
A discrete model for optimal operation of fossil-fuel generators of electricity

Abstract This paper presents a new discrete approach to the price-based dynamic economic dispatch (PBDED) problem of fossil-fuel generators of electricity. The objective is to find a sequence of generator temperatures that maximizes profit over a fixed-length time horizon. The generic optimization model presented in this paper can be applied to automatic operation of fossil-fuel generators or to prepare market bids, and it works with various price forecasts. The model’s practical applications are demonstrated by the results of simulation experiments involving 2009 NYISO electricity market data, branch-and-bound, and tabu-search optimization techniques.
Fungi pathogenic to insects: III. Neutral and polar lipids ofEntomophthora coronata

The neutral and polar lipid composition ofEntomophthora coronata was determined qualitatively. The fungus was grown on a chemically nondefined medium (Sabouraud dextrose yeast extract) and a chemically defined medium for a period up to 26 days. The lipids were characterized by thin-layer, column, gas chromatography, and selective sprays,32P-labeling, and mass spectrometry. The neutral lipids consist of monoglycerides, diglycerides, cholesterol, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and cholesteryl esters. The polar lipids consist of phospholipids (phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline, lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine, lysophosphatidyl choline, and spingomyelin), a number of glycolipids including cerebrosides, and many unrecognizable lipids, most of which are present in trace amounts. The cerebrosides and spingomyelin are present in significant amounts, and their concentration increased with age of the culture. The major fatty acids (>10%) of the total, neutral, and polar lipids of the mycelia are 14∶0, 16∶0, 18∶1, 18∶3(γ), and 24∶1. The polar lipids of total culture (unsaturation index 0.88) and of the conidia (unsaturation index 1.48) are considerably more unsaturated than the corresponding neutral lipids (unsaturated index 0.50 and 0.49). The mycelial polar lipids, compared to the neutral lipids, possess less 14∶0 and 18∶1 but contain a greater percentage of 16∶0, 18∶2, 18∶3(γ), 24∶0, and 24∶1. The major fatty acid of the conidia (>10%) are 13∶0, 14∶0, 18∶1, 18∶2, 18∶3(γ), and 20∶4. Their polar lipids have a higher proportion of 18∶2, 18∶3(γ), and 20∶4. The cerebrosides possess 24.1 in high relative proportion (30.1%).
Far-infrared polarimetry from the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy

Multi-wavelength imaging polarimetry at far-infrared wavelengths has proven to be an excellent tool for studying the physical properties of dust, molecular clouds, and magnetic elds in the interstellar medium. Although these wavelengths are only observable from airborne or space-based platforms, no rst-generation instrument for the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) is presently designed with polarimetric capabilities. We study several options for upgrading the High-resolution Airborne Wideband Camera (HAWC) to a sensitive FIR polarimeter. HAWC is a 12 32 pixel bolometer camera designed to cover the 53 { 215 m spectral range in 4 colors, all at diraction-limite d resolution (5 { 21 arcsec). Upgrade options include: (1) an external set of optics which modulates the polarization state of the incoming radiation before entering the cryostat window; (2) internal polarizing optics; and (3) a replacement of the current detector array with two state-of-the-art superconducting bolometer arrays, an upgrade of the HAWC camera as well as polarimeter. We discuss a range of science studies which will be possible with these upgrades including magnetic elds in star-forming regions and galaxies and the wavelength-dependence of polarization.
Thermodynamics of structured fluids. Hard science for soft materials

At liquid-like densities, molecules of complex fluids can assume a variety of struc- tures (or positions) in space; when the molecules contain many atoms as, for example, in polymers, that variety becomes very large. Further, when confined to a narrow space, it is possible to achieve structures that are not normally observed. Thanks to recent advances in statistical mechanics and molecular physics, and thanks to increasingly fast computers, it is now possible to calculate a fluid's structure, that is, the positions of molecules at equilibrium under given conditions. Calculation of fluid structure is useful because thermodynamic prop- erties depend strongly on that structure, leading to possible applications for new materials. Three examples illustrate some recent developments; each example is presented only schematically (with a minimum of equations) to indicate the physical basis of the mathe- matical description. The first example considers the effect of branching on self-assembly (micellization) of copolymers (with possible long-range applications in medicine). The sec- ond and third examples consider the effect of confinement on fluid structure: first, crystal- lization in a narrow, confined space to produce a desired crystal structure (with possible applications for light-emitting diodes) and second, suppression of micellization of a diblock copolymer in a thin film (with possible application in lithography). Whenever possible, the- oretical calculations are compared with experimental results.
Stabilizing Batch-Processing Networks

In a batch-processing network, multiple jobs can be formed into a batch to be processed in a single service operation. The network is multiclass in that several job classes may be processed at a server. Jobs in different classes cannot be mixed into a single batch. A batch policy specifies which class of jobs is to be served next. Throughput of a batch-processing network depends on the batch policy used. When the maximum batch sizes are equal to one, the corresponding network is called a standard-processing network, and the corresponding service policy is called a dispatch policy. There are many dispatch policies that have been proven to maximize the throughput in standard networks. This paper shows that anynormal dispatch policy can be converted into a batch policy that preserves key stability properties. Examples of normal policies are given. These include static buffer priority (SBP), first-in-first-out (FIFO), and generalized round robin (GRR) policies.
Compromising Location Privacy inWireless Networks Using Sensors with Limited Information

We propose a methodology to identify nodes in fully anonymized wireless networks using collections of very simple sensors. Based on time series of counts of anonymous packets provided by the sensors, we estimate the number of nodes using principal component analysis. We then proceed to separate the collected packet data into traffic flows that, with help of the spatial diversity in the available sensors, can be used to estimate the location of the wireless nodes. Our simulation experiments indicate that the estimators show high accuracy and high confidence for anonymized TCP traffic. Additional experiments indicate that the estimators perform very well in anonymous wireless networks that use traffic padding.
Logistic Regression With Brownian-Like Predictors

This article introduces a new type of logistic regression model involving functional predictors of binary responses, and provides an extension of this approach to generalized linear models. The predictors are trajectories that have certain sample path properties in common with Brownian motion. Time points are treated as parameters of interest, and confidence intervals are developed under prospective and retrospective (case-control) sampling designs. In an application to functional magnetic resonance imaging data, signals from individual subjects are used to find the portion of the time course that is most predictive of the response. This allows the identification of sensitive time points specific to a brain region and associated with a certain task, which can be used to distinguish between responses. A second application concerns gene expression data in a case-control study involving breast cancer, where the aim is to identify genetic loci along a chromosome that best discriminate between cases and controls.
Antenatal screening tests : Knowledge and practice patterns of obstetricians in utah

We sought to assess knowledge and practices of obstetricians regarding antenatal testing and test the efficacy of continuing education via a direct mailing. In June 2004, an educational brochure entitled "New Options for Maternal Serum Screening for Birth Defects" as well as an anonymous survey pertaining to antenatal testing was sent to 241 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) Fellows and Junior Fellows residing in Utah. Data from the 85 (35%) respondents were analyzed. The majority of respondents practice obstetrics (81/85, or 95%). Of these, 67% of respondents perform sonograms routinely in their offices. Respondents were distributed evenly across all years of practice. Respondents offer HIV screening routinely (85%), but only 40% follow ACOG cystic fibrosis (CF) screening recommendations. Midtrimester serum screening is offered routinely by 89% of the respondents, but only 54% adequately understood the capabilities and limitations of the test. Questions related to the patient education brochure included in the mailing were answered correctly more often than the other questions. The brochure emphasized the usefulness of combined integrated screening for detecting Down syndrome, and 94% of respondents subsequently understood this concept. We show that in Utah, ACOG recommendations for HIV and maternal serum testing are being followed uniformly, but CF screening is still not being routinely offered. The accurate responses to questions related to an enclosed education brochure suggest that direct mailings may be useful for provider education, especially in regions where many providers practice remote from academic centers.
The Fontan right atrium--in context.

The original vision for what is still eponymously called the Fontan operation was to provide a subpulmonary pumping chamber for patients who lack 2 functional ventricles.1 Thus began the era of the original atriopulmonary (or atrioventricular, in some patients who have tricuspid atresia) anastomosis. Beginning with de Leval’s seminal paper in 1988, which demonstrated that hydrodynamic advantage is conferred by surgical strategies that limit the interposition of atrial mass,2 the phylogeny of Fontan-style operations has gone through several iterations. Currently favored is the extracardiac conduit, which results in the case where the entire atrial mass serves as the low-pressure pulmonary venous receptacle. The occurrence of atrial tachyarrhythmias long-term after these operations seems to parallel the magnitude of right atrial dilatation and hypertension. Not surprisingly, comparisons of medium-term incidences of atrial tachyarrhythmias have shown that the total cavopulmonary connection (also known as the “lateral tunnel,” in which only a posterolateral portion of the right atrium is at pulmonary artery pressure) is better than the atriopulmonary (or atrioventricular) connection,3,4 and that the extracardiac conduit is better than the total cavopulmonary connection.5,6 Consistent with these clinical series is evidence for mechanoelectrical interactions within the enlarged right atria. Compared with asymptomatic Fontan patients, patients who have atrial tachyarrhythmias have longer P wave durations, greater P wave dispersions, and larger atrial dimensions.7 Article p 1738 Abrams and colleagues report in the current issue of Circulation the story of electroanatomic mapping of the giant, high-pressure right atrium long-term after the atriopulmonary (or atrioventricular)-style Fontan operation.8 No histopathological-electrophysiological models of this entity exist in the literature. As the authors endeavor to compare a contact electroanatomic mapping (EAM) system to a non-contact mapping (NCM) system to define scar, viable myocardium, and reentrant circuits, they use results from animal models of experimental …
Influential Observations in Linear Regression

Abstract Characteristics of observations which cause them to be influential in a least squares analysis are investigated and related to residual variances, residual correlations, and the convex hull of the observed values of the independent variables. It is shown how deleting an observation can substantially alter an analysis by changing the partial F-tests, the studentized residuals, the residual variances, the convex hull of the independent variables, and the estimated parameter vector. Outliers are discussed briefly, and an example is presented.
Aldose reductase inhibition and the diabetic syndrome of limited joint mobility: implications for altered collagen hydration

Improvement in the range of motion and strength of digital flexion and extension is reported in three diabetic subjects with the syndrome of limited joint mobility. Therapy was accomplished with sorbinil, an inhibitor of the enzyme aldose reductase, which inhibits the polyol pathway. We propose that reduction in collagen hydration secondary to reduced tissue content of polyols may play a role in the clinical response.
STUDENT EVALUATION OF COLLEGE TEACHING BEHAVIORS

A new instrument called the Student Evaluation of College Teaching Behaviors (SECTB) has been developed in the College of Education at the University of Florida. The SECTB represents an attempt to develop a student evaluation of teaching instrument that: (1) is empirically derived but which reflects a broad conception of college instruction; (2) focuses on specific teaching behaviors; (3) permits the students to rate only those items which they consider to be relevant. The initial step in development was to ask students (n = 502), faculty (n = 194), and administrators (n = 104) to describe six characteristics of the best college instructor they have known and six characteristics of the worst coHege instructor they have known. The responses were content analyzed into categories of characteristics. Representing each category of characteristics, 134 behavioral statements were then generated. The 134 statements were submitted to 76 classes and their instructors. Respondents were asked to indicate those statements which were characteristic behaviors of either good or bad college instruction. The 85 surviving items were submitted to a panel of judges who examined the items for behavioral specificity. Any items lacking such specificity were modified. The modified set of 85 items were submitted to a stratified-proportional sample of 425 students and to the entire teaching faculty (n = 1529). These subjects were asked to rate each of the behavioral items on a 7-point scale:
Language outcomes for preschool children adopted from China as infants and toddlers

This study examined the language development of fifty-five preschool-aged children adopted from China, who had resided in the United States for at least two years. Approximately 15% of the children scored below average on two or more measures in a battery of standardized speech – language tests. However, the vast majority of children scored at or above average, with many scoring in the moderately to extremely high range on two or more measures. Previous studies of internationally adopted children had suggested that such children are at risk for a variety of problems, including difficulties with language. The results of this study stand in stark contrast to these low expectations, and speak to both the robustness of the language system as well as the enriching effects of the language environment into which these children were adopted. This is especially impressive considering that these children heard no English for a significant duration of their early lives.
Computational investigation of oblique detonation ramjet-in-tube concepts

Ramjet-in-tube techniques have been proposed to accelerate masses up to thousands of kilograms to velocities of 0.7-12.0 km/s by chemical means. CFD calculations for three oblique detonation ramjet-in-tube drive modes are presented; the operational velocities for the present results range from 3.5 to 10.0 km/s. The first drive mode achieves ignition on the reflection of the nose cone bow shock. The second drive mode relies on a sudden, steep, but small increase in projectile radius to initiate a detonation wave, following a deliberately gentle, gradual compression process. The third drive mode is similar to the second mode except that the projectile is thermally protected by flying it through a core of pure hydrogen gas surrounded by a detonable mixture. At optimum operating conditions, the thrust pressure ratios (defined as the effective thrust pressure divided by the maximum cycle pressure) for the three modes range from 0.12 to 0.30, and the efficiencies (defined as the thrust times the velocity divided by the rate of chemical energy release) range from 0.09 to 0.26. Tables of thrust pressure ratios and efficiency data and representative plots of the pressure fields around the projectiles are presented.
Beam Dynamics and Vane Geometry in the LBL Heavy Ion RFQ

The LBL Heavy Ion RFQ accelerator, presently undergoing acceptance tests, extends the application of the RFQ principle to charge-to-mass ratios considerably less than one. In this design the aperture is very small compared to the operating wavelength, causing a large capacitive loading of the structure and also in a high sensitivity of the field configuration of the structure to vane alignment. A structure has been derived that eases the vane alignment procedure and reduces the sensitivity to vane misalignment. The selection of the vane cross section facilitates machining and eventual frequency trimming.
Demonstration of the Pre-Emergency Use Authorization Path Using 3 Minor Groove Binder-Hydrolysis Probe Assays to Detect Escherichia coli O104:H4.

BACKGROUND: The Department of Defense (DoD) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have collaboratively worked on a pre–Emergency Use Authorization (pre-EUA) process for in vitro diagnostic (IVD) devices, using FDA's regulatory flexibilities under the EUA authorities. The pre-EUA process enables FDA review of data in anticipation of a request for an EUA, advancing US government public health emergency preparedness efforts. METHODS: The IVD device developed to detect Escherichia coli O104:H4, for which an EUA has not been issued, serves as an example to illustrate that process. Specifically, DoD designed real-time PCR assays to target the virulent E. coli strain O104:H4 (etiological agent of the 2011 German outbreak) including: fliC (flagellin), Agg3C ( AAF ), and rfb ( wbwC ) on the basis of the published sequences. RESULTS: After development and optimization of these 3 specific assays, a defined protocol was followed to determine and document the sensitivity and specificity of each assay analytically. CONCLUSIONS: FDA reviewed these data and returned commentary on additional required experiments to complete the pre-EUA process and expedite the use of the device should there be an emergency need for an IVD device to detect this virulent E. coli strain before such a test is cleared by FDA.
Determination of some sulphur compounds with N-bromoimides.

Abstract Two stable oxidants, N -bromophthalimide and N -bromosaccharin are proposed as reagents for the visual and potentiometric titrimetric of thioureas, isothiocyanates, xanthates, dithiocarbamates, thiols, sulphur, thiosulphate, thiocyanate and thiocarbonate. The results are precise within 0.1–0.3%.
Enhancing phylogeography by improving geographical information from GenBank

Phylogeography is a field that focuses on the geographical lineages of species such as vertebrates or viruses. Here, geographical data, such as location of a species or viral host is as important as the sequence information extracted from the species. Together, this information can help illustrate the migration of the species over time within a geographical area, the impact of geography over the evolutionary history, or the expected population of the species within the area. Molecular sequence data from NCBI, specifically GenBank, provide an abundance of available sequence data for phylogeography. However, geographical data is inconsistently represented and sparse across GenBank entries. This can impede analysis and in situations where the geographical information is inferred, and potentially lead to erroneous results. In this paper, we describe the current state of geographical data in GenBank, and illustrate how automated processing techniques such as named entity recognition, can enhance the geographical data available for phylogeographic studies.
Incidence of ankle sprains among active-duty members of the United States Armed Services from 1998 through 2006.

occurrences. Incidence rates (IRs) were calculated per 1000 person-years by sex, age, and service. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were used to assess the strength of association between the incidence of ankle sprain and the independent variables of sex, age, and service. Results: From 1998 through 2006, 423 581 service members sustained ankle sprains and 12 118 863 person-years at risk to injury were documented in this population. The incidence rate was 34.95 (95% CI 5 34.85, 35.06) per 1000 person-years at risk. Females were 21% more likely (IRR 5 1.21, 95% CI 5 1.21, 1.23) to sustain an ankle sprain than males. Sex-specific IR varied by age and service. Differences in the rate of ankle sprains were also noted by age and service. Conclusions: The incidence of ankle sprains among US service members was 5 times greater than that previously reported in civilian population studies. Sex, age, and branch of military service are important factors related to the incidence of ankle sprains in this population.
Sensitivity Reduction for Plants with Slow and Fast Modes

in this paper we address the problem of optimal sensitivity reduction for plants with slow and fast modes.