cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrically and Ultrasonically Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Methotrexate

In this study, we used sonophoresis and iontophoresis to enhance the in vitro delivery of methotrexate through human cadaver skin. Iontophoresis was applied for 60 min at a 0.4 mA/sq·cm current density, while low-frequency sonophoresis was applied at a 20 kHz frequency (2 min application, and 6.9 W/sq·cm intensity). The treated skin was characterized by dye binding, transepidermal water loss, skin electrical resistance, and skin temperature measurement. Both sonophoresis and iontophoresis resulted in a significant reduction in skin electrical resistance as well as a marked increase in transepidermal water loss value (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ultrasonic waves resulted in a significant increase in skin temperature (p < 0.05). In permeation studies, the use of iontophoresis led to a significantly higher drug permeability than the untreated group (n = 4, p < 0.05). The skin became markedly more permeable to methotrexate after the treatment by sonophoresis than by iontophoresis (p < 0.01). A synergistic effect for the combined application of sonophoresis and iontophoresis was also observed. Drug distribution in the skin layers revealed a significantly higher level of methotrexate in the sonicated skin than that in iontophoresis and untreated groups. Iontophoresis and low-frequency sonophoresis were found to enhance the transdermal and intradermal delivery of methotrexate in vitro.
Safety and tolerability of guadecitabine (SGI-110) plus cisplatin in patients (pts) with platinum-refractory germ cell tumors (GCT): Preliminary results from an open label phase 1b study.

e16545Background: Preclinical data suggests platinum resistant embryonal carcinoma (EC) cell lines are sensitive to hypomethylating agents. Guadecitabine (G), a novel hypomethylating dinucleotide o...
Psychometric testing of the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support in patients with comorbid COPD and heart failure.

Abstract Background Chronic disease self-management is complex and multidimensional. Optimal performance of self-management behaviors requires support from patient's friends, family, and significant others. The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) is a 12-item questionnaire used to measure patient's social support from friends, family, and significant others. Objectives To examine the psychometric properties of the MSPSS in patients with comorbid chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and heart failure (HF). Methods Reliability, factorial validity, and construct validity of the MSPSS were examined using Cronbach's alpha, split-half reliability, factor analysis via principal components analysis and hypothesis testing via multivariate linear regression, respectively. Results The MSPSS demonstrated excellent internal consistency with Cronbach's alpha consistently above 0.90. Factor analysis yielded a 3-factor solution, with items loading appropriately on the Friend, Family and Significant Other subscales. Conclusion The MSPSS is a reliable, valid instrument to measure perceived social support in patients with comorbid COPD and HF.
The Theory of Communication and Uncertainty Management: Implications from the Wider Realm of Information Behavior

How people manage uncertainty has become an increasingly popular focus of research in the communication discipline (e.g., Berger, 2005; Goldsmith, 2001; Knobloch & Solomon, 2005), and across the social and behavioral sciences (e.g., Clayton, Mishel, &: Belyea, 2006; Dawson, Savitsky, & Dunning, 2006). The research and the theories represented in this volume demonstrate both the broad range of interests in this area, as well as the complexity of processes central to uncertainty management. The purpose of this chapter is to describe and to elaborate one theoretical basis for understanding those processes: the theory of communication and uncertainty management, also referred to as uncertainty management theory (UMT).
¿"Por Qué Estamos" Code-Switching? Understanding Language Use in a Second-Grade Classroom.

ABSTRACTIn this qualitative linguistic ethnography, we combine a multilingual perspective on translanguaging with humanizing pedagogies to examine how and for what purposes a second-grade teacher and her students used Spanish and English in support of language development during a literacy-based English Language Development block within a paired literacy bilingual education model. Data analyses included deductive and inductive coding of multilingual exchanges, specifically drawing upon Baker’s 13 overlapping purposes for codeswitching. Findings reveal that the teacher and students employed seven of Baker’s purposes, while also exhibiting three additional purposes: (1) Respect and Terms of Endearment, (2) Excitement, and (3) Intentional Pedagogical Use to Expand Metalinguistic Awareness. Our discussion includes pedagogical implications for biliteracy instruction.
Decision Tree Approach to Predicting Vehicle Stopping from GPS Tracks in a National Park Scenic Corridor

In this study, a GPS tracking dataset was utilized to predict the probability of a vehicle stopping along a scenic corridor in a national park setting. The Moose-Wilson Corridor (MWC) in Grand Teto...
Bayesian implementation with verifiable information

Abstract This note studies the class of allocations that are fully Bayesian implementable in the presence of verifiable information. I identify a condition, termed evidence distinguishability, that together with incentive compatibility is both necessary and sufficient for full Bayesian implementation in direct mechanisms that elicit verifiable information. I show, however, that every evidence distinguishable allocation that is incentive compatible when verifiable information is not elicited is Bayesian monotonic at every verifiable deception; namely, at every verifiable joint report of information at which the direct mechanism delivers an undesirable outcome. To the extent that requiring Bayesian monotonicity to hold at every verifiable deception is a demanding condition, only indirect mechanisms can exploit the presence of verifiable information to fully implement incentive compatible allocations.
Utilization of State Performance Indices to Correlate National Performance Measures for Asphalt Pavements in Tennessee

State highway agencies are required to establish performance targets for pavement facilities based on national performance measures. Because of the inconsistency and uncertainty in performance meas...
Manipulating Random Assignment: Evidence From Consumer Bankruptcies in the Nation's Largest Cities

Random case assignment is thought to be an important feature of decision-making in federal courts because it helps guard against favoritism (actual or perceived) toward particular parties or types of cases. In bankruptcy courts, cases are randomly assigned to both judges and trustees. In Chapter 7 cases, for example, the trustee is a quasi-judicial actor, typically a private-sector lawyer, who has been selected to audit the debtor's finances, find and liquidate assets, and police compliance with the law. We study three major bankruptcy jurisdictions (covering Chicago, Los Angeles, and parts of New York) and find that the random-assignment process for Chapter 7 trustees is failing in two of them (Chicago and New York). We introduce several measures of non-random assignment. Across all measures, random assignment is failing: Trustees within the same court have substantially different case characteristics, despite the purportedly random assignment process. We present evidence that the imbalance in case characteristics is caused by attorney manipulation: Attorneys strategically time their case filings to avoid or attract particular trustees ("trustee shopping"). By contrast, among cases filed by debtors who have not hired attorneys ("pro se filers"), there is no case imbalance across trustees. Because they do not engage in manipulation, pro se filers – who account for the bottom decile of income and asset values among Chapter 7 debtors – are the debtors most burdened by trustee-shopping by bankruptcy attorneys. We conclude by presenting evidence that trustee-shopping is less prevalent in Los Angeles due to differences in its random-assignment protocol.
A Thematic Analysis of Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) YouTube Videos

Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is an encouraging approach to HIV prevention, yet there is a paucity of research aimed at understanding individual PrEP experiences. The current study aims to examine first-hand narratives of individuals detailing their PrEP experiences via the YouTube platform. We searched YouTube.com using the keywords, "pre-exposure prophylaxis" and "Truvada". Search results were limited to the 15 most-viewed videos. Informed by a thematic/content analysis approach, we conducted an iterative analysis of video transcripts. Narratives covered a wide range of topics including the reasons to start PrEP, interaction with providers, side effects, insurance coverage, and stigma. By and large, the videos encouraged those at risk for HIV to consider PrEP. Narratives were often characterized by emotional engagement. Given that YouTube videos are used to share individual PrEP experiences with a wider audience, our analysis may inform the development of strategies aimed at utilizing YouTube for increasing uptake of PrEP.
Transcriptome analysis of drought-tolerant sorghum genotype SC56 in response to water stress reveals an oxidative stress defense strategy

Drought tolerance is a crucial trait for crops to curtail the yield loss inflicted by water stress, yet genetic improvement efforts are challenged by the complexity of this character. The adaptation of sorghum to abiotic stress, its genotypic variability, and relatively small genome make this species well-suited to dissect the molecular basis of drought tolerance. The use of differential transcriptome analysis provides a snapshot of the bioprocesses underlying drought response as well as genes that might be determinants of the drought tolerance trait. RNA sequencing data were analyzed via gene ontology enrichment to compare the transcriptome profiles of two sorghum lines, the drought-tolerant SC56 and the drought-sensitive Tx7000. SC56 outperformed Tx7000 in wet conditions by upregulating processes driving growth and guaranteeing homeostasis. The drought tolerance of SC56 seems to be an intrinsic trait occurring through overexpressing stress tolerance genes in wet conditions, notably genes acting in defense against oxidative stress (SOD1, SOD2, VTC1, MDAR1, MSRB2, and ABC1K1). Similarly to wet conditions, under drought, SC56 enhanced its transmembrane transport and maintained growth-promoting mechanisms. Under drought, SC56 also upregulated stress tolerance genes that heighten the antioxidant capacity (SOD1, RCI3, VTE1, UCP1, FD1, and FD2), regulatory factors (CIPK1 and CRK7), and repressors of premature senescence (SAUL1). The differential expression analysis uncovered biological processes which upregulation enables SC56 to be a better accumulator of biomass and connects the drought tolerance trait to key stress tolerance genes, making this genotype a judicious choice for isolation of tolerance genes.
Development of novel microRNA-based therapeutics platform for colorectal cancer

Abstract Despite extensive efforts for over 50 years, resistance to chemotherapeutic treatment remains a significant challenge for many different types of cancer including colon cancer. Chemoresistance presents such a major challenge due to the fact that there are several different factors that allow cancer cells to evade treatment such as the heterogeneous nature of colon cancer and the presence of highly resistant colon cancer stem cells. Cancer cells are very adaptable and can rely on epigenetic changes to rapidly respond to chemotherapeutic challenges. Through regulation of various different cellular pathways such as apoptosis and autophagy, cancer cells can overcome the challenge posed by therapeutics. Novel approaches are needed to address this challenge. One potential approach is using miRNA to sensitize colon cancer cells to therapeutic treatment. In this review, we highlight and discuss some of the recent advancements in strategies to combat chemoresistance associated with colon cancer stem cells by manipulating miRNAs.
Tunable optical properties of nanoporous gold leaf metamaterials

We report on the optical properties of nanoporous gold leaf (NPGL) metamaterials consisting of single and multiple-fold layers, and having different pore and ligament sizes. Due to their complex structure, such metamaterials have a unique optical property, which distinguishes them from homogeneous gold films. Thus, the transmission spectra of NPGLs feature two characteristic peaks positioned at ~ 490 nm and ~560 nm to 605 nm. The most notable result of this study is that the optical properties of NPGLs can be tuned by changing the dielectric environment and by applying voltage in an electrochemical cell.
ASCE 41 Seismic Assessment of FRP-Repaired Concrete Columns

Abstract Current standards establish methods for seismic assessment and objectives for retrofit of existing building structures and provide guidance for fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP)-based seismic...
An Evaluation of Reinforcer Magnitude and Echoic Prompts on Vocal Requesting of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) often have communication support needs and many rely on augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems to communicate. Previous research suggests that AAC use does not preclude the acquisition of spoken language and, in some cases, may facilitate improvements in spoken communication in children with ASD. This study systematically applied echoic prompting and manipulated reinforcer magnitude in an effort to increase the spoken requests of 3 children with ASD, ages 10-12 years, who used iPad-based speech generating devices (SGDs). The spoken language (vocal requests) of all 3 participants increased in frequency and 1 participant began using spoken language exclusively, even when the SGD was an option. Implications for practitioners and directions for future research in this area are discussed.
Understanding Substance use Policies and Associated Ethical Concerns: A survey of Pediatric Transplant Centers.

Psychosocial risk factors, such as substance use, have been linked to poor post-transplant outcomes for solid organ transplant patients, including poor medication adherence, increased risk for rejection, and even graft failure. Despite universal consensus that substance use is an increasing problem among youth, many pediatric transplant centers do not have policies in place to address substance use and no universal guidelines exist regarding assessment during the pre-transplant evaluation in this population. An online survey was administered via REDCap™ and directed toward medical leaders (ie, medical and surgical directors) of national heart, kidney, and liver transplant centers. Questions examined the following: perspectives on the need for a universal transplant center policy on pediatric substance use, abuse, and dependence; timing and frequency of evaluation for substance use; specific substances which would elicit respondents' concerns; and ethical concerns surrounding substance use. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Data were collected from 52 respondents from 38 transplant centers, with the majority (n = 40; 77%) reporting no substance use policy in place for pediatric transplant patients. However, many endorsed concerns if a pediatric patient was found to be using specific substances. Our findings further highlight the need for a universal substance use policy across pediatric solid organ transplant centers. The results from the distributed survey will help to provide guidelines and best practices when establishing a universal policy for substance use.
Development and validation of an automated methodology to assess perceptual in vivo noise texture in liver CT.

Purpose: Developing, validating, and evaluating a method for measuring noise texture directly from patient liver CT images (i.e., in vivo). Approach: The method identifies target regions within patient scans that are least likely to have major contribution of patient anatomy, detrends them locally, and measures noise power spectrum (NPS) there using a previously phantom-validated technique targeting perceptual noise–non-anatomical fluctuations in the image that may interfere with the detection of focal lesions. Method development and validation used scanner-specific CT simulations of computational, anthropomorphic phantom (XCAT phantom, three phases of contrast-enhancement) with known ground truth of the NPS. Simulations were based on a clinical scanner (Definition Flash, Siemens) and clinically relevant settings (tube voltage of 120 kV at three dose levels). Images were reconstructed with filtered backprojection (kernel: B31, B41, and B50) and Sinogram Affirmed Iterative Reconstruction (kernel: I31, I41, and I50) using a manufacturer-specific reconstruction software (ReconCT, Siemens). All NPS measurements were made in the liver. Ground-truth NPS were taken as the sum of (1) a measurement in parenchymal regions of anatomy-subtracted (i.e., noise only) scans, and (2) a measurement in the same region of noise-free (pre-noise-insertion) images. To assess in vivo NPS performance, correlation of NPS average frequency (favg), was reported. Sensitivity of accuracy [root-mean-square-error (RMSE)] to number of pixels included in measurement was conducted via bootstrapped pixel-dropout. Sensitivity of NPS to dose and reconstruction kernel was assessed to confirm that ground truth NPS similarities were maintained in patient-specific measurements. Results: Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients 0.97 and 0.96 for favg indicated good correlation. Results suggested accurate NPS measurements (within 5% total RMSE) could be acquired with ∼106 pixels. Conclusions: Relationships of similar NPS due to reconstruction kernel and dose were preserved between gold standard and observed in vivo estimations. The NPS estimation method was further deployed on clinical cases to demonstrate the feasibility of clinical analysis.
A Process Model of Parenting and Adolescents' Friendship Competence

This study examined the prospective relationship between negative parenting behaviors and adolescents' friendship competence in a community sample of 416 two-parent families in the Southeastern USA. Adolescents' externalizing problems and their emotional insecurity with parents were examined as mediators. Parents' psychological control was uniquely associated with adolescents' friendship competence. When both mediators were included in the same model, adolescents' perceptions of emotional insecurity in the parent–adolescent relationship fully mediated the association between parents' psychological control and adolescents' friendship competence. Parental hostility was associated with friendship competence indirectly through adolescents' emotional insecurity. Results contribute to identifying the mechanisms by which parenting affects youths' friendship competence, which is important in informing theory and practice regarding interpersonal relationships in adolescence.
Automatically Identifying Trigger-based Behavior in Malware

Malware often contains hidden behavior which is only activated when properly triggered. Well known examples include: the MyDoom worm which DDoS’s on particular dates, keyloggers which only log keystrokes for particular sites, and DDoS zombies which are only activated when given the proper command. We call such behavior trigger-based behavior
Inhibitors of elastase and cathepsin G in Chédiak-Higashi (beige) neutrophils.

Previous studies have established that mature neutrophils from the peritoneal cavity, blood, and bone marrow of beige (Chediak-Higashi syndrome) mice essentially lack activities of two lysosomal proteinases: elastase and cathepsin G. There are, however, significant levels of each enzyme in early neutrophil precursors in bone marrow. In the present experiments, it was found that the addition of extracts from mature beige neutrophils to extracts of normal neutrophils or to purified human neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G resulted in a significant inhibition of elastase and cathepsin G G activities. 125I-Labeled human neutrophil elastase formed high molecular mass complexes at 64 and 52 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis when added to beige neutrophil extracts. The molecular masses of the inhibitor-125I-elastase complexes suggested that the molecular masses of the inhibitors are approximately 36 and 24 kDa, respectively. These results were confirmed by gel filtration on Superose 12 under nondenaturing conditions. Cathepsin G was inhibited only by the 36-kDa component. The inhibitors formed a covalent complex with the active sites of elastase and cathepsin G. No inhibitory activity was present in mature neutrophil extracts of genetically normal mice or in extracts of bone marrow of beige mice. These results thus represent an unusual example of an enzyme deficiency state caused by the presence of excess inhibitors. Inactivation of neutrophil elastase and cathepsin G in mature circulating and tissue neutrophils may contribute to the increased susceptibility of Chediak-Higashi patients to infection.
Portable User-Centric Identity Management

User-centric identity management has recently received significant attention for handling private and critical identity attributes. The notable idea of usercentric identity management allows users to control their own digital identities. Current user-centric identity management approaches are mainly focused on interoperable architectures between existing identity management systems. Normally, users can access the Internet from various places such as home, office, school or public Internet caf’e. We observe that the importance of portability of the a user’s digital identity should be addressed in the user-centric identity management practices. In other words, users should be able to export their digital identities and transfer them to various computers in a secure manner. In this paper, we focus on the portability issue of the Identity Metasystem and describe three possible types of portabilityenhanced Identity Metasystem model including our implementation experience.
Nefarious Crimes, Contested Justice: Illicit Sex and Infanticide in the Republic of Venice, 1557–1789

This captivating history exposes a clandestine world of family and community secrets-incest, abortion, and infanticide-in the early modern Venetian republic. With the keen eye of a detective, Joanne M. Ferraro follows the clues in individual cases from the criminal archives of Venice and reconstructs each one as the courts would have done according to the legal theory of the day. Lawmakers relied heavily on the depositions of family members, neighbors, and others in the community to establish the veracity of the victims' claims. Ferraro recounts this often colorful testimony, giving voice to the field workers, spinners, grocers, servants, concubines, midwives, physicians, and apothecaries who gave their evidence to the courts, sometimes shaping the outcomes of the investigations. Nefarious Crimes, Contested Justice also traces shifting attitudes toward illegitimacy and paternity from the late sixteenth through the eighteenth centuries. Both the Catholic Church and the Republic of Venice tried to enforce moral discipline and regulate sex and reproduction. Unmarried pregnant women were increasingly stigmatized for engaging in sex. Their claims for damages because of seduction or rape were largely unproven, and the priests and laymen they were involved with were often acquitted of any wrongdoing. The lack of institutional support for single motherhood and the exculpation of fathers frequently led to abortion, infant abandonment, or infant death. In uncovering these hidden sex crimes, Ferraro exposes the further abuse of women by both the men who perpetrated these illegal acts and the courts that prosecuted them.
Stability and Change in Corporate Governance

Corporate governance describes the process that allocates power and resources within organizations and the societal institutions that shape how they look, how they make decisions, and how the proceeds from their activities are divided. Research and theory traditionally focused on the institutions that overcome the separation of ownership and control created by dispersed shareholdings. Critics noted that this problem was distinctively American, and that corporate governance is shaped by history, culture, and power. We describe several domains for productive future research that is comparative, historical, and attentive to power dynamics. Keywords: corporate governance; boards of directors; corporations; financial markets; institutional analysis; agency theory; shareholder value; varieties of capitalism
Renovascular hypertension. Experience with renal artery reconstruction in 115 patients.

Abstract Renovascular hypertension as produced by narrowing of one or both renal arteries is the most common surgically curable form of unremitting high blood pressure. Frequently, renal artery constriction is produced by atherosclerosis, usually localized in the proximal arterial segment. Other forms of renal artery narrowing include fibromuscular intimal and medial hyperplasia, as commonly observed in young patients, and aneurysms of the renal artery. Selection of hypertensive patients for renovascular study or operative treatment is fundamentally a matter of exclusion. Subjects with serious cerebrovascular insufficiency or coronary artery disease make poor candidates for surgical reduction of arterial pressure. Renal arteriography is the cardinal feature in the diagnostic study of patients with severe hypertension. Selection of technic for renal artery reconstruction depends upon varying anatomic and pathologic considerations. In this surgical series of 115 hypertensive patients renal artery bypass and patch graft angioplasty were the methods of renal revascularization most frequently used. Blood pressure following operation ultimately became normal in 80 per cent of patients, and significant improvement was observed in an additional 8 per cent.
DRIVER EVALUATION STUDY OF REAR VIEW MIRROR REFLECTANCE LEVELS

THERE HAS BEEN A LACK OF INFORMATION ON IMAGE BRIGHTNESS IN AUTOMOTIVE REAR VISION SYSTEMS AS RELATED TO THE DRIVER'S NEEDS. THIS PAPER PRESENTS DATA ON DRIVER EVALUATION OF BRIGHTNESS, IN THE FORM OF VISIBILITY AND GLARE RATINGS OF REAR VIEW MIRROR REFLECTANCE LEVELS, BASED UPON ACTUAL DRIVING EXPERIENCES. THE EFFECTS OF ROADWAY TYPES AND VARIOUS AMBIENT LIGHTING CONDITIONS ARE DISCUSSED, AND RANGES OF ACCEPTABLE REFLECTANCE LEVELS ARE RECOMMENDED. THIS STUDY WAS A TASK GROUP EFFORT PERFORMED BY THE SAE REAR VISION SUBCOMMITTEE. /AE/
Presentation PICASSO for COPD: a Dutch national COPD optimisation platform

Context: A major problem preventing effective counteracting of the projected rise in the burden of COPD is the insufficient awareness of, and nihilism towards this disabling disease among all stakeholders, i.e. general public, patients, healthcare professionals and healthcare payers. Reasons behind this vary from unawareness of the disease by the general public; poor recognition of symptoms as well as underpresentation by patients who simply attribute their symptoms to a mix of smoking and ageing w1x and poor knowledge of the disease among healthcare givers, who overlook symptoms and fail to diagnose the disease, sometimes only until it has considerably progressed. Furthermore at present there is no appreciation of the burden of disease by healthcare payers and finally there is insufficient awareness of the current magnitude of the problem with politicians and especially about the projected rise in morbidity and mortality of COPD w2x. Purpose: The current nihilism is a great barrier towards structural improvement of COPD management. So it is important to identify the treatable elements of the disease, to further document and make known and understand that those can be treated, and to make interventions measurable and implementable for the relevant stakeholder groups. Description: PICASSO for COPD is a national platform for COPD care optimisation and combines knowledge, experience and resources to support new and existing COPD projects, and stimulates the interaction between these initiatives. After 5 years of working within the field of COPD we have interesting data together with knowledge and structures for improving COPD care. Note: A selection of this abstract was also published as: van Schayck CP, Bindels PJE, Decramer M, Dekhuijzen PNR, Kerstjens HAM, Muris JWM, et al. Marking COPD a treatable disease: an integrated care perspective. Respiratory Medicine 2007 COPD update 2007 Jun;3(2):49–56. Keywords COPD care Poster presentation available from: http:yywww.integratedcarenetwork.orgySweden2008yslidesynoorlander-poster.pdf References 1. van Schayck CP, Loozen JM, Wagena E, et al. Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in general practice: cross sectional case finding study. British Medical Journal 2002;324:1370–4. 2. Murray CJL, Lopez AD. Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause 1990–2020: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997;349:1498–504.
An Unusual Cause of Chronic Cough

Foreign body aspiration (FBA) is a serious medical problem, causing thousands of deaths nationally each year. Clinical presentations range from acute suffocation and death to chronic and subtle respiratory symptoms. Although FBA is more common in children, adult patients are also at risk. We present a classic case of FBA in an adult male with a history of alcohol abuse and chronic cough.
“The city” as developmental justification: claimsmaking on the urban through strategic planning

Municipal governments produce a seemingly endless supply of urban strategic plans, which purport to define the city by making claims on its future development trajectories. Critics note that this claimsmaking on “the city” renders it conceptually vacuous and overextended. Yet it is essential to question the degree to which speculative policymaking is merely rhetorical. Discursive claimsmaking on the city through strategic planning documents is an important technique in urban politics—a form of targeted simplification that benefits particular stakeholders by defining the city around sites in which they are invested. Bids to host sporting “mega-events” like the Olympic Games are a case in point: event planning corporations routinely make claims on the city, which strategically simplify its forms and processes, often by defining the city in ways that mediate between particular land investment projects and broad visions for citywide development. The implication is that claimsmaking on the city through urban s...
Two Patterns of Friendship in a Guatemalan Community1

NEAR the center of the Department of Guatemala and twelve kilometers northeast of Guatemala City is located the main community of the municipio of Chinautla, known as Santa Cruz Chinautla.2 The Indian population refer to this place as Pac'om and to the nearby archeological sites as najtiminit, or the "far-away place." The present community extends 2.5 kilometers along the bank of the river Las Vacas and is one kilometer in width. The 1950 Census shows a population of 1,672 persons, 95.8 percent (investigator's own calculation) of whom are Indians of the Pokomam-speaking dialect.
Distributed Fault Detection and Isolation in a Class of Large-Scale Nonlinear Uncertain Systems

Abstract This paper presents a distributed fault detection and isolation (FDI) method for a class of large-scale nonlinear uncertain systems. In the distributed FDI architecture, a local FDI component is designed for each subsystem by utilizing local measurements and certain communicated information from neighboring FDI components associated with subsystems that are directly interconnected. Under certain assumptions, adaptive thresholds for distributed FDI in each local subsystem are derived, ensuring robustness with respect to interactions among subsystems and system modeling uncertainty. The fault isolability condition is rigorously investigated, characterizing the class of faults that are isolable by the proposed method. An application example of automated highway systems is used to illustrate the effectiveness of the method.
The Impact of Semantic Relevance and Heterogeneity of Pictorial Stimuli on Individual Brainstorming: An Extension of the SIAM Model

Drawing upon the Search for Ideas in Associative Memory (SIAM) model as the theoretical framework, the impact of heterogeneity and topic relevance of visual stimuli on ideation performance was examined. Results from a laboratory experiment showed that visual stimuli increased productivity and diversity of idea generation, that relevance to the topic and homogeneity among visual stimuli increased productivity, whereas homogenous but topic irrelevant stimuli suppressed both productivity and idea diversity. The findings show that the SIAM model applies to visual, as well as to textual, stimuli, and extend the model's arguments with respect to cognitive interference and fixation effects.
ORGAN PROCUREMENT FOR CHILDREN: THE ANENCEPHALIC FETUS AS DONOR

Le probleme de trouver des organes pour la transplantation, deja serieux pour les adultes, est extremement difficile pour les enfants. Les organes et tissus de fœtus anencephaliques pourraient-ils convenir? Problemes de l'adaptation et de la croissance, avantages et risques, problemes ethiques et legaux
Maintenance treatment in recurrent depression: current and future directions. The first William Sargant Lecture.

When William Sargant died in 1988 at the age of 81, he had made his mark on British psychiatry. He had exerted considerable influence on US psychiatry as well. This was especially obvious during a time when physical treatments were hardly the fashion in US psychiatry. As The Times (1988) stated at the time of his death, he had made psychiatry more respectable by keeping it close to the medical model. He did a great deal to make depression intelligible to general practitioners and, therefore, to make it a legitimate, respectable illness.
Origin of the warped heliospheric current sheet

The warped heliospheric current sheet for early 1976 is calculated from the observed photospheric magnetic field by a potential field method. Comparisons with measurements of the interplanetary magnetic field polarity for early 1976 obtained at several locations in the heliosphere by Helios 1, Helios 2, Pioneer 11, and at the earth show a rather detailed agreement between the computed current sheet and the observations. It appears that the large-scale structure of the warped heliospheric current sheet is determined by the structure of the photospheric magnetic field and that "ballerina skirt" effects may add small-scale ripples.
The Purpose of University Education

This paper addresses the need for stronger links between university education and career development. It calls for a new model of a university that continues the liberal education tradition within a context that is more focused on the relevance of the content to career and life beyond college.
Physiological effects of broccoli consumption

Epidemiological studies suggest that broccoli can decrease risk for cancer. Broccoli contains many bioactives, including vitamins C and E, quercetin and kaempferol glycosides and, like other members of the Brassicaceae, several glucosinolates, including glucobrassicin (3-indolylmethyl glucosinolate) and glucoraphanin (4-methylsulphinylbutyl glucosinolate). A key bioactive component responsible for much of this activity may be sulforaphane (1-isothiocyanato-4-methylsulfinylbutane), a hydrolysis product of glucoraphanin. Sulforaphane not only upregulates a number of phase II detoxification enzymes involved in clearance of chemical carcinogens and reactive oxygen species, but has anti-tumorigenic properties, causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells. The bioequivalency of sulforaphane and whole broccoli have not been fully evaluated, leaving it unclear whether whole broccoli provides a similar effect to purified sulforaphane, or whether the presence of other components in broccoli, such as indole-3-carbinol from glucobrassicin, is an added health benefit. Dietary indole-3-carbinol is known to alter estrogen metabolism, to cause cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of cancer cells and, in animals, to decrease risk for breast cancer. Recent research suggests that both dietary broccoli and the individual components sulforaphane and indole-3-carbinol may offer protection from a far broader array of diseases than cancer, including cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. A common link between these oxidative degenerative diseases and cancer may be aggravation by inflammation. A small body of literature is forming suggesting that both indole-3-carbinol and sulforaphane may protect against inflammation, inhibiting cytokine production. It remains to be seen whether cancer, cardiovascular disease, dementia and other diseases of aging can all benefit from a diet rich in broccoli and other crucifers.
Structural transitions in Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV)

Viral capsids act as molecular containers for the encapsulation of genomic nucleic acid. These protein cages can also be used as constrained reaction vessels for packaging and entrapment of synthetic cargos. The icosahedral Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) is an excellent model for understanding the encapsulation and packaging of both genomic and synthetic materials. High-resolution structural information of the CCMV capsid has been invaluable for evaluating structure-function relationships in the assembled capsid but does not allow insight into the capsid dynamics. The dynamic nature of the CCMV capsid might play an important role in the biological function of the virus. The CCMV capsid undergoes a pH and metal ion dependent reversible structural transition where 60 separate pores in the capsid open or close, exposing the interior of the protein cage to the bulk medium. In addition, the highly basic N-terminal domain of the capsid, which is disordered in the crystal structure, plays a significant role in packaging the viral cargo. Interestingly, in limited proteolysis and mass spectrometry experiments the N-terminal domain is the first part of the subunit to be cleaved, confirming its dynamic nature. Based on our fundamental understanding of the capsid dynamics in CCMV, we have utilized these aspects to direct packaging of a range of synthetic materials including drugs and inorganic nanoparticles.
Interval volume tetrahedrization

The interval volume is a generalization of the isosurface commonly associated with the marching cubes algorithm. Based upon samples at the locations of a 3D rectilinear grid, the algorithm produces a triangular approximation to the surface defined by F(x,y,z)=c. The interval volume is defined by /spl alpha//spl les/F(x,y,z)/spl les//spl beta/. The authors describe an algorithm for computing a tetrahedrization of a polyhedral approximation to the interval volume.
TH‐A‐BRB‐03: Tumor Control Probability Models for Hypofractionated Therapy: Known Unknowns, Unknown Unknowns, and Comparison with Data

In order to better understand factors that affect tumordose response to hypofractionated and standard fractionation (∼ 2 Gy/day), we recently constructed a state‐based model to predict radiotherapytumor outcomes. Put simply the model assumes that each small volume of the tumor at the beginning of therapy (a ‘tumorlet’) has a given, unchanging, supply level of oxygen and glucose. Cells are divided into those that have both adequate oxygen and adequate glucose (and are therefore at least intermittently proliferating), cells that only have adequate glucose (radiobiologically hypoxic but surviving), and those that are dying due to a lack of oxygen and glucose. The model is just complicated enough to take into account measured cell loss factors, growth fractions, and radiosensitivity as a function of cell cycle. The model naturally reproduces the effects of reoxygenation, accelerated clonogen proliferation, and regression as a function of the local tumorlet cell‐loss factor and growth fraction. Although the model appears to reproduce behavior consistent with response to standard fractionation, it does not adequately explain response to single‐ or few‐fraction delivery, where hypoxic cell survival is predicted to be orders‐ of‐magnitude too high. It is unlikely that a too‐high value of alpha/beta by itself explains the discrepancy as the ratio is expected to increase under hypoxic conditions by a factor equal to the oxygen enhancement ratio. These results are in agreement with previously published calculations by Brown et al. (IJROBP (2010) 78: 323‐327) using a different model of tumor response. We will discuss uncertainties in the model, including effects that have been left out, such as variations in vascular delivery. Learning Objectives: 1. Understanding factors expected to impact radiotherapy response, including radiosensitivity, repair, reoxygenation, the cell loss factor, the growth fraction, and hypoxia. 2. Understand basic mathematical formulations that can capture radiosensitivity and repair.
On the Dispersion of a Solute in a Fluid Flowing through a Tube

Sir Geoffrey Taylor has recently discussed the dispersion of a solute under the simultaneous action of molecular diffusion and variation of the velocity of the solvent. A new basis for his analysis is presented here which removes the restrictions imposed on some of the parameters at the expense of describing the distribution of solute in terms of its moments in the direction of flow. It is shown that the rate of growth of the variance is proportional to the sum of the molecular diffusion coefficient, D, and the Taylor diffusion coefficient $\kappa $a$^{2}$U$^{2}$/D, where U is the mean velocity and a is a dimension characteristic of the cross-section of the tube. An expression for $\kappa $ is given in the most general case, and it is shown that a finite distribution of solute tends to become normally distributed.
Acute alcohol intoxication decreases glucose metabolism but increases acetate uptake in the human brain

Alcohol intoxication results in marked reductions in brain glucose metabolism, which we hypothesized reflect not just its GABAergic enhancing effects but also the metabolism of acetate as an alternative brain energy source. To test this hypothesis we separately assessed the effects of alcohol intoxication on brain glucose and acetate metabolism using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). We found that alcohol intoxication significantly decreased whole brain glucose metabolism (measured with FDG) with the largest decrements in cerebellum and occipital cortex and the smallest in the thalamus. In contrast, alcohol intoxication caused a significant increase in [1-(11)C]acetate brain uptake (measured as standard uptake value, SUV), with the largest increases occurring in the cerebellum and the smallest in the thalamus. In heavy alcohol drinkers [1-(11)C]acetate brain uptake during alcohol challenge tended to be higher than in occasional drinkers (p<0.06) and the increases in [1-(11)C]acetate uptake in cerebellum with alcohol were positively associated with the reported amount of alcohol consumed (r=0.66, p<0.01). Our findings corroborate a reduction of brain glucose metabolism during intoxication and document an increase in brain acetate uptake. The opposite changes observed between regional brain metabolic decrements and regional increases in [1-(11)C]acetate uptake support the hypothesis that during alcohol intoxication the brain may rely on acetate as an alternative brain energy source and provides preliminary evidence that heavy alcohol exposures may facilitate the use of acetate as an energy substrate. These findings raise the question of the potential therapeutic benefits that increasing plasma acetate concentration (i.e. ketogenic diets) may have in alcoholics undergoing alcohol detoxification.
Coping Self-Efficacy Mediates the Association Between Child Abuse and ADHD in Adulthood

Objective: To investigate whether individual differences in coping self-efficacy mediated the association of child abuse and symptoms of ADHD in young adults. Method: Self-reported measures of coping self-efficacy, child abuse, and ADHD were obtained from 66 adults. Results: Adults who reported childhood physical or sexual abuse (prior to the age of 17) had significantly higher levels of ADHD than those who did not. Individual differences in coping self-efficacy fully mediated the association between child abuse and ADHD symptoms in adulthood, such that individuals who endorsed child abuse had lower coping self-efficacy, and coping self-efficacy negatively predicted ADHD symptoms. Discussion: The findings suggest a potential causal mechanism by which childhood physical and sexual abuse may result in ADHD symptoms later in life. Interventions that improve coping skills may be useful in preventing later ADHD symptoms among adults with a childhood history of physical and sexual abuse.
Control of synthesis of lactic acid dehydrogenases

The rate of synthesis of lactic dehydrogenase, particularly of the “muscle-type” of subunits of this enzyme, was regulated by the concentration of oxygen in the environment of some cells in tissue culture and some tissues in chicken embryos. This regulation was most evident when synthesis of “muscle-type” subunits was compared to synthesis of “heart-type” subunits. The rate of synthesis of M subunits was increased when the oxygen tension fell below 0·1 atmosphere (76 mm Hg). This increase was blocked by the presence of actinomycin D, puromycin, actidione or cold during exposure to reduced oxygen tensions. The stimulating effect of low oxygen concentrations on enzyme synthesis persisted after a brief exposure of cultured cells to anoxia. This persistent increase was abbreviated but not abolished by actinomycin. The effect of oxygen tension on enzyme production appeared to be distinct from its immediate effect on carbohydrate metabolism, since lactate production was not correlated with the enzyme change, and chemical agents which caused a shift to anaerobic metabolism did not cause an increase in synthesis of M subunits of lactic dehydrogenase. Some chelating agents increased the rate of enzyme synthesis despite exposure to high oxygen concentrations. This is taken as evidence that oxygen exerts a repressive effect on lactic dehydrogenase synthesis, mediated by heavy metals. Based on results with actinomycin, and the prolonged effect of a brief exposure to anoxia, it is postulated that low oxygen tensions may result in increased synthesis of messenger RNA for M subunits, and that this messenger RNA survives for at least nine hours. The results also indicate that oxygen tension is not the sole regulator of lactic dehydrogenase synthesis. Other regulation is suggested by the rigid limits for the response to altered oxygen tension, by cells which failed to respond at all to changes in oxygen tension and by changes in rate of enzyme synthesis with age of the culture.
Paget’s Disease

The dentist may recognize Paget’s disease before either systemic manifestations or complications occur. Suspicion may arise through routine oral and radiographic examination as pathologic conditions usually occur first in the jaws and skull. As with any disease, early recognition is helpful in treatment and may necessitate alterations in the proposed dental treatment.
Co-ordination of Power Transformers for Steep-Front Impulse Waves

THE REQUIREMENT that transformers withstand certain specified impulse tests has been accepted by the industry as desirable, and the Institute has recommended a standard method of testing transformers with a 1.5 × 40 microsecond wave.