cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Buprenorphine hydrochloride: Determination of analgesic potency

An open evaluation of relief from severe pain following major abdominal operations was carried out on at least ten patients, who had given written consent, with 0.1 to 0.4 mg doses of buprenorphine hydrochloride administered intramuscularly. Statistical analysis of the data showed that 0.3 mg of this compound provided quite satisfactory relief from pain for up to six hours. Seven more consenting patients were given buprenorphine hydrochloride 0.5 to 0.6 mg, but they did not receive much greater or longer pain relief than those receiving 0.3 to 0.4 mg. However, the latter patients were younger and heavier. It was concluded that buprenorphine hydrochloride 0.2 to 0.4 mg provided relief of severe pain probably as well as is observed with morphine 10 mg for the average-size patient, but the duration of pain relief with the new compound is substantially longer than with other strong analgesics previously tested. The only common side effect noted was drowsiness, which was observed during the analgesic action of the compound. No appreciable alterations were seen in the respiration, pulse rate and blood pressure. On the basis of these tests, buprenorphine hydrochloride appears to be a satisfactory analgesic for severe postoperative pain, and it deserves extensive study.
Focal motor seizures in patients with alcoholism

Focal seizures in an alcoholic, an infrequent manifestation of withdrawal, are thought to represent significant underlying organic pathology. During the past two years, 26 alcoholics who had experienced one or more focal seizures were studied. Sixteen had cerebral arteriograms. Operable intracerebral hemorrhage or empyema was found in 5 patients (19%). An additional 6 patients (23%) had demonstrable pathology which was not amenable to surgery. In the 15 patients who had a normal arteriogram or in whom arteriography was not indicated, five had a history either of previous cerebral concussion, or removal of a subdural hemorrhage. Twenty-two of the patients (86%) had focal seizures within 48 hours after cessation of alcohol. It is postulated that alcohol withdrawal lessens the seizure threshold and increases the likelihood of a focal seizure heralding a subdural hematoma in the alcoholic.
Fabrication of LIGA mold inserts using a modified procedure

The LIGA process, invented in Germany and being further developed at Louisiana State University can be used to economically mass produce high aspect ratio microstructures (HARM) by molding. The template, or mold insert, is required to mold microstructure and is fabricated by a two step sequence of x-ray lithography and electroplating. A modified version of the LIGA process has been used to produce a mold insert. A sheet of PMMA is first patterned using x-ray lithography. After the lithography process is completed, the PMMA sheet is clamped to a nickel substrate and a subsequent electroplating step produces a mold insert. This processing sequence eliminates the need to establish a chemical bond between the resist and the substrate. The electroplated HARM were used as a mold insert in subsequent molding experiments. One mold insert which was fabricated is presented, along with the results of molding experiments using a similar insert.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
The Evidence of Racial Profiling: Interpreting Documented and Unofficial Sources:

This article summarizes the major cases that established the existence of racial profiling in the American public debate. The authors distinguish the widening split between the narrow, case-bound d...
Genealogy and Governmentality

The essay aims at an assessment of whether and to what extent the history of governmentality can be considered to be a genealogy. To this effect a generic account of core tenets of Foucauldian genealogy is developed. The three core tenets highlighted are (1) a radically contingent view of history that is (2) expressed in a distinct style and (3) highlights the impact of power on this history. After a brief discussion of the concept of governmentality and a descriptive summary of its history, this generic account is used as a measuring device to be applied to the history of governmentality. While both, the concept of governmentality and also its history retain certain links to genealogical precepts, my overall conclusion is that particularly the history of governmentality (and not necessarily Foucault's more programmatic statements about it) departs from these precepts in significant ways. Not only is there a notable difference in style that cannot be accounted for entirely by the fact that this history is produced in the medium of lectures. Aside from a rather abstract consideration of the importance of societal struggles, revolts and other forms of resistance, there is also little reference to the role of these phenomena in the concrete dynamics of governmental shifts that are depicted in the historical narrative. Finally, in contrast to the historical contingency espoused by genealogy and the programmatic statements about governmentality, the actual history of the latter can be plausibly, albeit unsympathetically, read in a rather teleological fashion according to which the transformations of governmentality amount to the unfolding of an initially implicit notion of governing that is subsequently realised in ever more consistent ways. In the final section of the essay I turn towards the field of governmentality studies, arguing that some of the more problematic tendencies in this research tradition can be traced back to Foucault's own account. In particular, the monolithic conceptualisation of governmentality and the implicit presentism of an excessive focus on Neoliberalism found in many of the studies in governmentality can be linked back to problems in Foucault's own history of governmenality. The paper concludes with suggestions for a future research agenda for the governmentality studies that point beyond Foucault's own account and its respective limitations.
Clinical features and treatment of Malassezia folliculitis with fluconazole in orthotopic heart transplant recipients

Orthotopic heart transplant recipients need immunosuppressive treatment and are at an increased risk for opportunistic infections such as Malassezia folliculitis. During a 4-month period (July to October 1990), 11 such cases were identified and treated; all were male with mean age of 43 ± 9 years and on standard triple immunosuppressive therapy. Skin scrapings in potassium hydroxide (KOH) preparation with microscopy and/or culture identified either Malassezia furfur or Malassezia pachydermatis as the etiologic agent. A treatment with topical preparation (clotrimazole 1% and selenium sulfide lotion) was effective in 6 patients, whereas the rest received systemic fluconazole treatment with satisfactory outcome; all lesions were resolved within 3 weeks. Fluconazole appears to be an effective agent with excellent therapeutic outcome when administered for 3 weeks.
Product creativity : conceptual model, measurement and characteristics

This study investigates the composition of product creativity by examining elements of consumer products from the consumer's perspective. This study presents a conceptual model of product creativity assessment within the context of the information processing model. A product creativity survey of 52 items, based on the Creative Product Analysis Matrix and the literature findings, was completed by 205 university students. Results of an exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis indicated six main product creativity dimensions and the percentages of the total variance accounted for by each dimension, which are: resolution (27%); emotion (9%); centrality (8%); importance (8%); desire (7%); and novelty (6%). Results of a stepwise regression indicated that these three product creativity dimensions (centrality, importance and desire) significantly predict customer satisfaction (40% of the explained variance) and purchasability (33% of the explained variance) of creative products. The study concludes with relat...
Semifree locally linear pl actions on the sphere

This paper aims at giving a complete classification of semifree orientation preserving PL locally linear group actions on the sphere.
Impact of Thermodiffusion on Temperature Fields in Stationary Nanofluids

The research community has reported a large variety of at times contradictory thermal conductivity enhancements for nanofluids. Some of the differences may result from thermodiffusion, which is the coupled transport of heat and nanoparticles in a temperature gradient. Thermodiffusion can influence the apparent conductivity observed in a given experimental setup. This work explores the potential impact of thermodiffusion on the inconsistencies of the previous results and on the observed temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity enhancement. The thermal conductivity variation with temperature is captured using infrared microscopy. The thermal conductivity distribution varies significantly over the temperature range 27 – 73°C. This work also explores the potential impact of aggregation, gravitational separation, and thermodiffusion on the time-evolution of the thermal conductivity. For 1 percent by volume aluminum oxide in deionized water, this work finds a thermal conductivity enhancement of between 1 and 15 percent depending on temperature and time, which corresponds to an enhancement factor of between 1 and 15. For 0.2 percent by volume carbon nanotubes in silicone oil, this work finds a thermal conductivity enhancement of 8 percent with no dependence on temperature, which corresponds to an enhancement factor of 40.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A Distinct Translation Initiation Mechanism Generates Cryptic Peptides for Immune Surveillance

MHC class I molecules present a comprehensive mixture of peptides on the cell surface for immune surveillance. The peptides represent the intracellular protein milieu produced by translation of endogenous mRNAs. Unexpectedly, the peptides are encoded not only in conventional AUG initiated translational reading frames but also in alternative cryptic reading frames. Here, we analyzed how ribosomes recognize and use cryptic initiation codons in the mRNA. We find that translation initiation complexes assemble at non-AUG codons but differ from canonical AUG initiation in response to specific inhibitors acting within the peptidyl transferase and decoding centers of the ribosome. Thus, cryptic translation at non-AUG start codons can utilize a distinct initiation mechanism which could be differentially regulated to provide peptides for immune surveillance.
On Hamilton's principle for thermo-elastic fluids and solids, and internal constraints in thermo-elasticity

1. Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 2. Notation and Variational Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 3. Thermo-Elastic Fluids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4. Thermo-Elastic Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 5. Internal Constraints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Frame-Indifference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Determinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Balance of Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Entropy Production Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 6. Concluding Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 7. List of Works Cited . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
J‐based 2D homonuclear and heteronuclear correlation in solid‐state proteins

Scalar-based two-dimensional heteronuclear experiments are reported for NCO and NCA chemical shift correlation in the solid state. In conjunction with homonuclear CACO correlation, these experiments form a useful set for tracing connectivities and assigning backbone resonances in solid-state proteins. The applicability of this approach is demonstrated on two proteins, the β 1 immunoglobulin binding domain of protein G at 9.4 T and reassembled thioredoxin at 14.1 T, using different decoupling conditions and MAS frequencies. These constant-time J-based correlation experiments exhibit increased resolution in the indirect dimension owing to homonuclear and heteronuclear decoupling, and because the indirect evolution and transfer periods are combined into a single constant time interval, this increased resolution is not obtained at the cost of sensitivity. These experiments are also shown to be compatible with in-phase anti-phase (IPAP) selection, giving increased resolution in the directly detected dimension.
Surgical technique for control of postkeratoplasty myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia

Abstract Purpose We previously demonstrated that selective suture removal reduces keratoplasty astigmatism; however, a myopic shift was induced with the increasing number of interrupted sutures removed. This study is an attempt to determine the effects of a modified surgical technique on postkeratoplasty myopia, astigmatism, and anisometropia. Design A cohort study compared with historical controls. Methods Optical penetrating keratoplasties were performed on 92 eyes of 84 patients. The study group consisted of 92 consecutive penetrating keratoplasties performed using 12 interrupted 10-0 nylon sutures and a tight 12-bite continuous suture and an average K reading of 46.00 diopters for eyes undergoing combined and intraocular lens exchange procedures. All patients had refraction, keratometry, and videokeratoscopy postoperatively starting at 6 weeks and at the completion of selective suture removal. Results Before suture removal, the average spherical equivalent was −0.160 ± 3.59 diopters; it was −1.58 ± 3.66 diopters at the completion of suture removal at 1 year and −1.44 ± 3.72 at the last follow-up visit, averaging 20.7 months. Final refractive, keratometric, and videokeratoscopy astigmatism was 2.81 ± 1.82, 4.19 ± 2.94, and 3.58 ± 2.03 diopters, respectively. Anisometropia, using the spherical equivalent of the operated and fellow eyes, was 2.49 ± 2.25 diopters at completion of the study. A best-corrected visual acuity of 20/50 or better was achieved in 59% of patients. Conclusions Low myopic spherical equivalent and anisometropia were achieved using a K reading of 46 diopters for calculation of intraocular lens power. The use of tighter continuous sutures and selective removal of fewer interrupted sutures only served to increase final astigmatism, with no significant effect on the final spherical equivalent.
An 85dB SFDR 67dB SNDR 8OSR 240MS/s ΔΣ ADC with nonlinear memory error calibration

A 1-0 MASH ΔΣ ADC demonstrates a digital calibration technique treating both amplifier distortion and capacitor mismatch. The output-referred error analysis accurately models a nonlinear modulator. The identification of multiple error parameters is accomplished by correlating various moments of the ADC output with a one-bit pseudorandom noise (PN). The prototype ADC employing 29dB gain amplifiers measures 85dB SFDR and 67dB SNDR for a -1dBFS (1.1V pp ) 5MHz sinusoidal input at 240MS/s. The core ADC consumes 37mW from a 1.25V supply and occupies 0.28mm2 in a 65nm CMOS low-leakage digital process, in which the transistor threshold voltages are around 0.5V.
Exploring the Contextual Sensitivity of Factors that Determine Cell-to-Cell Variability in Receptor-Mediated Apoptosis

Stochastic fluctuations in gene expression give rise to cell-to-cell variability in protein levels which can potentially cause variability in cellular phenotype. For TRAIL (TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand) variability manifests itself as dramatic differences in the time between ligand exposure and the sudden activation of the effector caspases that kill cells. However, the contribution of individual proteins to phenotypic variability has not been explored in detail. In this paper we use feature-based sensitivity analysis as a means to estimate the impact of variation in key apoptosis regulators on variability in the dynamics of cell death. We use Monte Carlo sampling from measured protein concentration distributions in combination with a previously validated ordinary differential equation model of apoptosis to simulate the dynamics of receptor-mediated apoptosis. We find that variation in the concentrations of some proteins matters much more than variation in others and that precisely which proteins matter depends both on the concentrations of other proteins and on whether correlations in protein levels are taken into account. A prediction from simulation that we confirm experimentally is that variability in fate is sensitive to even small increases in the levels of Bcl-2. We also show that sensitivity to Bcl-2 levels is itself sensitive to the levels of interacting proteins. The contextual dependency is implicit in the mathematical formulation of sensitivity, but our data show that it is also important for biologically relevant parameter values. Our work provides a conceptual and practical means to study and understand the impact of cell-to-cell variability in protein expression levels on cell fate using deterministic models and sampling from parameter distributions.
Role of longitudinal diffusion in the extravascular pulmonary space on parameter estimates derived from data of multiple indicator dilution

A mathematical model of transcapillary exchange has been developed that considers in detail the role of axial diffusion in the extravascular tissue region on estimates of such physiological parameters as lung water (VE) and pulmonary capillary permeability-surface area products (PS), obtained from multiple indicator dilution studies. The experimental cases considered correspond to two animal models of pulmonary oedema in which the integrity of the pulmonary capillary membrane is disrupted and the effects of extravascular axial diffusion may be important. A novel feature of the computational scheme is the use of an Array Processor in the solution of the governing equations, initial and boundary conditions. Computer time is reduced to 2-3 min for parameter identification, thereby allowing a wide range of values for extravascular axial diffusion coefficients (D'/L2) to be studied at little computational expense. The results indicate that diffusion in the extravascular region does not influence parameter estimates for PS to urea. A statistical correlation is suggested between values for VE, PS to water, and D'/L2.
The correlation between dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures of bone density in the proximal femur and lumbar spine of children.

Objective. To assess the correlation between a pediatric patient’s proximal femur and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores, and the side-to-side difference between proximal femurs. Design. Three hundred and thirty-nine patients aged 2.2–17.0 years with an assortment of underlying conditions underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of BMD in both proximal femurs and the lumbar spine. Results. Z-scores in the proximal femur and lumbar spine correlated highly (r=0.73, P=0.0001), but for individual patients the difference was often significant, and increased as BMD deviated further from normal. For patients with proximal femur Z-scores of 1 to –1 the mean difference between proximal femur and lumbar spine Z-scores was 0.5; with proximal femur Z-scores of less than –3 the mean difference was increased to 1.7. In conditions which symmetrically involve the lower extremities, the right and left proximal femur Z-scores differed on average by only 0.2. Conclusion. BMD measurements for pediatric patients are most easily interpreted by clinicians if converted to Z-scores, yet these are usually available only for the lumbar spine. Age-normalized BMD assessment at more than one site is necessary to provide a more reliable, complete assessment of bone mineral status in pediatric patients.
Changes in the fauna and flora of a nutrient enriched lake

Changes in the flora and fauna at Loch Leven are described. Species associated with oligotrophic conditions such as charr and desmids have declined or disappeared, and prolonged, dense algal blooms, particularly Cyanophyceae, have been a feature of recent years. Much of the macrophytic vegetation has disappeared and there have been changes in the composition of the zooplankton and benthos, several abundant species disappearing (Table II). Possible reasons for these changes are given. Die Veranderungen in der Pflanzen-und Tierwelt von Loch Leven werden beschrieben. Gattungen welche gewohnlich in oligotrophen Gewassern gefunden werden, wie Salvelinus und Desmidiaceae, sind verringert oder ganz verschwunden. In den letzten Jahren sind Cyanophyceae immer haufiger hervorgetreten. Viele hohere Pflanzen sind verschwunden und es hat sich vieles geandert in der Komposition des Zooplanktons und Benthos. Mehrere wichtige Gattungen dieser Gruppen verschwinden allmahlich. Mogliche Grunde fur diese Veranderungen werden gegeben.
Subchronic administration of N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine (BD1047) alters σ1 receptor binding

BD1047 (N-[2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)ethyl]-N-methyl-2-(dimethylamino)ethylamine) is known to bind with high affinity and selectivity to sigma sites in vitro. In prior in vivo studies, it has been shown to attenuate the dystonic postures and orofacial dyskinesias that are produced by sigma receptor ligands, including the neuroleptic haloperidol. Since abnormal movements, such as dystonic postures and orofacial dyskinesias, are side effects that are associated with many sigma-active neuroleptics, compounds such as BD1047 may have therapeutic potential for preventing and treating these unwanted movements. A possible limitation to the therapeutic potential of BD1047, however, is that at least in cell culture and albeit weak, it can be cytotoxic. Therefore, the present study analyzed the possible neurotoxic effects of in vivo subchronic intracerebroventricular infusion of BD1047 (10 nmol/h) or artificial cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into rat brains using osmotic minipumps for 7 or 14 days. Following a 24 h wash-out period, the animals were killed, the brains removed, and P2 membranes prepared. Membranes from rats treated for 7 or 14 days with BD1047 showed a marked decrease in [3H](+)-pentazocine binding as compared to membranes from CSF-treated animals, suggesting a loss of sigma 1 receptor binding. Histological examination of brain sections processed for Nissl stains and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunohistochemistry excluded the possibility of a cytotoxically induced down-regulation, suggesting possible receptor internalization or desensitization mediated via sigma 1 sites. Under the conditions used in our study, BD1047 does not appear to be neurotoxic, and the data, when taken together with other studies, suggest that BD1047 acts as a partial agonist at sigma sites.
EFFECTS OF FLIGHT ATTENDANTS' TOUCH UPON AIRLINE PASSENGERS' PERCEPTIONS OF THE ATTENDANT AND THE AIRLINE

Airline flight attendants' touching of 158 passengers on the shoulder or forearm increased their liking of the 4 attendants and the airline in general and also their perceived flight safety.
Hydrocortisone inhibits phorbol ester stimulated release of histamine and arachidonic acid from rat mast cells.

Purified rat peritoneal mast cells were incubated overnight with or without hydrocortisone (3 × 10−6 M) and then stimulated with anti-IgE, somatostatin or a phorbol ester-ionophore combination, i.e., 12-0-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate and A23187. The release of both histamine and [1-14C]arachidonic acid and its metabolites was determined. Hydrocortisone treatment markedly inhibited both anti-IgE and TPA-A23187 stimulated release, but not release stimulated by somatostatin. These results suggest that anti-inflammatory steroids may alter histamine release through an action involving the activation of the phosphatidylserine-calcium dependent protein kinase or its substrates.
THE POWER EQUITY GUIDE: ATTENDING TO GENDER IN FAMILY THERAPY

In the past two decades, feminist scholars have challenged the field of family therapy to incorporate the organizing principle of gender in its theory, practice, and training. In this paper, we introduce a training, research, and therapeutic tool that provides guidance for addressing or observing gender and power differentials in the practice of family therapy. As a training tool, the Power Equity Guide helps trainees to translate their theoretical understanding of feminist principles into specific behaviors in therapy. Researchers and supervisors can use the Power Equity Guide to evaluate the practice of gender-informed family therapy. We also provide specific suggestions for its use by trainers, supervisors, therapists, and researchers.
Binding and degradation of elastin by the staphylolytic enzyme lysostaphin

Lysostaphin is a bacterial zinc metalloproteinase that degrades staphylococcal cell wall peptidoglycans. We have shown that lysostaphin also binds tightly to elastin and contains elastolytic activity. The objective of this investigation was to further characterize the biochemical mechanism of elastolysis by lysostaphin. Binding of lysostaphin to elastin was demonstrated with elastin peptide affinity chromatography. Elastolysis by lysostaphin was studied using a tritium release assay with tritium borohydride-reduced elastin as substrate. Proteolysis of elastin by lysostaphin was maximal at neutral to slightly basic pH and proceeded linearly for 10 hr before reaching saturation. The elastolytic activity was not affected by inhibitors of cysteine or serine proteinases, but was inhibited by o-phenanthroline, EDTA, and by the addition of exogenous zinc. Inhibition by zinc was not due to an alteration in enzyme-ligand interaction since zinc-containing buffers did not impair the ability of lysostaphin to bind elastin. Lysostaphin elastolysis was not inhibited by trypsin treatment of the enzyme, which has been shown to inactivate the enzyme's staphylolytic properties. It is therefore concluded that: (1) lysostaphin binds and degrades elastin; (2) the elastolytic activity of lysostaphin is distinct from its staphylolytic activity; (3) sequence similarities with matrix metalloproteinases suggest the Ala-Ala-Thr-His-Glu sequence in the amino terminus of lysostaphin to be involved in elastin degradation; (4) our studies are important in establishing that metalloproteinases from staphylococci can participate in elastin degradation.
Docking is the Rate-Limiting Step in Reconstituted Neuronal SNARE-Mediated Liposome Fusion

Over the past ten years, great efforts have been made to reconstitute SNARE-mediated vesicle fusion in vitro by monitoring the degree of lipid mixing between populations of vesicles in solution. The reconstitution approach is powerful because the vesicles have well-defined protein and lipid components and the effects of adding or subtracting a specific component can be assessed directly. In accord with previous work, we find that proteoliposomes composed of full-length SNAREs alone are capable of docking and fusing very slowly in solution. We have developed a FRET-based, single-vesicle fusion assay in which tethered v-SNARE vesicles containing synaptobrevin-II interact with solution-phase t-SNARE vesicles containing syntaxin-1A + SNAP-25. This enables separation of individual docking and fusion events. Our data clearly indicate that the rate-limiting step in this reaction is the docking step. Adding a peptide comprised of synaptobrevin-II(57-92) into the reaction significantly increases the efficiency of fusion by increasing the efficiency of docking. Once docking is achieved, fusion is very rapid, occurring on a time scale of ∼0.3 s or less. The data strongly suggest that the synaptobrevin binding site in the t-SNARE complex is badly occluded in the absence of the syb(57-92) peptide. It seems possible that many added components that accelerate fusion in bulk assays act primarily to mitigate t-SNARE entanglements that prevent SNARE complex formation and enhance docking efficiency, not to accelerate the fusion step itself.
Immigrant status, race, and institutional choice in higher education

Abstract This paper examines the postsecondary enrollment decisions of immigrant students, expanding on previous work by explicitly considering their choices among institution types and by examining differences across generations and racial/ethnic categories. Using data from the National Educational Longitudinal Study (NELS:88), we estimate a multinomial logit model of enrollment choice. We find that first- and second-generation Asians are significantly more likely to enroll in both two- and four-year public colleges and universities, while second-generation Hispanics and native blacks have a higher probability of enrolling in both public and private four-year colleges and universities.
α‐Lactame (Aziridinone)

α-Lactame wurden seit vielen Jahren als Zwischenstufen bei zahlreichen Prozessen angenommen. Die Isolierung des ersten α-Lactams, des N-tert.-Butyl-3-phenyl-aziridinons, gelang 1962. Inzwischen wurden weitere (stets N- und C-3-substituierte) α-Lactame dargestellt. Die meisten dieser sehr reaktiven Verbindungen unterliegen leicht der thermischen Zersetzung; auffallend ist die relative Bestandigkeit des 1,3-Di-tert.-butyl-aziridinons, das erst bei 140°C zu zerfallen beginnt. Nucleophile Reagentien offnen den α-Lactamring. — Im letzten Abschnitt werden einige Beziehungen zwischen Stabilitat und Substituenten der α-Lactame abgeleitet, und es wird eine acyclische, planare oder fast planare Zwischenstufe mit delokalisierter Ladung zur Erklarung der beobachteten Effekte vorgeschlagen.
Professional Divestiture: The Cession of Responsibility for Lawyer Discipline

Lawyer-discipline systems underwent substantial reorganization in a majority of states during the 1970s, with responsibility for their operation moving from the bar associations in which they had been located for almost a century to agencies of the state supreme courts. While this transfer of the locus of lawyer discipline resulted in a diminution of the power of the organized bar, it encouraged the professionalization of the process. In this paper the reasons for the willingness of the bar associations in Illinois to cede control over such a central component of professional regulation are examined and their implications for the sociology of the legal profession discussed. Unable to maintain the status quo in the face of extensive criticism, the Illinois bar associations chose not to meet the high costs of upgrading the discipline process but rather to divest themselves of a function that, although at one time central to their identity and authority, had become inconvenient and damaging to their image. It is suggested that the bar associations were willing to countenance such a divestiture because their positions as collective representatives of the profession in Illinois were secure and the major parameters of lawyer discipline well established. Whereas immediate control over self-regulation processes may be necessary during the developmental phase of professionalism, it is not so important once the profession has achieved a dominant market position.
Small-scale recruitment variation in a temperate fish: the roles of macrophytes and food supply

The availability of reef-related resources, particularly food and shelter can play a significant role in determining the distribution and abundance of reef fishes. Much of the structure on temperate reefs is provided by macroalgae, and variability in the density of temperate reef fishes at large spatial scales (100's of meters) can often be explained by variation in macroalgal cover or density. In this study I investigated the role of macrophytes and associated food resources on the recruitment of a temperate fish, Tautogolabrus adspersus, at a small spatial scale (0.25 m2). No relationship between the density of new recruits and the percent cover of kelp, foliose or filamentous algae was observed. Multiple regressions revealed that less than 8% of variability in recruitment could be explained by variability in macroalgal cover. However, recruits were found in higher abundance in patches containing many functional forms of seaweeds than in patches dominated by a single form. A wide variety of prey were available for use by cunner recruits; however, crustaceans and mussels were the only common components of their diet, and crustaceans were clearly the most preferred prey. The prey composition in patches where fish were present was compared to randomly selected patches. Significantly greater numbers of isopods, amphipods and newly settled mussels were present in patches where fish were present than in randomly selected patches. The data presented in this study contradict previous work that has shown algal structure to be important in determining patterns of abundance and food supply to be of little significance. A conceptual model is proposed suggesting that settling fish select habitats in a hierarchical manner largely based on their dispersal tendencies. Hierarchical selection of habitats results in different attributes of the habitat being selected during different life-history intervals.
Synthesis of isopromethazine hydrochloride.

Isopromethazine hydrochloride was synthesized in gram quantities by using a method which ensures that the isopromethazine is not contaminated with promethazine hydrochloride.
The non specificity of specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitors.

Abstract L-NAME (Nw-Nitro-L-arginine methylester) and L-NMMA (NG-Monomethyl-L-arginine, monoacetate) are used widely as nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitors. Because of their functional groups (alcohols, amines and carboxylates), it appeared that they could interact with iron in a variety of systems. Using three in vitro models we observed these two compounds had inhibitory effects on cytochrome C reduction by ferrous iron, by ferrous iron accelerated by an unsaturated fatty acid or by epinephrine. This suggests that L-NAME and L-NMMA could have effects in iron containing systems found intracellularly apart from their inhibition of (NO) synthesis.
The incident commander's problem: resource allocation in the context of emergency response

A large-scale emergency response relies on a single decision-maker, the Incident Commander, to spontaneously allocate resources that change continuously in both availability and status, to control and resolve an equally dynamic incident. This exploratory study examines the general form of the Incident Commander's problem, the design and management of a highly temporary organisation deploying resources against a unique and evolving problem. Table-top simulation, long established in the training of decision-makers, is introduced here as a research tool to observe and record the evolution of one such emergency operation. Data from a particular table-top simulation is used in a novel application of social network analysis, which shows great promise in the further study of emergency response. This simulation likewise provided the opportunity to compare two different methodologies of decision support for emergency response, yielding some highly counter-intuitive observations.
Implications of Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor-induced Hypomania

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PARO robot affects diverse interaction modalities in group sensory therapy for older adults with dementia

We evaluated the seal-like robot PARO in the context of multi-sensory behavioral therapy in a local nursing home. Participants were 10 elderly nursing home residents with varying levels of dementia. We report three principle findings from our observations of interactions between the residents, PARO, and a therapist during seven weekly therapy sessions. Firstly, we show PARO provides indirect benefits for users by increasing their activity in particular modalities of social interaction, including visual, verbal, and physical interaction, which vary between primary and non-primary interactors. Secondly, PARO's positive effects on older adults' activity levels show steady growth over the duration of our study, suggesting they are not due to short-term “novelty effects.” Finally, we show a variety of ways in which individual participants interacted with PARO and relate this to the “interpretive flexibility” of its design.
RAMS: a RDMA-enabled I/O cache architecture for clustered network servers

Previous studies show that intra-cluster communication easily becomes a major performance bottleneck for a wide range of small write-sharing workloads especially read-only workloads in modern clustered network servers. A Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) technique has been recommended by many researchers to address the problem but how to well utilize RDMA is still in its infancy. This paper proposed a novel solution to boost intra-cluster communication performance by creatively developing a RDMA-enabled collaborative I/O cache Architecture called RAMS, which aims to smartly cache the most recently used RDMA-based intra-cluster data transfer processes for future reuse. RAMS makes two major contributions to facilitate the RDMA deployment: 1) design a novel RDMA-based user-level buffer cache architecture to cache both intra-cluster transferred data and data references; 2) develop three propagated update protocols to attack a RDMA read failure problem. Comprehensive experimental results show that three proposed new update protocols of RAMS can slash the RDMA read failure rate by 75%, and indirectly boost the system throughput by more than 50%, compared with a baseline system using Remote Procedure Call (RPC).
Specific derivatization of lysozyme in aqueous solution with Re(CO)3(H2O)3

The reaction of Re(CO)3(H2O)3+ with hen egg lysozyme in aqueous solution results in a single covalent adduct; single crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the rhenium tricarbonyl cation binds to His15 in two significantly populated rotamer conformations.
Antisocial behavior under hypnosis: possible or impossible.

Abstract Hypnosis is considered a special state-relationship which permits intervention into the psychological economy of an individual. If it is potent enough to initiate constructive behavior, it is sufficiently powerful to alter psychic balance in antisocial directions in the hands of an unscrupulous operator. Solid evidence to decide this question has not yet been evinced by empirical methods. However, the belief that antisocial behavior is not possible under hypnosis helps to prevent the evoking of such behavior since operators are seldom successful in inducing phenomena in which they do not believe. If this belief is considered as fact, courts of law will always exonerate a hypnotist of responsibility for his subject's behavior. The subject would be held guilty.
Power and relationship commitment: their impact on marketing channel member performance

Abstract In marketing channels for farm equipment, we investigate the impact of the supplier's use of power on two key outcomes: (1) the retailer's commitment to the channel relationship and (2) both supplier and retailer performance within the channel. We also investigate how retailer commitment affects performance in the channel. We argue that key linkages are moderated by the symmetry of power within the channel (i.e., whether the retailer is more powerful, power is somewhat balanced between the two channel members, or the supplier is more powerful). The results partially support both the primary construct linkages studied here as well as the moderating effects of power symmetry upon them
Stock Returns and Open‐Market Stock Repurchase Announcements

Recent studies document stock price underreactions and overreactions. This evidence is extended by studying open-market stock repurchase announcements. Repurchase announcements were chosen for the study because of the uncertainty regarding the appropriate interpretation of the repurchase announcement. Cross-section regression models are used to test the relation between the reaction to the repurchase announcement and returns in subsequent periods. The results indicate that the market overreacts to repurchase announcements that are deemed to be “good news” by the market. Neither reversal nor drift is observed following repurchase announcements considered to be “bad news” by the market. The results are robust and are not driven by a few influential observations, beta shifts, or bid-ask bounce.
Renormalization-group acceleration of self-consistent field solutions: Two-dimensional Hubbard model.

Momentum- and frequency-dependent self-consistent field theories provide a potentially powerful tool for analyzing condensed-matter models for interacting electrons. Such theories generally require the solution of multidimensional integral equations. Solutions are limited by demands on computational time and storage, which increase rapidly for calculation of low-temperature properties. A renormalization-group technique which allows the sequential elimination of regions of high frequency and momentum is presented in detail, and is then applied to the solution of the fluctuation exchange approximation for the two-dimensional Hubbard model. Effective meshes with as many as ${10}^{4}$ frequencies and ${512}^{2}$ k points can be analyzed on a vector supercomputer using this approach. As a sample application, it is demonstrated that the fluctuation exchange approximation exhibits non-Fermi liquid behavior near half filling for sufficiently large interaction strengths.
Spatial skills as a predictor of first grade girls' use of higher level arithmetic strategies

Abstract Girls are more likely than boys to use counting strategies rather than higher-level mental strategies to solve arithmetic problems. Prior research suggests that dependence on counting strategies may have negative implications for girls' later math achievement. We investigated the relation between first-grade girls' verbal and spatial skills and the strategies they used to solve arithmetic problems. The present findings are consistent with our hypothesis that individual differences in girls' use of higher-level mental strategies are related to differences in their spatial abilities. Spatial skills positively predicted frequency of use of both higher-level mental strategies (retrieval and decomposition), while verbal skills only contributed to the use of decomposition. Furthermore, the rate of use of the least sophisticated counting strategy was negatively related to spatial skills.
The ODMG object model: does it make sense?

The ODMG Object Model is shown to have a number of problems. A major confusion is caused by the intended type of polymorphism and the way it is expressed in the Model. Dynamic type checking is required even in situations when static type checking is possible. There are situations in which there is no way that type checking can determine whether a particular construct is type correct or not. The model of persistence in the ODMG Standard is not orthogonal, which has undesirable pragmatic consequences on complex objects. The discrepancies between the ODMG Object Model and the particular language bindings of the ODMG Standard are non-trivial. This paper presents solutions to some of these problems together with the associated formal system. Without such a formal system the recommended ODMG bindings are open to a wide range of different, and sometimes confusing interpretations. The criticism expressed in the paper is intended to be helpful in developing future releases of the ODMG Standard.
Expression of the B-Cell Proliferation Marker MUM1 by Melanocytic Lesions and Comparison with S100, gp100 (HMB45), and MelanA

The diagnosis of malignant melanoma remains one of the most difficult to render in surgical pathology, partially because of its extreme histologic variability. Limits in the sensitivity and/or specificity of the currently available melanocytic markers such as anti-S100, HMB45, and anti-MelanA further complicate this problem. Previous work has demonstrated that the B-cell proliferation/differentiation marker MUM1/IRF4 is detected in malignant melanoma and hematolymphoid malignancies, but not in any other neoplasm tested (including colonic, lung, breast, and ovarian carcinomas). In the current study, we have examined MUM1 protein expression in 61 melanocytic lesions and compared the diagnostic usefulness of this marker with that of anti-S100, HMB45, and anti-MelanA. The results indicate that MUM1 is positive in 33/36 (92%) cases of melanoma (21/22 [95%] conventional primary melanomas and 12/14 [86%] metastatic melanomas). In comparison, positivity was seen with anti-S100 in 36/36 cases (100%, 22 primary and 14 metastatic), HMB45 in 28 cases (78%, 17 primary and 11 metastatic), and anti-MelanA in 27 cases (75%, 19 primary and 8 metastatic). Although negative in schwannomas, neurofibromas, and malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors, MUM1 is detected in only one in eight cases of spindle cell and desmoplastic melanomas. With the exception of desmoplastic and spindle cell melanomas, MUM1 appears to be a sensitive and specific immunohistochemical stain for melanocytic lesions and may prove to be a useful addition to the current panel of melanoma markers.
Future of Endograft Surveillance

Frequent and sustained surveillance continues to be mandated for all patients who undergo endovascular repair of the aneurysmal aorta in order to minimize the small but attendant risk of aneurysm rupture. The primary motivation for surveillance includes evaluation of residual aneurysm sac size and presence of endoleak, as well as potential adverse device specific events, such as endograft migration, module disconnection, or component fatigue and failure. The current standard of care and future surveillance modalities after endovascular repair of both abdominal aortic and thoracic aortic aneurysms will be reviewed.
Solid Phase Synthesis and Evaluation of Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe(p-NHCOCH2Br) ([Phe(p-bromoacetamide)4]TIPP), a Potent Affinity Label for δ Opioid Receptors

Derivatives of the delta opioid receptor selective peptide Tyr-Tic-Phe-Phe-OH (TIPP) containing a p-bromoacetamide moiety on the phenyl ring of Phe(3) or Phe(4) were prepared by solid phase synthesis. [Phe(p-NHCOCH(2)Br)(4)]TIPP exhibited high affinity for cloned delta receptors (IC(50) = 5.4 nM), and incubation with only 2.5 nM resulted in 85% wash resistant inhibition of radioligand binding to delta receptors. Therefore, this peptide is a potent affinity label for further study of delta opioid receptors.
Effect of spironolactone on the biliary excretion and distribution of metals

Abstract Pretreatment of rats with spironolactone (75 mg/kg, ip) 15 min before the intravenous administration of a metal produced a marked alteration in the distribution and biliary excretion of mercury and copper. The concentration of mercury and copper in the kidney and plasma was much lower after spironolactone pretreatment but was higher in the blood, heart, lung, brain, and other tissues. Spironolactone pretreatment increased the biliary excretion of these two metals three- and seven-fold. Spironolactone had somewhat of an opposite effect on cadmium and silver. It increased the concentration of cadmium in the kidney; it decreased the biliary excretion of silver; and increased its concentration in the kidney. Spironolactone did not affect all metals; it did not alter the distribution or biliary excretion of lead, manganese, or arsenic.