cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Laboratory investigations of the electrical characteristics of honey bees and their exposure to intense electric fields

Bees exposed to 60-Hz electric (E) fields greater than 150 kV/m show field-induced vibrations of wings, antennae, and body hairs. They also show altered behavior if exposed while in contact with a conductive substrate. Measurements indicate that approximately 240 nA is coupled to a bee standing on a conductive substrate in a 100-kV/m E field. In lab experiments, bee disturbance and sting result from exposure to E field greater than 200 kV/m (bee current greater than 480 nA) and reduced voluntary movements at greater than 300 kV/m (greater than 720 nA bee current) only if the bee is on a conductive substrate. It is hypothesized that in the latter situation coupled bee current drains through the lower thorax and legs to the conductive substrate, and that the resulting enhanced current density in these regions is the cause of observed responses. The observation that bees exposed to intense E fields on an insulator show vibration of body parts but no behavioral response suggests that vibration contributes little to the disturbance of bees in intense E fields. Lab measurements of bee impedance from front-to-rear leg pairs were made on wet and dry conductors. Measurements validate the selection of 1 M omega as a middle value for bee impedance used in the design of devices used to generate step-potential-induced currents in bees.
Characterization of a Major Outer-Membrane Antigen of Edwardsiella ictaluri

Abstract Edwardsiella ictaluri is the cause of enteric septicemia of catfish. A monoclonal antibody (MAb AA224) was used to identify a specific and predominant outer-membrane antigen of E. ictaluri. The MAb AA224 was produced by conventional cell fusion technology with spleen cells from mice immunized with an affinity-purified antigen. The affinity-purified antigen was obtained by immunoaffinity chromatography of an E. ictaluri extract with immunoaffinity purified immunoglobin from sera of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus immune to E. ictaluri as a result of natural infection. The immunoaffinity-purified antigen was used for immunization and identification of the hybridoma producing MAb AA224 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The predominant antigen was purified by immunoaffinity chromatography with MAb AA224 as the immunoadsorbent. Immunoblotting and high-pressure liquid chromatography were used to determine that the relative sizes of the predominant antigens are 60 and 36 kilodaltons. Immunoelect...
Rhenium reactivity in H2O–O2 supercritical mixtures at high pressures

Rhenium (Re) gaskets are commonly used in diamond anvil cell experiments to contain and pressurize samples. It is found that Re undergoes a series of reactions with supercritical fluid H2O–O2 mixtures at room temperature to form perrhenic acid (HReO4) and its hydrates. Similar reactivity of Re is also observed by destabilization of oxygen clathrate hydrates. The reaction mechanism is consistent with the electrochemistry of metal corrosion in an aqueous media. From a practical perspective for high pressure research, this finding indicates the need to consider the reactivity of Re when it is used as a gasket in experiments on aqueous fluids. More importantly, the documentation of these reactions demonstrates the oxidative potential of H2O–O2 supercritical mixtures for beneficial practical implications.
Sex-related disparity in surgical mortality among pediatric patients.

Background. It has been reported that gender differences in cardiovascular outcomes found in adults also are present in children who undergo surgical repair for congenital heart disease. Methods. California statewide hospital discharge data 1989–99 were used to study outcomes in children <18 years undergoing cardiac surgery. Hospital discharge data were linked to death registry data to study postdischarge death within 30 days of discharge. We used logistic regression to evaluate the effect of gender on mortality controlling for age, race and ethnicity, type of insurance, household income, date and month of surgery, type of admission, hospital case volume, and various types of procedures. Results. There were 25 402 cardiac surgery cases with 1505 in-hospital deaths (mortality rate of 5.92%). An additional 37 deaths occurred within 30 days after hospital discharge. Crude mortality rates for males (5.99%) and females (5.84%) were not significantly different. However, fewer neonates were female and females underwent a higher proportion of low-risk procedures than males. Logistic regression revealed that females, compared with males, had a significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for in-hospital mortality (OR = 1.18, P < .01) and overall (up to 30 days post discharge) mortality (OR = 1.18, P < .01). The risk-adjusted length of hospital stay was similar between females and males while charges per hospital day were slightly higher in females than males. The prevalence of Down syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, and failure to thrive were higher in females. Conclusions. Female gender is associated with an 18% higher in-hospital and 30-day postdischarge mortality as compared with male gender. There was no difference in length of hospital stay between males and females. The mechanism by which female gender acts as a risk factor requires further investigation.
Effects of focused ultrasonic radiation on peripheral nerve, with observations on local heating

Abstract The effects of irradiation with a single beam of focused ultrasound at the frequencies of 2.7 Mc, 900 kc, and 600 kc on nerve conduction were studied in over 450 peripheral nerves of the cat, monkey and man. Giant fibers of the earthworm were used to confirm the results obtained. Irradiation at an adequate intensity caused changes which were progressive with dosage: The first phase, that of enhancement, characterized by increase in the velocity of conduction and in the height of the action potential, was followed by a phase of reversible and differential depression and then that of irreversible depression. Conduction in smaller fibers was affected earlier than that in larger fibers but it was not possible to block the smaller fibers, except for very brief periods, without also blocking the larger fibers. The ultrasonic dosage levels required to produce a given effect were dependent on the medium surrounding the nerve in the region of irradiation. The dosage levels were inversely related to the amount of heat generated in the medium by a single pulse of ultrasound. This and other evidence presented indicates that the observed effects are mediated thermally. All physiological effects of ultrasonic radiation on nerve conduction can be duplicated by application of graded amounts of heat to small segments of nerves. On microscopical examination nerves blocked by ultrasonic irradiation are indistinguishable from those blocked by application of heat. The dosage of ultrasound required to block conduction in subcutaneous nerves by transcutaneous irradiation damages both the overlying skin as well as the underlying muscle.
Effects of the admixed state on the photoionization in the 6p subshell of Pb

Photoelectrons that leave the residual Pb ion in the $6{s}^{2}6p(^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}})$ and $6{s}^{2}6p(^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}})$ states were observed from the ionization threshold (7.42 eV) to 12 eV. Partial and total cross sections were obtained, the latter also from ion measurements. The $6{p}_{\frac{1}{2}}$ cross section was found to be unexpectedly small near threshold ($^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$), but strongly enhanced near the $^{2}P_{\frac{3}{2}}$ threshold associated with the admixed $6{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ configuration. The $6{p}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ cross section is unusually large at threshold.
LOCALIZATION OF AMYLOSE AND AN AMYLOSE-BINDING LIPOPROTEIN IN NEUROSPORA CRASSA HYPHAE BY CYTOCHEMISTRY AND IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY

Summary The presence of amylose was demonstrated in hyphal walls of Neurospora crassa Shen and Dodge by silver proteinate staining for carbohydrates and differential digestion with β-amylase. The amylose was found to be localized in the innermost layer of the wall. Similarly, amylose-precipitating factor (APF) was also found to be localized in the same wall layer using ferritin-tagged antibodies to APF. Lipase-digestion of the isolated hyphal wall resulted in considerable reduction of the silver grain deposition in the innermost wall layer, suggesting the removal of amylose from this layer. Because lipid-free APF cannot bind to amylose, these observations indicate that APF and amylose in Neurospora are in a complexed form in the innermost layer of the hyphal wall as a structural component.
Uranium-series dating of pedogenic silica and carbonate, Crater Flat, Nevada

A 230Th-234U-238U dating study on pedogenic silica-carbonate clast rinds and matrix laminae from alluvium in Crater Flat, Nevada was conducted using small-sample thermal-ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) analyses on a large suite of samples. Though the 232Th content of these soils is not particularly low (mostly 0.1–9 ppm), the high U content of the silica component (mostly 4–26 ppm) makes them particularly suitable for 230Th/U dating on single, 10 to 200 mg totally-digested samples using TIMS. We observed that (1) both micro- (within-rind) and macro-stratigraphic (mappable deposit) order of the 230Th/U ages were preserved in all cases; (2) back-calculated initial 234U/238U fall in a restricted range (typically 1.67±0.19), so that 234U/238U ages with errors of about 100 kyr (2σ) could be reliably determined for the oldest, 400 to 1000 ka rinds; and (3) though 13 of the samples were >350 ka, only three showed evidence for an open-system history, even though the sensitivity of such old samples to isotopic disruption is very high. An attempt to use leach-residue techniques to separate pedogenic from detrital U and Th failed, yielding corrupt 230Th/U ages. We conclude that 230Th/U ages determined from totally dissolved, multiple sub-mm size subsamples provide more reliable estimates of soil chronology than methods employing larger samples, chemical enhancement of 238U/232Th, or isochrons.
Control and Stability of a Torsional Elastic Robot Arm

A mathematical model for a long elastic torsional robot beam is determined. The above system can be expressed as an evolution equation on a Hilbert space. Furthermore the system is shown to be stable and controllable, and we design a controller for the system.
Death Delusions and Myoclonus: Acyclovir Toxicity.

PRESENTATION The therapies we administer often have the potential to trigger severe adverse reactions; particularly in patients with compromised organ function. For that reason, it is essential to be familiar with clinical syndromes spurred by drug toxicity and to include them in the differential diagnosis. Recognition of a life-threatening reaction was crucial when a 65-year-old woman with end-stage renal disease presented with peculiar signs and symptoms. As an outpatient, she was diagnosed with a multidermatomal herpes zoster infection (Figure 1) and prescribed valacyclovir, 1 gram every 8 hours, with prednisone. The next day, the patient began to hallucinate, asking, “Who is going to die? Me or that guy?” In addition, she exhibited emotional lability and agitation. She was taken to an urgent care center, where it was determined that her symptoms were secondary to steroid-induced psychosis. The prednisone was discontinued. Yet, her neuropsychiatric symptoms worsened over the next 24 hours. Ultimately, she became less alert and was unable to respond appropriately to questions. She was brought to the emergency department for further evaluation.
Global Virtual Time and distributed synchronization

Global Virtual Time (GVT) is the fundamental synchronization concept in optimistic simulations. It is defined as the earliest time tag within the set of unprocessed pending events in distributed simulation. A number of techniques for determining GVT have been proposed in recent years, each having their own intrinsic properties. However, most of these techniques either focus on specific types of simulation problems or assume specific hardware support. This paper specifically addresses the GVT problem in the context of the following area• Scalability• Efficiency• Portability• Flow control• Interactive support•Real time useA new GVT algorithm, called SPEEDES GVT, has been developed in the Synchronous Parallel Environment for Emulation and Discrete-Event Simulation (SPEEDES) framework. The new algorithm runs periodically but does not disrupt event processing. It provides flow control by processing events risk-free while flushing out messages during the GVT computation. SPEEDES GVT is built from a set of global reduction operations that are easily implementable on any hardware system.
Identifying Key Product Attributes and Their Importance Levels From Online Customer Reviews

Identifying customer needs and preferences is one of the most important tasks in design process. Typically, a variation of interview based approaches is used to conduct need and preference analysis. In this paper, a new approach based on text mining online (internet based) customer reviews to supplement traditional methods of need and preference analysis is considered. The key idea underlying the proposed approach is to partition online customer generated product reviews into segments that evaluate the individual attributes of a product (e.g zoom capability and support of different image formats in a camcorder). Additionally, the proposed method also identifies the importance (ranking) that customers place on each product attributes. The method is demonstrated on 100 customer reviews submitted for camcorders on epinions.com over a two year period.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Survival Analysis for a Large-Scale Forest Health Issue: Missouri Oak Decline

Survival analysis methodologies provide novel approaches for forest mortality analysis that may aid in detecting, monitoring, and mitigating of large-scale forest health issues. This study examined survivor analysis for evaluating a regional forest health issue – Missouri oak decline. With a statewide Missouri forest inventory, log-rank tests of the effects of covariates on the survivor function and equality of the survivor function among classes were conducted for selected oak species.
Intravesical methylene blue facilitates precise identification of the diverticular neck during robot-assisted laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy.

Abstract Background: The aim of this report is to describe our surgical technique for robot-assisted laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy. In this technique, methylene blue is instilled into the bladder to aid in intra-abdominal identification of the diverticular neck. Subjects and Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients who underwent robot-assisted bladder diverticulectomy by a single surgeon. Results: Between September 2008 and January 2011, 5 patients successfully underwent robot-assisted laparoscopic bladder diverticulectomy using 1% intravesical methylene blue. All cases were completed without intraoperative complication or need for open conversion. Mean operative time was 216 minutes, with a mean estimated blood loss of 45 mL. Patients were discharged 1–2 days following surgery. No patient experienced a perioperative complication. Conclusions: The robot-assisted approach for bladder diverticulectomy is a viable alternative to both open and laparoscopic surgery. The use of intra...
Trafficking of ODV-E66 is mediated via a sorting motif and other viral proteins: Facilitated trafficking to the inner nuclear membrane

The N-terminal 33 aa of the envelope protein ODV-E66 are sufficient to traffic fusion proteins to intranuclear membranes and the ODV envelope during infection with Autographa californica nucleopolyhedrovirus. This sequence has two distinct features: (i) an extremely hydrophobic sequence of 18 aa and (ii) positively charged amino acids close to the C-terminal end of the hydrophobic sequence. In the absence of infection, this sequence is sufficient to promote protein accumulation at the inner nuclear membrane. Covalent cross-linking results show that the lysines of the motif are proximal to FP25K and/or BV/ODV-E26 during transit from the endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope. We propose that the 33 aa comprise a signature for sorting proteins to the inner nuclear membrane (sorting motif) and that, unlike other resident proteins of the inner nuclear membrane, ODV-E66 and sortingmotif fusions do not randomly diffuse from their site of insertion at the endoplasmic reticulum to the nuclear envelope and viral-induced intranuclear membranes. Rather, during infection, trafficking is mediated by protein-protein interactions.
Monopoles and Baker functions

The work in this paper pertains to the solutions of Nahm's equations, which arise in the Atiyah-Drinfield-Hitchin-Manin-Nahm construction of solutions to the Bogomol'nyi equations for static monopoles. This paper provides an explicit construction of the solution of Nahm's equations which satisfy regularity and reality conditions. The Lax form of Nahm's equations is reduced to a standard eigenvalue problem by a special gauge transformation. These equations may then be solved by the method of Baker-Krichever. This leads to a compact representation of the solutions of Nahm's equations. The regularity condition is shown to be related to the monodromy of the gauge reduced linear operator. Hitchin showed that the solutions of Nahm's equations can be characterized by an algebraic curve and some data on that curve. Here, this characterization reduces to a transcendental equation involving certain loop integrals of a meromorphic differential. Donaldson coordinatized the moduli space ofk-monopoles by a class of rational maps from the Riemann sphere to itself. The data of a Baker function is equivalent to this map. This method gives an “apriori” construction of the (known) two monopole solutions. We also give a generalization of the two monopole solution to a class of elliptic solutions of arbitrary charge. These solutions correspond to reducible curves with elliptic components and the associated Donaldson rational function has a simple partial fraction expansion.
Detection of the quadruple point in the CuSO4·5H2O and BaCl2·2H2O systems: effect of experimental parameters

Abstract The effects of sample mass, particle size, and furnace heating rate were studied for the detection of the quadruple point in the CuSO4·5H2O system using the simultaneous differential thermal analysis—electrical conductivity (DTA—EC) technique. As the sample mass decreased, both the DTA and EC peak amplitudes decreased. Increasing the furnace heating rate caused an increase in the peak splitting for the first DTA peak. In the case of particle size, an optimum size of about 80 mesh was found to give a maximum in the EC curve peak. The simultaneous DTA—EC curves for BaCl2·2H2O are also given.
Laser-Induced Orbital and Spin Excitations in Ferromagnets : Insights from a Two-Level System

A recent time-resolved measurement showed that laser-induced orbital and spin excitations proceed in unison and the spin-orbit ratio is held constant during demagnetization. Here a two-level model shows that these orbital and spin excitations originate from state population and state interference effects. For an addressed state, spin and orbital dynamics are solely from the state interference, where the spin and orbital momenta oscillate with the laser frequency and match the dipole moment exactly, an unambiguous test case for the time-resolved magneto-optical Kerr effect. For an undressed state, the interference effect introduces a rapid beating in orbital momentum, which is observed in the first-principles calculation in fcc Ni. The state population change leads to a constant spin-orbit ratio, which explains the linear dependence between spin and orbital momentum changes within 2 ps upon the arrival of a pump pulse in Fe.
On the solvability of abstract operator equations involving compact perturbations of m-accretive operators

On considere des equations de la forme Tx+Cx=f, ou T est un operateur m-accretif et C est compact
Influence of anisotropies in borehole stability

Abstract This paper discusses an anisotropic model for assessing the mechanical stability of a deep borehole subjected to an internal wellbore pressure and a far-field stress tensor. The model consists of a three-dimensional stress analysis around an inclined borehole combined with a generalized three-dimensional anisotropic strength criterion for assessing shear fracturing. Parametric studies indicated that the stability of a wellbore is influenced significantly by rock anisotropy, rock strength anisotropy, and in-situ stress differentials when it is highly inclined and oriented in the direction parallel to the maximum horizontal in-situ stress. The influence of anisotropies is more pronounced on passive shear failure caused by wellbore pressurization.
Late Jurassic Independence dike swarm in eastern California

The Independence dike swarm in eastern California, more than 250 km long, extends from the eastern Sierra Nevada and Inyo Mountains through the Argus Range, Alabama Hills, and Spangler Hills to the Garlock fault, where it is offset 64 km before continuing into the Mojave Desert. The dike swarm includes a wide variety of rock types, from lamprophyre to granite porphyry belonging to a calc-alkalic suite. U-Pb dating of three silicic dikes gives concordant ages of 148 m.y., which probably indicates the time of intrusion of the entire swarm. Analyses of rare zircons in the mafic dikes yield discordant, inordinately old ages that suggest entrainment of Pre-cambrian zircons in the dike magma at depth. The regional fracture system intruded by the dikes is believed to have been produced by a crustal extension event that occurred after the Nevadan orogeny during Late Jurassic time, when subduction beneath the Sierra Nevada foothill belt jumped westward and subduction of Franciscan rocks began along the Coast Range thrust.
The effect of glucose on the biochemical and ultrastructural characteristics of developing Euglena chloroplasts.

SYNOPSIS. Chloroplast development is inhibited in Euglena gracilis strain Z, when greened in a medium containing glucose. This inhibition is reflected not only in the pattern of chlorophyll accumulation but also in the chloroplast ultrastructure and activities of the 2 light reactions of photosynthesis. Chloroplasts of cells greening in the presence of glucose are delayed in developing certain structures. Photosystem I activity develops at about the same rate as that of the controls during the first 48 h of greening, after which it develops at a slower rate. The rate of development of photosystem II activity in cells greening in a glucose medium lags considerably behind that of the controls until the later hours of greening. There are similarities between glucose inhibition and chloramphenicol inhibition of chloroplast development. Glucose may inhibit a step in chloroplast development ultimately controlled by the chloroplast genome.
Design, synthesis and structural diversity in coordination polymers

The fundamental precept of crystal engineering is that all the information necessary for the design of a network is already stored in the molecular building blocks used. Coordination polymers represent an example of how crystal engineering has become a paradigm for the synthesis of new architectures and compositions. We report herein ten structures that are supramolecular isomers of one another. The structures are prepared from the same building blocks under mild reaction conditions. The modularity of coordination polymers imparts structural diversity that otherwise would not be possible.
Institutional design for monopoly regulation

Abstract Design of an institution to produce services under economies of scale and large sunk investments is considered, and monopoly market organization with private ownership is emphasized. The optimal design should use cost information beyond the institution's own experience as reference point, should induce welfare enhancing relative pricing, and should preserve investor risk bearing. The virtues of these principles of institutional design are shown, and circumstances where they are feasible are described. Problems winning agreement from all affected parties for such an arrangement are also noted.
Effects of PEG hydrogel crosslinking density on protein diffusion and encapsulated islet survival and function.

The rational design of immunoprotective hydrogel barriers for transplanting insulin-producing cells requires an understanding of protein diffusion within the hydrogel network and how alterations to the network structure affect protein diffusion. Hydrogels of varying crosslinking density were formed via the chain polymerization of dimethacrylated PEG macromers of varying molecular weight, and the diffusion of six model proteins with molecular weights ranging from 5700 to 67,000 g/mol was observed in these hydrogel networks. Protein release profiles were used to estimate diffusion coefficients for each protein/gel system that exhibited Fickian diffusion. Diffusion coefficients were on the order of 10−6–10−7 cm2/s, such that protein diffusion time scales (td = L2/D) from 0.5-mm thick gels vary from 5 min to 24 h. Adult murine islets were encapsulated in PEG hydrogels of varying crosslinking density, and islet survival and insulin release was maintained after two weeks of culture in each gel condition. While the total insulin released during a 1 h glucose stimulation period was the same from islets in each sample, increasing hydrogel crosslinking density contributed to delays in insulin release from hydrogel samples within the 1 h stimulation period. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Preparation of a Water Emulsion of α-Tocopherylhydroquinone Suitable for Intravenous Administration in Animals.

SummaryA relatively stable emulsion of α-tocopherylhydroquinone in propylene glycol and water can be formed. Best results were obtained when propylene glycol solutions containing 100 mg/cc of the hydroquinone were used and the concentration of propylene glycol in the emulsion was 10%. Such emulsions contained 90% of the added hydroquinone and were relatively stable. The emulsion was useful for intravenous administration in rabbits and produced no significant local reaction in the blood vessels. The emulsion has not been administered parenterally in patients; its injection by the intravenous route in man must await further investigation, and the development of satisfactory methods of sterilization.
Automatic search from streaming data

Streaming data poses a variety of new and interesting challenges for information retrieval and text analysis. Unlike static document collections, which are typically analyzed and indexed off-line to support ad-hoc queries, streaming data often must be analyzed on the fly and acted on as the data passes through the analysis system. Speech is one example of streaming data that is a challenge to exploit, yet has significant potential to provide value in a knowledge management system. We are specifically interested in techniques that analyze streaming data and automatically find collateral information, or information that clarifies, expands, and generally enhances the value of the streaming data. We present a system that analyzes a data stream and automatically finds documents related to the current topic of discussion in the data stream. Experimental results show that the system generates result lists with an average precision at 10 hits of better than 60%. We also present a hit-list re-ranking technique based on named entity analysis and automatic text categorization that can improve the search results by 6%---12%.
Dense group networks

Abstract Significant improvements have recently been made to many of the lower bounds for the largest graphs of given degree and diameter. A number of these improvements have been made by the author and others using Cayley graph constructions. This paper outlines these results and gives the generator sets for 17 new record constructions.
Increased anterior cingulate and caudate activity in bipolar mania.

Abstract Background: Executive control of cognition, emotion, and behavior are disrupted in the manic state of bipolar disorder. Whereas frontal systems are implicated in such dysfunction, the localization of functional brain abnormalities in the manic state is not well understood. Methods: We utilized a high-sensitivity H 2 15 0 positron emission tomography technique to investigate regions of increased brain activity in mania, compared to euthymia, in bipolar disorder. Results: The principal findings were manic state-related increased activity in left dorsal anterior cingulate, and left head of caudate. Conclusions: The findings suggest that the manic state of bipolar disorder may be associated with heightened activity in a frontal cortical–subcortical neural system that includes the anterior cingulate and caudate.
On Burnside's theorem

Abstract Let χ be an irreducible character of the finite group G . Apply χ to the entries in the multiplication table of G . Call the resulting matrix M . Let S be a subset of G . If { A ( g ): g ϵ G } is any representation affording χ, then { A ( g ): g ϵ S } is linearly independent if and only if the rows of M corresponding to S are linearly independent.
Leaving Belief Behind

The term belief has been widely used in cognitive theorizing and, as Owen Egan´s useful review makes clear, it has been used with different meanings by different theorists. In Egan´s review the notion of belief as a propositional attitude emerges as central. This is as it should be, for that, near enough, is the notion of belief that is central to commonsense psychology (or “folk psychology” as it is now fashionable to call it) . It is in virtue of being embedded in a commonsense theory that the word belief gets its ordinary meaning (Stich, 1982, 1983) . Thus, when theorists use the word with some quite different meaning in mind they are not, properly speaking, talking about beliefs at all.
Approach to Children with Recurrent Infections

Recurrent infections in children are a cause for concern. It is essential to distinguish simple recurrent infections caused by exposures in the day care or school settings from those caused by inherent deficiencies in the immune system or other systemic diseases. Multiple diagnostic tools are available for the evaluation of recurrent infections. The sites of infections and organisms responsible are important in guiding clinicians in the appropriate laboratory work-up and diagnosis of these patients. Once a diagnosis is made, proper treatment and management decisions can be made to treat the patients appropriately and ensure their lifelong health.
The Stock Market in the Driver's Seat! Implications for R&D and Marketing

The budgets for research and development (RD instead, firms display moderate myopic reactions, in the form of unanticipated decreases in R&D budgets but increased budgets for marketing functions. The tendency to manage myopically in response to past stock returns and volatility increases as firm size or industry concentration decrease. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors. This paper was accepted by Pradeep Chintagunta and Preyas Desai, special issue editors.
Interhomolog Bias during Meiotic Recombination: Meiotic Functions Promote a Highly Differentiated Interhomolog-Only Pathway

Meiotic recombination occurs preferentially between homologous nonsister chromatids rather than between sisters, opposite to the bias of mitotic recombinational repair. We have examined formation of joint molecule recombination intermediates (JMs) between homologs and between sisters in yeast strains lacking the meiotic chromosomal protein Red1, the meiotic recA homolog Dmc1, and/or mitotic recA homolog(s), Rad51, Rad55, and Rad57. Mutant phenotypes imply that most meiotic recombination occurs via an interhomolog-only pathway along which interhomolog bias is established early, prior to or during double strand break (DSB) formation, and then enforced, just at the time when DSBs initiate JM formation. A parallel, less differentiated pathway yields intersister and, probably, a few interhomolog events. Coordinate action of mitotic recA homologs as one functional unit, two functions of RED1, and an interhomolog interaction function of DMC1 are also revealed.
Integrating a database system and programming / information environment

Vast differences in terminology aside, there is considerable overlap between work in knowledge representation, programming language data types, and database models. Our current work on the Cedar programming environment has necessitated integrating a number of ideas in these areas.As part of the Cedar project in the Computer Science Lab at Xerox PARC, we have been constructing a database management system. The goal of the Cedar environment is to greatly increase our productivity by combining the best currently known principles from programming languages, programming tools, and user interfaces into a single integrated system. Cedar is based on the Mesa programming language [1]. The goal of our database subproject of Cedar is to provide a uniform prepackaged way to perform access to data structures, as contrasted to the current state of affairs in which Mesa programmers repeatedly re-invent the facilities we intend to provide to type, structure, index, link, robustly store, concurrently access, and cache data stored in the primary or secondary memory of one or more computers on a network.
Exclusivism, eternal damnation, and the problem of evil: a critique of Craig's Molinist soteriological theodicy

According to orthodox Christianity, salvation depends on faith in Christ. If, however, God eternally punishes those who die ignorant of Christ, it appears that we have special instance of the problem of evil: the punishment of the religiously innocent. This is called the soteriological problem of evil. Using Molina's concept of middle knowledge, William Lane Craig develops a solution to this problem which he considers a theodicy. As developed by Craig, the Molinist theodicy rests on the problematic assumption that all informed persons who would freely reject Christ are culpable. Using an informed Muslim as a counter-example, I try to show that Craig's Molinist solution begs the question.
The Effects of Self-Awareness and Evaluation Apprehension on Counselor Trainee Anxiety

An investigation of the counselor training process may be facilitated by application of theoretical notions from social psychology. Two constructs which seem particularly applicable are the phenomena of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension. The present research was an attempt to apply the findings of self-awareness theory to counselor training, while separating out any effects due to evaluation apprehension, with the goal of clarifying the role of anxiety in the counselor training process. Results of the study indicated that self-awareness increased significantly from the control group to the experimental groups. This increase in degree of self-focus was paralleled by a significant increase in anxiety among the three groups. Additionally, a feeling of evaluation apprehension, although distinguishable from self-awareness, seemed to compound the aversiveness of becoming self-focused and lead to further increases in anxiety.
The Impact of Working Conditions upon Acting Style

All artistic conventions of each theatrical era have two intertwining aspects: the aesthetic goals, and the technical crafts for achieving them. In some cases, a particular combination or development of skills results in a refinement of the art or the discovery of a newly desirable aesthetic; in others, the demand for new artistic effects leads to the invention of appropriate techniques. Thus, when painterly standards and drafting methods of central perspective spread rapidly over Northern Italy in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, illusionistic spectacle became an indispensable element of theatrical performance. It was eagerly supplied by architects in whom the printing of Vitruvius's De Architectura (1486) awakened both the responsibility for and the challenge embodied in designing theatrical scenery. Conversely, as Elizabethan playwrights conceived of plots dependent on avoidance of meetings between certain exiting and entering characters, second and third entrances were provided—either by cutting into the tiring house wall, or by hanging a curtain with several slits in front of it, to accommodate stage traffic.
The American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare: History and Grand Challenges

Conceptualized by social work deans and actualized with the support of major social work organizations, the American Academy of Social Work and Social Welfare was established in 2009. This article describes the historical context and creation of the Academy, whose objectives include recognizing outstanding social work scholars and practitioners; informing social policy by serving as a signal scientific source of information for the social work profession and agencies seeking information; promoting the examination of social policy and the application of research to the design and development of more effective public policies, social welfare programs, and social work practice; and celebrating excellence in research, education, and practice. The Academy’s 72 members have been selected using the methods of the National Academy of Science. The Academy’s first substantive effort is the Grand Challenges of Social Work Initiative, designed to help transform social work science, education, and practice around visi...
The Causes of Price Inflexibility

Classification of factors determining price rigidities, 474. — Characteristics of the product, 476. — Law or administrative decree, 481. — Concentration of control, 482. — Marketing techniques, 484. — Habits and customs, 486. — Contractual arrangements, 486. — Structure of the market, 487. — Conclusions, 488.
Cerebral Hirano-like bodies in an alpaca (Vicugna pacos): histologic and ultrastructural characterization.

A 14-year-old female alpaca (Vicugna pacos) was presented with a 1-week history of lethargy and anorexia and a 2-day history of recumbency, trembling, and hypothermia. There were no significant gross findings on postmortem examination. Hematoxylin and eosin–stained sections of brain demonstrated the presence of intracytoplasmic crystalline eosinophilic rod-shaped inclusions, mainly in the hippocampal pyramidal cells. Immunohistochemical staining for synuclein, tau protein, ubiquitin, and smooth muscle actin was negative. All inclusions were positive with phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin. Ultrastructurally, the inclusions were multilamellar and filamentous with longitudinal herringbone pattern and cross-sectional latticelike structure. The combination of hematoxylin and eosin appearance, special stains, immunostaining, and ultrastructural findings was consistent with Hirano-like bodies. The Hirano-like bodies were highly unlikely to be the cause of the neurologic signs experienced by this alpaca. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first report of spontaneous cerebral Hirano-like bodies in an alpaca.
Effect of paravertebral nerve blocks on narcotic use after mastectomy with reconstruction.

Abstract Introduction Pain control outcomes using local anesthetic delivery systems vs usual narcotics at our institution revealed that use of local anesthetic delivery systems decreased narcotic use greater than 40% in patients with no reconstruction but had very little effect in patients receiving reconstruction. As part of our quality improvement program, the anesthesiology department trained and began offering paravertebral blocks (PVBs) to patients having reconstruction. We reviewed pain control outcomes to understand how the use of paravertebral nerve blocks affected narcotic use in reconstructed patients. Methods Retrospective review of prospectively collected data on patients undergoing mastectomy with or without reconstruction in the 6-month period after introduction of PVB analgesia. Patients received preoperative single-shot paravertebral nerve blocks at T2 to T3 and T5 to T6 with bupivacaine .5% and epinephrine 1:200,000 (7.5 mL per injection). Patients who had a bilateral mastectomy with reconstruction received bilateral paravertebral nerve blocks at the same locations. Narcotic doses were converted to morphine equivalents (MSEs) to allow comparison. Results There were 102 patients with mastectomy during that period and 91 were evaluable. Fifty-one had no reconstruction with an average MSE use of 37.9. There were 40 with reconstruction, 33 had PVB with average MSE of 42.6, and 7 patients had reconstruction with no PVB with average MSE of 71.1. There were no major complications. Conclusions Institution of the PVB for patients undergoing mastectomy with reconstruction lowered average MSE use. We will continue to offer paravertebral blocks in this cohort of patients.
Practice Variation in Single‐Ventricle Patients Undergoing Elective Cardiac Catheterization: A Report from the Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes (C3PO)

Objective The objective of this study was to investigate variation in practice surrounding elective cardiac catheterization in patients with single-ventricle (SV) congenital heart disease. Design Patient and procedural characteristics and outcomes during SV catheterization were collected prospectively from eight centers using a web-based registry (Congenital Cardiac Catheterization Project on Outcomes). We attempted to identify a population of elective procedures by limiting the cohort in case type and timing. Cases were then stratified by stage of SV palliation (pre-bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis [pre-BCPA], pre-Fontan and post-Fontan) and limited by age. Subcohort analysis was performed by mode of airway management (assisted vs. spontaneous ventilation). Institutional variation was assessed. Results Between 2/2007 and 6/2010, 1459 (10.1%) of 14 467 cases in the registry met the inclusion and exclusion criteria, including 326 pre-BCPA, 571 pre-Fontan and 562 post-Fontan procedures. Median patient age was 0.4 (interquartile range 0.3, 0.5), 2.6 (1.0, 3.4) and 9.6 (5.2, 15.4) years and weight was 5.6 (4.8, 6.4), 12.2 (10.5, 14), and 26.3 (16.6, 51.8) kg in the pre-BCPA, pre-Fontan and post-Fontan cohorts, respectively. Cases were more commonly diagnostic in the pre-BCPA cohort (57%) whereas they were more commonly interventional in the pre-Fontan (69%) and post-Fontan (77%) cohorts. At least one adverse event (AE) occurred in 210 cases (14.4%) overall, including 20% of pre-BCPA, 11% of pre-Fontan and 14% of post-Fontan catheterizations. Mode of airway management was associated with statistically significant, but clinically small differences in hemodynamic measures in the pre- and post-Fontan cohorts, but not in the pre-BCPA group. Considerable practice variation exists across centers with variability in airway management, AE rate, case type, interventions performed and fluoroscopy time, in all SV cohorts. Conclusions Elective catheterization in SV patients, frequently performed with intervention, is common among US congenital cardiac centers. However, important variation in practice exists during these procedures in SV patients, at all stages of palliation.
The innervation and organization of motor units in a series-fibered human muscle: the brachioradialis

We studied the innervation and organization of motor units in the brachioradialis muscle of 25 normal human subjects. We recorded intramuscular EMG signals at points separated by 15 mm along the pr...
Performance of a joint Kalman demodulator for multiuser detection

Long code asynchronous CDMA provides a significant challenge, especially when the system is operating at high capacity. We describe a Kalman filter technique that estimates the channel coefficients while demodulating the multiuser signal. A state-space signal model is derived when multiple sources each provide a pilot and numerous user channels, as described by IS95. A numerically efficient algorithm is proposed which estimates each source disjointly but provides interference cancellation through the innovations. A Rayleigh fading model based on Jakes (1974) model is used to describe a time-varying channel. Performance is then demonstrated at high capacity and compared to the conventional detector.
Evaluations of a new Advance Flagger traffic sign

Abstract Current and revised versions of the Advance Flagger traffic sign were compared in a series of pilot studies. Comprehension, reaction time, glance legibility and preference of each of the signs were tested through both field and laboratory tests. In field tests of Advance Flagger signs, approximately 86% of subjects gave construction-related responses to both new and current Advance Flagger signs. In lab tests, significant differences were found between the new and current signs in both glance legibility and reaction time. The findings suggest the new version to be an improvement over the current design. Relevance to industry This paper relates to the transportation industry. Motorists depend on the traffic signs to guide, warn and regulate them as they travel the highways during daylight, darkness, and inclement weather conditions. Improvements in traffic signing has one of the highest benefit-cost ratios for highway safety improvements.
Spike detection using a syntactic pattern recognition approach

Syntactic methods were used to detect spikes utilizing time-domain features (slope and duration). The difference between this and earlier work is that here rules to discriminate each subject's spikes are automatically inferred from a training set consisting of sample spike waveforms obtained using expert knowledge, whereas the previous work used expert human knowledge to determine a set of universal rules. Therefore, the intersubject spike variability is accommodated in the design, without jeopardizing objectivity. The structural combination of the features is used by the syntactic method, providing a strict, explicit set of rules by which the spikes are identified. As a result, a rule-based definition for each subject's spike is obtained. >
Changes in rapidly transported proteins in developing hamster retinofugal axons

Proteins synthesized in retinal ganglion cells and conveyed to the terminals of optic tract axons in the rapid phase of axonal transport were analyzed at different developmental stages in the hamster. Animals between 2 d of age and adulthood were labeled intraocularly with 35S-methionine, and after a 4 hr survival time, the superior colliculus was dissected out, subjected to subcellular fractionation, and radiolabeled proteins in the particulate fraction analyzed by 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis and fluorography. The previously identified growth-associated phosphoprotein, GAP-43 (GAP-48, B-50, F1, pp46), was synthesized and transported at high levels in the neonate, but these levels declined precipitously after the second postnatal week. Immunohistochemical studies using a monospecific antibody showed that GAP-43 was localized along the entire length of retinal axons in the optic tract and target areas in P2 animals but was virtually absent in the adult visual pathway. By metabolic labeling, 2 proteins with molecular weights of about 230 kDa also showed a sharp decrease during development. In contrast, acidic proteins of 27 and 64 kDa, which were barely detectable in the neonate, increased steadily to become the most heavily labeled proteins of rapid axonal transport by the second postnatal week. Another group of proteins, of about 94-110 kDa, also rose to peak levels after birth but then declined. Temporal correlations between the molecular changes described here and the known anatomical events in optic tract development suggest that the synthesis and transport of particular membrane proteins may be directly related to the sequence of morphological changes.