cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relation Between Arterial Blood Pressure and Blood Volume and Effect of Infused Albumin in Sick Preterm Infants

The relation between directly measured arterial blood pressure and blood volume was studied in 61 sick preterm infants. Mean blood volume (derived from plasma volume [T1824 ten-minute albumin space] and hematocrit value) of 26 hypotensive infants (89.1 +/- 17.26 ml/kg) was not significantly different from that of 35 normotensive, but otherwise comparable, infants (91.4 +/- 14.57 ml/kg). There was no relation between arterial mean blood pressure and blood volume. Twenty-one infants with arterial mean blood pressure less than 30 mm Hg were given 1.0 g/kg of 10% salt-poor albumin. Significant increases in blood pressure occurred but were small in magnitude; more than one half of infants had arterial mean blood pressures persistently less than 30 mm Hg. Arterial/alveolar PO2 ratio decreased significantly with albumin infusion in six infants with hyaline membrane disease not receiving continuous distending-airway pressure, suggesting an association between infused albumin and impaired oxygen exchange.
A Discourse Model For Collaborative Design

A Discourse Model, including a structure and a process, is developed that provides software support for collaborative engineering design. Components of the structure include a workspace that incorporates frames, constraints, semantic networks, libraries of sharable design objects, agents, and a Virtual Workspace Language. Components of the process include procedures for identifying agent interest sets, applying state transformations to the design model, switching design contexts, identifying conflicts between designers, and tracking resolved conflicts. The model is implementation-independent and applicable to many research and commercial design environments currently available. An example scenario is provided in the Architecture/ Engineering/ Construction domain that illustrates collaboration during the conceptual design of a fire station.
One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology

One Discipline, Four Ways: British, German, French, and American Anthropology. Fredrik Barth, Andre Gingrich, Robert Parkin, and Sydel Silverman. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 406 pp.
Analog maximum neural network circuits using the switched capacitor technique

The circuit of the maximum neural network based on the switched capacitor technique is proposed. The performance of the proposed circuit was derived from SPICE simulation. The bipartite subgraph problem is solved by using the proposed circuit. The SPICE simulation result confirms the function of the network. Because the complexity of the proposed analog circuit is so small, it is possible to fabricate an optimization system in a single chip. >
Constructing “Hmong American Youth”: A Critical Discourse Analysis of 25 Years of Academic Literature on Hmong American Youth

Hmong American youth have been in the United States for 40 years, and yet research still suggests a binary portrayal of their experiences—model minorities or struggling delinquents. In this study, we use critical discourse analysis to examine academic literature and the construction of “Hmong American youth.” We examine academic literature discursive practices and power in controlling the discourse on Hmong American youth and shaping practices and policies. Using critical discourse analysis, we call attention to academic literature and its power, and challenge researchers to reconstruct a more complex discourse of Hmong American youth that captures their histories, possibilities, and desires.
Through the Looking Glass: An Autoethnographic View of the Perceptions of Race and Institutional Support in the Tenure Process.

This autoethnography study reflects on the experiences of three assistant professors of different races of the tenure process at a large public research university. The study was framed by social cognitive career theory (SCCT), which is often used to describe career interest and career choice in a variety of professional domains, considering cognitive-personal, environmental, and experiential factors (Lent, 2005; Tang, Pan, & Newmeyer, 2008). Despite the commonality of the journey through the tenure process, everyone’s path looks different. Isolation, collegial relationships, and for some, unusually high service commitments and family responsibilities, whether because of gender or race, have provided a backdrop for the lives of women in academe and have, in large part, defined their experiences on the tenure track. The results of the reflections of our experiences identify that environmental variables are important to the success of tenure seeking faculty. Keywords: Women Faculty, Tenure, Race, Ethnicity, Environmental Barriers, Career Advancement, Social Cognitive Career Theory
Toward a Science of Mood Regulation

Mood is distinguished from emotion, and mood regulation is distinguished from coping. A model of mood regulation is presented which draws on principles of control theory, which distinguishes between maximizing pleasure and minimizing psychic pain, and which emphasizes individual differences in several component subprocesses. A preliminary taxonomy of strategies and behaviors for remediating unpleasant affect is presented. Important topics for future research are discussed, including the assessment of successfulness of mood-regulation strategies, affective specificity in strategies (e.g., what works for anger might not work so well for sadness), and person specificity in strategies (e.g., socializing or helping others may be more effective strategies for extraverts than introverts). The relationship of mood regulation to overall life satisfaction and global happiness is discussed.
Nutrition impact of conjugated linoleic acid: A model functional food ingredient

Many lipid molecules provide health benefits beyond their basis nutritional values and are included under the chemical classification of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Because of their immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and ω-3 PUFA can also be defined as nutraceuticals. CLA is a mixture of positional (i.e., 9,11;10.12;or 11.13) and geometric (i.e., cis or trans) isomers of octadecadienoic acid. The CLA mixture has been shown to have anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, and immunomodulatory properties, but there is little or no evidence as to which of the individual isomers is the most important in mediating these health benefits. The mechanism by which dietary CLA influences immune function could involve regulation of lipid mediator synthesis, and/or transcriptional regulation of gene expression by peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ. However, these explanations have not been completely accepted in terms of defining the mechanism(s) regulating functional activity because of the lack of molecular evidence in vivo. Other PUFA within the category of nutrients that modulate health (e.g., α-linolenic or eicosapentanoic acid) are immunosuppressive. Conversely, dietary CLA expanded CD8+ lymphocytes and thymocytes (i.e., CD8+ and double negative) in vivo, and enhanced proliferation of CD8+ lymphocytes ex, vivo. In addition, CLA decreased the tissue damage caused by bacterial-induced colitis. All these properties make dietary CLA a substance that provides medical or health benefits, including the prevention or treatment of diseases (e.g., nutraceutical).
Custom labware: Chemical creativity with 3D printing.

The cost, time and expertise needed for custom fabrication is a limiting factor when it comes to the development and production of new labware. With an increase in the popularity and accessibility of three-dimensional printing techniques, that may be about to change.
Propagation properties of a dielectric-wedge waveguide bounded by conducting planes

A waveguide structure consisting of a wedge-shaped dielectric region bounded by two conducting planes is introduced. An exact analytical solution of this waveguide is presented. Propagation properties of the waveguide, including modal fields, dispersion characteristics, cutoff conditions, and dielectric and conductor losses, are derived for all guided modes and are examined numerically for several lower order modes. This waveguide supports only TE and hybrid modes, but not TM modes. Compared to hollow metal waveguides, the wedge-shaped waveguide can provide a wider single-mode frequency range, allowing more information to be transmitted. ©1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 22: 160–165, 1999.
Radial bulk-mode vibrations in a gate-all-around silicon nanowire transistor

This paper reports the radial bulk-mode vibrations in a gate-all-around (GAA) silicon nanowire (SiNW) transistor at 25.3GHz, with a quality factor of ∼850 measured in air. The radial bulk-mode resonance is excited capacitively in the SiNW using the surrounding gate and gate dielectric as the transducer; the output is sensed piezoresistively by modulating the drain current in SiNW. The SiNWs are defined using standard lithography in a top-down front-end CMOS process, which allows for resonators with different frequencies to be fabricated on the same chip.
Phylogeny and Biogeography ofPanaxL. (the Ginseng Genus, Araliaceae): Inferences from ITS Sequences of Nuclear Ribosomal DNA

Abstract Panax,the ginseng genus, is one of the most medicinally important genera in the Orient and demonstrates a classical eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distributional pattern. Sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and the 5.8S coding region of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat were obtained for the 12 species ofPanaxto reconstruct phylogenetic relationships. Of the 2 eastern North American species,P. quinquefoliusandP. trifolius, P. quinquefoliuswas suggested to be more closely related to the eastern Asian species in the ITS tree, whileP. trifoliuswas phylogenetically isolated. Monophyly of the three medicinally most important species,P. ginseng, P. notoginseng,andP. quinquefolius,suggested by previous workers, was not supported by the ITS data. A close phylogenetic relationship betweenPanaxandAraliawas supported. Several biogeographical implications were inferred: (1) two divergence events have produced the eastern Asian and eastern North American disjunct distribution inPanax;(2) no intercontinental species pairs are found inPanax;(3) a discrepancy between the sequence divergence pattern and the phylogenetic pattern was observed inPanax,suggesting the need for caution in using sequence divergence data alone in inferring biogeographical patterns; (4) the Himalayas and central and western China are the current centers of diversity of the ginseng genus; and (5) the low ITS sequence divergence and a close relationship among species in that region suggest that rapid evolutionary radiation may have created such a diversity ofPanaxin the Himalayas and in central and western China.
On the calculation of absolute Raman scattering cross sections from Raman scattering coefficients

Abstract The local field correction appropriate for an inelastic scattering process is discussed in this paper, together with its consequences for the previously assumed magnitude of intermolecular interactions in liquids. Absolute Raman cross sections for several molecules in the liquid have been calculated from relative intensities and compared with the absolute values measured by several groups of investigators.
Geological Data Preservation Program Receives Bipartisan Support

More than 22 million vertical feet of geologic cores and cuttings fill the Kentucky Geological Survey's Well Sample and Core Library in Lexington. The materials are from at least 22,000 sites within Kentucky—including collections from oil and gas exploration operations, coal and other mining companies, highway construction projects, environmental studies, and federal facilities such as Fort Knox—and they are straining the 15-year-old facility to the point where there is no room to keep everything, according to geologist Patrick Gooding, the library manager.
A Pilot Open Label Prospective Study of Memantine Monotherapy in Adults With ADHD

AbstractObjectives. Available pharmacotherapies treat some adults with ADHD inadequately. A small literature suggests that glutamate modulation could have effects on ADHD. Methods. Memantine, an N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, was titrated to a maximum dose of 10 mg BID in 34 adult subjects aged 18–55 who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD or ADHD NOS on structured interview. Twenty-eight subjects completed 12 weeks exposure. The Adult ADHD Investigator Symptom Report (AISRS), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), a neuropsychological battery sensitive to domains of executive function, and the CANTAB cognitive battery were administered. Paired t-tests compared treated and baseline scores. Results. At week 12, AISRS data showed reduction in total symptoms (–17.5, P < 0.001), inattentive symptoms (−10.6, P < 0.001), and hyperactive symptoms (–6.9, P < 0.01). A total of 44% of subjects had CGI ratings of much or very much improved. Cognitive performance improved in measures of attention, working memor...
26 IQ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CYANOTIC AND ACYANOTIC CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISORDERS: FACT OR ARTIFACT?

26 IQ DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CYANOTIC AND ACYANOTIC CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL HEART DISORDERS: FACT OR ARTIFACT?
Optimal two-stage screening designs for survival comparisons

SUMMARY A two-stage design is presented which enables the screening, at the first stage, of several new experimental treatments for survival improvement over a standard regimen. Only promising treatments are carried forward to the second stage for definitive evaluation. Our procedure is to minimize the number of patients expected to be accrued to new regimens which do not offer a survival benefit over the standard regimen, subject to constraints of specified alpha-error, power, and a stopping rule wlhich allows specification of the magnitude of the hazards ratio which would warrant accrual beyond the first stage. We explore the savings in patient accrual by comparing our design with a single-stage design for a variety of situations. Our design may offer a substantial saving when the hazard rate is large relative to the patient accrual rate, a situation often encountered in clinical trials in advanced cancer. Although computations are based on asymptotic results, simulations verify that the approximations are adequate for most trials of interest. In the development of treatments for advanced cancer, a standard regimen with limited survival benefit may be available, as well as several new promising regimens which have not been evaluated in a comparative trial to determine their possible survival benefit. We offer an efficient two-stage design which allows survival comparisons of the new regimens with a standard regimen, but which permits early termination of accrual onto those new regimens which do not demonstrate a minimum prespecified survival advantage over the standard regimen. In this way we hope to minimize the number of patients assigned to new regimens which are not promising. The design also permits early accrual termination if a new treatment offers an early substantial survival advantage over the standard regimen. 2. THE DESIGN We propose a two-stage screening design so that survival times of each of K experimental regimens will be compared to the survival of the standard treatment at possibly two time points, t1 and t2. Furthermore, we assume proportional hazards such that
Development of a computational and data-enabled science and engineering Ph.D. program

The previous two decades have seen the successful deployment of Computational Science programs in universities across the globe. These programs are aimed at training scientists and engineers to tackle problems requiring interdisciplinary approaches to finding solutions to scientific and engineering problems and the development of new computing, as exemplified by the co-design approach to exascale architectures and applications. Thus, the programs emphasize preparation in applied mathematics, numerical analysis, and scientific computing in addition to science and engineering work relevant to the target application. The rise of so-called "Big-Data" applications and the use of large data in business decision support and even in computational science workflows like uncertainty analysis are driving a need for training in data sciences. This paper makes the argument that, rather than treating topics in machine learning, statistics, etc. as stand-alone fields of study that students learn as electives, data-science should be an integral part of interdisciplinary training for future researchers. This approach is at the core of the newly developed Computational and Data-Enabled Science and Engineering (CDSE) Ph.D. program at the University of Buffalo. This paper describes the development of the Ph.D. program, the target student audience, and strategies for effectively executing the proposed curriculum.
The kinetic mechanism by which CCCP (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone) transports protons across membranes.

We demonstrate that a simple kinetic model describes the transport of protons across lipid bilayer membranes by the weak acid CCCP (carbonyl cyanidem-chlorophenylhydrazone). Four parameters characterize this model: the adsorption coefficients of the anionic and neutral forms of the weak acid onto the interface (βA andβHA) and the rate constants for the movement of A− and HA across the membrane (kA andkHA). These parameters were determined by equilibrium dialysis, electrophoretic mobility, membrane potential, membrane conductance, and spectrophotometric measurements. From these equilibrium and steady state measurements on diphytanoyl phosphatidylcholine/chlorodecane membranes we found thatβA=βHA=1.4 10-3cm,kA=175 s−1 andkHA=12,000 sec−1. These parameters and our model describe our kinetic experiments if we assume that the protonation reactions, which occur at the interfaces, remain at equilibrium. The model predicts a single exponential decay of the current in a voltage-clamp experimetn. The model also predicts that the decay in the voltage across the membrane following an intense current pulse of short duration (≈50 nsec) can be described by the sum of two exponentials. The magnitudes and time constants of the relaxations that we observed in both voltage-clamp and charge-pulse experiments agree well with the predictions of the model for all values of pH, voltage and [CCCP].
In Situ Spectroscopy of Polymers Subjected to Supercritical CO2: Plasticization and Dye Impregnation

In situ FT-IR spectroscopy has been used to study poly(methyl methacrylate) films subjected to high-pressure and supercritical CO2. Spectral changes indicate increased molecular mobility of ester groups due to the plasticization effect of CO2 on PMMA. This increase in PMMA segmental mobility has been used to impregnate Disperse Red 1 dye (DR1) into polymer film from a supercritical fluid solution. The enhanced diffusion process was observed in situ via FT-IR and UV/vis spectroscopy.
H. George Frederickson and the Dialogue on Citizenship in Public Administration

We owe a debt to H. George Frederickson for advancing the scholarly and practitioner dialogue on the role of citizens and the value of citizenship in public administration. Frederickson's contributions began in the late 1960s and early 1970s on citizenship in urban governance, advanced through the development of New Public Administration values, and, more recently, extended through the formulation of ideas regarding the restoration of civism and the promotion of the public as citizen. This article describes the general philosophy of Frederickson's writings and suggests three challenges to this philosophy: (1) the harmful consequences of participation, (2) uncertain constitutional foundations, and (3) equally legitimate conceptions of the public beyond that of the citizen. The authors ask where the scholarly field should go next and suggest fruitful areas for continued theoretical and empirical research categorized by the notions of civis (citizen), civitas (citizenship), and civilitas (the art of government).
Acute Cellulitis and Lymphadenitis Caused by Mucoid Streptococcus pyogenes

ABSTRACT: Most patients with acute cellulitis due to Streptococcus pyogenes have a striking onset of high fever and systemic toxicity. Even if hospitalization is deemed necessary for initial treatment, most patients respond promptly to appropriate antibiotic therapy and can be managed as outpatients for most of the treatment regimen. Described is a 48-year-old, previously healthy woman with acute cellulitis and lymphadenitis who did not initially respond to treatment despite proved in vitro activity against the patient's S. pyogenes isolate. The strain grew as a mucoid colony phenotype on blood agar plates. The mucoid characteristic of the strain may have accounted for the patient's lack of response to initial therapy, and previously published clinical and laboratory data support this impression.
Comment on Shomstein, Kimchi, Hammer, and Behrmann (2010): a case study in methodological anosagnosia?

Shomstein, Kimchi, Hammer, and Behrmann (2010) try to capitalize on the apparent dissociation between vision and the processes that seem to mediate neglect patients’ attentional selection and awareness to investigate the processing of perceptual grouping in the absence of visual attention. We argue that to assess this type of dissociation requires specific methodological adaptations to determine whether visual attention is in operation. We caution that Shomstein et al.’s article does not present convincing evidence of grouping without attentional selection because they do not directly assess attentional selection in their experimental task.
A reconfigurable MIMD back-end database machine

Abstract Society is experiencing an information explosion. The proliferation of data combined with higher performance requirements have forced the designers of database systems to look beyond software solutions. How to make the most of the available data automatically without a high degree of sophistication and complexity remains an important question. Since the early seventies, researchers have examined the use of special hardware to handle large databases—i.e., the database machine. The present work studies the extension of the ASLM database machine to a multiuser/multiprogram environment. This extension is possible via a set of simple algorithms which allows dynamic reconfigurability of the hardware resources among a set of concurrent queries. Incorporation of these algorithms in the design of ASLM has improved the throughput and the resource utilization while enhancing the fault-tolerant capability of our database machine. Analysis of these algorithms and their effect on the performance and the throughput of ASLM is the major theme of this article.
Myocardial factor revisited: The importance of myocardial fibrosis in adults with congenital heart disease.

Abstract Pioneers in congenital heart surgery observed that exercise capacity did not return to normal levels despite successful surgical repair, leading some to cite a "myocardial factor" playing a role. They conjectured that residual alterations in myocardial function would be significant for patients' long-term outlook. In fulfillment of their early observations, today's adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) population shows well-recognized features of heart failure, even among patients without clear residual anatomic or hemodynamic abnormalities, demonstrating the vital role of the myocardium in their morbidity and mortality. Whereas the ‘myocardial factor' was an elusive concept in the early history of congenital heart care, we now have imaging techniques to detect and quantify one such factor — myocardial fibrosis. Understanding the importance of myocardial fibrosis as a final common pathway in a variety of congenital lesions provides a framework for both the study and treatment of clinical heart failure in this context. While typical heart failure pharmacology should reduce or attenuate fibrogenesis, efforts to show meaningful improvements with standard pharmacotherapy in ACHD repeatedly fall short. This paper considers the importance of myocardial fibrosis and function, the current body of evidence for myocardial fibrosis in ACHD, and its implications for research and treatment.
Memes in Digital Culture, by Limor Schifman

The participatory power of memes is that anyone can do it on the web. “Never gonna give you up, never gonna let you down, never gonna run around and desert you” (Aitken, Stock, & Waterman, 1987). D...
Growth Rate and Life History Events of Young-of-the-Year Gulf Menhaden as Determined from Otoliths

Abstract Growth rate and life history events of young-of-the-year gulf menhaden Brevoortia patronus were determined in Fourleague Bay, Louisiana, from studies of sagittal otoliths. A single growth equation could not describe growth from larva to juvenile. Mean daily growth rates were high, averaging 0.33 mm˙d-1 and ranging from 0.20 to 0.48 mm˙d-1 for fish 18–82 mm total length. The offshore larval period was estimated to be 6–10 weeks, considerably longer than the 3–5 weeks previously suggested.
Japanese FDI into U.S. service industries: Exchange rate changes and services tradability

Abstract Using the implications of the model of investment under uncertainty, this paper provides a systematic examination of the FDI–exchange rate relationship with respect to services taking into account the degree of tradability across services. Services have mainly been addressed in the literature as a sensitivity test by industry using aggregated service data identified as “nonmanufacturing”. Using data on Japanese FDI into 207 U.S. service industries, maximium-likehood estimates reveal that dollar appreciations are positively correlated with service FDI flows into the U.S. This positive correlation is stronger for non-tradable services versus tradable services. For tradable and non-tradable producer services, higher exchange rate uncertainty may lead to fewer FDI occurrences. On average, across all types of services, higher U.S. unit labor costs relative to Japan had a deterrent effect on Japanese service FDI as well. Finally, this paper also provides a useful benchmark to partition services by tradability.
Neoarchaean impact spherule layers in the Fortescue and Hamersley Groups, Western Australia: stratigraphic and depositional implications of re-correlation

Previously, two layers containing impact melt spherules, the Wittenoom spherule layer and the Carawine spherule layer, exposed in the main outcrop area and Oakover River area, respectively, of the Neoarchaean – Palaeoproterozoic Hamersley Basin of Western Australia, were correlated. Subsequent discovery and study of the Jeerinah spherule layer in the main outcrop area, as well as a new Carawine spherule layer exposure now suggest that the Carawine and Jeerinah spherule layers are correlates. The previous Wittenoom – Carawine correlation was based on the presence of spherules and sedimentological consistency: both layers comprise sediment gravity flows, and the Wittenoom spherule layer was interpreted as the downflow equivalent of the Carawine layer. However, the Jeerinah spherule layer also consists of sediment gravity flows, which could be related to the Carawine layer. Since all three layers reflect events triggered by oceanic impacts, these similarities are not surprising, but they do eliminate sedimen...
The relation between male body size, fighting, and mating success in Dawson's burrowing bee, Amegilla dawsoni (Apidae, Apinae, Anthophorini)

Males of the bee Amegilla dawsoni (Anthophorini) vary greatly in size, with some of the largest individuals as large as the largest females, a rare phenomenon in insects. The occurrence of unusually large males appears to be the product of sexual selection for fighting ability. As predicted from this hypothesis: (1) males regularly competed aggressively to be in the best position to mount sexually receptive, virgin females as they emerged from the ground; (2) larger males usually won fights for potential mates, as demonstrated by the fact that males able to defend sites with an emerging female were larger on average than males they kept at bay; (3) the fighting advantage of large males translated into greater mating success. Males captured while mounted on a female were significantly larger on average than randomly captured matesearching males in two of three populations sampled in 1993. Moreover, males known to mate more than once were consistently larger than single-mating males in the 10 samples taken from four populations examined in 1994. Thus, a large male mating advantage applies across years and among populations, making it potentially advantageous for females of Dawson's burrowing bees to produce large, superior fighting sons about the same size as their daughters.
Comparison of Classic Endodontic Techniques versus Contemporary Techniques on Endodontic Treatment Success

Abstract Introduction Many recent technological advancements have been made in the field of endodontics; however, comparatively few studies have evaluated their impact on tooth survival. This study compared the survival rates of endodontic treatment performed by using classic techniques (eg, instrumentation with stainless steel hand files, alternating 5.25% NaOCl and 3% H 2 O 2 irrigation, mostly multiple treatment visits, and so on) versus those performed using more contemporary techniques (eg, instrumentation with hand and rotary nickel-titanium files, frequent single-visit treatment, NaOCl, EDTA, chlorhexidine, H 2 O 2 irrigation, warm vertical or lateral condensation obturation, use of surgical microscopes, electronic apex locators, and so on). Methods Using a retrospective chart review, clinical data were obtained for 984 endodontically treated teeth in 857 patients. Survival was defined as radiographic evidence of the treated tooth being present in the oral cavity 12 months or more after initial treatment. A mixed-model Poisson regression analysis was used to compare failure rates. Results Of the 459 teeth in the classic group, there was an overall survival rate of 98% with an average follow-up time of 75.7 months. Of 525 teeth in the contemporary group, there was an overall survival rate of 96%, with an average follow-up time of 34 months. Considerably more treatments in the classic group were completed in multiple appointments (91%) than in the contemporary group (39%). More teeth in the classic group underwent posttreatment interventions (6.7% vs 0.9%, respectively). Conclusions No statistically significant difference was noted between the two technique groups or between single or multiple visits in terms of survival.
The Electrokinetic Potential of Milk Fat

It has been known for many years that milk fat globules are electrically charged. The explanations offered to account for some dairy phenomena have been based wholly, or in part, upon this fact, but few quantitative data have been presented to substantiate the theory. This study was undertaken to secure information regarding the magnitude of the potential under normal conditions and the effect of various agents upon it; the correlation between changes in the magnitude of the potential and certain known behaviors of fat globules under conditions of usual commercial dairy practice; and the nature of the interface between the fat globule and the surrounding medium as revealed by studying alterations in the potential.
Liberty Hyde Bailey, the Country Life Commission and the formalization of farm credit in the USA

Purpose – This paper reviews the life of Liberty Hyde Bailey and highlights his contributions to the structure of US farm credit 100 years after the Country Life Commission.Design/methodology/approach – This paper is a qualitative historical review.Findings – The paper provides a chronology of life events that led Liberty Hyde Bailey to evolve from botanist/horticulturalists to one of America's most vocal proponents of agricultural and country life, culminating in the recommendation in 1909 that rural credit in the USA be developed along the lines of cooperative principles.Research limitations/implications – The biography is limited to issues of social science, culminating in 1915.Practical implications – The paper offers a historical perspective on conditions in agriculture in the early twentieth century and provides insights into how the present system of rural credit in the USA evolved.Originality/value – This paper provides a historical perspective on US rural credit that is of use to students of rura...
Horizontal and vertical honour in the statements of Osama Bin Laden

This thematic analysis examines the applicability of Gustavo Correa's constructs of horizontal and vertical honour with regard to prestige as reflected in 21 statements by Osama Bin Laden (OBL) between 2002 and 2008. The relevance of Correa's theory pivots upon whether the individual is considered as the primary locus of honour, as Correa seemed to imply. There was limited support and substantial disconfirming evidence under this condition. Correa's theory appears more applicable to honour when the Ummah rather than OBL's person is considered as the primary locus of honour, with the individual's prestige a derivative of group membership. Under this condition, supported hypotheses derived from the theory include honour being rooted in divinity; vertical and horizontal aspects of honour being mutually constitutive; vertical honour being established with the creation of the Ummah through rank (insofar as the Ummah is presumed precedent above all non-Muslims), competition (including warfare) and functioning a...
Clogging of feeding tubes

This is a report of an in vitro study evaluating clotting ability of some formulas with intact protein and hydrolyzed protein sources in a series of buffers ranging from a pH of 1 thru 10. The following 10 products were tested: Ensure Plus, Ensure, Enrich, Osmolite, Pulmocare, Citrotein, Resource, Vivonex TEN, Vital, and Hepatic Acid II. Protein (10 and 20 g/liter) was added to Citrotein and Ensure Plus. All formulas were tested at full and some at half strength. Clotting occurred only in premixed intact protein formulas (Pulmocare, Ensure Plus, Osmolite, Enrich, Ensure) and in Resource. No clotting was observed for Citrotein (intact protein formula in powder form), Vital, Vivonex TEN, and Hepatic Aid II. Adding protein did not cause or increase clotting. In summary, clotting of some liquid formula diet appears to be an important factor causing possible gastric feeding tube occlusion. The following measures may help in preventing this problem: flushing before and after aspirating for gastric residuals to eliminate acid precipitation of formula in the feeding tube, advance the nasogastric feeding tube into the duodenum if possible, and avoid mixing these products with liquid medications having a pH value of 5.0 or less.
Factor structure of the SOCRATES in a sample of primary care patients.

Abstract Motivation or readiness to change has been studied intensively in recent years in research on the use of brief interventions to change alcohol problems in the primary care setting. The purpose of this study was to investigate the factor structure and concurrent and predictive evidence for validity of the short Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES), a 19-item self-report instrument developed to measure readiness to change alcohol problems in individuals presenting for specialized alcohol treatment. The participants were 210 men and 91 women who were identified as “at-risk” drinkers in 13 community primary care clinics. These individuals completed the SOCRATES and a number of other assessments as part of a preintervention evaluation. A principal components analysis of the SOCRATES data revealed a two-factor structure; a confirmatory factor analysis showed that this structure was a better fit to the data than the three-factor structure that Miller and Tonigan (1996) identified for the SOCRATES. The two factors (9 and 6 items, respectively), seemed to measure perceived degree of severity of an existing alcohol problem (called “Amrec” because it consisted of Miller and Tonigan's ambivalence and recognition items) and taking action to change or to maintain changes in one that exists (called “Taking Steps”). Predictions of significant and nonsignificant correlations between the two derived factors and other baseline variables (alcohol consumption, related problems and symptoms, and demographic factors) generally were confirmed. In addition, baseline Amrec scores were related in predicted directions to 6-month alcohol consumption and related problems data, but the magnitude of these relationships were reduced when other variables that correlated with Amrec or when the 6-month data were taken into account. In general, Taking Steps showed little or no relationship to the 6-month data. The results are compared to previous work with the SOCRATES and suggestions for future research are discussed.
ULTRAFINE COAL CLEANING USING SELECTIVE HYDROPHOBIC COAGULATION

ABSTRACT Studies have shown that ultrafine hydrophobic materials such as coal and graphite can be selectively coagulated and separated from hydrophilic impurities without using oily agglomerants, flocculants, or electrolytes. This process, which is referred to as Selective Hydrophobic Coagulation (SHC), has been used in laboratory tests to significantly reduce the ash and sulfur contents of several ultrafine, run-of-mine coal samples. The selective coagulation occurs at ζ-potentials significantly higher than those predicted by the classical DLVO theory due to the presence of an attractive interaction energy between hydrophobic particles such as coal. To account for this additional attraction, the interaction energies for the coal-mineral system have been calculated using an extended DLVO theory that incorporates the hydrophobic interaction energy in addition to the traditional dispersion and the electrostatic energies. The results of these theoretical calculations correlate well with separation response o...
Detection of curves with unknown endpoints using minimal path techniques

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Rate of incorporation of [6-14C]orotic acid into uridine 5'-triphosphate and cytidine 5'-triphosphate and nuclear ribonucleic acid in regenerating rat liver.

Abstract To investigate the rate of nuclear RNA synthesis during the first 13 h of hepatic regeneration, [6-14C]orotic acid was injected intravenously into young rats at various intervals after either a partial hepatectomy or a sham operation. The 5-min rates of RNA labeling were measured in nuclei isolated by a Tween-80-citric acid method. The specific activities of the nucleotide pools of UTP and CTP were determined in the acid-soluble fraction of whole liver homogenates by thin-layer chromatography. It was found that: 1. 1. The rate of labeling of the UTP pool doubled by 45 min of regeneration, then slowly returned to normal as regeneration progressed; CTP labeling was depressed below normal and then rose. 2. 2. CTP specific activities were less than one-tenth of the UTP levels. 3. 3. Sham operation resulted in pronounced depression of labeling of UTP and especially of CTP. 4. 4. The rate of nuclear RNA synthesis, calculated on the basis of the specific activity of its immediate precursor (UTP), was most meaningfully expressed as μmoles of uridylate incorporated into RNA per unit of DNA (analogous to rate of RNA synthesis per nucleus), since the amount of DNA, but not RNA, was constant during this period; after a 2-h lag in regenerating liver, this rate rose linearly to three times normal by 13 h. 5. 5. The rate in sham-hepatectomized controls rose directly (no lag) to two times normal by about 5 h and remained elevated. 6. 6. The increase in biosynthetic rates was reflected in net gains in nuclear RNA content, the increments by 13 h being 50 % in regenerating and 25 % in sham control livers, respectively. Thus in evaluating early alterations in RNA labeling induced by partial hepatectomy it is important that the fluctuations in specific activity of the nucleotide pools and the very marked changes that result from sham operations be taken into account.
Progress in understanding autoimmune exocrinopathy using the non-obese diabetic mouse: an update.

Sjogren's Syndrome (SS) is a chronic autoimmune disease characterized by histological and functional alterations of salivary and lacrimal glands that result in a severe dryness of the mouth and the eyes. The etiology of SS has remained undefined despite investigators' significant efforts to identify the mechanisms of initiation. Based on histopathology, several animal models are available--such as MRL/lpr, NZW/NZB, NFS/sld, graft vs. host, transgenic mouse expressing viral surface antigen, and the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse--for investigation of the etiology of SS. Biochemical and immunological similarities between human SS and autoimmune exocrinopathy (AEC) in the NOD mouse, including the loss of secretory function, establish the NOD mouse as an appropriate model to unravel the underlying pathophysiology of SS. Recently, several NOD congenic partner strains have been developed to investigate the roles of genetic intervals, cytokines, and autoantibodies in the disease pathogenesis. Studies on NOD-scid suggest that the pathogenesis of SS occurs in two phases: an asymptomatic phase, in which epithelial cells of exocrine tissues undergo dedifferentiation accompanied by elevated apoptosis; and a second phase in which autoaggression is mounted against target organ autoantigens, resulting in the activation of T- and B-cells, and the generation of autoantibodies. The presence of autoantibodies on the cell-surface signaling receptor, the muscarinic(3) receptor, in both SS patients and the NOD mice correlates with the hallmark clinical symptom of secretory dysfunction. Additionally, the NOD mouse model provides an important example of how both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, as well as non-immune genetic loci, are involved in the maintenance of and progression to the overt disease state. Ultimately, analysis of these data provides insight into potentially novel therapeutic interventions.
REGIOSELECTIVITY OF DEUTERIUM ATOM ADDITION TO OLEFIN MONOLAYERS ON CU(100)

The addition reaction of gas-phase D atoms to olefin monolayers adsorbed on a Cu(100) surface is studied, with a focus on the regioselectivity of deuterium addition onto monolayer 1-butene and 1-pentene molecules. Both 1- and 2-alkyl groups are generated from D atom additions to 2° and 1° carbons, respectively. The alkyl groups are separated based on a difference in their β-hydride elimination kinetics, with the rate of 2-alkyl groups losing β-hydrogens about 2 orders of magnitude faster than 1-alkyl groups on the copper surface. The results suggest that D addition to terminal (1°) carbon is favored by a factor of ∼3 for 1-butene and ∼4 for 1-pentene molecules adsorbed on the surface.
Kinetics of reactions of labile metal ions with bidentate and tridentate ligands

Abstract The temperature-jump technique has been applied to the study of the complexation reactions of nickel(II) and cobalt(II) with the ligands α-alanine, β-alanine, iminodiacetic acid, aspartic acid and iminodipropionic acid and of copper(II) with the latter three ligands. These results, when considered with those in the literature for copper(II) and the alaninates, lead us to conclude that the Sterically Controlled Mechanism which has been shown to apply to the chelate formation of bidentate ligands forming six-membered rings, applies to tridentate ligands as well. The effect is pronounced when the ligand forms chelate rings all of which are greater than five-membered.
Photodynamic therapy of arteries. A novel approach for treatment of experimental intimal hyperplasia.

BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses light activation of otherwise nontoxic dyes for the production of reactive oxygen species that cause cell injury and death. METHODS AND RESULTS The inhibition of intimal hyperplasia (IH) by PDT was studied in the balloon injury model of the rat carotid artery. Chloroaluminum-sulfonated phthalocyanine (CASPc) was the drug chosen for PDT because it does not produce skin photosensitivity and has a high absorption peak of light at 675 nm, a wavelength with good tissue penetration. A pilot study indicated that CASPc administration with laser radiant exposure of 100 J/cm2 resulted in a homogeneous, circumferential effect on the whole artery. Male Sprague-Dawley rats received the balloon catheter injury to the left common carotid artery (day 0) and were equally divided into two groups. Nine rats received either CASPc (5 mg/kg i.v., n = 6) or saline (n = 3) at day 2, before IH was present, and nine rats received CASPc or saline in the same manner on day 7, when IH was already present. Twenty minutes after drug injection, the distal left common carotid artery was irradiated under saline with 675-nm laser light at 100 mW/cm2 for 10(3) seconds (100 J/cm2). At this low laser irradiance, there are no thermal effects, but photoactivation of CASPc occurs. The rats were killed at day 14 after balloon injury when IH reaches a maximum. The arteries were harvested after perfusion-fixation for light microscopy, histological and computerized morphometric evaluation, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The cross-sectional areas of the neointima were measured in the PDT-treated arteries and in the laser-only control arteries. There was a significant mean +/- SD decrease of IH in the PDT-irradiated segments of the arteries (0.06 +/- 0.05 mm2) versus the laser-only control ones (0.17 +/- 0.07 mm2) (t test, p less than 0.001), with no statistical difference between the day 2 and day 7 treated rats. Lack of IH was correlated in 90% of cases with histological absence of medial smooth muscle cells or inflammatory cells, but no other structural injury was identified. TEM analysis showed early evidence of PDT-mediated cytotoxic effects at 4 hours and the absence of collagen or elastic tissue structural alterations. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrated that PDT can effectively inhibit the IH response when it is used before or during induction of cellular proliferation in this acute model. Although the long-term implications of PDT in arteries need to be defined, this technique may offer a new method for understanding and treating IH.
Genetic mechanisms in cancer predisposition: report of a cancer family.

A family is described in which four children developed cancer affecting different organs: lymphoma, meningeal sarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and adenocarcinoma of the cecum. Since there was only one other case of cancer in previous generations of this family, an hypothesis is put forth to explain this unusual aggregation on the basis of recombination of common genes. It is postulated that each parent carried a different combination of genes which, though not associated with increased cancer predisposition in the combinations in which they were present in the parents, due to independent assortment resulted in a combination producing cancer susceptibility in half of the offspring. Such genetic loci could include factors similar to an oncogene which is normally held in control by genes at another locus; thus the dominant oncogene without the dominant controlling genes would make for cancer susceptibility, while the controlling genes without the oncogene would be associated with cancer resistance since two mutations would then be required for malignant development. To explain the occurrence of lymphoma in one of the children in this family, a third set of genes is included in this model—genes affecting immunocompetence, in which the normal allele is dominant. This three locus model has the advantage of being able to explain not only the occasional cancer family, but also the distribution of cancer susceptibility and resistance in the general population. Cancer 43:679–689, 1979.