cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Verdict for Glimepiride: Effective and Not Guilty of Cardiovascular Harm.

Amazingly, whether sulfonylureas pose unacceptable risks compared with other treatments for diabetes has been debated for nearly 50 years. Ever since increased mortality was associated with tolbutamide in the University Group Diabetes Program (UGDP) (1), a warning of potential cardiovascular risk for drugs in this class has been mandated. Their tendency to cause both nonsevere and severe hypoglycemia worries patients and providers alike, who fear that hypoglycemia may precipitate serious cardiovascular events. Despite these concerns, sulfonylureas continue to be widely used for type 2 diabetes because they reliably improve glycemic control, lack symptomatic side effects other than hypoglycemia, and are very inexpensive. A recent commentary in Diabetes Care questioned whether the modern drugs in this class—glimepiride and gliclazide—deserve the shadow of guilt cast over them by studies of older sulfonylureas (2). They are conveniently dosed once daily and are less likely to cause hypoglycemia than the older agents, especially glyburide (also called glibenclamide). Unlike glyburide, they do not oppose ischemic preconditioning, a cardioprotective mechanism (3), and meta-analytic evidence suggests they are associated with lower rates of cardiovascular events than glyburide (4). Up to now, high-quality evidence to resolve the risk-versus-benefit debate has been lacking. Epidemiologic analyses of clinical databases and meta-analyses of short-term clinical studies comparing a sulfonylurea with placebo or an active comparator have shown conflicting results (5–8). Some studies comparing sulfonylureas with metformin suggest higher cardiovascular risk with sulfonylureas (9), but it is unclear whether this is because sulfonylureas are harmful or metformin is protective. Experience in the UK Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS) favors the latter interpretation. Over 10 years of randomized comparison with a conventional lifestyle-based regimen in the UKPDS, basal insulin or a sulfonylurea did not alter cardiovascular outcomes, whereas metformin reduced cardiovascular and all-cause mortality (10). But because metformin is preferred as …
Orienting Toward Teacher Education for Online Environments for All Students

The online environment is an expansive educational context distinct from the traditional one. We problematize the current online teacher education landscape and make recommendations for practices t...
Data-based analysis of multimodal partial cavity shedding dynamics

Time-resolved X-ray densitometry void fraction measurements and accompanying acoustic emissions have revealed that partial cavity shedding on a hydrofoil can be multimodal, with spontaneous changes in shedding sequence (referred to here as cavitation style) for fixed inlet flow conditions. These spontaneous, intermittent transitions between two physically different shedding styles are examined using data-based image analysis of the cavity flow fields in order to extract the associated physical mechanism leading to style transition. Three data-driven decomposition techniques are compared: proper orthogonal decomposition (POD), dynamic mode decomposition (DMD), and cluster-based reduced-order modeling (CROM), with a primary focus on the latter. The results highlight the utility of CROM over DMD and POD in the context of intermittent event analysis, both in terms of mode interpretability and transition mechanism identification. A frequency-based analysis of the CROM output revealed the existence of a shared harmonic between the different physical cavitation modes which gave further insight to the transition process. The data-based analysis ultimately illuminates the underlying flow mechanism that leads to the style transition, namely the key role of maximum cavity length buildup as it interacts with the vapor cloud collapse downstream of the hydrofoil.
DeepSumm - Deep Code Summaries using Neural Transformer Architecture.

Source code summarizing is a task of writing short, natural language descriptions of source code behavior during run time. Such summaries are extremely useful for software development and maintenance but are expensive to manually author,hence it is done for small fraction of the code that is produced and is often ignored. Automatic code documentation can possibly solve this at a low cost. This is thus an emerging research field with further applications to program comprehension, and software maintenance. Traditional methods often relied on cognitive models that were built in the form of templates and by heuristics and had varying degree of adoption by the developer community. But with recent advancements, end to end data-driven approaches based on neural techniques have largely overtaken the traditional techniques. Much of the current landscape employs neural translation based architectures with recurrence and attention which is resource and time intensive training procedure. In this paper, we employ neural techniques to solve the task of source code summarizing and specifically compare NMT based techniques to more simplified and appealing Transformer architecture on a dataset of Java methods and comments. We bring forth an argument to dispense the need of recurrence in the training procedure. To the best of our knowledge, transformer based models have not been used for the task before. With supervised samples of more than 2.1m comments and code, we reduce the training time by more than 50% and achieve the BLEU score of 17.99 for the test set of examples.
Equine gastric ulcer syndrome in foals

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUC) is a common problem in foals. Gastric physiology differs between foals and adult horses, and the risk of EGUS also depends on age and other factors. This articl...
Some Thoughts on the Interpretation of Arizona Constitutional Rights

The individual rights provisions of the Arizona Constitution were drafted in 1910 by the members of the Arizona Constitutional Convention and ratified by the people of Arizona in 1911. At that time, the Constitution of the United States offered Arizonans little protection against violations of basic individual rights that might be committed by state or local governments or government officials. Except for the right not to have one's property taken for public use without just compensation, the provisions of the U.S. Constitution's Bill of Rights had not yet been "incorporated" into the Fourteenth Amendment and were therefore not available to provide protection against invasions of basic rights by state and local legislatures, executives, police, and other officials. The Declaration of Rights contained in Article 2 of Arizona's Constitution, therefore, was clearly meant -- both by its authors and by the Arizona voters who adopted it--to have important legal significance. This article discusses the approach that courts should adopt when they interpret the individual rights provisions of the Arizona Constitution. The courts interpreting the Arizona Constitution's individual rights provisions should develop a coherent body of state constitutional law, independent from federal interpretation of U.S. Constitutional rights, even when the language of the Arizona provision is substantially identical to the federal provision.
Phosphorus concentrations into a subtropical lake strongly influence nitrogen accumulation, nitrogen export, and Chl a concentrations

We measured water quality monthly for 22 years in water entering, within, and exiting a 65 km2 shallow polymictic and eutrophic freshwater lake in the northern Gulf of Mexico. Fertilizer use in the watershed is the dominate source of phosphorous (P) going into the lake and controls the lake’s P concentrations, but nitrogen (N) fertilizer use was not related to total nitrogen concentration in the lake. Half of the particulate P entering the lake is trapped within it and there is a net accumulation of N that appears to be from the stimulation of nitrogen fixation. The lake’s concentration of Chlorophyll a (µg Chl a l−1) and increase in N in the lake was directly related to the concentration of P in water entering the lake. Variations in the Chl a concentration within a freshwater lake downstream are also directly related to the annual use of P fertilizer, but not to N fertilizer use. Reducing agriculture-sourced P runoff will lower (but not eliminate) both the frequency of algal blooms within Lac des Allemands and the amount of N delivered to the estuary.
Messverfahren bei VM/370 Interpretation der Auswertungs-Ergebnisse

Zum Thema VM/370-Messverfahren koennte man natuerlich stundenlang reden. Eine Eingrenzung des Themas muss deshalb erfolgen und sie soll in der Form geschehen, dass der Schwerpunkt in der Interpretation der Messdaten liegt. Ich will also gar nicht sprechen ueber die Gewinnung der Daten und nur als Einleitung kurz eingehen auf die Anwendungsmoeglichkeiten der Messverfahren, oder, wie sie auch genannt werden, der Performance-Tools.
Operational strategies for supplier and retailer with risk preference under VMI contract

Abstract Under a vendor managed inventory contract, the retailer offers a price she would pay the manufacturer for each unit of the product. Based on the unit price that was offered, the manufacturer decides the quantity to send to the retailer before the start of the selling season. The retailer only pays for the units that were sold by the end of the selling season; leftover inventory are returned to the manufacturer. The higher the price the retailer offers to the manufacturer, the more inventory the retailer would receive. But when the retailer increases the price she offers to the manufacturer, effectively she decreases her per unit profit from selling the product. In this paper, the manufacturer is risk-neutral and so his sole objective is to maximize his expected profit. The retailer exhibits risk preferences, and therefore maximizes her expected utility. We characterize the demand condition and minimum product selling price required for the retailer to engage in a VMI contract. We also derive the analytical solution for the retailer׳s optimal purchase price to offer to the manufacturer. Furthermore, we show analytically and numerically that the risk-averse retailer offers a lower price to the manufacturer than their risk-neutral counterpart. Interestingly, we find that as the product selling price increases, the retailer does not necessarily increase the purchase price offered to the manufacturer. We also observe that some degree of demand variability can actually increase the manufacturer׳s expected profit.
PP14.7 – 2997: Screening osteoporosis in patients with antiepileptic drug using urine N-telopeptide of collagen type I

Objective Antiepileptic drug (AED) can affect bone metabolism. But pediatric neurologists ignore the fact because of shorter use of AED in children than in adults. We tried to find out results of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) after use of AED and appropriate screening methods for osteoporosis. Methods This retrospective study was conducted in total 63 patients with epilepsy who visit the Department of Pediatrics of Catholic University Bucheon Saint Mary's Hospital from January 2013 to December 2014. We measure BMD by dual photon absorptiometry and check urine N-telopeptide of collagen type I (NTx) level for bone turnover marker. Results In whole study population, 37 urine NTx level elevated higher than normal range. Among positive urine NTx group, 17 patients had results of reduced BMD after use of AED. Patients with valproic acid (VPA) were 18, oxcarbazepine (OCZ) 28, levetiracetam (LEV) 26, topiramate (TPM) 9 and lamotrigine (LTG) 8. Due to preceding number including multidrug therapy cases, patients with single VPA were 9, single OCZ 19, single LEV 8, single TPM 0 and single LTG 0. Positive urine NTx number of VPA, OCZ, LEV, TPM and LTG group was 9, 21 (P=0.02), 12, 5 and 4 respectively. Positive urine NTx number single VPA, single OCZ and single LEV group was 4, 16 (P=0.01) and 3 respectively. Conclusion Some patient had reduced BMD after use of AED. The incidence of positive urine NTx was significantly different between the patients with OCZ and those with other AEDs in both monotherapy and multitherapy. We suggest using urine NTx for bone turnover marker in pediatric patients with AED.
Legal change for child health: Report on a conference

"Physically and politically powerless, children have always gotten the short end of the stick. In earlier times, the surplus, especially females, were legally and deliberately killed; in the Middle Ages and until recently children were chattels; in Dickensian England they starved in workhouses or were exploited as beggars a la Oliver Twist...." Louise Raggio, Conference Participant The building Frank Lloyd Wright called Wingspread served as the setting for a discussion concerning the relationship of the health of the young to their legal needs and the role of the pediatrician in these regards. Men and women from medicine, the law, and social work shared their points of view, seeking a firm definition of advocacy for children, attempting to highlight some manageable priorities among the legal needs so that pediatricians might move to a partnership with others in the community which might facilitate access to a better life for all children and youth.
A Cascade Atomization and Drop Breakup Model for the Simulation of High-Pressure Liquid Jets

A further development of the ETAB atomization and drop breakup model for high pressure-driven liquid fuel jets, has been developed, tuned and validated. As in the ETAB model, this breakup model reflects a cascade of drop breakups, where the breakup criterion is determined by the Taylor drop oscillator and each breakup event resembles experimentally observed breakup mechanisms. A fragmented liquid core due to inner-nozzle disturbances is achieved by injecting large droplets subject to this breakup cascade. These large droplets are equipped with appropriate initial deformation velocities in order to obtain experimentally observed breakup lengths. In contrast to the ETAB model which consideres only the bag breakup or the stripping breakup mechanism, the new model has been extended to include the catastrophic breakup regime. In addition, a continuity condition on the breakup parameters has lead to the reduction of one model constant. Further, the primary breakup has been adjusted in order to avoid the nonlinear dependence of the spray angle on the breakup length. The model has been tuned and validated by means of experimental data for non-evaporating, evaporating and reacting sprays under controlled conditions in constant-volume or constant-pressure combustion vessels using a KIVA-based code.
Basic Data Structures — III. Records

This chapter introduces the concept that various related data items of differing can be handled together as a single unit called a “record”. This concept is fundamental in business data processing, in software engineering, and in related computing fields.
The Productivity Dilemma in Workplace Health Promotion

Background. Worksite-based programs to improve workforce health and well-being (Workplace Health Promotion (WHP)) have been advanced as conduits for improved worker productivity and decreased health care costs. There has been a countervailing health economics contention that return on investment (ROI) does not merit preventive health investment. Methods/Procedures. Pertinent studies were reviewed and results reconsidered. A simple economic model is presented based on conventional and alternate assumptions used in cost benefit analysis (CBA), such as discounting and negative value. The issues are presented in the format of 3 conceptual dilemmas. Principal Findings. In some occupations such as nursing, the utility of patient survival and staff health is undervalued. WHP may miss important components of work related health risk. Altering assumptions on discounting and eliminating the drag of negative value radically change the CBA value. Significance. Simple monetization of a work life and calculation of return on workforce health investment as a simple alternate opportunity involve highly selective interpretations of productivity and utility.
Effects of pressure near one atmosphere on prebreakdown current pulses at a needle cathode in hexane

Prebreakdown current pulses at a point cathode in highly purified liquid hexane have been observed to be affected by hydrostatic pressure from below one atmosphere to several atmospheres. Previously, careful combination of low-noise, high-bandwidth detection techniques had revealed these random currents actually to be well-separated bursts initiated at apparently random times, but each burst was a well-structured set of systematically spaced pulses with successive amplitudes related in an increasing linear manner. It has been observed that increasing the hydrostatic pressure reduces the duration of each burst and the number of pulses within it. A hybrid model for growth of the low-density region (LDR) has been developed by combining two earlier models in a mutually enhancing iteration, and reasonable agreement has been obtained with experimental observations. It appears that each burst corresponds to growth and dissipation of one LDR, and each set of increasingly larger pulses corresponds to breakdowns within the increasingly larger LDR as its potential changes during its expansion. An experimental means has been developed to vary hydrostatic pressure without exposure to gases, moving seals, contaminants, or changes in test liquid conditions other than pressure. >
Venting formation fluids from deep‐sea boreholes in a ridge flank setting: ODP Sites 1025 and 1026

[1] During ODP Leg 168, two of ten boreholes, ODP Holes 1025C and 1026B, were cased through the sediment section, penetrated basaltic crust that is overpressured, and sealed. In 1999 and 2000 the seals were removed, allowing crustal formation fluids to vent and be sampled. The composition of these fluids is compared to those of basal deep-sea pore waters, which have been the basis for estimating geochemical fluxes from low-temperature ridge flank hydrothermal systems. Estimates for the composition of the major ions in formation fluids based on basal pore waters are within 5% of the values measured in borehole fluids. Similar comparisons for minor and trace elements are not as good; some are reactive in the sediment section, resulting in large uncertainties in the pore water extrapolation, while others are influenced by a variety of contaminants, including steel, grease, drilling muds, and basal sediment. Evidence for contamination includes high dissolved and particulate concentrations of several metals (e.g., Fe, Cu, Co, Zn, and Pb) and measurable changes in concentration during the past four years in response to reaction with basal sediment. This new confidence in estimating the primary composition of formation fluids, coupled with advances in thermodynamic and kinetic models, reveals the possibility of anhydrite precipitation in ridge flank hydrothermal systems at temperatures of ∼70°C. Such new insights allow us to address the timing and conditions under which seawater-crustal reactions occur, leading to more accurate models of crustal evolution.
Toward hyperpolarized molecular imaging of HIV: synthesis and longitudinal relaxation properties of 15N-Azidothymidine

Previously unreported (15) N labeled Azidothymidine (AZT) was prepared as an equimolar mixture of two isotopomers: 1-(15) N-AZT and 3-(15) N-AZT. Polarization decay of (15) N NMR signal was studied in high (9.4 T) and low (~50 mT) magnetic fields. (15) N T1 values were 45 ± 5 s (1-(15) N-AZT) and 37 ± 2 s (3-(15) N-AZT) at 9.4 T, and 140 ± 16 s (3-(15) N-AZT) at 50 mT. (15) N-AZT can be potentially (15) N hyperpolarized by several methods. These sufficiently long (15) N-AZT T1 values potentially enable hyperpolarized in vivo imaging of (15) N-AZT, because of the known favorable efficient (i.e., of the time scale shorter than the longest reported here (15) N T1 ) kinetics of uptake of injected AZT. Therefore, 3-(15) N-AZT can be potentially used for HIV molecular imaging using hyperpolarized magnetic resonance imaging.
Robotic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy with utilization of the robotic ultrasound probe

Introduction: The treatment of large renal stones in children can be challenging often requiring combination therapy and multiple procedures. The purpose of this video is to describe our technique of robotic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy for complex renal stone disease in children, and to demonstrate the utility of the robotic ultrasound probe to aid with stone localization. Materials and Methods: Robotic nephrolithotomy/pyelolithotomy was carried out in four consecutive patients. A robotic ultrasound probe (Hitachi-Aloka, Tokyo, Japan) under console surgeon control was used in all cases. Results: Two patients underwent robotic pyelolithotomy, one patient underwent robotic nephrolithotomy, whilst the fourth patient underwent robotic pyelolithotomy and nephrolithotomy along with Y-V pyeloplasty for concurrent ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Mean operative time, blood loss and hospital stay was 216 minutes, 37.5 mL and 2 days, respectively. The robotic ultrasound probe aided identification of calculi within the kidney in all cases. For nephrolithotomy it was helpful in planning the incision for nephrotomy. After nephrotomy or pyelotomy, stones were removed using a combination of robotic Maryland forceps, fenestrated grasper or Prograsp. Antegrade nephroscopy introduced through a laparoscopic port was used in all patients for confirmation of residual stone status. Two patients did not require a ureteral stent in the post-operative period. One patient had a minor complication (Clavien Grade 2 - dislodged malecot catheter). All patients were stone free at last follow-up. Conclusions: Robotic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy with utilization of the robotic ultrasound probe offers a one-stop solution for complex renal stones with excellent stone-free rates.
Phenoxybenzamine improves systemic oxygen delivery after the Norwood procedure.

Abstract Background . Achieving adequate systemic oxygen delivery after the Norwood procedure frequently is complicated by excessive pulmonary blood flow at the expense of systemic blood. We hypothesized that phenoxybenzamine could achieve a balanced circulation through reduction of systemic vascular resistance. Methods . In this prospective, nonrandomized study, oximetric catheters were placed in the superior vena cava for continuous monitoring of systemic venous oxygen saturation. Postoperative hemodynamic variables were compared between 7 control patients and 8 patients who received phenoxybenzamine. Results . The hospital survival rate was 93% (14 of 15 patients). Improvements in postoperative hemodynamics in the phenoxybenzamine group included a higher systemic venous oxygen saturation, a narrower arteriovenous oxygen content difference, a lower ratio of pulmonary to systemic flow, and a lower indexed systemic vascular resistance. In the phenoxybenzamine group, mean arterial blood pressure was related directly to systemic oxygen delivery, in contrast to the control group, where mean arterial pressure was related directly to indexed systemic vascular resistance and the ratio of pulmonary to systemic circulation. Conclusions . Continuous postoperative monitoring of systemic venous oxygen saturation in a patient who has undergone the Norwood procedure provides early identification of low systemic oxygen delivery and an elevated ratio of pulmonary to systemic circulation. In this pilot study, phenoxybenzamine appeared to improve systemic oxygen delivery during the early postoperative period after the Norwood procedure. Further studies are indicated to confirm these results.
Branding and Firm Value

Branding is widely recognized as an important marketing activity, yet marketing executives are challenged to prove the value of branding in clear financial terms. The objective of this chapter is to integrate emerging insights from the literature on branding and shareholder value into a process framework that helps enumerate and explain the brand-finance link. This chapter begins by discussing the reasons why using shareholder value (i.e., stock returns and risks) is an appropriate metric to assess brand performance and brand equity value. The authors introduce common metrics of shareholder value (e.g., Tobin’s q, abnormal returns, and idiosyncratic risk) and three distinct metrics of brand equity: customer, product-market, and finance-based. Next, the chapter delineates the mechanisms that govern the branding-finance interface to address whether and how branding affects shareholder value; key findings from the extant literature on branding and shareholder value are summarized to support these process routes. In conclusion, the chapter considers three antecedents of brand-equity creation, again reviewing extant literature to qualify effects on firm value and cash flow: organization-level strategy (e.g., corporate name strategy, mergers & acquisition), brand strategy (e.g., brand extensions and brand portfolio strategy) and brand management tools (e.g., advertising). The chapter concludes with an agenda for future studies that address gaps and challenges in this important and growing area of research.
Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled pilot study of the safety and efficacy of Myobloc (botulinum toxin type B) for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis.

Background Palmar hyperhidrosis is a problem of unknown etiology that affects patients both socially and professionally. Botulinum toxin type B (Myobloc), approved by the Food and Drug Administration for use in the treatment of cervical dystonia in the United States in December 2000, has subsequently been used effectively in an off-label indication to treat hyperhidrosis. There are sparse data, however, in the literature evaluating the safety and efficacy of BTX-B for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Objective We evaluated the safety and efficacy of Myobloc in the treatment of bilateral palmar hyperhidrosis. This was a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study to report on the safety and efficacy of Myobloc. Methods Twenty participants (10 men, 10 women) diagnosed with palmar hyperhidrosis were injected with either Myobloc (5,000 U per palm) or a 1.0 mL vehicle (100 mM NaCl, 10 mM succinate, and 0.5 mg/mL human albumin) into bilateral palms (15 Myobloc, 5 placebo). The participants were followed until sweating returned to baseline levels. The main outcome measures were safety, efficacy versus placebo, and duration of effect. Results A significant difference was found in treatment response at day 30, as determined by participant assessments, between 15 participants injected with Myobloc and 3 participants injected with placebo. The duration of action, calculated in the 17 participants who received Myobloc injections and completed the study, ranged from 2.3 to 4.9 months, with a mean duration of 3.8 months. The single most reported adverse event was dry mouth or throat, which was reported by 18 of 20 participants. The adverse event profile also included indigestion or heartburn (60%), excessively dry hands (60%), muscle weakness (60%), and decreased grip strength (50%). Conclusion Myobloc proved to be efficacious for the treatment of palmar hyperhidrosis. Myobloc had a rapid onset, with most participants responding within 1 week. The duration of action ranged from 2.3 to 4.9 months, with a mean of 3.8 months. The adverse event profile included dry mouth, indigestion or heartburn, excessively dry hands, muscle weakness, and decreased grip strength. MYOBLOC WAS PROVIDED FOR THIS STUDY BY ELAN PHARMACEUTICALS.
A reconfigurable, on-the-fly, resource-aware, streaming pipeline scheduler

Multimedia systems use stream modules to perform operations on the streams that pass through them. To create services, programmers hand-code modules together to form a pipeline. While some advances have been made in automating this process, none yet exist that create pipelines that are fully aware of the system's resources. In this paper, we present the design and evaluation of the Graph Manager (GM), a pipeline scheduler that determines, on-the-fly, the best way to satisfy requests using stream modules and reusing existing streams in the system.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Ethical issues in the intensive care unit

T ODAY'S PRACTICING intensivist is likely to face ethically challenging situations with regularity. This is because in addition to the background frequency of ethical issues encountered in general practice, intensivists work in an environment in which end-of-life decisions are made commonly and life-sustaining technology is readily available, greatly increasing the frequency of these scenarios. To deal effectively with ethically charged situations in the intensive care unit (ICU), perhaps the most important tool is a solid grounding in the basics of medical decision making. Accordingly, this report provides the reader with a discussion of informed consent and surrogate decision making, as well as sections that address factors that may modify these general approaches, such as the role of family interests in medical decision making and the possible futility of medical intervention. Beyond these issues, decisions to forego lifesustaining therapy merit special consideration for the intensivist. Therefore, we end with a section on the ethical considerations surrounding this important and frequently difficult situation.
Race and health: Basic questions, emerging directions

Abstract PURPOSE: This paper examines the scientific consensus on the conceptualization of race, identifies why health researchers should analyze racial differences in morbidity and mortality and provides guidelines for future health research that includes race. METHODS: Examines scientific dictionaries and reviews the social science, public health and medical literature on the role of race in health. RESULTS: First, this paper reviews the evidence suggesting that race is more of a social category than a biological one. Variation in genotypic characteristics exists, but race does not capture it. Second, since racial categories have historically represented and continue to reflect the creation of social, economic, and political disadvantage that is consequential for well-being, it is important to continue to study racial differences in health. Finally, the paper outlines directions for a more deliberate and thoughtful examination of the role of race in health. CONCLUSIONS: Race is typically used in a mechanical and uncritical manner as a proxy for unmeasured biological, socioeconomic, and/or sociocultural factors. Future research should explore how clearly delineated environmental demands combine with genetic susceptibilities as well as with specified behavioral and physiological responses to increase the risk of illness for groups differentially exposed to psychosocial adversity.
One- and two-step metal ion templated syntheses of the cryptands

Abstract New cryptands [3.2.1], [4.2.1] and [4.2.2] were prepared in good yields by treating the appropriate diazacrown with the ditosylate esters of triethylene, tetraethylene or pentaethylene glycol as required. Treatment of 4,10-diaza-15-crown-5 with α,α′-dibromo-m-xylene gave a mixture of the cryptand (1:1 cyclization) and the tricyclic bisdiaza-15-crown-5 connected by two m-xylylene units (2:2 cyclization) when K2CO3 was used as the base. When Li2CO3 was used, the same reaction gave only the 1:1 cyclization. An 1H NMR spectrum of the m-xylylene-containing cryptand exhibited a peak at δ 8.85 which suggests that the proton on benzene position 2 is close to the diaza-15-crown-5 cavity. The X-ray crystal structure of that compound showed that to be the case. A metal ion template effect was also observed in the preparation of [3.3.3] from 3,6,9-trioxa-1,11-diiodoundecane and its diamine analog. Only [3.3.3] was observed with K2CO3. When Cs2CO3 was used, mainly a bis(aza-12-crown-4) was isolated. When the diiodide was changed to the corresponding ditosylate, both [3.3.3] and the bis(aza-12-crown-4) were isolated.
Thermal fringing at turn-over in an amorphous chalcogenide thin film sandwich structure

Abstract Experimental evidence has been obtained which demonstrates the importance of the thermal properties of the substrate with regard to the onset of negative differential resistance or threshold switching effects in thin film amorphous chalcogenide sandwich structure devices. Because the turn-over voltage V t depends on the substrate thermal conductance, device geometries which enhance lateral heat flow in the substrate will have higher values of V t than geometries which do not. Experiments have been performed on thin film devices using a-As 2 SeTe 2 as the active material. The circular devices were prepared with various radii on substrates in which lateral heat flow could take place. It was observed that V t increased in a well-behaved manner with decreasing radius, thus showing that Joule heating plays a strong role in determining V t for the chosen chalcogenide. Additional evidence for thermal spreading was provided by thin film thermometry.
On the behavior of the F-layer under the influence of gravity waves

Abstract The effect of a travelling ionospheric disturbance on the behavior of the F -layer is investigated analytically by using Green's function and integral equations. The treatment includes diffusion and loss and is fully time dependent. It can provide detailed analysis of the F -layer for long period gravity waves with horizontal wavelengths large compared to the approximate half width of the F -layer. Unlike other theoretical studies, the undisturbed F -layer in our treatment is also time dependent and we can show that even if the incident gravity wave has sinusoidal time dependence, the response of the F -layer is neither sinusoidal nor even periodic. In special cases our solution may be expressed in closed analytic forms. In general, the treatment can apply to disturbances sufficiently large so that a strict perturbation approach can no longer work. In the present paper, the theory will be applied to Thome's experimental observations of a gravity wave with characteristics satisfying our criterion. The theory provides a detailed analysis of the following experimental results: 1. (1) electron density fluctuation at different heights 2. (2) root mean square oscillation as a function of altitude 3. (3) change of phase of the oscillation with height 4. (4) time variation of hmF2 .
WE‐A‐210A‐01: Fluoroscopic Imaging Equipment: Guidelines for Detector Input Dose Settings and Image Optimization

Modern fluoroscopyimaging equipment is designed to simultaneously monitor x‐ray generator parameters, detector exposure rate, contrast‐to‐noise ratio, and x‐ray tube loading. Under programmed control,fluoroscopysystems automatically make adjustments to the parameters controlling x‐ray production, beam filtration, detector signal output, digital image processing, and image presentation. Any means intended to reduce patient dose should be implemented in a way that preserves image quality. For the clinical medical physicist, optimization of fluoroscopic equipment performance begins with an understanding of the variable system parameters, and the identification of the trigger points for changes in these parameters. Secondly, an understanding of how system parameters affect each other, affect image quality, and affect patient dose can lead to better choices in how the system should be set up for specific applications. A necessary requirement is an understanding of what detector input dose one should expect with an image intensifierfluoroscopysystem, and how the detector dose should change when a flat panel detector is utilized. It is also necessary to understand how operational settings on the equipment can obviate superior detector performance as determined by detector type and metrics. This presentation will use imaging examples from installed systems to explore these issues. Also, a clear, concise guideline for determining the appropriate fluoroscopydetector input dose rate for both image intensifier and flat panel detectors will be presented. Learning Objectives: 1. Provide an understanding of modern fluoroscopic imagingsystem component design and functionality 2. Determine the appropriate fluoroscopydetector input dose rate for image intensifier and flat panel detectors 3. Describe specific ways in which equipment settings can enhance or detract from optimum performance.
A New Type of Torsional Stereoisomerism

Abstract Through the use of 19 F nmr spectroscopy, it has been shown that 9,10-bis(trifluorovinyl)phenanthrene exists as a pair of torsional diastereoisomers.
Goods market responses to trade shocks and trade and wages decompositions

Trade and wages literature asks whether trade or technology has been the major factor behind increases in wage inequality in OECD countries since the 1980s. In this literature, little attention has been paid to how goods market responses to trade shocks affect conclusions. Using an Armington heterogeneous goods trade model we capture demand side effects, and show how trade shocks affecting the price of unskilled- intensive importable goods can be absorbed on the demand side of goods markets, with little or no impact on relative wage rates. No wage impact occurs if the elasticity of substitution in preferences between imports and import substitutes is one. As this elasticity increases, trade plays an ever larger role in explaining wage inequality changes, and as the elasticity goes below one the sign of the effect changes. We present some results of general equilibrium decompositions of total wage change into trade and technology components using UK data. We suggest that since many import demand elasticity estimates are in the neighbourhood of one, there is a prima facie case that goods market considerations further lower the significance of trade as an explanation of recent trends in OECD wage inequality beyond that claimed in the literature.
Steady fluidization of fine particles in a fixed bed of coarse particles

Abstract This work addresses the steady fluidization of small particles (diameters of 0.15, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mm) within a randomly arranged fixed bed of bigger
Value of long‐core biopsy in the detection of discrete bone marrow lesions

A series of 256 bone marrow biopsy specimens was obtained at different times from a group of patients with acute myeloid leukaemia, chronic granulocytic leukaemia and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and was analysed in parallel with peripheral blood smears and bone marrow aspirate samples. In five of these biopsy specimens the bone marrow lesion was discrete, deeply seated within the marrow cavity and detected only in long-core biopsies. Neither peripheral blood nor bone marrow aspirates obtained at the same time established the correct diagnosis. This suggests that when peripheral blood and bone marrow aspirate samples fail to indicate the diagnosis a long-core biopsy may yield positive results.
Examination of a novel head-stalk protein family in Giardia lamblia characterised by the pairing of ankyrin repeats and coiled-coil domains.

Abstract The intestinal pathogen Giardia lamblia possesses several unusual organelle features, including two equivalent nuclei, no mitochondria or peroxisomes, and a developmentally regulated rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi. Giardia also possesses a number of complex and unique cytoskeleton structures that dictate cell shape, motility and attachment. Our investigations of cytoskeletal proteins have revealed the presence of a new protein family. Proteins in this family contain both ankyrin repeats and coiled-coil domains; although these are common protein motifs, their pairing is unique, thus establishing a new class of head-stalk proteins. Examination of the G. lamblia genome shows evidence for at least 18 genes coding for proteins with a series of ankyrin repeats followed by a lengthy coiled-coil domain and at least an additional 14 genes coding for proteins with a prominent coiled-coil domain flanked by two series of ankyrin repeats. We have examined one of these proteins, Giardia Axoneme Associated Protein (GASP-180), in detail. GASP-180 is a 180 kDa protein containing five ankyrin repeats in a 200 amino acid N-terminal domain separated by a short spacer from an ∼1375 amino acid coiled-coil domain. Using anti-peptide antibodies raised against a unique 20 amino acid sequence found at the C-terminus, we have determined that GASP-180 is present in cytoskeleton extractions of the parasite and localises to the proximal base of the anterior flagellar axonemes. The combination of the localisation and the structural and functional motifs of GASP-180 make it a strong candidate to participate in control of flagellar activity.
Synthesis and Properties of Two New Membrane-Impermeant High-Molecular-Weight Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Abstract The synthesis and inhibitory properties and stability of two nontoxic high-molecular-weight carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (F 3500 and POBUMS) are reported. F 3500 was prepared by the covalent linkage of aminobenzolamide, a potent carbonic anhydrase (CA) inhibitor, to polyoxyethylene bisacetic acid (MW 3350). Linkage of the same inhibitor to polybutadiene maleic acid copolymer (MW 20,000) gave POBUMS. They contained on a mole percentage basis 0.11–0.28% unreacted aminobenzolamide as contaminant. F 3500 and POBUMS were approximately equipotent as carbonic anhydrase inhibitors on a weight basis with K i at 37°C for CA II and CA IV of approximately 0.5 and 10 μg/ml, respectively. They showed a maximum release of 28% aminobenzolamide when heated at 70°C for 3 days at pH 10.5 and were completely stable toward enzymatic hydrolysis (protease and peptidase at 25°C). They were not membrane permeable as judged by their inability to bind to intracellular CA II in intact red cells, nor were they actively uptaken in rat kidney slices. Rats injected with F 3500 (200 mg/kg) showed no toxicity and excreted 93% of the polymer unchanged in the urine in 3 h. The two polymers should prove useful for in vivo and in vitro studies of selective CA IV inhibition in membranes.
Application of adaptive weights to intelligent information systems: An intelligent transportation system as a case study

Optimization of information feedback technologies is very important for many socioeconomic systems such as stock markets and traffic systems aiming to make full use of resources. In this paper, we propose an adaptive weight method, which has potential value for a variety of information processing contexts. We apply this adaptive weight method to an intelligent transportation system (ITS) as a case study. A feedback strategy named Improved Congestion Coefficient Feedback Strategy (ICCFS) is introduced based on a two-route scenario in which dynamic information can be generated and displayed on the roadside in order to enable drivers to make an informed route decision. Our model incorporates the effects of adaptability into the cellular automaton models of traffic flow. Simulations demonstrate that adopting this optimal information feedback strategy provides a high efficiency in controlling spatial distribution of traffic patterns when compared with the three other information feedback strategies, i.e., Travel Time Feedback Strategy (TTFS), Mean Velocity Feedback Strategy (MVFS) and Congestion Coefficient Feedback Strategy (CCFS).
Hypothetic mechanisms for dentine sensitivity.

Abstract It is well known that the drilling of teeth and the subjection of exposed dentine to thermal, chemical, electrical, or tactile stimuli elicit painful reactions. After an examination of various hypotheses, it is obvious that complete knowledge and understanding of the mechanism underlying dentine sensitivity are yet to be attained and that further research in this area is indicated.
An in situ Technique to Measure Bacterial Chemotaxis in Natural Aquatic Environments

A simple and reliable technique to study bacterial chemotaxis in natural aquatic environments is reported. This technique uses the test chemicals in known volumes of semi-solid agar media placed in double layered, highly porous, polyester tubes. Following in situ incubation, bacteria attracted by the test chemicals are enumerated with fluorescence microscopy following acridine orange staining. Studies in an eutrophic reservoir showed that significant numbers of bacteria were attracted to D-glucose and glycine; no significant effects were observed with L-serine, sodium succinate, or sodium chloride.
The new power sector planning

Abstract Many who are today operating at the decisionmaking level, eg politicians, boards of directors, claim that the ‘track record’ of the present form of long-term power sector planning could not be described as good, virtually anywhere in the world. Many of these, together with others who are connected in any way with investing in the vast sums of money apparently needed in the electricity supply sector, are now tending to stand aside and to wonder whether there is not a more effective way of proceeding, confronted as the sector is almost everywhere with so many cases of: generation over-planting; the wrong generation plant-mix; the over- then under-shooting of financial targets; and poor consumer reaction to the prices charged, especially with respect to large commercial or industrial electricity supplies. That practical, and possibly better, substitutes for present long-term power sector planning exist has been claimed in some quarters from the earliest times of electricity supply, especially amongst entrepreneurs. Now is the time to bring things to a head in a full discussion of the subject, given the amount of investment and operating money, often in scarce foreign exchange, which is taken for granted as being needed in electricity supply for the future.
Capgras syndrome induced by Ketamine in a Healthy Subject

We would like to report a case of Capgras syndrome in a healthy subject, which was induced by ketamine, [an antagonist of the N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors]. We believe this is the first report of delusion-like misidentification following controlled administration of a psychotomimetic drug, raising the possibility that the neurochemical and cognitive mechanisms through which ketamine acts may also contribute to endogenous misidentification syndromes.
The synthesis of spiro and bicyclic nucleosides from ribose adducts of diahinomaleonitrile

Abstract The synthesis of a new spiro nucleoside structural type ( 2 ) and two new bicyclic nucleoside structural types ( 6 ), 10 , 11 ) is described.
Regulation of the bacterial cell cycle by an integrated genetic circuit

How bacteria regulate cell cycle progression at a molecular level is a fundamental but poorly understood problem. In Caulobacter crescentus, two-component signal transduction proteins are crucial for cell cycle regulation, but the connectivity of regulators involved has remained elusive and key factors are unidentified. Here we identify ChpT, an essential histidine phosphotransferase that controls the activity of CtrA, the master cell cycle regulator. We show that the essential histidine kinase CckA initiates two phosphorelays, each requiring ChpT, which lead to the phosphorylation and stabilization of CtrA. Downregulation of CckA activity therefore results in the dephosphorylation and degradation of CtrA, which in turn allow the initiation of DNA replication. Furthermore, we show that CtrA triggers its own destruction by promoting cell division and inducing synthesis of the essential regulator DivK, which feeds back to downregulate CckA immediately before S phase. Our results define a single integrated circuit whose components and connectivity can account for the cell cycle oscillations of CtrA in Caulobacter.