cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Graph-Theoretical Approach to the Selection of the Minimum Tiling Path from a Physical Map

The problem of computing the minimum tiling path (MTP) from a set of clones arranged in a physical map is a cornerstone of hierarchical (clone-by-clone) genome sequencing projects. We formulate this problem in a graph theoretical framework, and then solve by a combination of minimum hitting set and minimum spanning tree algorithms. The tool implementing this strategy, called FMTP, shows improved performance compared to the widely used software FPC. When we execute FMTP and FPC on the same physical map, the MTP produced by FMTP covers a higher portion of the genome, and uses a smaller number of clones. For instance, on the rice genome the MTP produced by our tool would reduce by about 11 percent the cost of a clone-by-clone sequencing project. Source code, benchmark data sets, and documentation of FMTP are freely available at >http://code.google.com/p/fingerprint-based-minimal-tiling-path/ under MIT license.
Use of dsRNA-Mediated Genetic Interference to Demonstrate that frizzled and frizzled 2 Act in the Wingless Pathway

We investigated the potential of double-stranded RNA to interfere with the function of genes in Drosophila. Injection of dsRNA into embryos resulted in potent and specific interference of several genes that were tested. In contrast, single-stranded RNA weakly interfered with gene activity. The method was used to determine the reception mechanism of the morphogen Wingless. Interference of the frizzled and Drosophila frizzled 2 genes together produced defects in embryonic patterning that mimic loss of wingless function. Interference of either gene alone had no effect on patterning. Epistasis analysis indicates that frizzled and Drosophila frizzled 2 act downstream of wingless and upstream of zeste-white3 in the Wingless pathway. Our results demonstrate that dsRNA interference can be used to analyze many aspects of gene function.
Interactive Effects of Selenium and Cadmium on Mammary Tumor Development and Growth in MMTV-Infected Female Mice. A Model Study on the Roles of Cadmium and Selenium in Human Breast Cancer

Previous studies demonstrated that the age-corrected breast cancer mortalities in different countries are inversely correlated with the per-capita dietary intakes of selenium and directly with the estimated intakes of cadmium, zinc, and chromium, suggesting that the anticarcinogenic properties of selenium are counteracted by these elements. The tumor-preventative effects of selenium and the converse effects zinc and chromium have already been confirmed experimentally in studies with female inbred C3H mice carrying murine mammary tumor virus (MMTV). Using the same model of human breast cancer, it is now demonstrated that cadmium abolishes the cancer-protecting effects of selenium. In addition, cadmium was also found to interact with zinc, copper, and chromium. At 1.4 ppm in the drinking water, cadmium caused a significant depletion of zinc in vital organs such as the liver, which is held responsible for a delay of the appearance of the mammary tumors by 4 months and their slower growth rates relative to the Cd-unexposed controls. The results of the present study are relevant to human breast cancer prevention as selenium counteracts the effects of cadmium.
The blood-brain barrier.

The concept of a barrier restricting exchange of certain tracer substances between blood and brain (the blood-barrier, BBB) originated with Paul Ehrlich’s observation in the 1880’s that intravenously injected aniline dyes failed to distribute to brain, whereas all other tissues were quickly colored. In general, it is the extracellular fluid (ECF) to which such dyes distribute to color the tissues. The blood plasma is a rapidly circulating subcompartment serving to disperse any local concentration of solute throughout the entire ECF. It can carry out this homogenizing function because of the ubiquity and permeability of capillaries. These capillary characteristics, together with the movement of blood plasma, bring the effective distances that solutes are required to diffuse between various body cells down to a few micrometers.
Limitations of the Glasgow Coma Scale in predicting outcome in children with traumatic brain injury

Objective: To study the hypothesis that, in the absence of an ischemic-hypoxic state, children with severe traumatic brain injury and with unfavorable Glasgow Coma Scale scores may have good recovery. Design: Retrospective, observational, cross-sectional study with factorial design. Setting: Inpatient population in a university hospital. Patients: Seventy-nine children with traumatic brain injury admitted to the intensive care unit. Interventions: All patients received close monitoring and strict control of intracranial pressure ( 60 mm Hg). Measurements and results: Admission Glasgow Coma Scale score, survival, need for cardiopulmonary resuscitition, presence of shock, peak intracranial pressure, duration of coma, Glasgow outcome Scale score, and the results of neuropsychologic tests were analyzed. Of 79 children, 70 (89%) survived. Although the mortality rate was higher among patients with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, 14 (64%) of 22 of these children survived. Nonsurvivors had a significantly higher incidence of shock and need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Except for two patients who had prolonged hypoxemia, all children, including those with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5, had a satisfactory outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale scores of 4 or 5). Neuropsychologic outcome was not significantly different in the survivors with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5 and those with Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 6 or more. Conclusions: A low Glasgow Coma Scale score does not always accurately predict the outcome of severe traumatic brain injury; in the absence of hypoxic-ischemic injury, children with traumatic brain injury and Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 3 to 5 can recover independent function.
Small Peer-Led Collaborative Learning Groups in Developmental Math Classes at a Tribal Community College.

In this study the author examines the use of small peer-led collaborative learning groups to change students’ perceptions of mathematics and their success in developmental mathematics classes at a ...
Contingent Valuation and Social Choice

The contingent valuation method for estimating the existence value of natural resources is examined for psychophysical robustness, statistical reliability, and economic sensibility. Extensions of standard models for willingness‐to‐pay, and suitable econometric techniques for analyzing these models, are developed. The analysis is applied to a series of experiments on the value of preserving wilderness areas in the western United States. The results call into question the reliability of the CV method for estimating existence values.
Simulating time-dependent energy transfer between crossed laser beams in an expanding plasma

A coupled mode system is derived to investigate a three-wave parametric instability leading to energy transfer between co-propagating laser beams crossing in a plasma flow. The model includes beams of finite width refracting in a prescribed transverse plasma flow with spatial and temporal gradients in velocity and density. The resulting paraxial light equations are discretized spatially with a Crank-Nicholson-type scheme, and these algebraic constraints are nonlinearly coupled with ordinary differential equations in time that describe the ion acoustic response. The entire nonlinear differential-algebraic system is solved using an adaptive, backward-differencing method coupled with Newton's method. A numerical study is conducted in two dimensions that compares the intensity gain of the fully time-dependent coupled mode system with the gain computed under the further assumption of a strongly damped ion acoustic response. The results demonstrate a time-dependent gain suppression when the beam diameter is commensurate with the velocity gradient scale length. The gain suppression is shown to depend on time-dependent beam refraction and is interpreted as a time-dependent frequency shift.
The contributions of john money: A personal view

John Money has been a dominant voice in sexology in the last part of the 20th century, breaking new ground in a wide variety of areas. In the process, he has been cantankerous, outspoken, and ever willing to do battle, but also original and thought provoking. This paper begins with an examination of science in general, moves on to psychology and sexology, and then examines Money's contributions to sexology in some detail. The latter are many and varied, including the development of the concept of gender, his theory of gender identity based on his work with intersex individuals, the John‐Joan case, and his importance in establishing transsexualism as a diagnostic category and an academic discipline. Also important are his contributions to the development of the nomenclature of sexology, his importance to the sexology movement as a teacher, his significant research on a large variety of sexual topics, his ability to convince government agencies that sex was deserving of funding, and his association with the...
GT-COMET: An Architecture to Enhance Error Tolerance in Safety-Critical Systems

To address the problem of human error in safety-critical systems, the GT-COMET (Georgia Tech Consequence Modeling for Error Tolerance) architecture is proposed. This architecture provides task management assistance to enhance error tolerance by helping human operators detect and correct potential errors before they have serious operational consequences. GT-COMET extends the OFM/OFMspert methodology, which attempts to match detected operator actions with actions expected by a normative model. Mismatches between detected actions and model expectations represent potential errors, and GT-COMET uses the likely consequences of these potential errors to construct task management reminders so the operators can correct errors before the system is adversely affected. This paper presents an overview of the GT-COMET architecture and its proof-of-concept implementation for pilots of an MD-11 aircraft.
The Remembrance of Things Past: Rings and Mules Revisited

A recent paper in this Journal by William Lazonick [1981] is largely devoted to a detailed criticism of a paper on the choice between ring and mule spinning in pre-World War I Britain that I published in this Journal in 1969 [Sandberg, 1969]. Lazonick accepts the logical correctness and the usefulness of the economic model in the paper, as well as agreeing with the principal conclusion, but he is critical of the estimation of the model. Lazonick has improved on the estimation in two ways: by correcting certain errors, the most important of which was a misreading of the number of spindles English mule spinning teams tended;1 and by gathering new data. Yet Lazonick's own paper has flaws. The first area of Lazonick's criticism is my version of investment behavior in Lancashire before World War I. The aspect of investment behavior of relevance to my study was the division between new rings and new mules at varying yarn counts. I began by arguing that the structure of the ring spinning wage agreement indicated that very few rings were producing yarn of a count above the mid 40s [1969, p. 29]. Lazonick does not dispute this conclusion. Indeed he notes that "about 85 percent of all ring spindles ... were spinning sub-40 counts" [pp. 98-99]. The more interesting, and more difficult, question was determining what percentage of all new equipment (measured in mule equivalent spindles-"mes") installed to spin counts below the mid 40s were rings. The need to make such a choice between rings and mules faced English cotton entrepreneurs or managers whenever they were expanding their sub-40 capacity or were replacing worn out sub-40 equipment. It is necessary first to estimate the division of British cotton spinning capacity between sub-40 and supra-40 counts of yarn. An admittedly rough calculation concluded that approximately 35 per-
History repeats itself more easily when you log it: Versioning for mashups

Web mashup environments provide a way for users to combine data from web applications and services to create new content. Currently, these environments do not provide support for tracking the development histories of mashups. We have thus added configuration management support to the Yahoo! Pipes mashup environment. We describe this support, and provide results of an experiment studying the ability of programmers to create and debug mashups in its presence. Our results show that versioning support can help both groups of users do both tasks better.
Toxicokinetics and molecular interaction of [14C]-formaldehyde in rats.

The excretion, tissue distribution, and binding of [14C]-formaldehyde were studied at different time intervals in male rats following a single intraperitoneal injection of 72 mg CH2O (14.7 μCi)/ kg body weight. Within 30 min, 10% of the total dose was recovered in expired air as14CO2 and by the end of 72 hr, 41% of the administered dose was eliminated through expired air. The total elimination of14CH2O activity in urine and feces in 72 hr was 15%. Erythrocytes retained significant amounts of radioactivity, even at the end of 72 hr. Substantial levels of radioactivity were detected in most tissues one hr after administration, indicating a fast absorption and rapid distribution. Subcellular fractionation of the tissues showed that the highest levels of relative percent binding was in the microsomal fraction, whereas cytosol fractions contained lowest levels of bound radioactivity. DNA, RNA, protein and lipid fractions of liver and spleen tissues showed significantly elevated levels of14C-incorporation as compared to other tissues. Thein vivo incorporation of14C-activity showed an increased association of14CH2O with RNA in all the tissues. The maximum registration of radioactivity in RNA was at 48 hr after administration. Significantly higher amounts of14C-activity were registered in DNA of all tissues. The maximum registration of radiolabel in DNA of most tissues was at 12 hr after the14CH2O administration. The liver DNA showed maximal levels at 3 hr with a second peak at 48 hr.
Temperature-insensitive silicon microdisk resonators using polymeric cladding layers

A method for thermal-stabilization of silicon microdisk resonators, based on thermooptic polymer coatings, is proposed. Two orders of magnitude improvement in thermal stability is expected. Effects on Q and major fabrication challenges are discussed.
A novel approach for in vivo measurement of mouse red cell redox status

Maintenance of a reducing redox balance is a critical physiologic function of red cells (RBC) that can be perturbed in variety of RBC pathologies. Here we describe a new approach to evaluate in vivo RBC redox status using a redox sensitive GFP (roGFP2) sensor under control of a β-globin mini-promoter, directing expression specifically to erythroid cells. RoGFP2 expressing RBCs demonstrate ratiometric and reversible shifts in fluorescence on exposure to oxidants and reductants. We demonstrate that roGFP2 expressing RBC can be used to monitor thiol redox status during in vitro phenylhydrazine treatment and over the course of in vivo RBC aging, where a shift to a more oxidized state is observed in older cells. Thus, roGFP2 transgenic mice are a new and versatile tool that can be used to probe how RBC redox status responds in the context of drug therapy, physiologic stressors and pathologic states.
The choroid plexus: a historical review.

Summary The embryology, macroscopic structure, microscopic structure, fine structure, function and pathology of the choroid plexus were reviewed. Conflicting opinions have been noted and selected critical comments expressed.
Metabolism of L-Thyroxine (T4) and L-Triiodothyronine (T3) by Human Fibroblasts in Tissue Culture: Evidence for Cellular Binding Proteins and Conversion of T4 to T3

The metabolism of L-thyroxine (T4) and L-triiodothyronine (T3) by human fibroblasts in tissue culture was studied. Fibroblasts were incubated in serumless medium and in media containing various concentrations of normal human serum (HS) or fetal calf serum (FCS) enriched with both T4-125I and T3-131I, and the simultaneous cell uptake of both tracers and the T4 to T3 conversion determined. Interference from the preferential cellular uptake of T3 impurities in T4 was corrected by determination of the 125I/131I ratio migrating as T3 on bidimensional paper chromatography of medium and cells. In the absence of serum in the medium, cell to medium (C/M) concentration gradient was 90 to 100 for T3 and 49 to 58 for T4. With increasing amounts of HS, the fractional uptake of T3 and T4 diminished and the C/M gradient for T4 was less than 1. The cellular T3/T4 ratio increased to a maximum of 11.4 in the presence of 5% HS. The T3/T4 ratio in the dialysable fraction was 1.01 for serumless medium and 5.8 for medium conta...
Neuralgic amyotrophy precipitated by Epstein-Barr virus

Neuralgic amyotrophy (NA), or Parsonage–Turner syndrome, is an uncommon idiopathic disorder that occurs on a sporadic or hereditary basis. We describe the clinical and electrodiagnostic (EDX) features of NA in two siblings with documented Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infections. This raises the possibility that a common infection may trigger NA in family members who possess a genetic disposition to this disease. Patient 1, a 20-year-old right-handed man, presented with fever, night sweats, and fatigue followed by aching pain in the right elbow and left shoulder. On day 11, he developed weakness in bilateral shoulder elevation, forearm pronation, right thumb flexion, right finger flexion, left wrist extension, and patchy sensory loss. The table contains laboratory and imaging results. IV solumedrol (900 mg/day for 3 days) did not provide relief. His weakness and pain continued to progress over 2 months, and a trial of IV immunoglobulin (IVIG; 400 mg/kg/day for 5 days) resulted in dramatic relief of pain. An EDX examination on day 62 showed evidence of severe to apparently complete …
Gaze Shifts to Auditory and Visual Stimuli in Cats

While much is known about the metrics and kinematics of gaze shifts to visual targets in cats, little is known about gaze shifts to auditory targets. Here, cats were trained to localize auditory and visual targets via gaze shifts. Five properties of gaze shifts to sounds were observed. First, gaze shifts were accomplished primarily by large head movements. Unlike primates, the head movement in cats often preceded eye movement though the relative timing of eye in head and head latencies depended upon the target modality and gaze shift magnitude. Second, gaze shift latencies to auditory targets tended to be shorter than equivalent shifts to visual targets for some conditions. Third, the main sequences relating gaze amplitude to maximum gaze velocity for auditory and visual targets were comparable. However, head movements to auditory and visual targets were less consistent than gaze shifts and tended to undershoot the targets by 30 % for both modalities. Fourth, at the end of gaze movement, the proportion of the gaze shift accomplished by the eye-in-head movement was greater to visual than auditory targets. On the other hand, at the end of head movement, the proportion of the gaze shift accomplished by the head was greater to auditory than visual targets. Finally, gaze shifts to long-duration auditory targets were accurate and precise and were similar to accuracy of gaze shifts to long-duration visual targets. Because the metrics of gaze shifts to visual and auditory targets are nearly equivalent, as well as their accuracy, we conclude that both sensorimotor tasks use primarily the same neural substrates for the execution of movement.
Hydrogen-deuterium exchange in clays and problems in the assignment of infra-red frequencies in the hydroxyl region

Abstract An examination of the “hydroxyl region” of the spectra of brucite, gibbsite, kaolin family minerals, and montmorillonites in various states of dehydration show the spectra to be much more complex than at first expected. The presence of multiple absorption bands even in powder spectra of minerals such as brucite, gibbsite, and the clay minerals, cannot yet be explained in terms of the X-ray structure. There is no simple correlation of OH − absorption frequencies with “types of OH − ,” and extent of hydrogen bonding, based on the data obtained. OD − is shown to replace OH − approximately equally in the three maxima in kaolinite and dickite in the 2·7micron region, when the minerals are reacted with D 2 O at about 370°C and 20,000 p.s.i. The more common generalization that hydrogenbonded OH − ions show a bathochromic shift compared to the “free” or “symmetrical” OH − is also not borne out by our data, which show that, at least in part, the longer wavelength 2·9-μ maximum is the result of hydroxyls which remain in the structure of montmorillonite heated at elevated temperatures. Deuterium-exchange experiments indicate that the exchange of hydroxyls varies widely with temperature. Attempts of 1-month duration to exchange OD − for OH − at room temperature indicated practically no exchange in dickite and kaolinite, with only a small amount in montmorillonite. Under elevated pressures, a significant amount of exchange was observed in kaolinite at 190°C, and extensive exchange took place in kaolinite at 370°C (greater than 50%), somewhat less in montmorillonite, and the least in dickite. In all the OD − phases and in synthetic Mg(OD) 2 , the OD − absorption maxima are moved to greater wavelengths by a multiple of about 1·37 from the corresponding OH − maxima in the original minerals.
Models of Privacy Preserving Traffic Tunneling

Encrypted protocols, such as Secure Socket Layer (SSL), are becoming more prevalent because of the growing use of e-commerce, anonymity services, and secure authentication. Likewise, traffic analysis is becoming more common because it is often the only way to analyze these protocols. Although there are many valid uses for traffic analysis (such as network policy enforcement and intrusion detection), it can also be used to maliciously compromise the secrecy or privacy of a user. While the payload can be strongly protected by encryption, analysis of traffic patterns can yield information about the type and nature of traffic. In this paper we use simulation and analytic models to examine the impact on user experience of a scheme that masks the behavior of real traffic by embedding it in synthetic, encrypted, cover traffic. Through simulation and an analytic model we investigate the effects on the user experience using disparate and similar traffic models. This point provides a novel context where we observe the synergy of simulation and analytic modeling. We show that a detailed simulation model of network traffic characteristics can be used to estimate the parameters of an analytic model of tunneling. We see that the accuracy of the modelâs predictions is directly dependent on the accuracy of parameters we obtain from the simulation. However, the simulation model does not need to have any concept of tunneling. Using simulation and analytic modeling together, we obtain an analysis whose whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
Numerical experiments on the Helmholtz equation derived from the solar radiation transfer equation in three-dimensional space

A numerical scheme using the finite-difference approach to solve the modified Helmholtz partial differential equation derived from the solar radiative transfer equation is developed and tested along with the method of evaluating the slant-path optical depth. For overhead solar incidence, we obtain good agreement between the finite-difference approach and the semianalytical solution in terms of the local intensity, local flux, average intensity, and average flux. For face-parallel oblique solar incidence in which the semianalytical method is not applicable, we compare the results with those of previous studies utilizing the Monte Carlo method and the approximate semianalytical method. We show that the present numerical scheme can be applied to any incident solar angle which the approximate semianalytical method is incapable of. Comparisons with results from Monte Carlo method reveal reasonable agreement for the averaged intensity and flux density.
Total residue analysis of swabs by ion mobility spectrometry.

Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is a technique attractive for use within the pharmaceutical industry for at-line determination of residues on swabs taken from the surfaces of manufacturing equipment for the purposes of cleaning validation or verification. In this study, the development of a novel IMS method to provide a measurement of total residue present on a swab is described. The technique is based upon quantitation of charged atmospheric gas reactant ion consumption (RIC) within the instrument as a direct measure of the mass of total ionizable residue. Coupled with the conventional analysis of the active pharmaceutical ingredient within a single 2 min analysis, RIC determination provided the benefit of a single measure representative of the presence of multiple residue components or unknown components. To account for differences in response between components of a model drug product (Cymbalta) and its associated cleaning agents, a strategy was proposed to determine a “worst case” total residue test r...
“It’s Just Who I Am … I Have Brown Hair. I Have a Mysterious Father”: An Exploration of Donor-Conceived Offspring’s Identity Construction

The purpose of the present study was to explore the communication and identity-related experiences of members of donor-conceived families. Guided by the theory of symbolic interactionism and a constitutive view of communication, the present study sought to understand the ways in which anonymous sperm donor-conceived offspring (DCO) make sense of their experiences and communicatively construct their identities. In-depth interviews with 14 adult DCO and 24 online postings by DCO about their experiences being donor-conceived were inductively analyzed using Interpretive Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, 2011). The following five identity constructions were identified: (a) victims, (b) wanted children, (c) enigmatic, (d) storytellers, and (e) processes. The findings capture the multiplicity and complexity of DCO’s communication and identity processes.
Automated external defibrillator deployment in high schools and senior centers.

Background. Policymakers with limited funds have been forced to make difficult decisions regarding which sites merit automated external defibrillators (AEDs). Guidelines have recommended that the allocation of AEDs be based largely on the site-specific risk of sudden cardiac death (cardiac arrest), with devices preferentially located at high-risk venues. However, there are limited data on whether such a strategy is being followed. The authors surveyed low-risk (schools) andhigh-risk (senior centers) venues to assess the availability of AEDs. Methods. A random sample of 200 high schools was identified; 12 were excluded, resulting in a final sample of 188. Each was contacted to determine the number of students, number of teachers, availability of AEDs, andnumber of cardiac arrests during the 2001–02 academic year. For comparison, 20 licensed senior centers were surveyed to assess the availability of AEDs. Results. Among 147 schools that responded to the survey, the mean student enrollment was 1,117 andthe m...
Relationship of intrinsic viscosity of polymer solutions to molecular weight

Abstract An equation derived by Han relating intrinsic visocity to molecular weight of a polymer has been fitted to experimental data over a large range of molecular weight. Excellent fits were obtained although the Mark-Houwink equation did not fit the data over the complete molecular weight range. Han's equation may be fit to intrinsic viscosity data over a moderate range of molecular weight, and is shown to then accurately predict the intrinsic viscosities for molecular weights outside this range. A method is given to compute the two parameters of Han's equation from the Mark-Houwink parameters of a polymer in a solvent.
Dialogueview: Annotating dialogues in multiple views with abstraction†

This paper describes DialogueView, a tool for annotating dialogues with utterance boundaries, speech repairs, speech act tags, and hierarchical discourse blocks. The tool provides three views of a dialogue: WordView, which shows the transcribed words time-aligned with the audio signal; UtteranceView, which shows the dialogue line-by-line as if it were a script for a movie; and BlockView, which shows an outline of the dialogue. The different views provide different abstractions of what is occurring in the dialogue. Abstraction helps users focus on what is important for different annotation tasks. For example, for annotating speech repairs, utterance boundaries, and overlapping and abandoned utterances, the tool provides the exact timing information. For coding speech act tags and hierarchical discourse structure, a broader context is created by hiding such low-level details, which can still be accessed if needed. We find that the different abstractions allow users to annotate dialogues more quickly without sacrificing accuracy. The tool can be configured to meet the requirements of a variety of annotation schemes.
Hybrid markets, tick size and investor trading costs

Abstract This paper shows how the tick size affects equilibrium outcomes in a hybrid stock market such as the NYSE that features both a specialist and a limit order book. Reducing the tick size facilitates the specialist's ability to step ahead of the limit order book, resulting in a reduction in the cumulative depth of the limit order book at prices above the minimum tick. If market demand is price-sensitive, and there are costs of limit order submission, the limit order book can be destroyed by tick sizes that are either too small or too large. We show that trading cost is minimized at larger tick sizes for larger market orders, creating an incentive to submit smaller orders when tick size is reduced. With a smaller tick size, specialist participation increases and specialist profit increases slightly for small market orders, and considerably for large market orders.
Finite rank modifications and generalized inverses of Fredholm operators

In a recent article Rall [6] surveyed the theory and applications of finite rank modifications of linear operators in Banach spaces. Most results deal with modification of nonsingular operators; the only result in [6] concerning modifications of singular operators is the construction of the Hurwitz pseudoinverse for operators with a Fredholm theory. A generalization of this construction, in the setting of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind, was given by Atkinson [2] and Anselone [l]. One of the authors [4] studied the general theory of algebraic modifications of singular n x n matrices and gave applications including the computation of null vectors and oblique generalized inverses. Most of the theory in [ 1, 2, 41 is generalized and extended here to Fredholm operators of arbitrary index in Hilbert spaces. As in [4] the emphasis is on obtaining equations whose unique solutions are solutions of given singular operator equations. In particular, null vectors of singular operators can be found as unique solutions of modified operator equations. The operators obtained by the finite rank modifications are also used to derive some simple explicit expressions for generalized inverses of the given singular operators.
Improving factory layout under a mixed floor and overhead material handling condition

Purpose – In spite of having a number of general‐purpose algorithms for solving plant layout problems, facility planners may still face a challenging task to adjust these algorithms to handle special, but not uncommon, layout problems. The purpose of this study is to propose a new method for addressing the impact of overhead space utilization on a plant layout solution.Design/methodology/approach – A new method for adjusting material flow under a mixed floor and overhead material handling condition is incorporated in an existing plant layout procedure. A case study involving the layout improvement in a lawn mower engine assembly facility is presented to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.Findings – The analysis of solutions for the case study shows that the layout generated by the proposed modified material flow approach is a more economical solution. The case also shows, when it is important to optimize the use of space, the overhead space should be considered as part of any methodology ...
MANAGEMENT OF DIABETIC KETOACIDOSIS: SUCCESSFUL MANAGEMENT EXPERIENCE OF MORE THAN 32 YEARS

INTRODUCTION: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) in children and adolescents has a mortality rate of 1% to 2%. The proper management of DKA requires intense monitoring and clear understanding of pathophysiology related to it. Potential complications include cerebral edema, hypokalemia, hypoglycemia, and relapse. OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to describe our long-term experience in the management of diabetic ketoacidosis in children. METHODS: This study comprised a 32-year experience of managing DKA in the pediatric age group. More than 900 episodes of DKA were encountered during this period. The age range of patients was from 9 months to 18 years. These episodes included patients presenting with new-onset type 1 diabetes as well as known patients with recurrent DKA. All patients were managed in a PICU by residents directly supervised by Dr Varma following an established protocol, including careful monitoring and paying particular attention to avoiding complications. RESULTS: In >900 admissions during this period, the mortality rate was 0%, and the incidence of cerebral edema was CONCLUSIONS: Our experience demonstrates that children with DKA can be managed successfully with minimal complications by adhering to the following principles: early recognition and rapid transport to an ICU with experienced staff and physicians; and adherence to well-established standards of treatment, including: proper fluid and electrolyte management aimed at avoiding overhydration and extreme levels of electrolytes; cautious correction of acidosis; slow, steady reductions in plasma glucose and avoidance of hypoglycemia; careful monitoring of clinical status (sensorium, state of hydration, vital signs, etc) and laboratory study results; and frequent reassessment of the patient with adjustments and changes in treatment as dictated by the patient9s needs.
The effects of protein intake on blood pressure and cardiovascular disease.

Purpose of reviewInvestigators, especially those from western countries, have commonly assumed that there is either no association or a direct association of protein intake with elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis. In contrast, recent observational studies and clinical trials have suggested
Adjoint error estimation and grid adaptation for functional outputs: application to quasi-one-dimensional flow

Abstract An error estimation and grid adaptive strategy is presented for estimating and reducing simulation errors in functional outputs of partial differential equations. The procedure is based on an adjoint formulation in which the estimated error in the functional can be directly related to the local residual errors of both the primal and adjoint solutions. This relationship allows local error contributions to be used as indicators in a grid-adaptive strategy designed to produce specially tuned grids for accurately estimating the chosen functional. In this paper, attention is limited to one-dimensional problems, although the procedure is readily extendable to multiple dimensions. The error estimation procedure is applied to a standard, second-order, finite volume discretization of the quasi-one-dimensional Euler equations. Both isentropic and shocked flows are considered. The chosen functional of interest is the integrated pressure along a variable-area duct. The error estimation procedure, applied on uniform grids, provides superconvergent values of the corrected functional. Results demonstrate that additional improvements in the accuracy of the functional can be achieved by applying the proposed adaptive strategy to an initially uniform grid. The proposed adaptive strategy is also compared with a standard adaptive scheme based on the interpolation error in the computed pressure. The proposed scheme consistently yields more accurate functional predictions than does the standard scheme.
Remediation and Dismissal Policies in Counselor Education: Lessons Learned from a Challenge in Federal Court

Counselor educators today are faced with a difficult dilemma. They are mandated to dismiss students they judged to be unfit and irremediable, yet they risk legal action whenever executing a student dismissal decision. Their duty to protect the public must be weighed against the liabilities of costly litigation to institutions, programs, and themselves. This article describes 1 counselor education program's decision to dismiss a student and endure a lengthy, although unsuccessful, lawsuit and jury trial in federal court. The strengths and weaknesses of the program's remediation and dismissal protocol are examined as they emerged under court scrutiny.
Induction of photoreceptor voltage noise in the dark in Drosophila mutant

RANDOMLY occurring, discrete voltage fluctuations (quantum bumps) have been recorded in photoreceptors of several arthropods1–4. It is thought that these bumps sum to produce the receptor potential5,6. We have investigated the relationship between photoexcitation of the visual pigment and the production of quantum bumps using a mutant of Drosophila melanogaster—a third chromosome recessive mutant described by Cosens and Manning7, in which the electroretinogram decays to baseline during a strong, prolonged stimulus. We will call this mutant the transient receptor potential mutant (trp).
Outcomes of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma in pediatric patients

Summary Oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC) is uncommon in young patients and rare in the pediatric population. OCSCC is believed to behave aggressively in this age group, but the existing literature is limited to case reports. The objective of this study was to compare survival outcomes in pediatric and adult patients with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma. We performed a population-based study of 54 pediatric (age ⩽ 20) and 22,162 adult cases of OCSCC, recorded in the SEER cancer registry. Overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) were analyzed using the Kaplan–Meier method. Cox multivariable regression was used to control for covariates including gender, stage, histologic grade and treatment modality. Pediatric patients with OCSCC experienced significantly better 5 year DSS than adult patients (75.3% vs. 63.5%, p = 0.02). Pediatric patients were also more likely to be female (37.0% vs. 31.7%, p = 0.04) and to receive surgery (87.0% vs. 68.6%, p p = 0.64). Pediatric patients with OCSCC experience better survival than adult patients. When differences in patient, tumor and treatment-related characteristics are adjusted for, the two groups experience equivalent survival.
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor in human subjects with function-altering melanocortin-4 receptor variants.

In rodents, hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression appears to be regulated by melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) activity. The impact of MC4R genetic variation on circulating BDNF in humans is unknown. The objective of this study is to compare BDNF concentrations of subjects with loss-of-function (LOF) and gain-of-function (GOF) MC4R variants with those of controls with common sequence MC4R. Circulating BDNF was measured in two cohorts with known MC4R sequence: 148 subjects of Pima Indian heritage ((mean±s.d.): age, 15.7±6.5 years; body mass index z-scores (BMI-Z), 1.63±1.03) and 69 subjects of Hispanic heritage (10.8±3.6 years; BMI-Z, 1.57±1.07). MC4R variants were characterized in vitro by cell surface expression, receptor binding and cyclic AMP response after agonist administration. BDNF single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs12291186, rs6265 and rs7124442 were also genotyped. In the Pima cohort, no significant differences in serum BDNF was observed for 43 LOF subjects versus 65 LOF-matched controls (age, sex and BMI matched; P=0.29) or 20 GOF subjects versus 20 GOF-matched controls (P=0.40). Serum BDNF was significantly associated with genotype for BDNF rs12291186 (P=0.006) and rs6265 (P=0.009), but not rs7124442 (P=0.99); BDNF SNPs did not interact with MC4R status to predict serum BDNF. In the Hispanic cohort, plasma BDNF was not significantly different among 21 LOF subjects, 20 GOF subjects and 28 controls (P=0.79); plasma BDNF was not predicted by BDNF genotype or BDNF-x-MC4R genotype interaction. Circulating BDNF concentrations were not significantly associated with MC4R functional status, suggesting that peripheral BDNF does not directly reflect hypothalamic BDNF secretion and/or that MC4R signaling is not a significant regulator of the bulk of BDNF expression in humans.
Fire History in California’s Southern Sierra Nevada Blue Oak Woodlands

Fire history for blue oak (Quercus douglasii Hook. & Arn.) woodlands in California’s southern Sierra Nevada range was characterized with samples of 49 trees. Mean fire interval was 12.8 years from 1850 to 1965, with apparent fire exclusion since that time. Changes in fire frequency could affect oak woodland ecosystem processes such as recruitment, tree growth and mortality, and vegetation composition.
Effect of interfacial phenomena in the interline region on the rewetting of a hot spot

Abstract The London-van der Waals dispersion force concept is used to analyze the interline region of a falling evaporating thin film. Viscous flow significantly affects the upstream profile, e.g. the apparent contact angle. The slope of the liquid-vapor interface is equal to a dimensionless interline heat sink. An increase in the apparent contact angle causes an increase in the rewetting velocity. Large interline temperature gradients and superheats are possible with either a stationary or moving interline. The physical process whereby the interline of a falling evaporating film can be in contact with a superheated surface is described.
Separation and Determination of Barbiturates in Pharmaceuticals by High Speed Liquid Chromatography

A high speed liquid chromatographic method for the separation, identification, and quantitative determination of barbiturates in pharmaceutical dosage forms is described. The method is accurate, simple, rapid, and sensitive. The limit of detectability with spectrophotometric detection at 254 nm. is 0.5-1.5 ng. Separation for identification and analysis is achieved on a strong anion-exchange column utilizing an alkaline (0.01 M sodium borate + 0.03 M sodium nitrate) or acid (0.01 M citric acid) aqueous mobile phase. It is possible to predict the inlet pressure, flow rate, and mobile phase ionic strength necessary to achieve a predetermined retention time. High speed liquid chromatographic separations of 16 barbiturates were studied on a strong cation-exchange column and on a permanently bonded partition column—a reversed phase partition system. A study of the response of peak height and area to inlet pressure (flow rate) variations indicated that peak height is distrubed less than area. The response of the UV detector to phenobarbital is described by a simple equation relating peak area and mass of the component.
RELIGIOUS ORIENTATION AND PRAYER EXPERIENCE

Sunm~y.-86 participants with at least nominal religious affiliation completed a questionnaire on experiences during prayer. All participants were identified as to religious orientation using Allport's well known typology As predicted, no religious types differed on minimal phenomenological experlcnces during prayer. However, as predicted, intrinsic and indiscriminately favorable persons were more likely to interpret their experiences in relevant religious terms than were either exrrinsic or indiscriminately anti-religious persons. It is a curious fact that prayer, common to all religious traditions, is little smdied by psychology. As Finney and Malony (1985, p. 104) have noted in their critical review of the empirical literamre, "Nowhere is the longstanding breach becween psychology and religion more evident than in the lack of research on prayer." Our own concern with the study of prayer was based upon our research with mysticism and the fact that standard measures of mystical experience distinguish between the minimal phenomenological experience of mysticism and its possibility of religious interpretation (Hood, 1975; Spilka, Hood, & Gorsuch, 1985). Among persons who pray or meditate we anticipated similar distinctions. This seemed especially likely given Heiler's distinction between prophetic and mystical prayer as discussed by Finney and Maloney ( 1986). Under prophetic prayer Heiler includes various verbal petitions, for which there are at least some empirical studies (Finney & Maloney, 1986, pp. 106-110). Under mystical prayer Heiler includes silent contemplation, that may occur in religious traditions as a form of prayer or in ocher traditions as a form of meditation. Yet this form of prayer or meditation has not been studied at all in relatiooship to religiosity. Our anticipation was that among persons who pray or meditate similar distinctions found in mysticism research would hold, especially since mystical prayer or silent contemplation is itself often utilized as a mystical technique. Hence, among persons who pray or meditate we anticipated differences in religious interpretation across religious types, but with no differences in the minimal phenomenological experiences of the mystical aspects of prayer or meditation, a finding common in mysticism research (Spilka, et al., 1985). Religious types were identified by the widely used Religious Orientation Scale which allows classification of participants into intrinsic, extrinsic, indiscriminately favorable, or indiscriminately unfavorable religious types (Donahue, 1985).
Oral Language Comprehension Using Hearing Aids and Tactile Aids: Three Case Studies.

Three prelinguistic, profoundly deaf children used a wearable, single channel, vibrotactile communication aid in conjunction with hearing aids for nearly 2 years during individual speech and langua...
A type system for higher-order modules

We present a type theory for higher-order modules that accounts for many central issues in module system design, including translucency, applicativity, generativity, and modules as first-class values. Our type system harmonizes design elements from previous work, resulting in a simple, economical account of modular programming. The main unifying principle is the treatment of abstraction mechanisms as computational effects. Our language is the first to provide a complete and practical formalization of all of these critical issues in module system design.