cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exercise oscillatory ventilation: Mechanisms and prognostic significance

Alteration in breathing patterns characterized by cyclic variation of ventilation during rest and during exercise has been recognized in patients with advanced heart failure (HF) for nearly two centuries. Periodic breathing (PB) during exercise is known as exercise oscillatory ventilation (EOV) and is characterized by the periods of hyperpnea and hypopnea without interposed apnea. EOV is a non-invasive parameter detected during submaximal cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Presence of EOV during exercise in HF patients indicates significant impairment in resting and exercise hemodynamic parameters. EOV is also an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in HF patients both with reduced and preserved ejection fraction irrespective of other gas exchange variables. Circulatory delay, increased chemosensitivity, pulmonary congestion and increased ergoreflex signaling have been proposed as the mechanisms underlying the generation of EOV in HF patients. There is no proven treatment of EOV but its reversal has been noted with phosphodiesterase inhibitors, exercise training and acetazolamide in relatively small studies. In this review, we discuss the mechanistic basis of PB during exercise and the clinical implications of recognizing PB patterns in patients with HF.
Monitoring results of hygienic condition of food in small eating houses

Objective To understand the sanitary status of refreshments before dinner at present.Methods The samples of refreshments before dinner were eolleeted from 45 hotels in urban district of Zhaoqing City and the samples have hygienically deter- mined.Results The qualified rate of refreshments examined was quite low.Conclusion The hygienic monitoring and manage- ment of refreshments before dinner in this city be strengthened.
Effect of Water Activity on the Thermal Tolerance and Survival of Salmonella enterica Serovars Tennessee and Senftenberg in Goat's Milk Caramel.

The low thermal tolerance of Salmonella enterica in foods with intermediate moisture levels, such as caramel sauces, ensures that mild heat treatment is sufficient to achieve 5-log reductions of this pathogen. This treatment mitigates the risk posed by salmonellae in raw materials; however, recontamination might occur because of survival of the pathogen in products that are not heated before consumption. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of water activity (aw) on the thermal tolerance and survival of S. enterica serovars Tennessee and Senftenberg. The D-values at 76, 78, and 80°C, z-values, and survival at 20.0 ± 0.5°C for 32 weeks of these two serovars were determined in goat's milk caramel at three aw values (0.85, 0.90, and 0.93). The highest thermal tolerance was observed at aw = 0.85 for Salmonella Senftenberg (D76°C = 2.9 ± 0.3 min), and the lowest was at aw = 0.93 for Salmonella Tennessee (D80°C = 0.131 ± 0.007 min). After a logarithmic transformation of the z-values, a significant interaction between serovar and aw was found (P 8-log reduction was observed at week 20 of storage, regardless of the product's aw and the serovar, low levels of salmonellae were found in the product up to week 32 of storage. Our findings may assist the food industry with the establishment of critical limits for the safe thermal treatment of milk- and sugar-based foods with intermediate moisture levels. The survival data presented here highlight the relevance of implementing and effectively maintaining good sanitation and hygiene practices during the production of goat's milk caramel and similar food products.
Context-Specific Adaptation of the Vertical Vestibuloocular Reflex With Regard to Gravity

We determined whether head position with regard to gravity is an important context for angular vestibuloocular reflex (aVOR) gain adaptation. Vertical aVOR gains were adapted with monkeys upright o...
Topoisomerase I Inhibitors – The Camptothecins

The camptothecins are a class of antineoplastic agents that inhibit the enzyme DNA topoisomerase I and have established activity in the treatment of various human malignancies. Camptothecin (CPT) was originally isolated in 1966 from the bark and stem of the native Chinese tree, Campotheca acuminate [155]. Although camptothecin demonstrated promising antitumor effects in animal systems, its utility was compromised in the clinical setting because of erratic absorption, insolubility, and severe toxicities. However, interest was renewed in the mid-1980s when the topoisomerase enzyme was identified as the cellular target of camptothecin. This led to the development of more soluble and less toxic camptothecin analogs with even greater preclinical anticancer activity, including the two FDA approved agents, irinotecan and topotecan. There are several other campothecin analogs in various stages of clinical investigation including SN-38, 9-aminocamptothecin (9-AC), 9-Nitrocamptothecin (9-NC), lurtotecan (GI-47211), rubitecan, OSI-211, exatecan mesylate (DX8951f), diflomotecan (BN80915), gimatecan (ST1481), CKD-602, DB-67, and karenitecin (BNP1350). The advancement of these agents and further development within the class may further signify the importance of topoisomerase I inhibition as a major target for cancer chemotherapy [105].
ON-LINE MEASUREMENT OF SLURRY RHEOLOGY IN A THICKENER AT A COPPER CONCENTRATOR

An on-line rheometer was developed to monitor the slurry rheology of a thickener underflow. The thickener processed a chalcopyrite flotation concentrate having a top particle size of 125 μm and a solids content of 30% to 60% (by weight). The slurry also contained residual flotation reagents, resulting in hydrophobic particles. Polymeric flocculants and lime were added to the thickener to flocculate the particles. Using the on-line rheometer, the slurry was found to exhibit pseudoplastic behavior with no yield value. It was also determined that factors other than the percent solids were responsible for changes in the slurry rheology.
Technology use and non-use by low-income blind people in India

Low-income blind people in India face a complex array of socioeconomic barriers, language constraints and infrastructural challenges that impede their use of assistive technologies that are primarily designed for blind communities in the developed world. The environment of constraint and disability has led low-income blind people to appropriate general-purpose technologies as assistive technologies, and use them to orchestrate new coproduction, consumption and sharing practices to address their educational needs. Low-income blind people also use mainstream social media platforms not only to access instrumental information and entertainment, but also to demonstrate their technology acumen to the society, and build meaningful connections with both blind and sighted communities.
Control of nonlinear systems using filtered high-gain observer

This paper gives a special design of output feedback controller using low-pass filtering high-gain observer for a class of nonlinear systems where nonlinearities satisfy a semiglobal Lipschitz condition. The presence of high-gain observer in the adaptive law delivers a good property of disturbance rejection at the cost of peaking phenomenon as well as reduced robustness. The insertion of low-pass filter at the input signals overcomes the peaking phenomenon and makes the high-gain observer robust to uncertainties in modeling the nonlinear functions. In this way, the proposed technique guarantees that the output feedback controller stabilizes the system and achieves good tracking when the observer gain is sufficiently high. The simulation results demonstrate the high efficiency of our novel design which ensures good tracking for given command with guaranteed robustness.
Descartes, Cardiac Heat, and Alchemy

Rene Descartes (1596–1650) insisted on a heat and light theory to explain cardiac movement, and used concepts such as distillation of the vital spirits, fermentation in the digestive process, and f...
An Introduction to Nanotechnology

Globalization of scientific knowledge and technological advances are sparking innovation and creativity across many fields at an unprecedented rate. Ground-breaking discoveries made in the mid-1980s, namely the development of scanning tunneling microscopy and the discovery of buckminsterfullerene, influenced scientists to envision the world at the atomic level and new paradigms emerged: nanoscience and nanotechnology. Through the manipulation of matter at the atomic level, today scientists can create novel materials with unique properties and functionalities. These new materials enable innovative technologies and applications across many fields from engineering to medicine.
Vascular Imaging of Matrix Metalloproteinase Activity as an Informative Preclinical Biomarker of Drug-induced Vascular Injury:

Lack of biomarkers specific to and either predictive or diagnostic of drug-induced vascular injury (DIVI) continues to be a major obstacle during drug development. Biomarkers derived from physiologic responses to vessel injury, such as inflammation and vascular remodeling, could make good candidates; however, they characteristically lack specificity for vasculature. We evaluated whether vascular remodeling-associated protease activity, as well as changes to vessel permeability resulting from DIVI, could be visualized ex vivo in affected vessels, thereby allowing for visual monitoring of the pathology to address specificity. We found that visualization of matrix metalloproteinase activation accompanied by increased vascular leakage in the mesentery of rats treated with agents known to induce vascular injury correlated well with incidence and severity of histopathological findings and associated inflammation as well as with circulating levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase 1 and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin. The weight of evidence approach reported here shows promise as a composite DIVI preclinical tool by means of complementing noninvasive monitoring of circulating biomarkers of inflammation with direct imaging of affected vasculature and thus lending specificity to its interpretation. These findings are supportive of a potential strategy that relies on translational imaging tools in conjunction with circulating biomarker data for high-specificity monitoring of VI both preclinically and clinically.
Demo: Freeway Merge Assistance System using DSRC

This paper presents the development of a novel decentralized freeway merge assistance system using the Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) technology. The system provides visual advisories on a Google map through a smart phone application. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first implementation of a DSRC-based freeway merging assistance system-integrated with smart phone application via Bluetooth--that has been tested in real-world on an interstate highway in an uncontrolled environment. Results from field operational tests indicate that this system can successfully advise drivers towards a collaborative and smooth merging experience on typical "Diamond" interchanges.
Sexual Relationship Power, Safer Sexual Communication, and Condom Use: A Comparison of Heterosexual Young Men and Women

Communication is essential to negotiating safer sex, yet power dynamics make condom use difficult to manage. Guided by Dyadic Power Theory and the chilling effect, we predicted that men’s sexual re...
Adversarial learning with multi-scale loss for skin lesion segmentation

Inspired by classic Generative Adversarial Networks (GAN), we propose a novel end-to-end adversarial neural network, called SegAN, for the task of medical image segmentation. Since image segmentation requires dense, pixel-level labeling, the single scalar real/fake output of a classic GAN's discriminator may be ineffective in producing stable and sufficient gradient feedback to the networks. Instead, we use a fully convolutional neural network with new activation function in the last layer as the segmentor to generate segmentation label maps, and propose a novel adversarial critic network with a multi-scale L 1 loss function to force the critic and segmentor to learn both global and local features that capture long- and short-range spatial relationships between pixels. We show that such a SegAN framework is more effective in the segmentation task and more stable to train, and it outperforms current state-of-the-art segmentation methods in the ISBI International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC) 2017 challenge, Part I Lesion Segmentation.
Effects of caudate nuclei removal in cats. Comparison with effects of frontal cortex ablation.

Publisher Summary This chapter describes a method for performing one-stage ablation of the caudate nuclei through a midline approach in cats. It presents an experiment in which 10 bilateral acaudate cats, with an average of 84% of caudate tissue removed, have been studied for an average of over 6 months. In addition, 11 cats with unilateral caudectomy, with an average of 95% of the nucleus removed, 10 cats with bilateral removal of the frontal-cortical areas, and 4 shamoperated cats have also been studied. Most cats were implanted with recording electrodes in neocortical areas, the hippocampus, the pontine reticular formation, neck muscles, and orbits. The chapter also presents the results of the gross behavioral, neurological, and polygraphic observations, and explains that total ablation of the caudate nuclei in the cat produces a characteristic behavioral change that is basically manifested as an exaggerated, stereotyped, approaching behavior, the exact nature of which remains to be elucidated. The caudate nuclei do not appear to have an essential role in the control of basic metabolic processes, elementary sensory–motor functions, and elementary cognitive functions.
Biologic and Therapeutic Implications of Osteomimicry and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Prostate Cancer

Death from prostate cancer is usually attributable to the development of bone and visceral organ metastases. The spine, pelvic bones, and ribs are among the most frequent sites of prostate cancer bone metastases. The peripheral skeleton and skull are less frequent sites (1,2). There are two hypotheses for the preferential homing of prostate cancer cells to bone. The first is that the mechanical hemodynamics of blood flow from prostate to bone favor the spread of prostate cancer cells to specific anatomical sites (3). A second theory holds that prostate cancer cells have a specific affinity to bone, which attracts and colonizes prostate cancer cells in a relationship like the “seed” (cancer cell) and “soil” (bone microenvironment) hypothesis originally proposed by Paget (4). Understanding the molecular mechanism underlying prostate cancer tropism to bone and the evolutionary process leading to androgen independence and invasiveness will allow us to develop better therapies for the management of prostate cancer bone metastasis.
Shoreline processes and establishment of Phragmites australis in a coastal plain estuary

Phragmites australis occurs extensively along undisturbed salt-marsh shorelines of Delaware Bay. The species has been considered indicative of human disturbance when found in estuarine marshes in the USA. It is suggested that geomorphic processes associated with coastal submergence provide an analog of human disturbances which can enable Phragmites australis to become established naturally. Deposition of sand bodies (or rafted debris) can suppress existing vegetation and allow Phragmites to become established. Subsequently, even if the sand or debris is moved, erosional truncation of the intertidal profile can inhibit recolonization by the original dominant shoreline species, Spartina alterniflora.
Quantum Mechanical Modeling of Active Sites in Metalloproteins. Electrostatic Coupling to the Protein/Solvent Environment

Metalloproteins are quite common in biochemistry: more than 50% of the structures in the Protein Data Bank, and an estimated one-third of all purified enzymes, require a metal ion for their biological function [1]. The study of methods to treat such systems in simulations is very active. In this chapter, we will discuss some approaches to energetic issues involving transition metal clusters in proteins, drawing examples primarily from recent work in our lab. We will focus on two issues. The first involves the use of density functional theory, and the extent to which it can provide accurate and reliable results for the first row transition metals. A second area will discuss our experience, and that of others, in using continuum solvent models as a framework for constructing descriptions of the interaction of metalloprotein active sites with their protein and solvent environments. We will consider primarily energetic and thermodynamic issues, with an emphasis on energetic effects of charge changes, such as adding protons or electrons to a system. This is a fairly “static” picture that leaves out important kinetic and dynamic effects; nevertheless, establishing sound information about thermodynamic “end points” is a key (and often very difficult) step in constructing models for the function of metalloproteins.
Methane Reduction Potential of Two Pacific Coast Macroalgae During in-vitro Ruminant Fermentation.

Abstract With increasing interest in feed based methane mitigation strategies, fueled by local legal directives aimed at methane production from the agricultural sector in California, identifying local sources of biological feed additives will be critical in keeping the implementation of these strategies affordable. In a recent study, the red alga Asparagopsis taxiformis stood out as the most effective species of seaweed to reduce methane production from enteric fermentation. Due to the potential differences in effectiveness based on the location from where A. taxiformis is collected and the financial burden of collection and transport, we tested the potential of A. taxiformis, as well as the brown seaweed Zonaria farlowii collected in the nearshore waters off Santa Catalina Island, CA, USA, for their ability to mitigate methane production during in-vitro rumen fermentation. At a dose rate of 5% dry matter (DM), A. taxiformis reduced methane production by 74% (p ≤ 0.01) and Z. farlowii reduced methane production by 11% (p ≤ 0.04) after 48 hours and 24 hours of in-vitro rumen fermentation respectively. The methane reducing effect of A. taxiformis and Z. farlowii described here make these local macroalgae promising candidates for biotic methane mitigation strategies in the largest milk producing state in the US. To determine their real potential as methane mitigating feed supplements in the dairy industry, their effect in-vivo requires investigation.
Mediation and Spillover Effects in Group-Randomized Trials with Application to the 4Rs Evaluation.

Title Page Not included in page count. Title: Mediation and Spillover Effects in Group-Randomized Trials with Application to the 4Rs Evaluation Author(s): Tyler J. VanderWeele (Harvard School of Public Health) tvanderw@hsph.harvard.edu Guanglei Hong (University of Chicago, contact author) ghong@uchicago.edu Stephanie M. Jones (Harvard Graduate School of Education) jonesst@gse.harvard.edu Joshua L. Brown (Fordham University) joshua.brown@nyu.edu
Mechanism of CK2.3, a Novel Mimetic Peptide of Bone Morphogenetic Protein Receptor Type IA, Mediated Osteogenesis.

Background: Osteoporosis is a degenerative skeletal disease with a limited number of treatment options. CK2.3, a novel peptide, may be a potential therapeutic. It induces osteogenesis and bone formation in vitro and in vivo by acting downstream of BMPRIA through releasing CK2 from the receptor. However, the detailed signaling pathways, the time frame of signaling, and genes activated remain largely unknown. Methods: Using a newly developed fluorescent CK2.3 analog, specific inhibitors for the BMP signaling pathways, Western blot, and RT-qPCR, we determined the mechanism of CK2.3 in C2C12 cells. We then confirmed the results in primary BMSCs. Results: Using these methods, we showed that CK2.3 stimulation activated OSX, ALP, and OCN. CK2.3 stimulation induced time dependent release of CK2β from BMPRIA and concurrently CK2.3 colocalized with CK2α. Furthermore, CK2.3 induced BMP signaling depends on ERK1/2 and Smad1/5/8 signaling pathways. Conclusion: CK2.3 is a novel peptide that drives osteogenesis, and we detailed the molecular sequence of events that are triggered from the stimulation of CK2.3 until the induction of mineralization. This knowledge can be applied in the development of future therapeutics for osteoporosis.
Preparative Methodology and Pyrolytic Behavior of Anthrylmonocarbenes: Synthesis and Chemistry of 1H-Cyclobuta[de]anthracene

This study involves (1) the behavior of organolithium reagents (1−6), (2) development of efficient methods for preparing 9(7)- and 1(8)-[methoxy(trimethylsilyl)methyl]anthracenes and their analogues, (3) the intramolecular chemistry of the 9(9)- and 1(10)-anthrylcarbenes generated by pyrolyses of 7 and 8, respectively, and (4) investigation of thermal behavior and bromination of the 1H-cyclobuta[de]anthracene (11) obtained from 9 or 10. α-Methoxy-9-anthrylmethyllithium (1), prepared from 9-(methoxymethyl)anthracene (14) and t-BuLi in TMEDA/Et2O/pentane, reacts at C-10 with D2O, chlorotrimethylsilane, dimethyl sulfate, benzoyl chloride, acetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, and acetone to give, after neutralization, 9,10-dihydro-9-(methoxymethylene)-10-substituted-anthracenes 15 and 21a−f. However, lithiation of 9-(thiomethoxymethyl)anthracene (25) with t-BuLi/TMEDA/Et2O/pentane occurs by an apparent radical-anion displacement process to give 9-anthrylmethyllithium (3), which then reacts with chlorotrimethylsilane t...
A dynamic ambulance routing model with multiple response

Abstract Emergency medical services systems equipped with both advanced and basic emergency vehicles often dispatch both types of vehicles to one call, which is called multiple response. Multiple response allows for faster response times at the potential cost of making more vehicles unavailable for service. To evaluate the value of multiple response, we formulate a Markov decision process model that dynamically determines which type of vehicle(s) to dispatch based. We show that the optimal policies are class separable. Numerical experiments demonstrate that multiple response can significantly improve system performance when patients health needs are uncertain.
Small Incision Lenticule Extraction SMILE - The Future of Refractive Surgery is Here

Small Incision Lenticule Extraction (SMILE) is a relatively new one-step refractive procedure that has recently been approved by the FDA for the treatment of myopia. It is anticipated myopic astigmatism will be FDA-approved in 2019. The SMILE procedure is shown to have similar efficacy, safety, predictability, and stability as current surgical options, such as LASIK, but has been gaining popularity due to fewer potential complications, such as dry eye incidence and greater biomechanical stability, and faster recovery time. This article discusses the SMILE procedure, its benefits, risks, uncertainties, and potential future in the world of refractive surgery.
On the Reliability of VANET Safety Applications for Bicycles

In the context of connected vehicles, the focus of safety applications has mainly been on accident avoidance of motor vehicles, and little attention has been given to bicycle safety. This research presents a bicycle safety application for connected vehicles. The safety application aims to reduce the so-called right hook conflict, a common accident scenario where a right-turning vehicle causes a crash with an adjacent bicycle. The information exchanged during normal beacon messages of vehicles is used by the application to alert drivers of potential collisions with bicycles, without introducing addition message overhead or deviating from current standards. The proposed safety application was implemented using commercial equipment, installed in the vehicle and bicycle, and the effectiveness was evaluated based on real-world field experiments.
Use of Geosocial Networking Applications Is Associated With Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in an Online Sample.

Abstract Background Geosocial networking applications (GNAs) are relatively new outlets through which individuals may find partners for sexual encounters. There has been a paucity of research on the associations between use of these platforms and measures of mental health and compulsive sexual behavior disorder (CSBD). Aim To examine associations between use of GNA, anxiety, and CSBD. Methods Using data from a large nontargeted Web-based sample (N = 4,203), we examined demographics associated with the use of GNAs. Using multivariable logistic regression adjusting for demographic differences between users and non-users, we examined associations between GNA use, anxiety, and CSBD. Outcomes The outcomes are Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and a modified Hypersexual Behavior Inventory-19. Results The percentage of participants that reported they used GNAs was 12.3%. Those who reported using the applications compared with those who did not were more likely to be young, male, and nonheterosexual. After adjusting for demographic variables, GNAs use was associated with CSBD (adjusted odds ratio = 1.62, 95% confidence interval: 1.09–2.37, P = .015) but not anxiety. Clinical Implications This study is an initial foray into the relationships between GNA and mental health, establishing a relationship between GNA use and CSBD. Future research is needed to better understand the relationships between GNA use, psychopathology, and CSBD. Strengths & Limitations Strengths of the study include its large sample size and nontargeted recruitment design, which minimizes confirmation bias. Limitations include the cross-sectional nature of this study, which precludes determination of the direction of causation. Conclusion Use of GNAs was prevalent among our sample and associated with CSBD. GNA use may represent an important platform through which CSBD manifests. Conversely, GNA use may drive CSBD. Turban JL, Passell E, Scheuer L, et al. Use of Geosocial Networking Applications Is Associated With Compulsive Sexual Behavior Disorder in an Online Sample. J Sex Med 2020;17:1574–1578.
Predictive Value of the BSID-II and the Bayley-III for Early School Age Cognitive Function in Very Preterm Infants

Objective:To compare the predictive validity of the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, Second Edition (BSID-II) and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III)...
Private label management: A literature review

Abstract Over the past fifty years, research on private label brand management has been growing substantially. To understand what we have learned from the previously conducted research, we present a semi-systematic literature review of 630 academic journal papers on private label management in this paper where two steps of descriptive analysis and content analysis are conducted. The main research findings are synthesized based on our private label management conceptual framework to present state-of-art discussions concerning key stakeholder decisions and their relevant interactions. Our paper offers rich insights on the extant research literature, as well as promising directions for future scholarly work.
The Environmental Potential of Hyper-Scale Data Centers: Using Locational Marginal CO2 Emissions to Guide Geographical Load Shifting

Increasing demand for computing has lead to the development of large-scale, highly optimized data centers, which represent large loads in the electric power network. Many major computing and internet companies operate multiple data centers spread geographically across the world. Thus, these companies have a unique ability to shift computing load, and thus electric load, geographically. This paper provides a "bottom-up" load shifting model which uses data centers' geographic load flexibility to lower CO$_2$ emissions. This model utilizes information about the locational marginal CO$_2$ footprint of the electricity at individual nodes, but does not require direct collaboration with the system operator. We demonstrate how to calculate marginal carbon emissions, and assess the efficacy of our approach compared to a setting where the data centers bid their flexibility into a centralized market. We find that data center load shifting can achieve substantial reductions in CO$_2$ emissions even with modest load shifting.
The Veil (or Helmet) of Ignorance: A Rawlsian Thought Experiment About a Military’s Criminal Law

This article loosely adapts political philosopher John Rawls’s famous social contract thought experiment to interrogate a corner of law that receives too little theoretical attention: the separate federal code at the intersection of criminal law and national security that regulates both martial and non-martial conduct of millions of citizens, invests judicial responsibility and prosecutorial authority in non-lawyer commanding officers, operates with no territorial limitations, and pulls even certain retirees within its jurisdiction: the Uniform Code of Military Justice. Employing the perspectives of four “idealized” actors—Congress, a president, a Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and a potential recruit—this “experiment” reconsiders the fundamental and necessary qualities of a specialized system of criminal law. Such qualities must render the system acceptable to civilian political leadership in a representative democracy exercising ultimate command and control over a professional military, but also accepted by those over whom its penal jurisdiction will rest. When considering the reasonable inferences and deductions each of these four actors will likely make from a hypothetical “original position,” four common principles emerge. Principles of non-repulsion, retention, mission risk-reduction, and compliance operate as four prescriptive corners bounding and framing a sensible set of answers to the following questions: (1) what conduct is to be proscribed and subjected to punishment? (2) what punishments, forms of discipline, or administrative censure are available for violations? (3) what processes shall organize the steps from investigating to punishing violations? (4) who shall have discretionary agency within the ranks to administer these processes with investigative, prosecutorial, and judicial authority? and (5) what constraints, limits, or individual rights and liberties shall operate to ensure due process, justice, and protection from that authority’s abuses? Answering these questions in light of the four principles goes some way toward articulating a “normative theory of criminal law” —a prospect that military justice currently lacks.
The Potential for Restorative Justice Practice for Addressing Intimate Partner Violence with Queer Couples

Sexual minority individuals (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual) are at increased risk to experience intimate partner violence (IPV) compared to heterosexual individuals. When working with these couples ...
Molecular mechanisms of paraptosis induction: implications for a non-genetic modified tumor vaccine

5294 Cell shrinkage characterizes apoptosis, also called the “silent death”, whereas, osmotic lysis distinguishes necrosis. Necrotic cells generally produce stronger immune responses than apoptotic cells. Paraptosis which leads to necrosis is the least well known of the three types of programmed cell death pathways. Previously, we demonstrated in vivo that through paraptosisrodent and human monocytes/macrophages killed glioma cells bearing the membrane macrophage colony stimulating factor; however, the molecular mechanism of this killing process was never identified. We have shown that paraptosis of rat T9 glioma cells can be initiated through a Maxi-K potassium channel dependent process initiated by reactive oxygen species. Macrophage mediated cytotoxicity of the mM-CSF expressing T9-C2 cells was not prevented by the caspase inhibitor, zVAD-fmk. By a combination of confocal and electron microscopy, flow cytometry, electrophysiology, pharmacology and genetic knock-down approaches, we have demonstrated that these ion channels control cellular swelling and vacuolization of rat T9 glioma cells through a depletion of intracellular ATP. Elucidation of this pathway also explains why the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are specifically targeted in paraptosis. Rats injected with T9 cells that were killed by sustained Maxi-K channel activation developed immunity against the T9 cells. The injection of x-irradiated apoptotic T9 cells failed to produce the same vaccinating effect. These results indicate that glioma cellular death induced by prolonged Maxi-K channel activation naturally improves tumor immunogenicity. Such paraptosis inducing strategies may have value in the development of clinical immunological therapy techniques against cancer.
Men exhibit faster skeletal muscle tissue desaturation than women before and after a fatiguing handgrip

The purpose was to test the hypothesis that sex and fatigue effect of the early phase of skeletal muscle tissue oxygenation (StO2, %) desaturation rate as well as that strength matched adults may exhibit similar responses. Twenty-four adults visited the laboratory twice to quantify this early phase of desaturation during vascular occlusion tests (VOT) while in a rested state. The second visit included a sustained handgrip task at 25% of maximal muscular strength until task failure. At failure, a post-task VOT was initiated. Muscle desaturation was defined as StO2 and collected by a near-infrared spectroscopy device. The muscle size and adipose thickness were determined via ultrasonography. Linear regression was used to quantify the rates of desaturation during the VOTs as well as during the fatiguing handgrip. There were sex differences in the rate of desaturation pre- and post-handgrip, such that independent of fatigue, the men (p < 0.001) desaturated more rapidly than the women (pre: b = − 0.208 vs. − 0.123%∙s−1; post: − 0.079 vs. − 0.070%∙s−1). During the fatiguing handgrip, the transformed StO2 values indicated that the males desaturated more rapidly than the females (b = − 0.070 vs. − 0.015). The matched pairs exhibited the same responses as the total sample. Overall, muscle size and strength as well as adipose tissue were likely not the primary cause of the differences in rates of muscle desaturation. We hypothesized that differences in fiber type and mitochondria were the principle mechanisms provoking the differences in muscle oxygenation.
The critical success factors of computer integrated manufacturing

Manufacturers must enhance organizational efficiency and effectiveness to ensure survival in the 1990s and beyond. Because computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) can improve manufacturing efficiency and effectiveness, it may be the key to competitive advantage for some manufacturers. Critical success factors (CSF) are those key areas in which things must go right for the organization to be successful. No methodologically rigorous empirical studies have been conducted to identify the CSFs of CIM. At present, few firms have implemented CIM and the knowledge and experience necessary to identify the CSFs of CIM reside with a small number of CIM users, vendors, and consultants. This research is an exploratory study of the factors critical to the success of CIM. Multiple case studies are conducted to identify the factors critical to the successful planning, implementation, and operation of CIM from the perspective of multiple constituencies. The study includes 6 case studies of firms with CIM. The case studies were conducted to determine what factors key internal CIM constituents regard as critical to the success of CIM. In addition, the study includes interviews with 4 representatives from suppliers of CIM hardware and software (vendors) and interviews with 4 CIM consultants. Vendor representatives and consultants, important external CIM constituents, were interviewed to determine what factors they regard as critical to the success of CIM. Major findings of this research include the following: (1) A comprehensive catalog of 35 factors important to the success of CIM planning; (2) A comprehensive catalog of 34 factors important to the success of CIM implementation; (3) A comprehensive catalog of 32 factors important to the success of CIM operation; (4) Identification of factors important to the success of CIM planning, implementation, and operation not discussed in the current literature. The research findings suggest that technology is, and will continue to be an important ingredient in successful CIM. More importantly, research findings suggest that key CIM constituents have realized that good management and adequate attention to the human factor are also critical to the success of CIM planning, implementation and operation--as critical, or perhaps more critical, than technology.
African Migration to the United States: Assigned to the Back of the Bus

This book project, timed on the fiftieth anniversary of the 1965 immigration amendments, recognizes many significant effects that the amendments have had on the United States. In many ways — particularly with respect to dramatic demographic changes in Latino and Asian Pacific American communities — the amendments might be regarded as integral to the perpetuation of the United States as a land of immigrants. Yet, when it comes to residents of African descent after the end of slavery, the 1965 changes have had relatively little to do with facilitating the entry of African migrants to our shores.In this book chapter, I discuss the immigration categories under which African migrants have arrived in the United States and explain how the 1965 framework can facilitate future entry. The review of how African migrants arrived also provides an opportunity to take a closer look at some of their communities across of the country. The examples include Ethiopian, Somali, and West African communities. In the process, their refugee and immigrant experiences in the United States provide us with an overview of the challenges that such migrants face in America.A close look at African migrants to the United States reveals that the vast majority entered as refugees or under diversity visa lottery program that was established in 1990. Thus, the 1965 Act played little role in facilitating their entry. However, the framework of the Act has provided the basis for some African migration and, if continued, will serve as the foundation for future African immigrants to the United States much as it did for the remaking of Asian America.
Cyclic and SCC Behavior of Alloy 52M/182 Weld Overlay in a PWR Environment

The objective of this work is to investigate the behavior of a crack initiated in Alloy 182 as it approaches the Alloy 52M WOL interface. For this purpose, an Alloy 52M WOL was deposited on a double-J Alloy 182 weld. Compact tension specimens were fabricated with the notch in Alloy 182 and oriented towards the WOL, and tested in a simulated PWR environment. The first such test revealed that the SCC rates in Alloy 182 were found to decrease by an order of magnitude ahead of the interface, and that the crack advanced from Alloy 182 into Alloy 52M. The post test examination found that crack branching occurred at the interface between the two alloys. Growth in Alloy 52M along the interface appears severe, approx. 10−10 m/s. While for the most part (70%) the crack propagated along the interface, SCC cracking was also found to extend into Alloy 52M along the original direction. This cracking is substantial, yielding SCC rates of 10−11 m/s.
Scaling the structure−function relationship for clinical perimetry

. Purpose: The full ranges of glaucomatous visual field defects and retinal ganglion cell losses extend over several orders of magnitude and therefore an interpretation of the structure−function relationship for clinical perimetry requires scaling of both variables. However, the most appropriate scale has not been determined. The present study was undertaken to compare linear and logarithmic transformations, which have been proposed for correlating the perimetric defects and neural losses of glaucoma. Methods: Perimetry, by behavioural testing, and retinal histology data were obtained from rhesus monkeys with significant visual field defects caused by experimental glaucoma. Ganglion cell densities were measured in histologic sections of retina that corresponded to specific perimetry test locations for the treated and control eyes. The linear (percentage) and logarithmic (decibel) relationships for sensitivity loss as a function of ganglion cell loss were analysed. Results: With decibel scaling, visual sensitivity losses and ganglion cell densities were linearly correlated with high coefficients of determination (r2), although the parameters of the functions varied with eccentricity. The structure−function relationships expressed as linear percentage-loss functions were less systematic in two respects. Firstly, the relationship exhibited considerable scatter in the data for small losses in visual sensitivity and, secondly, visual sensitivity losses became saturated with larger losses in ganglion cell density. The parameters of the percentage-loss functions also varied with eccentricity, but the variation was less than for the decibel-loss functions. Conclusions: Linear scaling of perimetric defects and ganglion cell losses might potentially improve the structure−function relationship for visual defects associated with small amounts of cell loss, but the usefulness of the relationship is limited because of the high variability in that range. With log−log co-ordinates, the structure−function relationship for clinical perimetry is relatively more accurate and precise for cell losses greater than about 3 dB. The comparatively greater accuracy and precision of decibel loss functions are a likely consequence of the logarithmic scale of stimulus intensities for perimetry measurements and because the relationship between visual sensitivity and the number of neural detectors is a form of probability summation.
Some empirical results on two spam detection methods

In this paper, we describe the results of an empirical study on two spam detection methods: support vector machines (SVMs) and naive Bayes classifier (NBC). To conduct the study, we implement the NBC and choose to use the SVM/sup light/, an application of SVMs developed by Thorsten Joachims. The NBC and the linear SVMs with different C parameters are trained on a set of 2000 emails with 1000 spams and 1000 nonspams, and are tested on 200 new emails with 100 in each class. A program is written that converts emails into feature vectors using both TF and TF-IDF term weighting methods. The evaluation criteria include accuracy rate, recall, precision, miss rate, and false alarm rate. The results indicate that the both approaches have their pros and cons.
The NF-kappa B and Sp1 motifs of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 long terminal repeat function as novel thyroid hormone response elements.

Abstract We report that thyroid hormone (T3) receptor (T3R) can activate the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR). Purified chick T3R-alpha 1 (cT3R-alpha 1) binds as monomers and homodimers to a region in the LTR (nucleotides -104 to -75 [-104/-75]) which contains two tandem NF-kappa B binding sites and to a region (-80/-45) which contains three Sp1 binding sites. In contrast, human retinoic acid receptor alpha (RAR-alpha) and mouse retinoid X receptor beta (RXR-beta) do not bind to these elements. However, RXR-beta binds to these elements as heterodimers with cT3R-alpha 1 and to a lesser extent with RAR-alpha. Gel mobility shift assays also revealed that purified NF-kappa B p50/65 or p50/50 can bind to one but not both NF-kappa B sites simultaneously. Although the binding sites for p50/65, p50/50, and T3R, or Sp1 and T3R, overlap, their binding is mutually exclusive, and with the inclusion of RXR-beta, the major complex is the RXR-beta-cT3R-alpha 1 heterodimer. The NF-kappa B region of the LTR and the NF-kappa B elements from the kappa light chain enhancer both function as T3 response elements (TREs) when linked to a heterologous promoter. The TREs in the HIV-1 NF-kappa B sites appear to be organized as a direct repeat with an 8- or 10-bp gap between the half-sites. Mutations within the NF-kappa B motifs which eliminate binding of cT3R-alpha 1 also abolish stimulation by T3, indicating that cT3R-alpha 1 binding to the Sp1 region does not independently mediate activation by T3. The Sp1 region, however, is converted to a functionally strong TRE by the viral tat factor. These studies indicate that the HIV-1 LTR contains both tat-dependent and tat-independent TREs and reveal the potential for T3R to modulate other genes containing NF-kappa B- and Sp1-like elements. Furthermore, they indicate the importance of other transcription factors in determining whether certain T3R DNA binding sequences can function as an active TRE.
Premelting Dynamics: Geometry and Interactions

Recent advances in understanding the evolution of interfacially melted water films are discussed from several perspectives. The essential mechanism is the motion of thin films under the influence of thermomolecular pressure gradients. The mechanism is common to volatile liquid films at the interface between a solid and its vapor or a solid and an uncorrugated inert substrate, and the dynamics is theoretically similar to the wetting of an uncorrugated inert substrate by a nonvolatile liquid. New theoretical treatments of this process focus on the intermolecular origin of the thermomolecular pressure gradient, its time dependence, and the role of substrate geometry. Strikingly different results obtain by varying these three features. The experimental realization of these dynamics involves ice single crystals against a polymer interface.
Influence of lactoferrin feeding and injection against systemic staphylococcal infections in mice.

Human and bovine lactoferrins (Lfs) and bovine lactoferrin hydrolysate (LH) were assessed in vitro and in vivo for their antibacterial effects on Staphylococcus aureus. Lactoferrins showed weak in vitro antibacterial activity while Fe-saturated Lfs and LH showed no activity. Lactoferrin-treated mice (1 mg, i.v.) when injected i.v. with 10(6) staphylococci, showed 30-50% reduction in kidney infections, and viable bacterial counts in the kidneys decreased 5-12-fold. The inhibitory effect was dose-dependent up to 1 mg Lf. Lactoferrins were effective when given 1 day prior to the bacterial challenge, after which there was no significant effect even at doses up to 5 mg. Apo- and Fe-saturated forms of human and bovine Lfs were all equally effective, while LH was not protective. Human and bovine Lfs with different degrees of iron saturation (9-97%) were found to be equipotent. Feeding mice with 2% bLf in drinking water also reduced the kidney infections by 40-60%, and viable bacterial counts, 5-12-fold. The results suggest a potential for the use of Lfs as natural antibacterial proteins for preventing bacterial infections.