cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Middle ear barotrauma in hyperbaric oxygen therapy.

INTRODUCTION Middle ear barotrauma (MEB) is a common complication of hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy. The purpose of this study was to determine the overall incidence of MEB and evaluate for differences in the incidence of MEB at different rates of compression (ROC). The study also sought to identify other potential risk factors for MEB. METHODS A retrospective chart review was performed on patients undergoing HBO2 at an academic regional level 1 trauma center. The MEB overall incidence as well as incidence at different ROC were determined. RESULTS 236 patients representing 4,981 treatments were analyzed. The overall incidence of MEB was 43.2%. There was no statistically significant difference in the incidence of MEB at different ROC. There was a statistically significant higher incidence of TEED 4 MEB in intubated patients (p < 0.0001). The vast majority of MEB was minor when considering severity based on overall lower TEED scores of 1 or 2 (84%). DISCUSSION The overall incidence of MEB in this study is consistent with those previously reported. It is important to note that a vast majority of MEB was minor. This supports HBO2 as a safe treatment modality with minimal overall risk. The current study supports standardization of most treatment protocols to a ROC of 2 psi/minute.
Beurteilung von frischen Verletzungen des Fußes und des oberen Sprunggelenks

Eine grundliche und systematische Anamnese und korperliche Untersuchung dient als Basis einer ersten Beurteilung von Verletzungen des Fuses und des oberen Sprunggelenks. Mit diesen Informationen kann der Arzt dann bei der Beurteilung von Rontgenaufnahmen besondere Aufmerksamkeit auf bestimmte Regionen legen und somit vielleicht verhindern, das eine verborgene Fraktur oder Dislokation ubersehen wird. Verletzungen des oberen Sprunggelenks und des TMT-Gelenks werden sehr oft falsch diagnostiziert und dadurch falsch behandelt. In diesem Kapitel werden die haufigsten okkulten Verletzungen von Fus und oberem Sprunggelenk beschrieben.
Differentiation of Vectors

Consider a bug moving along some curve in 3-dimensional space. The position of the bug at timetis given by the three coordinates $$\left( {x\left( t \right),y\left( t \right),z\left( t \right)} \right),$$ which depend on t. We abbreviate these by X(t). For instance, the position of a bug moving along a straight line was seen in the preceding chapter to be given by $$X\left( t \right) = P + tA,$$ where Pis the starting point, and A gives the direction of the bug. However, we can give examples when the bug does not move on a straight line. First we look at an example in the plane.
Uncovering hidden worlds of ocean biodiversity

A bewildering swirl of tiny creatures dominates life in the oceans. More numerous than the stars in the universe, these organisms serve as the foundation of all marine food webs, recycling major elements and producing and consuming about half the organic matter generated on Earth each year ( 1 ). In this issue, five research articles from the Tara Oceans expedition ( 2 – 6 ) provide a vivid, potentially transformative view of the genetic diversity and interconnectivity of these unseen marine communities of viruses, bacteria, archaea, single-celled eukaryotes, and small planktonic animals (see the figure). Together, these studies deliver compelling evidence for extensive networks of previously hidden biological interactions in the sea.
Web accessibility and section 508 compliance

With the recent addition of Section 508 to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 (enacted August 1998, implemented June 2001), the need for accessible and Section 508 compliant Web sites has become imperative. Web Accessibility Evaluation and Repair Tools have been created to help Web developers make Web pages accessible, mitigating the enormity of this task. The focus of the project was to compare and contrast a number of software tools available that test and/or fix Web sites and individual Web pages for Web Accessibility and compliance with Section 508.
Type 1 IFNs and regulation of TH1 responses: enigmas both resolved and emerge

STATs are critical in immune responses to type 1 IFNs. The human and mouse pathways differ, partly due to differences in STAT2, but unpredicted responses after viral infections raise new questions.
Abortion, Doctors and the Law: Some Aspects of the Legal Regulation of Abortion in England from 1803 to 1982

Table of cases Table of statutes Acknowledgements Introduction 1. The first statutory prohibition of abortion: Lord Ellenborough's Act 1803 2. Anti-abortion legislation 1803-1861 and medical influence thereon 3. Abortion in legal theory and medical practice before 1938 4. The medical profession and the enactment of the Abortion Act 1967 5. The Abortion Act 1967 and the performance of abortion by the medical profession 1968-1982 6. The reaction of the medical profession to proposed restriction of the law 1969-1979 7. A theoretical overview Appendices Notes Subject index Name index.
Ground states of molecules: Part 57. Vibration frequencies of boron-containing molecules [1]

Abstract Vibration frequencies have been calculated for a number of boron-containing molecules using MNDO. Correlations with observed spectra led to estimates of group corrections. Corrected frequencies are used in assigning infrared spectra of aminoborane and B 2 N 2 H 8 and in predictions of spectra for vinyl borane and B 2 N 2 H 4 .
Increased production of the siderophore anguibactin mediated by pJM1-like plasmids in Vibrio anguillarum.

Abstract The virulence of the fish pathogen Vibrio anguillarum 775 is mediated by the pJM1 plasmid-specified iron uptake system which is expressed under conditions of iron limitation. Other V. anguillarum strains isolated from various geographical locations harbor plasmids that are highly related to pJM1 and that are also associated with the high-virulence phenotype of these strains. In this work, we found that a pJM1-like plasmid, pJHC1, from one of these virulent strains encoded an iron uptake system that resulted in an increased level of production of the siderophore anguibactin. The gene(s) responsible for increased anguibactin production was included within the iron uptake region of plasmid pJHC1. The cloned iron uptake regions of pJHC1 and pJM1 possessed identical restriction endonuclease maps, suggesting that the DNA region encoding those genes in pJHC1 may have diverged subtly from that in pJM1. Analysis of the iron uptake system from other V. anguillarum strains carrying pJM1-like plasmids demonstrated that strains originating from diseased fish from the Atlantic coast carry plasmids encoding an increased-siderophore-production phenotype, while strains isolated from Pacific Ocean locations behaved as the 775 strain.
Judicial Review and Democratic Failure

We use an agency model to analyze the impact of judicial review on democratic performance. We find that judicial review may increase democratic failure by rescuing elected officials from the consequences of ill-advised policies, but may also decrease democratic failure by alerting voters to unjustified government action. We further find that judges will defer to the decision of elected leaders unless the level of democratic failure is sufficiently high. We then show how judicial review affects voter welfare both through its effect on policy choice and through its effect on the efficacy of the electoral process in selecting leaders. We also analyze how the desirability of judicial review is affected by characteristics of the leaders and the judges. Our welfare analysis establishes general conditions under which judicial review serves majoritarian interests - and thereby arguably increases the “democratic” character of political outcomes, despite the non-democratic nature of judicial review itself.
Debugging Parallel Programs with Instant Replay

The debugging cycle is the most common methodology for finding and correcting errors in sequential programs. Cyclic debugging is effective because sequential programs are usually deterministic. Debugging parallel programs is considerably more difficult because successive executions of the same program often do not produce the same results. In this paper we present a general solution for reproducing the execution behavior of parallel programs, termed Instant Replay. During program execution we save the relative order of significant events as they occur, not the data associated with such events. As a result, our approach requires less time and space to save the information needed for program replay than other methods. Our technique is not dependent on any particular form of interprocess communication. It provides for replay of an entire program, rather than individual processes in isolation. No centralized bottlenecks are introduced and there is no need for synchronized clocks or a globally consistent logical time. We describe a prototype implementation of Instant Replay on the BBN Butterfly™ Parallel Processor, and discuss how it can be incorporated into the debugging cycle for parallel programs.
Parchment, Equilibria, and Institutions

Institutions are rules that constrain political behavior. Although there is consensus that being written down is neither necessary nor sufficient for an institution to be effective, much research on comparative institutions focuses on formal, parchment, institutions. This article argues that parchment can contribute to the generation of shared mutual expectations among political actors, which are essential to the effectiveness of institutions. Next, the article distinguishes between research that emphasizes the role of institutions in aggregating preferences into political decisions and research that relies on coordination models to identify conditions favoring certain equilibrium outcomes when multiple equilibria are possible. The article notes the increasing prominence of such coordination models in research on comparative institutions and concludes with some reflections about the prospects for this trend to foster connections between institutional analysis and the field of comparative politics more bro...
Direct Strength Method for Design of Cold-Formed Steel Columns with Holes

In this paper, design expressions are derived that extend the American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) direct strength method (DSM) to cold-formed steel columns with holes. For elastic buckling-controlled failures, column capacity is accurately predicted by using existing DSM design equations and the cross-section and global elastic buckling properties calculated including the influence of holes. For column failures in the inelastic regime, in which strength approaches the squash load, limits are imposed to restrict column capacity to that of the net cross section at a hole. The proposed design expressions are validated with a database of existing experiments on cold-formed steel columns with holes, and more than 200 nonlinear finite-element simulations that evaluate the strength prediction equations across a wide range of hole sizes, hole spacings, hole shapes, and column dimensions. The recommended DSM approach is demonstrated to provide a broad improvement in prediction accuracy and generality when com...
Data-parallel halo finding with variable linking lengths

State-of-the-art cosmological simulations regularly contain billions of particles, providing scientists the opportunity to study the evolution of the Universe in great detail. However, the rate at which these simulations generate data severely taxes existing analysis techniques. Therefore, developing new scalable alternatives is essential for continued scientific progress. Here, we present a dataparallel, friends-of-friends halo finding algorithm that provides unprecedented flexibility in the analysis by extracting multiple linking lengths. Even for a single linking length, it is as fast as the existing techniques, and is portable to multi-threaded many-core systems as well as co-processing resources. Our system is implemented using PISTON and is coupled to an interactive analysis environment used to study halos at different linking lengths and track their evolution over time.
Development of a novobiocin-resistant Edwardsiella ictaluri as a novel vaccine in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus).

Abstract The efficacy of a novel attenuated Edwardsiella ictaluri vaccine (B-50348) was determined in channel catfish ( Ictalurus punctatus ) by bath immersion and intraperitoneal (IP) injection. The vaccine was developed from a virulent strain of E. ictaluri (AL93-58) through selection for novobiocin resistance. When channel catfish (average weight 10 g) were IP injected with 4.2 × 10 6 colony-forming units (CFU) of the attenuated vaccine B-50348, no fish died. However, when the same age and size matched group of the catfish were IP injected with a lesser amount (2.4 × 10 6 CFU/fish) of modified live RE-33 vaccine or the AL93-58 virulent strain (2.5 × 10 6 CFU/fish) of E. ictaluri , 65% and 95% fish died, respectively. When channel catfish were challenged with AL93-58, relative percent survival values of vaccinated fish were all greater than 90% at 22, 32, and 63 days post B-50348 vaccination through intraperitoneal injection. By bath immersion, at 37 and 57 days post vaccination of B-50348, relative percent survival values were both 100% when fish were challenged by virulent E. ictaluri AL93-58. Our results suggest that B-50348 could be used as a novel safe and efficacious vaccine against ESC in channel catfish.
Teacher Response to Learning Disability A Test of Attributional Principles

Attribution research has identified student ability and effort expended as causes of achievement outcomes that result in differing teacher affect, evaluative feedback, and expectation of future performance. Ninety-seven elementary-school general education teachers (84 women and 13 men) rated their responses to the test failures of hypothetical boys with and without learning disabilities. In most cases, greater reward and less punishment, less anger and more pity, and higher expectations of future failure followed the negative outcomes of the boys with learning disabilities, when compared with their nondisabled ability and effort matches, indicating that learning disability acts as a cause of achievement outcomes in the same way as ability and effort. This pattern of teacher affect and response can send negative messages that are often interpreted as low-ability cues, thus affecting students' self-esteem, sense of competence as learners, and motivation to achieve.
Acute ocular effects of mustard gas: ultrastructural pathology and immunohistopathology of exposed rabbit cornea.

Whole-body exposure to sulfur mustard (HD) produces cutaneous, respiratory and ocular impairment. Of these, ocular damage causes the most immediate incapacitation. Heretofore, characterization of HD ocular toxicity has been largely limited to gross and histological observations. In the present study we explore histological, ultrastructural and immunopathological acute effects of HD ocular exposure and establish correlations with HD toxicity data already documented for dermal exposure. Anesthetized rabbits were exposed to 0.4 μl of liquid HD placed directly on the cornea. Animals were euthanized at 6, 9 and 24 h post-exposure and the eyes were enucleated and processed for histopathology, ultrastructural and immunoperoxidase study. At 6 and 9 h, the most prominent histological feature was nuclear pyknosis, necrosis and loss of polarity of corneal epithelial basal cells to the exclusion of other epithelial cells. At 24 h, all corneal epithelial cells presented degenerative changes, with the epithelium eventually detaching from the underlying basement membrane at the level of the lamina lucida. Microblisters, a characteristic HD-induced skin pathology of the basement membrane zone of animals, were absent in this corneal study. Edema, degenerating fibroblasts and inflammatory cellular infiltrates were persistent stromal responses. Immunopathological effects included changes in antigenicity of bullous pemphigoid protein, laminin, desmosomal protein, Ki67 and p53. These morphological and immunopathological effects of corneal exposure to HD appear to be largely consistent with that previously reported for dermal exposures, perhaps providing shared anatomical considerations for the development of specific HD prophylaxis and therapy.
Steam reforming of methanol using Cu-ZnO catalysts supported on nanoparticle alumina

Abstract Methanol steam reforming was studied over several catalysts made by deposition of copper and zinc precursors onto nanoparticle alumina. The results were compared to those of a commercially available copper, zinc oxide and alumina catalyst. Temperature programmed reduction, BET surface area measurements, and N2O decomposition were used to characterize the catalyst surfaces. XRD was used to study the bulk structure of the catalysts, and XPS was used to determine the chemical states of the surface species. The nanoparticle-supported catalysts achieved similar conversions as the commercial reference catalyst but at slightly higher temperatures. However, the nanoparticle-supported catalysts also exhibited a significantly lower CO selectivity at a given temperature and space time than the reference catalyst. Furthermore, the turnover frequencies of the nanoparticle-supported catalysts were higher than that of the commercial catalyst, which means that the activity of the surface copper is higher. It was determined that high alumina concentrations ultimately decrease catalytic activity as well as promote undesirable CH2O formation. The lower catalytic activity may be due to strong Cu-Al2O3 interactions, which result in Cu species which are not easily reduced. Furthermore, the acidity of the alumina support appears to promote CH2O formation, which at low Cu concentrations is not reformed to CO2 and H2. The CO levels present in this study are above what can be explained by the reverse water-gas-shift (WGS) reaction. While coking is not a significant deactivation pathway, migration of ZnO to the surface of the catalyst (or of Cu to the bulk of the catalyst) does explain the permanent loss of catalytic activity. Cu2O is present on the spent nanoparticle catalysts and it is likely that the Cu+/Cu0 ratio is of importance both for the catalytic activity and the CO selectivity.
Improving the Care of Patients With Regard to Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Emesis: The Effect of Feedback to Clinicians on Adherence to Antiemetic Prescribing Guidelines

Purpose: To evaluate the effect of performance and outcomes feedback on adherence to clinical practice guidelines regarding chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis (CINE). Methods: Institutional CINE clinical practice guidelines were developed based on American Society of Clinical Oncology guidelines. Consecutive administrations of moderately/highly emetogenic chemotherapy were assessed for errors. Baseline statistical process control (SPC) charts were created and mean errors per administration were calculated. Prospective SPC charts were used to measure the effect of guideline development and distribution, a visiting lecturer, and ongoing feedback regarding compliance with guidelines employing SPC charts. Patients were surveyed regarding the extent and severity of CINE for 5 days postadministration. These outcomes were then shared with physicians. Results: Baseline compliance was poor (mean, 0.87 omissions per chemotherapy administration), largely because of inadequate adherence to recommendations for del...
Trends in the ability to work among men and women in the older American population: 1997–2007

Since the passage of United States (US)’ Social Security Amendments in 1983, the age for full Social Security benefits has been increasing from age 65 to 67 depending on one’s year of birth. These increases introduce incremental savings in the long-term funding of the US public pension system, but they assume that American workers will be able to continue working past the age of 65. In this study, we examine self-reported work disability for men and women using the 1997 through 2007 National Health Interview Surveys. There are small but significant decreases in work disability and fairly significant increases in labor force activity among men and women in their 60s and for women in their 50s over the 11-year period, and relatively little difference between men’s and women’s trends. Changes in the educational composition of the population play a major explanatory role in the decrease of work disability. Without this compositional shift, work disability would have increased. Increased obesity over this period exerted an opposite effect; without this change, the decrease in work disability would have been greater.
A characterization of divergence with applications to questionnaire information

Several authors have developed characterization theorems for the directed divergence or information gain. In this paper we develop a characterization theorem for the divergence, a measure associated with information gain and one which has found significant application in diverse areas of “pattern recognition.” We present a new application to the analysis of information obtained from questionnaires.
Calculation of electron drift velocity at Si avalanche

In evaluating the electron drift velocity at Si avalanche, the electron distribution is obtained by solving the Boltzmann transport equation in the maximum anisotropy truncation (MAT) approximation of Baraff. Improvements are made to the MAT procedure so that the symmetrical part of the distribution function can be obtained in a straightforward manner. The temperature dependence of electron drift velocity is studied by including both optical phonon emission and absorption rather than emission alone. The calculated electron drift velocity varies from 1 \times 10^{7} to 2.9 \times 10^{7} cm/s at Si avalanche.
Bank failure and erosion on the Ohio river

Abstract River bank erosion has benn the focus of recent concern surrounding construction and operation of navigation dams along the Ohio River. Such factors as navigation pool levels, pool fluctuations, and towboat traffic have been alleged to be the cause of severe erosion of Ohio River banks. In this paper available information on Ohio River bank erosion is examined from an historical perspective and from the perspective of recent comprehensive investigations. Historical illustrations, photographs, and published reports indicate a history of significant bank erosion for more than 150 years on the Ohio River. Results of field bank condition reconnaissance studies suggest that construction of navigation dams on the Ohio River has not significantly accelerated or intensified bank erosion. Analysis of erosional mechanisms indicates that bank failure and erosion on the Ohio River are complex and episodic phenomena; however, the principal erosional mechanisms appear to be bank material removal by current tractive forces during flood events and internal erosion of bank materials by bank discharge following floods. It is concluded that waves generated by tow and recreational vessels have little impact on bank stability, but land use changes may affect slope stability and bank erosion.
Pose manifold curvature is typically less near frontal face views

This research presents a study of the geometry of the face manifold as a person changes their horizontal pose from one profile to another. Although, a lot of research has gone into aspects of determining an ideal pose for pose invariant face recognition, less has been done to present the manifold of the faces presented by these pose variations. The novelty of our approach lies in the presentation of a finely sampled profile-to-profile dataset that is analyzed using Locally Linear Embedding (LLE) to estimate the curvature of these manifolds. Our results indicate that the profile-to-profile manifold is less curved, hence more linear, in the region around the frontal view than for any other region of the manifold, i.e. pose.
Topology is destiny: Reconnection energetics in the corona

Magnetic reconnection is clearly at work in the solar corona reorganizing and simplifying the magnetic field. It has also been hypothesized that this reorganization process somehow supplies the energy heating the corona. We propose a quantitative model relating the topological role (simplification) and the energetic role (heating) of magnetic reconnection. This model is used to analyze multi-wavelength observations of an X-ray bright point. In the model, motion of photospheric sources drives reconnection of coronal flux. If reconnection occurs only sporadically then energy is stored in the coronal field, and released by topological reconnection. We simulate the dynamical response of the plasma to such an energy release, and translate this into predicted observational signatures. The resulting predictions are difficult to reconcile with the observations. This suggests that while reconnection is important in the corona, energy dissipation is governed by other factors, not all of which relate to the topology of the field.
Reduction of ring artifacts in CBCT: detection and correction of pixel gain variations in flat panel detectors.

Purpose: In using flat panel detectors (FPD) for cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), pixel gain variations may lead to structured nonuniformities in projections and ring artifacts in CBCT images. Such gain variations can be caused by change in detector entrance exposure levels or beam hardening, and they are not accounted by conventional flat field correction methods. In this work, the authors presented a method to identify isolated pixel clusters that exhibit gain variations and proposed a pixel gain correction (PGC) method to suppress both beam hardening and exposure level dependent gain variations. Methods: To modulate both beam spectrum and entrance exposure, flood field FPD projections were acquired using beam filters with varying thicknesses. “Ideal” pixel values were estimated by performing polynomial fits in both raw and flat field corrected projections. Residuals were calculated by taking the difference between measured and ideal pixel values to identify clustered image and FPD artifacts in flat field corrected and raw images, respectively. To correct clustered image artifacts, the ratio of ideal to measured pixel values in filtered images were utilized as pixel-specific gain correction factors, referred as PGC method, and they were tabulated as a function of pixel value in a look-up table. Results: 0.035% of detector pixels lead to clustered image artifacts in flat field corrected projections, where 80% of these pixels were traced back and linked to artifacts in the FPD. The performance of PGC method was tested in variety of imaging conditions and phantoms. The PGC method reduced clustered image artifacts and fixed pattern noise in projections, and ring artifacts in CBCT images. Conclusions: Clustered projection image artifacts that lead to ring artifacts in CBCT can be better identified with our artifact detection approach. When compared to the conventional flat field correction method, the proposed PGC method enables characterization of nonlinear pixel gain variations as a function of change in x-ray spectrum and intensity. Hence, it can better suppress image artifacts due to beam hardening as well as artifacts that arise from detector entrance exposure variation.
Anticoagulation for venous thromboembolism. What are the current options

PREVIEWTreatment of venous thromboembolism is undergoing rapid change, particularly with the advent of low- molecular-weight heparins. But how does the performance of these new agents stack up against standard treatment with unfractionated heparin? And what are the issues involved in thrombolytic therapy for deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism? Drs Yacovella and Alter make sense of the current data and controversies regarding anticoagulation and thrombolytic therapy. They also discuss consensus opinion about the available therapeutic options and, when consensus is lacking, offer their own recommendations on appropriate choices and duration of treatment.
Tetrahydrobiopterin, a cofactor for rat cerebellar nitric oxide synthase, does not function as a reactant in the oxygenation of arginine.

Studies with purified nitric oxide synthase from rat cerebellum have confirmed previous reports that product formation is enhanced by tetrahydrobiopterin [H4B; 6-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin]. The effect of the natural isomer, (6R)-H4B, is observed at extremely low (less than 0.1 microM) concentrations and is remarkably selective. At these concentrations, only the diastereoisomer (6S)-H4B, the structural isomer 7-(L-erythro-1,2-dihydroxypropyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydropterin, and 7,8-dihydrobiopterin showed detectable effects. Our observations are inconsistent with a stoichiometric role for H4B in the oxygenation of arginine [e.g., Stuehr, D. J., Kwon, N. S., Nathan, C. F., Griffith, O. W., Feldman, P. L. & Wiseman, J. (1991) J. Biol. Chem. 266, 6259-6263]. Activity is initially independent of added H4B; enhanced product formation with H4B is observed only as incubation progresses. The effect of H4B is catalytic, with each mole of added H4B supporting the formation of greater than 15 mol of product. Recycling of H4B was excluded by direct measurement during nitric oxide synthesis and by the demonstration that nitric oxide synthase is not inhibited by methotrexate. These combined results exclude H4B as a stoichiometric reactant and suggest that H4B enhances product formation by protecting enzyme activity against progressive loss. Preliminary studies indicate that the decreased activity in the absence of added H4B does not depend on catalytic turnover of the enzyme. The role of H4B may be allosteric or it may function to maintain some group(s) on the enzyme in a reduced state required for activity.
Kinetic properties of the KCl transport at the secreting apical membrane of the oxyntic cell.

We have previously reported marked structural and functional differencces between (H+/K+)-ATPase-rich vesicles obtained from resting fundic gastric mucosa and those obtained from secreting tissue. The functional differences seem to arise from activation of a permeability pathway for K+ salts in the vesicles originating from stimulated tissue. By providing the intravesicular K+ needed for the ATPase-mediated H+/K+ exchange, this pathway facilitates formation of large pH gradients (J.M. Wolosin & J.G. Forte.FEBS Lett. 125:208–212, 1981). We have now expanded our observations on the characteristics of the K-salt transport. The dependence of intravesicular acidification on the concentration of various anions or of K+ was monitored using the rate of fluorescence quenching of the pH probe, acridine orange. Rates of acid accumulation followed the series I−>Br−>Cl−>NO 3 − >CH3SO 3 − >isethionate>gluconate. The effects of exogenous ionophores on pH gradients suggested that K+-salt transport is electroneutral. On the basis of the known properties of the H+/K+ pump, we devised a method by which the rates of unidirectional K+ salt influx can be monitored via the resulting rates of H+ accumulation. Accordingly, the dependence of these rates on the concentration of K+ and Cl− was studied and subjected to a kinetic analysis. It was found that the dependence follows that expected for an electroneutral K+ and Cl− transport system with apparent Michaelis constants equal to 15±2mm for K+ and 46±5mm for Cl−. It is concluded that intravesicular acid accumulation, believed to represent HCl secretion in whole tissue, results from the combined action of a KCl symport and the well known (H++K+)-ATPase. Though the calculated maximal transport capacity of the symport exceeds by several times the maximal transport capacity of the pump, at physiological concentrations of the ions both transport systems are expected to transport K+ in opposite directions at similar rates. Implications of these observations to HCl secretion by intact tissue are discussed.
Narrative Therapy Integration Within Substance Abuse Groups

Cognitive-behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing have gained increasing importance within the literature body as approaches to utilize when working with the substance abuse population. Despite a strong focus within the research on these approaches, however, substance abuse and substance abuse-related behaviors continue to have a detrimental effect on the community. As research demonstrates the potential efficacy of narrative therapy in various areas, evaluation of its application in substance abuse services is important. Integration of two narrative therapy techniques with potential integration into group therapy is introduced with the rationale, assumptions, and objectives of the approach. In addition, adaptations and limitations are discussed.
Microporous poly(acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate) membrane as a separator of rechargeable lithium battery

Abstract We studied microporous poly(acrylonitrile-methyl methacrylate), AMMA, membrane as the separator of Li/LiMn2O4 cell. The porous AMMA membrane was prepared by the phase inversion method with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) as the solvent and water as the non-solvent. We observed that morphology of the resulting membrane was strongly affected by the concentration of polymer solution: low concentration produced finger-like pores with dense skin on two surfaces of the membrane, while high concentration yielded open voids with dense layer on the other surface of the membrane. Regardless of their morphology, both membranes could be rapidly wetted by the liquid electrolyte (1.0 m LiBF4 dissolved in 1:3 wt.% mixture of ethylene carbonate (EC) and γ-butyrolactone (GBL)), and could be swollen at elevated temperatures, which resulted in the formation of a microporous gel electrolyte (MGE). It was shown that the resulting MGE not only had high ionic conductivity and but also had good compatibility with metal lithium even at 60 °C. Cyclic voltammetric test showed that the MGE had an electrochemical window of 4.9 V versus Li+/Li. At room temperature, the Li/MGE/LiMn2O4 cell showed excellent cycliability with a specific capacity of 121–125 mA h g−1 LiMn2O4. It was shown that even at 60 °C good mechanical strength of the MGE remained. Therefore, the MGE is suitable for the application of battery separator at elevated temperatures.
The Role of TCAD in Parasitic Analysis of ICs

Over the past two decades the scaling of IC technologies has reduced device dimensions by more than 20-fold. In the process of this scaling many reliability and parasitic effects have come to dominate the technology design process. Certainly MOS gate reliability and substrate currents (both due to impact ionization and junction leakage) are of major concern. This paper discusses the parasitic effects that result from multiple device interactions. Namely, as device dimensions have scaled, the number of possible multi-device interactions have increased. Examples are given concering: latch-up, metastability, substrate noise, ESD and interconnect modeling.
Non-carcinogenicity of hair dyes: Lifetime percutaneous applications in mice and rabbits

Abstract The possible toxicity and carcinogenicity of p-amino-o-nitrophenol, p-phenylenediamine and sodium thioglycollate on mouse and rabbit skin were studied by twice-weekly topical application of these compounds (0·02 ml/animal) in acetone solution. There was no significant decrease in lifespan of either species. The mice suffered no marked weight loss, and no abnormalities were found in the blood or urine of rabbits. Untreated as well as treated mice presented a large number of tumours, including lymphomas, lung adenomas, liver haemangiomas and ovarian neoplasms; dermal fibromas, but no epidermal tumours, were found in all the treated mice. No statistically significant increase in tumour incidence was found, however, in a comparison of the treated mice with untreated controls, and no neoplasms were observed in the rabbits. In positive controls of both species, large numbers of skin tumours were induced by small doses of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, confirming the sensitivity of these models for skin carcinogenesis studies.
Simple models of steady deep maxima in chlorophyll and biomass

Possible mechanisms behind the observed deep maxima in chlorophyll and phytoplankton biomass in the open ocean are investigated with simple, one-dimensional ecosystem models. Sinking of organic matter is shown to be critical to the formation of a deep maximum in biomass in these models. However, the form of the sinking material is not of primary importance to the system: in models with sinking of detritus, sinking of one phytoplankton species, and sinking of all phytoplankton, the effect is qualitatively the same. In the two-compartment nutrient-phytoplankton model, the magnitude of the deep biomass maximum depends more strongly on sinking rate and diffusivity than on growth and death rates, while the depth of the maximum is influenced by all four parameters. A model with two phytoplankton groups which exhibit distinct growth rate characteristics and chlorophyll contents shows how a deep chlorophyll maximum could form in the absence of sinking. In this model, when separate compartments are included for nitrate and ammonia, it is possible to distinguish between new and regenerated production, and the phytoplankton group which makes up the deep chlorophyll maximum is found to carry out almost all of the new production. Variation of eddy diffusivity with depth is also investigated, and is found not to fundamentally alter results from models with constant diffusivity.
Safety and efficacy of testosterone replacement therapy in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.

Purpose: We investigated the safety and tolerability of testosterone replacement therapy in adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the medical records of all consecutive adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome evaluated between 2007 and 2012. Patients receiving testosterone replacement and aromatase inhibitor therapy were identified. Data on demographics, physical characteristics, medical history and serum hormone concentrations were collected for each patient. We evaluated longitudinal changes in serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone as well as changes in body mass index after the initiation of testosterone replacement therapy.Results: We identified 151 adolescents with Klinefelter syndrome. Mean age at presentation was 11.6 years. Testosterone replacement therapy and aromatase inhibitors were initiated in 110 and 75 patients, respectively, at an average age of 13 to 14 years. Topical testosterone replacement therapy was used in 95% of pa...
Fatigue Life of Aircraft Tires

Abstract A study was conducted to determine if a safe upper service limit can be set for aircraft tires, based on an operation profile of the aircraft using the tires. The study consisted of three parts: development of a tire heating model, experimental confirmation, and determination of tire degradation as a function of time at temperature. Three operational profiles were identified: long, intermediate, and short haul; these stressed tires in different ways. The mathematical model, which calculated temperature as a function of time for various axial and lateral forces at different speeds, was developed and confirmed by experiment. It predicted the time at temperature of the hottest part of a tire that is exposed to the operating environment of the profiles. The impact of heating was found from a determination of ply adhesion as a function of time at temperature. The end of tire life was judged to occur when ply adhesion was degraded by 50%.
Counterexamples in optimal quadrature

It is widely believed that order of exactness is a good measure of the quality of an algorithm for numerical quadrature. We show that this is not the case, by exhibiting a situation in which the optimal algorithm does not even integrate constants exactly. We also show that there are situations in which the penalty for using equidistant nodes is unbounded. Finally, we show that the complexity of obtaining an ɛ-approximation can be an arbitrary function of ɛ, i.e., there is no hardest quadrature problem.
Antecedents to Organizational Commitment Among Mexican Employees of a U.S. Firm in Mexico

Abstract A major challenge faced by expatriate managers is developing and maintaining organizational commitment among a host country's employees. No empirical research on this issue is available with respect to Mexico. This study examined the commitment levels of Mexican employees in a U.S. firm located in Mexico, along with potential antecedents to their commitment. Eighty-three respondents, who were line (54%) and staff (46%) employees, completed questionnaires consisting of widely recognized standardized instruments with high reliabilities. To determine the nature and strength of relationships between antecedents and commitment, regression analysis, correlational analysis, and analysis of variance were conducted. Results indicated that job satisfaction, participative decision making, and age were predictive of organizational commitment. Leader behaviors and tenure were found to be significantly correlated with commitment, whereas perceived organizational effectiveness tended to be correlated with commi...
Genetic control of near-UV sensitivity independent of excision deficiency (uvrA6) in Escherichia coli K12.

— By appropriate matings, recombinant strains carrying all four possible combinations of genes controlling near-UV (nur vs nur+) and far-UV (uvrA6 vs uvrA+, excision repair function) sensitivity have been constructed. Near and far-UV inactivation experiments with the four recombinant strains reveal that inactivating events induced by near and far-UV do not appear to overlap. These results are analogous to our previously reported experiments (Tuveson and Jonas, 1979) with recombinant strains carrying all four possible combinations of genes controlling near-UV sensitivity (nur vs nur+) and recombination proficiency (far-UV sensitivity, recA1 vs recA+). The results of these two sets of experiments taken together may mean that any recA+ or uvrA+ repairable lesions induced by near-UV are repaired equally well by either system and do not require the simultaneous participation of both repair systems.
Transport and Fate of Spermatozoa After Insemination of Cattle

Sperm capable of fertilizing ova reach the isthmus of cows about 8 h after mating and remain in the caudal 2 cm of the isthmus until ovulation. Then small numbers of sperm move to the site of fertilization at the junction of the isthmus and ampulla. Within a few hours after deposition of semen in the uterine body, most sperm have drained to the exterior in cervical mucus. By 12 to 24 h after insemination, only a few percent of the sperm remain in the reproductive tract, and most of these are in the vagina. Contractions of the reproductive tract appear to be the primary mechanism of sperm transport. Flagellation of sperm is probably required for sperm to enter the folds of the cervix, and flagellation may be helpful or essential for sperm to pass through the uterotubal junction, move from the isthmus to the ampulla, and penetrate ova. High proportions of sperm undergo the acrosome reaction only in the ampulla on the side of ovulation and only after ovulation. The fertilization rate in cattle can be improved by use of semen from high fertility bulls and perhaps by timing insemination with semen from lower fertility bulls after the end of estrus.
Volume of flammable mixture resulting from the atmospheric dispersion of a leak or spill

The investigators of an unconfined gas explosion typically derive some measure of the air blast, leading to the assignment of a “TNT equivalent.” This number is invariably small, ranging from 0 to 10% of the yield that one would have predicted from the heat of combustion of the fuel. The probable reason for this low value, as this paper seeks to show, is that only a small fraction of an atmospherically dispersed gas mixture can be within a flammable range of concentrations. This paper draws on measurements of the atmospheric dispersion of natural gas to test the applicability of the bivariant Gaussian distribution equation with standard deviations, u and z, derived from the air pollution literature. Three observations are discussed in relation to the dispersion of flammable gases: (1) The concentrations of interest (flammable limits) are much higher than most critical pollutant concentrations; (2) concentration peaks may well be an order-of-magnitude higher than time-averaged concentrations, which are derived from a statistical treatment; (3) most flammable vapors are heavier than air and form ground-hugging layers that extend the distances of ignition hazard. Calculations are presented of the volumes of vapor-air mixture within surfaces of equal con-centration. From these figures, it is evident that most of the flammable vapor is quickly dispersed to concentrations below the lower limit of flammability.
Hypothesis for the interaction of phlorizin and phloretin with membrane carriers for sugars

Abstract Using 6-deoxy- d -glucose and d -xylose as substrates, it is shown that phlorizin, but not its aglycon, phloretin, is a fully competitive inhibitor of sugar active transport in hamster small intestine. The results indicate that: (1) phlorizin competes with glucose and its analogs for a common membrane binding site; and (2) phloretin inhibits sugar transport allosterically through binding to a different,albeit closely associated binding site. To explain these findings, a kinetic model has been constructed in which the carrier is assumed to possess two different sites, namely a sugar- and a phenol-binding site. Phlorizin binds simultaneously to both of these sites. The synergistic effect of this double binding causes the overall affinity of phlorizin for the sugar carrier to be three to four orders of magnitude higher than that of the physiological substrate, glucose. Phloretin binds only to the phenol site. The differences among tissues in their relative responses to phlorizin and phloretin are attributed to differing spatial relationships between the sugar site and the phenol site.
Agency Requests, Gubernatorial Support, and Budget Success in State Legislatures Revisited

This study partially replicates and extends Ira Sharkansky's seminal work on state budgeting. The research attempts to assess the budgetary impact of (1) recent executive and legislative reform efforts; (2) changing environmental conditions, especially the intergovernmental environment; and (3) non-general fund revenues (federal revenues and earmarked revenues). The findings indicate that general fund budget behaviors have remained relatively stable, although agencies are more acquisitive and governors and legislatures slightly more generous with their recommendations and appropriations. There is evidence that state legislatures and agencies have assumed a more affirmative role vis-a-vis the governor in general fund budget matters. Moreover, the role of the governor is more dominant among agencies that receive significant amounts of federal and/or earmarked revenues.
Existence of Nontrivial Solutions in Neumann Boundary Value Problems with Slow Principal Operators

This paper is about the existence of nontrivial solutions of the Neumann boundary value problem $$\left\{ {\begin{array}{*{20}l} { - {\rm div}(a(|\nabla u|)\nabla u) = g(x,u)\,\,{\rm in}\,\,\Omega } \\ {\partial u/\partial v = 0\,\, {\rm on}\,\,\partial \Omega ,} \\ \end{array} } \right.$$ when the principal term has slow growth. Existence results of saddle points are based on recession arguments and variants of the Mountain Pass Theorem without Palais–Smale or Cerami condition in Orlicz–Sobolev spaces. Nontrivial solutions as global minimizers are also considered.