cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long-term survival after prehospital sudden cardiac death

Abstract One hundred thiry-nine survivors of prehospital sudden cardiac death were followed after their hospital discharge. Eighty patients were studied with coronary angiography and cardiac catheterization; 34 of these underwent coronary bypass surgery. After a maximum follow-up of 105 months, 89 patients were still alive. The probability of survival at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, 4 years, and 5 years was 88%, 86%, 78%, 70%, 63%, and 59%, respectively. Of the 43 cardiac deaths, 37 (86%) were secondary to documented recurrent ventricular fibrillation or occurred suddenly. Twelve percent of the total population had recurrent ventricular fibrillation in the first year following the initial cardiac arrest, 16% within 2 years, and 22% within 3 years. Of the 37 survivors dying from recurrent ventricular fibrillation, 32% died within the first 3 months following hospital discharge, 46% in the first year, 64% within 2 years, and 78% within the first 3 years. Most survivors were capable of resuming normal activities after hospital discharge. Only 7% demonstrated permanent neurologic impairment. Sixty-eight percent of the patients who were employed at the time of their prehospital sudden cardiac arrest returned to full-time employment. In the subset of 34 surgically treated patients, there have been six (18%) cardiac deaths. Four of these deaths were related to recurrent ventricular fibrillation, with one of these deaths occurring in the immediate postoperative period. The other three deaths related to recurrent ventricular fibrillation occurred 36 months (two deaths) and 49 months following the initial prehospital cardiac arrest.
2‐(1‐Benzyl‐1H‐indol‐3‐yl­methyl­ene)‐1‐aza­bi­cyclo­[2.2.2]­octan‐3‐one

The title compound, C23H22N2O, was obtained in a condensation reaction of 1-benzyl-1H-indole-3-carbox­aldehyde with 1-aza-bi­cyclo­[2.2.2]­octan-3-one. The crystal structure indicates the presence of a double bond, connecting an aza­bicyclic ring system to an indole-3-carbox­aldehyde.
SU-EE-A3-05: A Protocol to Extend On-Board Cone-Beam CT Longitudinal Coverage with Multiple Orbits

Purpose: To develop, evaluate and optimize a protocol for acquiring on‐board cone‐beam CT(CBCT)images for larger longitudinal coverage than the maximum 14 cm coverage allowed by the Varian OBI half‐fan single‐orbit mode. Extended coverage is needed to fully image many standard pelvic, thoracic, and head‐and‐neck treatment volumes and to support such tasks as deformable image registration and dosereconstruction on serial CBCTimages.Method and Materials: Multiple Varian single‐orbit data acquisitions separated by couch shifts were performed with small overlaps to provide the desired coverage. Simple approaches to aligning the two image volumes based on the nominal couch shift were validated against rigid image registration based upon orthogonal radiographic projections. An automatic algorithm was devised to decode the DICOM headers of the original slices and get corresponding position information, subsequently join the volumes, and finally rewrite the headers so that the resultant CBCTimage set will be correlated as a single DICOM image volume. Validation of the volume reconstruction was performed with AP/PA radiographs and CatPhan QA phantom to evaluate the combining accuracy and the image quality in the abutment region where data sampling violates Tuy's data sufficiency condition. Results: The above protocol successfully provides OBI CBCTimages with any desirable longitudinal coverage. An optimized protocol is implemented clinically, based upon the dose consequences and application simplicity. Conclusion: A practical method was developed to effectively extend the OBI longitudinal coverage, which improved the applicability of the OBI CBCTimages in image‐guided adaptive radiation therapy. This work was supported by NIH P01 CA116602.
Reevaluating Female “Inferiority”: Sarah Grand Versus Charles Darwin

The figure of darwin hovered like a specter over the fin de siecle, not only the Darwin of the explosive 1859 On the Origin of Species that redirected evolutionary thinking but also the author of the 1871 Descent of Man — a less heralded work, though generating equally significant repercussions with its pronouncements on the intellectual capacities of the sexes. By linking a perceived mental inferiority of women to the mechanism of evolution, Darwin seemingly brought scientific proof to support a cultural truism. In so doing, he reinforced Victorian strictures that maintained women in a subservient state, which now could be justified on the basis of biological determinism. Yet Sarah Grand's popular 1897 novel, The Beth Book, contests the Darwinian verities, questioning the scientists' specious conclusions about sex-linked traits and identifying culture as an equally significant force determining the mental dispositions of the sexes.
The Effect of Music Contest Format on Self-Concept, Motivation, Achievement, and Attitude of Elementary Band Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of two music contest formats on the music achievement, self-concept, achievement motivation, performance achievement, and attitude of elementary ...
Moving black holes in 3D

We model a radiating, moving black hole in terms of a worldtube--null-cone boundary value problem. We evolve this data in the region interior to the worldtube, but exterior to a trapped surface by means of a characteristic evolution based upon a family of ingoing null hypersurfaces. Data on the worldtube is induced from a Schwarzschild spacetime, but the worldtube is allowed to move relative to the static Schwarzschild trajectories. When the worldtube is stationary (static or rotating in place), a distorted black hole inside it evolves to equilibrium with the Schwarzschild boundary. A boost of the worldtube with respect to the Schwarzschild black hole does not affect these results. The code also stably tracks an unlimited number of orbits, when the worldtube wobbles periodically. The work establishes that characteristic evolution can evolve a spacetime with a distorted black hole moving on a 3-dimensional grid with the controlled accuracy and long term stability necessary to investigate new facets of black hole physics.
Environmental effects of silicone oil on mechanical properties of low and high molecular weight PMMA

The influence of a silicone oil environment on deformation modes and tensile behaviour of poly(methylmethacrylate) were investigated. Tests were made on samples coated with oils of varying viscosity, ranging from 5 to 1000 cSt. To investigate the effects of polymer molecular weight on environmentally induced craze growth and stability, tests were conducted on an extruded grade of relatively low molecular weight and on a cast grade of high molecular weight. All of the silicone oils acted as crazing agents and tensile strength and ductility were reduced in value as the viscosity of the oil was lowered. The low molecular weight polymer failed in a brittle manner in all environments but developed earlier and more intensive crazing as the liquid viscosity was reduced. The high molecular weight material underwent a ductile-brittle transition when the environment was changed from air to low viscosity silicone oils. The flow of the oil into existing flaws and crazes was sufficiently impeded at 1000 cSt viscosity so that both necking and surface crazing were observed under these conditions. To illustrate the various deformation and fracture modes that were observed, micrographs of free and fracture surfaces are presented and discussed.
Association between red blood cell transfusions and development of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies

The incidence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has increased steadily for the past few decades. Previous studies have suggested an association between blood transfusions and NHL. The main objective of this study was to evaluate this relationship with a meta-analysis of observational studies. A literature search was undertaken, looking for case-control and cohort studies evaluating the risk of developing NHL in persons who received allogeneic blood transfusions; 14 studies were included. Outcome was calculated and reported as relative risk (RR). Heterogeneity was assessed with Cochrane Q and I(2) statistics. Dissemination bias was evaluated by funnel plot visualization and trim-and-fill analysis. Quality assessment was performed with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. Our analysis showed a RR of developing NHL of 1.05 (95% CI, 0.89-1.25; P = .42) and 1.34 (95% CI, 1.15-1.55; P < .01) in case-control and cohort studies, respectively. When pooling all studies, RR was 1.2 (95% CI, 1.07-1.35; P < .01). In subset analysis, RR of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) was 1.66 (95% CI, 1.08-2.56; P = .02). The RR of NHL was elevated in both men and women and in persons receiving transfusions either before or after 1992. Blood transfusions appear to increase the risk of developing NHL; however, the risk of CLL/SLL appears higher than for other NHL subtypes.
Transplantation of the Spleen: Effect of Splenic Allograft in Human Multivisceral Transplantation

The spleen is the largest single secondary lymphoid organ and a vital site of the reticuloendothelial system. As such, this organ plays a major role in both adaptive and innate immune responses. Healthy individuals that have undergone posttraumatic splenectomy have long-term impairment of humoral and cellular immunity.1 Specifically, these patients are extremely susceptible to encapsulated bacteria infection from Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, and Haemophilus influenzae type B and similar organisms.1 The polysaccharide capsules of these bacteria elicit a T-cell independent immune response that depends on the function of the spleen’s marginal B cells.2 Splenectomized patients have diminished responses to such antigens.3 In children less than 5 years of age, the risk of overwhelming postsplenectomy sepsis may be increased 60- to 100-fold compared with children who have not had a splenectomy.4 Multivisceral transplantation (MVT) has been successfully performed in adults and children with intestinal and liver failure,5,6 with the results having improved dramatically in recent years.5,6 The traditional procedure for MVT is to transplant the stomach, pancreas, intestine, and liver en bloc. The spleen of the recipient is removed during the procedure, leaving MVT recipients in an asplenic state. Because of the concern of an increased risk of sepsis with an asplenic state, we have included the allograft spleen as part of the multivisceral graft since 2001. In animal models, donor splenic transplantation is known to induce donor-specific tolerance.7–13 Sporadic cases of splenic transplantation in humans have been reported in the past,8–27 as part of a pancreas transplant or in an attempt to treat hematological disorders. No previous literature is available on the effect of human splenic allograft for tolerogenicity. In this manuscript, we evaluate and compare our experience of multivisceral transplant recipients who did and did not receive a splenic allograft to elucidate the effect of this donor-derived lymphoid organ in human transplantation.
A study of the effects of colocation on office workers' perception

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to understand the effects of colocation on office workers' perception of workplace design and interaction freedom in organizations.Design/methodology/approach – The study was conducted at six different departments of an office organization that moved from geographically dispersed office buildings to one office building. The pre‐move data were collected three to six months before the move, and the post‐move data were collected almost one year after the move through questionnaire surveys. Out of 284 workers, 169 office workers filled out the questionnaire in the pre‐move survey, and 175 filled out the questionnaire in the post‐move survey.Findings – Based on statistical analyses of the data, the study found that colocation did not help improve office workers' overall perception of interaction freedom in the organization, but it helped eliminate perceptual disparities concerning interaction freedom among its different departments. The study also found that office worke...
Control of shrinkage and final conversion of vinyl ester resins cured in low-temperature molding processes

Vinyl ester resin is a major thermoset polymer used in low-temperature composite manufacturing processes such as the Seemann composite resin infusion-molding process (SCRIMP). Volume shrinkage and residual styrene are important concerns for composites produced in such processes. A low-shrinkage additive (LSA) is a typical agent added to control the volume shrinkage of vinyl ester resins during molding. In this study, the effects of LSA content and the temperature profile (the temperature gradient and peak temperature) on the volume shrinkage control of a vinyl ester resin were investigated. The reaction kinetics of the resin system were also studied. We achieved good volume shrinkage control if we raised the curing temperature slowly to allow sufficient time for phase separation and if the curing temperature reached a high value after phase separation to allow microvoid formation. On the basis of experimental results, we designed an improved SCRIMP to increase resin conversion, reduce resin shrinkage, and produce composites with better properties. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 90: 1486–1496, 2003
Crystal Structure of Low Chalcocite

CHALCOCITE, Cu2S, is hexagonal above 104° C, and has a small, hexagonal unit cell containing 2 Cu2S, in which the sulphur atoms are arranged in nearly perfect hexagonal clOsest packing. Buerger and Wuensch1 and Sadanaga, Ohmasa, and Morimoto 2 have shown that the copper atoms are distributed throughout the interstices between the sulphur atoms, almost in a fluid state, with only partial concentration at certain sites. Below the transition point a large superstructure is formed based on the hexagonal cell, as was demonstrated in 1944 by Buerger and Buerger3. This phase, commonly known as low chalcocite, was found by them to have an orthorhombic unit cell with a=11.92 A, b=27.34 A, c=13.44 A, containing 96 Cu2S. These authors showed that the only orthorhombic space group compatible with the hexagonal close-packed sulphur lattice and the observed extinctions was the noncentrosymmetric group Ab2m(C152v). All attempts since then to solve the structure on this basis have been fruitless. I have discovered that the true symmetry of low chalcocite is mono-clinic, and with this knowledge have been able to find a complete solution of the structure problem. Following a brief preliminary report of this work4, refinement of the structure has proceeded slowly, with interruptions, but is now complete. In this article the essential structural results are reported, and a full description of the structure problem and its crystal chemical implications will be given elsewhere.
Chromosomal anomalies in patients with retinoblastoma

Karyotypes from 50 persons with retinoblastoma confirmed by histopathological examination were studied by conventional staining and Giemsa-banding techniques. Two chromosomal anomalies were found. An interstitial deletion of the long arm of No. 13 chromosome was identified by Giemsa-banding in the karyotypes from a boy with unilateral retinoblastoma. Another boy with unilateral tumor had a karyotype of 47,XXY. These findings provide additional evidence that a deletion of chromosome No. 13, most likely involving band 13q14, is associated with the development of retinoblastoma. In conjunction with other reports, our findings also suggest that retinoblastoma may be found more frequently in children with chromosomal aneuploidy.
Inhibition of methylene blue formation during determination of the acid-labile sulfide of iron-sulfur protein samples containing dithionite

Abstract The acid-labile sulfide content of iron-sulfur proteins is commonly determined colorimetrically by reacting the released sulfide with N,N′ -dimethyl- p -phenylenediamine and FeCl 3 , under acidic conditions, to form methylene blue. This reaction was found to be inhibited strongly when the iron-sulfur protein samples contained dithionite, which was frequently added during the purification of these proteins to prevent oxygen damage. The inhibitory substance(s) seems to be an anaerobic decomposition product(s) of dithionite. The use of concentrated protein solutions and small sample volumes was found to be the most effective way of overcoming this problem. This simple principle should also be useful when analyzing crude samples which may contain other low molecular weight, interfering substances.
Cellular mechanisms mediating the anti-invasive properties of the ornithine decarboxylase inhibitor α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) in human breast cancer cells

We have shown that inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis with α-difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) reduces in vitro invasiveness and metastatic capacity of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells. These experiments investigated the mechanisms mediating the anti-invasive properties of DFMO. DFMO did not affect phosphorylation of FAK or Akt, but increased ERK phosphorylation by approximately threefold. To test the biologic significance of this finding, we tested the effect of the MEK inhibitor PD98059 on in vitro invasiveness of MDA-MB-435 breast cancer cells, both in the absence and in the presence of the proinvasive peptide hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) as a chemoattractant. We observed that PD98059 treatment reversed the anti-invasive effect of DFMO under both experimental conditions. Next, we tested the influence of DFMO on the production of the prometastatic peptide osteopontin (OPN) and the anti-metastatic protein thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1). DFMO treatment, while not affecting OPN production, markedly increased the TSP-1 level in the conditioned media. This effect was abolished by putrescine administration, thus indicating the specificity of the DFMO action through the polyamine pathway. PD98059 completely blocked the stimulatory effect of DFMO on TSP-1 production, which supports a mediatory role for activation of the MAPK pathway in the upregulation of this anti-metastatic peptide by DFMO. In summary, our results show that the increase in ERK phosphorylation induced by DFMO plays a critical role in the anti-invasive action of the drug and in its ability to upregulate TSP-1 production.
Diagnostic Yield of Sleep and Sleep Deprivation on the EEG in Epilepsy

Sufficient sleep is highly important for optimal cognitive performance and learning. Sleep deprivation is associated with impairments in sustained attention, executive function, learning, memory, glucose metabolism, and appetite regulation. Effects of sleep deprivation are summarized in Box 1. Definitions of sleep deprivation and short or insufficient sleep vary greatly. In this review, total sleep deprivation (TSD) is defined as no sleep for 24 hours or more and partial sleep deprivation as up to 5 hours of sleep time within a 24-hour period. Insufficient sleep is a reduction in sleep time of a magnitude to be associated with negative outcomes. Observational and epidemiologic studies report that optimal sleep duration of 7 to 8 hours is associated with maintenance of good health. The risk of death is increased by more than 15% in those who report sleeping more than 8.5 hours or less than 3.5 to 4.5 hours per night. The United States
Atmospheric corrosion initiation on steel from predeposited NaCl salt particles in high humidity atmospheres

AbstractCorrosion initiation on steel from predeposited NaCl particles was observed in situ using an optical microscope. Corrosion did not initiate from small droplets (D 80%). Corrosion occurred under larger NaCl droplets and was accompanied by the formation of secondary droplets outside of the perimeter of the initial droplets. Sometimes, corrosion that initiated from the large NaCl droplets propagated in the form of filiform corrosion. Elemental mapping using energy dispersive X-ray analysis showed that Cl was concentrated at the filament tip, while Na migrated to the outside region of the secondary droplets. Under large NaCl droplets, there was evidence that corrosion initiated from slag based inclusions.
A Priori Estimates and Existence for Strongly Coupled Non-Linear Schrodinger Systems

We study the following system of non-linear Schrodinger equations where Ω ⊂ ℝ n (n ≥ 2) is a bounded smooth domain, and a i , b i , d i , s i ∊ ℝ and p i = (p i1,…, p ik ) ∊ Ξ are constants (for notation, see the first paragraph below). Under appropriate conditions, we derive a priori estimates and existence of positive solutions for arbitrary k ≥ 2, extending the earlier results of [14] for k = 2 to all k ≥ 2.
DNA‐templated lithography and nanofabrication for the fabrication of nanoscale electronic circuitry

The field of structural DNA nanotechnology has undergone significant expansion in recent years as exciting new techniques and understanding have been developed, allowing for the design and assembly of complex and intricate two- and three-dimensional nanostructures. Many of these designed DNA motifs have found use in precise positioning of nanomaterials and thereby can aid in studies, reactions, and assembly of other nanostructures. This review discusses the history and progression of DNA-based nanofabrication with an emphasis on the use of DNA nanostructures for electronics applications.
Assay and inhibition of diacylglycerol lipase activity

A series of N-formyl-α-amino acid esters of β-lactone derivatives structurally related to tetrahydrolipstatin (THL) and O-3841 were synthesized that inhibit human and murine diacylglycerol lipase (DAGL) activities. New ether lipid reporter compounds were developed for an in vitro assay to efficiently screen inhibitors of 1,2-diacyl-sn-glycerol hydrolysis and related lipase activities using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). A standardized thin layer chromatography (TLC) radioassay of diacylglycerol lipase activity utilizing the labeled endogenous substrate [1″-(14)C]1-stearoyl-2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol with phosphorimaging detection was used to quantify inhibition by following formation of the initial product [1″-(14)C]2-arachidonoylglycerol and further hydrolysis under the assay conditions to [1-(14)C]arachidonic acid.
Aminoglycosides in urology

Prompt management of serious urologic infections is extremely important. Kreger e t a l . 1 have ~emonstrated that early therapy with an effective antibiotic will result in improved survival ~nd a lower frequency of shock associated with :gram'negative baeteremia. As part of an effort ~6 achieve these therapeutic goals, empiric ~minoglyeoside therapy has been used s u e c e s s Iully for more than two decades. In addition, :aminoglycosides have been used prophylaeti}ally with urologic procedures and implant sur-
Diver visibility: Why one cannot see as far?

Diver visibility has been one of the key research areas in underwater vision and imaging studies. Its applications also extend into imaging system performance evaluation and prediction, which is important in MIW and ASW operations. These applications are often associated with coastal ocean waters, and this is generally translated directly into turbidity of the water column. While mostly this is the case, exceptions can lead to erroneous predictions and potentially significant consequences. We examine issues associated with such situations, both by model as well as field data, in order to reach better estimates and to explore means to compensate for such effects, to enhance diver visibility. Visibility data collected by Navy divers from clean and relatively calm waters outside Pensacola, during Sept 2001 Gorging Littoral Ocean for Warfighters (GLOW) experiments suggested a closer examination is warranted, as observed diver visibility measured at different spatial frequencies contradicts conventional model predictions. Observation data from two different days, by different divers at different depths were used. The modulation transfer of high frequency components disappears at a level much higher than those predicted by the human vision sensitivity level. Such contradictions can be resolved, once the effect of the turbulence scattering is considered using a general imaging model.
Pore Structure of Carbon−Mineral Nanocomposites and Derived Carbons Obtained by Template Carbonization

The lithium form of taeniolite, intercalated with hydroxyaluminum and hydroxyaluminum−zirconium cations, served as the molecular template for carbon−mineral nanocomposites and derived carbons. The ...
Recurrent inhibition in the rat neostriatum

During intracellular recording, in the neostriatum of rats anesthetized with urethane, the triggering of an action potential in the recorded neuron by a depolarizing pulse of current resulted in inhibition in that same neuron. This inhibition was evident through its ability to reduce the amplitude of EPSPs evoked from stimulation of substantia nigra. The shunting of SN EPSPs was shown not to be due to action potential currents. The inhibition is antagonized by the GABA blocking agent bicuculline. Intracellular labeling of recorded neurons revealed them as medium spiny neurons. It is concluded that the extensive axon collaterals of spiny projection neurons mediate recurrent inhibition, a portion of which involves autaptic synapses of a neuron back onto itself.
Properties of spacetimes that are asymptotically flat at timelike infinity

Motivated by recent work by Friedrich (1988) the author studies the class of spacetimes that are asymptotically flat at future null and timelike infinity (AFTI spacetimes). The definition of AFTI spacetimes is analogous to that of AEFANSI spacetimes in the Ashtekar-Hansen (1978) treatment of spatial infinity, but the unphysical metric is required to be Cinfinity at i+ as opposed to C>0 at i0. Given a spacetime to which I+ has already been attached, he proves that the further extension to i+ is uniquely determined. For AFTI spacetimes with suitable asymptotic stress-energy fall off, it is shown that the conformal factor may be chosen to represent the unphysical metric near i+ as a flat metric plus a smooth piece that vanishes on the boundary. Applying this gauge condition, he proves that the asymptotic symmetry algebra of such AFTI spacetimes coincides with the Poincare algebra and calculates the rate at which the Bondi 4-momentum approaches zero at i+, and shows that a projective timelike infinity satisfying most of the Eardley-Sachs (1973) conditions can be attached to such AFTI spacetimes.
Pain at Presentation and Survival in Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract Pain is a common feature of most human cancers, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The reported frequency is quite variable, however, and the prognostic significance is not clear. In this report, we examine the incidence of pain in a large HCC database derived from unresectable patients whom we have treated and examine the prognostic and clinical correlates. We report that HCC patients with pain at presentation have a worse prognosis and adverse tumor characteristics. Perspective This article presents one of the first looks at correlates of pain and survival in HCC. Results of this study could inform future research and clinical investigations regarding the importance of pain at presentation in patients with HCC, which impacts qualify of life and survival.
BMP signaling and stem cell regulation

Stem cells play an essential role in cellular specialization and pattern formation during embryogenesis and in tissue regeneration in adults. This is mainly due to a stem cell's ability to replenish itself (self-renewal) and, at the same time, produce differentiated progeny. Realization of these special stem cell features has changed the prospective of the field. However, regulation of stem cell self-renewal and maintenance of its potentiality require a complicated regulatory network of both extracellular cues and intrinsic programs. Understanding how signaling regulates stem cell behavior will shed light on the molecular mechanisms underlying stem cell self-renewal. In this review, we focus on comparing the progress of recent research regarding the roles of the BMP signaling pathway in different stem cell systems, including embryonic stem cells, germline stem cells, hematopoietic stem cells, and intestinal stem cells. We hope this comparison, together with a brief look at other signaling pathways, will bring a more balanced view of BMP signaling in regulation of stem cell properties, and further point to a general principle that self-renewal of stem cells may require a combination of maintenance of proliferation potential, inhibition of apoptosis, and blocking of differentiation.
Molecular diagnostics of injury and repair responses in critical illness: what is the future of "monitoring" in the intensive care unit?

Objective: To identify potential future means of monitoring injury and repair in critical illness. Design: Review of the literature. Results: Critically ill patients are monitored extensively and intensively by such meansas hemodynamics, laboratory values, and radiologic studies. In general, however, the goal of monitoring has been to measure the degree of injury and to prevent further injury, rather than to measure repair. Measures of repair have been limited to phenotypic end points such as return of organ function, as measured by blood chemistry. In this article, I examine how it may be possible in the future to monitor the progress of repair using genomic and proteomic biomarkers. These types of monitors would enable clinicians to control the healing environment using real time, rapid biomarkers, and sophisticated techniques to target therapy to the patient's current inflammatory state, taking into account the genetic makeup of the patient and his or her likely response to a given drug. Conclusions: The rapidly evolving sciences of genomics, proteomics, computational biology, and complex system theory can be used a) to model critical illness; b) to model adaptive and maladaptive responses to critical illness; c) to tailor treatments to create an ideal inflammatory environment for repair and regeneration, taking into account the individual genetic contribution; and d) to monitor the progress of repair. The major obstacles to reaching these goals are technological, and experience suggests that they will be overcome.
Raft Partitioning and Dynamic Behavior of Human Placental Alkaline Phosphatase in Giant Unilamellar Vesicles

Much attention has recently been drawn to the hypothesis that cellular membranes organize in functionalized platforms called rafts, enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol. The notion that glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored proteins are strongly associated with rafts is based on their insolubility in nonionic detergents. However, detergent-based methodologies for identifying raft association are indirect and potentially prone to artifacts. On the other hand, rafts have proven to be difficult to visualize and investigate in living cells. A number of studies have demonstrated that model membranes provide a valuable tool for elucidating some of the raft properties. Here, we present a model membrane system based on domain-forming giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), in which the GPI-anchored protein, human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP), has been functionally reconstituted. Raft morphology, protein raft partitioning, and dynamic behavior have been characterized by fluorescence confocal microsc...
Thermoplastic matrix phase transitions in a carbon fiber composite, studied by contact electrical resistivity measurement of the interface between two unbonded laminae

Measurement of the contact electrical resistivity of the interface between two unbonded laminae of a continuous carbon fiber thermoplastic (nylon-6) matrix composite during heating provides a method of thermal analysis that is sensitive to the glass transition and melting of the thermoplastic matrix. The phase transitions result in peaks in the resistivity, due to matrix molecular movement.
Bioactive 1,4-Dihydroxy-5-phenyl-2-pyridinone Alkaloids from Septoria pistaciarum

Four new 1,4-dihydroxy-5-phenyl-2-pyridinone alkaloids (1−4) were isolated from an EtOAc extract of a culture medium of Septoria pistaciarum. The structures of these compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods, and the absolute configuration of the major compound (1) was determined by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compound 1 exhibited moderate in vitro antiplasmodial (antimalarial) activity against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and -resistant (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum and cytotoxic activity to Vero cells. Compound 2 was moderately active against both methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus.
New evidence on the development of the word Big

Previous studies of children's understanding of big suggest a curvilinear trend. 3-year-olds, like adults, interpret big as referring to area, while 5-year-olds take big to mean tall. The results of 6 experiments indicate that the curvilinear trend is not obtained in all stimulus contexts. When objects vary extremely, younger and older children take big to mean tall. The object to which big is applied also influences whether height, length, or area is attended to. Moreover, in a production task, adults rarely used the work big to describe the stimuli with which children's understanding of big is typically tested. Taken together, the results suggest that the meaning and use of big is complex and that big may not at any age refer simply to the larger object. It is proposed that the meaning of big is a dynamic system driven by a multiple of perceptual, conceptual, and semantic influences.
Premorbid prevalence of ADHD and development of secondary ADHD after closed head injury

ABSTRACT Objective To determine premorbid prevalence of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with moderate and severe closed head injury (CHI), to determine incidence of ADHD 1 year after injury, and to characterize children who develop ADHD by demographic, neuropsychiatric, and outcome variables. Method Ninety-nine children who had severe and moderate CHI were followed up for 1 year. Premorbid and 1-year postinjury psychiatric status were ascertained by parent and child structured interviews and questionnaires measuring affective lability, aggression, apathy, and social judgment. Result Premorbid prevalence of ADHD was 0.20, significantly higher than in a reference population (0.045). Fifteen of the remaining 80 children (0.19) developed full ADHD criteria (except for age of onset) by the end of the first year. Children who developed secondary ADHD (S-ADHD) had significantly greater premorbid psychosocial adversity, posttraumatic affective lability and aggression, posttraumatic psychiatric comorbidity, and overall disability than children who did not develop S-ADHD. Conclusion There is an excess prevalence of premorbid ADHD among children who present with moderate and severe CHI. Children with high psychosocial adversity are more likely to develop S-ADHD after CHI. S-ADHD has criteria in common with personality change due to CHI, a deficit in behavioral inhibition being the major overlapping feature.
Recent progress towards an ecosystem of structured data on the Web

Google Fusion Tables aims to support an ecosystem of structured data on the Web by providing a tool for managing and visualizing data on the one hand, and for searching and exploring for data on the other. This paper describes a few recent developments in our efforts to further the ecosystem.
Firearms, Children, and Health Care Professionals

* Abbreviation: APSA — : American Pediatric Surgical Association Firearms claim the lives of >30 000 Americans annually; frequently among these are children.1 This problem is not new; it has existed for decades. One of the most publicly visible physicians of our time, C. Everett Koop, a pediatric surgeon and former Surgeon General of the United States, recognized that violence was a public health problem, and in 1985 convened a workshop to address this problem. In a follow-up editorial regarding violence, he admonished, “We can wait no longer to act” to address firearm violence.2 Nearly 3 decades later, little has changed. In that time, there have been >900 000 firearms deaths, including 100 000 children in the United States.1 Koop recognized that, “In science, you can’t hide from data.”3 Regarding pediatric firearms mortality, the data are indisputable. The recent mass shooting event at Sandy Hook Elementary School, which claimed the lives of 20 children, was compelling. The American Pediatric Surgical Association (APSA) is a professional organization composed of >1200 surgeons dedicated to the care of ill and injured children. We belong to the broader health care community whose job it frequently is to care for children injured by firearms. We have a perspective on the problem that is unique and persuasive. We have a perspective that differs from that of policy makers who are in a position to enact change in the capitals of our states and the nation. We see the lives of the victims and families altered forever by gun violence. We … Address correspondence to Michael L. Nance, MD, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Department of Surgery, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: nance{at}email.chop.edu
Neutron reflectivity measurements of homopolymer interfaces reinforced with random copolymers

Abstract The behavior of random copolymers of polystyrene (PS) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), denoted P(Sƒ—r—MMA1−ƒ), at the polymer/air, polymer/polymer and polymer/solid interfaces was investigated by neutron reflectivity. Interfacial broadening shows significant penetration of the copolymer into the adjacent homopolymer.
Infections in cancer patients: some controversial issues.

Despite more than two decades of clinical research into the management of infections in the neutropenic cancer patient, many patients still develop serious morbidity from infection and all too many still die. A number of controversies surround (a) the use of combination versus monotherapy for initial empiric administration; (b) the use of vancomycin as part of the initial regimen; (c) the origin ofStaphylococcus epidermidis infections (i.e., mostly from vascular catheters or mostly from the alimentary canal); (d) the use of acyclovir for herpes simplex prophylaxis during remission induction for acute leukemia patients not undergoing bone marrow transplantation; (e) the use of alimentary canal microbial suppression or reverse isolation in a room with laminar air flow, or both, as infection pevention techniques. Current recommendations and observations include the following. (a) Monotherapy with ceftazidime or imipenem is effective and appropriate for patients with moderate granulocytopenia at limited risk for infection with a resistant organism. Combination therapy is recommended for patients with profound, persistent granulocytopenia who are at high risk for gram-negative bacteremia; such bacteremic patients have a better prognosis with combined-modality therapy. (b) Vancomycin need not be included in the initial regimen although some centers may choose to do so because of the high prevalence of gram-positive bacteremias. (c) Despite the ubiquitous presence of indwelling vascular catheters, mostS. epidermidis infections among neutropenic patients originate from along the alimentary canal. (d) Herpes simplex infection is much more common following standard remission induction chemotherapy than previously recognized. Acyclovir will reduce these infections and concurrently probably reduce the likelihood of resultant bacterial/fungal co-infections and superinfections. (e) Selective microbial suppression is appropriate for patients expected to experience prolonged (more than 2 weeks) or profound (below 100 granulocytes/μl) granulocytopenia. Agents chosen should suppress aerobic but not anaerobic flora (maintain colonization resistance) and need to have an effect on both the oral cavity and esophagus as well as the intestines.
Bridging ties: a source of firm heterogeneity in competitive capabilities

What explains differences in firms’ abilities to acquire competitive capabilities? In this paper we propose that a firm’s embeddedness in a network of ties is an important source of variation in the acquisition of competitive capabilities. We argue that firms in geographical clusters that maintain networks rich in bridging ties and sustain ties to regional institutions are well-positioned to access new information, ideas, and opportunities. Hypotheses based on these ideas were tested on a stratified random sample of 227 job shop manufacturers located in the Midwest United States. Data were gathered using a mailed questionnaire. Results from structural equation modeling broadly support the embeddedness hypotheses and suggest a number of insights about the link between firms’ networks and the acquisition of competitive capabilities. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
TTF-NHCO2(CH2)2 O-TCNQBr and TTF-Co2(Ch2)2 O-TCNQBR, Two Potential Molecular Rectifiers

Aviram and Ratner have proposed that a molecule D-[sgrave]-A composed of a good electron donor (D) portion like tetrathiafulvalene, a good covalent electron acceptor (A) similar to 7,7,8,8–tetracya...
Vasopressin and vasopressin-receptor immunoreactivity in small-cell lung carcinoma (SCCL) cell lines: disruption in the activation cascade of V1a-receptors in variant SCCL

Abstract Four classical and three variant small-cell carcinoma of the lung (SCCL) cell lines were examined for vasopressin and vasopressin V 1a -receptor immunoreactivity. One of these classical cell lines, NCI-H345, and one variant cell line, NCI-H82, were further investigated for binding of V 1 and V 2 vasopressin-receptor antagonists, vasopressin-induced calcium mobilization, and vasopressin-induced thymidine uptake. All classical and variant SCCL cell lines examined contained vasopressin and vasopressin-receptors as determined by immunocytochemistry. Both NCI-H82 and NCI-H345 demonstrated similar binding patterns with the V 1 and V 2 vasopressin-receptor antagonists, indicating the presence of both receptor subtypes. For the classical cell line (NCI-H345), vasopressin (1 μM) induced an increase in cytosolic free calcium, while the peptide was ineffective at increasing cytosolic calcium in the variant cell line (NCI-H82). However, vasopressin (0.1 or 1 μM) was unable to stimulate thymidine uptake in the classical (NCI-H345) or variant (NCI-H82) cell lines for the conditions used. These results indicate that both classical and variant SCCL produce vasopressin, and vasopressin V 1a and V 2 receptors. In the variant cell line, there appears to be a disruption in the activation cascade for V 1a receptors as indicated by the lack of vasopressin-induced calcium mobilization.
Data Mining for Product/Mold Design of Free-Form Geometry

In recent years, a large amount of CAD data can be created and transferred easily during the product design process, as well as for the corresponding mold design. A major challenge is how to define and calculate the similarity between free-form geometries with regard to their shape, in order to expedite the retrieval process and provide useful information to the users. Different approaches are proposed to find the level of similarity for models in B-Rep structure or polygonal mesh. Gaussian curvature values are mapped into the two-dimensional space, and a shape-based measure is obtained using statistical methods to represent the level of similarity. Then the comparison of substructures provides additional information about shape and topology. These approaches can be applied to models under various transformations, and shows potential associations among geometries belonging to a single product/mold design, or from different ones. The proposed method can also be used to develop data mining techniques for large product/mold databases.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Infrared Spectrum of the H3N−HI Complex in Solid Ne, Ar, Ne/Ar, Kr, and N2. Comparisons of Matrix Effects on Hydrogen-Bonded Complexes

Ammonia and hydrogen iodide vapors from the thermal decomposition of NH4I were codeposited with excess neon at 5 K to form the H3N−HI complex. New 630, 1192, and 3435 cm-1 infrared absorptions are assigned to the antisymmetric N−H−I stretching, symmetric NH3 bending, and antisymmetric NH3 stretching modes of the 1:1 complex. Vibrational assignments are supported by 15NH3, ND4I, and mixed H/D isotopic substitution. Complementary experiments were done with argon, neon/argon mixtures, krypton, and nitrogen to investigate the 1:1 complex in a range of matrix environments and to compare with previous work using the reagent gases. The above modes are shifted to 592, 1259, and 3400 cm-1 in solid argon owing to an increased interaction with the more polarizable argon matrix atoms. Neon and 2% argon mixtures gave intermediate absorptions, which evolved to the pure argon values on annealing to allow diffusion. The strong nitrogen matrix infrared absorption at 1955 cm-1 shifts approximately 4 cm-1 with 15N-substitut...
Formation of parallel meteor trail pairs as associated with their buoyant rise

Abstract In this paper we present numerical computations designed to demonstrate effects associated with the buoyant rise of the hot persistent meteor trails produced by large Leonid meteors. We show that, for a horizontally oriented cylinder of hot air, it is an inherent feature of the buoyant acceleration process that the rising cylinder divides into a pair of counter-rotating linear vortices. Computations are presented that were designed to model the conditions existing in two specific cases of large Leonid meteors for which we had photographs showing the evolution of the double trails. Some computed results are shown together with a photograph, and along with ancillary data on the amount of sodium in the trail and relative intensities of sodium emission and broadband visible and near-IR emission associated with the O 2 “atmospheric” band.
Cycle-resolved measurements of in-cylinder constituents during diesel engine transients and insight into their impact on emissions

Diesel engine transients, in particular the rapid increase of load from idle, lead to significant excursions of operating parameters from normal, steady-state operation. A typical transient event is initiated by a sudden increase of fuelling followed by a turbo lag period. The trajectories of key parameters, such as boost pressure, air/fuel ratio, and amount of residual in the cylinder, depend on the complex interplay between the control system behaviour, actuator response, and time scales of physical processes. The end result is a significant deviation of the combustion event and emission formation. For example, it has been shown that transient spikes of soot may be responsible for up to half of total particulate emissions during a city driving cycle.The present paper introduces an experimental technique to quantify cycle-resolved pre-combustion in-cylinder constituents during transient engine operation and uses measurements to generate insight into mechanisms that cause increased emissions during a dies...
Selection for High and Low Oxygen Consumption in Chickens

Abstract In selection for high and low oxygen consumption in chickens at 3 weeks of age, highly significant differences between unselected progeny of selected parents have been found in 7 of 11 generations. The difference between lines in the 11th generation was 1.40 milliliters of oxygen per 100 grams of body weight per minute. In the same generation progeny of the low oxygen line had an average 8-week weight 62 grams heavier than the high oxygen line. This difference was highly significant. Foundation birds were Athens-Canadian Randombreds. More than 6,700 birds were observed in the study.