cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impact of heart failure drug therapy on rates of gastrointestinal bleeding in LVAD recipients: An INTERMACS analysis:

Introduction:Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) remains a common and vexing complication of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) support. Recent single-center analyses suggest that ACE inhibitors (AC...
Patronage at Work: Public Jobs and Political Services in Argentina

In countries around the world, politicians distribute patronage jobs to supporters in exchange for a wide range of political services – such as helping with campaigns and electoral mobilization. Patronage employees (clients) engage in these political activities that support politicians (patrons) because their fates are tied to the political fate of their patrons. Although conventional wisdom holds that control of patronage significantly increases an incumbent's chance of staying in power, we actually know very little about how patronage works. Drawing on in-depth interviews, survey data, and survey experiments in Argentina, Virginia Oliveros details the specific mechanisms that explain the effect of patronage on political competition. This fascinating study is the first to provide a systematic analysis of the political activities of mid and low-level public employees in Latin America. It provides a novel explanation of the enforcement of patronage contracts that has wider implications for understanding the functioning of clientelist exchanges.
Thermal evolution of water and hydrogen from Apollo lunar regolith grains

Abstract The evolution of water and molecular hydrogen from Apollo lunar sample 15221, a mature mare soil, was examined by temperature program desorption (TPD) experiments conducted under ultra-high vacuum conditions. Desorption at the grain/vacuum interface with re-adsorption as water transports though the void space of the grains and activated sub-surface diffusion were found to reproduce the experimental TPD signal. Signal from the grain/vacuum interface yielded the second order desorption activation energies and site probability distributions. Water from sample 15221 exhibited a broad distribution of activation energies peaking at 130 kJ mol−1 extending up to 350 kJ mol−1 at zero coverage limit with an onset of 110 kJ mol−1 at full coverage. Our results suggest that water and hydrogen originating from lunar regolith contributes a minor amount to the observed mass in the LCROSS impact event. The abnormal amount of molecular hydrogen observed in the ejecta plume of the LCROSS impact may indicate that the radiolytic production of H2 from electron and galatic cosmic rays of physisorbed water is a contributor to the vast quantity of molecular hydrogen detected.
Techniques and software tool for 3D multimodality medical image segmentation

The era of noninvasive diagnostic radiology and image-guided radiotherapy has witnessed burgeoning interest in applying different imaging modalities to stage and localize complex diseases such as atherosclerosis or cancer. It has been observed that using complementary information from multimodality images often significantly improves the robustness and accuracy of target volume definitions in radiotherapy treatment of cancer. In this work, we present techniques and an interactive software tool to support this new framework for 3D multimodality medical image segmentation. To demonstrate this methodology, we have designed and developed a dedicated open source software tool for multimodality image analysis “MIASYS”. The software tool aims to provide a needed solution for 3D image segmentation by integrating automatic algorithms, manual contouring methods, image preprocessing filters, postprocessing procedures, user interactive features and evaluation metrics. The presented methods and the accompanying software tool have been successfully evaluated for different radiation therapy and diagnostic radiology applications.
Community‐Based Resource Management in Turkey: ‘Je Participe, Tu Participes, Il Participe… Ils Profitent’1

The current discourse and practice of natural resource management rest on the assumption that participatory decision-making mechanisms offer efficient and equitable policy solutions. There is increasing recognition, however, that such mechanisms might fail in ensuring effective participation of all stakeholders and, consequently, be prone to (re)producing inequalities and remaining ineffective in environmental protection. Taking this observation as a backdrop, this study addresses the under-investigated implications of state–society relationships on the operation of participatory processes. By employing a unique combination of data provided by focus groups, in-depth interviews, and a survey administered to 377 individuals, it analyses the ‘failure’ of participatory decision making within the context of an internationally-funded environmental conservation project in Sultan Sazligi, Turkey. The article argues that the specific manifestations of state–society relationships and the political economy dynamics at the local level account for this failure. It shows that local materializations of state behaviour, interacting with local inequalities and perceptions of the decision-making process, impinge on effective participation. In emphasizing that the capability of different groups to participate is shaped by the state in important ways, this article calls for more research on the political economy of state–society relationships and community-based resource management.
Looking for International Knowledge Spillovers A Review of the Literature with Suggestions for New Approaches

This paper reviews the recent empirical literature on international knowledge spillovers. I start by summarizing the theoretical models that have highlighted the potential importance of these spillovers. Then, drawing upon the older micro productivity research tradition, I lay out a simple conceptual framework (though not a formal theoretical framework) for thinking about the various kinds of knowledge transfers that may exist, how they might be mediated, and the means by which their effects might be traced empirically. I then review some influential empirical papers, demonstrating that empirical work to date may very well not have identified the effects the authors set out to measure. Finally, I describe some promising new approaches which may allow researchers in this field to identify more precisely, both conceptually and empirically, certain kinds of international knowledge spillovers.
Transpositional Mutagenesis of Thiobacillus novellus and Thiobacillus versutus.

Transpositional mutagenesis of Thiobacillus novellus by Tn501 was achieved by means of the incompatibility of IncP plasmids. Tn501 insertion caused three types of mutant phenotypes: isoleucine auxotrophy, lysine auxotrophy, and a reduced ability to oxidize reduced sulfur compounds and to fix CO2. Oxidation rates for elemental sulfur (S0), thiosulfate (S2O32−), and tetrathionate (S4O62−) in mutants of the latter type were reduced relative to those of the nonmutant control strain. Incorporation of labeled bicarbonate (H14CO3−) was also significantly impaired. Although suicide vehicles were not useful for the introduction of transposons into T. novellus, this method was effective for the Tn1721-induced mutagenesis of Thiobacillus versutus. Tn1721 insertions resulted in the loss of the natural resistance of T. versutus to arsenate and gentamicin and in auxotrophies for isoleucine-valine, arginine, phenylalanine, valine, and panthothenate. Transpositional mutagenesis by either method should prove to be a useful tool for further study of these and other members of the genus Thiobacillus.
Transmetallation reactions of tetranuclear copper(II) complexes. I. Crystal and molecular structures of an intermediate and a final product of reaction of di-μ-oxo-tetra[chloro(DENC)copper(II)],(DENC = N,N-diethylnicotinamide) with [Zn(N2S2], (N2S2 = diacetyl-bis-hydrazonato-S-methyl-carboditithioate) in aprotic solvents

Abstract Di-μ-oxo-tetra[chloro(DENC)copper(II)],[(DENC)CuCl]4O2, (DENC) = N,N-diethylnicotinamide) reacts with two moles of dimeric [Zn(N2S2]2), (N2S2 = diacethyl-bis-hydrazonato-S-methyl-carbodithioate) to give 2 moles of [Cu(N2S2]2 and a variety of zinc containing products, including zinc(II) oxide. The crystal and molecular structures of the intermediate five-coordinate complex Zn(N2S2)(DENC), A, and a final product, di-μ-(N,N-diethylnicotinamide-O,N)-tetrachlorodizinc(II), B, from this interesting metal exchange reaction are reported. Although the ultimate products are the same, no intermediate analog of A is detected with monomeric tetrahedral Zn(NS)2 reactants. Complex A crystallizes in the triclinic space group P 1 with Z = 2 in a cell of dimensions a = 10.258(1), b = 10.708(1), c = 12.548(1) A, α = 107.69(1), β = 99.70(1), γ = 106.49(1)°. Complex B also crystallizes in space group P1 with Z = 2 but in a cell of dimensions a = 9.427(4), b = 14.106(6), c = 8.589(3) A, α = 120.87(3), β = 116.17(3), γ = 106.76(3)°.
Targeted tandem mass spectrometry for high-throughput comparative proteomics employing NanoLC-FTICR MS with external ion dissociation

Targeted tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) is an attractive proteomic approach that allows selective identification of peptides exhibiting abundance differences, e.g., between culture conditions and/or diseased states. Herein, we report on a targeted LC-MS/MS capability realized with a hybrid quadrupole-7 tesla Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) mass spectrometer that provides data-dependent ion selection, accumulation, and dissociation external to the ICR trap, and a control software that directs intelligent MS/MS target selection based on LC elution time and m/z ratio. We show that the continuous on-the-fly alignment of the LC elution time during the targeted LC-MS/MS experiment, combined with the high mass resolution of FTICR MS, is crucial for accurate selection of targets, whereas high mass measurement accuracy MS/MS data facilitate unambiguous peptide identifications. Identification of a subset of differentially abundant proteins from Shewanella oneidensis grown under suboxic versus aerobic conditions demonstrates the feasibility of such approach.
Restenosis After Successful Percutaneous Transluminal Coronary Angioplasty: Serial Angiographic Follow-Up of 229 Patients

To further understand the temporal mode and mechanisms of coronary restenosis, 229 patients were studied by prospective angiographic follow-up on day 1 and at 1, 3 and 6 months and 1 year after successful percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty. Quantitative measurement of coronary stenosis was achieved by cinevideodensitometric analysis. Actuarial restenosis rate was 12.7% at 1 month, 43.0% at 3 months, 49.4% at 6 months and 52.5% at 1 year. In 219 patients followed up for ≥3 months, mean stenosis diameter was 1.91 ± 0.53 mm immediately after coronary angioplasty, 1.72 ± 0.52 mm on day 1, 1.86 ± 0.58 mm at 1 month and 1.43 ± 0.67 mm at 3 months. In 149 patients followed up for ≥6 months, mean stenosis diameter was 1.66 ± 0.58 mm at 3 months and 1.66 ± 0.62 mm at 6 months. In 73 patients followed up for 1 year, mean stenosis diameter was 1.65 ± 0.56 mm at 6 months and 1.66 ± 0.57 mm at 1 year. Thus, stenosis diameter decreased markedly between 1 month and 3 months after coronary angioplasty and reached a plateau thereafter. In conclusion, restenosis is most prevalent between 1 and 3 months and rarely occurs beyond 3 months after coronary angioplasty.
The experimental adrenogenital syndrome in the frog.

COMPARATIVE endocrinology has uncovered such diversities in the hormonal reactions of various vertebrate species, that inferences from animal experimentation in relation to normal or pathologic conditions in man, certainly should be drawn only with great caution. However, progress in this field already seems to indicate that large taxonomic groups adhere to one or another of a few endocrine types. Thus, striking similarities exist between hormonal responses in salamanders, birds, and marsupials (opossum), whereas ranid amphibians seem closer to the eutherian mammals. Whether such relationships have some evolutionary basis cannot as yet be said. In the experiments here to be reported, significant parallels are seen in the reactions of frog larvae to estrogenic hormones on the one hand, and various aspects of the adrenogenital syndromes in man on the other.
Synthesis, mobility, and conductivity of well-defined regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) and diblock copolymers of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (RR-P3HT) has been a benchmark for organic field effect transistors containing a conjugated polymer. Here, we focus on a new class of materials that we have developed: block copolymers of RRP3HT and of a non-conjugated polymer. By varying the physical properties of the non-conjugated segment, it is possible to fine-tune the physical and electrical properties of the copolymer for various device applications. Here, we report the synthesis, UV-Vis, and conductivity of a series of block copolymers of RR-P3HT containing poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) as the second segment. We also present preliminary results of these polymers in FET devices. We find that despite the presence of the insulating segment, these polymers have relatively high mobilities, especially when the substrate is treated with octyltrichlorosilane. For example, a mobility of 0.03 cm 2 V -1 s -1 is reported for the block copolymer P3HT- b -PMA containing 41 mole % PMA, for a film drop-cast from a chloroform solution under ambient conditions. This work demonstrates that using block copolymers is a good approach for improving the material's properties while maintaining a high solid-state order that is critical for good OFET performance.
Ivestigation of the behaviour of water on the surface of modified silica using differential scanning calorimetry

Abstract The melting behaviour of water in contact with 60 aA, 150 aA, and 300 aA silica surfaces was studied using differential scanning calorimetry. In addition to the melting of bulk water, peaks that are diagnostic of the interaction of water with the surface are observed. The behaviour of these peaks as a function of the properties of the silica surface have shown that the pore size and surface activity have the greatest effect on the behaviour of water. This behaviour was compared to the melting behaviour of water on the surface of the 60 aA and 300 aA silicas modified with alkyl silane ligands. The silicas were modified with increasing bonding densities of trimethylsilane, octysilane, and octadecylsilane. The behaviour of the melting peaks associated with the water perturbed by the surface was altered as the bonding density and the chain length were increased. The modification of the surface resulted in the prevention of the interaction of water with the surface silanols. The longer chains also blocked the silanol sites by steric hindrance of the surface.
On the convergence of the empirical mass function

Abstract We show that the empirical mass function associated with a sequence of i.i.d. discrete random variables converges in l r at the ( n / log 2 n ) 1 / 2 rate, for all r ≥ 2 . For r 2 the rate is shown to fail for heavy-tailed distributions. The threshold case of r = 2 is explored in detail.
Multilayer field evaporation patterns

Abstract Multilayer field evaporation patterns of the fee metals, Ir, Pt, Rh, and the bcc metals, W, Ta, Mo, exhibit sharp networks of dark zones. These patterns are explained as ion-optical effects resulting from deviations of ion-trajectories from an exactly radial projection, as the emitter is a polyhedron rather than a sphere. Step widths on vicinals of major zone lines are retained during progressing evaporation, thereby projecting the ions into fixed directions while keeping the zone image itself dark. The bright [110] zones on fee metals reflect a focusing effect of long atom chains across the zones. Circular intensity features around the basal planes depend upon the step-wise shift of local magnification each time a residual central plane collapses. If as we surmise multilayer desorption image features are predominantly due to tip morphology, they should also be contained in the conventional field ion image, although partially hidden by brightness effects due to varying local gas supply and the large scattering disc of a single atom image. Using multilayer sequences of field ion micrographs we map the location of each atom before it evaporates as a small dot to simultate the sharpness of a single ion spot of a field desorption image. We also use another less subjective photographic superposition method. As these FIM techniques display the three essential features of the multilayer FDM image, the hypothesis of general pre-evaporation local surface migration needs not to be invoked for explaining the FDM image.
Opioids for severe pain: little change over 15 years.

To the Editor: In a recent article in the New England Journal of Medicine , Morrison et al. 1 highlighted the difficulty that patients (particularly those who live in nonwhite neighborhoods) experience when trying to fill prescriptions for opioid analgesics, and prompted us to review our experience over the last 15 years. In the mid-1980’s, we conducted surveys to determine the availability of opioid analgesics in New York City 2 and nationally. 3 A telephone survey of 33 randomly selected pharmacies in the Bronx, New York (response rate, 66%) found that 17 stocked no Class II opioids (drugs requiring triplicate prescriptions in New York State). Only three pharmacies routinely stocked hydromorphone, oral morphine or methadone, the drugs most appropriately used for the treatment of severe cancer pain. We then contacted 94 randomly selected pharmacies in all five boroughs of New York (response rate 84%); 27 (29%) stocked no Class II opioids and fewer than 15% stocked any of the opioids preferred for cancer pain. Fear of robbery and lack of demand were the most commonly cited reasons for not stocking the drugs. We subsequently conducted a survey of 1,121 pharmacies nationally, in collaboration with the National Association of Retail Druggists. Nearly all kept an oxycodone preparation in stock, but only 38.5% carried an oral morphine preparation and only 56% said they stocked methadone. Problems of access to opioid analgesics have a long history. Although Morrison et al.’s finding that 49% of pharmacies had “complete” or “nearly complete” stocks of opioids seems a small step in the right direction, the numbers are still troubling and disparities across neighborhoods add a new concern about the medically underserved. Even if a pharmacist is willing to order an opioid, the failure to maintain a stock can burden those with new prescriptions or changing doses, and those who need emergency supplies. Unfortunately, these scenarios are common and the lack of immediate access becomes one more problem, contributing to the undertreatment of pain. The failure to stock opioid drugs because of “lack of demand” is an enduring problem reflecting a broader reluctance to use opioids. 4,5 Inadequate physician training, problematic attitudes and fears on the part of physicians, nurses and patients, and regulatory barriers all compound the problem. The continuing lack of access to opioid drugs in pharmacies, particularly those in disadvantaged or minority neighborhoods, is a small but important element in a decades long tragedy of undertreated pain in this country.
A summary of the effects of antihypertensive medications on measured blood pressure.

Background Epidemiologic analysis of family data on blood pressure (BP) is often compromised by the effects of antihypertensive medications. A review of numerous clinical trials that investigated the effects of BP-lowering medications is summarized here. Methods Published clinical trials, including 137 clinical trials with monodrug therapies and 28 clinical trials of combination drug therapies with a total of 11,739 participants, were reviewed from PubMed. Six major classes/groups of antihypertensive medications were categorized by ethnicity, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, α1-blockers, cardioselective β-blockers (β1-blockers), calcium channel blockers, thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics, and loop diuretics. Results Using sitting or supine BP, for ethnic groups combined, monodrug therapy with ACE inhibitors showed a weighted average effect of lowering the systolic and diastolic BP by 12.5/9.5 mm Hg; α1-blockers by 15.5/11.7 mm Hg; β1-blockers by 14.8/12.2 mm Hg; calcium channel blockers by 15.3/10.5 mm Hg; thiazide diuretics by 15.3/9.8 mm Hg; and loop diuretics by 15.8/8.2 mm Hg. However, ACE inhibitors, α1-blockers, and β1-blockers were less effective in African Americans than in non-African Americans, whereas calcium channel blockers, thiazide diuretics, and loop diuretics were more effective in African Americans than in non-African Americans. For two-drug combination therapy with ethnic groups combined, the BP-lowering effect of the second medication, when compared to its effect as monodrug therapy, was 84% and 65% for systolic and diastolic BP, respectively. Conclusions The BP-lowering effects reported here may be used to impute the pretreatment BP levels, which can improve the information content and hence the power of epidemiologic analysis in studies where use of antihypertensive medications is a confounding factor in the BP measurements.
Successful treatment of headache related to intravenous immunoglobulin with antimigraine medications

In order to investigate headache related to intravenous immunoglobulin, we studied a 36-year-old woman with a history of migraine receiving weekly intravenous immunoglobulin for refractory myasthenia gravis who experienced severe headaches with each treatment. Neurological examination, CT scan of the head, and a lumbar puncture after the first headache were normal. Significant therapeutic response was based upon 50% reduction in pain and associated features. Headache features included throbbing pain which worsened with head movement and was associated with severe photophobia and nausea. Sumatriptan, 6 mg subcutaneous, reduced headache significantly with resolution of associated complaints. Treatment prior to intravenous immunoglobulin with dihydroergotamine mesylate resulted in development of only a mild dull ache without further development of severe head pain. Dihydroergotamine mesylate was also abortive in the few instances when the headache worsened. Headaches associated with intravenous immunoglobulin may have features of migraine and may be successfully prevented and/or treated with 5-HT1D receptor agonists.
Exponential sums and certain hypergeometric type initial value problems

A technique involving exponential functions is given for constructing solutions or approximate solutions of hypergeometric problems of the form in which The method makes use of undetermined coefficients for solving an infinite system of coupled differential equations and leads to simple criteria for deciding when the solution must contain logarithmic terms. An elementary algorithm for solving linear non-homogeneous two term recurrence relations is provided.
Lactoperoxidase-catalyzed oxidation of melanin by reactive nitrogen species derived from nitrite (NO2-): an EPR study.

The reaction of synthetic DOPA melanin (DM) with lactoperoxidase (LPO), hydrogen peroxide, and nitrite (NO2−) has been investigated using EPR. We observed that in the presence of nitrite LPO/H2O2 generated large amount of melanin radicals, as evidenced by a strong, up to 11-fold, increase in the intensity of the melanin EPR signal. In contrast, when nitrite was omitted the increase was much less, ca. 30%, which, nevertheless, indicates that DM can be metabolized directly by LPO/H2O2. When the nitrite was present, the concentration of melanin radicals was linearly dependent on [NO2−] (for [NO2−] <5 mM), and increased when [LPO] and [H2O2] increased (at constant [NO2−]). We propose that the mechanism for the generation of melanin radicals by the LPO/H2O2/nitrite system involves oxidation of NO2− by LPO/H2O2 to a reactive metabolite, most likely the nitrogen dioxide radical (•NO2), which subsequently reacts with melanin 5,6-dihydroxyindole subunits producing the respective semiquinone radicals. Because melanin and •NO2 generating systems (nitrite, peroxidase enzymes, hydrogen peroxide) may coexist in cells in vivo, our results suggest that melanin could function as a natural scavenger of this highly reactive nitrogen species. This property may be relevant to the physiological functions of the melanin pigments in vivo.
Gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in lunar samples.

Neutron activation analyses of gallium, germanium, indium, and iridium in eight lunar samples and in meteorites and rocks (including four calciulnrich achondrites and five terrestrial basalts) with similar bulk compositions are reported. Lunar gallium concentrations are remarkably constant at about 5 parts per million, three times higher and four times lower than those in eucritic (calcium-rich) achondrites and terrestrial basalts, respectively. Lunar germanium concentrations range from ≤ 0.04 to 0.4 part per million. Basaltic achondrites have similar germanium concentrations, whereas those in terrestrial basalts are uniformly higher at about 1.4 parts per million. Concentrations of indium in Ilunar samples range from 3 to 60 parts per billion, whereas those in terrestrial basalts are 80 to 100 parts per billion, and those in basaltic achondrites 0.4 to 3 parts per billion. Lunar iridium concentrations appear to be in the 0.1 to 10 parts per billion range. The Tranquillitatis samples are distinctly different from calcium-rich achondrites and terrestrial basalts.
What are experts for

Knowledge engineering is the term given to the process of developing expert systems and knowledge engineers are the people who acquire the requisite knowledge from experts and structure that knowledge into a useable computer program. As knowledge engineering becomes a more accepted technology, there is increasing concern about attendant social costs, such as job displacement or possible exploitation of experts. This paper reports on our efforts to explore this latter issue by scrutinizing how knowledge engineers think about the domain expert and the role that person plays in system development. To accomplish this aim, we asked several samples of novice engineers to write story completions to a preamble that describes a knowledge engineer encountering a reluctant expert who may be fearing job loss if the system is implemented. The resulting accounts were content-analysed for insights as to how novice system builders think about experts. The results indicate that experts are conceived more as a tool to be used rather than a person to be respected.
Charters, corporations and codes: entry restriction in modern banking law

This paper examines the evolution of the legal foundation under which commercial banks operated in different countries. The earliest incorporated banks were established under charters issued by sovereigns or legislatures. Subsequently, charters were issued: (1) though corporation law; or (2) via special banking codes. Countries that concentrated their note issues in central banks earlier were less in need of detailed banking codes and were, therefore, more likely to have allowed banks to operate under general corporation laws. By contrast, countries in which note issue was not centralised were more likely to have established a detailed banking code.
Materials and methods for 3D optical storage memory

A means for writing and reading information in a 3D volume storage memory is presented. Two structures of a photochromic materials are utilized as the write and read forms of an optical storage memory induced by two photon processes. The spectroscopic properties and physical characteristics of these materials and the stability of the two forms are discussed.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A load-balanced congestion-aware wireless network-on-chip design for multi-core platforms

Integration of hundreds of processors on a chip will become practical thanks to ultra-deep submicron VLSI technology. As wiring delay becomes a bottleneck for a scalable design, on-chip interconnects turn into the critical issues for system performance and reliability. To mitigate long wiring delay impact, wireless on-chip communication infrastructures featuring hybrid mechanisms exploiting both wired and wireless communications have been proposed. By shortening long distance transmission latency and lowering wired network overhead, overall system transfer latency and energy dissipation are improved accordingly. However, unbalanced traffic management reduces the benefit of high speed wireless links so that wired networks also degrade accordingly. To extract the best performance for these hybrid networks, an intelligent congestion-aware router design is needed to balance traffic load and eliminate congestion delay. A sophisticated routing scheme accommodating more throughput and featuring light weight congestion-aware mechanism which uses the number of blocking buffers as a guideline to avoid serious congestion was designed and evaluated. Modified 7-port routers achieve better performance and the proposed routing algorithm successfully eliminates congestion scenarios and efficiently balances traffic loads. This is the first work to exchange congestion information locally and globally to improve network utilization and transmission quality. The experimental results showed significant improvement in transfer latency, network throughput and power efficiency with moderate hardware cost overhead.
Can We Talk About Race? and Other Conversations in an Era of School Resegregation By Beverly Daniel Tatum

This book combines practical advice with historical underpinnings of current educational practice and should be required reading for those who work closely with college students.
Behaviour of an avian predator in an experiment simulating batesian mimicry.

Abstract Investigations of the behaviour of an avian predator, Parus atricapillus, in an experiment simulating Batesian mimicry are reported. Seeds painted either orange or green were used as prey (simulating models, their mimics, and non-mimetics), with the models dipped into quinine hydrochloride to make them noxious. The birds learned to discriminate, by external colour only, noxious models, with their corresponding mimics (one colour) from the tasteful non-mimetics (the other colour). This discrimination took the form of: (1) acceptance of non-mimetics and rejection of models and their mimics, (2) refusal to eat many of the tasteful mimics accepted (in apparent contradiction of the birds' gustatory senses), (3) a greater time lapse before accepting a mimic than before accepting a non-mimetic seed, and (4) a variety of abnormal activities before accepting a mimic. The last three points are new, and evolutionary significant findings in predator behaviour relevant to the phenomenon of Batesian mimicry.
INSTABILITY IN PRICES OF SELECTED NON-VEGETARIAN COMMODITIES IN INDIA: AN ANALYSIS OF POST-LIBERALISATION PERIOD

Instability in prices of agricultural commodities has implications on various sectors of the economy and livelihood of millions of rural households. Liberalisation of the economy since early 1990s is believed to import the instability in the international prices to the domestic prices. The present study has analysed the instability in the prices of non-milk livestock commodities in India since liberalisation. There was a general rise in the prices of the livestock commodities but during the later periods, rising trend has decelerated for all commodities. The instability has also declined during the recent periods, except for a few commodities. The study has also decomposed the prices into its constituent components, viz. seasonal, trend and cyclical and irregular components. The seasonal effects are generally high during the periods of December to June. The variability in the cyclical and irregular components was found to increase during the later periods. The effect of these factors varied across commodities.
Composite separation units and their application in dialysis for the isolation of intermediate-sized molecules

Abstract Composite separation units (i.e. assemblages of similar elementary separation units) are studied. Dialysis is used as an example of a basic unit. The overall input-output response of a composite group made up of a system of interconnected dialyzers is developed in relation to the system configuration. In certain flow configurations, a composite dialyzer has the permeability characteristics of a band-pass filter. Since the selectivity of composite dialyzer systems can be amplified by repeating the units in a cascading manner, a specific solute of intermediate permeability can, in principle, be extracted from a complex multicomponent solution.
Steric and electronic effects of sulfur on CO adsorbed on Pd(100)

Abstract The mechanism of sulfur poisoning was studied on the Pd(100) surface using TPD, HREELS, and LEED for sulfur coverages ranging from zero to saturation (0.5 monolayer). A rapid initial decrease in the CO saturation coverage at 80 K was observed up to a sulfur coverage of about 0.1 ML. Coincident with this coverage decrease the formation of high-density CO compression structures is blocked as revealed by LEED. Thereafter the CO coverage declines linearly in a nearly 1:1 ratio with the addition of adsorbed sulfur. For low θ CO the CO stretching frequency increased from 1895 to 1925 cm −1 as the sulfur coverage was increased from zero to saturation. The CO singleton frequency at θ s =0.50 is slightly less than the reported C 12 O singleton stretching frequency in the presence of 0.5 monolayer of C 13 O, indicating that adsorbed sulfur has less effect on the CO bond than adsorbed CO itself at this coverage. The observed value of the CO stretching frequency at CO saturation coverage decreases with increasing sulfur coverage. This net decrease in ν (CO) with θ s for saturation coverage by CO coincides with the reduction in CO coverage in the presence of adsorbed sulfur. Sulfur does not appear to change the bridge-site preference of adsorbed CO, and the decrease in the saturation coverage for 0 θ s θ s =0.15. This effect appears to be due to COCO coupling transferring the local changes in frequency caused by sulfur to the entire adsorbed layer.
Manifest anxiety and perceptual sensitization to threat objects

The basic assumption implicit in the use of the MAS score as a measure of drive is that the score reflects differences in emotional responsiveness. Taylor (1956) suggested rwo alternative hypotheses concerning the conditions under which the emotionality is aroused: (a) "The test score reflects differences in a chronic emotional state" or (b) the "scores reflect different potentialities for anxiety arousal" (p. 306). The first hypothesis implies performance differences among anxious and non-anxious Ss whether or not there is any "threat" in the siruations, whereas the second implies differences only in those situations where threat (noxious stimulation, stress) is a component. The present study was designed to test the tenability of these alternate hypotheses in terms of the perceptual consequences of anxiety level. According to the first hypothesis it would be expected that: (a) higher accuracy of complex form recognition would be obtained with low, than with high, anxiety Ss and (b) association of failure with complex forms should impair performance of low anxiety Ss less than that of high anxiety Ss. Twelve males and 12 females were selected from the upper and lower 15 per cents of the distribution for 163 junior high school students on the Children's Manifest Anxiery Scale. Stimulus material was 12 cards, each containing 4 Blacky Pictures used in a previous experiment (Smock, 1956). Each card was exposed for .18 sec., S indicating on each trial the location of the pre-selected picture. Each S was first administered a Baseline Smies (each pimre "located" 8 times), then a task in which one picture was associated with "failure" (Critical Picture) and one with "success" (Control Picture), and lastly a Test Series of 48 trials in which the Critical and the Control Pictures were to be "located" 24 times each. The results indicated no difference in perceptual accuracy attributable to High and Low anxiety or to interactions in the Baseline Series. Analysis of variance of accuracy for the Test Series yielded F ratios of 8.71 (# < .01) for Critical vs. Control, and 24.84 (p < ,001) for the interaction of Critical-Control and Anxiety Level but no significant main effects for anxiety. The means for the High group were Critical, 13.85, and Control, 11.96; and for the Low group, Critical, 10.71 and Control, 15.42. The "failure" picture then, was associated with relatively high perceptual accuracy of the High Anxiety Ss, whereas the opposite was true for the Low Anxiety group. These findings offer no support for Prediction a and are opposite in direction to that predicted by Prediction b. Thus, the MAS scores appear to reflect an individual's sensitization to threatening components of stimulus situations rather than differences in chronic emotional status.
Nonintrusive diagnostic techniques for measurements on coal-combustion systems

Abstract We present an overview of non-intrusive diagnostic techniques that are suitable for measurements on coal-combustion systems. In situ measurements require the use of procedures with high penetration depths in optically opaque two- or three-phase systems. Useful non-intrusive procedures are available for measurements of atomic constituents. Acoustic and microwave techniques have been employed and provide data on solid-phase mass flows, temperatures, velocities, and species concentrations. Data of the type needed for combustor modeling in order to effect real-time process control or combustor scaling have not been obtained and will require the development of new diagnostic tools such as X-ray and microwave or long-wavelength infrared tomography.
The Place of Gestalt Theory in the Dynamics of Demand

IN THE PAST, the leading theory of consumers' demand has been that of the decreasing marginal utility of identical units, or the increasing elasticity of substitution. This theory treats demand as of identical units at a given moment of time. It is perfectly correct so far as it goes, but as an explanation of demand it does not go very far. Atomistic as it is, it does nothing to explain any laws by which demand for one good or service reacts on demand for another, either encouraging or discouraging such demand; nor does it in any way cast light on the increasing tendency in our society for consumption to take place in terms of aggregations of units fused, as it were, into a new whole which is something different from the mere sum of its parts. The Gestalt theory is by no means all that is required for a dynamic theory of demand, but it is necessary as a part of such theory. The Gestalt theory, known to psychologists for a generation, and already productively utilized not only in psychology but also in education, sociology, and anthropology, has been knocking at the gate of economics for a dozen years. At last, in the field of consumption economics, it is beginning to be welcomed. Briefly, the basis of Gestalt theory is that our perception or experience is made up not merely of separate units of perception and experience added one to another, but of configurations, that is integrations of such units mutually interacting to form a whole that has a value somewhat different from the sum of the units separately. As Koffka1 puts it:
Differences in Pre-service Teachers' Attitudes about Classroom Management: Elementary and Secondary Perspectives

﻿Classroom management as the most sought after skills in educators, and classroom management skills are viewed as markers of teacher effectiveness. In the face of larger and more diverse types of teacher-training formats, the development of classroom management skills and resources is often accomplished in courses that include diverse types of students seeking wide varieties of certifications. This study explored whether a difference in pre-service teacher perceptions and beliefs about classroom management existed based on the type of certification being pursued. Data were collected from 85 pre-service teachers enrolled in undergraduate educational psychology using the Attitudes and Beliefs on Classroom Control Inventory (ABCC). Findings indicate differences in the perspectives of pre-service teachers seeking early childhood, elementary and secondary certification regarding classroom management, and further exploration may help teacher educators effectively target and teach classroom management skills.
Serving the needs of immigrant families of children with autism

The growing influx of immigrant families into the USA necessitates an understanding of how these families manage mental health disorders. Few studies have documented the ways in which autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are understood across different immigrant groups. This lack of knowledge creates barriers for practitioners who are encountering immigrant families in their practice. The present paper provides a conceptual framework of how cultural values and beliefs shape the way diagnosis, etiology and treatment of ASD is perceived by both immigrant families and western practitioners and how differences in perspectives may create obstacles in treatment planning. A review of the literature describing practical and cultural barriers to mental health access and research among immigrant populations is also presented. Finally, recommendations are offered to practitioners, families and individuals with ASD to aid in increasing understanding and collaboration among these populations when designing and implementing...
Pastoral rock art in the Horn of Africa: Making sense of udder chaos

Abstract Pastoral rock art, composed of the prehistoric paintings and engravings of domestic animals, is one of the most impressive yet least understood aspects of the archaeology of the Horn of Africa. Previous studies of more than one hundred pastoral rock art sites in the Horn have focused almost exclusively upon description, chronology and stylistic distribution. This paper presents an alternative perspective by developing a cultural ecological model based upon past and present features of the environmental, demographic and social landscape. The model posits diachronic changes and predictive relationships between the ecological and social demands of cattle pastoralism in the Horn and pastoral rock art.
Amphibious robots as rapidly deployable near-shore observatories

We propose the use of groups of amphibious robots as near-shore observatories that can be rapidly deployed, recovered and redeployed in response to changing environmental conditions. They can serve to gather high spatial resolution data sets on the near-shore and surf zone regions required to support the development of computer models of these complex and dynamic environments. This paper is composed of two parts. The first introduces the concept of a robot-based near-shore observatory. The engineering challenges of such a system are discussed including: sensors, mobility and power, navigation, communications and control and autonomy. The second half of the paper presents a prototype amphibious robot being developed in our laboratory for scientific studies of the surf zone and beach environments. This vehicle could serve as a test bed for observatory technology development to explore the engineering issues, and potential solutions, discussed in this paper.
Computational approaches to discovering semantics in molecular biology

One of the central problems of molecular biology stems from the discovery of the semantics of DNA. This discovery relies in a critical way on a variety of expensive computations. In order to solve these computations, both parallel computers and special-purpose hardware play a major role. The authors discuss the basic methodology involved in discovering the evolutionary structure of both DNA and proteins. Both fundamental issues and implementation issues are considered. The fundamental questions involve determining just how the sequences are to be compared. The implementation issues concern the vast amounts of computation required to execute the known algorithms. >
CHRONIC MOVERS AND THE FUTURE REDISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION: A LONGITUDINAL ANALYSIS

This research has two purposes. First, it examines individual- and household-level factors related to the propensity to move. The findings reveal that mobility is largely a matter of habitual movers changing residence repeatedly and frequently. The second objective is concerned with strengthening the foundation for projecting aggregate levels of mobility: (1) how does repeated movement manifest itself at the metropolitan scale? and (2) for predictive purposes, which aggregate indices capture the most important features of local population composition? Mobility rates were found to vary principally with the prevalence of chronic movers in an SMSA. These findings have several implications for policies designed to guide future population distribution. First, an SMSA’s capacity to correct local manpower imbalances by exchanging human capital with other areas may depend partially on its relative abundance of habitual movers. Second, the likelihood that new cities would attract disproportionate numbers of hypermobile persons might enhance their role within the framework of a broader distribution policy. The question posed here is whether high intrinsic levels of population turnover in some cities might fit into a larger strategy for realigning population growth and distribution nationally.
Feasibility study of effect of ultrasound on water chestnuts.

Abstract Water chestnut (Trapa natans L.), an annual aquatic plant with floating leaves was first introduced into North America in 1874. Since then, wild populations have quickly become established in many locations within Northeastern USA. Due to its detrimental effects on the overall health of aquatic ecosystems, millions of dollars have been spent to control the water chestnut infestations in the North America through mechanical harvesting and manual removal, with limited success. The potential for continued expansion of the infestations demonstrates an urgent need for an effective control method. This study examined the potential of ultrasound application as an alternative control strategy for water chestnut management. Various frequencies and amplitudes of ultrasound generated by submerged transducers were applied directly to water chestnuts harvested from Lake Champlain. Substantial damages on water chestnut cells as well as penetrated petitoles were observed at the following tested frequencies of ultrasound, 20 kHz, 187 kHz, 469 kHz, 519 kHz and 2.34 MHz. Among them, 20 kHz ultrasound of 1.9 MPa acoustic pressure amplitude demonstrated the most significant damages within 10 s of ultrasound exposure. The treated plants started to die within 72 h and the mortality rate of water chestnut plants treated with the ultrasound application was 100%. (E-mail: Jun-Ru.Wu@uvm.edu )