cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Use of Executive Function Tasks in Externalizing and Internalizing Disorders

Executive function (EF) is a complex construct that encompasses a variety of cognitive abilities that allow for impulse control, strategic planning, cognitive flexibility, and goal-directed behavior. Executive functions have been studied in nearly every major childhood disorder including externalizing and internalizing disorders. A universally accepted definition of EF does not exist, and many have criticized the broad definitions of the construct. For example, Pennington and Ozonoff (1996) noted, “in both neuropsychology and cognitive psychology, the definition of EFs is provisional and under-specified” (p. 55). Fletcher (1996) also acknowledged that EFs are difficult to define and described EFs as “factorially complex.” More recently, Jurado and Rosselli (2007) acknowledged that the fundamental question of “whether there is one single underlying ability that can explain all the components of executive functioning or whether these components constitute related but distinct processes” remains unanswered. To complicate matters, a large variety of tasks that purportedly measure executive functions have been used in the literature. What remains unclear is specifically which executive function tasks are used most often in the literature and on which executive tasks are groups most likely to differ? Hence, the purpose of this review is to conduct a systematic search of the childhood internalizing and externalizing literature to determine (a) executive function tasks that are used in the literature, (b) executive function tasks that are most commonly used, (c) executive function tasks on which clinical and control groups differ most frequently, and (d) executive function tasks on which clinical groups differ most frequently. To begin, a review will be provided regarding executive function performance of children with commonly diagnosed externalizing and internalizing disorders. Next, specific findings regarding the type, usage, and discriminant ability of executive function tasks will be presented followed by implications and suggestions for future research.
Effect of ozonized oxygen on anti-A, anti-B, and anti-Rh typing sera.

Summary: It has been demonstrated that the blood group isoagglutinins, immune anti-A agglutinin, and Rh agglutinating and blocking antibodies are inactivated or destroyed relatively rapidly with 1:1000 dilution of ozone in oxygen.So far as Rh agglutinating and blocking antibodies are concerned, our results are in essential agreement with the observations of others with respect to the action of physical factors such as temperature and pressure.There appears to be no conversion of Rh0 agglutinating antibody to Rh0 blocking antibody by treatment with ozone.
EEG and MRI in Identifying Tuberous Sclerosis Lesions for Epilepsy Surgery

The role of surface EEG and MRI in the identification of epileptogenic tubers for surgical resection in patients with tuberous sclerosis (TSC) was studied at the Cleveland Clinic, OH.
Overcoming challenges of treating inflammatory bowel disease in pregnancy

ABSTRACTInflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is frequently diagnosed before or during the peak reproductive years. Overall management of inflammatory bowel disease is becoming more complex given the nuances involved with multiple mechanisms of action of the current treatment and need for therapeutic monitoring for safety and efficacy; another layer of complexity is added in the setting of a pregnancy. In this review, we have identified several key challenges that health care providers face when caring for patients with IBD during pregnancy. The goal of this review is to provide the most up-to-date evidence and provide our expert recommendations so that providers can more comfortably address patients’ questions about pregnancy in IBD and the associated risks as well as optimize their care to ensure the best outcomes possible.
Investigation of animal-related injuries among rural school-age children in Zunyi city

Objective To explore the epidemic situation and related risk factors of animal-related injury among the school-age children in rural Zunyi. Method A total of 2 854 students were recruited from 52 classes,7schools of 3counties using a 3-stage stratified cluster sampling method. Results A total of 477 rural children were injured,in which 98children(20.55%)were the animal-related injuries;and among them boys was more than girls,the gender ratio was 1.39∶1;the injured part of the feet legs was 51.02%,followed by the hands arms(37.76%);only 43.88%of them went to the emergency room/clinic after the injury. Conclusions Children are vulnerable to animal-related injuries.More animalrelated injury prevention and treatment activities should be conducted in schools and community to prevent and reduce the animal-related injuries,moreover,the relevant departments should give more supervision on animals and put animal-related injuries education into the school safety course.
Etiologic Possibilities for Increased Pelvic Floor Electromyography Activity During Cystometry

Abstract True detrasor-striated sphincter dyssynergia is seen most characteristically in patients with suprasacral spinal cord transection after a period of spinal shock has passed. Routine cystometry-electromyography records can better define this entity. However, several additional etiologic possibilities may produce cystometry-electromyography records that could be diagnosed erroneously as representing detrusor-sphincter dyssynergia.
Infrared spectroscopy at the surface of molecular clusters: application to cluster size determination

In the present study the IR spectra of medium large argon clusters (n ≃ 103) seeded with one (or two) Chromophors molecules are contrasted with the spectra of neat argon clusters that have passed through a crossbeam of the same Chromophore and have picked up one (or two) molecuie(s) on the duster’s surface. The spectra are obtained by crossing the cluster beam downstream from the pickup point with the output of a line tunable CO2 (or an isotopically substituted CO2) laser and detecting the evaporated fragment with a bolometer positioned off the beam axis.1 Once the surface absorption lines of both Chromophore monomer and dimer are recognized and assigned, spectra are obtained as a function of the density of the pickup gas in the scattering region.
Creating 21st-Century Laboratories and Classrooms for Improving Population Health: A Call to Action for Academic Medical Centers.

Academic medical centers (AMCs) in the United States built world-class infrastructure to successfully combat disease in the 20th century, which is inadequate for the complexity of sustaining and improving population health. AMCs must now build first-rate 21st-century infrastructure to connect combating disease and promoting health. This infrastructure must acknowledge the bio-psycho-social-environmental factors impacting health and will need to reach far beyond the AMC walls to foster community “laboratories” that support the “science of health,” complementary to those supporting the “science of medicine”; cultivate community “classrooms” to stimulate learning and discovery in the places where people live, work, and play; and strengthen bridges between academic centers and these community laboratories and classrooms to facilitate bidirectional teaching, learning, innovation, and discovery. Private and public entities made deep financial investments that contributed to the AMC disease-centered approach to clinical care, education, and research in the 20th century. Many of these same funders now recognize the need to transform U.S. health care into a system that is accountable for population health and the need for a medical workforce equipped with the skills to measure and improve health. Innovative ideas about communities as centers of learning, the importance of social factors as major determinants of health, and the need for multidisciplinary perspectives to solve complex problems are not new; many are 20th-century ideas still waiting to be fully implemented. The window of opportunity is now. The authors articulate how AMCs must take bigger and bolder steps to become leaders in population health.
Revisiting acute normovolemic hemodilution and blood transfusion during pediatric cardiac surgery: a prospective observational study

SummaryBackground The majority of allogeneic transfusions occur in the perioperative setting, especially during cardiac surgery. In addition to the economic implications, there is emerging evidence that blood transfusion may increase both morbidity and mortality. Acute normovolemic hemodilution (ANH) may limit the need for blood products. Objectives The primary objective of this study was to determine if the method of blood collection (syringe or bag) during the ANH process impacted the platelet count and function. The secondary objectives included the need for perioperative blood transfusions during the procedure and in the intensive care unit. In addition, we assessed these outcomes' associations with ANH parameters including the method of collection, time of storage, and volume removed. Methods Data were collected prospectively from 50 patients undergoing cardiac surgery on cardiopulmonary bypass over a 6-month period. Platelet count and function were measured for the ANH blood immediately after collection and again prior to transfusing to the patient at the end of cardiopulmonary bypass. Other data collected included ANH volume, length of storage, and the quantity of all blood products given throughout the perioperative period. Results No change in platelet count or function was noted regardless of the length of time or collection method for the ANH blood. Twenty-three patients received blood or blood products in the operating room or the intensive care unit, while 27 patients received no blood transfusion during their entire hospitalization. Higher ANH volume (ml·kg−1) and longer storage time were associated with a greater need for intraoperative transfusions. Conclusion Acute normovolemic hemodilution protects the platelets from the untoward effects of cardiopulmonary bypass and offers an important autologous blood product that improves hemostasis at the conclusion of surgery. Platelet count and function are preserved regardless of the method of collection or the length of storage. The volume of ANH removed appears to be an important determinant of blood product use and further understanding of the impact of this variable is a future direction of upcoming prospective research.
An empirical study of parallel solutions for GLCM calculation of diffraction images

Feature calculation of large amount of images is time consuming. The GPU based CUDA framework offers an affordable solution for calculating image features in parallel. The research focused on an empirical study of different implementations of a general-purpose GPU-based solution for calculating Gray-Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) and associated features of diffraction images of biological cells. The GLCM features calculated from the diffraction images are used for rapid cell classification with the machine learning algorithm Support Vector Machine (SVM). CPU and GPU versions of the GLCM and textural feature calculations were implemented and evaluated with different configurations. The results of the optimized GPU implementation showed an average speedup of 7 times for GLCM calculation of diffraction images, and average speedup of 9.83 times for feature calculation over the CPU version.
Fading of Affect Associated with Negative Child‐Related Memories Varies by Parental Child Abuse Potential

Summary Positive memories tend to hold their affective intensity across time better than negative memories, a phenomenon referred to as the fading affect bias (FAB). An initial study explored this bias in the context of parents' affective responses to memories involving their children. Specifically, parents (N = 90 for Study 1) were asked to recall three positive events and three negative events involving their children. Next, parents rated how positively or negatively they felt when each event occurred and at recall. Results revealed that parents at high risk of physical child abuse showed a smaller FAB than low-risk parents. The smaller FAB effect observed among high-risk parents occurred largely because affect associated with negative child-related events faded minimally over time. This risk moderation effect did not emerge in a second study in which parents (N = 90 for Study 2) recalled general events that were not limited to events involving children. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A note on robustness of the min-max solution to multi-objective linear programs

The challenge of using scalarising methods in multi-objective optimisation results from the choice of the method, which may not be apparent, and given that a method has been selected, from the choice of the values of the scalarising parameters. In general, these values may be unknown and the decision maker faces a difficult situation of making a choice possibly under a great deal of uncertainty. Due to its effectiveness, the robust optimisation approach of Ben-Tal and Nemirovski is applied to resolve the uncertainty carried in scalarised multi-objective linear programs (MOLPs). A robust counterpart is examined for six different scalarisations of the MOLP yielding robust (weakly) efficient solutions to the original MOLP. The study reveals that the min-max optimal solution emerges as a robust (weakly) efficient solution for five out of the six scalarisations. The implications of this result are also discussed.
Perceived Social Support and Psychological Well-Being in North Eastern and Non-North Eastern Girl Hostellers

The objective of the present study is to determine whether there is a relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being North Eastern and non-North Eastern under-graduate girl hostellerls. Anon-probability purposive sampling was used to select a sample of 100 under-graduate girl hostellers, among whom 50 were North Eastern students and 50 were non-North Eastern students. The Interpersonal Support Evaluation List (Cohen, Mermelstein, Kamrack, & Hoberman, 1985) and Ryff's Psychological Well-Being Scale (Ryff, 1989) were administered to assess perceived social support and psychological well-being respectively. The findings revealed that there were significant differences between Northeastern and non-Northeastern girl hostellers with respect to the environmental mastery, positive relations and self-acceptance dimensions of psychological well-being (p<0.05). Perceived social support and psychological well-being were found to have positive correlated in non-North Eastern girl hostellers (p<0.05). The current study provides insight into the importance of social support and its relationship with an individual's psychological well-being. Such an understanding could help educators, counsellors and psychologists to design and develop suitable intervention strategies to reduce psychological problems among students.
Humanities as technology in teaching economics

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to consider the promise of humanities as technology in the teaching of economics. Many students expect humanities and technology to be substitutes rather than complements. This paper seeks to leverage this expectation by challenging students to instead consider humanities as itself a technology—indeed, a very powerful technology. Three examples of humanities as technology are discussed. First, as an extension of essay examination technology, instructors might ask students to prepare one-act plays that are situated in the context of the work students would most wish to engage upon graduation. Second, we might ask students to prepare term papers in which they discover principles of economics in poetry. Third, instructors might feature philosophical tracts such as Plato’s Republic as a platform for discussing a number of economic concepts at both the principles and upper-division levels. These technologies arguably make learning economics more interesting and more permanent for students than would otherwise be the case.
Abstract 208: Parkin Contributes to the Development of Cardiac Hypertrophy in Response to Cardiac Pressure Overload

Parkin is an E3 ubiquitin ligase known to mediate mitochondrial clearance by marking damaged mitochondria for autophagy. Our lab has previously shown that Parkin is important for stress adaptation following myocardial infarction, and that loss of Parkin leads to accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria. However, whether Parkin plays a role in cardiac adaptation to pressure overload is currently unknown. Here we investigated the functional importance of Parkin in cardiac hypertrophy and development of heart failure in response to hemodynamic stress. Wild type (WT), Parkin knock out (Parkin -/- ), and cardiac-specific Parkin transgenic (Parkin-TG) mice were subjected to trans-aortic constriction (TAC). Cardiac anatomy and function was evaluated by histology and echocardiography. Inflammation and hypertrophy gene expression profiles were assessed using qPCR and immunohistochemistry. We discovered that after 2 weeks of TAC, cardiac hypertrophy markers were not increased in hearts from Parkin -/- mice, and there was no increase in the heart weight to body weight ratio (HW/BW). However, after 8 weeks of TAC, Parkin -/- mice showed similar cardiac hypertrophy and loss of function as WT hearts. Parkin deficient hearts also displayed increased interstitial and perivascular fibrosis compared to WT hearts after 8 weeks of TAC. This suggests that there is a delay in activating the hypertrophy program in the absence of Parkin, and that lack of Parkin leads to excessive fibrosis. In contrast, Parkin-TG mice showed a rapid development of hypertrophy and progression to heart failure compared to WT mice. Interestingly, we observed no differences in either mitochondrial content or LC3 levels after two weeks of TAC in Parkin-TG hearts, suggesting that the rapid development of hypertrophy and early progression to heart failure was not due to excessive mitophagy. These data suggest that Parkin plays an important role in the activation of the cardiac hypertrophy program and that this function may be independent of its role in regulating mitophagy. Thus, this study provides novel insight into the functional importance of Parkin in the heart. Additional studies are needed to determine the mechanism of how Parkin regulates cardiac hypertrophy.
Racial/Ethnic Differences in Cigarette Use Trends in the United States among Multiracial and Other Youth, 1994-2008:

Tobacco use among the multiracial population is grossly underresearched. This study explored the cigarette-smoking trends of multiracial individuals over time in comparison with monoracial individu...
Lower urinary tract autonomic dysfunction evaluation in spinal cord injury patients: an applied example

The International Standards for the Neurological Classification of Spinal Cord Injury (ISNCSCI) is a measure for motor-sensory dysfunction following spinal cord injury (SCI) but does not assess the autonomic nervous system dysfunction. The International Standards to document remaining Autonomic Dysfunction after Spinal Cord Injury (ISAFSCI) has been recommended to study autonomic dysfunction in such patients. We present a case presentation to demonstrate how to use the ISAFSCI and ISCoS urodynamics data set in persons with SCIs. A 24-year-old caucasian male presents with T4 ASIA SCI. We followed the patient over the course of 18 months. We present his clinical picture at different stages and how to apply ISAFSCI and ISCoS urodynamic data set to this patient The ISAFSCI and ISCoS urodynamics data sets are important tools in the repertoire of the clinician assessing autonomic dysfunction in persons with SCIs. They allow efficient clinical assessment of patients and standard communication between clinical care providers.
Chemical modeling of the reactivity of short-lived greenhouse gases: a model inter-comparison prescribing a well-measured, remote troposphere

We develop a new protocol for merging in situ measurements with 3-D model simulations of atmospheric chemistry with the goal of integrating over the data to identify the most reactive air parcels in terms of tropospheric production and loss of the greenhouse gases ozone and methane. Presupposing that we can accurately measure atmospheric composition, we examine whether models constrained by such measurements agree on the chemical budgets for ozone and methane. In applying our technique to a synthetic data stream of 14,880 parcels along 180 W, we are able to isolate the performance of the photochemical modules operating within their global chemistry-climate and chemistry-transport models, removing the effects of modules controlling tracer transport, emissions, and scavenging. Differences in reactivity across models are driven only by the chemical mechanism and the diurnal cycle of photolysis rates, which are driven in turn by temperature, water vapor, solar zenith angle, clouds, and possibly aerosols and overhead ozone, which are calculated in each model. We evaluate six global models and identify their differences and similarities in simulating the chemistry through a range of innovative diagnostics. All models agree that the more highly reactive parcels dominate the chemistry (e.g., the hottest 10 % of parcels control 25–30 % of the total reactivities), but do not fully agree on which parcels comprise the top 10 %. Distinct differences in specific features occur, including the regions of maximum ozone production and methane loss, as well as in the relationship between photolysis and these reactivities. Unique, possibly aberrant, features are identified for each model, providing a benchmark for photochemical module development. Among the 6 models tested here, 3 are almost indistinguishable based on the inherent variability caused by clouds, and thus we identify 4, effectively distinct, chemical models. Based on this work, we suggest that water vapor differences in model simulations of past and future atmospheres may be a cause of the different evolution of tropospheric O 3 and CH 4 , and lead to different chemistry-climate feedbacks across the models.
Electronic and quantum transport properties of a graphene-BN dot-ring hetero-nanostructure

Quantum dots, quantum rings, and, most recently, quantum dot-ring nanostructures have been studied for their interesting potential applications in nanoelectronic applications. Here, the electronic properties of a dot-ring hetero-nanostructure consisting of a graphene ring and graphene dot with a hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) ring serving as barrier between ring and dot are investigated using density functional theory. Analysis of the character of the wave functions near the Fermi level and of the charge distribution of this dot-ring structure and calculations of the quantum transport properties find asymmetry in the conductance resonances leading to asymmetric I–V characteristics which can be modified by applying a negative voltage potential to the central graphene dot.
Meta-organization of Translation Centers Revealed by Proximity Mapping of Endoplasmic Reticulum Ribosome Interactors

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a nexus for mRNA localization and translation; the molecular organization of these processes remains however largely undefined. To gain insight into mechanisms supporting a diverse ER translational landscape, we utilized BioID labeling to study the protein neighborhoods of the Sec61 translocon, specifically Sec61β, an established ribosome interactor, and ER proteins (Ribophorin I, LRRC59, and Sec62) previously implicated in ribosome association. Divergent protein interactomes enriched for distinct GO functions were identified for the four reporters, within a cohort of shared interactors. Efficient BioID tagging of ribosomes was only observed for the Sec61β and LRRC59 reporters. RNA-seq analyses of the Sec61β- and LRRC59-labeled ribosomes revealed divergent enrichments in mRNAs and identified a transcriptome-wide role for the ER in proteome expression. These data provide evidence for a mesoscale organization of the ER and suggest that such organization provides a mechanism for the diversity of translation on the ER.
Clinical and Economic Impact of Cytomegalovirus Infection among Children Undergoing Allogeneic Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

ABSTRACT The literature on the impact of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-related hospitalization in pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (alloHCT) recipients is limited. The aim of this study was to determine utilization and outcomes of CMV-related hospitalization in alloHCT recipients using a single-center clinical database. This was a retrospective study of 240 children aged 3 months to 21 years (median age, 9.5 years) who underwent alloHCT between 2005 and 2016. The impacts of CMV-related length of stay (LOS) and total healthcare costs were quantified. Factors associated with prolonged CMV viremia (>25 days' duration) were also examined. In at-risk patients with CMV infection, the incidence of CMV viremia was 38% (59 of 155), the median time to onset was 33 days (range, 0 to 292 days), and the median time to resolution was 25 days (range, 3 to 48 days; n = 53). CMV infection was associated with a 23.3-day increase in LOS (P = .004) and added hospital costs of $45,443 (P = .162) compared with patients without CMV infection. In multivariable analysis, receipt of alemtuzumab (P = .027) was associated with CMV viremia of >25 days' duration. Our data show that CMV viremia is associated with prolonged LOS and higher hospital costs and indicate the need for improved and cost-effective CMV prevention strategies. Further studies of patient outcomes and costs in pediatric alloHCT recipients is needed.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Avian-Pathogenic Escherichia coli Strain APEC O18

Avian-pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is the causative agent of colibacillosis, a disease that affects all facets of poultry production worldwide, resulting in multimillion dollar losses annually. Here, we report the genome sequence of an APEC O18 sequence type 95 (ST95) strain associated with disease in a chicken.
Management of Chronic Pouchitis

Despite improvement and optimization in both medical therapies for ulcerative colitis, as well as endoscopy techniques to detect dysplasia, approximately 30% of UC patients still require colectomy due to refractory disease or dysplastic lesions [1]. Pouchitis, the most common complication of ileal pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA), can be classified according to duration (acute or chronic), response to medical therapy (antibiotic responsive, dependent, or refractory) or according to etiology (idiopathic versus secondary causes) [2]. The incidence of acute pouchitis is as high as 40% during the first 12 months after ileostomy closure [3]. In contrast, patients undergoing an ileoanal pouch for polyposis syndromes have a cumulative incidence ranging from 0–10% [4, 5]. Most cases of acute pouchitis resolve after a short course of antibiotics, although over 60% are likely to relapse [6]. Furthermore, between 5–19% of patients with acute pouchitis will evolve to chronic pouchitis [7–9]. The development of chronic pouchitis significantly impacts their quality of life and is one of the leading causes of pouch failure [10, 11]. The risk of developing chronic pouchitis is also increased in UC patients with pancolitis, longer length of follow-up, concomitant primary sclerosing cholangitis, extraintestinal manifestations [2] and ex-smokers prior to colectomy [12].
Neonatal Mandibular Distraction Does Not Increase Inpatient Complications.

Objective:The purpose of this study was to determine whether performing mandibular distraction osteogenesis (MDO) during the neonatal period increased inpatient complications as measured through he...
Mucosal Immune Response to Feline Enteric Coronavirus Infection

Feline infectious peritonitis is a devastating, fatal disease of domestic cats caused by a pathogenic mutant virus derived from the ubiquitous feline enteric coronavirus (FECV). Infection by FECV is generally subclinical, and little is known about the mucosal immune response that controls and eliminates the virus. We investigated the mucosal immune response against FECV in an endemically infected breeding colony over a seven-month period. Thirty-three cats were grouped according to FECV seropositivity and fecal virus shedding into naive/immunologically quiescent, convalescent and actively infected groups. Blood, fecal samples and colon biopsies were collected to assess the mucosal and systemic immunologic and virologic profile. Results showed that cats with active FECV infections have strong systemic IgG and mucosal IgA responses that wane after virus clearance. Significant FECV-specific mucosal T cell IFNγ responses were not detected in any of the three groups. A shift toward an inflammatory state in the mucosa was suggested by increased IL17:FoxP3 expression. However, no histologic abnormalities were observed, and no shifts in lymphocyte subpopulation phenotype or proliferation were noted. Together, the results suggest that control of FECV is mediated by humoral mucosal and systemic responses and that perturbations in the primary reservoir organ (colon) are minimal.
Growth and characterization of Sc2O3 doped Ta2O5 thin films.

We present the optical and structural characterization of films of Ta2O5, Sc2O3, and Sc2O3 doped Ta2O5 with a cation ratio around 0.1 grown by reactive sputtering. The addition of Sc2O3 as a dopant induces the formation of tantalum suboxide due to the “oxygen getter” property of scandium. The presence of tantalum suboxide greatly affects the optical properties of the coating, resulting in higher absorption loss at λ=1064nm. The refractive index and optical band gap of the mixed film do not correspond to those of a mixture of Ta2O5 and Sc2O3, given the profound structural modifications induced by the dopant.
A Longitudinal Examination of Language Skills, Social Skills, and Behavior Problems of Preschool Children From Low-Income Families:

We examined the relations between language skills and behavior problems and whether social skills mediated these relations among preschool children enrolled in Head Start programs. Participants inc...
Powering next-generation industry 4.0 by a self-learning and low-power neuromorphic system

With the continuous development of technologies, our society is approaching the next stage of industrialization. The Fourth Industrial Revolution also referred to as Industry 4.0, redefines the manufacturing system as a smart and connected machinery system with fully autonomous operation capability. Several advanced cutting-edge technologies, such as cyber-physical systems (CPS), internet of things (IoT), and artificial intelligence, are believed as the essential components to realize Industry 4.0. In this paper, we focus on a comprehensive review of how artificial intelligence benefits Industry 4.0, including potential challenges and possible solutions. A panoramic introduction of neuromorphic computing is provided, which is one of the most promising and attractive research directions in artificial intelligence. Subsequently, we introduce the vista of the neuromorphic-powered Industry 4.0 system and survey a few research activities on applications of artificial neural networks for IoT.
United we stand, divided we fall? How signals of activist cohesion affect attraction to advocacy organizations

Advocacy organizations—such as political parties, political action committees, and interest groups—have the potential to shape public policy and opinion. But to realize that potential, they must mobilize participants, sympathy, and funding. This article explores whether advocacy organizations gain more support when they signal greater cohesion. A conjoint experiment tests the effects of member cohesion, along with other attributes including group size and use of violent tactics, on people’s attraction to hypothetical organizations that were founded to elect candidates from their preferred political party (in this study, the Democratic Party). Results show that Americans who identify as Democrats are more likely to join, donate to, and generally feel positive toward cohesive organizations, but will embrace those with heterogeneous goals so long as members do not actively disagree with one another. These findings can inform the strategies of “intersectional” advocacy organizations that assemble people of diverse and sometimes conflicting interests.
RapID Cell Counter: Semi-Automated and Mid-Throughput Estimation of Cell Density within Diverse Cortical Layers.

Tracking and quantifying the abundance and location of cells in the developing brain is essential in neuroscience research, enabling a greater understanding of mechanisms underlying nervous system morphogenesis. Widely used experimental methods to quantify cells labeled with fluorescent markers—such as immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization, and expression of transgenes via stable lines or transient in utero electroporations—depend upon accurate and consistent quantification of images. Current methods to quantify fluorescently-labeled cells rely on labor-intensive manual counting approaches, such as the Fiji plugin Cell Counter, which requires custom macros to enable higher-throughput analyses. Here, we present RapID Cell Counter, a semi-automated cell-counting tool with an easy-to-implement graphical user interface, that facilitates quick and consistent quantifications of cell density within user-defined boundaries that can be divided into equally-partitioned segments. Compared to the standard manual counting approach, we show that RapID matched accuracy and consistency, and only required ∼10% of user time relative to manual counting methods, when quantifying the distribution of fluorescently-labeled neurons in mouse in utero electroporation experiments. Using RapID, we recapitulated previously published work focusing on two genes, Srgap2 and Cul5, important for projection neuron migration in the neocortex and used it to quantify projection neuron displacement in a mouse knockout model of Rbx2. Moreover, RapID is capable of quantifying other cell types in the brain with complex cell morphologies, including astrocytes and dopaminergic neurons. We propose RapID as an efficient method for neuroscience researchers to process fluorescently-labeled brain images in a consistent, accurate, and high-throughput manner. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most studies in neuroscience rely on imaging to elucidate key neurodevelopmental processes including cell migration and proliferation. Many imaging techniques, including in utero electroporation and immunohistochemistry, produce multitudes of images that require accurate quantification, often via labor-intensive manual counting by multiple individuals that may delay follow-up experiments. To address this problem, we developed RapID, an efficient and semi-automated cell counting software platform, that reduces the time spent to 1/10th compared to one of the most popular quantification methods used for imaging studies today. RapID is flexible across imaging platforms and easily implemented through a graphical user interface.
Neuroimaging of white matter abnormalities in pediatric hydrocephalus

Hydrocephalus (HCP) is a severe pathologic condition in which the ventricular system enlarges in response to abnor- mal cerebrospinal fluid production and absorption mechanisms. While accumulating evidence implicates damage to various white matter (WM) structures as one of the major neurobiological mechanisms underlying poor behavioral outcomes in children with HCP, current evaluation of such damage remains limited. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a unique magnetic resonance technique that exploits differences in the diffusion properties of water molecules in different tissue. Anisotropic diffusion prop- erties, as measured by DTI, are strongly influenced by the micro-structural components of WM and thus can help to assess the properties in tissue constituents, tissue microstructure and cytoarchitecture. Initial clinical studies have shown that DTI is a sen- sitive imaging tool for investigating WM damage as well as the extent of recovery in HCP. A key study has shown that the periventricular WM and corona radiata in children between 12-18 years exhibited increased pre-operative fractional anisotropy (FA) driven by a slightly increased axial diffusivity and a more dramatic decreased radial diffusivity. Post-operatively the FA in these regions returned to normal in most patients. In contrast, the corpus callosum was found to have low FA pre-operatively which did not respond to cerebrospinal fluid diversion surgery. A more recent study reported a similar lower FA and higher mean diffusivity in the corpus callosum in infants. However, the abnormalities in the internal capsule were found to be more heterogeneous. Longitudinal study showed that most DTI measurements returned to normal post-operatively. In experimental studies, similar abnormalities in DTI were found in both neonatal and infantile rats with induced HCP. These findings correlated with increased astrocyte and microglial reactivity and reduced myelination. This review also discusses interpretations regarding the different patterns of DTI abnormalities seen in HCP in different WM regions. Overall, support is growing for DTI as a useful non-invasive imaging tool in the diagnosis and treatment of pediatric hydrocephalus.
Narcolepsy and cataplexy

Abstract The term “narcolepsy” was first coined by Gelineau in 1880 with the complete description of a patient with excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS), sleep attacks, and episodes of muscle weakness triggered by emotions. In the current international classification, narcolepsy is characterized by “excessive daytime sleepiness that is typically associated with cataplexy and abnormal REM (rapid eye movement) sleep phenomena such as sleep paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations”. Narcolepsy is a chronic neurological condition, but is not a progressive disorder. The major pathophysiology of human narcolepsy has been elucidated recently based on the discovery of narcolepsy genes (hypocretin/orexin ligand and its receptor) in animals. Hypocretins/orexins are novel hypothalamic neuropeptides also involved in various hypothalamic functions such as energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine functions. Mutations in hypocretin-related genes are rare in humans, but hypocretin ligand deficiency is found in many cases. This recent discovery is likely to lead to the development of new diagnostic tests and targeted treatments. As hypocretins are involved various hypothalamic functions, hypocretin-deficient narcolepsy appears now to be a more complex condition than just a simple sleep disorder. This chapter starts with an overview of the clinical aspects of narcolepsy, followed by an update on the pathophysiology. Finally, we discuss the expectations from future narcolepsy research.
Optimum area minimization for nonslicing floorplan [VLSI layout]

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm to solve the floorplan area optimization problem for all implementations of each module. By using slicing and extended slicing techniques, we decompose a complicated floorplan into basic L-shape and rectangular blocks in top-down manner and then combine them in bottom-up manner. Experimental results show that our algorithm is very efficient and capable of handling large floorplan compared to some existing ones. >
Antidiscrimination Law's Effects on Implicit Bias

It is by now commonplace to observe that bias on the basis of race and other traits in American society today is primarily unconscious, or implicit, rather than conscious in nature. It is equally commonplace to critique existing antidiscrimination law for its failure to create significant liability for behavior stemming from such implicit bias. Despite this broad condemnation of existing antidiscrimination law, essentially no progress has been made on efforts to reform the law in response to the problem of implicit bias. The present paper suggests, however, that an important piece of the relationship between antidiscrimination law and implicit bias has been overlooked in the existing debate. The missing piece is the way in which current antidiscrimination law - although it concededly does not aim at implicitly biased behavior in a significant way - nonetheless tends to have the effect, in a wide range of respects, of reducing implicit bias. In this account of antidiscrimination law, the existing legal regime occupies a far more positive, although admittedly still imperfect, relationship with implicit bias. As explored in the paper, in diverse areas ranging from employment law to education law to the law governing various types of voluntary organizations, current antidiscrimination doctrines are likely to shape and affect the level of people's implicit bias in important ways. Understanding these previously ignored effects of current antidiscrimination law allows us to appreciate what is valuable, good, and worth celebrating about this law, notwithstanding its undeniable shortcomings.
SU-E-T-529: Is MFO-IMPT Robust Enough for the Treatment of Head and Neck Tumors? A 2-Year Outcome Analysis Following Proton Therapy On the First 50 Oropharynx Patients at the MD Anderson Cancer Center

Purpose: Multi-field optimization intensity modulated proton therapy (MFO-IMPT) for oropharyngeal tumors has been established using robust planning, robust analysis, and robust optimization techniques. While there are inherent uncertainties in proton therapy treatment planning and delivery, outcome reporting are important to validate the proton treatment process. The purpose of this study is to report the first 50 oropharyngeal tumor patients treated de-novo at a single institution with MFO-IMPT. Methods: The data from the first 50 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx treated at MD Anderson Cancer Center from January 2011 to December 2014 on a prospective IRB approved protocol were analyzed. Outcomes were analyzed to include local, regional, and distant treatment failures. Acute and late toxicities were analyzed by CTCAE v4.0. Results: All patients were treated with definitive intent. The median follow-up time of the 50 patients was 25 months. Patients by gender were male (84%) and female (16%). The average age was 61 years. 50% of patients were never smokers and 4% were current smokers. Presentation by stage; I–1, II–0, III– 9, IVA–37 (74%), IVB–3. 88% of patients were HPV/p16+. Patients were treated to 66–70 CGE. One local failure was reported at 13 months following treatment. One neck failure was reported at 12 months. 94% of patients were alive with no evidence of disease. One patient died without evidence of disease. There were no Grade 4 or Grade 5 toxicities. Conclusion: MFO-IMPT for oropharyngeal tumors is robust and provides excellent outcomes 2 years after treatment. A randomized trial is underway to determine if proton therapy will reduce chronic late toxicities of IMRT.
Barriers to Recovery from Concussion (P7.169)

OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to determine factors which influence recovery from a concussion and to investigate the correlation between duration and quality of prescribed rest and recovery time. BACKGROUND: The prescribed treatment for a concussion is physical and cognitive rest. Both physicians and patients struggle with defining the prescription of "rest" and also understanding the consequences of compliance. Few other studies have been done to determine the optimal amount and type of prescribed rest necessary to influence recovery. There is little current published evidence evaluating the effect of rest following a concussion. DESIGN/METHODS: Any patient between the ages 10 and 50 years that came in for a concussion was asked to complete a questionnaire regarding their activity during their recovery period. A total of 220 patients were asked to participate between November 2011 and May 2014 and 45 had completed it by this time. RESULTS: On average, females had a longer recovery time compared to males (116 versus 97 days, respectively). Alcohol (p=0.126), cigarette (p=0.037), and marijuana (p=0.003) consumers/users had far greater length of recovery time. While many activities were associated with longer average recovery times, only reading (p=0.028) and listening to audio books, talk radio, or podcasts (p<0.001) were statistically significant. Patients who played video/phone/computer games had nearly double the recovery period length compared to those who did not play any games. Patients who had previous concussions had a recovery length 3.5 times longer than first time concussion patients (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Gender, pasttimes, alcohol and substance consumption during recovery, and prior concussion history have a significant impact on recovery time. Females have a more difficult time recovering than males and suffer symptoms for greater lengths of time. Simple activities, such as reading or audiobooks, may in fact impede recovery. A history of multiple concussions poses greater challenges during recovery. Disclosure: Dr. Shetty has received personal compensation for activities with GE Healthcare as a medical advisory board member. Dr. Cummings has nothing to disclose. Dr. Halvorsen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Singer has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nguyen has nothing to disclose.
Cannabinoid modulation of alpha2 adrenergic receptor function in rodent medial prefrontal cortex

Endocannabinoids acting at the cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1R) are known to regulate attention, cognition and mood. Previous studies have shown that, in the rat medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), CB1R agonists increase norepinephrine release, an effect that may be attributed, in part, to CB1Rs localised to noradrenergic axon terminals. The present study was aimed at further characterising functional interactions between CB1R and adrenergic receptor (AR) systems in the mPFC using in vitro intracellular electrophysiology and high-resolution neuroanatomical techniques. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings of layer V/VI cortical pyramidal neurons in rats revealed that both acute and chronic treatment with the synthetic CB1R agonist WIN 55,212-2 blocked elevations in cortical pyramidal cell excitability and increases in input resistance evoked by the α2-adrenergic receptor (α2-AR) agonist clonidine, suggesting a desensitisation of α2-ARs. These CB1R-α2-AR interactions were further shown to be both action potential- and gamma-aminobutyric acid-independent. To better define sites of cannabinoid-AR interactions, we localised α2A-adrenergic receptors (α2A-ARs) in a genetically modified mouse that expressed a hemoagglutinin (HA) tag downstream of the α2A-AR promoter. Light and electron microscopy indicated that HA-α2A-AR was distributed in axon terminals and somatodendritic processes especially in layer V of the mPFC. Triple-labeling immunocytochemistry revealed that α2A-AR and CB1R were localised to processes that contained dopamine-β-hydroxylase, a marker of norepinephrine. Furthermore, HA-α2A-AR was localised to processes that were directly apposed to CB1R. These findings suggest multiple sites of interaction between cortical cannabinoid-adrenergic systems that may contribute to understanding the effect of cannabinoids on executive functions and mood.
Integration of diffractive lenses with addressable vertical-cavity laser arrays

An optical interconnection system is being developed to provide vertical, digital data channels for stacked multichip modules. A key component of the system is an array of individually addressable vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with diffractive lenses integrated into the substrate to control beam divergence and direction. The lenses were fabricated by direct-write e-beam lithography and reactive ion beam etching into the GaAs substrate. Preliminary device performance data and the design and fabrication issues are discussed.