cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The linked inference principle, I.: the formal treatment

In this article we present a detailed, formal treatment of the linked inference principle, and we apply this principle to obtain the abstract formulations of various linked inference rules. Included among such rules are linked UR-resolution, linked hyperresolution, and linked binary resolution, each of which generalizes the corresponding standard and well-known inference rule. In addition to the formalism, we discuss the motivation and objectives for the formulation of linked inference rules. We also include experimental results and numerous examples. In particular, we show how and why the effectiveness of an automated reasoning program can be, and often is, markedly increased by relying on the linked version rather than the more familiar standard version of an inference rule.
Os riscos na reestruturação econômica da América Latina: lições da teoria prospectiva

A Teoria Prospectiva, teoria psicologica de tomada de decisoes que lancou uma nova luz sobre as escolhas em politica externa, sustenta que as pessoas tendem a correr grandes riscos quando encontram perdas, enquanto que, quando antecipam ganhos, tendem a proceder com grande cautela. Este artigo introduz a teoria prospectiva ao estudo de politica comparada para explicar as arrojadas escolhas da politica economica de presidentes em paises em crise como Argentina, Brasil e Peru e o supreendente grau de apoio popular que tais medidas arriscadas e custosas tiveram nesses paises. Da mesma forma procura entender o curso cauteloso das reformas recentes no Chile, um pais com melhores projecoes economicas.
CHANGES IN URINE MACROMOLECULAR COMPOSITION DURING PROCESSING

Purpose: To determine the urinary crystallization inhibitory activity, urine is generally centrifuged and/or filtered. These preparative procedures may result in a total or partial removal of many macromolecular constituents implicated in crystallization. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the changes in urinary macromolecular composition following centrifugation and filtration.Materials and Methods: Twenty-four hour urine samples were collected from human volunteers. Each was divided into 4 aliquots; one was filtered, the other was centrifuged, another was centrifuged and filtered. The control sample was neither filtered nor centrifuged. Total protein and lipid contents of each sample were determined. Proteins were analyzed using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Western blot analysis was performed using antibodies against osteopontin (OPN), prothrombin (PT) related proteins, inter - α-inhibitor (IαI) related proteins, Tamm-Horsfall protein (THP), and al...
Professional development and exposure to geriatrics: medical student perspectives from narrative journals.

Teaching professionalism is an important goal in American medical education. With the aging of the U.S. population, it is critical to understand how medical students develop professional behaviors when caring for older adults. Exposure to geriatrics and older patients can enhance students’ professional development with patients of all ages and across different specialties. Medical students learn explicit and implicit messages during their education. In addition to helping to evaluate curricula, reflective journaling encourages individual development and helps in revealing how medical students become professionals. In this study, medical student volunteers described their responses to new geriatrics content in their curriculum, encounters with older patients in clinical settings, and their evolving physician identities. Multidisciplinary team analysis elicited 10 themes regarding: evaluation of geriatrics within the curriculum, recognition of geriatrics principles, and attitudes regarding aging and profess...
Ideality factor of extrinsic base surface recombination current in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

Various structures of Npn AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistor have been fabricated to examine the ideality factor for extrinsic base surface recombination. Comparison of the measured results indicates that the base surface recombination current increases exponentially with the base-emitter voltage with an ideality factor of 1, rather than 2. This finding agrees with a published theoretical analysis.
System Status of the Water-Cooled Gas Turbine for the High Temperature Turbine Technology Program

This paper presents an update on the status of the technology of the water-cooled gas turbine developed by the General Electric Company under contracts with EPRI, ERDA, and DOE. Particular emphasis is devoted to the design and development of water-cooled composite turbine nozzles and buckets, and a sectoral combustor designed for low-Btu coal-derived gas operation. The operating characteristics of a low-temperature coal gas chemical cleanup system which is to be added to the coal gasification facility are also discussed. Status of the materials and process developments in support of the designs are also presented, as are updates to the Phase I HTTT Program combined-cycle studies, which evaluate the commercial viability of integrated coal gasification and combined-cycle operation.Copyright © 1979 by ASME
Interfacing the human into information systems

The current state of user interfaces for large information spaces imposes an unmanageable cognitive burden upon the user. Determining how to get the right information into the right form with the right tool at the right time has become a monumental task. Interface agents address the problem of increasing task load by serving as either an assistant or associate, extracting and analyzing relevant information, providing information abstractions of that information, and providing timely, beneficial assistance to suers. Interface agents communicate with the user through the existing user interface and also adapt to user needs and behaviors. User modeling, on the other hand, is concerned with how to represent users' knowledge and interaction within a system to adapt the system to the needs of users. The inclusion of a user model within the overall system architecture allows the system to adapt its response to the preferences, biases, expertise level, goals and needs.
AN INTEGRAL-BIAS SUMMING SPECTROMETER FOR GAMMA-GAMMA COINCIDENCE AND ANGULAR CORRELATION STUDIES

Abstract A new type of scintillation coincidence spectrometer is designed which sums pulses from scintillation events occurring simultaneously in two NaI(TI) crystals, integral-bias discriminator outputs being used in coincidence or in anticoincidence with sum-pulses, to select wanted coincidences. This “sum-peak spectrometer” has a better efficiency and resolution than an ordinary coincidence spectrometer, from which it can be obtained by an easy modification to give additional information on coincidence relations of gamma-rays. As no pulse-height selector windows are involved, the performance of the spectrometer is insensitive to minor electronic drifts, which also makes this system especially useful in angular correlation studies. Here in some cases it permits a simultaneous measurement of several angular correlation functions. It also offers the possibility of using a known gamma cascade as an internal monitor, as demonstrated in this paper, which reduces uncertainties due to geometrical and other effects.
High- Tc superconductors: Fabricating technologies and future perspectives

Processing methods for production of bulk high-{Tc} superconductors are reviewed. Conductors made by conventional forming and sintering methods can generally carry only small current densities. Melting and powder-in-tube methods yield superior conductors, but further improvements are necessary before these superconductors can be employed in most large-scale applications. 36 refs., 6 figs.
Interferon-gamma induces apoptosis of lens alphaTN4-1 cells and proteasome inhibition has an antiapoptotic effect.

Purpose Targeted ectopic expression of interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) in the eyes of transgenic mice disrupts lens differentiation, upregulates immunoproteasomes, and causes cataract. In this study, the hypothesis that IFN-gamma induces proteasome-dependent apoptosis of lens epithelial cells was tested. Method Murine lens epithelial alphaTN4-1 cells were treated with IFN-gamma. Apoptosis was measured using annexin V-FITC and propidium iodide (PI) staining, and DNA fragmentation. IFN-gamma-inducible mRNA and protein expressions were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. Caspase activities were measured using colorimetric substrates and poly (ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The effect of proteasome inhibition was tested with MG132 and lactacystin. Results IFN-gamma treatment at a concentration that induces immunoproteasome expression causes an approximately 20% increase in early apoptotic cells as observed by annexin V-FITC/PI staining and the increase in DNA fragmentation. IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis was accompanied by upregulation of apoptosis-related genes, including a dramatic increase in signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)-1 and interferon consensus sequence binding protein (ICSBP), a more than 2-fold increase in IRF-1, and a 1.7- to 2-fold increase in caspase-1 mRNA. Bcl-2 mRNA decreased 2.4- to 3.0-fold, whereas Bax mRNA was unchanged. The Bax-to-Bcl-2 protein ratio increased by 1.6-fold. Caspase-1 and -8 activities were higher, but there was no increase in caspase-3 activity. Proteasome inhibitors MG132 and lactacystin protected the cells against IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. A positive control treatment with staurosporine (STP) caused increased caspase-3 activity, which was inhibited by MG132. Conclusions IFN-gamma causes apoptosis of alphaTN4-1 cells, accompanied by upregulation of known effectors. IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis involves Bcl-2 family proteins and caspases. Proteasome inhibition has antiapoptotic effects on IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis. It also inhibits the STP-induced increase in caspase-3 activity. If IFN-gamma-induced apoptosis of lens epithelial cells contributes to cataractogenesis, the proteasome may be a therapeutic target.
Adults' emotional states and recognition of emotion in young children

This study addressed the degree to which adults' emotional states influence their perception of emotional states in children and their motivation to change such states. Happiness, sadness, anger, or a neutral state was induced in adults, who then viewed slides of 4-year-old children who were actually experiencing various emotional states. Adults' own emotional states had little impact on their accurate recognition of children's emotions or on their motives for social action to change such emotions. However, adults' states did influence the intensity they assigned to children's emotions, with happy adults tending to rate some emotions as more intense for black children (sadness) and for girls (anger and neutrality). The base rates with which adults used different emotion labels also influenced judgments, increasing it for the recognition of happiness and reducing it for anger. The results are discussed in terms of the factors that influence whether or not emotional states affect judgment processes and the role of emotion labels in the effective recognition of ongoing emotional states. Also addressed is the consequence of adults' recognition of emotion in children for the effective socialization of emotion.
Inferior vena cava anomaly: a risk for deep vein thrombosis.

Context: Inferior vena cava (IVC) anomalies have a 0.5% incidence rate and could be associated with other congenital abnormalities. In later stage of the disease, trophic ulcers with or without deep vein thrombosis (DVT) is consistent finding. Case Report: A 29-year-old male patient presented with recurrent lower extremity ulcers. Further workup revealed an absent infrahepatic inferior vena cava, prominently dilated azygos and hemiazygos veins with enlarged retroperitoneal collaterals without DVT. Conclusion: IVC anomaly should be suspected in a young patient presenting with unexplained venous thrombosis and recurrent ulcers of a lower extremity. IVC anomaly would inherently lead to blood flow stasis and endothelial injury. Thus per Virchow's triad, other risk factors for hypercoagulability such as physical inactivity, smoking tobacco, oral contraceptive pills should be avoided and when hereditary thrombophilias or other irreversible risk factors are present, lifelong anticoagulation should be considered.
Immigrant strikebreaking activity: A sampling of opinion expressed in the national labor tribune, 1878–1885

(1974). Immigrant strikebreaking activity: A sampling of opinion expressed in the national labor tribune, 1878–1885. Labor History: Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 529-542.
A QUANTITATIVE STUDY OF THE PRECIPITIN REACTION BETWEEN TYPE III PNEUMOCOCCUS POLYSACCHARIDE AND PURIFIED HOMOLOGOUS ANTIBODY

1. A quantitative study of the reaction between the soluble specific substance of Type III pneumococcus and its homologous antibody has been made. 2. The entire reaction, from excess of antibody, to excess of specific substance with its accompanying inhibition zone effect, may be expressed by three mass-law equations. 3. The significance of these findings is discussed.
17O and 13C NMR/ab Initio/IGLO/GIAO-MP2 Study of Oxonium and Carboxonium Ions (Dications) and Comparison with Experimental Data1

A series of oxonium and carboxonium ions and their corresponding protonated dications were investigated by ab initio/IGLO/GIAO-MP2 methods. The calculated 17O and 13C NMR chemical shifts were compared with the solution phase experimental data for the monocations. The structures and energies of a number of oxonium and carboxonium dications and the effect of diprotonation on the 17O and 13C NMR chemical shifts were also studied.
Application of the master equation to coalescence and dispersion phenomena

Abstract In the present work the master equation is applied to the phenomena of coalescence and dispersion. Specifically, expressions are derived to model binary coalescence and breakage with a particular emphasis on the results which are unique to the stochastic treatment, namely the covariances and correlation functions. A probabilistic analysis is also introduced in an attempt to rationally derive the daughter size distribution from knowledge about breakage probabilities of individual droplets or particles. This analysis is valid for binary or higher order breakage and any combination thereof. One possible assignment of the probability for binary breakage is proposed; it is based on the excess surface energy of a dispersed phase droplet. Finally, the general contributions of stochastic models are discussed.
Star discourse and the cosmopolitan Chinese: Linda Lin Dai takes on the world

ABSTRACTIn the late 1950s and early 1960s, the two major Mandarin-dialect studios of the Hong Kong film industry, Shaw Brothers and Motion Picture & General Investment Limited, looked to brand themselves as cosmopolitan to both its regionally scattered Chinese audiences and to its potential Euro-American co-producers. To achieve this, the studios used the figure of the cosmopolitan female star and the musical genre, which provides a showcase for the actress's ability to sing, dance and strut in the musical and fashion styles of the world. This article looks specifically at actress Linda Lin Dai, who both studios, through their films and fan magazines, built up as an exceptional student of all things cosmopolitan and a well-travelled, universally beloved superstar in time and in step with the world of global tourism, haute couture culture and the international stage.
The utility of a caseload registry: perceptions of behavioral health clinicians working in an integrated primary care and mental health program

Abstract Objectives This study evaluated the perceived benefits and limitations of a Web-based clinical support tool for behavioral health clinicians serving patients in an integrated primary care and mental health program in Washington State community health centers. Methods We surveyed 71 clinicians who utilize a Web-based clinical support tool ("the caseload registry") in treating patients. Follow-up interviews were scheduled with a subset ( n =32) of respondents. Comments made during these interviews were analyzed using qualitative methods. Results Survey responses were favorable on 4 of 7 questions regarding specific benefits of the caseload registry. Notably, clinicians agreed that the caseload registry helps track patients and their clinical progress. Clinicians also agreed that the caseload registry adds an additional documentation burden to their work duties. The most common positive themes identified during follow-up interviews were that the registry is useful and improves care. The most common critical themes identified were that the tool is burdensome and sometimes does not encompass important elements of care. Conclusions Behavioral health clinicians working in an integrated primary care and mental health program report that use of a caseload registry adds value and improves care. They express that it helps provide more comprehensive care and tracks patient progress.
Membrane Raft Disruption Promotes Axonogenesis in N2a Neuroblastoma Cells

Membrane rafts are discrete microdomains found in cell membranes that contain cholesterol and glycosphingolipids such as gangliosides. As cholesterol is a major component of membrane rafts, its sequestration by the polyene filipin can be used to disrupt them. In previous work we observed that membrane raft disruption by filipin treatment of murine neuroblastoma N2a cells led to changes in expression of cell processes. In this study, we determined the type of process formation induced by filipin treatment as well as whether their expression was accompanied by changes in ganglioside content or subcellular distribution. The results indicate that the processes formed were axonal in nature and their expression was accompanied by changes in both ganglioside content as well as the subcellular localization of GM1.
Measurements of Interference Levels in the UHF Band from Aircraft Altitudes

To help fill the need for environmental data essential to the design of reliable space-communications systems, a swept super-heterodyne radio-frequency interference receiver was developed for flight on the Lincoln Laboratory LES-5 and LES-6 experimental- communication satellites. The LES-6 receiver was adapted for use on an Air Force KC-135 aircraft. The receiver was designed to measure average power and peak power in the bands from 233 to 258 MHz and from 290 to 315 MHz. The aircraft was flown on a world-wide data collection mission during February and March 1967. The data were collected from an altitude of 30 000 feet. A compilation of the data collected on this flight is presented in graphical form.
Outcomes of distal ureteral reconstruction through reimplantation with psoas hitch, Boari flap, or ureteroneocystostomy for benign or malignant ureteral obstruction or injury.

Objective To assess functional outcomes and complications of ureteroneocystotomies (UNCs) with or without psoas hitch or Boari flap in the reconstruction and repair of the ureter. Methods We reviewed a consecutive series of patients that underwent open ureteral reconstruction for ureteral obstruction or injury. Underlying ureteral disorder, preoperative and postoperative estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), and imaging studies regarding resolution of hydronephrosis were assessed. Results A total of 100 ureteral reimplantations performed at our institution from November 1986 to August 2012 were identified: 24 primary ureteroneocystotomies, 58 with psoas hitch, and 18 with Boari flap. Median follow-up was 48.7 months (range 12.3-253 months). The most common underlying disorder was ureteral transitional cell cancer (TCC). Men were found to have more frequent underlying chronic ureteral disorders with chronic renal failure when compared to women. Ureteral stents were placed in 81% and were removed after a median of 33 days (range 2-161 days). Resolution of hydronephrosis was noted in 81% of the patients. The eGFR deteriorated significantly over time only in male patients ( P = .001). Postoperative complications included stent-related dysuria, urinary tract infection, and contrast-extravasation on cystogram necessitating prolonged urethral and ureteral catheter drainage. Conclusion Excellent functional outcome without significant morbidity associated with ureteral reimplantation/reconstruction was achieved. Despite resolution of hydronephrosis in the vast majority of patients, those with chronic underlying ureteral disorder and renal failure did not show improvement of their eGFR.
An information theory of image gathering

Shannon's mathematical theory of communication is extended to image gathering. Expressions are obtained for the total information that is received with a single image-gathering channel and with parallel channels. It is concluded that the aliased signal components carry information even though these components interfere with the within-passband components in conventional image gathering and restoration, thereby degrading the fidelity and visual quality of the restored image. An examination of the expression for minimum mean-square-error, or Wiener-matrix, restoration from parallel image-gathering channels reveals a method for unscrambling the within-passband and aliased signal components to restore spatial frequencies beyond the sampling passband out to the spatial frequency response cutoff of the optical aperture.
An Estimation of the Private Value of Aquifer Recharge from Ephemeral Wetlands on the Texas High Plains

Ecosystem services are benefits people derive from resources in ecosystems. Playa lakes in the Southern High Plains region of North America provide several ecosystem services for humans, including recharge to the Ogallala aquifer. The Ogallala aquifer occupies 450,000 km2, it is part of eight states, and provides irrigation water to over 25% of the irrigated land in the United States. The recharge provided by playas potentially makes them important and valuable in this region. We develop an econometric model (with spatial aspects) to determine how playas affect the water level of irrigation wells and estimate the economic value to farmers of playa ecosystem services in recharging the water in those wells. We find that, in some instances, additional playa surface area may have a small but statistically significant effect on well drawdown (and, we infer, on recharge) on nearby wells, but that the value of the additional water is likely too small to significantly affect private management decisions. Because of lack of appropriate data, these results are of only limited applicability. We therefore identify a need for more research on the effects of management of sedimentation of playa wetlands as a key component that may improve the findings reported here.
Temporal Phrasing and Overshadowing in Rat Serial-Pattern Learning

Abstract Work on experimental manipulations that affect chunking in sequential learning has shown that cues inserted into a sequence, termed “phrasing cues,” can facilitate learning. Two experiments examined how temporal intervals positioned at chunk boundaries facilitate serial-pattern learning. Experiment 1 showed that rat serial-pattern learning can be facilitated when distinct temporal intervals precede chunk boundaries regardless of whether the intervals are longer or shorter than intervals within chunks. Experiment 2 replicated the acquisition results of Experiment 1 with a different serial pattern. In addition, after both 14 and 35 days of acquisition with phrasing cues, cue removal produced severe deficits in tracking Element 1 of chunks, the element directly after the phrasing cues during acquisition. All in all, the results indicate that rats used both short and long temporal phrasing intervals as discriminative cues and that facilitated learning due to phrasing is not the result of additional processing time provided by longer intertrial intervals at chunk boundaries. Furthermore, many of the finer details of the results could be accounted for by the additional assumption that phrasing cues overshadow interitem associations.
Desmoplastic small round cell tumor presenting as a neck mass: a case report.

An unusual case study of a desmoplastic small round cell tumor presenting as a 3.5-cm, firm, supraclavicular neck mass and diagnosed by fine-needle aspirate biopsy in a 16-yr-old male is reported. Clinical, cytologic, and immunocytochemical findings are described. Histologic, immunohistochemical, and genetic features are discussed. Desmoplastic small round cell tumor should be considered in the differential diagnosis of small round cell tumors of any site; the importance of ancillary studies in arriving at the correct diagnosis is emphasized.
A modification of the Oldroyd model for rigid dumbbell suspensions with Brownian motion

It has been shown that the Oldroyd 6-constant model is incapable of describing the time-dependent rheological behavior of dilute suspensions of rigid dumbbells with Brownian motion. It is, however, possible to introduce two new terms into Oldroyd's equation, so that the time-dependent viscoelastic flows can be described correctly through second order; furthermore stationary flows can be described through the third order. Es wurde festgestellt, das die Gleichung von Oldroyd nicht ausreicht, um das zeitabhangige rheologrsche Betragen verdunnter Suspensionen von starren Hanteln zu beschreiben. Es ist aber moglich, zwei neue Glieder in die Oldroydsche Gleichung einzufuhren, um die zeitabhangigen viskoelastischen Stromungen von Hantelsuspensionen bis zur zweiten Ordnung richtig beschreiben zu konnen; auserdem konnen die stationaren Stromungen bis zur dritten Ordnung angegeben werden.
Structural Balances and All ThatWhich Indicators to Use in Assessing Fiscal Policy

Structural indicators of a country`s fiscal position are regularly used as estimates of both discretionary changes in fiscal policy and the effect of fiscal policy on aggregate demand. This paper looks at such indicators and evaluates, from a theoretical standpoint and from empirical case studies, their usefulness in measuring the size of discretionary policy action or fiscal demand stimulus. Two propositions are examined in detail: first, that the change in the primary structural balance provides a better indicator of discretionary fiscal policy than does the change in the primary balance; and second, that the change in the structural balance is a good indicator of the demand stimulus arising from changes in the fiscal position. In addition, the paper discusses measurement problems relating to structural balances and the use of the fiscal impulse as an alternative to structural balances.
Ramp-up of CHI initiated plasmas on NSTX

Ongoing experiments on the National Spherical Torus Experiment have demonstrated ohmic transformer flux savings by initiating the discharge with transient coaxial helicity injection (CHI). The combined use of discharge cleaning of the CHI electrodes and use of lithium evaporation, along with the use of poloidal field coils, to produce a buffer flux that prevents arcs at the top of the device has been shown to reduce the radiation from low-Z impurities. Without such impurity reduction, CHI-initiated discharges could not have their plasma current increased by ohmic ramp-up; however, the CHI-initiated discharges with reduced low-Z radiation can be ramped up by induction and exhibit higher plasma current than discharges without the benefit of CHI initiation.
Herpesvirus tamarinus and its Relation to Herpes Simplex Virus

We have characterized Herpesvirus tamarinus (HT), a virus of New World primates related to herpes simplex virus. HT virion DNA cross-hybridized appreciably with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) DNA. The HT-HSV-1 cross-hybridizing DNA sequences were distributed over the length of the genome; some DNA sequences, however, were apparently more homologous than others. HT virion DNA was estimated from the sum of restriction endonuclease fragments to have a mol. wt. 98 X 10(6). Only 1 molar fragments were found with some restriction endonucleases and 0.5 and 1 molar fragments were found with other restriction endonucleases but no evidence was found for 0.25 molar fragments. Independent isolates of HT from different species of South American primates gave nearly identical restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns of virion DNA. Although cross-reacting antigenic proteins of HT and HSV-1 were not detected by neutralization or immunofluorescence tests, cross-reacting antigenic proteins were detected by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of immunoprecipitates of 35S-labelled infected cell extracts.
AN INVESTIGATION OF TASK REQUIREMENTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE INVENTED SPELLINGS OF 4-YEAR-OLDS WITH ABOVE AVERAGE INTELLIGENCE

This study examined whether conscious use of phonological knowledge is associated with invented spelling and whether a relation exists between invented spelling and reading. Thirty-two 4-year-olds ...
A postsynaptic role for Rhp55/57 that is responsible for cell death in Δrqh1 mutants following replication arrest in Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Following replication arrest, multiple cellular responses are triggered to maintain genomic integrity. In fission yeast, the RecQ helicase, Rqh1, plays a critical role in this process. This is demonstrated in Δrqh1 cells that, following treatment with hydroxyurea (HU), undergo an aberrant mitosis leading to cell death. Previous data suggest that Rqh1 functions with homologous recombination (HR) in recovery from replication arrest. We have found that loss of the HR genes rhp55+ or rhp57+, but not rhp51+ or rhp54+, suppresses the HU sensitivity of Δrqh1 cells. Much of this suppression requires Rhp51 and Rhp54. In addition, this suppression is partially dependent on swi5+. In budding yeast, overexpressing Rad51 (the Rhp51 homolog) minimized the need for Rad55/57 (Rhp55/57) in nucleoprotein filament formation. We overexpressed Rhp51 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe and found that it greatly reduced the requirement for Rhp55/57 in recovery from DNA damage. However, overexpressing Rhp51 did not change the Δrhp55 suppression of the HU sensitivity of Δrqh1, supporting an Rhp55/57 function during HR independent of nucleoprotein filament formation. These results are consistent with Rqh1 playing a role late in HR following replication arrest and provide evidence for a postsynaptic function for Rhp55/57.
Successful application of the Norwood procedure for infants without hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Although the first-stage Norwood procedure mostly has been used for hypoplastic left heart syndrome, there are other anomalies in which the Norwood procedure can be applied. Since 1991, 18 newborns without hypoplastic left heart syndrome underwent a first-stage Norwood procedure. All had a hypoplastic aortic annulus, ascending aorta, and transverse aorta. Ten had normally related great arteries: aortic atresia or aortic stenosis with inadequate left ventricle in 4, mitral atresia or stenosis in 4, and interrupted aortic arch in 2. The 8 others had double-outlet right ventricle with mitral atresia or complete transposition with a hypoplastic right ventricle. Age ranged from 2 to 77 days (median, 6 days) and weight from 2.4 to 4.4 kg (mean, 3.0 kg). The patients with interrupted aortic arch simultaneously underwent primary repair of the interruption. There were 17 hospital survivors (94%). There have been no late deaths in follow-up from 4 to 30 months (mean, 15.5 months). Thirteen children have had subsequent creation of a bidirectional Glenn shunt with takedown of the original systemic to pulmonary shunt. The 2 with interrupted aortic arch underwent a Rastelli-type biventricular repair. These results show that the Norwood procedure can be applied to infants without hypoplastic left heart syndrome who have hypoplastic aortas and excessive pulmonary blood flow with very low mortality and excellent palliation.
Two Dogmas of Educational Research

Educational researchers rightly puzzle about the relative merits of qualitative versus quantitative research methods and about the role that value judgments should play in the conduct of research. Unfortunately, discussions of these issues are often unproductive because they assume (albeit unwittingly) a positivistic epistemological framework. The aim of this paper is to show how rigid epistemological distinctions between quantitative and qualitative methods and between factual and value judgments rest on positivistic dogmas, and how post-positivistic thought eliminates the intractable problem engendered by positivistic epistemology of a forced choice between value-laden/qualitative and value-free/quantitative research methods. The paper also briefly suggests general criteria for evaluating educational research once the positivist-inspired quantitative-qualitative and fact-value dogmas are set aside.
Operant responding with free access to the reinforcer: A replication and extension

This study was conducted to assess the maintenance of operant responding in the presence of free access to the reinforcer. The results replicated earlier research using food reinforcement and demonstrated that the same general results could be obtained with water reinforcement. Several studies have been conducted assessing the responses animals would use to obtain reinforcement in situations where two or more responses of varying degrees of difficulty were present. Havelka (1956) showed that rats preferred a longer alley to obtain a variably positioned food reinforcer instead of a shorter alley where the food reinforcer was always in the same position. Recent research in this area has been concerned with the occurrence of a food-reinforced operant response when free food is available in the experimental chamber. Jensen (1963) demonstrated that even when free food was available in the experimental chamber, rats with a history of continuous reinforcement of barpress responding would obtain much of the food consumed during an experimental session by means of the barpress response. Rats having more experience with the barpress operant displayed more responding when the free food was available than did rats with a brief exposure to the reinforced operant. Neuringer (1969) extended these findings to pigeons by demonstrating that a keypeck response was maintained in the presence of free food. In addition, Neuringer (1969) also demonstrated that Ss need not be trained nor deprived to learn and maintain an operant response in the presence of a free reinforcer. Singh (1970) obtained similar results that demonstrated that rats showed a preference for reinforcement obtained by means of a barpress response over noncontingent reinforcement which was programmed at the same density as the contingent reinforcement. Similarly, this study demonstrated that child ren would display a preference for response-contingent marbles rather than for noncontingent marbles. Recently, Carder (1972) demonstrated that rats, previously trained to emit a barpress operant, would earn 83% of the liquid food reinforcer consumed when free access to this reinforcer was permitted. In contrast, the Carder (1972) experiment showed that rats trained to emit a barpress response using water as the reinforcer
Introductory Biology Students’ Conceptual Models and Explanations of the Origin of Variation

Mutation is the key molecular mechanism generating phenotypic variation, which is the basis for evolution. In an introductory biology course, we used a model-based pedagogy that enabled students to integrate their understanding of genetics and evolution within multiple case studies. We used student-generated conceptual models to assess understanding of the origin of variation. By midterm, only a small percentage of students articulated complete and accurate representations of the origin of variation in their models. Targeted feedback was offered through activities requiring students to critically evaluate peers’ models. At semester’s end, a substantial proportion of students significantly improved their representation of how variation arises (though one-third still did not include mutation in their models). Students’ written explanations of the origin of variation were mostly consistent with their models, although less effective than models in conveying mechanistic reasoning. This study contributes evidence that articulating the genetic origin of variation is particularly challenging for learners and may require multiple cycles of instruction, assessment, and feedback. To support meaningful learning of the origin of variation, we advocate instruction that explicitly integrates multiple scales of biological organization, assessment that promotes and reveals mechanistic and causal reasoning, and practice with explanatory models with formative feedback.
Germination of spores of Clostridium difficile strains, including isolates from a hospital outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD)

Clostridium difficile is an emerging nosocomial pathogen and one of the major causes of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. Cases of Clostridium difficile-associated disease (CDAD) are likely initiated by the ingestion of dormant C. difficile spores, which then germinate, outgrow and rapidly proliferate to cause gastrointestinal (GI) infections. To understand the initial stages of CDAD pathogenesis, we have characterized the germination of spores from a collection of C. difficile strains, including some clinical isolates obtained from a CDAD outbreak (CDAD isolates). Spores of one laboratory strain and five CDAD isolates did not germinate with amino acids, but did germinate on a nutrient-rich medium. However, bile salts had little effect on spore germination, either alone or in a nutrient-rich medium. These spores also germinated with KCl, as well as the non-nutrient germinants dodecylamine and a 1 : 1 chelate of Ca2+ and dipicolinic acid. An unexpected finding was that spores of most of the C. difficile strains also germinated with inorganic phosphate (Pi) with a pH optimum of 6. The in vitro germination of spores of CDAD strains with KCl and Pi, two molecules present at significant levels in the GI tract, suggests that C. difficile spores germinate in the human body by sensing Pi in the early segments of the duodenum and KCl in the colon.
Diversity-Multiplexing Trade-off in Adaptive Two-Way Relaying

Resource allocation for symmetric half-duplex bidirectional relaying networks is considered. Various decode-and-forward (DF) based relaying strategies that efficiently exploit quantized channel state information (CSI) at the transmitters (CSIT) are investigated. Adapting the number of channel uses for each relaying phase and allocating transmit power based on limited CSIT is shown to result in a significant improvement in the diversity-multiplexing trade-off (DMT). Without a direct link between the sources, power control is instrumental to efficiently exploit CSI feedback from sources to relay, resulting in superior performance that matches corresponding upper bounds in certain cases. With direct links between the sources, it is shown that DF two-way relaying does not suffer from a diversity loss when the multiplexing gain is high, a significant improvement over the dynamic DF protocol for one-way relaying. The best DMT is achieved when each source broadcasts partial CSI to the other nodes in the network, allowing them to adapt their transmit powers.
The disappearing abdominal mass: mesenteric pseudocyst.

Introduction: Mesenteric pseudocyst is a term used to describe an abdominal cystic mass with an unknown abdominal origin. They are rare intra-abdominal masses, with a reported incidence of approximately 1 per 100,000 to 250,000 hospital admissions. Most cysts are benign and they may present differently, such as a disappearing mass or a mass that changes locations, thus posing a diagnostic challenge to the clinician. Case Report: We describe a case of a 29-year-old woman who presented with a 2-year history of feeling a large mass within her abdomen, which would then disappear for several days and would frequently change position and be felt in different quadrants of her abdomen. Computed tomography scan of the abdomen revealed a large cystic structure, and a computed tomography–guided biopsy was inconclusive. Diagnostic laparoscopic surgery revealed a firm mass arising from the jejunal mesentery; the patient underwent an en bloc resection. Histopathologic examination of the resected mass revealed a rare diagnosis of mesenteric pseudocyst. Mesenteric pseudocyst should be should be kept high on the list of differential diagnoses when a patient presents with a disappearing mass and/or an abdominal mass that changes location.
Mild and efficient catalytic method for α-trimethylsilyl ketones

A mild, efficient and convenient method for the synthesis of α-silyl ketones from corresponding aldehydes and trimethylsilyldiazomethane in the presence of a catalytic amount of indium(III) chloride has been developed.
On distances and self-dual codes over Fq[u]∕(ut)

New metrics and distances for linear codes over the ring Fq[u]/(u) are defined, which generalize the Gray map, Lee weight, and Bachoc weight; and new bounds on distances are given. Two characterizations of self-dual codes over Fq[u]/(u) are determined in terms of linear codes over Fq. An algorithm to produce such self-dual codes is also established. 1.Introduction. Many optimal codes have been obtained by studying codes over general rings rather than fields. Lately, codes over finite chain rings (of which Fq[u]/(u) is an example) have been a source of many interesting properties [6, 8, 3]. Gulliver and Harada [4] found good examples of ternary codes over F3 using a particular type of Gray map. Siap and Ray-Chaudhuri in [9] established a relation between codes over Fq[u]/(u − a) and codes over Fq, which was used to obtained new codes over F3 and F5. In this paper we present a certain generalization of the method used in [4] and [9], defining a family of metrics for linear codes over Fq[u]/(u) and obtaining as particular examples the Gray map, the Gray weight, the Lee weight and the Bachoc weight. For the latter, we give a new bound on the distance of those codes. It also shows that the Gray images of codes over F2 + uF2 are more powerful than codes obtained by the so-called u—u+v condition. With these tools in hand, we study conditions for self-duality of codes over Fq[u]/(u). In [7] the authors study the case of self-dual cyclic codes in terms of the generator polynomials. In this paper we study self-dual codes in terms of linear codes over Fq that are obtained as images under the maps defined on the first part of the paper. We provide a way to construct many self-dual codes over Fq starting from a self-dual code over Fq[u]/(u). We also study self-dual codes in terms of the torsion codes, and provide a way to construct many self-dual codes over Fq[u]/(u) starting from a self-orthogonal code over Fq. Our results contain many of the properties studied by Bachoc for self-dual codes over F3 + uF3 in [1]. 2. Metric for Codes over Fq[u]/(u). We will use R(q, t) to denote the commutative ring Fq[u]/(u). The q elements of this ring can be represented in two different forms, and we will use the most appropriate in each case. First, we can use the ∗The project was partially supported by Office of Research of the University of Michigan-Flint. †2000 Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 94B05, 94B60, Secondary: 11T71. ‡
The Rise and Call of Group Rap Therapy: A Critical Analysis from its Creator

Since its inception nearly a decade ago, Group Rap Therapy (GRT) as an intervention practice continues to be viewed in the United States with wariness due to its controversial alliance with a music...
Deciding to upgrade packaged software: a comparative case study of motives, contingencies and dependencies

AbstractPackaged software is widely adopted and has become an integral part of most organizations’ IT portfolios. Once packaged software is adopted, upgrades to subsequent versions appear to be ine...
Video-enhanced contrast, differential interference contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy : a new method capable of analyzing microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of Allogromia laticollaris

A new method called Allen Video-enhanced Contrast, Differential Interference Contrast (AVEC-DIC) microscopy is shown to be sufficiently sensitive to detect several new features of microtubule-related motility in the reticulopodial network of the foraminifer, Allogromia. The method takes advantage of the variable gain and offset features of a binary video camera to operate the DIC microscope under conditions highly favorable for video imaging, but in which the optical image is virtually invisible to the eye yet retains its full information when viewed by a suitable video camera. The improvements are made possible by setting a de Senarmont compensator to lambda/9-lambda/4 at maximal working aperture of internally corrected planapochromatic objectives. Under these conditions, the offset feature of the video camera can reject so much stray light from the instrument and specimen that contrast compares favorably with that observed in high-extinction images, and polarizing rectifiers offer scarcely any advantage. Freed from the constraints of the light-limited conditions of DIC microscopy, video images can be recorded 60 times per second, or over 1,000 times the rate of photomicrographs at comparable magnifications under high-extinction conditions. Application of this method to the reticulopodial network of Allogromia has shown that cytoplasmic organelles are translocated only in contact with single microtubules or bundles of microtubules, and that these organelles fail to move when separated from microtubules. Microtubules themselves undergo both axial translatory ("sliding") and lateral "zipping and unzipping" movements that have been suggested to occur during mitosis and other biological processes.
Empirical assessment of selected color-quantizing algorithms

We develop an empirical approach for evaluating the performance of color-quantizing algorithms in controlled laboratory experiments. We chose a 4 X 4 X 2 factorial experimental design to examine the performance of four algorithms at four palette sizes in two arrangements. The independent variables are algorithm, palette size and arrangement, and the dependent variables are perceived color fidelity, contrast, and overall quality. Subjects observed 128 quantized images on slides. We find significant between-subject effects of palette size and algorithms on all dependent variables, and observe consistent patterns of significant palette size effects. The 16-color palette results in the poorest perceived image quality, and the 64-color palette is poorer than the 256-color palette. However, there is homogeneity in performance between 64 and 128 colors, and between 128 colors and 256 colors. The effect of algorithm is less consistent.