cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Selective Catalytic Oxidation of Unprotected Carbohydrates

The development of new strategies for the direct catalytic functionalization of unprotected carbohydrates would be an enabling advance for glycoscience. Herein we report that the catalytic oxidation of unprotected carbohydrates can be carried out selectively with [(neocuproine)Pd(OAc)]2(OTf)2 (1) to generate the 3-ketoses. Catalytic aerobic oxidation can be carried out with Pd loadings as low as 1% in the presence of phenolic additives. Catalytic oxidation of a variety of unprotected pyranosides in acetonitrile or acetonitrile/water with Pd catalyst 1 with either oxygen or benzoquinone selectively generates the 3-ketoses. Minor amounts of the 4-ketoses are formed competitively, particularly in the case of pyranosides bearing axial substituents at C4 of the pyranoside. Catalytic oxidations can also be carried out in trifluorethanol, but for pyranosides bearing axial substituents at C2 or C4, selective oxidation to the 3-ketose is accompanied by epimerization to afford the equatorial 3-ketoses. Catalytic ox...
Impacts of Urban Pollution on Thunderstorms

In this study, we have performed an analysis of lightning, precipitation, and visibility and numerical modeling to elucidate the relationship between air pollution and thunderstorms and to quantify the aerosol indirect effects on cloud development, precipitation, and lightning over the PRD area. Seven year measurements of precipitation, lightning flashes, and visibility from 2000 to 2006 have been analyzed in this area. To assess the effects of aerosols on cloud processes, precipitation, lightning activity, a WRF model with a two-moment bulk microphysical scheme has been employed to simulate a mesoscale convective system in this area. Sensitivity experiments have been performed to reflect aerosol conditions characteristic of both polluted and clean cases to further reveal the physical mechanism for the precipitation and lightning enhancement under the polluted aerosol condition. Note that the present modeling work only focuses on the indirect effect of aerosols, by which aerosols serve as CCN and hence affect precipitation and lightning activities of the thunderstorm event.
Using the Cooperative Board Game Pandemic to Study Teamwork

Teamwork is paramount in most modern-day career fields. It is important for Human Factors students and professionals to understand the knowledge, skills, and attitudes (KSAs) requisite for excellen...
Interpreting (the work and the talk of) baseball: Perspectives on ballpark culture

Baseball, as a cultural institution, is subject to many interpretations. This article reports the findings of one long‐term ethnographic study of the communicative actions and interactions of employees who work at a major league baseball stadium and it reveals how these actions and interactions create and maintain three dominant interpretations of ballpark culture: the ballpark as a site of capitalist work, as a community for symbolic family members, and as a theatre for social drama. The article also discusses how romantics, functionalists, and critics, as students of the game, interpret the meaning of baseball in American culture.
Solar axion search technique with correlated signals from multiple detectors

Abstract The coherent Bragg scattering of photons converted from solar axions inside crystals would boost the signal for axion-photon coupling enhancing experimental sensitivity for these hypothetical particles. Knowledge of the scattering angle of solar axions with respect to the crystal lattice is required to make theoretical predications of signal strength. Hence, both the lattice axis angle within a crystal and the absolute angle between the crystal and the Sun must be known. In this paper, we examine how the experimental sensitivity changes with respect to various experimental parameters. We also demonstrate that, in a multiple-crystal setup, knowledge of the relative axis orientation between multiple crystals can improve the experimental sensitivity, or equivalently, relax the precision on the absolute solar angle measurement. However, if absolute angles of all crystal axes are measured, we find that a precision of 2 ∘ − 4 ∘ will suffice for an energy resolution of σ E = 0.04 E and a flat background. Finally, we also show that, given a minimum number of detectors, a signal model averaged over angles can substitute for precise crystal angular measurements, with some loss of sensitivity.
Abstract 233: Practice Process Variability and Outcomes, Relation to Interventionalist Volume

Background: For the hospital, the cardiac catheterization lab is a high risk, high volume, high cost center. With the evolving imperative to provide value over volume, cardiac catheterization lab utilization, processes, and outcomes are an increasing focus of both internal and external scrutiny on an individual operator and aggregate basis. A hospital initiated multidisciplinary task force reviews real time and quarterly data from the NCDR and New York State to provide operator and cath lab managerial feedback, modify practice, and to assess progress. Ongoing interventions include; worksheets, EMR and Cath Lab templates, timely data review and feedback to managerial staff and operators. Methods: Stony Brook University has an open Cardiac Cath Lab with services provided by 5 full time faculty and 12 voluntary (private practice) interventional cardiologists. Using internal, NYS [2009-2015], and 2015 NCDR data, utilization, processes, and outcomes of high volume [HV] operators [>100 PCI/yr] and those with a disproportionate rate of cath to PCI conversions [>50%] were compared to lower volume [LV] and low conversion rate operators. Results: High volume operators [6] performed an average of 171 interventions compared to an average of 36 for LV operators [11]. Cases rated appropriate increased from 26% (102 of 391) in 2010 to 96.4% (1448 of 1502) in 2015. Cases rated inappropriate decreased from 24.8% (97 of 391) in 2010 to 1.0% (15 of 1502) in 2015; HV operators 0.5% versus 2.2% LV operators in 2015. The cases rated uncertain also decreased from 49% (192 of 391) in 2010 to 2.6% (39 of 1502) in 2015; HV operators 1.6% versus 5.1% for LV operators in 2015. This is statistically significant with p < 0.05 by chi-square. Process indicators of stent utilization/case [1.8 vs 1.6] and contrast use [179 vs 166 cc/case] were similar in HV and LV operators with an increase in fluoroscopy times [20.2 vs 18.3 min], Total Area Dose [11,017 vs 9,154], Skin Dose 1,759 vs 1,536] in the LV operators. Bleeding complications were higher [5.8% vs 2.1%] in HV operators and mortalities were confined to the HV operators and those performing STEMI interventions. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary task force is an effective method of targeting multiple variables impacting on cath lab value metrics. Marked progress has been made towards the consistent and appropriate use of cardiac catheterization and angioplasty. The highest rates of cath-PCI conversion, bleeding complications and mortality were for HV full time cardiologists, providing 7x24 coverage for STEMI interventions and caring for a disproportionate number of ACS patients. Initiated processes, oversight and feedback changes have effectively minimized process and potential outcome differences between high and low volume operators.
High-Frequency/High-Field Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and Theoretical Studies of Tryptophan-Based Radicals.

Tryptophan-based free radicals have been implicated in a myriad of catalytic and electron transfer reactions in biology. However, very few of them have been trapped so that biophysical characterizations can be performed in a high-precision context. In this work, tryptophan derivative-based radicals were studied by high-frequency/high-field electron paramagnetic resonance (HFEPR) and quantum chemical calculations. Radicals were generated at liquid nitrogen temperature with a photocatalyst, sacrificial oxidant, and violet laser. The precise g-anisotropies of l- and d-tryptophan, 5-hydroxytryptophan, 5-methoxytryptophan, 5-fluorotryptophan, and 7-hydroxytryptophan were measured directly by HFEPR. Quantum chemical calculations were conducted to predict both neutral and cationic radical spectra for comparison with the experimental data. The results indicate that under the experimental conditions, all radicals formed were cationic. Spin densities of the radicals were also calculated. The various line patterns a...
Evaluating the Effects of Nitrogen Fertilization on Cascade Hop Yield

Hop production in non-traditional growing regions continues to strengthen. Areas that were once decimated by hop diseases, such as downy mildew, have reemerged and are thriving. Although climate in the North Central region still poses challenges, new developments in pesticides and cultivar selections have mitigated some of these risks.
Enzensberger's "Landessprache" and Its Translation

His essay actually being a critique of a German-English edition of a collection which contains landessprache, Levenson also deals with the translations pro duced by Jerome Rothenburg, Michael Hamburger, and Enzensberger himself.2 It is the purpose of my inquiry to investigate, in the light of Levenson's criticisms of both the original and Michael Hamburger's translation, the poem landes sprache. As Levenson observes, Enzensberger's poetry is a "social poetry" which "attacks the complacent, overstuffed, short-memoried German public since the Wirtschaftswunder." In the case of landessprache, this general interpretation catches only the surface-level meaning of the poem. On another level, the poem is a satirical play with the German "Landessprache" ("language of the land"). This satire on the landessprache is written in the landessprache; form and con tent have become identical. When turning the poem into American English, the translator faces the task of reproducing this identity, i.e., of rendering the satirical content and at the same time satirically playing with the English language. He has to produce a cultural translation for the American reader without allowing the latter to forget that the poem is about Germany. Levenson points out some of the shortcomings both of Hamburger's and Rothen berg's translations. What also deserves to be pointed out is the fact that, since landessprache is, according to Levenson's tongue-in-cheek interpretation, written "for people who read the papers" rather than for literary scholars, the poem would seem to reveal itself more easily to someone who grew up in post-war Germany and thus acquired a natural familiarity with the language of the
Modeling the performance of a piezoelectric gyroscope

Conventional gyroscopes are based on high speed rotor devices. Vibrating gyroscopes offer advantages over conventional ones: they are free of troublesome bearings, require low power with instant start-up time, and they can often be packaged in a small working volume. Furthermore, they are not sensitive to linear acceleration and thus are apt to better detect angular acceleration. Such devices are used in avionic navigation and have possible future use in steering control for automobiles.
Retrospective reports of former smokers: Receiving doctor's advice to quit smoking and using behavioral interventions for smoking cessation in the United States.

Abstract The study investigated the over-time changes and racial/ethnic disparities in the quality of health care services for cigarette smoking cessation in the U.S. from 2007 to 2015. The primary measures included receiving a doctor's advice to quit smoking in the year before smoking cessation and using behavioral interventions for smoking cessation (telephone helplines and web-based interventions) while trying to quit smoking. The study was conducted from January to July 2018. We used merged data from the 2010–11 and 2014–15 Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey. The sample sizes were 7011 and 12,025, respectively, for the analyses corresponding to two primary measures. The rate of receiving a doctor's advice to quit increased significantly from 66% (SE = 2%) in 2007 to 73% (SE = 4%) in 2015. The rate of usage of telephone helplines or web-based interventions for smoking cessation increased only from 3% (SE = 1%) in 2007 to 5% (SE = 1%) in 2015. These positive trends remained even after adjusting for several important factors. For both measures, the rates were consistently lower among Hispanic smokers than Non-Hispanic Black/African American and White smokers. Despite the availability of states' behavioral interventions for cessation of tobacco use, utilization of these interventions remains very low, indicating that smokers may not be aware of these free resources, may have misconceptions about these interventions being evidence-based, or there are barriers for using these interventions.
Design of Broadband PLC Conformance Testing System Based on TTCN-3

Protocol conformance test plays a necessary and important role in guaranteeing that broadband PLC (Power Line Communication) devices to meet the standards and achieve interoperability. A broadband PLC Conformance Testing System is designed based on TTCN-3 framework. The implementation scheme for conformance testing platform is proposed and the module mechanisms as well as key techniques are described. Test suite are designed according to broadband PLC testing requirements, and finally test cases are executed based on testing environment constructed. The work is of significance for promoting the broadband PLC standardization and interoperability.
Intimate Partner Violence and Depression among Black Transgender Women in the USA: The Potential Suppressive Effect of Perceived Social Support

Depression among Black transgender women (BTW) in the USA is an often understudied mental health concern with far-reaching consequences for overall physical and mental health at both the individual and community levels. Intimate partner violence (IPV) among BTW is also a frequently understudied and important social determinant of health in need of further exploration. This study sought to address the gap in research on the relationship between IPV and depression among BTW using a time- and location-based community sample of BTW from six US cities. In addition, it sought to explore the potential protective or suppressive effect of perceived social support on this relationship. Generalized structural equation models were used to assess conditional direct and indirect effects of IPV on depression via the suppression effect of perceived social support. Evidence was found of a statistically significant conditional direct effect of IPV on depression as well as a statistically significant suppression effect for perceived social support. Specifically, there was a 20% lower likelihood of increased depressive symptomatology for every 1-unit increase in perceived social support reported by participants. These findings indicated that perceived social support may be an important intervention point for helping to improve the mental health and well-being of BTW.
Serum carotenoids are strongly associated with dermal carotenoids but not self-reported fruit and vegetable intake among overweight and obese women.

Accurate assessment of fruit and vegetable intake (FVI) is essential for public health nutrition research and surveillance. Blood carotenoid concentrations are robust biomarkers of FVI, but collecting blood samples typically is not feasible in population-based studies. Understanding how well non-invasive measures compare to blood estimates is important for advancing surveillance and evaluation. The objective of this study was to examine the associations between serum carotenoids and four non-invasive measures of FVI in overweight and obese women. This study utilized baseline data from 157 overweight or obese women (95.5% white, mean age 58.56 years ± 9.49 years) enrolled in the Strong Hearts, Healthy Communities randomized trial, including two direct measures of carotenoids and three self-reported measures of FVI. Participants completed a fasting blood draw, dermal carotenoid scans using resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS), a two-item FVI screener modeled after the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 “My Life Check” tool (modified AHA tool), the National Cancer Institute’s All-Day Fruit and Vegetable Screener (FVS), multiple 24-h dietary recalls, physical measurements, and demographic and health behavior questions. We analyzed blood for total carotenoids and derived total FVI estimates from self-report tools. We used multivariate linear regression models to examine associations between each non-invasive tool and serum carotenoids under four scenarios analogous to different research contexts in which varying breadths of participant data are available. We also calculated adjusted Pearson’s correlations between serum carotenoids, dermal carotenoids, and the self-reported measures. Dermal carotenoids were strongly correlated with serum carotenoids (0.71, P < 0.00067) and associated with serum carotenoids in all regression models (0.42–0.43, P < 0.002). None of the self-reported FVI measures were significantly associated with serum or dermal carotenoids in adjusted regression models or correlation analyses. Compared to self-reported FVI, we found dermal carotenoids measured by RRS to be a superior method to approximate serum carotenoids among overweight and obese women. More research is needed to investigate these assessment methods in diverse populations. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02499731, registered July 16, 2015.
Gerald Weissmann: Inflammation in rheumatic disease

Gerald Weissmann (1930–2019), former President of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), was at the forefront of a generation of rheumatologists/scientists who transformed the study of the rheumatic diseases from a largely descriptive effort to a hypothesis-driven scientific endeavour. Born in Vienna, his family left Austria in 1938, during the rise of Nazism in Europe, and settled in New York City, where his father resumed his practice of medicine. Through his remarkable scientific career, Gerry Weissmann carved an indelible mark on the field of rheumatology serving as chief of the Division of NYU’s Langone Medical Center (1973–2000), training scores of physicians and scientists. To all, he was an exemplar of scientific rigour and unbounded enthusiasm for scholarship, whose legacy continues to influence numerous disciples throughout the world. For all of these attributes, Gerald Weissmann is an academic ‘hero’. Over his 50-year scientific career students, clinicians and scientists sought out Dr Weissmann as a mentor. With his scientific rigour, creativity and, on occasion, acerbic wit, Dr Weissmann introduced a generation of students to the practice of experimental science. He was an inspiration to many aspiring rheumatologists; the excitement of his scientific approach and the changes and developments in the clinic attracted a large number of able trainees. He influenced both at bench and bedside, the latter enforcing on medical rounds the relevance of ear cartilage resilience to general health. Many of us fondly recall Dr Weissmann’s trademark purple magic marker which repeatedly circled all the nouns we mistakenly used as adjectives. Surely as his mentees we will always be indebted …
12 Myths and Facts about Physical Education for Students with Disabilities

According to the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act every student that has a documented disability is required to have an individualized education program (IEP). The IEP comprises core are...
Limnological characteristics of Missouri reservoirs: synthesis of a long-term assessment

Jones JR, Thorpe AP, Obrecht DV. 2020. Limnological characteristics of Missouri reservoirs: synthesis of a long-term assessment. Lake Reserv Manage. XX:XX–XX. Missouri reservoirs reflect their edap...
Counterion condensation or lack of solvation? Understanding the activity of ions in thin film block copolymer electrolytes

Polymer electrolytes are found at the heart of numerous electrochemical technologies involved in energy storage, conversion and separations. An important property of these materials is their partitioning behavior of ions in aqueous solutions and its effect on the activity of the ions within the polymer electrolyte. In this work, the fraction of condensed counterions (fc) were quantified in nanostructured block copolymer electrolyte (BCE) thin films with new and established experimental techniques. The transition between the osmotic-controlled regime and condensation-controlled regime in BCEs was identified using environmental GI-SAXS and solution uptake measurements via a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM). Further, the activity coefficients of ions in thin film BCEs were quantified experimentally and these values matched predictions from Manning's theory of counterion condensation if the average distance between fixed charges on the polymer chains were determined accurately. Classical molecular dynamics simulations were also performed to assess counterion condensation and ionic conductivity values. The simulations showed large fc values in the BCE – agreeing with results from GI-SAXS and QCM. Because a holistic approach was adopted, it was uncovered that fc can vary significantly depending on the experimental method and analysis deployed. Interestingly, ionic conductivity measurements of the BCE thin films with aqueous solutions and humidified vapor revealed that solvation is critical for breaking ion pairs, and that the notion of two distinct counterion types, condensed and non-condensed, may not be the most accurate picture despite the utility of Manning's theory for accurately predicting the activity coefficient of ions in polymer electrolytes.
Reversible Colloidal Crystallization

We report 3D colloidal self-assembly (crystallization) of poly(ionic liquid) latexes to produce crystals that exhibit reversible melting and recrystallization in water, due to “classical” interparticle interactions, typical of multifunctional polymers. These new materials are derived from an ionic liquid monomer that is polymerized at room temperature by redox-initiated polymerization. Particle synthesis, self-assembly, thermal properties, and introductory light diffraction effects are reported with a focus on melting. These crystals are distinguishable from classical colloidal crystalline arrays, and are the first such crystals to exhibit thermal melting. This new hydrogel offers promise for engineering large volume production of photonic crystals active in the visible and proximal spectral regions, by crystallization from suspension (solution), characteristic of most useful chemical compounds.
Reflexiones sobre sonido, espacio y territorio en el cine

espanolEl presente articulo se concibe como una instancia de produccion de ideas o de materiales teoricos referentes al uso del sonido en el cine, relativos en especial a la construccion espacio-territorial, con vistas a una posible formalizacion de una teoria general del sonido cinematografico. De este modo, las ideas resultantes se consideran como materiales de analisis que se ofrecen como insumos para un proceso de teorizacion en este campo. Los modos de analisis que el articulo practica se mueven por dos ejes generales: por un lado, se trataran ejemplos que acentuan o enriquecen definiciones ya dadas; y por otro, se trataran ejemplos que ponen en cuestion y transgreden estas definiciones. EnglishThe present article is conceived as an instance of the production of ideas or theoretical materials concerning the use of sound in cinema, especially in relation to spatial-territorial construction, in view of a future formalization of a general theory of cinematographic sound. In this way, the resulting ideas are considered as analytical materials that are offered as inputs for a process of theorization in this field. The modes of analysis that the present article practices move along two general axes: on the one hand, examples that accentuate or enrich definitions already given will be discussed; and, on the other hand, examples that question and transgress these definitions will be dealt with.
Responses of Soil Microbial Community Structure and Enzymatic Activities to Long-Term Application of Mineral Fertilizer and Beef Manure

Abstract The intensive use of mineral fertilizers to achieve high crop yield has led to soil degradation and poor soil health. Thus, manure application as an alternative to mineral fertilizers can be an effective fertilization strategy to sustain soil health and biodiversity. This study aims to assess the impacts of long-term manure and mineral fertilizers on key soil biochemical and biological indicators. The study was conducted on a 16-year long-term experimental site with six different manure and fertilizer treatments that included no amendments (CK), recommended mineral fertilizer (MF), higher rate of mineral fertilizer (HF), manure application based on the phosphorus requirement (LM), manure application based on the nitrogen requirement (MM), and double the rate of MM treatment (HM). Data showed that higher rates of organic manure application (HM) significantly increased enzyme activities, and soil microbial community phospholipid fatty acid biomass compared to the CK for 0–10 ​cm soil depth. However, both mineral fertilizer rates did not show any differences in microbial community when compared with the CK for either depth. Soil bacterial community structure was significantly altered by manure and mineral fertilizer application. In comparison to HF and CK, the HM application stimulated some microbial groups (Chitinophagaceae, Burkholderiaceae, Beijerinckiaceae, and Cellulomonadaceae) those are often involved in phosphorus solubilization, nitrogen mineralization, methane degradation, and degradation of complex organic compounds. This study demonstrated that, compared to mineral fertilizers application, the long-term manure application strategy based on different nutrients requirement especially higher manure treatment can be beneficial in enhancing soil biochemical and biological indicators.
The Harrison D. Horblit Collection of Early Photography: A Strategy for Research, Cataloging, Imaging, and Exhibition

The Harrison D. Horblit Collection of Early Photography comprises more than 7000 items from the 1830s to 1900. Of special interest are approximately 1000 salt prints, 50 photogenic drawings, and 30...
Grit, Loss Aversion, and Investor Behavior

We examine whether grit affects individuals' preferences and trading decisions. Grit is the sustained effort toward a goal despite setbacks. It is malleable and distinct from the Big Five personality traits. Using experiments formalized in prospect theory, we find that grit reduces loss aversion. By diminishing loss aversion, gritty investors exhibit a lower disposition effect since they are more willing to exit losing investments. Consequently, they accumulate about 7% more wealth relative to control participants. Overall, grit affects the quality of investment decisions. Ultimately, our results suggest that interventions cultivating grit could improve households' financial outcomes.
Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma and p16 expression in acral melanocytic neoplasms.

Acral melanocytic neoplasms often pose diagnostic difficulty. Preferentially expressed antigen in melanoma (PRAME) expression and loss of p16 expression have diagnostic utility in melanocytic tumors. We examined PRAME and p16 expression in 30 acral melanocytic neoplasms (n = 11 nevi; n = 2 dysplastic nevi; n = 7 Spitz nevi; n = 10 acral melanomas). PRAME was scored as % positive nuclei: negative = 0%; 1% to 25% = 1+; 25% to 50% = 2+; 50% to 75% = 3+, or positive: 75% to 100% = 4+. p16 expression was defined as retained (homogeneous or checkerboard) or lost (complete or partial/regionally). PRAME expression was negative in all benign, dysplastic, and Spitz nevi. Conversely, all acral melanomas were diffusely (4+) positive for PRAME expression. p16 expression was retained in all benign acral nevi (8/11 homogeneous, 3/11 checkerboard), completely lost in one dysplastic nevus, and retained in all acral Spitz nevi (3/7 homogeneous, 4/7 checkerboard). p16 was retained in five of 10 acral melanomas (3/10 homogeneous; 2/10 checkerboard), and negative in five of 10 acral melanomas (absent in 3/10, partially lost in 2/10). Our data suggest that 4+ PRAME expression is highly sensitive and specific in the setting of acral melanomas and is a more predictive diagnostic tool compared with p16 immunohistochemistry.
One-Sided Argumentation in the Defense of Marriage Act

The goal of this essay is to extend legal argumentation theory by identifying the traits of partisan and one-sided arguments found in legal appeals and reinforced by amicus curiae briefs supporting those appeals. Specifically, I describe the role of amicus curiae briefs commonly used in appellate argumentation in the United States. Then I identify six characteristics of these arguments: clarifying a legal principle, emphasizing amici interests, refuting oppositions’ arguments, stipulating partisan definitions, using one-sided evidence, and citing precedents that reinforce my-side bias. I conclude by providing examples of these six characteristics from two amicus briefs in the U.S. Supreme Court decision entitled, United States v. Windsor (570 U.S. slip opinion. American Bar Association. http://www.supremecourtpreview.org. Accessed 1 Sept 2013, 2013), that overturned a section of the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA) that declared marriage in the U.S. is only between a man and a woman.
A novel direct-current vector control technique for single-phase inverter with L, LC and LCL filters

Abstract Single-phase grid-connected converters (GCCs) are widely used to connect small-scale distributed renewable resources to the grid. However, unlike a three-phase system, design of the vector control for a single-phase GCC is more challenging. This paper presents a novel vector control design for a single-phase GCC based on a direct current vector control method. The design of the proposed vector controllers considered different filtering schemes, including L , LC and LCL filters. The behavior of the proposed direct current vector control is investigated through both simulation and hardware experimentation. Both demonstrate that the proposed control approach has strong ability to trace rapidly changing reference commands, tolerate system disturbances, and satisfy various control needs of single-phase GCCs under different filtering configurations.
The demand for education with ‘power equalizing’ aid

Abstract State grants-in-aid modify the full fiscal income and tax price for education services faced by voters in local school districts. If aid is non-linear in the local property tax rate, as occurs with District Power Equalization coupled with an aid floor, then individual budget constraints are non-linear and least squares estimation is inappropriate. We develop and estimate a model that incorporates these effects, derive and extensively illustrate the comparative statics, present global and local elasticities, and simulate the impact of parameter changes on the variance of spending and the cost of the program.
Manganese-Substituted α-Carbonic Anhydrase as an Enantioselective Peroxidase

Carbonic anhydrase binds a zinc ion in a hydrophobic active site using the imidazole groups of three histidine residues. The natural role of carbonic anhydrase is to catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate, but it also catalyzes hydrolysis of esters with moderate enantioselectivity. Replacing the active-site zinc with manganese yielded manganese-substituted carbonic anhydrase (CA[Mn]), which shows peroxidase activity with a bicarbonate-dependent mechanism. In the presence of bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide, CA[Mn] catalyzed the efficient oxidation of o-dianisidine with k cat /K M = 1.4 × 106 M−1s−1, which is comparable to that for horseradish peroxidase, k cat /K M = 57 × 106 M−1s−1. CA[Mn] also catalyzed the moderately enantioselective epoxidation of olefins to epoxides (E = 5 for p-chlorostyrene). This enantioselectivity is similar to that for natural heme-based peroxidases, but has the advantage that CA[Mn] avoids formation of aldehyde side products. CA[Mn] degrades during the epoxidation, limiting the yield of the epoxidations to <12%. Replacement of active-site residues Asn62, His64, Asn67, Gln92, or Thr200 with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis decreased the enantioselectivity showing that the active site controls enantioselectivity of the epoxidation.
O Haiti e suas elites: o interminável diálogo de surdos 10.5102/uri.v10i2.2071

O artigo analisa as raizes coloniais das relacoes de poder vigente no Haiti a partir de uma percepcao acerca da constituicao das elites coloniais, dentre as quais se insere o grupo de ex-escravos libertos haitianos que reproduziam as relacoes de poder, de escravidao e de privilegios do sistema de plantation, inclusive a racializacao das relacoes de trabalho. Com a rebeliao de 1791, este grupo perde poder e terras e se rearticular para a retomada do controle do Estado Haitiano, o que ocorre apos o assassinato de Dessalines e a consequente fragmentacao do Estado haitiano. O ponto central da analise incide na ideia de que as elites que controlaram o Haiti pos-colonial construiram a necessidade da dependencia estrangeira que assola o pais ate os dias atuais, momento em que e alvo de uma intervencao armada aprovada sob a egide do Cap. VII da Carta das Nacoes Unidas.
ENZYMES OF GLUCOSE CATABOLISM IN A MEMBER OF THE PSITTACOSIS GROUP.

Abstract Moulder, James W. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.), Dorothy L. Grisso, and Robert R. Brubaker. Enzymes of glucose catabolism in a member of the psittacosis group. J. Bacteriol. 89:810–812. 1965.—Extracts of preparations of the agent of meningopneumonitis made from infected chick-embryo allantoic fluid contained three enzymes of the pentose pathway of glucose degradation: glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase, and phosphoglucose isomerase. Vertical starch-gel electrophoresis showed that the two dehydrogenases were qualitatively different from the corresponding enzymes of the host. Enzymes of the Embden-Meyerhof and Entner-Doudoroff pathways were not found.
The Disinvestment in Public Higher Education

America's rise in the World has many reasons. One of the most siginificant is upper mobility. Americans are not limited by caste, class, ethnic background, national origin, religion, race, skin color, accent, or gender. The key to success for most Americans is a system of higher education par excellence. Education was viewed as one of the distinguishing characteristics of the New World. Harvard was initially funded by a grant from the General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1636. America led the world in mandating secondary education. Public univesities have existed for over two centuries in America, led by the chartering of the University of North Carolina in 1789. The concept of land grants to fund education originated with the Northwest Ordinance of 1787. Thomas Jefferson founded the University of Virginia and Benjamin Franklin the University of Pennsylvania. The Morrill Act of 1862 created the public land grant universities, which became the core of the public higher education system in most states. Subsequent acts furthered public higher education. The combination of the exisiting public universities and the land grant institutions marked the ascendancy of public higher education outside the Northeast and Mid-Atlantic. The post-World War II boom in public funding for higher education resulted in changing the paradigm from one of elitism to that of universal access. Scores of public institutions, especially the masters and community colleges, opened their doors. From the days of their formation, many of the public institutions led the way in offering affordabiltiy and accessibility to higher education for their residents, and in opening their doors to women students as well as racial and religious minorities. They soon added professional schools to their offerings. That was then. State spending on higher education is discretionary and is increasingly being squeezed by mandates, especially medicaid. Periodic budget crisis further reduce state spending; the early part of the New Millenium was especially devastating to the finances of the public institutions. Large tuition increses coupled with substantial budget cuts, curricular cuts, and matriculation of high tuition, non-residents to offset the budget cuts is threatening accessibility and affordability, especially at the flagship universities. Michigan, for example, is now a quasi-private university.
The First Direct Supernova/GRB Connection: GRB 030329/SN 2003dh

Observations of gamma-ray burst (GRB) afterglows have yielded tantalizing hints that supernovae (SNe) and GRBs are related. The case had been circumstantial, though, relying on irregularities in the light curve or the colors of the afterglow. I will present observations of the optical afterglow of GRB 030329. The early spectra show a power-law continuum, consistent with other GRB afterglows. After approximately one week, broad peaks in the spectrum developed that were remarkably similar to those seen in the spectra of the peculiar Type Ic SN 1998bw. This is the first direct, spectroscopic confirmation that at least some GRBs arise from SNe.
Genetics of Screwworm: New Genetic Markers and Preliminary Linkage Map

Eight new genetic markers for Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae), the screwworm, are characterized. The markers include three eye mutants, lemon-eye (le), cherry-eye (ch), and red-eye (re); one wing mutant, curly-wing (cw); and four allozyme markers, amylase (Amy-1), glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (Gpd), phosphoglucomutase (Pgm), and octanol dehydrogenase (Odh). The markers are associated into four linkage groups. Radiation-induced translocations were used to correlate the linkage groups with their respective chromosomes. A preliminary genetic linkage map with these and three previously characterized loci is presented.
An investigation of interurban variations in the chemical composition and mutagenic activity of airborne particulate organic matter using an integrated chemical class/bioassay system

Abstract Previous investigations in this laboratory have demonstrated that the mutagenic activities of extractable particulate organic matter (EOM) from cities which differ in their principal fuels and meteorology can vary significantly. To gain a better understanding of these interurban variations, an Integrated Chemical Class/Biological Screening System was developed and used for a more detailed examination of differences in the chemical composition and mutagenic activity of EOM. The screening system involved coupling in situ Ames mutagenicity determinations on high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) plates with class specific chemical analyses on a second set of plates. The system was used to screen for mutagenic activity and selected chemical classes (including PAH, nitro-PAH, phenols, carboxylic acids, carbonyls, aza-arenes and alkylating agents) in EOM from the following sites: New York City; Elizabeth, N.J.; Mexico City; Beijing, China; Philadelphia, PA; and the Caldecott Tunnel (CA). The results of this study demonstrated mutagenic activity and chemical compositional differences in HPTLC subfractions of particulate organic matter from these cities and from the Caldecott Tunnel. The greatest interurban differences in chemical classes were observed for the phenols, carbonyl compounds and alkylating agents. Interurban variations in mutagenic activities were greatest for EOM subfractions of intermediate polarity. These differences are probably related to interurban differences in the fuels used, types of sources and atmospheric conditions. The relationships between these variables are not well understood at present.
Comparison of alternative upscaled model formulations for simulating DNAPL source dissolution and biodecay

Abstract This paper compares the performance of analytical and numerical approaches for modeling DNAPL dissolution with biodecay. A solution derived from a 1-D advective transport formulation (“Parker” model) is shown to agree very closely with high resolution numerical solutions. A simple lumped source mass balance solution in which with decay is assumed proportional to DNAPL mass (“Falta1” model) over- or underpredicts aqueous phase biodecay depending on the magnitude of the exponential factor governing the relationship between dissolution rate and DNAPL mass. A modification of the Falta model that assumes decay proportional to the source exit concentration is capable of accurately simulating source behavior with strong aqueous phase biodecay if model parameters are appropriately selected or calibrated (“Falta2” model). However, parameters in the lumped models exhibit complex interdependencies that cannot be quantified without consideration of transport processes within the source zone. Combining the Falta2 solution with relationships derived from the Parker model was found to resolve these limitations and track the numerical model results. A method is presented to generalize the analytical solutions to enable simulation of partial mass removal with changes in source parameters over time due to various remedial actions. The algorithm is verified by comparison with numerical simulation results. An example application is presented that demonstrates the interactions of partial mass removal, enhanced biodecay, enhanced mass transfer and source zone flow reduction applied at various time periods on contaminant flux reduction. Increasing errors that arise in numerical solutions with coarse discretization and high decay rates are shown to be controlled by using an adjusted decay coefficient derived from the Parker analytical solution.
Detection and Characterization of Individual Intermolecular Bonds Using Optical Tweezers

Abstract The development of scanning probe techniques has made it possible to examine protein-protein interactions at the level of individual molecular pairs. A calibrated optical tweezers, along with immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated polystyrene microspheres, has been used to detect individual surface-linked Staphylococcus protein A (SpA) molecules and to characterize the strength of the noncovalent IgG-SpA bond. Microspheres containing, on average, less than one IgG per contact area were held in the optical trap while an SpA-coated substrate was scanned beneath them at a distance of ∼50nm. This geometry allows the trapped bead to make contact with the surface, from bond formation to rupture, and results in an enhancement of the force applied to a bond due to leverage supplied by the bead itself. Experiments yielded median single-bond rupture forces from 25 to 44 pN for IgG from four mammalian species, in general agreement with predictions based on free energies of association obtained from solution equilibrium constants.
Framing Faculty and Student Discrepancies in Engineering Ethics Education Delivery

PURPOSE (HYPOTHESIS) A long line of research has suggested that students and faculty often have different perceptions of educational efforts and practices. In this study, we consider this as a potential reason for the continued mixed results of engineering ethics education by examining differing perceptions of faculty and students about ethics education and identifying contributing factors to those differences. DESIGN/METHOD We conducted focus groups and interviews with engineering undergraduate students, faculty, and administrators on 18 campuses. Transcripts were analyzed using both deductive and inductive analyses and constant comparison. We identified both themes of discrepancies between faculty/administrator and student perceptions and factors in the educational environment that contributed to those discrepancies. RESULTS Discrepancies between the perceptions of faculty/administrators were seen in two forms. Faculty/ administrators believed that ethics education encompasses teaching about laws, ethical codes, and other black-and-white solutions while also addressing more nuanced ethical dilemmas; students reported only experiencing the laws-and-rules approach. Students also did not see faculty as the positive ethical role models that faculty believed they are. Factors that contribute to both types of discrepancies are identified and reported. CONCLUSIONS This approach can be effective in examining difficulties in teaching engineering ethics. Educators should take steps to understand the different ways faculty/administrators and students perceive ethics education, and how factors in the educational environment contribute to differences in those perceptions.
Droplet trajectories and icing-collision efficiencies for cylinders determined using LDV

Abstract Presented herein are the results of laboratory measurements on droplet trajectories around ice accretions formed on collector cylinders. The measurements, performed using an icing windtunnel at the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research (IIHR), were aimed at evaluating droplet-collision efficiencies associated with the formation of dry-rime icing. Two-component laser-Doppler velocimetry (LDV) was used to make the droplet-trajectory measurements, which required experimentation with both a refrigerated and a non-refrigerated laboratory. Icings were formed in a refrigerated laboratory. A series of non-frigid icing forms then were replicated to enable measurements in a non-refrigerated laboratory. Flow visualization, performed using a smoke-wire method, enabled comparison of droplet trajectories and flow-field evolution around the icing forms. The results show that the formulations of collision efficiency, E, based on potential flow theory over-estimate E compared with E values obtained from the LDV measurements of this study. The differences are attributable mainly to the assumption of potential-flow around a cylinder.
Carbon and Nitrogen Losses by Surface Runoff following Changes in Vegetation

Rainfall simulation experiments were conducted on annual grassland and coastal sage scrub hillslopes to determine the quantities of C and N removed by surface runoff in sediment and solution. Undisturbed coastal sage scrub soils have very high infiltration capacities (> 140 mm h -1 ), preventing the generation of surface runoff. Trampling disturbance to the sage scrub plots dramatically reduced infiltration capacities, increasing the potential for surface runoff and associated nutrient loss. Infiltration capacities in the grassland plots (30-50 mm h 1 ) were lower than in the sage scrub plots. Loss rates of dissolved C and N in surface runoff from grasslands were 0.5 and 0.025 mg m -2 s -1 respectively, with organic N accounting for more than 50% of the dissolved N. Total dissolved losses with simulated rainfall were higher than losses in simulations with just surface runoff, demonstrating the importance of raindrop impact in transferring solutes into the flow. Experimental data were incorporated into a numerical model of runoff and sediment transport to estimate hillslope-scale sediment-bound nutrient losses from grasslands. According to the model results, sediment-bound nutrient losses are sensitive to the density of vegetation cover and rainfall intensity. The model estimates annual losses in surface runoff of 0.2 and 0.02 g m -2 for sediment-bound C and N, respectively. The results of this study suggest that conversion of coastal sage scrub to annual grasslands increases hillslope nutrient losses and may affect stream water quality in the region.