cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Discovery of a novel azepine series of potent and selective 5-HT2c agonists as potential treatments for urinary incontinence

Abstract A range of heterocycle fused azepines were synthesized in order to find a CNS penetrant, selective 5-HT2C agonist for the treatment of incontinence. The pyridazo-azepines such as compound 11 were shown to be potent 5-HT2C agonists and have potential for CNS penetration and good in vitro ADME properties but lacked selectivity against 5-HT2B. Fusing a further heterocycle gave the selective triazolopyrimido-azepines. An example of this series, compound 36, was shown to be potent, selective, metabolically stable in vitro and efficacious in an in vivo model of stress urinary incontinence.
Stimulation by parathyroid hormone of 45Ca2+ uptake in osteoblast-like cells: possible involvement of alkaline phosphatase.

We have investigated the actions of human PTH [hPTH-(l–34)] on the association of 45Ca2+ with two human (SaOS-2 and MG-63) and two rat (ROS 17/2.8 and UMR-106) osteoblast-like cell types. In SaOS-2 cells, hPTH-(l–34) binds to specific membrane receptors to activate adenylate cyclase. Treatment of SaOS-2 cells with hPTH-(l–34) resulted in an increase in 45Ca2+ uptake, in a dose-dependent fashion, up to 2- to 4-fold above control values. The increase was first evident at 10 min and persisted for at least 30 min. Treatment with nimodipine, a calcium channel antagonist, was without effect on the stimulatory action of PTH. A similar enhancement of cellassociated 45Ca2+ was observed when the cells were incubated with vasoactive intestinal peptide, which acts via different receptors to activate adenylate cyclase in SaOS-2 cells. Treatment with (Bu)2cAMP also induced an increase in cell-associated 46Ca2+. Pretreatment of SaOS-2 cells with hPTH-(l–34) for 4 h, which induced homologous desensitization to a second c...
A Shadowing Theorem for ordinary differential equations

A new notion of shadowing of a pseudo orbit, an approximate solution, of an autonomous system of ordinary differential equations by an associated nearby true orbit is introduced. Then a general theorem which guarantees the existence of shadowing of pseudo orbits in compact hyperbolic sets is proved.
A model for carbon nanotube interconnects

In this paper, a semi-classical one-dimensional (1D) electron fluid model is built that is based on a classical two-dimensional electron fluid theory taking into account electron–electron repulsive forces, which are significant in 1D system. We have used 1D fluid model to characterize the carbon nanotube (CNT) as interconnects, built a transmission line model and studied S-parameters and group delays. We have also compared S-parameters and group delays of CNT interconnects with the corresponding parameters of Cu interconnects. The results show that the CNT interconnects exhibit superior performance over the Cu interconnects. The results also suggest using CNT as interconnects for radio frequency (RF)-microwave applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distance Running as an Ideal Domain for Showing a Sex Difference in Competitiveness

Men are over-represented in the arts, sciences, and sports. This has been hypothesized to reflect an evolved male predisposition for enduring competitiveness or long-term motivation to improve one's performance and "show-off." Evidence for this hypothesis is equivocal, however, because there are viable alternative explanations for men's dominance in most cultural display domains. Here, I argue that distance running is an ideal domain for addressing this issue. Distance running is ideal because it indicates enduring competitiveness, allows objective comparisons, and is accessible, acceptable, and popular for both men and women. I review recent studies and present new data showing that substantially more men than women run relatively fast in the U.S., that this sex difference in relative performance can be attributed, at least in part, to men's greater training motivation, and that this pattern has been stable for several decades. Distance running thus provides compelling evidence for an evolved male predisposition for enduring competitiveness. I conclude with suggestions regarding how variation in achievement motivation can be informed by considering how evolved predispositions interact with environmental and social conditions.
Prediction of rain effects on earth‐space communication links operating in the 10 to 35 GHZ frequency range

This paper reviews the effects of precipitation on earth-space communication links operating the 10 to 35 GHz frequency range. Emphasis is on the quantitative prediction of rain attenuation and depolarization. Discussions centre on the models developed at Virginia Tech. Comments on other models are included as well as literature references to key works. Also included is the system level modelling for dual polarized communication systems with techniques for calculating antenna and propagation medium effects. Simple models for the calculation of average annual attenuation and cross-polarization discrimination (XPD) are presented. Calculation of worst month statistics are also presented.
Variations of Interfacial Roughness with Epilayer Thickness and Scaling Behavior in Si1−x,Gex, Grown on Si(100) Substrates

Roughness parameters of sample surface and buried interfaces in a series of thin layers of Si0.4 Ge0.6 grown on Si(100) by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were measured by using the technique of grazing-incidence x-ray scattering (GIXS). The strain in the layer and the critical thickness of the film were determined from x-ray diffraction of the Si(004) peak. The roughness parameters can be described by a scaling-law with an exponent β = 0.71 for both the surface and interfacial roughness. Establishment of a scaling law thus allows a possibility of predicting the interfacial roughness as a function of the epilayer thickness.
Two-year follow-up of AIDS education programs for impoverished women

The long-term effects of two culturally competent AIDS education programs with different content on the risk behavior and AIDS-related knowledge of 410 homeless African American women 2 years after program completion were examined. Participants were members of a larger cohort of impoverished African American and Latina women recruited in Los Angeles from 1989 to 1991. Of a subsample of 527 African American women selected randomly for a 2-year follow-up interview, 410 (78%) were located and agreed to participate. Women participating in both AIDS education programs reported reduced HIV risk behaviors and demonstrated greatly improved AIDS knowledge at 2-year follow-up (p < .001). Women in a specialized program were less likely than those in a traditional program to report noninjection drug use at 2 years. Women in the traditional program had significantly better AIDS knowledge at follow-up (p < .001). These findings suggest that educational programs can produce sustained benefits among impoverished women.
Effects of Various Dietary Carotenoid Pigments on Fillet Appearance and Pigment Absorption in Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus

A study was conducted to evaluate effects of various carotenoids on skin and fillet coloration and fillet carotenoid concentration in channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus. For 12 wk, juvenile catfish were fed one of six experimental diets containing no supplemental carotenoid or 100 mg/kg of one of following carotenoid additions: β-carotene (BCA), lutein (LUT), zeaxanthin (ZEA), canthaxanthin (CAN), and astaxanthin (AST). Visual yellow color intensity score was highest for fish fed LUT, followed by ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Skin and tissue Commission Internationale de I’Eclairage yellowness value was the highest in fish fed LUT, followed by fish fed ZEA, AST, and CAN, and lowest for fish fed basal and BCA diets. Fish accumulated the supplemental carotenoids in muscle tissues, but concentrations of different carotenoids in the tissue varied greatly. Approximately 30% of the LUT added was converted to echineone; no conversion was observed among other supplemental carotenoids. Results from the present study indicate that channel catfish can accumulate yellow pigments LUT and ZEA and red or pink pigments CAN and AST in the flesh, resulting in yellow coloration. The yellow pigment BCA does not appear to deposit in skin or flesh at levels sufficient to alter the coloration.
NeuroGame Therapy to improve wrist control in children with cerebral palsy: a case series.

Objective: This case series examines the feasibility, specificity, and preliminary effectiveness of NeuroGame Therapy (NGT) for improving wrist control in four children with cerebral palsy (CP). NGT uses surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals routed through motivating computer games to improve motor control.Methods: Primary outcomes of NGT included feasibility (hours of play) and specificity (changes in sEMG activity during game play). Secondary outcomes included changes in co-contraction, range of motion, segmental alignment, and spontaneous upper extremity function following intervention.Results: Participants completed a mean of 8.8 hours of NGT over 5–6 weeks. Participants demonstrated dramatic improvement of the sEMG activity during game play. Several participants also showed improvements in range of motion, co-contraction, and spontaneous upper extremity function following NGT.Conclusion: This case series provides evidence for the feasibility, specificity, and effectiveness of NGT. Future studies w...
The correlation of capacitance-voltage hysteresis measurements with performance during accelerated lifetime testing of polycrystalline thin film solar cells

Cell performance, or efficiency, ŋ% is the most used, if not most important metric for evaluating different solar cell technologies. Efficiency in turn is determined directly by the product of open-circuit voltage, V oc , short-circuit current density, J sc , and fill-factor, FF. From numerous studies involving the measurement of ŋ% as a function of stress, it has been determined that ŋ% can be most correlated with changes in FF. In order to better study changes in FF, and thus, to better understand what causes cells to degrade, we have developed a new and appropriate failure analysis technique which can be readily incorporated within the framework of existing accelerated lifetime testing (ALT). This non-destructive, two-terminal technique is relatively easy to perform on both polycrystalline thin film solar cells as well as finished series-connected thin film modules and is believed to be benign as a failure analysis tool. In this technique, capacitance data is collected using a bi-directional voltage scan in order to capture commonly observed hysteretic or “transient” effects in polycrystalline thin film cells and modules.
Sensory and attention abnormalities in autistic spectrum disorders

Individuals with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) often experience, describe and exhibit unusual patterns of sensation and attention. These anomalies have been hypothesized to result from overarousal and consequent overfocused attention. Parents of individuals with ASD rated items in three domains, 'sensory overreactivity', 'sensory underreactivity' and 'sensory seeking behaviors', of an expanded version of the Sensory Profile, a 103-item rating scale developed for the present study. Parents also rated symptom severity, overselective attention and exceptional memory, and completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales. Of 222 rated subjects, 144 had complete data. Cluster analysis showed the predicted overfocused pattern of sensation and attention, comprising overreactivity, perseverative behavior and interests, overfocused attention and exceptional memory in 43 percent of this sample. This pattern was striking in 10 percent. The neurological basis of overreactivity and overfocusing is discussed in relation to the overarousal hypothesis. Attention is drawn to its considerable prevalence in the ASD population.
Memorializing White Masculinity: the Late 1990s “Crisis of Masculinity” and the “Subversive Performance” of Man on the Moon

This article explores the late 1990s biopic Man on the Moon, discussing the ways in which the film's remembrance of Andy Kaufman relates to and negotiates the “crisis of masculinity” that many writers have identified with the 1990s. With a number of voices noting the ways in which contemporary identity politics have troubled traditional white masculinity, this sense of crisis had a profound impact on the masculinities of the 1990s, effectively marking an identity that has traditionally remained unmarked. Many have discussed the liberating possibilities of such marking practices, however, Man on the Moon illustrates a different dimension of these negotiations of identity. Man on the Moon remembers Andy Kaufman as a chaotic, conflicted performance of multiple selves, reflective of the chaotic identities that came to characterize the 1990s. In the process, however, Man on the Moon forgets Andy Kaufman's Jewishness, remembering a more traditional, white masculinity in its place. Owing to this, I argue that th...
Steady-state availability estimation using field failure data

This paper introduces a novel technique for computing confidence limits associated with steady-state availability estimation using field failure data. The proposed cumulative downtime distribution (CDD) method implements a simple, though powerful, availability inference procedure based on the statistical properties of the distribution of sample means of the cumulative system outage time. Another advantage of this new approach over more traditional estimation methods is that it makes no assumptions regarding the lifetime or time to repair distributions of the system under observation. A simulation model was developed to compare the coverage probability of the confidence limits computed using the CDD method and the more traditional two-state equivalent (TSE) method. Simulation runs are used to support that confidence intervals determined with the CDD method seem to be exact. On the other hand, confidence intervals determined using the TSE method seem to be only approximated. Additionally, the CDD method was shown to provide an excellent framework for the application of other statistical inference procedures such as hypothesis testing. Our future research intends to verify the quality of the CDD method using more complex system models and more exhaustive simulation experiments. We also want to verify the algorithm behavior applied to deployed systems with different maturity levels.
Comparative Chronic Toxicities of Fluorine Compounds.

The minimal dose capable of producing chronic intoxication in the albino rat has been determined for sodium fluoride, sodium fluosilicate, barium fluosilicate, and sodium aluminum fluoride (natural cryolite). Male rats ranging in weight from 30 to 60 gm. were placed on a basic diet consisting of corn meal 73 gm., linseed oil cake meal 10 gm., alfalfa 2 gm., casein 10 gm., codliver oil 3 gm., bone ash 1 1/2 gm., sodium chloride 1/2 gm. For each compound studied 6 control rats were placed on this diet, and for each dosage level 6 rats were placed on the same diet to which a weighed amount of the fluorine compound had been added and evenly distributed by means of a mechanical mixer. Analyses showed even distribution of the toxic agent throughout the basic diet. For each compound a series of dosage levels was employed, each dose being one-half the preceding dose.The criterion of toxic action was bleaching of the upper and lower, especially the lower, incisor teeth. Table I summarizes the data. In the case of ...
Medicaid Incentive Programs To Encourage Healthy Behavior Show Mixed Results To Date And Should Be Studied And Improved

In September 2011 the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services awarded $85 million in grants to ten states to test financial incentive programs to encourage healthy behavior among Medicaid enrollees with chronic diseases. There is little published evidence about the effectiveness of such incentives within the Medicaid program. We evaluated the available research from three earlier Medicaid incentive programs and found mixed results. On the one hand, in Florida only about half of the $41.3 million in available credits was “claimed” by enrollees between 2006 and 2011. On the other, Idaho’s incentive program was credited with improving the proportion of children who were up-to-date on well-child visits. Our findings suggest that Medicaid incentive programs should be designed so that enrollees can understand them and so that the incentives are attractive enough to motivate participation. Medicaid incentive programs also should be subject to rigorous evaluation to more clearly establish their effectiveness.
Dependability evaluation using UltraSAN

Dependability evaluation is an important, but difficult, aspect of the design of fault-tolerant computer systems. UltraSAN, a stochastic activity network-based package for model-based performance, dependability, and performability evaluation of such systems, is presented. The package supports solution by both simulation-based and analytic methods. Of particular importance in the evaluation of dependable systems by analytic means is the control of an often explosive state space growth. UltraSAN has the potential to do this, using recently developed reduced base model construction techniques which exploit symmetries inherent in the SAN structure during construction of the underlying stochastic process representation. Four analytic solvers are available: SOR and LU decomposition for steady-state variables, and uniformization for transient instant-of-time and interval-of-time variables. For models with characteristics that preclude analytic solution, transient and steady-state simulation can be used. The use of UltraSAN and reduced base model construction is illustrated by considering the evaluation of a fault-tolerant distributed system. Model generation via an X Windows based graphical interface, stochastic process construction, and model solution, using numerical methods, are illustrated.
Local phy + global flow: A layering principle for wireless networks

A classical result in undirected wireline networks is the near optimality of routing (flow) for multiple-unicast: the min cut upper bound is within a logarithmic factor of the number of sources of the max flow. Wireless channels differ from wireline ones in two primary ways: the signal out of a transmitting node is broadcast and the signals at a receiving node superpose. In this paper we focus on “extending” the wireline result to the wireless context, by separately considering the broadcast and superposition constraints. Our main result is the approximate optimality of a simple layering principle: local physical-layer schemes combined with global routing. We show this in the context of both Gaussian networks and packet erasure networks. The key technical contribution is an approximation of min cut in a bidirected graph with submodular constraints on the edge capacities by max flow.
Role of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase in mediating hypersensitivity of Fanconi anemia complementation group C cells to interferon γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, and double-stranded RNA

Hematopoietic cells bearing inactivating mutations of Fanconi anemia group C (FANCC) are excessively apoptotic and demonstrate hypersensitivity not only to cross-linking agents but also to interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. Seeking essential signaling pathways for this phenotype, this study quantified constitutive and induced RNA-dependent protein kinase (PKR) activation in Fanconi anemia cells of the C complementation group (FA-C). PKR was constitutively phosphorylated and exhibited an increased binding affinity for double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) in FANCC(-/-) cells. FANCC(-/-) cells were hypersensitive to both dsRNA and the combination of dsRNA and IFN-gamma in that these agents induced a higher fraction of apoptosis in FANCC(-/-) cells than in normal cells. Overexpression of wild-type PKR-sensitized FANCC(-/-) cells to apoptosis induced by IFN-gamma and dsRNA. Conversely, inhibition of PKR function by enforced expression of a dominant-negative inhibitory mutant of PKR (PKRDelta6) substantially reduced the IFN and dsRNA hypersensitivity of FANCC(-/-) cells. Two PKR target molecules, IkappaB-alpha and IRF-1, were not differentially activated in FANCC(-/-) cells, but enforced expression of a nonphosphorylatable form of eukaryotic translation initiation factor-2alpha reversed the PKR-mediated block of messenger RNA translation and partially abrogated the PKR-mediated apoptosis in FANCC(-/-) cells. Because no evidence was found of a PKR/FANCC complex in normal cells, it was concluded that an essential function of FANCC is to suppress, indirectly, the activity of PKR and that FANCC inactivation results in IFN hypersensitivity, at least in part, because this function of FANCC is abrogated.
A long-awaited small animal model for hepatitis C.

Hepatitis C virus replication in mice with chimeric human livers. Mercer DF, Schiller DE, Elliott JF, Douglas DN, Hao C, Rinfret A, Addison WR, Fischer KP, Chruchill TA, Lakey JR, Tyrrell DL, Kneteman NM. Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Department of Surgery, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada Lack of a small animal model of the human hepatitis C virus (HCV) has impeded development of antiviral therapies against this epidemic infection. By transplanting normal human hepatocytes into SCID mice carrying a plasminogen activator transgene (Alb-uPA), we generated mice with chimeric human livers. Homozygosity of Alb-uPA was associated with significantly higher levels of human hepatocyte engraftment, and these mice developed prolonged HCV infections with high viral titers after inoculation with infected human serum. Initial increases in total viral load were up to 1950-fold, with replication confirmed by detection of negative-strand viral RNA in transplanted livers. HCV viral proteins were localized to human hepatocyte nodules, and infection was serially passaged through three generations of mice confirming both synthesis and release of infectious viral particles. These chimeric mice represent the first murine model suitable for studying the human hepatitis C virus in vivo.
Rethinking the Social in Social Studies

This article reviews new approaches in history, social sciences, and science studies that suggest a rethinking of the social. The article begins by situating the social within a long history of social thinking throughout the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. It then examines how these new critical approaches to the social offer useful insights into current intellectual problems in the social studies curriculum.
The Prosecutor V. Ramush Haradinaj

This contribution in The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice summarizes the proceedings to date with respect to Ramush Haradinaj, the prime minister of Kosovo at the time of his indictment by the ICTY.
‘I will keep and character that name’: Dramatis Personae Lists in Early Modern Manuscript Plays

W.W. Greg’s claim that manuscript plays containing character lists were intended for publication (print or manuscript) and not playhouse use fails to account for all of the evidence in surviving manuscripts. Instead, as this essay demonstrates, a more significant variable in the inclusion of character lists in manuscript plays is the writer’s professional or amateur status. This article argues that amateur playwrights, influenced by their experiences as readers of printed plays, were more likely than professionals to include the 'readerly' device of a dramatis personae list in their manuscript plays, even in the case of playhouse manuscripts.
Controlling carrier dynamics using quantum-confined semiconductor nanocrystals

The articles included in this special issue of Chemical Physics explore the use of quantum-confined semiconductor nanocrystals to control the flow of energy and/or charge. Colloidal quantum-confined semiconductor nanostructures are an emerging class of functional materials being developed for novel opto-electronic applications. In the last few years numerous examples in the literature have emerged where novel nanostructures have been tailored such as to achieve a specific function thus moving the field from the stage of discovery of novel behaviors to that of control of nanostructure properties. In addition to the internal structure of the NCs their assemblies can be tailored to achieve emergent properties and add additional control parameters that determine the final opto-electronic properties. These principles are explored via variations in shape, size, surface ligands, heterostructuring, morphology, composition, and assemblies and are demonstrated through measurements of excited state processes, such as Auger recombination; photoluminescence; charge separation and charge transport.
Microstructure Development in Thin Films During Deposition from the Vapor Phase

Transmission electron microscope observations of the structures of single-phase metallic thin films have been made. Films prepared by sputtering and by thermal evaporation have been used and the structures have been evaluated quantitatively as a function of film thickness. It is found that the grain size in all films increases linearly with the film thickness, indicating that grain growth occurs during film deposition.
Epitome: New Guidelines and Recommendations on the Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of Patients with Undesirable Cholesterol Levels

To help reduce the prevalence of elevated blood cholesterol levels in adult Americans, the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) launched the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP) in 1985. The program aims to raise awareness and understanding about high blood cholesterol levels as a risk for coronary artery disease (CAD) and the benefits of lowering cholesterol levels as a means of preventing CAD. This national awareness program is aimed at three target groups: (1) health professions, (2) the public and patient, and (3) the community. This article summarizes the highlights of the NHLBI NCEP Laboratory Standardization Panel’s (LSP) report and the Adult Treatment Panel’s (ATP) report. The LSP report emphasized the need for accurate and precise cholesterol measurements and evaluated the current state of reliability of these measurements. It also described the degree to which accurate and precise cholesterol measurements are possible based on currently available instrumentation, reagents, and methods. The LSP report made a series of broad recommendations designed to improve laboratory performance that are discussed in this article. The ATP’s report established criteria that define candidates with high blood cholesterol levels who should receive medical intervention and provided guidelines on how to detect, set goals, treat, and monitor these patients over time. For the first time in medical history there is a consensus by leading experts in the field on the measurement, detection, and treatment of patients with hypercholesterolemia. The detailed recommendations of the LSP and ATP should have a major impact on 40 million adults in the United States and may save approximately 300,000 lives annually.
Peroxidaseless Chicken Leukocytes: Isolation and Characterization of Antibacterial Granules

sucrose, were heterogeneous, and contained acid hydrolases. Alkaline phosphatase was absent. Acidic extracts of the largest granules contained lysozyme and cationic proteins; these extracts, at concentrations of 20-35 [tg/ml, inhibited Escherichia coli, Serratia marcescens, and Staphylococcus albus. Evidently one or more of these proteins may be connected with the antibacterial capacity of peroxidaseless PMNs from chickens.
Cefdinir in treament of children with community-acquired pneumonia

Objective: To investigate the efficacy and safety of cefdinir in treatment of children with mild and middle community-acquired pneumonia. Methods: 74 patients were enrolled in a multicenter,randomized,double-blind trial comparing the efficacy and safety of cefdinir with those of augmentin in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia.Patients received either treatment with cefdinir (n=34) or treatment with augmentin(n=40).Results: A satisfactory clinical response (the cured plus the improved) was achieved at the rate of 85.3% and 80.0% respectively in the treatment with cefdinir and augmentin(χ~2=0.36,P0.05).Conclusions: These results indicate that cefdinir is effective and safe in the treatment of children with mild and middle community-acquired pneumonia.
Effect of decompressive craniectomy on cerebral resuscitation of cardiac arrest rats

Objective To explore the effect of decompressive craniectomy on cerebral resuscitation of cardiac arrest rats. Methods A total of 48 adult male Wistar rats were randomly divided into sham- operation group( n = 16),control group( n = 16) and craniectomy intervention group( n = 16). Each group was further divided into four subgroups of A( 6 h),B( 12 h),C( 24 h),and D( 48 h). The control group and craniectomy intervention group adopt rat cardiac arrest( CA) and cardiopulmonary resuscitation( CPR) model caused by suffocation. Rats in the craniectomy intervention group operated decompressive craniectomy after 1 h of successfully cardiopulmonary resuscitation( CPR). The sham- operated group only had endotracheal intubation and femoral arteriovenous catheter. The blood and tissue samples were collected respectively at each time point,immune- histochemical staining method was used to detect the endogenous albumin leakage area percentage which showed the BBB damage,ELISA method was applied to detect the serum S100 b protein mass concentration,and TUNEL method was applied to detect the change of apoptosis,and HE staining was to observe the hippocampus and cerebral cortex cells form. Results Compared with the sham- operation group,BBB damage degree aggravated 6 h later in the control group and the decompressive intervention group,raised until the point of 12 h and reached the peak,then it was slightly down,the difference was statistically significant( P 0. 05). Compared with the control group,the decom pressive intervention group's spontaneous circulation recovery( ROSC) significantly decreased 12 h later( P 0. 01),6 h,24 h and 48 h also decreased( P 0.05). Compared with the control group,control group' s serum S100 b protein in ROSC significantly increased 6 h later,raised to the peak at 12 h,and declined in 24 h and 48 h,there was statistically significant difference( P 0. 01). Compared with the control group,the decompressive intervention group decreased significantly after ROSC at 6,12,24 h and 48 h( P 0. 01). There were only less than 3 scattered apoptotic cells seen in cortex in the sham- operated group. A large number of neurons,glial cells and part of the vascular endothelial cell apoptosis were available in cortex in the control group and the decompressive intervention group. The number of cell apoptosis in the decompressive intervention group decreased significantly than that of the control group( P 0. 05). Conclusion The decompressive craniectomy can reduce the damage rate of the blood brain barrier,decrease S100 b protein expression in serum after cardiopulmonary resuscitation( CPR) in rats,and reduce the apoptosis so as to reduce the brain damage.
Transient and Persistent Hyperplasia in Heterotopically Transplanted Rat Urinary Bladders Induced by Formalin and Foreign Bodies

AbstractThe effects of formalin instillation or teflon bead insertion on heterotopically transplanted rat urinary bladders (HTBs) were investigated. A single instillation of 0.3 per cent formalin dissolved in 0.9 per cent NaCl into HTBs induced multifocal superficial ulcers which were quickly repaired by lateral spreading of regenerating cells migrating from the adjacent mucosa. This was associated with a sharp increase in labeling index (10-30 per cent) on days 1 and 2, followed by focal mild (up to five cell layers) simple hyperplasia (SH) on days 4 and 7. Repeated weekly instillation of formalin for 30 weeks induced only focal mild epithelial hyperplasia. Six weekly instillations of urine one day after formalin administration slightly enhanced the formalin-induced rise in labeling index. Insertion of teflon beads caused extensive diffuse remarkable changes, especially in the presence of urine: multifocal to diffuse SH (four to eight cell layers) and multifocal papillary or nodular hyperplasia was obser...
Resection of bronchogenic carcinoma involving thoracic wall.

Summary and conclusions 1. The thoracic wall was involved by direct extension of primary carcinoma of the lung in 33 of 392 patients who underwent resection (pneumonectomy or lobectomy). 2. Of 19 patients who had block resection of chest wall, 5 lived over 2 years. Three of these patients lived from 4 to 14 years without known recurrence of cancer. 3. In these 19 patients, the carcinoma was of squamous cell or undifferentiated cell type. 4. Extrapleural resection in 14 patients provided poor palliation, with the longest survivor living 19 months. 5. Although chest wall involvement probably indicates a less favorable outlook, such invasion does not make a patient categorically incurable by surgery. 6. If cancer of the lung, which involves chest wall, is otherwise resectable with prospect of cure, then resection must include chest wall rather than only extrapleural dissection. 7. Chest wall resection in the presence of invasion of ribs or muscle offers a measure of palliation not obtained by extrapleural dissection alone, with or without postoperative irradiation.
Choosing thyroidectomy in hyperthyroidism.

An etiologic diagnosis of hyperthyroidism is vital, and the many available tests are evaluated in terms of their discriminatory value. Advantages and disadvantages of each therapeutic modality are listed and discussed.
Benchmarking: Key To Foodservice Performance Improvement

Abstract Benchmarking is a continuous, systematic, management process for measuring work processes, products, and services for the purpose of organizational comparison and improvement. Benchmarking has been used in business and industry since the early 1980's, but has just recently become more common in foodservice operations. Benchmarking is a useful management tool for foodservice directors to use in leading their operations to achieve performance improvement. Benchmarking is more than comparative data analysis or industrial tourism. An expert opinion mail survey was utilized to rate important activities and factors in foodservice benchmarking. The eleven expert panelists had knowledge and/or experience in correctional, health care, school, college/university, business and industry, and commercial foodservice operations. Results of the expert opinion survey identified important benchmarking project topic selection criteria to include: impacts on costs, quality, and productivity; and contributes to the success of the organization. Important benchmarking partner selection criteria were: able to meet planned timelines, interest in benchmarking topic, reputation for excellence, and willingness to share information and data. Methods of data collection most likely to be used by panelists were: archival research, internal records, mail survey, personal meetings/site visits, and telephone interviews. Panelists determined important data collection and analysis activities to be: check for inaccurate or missing data, determine "best practice" organization, and identify performance gap and reason for gap. Important action phase activities were: develop and implement action plan, communicate results, establish functional goals, and monitor results. A benchmarking guide developed for use by foodservice managers will be shared.
Corn (Zea mays L.) seeding rate optimization in Iowa, USA

Collecting soil, topography, and yield information has become more feasible and reliable with advancements in precision technologies. Combined with the accessibility of precision technologies and services to farmers, there has been increased interest and ability to make site-specific crop management decisions. The objective of this research was to develop procedures to optimize corn seeding rates and maximize yield using soil and topographic parameters. Experimental treatments included five seeding rates (61 750; 74 100; 86 450; 98 800; and 111 150 seeds ha−1) in a randomized complete block design in three central Iowa fields from 2012 to 2014 (nine site-years). Soil samples were analyzed for available phosphorus (Olsen method), exchangeable potassium (ammonium-acetate method), pH, soil organic matter (SOM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and texture. Topographic data (in-field elevation, slope, aspect, and curvature) were determined from publically available light detection and ranging data. In four site-years, no interaction occurred between seeding rate and the descriptive variables. Three of the site-years resulted in a negative linear seeding rate response which made it impossible to determine an optimum seeding rate above the lowest seeding rate treatment. The seeding rate optimization process in five site-years resulted in seeding rate by variable interactions; four site-years had a single seeding rate by variable interaction (pH, in-field elevation, or curvature) and one site-year had three seeding rate by variable interactions (pH, CEC, and SOM). Meaningful seeding rate optimizations occurred in only three of nine site-years. There was not a consistent descriptive variable interaction with seeding rate as a result of weather variability.
Engineering the Dispersion and Anisotropy of Periodic Electromagnetic Structures

Abstract This chapter introduces the tools and methodologies that can be used to engineer the dispersion and anisotropy of periodic electromagnetic structures. The theory and concepts are presented in language that is as simple as possible, so the information will be useful and interesting to a wide audience. The history and motivation for the topic is given in Section 1 followed by a review of 3D printing and solid-state electromagnetics. Three simple but powerful numerical methods are presented for analyzing and designing periodic structures. The plane wave expansion method is the dominant technique for calculating electromagnetic modes in periodic structures, particularly those composed of only dielectrics. The finite-difference frequency-domain method is highly versatile and is formulated in this chapter to model scattering from complex anisotropic objects in two dimensions. The last numerical method is a technique to spatially vary, or functionally grade, any of the attributes of a periodic structure while minimizing deformations and preventing defects. This tool can be used to “bend” lattices without changing the size and shape of the unit cells, which could destroy the electromagnetic properties. Next, concepts and methodologies are presented for anisotropic structures such as improving electromagnetic compatibility by sculpting near-fields using spatially variant anisotropic metamaterials. Lastly, concepts and methodologies for engineering the dispersion in periodic structures are presented. Effects such as self-collimation and negative refraction are discussed. Spatially variant self-collimation is introduced as a powerful means to control the flow of electromagnetic beams along arbitrary paths. The chapter concludes with a brief summary and suggests some topics for future research in this area.
Ligand-Unsymmetrical Phenoxyiminato Dinickel Catalyst for High Molecular Weight Long-Chain Branched Polyethylenes

An unsymmetrical bimetallic catalyst, (CF3/SO2)FI2-Ni2, having a CF3-functionalized phenoxyiminato Ni(II) center, which produces linear high-Mw polyolefin (CF3/Ni) joined to an adjacent SO2-functionalized phenoxyiminato Ni(II) center, which produces highly branched low-Mw polyolefin (SO2/Ni), was synthesized and fully characterized. In ethylene homopolymerizations, (CF3/SO2)FI2-Ni2 affords monomodal (Đ = 1.7), highly, long-chain branched (69 branches/1000 C) polyethylenes with Mw = 24 kg/mol. In contrast, bimetallic (CF3)FI2-Ni2 and (SO2)FI2-Ni2 produce high-Mw (25 kg/mol) exclusively methyl-branched (40 branches/1000 C) and low-Mw (4.5 kg/mol) highly branched (105 branches/1000 C) polyethylenes, respectively, while tandem monometallic (CF3)FI-Ni + (SO2)FI-Ni catalyst mixtures yield a bimodal polyolefin mixture (Đ = 6.4).
Social neuroscience: Brain, mind, and society

William Whewell the 19th-century British polymath and longtime master of Trinity College, Cambridge, first used the term scientist (before this, they were natural philosophers or men of science). H...
Inverse design of a wavelength demultiplexer

Using an inverse design method that explores the full design space of fabricable devices, we demonstrate a compact wavelength splitter with low insertion loss (2–4 dB), high contrast (12–17 dB), and a footprint of only 2.8 × 2.8 μm.
International Power Plc: Financial Performance in the Global Power Industry

This case illustrates ratio analysis using financial data for a global power company. It is best suited for an introductory discussion of ratio analysis for both the cross-section and time-series. Ten years of standard ratios pertaining to profitability, efficiency, liquidity, solvency, capital structure, and market multiples are provided. The case highlights the correspondence between firm performance and equity values. Excerpt UVA-C-2254 Rev. Feb. 26, 2014 International Power PLC: Financial Performance in the Global Power Industry In early April 2006, Ginny Lawson was approached by Don Gathers, director of research for First Capital Financial. Lawson was an associate analyst working directly under Gathers. Her role with the firm was to build financial models and projections for investment opportunities. Gathers instructed Lawson as follows: Ginny, one of my clients is interested in taking a substantial equity position in International Power. I know very little about it. You know I place a high priority on screening companies based on return on equity and earnings growth, but International Power has been underperforming on both of these dimensions. Its price multiples seem a bit rich. Do me a favor and pull together a summary of how the company has been using its capital, any trends relating to the company's liquidity and profitability, and how the financials tend to correlate with the company's market performance. I'll need this by early tomorrow; nothing fancy, just a cursory understanding of the company's financial drivers. . . .
Studies in human reproduction. IV. Diabetes mellitus and seminal deficiency.

Abstract Semen analyses were performed on 11 men suffering from diabetes mellitus who complained of involuntary infertility of their wives. In 10 of the 11 subjects, abnormalities of the semen were discovered. The most common aberration was in the seminal volume. It would appear that diabetes mellitus may be a hitherto unrecognized cause of seminal deficiency. It is hoped that this report will stimulate others to study the problem further.
Fusion of hyperspectral and LiDAR data using random feature selection and morphological attribute profiles

Hyperspectral imagery provides detailed information about land-cover materials over a wide spectral range. Land-cover classification using hyperspectral data has been an active topic of research. Elevation data from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) can aid the classification process in discriminating complex classes. Fusion of hyperspectral and LiDAR data has been investigated in the past where the goal was to extract features from both sources and combine them to improve the accuracy of land-cover classification. In this paper, we present a new fusion approach based on random feature selection (RFS) and morphological attribute profiles (AP). Our experimental study, conducted on a hyperspectral image and digital surface model (DSM) derived from first return LiDAR data collected over the Samford ecological research facility, Queensland, Australia indicate that the proposed approach yields excellent classification results.
Worker grouping and assignment for serial and parallel manufacturing systems considering workers' heterogeneity and task complexity

The present study addresses the grouping-assignment problem of heterogeneous workers for serial and parallel manufacturing configurations considering the worker production rate as a function of learning by doing and knowledge transfer. A simulated experiment is presented for this end, considering the maximization of the system output as the optimization goal, and the system size and tasks heterogeneity as experimental factors. Three heuristic policies are compared based on the heterogeneity of the groups with respect to the individual knowledge transfer parameter. Research related to team formation for manufacturing systems is scarce and often does not considering workers' heterogeneity nor the knowledge transfer. The results highlight the importance of considering workers' heterogeneity for the grouping and assignment of workers. The implications of this study impact the managerial decision-making process related to the grouping and allocation of workers to tasks as part of the production planning.
Radiometric Calibration of RapidScat Using the GPM Microwave Imager

Flying in a non-Sun-synchronous orbit, RapidScat is the first scatterometer capable of measuring ocean vector winds over the full diurnal cycle, instead of observing a given location at a fixed time of day. The non-Sun-synchronous orbit also enables the overlap with other satellite instruments that have been flying in Sun-synchronous orbits. RapidScat covered the latitude range between ±51.6° and was operated on board the International Space Station between September 2014 and August 2016. This paper describes the process that combines RapidScat’s active and passive modes, simultaneously measuring both the radar surface backscatter (active mode) and the microwave emission determining the system noise temperature (passive mode). This work also presents the radiometric (passive mode) cross-calibration using the GPM (Global Precipitation Measurement) Microwave Imager (GMI) as a reference to eliminate the measurement biases of brightness temperature between a pair of radiometer channels that are operating at slightly different frequencies and incidence angles. Since the RapidScat operates at 13.4 GHz, and the closest GMI channel is 10.65 GHz, GMI brightness temperatures were normalized before the calibration. Normalization was based on the radiative transfer model (RTM) to yield an equivalent brightness temperature prior to the direct comparison with RapidScat. The seasonal and systematic biases were calculated for both polarizations as a function of geometry, atmospheric, and ocean brightness temperature models. The calculated biases may be used for measurement correction and for reprocessing of geophysical retrievals.
Vegetarian and Nonvegetarian Children's Judgments of Harm to Animals and Humans

Abstract This research study sought to determine if vegetarian and nonvegetarian children differ in their evaluations of animal suffering as compared to human suffering. In particular, we asked if ...