cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prayana: A Journey Towards Financial Inclusion

In this paper we present a solution built to improve loan management for auto-rickshaw drivers in Bangalore. As part of a bid to increase financial inclusion, a social enterprise (TWU) supports drivers in taking loans from mainstream banks to purchase their auto-rickshaws. Findings from an ethnographic study show that whilst providing a vital service, TWU managed its processes through an ad hoc mixture of paper and technology. Their processes enable the flexibility crucial for supporting a financially-vulnerable community, but unfortunately important information was often not to-hand, leading to sub-optimal decisions being made about loan allocation. We developed and deployed an integrated technical solution to support TWU's work. In this paper, we describe the back-office solution and how it has assisted the organization in streamlining its operations, supporting more informed decision making and providing the opportunity to scale-up their operations.
Inferring Individual Social Capital Automatically via Phone Logs

Social capital is one of the most fundamental concepts in social computing. Individual social capital is often connected with one's happiness levels, well-being, and propensity to cooperate with others. The dominant approach for quantifying individual social capital remains self-reported surveys and generator-methods, which are costly, attention-consuming, and fraught with biases. Given the important role played by mobile phones in mediating human social lives, this study explores the use of phone metadata (call and SMS logs) to automatically infer an individual's social capital. Based on Williams' Social Capital survey as ground truth and ten-week phone data collection for 55 participants, we report that (1) multiple phone-based social features are intrinsically associated with social capital; and (2) analytics algorithms utilizing phone data can achieve high accuracy at automatically inferring an individual's bridging, bonding, and overall social capital scores. Results pave way for studying social capital and its temporal dynamics at an unprecedented scale.
Pharmacology behind Common Drug Nephrotoxicities

Patients are exposed to numerous prescribed and over-the-counter medications. Unfortunately, drugs remain a relatively common cause of acute and chronic kidney injury. A combination of factors including the innate nephrotoxicity of drugs, underlying patient characteristics that increase their risk for kidney injury, and the metabolism and pathway of excretion by the kidneys of the various agents administered enhance risk for drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This paper will review these clinically relevant aspects of drug-induced nephrotoxicity for the clinical nephrologist.
Heart transplant in children: What a primary care provider needs to know

Heart transplantation is offered to children with heart failure that is not amenable to medical or surgical therapy. Indications for heart transplant include unrepairable congenital heart disease, failed palliation of congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathies. There has been tremendous progress in this field since the first heart transplant was performed in 1967. Each year, approximately 500 pediatric heart transplants take place worldwide. Pediatric heart transplant survivors are living longer with their initial transplant. Many pediatric practitioners are faced with caring for these patients before as well as after the heart transplant and, therefore, they should be knowledgeable about basic principles related to heart transplant. There are certain complications that are unique to this population, and medication side-effects, evaluation and management of a febrile illness, opportunistic infections, vaccination, pregnancy, and exercise recommendations are areas that require special consideration. [Pediatr Ann. 2018;47(4):e172-e178.].
ArchiveNow: Simplified, Extensible, Multi-Archive Preservation

ArchiveNow is a Python module for preserving web pages in on-demand web archives. This module allows a user to submit a URI of a web page for archiving at several configured web archives. Once the web page is captured, ArchiveNow provides the user with links to the archived copies of the web page. ArchiveNow is initially configured to use four archives but is easily configurable to add or remove other archives. In addition to pushing web pages to public archives, ArchiveNow, through the use of Wget and Squidwarc, allows users to generate local WARC files, enabling them to create their own personal and private archives.
Enhanced Topology-Sensitive Clustering by Reeb Graph Shattering

Scalar-valued functions are ubiquitous in scientific research. Analysis and visualization of scalar functions defined on low-dimensional and simple domains is a well-understood problem, but complications arise when the domain is high-dimensional or topologically complex. Topological analysis and Morse theory provide tools that are effective in distilling useful information from such difficult scalar functions. A recently proposed topological method for understanding high-dimensional scalar functions approximates the Morse-Smale complex of a scalar function using a fast and efficient clustering technique. The resulting clusters (the so-called Morse crystals) are each approximately monotone and are amenable to geometric summarization and dimensionality reduction. However, some Morse crystals may contain loops. This shortcoming can affect the quality of the analysis performed on each crystal, as regions of the domain with potentially disparate geometry are assigned to the same cluster. We propose to use the Reeb graph of each Morse crystal to detect and resolve certain classes of problematic clustering. This provides a simple and efficient enhancement to the previous Morse crystals clustering. We provide preliminary experimental results to demonstrate that our improved topology-sensitive clustering algorithm yields a more accurate and reliable description of the topology of the underlying scalar function.
Social Structure and Personality

Social structure and personality has a long tradition in sociology, but has been eclipsed in recent years by an increasingly structural approach to inequality and skepticism surrounding the role of culture in motivation. This chapter reviews the history and future of the social structure and personality framework, arguing that the framework is increasingly relevant as sociologists attempt to understand the psychological determinants of behavior and struggle with the role of culture in inequality. The framework provides sociologists with the tools to develop a psychologically realistic view of the actor and to recognize reciprocal influences between the person and the situation. The framework also empowers psychological influences in a way that is consistent with the evidence but still underappreciated. The appeal of the framework to generalist sociologists should be even greater now than it was in the past.
Building and Translating Evidence-Based Nutrition and Bone Research Into Policy and Public Health Messaging

Osteoporotic fractures are a global public health burden that can be reduced through proper nutrition, physical activity, and other healthy lifestyle habits. During this health system and policy evolution, and in the current fiscal climate, public officials are looking for reproducible evidence of what works to guide their funding and policy decisions. There is a large gap between publishing and dissemination of high-quality research in the field of nutrition and bone health and its application to developing strong policy and public health messaging. Scientists and policy-makers are flooded with information of varying quality in the peer-reviewed literature. Adoption of evidence methodologies from the medical field often hinders communication of study outcomes; nutrition is often difficult to perfectly achieve statistical assumptions that inform the model, and use of strict p-values ≤0.05 and 95% confidence intervals may not actually reflect how close data are to the model’s prediction. Too often the nutrition, policy, and public health communities do not intercommunicate, translate, or effectively disseminate the high-quality evidence for use in public health where it is likely to have beneficial impacts. How can we more effectively translate scientific discoveries and compilations of evidence that tell the true nutrition story into public health action, even in the presence of bias, absence of homogeneity, and lack of total consensus? How can nutrition scientists take back nutrition and once again be the authoritative voice, in the midst of many other organizations, groups, and individuals competing in this space? To answer these questions, we must invest ourselves in not only generating strong science but invest in ongoing strategic communications to better disseminate research. Scientists and advocacy bodies should consider four continuous steps when developing, translating, and disseminating high-quality evidence: (1) identify and engage stakeholders; (2) build the evidence base; (3) create a translation plan; and (4) develop a dissemination strategy. It is critical that nutrition scientists adapt to the current digital and media communications environment and regain control of development of public policy and messaging.
Overcoming Mobility Lifetime Product Limitations in Vertical Bridgman Production of Cadmium Zinc Telluride Detectors

Cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) possesses excellent material properties for a wide range of applications where room temperature operability, durability, and high efficiency are required. However, because CZT is a challenging material to produce in useful quantities, the growth and fabrication costs have remained high, creating an economic challenge for vendors. While the traveling heater method (THM) is the predominant means of commercial CZT crystal growth, the vertical Bridgman method (VB) is an attractive alternative due to its relatively fast growth rate. However, VB grown CZT has yet to compete with THM grown CZT, particularly in terms of charge collection efficiencies, where the charge collection efficiency is characterized by the single carrier electron mobility lifetime (μτe) product. Despite efforts to overcome this discrepancy, the μτe product in VB grown CZT has remained an order of magnitude lower than THM. Eliminating this difference would bring VB one step closer to outpacing THM in terms of economic feasibility. This paper discusses the development of a unique technique that combines the advantages of both growth methods to better understand this discrepancy and the underlying mechanisms behind it. CZT ingots were grown from melt via VB with highly off-stoichiometric concentrations of tellurium (Te). Melt mixing via accelerated crucible rotation (ACRT) was applied to compensate for any negative effects associated with off-stoichiometry, i.e. flux inclusions. CZT material has been produced at growth rates commensurate with VB (one ingot/week) and with charge collection efficiencies commensurate with THM (mid 10−2 cm2/V) in long bars typical of commercial applications.
Is insurance instability associated with hypertension outcomes and does this vary by race/ethnicity?

Stable health insurance is often associated with better chronic disease care and outcomes. Racial/ethnic health disparities in outcomes are prevalent and may be associated with insurance instability, particularly in the context of health insurance reform. We examined whether insurance instability was associated with uncontrolled blood pressure (UBP) and whether this association varied by race/ethnicity. We used a retrospective longitudinal observational cohort study of patients diagnosed with hypertension who obtained care within two health systems in Massachusetts. We measured the UBP, insurance instability, and race of 43,785 adult primary care patients, age 21–64 with visits from 1/2005–12/2013. We found higher rates of UBP for blacks and Hispanics at each time point over the entire 9 years. Insurance instability was associated with greater rates of UBP. Always uninsured black patients fared worst, while white and Hispanic patients with consistent public insurance fared best. Stable insurance of any type was associated with better hypertension control than no or unstable insurance.
Long-term conditioned fear modification in the dog as measured by changes in urinary 11-hydroxycorticosteroids, heart rate and behavior.

Heart rate (HR), operant key pressing, and urinary 11-hydroxycorticosteroids (11-OH-CS) were recorded while dogs were subjected to various aversive conditioning schedules over a six-month period. The schedules consisted of Sidman avoidance, followed by a Sidman schedule which paired unavoidable shocks (US) with offset of seven discrete conditioned stimuli (CS). Introduction of the Sidman avoidance schedule led to an increase in HR. Changes in the experimental schedule always results in an increase in urinary 11-OH-CS. Neither HR nor urinary 11-OH-CS were correlated with rate of operant key pressing. Differences in the dependent variables reflected the different topological characteristics of the dogs studied. This study demonstrated: (a) a causal independence of physiological and behavioral responses conditioned to the same stimulus complex, and (b) that longterm increases in HR can be maintained if the experimental situation is manipulated to maintain the fear eliciting characteristics of the conditioning situation.
Ethnicity Moderates the Association between Autonomic Functioning and Temperament in Preschool Children.

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) has been extensively investigated as a marker of adaptive emotional functioning in both children and adults, with studies linking RSA to temperamental dimensions ...
Making platforms work: relationship labor and the management of publics

How do digital platforms govern their users? Existing studies, with their focus on impersonal and procedural modes of governance, have largely neglected to examine the human labor through which platform companies attempt to elicit the consent of their users. This study describes the relationship labor that is systematically excised from many platforms’ accounts of what they do and missing from much of the scholarship on platform governance. Relationship labor is carried out by agents of platform companies who engage in interpersonal communications with a platform’s users in an effort to align diverse users’ activities and preferences with the company’s interests. The authors draw on ethnographic research conducted at AllDone (a for-profit startup that built an online market for local services) and edX (a non-profit startup that partnered with institutions to offer Massive Open Online Courses). The findings leverage variation in organizational contexts to elaborate the common practices and divergent strategies of relationship labor deployed by each platform. Both platforms relied on relationship workers to engage in account management practices aimed at addressing the particular concerns of individual users through interpersonal communications. Relationship workers in each setting also engaged in community management practices that facilitated contact and collaboration among users in pursuit of shared goals. However, our findings show that the relative frequency of relationship workers’ use of account management and community management practices varies with organizational conditions. This difference in strategies also corresponded to different ways of valuing relationship workers and incorporating them into organizational processes. The article demonstrates how variation in organizational context accounts for divergent strategies for governing user participation in digital platforms and for the particular processes through which governance is accomplished and contested.
Conversion efficiency of resonant cavity enhanced narrow bandgap interband cascade photovoltaic cells

By combining an interband cascade (IC) configuration with an optical cavity, a novel approach to achieve efficient narrow bandgap photovoltaic (PV) cells is proposed. The proposed resonant cavity enhanced (RCE) ICPV cells can significantly alleviate the challenging issues in narrow bandgap semiconductor materials, which include a small absorption coefficient, a short diffusion length, and a high dark current density. Through simulations with realistic material parameters based on InAs/GaSb superlattice heterostructures, RCE ICPV cells are capable of achieving a conversion efficiency that exceeds 60%, which is much higher than what can be achieved with any other approach, especially with materials of a bandgap smaller than 0.3 eV. By varying structure parameters such as the absorber thickness, number of cascade stages, and the top mirror reflectance, we demonstrate how an RCE ICPV cell can be constructed to achieve an optimized device performance with high conversion efficiency. Also, a design example of a practical RCE narrow bandgap ICPV cell is provided.
A non-invasive technique for evaluating carpal tunnel pressure with ultrasound vibro-elastography for patients with carpal tunnel syndrome: A pilot clinical study.

Abstract Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) is a disorder that affects the median nerve at the wrist sufficient to cause impairment of nerve function. Elevated carpal tunnel pressure (CTP) leads to median nerve pathology, sensory, and motor changes in CTS patient. The techniques to quantify CTP used in clinic are invasive. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility of a noninvasive ultrasound vibro–elastography (UVE) to predict CTP in CTS patients and healthy individuals. The magnitudes of shear wave speed ratio (rSWS) of the 10 CTS patients (10 hands) and 6 healthy individuals (12 hands), and 10 cadaveric hands were compared using UVE. The ratios of intra to extra-carpal tunnel SWS in CTS patients was significantly higher than those in the healthy individuals (p = 0.0008) and cadaveric hands (p = 0.0015) with 500-g tendon tension. We estimated the CTP in the carpal tunnel using the mean rSWS of each group obtained from the present study and the linear approximation obtain from cadaveric hands data with 500-g tendon tension (y = 0.0036x + 1.1413). These results indicated that the elevated pressure applied to the 3rd flexor digitorum superficialis tendon in the carpal tunnel of CTS patients resulted in faster shear wave propagation. These results show that UVE was useful to indirectly estimate the CTP by measuring the rSWS; thus, they are potentially useful for the early diagnosis and assessment of CTS.
Impact of Alcohol Abuse on Susceptibility to Rare Neurodegenerative Diseases

Despite the prevalence and well-recognized adverse effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and alcohol use disorder in the causation of numerous diseases, their potential roles in the etiology of neurodegenerative diseases remain poorly characterized. This is especially true of the rare neurodegenerative diseases, for which small population sizes make it difficult to conduct broad studies of specific etiological factors. Nonetheless, alcohol has potent and long-lasting effects on neurodegenerative substrates, at both the cellular and systems levels. This review highlights the general effects of alcohol in the brain that contribute to neurodegeneration across diseases, and then focuses on specific diseases in which alcohol exposure is likely to play a major role. These specific diseases include dementias (alcohol-induced, frontotemporal, and Korsakoff syndrome), ataxias (cerebellar and frontal), and Niemann-Pick disease (primarily a Type B variant and Type C). We conclude that there is ample evidence to support a role of alcohol abuse in the etiology of these diseases, but more work is needed to identify the primary mechanisms of alcohol’s effects.
Cardiovascular health and subclinical atherosclerosis in second generation South Asian Americans: The MASALA study.

Abstract We describe cardiovascular health (CVH) in second-generation (U.S.-born) South Asian Americans in the MASALA study, a population for whom CVH is not previously described. CVH factors in second-generation (N = 21) compared with first-generation (N = 495) South Asian Americans included: total cholesterol (199 ± 31 versus 191 ± 35 mg/dL, p = 0.25), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (121 ± 27 versus 115 ± 30 mg/dL, p = 0.41), triglycerides (163 ± 197 versus 138 ± 72 mg/dL, p = 0.10), diet score (66 ± 8 versus 70 ± 6 points, p = 0.06), BMI (27.6 ± 4.9 versus 26.2 ± 4.1 kg/m2, p = 0.12), and CAC prevalence (26.3% versus 23.9%, p = 0.34). Age- and sex-adjusted differences were not statistically significant. Further investigation of CVH in this risk-enhanced population may help identify differences between second-generation and first-generation immigrant South Asians in the U.S.
Minimal Residual Disease Studies in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

Considerable progress has been made in the treatment of both childhood and adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) during the past two decades. The majority of both children and adults achieve a complete remission (CR) while the majority of children are now cured with current therapies, most adults will ultimately experience a relapse and die of their leukemia. The ability to distinguish good-risk patients who are likely to be cured with conventional chemotherapy from those who are likely to relapse has important clinical implications.
The prediction of total task performance from prior practice on task components.

Two hundred and four Ss practiced the components of a complex multidimensional compensatory pursuit task, singly and in combination. These components involved discrete display-control relationships. The total task, which was practiced last, requires an integration of these components; that is, the S must operate the multiple controls in order to minimize error indications on all displays simultaneously. The problems investigated were (a) the extent to which performance on task components, individually practiced, is predictive of subsequent total task performance; (b) the extent to which practice on combinations of components is predictive of total task performance; (c) the interrelationships among component performances; and (d) the relative contribution of various component performances to total and subtask performances. The resulting correlational and multiple correlational analyses provide some tentative principles of part-whole task relationships relevant to the understanding of skilled performance.
Evidence for the hypersensitivity of lumbar splanchnic afferents in irritable bowel syndrome

Abstract Background/Aims: The pathways underlying rectal hypersensitivity to balloon distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are not known. The aim of this study was to characterize the involvement of sacral and thoracolumbar afferents in the perception of rectal distention. Methods: Rectal balloon distention was performed in 15 normal control subjects, 6 patients with spinal cord injury, and 50 patients with IBS using a slow-volume ramp (40 mL/min) or rapid phasic step distention. Additional studies were performed in the presence of 2% intrarectal lidocaine. Results: Patients with spinal cord injury with lesions below T7 reported sensations only during phasic distention. Sixty percent of patients with IBS (n = 50) were hypersensitive for discomfort during phasic distention, whereas only 4% were hypersensitive during ramp distention. Less than 15% of patients were hypersensitive for the sensation of stool. In normal patients, lidocaine increased thresholds in response to slow ramp distention by 40%–70% but had no effect on perception in response to other types of distention. Lidocaine had no effect on (1) thresholds in response to either ramp or phasic distention in normosensitive or hypersensitive patients with IBS or (2) the rate of receptive relaxation or rectal compliance in any group. Conclusions: Rapid phasic distention preferentially stimulates splanchnic afferents. Hypersensitivity of these afferents in patients with IBS is unaffected by mucosally applied lidocaine.
Response of Layer to Strike-Slip Vertical Fault

Horizontally polarized shear waves in an elastic layer perfectly bonded to a rigid half-space are considered. The layer is subjected to a steady-state horizontal displacement field. The displacement spectrum is evaluated in closed form. It consists of two types of waves: (1)Progressing waves; and (2)locally standing waves. The average ratio of progressing torsional spectra versus the product of the displacement spectra and frequency, remains constant for a wide range of frequencies. The same ratio is strongly frequency-dependent for locally standing waves. The contribution of locally standing waves to displacements is significant for distances from the source which are, at most, an order of one thickness of the layer.
The struggle for control of the modern corporation : organizational change at General Motors, 1924-1970

1. The modern corporation and the problem of order 2. Creating corporate order: conflicting versions of decentralization at GM, 1921-33 3. Administrative centralization of the M-Form, 1934-41 4. Participative decentralization redefined: mobilizing for war production, 1941-5 5. The split between finance and operations: postwar problems and organization structure, 1945-8 6. Consent as an organization weapon: coalition politics and the destruction of cooperation, 1948-58 7. Consent destroyed: the decline and fall of General Motors, 1958-80 8. Conclusion.
Why Don't Docs Digitize? The Adoption of Health Information Technology in Primary Care Medicine

Reformers in the US have earmarked substantial resources towards encouraging the adoption of electronic health records (EHRs). However, studies have yet to explain why physicians resist adoption and why the investments resulting from a policy push may prove ineffective for improving the efficiency of healthcare delivery. I theorize that health information technology (IT) facilitates certain outcomes that bolster industry-level efficiency, but that the conventional, “fee-for-service” financing of primary care prevents many physicians from appropriating these benefits. Those physicians financing care delivery from a prepaid premium, on the other hand, are positioned to internalize what are otherwise external economies attendant to health IT investment. I find strong statistical support for this theory in a unique panel of US-practicing primary care physicians that allows us to examine health IT adoption as far back as 2001 - long before it garnered policymakers’ attention. The results imply that reformers should focus not on encouraging health IT adoption per se, but on reforms that enable physicians to internalize what are presently socialized benefits.
Discussing problems in newborn babies with their parents.

A STUDY of child rearing is being carried out at Western Reserve University Medical School and University Hospitals of Cleveland by a staff consisting primarily of four pediatricians, three psychiatrists, and four child therapists. In addition there is a psychologist and a nurse. One of the aims is to clarify some of the psychologic factors in the everyday problems of parents, about which they commonly turn to pediatricians for help. In order that the psychiatrists and child therapists may see problems as they are usually presented to a pediatrician, each of them (as well as each of the four pediatricians) has functioned as a counselor to one family. One of the pediatricians performs physical examinations and acts as physical consultant for the seven non-pediatric counselors. Each mother had up to an hour of consultation a week with her counselor from the last trimester of pregnancy until her baby was at least 6 months old. It is planned that bimonthly visits will be made by the mother until the child is at least 3 years of age. After each week9s clinical session, the staff has had 2 hours for discussion. Of the 12 babies delivered in this study, 8 had definite neonatal problems of concern to both the physician and family. This is a high proportion, but not surprising considering the small size of the sample as well as figures available from larger series. Statistics gathered during 12 months in the newborn service at University Hospitals of Cleveland show that out of 4,288 infants, 20% present medical problems.
The Truth Criteria of Autobiography: Doris Lessing and Telling the Truth

This paper examines the notion of the “true” narrative, using the example of Doris Lessing in order to explore some of the truth criteria of contemporary autobiography. Autobiography is construed here as a genre with its own evolving set of norms and codes. Firmly committed to “telling the truth” in her writing, Lessing has consistently problematized the actual telling of the truth. Textual analysis of her autobiography Under My Skin shows that she appeals to three truth criteria besides factuality: wisdom, psychoanalysis, and transgressiveness. I argue that these criteria reflect traditional or contemporary generic norms.
Static electricity in hydrocarbon liquids and fuels

Abstract A review is presented on the status of research on the generation and dissipation of electrostatic charge by hydrocarbon liquids and fuels, with emphasis on the period 1973–1980. Both metallic and non-metallic fuel handling systems are covered, including the special problems encountered in aircraft fuel tanks filled with polyurethane foam. The review stresses recent advances and presents opportunities for future research in some neglected, but nonetheless fundamental areas affecting the charge generation process.
L-shell X-ray production cross sections for 29Cu, 31Ga, 32Ge, 35Br, 39Y, 60Nd, 64Gd, 67Ho, 70Yb, 79Au, and 82Pb for 2–25 MeV carbon ions

Abstract Measurements of L-shell X-rays in selected elements produced by carbon ions of 2–25 MeV are presented. The energies of the X-rays under consideration range from about 1 to 15 keV. The Si(Li) detector efficiency at these X-ray energies was determined using multiple normalization techniques. These methods include measuring i) the bremmstrahlung spectral distribution and ii) K-shell X-rays and normalizing to the cross sections of the ECPSSR (energy-loss and Coulomb deflection effects, perturbed stationary state approximation with relativistic correction) theory. Using single-hole fluorescence yields, the measured cross sections are compared to the predictions of first Born and ECPSSR theories. In general results compare favorably to the ECPSSR theory.
Gold lung: Recent developments in pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy

Abstract Gold lung is a hypersensitivity pneumonitis to gold-containing compounds. It can be distinguished from rheumatoid lung by its subacute or acute onset, diffuse interstitial and/or alveolar filling pattern on chest roentgenogram, presence of lymphocytes on BAL with an inverse helper/ suppressor ratio, and response to withdrawal of gold and/or corticosteroid therapy. Other in vitro assays of gold hypersensitivity using peripheral blood lymphocytes are only sporadically positive and, therefore, of limited value in making the diagnosis. Physicians prescribing organic gold compounds should elicit pulmonary complaints throughout the duration of therapy. When patients receiving gold therapy present with signs and symptoms consistent with an acute or subacute hypersensitivity pneumonitis, the gold therapy should be withheld and a diagnostic workup initiated.
Answers to why-questions expose the organization of story plot and predict recall of actions

The conceptual organization of three familiar stories was exposed by a question-answering procedure in which a why-question was asked about each of the story statements. On the basis of the distributions of answers to the questions, statements were scaled along two dimensions of organization: hierarchical level and relational density. The answers to the why-questions provided a functionally valid scale of these two dimensions for intentional actions in plot, but not for events, states, and conversational acts. Relatively superordinate actions were recalled more often than subordinate actions and recall increased with the relational density of actions, that is, the degree to which a statement is related conceptually to other statements in the passage. The results were discussed in the context of a summarization model and a nodal activation model of story recall.
A Healthy Son

Gutenberg must have felt like this: the sense of endless possibilities, of infinite applications exploiting the new technology, of the world having changed forever. It seems audacious, but is, I think, correct, to compare his time to ours. I offer a single case study to explain. K is the youngest of eight siblings. Three of her five brothers were severely developmentally delayed, with cognitive impairment and intractable behavioral disorders. No one else in their large extended family was affected. The most likely explanation for her brothers' condition was X-linked inheritance following a new mutation in their mother. Fragile X was excluded, and the critical gene had eluded detection. The region of the X-chromosome shared by the three affected brothers was 40 megabases, too long to enable prenatal diagnosis. ![Figure][1] CREDIT: EPHRAT LEVY-LAHAD/SHARE ZEDEK MEDICAL CENTER, JERUSALEM K despaired of having a healthy son. Then early last spring, targeted X-exome sequencing of constitutional DNA from the affected brothers revealed a nonsense mutation in a gene known to be implicated in mental retardation. The mutation had not been detectable by conventional technologies but was transparent to massively parallel sequencing. K carried the mutant allele. Armed with knowledge of the mutation, K and her husband undertook pregestational diagnosis (PGD), which involves in vitro fertilization of their egg and sperm, then genotyping of embryos via the polar bodies, and implanting a normal embryo in the mother's uterus. In experienced hands, PGD works very well. K and her husband have a healthy newborn son. Genetics is a way of thinking. Genomics is a set of tools. If we think rigorously about genetics and use these tools well, the resolution of inherited disorders on behalf of our patients will be bounded only by our imaginations. One healthy infant at a time is not a bad way to begin. [1]: pending:yes
Stability and equation of state of post-aragonite BaCO3

At ambient conditions, witherite is the stable form of BaCO3 and has the aragonite structure with space group Pmcn. Above *10 GPa, BaCO3 adopts a post- aragonite structure with space group Pmmn. High-pressure and high-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction exper- iments were used to study the stability and equation of state of post-aragonite BaCO3, which remained stable to the highest experimental P-T conditions of 150 GPa and 2,000 K. We obtained a bulk modulus K0 = 88(2) GPa with K 0 = 4.8(3) and V0 = 128.1(5) A u 3 using a third-order Birch- Murnaghan fit to the 300 K experimental data. We also carried out density functional theory (DFT) calculations of enthalpy (H) of two structures of BaCO3 relative to the enthalpy of the post-aragonite phase. In agreement with previous studies and the current experiments, the calcula- tions show aragonite to post-aragonite phase transitions at *8 GPa. We also tested a potential high-pressure post-post- aragonite structure (space group C2221) featuring four-fold coordination of oxygen around carbon. In agreement with previous DFT studies, DH between the C2221 structure and post-aragonite (Pmmn) decreases with pressure, but the Pmmn structure remains energetically favorable to pressures greater than 200 GPa. We conclude that post-post-aragonite phase transformations of carbonates do not follow system- atic trends observed for post-aragonite transitions governed solely by the ionic radii of their metal cations.
Lithologic control of bedrock meander dimensions in the appalachian valley and ridge province: A comment on a comment

Abrahams' comment relates meander length to channel cross-section shape and recurrence interval so that meander length can be both directly and inversely proportional to rock resistance. This reply notes that either meander length is directly proportional to rock resistance or it is not; one cannot have it both ways. Many Appalachian Valley and Ridge bedrock meanders are shown to be the same size as alluvial meanders, and appear to be somewhat underfit. A hypothesis is proposed where modest discharge increases may have accelerated bedrock meander cutting although present streams remain capable of slowly cutting the meanders.
Effects of model resolution on entrainment (inversion heights), cloud-radiation interactions, and cloud radiative forcing

Abstract. We undertook three-dimensional numerical studies of a marine stratus deck under a strong inversion using an interactive shortwave- and longwave-radiation module. A suite of sensitivity tests were conducted to address the effects of model resolution on entrainment (inversion heights), cloud-radiation interactions, and cloud radiative-forcings by varying model horizontal resolution only, varying vertical resolution only, and varying horizontal- and vertical-resolution simultaneously but with a fixed aspect ratio of 2.5. Our results showed that entrainment (inversion height) is more sensitive to vertical- than to horizontal-resolution. A vertical resolution finer than 40 m can simulate spatial- and temporal-variations in the inversion height well. The inversion height decreases with increasing vertical resolution, but tends to increase with increasing horizontal resolution. Cloud liquid water path doubles after refining both the vertical- and horizontal-resolution by a factor of four. This doubling is associated with a positive feedback between cloud water and cloud top radiative cooling, which amplifies small differences initiated by changes in the model resolution. The magnitude of the cloud radiative-forcing tends to increase with increasing model resolution, mainly attributable to the increase in the cloud liquid water path. Shortwave radiative forcing is dominant, and more sensitive to model resolution than the longwave counterpart.
Selective sensitivity of highly chlorinated species in negative ion mass spectrometry : implications for complex mixture analysis

In attempts to quantify complex chlorinated hydrocarbon mixtures by negative ion mass spectrometry (NI/MS), a selective sensitivity was observed which was not observed using the technique of electron capture detection (ECD) with conventional gas-liquid chromatography. The phenomenon was systematically studied using chlorinated phenols, chlorinated biphenyl isomers and a mixture of chlorinated bicyclic species. Results indicated that for two aromatic series there is an increase in molar response to both ECD and NI/MS with increased degree of chlorination. However, overall an increase in molar response was observed for a series of aliphatic bicyclic compounds only when analyzed by NI/MS; i.e. the ECD molar response did not vary with increasing chlorination of the bicyclic system. A procedure for optimizing mass spectrometer parameters has been developed for quantifying complex chlorinated hydrocarbon mixtures. A simple mixture which mimics the halogenation in a complex mixture is used to determine the response of the instrument to various degrees of chlorination. The recommended calibration procedure optimizes instrumental parameters such as moderating gas pressure, filament current and electron energy so that complex chlorinated mixtures such as those found in toxaphene residues can be reliably quantified.
Gonadotropin regulation of c-fos and c-jun messenger ribonucleic acids in cultured rat granulosa cells

c-Fos and c-jun are immediate early proto-oncogenes encoding proteins for the heterodimer AP-1, a DNA binding complex which regulates gene transcription. In order to investigate the presence and potential gonadotropin regulation of mRNAs for these proto-oncogenes in rat granulosa cells, we used Northern blotting of total RNA from cultured cells. Granulosa cells obtained from diethylstilbestrol (DES)-treated weanling rats were challenged with follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), dibutyryl cAMP ((Bu)2cAMP) or tetradecanoyl-13-phorbol acetate (TPA) either 2.5 h after cell isolation (day 0) or following a 2-day pretreatment with FSH (day 2). Freshly isolated cells treated with FSH exhibited 4-fold and 3-fold increases in c-fos and c-jun mRNAs, respectively, within 30 min. Two hours after FSH treatment, both c-fos and c-jun message levels diminished to near control levels. Granulosa cells pretreated for 2 days with FSH, then re-challenged with FSH, showed similar increases in both c-fos and c-jun messages. These effects were dose- and time-dependent on both day 0 and day 2. Likewise, (Bu)2cAMP also increased c-fos and c-jun mRNAs in a time- and dose-dependent manner on both day 0 and day 2. In contrast, LH or hCG minimally increased c-fos and c-jun mRNAs on day 0, but on day 2, both hormones markedly increased message levels in a manner similar to that seen with FSH. Analogous effects were observed with TPA which minimally stimulated c-fos and c-jun mRNAs on day 0, but markedly increased these messages on day 2. These studies demonstrate that c-fos and c-jun mRNAs can be induced in cultured rat granulosa cells by acute gonadotropin, (Bu)2cAMP or phorbol ester treatment and suggest that these immediate early proto-oncogenes may play a role in granulosa cell function.
11.3.2 Development of an Object‐Oriented Multi‐Leg Route Choice Model on Transportation Network Simulation

Due to its complexity, modeling of the transportation network involves a very large number of node choices for completion of a travel route. Conventional route choice models approach this problem from the mathematical point of view. In this paper, a System-of-Systems approach is used to model a Personal Air Vehicle (PAV) network, and a traveler's route choice model in a multi-leg travel scenario is proposed. Both the network and route choice model are designed using Object-Oriented (OO) programming techniques eliminating the usage of complicated matrix calculations as in many other mathematical models. The practical limitations of the shortest path problem are not usually in the solution itself, but in the application of it in the simulation environment. This paper also covers some of the most important concepts of the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) and an idea to tackle TSP is suggested with a modified model.
Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography studies of α-MSH fragments

Abstract α-Melanotropin (α-MSH) is a linear tridecapeptide (Ac-Ser-Tyr-Syr-Met-Glu-His-Phe-Arg-Trp-Gly-Lys-Pro-Val-NH 2 ), that is primarily known for its ability to stimulate melanosome dispersion within integumental melanocytes (F. J. H. Tilders, D. F. Swaab and T. B. van Wimersma Greidanus (Editors), Frontiers of Hormone Research , Vol. 4, Karger, Basel, 1977; J. Ramachandran, S. W. Farmer, S. Liles and C. H. Li, Biochem. Biophys. Acta , 428 (1976) 347). In our efforts to understand the relationship of structure and conformation to the biological activities of α-MSH, we have prepared a series of diastereoisomeric analogues based on the highly potent analogue Ac-[Nle 4 , d -Phe 7 ]-αMSH 4–11 -NH 2 (T. K. Sawyer, V. J. Hruby, B. C. Wilkes, M. T. Draelos, M. E. Hadley and J. Bergsneider, J. Med. Chem. , 25 (1982) 1022). These analogues differed only in the amino acid substituted in the seven position, which was thought to be a critical residue for the biological activity of α-MSH. The chromatographic behavior of these analogues was examined on a C 18 Vydac (16-μm) reversed-phase column with five different mobile phases. The selectivity (α) for the analogues was compared in 0.10% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), 0.10% heptafluorobutyric acid (HFBA) and 0.25 M triethylammonium phosphate (TEAP) using either acetonitrile or methanol as the organic modifier. With only one exception all analogues substituted with a d -amino acid in the seven position were eluted prior to their l -amino acid counterparts. As expected due to the greater ionic strength, the TEAP buffer allowed the greatest selectivity for the separation of these-α-MSH analogues, but it was surprising to find that the TFA buffer had a greater influence on selectivity that the HFBA buffer with either organic modifier. The probable mechanism of retention for the α-MSH analogues in perfluoroalkanoic buffers was also investigated. In addition, the relatioship between the retention time and the hydrophobicity of the seven position substitution was examined. Although the data were somewhat limited, a lack of correlation between the hydrophobicity of the seven position residue and retention time was observed.
Recycling isoelectric focusing: use of simple buffers.

Abstract Using the recycling free-flow focusing (RF3) apparatus, we hade demonstrated that single ampholytes can be utilized to establish very stable pH regions, separating all proteins into three groups: a sharply resolved zone of proteins isoelectric at the prevailing pH, this “pH window” being bracketed by zones of more acidic and/or basic proteins. The ampholytes used are either amino acids or their dipeptides and other derivatives. Where necessary, because of lack of an ampholyte with the required pH, a binary mixture of ampholytes can be utilized. The closer their isoelectric points (p I ), the narrower will be the pH window, i.e. , the sharper the resolution of the bracketed proteins. This method overcomes the necessity of using ill-defined comnmercial carrier ampholytes, such as Ampholine, for preparative isoelectric focusing. It is recommended that the ampholytes be utilized at relatively high concentration, 100 m M or higher, this contributing to pH stability and minimizing protein precipitation.
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury: Definition, epidemiology, and outcome

Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is commonly defined as a decline in kidney function occurring in a narrow time window after administration of iodinated contrast material. The incidence of AKI after contrast material administration greatly depends on the specific definition and cutoff values used. Although self-limiting in most cases, postcontrast AKI carries a risk of more permanent renal insufficiency, dialysis, and death. The risk of AKI from contrast material, in particular when administered intravenously for contrast-enhanced CT, has been exaggerated by older, noncontrolled studies due to background fluctuations in renal function. More recent evidence from controlled studies suggests that the risk is likely nonexistent in patients with normal renal function, but there may be a risk in patients with renal insufficiency. However, even in this patient population, the risk of CI-AKI is probably much smaller than traditionally assumed. Since volume expansion is the only preventive strategy with a convincing evidence base, liberal hydration should be encouraged to further minimize the risk. The benefits of the diagnostic information gained from contrast-enhanced examinations will still need to be balanced with the potential risk of CI-AKI for the individual patient and clinical scenario.