cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Comparative Impacts of Risk and Protective Factors on Alcohol-Related Problems in a Sample of University Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the comparative influences of various protective and risk factors on the alcohol-related problems of a sample of university students. The conceptualization of these protective and risk factors in the current undertaking was informed by problem behavior theory, and draws heavily on two sociological theories of deviant behavior (social learning theory and social bond theory). A questionnaire containing indicators measuring various protective and risk factors, as well as various alcohol-related problems, were administered to a sample of 1,459 students from four colleges and universities. The results indicated that both risk and protective factors were associated with alcohol-related problems in this sample. However, risk factors explain a far greater amount of variance in these problems. Implications for campus programming designed to reduce alcohol-related problems are discussed.
Neuroprotection and the Anesthesiologist

T here are many peri-operative situations that may lead to marked reductions in cerebral blood flow. The objectives of this review are to / identify those conditions, to elucidate the mechanisms that may be triggered by them, and to discuss the strategies that are utilized to minimize the brain damage that may follow. Intraoperative ischemic situations can be classified by their timing in relation to the restorative treatments: 1) anticipated, e.g. during the placement of a temporary clipduring cerebral aneurysm surgery; 2) expected, e.g. cerebral hypoperfusion during severe hypotension; 3) potential, e.g. regional hypoperfusion in patients with very high intracranial pressure (ICP) secondary to intracranial bleeding, very large brain tumors or rapidly developing hydrocephalus. This category also includes the direct neuronal and axonal damage resulting from surgical dissection and retraction; 4) unexpected, e.g. cardiac arrest or intraoperative cerebral embolic events during a carotid endarterectomy. This listing includes some examples of clinical conditions in which "pure" ischemia is the pathophysiological mechanism and where the strategies for brain protection may be more clear-cut. This contrasts to other clinical scenarios such as stroke, metabolic encephalopathies, and head trauma, where a combination of mechanisms may be involved in the resulting cerebral damage.
Use of intralesional interferon-α for the treatment of recalcitrant oral warts in patients with AIDS: A report of 4 cases***

Four human immunodeficiency virus-positive homosexual men with 2- to 4.5-year histories of recurrent oral warts that had failed to respond to conventional surgical and other treatment modalities were offered treatment with interferon-alpha. All had multiple or large oral warts, 3 had skin warts, 2 had a history of anal warts, and 1 had penile lesions. All 4 patients were treated with a combination of intralesional and subcutaneous interferon-alpha. Adverse side effects were dose-related, mild, and transient; they included flulike symptoms (3 patients), hair loss and tachycardia (1 patient), and transient changes in the white blood cell count. All patients responded to therapy and remained free of disease up to 42 months. Intralesional injection with interferon-alpha appears to provide excellent clinical control for recurrent, multiple, and extensive oral warts in the human immunodeficiency virus-positive population, and is a useful adjunct to initial surgical removal of oral warts.
The relationship between food intake, body fat and reproductive inhibition in prairie deermice (Peromyscus maniculatus bardii).

Abstract 1. 1. Reproductively-inhibited deermice selected from four laboratory populations consumed significantly less food than reproductively-proven pairs. 2. 2. Reproductively-inhibited animals predominantly, but not consistently, had reduced total body fat compared with reproductively capable deermice. 3. 3. The per capita food consumption rate of two populations followed for 26 weeks since founding, decreased over time to about 65% of the daily intake of the proven animals used to found the populations. 4. 4. An aggregation or “huddling” behaviour with concomitant reduction in thyroid hormone activity, possibly in response to the density of the “huddle”, is suggested as an explanation for these observations.
The Family Genogram Interview: Reliability and validity of a new interview protocol

The purpose of the current study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of the Family Genogram Interview (FGI), a standardized genogram format theoretically grounded in Bowen Family Systems Theory. The sample consisted of 50 heterosexual, married women who had at least one child between 4 and 10 years of age, who completed the FGI with a trained interviewer. The results indicate the FGI has good interinterviewer reliability while construct validity assessments yielded mixed results. The results indicate the FGI is a positive step toward standardization and advancement of genogram interviewing in research and clinical applications. Limitations and directions for future studies are discussed.
Mechanistic studies of ammonia borane dehydrogenation

Abstract Ammonia borane (NH 3 BH 3 , AB) has received extensive attention as a potential hydrogen storage medium, however hydrogen release mechanisms from AB are not well understood. AB follows different reaction routes if the dehydrogenation occurs in solvent or solid state, but a comparative study for AB dehydrogenation in these two states is not available. In this work, a detailed study of AB dehydrogenation mechanism in diglyme and solid state is presented, and a comprehensive reaction network for both cases is proposed. The experimental and DFT results suggest that two main reaction pathways occur; one involves cyclization of monomers which results in faster dehydrogenation at lower temperature, while the other involves propagation to acyclic intermediates which requires higher temperature to carry out the cyclization step. AB dehydrogenation in solid state was experimentally found to be initiated by B–N bond cleavage and not by direct dehydrogenation, which agrees with high level CCSD(T)/MP2 calculations reported previously. It was found that diglyme plays a significant role in hindering B–N bond cleavage of AB which facilitates the cyclization pathway. In solid state, experiments including labeled AB (ND 3 BH 3 ) mapped out the source of hydrogen (from hydridic or protonic ends), and a clear difference in the degree of dehydrogenation from the two ends is demonstrated.
Intelligent computer-aided instruction for training in telecommunications

Abstract Intelligent computer-aided instruction (ICAI) involves applying artificial intelligence techniques to computer-assisted instruction. ICAI allows for more directed questioning and informative answering for the trainee or student than the question-answer strategies employed by conventional computer-assisted instruction. ICAI has been applied to several areas of discipline, but has not yet penetrated the telecommunications domain. This article surveys the ICAI programs that have been built, and then explains the need for and gives examples of potential areas for ICAI development for training in telecommunications.
On the short-term effects of long-term change in cities: An efficient land markets model

Abstract This article develops a model of the determination of urban rent functions in the short-term when the housing stock is assumed fixed. The model suggests that expectations concerning the nature of long-term equilibrium play a central role in determining short-term rents. Open and closed models are discussed as alternative long-term paradigms applicable to different types of exogenous changes. The model suggests, first, that the short-term rent on housing gradient is always below the long-term gradient. Second, depending on whether land-owners have perfect or imperfect information concerning the nature of long-term equilibrium, the short-term rent gradient could signal them to rebuild the housing stock at the correct long-term density level or at too high or too low density levels.
Statistical mechanics of dissipative transport in crystals

We present a microscopic derivation of dissipative (nonideal) hydrodynamic-like equations for crystals. The local density changes and the lattice displacement (distortion) are treated as independent. In this way we take into account all the eight slow modes predicted by the phenomenological theory, including the socalled vacancy diffusion mode. However, microscopically derived hydrodynamic-like equations are simpler than those postulated in the phenomenological theory. We also derive the exact formal expressions for the solid-state transport coefficients in terms of the Green-Kubo integrals.
Scaling the Feeding Mechanism of Captive Alligator mississippiensis from Hatchling to Juvenile.

Small changes in size can lead to potential performance consequences and may influence an organism’s ability to utilize resources in its environment. As the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) transitions between neonate, juvenile and adult habitats (ontogenetic niche shifts), there are inevitably dynamic changes in their feeding performance. This study sought to investigate the scaling of the feeding mechanism and its performance from hatchling to juvenile size classes in A. mississippiensis. Feeding events were recorded during March 2011 at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge (Grand Chenier, Louisiana). Thirty-six captive individuals were randomly sampled, ranging from 30.5 cm to 91.5 cm total length, and feeding events were recorded using a high speed camera at a rate of 300 fps. Results indicated that many linear, angular and timing kinematic variables scale allometrically with cranium length; whereas maximum gape velocity and duration of feeding bout do not scale with cranium length and remain constant between these size classes. Although it has been shown that there is an isometric relationship between cranial elements and body size in A. mississippiensis, this relationship is not transferred to linear and timing variables of prey-capture events. These allometric relationships echo other investigations of scaling relationships such as bite-force production and terrestrial locomotion.
Whole‐cell K+ currents in fresh and cultured cells of the human and monkey retinal pigment epithelium.

1. Whole-cell potassium currents of freshly isolated human (adult and fetal) and monkey (adult) retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells, as well as cultured human and monkey RPE cells were studied using the patch-clamp technique. 2. In freshly isolated adult cells of both species, two currents were observed in the voltage range from -150 to +50 mV: an outwardly rectifying current and an inwardly rectifying current. These currents were also found in cultured cells of both species. 3. The outwardly rectifying current in freshly isolated adult human and monkey cells and some cultured cells was evoked by depolarizing voltage pulses more positive that -30 mV. The current activated with a sigmoidal time course after a brief delay, and was virtually non-inactivating. The conductance associated with the current was half-maximal at -16.4 mV for fresh human cells and -13.5 mV for fresh monkey cells, but was shifted 16.0 and 17.7 mV in the positive direction in cultured human and monkey cells, respectively. The reversal potential of the current in both human and monkey cells matched the potassium equilibrium potential (EK) over a wide range of external potassium concentrations. This current was blocked by 20 mM tetraethylammonium. 4. A membrane current that exhibited inward rectification was observed with hyperpolarizing voltage pulses. The zero-current potential of this current was close to EK. This current was blocked by 2 mM Ba2+ and 2 mM Cs+. In cultured human and monkey cells, but not in fresh cells, this current exhibited an inactivation when voltage pulses were more negative than -120 mV. External Na+ was responsible for the inactivation, as the inactivation was removed in a Na(+)-free solution. 5. Membrane currents in freshly isolated fetal human RPE cells were remarkably different from those in adult cells. A transient outward current resembling the A-type potassium current was observed as the dominant membrane current in freshly isolated fetal human cells. This current activated when voltage pulses were more positive than -30 mV. It inactivated rapidly after reaching a maximal level. Application of 5 mM 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) completely blocked this current. Although this current was never observed in fresh adult cells, it was found in 33% of the cultured adult cells with similar kinetics, ion selectivity, and pharmacological properties. 6. In about 26% of the freshly isolated fetal human cells, a more slowly activating outward current, which resembled the delayed rectifier, was found to co-exist with the transient outward current.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Genomic organization of human 5 S rDNA and sequence of one tandem repeat.

Abstract An organization of human 5 S rDNA repeats is inferred from Southern analyses of restriction digests of genomic DNA fractionated by pulsed-field and conventional gel electrophoreses. A single unit of 2.2 kb is repeated approximately 90 times within a 200-kb fragment (defined by enzymes that do not cleave within individual units, i.e., Eco R1, Bgl II, Hin dIII, and Pvu II); a comparable number of 5 S sequences are scattered elsewhere in the genome. A λ clone containing six complete 5 S repeats was obtained from a human placental DNA library. One repeat contains 2231 bp and includes poly(dG-dT) · (dC-dA), tracts of polypyrimidine, and an Alu sequence in the spacer region. Also, 5-S-hybridizing clones, containing DNA inserts with an average size of 250 kb, have been obtained as yeast artificial chromosomes. Thus far, four clones have been partially characterized and shown to be 5 S sequences from loci separate from the tandem repeat units.
Acute effects of prostaglandin F2α on inositol phospholipid hydrolysis in the large and small cells of the bovine corpus luteum

The present studies were conducted to determine whether the large or small bovine luteal cell was the site for the stimulatory effect of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF) on phospholipase C-catalyzed inositol phospholipid hydrolysis. Corpora lutea were removed from heifers during the luteal phase of the normal estrous cycle. Small luteal cells were isolated by unit-gravity sedimentation and large luteal cells were isolated by flow cytometry using a Becton Dickson FACS 440 cell sorter. PGF provoked rapid (5-30 s) and sustained (up to 30 min) increases in the levels of inositol mono-, bis-, and trisphosphates (IP, IP2, IP3, respectively) in small luteal cells. IP3 was formed more rapidly than IP2 or IP following PGF treatment. The PGF-stimulated increase in IP3 was accompanied by a transient reduction in the levels of 3H-labeled phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate. LiCl (10 mM) enhanced inositol phosphate accumulation in response to PGF. Maximal increases in inositol phosphate accumulation were observed with 1-10 microM PGF and half-maximal increases were observed with 60 nM PGF. PGF (1-10 microM) had no effect on cAMP levels but stimulated small increases in progesterone accumulation in 30 min incubations of small luteal cells. PGF also increased the accumulation of inositol phosphates in large luteal cells. The increases were apparent within 5 min of incubation (the earliest time examined) and further increases were observed in incubations lasting 30 min. PGF had no significant effect on cAMP or progesterone in 30 min incubations of large cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Metal silanolates: organic soluble equivalents for O−2

Abstract Alkali metal trimethylsilanolates, M⊕⊖OSiMe3, convert carboxylic acid derivatives into their corresponding anhydrous acid salts under mild non-aqueous conditions.
Separation of cis− and trans−alkyl substituted oxiranes and aziridines

Abstract The retention times of a number of cis− and trans−2,3−dialkyloxiranes (I) and 1,2,3−trialkylaziridines (II) on columns packed with di-n-decyl phthalate, silicone 550 fluid and Amine 220 on Chromasorb W-HMDS are given. The latter liquid phase was found to be particularly efficient in the separation of the volatile amines. cis-I exhibit longer retention times than trans-I, but trans-II exhibit longer retention times than the corresponding cis-II. The utility of preparative scale gas chromatography using long narrow-bore columns is discussed.
Improving the physician role in evaluating work ability and managing disability: a survey of primary care practitioners

Purpose : In the US health care system, most work-related issues are addressed by primary care practitioners (PCP's). Prior investigations of PCP's have focused on disability claims, whereas evaluations of work status and work capacity are more common. This study was conducted to identify challenges and opportunities for improvement in this area from a physician perspective. Methods : A validated survey was mailed to a random sample of 423 Massachusetts PCP's, with a 43% response rate. Results : On average, PCP's were requested to provide opinions regarding work ability in 9% (range, 1-100%) of all visits, about half of which involved non-work-related conditions. Their assessments were largely based on patient input and observations; direct communication with employers was rare. Only 6% agreed that PCP's should not have a role in facilitating safe return to work (RTW). However, 25% believed they had little influence over disability outcomes. While patient-specific factors were viewed as significant barrie...
INSTITUTIONALIZING THE ENHANCED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING PROCESS

Efforts to implement an effective systems approach to NASA space flight programs are underway agency wide. The Langley Research Center is committed to institutionalizing an enhanced systems engineering process for in-house space flight projects. A Systems Analysis and Design Procedure has been incorporated into the Langley Project Life Cycle to develop a comprehensive systems engineering process for the critical early formulation phases of a project. A Systems Engineering Handbook has been developed which defines the systems approach and the specific activities and products for each phase of the project life cycle. Systems engineering software tools and training to support the institutionalization process are described.
Dose distribution outside of a sphere of P-32 chromic phosphorous colloid.

Purpose: To evaluate the dose distribution outside of a cyst instilled with phosphorous-32 (P-32, an electron emitter with a short effective range of 2–8 mm and average energy of 0.69 MeV, used to treat cystic craniopharyngioma) as a function of cyst size with and without plating (migration and adhesion of P-32 to the cyst surface). Methods and Materials: A cystic craniopharyngioma treated with instillation of P-32 was approximated by a sphere of uniformly distributed and plated chromic P-32 colloid. The percent depth dose was calculated along a radial position vector exterior to the sphere with a three-dimensional convolution integral and a dose point kernel. Results: The percent depth dose variation of surface or volume source external to a family of spheres was plotted. Complex cyst geometry is amenable to evaluation by approximation with simple spheres. Error estimates are calculated for the dose outside of truncated sphere segments. Plating might occur and raise the dose outside the cyst by more than a factor of 5.0. This has the potential to cause damage to adjacent tissues, including the optic chiasm. Conclusion: Clinicians are faced with a number of treatment options for cystic craniopharyngioma, including intracystic instillation of colloid P-32. Unfortunately, plating might occur and potentially damage adjacent normal tissues. It is recommended that the propensity for a craniopharyngioma to plate be evaluated before full treatment, especially after previous treatment.
Effect of Scouring / Bleaching, Caustic Mercerization, and Liquid Ammonia Treatment on the Pore Structure of Cotton Textile Fibers:

The pore structure of cotton was followed through three pretreatments that com monly precede chemical modification for imparting easy care or other functional properties. These treatments included scouring/bleaching, caustic mercerization, and a liquid ammonia treatment with removal by volatilization at elevated temperature. The results include data on the pore structure of the fiber in the greige state. A reverse gel permeation chromatographic technique was used. Columns were prepared from whole cotton fibers in the form of batting, and three series of water soluble solutes were used to study their elution characteristics. The solutes were series of oligomeric sugars, ethylene glycols, and glymes ( ethylene glycol dimethyl ethers) with molecular dimensions in the range of conventional finishing agents for cotton. Scouring/bleaching decreased the water holding capacity of the greige cotton as measured by water of imbibition, but increased it as indicated by gel permeation measurements. The internal volume...
RNA synthesis and cytoplasmic polyadenylation in the one-cell mouse embryo

The time of onset of transcriptional activity in the early mammalian embryo is unclear. RNA synthesis has been shown to occur at the two-cell stage in the mouse1–4 and at the two- to four-cell stage in the rabbit5, but the period immediately following fertilization has proved largely inaccessible to biochemical characterization of transcription because of the low permeability of early embryos to exogenous precursors such as 3H-uridine1–7. This difficulty, and the failure to detect RNA polymerase activity in the pronuclei of one-cell mouse embryos8, suggested that the embryonic genome was transcriptionally inactive until some time after the first cleavage. To investigate this issue further, we have now incubated one-cell pronuclear embryos with 3H-adenosine, which is taken up about 1,000 times faster than uridine3. Three labelled RNA species could be identified. The major product is large, heterodisperse, poly(A)− RNA. High-molecular-weight poly(A)+ RNA is also heavily labelled but this is mostly due to cytoplasmic polyadenylation of previously non-polyadenylated, stored RNA. A significant amount of label is incorporated into the -CCA termini of transfer RNA but some new synthesis of tRNA also takes place. No label was found in ribosomal RNA at the one-cell stage but synthesis of mature rRNA species was evident in the two-cell embryo.
The Fine Structure of the Adepidermal Reticulum in the Basal Membrane of the Skin of the Newt, Triturus

The unique reticulum in the basal membrane of the adult newt9s skin consists of a series of nodular swellings from which there radiate fibers. Electron micrographic studies showed that the nodules consist of layers of fibrillae arranged approximately and irregularly at right angles to one another. Some are packed to form a capsule; still others extend into the internodular zone to form the radiating fibers. The fibrils are banded and are revealed best after fixation with potassium permanganate. The reticulum is compared with that of the larval newt and the frog tadpole. The epidermal side of the reticulum is bounded by a membrane separated from the plasma wall of the epidermal cell by a clear space. These we have termed adepidermal membrane and space , and have compared them with similar structures in larvae.
A Model for the Estimate of Local Image Velocity by Cells in the Visual Cortex

Some computational theories of motion perception assume that the first stage en route to this perception is the local estimate of image velocity. However, this assumption is not supported by data from the primary visual cortex. Its motion sensitive cells are not selective to velocity, but rather are directionally selective and tuned to spatio-temporal frequencies. Accordingly, physiologically based theories start with filters selective to oriented spatio-temporal frequencies. This paper shows that computational and physiological theories do not necessarily conflict, because such filters may, as a population, compute velocity locally. To prove this point, we show how to combine the outputs of a class of frequency tuned filters to detect local image velocity. Furthermore, we show that the combination of filters may simulate `Pattern' cells in the middle temporal area (MT), whereas each filter simulates primary visual cortex cells. These simulations include three properties of the primary cortex. First, the spatio-temporal frequency tuning curves of the individual filters display approximate space-time separability. Secondly, their direction-of-motion tuning curves depend on the distribution of orientations of the components of the Fourier decomposition and speed of the stimulus. Thirdly, the filters show facilitation and suppression for responses to apparent motions in the preferred and null directions, respectively. It is suggested that the MT's role is not to solve the aperture problem, but to estimate velocities from primary cortex information. The spatial integration that accounts for motion coherence may be postponed to a later cortical stage.
Observations of vertical velocities in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using the Arecibo 430-MHz radar

The first clear-air observations of vertical velocities in the tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (8-22 km) using the Arecibo 430-MHz radar are presented. Oscillations in the vertical velocity near the Brunt-Vaisala period are observed in the lower stratosphere during the 12-hour observation period. Frequency power spectra from the vertical velocity time series show a slope between -0.5 and -1.0. Vertical wave number spectra computed from the height profiles of vertical velocities have slopes between -1.0 and -1.5. These observed slopes do not agree well with the slopes of +1/3 and -2.5 for frequency and vertical wave number spectra, respectively, predicted by a universal gravity-wave spectrum model. The spectral power of wave number spectra of a radial beam directed 15 deg off-zenith is enhanced by an order of magnitude over the spectral power levels of the vertical beam. This enhancement suggests that other geophysical processes besides gravity waves are present in the horizontal flow. The steepening of the wave number spectrum of the off-vertical beam in the lower stratosphere to near -2.0 is attributed to a quasi-inertial period wave, which was present in the horizontal flow during the observation period.
Using multicultural literature as an ally to elementary social studies texts

Abstract After an analysis of several elementary social studies textbooks, the authors found most to be lacking in adequate background information, illustrations, vocabulary definitions, and examples of key concepts essential for readers' construction of meaning. Other researchers have also criticized social studies texts for problems with readability, text structure, and assumptions of unrealistic levels of prior knowledge from readers. The authors have found that combining select tradebooks with the textbook can enhance children's knowledge of global educational concepts and promote intercultural/multicultural understandings. Suggestions for using children's literature, both narrative and expository, to bridge the gap between complex social studies and global education themes and students' known world are proffered.
Successful direct stenting guided by intravascular ultrasound without contrast in a patient with renal dysfunction.

We report a 60-year-old male with significant renal dysfunction who had a recent coronary angiography with mid coronary stenosis. To avoid worsening of his kidney failure, we performed primary stenting with a combination of intravascular ultrasound and a marker wire. No dye was used during the stenting procedure. Whereas this new technique needs to be validated in studies, it represents new hope for such patients. (J Interven Cardiol 2003;16:449–453)
A kinetic study of local lesion growth on Nicotiana glutinosa resulting from tobacco mosaic virus infection

Abstract The spread of local lesions produced by three different strains of tobacco mosaic virus was measured as a function of time. Although each virus strain had its own characteristic spreading rate, the three rates were uniform with time. A direct proportionality was observed between lesion area and extractable infectious material associated with strains U1 and U2. Strain U8 appeared to show a decrease in infectivity associated with larger lesion areas or increased age of necrosis. These kinetic studies have led to the conclusion that the processes involved in secondary infection are highly efficient ones, and that the intercellular invading unit need not be identical to the in vitro TMV rod.
Where-what network-4: The effect of multiple internal areas

The general visual attention-recognition (AR) problem remains open. Given a set of images, each with a single target foreground over some complex background, it requires output of both location and type of this single foreground. First, many approaches cannot deal with the richness of the class of possible backgrounds, which has a huge number of variations and also could include distractor-like patterns. This potentially leads to an explosion of resources required within the model. Second, all current approaches break down as the number of locations, types, and variations (within each type) increases towards human-level. This paper is concerned with model selection for networks dealing with the general AR problem. The major challenge is ensuring the model remains as simple as possible as the complexity of the data increases. In developmental general AR, the model must be adapted on the fly. We discuss these issues in context of the latest version of the biologically-inspired developmental Where-What Network. We show how local detectors reduce the number of neurons exponentially and deal with the complex background problem. The purpose of multiple layers seems to be to allow combinatorial patterns to emerge. Top-down connections cause more discriminative features to develop, but since complex data requires a bank of shared features, top-down connections are probably not beneficial for the early layer(s). When a layer's features are class-specific and there is no combinatorial structure to exploit on top of this layer, it is not useful to add another layer but it is useful to utilize top-down connections to develop more discriminative features.
Internet gaming disorder and the DSM‐5

The DSM-5 is scheduled for publication in 2013, and internet gaming disorder will be included in its Section 3, the research appendix. This editorial reviews the DSM process and rationale for inclusion of this putative disorder, and it suggests directions for much needed research in this area.
Structural stability of chalcogenide glasses

Abstract Structural inhomogeneity or metastable phase separation has been found in glass samples in the GeS and GeSe systems. The phase separation phenomena were observed after various heat treatments, and the morphology together with the chemical composition of its micro-phase constituents was studied. A pronounced separation of S or Se-rich phase appears when the S or Se content is sufficiently high (> 80 at.%). This probably results from the existence of two different types of structural groups (S or Se rings or chains and GeS 4 or GeSe 4 tetrahedra) which create an immiscibility tendency in undercooled glass melts.
Minimally invasive surgery for thyroid diseases and thyroid cancer

This article will review the emergence of minimally invasive thyroidectomy techniques and their applications to thyroid diseases. Minimally invasive surgical techniques for head and neck surgery have recently attracted interest. Furthermore techniques are divided into the mini-incision open, video-assisted, and complete endoscopic. Factors that determine the best operative approach include tumor size, histology, the presence of enlarged lymph nodes and evidence of local-regional invasion. Indications and contraindications for minimally invasive techniques will be discussed.
Adult Sexual Assault: Overview of Research

Models of sexual assault and rape have progressed from psychopathology models of perpetration and victimization to current sociocultural views. Sociocultural models focus on the factors that influence the likelihood that the label of rape will be applied and the behavior dealt with accordingly. The papers in this journal issue call for explicit attention to the historical, political, and sociocultural factors associated with the likelihood of coercive sexual incidents (including characteristics of the assailant and the victim). In addition to placing the occurrence of rape in an historical and sociocultural framework, the authors present research findings and theoretical formulations to further the understanding of rape.
Isolation and identification of a mevalonolactone by-product formed during the assay for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase activity

Abstract A mevalonolactone by-product formed during the assay for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase activity is isolated and proof of its structure is provided from gas chromatographic, NMR and mass spectrometric studies.
Cementless Femoral Prostheses Cost More to Implant than Cemented Femoral Prostheses

Prosthetic cost contributes greatly to the overall expense of THA. A key question, therefore, in the selection of implant technique is whether any price difference exists between a cementless and a cemented femoral prosthesis. We evaluated the price difference between the most commonly used cemented and cementless femoral stems at three high-volume academic medical centers. Each hospital’s costs for prostheses from the manufacturers were recorded. The average cost of implanting a cementless femoral prosthesis was $296 more than the average cost of implanting a cemented femoral stem, even with the additional expense of two batches of bone cement and the accessories commonly used to achieve a third-generation cementing technique. The price difference was less variable if the cost of the prostheses from only the primary implant supplier for each institution was considered. As the number of THAs performed per year continues to escalate, implantation of a cemented femoral component remains an attractive method of fixation from an economic standpoint. Level of Evidence: Level III, economic and decision analysis. See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Asymmetric synthesis of 1,2-dioxanes: approaches to the peroxyplakoric acids

The stereospecific intramolecular alkylation of a hydroperoxyacetal provides the basis for the first asymmetric synthesis of the dioxane propionate core of the peroxyplakorates. Chemoselective hydrometallation of an alkyne in the presence of a peroxide is used to introduce a synthon for the polyunsaturated side chains of the peroxyplakorates. The route suggests a general solution for the 1,2-dioxane unit in many peroxide natural products.
A Standard Diode for Electron-Tube Oxide-Coated Cathode-Core-Material Approval Tests

A diode has been designed and used for testing various samples of cathode material in several plants and laboratories during recent years. Several criteria have been used for evaluating the emissive power of the various materials tested. To simulate the usual space-charge-limited emission test commonly used on receiving tubes, a cathode-temperature versus emission characteristic has been taken on each test lot. Temperature-limited emission has been examined under both low-field, low-temperature conditions and normal-temperature, high-field conditions. Results indicate that this method has several important advantages over the present approved method.
Setting Similarity and Successive Discrimination Learning by Children.

Abstract The experiment was designed to test the theoretical prediction that a decrease in the similarity of the settings, achieved by increasing the number of nonspatial dimensions varying between settings, decreases the difficulty of the successive discrimination problem. Three successive problems, differing as to the number of nonspatial dimensions that varied between settings, were administered to children. The pairs of stimuli in the two settings of Problem 3 differed with respect to three dimensions. They differed on two dimensions in Problem 2. One dimension varied between settings in Problem 1, the standard successive discrimination problem. As predicted, performance was highest on Problem 3, intermediate on Problem 2, and lowest on Problem 1. However, only the difference between Problems 3 and 1 was statistically significant.
Structural models for borate glasses

Abstract Neither the Levedev crystalline model nor the Warren and Zachariasen random network model is appropriate for borate glasses. But Jan Krogh-Moe, perhaps building on the ideas of G. Hagg which were disputed by Zachariasen, suggested that borate glasses should contain the larger structural groupings (boroxol, diborate, metaborate, etc.) that exist in the crystalline compounds of the particular borate system. Extensive NMR data now exist which lend support to this concept, and which yield the amount of each structural grouping in each glass. The model can be viewed as a modified Warren-Zachariasen network in which the structural groupings (rather than individual BO4 and BO3 units) are connected randomly to each other.
Environmental factors and quality of life among poor children with asthma

Abstract Rationale Poor and minority children have greater asthma prevalence and morbidity, than their same-aged counterparts in more privileged groups. This may be due in part to difficulties controlling asthma triggers at home. We measured the prevalence of asthma triggers in the homes of poor, predominately African-American children and determined if the presence of triggers was associated with low health-related quality of life (QOL). Methods Parents/guardians of children with asthma, insured by Maryland Medicaid, were identified through healthcare claims and recruited. In-home interviews (n=162) were conducted by trained interviewers; both the child (8-18 years old) and adult caregiver were surveyed. Adults reported the presence or absence of common asthma triggers in the primary home, and if applicable, a second home. The following factors, if present in either home, were assigned 1 point each and summed to create an "environmental burden" score: cigarette smoking, carpet/rugs in the child's bedroom, mold or water leaks, cockroaches, mice or rats, having a dog or cat, and using a humidifier. Health-related quality of life was assessed using the 28-Item Child Health Questionnaire. Results Potential asthma triggers were common; scores averaged 2.7 (SD ± 1.4) factors present (range 0-7), with under 5% reporting 0 and 11% reporting 5-7 factors. The relationships between environmental burden and QOL were complex, varying by race (physical subscale) and asthma severity (psycho-social subscale). Dogs in the home were associated with higher, and humidifier use, lower QOL scores. Conclusions In this cohort, living with potential asthma triggers was common and may affect health-related quality of life.
Impact of Great Blue Heron Depredations on Channel Catfish Farms

With the growth of channel caffish Ictalurus punetatus production in the Delta Region of Mississippi over the last 30 years have come concurrent depredation problems caused by great blue herons Ardea herodias. Biomass in stomachs from herons collected at catfish farms averaged 41% catfish, 38% sunfish Lepomis sp., 17% shad Dorosoma cepedianum, and 4% gambusia Gambusia sp.; whereas observations of herons foraging indicated that 45% of the prey taken were gambusia. Our observational data indicate that herons take an average of 12 10-cm catfish fingerlings daily. The diurnal density of foraging herons on catfish ponds averaged 0.17 herons/ha in 1990, which means that the average 127-ha farm supports approximately 22 herons. Nocturnal foraging, especially on dark nights, appears to be minimal. If our data are approximately correct, the average catfish farm could be losing $30/ha per yr to herons, assuming that this catfish fingerling mortality can be attributed solely to heron depredation.
Telling truth from lie in individual subjects with fast event‐related fMRI

Deception is a clinically important behavior with poorly understood neurobiological correlates. Published functional MRI (fMRI) data on the brain activity during deception indicates that, on a multisubject group level, lie is distinguished from truth by increased prefrontal and parietal activity. These findings are theoretically important; however, their applied value will be determined by the accuracy of the discrimination between single deceptive and truthful responses in individual subjects. This study presents the first quantitative estimate of the accuracy of fMRI in conjunction with a formal forced-choice paradigm in detecting deception in individual subjects. We used a paradigm balancing the salience of the target cues to elicit deceptive and truthful responses and determined the accuracy of this model in the classification of single lie and truth events. The relative salience of the task cues affected the net activation associated with lie in the superior medial and inferolateral prefrontal cortices. Lie was discriminated from truth on a single-event level with an accuracy of 78%, while the predictive ability expressed as the area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) was 85%. Our findings confirm that fMRI, in conjunction with a carefully controlled query procedure, could be used to detect deception in individual subjects. Salience of the task cues is a potential confounding factor in the fMRI pattern attributed to deception in forced choice deception paradigms.
‘Una mujer como las demás’: el deseo de maternidad en cinco cuentos de Emilia Pardo Bazán

En la produccion literaria del realismo espanol se observa, junto a una omnipresente preocupacion por asuntos de autoridad y legitimidad paternal, una obsesion no menos destacada por el concepto de...
Chip Multiprocessor Architecture: Techniques to Improve Throughput and Latency

Chip multiprocessors - also called multi-core microprocessors or CMPs for short - are now the only way to build high-performance microprocessors, for a variety of reasons. Large uniprocessors are no longer scaling in performance, because it is only possible to extract a limited amount of parallelism from a typical instruction stream using conventional superscalar instruction issue techniques. In addition, one cannot simply ratchet up the clock speed on today's processors, or the power dissipation will become prohibitive in all but water-cooled systems. Compounding these problems is the simple fact that with the immense numbers of transistors available on today's microprocessor chips, it is too costly to design and debug ever-larger processors every year or two. CMPs avoid these problems by filling up a processor die with multiple, relatively simpler processor cores instead of just one huge core. The exact size of a CMPs cores can vary from very simple pipelines to moderately complex superscalar processors, but once a core has been selected the CMPs performance can easily scale across silicon process generations simply by stamping down more copies of the hard-to-design, high-speed processor core in each successive chip generation. In addition, parallel code execution, obtained by spreading multiple threads of execution across the various cores, can achieve significantly higher performance than would be possible using only a single core. While parallel threads are already common in many useful workloads, there are still important workloads that are hard to divide into parallel threads. The low inter-processor communication latency between the cores in a CMP helps make a much wider range of applications viable candidates for parallel execution than was possible with conventional, multi-chip multiprocessors; nevertheless, limited parallelism in key applications is the main factor limiting acceptance of CMPs in some types of systems.
Application of Sugar Coating to Tablets and Confections by Means of an Automated Airless Spray System I:Investigation of the Direct Coating of Tablets

The practicability of directly applying sugar coating to unsubcoated tablets has been studied. Initial work performed indicates that such a procedure may be feasible when used in place of current sugar-coating techniques.
Vertical electrostatic actuator with extended digital range via tailored topology

We describe the design, fabrication, and testing of an electrostatic vertical actuator that exhibits a range of motion that covers the entire initial gap between the actuator and substrate and provides controllable digital output motion. This is obtained by spatially tailoring the electrode arrangement and the stiffness characteristics of the microstructure to control the voltage-deflection characteristics. The concept is based on the electrostatic pull down of bimaterial beams, via a series of electrodes attached to the beams by flexures with tailored stiffness characteristics. The range of travel of the actuator is defined by the post-release deformed shape of the bilayer beams, and can be controlled by a post-release heat-treat process combined with a tailored actuator topology (material distribution and geometry, including spatial geometrical patterning of the individual layers of the bilayer beams). Not only does this allow an increase in the range of travel to cover the entire initial gap, but it also permits digital control of the tip of the actuator which can be designed to yield linear displacement - pull in step characteristics. We fabricated these actuators using the MUMPs surface micromachining process, and packaged them in-house. We measured, using an interferometric microscope, full field deformed shapes of the actuator at each pull in step. The measurements compare well with companion simulation results, both qualitatively and quantitatively.
Inhibition of Rho-kinase attenuates endothelial–leukocyte interaction during ischemia–reperfusion injury:

Resuscitation from hemorrhagic shock induces endothelial dysfunction and activates inflammatory cascades leading to organ damage. Following restoration of blood flow to ischemic vascular beds, leukocyte-endothelium interactions leading to leukocyte infiltration into the vascular wall occur very early due, in part, to the loss of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO). The mechanism by which ischemia-reperfusion injury impairs endothelium-derived NO is not completely understood. We hypothesized that inhibition of Rho-kinase could exert beneficial effects following hemorrhagic shock by preserving endothelial function and attenuating leukocyte trafficking in the microcirculation. Using intravital microscopy, we found that resuscitation from hemorrhage acutely increased the number of rolling and adherent leukocytes in the mouse splanchnic microcirculation. Treatment of mice with the Rho-kinase inhibitor fasudil, markedly attenuated leukocyte-endothelium interaction in response to hemorrhage/reinfusion. The beneficial effect of fasudil was not observed in endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)(-/-) mice. In conclusion, inhibition of Rho-kinase prevents inflammatory leukocyte trafficking in the microcirculation via an eNOS-dependent mechanism. Our data support a role for Rho-kinase inhibitors in the treatment of ischemia-reperfusion injury.