cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Protective effect of exopolysaccharide colanic acid of Escherichia coli O157:H7 to osmotic and oxidative stress.

Abstract Many strains of Escherichia coli O157:H7 produce, under stress, an exopolysaccharide (EPS) comprised of colanic acid (CA) and form mucoid colonies on minimal glucose agar (MGA) at ambient temperature. Previous research conducted in our laboratory involving a CA-proficient (W6-13) and a CA-deficient (M4020; wcaD∷Ekanr) strain of E. coli O157:H7 revealed that CA conferred acid and heat tolerance to E. coli O157:H7. Cells covered with CA were more persistent during acid (pH 4.5, 5.5, and 6.5) and heat (55 and 60°C) treatment. The goal of this research was to study the effect of CA on the fate of E. coli O157:H7 under osmotic and oxidative stress. Cells of W6-13 and M4020 were exposed to various concentrations of NaCl (0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 M) and H2O2 (0, 10, and 20 mM) in minimal glucose broth (MGB) at 22°C. Viable counts of E. coli O157:H7 were determined within 48 h of the osmotic stress and 3 h of the oxidative stress. The results suggest that cells of E. coli O157:H7 deficient in CA production are more susceptible than its wild-type parent to NaCl (P
Line search methods for extended penalty function environments

Univariate minimization is considered for constrained optimization with the Kavlie-Moe extended interior penalty. An algorithm is derived using a linear-plus-hyperbolic fit suggested by R. L. Fox for interior penalties. A linear extension to the linear-plus-hyperbolic permits rapid convergence with extended interior alties. However, constraint deletion and approximation of remaining constraints before each minimization also characterize the environment. These and other complexities impede accurate fitting of larger intervals. Thus, following Murray, a mixed strategy is adopted with function comparison reductions of interval size to supplement curve fitting. Analysis shows how quadratic and cubic fit searches break down under certain limiting conditions of interior, extended and exterior penalties. A quadratic-extended linear curve derived for exterior penalties and the linear-plus-hyperbolic similarly fail on extended interior penalties. Examples of constrained optimization with extended interior penalties were run on the Stanford IBM 370/168 computer. A stiffened two-panel box provides eight optimization variables with many constraints on demensions and against failure. The extended linear-plus-hyperbolic surpasses cubic and linear-plus hyperbolic fitting, especially when the Fiacco-McCormick multiplier for the penalty becomes small. The value of feedback from curve fitting to decide function comparison use is also illustrated.
Crystallite size in drawn and then annealed polypropylene

Crystallite sizes have been obtained from the breadth of equatorial x-ray reflections from polypropylene samples subjected to a draw ratio of 6 at 21°C and then annealed at 155°C, 140°C, and 120°C, respectively. For all samples it was found that the ratio of the dimension of the crystallite perpendicular to the {110} planes to that perpendicular to the (040) plane is a constant. The ratio of the lateral crystallite size to the meridional long period was also found to be constant, independent of annealing temperature. In contrast, the thickness of the crystallites in the direction parallel to the draw direction, as calculated from the meridonal long period and density data, was not proportional to the lateral crystallite size.
Implantable biomimetic microelectronics for the replacement of hippocampal memory function lost due to damage or disease

Summary form only given. Dr. Berger and his colleagues at the University of Southern California are working to develop a microchip-based neural prosthetic for the hippocampus, a region of the brain responsible for the formation of long-term memories, and that frequently is damaged as a result of head trauma, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer's disease. The various goals of this effort include: (1) experimental study of neuron and neural network function - how does the brain encode information?, (2) formulation of biologically realistic models of neural system dynamics - can that encoding process be described mathematically so that we can predict how the brain respond to a particular event?, (3) microchip implementation of neural system models - can the mathematical model be realized as a set of electronic circuits to achieve rapid computational speed and miniaturization?, and (4) hybrid neuron-silicon interfaces - can electronic devices be "connected" to neural tissue for bi-directional communication with the brain?. Described as part of the latter effort are recent successes in growing living neurons directly onto silicon-based computer chips. Dr. Berger describes a proof-of-principle of the vision of utilizing biomimetic electronics to restore lost brain function using a hippocampal brain slice preparation. Dr. Berger also describes how the current work in brain slices can be extended to behaving animals in the near future.
Coded 16 QAM with channel state derived decoding for fast fading land mobile channels

An adaptive Viterbi algorithm, derived from a dynamic estimate of the fading channel, is used for the decoding of a convolutionally coded 16 QAM system in a mobile environment. The new technique achieves a BER (bit error rate) performance improvement of 8 dB at P/sub e/=10/sup -3/ in a fast flat Rayleigh fading environment compared to an uncoded system with pilot symbol aided compensation. The BER performance of the new technique in a cochannel interference (CCI) controlled environment is also presented. Results indicate that the 16 QAM scheme achieves significant improvements in spectral and power efficiency when compared to the emerging US standard, which will use pi /4-DQPSK for digital cellular systems. >
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma can mimic renal adenocarcinoma with inferior vena caval involvement

Genitourinary involvement in both Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is common and can be confused with other benign and malignant urologic conditions. While lymphoma commonly produces vascular and ureteral encasement, intraluminal vascular involvement is rare. Indeed, there are no previous reports of renal lymphoma with tumor thrombus extending into both the renal vein and inferior vena cava. We describe the first reported case of lymphoma mimicking a Stage IIIA renal adenocarcinoma with tumor thrombus in the renal vein and the inferior vena cava. Renal lymphoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis even when tumor thrombus is present in the renal vein or vena cava.
Distributed estimation of algebraic connectivity of directed networks

a b s t r a c t In directed network, algebraic connectivity is defined as the second smallest eigenvalue of graph Laplacian, and it captures the most conservative estimate of convergence rate and synchronicity of networked systems. In this paper, distributed estimation of algebraic connectivity of directed and connected graphs is studied using a decentralized power iteration scheme. Specifically, the proposed scheme is introduced in discrete time domain in order to take advantage of the discretized nature of information flow among networked systems and it shows that, with the knowledge of the first left eigenvector associated with trivial eigenvalue of graph Laplacian, distributed estimation of algebraic connectivity becomes possible. Moreover, it is revealed that the proposed estimation scheme still performs in estimating the complex eigenvalues. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Layered Program Auralization: Using Music to Increase Runtime Program Comprehension and Debugging Effectiveness

Layered program auralization uses music for debugging computer code. Layers of musical structure represent the state and behavior of a computer program while it is running, taking advantage of metaphorical relationships between musical structure and programming constructs. This paper makes three contributions to the debugging and program auralization literature. We use cadences, recognizable patterns of chords that usually dictate an ending, to metaphorically represent nesting depth and hierarchical control structures. Auralizations, in our system, use more than one perceptual mapping at a time. Further, we decompose our auralizations into units, which we call layers. This decomposition is similar to using classes in object oriented programming. We see debugging as a time consuming, difficult, task, and present a solution where music is played to the programmer during program execution. Our goal is to increase debugging effectiveness and to improve a programmers comprehension of the runtime behavior of computer programs.
A numerical study of the effect of periodic nutrient supply on pathways of carbon in a coastal upwelling regime

A size-based ecosystem model was modified to include periodic upwelling events and used to evaluate the effect of episodic nutrient supply on the standing stock, carbon uptake, and carbon flow into mesozooplankton grazing and sinking flux in a coastal upwelling regime. Two ecosystem configurations were compared: a single food chain made up of net phytoplankton and mesozooplankton (one autotroph and one heterotroph, A1H1), and three interconnected food chains plus bacteria (three autotrophs and four heterotrophs, A3H4). The carbon pathways in the A1H1 simulations were under stronger physical control than those of the A3H4 runs, where the small size classes are not affected by frequent upwelling events. In the more complex food web simulations, the microbial pathway determines the total carbon uptake and grazing rates, and regenerated nitrogen accounts for more than half of the total primary production for periods of 20 days or longer between events. By contrast, new production, export of carbon through sinking and mesozooplankton grazing are more important in the A1H1 simulations. In the A3H4 simulations, the turnover time scale of the autotroph biomass increases as the period between upwelling events increases, because of the larger contribution of slow-growing net phytoplankton. The upwelling period was characterized for three upwelling sites from the alongshore wind speed measured by the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) and the corresponding model output compared with literature data. This validation exercise for three upwelling sites and a downstream embayment suggests that standing stock, carbon uptake and size fractionation were best supported by the A3H4 simulations, while the simulated sinking fluxes are not distinguishable in the two configurations.
Fine needle aspiration diagnosis of extracranial glioblastoma multiforme: Case report and review of the literature.

Hitherto uncommon, the incidence of extracranial metastases of primary brain malignancies may increase, with improved treatment methods and longer patient survival. Fine needle aspiration biopsy is a simple, safe and reliable method to diagnose metastatic malignancy. It has definite advantages over tissue biopsy, which is more invasive and is of higher risk to the patient. Ours is a case of glioblastoma multiforme, which metastasized to the scalp and was diagnosed on fine needle aspiration biopsy. Only a few articles document the cytological features of extracranial glioblastoma multiforme, diagnosed by fine needle aspiration biopsy.
Leveraging Knowledge Across Geographic Boundaries

This paper examines knowledge flows within and across geographic boundaries of clusters and nations in the biotechnology industry. We hypothesize that these flows are characterized by various factors relating to the knowledge itself and by firm innovativeness and the presence of prior knowledge flows at the firm level. Surprisingly, our findings suggest that geographic proximity does not matter in some instances, while in others it has a decidedly nonlinear effect opposite to that hypothesized. The pattern of findings points to the greatest contrast in the comparison of between-cluster and between-country flows and presents an opportunity to reevaluate the role of geography and knowledge flows.
On the capacity of AWGN relay channels with linear relaying functions

This paper describes the capacity of frequency-division AWGN relay channels with linear relaying functions. A sequence of nonconvex optimization problems solving are also described in this paper
Embryonic ventricular diastolic and systolic pressure-volume relations

The embryonic heart and vascular bed interact dynamically to support rapid growth of the embryo during cardiovascular development. Pressure-volume relations define ventricular function during alterations in loading conditions. We analyzed these relationships in the embryonic heart in order to define ventricular function and the response of the ventricle and vascular bed to acute changes in preload. We simultaneously measured ventricular pressure and recorded 60 video images per second in n≥6 stage 16, 18 and 21 white Leghorn chick embryos at baseline and during the infusion of 1–2 microliters of physiologic buffer into the venous sinus (sinus venosus). Ventricular tetany was then induced with the topical application of 2 Molar sodium chloride. Video fields were traced for ventricular pressure and epicardial cross-sectional area. Cross-sectional area was converted to volume assuming ellipsoid geometry, and cavity volume was calculated as total volume minus wall volume derived from the tetanized heart. We defined end-diastole at the onset of ventricular contraction and end-systole at maximum pressure/volume ratio. Stroke volume increased linearly with end-diastolic volume. End-diastolic pressure-volume relations were positive and linear, and end-systolic pressure-volume relations were curvilinear downward. Arterial elastance decreased with growth of the embryo and with volume infusion. Pressure-volume loop area, an index of consumption of energy, doubled between the embryonic stages. Thus, embryonic ventricular pressure-volume relations define diastolic and systolic function at rest and in response to altered preload.
Exploiting cross ambiguity function properties for data compression in emitter location systems

In classical emitter location methods, pairs of sensors share the received data to compute the CAF and extract the ML estimates of TDOA/FDOA (time/frequency-difference-of-arrival). The TDOA/FDOA estimates are then transmitted to a common site where they are used to estimate the emitter location. In some recent methods, it has been proposed that rather than sending the TDOA/FDOA estimates, it is better to send the entire CAFs to the common site. Thus, it is desirable to use some methods to compress the data of the CAFs. In this paper, we will derive some beneficial properties and features of CAF that we then exploit to achieve a better CAF compression. Simulation results show that by exploiting these properties it is possible to improve the performance of the compression of CAFs and consequently the performance of location estimation.
Beta-amyloid peptide blocks the fast-inactivating K+ current in rat hippocampal neurons.

Deposition of beta-amyloid peptide (A beta) in senile plaques is a hallmark of Alzheimer disease neuropathology. Chronic exposure of neuronal cultures to synthetic A beta is directly toxic, or enhances neuronal susceptibility to excitotoxins. Exposure to A beta may cause a loss of cellular calcium homeostasis, but the mechanism by which this occurs is uncertain. In this work, the acute response of rat hippocampal neurons to applications of synthetic A beta was measured using whole-cell voltage-clamp techniques. Pulse application of A beta caused a reversible voltage-dependent decrease in membrane conductance. A beta selectively blocked the voltage-gated fast-inactivating K+ current, with an estimated KI
Systematic prediction of new inorganic ferroelectrics in point group 4

The latest release of the Inorganic Crystal Structure Database contains a total of 87 entries corresponding to 70 different materials in point group 4. The structures reported for 11 materials in space group P4 satisfy the criteria for ferroelectricity, as do four in P41, one each in P42 and P43, 12 in I4, including seven that form three families, and another three in I41. Three previously known ferroelectrics were also listed in I4 and one in I41. In addition, the listing for point group 4 contains 22 entries for nonferroelectric materials and three with misassigned space groups. Among the newly predicted ferroelectrics in point group 4, assuming the validity of the underlying structural reports, are Ce5B2C6, modulated NbTe4, Na3Nb12O31F, Ca2FeO3Cl, K4CuV5O15Cl, TlBO2, CrOF3, PbTeO3, VO(HPO3)(H2O).3H2O, MgB2O(OH)6, β-tetragonal boron, CuBi2O4, WOBr4, Na8PtO6, SbF2Cl3, Ba1.2Ti8O16, Ni[SC(NH2)2]4Cl2, Ca2SiO3Cl2, the mineral caratiite, NbAs, β-NbO2 and Ag3BiO3.
Risk adjustment for outcomes after carotid endarterectomy: Comment on "Risk adjustment for case mix and the effect of surgeon volume on morbidity".

comes research based on large administrative databases provides a piece of the puzzle that is frequently missing from smaller studies. The large number of patients in a real world setting generates greater power of the statistical analysis and perhaps more widely applicable results. Smaller, clinical studies provide a more in-depth analysisofpatient-specificvariableslostinthebillingcoding scheme used to populate administrative databases. Public policy decisions aimed to improve the quality of care should be based on the most comprehensive data available. At the moment, this would seem to be a combination of both types of studies. Decisions based solely on one or the other are insufficient.
P‐17: Plastic Displays ‐ New Developments in Polyester Film for Plastic Electronics

Polyester films are well-known substrates for a wide range of electronic applications. This contribution will describe new developments in polyester film substrates for OLED displays.
On the concept and implementation of sequential analysis for linear random fields

Formulas are derived for the optimum (least-mean-square) linear mixing of prognostic information and synoptic observations in objective analyses. Exploitation of these results makes possible a continuing synoptic analysis, updated as new measurements are reported, without the necessity of globally simultaneous observations. For the special case of an unbounded, spatially periodic observation lattice in a homogeneous field, solutions in the wave-number domain are obtained. A one-dimensional wave equation and a thermal diffusion problem are treated as examples. This research has been supported in part by the Techniques Development Laboratory, Weather Bureau, Environmental Science Services Administration, United States Department of Commerce. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1968.tb00410.x
Preparation of Uncapped CdSe x Te 1− x Nanocrystals with Strong Near-IR Tunable Absorption

Semiconducting nanocrystals with near-infrared (NIR) photosensitivity are appealing materials for application as photodetectors and in medical diagnostics. Herein, we report the preparation of composition-tunable, uncapped CdSexTe1−x (x = 0 to 1) nanocrystals by simple mechanical alloying. The resulting ternary CdSexTe1−x (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) nanocrystals with average sizes smaller than 10 nm have zincblende crystal structure, instead of the wurtzite structure commonly obtained by wet chemical routes, and show strong NIR absorption even beyond 1400 nm. While a linear relationship between the lattice parameter and the chemical composition (Se/Te ratio) is observed, indicating the formation of homogeneous alloys, the bandgap energy of the three ternary samples is found to be substantially lower than that of binary CdSe or CdTe nanocrystals, and lower than any ternary CdSeTe reported so far. Existence of a small number of tellurium metal defects in the CdSexTe1−x (x = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75) nanocrystals is confirmed by x-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Both the optical bowing effect and tellurium metal-induced defects of the mechanically alloyed samples are believed to cause the strong NIR photosensitivity.
Persistent Negative Symptoms in Schizophrenia: An Overview

Persistent negative symptoms represent an alternative approach for assessing negative symptoms in the context of clinical trials. Persistent negative symptoms are designed to capture those symptoms that lead to functional impairment but are currently understudied and for which there are no currently available effective treatments. Persistent negative symptoms differ from the 2 most commonly used approaches: primary, enduring negative symptoms or deficit symptoms and negative symptoms broadly defined to include negative symptoms, regardless of their etiology or duration. In contrast to deficit symptoms, persistent negative symptoms may include secondary negative symptoms. However, in contrast to negative symptoms broadly defined, the secondary negative symptoms included in the assessment of persistent negative symptoms only include those that have failed to respond to usual treatments for secondary negative symptoms. In consequence, the presence of persistent negative symptoms identifies a patient population with clinically relevant symptomatology, which is larger than the one with the deficit syndrome but less heterogeneous than that captured through the use of a nonrestrictive definition of negative symptoms. This may facilitate the selection of subjects for inclusion into research and efforts to develop new pharmacological treatments and enhance our understanding of a relevant clinical problem. Ultimately, the investigation of the different entities characterized by negative symptoms, such as persistent negative symptoms, and the enhanced understanding of their biological and clinical characteristics may help to unravel the psychopathological and biological heterogeneity of schizophrenia.
Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Require Direct Infection To Sustain the Pulmonary Influenza A Virus-Specific CD8 T Cell Response

UNLABELLED Following influenza A virus (IAV) infection, development of a robust IAV-specific CD8 T cell response is required for clearance of primary infection and enhances memory protection. Following IAV infection, plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) or CD8α(+) DC regulate pulmonary effector CD8 T cell responses within the lung. Without this DC-T cell interaction, insufficient effector CD8 T cells are maintained in the lungs, leading to enhanced morbidity and mortality. Previous studies have demonstrated that pDC are capable of classical presentation or cross-presentation of IAV antigens and could potentially regulate IAV-specific CD8 T cell responses through either mechanism. Our results demonstrate that pDC from the lungs of donor mice infected with an IAV that is not able to replicate in hematopoietic cells (142t-IAV), unlike donor pDC isolated from the lungs of control infected mice, are not able to rescue the host IAV-specific CD8 T cell response from apoptosis. This indicates that pDC must utilize the direct presentation pathway for this rescue. This inability of pDC from 142t-IAV donors to rescue the IAV-specific CD8 T cell response is not due to differences in the overall ability of 142t-IAV to replicate within the lungs or generate defective viral genomes or to differences in levels of costimulatory molecules required for this interaction. We further demonstrate that bypassing the antigen presentation pathway by coating the 142t-IAV pDC with IAV peptide epitopes restores their ability to rescue the IAV-specific CD8 T cell response. IMPORTANCE IAV continues to be a global health burden, infecting 5 to 20% of the global population annually. Continued investigation into the mechanisms that mediate protective immune responses against IAV is important to improving current vaccination and antiviral strategies antagonistic toward IAV. Our findings presented herein demonstrate a key requirement for pDC promotion of effector CD8 T cell survival: that rather than utilizing cross-presentation, pDC must be infected and utilize the endogenous pathway for presentation of antigens to CD8 T cells during in vivo IAV infections. This suggests that targeting presentation via the endogenous pathway in pDC could be important for the development of unique antiviral cellular therapies.
Properties of nuclear levels in a number of even-mass nuclei (184≦ A ≦ 192)

Abstract A large accumulation of internal conversion-electron data has made it possible to study the properties of high-energy nuclear levels in the transition region of mass numbers 184 to 192. Reasonably detailed level schemes have been constructed from these measurements leading to the following even nuclei: Re184m→W184, Ir186→Os186, Ir188→Os188, Ir190→Os190 and Ir192→Os192. Parameters relevant to rotational configurations and branching ratios of the de-exciting transitions are evaluated. The low-energy spectra, with their associated vibrational and rotational modes of excitation, have been confirmed and extended. Triple isomerism was observed in Ir190 including isomeric transitions of M3 (26 keV) and M4 (148 keV) character. The metastable state of Re184 is partially de-excited by an 83 keV isomeric transition of M4 multipolarity.
Health redefined: a foundation for teaching nursing strategies.

SUMMARY Current models of health are inadequate to meet nursing education and healthcare needs related to the growth in alternative health. Concepts of energy, holism, and balance expand the current health definition and provide conceptual understanding for mind-body and energy system strategies. As a result, nurses will increase alternatives for promoting health. Nurse educators have an exciting opportunity to be an integral part of this trend by providing a broader, more holistic definition of health.
Chemically Modified Firefly Luciferase Is an Efficient Source of Near-Infrared Light

Bioluminescence and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) are two naturally occurring light emission phenomena that have been adapted to a wide variety of important research applications including in vivo imaging and enzyme assays. The luciferase enzyme from the North American firefly, which produces yellow-green light, is a key component of many of these applications. Recognizing the heightened interest in the potential of near-infrared (nIR) light to improve these technologies, we have demonstrated that spectral emissions with maxima of 705 and 783 nm can be efficiently produced by a firefly luciferase variant covalently labeled with nIR fluorescent dyes. In one case, an outstanding BRET ratio of 34.0 was achieved emphasizing the importance of selective labeling with fluorescent dyes and the efficiency provided by the intramolecular BRET process. Additionally, we constructed a biotinylated fusion protein that similarly produced nIR light. This novel material was immobilized on solid supports containing streptavidin, demonstrating, in principle, that it may be used for receptor-based imaging. Also, the matrix-bound labeled fusion protein was used to measure factor Xa activity at physiological concentrations in blood. We believe this to be the first report of bright nIR light sources produced by chemical modification of a beetle luciferase.
End-Group Influence on Frontier Molecular Orbital Reorganization and Thermoelectric Properties of Molecular Junctions

The reorganization of frontier molecular orbitals (FMOs) upon formation of molecular junctions plays an important role in the resulting transport and thermoelectric properties. By considering a wide range of Au–molecule–Au junctions—created from phenyl molecules with different lengths and end-groups—we demonstrate that the extent of reorganization of FMOs is based on: (i) stabilization due to the physical presence of electrodes, and (ii) change in the electron–electron (e–e) interactions due to charge transfer. In molecular systems with charge (electron) transfer into the molecule, the opposing effects of stabilization and increased e–e interactions result in a small overall reorganization of FMOs. In contrast, for molecular systems with charge transfer out of the molecule, the complementary effects of stabilization and reduced e–e interactions result in a large overall reorganization of FMOs to lower energies. Further, we present a computationally efficient approach to quantitatively compute the extent o...
Epidemiological Analysis of Acute Flaccid Paralysis During 2011-2012 in Sichuan and Evaluation on the Surveillance System

Objective To study the incidence and reporting status of acute flaccid paralysis( AFP) cases during 2011-2012 in Sichuan province and evaluate the surveillance system. Methods Data collected from AFP surveillance system was analyzed by descriptive epidemiological method. Results A total of 832 cases were reported in AFP surveillance system during 2011-2012,among which 786 were AFP case and 46 were non-AFP cases; 782 AFP cases were excluded as non- poliomyelitis; one cases were classified as being clinically polio-match case and another 3 cases were vaccine derived poliovirus( VDPV) cases. Annual average reporting incidence rate of non-polio AFP in children aged15 years old was 2. 7 /105. AFP cases were reported in 155 counties / districts,accounting for 85. 64% of total provincial county numbers. The 48- hour inspection rate was≥99%,the collection rate was≥94%,the delivery rate of the stool samples in 7 days was≥92%, the delivery rate of follow-up table in 75 days was≥93% and the feedback rate of the separation in 28 days was≥93%. Conclusion The operation status of AFP surveillance system during 2011-2012 in Sichuan is in well-functioning,and also is sensitive and efficient; all surveillance indices have met the requirements of WHO and the Ministry of Health.
BGA Stress Reliability Problems and Solutions

Undesirable assemblies were sifted by test during the production of radio base station transceiver.there is a BGA pin-cracking in permanent position after default locating.Elaborate the ways revolving problems from in-process inspection,shape design of board,ball components of the BGA.Introduce the stress simulation tool and stress testing application.Put forward a series of improvement measures,and completely solve the BGA stress reliability the problem.
Some Questions for Modification from IEC60099-4-1991 Edition to 2001 Edition

This paper mainly introduces the 4 questions about modification from IEC60099-4-1991 edition to 2001 edition: (1)reduction of altowable value of WGMOA internal partial discharge, from 50 pC to 10 pC;(2)Extension of the time of MOR accelerated ageing tests, the 2000 h accelerated ageing test should be carried out " for MOR in some cases; (3)Increase of preheat temperature (TCD) in WGMOA movement load test;(4) No pressure release device, short-circuit current test for WGMOA should use the fuse passed through the MOR center or use over-voltage to pilot arc.
Comparison of In Vivo and Ex Vivo MRI of the Human Hippocampal Formation in the Same Subjects

Multiple techniques for quantification of hippocampal subfields from in vivo MRI have been proposed. Linking in vivo MRI to the underlying histology can help validate and improve these techniques. High-resolution ex vivo MRI can provide an intermediate modality to map information between these very different imaging modalities. This article evaluates the ability to match information between in vivo and ex vivo MRI in the same subjects. We perform rigid and deformable registration on 10 pairs of in vivo (3 T, 0.4 × 0.4 × 2.6 mm3) and ex vivo (9.4 T, 0.2 × 0.2 × 0.2 mm3) scans, and describe differences in MRI appearance between these modalities qualitatively and quantitatively. The feasibility of using this dataset to validate in vivo segmentation is evaluated by applying an automatic hippocampal subfield segmentation technique (ASHS) to in vivo scans and comparing SRLM (stratum/radiatum/lacunosum/moleculare) surface to manual tracing on corresponding ex vivo scans (and in 2 cases, histology). Regional increases in thickness are detected in ex vivo scans adjacent to the ventricles and were not related to scanner, resolution differences, or susceptibility artefacts. Satisfactory in vivo/ex vivo registration and subvoxel accuracy of ASHS segmentation of hippocampal SRLM demonstrate the feasibility of using this dataset for validation, and potentially, improvement of in vivo segmentation methods.
Financial Crises: Understanding the Postwar U.S. Experience

(1987). Financial Crises: Understanding the Postwar U.S. Experience. Journal of Economic Issues: Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 933-936.
A GATA-2-GPR65 Regulatory Module Controls Hematopoietic Stem Cell Generation

The generation of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) via endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition within the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region of the mammalian embryo is crucial for development of the adult hematopoietic system. Many questions remain unanswered regarding the molecular program in hemogenic endothelium that promotes the budding of hematopoietic cell clusters containing HSCs. We demonstrated that a deletion of a Gata2 cis-element reduced GATA-2 levels in the AGM and abrogated the capacity of hemogenic endothelium to generate HSCs. Consistent with the defective HSC generator, the mutant fetal livers were deficient in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Using an ex vivo intact AGM culture system, we demonstrated that retrovirus-mediated GATA-2 expression in the +9.5-/- AGM rescues its hematopoietic defect. Thus, the reduced GATA-2 levels in the +9.5-/- AGM cause the HSC generation defect, and this rescue assay provides a unique system to decipher the downstream genetic network. To discover novel druggable regulators in the GATA-2 pathway to promote HSC generation, we profiled the expression pattern of all G-protein-coupled-receptors, which represent the most successful class of pharmaceutical targets, in the AGM using our RNA-seq dataset (+9.5+/+ vs. +9.5-/- AGM). This global GPCR analysis revealed four GATA-1 and GATA-2 co-regulated genes, Adora3, Gpr65, Ltb4r1, and Adora2b. Database mining revealed that only the Gpr65 expression pattern resembled that of Gata2. To evaluate GPR65 functions during HSC generation, we conducted an shRNA-based loss-of-function analysis in the AGM. While downregulating Gpr65 did not alter the abundance of the CD31+ c-Kit+ hematopoietic cell population, it significantly increased the CD31+ c-Kit+ Sca1+ HSC-containing cell population (1.4 fold, p Disclosures Zon:FATE Therapeutics: Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Founder; Scholar Rock: Employment, Equity Ownership, Membership on an entity9s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Other: Founder.
Direct Observation of Insulin Association Dynamics with Time-Resolved X-ray Scattering

Biological functions frequently require protein–protein interactions that involve secondary and tertiary structural perturbation. Here we study protein–protein dissociation and reassociation dynamics in insulin, a model system for protein oligomerization. Insulin dimer dissociation into monomers was induced by a nanosecond temperature-jump (T-jump) of ∼8 °C in aqueous solution, and the resulting protein and solvent dynamics were tracked by time-resolved X-ray solution scattering (TRXSS) on time scales of 10 ns to 100 ms. The protein scattering signals revealed the formation of five distinguishable transient species during the association process that deviate from simple two-state kinetics. Our results show that the combination of T-jump pump coupled to TRXSS probe allows for direct tracking of structural dynamics in nonphotoactive proteins.
Light-induced changes in cAMP levels in Limulus photoreceptors.

Abstract Illumination reduces cAMP levels about 3-fold in Limulus photoreceptors. Cyclic GMP levels are not significantly changed under identical conditions. In addition, the cAMP content in dark-adapted photoreceptors is about 4-fold the content of cGMP. It is proposed that cAMP may be involved in the regulation of the metabolism or function of photoreceptor systems which contain the photopigment in the transducing surface membrane.
Optical Coherence Tomography: Principles, Image Acquisition, and Assessment

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) uses near-infrared light to generate high-resolution images of coronary arteries in vivo and can be considered an optical analog of intravascular ultrasound, which uses light instead of sound. OCT can produce images with a resolution of 10 to 20 μm, an order of magnitude higher compared to IVUS; however, it cannot image through blood and its penetration depth usually ranges between 1 and 3 mm depending on tissue type. There are two types of OCT systems: first generation time domain (TD-OCT) and second generation frequency domain (FD-OCT); both systems have been demonstrated to be safe in several studies. While the normal vessel wall is characterized by a three-layered structure, the layered structure is deranged in the presence of atherosclerotic plaque. Plaques can be characterized as fibrous, lipid-rich, or calcified, according to plaque characterization criteria developed by histology validation studies. OCT can differentiate between red cell–rich red and platelet-rich white thrombi. Stent malapposition, underexpansion, dissections, tissue prolapse, and thrombi are the most common immediate findings after stent implantation. OCT can provide unique micron-scale level insights into stent strut coverage for follow-up imaging and characterize the morphology of an in-stent restenosis lesion. An important part of image interpretation is understanding and recognizing OCT imaging artifacts.
New tools for studying mal gene regulation in Yersinia pestis

Y. pestis, the etiologic agent of plague, is a significant human pathogen because of its historic role as the cause of three major pandemics and its current role as a potential bioterrorism agent. Gene regulation in this organism is complex and multiple microarray studies have shown that the expression of several genes is affected by quorum sensing as well as temperature. Maltose utilization genes are of particular interest because they are regulated by both of these systems. In order to perform genetic studies on mal genes, and to better understand gene expression in general in Y. pestis, we developed a number of new tools that comprise the majority of the work in this thesis. To take advantage of recombineering as a useful system for constructing new mutants, we improved the protocol to promote a higher efficiency of survival and recombination in electroporated Y. pestis cells. We also designed a ligase-independent cloning system to build lacZ gene fusions more quickly and efficiently. We then took advantage of this system to design a method for building single-copy lacZ fusions that are conveniently transferred to Y. pestis by conjugation. These methods were used in combination to examine temperature regulation and quorum sensing effects on malK expression. We determined that a malK -lacZ translational gene fusion is strongly downregulated at 37◦C in Y. pestis and slightly downregulated in similar conditions in E. coli. Fusions to a constitutively expressed promoter, however, did not exhibit this kind of expression. In contrast, the gene fusion did not show significant differences in a quorum sensing negative strain, suggesting that AHL quorum sensing does not contribute to regulation of the expression of mal genes under the conditions of the experiment. When these fusions were assayed in strains deleted for malT but complemented with malT expressed on low-copy plasmids, we observed that Y. pestis MalT produced a more significant change in response to temperature than did E. coli MalT. Because the amino acid sequences are mostly similar between both species, future work will focus on what differences in MalT produce such
Latino Nativity Variations Link to Street Violence in Drug Markets

The Latino paradox is defined as “Latinos do[ing] much better on various social indicators, including violence, than blacks and apparently even whites, given relatively high levels of disadvantage.” We do not know, however, if the Latino paradox is masquerading what is known as criminal social capital. This study defined geographic drug markets with drug sales crime data in Philadelphia. Multilevel negative binomial models showed census block group street violence levels varied significantly across drug markets. Although each additional 100 native-born Latinos was associated with expected street violent crime counts 8% lower, each additional 100 foreign-born Latinos was associated with expected street violent crime counts 28% lower, controlling for nearby street violence and structural predictors.
Nanoscale artificial antigen presenting cells for cancer immunotherapy.

Abstract Exciting developments in cancer nanomedicine include the engineering of nanocarriers to deliver drugs locally to tumors, increasing efficacy and reducing off-target toxicity associated with chemotherapies. Despite nanocarrier advances, metastatic cancer remains challenging to treat due to barriers that prevent nanoparticles from gaining access to remote, dispersed, and poorly vascularized metastatic tumors. Instead of relying on nanoparticles to directly destroy every tumor cell, immunotherapeutic approaches target immune cells to train them to recognize and destroy tumor cells, which, due to the amplification and specificity of an adaptive immune response, may be a more effective approach to treating metastatic cancer. One novel technology for cancer immunotherapy is the artificial antigen presenting cell (aAPC), a micro- or nanoparticle-based system that mimics an antigen presenting cell by presenting important signal proteins to T cells to activate them against cancer. Signal 1 molecules target the T cell receptor and facilitate antigen recognition by T cells, signal 2 molecules provide costimulation essential for T cell activation, and signal 3 consists of secreted cues that further stimulate T cells. Classic microscale aAPCs present signal 1 and 2 molecules on their surface, and biodegradable polymeric aAPCs offer the additional capability of releasing signal 3 cytokines and costimulatory molecules that modulate the T cell response. Although particles of approximately 5–10 μm in diameter may be considered the optimal size of an aAPC for ex vivo cellular expansion, nanoscale aAPCs have demonstrated superior in vivo pharmacokinetic properties and are more suitable for systemic injection. As sufficient surface contact between T cells and aAPCs is essential for activation, nano-aAPCs with microscale contact surface areas have been created through engineering approaches such as shape manipulation and nanoparticle clustering. These design strategies have demonstrated greatly enhanced efficacy of nano-aAPCs, endowing nano-aAPCs with the potential to be among the next generation of cancer nanomedicines.
Fluctuation relations, effective temperature, and ageing of enzymes: The case of protein electron transfer

Abstract Proteins catalyzing chemical reactions are glassy systems in which the reaction time is often below the time of conformational relaxation. The protein is not able to sample its configuration space on the reaction time, leading to nonergodic ensemble averages. This phenomenology makes the effective configurational temperature of the protein significantly higher than the kinetic temperature of the bath. The effective temperature is expressed in terms of the fluctuation-dissipation ratio quantifying the violation of the fluctuation dissipation theorem (FDT). For reactions of protein electron transfer, the ratio of configurational and kinetic temperatures is given by the ratio of two reorganization energies related to, correspondingly, thermal fluctuations of the thermal bath and linear response of the bath to electron arriving to the active site. The violation of the FDT leads to a significant depression of the activation barrier achieved trough nonergodic exploration of the protein configuration space. The time of conformational dynamics, leading to equilibration, establishes the ageing time during which the enzyme has to be reset to its original configuration. Experimental evidence and numerical simulations indicate a factor of 2–3 violation of the FDT for protein electron transfer at physiological temperatures. Lowering temperature freezes the protein into a state consistent with the FDT through a glass transition. Design principles of physiological energy chains are discussed by postulating the need to maintain FDT violated to support catalytic function.
Abstract 19086: Pulsatile Shear Stress-mediated Fatty Acid Metabolites Promote Anti-oxidant Effects

Temporal and spatial variations in shear stress are intimately linked with vascular metabolic effects. While oscillatory shear stress (OSS) preferentially develops at the lateral wall of arterial bifurcations and induces oxidative stress and inflammatory states, pulsatile shear stress (PSS) develops in the straight portions of the vasculature to oppose the effects and promote “athero-protection”. In this context, we hypothesize that PSS activates PPAR-γ to produce athero-protective fatty acid metabolites to attenuate oxidative stress. Metabolomic analysis performed for 155 metabolites from human aortic endothelial cells exposed to PSS (τ avg = 23±8 dyne/cm 2 at 1 Hz for 4 hrs) revealed a significant increase in anti-inflammatory metabolites, including fatty acids such as oleic acid (OA) and dicarboxylic acids such as azelaic acid (AzA) (1.43±0.73-fold, 2.03±0.54-fold vs. control, respectively, p p p p 2 O 2 -induced VCAM and ICAM mRNA expression (0.36±0.10-fold, 0.38±0.20-fold, respectively, p avg = 32.0±2.4 dyne/cm 2 to τ avg = 22.7±3.5 dyne/cm 2 ). Overall, pulsatile shear stress-induced fatty acid metabolites impart anti-oxidant effects to maintain endothelial homeostasis, implicating the role of PPAR-γ-SCD1-OA-AzA pathway.
Nitric oxide reduces the palmitoylation of rat myelin proteolipid protein by an indirect mechanism

Brain slices from 20-day-old rats were incubated with [3H]palmitate for 2 hours in the absence or presence of the NO-donors S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP), ethyl-2-[hydroxyimino]-5-nitro-3-hexeneamide (NOR-3), 4-phenyl-3-furoxan carbonitrile (PFC) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Each of these drugs reduced the incorporation of [3H]palmitate into myelin proteolipid protein (PLP) in a concentration-dependent manner, SNP being the most active. The effect of SNAP was prevented by the NO-scavenger PTIO (2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide). Furthermore, decayed-SNAP, sodium nitrite and N- nitrosopyrrolidine were inactive, suggesting that free NO and/or some of its direct oxidation products are the active molecular species. The amount of fatty acids bound to PLP and the rate of deacylation were unaffected by NO. Although NO diminished the number of thiols in brain and myelin proteins, with the formation of both nitrosothiols and disulfides, these changes did not parallel those in PLP acylation. In contrast, NO was effective at reducing the palmitoylation of brain and myelin lipids, and this effect along with that of PLP, was ascribed to a decrease in palmitoyl-CoA levels. The NO-induced reduction in acyl-CoA concentration was due to the decline in ATP levels, while the amount of [3H]palmitate incorporated into the tissue, the activity of palmitoyl-CoA ligase and palmitoyl-CoA hydrolase, and the concentration of CoASH were unaltered by the drugs. Experiments with endogenously-synthesized [18O]fatty acids confirmed that NO affects predominantly the ATP-dependent palmitoylation of PLP. In conclusion, the inhibitory action of NO on the fatty acylation of PLP is indirect and caused by energy depletion.