cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Impact of Colonialism, 1800-1950

This paper summarizes the results of a book that examined the theory of the economic impact of colonialism, the economic policies pursued by colonial governments from 1800 to 1950, and the impact of these policies on economic growth, industrialization, literacy rates and stock of human capital in the labor force. Applying econometric techniques to cross-country data in 1950, the study found large negative impacts of colonialism on growth rates of PCI (from 1870-1950), levels of industrialization and several measures of human capital; these measures were shown to be statistically significant and robust to changes in specifications. Moreover, the end of colonialism in the 1950s produced an era of rapid economic growth and rising literacy levels and life expectancy in nearly all the former colonies. In Sub-Saharan Africa the positive growth rates of PCI were reversed for two decades starting in the late 1970s, but in most of the Asian countries went on to join the Middle Income and Countries.
Investigation of indigenous water, salt and soil for solar ponds

The existence of salt-gradient solar ponds in nature is a strong indication that the successful exploitation of this phenomenon must account adequately for the influences of the local setting. Sun, weather and other general factors are treated elsewhere. This paper deals with water, salt, and soil. A general methodology for evaluating and, where feasible, adjusting the effects of these elements is under development. Eight essential solar pond characteristics have been identified, along with a variety of their dependencies upon properties of water, salt and soil. The comprehensive methodology, when fully developed, will include laboratory investigation in such diverse areas as brine physical chemistry, light transmission, water treatment, brine-soil interactions, sealants, and others. With the Salton Sea solar pond investigation as an example, some methods under development will be described.
World wide web site design and use in public management

The World Wide Web (Web) has been widely adopted by local governments as a way to interact with local residents. The promise and reality of Web applications are explored in this chapter. Four types of Web utilizations are analyzed--bulletin board applications; promotion applications; service delivery applications; and citizen input applications. A survey of 145 municipal and county government websites originally conducted in 1998 was replicated in 2002. These data are used to examine how local governments are actually using the Web and to examine the evolution of Web usage over the four years between the first and second survey. The chapter concludes that local governments have made progress in incorporating many of the features of the Web but that they have a long way to go in realizing its full promise.
The Kid Grows Up: Decisions at the Sundance Institute

The Sundance case raises the question of how markets for innovative cultural products can be created and what the role of intermediaries in creative industries ought to be. The case describes the history of the Sundance Institute, which was founded by actor/director Robert Redford to promote independent filmmaking. Started as a "Lab" where independent filmmakers could work on their film projects, the Institute soon expanded to organize the Sundance Film Festival in order to facilitate the exhibition and distribution of independent films, including those not supported by the Sundance Labs. Thirty years after Sundance was founded, its top management team wonders whether the mission of Sundance would be best served by increasing and improving the supply of independent films in the market or by educating consumers to create an audience for independent cinema.
Money Demand in the United States

This paper considers the demand for various monetary aggregates with a view to assessing their potential roles as intermediate variables for monetary policy. Illustrative estimates using a generalized autoregressive distributed lag model are presented. For M1, the results support an "error correction" model. However, the demand function for M1 may still be subject to shifts due to the continuing process of financial reform and innovation. The demand function for M1A resulting from the particular empirical strategy used in this paper is not well behaved. The estimated equation for M2 is well behaved and robust, though the use of M2 as an intermediate target variable is questionable due to an inability accurately to control it.
Learning efficient rules by maintaining the explanation structure

Many learning systems suffer from the utility problem; that is, that time after learning is greater than time before learning. Discovering how to assure that learned knowledge will in fact speed up system performance has been a focus of research in explanation-based learning (EBL). One way to analyze the utility problem is by examining the differences between the match process (match search) of the learned rule and the problem-solving process from which it is learned. Prior work along these lines examined one such difference. It showed that if the search-control knowledge used during problem solving is not maintained in the match process for learned rules, then learning can engender a slowdown; but that this slowdown could be eliminated if the match is constrained by the original search-control knowledge. This article examines a second difference - when the structure of the problem solving differs from the structure of the match process for the learned rules, time after learning can be greater than time before learning. This article also shows that this slowdown can be eliminated by making the learning mechanism sensitive to the problem-solving structure; i.e., by reflecting such structure in the match of the learned rule.
RO/RO SAFETY AFTER THE ESTONIA - A REPORT ON THE ACTIVITIES OF THE AD HOC PANEL ON RO/RO SAFETY

The sinking of the Estonia spurred renewed interest in the international maritime community to conduct a thorough assessment of ro/ro passenger ferry vessel operations. The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers (SNAME) in the US, in keeping with its Strategic Plan, formed an ad hoc panel to assess the safety of the Canadian and US ro/ro passenger ferry fleets. This paper describes the international actions to improve ro/ro ferry safety and how the ad hoc panel interacted with this process to ensure that the proposed changes to international rules were rationally based.
MASS TRANSFER-REACTION COUPLING PRODUCES MULTIPLE SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATIONS AT FLOC SURFACE: SUBSTRATE INHIBITED KINETICS

Simplistically, the whole cell can be modelled as a well mixed substrate sink, enveloped by a diffusive barrier (the cell membrane). In this communication we use this model in describing diffusion and reaction within a cell floe, subject to substrate inhibition. The cell floe is pictured as an array of well mixed environments between which substrate transfer occurs. When the observed rate of substrate uptake by the floe is equated to the substrate transport rate across the extra-floe stagnant liquid film, multiple interface concentrations are possible. Their number increases as intra-floe diffusion influences the observed reaction rate. More fundamentally, this is the first time that more than three steady states have been predicted using the particular graphical technique with substrate inhibited kinetics.
Transnational Revolutionary Ideologies

The definitive version of this document can be found here: http://www.springerlink.com/content/b0qvjvke6428b5dr/ This document was created using OCR technology, and may contain minor discrepancies from the published document.
Investigation of natural convection heat transfer in converging channel flows using a specklegram technique

Natural convection heat transfer characteristics in converging vertical channel flows were studied by nonintrusively measuring the wall temperature gradients using a laser specklegram technique. Local and average heat transfer coefficients were obtained for forty different configurations, including five different inclination angles from the vertical, [gamma]=0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 deg, with eight different channel exit openings for each inclination angle. Correlations for both local and average Nusselt numbers, based on the channel length L, were determined as functions of Grashof number, where the local Grashof number, based on the channel length L, ranged up to 7.16 x 10[sup 6] and the overall Grashof number varied from 3.58 x 10[sup 6] ([gamma]=60 deg) to 7.16 x 10[sup 6] ([gamma]=0), depending upon the inclination angle. As the top opening was decreased, both local and average Nusselt numbers deviated from the single inclined plate theory and significant reductions in heat transfer resulted. The minimum opening ratio, at which the average Nusselt number started decreasing from that for the single plate, was determined as (b/L)[sub min] = 0.07, 0.1, 0.3, 0.35, and 0.4 for inclination angles of 0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 deg, respectively. For Ra* larger than 10 average Nusselt numbers,more » based on the channel opening b, approached the single plate limit of the vertical channel flow theory, which was modified to incorporate the reduced gravity due to the inclination. When Ra* was smaller than 10[sup 5], however, neither the single-plate limit nor the fully developed limit properly described the heat transfer characteristics in the converging channel. 31 refs., 12 figs., 1 tab.« less
Mutation of Tyr-218 to Phe in Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus secondary alcohol dehydrogenase: Effects on bioelectronic interface performance

Bioelectronic interfaces that facilitate electron transfer between the electrode and a dehydrogenase enzyme have potential applications in biosensors, biocatalytic reactors, and biological fuel cells. The secondary alcohol dehydrogenase (2 degrees ADH) from Thermoanaerobacter ethanolicus is especially well suited for the development of such bioelectronic interfaces because of its thermostability and facile production and purification. However, the natural cofactor for the enzyme, beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+), is more expensive and less stable than beta-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+). PCR-based, site-directed mutagenesis was performed on 2 degrees ADH in an attempt to adjust the cofactor specificity toward NAD+ by mutating Tyr218 to Phe (Y218F 2 degrees ADH). This mutation increased the Km(app) for NADP+ 200-fold while decreasing the Km(app) for NAD+ 2.5-fold. The mutant enzyme was incorporated into a bioelectronic interface that established electrical communication between the enzyme, the NAD+, the electron mediator toluidine blue O (TBO), and a gold electrode. Cyclic voltammetry, impedance spectroscopy, gas chromatography, mass spectrometry, constant potential amperometry, and chronoamperometry were used to characterize the mutant and wild-type enzyme incorporated in the bioelectronic interface. The Y218F 2 degrees ADH exhibited a fourfold increase in the turnover ratio compared to the wild type in the presence of NAD+. The electrochemical and kinetic measurements support the prediction that the Rossmann fold of the enzyme binds to the phosphate moiety of the cofactor. During the 45 min of continuous operation, NAD+ was electrically recycled 6.7 x 10(4) times, suggesting that the Y218F 2 degrees ADH-modified bioelectronic interface is stable.
Neural networks and dynamical systems

Abstract Models for the identification and control of nonlinear dynamical systems using neural networks were introduced by Narendra and Parthasarathy in 1990, and methods for the adjustment of model parameters were also suggested. Simulation results of simple nonlinear systems were presented to demonstrate the feasibility of the schemes proposed. The concepts introduced at that time are investigated in this paper in greater detail. In particular, a number of questions that arise when the methods are applied to more complex systems are addressed. These include nonlinear systems of higher order as well as multivariable systems. The effect of using simpler models for both identification and control are discussed, and a new controller structure containing a linear part in addition to a multilayer neural network is introduced.
Graded Powder Composites by Freeze Drying, Electrophoretic Deposition and Sintering

Two approaches for the fabrication of tailored powder composites with specially distributed pore-grain structure and chemical composition are investigated. Electrophoretic Deposition (EPD) followed by microwave sintering is employed to obtain functionally graded materials (FGM) by in-situ controlling the deposition bath suspension composition. Al2O3/ZrO2 and zeolite FGM are successfully synthesized using this technique. In order to fabricate an aligned porous structure, unidirectional freezing followed by freeze drying and sintering is employed. By controlling the temperature gradient during freezing of powder slurry, a unidirectional ice-ceramic structure is obtained. The frozen specimen is then subjected to freeze drying to sublimate the ice. The obtained capillary-porous ceramic specimen is consolidated by sintering. The sintering of the graded structure is modeled by the continuum theory of sintering.
Molecular characterization of inherited medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.

Abstract Deficiency of medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD) is a common inherited defect in energy metabolism. Characterization of the mRNA encoding MCAD in a Dutch MCAD-deficient patient revealed an A----G change at nucleotide position 985 of the MCAD mRNA coding region. This point mutation results in the substitution of a glutamic acid for a lysine at amino acid position 304 of the mature protein. The single base change was not found in any wild-type MCAD mRNAs. A mutant allele-specific oligonucleotide probe was used in a hybridization analysis of amplified genomic DNA of MCAD-deficient family members, a carrier, and normal individuals. The hybridization analysis specifically identified individuals who were heterozygotes or homozygotes. In addition to the point mutation, a significant proportion of the index patient's MCAD mRNA contained a variety of deletions and insertions as a result of exon skipping and intron retention. The missplicing occurred in multiple regions throughout the MCAD mRNA. Analysis of the patient's MCAD gene in the regions where the missplicing occurred most frequently did not reveal a mutation in the splicing acceptor or donor sites. Therefore, the molecular characterization of this family revealed a crucial point mutation in the MCAD gene and an unusual abnormality in MCAD pre-mRNA splicing.
Library reserves and copyright: Thirty years on and still changing

Since the passage of the 1976 Copyright Law, library reserve services have had to define continuously the nature of their services within the context of copyright. Lacking professional guidance, librarians reacted to the 1976 Law with a largely conservative set of guidelines for reserve copying due, in large part, to a vacuum of guidelines from the library profession and despite the prevalence of progressive rhetoric. Court cases (NYU, Kinko's and Texaco) have reinforced a conservative approach. However, the environment for reserve remains fluid. Electronic reserves and a recent court decision (Michigan Document Services) offer the profession another opportunity to redefine the reserve/copyright dynamic. Librarians need to avoid past strategic failures and take full advantage of the current environment to press the expansion of reserves into the new electronic library paradigm.
Agrichemicals in surface water and birth defects in the United States

Objectives: To investigate if live births conceived in months when surface water agrichemicals are highest are at greater risk for birth defects. Methods: Monthly concentrations during 1996–2002 of nitrates, atrazine and other pesticides were calculated using United States Geological Survey's National Water Quality Assessment data. Monthly United States birth defect rates were calculated for live births from 1996 to 2002 using United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention natality data sets. Birth defect rates by month of last menstrual period (LMP) were then compared to pesticide/nitrate means using logistical regression models. Results: Mean concentrations of agrichemicals were highest in April–July. Total birth defects, and eleven of 22 birth defect subcategories, were more likely to occur in live births with LMPs between April and July. A significant association was found between the season of elevated agrichemicals and birth defects. Conclusion: Elevated concentrations of agrichemicals in surface water in April–July coincided with higher risk of birth defects in live births with LMPs April–July. While a causal link between agrichemicals and birth defects cannot be proven from this study an association might provide clues to common factors shared by both variables.
Depressive Phenomena, Physical Symptom Distress, and Functional Status Among Women With Breast Cancer

The nature and scope of depression and its relationship to physical symptom distress and functional status were examined in 79 women 3 to 7 months after breast cancer diagnosis. Psychiatric diagnostic criteria for depressive disorders and a depression rating scale were used to measure depression. Ni
Spectroscopic analysis of infrared DIAL measurements

A combined experimental and computational approach utilizing CO2 infrared gas lasers and chemometric multivariate analysis was employed to detect chemicals and their concentrations in the open atmosphere under controlled release conditions. Absorption spectra of four organic gases were collected in the laboratory by lasing 40 lines of a Synrad 15 W CO2 laser in the 9.3 to 10.8 micron range. Several chemometric calibration models were constructed based on this IR data using the Partial Least Squares computational technique. The chemometric models were used to analyze in near real time the field DIAL data acquired over this exact wavelength range at round trip distances of 7 and 13 km. It will be shown that the ability to predict the chemicals and their respective concentrations depends on a variety of factors. In 39 of the 45 experiments, the identities of the released chemicals were correctly identified without predictions of false positives or false negatives. Under the best field conditions, we achieved predictions of absolute concentrations within 30% of the actual values.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A Four-Moments Alternative to Simulation for a Class of Stochastic Management Models

This paper presents a computational alternative to simulation for a large class of stochastic management models involving functions of random variables. An example of a model in this class is the well-known "risk analysis" problem studied by Hertz and Hillier. Our computational approach includes i a versatile framework to describe the univariate and dependence characteristics of a model's random variables, and ii formulas for computing the central moments of the model's objective variable. The usefulness of these central moments in decision making is then illustrated and discussed.
Idiopathic (primary) achalasia

Idiopathic achalasia is a primary esophageal motor disorder characterized by esophageal aperistalsis and abnormal lower esophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation in response to deglutition. It is a rare disease with an annual incidence of approximately 1/100,000 and a prevalence rate of 1/10,000. The disease can occur at any age, with a similar rate in men and women, but is usually diagnosed between 25 and 60 years. It is characterized predominantly by dysphagia to solids and liquids, bland regurgitation, and chest pain. Weight loss (usually between 5 to 10 kg) is present in most but not in all patients. Heartburn occurs in 27%–42% of achalasia patients. Etiology is unknown. Some familial cases have been reported, but the rarity of familial occurrence does not support the hypothesis that genetic inheritance is a significant etiologic factor. Association of achalasia with viral infections and auto-antibodies against myenteric plexus has been reported, but the causal relationship remains unclear. The diagnosis is based on history of the disease, radiography (barium esophagogram), and esophageal motility testing (esophageal manometry). Endoscopic examination is important to rule out malignancy as the cause of achalasia. Treatment is strictly palliative. Current medical and surgical therapeutic options (pneumatic dilation, surgical myotomy, and pharmacologic agents) aimed at reducing the LES pressure and facilitating esophageal emptying by gravity and hydrostatic pressure of retained food and liquids. Although it cannot be permanently cured, excellent palliation is available in over 90% of patients.
Impedance spectroscopy of fiber-reinforced cement composites

Abstract The addition of chopped conductive fibers to cement matrices results in a characteristic “dual-arc” electrical impedance spectrum below the percolation threshold. This behavior can be explained on the basis of a “frequency-switchable fiber coating” model, in which a “coating” (e.g., passive oxide film on steel or charge transfer resistance/double layer on other conductors) insulates the fibers at DC and low AC frequencies, but is shorted out at higher frequencies, where the fibers become short-circuit paths in the composite microstructure. The present work investigates various factors governing the impedance spectra of fiber-reinforced cement composites – fiber aspect ratio, fiber volume fraction, fiber orientation (relative to field direction), and fiber shape. The “gamma” factor (ratio of the low frequency arc diameter to DC resistance) is a useful parameter to characterize the microstructure–property relationships of fiber-reinforced composites.
Connectivity of generalized prisms over G

The problem of building larger graphs with a given graph as an induced subgraph is one which can arise in various applications and in particular can be important when constructing large communications networks from smaller ones. What one can conclude from this paper is that generalized prisms over G may provide an important such construction because the connectivity of the newly created graph is larger than that of the original (connected) graph, regardless of the permutation used.For a graph G with vertices labeled 1,2,?, n and a permutation ? in Sn, the generalized prisms over G, ?(G) (also called a permutation graph), consists of two copies of G, say Gx and Gy, along with the edges (xi, y?(i), for 1?i?n. The purpose of this paper is to examine the connectivity of generalized prisms over G. In particular, upper and lower bounds are found. Also, the connectivity and edge-connectivity are determined for generalized prisms over trees, cycles, wheels, n-cubes, complete graphs, and complete bipartite graphs. Finally, the connectivity of the generalized prism over G, ?(G), is determined for all ? in the automorphism group of G.
The Tolstoy Foundation: Library and Archives

SUMMARY This article describes valuable and largely unknown aspects of the library and archival holdings of The Tolstoy Foundation, Inc., located in Valley Cottage, New York, about fifty miles north of Manhattan, across the Hudson River in Rockland County. The core of the library is the Lembich collection, consisting of approximately 10,000 volumes of a Shanghai Russian-language lending library, donated by the widow of its founder, the prominent emigre publisher Mechislav Lembich. The archives contain materials relating both to the Tolstoy family (including Leo Tolstoy, whose daughter, Alexandra, established the foundation), and to the activities of the foundation in assisting Russian emigres and refugees from the U.S.S.R. during and after the Second World War.
Antitumor agents. 163. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship study of 4'-O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin analogs using the modified CoMFA/q2-GRS approach

Analogs of 4‘-O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin are considered as potential anticancer agents. We have applied comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and a novel CoMFA/q2-GRS technique recently developed in our group to identify the essential structural requirements for increasing the ability of these compounds to form cellular protein−DNA complex. In addition, a new method to incorporate different types of probe atoms as part of q2-GRS routine has been developed. The best final model with 101 compounds using a combination of four different sets of probe atoms and charges [C (sp3, +1), C (sp3, 0), H (+1), and O (sp3, −1)] yielded a q2 of 0.584 and the standard error of prediction of 0.660 at 5 principal components. The steric and electrostatic contour plots of the final model were compared with the DNA phosphate backbone environment of the DNA−4‘-O-demethylepipodophyllotoxin analog complex, which was generated using the X-ray structure of the DNA−nogalamycin complex. The comparison reveals that the CoMFA...
Sediment-Water Chemical Exchange in the Coastal Zone Traced by in situ Radon-222 Flux Measurements

In situ radon-222 flux experiments conducted in benthic chambers in Cape Lookout Bight, a small marine basin on the North Carolina coast, reveal that enhanced chemical transport across the sediment-water interface during summer months is caused by abiogenic bubble tube structures. Transport rates for dissolved radon, methane, and ammonium more than three times greater than those predicted on the basis of molecular diffusion occur when open tubes are maintained by semi-diurnal low-tide bubbling.
Challenges in Procurement of HIC Resistant Steel Pipes

Welded pipes ordered for wet sour service are required to be manufactured from hydrogen-induced cracking (HIC) resistant steel plates. Pipe manufacturers procure steel plates with HIC testing, and other additional requirements with respect to chemistry, mechanical testing, and non-destructive testing (NDT) to meet client requirements. There have been several worldwide instances when the pipes ordered for wet sour service have failed HIC test at the pipe mill resulting in significant project delays. The causes of HIC test failures range from deliberate mistakes to improper testing practices. Also, subtle changes in steel making and rolling practices contributed to the HIC test failure following the pipe fabrication. Saudi Aramco has established several lines of defense to prevent recurrence of similar failures. Saudi Aramco reservation on mandatory HIC test requirement on seamless pipes as per the latest API 5L 44th edition, is discussed.
Contextualized computing education of programming

One of the most powerful tools for improving success rates in introductory computing courses is the incorporation of context -- a theme that pervades the computing lectures, assignments, and examples which relates the content to a concrete application domain. Contextualized computing education has even allowed us to be successful with challenging audiences, such as the non-technical major. In this talk, we review why Georgia Tech has chosen to teach serious computer science to every student on campus, and then discuss research findings from several schools on the benefits and costs of contextualized computing education.
Hormonal control of photoperiodically induced fat deposition in white-crowned sparrows

Intact birds and castrates that had undergone some degree of testicular regeneration (= regenerates) displayed a normal increase (4–5 g) in body weight during the first 20–30 days of photostimulation (20L:4D), after which time body weights returned to initial levels. Castration before photostimulation eliminated this increase in body weight. Weights of intact and regenerate birds were, in general, significantly greater (p < 0.05) than those of castrates between days 20 and 30 of photostimulation. Both intact and castrated birds held for 120 days on a nonstimulatory (8L:16D) photoperiod maintained relatively constant body weights throughout the investigation. Administration of testosterone proprionate (TP; 200 μg/2 days) between days 18 and 26 or between days 18 and 38 of photostimulation (20L:4D) did not appear to influence body weights of intact or castrated birds, whereas administration of only 20 μg/2 days of TP between days 18 and 38 of photostimulation appeared to induce a slight increase in body weight of castrated birds. The data are discussed in relation to the “gonadal hypothesis” of Rowan. A model is presented of the proposed endocrine regulation of premigratory hyperphagia and fat deposition in the white-crowned sparrow. It is concluded that Rowan's “gonadal hypothesis” is valid for the species used.
Estimation of Nonpoint Source Nitrate Concentrations in Indiana Rivers Based on Agricultural Drainage in the Watershed

Subsurface tile-drained agricultural fields are known to be important contributors to nitrate in surface water in the Midwest, but the effect of these fields on nitrate at the watershed scale is difficult to quantify. Data for 25 watersheds monitored by the Indiana Department of Environmental Management and located near a U.S. Geological Survey stream gage were used to investigate the relationship between flow-weighted mean concentration (FWMC) of nitrate-N and the subsurface tile-drained area (DA) of the watershed. The tile DA was estimated from soil drainage class, land use, and slope. Nitrate loads from point sources were estimated based on reported flows of major permitted facilities with mean nitrate-N concentrations from published sources. Linear regression models exhibited a statistically significant relationship between annual/monthly nonpoint source (NPS) nitrate-N and DA percentage. The annual model explained 71% of the variation in FWMC of nitrate-N. The annual and monthly models were tested in 10 additional watersheds, most with absolute errors within 1 mg/l in the predicted FWMC. These models can be used to estimate NPS nitrate for unmonitored watersheds in similar areas, especially for drained agricultural areas where model performance was strongest, and to predict the nitrate reduction when various tile drainage management techniques are employed.
Effect of Temperature on the Mechanical Properties and Microstructures of In Situ Formed Cu-Nb and Cu-Ta Composites

The effect of temperature on the mechanical properties and microstructures has been evaluated for heavily cold drawn Cu-20% Nb and Cu-20% Ta composites. The strengths of the composites decrease with increasing temperature, with the decrease becoming most pronounced at temperatures above about 300°C and at larger draw ratios. Cu-20% Ta composites are stronger than Cu-20% Nb composites throughout the temperature range studied (22–600°C) with the improvement increasing with increasing temperature. Resistivity measurements and substructure analyses showed that at temperatures where softening accelerated, resistivity decreased indicating a substructural change which was observed to be coarsening of the Nb and Ta filaments in the composites.
Exploiting polarization in nonlinear optical measurements of biological interfaces

Strategies are described for mining the rich structural information in nonlinear optical studies of biological interfaces. Using relatively simple measurements acquired with a novel ellipsometric polarization analysis method, chiroptical phenomena observed in second harmonic and sum-frequency surface measurements can be interpreted using simple orientational models.
A comprehensive privacy-aware authorization framework founded on HIPAA privacy rules

Health care entities publish privacy polices that are aligned with government regulations such as Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA) and promise to use and disclose health data according to the stated policies. However actual practices may deliberately or unintentionally violate these policies. To ensure enforcement of such policies and ultimately HIPAA compliancy there is a need to develop an enforcement mechanism. In this paper we extend our work on IT-enforceable policies, submitted to the International Journal of Medical Informatics. The submitted work involved a detailed analysis of HIPPA privacy rules to extract object related conditions needed to make a disclosure decision. In this paper we extend this work to propose machine enforceable policies that embody HIPAA privacy disclosure rules and a health care entity access control rules. We also propose a comprehensive access/privacy control architecture that enforces the proposed polices. The architectural model is designed to allow for a dynamic configuration of policies without reconfiguring the architecture responsible for enforcement. Both the proposed policies and the architecture allow for multiple stakeholders to adjust the privacy preferences to manage the disclosure of data by adjusting the designated parameters in their respective policies. The objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive model for privacy protection, access and logging of PHI, that is HIPAA compliant.
Regenerator performance with noble gas mixtures

Abstract The performance of regenerators that use noble gas mixtures is compared to the performance of those that use pure helium gas. Both helium -argon and helium - krypton mixtures are investigated. For some heat transfer surfaces, a modest gain in heat transfer can be achieved with these mixtures. The concomitant increase in pressure drop, however, more than offsets the heat transfer gain, so that the net regenerator loss increases for all the cases evaluated.
Concomitance between childhood sexual and physical abuse and substance use problems: A review

This review focuses on the apparent connection between childhood sexual or physical abuse (CSA, CPA) and later substance use problems (SUPs) among adolescents and adults. The rates of CSA among females with SUPs were found to be, on average, nearly two times higher than those found in the general population, and the rates of SUPs among women with CSA histories were found to be similarly elevated. The rates of CSA were not found to be elevated among males with SUPs, but men with histories of CSA were found to be at greater risk for SUPs than men in the general population. Women, girls, and boys with SUPs were found to have elevated rates of CPA relative to the general population, while adult males with SUPs were not found to have elevated rates of CPA. Concomitance rates were not found to vary systematically with regard to either the methodological quality of the studies included nor the year of study publication. Additional descriptive examination of selected studies indicates that among women, childhood abuse is likely to be a factor in the development of SUPs, but that the relationship is mediated by other psychiatric conditions, such as anxiety and depressive disorders.
A Simple and Efficient Binary Coding Algorithm and "C" Computer Program that Facilitate Analysis of Categorical Data

An efficient method for coding, decoding, and analyzing categorical data is presented. The binary coding algorithm and computer program allow the researcher to simultaneously code category frequencies and frequencies of responses within categories. The computer program reads the binary code and produces: (a) a printed output consisting of a complete written record of all of the subjects' responses; (b) a data file consisting of category frequency counts; and (c) a second data file consisting of frequency counts of the different responses within each category. Both data files can be directly analyzed without modification by most major statistical software packages such as SPSSX and SAS. The coding algorithm and computer program significantly reduce the time and errors associated with data coding and entry, and facilitate statistical analyses of categorical data.
Bilateral lesions of the medial longitudinal fasciculus in monkeys: Effects on the horizontal and vertical components of voluntary and vestibular induced eye movements

Bilateral transections across the brainstem interrupted the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF) in three monkeys trained to make eye movements while subjected to horizontal or vertical angular accelerations. Eye movements measured before and after the lesion revealed deficits in both voluntary and vestibular compensatory eye movements; the deficits differed in the horizontal and vertical directions. Vertical saccades in both directions were normal but eccentric positions of fixation could not be maintained; a drift toward the midline followed by a corrective saccade produced vertical fixation nystagmus. Furthermore, the vertical vestibuloocular reflex (VOR) was abolished and vertical smooth pursuit was impaired. Along the horizontal meridian, adduction across the midline could not be achieved during either saccades, smooth pursuit, or the VOR. Temporal saccades were normal whereas nasal saccades were considerably slowed. If the eye was not required to cross the midline, the phase shift during the VOR was within 15 deg of normal in each eye. The gain of the VOR was reduced to about 0.4 immediately after the lesion, but recovered within one month. These findings suggest that the MLF transmits quite different kinds of information to horizontal and vertical oculomotoneurons and that deficits in vertical eye movements may be a sensitive indicator of anterior internuclear ophthalmoplegia.
Normal CFTR Activity and Reversed Skin Potentials in Pseudohypoaldosteronism

Cystic fibrosis (CF) transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) Cl− channel function is required for activating amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channels (ENaC) in salt-absorbing human sweat duct. It is unclear whether ENaC channel function is also required for CFTR activation. The dysfunctional ENaC mutations in type-1 pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA-1) provided a good opportunity to study this phenomenon of ion channel interaction between CFTR and ENaC. The PHA-1 ducts completely lacked spontaneous ENaC conductance (gENaC). In contrast, the normal ducts showed large spontaneous gENaC (46 ± 10 ms, mean ± SE). After permeabilization of the basolateral membrane with α-toxin, cAMP + ATP activation of CFTR Cl− conductance (gCFTR) or alkalinization of cytosolic pH (6.8 to 8.5) stimulated gENaC of normal but not PHA-1 ducts. In contrast, both spontaneous gCFTR in intact ducts and (cAMP + ATP)-activated gCFTR of permeabilized ducts appeared to be similar in normal and PHA-1 subjects. Lack of gENaC completely blocked salt absorption and caused dramatic reversal of skin potentials associated with pilocarpine-induced sweat secretion from significantly negative in normal subjects (−13 ± 7.0 mV) to significantly positive (+22 ± 11.0 mV) in PHA-1 patients. We conclude that virtual lack of ENaC in PHA-1 ducts had little effect on CFTR activity and that the positive skin potentials could potentially serve as a diagnostic tool to identify type-1 pseudohypoaldosteronism.
Cognitive eating restraint scores are associated with body fatness but not with other measures of dieting in women.

Abstract Nearly 50% of women report dieting to lose weight, but the ability of cognitive eating restraint (CER) scores to separate women based on indicators of restricted intake has not been adequately demonstrated. We examined the ability of the CER subscale of the eating inventory to distinguish differences in resting energy expenditure (REE), body composition, cortisol, dietary intake, and physical activity, in a group of women. Subjects (20.4±2.3 years) were divided into high (score>9; n=31) and low (score≤9; n=34) CER groups based on questionnaire responses. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure REE and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry to measure body composition. Salivary and 24-hour urinary cortisol were measured by bioassays. Food frequency questionnaires and 4-day food records, physical activity recalls, and anthropometric measures were completed. Women in the high CER group possessed more fat mass (p
Arterial injury from a high pressure water jet: Case report

We report the case of a patient who sustained a high-pressure water jet injury to the thigh while cleaning industrial piping. The patient presented with a puncture wound to the anterior thigh and a pulseless foot. Emergency arteriography was performed that revealed complete disruption of the superficial femoral artery. The patient underwent surgical exploration and debridement, and a successful repair of the disrupted artery was performed with a prosthetic arterial graft. A discussion of high-pressure water jet injuries and their management is presented.
In vivo and in vitro nephrotoxicity of aniline and its monochlorophenyl derivatives in the Fischer 344 rat.

Aniline (A) and its monochlorophenyl derivatives (2-CA, 3-CA and 4-CA) are widely-used chemical intermediates. In the present study, the in vivo and in vitro nephrotoxic potential of these compounds was assessed in Fischer 344 rats. In the in vivo experiments, rats were administered a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of an aniline (0.4, 1.0 or 1.5 mmol/kg) or 0.9% saline (2.0 ml/kg, i.p.), and renal function monitored at 24 and 48 h. 2-CA was the only compound tested which decreased urine volume, elevated the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and depressed both basal and lactatestimulated p-aminohippurate (PAH) accumulation by renal cortical slices at the 1.0 mmol/ kg dose. Similar results were produced following 3- and 4-CA administration, but these compounds required a dose of 1.5 mmol/kg. Aniline had little effect on renal function at the doses used in this study. In the in vitro experiments, 2-CA (10(-4) M or greater) depressed basal PAH accumulation. Tetraethylammonium (TEA) uptake was decreased by all compounds with an incubate concentration of the aniline at 10(-3) M. Lactatestimulated PAH uptake was not decreased by any test compound. These results indicate that chlorine substitution on the phenyl ring of aniline enhances nephrotoxic potential, and that 2-substitution produces the greatest increase.
Quality of the primate photoreceptor lattice and limits of spatial vision.

Abstract Quantitative analysis of a primate photoreceptor lattice shows that the foveal lattice is a highly regular hexagonal structure with a positional correlation length of at least 130 photoreceptors. This result indicates that the photoreceptor lattice is not sufficiently disordered to prevent aliasing in the fovea. but rather could provide the metric with which the visual system determines spatial separation even for tasks involving hyperacuity.
Alternative to the geomagnetic self-reversing dynamo

A PRIMARY task of geomagnetism is to account for the magnetic field of the Earth and for the occasional reversals of that field. Present research in geomagnetic dynamo theory aims to develop a physically realistic, mathematically solvable, self-reversing dynamo model1—one that contains the seeds of its own reversal. Here I point out that there is an alternative method of analysing the geomagnetic field which can account for magnetic reversals but which does not require a self-reversing dynamo. The analysis is based on the assumption that the geomagnetic field arises from two separate sources. Each source has a mathematical representation in terms of dipoles, quadrupoles, and so on. The magnetic field which is observed at or above the surface of the Earth is the sum of the fields arising from the two sources: in particular, the observed dipole component of the Earth's field is the vector sum of the dipole components of each source If the dipole components of each source are oppositely directed, one pointing essentially towards the north rotational pole and the other essentially towards the south rotational pole, then The prevailing magnetic polarity reflects the polarity of the dominant source component (Fig. 1). A magnetic reversal, which corresponds to a change in the sign of M0, represents a shift in the relative sizes of M1 and M2. If both M1 and M2 are very large compared with M0, then only small fluctuations in M1, M2, or both will result in a reversal.
Mothers living with HIV/AIDS: Mental, physical, and family functioning

There has been little work assessing the psychological condition of mothers living with HIV, their home life, and how these women function as caretakers with a chronic illness. In this study, interviews were conducted with 135 HIV symptomatic or AIDS diagnosed mothers of young, well children aged 6-11. White mothers were less likely to be severely ill (CD4 counts of <500) than all other race/ethnic groups. The mean level of depression was elevated among this sample, and was associated with poorer cohesion in the family, and with poorer family sociability. Depression also was associated with the mothers being less able to perform tasks that they typically do; children of more depressed mothers had increased responsibilities for household tasks.
Central projection of optic tract from translocated eyes in the leopard frog (Rana pipiens)

In Rana pipiens embryos, eye anlagen were moved to the evacuated ear position, where they continued to differentiate and sent their optic nerve fibers into the hindbrain. Upon entering the medulla, the optic fibers turned caudally, penetrated the spinal cord, and traversed the dorsolateral white matter to the caudal end. We found this pattern of growth in every animal; the optic fibers did not enter the tecta. These results suggest the existence within the neural tube of a three-dimensional gradient system to which embryonic optic fibers are responsive and which may guide the normal development of the visual pathway.
Natural and vaccine-induced immunity against Haemophilus influenzae type b in patients with β-thalassemia

Abstract Natural and vaccine-induced immunity and immunological memory to Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) were evaluated in adolescents and adults with β-thalassemia. At baseline 10/23 (43%) unvaccinated patients had naturally acquired anticapsular antibodies >0.15 μg/ml, the threshold of protection, compared to 9/10 (90%) aged-matched controls. Hib-conjugate vaccine (PRP-T) induced protective immune responses in all subjects and there were no differences in geometric mean concentrations at 1 month (GMC) between patients and controls (69.04 versus 40.5, respectively). Vaccine-induced immunological memory was assessed in 12 subjects with β-thalassemia who had been vaccinated against Hib in the past. All subjects had retained PRP > 1 μg/ml at baseline; PRP-T revaccination induced anamnestic responses which were similar, in terms of post vaccination antibody concentration ( P = 0.54) and avidity ( P = 0.08), with primary responses given by previously unvaccinated patients. A single dose of PRP-T induces adequate and long-lasting immunity and should be given in all unvaccinated adolescents and adults with β-thalassemia.
Temporal regulation in the early embryo: is MBT too good to be true?

Abstract The question of how early embryonic events are temporally regulated has traditionally been tied to the midblastula transition (MBT). This concept has directed the studies in Xenopus and influenced the studies in other organisms. By examining the weaknesses in the concept of MBT, we hope to refocus the study of temporal regulation on the many developmental transitions that do exist and to clear the way for an alternative viewpoint that emphasizes the similarities between developmental processes in different organisms.