cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Design and implementation of a power smoothing system for cross-flow current turbines

This study presents an efficient system that smooths fluctuations in electrical power from a cross-flow (i.e., “vertical-axis”) turbine. The proposed solution is a two-stage approach consisting of a low-pass filter and a bi-directional buck-boost converter. The design and stability characteristics of the system are presented, followed by time-domain simulation and validation against small-scale experiments. When this validated simulation is applied to a full-scale system, we demonstrate a 99% root mean square reduction in fluctuating power output with only a 3% drop in electrical system efficiency. This could allow intracycle control strategies to increase mechanical power output without causing electrical power fluctuations that are incompatible with direct use.
Atrial septal defect

This study was designed to determine the time sequence of postnatal changes associated with the atrial septum in the bovine heart, and to assess if atrial septal defect (ASD) is a genetic disorder in stillborn Maine-Anjou calves. The study was divided into three parts: (1) review of the necropsy database; (2) examination of hearts from "normal" Holstein-Friesian calves; and (3) examination of hearts from stillborn beef calves and cattle dying of unknown cause. In the normal Holstein-Friesian calf the opening in the atrial septum is covered completely by a membrane at birth, resulting in an anatomic but not a physiologic opening, and closes completely between seven and 14 days of age. The same time sequence appears true for hearts from beef calves. Of the 27 hearts from beef cattle examined, six bull calves (three purebred Maine-Anjou, two Maine cross, one Shorthorn) and one 18-month-old Maine cross heifer had an ASD, which included both an opening in the atrial septum and an abnormal membrane. ASD is likely a genetic disorder of cattle, which may have a greater gene frequency in the Maine-Anjou breed.
Frank-Wolfe Methods in Probability Space

We introduce a new class of Frank-Wolfe algorithms for minimizing differentiable functionals over probability measures. This framework can be shown to encompass a diverse range of tasks in areas such as artificial intelligence, reinforcement learning, and optimization. Concrete computational complexities for these algorithms are established and demonstrate that these methods enjoy convergence in regimes that go beyond convexity and require minimal regularity of the underlying functional. Novel techniques used to obtain these results also lead to the development of new complexity bounds and duality theorems for a family of distributionally robust optimization problems. The performance of our method is demonstrated on several nonparametric estimation problems.
Single Versus Double Anatomic Site Intraosseous Blood Transfusion in a Swine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock.

ABSTRACT Background Blood transfusion via single site intraosseous access is a critical modality when caring for a trauma victim that lacks intravascular access. Flow rates and potential clinical complications when utilizing two sites of intraosseous access are not well known. Materials and Methods Anesthetized adult female Yorkshire swine (Sus scrofa; n = 48; 76.7 ± 1.75kg; range 66-90kg) were cannulated and then bled approximately 30% total blood volume. Swine were randomly assigned to treatment groups: single sited humerus, single sited sternum, dual sited humerus or dual sited humerus and sternum. Flow rates, hemolysis, physiologic measurements, biochemical variables, and pulmonary histologic inflammation and occlusion were contrasted between groups. Results Dual sited intraosseous transfusion flow rates (128ml/min, 95% CI 123-132) were double the flow rates of single sites (65ml/min, 95% CI 60-70), P Conclusions Dual anatomic site, pressure bag driven, intraosseous blood transfusion approximately doubles flow rates without evidence of clinical complications or hemolysis. Further research using a survivability model is needed to characterize long-term complications from pressurized IO transfusions.
A versatile new ubiquitin detection and purification tool derived from a bacterial deubiquitylase

Protein ubiquitylation is an important post-translational modification affecting an wide range of cellular processes. Due to the low abundance of ubiquitylated species in biological samples, considerable effort has been spent on developing methods to purify and detect ubiquitylated proteins. We have developed and characterized a novel tool for ubiquitin detection and purification based on OtUBD, a high-affinity ubiquitin-binding domain derived from an Orientia tsutsugamushi deubiquitylase. We demonstrate that OtUBD can be used to purify both monoubiquitylated and polyubiquitylated substrates from yeast and human tissue culture samples and compare their performance with existing methods. Importantly, we found conditions for either selective purification of covalently ubiquitylated proteins or co-isolation of both ubiquitylated proteins and their interacting proteins. As a proof-of-principle for these newly developed methods, we profiled the ubiquitylome and ubiquitin-associated proteome of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Combining OtUBD affinity purification with quantitative proteomics, we identified potential substrates for E3 ligases Bre1 and Pib1. OtUBD provides a versatile, efficient, and economical tool for ubiquitin researchers with specific advantages over other methods, such as in detecting monoubiquitylation or ubiquitin linkages to noncanonical sites.
Models of Herding Behavior in Operations Management

When new innovative products and services are introduced into the market, the consumers often do not have complete information about the quality of such products or services. Even though they collect information from several sources, their private information about the product is generally noisy and inaccurate. Under such cases, the consumers complement their private information with some available public information based on what /other/ consumers chose. For example, customers might look at the queue length information in choosing a restaurant/sports bar, or examine available sales information while choosing a recently released book, or observe stock-out information in buying a new electronic product. In these cases, the consumers might ignore their own private information and could decide to wait in the longer queue, or to purchase a more popular book, or to wait for a stocked-out electronic product. Modeling consumer behavior with such positive externalities causes the overall demand to be significantly different from traditionally modeled consumer demand. Not surprisingly, such consumer decision processes also significantly impact firms’ capacity decisions: Long queues or stock-outs might signal better quality and thus generate more demand. Operations management literature in this area is nascent and emerging. In this chapter, we present current results in the operations management literature from papers that model consumer herding behavior and explore important future research directions.
Evidence for Parallel Pathways of Phosphoenzyme Formation in the Mechanism of ATP Hydrolysis by Electrophorus Na,K-ATPase

Publisher Summary In a paper presented at the Second International Conference on the Properties and Function of the Na, K–ATPase, Klodos and Norby showed that the measured rate of ATP hydrolysis in Na, K–ATPase from ox brain was faster than the expected rate calculated from the amount of K + -sensitive phosphoenzyme (E 2 -P) and its turnover rate. An underestimation of the rate of dephosphorylation, and hence ATP hydrolysis might result from the presence of tightly bound ATP that continues to produce phosphoenzyme after rephosphorylation of the enzyme is prevented by the dilution of the labeled free substrate. The chapter discusses the measurements of P i release under conditions preventing rephosphorylation of the enzyme. The results show that when EDTA or excess unlabeled ATP is added to the phosphoenzyme, P i release exceeds the amount of E–P decay supporting the existence of a pool of bound nucleotide that does not rapidly exchange with ATP in the medium. A comparison of the observed pattern of E–P decay versus time with the predicted patterns for enzyme mechanisms containing more than one phosphoenzyme intermediate revealed that the mechanism of ATP hydrolysis in eel Na, K–ATPase very likely involves more than one pathway for phosphoenzyme formation.
Ultra-high-Q microcavities from nonlinear optics to cavity QED

A new chip-based microcavity capable of Q factors in excess of 500 million is reviewed. Applications of these structures are examined including demonstrations of fiber-coupled Raman oscillators having micro Watt level threshold powers.
An Empirical Study of Univariate and Genetic Algorithm-Based Feature Selection in Binary Classification with Microarray Data

BackgroundWe consider both univariate- and multivariate-based feature selection for the problem of binary classification with microarray data. The idea is to determine whether the more sophisticated multivariate approach leads to better misclassification error rates because of the potential to consider jointly significant subsets of genes (but without overfitting the data).MethodsWe present an empirical study in which 10-fold cross-validation is applied externally to both a univariate-based and two multivariate- (genetic algorithm (GA)-) based feature selection processes. These procedures are applied with respect to three supervised learning algorithms and six published two-class microarray datasets.ResultsConsidering all datasets, and learning algorithms, the average 10-fold external cross-validation error rates for the univariate-, single-stage GA-, and two-stage GA-based processes are 14.2%, 14.6%, and 14.2%, respectively. We also find that the optimism bias estimates from the GA analyses were half tha...
Lorentzian fuzzy spheres

We show that fuzzy spheres are solutions of Lorentzian Ishibashi-Kawai-Kitazawa-Tsuchiya-type matrix models. The solutions serve as toy models of closed noncommutative cosmologies where big bang/crunch singularities appear only after taking the commutative limit. The commutative limit of these solutions corresponds to a sphere embedded in Minkowski space. This ``sphere'' has several novel features. The induced metric does not agree with the standard metric on the sphere, and, moreover, it does not have a fixed signature. The curvature computed from the induced metric is not constant, has singularities at fixed latitudes (not corresponding to the poles) and is negative. Perturbations are made about the solutions, and are shown to yield a scalar field theory on the sphere in the commutative limit. The scalar field can become tachyonic for a range of the parameters of the theory.
Insider Trading With a Random Deadline

We consider a model of strategic trading with asymmetric information of an asset whose value follows a Brownian motion. An insider continuously observes a signal that tracks the evolution of the asset's fundamental value. The value of the asset is publicly revealed at a random time. The equilibrium has two regimes separated by an endogenously determined time T. In [0, T), the insider gradually transfers her information to the market. By time T, all her information has been transferred and the price agrees with the market value of the asset. In the interval [T, ∞), the insider trades large volumes and reveals her information immediately, so market prices track the market value perfectly. Despite this market efficiency, the insider is able to collect strictly positive rents after T.
Impression Management for the Thinking Racist: A Case Study of Intellectualization as Stigma Transformation in Contemporary White Supremacist Discourse

Contemporary white supremacists have been working to publicly legitimate their movement. This article presents a case study of the magazine Instauration and its editor, Wilmot Robertson. The study ...
Design, analysis, and inference for studies comparing thematic accuracy of classified remotely sensed data: a special case of map comparison

Assessing thematic map accuracy is a special type of map comparison that is frequently applied to remote sensing classification problems. For map comparisons in the accuracy assessment setting, one map represents the classified output and the other map represents the true or “reference” condition. Several articles in this special issue describe state-of-the-art map comparison analysis tools that could serve to quantify accuracy of a single map. However, accuracy assessment objectives generally extend beyond describing accuracy of a single map to comparing accuracy of several maps. Consequently, interest focuses on comparing map comparison measures when these measures are used to represent accuracy. The virtual workshop emphasizes the analysis component of map comparisons, but it is also important to examine the underlying study designs generating the data input into these analyses. The study designs for accuracy comparisons implemented in remote sensing practice often investigate only a single test site, thus limiting our ability to generalize the results of these accuracy comparisons. Map accuracy comparison studies can be designed to provide stronger generalizations by incorporating experimental design principles such as replication and blocking, and identifying an experimental unit appropriate for the application. It is also important to recognize the role of statistical hypothesis testing and inference for different objectives that motivate map accuracy comparisons. Deciding which of two maps to use for a particular site can be addressed by enumerative inference and does not require hypothesis testing. For the objective of a more general comparison of classification procedures, analytic inference is appropriate and hypothesis testing plays a more prominent role.
A dominant adenocarcinoma with multifocal ground glass lesions does not behave as advanced disease.

Background Invasive lung adenocarcinomas increasingly present with synchronous, multifocal, in situ lesions that appear as ground glass opacities (GGOs). The optimal approach in this circumstance (often nonsmokers) remains unclear. We evaluated a general strategy of anatomic resection of the dominant tumor (DT) and wedge resection of accessible ipsilateral GGOs. Methods This is a retrospective review of 39 patients with suspected multifocal in situ adenocarcinomas and 1 DT in a predominantly Caucasian population. Mean follow-up is 30.7 months. Results Forty-nine percent of patients had no or minimal smoking history; 21% were Asian. The resected DT was pathologically "bronchioloalveolar carcinoma" (26%), minimally invasive adenocarcinoma (5%), adenocarcinoma with bronchioloalveolar features (41%), or moderate well-differentiated adenocarcinoma (28%). The p stage of the DT was IA in 20, IB in 15, and IIA in 4, with mean diameter of 2.6 cm. Thirty-two patients (82%) underwent anatomic resection of the DT; 7 (18%) underwent wedge resection. The mean number of GGOs present initially was 2.7 (range, 1 to 7) with a 5.2-mm mean diameter. An unresected nodule increased in size during follow-up in only 9 patients (23%). The mean diameter growth among these was 3.2 mm, with mean doubling time of 49 months. New GGOs (range, 1 to 8) developed in 16 patients (41%), all of which remained at 7 mm or less. Distant metastasis developed in 2 patients (5.2%); only 1 patient has required intervention for progression of a GGO. The overall survival is 100%. Conclusions Patients with limited, multifocal, in situ adenocarcinomas and a clinical N0 DT enjoy prolonged survival with generally anatomic resection of the DT and wedge resection of accessible GGOs. These patients should not be considered to harbor T4 or M1a disease.
The temperature of the air within the external auditory meatus compared with esophageal temperature during anaesthesia and surgery

Abstract 1. 1.|Air temperature within the external auditory meatus, sensed by a thermistor insulated from the walls of the aural canal, was compared with the temperature recorded from a probe in the esophagus in patients under general anaesthesia. 2. 2.|In the first study of 14 patients, aural temperatures at the time of induction of anaesthesia were more than 3°C lower, and the changes during surgery were more variable, than those recorded from the esophagus. 3. 3.|In a second study of 35 patients in which heat loss from the external ear was reduced by ear protectors, there was also a poor correlation between temperatures of the ear and esophagus. Aural temperature was initially lower and rose over time in most cases whereas esophageal temperature generally decreased. 4. 4.|These results suggest that air temperature within the aural canal is not a useful estimate of deep body temperature since it reflects mainly skin temperature.
Electrochemical investigation of the surface-modifying roles of guanidine carbonate in chemical mechanical planarization of tantalum

Abstract The fabrication of interconnect structures for semiconductor devices requires low down-pressure chemical mechanical planarization (CMP) of Ta barrier layers. Guanidine carbonate (GC) serves as an effective surface-complexing agent for such CMP applications, where the rate of Ta removal can be chemically controlled through pH-tuned selectivity with respect to the removal of Cu lines. Electrochemical techniques are employed in this work to study the surface-modifying roles of GC that make this chemical an attractive complexing agent for Ta CMP. In addition, the effects of including H2O2 (an oxidizer) and dodecyl benzene sulfonic acid (DBSA, a dissolution inhibitor for Cu) in GC-based CMP solutions are investigated to examine the selective CMP mechanisms of Ta and Cu in these solutions. The results suggest that the removal of Ta is supported in part by structurally weak guanidinium–tantalic-acid surface complexes formed on Ta/Ta2O5. The bicarbonate/carbonate anions of GC also facilitate Ta removal through the generation of ion-incorporated tantalum pentoxide. DBSA strongly affects the CMP chemistry of Cu, but exhibits relatively weaker effects on the surface activity of Ta, and thus plays a vital role in dictating the selectivity of Ta:Cu polish rates.
The veil or a brother's life: French manipulations of Muslim women's images during the Algerian War, 1954–62

In the middle of the Algerian War of Independence, the French military and government launched an elaborate campaign to ‘liberate’ Algerian Muslim women. The timing of its inception indicated one of the strongest motivations behind this elaborate series of policies. Indeed, French propagandists and officials, prompted by the appearance on the international stage of ‘modern’-looking female Algerian nationalist agents, scrambled to uphold the myth that Algerian Muslim gender relations in the territory were ‘backwards’ and only they could rectify this shortcoming in Algerian society. They consequently embarked upon the emancipation campaign mainly in pursuit of convincing outsiders of France's purported ability and duty to make Algeria ‘modern'. For this reason, the production of photographic evidence capable of visually demonstrating that Muslim women were becoming French and liberated under French guidance was one of the campaign's central aims. In order to obtain such evidence, military agents exploited a...
Two functional orientations of self‐exploration in infancy

Twenty 3- and 5-month-old infants were presented with either a congruent or incongruent (left/right reversal) on-line views of their own legs on a large TV monitor in two different experimental conditions. In one (no-object) condition, infants viewed their legs which produced a sound each time they moved them. In another (object) condition, they viewed their legs plus an object target which produced a sound each time it was kicked. Results indicate that from 3 months of age infants tend to reverse their pattern of relative visual attention and leg movement depending on the condition. Confirming previous findings, at both ages infants looked significantly longer and were more active while looking at the incongruent view of their own legs in the no-object condition. In contrast, infants looked significantly longer and were more active while looking at the congruent view of their own legs in the object condition. These observations are interpreted as evidence that early in the first year of life, infants express a sense of their own body as a perceptually organized entity which they monitor and control as either an object of exploration or an agent of action in the environment.
Peer reporting of unethical behavior: The influence of justice evaluations and social context factors

This field survey in a fast food restaurant setting tested the hypothesized influences of two social context variables (role responsibility and interests of group members) and justice evaluations (distributive, procedural, and retributive) on respondents' inclination to report theft and their theft reporting behavior. The results provided mixed support for the hypotheses. Inclination to report a peer for theft was associated with role responsibility, the interests of group members, and procedural justice perceptions. Actual reporting behavior was associated with the inclination to report and with retributive justice evaluations. Implications for future research and for management are discussed.
Methyl tert-Butyl Ether (MTBE) in Public and Private Wells in New Hampshire: Occurrence, Factors, and Possible Implications

Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) concentrations ≥0.2 µg/L were found in samples of untreated water in 18% of public-supply wells (n = 284) and 9.1% of private domestic wells (n = 264) sampled in 2005 and 2006 in New Hampshire. In counties that used reformulated gasoline (RFG), MTBE occurred at or above 0.2 µg/L in 30% of public- and 17% of private-supply wells. Additionally, 52% of public-supply wells collocated with fuel storage and 71% of mobile home park wells had MTBE. MTBE occurrence in public-supply wells was predicted by factors such as proximity to sources of fuel, land use, and population density, as well as low pH and distance from mapped lineaments. RFG use, land-use variables, and pH were important predictors of private-well MTBE occurrence. Variables representing sources of MTBE, such as the distance to known fuel sources, were not significant predictors of MTBE occurrence in private-supply wells. It is hypothesized that private wells may become contaminated from the collective effects of sourc...
Reasoning Exercises in Assisted Living (REAL): a feasibility study.

Assisted living facility residents are at risk of cognitive decline that can precipitate nursing home placement. Cognitive training protects cognition and leads to maintained self-care for community dwelling elders. This pilot study tested an intervention designed to improve reasoning and everyday problem solving for assisted living residents. Volunteers (N = 4) completed six Reasoning Exercises in Assisted Living (REAL) training sessions provided over one month. Pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and three-month follow-up assessments of problem solving were compared. Participants' scores on Everyday Problems for Cognitively Challenged Elderly (EPCCE) increased 20% from pre-(M = 11.00, SD = 8.83) to post-intervention (M = 19.5, SD = 8.35, t = −312, p = .05). After three months, participants showed sustained EPCCE score improvement (M = 21.75, SD = 4.57, t = −3.95, p = .03).
Surface structures in ammonia synthesis

Ammonia synthesis is one of the most structure sensitive catalytic reactions. Reaction studies using single crystals showed the open (111) and (211) crystal faces of iron and the $$(11\bar 21)$$ and $$(11\bar 20)$$ crystal faces of rhenium to be most active, while the close packed iron (110) and rhenium (0001) crystal faces were almost inactive. These studies suggest that seven (C7) and eight (C8) metal atom coordinated surface sites, which are available only on the active surfaces, are very active for the dissociation of dinitrogen, the limiting factor in the reaction rate under most experimental circumstances. In this paper, the experimental evidence for the existence of the C7 sites in iron is reviewed. In addition, the role of potassium in creating a different active site which is less sensitive to the iron surface structure is discussed. Newly developed surface science techniques should permit investigations into the dissociation of dinitrogen at the C7 sites and how the resulting chemisorbed nitrogen atoms are removed to allow for reaction turnover. Advances in LEED-surface crystallography, allowing detailed determination of relaxation in the clean metal surfaces and adsorbate induced restructuring of the metal surface, reopen the question of the real structure of the active sites in the presence of atomic nitrogen, or atomic nitrogen coadsorbed with potassium and oxygen. Investigation of the dynamics of surface restructuring involving the movements of both the substrate metal atoms and the chemisorbed atoms by surface diffusion becomes feasible by the availability of the high pressure/high temperature STM system built in our laboratory. Studies of the surface structures of the model iron catalysts under dynamic conditions, using 0.1 ms time resolution and atomic spatial resolution under reaction conditions are now possible.
Adenine and related substances as potent feeding stimulants for the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica

Abstract Two feeding stimulants for the alfalfa weevil, Hypera postica , have been isolated from alfalfa leaf and identified as adenine and adenosine. Adenine salts and nucleotides also elicited feeding responses, whereas other purines and pyrimidines did not stimulate. Adenine hydrochloride was the most active form. It elicited maximal feeding response at a concentration one-tenth that of sucrose.
Periodic Solutions of the Hill Equation

It is shown that the periodic boundary-value problem for the Hill equation is solvable both in the classical and generalized senses. The periodic solutions are expressed in terms of the generalized Green’s operator.
Imaging, Structural and Chemical Analysis of Silicon Nanowires

Laser ablation has been used to grow silicon nanowires with an average silicon crystal core diameter of 6.7 nm±2.9 nm surrounded by an amorphous SiOx sheath of 1–2 nm, the smallest silicon wires reported in the literature. Imaging, chemical, and structural analysis of these wires are reported. Due to the growth temperature and the presence of calcium impurities and trace oxygen, two distinct types of wires are found. They appear to grow by two different processes. One requires a metal catalyst, the other is catalyzed by oxygen. Suggestions for controlled synthesis based on these growth mechanisms are made.
Determinants of fear over the course of avoidance learning

Abstract Most theorists have explained attenuation of fear over the course of avoidance learning by assuming that fear extinguishes with repeated nonreinforced avoidance trials. Experiment 1 replicates the finding that rats trained to a criterion of 27 consecutive avoidance responses (CARs) show less fear during the CS than rats trained to a criterion of 3 or 9 CARs. This attenuation of fear cannot, however, be accounted for by simple Pavlovian fear extinction, because yoked partners receiving the exact same pattern of CSs and USs did not show this attenuation and did not differ from yoked partners receiving only reinforced CS presentations. Experiment 2 found that feedback from the master avoidance learner's response is sufficient to produce this attenuation in yoked animals; “control” per se is not necessary. Several possible explanations are discussed regarding the mechanism underlying this role of feedback in diminishing fear of the CS in the avoidance learning context.
An evaluation of four box models for instantaneous dense-gas releases

Abstract Four box models for instantaneous hazardous gas releases have been evaluated with data from the Burro field scale tests and also laboratory scale experiments performed at the University of Arkansas. The models are the OME model, the DENS1 model, the SLAB model and the BOX model. The BOX model, developed during this study, incorporates the proposed equation for translational speed by Wheatley and Prince (ref. 1), of a dense gas cloud. The models are evaluated using statistical measures similar to the interim guidelines on air quality model evaluation given by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. The non parametric bootstrap resampling procedure, which is relatively new method, was used to obtain confidence limits on the various statistical measures. In predicting ground level concentrations, the SLAB model performed well in all atmospheric conditions and calm conditions; and the BOX model showed a similar performance in unstable cases, neutral cases and calm conditions. The DENS1 model predictions of the cloud speed under all the conditions are in good agreement with observations.
Rationale for Using Botulinum Toxin A as an Adjunct to Upper Limb Rehabilitation in Children With Cerebral Palsy

Cerebral palsy describes a group of disorders of movement and posture that result from disturbances in the developing brain. Although the brain lesion is nonprogressive, the secondary physical symptoms change with time and growth. If left untreated, symptoms may result in the development of physical impairment and impede independent performance of daily tasks. Intramuscular injection of botulinum neurotoxin A is a relatively safe and effective adjunct to upper limb therapy. Botulinum neurotoxin A primarily aims to reduce muscle overactivity, thereby reducing the development of increased muscle stiffness that can lead to permanent changes. With a specific focus on the physiological action of botulinum neurotoxin A, this article describes the secondary symptoms of cerebral palsy and their different contributions. To highlight research directions and future implications for clinical practice, this article also documents the recent scientific evidence for upper limb botulinum neurotoxin A and proposes a preventive clinical model that aims to mitigate the effects of increasing upper limb impairment.
A comparison of intraduodenally and intracolonically administered nutrients on the release of peptide-YY in the dog.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare the effects of various nutrients (fats, proteins, amino acids, and carbohydrates), given directly into the duodenum or the colon, on the release of peptide-YY (PYY) in conscious dogs. As reported previously, this study showed that plasma levels of PYY increased significantly (P < 0.05) within 15 min in response to an oral mixed meal. Intraduodenal (ID) administration of a fatty acid (oleic acid; 100 mmol/L; 100 ml/h) stimulated a robust release of PYY, whereas ID administration of an amino acid mixture (phenylalanine plus tryptophan; 100 mmol/L each; 100 ml/h), glucose (1 g/kg), or a liver extract (10%; 100 ml/h) failed to elevate plasma levels of PYY. ID administration of glucose at 2 g/kg caused a mild but significant elevation in plasma PYY levels. Intracolonic administration of saline, a fatty acid, an amino acid mixture, glucose, or a liver extract significantly stimulated PYY release. This study suggests that as chyme moves from the stomach to the ...
Effect of acute and chronic alcohol abuse on pain management in a trauma center

The proper management of acute pain has been identified as a primary indicator of quality assurance in US trauma centers. Nearly half of all trauma patients are injured while intoxicated and 75% of these patients have chronic alcohol problems. The management of pain caused by injuries in patients with alcohol problems poses unique challenges. Biases exist regarding the crosstolerance effects of ethanol and opioids and the pain thresholds of patients with substance abuse histories. The purpose of this review is to examine some of the factors that inform our decisions of how to manage acute pain in this population and to review the empirical evidence that exists.
Cross-layer design in multihop wireless networks

In this paper, we take a holistic approach to the protocol architecture design in multihop wireless networks. Our goal is to integrate various protocol layers into a rigorous framework, by regarding them as distributed computations over the network to solve some optimization problem. Different layers carry out distributed computation on different subsets of the decision variables using local information to achieve individual optimality. Taken together, these local algorithms (with respect to different layers) achieve a global optimality. Our current theory integrates three functions-congestion control, routing and scheduling-in transport, network and link layers into a coherent framework. These three functions interact through and are regulated by congestion price so as to achieve a global optimality, even in a time-varying environment. Within this context, this model allows us to systematically derive the layering structure of the various mechanisms of different protocol layers, their interfaces, and the control information that must cross these interfaces to achieve a certain performance and robustness.
Four-Dimensional Processing Tools for Cardiovascular Data

A system capable of displaying animated, interactive, 3-D images of the human cardiovascular system is nearing completion?a system that uses only well-established technologies.
When self-interest makes a difference: The role of construct accessibility in political reasoning

Abstract Previous research has generally shown that self-interest is less influential than symbolic beliefs in determining people's policy preferences. The present study examined the hypothesis that one reason why self-interest may not exert a strong influence on political reasoning is that it is less cognitively accessible than other applicable constructs. We examined the influence of both individual differences in issue-relevant experience and the priming of self-interest on political judgments and reasoning. Subjects ( N = 66) were initially classified as having either a high or low level of experience for each of two issues (environmental pollution and social service spending). Several weeks later, subjects participated in two ostensibly unrelated studies. The first conveyed the priming manipulation; the second involved completing questionnaires to assess subjects' opinions about hypothetical legislative proposals and their reasoning with respect to ambiguous political scenarios. We predicted that priming would result in greater self-interested reasoning about issues, regardless of the individual's level of experience. We also expected individuals with more extensive issue-related experience to consider their self-interest to a greater extent when reasoning about political issues. Priming, in turn, was expected to lead to different policy preferences among low and high experience subjects, since different issue positions would best serve the self-interests of these two groups. These predictions were generally supported. The implications of these findings for theory and research on social and political cognition are discussed.
Nuclear receptors and chromatin remodeling machinery

Eukaryotic genetic information is stored within the association of DNA and histone proteins resulting in a dynamic polymer called chromatin. The fundamental structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome which consists of approximately 146 bp of DNA wrapped around an octamer of histones containing two copies each of four core histones, H2A, H2B, H3 and H4. It is this DNA/protein fiber that transcription factors and other agents of chromatin metabolism must access and regulate. We have developed model systems to study the mechanisms by which steroid receptors control physiological activities by regulating gene expression within a higher order chromatin organization. Our studies have focused on the glucocorticoid receptor and its ability to remodel chromatin which is mediated by the BRG1 complex. Using novel cell systems, we demonstrate that GR-mediated transactivation from chromatin templates requires BRG1 remodeling activity and that other ATP-dependent remodeling proteins cannot substitute for this activity.
Engaging women’s voices through theatre for energy development

Abstract Using theatre as a tool, women, who are doubly marginalized by poverty and gender inequity, can begin to empower their voices to participate in public discussions of appropriate sustainable energy development projects. By intentionally creating situations through theatre in which the voices of those who are poor are encouraged to discuss and critique the energy solutions being introduced into their lives, we not only have a better development project, we also move closer to true participatory development. During interventions I have done in Panama and Guatemala focused on instigating community discussions about fuel-efficient cook stoves, community-performed skits with talk-back sessions led by a community leader have proven to be effective for engaging the community in a lively discussion. By providing a Vocal Empowerment Workshop for the women the day before the community event, I was able to share tools for vocal empowerment that supported the women’s participation in this discussion.
The association between managed care enrollments and potentially preventable hospitalization among adult Medicaid recipients in Florida

The intent of adopting managed care plans is to improve access to health care services while containing costs. To date, there have been a number of studies that examine the relationship between managed care and access to health care. However, the results from previous studies have been inconsistent. Specifically, previous studies did not demonstrate a clear benefit of Medicaid managed care. In this study we have examine whether Medicaid managed care is associated with the probabilities of preventable hospitalizations. This study also analyzes the spillover effect of Medicaid managed care into Medicaid patients in traditional FFS plans and the interaction effects of other patient- and county-level variables on preventable hospitalizations. The study included 254,321 Medicaid patients who were admitted to short-term general hospital in the 67 counties in Florida. Using 2008 hospital inpatient discharge data for working-age adult Medicaid enrollees (18-64 years) in Florida, we conduct multivariate logistic regression analyses to identify possible factors associated with preventable hospitalizations. The first model includes patient- and county-level variables. Then, we add interaction terms between Medicaid HMO and other variables such as race, rurality, market-level factors, and resource for primary care. The results show that Medicaid HMO patients are more likely to be hospitalized for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs) (OR = 1.30; CI = 1.21, 1.40). We also find that market structure (i.e., competition) is significantly associated with preventable hospitalizations. However, our study does not support that there are spillover effects of Medicaid managed care on preventable hospitalizations for other Medicaid recipients. We find that interactions between Medicaid managed care and race, rurality and market structure are significant. The results of our study show that the Medicaid managed care program in Florida was associated with an increase in potentially preventable hospitalizations for Medicaid enrollees. The results suggest that lower capitation rate has been associated with a greater likelihood of preventable hospitalizations for Medicaid managed care patients. Our findings also indicate that increased competition in the Medicaid managed care market has no clear benefit in Medicaid managed care patients.
How often do determinants over finite fields vanish

Abstract The true formula is given for the probability that an n × n matrix over a finite field has determinant zero. This probability does not (as previously asserted) approach 1 as n grows.
Robert Hargraves (1928–2003)

Robert Hargraves, a member of Princeton University's Department of Geosciences' faculty from 1961 until his retirement in 1994, died on 21 March 2003. He had been an AGU member (GP) since 1970. Hargraves was internationally known for his contributions to geologic and geophysical problems dealing with the full span of the 4.5-b.y. history of Earth, as well as other bodies in the solar system. The day before he entered the hospital for what was to be his final visit, he was busily working on two projects: a new type of remanent magnetism, anticipated by his Ph.D. dissertation, that had major implications for understanding the geological history of Earth, Mars, and the Moon; and a new, potentially major impact feature in South Africa, the country where his interest in impacts first developed.
Clinical implications of the aging heart.

C ardiovascular disease remains the major cause of death in the elderly. In 1984, heart disease was the cause of death in 44 percent of men and 46 percent of women over the age of 75 [l]. A postmortem study in the very elderly (over 90) by Waller and Roberts [2] found major atherosclerotic occlusion of at least one vessel in 70 percent, left ventricular fibrosis or necrosis in 45 percent, amyloid in 25 percent, congestive cardiac failure in 20 percent, and aortic stenosis in 4 percent. It was determined that one quarter of these patients died of myocardial infarction. Fifty-six percent of men and 51 percent of women over 75 years of age living at home in England had definite evidence of heart disease [3]. In the Bronx Aging Study of subjects aged 75 to 85,27 percent had angina pectoris, 49 percent hypertension, 14 percent a prior myocardial infarction, and 2.3 percent a pacemaker [4]. Diuretics were used by 48 percent, beta blockers by 15 percent, and digitalis by 14 percent. In 1984,36 percent of the coronary artery bypass surgery (CABS) was performed in those over the age of 65 at a cost of $1.8 billion, and nearly 80 percent of the pacemakers implanted or replaced were in patients over 65 [5]. From this recounting of statistics, it can be seen that cardiovascular disease represents a major problem for the elderly. Further, it needs to be recognized that cardiovascular disease (especially effort angina or dyspnea) can markedly interfere with the rehabilitation of the elderly. In this review, we will concentrate on the unique problems created by the interaction of the aging process with cardiac pathology. But first, we need to discuss whether Longfellow’s view of the aging heart was one of physiology or pathology.
Unique occurrence of fenchol in the animal kingdom

(−)-β-Fenchol, a compound occurring in plants but not heretofore reported to occur in an animal product, was isolated from volatiles released by adult male Mediterranean fruit flies,Ceratitis capitata Wiedemann, with the male's previously identified sex pheromones. It neither attracts females nor synergizes the pheromones, and its function remains unknown.
Men's health: sports and exercise on the internet

On both a general and sport-specific level, there are many Internet sites that can provide both the novice and advanced male athlete with an abundance of valuable information. Recent hospital emergency room statistics reveal that sports injuries are increasing dramatically across adult age groups, and this coincides with an explosion in new health and fitness related Web sites during the same period. Furthermore, studies suggest that public interest in visiting health and fitness Web sites has been correspondingly high. The author reviews several general and sport specific Web sites, covering areas such as general training and technique, diet, as well as rehabilitation of sports injuries.
Acquired hypocalciuric hypercalcemia due to autoantibodies against the calcium-sensing receptor.

A complex homeostatic system involving the interplay of bone, the kidneys, and the intestines maintains extracellular calcium levels within a relatively narrow range. This article describes a patient with autoimmune hyperparathyroidism and hypocalciuric hypercalcemia caused by IgG4 autoantibodies directed against the calcium-sensing receptor. The patient's hypercalcemia and elevated parathyroid hormone levels responded to the administration of glucocorticoids.
Time courses of behavioral and regional cerebral metabolic responses to different doses of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine in awake rats.

Abstract The time course and relation to dose of regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) and of motor behavior were measured in awake male adult Fischer-344 rats after administration of meta-chlorophenylpiperazine (MCPP), a serotonin-1B receptor agonist. rCMRglc was determined, using the quantitative autoradiographic [ 14 C]deoxyglucose technique, in 71 brain regions at 5, 15, 30 and 60 min after administration of MCPP 2.5 mg/kg i.p., and at 15 min after MCPP 25 and 40 mg/kg. The time course of performance on a rotating rod was measured periodically for 60 min after MCPP 2.5 mg/kg, a dose which impaired locomotion and reduced rCMRglc maximally at 15–30 min after its administration. At 15 min, rCMRglc declined significantly in 28 (40%) of the areas studied (mean decline 16%). Most regions affected were telencephalic or diencephalic, corresponding to the projection areas of serotonergic fibers arising from the raphe nuclei. After higher doses of MCPP, a behavioral serotonin syndrome was observed with both rCMRglc increases and decreases (25 mg/kg) or only rCMRglc increases (40 mg/kg). Whereas behavioral and metabolic activation induced by high doses of MCPP may result from stimulation at postsynaptic serotonin receptors, rCMRglc reductions and hypomotility produced by MCPP 2.5 mg/kg resemble the effects of serotonin receptor antagonists and suggest that, at this low dose, MCPP acts at modulatory serotonin autoreceptors to reduce endogenous serotonin release.
The electrochemical reduction of oxygen on copper in dilute sulphuric acid solutions

Abstract The electrolytic reduction of O 2 on Cu was studied in dilute H 2 SO 4 at 25°C by steady-state and transient electrochemical techniques. A distinctive hump (i.e. a current maximum) is observed in the steady-state potentiostatic polarization curve approximately 50 mV negative to the open-circuit corrosion potential. Results of transient studies, of varying the solution agitation, and varying the concentrations of oxygen, sulphuric acid, and sulphate ions indicate that the hump is due to cathodic film formation which inhibits the rate of oxygen reduction. The inhibiting film appears to be composed of intermediates from the O 2 reduction process and also may contain adsorbed sulphate ions. The film is removed under corrosion conditions by rapid dissolution of the substrate copper. Extrapolation of the cathodic Tafel curve to the corrosion potential yields corrosion rates lower than those measured because of the cathodic passivation.
Search for energetic-charged-particle emission from deuterated Ti and Pd foils.

Searching for evidence of ``cold'' nuclear fusion in deuterium-loaded Ti and Pd foils with plastic track detectors, we detected the emission of \ensuremath{\alpha} particles from trace-heavy-element decay, but found no evidence of dd fusion. Cycling ${\mathrm{TiD}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{PdD}}_{g0.4}$, in high-pressure ${\mathrm{D}}_{2}$ cells between 1 and 15 bars and 77 and 300 K, gave an upper bound of 0.7 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the mean rate of dd${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}^{3}$He+n fusion. For electrolytically deuterated ${\mathrm{PdD}}_{0.8}$ our upper bound is 0.0018 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ ${\mathrm{s}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ for the mean rate of dd\ensuremath{\rightarrow}p+t. This is \ensuremath{\sim}1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ and 180 times lower than ``cold''-fusion rates reported by Fleischmann, Pons, and Hawkins and Jones et al., respectively.