cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Subject or Signifier?: Food and the History of Early North America

When food appears in the scholarly literature on early America, it is most often as part of a discussion of other subjects. Social historians and ethnohistorians have interpreted particular foods as a defining feature of African and Native American cultures, measuring their endurance and/or assimilation with European society by reference to those foods. Social historians of gender have found the roots of larger social relationships in the daily labor necessary to produce food. Other historians have seen in staple crops or characteristic recipes a means to trace either the regional variations in British America or the convergence of those cultures into an American national identity. A final group has focused on commodities, especially tea and sugar, as the driving force behind the development of 18th-century consumer culture and norms of gentility. Food is a common thread in each of these fields of study but not, as yet, a field of its own. More recent studies of food in early America suggest that a new phase in the scholarship is emerging, with distinct advances over these earlier approaches. Where earlier accounts interpreted food as deriving its meaning from a single discourse or stable set of symbols (gender, status, race, ethnicity, or gentility, for example), food in this newer literature is multifaceted and polyvalent. At any given place, time, and occasion, food can be a subject in its own right, a signifier with multiple connotations, or both: food is at once a biological necessity, the focus of daily life and household labor, a marker of identity, and a measure of social inequality. Given this complexity, newer literature has called into question historians' understanding of how cultures and identities are transmitted from place to place or generation to generation and has articulated a more nuanced understanding of cultural exchange and encounter. These are arguably food's greatest potential contributions to the historiography of early America and vice versa.
Reaction of BCNU (1,3-bis (2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea) with polycytidylic acid. Substitution of the cytosine ring.

BCNU has been reacted with polycytidylic acid and two derivatives of CMP, 3-hydroxyethyl-CMP and 3,N4-ethano-CMP, have been identified in the acid hydrolysate of the polymer. Their formation accounts for some of the reaction of BCNU with nucleic acids, and may be related to the mechanism of action of this compound.
Strong and weak extensive measurement

Abstract Two types of extensive measurement are defined: strong, in which two objects with the same scale value must be indifferent; and weak, in which two objects may have the same scale value without being indifferent. Both types of measurement lead to ratio scales; and for both types, axioms are provided that are weaker than previous axiom systems. For strong extensive measurement, the usual positivity and solvability assumptions are eliminated. For weak extensive measurement, positivity, solvability, and commutativity are all eliminated, and the Archimedean assumption is weakened but cannot be entirely dispensed with.
Maintenance therapies for proliferative lupus nephritis: mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine and intravenous cyclophosphamide:

For the treatment of proliferative lupus nephritis, long-term cyclophosphamide (CY) regimens are efficacious, however, at the expense of substantial toxicity. In the last decade, sequential regimens of short-term CY induction followed by either mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) or azathioprine (AZA) maintenance have shown to be efficacious and safe reducing the long-term exposure to CY. In a maintenance study including predominantly Hispanics and African-Americans, the patients who received MMF and AZA maintenance had a higher cumulative probability of remaining free of the composite of death or chronic renal failure (CRF) compared to quarterly intravenous CY (IVCY) maintenance (89% in MMF, 80%, in AZA and 45% in IVCY). Likewise, MMF and AZA maintenance were associated with significantly lower incidence of severe infections (2% in each MMF or AZA, and 25% in IVCY), sustained amenorrhea (6% in MMF, 8% in AZA, and 32% in IVCY), and hospitalizations (one hospital-days per patient-year in each MMF or AZA, and 10 in IVCY). In a European induction study including predominantly Caucasians, patients who received any of two sequential regimens, low dose versus high dose IVCY induction both followed by AZA maintenance, had a high cumulative probability of remaining free of treatment failure (84% in low dose IVCY and 80% in high dose IVCY; treatment failure defined as a composite of free of corticosteroid resistant flare, nephrotic syndrome, doubling creatinine, and persistent elevated creatinine). Low dose IVCY and high dose IVCY induction were associated with low incidence of sustained amenorrhea (4% in each group) and severe infections (11% in low dose and 22% in high dose IVCY induction). Of interest, most of the severe infection episodes occurred while patients were receiving IVCY induction. Finally an Asian study demonstrated that patients with proliferative lupus nephritis could be effectively treated with short-term oral CY induction followed by AZA maintenance. The cumulative probability of complete remission was 76%. The relapse rate was only 11%. The incidence of permanent amenorrhea and infection were 8% and 33%, respectively. None of the Asian patients had an increase in serum creatinine level to double the baseline value. Maintenance therapies with MMF or AZA following short-term CY induction in a sequential regimen are efficacious and safe for the treatment of high-risk patients with proliferative lupus nephritis.
Influence of left ventricular cavity size on interventricular shunt timing and outcome in neonates with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect

In this study, we reviewed the records and echocardiograms of 39 consecutive patients with coarctation of the aorta and ventricular septal defect who underwent neonatal coarctation repair to examine the influence of left heart size on ventricular shunting and outcome. We found smaller left heart structures (initial mitral and aortic annular diameters) to be associated with diastolic interventricular shunting and to be predictive of the development of mitral or aortic and/or subaortic stenosis.
Lower bounds on cube simplexity

Abstract Modifying Sallee's (1982) work we develop a linear programming problem whose optimal objective value is a lower bound for the simplexity of the d -cube. For each dimension d , these bounds are at least as good as Sallee's. We solve the linear programming problem only for d ⩽11. For large d , we show the sequence of bounds from our approach is not as good as Smith's asymptotic lower bound (Smith, 1989).
RO5–4864 inhibits the binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate to rat brain membranes

Abstract RO5–4864, a 1, 4-benzodiazepine, has recently been shown to possess anticonvulsant, convulsant and anxiogenic properties and to inhibit Ca++-calmodulin-stimulated membrane phosphorylation. RO5–4864 inhibited the binding of [35S]t-butylbicyclophosphorothionate (TBPT) to cerebral cortex, cerebellar and hippocampus membranes, with an IC50 value of ∼ 20 μM. TBPT binds apparently to the picrotoxinin site of the benzodiazepine-GABA receptor-ionophore complex and appears to be a site of action for several classes of convulsant, depressant and anxiolytic drugs that modulate GABAergic transmission. RO5–4864 inhibited [35S]TBPT binding in cerebral cortex, apparently competitively. Antagonists of GABA and central benzodiazepine sites did not interfere with the ability of RO5–4864 to inhibit [35S]TBPT binding. The properties of RO5–4864 to inhibit TBPT binding are similar to other convulsants and GABA antagonists (except bicuculline) which inhibit TBPT binding. These results suggest that RO5–4864 interacts with the TBPT binding sites of the oligomeric GABA receptor complex.
Late Recovery of Function After Oculomotor Nerve Palsy

We studied three patients who developed oculomotor nerve paresis from different causes. Each patient improved somewhat over several months, after which there was no further improvement for at least six months. Although the pareses were thought to be stable after the period of no improvement, each patient subsequently had further improvement in both motility and alignment with resolution of diplopia in primary position and in more than one of the cardinal positions of gaze. Patients with oculomotor nerve paresis may improve further after an initial period of improvement followed by several months of stability.
Relation between nuclear matter and nuclear potential in inelastic alpha—nucleus scattering

Abstract Inelastic transition form factors for alpha—nucleus collective excitations are derived from deformed matter distributions by averaging an effective alpha nucleus interaction over the nucleons in the nucleus. The method is an extension of the procedure of calculating the real part of elastic alpha—nucleus potentials from nuclear matter distributions. Numerical examples for the nuclei of 42Ca and 142Nd are given. The resulting inelastic form factors depend on the multipolarity of the inelastic excitation and differ from those conventionally derived from a deformed optical potential.
Stability of filter- and wrapper-based software metric selection techniques

For most software systems, some of the software metrics collected during the software development cycle may contain redundant information, provide no information, or may have an adverse effect on prediction models built with these metrics. An intelligent selection of software metrics (features) using feature selection techniques (which reduce the feature subset to an optimal size) prior to building defect prediction models may improve the final defect prediction results. While some feature selection techniques consider each feature individually, feature subset selection evaluates entire feature subsets and thus can help remove redundant features. Unfortunately, feature subset selection may have the problem of selecting different features from similar datasets. This paper addresses the question of which feature subset selection methods are stable in the face of changes to the data (here, the addition or removal of instances). We examine twenty-seven feature subset selection methods, including two filter-based techniques and twenty-five wrapper-based techniques (five choices of wrapper learner combined with five choices of wrapper performance metric). We used the Average Tanimoto Index (ATI) as our stability metric, because it is able to compare two feature subsets of different size. All experiments were conducted on three software metric datasets from a real-world software project. Our results show that the Correlation-Based Feature Selection (CFS) approach has the greatest stability overall. All wrapper-based techniques are less stable than CFS. Among the twenty-five wrappers, in general the Naive Bayes learner using either the Area Under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve (AUC) or the Area Under the Precision-Recall Curve (PRC) performance metrics are the most stable wrapper-based approaches.
T cell activation altersintestinal structure and function

Since the advent of immunosuppressive therapy with OKT3, a monoclonal antibody to CD3 on the surface of human T cells that first activates and then kills these cells, activated T cells have been recognized as a cause of profuse, albeit transient, diarrhea (1). Thinking that this may be germane to the intestinal pathophysiology produced in a number of intestinal inflammatory states, investigators have undertaken studies in which anti–murine CD3 monoclonal antibody is administered to wild-type and genetically modified mice (2–5). The resultant diarrhea (or intestinal fluid accumulation) was found to be short lived and coincident in time with temporary increases in the release of several cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-2, IL-3, and likely others). A diarrheagenic role for TNF-α in particular was recently demonstrated in this journal using TNF receptor–1–/– mice (Tnfr1–/– mice) (3) and is confirmed by Clayburgh et al. in this issue of the JCI (5) using both an antibody against TNF and an inhibitor of PKC-α, which mediates one of the epithelial transport–related effects of TNF.
A new Afrotropical genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea)

ABSTRACT The new Afrotropical genus and type species Hamecamyia stuckenbergi gen. et sp. n. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), from KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa, are described and figured. Characters are provided to differentiate this new genus from other Afrotropical chamaemyiids. Discussion is provided comparing this new genus to Parochthiphila Czerny, 1904, and an apparently unique (in Chamaemyiidae) set of characteristics of the female terminalia is described, figured and discussed.
The respiration climacteric in apple fruits: Some possible regulatory mechanisms

Abstract The inhibition of succinate and malate oxidation by added oxaloacetate (OAA) has been studied in mitochondria isolated from the peel of apple fruits at various stages in the development of the respiration climacteric in fruit either attached or detached from the tree. The rate of relief of inhibition increases as the climacteric peak is reached. It is suggested that this faster relief of inhibition is related to the development of a special enzyme system for metabolizing OAA rather than to an increase in the rate of turnover of the Krebs cycle. The effect of addition of glucose and hexokinase to mitochondria oxidizing succinate and malate results in an enhancement of the rate of oxidation, and again the effect is most pronounced at the climacteric peak; the effect on CO 2 -output is greater than an O 2 -uptake. The effect of glucose and hexokinase is probably to provide a continuous supply of phosphate acceptors, but this does not explain the greater effect on CO 2 -output.
Techniques for determining the minimum rank of a small graph

Abstract The minimum rank of a simple graph G is defined to be the smallest possible rank over all symmetric real matrices whose ij th entry (for i ≠ j ) is nonzero whenever { i , j } is an edge in G and is zero otherwise. Minimum rank is a difficult parameter to compute. However, there are now a number of known reduction techniques and bounds that can be programmed on a computer; we have developed a program using the open-source mathematics software Sage to implement several techniques. We have also established several additional strategies for computation of minimum rank. These techniques have been used to determine the minimum ranks of all graphs of order 7.
Effects of Porosity on the Performance of EHD-Enhanced Drying

Several earlier studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of electrohydrodynamic (EHD) drying. The use of glass beads in the previous studies helps to quantify the material structure. To evaluate the effects of porosity, one of the most important parameters in the characterization of material structure, experiments have been performed in the present study using 5-mm perforated glass beads. To generate the needed corona wind for accelerating drying, two types of electrodes (a thin wire and a sharp needle) were used and were charged with a DC high voltage. In addition, experiments were carried out using two different cross-flow velocities and at a voltage range from 10 to 25 kV (with both positive and negative polarities). The results thus obtained are compared with those of solid glass beads of various sizes to evaluate the dependence between the material structure (in terms of its porosity) and the effectiveness of corona wind in drying.
Independent mechanisms of T cell-suppression by subpopulations of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in tumor-bearing hosts

Meeting abstracts Suppression of effector immune responses by the tumor microenvironment remains a major obstacle in the development of new therapies for cancer. The accumulation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in tumor-bearing hosts is a hallmark of malignancy-associated inflammation
Recent advances in genome mining of secondary metabolite biosynthetic gene clusters and the development of heterologous expression systems in Aspergillus nidulans

Fungi are prolific producers of secondary metabolites (SMs) that show a variety of biological activities. Recent advances in genome sequencing have shown that fungal genomes harbor far more SM gene clusters than are expressed under conventional laboratory conditions. Activation of these “silent” gene clusters is a major challenge, and many approaches have been taken to attempt to activate them and, thus, unlock the vast treasure chest of fungal SMs. This review will cover recent advances in genome mining of SMs in Aspergillus nidulans. We will also discuss current updates in gene annotation of A. nidulans and recent developments in A. nidulans as a molecular genetic system, both of which are essential for rapid and efficient experimental verification of SM gene clusters on a genome-wide scale. Finally, we will describe advances in the use of A. nidulans as a heterologous expression system to aid in the analysis of SM gene clusters from other fungal species that do not have an established molecular genetic system.
Analytical study of tensile behaviors of UHMWPE/nano-epoxy bundle composites

Ultra-high molecular polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber reinforced nano-epoxy and pure epoxy composites in bundle form were prepared and tested for tensile properties. UHMWPE fiber composites are well known for their superior tensile performance, and this work was conducted to assess the effect of adding nanoadditives to the resin and to evaluate possible enhancements or degradations to that attribute. The results showed that tensile tests on various types of UHMWPE fibers/nano-epoxy bundle composites resulted in an increase in modulus of elasticity due to the addition of small amounts of reactive nanofibers (r-GNFs) to epoxy matrix. It was observed that the modulus of elasticity of the composite bundles depended on both volume fractions of the matrix and the weight percent (wt%) of r-GNFs in the matrix. A non-linear relationship was established among them and an optimal modulus was determined by calculation. A three-dimensional surface plot considering these two parameters has been generated which gives an indication of change in modulus of elasticity with respect to volume fraction of matrix and wt% of r-GNFs in the matrix. A Weibull analysis of tensile strengths for the various bundle composites was performed and their Weibull moduli were compared. The results showed that presence of r-GNFs in the composites increased the strength effectively, and 0.3 wt% r-GNFs based composites showed the highest strength. An important ancillary finding is that optimum tensile values are a function not only of the above parameters, but also strongly influenced by the addition of diluents which control the viscosity of the blend.
Quantification of fetal magnetoencephalographic activity in low-risk fetuses using burst duration and interburst interval

Objective To identify quantitative MEG indices of spontaneous brain activity for fetal neurological maturation in normal pregnancies and examine the effect of fetal state on these indices.
Transorbital endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid leaks.

Objectives: To describe an anatomic and clinical outcome study of transorbital neuroendoscopic surgical (TONES) for the repair of complex anterior cranial fossa (ACF) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks. Design: Anatomic cadaver investigation and clinical outcomes evaluation. Methods: An anatomic cadaver study was undertaken to determine the anatomic feasibility of the TONES approaches for repair of CSF leaks, and determine the optimal approaches for these repairs. A targeted outcome analysis was performed on 10 consecutive patients who underwent 12 ACF CSF leak repairs by TONES. Results: The cadaver study demonstrated that the entire ACF can be accessed by TONES. Due to the rise and angulation of the orbital roof above the interorbital ACF, the precaruncular (PC) approach optimal for a coplanar target approach in the interorbital ACF, and the superior lid crease (SLC) trajectory is preferable for procedures involving the supraorbital ACF. There were no complications in the 12 clinical procedures. Fifty percent of the cases were revisions, referred after up to five previous craniotomies and endoscopic procedures; all TONES repairs were successful with a single operation. Conclusions: The use of TONES to repair ACF CSF leaks was demonstrated to be technically feasible in cadaver and clinical studies. The SLC approach was optimal for supraorbital ACF leaks; the PC approach was preferable for interorbital ACF pathology. TONES was shown to be highly effective for treating complex pathology that was refractory to correction through frontal craniotomy and /or transnasal endoscopy, providing safe, minimally disruptive direct coplanar routes for target approach and manipulation. Laryngoscope, 2011
Criticality and parallelism in combinatorial optimization

Local search methods constitute one of the most successful approaches to solving large-scale combinatorial optimization problems. The objective of this thesis is to investigate the effects of parallelizing such methods. It will be demonstrated that as parallelism is increased, optimization performance initially improves, but then abruptly degrades to no better than random search beyond a certain point. This transition is surprisingly sharp and will be shown to share many of the characteristics of thermodynamic phase transitions. Its existence will be demonstrated for a family of generalized spin-glass models and the traveling salesman problem. Techniques from statistical mechanics are used to make the correspondence between the physics of phase transitions and the performance of parallelized optimizing systems more precise, demonstrating strong connections between these seemingly unrelated fields. Finite-size scaling is used to characterize size-dependent effects near the transition, and analytical insight is obtained through a mean-field approximation. (Copies available exclusively from MIT Libraries, Rm. 14-0551, Cambridge, MA 02139-4307. Ph. 617-253-5668; Fax 617-253-1690.)
Regularity of group valued Baire and Borel measures

It is known that a real valued measure (1) on the a-ring of Baire sets of a locally compact Hausdorff space, or (2) on the Borel sets of a complete separable metric space is regular. Recently Dinculeanu and Kluvanek used regularity of nonnegative Baire measures to prove that any Baire measure with valies in a locally convex Hausdorff topological vector space (TVS) is regular. Subsequently a direct proof of the same result was offered by Dinculeanu and Lewis. Here we show just as directly that any measure defined as in (1) or (2) is regular, even when it takes values in a Hausdorff topological group. In particular, when the group is a Hausdorff TVS, our result improves the Dinculeanu-KluvanekLewis theorem.
Review of the Mutagenicity of Ethylene Oxide

Ethylene oxide has been shown to be an effective mutagen in a variety of organisms ranging from bacteria to mammalian cells. There is also an association between ethylene oxide exposure and human somatic cell cytogenetic damage. Furthermore, ethylene oxide has been shown to alkylate protein and DNA at exposure levels that have been encountered occupationally. Ethylene oxide is not only effective at producing somatic cell mutations but also at inducing genetic damage in germ cells. While it is clear that ethylene oxide is a germ cell mutagen in whole mammals, the mechanism(s) by which it produces genetic lesions in germ cells is uncertain.
Benthic community structure on the U.S. South Atlantic slope off the Carolinas: Spatial heterogeneity in a current-dominated system

Faunal communities of the continental slope and rise seaward of North and South Carolina (U.S.A.) are strongly influenced by the Gulf Stream, the Western Boundary Undercurrent, and an increasingly steep declination of the slope toward Cape Hatteras. Sixteen stations in depths of 600–3500 m were sampled to characterized the sediment and benthic macrofauna. Box cores were taken along four transects: Cape Hatteras, Cape Lookout, Cape Fear and Charleston. On the Cape Hatteras transect infaunal densities at the 600-m station were as high as those typical of shallower waters, and the dominant organisms were species that are more characteristic of continental shelf depths. There is high, nearly continuous sedimentation of terrigenous fine sandy sediments that are funneled over the Cape Hatteras slope by southerly-flowing, long-shelf currents. We postulate that organic material is transported rapidly over the site and the high depositional rates are enhanced by scavenging activities of filter-feeding organisms. Large, deep-burrowing deposit feeders serve to carry organic material deep into the sediments. The shallow stations on the Charleston transect were dominated by sand waves generated by the Gulf Stream, while deeper stations were enriched by macroalgae transported downslope. Transects off Cape Lookout and Cape Fear were more typical of those found elsewhere in the western North Atlantic. Macrofaunal analysis yielded 1202 species, 520 of which were new to science. Annelids were the dominant taxa in terms of density and numbers of species. A partial zoogeographic barrier was identified between Cape Lookout and Cape Fear. Species diversity was high at most stations, with the highest at an 800-m site off Charleston where 436 species were taken from nine ☐ cores (0.81 m2). Diversity data from off the Carolinas support previously stated views that the deep sea is a resource of high species richness and biodiversity. Densities of macrofauna from all depths were generally higher than in previously published accounts. The faunal assemblage at each station was consistent over 2 years in that samples from one station were always more similar to one another than to any other station. Stations grouped into upper slope, middle slope, lower slope and continental rise assemblages; the upper slope stations were the most variable, both in density and community composition. Transect differences in types of sediment and macrofaunal communities along and across isobaths, indicated considerable regional heterogeneity.
Strategies for selecting mutation sites for methionine enhancement in the bean seed storage protein phaseolin

The complete three-dimensional structure of the bean seed storage protein phaseolin was generated from α-carbon coordinates by using molecular mechanic calculations. This structure was used as a template to simulate modifications aimed at increasing the methionine content of phaseolin. A hydrophilic, methionine-rich looping insert sequence was designed. Simulated mutagenesis shows that the insert might be accommodated in turn and loop regions of the protein, but not within an α-helix. Methionine content was also increased by the replacement of hydrophobic amino acids with methionine in the central core β-barrels of the phaseolin protein. Calculations indicated that methionine can effectively replace conserved or variant leucine, isolecuine, and valine residues. However, alanine residues were much more sensitive to substitution, and demonstrated high variability in the effects of methionine replacement. Introduction of multiple substitutions in the barrel interior demonstrated that the replaced residues could interact favorably to relieve local perturbations caused by individual substitutions. Molecular dynamics simulations were also utilized to study the structural organization of phaseolin. The calculations indicate that there are extensive packing interactions between the major domains of phaseolin, which have important implications for protein folding and stability. Since the proposed mutant proteins can be produced and studied, the results presented here provide an ideal test to determine if there is a correlation between the effects obtained by computer simulation and the effects of the mutations on the protein structure expressedin vivo.
An unrecognized presentation of cocaine-associated pneumomediastinum in the prehospital setting.

AbstrastCocaine abuse is associated with a significant number of emergency medical services (EMS) calls and emergency department visits every year. The medical complications of recreational cocaine use are diverse, involving almost any body organ, and vary greatly according to the substance used and the route by which is taken. Previous reports have associated cocaine abuse with serious pulmonary complications, including barotrauma. The occurrence of barotrauma is directly related to the way cocaine is consumed. The majority may manifest clinically with subcutaneous emphysema, chest pain, and neck pain. We report a case of cocaine-induced pneumomediastinum in the prehospital environment that masqueraded as an allergic reaction. Prehospital providers should be alert for clinical manifestations suggestive of barotrauma in cocaine users.
Adolescent process of coming to accept asthma: a phenomenological study.

Health care team members in the clinical setting frequently comment that if adolescents would just accept their asthma and the need for continued treatment they would not experience so many problems. A review of the literature reveals researchers have not explored the process of acceptance or what effect acceptance may have in the lives of adolescents experiencing asthma. The purpose of this study was to identify the essential structure of the process of acceptance of chronic illness by adolescents experiencing asthma/reactive airway disease. Phenomenological design, method, and analysis within a life-span developmental framework guided this study. The sample consisted of 6 adolescents diagnosed with asthma who were identified by health care professionals as verbalizing and demonstrating acceptance of their chronic illness. The results have implications for diagnosing lack of acceptance, and developing and testing interventions to facilitate acceptance.
The early development of stigmatizing reactions to physical differences

Abstract In a comparative analysis of children's reactions to potentially stigmatized physical attributes, 119 white children in nursery school through third grade completed openended, forced-choice, and free-choice tasks involving seven target children portrayed as: normal, black, of the opposite sex, glasses-wearing, wheelchair-bound, facially disfigured, and obese. Preference for the same-sex, same-race, nondisabled child over other target children was apparent at all ages, suggesting that the earliest form of stigmatization is a generalized bias against anyone who is physically deviant. While attraction to the wheelchair-bound child increased with age, liking for the obese child tended to decrease; moreover, the obese and facially disfigured children came to be more negatively perceived than other targets among elementary school children, suggesting greater differentiation with age among various stigmatizing attributes. Girls were consistently more acceptant of the wheelchair-bound child than boys were, while tending to be more negative toward cosmetic defects. Limits on the generalizability of stigmatization phenomena are discussed.
Dynamics of a proline-rich glycoprotein from human parotid saliva: a 360-MHz proton nuclear magnetic resonance investigation

Abstract The 360-MHz proton n.m.r. spectra of a proline-rich glycoprotein from human parotid saliva (PRG) were obtained in order to analyse spin-lattice relaxation ( T 1 ) times and hydrogen-deuterium exchange rates. The ( T 1 ) values for the proline ring and bulk peptide backbone C α H α protons were found to be about 0.5 s. The HaD exchange data revealed that only four of the many N-H resonances remained after the first few minutes of exchange. Within 96 h at 12°C most of the remaining peak intensities were gone. These data imply a dynamic conformation with a majority of the backbone free of hydrogen-bonded structures.
Excitation energy transfer in tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum doped with a pentacene derivative.

We investigate the excitation energy transfer in a guest-host molecular system consisting of a pentacene derivative, namely 6,13-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)pentacene (DMPP), doped into tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum (Alq(3)) using steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. The concentration dependent energy transfer rate and efficiency are calculated and analyzed in terms of the Forster resonance energy transfer model. A relatively long excitation transfer time ( approximately 0.6-3.4 ns depending on the DMPP concentration) and a large transfer radius (31-36 A) are obtained. The Forster radius calculated directly from the Alq(3) PL-DMPP absorption spectral overlap (26 A) is smaller than the transfer radii obtained from the PL studies, which suggests that excitation energy migration within Alq(3) plays an important role in the energy transfer process, effectively elongating the transfer radius and increasing the transfer rate and efficiency.
The actions of a charged melatonin receptor ligand, TMEPI, and an irreversible MT2 receptor agonist, BMNEP, on mouse hippocampal evoked potentials in vitro

We have previously determined that melatonin modulates hippocampal synaptic transmission in a biphasic way: an initial depression was followed by a recovery/amplification phase. Here we describe the influence of two novel melatonin receptor ligands, BMNEP (N-bromoacetyl-2-iodo-5-methoxytryptamine) and TMPEI (N-[2-(2-Trimethylammoniumethyleneoxy-7-methoxy)ethyl]propionamide iodide), on the population spike (PS) and excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSP) recorded from mouse hippocampal slices. BMNEP, which specifically alkylates and constitutively activates the MT2 melatonin receptor, mimicked the first phase of melatonin's action by irreversibly depressing both the PS and EPSP. TMPEI, a charged ligand of plasma membrane melatonin receptors, amplified those potentials in a manner similar to the effect of melatonin observed during the second, recovery phase. Melatonin had no influence on the potentials amplified by the action of TMPEI. Our results suggest that the biphasic, receptor-dependent action of melatonin and its analogs modulates the efficiency of the hippocampal glutamergic synapse and is most likely mediated through two different, sequentially occurring mechanisms.
Celecoxib inhibits ureteral contractility and prostanoid release

Abstract Objectives To evaluate the efficacy and potency of clinically available celecoxib for inhibition of ureteral contractility and prostanoid release. We have previously reported that the selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor NS-398 inhibits ureteral contractility. Methods We evaluated the release of prostaglandin (PG) E 2 , F 2α , D 2 , thromboxane B 2 (a thromboxane 2 metabolite), and 6-keto-PGF 1α (a prostacyclin metabolite) by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry from porcine ureters in the presence and absence of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), a putative cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inducer. PGE 2 and PGF 2α were the prostanoids released in greatest quantity in response to TNF-α. We subsequently measured spontaneous contractility and prostanoid release in porcine ureters treated with 0.1, 1.0, or 10 μM concentrations of indomethacin (nonselective COX inhibitor), NS-398, celecoxib, or 0.1% dimethyl sulfoxide (vehicle) for 2 hours. Ureteral contractility and prostanoid release were measured every 15 minutes after the addition of the various compounds. We also treated ureters with 10 ng/mL TNF-α and all three COX inhibitors or dimethyl sulfoxide for 2 and 4 hours and measured the PGE 2 and PGF 2α release. Results Celecoxib, indomethacin, and NS-398 inhibited ureteral contractility and prostanoid release with similar efficacy and potency. All three compounds also reduced TNF-α-induced prostanoid release to control levels at concentrations as low as 0.1 μM. Conclusions Our data have indicated that celecoxib and indomethacin inhibit PG release by the ureter to a similar degree, even in the presence of COX-2 induction. Animal experiments and clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of celecoxib for the treatment of symptomatic ureteral obstruction are warranted.
Abstract 5472: Role of Harvey Ras (HRAS) mutations in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC)

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Background: Harvey Ras (HRAS) was recently reported being mutated in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCC) and likely plays an important role as an oncogene. The precise role of HRAS mutations for signaling and carcinogenesis of HNSCC remains to be determined. Methods: We completed mutational screening (Sanger Sequencing) for tissues and cell lines focused on the known hotspot mutations G12X and Q61X. Furthermore we performed viability testing for various cell lines and visualized the signaling-effects by itself, in presence of PI3K-, EGFR inhibitors and likewise in combination, by immunoblotting. After suppression of HRAS using siRNA, we determined the cell-viability. Results: In our study we sequenced 100 HNSCC tumor tissues and HNSCC cell lines and identified several canonical HRAS mutations. One cell line contained a G12D HRAS mutation and was further examined. Additional two cell lines with atypical HRAS variants were identified and compared to the classic hotspot mutated cell line. The viability for the mentioned cell lines were indicative of resistance to EGFR inhibition to different degrees. The protein activation levels in important signaling pathways (PI3K/MAPK) confirmed our viability data. HRAS signaling was primarily via PI3K/AKT. Silencing HRAS showed significantly decreased viability. Conclusions: Previous studies have shown that EGFR-targeting agents remain insufficient as single targeted therapy. HRAS appears to contribute to the EGFR-resistance of HNSCC. The canonical mutation G12D appears to signal primarily via PI3K and PI3K inhibitors may be effective. The G12D cell line model indicates a central role of mutated HRAS for signaling and viability consistent with role as a driver mutation. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5472. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-5472
The early development of the hypoglossal musculature in the chick

The hypoglossal downgrowth is initiated at about the twenty-somite stage, as ventral extensions from the postotic (occipital) myotomes 3 and 4. At thirty somites, occipital myotomes 2, 3 and 4, and cervical 1 have developed ventral processes. These descending processes with contributions from posterior myotomes later form a common condensed area below myotomes 2 to 7, the submyotomic tract. There develops from this a cord of mesoderm, the hypoglossal cord or downgrowth. The anterior postotic myotomes are classed as indirect (numbers 1, 2, 6 and 7) or direct (numbers 3, 4 and 5) contributors to the hypoglossal downgrowth. Mechanical factors associated with this growth process are discussed. The hypoglossal nerve at 75 hours has six roots, four occipital (numbers 1 to 4) and two cervical. The first two occipitai roots fail to keep pace in development and are subsequently lost. A transitory connection of the third cervical to the hypoglossal nerve is demonstrated at the age of 5 days. At 6 days the first occipital root is reduced to scattered fibers, the remaining occipital roots, numbers 2 to 4, increase in size, cervicals 1 and 2 join the hypoglossa. The correspondence of the myotomes providing the contributions to the hypoglossal cord and the nerves providing the major contributing roots of the hypoglossal nerve is commented on.
The stability of accretion tori. I. Long-wavelength modes of slender tori

We elucidate the inviscid instabilities of an isentropic torus found previously by Papaloizou & Pringle. The torus is a polytrope of index, n, and has a small ratio of minor radius, ɑ, to orbital radius, r_0. In equilibrium it rotates on cylinders with angular velocity profile Ω,∝r^(-q). Linear modes are proportional to exp i(mO-wt). For small β≡mα/r_0 , we justify the use of height-averaged equations by appealing to approximate vertical hydrostatic equilibrium. The effective polytropic index for the resulting two-dimensional problem is N≡n+½; thus an incompressible torus in three dimensions behaves compressibly in two. Height averaged modes obey an ordinary differential equation, which we solve numerically to obtain the growth rate as a function of q, n, and β. The error made in predicting the growth rate of the actual three-dimensional system is small everywhere along the principal branch even for β~0.5, and is less than 1 per cent for the fastest-growing mode. We analytically solve the artificial case n=-½, which is two-dimensionally incompressible, and show that it has all the qualitative features of the general case, except that it does not have a resonance at corotation. In the general case, with n>-½ and q<2, the corotation resonance absorbs energy and angular momentum, so the growing and decaying modes do not occur in complex-conjugate pairs. We solve a second special case, namely n=2-q=0, almost analytically in three dimensions, without height-averaging. Papaloizou & Pringle asserted that this system is stable but we show that there is an unstable mode for small β just as in the other systems. In fact this principal unstable branch, with corotation at the pressure maximum, is qualitatively the same for all n and is essentially independent both of compressibility and of the gradient in vorticity per unit surface density. Thus the modes are not sonic, nor are they similar to those of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability. Instead they are composed of two edge waves, akin to surface waves in water although modified by shear and rotation, coupled across a forbidden region around corotation.
Exact Strong Laws for Sums from Subsets of Maximal Order Statistics

Abstract Consider independent and identically distributed random variables {X nj , 1 ≤ j ≤ m n , n ≥ 1} with density f(x) = β x −β−1 I(x ≥ 1) where β > 0. We randomly select one of the larger order statistics from a predetermined subset from the nth row. Then we test to see whether or not unusual Strong Laws exist, even though the largest order statistic from our set has an infinite first moment.
Transmission Line Models for Switching Studies: Design Criteria II. Selection of Section Length, Model Design and Tests

A criterion is presented and evaluated for establishing the relation between section length of a transmission model and the desired accuracy over a frequency band. This criterion along with those established in a companion paperl are used to design a transmission line model. The details of the design are presented. Test results made on a newly constructed model are presented to establish the validity of the design criteria.
Nonconscious Consumer Psychology

What exactly is “nonconscious consumer psychology?” We use the term to describe a category of consumption behavior that is driven by processes that occur outside a consumer's conscious awareness. In other words, individuals engage in consumptionrelated cognition, motivation, decision making, emotion, and behavior without recognizing the role that nonconscious processes played in shaping them.
Novel hybrid Monte Carlo/deterministic technique for shutdown dose rate analyses of fusion energy systems

Abstract The rigorous 2-step (R2S) computational system uses three-dimensional Monte Carlo transport simulations to calculate the shutdown dose rate (SDDR) in fusion reactors. Accurate full-scale R2S calculations are impractical in fusion reactors because they require calculating space- and energy-dependent neutron fluxes everywhere inside the reactor. The use of global Monte Carlo variance reduction techniques was suggested for accelerating the R2S neutron transport calculation. However, the prohibitive computational costs of these approaches, which increase with the problem size and amount of shielding materials, inhibit their ability to accurately predict the SDDR in fusion energy systems using full-scale modeling of an entire fusion plant. This paper describes a novel hybrid Monte Carlo/deterministic methodology that uses the Consistent Adjoint Driven Importance Sampling (CADIS) method but focuses on multi-step shielding calculations. The Multi-Step CADIS (MS-CADIS) methodology speeds up the R2S neutron Monte Carlo calculation using an importance function that represents the neutron importance to the final SDDR. Using a simplified example, preliminary results showed that the use of MS-CADIS enhanced the efficiency of the neutron Monte Carlo simulation of an SDDR calculation by a factor of 550 compared to standard global variance reduction techniques, and that the efficiency enhancement compared to analog Monte Carlo is higher than a factor of 10,000.
Facilitative Aspects of Field Research with Deviant Street Populations

The authors examine facilitative aspects of field research with deviant street populations. Based on the authors' research with the homeless and with male street prostitutes, the facilitative aspects include access to settings, social relationships, acquisition of information, and the maintenance of researcher interest. The authors argue that in each of these aspects street deviants may in some ways be easier to study than other populations. The paper concludes with suggestions for maximizing the efficiency and quality of fieldwork with specific deviant populations.
Electron delocalization in anion‐radicals of permethylcyclopolysilanes

The family of cyclic permethylpolysilanes, [(CH3)2Si]n, has been synthesized. Compounds in which n = 5, 6 and 7 undergo reduction at low temperatures to form anion-radicals. The five- and six-membered rings give the parent anion-radicals [(CH3)2Si]5− and [(CH3)2Si]6− when reduced electrolytically, but all three compounds give [(CH3)2Si]5− when reduced with alkali metals. The ESR spectra of the anion-radicals show that the unpaired electron contacts all of the methyl protons equally, and so is fully delocalized over all the silicon atoms in the ring. The permethylpolysilanes have electron affinities similar to that of benzene; the ease of reduction is in the order [(CH3)2Si]5 > benzene > [(CH3)2Si]6. These findings suggest that electron mobility and delocalization is not limited to “conjugated” molecules but can also be observed in systems not normally considered as “unsaturated.” Implications for the design of organic conducting elements will be mentioned.
Anti-cocaine vaccine development

Cocaine abuse is an ongoing and serious problem that has led to the growth of a brutal criminal enterprise, particularly in the Americas and Europe. At present, there are no effective pharmacological agents available to treat the addiction by blocking cocaine or reversing its effects. In order to help motivated addicts conquer their addiction, vaccines against cocaine are being developed and one has progressed to clinical trials. This article will discuss the concept of antidrug vaccines in general, the successes and limitations of the various anti-cocaine vaccine approaches, the results of the clinical trials with an anti-cocaine vaccine and some new vaccine-mediated approaches to combat cocaine addiction.