cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nursing: A critical profession in a perilous time

Long before anyone had even heard of COVID-19, the World Health Organization had declared 2020 to be the Year of the Nurse and Midwife, an opportunity for society to recognize the critical role that these professions play in health care and the personal risks that they must take in order to fulfill their missions. Yet, in spite of both the critical nature of their work and the sheer size of the healthcare industry (there are over 4 million registered nurses in the United States alone), industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology as a discipline tends to largely ignore the unique aspects of the nursing profession in our research. Specifically, even before the COVID-19 crisis, it was widely acknowledged that the nursing profession was facing massive workforce shortages resulting from a dearth of individuals being trained as nurses, a rapidly aging workforce, and chronic problems with attracting and retaining nursing professionals in rural areas (Buerhaus etal., 2017;Oulton, 2006).
Biomaterials coating for on-demand bacteria delivery: Selective release, adhesion, and detachment

Abstract Bacteria-based therapy has shown great promise in treating various diseases by regulating intestinal flora balance in pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, weak resistance against stress in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and limited retention time in the intestine result in low bacteria availability and persistence, restricting further clinical application. Here, we report a double-layer coating strategy employing tannic acid (TA) and enteric L100 for probiotics encapsulation to address the delivery challenges after oral administration. The Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 (EcN) sequentially encapsulated by TA and L100 layers display robust resistances against the harsh external environment of the GI tract. Furthermore, the pH-responsive degradation of the outer L100 layer leads to the selective delivery of TA-EcN to the intestine, where the strong mucoadhesive capability of the TA layer prolongs the retention time of EcN without compromising the viability and proliferation capabilities of EcN, resulting in superior efficacy of prophylactic and treatment efficacy against colitis. To mitigate the potential side effects caused by long-term mucoadhesion of TA, the TA layer can be further removed by addition of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). The spatiotemporal delivery of probiotics through double-layer encapsulation can augment the therapeutic efficacy of bacteria-based therapy against GI tract-related diseases.
A Diary Study of The Teaching and Learning Experience in A High School Programming Course

Prior research into the accessibility of computing education focused primarily on the curricula and tools used in the classroom and the challenges students with disabilities faced in learning from ...
Chapter 42 Stroke, migraine, and headache

Publisher Summary The relationship between migraine and ischemic stroke is complex and simply can be described as bidirectional. Stroke can cause headache and migraine, and migraine is now considered as an independent stroke risk factor for ischemic stroke. The most common risk factors for stroke include age, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, diabetes mellitus, and cardiovascular diseases. Other less common risk factors include coagulation abnormalities, obesity, heavy alcohol intake, family history, and migraine headaches. Migraineurs should be treated with prophylactic therapy (pharmacologic or non-pharmacologic) to reduce the frequency of migraine attacks if they occur frequently. Triptans and ergotamines used for the treatment of migraine are contraindicated in patients with hemiplegic migraine, basilar-type migraine, patients with other vascular risk factors including prior history of stroke, transient ischemic attack (TIA), myocardial ischemia, and angina. Migraine can be classified as migraine with aura (classic migraine) and migraine without aura (common migraine). Migrainous infarction is considered a complication of migraine with aura. Migraine- or headache-causing stroke can be envisioned in relation to two main scenarios: first, when stroke occurs as part of a prolonged migraine aura (migrainous infarction); and second, when stroke occurs in a migraineur or headache sufferer who has past history of migraine, and the stroke occurs separated in time from a migraine or headache attack (migraine-related stroke). In the second scenario the relationship may be coincidental or causal, whereas in the first case the cause and effect relationship is more robust. The relationship between non-specific headache and increased stroke risk is inconsistent, and is briefly discussed in the chapter.
Extendible object-centric tracking for augmented reality

Presents a novel object-centric tracking architecture for presenting augmented reality media in spatial relationships to objects, regardless of the objects' positions or motions in the world. The advance this system provides over previous object-centric tracking approaches is the ability to sense and integrate new features into its tracking database, thereby extending the tracking region automatically. This lazy evaluation of the structure-from-motion problem uses images obtained from a single calibrated moving camera and applies recursive filtering to identify and estimate the 3D positions of new features. We evaluate the performance of two filters; a classic extended Kalman filter (EKF) and a filter based on a recursive average of covariances (RAC). Implementation issues and results are discussed in conclusion.
Collagenolytic Activity of Bacteria

Abstract Actively growing aerobic and anaerobic bacteria were screened by a plate assay, with reconstituted guinea pig collagen as a substrate, for their ability to produce a collagenolytic factor. Collagenolytic activity was not demonstrated among the aerobic organisms tested, with the exception of one strain of Staphylococcus aureus (only when grown under anaerobic conditions). Collagenolytic activity, however, was detected in cultures of Clostridium tetani and Bacteroides species other than B. melaninogenicus. Collagenolytic activity of these organisms could be confirmed by measuring the amount of hydroxyproline liberated from the collagen gel during growth. Although collagenase production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has been suggested in previous reports, our results were negative. An extracellular fraction of P. aeruginosa was able to hydrolyze a synthetic hexapeptide Cbz-glycyl-l-prolyl-glycyl-glycyl-l-prolyl-l- alanine, but was without detectable effect on reconstituted collagen.
Self-Help, Reimagined

We will never have enough lawyers to serve the civil legal needs of all low- and moderate-income (LMI) individuals who must navigate civil legal problems. A significant part of the access to justice toolkit must include self-help materials. That much is not new; indeed, access to justice commissions across the country have been actively developing pro se guides and forms for decades. But the community has hamstrung its creations in two major ways. First, by focusing these materials on educating LMI individuals about formal law, and second, by considering the task complete once the materials are available to self-represented individuals. In particular, modern self-help materials fail to address many psychological and cognitive barriers that prevent LMI individuals from successfully deploying their contents. This Article makes two contributions. First, we develop a theory of the obstacles LMI individuals face when attempting to deploy professional legal knowledge. Second, we apply learning from fields as varied as psychology, public health, education, artificial intelligence, and marketing to develop a framework for how courts, legal aid organizations, law school clinics, and others might re-conceptualize the design and delivery of civil legal materials for unrepresented individuals. We illustrate our framework with examples of reimagined civil legal materials.
Incidences of unruptured intracranial aneurysms and subarachnoid hemorrhage: results of a statewide study.

Background: The incidence of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs) and the current public health impact may be higher than that reported in previous studies due to an increase in the elderly population in the United States (U.S.). Objective: To report the current incidences of UIAs and subarachnoid hemorrhages (SAH) by using a population-based methodology. Methods: Statewide estimates of patients admitted with UIAs and SAH were obtained from the data obtained by the Minnesota Hospital Association. We calculated the annual incidences per 100,000 persons using the 2010 census data from the U.S. Census Bureau. For the denominator, total persons in each year were categorized into 10-year age intervals. Results: The incidences of UIAs and SAH were 15.6 and 7.7 per 100,000 persons, respectively. There were higher incidences of both UIAs and SAH among women (22.5 and 9.6 per 100,000 persons, respectively). The highest incidence of UIAs occurred in those aged between 75 and 84 years (61.6 per 100,000 persons). The highest incidence of SAH occurred in those aged 85 years and older (30.1 per 100,000 persons). Conclusion: An increase in both incidences of UIAs and SAH can be expected due to the continued increase of the elderly population, particularly women.
Difference model approach for the transient simulation of transmission lines

An optimal technique (in terms of computational efficiency, accuracy, and practical applicability) for the transient simulation of distributed multiconductor RLGC lines is developed by applying the indirect numerical integration method (the most efficient and accurate transient simulation method) to the device model for a distributed line (the most efficient and practically applicable model). The technique can be directly used in a circuit simulator. The computational complexity is linearly proportional to the number of time-steps. Nonuniform lines, lines with frequency-dependent parameters, and real lines, characterized with a few samples of time- or frequency-domain measurements or electromagnetic simulations, can be accurately and efficiently simulated. >
Retinal pigment epithelium in culture demonstrates a distinct β-adrenergic receptor

Abstract Retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells in culture, as well as freshly dissected embryonic RPE, exhibit a β-adrenergic receptor. Agonist potency is: l -isoproterenol > (−)epinephrine ≥ (−)norepinephrine ⪢ dopamine. Propranolol blocks this effect. Hydroxybenzylpindolol (HYP), a β-antagonist, also blocks the increase in cAMP elicited by l -isoproterenol. Binding of [125I]-hydroxybenzylpindolol, shows a half saturation concentration of 1·1 × 10−9, m and 2·7 × 105 HYP binding sites per cell. The presence of such distinct β-adrenergic responsiveness indicates a potentially important role for this receptor in RPE cell physiology.
Glomerular protocollagen lysyl-hydroxylase activity in streptozotocin diabetes.

Abstract Using [ 14 C]lysine protocollagen substrate prepared from chick embryo tibiae, lysyl hydroxylase activity was found in the 17 000 × g supernatant and particulate fractions obtained from homogenates of isolated rat renal glomeruli. Specific activities using the latter as an enzyme source were about 20–30% that of the supernatant. [ 14 C]Hydroxylysine formation was proportional to substrate and enzyme concentration, and to time for up to 120 min of incubation. Omission of α-ketoglutarate and ascorbate in the incubational assay markedly depressed activity. Hydroxylation of substrate by supernatant enzyme from streptozotocin diabetic rats was significantly increased over that of normal. In contrast, the activity of supernatant fractions from glomeruli of pancreatectomized, normoglycemic animals did not differ from that of non-operated controls. It is concluded that elevated glomerular lysine hydroxylase activity accompanies the increased glomerular collagen synthesis found in streptozotocin diabetes, and that chronic hyperglycemia may be implicated in these changes.
Regiomontanus on Ptolemy, Physical Orbs, and Astronomical Fictionalism: Goldsteinian Themes in the “Defense of Theon against George of Trebizond”

To honor Bernard Goldstein, this article highlights in the “Defense of Theon against George of Trebizond” by Regiomontanus (1436–1476) themes that resonate with leading strands of Goldstein's scholarship. I argue that, in this poorly-known work, Regiomontanus's mastery of Ptolemy's mathematical astronomy, his interest in making astronomy physical, and his homocentric ideals stand in unresolved tension. Each of these themes resonates with Gold-stein's fundamental work on the Almagest, the Planetary Hypotheses, and al-Bitruji's Principles of Astronomy. I flesh out these tensions with an intriguing interpretation of the history of astronomy, in which Regiomontanus contrasts the two-dimensional “eccentric astronomy” attributed to the Almagest and the Arabs with the three-dimensional spheres of the “later” astronomers. A similar contrast reappears when Regiomontanus portrays as a “fictitious art” an astronomy that does not go beyond the accommodation of computations to the appearances. To conclude, I use Regio...
The natural history of new-onset heart failure with a severely depressed left ventricular ejection fraction: implications for timing of implantable cardioverter-defibrillator implantation.

Background Guidelines recommend that patients with new-onset systolic heart failure (HF) receive a trial of medical therapy before an implantable cardiac defibrillator (ICD). This strategy allows for improvement of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), thereby avoiding an ICD, but exposes patients to risk of potentially preventable sudden cardiac death during the trial of medical therapy. Methods We reviewed a consecutive series of patients with HF of Results Follow-up echocardiograms were performed in 115 of the 224 subjects. Of these, 50 (43%) had mildly depressed or normal LVEF at follow-up ("LVEF recovery") such that an ICD was no longer indicated. In a conservative sensitivity analysis (using the entire study cohort, whether or not a follow-up echocardiogram was obtained, as the denominator), 22% of subjects had LVEF recovery. Mortality at 6, 12, and 18 months in the entire cohort was 2.3%, 4.5%, and 6.8%, respectively. Of 87 patients who tolerated target doses of β-blockers, only 1 (1.1%) died during the first 18 months. Conclusion Patients with new-onset systolic HF have both a good chance of LVEF recovery and low 6-month mortality. Achievement of target β-blocker dose identifies a very low-risk population. These data support delaying ICD implantation for a trial of medical therapy.
Early-Entrant Advantage, Word-of-Mouth Communication, Brand Similarity, and the Consumer Decision-Making Process

To better understand the competitive dynamics between an early and a later entrant, in this study we examined the extent to which word of mouth (WOM) regarding the later entrant and the later entrant's similarity to the early entrant influences the consumer decision process. We hypothesized that the influence of WOM and similarity depends on the nature of the decision-making task, which is theorized as either a stimuli-based or memory-based task. A 3-stage, sequential-logit model with 2 focal brands (the early and later entrants) was developed to test the influence of independent measures on the likelihood of (a) retrieval; (b) consideration, given retrieval; and (c) choice, given consideration for both the early entrant and the focal follower. Data from 2 experiments provides support for the multistage conceptualization of the consumer decision process and demonstrates that the effects of WOM communication and similarity depend on the nature of the decision-making task.
Systemic Insecticides for the Control of Western Flower Thrips on Bulb Onions

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), and the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, have been considered insect pests of economic importance on onions in most onion-growing areas for many years. However, at the present time there is disagreement in some areas as to how much damage they cause. Harding (1961) found that research reports concerning the effect of thrips on onion yields are in conflict and apparently indicate a trend suggesting that as onion varieties and cultural methods have been improved, thrips have had less effect on yields of bulb onions.
Speed-accuracy tradeoff in visual detection: Applications of neural counting and timing

Abstract This paper considers the applicability of two psychophysical theories, neural counting and neural timing, to visual detection experiments. Neural counting postulates that the number of events occurring on a set of hypothetical sensory channels within a fixed period of time is the relevant code to describe the detection of a stimulus. Alternatively, neural timing suggests that the amount of time before a fixed number of events occurs on each of the hypothetical channels is the relevant code. Formal models of these two ideas are constructed and quantitative predictions which distinguish the models are presented. It is further predicted that in two experimental conditions the counting theory will be confirmed, while in a third condition the counting theory will be rejected and the timing theory confirmed. Data are then reported from eight observers run in a yes-no, visual, speed-accuracy tradeoff experiment from the three experimental conditions for which predictions are made. The data generally confirm all predictons which supports the idea that both methods of detecting stimuli are available to subjects.
The Effects of Tidal-volume Change with Positive End-expiratory Pressure in Pulmonary Edema

The effects of variation in tidal volume were studied in 14 dogs with pulmonary edema during mechanical ventilation with a constant positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) of 10 cm H2O. Tidal volumes (VT) of 5 ml/kg with PEEP improved PEEP over that seen with a VT of 15 ml/kg without PEEP. Oxygenation improved with PEEP as VT was increased stepwise from 5 to 25 ml/kg. The greatest improvement in oxygenation and ventilation with PEEP occurred when VT was increased from 5 to 10 ml/kg. Thereafter, as VT was increased, improvement in oxygenation was small and was accompanied by a gradual decline in cardiac output. A tidal volume of 10 ml/kg and a positive end-expiratory pressure of 10 cm H2O produced the most effective gas exchange with the least impairment of cardiac output.
Models of the optical properties of solids

Physically-based optical property models of solids are a convenient means of representing the complex index of refraction as a function of frequency and temperature. This modeling approach is especially convenient considering the wide spread use of personal computers and the uncomplicated mathematical form of the models. Models provide a convenient method of cataloging measurements and interpolated between measurements. Several useful models covering absorption and scattering phenomena are presented. Together, these models allow prediction of optical properties over the spectral range from microwaves to the electronic band gap. Temperature dependence of the optical properties cover a more restricted range, but some models predict optical properties from liquid helium to melting temperatures. We have developed an optical properties code incorporating the following models: the classical (one- phonon) oscillator model, our multi-phonon model, the Urbach tail and weak absorption tail models, free-carrier model, and an empirical scatter model. These models require measured parameters which are given for common materials. Comparisons of model calculations of the refractive index, the absorption coefficient, and scattering coefficient to experimental data are presented.© (1992) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Between fundamentalism and secularization : Secularizing and sacralizing currents in the evangelical debate on campus lifestyle codes

Les AA. s'efforcent de montrer que les universites a caractere confessionnel peuvent etre de moins en moins distinguees de leurs homologues laiques. Ils montrent notamment que depuis 1945 ces etablissements ont abandonne les codes de conduite pour les etudiants. Ils se proposent d'analyser le discours de ces derniers ainsi que celui de l'administration des facultes confessionnelles sur le plan de la conduite. Ils presentent un certain nombre de donnees collectees entre 1960 et 1992 dans des universites protestantes
Ascending paper chromatography of sulfated acid mucopolysaccharides.

Abstract Separation of acidic mucopolysaccharides by ascending paper chromatography has been possible in systems of acetate buffer and ethanol. The method will separate 5 to 30 μg mixtures of AMPS. Purified preparations of AMPS will give characteristic migration allowing identification of 2 μg quantities. AMPS from biological sources may be separated after removal of covalently bonded protein and divalent ions.
Protostellar formation in rotating interstellar clouds. I. Numerical methods and tests

Attention is given to numerical methods and tests of a series of gravitational hydrodynamics computer codes constructed in order to numerically follow the dynamic collapse of spherically symmetric (1-D), axisymmetric (2-D), and non-axisymmetric (3-D) isothermal interstellar clouds. A spherical harmonic expansion is used to solve the Poisson equation for the gravitational potential. It is shown that the use of explicit donor-cell hydrodynamics on a moving spherical coordinate grid ensures mass and momentum conservation and allows the grid to follow the collapse of the fluid. Finally, the performance of the codes is examined.
Analysis of Mass Transport during Warming of Cryopreserved Cellsa

: As a first step towards developing mechanistic models of damage to cryopreserved cells during the warming process, an analysis of water transport during warming was undertaken. With the aim of identifying regimes in which conventional twocompartment, membrane-limited water transport models will be valid for predicting cell dehydration/rehydration during warming, the Peclet number was evaluated. Simulations showed that Pe » 1 during the early stages of warming, indicating that transport was rate-limited by diffusion to and from the membrane. However, by comparing the time-scale of transport to the time-scale of the warming process, it was possible to identify conditions in which the membrane-limited transport model would yield adequate predictions in diffusion-dominated regimes. Simulations suggested that a membrane-limited model would fail during slow warming of rapidly cooled cells, but that it would perform adequately if cooling was slow, or if warming was rapid.
Receptive fields in single cells of monkey visual cortex during visual tracking.

Monkeys were trained to visually track a moving target. During tracking, receptive fields in the primary visual cortex were explored with a stimulus fixed to a screen so that its image swept across the retina but not across the visual world. The same cells were also explored with stimuli which presented both “absolute” motion (across the retina) and “relative” motion (across the background); 39 % of the cells responded only to relative motion, and another 39 % responded to both absolute and relative motion. This response pattern can differentiate translation of the retinal image during eye movement from motion of objects in the world. A similar result was obtained with another method. The monkey has no receptive fields which respond to stimuli in a given region of the visual world regardless of eye position.
The rate of reaction between dilute hydrogen sulfide and ozone in air.

The rate of reaction between dilute hydrogen sulfide and ozone in air was measured. Experimental data were obtained from two tubular, laminar-flow reactors having internal dia. of 3/8 in. and l/4 in. On the basis of these data the following expression was obtained for the rate of generation of sulfur dioxide by the reaction of hydrogen sutide with ozone in the absence of light. dcso, = 22.8exp (-65OO/RT) ~~~~~~~~~~ dt Comparison of data from the two reactors indicated that the reaction was almost totally homo- geneous. From the results of previous authors the expression
Reinforcing Spirals Model: Conceptualizing the Relationship Between Media Content Exposure and the Development and Maintenance of Attitudes

The Reinforcing Spirals Model (RSM, Citation Withheld) has two primary purposes. First, the RSM provides a general framework for conceptualizing media use as part of a dynamic, endogenous process combining selective exposure and media effects that may be drawn on by theorists concerned with a variety of social processes and effects. Second, the RSM utilizes a systems-theory perspective to describe how patterns of mediated and interpersonal communication contribute to the development and maintenance of social identities and ideology as well as more transient attitudes and related behaviors, and how those outcomes may influence subsequent media use. The RSM suggests contingencies that may lead to homeostasis or encourage certain individuals or groups to extreme polarization of such attitudes. In addition, the RSM proposes social cognitive mechanisms that may be responsible for attitude maintenance and reinforcement. This article discusses empirical progress in testing the model, addresses misconceptions that have arisen, and provides elaborated illustrations of the model. The article also identifies potentially fruitful directions for further conceptual development and empirical testing of the RSM.
A Si-based light-emitting diode with room-temperature electroluminescence at 1.1 eV

We have achieved room‐temperature electroluminescence (EL) at 1.1 eV from a light‐emitting diode with an active layer prepared by high‐temperature partial oxidation of electrochemically etched crystalline silicon. The EL is easily measurable under a forward bias ≥ 1 V and a current density <10 mA/cm2 and is only weakly temperature dependent from 12 to 300 K. The luminescence is due to Si band edge radiative recombination and originates from large silicon clusters within a nonstoichiometric silicon‐rich silicon oxide matrix.
Reversal of Neuropathology and Motor Dysfunction in a Conditional Model of Huntington's Disease

Neurodegenerative disorders like Huntington's disease (HD) are characterized by progressive and putative irreversible clinical and neuropathological symptoms, including neuronal protein aggregates. Conditional transgenic models of neurodegenerative diseases therefore could be a powerful means to explore the relationship between mutant protein expression and progression of the disease. We have created a conditional model of HD by using the tet-regulatable system. Mice expressing a mutated huntingtin fragment demonstrate neuronal inclusions, characteristic neuropathology, and progressive motor dysfunction. Blockade of expression in symptomatic mice leads to a disappearance of inclusions and an amelioration of the behavioral phenotype. We thus demonstrate that a continuous influx of the mutant protein is required to maintain inclusions and symptoms, raising the possibility that HD may be reversible.
ELEMENTS OF TIMING AND RESPONSE IN THE BALANCE SHEET OF BANKING, 1953–55*

THE PURPOSE of this study is to describe the general response of commercial banks in the continental United States to changes in their reserve position. Taking aggregate earning assets as the general indicator of balance-sheet response, an attempt is made to measure both the speed and magnitude by which earning assets react to changes in reserve holdings. A monthly series on total earning assets of commercial banks is drawn up for the period 1953-55 and examined for its functional relationship to "effective" reserves, with and without respect to time. The response of bankers is also related to one variable outside the banking system-the rate of change in interest rates.
Applications of the phase conjugate configuration in nonlinear spectroscopy

Abstract Various light generation processes, phase matching conditions and efficiencies are examined for the phase conjugate four-wave mixing configuration in the case of one-photon electronic resonances involving both nondegenerate and degenerate wave conditions. The effects of thermal gratings on the dispersion of the nonlinear susceptibility are also considered. These analyses are used to characterize the useful properties of each generated wave.
No difference in six-year biochemical failure rates with or without pelvic lymph node dissection during radical prostatectomy in low-risk patients with localized prostate cancer.

Abstract Objectives To compare differences in the actuarial biochemical relapse-free survival rates at 6 years in a contemporary series of patients who underwent radical prostatectomy with and without pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND). Biochemical failure was defined as a serum prostate-specific antigen level greater than 0.2 ng/mL confirmed at least 1 week later. Methods The records of 806 consecutive radical prostatectomy cases performed between January 1995 and June 1999 were reviewed. A total of 336 patients with favorable tumor characteristics (prostate-specific antigen 10 ng/mL or less, biopsy Gleason score 6 or less, and clinical Stage T1 or T2) not receiving adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy were divided into two groups according to whether PLND was performed (PLND group, n=140) or omitted (no-PLND group, n=196). A Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the effect of age, race, family history, initial prostate-specific antigen level, tumor stage, biopsy Gleason score, PLND, extracapsular extension, and seminal vesicle invasion on the likelihood of biochemical failure. Biochemical relapse-free survival for each group was estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. The mean follow-up time for the entire group was 60.0 months, with a similar follow-up for both cohorts (mean 61.8 and 58.2 months, respectively, P value not statistically significant). Follow-up information was obtained through an institutional review board-approved prospective patient registry. Results The 6-year biochemical relapse-free rate for the PLND versus no-PLND group was 86% and 88%, respectively ( P = 0.28). On multivariate analysis, PLND was not an independent predictor of outcome ( P = 0.33). Conclusions Our study results demonstrated that the omission of PLND in patients with favorable tumor characteristics does not adversely affect biochemical relapse rates at 6 years after surgery. Such patients can be spared the morbidity and cost of PLND without affecting the chance for cure.
53 EFFECTS OF ILLNESS ON THE NEUROBEHAVIORAL COMPETENCE OF PREMATURE INFANTS

The neurological effects of prematurity are still poorly understood, in part due to failure to adequately control for severity of illness. We examined with the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale the neurobehavioral competence of 15 infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), 13 infants with respiratory distress syridrome (RDS), and 8 well premature infants (WP), matched except for severity of illness. Exams occurred at term and only if infants were medically 5table. Supplemental oxygen, if needed, was delivered by nasal cannula. Significant group differences occurred in the area of interaction and alertness (p. < .05). Performance was best for the WP group and worst for the BPD group. In the BPD group significant correlations with subscales measuring physiologic stability occurred with obstetrical complications (r=-.60, p <.02), neonatal complications (r=-.72, p <.003), gestational age (r=-.64, p < .01), birthweight (r=-.69, p < .005), and Apgar1(r=.60,p <.03). Neurobehavior in the RDS infants related only weakly to medical factors and not at all in the WP group. Our data suggest that perinatal events influence neurobehavioral competence but only in more severely involved infants. This may be due to neurological insult or ongoing illness. Degree of prematurity does not directly affect behavior as infants in the 3 groups were equivalent in this regard. Rather, degree of prematurity is influential because of the increased likelihood of medical complications.
Characterization of Fam20C expression in odontogenesis and osteogenesis using transgenic mice

Our previous studies have demonstrated that Fam20C promotes differentiation and mineralization of odontoblasts, ameloblasts, osteoblasts and osteocytes during tooth and bone development. Ablation of the Fam20C gene inhibits bone and tooth growth by increasing fibroblast growth factor 23 in serum and causing hypophosphatemia in conditional knockout mice. However, control and regulation of the expression of Fam20C are still unknown. In this study, we generated a transgenic reporter model which expresses green fluorescence protein (GFP) driven by the Fam20C promoter. Recombineering was used to insert a 16 kb fragment of the mouse Fam20C gene (containing the 15 kb promoter and 1.1 kb of exon 1) into a pBluescript SK vector with the topaz variant of GFP and a bovine growth hormone polyadenylation sequence. GFP expression was subsequently evaluated by histomorphometry on cryosections from E14 to adult mice. Fluorescence was evident in the bone and teeth as early as E17.5. The GFP signal was maintained stably in odontoblasts and osteoblasts until 4 weeks after birth. The expression of GFP was significantly reduced in teeth, alveolar bone and muscle by 8 weeks of age. We also observed colocalization of the GFP signal with the Fam20C antibody in postnatal 1- and 7-day-old animals. Successful generation of Fam20C-GFP transgenic mice will provide a unique model for studying Fam20C gene expression and the biological function of this gene during odontogenesis and osteogenesis.
Progestin Suppresses Thrombin- and Interleukin-1β-Induced Interleukin-11 Production in Term Decidual Cells: Implications for Preterm Delivery

Context: Decidual inflammation and hemorrhage are major contributors to the pathogenesis of preterm delivery (PTD). IL-11 is a cytokine with pleiotropic biological effects, including induction of T helper cell type 2 and inhibition of T helper cell type 1 cytokine responses. Paradoxically, it enhances the synthesis of prostaglandins, which induce labor. Objective: The objectives of this study were to evaluate in vivo IL-11 expression in decidua after term and preterm deliveries and evaluate the effects of the primary mediators of inflammation, IL-1β and TNF-α, as well as the primary regulator of hemostasis, thrombin, on IL-11 expression in cultured term decidual cells (DCs). Interventions and Main Outcome Measures: Human decidua from uncomplicated term deliveries and chorioamnionitis- or placental abruption-related PTDs were immunostained for IL-11. Cultures of DCs were primed with estradiol (E2) or with E2 and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), then incubated in a defined medium with corresponding steroi...
Commentary on adolescent acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: The next wave of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic?*

Adolescent sexual behavior is a common and controversial concern. We are only now beginning to recognize the risk for infection with human immunodeficiency virus associated with this behavior. In fact, exploring the risks for acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in adolescence helps focus on the special characteristics of this age group. Certain subgroups of adolescents may form bridges from adults currently infected to a larger group of adolescents. As the virus spreads from individuals initially infected (adult homosexual men, blood product recipients, and intravenous drug users) to their partners and beyond, the risk-related behaviors of adolescents put some teenagers directly in the path of the epidemic. 1 Adolescent AIDS cases (ages 13 to 21 years) reported to the Centers for Disease Control account for only 1% of the total reported. 2 However, the mean latency time from viral infection to time of illness is estimated to be 8 years. Therefore most infected adolescents would not become ill until young adulthood. The proportion of cases reported in persons 20 to 29 years of age is 21% of the total2 It is important to consider adolescents separately from
A simple and reliable method for the positive identification of pavlovian conditioned cocaine effects in open-field behavior

The identification of the Pavlovian conditioning of the behavioral effects of cocaine using open-field behavior is often confounded by the concurrent occurrence of behavioral habituation in control animals. Thus, differences in spontaneous activity between cocaine conditioned animals vs. control can be explained either by Pavlovian conditioning of the psychostimulant effects of cocaine or by anti-habituation effects of cocaine. In a series of experiments we demonstrate that location of the animal within the open-field permits a positive identification of cocaine conditioning independent from habituation factors. In three separate experiments, five daily paired 10 mg/kg cocaine treatments induced both increased locomotion as well as increased entries into the central zone in the open-field as compared with saline and cocaine unpaired control groups. Critically, in three experimental replications, animals which received the paired cocaine treatment exhibited statistically significant increases in central zone entries in non-drug tests for conditioning both with respect to the saline and cocaine unpaired groups as well as to pre-conditioning levels. In contrast, the spontaneous locomotor behavior in the cocaine paired group on the conditioning test did not reliably increase above pre-conditioning levels but rather was only increased when compared with the reduced habituated activity levels in the saline and cocaine unpaired groups. The conditioned increase in central zone entries induced by cocaine was equally robust at 4 and 9 days post-conditioning but yet could be extinguished with repeated non-cocaine exposures to the open-field environment.
Implications of middle Eocene epizonal plutonism for the unroofing history of the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex, Idaho-Montana

Petrologic and geochronologic limits on the progression of east-directed extensional unroofing of the Bitterroot metamorphic core complex provide a means to compare rates of denudation across the footwall during the earlystages of extensional denudation. U-Pb and 4 0 Ar/ 3 9 Ar data from epizonal plutons in the northwestern and southwestern Bitterroot metamorphic core complex demonstrate that much of the western footwall was exhumed to shallow levels (1-5 km) by ca. 49 Ma, while eastern footwall rocks remained at high temperatures following an episode of isothermal decompression. U-Pb ages of epizonal plutons along the western margins of the footwall suggest that as much as 13 km of unroofing occurred between anatectic melting of Belt Supergroup metasedimentary rocks in the western footwall no later than 56 Ma and emplacement of the adjacent epizonal Lolo Hot Springs batholith at ca. 49 Ma in the northwestern Bitterroot Range. Tectonic denudation during this interval removed roughly the same amount of overburden from eastern footwall rocks, suggesting that the initial stages of unroofing may have been accommodated by a planar, moderately east-dipping (30°-50°) shear zone. 4 0 Ar/ 3 9 Ar cooling data show that cooling in the western footwall was synchronous with unroofing. In contrast, we suggest that a significant delay in cooling of eastern footwall rocks may have resulted from a slight increase in geothermal gradient following this unroofing stage. Exposure of a west-dipping mylonitic shear zone along the western limb of the Bitterroot complex may provide a key for interpreting the postmylonitic structural evolution of the core complex. If this shear zone can be correlated to the Bitterroot mylonite zone to the east, then strong evidence for flexural uplift consistent with postmylonitic passage of a rolling hinge emerges.
Increased hypoglycemia associated with renal failure during continuous intravenous insulin infusion and specialized nutritional support

Objective: To evaluate glycemic control for critically ill, hyperglycemic trauma patients with renal failure who received concurrent intensive insulin therapy and continuous enteral nutrition (EN) or parenteral nutrition (PN). Methods: Adult trauma patients with renal failure who were given EN or PN concurrently with continuous graduated intravenous regular human insulin (RHI) infusion for at least 3 d were evaluated. Our conventional RHI algorithm was modified for those with renal failure by allowing greater changes in blood glucose (BG) concentrations before the infusion rate was escalated. BG concentration was determined every 1 to 2 h while receiving the insulin infusion. BG control was evaluated on the day before RHI infusion and for a maximum of 7 d while receiving RHI. Target BG during the RHI infusion was 70 to 149 mg/dL (3.9 to 8.3 mmol/L). Glycemic control and incidence of hypoglycemia for those with renal failure were compared with a historical cohort of critically ill, hyperglycemic trauma patients without renal failure given our conventional RHI algorithm. Results: Twenty-one patients with renal failure who received the modified RHI algorithm were evaluated and compared with 40 patients without renal failure given our conventional RHI algorithm. Average BG concentration was significantly greater for those with renal failure (133 � 14 mg/dL or 7.3 � 0.7 mmol/L) compared with those without renal failure (122 � 15 mg/dL or 6.8 � 0.8 mmol/L), respectively (P < 0.01). Patients with renal failure showed worsened glycemic variability, with 16.1 � 3.3 h/d within the target BG range, 6.9 � 3.2 h/d above the target BG range, and 1.4 � 1.1 h/d below the target BG range compared with 19.6 � 4.7 h/d (P < 0.001), 3.4 � 3.0 h/ d( P < 0.001), and 0.7 � 0.8 h/d (P < 0.01) for those without renal failure, respectively. Moderate hypoglycemia (<60 mg/dL or <3.3 mmol/L) occurred in 76% of patients with renal failure compared with 35% without renal failure (P < 0.005). Severe hypoglycemia (BG <40 mg/dL or <2.2 mmol/L) occurred in 29% of patients with renal failure compared with none of those without renal failure (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Despite receiving a modified RHI infusion, critically ill trauma patients with renal failure are at greater risk for developing hypoglycemia and have more glycemic variability than patients without renal failure.
Effects of sensory modality on learned mate preferences in female swordtails

Females often base their mate selection on multiple male traits. Different cues may be weighted differently in mating decisions, and play different roles such as indicating species identity or condition. The ontogeny of preferences for each cue can differ, which may offer a proximate explanation for the differential female evaluation of multimodal traits of males. We investigated whether female preferences for the multimodal male cues of Xiphophorus birchmanni swordtails are learned for traits in both olfactory and visual sensory modalities. We reared X. birchmanni females with either conspecific adults or adults of a closely related species, Xiphophorus malinche. We found that both olfactory and visual preferences were learned, and that the timing of olfactory learning was different from that of visual cues. (C) 2011 The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. (Less)
The Effects of a Racist Act and Public Counter‐Demonstrations on Race‐Related Behavioral Intentions: A Natural Experiment

This study reports on a natural experiment that yielded information about the effects of a racist act and public counter-demonstrations on behavioral intentions. The conditions for this natural experiment arose when an act of racial hostility occurred at a small liberal-arts college in the northeastern United States. This event occurred approximately midway through data collection for a study comparing public and private behavioral intentions to donate money to African American interest groups. This coincidence afforded the opportunity to examine the effects of such events on members of the affected community. The results of this natural experiment show that both public and private expression of support for African American interest groups increased after the incident and ensuing demonstrations.
The mechanism of insulin-induced hypercalcemia in the chick.

Previous work by our laboratory has shown that insulin provokes a dose-related hypercalcemia in chicks. To study some of the possible mechanisms responsible for this effect, the role of intestinal absorption of Ca and the participation of the skeleton in the insulin-induced hypercalcemia were investigated. Two experiments were conducted for determining the role of intestinal absorption of Ca. 1) Six-day-old chicks were maintained on a Ca-deficient diet for 7 days. At 13 days of age, the administration of insulin (0.2 U, iv) provoked a significant elevation of plasma Ca (P < 0.01) similar to the increase observed in birds maintained on regular laboratory diet. 2) The effect of the same dose of insulin on intestinal 47Ca absorption was studied using a ligated intestinal loop preparation in vivo. Although significant hypercalcemia occurred (P < 0.001), the absorption of 47Ca was not enhanced. No change was observed in plasma radioactivity, but a significant decrease (P < 0.01) in tibia 47Ca was observed 25 m...
The cytoplasmic filamentous network in cultured ovarian granulosa cells

Abstract We have utilized a cracking procedure followed by a rotary shadow technique to examine the ultrastructure of cultured ovarian granulosa cells. We have demonstrated that the structures observed are not artifacts of fixation or cracking by generating equivalent images following freezing and deep etching as well as by fixation prior to cracking. The cytoplasm of granulosa cells exhibits a complex cytoskeletal lattice composed of many 40–55 nm filaments. This filamentous network is continuous with the plasma membrane and appears to incorporate all formed elements within the cytoplasm. Filaments are organized in three ways: first, in large bundles, second, in individual filaments that are in direct association with organelles, and third, in a complex branching and anastomosing configuration. S-1 decoration revealed that the predominant filament species is actin.
Glenohumeral Chondrolysis After Shoulder Arthroscopy With Thermal Capsulorrhaphy

Glenohumeral chondrolysis is a rare but devastating complication that can occur after shoulder arthroscopy and thermal capsulorrhaphy. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and imaging studies of 8 patients in whom glenohumeral chondrolysis developed after shoulder arthroscopy in which thermal energy was used. Of the 8 patients, 5 had previous thermal capsulorrhaphy for the diagnosis of instability. Two patients were diagnosed with instability with associated labral tears and underwent labral repair with thermal capsular shrinkage. One patient was diagnosed with a labral tear and underwent labral debridement with an extensive glenohumeral synovectomy via a thermal probe. No patients had evidence of chondral damage at their index arthroscopy, and none received postoperative pain pumps. In all patients, radiographic evidence of chondrolysis developed and repeat arthroscopy was performed to confirm the diagnosis. Open surgical stabilization has not been known to have this complication, and it is speculated that heating of the joint fluid at the time of arthroscopy from any source plays a role in cartilage death. Further studies are warranted to determine whether adequate outflow during shoulder arthroscopy where the fluid volume is relatively small will aid in avoiding complications associated with the use of heat sources.