cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recovery of 3-D shape from binocular disparity and structure from motion

Four experiments were conducted to examine the integration of depth information from binocular stereopsis and structure from motion (SFM), using stereograms simulating transparent cylindrical objects. We found that the judged depth increased when either rotational or translational motion was added to a display, but the increase was greater for rotating (SFM) displays. Judged depth decreased as texture element density increased for static and translating stereo displays, but it stayed relatively constant for rotating displays. This result indicates that SFM may facilitate stereo processing by helping to resolve the stereo correspondence problem. Overall, the results from these experiments provide evidence for a cooperative relationship between SFM and binocular disparity in the recovery of 3-D relationships from 2-D images. These findings indicate that the processing of depth information from SFM and binocular disparity is not strictly modular, and thus theories of combining visual information that assume strong modularity or independence cannot accurately characterize all instances of depth perception from multiple sources.
Pore structure and particle size effects on limestone capacity for SO2 removal

A detailed investigation of the dependence of the transient behavior of limestone particles reacting with SO2 in the presence of oxygen on the pore structure properties of the calcined solid is presented. Experimental reactivity and pore structure data were obtained for two highpurity limestones that yield calcines of qualitatively similar distribution of pore size but of different capacity for SO2 removal. Experiments were carried out over a wide range of particle size and temperature so as to investigate the effects of intraparticle mass transport limitations on the process. The results obtained showed strong dependence of the transient behavior of reacting particles of calcined limestone, and consequently of their sorptive capacity for SO2 removal, on their initial pore size distribution and on the resistance for intraparticle mass transport—which is also determined to a certain extent by the pore size distribution. The experimental results were found to be in agreement with the predictions of a mathematical model for gas-solid reactions with solid product involving porous solids of distributed pore size. The findings point to the conclusion that the evaluation of limestones proposed for use as sorbents for controlling SO2 emissions should be based on the size distribution and interconnectedness of the pores of their calcines and not only on their average structural properties (porosity and surface area).
Age and Emotion in Adulthood

Evidence suggests that positive affect rises from youth through young and then older adulthood, but may decline after one's mid-70s. Negative affect appears to decrease steadily from early adulthood to older adulthood, but this decline may taper off in the oldest years. The relationship between age and affect in adulthood is further complicated by the effects of moderators, such as extraversion and marital status. Despite these complexities, recent empirical studies and current theory have furthered the understanding of age and affect in adulthood, although important questions remain.
Mutations in PMR5 result in powdery mildew resistance and altered cell wall composition

*Summary Powdery mildews and other obligate biotrophic pathogens are highly adapted to their hosts and often show limited host ranges. One facet of such host specialization is likely to be penetration of the host cell wall, a major barrier to infection. A mutation in the pmr5 gene rendered Arabidopsis resistant to the powdery mildew species Erysiphe cichoracearum and Erysiphe orontii, but not to the unrelated pathogens Pseudomonas syringae or Peronospora parasitica. PMR5 belongs to a large family of plant-specific genes of unknown function. pmr5-mediated resistance did not require signaling through either the salicylic acid or jasmonic acid/ ethylene defense pathways, suggesting resistance in this mutant may be due either to the loss of a susceptibility factor or to the activation of a novel form of defense. Based on Fourier transform infrared analysis, the pmr5 cell walls were enriched in pectin and exhibited a reduced degree of pectin modification relative to wild-type cell walls. In addition, the mutant had smaller cells, suggesting a defect in cell expansion. A double mutant with pmr6 (defective in a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored pectate lyase-like gene) exhibited a strong increase in total uronic acid content and a more severe reduction in size, relative to the single mutants, suggesting that the two genes affect pectin composition, either directly or indirectly, via different mechanisms. These two mutants highlight the importance of the host cell wall in plant‐microbe interactions.
IGF receptor gene variants in normal adolescents: effect on stature.

Objective: IGF1 is essential for human growth and mediates its effects through the type 1 IGF receptor (IGF1R). Our objective was to determine the frequency of certain previously reported IGF1R gene variants in the normal population and their effect on stature. Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a population of 2500 children enrolled in public school grades 5 through 12 for whom DNA and anthropometric data were available. Subjects were genotyped at five previously reported loci that affect receptor abundance or function. Methods: The frequency of the following IGF1R variants Arg108Gln, Lys115Asn, Arg59stop, Arg481Gln, and Arg605His was measured by a PCR-based assay. Circulating concentrations of IGF1 or IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP3) were measured by ELISA in those affected and matched controls. Results: A scan of 1300 subjects detected none with Arg108Gln, Lys115Asn, or Arg59stop mutations. In contrast, nucleotide changes leading to heterozygosity at codon 605 were identified in nine of 2500 subjects and six of 1800 subjects at codon 481. These individuals were, on average, 4 cm shorter than the others. There were no differences in circulating concentrations of IGF1 or IGFBP3 between those with the gene variants and controls matched for sex, ethnicity, age, and BMI. Conclusion: Rare IGF1R variants exerting a moderate effect on stature are present in the general population, supporting the importance of IGF1R function in growth control and indicating that variation in height within healthy individuals may be explained, in some cases, by larger effects of a small subset of gene variants.
Safety behaviour does not necessarily interfere with exposure therapy

There has been much recent controversy regarding whether or not the use of safety and other neutralizing behaviour interferes with exposure-based therapy. The aim of this study was to examine the role of safety behaviour in the treatment of specific phobia. Sixty-two snake-fearful participants were randomized to a 45-min exposure session with or without the use of safety gear, such as gloves and goggles. During the treatment, participants in the safety behaviour group were able to achieve a significantly closer initial distance of approach to the snake compared to controls. When tested post-treatment without any safety gear, both groups demonstrated comparable treatment gains involving significant reductions in fearful cognitions and subjective anxiety, as well as significant improvements in distance of approach. Results suggest that reliance on safety behaviour during exposure therapy for anxiety disorders may not interfere with treatment outcome.
Linear phase wavelets: theory and design

The authors present new theoretical results on FIR (finite impulse response) filter banks based on Diophantine equations and continued fraction expansions and use them to show how general wavelets may be designed. They further show that by considering a noncausal IIR (infinite impulse response) structure it is possible to have a linear phase paraunitary solution. A number of design examples illustrating the advantages of the new results are presented. >
A simple coax-fed annular sector radiating element

Summary form only given. A comparatively simple method of feeding the planar annular sector element via a coaxial line has been developed. The probe is matched to the strip by a short cylindrical disk sleeve on the center conductor. This type of feeding has been successfully employed in a previous antenna designed for the Land Mobile Satellite System. This feed technique can be used to achieve moderate bandwidth (about 10%), which is sufficient for many applications, including the mobile antennas of the MSAT project at JPL/NASA. This element is very simple and economical to fabricate. >
Knowledge Integration in Science Teaching: Analysing Teachers' Knowledge Development

This paper tests the utility of a new sociocognitive frame for analysing the development of teachers' knowledge – the knowledge integration perspective (Linn, Eylon, & Davis, in press; Linn & Hsi, 2000). In doing so, the paper describes one prospective elementary teacher's developing knowledge and highlights its complexity. The prospective teacher demonstrates relatively well-integrated science subject matter knowledge, but she makes some problematic links to lessons and develops some instructional representations that show where she needs to distinguish between different scientific ideas. She also, however, links science concepts to appropriate real-world experiences, indicating that she has nascent useful pedagogical content knowledge. The paper discusses what teacher educators can learn about their learners from this analysis, argues for the utility of the knowledge integration perspective for conducting similar analyses, provides ideas to help science teacher educators apply the perspective easily as they teach their students, and points to areas ripe for future research.
Drowning in method, thirsty for values: A call for cultural inquiry

A decade or more has passed since publication of most calls for reform in engineering education. In the ensuing time, there has been significant work on the design, implementation, and transferability of appropriate methods and techniques - accompanied by, in most cases, little discussion of the values and beliefs of the people involved. But many theories of change rely on a fundamental shift in human beliefs and values, and purport that institutionalization of methods is impossible without this shift. Given this, now may be a reasonable time to re-visit the questions: What are the values of people involved in engineering education, and are our educational reform efforts considering these values throughout the curriculum design process? In this paper, we examine several models for engineering educational reform, with a particular focus on the role of individual values in determining responses to change. We highlight the importance of developing understandings of individual perspectives and social context. We contrast a user-oriented approach to curriculum design with common scenarios of curriculum design practice, and we argue that, in many cases, successes in curricular change can be traced to employment of user-centered approaches.
A Feasibility Study of Valerian Extract for Sleep Disturbance in Person With Arthritis

Objectives: To present a pilot study of valerian to explore issues of feasibility and efficacy in studies of sedative herbs for arthritis-related sleep disturbance. Methods: Fifteen persons with arthritis and mild sleep disturbance were randomized to receive 600 mg valerian (Valeriana officinalis, n = 7) or placebo (n = 8) for five nights.Results: Protocol adherence (dosing and data collection) was high. Allocation concealment was successful using a novel approach for matching the placebo on the distinctive odor of valerian. Nonsignificant differences between the groups were found on all sleep outcomes, measured by daily diaries and wrist actigraphy.Conclusion: The study methods were feasible, except for recruitment issues (addressed in the discussion), and may guide the testing of other sedative herbs for persons with arthritis. Although efficacy outcomes were inconclusive due to the small sample size of this study, recent evidence from larger trials of valerian also does not support its efficacy.
Spectrum sensing based on time covariance matrix using GNU radio and USRP for cognitive radio

Cognitive radio (CR) is a critical issue to solve the spectrum scarcity and to improve frequency spectrum utilization in wireless communication. Spectrum sensing is the first step for cognitive radio and it needs to detect signals presence under strict requirement such that secondary users (unlicensed users) can use the licensed spectral band without interfering primary users (licensed users). In this paper, we implement spectrum sensing in real environment and verify two present algorithms based on the time-covariance matrix. For the capability of sensing the spectrum, we make use of Software Defined Radio (SDR), which provides the ability to modify the hardware characteristics of the system and the flexibility for programming. Moreover, GNU Radio is an open source software toolkit which provides different functions that supports SDR. The need for low cost hardware platform for an SDR necessitated development of Universal Software Radio Peripheral (USRP). Combining GNU Radio and USRP, can be a very powerful tool to develop SDR based wireless communication systems and to carry out various experiments and testing. With the premise of high correlations of primary users and low correlations of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) between two different samples, we evaluated two kinds of present methods based on time-covariance matrix called Covariance (COV) method and Maximum-to-Minimum Eigenvalue (MME) method. To combat the noise uncertainty, COV uses the ratio between the time correlation and the signal energy as the signal detection indicator; and MME uses the ratio of maximum to minimum eigenvalues of the covariance matrix to detect the signal presence. We analyze the performance of these methods on GNU radio with USRP. Unlike energy detection (ED), COV and MME can do spectrum sensing without any prior knowledge of primary signal and noise power. Furthermore, it can combat noise uncertainty, of which ED is devoid. We present the performance of these two methods compared with ED for BPSK modulation as a primary signal to check the feasibility of these two algorithms.
Chondrolysis After Continuous Intra-Articular Bupivacaine Infusion: An Experimental Model Investigating Chondrotoxicity in the Rabbit Shoulder

Purpose: Postoperative pain pumps are increasingly used to deliver a continuous infusion of local anesthetic into the surgical wound or the joint. Recently, there have been concerns that the use of such devices may be associated with chondrotoxicity and even cases of chondrolysis in the shoulder. An experimental model is presented that investigates potential chondrotoxic effects of a continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine in the rabbit shoulder. Methods: We divided 30 rabbits into 3 groups that received continuous infusions of either saline solution, bupivacaine, or bupivacaine with epinephrine into the glenohumeral joint over a period of 48 hours. Animals were killed after 1 week, and osteochondral and synovial samples from the glenohumeral joint underwent analyses with confocal microscopy for live/dead cell assay, metabolic sulfate uptake assessment, and conventional histologic analysis. Results: Infusion of bupivacaine with epinephrine and without epinephrine decreased sulfate uptake by 56% ( P = .009) and 50% ( P = .02), respectively, when compared with saline solution; cell viability decreased by 20% ( P = .08) and 32% ( P = .02), respectively. Histologic analysis yielded significantly worse scores for bupivacaine infusion with epinephrine ( P = .004) and without epinephrine ( P = .02). The results for bupivacaine with or without epinephrine were not significantly different. Conclusions: Continuous intra-articular infusion of bupivacaine with and without epinephrine led to significant histopathologic and metabolic changes in articular cartilage. Clinical Relevance: Bupivacaine showed profound chondrotoxic effects in an experimental model that closely followed the current clinical application of postoperative pain pumps. The results caution against the use of such devices in applications for smaller joints with minimal clearance or dilution as a result of hematoma, where continuous exposure of cartilage to bupivacaine is expected.
Phase transition between reactive and predictive eye movements is confirmed with nonlinear forecasting and surrogates

We previously demonstrated that there is an abrupt (rather than smooth) transition between reactive and predictive modes of eye-movement tracking of target lights (a phase transition). We also found evidence that the sequence of eye movements in the reactive mode was independent, while those in the predictive mode were correlated and possibly formed a random fractal sequence. Here, we confirm this finding by quantifying the rate of decay of nonlinear forecasting when applied to these data, and develop an extension to small data sets using surrogate data. Verification of these statistical properties in small data sets will be of great use in situations, such as the clinical testing of neurological patients, in which testing time is limited due to subject discomfort or other considerations.
DICTYOSTELIUM MUTANTS LACKING MULTIPLE CLASSIC MYOSIN I ISOFORMS REVEAL COMBINATIONS OF SHARED AND DISTINCT FUNCTIONS

Dictyostelium cells that lack the myoB isoform were previously shown to exhibit reduced efficiencies of phagocytosis and chemotactic aggregation ("streaming") and to crawl at about half the speed of wild-type cells. Of the four other Dictyostelium myosin I isoforms identified to date, myoC and myoD are the most similar to myoB in terms of tail domain sequence. Furthermore, we show here that myoC, like myoB and myoD, is concentrated in actin-rich cortical regions like the leading edge of migrating cells. To look for evidence of functional overlap between these isoforms, we analyzed myoB, myoC, and myoD single mutants, myoB/myoD double mutants, and myoB/myoC/myoD triple mutants, which were created using a combination of gene targeting techniques and constitutive expression of antisense RNA. With regard to the speed of locomoting, aggregation-stage cells, of the three single mutants, only the myoB mutant was significantly slower. Moreover, double and triple mutants were only slightly slower than the myoB single mutant. Consistent with this, the protein level of myoB alone rises dramatically during early development, suggesting that a special demand is placed on this one isoform when cells become highly motile. We also found, however, that the absolute amount of myoB protein in aggregation-stage cells is much higher than that for myoC and myoD, suggesting that what appears to be a case of nonoverlapping function could be the result of large differences in the amounts of functionally overlapping isoforms. Streaming assays also suggest that myoC plays a significant role in some aspect of motility other than cell speed. With regard to phagocytosis, both myoB and myoC single mutants exhibited significant reductions in initial rate, suggesting that these two isoforms perform nonredundant roles in supporting the phagocytic process. In triple mutants these defects were not additive, however. Finally, because double and triple mutants exhibited significant and progressive decreases in doubling times, we also measured the kinetics of fluid phase endocytic flux (uptake, transit time, efflux). Not only do all three isoforms contribute to this process, but their contributions are synergistic. While these results, when taken together, refute the simple notion that these three "classic" myosin I isoforms perform exclusively identical functions, they do reveal that all three share in supporting at least one cellular process (endocytosis), and they identify several other processes (motility, streaming, and phagocytosis) that are supported to a significant extent by either individual isoforms or various combinations of them.
Single Event Upset: An Embedded Tutorial

With the continuous downscaling of CMOS technologies, the reliability has become a major bottleneck in the evolution of the next generation systems. Technology trends such as transistor down-sizing, use of new materials, and system on chip architectures continue to increase the sensitivity of systems to soft errors. These errors are random and not related to permanent hardware faults. Their causes may be internal (e.g., interconnect coupling) or external (e.g., cosmic radiation). To meet the system reliability requirements it is necessary for both the circuit designers and test engineers to get the basic knowledge of the soft errors. We present a tutorial study of the radiation-induced single event upset phenomenon caused by external radiation, which is a major source of soft errors. We summarize basic radiation mechanisms and the resulting soft errors in silicon. Soft error mitigation techniques with time and space redundancy are illustrated. An industrial design example, the IBM z990 system, shows how the industry is dealing with soft errors these days.
Summary of the NIST workshop on sustainable manufacturing: metrics, standards, and infrastructure

This report summarises the presentations, discussions, and recommendations of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Workshop ‘Sustainable Manufacturing: Metrics, Standards, and Infrastructure’ held at NIST, Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA, October 13th through October 15th, 2009. The primary objective of this workshop was to bring together experts and various stakeholders to identify and discuss measurement and standards enablers that positively affect the social, economic, environmental, and technological aspects of designing sustainable production processes and products. The workshop was well attended and consisted of thirty presentations organised under five sessions: Two breakout sessions and an industry panel provided a set of recommendations for addressing critical issues in sustainable manufacturing.
Embodied cognition, language, and mirror neuron system

Language and cognition seems to be very different, they are studied in different university departments, they are located in different parts of the brain, still nature gives us no separate examples of these abilities. What exactly is similar and different among language and cognition? What are functions of language in cognition, and vice versa? How are these abilities embodied? The paper develops mathematical model of interacting cognition and language based on existing cognitive data and closely related to mirror neuron system. Dynamic logic modeling fundamental mechanisms of the mind leads to a hypothesis answering above questions. Future research and verifiable experimental predictions are discussed.
Analytic solution of stochastic completion fields

Uses generalized particle trajectories to derive an analytic expression characterizing the probability distribution of boundary-completion shape. This is essential to the understanding of the perceptual phenomenon of illusory (subjective) contours. The particles' dynamics include Poisson-distributed ensembles of driving forces as well as particle decay. The resulting field, representing completed surface boundaries, is characterized by the fraction of particles at x with velocity x/spl dot/. The distributions are projectively covariant in the sense that fields calculated in any lower-dimensional projection correspond to the projections of fields calculated in any higher dimension. Being analytic, the relationship between velocity, diffusivity, and decay can be made readily apparent.
ON VORTEX FORMATION FROM A CYLINDER. PART 1: THE INITIAL INSTABILITY

Vortex shedding from a circular cylinder is examined over a tenfold range of Reynolds number, 440 ≤ Re ≤ 5040. The shear layer separating from the cylinder shows, to varying degrees, an exponential variation of fluctuating kinetic energy with distance downstream of the cylinder. The characteristics of this unsteady shear layer are interpreted within the context of an absolute instability of the near wake. At the trailing-end of the cylinder, the fluctuation amplitude of the instability correlates well with previously measured values of mean base pressure. Moreover, this amplitude follows the visualized vortex formation length as Reynolds number varies. There is a drastic decrease in this near-wake fluctuation amplitude in the lower range of Reynolds number and a rapid increase at higher Reynolds number. These trends are addressed relative to the present, as well as previous, observations.
Protective effects of Healon and Occucoat against air bubble endothelial damage during ultrasonic agitation of the anterior chamber

Abstract An important aspect of any new viscoelastic substance is the corneal endothelial protection. We compared the protective effects of sodium hyaluronate (Healon ® ) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (Occucoat ® ) by introducing a controlled volume of air bubbles into the anterior chamber of human eye bank eyes during ultrasonic agitation of the anterior chamber. Eight eyes received Healon and 11 eyes received Occucoat. Damage to endothelial cells in the central cornea was quantified by vital staining. Endothelial damage averaged 4.5% in eyes in which no viscoelastic was used (positive control); damage was 0.4% in eyes in which a viscoelastic was injected but no air bubbles were introduced (negative control). We found that endothelial damage averaged 4.25% in specimens that received air plus Healon and 1.4% in specimens that received air plus Occucoat. Occucoat appeared to have somewhat better protective effects than Healon against air bubble damage to the corneal endothelium during ultrasonic agitation of the anterior chamber.
Complementary Hierarchical Clustering

When applying hierarchical clustering algorithms to cluster patient samples from microarray data, the clustering patterns generated by most algorithms tend to be dominated by groups of highly differentially expressed genes that have closely related expression patterns. Sometimes, these genes may not be relevant to the biological process under study or their functions may already be known. The problem is that these genes can potentially drown out the effects of other genes that are relevant or have novel functions. We propose a procedure called complementary hierarchical clustering that is designed to uncover the structures arising from these novel genes that are not as highly expressed. Simulation studies show that the procedure is effective when applied to a variety of examples. We also define a concept called relative gene importance that can be used to identify the influential genes in a given clustering. Finally, we analyze a microarray data set from 295 breast cancer patients, using clustering with the correlation-based distance measure. The complementary clustering reveals a grouping of the patients which is uncorrelated with a number of known prognostic signatures and significantly differing distant metastasis-free probabilities.
A comparison of cardiac rate-pressure product and pressure-rate quotient in healthy and medically compromised patients

Healthy and medically compromised patients were studied to compare blood pressure and heart rate changes in response to stress of routine dental extractions performed while they were under local anesthesia. Thirty-nine patients divided into American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) I and II groups were noninvasively monitored every 5 minutes. Systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressures and heart rate were recorded. Rate pressure products (RPP) and pressure rate (PRQ) quotients were calculated and compared in each group. Significant results were measures of RPP greater than 12,000 and PRQ less than one. Of the 24 patients in the ASA I category, 50% demonstrated elevated RPP values, but only two of 24 had coincidental PRQ abnormalities. Of the 15 patients in the ASA II category, 80% demonstrated elevated RPP values, but two of 15 had coincidental PRQ abnormalities. Patients in the ASA II category had a higher incidence of RPP and PRQ abnormalities, as was expected. However, it is not known which of these two measures is a more sensitive indicator of increased risk associated with stimulation of the sympathetic-adrenergic axis during oral surgery performed with patients under local anesthesia. Correlation studies with continuous Holter monitoring for ST-T wave changes on electrocardiography are forthcoming.
Managing Buyer-Supplier Contracts in Biotechnology: The Effect of Downstream Investments on Contract Choice

A remarkable feature of buyer-supplier contracting is the variety of supply contracts employed even by a single buyer. This paper empirically examines the variation of supply contracts for a single biotechnology firm. In particular, the paper predicts that contract dimensions of supply inspection, supplier plant inspection, and contract customization, are chosen to safeguard against supplier-malfeasance, which could lead to the nonverifiable devaluation a buyer's downstream idiosyncratic investments. The downstream idiosyncratic investments of interest include reputational capital with consumers and the FDA and production systems. Our empirical analysis employs a four-equation multivariate Probit to analyze 137 supply contracts. As predicted by our theory, we find that contract terms are chosen to minimize supplier malfeasance hazards.
Pathologic Quiz Case Recurrent Spontaneous Pneumothorax in an Industrial Worker

A man experienced progressive shortness of breath with spontaneous pneumothoraces 2 times, which required chest tube placements and hospitalization for medical management. A computed tomographic (CT) scan of the chest performed at the time of the second chest tube placement demonstrated a small, dependent, right pleural effusion with adjacent consolidation, mild pleural thickening near the left base, and prominent interstitial markings at both lung bases (Figure 1). Past medical his-
The Donor At The VLA

A storm has left a dusting on the Magdalene said to be visible on the western side of the range. But she’s only a hill rusting in open air. Or a body without a heart. On this road to the Gila, on the wayward side of Datil, wind rattles the bat-gates at the adits of the zinc mines like a sneeze of the substance abuser it is. A young driver going west might get blinded by brute sun just shy of the radio telescopes at the Very Large Array. She flips, gone out of control, and succumbs in the O.R. in Socorro. Her heart expertly harvested. Iced. Flown to Albuquerque... Snow softened the surfaces but I refused to bury my childhood that far from trees. The scopes indeed were huge. Who could say how they worked? Off-axis paraboloids detecting dark energy... I suspect they would have made my parents lonely.
The Pope and Mussolini: The Secret History of Pius XI and the Rise of Fascism in Europe

Achille Ratti, Pius XI from February 1922 until his death in February 1939, was authoritarian, isolated, often cruel to subordinates, hot-headed, and very much aware of his role as head of the Cath...
Quantum Optical Correlations: A Green’s Function Approach

We outline a Green function method for the calculation of quantum optical correlations, paying particular attention to nonlinear effects beyond the domain of linearized noise theory.
Transaction Costs and the Implied Volatility Smile

Proportional transaction costs are considered as a possible explanation of the volatility smile of index options. A tight upper bound on the call option price is derived in the presence of proportional transaction costs by extending stochastic dominance arguments. A tight and novel lower bound on the call option price is derived by imposing a plausible upper bound on the investor's relative risk aversion coefficient. The bounds are sufficiently tight to reject the hypothesis that transaction costs can account for the volatility smile in an otherwise Black-Scholes market environment.
Advanced GaAsBased HBT Designs for Wireless Communications Systems

This chapter addresses critical issues in GaAs-based HBT device design and offers effective and practical solutions to enhance the linearity and efficiency in microwave power amplification and the reliability in device operation. The individual device layer designs (primarily, the emitter and collector layer structures) are presented first. The optimization of the overall device design is discussed according to the scaling rules of HBTs and the wireless communications system requirements. Novel HBT device structures based on advanced designs, processes, and/or materials are discussed as well.
False Marking in the Wake of the Federal Circuit’s Decision in Bon Tool

Section 292 of the Patent Act provides penalties for false patent marking. Until recently, court generally interpreted the statute as providing a maximum $500 fine for each decision to falsely mark an article. Forest Group, Inc. v. Bon Tool Co., a recent decision by the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, held that Section 292 should be interpreted to require a fine of $500 per article marked. This has led to a large increase in qui tam false marking complaints and to proposals to legislatively overrule the Federal Circuit's decision. This article argues that the Bon Tool decision was proper. It correctly interpreted the current patent Act, and it furthers the goal of protecting consumers and competitors from falsely marked articles.
TORUS: Theory of Reactions for Unstable iSotopes.Topical Collaboration for Nuclear Theory Project. Period: June 1, 2010 - May 31, 2015

The work of this collaboration during its existence is summarized. The mission of the TORUS Topical Collaboration was to develop new methods that advance nuclear reaction theory for unstable isotopes by using three-body techniques to improve direct reaction calculations. This multi-institution collaborative effort was and remains directly relevant to three areas of interest: the properties of nuclei far from stability, microscopic studies of nuclear input parameters for astrophysics, and microscopic nuclear reaction theory. The TORUS project focused on understanding the details of (d,p) reactions for neutron transfer to heavier nuclei. The bulk of the work fell into three areas: coupled channel theory, modeling (d,p) reactions with a Faddeev-AGS approach, and capture reactions.
Post-marketing Safety Observation of Influenza A (H1N1) Vaccine in Yunnan Province

Objective To assess the post-marketing safety of influenza A(H1N1) vaccine in Yunnan province.Methods Volunteers lived in two towns were inoculated by influenza A(H1N1) vaccine from March 29 to April 3,2012.The features of adverse reactions were observed and analyzed during 28 days after immunization.Results Among 5 262 volunteers inoculated,adverse reactions were found in 52 cases and all of them were common adverse reactions including fever,pain at the injection site,erythema swelling and itching.All cases were cured.The total incidence of adverse reaction was 0.99%,with the local reaction of 0.32% and systemic reaction of 0.89%.Conclusion Influenza A(H1N1) vaccine used in Yunnan has good safety,and it is suitable for a mass immunization in common population without contraindications.
A Thumbnail View on the Rhetorical Effect of the Inverted Word Order

The usual shift of the position of the same part of speech no matter backward or forward does not cause a great semantic difference.However it does produce a change in the rhetorical effect of the sentence with the shift of the positon of the subject, attribute,adverbial,supplement or words in phrases.
A comparative study of open versus laparoscopic herniorrhaphy in pediatric inguinal herni

[Objective] To compare the clinical outcomes between laparoscopic and traditional herniorrhaphy in pediatric inguinal hernia.[Methods] From January 2007 to April 2011,600 children with indirect inguinal hernia underwent laparoscopic high ligation and the other 600 children underwent traditional high ligation.Perioperative data were collected and analyzed.[Results] The duration of operation,the time of complete recovery and amount of blood loss were significantly shorter and less in laparoscopic high ligation than traditional open surgery.The overall incidence of a patent processus vaginalis on contralateral examination was 37%(193 of 523).Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia could avoid a difficult dissection in groin,and the procedure under the superior magnification of a laparoscope would greatly reduce the incidence of vas and vascular injury,and no complications such as testicular atrophy and iatrogenic cryptorchidism was observed.[Conclusion] Laparoscopic repair of inguinal hernia is a safe and effective procedure,with the advantages of minimal invasion,simplicity of operation,rapid recovery and so on,and is worth to be introduced.
A Scalability Metric for Control Planes in Software Defined Networks (SDNs)

Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture promises to mitigate limitations of traditional networking architectures in order to satisfy today's complex networking needs. However, as all new networking architectures, SDN also presents several inevitable technical challenges to be addressed by researchers. Control plane scalability is one of the crucial issues deserving more attention from both academia and industry in SDN as well. There are many existing solutions proposing a way to alleviate the control plane scalability in SDN. However, one prominent common ground they share is that they measure the control plane scalability performance in terms of typical network QoS parameters such as throughput and latency. Although these metrics may be a good performance indicators for quality of service measurement in mid-term and long-term, they may not reflect real scalability performance of control planes in SDN environments. However, a metric for scalability of control plane in SDN can provide network administrators some insights while they construct their SDN networks. In this paper, we firstly explore the roots of control plane scalability problem in SDN as well as proposed existing solutions. We then propose a metric in order to evaluate the control plane scalability in SDN. We give mathematical models of the proposed metric over different control plane designs. Further, we compare the performance of these control plane designs by extensive experiments.
Racial Disparity in Probationers’ Views about Probation:

The current study examined racial disparity in probationers’ views about probation services using survey data from 1,896 probationers in a large county in north Texas. Two multivariate logistic reg...
The rapid activation of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase by decapitation and its relationship to a cyclic AMP-dependent phosphorylating mechanism.

Rat adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase appears to exist in two forms that differ primarily in their affinities for pterin cofactor. In the nonstressed rat that has been anesthetized either by halothane or pentobarbital, approximately 25% of adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase is in the activated (low Km) form. Following decapitation, approximately 60% of the enzyme is found in the active (low Km) form, suggesting that a considerable fraction of the less active form of the enzyme is rapidly transformed to the active form during stress. A similar, although more complete, transformation of the less active form of the enzyme to the active form can be produced if the soluble enzyme from either stressed or nonstressed rats is incubated in the presence of cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylating system. In the presence of the cyclic AMP-dependent protein phosphorylating system, the enzyme from both stressed and nonstressed animals achieves a comparable degree of activation. These results suggest that stress related activation of tyrosine hydroxylase may be mediated by a cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase reaction.
P04.17 Intravaginal practices among rural malawian women

Introduction Intravaginal practices (IVP) are highly prevalent and commonly performed in many countries for a variety of purposes related to genital health, personal hygiene, and sexual pleasure. However, IVP may also have harmful side effects. Previous research supports an association between IVP and bacterial vaginosis and HIV. Our objective is to understand the prevalence and motivations for IVP among rural Malawian women participating in a community survey on sexual and reproductive health. Methods We used baseline survey data from a community-based cohort study conducted among 650 women in rural Lilongwe District, Malawi. Participants answered questions assessing frequency of use for different types of IVP and reasons for performing IVP. Results Most women reported at least some experience with IVP in the past 30 days: 88% reported internal vaginal cleansing with water, 87% reported cleansing with soap and water, and 84% reported inserting cotton, cloth or tissue. Only 5% of women reported no IVP; most (60%) reported at least three practices. Approximately half of women reported very frequent engagement in at least one type of IVP: among those who inserted cotton, cloth or tissue, 43% did so more than once a day; among those who cleansed internally with soap and water, 51% did so more than once a day. Among IVP engagers, 57% reported sexual- and hygiene-related reasons, 36% only hygiene reasons, 4% neither, and 3% only sexually-related motivations. We found no significant association between motivations for IVP (for hygiene vs. sexual reasons) and frequency of IVP. Conclusion Intravaginal practices are highly prevalent and frequently performed among these rural Malawian women. Women’s motivations for IVP were not associated with IVP frequency, and therefore IVP cessation programs targeted to motivations may be unsuccessful in this population. The next phase of this research program will investigate the association between IVP and STI prevalence. Disclosure of interest statement The authors have no conflicts of interest or financial disclosures to report.
The effect of unilateral somatosensory stimulation on hemispheric asymmetries during slow wave sleep.

Study objectives To examine the effect of unilateral somatosensory stimulation on the laterality of delta band activity during slow wave sleep (SWS). Design Participants napped for two hours on two separate days. Two types of vibratory stimuli were randomly presented to one hand: a short and more intense vibration (rare stimulus) and a long and less intense vibration (frequent stimulus). The vibratory stimuli were presented to participants once in SWS in alternating periods of stimulation and no stimulation. Electroencephalographic (EEG) recordings were obtained from homologous electrode sites and analyzed for asymmetry. Setting State University of New York at Stony Brook. Participants Eight right-handed college students (ages 18 to 24). Measurements & results Delta band activity (>0-3.906 Hz) at homologous electrode sites was obtained and an asymmetry index (AI) was derived. The AI varied as a function of Stimulus Type (rare, frequent, no stimulus). Less asymmetry was observed after rare stimuli than after frequent or no stimuli. There was no difference in AI between right and left hand stimulation. Absolute delta power was greater to rare stimuli than to frequent or no stimuli. Amplitude of ERP (event-related potential) components during wakefulness and sleep were also examined. Conclusions The results of this study do not support the idea that vibratory stimulation of a given hand will disrupt sleep in the contralateral hemisphere. However, the results do support the idea that the human brain is capable of monitoring the environment without compromising slow wave sleep.
Schrödinger Operators with Oscillating Potentials

Dae to the pioneering contributions of Kato-Kuroda [10], [11] and to the more recent works of Agmon [l] and Enss [6], a spectral and scattering theory for Schrodinger operators with short range potentials is now well established. An interesting example of a potential which does not belong to this class is the Wigner-von- Neumann [17] potential. This potential is the sum of a short range potential and of an oscillating one which is of the form, $${P_o}\left( x \right) = c\frac{{\sin b{{\left| x \right|}^\alpha }}}{{{{\left| x \right|}^\beta }}},\alpha ,\beta > 0$$ (1.1) where c = -8, b = 2 and α = β = 1.
An Immersogeometric Method for the Simulation of Turbulent Flow Around Complex Geometries

In this chapter we summarize a recently proposed immersogeometric method for the simulation of incompressible flow around geometrically complex objects. The method immerses the objects into unfitted tetrahedral finite elements meshes and weakly enforces Dirichlet boundary conditions on the surfaces of the objects. Adaptively refined quadrature rules are used to faithfully capture the flow domain geometry in the discrete problem without modifying the unfitted finite element mesh. A variational multiscale formulation which provides accuracy and robustness in both laminar and turbulent flow conditions is employed. We assess the accuracy of the method by analyzing the flow around an immersed sphere for a wide range of Reynolds numbers. We show that flow quantities of interest are in very good agreement with reference values obtained from standard boundary-fitted approaches. Our results also show that the faithful representation of the geometry in intersected elements is critical for accurate flow analysis. We demonstrate the potential of our proposed method for high-fidelity industrial scale simulations by performing an aerodynamic analysis of a full-scale agricultural tractor.
General Strain Theory, Religiosity, and Delinquency among Young Latino Americans

ABSTRACTUtilizing general strain theory and drawing from contemporary racial stratification literature and the sociology of religion, I contend general strain theory is salient among young Latinos. Additionally, I hypothesize religiosity is negatively correlated with delinquency, and attenuates the effects of strain on negative emotions and those of negative emotions on delinquency. Moreover, I hypothesize the impact of religiosity is more salient for foreign born than native born Latino youth. I test these hypotheses using data from the first two waves of Add Health. Results generally provide support for my hypotheses. The implications of these results and directions for future studies are discussed.
Mineral-Induced Enantioenrichment of Tartaric Acid

Interaction of mixtures of d - and l -tartrates with dissolved gibbsite minerals produces homochiral and heterochiral dimers in a stochastic manner, providing a mechanism for enantioenrichment given a small initial imbalance. This work offers the first suggestion for a path towards the emergence of homochirality in prebiotic metabolism via the glyoxylate scenario.
Role of Exercise in Alleviating Chronic Pain in SCI

Four out of five people with spinal cord injury (SCI) report chronic pain. In general this chronic pain is refractory to conventional treatments. Exercise programs designed to alleviate shoulder pain, a particular subtype of nociceptive pain after SCI, have the strongest evidence for effectiveness. There is weak evidence that long term aerobic exercise can reduce chronic pain intensity in persons with SCI. The two purported mechanisms related to the amelioration of pain by exercise are enhanced descending inhibitory activity and reduced excitatory synaptic transmission, however experimental support for these mechanisms is meager. Finally there seems to be an association between exercise, pain, and mood states which may be related to common mechanisms and requires further study.