cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Considering Quality Control in Distance and Online Education: A Commentary

Quality control measures are needed in distance education. The author examined the strengths and weaknesses of course delivery in distance education and provided recommendations for a successful series of steps that should be followed in course development to assure quality control. Quality control measures can become valuable tools to enhance the educational delivery of distance and online coursework and develop the professional competence of instructors. Measures can range from course oversight by trained personnel, to mandated components that are common within all courses. New technologies especially in rich multimedia and asynchronous communication methods allow for increased learning opportunities. Students can have access to a vast wealth of content available over various media, and if correctly designed and navigated, take control of their own learning. However, quality high-value learning will not take place unless common design elements are put into place for all distance learning courses. These elements include rich multimedia, asynchronous communication, and the mentoring of faculty that teach distance and online courses. Distance learning is gaining momentum in higher education. The student of today would select a distance or online course over a formal class if given the chance to choose. The literature on distance education and online learning is growing and this contribution will add to that body of literature.
Chylous ascites after laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.

Introduction The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, presentation, management, and outcomes of chylous ascites following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Methods An Internet-based, multi-institutional survey was performed using http://www.surveymonkey.com. An email invitation to the voluntary survey was sent to 30 transplant centers and posted on CenterSpan, an email forum for transplant surgeons. The number of living donor transplantations and the number of cases of chylous ascites with clinical information, treatment and outcomes were sought from the questionnaire. Results A total of 12 centers responded and reported 7683 cases of live donor nephrectomy. The reported incidence of postoperative chylous ascites was 0.013% (n = 12). Six centers reported 10 cases of chylous ascites following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy and 2 cases after open donor nephrectomy. Among the eight patients who developed chylous ascites following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy, presentation was typically 2 weeks after the date of initial surgery. Conservative therapy was successful in 50% of cases. Refractory ascites managed secondarily with surgical intervention had a success rate of 100%. Conclusion Chylous ascites is a rare complication following laparoscopic donor nephrectomy. Initial treatment should be conservative, with surgical therapy reserved for refractory cases.
El mercado mundial del café y el surgimiento de Colombia como un país cafetero

El crecimiento en la producciA³n mundial estuvo acompaA±ado por una tendencia al incremento a largo plazo del precio real del cafA©. El mercado mAis dinAimico en el consumo de cafA© fue los Estados Unidos. En Europa fue Alemania y Francia; el dinamismo del consumo en el siglo XIX, se debiA³, bAisicamente, a la popularizaciA³n creciente del consumo del cafA© en los paA­ses avanzados, como resultado en los ingresos reales promedios, a partir de la revoluciA³n industrial. El cafA© a comienzos del siglo XIX, era un artA­culo de lujo de dichos paA­ses y que solo con el transcurso del siglo fue generalizAindose su consumo en la poblaciA³n. Colombia surgiA³ como un paA­s cafetero en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, coincidiendo con una fase de desequilibrio creciente en el mercado mundial del cafA©.
Geoscience Experiments in Boreholes: Instrumentation

Geoscientist: “Provide a list of all the logging tools available and obtain a complete suite on all holes.”
Genetic and Proteomic Analyses of Pupylation in Streptomyces coelicolor

ABSTRACT Pupylation is a posttranslational modification peculiar to actinobacteria wherein proteins are covalently modified with a small protein called the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup). Like ubiquitination in eukaryotes, this phenomenon has been associated with proteasome-mediated protein degradation in mycobacteria. Here, we report studies of pupylation in a streptomycete that is phylogentically related to mycobacteria. We constructed mutants of Streptomyces coelicolor lacking PafA (Pup ligase), the proteasome, and the Pup-proteasome system. We found that these mutants share a high susceptibility to oxidative stress compared to that of the wild-type strain. Remarkably, we found that the pafA null mutant has a sporulation defect not seen in strains lacking the Pup-proteasome system. In proteomics experiments facilitated by an affinity-tagged variant of Pup, we identified 110 pupylated proteins in S. coelicolor strains having and lacking genes encoding the 20S proteasome. Our findings shed new light on this unusual posttranslational modification and its role in Streptomyces physiology. IMPORTANCE The presence of 20S proteasomes reminiscent of those in eukaryotes and a functional equivalent of ubiquitin, known as the prokaryotic ubiquitin-like protein (Pup), in actinobacteria have motivated reevaluations of protein homeostasis in prokaryotes. Though the Pup-proteasome system has been studied extensively in mycobacteria, it is much less understood in streptomycetes, members of a large genus of actinobacteria known for highly choreographed life cycles in which phases of morphological differentiation, sporulation, and secondary metabolism are often regulated by protein metabolism. Here, we define constituents of the pupylome in Streptomyces coelicolor for the first time and present new evidence that links pupylation and the oxidative stress response in this bacterium. Surprisingly, we found that the Pup ligase has a Pup-independent role in sporulation.
Expression cloning of NaDC-2, an intestinal Na+- or Li+-dependent dicarboxylate transporter

A cDNA coding for a Na(+)-dicarboxylate cotransporter from Xenopus laevis intestine, NaDC-2, was isolated by functional expression cloning in Xenopus oocytes. NaDC-2 encodes a 622-residue polypepti...
Aggregation, consumer preferences, and the pattern of trade

Abstract This paper evaluates the effect of aggregation on the observed pattern of trade. The traditional assumption of homothetic consumer preferences is found to hold an increasing empirical relevance under a successively higher aggregation of goods.
Nanomechanical properties of poly(para-phenylene vinylene) determined using quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation

Abstract Mechanical properties of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) were determined by quasi-static and dynamic nanoindentation. PPV films were prepared by thermolytic conversion of poly[p-phenylene (tetrahydrothiophenium)ethylene chloride] precursor films, at different temperatures. The mechanical properties of the films showed a dependence on the extent of conversion and chemical composition of the films. The storage modulus, E r ′ , and plasticity decreased with an increase in conversion, whereas the loss modulus, E r ″ , showed the opposite trend. Both the precursor and the fully-converted PPV films were found to have significantly lower E r ″ than E r ′ , consistent with the glassy nature of the polymers at room temperature. The fully-converted PPV polymer was found to have room-temperature storage and loss moduli of 4.4 and 0.2 GPa, respectively. A comparison of the contact mechanical properties of the isotropic PPV films synthesized in this work with previously reported values for stretch-oriented anisotropic films determined by conventional tensile testing methods is also discussed.
Effects of diagenesis on strontium, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen concentration and isotopic composition of bone

Abstract Paleodietary analysis based on variations in the trace element and stable isotopic composition of inorganic and organic phases in fossil bone depends on the assumption that measured values reflect in vivo values. To test for postmortem alteration, we measured 87 Sr 86 Sr , 13 C 12 C , 18 O 16 O and 15 N 14 N ratios and Sr concentrations in modern and prehistoric (610 to 5470 yr old) bones of animals with marine or terrestrial diets from Greenland. Bones from modern terrestrial feeders have substantially lower Sr concentrations and more radiogenic 87 Sr 86 Sr ratios than those from modern marine feeders. This contrast was not preserved in the prehistoric samples, which showed almost complete overlap for both Sr concentration and isotopic composition in bones from the two types of animals. Leaching experiments, X-ray diffraction analysis and infrared spectroscopy indicate that alteration of the Sr concentration and isotopic composition in prehistoric bone probably results from nearly complete exchange with groundwater. Oxygen isotope ratios in fossil apatite carbonate also failed to preserve the original discrimination between modern terrestrial and marine feeders. The C isotope ratio of apatite carbonate did not discriminate between animals with marine or terrestrial diets in the modern samples. Even so, the ranges of apatite δ 13 C values in prehistoric bone are more scattered than in modern samples for both groups, suggesting alteration had occurred. δ 13 C and δ 15 N values of collagen in modern bone are distinctly different for the two feeding types, and this distinction is preserved in most of the prehistoric samples. Our results suggest that postmortem alteration of dietary tracers in the inorganic phases of bone may be a problem at all archaeological sites and must be evaluated in each case. While collagen analyzed in this study was resistant to alteration, evaluation of the possibility of diagenetic alteration of its isotopic composition in bones from other contexts is also warranted.
On the preparation of tropoelastin from embryonic chick aorta.

Abstract Embryonic chick aortas, in culture, produce soluble proteins which serve as substrates for lysyl oxidase. A small portion of the substrate appears to be collagen, but the major part was identified as tropoelastin, a soluble precursor of elastin. The tropoelastin is converted to an insoluble form during prolonged incubation periods.
Detecting Tree-like Multicellular Life on Extrasolar Planets

Abstract Over the next two decades, NASA and ESA are planning a series of space-based observatories to find Earth-like planets and determine whether life exists on these planets. Previous studies have assessed the likelihood of detecting life through signs of biogenic gases in the atmosphere or a red edge. Biogenic gases and the red edge could be signs of either single-celled or multicellular life. In this study, we propose a technique with which to determine whether tree-like multicellular life exists on extrasolar planets. For multicellular photosynthetic organisms on Earth, competition for light and the need to transport water and nutrients has led to a tree-like body plan characterized by hierarchical branching networks. This design results in a distinct bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) that causes differing reflectance at different sun/view geometries. BRDF arises from the changing visibility of the shadows cast by objects, and the presence of tree-like structures is clearly dis...
Moving Mitochondria: Establishing Distribution of an Essential Organelle

Mitochondria form a dynamic network responsible for energy production, calcium homeostasis and cell signaling. Appropriate distribution of the mitochondrial network contributes to organelle function and is essential for cell survival. Highly polarized cells, including neurons and budding yeast, are particularly sensitive to defects in mitochondrial movement and have emerged as model systems for studying mechanisms that regulate organelle distribution. Mitochondria in multicellular eukaryotes move along microtubule tracks. Actin, the primary cytoskeletal component used for transport in yeast, has more subtle functions in other organisms. Kinesin, dynein and myosin isoforms drive motor-based movement along cytoskeletal tracks. Milton and syntabulin have recently been identified as potential organelle-specific adaptor molecules for microtubule-based motors. Miro, a conserved GTPase, may function with Milton to regulate transport. In yeast, Mmr1p and Ypt11p, a Rab GTPase, are implicated in myosin V-based mitochondrial movement. These potential adaptors could regulate motor activity and therefore determine individual organelle movements. Anchoring of stationary mitochondria also contributes to organelle retention at specific sites in the cell. Together, movement and anchoring ultimately determine mitochondrial distribution throughout the cell.
Metal-binding properties and structural characterization of a self-assembled coiled coil: formation of a polynuclear Cd-thiolate cluster.

This paper describes the design, characterization, and metal-binding properties of a 32-residue polypeptide called AQ-C16C19. The sequence of this peptide is composed of four repeats of the seven residue sequence Ile-Ala-Ala-Leu-Glu-Gln-Lys but with a Cys-X-X-Cys metal-binding motif substituted at positions 16-19. Size exclusion chromatography with multiangle light scattering detection (SEC-MALS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy studies showed that the apo peptide exhibits a pH-dependent oligomerization state in which a three-stranded α-helical coiled coil is dominant between pH5.4 and 8.5. The Cd(2+)-binding properties of the AQ-C16C19 peptide were studied by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS), and (113)Cd NMR techniques. The holoprotein was found to contain a polynuclear cadmium-thiolate center formed within the hydrophobic core of the triple-stranded α-helical coiled-coil structure. The X-ray crystal structure of the Cd-loaded peptide, resolved at 1.85A resolution, revealed an adamantane-like configuration of the polynuclear metal center consisting of four cadmium ions, six thiolate sulfur ligands from cysteine residues and four oxygen-donor ligands. Three of these are from glutamic acid residues and one is from an exogenous water molecule. Thus, each cadmium ion is coordinated in a distorted tetrahedral S(3)O geometry. The metal cluster was found to form cooperatively at pH5.4 but in a stepwise fashion at pH>7. The results demonstrate that synthetic coiled-coils can be designed to incorporate multinuclear metal clusters, a proof-of-concept for their potential use in developing synthetic metalloenzymes and multi-electron redox agents.
Experimental exploration of the thermal structure of an array of burning droplet streams

Abstract The effect of turbulence intensity and fuel vapor pressure on the thermal structure in a linear array of burning droplet streams has been investigated using two levels of turbulence intensity and fuel vapor pressure. Particular attention has been focused on the relationship between the dynamic motion of the flame front and the thermal structure of the flame. Bare microthermocouples, digitally compensated for thermal inertia effects, were used to measure fluctuating gas-phase temperatures in this dilute spray flame with 407 μm nominal diameter hexane droplets. The flame was formed by nine vertical streams oriented in a plane and horizontally separated by a distance of 4 mm. Increasing the vapor pressure of the fuel caused higher flame temperatures at the average location of the premixed-gas flame. However, the essential features of the average and fluctuating temperature profiles as well as the probability density function (pdf) surfaces were unchanged over the range of vapor pressures investigated. The higher-turbulence intensity level promoted higher temperature fluctuations because the fluctuating combustion zone of the flame was widened. The dynamics of the drifting motion of the flame as well as the instantaneous temperature profiles across the flame were also influenced, causing the disappearance of the bimodal shape in the pdf surfaces.
Dispersive Approach to Current Algebra

The current-algebra scheme, not including equal-time commutators of two space components, is formulated entirely in terms of covariant dispersion relations (i.e., over the laboratory energy for fixed mass) where the number of subtractions is chosen according to the usual Regge picture. To do this, one expresses the equal-time commutators and retarded commutators directly in terms of the covariant dispersion integrals, using an identity between covariant and noncovariant dispersion integrals of Lorentz-invariant distributions which is proved here, by means of the Jost-Lehmann representation, from the locality of the currents. This last result is a generalization of previous works of Schroer and Stichel and of Le Bellac and the author. In the scheme discussed here, the equal-time commutators and retarded commutators are rigorously defined as a consequence of the physical high-energy behavior, contrary to the usual approach where they are only formally written as product of the commutator with $\ensuremath{\delta}({x}_{0})$ and $\ensuremath{\theta}({x}_{0})$, respectively. In fact, we show that the properties usually derived formally (as, e.g., by partial integration) are rigorously true in our scheme. The quantities which in the usual approach are not well defined, and/or are model-dependent---such as the Schwinger term, the seagull term, and the equal-time commutator of the current and the divergence---are given in this approach by the subtraction constants of the dispersion relations introduced. They are shown to exhibit the properties which usually are more or less assumed, or only obtained in models; e.g., we prove that the divergence of the seagull term is equal to the Schwinger term. Only matrix elements averaged over spin and/or relative momenta, with the vacuum matrix element subtracted, are considered. No explicit value of the equal-time commutator is assumed at the beginning, so as to clearly show the respective roles of the internal symmetry group and of the analyticity and high-energy behavior. This paper also completes a previous work of the author on the infinite-momentum limit based on the same approach.
InAs-GaSb superlattice energy structure and its semiconductor-semimetal transition

We performed a band calculation, based on the LCAO (linear combination of atomic orbitals) method, for the InAs-GaSb superlattice. Of possible semiconductor combinations the InAs-GaSb is of special interest because of indications that at a heterojunction interface the bottom of the conduction band of InAs lies below the top of the valence band of GaSb. Our results show that the InAs-GaSb superlattice is a semiconductor when the layers of the constituent materials are thin, and becomes a semimetal when the layer thicknesses are increased. The critical InAs thickness for this transition is approximately 115 \AA{}, over which the electrons from the valence band of GaSb "flood" the conduction band of InAs. For the thick-layer limit, we treat the problem in a Fermi-Thomas approximation.
Extrasynaptic release of dopamine in a retinal neuron: activity dependence and transmitter modulation.

Abstract Extrasynaptic release of dopamine is well documented, but its relation to the physiological activity of the neuron is unclear. Here we show that in absence of presynaptic active zones, solitary cell bodies of retinal dopaminergic neurons release by exocytosis packets of ∼40,000 molecules of dopamine at irregular intervals and low frequency. The release is triggered by the action potentials that the neurons generate in a rhythmic fashion upon removal of all synaptic influences and therefore depends upon the electrical events at the neuronal surface. Furthermore, it is stimulated by kainate and abolished by GABA and quinpirole, an agonist at the D 2 dopamine receptor. Since the somatic receptors for these ligands are extrasynaptic, we suggest that the composition of the extracellular fluid directly modulates extrasynaptic release.
Usefulness of pain drawings in identifying real or imagined pain: accuracy of pain professionals, nonprofessionals, and a decision model.

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of pain specialists, nonprofessionals, and a decision model in judging whether a pain diagram was marked by a patient with chronic pain or by a healthy volunteer. Two hundred twenty-eight pain drawings were shown in random order to 10 pain medicine physicians, 10 pain medicine fellows, 10 nonphysician specialists, and 10 nonprofessionals. One half of the drawings (n = 114) had been produced by patients treated at a pain center and the other half (n = 114) by healthy individuals who were instructed to mark the diagrams as if they had a pain problem. The nonprofessionals were found to be 51.5% accurate, pain medicine fellows 52.7%, nonphysician specialists 54.3%, and pain medicine physicians 55.2 % accurate at distinguishing drawings by actual pain patients from drawings from volunteers without pain. A decision model was able to achieve 68.9% accuracy in determining which drawings were made by pain patients and which drawings were made by healthy individuals. The results suggest that subjective assessment of pain drawings alone is not useful in determining whether someone has real or imagined pain. A decision model that makes decisions on the basis of the number of highlighted squares on the pain diagram can identify real pain drawings with greater accuracy than humans. Perspective Pain drawings are clinically useful but have limitations. This study illustrates some of the benefits of computerized pain assessment and highlights the importance of not judging patients on the basis of one source of information.
Optimal trajectory tracking control for wind turbines during operating region transitions

Control systems for wind turbines have become an active area of research over the past decade as the wind industry has grown and more turbines are installed. Properly sited turbines experience many transitions between below rated operation, where the goal is to extract maximum energy from the wind, and rated speed operation, where the goal is to regulate the power capture to the rated power of the turbine. Many of the largest structural loads are induced during the transition between these operating regions. This paper focuses on using preview wind speed measurements to schedule, optimize, and track a desired trajectory of the wind turbine states and inputs during region transitions between below-rated and above-rated operation. The goal of this control system is to reduce the structural loading on the turbine components through smoother region transitions. The wind speed preview measurements are used to generate an initial desired trajectory of the turbine. This trajectory is optimized by finding a regulation trajectory that lies on the turbine trajectory manifold which is close to the desired trajectory in a weighted L2 sense. The regulation trajectory is then used as a reference for a time-varying linear quadratic optimal controller.
Consistencies in sex differences on the Cognitive Abilities Test across countries, grades, test forms, and cohorts.

Background Strand, Deary, and Smith (2006) reported an analysis of sex differences on the Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT) for over 320,000 UK students 11–12 years old. Although mean differences were small, males were overrepresented at the upper and lower extremes of the score distributions on the quantitative and non-verbal batteries and at the lower extreme of the verbal battery. Aims We investigate whether these results were unique to the UK or whether they would be seen in other countries, at other grades, cohorts, or forms of the test. Sample The sample consisted of three nationally representative cohorts of US students in grades 3 through 11 (total N = 318,599) for the 1984, 1992, and 2000 standardizations of the US version of the CAT. Methods We replicated and extended the Strand et al. (2006) results by comparing the proportions of males and females at each score level across countries (UK vs. US), grades (3–11), and cohorts/test forms (Forms 4, 5, and 6 standardized in 1984, 1992, and 2000, respectively). Results The results showed an astonishing consistency in sex differences across countries, grades, cohorts, and test forms. Conclusions Implications for the current debate about sex differences in quantitative reasoning abilities are discussed.
Alkali metal derivatives of sucrose. I. Preparation of sodium sucrates

Sodium derivatives of sucrose have been prepared in a number of solvents. Reactions with sodium in pyridine and morpholine at 110° give products which are not true substitution derivatives but analyse more closely to sodium-hydroxide-addition compounds containing varying amounts of solvent. In liquid ammonia, sucrose reacts with sodium at -−33° to give true sodium sucrates, C12H22-xO11Nax, provided extreme care is taken to exclude moisture at all stages in the preparation. Monosodium sucrate is a crystalline material containing one molecule of ammonia, but the higher sucrates are white, hygroscopic powders containing very little ammonia. Sucrates can also be prepared with sodamide in liquid ammonia, and this method is suitable for highly substituted derivatives up to the heptasodium derivative. Two methods are described for the estimation of sucrose in sodium derivatives.
The effects of initial diameter on sooting and burning behavior of isolated droplets under microgravity conditions

Abstract The influence of initial droplet diameter on the sooting and burning behavior of isolated droplets under microgravity conditions was investigated by measuring soot volume fraction, ƒv, soot mass, m s, soot and burning rate. Theƒ v, and m s, soot were measured using a full-field light extinction and tomographic inversion technique. The experiments were conducted at the NASA-Lewis 2·2 second droptower in Cleveland, OH. The ƒ v, and m s, soot measurements represent the first quantitative assessment of the influence of initial diameter on the sooting behavior in microgravity conditions. Results indicate that ƒ v(which provides information regarding the local magnitude of sooting) and m s, soot (which is related to overall sooting magnitude) are sensitive to the initial droplet size. It is believed that the spatial extent of the flame which is proportional to the droplet size, influences the residence time for fuel vapor transport. Thus, larger droplets will provide longer residence time for fuel pyro...
Influence of crop rotation on selected chemical and physical soil properties in potato cropping systems

Crop yields are often increased through crop rotation. This study examined selected soil chemical and physical properties that may constitute the N and non-N related effects of crop rotation in potato cropping systems. Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Norwis) was grown continuously and in two-year rotations with annual alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. Nitro), hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth), white lupin (Lupinus albus L. Ultra), and oat (Avena sativa Astro). Hairy vetch contributed more residue N than any other crop rotation, ranging from 110 to 119 kg N ha−1. Inorganic N concentrations in potato soils were related to the previous crop’s residue N contents, and were highest following vetch and alfalfa and lowest following oat and potato. The highest mineralizable N concentration was found following vetch (46.6 mg N kg−1). Saturated soil hydraulic conductivity in potato following all rotations ranged from 9.88 to 11.28 cm h−1 compared to 5.71 cm h−1 for continuous potato. Higher soil water contents were maintained in the 30 to 45 cm depth for all rotations compared to continuous potato. Thus several parameters indicate substantial N effects associated with particular crop rotations. Soil hydraulic conductivity and soil water status may also represent significant components of the rotation effect not directly related to N for these cropping systems.
Surfactant chain length effect on the hexagonal-to-cubic phase transition in mesoporous silica synthesis

Abstract In this study, silica-based mesoporous materials (the M41S family mesoporous molecular sieves) are synthesized using alkyltrimethylammonium bromide with different chain lengths (C n H 2 n +1 N(CH 3 ) 3 Br, n = 10, 12, 14, 16) as templates. The resulting silica structures are characterized by X-ray diffraction and are found to exhibit the phase transformation from the hexagonal mesophase MCM-41 to the cubic mesophase MCM-48 (with the space group of Ia3d ). The structural phase transition in our study is controlled by the alkyl chain length of the surfactant: with an increase in the surfactant chain length (from C10 to C16), the structure goes from MCM-41 (synthesized by C10), through an intermediate structure (synthesized by C12), to MCM-48 (synthesized by C14 and C16). The amount of ethanol, which is used as a cosolvent, affects the pore size of the structured mesoporous silica, but only to a small extent. In the mean time, the autoclaving time has some effect, though not distinctively, on the structure integrity as well. With increased surfactant to silica ratio, the phase transformation can be shifted to longer chain template.
An exploratory investigation of jealousy in the family

A self-report instrument assessed an incident in which respondents experienced a threat to their relationship with a family member. The nature of the relationship with the family member was explored along with the experience, the emotional responses and coping behaviors, the degree of expression, perceived appropriateness, and the effects on the relationship. Results show that 52% of respondents experienced a jealousy incident in the family. Almost 50% of the incidents involved the respondent's sibling (approximately 30% sisters, 20% brothers), and more than 20% involved the respondent's mother. The perceived appropriateness of, and degree of jealousy experience were significantly greater than the perceived appropriateness of, and degree of jealousy expression. Feelings of hurt, anger, and exclusion were prevalent, and respondents reported rational and avoidance strategies for coping with the incident.
Curatorial Care of Works of Art on Paper

This is an updated and expanded version of the book first published in 1973. Sections on: environmental factors detrimental to paper; procedures to be followed once the item is brought to the workshop for treatment; requirements for the care of paper. Environmental factors include light, acid, humidity, temperature and pests. Procedures include documentation; unframing and unmatting; dry, solvent and acqueous cleaning; flattening; methods of drying paper and mending edge tears; spray deacidification; matting; framing; encapsulation and folders for loose material; showcase design; storage methods. In relation to the care of paper: storage room furniture; workroom furniture; formulae are provided for mould nutrient; fungicide for pastes, adhesives and the preparation of magnesium bicarbonate and calcium hydroxide solutions. Two appendices cover suppliers (mainly U.S. Based) and workshop equipment. Notes, bibliography and index.
Endovascular management of a ruptured mycotic aneurysm of the innominate artery

Mycotic aneurysms of the innominate artery are infrequent lesions and, as such, represent challenging surgical problems. We describe herein a case of a ruptured mycotic innominate artery aneurysm, which developed after radical neck dissection and radiation therapy for tonsillar carcinoma. The aneurysm was successfully excluded from the systemic circulation with endoluminal placement of a covered stent, with efficacy confirmed by vascular imaging at 6 months follow-up. The patient suffered no permanent neurologic sequelae. Long-term follow-up and chronic antibiotic therapy will be necessary to avoid infection of the covered stent in this high-risk surgical patient.
Free/open source software development: recent research results and emerging opportunities

The focus of this paper is to review what is known about free and open source software development (FOSSD) work practices, development processes, project and community dynamics, and other socio-technical relationships. It focuses on exploring how FOSS is developed and evolved based on an extensive review of a set of empirical studies of FOSSD projects that articulate different levels of analysis. These characterize what has been analyzed in FOSSD studies across levels that examine (i) why individuals participate; (ii) resources and capabilities supporting development activities; (iii) how cooperation, coordination, and control are realized in projects; (iv) alliance formation and inter-project social networking; (v) FOSS as a multi-project software ecosystem, and (vi) FOSS as a social movement. Next, there is a discussion of limitations and constraints in the FOSSD studies so far. Last, attention shifts to identifying emerging opportunities for future FOSSD studies that can give rise to the development of new software engineering tools or techniques, as well as to new empirical studies of software development.
Pemphigus autoimmunity: Hypotheses and realities

The goal of contemporary research in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus is to achieve and maintain clinical remission without corticosteroids. Recent advances of knowledge on pemphigus autoimmunity scrutinize old dogmas, resolve controversies, and open novel perspectives for treatment. Elucidation of intimate mechanisms of keratinocyte detachment and death in pemphigus has challenged the monopathogenic explanation of disease immunopathology. Over 50 organ-specific and non-organ-specific antigens can be targeted by pemphigus autoimmunity, including desmosomal cadherins and other adhesion molecules, PERP cholinergic and other cell membrane (CM) receptors, and mitochondrial proteins. The initial insult is sustained by the autoantibodies to the cell membrane receptor antigens triggering the intracellular signaling by Src, epidermal growth factor receptor kinase, protein kinases A and C, phospholipase C, mTOR, p38 MAPK, JNK, other tyrosine kinases, and calmodulin that cause basal cell shrinkage and ripping desmosomes off the CM. Autoantibodies synergize with effectors of apoptotic and oncotic pathways, serine proteases, and inflammatory cytokines to overcome the natural resistance and activate the cell death program in keratinocytes. The process of keratinocyte shrinkage/detachment and death via apoptosis/oncosis has been termed apoptolysis to emphasize that it is triggered by the same signal effectors and mediated by the same cell death enzymes. The natural course of pemphigus has improved due to a substantial progress in developing of the steroid-sparing therapies combining the immunosuppressive and direct anti-acantholytic effects. Further elucidation of the molecular mechanisms mediating immune dysregulation and apoptolysis in pemphigus should improve our understanding of disease pathogenesis and facilitate development of steroid-free treatment of patients.
History of a Pinus strobus-dominated stand in northern New York

. Pollen, plant macrofossils and charcoal from a small forest hollow were analyzed to determine the formation and dynamics of a Pinus strobus-dominated forest stand on outwash soil in northern New York. P. strobus, Betula papyrifera and Abies balsamea colonized the upland surrounding the hollow following a major disturbance that occurred ca. 360 yr ago. Pre-disturbance vegetation consisted of shade-tolerant Tsuga canadensis, Fagus grandifolia and Picea ruhens. The size-class distribution of modern vegetation suggests continuing recruitment of A. balsamea and Acer rubrum at the site. The status of P. strobus and B. papyrifera in the stand is uncertain, but there is no evidence for recolonization of T. canadensis, F. grandifolia or P. rubens. Frequent windthrow has probably played a role in stand dynamics since ca. 310 yr BP due to the high wind-susceptibility of overstory and understory tree taxa in the modern forest patch. Vegetation change that occurred following fire(s) ca. 310 yr BP was recorded by plant macrofossils but not by pollen, indicating that the pollen assemblage was insensitive to vegetation change within at least 30 m (and potentially 60 m) of the hollow. The apparent insensitivity of this small-hollow pollen assemblage to local vegetation change may be related to the relatively large size of the hollow (75 m2) and/or to its close proximity to a 0.24 ha kettle pond.
A Case Study of Community Policing in a Southern Sheriff's Office

The majority of research regarding community-oriented policing (COP) has focused on municipal police agencies. Conspicuously missing is information with respect to community policing in sheriff's offices. The present study examines the perceptions of deputies in a sheriff's office located in the south-eastern United States. The findings lend general support to Falcone and Wells' hypothesis that sheriff's offices are by their very nature interactive with and accountable to their community. Theoretically, it is within this type of organizational context that COP may find the most support.
Nutrition and inflammation: role of dietary cholesterol

Abstract Most HDL particles are anti-atherogenic by virtue of their role in reverse cholesterol transport. However, the presence of apolipoproteins such as apo E and serum amyloid A (SAA) on a subset of HDL particles allows these particles to bind to vascular proteoglycans. This can lead to the retention of these HDL subspecies in the artery wall, their subsequent modification by oxidation and enzyme digestion, and thus their ability to be pro-atherogenic. Because dietary cholesterol can increase circulating SAA levels, it may play a role in atherogenesis by facilitating the retention of SAA-containing HDL by vascular proteoglycans.
Comprehensive Approach to the Development of Communication and Critical Thinking: Bookend Courses for Third- and Fourth-Year Chemistry Majors.

Communication and critical thinking skills are integral to the undergraduate chemistry major. A bookend, two-course model has been implemented to supplement chemistry subfield knowledge with the development of these skills. The third-year course introduces the chemical literature and addresses these skills through the synthesis of a literature review and oral presentation by summarizing and evaluating articles in a self-selected chemical topic. In the fourth-year capstone course, communication and critical thinking are further enhanced by the production of a student-designed research proposal and the dissemination of experimental results of the proposed research through a final manuscript-style report and an oral presentation. A robust assessment plan for communication skills using faculty-designed rubrics and an end-of-semester student symposium are currently in place. Preliminary assessment of authentic student artifacts and student perception, through exit surveys and course evaluations, indicated substantial growth in these areas. The two courses provide the opportunity for chemistry majors to attain the skills necessary to function as scientists whether they plan to attend graduate school, professional school, or enter industry.
Endoscopic fenestration of middle fossa arachnoid cysts: a technical description and case series.

Background: Arachnoid cysts are intra-arachnoidal cerebrospinal fluid collections most frequently seen in the middle cranial fossa. The optimal method of treatment for symptomatic a
A magnetorheological fluid based orthopedic active knee brace

The disadvantage of current knee braces ranges from high cost for customization to a loss in physical mobility and limited rehabilitative value. One approach to solving this problem is to use a Magnetorheological (MR) device to make the knee brace have a controllable resistance. Our design solution is to replace the manufacturer's joint with an rotary MR fluid based shear damper. The device is designed based on a maximum yield stress, a corresponding magnetic field, a torque and the MR fluid viscosity. The analytical and experimental results show the advantages and the feasibility of using the proposed MR based controllable knee braces.
The Properties of Mental Causation

Recent discussions of mental causation have focused on three principles: (1) Mental properties are (sometimes) causally relevant to physical effects; (2) mental properties are not physical properties; (3) every physical event has in its causal history only physical events and physical properties. Since these principles seem to be inconsistent, solutions have focused on rejecting one or more of them. But I argue that, in spite of appearances, (1)–(3) are not inconsistent. The reason is that ‘properties’ is used in different senses in the principles. In (1) and (3), ‘properties’ should be read as ‘tropes’ (properties here are particulars), while in (2) ‘properties’ should read as ‘types’ (properties here are universals or classes). Although mental types are distinct from physical types, every mental trope is a physical trope. This allows mental properties to be causally relevant to physical effects without violating the closed character of the physical world.
Variants on Chromosome 6p22.3 Associated with Blood Pressure in the HyperGEN Study: Follow-up of FBPP Quantitative Trait Loci

BACKGROUND A recent meta-analysis of genome-wide linkage scans of blood pressure (BP) in the large (N=13,044) Family Blood Pressure Program (FBPP) identified 5 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) on chromosomes 6, 8, 20, and 21. We conducted follow-up fine mapping studies in 1,251 African (AA) and 1,254 European American (EA) participants of the Hypertension Genetic Epidemiology Network (HyperGEN).
Archaic terms and dogmas impeding care of abdominal and pelvic herniation.

During the past 5000 years, ancient nomenclature and dogmas regarding the etiology of protrusions have accumulated. Whereas, in the abdomen, the Latin “hernia” supplanted Greek, it, based on content, persists in the pelvis as cystocele, rectocele, etc. Russell (Lancet 1:1519–1523, 1902) championed the congenital saccular theory of herniae, denying they could ever be acquired pathologically. Barring technical error, removal of the sac would cure. Despite dissent in the 1920s by Harrison, Keith, and Andrews, Russell’s concepts held late into the twentieth century. We now know that pathology – systemic connective tissue disease – plays an important role in adult herniation. Tensionless prosthetic repair is usually required since the healing of damaged musculo-aponeurotic structures in abdomen or pelvis is impaired. Laparoscopists have declared sliding extraperitoneal prolapse of sacless kidney, ureter, bladder, and fat pad to be herniae. Similar vaginal protrusions should be denoted likewise. It is time gynecologists and herniologists join in the effort to develop antidotes for combating this pernicious co-morbidity which has been shown also to cause aneurysms, diverticulosis coli, skin changes, and emphysema. Prophylaxis should include exercise and going without cigarettes.
Prokinetic effect of erythromycin after colorectal surgery: randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study.

PURPOSE: Nausea and vomiting three to seven days after an elective operation on the colon and rectum remain a persistent clinical problem. Erythromycin, a safe, inexpensive drug that stimulates intestinal motilin receptors, has previously been shown to accelerate gastric emptying significantly after upper gastrointestinal surgery. We aimed to evaluate the effect of postoperative intravenous erythromycin on postoperative ileus in patients undergoing elective surgery for primary colorectal cancer. METHODS: Between May 1998 and April 1999, 150 patients undergoing primary resection of colon or rectal cancer were enrolled in this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. One hundred thirty-four patients completed the study. Patients were excluded if they had extensive metastatic disease, were taking medications known to interact with erythromycin, or if they required an ileostomy. Patients received either 200 mg of intravenous erythromycin or placebo every six hours. Clinical endpoints were recorded and continuous endpoints are presented as mean ± standard deviation. RESULTS: There were no significant complications related to erythromycin. The erythromycin (n=65) and placebo (n=69) groups were comparable regarding demographic and operative factors. The erythromycin group had a slightly shorter length of time to passage of flatus (4.1 ± 1.3vs. 4.4 ± 1.1 days;P=0.03). There was no significant difference between erythromycin and placebo in time to first solid food (5.6 ± 1.9vs. 5.4 ± 1.8 days), time to first bowel movement (5.2 ± 1.9vs. 5.4 ± 1.3 days), or time to discharge from hospital (7.5 ± 2.0vs. 7.6 ± 2.8 days). There was no difference in the rate of clinically significant nausea (26vs. 26 percent;P=0.99), vomiting (17vs. 16 percent;P=0.88), or nasogastric tube placement (9vs. 7 percent;P=0.68). CONCLUSIONS: Erythromycin does not seem to alter clinically important outcomes related to postoperative ileus in patients undergoing resection for colorectal cancer.
Young Adults' Relationship Memories and the Life Story: Examples or Essential Landmarks?

Personal memories increasingly have been implicated in the process of identity-making, but systematic study of stability and change in memory telling is rare. Comparisons of relationship memories told by 46 young adults during two interviews separated by about 6 months found moderate thematic consistency across the two sets of memories. The similarity obtained despite a high turnover in the specific events that were selected for telling each time. These findings, paired with ancillary data indicating a similarly high turnover for earliest memories, high points, and low points, suggest that relationship memories for young adults serve more as examples of enduring concerns than as essential landmarks for the life story. Twice-told tales showed quite stable storylines, and were most dense for memories of intimate encounters in late adolescence, suggesting the centrality of this period for the development of relationship identity. {Development, Narrative, Memory, Identity)
Direct Solution of Linear Systems

This chapter discusses the direct solution of linear systems. The problem of solving a system of simultaneous linear equations in unknowns arises frequently in the study of the numerical solution of differential equations. Direct methods to solve such systems are based on Gaussian elimination. Those systems that arise during the numerical solution of differential equations tend to have certain characteristics that can be exploited using appropriate variations to the basic elimination algorithm. The linear systems encountered while solving differential equations numerically often have relatively large diagonal elements, and pivoting is sometimes unnecessary. One class of systems for which pivoting is unnecessary is characterized. Most of the linear systems encountered when solving differential equations are very large if high accuracy is required, but fortunately they are also sparse, that is, most of their elements are zero. It is found that if the equations and unknowns are ordered properly, these matrices can generally be put into banded form with all nonzero elements confined to a relatively narrow band around the main diagonal.