cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The alcohol deprivation effect in the alcohol-preferring P rat under free-drinking and operant access conditions.

The alcohol-deprivation effect (ADE) was examined under 4-hr operant and 24-hr free-choice alcohol access in the alcohol-preferring (P) rat after deprivation intervals from 2 to 4 weeks. Results indicated that adult male P rats responding for 6 weeks on a concurrent FR-5/ FR-1 schedule of reinforcement for alcohol and water, respectively, and then deprived of alcohol for 2 weeks, demonstrated a 40% increase in alcohol responding during the first 60 min of alcohol reinstatement. The alcohol deprivation effect was temporary, however, as responding did not differ from baseline levels on the second day of reinstatement. In a second experiment, weanling male and female P rats received 7 weeks of continuous access to alcohol, beginning at 21 days of age, and were then deprived of alcohol for 4 weeks. On the first day of alcohol reinstatement, P rats exhibited a 40% to 45% increase from baseline alcohol drinking levels, with alcohol intake returning to baseline levels by the 3rd day of reinstatement. Although alcohol intake was higher in females than in males when adjustment was made for body weight, there were no gender differences in the magnitude of the alcohol deprivation effect. Taken together, these results indicate that the ADE is a long-lasting phenomenon that occurs under both operant and continuous access conditions in the P rat, and thus these rats may be useful models for the study of factors involved in relapse of alcohol drinking.
Inservice education of high school computer science teachers

This paper describes an inservice retraining program for high school computer science teachers Since computer science teacher certification is a recent development, most of these teachers were trained in another field. This project consisted of a sequence of courses which taught the core principles of computer science to these teachers.
Callous-unemotional traits and empathy in proactive and reactive relational aggression in young women

Research on psychopathy and aggression in women is limited, especially relational aggression (RA). Studies on youth suggest unique associations between RA and callous–unemotional (C–U) traits (e.g., Frick & White, 2008). However, the role of C–U traits in adult RA remains unexamined, particularly functional subtypes of RA (reactive, proactive). Empathy deficits are associated with C–U traits and heightened RA. Based on prior work, we hypothesized that in young women, callous and uncaring tendencies would be related to proactive RA and to a lesser extent reactive RA, and that these relationships would be mediated by cognitive empathy deficits. Hypotheses were partially supported. Callous and uncaring traits were associated with proactive RA, and less so to reactive RA, and the latter association was mediated by cognitive empathy. Unemotional traits were not uniquely associated with RA. Study limitations and implications are considered.
Group 10 complexes containing phosphinomethylamine ligands: Synthesis, structural analysis and electrochemical studies

Abstract The reaction of [M(triphos)OTf](OTf) (M = Pd, Pt; triphos = (Ph2PCH2CH2)2PPh; OTf = triflate) with one equivalent of a diphenylphosphinomethylamine ligand (PPh2NPh(R), R = Ph or Me) leads to the formation of the M(II) complexes [Pd(triphos)PPh2NPh(R)](OTf)2 (1a, R = Ph; 1b, R = Me) and [Pt(triphos)PPh2NPh(R)](OTf)2 (2a, R = Ph; 2b, R = Me). Complexes 1a, 1b, 2a and 2b were obtained in moderate yields and characterized by elemental analysis, 1H, 13C, 31P NMR and X-ray diffraction. The redox behavior of these complexes shows a reversible reduction wave with half-wave potentials ranging from −1.04 to −1.23 V. Electrocatalytic proton reduction studies demonstrate these complexes function as hydrogen production catalysts with turn over frequencies ranging from 120 to 200 s−1.
Increased Vascular Calcification in Patients Receiving Warfarin

Objective— Matrix gla protein is a vitamin K–dependent inhibitor of medial arterial calcification whose synthesis and activity are blocked by warfarin. Warfarin induces arterial calcification in experimental models, but whether this occurs in humans is unclear. This was addressed by examining breast arterial calcification, which is exclusively medial and easily identified on mammograms. Approach and Results— Screening mammograms from women with current, past, or future warfarin use were examined for the presence of arterial calcification and compared with mammograms obtained in untreated women matched for age and diabetes mellitus. Women with a serum creatinine >2.0 mg/dL or a history of end-stage renal disease were excluded. In 451 women with mammograms performed after ≥1 month of warfarin therapy, the prevalence of arterial calcification was 50% greater than in 451 untreated women (39.0% versus 25.9%; P 5 years. In a multivariable logistic model, only age and duration of warfarin, but not the period of time after stopping warfarin, were significant determinants of arterial calcification in women with current or past warfarin use. Conclusions— The prevalence of breast arterial calcification is increased in women with current or past warfarin use independent of other risk factors and conditions predating warfarin use. This effect appears to be cumulative and may be irreversible.
A Method for Accurate Quantitative XPS Analysis of Multimetallic or Multiphase Catalysts on Support Particles

A mathematical formalism for the quantitative analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) intensities for supported, multiphase catalysts is presented. Such powdered catalysts are modeled as spherical support particles, covered in regions (islands) by different stratified layers of phases. It specifically considers the variation in photoelectron take-off angle over the surface of the particles, by integrating the signal over the particle`s volume. The evaluation of this integral can be done numerically, but for certain particle sizes it is simplified by a new approximation to the exponential integral function presented here, which introduces an error of {le}4%. The results show that the common assumption of normal emission usually leads to large errors (factors of 2-5). A simpler approximation to this new formalism, using the unweighted average take-off angle of photoelectrons from the local surface normal of 57.3{degrees}, introduces an error of {le}23% except for species whose main intensity arises from an underlayer that is buried by another phase of average depth greater than 1.3 {lambda}({lambda} is a photoelectron`s inelastic mean free path.) It is useful for the initial optimization of parameters when searching for structural models of catalysts that are consistent with their XPS spectra. These formalisms are also applicable in treatingmore » other shapes of catalysts than those treated explicitly here, provided the phase`s surface-to-volume ratio is the same as chosen in this model and that the BET surface area is less than about 35 m{sup 2}/g. More complex expressions which treat higher surface area samples are also presented. The formalisms can also be used in quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), if the XPS sensitivity factors are replaced by AES sensitivity factors. 17 refs., 8 figs.« less
Nitrogen sulfur interaction in poinsettia 1

Abstract Poinsettia cuttings of Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Klotzsch ‘Dark Red Annette Hegg’ were grown hydroponically at varying levels of nitrogen (N) (0, 127, or 254 mg N/L) and sulfur (S) (0, 32, or 64 mg S/L) in a 3x3 factorial arrangement. Young and lower, fully expanded leaves were sampled and analyzed for S and N content every two weeks. Plants supplied with no nitrogen showed little growth, and without nitrogen, sulfur had little effect on plant growth. Roots appeared healthy in all treatments where S and N were supplied. Roots were usually branchless when no S was supplied and were thinner and shorter when N was absent. Plants supplied S and 127 mg N/L showed better or comparable N and S content and root and shoot growth as plants supplied S and 254 mg N/L.
The chemical and geometrical genesis of quasicrystals: Relationship of icosahedral aluminum alloy quasicrystal structures to icosahedral structures in elemental boron

Abstract Chemically based structural models of icosahedral aluminum alloy quasicrystals use lattices of polyhedra of icosahedral local symmetry which are closely related to icosahedral structures found in boron chemistry, particularly the two rhombohedral allotropes of elemental boron. The structures of both β-rhombohedral boron and cubic R-AI5CuLi3 can be constructed from 60-vertex truncated icosahedra (the 'C60 polyhedron') but linked in very different ways in a three-dimensional crystalline lattice. Electron-precise models for the chemical bonding topology of both structures can be described using methods similar to those used to treat isolated globally delocalized deltahedral boranes such as Bl2H122-. In the structure of R-AI5CuLi3 the truncated icosahedra form the surfaces of 84-vertex Samson complexes retaining icosahedral local symmetry where each of the peripheral vertices is shared with an adjacent Samson complex leading to 54-atom building blocks. Simple pairwise rotation of the 30 pairs of vertices connecting pentagonal faces in the peripheral truncated icosahedron of each 54-atom building block in this lattice leads to a closely related lattice of 54-atom Mackay icosahedra. Such processes may convert crystal lattices such as R-AI5CuLi3 into closely related icosahedral quasicrystal, structures such as T2-Al5CuLi3.
THE RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF TWO TESTS AS A FUNCTION OF ABILITY LEVEL

A new formula is developed for the relative efficiency of two tests measuring the same trait. The formula expresses relative efficiency solely in terms of the standard errors of measurement and, surprisingly, the frequency distributions of true scores. Approximate methods for estimating relative efficiency may make this function routinely available. A numerical illustration compares new and old estimates of relative efficiency for subtests from the Scholastic Aptitude Test.
A Density Functional Study of the Structures and Energetics of CXBrO where X = H, Cl, and Br

The release of bromine-containing organic compounds into the atmosphere has been suggested to be a source of atmospheric bromine which participates in ozone destruction cycles in the stratosphere. The geometries, vibrational spectra, and relative energetics of CXBrO have been examined using density functional theory. The results show interesting structural trends for the bromination of formaldehyde. The thermodynamically most stable species is found to be CClBrO, with an estimated heat of formation of {minus}38.2 kcal mol{sup {minus}1} at 298 K. The least stable CXBrO species is CBr{sub 2}O with a heat of formation of {minus}25.8 kcal mol{sup {minus}1} at 298 K. The heat of formation of CBr{sub 2}O is in excellent agreement with experiments which determine the value from third-law kinetic studies.
Deep hypothermic circulatory arrest and the femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient.

Abstract Objectives: To determine the femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradient, as well as the factors associated with them, in patients receiving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) with profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest. Design: Retrospective automated hemodynamic record review. Setting: University hospital. Participants: Patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest. Measurements and Main Results: The automated hemodynamic records of 54 consecutive patients undergoing pulmonary thromboendarterectomy with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were reviewed, comparing the femoral and radial arterial pressures throughout the intraoperative period. In 20 of the patients, the hemodynamic data from the first 16 postoperative hours were also studied. Forty-one of 54 (76%) of the patients exhibited a mean arterial gradient of at least 10 mmHg either during or after CPB, femoral being higher. Clinically significant gradients were noted throughout the CPB period and the post-CPB period in these patients. In the 54 patients studied, the systolic blood pressure (SBP) gradient was 32 ± 19 mmHg after CPB (95% confidence limits 28.2 mmHg, 39.0 mmHg), and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) gradient was 6.3 ± 4.9 mmHg (95% confidence limits 5.5 mmHg, 8.6 mmHg). The duration of clinically significant SBP (>10 mmHg) and MAP (>5 mmHg) gradients in the postoperative period were 5.2 ± 5.7 hours and 5.8 ± 7.2 hours, respectively. Advanced age correlated with high post-CPB pressure gradients in this population and was associated with prolonged postoperative resolution of the gradients. Conclusions: The femoral-to-radial arterial pressure gradients, particularly systolic, after CPB, were greater and of longer duration in these patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest than gradients previously reported for routine CPB. Central arterial pressure monitoring is recommended for patients undergoing deep hypothermic circulatory arrest, being valuable both for intraoperative and postoperative care.
Using social and economic incentives to discourage Chinese suppliers from product adulteration

Abstract The American public raised serious concerns about product safety in 2007, when the number of product recalls broke a new record. Following a temporary drop in 2008, both the number and retail value of recalled units have been increasing, despite various efforts exerted by government agencies and private companies to combat this trend. Currently, many countries—including China itself—are expressing serious concern over adulterated or unsafe food made or sold in China. What are the underlying reasons for some Chinese suppliers to adulterate product? When law enforcement is still weak in China, what can western manufacturers do to reduce the risk of product adulteration? To develop effective deterrence mechanisms, we first identify four underlying factors that create incentives for some Chinese suppliers to produce unsafe products. Then we propose ideas to discourage Chinese suppliers from producing adulterated products based on two underlying strategies: (1) creating economic incentives through contingent payments, and (2) creating a social incentive by threatening public exposure through the power of the Internet and social networking sites.
Microtubule Stabilization: Formins Assert Their Independence

Mammalian Diaphanous-related (mDia) formins are well known for their actin nucleation and filament elongation activities. They have since emerged as microtubule-binding proteins, and a recent study shows that mDia2 stabilizes microtubules independently of its actin nucleation activity.
Localized orbital studies of hydrogen bonding. General approach and applications to water, formic acid, and pyruvic acid

Abstract A method is presented for investigating the nature of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding and is applied to the study of water, formic acid and pyruvic acid. The method utillizes INDO localized molecular orbitals (LMO's) of the fully geometry-optimized molecules. Changes in bond interference energies due to hydrogen bonding are found to provide a useful measure of relative hydrogen bond strengths. This approach is particularly useful for intra -molecular hydrogen bonding systems where the hydrogen bond energy is not simply obtainable from monomer-dimer energy differences. The coefficients of the LMO's provide a useful picture of the electron distribution within the hydrogen bond.
Improvements in permeate flux by aluminum electroflotation pretreatment during microfiltration of surface water

Cathodic production of fine hydrogen bubbles over relatively long durations during aluminum electrochemical treatment of natural waters was empirically observed to induce floc flotation. Such electrochemically assisted flotation, termed electroflotation, was employed for microfiltration (MF) pretreatment by skimming off the surficial floc layer and drawing water from near the bottom of the electroflotation cell. This approach significantly increased permeate fluxes during surface water dead-end MF by reducing both the cake mass and the cumulative hydraulic resistance. These results were compared with a closely related process – electrocoagulation – wherein the entire destabilized suspension was sent to MF. Electrocoagulation pretreatment also improved MF fluxes compared with raw water, but not as much as electroflotation. In both pretreatment scenarios, amorphous Al(OH)3 was dominant as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The absence of an intermediate particle removal step in electrocoagulation contributed to a higher cake mass and greater total cake resistance even though it reduced the specific resistance by forming larger aggregates. In addition to improving MF flux during forward filtration, electroflotation pretreatment appears to form largely reversible fouling layers that may lead to more effective MF backwashing. In contrast, nitrogen and silicon detected on membranes, even after cake removal suggests a greater extent of irreversible MF fouling following electrocoagulation pretreatment. Significant improvements in flux and potential improvements in backwashing effectiveness following aluminum electroflotation of surface water in laboratory-scale experiments points to the need for larger-scale evaluations before a hybrid electroflotation-MF process can be implemented for drinking water treatment.
Extended Time as a Testing Accommodation for Students with Reading Disabilities: Does a Rising Tide Lift All Ships?.

Testing accommodations have become a common component of services for students with disabilities at all levels of education. This study examined the effect of a common testing accommodation—extended time—on the reading comprehension test performance of high school students. Sixty-four students, half of whom had learning disabilities (LDs) in the area of reading, were given the Nelson Denny Reading Comprehension subtest under various time conditions. Nondisabled students benefited more from the extended time than students with LDs did. However, extended time did allow students with LDs to attempt as many questions as their nondisabled peers did under standard time conditions. Implications for future research, as well as policy in this area are discussed.
Can coronal loop transients be driven magnetically

In this note we investigate the possibility of magnetic driving of loop transients. The action of local magnetic forces to balance gravity in a coasting loop and to confine the loop has been proposed by Mouschovias and Poland (1977). In this paper we use similar configurations but deal with the global field structure and present models which show both the initial phase of large acceleration and the later phase of almost constant velocity. We use very simple one-dimensional models consisting of a ring current which is subjected to gravitational attraction. The velocity curves calculated for these models are in good agreement with the observations. Therefore we conclude that if such ring currents can be produced fast enough in the solar corona, they are capable of driving the loop transients observed in the ATM white light coronagraph.
Some properties of the histone-like protein from Crypthecodinium cohnii (HCc).

Abstract The histone-like protein from Crypthecodinium cohnii (HCc) was examined in regard to its amino acid composition and the peptide pattern resulting from protease digestion. A revised amino acid composition indicated a higher lysine and arginine content and a lower glycine content than that determined previously. Comparative peptide mapping of HCc with HTa, a histone-like protein from Thermoplasma acidophilum , and with a histone-like protein from the dinoflagellate Gyrodinium dorsum showed significant differences in the peptide patterns produced.
Molecular Dynamics of PEG-Dendrimer Blends and PEGylated Dendrimers

Molecular dynamics of a series of poly(ethylene glycol)−poly(amidoamine) (PEG−PAMAM) dendrimer blends and PEG conjugated PAMAM dendrimers were investigated and contrasted using broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS). The study was carried with 2000 Da PEG and generation 3 PAMAM dendrimers. The results were generated over a wide range of frequencies and temperatures. A number of relaxation processes were detected and their origin and characteristics established. PEG−dendrimer blends show three local processes and a segmental process contributed by the amorphous PEG. The time scale of segmental relaxation decreases with increasing concentration of dendrimers due to the H-bonding that forms between the PEG oxygen and the amino groups on the surface of dendrimers. PEGylated dendrimers show two local processes and a segmental process, also contributed by the amorphous PEG. But unlike the blends, the amorphous PEG in PEGylated dendrimers is constrained not only by the crystalline lamellae but also b...
Neonates with aortic coarctation and cardiogenic shock: presentation and outcomes.

Background. Some neonates with coarctation of the aorta (COA) present with cardiogenic shock and secondary end-organ injury. The management of this subgroup imposes unique challenges. We review our perioperative strategy and outcomes for neonates with COA who presented with cardiogenic shock. Methods. Neonates (younger than 30 days) with isolated COA or COA with aortic arch hypoplasia were identified. Retrospective review was performed to identify and characterize patients who presented with cardiogenic shock, defined as impaired left ventricular (LV) or right ventricular (RV) systolic function, or both, respiratory failure requiring tracheal intubation, and metabolic acidosis. Results. Thirteen neonates presented in cardiogenic shock and underwent surgical repair. No patients required catheter or surgical reintervention for recoarctation. There were no deaths at a mean follow-up of 54 months. Group I neonates (isolated COA, n 7) underwent end-to-end anastomosis through left thoracotomy. The mean age and pH at presentation were 9 (1.1) days and 7.07 (0.21), respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative LV myocardial performance indices (MPI) were 0.81 (0.22) and 0.37 (0.16), respectively (p 0.002). Group II neonates (COA with arch hypoplasia ventricular septal defect, n 6) underwent aortic arch advancement and ventricular septal defect closure through median sternotomy. The mean time from diagnosis to surgery in group II was 5.5 (1.9) days versus 2.4 (1.5) days in group 1 (p 0.01). The mean age and pH at presentation were 11.8 (9.3) days and 7.02 (0.21), respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative LV MPI were 0.46 (0.13) and 0.35 (0.11), respectively (p 0.02). The total hospital length of stay in group II patients was 18 (6.23) days versus 11.3 (5. 7) days in group I (p 0.04). Conclusions. Timely intervention with a strategy individualized to the patient anatomy can be performed with excellent outcomes in neonates with COA and cardiogenic shock. Neonates with isolated COA had worse preoperative LV MPI, which reflects more significant global left ventricular systolic dysfunction in this subgroup. The elapsed time from diagnosis to surgery was decreased in neonates with isolated COA.
Acute Administration of Liposomal Coenzyme Q10Increases Myocardial Tissue Levels and Improves Tolerance to Ischemia Reperfusion Injury

Abstract The antioxidant and bioenergetic effects of CoQ10(CoQ) suggest it might be ideal therapy for acute myocardial ischemia. Its utility is limited by the requirement for enteral administration. This study related the administration of a new liposomal suspension of CoQ given intravenously to (1) serum and myocardial [CoQ] and (2) recovery of function, myocardial efficiency, and oxidant injury after cardiac ischemia and reperfusion (I/R). Rats (n= 8/group) were given liposomal CoQ 10 mg/kg iv or placebo (Control), 15 min (C-15), 30 min (C-30), and 60 min (C-60) before (1) measurement of serum and myocardial CoQ or (2) Langendorff perfusion of hearts subjected to 15 min equilibration, 25 min ischemia (37°C), and 40 min reperfusion (RP). Developed pressure (DP) was measured via an intraventricular balloon and coronary flow was measured by a digital flow meter. Myocardial efficiency was defined as DP/MVO2where MVO2= μl O2consumed/min/gram LV. At end RP hearts were assayed for CK, an oxidant sensitive enzyme. Maximum preischemic CoQ levels in serum and myocardium occurred 15 and 30 min after administration, respectively. At end reperfusion, C-30 hearts improved the most, recovering 75 ± 4% of their preischemic DP while Control recovered only 52 ± 6% (P Conclusion: (1) Serum and myocardial levels of CoQ can be raised acutely by iv liposomal CoQ. (2) Myocardial CoQ levels correlate best with I/R protection. (3) Acute iv CoQ improves function and efficiency and decreases oxidant injury after I/R. Intravenous CoQ may be effective clinically for acute cardiac ischemic syndromes.
Effect of ethylene and carbon dioxide on potato metabolism: stimulation of tuber and mitochondrial respiration, and inducement of the alternative path.

The respiration of potato tubers ( Solanum tuberosum var. Russet Burbank) which have been kept at room temperature for 10 days is stimulated upon subsequent treatment with C 2 H 4 (10 microliters per liter) and O 2 . The respiratory rise reaches a peak in 24 to 30 hours and thereafter declines. Coincident with the rise in tuber respiration is an increase in the respiratory rates of fresh slices and isolated mitochondria. Slices and mitochondria from C 2 H 4 - and O 2 -treated tubers also display substantial resistance to CN, and the resistant respiration is inhibited by hydroxamates. The longer the tubers are stored after harvest, the less effective is C 2 H 4 in causing CN resistance in slices and mitochondria from treated tubers. Addition of 10% CO 2 to the C 2 H 4 -O 2 mixture, however, causes extensive CN resistance to develop, even in slices and mitochondria from old tubers. The results show that C 2 H 4 , O 2 , and CO 2 act synergistically to induce alternative path development in potatoes.
Ignition of nickel in environments containing oxygen and chlorine

The mixed oxidation of nickel in gases containing both oxygen and chlorine has been investigated using the techniques of thermogravimetric analysis and examination of the corrosion products by scanning electron microscopy. Two regimes of corrosion behavior have been detected: one in which a protective oxide film is present and the rate of corrosion is controlled by the transport of the volatile products of the reaction between the gas phase and the oxide, and one in which the protective film is penetrated and corrosion occurs rapidly enough to result in the ignition of the specimen. The oxide corrosion products on the specimens after corrosion have characteristic morphologies, with the products of volatilization type corrosion consisting of large grains and the products of ignition type attack consisting of fine spherical particles. Ignition is a serious hazard in environments containing 0.25 pct or more Cl2 and 4 pct or more O2 by volume at temperatures between 1000 K and 1100 K, but is not produced by exposures at higher temperatures. A model based on the stability of the protective film in steady state corrosion is presented which can be used to predict the transition from volatilization to ignition type attack.
Monte Carlo simulation of CL and EBIC contrasts for isolated dislocations

Electron beam-induced current (EBIC) and cathodoluminescence (CL) are widely used to investigate semiconductor materials and devices, particularly to obtain information on the recombination properties and the geometry of defects. This report describes a simple formulation of CL and EBIC contrasts based on the Born approximation of excess carrier density in the presence of a pointlike defect. Quantitative interpretation of the CL and EBIC images is often difficult because of a lack of accurate theory treating simultaneously both the details of the electron beam penetration in the semiconductor and the generation of EBIC and CL signals. To overcome this difficulty, the Monte Carlo approach to the phenomenon of the electron beam penetration in solids has been developed to calculate the CL and EBIC signals during a simulation of the electron trajectory. Results for an inclined dislocation in GaAs are presented.
Tunneling energy effects on GC oxidation in DNA

Hole-mediated electronic couplings, reorganization energies, and electron transfer (ET) rates are examined theoretically for hole-transfer reactions in DNA. Electron transfer rates are found to depend critically on the energy gap between the donor/acceptor states and the intervening basesthe tunneling energy gap. The calculated distance decay exponent for the square of the electronic coupling, β, for hole transfer between GC base pairs (and pi-electron D/A pairs) ranges from 0.95 to 1.5 A-1 in the model structures as the tunneling energy gap varies from 0.3 to 0.8 eV (which we argue is the range of energy gaps for GC oxidation probed in recent experiments). We show that the tunneling energy gap depends on the ET reorganization energy, which itself grows rapidly with distance for ET over 1−5 base pairs. Inclusion of the distance dependence of reorganization energies for these hole transfer reactions gives the tunneling rates an apparent decay exponent of ∼1.5−2.5 A-1. We show that ET rates observed in DNA ...
Interfacial behavior of uracil derivatives.

Abstract The adsorption of a number of methylated uracil derivatives and of 5-fluorouracil has been studied by surface electrochemical methods at a mercury electrode. All derivatives exhibit an initial or dilute adsorption region where they are adsorbed flat on the electrode surface and are bound by π-electron overlap with the electrode. Uracil, thymine, 1,5-dimethyl-uracil, 5,6-dimethyluracil, 1,5,6-trimethyluracil and 5-fluorouracil undergo a surface reorientation from the initial flat solution activities for each compound. An unsubstituted N( 3 )-H group is an absolute requirement for a uracil derivative to be capable of adopting the perpendicular surface stance. In the perpendicular orientation the uracil derivative appears to be bound to the electrode primarily via a N(3)—H——(—) electrode bond although a similar but weaker hydrogen bond can be formed via the N(1)-H group for certain compounds.
Existence and Effects of Overlap Factors Greater than Unity and Less than Zero

Abstract A geometric model of the dynamic chip area for processes that employ corner-radiused tools is used to show how the resulting mathematical expressions for overlap factor lead to values outside the traditional range of zero to unity. The mathematical expressions are geometrically interpreted through schematics of the process geometry. The orthogonal cutting stability solution shows that results are identical for positive and negative overlap factors of the same magnitude. The effects of overlap factor outside the traditional range are shown; however, it is shown that coupling overlap factor to other directional factors, through the depth of cut (the dependent variable), makes it impossible to interpret stability results based on the overlap factor concept alone. Specific examples show that while overlap factor often exceeds unity for corner-radiused tools, reaching extreme values that approach infinity does not seem to occur due to the strong dependence on the depth of cut—the dependent variable of the stability analysis.
Photoinduced electron transfer within porphyrin-containing poly(amide) dendrimers.

The synthesis and photophysical characterization of a series of free base porphyrin-containing polyamide dendrimers terminated with anthraquinone groups (FbP-Ga-AQn, a = 1−3, n = 12, 36, 108) are d...
An intentional-action guiding algorithm in a user-programmable memory prosthesis

Patients with memory problems tend to forget what their intentions are in the course of carrying out a series of sequential actions directed towards a desired goal. To aid in this problem, a working memory prosthesis has been designed and implemented on a microcomputer connected to a voice synthesizer. The instrument keeps the patient on the track of his current action plan by uttering pre-stored spoken instructions at periodic intervals. An interface algorithm allows the user to enter the steps of his own routine action-patterns in computer memory along with mnemonics for evoking them. Further potential uses of such a memory prosthesis are described.
A COMPARISON OF THE NADPH OXIDASE IN HUMAN SPERM AND WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Summary The mechanism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in human sperm has recently been found to depend upon a novel NADPH-oxidase (NOX5) resembling the multicomponent NADPH-oxidase of white blood cells (WBCs). The purpose of our study was to compare the ROS producing activity of NOX5 in sperm and NADPH-oxidase of WBCs, and to investigate the role of protein kinase C (PKC) in NOX5 activation. A combination of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), chemiluminescence (CL), and nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT) dye reduction were used to monitor ROS production by sperm. The involvement of PKC in NOX5 activation was investigated using myristate acetate (PMA), and the PKC inhibitor GF-109203X. The presence of b cytochrome in NOX5 was investigated by spectrophotometry. PMA-stimulated WBCs produced superoxide dismutase – inhibitable EPR signals for both superoxide and hydroxyl radicals. Sperm did not produce these spectra with or without PMA stimulation. WBCs generated significantly increased levels of CL and reduced NBT after PMA stimulation; whereas sperm did not increase the CL response or reduce NBT. Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in WBCs were significantly reduced after PMA stimulation, whereas sperm ATP levels did not change. The characteristic spectra of b cytochrome observed after dithionite reduction of WBCs was not observed with sperm under similar conditions. These results indicate that the ROS producing activity of NOX5 is significantly lower than the WBC NADPH-oxidase, and suggest that the activation mechanism of NOX5 in sperm is independent of PKC.
Power source for a 1-kw arc engine test capsule

Power supply designed for a 1-kw arc engine for use with the scout electric rocket test /sert/ program
Sandwich on a Mission: Polytropic Vagaries in Lestrygonians

In its many guises, sandwich is present in most cultures. The word “sandwich” appeared first in the journal of Edward Gibbons.1 Sandwich is named after John Montague (1718-1792), the Fourth Earl of Sandwich, who, as the lore has it, during a prolonged gambling binge that precluded dinner, “ordered his valet to bring him meat tucked between two pieces of bread. Because Montague also happened to be the Fourth Earl of Sandwich, others began to order ‘the same as Sandwich!’ The original sandwich was, in fact, a piece of salt beef between two slices of toasted bread”.
Comparison of dietary carbohydrates for promotion of DMBA-induced mammary tumorigenesis in rats

Epidemiologic studies have suggested that sugar consumption is correlated with risk of breast cancer. We tested this possibility using the 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced mammary tumor rat model. Rats were fed diets containing one of three carbohydrates: sucrose, lactose, or corn starch. Tumor yields were similar in the groups fed sucrose and corn starch but significantly lower in the animals fed lactose. Consumption of starch was associated with the most palpable tumors which weighed significantly more than tumors from the other groups. These data indicate significant effects on promotion of mammary tumorigenesis by dietary carbohydrates.
Viscous Fluid Flow Under the Influence of a Resonant Acoustic Field

This paper presents an analytical solution for laminar channel flow under the influence of a resonant acoustic field. The solution predicts that standing vortices exist in the flow and that the size of these vortices, the ratio of the width of the vortex to the half channel width, is dependent upon the parameter M/M02 where M is the average Mach number of the through flow and M 0 is the acoustic Mach number which is based upon the maximum amplitude of the time dependent velocity. The existence of the standing vortices was confirmed experimentally by a visualization study of tube flow. Typical flow fields are shown photographically. Finally the threshold data of Eastwood for convection heat transfer under the influence of a resonant acoustic field are correlated. It was shown that sound affects the local heat-transfer rate if M/M02 is less than 63.
ALL IN A FLAP

![Figure][1] What is the best way to flap a wing? Engineers would love to use the millions of years of evolution of insect flight to help them design the best possible miniature flying vehicles. But even though insects clearly fly well, it's not clear that they've arrived at the \`best' way,
Overview of some recent research in signal processing for personal communication networks

The use of wireless personal communication networks (PCN) to increase the capacity of cellular radio systems is a topic currently receiving much attention. In addition to the increase in capacity one achieves by going to a microcellular system, one can increase the spectral efficiency even further by allowing the PCN to overlay a frequency band which is already occupied with narrowband waveforms. Various signal processing techniques can be used advantageously in this regard, and such techniques are outlined below.
Effects of inter-item lag on recognition memory in seizure patients preceding temporal lobe resection : evidence from event-related potentials

Abstract The electrophysiological correlates of word recognition are well characterized. Repeated ‘old’ words evoke a more positive-going waveform starting at approximately 300 ms compared with first-presented, ‘new’ words. The old/new effect is thought to be generated, in part, by structures within the medial temporal lobe. In the present study, event-related potentials were recorded during a continuous verbal recognition memory task in unoperated patients with either left (L) or right (R) unilateral temporal lobe epilepsy (Epil) and neurologically intact controls. To manipulate the difficulty of the memory task, the lag between the initial and subsequent presentation of the repeated words was varied from one, four to 16 items. In the controls, ERPs to old words were more positive going than new words from approximately 350–650 ms. The old/new effect diminished as the inter-item lag increased. Patient old/new effects showed a later onset (450 ms) and resolution (750 ms) compared with the controls. Furthermore, the late component of the old/new effect was significantly reduced in the L Epil. Although patient behavioral performance did not differ significantly from that of the controls, neuropsychological testing revealed impaired verbal memory function in the L Epil patients. It is concluded that the reduced old/new effect in the L Epil patients provides evidence that medial temporal lobe structures contribute to the scalp-recorded old/new effect.
Role of consciousness and accessibility of death-related thoughts in mortality salience effects.

On the basis of terror management theory, research has shown that subtle mortality salience inductions engender increased prejudice, nationalism, and intergroup bias. Study 1 replicated this effect (increased preference for a pro-U.S. author over an anti-U.S. author) and found weaker effects when Ss are led to think more deeply about mortality or about the death of a loved one. Study 2 showed that this effect is not produced by thoughts of non-death-related aversive events. Studies 2 and 3 demonstrated that this effect occurs only if Ss are distracted from mortality salience before assessment of its effects. Study 4 revealed that although the accessibility of death-related thoughts does not increase immediately after mortality salience, it does increase after Ss are distracted from mortality salience. These findings suggest that mortality salience effects are unique to thoughts of death and occur primarily when such thoughts are highly accessible but outside of consciousness. Language: en
Priming of awareness or how not to measure visual awareness

A foundational issue in the study of unconscious processing concerns whether the stimuli of interest are truly out of awareness. Objective methods employing forced choice are typically championed as the gold standard and widely thought to be conservative. Here, however, as a case study, we demonstrate an underestimation of awareness in a collection of studies on unconscious cognitive control. Specifically, we found that (a) in addition to genuine unawareness, chance performance could be due to a failure to perform the task; (b) visual awareness for low-visibility trials was elevated when mixed with high-visibility trials compared with when presented alone as demonstrated in both objective awareness (forced-choice performance) and subjective awareness (rating based on a perceptual awareness scale); and (c) the elevation effect was partly due to a shape-specific template enhancement at both the block and intertrial levels. We term the awareness elevation effect priming of awareness: Visual priming fundamentally alters awareness, boosting otherwise invisible objects into consciousness. These results implicate two key requirements for measuring awareness: (a) verify that participants are truly performing the awareness task and (b) use all types of trials in the awareness test as in the main experiment. Priming of awareness is consistent with an expanded model of awareness and top-down attention in which awareness is determined by (a) retinal stimulus strength and (b) both goal-dependent and goal-independent extra-retinal modulation.
Health and climate policy impacts on sulfur emission control

[1] Sulfate aerosol from burning fossil fuels not only has strong cooling effects on the Earth's climate but also imposes substantial costs on human health. To assess the impact of addressing air pollution on climate policy, we incorporate both the climate and health effects of sulfate aerosol into an integrated-assessment model of fossil fuel emission control. Our simulations show that a policy that adjusts fossil fuel and sulfur emissions to address both warming and health simultaneously will support more stringent fossil fuel and sulfur controls. The combination of both climate and health objectives leads to an acceleration of global warming in the 21st century as a result of the short-term climate response to the decreased cooling from the immediate removal of short-lived sulfate aerosol. In the long term (more than 100 years), reducing sulfate aerosol emissions requires that we decrease fossil fuel combustion in general, thereby removing some of the coemitted carbon emissions and leading to a reduction in global warming.
When initial postexcision PTH level does not fall appropriately during parathyroidectomy: what to do next?

Background Inadequate fall in the intraoperative parathyroid hormone (PTH) level after removing enlarged parathyroid gland(s) typically signifies additional hyperfunctioning gland(s), prompting further neck dissection, but it may also be a false negative result. We analyzed intraoperative management of patients with an inadequate fall on PTH after excision of enlarged parathyroid gland(s).
Self‐image and Guilt: A Further Test of the Cognitive‐Developmental Formulation

The cognitive-developmental formulation of self-image disparity holds that an increasing disparity between the real and ideal self-image is due to (a) increasing differentiation of the real from the ideal self with maturity and (b) the increased capacity for incorporation of social mores with a greater propensity for guilt as a result. Guilt and self-image disparity were assessed in 47 young adults in Study 1, and in 108 children, of varying intellectual abilities, in the 5th, 8th, and 11th grades in Study 2. In both studies, guilt was related to self-image disparity. At all age levels, guilt was related to a higher ideal self-image. Guilt was related to a higher real self-image among 5th graders, but not among older individuals. Brighter children had a higher ideal self-image, greater self-image disparity, and marginally more guilt than children of average intellectual abilities. Guilt and self-image disparity were not related to grade level. The pattern of findings indicated that self-image is influenced by both cognitive-developmental and experiential determinants.
Identification of an Endogenous Inhibitor of the Cardiac Na+/Ca2+ Exchanger, Phospholemman

Rapid and precise control of Na+/Ca2+ exchanger (NCX1) activity is essential in the maintenance of beat-to-beat Ca2+ homeostasis in cardiac myocytes. Here, we show that phospholemman (PLM), a 15-kDa integral sarcolemmal phosphoprotein, is a novel endogenous protein inhibitor of cardiac NCX1. Using a heterologous expression system that is devoid of both endogenous PLM and NCX1, we first demonstrated by confocal immunofluorescence studies that both exogenous PLM and NCX1 co-localized at the plasma membrane. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation studies revealed specific protein-protein interaction between PLM and NCX1. The functional consequences of direct association of PLM with NCX1 was the inhibition of NCX1 activity, as demonstrated by whole-cell patch clamp studies to measure NCX1 current density and radiotracer flux assays to assess Na+-dependent 45Ca2+ uptake. Inhibition of NCX1 by PLM was specific, because a single mutation of serine 68 to alanine in PLM resulted in a complete loss of inhibition of NCX1 current, although association of the PLM mutant with NCX1 was unaltered. In native adult cardiac myocytes, PLM co-immunoprecipitated with NCX1. We conclude that PLM, a member of the FXYD family of small ion transport regulators known to modulate Na+-K+-ATPase, also regulates Na+/Ca2+ exchange in the heart.
Considerations of Pathogenesis of HIV-Associated Nephropathy

The structural abnormalities in HIV-associated nephropathy affect cells of all renal components and result in a combination of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis and acute tubular necrosis. Ultrastructural features of the cellular injury are considered markers associated with viral infection, although not necessarily indicative of viral protein per se. The prominent abnormalities of glomerular visceral and tubular epithelium suggest that a single insult to these cells is responsible for the lesions. This led us to consider the role of HIV infection of renal epithelium; using in situ hybridization, we identified HIV genome in glomerular visceral and tubular epithelium in HIV-associated nephropathy. While these results are promising at elucidating the pathogenesis of this nephropathy, many unanswered questions remain. Are other infectious agents also necessary to produce the structural and functional abnormalities? How does the virus gain access to these cells which lack CD4 receptors? Why is the disorder so common in Blacks? Are other factors, such as heredity or drug use also necessary? What is the role of altered renal hemodynamics? At the present time, further studies, including a valid animal model, are needed to explain adequately these perplexing questions and other features of this renal disorder.
In‐Process Classification Assessment of Remotely Sensed Imagery

Abstract In‐Process Classification Assessment (IPCA) is concerned with the analysis and resolution of uncertainties in the classification of remotely sensed imagery. Using a Bayesian weight of evidence procedure known as Dempster‐Shafer theory, a method is presented for the mapping of three types of uncertainty: ignorance (the presence of unknown classes), ambiguity arising from inseparable training statistics, and the presence of impure (mixed) pixels. The procedure yields new images of Unknownness, Inseparability and Mixedness that are combined into a color composite for visual analysis. The color composite allows the analyst to identify classes that need improvements in training site quality and locations for new training sites to incorporate missing or mixed classes. In addition, the individual uncertainty images provide a quantitative assessment of classification quality before a post‐classification ground truth assessment is undertaken. A case study and validation show that this IPCA procedure produ...