cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A National Symposium on Prosthodontics

An undertaking such as the National Symposium on Prosthodontics must involve the contributions of many. Since the active participants in Prosthodontics 21 were outstanding invited individuals with demanding commitments in a variety of settings, their willingness to prepare in advance and share in the deliberations of a lengthy meeting without honoraria is deeply appreciated. Their perseverance and dedication to task was most admirable. To guide and direct the efforts of the Section Contributors, the Chairperson, Reviewer, and Secretary constituted the faculty for each group. These select individuals prepared well in advance, assured productive discussions, and provided major input to Section report preparation. They are to be highly commended for their valuable contributions of leadership and perseverance. The Section Assistants effectively met their daily responsibilities of assuring duplicating, clerical, and library resource support. The Mayo Medical Center in Rochester, Minnesota, graciously hosted the Symposium in providing the recently completed Siebens Medical Education facilities for Section and Plenum session meetings. Medical Center CEO, Dr. Robert R. Waller, and Department of Dentistry Chairman, Dr. Phillip J. Sheridan, represented the host organization through their active participation. Mr. Jack D. Key, Mayo Librarian, and his staff provided expertise and willing supervision of library services. Local arrangements were planned by Dr. Ned B. Van Roekel and Department of Dentistry colleagues, and additional support was provided by Drs. Ronald P. Desjardins, Steven E. Eckert, and Phillip J. Sheridan. The Department Secretarial Staff rendered efficient and timely services throughout the Symposium. While Mrs. Kristine Schuchard carried the secretarial burden of planning and organizational activities, Mrs. Marilyn Toogood, Mrs. Joyce Wellik, Mrs. Mary Kay Bloom, Mrs. Cheryl Parkin, and Mrs. Kristin Russell also contributed. In Ann Arbor, Ms.
Transformational Leadership in Labor Organizations: The Effects on Union Citizenship Behaviors

This study suggests that transformational leadership influences union citizenship behavior by fostering a covenantal relationship between the union and the union member. A framework for covenantal relationships is developed from social exchange and social identity theories. Transformational leadership behavior was found to be strongly related to perceived union support, a social exchange construct. The results also indicated that there are positive and significant relationships between other social exchange constructs such as felt obligation and trust. Social identity theory is used to augment social exchange theory in explaining the process by which transformational leadership behaviors relate to union citizenship behaviors through union-based self-esteem. Limitations of the study, implications for union management, and directions for future research issues are discussed.
Theoretical physics made easy

Advanced undergraduate physics students may benefit from theoretical computational tasks that involve relatively low study time. An example from nuclear physics is given in which packaged subroutines allow efficient computation of a nucleon interaction potential.
Effect of β-adrenergic agonists on mucociliary clearance

The mucociliary clearance apparatus, an important defense mechanism for clearing the lung of bacteria and foreign particulate matter, is a well-coordinated system consisting of airway secretory cells that produce a sol and gel (or mucus) fluid layer on the airway surface and ciliated cells that propel the mucus out of the lung towards the mouth. In vivo mucociliary clearance rates can be measured by following the rate of egress of deposited, radiolabeled markers by gamma camera. Short-acting beta-adrenergic agonists have been shown to enhance mucociliary clearance rates to varying degrees in patients with various lung diseases (eg, asthma, chronic bronchitis, and cystic fibrosis), although the enhancement is generally less than that seen in the normal lung. Limited data on the in vivo dose-response relationships of these mucociliary clearance effects suggest that larger doses are required for enhancement of mucociliary clearance than are needed for bronchodilatation. Little is known about chronic effects, but studies with dosing for up to a week also suggest an enhancement of mucociliary clearance, primarily by agonists that are lipophilic. Issues for future research include the effects of the newer long-acting beta-agonists, large versus small airway effects, and combination effects with other inhaled therapeutic agents (eg, steroids and ion-channel blockers).
PHOSPHORYLATION OF FILAMIN (ABP‐280) REGULATES THE BINDING TO THE LIPID MEMBRANE, INTEGRIN, AND ACTIN

Actin-binding protein (ABP-280; filamin) is a phosphoprotein present in the periphery of the cytoplasm, where it can cross-link actin filaments, associate with lipid membranes, and bind to membrane surface receptors. Given its function and localization in the cell, the hypothesis that it serves as a substrate for p56lck, a lymphocyte-specific member of the src family of protein tyrosine kinases associated with cell surface glycoproteins is considered. The results suggest conformationally-induced regulation of filamin (ABP-280).
A Comparison of GLOWER and other Machine Learning Methods for Investment Decision Making

Prediction in financial domains is notoriously difficult for a number of reasons. First, theories tend to be weak or non-existent, which makes problem formulation open ended by forcing us to consider a large number of independent variables and thereby increasing the dimensionality of the search space. Second, the weak relationships among variables tend to be nonlinear, and may hold only in limited areas of the search space. Third, in financial practice, where analysts conduct extensive manual analysis of historically well performing indicators, a key is to find the hidden interactions among variables that perform well in combination. Unfortunately, these are exactly the patterns that the greedy search biases incorporated by many standard rule learning algorithms will miss. One of the basic choices faced by modelers is on the choice of search method to use. Some methods, notably, tree induction provide explicit models that are easy to understand. This is a big advantage of such methods over, say, neural nets or naive Bayes. My experience in financial domains is that decision makers are more likely to invest capital using models that are easy to understand. More specifically, decision makers want to understand when to pay attention to specific market indicators, and in particular, in what ranges and under what conditions these indicators produce good risk- adjusted returns. Indeed, many professional traders have remarked that they are occasionally inclined to make predictions about market volatility and direction, but cannot specify these conditions precisely or with any degree of confidence. For this reason, rules generated by pattern discovery algorithms are particularly appealing in this respect because they can make explicit to the decision maker the particular interactions among the various market indicators that produce desirable results. They can offer the decision maker a "loose theory" about the problem that is easy to critique.
Extended scaled neural predictor for improved branch prediction

A perceptron-based scaled neural predictor (SNP) was implemented to emphasize the most recent branch histories via the following three approaches: (1) expanding the size of tables that correspond to recent branch histories, (2) scaling the branch histories to increase the weights for the most recent histories but decrease those for the old histories, and (3) expanding most recent branch histories to the whole history path. Furthermore, hash mechanisms, and saturating value for adjusting threshold were tuned to achieve the best prediction accuracy in each case. The resulting extended SNP was tested on well-known floating point and integer benchmarks. Using the SimpleScalar 3.0 simulator, while different features have different impact depending on whether the test is floating point or integer, overall such a well-tuned predictor achieves an improved prediction rate compared to prior approaches.
Competitive Uptake and Phytomonitoring of Chlorinated Contaminant Mixtures by Redosier Dogwood (Cornus sericea)

Plant uptake is an important process in phytoremediation. The robust uptake of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by plants offers opportunities to establish quantitative relationships between VOCs in plant tissues and in groundwater for the purpose of phytoscreening or phytomonitoring. Most previous research pertaining to phytoremediation neglected the competitive effects of co-contaminants on the uptake of VOCs by plants, yet recent studies appeared to indicate high competitive effects of co-contamination. This study investigated the competitive uptake of three chlorinated compounds in the presence and absence of other co-contaminants by Redosier dogwood in a greenhouse and examined the implications of this competitive phenomenon for phytomonitoring of contaminant mixtures in groundwater. Concentrations of VOCs in stems decreased along the height in both single and bi-solute systems, in agreement with previous observations in the literature. Examination of the VOCs in single and bi-solute systems showed ...
Biochemical analysis of human POLG2 variants associated with mitochondrial disease

Defects in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance comprise an expanding repertoire of polymorphic diseases caused, in part, by mutations in the genes encoding the p140 mtDNA polymerase (POLG), its p55 accessory subunit (POLG2) or the mtDNA helicase (C10orf2). In an exploration of nuclear genes for mtDNA maintenance linked to mitochondrial disease, eight heterozygous mutations (six novel) in POLG2 were identified in one control and eight patients with POLG-related mitochondrial disease that lacked POLG mutations. Of these eight mutations, we biochemically characterized seven variants [c.307G>A (G103S); c.457C>G (L153V); c.614C>G (P205R); c.1105A>G (R369G); c.1158T>G (D386E); c.1268C>A (S423Y); c.1423_1424delTT (L475DfsX2)] that were previously uncharacterized along with the wild-type protein and the G451E pathogenic variant. These seven mutations encode amino acid substitutions that map throughout the protein, including the p55 dimer interface and the C-terminal domain that interacts with the catalytic subunit. Recombinant proteins harboring these alterations were assessed for stimulation of processive DNA synthesis, binding to the p140 catalytic subunit, binding to dsDNA and self-dimerization. Whereas the G103S, L153V, D386E and S423Y proteins displayed wild-type behavior, the P205R and R369G p55 variants had reduced stimulation of processivity and decreased affinity for the catalytic subunit. Additionally, the L475DfsX2 variant, which possesses a C-terminal truncation, was unable to bind the p140 catalytic subunit, unable to bind dsDNA and formed aberrant oligomeric complexes. Our biochemical analysis helps explain the pathogenesis of POLG2 mutations in mitochondrial disease and emphasizes the need to quantitatively characterize the biochemical consequences of newly discovered mutations before classifying them as pathogenic.
Inferable object-oriented typed assembly language

A certifying compiler preserves type information through compilation to assembly language programs, producing typed assembly language (TAL) programs that can be verified for safety independently so that the compiler does not need to be trusted. There are two challenges for adopting certifying compilation in practice. First, requiring every compiler transformation and optimization to preserve types is a large burden on compilers, especially when adopting certifying compilation into existing optimizing non-certifying compilers. Second, type annotations significantly increase the size of assembly language programs.This paper proposes an alternative to traditional certifying compilers. It presents iTalX, the first inferable TAL type system that supports existential types, arrays, interfaces, and stacks. We have proved our inference algorithm is complete, meaning if an assembly language program is typeable with iTalX then our algorithm will infer an iTalX typing for that program. Furthermore, our algorithm is guaranteed to terminate even if the assembly language program is untypeable. We demonstrate that it is practical to infer such an expressive TAL by showing a prototype implementation of type inference for code compiled by Bartok, an optimizing C# compiler. Our prototype implementation infers complete type annotations for 98% of functions in a suite of realistic C# benchmarks. The type-inference time is about 8% of the compilation time. We needed to change only 2.5% of the compiler code, mostly adding new code for defining types and for writing types to object files. Most transformations are untouched. Type-annotation size is only 17% of the size of pure code and data, reducing type annotations in our previous certifying compiler [4] by 60%. The compiler needs to preserve only essential type information such as method signatures, object-layout information, and types for static data and external labels. Even non-certifying compilers have most of this information available.
Ketogenic diet prevents cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemic neurodegeneration

Ketogenic diet (KD) is an effective treatment for intractable epilepsies. We recently found that KD can prevent seizure and myoclonic jerk in a rat model of post-hypoxic myoclonus. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that KD can prevent the cerebral ischemic neurodegeneration in this animal model. Rats fed a standard diet or KD for 25 days were being subjected to mechanically induced cardiac arrest brain ischemia for 8 min 30 s. Nine days after cardiac arrest, frozen rat brains were sectioned for evaluation of ischemia-induced neurodegeneration using fluoro-jade (FJ) staining. The FJ positive degenerating neurons were counted manually. Cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemia in rats fed the standard diet exhibited extensive neurodegeneration in the CA1 region of the hippocampus, the number of FJ positive neurons was 822 ± 80 (n = 4). They also showed signs of neurodegeneration in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and in the thalamic reticular nucleus, the number of FJ positive neurons in the cerebellum was 55 ± 27 (n = 4), the number of FJ positive neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus was 22 ± 5 (n = 4). In contrast, rats fed KD showed no evidence of neurodegeneration, the number of FJ positive neurons in these areas were zero. The results demonstrate that KD can prevent cardiac arrest-induced cerebral ischemic neurodegeneration in selected brain regions.
Supramolecular Dynamics of Mucus

Our purpose here is not to address specific issues of mucus pathology, but to illustrate how polymer networks theory and its remarkable predictive power can be applied to study the supramolecular dynamics of mucus. Avoiding unnecessary mathematical formalization, in the light of available theory, we focus on the rather slow progress and the still large number of missing gaps in the complex topology and supramolecular dynamics of airway mucus. We start with the limited information on the polymer physics of respiratory mucins to then converge on the supramolecular organization and resulting physical properties of the mucus gel. In each section, we briefly discuss progress on the subject, the uncertainties associated with the established knowledge, and the many riddles that still remain.
Genetically encoded FRET sensors for visualizing metabolites with subcellular resolution in living cells.

What tools are there to determine the concentration of a particular molecular species in a physiological environment? Is it possible to visualize how its concentration varies across an organ, tissue, or cell? Is there a way to detect how metabolite levels change in response to environmental stimuli
Requirements for Hybrid Cosimulation

Abstract : This paper defines a suite of requirements for future hybrid cosimulation standards, and specifically provides guidance for development of a hybrid cosimulation version of the Functional Mockup Interface (FMI) standard. A cosimulation standard defines interfaces that enable diverse simulation tools to interoperate. Specifically, one tool defines a component that forms part of a simulation model in another tool. We focus on components with inputs and outputs that are functions of time, and specifically on inputs and outputs that are mixtures of discrete events and continuous time signals. This hybrid mixture is not well supported by existing cosimulation standards, and specifically not by FMI 2.0, for reasons that are explained in this paper. The paper defines a suite of test components, giving a mathematical model of an ideal behavior, plus a discussion of practical implementation considerations. The discussion includes acceptance criteria by which we can determine whether a standard supports definition of each component. In addition, the paper defines a set of test compositions of components. These compositions define requirements for coordination between components, including consistent handling of timed events.
The Influence of Stressing at Different Biases on the Electrical and Optical Properties of CdS/CdTe Solar Cells

Cadmium Sulfide/Cadmium Telluride (CdS/CdTe) devices are subject to stress under various biases. Striking differences are observed with the Current-Voltage, and Capacitance- Voltage measurements for cells degraded at 100°C in dark under forward (FB), open circuit (OC), and reverse (RB) biases. RB stress provides the greatest degradation, and the apparent doping density profile shows anomalous behavior at the zero bias depletion width. Thin films of CdS, both doped and undoped, with Cu are characterized with photoluminescence (PL). The PL spectra from the CdS films are correlated with the CdS spectra from stressed devices, revealing that Cu signatures in the CdS layer of stressed devices are a function of stress biasing. Device modeling using AMPS-1D produces IV curves similar to that in RB degraded devices, by only varying the trap level concentration in the CdS layer.
Monoclonal Anti-PLA2R and Recurrent Membranous Nephropathy: Another Piece of the Puzzle

Many of the advances in our understanding of human pathophysiology have come both from experimentation in animal models and from direct observations of human disease. Membranous nephropathy (MN) is no exception: decades of work in the Heymann nephritis model demonstrate the role of the complement
The Balanced Budget

Introduction, 191. — I. Views of the classical economists, 192. — II. Major characteristics of Keynesian thinking about national debt and deficits, 206. — III. Reasons for slight Keynesian impact on prevalent attitude towards government debts and deficits in this country, 210; reasons for widespread acceptance of doctrine of balanced budgets for the federal government, 212.
Alternative forms of emergency care: The Arizona experience

Federal, state, and county governments, along with the medical community, are continually attempting to find ways to curtail rising health care costs. Prepaid capitated health care systems have been devised and implemented in an attempt to control these costs. The Arizona Health Care Cost Containment System (AHCCCS) is an experimental system being tried in Arizona in an attempt to stabilize expenses within the Medicaid system.
Negotiated Orders: The Negotiation of Directives in Paramedic‐Nurse Interaction

Whereas the “negotiated order approach” emphasizes the importance of communicative events in the constitution of organizational settings, there has been little attempt to formally describe the properties of talk that occur in these settings. This article demonstrates that detailed examination of the temporal unfolding of negotiative processes contributes to our understanding of the bundle of tasks which comprise organizational settings. Through close analysis of the negotiation of directives in paramedic calls for emergency field orders, I demonstrate that negotiation is more than a metaphor for describing organizational order; real-world negotiations are complex interactional processes which can be described in their rich detail.
Speckle tracking ultrasound for assessment of the relative motion of flexor tendon and subsynovial connective tissue in the human carpal tunnel.

Abstract The objective of this study was to compare tissue Doppler imaging and speckle tracking ultrasound to assess the relative motion of flexor tendon and surrounding subsynovial connective tissue (SSCT). Twenty normal human wrists were imaged with an ultrasound scanner. The two ultrasound methods measured the excursion and maximum velocity of the tendon and SSCT while subjects gripped three different sized acrylic tubes and these were correlated with tendon excursions estimated from finger joint angle changes. The maximum velocity ratio (=SSCT/tendon velocity) and the shear index (=[(Tendon excursion–SSCT excursion)/Tendon excursion]×100%) were calculated. The intraclass correlation coefficient was higher for joint angle/speckle tracking tendon excursion (0.642) than for joint angle/tissue Doppler excursion (0.377). The speckle tracking method could also discriminate differences in maximum velocity ratio and shear index for different tube sizes. We conclude that speckle tracking may be useful in assessing the relative motion of tendon and SSCT. (E-mail: pamadio@mayo.edu )
A technique for measuring threshold mismatch in DRAM sense amplifier devices

The magnitude of the threshold difference between cross-coupled FET pairs of a DRAM (dynamic random-access memory) sense amplifier directly detracts from the amount of signal developed. A static testing technique is described that quickly and accurately measures the threshold difference between every N-channel device pair in an entire sense amplifier bank on an array-like test structure. The static measurement results are correlated with a dynamic sense amplifier signal margin test. High volume data provided by the technique are useful for characterizing and correcting process- or mas-induced threshold mismatch, in order to maximize signal margin and minimize retention-time losses in VLSI DRAMs. >
Guilty, but not ashamed: "true" self-conceptions influence affective responses to personal shortcomings.

The current research examined how true self-conceptions (who a person believes he or she truly is) influence negative self-relevant emotions in response to shortcomings. In Study 1 (N = 83), an Internet sample of adults completed a measure of authenticity, reflected on a shortcoming or positive life event, and completed state shame and guilt measures. In Study 2 (N = 49),undergraduates focused on true versus other determined self-attributes,received negative performance feedback,and completed state shame and guilt measures. In Study 3 (N = 138), undergraduates focused on self-determined versus other determined self-aspects, reflected on a shortcoming or neutral event, and completed state shame, guilt, and self-esteem measures.In Study 4 (N = 75),undergraduates thought about true self-attributes,an achievement,or an ordinary event;received positive or negative performance feedback; and completed state shame and guilt measures. In Study 1, differences in true self-expression positively predicted shame-free guilt (but not guilt-free shame) following reminders of a shortcoming. Studies 2‐4 found that experimental activation of true self-conceptions increased shame-free guilt and generally decreased guilt-free shame in response to negative evaluative experiences.The findings offer novel insights into true self-conceptions by revealing their impact on negative self-conscious emotions. It is an undeniable fact of life that, despite our very best efforts, we sometimes fall short of the standards that we strive to meet. Students fall short of their academic goals. Dieters succumb to the temptation of “forbidden” sweets. Even exceptionally talented athletes like Lebron James and Tiger Woods do not always live up to their competitive (and moral) expectations. These types of experiences have the obvious potential to trigger self-evaluative processes that can elicit a wide range of negative consequences. Yet, while some people respond to negative evaluative events in a potentially dysfunctional fashion (e.g., aggression; Baumeister, Smart, & Boden, 1996), other people appear to be relatively unaffected by their shortcomings and display little to no defensiveness. What accounts for such divergent reactions? A number of factors likely play a role, but an emerging literature suggests that the activation and expression of one’s “true” self-concept may be especially important (e.g., Kernis, 2003). In the current research, we examined whether or not true self-conceptions influence the affective reactions that people have to personal shortcomings. We focused on the distinction between shame and guilt, and drew upon research indicating that “shame-free guilt” (guilt controlling for shame) and “guilt-free shame” (shame controlling for guilt) are differentially related to important psychological outcomes (e.g., depression; Orth, Berking, &
Reassessment of biogenic volatile organic compound emissions in the Atlanta area

Abstract Localized estimates of biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions are important inputs for photochemical oxidant simulation models. Since forest tree species are the primary emitters of BVOCs, it is important to develop reliable estimates of their areal coverage and BVOC emission rates. A new system is used to estimate these emissions in the Atlanta area for specific tree genera at hourly and county levels. The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service Forest Inventory and Analysis data and an associated urban vegetation survey are used to estimate canopy occupancy by genus in the Atlanta area. A simple canopy model is used to adjust photosynthetically active solar radiation at five vertical levels in the canopy. Lraf temperature and photosynthetically active radiation derived from ambient conditions above the forest canopy are then used to drive empirical equations to estimate genus level emission rates of BVOCs vertically through forest canopies. These genera-level estimates are then aggregated to county and regional levels for input into air quality models and for comparison with (1) the regulatory model currently used and (2) previous estimates for the Atlanta area by local researchers. Estimated hourly emissions from the three approaches during a documented ozone event day are compared. The proposed model yields peak diurnal isoprene emission rates that are over a factor of three times higher than previous estimates. This results in total BVOC emission rates that are roughly a factor of two times higher than previous estimates. These emissions are compared with observed emissions from forests of similar composition. Possible implications for oxidant events are discussed.
What Can Epidemiology Tell Us about Risks at Low Doses

Abstract Puskin, J. S. What Can Epidemiology Tell Us about Risks at Low Doses? Radiat. Res. 169, 122–124 (2008). Limitations on statistical power preclude direct detection and quantification of radiogenic cancer risks at very low (environmental) levels of low-LET radiation through epidemiological studies. Given this limitation and our incomplete understanding of cellular processes leading to radiation carcinogenesis, an “effective threshold” in the dose range of interest for radiation protection cannot yet be ruled out. Ongoing epidemiological studies of chronically exposed individuals receiving very low daily doses of radiation can be used, however, together with radiobiological data, to critically test whether such a threshold is plausible.
Lung cancer mortality among industrial workers exposed to formaldehyde: a Poisson regression analysis of the National Cancer Institute Study.

The Formaldehyde Institute (FI) sponsored additional Poisson regression analysis of lung cancer mortality data from the joint National Cancer Institute (NCI)/FI cohort study of workers exposed to formaldehyde to investigate the previously reported effects of plant and latency period and to assess the impact of short-term workers (under 1 yr employment) on the results. There were 242 lung cancer deaths in this cohort of 20,067 white male workers. With OCMAP software, lung cancer death rates for the white males in this cohort were computed by plant, age, calendar time, and job type for several time-dependent formaldehyde exposures, including formaldehyde exposure in the presence of 12 selected co-exposures: ammonia (AM), antioxidants (AN), asbestos (AS), carbon black (CB), dyes/inks/pigments (DY), hexamethylenetetramine (HX), melamine (ME), particulates (PT), phenol (PH), plasticizers (PL), urea/urea compounds (UR), wood dust (WD), and a composite co-exposure (X5) involving AN, HX, ME, PH, and UR.A 1.6-fold increase in lung cancer risk was found, beginning approximately 16-20 yr after first employment in the study plants with no evidence of a differential effect of latency between hourly and salaried workers or among the various categories of formaldehyde exposure as measured by cumulative average intensity or length of exposure. The statistically significant heterogeneity in lung cancer risk among the 10 plants could not be explained by interplant differences in cumulative or average intensity of exposure to formaldehyde, either without regard to co-exposures or in the presence of any of the 12 co-exposures considered individually. Plant was not a statistically significant predictor of lung cancer risk when cumulative exposure to the composite X5 was included in the model, suggesting that some component of X5, or a correlate, could at least partly account for the overall heterogeneity. No significant associations were found for cumulative, average, or length of exposure to formaldehyde without regard to co-exposure, but positive associations were found for cumulative exposure to formaldehyde in the presence of several co-exposures (AN, HX, ME, PH, and UR). For workers who were never exposed to any of 10 co-exposures associated with an increased lung cancer risk, there was a decreasing pattern of estimated lung cancer risk ratios relative to cumulative formaldehyde exposure. Similar patterns were seen when the analysis was restricted to the long-term workers. Analysis of the internal cohort rates corroborates previous analyses of NCI/FI cohort data in that significant positive associations were found between the risk of lung cancer and cumulative exposure to formaldehyde in the presence of several of the same co-exposures. No such associations were found in the absence of these co-exposures.
Fuel-assisted in-cylinder oxygen fraction transient trajectory shaping control for diesel engine combustion mode switching

This paper presents a method for shaping the transient trajectory of in-cylinder oxygen fraction at intake valve closing (IVC) when combustion mode is switched from one to another in Diesel engines. To achieve this purpose, based on a non-equilibrium transient trajectory shaping (NETTS) control method, the fuel injection amount was adjusted within a given range (accommodated by adjusting fuel injection timing accordingly). Through air-path and fuel-path cooperative control, the transient trajectory of in-cylinder oxygen fraction can be bounded by a series of shaped-boundaries during tracking error converging. The dwell time between two consecutive combustion mode switching events can be effectively reduced. To evaluate the control algorithm, co-simulations were conducted using a GT-Power (a high-fidelity industry standard 1-D computational engine model software package) engine model and Matlab/SIMULINK.
Effect of potato virus Y on yield of a clonal selection of Russet Norkotah.

Successful selections of Russet Norkotah lines have produced larger, more vigorous vines and higher yields than the standard Russet Norkotah (RN). Potato Virus Y (PVY), while producing mild or “latent” symptoms in this cultivar, has been shown to significantly reduce yields. To determine PVY’s effect on yield of a RN selection, PVY infected RN and Russet Norkotah selection 3 (RN3) yields were compared after planting in Hermiston, Oregon in 2001, 2003, and 2006. After emergence, individual plants were ELISA tested for PVY multiple times during the growing season to confirm infection. Plants were categorized when infected; 1) current season, 2) seed borne or 3) “no PVY”. At harvest, total and marketable yield data were collected. RN3 produced higher total yields than RN, regardless of infection categories. Highest yield reductions of RN and RN3 due to PVY were in the following order; seed borne PVY >>current season PVY >>no PVY.
Novel mechanism of mitral regurgitation after lung transplantation in a patient with scleroderma and pulmonary hypertension.

CLINICAL SUMMARY A 43-year-old woman with a history of scleroderma complicated by advanced respiratory failure secondary to pulmonary fibrosis and hypertension was considered for LTx. Pulmonary artery pressures of 81 mm Hg (systolic) and 38 mm Hg (diastolic) with a transpulmonary gradient of 38 mm Hg were associated with severe tricuspid regurgitation, severe right ventricular dilatation, and moderate dysfunction. She underwent a successful double LTx and a tricuspid valve annuloplasty using the De Vega technique. Surgery was performed on cardiopulmonary bypass with an allograft ischemic time of 405 minutes. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed preserved left ventricular function with moderate right ventricular dilatation and no evidence of tricuspid regurgitation or MR. The patient experienced primary graft dysfunction early postoperatively and required venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenator (ECMO) support for 3 days, using central cannulation. ECMO weaning was considered after recovery of lung function with a PAO2 of 76 mm Hg on 40% FIO2 and significant radiologic improvement. After ECMO weaning, several extubation attempts were unsuccessful, despite adequate allograft function. A biopsy, 15 days after LTx, showed no acute cellular rejection or diffuse alveolar damage. The patient had 2 episodes, on days 9 and 22 after transplant, of acute desaturation with a mod-
Truancy: It’s Not About Skipping School

Truancy and related school attendance issues are serious problems nationwide, and are often the result of a punitive school-based paradigm that harms more students than the protocols help. While some school districts and juvenile courts have shifted toward a rehabilitative paradigm and approach truancy with preventive efforts, unfortunately, this is not the norm. This manuscript summarizes and reviews: (1) the prevalence of the problems within schools and juvenile courts; (2) truancy and delinquency’s inter-related risk and protective factors for children and adolescents and the disproportionate impact on some students; and (3) the evidence of what schools and related stakeholders can do to improve student truancy/attendance problem outcomes. The analysis concludes with case examples from two states (Colorado and Ohio) that have taken dichotomous approaches to addressing truancy, and what child and adolescent social workers should do to fix the problems.
Are All Experiences of Fit Created Equal? Two Paths to Consumers Evaluations

This paper examines how regulatory fit influences evaluations through two separate mechanisms. The first mechanism attributes "feeling right" from fit to positive feelings about the target, making any type of evaluation more positive. The second mechanism attributes "feeling right" to the "rightness" of the reactions about the target, making negative evaluations more negative and positive evaluations more positive. Across four studies and two consumer domains, level of involvement is shown to be responsible for activating one mechanism as opposed to the other. Under low involvement, fit (as compared to non-fit) was found to increase positive feelings toward the target which in turn increased the positivity of evaluations. Under high involvement, fit was found to magnify the valence of evaluations as well as increase confidence in them.
Assessing point-of-use ultraviolet disinfection for safe water in urban developing communities

Residents of urban developing communities often have a tap in their home providing treated and sometimes filtered water but its microbial quality cannot be guaranteed. Point-of-use (POU) disinfection systems can provide safe drinking water to the millions who lack access to clean water in urban communities. While many POU systems exist, there are several concerns that can lead to low user acceptability, including low flow rate, taste and odor issues, high cost, recontamination, and ineffectiveness at treating common pathogens. An ultraviolet (UV) POU system was constructed utilizing developing community-appropriate materials and simple construction techniques based around an inexpensive low-wattage, low pressure UV bulb. The system was tested at the bench scale to characterize its hydrodynamic properties and microbial disinfection efficacy. Hydraulically the system most closely resembled a plug flow reactor with minor short-circuiting. The system was challenge tested and validated for a UV fluence of 50 mJ/cm(2) and greater, over varying flow rates and UV transmittances, corresponding to a greater than 4 log reduction of most pathogenic bacteria, viruses, and protozoa of public health concern. This study presents the designed system and testing results to demonstrate the potential architecture of a low-cost, open-source UV system for further prototyping and field-testing.
Studies on Lymphopoiesis. VII. Size Distribution of Bovine Thoracic Duct Lymphocytes.

SummarySize distribution studies based upon cell volumes of pure thoracic duct lymphocytes of normal young calves indicate the existence of two populations of cells and delineate the size and range of each.
Ambiguous genitals due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Surgical repair in infancy.

Abstract Six patients with sexual ambiguity due to congenital adrenal hyperplasia had surgical alteration of the external genitals in infancy. The earliest was on the fifteenth day of life. One patient had sex reassigned. Bleeding at operation and poor wound healing due to excessive glucocorticoid therapy was noted in the first patient in this series undergoing operation in the neonatal period. Early surgical repair of severely ambiguous genitals in affected female infants is recommended because of persistence of the changes even with adequate steroid suppression of the adrenals.
The current and velozity distributions in a velocity modulated, brillouin-focused electron beam

In recentyears, many experimental and theoretical studies have been made of the current distribution in velocity-modulated electron beams. The major drawback of the experimental investigations has been that no careful examination was made of the state of the direct-current beam before modulation. A knowledge of the state of the unperturbed beam is important, because most theories that describe the r.f. behavior of a beam are based on an ideal beam; i.e., one that is laminar, free from scalloping or other variations in the axial direction, and having a charge density that is constant in the radial and angular directions. Since the major purpose of this study was to compare theoretical predictions with the actual beam behavior, it was necessary to produce a beam that approximated the ideal beam as closely as possible. Moreover, it was desirable to produce a beam similar to those used in commercial linear-beam tubes, so that any results obtained would have a direct bearing on the design and operation of commercial tubes.
Lymphocyte‐depleting induction therapy lowers the risk of acute rejection in African American pediatric kidney transplant recipients

The use of lymphocyte-depleting induction immunosuppression has been associated with a reduction in risk of AR after KT among adult recipients, particularly among high-risk subgroups such as AAs. However, data on induction regimen and AR risk are lacking among pediatric KT recipients. We examined outcomes among 7884 first-time pediatric KT recipients using SRTR data (2000-2014). Characteristics were compared across race using Wilcoxon rank-sum tests for continuous and chi-square tests for categorical variables. Risk of AR was estimated using modified Poisson regression, stratified by recipient race, adjusting for recipient age, gender, BMI, primary diagnosis, number of HLA mismatches, maintenance immunosuppression, and donor type. Risk of AR within 1 year was lower in AA recipients receiving lymphocyte-depleting induction (ATG or alemtuzumab; RR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.52-0.83 P < .001) compared to AA recipients receiving anti-IL-2 receptor antibody induction. This difference was not seen in non-AA recipients receiving lymphocyte-depleting induction (RR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.81-1.06, P = .26) compared to IL-2 induction. These findings support a role for lymphocyte-depleting induction agents in AA pediatric patients undergoing KT and continued use of IL-2 inhibitor induction in non-AA pediatric KT recipients.
Anomaly based intrusion detection in wireless networks using Bayesian classifier

Ad hoc wireless network with black hole attacks, denial of service attacks and malicious attacks are investigated to study if we can detect harmful activities in a timely manner. A popular simulator NS2 was used to create a controlled wireless network environment. The network was built with 33 nodes with AODV protocol and traffic data was collected from the network. The probability based Naive Bayesian classifier was used with 10 attributed derived from the traffic data. The classification rates obtained is over 97% when numeric attribute values are discretized in Naive Bayesian classifier. It is observed that in our network simulation, denial-of-service attacks and black hole attacks are always correctly detected while malicious attacks and normal traffic are not.
Rural Hospital Employment of Physicians and Use of Cesareans and Nonindicated Labor Induction.

Objective Workforce issues constrain obstetric care services in rural US hospitals, and one strategy hospitals use is to employ physicians to provide obstetric care. However, little is known about the relationship between hospital employment of maternity care physicians and use of obstetric care procedures in rural hospitals. We examined the association between obstetric physician employment and use of cesareans and nonindicated labor induction. Study Design We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a telephone survey of all 306 rural hospitals providing obstetric care in 9 states from November 2013 to March 2014 and linked the survey data (N = 263, 86% response rate) to all-payer childbirth data on maternity care utilization from 2013 Statewide Inpatient Database (SID) hospital discharge data. Methods Using logistic regression models, we assessed the proportion of a hospital's maternity care physicians employed by the hospital and estimated its association with utilization of low-risk and nonindicated cesareans, and nonindicated labor induction. Results Rural hospitals that employed family physicians but not obstetricians had lower cesarean rates among low-risk pregnancies. Rural hospitals that employed only obstetricians did not show a relationship between employment and procedure utilization. Across hospitals with both obstetricians and family physicians, a 10% higher proportion of obstetricians employed was associated with 4.6% higher low-risk cesarean rates (4.6% [0.7%-8.4%]), while no significant relationship was found for the proportion of family physicians employed by a hospital. Conclusions In rural US hospitals, associations between physician employment and obstetric procedure use differed by physician mix and the types of physicians employed.
A New Method of Solving the Multimode Reactor Kinetics Equations

An investigation is made of a new approach to solving the multimode kinetics equations. These equations are cast into a matrix generalization,of the point kinetics equations and successfully solved...
Effects on Balance When Interfering With Proprioception at the Knee

After experiencing a stroke, 80% of individuals face hemiparesis causing muscle weaknesses, paralysis, and lack of proprioception. This often induces difficulty to perform everyday functions such as balancing. The goal of this project is to determine if stroke-like balance can be induced in healthy individuals. The Proprioceptive Interference Apparatus (PIA) applies vibrations and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) about the knee joint in different combinations both with and without visual feedback.Ten subjects stood on one foot for periods of two minutes for each of the eight trial conditions. The root mean squared (RMS) of the position coordinates, the standard deviation of the forces, and the RMS of center of pressure coordinates were analyzed for each trial and subject. Analysis of the variation of position markers and forces showed a statistically significant difference between balance with visual feedback versus without. However, the use of PIA did not have any statistically significant difference on these measures.Copyright © 2017 by ASME
Role of Patient- and Surgery-Specific Risk in Receipt of Outpatient Preoperative Testing.

Abstract Objective To determine the independent association of patient- and surgery-specific risk with receipt of outpatient preoperative testing. Methods Using administrative data from 2010–2013 (Marketscan ® Commercial Claims and Encounters), we constructed a retrospective cohort of 678,368 privately-insured, non-elderly US adults who underwent one of ten operations, including one lower-risk and one higher-risk operation from five surgical specialties. Outcomes were receipt of nine outpatient tests in the 30 days before surgery and cost of those tests. Patient-specific risk was based on Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) and, alternatively, the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Surgery-specific risk was based on operation (higher- versus lower-risk within each specialty). Multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to measure the independent association of patient- and surgery-specific risk with the receipt of tests. Results Receipt of tests ranged from 0.9% (pulmonary function tests) to 46.8% (blood counts), and 65.2% of patients received at least one test. Mean cost per patient for all tests was $124.38. Higher RCRI was strongly associated (Odds Ratio (OR) > 2) with receipt of stress tests and echocardiograms, and more modestly associated [OR Conclusion Surgery-specific risk is strongly associated with receipt of most preoperative tests, which is consistent with preoperative testing protocols based as much or more on the planned operation as on patient-specific risk factors. Whether this pattern of preoperative testing represents optimal care is uncertain.
Recurrent cerebrospinal fluid leaks and meningoencephaloceles

• Endoscopic repair of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks and meningoencephaloceles is largely successful, with rates of skull-base defect closure greater than 90%.
Mechanism of transition at subsonic speeds

The subject of transition from laminar to turbulent flow is currently being investigated in a number of laboratories. Much of the activity has to do with the extent of laminar flow on bodies at supersonic speeds and on how the position of transition, or the Reynolds number at which transition occurs, depends on the steadiness of the stream, roughness of the surface, or heat transfer to or from the surface. Certain investigations, conducted mostly at low speeds, attempt to probe into the mechanism of transition. A recent survey of the subject has been given by Dryden [1].
Developing Electronic Systems with Certifiable Reliability

Electronic systems of hardware, software and operating procedures have been notoriously difficult to develop with reliable operating characteristics. These systems handle logical complexities which surpass anything imaginable a few years ago. This complexity leads to new difficulties in developing and testing because of the number of operating modes and test cases that are possible.