cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Corpuscular Theory of J. B. Van Helmont and its Medieval Sources

One common view of the scientific revolution is as a period in which the 4 'mechanical philosophy" came ever more to dominate the natural sciences. Although the term "mechanical philosophy" is fraught with difficulty, a convenient way of defining it may be found in Robert Boyle, who labelled it as the attempt to reduce natural explanations to those "two grand and most catholick principles of bodies, matter and motion".1 In this definition Boyle was of course following the lead of Descartes, and if it does less than perfect justice to his own system, at least it allowed Boyle and many others an ideal for which to strive.2
Preparation and evaluation of thiol-modified gelatin nanoparticles for intracellular DNA delivery in response to glutathione.

To enhance the intracellular delivery potential of plasmid DNA using nonviral vectors, we have developed thiolated gelatin nanoparticles that can release the payload in the highly reducing environm...
The Great Risk Hunt

The author shows that the evolution of markets and institutions over that past twenty years has spurred the great hunt for risk and prompted monumental improvement in the toolkits available to risk managers. She also profits a successful risk function as a collaborative effort integral to the investment process, rather than a stand-alone or independent oversight imposed on the process. Finally, she offers some insights as to the future of risk management and the implementation of effective programs.
Aboveground Dry Weight and Yield Responses of Irrigated Field Corn to Defoliation and Root Pruning Stresses

Insecticide-modified levels of western corn root worm, Diabrotfca vtrgifera vtrgifera LeConte, larval feeding, manually applied preautotrophic (seedling stage) defoliation, and auto trophic (four-leaf stage) defoliation were evaluated for their independent and combined effects on aboveground dry matter production and grain yield of field corn, Zea mays L. Defoliations were imposed to simulate cutworm feeding damage, late frosts, or hail. Total reductions in leaf dry weight attributable to treatments became less evident as plants compensated over time. However, leaf groups undergoing initiation or expansion when stresses were imposed produced significantly less dry weight after each treatment was applied and were not able to compensate fully by season’s end. Stalk dry weights showed less change than leaves after treatment. However, once detectable, reductions in stalk dry weight remained significant throughout the growing season. Decreases of 3-12% in corn yield were attributable to root pruning stress from larval feeding. Grain yield decreased 3-9% in response to seedling defoliation and 13-22% following four-leaf stage defoliation. Yield declines resulted from reduction of total kernels per ear (both kernels per row and kernel rows) and not from kernel weight, which suggests that treatments effectively stressed plants before or during kernel initiation rather than during kernel fill. Significant treatment interactions were evident in responses of some vegetative and dry weight yield parameters. In each instance, less reduction was caused by combinations of treatments than was expected if effects of single treatments were added.
Listening to Mothers II: Knowledge, Decision-Making, and Attendance at Childbirth Education Classes

In this column, a woman describes her concern that her childbirth classes did not provide the information she needed to make informed decisions during labor and birth. The results of the Listening to Mothers II survey suggest that this experience is not unusual. Although most women (97%) who participated in the survey wanted to know all or most of the potential risks of epidural, induction, and cesarean before consenting to have the intervention, the majority—including mothers who had experienced the intervention, women who were experienced mothers, and women who had attended childbirth classes—did not know the complications of induction or cesarean. These findings raise important questions about the outcomes of childbirth education. The factors that may contribute to these findings are discussed, and suggestions are made for insuring that women have the knowledge they need to make informed decisions about their maternity care.
Meaning matters: a clinician's/student's guide to general sign theory and its applicability in clinical settings.

Abstract The pragmatic mapping process and its variants have proven effective in second language learning and teaching. The goal of this paper is to show that the same process applies in teaching and intervention with disordered populations. A secondary goal, ultimately more important, is to give clinicians, teachers, and other educators a tool-kit, or a framework, from which they can evaluate and implement interventions. What is offered is an introduction to a general theory of signs and some examples of how it can be applied in treating communication disorders. Learning outcomes: (1) Readers will be able to relate the three theoretical consistency requirements to language teaching and intervention. (2) Readers will be introduced to a general theory of signs that provides a basis for evaluating and implementing interventions.
Distinguishing zero-group-velocity modes in photonic crystals

We examine differences between various zero-group-velocity modes in photonic crystals, including those that arise from Bragg diffraction, anticrossings, and band repulsion. Zero-group velocity occurs at points where the group velocity changes sign, and therefore is conceptually related to 'left-handed' media, in which the group velocity is opposite to the phase velocity. We consider this relationship more quantitatively in terms of the Fourier decomposition of the modes, by defining a measure of how much the 'average' phase velocity is parallel to the group velocity--an anomalous region is one in which they are mostly antiparallel. We find that this quantity can be used to qualitatively distinguish different zero-group-velocity points. In one dimension, such anomalous regions are found never to occur. In higher dimensions, they are exhibited around certain zero-group-velocity points, and lead to unusual enhanced confinement behavior in microcavities.
Postoperative epidural analgesia.

Postoperative analgesia is an increasingly important consideration in veterinary surgery. Effective pain relief can prevent neuroendocrine and cardiovascular responses to stress and pain. Epidural opioids are effective, inexpensive, long-duration alternatives for control of postoperative pain.
Pb‐Zn deposits by tectonic expulsion?

The tectonic expulsion of fluids theory could explain the presence of lead-zinc ores in sedimentary rocks. Originally proposed in 1986 by Jack Oliver, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., the theory is based on the subduction of tectonic plates, where hot mineral-bearing fluids would be expelled from the subduction zone to circulate in overlying sediments during a continent-continent collision. The problem with Oliver's idea is that formation ages of some lead-zinc deposits are older than the formation ages of mountains close to the deposits. According to the theory, the age of the mountains would equal the age of mineralization.
Characterizing Mental Models of Hazardous Processes: A Methodology and an Application to Radon

Lay people's ability to respond to an environmental hazard is determined, in part, by their understanding of the physical, chemical, and biological processes that govern its creation and control. A general methodology is offered here for studying that understanding. It attempts to characterize people's mental models of a hazard—i.e., the sets of principles from which they generate predictions about its behavior. The organizing device for this methodology is a network representation of expert knowledge about the hazard, emphasizing concepts relevant to risk management. This methodology is illustrated here with a set of interviews about the risks of radon. The results have implications for measuring, predicting, and aiding the public's understanding of environmental hazards.
The effects of dietary amino acids on hepatic l-asparagine synthetase

Abstract Rats were fed Roger's synthetic amino acid diets, complete or without asparagine, aspartate, or glutamate, for 2 weeks. Hepatic and serum amino acid content and hepatic asparagine synthetase were assayed before and after the test diets were administered. Special attention was paid to the multiple forms of asparagine synthetas present. Rats fed the test diet without asparagine exhibited high molecular weight (110,000) α-form and intermediate molecular weight (57,000) β-form of asparagine synthetase. Rats fed the complete test diet and the test diet without asparatate exhibited only the β-form of the enzyme. Rats fed the test diet without glutamate exhibited no enzyme activity. These data are related to the hepatic amino acid levels and to the role of asparagine and asparagine synthetase in amino acid homeostasis.
Heme nitrosylation of deoxyhemoglobin by s-nitrosoglutathione requires copper.

Abstract NO reactions with hemoglobin (Hb) likely play a role in blood pressure regulation. For example, NO exchange between Hb and S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) has been reported in vitro. Here we examine the reaction between GSNO and deoxyHb (HbFeII) in the presence of both Cu(I) (2,9-dimethyl-1, 10-phenanthroline (neocuproine)) and Cu(II) (diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N",N"-pentaacetic acid) chelators using a copper-depleted Hb solution. Spectroscopic analysis of deoxyHb (HbFeII)/GSNO incubates shows prompt formation (<5 min) of ∼100% heme-nitrosylated Hb (HbFeIINO) in the absence of chelators, 46% in the presence of diethylenetriamine-N,N,N′,N",N"-pentaacetic acid, and 25% in the presence of neocuproine. Negligible (<2%) HbFeIINO was detected when neocuproine was added to copper-depleted HbFeII/GSNO incubates. Thus, HbFeIINO formation via a mechanism involvingfree NO generated by Cu(I) catalysis of GSNO breakdown is proposed. GSH is a source of reducing equivalents because extensive GSSG was detected in HbFeII/GSNO incubates in the absence of metal chelators. No S-nitrosation of HbFeII was detected under any conditions. In contrast, the NO released from GSNO is directed to Cysβ93 of oxyHb in the absence of chelators, but only metHb formation is observed in the presence of chelators. Our findings reveal that the reactions of GSNO and Hb are controlled by copper and that metal chelators do not fully inhibit NO release from GSNO in Hb-containing solutions.
The Spectra of Lead IV and Bismuth V

Early investigations in the spectra of Pb IV by Rao and Narayan, Smith and Kishen have been extended to include 34 terms arising from the configurations $5{d}^{10}\mathrm{ns}$, $5{d}^{10}\mathrm{np}$, $5{d}^{10}\mathrm{nd}$, $5{d}^{10}5f$, $5{d}^{9}6{s}^{2}$, $5{d}^{9}6s6p$ and $5{d}^{9}6s6d$. With data by Arvidsson, Smith and the author, the region reported extends from 198 to 5005A and 79 lines have been classified. In the extension to Bi V, values have been assigned to 14 terms involving 18 lines in the region below 1487A. By a Hick's formula the value of the $5{d}^{10}6s ^{2}S_{0\frac{1}{2}}$ term has been computed to be 340,885 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Pb IV and 451,700 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for Bi V, giving ionization potentials of 42.0 and 55.7 volts, respectively.
Artificial Red Cells with Crosslinked Hemoglobin Membranes

Artificial cells containing concentrated hemoglobin (Hb) solution were prepared by interfacial polymerization of Hb with glutaraldehyde (GA) in liquid membrane capsules (LMC). A solution containing 30% of Hb was emulsified in mineral oil as red cell-size microdroplets, and this emulsion was dispersed in an aqueous phase containing glutaraldehyde to form LMC. The LMC were semipermeable templates that held the microdroplets of Hb in suspension while GA diffused through the oil to the microdroplet surfaces. The GA crosslinked Hb at the surface of each microdroplet to form an artificial red-cell membrane encapsulating Hb solution. A water-soluble surfactant was used to eject the cells from the LMC and suspend them in saline.
Deep levels in n-type HgCdTe

Abstract Deep levels in both bulk and LPE (liquid phase epitaxy) n-type Hg 0.685 Cd 0.315 Te have been studied by deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) between 78 and 170 K using metal-insulator-semiconductor (MIS) capacitors. One major acceptor-like electron trap was observed in the depletion region of the semiconductor with an energy level at E c -85 meV, or E c -0.3 E g . The electron capture cross section was found to be independent of the temperature and has an average value of 1X10 -16 cm 2 . The ratio of the trap concentration ( N t ) to the shallow donor concentration ( N d ) in both the bulk material and the LPE film was found to be close to 1. A general expression allowing numerical calculation of the capacitance transient due to the thermal ionization of traps in MIS capacitors with any value of N t / N d is also given.
Multifarious temporal variations of low-energy relativistic cosmic-ray electrons.

Detailed examination of the intensity variations of 3- to 12-MeV interplanetary electrons. The data are from the Goddard cosmic-ray experiment on the Imp satellites and cover the period from just before the last solar minimum through the onset of the present solar maximum (i.e., from December 1963 through August 1969). A morphology for the intensity changes is tentatively proposed that includes solar-flare-associated events, solar co-rotating increases, Forbush decreases, quiet-time increases, and the long-term 11-year variation. It is contended that the electron components observed both during quiescent times and during quiet-time increases are galactic in origin. The quiet-time increases represent a completely new phenomenon that appears to be unique to the low-energy electron population. During a quiet-time increase the electron intensity is enhanced by a factor of 3 to 5 over a period of days, and, in general, these periods anticorrelate with low-energy solar particle events. Qualitatively, their amplitude diminishes with increasing solar activity.
One Size Does Not Fit All: Culture and Perceived Importance of Web Design Features

ABSTRACT Using Geert Hofstede's cultural typology, this study examines whether internet users' cultural backgrounds influence how they perceived importance of specific web design features. A survey of American and Chinese college students reveals that the participants of the study prioritized those features of web design that best reflected their native cultural backgrounds. The results of the study indicate that incorporating cultural values into online communication should be an integral part of website promotion efforts.
The Androgen Metabolite, 5α-Androstane-3β,17β-Diol (3β-Diol), Activates the Oxytocin Promoter Through an Estrogen Receptor-β Pathway

Testosterone has been shown to suppress the acute stress-induced activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis; however, the mechanisms underlying this response remain unclear. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is regulated by a neuroendocrine subpopulation of medial parvocellular neurons in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN). These neurons are devoid of androgen receptors (ARs). Therefore, a possibility is that the PVN target neurons respond to a metabolite in the testosterone catabolic pathway via an AR-independent mechanism. The dihydrotestosterone metabolite, 5α-androstane-3β,17β-diol (3β-diol), binds and activates estrogen receptor-β (ER-β), the predominant ER in the PVN. In the PVN, ER-β is coexpressed with oxytocin (OT). Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that 3β-diol regulates OT expression through ER-β activation. Treatment of ovariectomized rats with estradiol benzoate or 3β-diol for 4 days increased OT mRNA selectively in the midcaudal, but not rostral PVN compared with vehicle-treated controls. 3β-Diol treatment also increased OT mRNA in the hypothalamic N38 cell line in vitro. The functional interactions between 3β-diol and ER-β with the human OT promoter were examined using an OT promoter-luciferase reporter construct (OT-luc). In a dose-dependent manner, 3β-diol treatment increased OT-luc activity when cells were cotransfected with ER-β, but not ER-α. The 3β-diol–induced OT-luc activity was reduced by deletion of the promoter region containing the composite hormone response element (cHRE). Point mutations of the cHRE also prevented OT-luc activation by 3β-diol. These results indicate that 3β-diol induces OT promoter activity via ER-β–cHRE interactions.
Induction of mitogenic signalling in the 1LN prostate cell line on exposure to submicromolar concentrations of cadmium

Abstract Cadmium exposure increases the risk of prostate cancer. We now describe the effects of Cd2+ on signalling and proliferation in 1LN prostate cells. Cd2+ increased [3H]thymidine uptake and cell number twofold. Cd2+ elevated intracellular IP3, cytosolic-free Ca2+, phosphorylated MEK1/2, ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and JNK two- to threefold. Increased PDK1 and phosphorylation of the 85-kDa regulatory subunit of PI 3-kinase, Akt and p70s6k were also observed. Cd2+ treatment increased transcription factors NFκB and CREB, and the expression of c-fos and c-myc. Cd2+-induced increased uptake of [3H]thymidine was abolished by translational and transcriptional inhibitors, and Ca2+ channel blockers. Inhibition of phospholipase C and of Ca2+ binding to IP3 receptors inhibited Cd2+-induced DNA synthesis as did inhibition of tyrosine kinases, protein kinase C, PI 3-kinase, farnesyl transferase, MEK1/2, ERK1/2 and p38MAPK. Thus signalling events, which are triggered on exposure of 1LN cells to submicromolar concentrations of Cd2+, induce increased proliferation of these cells.
Meta-analysis of Quality of Life Outcomes Following Diabetes Self-management Training

Purpose The purpose of this meta-analysis was to meet the need to quantify the influence of diabetes self-management training on quality of life (QOL) of adult diabetes patients. Methods Extensive literature searching located published and unpublished diabetes self-management intervention studies that measured QOL outcomes among at least 5 subjects with type 1 or 2 diabetes. Data were extracted from primary study reports which included interventions designed to improve diabetes self-management and adequate data to calculate effect sizes. Random-effects meta-analytic procedures were used to estimate overall effects between treatment and control groups at outcome assessment and between baseline and outcome data for both treatment subjects and control subjects. Results Exhaustive searching yielded 20 comparisons across 1892 subjects. The comparisons between treatment and control group outcomes following interventions yielded an effect size of 0.281. The comparisons between treatment group at baseline and outcome measurement yielded an effect size of 0.312 to 0.313. Each of these effect sizes were statistically significant, meaning that the hypothesis that interventions to improve diabetes self-management results in increased QOL was supported. Control subjects did not experience improved QOL while participating in studies. Conclusions These findings document that people with diabetes experience improved QOL from participation in diabetes self-management training programs. Future diabetes self-management intervention studies should include quality of life outcomes so that this important outcome can be further studied. After more primary studies are available, future meta-analyses can explore important moderator analyses.
THE ROLE OF LINGUISTICS IN TEFL METHODOLOGY1

This paper begins with a consideration of the language learning process from a transformational point of view. It is suggested that acquiring a language can be thought of as internalizing a set of rules of the language. Next, three possible roles for linguistic theory in TEFL methodology are discussed: (1) TEFL is completely dependent upon linguistics; (2) linguistic theory can be used to justify TEFL classroom activities; and (3) linguistics provides insights into, but does not determine, teaching methods. It is argued that the latter position is the most reasonable role for linguistics vis-a-vis foreign language pedagogy.
Harsanyi's Utilitarianism Theorems: General Societies

Abstract In this paper I investigate Harsanyi's utilitarianism aggregation theorems for general societies. It is proved that the social utility function is a linear (and non-negative) aggregation of individual utility functions if and only if the Pareto indifference (or the Pareto) condition holds, and that the linear aggregation has an integral representation under some regular conditions.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: D63, D81, G12.
Von der Ölpflanze zur Spanplatte

Demonstration experiments stimulate growing and breeding of forgotten oilseed plants for technical applications. Vegetable oils with fatty acids similar to linseed oil react with maleic anhydride and catalysts to form polyfunctional derivatives. Resins can be used as powder for the production of high-density materials. After adding a short-chain monocarboxylic acid, these resins are emulsifiable water. In combination with isocyanates they form binders, which are suitable for the production of particle boards of normal density.
On effective properties of composites with coated cylindrically orthotropic fibers

Abstract Composite systems consisting of a matrix phase and coated inclusions with curvilinear anisotropy are considered, and a concise framework is established for analysis of their effective thermomechanical behavior. An exact relation between the effective thermal stress tensor and the purely mechanical influence functions of such media is derived. The presented analysis includes as a special case some previous work by the authors on composites with coated and cylindrically orthotropic fibers, e.g., carbon fibers. Furthermore, it allows to prove analytically certain symmetry and consistency properties of the effective thermomechanical tensors of such systems as approximated by the Mori—Tanaka micromechanical model.
Lymphoma in Elderly Patients: Novel Functional Assessment Techniques Provide Better Discrimination Among Patients than Traditional Performance Status Measures

Abstract Background Age > 60 years and impaired performance status (PS) are adverse prognostic features in the International Prognostic Index for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; however, patients aged > 60 years compose a heterogeneous population, and commonly used PS measures are subjective and incomplete. Patients and Methods Validated tests are used in geriatric populations to predict mortality and functional decline. The timed "up and go" test measures the time required to stand, walk a set distance, and return. The Tinetti Gait and Balance test measures gait and balance, and the hand grip assesses grip strength. We evaluated these tests in a heterogeneous cohort of older patients with lymphoma, as a first step in identifying prognostic subsets that might differ in the ability to tolerate disease and treatment. The mean age of the patients (N = 25) was 70 years, with 13 men and 12 women. Five patients were newly diagnosed, 15 had aggressive histology, and 10 had indolent disease. Two subjects had Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group PS 0, 20 had PS 1, and 3 had PS 2. Assessments could be conducted in Results The interquartile range/median (higher values reflect greater variance) was 73.1 for the handgrip, 42.3 for the "up and go," and 1.8 for the Tinetti test. Conclusion Accepted geriatric assessment tools can identify subgroups of older patients with lymphoma with distinct functional status. Prospective trials in larger and more homogeneous patient populations will define the potential of these tools to assist in guiding therapy and predicting outcomes
Product Differentiation and Representative Agent Import Demand Systems: A Reconsideration and Reconciliation

Product differentiation is the fundamental assumption employed to supposedly generate the import demand systems found in the literature. This paper shows that the assumption of product differentiation does not generate the import demand systems found in the literature, unless two additional assumptions are made. A procedure is demonstrated for testing these assumptions. By showing and exploiting the formal relationship between the “old” theory of demand and the “new” (Lancaster) theory of demand, the results are applicable to any demand system. La differentiation des produits est l'hypotese fondamentale qui sous-tendrait les nombreux systemes de demande a l'importation qu'on retrouve dans la bibliographie econometrique des vingt dernieres annees. Or dans le present article, il est demontre que cette hypothese n'est vraiment valable que si on la complete de deux suppositions auxiliaires. Une demarche est proposee pour tester ces deux propositions. En degageant et en exploitant le rapport formel qui existe entre l'«ancienne» theorie et la «nouvelle» theorie (Lancaster) de la demande, on montre que les resultats peuvent s'appliquer a n'importe quel systeme de demande.
Concepts of “culture”: Implications for intercultural communication research

The notion of “culture” currently used by intercultural communication scholars emerges out of a specific set of historical circumstances, in particular, the 1940s and Edward T. Hall's work at the Foreign Service Institute. This article reviews intercultural communication research as it is published by communication journals, and examines how culture is conceptualized in intercultural communication research. Alternate ways in which “culture” might be conceptualized are then discussed and the consequences that this might have for intercultural communication scholarship are explored.
Diagnostic Reasoning in Acute and Critical Care

Diagnostic reasoning is a dynamic thinking process that leads to the identification of a hypothesis that best explains the clinical evidence. Nurses in advanced practice today frequently diagnose the origin of medical and nursing problems that develop in acutely and critically ill adults. Inherent in the specialty fields of acute and critical care are unique factors that can affect the quality of diagnostic reasoning and can potentially complicate the process. An understanding of the basic principles underpinning diagnostic reasoning and the associated common errors is essential for clinicians and students to improve their diagnostic skills.
Internal Colonization of Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium in Tomato Plants

Several Salmonella enterica outbreaks have been traced back to contaminated tomatoes. In this study, the internalization of S. enterica Typhimurium via tomato leaves was investigated as affected by surfactants and bacterial rdar morphotype, which was reported to be important for the environmental persistence and attachment of Salmonella to plants. Surfactants, especially Silwet L-77, promoted ingress and survival of S. enterica Typhimurium in tomato leaves. In each of two experiments, 84 tomato plants were inoculated two to four times before fruiting with GFP-labeled S. enterica Typhimurium strain MAE110 (with rdar morphotype) or MAE119 (without rdar). For each inoculation, single leaflets were dipped in 109 CFU/ml Salmonella suspension with Silwet L-77. Inoculated and adjacent leaflets were tested for Salmonella survival for 3 weeks after each inoculation. The surface and pulp of ripe fruits produced on these plants were also examined for Salmonella. Populations of both Salmonella strains in inoculated leaflets decreased during 2 weeks after inoculation but remained unchanged (at about 104 CFU/g) in week 3. Populations of MAE110 were significantly higher (P<0.05) than those of MAE119 from day 3 after inoculation. In the first year, nine fruits collected from one of the 42 MAE119 inoculated plants were positive for S. enterica Typhimurium. In the second year, Salmonella was detected in adjacent non-inoculated leaves of eight tomato plants (five inoculated with strain MAE110). The pulp of 12 fruits from two plants inoculated with MAE110 was Salmonella positive (about 106 CFU/g). Internalization was confirmed by fluorescence and confocal laser microscopy. For the first time, convincing evidence is presented that S. enterica can move inside tomato plants grown in natural field soil and colonize fruits at high levels without inducing any symptoms, except for a slight reduction in plant growth.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of imidazolinone herbicide enantiomers and their methyl derivatives on polysaccharide-coated chiral stationary phases.

Abstract Many chiral pesticides exhibit enantioselectivity in biotransformation and ecotoxicity in the environment. A significant class of chiral pesticides is imidazolinone herbicides, of which enantioselectivity has not been well studied. Development of efficient chiral separation methods is the first step for allowing characterization of enantioselectivity in environmental processes. In this study, we attempted to resolve enantiomers of imidazolinone herbicides using reversed-phase and normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with polysaccharide-type chiral columns. Enantiomers of imazethapyr, imazaquin, and imazamox were separated on a Chiralcel OD-R column using 50 mM phosphate buffer-acetonitrile as mobile phase. Enantiomers of imazapyr, imazapic, imazethapyr, imazamox and imazaquin were resolved on a Chiralcel OJ column using n-hexane (0.1% trifluoroacetic acid)-alcohol as mobile phase. The enantiomers of five methyl derivatives of imidazolinone herbicides were also resolved on the Chiralcel OJ column. The Δk′ values revealed a structure-enantioselectivity relationship for the separation behaviors of the enantiomers on the OJ column. The described method was successfully applied for chiral analysis of two imidazolinone herbicides (imazapyr and imazaquin) in spiked soil samples.
Some derivatives of Newton's method

Every first-year calculus student learns Newton's method as part of a repertoire of numerical root-finding methods. We present two other numerical root-finding methods that we derive using Newton's method: a simplified Newton's method, and Halley's method. These two methods are not new, yet they seldom find their way into a first calculus course even though they would not be out of place in such a course.
Production of short-lived isotopes by charged particle accelerators ((d,n) and (p,n) reactions)

Cohen and Canada (1972) have discussed the use of Van de Graaff accelerators for the production of such short-lived radionuclides as 11C (20 min), 13N (10 min), 15O (2 min) and 18F (112 min) for medical applications. The authors feel that Cohen and Canada have overestimated the average cross-sections for the production of 11C and 15O with 6 and 12 MeV deuterons. Furthermore, they have not considered the problem in sufficient detail, and as a result have neglected a number of important factors, which place their estimates in error by a factor of at least 100 to 1000.
SU‐GG‐J‐29: Feasibility of Improving Cone Beam CT Number Consistency with a Scatter‐Correction Algorithm

Purpose: To explore the feasibility of improving Elekta cone beam CT(CBCT) number consistency using a scatter‐correction algorithm, with the aim of using CBCTimages for treatment planning with heterogeneity correction. Method and Materials: A Gammex tissue phantom was scanned with and without a 1‐cm bolus on an Elekta XVI cone beam CT. A scatter‐correction algorithm was applied to process the projection images, where the first order scatter fluence was expressed as a function of the primary photon fluence, and iterations were performed to estimate primary and scatter fluences from the projections, assuming higher‐order scatter fluence was constant or proportional to the first order scatter fluence. Volumetric images were reconstructed with the projection images.CBCT numbers of the insert rods of the Gammex phantom were compared between images with and without bolus, and with and without scatter‐correction processing. Single field treatment plans with heterogeneity correction were generated using CBCT‐to‐electron‐density conversions obtained in the images without the bolus, which were compared with the plans generated using CTimages.Results:CBCT numbers of the same insert rods were different in the images with and without bolus. Without the scatter‐correction processing, the maximum, mean, and minimum differences of the CBCT numbers between bolus and no‐bolus images were 485, 128, and 40, respectively. After the processing, the corresponding differences were reduced to 349, 80, and 4, respectively. The CBCT plans which were based on the processed images, show better dose agreement with the CT plans: for example, in the bolus plans, without the processing, the difference of the dose at isocenter was 7.1%; after the processing, the difference was reduced to 0.8%. Conclusion:CBCT number consistency was improved by use of the scatter‐correction algorithm. It is expected that with further improvement, the algorithm can be used in clinical applications.
Intracellular Water Lifetime Depends on Cellular Energetic State

Intra- and extracellular water undergoes equilibrium exchange via mechanisms that include passive diffusion across the membrane and movement through channels, like aquaporin. Longitudinal 1H2O NMR relaxography can employ extracellular relaxation agent GdDTPA2- to distinguish intra- and extracellular 1H2O signals by creating a difference in their relaxation time constant (T1) values. Inverse Laplace transform of relaxation decay produces the relaxogram, the T1 distribution, which reports apparent water populations, pi′ and pe′. The true water fractions, pi and pe - measures of the volume fractions vi and ve, are determined if the kinetics of transcytolemmal water exchange (the mean intracellular water life time τi) are quantified using two-site-exchange analysis. The “well-mixed” kinetic expression is: τi-1 = PW(A/V), where PW is the water permeability coefficient; A and V are the individual cell surface area and volume, respectively. Furthermore: vi/τi = PWS, where S is the total cell surface area.We determined the relationship between τi and cellular energetics in suspensions of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Under aerobic conditions τi was 333 (± 4) ms; under anaerobic conditions τi was 670 (± 62) ms. Changing from aerobic to anaerobic conditions also resulted in a decrease of ATP content. In the yeast strain MR6, which requires adenine supplementation to grow, ATP content increased with medium adenine concentration. As ATP was thus increased, the τi was found to inversely correlate with ATP content (R2 = 0.96). Therefore, τi is a sensitive indicator of the cellular energetic state and energetics affects the kinetics of transcytolemmal water exchange. The aerobic PWS was greater than the anaerobic PWS. The underlying mechanism(s) are not yet clear. Experiments with baker's yeast stored in an anaerobic state found that inhibition of protein synthesis prevented the anaerobic-to-aerobic τi decrease and that aquaporin is not responsible.1
Maternal Demandingness and Responsiveness as Predictors of Adolescent Abstinence

This retrospective study examined two distinct parenting dimensions, demandingness and responsiveness, as independent predictors of adolescent sexual risk behavior. The data used to test study hypotheses were from Waves I and II of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). In this sample of 2,030 adolescents and their mothers, maternal demandingness [odds ratio (OR) = 0.77] and maternal responsiveness (OR = 0.89) independently predicted adolescent abstinence from sex. Findings substantiate the use of a dimensional approach to measuring parenting in examining adolescent sexual behavior.
Fungicidal versus Fungistatic: what's in a word?

Background: Historically clinicians have preferred to use ‘cidal’ antifungal agents, particularly in critically ill patients. However, data to support the belief that the preferential use of a ‘cidal’ agent results in better patient outcomes has been lacking. Objective: This review examined the in vitro definitions of fungicidal and fungistatic as well as their strengths and limitations. Methods: A Medline search was performed in order to identify literature that examined the in vitro or in vivo impact of fungicidal and fungistatic activity. The study examined three common invasive fungal infections, namely cryptococcal meningitis, candidemia and invasive aspergillosis, where sufficient comparisons of fungicidal and fungistatic agents have been performed to allow for the evaluation of the clinical importance of these in vitro findings. Results and conclusion: A clear clinical benefit of fungicidal agents over those with fungistatic activity remains elusive. Patients with cryptococcal meningitis clearly be...
Cloning of the initiation region of a mammalian chromosomal replicon

In eukaryotic cells, each chromosome is divided into several thousand tandemly arranged replicons, each synthesized at a characteristic time during the S period1,2. Although as yet no eukaryotic DNA sequence known for certain to be a eukaryotic chromosomal replication origin has been isolated, electron microscopic3,4 and biochemical5–7 evidence suggests that eukaryotic DNA synthesis is initiated at specific sites. We have attempted to establish a system in which functional chromosomal origins could be identified in vivo before their isolation by molecular cloning. For this purpose, we have developed a methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line (CHOC 400) that contains 1,000 copies of a 135-kilobase (kb) early-replicating sequence8, and which includes the gene for dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). We have shown that initiation of DNA synthesis within each repeated unit (amplicon) is restricted to a small subset of restriction fragments at the beginning of the S period9, suggesting that these fragments contain or flank origins of DNA synthesis. Here we report molecular cloning and restriction mapping experiments showing that all of these early-labelled fragments (ELFs) are derived from a single locus within each repeated unit. This result implies that synthesis of each amplicon initiates from a single origin of replication at the onset of S, and that an amplicon is formally equivalent to a replicon.
A simple heat transfer correlation for cross flow in tube bundles

Abstract The empirical method of Biery [1] for the estimation of crossflow heat transfer in various geometries tube bundles has been simplified. At high Reynolds number conditions, intense turbulent mixing exists such that the heat transfer is not sensitive to the variation of the detailed geometries of the bundles. A simple heat transfer correlation based on tube diameter can be deduced as NU d = 0.366 Re d 0.6 Pr 1 3 . This simple correlation fits the experimental data well within ± 20% for 4000 Re d 5 . Good agreements between this simple correlation and existing correlations are also observed.
Nebulized liposomal amikacin for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in cystic fibrosis patients

Introduction: Chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PsA) is associated with more-rapid pulmonary decline and acute pulmonary exacerbations in patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). The treatment and eradication of this organism from CF airways is particularly difficult, making it the focus of many therapeutic endeavors. Inhaled antibiotics used for PsA treatment help to suppress growth of the organism, maintain lung function and reduce the frequency of pulmonary exacerbations. Areas covered: Herein, the authors discuss the currently available inhaled antibiotics for management of lung infections in CF patients. They also describe the recent results from clinical trials of agents under development, with a focus on liposomal amikacin for inhalation (LAI, Arikace™). The article also provides a summary of the results from relevant articles published in the English. Expert opinion: LAI is a unique formulation of amikacin that enhances drug delivery and retention in CF airways via incorporation into ...
Depletion of DDT from Commercial Layers

Abstract INTRODUCTION THE use of DDT and other pesticides to control flies, insects, etc., in poultry houses is a common practice. In addition, DDT and other pesticides are recommended for use in feed grain production (U.S.D.A., 1965). Unless the most careful application of these chemicals is accomplished, some will inadvertently get into the feed and/or water, and will result in a residual buildup in the eggs and meat. Various workers (Naber and Ware, 1961; Liska, et al., 1964; Stadelman et al., 1965) have reported residues of chlorinated insecticides in tissues and eggs of chickens exposed to these insecticides. Recent attention focused on DDT residues in eggs has resulted in condemnation of several lots of eggs by government agencies in the midwest and other areas of the U.S. Though pesticide residues in meat and eggs may be a potential human health hazard, no tolerance level has as yet been set by the …
Privatizing the ground water resource: individual use and alternative specifications

: While most inquiries into improving the efficiency of ground water allocation have focused upon various schemes involving centralized management, recently the focus has shifted towards exploring private property solutions to these problems. However, most of these studies, when modeling ground water use, have equated behavior under private property to that under common property conditions. This leads to the possibly mistaken conclusion that private property rights do not promote more efficient ground water use, because these models assume that producers ignore the future effects of current pumping. This paper attempts to correct this deficiency by formally modeling ground water use under common property, central management, and private property scenarios. Moreover, there are many ways that property rights can be defined over ground water, some establishing more exclusivity over the resource than others. Four specifications of property rights are analyzed for their likely effects on allocative efficiency: full stock-flow, partial stock-flow, limited stock-flow, and pure flow rights.
An Introduction to Consumer Health Apps for the iPhone

Access to health care information increased substantially with the commercial arrival of the Internet in the 1990s; consumers of health information had access to a tremendous amount of information at their fingertips. With the launch of the iPhone in 2007, information became accessible and portable. This article will examine the early usage of health information applications, or “apps,” and provide an overview of several apps for the iPhone. Numerous areas of future research that can be applied to the emerging arena of consumer health apps will also be identified.
Immunotherapy: making the case for precision medicine.

In his 2015 State of the Union address, U.S. President Barack Obama announced the precision medicine initiative, which promises to profoundly transform biomedical research and clinical medicine ([www.nih.gov/precisionmedicine][1]). This framework envisions a world in which diseases are diagnosed not
Interaction of myeloperoxidase with vascular NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species in vasculature: implications for vascular diseases.

Vascular NAD(P)H oxidase-derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) have emerged as important molecules in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension, and diabeti...
Multimedia-Aware Congestion Control for Video Streaming over the Internet

This paper presents congestion control protocols designed for use in video applications over the Internet. Such protocols should take video traffic characteristics into account while behaving in a friendly manner with respect to competing flows in the Internet. Building on the TEAR protocol, additional video traffic characteristics are taken into account by considering flows with variable packet sizes, a characteristic of video traffic due to the packetization and error-control schemes of video coding systems. Our experiments show our proposed protocols take more video traffic characteristics into account than TEAR while maintaining TEAR's TCP-friendliness.
Human rhinovirus induces robust IP-10 release by monocytic cells, which is independent of viral replication but linked to type I interferon receptor ligation and STAT1 activation

Human rhinovirus (HRV)-induced re- spiratory infections are associated with elevated levels of IFN--inducible protein 10 (IP-10), which is an enhancer of T lymphocyte chemo- taxis and correlates with symptom severity and T lymphocyte number. Increased IP-10 expression is exhibited by airway epithelial cells following ex vivo HRV challenge and requires intracellular viral replication; however, there are conflicting reports regarding the necessity of type I IFN receptor ligation for IP-10 expression. Further- more, the involvement of resident airway im- mune cells, predominantly bronchoalveolar mac- rophages, in contributing to HRV-stimulated IP-10 elaboration remains unclear. In this re- gard, our findings demonstrate that ex vivo ex- posure of human peripheral blood monocytes and bronchoalveolar macrophages (monocytic cells) to native or replication-defective HRV se- rotype 16 (HRV16) resulted in similarly robust levels of IP-10 release, which occurred in a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, HRV16 induced a significant increase in type I IFN (IFN-) release and STAT1 phosphorylation in monocytes. Neutralization of the type I IFN receptor and inhibition of JAK or p38 kinase activity strongly attenuated HRV16-stimulated STAT1 phosphorylation and IP-10 release. Thus, this work supports a model, wherein HRV16-induced IP-10 release by monocytic cells is modulated via autocrine/paracrine action of type I IFNs and subsequent JAK/STAT path- way activity. Our findings demonstrating robust activation of monocytic cells in response to na- tive and/or replication-defective HRV16 chal- lenge represent the first evidence indicating a mechanistic disparity in the activation of macro- phages when compared with epithelial cells and suggest that macrophages likely contribute to cytokine elaboration following HRV challenge in vivo. J. Leukoc. Biol. 80: 1364-1374; 2006.
Die Literatur auf dem Gebiet der Kernforschung

Viele wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse auf dem Kernenergie-Gebiet sind in mehr oder minder schwer zuganglichen Berichten niedergelegt. Es wird ein Uberblick uber diese Literatur gegeben und gezeigt, welche Moglichkeiten es zu ihrer Auswertung gibt.
Interaction of p53 with Its Consensus DNA-Binding Site

We have analyzed the specific interaction of murine p53 with the consensus DNA-binding sequence 5'-AGACATGCCT-AGACATGCCT-3'. We used segments of p53 lacking the C-terminal, nonspecific DNA-binding domain because the presence of an autonomous nonspecific DNA-binding domain in wild-type p53 would complicate analysis of site-specific DNA binding. p53 amino acids 1 to 360 bind the consensus sequence as tetramers, and DNA binding promotes tetramer-tetramer interactions. p53 amino acids 80 to 290, lacking both the nonspecific DNA-binding and tetramerization domains, consistently bind consensus DNA as four monomers and only as four monomers. The virtual absence of stable binding by fewer than four monomers, even at low concentrations of p53, argues that binding by amino acids 80 to 290 is strongly cooperative. Because p53 tetramers and monomers do not simultaneously bind a single DNA consensus sequence, we conclude that a single tetramer of wild-type p53 engages the recognition sequences of the entire DNA consensus site. We further show that consensus DNA consists of two functional half-sites. Insertions, deletions, or rearrangements within the half-sites reduce DNA binding dramatically. In contrast, two half-sites separated by insertions bind p53 relatively efficiently. Insertions that place half-sites on opposite faces of the DNA helix reduce DNA binding more than insertions that place half-sites on the same face of the helix. Transcription studies, in vivo, strongly confirm the rotational specificity of the p53 interaction with consensus DNA. The ability of single p53 tetramers to bind separated DNA half-sites argues that p53 has a flexible tetramerization region.