cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Metabolic Responses of Bovine Spermatozoa to Antibacterial Agents

Abstract Sulfanilamide and the antibiotics, penicillin and streptomycin, are now being used singly or in various combinations almost universally in the diluted semen processed and shipped from bull studs throughout this country. The wide-spread use of these agents has resulted from research and observations which showed that these agents control bacteria (3, 4, 5, 11) , prolong livability (3, 4, 5, 11, 12) , and improve fertility (1, 2, 16, 22) of bovine spermatozoa. The improvement in fertility has been more marked for semen from bulls with moderate and low fertility levels than for semen from bulls with relatively high fertility (1, 2, 16) . The beneficial effects of these agents on livability and fertility of bovine spermatozoa generally have been ascribed to their control of the bacterial flora of the semen. The results of the metabolic studies by Almquist et al. (5) and Knodt and Salisbury (12) of penicillin and sulfanilamide treated semen, respectively, indicate that some of the beneficial effects may be due to the effects of these agents on spermatozoan metabolism.
The thermal stresses due to a uniform heat flow past two collinear cracks

Abstract In this paper the authors investigate the thermal stresses due to the disturbance of a uniform heat flow by two collinear cracks in an infinite thermoelastic solid. Integral transform techniques are used to find an exact solution which is then used to construct simple expressions for the stress intensity factors.
Contractual Arrangements in Franchising: An Empirical Investigation:

The authors use primary data to empirically test several hypotheses about business format franchising on the basis of the theoretical model presented in Lal (1990). They find support for the hypoth...
Localization of Bleomycin in a Single Living Cell using Three-Photon Excitation Microscopy

Bleomycin has been used in the clinic as a chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of several neoplasms, including non-Hodgkins lymphomas, squamous cell carcinomas, and testicular tumors. The effectiveness of bleomycin is believed to be derived from its ability to bind and oxidatively cleave DNA in the presence of a iron cofactor in vivo. A substantial amount of data on BLM has been collected, there is little information concerning the effects of bleomycin in living cells. In order to obtain data pertinent to the effects of BLM in intact cells, we have exploited the intrinsic fluorescence property of bleomycin to monitor the uptake of the drug in mammalian cells. We employed two light microscopy techniques, a wide-field and three-photon excitation (760 nm) fluorescence microscopy. Treatment of HeLa cells with bleomycin resulted in rapid to localization within the cells. In addition data collected from the wide field experiments, three-photon excitation of BLM which considerably reduced the phototoxic effect compared with UV light excitation in the wide-field microscopy indicated co-localization of the drug to regions of the cytoplasm occupied by the endoplasmic reticulum probe, DiOC 5 . The data clearly indicates that the cellular uptake of bleomycin after one minute includes the nucleus as well as in cytoplasm. Contrary to previous studies, which indicate chromosomal DNA as the target of bleomycin, the current findings suggest that the drug is distributed to many areas within the cell, including the endoplasmic reticulum, an organelle that is known to contain ribonucleic acids.
Mental models and cognitive change

The theory of mental models owes its origins to Peirce's logic in the nineteenth century and to Craik's psychological research during the Second World War. This Special Issue marks the 30th anniversary of a book that tried to pull these and other strands together into a unified approach to comprehension and reasoning: Mental Models. The principal assumption of the theory is that individuals reason by trying to envisage the possibilities compatible with what they know or believe. The present paper reviews recent developments in the theory. It describes the issues that arise as a result of cognitive changes both in the short term and in the long term. And it introduces the set of papers in this Special Issue that explore such changes in mind.
High-throughput manual parallel synthesis using SynPhase crowns and lanterns.

The high-throughput manual solid-phase parallel synthesis of libraries comprising thousands of discrete samples using pellicular supports (i.e. SynPhase crowns and lanterns) and a suite of novel tools and techniques is described. Key aspects of this approach include the combination of a split-split-split synthesis strategy with spatial encoding to differentiate thousands of crowns, the rapid washing and filtration of up to 48 reaction vessels in parallel, the application of an inexpensive and environmentally friendly technique to remove trifluoroacetic acid from sixteen 96-well plates in parallel, and a high-throughput method for removing cleaved crowns from reusable pin racks. Tens of thousands of discrete samples have been produced in-house using this conceptually and operationally straightforward strategy.
Nutritional Deficiencies in Obesity and After Bariatric Surgery

The presence of nutritional deficiencies in overweight and obesity may seem paradoxical in light of excess caloric intake, but several micronutrient deficiencies appear to be higher in prevalence in overweight and obese adults and children. Causes are multifactorial and include decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, increased intake of high-calorie, but nutritionally poor-quality foods, and increased adiposity, which may influence the storage and availability of some nutrients. As the obesity epidemic continues unabated and the popularity of bariatric surgery rises for severely obese adults and adolescents, medical practitioners must be aware of pre-existing nutritional deficiencies in overweight and obese patients and appropriately recognize and treat common and rare nutritional deficiencies that may arise or worsen following bariatric surgery. This article reviews current knowledge of nutritional deficits in obese and overweight individuals and those that commonly present after bariatric surgery and summarizes current recommendations for screening and supplementation.
The role of electron temperature in the leakage current in QCLs and its impact on the quantum efficiency

We have recently described a method to analyze the leakage current (J leak ) in quantum-cascade lasers (QCLs) for carriers scattering into higher minibands due to LO-phonon absorption. In his presentation we analyze J leak due to elastic scattering. We illustrate how at low temperature, when inelastic scattering is negligible, this current becomes significant for devices operating at high electron temperatures. Measuring J leak above threshold we are able to investigate the effect of electron temperature on the differential quantum efficiency. This procedure is supported by a self-consistent calculation of the rate equations based on a phenomenological scattering-rate model. We apply our approach and measure J leak above threshold as a function of electron temperature for a QCL emitting near 5.4 μm operated at a low duty cycle and a heat sink temperature of 80 K. This current is then modeled using a thermally activated, electron temperature-driven, scattering model based on intersubband interface roughness scattering. As a result, a reduction in the upper laser state population by ∼35% is estimated due to the effect of increased electron temperature. A decrease of the quantum efficiency of ∼80% is estimated for an electron temperature of 400 K.
Examining a Grade-Level Math CBM Designed for Persistently Low-Performing Students

Students with disabilities participate in two major measurement systems. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act emphasizes working within a Response to Intervention (RTI) framework to identify and monitor the progress of low-performing students. Persistent low-performing students also may be eligible for some form of an alternate assessment for accountability purposes. Working within these two systems, educators need technically sound measures to inform decision making. This study presents scaling results from a Curriculum Based Measurement tool designed within an RTI framework and specifically for persistently low-performing students. We use the phrase “persistently low-performing students” to refer to a specific group of students who have been identified with a nonsevere learning disability and who perform well below grade-level expectations. Key findings indicate that items appear to function well in the lower tail of the distribution of students' estimated ability level. Further, the distribu...
Constraint algebra in eleven-dimensional supergravity.

The form of the algebra of generators of localized translations, supersymmetry transformations, localized rotations, and gauge transformations of the three-index photon for supergravity in eleven dimensions is determined.
Systems Engineering with the Right Requirements: An Approach for Assessing User Needs

This paper presents a methodology for assessing diverse user requirements in a rapidly changing technological environment. The purpose is to provide a more accurate assessment of user needs at the first point of entry for the customer into the systems engineering process. Applying a customer/provider orientation to the traditional user/developer environment, a product oriented approach is adopted to link the process to a Total Quality Management (TQM) philosophy. The approach is designed to elicit user needs directly from interested parties and using the analysis process described, map the user needs to a set of prioritized common functional requirements. The methodology has been applied within a publicly funded research and development institution in an information technology context and has received broad organizational support and positive feedback. The approach is illustrated with a case study from the information technology arena.
Marketing and population problems.

Marketers can contribute significantly to relieving the pressures of population problems if they become sensitive to the many delicate issues involved. The authors believe that the many problems in...
Physical Interpretation of the Adjoint Functions for Sensitivity Analysis of Atmospheric Models

Abstract The adjoint functions for an atmospheric model are the solution to a system of equations derived from a differential form of the model's equations. The adjoint functions can be used to calculate efficiently the sensitivity of one of the model's results to variations in any of the model's parameters. This paper shows that the adjoint functions themselves can be interpreted, as the sensitivity of a result to instantaneous perturbations of the model's dependent variables. This interpretation is illustrated for a radiative convective model, although the interpretation holds equally well for general circulation models. The adjoint functions are used to reveal the three time scales associated with 1) convective adjustment, 2) heat transfer between the atmosphere and space and 3) heat transfer between the ground and atmosphere. Calculating the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of the matrix of derivatives occurring in the set of adjoint equations reveals similar physical information without actually solving ...
Dispersion of Louisiana crude oil in salt water environment by Corexit 9500A in the presence of natural coastal materials

Abstract Effectiveness of Corexit 9500A for dispersing Louisiana crude oil was evaluated in salt water solutions containing natural materials in relation to salinity and dispersant-to-oil ratio (DOR). Experimental results showed that both salinity and DOR had significant effects on dispersion of Louisiana crude oil in the presence of different natural materials. The natural materials added to the salt water solutions included sea sand (South Beach, Miami, Florida), red mangrove leaves (Rhizophora mangle), seaweed (Sargassum natans), and sea grass (Halodule wrightii). Dispersant effectiveness (amount of oil dispersed into the water) was reduced significantly with increasing salinity with the minimum effectiveness observed in the salinity range between 30 and 50 ppt in all aqueous samples containing natural materials. When significant amounts of floating oil were present, the partially submerged natural materials enhanced the transfer of oil into the water column, which improved the dispersion effectiveness. However, dispersant effectiveness was significantly reduced when the amount of floating oil was relatively small and could not be released back to the water column. Surface tension may not be an adequate parameter for monitoring the effectiveness of dispersants in salt water environment. When distilled water was used (i.e., zero salinity), surface tension was significantly reduced with increasing dispersant concentration. However, there was no clear trend in the surface tension of the salt water solutions (17–51 ppt) containing crude oil and natural materials with increasing dispersant concentration.
Metabolic rate and thyroxine 5′-deiodinase in iron deficiency: Effects of the estrous cycle

Abstract Thyroid function is severely compromised in male iron-deficient (ID) rats. Similar effects in female rats are undocumented. Therefore, we examined thyroid hormone metabolism in female iron-deficient and control (CN) rats throughout the estrous cycle. Overall, iron-deficient rats had significantly lower plasma concentrations of thyroxine than controls (25.1 ± 8.4 nmol/L in ID; 31.5 ± 9.3 nmol/L in CN, mean ± SD, p≤0.001), while plasma triiodothyronine concentrations were similar to those of controls (0.44 ± 0.19 nmol/L vs. 0.48 ± 0.16 nmol/L, p≥0.05). Oxygen consumption was unaffected by either iron deficiency or the estrous cycle. Control animals had higher liver thyroxine 5′-deiodinase activity at estrus (567 ± 260 pmoles I − produced • mg protein −1 • 20 min −1 ) while iron-deficient animals had lower activity (310 ± 145 pmoles I − • mg protein −1 • 20 min −1 ) relative to other stages of the estrous cycle. In contrast, the lower interscapular brown adipose tissue 5′-deiodinase activity in iron-deficiency rats (p≤0.02) was not affected by the estrous cycle (p≥0.05). In conclusion, iron deficiency alters the normal estrous cycle variation in hepatic triiodothyronine production and plasma thyroid hormone concentrations
Immunophagocytic properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells

Retinal pigment cells were dislodged from normal monkey eyes and incubated in glass-slide chambers. All viable pigment cells adhered strongly to glass. They demonstrated surface receptors for the Fc portion of immunoglobulin G and for the third component of complement by selectively binding and phagocytizing antibody or complement-coated erythrocytes. These phagocytic cells with receptors were identified as retinal pigment cells by characteristic ultrastructural features. Thus, retinal pigment cells, which are generally believed to be derived from neural tissue, are not only scavengers of photoreceptor cell debris, but also have surface receptors and phagocytic functions that may be important in ocular defense.
“I Feel Present. Therefore, I Experience Flow:” A Structural Equation Modeling Approach to Flow and Presence in Video Games

Driven by theories of flow and presence, three studies examined the antecedents and consequences of flow across three different video game genres. Structural equation modeling analyses reveal the roles of (1) physical presence in medical simulation games; (2) spatial presence in driving games; and (3) self-presence in avatar-based narrative-driven games. A 3 (skill: low, medium, high) × 3 (challenge: low, medium, high) between-subjects ANOVA indicates that a balance between skill and challenge induces greater flow. Theoretical contributions regarding the relevance of flow to electronic games and practical implications for the design of diverse game genres are discussed.
Transfer function matrix identification from input—output frequency response data

Abstract A new formulation of transfer function matrix identification in frequency domain is introduced. It reduces the problem to a simple linear least square problem. It is shown that such a system identification problem is a special case of a matrix interpolation problem and much insight can be obtained by examining its algebraic characteristics. A new approach is proposed to determine the transfer function matrix of a multi-input and multi-output system from the input—output data. It eliminates the common assumption in the literature that the frequency response of the system is given. Its efficiency and practicality is superior to the existing methods, where the solution is obtained by solving a nonlinear least square problem using mathematical programming techniques. The simplicity of the new procedure makes it a viable candidate for real time implementation where systems can be identified on-line. Unmodeled dynamics can also be better characterized.
Multiresolution continuum modeling of micro-void assisted dynamic adiabatic shear band propagation

Abstract A thermal–mechanical multiresolution continuum theory is applied within a finite element framework to model the initiation and propagation of dynamic shear bands in a steel alloy. The shear instability and subsequent stress collapse, which are responsible for dynamic adiabatic shear band propagation, are captured by including the effects of shear driven microvoid damage in a single constitutive model. The shear band width during propagation is controlled via a combination of thermal conductance and an embedded evolving length scale parameter present in the multiresolution continuum formulation. In particular, as the material reaches a shear instability and begins to soften, the dominant length scale parameter (and hence shear band width) transitions from the alloy grain size to the spacing between micro-voids. Emphasis is placed on modeling stress collapse due to micro-void damage while simultaneously capturing the appropriate scale of inhomogeneous deformation. The goal is to assist in the microscale optimization of alloys which are susceptible to shear band failure.
Ionomers with Highly Fluorinated Side Chains for Use in Battery and Fuel Cell Applications

Polymers with pendant double bonds were synthesized by functionalization of a ready backbone with polysulfone or through polymerization of monomers that contain a relatively unreactive double bond under the polymerization reaction conditions. Styrene-based monomer and epoxides were polymerized through an anionic mechanism leading to polymers with polydispersity indexes of 1.23 and 1.21 respectively. Fluorinated lithium salts were linked to the polymers through platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the pendant double bonds prior to an ion-exchange with an acid. The conductivities of the resulting ionomers were measured giving a maximum conductivity of 3 mS/cm for a polysulfone functionalized with a fluorinated sulfonimide
Strategic marketing’s global challenges and opportunities

Purpose – Strategic marketing is confronted with an array of global challenges and opportunities at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. Some opinion leaders question the role and importance of marketing strategy. Others are convinced the discipline is more vital than ever before.Design/methodology/approach – Several important trends and issues have been articulated by leaders in the marketing discipline concerning how marketing thought and practice are expected to change in the future. Interestingly, opinion leaders offer very different interpretations concerning the role and importance of marketing in organizations today. FindingsThus, it is apparent that a complete vision about the future of marketing strategy has not emerged, although several challenges are indicated. Our objective is to identify these strategy challenges and their implications regarding marketing thought and practice. Importantly, the challenges highlight several marketing strategy opportunities which are relevant to scholars a...
Clinical and experimental studies with orthoxine in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Summary 1.Clinical and experimental studies of Orthoxine and ephedrine sulfate were made in two groups of patients with bronchial asthma. 2.Experiments showed that Orthoxine, in doses of about 200 mg., was comparable to ephedrine sulfate, in 30 mg. doses, in protecting the asthmatic subject against the reduction in vital capacity and asthmalike attacks due to parenteral histamine or methacholine. 3.Clinical studies with the two drugs indicated that in the doses used they were equally effective in relieving mild cases of asthma. However, side reactions were much less frequent after Orthoxine and there was little or no pressor or central nervous stimulating effect. 4.It appears that Orthoxine has a definite place in the management of bronchial asthma because it is an effective bronchodilator drug that may be given orally and it is followed by relatively few undesirable side reactions.
Language and speech recovery in a case of viral encephalitis

Abstract The speech and language recovery course of a 47-year-old man with viral encephalitis is described. Over a 3-month period, the patient was evaluated six times using the same selected battery of tests. Results show that viral encephalitis can deleteriously affect communicative performance and that improvement in medical status is accompanied by rapid and dramatic gains on most standard speech and language measures. For this case changes appeared related to improved auditory attention and retention, increased efficiency in word retrieval, and improved mental status.
Further Evidence on the Redundancy of the Stanford Achievement Test

The latest revision of the Stanford Achievement Test (SAT), Primary Battery I, consists of seven subtests combined to yield three subtotal scores and one Total Battery score. As part of the ongoing evaluation of an early childhood preschool program, the SAT was administered to second-grade children. It was noted that the results appeared to be similar regardless of which SAT scores were used. After it had been determined that an older version of the SAT, Advanced, had been factor analyzed and found to be highly redundant, a factor analysis was performed on the SAT, I scores of 927 beginning second grade pupils. Results of the analysis showed one common factor with no evidence for the differential utility of the seven subtest or three subtotal scores generated by the SAT.
Tolfenamic acid decreases c-Met expression through Sp proteins degradation and inhibits lung cancer cells growth and tumor formation in orthotopic mice

The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), tolfenamic acid (TA) is emerging as a new anti-cancer agent. TA induces the degradation of specific Specificity protein (Sp) transcription factors, Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4 which are associated with tumor growth and metastasis. In this study we have evaluated the effect of TA on lung cancer using both in vitro and in vivo models. TA in a dose dependent manner inhibited proliferation and cell viability of two different lung cancer cells, A549 and CRL5803. TA treatment for 48 h significantly decreased the expression of Sp1, Sp3 and Sp4. The hepatocyte growth factor receptor, c-Met is overexpressed in a variety of cancers including lung cancer and Sp proteins mediate the regulation of c-Met. TA diminished the expression of c-Met protein and modulates its downstream signaling pathway. Furthermore, TA treatment significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells and pro-apoptotic markers c-PARP and Bax confirming the activation of apoptotic pathways. In vivo studies using the orthotopic mice model for lung cancer showed that TA (25 mg/kg/2 days and 50 mg/kg/2 days) resulted in a dose dependent decrease in tumor formation. The immunohistochemical staining of lung tissue showed high expression of Sp1, Sp3, Sp4, c-Met and phospho Met in control group and a dose dependent decrease in TA treated groups. The crucial findings of this study support that targeting c-Met with a potent inhibitor of Sp proteins is a robust strategy for the implications in lung cancer treatment and TA can serve as a therapeutic agent for this devastating disease.
Gaussian samples approach smooth points' slowest

Abstract Let K be the unit ball of the Hilbert space which generates a Gaussian measure μ on the real separable Banach space B . Some recent results establish that suitable normalized μ-Gaussian samples approach the smoothest points on the "boundary of K " slowest. As a partial explanation of this phenomenon we show that these points contain that portion of the boundary closest to points outside K . We also examine what happens if K is replaced by an arbitrary compact convex C in B , and attempt to characterize the set on the "boundary of C " which is closest to points outside C . Another result shows how this phenomenon characterizes B as a reflexive Banach space, and we also include some examples of interest.
The higher education landscape for US student service members and veterans in Indiana

The Post-9/11 Veterans Educational Assistance Act of 2008 or “New GI Bill” has resulted in rising enrollment and related demand for services by students in the USA. We examined current supports for student service members and veterans at institutions of higher education in Indiana in the context of this national trend. We employed prospective student service members who contacted campuses to ask staff and administrators about admissions, financial aid, academic, and student services policies and programs. Results showed that most institutions had the ability to refer to disability services, award credit for military training, and waive reapplication requirements following deployment. Few institutions reported support to military families or availability of student veterans’ organizations. Institution type and size, degrees offered, and the presence of graduate programs were related to availability of programs and services. Considerable variability across campuses suggested opportunities to refine, coordinate, and expand assistance to student service members and veterans.
Sherpas Through Their Rituals

Preface 1. Introduction: some notes on ritual 2. The surface contours of the Sherpa world 3. Nyungne: problems of marriage, family and asceticism 4. Hospitality: problems of exchange, status and authority 5. Exorcisms: problems of wealth, pollution and reincarnation 6. Offering rituals: problems of religion, anger and social cooperation 7. Conclusions: Buddhism and society Notes Bibliography Index.
The Role of Diseconomies of Transportation and Public Safety Problems in the Measurement of Urban Quality of Life

Quality of Life has become an issue of urban research due to a greater awareness of its contribution when identifying areas for intervention and when monitoring urban planning policies. This case study from Costa Rica refers to the role of diseconomies of transportation and public safety problems in the measurement of urban quality of life. Theoretically, urban diseconomies, or negative externalities, are the result of rises in average total costs over time as production increases and of the use of certain factors without increasing scales. The cost of urban diseconomies related to transportation and to public safety problems affects both external conditions contributing to quality of life (e.g.: level of income, access to services and resources and productivity) and people’s subjective perspective of quality of life in various domains (e.g.: stress, time use, leisure time and so on). These deficiencies have led to the reversal of gains from concentrated economic activities and positive externalities achieved by agglomerated dwellings thus becoming urban diseconomies. An analysis is provided of city living and its ever-growing problems warranting new styles of planning, regulations, and urban management, along with physical intervention based on comprehensive, innovative technical solutions. The data comes from various sources, and a statistical model was used to obtain estimates and projected data. The results suggest that if measures are not taken to reverse current urban growth and the expansion of the Greater Metropolitan Area, people’s opportunities and fundamental rights of access to capacity building, potentially allowing them to have more meaningful lifestyles, will be restricted.
Effects of fluid dynamic forces on vascular cell adhesion.

Cell adhesion plays a key role in a number of diverse biological processes, including inflammation and thrombosis. In the cardiovascular system, cells are exposed constantly to hemodynamic forces due to the flow of blood. Cell attachment to vessel wall depends on the balance between the dispersive hydrodynamic forces and the adhesive forces generated by the interaction of membrane-bound receptors and their ligands. Understanding the complex interplay among blood flow, cell adhesion, and vascular biology at the molecular level is crucial for developing specific approaches for altering vessel pathology. The extravasation of leukocytes from the vasculature to the tissue space is the pivotal event of the immune response and represents a relevant example of this dynamic adhesion process.
The measurement of plasma testosterone by competitive protein-binding assay.

Abstract An assay based on competitive protein-binding, sensitive to detect routinely 3 mμg of testosterone in 1 ml of plasma is described. Mean testosterone levels in normal men (older than 60 years) were 0. 85 μg/100 ml of plasma. This increased to a value of 1. 57 μg/100 ml following a treatment with 5000 i.u. of human chorionic gonadotropin. In a second group with testicular pathology the value was only 0. 26 μg/100 ml of plasma. This rose to 0.81 μg/100 ml after gonadotropin stimulation.
Extinction and disinhibition as a function of reinforcement schedule with severely retarded children.

Abstract This study was concerned with the effects of partial reinforcement upon extinction and disinhibition of an instrumental response with severely retarded children. The S s were randomly assigned to four groups, each receiving a different schedule of reinforcement—100, 75, 50, or 25%. Reinforcements were distributed randomly over 100 bar-pulling responses. In keeping with the results of other investigations, resistance to extinction was found to be inversely related to the percentage of reinforced trials during acquisition. The same relationship was found to hold with respect to disinhibition.
An integrated approach for parameter identification and semi-active control of MR dampers

In the present paper, we propose an integrated method for adaptive identification and inverse control of a magnetorheological (MR) damper. As a case study, MR damper is attached to a simple one degree-of-freedom structure to attenuate its vibration. Among different existing models Bouc-Wen model is chosen to characterize the nonlinear hysteretic behavior of the MR damper. The unknown parameters of the model are identified using an adaptive algorithm. The stability proof of the algorithm for the Bouc-Wen model is also presented. The proposed identification method is integrated with an H ∞ controller. Mixed sensitivity control design is applied to achieve the required control force to the MR damper. As the force cannot be commanded directly, an inverse model of the MR damper is developed (based on Bouc-Wen model) to determine the actuating voltage to the device. Parameter identification results are presented illustrating effective performance of the algorithm. Also the simulation results of the integrated design method show the excellent vibration isolation of the closed-loop system in the presence of external exciting forces.
Rotational Spectra of the Nitrogen-Sulfur Carbon Chains NCnS, n = 1-7

Seven carbon chain radicals NCnS where n = 1-7 have been detected in a supersonic molecular beam by Fourier transform microwave spectroscopy. Although NCCS is found to have a bent structure and an asymmetric top spectrum, the five longer chains have linear heavy-atom backbones, and like the isovalent HCnS chains, the electronic ground states of each alternate with even and odd numbers of carbon atoms: NC4S and NC6S have 2Π1/2 ground states, while NC3S, NC5S, and NC7S have 2Π3/2 ground states. In addition, the lowest-rotational transitions of the NCS radical have been detected in both fine-structure levels in the same supersonic molecular beam source, allowing a precise determination of the ground state hyperfine coupling constants. The centimeter-wave spectra of NC3S and the four longer chains have been fully characterized, and spectroscopic constants, including those that describe the lambda-type doubling and hyperfine structure from the nitrogen nucleus, have been determined to high precision. A complete account of the centimeter-wave spectrum of NCCS will be given by Nakajima et al. Predicted properties from UQCISD/cc-pVDZ ab initio calculations are also reported for the NCnS chains up to NC7S. All six new chains are highly polar and all are plausible candidates for astronomical detection because CnS chains up to C3S and CnN chains up to C5N are detected in both interstellar and circumstellar sources.
The intertemporal impact of soil erosion on non-uniform soil profiles: A new direction in analyzing erosion impacts

Abstract Soil erosion studies by economists have utilized relatively simple yield response functions compared to productivity simulation models used by soil scientists in order to endogenously solve for optimal management schemes. This paper combines the optimization techniques of previous economic studies with a more complex measure of soil productivity than simply soil depth which has been used previously. An illustrative model demonstrates how erosion affects different types of soil profiles found in the United States and isolates three different ways that erosion can impact productivity. Estimation procedures that do not account for the non-uniform nature of soil profiles can misstate the impact of soil erosion on cropland productivity. The framework, though perhaps overly simplified for direct use, disentangles the impacts of soil erosion into substitution, mixing and depth effects and suggests how varied profiles should be managed in different ways according to how each is impacted by erosion.
Satellite-derived snow and ice cover in climate diagnostics studies

Abstract Satellite-derived estimates of snow and sea-ice area have been produced weekly on an operational basis for over a decade. This paper presents a synopsis of recent climate research and climate diagnostics studies using these data at the National Weather Service's Climate Analysis Center (CAC). Currently available satellite products are evaluated in light of these studies and a set of desired characteristics for future satellite products are discussed.
Sustainable corporate entrepreneurship: Evolving and connecting with the organization

Abstract Corporate entrepreneurship necessarily entails both risk and high levels of uncertainty; yet, established organizations are typically positioned as efficient engines that function best via cautious and routine progress, which can hinder attempts to inject innovative ideas into mature businesses. As such, conscious effort is required to build a corporation's capacity for sustainable entrepreneurship. While a few exceptional companies have built and maintained an enduring capability for entrepreneurship, the majority of firms possess a general resistance to these initiatives. Commitment to entrepreneurship may cycle between high or moderate support for the activity, to floundering interest or disbanded initiatives, as conditions in the internal and external environment shift. This cycling pattern, unfortunately, prevents the development of enduring capabilities. Herein, it is revealed how companies can progress their entrepreneurial capabilities over time, adjusting and improving them as the firm learns and adapts to change. To accomplish this, companies must develop strategic objectives to guide entrepreneurs, a management structure to support their work, and processes that inform assessment and decision making. Through an Evolve and Connect model, these three contexts can adjust to shifts in the external environment and the changes and progress happening within the organization. Over time, however, managers need to maintain a link between entrepreneurial activity and the organization's mainstream.
Glutathione stability and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity in red cells of different ages

Abstract The relationship between glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity and glutathione stability was studied in red cells of different ages. A direct relationship between glutathione stability and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity could be demonstrated in red cells from enzyme-deficient patients as well as in those with normal levels of enzyme activity. Relative differences in these relationships between normal and enzyme-deficient cells provide support for the view that decreased glutathione stability reflects not only glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency but also some other unknown defect associated with aging.
Corporate spinoffs and analysts' coverage decisions: The implications for diversified firms

Research summary: This paper investigates how spinoffs improve the quality of analysts' research about diversified firms, theorizing that these deals may induce analysts to revisit their earlier coverage decisions. The gains resulting from these shifts are expected to be more pronounced when a firm undertakes a legacy (rather than a non-legacy) spinoff, which removes the business that may be constraining analysts' coverage decisions in the first place. Consistent with this argument, firms that undertake legacy spinoffs experience greater improvements in the composition and quality of their analyst coverage than their non-legacy counterparts, and in their overall forecast accuracy and stock market performance. Taken together, these findings shed light on the relationships among the scope decisions, analyst coverage, and valuations of diversified firms. Managerial summary: Existing research has established that when companies undertake spinoffs, analysts produce more accurate forecasts about the divesting firms than they did prior to those deals, and the stock market performance of those firms also improves relative to pre-spinoff levels. This paper explores the effects of legacy spinoffs (the spinoff of a firm's original or “legacy” business) for forecast accuracy and stock market performance. Firms that undertake legacy spinoffs are found to enjoy greater improvements in forecast accuracy and stock market performance than their non-legacy counterparts. These findings are driven by the fact that legacy spinoffs induce analysts to revisit their existing coverage decisions to a greater extent than non-legacy spinoffs, contributing significantly to the economic benefits of these deals for shareholders. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sleep Disturbances in Individuals with Alcohol-Related Disorders: A Review of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Insomnia (CBT-I) and Associated Non-Pharmacological Therapies

Sleep disturbances are common among alcohol-dependent individuals and are often associated with relapse. The utility of behavioral therapies for sleep disturbances, including cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), among those with alcohol-related disorders is not well understood. This review systematically evaluates the evidence of CBT-I and related behavioral therapies applied to those with alcohol-related disorders and accompanying sleep disturbances. A search of four research databases (PubMed, PsycINFO, Embase, and CINAHL Plus) yielded six studies that met selection criteria. Articles were reviewed using Cochrane's Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) scoring system. A majority of the studies demonstrated significant improvements in sleep efficiency among behavioral therapy treatment group(s), including but not limited to CBT-I. While behavioral sleep interventions have been successful in varied populations, they may not be utilized to their full potential among those with alcohol-related disorders as evidenced by the low number of studies found. These findings suggest a need for mixed-methods research on individuals' sleep experience to inform interventions that are acceptable to the target population.
The effects of throughfall manipulation on soil leaching in a deciduous forest.

The effects of changing precipitation on soil leaching in a deciduous forest were examined by experimentally manipulating throughfall fluxes in the field. In addition to an ambient treatment (AMB), throughfall fluxes were reduced by 33% (DRY treatment) and increased by 33% (WET treatment) using a system of rain gutters and sprinklers on Walker Branch Watershed, Tennessee. Soil leaching was measured with resin lysimeters in the O horizons and with ceramic cup lysimeters in the E (25 cm) and Bt (70 cm) horizons. Large and statistically significant treatment effects on N fluxes were found in the O horizons (lower N fluxes in the DRY and higher N fluxes in the WET treatment). Together with the greater O horizon N content observed in the DRY treatment, this suggested that N was being immobilized at a greater rate in the DRY treatment than in the AMB or WET treatments. No statistically significant treatment effects on soil solution were found in the E horizons with the exception of (Ca 2+ + Mg 2+ ) to K + ratio. Statistically significant treatment effects on electrical conductivity (EC), pH, Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Na + , SO 2- 4 , and Cl were found in the Bt horizons due to differences between the DRY and other treatments. Despite this, calculated fluxes of Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ , K + , Na + , SO 2- 4 , and Cl were lowest in the DRY treatment. These results suggest that lower precipitation will cause temporary N immobilization in litter and long-term enrichment in soil base cations whereas increased precipitation will cause long-term depletion of soil base cations.
Bootstrapping in a language of thought: A formal model of numerical concept learning

In acquiring number words, children exhibit a qualitative leap in which they transition from understanding a few number words, to possessing a rich system of interrelated numerical concepts. We present a computational framework for understanding this inductive leap as the consequence of statistical inference over a sufficiently powerful representational system. We provide an implemented model that is powerful enough to learn number word meanings and other related conceptual systems from naturalistic data. The model shows that bootstrapping can be made computationally and philosophically well-founded as a theory of number learning. Our approach demonstrates how learners may combine core cognitive operations to build sophisticated representations during the course of development, and how this process explains observed developmental patterns in number word learning.
Improving performance of simple cores by exploiting loop-level parallelism through value prediction and reconfiguration

There is a growing trend towards designing simpler CPU cores that have considerable area, complexity, and power advantages. These cores are then leveraged in large-scale multicore processors or in SoCs for hand-held devices. The most significant limitation of such simple CPU cores is their lower performance. In this paper, we propose a technique to improve the performance of simple cores with minimal increase in complexity and area. In particular, we integrate a Reconfigurable Hardware Unit (RHU) that exploits loop-level parallelism to increase the core's overall performance. The RHU is reconfigured to execute instructions with highly predictable operand values from the future iterations of loops. Our experiments show that the proposed architecture improves the performance by an average of about 51% across a wide range of applications, while incurring a area overhead of only about 5.6%.
Relaxation processes in a turbulent compressible magnetofluid

The compressible extensions of time asymptotic relaxation states of incompressible two‐dimensional magnetohydrodynamic turbulence are studied. A polytropic equation of state is used with viscous and resistive dissipation. The incompressible case is known to allow three distinct time asymptotic types of behavior: magnetic energy dominated relaxation, kinetic energy dominated relaxation, and cross helicity dominated relaxation. At low Mach numbers the incompressible scenario is reproducible from the compressible simulations, and compressibility plays only a secondary role. At moderate, but still subsonic, Mach numbers the distinct incompressible processes are still recognizable, but strong compressibility features dominate the high‐wave‐number regime of several simulations. In particular, the magnetic and kinetic energy dominated simulations display regions of strong acoustic turbulence near the dissipation scale.
Effect of Förster resonances on the excitation statistics of many-body Rydberg systems

We provide evidence for the dipole blockade of Rydberg excitation by examining the distributions of the number of Rydberg excitations created in ensembles of interacting Rydberg atoms. We show that, over a range of densities, the Rydberg excitation number distributions become significantly narrower when an applied electric field is used to tune the $^{85}\mathrm{Rb}$ interaction channel $45{D}_{5∕2}+45{D}_{5∕2}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}43F+47{P}_{3∕2}$ into F\"orster resonance. Substantially sub-Poissonian distributions that agree with published theory were achieved using very dense atom samples tuned into F\"orster resonance.
Forkhead homeobox type O transcription factors in the responses to oxidative stress.

Abstract Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cellular oxidative stress are involved in many physiological and pathophysiological processes, including cellular and organismal aging, migration, proliferation, senescence or death of normal and cancer cells, and stress resistance of stem cells. The forkhead homeobox type O (FOXO) transcription factors FOXO1, FOXO3a, and FOXO4 are critical mediators of the cellular responses to oxidative stress and have been implicated in many of the above ROS-regulated processes. In cancer cells they converge oxidative stress signaling to cell cycle arrest and cell death or promote a motile phenotype. Dependent on their posttranslational modifications FOXOs can also actively regulate the detoxification of cells from ROS and promote stress resistance. Thus, FOXO transcription factors are of vital importance in processes regulating tumor survival or progression, stem cell maintenance, age-related pathological processes, and lifespan extension. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14, 593–605.
Load models for fatigue reliability from limited data

Probability distributions of wind turbine loads are estimated from limited data. The impact of different models on fatigue damage is shown. Common one-parameter probability models, such as the Rayleigh and exponential, are found to give significantly different estimates of load distributions and damage. Greatest differences occur in materials with relatively high values of the S-N exponent b, such as composites. In such cases more accurate damage estimates are found by matching at least two moments of the load data (Weibull model), or still higher moments as well. For this purpose, a new, four-moment ``generalized Weibull`` model is introduced. For edge-wise loads it appears a notable improvement over the basic Weibull model, while it supports the Weibull model in the flapwise case. Uncertainty in damage estimates is also quantified, along with the implied data needs.