cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerobic exercise and lipids and lipoproteins in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

Objective Use the meta-analytic approach to examine the effects of aerobic exercise on total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) in children and adolescents.
On the Moral Permissibility of Terraforming

Terraforming is a process of planetary engineering by which the extant environment of a planet is manipulated so as to produce an Earth-like ecosystem. This paper explores the ethical questions about the exploration of space and the exploitation of space resources that arise in the consideration of terraforming. I argue that space advocacy (including the pursuit of terraforming) and environmentalism are mutually beneficial endeavors. I show that the moral status of terraforming a planet, at least under traditional anthropocentric and non-anthropocentric positions, is sensitive to whether life exists on the candidate planet. I also examine several attempts—due to Holmes Rolston, Keekok Lee, Alan Marshall, and Robert Sparrow—to show that terraforming a planet would be impermissible even if the planet was not home to life. I argue that no attempt provides compelling reasons for the supposition that terraforming is morally impermissible.
Simple example of definitions of truth, validity, consistency, and completeness in quantum mechanics

Besides their use for efficient computation, quantum computers and quantum robots form a base for studying quantum systems that create valid physical theories using mathematics and physics. If quantum mechanics is universally applicable, then quantum mechanics must describe its own validation by these quantum systems. An essential part of this process is the development of a coherent theory of mathematics and quantum-mechanics together. It is expected that such a theory will include a coherent combination of mathematical logical concepts with quantum mechanics. That this might be possible is shown here by defining truth, validity, consistency, and completeness for a quantum-mechanical version of a simple (classical) expression enumeration machine described by Smullyan. Some of the expressions are chosen as sentences denoting the presence or absence of other expressions in the enumeration. Two of the sentences are self-referential. It is seen that, for an interpretation based on a Feynman path sum over expression paths, truth, consistency, and completeness for the quantum system have different properties than for the classical system. For instance, the truth of a sentence {ital S} is defined only on those paths containing {ital S}. It is undefined elsewhere. Also {ital S} and its negation can both be truemore » provided they appear on separate paths. This satisfies the definition of consistency. The definitions of validity and completeness connect the dynamics of the system to the truth of the sentences. It is proved that validity implies consistency. It is seen that the requirements of validity and maximal completeness strongly restrict the allowable dynamics for the quantum system. Aspects of the existence of a valid, maximally complete dynamics are discussed. An exponentially efficient quantum computer is described that is also valid and complete for the set of sentences considered here. {copyright} {ital 1999} {ital The American Physical Society}« less
An update on the pathology and clinical management of gouty arthritis

Gouty arthritis is an inflammatory condition associated with debilitating clinical symptoms, functional impairments, and a substantial impact on quality of life. This condition is initially triggered by the deposition of monosodium urate crystals into the joint space. This causes an inflammatory cascade resulting in the secretion of several proinflammatory cytokines and neutrophil recruitment into the joint. While generally effective, currently available agents are associated with a number of adverse events and contraindications that complicate their use. Based on our increased understanding of the inflammatory pathogenesis of gouty arthritis, several new agents are under development that may provide increased efficacy and reduced toxicity.
Subjective age, age identity, and middle-age adults

A casual model of subjective age among middle-age working adults is proposed. Determinants of subjective age include chronological age, education, health, self-esteem, financial satisfaction, and job satisfaction. Life satisfaction is used as an explanatory outcome. Using a sample of middle-age men, the results indicate that self-esteem and financial satisfaction were important mediators between chronological age and subjective age. In turn, positive and negative characteristics were associated with both a "younger" and "older" subjective age. The results contribute to the further understanding of adult development and the meaning of subjective age.
Iterative method and FORTRAN code for nonlinear curve fitting

Abstract A FORTRAN subroutine is presented which allows the iterative, least-squares fitting of discrete, observational data by a nonlinear function. The function may have any number of parameters, provided that partial derivatives with respect to each of the parameters can be calculated. A brief discussion of the mathematical theory is presented, instructions for use of the subroutine are provided, and examples and performance tests of the algorithm are discussed.
Indocyanine green video angiography

Over the last two years, ophthalmologists have begun to use indocyanine green angiography as a supplement to fluorescein angiography. Unlike fluorescein, indocyanine green absorbs near infrared and emits slightly longer infrared light. Therefore, indocyanine green angiography images structures deeper in the retina and through blood, pigment, and turbid serous fluid that accumulates in a number of diseases. In addition, indocyanine green shows very different properties of dye leakage than does fluorescein and this can be used to identify certain abnormal blood vessels that grow beneath the retinas of patients with macular degeneration. Finally, indocyanine green fluoresces only 4% as efficiently as fluorescein which has presented a major technical problem until highly amplified video systems have become available to ophthalmologists. We have used a scanning laser ophthalmoscope to perform video indocyanine green angiography at the Doheny Eye Institute since November, 1991. In this paper, I will present several clinical cases that demonstrate the clinical usefulness of indocyanine green angiography.
X-ray laser interferometry for probing high-density plasmas

Collisionally pumped soft x-ray lasers now operate over a wavelength range extending from 4-40 nm. With the recent advances in the development of multilayer mirrors and beamsplitters in the soft x-ray regime, the authors can utilize the unique properties of x-ray lasers to study large, rapidly evolving laser-driven plasmas with high electron densities. Using a neon-like yttrium x-ray laser which operates at a wavelength of 15.5 nm, they have performed a series of x-ray laser interferometry experiments to characterize plasmas relevant to inertial confinement fusion. In this paper the authors describe experiments using a soft x-ray laser interferometer, operated in the Mach-Zehnder configuration, to study CH plasmas and exploding foil targets commonly used for x-ray laser targets. The two-dimensional density profiles obtained from the interferograms allow the authors to validate and benchmark their numerical models used to study the physics of laser-plasma interactions.
Improving the Precision of Abstract Interpretation Based Cache Persistence Analysis

When designing hard real-time embedded systems, it is required to estimate the worst-case execution time (WCET) of each task for schedulability analysis. Precise cache persistence analysis can significantly tighten the WCET estimation, especially when the program has many loops. Methods for persistence analysis should safely and precisely classify memory references as persistent. Existing safe approaches suffer from multiple sources of pessimism and may not provide precise results. In this paper, we first identify some sources of pessimism that two recent approaches based on younger set and may analysis may encounter. Then, we propose two methods to eliminate these sources of pessimism. The first method improves the update function of the may analysis-based approach; and the second method integrates the younger set-based and may analysis-based approaches together to further reduce pessimism. We also prove the two proposed methods are still safe. We evaluate the approaches on a set of benchmarks and observe the number of memory references classified as persistent is increased by the proposed methods. Moreover, we empirically compare the storage space and analysis time used by different methods.
T/RACING BELONGING THROUGH CUBAN TOURISM

Because Cuban “race” operates on a flexible black–white continuum, with performance and social markers like class and foreign-ness affecting racial assignment, the very category itself remains unstable. I examine this instability in Cuban touristic practice, focusing on the way in which questions of belonging and origin, as well as perceived differences between “us” and “them,” mark and assign racial identity in different ways. I became aware of such dynamics through my own subjectivity—as a black, female foreigner whose body was frequently interpreted as Cuban—and through my simultaneous status as a researcher, engaging in participant observation of Cuban touristic practice.
Transgene Insertion on Mouse Chromosome 6 Impairs Function of the Uterine Cervix and Causes Failure of Parturition

The molecular mechanisms controlling the initiation of parturition remain largely undefined. We report a new animal model in which parturition does not occur. A line of mice expressing a human apolipoprotein B (APOB) gene fail to deliver their young if the transgene is present in homozygous (Tg/Tg), but not in heterozygous (Tg/Wt), form. Cloning and mapping of the transgene insertion locus indicate that 10 copies of the 80-kilobase APOB genomic fragment inserted into mouse chromosome 6 result in a small, 390-base pair deletion of mouse genomic DNA. Nine other lines expressing the transgene have normal labor, suggesting that transgene insertion in this mutant line disrupted a mouse gene crucial for successful parturition. The pathophysiology of parturition failure in these animals was defined using physiological, endocrinological, and morphological techniques. Results indicate that luteolysis occurs in Tg/Tg mice but is delayed by 1 day. Delivery did not occur in mutant mice at term after spontaneous luteolysis or even after removal of progesterone action by ovariectomy or antiprogestin treatment. Biomechanical and functional studies of the uterus and cervix revealed that the primary cause of failed parturition in Tg/Tg mice was not inadequate uterine contractions of labor but, rather, a rigid, inelastic cervix at term that was abnormally rich in neutrophils and tissue monocytes. Characterization of the transgene insertional mutant, Tg/Tg, indicates that progesterone withdrawal is insufficient to complete parturition in the presence of inadequate cervical ripening at term.
Sensor Kinase RscS Induces the Production of Antigenically Distinct Outer Membrane Vesicles That Depend on the Symbiosis Polysaccharide Locus in Vibrio fischeri

Robust biofilm formation by Vibrio fischeri depends upon activation of the symbiosis polysaccharide (syp) locus, which is achieved by overexpressing the RscS sensor kinase (RscS+). Other than the Syp polysaccharide, however, little is known about V. fischeri biofilm matrix components. In other bacteria, biofilms contain polysaccharides, secreted proteins, and outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Here, we asked whether OMVs are part of V. fischeri biofilms. Transmission electron microscopy revealed OMV-like particles between cells within colonies. In addition, OMVs could be purified from culture supernatants of both RscS+ and control cells, with the former releasing 2- to 3-fold more OMVs. The increase depended upon the presence of an intact syp locus, as an RscS+ strain deleted for sypK, which encodes a putative oligosaccharide translocase, exhibited reduced production of OMVs; it also showed a severe defect in biofilm formation. Western immunoblot analyses revealed that the RscS+ strain, but not the control strain or the RscS+ sypK mutant, produced a distinct set of nonproteinaceous molecules that could be detected in whole-cell extracts, OMV preparations, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracts. Finally, deletion of degP, which in other bacteria influences OMV production, decreased OMV production and reduced the ability of the cells to form biofilms. We conclude that overexpression of RscS induces OMV production in a manner that depends on the presence of the syp locus and that OMVs produced under these conditions contain antigenically distinct molecules, possibly representing a modified form of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Finally, our data indicate a correlation between OMV production and biofilm formation by V. fischeri.
Participation of the Holmdel station in the Telstar project

The facility for satellite communication studies at Holmdel, New Jersey, was originally established to take part in Project Echo. This paper describes the modifications required to participate in the Telstar experiments and the results obtained during operations from July 10 to November 9, 1962. Reception of television from the satellite was successfully accomplished, studies were made of the signal levels, and the changes with time of the satellite spin rate and spin axis orientation were determined
Supporting office document architectures with constrained types

Data models have been proposed as a means of defining the objects and operations in an office information system. Office documents, because of their highly variable structure and multimedia content, are a difficult class of objects to model. The modeling task is further complicated by document architecture standards used for interchange between systems. We present an approach to data modeling based on constrained type definitions that allows architecture standards to be defined and ensures that individual document types conform to those standards. The ADABTPL model, which is used to define the schema of document types and standards, is described.
RPD1 (SIN3/UME4) is required for maximal activation and repression of diverse yeast genes.

Abstract We show that the extent of transcriptional regulation of many, apparently unrelated, genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is dependent on RPD1 (and RPD3 [M. Vidal and R. F. Gaber, Mol. Cell. Biol. 11:6317-6327, 1991]). Genes regulated by stimuli as diverse as external signals (PHO5), cell differentiation processes (SPO11 and SPO13), cell type (RME1, FUS1, HO, TY2, STE6, STE3, and BAR1), and genes whose regulatory signals remain unknown (TRK2) depend on RPD1 to achieve maximal states of transcriptional regulation. RPD1 enhances both positive and negative regulation of these genes: in rpd1 delta mutants, higher levels of expression are observed under repression conditions and lower levels are observed under activation conditions. We show that several independent genetic screens, designed to identify yeast transcriptional regulators, have detected the RPD1 locus (also known as SIN3, SD11, and UME4). The inferred RPD1 protein contains four regions predicted to take on helix-loop-helix-like secondary structures and three regions (acidic, glutamine rich, and proline rich) reminiscent of the activating domains of transcriptional activators.
Anaesthetic management and outcomes in patients with surgically corrected D-transposition of the great arteries undergoing non-cardiac surgery

Background Patients with effective repair of D-transposition of the great arteries (D-TGA) increasingly present for non-cardiac surgery. These patients may be predisposed to heart failure, arrhythmias, and sudden death, especially after the atrial switch repair. This retrospective study was undertaken to review the care and outcomes of patients with D-TGA who presented for non-cardiac surgery. Methods Records for patients with surgically corrected D-TGA undergoing general anaesthesia for non-cardiac surgery between October 2000 and April 2008 were reviewed. The anaesthesiology records, operative note, admission history and physical examination records, and discharge summaries of these patients were reviewed and the following data collected: patient characteristics; comorbidities; surgical procedure; anaesthetic and monitoring techniques; intra- and postoperative complications; and admission status. Results Fifty procedures, including 43 in the paediatric setting and seven in the adult setting, comprised the final sample. The majority of these patients received anaesthesia on an outpatient basis in the paediatric hospital, without invasive monitoring and without complication. There were four adverse events including a significant bradycardia, failed extubation after two of the procedures, and postoperative bleeding requiring return to the operating theatre in another. Conclusions Data suggest that the majority of patients with surgically corrected D-TGA can safely undergo general anaesthesia, often as outpatients, with no invasive monitoring. However, given the incidence of adverse events, it remains imperative that the perioperative care be individualized based on the presence of comorbidities, type of repair, residual cardiac disease, severity of planned surgery, and experience of the provider.
Distinction between normal and epileptic rhythms in rodent sensorimotor cortex.

Summary: Characteristics of spontaneous spindling in electrocorticograms from awake rodents are described. Comparisons are made between this spontaneous activity and epileptic activity generated in the sensorimotor cortex. RESUME Les auteurs decrivent les caracteristiques de fuseaux spontanes enregistres sur l'electrocorticogramme de rongeurs eveilles. Des comparaisons sont etablies entre cette activite spontanee et une activiteepileptique prenant naissance dans le cortex sensorimoteur. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die Charakterika spontaner Spindelaktivitat im Elektrokortikogramm wacher Nager wird beschrieben. Diese Spontanaktivitat wird verglichen mit der epileptischen Aktivitat des sensomotorischen Cortex.
Measures of balance performance are affected by a rested versus fatigued testing condition in people with multiple sclerosis.

Objective To investigate the effects of a rested and fatigued testing condition on measures of balance in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Design Prospective observational study. Setting Academic research laboratory. Participants Fifteen ambulatory adults with relapsing remitting or secondary progressive MS with moderate disability. Methods Measures of postural control, dynamic balance, and fatigue were assessed during a "rested" and "fatigued" testing condition on separate days. Main Outcome Measurements Static posturography was used to assess postural control. The Mini-Balance Evaluation Systems Test and Dynamic Gait Index were used to assess dynamic balance. The chronic fatigue level was measured by using the Fatigue Severity Scale, and acute fatigue was assessed by using a visual analog scale at multiple time points during testing. Results During the fatigued condition, the participants reported a significant ( P P Conclusions Measures of balance performance and acute fatigue may be affected by rested versus fatigued testing conditions in people with MS. However, no significant relationships between changes in balance and fatigue were identified. Therefore, clinicians should use caution when making assumptions about the influence of fatigue on balance performance and should test for individual responses. Clinicians and researchers should also consider controlling for factors such as time of day and prior physical activity when administering standardized measures of balance in people with MS.
Dissecting the roles of the Drosophila EGF receptor in eye development and MAP kinase activation

A new conditional Egfr allele was used to dissect the roles of the receptor in eye development and to test two published models. EGFR function is necessary for morphogenetic furrow initiation, is not required for establishment of the founder R8 cell in each ommatidium, but is necessary to maintain its differentiated state. EGFR is required subsequently for recruitment of all other neuronal cells. The initial EGFR-dependent MAP kinase activation occurs in the furrow, but the active kinase (dp-ERK) is observed only in the cytoplasm for over 2 hours. Similarly, SEVENLESS-dependent activation results in cytoplasmic appearance of dp-ERK for 6 hours. These results suggest an additional regulated step in this pathway and we discuss models for this.
Cryopreservation of Human Platelets Isolated by Discontinuous‐Flow Centrifugation Using the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor

Platelets were isolated from normal volunteers by discontinuous-flow centrifugation using the Haemonetics Model 30 Blood Processor. The numerical equivalent of about five single units of platelets collected at each pheresis were frozen together in a −80 C mechanical freezer with a 6% final concentration of dimethylsul-foxide (DMSO) as the cryoprotectant. Platelet freeze-thaw-wash recovery in vitro was about 80 per cent and the platelet recovery value depended upon the method used to enumerate the platelets. The 51Cr survival values in vivo were about 50 per cent less than those in fresh platelets. These values were not significantly different from those seen when platelets were isolated from single units of blood by differential serial centrifugation. Transfusion of two and one-half units of freeze-preserved platelets provided an increase in the recipient's circulating platelet count comparable with that from one unit of fresh platelets. The hemostatic effectiveness of freeze-preserved platelets isolated by discontinuous-flow centrifugation has not yet been studied.
An Unusual Axonal Polyneuropathy Induced by Low-Dose Interferon Alfa-2a

Objectives: To describe a patient who developed an unusual polyneuropathy after treatment with interferon alfa-2a for hepatitis C and to discuss issues related to diagnosis and pathogenesis. Design: Case report. Setting: Tertiary care center. Case: A 46-year-old man with chronic hepatitis C had acute onset of an axonal polyneuropathy with prominent smallfiber involvement shortly after completing a standard 6-month course of therapy with low-dose interferon alfa-2a. Main Outcome and Results: Further interferon treatment for hepatitis C was discontinued. Conclusion: Standard, low-dose interferon alfa-2a treatment can produce a persistent predominantly smallfiber polyneuropathy.
Hardware/software co-design of the Stanford FLASH multiprocessor

Hardware/software co-design is a methodology for solving design problems in systems with processors or embedded controllers where the design requirements mandate a functionality and performance level for the system, independent of the hardware and software boundary. In addition to the challenges of functional correctness and total system performance, design time is often a critical factor. To design MAGIC, the programmable memory and communication controller for the Stanford FLASH multiprocessor, the authors employed a hardware/software co-design methodology. This methodology allowed them to concurrently design the hardware and software thereby reducing design time while simultaneously ensuring that the design would meet ambitious performance goals. Serializing the hardware and software design would have lengthened the design time and significantly increased the amount of redesign when the tradeoffs between the hardware and software implementations became clear late in the design process. The co-design approach led them to build a series of hierarchical simulators that allowed them to begin design verification early and to reduce the level of effort required to ensure a functional design.
Calcium absorption from kale

Absorption of calcium from intrinsically labeled kale was measured in 11 normal women and compared in these same subjects with absorption of calcium from labeled milk. The average test load was 300 mg. Fractional calcium absorption from kale averaged 0.409 +/- 0.101 (means +/- SD) and from milk, 0.321 +/- 0.089 (P less than 0.025). In contrast with the poor absorption previously reported for spinach calcium, kale, a low-oxalate vegetable, exhibits excellent absorbability for its calcium.
Data integration and pattern-finding in biological sequence with TESS's annotation grammar and extraction language (AnGEL)

Decoding the functional elements in an organism's genome requires the integration of a wide variety of experimental and computational data from a wide range of sources. The location of this data, viewed as sequence features in the genome, must serve as one of the essential organizing principles for this integration. It is therefore important to have a data integration system that takes advantage of this fact. As part of the TESS project, we have developed a grammar-based data integration and pattern search tool, Annotation Grammar and Extraction Language (AnGEL), that follows this principle. AnGEL can represent most of the current work in cis-regulatory module (CRM) modelling in an intuitive way and can process data extracted from a variety of sources simultaneously. Here we describe AnGEL's capabilities and illustrate its use by querying for gene arrangements, CRMs, and protein domain structure.
Long‐term variation in the winter resident bird community of Guánica Forest, Puerto Rico: lessons for measuring and monitoring species richness

Because the winter season is potentially limiting for migratory birds, understanding their nonbreeding distributional patterns is essential. At a given site, patterns of species occurrence and abundance may vary over time and, within a species, wintering strategies may vary with regard to the degree that individuals are site-faithful both within and between winters. We examined long-term patterns in the composition of a winter resident bird community to determine how long a site must be studied to understand the wintering community. Over a 34-yr period of constant-effort mist netting at a site in Guanica, Puerto Rico, we captured 21 species of winter resident birds, with mean total captures varying from 8.3 to 18.9 individuals per net line and 6-14 species captured per year. Species richness capture/recapture models generated numbers similar to actual capture rates. Capture and recapture data allowed us to categorize winter residents into three groups: sporadic winter residents (14 species), regular winter residents (four species captured nearly every year), and dominant winter residents (three species captured each year with high rates of recapture). Our results suggest that sampling for at least three consecutive winters is needed to accurately characterize the bird community at a site. However, sampling for 5 yr is better, and 10-yr samples generate patterns similar to those based on our entire 34-yr sample. A 1-yr sample provides minimal information about the composition and characteristics of a winter resident bird community.
Using dynamic sets to overcome high I/O latencies during search

Describes a single unifying abstraction called 'dynamic sets', which can offer substantial benefits to search applications. These benefits include greater opportunity in the I/O subsystem to aggressively exploit prefetching and parallelism, as well as support for associative naming to complement the hierarchical naming in typical file systems. This paper motivates dynamic sets and presents the design of a system that embodies this abstraction.
Proposed pathways for vocal self‐stimulation: Met‐enkephalinergic projections linking the mibrain vocal nucleus, auditory‐responsive thalamic vocal nucleus, auditory‐responsive thalamic regions and neurosecretory hypothalamus

In this study, we have investigated the neuroanatomical pathways that may underlie the influence of a female bird's vocal behavior upon her own reproductive endocrine response. We traced the ascending efferent projections of the midbrain vocal control nucleus, the intercollicularis (ICo), using an anterograde tracer, PHAL, delivered by iontophoretic application. We found labelled terminal fields in the anterior regions of the hypothalamus that contained luteinizing hormone releasing hormone- (LHRH) immunoreactive neurons. We injected into the LHRH-rich anterior medial hypothalamus (AM) the retrograde tracer, fluoro-gold, to verify the results of PHAL anterograde tracing and examine whether retrogradely labelled neurons in the ICo can be stained with met-enkephalin antiserum by the immunohistochemical method. Of the retrogradely labelled neurons in the medial division of ICo (mICo), between 5% and 15% were found to be met-enkephalin-immunoreactive positive perikarya. Our data suggest that axonal projections into the anterior medial hypothalamus may arise in part from enkephalin-immunoreactive neurons in the medial ICo. The mICo neurons distributed along the medial border of the midbrain auditory nucleus give rise to projections into the posterior medial hypothalamus (PMH) via synapses within the shell region of thalamic auditory nucleus, ovoidalis (Ov). We conclude that in the ring dove, the medial division of the vocal control nucleus, by virtue of its connection with the auditory thalamus and neurosecretory hypothalamus, is in a position to exert influence on endocrine response partly through enkephalinergic systems. Implications of similar connections in other species are discussed.
Vitamin B12: Catalyst for a nonenzymic carbon-skeleton model rearrangement

Abstract Reaction of a limited amount (0.11 mmol) of vitamin B 12a (hydroxocobalamin) with sodium borohydride (3.96 mmol) and the thioethyl ester of bromomethylmethylmalonate I (0.52 mmol) yields the carbon-skeleton rearranged thioethyl ester of methylsuccinate III (0.14 mmol) together with the unrearranged thioethyl ester of dimethylmalonate IV (0.087 mmol). The yield, based on the amount of vitamin B 12a used, of the carbon-skeleton rearrangement product III is 131% (average of six runs). This is the first coenzyme B 12 rearrangement model system sufficiently facile to function in a catalytic fashion.
P53-independent induction of p21(waf1) pathway is preserved during tumor progression.

The p21(WAF1) gene encodes a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor and plays an important role in controlling the cell cycle. Its expression can be induced through wild-type p53-dependent or -independent pathways. Since the p53-dependent pathway is disrupted in more than 50% of human tumors, we wondered whether the p53-independent pathway is also altered during tumor progression. In the present study, we have determined p21(WAF1) induction by mitogenic stimuli, which is known to be a p53-independent process. p21(WAF1) is induced by mitogenic stimuli in all cell lines tested regardless of the status of p53, i.e. wild-type, wild-type inactivated by SV40T or mutant, and the transformation of cells from immortal to tumorigenic and to metastatic. These results indicate that the p53-independent induction of p21(WAF1) pathway is preserved during tumor progression.
Dynamics of Nanoscopic Water: Vibrational Echo and Infrared Pump−Probe Studies of Reverse Micelles†

The dynamics of water in nanoscopic pools 1.7-4.0 nm in diameter in AOT reverse micelles were studied with ultrafast infrared spectrally resolved stimulated vibrational echo and pump-probe spectroscopies. The experiments were conducted on the OD hydroxyl stretch of low-concentration HOD in the H2O, providing a direct examination of the hydrogen-bond network dynamics. Pump-probe experiments show that the vibrational lifetime of the OD stretch mode increases as the size of the reverse micelle decreases. These experiments are also sensitive to hydrogen-bond dissociation and reformation dynamics, which are observed to change with reverse micelle size. Spectrally resolved vibrational echo data were obtained at several frequencies. The vibrational echo data are compared to data taken on bulk water and on a 6 M NaCl solution, which is used to examine the role of ionic strength on the water dynamics in reverse micelles. Two types of vibrational echo measurements are presented: the vibrational echo decays and the vibrational echo peak shifts. As the water nanopool size decreases, the vibrational echo decays become slower. Even the largest nanopool (4 nm, approximately 1000 water molecules) has dynamics that are substantially slower than bulk water. It is demonstrated that the slow dynamics in the reverse micelle water nanopools are a result of confinement rather than ionic strength. The data are fit using time-dependent diagrammatic perturbation theory to obtain the frequency-frequency correlation function (FFCF) for each reverse micelle. The results are compared to the FFCF of water and show that the largest differences are in the slowest time scale dynamics. In bulk water, the slowest time scale dynamics are caused by hydrogen-bond network equilibration, i.e., the making and breaking of hydrogen bonds. For the smallest nanopools, the longest time scale component of the water dynamics is approximately 10 times longer than the dynamics in bulk water. The vibrational echo data for the smallest reverse micelle displays a dependence on the detection wavelength, which may indicate that multiple ensembles of water molecules are being observed.
Prostate-specific Antigen Velocity Risk Count to Discern Significant From Indolent Prostate Cancer.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) velocity (PSAV) is the calculation of changes in PSA level over time, and was initially suggested more than a decade ago as a means to distinguish benign prostate enlargement from prostate cancer.1 Since that time, conflicting data on the value of PSA kinetics have been reported. D’Amico and colleagues showed that PSAV predicts the risk of prostate cancer-specific mortality after treatment, 2 and the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging (BLSA) demonstrated that a PSAV > 0.35 ng/mL/y more than 10 to 15 years prior to diagnosis predicts the future risk of life-threatening prostate cancer.3 However, other studies have questioned the utility of PSAV in clinical practice.4 For example, Wolters and colleagues5 reported that PSAV was significantly associated with significant prostate cancer on univariate analysis but was not an independent predictor in the multivariable model.5 The clinical utility of PSA kinetics is an extremely important issue for many reasons. First, there is ongoing controversy regarding the over-diagnosis of indolent prostate cancer. Thus, there is a need for screening modalities with greater specificity for clinically significant disease. In addition, many active surveillance programs use PSA kinetics as a trigger for intervention, particularly because noninvasive markers serve as an attractive alternative to repeated prostate biopsies.6,7 To overcome concerns regarding variability in PSA measurements, Carter and colleagues8 proposed a novel mechanism of calculation called PSAV risk count; serial PSA velocities are calculated, and the number of times that they exceed a threshold of 0.4 ng/mL/y are counted to tabulate a score. For example, a PSAV risk count of 2 means that the PSAV exceeded 0.4 ng/mL/y twice in a row; a PSAV risk count of 1 occurs when the PSAV exceeds 0.4 ng/mL/y only once, and the risk count is 0 when none of the PSAVs exceed the 0.4 ng/mL/y threshold value. Using data from the BLSA, Carter and colleagues demonstrated that the PSAV risk count provided additional information regarding the presence of life-threatening prostate cancer compared with a single determination of either PSA or PSAV. This review describes two recent studies on PSAV risk count.
Separate neural mechanisms mediate sufentanil-induced pupillary responses in the cat

The pharmacologic characteristics of a highly selective mu receptor agonist, sufentanil, were studied on the cat's pupillary responses (size, light reflex and fluctuations) measured with an infrared video pupillometer. The pupillary effects of sufentanil were also compared with those of morphine and clonidine, known mydriatics in the cat. Sufentanil (0.3-10 micrograms/kg i.v.) dose-dependently increased pupillary size and decreased light reflex and fluctuations. Naltrexone (10 micrograms/kg i.v.) pretreatment shifted the dose-response curve to the right by a factor of 26 for pupillary size, 9.5 for light reflex and 7.2 for fluctuations (nonvalid bioassay). Equivalent mydriatic doses of sufentanil (1 micrograms/kg), morphine (0.5 mg/kg) and clonidine (10 micrograms/kg) produced divergent effects on the light reflex and fluctuations. At these doses, morphine was more effective than sufentanil in inhibiting fluctuations. Clonidine was a more potent inhibitor of fluctuations but significantly enhanced the light reflex. Sufentanil (compared with morphine in a previous study) was 298 times more potent than morphine as a mydriatic, 100 times more potent in inhibiting the light reflex, and only slightly more potent in inhibiting fluctuations. These results indicate that separate neural mechanisms control the three pupillary components and that mu opioid receptors are more involved in mediating opiate-induced mydriasis than in inhibiting the light reflex and fluctuations in the cat.
Toolbox for Teaching

This essay appeared as part of a compilation by Frank Houdek that examined how law librarians used their knowledge and experiences to move into “alternative” positions or careers.
The Congressional Office as a Small (?) Business: New Members Set up Shop

A member's first years in office are a kind of "on-the-job training" experience, in which he comes to grips with the dimensions of his role and develops a personal approach to his tasks. Given the many challenges, the overall conclusion is readily apparent: the key to effectiveness in Congress is the ability to organize well within a framework of carefully selected priorities. It is not possible, however, to construct a grand masterplan such that priorities and the time devoted to each will neatly mesh, for legislative life is subject to sudden and numerous complications. -Gerald D. Sturges, in To Be A Congressman
A Study of Oil Droplet Fracture during the Impingement of Oil Mist on a High-temperature Wall Surface and the Heat Exchange of the Oil Droplets with the High-temperature Wall

To study the change in configuration of oil droplets and their heat exchange with high-temperature wall surfaces when film boiling occurs as a result of spray-mist oil beam impinging on the high-temperature wall surfaces, the authors have improved an impingement model featuring oil droplet impingement on hot wall surfaces. The wall-impingement heat exchange model has been derived from an empirical model of relevant experiments. After Kiva-3V program has been combined with this wall-impingement and heat exchange model, a numerical calculation was conducted of the spray-mist oil beam perpendicularly impinging on the high-temperature wall surfaces. The calculation results show that the above model could successfully simulate the impingement process between the oil mist and the high-temperature wall surfaces. To verify the rationality of a numerical model, a corresponding numerical calculation was performed under the experimental conditions given in relevant literature. The calculation results are in good agreement with the experimental ones.
Experimental evaluation of reservoir sensitivity for Xingcheng Gas Field

In order to found out some potential factors that may damage the reservoirs and to improve the recovery ratio during gas reservoir development in Xingcheng Gas Field,the experimental evaluation has been made for reservoir sensitivity. Based on the rock properties and mineral composition characteristics,the speed sensitivity,water sensitivity,salt sensitivity,alkali sensitivity and acid sensitivity of reservoirs in the fourth and the first sections of Yingcheng Formation are studied in Xingcheng Gas Field through a core displacement test simulating formation water. The study results show that the reservoir damage is mainly the effects of medium and slightly high water sensitivity and medium salt sensitivity. The effects of medium and slightly weak alkali sensitivity and speed sensitivity have a little damage. There is no alkali sensitivity phenomenon.
Induction efficacy of sevoflurane combinded with propofol for tracheal intubation in the neonate

Objective:To evaluate the efficacy of anesthesia induction with sevoflurane complied with propofol for tracheal intubation in newborn.Methods:Sixty newborns were randomly divided into two groups(n=30 each): sevoflurane group(group S),sevoflurane combined with 2.5mg/kg propofol group(group SP).8% sevoflurane was inhaled initially with 4L/min flow oxygen,Group S continued inhalation of sevoflurane for two minutes;Group SP continued inhalation of sevoflurane and received 2.5mg/kg propofol.MAP and HR were recorded before administration,before tracheal intubation,1min 、3min and 5min after tracheal intubation.Patients' response to intubation was also recorded.Results:All patients in group SP and only 17 newborns in group S were successfully intubated at the first attempt.Six children in group S and one in group SP had cough or body movement.The intubation success rate of group SP was 100%,which was significantly higher than that of group S(56.7%)(P0.01).The MAP,HR in group SP before intubation and 1-3min after intubation were significantly lower than those before induction(P0.01).The MAP、HR in group S 1min after intubation were significantly higher than those before induction and before intubation(P0.01).Conclusion:Induction with sevoflurane and propofol for tracheal intubation in newborn is better than sevoflurane inhalation alone.
Influence of exposure period on in vivo hippocampal glutamate and GABA release in rats chronically exposed to lead.

Previous work has demonstrated that continual exposure to 0.2% lead (Pb) beginning at birth diminishes depolarization-induced hippocampal glutamate (GLU) and GABA release in vivo. The present study sought to extend these findings by examining Pb-induced changes as a function of exposure period. Rats were continually exposed to 0.2% Pb in the drinking water beginning at conception (Gestational-Life, GL) or two weeks after weaning (Wean-Life, WL), while exposure in a third group was begun at conception but terminated at weaning (Gestational-Wean, GW). Hippocampal transmitter release was induced in adult animals by perfusion of 150 mM K + in the presence of Ca +2 (total release) through a microdialysis probe in one test session, followed by perfusion through a contralateral probe in the absence of Ca +2 (Ca +2 -independent release) in the second session. Decreases in total GLU and GABA release were observed in the GL and WL groups compared to controls over the first 20-min after initiation of high K + , decrements that could be attributed to exposure-induced reductions in Ca +2 -dependent release. The pattern of Pb-induced changes in the GL group is similar to that observed previously in a group continuously exposed from birth, indicating that gestational exposure did not further enhance the impact of Pb beginning at birth when exposure in both groups extends into adulthood. Similar responses were also found in the WL group, indicating that exposure during early development is not a requirement to induce changes in GLU and GABA release. Pb-induced decreases in response were also seen in the GW group: a decrease in Ca +2 -dependent GLU release was observed, while decrements in total and Ca +2 -dependent GABA release were similar to those in the GL and WL groups. Thus, exposure limited to early development is also sufficient to produce deficits in evoked transmitter release. In addition, the exposure-induced decreases in GLU responses correspond to Pb-induced impairments in long-term potentiation (LTP) observed in similarly exposed groups (Gilbert et al., 1999), providing further evidence that Pb effects on GLU release are a critical factor in the alterations found in LTP.
A View from Nowhere? The Place of Subjectivity in Spinoza’s Rationalism

Can one be an early modern rationalist and still have room for the subjective character of human experience? At least prima facie, rationalism and subjectivity seem to conflict. On the one hand, there is rationalism’s commitment to the complete intelligibility of being, clearly expressed in Spinoza’s adherence to the Principle of Sufficient Reason. On the other, there is our subjective experience of the world, which many view as unique and irreducible. But a rationalist metaphysical enquiry sub specie aeternitatis such as the one pursued by Spinoza appears to exclude such a seemingly arbitrary privileging of a particular finite perspective. In this paper, I argue that we may be too quick in reading Spinoza’s Ethics as simply attempting to develop such “a view from nowhere.” Instead, we should try to conceive of Spinoza’s project as a dynamic interplay between rationalist and empiricist elements, where subjective experience supplements conceptual analysis, rather than being excluded by it.
Evidence on the Relative Usefulness of Accruals and Cash Flows: The Case of Depreciation

Investment professionals often suggest that current accounting earnings can be improved upon as an indicator of share values by substituting capital expenditures for reported depreciation. To provide evidence on the effect of this substitution, we compare the ability of earnings measures based on accrual- and cash-basis accounting for property and equipment to explain the cross-sectional distribution of stock prices for a large sample of manufacturing firms. We find that earnings based on expensing current capital expenditures explains a much smaller fraction of the variation in share prices than earnings based on reported depreciation. This result holds even for stable firms with a relatively smooth year-to-year pattern of capital expenditures.
Schools and Disasters: Safety and Mental Health Assessment and Interventions for Children

This article draws on experiences and lessons from global disasters and utilizes the United Nations Comprehensive School Safety Framework to highlight the necessary role of safe schools in protecting children, as well as adult staff, from the immediate threats and long-term implications of disasters. Specifically, we focus on three well-established pillars of school safety: Pillar I: Safe Learning Facilities; Pillar II: Disaster Management; and Pillar III: Risk Reduction and Resilience Education. In addition, we propose a potential fourth pillar, which underscores the function of schools in postdisaster mental health assessment and intervention for children. We argue that schools offer a central location and trusted institutional space for mental health assessment and intervention after disasters. We also examine the important linkages between schools, child mental health, and household and family recovery. We conclude with recommendations for filling gaps in research and practice related to ensuring the safety of schools and the associated health and well-being of children in the face of future disasters.