cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A wind speed threshold for increased outdoor transmission of coronavirus: an ecological study

BACKGROUND: To examine whether outdoor transmission may contribute to the COVID-19 epidemic, we hypothesized that slower outdoor wind speed is associated with increased risk of transmission when individuals socialize outside. METHODS: Daily COVID-19 incidence reported in Suffolk County, NY, between March 16th and December 31st, 2020, was the outcome. Average wind speed and maximal daily temperature were collated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Negative binomial regression was used to model incidence rates while adjusting for susceptible population size. RESULTS: Cases were very high in the initial wave but diminished once lockdown procedures were enacted. Most days between May 1st, 2020, and October 24th, 2020, had temperatures 16-28 °C and wind speed diminished slowly over the year and began to increase again in December 2020. Unadjusted and multivariable-adjusted analyses revealed that days with temperatures ranging between 16 and 28 °C where wind speed was < 8.85 km per hour (KPH) had increased COVID-19 incidence (aIRR = 1.45, 95% C.I. = [1.28-1.64], P < 0.001) as compared to days with average wind speed ≥ 8.85 KPH. CONCLUSION: Throughout the U.S. epidemic, the role of outdoor shared spaces such as parks and beaches has been a topic of considerable interest. This study suggests that outdoor transmission of COVID-19 may occur by noting that the risk of transmission of COVID-19 in the summer was higher on days with low wind speed. Outdoor use of increased physical distance between individuals, improved air circulation, and use of masks may be helpful in some outdoor environments where airflow is limited.
Effect of ethylene and 1-methylcyclopropene on chlorophyll catabolism of broccoli florets

Branchlets of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L.) were used to examine ethylene-stimulated chlorophyll catabolism. Branchlets treated with: 1) air (CK); 2) 1 µL·L−1 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) for 14 hr at 20 °C; 3) 1000 µL·L−1 ethylene (C2H4) for 5 hr at 20 °C; or 4) 1-MCP then C2H4, were stored in the dark at 20 °C for up to 3 d. Chlorophyll (Chl) content and branchlet hue angle decreased during the storage period and 1-MCP treatment delayed this change. Chl degradation in broccoli was accelerated by exposure to C2H4, especially for Chl a. Prior treatment with 1-MCP prevented degreening stimulated by C2H4. Lipoxygenase activity was not altered by any of the treatments, however, 1-MCP with or without ethylene resulted in reduced activity of chlorophyllase (Chlase) and peroxidase (POD). Exposure to C2H4 stimulated Chlase activity and extended the duration of high POD activity. Treatment with 1-MCP followed by C2H4 resulted in reduced POD activity and delayed the increase in Chlase activity. The results suggest chlorophyll in broccoli can be degraded via the POD – hydrogen peroxide system. Exposure to C2H4 enhances activity of Chlase and extends the duration of high POD activity, and these responses may accelerate degreening. Treatment with 1-MCP delays yellowing of broccoli, an effect that may be due to the 1-MCP-induced reduction in POD and Chlase activities.
Studies on the genesis of polyribosomes. I. Origin and significance of the subribosomal particles.

In addition to polyribosomes and 74 s ribosomal monomers, there exist in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells two classes of subribosomal particles, namely, 60 s particles which contain 28 s RNA, and 40 s particles which contain 16 s RNA. Evidence is presented that their presence in cytoplasmic cell fractions is not a consequence of dissociation of 74 s ribosomes due to a deficiency of magnesium ions after cells are disrupted. 60 s and 40 s particles are always present in strictly equivalent numbers and together account for about 10% of total ribosomal material in the cytoplasm. In contrast, the number of free 74 s ribosomal monomers may vary widely (although it is strictly constant when aliquots of the same cell suspension are examined); on occasions, cytoplasmic fractions containing more 60 s particles than 74 s ribosomes have been observed. However, the total number of 74 s ribosomes (“polymers” plus monomers) within the cell tends to be fairly constant. The smaller the number of free 74 s ribosomes, the larger is the number released from polyribosomes by treatment with puromycin. Such treatment, however, does not change the number of 60 s and 40 s particles, nor do 74 s ribosomes released from polyribosomes dissociate detectably to 60 s and 40 s particles within 60 minutes. Labeling with [ 14 C]uridine has shown that 60 s and 40 s particles are made in the nucleus and enter the cytoplasm as individual entities, the latter preceding the former. Combination of 60 s particles with 40 s particles to form 74 s ribosomes proceeds mainly, and most probably exclusively, in polyribosomes, that is, while the 40 s particle is attached to a messenger RNA molecule. The relative specific radioactivity of 74 s ribosomes in polyribosome form often exceeds that of free 74 s ribosomal monomers for at least 3 hr after synthesis of the constituent subribosomal particles. The population of free 74 s ribosomal monomers exchanges only slowly with the population of 74 s ribosomes in polyribosome form, the rate depending on the metabolic state of the cell. Those 74 s ribosomes which are liberated from the messenger RNA molecule by puromycin recombine with it preferentially on removal of puromycin. This is interpreted as a topographical effect; other explanations are possible. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Applications of approximate Lagrangians to linear dissipative nonreciprocal circuits. IV. Sufficient conditions for equivalence of L/sub c/ and L/sub r/

In applications of the method of approximate Lagrangians, the classical Lagrangian L/sub c/ and the reverse-time Lagrangian L/sub r/ of linear time-invariant systems are equivalent, i.e., they produce identical approximate solutions with the same test-functions if they belong to a certain class of functions. Sufficient conditions for equivalence of L/sub c/ and L/sub r/ are derived and illustrated by examples of test-functions which do and do not satisfy these conditions, and generate the same or different approximations with L/sub c/ and L/sub r/. >
Seven Vulnerabilities in the Pediatric Research Subject

Most recent thinking about thevulnerability of research subjects uses a``subpopulation'' focus. So conceived, theproblem is to work out special standards forprisoners, pregnant women, the mentally ill,children, and similar groups. In contrast, an``analytical'' approach would identifycharacteristics that are criteria forvulnerability. Using these criteria, one couldsupport a judgment that certain individuals arevulnerable and identify needed accommodationsif they are to serve as research subjects.Seven such characteristics can be evident inchildren: they commonly lack the capacity tomake mature decisions; they are subject to theauthority of others; they (and their parents)may be deferential in ways that can maskunderlying dissent; their rights and interestsmay be socially undervalued; they may haveacute medical conditions requiring immediatedecisions not consistent with informed consent;they may have serious medical conditions thatcannot be effectively treated; and they (andtheir parents) may lack important sociallydistributed goods. Each of thesevulnerabilities can call for special care inthe design and implementation of researchprotocols.
Inhibition of Spore Outgrowth and Vegetative Growth of Bacillus stearothermophilus by Dipicolinate

Spores of Bacillus stearothermophilus germinated in the presence of sodium dipicolinate (DPA) but did not elongate after the emergence stage of outgrowth. Vegetative growth also was inhibited by Na 2 DPA.
The comet tail artifact

A description and explanation of an unexpected echographic appearance in a patient who had sustained an abdominal shotgun wound is presented. In the B-scans, a trail of dense continuous echoes, simulating a comet tail, is seen distal to each lead pellet. This comet tail appearance is shown to be a type of reverberation artifact. The effect of object size, shape, composition, and orientation on the appearance of this artifact is demonstrated.
Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine

Twelve Thousand Years: American Indians in Maine. Bruce J. Bourque. with Steven L. Cox and Ruth H. Whitehead. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2001.368 pp.
Situating design as social creation and cultural cognition

Video and transcripts of two architectural design meetings are presented in an analysis of a specific design process. The focus of the analysis presented here is the social and cultural aspects of cognition in design. The argument begins with a discussion of the parallels in design studies and cognitive science as each has begun to consider the importance of environmental influences on how we design and how we think. By applying three situated frameworks to understand the situated nature of design meetings, the analysis shows that notions of social creation and cultural cognition are complementary and necessary for a holistic understanding of the collaborative design process.
A DC-Powered High-Voltage Generator using a Bulk Pt-Rh Oscillating Micro-Relay

This paper reports a high voltage generator formed by the hybrid assembly of a micromachined relay and a wound-wire inductor or transformer. The relay is micro-electrodischarge machined from Pt-Rh bulk metal foil, and consists of a normally-closed switch that is part of a DC-powered electrothermal relaxation oscillator. The use of this material permits the relay to be operated in air, without the need for inert packaging. It also provides a resistance of <2 Omega (including both the actuator and the contact), which makes it amenable to low drive voltages. Using an input of 5 V and a 56 mH transformer with a turns-ratio of 46, peak pulsed outputs of 1200 V are obtained. A DC output of 276.5 V is obtained for an output power of 76 mW.
Three-dimensional geometric comparison of partial and complete flexible mitral annuloplasty rings.

Abstract Background: It has previously been shown in sheep that mitral annular physiologic dynamics during the cardiac cycle are abolished by complete ring annuloplasty, but recent clinical studies suggest that flexible partial ring annuloplasty preserves normal mitral annular dynamics. Methods: Eight radiopaque markers were sutured equidistantly around the mitral anulus in 3 groups of sheep: no-ring control animals (n = 16); animals with a flexible Tailor partial ring annuloplasty (n = 6; St Jude Medical, Inc, St Paul, Minn); and animals with a flexible Duran ring annuloplasty (n = 7; Medtronic, Inc, Minneapolis, Minn). After 7 to 10 days&' recovery, 3-dimensional marker coordinates were measured by biplane cinefluoroscopy. Mitral annular area and folding (defined as displacement of the mitral anulus from a least-squares plane) and mitral annular septal-lateral and commissure-commissure dimensions were calculated from the 3-dimensional marker coordinates throughout the cardiac cycle every 17 ms. Results: In the no-ring control group mitral annular area varied from 8.0 ± 0.2 to 7.2 ± 0.2 cm 2 (10% ± 2%), and the septal-lateral and commissure-commissure dimensions varied from 27.7 ± 0.4 to 25.9 ± 0.4 mm (7% ± 1%) and from 38.2 ± 0.8 to 36.4 ± 0.8 mm (5% ± 1%), respectively (mean ± standard error of the mean, P 2 , septal-lateral = 21.8 ± 0.7 and 22.0 ± 0.8 mm, and commissure-commissure = 27.7 ± 0.7 and 31.2 ± 1.7 mm). Mitral annular folding did not differ significantly between the control and Tailor partial ring annuloplasty groups but was dampened in the Duran ring annuloplasty group. Conclusions: Partial Tailor flexible ring annuloplasty fixed mitral annular area and dimensions throughout the cardiac cycle in sheep; however, it preserved physiologic mitral annular folding dynamics, which might be important in terms of long-term valve function and prevention of left ventricular outflow tract obstruction.
Design and Fabrication of a Micro Flow Measurement Device

Flow measurement devices have always had limited capability in making near wall measurements, driving the design of new devices capable of increased wall resolution. Utilizing a thermocouple boundary layer rake, wall measurements up to 0.0025 inches have been made. A Cross Correlation Rake (CCR) has the advantage of not requiring calibration but still operating on a similar principle as the thermocouple boundary layer rake. The design and construction of a CCR device for transonic velocities has been completed. The flow device utilizes time of flight measurements computed via a cross correlation to calculate velocities as near as 0.0025 inches to the wall. The CCR was designed to be applied to the Advanced Model for Extreme Lift and Improved Aeroacoustics to measure flow velocities above a flap in a transonic flow regime. The CCR design will be tested and validated by year end at subsonic and transonic speeds with the goal that the test results can be used as a stepping stone for future large scale, low risk testing. Nomenclature M = Mach number N = number of data points r = cross correlation delay function t = time x = function y = function offset α = angle of attack τ = delay
A study of the glycogen levels of the rat uterus and certain skeletal muscles during pregnancy.

STUDIES pertaining to the hormonal control of the glycogen level of the rat uterus have shown that (a) only estrogens are effective in stimulating glycogen deposition (1-3), (b) epinephrine and posterior pituitary extracts rapidly lower uterine glycogen (4), (c) practically all the glycogen is localized in the myometrium (2, 3). This report deals with changes in uterine glycogen during the course of pregnancy, and with changes induced by epinephrine late in pregnancy. These experiments also afforded an opportunity to study glycogen changes in the “stretched” abdominal muscles and the rectus femoris of the leg. Since the primary objective was to study glycogen changes in the myometrium, the pregnant uterus, emptied of conceptus, could not be used. Rich deposits of glycogen in the remaining decidual and endometrial cells (5, 6) would mask glycogen changes in the myometrium. Consequently, the studies were made on the sterile horns of unilaterally pregnant rats.
Simulating onion packinghouse product flow for performance evaluation and education

Lack of information on postharvest packinghouse performance hinders exploration, assessment of improvement opportunities and education possibilities. This study evaluated the sizing and inspection performance of 3 onion packinghouses and developed a discrete event simulation model to demonstrate the impact of improving these 2 performance variables on potential sales revenue generation, as part of a larger goal to develop a methodology for bringing packinghouses into the teaching and demonstration classroom via simulation. A group of 550 fresh sweet onions from the Vidalia production region in Georgia, US were obtained from 3 packinghouses for the 2-performance variable evaluation. Results indicated significant difference (p 0.05) between the packinghouses in terms of percentage rejects in the sorted Grade 1 onions. One packinghouse failed to meet the tolerance limit for defects, as specified by the US Grade Standards. Packinghouse managers were polled to discern impact, with houses responding with major management and packing line modifications.
Second-order adjoint sensitivity analysis methodology (2nd-ASAM) for computing exactly and efficiently first- and second-order sensitivities in large-scale linear systems: I. Computational methodology

Abstract This work presents the second-order forward and adjoint sensitivity analysis methodologies ( 2nd - FSAM and 2nd - ASAM ) for computing exactly and efficiently the second-order functional derivatives of physical (engineering, biological, etc.) system responses (i.e., “system performance parameters”) to the system's model parameters. The definition of “system parameters” used in this work includes all computational input data, correlations, initial and/or boundary conditions, etc. For a physical system comprising N α parameters and N r responses, we note that the 2nd - FSAM requires a total of ( N α 2 / 2 + 3 N α / 2 ) large-scale computations for obtaining all of the first- and second-order sensitivities, for all N r system responses. On the other hand, for one functional-type system response, the 2nd - ASAM requires one large-scale computation using the first-level adjoint sensitivity system for obtaining all of the first-order sensitivities, followed by at most N α large-scale computations using the second-level adjoint sensitivity systems for obtaining exactly all of the second-order sensitivities. Therefore, the 2nd - FSAM should be used when N r ≫ N α , while the 2nd - ASAM should be used when N α ≫ N r . The original 2nd - ASAM presented in this work should enable the hitherto very difficult, if not intractable, exact computation of all of the second-order response sensitivities (i.e., functional Gateaux-derivatives) for large-systems involving many parameters, as usually encountered in practice. Very importantly, the implementation of the 2nd - ASAM requires very little additional effort beyond the construction of the adjoint sensitivity system needed for computing the first-order sensitivities.
Ehlers-danlos syndrome with a disturbance of creatine metabolism

Summary A case of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is presented in which there was an abnormal creatine metabolism. There were, however, insufficient additional findings to warrant a definit diagnosis as to its cause.
P-stable andP[α, β]-stable integration/interpolation methods in the solution of retarded differential-difference equations

The equationu(t)=pu(t)+qu(t-τ) is presented as an archetype (scalar) equation for assessing the quality of integrator/interpolator pairs used to solve retarded differential-difference equations. The relationships ofP-stability andP[α, β]-stability, defined with respect to this archetype equation, to stability and order of multistep integrators and to passivity and order of Lagrange interpolators are developed. Composite multistep integrators and composite Lagrange interpolators are considered as a means of obtaining high order pairs stable for all step-sizes over a large portion, if not all, of the (p, q)-domain on which the archetype equation is stable.
Psychosocial development in three generations of college students

The college years are a time of significant growth in the individual's adaptive capacities in the cognitive, emotional, and social domains. Erikson 's theory of 1963 predicts that the college years are specifically a time of growth in the psychosocial issue of ego identity, but along with this development are increases in other aspects of psychosocial functioning. The opportunity to test this prediction across three cohorts of college students was presented through an expanded follow-up study of Constantinople's 1969 classic investigation of psychosocial development in a sample of over 300 undergraduates. Data were collected from undergraduates attending the same university in 1977 and 1988, allowing for a three-wave cross-sectional sequences design. The results indicated that, for all times of measurement and most of Erikson's psychosocial stages, college seniors generally had higher development than their younger classmates. Furthermore, females generally had higher psychosocial development scores than did males. The lack of cohort differences in the observed patterns of development and the minimal extent of cohort differences across college classes suggests that personality development during college is relatively uninfluenced by shifting psychosocial pressures over decades of social change.
Physiological properties of cholinergic and non-cholinergic magnocellular neurons in acute slices from adult mouse nucleus basalis.

Background The basal forebrain is a series of nuclei that provides cholinergic input to much of the forebrain. The most posterior of these nuclei, nucleus basalis, provides cholinergic drive to neocortex and is involved in arousal and attention. The physiological properties of neurons in anterior basal forebrain nuclei, including medial septum, the diagonal band of Broca and substantia innominata, have been described previously. In contrast the physiological properties of neurons in nucleus basalis, the most posterior nucleus of the basal forebrain, are unknown. Methodology/principal findings Here we investigate the physiological properties of neurons in adult mouse nucleus basalis. We obtained cell-attached and whole-cell recordings from magnocellular neurons in slices from P42-54 mice and compared cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons, distinguished retrospectively by anti-choline acetyltransferase immunocytochemistry. The majority (70-80%) of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons were silent at rest. Spontaneously active cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons exhibited irregular spiking at 3 Hz and at 0.3 to 13.4 Hz, respectively. Cholinergic neurons had smaller, broader action potentials than non-cholinergic neurons (amplitudes 64+/-3.4 and 75+/-2 mV; half widths 0.52+/-0.04 and 0.33+/-0.02 ms). Cholinergic neurons displayed a more pronounced slow after-hyperpolarization than non-cholinergic neurons (13.3+/-2.2 and 3.6+/-0.5 mV) and were unable to spike at high frequencies during tonic current injection (maximum frequencies of approximately 20 Hz and >120 Hz). Conclusions/significance Our results indicate that neurons in nucleus basalis share similar physiological properties with neurons in anterior regions of the basal forebrain. Furthermore, cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in nucleus basalis can be distinguished by their responses to injected current. To our knowledge, this is the first description of the physiological properties of cholinergic and non-cholinergic neurons in the posterior aspects of the basal forebrain complex and the first study of basal forebrain neurons from the mouse.
Security analysis of SITAR intrusion tolerance system

Security is an important QoS attribute for characterizing intrusion tolerant computing systems. Frequently however, the security of computing systems is assessed in a qualitative manner based on the presence and absence of certain functional characteristics and security mechanisms. Such a characterization is not only ad hoc, it also lacks rigorous scientific and systematic basis. Some recent research efforts have emphasized the need for a quantitative assessment of security attributes for intrusion tolerant systems. Intrusion tolerant systems are not only complex, but also have to operate in an environment made unpredictable due to the unpredictable actions of bona-fide and non bona-fide users. This makes quantitative security analysis a difficult problem. Earlier approaches to security modelling have been based on the use of Markov models. Capturing details of real architectures in a manually constructed Markov model is difficult. We advocate the use of higher level formalism based on stochastic Petri nets for modelling and quantitative security analysis of intrusion tolerant systems. To validate our approach, we use an experimental intrusion tolerant systems known as the SITAR (scalable intrusion tolerant architecture) currently being implemented jointly at MCNC and Duke University as our target system. It is shown that the resulting analysis is useful in determining gains in security by reconfiguring such a system in terms of increase in redundancy under varying threat levels.
The effect of error correction on L2 grammar knowledge and oral proficiency

ONE OF THE QUESTIONS THAT SECOND language teachers most often address to second language researchers is what to do about error correction: How and when should they correct whom, if at all? Error correction is not only of practical importance, but is also a controversial issue in the second language acquisition literature, where it is often subsumed under the more general term "negative evidence." In spite of the importance of the question, we have hardly any evidence for or against error correction during oral communicative activities in the second language classroom, as will become clear from the literature review. The empirical study that follows, conducted with learners of French in
Stereotyped connotations of masculine and feminine names

This study was designed to provide a basis to understand better antifeminine stereotyped attitudes that occur in association with a stimulus no more informative about a person than her first name. College students, mostly freshmen and sophomores, ascribed connotative meanings to common and uncommon masculine and feminine first names while imagining either “real” or “ideal” persons. The results from 48 subjects disclosed that the semantic dimension of potency (e.g., strength and bravery) is likely to be a fundamentally important connotation associated more with masculine names than with feminine names. Two findings very much supported this conclusion. Thus, the potency dimension was the only one of five dimensions of semantic meaning that: (a) yielded any masculine-feminine difference in the “ideal” condition, and (b) showed a disfavorable connotation for feminine names in comparison to masculine names in either the “real” or “ideal” condition.
G418 Selection and stability of cloned genes integrated at chromosomal δ sequences of Saccharomyces cerevisiae

The chromosomal delta sequences of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae were employed as recombination sites to integrate the bacterial neo(r) gene and the yeast SUC2 gene into the yeast genome. A dominate selection method employing the aminoglycoside antibiotic G418 was used. Transformation efficiencies and growth behaviors of the transformants were studied. Transformants were obtained with more than 40 integrations; the majority of insertions were tandem with a maximum of three different insertion sites utilized at one time. After 70-100 generations of growth in nonselective medium, the high copy number SUC2-neo(r) integrants were found to be unstable; only minor instability was observed for the neo(r) and low copy number SUC2-neo(r) integrants.
Regulation of Osteogenic Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Stromal Cells on 2D Nanorod Substrates

Bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) possess multi-lineage differentiation potential and can be induced to undergo differentiation into various cell types with the correct combination of chemical and environmental factors. Although, they have shown great prospects in therapeutic and medical applications, less is known about their behavior on nanosurfaces mimicking the extra cellular matrix (ECM). In this report we have employed 2D substrates coated with tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) nanorods to study the differentiation process of BMSCs into osteoblast like cells. TMV is a rod-shaped plant virus with an average length of 300 nm and diameter of 18 nm. The osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs on TMV was studied over time points of 7, 14 and 21 days. We examined the temporal gene expression changes during these time points by real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analysis. As expected, osteo-specific genes (osteocalcin, osteopontin and osteonectin) were upregulated and showed a maximum change in expression on TMV at 14 days which was 7 days earlier than on tissue culture plastic (TCP). Based on the genes expression profile generated by RT-qPCR experiments, we proposed that the early interaction of cells with TMV triggers on signaling pathways which regulate speedy expression of osteocalcin in turn, resulting in early mineralization of the cells. To further investigate these regulating factors we studied global changes in gene expression (DNA microarray analyses) during osteogenic differentiation on the nanosubstrate. Multitudes of genes were affected by culturing cells on nanorod substrate, which corroborated our initial PCR findings. Microarray analysis further revealed additional targets influenced by the presence of nanorods on the surface, of which, the expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was of particular interests. Further investigation into the temporal change of BMP2, revealed that it acts as a major promoter in signaling the early regulation of osteocalcin on TMV coated substrates.
Ion bombardment induced decomposition of polyimide (PIQ) studied by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Direct Recoil (DR) spectrometry

Abstract Angular resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight direct recoil (DR) spectrometry are used to characterize the surface changes in polyimide iso-indroquinazolinedione (PIQ®: Hitachi Chem. Co.) induced by 4 keV Ar+ bombardment. Deconvolution of the XPS data along with a stoichiometry of CH2.2 ± 0.2 as determined from DR intensities indicate the presence of an uppermost hydrocarbon layer on the initial surface. Upon Ar+ bombardment the H, N, and O concentrations decrease and the surface layer carbon concentration increases to > 94 at %. This carbonaceous layer exhibits C1s chemical shifts and line shapes that are similar to those of an ion bombarded graphite surface, along with an enhanced electrical conductivity.
Podoplanin and clusterin are reliable markers of nonneoplastic synovium at various sites

Introduction. Clusterin (CLU) has been noted to mark synovium adjacent to tenosynovial tumors, and studies suggest that podoplanin (PP) is upregulated in inflammatory arthritis. Characterization of synovial staining with CLU and PP in various nonneoplastic disease states has not been described. Methods. A microarray was created from paraffin-embedded human synovium, including 19 normal/noninflammatory (10 weight-bearing joints, 8 non-weight-bearing joints), 9 rheumatoid arthritis, 10 synovial cysts, and 3 osteoarthritis and stained with PP (D2-40) and CLU. Staining intensity was graded semiquantitatively (0-3+). Results. PP and CLU stained synovium in 88% and 95% cases, respectively. PP and CLU showed moderate to strong (3+) staining in 26% and 19% of noninflammatory and 44% and 0% of inflammatory synovia, respectively (P < .01). Conclusions. PP and CLU are reliable markers of human synovium and can confirm its presence in limited specimens. Although CLU was more sensitive, PP may be more useful in the se...
An application of number theory to the organization of raster-graphics memory

A high-resolution raster-graphics display is usually combined with processing power and a memory organization that facilitates basic graphics operations. For many applications, including interactive text processing, the ability to quickly move or copy small rectangles of pixels is essential. This paper proposes a novel organization of raster-graphics memory that permits all small rectangles to be moved efficiently. The memory organization is based on a doubly periodic assignment of pixels to M memory chips according to a "Fibonacci" lattice. The memory organization guarantees that if a rectilinearly oriented rectangle contains fewer than M/√5 pixels, then all pixels will reside in different memory chips, and thus can be accessed simultaneously. We also define a continuous amdogue of the problem which can be posed as, "What is the maximum density of a set of points in the plane such that no two points are contained in the interior of a rectilinearly oriented rectangle of area N." We give a lower bound of 1/2N on the density of such a set, and show that 1/√5N can be achieved.
Direct interferometric phase measurement using an aerial image measurement system

Accurate phase measurement is required to fabricate manufacturing-quality phase shifting masks. Phase error can severely limit the total process window as the k1 factor becomes smaller and smaller. Existing phase measurement techniques use either a specialized phase interferometer or an aerial image measurement system (AIMS) with image-plane analysis. In this presentation we report a direct interferometric phase measurement technique that can be implemented on an AIMS tool with a few inexpensive accessories. The method is based on analyzing far-field interference patterns of two double-slit features on the mask. In one double-slit feature, the left slit is phase- shifted; in the other feature the right slit is phase- shifted. By measuring a relative shift of position between the interference patterns one can calculate phase shift directly. Advantages of the method over other published methods based on image plane measurements include: 1) significantly better accuracy, and 2) no aerial image simulation is required, thus eliminating a source of measurement error. Compared wit lateral shearing interferometry used in dedicated phase interferometers, the current method can be applied to smaller geometries without adding complexity. In addition, results obtained with current method are effective phase shifts that may correlate directly with lithographic performance of the mask. We will present the experiment setup, phase extracting algorithm, and experimental result on an alternating phase shifting mask. Result will be compared with that of a step height measurement.
Acetylcholine receptor gene expression in skeletal muscle of chronic ethanol-fed rats

The expression of the neuromuscular acetylcholine receptor (AChR) alpha-subunit gene was evaluated in soleus muscles from an animal model of chronic alcoholism. At 8 weeks of age, test rats were placed on a nutritionally complete liquid diet containing 6.7% ethanol (v/v). Age- and weight-matched control rats were pair-fed an isocaloric liquid diet. After a 16-week diet period, soleus muscles were obtained and total RNA and poly(A) + RNA were isolated. Muscle RNA levels from ethanol-fed and control rats were comparable. AChR alpha-subunit mRNA was detected by hybridization of muscle poly(A) + RNA with a 32 P-labeled, complementary riboprobe. The steady-state level of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA was reduced by 39% ( p
The association of poverty with the prevalence of albuminuria: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III).

Background: Albuminuria is a major risk factor for the development and progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and cardiovascular disease. Socioeconomic factors also have been reported to modify CKD and cardiovascular risk factors and clinical outcomes. The extent to which poverty influences the prevalence of albuminuria, particularly among racial/ethnic minority populations, is not well established. The influence of poverty on the prevalence of albuminuria and the implication of this relationship for the racial and/or ethnic differences in the prevalence of albuminuria were examined. Methods: We examined data from 6,850 male and 7,634 female adults from a national probability survey conducted between 1988 and 1994. Results: In univariate analysis, poverty, defined as less than 200% federal poverty level (FPL), was associated with the presence of both microalbuminuria (odds ratio [OR], 1.35; 95% confidence interval, 1.22 to 1.49) and macroalbuminuria (OR, 1.78; 95% confidence interval, 1.40 to 2.26). The association of less than 200% FPL with microalbuminuria persisted in a multivariate model controlling for age, sex, race, education, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, reduced glomerular filtration rate, and medication use (OR, 1.18; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 1.33). FPL less than 200% was not associated with macroalbuminuria in the multivariate model. When multivariate analysis is stratified by FPL (
Acute proctosigmoiditis caused by a dexamethasone mouthwash enema.

A 73-year-old man with a history of osteoarthritis and chronic constipation presented with rectal bleeding of 3 days’ duration. He used soapsuds enemas weekly for many years and 3 days before presentation had self-administered an enema, which was immediately followed by severe rectal pain and tenesmus. Thereafter, he noted constant dripping of fresh blood from the rectum, which increased with each bowel movement. Initially, he experienced lower abdominal cramping pain that resolved after 2 days. There was no nausea, vomiting, fever, chills, or diarrhea. The medical history included a compression fracture of the L5 vertebral body, migraine headaches, hyperlipidemia, oral lichen planus, and severe spinal osteoarthritis. Operations included excision of a melanoma from the right ear 30 years earlier and a remote appendectomy. Medications were the following: gabapentin (400 mg, 3 times a day), pravastatin (80 mg daily), amitriptyline (200 mg at bedtime), naproxen (500 mg daily), piroxicam (20 mg daily), lorazepam (1 mg as needed), and daily use of a dexamethasone mouthwash (for oral lichen planus). He quit smoking tobacco (2 packs/d for 20 years) 25 years earlier. He did not drink alcohol; there was no use of illicit drugs. The family history was negative for GI malignancy and inflammatory bowel disease. The patient was afebrile; vital signs were normal. The abdomen was soft, nontender, and nondistended; bowel sounds were normal. Digital rectal examination revealed no external hemorrhoids or fissure, normal sphincter tone, mild diffuse tenderness in the anal canal, no palpable mass, and hard brown stool without blood. Laboratory data included white blood cell count, 29,000/ mm (normal: 4400-11,000/mm), with 82% neutrophils and no band forms. The hematocrit, platelet count, international normalized ratio, creatinine kinase, serum electrolytes, and tests of renal function were within normal ranges. Stool studies were negative for enteric pathogens. CT disclosed diffuse thickening of the distal sigmoid colon
Theoretical and experimental study of the quenching of singlet oxygen by solvent

Abstract The intermolecular electronic—vibrational energy transfer theory based on dipole—dipole interaction has been extended to treat the quenching of singlet (1Δg) oxygen by solvent. According to this treatment, the off-resonance factor which relates to the singlet oxygen emission bandwidth in the solvent is included in the rate constant expression and has a definite value; the additivity relationship descovered by Schuster and Rodgers can also be explained. The lifetimes of singlet oxygen in n-chloroalkane, n-bromoalkane and n-iodoalkane solvents were determined by measuring the time-resolved decay of singlet oxygen luminescence at 1.27 μm. The excitation source is a laser light which has a pulse width of 15 ns with a maximum power of 7 mJ at 592 nm. A good linear relationship between the bimolecular rate constants and the number of methylene groups in the carbon skeleton of the solvent is found. The bimolecular rate constants contributed by methyl and methylene groups are 250 M−1 s−1 and 800 M−1 s−1 respectively. The finding that the methylene group is a better quencher than the methyl group eliminates the possibility that the highest frequency fundamental vibrational mode plays a more important role than the overtone or the combination mode. The significant increase in the quenching rate constants in iodoalkanes is probably due to an effect other than the heavy atom effect.
A general analytical solution for calculating n-fold convolution power of exponential-sum distribution functions

In this paper, a general analytical solution for calculating n-fold convolution power of exponential-sum distribution functions is developed by means of Laplace transform technique. In principle, the formulae presented in this paper provide complete solution for any number of exponentials and any folds of convolution power. Testing results show that those formulae are correct.
Corporations are Cyborgs: Organizations elicit anger but not sympathy when they can think but cannot feel

Across four experiments, participants saw companies as capable of having ‘agentic’ mental states, such as having intentions, but incapable of having ‘experiential’ mental states, such as feeling pain. This difference in mental state ascription caused companies to elicit anger as villains, but not sympathy as victims. Differences in sympathy were mediated by perceived capacities for experience. When participants had a background leading companies (i.e. senior executives) or when a recognizable brand (i.e. Google) was anthropomorphized, perceptions of experience increased and the sympathy gap disappeared. An organization seen as high in experience and low in agency (i.e. sports team) elicited more sympathy and less anger than companies. Our findings elucidate the mechanisms underlying the link between mental state ascription and moral judgment; the tendency to ascribe some mental states to organizations more easily than others; and the phenomenon whereby companies elicit anger as villains but fail to elicit sympathy as victims.
Fiber Art and the Hierarchy of Art and Craft, 1960–80

Abstract“Fiber Art and the Hierarchy of Art and Craft, 1960–1980” both explores the artistic, historical, institutional and extra-aesthetic forces affecting the formation of the fiber movement and evaluates the curatorial strategies of Mildred Constantine and Jack Lenor Larsen to negotiate the hierarchy of art and craft in order to elevate fiber as a medium of “high art.” The analysis considers the emergence of the category of fiber art in the 1960s and 1970s, the cultural contexts in which fiber or textiles were utilized in the period, strategies of transcending the hierarchy of art and craft, and other relations of dominance and subordination that defined fiber's marginality in the hierarchy of the arts and shaped the responses of artists, critics and curators to aesthetic boundaries.
CLUSTERING OF CONGENITAL ATHYREOTIC CRETINISM

Congenital athyreotic cretinism (CAC) occurs in more than one sibling or relative on rare occasion. Heterogeneity with the existence of an autosomal recessive form has been evoked as the most plausible explanation, yet almost all cases occur sporatically without apparent cause. The Kentucky experience has been different in that a disproportionate number of CAC cases have come from the same rural community with two sets of affected siblings as first cousins. Since 1963 we have cared for 25 infants and children (13M, 12F) with CAC, and most have come from distant communities. Six have been clustered in South Madison County, four being two sets of affected siblings who are first cousins. In addition, three older sibs of this kindred died in infancy and childhood with histories and photographs suggestive of CAC. All the Madison County families live within ten miles of each other, and all have lived in the community for generations. Additionally, two brothers with CAC have come from another county. There is no apparent consanguinity in any of the families, and identification of cretins in earlier generations is unreliable. The population is stable, homogenous and of English origin. Other thyroid disease occurred in second degree relatives in six families. Geographic clustering and familial aggregation of CAC in rural communities with sparse population suggest a common pathogenic mechanism leading to failure of embryonic thyroid development. A Mendelian trait for the defect which is enhanced by additional genetic influences is the best explanation.
Why our approach to performance evaluation is SDRAWKCAB

What does SDRAWKCAB mean? Some of you already know; some I have told; some have guessed. But many do not know. Those who do know, know it would be contrary to the theme of SDRAWKCAB to tell you immediately what it means, although it certainly would make things much easier if I told you now.
Clinton health plan: Promises broken?

There is growing recognition the Clinton health plan bears little resemblance to the Clinton health speeches. I intend to respond to the program chairman's instruction to discuss the Clinton plan, as leaked in a 250-page document to Democratic leaders. But, I must state this: just as the leaked Clinton plan bears no resemblance to the Clinton speeches, it is also likely the Clinton plan is only a tool, not a blueprint, for the Clinton strategy. The written Clinton plan reads like a deal-making machine. It is filled with quid pro quo, with veiled threats for non-cooperation, and with hints of possible rewards for interest groups who fall in line. Many proposals are made, but in politics it is, of course, not necessary to push all of them with equal vigor, or any vigor at all.
Organic/Inorganic Composite Materials: Hydrothermal Syntheses and Structures of the One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional Copper(II) Sulfate−Organodiamine Phases [Cu(H2O)3(4,4‘-bipyridine)(SO4)]·2H2O, [Cu(bpe)2][Cu(bpe)(H2O)2(SO4)2]·2H2O, and [Cu(bpe)(H2O)(SO4)] (bpe = trans-1,2-Bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene)

Three new members of the copper sulfate/heterocyclic diamine family [Cu(4,4‘-bpy)(H2O)3(SO4)]·2H2O (1; 4,4‘-bpy = 4,4‘-bipyridine), [Cu(bpe)2][Cu(bpe)(H2O)2(SO4)2]·2H2O (2; bpe = trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene), and [Cu(bpe)(H2O)(SO4)] (3) have been synthesized using soft chemical methods. Compound 1 crystallizes as light blue needles from the reaction of a mixture of CuSO4·5H2O, 4,4‘-bipyridine, and H2O in the mole ratio 1:1:2778, that was heated to 200 °C for 24 h. The structure of 1 consists of linear cationic chains of {Cu(4,4‘-bpy)(H2O)3}2+ with SO42- anions as spacers between the chains. Compound 2 crystallizes as dark blue rectangular plates from the reaction of a mixture of CuSO4·5H2O, bpe, and H2O in the mole ratio 1:1:1111, that was initially left to stand at room temperature for 24 h and then heated to 120 °C for an additional 24 h. The structure of 2 exhibits rectangular grids constructed from {Cu(bpe)2}2+ coordination units with linear {Cu(bpe)(H2O)2(SO4)2}2- chains threaded through the gri...
Response to the papers

Purpose – This article aims to provide a response to the papers in this issue. Design/methodology/approach Design/methodology/approach – The methodology employed is philosophical. Findings Findings – In her response, Nussbaum thanks the authors for their contributions and addresses their most salient arguments. Originality/value Originality/value – Nussbaum in this article responds to the papers in this issue of IJSE
A mass spectrometric study of 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane

The mass spectrum of 1,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decane (4-ethylenedioxypiperidine) showed a prominent peak at m/e 87. Ethylenedioxy ketals commonly give a fragment of m/e 86 and other fragments of higher mass than 87. A mechanism for formation of a m/e 87 fragment was formulated and evidence for this mechanism and the structure of the fragment was obtained by deuterium labelling. Structures and mechanisms of formation of other major fragments were also studied.
Place First, Then Train: An Alternative to the Medical Model of Psychiatric Rehabilitation

The medical model has promoted a train-place model for psychiatric rehabilitation. This model carefully trains people with psychiatric disabilities on a range of skills so they can handle real-world demands before placing them in work and independent living situations. More consistent with a social work perspective are place-train programs, which rapidly place people with psychiatric disorders in real-world settings so they can experience the benefits, as well as the challenges of these situations, and then provide the necessary training and support to successfully maintain these placements. This article compares the two models and shows that place-train approaches can help people with serious mental illness attain many of their work and housing goals without increasing the frequency of relapse.