cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The isotopic composition of lead in iron meteorites

Abstract Lead isotopic composition and lead concentration were measured in four troilite samples from Canyon Diablo, two troilites from Toluca, and single troilites from Bogou, Baquedano, Gibeon, Grant and Staunton. Uranium concentrations were measured in four samples; they ranged from 2.6 to 25 ppb. Observed isotopic compositions were corrected for fractionation by the double spike technique. The lead compositions ranged from primitive compositions to modern radiogenic compositions. It is concluded that the radiogenic lead found in iron meteorites is due to terrestrial contamination. New values recommended for the primordial lead ratios are Pb 206 Pb 204 = 9.346 , Pb 207 Pb 204 = 10.218 , and Pb 208 Pb 204 = 28.96 .
Evaluation of methods to increase beam pulse width on the DARHT Axis-II accelerator

Summary form only given. The second axis (Axis II) of the Dual-Axis Radiographic Hydrodynamic Test (DARHT) facility at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) is an electron linear induction accelerator (LIA) using 74 induction cells, each driven by a separate pulse-forming Marx (PFM). The ability to perform precise multipulse radiography is heavily influenced by the temporal beam energy spread, beam pulse width, related beam motion, and other focusing and target factors. The nominal beam-pulse flattop width is about 1.6 μs. A wider beam pulse would allow for increased spacing between kicked pulses and hence more information in radiographic experiments. A flattop pulse-width increase of even 75 to 100 ns would be of significant value. In this paper, we present a few recently evaluated methods to widen the existing beam pulse without significant changes to the accelerator or infrastructure. The first method is a constrained optimization between total beam energy (sum of all the cell and injector voltages) and maximum cell pulse width. It determines the voltage set point of each of the PFMs that drive the cells such that their respective pulse widths are nearly identical while being subject to a constraint of minimum acceptable total beam energy. Each cell has a unique magnetic core V-s capability, and properly setting pulse voltages allows for maximum pulse width based on individual core properties. The second method involves retiming the cell pulses such that their trailing edges align instead of their leading edges. The leading edge of the cell pulses are of less importance than the trailing, hence, if the end of the beam pulse can be improved, additional pulse width suitable for radiography can be obtained. The third method focuses on the preset current for the magnetic cores in the cells. To achieve sufficient flux swing in the cores, each is preset to a known saturation state prior to each pulse. Experiments have shown that the levels of preset current vary by more than 15% and the timing of the preset pulses can be adjusted to obtain additional improvement in available V-s capability. After adding the available increases in beam pulse width from these separate methods, we expect to be able to obtain over 100 ns in usable pulse width. The paper presents the results from simulations, experiments and describes measured and expected increases in pulse width due to each of the methods.
TRAPATT-amplifier and TRAPATT-oscillator diode structures

Silicon avalanche-diode structures were fabricated which could function as TRAPATT amplifiers but not as TRAPATT oscillators. Diodes which can function as self-excited oscillators have a better high-frequency IMPATT-mode structure than do the exclusively amplifying devices.
A Typology of Approaches to Child Care: The Centerpiece of Organizing Family Life For Dual-Earner Couples

Analyzing data from a qualitative study of 95 dual-earner couples, this article seeks to understand the critical factors that explain couples' choice of day care arrangements. The different approaches couples implement to care for their children while they earn income are (a) the “mothering” approach, (b) the parenting approach, and (c) the market approach. Changing sentiments about mothering and its centrality to decisions about how couples organize and integrate family and work lives are discussed within each approach. Finally, the article raises issues about attempts (and nonattempts) to alter work arrangements for parents to care for children.
Women and HIV/AIDS in China: Gender and Vulnerability

A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine if there was a research gap between women's vulnerability to HIV and research addressing that vulnerability in China. Turmen's article Gender and HIV/AIDS served as a framework for examining the eight determinants placing women and adolescent girls at greater risk of HIV infection than men. Eighty-eight research reports were retrieved and categorized by general characteristics and the eight determinants. Women were found to be more vulnerable than men to HIV infection in China and worldwide. While researchers reported a considerable amount of research regarding women's HIV/AIDS-related issues in China, there is insufficient attention to some risk determinants. Investigators are encouraged to take advantage of political commitment and policy changes in China to conduct more research focusing on female vulnerability and to address the effects of violence, laws, stigma, and discrimination in female HIV prevention.
Critical Aspartic Acid Residues in Pseudouridine Synthases

The pseudouridine synthases catalyze the isomerization of uridine to pseudouridine at particular positions in certain RNA molecules. Genomic data base searches and sequence alignments using the first four identified pseudouridine synthases led Koonin (Koonin, E. V. (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 2411-2415) and, independently, Santi and co-workers (Gustafsson, C., Reid, R., Greene, P. J., and Santi, D. V. (1996) Nucleic Acids Res. 24, 3756-3762) to group this class of enzyme into four families, which display no statistically significant global sequence similarity to each other. Upon further scrutiny (Huang, H. L., Pookanjanatavip, M., Gu, X. G., and Santi, D. V. (1998) Biochemistry 37, 344-351), the Santi group discovered that a single aspartic acid residue is the only amino acid present in all of the aligned sequences; they then demonstrated that this aspartic acid residue is catalytically essential in one pseudouridine synthase. To test the functional significance of the sequence alignments in light of the global dissimilarity between the pseudouridine synthase families, we changed the aspartic acid residue in representatives of two additional families to both alanine and cysteine: the mutant enzymes are catalytically inactive but retain the ability to bind tRNA substrate. We have also verified that the mutant enzymes do not release uracil from the substrate at a rate significant relative to turnover by the wild-type pseudouridine synthases. Our results clearly show that the aligned aspartic acid residue is critical for the catalytic activity of pseudouridine synthases from two additional families of these enzymes, supporting the predictive power of the sequence alignments and suggesting that the sequence motif containing the aligned aspartic acid residue might be a prerequisite for pseudouridine synthase function.
Winter production of CO2 and N2O from alpine tundra: environmental controls and relationship to inter-system C and N fluxes.

Fluxes of CO2 and N2O were measured from both natural and experimentally augmented snowpacks during the winters of 1993 and 1994 on Niwot Ridge in the Colorado Front Range. Consistent snow cover in- sulated the soil surface from extreme air temperatures and allowed heterotrophic activity to continue through much of the winter. In contrast, soil remained frozen at sites with inconsistent snow cover and production did not begin until snowmelt. Fluxes were measured when soil temperatures under the snow ranged from -5∞ Ct o 0 ∞C, but there was no significant relationship between flux for either gas and temperature within this range. While early developing snowpacks resulted in warmer minimum soil temperatures allowing production to continue for most of the winter, the highest CO2 fluxes were recorded at sites which experienced a hard freeze before a consistent snowpack developed. Consequently, the seasonal flux of CO2AC from snow covered soils was related both to the severity of freeze and the duration of snow cover. Over-winter CO2AC loss ranged from 0.3 g Cm ) 2 season )1 at sites characterized by inconsistent snow cover to 25.7 g C m )2 season )1 at sites that expe- rienced a hard freeze followed by an extended period of snow cover. In contrast to the pattern observed with C loss, a hard freeze early in the winter did not result in greater N2OAN loss. Both mean daily N2O fluxes and the total over-winter N2OAN loss were related to the length of time soils were covered by a consistent snow- pack. Over-winter N2OAN loss ranged from less 0.23 mg N m )2 from the latest developing, short duration snowpacks to 16.90 mg N m )2 from sites with early snow cover. These data suggest that over-winter heterotrophic activity in snow-covered soil has the potential to min- eralize from less than 1% to greater than 25% of the carbon fixed in ANPP, while over-winter N2O fluxes range from less than half to an order of magnitude higher than growing season fluxes. The variability in these fluxes suggests that small changes in climate which aAect the timing of seasonal snow cover may have a large eAect on C and N cycling in these environments.
VENTRICULAR RESPONSE IN ATRIAL FIBRILLATION. ROLE OF CONCEALED CONDUCTION IN THE AV JUNCTION.

The ventricular response in atrial fibrillation is determined by the long refractory period of the AV junction. Since an atrial impulse is always available for transmission to the ventricles, a regular ventricular rhythm would be expected, the rate of which would reflect the duration of a stable junctional refractory phase. The irregularity of the ventricular action associated with atrial fibrillation, therefore, indicates changes of refractoriness of the AV junctional tissues from cycle to cycle. This can best be attributed to varying degrees of penetration of "blocked" atrial impulses into parts of the AV junction, and to the effect of such concealed conduction on the propagation of subsequent impulses. The following facts are pointed out and illustrated as evidence of concealed AV and VA conduction during atrial fibrillation: (a) Occurrence of a "compensatory pause" following a ventricular premature systole. (b) Failure of an AV nodal escape to appear at the expected time due to concealed discharge of ...
Plantago schrenkii is P. maritima: Morphological and Molecular Evidence

Plantago schrenkii (dwarf plantain) from the Russian Arctic is frequently segregated at species level from P. maritima (sea plantain). Using simultaneous morphometric and molecular analyses, I came to the conclusion that P. schrenkii is just an ecological form of sea plantain and should not be recognized at any taxonomical level.
Effect of Hormonal Treatment on Fertility in Dairy Cows with Dystocia or Retained Fetal Membranes at Parturition

Abstract Holstein cows (n=445) that had experienced dystocia, retained fetal membrane, or both at parturition were used to determine the effects of GnRH, PGF 2α or both on various reproductive measurements. Cows affected with these conditions were assigned randomly to each of four treatment groups. One group of cows was untreated, and three groups received GnRH once at 12 d postpartum, or GnRH at 12 plus PGF 2α at 26 d postpartum, or PGF 2α given at 12 and 26 d postpartum. Another group of 191 cows that calved normally were untreated. Conception rate after first AI was higher for cows treated with PGF 2α at 12 and 26 d postpartum. Cows affected with dystocia, retained fetal membranes, or both and treated early postpartum with GnRH alone or followed 14 d later with PGF 2α did not have improved reproductive performance. Cows calving during the summer months of June through September experienced a reduction in the reproductive traits examined.
ShiverPaD: A Glass Haptic Surface That Produces Shear Force on a Bare Finger

We discuss the design and performance of a new haptic surface capable of controlling shear force on a bare finger. At the heart of the ShiverPaD is the TPaD variable friction device. It modulates the friction of a glass surface by using 39 kHz out-of-plane vibrations to reduce friction. To generate shear forces, the TPaD is oscillated in-plane (i.e., “shivered”) while alternating between low and high friction within each cycle. In previous research, the ShiverPaD produced shear forces using in-plane vibrations below 100 Hz. In this research, we develop a new ShiverPaD that produces force using 854 Hz vibrations, where human sensitivity to vibration is diminished. The new device is used to display a virtual toggle switch and a variety of virtual edges. A human subject study is conducted to demonstrate that users can easily trace virtual edges displayed on the surface of the ShiverPaD.
Legal Aspects in Treating Rapists

The development of new evaluation treatment methods for rapists and child molesters has created unique legal and ethical problems for therapists and researchers dealing with this population. These ...
Humanized microbiota mice as a model of recurrent Clostridium difficile disease

Clostridium difficile disease is the leading antibiotic-associated cause of diarrhea and nosocomial acquired infection in the western world. The per annum burden in the USA alone amounts to 250,000 cases with 14,000 ascribed deaths and medical costs in excess of a billion dollars. Novel models for the study of C. difficile infection are therefore pertinent. Germ free C57BL/6 mice gavaged with a healthy human fecal microbiota maintained a stable “humanized” microbiota over multiple generations when housed under specific pathogen-free (SPF) conditions. As with mice containing a conventional microbiota, treatment with a five-antibiotic cocktail followed by a single dose of clindamycin renders the animals susceptible to C. difficile infection (CDI). Interestingly, after recovery from the initial CDI infection, a single intraperitoneal injection of clindamycin is sufficient to induce CDI relapse. Relapse of CDI can be induced up to 35 days postinfection after recovery from the initial infection, and multiple episodes of relapse can be induced. This model enables the study of recurrent C. difficile disease in a host containing a human-derived microbiota. Probiotic treatments using human-derived microbes, either prophylactic or curative, can be tested within the model. The identification and testing of human-derived microbial communities within a humanized microbiota mouse model may enable a higher rate of successful transfer of bacteria-based treatments from the lab to human patients due to the microbes involved initiating from, and being adapted to, the human GI tract.
Cardiac hormones inhibit proliferation of pancreatic cancer but not normal cells.

Eur J Clin Invest 2010; 40 (8): 706–712 Abstract Background Four cardiac hormones, i.e. atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), vessel dilator, long-acting natriuretic peptide (LANP) and kaliuretic peptide (KP), have anticancer effects both in vitro and in vivo. The sustained decrease in number of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells for 3 days secondary to the four hormones noted previously suggests a decrease in proliferation of pancreatic cancer cells not eliminated after initial treatment. Materials and methods Four cardiac hormones were evaluated for their ability to directly decrease proliferation of human pancreatic cancer cells with comparison of their effects on proliferation on normal human lung, kidney, prostate and endothelial cells. Results ANP, LANP, vessel dilator and KP decreased the proliferation of viable human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells by 39%, 73%, 26% and 32% respectively at their 0·01 μM concentrations compared with the proliferation of untreated pancreatic cancer cells. Maximal inhibition of proliferation (81%) occurred with LANP at its 0·1 μM concentration in dose-response studies. At these same concentrations, there was no decrease in proliferation of human kidney, lung, prostate or endothelial cells compared with untreated kidney, lung, prostate or endothelial cells. Conclusion Four cardiac hormones have strong anti-proliferative effects on human pancreatic adenocarcinoma cells while sparing human kidney, lung, prostate and endothelial cells from a similar strong anti-proliferative effect. This anti-proliferative effect on pancreatic cancer cells helps to explain why human pancreatic cancers in vivo treated with the cardiac hormones decrease to less than 10% of the volume of untreated pancreatic cancers as they proliferate less.
Using incorrect speculation to prefetch data in a concurrent multithreaded processor

Concurrent multithreaded architectures exploit both instruction-level and thread-level parallelism through a combination of branch prediction and thread-level control speculation. The resulting speculative issuing of load instructions in these architectures can significantly impact the performance of the memory hierarchy as the system exploits higher degrees of parallelism. In this study, we investigate the effects of executing the mispredicted load instructions on the cache performance of a scalable multithreaded architecture. We show that the execution of loads from the wrongly-predicted branch path within a thread, or from a wrongly forked thread, can result in an indirect prefetching effect for later correctly-executed paths. By continuing to execute the mispredicted load instructions even after the instruction- or thread-level control speculation is known to be incorrect, the cache misses for the correctly predicted paths and threads can be reduced, typically by 42-73%. We introduce the small, fully-associative Wrong Execution Cache (WEC) to eliminate the potential pollution that can be caused by the execution of the mispredicted load instructions. Our simulation results show that the WEC can improve the performance of a concurrent multithreaded architecture up to 18.5% on the benchmark programs tested, with an average improvement of 9.7%, due to the reductions in the number of cache misses.
A Parameterization of Shear-Driven Turbulence for Ocean Climate Models

Abstract This paper presents a new parameterization for shear-driven, stratified, turbulent mixing that is pertinent to climate models, in particular the shear-driven mixing in overflows and the Equatorial Undercurrent. This parameterization satisfies a critical requirement for climate applications by being simple enough to be implemented implicitly and thereby allowing the parameterization to be used with time steps that are long compared to both the time scale on which the turbulence evolves and the time scale with which it alters the large-scale ocean state. The mixing is expressed in terms of a turbulent diffusivity that is dependent on the shear forcing and a length scale that is the minimum of the width of the low Richardson number region (Ri = N 2/|uz|2, where N is the buoyancy frequency and |uz| is the vertical shear) and the buoyancy length scale over which the turbulence decays [Lb = Q1/2/N, where Q is the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE)]. This also allows a decay of turbulence vertically away fr...
Avian Flu to Human Influenza

Influenza A viral infection causes substantial annual morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly for infants, the elderly, and the immunocompromised. The virus mainly replicates in the respiratory tract and is spread by respiratory secretions. A growing concern is the recent identification of H5N1 strains of avian influenza A in Asia that were previously thought to infect only wild birds and poultry, but have now infected humans, cats, pigs, and other mammals, often with fatal results, in an ongoing outbreak. A human pandemic with H5N1 virus could potentially be catastrophic because most human populations have negligible antibody-mediated immunity to the H5 surface protein and this viral subtype is highly virulent. Whether an H5N1 influenza pandemic will occur is likely to hinge on whether the viral strains involved in the current outbreak acquire additional mutations that facilitate efficient human-to-human transfer of infection. Although there is no historical precedent for an H5N1 avian strain cau...
Spectral and scattering theory for Maxwell's equations in an exterior domain

Abstract : The spectral theory and the scattering theory of Maxwell's equations in the exterior of an obstacle are studied using the techniques developed by Phillips and Lax in their book 'Scattering Theory.' (Author)
Does Religion Increase the Prevalence and Incidence of Obesity in Adulthood

Previous research reveals that religion in America is related to variations in body weight. This article examines the relationships between religion and both body mass index (BMI) and obesity, which have increased in prevalence in the United States over the past two decades. Using longitudinal data from a national sample of adults, this study prospectively examines whether dimensions of religious life are associated with weight gain and the development of obesity during eight years of follow-up. We examine four dimensions of religiosity (attendance, salience, media practice, and consolation) and religious affiliation. Ordinary least squares regression analyses reveal that high levels of religious media practice are associated with higher BMI in women. Logistic regression analyses reveal that high levels of religious media practice and affiliation with a Baptist denomination increased the risk of obesity for women, but that a high level of religious consolation reduced the risk of obesity incidence for men. Attendance at religious services was associated with a lower risk of the incidence of obesity for women, suggesting the importance of studying links between dimensions of religious life and body weight.
Guidance and New Education for Schools.

A rationale for broad-based school reform is detailed, including a brief examination of the old guidance as separate from the teaching model for school practice. Instead it is now clear that the general curriculum of schools must include psychological growth as a direct object of classroom instruction. To accomplish such “new education,” goals will require a major role shift and commitment on the part of school guidance. There are currently in place a few examples of guidance education in the curriculum at both the elementary and secondary level. These efforts serve only as exemplars of what is possible, namely that an effective guidance role can alter both classroom teaching strategies as well as broaden the curriculum content. It is most strongly suggested that guidance theory and practice take the lead in seeking school reforms.
Effects of Methionine and Valine on Growth and Antibody Production in Chicks Infected with Live or Killed Newcastle Disease Virus

Abstract IN PREVIOUS experiments (Bhargava et al., 1970) it was reported that the antibody titer was higher for chicks receiving 0.3 to 0.6% l -methionine levels than for chicks receiving 0.7 to 1.1% l -methionine. The optimum requirement of methionine for growth was about 0.7% while for antibody production it was considerably lower. The reverse was true with valine. As the level of valine in the diet was increased, the antibody titer increased. The requirement of valine for maximum growth response was 0.9% but for optimum antibody production it was higher. Gill and Gershoff (1967), using synthetic antigen, have reported that antibody production was increased by methionine deficiency and decreased by excess methionine in monkeys. However, in 1968, Gershoff et al. did not observe any change in antibody production in rats due to deficiency or excess of methionine using synthetic antigen or sheep red blood cell antigen. Ishiguro and Koyanagi (1968) observed that…
Annual and Interannual Changes in the North Atlantic STMW Layer Properties

Abstract Subtropical mode waters (STWMs) are water masses formed in winter by convective mixing on the equatorward side of western boundary currents in the subtropical gyres. After the return of the seasonal stratification in spring, it is found at the stratification minimum between the seasonal and main pycnoclines. By characterizing STMW primarily at the density gradient minimum, previous studies were limited in their ability to describe STMW properties over large temporal and spatial scales. Rather than using a density-based characterization, the North Atlantic STMW layer was identified here by its much smaller temperature gradient relative to the more stratified seasonal and main thermocline, its temperature, and its large thickness. By using this temperature-based characterization, this study was able to develop a climatology using the large number of XBTs deployed between 1968 and 1988 and contained in the World Ocean Atlas 1994 historical hydrographic database and to use this climatology to examine...
Effect of Hydrophilic Gums on the Quality of Frozen Dough: Electron Microscopy, Protein Solubility, and Electrophoresis Studies

ABSTRACT Hydrophilic gums have been shown to improve the shelf-life stability of frozen doughs during long periods of frozen storage. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of gums on starch and protein characteristics of frozen doughs using electron microscopy and electrophoresis studies. Frozen doughs, supplemented with three levels of gum arabic, carboxy methyl cellulose (CMC), kappa (κ) carrageenan, and locust bean gum, were studied after day 1 and after 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks of frozen storage. Changes in the ultra structure of the frozen doughs were investigated, as well as the solubilities and composition of dough proteins by SDS-PAGE. Scanning electron micrographs of doughs evaluated on day 0 (unfrozen) showed starch granules securely embedded in the gluten matrix. However, after 8 and 16 weeks of frozen storage, the frozen control dough without the gum additives clearly showed damage to the gluten network, and the starch granules appeared to be separated from the gluten. Dough...
Why Did the Mortgage Crisis Lead to a Credit, Illiquidity and Capital Crisis? Key Factors Enabling Contagious-but-Confinable Risk of Mortgage Crisis to Spread to Entire Financial Market

A PowerPoint presentation, Mortgage Crisis led to Credit and Illiquidity Crisis, delineates the key factors which the author believes enabled the contagious-but-confinable risks of the mortgage crisis to spread to the entire financial market. The prime cause was the weakened health of leveraged credit intermediaries, like banks and shadow banks, which became illiquid, insolvent or near-insolvent, and developed capital shortages. Shadow banks include hedge and equity funds. One of the enabling viruses was credit default swaps. Banks failed to fully distribute securitized risk. Regulatory capital requirements adequately measured earnings volatility but not the impact of large market price moves. A run on entities in the shadow banking system was a catalyst to the credit and illiquidity crisis. This presentation was designed as a sequel to "The Mortgage Crisis," by the same author.
β-Tricalcium Phosphate Coating on Titanium

Bioactive β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) coating onto titanium was studied. It is shown that the β-TCP adhered to the surface of a titanium plate by the use of a frit, which was composed of CaO, TiO2, P2O5 and a few mol% Na2O. The frit as a coated layer resulted in the formation of β-TCP and CaTi4(PO4)6 phases by a thermal treatment at 800°C for 24h.
Anion-π interactions in supramolecular architectures.

The study of the noncovalent force between π-acidic aromatic systems and anions, referred to as the anion−π interaction, has recently emerged as a new branch of supramolecular chemistry. The anion−π contact is complementary to the cation−π interaction, a prominent noncovalent force involved in protein structure and enzyme function. Until recently, the scientific community had overlooked the anion−π interaction due to its ostensibly counterintuitive nature. Pioneering theoretical studies in 2002, however, established that anion−π interactions are energetically favorable (∼20–70 kJ/mol) and prompted a flurry of reports in support of their existence. The interest in anion−π contacts was further fueled by the importance of anions in key chemical and biological processes and the involvement of π-rings in anion recognition and transport. Anion−π interactions hold great promise for the design of selective anion receptors, hosts or scaffolds, colorimetric sensors, and catalysts and may also affect biological func...
Amplified Piezoelectric Stack Actuators for Harvesting Electrical Energy From a Backpack

Over the past few decades the use of portable and wearable electronics has grown steadily. These devices are becoming increasingly more powerful, however, the gains that have been made in the device performance has resulted in the need for significantly higher power to operate the electronics. This issue has been further complicated due to the stagnate growth of battery technology over the past decade. In order to increase the life of these electronics, researchers have begun investigating methods of generating energy from ambient sources such that the life of the electronics can be prolonged. Recent developments in the field have led to the design of a number of mechanisms that can be used to generate electrical energy, from a variety of sources including thermal, solar, strain, inertia, etc. Many of these energy sources are available for use with humans, but their use must be carefully considered such that parasitic effects that could disrupt the user’s gait or endurance are avoided. This study develops a novel energy harvesting backpack that can generate electrical energy from the differential forces between the wearer and the pack. The goal of this system is to make the energy harvesting device transparent to the wearer such that his or her endurance and dexterity is not compromised. This will be accomplished by replacing the strap buckle with a mechanically amplified piezoelectric stack actuator. Piezoelectric stack actuators have found little use in energy harvesting applications due to their high stiffness which makes straining the material difficult. This issue will be alleviated using a mechanically amplified stack which allows the relatively low forces generated by the pack to be transformed to high forces on the piezoelectric stack. This paper will develop a theoretical model of the piezoelectric buckle and perform experimental testing to validate the model accuracy and energy harvesting performance.© 2007 ASME
Spread of Poliomyelitis Virus from the Gastrointestinal Tract.

Flexner and Lewis1 first showed that poliomyelitis could be transmitted by intranasal instillation, the spread of the virus being along the olfactory nerve to the brain. The olfactory nerve, however, is not the only unmedullated one situated in the nasal area, for it is precisely here under the mucosa that the 1500 cells of nervus terminalis are placed,2 composing a network of cells and fibers as might be found in the myenteric or submucous intestinal sympathetic.2, 3 The position of the plexus of the nervus terminal near the embryological juncture of the stomodeum and the possible upper tip of the mesenteron, i. e., the upper end of the foregut of the endodermal tube is significant, since the other portion of the alimentary tract, the hind gut, also possesses the same kind of unmedullated nerve fiber plexuses. If the virus has a facultative or almost an obligate affinity for grey fibers, this area should also provide an easy portal of entry. Perhaps failure to produce the disease after the virus of polio...
Application of keywords-driven script technique

Keywords-driven script technique is a kind of script technique,which uses keywords to drive test cases.Based on the technique of keywords-drived script and simplify the code of script,automatic test tool KAT is developed.The architecture of KAT and script mode are introduced.The algorithms of key modes are given.The structure of KAT is simple and their modes are relax and coupling,so it is easy to be extended rapidly.This expresses fully the idea of test automation-easy to develop,read and maintenance.It can be used in many platforms.The good test result show that it have high correct rate and can greatly reduce the cost of test.
Stem pressure at the origin of intracranial collateral vessels.

The relationship between pressure at the functional site of origin of intracranial collateral channels (Pstem) and systemic pressure allows an estimation of the size of vascular channels from which collateral vessels originate. In this study, Pstem was determined in anesthetized dogs. A branch of the middle cerebral artery was perfused through a closed system with autologous blood. Tissues with regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) less than or equal to 10 ml.100 g-1.min-1 (collateral-dependent zone) were identified using radioactive microspheres. Sequential injections of nonradioactive microspheres were made into the cannulated vessel to progressively occlude the terminal capillary bed. Injection of nonlabeled spheres was terminated when backpressure no longer increased, and the final rCBF measurement was made. There was a linear relationship between backpressure and flow to the collateral-dependent tissues. When rCBF within these tissues was zero, the corresponding value for backpressure (Pstem) was 79 +/- 4% (mean +/- SD) of mean arterial pressure. The high value for Pstem suggests that cerebral collateral channels arise in part from large vessels.
Deficiencies of the Complement System

Three biochemical pathways of complement activation are known. The first pathway, defined a century ago, is termed the classical pathway. This pathway is usually activated by antibody, and was identified because of its ability to kill antibody sensitized bacteria. A second pathway, now termed the alternative pathway, was first observed in the 1950s and was studied in detail in the 1970s and 1980s. A third pathway, the lectin pathway, described in the past two decades, is still being defined in detail. The latter two pathways are phylogenetically older than the classical pathway, and do not require antibody to function. They are found in organisms as primitive as sea squirts. All three pathways proceed through a series of protein interactions, discussed in this chapter, to the activation and binding of a plasma protein C3, which is central to all three pathways. The pathways then proceed together through the binding of an additional series of proteins to the lytic and inflammation promoting steps in complement action. Deficiencies of nearly every component have been described. The clinical features are diverse, but cluster into features that align with the known functions of complement: prevention of infection, disposal of apoptotic cells and immune complexes, and protection of endothelial surfaces.
Stereotypes of achievement striving among early adolescents

We conducted two studies to examine the influence of achievement-related cultural stereotypes among early adolescents. In Study 1 male and female African–American junior high school students (N = 62) read hypothetical descriptions of students who displayed high or low levels of achievement striving and school engagement. Their task was to select one photograph that they believed matched each hypothetical description from a set of photos of unknown junior high school students of diverse ethnicities and both genders. We replicated our procedures in Study 2 with a more ethnically diverse sample of African–American, Latino, and Anglo junior high school students (N = 197). Results indicated that all adolescents most frequently selected photos of ethnic minority males for scenarios of academic disengagement, consistent with cultural stereotypes of these young men. Photos of females across all ethnicities were selected most frequently for scenarios of achievement strivings. Findings are discussed in terms of the need for greater support for minority males in school settings and the potential impact of school programs on the attitudes and behaviors of students.
Tribe Is Not a Component of Ethnicity

The evidence in Chapter 4 showing that tribes in SSA are a special category also shows that tribal allegiance in SSA cannot be made the equivalent of the “religious ethnicity” or “linguistic ethnicity” found in other regions. As such, tribal allegiance in SSA is not a component of ethnicity.
Prolonged cannabis withdrawal in young adults with lifetime psychiatric illness

Young adults with psychiatric illnesses are more likely to use cannabis and experience problems from use. It is not known whether those with a lifetime psychiatric illness experience a prolonged cannabis withdrawal syndrome with abstinence. Participants were fifty young adults, aged 18-25, recruited from the Boston-area in 2015-2016, who used cannabis at least weekly, completed the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV to identify Axis I psychiatric diagnoses (PD+ vs PD-), and attained cannabis abstinence with a four-week contingency management protocol. Withdrawal symptom severity was assessed at baseline and at four weekly abstinent visits using the Cannabis Withdrawal Scale. Cannabis dependence, age of initiation, and rate of abstinence were similar in PD+ and PD- groups. There was a diagnostic group by abstinent week interaction, suggesting a difference in time course for resolution of withdrawal symptoms by group, F(4,46)=3.8, p=0.009, controlling for sex, baseline depressive and anxiety symptoms, and frequency of cannabis use in the prior 90days. In post hoc analyses, there was a difference in time-course of cannabis withdrawal. PD- had significantly reduced withdrawal symptom severity in abstinent week one [t(46)=-2.2, p=0.03], while PD+ did not report improved withdrawal symptoms until the second abstinent week [t(46)=-4.1, p=0.0002]. Cannabis withdrawal symptoms improved over four weeks in young people with and without a lifetime psychiatric diagnosis. However, those with a psychiatric illness reported one week delayed improvement in withdrawal symptom severity. Longer duration of cannabis withdrawal may be a risk factor for cannabis dependence and difficulty quitting.
Mustard gas surrogate interactions with modified porous carbon fabrics: Effect of oxidative treatment

Removal of chemical warfare agent (CWA) surrogates by highly porous carbon textiles was investigated. The carbon cloth was modified by oxidation in a mixture of concentrated sulfuric and nitric acid. This process did not affect textile structural integrity. The surface properties of the modified textiles were investigated, and their capabilities to remove 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) and diethylsulfide (EES), two mustard gas surrogates, were evaluated. The oxidized carbon textiles have a highly active surface that has the ability to form radical species. This enhances the degradation of the surrogates, and so the detoxification efficiency. The reaction products detected suggest differences in degradation mechanisms which depend on the type of fabric surface features. Thus, the oxidized surfaces eliminate CEES mainly through dehydrohalogenation, while the nonoxidized surfaces act via hydrolysis. Only the oxidized carbon has a surface active enough to react with the less reactive surrogate EES, by cle...
Increasing the Effectiveness of Mobile Advertising by Using Contextual Information

To avoid overtargeting consumers or targeting them at the wrong moment, mobile ads need to be relevant. Geographically, consumers have been shown to be more responsive to promotional offers from shops that were located close to them. For the lead time of promotions, insights are similar: The closer in time, the better the response. When considering the interplay of time and space, though, the picture becomes more complex. Recipients need enough time to respond given their distance from the promoted venue, but too much time may reduce response rates. It appears that people do not plan too far in advance for events such as movie watching or with small-screen devices such as smartphones. Another context that can affect people’s response to mobile ads is that of the environment - what is going on around people. In a study of mobile promotions during subway rides, mobile campaigns turned out to be more effective on more crowded trains. Even if this finding cannot be generalized to all forms of crowded environments, it clearly shows that context matters. Understanding its impact can help marketers become better gatekeepers by delivering the right mobile ad to the right person at the right time at the right place in the right context.
Reflections on Abortion, Values, and the Family

We live in a society marked by moral conflict. This conflict has deep historical roots and is reflected in our institutions, practices, laws, norms, and values. The abortion debate taps strongly held, powerfully experienced moral and political imperatives. These imperatives, in turn, are linked internally to a cluster of complex concerns and images evoking what sort of people we are anyway and what we aspire to be. The abortion debate won’t “go away, ” nor should it. For we are, after all, talking about matters of life and death, freedom and obligation, rights and duties: None of us can dispute that, and none of us can be nonplussed when we face the dilemmas that the abortion question poses.
Dental caries on CT in the ER population: prevalence and reporting practices

Although dental caries can be identified on CT and may be treatable, the literature provides little, if any, guidance on the responsibility of a neuroradiologist in reporting them. Untreated dental caries can impact diet and nutrition and can result in a variety of complications such as an odontogenic abscess, tooth loss, sinusitis, and dental pain, which can impact quality of life. The estimated prevalence of untreated dental caries in adults is 27%. In our experience, the prevalence of untreated dental caries in patients presenting to the Emergency Department (ED) is higher but dental caries are often unmentioned or unrecognized. We aim to determine the frequency of unreported dental caries and propose a paradigm for reporting and management. Our research was IRB-approved and HIPPA compliant. We searched the radiology database for adult patients who underwent a CT of the facial bones while in the Emergency Department between January 1, 2015 and June 30, 2015. The examinations were reviewed by a faculty neuroradiologist for the presence of untreated dental caries. Untreated dental caries were documented and characterized by depth. Caries that were partially or completely obscured by dental amalgam artifact were excluded. The radiology reports were reviewed to evaluate reporting frequency. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software. A total of 200 patients (113 male, 87 female; age 18–98 years) underwent 200 CT examinations of the facial bones. One hundred fourteen (57%) patients had at least one dental caries. When caries were present, 14.9% of radiology reports included caries in the findings section and 9.6% of the reports mentioned caries in the impression. The presence of dental caries should be mentioned in the radiology report. The prevalence of untreated dental caries is higher in our cohort than reported in the general population, and dental caries are underreported by neuroradiologists at our institution. A paradigm for reporting and management was created upon collaboration with faculty from the University of Vermont Dental and Oral Health practice. A visit with a dentist should be recommended within 6 months if caries are limited to the enamel, within 3 months if caries involve the dentin, and within 2 weeks if caries extend in to the pulp. Further research is necessary to determine the clinical impact of improved reporting.
Archaeology Underfoot: On-Campus Approaches to Education, Outreach, and Historical Archaeology at Brown University

ABSTRACTThis article explores the methods and outcomes of “The Archaeology of College Hill” (AoCH), a hands-on fieldwork course at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. The first half of this paper recounts the results of a three-year research program (2012–2014) on the Quiet Green of the university’s campus. This work identified a material assemblage associated with the school’s first official President’s House and uncovered evidence for over two centuries of student life. The second half of this article addresses our pedagogical methods, including elements of replicable course design and feedback from a qualitative survey on students’ impressions of the class. By situating this project within wider dialogues on the role of fieldwork in undergraduate teaching, we demonstrate the ways in which practical, on-campus projects like AoCH can reach a more diverse body of students, increase enrollments in other archaeology courses, and develop a more engaged, de-centered pedagogy.
Family-building decision aid and planning tool for young adult women after cancer treatment: protocol for preliminary testing of a web-based decision support intervention in a single-arm pilot study.

Introduction Many young adult female (YA-F) cancer survivors who received gonadotoxic therapy will experience fertility problems. After cancer, having a child will often require assisted reproductive technology (ART), surrogacy or adoption. However, there are significant informational, psychosocial, financial and logistical barriers to pursuing these options. Survivors report high rates of decision uncertainty and distress related to family-building decisions. The aim of this study is to pilot test a web-based decision aid and planning tool for family-building after cancer. Methods and analysis The pilot study will use a single-arm trial design to test the feasibility and acceptability (aim 1) and obtain effect size estimates of the decision support intervention (aim 2). The target sample size is 100. Participants will include YA-F survivors (aged 18–45 years) who are post-treatment and have not completed desired family-building. A longitudinal prepost design will be conducted. Participants will complete three psychosocial assessment surveys over a 3-month time period to track decisional conflict (primary outcome) and cognitive, emotional, and behavioural functioning (secondary outcomes). After completing the baseline survey (T1; pre-intervention), participants will have access to the decision aid website. Postintervention surveys will be administered at 1-month (T2) and 3-month (T3) follow-up time points. Feasibility and acceptability metrics will be analysed. Pairwise t-tests will test mean scores of outcome variables from T1 to T2. Effect size estimates (Cohen’s d) will be calculated. Google analytics will evaluate user engagement with the website over the study period. Baseline and follow-up data will examine measures of feasibility, acceptability and intervention effect size. Ethics and dissemination This will be the first test of a supportive intervention to guide YA-F cancer survivors in family-building decisions and early planning. Study findings will inform intervention development. Future directions will include a randomised controlled trial to test intervention efficacy over a longer time period. Trial registration number NCT04059237; Pre-results.