cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Migration Patterns to and from Israel

Israel’s migration patterns have been conducive in several ways to the demographic success of Zionism and Israel since 1947. In addition to the decisive success with respect to the growth in the number of Jews in Israel, their proportion in the Israeli population, and the proportion of world Jewry residing in Israel, following the 1967 war Israel attracted immigrants of higher educational level than those arriving during the 1950s and 1960s. In addition, Israel has been successful in keeping emigration rates of Jews relatively low during most years, including the last decade. Moreover, the rate of return migration among Israeli-born Jewish emigrants has been relatively high and the returnees highly educated compared to non-returning emigrants. Finally, it seems that Israel has been quite successful in integrating into Israeli society non-Jewish immigrants from the former Soviet Republics. However, this cannot be said about the non-Jewish labor migrants who arrived in Israel since the early 1990.
Asymptotic analysis of nonlinear mode localization in a class of coupled continuous structures

Abstract An asymptotic methodology is developed for studying the localized nonlinear normal modes of a class of conservative periodic continuous structures. Localized modes are synchronous free periodic oscillations which are spatially localized to only a limited number of components of the structure. Nonlinear mode localization is analytically studied by defining modal functions to relate the motion of an arbitrary particle of the structure to the motion of a reference point. Conservation of energy is imposed to construct a set of singular nonlinear partial differential equations governing the modal functions. This set is asymptotically solved using a perturbation technique. Criteria for existence of strongly or weakly localized modes are formulated, and are subsequently used for detecting nonlinear mode localization in the system. The orbital stability of the detected localized modes is then investigated by expanding the corresponding variational equations in bases of orthogonal polynomials and using Floquet theory to analyze the resulting set of linear differential equations with periodic coefficients. Application of the general theory is given by studying the localized modes of a system of two weakly coupled, simply supported beams resting on nonlinear elastic foundations. The use of mode localization for the active or passive spatial confinement of impulsive responses of flexible structures is discussed.
A gene controlling macrophage functional activation is linked to the chicken B‐complex

Abstract F2 segregants were produced and analyzed between two different pairs of parental B‐congenic chicken lines known to differ in macrophage functional capacity. Segregants involving crosses of lines 15.7‐B2 and 15.I5I‐B5 and of lines 15I5‐B15 and 15.N‐B21 were compared for in vitro chemotactic activity of mononuclear leukocytes and in vivo functional activation of elicited macrophages with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). As in parental lines, B2 B2 homozygotes produced mononuclear leukocytes which were inferior to B5B5 cells in chemotaxis but had elicited peritoneal macrophages which were elevated in induced phagocytic capacity for SRBCs. In general, B2 B5 heterozygotic macrophages had intermediate response levels compared with homozygotes. Similarly, B15B15 mononuclear leukocytes were lower in chemotactic activity to one of two chemoattractants tested while LPS‐elicited macrophages displayed higher phagocytic capabilities than did their B21B21 counterparts. B15B21 heterozygotes were superior in all catego...
Work-family issues and perceptions of stress among pediatric faculty and house staff.

Objectives.—To examine work-family balance issues and predictors of stress related to work-family balance among pediatric house staff and faculty. Methods.—Data were obtained through an anonymous mail survey. Univariate analyses assessed associations between work-family issues (work-related factors that affect work-family balance, perceived support, work-family–related stress, and proposed solutions) and the following variables: gender, parental status, working status of spouse, and academic rank. Multiple linear regression examined independent predictors of perceived stress. Results.—Fifty percent of the 327 respondents cared for dependent children, and 20% expected to care for an elderly person in the next 5 years. Only 5% strongly agreed that their division or department was concerned about supporting members' work-family balance, and 4% strongly agreed that existing programs supported their needs. Eighty-three percent reported feeling stressed as a result of efforts to balance work and family. Independent predictors of stress included perceived need to choose between career and family, increasing age, dependent children, less support from colleagues and supervisors, and female gender. Conclusions.—Work-family balance issues are responsible for substantial perceived stress. Academic departments should consider a commitment to supporting faculty who are struggling with these issues, including creation of work-family policies and programs, development of mentoring systems, and reexamination of existing expectations for work practices.
Socioeconomic Impacts of Disinvestment on Communities in New York State

. In order to determine the effect of industrial decline on local tax revenues and to discern the stresses caused by higher demand for social services in a period of government fiscal crisis, the industrial migration activities and local government budgets of New York State from 1962 to 1976 are analyzed. These regression analyses show that: (1) manufacturing decline handicaps the growth of local property tax revenues; (2) when possible, local governments compensate for their lost property tax revenues by raising non-property taxes; displaced workers are likely to seek public assistance; and (4) local welfare expenditures do not correspond to the soaring social service demands. Provided that plant openings seldom re-employ displaced workers, the authors suggest that it is as important for local governments to adopt policies for retaining their current manufacturing plants as to attract new industrial investments.
Errors, PGAA, and metrology

Analytical chemists are scientific scavengers, using any available physical phenomenon to determine the composition of materials. Accuracy, unlike mere reproducibility, depends on understanding the measurement process, most usefully by stressing it until it bends. The use of neutron capture gamma rays for analysis involves some issues not encountered in conventional neutron activation analysis which, when understood, extend the utility and reinforce the value of nuclear methods of elemental analysis. These methods are being increasingly recognized as tools for SI-traceable metrology.
Basis for the protection and management of tropical lakes

Management of lakes for the protection of water quality, aquatic life and other uses must be approached somewhat differently in the tropics from how it is approached at temperate latitudes. More than half of all tropical lakes are accounted for by natural river lakes or reservoirs. Therefore, degradation of water quality in rivers will have direct negative effects on the majority of lakes in the tropics. Also, regulation of rivers, which is one result of river impoundment, is a potential cause of damage to river lakes. Tropical lakes are more sensitive than temperate lakes to increases in nutrient supply and show higher proportionate changes in water quality and biotic communities in response to eutrophication. Tropical lakes are especially prone to loss of deep-water oxygen, and in order to maintain ecological stasis therefore require more stringent regulation of organic and nutrient loading than temperate lakes. Nutrient containment must be more strongly oriented toward nitrogen, the most probable limiting nutrient in tropical lakes, than has been the case at temperate latitudes. However, phosphorus control is also important. Nitrogen management may be more feasible in the tropics because of high temperature, which is one of the critical conditions for efficient denitrification. Planktonic and benthic communities of the tropics bear a close resemblance, both in composition and diversity, to those of temperate latitudes; there is no parallel to the latitudinal gradient in biodiversity that is characteristic of terrestrial ecosystems. Foci of biodiversity, which require special attention, include the endemic species of ancient lakes and the diverse fish communities of very large rivers. The latter are an especially valuable untapped economic resource, but face severe impairment due to hydrological regulation and pollution of rivers. Effective management programs for tropical lakes will focus on interception of nutrients, protection of aquatic habitats from invasive species, and minimization of hydrological changes in rivers to which lakes are connected. In the absence of protective management, tropical lakes will decline greatly in their utility for water supply, production of commercially useful species, and recreation.
Introduction: the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems of Care.

Abstract Bushnik T. Introduction: the Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems of care. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2003;84:151-2. The Traumatic Brain Injury Model Systems of Care (TBIMS) is a program that has been funded by the National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research (US Department of Education) since 1987. The program is a collaborative effort of rehabilitation centers across the United States to further knowledge about the natural history of recovery and outcomes over the life course of individuals with traumatic brain injury, as well as to provide comprehensive services across the continuum of care and to foster innovative research programs. This introduction describes the underlying principles of the TBIMS program and the research initiatives carried out in the 1997/1998[ndash ]2002 funding cycle. [copy ] 2003 by the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation
Design of Compliant Structural Mechanisms Using B-Spline Elements

Structural design is an inverse problem where the geometry that fits a specific design objective is found iteratively through repeated analysis or forward problem solving. In the case of compliant structures, the goal is to design the structure for a particular desired structural response that mimics traditional mechanisms and linkages. It is possible to state the inverse problem in many different ways depending on the choice of objective functions used and the method used to represent the shape. In this paper, some of the objective functions that have been used in the past, for the topology optimization approach to designing compliant mechanisms are compared and discussed. Topology optimization using traditional finite elements often do not yield well-defined smooth boundaries. The computed optimal material distributions have shape irregularities unless special techniques are used to suppress them. In this paper, shape is represented as the contours or level sets of a characteristic function that is defined using B-spline approximation to ensure that the contours, which represent the boundaries, are smooth. The analysis is also performed using B-spline elements which use B-spline basis functions to represent the displacement field. Application of this approach to design a few simple mechanisms is presented.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
International evidence on the non-neutrality of money

Abstract This paper attempts to apply the quantity theory of money to reexamine the money-real output relationship for 20 OECD countries during 1960–1986. Major empirical findings are: (1) money does affect real output in the long run; (2) the effect of a change in money growth on real output growth varied from 0.008 percentage points for Iceland to 0.387 percentage points for Belgium; and (3) the linear form can be rejected at the 1% level. However, money may be near neutral when its growth rate is substantially higher than the growth rate of real output.
Comorbidity of gastrointestinal complaints, depression, and anxiety in the epidemiologic catchment area (ECA) study

The purpose of this investigation is to determine if the high prevalence rates of major depression, panic disorder, and agoraphobia found in tertiary-care studies of irritable bowel syndrome and medically unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms are also found in the general population. Structured psychiatric interviews on 18,571 subjects from the NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area (ECA) Study were reviewed for prevalence of gastrointestinal distress symptoms and selected psychiatric disorders. Medically unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms had a high prevalence in the general population (6-25%). When compared with those reporting no gastrointestinal symptoms, subjects who report at least one of these symptoms were significantly more likely to have also experienced lifetime episodes of major depression (7.5% vs 2.9%), panic disorder (2.5% vs 0.7%), or agoraphobia (10.0% vs 3.6%). Subjects with two gastrointestinal symptoms had even higher lifetime rates of depression (13.4%), panic (5.2%), or agoraphobia (17.8%). Lifetime rates of affective and anxiety disorders in the general population are higher in subjects with gastrointestinal symptoms compared with subjects without gastrointestinal symptoms. An even higher prevalence of affective and anxiety disorders is found in patients with medically unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms in tertiary-care clinics. Future studies are needed in primary-care populations where prevalence rates of psychiatric illness are probably intermediate between those of the general population and tertiary care.
The trio operating system

This paper is an overview of the Trio system which enables users to simultaneously develop and execute programs at three terminals. The system consists of an operating system written in Concurrent Pascal and a set of standard programs written in Sequential Pascal. The system has been used on a PDP 11/55 minicomputer since spring 1979. This work concludes 5 years of experience with the first abstract language for concurrent programming.
Differences and similarities between children, mothers, and teachers as informants on disruptive child behavior.

Prevalence rates of disruptive child behaviors, based on structured psychiatric interviews, are presented for samples of clinic-referred prepubertal boys at two sites to investigate differences and similarities among reports of the behaviors from children, parents, and teachers. Children reported significantly less hyperactive/inattentive and oppositional behaviors than either parents or teachers. In contrast, children did not differ from parents or teachers in their report on the prevalence of more serious conduct problems. These results were well replicated across two sites, despite the fact that there were significant differences between the sites in the level of hyperactive/inattentive child behaviors and conduct problems. The ranking of parents' and teachers' reported prevalence of specific child behavior problems in each of the three domains of disruptive behavior was strikingly similar. With one exception, the concordance between the prevalence ranking based on the children's reports was lower than that based on adults'reports, Children's reports on their own behavior did not predict various child handicaps 1 year later as well as did adults' reports. The results are discussed in relation to the usefulness of certain child behaviors in symptom lists for diagnostic purposes; the reliability of children's reports on their own behavior; and the possible reasons why prevalence rankings, as perceived by adults, are so similar.
Investigation of high frequency noise generation in the near-nozzle region of a jet using large eddy simulation

This paper reports on the simulation of the near-nozzle region of an isothermal Mach 0.6 jet at a Reynolds number of 100,000 exhausting from a round nozzle geometry. The flow inside the nozzle and the free jet outside the nozzle are computed simultaneously by a high-order accurate, multi-block, large eddy simulation (LES) code with overset grid capability. The total number of grid points at which the governing equations are solved is about 50 million. The main emphasis of the simulation is to capture the high frequency noise generation that takes place in the shear layers of the jet within the first few diameters downstream of the nozzle exit. Although we have attempted to generate fully turbulent boundary layers inside the nozzle by means of a special turbulent inflow generation procedure, an analysis of the simulation results supports the fact that the state of the nozzle exit boundary layer should be characterized as transitional rather than fully turbulent. This is believed to be most likely due to imperfections in the inflow generation method. Details of the computational methodology are presented together with an analysis of the simulation results. A comparison of the far field noise spectrum in the sideline direction with experimental data at similar flow conditions is also carried out. Additional noise generation due to vortex pairing in the region immediately downstream of the nozzle exit is also observed. In a second simulation, the effect of the nozzle exit boundary layer thickness on the vortex pairing Strouhal frequency (based on nozzle diameter) and its harmonics is demonstrated. The limitations and deficiencies of the present study are identified and discussed. We hope that the lessons learned in this study will help guide future research activities towards resolving the pending issues identified in this work.
The presentation of self and allogeneic MHC peptides to T lymphocytes

The presentation of donor-derived MHC peptides by recipient APCs to T cells is an essential component of the rejection of allografts (indirect allorecognition). Initial alloreactive T cell response is confined to a few well processed and presented dominant determinants on donor MHC. However, during long-term graft rejection, T cell response spreads to formerly poorly presented cryptic allogeneic MHC peptides. This phenomenon is likely to play an important role in the amplification and the perpetuation of the rejection process. Additionally, we present evidence that T cell repertoire selection to allogeneic MHC peptides is acquired via recognition of self-MHC peptides presented in the thymus during ontogeny. Supporting this view, we have shown that indirect alloresponses can lead to self-T cell tolerance breakdown to cross-reactive determinants on self-MHC molecules or alternatively that sensitization of recipients to self-MHC peptides can lead to accelerated graft rejection. It is therefore essential to determine the factors which govern the processing and presentation of self and allogeneic MHC molecules and to elucidate the mechanisms regulating subsequent T cell responses in order to design antigen-specific based immune therapies in transplantation.
Learning domain-specific transfer rules: an experiment with Korean to English translation

We describe the design of an MT system that employs transfer rules induced from parsed bitexts and present evaluation results. The system learns lexico-structural transfer rules using syntactic pattern matching, statistical co-occurrence and error-driven filtering. In an experiment with domain-specific Korean to English translation, the approach yielded substantial improvements over three baseline systems.
Age and contraction type influence motor output variability in rapid discrete tasks

The purpose of this study was to examine the ability to control knee-extension force during discrete isometric (IC), concentric (CC), and eccentric contractions (EC) in 24 young (mean age ± SD = 25...
How Does the Congruity of Brand Names Affect Evaluations of Brand Name Extensions

In 2 studies, the authors examined whether or not G. Handler's (1982) schema congruity theory would explain students' evaluations of new products purportedly introduced by companies with established brand names that were congruent, moderately incongruent, or extremely incongruent in relationship to the product. Consistent with this theory, results showed that products associated with moderately incongruent brand names were preferred over ones that were associated with either congruent or extremely incongruent brand names. Results suggest that this finding may be mediated by students' greater elaboration of the incongruent brand name and related information and by the process of resolving incongruity. Brand names that have been trademarked and successfully developed over the years are among the most valuable assets that firms possess. With new-brand introduction costs averaging between $50 million and $100 million (Brown, 1985), any attempt to duplicate the recognition, goodwill, and positive associations tied to such established brand names is likely to be prohibitively expensive. For this reason, an increasing number of firms have turned to leveraging their existing brand names by introducing new products under these established names—a practice called brand name extension. Along these lines, products ranging from soft drinks to vitamins have been introduced under the Sunkist name, and Kodak has attached its brand name to such varied products as videocassette s, copiers, and batteries. Indeed, estimates suggest that 81 % of consumer products introduced in 1990 were brand extensions (Stern, 1992). Furthermore, in 1986 alone, products using licenses or trademarked brand names accounted for over $ 15 billion in retail sales and over 34% of apparel and accessory sales (Kesler, 1987). The success achieved by such brand name extensions has been rather mixed. For example, Levi Strauss, a company whose name is almost synonymous with blue jeans, successfully added both footwear and men's casual pants to the line of products bearing the Levi's name; yet, the introduction of men's three-piece suits under the Levi's name proved to be a very expensive and embarrassing failure (Learning Corporation of America, 1981). Such observations raise the question of when brand name extensions are most likely to be successful. The degree to which the brand name and the new product are congruent or linked
Neurobiology of Zinc-Influenced Eating Behavior

Zinc is an essential nutrient that is required in humans and animals for many physiological functions, including immune and antioxidant function, growth and reproduction. Many aspects of zinc deficiency-induced anorexia have been well studied in experimental animals, most notably the laboratory rat. There is evidence that suggests zinc deficiency may be intimately involved with anorexia in humans: if not as an initiating cause, then as an accelerating or exacerbating factor that may deepen the pathology of the anorexia. The present review describes recent research investigating the relationship between zinc deficiency and the regulation of food intake, along with advances in the understanding of the food intake and body weight regulation systems. For more comprehensive reviews of zinc nutrition and zinc deficiency, readers are referred to the other reviews in this volume and the review text of Mills (1989). An excellent review focused solely on zinc status and food intake has been presented by O'Dell and Reeves (1989).
Designing Efficient Systems Services and Primitives for Next-Generation Data-Centers

Current data-centers lack in efficient support for intelligent services, such as requirements for caching documents and cooperation of caching servers, efficiently monitoring and managing the limited physical resources, load-balancing, controlling overload scenarios, that are becoming a common requirement today. On the other hand, the system area network (SAN) technology is making rapid advances during the recent years. Besides high performance, these modern interconnects are providing a range of novel features and their support in hardware (e.g., RDMA, atomic operations). In this paper, we extend our previously proposed framework comprising of three layers (communication protocol support, data-center service primitives and advanced data-center services) that work together to tackle the issues associated with existing data-centers. We present the performance results using data-center services such as cooperative caching and active resource monitoring and data-center primitives such as distributed data sharing substrate and distributed lock manager, which demonstrate significant performance benefits achievable by our framework as compared to existing data-centers in several cases.
DOES "ENEMY-FREE SPACE" EXIST? EXPERIMENTAL HOST SHIFTS OF AN HERBIVOROUS FLY

Natural enemies have been proposed as important agents of natural selection on herbivorous insects that may facilitate host plant shifts and increases in diet breadth. However, there is little experimental field work to support claims of host-shifting via escape from natural enemies, i.e., to enemy-free space. In this study, we took the unique approach of experimentally creating a host shift for a specialized leafmining fly, Liriomyza helianthi (Diptera: Agromyzidae). We manually transferred leafminer larvae from their normal host plant, Helianthus annuus (Asteraceae), to a variety of novel plants: Helianthus maximilianii, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Taraxacum officinale, and Centaurea solstitialis. By exposing trans- ferred larvae on normal and novel plants to natural enemy attack under field conditions, we were able to examine whether host-shifting can provide an herbivore with enemy-free space. Our data show that enemy-free space does exist for L. helianthi immediately following a host shift, as mortality in novel plants averaged 17% less than in the normal host. Nevertheless, there was significant within- and between-year heterogeneity in results over the 3-yr period of the study. We found that escape from natural enemies was related to annual variation in the diversity and abundance of parasitoid species. In years when par- asitoid assemblages were dominated by endoparasitoids, mortality of larvae averaged 22% lower in novel hosts. However, when generalist ectoparasitoids, Diglyphus spp. (Hyme- noptera: Eulophidae), were present, there was no advantage of developing in novel plants, a result that could be explained by the less discriminating nature of the ectoparasitoids. When overall levels of mortality from natural enemies were high, the benefit of novel plants was also reduced. This pattern suggests that, as available larval hosts become scarce, parasitoids may be more likely to forage on novel host plants in search for prey, thus diminishing the opportunity for enemy-free space. Nevertheless, our study showed that enemy-free space can exist for an herbivorous insect utilizing a novel host plant, and that natural enemies may, in some cases, offset physiological fitness costs often associated with developing in novel plants. If all else is equal, the balance of these factors may facilitate the inclusion of novel host plants into the feeding repertoire of an herbivore.
A dual-in, dual-out, 30-ps window, entangled photon switch

We present a dual-in, dual-out, all-optical, fiber-based entangled photon switch, capable of 10-GHz operation. It improves upon a slower, three-port design which exhibits low-loss, low signal-band noise, and does not disturb the transmitted photons' quantum state.
High frequency characterization of via hole discontinuity

A general approach for computing the inductance of the via hole is given. The [L] matrix calculation is performed with the potential vector given in its integral form, taking into account the current density distribution (J) in the conductor. The partial element equivalent circuit (PEEC) method is used for this calculation. An analytical formula easy to use in CAD is proposed to calculate this inductance. These results are compared with measurements performed in the frequency range of 1-30 GHz.
Guidelines for Warranty Contracting for Highway Construction

This paper presents guidelines for implementing the construction warranty contracting method in the highway construction industry. A logical, step-by-step method for effectively applying the warranty contracting program for use in the highway construction industry is developed. Relevant issues that may present obstacles to the implementation are addressed, while the best practices, compiled from an evaluation of the current industry's state-of-the-art practices, will assist an interested state highway agency in creating a warranty specification. In performing this research, the current use of warranty specifications among state highway agencies was examined, and an in-depth case study of the Wisconsin Department of Transportation's warranty program was conducted.
Accuracy of Kubelka-Munk reflectance theory for dental resin composite material.

Abstract Objective The objective of this study is to determine the effect of interfacial reflection correction (IRC) on the accuracy of this reflectance model for contemporary dental resin composite materials. Methods Visible reflectance spectra were obtained for varying thicknesses (∼0.3–1.2 mm) of five shades of each of two brands (Herculite Ultra and Kalore) of dental resin composite materials on black, gray and white backings. For each shade and brand, K–M theory was fit (SAS non-linear fit) for each of three IRC methods: (1) no IRC (No), (2) an IRC method which uses a theoretical value of the internal reflection for translucent materials (Tr), and (3) an IRC method which uses a derived value of the internal reflection for opaque materials (Op). The errors were subjected to repeated measures analysis of variance and Bonferroni corrections were applied to selected pairwise comparisons. Results The Op method had a statistically lower error than the No method at wavelengths from 460 to 560 nm, and the Tr method had this lower error at wavelengths from 440 to 780 nm. Significance Corrected K–M reflectance theory may be used to accurately quantify the optical K–M absorption and scattering coefficients for contemporary dental resin composite materials, and this theory may be used to calculate accurately the reflectance spectrum for a clinically relevant thickness value and for a backing that is low, mid-range or high in lightness. Both color and translucency information of resin composite materials may be accurately predicted using corrected Kubelka–Munk reflectance model.
A Coherent Measurement of Web-Search Relevance

We present a metric for quantitatively assessing the quality of Web searches. The relevance-of-searching-on-target index measures how relevant a search result is with respect to the searcher's interest and intention. The measurement is established on the basis of the cognitive characteristics of common user's online Web-browsing behavior and processes. We evaluated the accuracy of the index function with respect to a set of surveys conducted on several groups of our college students. While the index is primarily intended to be used to compare the Web-search results and tell which is more relevant, it can be extended to other applications. For example, it can be used to evaluate the techniques that people apply to improve the Web-search quality (including the quality of search engines), as well as other factors such as the expressiveness of search queries and the effectiveness of result-filtering processes.
Identification of the P3 Promoter and Distinct Roles of the Two Promoters of the SaeRS Two-Component System in Staphylococcus aureus

In Staphylococcus aureus, the SaeRS two-component system (TCS) encoded by the saePQRS operon controls expression of major virulence factors, such as coagulase and alpha-hemolysin. The saePQRS operon has two promoters: P1 and P3. The P1 promoter, a strong promoter, is autoinduced and can transcribe all four genes. Compared with P1, P3 shows fairly low but constitutive promoter activity, and it transcribes only saeR and saeS, the two genes encoding response regulator SaeR and sensor kinase SaeS. However, the role of each promoter in sae signaling has not been rigorously defined. In this study, we found that the genuine transcription start site (TSS) of P3 is located 78 nucleotides downstream of the previously reported TSS. Subsequently, the P3 promoter sequence was identified and validated by mutagenesis analyses. Deletion of the saePQ region including the P1 promoter did not significantly alter the expression patterns of coagulase and alpha-hemolysin, two well-known sae target genes. Due to its L18P substitution in a transmembrane domain, SaeS in strain Newman has a constitutive kinase activity. Interestingly, the mutation also rendered the protein unstable, but the protein stability was restored by SaeQ, suggesting a possible SaeQ-SaeS interaction. Ironically, the same mutation seems to increase mRNA stability. SaeR appears to be stabilized by SaeS, possibly by a protein-protein interaction. Chromosomal mutation of P1 did not affect the expression pattern of coagulase and alpha-hemolysin. Based on these results, we conclude that transcription of saeRS from P3 is sufficient for target gene activation and that P1 is not involved in the activation.
Selenium, deiodinases and endocrine function.

Selenium status influences a number of endocrine processes, most notably those involved in thyroid hormone synthesis and metabolism. Thyroid follicular cells maintain a highly oxidative environment as required for thyroid hormone synthesis. Glutathione peroxidase expression in the thyroid gland is thus important to prevent oxidation-induced cellular toxicity. In addition, the iodothyronine deiodinases, which catalyze the principal reactions of thyroid hormone metabolism, are selenoproteins. Selenium may also impact carbohydrate metabolism and female reproduction, though these effects are less well characterized.
Moving From Outsider to Insider Making Meaning While Making Music

In addition to examining musical practices of students’ cultural heritages, general music educators can teach the value and meaning of music in their own lives by finding ways to integrate a particular “foreign” music into their own experience. Moving from a cultural outsider to more of an insider is illustrated through tales of the journey of a North American music educator learning, performing, and teaching Afro-Peruvian music and dance in the United States and Peru.
Total-reflection liquid-crystal electrooptic device.

This paper describes a simple electrooptic effect that can be achieved by placing a thin nematic liquid crystal layer between two glass prisms of appropriate refractive index. For a range of angles of incidence on the prism–liquid crystal interface, light is partially transmitted or totally reflected, depending upon the electric-field-controlled orientation of the optic axis in the nematic layer.
Educating bright students in urban schools

Abstract Our study analyzes the impact of the International Baccalaureate Diploma Programme, a college-preparatory educational program designed for higher-achieving students, on high school academic achievement in Chicago Public Schools. We exploit exogenous variation in the offering of the program across schools over time with a difference-in-differences framework. We estimate a positive effect of the program on the probability of obtaining a B average or better in coursework, with most of the effect accruing to performance in mathematics. Most importantly, the program led to a decrease in the likelihood of high school dropout and an increase in the probability of high school graduation.
Can the Use of Oral Minocycline Improve Ischemic Stroke Outcomes

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), also known as ischemic stroke, is the sudden onset of neurologic deficit attributable to a focal vascular cause.1 It is the third leading cause of death, with the death rate being reported as 50.0 (per 100,000 population) in the United States in 2004.2 It is also a leading cause for serious, long-term disability in the United States. While there are various causes, the large majority of strokes result from either global or focal ischemia of the brain. Ischemic stroke accounts for 87% of all strokes, while intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage makes up the remainder. 2 Currently, the primary pharmacological agents used in stroke treatment are thrombolytics, not without limitations, however, and antiplatelet therapy. 3 Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline antibiotic, has recently gained attention as a neuroprotective agent. A recent study evaluated the use of minocycline in the treatment of acute stroke and demonstrated promising results.4 A review of the mechanisms ...
Probabilistic Congestion Prediction with Partial Blockages

Fast and accurate routing congestion estimation is essential for optimizations such as floorplanning, placement, buffering, and physical synthesis that need to avoid routing congestion. Using a probabilistic technique instead of a global router has the advantage of speed and easy updating. Previously proposed probabilistic models (Lou, et al., 2001) (Westra et al., 2004) do not account for wiring that may already be fixed in the design, e.g., due to macro blocks or power rails. These "partial wiring blockages" certainly influence the global router, so they should also influence a probabilistic routing prediction algorithm. This work proposes a probabilistic congestion prediction metric that extends the work of (Westra et al., 2004) to model partial wiring blockages. The authors also show a new fast algorithm to efficiently generate the congestion map and demonstrate the effectiveness of our methods on real routing problems
Management in China during the age of reform

The article reviews the book “Management in China During the Age of Reform,” by John Child.
Accurate Detection of Low Levels of Fluorescence Emission in Autofluorescent Background: Francisella-Infected Macrophage Cells

Cellular autofluorescence, though ubiquitous when imaging cells and tissues, is often assumed to be small in comparison to the signal of interest. Uniform estimates of autofluorescence intensity obtained from separate control specimens are commonly employed to correct for autofluorescence. While these may be sufficient for high signal-to-background applications, improvements in detector and probe technologies and introduction of spectral imaging microscopes have increased the sensitivity of fluorescence imaging methods, exposing the possibility of effectively probing the low signal-to-background regime. With spectral imaging, reliable monitoring of signals near or even below the noise levels of the microscope is possible if compensation for autofluorescence and background signals can be performed accurately. We demonstrate the importance of accurate autofluorescence modeling and the utility of spectral imaging and multivariate analysis methods using a case study focusing on fluorescence confocal spectral imaging of host-pathogen interactions. In this application fluorescent proteins are produced when Francisella novicida invade host macrophage cells. The resulting analyte signal is spectrally overlapped and typically weaker than the cellular autofluorescence. In addition to discussing the advantages of spectral imaging for following pathogen invasion, we present the spectral properties and cellular origin of macrophage autofluorescence.
Structural Setting of Black Sea: ABSTRACT

In the spring of 1969 a geologic and geophysical study of the Black Sea was made by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. Echo-sounding profiles taken during the expedition, supplemented by published information, indicate that the continental shelf has its greatest development south of Odessa where it is more than 200 km wide. Elsewhere the shelf is less than 20 km wide. The continental slopes are about 1,800 m high, and are deeply entrenched by submarine canyons, except for the slope seaward of the Danube which is only about 1,000 m high and is relatively smooth. Seaward, the Danube fan has buried most of this slope and has prograded across the abyssal plain that occupies the central part of the Black Sea. Continuous seismic profiles across the continental slopes generally show extensions of land structure, especially along the east coast, where ridges possibly related to the Caucasus Mountains trend across the shelf and slope. Some diapirs were observed off the Russian coast. Records from the abyssal plain generally showed it to be featureless, except near the continental slopes where considerable evidence of faulting and slumping was found. End_of_Article - Last_Page 867------------
Force controlled and teleoperated endoscopic grasper for minimally invasive surgery-experimental performance evaluation

Minimally invasive surgery generates new user interfaces which create visual and haptic distortion when compared to traditional surgery. In order to regain the tactile and kinesthetic information that is lost, a computerized force feedback endoscopic surgical grasper (FREG) was developed with computer control and a haptic user interface. The system uses standard unmodified grasper shafts and tips. The FREG can control grasping forces either by surgeon teleoperation control, or under software control. The FREG performance was evaluated using an automated palpation function (programmed series of compressions) in which the grasper measures mechanical properties of the grasped materials. The material parameters obtained from measurements showed the ability of the FREG to discriminate between different types of normal soft tissues (small bowel, lung, spleen, liver, colon, and stomach) and different kinds of artificial soft tissue replication materials (latex/silicone) for simulation purposes. In addition, subjective tests of ranking stiffness of silicone materials using the FREG teleoperation mode showed significant improvement in the performance compared to the standard endoscopic grasper. Moreover, the FREG performance was closer to the performance of the human hand than the standard endoscopic grasper. The FREG as a tool incorporating the force feedback teleoperation technology may provide the basis for application in telesurgery, clinical endoscopic surgery, surgical training, and research.
Short-contact topical tretinoin therapy to stimulate granulation tissue in chronic wounds

Abstract Background: The use of retinoids in wound healing is increasing. It has been shown that retinoic acid reverses the inhibitory effects of glucocorticoids on wound healing and accelerates the formation of healthy granulation tissue. Pretreatment with tretinoin before epidermal injury such as chemical peeling and dermabrasion has shown accelerated wound healing. Enhanced healing of full-thickness skin wounds has also been demonstrated in early wound healing studies. However, tretinoin therapy can be quite irritating. Objective: Our purpose was to observe the clinical and histologic effects of topical tretinoin solution 0.05% applied directly to the wound beds of chronic leg ulcerations. Methods: We report on the cases of 5 patients with long-standing leg ulcerations. All were treated with topical tretinoin solution 0.05% applied directly to the wound bed. The tretinoin solution was left in contact with the ulcer bed for a maximum of 10 minutes daily and then rinsed with normal saline. Punch biopsy specimens were obtained from the wound beds at baseline and mid therapy. Standard wound care was continued throughout the study. Results: In this study we found that as early as 1 week after treatment with topical tretinoin solution 0.05%, there was increased granulation tissue first noted at the wound's edge. After 4 weeks of therapy with tretinoin, there was further stimulation of granulation tissue, new vascular tissue, and new collagen formation. Conclusion: Short-contact tretinoin therapy is a novel modality in which to treat chronic ulcers and stimulate the formation of granulation tissue. (J Am Acad Dermatol 2001;45:382-6.)
Partial Melting Experiments of Peridotite + CO2 at 3 GPa and Genesis of Alkalic Ocean Island Basalts

We document compositions of minerals and melts from 3 GPa partial melting experiments on two carbonate-bearing natural lherzolite bulk compositions (PERC: MixKLB-1þ2 5 wt% CO2; PERC3: MixKLB-1þ1wt% CO2) and discuss the compositions of partial melts in relation to the genesis of alkalic to highly alkalic ocean island basalts (OIB). Near-solidus (PERC: 1075^11058C; PERC3: 10508C) carbonatitic partial melts with 510 wt% SiO2 and 40 wt% CO2 evolve continuously to carbonated silicate melts with 425 wt% SiO2 and525 wt%CO2 between 1325 and 13508C in the presence of residual olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and garnet. The first appearance of CO2-bearing silicate melt at 3 GPa is 1508C cooler than the solidus of CO2-free peridotite.The compositions of carbonated silicate partial melts between 1350 and 16008C vary in the range of 28^46 wt% SiO2, 1 6^0 5 wt% TiO2, 12^10 wt% FeO , and 19^29 wt% MgO for PERC, and 42^48 wt% SiO2, 1 9^0 5 wt%TiO2, 10 5^8 4 wt% FeO , and 15^26 wt%MgOforPERC3.TheCaO/Al2O3weight ratio ofsilicate melts ranges from 2 7 to 1 1 for PERC and from 1 7 to 1 0 for PERC3.The SiO2 contents of carbonated silicate melts in equilibrium with residual peridotite diminish significantly with increasing dissolved CO2 in the melt, whereas the CaO contents increase markedly. Equilibrium constants for Fe ^Mg exchange between carbonated silicate liquid and olivine span a range similar to those for CO2-free liquids at 3 GPa, but diminish slightly with increasing dissolved CO2 in the melt.The carbonated silicate partial melts of PERC3 at520% melting and partial melts of PERC at 15^33% melting have SiO2 andAl2O3 contents, and CaO/Al2O3 values, similar to those of melilititic to basanitic alkali OIB, but compared with the natural lavas they are more enriched in CaOand they lack the strong enrichments inTiO2 characteristic of highly alkalic OIB. If a primitive mantle source is assumed, theTiO2 contentsofalkalicOIB, combinedwith bulkperidotite/melt partition coefficients ofTiO2 determined in this study and in volatile-free studiesofperidotite partialmelting, canbe used to estimate that melilitites, nephelinites, and basanites from oceanic islands are produced from 0^6% partial melting.The SiO2 and CaOcontents of such small-degree partial melts of peridotite with small amounts of total CO2 can be estimated from the SiO2^CO2 and CaO^CO2 correlationsobserved inourhigher-degreepartialmeltingexperiments.These suggest that many compositional features of highly alkalic OIBmay be produced by 1^5% partial melting of a fertile peridotite source with 0 1^0 25 wt% CO2. Owing to very deep solidi of carbonated mantle lithologies, generationofcarbonated silicatemelts inOIBsource regions probably happens by reaction between peridotite and/or eclogite and migrating carbonatitic melts produced atgreaterdepths.
Implementing Strategic Orientation

An HRM case dealing with problems and issues of setting up orientation programs which align with corporate strategy. Discussion concerns how such a case can be used to exhibit the alignment between HRM and business strategy.