cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical modeling of the dilute transport of suspended sediment in open channels

We propose, discuss and validate a theoretical and numerical framework for sediment-laden, open-channel flows which is based on the two-fluid-model (TFM) equations of motion. The framework models involve mass and momentum equations for both phases (sediment and water) including the interactive forces of drag, lift, virtual mass and turbulent dispersion. The developed framework is composed by the complete two-fluid model (CTFM), a partial two-fluid model (PTFM), and a standard sediment-transport model (SSTM). Within the umbrella of the Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations, we apply K–e type closures (standard and extended) to account for the turbulence in the carrier phase (water). We present the results of numerical computations undertaken by integrating the differential equations over control volumes. We address several issues of the theoretical models, especially those related to coupling between the two phases, interaction forces, turbulence closure and turbulent diffusivities. We compare simulation results with various recent experimental datasets for mean flow variables of the carrier as well as, for the first time, mean flow of the disperse phase and turbulence statistics. We show that most models analyzed in this paper predict the velocity of the carrier phase and that of the disperse phase within 10% of error. We also show that the PTFM provides better predictions of the distribution of sediment in the wall-normal direction as opposed to the standard Rousean profile, and that the CTFM is by no means superior to the PTFM for dilute mixtures. We additionally report and discuss the values of the Schmidt number found to improve the agreement between predictions of the distribution of suspended sediment and the experimental data.
SPECIAL PERMUTATION INVARIANTS OF FOUR SU$sub 3$ OCTETS.

A simple proof is given that a biquadratic form of octets exists which is a scalar under $S{U}_{3}$, an eigenvector of the permutation operator ${p}_{13}$ (and ${p}_{24}$), and whose constituent quadratics transform like octet components. The form is given and so is another, subject only to the last two conditions.
Physicians and the basic human rights of women.

Abstract This article describes major abuses of the human rights of women worldwide and what physicians can do to prevent and ameliorate the problem.
Modeling Discretion in American Sentencing Systems

Sentencing structures in American jurisdictions have become extraordinarily diverse in the past twenty-five years. Any one punishment structure, such as the federal sentencing guidelines system, the guidelines system of a particular state, or the indeterminate sentencing plan still followed in many states, contains layers of complexity and a multiplicity of decision makers who hold discretion over sentencing outcomes. Increasingly, conceptual tools are needed to analyze and evaluate the similarities and differences across many systems. The author develops basic theoretical tools to describe the building blocks of various up-and-running sentencing structures, with close attention to the permutations of discretions that add up to define sentencing outcomes. Such basic conceptual tools can facilitate observations about single systems and can enable comparative analyses of numerous systems. Further, the author suggests that there are both descriptive and normative principles that can be applied to the structural machinery of sentencing systems. With increasing experience, we are learning that some such innovations work better than others.
Determination of the learning curve of the AESOP robot

Background: As the variety of procedures performed with laparoscopic technology increases, the skill levels and equipment demands also increase. Laparoscopic appendectomy, hernia repair, colon resection, and Nissen fundoplication all require someone whose only responsibility is to control the laparoscope and therefore the operative field. This is usually the most inexperienced person on the operating team. The Automated Endoscope System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP) robot provides a means to eliminate the need for the camera person, returns control of the camera and operative field to the operating surgeon, and enhances human performance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acquisition of skills to control the laparoscope in a satisfactory fashion.
Time-shared channel identification for adaptive noise cancellation in breath sound extraction

Noise artifacts are one of the key obstacles in applying continuous monitoring and computer-assisted analysis of lung sounds. Traditional adaptive noise cancellation (ANC) methodologies work reasonably well when signal and noise are stationary and independent. Clinical lung sound auscultation encounters an acoustic environment in which breath sounds are not stationary and often correlate with noise. Consequendy, capability of ANC becomes significantly compromised. This paper introduces a new methodology for extracting authentic lung sounds from noise-corrupted measurements. Unlike traditional noise cancellation methods that rely on either frequency band separation or signal/noise independence to achieve noise reduction, this methodology combines the traditional noise canceling methods with the unique feature of time-split stages in breathing sounds. By employing a multi-sensor system, the method first employs a high-pass filter to eliminate the off-band noise, and then performs time-shared blind identification and noise cancellation with recursion from breathing cycle to cycle. Since no frequency separation or signal/noise independence is required, this method potentially has a robust and reliable capability of noise reduction, complementing the traditional methods.
Esophageal Motility in the Human Neonate

After reading this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the developmental physiology of esophageal motility. 2. Understand the primary and secondary patterns of esophageal peristalsis. 3. Describe the functions of the upper and lower esophageal sphincters during esophageal bolus transit. The incidence of concomitant feeding and airway-related disorders is high among preterm infants, sick term infants, and infants who have congenital foregut anomalies. Although the lung bud is an offshoot of the primitive foregut, the effects of airway disease on swallowing or gastroesophageal reflux disease and vice versa remain unclear. The esophagus may function merely as a conduit tube between the oropharynx and stomach, but its physiology is complex, belying that simple role. The neonatal literature is replete with controversies pertinent to aerodigestive tract diseases and their management. This article focuses on recent thinking regarding the physiology of neonatal esophageal motility from the standpoint of both basic and clinical science. At 4 weeks of embryonic life, tracheal diverticulum appears at the ventral wall of the foregut, with the left vagus being anterior and right vagus posterior in position. At this stage of development, the stomach is a fusiform tube in which the dorsal side growth rate is greater than ventral side rate, creating greater and lesser curvatures. Embryologically, the airway and lung buds, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and diaphragm are derived from the primitive foregut and or its mesenchyme and share similar control systems. (1)(2)(3) At 7 weeks of embryonic life, the stomach rotates 90 degrees clockwise, displacing the greater curvature to the left. The left vagus innervates the stomach anteriorly and right vagus innervates the posterior aspect of stomach. At 10 weeks, the esophagus and stomach are in the proper position, and circular and longitudinal muscle layers and ganglion cells are in place. Swallowing ability develops by …
The healing Web.

We focused on the computer-mediated communication (CMC) of social support in an electronic health discussion group dealing with menopause and midlife transition to show how vital support is to women who are trying to make sense of the change in their lives. We analyzed 2,000 messages, examining the type and frequency of support messages, how support was demonstrated, and how support was recognized by participants. We then provided evidence to show that a community of support had developed.
What is this naturalism stuff all about

Wading into the thicket of science, naturalism, and theism in the context of psychology can seem quite daunting. One prerequisite for avoiding confusions and missteps is to properly distinguishing two forms of naturalism that are logically independent of each other: metaphysical and methodological. Once this underbrush is cleared away, interesting and important questions about psychology’s compatibility with theism, the psychological study of religion and other topics can be fruitfully engaged.
Development of Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice

The first mouse carrying a deletion mutation in its apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene was born in our mouse colony in the summer of 1991. Our ongoing experiments to that point had indicated that this would happen, but the realization that the mouse in front of my eyes had inherited a mutation that we had designed and made in the laboratory filled me with awe. It did not occur to me immediately that this mouse would develop hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis and dictate the direction of my research for the next 20 years. I here briefly describe the background and my personal experience that led to the development of apoE-deficient mice as a model for human atherosclerosis. As a research scientist in the Department of Genetics at the University of Wisconsin, my main interest during the early 1980s was directed toward understanding how different types of DNA recombination contribute to the architecture and diversity of individual genomes within human populations and to DNA differences between humans and nonhuman primates. My studies clearly showed that new alleles and new genes are constantly being formed in the human genome by recombinational events, particularly between existing members of multigene families. There also appeared to be hot spots for recombination. By tracing a history of the human haptoglobin-gene cluster from the present-day structures in human populations and in other primates, I found that a single recombination event between related genes often produces much more drastic changes in the genome than those that result from simple point mutations.1 Whether this frequent yet natural occurrence of homologous recombination in the mammalian genome could be used to alter the genome of mammalian cells in culture in a preplanned fashion became a question of interest to several laboratories.2,3 An affirmative answer was first obtained in 1985, …
A research agenda for muti-attribute utility analysis in human resource management

Abstract Most applications of utility analysis in Human Resource Management have focussed upon only one outcome of a selection system-the value of job performance in dollars. Multi-attribute utility (MAU) analysis allows decision makers to incorporate multiple outcomes into their analytic decisions. MAU also increases the participation of decision makers in the utility analysis process by asking them what factors to consider, how to measure the factors, and what functions should be used to combine them. This manuscript outlines the steps necessary to conduct MAU analysis and delineates research issues that arise from using a MAU approach. Based on these issues, we suggest systematic research questions and directional hypotheses which will improve our understanding and implementation of MAU procedures in organizations. The topics, derived from utility analytic and groups research literatures, include contrasting single attribute utility analysis with MAU, examining the effect of MAU on decision maker attitudes, the ability of MAU to explicate managerial policies, and improving existing MAU approaches using results from the group research literature.
Effects of repeated cocaine on the release and clearance of dopamine within the rat medial prefrontal cortex.

Previous data suggest that cocaine-induced dopamine (DA) transmission within the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) undergoes time-dependent changes during withdrawal from repeated cocaine administration. The current studies assessed two potential mechanisms that may underlie this neuroadaptation. One set of experiments examined alterations in DA clearance in the mPFC of rats that had been pretreated with four administrations of cocaine (15 mg/kg, i.p.; once per day for 4 days) and were withdrawn 1, 7, or 30 days. No significant changes in mPFC DA uptake into crude mPFC synaptosomes or in mPFC DA transporter levels were observed at any of the time points examined. Uptake assay and Western blotting sensitivity was confirmed with prefrontal 6-hydroxydopamine lesions, which significantly reduced [3H]DA uptake and DA transporter immunoreactivity in mPFC synaptosomes. To evaluate temporal changes in DA release resulting from repeated cocaine, additional experiments utilized in vivo microdialysis to locally infuse KCl (10, 30, or 100 mM) into the mPFC over the same withdrawal time course used in the uptake studies. After 1–7 days of withdrawal, KCl-stimulated DA release was significantly reduced in the mPFC of cocaine-pretreated animals. However, after 30 days of withdrawal the evoked release of DA in the mPFC of saline- and cocaine-pretreated animals was similar. These data suggest that previously reported modulation of cocaine-induced mPFC DA transmission occurring upon withdrawal from repeated cocaine might arise from transient changes in DA releasability rather than clearance. The relevance of these findings is discussed in relation to mPFC involvement in psychostimulant sensitization. Synapse 55:98–109, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New aspects in the biological role of zinc: a stabilizer of macromolecules and biological membranes.

Abstract It has long been known that zinc is essential to life as an integral part of a number of enzymes (1,2). Increasing evidence also suggests that zinc is important in the stability of macromolecules, particularly the components of various biological membranes. This brief review presents a personal and admittedly incomplete view of the latter aspect of the role of zinc. In this review, I shall combine experimental data with speculations in the hopes of stimulating research along new lines.
Nucleation and growth of deformation twins: A perspective based on the double-cross-slip mechanism of deformation twinning

Abstract The nucleation and growth of deformation twins are discussed, assuming that twinning occurs via the double-cross-slip mechanism first postulated by Pirouz for twinning in silicon. The dislocation energetics in this model are described in detail. In all cases, dislocation dissociation occurs and gives rise to a stationary partial and a twinning partial; twin growth involves the twinning partial undergoing double cross-slip. We discuss three specific geometries: firstly, the dissociation of a perfect dislocation into three collinear partials of equal Burgers vectors, which describes basal twinning in sapphire and twinning in bcc metals; secondly, the dissociation of a perfect dislocation into two collinear partials with different Burgers vectors, which describes rhombohedral twinning in sapphire; thirdly, the dissociation of a perfect dislocation into two non-collinear Shockley partials, which is used to describe twinning in silicon. Finally, the double-cross-slip mechanism readily explains the for...
Uptake of Electronic Prescribing in Community-Based Practices

BACKGROUND Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) has the potential to improve the safety and efficiency of medication use, but uptake of e-prescribing in community-based settings has been limited to date. In April 2004, 2 large insurers in Massachusetts began a program to fund e-prescribing systems for targeted clinicians and practices. We studied the adoption and uptake of e-prescribing by the targeted prescribers.
The lipoxygenase metabolite 12(S)‐hete induces a cytoskeleton‐dependent increase in surface expression of integrin αiibβ3 on melanoma cells

Integrin receptors are mediators of cell-extracellular matrix and cell-cell interactions. Biochemical and immunocytochemical evidence shows that the platelet integrin receptor alpha IIb beta 3 is present on the cell surface, at focal adhesion plaques and in the perinuclear region of metastatic B16a murine melanoma cells. Antibody to the fibronectin receptor alpha 5 beta i, inhibits basal adhesion by approx. 30%, whereas antibodies to alpha IIb beta 3 are ineffective. The surface immunoreactivity of tumor cells for alpha IIb beta 3 can be enhanced by pre-treatment (5 min) with a lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid [i.e. 12-(S)-HETE] in a dose-dependent manner (max. effect approx. 0.1 microM). Other lipoxygenase metabolites are ineffective. B16a cells possess a large intracellular pool of alpha IIb beta 3, from which the receptor complex translocates to the cell surface following 12-(S)-HETE pretreatment. This pre-treatment of tumor cells enhances their adhesion to fibronectin, which is mediated exclusively by alpha IIb beta 3 receptors. 12-(S)-HETE also facilitates the redistribution of alpha IIb beta 3 in the plasma membrane with localization at the focal adhesion plaques. The cytoskeleton of the B16a cell is characterized by an absence of distinct microtubules in interphase cells and the presence of prominent microfilaments and vimentin intermediate filaments. In B16a cells, the disruption of intermediate filaments and/or microfilaments prevents the 12-(S)-HETE-induced increase in plasma membrane alpha IIb beta 3 and enhanced tumor-cell adhesion to fibronectin. The microtubule-disrupting agent, colchicine, is ineffective in both respects. We conclude that the lipoxygenase metabolite of arachidonic acid, 12-(S)-HETE, regulates the surface expression and function of the alpha IIb beta 3 integrin in B16a cells. Further, these data support the hypothesis that microfilaments and intermediate filaments have a profound role in regulating the expression of a multifunctional integrin in B16a tumor cells.
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT BLOCKS GRANTS IN URBAN COUNTIES: THE CASE OF HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO

Urban counties must struggle with metropolitan expansion in order to deliver vital urban services. With the passage of the Housing and Community Development Act, urban counties throughout the nation found it necessary to develop the administrative capacity and the intergovernmental network sufficient to implement the Act. Hamilton County, Ohio, offers a typical example of how an urban county implemented CDBG. The result was a small county community development staff that look a pragmatic approach and relied heavily on the recommendations of participating municipalities and townships. The funded projects were primarily oriented toward transportation and public works. These projects, widely dispersed throughout the county, rewarded diverse political interests, generated few political conflicts, and required minimal county staff resources.
COMPARISON OF HIGH TRANSVERSE MOMENTUM PI0 PRODUCTION FROM PI-, K-, P, AND ANTI-P BEAMS.

We compare high-transverse-momentum (${P}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$) inclusive ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ production from ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, ${K}^{\ensuremath{-}}$, $p$, and $\overline{p}$ beams, at 100 and 200 GeV/c, for center-of-mass (c.m.) angles ranging from 2\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} to 115\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and ${P}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}l4.5$ GeV/c. The ratio $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}X)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\ensuremath{\pi}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}X)}$ decreases with increasing ${P}_{\ensuremath{\perp}}$, and changes dramatically with c.m. angle. Also, the ratios $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}({K}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}X)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}({\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}X)}$ and $\frac{\ensuremath{\sigma}(\overline{p}p\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}X)}{\ensuremath{\sigma}(pp\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}X)}$ are approximately constant. These measurements are consistent with a theoretical viewpoint in which constituents of the incident hadrons undergo a hard-scattering subprocess.
Replication and passage of alfalfa looper nuclear polyhedrosis virus plaque variants in cloned cell cultures and larval stages of four host species

Abstract As alfalfa looper nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) was serially passed through TN-368 cell cultures, the percentage of the cell population that developed infection with the MP variant decreased, while cells infected with FP variant increased. The MP variant was more virulent to Trichoplusia ni than the FP variant. Cells from the TN-368 cell line and strains derived from single cells were infected with isolated MP plaques. The viral progeny remained homogenous after one or occasionally two passages in cultured TN-368 cells. However, further serial passes in TN-368 cells or one pass in cell strains resulted in loss of the homogeneity, and the FP variant was detected. Four species of Lepidopterous larvae were also infected with the MP variant. Both variants were detected in viral progeny from diseased larvae.
Timing of the formation of the prestalk and prespore zones in Dictyostelium discoideum

Vital dyes have been extensively used in many laboratories to distinguish the prestalk and prespore zones of a migrating slug in Dictyostelium discoideum. Here we present evidence that the two zones do not form immediately following aggregation, as is sometimes assumed, but only after 1–4.5 hr of migration. When the transition to the two-toned state occurs, it changes very quickly, in a matter of approximately 10 min. Furthermore, it can be rapidly induced by submerging the slug in mineral oil. The time of appearance of the zones is correlated with previously reported changes in the distribution of cyclic AMP secretion and with changes in regulation properties along the axis of the slug.
A Librarian Research Consultation Requirement for University Honors Students Beginning Their Theses

Honors students represent a population for whom special library instructional services may be appropriate. The author describes a required librarian research consultation program for honors students starting work on their theses.
Interaction of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 2 (Apn2) with Myh1 DNA glycosylase in fission yeast

Oxidative DNA damage is repaired primarily by the base excision repair (BER) pathway in a process initiated by removal of base lesions or mismatched bases by DNA glycosylases. MutY homolog (MYH, MUTYH, or Myh1) is a DNA glycosylase which excises adenine paired with the oxidative lesion 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (8-oxoG, or G°), thus reducing G:C to T:A mutations. The resulting apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) site is processed by an AP-endonuclease or a bifunctional glycosylase/lyase. We show here that the major Schizosaccharomyces pombe AP endonuclease, Apn2, binds to the inter-domain connector located between the N- and C-terminal domains of Myh1. This Myh1 inter-domain connector also interacts with the Hus1 subunit of the Rad9-Rad1-Hus1 checkpoint clamp. Mutagenesis studies indicate that Apn2 and Hus1 bind overlapping but different sequence motifs on Myh1. Mutation on I(261) of Myh1 reduces its interaction with Hus1, but only slightly attenuates its interaction with Apn2. However, E(262) of Myh1 is a key determinant for both Apn2 and Hus1 interactions. Like human APE1, Apn2 has 3'-phosphodiesterase activity. However, unlike hAPE1, Apn2 has a weak AP endonuclease activity which cleaves the AP sites generated by Myh1 glycosylase. Functionally, Apn2 stimulates Myh1 glycosylase activity and Apn2 phosphodiesterase activity is stimulated by Myh1. The cross stimulation of Myh1 and Apn2 enzymatic activities is dependent on their physical interaction. Thus, Myh1 and Apn2 constitute an initial BER complex.
Some effects of desoxycorticosterone glycoside on chick fibroblasts in vitro.

SummaryConcentrations of 15 μg/ml or lower of desoxycorticosterone glycoside stimulate growth of chick embryo fibroblasts and decrease the accumulation of cytoplasmic lipids. Concentrations of 30 μg/ml reduce growth and damage the nuclei of the cells.
Opioid Effects on Macrovascular Dopamine Release

Abstract Both alkaloid opiates and met-enkephalin occur in vertebrate chromaffin cells, where they affect catecholamine (CA) secretion. Since the large blood vessels of the eel and the rat release dopamine (DA) from as yet unidentified source(s), we studied the impact of alkaloid opiates and met-enkephalin on the secretion of DA from three macrovessels of the American eel ( Anguilla rostrata ) in a perifusion system. Codeine, morphine, and met-enkephalin increased the release of DA from both the ventral aorta and the caudal vein. The antagonist naloxone stimulated DA release from the caudal vein, but had no impact on release from the ventral aorta. Only codeine had a significant effect on DA release from the posterior cardinal vein. These findings show that the DA release from the macrovessels is sensitive to opioid substances, and they suggest that the antagonistic effects between alkaloid opiate and opioid peptide, seen in other systems, are absent in large blood vessels. Furthermore, the “unorthodox” stimulatory effect of naloxone in the caudal vein raises the question of as yet unidentified receptor and/or effector systems.
Magnetic resonance imaging of brain iron

The development of effective staining and other tissue analysis techniques has long provided pathologists with a means of studying [1–4] and quantifying [5] the regional distribution of the non-heme iron stored in the brain. However, the nature of these techniques precluded premortem studies. Soon after the introduction of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in the 1980s, it was recognized that some of the MR contrast present in brain images correlated closely with the previously established patterns of brain iron deposition [6]. The initial studies were performed using 1.5 tesla (T) magnets but it was quickly noted that this contrast increased rapidly with the use of higher field strength magnets [7–9]. In the early 1990s, only a handful of whole-body magnets operating at field strengths above 1.5 T were in use, and these were confined to research applications. However, fully featured clinical scanners operating at 3 T are now coming into widespread use, and whole-body research systems operating at 7 and 8 T are available at some research centers. As a result, the study of iron-dependent contrast at high magnetic field strengths is now much more feasible than was previously the case. The MR signal arises from mobile protons in the tissues. In brain, these protons are almost entirely present in the solvent water molecules as H2O. The image contrast arises from variations among brain regions of the density of solvent water and the longitudinal (T1) and transverse (T2) relaxation times of the associated protons [10]. Generally, regions with short values of T1 appear bright on T1-weighted images and regions of short T2 appear dark on T2-weighted images. The presence of magnetic ions can alter T1 and T2 and thereby the tissue contrast [11]. Many metallic ions essential to brain function (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc) are nonmagnetic and have no impact on MR images. However, ions of the transition group (e.g., iron, manganese, and copper), and of the rare earth group (e.g., gadolinium and dysprosium) exhibit nonzero magnetic moments in many compounds and do have the potential of affecting MR contrast.
A laboratory apparatus for maintaining uniform suspensions of fine-grained sediment

We have designed and built an apparatus for maintaining and renewing uniform suspensions of fine-grained sediment for laboratory experiments on the effects of suspended sediment on organisms. The suspensions are maintained with vertically reciprocating perforated plates driven by gearmotors. Suspensions with concentrations of up to 500 mg/liter were maintained to within about 15% of their mean concentration for periods of 5 to 7 days. The suspensions were completely replaced every 24 hours by periodic additions. The particles had a mass-weighted mean settling velocity of about 5×10−3 cm/sec.
Erythropoietin levels during theophylline treatment in premature infants

Abstract Mean erythropoietin levels were somewhat higher in premature infants receiving theophylline than in untreated infants with a comparable degree of anemia. These results differ from those in adults and may reflect the oxygenation of the theophylline-treated patients or the developmental regulation of erythropoietin production in response to adenosine receptor antagonists. (J P EDIATR 1994;124: 128-30)
Nutrient variability during El Niño 1997–98 in the California current system off central California

Abstract Nutrient conditions off central California during the 1997–98 El Nino are described. Data were collected on 11 cruises from March 1997 to January 1999 along a hydrographic section off central California, as well as every two weeks at a coastal station in Monterey Bay. Perturbations associated with El Nino are shown as anomalies of thermohaline and nutrient distributions along this section. The anomalies were obtained by subtracting seasonal averages for the period from April 1988 to April 1991 from the 1997–98 observations. The first indications of El Nino conditions (high sea levels) were observed at Monterey between late May and early June 1997, but the coastal nutricline did not begin to deepen until August 1997. It reached maximum depth of 130 dbar in January 1998 at the time that maximum sea level anomalies were observed. During this period: (1) the highest subsurface temperature anomalies coincided with subsurface nutrient anomaly minima at the depth of the pycnocline; (2) southern saline and nutrient-poor waters occupied the upper 80 dbar of the water column along the entire section; and (3) nitrate levels were close to zero in the euphotic zone, collapsing the potential new primary production in the coastal domain. At the end of February 1998, the nutricline shoaled to 40 dbar at the coast although it remained anomalously deep offshore. Higher temperatures and lower nutrient levels were observed for the entire section through August 1998 although in contrast with the previous winter, there was a strong freshening mainly due to an onshore movement of subarctic waters.
Activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in the absence of NFκB function prior to induction of NK cell death triggered by a combination of Anti-Class I and Anti-CD16 antibodies

Addition of antibodies to major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC class I) and F(c) gamma RIII (CD16) antigens resulted in the synergistic augmentation of natural killer (NK) cell death, and the loss of NK cell cytotoxic function. The binding of anti-CD16 and anti-class I antibodies to the same population of NK cells is required for the synergistic augmentation of NK cell death. Moreover, the addition of antibodies to leukocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1), which significantly inhibited the phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) and ionomycin mediated NK cell death, had no effect on NK cell death mediated by anti-CD16 and anti-class I antibodies. The increase in NK cell death was associated with an increase in tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) secretion, and concomitant inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B (NFkappaB) activation and the induction of c-jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity in NK cells treated with the combination of anti-class I and anti-CD16 antibodies. Furthermore, the inhibition of NFkappaB activation in anti-CD16 and anti-class I antibody treated NK cells was paralleled with a significant increase in inhibitor of kappa B (IkappaB) protein expression. Overexpression of IkappaB super-repressor in YT, a NK cell line, caused significant up-regulation of TNF-alpha, PMA and ionomycin and Fusobacterium nucleatum mediated NK cell death. Overall, our studies suggest an important regulatory role for NFkappaB and JNK activities in MHC class I mediated NK cell death.
Problems in the Control of Mint Insects

Of the 54 species of insects and related pests found on peppermint and spearmint in Indiana, only cutworms and the mint looper, Raphoplusia ou (Gn.), have been serious problems in the past 10 years. The mint flea beetle, Longitarsus waterhousei Kut., has not been abundant since growers adopted a 2-year crop rotation for mint. Several species of leafhoppers and plant bugs have been present every year, but losses from their feeding have been slight. Cutworms were present in mint fields both early in the season and again near harvest. Chlordane, aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor gave good control of these pests when applied in late April and early May as the first new growth was appearing. Cutworms present in July and August were controlled by a single application after the crop was cut The mint looper was found to have two generations a year with the peaks of larval abundance in late June and again in mid- August. Of numerous insecticides tested against the looper, dieldrin, heptachlor, and DDT were the best. Two applications at a 10-day interval in late June gave excellent control. Malathion was found to be of value against spider mites and to some extent against plant bugs and leafhoppers. Of the materials used as foliar sprays only malathion has had a tolerance established and usage labels approved. Apparent residues found in mint oil from heptachlor- and dieldrin-treated plots were quite variable in different years and in some instances were as high as 2.7 and 4.7 p.p.m., respectively. Methods of analyzing for residues in mint oil, especially for dieldrin, toxaphene, and DDT, have not been satisfactory. DDT, however, has been the standard treatment for mint insects since 1947. The use of insecticides on mint foliage created another problem-that of possible off-flavor in the oil. Oil samples from treated plots were sent to company experts for flavor evaluation and the following materials were approved for use: DDT, dieldrin, chlordane, heptachlor, toxaphene, Strobane® (a terpene polychlorinate with a chlorine content of approximately 66%), malathion, parathion, EPN-300, and Chlorthion® ( O -(3-chloro- 4-nitrophenyl) O,O -dimethyl phosphorothioate). Two materials, aldrin and lindane, were listed as questionable, whereas BHC was objectionable.
Development and aging of the healthy human brain uncinate fasciculus across the lifespan using diffusion tensor tractography

The human brain uncinate fasciculus (UF) is an important cortico-cortical white matter pathway that directly connects the frontal and temporal lobes, although there is a lack of conclusive support for its exact functional role. Using diffusion tensor tractography, we extracted the UF, calculated its volume and normalized it with respect to each subject's intracranial volume (ICV) and analyzed its corresponding DTI metrics bilaterally on a cohort of 108 right-handed children and adults aged 7-68 years. Results showed inverted U-shaped curves for fractional anisotropy (FA) with advancing age and U-shaped curves for radial and axial diffusivities reflecting white matter progressive and regressive myelination and coherence dynamics that continue into young adulthood. The mean FA values of the UF were significantly larger on the left side in children (p=0.05), adults (p=0.0012) and the entire sample (p=0.0002). The FA leftward asymmetry (Left>Right) is shown to be due to increased leftward asymmetry in the axial diffusivity (p 0.23) for the radial diffusivity. This is the first study to provide baseline normative macro and microstructural age trajectories of the human UF across the lifespan. Results of this study may lend themselves to better understanding of UF role in future behavioral and clinical studies.
Operator trigonometry of Hotelling correlation, Frobenius condition, Penrose twistor

Abstract Three new applications of the author’s operator trigonometry are presented. These take place in three diverse mathematical domains: matrix statistics, numerical analysis, and theoretical physics. The goal is to continue to develop and expand the scope of the operator trigonometry.
Characterizing the occurrence, sources, and variability of radon in Pacific northwest homes

A compilation of data from earlier studies of 172 homes in the Pacific Northwest indicated that approximately 65 percent of the 46 homes tested in the Spokane River Valley/Rathdrum Prairie region of eastern Washington/northern Idaho had heating season indoor radon (222Rn) concentrations above the U. S. EPA guideline of 148 Bq m−3 (4 pCi L−1). A subset of 35 homes was selected for additional study. The primary source of indoor radon in the Spokane River Valley/Rathdrum Prairie was pressure-driven flow of soil gas containing moderate radon concentrations (geometric mean concentration of 16,000 Bq m−3) from the highly permeable soils (geometric mean permeability of 5 × 10−11 m2) surrounding the house substructures. Estimated soil gas entry rates ranged from 0.4 to 39 m3h−1 and 1 percent to 21 percent of total building air infiltration. Radon from other sources, including domestic water supplies and building materials was negligible. In high radon homes, winter indoor levels averaged 13 times higher than summ...
Demonstration of an insulin-insensitive storage pool of glucose transporters in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells.

The subcellular distribution of glucose transporters in rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells was studied in the absence and in the presence of insulin. Glucose transporters were quantitated by measuring glucose-sensitive cytochalasin B binding and by protein immunoblotting using isoform-specific antibodies. Plasma membrane contamination into subcellular fractions was assessed by measuring distribution of 5′-nucleotidase and cell surface carbohydrate label. In hepatocytes, GLUT-2 occurred in a low-density microsomal (LDM) fraction at a significant concentration, and as much as 15% of cellular GLUT-2 was found intracellularly that cannot be accounted for by plasma membrane contamination. In HepG2 cells which express GLUT-1 and GLUT-2, the two isoforms showed distinct subcellular distribution patterns: GLUT-2 was highly concentrated in LDM while very little GLUT-1 was found in this fraction, indicating that a large portion of GLUT-2 occurs in intracellular organelles. Insulin treatment did not change the subcellular distribution patterns of glucose transporters in both cell types. Our results suggest that rat hepatocytes and HepG2 cells possess an intracellular storage pool for GLUT-2, but lack the insulin-responsive glucose transporter translocation mechanism. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Effect of geometric parameters in the design of hip implants paper IV

The effect of geometric parameters has been studied in this paper on the development of stress in hip implants. The parameters include: head diameter, neck diameter, and neck angle. Two three-dimensional models were drawn, one modular and one integrated implant. These models were then altered geometrically one variable at a time, and finite element analysis (FEA) was performed on the models. In total, twenty assemblies of implant/bone cement/bone were tested. Stress spectrum was drawn for each case under a combination of hip dimensions. It is shown that as the head diameter increases, the stress at a given location reduces, however, as the surface area from increased head diameter increases, the wear rate increases. Neck angle has been found to concentrate stresses in the select regions of the hip implant. In that an angle of 40° showed low stress combinations. Therefore, a particular combination offering the best performance has not been identified and constitutes a part of an on going research activity in Mechanical Engineering Department at Ohio Northern University.
Discovery of the luteinizing hormone of the anterior pituitary gland

This essay looks at the historical significance of an APS classic paper that is freely available online: Fevold HL, Hisaw FL, Leonard SL. The gonad stimulating and the luteinizing hormones of the a...
Analytical model of superconducting to normal transition of bulk high Tc superconductor BSCCO-2212

A comprehensive theoretical expression for the superconducting-to-normal transition of high-temperature superconducting (HTS) materials is derived. The electric field and resistivity of bulk melt-cast processed BSCCO-2212 are derived from the superconducting, flux creep, flux flow, and resistive properties of high critical temperature superconductors (HTS). An asymptotic function is used to model the Bean and Ohmic limits of the E(B,T,J) characteristics. Comparison is made with the experimental results of Elschner et al. The new model may be used in simulating the operation of HTS power equipment, and may be applicable to other HTS materials
Ebola virus vaccines: an overview of current approaches

Ebola hemorrhagic fever is one of the most fatal viral diseases worldwide affecting humans and nonhuman primates. Although infections only occur frequently in Central Africa, the virus has the potential to spread globally and is classified as a category A pathogen that could be misused as a bioterrorism agent. As of today there is no vaccine or treatment licensed to counteract Ebola virus infections. DNA, subunit and several viral vector approaches, replicating and non-replicating, have been tested as potential vaccine platforms and their protective efficacy has been evaluated in nonhuman primate models for Ebola virus infections, which closely resemble disease progression in humans. Though these vaccine platforms seem to confer protection through different mechanisms, several of them are efficacious against lethal disease in nonhuman primates attesting that vaccination against Ebola virus infections is feasible.
Methods for Quantification of in vivo Changes in Protein Ubiquitination following Proteasome and Deubiquitinase Inhibition

Ubiquitination plays a key role in protein degradation and signal transduction. Ubiquitin is a small protein modifier that is adducted to lysine residues by the combined function of E1, E2, and E3 enzymes and is removed by deubiquitinating enzymes. Characterization of ubiquitination sites is important for understanding the role of this modification in cellular processes and disease. However, until recently, large-scale characterization of endogenous ubiquitination sites has been hampered by the lack of efficient enrichment techniques. The introduction of antibodies that specifically recognize peptides with lysine residues that harbor a di-glycine remnant (K-e-GG) following tryptic digestion has dramatically improved the ability to enrich and identify ubiquitination sites from cellular lysates. We used this enrichment technique to study the effects of proteasome inhibition by MG-132 and deubiquitinase inhibition by PR-619 on ubiquitination sites in human Jurkat cells by quantitative high performance mass spectrometry. Minimal fractionation of digested lysates prior to immunoaffinity enrichment increased the yield of K-e-GG peptides three- to fourfold resulting in detection of up to ∼3300 distinct K-GG peptides in SILAC triple encoded experiments starting from 5 mg of protein per label state. In total, we identify 5533 distinct K-e-GG peptides of which 4907 were quantified in this study, demonstrating that the strategy presented is a practical approach to perturbational studies in cell systems. We found that proteasome inhibition by MG-132 and deubiquitinase inhibition by PR-619 induces significant changes to the ubiquitin landscape, but that not all ubiquitination sites regulated by MG-132 and PR-619 are likely substrates for the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Additionally, we find that the proteasome and deubiquitinase inhibitors studied induced only minor changes in protein expression levels regardless of the extent of regulation induced at the ubiquitin site level. We attribute this finding to the low stoichiometry of the majority ubiquitination sites identified in this study.
Phosphorus composition of sinking particles in the Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California

Phosphorus (P) composition and fluxes were measured in samples collected using a moored sediment trap located at 500 m in depth in the center of Guaymas Basin, Gulf of California, from February 1991 through September 1997. P composition was measured using a sequential extraction technique that chemically separates the particulate inorganic P (PIP) pool into exchangeable, oxide-bound, authigenic, and detrital phases. PIP comprised 69% 6 15% of the total particulate P pool, with significantly higher concentrations during the rainy summer. Strong relationships between authigenic and detrital P fluxes with lithogenic material (r2 $ 0.85) indicate that a significant component of PIP is terrestrially derived and varies with large-scale changes in regional climate. Particulate organic P (POP) fluxes were significantly higher during the winter as a result of stimulation of biological production during upwelling. Average particulate organic carbon (POC) : POP ratios also varied seasonally, with higher ratios in the summer (221) vs. the winter (158). The fact that POC fluxes remained relatively constant throughout the year indicates that in winter, fresher, less degraded organic material was more effectively transported to depth. Strong correlations between POP and opal fluxes (r2 5 0.63) further support a ballast mechanism, whereby enhanced sinking rates reduce the time during which organic matter is subjected to water column degradation. Compared to trap concentrations, POP is preferentially remineralized over PIP, in concert with an increase in the authigenic P pool; this signifies rapid diagenetic transformations of sedimentary P between the sediment trap and underlying sediments.
Microcomputer translator for medical text: Theorem verification for chapter two of Zeman's modal logic

Abstract The increasing availability of computer readable documents and advances in computing power have created a renewed interest in computer translators. This paper describes the TRANSOFT medical document translator, a table-driven system written in American National Standard MUMPS, which handles a variety of translation problems. As one test of the TRANSOFT system, we submitted all theorems from Chapter Two of Zeman's Modal Logic to verification by Gentzen reduction and the Quine-McCluskey algorithm. Three apparent typographical errors were detected, but the translator otherwise confirmed the 179 theorems in this chapter. The TRANSOFT translator has the advantages of user control of the lexicon and grammar and sufficient conditions to prevent indefinite cycling of the program.
Results from variants of the Fisher equation in the study of epidemics and bacteria

The Fisher equation, which combines di/usive motion of individuals with nonlinearities arising from their growth and competition processes, is analyzed, generalized, and applied to the dynamics of bacteria, pattern formation, and the spread of epidemics. Analytic solutions are also presented for some exactly soluble and physically relevant variants of the equation. c