cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Simulation of large parallel plasma flows in the tokamak SOL driven by cross-field transport asymmetries

Large-Mach-number parallel plasma flows in the single-null SOL of different tokamaks are simulated with multifluid transport code UEDGE. The key role of poloidal asymmetry of cross-field plasma transport as the driving mechanism for such flows is discussed. The impact of ballooning-like diffusive and convective transport and plasma flows on divertor detachment, material migration, impurity flows, and erosion/deposition profiles is studied. The results on well-balanced double null plasma modeling that are indicative of strong asymmetry of cross-field transport are presented.
Intermetallic growth and properties in Bi–Sn–Au thin film structure deposited in high vacuum

Abstract Structure and phase growth mechanism of vacuum deposited Au/Sn/Bi thin films have been studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). It is found that the crystallites of Au–Sn intermetallic compounds are randomly distributed in Bi-rich matrix that forms a top-capping layer. The average sizes of AuSn 2 and AuSn 4 crystallites are 756 and 667 A, respectively. The lattice constants of AuSn 4 in the capping layer are determined to be a =6.3694, b =6.4092 and c =11.4785 A by Cohen's analytical extrapolation method. The capping layer of Au–Sn intermetallic grains in Bi-rich matrix covers most surface area, thus minimizing the exposure of inner Sn atoms to air and effectively prevents oxidation of the resulting thin film structure.
A Multidisciplinary and Multiobjective System Analysis and Optimization Methodology for Embedding Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) Into NASA’s Complex Systems

NASA’s future space exploration systems will include a highly complex Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM) capability, which can detect, predict, isolate and respond to system and component failures in order to improve safety and maintainability. An ISHM system, as a whole, consists of several subsystems that monitor different components of a space mission. Due to the complex and multidisciplinary nature of designing ISHM, there seems to be a lack of formal methodologies to design an optimal (or near-optimal) ISHM for a given system of systems. In this research, we propose a new methodology to design and optimize ISHM as a distributed system with multiple interacting disciplines as well as multiple conflicting design objectives (i.e. Figures Of Merit or FOMs). This specialized multidisciplinary design approach can be used to optimize the effectiveness of ISHM systems for future NASA missions. We assume a hierarchical design protocol, where each subsystem communicates with other subsystems only in a top-down tree structure. At the top level, the overall performance of the mission consists of system-level variables, parameters, objectives, and constraints that are shared throughout the system and by all subsystems. Each subsystem will then comprise of these shared values in addition to those values that are specific to subsystems. As a specific case study, we take the example of designing an ISHM capability for X-34 reusable launch vehicle in two levels. The proposed approach, referred to as ISHM Multidisciplinary and Multiobjective System Analysis & Optimization (or ISHM MMSA&O), has a hierarchical structure to pass up or down shared values between the two levels with system-level and subsystem-level optimization routines.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Effect of H2O on the Adsorption of NO2 on γ-Al2O3: an in Situ FTIR/MS Study

The effect of water on the adsorption of NO2 onto a γ-Al2O3 catalyst support surface was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and mass spectrometry (MS). Upon room-temp...
Optimal Scheduling of Collaborative Sensing in Energy Harvesting Sensor Networks

In this paper, we consider a collaborative sensing scenario where sensing nodes are powered by energy harvested from the ambient environment. In each time slot, an active sensor consumes one unit amount of energy to take an observation and transmit it back to a fusion center (FC). After receiving observations from all of the active sensors in a time slot, the FC aims to extract information from them. We assume that the sensing utility generated by the observations is a concave function of the number of the active sensing nodes in that slot. Our objective is to develop a sensing scheduling policy so that the time average utility generated by the sensors is maximized. We first consider an offline setting, where the energy harvesting profile over duration [0,T-1] for each sensor is known beforehand. Assuming infinite battery capacity at sensors, we show that the optimal scheduling structure has a “majorization” property, and propose a procedure to construct a collaborative sensing policy with the identified structure explicitly. We then consider an online setting, under which the energy harvesting profile is available causally. Assuming the energy harvesting processes at individual sensors are independent but not necessarily identical Bernoulli processes, we show that the expected long-term time average sensing utility has an upper bound under any feasible scheduling policy satisfying the energy causality constraints. We then propose a randomized myopic policy, which aims to select a number of sensors with the highest energy levels to perform the sensing task in each slot. We show that the time average utility generated under the proposed policy converges to the upper bound almost surely as time T approaches infinity, thus it is optimal. The corresponding convergence rate is also explicitly characterized.
Mapping chemical concentrations indoors using open-path FTIR spectroscopy and computed tomography: chamber studies

This paper presents studies conducted in an indoor exposure chamber, on the detection and mapping of chemical concentrations using open-path FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy and computed tomography. A vertical flow indoor air chamber having roller tracks at the periphery was used. The source and detector of an open-path FTIR spectrometer were mounted on separate tables place on the tracks. Sulfur hexafluoride was injected from the floor of the chamber and the plume was scanned using the FTIR spectrometer. Different ray configurations were used to scan and map the plume on a 2D plane. To test the validity of the FTIR/computed tomography system for mapping gases, point samples from within the chamber were drawn remotely from ports and were analyzed using an electron capture detector. The concentrations indicated by the gas samples at different points were compared to the tomographically mapped concentrations. A comparison of mapped concentrations with point sampled concentrations were made with respect to position, and concentration of the chemical peak. A comparison of different algorithms for mapping chemical concentrations was performed.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Religious Intensity, Evangelical Christianity, and Business Ethics: An Empirical Study

Research on the relationship between religious commitment and business ethics has produced widely varying results and made the impact of such commitment unclear. This study presents an empirical investigation based on a questionnaire survey of business managers and professionals in the United States yielding a database of 1234 respondents. Respondents evaluated the ethical acceptability of 16 business decisions. Findings varied with the way in which the religion variable was measured. Little relationship between religious commitment and ethical judgment was found when responses were compared on the basis of broad faith categories – Catholic, Protestant, Jewish, other religions, and no religion. However, respondents who indicated that religious interests were of high or moderate importance to them demonstrated a higher level of ethical judgment (less accepting of unethical decisions) than others in their evaluations. Evangelical Christians also showed a higher level of ethical judgment.
Attitudes Toward Control in Uncontrollable Situations: The Multidimensional Impact of Health Locus of Control on the Well‐Being of Mothers of Children with Disabilities

This study examines the additive and interactive impact of four dimensions of health locus of control (internality, desire for information, powerful others, and chance) on two measures of well-being (perceived social support and subjective caregiver burden) among 81 mothers of children with disabilities. Narrative accounts and interactive interviews with such mothers are used to interpret and contextualize the quantitative results. Findings clearly support the multidimensionality of health locus of control. Among these mothers, internality is uncorrelated with both of the dimensions of externality often treated as its polar opposite. It is also uncorrelated with desire for information—often used as its indicator. Complex individual, additive and interactive affects on the measures of well-being were found for dimensions of health locus of control. Desire for information is negatively correlated with subjective burden. Mothers who do not want information about health feel greater burden of care. Internality and chance interact in their relationships to both aspects of well-being. Mothers who believe that both their own actions and chance affect health outcomes report the highest levels of social support. Where internality is low, the belief in chance increases perceived social support. Conversely, where chance is low, internality increases support. For highly internal mothers, belief in chance serves to reduce perceived subjective burden. Mothers high in chance but low in internality, on the other hand, feel more burdened by their parenting task. Implications for research and policy are discussed.
Micro-injection of 3H-acetylcholine, 14C-serotonin and 3H-norepinephrine into the hypothalamus of the rat: Diffusion into tissue and ventricles

Abstract In order to specify more clearly the action of a chemical substance in eliciting ingestive or other behavioral responses, the spread of the candidate transmitters acetylcholine (ACh), serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) was determined following their micro-injection into the hypothalamus. A perfusion cannula was implanted stereotaxically into the lateral ventricle, an outflow catheter in the cisterna and a micro-injection cannula in the lateral hypothalamus in each of 16 rats. After 1 μl of a solution of 3 H-ACh, 14 C-5-HT or 3 H-NE was injected into the lateral area, the cerebral ventricles were perfused at a rate of 50 μl/min and two consecutive 15-min samples were collected. The brain was then frozen rapidly and dissected into six anatomical subdivisions, including a hypothalamic block of tissue. Each of these areas and the perfusates were assayed for the specific substance and its metabolites by scintillation counting. The results showed that in terms of the concentration gradients of ACh and the two monoamines, the major proportion of the activity recovered remained in the hypothalamic block during the 30-min interval. Differences between the neurochemical substances were found in terms of their distribution, their rate of metabolic degradation in tissue, and their entry into the cerebral circulation. The percent of the hypothalamic concentration found in the ventricular perfusates was less than one percent for 3 H-ACh and 14 C-5-HT, and less than two percent for 3 H-NE. The untenability of a so-called “ventricular hypothesis” to explain the behavioral or physiological responses to a chemical substance injected directly into the hypothalamus or other area of the brain is discussed.
Molecular Genetics of Neuronal Migration Disorders

Cortical malformations associated with defects in neuronal migration result in severe developmental consequences including intractable epilepsy and intellectual disability. Genetic causes of migration defects have been identified with the advent and widespread use of high-resolution MRI and genetic techniques. Thus, the full phenotypic range of these genetic disorders is becoming apparent. Genes that cause lissencephaly, pachygyria, subcortical band heterotopia, and periventricular nodular heterotopias have been defined. Many of these genes are involved in cytoskeletal regulation including the function of microtubules (LIS1, TUBA1A,TUBB3, and DCX) and of actin (FilaminA). Thus, the molecular pathways regulating neuronal migration including the cytoskeletal pathways appear to be defined by human mutation syndromes. Basic science, including cell biology and animal models of these disorders, has informed our understanding of the pathogenesis of neuronal migration disorders and further progress depends on the continued integration of the clinical and basic sciences.
Piconewton force measurement using a nanometric photonic crystal diaphragm.

A compact force fiber sensor capable of measuring forces at the piconewton level is reported. It consists of a miniature Fabry–Perot cavity fabricated at the tip a single-mode fiber, in which the external reflector is a compliant photonic-crystal diaphragm that deflects when subjected to a force. In the laboratory environment, this sensor was able to detect a force of only ∼4 pN generated by the radiation pressure of a laser beam. Its measured minimum detectable force (MDF) at 3 kHz was as weak as 1.3 pN/√Hz. In a quiet environment, the measured noise was ∼16 times lower, and the MDF predicted to be ∼76 fN/√Hz.
Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients With and Without Left Ventricular Hypertrophy When Treated With a Lenient Rate-Control or Rhythm-Control Strategy

Although left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy has been proposed as a factor predisposing to atrial fibrillation (AF), its relevance to prognosis and selection of therapeutic strategies is unclear. We identified 2,105 patients with echocardiographic data on LV mass enrolled in the Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigation of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM) trial. LV hypertrophy was defined as increased LV mass, stratified by American Society of Echocardiography criteria. The primary end point was all-cause mortality, secondary end point was as per AFFIRM trial definition, and tertiary end point was cardiovascular hospitalizations. We compared "strict" versus "lenient" rate control in patients with increased LV mass, and studied association of heart failure (HF) with preserved and decreased systolic function in patients with increased LV mass. Over 6 years, 332 deaths (15.7%) were reported. Adjusted hazard ratio (HR) of severely increased LV mass for all-cause mortality was 1.34 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.01 to 1.79, p=0.045) for the overall population and 1.61 (95% CI 1.09 to 2.37, p=0.016) for the rhythm-control arm. Increased LV mass was a predictor of cardiovascular hospitalizations in the lenient rate-control group (HR 1.72, 95% CI 1.05 to 2.82, p=0.03) but not in the strict rate-control group. Severely increased LV mass was predictive of cardiovascular hospitalizations in patients with HF with preserved (HR 1.8, 95% CI 1.0 to 3.2, p=0.03) and decreased LV systolic function (HR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1 to 5.2, p=0.02). Thus, LV hypertrophy is a significant independent predictor of mortality in patients with AF, especially those managed with rhythm control. In patients with LV hypertrophy, strict rate control may be associated with better outcomes than lenient rate control. LV hypertrophy portends higher cardiovascular morbidity in patients with AF and HF.
Upper frequency limits of bilateral coordination patterns

This study examined what changes occur in upper-limb bilateral coordination during clapping as the movement frequency requirements were increased to the maximum. Subjects were required to begin the clapping action at approximately 1 Hz and gradually increase the movement speed until their maximal frequency was achieved. Hand and finger displacement and surface electromyograms (EMG) from finger flexor/extensor muscles were recorded. The results showed that the maximal attainable movement frequency was between 7 and 8 Hz. As the action approached the ceiling frequency (>5 Hz), there was a significant reduction in movement amplitude of the non-preferred limb accompanied by increased co-activation of the muscles within this limb. The movement amplitude of preferred limb was maintained. Subsequently, there was a decrease in coupling between the two limbs with the bilateral coordination pattern transitioning from an in-phase pattern to an asymmetric mode, where only the preferred limb was moving. These findings reveal that there is a frequency induced transition to single-limb motion that reflects a stability boundary at the upper frequency limits of bimanual coordination.
Observation of Global Stratospheric Ozone Change

Measurements of the total column amount of ozone from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on the Nimbus 7 satellite have now been made for 13 years. They show that the 1991 Antarctic ozone hole again had a pronounced minimum in early October; making four of the last five years with deep ozone holes. Global scale measurements by TOMS show no trend in total ozone near the equator, but a significant trend at northern middle and high latitudes. This trend has a pronounced seasonal variation with maximum in winter. The observed trend is significantly larger than the predictions of gas-phase photochemical models.
Balanced anesthetic techniques in dogs and cats.

The term "balanced anesthesia" refers to the use of a mixture of drugs, such that the advantages of small amounts of drugs are used without having to contend with the disadvantages of large doses of any one drug. 1 In veterinary practice, inhalant drugs are usually administered alone to maintain anesthesia, and balanced anesthetic techniques are rare. Unfortunately, cardiopulmonary function is reduced in dose-dependent fashion by inhalant drugs and deepening the level of anesthesia in order to modify autonomic responses to noxious stimuli may increase morbidity and mortality. This article justifies the use of balanced anesthetic techniques in veterinary practice and describes the advantages gained by the use of nitrous oxide, continuous opioid infusion, epidural/spinal opioid administration, and transdermal opioid administration. These techniques, described in detail in the article, are easy to learn, relatively inexpensive, may decrease patient morbidity and mortality, and will provide the veterinarian with smoother operating conditions.
Formation and isolation of an iron-tripyrrole complex from heme degradation.

Addition of dioxygen to a solution of (py)2Fe(OEPO) (1) (where OEPO is the trianion of octaethyloxophlorin) in pyridine-d5 at 23 °C results in a series of oxidative changes that have been followed by 1H NMR spectroscopy. After 4 h, the resonances of 1 have vanished, while several sets of new resonances have developed. The most intense of these are identified as belonging to (py)2FeIII(OEB) (2) by comparison with the previously obtained spectrum of this species, which contains a ring-opened tetrapyrrole. After the sample was left standing for 1 day, further changes occur which produce a sample that is stable, because 1H NMR spectroscopic examination reveals no further changes on continued exposure to dioxygen or air. The product, (py)2FeIII(HETP) (3), where HETP is the dianion of a hexaethyltripyrrole, has been converted into (n-Bu4N)[ClFeIII(HETP)] by treatment with tetra(n-butyl)ammonium chloride. Red (n-Bu4N)[ClFeIII(HETP)] has been isolated and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.
TELEMODE – A Proposal towards Technology Enhanced Learning, Engineered with MObile DEvices

Abstract Today, mobile devices are widely used than ever before for communication, education, entertainment, research collaboration and social interaction. Schools, higher educational institutions and companies are constantly evolving in offering innovative educational services to its users. Mobile devices are overtaking the old fashioned desktop computers by providing flexible and easy access to information independent of time and place. The learning world has been using mobile devices intensively for quite some time for various day-to-day activities. Developers, instructional designers and instructors are still tied to the old world of desktop computers for software and application development. At present, designing applications for mobile application involves the developers and designers use desktop/laptop computers. Then they run emulation software to detect their code's behavior in small screens. The proposed research aims to investigate the various methodologies and framework that can be incorporated in the mobile devices empowering the device to perform as an effective development environment. The future developers/ instructors will have the freedom to use their mobile device as developmental platform allowing them to develop learning materials from anywhere, anyplace, anytime. The main area of focus would be in developing a framework that will allow non-programmers (like instructors) to develop their learning contents using their mobile devices.
Mitochondrial and Skeletal Muscle Health with Advancing Age

With increasing age there is a temporal relationship between the decline of mitochondrial and skeletal muscle volume, quality and function (i.e., health). Reduced mitochondrial mRNA expression, protein abundance, and protein synthesis rates appear to promote the decline of mitochondrial protein quality and function. Decreased mitochondrial function is suspected to impede energy demanding processes such as skeletal muscle protein turnover, which is critical for maintaining protein quality and thus skeletal muscle health with advancing age. The focus of this review was to discuss promising human physiological systems underpinning the decline of mitochondrial and skeletal muscle health with advancing age while highlighting therapeutic strategies such as aerobic exercise and caloric restriction for combating age-related functional impairments.
LONGITUDINAL RESEARCH AND MARIJUANA SMOKING A Successful Approach

This paper reports on specific methods that were used in a longitudinal study in which 94% of the subjects cooperated at the time or at recontact after a two-year interval. The probable factors responsible for this success are described, including details regarding the preparation prior to the study, approaching the subject, establishing rapport at initial contact, and the maintenance of rapport throughout the study. It is hoped this description will encourage others to provide similar reports on their methods and be helpful to those pursuing comparable research.
Selection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms in disease association data

We studied several methods for selecting single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a disease association study. Two major categories for analytical strategy are the univariate and the set selection approaches. The univariate approach evaluates each SNP marker one at a time, while the set selection approach tests disease association of a set of SNP markers simultaneously. We examined various test statistics that can be utilized in testing disease association and also reviewed several multiple testing procedures that can properly control the family-wise error rates when the univariate approach is applied to multiple markers. The set association methods were then briefly reviewed. Finally, we applied these methods to the data from Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA).
Enhancement of bovine mammary mononuclear cell proliferation by autologous serum

Blood and mammary secretions were collected from involuted mammary glands of five primiparous Holstein cows to determine the effects of serum and mammary secretion skims on mononuclear cell proliferation. Proliferation was stimulated using concana‐valin A, phytohemagglutinin, pokeweed mitogen, and a mixed leukocyte assay. Autologous mammary secretion skims suppressed blood mononuclear cell proliferation. Suppression was reduced slightly when secretion was added 24 h following initiation of cultures. Addition of autologous serum enhanced mammary gland mononuclear cell proliferation markedly, in some cases equalling or exceeding responses of blood mononuclear cells from the same donors. Ability of serum to restore mammary mononuclear cell proliferation suggests that mammary mononuclear cells may be as competent as blood mononuclear cells if inhibitory effects of mammary secretion can be overcome.
Sperm Viability: A Comparison of Analytical Methods

Two methods of measuring human sperm viability, the stain exclusion assay and the hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test, were evaluated. Human sperm were pretreated with 2.0% glutaraldehyde or 0.1% Triton X-100 and compared to untreated controls. Approximately one half of the sperm were found to be viable in the control samples and nearly all sperm were non-viable in the Triton X-100 treated samples by both the stain exclusion and HOS assays. After glutaraldehyde pretreatment, presumably inactivating the spermatozoa, the HOS test revealed that most sperm were not viable, while the stain exclusion test found no difference between glutaraldehyde pretreated sperm and control sperm. Investigations with scanning and transmission electron microscopy demonstrated that the HOS test caused the membrane of the sperm tail to swell and the tail fibers to coil several times within the swollen membrane. It is concluded that the stain exclusion assay merely measures the structural integrity of the sperm membrane, whereas the HOS test also provides an indication of the physiological integrity of the sperm membrane.
Model-Based Virtual Thermal Sensors for Lithium-Ion Battery in EV Applications

Continuous monitoring of temperature distribution in lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries is critical in preventing rapid degradation, mismatch in cell capacity, and potentially thermal runaway. A model based on virtual thermal sensor (VTS) for automotive grade Li-ion batteries is presented in this paper. This model, using a small number of physical sensors, is able to estimate temperature distribution throughout the battery in real time. First, the thermal model of the battery is developed and the characteristic parameters of the battery are tuned using the prediction error minimization method. Then, the tuned model is combined with a Kalman filter to estimate the temperature distribution of the battery under unknown initial values and model uncertainty. The proposed model-based VTS has been experimentally validated on an automotive grade 70-Ah lithium iron phosphate $(\hbox{LiFePO}_{4})$ battery.
TrkA-Immunoreactive Profiles in the Central Nervous System: Colocalization With Neurons Containing p75 Nerve Growth Factor Receptor, Choline Acetyltransferase, and Serotonin

The present investigation used an antibody directed against the extracellular domain of the signal transducing nerve growth factor receptor, trkA, to reveal immunoreactive perikarya or fibers within the olfactory bulb and tubercle, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, striatum, endopiriform nucleus, septal/diagonal band complex, nucleus basalis, hippocampal complex, thalamic paraventricular and reuniens nuclei, periventricular hypothalamus, interpeduncular nucleus, mesencephalic nucleus of the fifth nerve, dorsal nucleus of the lateral lemniscus, prepositus hypoglossal nucleus, ventral cochlear nucleus, ventral lateral tegmentum, medial vestibular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus oralis, nucleus of the solitary tract, raphe nuclei, and spinal cord. Colocalization experiments revealed that virtually all striatal trkA-immunoreactive neurons (> 99%) coexpressed choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) but not p75 nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR). Within the septal/diagonal band complex virtually all trkA neurons (> 95%) coexpressed both ChAT and p75 NGFR. More caudally, dual stained sections revealed numerous trkA/ChAT (> 80%) and trkA/p75 NGFR (> 95%) immunoreactive neurons within the nucleus basalis. In the brainstem, raphe serotonergic neurons (45%) coexpressed trkA. Sections stained with a pan-trk antibody that recognizes primarily trkA, as well as trkB and trkC, labeled neurons within all of these regions as well as within the hypothalamic arcuate, supramammilary, and supraoptic nuclei, hippocampus, inferior and superior colliculus, substantia nigra, ventral tegmental area of T'sai, and cerebellular Purkinje cells. Virtually all of these other regions with the exception of the cerebellum also expressed pan-trk immunoreactivity in the monkey. The widespread expression of trkA throughout the central neural axis suggests that this receptor may play a role in signal transduction mechanisms linked to NGF-related substances in cholinergic basal forebrain and noncholinergic systems. These findings suggest that pharmacological use of ligands for trkA could have beneficial effects on the multiple neuronal systems that are affected in such disorders as Alzheimer's disease.
Secondary organic aerosol formation in cloud droplets and aqueous particles (aqSOA): a review of laboratory, field and model studies

Abstract. Progress has been made over the past decade in predicting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) mass in the atmosphere using vapor pressure-driven partitioning, which implies that SOA compounds are formed in the gas phase and then partition to an organic phase (gasSOA). However, discrepancies in predicting organic aerosol oxidation state, size and product (molecular mass) distribution, relative humidity (RH) dependence, color, and vertical profile suggest that additional SOA sources and aging processes may be important. The formation of SOA in cloud and aerosol water (aqSOA) is not considered in these models even though water is an abundant medium for atmospheric chemistry and such chemistry can form dicarboxylic acids and "humic-like substances" (oligomers, high-molecular-weight compounds), i.e. compounds that do not have any gas phase sources but comprise a significant fraction of the total SOA mass. There is direct evidence from field observations and laboratory studies that organic aerosol is formed in cloud and aerosol water, contributing substantial mass to the droplet mode. This review summarizes the current knowledge on aqueous phase organic reactions and combines evidence that points to a significant role of aqSOA formation in the atmosphere. Model studies are discussed that explore the importance of aqSOA formation and suggestions for model improvements are made based on the comprehensive set of laboratory data presented here. A first comparison is made between aqSOA and gasSOA yields and mass predictions for selected conditions. These simulations suggest that aqSOA might contribute almost as much mass as gasSOA to the SOA budget, with highest contributions from biogenic emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the presence of anthropogenic pollutants (i.e. NOx) at high relative humidity and cloudiness. Gaps in the current understanding of aqSOA processes are discussed and further studies (laboratory, field, model) are outlined to complement current data sets.
Adolescent Weight and Depressive Symptoms: For Whom is Weight a Burden?

Objective. Adolescent weight and depressive symptoms are serious population health concerns in their own right and as they relate to each other. This study asks whether relationships between weight and depressive symptoms vary by sex and race/ethnicity because both shape experiences of weight and psychological distress. Methods. Results are based on multivariate analyses of National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) data. Results. There are no associations between adolescent girls' weight and depressive symptoms, but these associations vary considerably among boys. Underweight is associated with depressive symptoms among all boys and subpopulations of white and Hispanic boys. Among Hispanic boys, those who are overweight (vs. normal weight) have a lower probability of reporting depressive symptoms. Finally, among normal weight boys, Hispanics and blacks are more likely to report depressive symptoms than whites. Conclusions. Findings are a reminder that understanding population health issues sometimes requires a focus on subpopulations, not simply the population as a whole.
Intestinal Stem Cells and Their Roles During Mucosal Injury and Repair

The ability of the host to respond to intestinal injury requires the regeneration of native tissue through a highly orchestrated response from the intestinal stem cells, a population of cells located within the intestinal crypts that have the capability to repopulate the entire villous. The field of intestinal stem cell biology is thus of great interest to surgeons and non-surgeons alike, given its relevance to diseases of intestinal injury and inflammation such as inflammatory bowel disease, trauma, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The field of intestinal stem cell research has been advanced recently by the identification of the putative marker, Lgr5, which has allowed for the isolation and further characterization of the intestinal stem cell. Under the control of the WNT signaling pathway, Lgr5 marks the rapidly dividing cells of the intestinal crypt, and identifies a population of cells that is capable of regenerating the entire villous. We now review the identification of Lgr5 as an intestinal stem cell marker, identify controversies in the intestinal stem cell field, and highlight the response of the intestinal stem cell to injury within the intestinal mucosa that may occur clinically.
Gibberellins: regulating genes and germination.

The range of processes regulated by gibberellins (GAs) covers all aspects of the life history of the plant from seed germination to vegetative growth and flowering. In seeds there has been an intensive search, using the techniques of both biochemistry and cell biology, for the regulatory molecules linking GA perception to gene regulation and the events of germination. Although a GA receptor has yet to be identified, the site of perception has been localized to the plasma membrane. Calmodulin, Ca2+ and cGMP have also been identified as elements of the GA signal transduction pathway. These regulators parallel many of the signalling elements identified in the transduction of other signals such as phytochrome and ABA. Studies of GA-regulated gene expression, principally of the α-amylases of cereal aleurone, have identified core GA-responsive promoter elements, such as the gibberellin response element (GARE), box-1 and pyrimidine boxes, as well as elements that may lend specificity to GA-regulated expression, such as the Opaque-2-similar element (O2S), and TRE and CRE motifs. One of the most striking features of all of these studies of the molecular basis of GA action is the interaction of GA-dependent regulatory elements with those of other factors such as ABA. GA-response elements also appear to be conserved between disparate GA-response systems. For example, Myb transcription factors appear to regulate a multitude of GA-induced genes in cereal aleurone as well as to alter GA responses when expressed in Arabidopsis. Thus the study of GA signal transduction and response systems is highlighting the conservation of regulatory elements used by plants. These common factors, used by distinct signal transduction systems, provide a molecular basis for the integration of the GA signal with other growth regulators that is the hallmark of plant growth and development.
RURAL POVERTY AND AGGREGATE AGRICULTURAL PERFORMANCE IN POST-INDEPENDENCE INDIA†

This paper examines the movements in, and determinants of, rural poverty in India, using both new series and quite different econometric procedures form those employed in earlier studies. Specifically, issues of simultaneity bias, of autocorrelation in the poverty series, and of generated regressors are addressed within a unified econometric framework. The evidence provides support for the model specifications, with the following conclusions: (1) there was considerable persistence in poverty, (2) poverty was quite sensitive to contemporaneous real agricultural output per head, with long-run elasticities twice short-run ones, (3) there is some evidence that unanticipated inflation increased poverty, and (4), the economic process was probably distributionally neutral Copyright 1994 by Blackwell Publishing Ltd
An Examination of Social Skills Instruction in the Context of Small-Group Reading:

Students who are socially competent are more likely to experience school success than those who are not. Students with social deficits experience frequent failures with both peers and adults and often require explicit social skills instruction. Because social skills instruction programs taught in isolation rarely result in successful skill generalization, many researchers have supported incorporating social instruction into the academic curriculum. This study evaluated the effects of providing social skills instruction during small-group guided reading instruction to three students identified as experiencing social skills deficits. Results showed positive changes in trend and level across all three students from baseline to intervention. Limitations, suggestions for teachers, and recommendations for future research are discussed.
Parent beliefs and children's achievement trajectories during the transition to school in Asian American and European American families:

This study examines the predictive relationships among 309 Asian American and 9471 European American parents’ beliefs, expectations, and involvement, and their children's math and reading achieveme...
Relative rate constants for removal of vibrationally excited OH(X2πi)v=9 by some small molecules at room temperature

Vibrationally excited OH in v = 9 [designated OH†(9)] was generated by the reaction of hydrogen atoms with ozone in a fast-flow discharge system at 300 ± 3 K and a total pressure of 1.1 ± 0.1 torr, with argon as the carrier gas. The addition of a species X, which can deactivate the OH†(9) or react with it, led to a decrease in the Meinel band chemiluminescent emission intensities at both 626 nm (9 3 band) and 519 nm (9 2 band), which were monitored as a function of the concentration of X. Application of the kinetic scheme developed previously for this chemical system gave the relative rate constant for the removal of OH†(9) by X. The relative rate constants determined in this study, taking O2 as the reference deactivator (k = 1.0), are as follows: He ≤ 0.02; H2 ≤ 0.05; SF6 0.09 ± 0.01; CF4 0.19 ± 0.01; N2O 3.5 ± 0.4; NO 17.7 ± 1.5; H2O 74.3 ± 2.9; D2O 57.6 ± 2.0; NH3 61.3 ± 1.9; ND3 58.7 ± 1.6; SO2 7.1 ± 1.4; COS 8.4 ± 1.7; H2S 33.7 ± 8.4; CH4 1.56 ± 0.03; CD4 1.06 ± 0.06. Application of these relative rate constants to conditions in the upper atmosphere (60–100 km) suggests that OH†(9) is removed primarily by deactivation by O2, and at altitudes ≳90 km, possibly by O(3P). However, since O2 is unusually efficient for a homonuclear diatomic in deactivating OH†(9), it may not be the primary deactivator for the lower (v ≤ 8) vibrational levels. These results are compared to earlier studies of OH†(9), and possible mechanisms of interaction of OH†(9) with these molecules are discussed.
Strain-Dependent Resistance of PDMS and Carbon Nanotubes Composite Microstructures

We report the development of a micropatterned nanocomposite composed of elastomer poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and its resistive response to large mechanical deformations. Microstructures of nanocomposite were embedded into unfilled PDMS to work as a strain sensor and devices were fabricated with simplicity through microcontact printing and screen-printing approaches. When subject to large tensile strains (>45%), nanocomposite sensors revealed significant change in electrical resistance. Also, cyclic loadings of sample yielded repeatable resistive responses. An interesting observation of hysteresis effect was confirmed with multiple tests and possible underlying mechanisms were discussed. As a flexible and biocompatible elastomer, the micropatterned nanocomposite could prove useful in sensing biomechanical strains and other various applications.
Facebook use during relationship termination: uncertainty reduction and surveillance

Abstract Many studies document how individuals use Facebook to meet partners or develop and maintain relationships. Less is known about information-seeking behaviors during the stages of relationship termination. Relational dissolution is a socially embedded activity, and affordances of social network sites offer many advantages in reducing uncertainty after a breakup. A survey collected responses from 110 individuals who use Facebook to gather information about their romantic ex-partners. Results indicated that after breakup, partners may take advantage of the system's information visibility and the relative invisibility of movement depending on relational factors (initiator role and breakup uncertainty), social factors (perceived network approval of Facebook surveillance), and individual privacy concerns. This investigation addresses questions such as what type of information-seeking foci do individuals employ and how do individuals use Facebook as a form of surveillance? What factors motivate surveilla...
TRUST AND DISTRUST IN ORGANIZATIONS: Emerging Perspectives, Enduring Questions

Scholarly interest in the study of trust and distrust in organizations has grown dramatically over the past five years. This interest has been fueled, at least in part, by accumulating evidence that trust has a number of important benefits for organizations and their members. A primary aim of this review is to assess the state of this rapidly growing literature. The review examines recent progress in conceptualizing trust and distrust in organizational theory, and also summarizes evidence regarding the myriad benefits of trust within organizational systems. The review also describes different forms of trust found in organizations, and the antecedent conditions that produce them. Although the benefits of trust are well-documented, creating and sustaining trust is often difficult. Accordingly, the chapter concludes by examining some of the psychological, social, and institutional barriers to the production of trust. CONTENTS
Transportation Usage And Characteristics Of Washington State Warehouse/Distribution Center Businesses: A First Look

The paper provides an analysis and overview of the operations of the warehouse/distribution center businesses in the state of Washington, with implications for all national and international distribution businesses.
A Method of Teaching the Underlying Theory of XBRL: An Application of Information Modeling and XML Programming with a Microsoft Excel Implementation

In this paper, we describe a computer lab exercise that will help students understand the underlying theory of XBRL. The lab requires students to build the taxonomy of accounts from a trial balance, create a well structured XML compliant document, load the XML document into Microsoft Excel, and produce a set of financial statements. The exercise follows the system development life cycle, is user friendly, and is very easy to understand. Bloom's taxonomy of thinking skills was used to structure the learning objectives. At two hours in length, the exercise has been used in an AIS class and was received very well by the students. By the end of the lab, students should understand the concept of information modeling, markup technologies, and how they can be applied to accounting.
Anatomic Contraindications to Circumcision

Neonatal circumcision is elective. Thus, only good anatomical candidates should be considered. It is the responsibility of the practitioner to recognize anatomic contraindications and defer circumcision where there is clear genital abnormality and, in many cases, even with more subtle anomalies. Intuition plus a good familiarity of newborn genital anatomy should be your guide. For example, upon first sight, do the penis and scrotum have a “typical” appearance in size, shape, and presentation? If not, a more thorough and focused pre-circumcision exam is in order. Remember, there is no shame in deferring a circumcision for a pediatric urology consult. The same cannot be said for the practitioner who unintentionally denudes a penis or circumcises what is in fact a girl. If you have not done so, you should first review Chaps. 3 and 4 on embryology and anatomy.
A geostatistical temporal mixture analysis approach to address endmember variability for estimating regional impervious surface distributions

Spectral mixture analysis (SMA) is a major approach for estimating fractional land covers through modeling the relationship between the spectral signatures of a mixed remote sensing pixel and those of the comprised pure land covers (also termed as endmembers). When SMA is implemented, endmember variability has proven to have significant impact on the accuracy of land cover fraction estimates. To address the endmember variability problem, this article developed a geostatistical temporal mixture analysis (GTMA) technique, with which spatially varying per-pixel endmember sets were estimated using an ordinary kriging interpolation technique. The method was applied to time-series moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer normalized difference vegetation index imagery in Wisconsin and North Carolina, United States to estimate regional impervious surface distributions. Analysis of results suggests that GTMA has achieved a promising accuracy. Detailed analysis indicates that a better performance has been achi...
Volume Diffractive Optics

A new type of volume diffractive optical element is computer designed and experimentally fabricated. The volume elements are designed to perform diffractive functions including pattern generation and multiplexing.
Utility of microwave radiometry for diagnostic and therapeutic applications of non-invasive temperature monitoring

This paper describes the applicability of microwave radiometry for several potential diagnostic and therapeutic applications that can benefit from accurate non-invasive measurement of volume average temperature of tissue regions extending 4cm or more into the body. Design features are summarized for an appropriate high sensitivity long term stable system with 2.5 and 7cm diameter receive antennas and integral 1.1–1.6GHz total power radiometer electronics. Radiometer performance is characterized with electromagnetic and thermal simulations, as well as experimental measurements in realistic models of two typical diagnostic applications. Results demonstrate sufficient sensitivity to track clinically significant changes in temperature of deep tissue targets for applications like the non-invasive detection of vesicoureteral reflux into kidney, and monitoring brain “core” temperature during extended hypothermic surgery.