cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction based assay for the detection of Babesia bigemina, Babesia bovis and Anaplasma marginale DNA in bovine blood

Abstract A highly sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based method was developed to detect, in the same blood sample, DNA of hemoparasites frequently found together infecting cattle in tropical and subtropical areas. Bovine blood containing equal parasitemias of Babesia bigemina, B. bovis and Anaplasma ma marginale infected erythrocytes was mixed to standardize the test. Twenty microliters of 10-fold dilutions from the pooled blood sample were resuspended in PCR mixture buffer containing each of the species-specific sets of primers. Group I primers (BiIA/IB, BoF/R and Am9.10) which specifically bind B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale DNA were used to amplify a fragment of DNA from genomic parasite DNA. Group II nested primers (BiIAN/IBN, BoFN/RN and Am11/12) were used to prepare, via incorporation of digoxigenin-11-dUTP by PCR, nonradioactive probes specific for internal sequences present in DNA amplified with Group I primers. Agarose gel electrophoresis and Southern blot hybridization studies showed that by using Group I primers, DNA fragments of 278 bp, 350 bp and 200 bp were specifically amplified in samples containing B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale DNA, respectively. The analytical sensitivity of the multiple PCR test, as evaluated by nucleic acid hybridization with the nonradioactive probe, was 0.00001%, 0.00001% and 0.00001% infected erythrocytes for B. bigemina, B. bovis and A. marginale, respectively. Blood collected from cattle previously inoculated with B. bovis (4 years), A. marginale (2 years) and B. bigemina (1 year) was demonstrated to be latently infected by using the Multiplex PCR test.
Strategic roles of centers in business school development

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence and types of business school centers/institutes – their role in business school development, ability to overcome disciplinary and organizational boundaries, and encourage innovation in programs and curricula.Design/methodology/approach – The primary methodology is literature review and empirical survey using web data. The approach is exploratory, and summary case studies are presented to illustrate center/institute roles.Findings – Business school centers/institutes are widespread and diverse in mission and activity. There is little previous research in the field. A model for forces driving center formation is also presented.Research limitations/implications – Centers/institutes represent structural forms that can help implement strategies for change and innovation. This means administrators of business schools should consider centers/institutes as tools to strengthen strategic planning. The paper presents directions for further research...
Caffeinated Coffee Consumption, Cardiovascular Disease, and Heart Valve Disease in the Elderly (from the Framingham Study)

The relation between caffeinated coffee consumption and heart disease morbidity and mortality is of great interest given the extensive use of this beverage. A recent prospective epidemiologic study found a strong protective association in elderly subjects without moderate to severe hypertension in the NHANES. To test this association in the Framingham Heart Study population, in which cardiovascular risk factors and health behaviors were carefully documented, Cox regression analyses were conducted for 1,354 subjects aged 65.4 to 96.6 years at study entry. There were 210 deaths from cardiovascular disease and 118 from coronary heart disease (CHD) during 10.1 years of follow-up. A significant negative association between caffeinated coffee consumption and CHD mortality was observed for subjects with systolic blood pressure (BP) <160 mm Hg and diastolic BP <100 mm Hg. The decrease in risk of CHD mortality for any caffeinated coffee versus none was 43% (95% confidence interval 9 to 64). This decreased risk appeared to be caused primarily by an inverse prospective relation between caffeinated coffee consumption and the development or progression of heart valve disease. The decrease in risk of heart valve disease for subjects with systolic BP <160 mm Hg and diastolic BP <100 mm Hg for any caffeinated coffee versus none was 43% (95% confidence interval 4 to 66). In conclusion, caffeinated coffee consumption was associated with lower risk of CHD mortality and heart valve disease development or progression in older Framingham subjects without moderate or severe hypertension.
Directions of fit and the humean theory of motivation 1

According to the Humean theory of motivation, a person can only be motivated to act by a desire together with a relevantly related belief. More specifically, a person can only be motivated to ϕ by a desire to ψ together with a belief that ϕ-ing is a means to or a way of ψ-ing. In recent writings, Michael Smith gives what has become a very influential argument in favour of the Humean claim that desire is a necessary part of motivation, and a great deal has been written about Smith's defence of this Humean claim. However, no one has yet identified the fundamental weakness of his defence. The fundamental weakness is that there is no single conception of directions of fit that does all the work Smith needs it to do throughout the various stages of his defence.
BEYOND THE ECONOMIC CATALYST DEBATE: CAN PUBLIC CONSUMPTION BENEFITS JUSTIFY A MUNICIPAL STADIUM INVESTMENT?

: A host of empirical studies have indicated that stadiums and arenas have no significant impact on metropolitan area income or employment. In light of this evidence, the continued proliferation of public investment in sports facilities begs the question: Is there some other justification for this spending, or are policymakers simply acting against the public interest (either irrationally, or in response to political-economic influences)? A possibility that has not been fully explored is the notion that stadiums and teams generate tangible and intangible consumption benefits that could support some level of public investment. This research builds on a small foundation of literature that is moving discussion beyond the economic catalyst debate by providing an empirical measure of the consumption benefits that accrue to a region as the result of hosting a major league sports team. A contingent valuation survey is used to quantify the consumption benefits that would be associated with the relocation of a major league baseball team to Portland, Oregon. An empirical measure of the region's aggregate willingness to pay for the benefits associated with hosting a team is disaggregated into option and existence values, which can then be compared to any proposed level of public contribution to a new stadium. The findings indicate that consumption benefits would only support a capital investment of approximately $74 million; a figure far smaller than the typical stadium subsidy. The majority of projected benefits are associated with expected public goods and externalities, rather than anticipated attendance, indicating that an equitable financing plan should employ nonuser revenue sources. The level of projected benefits does not vary by locality within the metropolitan area, which argues for a regional cost-sharing approach. The willingness of residents to pay for stadium construction is tempered by a concern about other pressing social needs in the Portland area and a reaction to the current tax climate.
Tris(pyrrolyl-α-methyl)amines that Sterically Protect a Trigonal Metal Site

Three substituted tris(pyrrolyl-α-methyl)amines (H3[Aryl3TPA]) (Aryl = 2,4,6-C6H2Me3, 2,4,6-C6H2(i-Pr)3 (Trip), or 3,5-C6H3(CF3)2) have been prepared. An X-ray study of [Trip3TPA]MoCl shows it to be a distorted trigonal bipyramidal species in which the 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl substituents surround and protect the apical chloride. Attempts to prepare other Mo, Zr, and Hf complexes yielded species in which one pyrrole-containing arm remained free (Mo) or dimethylamine remained in the coordination sphere of [Aryl3TPA]3- complexes (Zr, Hf).
Integration of Directed Self-Assembly with 193 nm Lithography

Directed self-assembly (DSA), which combines self-assembled polymers with lithographically defined substrates, has been considered as a potential candidate to extend optical lithography. In order to assess the capabilities and limitations of DSA as a viable patterning technology for the fabrication of semiconductor devices, we seek to integrate DSA with state-of-the-art optical lithography in a straightforward and process-friendly manner. In this paper, we discuss several integration strategies which allow 193 nm immersion lithography to produce suitable topographical and chemical guiding patterns for DSA. The ability to use optical lithography and commercially available patterning materials to fabricate effective guiding patterns will enable DSA to be applied to 300 mm wafers with state-of-the-art fab tooling and will open the door to meaningful wafer-scale characterization of DSA performance.
On "Sampling, data transmission, and the Nyquist rate" and adaptive communication using randomly time-varying channels

This letter points out that it is possible to transmit any finite number of data elements at rates faster than the Nyquist rate. This and related results motivate an approach to communication over randomly time-varying channels.
Interactions of liposomes with serum proteins

The interactions of serum proteins are diverse, complex and can lead to dramatic effects on liposome stability and in vivo behavior; conversely lipids can modify the biological activities of serum proteins. Serum lipoproteins can potentially destabilize bilayer membranes leading to vesicle disruption and loss of contents; irregularities in the lipid bilayer, such as those which exist at phase boundaries, promote the destabilizing effects of lipoproteins. Other serum components such as fibronectin, immunoglobulins and C reactive protein can modify the biological properties of liposomes by promoting interactions with reticuloendothelial cells and/or activation of the complement system. Liposomes can avidly bind certain serum clotting factors, a process which can lead to dramatic effects on the clotting cascade. Thus the interactions of liposomes with serum proteins can reciprocally effect both components involved.
Space Conditioning Load Under Spot or Time of Day Pricing

Electricity prices which vary during a 24 hour period enable custamers to optimize their use of electricity for space conditioning by exploiting the natural thermal storage inherent in a building. Explicit formulae for strategies and dollar savings - inside temperature deviations tradeoffs are provided. Relative impacts of outside temperature variations, price variations, and building parameters reveal interesting separatims of phenomena. A simple screening model is provided along with aggregate formulae and camparisons of spot pricing with prespecified time of day pricing.
Product Owner Manuals: An Exploratory Study of Nonreaders Versus Readers1

Empirical literature relating to the use of product owner manual information is sparse, despite the fact that the topic holds important marketplace safety implications. This study employed a survey methodology to explore manual-specific psychographic as well as demographic variables. Discriminant analysis found prior experience and time considerations to be among the most important variables in differentiating between nonreaders and readers of manuals. Results are discussed within the context of Russo's (1988) cost-benefit framework related to information usage. Following this perspective, we offer some initial ideas for programs aimed at increasing nonreaders' utilization of manuals.
A Semi‐Automated 96‐Well Solid Phase Extraction and High Performance Liquid Chromatographic Determination of a Selective GABA‐A Receptor Agonist in Human and Rat Plasma Using Fluorescence Detection

Abstract A semi‐automated, 96‐well solid phase extraction (SPE) method combined with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed, validated, and implemented to demonstrate its high sample throughput utility for the determination of a selective gamma amino‐butyric acid (GABA)‐A receptor agonist in human and rat plasma. A Tomtec Quadra 96 system was utilized to perform the typical 96‐well SPE steps, such as plate conditioning and washing, sample loading, drug and internal standard elution, dilution, and liquid transfers. The extracted and diluted eluents were analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection with excitation and emission wavelengths at 256 and 447 nm, respectively. Precision and accuracy for standard curve and quality control samples in human and rat plasma were all within acceptable limits. Post‐dose plasma samples from three rats were prepared and analyzed using this semi‐automated 96‐well SPE method. Full details of the analytical methodology, method validation, and the results...
The amine assisted photo-dehalogenation of halo-aromatic hydrocarbons

Abstract The rate constants for quenching the triplet states of 4-chlorobiphenyl, 1-chloronaphthalene and 1-methylanpthalene have been determined by use of the technique of laser flash photolysis. Evidence in favour of the quenching occurring by a charge transfer process, is presented.
Differential pharmacologic sensitivity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes isolated from cardiac muscle, arterial and airway smooth muscle.

Phosphodiesterase isozymes were isolated by diethylaminoethyl ether (DEAE) column chromatography from cardiac muscle (canine, guinea pig), vascular (canine and guinea pig aortic) and airway (canine tracheal) smooth muscle. All peak I phosphodiesterases had a low apparent Km (0.29–0.49 μM) for guanosine 3′: 5′ cyclic (cGMP) and all peak III phosphodiesterases had a low apparent Km for (0.35–0.58 μM) for adenosine 3′ : 5′ cyclic monophosphate (cAMP); trachealis peak III also had a high Km for cAMP (32 μM). The potency and selectivity for inhibition of peak I or peak III phosphodiesterase by theophylline and papaverine, the peak I selective inhibitor M + B 22948, and the peak III selective inhibitors amrinone, milrinone, imazodan, CI-930 and piroximone were approximately equal when isozymes isolated from aortic smooth muscle were compared to isozymes isolated from cardiac muscle of both species. Rolipram was relatively potent as a peak III phosphodiesterase inhibitor in canine cardiac muscle, but was impotent in the other cardivascular peak IIIs. In tracheal smooth muscle, the cardiovascular selective peak III phosphodiesterase selective inhibitors were substantially less potent while rolipram was more potent as a peak III inhibitor. In summary, these studies show that while cardiac and vascular smooth muscle phosphodiesterase isozymes are pharmacologically similar, there is pharmacological and substrate heterogeneity of peak III phosphodiesterase in aortic vs. trachea smooth muscle within the same species.
Gene regulation with polyvalent siRNA-nanoparticle conjugates.

We report the synthesis and characterization of polyvalent RNA−gold nanoparticle conjugates (RNA−Au NPs), nanoparticles that are densely functionalized with synthetic RNA oligonucleotides and designed to function in the RNAi pathway. The particles were rationally designed and synthesized to be free of degrading enzymes, have a high surface loading of siRNA duplexes, and contain an auxiliary passivating agent for increased stability in biological media. The resultant conjugates have a half-life six times longer than that of free dsRNA, readily enter cells without the use of transfection agents, and demonstrate a high gene knockdown capability in a cell model.
The word problem for Artin groups of FC type

Abstract The Artin groups of FC type can be characterized as the smallest class of Artin groups which is closed under free products amalgamated over special subgroups (subgroups generated by a subset of canonical generators) and which contains the finite-type Artin groups. There is a computationally feasible normal form for special cosets of FC-type Artin groups. In particular, the word problem is solvable in quadratic time. It is also shown that FC-type Artin groups are asynchronously automatic and that the set of positive words in a standard presentation of an Artin group of FC type is isomorphic to the monoid given by the same presentation.
Recurrent cerebellar hemangioblastoma with enhancing tumor in the cyst wall: case report.

Objective Hemangioblastomas are the most common primary intra-axial tumors of the adult posterior fossa and the tumors most often associated with von Hippel-Lindau disease. Resection of cerebellar hemangioblastomas involves tumor excision and drainage of associated cysts. The cyst wall is considered devoid of tumor cells and is not excised. We present an unusual variant of a hemangioblastoma that showed pathological evidence of a tumor within the cyst wall that correlated with radiographic cyst wall enhancement in a patient with a recurrent hemangioblastoma. Clinical presentation A 38-year-old woman with von Hippel-Lindau disease presented with a recurrent cerebellar hemangioblastoma despite two previous operations during which the mural nodule was removed but the cyst wall was not. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a cystic lesion with an enhancing mural nodule with atypical nodular enhancement throughout the cyst wall. Intervention Because the patient had a history of multiple recurrences, gross total resection of the mural nodule and cyst wall was performed. At surgery, neovascularization and neoplasia within the cyst wall were visualized. Histopathological examination showed a capillary hemangioblastoma with tumor tissue inside the cyst wall. No clinical or radiographic evidence of recurrence was observed during 2 years of follow-up monitoring. Conclusion This unusual case of a hemangioblastoma with cyst wall enhancement demonstrates a correlation between enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging and presence of neoplasia within the cyst wall, as well as the importance of considering complete resection of these areas, including the cyst wall, for the prevention of recurrence.
A study of positive linear operators by the method of moments, one-dimensional case

Abstract Let [a, b] ⊂R and let N be a sequence of positive linear operators from Cn[a, b] (nϵ Z +) to C[a, b]. The convergence of Lj to the identity operator I is closely related to the weak convergence of a sequence of finite measure μj, to the unit (Dirac) measure δx0, x0 ϵ [a, b]. New estimates are given for the remainder ¦∝ [a,b] ƒdμ j − ƒ(x 0 )¦, where ƒ ϵ C n ([a, b]) . Using moment methods, Shisha-Mond-type best or nearly best upper bounds are established for various choices of [a, b], n and given moments of μj. Some of them lead to attainable inequalities. The optimal functions/measures are typically spline functions and finitely supported measures. The corresponding inequalities involve the first modulus of continuity of ƒ (n) (the nth derivative of ƒ) or a modification of it. Several applications of these results are given.
Fas‐mediated apoptosis in seven human prostate cancer cell lines: Correlation with tumor stage

BACKGROUND Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, can be mediated through an endogenous signaling pathway that emanates from a cell surface receptor known as Fas. Although best recognized for its role in the immune system, recent studies have also suggested a role for Fas in mediating apoptosis in the murine prostate. Little is known, however, regarding the role of Fas-signaling in the human prostate, and if this signaling pathway is abrogated in the development of prostate cancer (PC). METHODS In the current study, seven human PC cell lines were evaluated for their sensitivities to Fas-mediated apoptosis, using both morphologic and flow cytometric methods. Fas expression by each cell line was quantitated by immunofluorescence, and gene expression of three putative inhibitory molecules was analyzed. RESULTS The differential sensitivities of the cell lines to Fas-mediated apoptosis were found to correlate with the clinical stage of the parental tumors. Specifically, the three most sensitive cell lines were all derived from primary tumors, while the four most resistant cell lines were derived from distant metastases. Immunofluorescent analyses of the PC cell lines revealed that the observed resistance to apoptosis was not due to reduced expression of membrane-bound Fas. Likewise, this resistance did not correlate with increased gene expression of the inhibitory molecules FAP-1, ICE epsilon, and Ich-1S. CONCLUSIONS Our results using established PC cell lines support previous studies with prostatic tissue specimens, and suggest that the normal, differentiated prostatic epithelium, as well as locally invasive PCs, have the potential to undergo Fas-mediated apoptosis. Conversely, these studies suggest that metastatic PCs have a reduced apoptotic potential that is mediated by a novel mechanism. Prostate 36:92–101, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The current situation in psychiatry and its effects on the delivery of mental health services in the next decade.

As long as mental illness is regarded as primarily a behavioral disorder, current and foreseeable manpower shortages in psychiatry make it necessary to increase the participation of nonmedical personnel in the treatment process. The controversy between those advocating behavioral treatment and those favoring the medical model cannot be resolved due to the fact that our current knowledge of the biologic roots of mental illness is inadequate. A breakthrough in research in this area could resolve the argument and solve the manpower problem by transferring psychiatric disorders into physiologic disease susceptible to medical treatment. Alternative models for the delivery of mental health services can be developed to allow for different possibilities in the outcome of research. Additional data is needed, especially on the costs and effectiveness of future therapies, before an evaluation of programs can be carried out.
Optimized calculations of vibrational-rotational states of diatomic molecules

Abstract The numerical solution of the vibrational-rotational Schrodinger equation for the bound states of diatomic molecules is discussed. A formula for starting the numerical integration at large internuclear distances, based on the requirement that the solution is bounded in all space, is given. Expressions are derived for the errors in the second derivative of the solution and the eigenvalues when the Numerov method of numerical integration is used. Based on these expressions, a method of choosing the step size is described which allows eigenvalues to be calculated to specified or optimum accuracy. Results are reported for an H2 Morse potential and an experimental Ar2 curve.
A measure of teamwork perceptions for team-based learning

Abstract Introduction Teamwork is a developed skill that is essential within pharmacy practice and health care. Exposure to team-based learning (TBL) pedagogy may foster development of this skill. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a measure for perception of teamwork among PharmD students, and then examine a module using TBL pedagogy. Methods Faculty instructors for a 90-contact hour cardiovascular pharmacotherapy module used TBL pedagogy in teaching 18 hours of the therapeutics topics in that module. To determine a change in their perceptions of teamwork, second-year PharmD students took pre- and post-module surveys. The survey instrument used was previously published with use among medical students. Results Fifty-eight of 61 PharmD students participated. The Rasch Measurement Model was used to construct measures of student perceptions along a linear and unidimensional "perception of teamwork" continuum. To make the survey unidimensional, seven of the 20 items were removed. The resulting instrument had a reliability of 0.93 and separation of 3.56. Pre-module survey results were 1.1 ± 2.5 logits, whereas afterwards were 1.3 ± 2.4 logits. Change in students' perceptions were varied at 0.2 ± 2.6 logits (paired t -test p = 0.6293). Older students had a negative correlation ( r = –0.27, p = 0.04), whereas pharmacy work experience had a positive correlation with change in teamwork perception ( r = 0.31, p = 0.02). Conclusion This instrument appears psychometrically valid and reliable to measure changes in PharmD students' perceptions of teamwork with TBL. Study results led to reflection on attributing factors for module improvements by involved faculty.
Aging and the use of advance probability information.

Two experiments were performed to investigate the relation between age and use of advance probability information to prepare for a simple response. In both, an occasional presignal occurring about .5 sec before a possible response signal informed the subject that the probability of a response signal had increased from .1 to .5. In Experiment 1, 24 women and men selected for short RT were tested, all between 21 and 78 yr of age. Subjects under 50 were able to use the advance information to shorten their RTs as were the majority of older subjects. However, for some older subjects the presignal produced a negative effect, a paradoxical lengthening of RT. In Experiment 2, using five of the older subjects from Experiment 1, more intensive testing was done with closer spacing of trials. Subjects who previously showed a lengthening of RT with the presignal now showed the typical shortening. In summary, over the age span investigated, almost all selected older subjects as well as younger subjects were able to ben...
A variational method for the calculation of dynamic polarizabilities and two‐photon transition moments. The dressed molecule approach

The solution of the time‐dependent Schrodinger equation of the molecule+radiation field system is analyzed. A quantized radiation field is used. The relationship between the oscillatory wave function and the dressed state wave function is established. The oscillatory wave function being the solution if the radiation field is turned on at t=0 and the dressed state being the stationary solution satisfying the boundary condition only if the field is present at t=−∞. In general, the oscillatory wave function can be expressed using a complete set of dressed states. However, in the presence of a nonresonant radiation field, the system is well represented by a single dressed state. Molecular properties such as dynamic polarizabilities and two‐photon transition moments can be deduced from the dressed state wave function instead of the oscillatory wave function as in previous methods. Because of its stationary character, the dressed state is more amenable to approximate calculations. A CI method is developed for this purpose. The CI matrix is simple in form and can be readily constructed using existing computer codes. The present method can also be adapted to calculate other optical properties.
Design, synthesis, and evaluation of hybrid vitamin D3 side chain analogues as hedgehog pathway inhibitors

Vitamin D3 (VD3) is a moderately potent and non-selective inhibitor of the Hedgehog (Hh) signaling cascade. Previous studies have established that the CD-ring region of VD3 serves as the Hh inhibitory pharmacophore. Subsequently, compound 3, an ester linked aromatic A-ring and CD-ring derivative was identified as an improved and selective Hh inhibitor. Herein, we report modifications of the CD-ring side chain that afford enhancement of selectivity for Hh modulation thereby diminishing the detrimental effects of concomitant vitamin D receptor activation. In general, linear or moderately branched alkyl chains of five or six carbons were optimal for potent and selective inhibition of Hh signaling. Moreover, hybrid VD3 side chain derivative 20 demonstrated 4-fold improvement in Hh antagonistic activity over VD3(IC50=1.1-1.6 μM) while gaining greater than a 1000-fold selectivity for Hh signaling over canonical activation of the vitamin D receptor pathway.
Test of a distributional theory of intuitive numerical prediction

Abstract This paper investigates models that describe how subjects combine uncertain information to arrive at an intuitive prediction of a criterion. Subjects were trained, with feedback, to predict a numerical criterion from each of three single cues. Then they were asked to predict the criterion, without feedback, either from pairs of cues or from single cues. Their predictions were not consistent with a relative weight averaging model, since pairs of cues did not combine additively. Instead, the effect of a cue was inversely proportional to the standard deviation of the criterion at each level of the cue. Subjects appeared to apply greater weight to cue levels with smaller variance, i.e., those cue levels that were more valid. The data could be described by a distributional theory referred to as the equal probability model. For the present experiment, this model implies that the criterion means associated with the levels of each cue are weighted by the reciprocals of the standard deviations and then averaged. Relations between the equal probability model and other models of impression formation are discussed.
Understanding the cellular mechanism of recovery from freeze-thaw injury in spinach: possible role of aquaporins, heat shock proteins, dehydrin and antioxidant system.

Recovery from reversible freeze-thaw injury in plants is a critical component of ultimate frost survival. However, little is known about this aspect at the cellular level. To explore possible cellular mechanism(s) for post-thaw recovery (REC), we used Spinacia oleracea L. cv. Bloomsdale leaves to first determine the reversible freeze-thaw injury point. Freeze (-4.5°C)-thaw-injured tissues (32% injury vs <3% in unfrozen control) fully recovered during post-thaw, as assessed by an ion leakage-based method. Our data indicate that photosystem II efficiency (Fv/Fm) was compromised in injured tissues but recovered during post-thaw. Similarly, the reactive oxygen species (O2 (•-) and H2 O2 ) accumulated in injured tissues but dissipated during recovery, paralleled by the repression and restoration, respectively, of activities of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) (EC. 1.14.1.1), and catalase (CAT) (EC.1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) (EC.1.11.1.11). Restoration of CAT and APX activities during recovery was slower than SOD, concomitant with a slower depletion of H2 O2 compared to O2 (•-) . A hypothesis was also tested that the REC is accompanied by changes in the expression of water channels [aquaporines (AQPs)] likely needed for re-absorption of thawed extracellular water. Indeed, the expression of two spinach AQPs, SoPIP2;1 and SoδTIP, was downregulated in injured tissues and restored during recovery. Additionally, a notion that molecular chaperones [heat shock protein of 70 kDa (HSP70s)] and putative membrane stabilizers [dehydrins (DHNs)] are recruited during recovery to restore cellular homeostasis was also tested. We noted that, after an initial repression in injured tissues, the expression of three HSP70s (cytosolic, endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial) and a spinach DHN (CAP85) was significantly restored during the REC.
The Future’s So Bright, I Gotta Wear Shades

In this article I consider the future of the field of emotion. My conclusion—borrowing the title of a little-remembered song from the 1980s—is that “the future’s so bright, I gotta wear shades.” I begin this article by considering some of the many daunting conceptual and empirical challenges here; this is clearly not a field for the faint of heart. I then turn to some of the incredible conceptual and empirical opportunities here; there are so many it’s easy to feel dizzy. In the final section, I predict that the field of emotion will broaden and become more problem focused, and hazard a “top 10” list of hot topics.
Real-Time Video Relay for UAV Traffic Surveillance Systems Through Available Communication Networks

The unmanned aerial vehicle can be an efficient and economical solution to real-time surveillance of highway traffic. This paper describes a data link that connects the camera onboard an unmanned aerial vehicle to the monitoring terminals in the office of the Michigan Department of Transportation. A video signal captured by the surveillance camera can be either displayed on the terminals in real time, or stored on ground for future off-line analysis. The video signal is relayed via available mobile communication networks. An addition server is used in practice to guarantee the consistency of data flow and high throughput of the communication channel.
Onset of convection in a porous medium with internal heat source and variable gravity

The problem treated is that of convection in a fluid saturated porous layer, heated internally and where the gravitational field varies with distance through the layer. The boundaries are assumed to be solid. It is proved that the principle of exchange of stabilities holds as long as the gravity field and the integral of the heat sources both have the same sign. The proof is based on the idea of a positive operator, and uses the positivity property of the Green's function.
A differential constraints approach to partial invariance

Ovsiannikov's method of partially invariant solutions of differential equations can be considered to be a special case of the method of differential constraints introduced by Yanenko and by Olver and Rosenau. Differential constraints are used to construct non-reducible partially invariant solutions of the boundary layer or Prandtl equations.
Women's Work? American Schoolteachers, 1650–1920 . By Joel Perlmann and Robert A. Margo. Chicago and London: The University of Chicago Press, 2001. Pp. x, 188. $32.00.

By the 1920s over 90 percent of primary-school teachers in the United States were women. But in 1860, only a third of Southern rural teachers were female whereas in New England and Mid-Atlantic rural areas, modern proportions had already been attained. One of the main objectives of this careful and lucid study is to examine the reasons for these different regional patterns.
Is Foster's reactance theorem satisfied in double-negative and single-negative media?

In this paper, we address the issue of Foster's reactance theorem for the material media in which one or both of the material parameters e and μ may possess negative real parts. We demonstrate that this theorem is indeed satisfied for a one-port termination filled with a lossless metamaterial with negative real permittivity and permeability, known as a double-negative (DNG) medium, or with a lossless metamaterial with either negative real permittivity or negative real permeability, which can be called a single-negative (SNG) medium. However, in the case of DNG media when the reactive input impedance of such a termination is compared with that of its counterpart filled with a conventional lossless double-positive (DPS) material, it is found that the two reactances have opposite signs. Similar conclusions can be made for a termination filled with a lossless epsilon-negative (ENG) material when it is compared with that of its mu-negative (MNG) counterpart. Therefore, if a one-port termination filled with a lossless DPS or ENG material possesses inductive input reactance, when the same termination is filled instead with a lossless DNG or MNG material, its input reactance may be capacitive. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 39: 11–14, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.11111
Determinants of growing season soil CO2flux in a Minnesota grassland

Soil CO2 flux was measured across 947 plots at 7 experimental grassland sites at the Cedar Creek Natural History Area in order to determine the relationships between soil CO2 flux and environ- mental factors, living plant biomass, and soil C and N. Soil CO2 flux increased as the day progressed, and was positively related to aboveground biomass, belowground biomass, and soil % C. However, most of the variation in soil CO2 flux explained by a multiple regression model (r 2 = 0.55) was attributed to the different experimental sites (61%). Soil CO2 flux increased with increasing aboveground plant bio- mass (explaining 16% of the model variation), belowground plant biomass (12%), and soil C and C:N ratio (6%). The length of time between aboveground biomass in a plot was clipped and soil CO2 flux varied among plots. Soil CO2 flux declined with increased time since clipping, supporting the idea that recently fixed carbon is a significant component of soil CO2 flux. Soil CO2 flux did not follow standard Q10 relationships. Over a 20 °C temperature range, soil CO2 flux tended to be lower in warmer plots. More work is necessary to understand what factors explain the large differences that were seen among experimental sites in soil CO2 flux that could not be explained by biomass or soil properties.
GIPSE: Streamlining the Management of Simulation on the Grid

Although the grid allows the researcher to tap a vast amount of resources, the complexity involved in utilizing this power can make it unwieldy and time-consuming. The Grid Interface for Parameter Sweeps and Exploration (GIPSE) toolset aims to solve this issue by freeing users from script debugging, storage issues, and other minutiae involved in managing simulations on the grid. GIPSE, which interacts seamlessly with existing grid software, abstracts interactions with the grid to present a research-centric view of the process rather than the typical task-centric view. GIPSE offers an alternative interface to the grid that removes the need for application specific wrappers around parameter-driven simulations and provides an interface to build data sets for visualization. In this paper, the authors discussed how GIPSE bridges a critical gap between existing tools and management of the overarching data result.
Spiritual and Religious Coping Values and Beliefs Among African American Caregivers: A Qualitative Study

Using a sample of 303 African American caregivers, this study examines if and how religious affiliation, involvement, and spiritual beliefs help caregivers in providing care to older relatives. Results show that 7% to 22% of all groups of caregivers (primary, secondary, tertiary, and tertiary only) reported receiving help from their places of worship. When church support was provided, it was mostly emotional support (i.e., advice and encouragement). An overwhelming percentage, between 78% and 86%, of all caregivers indicated that their spiritual beliefs helped them “a lot” with giving care. Through qualitative analysis, four domains of how spiritual beliefs helped caregivers emerged from the data. These four domains, in order of frequency, include the strength to endure (45%), a sense of duty and reciprocity toward those who had cared for them (24%), faith for encouragement and inspiration (24%), and gratification to foster positive feelings about giving care (7%).
Mold allergy is a risk factor for persistent cold-like symptoms in children.

In winter, children with mold allergy may develop persistent cold-like symptoms (PCLS) that often defy conventional therapy. To investigate the cause of PCLS, we enrolled 44 children (25 with PCLS and 19 controls) in a 2-year study to compare their clinical symptoms and the mold count in their homes. Children with PCLS had a higher percent of eosinophils in nasal smears as compared with those without PCLS (32% vs 26%). On a scale of 0 to 3, the PCLS group had higher symptom scores (P<0.001 for all symptoms): bloodshot eyes (2.92 vs 0.79), mouth breathing (2.04 vs 0.68), rhinorrhea (2.48 vs 0.89), nasal voice (2.68 vs 1.00), postnasal drip (2.64 vs 0.47), and headache (2.72 vs 0.53) than the non-PCLS group. The clinical scores also correlated significantly with the mold count in the home (the rvalue ranged from 0.6716 to 0.7450). We conclude that management of children with PCLS should include decreasing humidity and enforcing environmental control to eradicate mold from inside the homes.
Effect of twist and porosity on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiber yarns.

This study focuses on the effect of twist and porosity on the electrical conductivity of carbon nanofiber (CNF) yarns. The process of fabrication of CNF yarns included the synthesis of aligned ribbons of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers via electrospinning. The PAN ribbons were twisted into yarns with twist levels ranging from zero twist to high twists of 1300 turn per meter (tpm). The twist imposed on the ribbons substantially improved the interactions between nanofibers and reduced the porosity. The PAN yarns were subsequently stabilized in air, and then carbonized in nitrogen at 1100 ° C for 1 h. Compressive stresses developed between the PAN nanofibers as a result of twist promoted interfusion between neighboring nanofibers, which was accelerated by heating the yarns during stabilization to temperatures above the glass transition of PAN. The electrical conductivity of the yarns was measured with a four point probe measurement technique. Although increasing the twist promotes electrical conductivity between nanofibers by forming junctions between them, our results indicate that the electrical conductivity does not continuously increase with increasing twist, but reaches a threshold value after which it starts to decrease. The causes for this behavior were studied through experimental techniques and further explored using a yarn-equivalent electrical circuit model.
STM Study of Multiple Bonding Configurations and Mechanism of 1,3-Cyclohexadiene Attachment on Si(100)-2 1

Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) was used to investigate the reaction of 1,3-cyclohexadiene with Si dimers on the bare Si(100) surface. Detailed, high-resolution STM images show a distribution of surface products. In addition to the intradimer [2 + 2] and [4 + 2] reaction products previously reported, two different [2 + 2] conformers are identified. Empty state STM images also show interdimer [4 + 2] reactions involving neighboring dimers in the same row and in adjacent rows. The former are shown to be the dominant surface product despite the presence of unpaired dangling bonds on two adjacent dimers. These results are interpreted in terms of a reaction mechanism in which the reduced ring strain favors the kinetic interdimer [4 + 2] product over the thermodynamically stable [4 + 2] intradimer product.
Assessing vegetation response to drought in the northern Great Plains using vegetation and drought indices

The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) has been widely used to monitor moisture-related vegetation condition. The relationship between vegetation vigor and moisture availability, however, is complex and has not been adequately studied with satellite sensor data. To better understand this relationship, an analysis was conducted on time series of monthly NDVI (1989–2000) during the growing season in the north and central U.S. Great Plains. The NDVI was correlated to the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), a multiple-time scale meteorological-drought index based on precipitation. The 3-month SPI was found to have the best correlation with the NDVI, indicating lag and cumulative effects of precipitation on vegetation, but the correlation between NDVI and SPI varies significantly between months. The highest correlations occurred during the middle of the growing season, and lower correlations were noted at the beginning and end of the growing season in most of the area. A regression model with seasonal dummy variables reveals that the relationship between the NDVI and SPI is significant in both grasslands and croplands, if this seasonal effect is taken into account. Spatially, the best NDVI–SPI relationship occurred in areas with low soil water-holding capacity. Our most important finding is that NDVI is an effective indicator of vegetation-moisture condition, but seasonal timing should be taken into consideration when monitoring drought with the NDVI.
A Conjecture Concerning the Pure States of B(H) and a Related Theorem

The purpose of this note is twofold. First to present a conjecture concerning the form of the pure states on B(H) and second to prove a theorem related to this conjecture.
The 1.30 Å resolution structure of the Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase catalytic homotrimer

The crystal structure of the Bacillus subtilis chorismate mutase, an enzyme of the aromatic amino acids biosynthetic pathway, was determined to 1.30 A resolution. The structure of the homotrimer was determined by molecular replacement using orthorhombic crystals of space group P212121 with unit-cell parameters a = 52.2, b = 83.8, c = 86.0 A. The ABC trimer of the monoclinic crystal structure [Chook et al. (1994), J. Mol. Biol. 240, 476–500] was used as the starting model. The final coordinates are composed of three complete polypeptide chains of 127 amino-acid residues. In addition, there are nine sulfate ions, five glycerol molecules and 424 water molecules clearly visible in the structure. This structure was refined with aniosotropic temperature factors, has excellent geometry and a crystallographic R factor of 0.169 with an Rfree of 0.236. The three active sites of the macromolecule are at the subunit interfaces, with residues from two subunits contributing to each site. This orthorhombic crystal form was grown using ammonium sulfate as the precipitant; glycerol was used as a cryoprotectant during data collection. A glycerol molecule and sulfate ion in each of the active sites was found mimicking a transition-state analog. In this structure, the C-terminal tails of the subunits of the trimer are hydrogen bonded to residues of the active site of neighboring trimers in the crystal and thus cross-link the molecules in the crystal lattice.
MAP-Based Timing Recovery for Magnetic Recording

We consider the problem of timing recovery in magnetic recording channels based on MAP estimation of the timing information. The read and write clocks are modeled as random walk processes that allow for slowly varying phase and frequency offsets of the clocks. We propose a new timing error detector (TED) that provides sufficient statistics about the instantaneous timing error. Using the clock models and the new TED, the MAP estimates of the sampling times are derived. This method is shown to be more robust than the conventional algorithm based on the Mueller and Muller TED and easily implementable for a small additional complexity.
When new media make news: Framing technology and sexual assault in the Steubenville rape case

The 2013 Steubenville, Ohio, rape case featured a sadly familiar story of juvenile acquaintance rape involving star football players; what captured national interest in the case, however, was how the rapists and peer witnesses alike captured video and photos of the sexual assault and disseminated them swiftly and publicly via social media sites. This qualitative textual analysis utilizes framing theory to explore how national news coverage framed new media technology in relation to the Steubenville rape case, particularly how technology was framed as witness, galvanizer, and threat during the rape and its aftermath. Implications of these frames, as well as a lack of broader sexual assault context in the media coverage, are considered.