cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A myosin light chain mediates the localization of the budding yeast IQGAP-like protein during contractile ring formation

Abstract Cytokinesis in animal cells is accomplished through constriction of an actomyosin ring [1–3], which must assemble at the correct time and place in order to ensure proper division of genetic material and organelles. Budding yeast is a useful model system for determining the biochemical pathway of contractile ring assembly. The budding yeast IQGAP-like protein, Cyk1/Iqg1p, has multiple roles in the assembly and contraction of the actomyosin ring [4–6]. Previously, the IQ motifs of Cyk1/Iqg1p were shown to be required for the localization of this protein at the bud neck [6]. We have investigated the binding partner of the IQ motifs, which are predicted to interact with calmodulin-like proteins. Mlc1p was originally identified as a light chain for a type V myosin, Myo2p; however, a cytokinesis defect associated with disruption of the MLC1 gene suggested that the essential function of Mlc1p may involve interactions with other proteins [7]. We show that Mlc1p binds the IQ motifs of Cyk1/Iqg1p and present evidence that this interaction recruits Cyk1/Iqg1p to the bud neck. Immunofluorescence staining shows that Mlc1p is localized to sites of polarized cell growth as well as the bud neck before and independently of Cyk1p. These results demonstrate that Mlc1p is important for the assembly of the actomyosin ring in budding yeast and that this function is mediated through interaction with Cyk1/Iqg1p.
Transition metal ion complexes of thiosemicarbazones derived from 2-acetylpyridine. Part 7. Chemical and antifungal properties of 2-acetylpyridine4 N-ethylthiosemicarbazone and its metal complexes

Spectral and thermal information, as well as activity againstAspergillus niger, have been obtained for 2-acetylpyridine4N-ethylthiosemicarbazone and its iron(III), cobalt(II,III), nickel(II) and copper(II) complexes.
Stopband and transmission zero widening via nonuniformities in linear distributed systems

The behavior of transmission zeros and stopbands of uniform distributed linear systems is studied when nonuniformities are introduced. It is shown that transmission zeros expand into stopbands (or bandgaps) and existing stopbands are widened. The introduced nonuniformities could be intrinsic in the design of the system itself as in specially designed photonic crystals and in functionally graded materials, or extrinsic via an environmental factor, such as temperature or stress. This work presents a unified analysis based on the general properties of a linear distributed system that explains the observed appearance of stopbands and widening of existing ones in various fields, and identifies the conditions under which they occur.
SYMPTOMATIC HERPES, A SEQUELA OF ARTIFICIALLY INDUCED FEVER : INCIDENCE AND CLINICAL ASPECTS; RECOVERY OF A VIRUS FROM HERPETIC VESICLES, AND COMPARISON WITH A KNOWN STRAIN OF HERPES VIRUS

1. Symptomatic herpes occurred in 190 (46.2 per cent) of 411 patients treated with fever induced by physical methods. 2. Herpes recurred in only 7, or 5.3 per cent, of 131 patients given subsequent fever treatments, suggesting that some immunity develops with the first attack. 3. An acute encephalitis-like syndrome of short duration and without sequelae developed in a group of patients with severe herpes following fever therapy. 4. A filter-passing virus, recovered from herpetic vesicles on patients treated with artificially induced fever, produced a fatal encephalitis in rabbits when inoculated intracerebrally and by corneal scarification. Intranuclear inclusion bodies were observed in corneal epithelial cells and in motor ganglion cells of the brain similar to those observed in rabbits injected with known strains of herpes virus. 5. Four strains of virus that had been recovered from herpetic vesicles appearing on patients subsequent to artificially induced fever were shown by cross-protection tests on rabbits to be immunologically related to the Frank strain of herpes virus.
Effect of selective adaptation on detection of simple and compound parafoveal stimuli.

Abstract Detection thresholds for peripherally viewed circular stimuli with diameters ranging from 0.5 to 4° were measured before and after adaptation with 1.5, 2.5 and 3.5° circular stimuli. Thresholds were also measured for compound stimuli, formed by superimposing 1, 2, 3 and 4° stimuli upon a 4° stimulus, both before and after selective adaptation. The results indicate that an adaptation stimulus is most effective in reducing the visibility of stimuli nearest in size to the adaptation stimulus, but when the adaptation stimulus differs in size from the test stimulus, the effect is reduced and in some cases reversed. The results are discussed in terms of their implications for certain models of spatial integration in vision.
Latinos and the United States criminal justice system: Introduction

There are almost thirty million Latino persons in the United States, representing eleven percent of the total U.S. population. Relative to their proportion in the U.S. population Latinos are overrepresented in criminal justice statistics. Latinos express “more confidence” in the criminal justice system than either white or black persons. The focus on white/black patterns in criminal justice statistics, however, ignores the study of Latino experiences with the criminal justice system.
Sedation and the stimulus properties of antihistamines.

Abstract A group of six rats was trained to discriminate the effects of diphenhydramine (10 mg/kg; 30 min pretreatment time) and saline in a two-lever choice task using a fixed ratio schedule of water reinforcement. Stimulus control was assumed to be present when 80% or more of the first ten responses were appropriate for the treatment condition on each of five consecutive days. Diphenhydramine established stimulus control in each of the subjects. The mean number of sessions prior to the onset of criterion performance was 26 (standard error = 7). A secncond group of six rats was similarly trained with chlorpheniramine (10 mg/kg; 30 min pretreatment time) and saline. Four of the group reached criterion performance in a mean of 56 sessions (SE=7). The diphenhydramine stimulus generalized completely to promethazine, azatidine, and chlorpheniramine. In rats trained with chlorpheniramine, only promethazine and azatidine substituted completely while diphenhydramine yielded intermediate results, i.e., significantly different from both training conditions. It is concluded that the relative propensity of antihistamines to induce sedation in humans is not correlated with distinctive stimulus properties in the rat.
Remote detection of invasive Melaleuca trees (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in South Florida with multispectral IKONOS imagery

The distribution of invasive Melaleuca (Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S.T. Blake) was mapped using 4‐m spatial resolution, multispectral IKONOS imagery in an area of south Florida along the eastern edge of Everglades National Park. Detection of Melaleuca stands was achieved using a back‐propagation neural network classifier, which allowed identification of dense stands, but in some instances misclassified other woody canopies as Melaleuca. The use of IKONOS multispectral imagery to detect low‐density occurrences of Melaleuca appears limited relative to traditional methods of aerial photographic interpretation. However, analysis of landscape‐level distribution of moderate‐to‐dense Melaleuca, using Fragstats, indicated a highly aggregated Melaleuca distribution relative to other woody vegetation patches. The distribution of Melaleuca stands was associated with cultural features in the suburban environment such as canals and roads, which may act as dispersal corridors for seeds. Thus, classified IKONOS imag...
Benzo[A]pyrene metabolism in organ cultures of human endometrium

Abstract Twenty-six specimens of normal human endometrium were obtained for studies of [3H]benzo[a]pyrene metabolism in short-term organ culture. The tissues were capable of converting benzo[a]pyrene (BP) to oxygenated derivatives which co-chromatographed with dihydrodiols, quinones and monohydroxy derivatives of BP. A sulfate conjugate of a monohydroxy BP was also found among the acetone/ethyl acetate soluble products. When the acetone/ethyl acetate soluble metabolites were analyzed using high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), the proportion of metabolites were found to vary greatly from specimen to specimen. Eight women smoked cigarettes but the BP metabolite profiles from organ cultures of endometrial tissue from these women did not differ from those who did not smoke. The average value for sulfate conjugates of monohydroxy BP was significantly lower in endometrial tissue from three postmenopausal women (ages 49, 57 and 58) than among premenopausal women. Specimens from premenopausal women which had been in organ culture for 2 weeks prior to the addition of [3H]BP produced metabolite profiles similar to those of specimens from postmenopausal women with a greatly reduced proportion of BP-phenol sulfate conjugates. These data suggest that the absence of hormonal stimulus (i.e., advanced age or conditions of organ culture) may affect the metabolism of BP in human endometrial tissue.
Magnetic ordering effects in the ultra-violet reflectance of EuS and EuSe☆

Abstract The u.v. reflectance spectra of the ferromagnetic semiconductors, EuS and Euse have been studied for the first time as a function of temperature and polarization in a high magnetic field. The behavior of the main ultraviolet peak, E2, near 4eV appears more complicated than that of the infrared peak, E1. Splitting of E2 into right and left circularly polarized components however indicates that this peak is due, at least partly, to 4ƒ 7 ( 8 S 7 2 → 4ƒ 6 ( 7 F j ) 5d(e g )
TOTAL AND AVAILABLE LYSINE DETERMINATIONS USING HIGH‐PRESSURE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY

The use of high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in determining total and available lysine was studied. Protein-carbohydrate mixtures were analyzed for available lysine by reaction with fluoro-dinitrobenzene (FDNB) and separation of e-DNP-lysine by HPLC. When comparing the HPLC method to an FDNB spectrophotometric method, the latter gave higher results. The difference was attributed to compounds formed during hydrolysis that interfered with the spectrophotometric method. Total lysine was determined in food proteins by reacting hydrolysates with dansyl chloride. HPLC was used to separate and quantify didansyl lysine.
The public's view of the future of health care.

An analysis of more than two decades of poll results has identified six major trends in public opinion likely to affect the health care system of the 1990s. Americans favor more rather than less health spending, at least as long as the economy remains strong, and they do not think the deficit problem requires cuts in medical care outlays. Should there be a serious economic downturn, however, the public would reverse itself and would favor reduced spending that relies on a different set of strategies than those favored by most health policy experts, particularly in regard to spending for care for the elderly. In either case, the poll results suggest that Americans may be less inclined to participate in newer forms of medical practice, such as health maintenance organizations or preferred provider organizations, than anticipated, and that the commercialization of health care is leading to a decline in public confidence in the leaders of medicine. This latter trend may result in a lack of trust in professionals' views concerning the quality of care and may presage more stringent government involvement in and regulation of health services. ( JAMA 1988;259:3587-3593)
Comments on the intercalibration of multisensor, multitemporal, multichannel digital radiance data

When comparing the recorded radiance data obtained on a given date by means of different sensors or on different dates using the same sensor, the values in question must be referred to some common datum. It is presently noted that more data are required for remote sensing instruments, and that these should consist of gain, offset, spectral response and point spread function for each bandpass. Such information will be the bases for studies of sensor intercalibration procedure.
Mediating effects of intrapersonal and social support on mental health 1 and 3 years after a natural disaster

Knowledge regarding social support has increased expotentially in the last decade; however, it remains unclear how support prevents or relieves stress and whether persons experiencing different kinds of stress need different kinds of support. This paper explores these issues. First, some of the stressful encounters reported by disaster victims are identified. Next, alternative schools of thought regarding how social support is conceptualized and measured is discussed. Finally, a longitudinal disaster study conducted by the author in which two rival hypotheses (self-efficacy and social support) were tested in mediating the relationship between stress and health is reported. Recommendations for future study are suggested in light of current methodological issues and study findings.
Organic interferences and their elimination in the 2,4-xylenol spectrophotometric method for nitrate

Abstract The 2,4-xylenol spectrophotometric method for nitrate involves formation of 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol, which is steam-distilled into an ammonia—water—isopropanol mixture. The yellow color of the ammonium salt of 6-nitro-2,4-xylenol is measured at 455 nm. A detailed study of the possible interferences from 123 representative organic compounds is described; 61 compounds interfered (when present in amounts of 0.1 g in the original sample). The interfering compounds can be classified according to their mode of interference: (1) compounds that are readily nitrated or oxidized by nitrate in the sulfuric acid medium used cause low results; (2) compounds containing the ONO 2 group that hydrolyze to nitrate cause high results; (3) compounds that steam-distil to produce colored solutions; (4) compounds that steam-distil to produce turbid solutions; (5) compounds that hydrolyze, either in water or sulfuric acid solution, to produce inorganic ions or compounds (e.g. Cl - , S 2- , and H 2 O 2 ) that repress the color development. Three procedures are described for the elimination of the interferences: (1) oxidation of the organic compound with permanganate, reduction of the excess of permanganate with hydrogen peroxide, and destruction of the peroxide by boiling in the presence of Fe(III) catalyst (this is unsuitable for organic compounds containing nitrogen, as there is invariably some oxidation to nitrate); (2) extraction of interfering organic compounds with methyl isobutyl ketone; (3) precipitation—adsorption method involving treatment with zinc sulfate and sufficient sodium hydroxide to precipitate most of the zinc as zinc hydroxide, addition of 3 g of activated carbon, digestion at 55–65°C for 20 min. cooling, dilution, and filtration. Method (3) is applicable to all organic compounds tested except formaldehyde. The amount of organic compound used to test the methods was normally 0.25 g in the solution being treated.
In vivo optical microprobe imaging for intracellular Ca2+ dynamics in response to dopaminergic signaling in deep brain evoked by cocaine

Ca 2+ plays a vital role as second messenger in signal transduction and the intracellular Ca 2+ ([Ca 2+ ] i ) change is an important indicator of neuronal activity in the brain, including both cortical and subcortical brain regions. Due to the highly scattering and absorption of brain tissue, it is challenging to optically access the deep brain regions (e.g., striatum at >3mm under the brain surface) and image [Ca 2+ ] i changes with cellular resolutions. Here, we present two micro-probe approaches (i.e., microlens, and micro-prism) integrated with a fluorescence microscope modified to permit imaging of neuronal [Ca 2+ ] i signaling in the striatum using a calcium indicator Rhod2(AM). While a micro-prism probe provides a larger field of view to image neuronal network from cortex to striatum, a microlens probe enables us to track [Ca 2+ ] i dynamic change in individual neurons within the brain. Both techniques are validated by imaging neuronal [Ca 2+ ] i changes in transgenic mice with dopamine receptors (D1R, D2R) expressing EGFP. Our results show that micro-prism images can map the distribution of D1R- and D2R-expressing neurons in various brain regions and characterize their different mean [Ca 2+ ] i changes induced by an intervention (e.g., cocaine administration, 8mg/kg., i.p). In addition, microlens images can characterize the different [Ca 2+ ] i dynamics of D1 and D2 neurons in response to cocaine, including new mechanisms of these two types of neurons in striatum. These findings highlight the power of the optical micro-probe imaging for dissecting the complex cellular and molecular insights of cocaine in vivo.
Unscheduled DNA synthesis in rat tracheal epithelial cells, hepatocytes and spermatocytes following exposure to methyl chloride in vitro and in vivo

Abstract Measurement of DNA repair as unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) in vitro following exposure in vivo in multiple tissues from the same treated animal can provide valuable information relating to the tissue-and organ-specificity of chemically induced DNA damage. UDS was evaluated in primary cultures of rat tracheal epithelial cells, hepatocytes and pachytene spermatocytes after exposure in vitro to methyl chloride (MeCl), and after isolation from the same treated animal following inhalation exposure in vivo. Concentrations of 1–10% MeCl in vitro induced UDS in hepatocytes and spermatocytes, but not in tracheal epithelial cells. Inhalation exposure to MeCl in vivo (3000–3500 ppm 6 h/day for 5 successive days) failed to induced DNA repair in any cell type. In vivo exposure to 15 000 ppm MeCl for 3 h also failed to induce UDS in tracheal epithelial cells and spermatocytes, but did cause a marginal increase in UDS in hepatocytes. Thus, MeCl appears to be a weak, direct-acting genotoxicant. While activity could be measured in hepatocytes and spermatocytes directly in vitro, only extremely high concentrations of MeCl elicited a response in the whole animal, and then only in hepatocytes.
Fluorescent materials in insect eyes and their possible relationship to ultra-violet sensitivity

Abstract It was suggested that insect eyes contain at least two light-sensitive pigment systems: one based on rhodopsin and the other on a non-rhodopsin complex. The rhodopsin system is responsible for sensitivity in the visible and for some sensitivity in the ultra-violet (u.v.), whereas the non-rhodopsin system functions only in the u.v. To support this hypothesis, experiments were conducted to find fluorescent substances in insect compound eyes which had excitation spectra compatible with the physiology of the insect eye in the u.v. In vivo fluorescence was demonstrated in flies, bees, and moths. Intensely u.v. fluorescent materials emitting in the visible were extracted in substantial quantities in all insect eyes examined. The excitation spectra of these materials were well within the insect u.v. sensitivity region and the u.v. excitation peak matched the u.v. eye sensitivity peak. Furthermore, histological sections of the eye revealed that the fluorescent material was present in the retinal cell. These results led to the proposal that the fluorescent material may appear in the insect eye in two forms; as a radiative system and as the chromophore of a non-radiative, non-rhodopsin, u.v.-sensitive pigment system. In the nonradiative system the chromophore is postulated to be present in a complex which directly couples the absorbed energy into a chemical system, whereas in the radiative system the chromophore is not part of this complex and the absorbed energy is dissipated by radiative means. The fluorescent materials were tentatively identified as hydroxy indole derivatives and its was suggested that they are absent in the mutant strains ‘chalky’ and ‘white-apricot’ of Calliphora erythrocephala since the eye pigment (ommochromes) missing from these mutants and hydroxy indoles are derived from a common precursor, tryptophan.
Architectural tradeoff in implementing RSA processors

An investigation of a suite of RSA processors using different exponentiation and modular arithmetic algorithms is the main theme of this paper. The execution time and the amount of hardware required of different algorithms used to implement the RSA processor are compared. The modular algorithms examined in this paper are classical modular algorithm, Barrett's modular algorithm, Hensel's odd division and Montgomery's modular algorithm. The exponentiation algorithms implemented are the left-to-right binary method, the right-to-left binary method, the Chinese remainder theorem. This work finds that the fast RSA processor is the one using the Chinese remainder theorem with right to left scan for exponentiation operations and Barrett's algorithm for modular arithmetic operations. The RSA processor using least amount of hardware is the one using the left-o-right binary method for exponentiation operations and Montgomery's algorithm for modular operations.
Specialty High Performance Coatings for Optical Fiber Applications via Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) Aryl Ether Polymers

There is a growing need for optical fiber coatings that can sustain higher temperatures than present materials permit. To date, polyimides are used predominantly but they generally are difficult to process and usually require multiple depositions to achieve the desired film thickness. Perfluorocyclobutyl (PFCB) aryl ether polymers have demonstrated much success as processable and amorphous fluoropolymers,[1] with particular emphasis on high performance optical applications.[2] This work discusses recent efforts into perfluorocyclobutyl aryl ether polymer-based optical fiber coatings.[3] A series of silica-based optical fibers were drawn with differing PFCB polymer coatings compositions and molecular weights on a Heathway draw tower. Results include a more than doubled usage temperature of coating (decomposition temperatures (Td ) in nitrogen and air were above 450 °C) without affecting fiber mechanical properties and comparable isothermal stability to conventional coatings, except with a >150 °C higher temperature. Preliminary results of the first successful coating of optical fibers by PFCB polymers will be presented herein, as well as future endeavors.
Measurements of frying fat deterioration: A brief review

Many factors affect the rate of deterioration of a fat used for deep fat frying. Because of the complexity of the problem, there is no single procedure which will yield reliable results in all situations. Determination of total polar materials in a frying fat provides the most reliable measure of the extent of deterioration in most cases. For monitoring a frying operation in which there is no dilution of the frying fat by the fat in the food being fried, the change in the dielectric constant is the simplest of the methods judged reliable. Free fatty acid determinations by titration and peroxide value are not recommended procedures for measuring frying fat deterioration.
The Open Science Network in Ethnobiology: Growing the Influence of Ethnobiology

The OSN was founded on the principle of an “open-philosophy,” with core efforts focused on supporting the development of a perpetual human network generating science curricula through team efforts of universities, science institutions, educators, and students. Layered alongside the human network, OSN formed a virtual network of resources using an open-group evaluation model similar to open-source software (Figure 1). Unlike a static repository of information, the web-based system’s technological capabilities are flexible enough to house the collective knowledge of both expert and user and change as knowledge and needs evolve. The broad project goals were three-fold:
Hemodynamic-phonocardiographic correlations of the fourth heart sound in aortic stenosis.

The hemodynamic findings obtained at left heart catheterization in 46 patients with aortic stenosis of varying severity were correlated with the presence of a fourth heart sound determined phonocardiographically. From this correlation it may be concluded that, when a fourth heart sound is detectable in an adult patient with aortic stenosis, it usually indicates that the obstruction is severe (gradient exceeding 70 mm. Hg, left ventricular systolic pressure above 160 mm. Hg), that the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure is elevated (12 mm. Hg or above), and that the "a" wave in the left atrial pressure pulse is tall (14 mm. Hg or higher). The sound probably results from a forceful atrial contraction that forces a large volume of blood into a ventricle, the walls of which have been rendered less compliant than normal by the presence of left ventricular hypertrophy. The presence of this sound is easily detectable at the bedside by auscultation, and its presence may be confirmed by phonocardiography. The potential clinical usefulness of this physical finding, the presence of which is capable of separating patients with moderate or severe obstruction from those with mild obstruction, is self-evident.
Climatology of Storm Reports Relative to Upper-Level Jet Streaks

Abstract Using quasigeostrophic arguments and numerical simulations, past works have developed conceptual models of vertical circulations induced by linear and curved jet streaks. Because jet-induced vertical motion could influence the development of severe weather, these conceptual models, especially the “four quadrant” model for linear jet streaks, are often applied by operational forecasters. The present study examines the climatology of tornado, hail, and severe wind reports relative to upper-level jet streaks, along with temporal trends in storm report frequencies and changes in report distributions for different jet streak directions. In addition, composite fields (e.g., divergence, vertical velocity) are analyzed for jet streak regions to examine whether the fields correspond to what is expected from conceptual models of curved or linear jet streaks, and whether the fields help explain the storm report distributions. During the period analyzed, 84% of storm reports were associated with upper-level ...
Numerical simulation as a complement to econometric research on workplace safety

Using a computable hedonic equilibrium model of the labor market, we numerically simulate the interactions between workers and firms as tempered by the state and federal regulations intended to influence workplace safety. We compute the changes needed for OSHA to become economically meaningful and determine the impact on safety from further expanding the experience rating of workers' compensation insurance premiums. Most importantly, we show how numerical simulation can serve as a complementary research tool to econometric models. Simulation is well suited for studying extreme policy changes and locating structural conditions pivotal in determining economic outcomes.
An Energetic Comparison of Symmetrical and Asymmetrical Human Gait

Abstract This article contrasts the mechanical energy profiles of asymmetrical galloping with those of symmetrical running in adult humans. Seven female subjects were filmed while performing overground running and galloping at their preferred velocities. A previous study (Whitall & Caldwell, 1992) showed that kinematic differences between these gait modes included higher preferred velocity for running than galloping, with distinct differences in interlimb coordination but surprisingly similar intralimb patterns. Energetically, in the present study the whole body center of mass during galloping was found to behave much as it does in walking; kinetic and potential energy profiles were out of phase, as compared with running, which exhibited in-phase fluctuations of kinetic and potential energies. The primary reason for these center of mass differences was found in the energetics of the back leg of galloping, which demonstrated alterations in timing of its energy fluctuations and less energy generation than t...
On Being Influenced While Trying to Persuade: The Feedback Effect of Persuasion Outcomes on the Persuader

In two studies, a persuader attempted to influence multiple targets (confederates) to take his or her position on an important social issue. As the persuader advocated his or her position, targets initially provided positive (negative) feedback that placed the persuader in the majority (minority). Subsequent feedback on the persuader's continuing advocacy either kept initially established status stable or reversed it (majority ↔ minority). Initial status and its stability interacted to affect persuaders' certainty, which in turn affected persuaders' efficacy assessed by coding persuaders' videotaped nonverbal behavior and strength of advocacy, respectively (Study 1). Coding and an independent audience's reactions to persuasive "blogs" created by persuaders whose initial status was kept (un)stable replicated the persuasive efficacy findings (Study 2). Thus, persuaders' ability to produce cogent messages is affected by the social context in which they operate.
Gradually Progressive Dementia Without Discrete Cerebrovascular Events in a Patient With Sneddon's Syndrome

A 37-year-old man sought medical advice because of an 8-year history of a slowly progressive dementing illness with no clinically apparent discrete strokelike episodes. Cognitive functioning was markedly, globally impaired without lateralizing or localizing features. Widespread livedo reticularis led to a diagnosis of Sneddon's syndrome. Antiphospholipid antibodies and lupus anticoagulant were negative. Magnetic resonance imaging showed widespread cerebral atrophy, cortical and subcortical cerebral infarcts, and extensive periventricular white matter abnormalities. Cerebral angiography revealed diffuse medium- and small-vessel occlusive disease, with numerous collaterals in the mid and distal circulation but no evidence of atherosclerosis or vasculitis. No other cause of a dementing illness was found. We postulate that our patient's dementia was due to the cumulative effects of multiple cerebral infarcts.
Identification of a dominant gene in Medicago truncatula that restricts nodulation by Sinorhizobium meliloti strain Rm41

Leguminous plants are able to form a root nodule symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing soil bacteria called rhizobia. This symbiotic association shows a high level of specificity. Beyond the specificity for the legume family, individual legume species/genotypes can only interact with certain restricted group of bacterial species or strains. Specificity in this system is regulated by complex signal exchange between the two symbiotic partners and thus multiple genetic mechanisms could be involved in the recognition process. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms controlling symbiotic specificity could enable genetic improvement of legume nitrogen fixation, and may also reveal the possible mechanisms that restrict root nodule symbiosis in non-legumes. We screened a core collection of Medicago truncatula genotypes with several strains of Sinorhizobium meliloti and identified a naturally occurring dominant gene that restricts nodulation by S. meliloti Rm41. We named this gene as Mt-NS1 (for M. truncatula nodulation specificity 1). We have mapped the Mt-NS1 locus within a small genomic region on M. truncatula chromosome 8. The data reported here will facilitate positional cloning of the Mt-NS1 gene. Evolution of symbiosis specificity involves both rhizobial and host genes. From the bacterial side, specificity determinants include Nod factors, surface polysaccharides, and secreted proteins. However, we know relatively less from the host side. We recently demonstrated that a component of this specificity in soybeans is defined by plant NBS-LRR resistance (R) genes that recognize effector proteins delivered by the type III secretion system (T3SS) of the rhizobial symbionts. However, the lack of a T3SS in many sequenced S. meliloti strains raises the question of how the specificity is regulated in the Medicago-Sinorhizobium system beyond Nod-factor perception. Thus, cloning and characterization of Mt-NS1 will add a new dimension to our knowledge about the genetic control of nodulation specificity in the legume-rhizobial symbiosis.
Treatment of the immunodeficiency diseases - progress toward replacement therapy emphasizing cellular and macromolecular engineering

An increasing challenge to physicians is represented by a sizable population of patients who suffer from immunodeficiency diseases. These diseases may involve deficiencies or imbalances of the specific immunologic defenses represented by the T-cell-mediated immunities, B-cell-mediated or humoral immunities, major biologic amplification systems of either cell-mediated or humoral immunities, and the fundamental effector mechanisms. The consequent extraordinary heterogeneity of these diseases implies that curative, corrective, or even replacement and supportive therapy, to be most effective, must be based on fundamental understanding of the nature of each disease, its specific diagnosis and analysis of its pathogenesis. Although much progress has been made toward understanding these diseases over the past 25 years, analyses are often incomplete, sometimes controversial, and occasionally entirely lacking, rendering therapeutic efforts less than ideal. Nonetheless, dramatic advances in therapy have been forthcoming. With rapidly improving understanding of the basic deficiencies underlying the diseases and with improvement in the therapeutic armamentarium, one of the most rewarding and indeed dramatic branches of medicine has been that derived from continuing efforts to treat patients with primary immunodeficiency diseases. It will be our purpose in this chapter to outline this rapidly developing field from a focus in our own experience with large numbers of patients having all currently recognized forms of primary immunodeficiency. It seems likely, from data and new therapeutic agents already at hand and under clinical and laboratory investigation, that the therapy of primary immunodeficiency will continue to develop rapidly in the years ahead and will surely be an important guide to improved treatment of secondary immunodeficiencies as well.
Fractures of the glenoid neck.

Glenoid neck fractures are uncommon and have received little attention in the literature. However, these injuries involve a major articulation and can cause considerable morbidity if significantly displaced. Consequently, a review of current diagnostic and therapeutic principles with respect to these potentially challenging fractures is justified. The vast majority of glenoid neck fractures are undisplaced or insignificantly displaced (Type I fractures) and are managed without surgery. Type II fractures, however, are significantly displaced, making surgical management a consideration. Significant displacement is defined as translational displacement greater than or equal to 1 cm or angulatory displacement greater than or equal to 40° (in either the coronol or transverse plane). The primary surgical approach is posterior; however, a superior extension is often necessary. Fixation devices include K-wires, 3.5 mm reconstruction plates, and 3.5 mm cannulated lag screws. Follow-up care and rehabilitation are absolutely critical to optimizing the final functional result.
Foliar oil reservoir anatomy and distribution in Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, tribe Astereae)

In leaves of goldenrod, Solidago canadensis (Asteraceae, tribe Astereae), numerous internal oil reservoirs with a uniseriate epithelium occur as a single file above or below veins or as isolated cavities in the mesophyll. Reservoirs are abaxial to major veins (vein orders 1–3), either above, below, or superimposed in intermediate 4th order veins, but strictly adaxial to 5th and 6th order minor veins. Reservoirs are initiated as discrete cavities, but those below 1st and 2nd order veins are in a single crowded file, each separated only by epithelial cells. Elongation of these cavities, accompanied by stretching and separation of septa, gives a false impression at maturity of an indefinitely long duct instead of a series of tubular cavities. Reservoirs of vein orders 3–6 are mostly more widely separated and less subject to elongation, thus they are shorter and remain discrete at maturity. The overall foliar pattern is one of successively shorter reservoirs, a sequence that is in concert with the successively narrower and progressively less elongated vein orders. The shift from abaxial to adaxial reservoirs in minor veins may be related to different phloem functions: sugar transport in major veins and photosynthate assimilation in minor veins.
A multimarker approach to assess the influence of inflammation on the incidence of atrial fibrillation in women

Aims To assess the joint influence of inflammatory biomarkers on the risk of incident atrial fibrillation (AF) in women. Methods and results We performed a prospective cohort study among women participating in the Women's Health Study. All women were free of AF at study entry and provided a baseline blood sample assayed for high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and fibrinogen. To evaluate the joint effect of these three biomarkers, an inflammation score was created that ranged from 0 to 3 and reflected the number of biomarkers in the highest tertile per individual. During a median follow-up of 14.4 years, 747 of 24 734 women (3.0%) experienced a first AF event. Assessed individually, all three biomarkers were associated with incident AF, even after adjustment for traditional risk factors. When combined into an inflammation score, a strong and independent relationship between inflammation and incident AF emerged. Across increasing inflammation score categories, there were 1.66, 2.22, 2.73, and 3.25 AF events per 1000 person-years of follow-up. The corresponding hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) across inflammation score categories were 1.0, 1.22 (1.00–1.49), 1.32 (1.06–1.65), and 1.59 (1.22–2.06) ( P for linear trend 0.0006) after multivariable adjustment. Conclusion In this large-scale prospective study among women without a history of cardiovascular disease, markers of systemic inflammation were significantly related to AF even after controlling for traditional risk factors.
Hepatocyte growth factor expression in the developing myocardium: Evidence for a role in the regulation of the mesenchymal cell phenotype and urokinase expression

During development of the heart, the endocardium of the developing cushion tissue transforms into mesenchymal cells that rapidly invade the underlying extracellular matrix. This invasive process, along with subsequent proliferation and differentiation of the mesenchyme, are essential for the normal formation of valvular and septal structures. Several factors have been identified that appear to initiate and/or control this transformation process, including the growth factor TGF-β. In these studies we have investigated whether hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor (HGF/SF) may also be involved in some aspects of this transformation process. Using an immunohistochemical approach we have detected a spatially restricted localization of HGF/SF to the myocardial cells of the cushion tissue. HGF was detected in extracts of the developing heart, and the presence of the active form correlated with the onset of the transformation process and the elevation of urokinase activity. The endocardial-derived mesenchymal cells of the cushion tissue were found to express the c-met HGF receptor. Isolated endocardial cells responded to the addition of HGF with increases in motility, proliferation, and urokinase production. The results from these studies suggest that HGF may function as a myocardial-derived mediator of the epithelial-mesenchymal transformation by inducing and/or maintaining the mesenchymal cell phenotype. The increase in urokinase expression by the cushion tissue cells, in response to HGF, may facilitate the invasive abilities of these cells and also provide a means of maintaining high levels of active HGF required for the stimulation of cell proliferation and migration. Dev Dyn 1999;214:92–100. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
On the calculability of Newton's constant and the renormalizability of scale invariant quantum gravity☆

Abstract We argue that Newton's constant is not unambiguossly calculable in any non-finite pure matter theory. In finite, supersymmetric, conformally invariant theories it is calculable in terms of scalar expectation values. Implications for the renormalizability of scale invariant and conformally invariant quantum gravity are discussed.
Armstrong's conjecture for ( k , m k + 1 ) -core partitions

A conjecture of Armstrong states that if gcd ( a , b ) = 1 , then the average size of an ( a , b ) -core partition is ( a - 1 ) ( b - 1 ) ( a + b + 1 ) / 24 . Recently, Stanley and Zanello used a recursive argument to verify this conjecture when a = b - 1 . In this paper we use a variant of their method to establish Armstrong's conjecture in the more general setting where a divides b - 1 .
The role of co-products in stabilizing the metal mining industry

Abstract The objective of this paper is to test the hypothesis that cyclical metal mining activity is more stable when multi-metal products are produced. A theoretical short-run supply curve for a metal is developed showing by-product, co-product, and main product behaviour. This curve is used to illustrate co-product pricing trends that are indicative of different cyclical behaviour patterns. The non-parametrical sign test is used to test co-product price trends for the US metal mining industry. The results indicate that multi-metal production stabilizes the mining industry in the short run but not in the long run.
Pregnane X Receptor PXR Activates the GADD45β Gene, Eliciting the p38 MAPK Signal and Cell Migration

Pregnane X receptor (PXR) was originally characterized as a transcription factor that induces hepatic drug metabolism by activating cytochrome P450 genes. Here we have now demonstrated a novel function of PXR, that of eliciting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation for cell migration. Upon xenobiotic activation of ectopic human PXR, human hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells were found to exhibit increased phosphorylation of p38 MAPK and to subsequently change morphology and migrate. p38 MAPK was responsible for the regulation of these morphological changes and cell migration because the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB239063 repressed both. Prior to this phosphorylation, PXR directly activated the early response GADD45β gene by binding to a distal direct repeat 4 site of the GADD45β promoter. Ectopic expression of GADD45β increased p38 MAPK phosphorylation, whereas siRNA knockdown of GADD45β decreased the PXR-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation, confirming that GADD45β can regulate PXR-induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in HepG2 cells. These results indicate that PXR activates the GADD45β gene, increasing p38 MAPK phosphorylation, and leading HepG2 cells to change morphology and migrate. The GADD45β gene is a direct target for PXR, eliciting cell signals to regulate various cellular functions.
Some physical, chemical, toxicological, and physiological aspects of fire smokes

In many fires, effects of smoke are the chief cause of bodily injury or death. The effects include opacity, toxicity, lachrymatory irritation, and heat transfer. In order ot understand and quantify these effects, extensive research is being conducted to study the physical, chemical, toxicological, and physiological aspects of fire smokes. The principal emphasis within the scope of this paper is directed toward the physics of smokes with only brief mention of chemical aspects. An introductory survey of the toxicological and physiological aspects of smokes is also presented. Important physical aspects of smoke particulates include light scattering and absorption; particle-size distribution; and settling, sticking, and agglomeration rates. With respect to light obscuration, it is shown that the single most important variable is particulate mass concentration. The particulate optical density (POD) is shown to be bounded within two relatively narrow ranges; one for aerosols and one for carbonaceous soots. Experimental apparatus and a test protocol for determining the qualitative and quantitative nature of the intoxication syndrome resulting from smoke exposure are discussed. This methodology employs both a behavioral endpoint and animal bioassay, which includes gross physiological evaluation, in-depth physiological monitoring of vital functions, blood-gas analysis, and pathological evaluation of early dysfunction and late-developing sequelae.
Spectral Karyotyping for identification of constitutional chromosomal abnormalities at a national reference laboratory

Spectral karyotyping is a diagnostic tool that allows visualization of chromosomes in different colors using the FISH technology and a spectral imaging system. To assess the value of spectral karyotyping analysis for identifying constitutional supernumerary marker chromosomes or derivative chromosomes at a national reference laboratory, we reviewed the results of 179 consecutive clinical samples (31 prenatal and 148 postnatal) submitted for spectral karyotyping. Over 90% of the cases were requested to identify either small supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMCs) or chromosomal exchange material detected by G-banded chromosome analysis. We also reviewed clinical indications of those cases with marker chromosomes in which chromosomal origin was identified by spectral karyotyping. Our results showed that spectral karyotyping identified the chromosomal origin of marker chromosomes or the source of derivative chromosomal material in 158 (88%) of the 179 clinical cases; the identification rate was slightly higher for postnatal (89%) compared to prenatal (84%) cases. Cases in which the origin could not be identified had either a small marker chromosome present at a very low level of mosaicism (< 10%), or contained very little euchromatic material. Supplemental FISH analysis confirmed the spectral karyotyping results in all 158 cases. Clinical indications for prenatal cases were mainly for marker identification after amniocentesis. For postnatal cases, the primary indications were developmental delay and multiple congenital anomalies (MCA). The most frequently encountered markers were of chromosome 15 origin for satellited chromosomes, and chromosomes 2 and 16 for non-satellited chromosomes. We were able to obtain pertinent clinical information for 47% (41/88) of cases with an identified abnormal chromosome. We conclude that spectral karyotyping is sufficiently reliable for use and provides a valuable diagnostic tool for establishing the origin of supernumerary marker chromosomes or derivative chromosomal material that cannot be identified with standard cytogenetic techniques.
A practical approach to implementing theraplay for children with autism spectrum disorder.

Theraplay is a counseling approach that uses elements of play therapy to help children build better attachment relationships with others through attachment-based play. This article describes a practical approach for implementing Group Theraplay with children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), particularly those that are mainstreamed in a kindergarten classroom setting. The approach uses resources that are already in place in schools today, such as mental health professionals (e.g., school counselor, social worker, etc.) and teachers. Foundational Theraplay assumptions, therapeutic goals, empirical support, and implementation guidelines are provided. Comparative effectiveness research examining the use of Group Theraplay with this population in this setting versus the use of alternative therapeutic approaches is needed. To help guide future research in this needed area of outcomes investigation, several assessment instruments appropriate for clinical research use with this population are suggested. Ethical and cultural implications pertinent to the application of Group Theraplay for children with ASD also are discussed.