cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Only One Out of Five Archived Web Pages Existed as Presented

When a user retrieves a page from a web archive, the page is marked with the acquisition datetime of the root resource, which effectively asserts "this is how the page looked at a that datetime." However, embedded resources, such as images, are often archived at different datetimes than the main page. The presentation appears temporally coherent, but is composed from resources acquired over a wide range of datetimes. We examine the completeness and temporal coherence of composite archived resources (composite mementos) under two selection heuristics. The completeness and temporal coherence achieved using a single archive was compared to the results achieved using multiple archives. We found that at most 38.7% of composite mementos are both temporally coherent and that at most only 17.9% (roughly 1 in 5) are temporally coherent and 100% complete. Using multiple archives increases mean completeness by 3.1-4.1% but also reduces temporal coherence.
Neurodevelopmental toxicity: still more questions than answers.

We read with interest Grandjean and Landrigan’s Review of developmental neurotoxins, in which glyphosate herbicide was listed as a human neurotoxicant on the basis of a case report by Malhotra and colleagues. The individual in this case report was a 71-year-old man who was unresponsive and in cardiogenic shock with a profound metabolic acidaemia (pH 7·13) and lactic acidosis (7·1 mmol/L; normal levels are 0·5–1·6 mmol/L). He received ventilator support and venovenous haemodiafi ltration and was presumptively managed as having organophosphate i ntoxication, receiving 239 mg of atropine and 4 g of pralidoxime over an unspecifi ed period of time. He had a persistent, unexplained osmolar gap, suggesting the presence of an unrecognised toxicant. He spent 10 days in intensive care (details of sedation, if any, were not provided) and was discharged after full recovery on day 16. Malhotra and colleagues stated that this case raises “a suspicion of direct cerebral toxicity”, but drew no conclusion that glyphosate is a recognised neurotoxicant and noted that inquiry into other components of the ingested product was indicated. Although intentional glyphosatesurfactant ingestions can cause cardiovascular compromise, we are not aware of neurological compromise being seen without signifi cant multiorgan dysfunction and metabolic disturbance. Permanent neurological sequelae after large ingestions have not been reported in the absence of profound circulatory and metabolic compromise and glyphosate has not shown neurotoxicity in animal studies. The encephalopathic and neurobehavioral changes in this case are quite adequately explained by the multiple insults to the patient, including anoxic or hypoxic injury, metabolic disturbances, haemodiafiltration, massive anti cholinergic (atropine) doses, a possible unexplained osmotically active toxin, and the environment of the intensive care unit in which the patient was treated. Grandjean and Landrigan’s conclusion that glyphosate is a recognised human neurotoxicant is unjustifi ed on the basis of this case report, and there is no consensus of toxicity in the scientific literature. This fact, in turn, raises serious questions about the overall rigor of their Review, which seems to ignore fundamentals of dose response, l imitations of epidemiological investigation, and actualities of chemical use and exposure. Should the authors look for further evidence of glyphosate neurotoxicity, we would point out that the two case reports of parkinsonism following glyphosate exposure similarly offer no evidence of causation: one reports parkinsonism at age 44 following 3 years of exposure to multiple materials in a pesticide formulation facil ity 9 and the other reports parkinsonism with an onset of 30 days after a single incidental dermal exposure to glyphosate-surfactant herbicide. After 40 years of manufacturing and global use for weed control, the lack of epidemiological evidence linking glyphosate to neurotoxicity, including Parkinson’s disease, is telling.
Glutamate accumulation in infant mouse hypothalamus: influence of temperature.

Abstract In 4-day-old mice monosodium glutamate (MSG) was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 2 mg/g body weight. Immediately thereafter mice were randomly returned to the nest or isolated at room temperature of 23 °C. At 0 (control) 15 and 30 min, and 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12 and 18 h after injection mice were decapitated, heads frozen and blood collected. In a second group of similarly treated mice, some were isolated individually either at 23 °C or 33 °C and killed 3 h after injection. Control mice received no injections. Glutamic acid (Glu) was measured in samples of arcuate nucleus (ARH), lateral nucleus of the thalamus (LT) microdissected from frozen-dried sections of brain, and in plasma in all mice. Consistent with prior findings 21 , marked increases in Glu concentration occurred in ARH of MSG-treated mice but not in LT. In the ARH of mice returned to the nest, Glu reached maximal concentrations at 1 h and steadily declined to approach normal values by 3 h. However, in mice isolated at 23 °C Glu 3evels in the ARH continued to rise after 1 h to reach peak values at 3 h and remained substantially elevated 6 h after treatment. Pups isolated at 23 °C had considerably higher Glu levels in ARH at 3 h than those isolated at 33 °C. Plasma concentrations of Glu tended to parallel those in the ARH of mice in corresponding groups. The importance of temperature and of rigidly controlling it during the measurement of neurochemical events in the immature organism is emphasized.
Inhibition of angiogenesis by thrombospondin-2.

Abstract To assess the ability of proteins of the thrombospondin family to inhibit angiogenesis, recombinant murine thrombospondin-2, bovine thrombospondin-2/CISP and thrombospondin-5/COMP were purified and tested for ability to block the migration of capillary endothelial cells towards a variety of inducers and to inhibit neovascularization induced in the rat cornea. Both preparations of thrombospondin-2 were active inhibitors in vitro and in vivo whereas thrombospondin-5/COMP was inactive. These results define thrombospondin-2 as a newly identified naturally occurring inhibitor of angiogenesis and suggest that the properdin-like type 1 modules that it shares with antiangiogenic thrombospondin-l and are missing in thrombospondin-5/COMP could contribute to this activity.
The role of international law in the control of emerging infectious diseases

Physicians, scientists, and public health officials the world over recognize the emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases as one of the great public health challenges for humankind at the approach of the new millennium. Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) pose problems of enormous scale and complexity for those who practice the healing art. Those who have been leading the counterattack against EIDs also recognize that these diseases raise serious issues for those who practice the political and legal arts. To address EIDs effectively will require translating what is scientifically and medically necessary to combat pathogenic microbes into feasible political and legal action. This translation process will be particularly evident and difficult in connection with international law. Translating epidemiology into international law will require an active interdisciplinary discourse between infectious disease experts and international lawyers. Such a discourse is only now in its formative stages, and this chapter attempts to stimulate its development by providing an analysis of the role of international law in the control of EIDs.
Mechanical properties of kenaf fiber reinforced concrete

This paper presents the findings of an experimental research program that was conducted to study the mechanical properties of a natural fiber reinforced concrete (FRC) which is made using the bast fibers of the kenaf plant. The kenaf plant is quickly developing as a replacement crop for the dwindling tobacco industry in the south-eastern United States. Appropriate mixture proportions and mixing procedures are recommended to produce kenaf FRC (KFRC) with fiber volume contents of 1.2% and 2.4%. The compressive strength, compressive modulus, splitting tensile strength and modulus of rupture of KFRC specimens are presented and compared to the properties of plain concrete control specimens. The experimental results indicate that the mechanical properties of KFRC are comparable to those of plain concrete control specimens, particularly when accounting for the effect of the increased w/c ratio required to produce workable KFRC. Further, the results indicate that KFRC generally exhibits more distributed cracking and higher toughness than plain concrete. Scanning electron micrographs (SEM’s) indicate that a good bond between the kenaf fibers and the surrounding matrix is achieved. The SEM’s also provide interesting information regarding the mechanisms which contribute to the failure and post-peak behavior of the KFRC which may be beneficial to future modeling efforts. The research findings indicate that KFRC is a promising ‘green’ construction material which could potentially be used in a number of different structural applications.
Embodied mobile agents

The move in many societies toward individuals having multiple networked computational devices -- workstations, notebooks computers, mobile phones, PDAs - radically changes the ways in which people engage those devices. However, we lack interaction paradigms that enable a coherent experience across these technologies. One possible approach to this problem involves the use of embodied mobile agents (EMAs), that is, graphically animated, autonomous or semi-autonomous software systems that can migrate seamlessly from one computational device to another. This paper describes an interactive museum exhibit that was implemented with EMAs, discusses the opportunities and challenges presented by this new form of agent, and consider other potential applications for EMAs. While not a universal solution to challenges of interacting with heterogeneous networks of devices, embodied mobile agents can help to provide a coherent user experience across multiple computational devices.
Improving Tobacco-Free Advocacy on College Campuses: A Novel Strategy to Aid in the Understanding of Student Perceptions About Policy Proposals

AbstractObjective: Tobacco-control policy proposals are usually met with opposition on college campuses. Research to understand students’ viewpoints about health-related policy proposals and messaging strategies, however, does not exist. This study investigated students’ perceptions about a smoke-free policy proposal to help understand their positions of support and opposition and to inform the development of effective messaging strategies. Participants: In January 2012, 1,266 undergraduate students from a midwestern university completed an online questionnaire about smoke-free campus policies. Methods: Responses were coded and analyzed using Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count software and chi-square, independent-samples t tests, and binary logistic models. Results: Most students who supported a smoke-free policy considered environmental or aesthetic conditions, whereas most opponents used personal freedom frames of thought. Supporters viewed smoking policies in personal terms, and opponents suggested mean...
Tetrasomy 12p--unusual presentation in CVS.

CVS direct preparations usually achieve limited resolution and are better at detecting numerical rather than structural abnormalities. A CVS direct preparation analyzed using G-banding revealed a 47,XY,+G karyotype in 5 of 11 cells and was reported as mosaic for trisomy 21. Subsequent analysis of the CVS culture found only normal male cells. Amniocentesis revealed both normal male cells and cells with an extra F-group chromosome. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) identified this chromosome to be an isochromosome from the short arm of chromosome 12 [i(12)(p10)]. The amniocyte karyotype was reported as 47,XY,+i(12)(p10)[12]/46,XY[8].ish i(12)(p10)(wcp12+), which is associated with Pallister–Killian syndrome. Reexamination of the CVS direct preparation by FISH with a chromosome 12 centromere probe confirmed the karyotype of this tissue to be 47,XY,+mar[5]/46,XY[6].nuc ish 12cen(D12Z3 × 3)/12cen(D12Z3 × 2). Thus, multiple studies, including amniocentesis and fluorescence in situ hybridization, may be required to fully and accurately evaluate abnormalities detected by CVS. This case also indicates that mosaicism for supernumerary isochromosomes may have a complex origin. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replication banding and molecular studies of a mosaic, unbalanced dic(X;15)(xpter→xq26.1::15p11→15qter)

We present a patient with a chromosomal mosaicism involving the X chromosome. One cell line is 45,X and the other has a de novo paternally derived dicentric X;15 translocation. Her karyotype is therefore 45,X/45,X,dic(X;15)(Xpter {yields} Xq26.1::15p11 {yields} 15qter) based on G-banding. The presence of 2 centromeres on the derivative X was confirmed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and a deletion of Xq26.1 {yields} qter was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using DXS52 and DXYS154. Replication banding studies indicate that the derivative X is late replicating. Based on these studies, it is unclear whether inactivation has spread to proximal 15q. The patient has a unique phenotype distinct from Ullrich-Turner or Prader-Willi syndromes, but includes ataxia and language delay which are commonly seen in Angelman syndrome. These findings are contrary to those anticipated since deficiency of paternal genes at 15q12 typically leads to Prader-Willi syndrome. Molecular analysis of PCR-based polymorphisms of chromosomes 15 and X indicates that uniparental disomy is not present for the X chromosome or chromosome 15 in either cell line. It is hypothesized that her phenotype results from the interaction of the 2 abnormal genotypes. Each abnormality may be diluted by the mosaicism and, in the derivativemore » X line, by the possible variation among cells of inactivation spreading to chromosome 15. 18 refs., 6 figs., 1 tab.« less
Systematics of disorder in quasiperiodic material.

X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscope (TEM) measurements were performed on icosahedral A1Mn and A1MnSi samples. Quasicrystalline order was obtained via different sample treatments: quenching, laser annealing, and furnace annealing of amorphous samples. In quenched bulk AIMn samples, the icosahedral grains are embedded in a crystalline Al matrix. The Al matrix is strongly reduced or rendered noncrystalline by the addition of Si. Samples prepared by laser annealing and quenching show a high degree of disorder. This shows up, in x-ray diffraction, as a large average peak line width. The furnace annealed samples show apparent homogeneous grains by TEM darkfield methods, and the smallest peak widths in x-ray diffraction. However, the grain sizes are much larger than the x-ray correlation lengths. These samples have peak widths which correlate strongly with G⊥ (phason momentum). We show that the data are consistent with either frozen-in phason strain or random icosahedral packing. These two models predict surprisingly similar but potentially distinguishable scattering widths, differing in their detailed dependence on G⊥ .
SU‐D‐9A‐01: Listmode‐Driven Optimal Gating (OG) Respiratory Motion Management: Potential Impact On Quantitative PET Imaging

Purpose: To evaluate the potential impact of listmode-driven amplitude based optimal gating (OG) respiratory motion management technique on quantitative PET imaging. Methods: During the PET acquisitions, an optical camera tracked and recorded the motion of a tool placed on top of patients' torso. PET event data were utilized to detect and derive a motion signal that is directly coupled with a specific internal organ. A radioactivity-trace was generated from listmode data by accumulating all prompt counts in temporal bins matching the sampling rate of the external tracking device. Decay correction for 18F was performed. The image reconstructions using OG respiratory motion management technique that uses 35% of total radioactivity counts within limited motion amplitudes were performed with external motion and radioactivity traces separately with ordered subset expectation maximization (OSEM) with 2 iterations and 21 subsets. Standard uptake values (SUVs) in a tumor region were calculated to measure the effect of using radioactivity trace for motion compensation. Motion-blurred 3D static PET image was also reconstructed with all counts and the SUVs derived from OG images were compared with SUVs from 3D images. Results: A 5.7 % increase of the maximum SUV in the lesion was found for optimal gating image reconstruction with radioactivity trace when compared to a static 3D image. The mean and maximum SUVs on the image that was reconstructed with radioactivity trace were found comparable (0.4 % and 4.5 % increase, respectively) to the values derived from the image that was reconstructed with external trace. Conclusion: The image reconstructed using radioactivity trace showed that the blurring due to the motion was reduced with impact on derived SUVs. The resolution and contrast of the images reconstructed with radioactivity trace were comparable to the resolution and contrast of the images reconstructed with external respiratory traces. Research supported by Siemens
Medical and Economic Implications of Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation and Expedited Post–Acute Care

This article describes the increasingly common phenomenon of prolonged mechanical ventilation in the context of the transition between the acute care hospital and post-acute care. Prolonged mechanical ventilation or chronic critical illness is associated with hospital mortality in the range of 20 to 40%, with median hospital length of stay ranging from 14 to 60 days. Fewer than 10% of patients are discharged home, and most hospital survivors require institutionalized post-acute care in the form of long-term acute care, skilled nursing facilities, or inpatient rehabilitation. Acute hospital readmission is common. Because of prolonged functional disabilities and multiple underlying comorbid conditions, overall 1 year mortality for prolonged mechanical ventilation patients ranges from 50 to 60%. Survivors experience significant functional limitations. The prolonged institutional care and poor long-term outcomes of these patients bring into question the cost-effectiveness of prolonged mechanical ventilation after acute illness, especially for patients with poor long-term prognoses. New measures to facilitate assessments of long-term prognosis and improve communication with surrogate decision makers may reduce the amount of ineffective care for some patients requiring prolonged mechanical ventilation.
Small‐area population forecasting: borrowing strength across space and time

Demographic forecasting techniques do not perform particularly well for small areas. In this study we propose a spatio-temporal regression approach for small-area population forecasting that borrows strength from what has happened nearby and what has happened in the past. In particular, a regression model incorporating temporally lagged neighbour growth and neighbour characteristics is applied to examine population change at the minor civil division (MCD) governmental level in Wisconsin, USA since 1960. For each MCD, the population growth rate for 1980–1990 is regressed on its growth rate for 1970–1980, its various characteristics in 1980, neighbour growth rates for 1970–1980, and neighbour characteristics in 1980. The estimated regression coefficients are then used for projecting population in 2000. Accuracy of the forecasts is measured against the 2000 Census counts. The state's official MCD projections for 2000, which were based on an extrapolation projection – the most often used traditional population forecasting approach for small geographic areas – are taken as the ‘gold standard’ against which improvements through the regression formulations are sought. The projection evaluations reveal mixed results and do not suggest unambiguous preference for the spatio-temporal regression approach or the extrapolation projection. We discuss several reasons for the inability of our spatio-temporal forecasting model to outshine the simple extrapolation forecast. Although this is disappointing, the proposed approach is more solidly theoretically grounded and provides useful information to policy and decision makers at the community level regarding the consequences of various developmental strategies being adopted by themselves as well as by their neighbours. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Effect of Tar on Wound Healing

In experimental animals, 5% crude coal tar produced a 45.9% delay in wound healing. This may have resulted from the direct effect of tar on the wound or from the known fact that tar increases the severity of infections. Efforts were made to control infection, and no clinical evidence of infection occurred. This data might be clinically significant, at least for areas such as the skin and lungs where organisms are present.
Physiology of common map turtles (Graptemys geographica) hibernating in the Lamoille river, Vermont.

Common map turtles (Graptemys geographica) were collected from a natural underwater hibernaculum in Vermont at monthly intervals during the winter of 1997-1998. Blood was sampled by cardiac puncture and analyzed for pH, PCO(2), PO(2), and hematocrit; separated plasma was tested for Na(+), K(+), Cl(-), total [Ca], total [Mg], [lactate], and osmolality (mOsm kg(-1) H(2)O). Control (eupneic; 1 degrees C) values for pH, PO(2), PCO(2), [HCO(3)(-)], and [lactate] were 7.98 +/- 0.03, 47.4 +/- 18.7, 10.1 +/- 0.7 (mm Hg), 36.1 +/- 0.2 (mmol liter(-1)), and 2.1 +/- 0.1 (mmol liter(-1)), respectively. Between November 1997 and March 1998, ice covered the river and the turtles rested on the substratum, fully exposed to the water, and were apneic. Blood PO(2) was maintained at less than 3 mm Hg (range 0.9 +/- 0.2 to 2.1 +/- 0.7 mm Hg), PCO(2) decreased slightly, plasma [lactate] was <5 mmol liter(-1), and plasma [HCO(3)(-)] decreased significantly. In March [lactate] rose to 7.5 +/- 1.5 mmol liter(-l), but there was no acidemia. Map turtles meet most of their metabolic demand for O(2) via aquatic respiration and tolerate prolonged submergence at 1 degrees C with little change in acid-base or ionic status. The adaptive significance of remaining essentially aerobic during winter is to avoid the life-threatening progressive acidosis that results from anaerobic metabolism. J. Exp. Zool. 286:143-148, 2000.
Using Benchmark and Assessment Data to Facilitate Institutional Change.

This chapter discusses how Central Piedmont Community College (CPCC) has used data from the National Community College Benchmark Project. Analysis of project benchmark data led to a review of high course-withdrawal rates and CPCC withdrawal policies as well as their effects on student program completion and within-term retention. As a result, the college implemented a volunteer pilot study to attempt to lower withdrawal rates through the use of creative classroom strategies.
Workload projections for surgical oncology: will we need more surgeons?

Background: Over the next two decades, the US population will experience dramatic growth in the number and relative proportion of older individuals. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of these changes on the demand for oncological procedures.
Alternative isoleucine synthesis pathway in cyanobacterial species

Cyanothece sp. ATCC 51142 is an aerobic N(2)-fixing and hydrogen-producing cyanobacterium. Isotopomer analysis of its amino acids revealed an identical labelling profile for leucine and isoleucine when Cyanothece 51142 was grown mixotrophically using 2-(13)C-labelled glycerol as the main carbon source. This indicated that Cyanothece 51142 employs the atypical alternative citramalate pathway for isoleucine synthesis, with pyruvate and acetyl-CoA as precursors. Utilization of the citramalate pathway was confirmed by an enzyme assay and LC-MS/MS analysis. Furthermore, the genome sequence of Cyanothece 51142 shows that the gene encoding the key enzyme (threonine ammonia-lyase) in the normal isoleucine pathway is missing. Instead, the cce_0248 gene in Cyanothece 51142 exhibits 53 % identity to the gene encoding citramalate synthase (CimA, GSU1798) from Geobacter sulfurreducens. Reverse-transcription PCR indicated that the cce_0248 gene is expressed and its transcriptional level is lower in medium with isoleucine than in isoleucine-free medium. Additionally, a blast search for citramalate synthase and threonine ammonia-lyase implies that this alternative isoleucine synthesis pathway may be present in other cyanobacteria, such as Cyanothece and Synechococcus. This suggests that the pathway is more widespread than originally thought, as previous identifications of the citramalate pathway are limited to mostly anaerobic bacteria or archaea. Furthermore, this discovery opens the possibility that such autrotrophic micro-organisms may be engineered for robust butanol and propanol production from 2-ketobutyrate, which is an intermediate in the isoleucine biosynthesis pathway.
Dititanium Complexes of Preorganized Binucleating Bis(amidinates)

Four different dianionic bis(amidinate) ligands (iPrLDBF2-, tBu,EtLDBF2-, iPrLXan2-, tBu,EtLXan2-) featuring rigid dibenzofuran (DBF) and 9,9-dimethylxanthene (Xan) backbones have been used to prepare several new dititanium complexes. Reaction of the free-base bis(amidines) (LH2) with 2 equiv of Ti(NMe2)4 forms the hexaamido derivatives iPrLDBFTi2(NMe2)6 (1), tBu,EtLDBFTi2(NMe2)6 (2), iPrLXanTi2(NMe2)6 (3), and tBu,EtLXanTi2(NMe2)6 (4) in good yields. Compound 4, which features an unsymmetrically substituted bis(amidinate) ligand, was isolated as an 8:1 mixture of rotational diastereomers with C2 and Cs symmetry, respectively. The two diastereomers interconvert upon heating, and at equilibrium the C2 isomer is preferred thermodynamically by 0.2 kcal/mol. Compound 3 reacts with excess Me3SiCl in toluene to form the mixed amido−chloride derivative iPrLXanTi2(NMe2)2Cl4 (5) in low-moderate yield. Alternatively, 5 is also prepared by reaction of iPrLXanH2 with 2 equiv of Ti(NMe2)2Cl2 in good yield. Compound 3 ...
Norms in quadratic fields and their relations to non commuting 2×2 matrices I

LetA be a fixed 2×2 integral matrix with irrational characteristic roots. LetB be an arbitrary 2×2 integral matrix. It was previously shown that -det (AB-BA)=normλ, where λ is in the field of the characteristic roots ofA. It is now shown that the λ's corresponding to varyingB's can be chosen to form a fractional ideal in this field.
Multiparty engineering is a contact sport

In this paper, the authors suggest that essential coordination aspects multiparty engineering can be formally modeled with utility and game theoretic approaches. The computational complexity of evolving utility theories which change the payoff structures and consequently the “game” that the boundedly rational participants are playing along with the stochastic nature of the decisions are investigated using an agent-based model.
REARRANGEMENT OF DIMETHYLCARBENE TO PROPENE : STUDY BY LASER FLASH PHOTOLYSIS AND AB INITIO MOLECULAR ORBITAL THEORY

Laser flash photolysis (Nd:YAG laser, 355 nm, 35 mJ, 150 ps) of dimethyldiazirine and dimethyldiazirine-d6 produces dimethylcarbene (DMC) and dimethylcarbene-d6 (DMC-d6), respectively. The carbenes were trapped with pyridine to form ylides which absorb around 364 nm. It was possible to resolve the growth of the ylides as a function of pyridine concentration in Freon-113, α,α,α-trifluoromethylbenzene, and perfluorohexane as a function of temperature. The observed rate constant (kobs) of ylide formation was linearly dependent on the concentration of pyridine in all solvents and at all temperatures. From plots of kobs versus [pyridine] it was possible to extract values of kpyr (the absolute rate constant of reaction of the carbene with pyridine) and τ, the carbene lifetime in the absence of pyridine, and their associated Arrhenius parameters. In Freon-113 and α,α,α-trifluoromethylbenzene the carbenes decay both by rearrangement and by reaction with solvent. In perfluorohexane the carbene decay appears to be ...
On Factors Controlling Air–Water Gas Exchange in a Large Tidal River

Air-water gas exchange is an important process in aquatic systems, including tidal rivers and estuaries. While there are now reliable and routine methods for determining gas exchange over a range of temporal and spatial scales in the ocean and these measurements have resulted in widely used wind speed parameterizations to calculate air-sea gas exchange, the same has not been true for coastal inland waterways. Some studies have suggested that this difference is methodological, while others point to the existence of additional drivers for gas exchange besides wind in rivers and estuaries. Here, we present gas transfer velocities measured in the tidal Hudson River with a method widely used in oceanic studies, the 3 He/SF6 dual tracer technique. Airside and waterside forcings were determined with an anemometer and an acoustic Doppler current profiler, respectively. The results confirm that wind is the dominant driver of gas exchange in the tidal Hudson River, with negligible contribution from bottom-generated turbulence. Furthermore, a parameterization between wind speed and gas exchange developed for the ocean is able to predict gas exchange in this environment with high accuracy. It is hoped that by transferring methodology used in oceanic studies to rivers and estuaries, robust data can be obtained that will eventually allow development of widely applicable relationships between easily measured environ- mental variables and gas exchange in tidal inland waters.
Catalytic water oxidation on derivatized nanoITO

Electrocatalytic water oxidation occurs on high surface area, nanocrystalline ITO (nanoITO) surface-derivatized by phosphonate-binding of the catalyst [Ru(Mebimpy)(4,4'-((HO)(2)OPCH(2))(2)bpy)(OH(2))](2+) (Mebimpy is 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine; bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine). With nanoITO, spectral data can be acquired on electrochemically generated intermediates and voltammograms monitored spectrophotometrically.
Text and image sharpening of scanned images in the JPEG domain

The visual quality of scanned color documents suffers because of inherent limitations in color scanners. In cases where the scanned documents will also be compressed using the JPEG standard, we present a new technique that sharpens the compressed images in the DCT domain. Sharpening is achieved by suitably scaling each element of the encoding quantization table to enhance the high-frequency characteristics of the image. Experimental results show improved text and image quality with no additional computation cost.
Vaporization of Lead Zirconate‐Lead Titanate Materials

A thermogravimetric investigation of the vaporization of cold-pressed Pb(Zr0.65Ti0.35)O3 in vacuum from 690° to 1130°C shows that the vaporization occurs in two steps. An initial loss of 1 to 7 wt% proceeds by a mechanism with a logarithmic time dependence and represents the vaporization of the unreacted PbO that remains after the initial calcining. The second step proceeds by a slower, diffusion-controlled mechanism with a parabolic time dependence. It is shown that this rate-determining step is bulk diffusion across a thickening lead-depleted layer in the cold-pressed pellet, despite pore volumes of 24 to 42%. The rate constant, g/cm2 sec½, for the parabolic weight loss process is expressed by: log K= (3.37 ± 0.14) - (8.46 ± 0.16) (103/TK). The activation energy is 38.7 ± 2.0 kcal/mole.
Enzyme-mediated Crosslinking of Wool. Part I: Transglutaminase

Felting shrinkage of wool fabric can be controlled by oxidation and protease treatment, however, strength loss usually results. The Agricultural Research Service (ARS) process, providing bleaching,...
Entering and leaving the tunnel of violence: Micro-sociological dynamics of emotional entrainment in violent interactions

Evidence from close ethnographic observations, photos, videos, and interviews show that persons in violence-threatening situations experience the emotional state of confrontational tension/fear (ct/f). This emotion constitutes a barrier that makes most violence abort. Given one of several interactional patterns that allow violence to proceed past this barrier, violence is largely clumsy, imprecise, and uncontrolled. Moments of violence are often experienced as perceptual distortions in the flow of time, vision, sound, and sense of self, an altered state of violent consciousness that the author refers to by the metaphor, the tunnel of violence. The latter part of the article extrapolates the theory to consider mechanisms by which this emotional tunnel is prolonged into episodes lasting longer than a few seconds. These mechanisms include: self-entrainment in one’s own bodily rhythms; reciprocal micro-coordination between attacker and victim; audience or team entrainment. Some experienced individuals learn t...
Animal Abuse as a Warning Sign of School Massacres: A Critique and Refinement

Although animal cruelty is often described as a warning sign of future human violence, particularly in the prediction of multiple homicides, prior studies reveal mixed support for this notion and lack conceptual clarity in the measurement of such cruelty. This study investigates the quantity and quality of cruelty present in a sample of 23 perpetrators of school massacres from 1988 to 2012. FINDINGS indicate that 43% of the perpetrators commit animal cruelty before schoolyard massacres and that the cruelty is usually directed against anthropomorphized species (dogs and cats) in an up-close manner. The implications of these findings for reducing false positive cases of cruelty are discussed. Language: en
An ultra-low-power digitally-controlled buck converter IC for cellular phone applications

This paper describes a dual-mode digitally-controlled buck converter IC for cellular phone applications. An architecture employing internal power management is introduced to ensure voltage compatibility between a single-cell lithium-ion battery voltage and a low voltage integrated circuit technology. Special purpose analog and digital interface elements are developed. These include a ring-oscillator based ADC (ring-ADC), which is nearly entirely synthesizable, robust against switching noise, and has flexible resolution control, and a very low power ring oscillator-multiplexer based digital PWM generation module (ring-MUX DPWM). The chip, which includes an output power stage rated for 400 mA, occupies 2 mm/sup 2/ active area in 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS. Very high efficiencies are achieved over a load range of 0.1 to 400 mA. Measured quiescent current in PFM mode is 4 /spl mu/A.
Normal tissue injury after cancer therapy is a local response exacerbated by an endocrine effect of TGFβ

The sensitivity of normal tissues rather than of the tumour usually limits the effectiveness of cancer treatment. The normal tissue side effects from chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy result from both direct cellular loss and the extensive fibrosis that develops at the site of injury. Recent evidence suggests that the cytokine, transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), mediates this fibrogenic process. Herein, we provide evidence in support of the hypothesis that the fibrosis formation following therapy results not only from TGF beta produced locally in the injured normal tissue, but also from circulating TGF beta released by the tumour. Thus, therapy-induced normal tissue damage appears in part to be a local manifestation of a systemic condition.
Configurable,Highly Parallel (CHiP) Approach For Signal Processing Applications

Between the conception of a real time signal processor and its functional, VLSI realization there is an enormous amount of effort devoted to designing, revising, optimizing and testing. Since the process is cumulative -- later work builds on previous work -- and since the activity becomes progressively more detailed, more constrained and more exacting, it follows that the global design parameters should be fully explored. Global design decisions, when correct, can have a greater effect on performance than many local optimiza-tions. When the decisions are wrong, they can cause continual difficulty. Accordingly, we propose a design methodology based on the Configurable, Highly Parallel (CHiP) architecture family1 that focuses on exploring global design parameters and is especially well suited to the VLSI implementation of signal processing systems.
Vimentin induces changes in cell shape, motility, and adhesion during the epithelial to mesenchymal transition

Vimentin is used widely as a marker of the epithelial to mesenchymal transitions (EMTs) that take place during embryogenesis and metastasis, yet the functional implications of the expression of this type III intermediate filament (IF) protein are poorly understood. Using form factor analysis and quantitative Western blotting of normal, metastatic, and vimentin-null cell lines, we show that the level of expression of vimentin IFs (VIFs) correlates with mesenchymal cell shape and motile behavior. The reorganization of VIFs caused by expressing a dominant-negative mutant or by silencing vimentin with shRNA (neither of which alter microtubule or microfilament assembly) causes mesenchymal cells to adopt epithelial shapes. Following the microinjection of vimentin or transfection with vimentin cDNA, epithelial cells rapidly adopt mesenchymal shapes coincident with VIF assembly. These shape transitions are accompanied by a loss of desmosomal contacts, an increase in cell motility, and a significant increase in focal adhesion dynamics. Our results demonstrate that VIFs play a predominant role in the changes in shape, adhesion, and motility that occur during the EMT.
Real-time detection reveals that effectors couple dynamin's GTP-dependent conformational changes to the membrane

The GTPase dynamin is a mechanochemical enzyme involved in membrane fission, but the molecular nature of its membrane interactions and their regulation by guanine nucleotides and protein effectors remain poorly characterized. Using site-directed fluorescence labeling and several independent fluorescence spectroscopic techniques, we have developed robust assays for the detection and real-time monitoring of dynamin–membrane and dynamin–dynamin interactions. We show that dynamin interacts preferentially with highly curved, PIP2-dense membranes and inserts partially into the lipid bilayer. Our kinetic measurements further reveal that cycles of GTP binding and hydrolysis elicit major conformational rearrangements in self-assembled dynamin that favor dynamin–membrane association and dissociation, respectively. Sorting nexin 9, an abundant dynamin partner, transiently stabilizes dynamin on the membrane at the onset of stimulated GTP hydrolysis and may function to couple dynamin's mechanochemical conformational changes to membrane destabilization. Amphiphysin I has the opposite effect. Thus, dynamin's mechanochemical properties on a membrane surface are dynamically regulated by its GTPase cycle and major binding partners.
Observations on the movement of coarse gravel using implanted motion-sensing radio transmitters

Motion-sensing radio transmitters were implanted in cobbles (72–92 mm diameter) and placed in a stream in south-west Idaho for 43 days during a snowmelt period. The radios transmit different pulse rates depending on whether the rocks are at rest or in motion. Every 30 s, a datalogger samples the receiver and records the pulse rate of the transmitters. Such information can be used to assess numerous properties of particle transport that are beyond the capabilities of conventional tracking methods. Conclusions include: (i) rocks are more likely to move on rising hydrograph limbs than on falling hydrograph limbs; (ii) the average Shields' parameter is 0·046; (iii) rocks move only a fraction of the time between initial and final motion during an event; (iv) the distributions of motion and rest periods are best modeled by gamma functions rather than exponential, but the distributions approach exponential as the tails are trimmed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehensive clinical follow-up of late effects in childhood cancer survivors shows the need for early and well-timed intervention

Abstract Background: Due to recent advances in treatment, nearly 80% of childhood cancer patients become long-term survivors. Studies on the late effects of survivors are under way worldwide. However, data on Asian survivors remain limited. Methods: Data on 241 survivors at the Long-term Follow-up Clinic in Severance Hospital, South Korea, were collected and late effects were confirmed by oncologists. Results: The median follow-up from diagnosis was 7.8 years. Late effects were identified in 59.8% of survivors and 23.2% had two or more late effects. Grade 3 or higher late effects were present in 10.8%. The most common late effects involved endocrine system (29.0%). Late effects were present in 95.7% of brain tumor survivors and 36.0% of Wilms' tumor survivors. Chemotherapy, hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation and radiotherapy were significant factors associated with the number and severity of late effects (P Conclusion: The observation that over 50% of cancer survivors suffered from late effects during the short follow-up period and that a high frequency of endocrine late effects was present indicates the need for early and well-timed intervention of the survivors.
Adaptive Inventory Control for Nonstationary Demand and Partial Information

This paper examines several different policies for an inventory control problem in which the demand process is nonstationary and partially observed. The probability distribution for the demand in each period is determined by the state of a Markov chain, the core process. However, the state of this core process is not directly observed, only the actual demand is observed by the decision maker. Given this demand process, the inventory control problem is a composite-state, partially observed Markov decision process POMDP, which is an appropriate model for a number of dynamic demand problems. In practice, managers often use certainty equivalent control CEC policies to solve such a problem. However, this paper presents results that demonstrate that there are other practical control policies that almost always provide much better solutions for this problem than the CEC policies commonly used in practice. The computational results also indicate how specific problem characteristics influence the performance of each of the alternative policies.
Myth, Style, Substance and the Totalitarian Dynamic in Fascist Italy

Recent studies of Italian Fascism have focused on ritual, spectacle, commemoration and myth, even as they also take seriously the totalitarian thrust of Fascism. But whereas this new culturalist orientation has usefully pointed beyond earlier reductionist approaches, it has often accented style and myth as opposed to their opposites, which might be summed up as ‘substance’. Some of the aspirations fuelling Fascism, responding to perceived inadequacies in the mainstream liberal and Marxist traditions, pointed beyond myth and style as they helped to shape the Fascist self-understanding – and Fascist practice. This article seeks to show how the interplay of substance, style and myth produced a particular – and deeply flawed – totalitarian dynamic in Fascist Italy.
Achieving interoperability in e-government services with two modes of semantic bridging: SRS and SWRL

Data heterogeneity in the public sector is a serious problem and remains to be a key issue as different naming conventions are used to represent similar data labels. The e-government effort in many countries has provided a platform for government entities and their business partners to exchange data through Information Communication Technologies (ICT) and standards such as RosettaNet (B2B data exchange standard), EDIFACT (Electronic Data Interchange for Administration, Commerce, and Transport), XML (Extensible Markup Language) and EDI (Electronic Data Interchange). However, e-government efforts have not really resolved data heterogeneity problems significantly due to limitation of these standards. One such limitation is the inability of data inheritance. In order to solve this problem with emphasis on Service Oriented Architectures (SOA) and Web Services, a semantically enriched web service for the public sector is needed. Thus we propose an ontology-based solution which allows data inheritance and polymorphism. This goal of this paper is to show how heterogeneous e-government documents can be semantically matched. We propose a shared hierarchical knowledge repository approach and a detailed process methodology for semantic mediation. A two-part semantic mediation approach using SRS (Semantic Relatedness Scores) and SWRL (Semantic Web Rule Language) is highlighted. Both measures are complimentary and provide the semantics necessary for resolving schema heterogeneity. Our approach incorporates a rule-based engine that reads and executes SWRL rules (i.e. RacerPro). We also adopted several tools for proof-of-concept such as Protege (i.e. ontology editor) and JESS (Java Expert Shell System).
Concurrent PCP and TB pneumonia in HIV infected patients

We aimed to assess the incidence and clinical characteristics of patients with HIV infection with concurrent Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) and tuberculosis (TB). We carried out a retrospective record review of HIV infected patients admitted with pulmonary TB and PCP during the same hospital admission at a large county hospital in Miami, from 1995 to 2004. 2651 patients with HIV infection and possible TB or PCP were identified. There were 99 cases of PCP (81 presumptive and 18 confirmed) and 35 were new cases of TB. There were 17 patients who had a new, concurrent diagnosis of pulmonary TB and PCP. Approximately half of these patients were unaware of their HIV infections and half of them had a negative AFB in sputum. Most were men and had a CD4 count less than 100 cells/mm 3 . Chest X-ray disclosed bilateral infiltrates in most of the cases. All but 2 survived the hospital admission. Thus, concurrent TB and PCP in HIV infected patients were not uncommon in this large county hospital in Miami, Florida in the studied period, but its diagnosis was challenging.
Phenocryst interactions and the velocity profile of magma flowing through dikes or sills

Mechanical interactions between phenocrysts during magma flow give rise to a grain dispersive pressure. Considerations of the balance of the dispersive pressure are utilized to deduce the velocity profile of the magma flowing through a picritic dike from the observed distribution of olivine phenocrysts. The dike, from the Isle of Skye, Scotland, has a gradual increase in phenocryst concentration from the walls to the center. The analysis of this dike yields a pluglike velocity profile in which the velocity is within 1 percent of the maximum velocity throughout the central half of the dike, with large velocity gradients near the walls. Factors such as a viscosity increase toward the walls due to cooling and variations in the proportionality coefficient in the grain dispersive relationship are considered in the analysis. Other possible corrections required to improve the results are indicated. The velocity profile obtained in the analysis is first compared to profiles for pseudoplastic and Bingham-plastic non-Newtonian fluids. Poor agreement is found, and it is concluded that non-Newtonian fluid models are unsatisfactory. The data are then compared to a model in which the pluglike velocity profile results from the simultaneous requirement of a constant grain dispersive pressure and a balance between the pressure gradient producing the magma intrusion and the viscous dissipation of its momentum. This comparison was successful, and I concluded that such balances cause the pluglike velocity profile as well as the increase in phenocryst concentration toward the dike center.