cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
State Lawmaking On Federal Constitutional Childcare Parents: More Principled Allocations of Powers and More Rational Distinctions

Unlike other federal constitutional rightsholders, a parent with the federal constitutional right to exercise “care, custody, and control” over a child is defined by state lawmakers. While federal constitutional childcare parents may be defined by state constitutional law precedents, they typically are not. The balance of General Assembly and judicial authority over childcare parentage definitions varies interstate. As well, the definitions of childcare parentage differ intrastate depending upon how parentage is established. At times, childcare parentage is defined in a single state by biological ties (real or imagined), contracts, or earlier histories of significant parental-like acts. When determining federal constitutional childcare parentage, state courts too frequently rule without considering key principles. More principled opinions are needed. Further, when applying rule statutes defining childcare parents, state courts too frequently rule without recognizing equality issues. These distinctions can involve wed and unwed couples; same sex and opposite sex couples; single individuals and coupled individuals; and those who do or do not contribute genetic material leading to birth. This paper reviews the deference on federal constitutional childcare parentage to state lawmakers; how this deference has not yielded many state constitutional law precedents; the varied state statutory and common law approaches to defining federal constitutional childcare parents; certain key principles which should guide state legislatures and courts in determining who within a state should define childcare parents; and, how equality demands sometimes require courts to invalidate statutory or common law definitions of childcare parentage.
Terminal Identities: The Racial Classification of Immigrants in Late Nineteenth- and Early Twentieth-century Death Records:

Death certificates are a means of assessing the racial classification of foreign-born Americans that is based neither on a set of formal racial identification criteria nor self-identification. Inst...
Driving toward disability rhetorics: narrative, crip theory, and eco-ability in Mad Max: Fury Road

ABSTRACTWe argue that the film Mad Max: Fury Road challenges stigmas associated with disability by conceptualizing a world that embraces the differences between disabled and abled bodies. Drawing on crip theory and eco-ability scholarship, we examine how Mad Max: Fury Road’s narrative criticizes normative and ableist understandings about the body by imagining a world that constructs accessible and valued spaces for the disabled. Dolmage [Dolmage, J. (2013). Disability Rhetoric. New York: Syracuse University Press] argues that scholars need to situate rhetoric on the experiences of disabled bodies to generate new meanings about disability. Mad Max: Fury Road generates such meanings by challenging normative and stigmatizing conceptions of disability through positive and nuanced representations of disabled bodies.
Blockade of GABA, type A, receptors in the rat pontine reticular formation induces rapid eye movement sleep that is dependent upon the cholinergic system

The brainstem reticular formation is an area important to the control of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. The antagonist of GABA-type A (GABA(A)) receptors, bicuculline methiodide (BMI), injected into the rat nucleus pontis oralis (PnO) of the reticular formation resulted in a long-lasting increase in REM sleep. Thus, one factor controlling REM sleep appears to be the number of functional GABA(A) receptors in the PnO. The long-lasting effect produced by BMI may result from secondary influences on other neurotransmitter systems known to have long-lasting effects. To study this question, rats were surgically prepared for chronic sleep recording and additionally implanted with guide cannulas aimed at sites in the PnO. Multiple, 60 nl, unilateral injections were made either singly or in combination. GABA(A) receptor antagonists, BMI and gabazine (GBZ), produced dose-dependent increases in REM sleep with GBZ being approximately 35 times more potent than BMI. GBZ and the cholinergic agonist, carbachol, produced very similar results, both increasing REM sleep for about 8 h, mainly through increased period frequency, with little reduction in REM latency. Pre-injection of the muscarinic antagonist, atropine, completely blocked the REM sleep-increase by GBZ. GABAergic control of REM sleep in the PnO requires the cholinergic system and may be acting through presynaptic modulation of acetylcholine release.
Calcium and vitamin D metabolism in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

We have studied the effect of dietary vitamin D restriction on serum levels of vitamin D metabolites in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and normotensive Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY). Both WKY and ...
A Cross-sectional Study of Reported Exercise and Medium-Term Weight Loss Following Laparoscopic Bariatric Surgery

Exercise is a strong determinant of prolonged weight loss in non-surgical patients. Studies evaluating the impact of exercise beyond the first year after bariatric surgery are lacking. We analyzed the relationship between reported intentional exercise and medium-term weight loss following bariatric surgery. Patients who underwent bariatric surgery from 2007 thru 2013 completed a follow-up telephone survey and were separated into groups based on reported weekly exercise, i.e., 200 min week−1. Standardized weight loss measures including percent of total weight loss, percent of excess body mass index (BMI) loss, percent of excess weight loss, and change in BMI were compared using analysis of covariance, with years from surgery as the covariant. A total of 872 patients were included in this study (age = 48 ± 10 years; BMI = 48 ± 7 kg/m2), with a mean post-surgery follow-up of 39 ± 14 months. Patients reporting > 200 min week−1 of planned exercise had greater weight loss than those who did less than 90 min week−1 (p < 0.05). No significant difference was found between those who reported less than 90 min week−1and those reporting between 91 and 200 min week−1. This study suggests that regular exercise in excess of 200 min week−1 is associated with greater medium-term weight loss following laparoscopic bariatric surgery. Multidisciplinary bariatric surgery teams should consider emphasizing exercise at this level to help patients achieve optimal weight loss.
Rock climbing injuries and time to return to sport in the recreational climber.

Abstract We investigated the injury pattern in rock climbers and their return to sport for operative and nonoperative management. 432 injuries in 237 climbers recorded: 41.9% hand/elbow, 19.9% foot/ankle, 17.3% shoulder. 66% patients required no treatment, 49 (21%) underwent physical therapy, 27 (11%) underwent surgery with 93% satisfaction. Nonoperative patients recovered at 3.9 months; surgical patients took 9.1 months to return to sport (p = 0.01). Return to same level: 79% nonsurgical patients and 70% surgical patients (p = 0.30). Most injuries underwent nonoperative treatment. Operative treatment allowed a similar amount to return to sport at pre-injury level with a longer time course.
Delirium in the Elderly

Delirium is the most frequent cause of acute cognitive dysfunction in elderly hospitalized adults. It is characterized by fluctuating attention and awareness, and changes in cognition. The etiology of delirium is most often multifactorial, a combination of physiological and/or pharmacological insults. There is no specific pharmacologic therapy to prevent or treat delirium, but agitated delirium is often treated with haloperidol. Pain is difficult to assess in the delirious patient and depends on understanding sources of pain, reports from the patient and family, behavioral assessment, and trials of analgesic medication.
Is anuria prior to pediatric renal transplantation associated with poor allograft outcomes

Introduction Anuria from end-stage renal disease leads to a defunctionalized bladder and may pose technical challenges at the time of renal transplantation. Anuria's effect on bladder function after renal transplantation is considered to be minimal in adults, although a paucity of evidence is available in children. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of anuria prior to pediatric renal transplantation for ESRD due to medical renal disease on allograft outcome. Methods We performed a retrospective review of pediatric patients who underwent renal transplantation for medical renal disease at our institution between 2005 and 2016. Demographics and clinical data were assessed. We also compared GFR at 1 year post-transplant for medical renal patients with history of anuria and those without. Results Twenty-one patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria with median duration of anuria was 10 months. Preoperative VCUG was available in five patients and their bladder capacity was 29% of expected bladder capacity for age (range 8%-41%). Anticholinergic therapy was prescribed in six patients (28%) for a mean duration of 5 months (range 1-16 months). Comparison of GFR at 1 year post-transplant in anuria group and those without anuria showed no difference (69 vs 75 mL/min, P = 0.37). No correlation was observed between duration of anuria and post-transplant GFR. Conclusion The majority of children in our pretransplant anuria cohort did not develop bladder dysfunction after renal transplantation. No difference was observed between GFR at 1 year when comparing anuric to non-anuric transplant recipients of medical renal disease etiology.
From diurnal to nocturnal: Surviving in a chaotic artisanal and small-scale mining sector

Abstract Artisanal and small-scale mining (ASM)–mostly informal, low-tech, and hazardous form of mining–serves as a significant source of livelihood for many populations in many countries. Characterized by widespread environmental vandalism, the government of Ghana banned ASM in March 2017 for a period of six months but later extended the ban indefinitely. Subsequently, the government formed a security taskforce to clamp down on miners who defied the ban. In December 2018, the government lifted the ban to allow only registered artisanal gold miners to operate, depriving a significant proportion of unregistered informal miners of their livelihoods. Unregistered informal mining is still banned. To explore the coping and adaption strategies adopted by the affected informal miners, a mixed-methods approach, including purposive and snowball sampling techniques and in-depth interviews, was employed. Amid brutalities, injuries, pay-to-play corruption, and destruction of mining equipment, many of the affected informal miners navigate a chaotic, ever-changing landscape in search of income to feed themselves and their dependents. While some of these miners defy government orders and work during the day–facing brutalities of government security forces–many others operate at night to evade the security forces. For some, they have to brace dangerous situations on the Gulf of Guinea and unknown and challenging terrains to engage in ASM in neighboring countries where the miners believe that mining regulations and enforcement are lax.
Discussion of the possible mechanism of action of serotonin on molluscan muscle.

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on intracellular calcium levels as the most probable site for explaining how 5-HT causes relaxation of catch in the retractor muscle of Mytilus . A ternary complex between 5-HT, lipid, and calcium that carry calcium ion through the membrane, is called the lipid member of the complex a 5-HT receptor. Gangliosides show a remarkable specificity in its binding capacity for 5-HT. This property is lost when one of the neuraminic acid residues is split off with neuraminidase. The binding is prevented by both reserpine and lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Dialysis experiments show that the ganglioside-5-HT complex dissociates very slowly at 37 ° C (40–50% in 24 hours) and hardly at all below 4 ° C. The ganglioside molecule is found in many vertebrate tissues that contain 5-HT. There is an inadequacy of ganglioside as a possible participant in a Ca ++ -S-HT sequestration mechanism in Mytilus muscle. Neuraminic acid has not yet been detected as a building block in bivalve mollusks where 5-HT plays an important physiological role. The experiments on nerve and muscle continue to point in the direction of a multiplicity of 5-HT-sensitive sites that are in operation in different target organs, although several may have, as a common objective, reduction of the level of intracellular calcium.
The GeoHistoGram: The Neuroscience behind the Design.

The GeoHistoGram is a carefully designed graphic organizer to help solve a common educational problem. In its simplest form, the problem has three parts:A teacher deploys one of the powerful educat...
Updated Tuberculosis Screening Guidelines for Health Care Personnel

Updated Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for tuberculosis (TB) screening of U.S. health care personnel may change practice.
Enhancing employer coverage of smoking cessation treatment: A randomized trial of the Partners in Helping You Quit (PiHQ) program.

Abstract The workplace is a key channel for delivering tobacco cessation treatment to a population. Employers can provide workplace-based programs and/or financial incentives such as health insurance benefits that cover the cost of treatment accessed outside the workplace. Little is known about the effect of combining these strategies. We tested the benefit of adding a workplace cessation program, Partners in Helping You Quit (PiHQ), to comprehensive health insurance coverage of smoking cessation medications by Partners HealthCare, a large Boston-based healthcare delivery system. PiHQ offers biweekly telephone-based behavioral support, additional automated calls, and medication care coordination for 3 months then monthly telephone monitoring for 9 months. In a pragmatic randomized trial, employees who smoked were informed about the insurance benefit, then randomly assigned (2:1) to PiHQ or to active referral to a free 3-month phone-based community program, Massachusetts Quitline (QL). Outcomes were assessed at 3, 6, and 12 months. During 2015–2018, 106 smokers (n = 73 PiHQ, n = 33 QL) enrolled (64% female; 75% white, 21% black; mean age 46 years, mean cigarettes/day = 13). More PiHQ than QL participants made a quit attempt by 3 months (82 vs. 61%, p
Setting Realistic Goals for Personal Retirement Planning via Micro–Macro Analyses

The vulnerability of individuals planning for retirement has been growing as a result of the conversion from defined benefit plans to defined contribution plans, the steady increase in life longevity, and the uncertainty of asset returns under an ever-changing global environment. A serious problem is the lack of appropriate planning for retirement. How much should an individual in the United States save beyond the Social Security tax to maintain a reasonable lifestyle after retirement? The article designs a framework to facilitate the process of setting realistic goals for retirement planning, featuring the concept of agent-based simulations. Focusing on policy-rule-based investment strategies, the simulation framework includes multiple investable asset categories and explores dynamic allocation based on the investor’s age, current salary, and Social Security accumulation situation. Empirical results demonstrate a stylized application of the planning framework. TOPICS:Long-term/retirement investing, pension funds, portfolio management, retirement, Social Security Key Findings • Demonstrates the advantages of agent-based simulation models for addressing the survivability of pension plans. • Compares dynamic and adaptive strategies for integrating saving and investment decisions. • Provides a clear example of goal based investing for individuals and for institutions such as the U.S. Social Security System.
The impact of frailty in older women undergoing pelvic floor reconstructive surgery.

Importance and objective Women ≥ 65 years old commonly undergo pelvic surgery but are often not screened for coexisting frailty, the presence of which increases the risk of postoperative complications. In the absence of a current consensus, the objective of this review is to discuss the incorporation of a frailty assessment into the work-up of women undergoing pelvic floor reconstructive surgery. Methods This is a review of the literature, focusing on measurements of frailty including the Edmonton Frail Scale, FRAIL scale, Groningen Frailty Indicator, frailty phenotype, Tilburg Frailty Indicator, a 70-item frailty index, Mini-Cog score, Charlson comorbidity index, timed up and go test, and life-space assessment. Their use in the perioperative management of older women undergoing pelvic floor reconstructive surgery will be discussed. Discussion and conclusion Understanding the concept of frailty and how it may affect surgical decisions and outcomes is essential. The timed up and go test, life space assessment and Mini-Cog assessment at a minimum should be considered preoperatively in patients over the age of 65 years old planning pelvic floor or elective surgery.
Gelatin Films from Carp Skin Crosslinked by Gallic Acid and Incorporated with Chitosan/Tuna Lipid Fractions

Gelatin was extracted from carp skin and reticulated with gallic acid; afterward, gelatin samples were crosslinked with addition of chitosan produced from shrimp waste and, bleached oil and free fatty acids (FFA) extracted from tuna heads. Carp gelatin showed good yield (20.4%), hydroxyproline content of 13.8% and high gel strength (245 g). Chitosan presented 85%DD and MW of 159 kDa, and the tuna oil had 68.2% of unsaturated fatty acids, being around 29% of EPA and DHA. Films showed thickness, color, and transparencies characteristic of fish gelatins. Films crosslinked with gallic acid, incorporated with chitosan and the tuna lipid fractions showed better mechanical and permeation properties that the other films. FT-IR analysis showed that crosslinking let to an amides II and III decrease, a typical attribute in films with low water vapor permeability. All films presented higher melting temperatures than the pure gelatin film, indicating less thermal degradation and better quality. The results expressed that the incorporations of chitosan, bleached oil and FFA improved the properties of crosslinked gelatin films from carp skin. As all materials used in work are byproducts from fishery industry, this fact could collaborate to reduce the environmental impacts caused by their inadequate discards in nature.
Remixing Resilience: A Critical Examination of Urban Middle School Learning Environments among Resilient African American Learners:

This study examines a sample of African American students attending urban middle schools in a Southern city, and considers their perceptions of learning environments within mathematics classrooms. ...
The Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Novel Training Environment for Control Operators

Abstract After a brief discussion of decision support systems and the problems of Air Traffic Control (ATC), we describe the design and implementation of a Predictive .Man-Machine Environment (PMME) that can be used in the automatic training and evaluation of control operators as well as serve as the basis of their routine planning and decision making activity. PMME works with two connected workstations, one of which displays the essential features of the Current World and the other those of the Extrapolated World. The latter predicts the future consequences of the control operator’s tentative decisions made in responding to the Current World. If the operator is satisfied with these, he finalizes his decisions; otherwise, he modifies the tentative decision and, time permitting, goes through this cycle as long as necessary. We have also implemented a simulated air traffic control environment for the PMME and performed two sets of experiments with tasks of equal complexity — one with and the other without the extrapolation facility. We have shown a statistically significant improvement in the ATC operations that rely on the extrapolation facility. It can be said in general that the PMME increases the effectiveness and efficiency of human judgmental processes by extending their range, capabilities and speed.
Effects of delayed sidetone on the speech of aphasic, dysarthric, and mentally retarded subjects.

The effects of sidetone delay, syntactic structure, and grammaticalness (meaning-fulness) on the duration, sound pressure level, and phonemic errors within sentences were measured. Three handicapped groups of 10 each, consisting of aphasic, dysarthric, and mentally retarded subjects were used. Delayed sidetone significantly affected duration of (a) the different sentence structures, (b) levels of grammaticalness, and (c) type of speakers. Sidetone increased the SPL significantly. The kernel sentence as compared with the three transformations and the meaningful sentences as compared with less meaningful and the least meaningful sentences were affected least in duration and SPL by the delay. The analysis of phonetic errors showed the working of distinctive feature rules within the limit of semantic relevance of a language.
Overview of geology, hydrology, geomorphology, and sediment budget of the Deschutes River Basin, Oregon.

Within the Deschutes River basin of central Oregon, the geology, hydrology, and physiography influence geomorphic and ecologic processes at a variety of temporal and spatial scales. Hydrologic and physiographic characteristics of the basin are related to underlying geologic materials. In the southwestern part of the basin, Quaternary volcanism and tectonism has created basin fills and covered and deranged the surficial hydrologic system, resulting in a relatively low-relief lava-covered landscape with runoff emerging largely from extensive groundwater systems fed by Cascade Range precipitation. The remarkably steady flows of the entire Deschutes River, as depicted in annual and peak flow hydrographs, are due primarily to buffering by the extensive groundwater system of this part of the basin. The eastern part of the basin is primarily underlain by Tertiary volcanic, volcaniclastic, and sedimentary rocks that have weathered into dissected uplands with generally greater slopes and drainage densities than of that of the southwestern part of the basin. Surficial runoff is more seasonal and less voluminous from this more arid part of the basin. The northern part of the basin has been sharply etched by several hundred meters of late Cenozoic incision, resulting in the greatest relief and drainage density of anywhere in the basin. For large floods, such as those of December 1964 and February 1996, more than half of the peak flow at the mouth of the Deschutes River is derived from the northern part of the basin. Modern sediment yield for much of the Deschutes River basin, as determined from reservoir surveys, is exceptionally low and is related to regional slope and drainage proves. Broad-scale sediment budget calculations indicate that more than 50 percent of the sediment produced in the Deschutes River basin produced under modern, pre-impoundment, conditions is from the northern part of the basin. There is ample evidence, however, of much greater sediment yields and large pulses of downstream sediment delivery during Quaternary episodes of volcanism and glaciation.
Collisional Ring Galaxies

Ring galaxies are believed to represent a special case of a collision between two galaxies, in which one of the galaxies impacts and passes through the center of another disk system (e.g. Lynds & Toomre 1976). Although rare, this kind of low orbital-angular-momentum collision leads to a recognizable structure, namely a luminous blue star-forming ring (Appleton & Marston 1997), which should be easily identifiable even at moderate redshift. Indeed, Lavery et al. (dy1996) have used this fact, and their relative rarity at low-redshift, to conclude that rings (and therefore presumably all collisions) are over-represented in deep HST fields.
A Web Service Oriented Integration Approach for Enterprise and Business-to-Business Applications

The purpose of this paper is to propose a web service oriented approach of integrating applications for both Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) and Business-to-Business (B2B) application integration. For this purpose, four service-oriented integration approaches for both EAI and B2B are described in terms of private and shared public web service registries, synchronous and asynchronous interaction protocols, and vertical extensible markup languages. As a case study, one of the integration approaches for EAI and B2B, which can be implemented by using the current available web services platforms, is applied to a Supply Chain Management example in retail business. The empirical results show that the service-oriented application integration is seamless whether it is done within an organization or across organizations since the web services can be employed for implementing business logics regardless of integration types such as EAI and B2B.
Time‐dependent fluid‐structure interaction

The problem of determining the manner in which an incoming acoustic wave is scattered by an elastic body immersed in a fluid is one of the central importance in detecting and identifying submerged objects. The problem is generally referred to as a fluid-structure interaction and is mathematically formulated as a time-dependent transmission problem. In this paper, we consider a typical fluid-structure interaction problem by using a coupling procedure that reduces the problem to a nonlocal initial-boundary problem in the elastic body with a system of integral equations on the interface between the domains occupied by the elastic body and the fluid. We analyze this nonlocal problem by the Lubich approach via the Laplace transform, an essential feature of which is that it works directly on data in the time domain rather than in the transformed domain. Our results may serve as a mathematical foundation for treating time-dependent fluid-structure interaction problems by convolution quadrature coupling of FEM and BEM. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of continuous Bayesian networks using sums of weighted Gaussians

Bayesian networks provide a method of representing conditional independence between random variables and computing the probability distributions associated with these random variables. In this paper, we extend Bayesian network structures to compute probability density functions for continuous random variables. We make this extension by approximating prior and conditional densities using sums of weighted Gaussian distributions and then finding the propagation rules for updating the densities in terms of these weights. We present a simple example that illustrates the Bayesian network for continuous variables; this example shows the effect of the network structure and approximation errors on the computation of densities for variables in the network.
Application of Decentralized Control to a Laser Alignment System

Light propagating through a large laser system is subject to numerous perturbations which can cause deviations from the desired path. Closed loop alignment controls are typically located at key points to compensate for such errors. We have tested a decetralized approach to the alignment control of such a laser system. The decentralized control system has a modular structure in which the control command for each subsystem is a function of only two errors, the error detected by that subsystem's own sensor and the error detected by the sensor in the preceding subsystem. Therefore, although the controller uses local information, the whole alignment system can operate in a coordinated fashion. On the other hand, any design change of a subsystem will cause redesign of only one additional controller, the one for the subsystem immediately downstream. The rest of the system remains unchanged, as we verified in the laboratory by disabling one control loop to simulate a change in the subsystem. The control accuracy of the whole system remained the same after the controller downstream of the disabled loop was modified. This modular approach increases design flexibility and facilitates future expansion of the system.
Operating Characteristics of PROMIS Four‐Item Depression and Anxiety Scales in Primary Care Patients with Chronic Pain

Objective Depression and anxiety are prevalent in patients with chronic pain and adversely affect pain, quality of life, and treatment response. The purpose of this psychometric study was to determine the reliability and validity of the four-item Patient Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) depression and anxiety scales in patients with chronic pain. Design Secondary analysis of data from the Stepped Care to Optimize Pain care Effectiveness study, a randomized clinical trial of optimized analgesic therapy. Setting Five primary care clinics at the Roudebush VA Medical Center (RVAMC) in Indianapolis, Indiana. Subjects Two hundred forty-four primary care patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Methods All patients completed the four-item depression and anxiety scales from the PROMIS 29-item profile, as well as several other validated psychological measures. The minimally important difference (MID) using the standard error of measurement (SEM) was calculated for each scale, and convergent validity was assessed by interscale correlations at baseline and 3 months. Operating characteristics of the PROMIS measures for detecting patients who had probable major depression or were anxiety-disorder screen-positive were calculated. Results The PROMIS scales had good internal reliability, and the MID (as represented by two SEMs) was 2 points for the depression scale and 2.5 points for the anxiety scale. Convergent validity was supported by strong interscale correlations. The optimal screening cutpoint on the 4- to 20-point PROMIS scales appeared to be 8 for both the depression and anxiety scales. Conclusions The PROMIS four-item depression and anxiety scales are reasonable options as ultra-brief measures for screening in patients with chronic pain.
Medical Paternalism and the Rule of Law: A Reply to Dr. Relman

In this Article, Professor Baron challenges the position taken recently by Dr. Arnold Relman in this journal that the 1977 Saikewicz decision of the Supreme Judicial Court of Massachusetts was incorrect in calling for routine judicial resolution of decisions whether to provide life-prolonging treatment to terminally ill incompetent patients. First, Professor Baron argues that Dr. Relman's position that doctors should make such decisions is based upon an outmoded, paternalistic view of the doctor-patient relationship. Second, he points out the importance of guaranteeing to such decisions the special qualities of process which characterize decision making by courts and which are not present when such decisions are made by doctors. Finally, he argues that Dr. Relman has overestimated the social costs of bringing Saikewicz-type cases before the courts and that those costs which are inevitable are more than offset by the qualities of process that the court system can offer in such matters.
On the unsteady hydromagnetic boundary layer flow induced by torsional oscillations of a disk

A study is made of the unsteady hydromagnetic boundary layer flow induced by the torsional oscillations of an infinite disk in an electrically conducting rotating fluid in the presence of a uniform magnetic field. Some qualitative and quantitative information is obtained about i) the structure of the steady and the unsteady velocity field; ii) the existence of the hydrodynamic Rayleigh layer, the Ekman-Hartmann boundary layer and the Stokes-Ekman-Hartmann boundary layer with their physical implications; iii) the total transient time required for the establishment of quasi-steady hydromagnetic boundary layers; iv) the hydromagnetic Ekman suction velocity and its importance, and v) the significant interaction of the electromagnetic and Coriolis forces. It is shown that the rapid attainment of the quasi-steady Ekman-Hartmann and the Stokes-Ekman-Hartmann boundary layers and the striking properties of the Ekman suction velocity appear to play a distinctive role in the hydromagnetic spin-up mechanism. Special attention is given to the physical interpretation of the mathematical results obtained. The significant effects of the imposed magnetic field on the flow phenomena have also been investigated.
Using concept lattices to uncover causal dependencies in software

Suppose that whenever event x occurs, a second event y must subsequently occur. We say that x “causes” y, or y is causally dependent on x. Deterministic causality abounds in software where execution of one routine can necessarily force execution of a subsequent sub-routine. Discovery of such causal dependencies can be an important step to understanding the structure of undocumented, legacy code. In this paper we describe a methodology based on formal concept analysis that uncovers possible causal dependencies in execution trace streams. We first walk through the process using a small synthetic, but easily comprehensible, example. Then we illustrate its potential using 57 threads involving 18,969 executed operations that were monitored in an open source middleware system.
The decidability of the first-order theory of knuth-bendix order

Two kinds of orderings are widely used in term rewriting and theorem proving, namely recursive path ordering (RPO) and Knuth-Bendix ordering (KBO). They provide powerful tools to prove the termination of rewriting systems. They are also applied in ordered resolution to prune the search space without compromising refutational completeness. Solving ordering constraints is therefore essential to the successful application of ordered rewriting and ordered resolution. Besides the needs for decision procedures for quantifier-free theories, situations arise in constrained deduction where the truth value of quantified formulas must be decided. Unfortunately, the full first-order theory of recursive path orderings is undecidable. This leaves an open question whether the first-order theory of KBO is decidable. In this paper, we give a positive answer to this question using quantifier elimination. In fact, we shall show the decidability of a theory that is more expressive than the theory of KBO.
Mediterranean precipitation climatology, seasonal cycle, and trend as simulated by CMIP5

[1] Winter and summer Mediterranean precipitation climatology and trends since 1950 as simulated by the newest generation of global climate models, the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5), are evaluated with respect to observations and the previous generation of models (CMIP3) used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fourth Assessment Report. Observed precipitation in the Mediterranean region is defined by wet winters and drier summers, and is characterized by substantial spatial and temporal variability. The observed drying trend since 1950 was predominantly due to winter drying, with very little contribution from the summer. However, in the CMIP5 multimodel mean, the precipitation trend since 1950 is evenly divided throughout the seasonal cycle. This may indicate that in observation, multidecadal internal variability, particularly that associated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), dominates the wintertime trend. An estimate of the observed externally forced trend shows that winter drying dominates in observations but the spatial patterns are grossly similar to the multimodel mean trend. The similarity is particularly robust in the eastern Mediterranean region, indicating a radiatively forced component being stronger there. Results of this study also reveal modest improvement for the CMIP5 multi-model ensemble in representation of the observed six month winter and summer climatology. The results of this study are important for assessment of model predictions of hydroclimate change in the Mediterranean region, often referred to as a “hotspot” of future subtropical drying.
The mondex challenge: machine checked proofs for an electronic purse

The Mondex case study about the specification and refinement of an electronic purse as defined in [SCJ00] has recently been proposed as a challenge for formal system-supported verification. This paper reports on the successful verification of the major part of the case study using the KIV specification and verification system. We demonstrate that even though the hand-made proofs were elaborated to an enormous level of detail, we still could find small errors in the underlying data refinement theory as well as the formal proofs of the case study. We also provide an alternative formalisation of the communication protocol using abstract state machines. Finally the Mondex case study verifies functional correctness assuming a suitable security protocol. Therefore we propose to extend the case study to include the verification of a suitable security protocol.
Vibrational analysis of 1-iodopropane-D7 and 1-iodobutane-D9: A force field for primary iodides

Abstract Infrared and Raman spectra were obtained for n -C 3 D 7 I and n -C 4 D 9 I that showed the existence of rotational isomers. The conformer with a co-planar chain of carbons and iodine is the one stable in the crystals of both compounds, analogous to the protonated species. Vibrational assignments were made with the aid of normal coordinate calculations. Force constants were determined by simultaneously fitting the calculated to the observed frequencies for 155 values of the eight molecules, trans and gauche n -C 3 H 7 I, trans and gauche n -C 3 D 7 I, TT and TG n -C 4 H 9 I, and TT and TG n -C 4 D 9 I. The average error for the 155 frequencies is 6.3 cm −1 .
A learning algorithm for Boltzmann machines

The computational power of massively parallel networks of simple processing elements resides in the communication bandwidth provided by the hardware connections between elements. These connections can allow a significant fraction of the knowledge of the system to be applied to an instance of a problem in a very short time. One kind of computation for which massively parallel networks appear to be well suited is large constraint satisfaction searches, but to use the connections efficiently two conditions must be met: First, a search technique that is suitable for parallel networks must be found. Second, there must be some way of choosing internal representations which allow the preexisting hardware connections to be used efficiently for encoding the constraints in the domain being searched. We describe a general parallel search method, based on statistical mechanics, and we show how it leads to a general learning rule for modifying the connection strengths so as to incorporate knowledge about a task domain in an efficient way. We describe some simple examples in which the learning algorithm creates internal representations that are demonstrably the most efficient way of using the preexisting connectivity structure.
Effects of sand addition on turbulent flow over an immobile gravel bed

[1] The factors controlling the complex interaction of a coarse streambed with flow and sediment are difficult to measure. However, planning for reservoir flushing or dam removal requires knowledge of these interactions. In both cases, impounded sediments are introduced to channel beds that have had fine sediment particles removed without replacement. The channel bed pore space interacts with the flow and provides storage for particles. In order to address the need for information on such systems, an adjustable-slope, recirculating laboratory flume was used to study the changes in flow and turbulence caused by sand added to an immobile gravel bed. Detailed measurements were made using an acoustic Doppler velocimeter that collected three velocity components at a rate of 200 Hz. Because of the rough nature of the bed, individual velocity profiles varied significantly; therefore, in order to determine general trends, the data were spatially averaged over six 10 × 20 cm planes parallel to the bed with the lowest plane about 2 cm below the maximum gravel elevation. The increasing elevation of sand relative to the gravel layer resulted in decreased bed shear stress, decreased Reynolds stress, increased relative turbulence intensity, and a near-bed shift toward sweep-dominated turbulence.
Synaptic activation of kainate receptors on hippocampal interneurons

Although kainate receptor activation has been known to evoke epileptiform activity, little is known about the role of kainate receptors in synaptic transmission. Here we report that kainate (KA) receptors are present on interneurons and, when activated, cause a large increase in the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) driven by action potentials. Stimulation of excitatory afferents generates a pharmacologically identifiable synaptic current mediated by KA receptors in interneurons. This synaptic current is similar to that mediated by AMPA receptors in its response to short stimulus trains, current–voltage relations and coefficient of variation, but it is much smaller in peak amplitude and much slower. KA application also considerably depresses evoked IPSCs. This depression seems to be in large part an indirect consequence of the repetitive firing evoked by the activation of the interneuronal somatic/dendritic KA receptors.
Q, Cash Flow and Investment: An Econometric Critique

The effects of measurement and specification error on estimates of the Q and cash flow model of investment are investigated. Two sources of error are considered: expensing of RcD expenditures and failing to identify that component of cash flow which relaxes financing constraints. We apply random-effects and instrumental variables estimators to a model that addresses these sources of error. We find that: (1) the capitalization of R& D strengthens the explanatory power of the model; (2) expected and unexpected components of cash flow have different effects; and (3) the effects of Q are much more evident in firms facing low costs of external finance.
Satellites -- new global observing techniques for ice and snow

The relation of aereal extent of snow cover to the average monthly runoff in a given watershed was investigated by comparing runoff records with a series of snowcover maps. Studies using the high spatial resolution available with ERTS-1 imagery were carried out for the Wind River Mountains watersheds in Wyoming, where it was found that the empirical relationship varied with mean elevation of the watershed. In addition, digital image enhancement techniques are shown to be useful for identifying glacier features related to extent of snowcover, moraine characteristics, and debris average. Longer wavelength observations using sensors on board the Nimbus 5 Satellite are shown to be useful for indicating crystal size distributions and onset of melting on glacier snow cover.
What Happens in the Field Stays in the Field: Exploring Whether Professionals Play Minimax in Laboratory Experiments

The minimax argument represents game theory in its most elegant form: simple but with stark predictions. Although some of these predictions have been met with reasonable success in the field, experimental data have generally not provided results close to the theoretical predictions. In a striking study, Palacios-Huerta and Volij (2008) presented evidence that potentially resolves this puzzle: both amateur and professional soccer players play nearly exact minimax strategies in laboratory experiments. In this paper, we establish important bounds on these results by examining the behavior of four distinct subject pools: college students, bridge professionals, world-class poker players, who have vast experience with high-stakes randomization in card games, and American professional soccer players. In contrast to Palacios-Huerta and Volij's results, we find little evidence that real-world experience transfers to the lab in these games—indeed, similar to previous experimental results, all four subject pools provide choices that are generally not close to minimax predictions. We use two additional pieces of evidence to explore why professionals do not perform well in the lab: (i) complementary experimental treatments that pit professionals against preprogrammed computers and (ii) post-experiment questionnaires. The most likely explanation is that these professionals are unable to transfer their skills at randomization from the familiar context of the field to the unfamiliar context of the lab.
"La Dorotea" y la "Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta"

(1992). La Dorotea y la Elegia di Madonna Fiammetta. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies: Vol. 69, Hispanic Studies in Honour of Geoffrey Ribbans, pp. 83-89.
3-coloring in time O (1.3289 n )

We consider worst case time bounds for several NP-complete problems, based on a constraint satisfaction (CSP) formulation of these problems: (a, b)-CSP instances consist of a set of variables, each with up to a possible values, and constraints disallowing certain b-tuples of variable values; a problem is solved by assigning values to all variables satisfying all constraints, or by showing that no such assignment exist. 3-SAT is equivalent to (2, 3)-CSP while 3-coloring and various related problems are special cases of (3, 2)-CSP; there is also a natural duality transformation from (a, b)-CSP to (b, a)-CSP. We show that n-variable (3, 2)-CSP instances can be solved in time O(1.3645n), that satisfying assignments to (d, 2)-CSP instances can be found in randomized expected time O((0.4518d)n); that 3-coloring of n-vertex graphs can be solved in time O(1.3289n); that 3-list-coloring of n-vertex graphs can be solved in time O(1.3645n); that 3-edge-coloring of n-vertex graphs can be solved in time O(2n/2), and that 3-satisfiability of a formula with t 3-clauses can be solved in time O(nO(1) + 1.3645t).
Topside Ionospheric Response to Solar EUV Variability

We present an analysis of 23 years of thermal plasma measurements in the topside ionosphere from the DMSP spacecraft. The H+/O+ ratio and density vary dramatically with the solar cycle; cross-correlation coefficients between E10.7 and the daily averaged densities are greater than 0.85. The ionospheric parameters also vary dramatically with season, particularly at latitudes away from the equator where the solar zenith angle varies greatly with season. There are also 27-day solar rotation periodicities in the density, associated with periodicities in the directly-measured solar EUV flux. Empirical Orthogonal Function (EOF) analysis captures over 95% of the variation in the density in the first two principal components. The first principal component (PC1) is clearly associated with the solar EUV while the second principal component (PC2) is clearly associated with the SZA variation. The magnitude of the variation of the response of the topside ionosphere to solar EUV variability is shown to be closely related to the ionospheric composition. This is interpreted as the result of the effect of composition on the scale height in the topside ionosphere and the "pivot effect" in which the variation in density near the F2 peak is amplified by a factor of e at an altitude a scale height above the F2 peak. When the topside ionosphere is H+ dominated during solar minimum, DMSP may be much less than a scale height above the F2 peak while during solar maximum , when it is O+ dominated, DMSP may be several scale heights above the F2 peak.
A lower bound for depths of powers of edge ideals

Let $$G$$G be a graph, and let $$I$$I be the edge ideal of $$G$$G. Our main results in this article provide lower bounds for the depth of the first three powers of $$I$$I in terms of the diameter of $$G$$G. More precisely, we show that $$\mathrm{{depth}}\,R/I^t \ge \left\lceil {\frac{d-4t+5}{3}} \right\rceil +p-1$$depthR/It?d-4t+53+p-1, where $$d$$d is the diameter of $$G$$G and $$p$$p is the number of connected components of $$G$$G and $$1 \le t \le 3$$1≤t≤3. For general powers of edge ideals we show that $$\mathrm{{depth}}\,R/I^t \ge p-t$$depthR/It?p-t. As an application of our results we obtain the corresponding lower bounds for the Stanley depth of the first three powers of $$I$$I.