cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deposition of Dairy Protein-Containing Fluids on Heat Exchange Surfaces

The deposition behavior of milk and dairy protein model systems under turbulent flow conditions (Re > 66,700) was observed in the heating sections of a tubular ultra-high temperature processing unit. This phenomenon was monitored via thermal resistance of the deposit in four segments in each of two shell-and-tube heat exchangers. Model systems were comprised of mixtures of sodium caseinate, whey proteins, salts, lactose, and fat. Fouling rates varied with type of milk protein, heater wall temperature, and location in the heat exchangers. The relationship between deposition rate in the heat exchanger and protein denaturation kinetics was also examined.
Extracellular domains drive homo- but not hetero-dimerization of erbB receptors.

Many different growth factor ligands, including epidermal growth factor (EGF) and the neuregulins (NRGs), regulate members of the erbB/HER family of receptor tyrosine kinases. These growth factors induce erbB receptor oligomerization, and their biological specificity is thought to be defined by the combination of homo- and hetero-oligomers that they stabilize upon binding. One model proposed for ligand-induced erbB receptor hetero-oligomerization involves simple heterodimerization; another suggests that higher order hetero-oligomers are ‘nucleated’ by ligand-induced homodimers. To distinguish between these possibilities, we compared the abilities of EGF and NRG1-β1 to induce homo- and hetero-oligomerization of purified erbB receptor extracellular domains. EGF and NRG1-β1 induced efficient homo-oligomerization of the erbB1 and erbB4 extracellular domains, respectively. In contrast, ligand-induced erbB receptor extracellular domain hetero-oligomers did not form (except for s-erbB2–s-erbB4 hetero-oligomers). Our findings argue that erbB receptor extracellular domains do not recapitulate most heteromeric interactions of the erbB receptors, yet reproduce their ligand-induced homo-oligomerization properties very well. This suggests that mechanisms for homo- and hetero-oligomerization of erbB receptors are different, and contradicts the simple heterodimerization hypothesis prevailing in the literature.
Concurrent and Predictive Validity of the NATIONAL TEACHER EXAMINATIONS.

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to examine the concurrent and predictive validity of the Weighted Common Examinations and Education in the Elementary School test scores from the National Teacher Examinations for a group of teachers who were graduates of one university. Results of the study of both tests were similar and support the findings of other researchers. Suggestions for use of the results of the study in teacher selection were advanced.
Memory T cells persisting in the brain following MCMV infection induce long-term microglial activation via interferon-γ

Murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) brain infection stimulates microglial cell-driven proinflammatory chemokine production which precedes the presence of brain-infiltrating systemic immune cells. Here, we show that in response to MCMV brain infection, antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells migrated into the brain and persisted as long-lived memory cells. The role of these persistent T cells in the brain is unclear because most of our understanding of antimicrobial T cell responses comes from analyses of lymphoid tissue. Strikingly, memory T cells isolated from the brain exhibited an effector phenotype and produced IFN-γ upon restimulation with viral peptide. Furthermore, we observed time-dependent and long-term activation of resident microglia, indicated by chronic MHC class II up-regulation and TNF-α production. The immune response in this immunologically restricted site persisted in the absence of active viral replication. Lymphocyte infiltrates were detected until 30 days post-infection (p.i.), with CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells present at a 3:1 ratio, respectively. We then investigated the role of IFN-γ in chronic microglial activation by using IFN-γ-knockout (GKO) mice. At 30 days p.i., GKO mice demonstrated a similar phenotypic brain infiltrate when compared to wild-type mice (Wt), however, MHC class II expression on microglia isolated from these GKO mice was significantly lower compared to Wt animals. When IFN-γ producing CD8(+) T cells were reconstituted in GKO mice, MHC class II up-regulation on microglial cells was restored. Taken together, these results suggest that MCMV brain infection results in long-term persistence of antigen-specific CD8(+) T cells which produce IFN-γ and drive chronic microglial cell activation. This response was found to be dependent on IFN-γ production by viral Ag-specific T cells during the chronic phase of disease.
High-speed photodiodes and electrooptic waveguide modulators

Ultrahigh-speed photonic components are necessary to exploit the wide bandwidth available when using a lightwave as the carrier frequency for telecommunication and instrumentation applications. Two classes of component are addressed: on the transmitter end, the modulator to impress the electrical signal onto the lightwave carrier and, on the receiver end, the photodiode to reproduce faithfully the electrical signal.
Low concentrations of ethanol do not affect radioligand binding to the δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors in the rat brain

Abstract In the present study, we investigated the co-localization pattern of the δ subunit with other subunits of GABAA receptors in the rat brain using immunoprecipitation and Western blotting techniques. Furthermore, we investigated whether low concentrations of ethanol affect the δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptor assemblies in the rat brain using radioligand binding to the rat brain membrane homogenates as well as to the immunoprecipitated receptor assemblies. Our results revealed that δ subunit is not co-localized with γ2 subunit but it is associated with the α1, α4 or α6, β2 and/or β3 subunit(s) of GABAA receptors in the rat brain. Ethanol (1–50 mM) neither affected [3H]muscimol (3 nM) binding nor diazepam-insensitive [3H]Ro 15-4513 (2 nM) binding in the rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex membranes. However, a higher concentration of ethanol (500 mM) inhibited the binding of these radioligands to the GABAA receptors partially in the rat cerebellum and cerebral cortex. Similarly, ethanol (up to 50 mM) did not affect [3H]muscimol (15 nM) binding to the immunoprecipitated δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptor assemblies in the rat cerebellum and hippocampus but it inhibited the binding partially at a higher concentration (500 mM). These results suggest that the native δ-subunit-containing GABAA receptors do not play a major role in the pharmacology of clinically relevant low concentrations of ethanol.
Evidence of a higher symmetry in nucleon-nucleon scattering

Abstract SU(12) L predicts six relations among the nucleon-nucleon scattering amplitudes. Experimentally the relation Re B 1 = 1 2 Re G 0 is satisfied to 5–10% between 95 and 210 MeV, while the other relations yield fair agreement for forward scattering and poor agreement for non-forward scattering.
Development of a real-time on-road emissions estimation and monitoring system

Transportation has been a significant contributor to total greenhouse gas and criteria air pollutant emissions. Emission mitigation strategies are essential in reducing transportation's impacts on the environment. In order to effectively develop and evaluate on-road emissions reduction strategies, it is important to have an information support system which can estimate and monitor on-road emissions under real world traffic operations. Emission data provided by such a system can be used to identify emission hot spots and their causes, and to develop and evaluate reduction strategies. In this paper, a system is developed to estimate and monitor operational on-road emissions with high accuracy and resolution in real time. The two sets of critical information for emission estimation, vehicle mix and vehicle activity, are directly generated from traffic detection using inductive vehicle signature technology. An initial implementation on a section of the I-405 freeway at Irvine, California is demonstrated. With more widespread deployment, the system can be used to perform before-and-after evaluation of certain mitigation strategies, to develop time sensitive optimal traffic control strategies with the purpose to control emissions, and to provide high fidelity greenhouse gas and air quality information to policymakers, researchers, and the general public.
Monte Carlo study of high-energy electrons in silicon dioxide.

A Monte Carlo study of high-field electronic transport in silicon dioxide is undertaken. Contrary to previous theoretical studies, we do not model the electronic structure by a single free-electron-like band. Our model accounts for a set of satellite valleys which contribute density of states needed for effective scattering at a few electronvolts. We find that the electronic distribution is stable for fields on the order of 10 MV/cm.
Effects of training on blood glucose kinetics during glucose challenge in rats

We hypothesized that endurance training would alter blood glucose kinetics in rats given an exogenous glucose challenge. Primed-continuous infusion of H14CO3-and [3-3H]glucose were given to fasted rats during an intravenous glucose load of approximately 150% of the normal endogenous appearance rate for 3 h. In all rats blood glucose concentrations increased with loading, but in trained animals glucose stabilized at significantly lower levels. Trained animals had lower blood glucose turnover rates than the controls (75±2.3 vs. 120±6.3 μmoles/kg×min, respectively). Glucose metabolic clearance rates in trained rats (11.5±1.7) were not different from those in controls (11.6±1.2 ml/kg×min). Gluconeogenic rates estimated from incorporation of14C into blood glucose did not differ between trained and untrained groups. However, the rate of hepatic glucose release estimated from the difference between tracer measured and exogenous appearance rate was lower in the trained group. These findings support the concept that when resting trained animals are challenged with an exogenous load, more glucose is diverted to anabolic processes as opposed to increased turnover.
Technology-mediated social arrangements to resolve breakdowns in infrastructure during ongoing disruption

When societies experience disruption as caused by natural disasters, various official government agencies, relief organizations, and emergent citizen groups engage in activities that aid in the recovery effort—the process that leads to the resumption of normal life. In war environments however, societal trust can be affected and people may develop distrust of the institutions and associated individuals that provide and resolve breakdowns in infrastructure. This article reports on an ethnographic study of the use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) by citizens experiencing ongoing disruption in a conflict zone. We conducted 90 semistructured interviews with Iraqi civilians who experienced the 2nd Gulf War beginning in March 2003. We show how citizens used ICTs to continuously resolve breakdowns in infrastructure during ongoing disruption caused by the conflict, by creating new, reliable technology-mediated social arrangements that enabled people to maintain daily routines for travel, education, and obtaining information. We then discuss new ways to think about infrastructure and implications for the disaster relief effort.
Intravaginal misoprostol versus cervidil for cervical ripening in term pregnancies

Objective: To evaluate the effect of intravaginal misoprostol as compared with Cervidil for cervical ripening in term patients. Methods: This was a prospective randomized study of women at term with intact membranes and Bishop scores less than 6 who presented for induction of labor. Misoprostol-treated women initially received 25 g intravaginally; subsequently they received 25–50 g every 4 hours for a maximum of three doses. Cervidil-treated women received the 10-mg dinoprostone intravaginal insert for a maximum of 12 hours. Intravenous oxytocin was then administered. Results: One hundred twenty women were enrolled, with 60 assigned to each group. The mean times from induction to delivery were similar, but the average time in labor was 1.3 hours shorter for the women who were given misoprostol (4.6 hours versus 5.9 hours, P = 0.03). There were no significant differences in the rates of hyperstimulation, tachysystole, fetal heart rate abnormalities, or cesarean delivery (overall rate of 18.3 %). Misoprostol-teated women had longer hospital stays (3.3 days versus 2.6 days, P <0.001), longer postpartum courses (39.8 hours versus 33.2 hours, P <0.01), and a trend toward more postpartum complications (20% versus 8.3%, P = 0.06). Conclusion: Compared with Cervidil, intravaginal misoprostol has similar efficacy in cervical ripening but seems to be associated with longer postpartum stays and hospitalization. The effect of intravaginal misoprostol on postpartum complications needs further study.
Study of nanosensor systems for hypertension associated cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disorders

Hypertension and hypertension associated cerebrovascular and cardiovascular diseases are on a rise. At-least 970 million people in the world and Seventy percent of the American adults are affected by high blood pressure, also known as hypertension. Even though blood pressure monitoring systems are readily available, the number of people being affected has been increasing. Most of the blood pressure monitoring systems require cumbersome approaches. Even the noninvasive techniques have not lowered the number of people affected nor did at-least increase the user base of these systems. Uncontrolled or untreated hypertension may lead to various cerebrovascular disorders including stroke, hypertensive crisis, lacunar infarcts intracerebral damage, microaneurysm, and cardiovascular disorders including heart failure, myocardial infraction, and ischemic heart disease. Hypertension is rated as the one of the most important causes of premature death in spite of the technical advances in biomedical technology. This paper briefs a review of the widely adopted blood pressure monitoring methods, research techniques, and finally, proposes a concept of implementing nanosensors and wireless communication for real time non-invasive blood pressure monitoring.
Sinistral equal‐size spiral cleavage of the indirectly developing polychaete Hydroides elegans

Two major variants of the stereotypic spiral cleavage correlate with distinct developmental modes in polychaetes. Indirect development through a feeding trochophore larva correlates with development from four equal-sized blastomeres, whereas direct development correlates with unequal cleavage characterized by a large dorsal blastomere precursor maternally predetermined. The equal-size spiral cleavage of the indirectly developing serpulid Hydroides elegans has been reconstructed from serial sections of nuclei-stained embryos. The order of cell divisions has been determined from the 2-cell stage to the 80-cell stage, when gastrulation cell movements start to overlap with late spiral-cleavage divisions. In contrast to related species, the third cleavage in Hydroides elegans is invariably sinistral. The four quadrants remain indistinct until the 60-cell stage, when the small 2d22 and large 2d21 cells are generated. The developmental significance of the invariant spiral cleavage relates to the spatial distribution of gene functions that it partitions and their relation to blastomere fate commitments. The conservation and divergence of the cleavage pattern among spiralians is well suited to study the developmental control of the cell-cleavage machinery and its evolution. Developmental Dynamics 236:1611–1622, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Liquid structure of the simple alkali metals from a first-principles pseudopotential calculation

First-principles fully nonlocal pseudopotentials which predict good phonon spectra and elastic shear constants for Li, Na, and K were used to obtain the effective ion-ion pair potentials at the melting-point density. The pair potential $U(r)$ was used to make a Monte Carlo determination of the static structure factor $S(q)$ and pair-correlation function $g(r)$ for liquid alkali metals. The results for Na and K compare well with the experimental data of Greenfield and Wiser.
The effects of aging on satellite cells in skeletal muscles of mice and rats

Myosatellite cells were examined and quantified at the fine structural level of resolution during aging of skeletal muscles in mice and rats. Satellite cells in the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of animals between eight and 30 months of age appeared, according to morphological criteria, metabolically less active than those examined in immature muscles. In the soleus muscle of the mouse, satellite cells decreased in number from 4.6% at eight months of age to 2.4% at 30 months. This decrease appeared to be due to the passage of some satellite cells into the interstitial space as a result of the formation of external lamina material around the entire satellite cell surface.
Dorsal hippocampal regulation of memory reconsolidation processes that facilitate drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior in rats

Exposure to a cocaine-paired context increases the propensity for relapse in cocaine users and prompts cocaine-seeking behavior in rats. According to the reconsolidation hypothesis, upon context re-exposure, established cocaine-related associations are retrieved and can become labile. These associations must undergo reconsolidation into long-term memory to effect enduring stimulus control. The dorsal hippocampus (DH), dorsolateral caudate-putamen and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are critical for the expression of context-induced cocaine seeking, and these brain regions may also play a role in the reconsolidation of cocaine-related memories that promote this behavior. To test this hypothesis, rats were trained to press a lever for unsignaled cocaine infusions (0.2 mg/infusion, i.v.) in a distinct environmental context (cocaine-paired context), followed by extinction training in a different context (extinction context). Rats were then re-exposed to the cocaine-paired context for 15 min in order to reactivate cocaine-related memories or received comparable exposure to a novel unpaired context. Immediately thereafter, rats received bilateral microinfusions of the protein synthesis inhibitor anisomycin, the sodium channel blocker tetrodotoxin or vehicle into one of the above brain regions. After additional extinction training in the extinction context, reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior (i.e., non-reinforced lever presses) was assessed in the cocaine-paired context. Tetrodotoxin, but not anisomycin, administered into the DH inhibited drug context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior in a memory reactivation-dependent manner. Other manipulations failed to alter this behavior. These findings suggest that the DH facilitates the reconsolidation of associative memories that maintain context-induced cocaine-seeking behavior, but it is not the site of anisomycin-sensitive memory restabilization per se.
Role of melastatin-related transient receptor potential channel TRPM1 in the retina: clues from horses and mice

Parallel processing is one of the main features of the mammalian visual system, with distinct neuronal circuits carrying information related to either increases in light illumination (On pathway) or decreases in light illumination (Off pathway). This segregation of light information occurs very
L5 Pedicle Length Is Increased in Subjects With Spondylolysis: An Anatomic Study of 1072 Cadavers

Background In spondylolisthesis, it is believed that as L5 slips on S1, the pedicle may become elongated in response to the instability in an attempt to bridge the defect. Whether patients with spondylolysis, which is largely developmental, also develop elongation of the pedicles is unknown.
Macro‐ and Micronuclei of Tetrahymena pyriformis: A Model System for Studying the Structure and Function of Eukaryotic Nuclei*†

SYNOPSIS The macro- and micronucleus of Tetrahymena pyriformis are formed from a common diploid synkaryon during conjugation. Shortly after the 2nd postzygotic division, distinct morphologic and physiologic differences develop between the 2 nuclei. Micronuclei remain small, presumably diploid, and electronmicroscopic observations indicate that micronuclear DNA is contained in a dense, fibrous, chromosome-like coil. Macronuclei contain considerably more DNA than micronuclei, and the DNA of the macronucleus is found largely in the chromatin bodies typical of ciliate nuclei. The functional differences between macro- and micronuclei in vegetative cells also are striking. The template activity of DNA in the micronucleus is highly restricted compared to that in the macronucleus. Micronuclei synthesize and contain little RNA, and do not contain either nucleoli or ribonucleoprotein granules. Macronuclei, on the other hand, synthesize and contain large amounts of RNA and have many nucleoli and ribonucleoprotein granules. Macro- and micronuclei also have distinct differences in the timing of DNA synthesis during the cell cycle and in the timing and mechanism of nuclear division. Finally, during conjugation the macronucleus becomes pycnotic and disappears while the micronucleus undergoes meiosis and fertilization, ultimately giving rise to new macro- and new micronuclei. In short, the macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena provide an excellent system for studying the molecular mechanisms by which the same (or related) genetic information is maintained in different structural and functional states. Methods have been devised to isolate and purify macro- and micronuclei of Tetrahymena in the hope of correlating differences in the nucleoprotein composition of these nuclei with differences in their structure and function. The DNAs of macro- and micronuclei have been found to differ markedly in their content of a methylated base, N6-methyl adenine, and major differences in the histones of the 2 nuclei have been observed. Macronuclei contain histones similar to those found in vertebrate nuclei, while 2 major histone fractions seem to be missing in micronuclei. In addition, histone fraction F2A1 which is found in multiple, acetylated forms in macronuclei, is present only as a single, unacetylated form in micronuclei.
Use of ritz vectors in wave propagation and foundation response

The accuracy of a numerical method is demonstrated for the dynamic analysis of large complex finite element systems in which the spatial distribution of the loading is constant. The method is based on the use of a special class of Ritz vectors which were previously proposed and can be generated with minimum numerical effort. The purpose of this paper is to extend the use of these vectors to the solution of wave propagation and foundation response problems. The method is applied to one-, twoand three-dimensional problems in order to illustrate the efficiency and accuracy of the technique. Unless it is necessary to evaluate the very high-frequency behaviour of a structural system, it is shown that a small number of Ritz vectors will produce excellent results. Therefore, they can be very effective in the solution of three-dimensional soil-structure systems subjected to earthquake loading.
Familial neuroblastoma: case reports, literature review, and etiologic considerations

The phenomenon of familial neuroblastoma is discussed in the context of case reports describing disseminated neuroblastoma in two of three half-brothers who share a common unaffected mother and who each have a different father. This family's cytogenetics proved to be unremarkable; also, the mother's peripheral blood DNA did not show tumorigenic capacities in transfection-nude mice experiments. An analysis of reported cases permits an updated examination of the clinical features of this entity and defines the limits of genetic counseling of families of all neuroblastoma patients. Multiple primaries are a hallmark of familial neuroblastoma. Most diagnoses are made in the first 18 months of life and at ages that fall within 12 months of the age of diagnosis of the other affected family member. Difficulties in determining the incidence and penetrance of an inherited susceptibility to neuroblastoma derive from undiagnosed tumors that have undergone regression or spontaneous maturation to benign ganglioneuroma, as well as from early deaths or long-term treatment complications that preclude reproduction and multigenerational pedigrees. Nevertheless, the risk of neuroblastoma in siblings or offspring of the large majority of persons with neuroblastoma appears to be less than 6%. Recent observations concerning chromosomal aberrations and oncogenes in embryonal malignancies are presented in an integrated model of tumorigenesis that corresponds to clinical experience.
Strategic market games with cyclic endowments

We consider an infinite horizon cash-in-advance market economy with symmetric agents. In each stage, a representative agent receives an independent, random endowment from one of k known distributions. The endowment distribution changes cyclically across stages. We suppose that a central bank sets a fixed, nominal interest rate for both borrowing and investing. In equilibrium, the expected rate of inflation across each cycle of length k is strictly greater with random endowments from cyclic distributions than with deterministic endowments.
Preliminary results in accelerating profile HMM search on FPGAs

Comparison between biosequences and probabilistic models is an increasingly important part of modern DNA and protein sequence analysis. The large and growing number of such models in today's databases demands computational approaches to searching these databases faster, while maintaining high sensitivity to biologically meaningful similarities. This work describes an FPGA-based accelerator for comparing proteins to hidden Markov models of the type used to represent protein motifs in the popular HM-MER motif finder. Our engine combines a systolic array design with enhancements to pipeline the complex Viterbi calculation that forms the core of the comparison, and to support coarse-grained parallelism and streaming of multiple sequences within one FPGA. Performance estimates based on a functioning VHDL realisation of our design show a 190 times speedup over the same computation in optimised software on a modern general-purpose CPU.
A three-dimensional ring annuloplasty for the treatment of tricuspid regurgitation.

Purpose Significant functional tricuspid regurgitation should be corrected in patients undergoing surgery for left-sided valvular diseases. Several clinical studies have shown the superiority of the remodeling annuloplasty over other repair techniques. Herein we report our early experience with a new three-dimensional remodeling prosthetic ring (Edwards MC 3 annuloplasty system [Edwards LifeSciences, Irvine, CA]). Description From June 2002 to November 2004, 75 patients with functional tricuspid regurgitation (mean, 3.1 ± 0.9) underwent tricuspid valve repair with this new prosthesis. Concomitant procedures were mitral valve repair (70%), replacement (26%), aortic valve replacement (10%), coronary artery bypass grafting (13%), and left atrial maze (34%). Median predicted EuroScore mortality was 21% ( r = 3 to 62). Evaluation Operative mortality was 5.3% (n = 4). Pre-discharge echocardiography showed significant decrease in tricuspid regurgitation to 0.3 ± 0.4 ( p Conclusions This new three-dimensional ring is easy to implant, corrects tricuspid regurgitation effectively, and provides good short-term clinical and echocardiographic results. Long-term evaluation, however, is necessary to determine the stability of tricuspid valve repair using the MC 3 annuloplasty system.
The Fungal Pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus Regulates Growth, Metabolism, and Stress Resistance in Response to Light

Light is a pervasive environmental factor that regulates development, stress resistance, and even virulence in numerous fungal species. Though much research has focused on signaling pathways in Aspergillus fumigatus, an understanding of how this pathogen responds to light is lacking. In this report, we demonstrate that the fungus does indeed respond to both blue and red portions of the visible spectrum. Included in the A. fumigatus light response is a reduction in conidial germination rates, increased hyphal pigmentation, enhanced resistance to acute ultraviolet and oxidative stresses, and an increased susceptibility to cell wall perturbation. By performing gene deletion analyses, we have found that the predicted blue light receptor LreA and red light receptor FphA play unique and overlapping roles in regulating the described photoresponsive behaviors of A. fumigatus. However, our data also indicate that the photobiology of this fungus is complex and likely involves input from additional photosensory pathways beyond those analyzed here. Finally, whole-genome microarray analysis has revealed that A. fumigatus broadly regulates a variety of metabolic genes in response to light, including those involved in respiration, amino acid metabolism, and metal homeostasis. Together, these data demonstrate the importance of the photic environment on the physiology of A. fumigatus and provide a basis for future studies into this unexplored area of its biology.
Ask and you will receive: how question type influences quantity and quality of online discussions

Thisstudyexaminedhowquestiontypesinfluencedthequantityandqualityof undergraduate students’ online submissions. Discussion questions were structured based on one of six question types: direct link, course link, brainstorm, limited focal, open focal and application. Transcripts of eight online discussions involving 114 participants were analysed on these dependent variables: word count, degree of answer completion, and level of higher-order thinking. Results indicated the question types differentially influenced students’ submissionsonalldependentvariables.Limitedfocalquestiontype,followedbybrainstorm,openfocalanddirectlinktypes,wasmostinfluentialforwordcountand degree of answer completion. Course link, brainstorm and direct link types were most influential in generating higher-order thinking, although students mainly engaged in lower-order thinking across all question types.
Using the Panofsky-Wenzel theorem in the analysis of radio-frequency deflectors

In a 1956 paper Panofsky and Wenzel considered the transverse momentum imparted to a fast particle moving parallel to the-axis of a cavity excited in either a TE (no component of the electric field parallel to the axis) or TM mode (no component of the magnetic field parallel to the axis). One conclusion of this paper was that in a TE mode the deflecting impulse of the electric field exactly cancels the impulse of the magnetic field. This result is sometimes misinterpreted as concluding that if the electric field acting on a particle is purely transverse, the deflection impulses from the electric and magnetic fields must cancel one another. This conclusion is false. Instead p/spl perp/=(espl omegasub 0/)/spl intsup dsub 0/(-i)/spl nablaspl perp/E/sub z/dz, implicitly derived in the 1956 paper, is a more useful form of the theorem for deflecting cavities. In this equation, p/spl perp/ is the transverse momentum imparted to the particle, d is the length of the cavity, e is the charge of the particle, /spl omegasub 0/ is the angular frequency of the cavity, and /spl nablaspl perp/E/sub z/, is the transverse gradient of the z component of the electric field along the path of the particle. The -i represents a 90/spl deg/ phase advance of the integrand with respect to the electric field. In other words, the integrand has the same phase as the magnetic field. Eq. (1) is not restricted to TE or TM modes. In particular, it applies to two similar-looking modes in a high-energy deflector that was studied for the Accelerator Transmutation of Waste (ATW) project at Los Alamos National Laboratory. >
Knowledge based dynamic scheduling in a steel plant

A description is given of dynamic scheduling of the production of parts on one or more manufacturing machines. The parts to be manufactured are assumed to have different characteristics and/or specifications such that either the machines have to be constantly adjusted or the machines pose constraints on the manner in which the parts may be scheduled. The production schedule is prepared using the IBM Knowledge Tool Program with a cooperative technique so that while the program is running it allows the operator to intervene and override program decisions. The technique is illustrated with a scheduling problem encountered in continuous casting operation of a steel mill. >
From the Binet-Simon to the Wechsler-Bellevue: Tracing the history of intelligence testing

The history of David Wechsler's intelligence scales is reviewed by tracing the origins of the subtests in the 1939 Wechsler-Bellevue Intelligence Scale. The subtests originated from tests developed between 1880 and World War I, and was based on approaches to mental testing including anthropometrics, association psychology, the Binet-Simon scales, language-free performance testing of immigrants and school children, and group testing of military recruits. Wechsler's subtest selection can be understood partly from his clinical experiences during World War I. The structure of the Wechsler-Bellevue Scale, which introduced major innovations in intelligence testing, has remained almost unchanged through later revisions.
Enhanced endurance of dual-bit SONOS NVM cells using the GIDL read method

Gate-induced drain leakage (GIDL) current is demonstrated to be more sensitive to charge stored locally within the gate-dielectric stack, as compared with the transistor threshold voltage (VT). Thus the sensing of GIDL rather than VT is advantageous for dual-bit SONOS NVM cell read operation, not only because it mitigates the complementary-bit disturb (CBD) issue and hence facilitates gate-length scaling, but also because it allows for reductions in stored charge and hence lower program/erase voltages for improved endurance.
Bcl-xL Is Phosphorylated in Malignant Cells following Microtubule Disruption

Abstract The oncogenic protein Bcl-2 functions as a potent inhibitor of programmed cell death. This survival activity has been shown in some settings to be influenced by the Bcl-2 phosphorylation state. It has been demonstrated that treatment with microtubule-targeted agents results in phosphorylation of both Raf-1 kinase and Bcl-2. The Bcl-2-related family member Bcl-xL also exhibits a death suppressive activity, but its potential for phosphorylation following exposure to drugs that interact with microtubules has not been evaluated. Several tumor cell lines with low or undetectable levels of Bcl-2 protein expression were found to express Bcl-xL. A more slowly migrating Bcl-xL band was observed on immunoblots after cells were treated with microtubule-targeted agents. The appearance of this band was responsive to dose and was absent when the cell lysates were treated with λ protein phosphatase. Using a Bcl-xL-specific monoclonal antibody, the phosphorylated form of Bcl-xL was immunoprecipitated from cells treated with paclitaxel and metabolically labeled with 32P-labeled inorganic orthophosphate. Herein, we report that Bcl-xL is phosphorylated in malignant cells after incubation with agents that target tubulin, including paclitaxel, vincristine, vinblastine, colchicine, and nocodazole. Moreover, paclitaxel-resistant ovarian carcinoma cell lines that have mutations in tubulin failed to exhibit phosphorylation of Bcl-xL after paclitaxel exposure, but they did demonstrate Bcl-xL phosphorylation in the presence of other tubulin-targeting agents. As observed for Bcl-2, phosphorylation of Bcl-xL was accompanied by phosphorylation of Raf-1. Interestingly, phosphorylation of these three proteins failed to occur or was much less pronounced when cells grown at high density were challenged with drug. Also, reduced Raf-1 expression, observed after treatment of cells with geldanamycin prior to and during incubation with the microtubule-active drugs, correlated with diminished Bcl-xL, phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that Bcl-xL, like Bcl-2, is phosphorylated by agents that disrupt microtubule architecture. By analogy with Bcl-2, this phosphorylation may play a critical role in modulating Bcl-xL function and may be an important determinant of microtubule-directed chemotherapeutic efficacy in human tumors.
AAM derived face representations for robust facial action recognition

In this paper, we present results on experiments employing active appearance model (AAM) derived facial representations, for the task of facial action recognition. Experimental results demonstrate the benefit of AAM-derived representations on a spontaneous AU database containing "real-world" variation. Additionally, we explore a number of normalization methods for these representations which increase facial action recognition performance.
The Mystery of the Shape Parameter II

In this paper we present a set of criteria for the choice of the shape parameter c contained in multiquadrics.
A garbage-collecting typed assembly language

Typed assembly languages usually support heap allocation safely, but often rely on an external garbage collector to deallocate objects from the heap and prevent unsafe dangling pointers. Even if the external garbage collector is provably correct, verifying the safety of the interaction between TAL programs and garbage collection is nontrivial. This paper introduces a typed assembly language whose type system is expressive enough to type-check a Cheney-queue copying garbage collector, so that ordinary programs and garbage collection can co-exist and interact inside a single typed language. The only built-in types for memory are linear types describing individual memory words, so that TAL programmers can define their own object layouts, method table layouts, heap layouts, and memory management techniques.
Rivalry and Unification: Mobilising Rural Workers in São Paulo on the Eve of the Brazilian Golpe of 1964 *

The article utilises oral history, labour and military court records, newspaper accounts, and government documents to narrate the history of rural labour mobilisation in the Aha Mogiana region of Sao Paulo, Brazil, during the years 1959 to 1964. It shows how rival rural leaders linked either to the Brazilian Communist Party or the Catholic Church organised many workers, led numerous influential strikes, and helped hundreds of workers sue for their rights in court. Eventually, Catholic and Communist competitors joined forces under the guidance of a federal agency (SUPRA). Coordinated by SUPRA, the newly unified Alta Mogiana movement was suppressed by the military regime that took control of Brazil in April 1964.
Potamopyrgus antipodarum: distribution, density, and effects on native macroinvertebrate assemblages in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem

AbstractInvasive species can have large effects on freshwater communities and ecosystems. Potamopyrgus antipodarum, a snail indigenous to New Zealand, has recently colonized North America. We documented the distribution and density of P. antipodarum in the major tributaries of the Madison River in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, examined associations between P. antipodarum and native macroinvertebrates, and experimentally examined how P. antipodarum affected colonization of substrates by other macroinvertebrates. In 1997 and 1998, we sampled benthic macroinvertebrates in the Madison, Firehole, and Gibbon Rivers and Nez Perce Creek in 3 seasons. In 1999, we examined colonization of P. antipodarum and other macroinvertebrates in a field experiment using slate tiles in the Madison River. In September 1997, we found P. antipodarum at 23 of 32 locations. Where they were present, P. antipodarum densities ranged from 22 to 299,000 ind./m2. Densities of P. antipodarum declined between September 1997 and March ...
Protection of Database Security via Collaborative Inference Detection

Malicious users can exploit the correlation among data to infer sensitive information from a series of seemingly innocuous data accesses. Thus, we develop an inference violation detection system to protect sensitive data content. Based on data dependency, database schema and semantic knowledge, we constructed a semantic inference model (SIM) that represents the possible inference channels from any attribute to the pre-assigned sensitive attributes. The SIM is then instantiated to a semantic inference graph (SIG) for query-time inference violation detection. For a single user case, when a user poses a query, the detection system will examine his/her past query log and calculate the probability of inferring sensitive information. The query request will be denied if the inference probability exceeds the prespecified threshold. For multi-user cases, the users may share their query answers to increase the inference probability. Therefore, we develop a model to evaluate collaborative inference based on the query sequences of collaborators and their task-sensitive collaboration levels. Experimental studies reveal that information authoritativeness, communication fidelity and honesty in collaboration are three key factors that affect the level of achievable collaboration. An example is given to illustrate the use of the proposed technique to prevent multiple collaborative users from deriving sensitive information via inference.
Nuclear Egress of Pseudorabies Virus Capsids Is Enhanced by a Subspecies of the Large Tegument Protein That Is Lost upon Cytoplasmic Maturation

Herpesviruses morphogenesis occurs stepwise both temporally and spatially, beginning in the nucleus and concluding with the emergence of an extracellular virion. The mechanisms by which these viruses interact with and penetrate the nuclear envelope and subsequent compartments of the secretory pathway remain poorly defined. In this report, a conserved viral protein (VP1/2; pUL36) that directs cytoplasmic stages of egress is identified to have multiple isoforms. Of these, a novel truncated VP1/2 species translocates to the nucleus and assists the transfer of DNA-containing capsids to the cytoplasm. The capsids are handed off to full-length VP1/2, which replaces the nuclear isoform on the capsids and is required for the final cytoplasmic stages of viral particle maturation. These results document that distinct VP1/2 protein species serve as effectors of nuclear and cytoplasmic egress.
Better Health for the Delta- Phase I: Lincoln Parish African American Faith Based Community Profile

The Lincoln Parish Health Survey was administered in 2004 to the parishioners of eight churches by way of their ministers. This study gives the results of that survey as well as offers possible endeavors that can be embarked upon as result. These surveys are a part of the Better Health for the Delta Phase I grant and will act as a comparative for the Better for the Delta Phase II process. It has been used to acquire input from the residents of Lincoln Parish on their health, the health of their community, and to assess the level of need within the community. The Lincoln Parish Health Survey includes issues concerning obesity, hypertension, and various cancers as well as peripheral topics like transportation, benefits, and doctor/patient communication. This study supported previous research by illustrating that the population between the income range of $25,000 and $60,000 reported having good to very good health. The results showed that women continue to access regular check-ups on major cancers more than males. The information that was collected with this survey can be used to compare against a parish wide survey that was conducted a year later, as well against some of the state-wide and other rural area data.
Chimeric Plastid Proteome in the Florida “Red Tide” Dinoflagellate Karenia brevis

Current understanding of the plastid proteome comes almost exclusively from studies of plants and red algae. The proteome in these taxa has a relatively simple origin via integration of proteins from a single cyanobacterial primary endosymbiont and the host. However, the most successful algae in marine environments are the chlorophyll c-containing chromalveolates such as diatoms and dinoflagellates that contain a plastid of red algal origin derived via secondary or tertiary endosymbiosis. Virtually nothing is known about the plastid proteome in these taxa. We analyzed expressed sequence tag data from the toxic "Florida red tide" dinoflagellate Karenia brevis that has undergone a tertiary plastid endosymbiosis. Comparative analyses identified 30 nuclear-encoded plastid-targeted proteins in this chromalveolate that originated via endosymbiotic or horizontal gene transfer (HGT) from multiple different sources. We identify a fundamental divide between plant/red algal and chromalveolate plastid proteomes that reflects a history of mixotrophy in the latter group resulting in a highly chimeric proteome. Loss of phagocytosis in the "red" and "green" clades effectively froze their proteomes, whereas chromalveolate lineages retain the ability to engulf prey allowing them to continually recruit new, potentially adaptive genes through subsequent endosymbioses and HGT. One of these genes is an electron transfer protein (plastocyanin) of green algal origin in K. brevis that likely allows this species to thrive under conditions of iron depletion.
Numerical simulation of deflagration-to-detonation transition

A series of multidimensional numerical simulations were used to investigate how, through a series of shockflame interactions, a turbulent flame may suddenly evolve into a detonation, the process of deflagrationto-detonation transition (DDT). The reactive NavierStokes equations were solved on an adaptive mesh that resolved selected features of the Bonincluding the structure of the laminar flame. The chemical and thermophysical models used reproduced the flame and detonation properties of acetylene in air over a range of temperatures and pressures. The interactions of an incident shock with the initially laminar flame lead to the formation of secondary shocks, rarefactions, and contact surfaces that continued to distort the flame surface, eventually creating a turbulent flame brush. Pressure fluctuations, generated by shock-flame interactions in the flame brush, were the seeds for hot spots in unreacted material. The simulations showed that these hot spots transitioned to a detonation when the gradients in induction time in the hot spot allowed the formation of spontaneous waves. 4n unsuccessful explosion in hot spots formed a shock with a flame left behind it. As the strength of the initial incident shock was increased, the location of DDT shifted from outside the flame brush to inside the flame brush. The main features of the simulated DDT process agree with experiments.
Optimum blade loading for a powered rotor in descent

Abstract The optimum loading for rotors has previously been found for hover, climb and wind turbine conditions; but, up to now, no one has determined the optimum rotor loading in descent. This could be an important design consideration for rotary-wing parachutes and low-speed descents. In this paper, the optimal loading for a powered rotor in descent is found from momentum theory based on a variational principle. This loading is compared with the optimal loading for a rotor in hover or climb and with the Betz rotor loading (which is optimum for a lightly-loaded rotor). Wake contraction for each of the various loadings is also presented.
Study on the Construction of Community Residents' Learning Mode in the Learning Center of Digital Learning Community

This paper analyzes the main factors influencing the construction of the learning mode of social residents from following dimensions as the characteristics of community learners,the curricula of learning center in digital learning community and the digital learning environment.According to what is mentioned above,the paper builds three basic learning modes.It also performs theoretical thinking on these learning modes.