cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Temporal variation in bed configuration and one-dimensional bottom roughness at the mid-shelf STRESS site

Abstract Time-lapse stereophotographs were taken over a 90-day period from mid-November 1990 to late-February 1991 at a 90-m silt-bottom site on the central California shelf as part of the STRESS (Sediment Transport Events on Shelves and Slopes) project. Five distinct bed configurations were observed, in order of decreasing abundance, these are: (1) bioturbated bed; (2) smoothed bed; (3) current-rippled bed; (4) scour-pitted bed; and (5) wave-rippled bed. Concurrent measurements of the flow field implicate along-shelf currents, rather than waves, as the primary agent forming the physical bed configurations. The presence of a wave-induced cross-shelf gradient in near-bottom suspended sediment during storm events and the redistribution of this sediment by upwelling or downwelling currents is postulated to control the appearance of depositional current-ripples (northwest poleward flow, downwelling) and erosional scour-pits (southeast equatorward flow, upwelling). All physical bed forms are destroyed by bioturbation processes in periods of hours to days. Analytical photogrammetric techniques were used to extract high-resolution sea floor height data from the stereophotographs. Results indicate maximal relief over a 0.25-m2 area at this site never exceeded 5 cm. Root-mean-square (rms) height varied by a factor of 3 (3.2–9.2 mm) and is a weak function of bed configuration. Current ripples have the largest rms-height, smoothed and scour-pitted beds the smallest. Rms-heights of bioturbated beds are variable and appear to depend on the previously produced physical bed configuration. Changes in rms-height can be abrupt with factor of 2 changes observed over a 12-h period. Horizontal descriptors of roughness such as peak spacing or peak width cannot separate bed configurations. Results from surface slope distributions are broadly coherent with the rms-height data, in that surfaces with large rms-heights have broad slope distributions and vice versa. Slope distribution data also indicate that all bed configurations except the current-rippled bed are isotropic. These preliminary data suggest that time series information is needed to adequately resolve both the micro-scale roughness of the sea floor on continental shelves and the presence of short lived, but potentially flow-diagnostic bed configurations.
Incentives and performance in the presence of wealth effects and endogenous risk

Abstract Two of the most widely tested predictions of agency theory are that there exists a negative association between an agent's pay-performance sensitivity (PPS) and the risk of output, and that PPS enhances performance. Empirical evidence has been mixed. This paper proposes a new utility function and develops a model that introduces a “wealth effect” and also allows the agent to control the (idiosyncratic) risk of output. When risk is endogenous, the paper shows that the two predictions may not hold.
Particle Clustering and Pattern Formation during Electrophoretic Deposition: A Hydrodynamic Model

Clustering of latex particles 4−10 μm in diameter during and after electrophoretic deposition of the particles onto flat electrodes has been reported by Bohmer (Langmuir 1996, 12, 5747). The particles interacted over length scales comparable to their size in the formative stages of the clusters. Combinations of two or more clusters already deposited approached each other to form larger agglomerates. A model based on electroosmotic flow about charged particles near surfaces is developed here to explain these observations. A charged, nonconducting particle near or on a flat conducting surface creates flow in the adjacent fluid due to electroosmosis about the particle's surface. Fluid is drawn laterally toward the particle near the electrode and pushed outward from the particle farther away from the electrode above the particle. Another particle near the electrode will be drawn toward the central particle by this convection. We first solve for the flow field about a single particle and then compute the rearr...
On the distribution of sociable numbers

For a positive integer n, define s(n) as the sum of the proper divisors of n. If s(n)>0, define s2(n)=s(s(n)), and so on for higher iterates. Sociable numbers are those n with sk(n)=n for some k, the least such k being the order of n. Such numbers have been of interest since antiquity, when order-1 sociables (perfect numbers) and order-2 sociables (amicable numbers) were studied. In this paper we make progress towards the conjecture that the sociable numbers have asymptotic density 0. We show that the number of sociable numbers in [1,x], whose cycle contains at most k numbers greater than x, is o(x) for each fixed k. In particular, the number of sociable numbers whose cycle is contained entirely in [1,x] is o(x), as is the number of sociable numbers in [1,x] with order at most k. We also prove that but for a set of sociable numbers of asymptotic density 0, all sociable numbers are contained within the set of odd abundant numbers, which has asymptotic density about 1/500.
A High Efficiency InGaP/GaAs HBT Power Amplifier MMIC for the 5GHz Wireless-LAN Application

An InGaP/GaAs two-stage HBT linear power amplifier MMIC for the 5GHz Wireless-LAN Application was developed. By using a novel linearizer and a small-size via-hole technology, the power amplifier showed high output power (19dBm) with high power-added-efficiency (PAE : 18.5%), sufficient gain (21.0dB) and high linearity (4.78% error vector magnitude : EVM) at supply voltage 3.3V. It is the highest PAE in the power amplifier MMIC for the 5GHz Wireless-LAN application ever reported.
Using multimethods ethnography to promote quality service and understand interactions among organizations

Multimethods ethnography combines qualitative techniques with analysis of statistical data and sometimes mapping techniques. Ethnography provides a comprehensive picture of process in an agency or other setting by examining the dynamics between individuals and institutions to understand how systems work. Ethnography is particularly good at evaluating complex problems involving multiple stakeholders as well as understanding agency processes. I use examples from the Neighborhood Settlement House Evaluation Project and Kenosha Social Capital Study to describe the ethnographic method and its potential uses for nonprofit managers. I begin with an outline of methodological techniques, including problem definition, sample design, various data collection techniques, and analysis. Next I discuss ethnography's approach to the common research concerns of generalizability and replication. In concluding, I discuss ways that this method can be useful to nonprofit managers. Quality work is compared with less complete research techniques throughout each section.
Oxygen impurity states in an amorphous silicon matrix

The electronic structure of an oxygen impurity atom in an amorphous silicon ($a$-Si) matrix has been investigated. The theoretical calculations, using a first-principles method of orthogonalized linear combinations of atomic orbitals, are based on a series of realistic structural models in which the oxygen atom appears as: (1) a bridging, (2) a nonbridging, (3) a bridging with a hydrogen atom bonded to a Si atom, or (4) a nonbridging hydrogen-compensated impurity center. Results are presented for the local density of states of O, H, and the Si atoms to which they bond. No gap states are found for all cases considered, indicating O may be a very effective healing element for structural defects in $a$-Si. It is further concluded that an H atom is more likely to bond to an Si atom than to an O atom.
The importance of inner and outer body parts attitudes in the self-concept of late adolescents

The differential roles of inner and outer body parts attitudes in predicting the self-concepts of late adolescents (107 female and 72 male undergraduates) were assessed in order to test derivations from Erikson's notions (1964) about sex differences in the import of inner and out body “space” for personality. To assess knowledge about inner body space, subjects drew and labeled their internal body parts within an asexual frontal outline figure. Affect associated with internal and external body parts was assessed by rating 36 body characteristics in terms of their importance in making subjects attractive, effective people. Subjects responded also to a short self-concept scale. Females demonstrated greater knowledge of their inner body and attached generally higher levels of importance to their internal (and external) body parts than did males. However, completely opposite to the tested Eriksonian notions, inner body parts attitudes predicted self-concepts for males, but not for females. Moreover, more external than internal body parts were significant predictors of females' self-concepts, and the former parts accounted for more variance in self-concept than the latter ones. The results are interpreted to speak against theories which attempt to dichotomize the source of sex differences in personality development into either biologically or societally based contributions.
Android acoustic ranging

This paper describes the design and implementation of a mobile application (app) for acoustic ranging developed for the Android platform. The ranging strategy used is an extension of the Microsoft Windows based BeepBeep method. Using only the speaker and microphone hardware supplied with commercial Android devices, indoor ranging precision under a 0.1 centimeter variance has been achieved at distances up to 4.5 meters. In addition, preliminary outdoor tests show accuracy at distances as large as 50 meters when there is a strong line of sight component. The app has been designed to be an accessible and customizable tool for educational and research applications, and features options for optimizing its accuracy in various environments.
Solubilization and electrophoretic characterization of cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) proteins

Abstract The major proteins in cashew nut (Anacardium occidentale) were found to be soluble in aqueous solvents. Of the total solubilized proteins, water, 1 m NaCl, 70% ethanol, and 1 m NaOH-soluble proteins respectively accounted for 45.6, 42.4, 0.4, and 11.7%. The true albumin to globulin ratio was 2.0. Cashew nut proteins had a minimum solubility at pH 5.0. Among the protein solubilizing agents tested, 0.1 m NaOH was the most effective solubilizer of cashew proteins. Electrophoretic analyses indicated that the cashew nut protein composition was dominated by a single multimeric protein. This dominant protein was composed of two major kinds of polypeptides linked together via disulfide bond(s). The estimated molecular weights (MWs) of subunit polypeptides were 30 000–32 000 and 20 000–22 000. Amino acid analyses of the albumins and globulins indicated methionine to be the first limiting amino acid in both fractions. Hydrophobic, acidic, basic, and uncharged polar amino acids accounted for 34.39, 25.87, 19.77 and 19.97% of total albumins while the corresponding percentages for the globulins were 34.25, 26.14, 18.93 and 20.68, respectively.
Approximation algorithm for embedding metrics into a two-dimensional space

In this paper, we present a polynomial-time approximation algorithm for computing an embedding of an arbitrary metric into a two-dimensional space. The algorithm finds an embedding whose additive distortion is at most ce*, where e* is the smallest additive distortion possible and c is an absolute constant. To our knowledge, this is the first result of this type, i.e., it gives an algorithm that finds (approximately) optimal embedding of a given distance matrix into a fixed d-dimensional space, where d
On the distribution of radio emission in the X-ray cluster of galaxies Abell 401

The study deals with 4885-MHz very large array (VLA) observations of four galaxies in the rich cluster Abell 401. High-resolution VLA maps reveal several new features in the radion galaxies, e.g., 4C13.17A is unusually highly polarized near the galaxy nucleus unlike other head-tail sources. 4C13.17B is shown for the first time to have characteristics similar to the U-shaped source NGC 1265. From these maps models are produced that required the hot ICM that has been detected by X-ray observations. It is noted that there should be a correlation between the radio and X-ray emission from massive galaxies in clusters.
A Cost-Effective Interdisciplinary Approach to Microbiologic Send-Out Test Use

Context.— Use of reference laboratories for selected laboratory testing (send-out tests) represents a significant source of laboratory costs. As the use of more complex molecular analyses becomes common in the United States, strategies to reduce costs in the clinical laboratory must evolve in order to provide high-value, cost-effective medicine. Objective.— To report a strategy that employs clinical pathology house staff and key hospital clinicians in the effective use of microbiologic send-out testing. Design.— The George Washington University Hospital is a 370-bed academic hospital in Washington, DC. In 2012 all requisitions for microbiologic send-out tests were screened by the clinical pathology house staff prior to final dispensation. Tests with questionable utility were brought to the attention of ordering clinicians through the use of interdisciplinary rounds and direct face-to-face consultation. Results.— Screening resulted in a cancellation rate of 38% of send-out tests, with proportional cost sav...
A radiometric technique for the measurement of adenylosuccinate lyase

Abstract When radioactive adenylsuccinic acid (AMP-S) is metabolized to AMP and fumaric acid by the enzyme adenylsuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.2), a proton is released to the solvent as 3H2O. This removal is believed to be stereospecifically identical to that catalyzed by the enzyme, l -aspartase [1–5], and therefore entails the loss of a proton from C-3 of the dicarboxylic acid moiety of the nucleotide. Advantage has been taken of this fact in the design of a facile assay for this enzyme. Adenylosuccinic acid, tritiated on C-2 and C-3 of the l -aspartase moiety, is prepared by chemical synthesis. This product is purified, lyophilized to dryness and reconstituted in a solution of unlabelled AMP-S, bringing the final concentration to 5·10−3 M, and the final specific activity to 8.0 μCi/mol. 5-μl aliquots of this substrate are then incubated at 37°C with 5-μl aliquots of tissue extract; after an appropriate period, any tritium released to the solvent water is distilled at room temperature overnight into a 5 μl droplet of saturated aqueous KOH adherent to the lid of the sealed reaction vessel. The lid is removed and tritium thereon is measured by scintillation spectrometry. The assay, performed as prescribed, is facile, in that it permits the simultaneous estimation of the lyase activity in a large battery of samples, is not interfered with by opalescent or proteinaceous suspensions, is accurate and outstandingly sensitive.
Characterization and properties of matrices with k-involutory symmetries

We say that a matrix R∈Cn×n is k-involutory if its minimal polynomial is xk-1 for some k⩾2, so Rk-1=R-1 and the eigenvalues of R are 1, ζ, ζ2,…,ζk-1, where ζ=e2πi/k. Let α,μ∈{0,1,…,k-1}. If R∈Cm×m,A∈Cm×n,S∈Cn×n and R and S are k-involutory, we say that A is (R,S,α,μ)-symmetric if RAS-α=ζμA. We show that an (R,S,α,μ)-symmetric matrix A can be usefully represented in terms of matrices Fl∈Ccαl+μ×dl,0⩽l⩽k-1, where cl and dl are respectively the dimensions of the ζl-eigenspaces of R and S. This continues a theme initiated in an earlier paper with the same title, in which we assumed that α=1. We say that a k-involution is equidimensional with width d if all of its eigenspaces have dimension d. We show that if R and S are equidimensional k-involutions with widths d1 and d2 respectively, then (R,S,α,μ)-symmetric matrices are closely related to generalized α-circulants [ζμrAs-αr]r,s=0k-1, where A0,A1,…,Ak-1∈Cd1×d2. For this case our results are new even if α=1. We also give an explicit formula for the Moore-Penrose inverse of a unilevel block circulant [As-αr]r,s=0k-1 for any α∈{0,1,…,k-1}, generalizing a result previously obtained for the case where gcd(α,k)=1.
Effect of crown-ether surfactants on flame atomic absorption and flame emission signals of some monovalent cations

Abstract Two surface-active and one surface-inactive 18-crown-6 derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their abilities to enhance flame atomic absorption and flame emission signals of monovalent cations. Enhancement of potassium signals were noted for the surface-active compounds but not for the surface-inactive compound. The critical micelle concentration was determined and compared to the degree of enhancement. Surfactant-induced signal enhancements are not due to the slight or moderate decrease in the size of the aerosol first produced in the nebulizing chamber. Additional mechanistic considerations are discussed.
Quality of recovery in children: sevoflurane versus propofol.

Background Sevoflurane, with its low pungency and low blood and tissue solubility, is an attractive anaesthetic in paediatric outpatient surgery. Propofol-anaesthesia is recognised for its rapid and clear-headed emergence. This study was designed to compare emergence and recovery characteristics of sevoflurane and propofol anaesthesia for tonsillectomy in children. Methods Children aged 3-10 years, undergoing elective tonsillectomy, were randomly assigned to receive propofol (n=25, induction with 3 mg x kg(-1), maintenance with 100-250 microg x kg(-1) min(-1)) or sevoflurane anaesthesia (n=25, induction 7 vol.%, maintenance 2-3 vol.%). Tracheal intubation was performed with alfentanil 20 microg x kg(-1) and atracurium 0.5 mg x kg(-1). Ventilation was controlled to maintain normocapnia and all patients received N2O/O2 (60:40 vol.%) for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. At the end of surgery infiltration of the operative sites with bupivacaine 2 mg x kg(-1) was provided for postoperative analgesia. Emergence, recovery, discharge times, and incidence of side effects were compared between the two groups. Results Time to extubation (14 vs 15 min), time to response to simple verbal command (21 vs 21 min) and time to discharge from the recovery room (45 vs 50 min) were similar in the sevoflurane and propofol groups, respectively. There was a significantly greater incidence of postoperative agitation in the sevoflurane group (46%) compared with the propofol group (9%) (P=0.008). This did not, however, delay discharge from the recovery room. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was not significantly different (8% vs 0%; P=0.49). Conclusion In children, recovery from anaesthesia with sevoflurane results in a higher incidence of agitation compared with propofol.
Ethidium bromide induced selective and reversible loss of chloroplast DNA.

NUCLEAR and organelle DNAs replicate at different times in the eukaryotic cell cycle1,2, but their replication cycles are tightly coupled, as shown by the constant proportions of the two classes of DNA maintained in cells grown under different physiological regimes3. Although little is known concerning the mechanism of this coupling, certain antibiotics have been shown to exert an uncoupling action, leading to irreversible loss of DNA and usually to death.
Localization and delocalization of an electron in biased and unbiased quantum wells driven by a mono- and bichromatic laser field.

Localization (delocalization) of an electron driven by laser in a biased quantum well is considered. The initially trapped electron can be delocalized by the field if the bias energy is close but not equal to an integer number of a photon energy. When the bias energy is exactly equal to an integer number of photon quanta, dynamical localization occurs. A general analytical solution for a population difference is obtained. When the electron is driven by a bichromatic field, localization regions are strongly dependent on the field incommensurability. The topology of localization exhibits stable and unstable regions originating from nonanalytical behavior of the population with respect to the small incommensurability. This phenomenon resembles phasetransition instabilities in the solid state. A low-frequency spectrum of electron oscillations consists of a low-frequency mode and split lines. We also show frequency controlling of the time evolution of an electron dipole moment on a phase shift between the two lasers. The low frequency can be increased or decreased, or it oscillates with the phase shift depending on the laser intensity.
A Different Look at Native American Depopulation: Comanche Raiding, Captive Taking, and Population Decline

It has often been argued that the widespread Native American practice of capturing and adopting outsiders served, for some indigenous groups, as a way to recover from Euro- American-induced population decline. In this study I con - tend that Comanche looting expeditions, including raids in which captives were taken, resulted in Comanche deaths outnumbering the captives who were eventu- ally assimilated. Hence, rather than compensating Comanche population decline, as is often assumed, those expeditions brought about a net population loss. I further argue that Comanches primarily seized captives to use them as laborers. A premedi- tated intention to capture enemies for adoption was seldom (if ever) the primary motivation for Comanche raids, which were fundamentally aimed at obtaining horses. These findings raise critical questions concerning widely accepted interpre - tations of Native American population decline that attribute the decline to exter- nal forces without exploring in depth the consequences of the manifold courses of action followed by Indians themselves. Amerindians suffered dramatic population losses after 1492. This phe - nomenon is generally attributed to an unprecedented mortality caused by Old World-imported epidemic diseases, increasing warfare, and other pro - cesses ultimately ascribed to Euro- American expansionism.1 At the same time, it has often been argued that the widespread indigenous practice of capturing outsiders served, for some indigenous groups, as a way to recover from Euro- American-induced population declension. The view of Iroquois interethnic conflict as "mourning wars" aimed at obtaining captives for adoption has served as the paradigmatic case for interpretations of captivity as a Native American mechanism for population replacement elsewhere.2 By contrast, comparatively little attention has been paid to the roles that Amerindians may have played in their own population decline.3
A new look at the cyclotron for making short-lived isotopes (first printed in 1966)*

This reprint of an article that first appeared in Nucleonics in 1966 provides a unique perspective of the introduction of the cyclotron into clinical medicine and medical research. The cyclotron offers a potentially powerful tool to biomedical centers. With this accelerator one can produce a variety of short-lived nuclides that are unavailable from other sources.
Beyond urban penalty and urban sprawl: Back to living conditions as the focus of urban health

Researchers have long studied urban health, both to describe the consequences of urban living and to design interventions to promote the health of people living in cities. Two approaches to understanding the impact of cities on health have been dominant, namely, urban health penalty and urban sprawl. The urban penalty approach posits that cities concentrate poor people and expose them to unhealthy physical and social environments. Urban sprawl focuses on the adverse health and environmental effects of urban growth into outlying areas. We propose a model that integrates these approaches and emphasizes urban living conditions as the primary determinant of health. The aim of the model is to move beyond describing the health-related characteristics of various urban populations towards identifying opportunities for intervention. Such a shift in framework enables meaningful comparisons that can inform public health activities at the appropriate level and evaluate their effectiveness in improving the health of urban populations. The model is illustrated with two examples from current urban public health practice.
Side illuminated optical fiber as a multiplexing element for spectroscopic systems

A new type of colorimeter with multiple channels was demonstrated using a side illuminated optical fiber. When different spots of a properly modified fiber are side illuminated, multiple signals are generated and guided by the waveguide: the essence of multiplexing. This configuration is simple, low cost, does not require a sensitive coating and can analyze several samples along the fiber with a single detector: the most expensive component. Since regular colorimeters use one detector per sample, our new configuration considerably lowers the cost of analyzing multiple samples. This system consists of a fiber mounted over a support, three LEDs, an LED driver, a photo diode and a read-out: to increase the signal, the fiber was tapered. For calibration purposes, six solutions of different concentrations of food dye were prepared, placed inside cuvettes along the fiber length and illuminated by the LEDs. This light passes through the solution, strikes the fiber and is guided to the detector: the darker the solution the lower the signal intensity. Several calibration curves were obtained using different light intensities: it was found that the greater the intensity, the higher the colorimeter sensitivity. This simple capability can be used to easily control the device’s sensitivity and its resolution. Although built for three samples only, this device can be modified to accommodate more. With cuvettes measuring 1 cm, it is possible to accommodate one sample per cm of fiber. Also, with minor modifications, this colorimeter can be used for fluorescence, scattering and index of refraction measurements.
Efficient Slurry-Phase Homopolymerization of Ethylene to Branched Polyethylenes Using α-Diimine Nickel(II) Catalysts Covalently Linked to Silica Supports

α-Diimine nickel(II) complexes covalently linked to a silica support were obtained by the reaction of an amino- or hydroxy-functionalized α-diimine nickel complex with silica particles treated with...
QUANTIFYING ONCOGENIC PHOSPHOTYROSINE SIGNALING NETWORKS THROUGH SYSTEMS BIOLOGY

Pathways linking oncogenic mutations to increased proliferative or migratory capacity are poorly characterized, yet provide potential targets for therapeutic intervention. As tyrosine phosphorylation signaling networks are known to mediate proliferation and migration, and frequently go awry in cancers, a comprehensive understanding of these networks in normal and diseased states is warranted. To this end, recent advances in mass spectrometry, protein microarrays, and computational algorithms provide insight into various aspects of the network including phosphotyrosine identification, analysis of kinase/phosphatase substrates, and phosphorylation-mediated protein-protein interactions. Here we detail technological advances underlying these system-level approaches and give examples of their applications. By combining multiple approaches, it is now possible to quantify changes in the phosphotyrosine signaling network with various oncogenic mutations, thereby unveiling novel therapeutic targets.
Quantification of Hemodynamic Wall Shear Stress in Patients with Bicuspid Aortic Valve Using Phase-Contrast MRI

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is often concomitant with aortic dilatation, aneurysm, and dissection. This valve lesion and its complications may affect positional and temporal wall shear stress (WSS), a parameter reported to regulate transcriptional events in vascular remodeling. Thus, this pilot study seeks to determine if the WSS in the ascending aorta (AAo) of BAV patients differs from control patients. Phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging (PC-MRI) was used to perform flow analysis at the level of the AAo in 15 BAV and 15 control patients. Measurement of the aorta dimensions, flow rates, regurgitant fraction (RF), flow reversal ratio (FRR), temporal and spatial WSS, and shear range indices (SRI) were performed. The BAV and control group showed a significant difference between the circumferentially averaged WSS (p = 0.03) and positional WSS at systole (minimum p < 0.001). Regressions found that SRI (r = 0.77, p < 0.001), RF (r = 0.68, p < 0.001), and WSS at systole (r = 0.66, p < 0.001) were correlated to AAo size. The spatial distribution and magnitude of systolic WSS in BAV patients (−6.7 ± 4.3 dynes/cm2) differed significantly from control patients (−11.5 ± 6.6 dynes/cm2, p = 0.03). The SRI metric, a measure of shear symmetry along the lumen circumference, was also significantly different (p = 0.006) and indicated a heterogenic pattern of dilatation in the BAV patients.
On a Paradox in the Theory of Heat Conduction

The classical theory of heat conduction leads to infinite values for the heat current and for the propagation of temperature at $t=0$, if the initial conditions involve a discontinuity in the temperature distribution. These paradoxical results can be avoided if a method is applied which has been previously indicated by the author. In Section II the solution of a fundamental problem in gaseous heat conduction is given to a first approximation. This approximation holds for values of the distance from the discontinuity which are smaller than the mean free path, and for times which are smaller than the time required for a molecule to travel over a mean free path with the mean velocity. In Section III the new solution is compared with the classical one, and it is shown that all results of the latter which are devoid of physical sense disappear. Furthermore, it is indicated by graphical interpolation how the new solution changes into the classical one.
Efficient terrain corrections: A geostatistical analysis

The farther out that terrain corrections for gravity surveys are computed, the more they cost. The conventionally recommended practice is to compute corrections out to a distance of 167 km. Explorationists, however, do not always require this much accuracy. Terrain corrections can be made cost-effective by optimizing the distance to which they are carried in any given study area. First, the terrain is simulated by a mathematical model with the same statistical properties as the topography in the study area. Geostatistical procedures are then used to estimate the errors in carrying out terrain corrections to distances less than 167 km. As an example of the process, terrain corrections for the central Cascade Mountains of Washington were analyzed. In this type of terrain, terrain corrections within 1 mGal, on the average, of the 167 km standard can be obtained either by carrying corrections out to 21 km and then simply truncating them or by carrying corrections out to 3.5 km and making an analytic adjustment for the more distant terrain. Corresponding results were obtained for other accuracies. The geostatistical method used to obtain these error estimates is universal and can be applied to any region for which the mean elevation and the covariance of elevations can be calculated.
Ketoconazole blocks the stress-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior in rats: relationship to the discriminative stimulus effects of cocaine.

Rationale: Ketoconazole (Keto) is an antifungal agent that also inhibits the synthesis of adrenocorticosteroids and has been reported to act as a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. Objective: The present experiments investigated the effects of Keto on the stressor-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior and on the generalization of a stressor-induced discriminative stimulus to cocaine in rats. Methods: In the first experiment, male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer cocaine (0.5 mg/kg per infusion, IV) under a fixed-ratio 4 schedule of reinforcement with a 90-s limited hold. Following ten consecutive extinction sessions, the effects of Keto (25 or 50 mg/kg, IP) or vehicle on the ability of EFS (electric footshock; 15 min) to reinstate extinguished cocaine-lever responding were investigated. In the second experiment, rats were trained to discriminate cocaine (10 mg/kg, IP) from saline using a two-lever, food-reinforced drug discrimination design. The effects of Keto (50 mg/kg, IP) or vehicle on the EFS-induced generalization to cocaine were determined. Results: EFS reinstated extinguished cocaine- but not food-reinforced responding. Keto (25 and 50 mg/kg, IP) blocked the EFS-induced reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behavior and significantly attenuated the plasma corticosterone response to EFS. These same doses of Keto failed to affect responding in rats trained to self-administer food pellets under an FR4 schedule of reinforcement. EFS also produced significant cocaine-appropriate responding in rats trained to discriminate the drug from saline. However, Keto (50 mg/kg) failed to block the EFS-induced generalization to cocaine. Conclusions: Overall, these data suggest that corticosterone contributes to the stressor-induced reinstatement of extinguished cocaine-seeking behavior.
Efficacy of preoperative erythropoietin administration in pediatric neuromuscular scoliosis patients.

Study Design. This is a retrospective cohort study examining 61 patients with neurogenic scoliosis who underwent anterior and/or posterior spinal instrumentation at the age of 18 and younger. Objective. The purpose of this study is to investigate this finding further by analyzing the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) on hematocrit, transfusion and complication rates, and the length of intensive care unit (ICU) days in patients with neurogenic scoliosis. Summary of Background Data. The preoperative use of rhEPO has been shown to decrease perioperative transfusion requirements in many adult and pediatric patients. A recent study at our institution demonstrated the efficacy of rhEPO in pediatric idiopathic scoliosis patients, but suggested the possibility of an "erythropoietin resistance" in the pediatric neurogenic scoliosis population. Methods. The patients' age at the time of surgery, gender, Cobb angle, erythropoietin administration and dosage, hematocrit levels, type of surgery, intraoperative blood loss, duration of surgery, number of vertebrae fused, comorbidities, complications, transfusion status, and the length of ICU days were collected. Results. Thirty-five (57.3%) children received preoperative rhEPO, whereas 26 patients (42.7%) did not receive rhEPO. The mean preoperative and discharge hematocrit levels in the patients treated with rhEPO were significantly higher than the non-rhEPO group (P = 0.05). There were no significant difference in likelihood of transfusion, complications, and the length of ICU days between the rhEPO and the non-rhEPO groups. A multivariate analysis demonstrated that the number of fused vertebral levels maintained its significance (P = 0.044) and surgical time had a trend toward significance (P = 0.051) in predicting likelihood of transfusion. Conclusion. The use of rhEPO effectively stimulated erythropoiesis in these patients and yet demonstrated no significant clinical benefit in reducing the likelihood of transfusion in neurogenic patients in this study. More research is necessary to design a transfusion risk reduction protocols that will minimize the exposure of neurogenic scoliosis patients to allogeneic blood products.
The beginnings of terminal vinylidene metal complex chemistry through the dicyanomethylene/oxygen analogy: dicyanovinylidene transition metal complexes

Abstract In 1972 the reaction between (NC) 2 CC(Cl)Mo(CO) 3 (η 5 -C 5 H 5 ) and triphenylphosphine was found to give the terminal dicyanovinylidene complex (η 5 -C 5 H 5 )Mo[P(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ] 2 (CC(CN) 2 ]Cl. This was the first reported example of a transition metal complex with a terminal vinylidene ligand of any type. This and other related aspects of dicyanovinylidene transition metal chemistry are reviewed.
2008 Wallace Foundation Distinguished Lecture—The Centrality of Culture to the Scientific Study of Learning and Development: How an Ecological Framework in Education Research Facilitates Civic Responsibility

This article was presented as the 2008 Wallace Foundation Distinguished Lecture at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association in New York City. It argues that, to generate robust and generative theories of human learning and development, researchers must address the range of diversity within human cultural communities. The argument is warranted on implications from brain science regarding human adaptability and on core findings with regard to relations between cognition, perceptions, and emotions, all influenced by broad ecological contexts that influence human functioning. Implications for education are discussed, with examples of research that address fundamental questions of learning through examinations of practices within communities of color.
Anode readout for pixellated CZT detectors

Determination of the photon interaction depth offers numerous advantages for an astronomical hard X-ray telescope. The interaction depth is typically derived from two signals: anode and cathode, or collecting and non-collecting electrodes. We present some preliminary results from our depth sensing detectors using only the anode pixel signals. By examining several anode pixel signals simultaneously, we find that we can estimate the interaction depth, and get sub-pixel 2-D position resolution. We discuss our findings and the requirements for future ASIC development.
The relationship of organizational citizenship behavior with job satisfaction, turnover intent, life satisfaction, and burnout among correctional staff

There has been considerable growth in research on correctional staff. This literature has shown that correctional staff affects the workplace and the correctional workplace affects staff. While many areas of working in institutional corrections have been explored, there are many other areas that still need to be investigated. This study examined the relationship between organizational citizenship behaviors and job satisfaction, turnover intent, life satisfaction, and job burnout. Organizational citizenship behaviors are efforts by employees above and beyond what is expected. Using survey data from 160 correctional staff from a Midwestern prison, organizational citizenship behaviors had a significant positive relationship with job satisfaction and life satisfaction, and a significant negative relationship with turnover intent and the three areas of job burnout of emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and perceived ineffectiveness at work.
Development of New Method for Extraction of α-Zein from Corn Gluten Meal Using Different Solvents

ABSTRACT A modified procedure for the extraction of α-zein from corn gluten meal was developed and compared against a commercial extraction method. The modification involved raising the concentration of alcohol in solvent and removing the precipitate by centrifugation. Five organic solvent mixtures were compared using the modified extraction procedure developed along with the reductant sodium bisulfite and NaOH. The modified procedure precipitated most of the non-α-zein protein solids by increasing the concentration of alcohol. The supernatant had α-zein-rich fraction, resulting in higher yield of α-zein than the commercial method when cold precipitated. The commercial extraction procedure had a zein yield of 23% and protein purity of 28% using 88% 2-propanol solvent. The three best solvents, 70% 2-propanol, 55% 2-propanol, and 70% ethanol, yielded ≈35% of zein at protein purity of 44% using the modified extraction procedure. Zeins extracted using the novel method were lighter in color than the commercial...
Photoinhibition, 77K chlorophyll fluorescence quenching and phosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex of photosystem II in soybean leaves.

When the capacity of leaves for orderly dissipation of excitation energy in photosynthesis is exceeded, one mechanism by which the excess energy appears to be dissipated is through a nonradiative decay process. This process is observed as a reversible quenching of chlorophyll fluorescence emission (77K) from both photosystem II and photosystem I which persists in darkness (Demmig and Bjorkman 1987, Planta 171, 171–184). Fluorescence quenching was induced in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) leaves by two methods: 1) changing the composition of the gas surrounding the leaf from normal air to 2% O2, 0% CO2 at a low, constant photon flux density (PFD=photon fluence rate), and 2) increasing the PFD in the presence of normal air. In either case the quenching was fully reversible after return to the original condition (low PFD, normal air). The half-time of the relaxation of the quenching was in the order of 30 min. Both treatments resulted in reversible dephosphorylation of the light-harvesting chlorophyll-protein complex of photosystem II (LHC-II). Treatment under photoinhibitory conditions (high PFD plus chloramphenicol) also caused dephosphorylation of LHC-II. Therefore, phosphorylation of LHC-II cannot account for the observed fluorescence quenching. In addition, our results indicate that in vivo a factor other than the redox state of the plastoquinone pool controls LHC-II phosphorylation. This factor may be ΔpH, the pH gradient across the thylakoid membranes.
Cytotoxicity and mutagenicity of dinitrotoluenes in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract Technical grade dinitrotoluene (DNT), a mixture composed predominantly of 2,4- and 2,6-DNT but containing lesser amounts of 2,3-, 2,5-, 3,4- and 3,5-DNT, has been shown to be a hepatocarcinogen in rats. The mutagenicity of these compounds has been evaluated using the CHO/HGPRT system, a quantitative mammalian somatic cell mutational assay. Dinitrotoluenes were tested for their ability to induce mutation to 6-thioguanine (TG) resistance in the presence and absence of microsomal preparations (PMS) from rats pretreated with the mixed function oxidase inducer Aroclor 1254. A marked difference in cytotoxicity of the isomers was observed. However, neither technical grade DNT nor any of the purified isomers resulted in a significant increase in the TG-resistant fraction of surviving cells, with or without added PMS.
Three-dimensional CT angiography assessment of the impact of the dermis and the subdermal plexus in DIEP flap perfusion.

Summary Background Single-stage breast reconstruction following skin-sparing or nipple-sparing mastectomy with free deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) flap usually does not require a large skin paddle. Most of the flap skin paddle is removed, and the flap is placed under native, conserved skin to provide adequate volume to the reconstructed breast mound. We hypothesized that conservation of intact dermis and its subdermal plexus has a critical role in overall flap perfusion through recruitment of indirect linking vessels. The study goal was to investigate and compare the vascularity of DIEP flaps with intact dermis versus DIEP flaps with the dermis removed. Methods Twelve hemi-DIEP flaps were harvested from fresh cadavers. The largest dominant perforator was cannulated using a 24-gauge butterfly catheter. Flaps were imaged with computed tomography (CT) after injection of a contrast agent. After scanning, the contrast agent was flushed out of the flap. The flap skin was removed with cautery at the subdermal dissection plane. The flaps were reimaged with CT after injection of the contrast agent. Three-dimensional (3-D) CT angiographic reconstructions were obtained for each protocol stage, and the percentage of flap perfusion was calculated. Flap vascularity with and without dermis was compared. Results A mean difference of 25.9% in flap perfusion occurred when the dermis was removed ( P Conclusion The dermis has a significant role in enhancing overall DIEP flap perfusion through preservation of indirect linking vessels organized in the subdermal plexus. Despite being time consuming, a cautious de-epithelialization of the DIEP flap should be performed to retain dermis integrity. Enhancement of flap vascularity ultimately leads to a decrease in such complications as partial or total flap necrosis, as well as fat necrosis.
Novel electrode configurations in dual-layer stacked and switchable ALN contour-mode resonators for low impedance filter termination and reduced insertion loss

This paper reports, for the first time, on the design and demonstration of two novel electrode configurations in dual-layer stacked Aluminum Nitride (AlN) piezoelectric contour-mode resonators to obtain low filter termination resistance (down to 300 Ω, which also results in better filter out-of-band rejection) and reduced insertion loss (IL as low as 1.6 dB) in multi-frequency (100 MHz – 1 GHz) AlN MEMS filters. The microfabrication process is fully compatible with the previously demonstrated AlN RF MEMS switches, which makes it possible to design and integrate multi-frequency switchable filter banks on a single chip.
Cooperative distributed model predictive control for nonlinear systems

Abstract In this paper, a distributed controller is presented that can stabilize nonlinear systems. A novel nonlinear nonconvex optimizer is proposed that improves the objective function and is feasible at every iterate. The optimization uses gradient projection and converges to stationary points. The proposed optimization does not require a coordination layer, and hence the controller is truly distributed. Asymptotic stability is established for the controlled system, and an illustrative example is presented.
Regression of Cellular Hypertrophy After Left Ventricular Assist Device Support

Background —Although multiple studies have shown that the left ventricular assist device (LVAD) improves distorted cardiac geometry, the pathological mechanisms of the “reverse remodeling” of the heart are unknown. Our goal was to determine the effects of LVAD support on cardiac myocyte size and shape. Methods and Results —Isolated myocytes were obtained at cardiac transplantation from 30 failing hearts (12 ischemic, 18 nonischemic) without LVAD support, 10 failing hearts that received LVAD support for 75±15 days, and 6 nonfailing hearts. Cardiac myocyte volume, length, width, and thickness were determined by use of previously validated techniques. Isolated myocytes from myopathic hearts exhibited increased volume, length, width, and length-to-thickness ratio compared with normal myocytes ( P <0.05). However, there were no differences in any parameter between myocytes from ischemic and nonischemic cardiomyopathic hearts. Long-term LVAD support resulted in a 28% reduction in myocyte volume, 20% reduction in cell length, 20% reduction in cell width, and 32% reduction in cell length-to-thickness ratio ( P <0.05). In contrast, LVAD support was associated with no change in cell thickness. These cellular changes were associated with reductions in left ventricular dilation and left ventricular mass measured echocardiographically in 6 of 10 LVAD-supported patients. Conclusions —These studies suggest that the regression of cellular hypertrophy is a major contributor to the “reverse remodeling” of the heart after LVAD implantation. The favorable alterations in geometry that occur in parallel fashion at both the organ and cellular levels may contribute to reduced wall stress and improved mechanical performance after LVAD support.
Importance of the non-open N-N force and of the exchange potential for elastic scattering of alpha particles☆

Abstract Using N-N forces that fit two-body scattering data, the direct and exchange parts of the alpha-nucleus potential are generated. The exchange term is not negligible, and elastic alpha-nucleon scattering is fitted well.