cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A bodyguard of lies: the use of honey objects in information security

Decoy objects, often labeled in computer security with the term honey, are a powerful tool for compromise detection and mitigation. There has been little exploration of overarching theories or set of principles or properties, however. This short paper (and accompanying keynote talk) briefly explore two properties of honey systems, indistinguishability and secrecy. The aim is to illuminate a broad design space that might encompass a wide array of areas in information security, including access control, the main topic of this symposium.Dr. Ari Juels is a roving chief scientist specializing in computer security.He was Chief Scientist of RSA (The Security Division of EMC), Director of RSA Laboratories, and a Distinguished Engineer at EMC, where he worked until September 2013. He joined RSA in 1996 after receiving his Ph.D. in computer science from U.C. Berkeley.His recent areas of interest include "big data" security analytics, cybersecurity, cloud security, user authentication, privacy, medical-device security, biometric security, and RFID / NFC security. As an industry scientist, Dr. Juels has helped incubate innovative new product features and products and advised on the science behind security-industry strategy. He is also a frequent public speaker, and has published highly cited scientific papers on many topics in computer security.In 2004, MIT's Technology Review Magazine named Dr. Juels one of the world's top 100 technology innovators under the age of 35. Computerworld honored him in its "40 Under 40" list of young industry leaders in 2007. He has received other distinctions, but sadly no recent ones acknowledging his youth.
Electrocardiographic potential correlations: Rationale and basis for lead selection and ECG estimation

Einthoven gave to us the electrocardiogram. Electrocardiographic mapping demonstrated that localized electrophysiological events and phenomena have localized body surface electrocardiographic manifestations. Clinical electrocardiography has given us "reasonably good" means (criteria) with which to detect and characterize medically significant cardiac conditions, events, and diseases. However, clinical electrocardiography is imperfect, largely as a consequence of inadequate or redundant spatial sampling. This compromises the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosing cardiac diseases for which electrocardiographic manifestations are present but undetected due to imperfect sampling that results in a low signal-to-noise ratio for the specific abnormality. Correlation structure of body-surface potential distributions between and across populations or individuals provides important insight into and justification for the selection and use of "limited", "reduced", or "derived" lead systems aimed at improving the capture and use of electrocardiographic information. In this paper, we show the electrocardiographic voltage correlation relationships that occur on the body surface, across groups of subjects, either with or without cardiac disease. In addition, we demonstrate the correlation relationships between torso-surface and epicardial-surface potential distributions in experiments incorporating isolated canine hearts in a human-shaped torso tank. Analysis of these correlation relationships provides an explanation for the long-standing success of clinical electrocardiography but also suggests the means to improve its performance by incorporating new leads and/or their estimation from appropriately selected leads.
Influence of heavy water (D2O) on the multiplication of adeno and Mengo virus.

Der Einfluss von Deuteriumoxyd (50%) auf die Vermehrung von Mengo-Virus (kleiner RNS-Virus) und Adeno-7-Virus (ein DNS-Virus) in L-Zellen wurde untersucht. Nach 8 h im H2O-Medium ist der Titer vom Mengo-Virus signifikant erhoht. 24 h nach Infektion sind die Titer von Mengo-Virus in H2O und D2O enthaltenden Medien identisch. Der Adenovirustiter in H2O enthaltendem Medium ist 24 und 48 h nach Infektion signifikant hoher als im Medium mit D2O.
Proton NMR spectroscopy and imaging of the rabbit kidney, in vivo, at 4.7 tesla

Osmotically active organic solutes such as trimethylamines and polyols have been implicated in cell volume regulation in a variety of organisms, ranging from bacteria to mammals (I, 2). To avoid losing water in a hypertonic envionment (i.e., osmolality >300 mOsm/liter), animal cells must offset the osmotic pressure of their extracellular surroundings. Many cells have osmotically active organic solutes (“osmolytes”) to regulate their intracellular osmolality and hence their cell volume. The advantage of these organic solutes is that they do not increase intracell~ar ionic strength and thereby do not alter enzyme function; furthermore, studies have shown that these compounds protect enzyme function from the denaturing effects of urea which diffuses freely across cell membranes (I). Medullary cells of the mammalian kidney are exposed to a wide range of extracellular osmolalities, ranging from 50 to greater than 2000 mOsm/liter. To cope with this labile environment, renal medullary cells regulate the concentration of their osmolytes. The predominate osmolytes of the rabbit renal medulla include the trimethylamines betaine and glycerophosphorylcholine and the polyols sorbitol and inositol (2, 3). Averaged over the whole kidney, the concentration of these osmolytes is several millimolar; however, because these compounds are confined within the cells of the renal medulla, their local concentration may well exceed several hundred millimolar. Despite excellent sensitivity, in vivo ‘H NMR spectroscopy has lagged behind studies with other nuclei, such as 13C and 3’P, because of the dynamic range problem associated with a 110 A4 water signal and the limited spectral resolution afforded by a small chemical-shift range. These problems have been ameliorated by various techniques, such as binomial solvent suppression, soft pulse saturation, spin-echo relaxation, jump and-return-echo, and DANTE with homonuclear ‘H double-resonance editing sequences (4-10). Most of the in vivo ‘H NMR spectroscopy to date has been used to study brain metabolism (5, 7, 10). However, the sensitivity of the ‘H nucleus and the high concentration of osmolytes in the kidney provided good reason to try to use ‘H NMR spectroscopy to monitor osmoly-te concentrations. We have developed a kidney model in which ‘H NMR spectroscopy can monitor the regulation of these compounds, in vivo.
The state of women's welfare in European welfare states

Cornelie Usborne, The Politics of the Body in Weimar Germany: Women's Reproductive Rights and Duties (1992), p. 304 (Macmillan, Houndmills). Gabriele Czarnowski, Das kontrohierte Paar: Ehe‐ und Sexualpolitik im Nationalsozialismus (1991), p. 319 (Deutscher Studien Verlag, Weinheim). Gisela Bock and Pat Thane (eds), Maternity and Gender Policies: Women and the Rise of the European Welfare States, 1880s‐1950s (1991), 259 (Routledge, London).
A quantitative analysis of growth and regeneration from tissue cultures of Hordeum vulgare, H. jubatum and their interspecific hybrid

Abstract A quantitative analysis of growth and regeneration was undertaken to identify significant media effects in tissue cultures of Hordeum vulgare (HV), H. jubatum (HJ) and their interspecific hybrid (HV×HJ). Immature ovaries generated the most vigorous and easily regenerated callus of several explanted tissues. After callus formation, cultures adapted one of five distinct types, characterized by differences in tissue consistency, pigmentation, growth rate and regeneration. Different growth rates were observed among subcalli of the same callus type. B5 medium supplemented with sucrose (1%), glucose (1%), kinetin (0.3 mg/l) and gibberellic acid (1 mg/l) maximized the regeneration of shoots and roots from certain callus cultures. Exogenously supplied indole-3-acetic acid (IAA)-amino acid conjugates promoted callus growth and inhibited regeneration more effectively than equivalent concentrations of free IAA, HV, HJ and HV×HJ exhibited similar patterns of media-induced callus growth and regeneration.
Living in His Father’s Shadow: Exploring Healing Justice and Reconciliation in Cambodia with Duch’s Son

Abstract Nearly four decades after the Khmer Rouge genocide, the Cambodian people have found some solace to a tragic past that forever has defined their personal and collective identities. The first of five defendants on trial in the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (the ECCC), Kaing Guek Eav (alias Duch, Chief Warden of S-21) was found guilty of crimes against humanity and Grave Breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and sentenced to life imprisonment on 3 February 2012. Aside from his criminal reputation as the head executioner of S-21, what other legacy does Duch leave behind? In particular, what psycho-emotional legacy does he leave his children? This paper focuses on the social and political legacy passed on to Duch’s eldest son as it affects the possibilities for his contributing to reconciliation, forgiveness, and ‘healing justice’ in post-Khmer Rouge Cambodia. The paper also warns against casting perpetrators’ children as bystanders to their own history or as being guilty of their parents’ crimes, and provides an alternative Khmer Rouge narrative: that of the children of perpetrators and how their identities fit within the larger Cambodian national identity and search for justice.
Dynamic axial crack propagation in steel line pipes. Part II: Theoretical developments

Based on the momentum balance principle a new governing equation for the dynamic crack propagation is presented. Through the combination of the experimental data obtained in Part I of this research and the model here developed, the quantitative prediction of the dynamic crack evolution as a function of the time, the material dynamic fracture properties, including pipeline limiting crack speed, and the conditions to obtain leak before break are obtained. The use of this test/analysis methodology allows the prevention of unstable axial crack propagation in pipelines, assuring their structural integrity.
AN ANALYTICAL REEVALUATION OF MARSTON THEORY OF EARTH PRESSURE ON BURIED BOX STRUCTURES

Marston (1930) theory of earth pressure on buried structures is reevaluated using a transform function first proposed by the Author, Poorooshasb (1982) and taking into consideration the relative rigidity of the buried structure. It is shown that the development of the frictional resistance along vertical planes projecting from the two sides of the box is dependent, not only, on the depth of the overburden but also a function of the relative rigidity of the structure itself. The paper is concluded by comparing the result from the present analysis with those obtained from the Marston theory.
Focus of attention at work and organization‐based self‐esteem

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the questions “How does employees' focus of attention at work theoretically relate to organization‐based self‐esteem?”, and “Does job focus and off‐job focus moderate relationships between organization‐based self‐esteem, and employee attitudes and perceptions of job complexity?”.Design/methodology/approach – Participants in two different samples completed questionnaires containing measures of organization‐based self‐esteem, focus of attention at work, job complexity, and a variety of attitudes and behavioral intentions.Findings – What and how much employees think about when they are at work changes relationships between organization‐based self‐esteem and employee perceptions of and attitudes towards their workplaces. Job focus and off‐job focus of attention intensified or weakened relationships with organization‐based self‐esteem.Research limitations/implications – Conclusions about causality are constrained by the cross‐sectional data collected in this st...
Investigating biological assumptions through radical reimplementation

An important goal in both artificial life and biology is uncovering the most general principles underlying life, which might catalyze both our understanding of life and engineering lifelike machines. While many such general principles have been hypothesized, conclusively testing them is difficult because life on Earth provides only a singular example from which to infer. To circumvent this limitation, this article formalizes an approach called radical reimplementation. The idea is to investigate an abstract biological hypothesis by intentionally reimplementing its main principles to diverge maximally from existing natural examples. If the reimplementation successfully exhibits properties resembling biology, it may support the underlying hypothesis better than an alternative example inspired more directly by nature. The approach thereby provides a principled alternative to a common tradition of defending and minimizing deviations from nature in artificial life. This work reviews examples that can be interpreted through the lens of radical reimplementation to yield potential insights into biology despite having purposely unnatural experimental setups. In this way, radical reimplementation can help renew the relevance of computational systems for investigating biological theory and can act as a practical philosophical tool to help separate the fundamental features of terrestrial biology from the epiphenomenal.
A real-time implementation of gradient domain high dynamic range compression using a local Poisson solver

This paper presents a real-time hardware implementation of a gradient domain dynamic range compression algorithm for high dynamic range (HDR) images. This technique works by calculating the gradients of the HDR image, manipulating those gradients, and reconstructing an output low dynamic range image that corresponds to the manipulated gradients. Reconstruction involves solving the Poisson equation. We propose a Poisson solver that utilizes only local information around each pixel along with special boundary conditions, and requires a small and fixed amount of hardware for any image size, with no need to buffer the entire image. The hardware implementation is described in VHDL and synthesized for a field programmable gate array (FPGA) device. The maximum operating frequency achieved is fast enough to process high dynamic range videos with one megapixel per frame at a rate of about 100 frames per second. The hardware is tested on standard HDR images from the Debevec library. The output images produced have good visual quality.
Chlorocyclopropane macrolides from the marine sponge Phorbas sp. assignment of the configurations of phorbasides A and B by quantitative CD.

Two new chlorocyclopropane macrolides, phorbasides A and B, have been characterized from the sponge Phorbas sp. that previously yielded phorboxazoles A and B. We describe the assignment of the absolute configuration of the trans-chlorocyclopropane ring that exploits a CD Cotton effect arising from hyperconjugation to the ene-yne chromophore. Phorbasides and callipeltoside A share the same macrolide configurations but, unexpectedly, opposite cyclopropane configurations.
A heterogeneous PNA-based SERS method for DNA detection.

A simple method for ssDNA detection based on SERS signals and PNA slides is reported. Upon hybridization with ssDNA, the surface charge of the PNA slides changes from neutral to negative. Subsequent treatment with partly aggregated, positively charged silver nanoparticles results in selective electrostatic adsorption onto surfaces containing PNA/ssDNA duplexes. Addition of rhodamine6G gives rise to SERS signals characteristic of this dye, which are diagnostic of the hybridization event. Characterization by SERS maps and AFM reveals that the distribution of nanoparticles is random and that approximately 1 in 10 aggregate sites is responsible for the SERS spectra.
Pinned states in Josephson arrays: A general stability theorem

Using the lumped circuit equations, we derive a stability criterion for superconducting pinned states in two-dimensional arrays of Josephson junctions. The analysis neglects quantum, thermal, and inductive effects, but allows disordered junctions, arbitrary network connectivity, and arbitrary spatial patterns of applied magnetic flux and dc current injection. We prove that a pinned state is linearly stable if and only if its corresponding stiffness matrix is positive definite. This algebraic condition can be used to predict the critical current and frustration at which depinning occurs.
Twenty new ISO standards on dosimetry for radiation processing

Abstract Twenty standards on essentially all aspects of dosimetry for radiation processing were published as new ISO standards in December 1998. The standards are based on 20 standard practices and guides developed over the past 14 years by Subcommittee E10.01 of the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM). The transformation to ISO standards using the ‘fast track’ process under ISO Technical Committee 85 (ISO/TC85) commenced in 1995 and resulted in some overlap of technical information between three of the new standards and the existing ISO Standard 11137 Sterilization of health care products — Requirements for validation and routine control — Radiation sterilization. Although the technical information in these four standards was consistent, compromise wording in the scopes of the three new ISO standards to establish precedence for use were adopted. Two of the new ISO standards are specifically for food irradiation applications, but the majority apply to all forms of gamma, X-ray, and electron beam radiation processing, including dosimetry for sterilization of health care products and the radiation processing of fruit, vegetables, meats, spices, processed foods, plastics, inks, medical wastes, and paper. Most of the standards provide exact procedures for using individual dosimetry systems or for characterizing various types of irradiation facilities, but one covers the selection and calibration of dosimetry systems, and another covers the treatment of uncertainties using the new ISO Type A and Type B evaluations. Unfortunately, nine of the 20 standards just adopted by the ISO are not the most recent versions of these standards and are therefore already out of date. To help solve this problem, efforts are being made to develop procedures to coordinate the ASTM and ISO development and revision processes for these and future ASTM-originating dosimetry standards. In the meantime, an additional four dosimetry standards have recently been published by the ASTM but have not yet been submitted to the ISO, and six more dosimetry standards are under development.
Growth and characterization of iron aluminide films on compound semiconductors

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected area electron channeling patterns (SACP), and reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) are used to investigate the growth and quality of epitaxial iron aluminide films on GaAs(100) substrates. These films are observed to grow layer-by-layer even when the constituents are codeposited. During growth the lattice relaxation is determined fromin situ RHEED measurements of the separation of two diffracted beams. After growth TEM measurements of Moire fringes are used to determine the local residual strain and the Burger's vector of the iron aluminide film. Selected area electron channeling is used to determine the residual strain in the films without thin specimen artifacts. The results indicate that strain in the FeA1 films relaxes by the formation of misfit dislocations with anα Burger's vector. The relaxation does not occur as quickly as the Matthews equilibrium model predicts. Since the FeAl and GaAs have different slip systems, the dislocations inducing the relaxation must nucleate in the epilayer. The defects present suggest growth by nucleation and subsequent climb of dislocation half-loops.
A colloidal graphite-coated emitter for sheathless capillary electrophoresis/nanoelectrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

A colloidal graphite-coated emitter is introduced for sheathless capillary electrophoresis/nanoelectrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (CE/ESI-TOFMS). The conductive coating can be...
Kinetics of Swelling of Polyether-Modified Poly(acrylic acid) Microgels with Permanent and Degradable Cross-Links

Spherical particles of 50−100 μm size composed of poly(acrylic acid) networks covalently bonded to Pluronic polyether copolymers were tested for swelling in aqueous media. The microgels were cross-linked either by permanent ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) cross-links alone or by EDGMA together with reversible disulfide or biodegradable azoaromatic cross-links. Optimum conditions for a rapid, diffusion-limited swelling of the pH- and temperature-sensitive microgels with nondegradable cross-links were found. The microgels cross-linked by disulfide groups and equilibrium-swollen in the buffer solution exhibited degradation-limited kinetics of swelling under physiological conditions, with a first-order reaction constant, k1, linearly proportional to the concentration of reducing agents such as dithiotreitol and tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP). A severalfold faster swelling in the presence of more powerful reducing agent, TCEP, was observed, indicating the chemical specificity of the microgel swell...
An electrophysiological survey of joint receptors in the walking legs of the scorpion,Paruroctonus mesaensis

1. Scorpion walking legs are comprised of seven true segments: coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, tarsus, and pretarsus. Leg and joint positions are illustrated at the limits of protraction and retraction (Fig. 1). 2. For all but the coxa-trochanter joint, proprioceptive discharge over a range of settings and for different rates of movement was recorded (Figs. 2–8). From such recordings, estimates were made of the number of tonic and phasic proprioceptive elements monitoring each joint (Table 1). 3. In conclusion, it appears that during walking, the scorpion CNS is provided with extensive information concerning instantaneous joint position, as well as rate and direction of joint movement. This massive amount of proprioceptive feedback is presumed to contribute in as yet unknown ways to the generation of coordinated walking performances.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein is elevated in superior frontal, parietal and cerebellar cortices of autistic subjects.

Autism is a debilitating neurodevelopmental disorder of early childhood with both genetic and environmental origins. Immune system dysregulation has been hypothesized to be involved in this disorder. We quantified levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and s-actin in three areas of the brain, namely, area 9, area 40 and cerebellum, in age matched autistic and control postmortem specimen using SDS-PAGE and western blotting techniques. Significant elevations in levels of GFAP were observed in all three brain areas in autism. This report confirms a recent report showing microglial and astroglial activation in autism. Increased GFAP levels in autistic brains signify gliosis, reactive injury, and perturbed neuronal migration processes.
Setting The Stage: American Policy Toward The Middle East, 1961–1966

In viewing American relations with the middle East since the Second World War, scholars have focused on the more dramatic events: Israel's independence in 1948, the Suez affair of 1956, and the post-1967 amalgam of conflicts and diplomacies. This, however, has resulted in a dearth of research on the inter vening periods, particularly the first half of the 1960s, when admittedly American leaders were preoccupied with events and crises elsewhere. Yet this period witnessed a substantive transformation in the American-Israeli relationship, complemented by a revealing twist in American relations with the Egyptian leader, Gamal Abdel Nasser. Relying primarliy on recently declassified documents, this paper seeks to explain both the course of American realtions with Israel and Egypt, as well as the reasons for the Middle East's relegation to the sidelines by American foreign policy decisionmakers. More specifically, two developments require explanation: Israel's emergence as an acknowledged ally of the Unisted States and recipient of offensive weapons; and the determination of American decisionmakers to pursue closer realtions wiht Nasser's Egypt despite numerous conflicting interests.
Postoperative spontaneous pneumoperitoneum

Abstract A case of spontaneous pneumoperitoneum (the sixth) is reported. This is similar to four of the other cases in which there is an accompanying chest condition. This case is unusual in that it followed an operative procedure with opening of the peritoneum but at such a late date that there could be no connection between this and the pathological condition present. It also parallels the picture of tension pneumothorax in that the condition became worse and also was relieved only by removal of the air. The presence of a connection between the bronchial tree and the peritoneum seems necessary, in view of the fact that at no time either before or after the operation were there any symptoms referable to the gastrointestinal tract. Also, as is seen in tension pneumothorax, the release of the air resulted in a breaking of the vicious cycle and spontaneous recovery. Subsidence occurred spontaneously after removal of part of the air.
780-5 Training Level Comparison Study: Effects of Exercise Training Intensity on Insulin and Glucose Levels in Coronary Patients with “Clustering” of Risk Factors

Hyperinsulinemia has been associated with clustering of hypertension, glucose intolerance, elevated cholesterol and obesity. The effect of exercise training (Ex Tr) intensity on serum glucose (G) and insulin (I) was studied in 26 of 200 pts with documented coronary artery disease exhibiting risk factor clustering. Pts were prospectively randomized to high intensity (85% VO2max) Ex Tr or low intensity (50% VO2max) Ex Tr, 60 min., 3 week. Groups did not differ by age, weight, elevated cholesterol, hypertension or glucose intolerance at baseline. G and I levels were analyzed in the fasting state and 1 hour post glucose load at baseline and after 6 mo. of Ex Tr. Data were analyzed byWilcoxin signed rank number test and reported as medians with (ranges). There were no significant base to 6 mo. differences in fasting G and I levels in either group. Post glucose load results: Base 6 MO. High Ex Tr (N = 14) Low Ex Tr (N = 12) High Ex Tr (N = 11) Low Ex Tr (N = 8) I ( μ |U/ml) 136 137 66 * 100 (9–532) (37–1305) (11–298) (36–137) G (mg/dl) 208 197 178 ** l82 (161–50B) (167–400) (76–532) (137–1305) * p = 0007 (within group) ** p = 0.002 (within group) We conclude high intensity Ex Tr appears more effective in altering postabsorptive I and G levels in coronary pts exhibiting clustering of risk factors.
Antifertility effects of the intrauterine foreign body

Abstract The biological effects of the intrauterine foreign body (IUFB) have been studied in a variety of experimental animals as well as in humans. Significant tissue and biochemical changes resulting from the presence of the foreign body are localized primarily in the female reproductive tract although minor systemic effects have been described in a few species. Differences in the qualitative and quantitative reactions in the female genital tract are the result of the size, configuration and chemical composition of the IUFB, the animal species used experimentally, and the variations in the experimental design. A persistent observation noted in all species studied is the presence of inflammatory cells, principally polymorphonuclear leukocytes, in the endometrium and/or the uterine fluid. It is probable that the cells produced by the foreign body and the associated biochemical changes in the uterus are the underlying cause of the antifertility effect. This nonspecific foreign body reaction appears to be the unifying principle in the mechanism of IUFB action. Other biological changes as described in this paper are most likely secondary phenomena resulting from the foreign body reaction.
INTERLIGAND ELECTRON TRANSFER DYNAMICS IN OSII(BPY)3 : EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND MODEL CALCULATIONS

Interligand electron transfer kinetics have been measured in OsII(bipyridine)3 following photoexcitation to the metal-to-ligand charge-transfer state. The measurements are made in room temperature ...
The γ-Carboxylation Recognition Site Is Sufficient to Direct Vitamin K-dependent Carboxylation on an Adjacent Glutamate-rich Region of Thrombin in a Propeptide-Thrombin Chimera

The propeptides of the vitamin K-dependent proteins contain a γ-carboxylation recognition site that is required for γ-glutamyl carboxylation. To determine whether the propeptide is sufficient to direct carboxylation, two mutant prothrombin species were expressed and characterized with regard to posttranslational γ-carboxylation. A double point mutant, in which serine substituted for cysteines 17 and 22 disrupted a conserved loop formed by a disulfide bond, was fully carboxylated when expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. A propeptide/thrombin chimeric protein, constructed by deleting the Gla, aromatic amino acid stack, and kringle domains of prothrombin, has the signal peptide and propeptide juxtaposed to a glutamate-rich COOH-terminal region of prothrombin, residues 249–530. Of the 8 glutamic acid residues contained within the first 40 residues of the NH2terminus adjacent to the propeptide, at least seven were fully carboxylated as demonstrated by direct γ-carboxyglutamic acid analysis of the alkaline hydrolysate and by NH2-terminal sequence analysis. These results indicate that the γ-carboxylation recognition site within the prothrombin propeptide in a prothrombin propeptide-thrombin chimeric protein is sufficient to direct γ-carboxylase-catalyzed carboxylation of adjacent glutamic acid residues in a glutamate-rich region of thrombin that is not normally γ-carboxylated. Furthermore, the disulfide loop in the Gla domain of prothrombin is not required for complete carboxylation.
Delayed visual maturation in infants: a disorder of figure-ground separation?

Abstract Delayed visual maturation (DVM) is characterised by visual unresponsiveness in early infancy, which subsequently improves spontaneously to normal levels. We studied the optokinetic response and recorded pattern reversal VEPs in six infants with DVM (aged 2–4 months) when they were at the stage of complete visual unresponsiveness. Although no saccades or visual tracking with the eyes or head could be elicited to visual objects, a normal full-field rapid buildup OKN response occurred when viewing biocularly or during monocular stimulation in the temporo-nasal direction of the viewing eye. Almost no monocular OKN could be elicited in the naso-temporal direction, which was significantly poorer than normal age-matched infants. No OKN quick phases were missed, and there were no other signs of “ocular motor apraxia”. VEPS were normal in amplitude and latency for age. It appears, therefore, that infants with DVM are delayed in orienting to local regions of the visual field, but can respond to full-field motion. The presence of normal OKN quickphases and slow-phases suggests normal brain stem function, and the presence of normal pattern VEPs suggests a normal retino-geniculo-striate pathway. These oculomotor and electrophysiological findings suggest delayed development of extrastriate cortical structures, possibly involving either an abnormality in figure-ground segregation or in attentional pathways.
Subjective contours in stereoscopic space

Stereoscopic depth and subjective contour clarity were manipulated by varying the type of monocular configuration as well as magnitude and direction of disparity. The clarity of the subjective contours was influenced significantly by both magnitude and direction of disparity and by the type of monocular configuration. Subjective contours were always less clear when the objective monocular contour was discontinuous regardless of disparity. Stereoscopic depth estimates varied directly with magnitude and direction of disparity; however, depth magnitude reports were truncated when the disparity was carried by discontinuously defined patterns.
Protease-activated receptor 2 activation of myeloid dendritic cells regulates allergic airway inflammation

Background A common characteristic of allergens is that they contain proteases that can activate protease-activated receptor (PAR-2); however the mechanism by which PAR-2 regulates allergic airway inflammation is unclear.
Eliza Maria Mosher: Pioneering Woman Physician and Advocate for Physical Education

Through her work as a prison physician, prison superintendent, college physician, college professor and university dean, Eliza Mosher touched in a substantive manner nearly every health-related career that women entered in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Mosher's benchmark work in the profession of physical education was of particular importance at a time when the field was just emerging. In a profession that accepted women on nearly equal terms with men from the outset, it was of importance that women of substantial academic and professional merit participated in the formative years of the field's chief professional body, the American Association for the Advancement of Physical Education. Mosher was such a woman.
Determination of the energy equivalent of a water solution calorimeter with a standard substance

Abstract This paper reviews the background of the problem and the use of tris(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane and of potassium chloride as test substances. Careful and detailed examination of the work done with potassium chloride disclosed the fact that the apparent discord among the numerous values reported for the enthalpy of solution of potassium chloride could be resolved by placing the data into two categories: (1) material not heated above 600 K and (2) material heated well above 600 K. Experimental results are reported on tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane in aqueous hydrochloric acid and in aqueous sodium hydroxide, and on potassium chloride, U.S. National Bureau of Standards Standard Reference Material 918 (heated at 773 K for 4 h). The results indicate that, with carefully standardized procedures, an uncertainty near ±0.05 per cent is attainable on such enthalpies of solution. Recommendations are given for investigators making measurements with a water solution calorimeter without benefit of an accurate system for measuring electrical energy.
Gene Expression Profiling of Preplate Neurons Destined for the Subplate: Genes Involved in Transcription, Axon Extension, Neurotransmitter Regulation, Steroid Hormone Signaling, and Neuronal Survival

During mammalian corticogenesis a series of transient cell layers establish laminar architectonics. The preplate, which forms from the earliest-generated neurons, separates into the marginal zone and subplate layer. To provide a systematic screen for genes involved in subplate development and function, we screened lines of transgenic mice, generated using bacterial artificial chromosome methodology (GENSAT Project), to identify transgenic lines of mice that express the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) reporter in preplate neurons destined for the subplate. Gene expression profiling of RNA purified from EGFP-positive neurons identified over 200 genes with enriched expression in future subplate neurons. Major classes of subplate-enriched genes included genes involved in transcriptional processes, cortical development, cell and axon motility, protein trafficking and steroid hormone signaling. Additionally, we identified 10 genes related to degenerative diseases of the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Cre recombinase--based fate mapping of cells expressing Phosphodiesterase 1c (Pde1c) revealed beta-galactosidase positive cells in the ventricular zone, as well as the subplate, suggesting that subplate neurons and cortical projection neurons may be derived from common progenitors. These experiments therefore reveal genetic markers, which identify subplate neurons from the earliest stages of their development, and genes with enriched expression in subplate neurons during early stages of corticogenesis.
Current State of Recycling Sheet Molding Compounds and Related Materials

Recycling of thermoset molding compounds has been intermittently investigated for roughly the past 15 years. The use of sheet molding and bulk molding compounds has steadily increased over the same time period, but no closed-loop recycling regime has been developed. First, a general discussion is made on the materials involved and some of their applications. The major recycling methodologies, energy recovery, chemical breakdown, thermal breakdown, and size reduction are all reviewed. Also, some of the new technologies being developed and areas where further work is needed are outlined.
Spatial language for human-robot dialogs

In conversation, people often use spatial relationships to describe their environment, e.g., "There is a desk in front of me and a doorway behind it," and to issue directives, e.g., "go around the desk and through the doorway." In our research, we have been investigating the use of spatial relationships to establish a natural communication mechanism between people and robots, in particular, for novice users. In this paper, the work on robot spatial relationships is combined with a multimodal robot interface. We show how linguistic spatial descriptions and other spatial information can be extracted from an evidence grid map and how this information can be used in a natural, human-robot dialog. Examples using spatial language are included for both robot-to-human feedback and also human-to-robot commands. We also discuss some linguistic consequences in the semantic representations of spatial and locative information based on this work.
A predictive model of burn severity based on 20-year satellite-inferred burn severity data in a large southwestern US wilderness area

We describe and then model satellite-inferred severe (stand-replacing) fire occurrence relative to topography (elevation, aspect, slope, solar radiation, Heat Load Index, wetness and measures of topographic ruggedness) using data from 114 fires > 40 ha in area that occurred between 1984 and 2004 in the Gila Wilderness and surrounding Gila National Forest. Severe fire occurred more frequently at higher elevations and on north-facing, steep slopes and at locally wet, cool sites, which suggests that moisture limitations on productivity in the southwestern US interact with topography to influence vegetation density and fuel production that in turn influence burn severity. We use the Random Forest algorithm and a stratified random sample of burn severity pixels with corresponding pixels from 15 topographic layers as predictor variables to build an empirical model predicting the probability of occurrence for severe burns across the entire 1.4 million ha study area. Our model correctly classified severity with a classification accuracy of 79.5% when burn severity pixels were classified as severe vs. not severe (two classes). Because our model was derived from data sampled across many fires over a 20-year period, it represents average probability of severe fire occurrence and is unlikely to predict burn severity for individual fire events. However, we believe it has potential as a tool for planning fuel treatment projects, in management of actively burning fires, and for better understanding of landscape-scale burn severity patterns.
Roles of TUP1 in switching, phase maintenance, and phase-specific gene expression in Candida albicans.

Candida albicans strain WO-1 switches spontaneously and reversibly between a “white” and “opaque” phenotype that affects colony morphology, cellular phenotype, and expression of a number of phase-specific genes and virulence traits. To assess the role of the transcription regulator Tup1p in this phenotypic transition, both TUP1 alleles were deleted in the mutant tup1. tup1 formed “fuzzy large” colonies made up of cells growing exclusively in the filamentous form. tup1 cells did not undergo the white-opaque transition, but it did switch spontaneously, at high frequency (10 3 ), and unidirectionally through the following sequence of colony (and cellular) phenotypes: “fuzzy large” (primarily hyphae)3 “fuzzy small” (primarily pseudohyphae) 3 “smooth” (primarily budding yeast)3 “revertant fuzzy” (primarily pseudohyphae). Northern analysis of white-phase, opaque-phase, and hypha-associated genes demonstrated that Tup1p also plays a role in the regulation of select phase-specific genes and that each variant in the tup1 switching lineage differs in the level of expression of one or more phase-specific and/or hypha-associated genes. Using a rescued tup1 strain, in which TUP1 was placed under the regulation of the inducible MET3 promoter, white- and opaque-phase cells were individually subjected to a regime in which TUP1 was first downregulated and then upregulated. The results of this experiment demonstrated that (i) downregulation of TUP1 led to exclusive filamentous growth in both originally white- and opaque-phase cells; (ii) the white-phase-specific gene WH11 continued to be expressed in TUP1 downregulated cultures originating from white-phase cells, while WH11 expression remained repressed in TUP1-downregulated cultures originating from opaque-phase cells, suggesting that cells maintained phase identity in the absence of TUP1 expression; and (iii) subsequent upregulation of TUP1 resulted in mass conversion of originally white-phase cells to the opaque phase and maintenance of originally opaque-phase cells in the opaque phase and in the resumption in both cases of switching, suggesting that TUP1 reexpression turns on the switching system in the opaque phase.
Experiments on the Evaluation of Course Instruction

Two experiments on direct evaluation procedures are described below. The first involved students' judgments of how well they understood well defined terms and concepts presented in a course. The judgments were made anonymously to avoid instructor deprecation of poor performances and specific pressures for grade achievement. It was considered that such responses should reflect permanent aspects of instruction better than responses to less well defined stimuli referring to broad aspects of instructional procedures. In the second experiment, resposnes to short examination-type questions were obtained again under the same conditions of anonymity. In both experiments a simple index was used to assess the merit of instruction and the variability attending the index was assessed. Analysis showed that the index was, in fact, sufficiently sensitive to detect differences due to instruction even though relatively small numbers of students were involved.
The Regulation of SOX7 and Its Tumor Suppressive Role in Breast Cancer

Both epigenetic silencing and genetic deletion of tumor suppressors contribute to the development and progression of breast cancer. SOX7 is a transcription factor important to development, and its down-regulation has been reported in tumor tissues and cell lines of prostate, colon, and lung cancers. However, the regulation of SOX7 expression and its functional role in breast cancer have not been reported. The current study demonstrates that SOX7 mRNA and protein expression are down-regulated in breast cancer tissues and cell lines compared with adjacent normal tissues and nontumorigenic cells, respectively. The SOX7 promoter is hypermethylated in breast cancer cell lines compared with nontumorigenic cells, and the inhibition of DNA methylation increases SOX7 mRNA levels. With shRNA-mediated SOX7 silencing, nontumorigenic immortal breast cells display increased proliferation, migration, and invasion and form structures that resemble that of breast cancer cells in a three-dimensional culture system. Conversely, ectopic SOX7 expression inhibits proliferation, migration, and invasion of breast cancer cells in vitro and tumor growth in vivo. Importantly, we discovered that SOX7 transcript levels positively correlated with clinical outcome of 674 breast cancer patients. Overall, our data suggest that SOX7 acts as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer. SOX7 expression is likely regulated by multiple mechanisms and potentially serves as a prognostic marker for breast cancer patients.
Time-resolved cardiac CT reconstruction using a nonlinear Kalman-Filter based algorithm

We propose an algorithm to solve the problem of Time-Resolved Cardiac Computed Tomography (CT). The goal of the algorithm is to reconstruct a snapshot of the moving heart at any time instant from CT projection data acquired over a single heart-cycle. The object is modeled by a spatio-temporal state-space model which requires a nonlinear version of the Kalman Filter to assimilate the sequentially acquired projection data. Simulation results show that the nonlinear model overcomes shortcomings of the previously used linear model.
Mediation: A Current Review and Theory Development

The mediation literature of the past decade is organized into six topical areas: the determinants of mediation, mediation per se, approaches employed by mediators, determinants of the mediation app...
TRANSVERSE ELECTRIC IMPEDANCE OF NITELLA

Alternating current measurements have been taken on single Nitella cells over a frequency range from 30 to 2,500,000 cycles per second with the current flow perpendicular to the axis of the cell. The measuring cells were so constructed that electrolytes of any desired concentration could be circulated during the course of the measurements. The cellulose wall which surrounds the cell is found to play an important part in the interpretation of the results obtained. In a mature cell, this cellulose has a specific resistance of about 1000 ohm cm. which is independent of the medium in which the cell is suspended. The thickness of the wall is computed to be about 10 µ. The cell membrane is found to be virtually non-conducting, and to have a capacity of 0.94 µf./cm.2 ± 10 per cent and a phase angle of 80° ± 4°. The specific resistances of the sap were difficult to compute from data on living cells and were unsatisfactory because they were very much dependent upon the medium, while measurements on extracted sap gave 58 ohm cm. ± 8 per cent which was independent of the medium. There are indications that the chloroplasts have impedance properties similar to those of living cells.
Software implications of virtual instruction set computers

Summary form only given. Virtual instruction set computer (VISC) architectures define two separate instruction sets (one to serve as the representation of stored programs, and another to control the hardware), and use a hardware-specific translation layer to optimize and execute code on the hardware. This approach lends great flexibility to hardware and compiler design, enabling sophisticated hardware-specific optimizations at all stages of a program's lifetime. Building on our experience with the LLVM compiler infrastructure, we have proposed (1) a novel virtual instruction set for VISC architectures, and (2) a translation strategy that permits both offline and online translation, as well as dynamic optimization. Our V-ISA design is low-level and language-independent, yet retains enough high-level information to support sophisticated, "lifelong" optimization of software. The VISC strategy and V-ISA design also have important implications for high-level language virtual machines and for operating system kernels. We describe our instruction set design and translation strategy, and our ongoing work on dynamic optimization for VISC systems, and briefly discuss our work in the software implications of VISC systems.