cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The handedness of rhesus monkeys. III. Consistency within and across activities.

Abstract The results of this study of the hand preferences of rhesus monkeys on three different tasks are threefold: (1) When retested on the same task at intervals exceeding one month virtually all individuals prefer the same hand as they did during the original test, (2) When retested on the same task, the strength of hand preference displayed by each individual is increased, (3) When tested on differing tasks, monkeys display little consistency in the laterality of hand preference or the strength of handedness expressed during different tasks. Many authors have concluded that the lack of obvious intertask consistency in the laterality of hand preference expressed by lower primates constitutes evidence for a corresponding lack of consistent laterality in the cerebral control of this behavior. This has led them to conclude that cerebral dominance probably does not exist in these animals ( Deuel, 1975 ; Warren, 1977 ). However, where data is available from the literature, including the present study, all reports show monkeys to more frequently prefer the same hand on all of the unimanual tasks they were given than would be expected by chance alone. This finding suggests that there is a weak tendency for consistent lateralization of hand usage in the monkey. Presumably, there is a corresponding predominance of the cerebral hemisphere contralateral to the preferred hand over its mate. Other studies consistent with the concept of cerebral predominance in the monkey were reviewed. These findings do not constitute evidence for cerebral dominance in the monkey akin to that found in man. They do suggest that when performing certain activities, monkeys may have one hemisphere predominant over the other even though the degree and laterality of predominance may vary greatly from one individual and task to another.
Does inorganic carbon assimilation cause 14C depletion in deep-sea organisms?

Abstract The metabolic activities within and feeding relationships among deep-sea biota require that significant quantities of 14 C-depleted carbon be incorporated into their biomass. These processes cannot be ignored when interpreting the 14 C abundances of organisms and organic materials in the deep ocean.
ENRICHMENT OF CARBON-13 IN THE PRODUCTS OF THE MULTIPHOTON DISSOCIATION OF CF3X COMPOUNDS

Abstract The separation factors for the enrichment of carbon-13 in the hexafluorcethane produced from the multiphoton dissociation of CF 3 I, CF 3 Br and CF 3 C1 are reported as a function of CO 2 -laser line. The bromide and chloride are significantly more selective than the iodide both at room temperature and at −50°C. This is a consequence of the spectroscopy of the individual molecules.
Concentrations and sources of aerosol ions and trace elements during ANTCI-2003

Abstract As part of the Antarctic Tropospheric Chemistry Investigation (ANTCI), bulk aerosol-particle samples collected at the South Pole were analyzed for nitrate, sulfate, methanesulfonate (MSA), selected trace elements and radionuclides. The samples were collected in the same manner as in the Investigation of Sulfur Chemistry in the Antarctic Troposphere (ISCAT) campaigns of 1998 and 2000. The ANTCI mean sulfate (124 ng m −3 ) and MSA (9.1 ng m −3 ) concentrations were comparable to those during ISCAT, but high MSA and sodium and high MSA/sulfate in late November/early December indicated pervasive maritime influences during that time. Trajectory analyses indicate that the Weddell Sea and the Southern Ocean near Wilkes Land were probable sources for the ocean-derived sulfate. The transport of marine air occurs mainly in the buffer layer or free troposphere, and the rapid oxidation of biogenic sulfur to SO 2 appears to be the basis for the observed low MSA/sulfate ratios. Elements typically associated with mineral dust (Al, Fe, K) and other elements with continental sources (Pb, Sb, Zn) had higher concentrations during ANTCI than ISCAT. The mean filterable nitrate (f-NO 3 − ) concentration (280 ng m −3 ) also was conspicuously higher than during ISCAT (39 and 150 ng m −3 ). Several peaks in f-NO 3 − were synchronous with those for MSA and sulfate, but some samples had high f-NO 3 − but neither high MSA nor sulfate. While there is some evidence that nitrate or nitric acid is transported to SP from distant sources, local emissions of nitrogen oxides from the snow are a far more important source overall.
Abuse and Clinical Value of Diuretics in Eating Disorders Therapeutic Applications

Objective: Diuretic abuse as a means of purging is common in patients with bulimia nervosa. We sought to illustrate the pathophysiologic effects of diuretics and purging on a patient with bulimia nervosa's fluid and electrolyte status and to clarify the role of diuretics in the management of volume status during refeeding. Method: We reviewed the literature pertaining to diuretic abuse, purging, bulimia nervosa, and diuretic therapy. Results: Purging behaviors lead to volume depletion and a state of heightened aldosterone production. Patients with bulimia nervosa commonly undergo rapid rehydration with intravenous fluid administration. In the setting of hyperaldostreronism, aggressive rehydration leads to avid salt retention and the development of marked amounts of edema. Discussion: Providers should understand both the background renal pathophysiology of the patient with bulimia nervosa and the mechanisms of action of diuretics to correctly use diuretics as focused therapeutic agents for this patient population. © 2010 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2011; 44:200–202)
Seizure activity during cetuximab infusion in a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer

Purpose The case of a patient with metastatic colorectal cancer who had a seizure during his intial cetuximab infusion is reported. Summary A 54-year-old Asian man received his first infusion of cetuximab after pretreatment with ondansetron, ranitidine, diphenhydramine, and dexamethasone. Approximately 15 minutes after initiation of the cetuximab infusion, the patient called for help. The nurse found the patient sitting up with a blank stare, and the patient began to have a generalized seizure. The emergency resuscitation team was called and administered lorazepam 2 mg i.v., at which time the seizure ceased. The patient required emergent intubation, but no cardiopulmonary resuscitation was necessary. After intubation, the patient was transferred to the intensive care unit. Computed tomography of the head found no evidence of lesions. The patient remained stable, was extubated, and was transferred out of the intensive care unit the next day. Fourteen days after the seizure, the patient returned for follow-up magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and head with gadolinium contrast. Per the radiologist's report, there were no enhancing lesions to suggest metastases, no abnormalities to suggest infarct or tumor, and no bone abnormalities, and the patient's brain volume was within normal limits for his age. Based on the Naranjo et al. probability scale score, the relationship between the patient's seizure and cetuximab infusion was probable. Conclusion A 54-year-old Asian man developed seizure activity requiring emergent intubation during his initial cetuximab infusion for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.
Alcohol and Breast Cancer

OF the approximately 17 cohort and case–control studies that have investigated an association between alcohol intake and breast cancer, all but three have shown an increase in risk. Impetus for the...
A Rapid Assay for Measuring Nucleotide Excision Repair by Oligonucleotide Retrieval

Nucleotide excision repair (NER) excises bulky DNA lesions induced by mutagens and carcinogens. The repair process includes recognition of DNA damage, excision of a short patch of nucleotides containing the damaged base, re-synthesis of a new DNA strand and ligation of the nicks to restore the sequence integrity. Mutation or aberrant transcription of NER genes reduces repair efficiency and results in the accumulation of mutations that is associated with the development of cancer. Here we present a rapid, sensitive and quantitative assay to measure NER activity in human cells, which we term the Oligonucleotide Retrieval Assay (ORA). We used oligonucleotide constructs containing the UV-damaged adduct, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD), to transfect human cells, and retrieved the oligonucleotides for quantification of the repaired, CPD-free DNA by real-time quantitative PCR. We demonstrate that ORA can quantify the extent of NER in diverse cell types, including immortalized, primary and stem-like cells.
Effects of chronic hyperprolactinemia in mice on plasma gonadotropin concentrations and testicular human chorionic gonadotropin binding sites.

Effects of artificially induced hyperprolactinemia in male DBA/2 mice were studied by transplating four pituitary glands under the kidney capsules. After 52–57 days the animals were sacrificed, and tissue and plasma samples were obtained. Plasma concentrations of FSH and LH were significantly higher in pituitary-grafted mice than in sham-operated controls. Testicular LH/human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) binding, measured via use of [125I]iodo-hCG, was significantly depressed both on a per milligram protein and per testes basis in hyperprolactinemic mice. Coincident with decreased hCG binding was a significantly diminished ability of decapsulated testes to produce testosterone in response to hCG in vitro. However, testosterone production by unstimulated hyperprolactinemic mouse testes was normal. Significantly increased body, seminal vesicle, and adrenal weights were also present in hyperprolactinemic mice. The data indicate that hyperprolactinemia in mice is associated with decreased testicular LH/hCG bi...
Suppression of osteoclastogenesis through phosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha

In response to various stresses including viral infection, nutrient deprivation, and stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha (eIF2α) is phosphorylated to cope with stress induced apoptosis. Although bone cells are sensitive to environmental stresses that alter the phosphorylation level of eIF2α, little is known about the role of eIF2α mediated signaling during the development of bone-resorbing osteoclasts. Using two chemical agents (salubrinal and guanabenz) that selectively inhibit de-phosphorylation of eIF2α, we evaluated the effects of phosphorylation of eIF2α on osteoclastogenesis of RAW264.7 pre-osteoclasts as well as development of MC3T3 E1 osteoblast-like cells. The result showed that salubrinal and guanabenz stimulated matrix deposition of osteoblasts through upregulation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). The result also revealed that these agents reduced expression of the nuclear factor of activated T cells c1 (NFATc1) and inhibited differentiation of RAW264.7 cells to multi-nucleated osteoclasts. Partial silencing of eIF2α with RNA interference reduced suppression of salubrinal/guanabenz-driven downregulation of NFATc1. Collectively, we demonstrated that the elevated phosphorylation level of eIF2α not only stimulates osteoblastogenesis but also inhibit osteoclastogenesis through regulation of ATF4 and NFATc1. The results suggest that eIF2α-mediated signaling might provide a novel therapeutic target for preventing bone loss in osteoporosis.
Spectroscopy and photophysics of refractory molecules at low temperature: The d1Σ+-X3Δ1 intercombination system of vanadium nitride

Abstract The diatomic molecule VN has been observed by laser-induced fluorescence in a supersonic molecular beam following reaction of laser-vaporized vanadium atoms with 0.5 mole% of NH 3 or N(CH 3 ) 3 seeded into a flow of He carrier gas. This is the first in a series of papers on VN and deals with the d 1 Σ + - X 3 Δ 1 intercombination system. The (0, 0) band, which is centered at 16 220.1844 cm −1 , has been investigated at high resolution (⋍120 MHz), and a rotational analysis has been completed. Vibrational constants have been estimated from a low-resolution dispersed emission spectrum and an accurate isotope shift for the zero line of the 0-0 transition. Some photophysical parameters are also reported. In light of these results the electronic configurations giving rise to the states are discussed.
Factor Structure of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance With Two Pre‐Elementary Samples

Competing models of the factorial structure of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Competence and Social Acceptance (PSPCSA) were tested for fit using multisample confirmatory factor analysis. The best fitting model was tested for invariance (a) across samples of middle-class (n = 251) and economically disadvantaged (Head Start, n = 117) kindergarten children (whose ages ranged from 67 to 86 months), and (b) over time (at the end of preschool and kindergarten) for the Head Start sample. For kindergarten children, regardless of socioeconomic status, the factor structure of the PSPCSA was consistent with the 2-factor model of Competence and Acceptance. This model also fit reasonably well for Head Start children at the end of their preschool year. However, in addition to providing broad support for the dimensionality of the measure, our findings highlight important concerns about the PSPCSA.
Role of pescadillo in the transformation and immortalization of mammalian cells

The murine and human homologs of the zebrafish pescadillo protein (Pes1 and PES1, respectively) play important roles in ribosome biogenesis and DNA replication. We investigated the effect of Pes1 on the growth of mouse embryo (3T3-like) fibroblasts and conditionally immortalized human fibroblasts expressing the SV40 T antigen (AR5 cells). Increased expression of Pes1 causes transformation of mouse and human fibroblasts in culture (colony formation in soft agar). Although Pes1 can replace the SV40 T antigen in inducing colony formation in soft agar, it cannot substitute the T antigen in the immortalization of human fibroblasts, indicating that it distinguishes between the two functions. As the biological effects of Pes1 are similar to those of the insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), we investigated the interactions of Pes1 with IRS-1 itself and with the SV40 T antigen. The Pes1 protein (which localizes to the nuclei and nucleoli of cells) interacts with both IRS-1 and the SV40 T antigen, and markedly decreases the interaction of T antigen with p53. Taken together, these results suggest mechanisms for the ability of Pes1 to transform cells, and its failure to immortalize them.
A simple computerized method for generation of dichotic tapes.

Abstract A PDP-12 based system designed to allow use of dichotic listening for clinical research and diagnosis is described. Three computer programs were developed to generate dichotic pairs which have minimal distortion and ensure simultaneous onset time of auditory signals. Displays are used frequently throughout the program to make it easy to operate and to inform the operator of his responsibilities and options. Word length, skew delay and interpair intervals can be set by introducing desired values of these parameters into the program. Two different versions of the computer programs were developed. One uses 8 K of memory and generates dichotic pairs from words up to 614 msec long. A 32 K version is not limited to words but permits use of sentences up to 2.5 sec long.
Production Losses in Dairy Cattle Due to Days Open

Abstract Losses in milk yield due to delayed breeding were determined from 4,910 complete lactations of Holsteins in the North Carolina Institutional Breeding Association. Production of 756 cows to the end of the lactation terminating nearest 48 months after first calving was utilized in the first phase of the study. Regression analyses within herd and year of first calving with age at calving, total days dry, and total days in milk as covariates, revealed a quadratic relationship between days open and production. There was an average decrease of 2.40 ± 1.09 kg of milk and 0.112 ± 0.040 kg of fat for each additional day open. A parallel study utilizing shorter production intervals included 1,580 cows with first and second lactations, 1,050 cows with second and third lactations, and 700 cows with third and fourth lactations. Regression analyses were within herd-year-season of calving, with age at calving, days open, and days dry as covariates. Yields per day for the interval from 210 days after calving through 305 days of next lactation, were used as dependent variables. Days open were not uniformly expensive for all lactations of an animal. An increase of 1.16 kg of milk for each additional day open was obtained for first lactations. For second and third lactations there was a decline of 3.58 and 3.68 kg of milk, respectively, for each additional day open. The differential response for the first lactations was attributed to their higher persistency. A calving interval of 13 months for first calvers and 12 months for second and later calvers was suggested as an optimum length for attaining maximum production. Considering the reduced calving rate, as well as the loss in milk yield, net decrease in income for each additional day open would be expected to approximate 25 to 70 cents rather than the often quoted one to two dollars.
The Other Kidney: Biopolitics Beyond Recognition

This article links ethnographic exploration of commodified renal transactions in India to their articulation in Hindi film as practices re-animating kinship in the face of the death or diminishment...
Gender roles, sociosexuality, and sexual behavior among US Black women

This study examined the relationship between gender roles and sociosexuality (an individual difference variable describing attitudes about sexual permissiveness and promiscuity), and their predictive pattern of HIV-related sexual risk behaviors. A geographically diverse sample of 275 adult, heterosexual Black women (mean age = 33.60 years), participated in a self-administered survey. Significant relationships were found between feminine traits and sociosexuality, and between sociosexuality and four of the five risky sexual behavior variables. Neither masculine nor feminine gender roles were related to any risky sexual behavior variables. Sociosexuality emerged as an important correlate that requires further exploration of its relationship to the attitudes and behaviors of Black women, and its potential relationship to HIV risk-related sexual behavior. The need for more attention to psychosocial variables, and consideration of context, cultural norms, and values is discussed as an important undertaking in ...
Social Media Use in the Bronx: New Research and Innovations in the Study of YouTube's Digital Neighborhood

YouTube has surpassed other social media platforms on a massive scale in application and influence, and has recently begun to impact the way people seek out and use information, learn about the world, and share their own unique perspective often with an international audience. However, this ubiquitous form of social media is perhaps the least scholarly researched form of social media, particularly when it comes to so-called underrepresented and underresearched populations. Generally speaking, formalized social-media theoretical tools and systematic measurement have been lacking as well. YouTube exemplifies the tension between an empowered user and powerful commerce-driven creators in the battle for media control and demands scholarly analysis.
Second-Order Differential Invariants for Some Extensions of the Poincaré Group and Invariant Equations

It is well-known that symmetry properties are extremely important for choosing differential equations which can be suitable for description of real physical processes. We present functional bases of second-order dierential invariants for various repre
Improved thermal stability of whey protein–maltodextrin conjugates at pH 5.0 by d-Glucose, sucrose, d-cellobiose, and lactose

Thermal aggregation of whey proteins is a challenge for applications in clear food products with acidity around their isoelectric points (∼pH 5.0). Glycating whey proteins with sufficient maltodextrins by the Maillard reaction effectively prevents thermal aggregation but produces undesirable color and byproducts. Co-solutes improve heat stability of whey proteins at neutral pH but have not been studied at pH 5.0. In this work, mono- and di-saccharides were studied for heat stability improvements of whey protein–maltodextrin conjugates at pH 5.0. The saccharides increased the viscosity of the continuous phase and the stability of conjugates against denaturation (increased denaturation temperature and reduced enthalpy change), corresponding to smaller aggregates and improved heat stability. Sucrose was more effective in improving thermal stability than d-cellobiose, lactose and d-glucose and was interpreted by the stronger preferential interactions with conjugates. During heating, co-solutes preferentially accumulate around conjugate molecules to minimize the contact with water molecules and therefore conjugate aggregation, which was verified using atomic force microscopy. Therefore, the saccharides can be used to stabilize conjugates during heating so that milder conjugation conditions can be adopted to reduce the color and byproduct formation during the Maillard reaction.
Weight change patterns and breast cancer risk: a brief review and analysis.

Abstract Body weight change is defined as one or more periods of weight gain or weight loss that can vary in terms of magnitude, timeframe over which the change(s) occurs, and the number of times the pattern changes. Epidemiological and clinical data provide evidence of increased lifetime risk for breast cancer due to adult weight gain and a reduction of risk with weight loss. These findings parallel the majority of preclinical carcinogenesis experiments in which caloric intake in excess of basal metabolic requirements in rodents permits the development of cancer in proportion to the level of caloric intake. Dieting has been unsuccessful in reducing cancer risk unless a lower body weight was maintained at the end of weight change. Based on this evidence, it is recommended that consideration be given to the inclusion of the following recommendations in clinical practice guidelines for managing lifetime risk for breast cancer: (1) maintain adult body mass index in the desirable range (18.5-24.9 kg/m2) by preventing adult weight gain in both pre- and postmenopausal women, and (2) actively monitor BMI and, when BMI is above the defined ideal range, prescribe corrective lifestyle changes until body weight returns to the target range.
Exploring Working-Class Consciousness: A Critique of the Theory of the ‘Labour-Aristocracy’*

The notion of the labour-aristocracy is one of the oldest Marxian explanations of working-class conservatism and reformism. Despite its continued appeal to scholars and activists on the Left, there is no single, coherent theory of the labour-aristocracy. While all versions argue working-class conservatism and reformism reflects the politics of a privileged layer of workers who share in ‘monopoly’ super-profits, they differ on the sources of those super-profits: national dominance of the world-market in the nineteenth century (Marx and Engels), imperialist investments in the ‘colonial world’/global South (Lenin and Zinoviev), or corporate monopoly in the twentieth century (Elbaum and Seltzer). The existence of a privileged layer of workers who share monopoly super-profits with the capitalist class cannot be empirically verified. This essay presents evidence that British capital’s dominance of key-branches of global capitalist production in the Victorian period, imperialist investment and corporate market-power can not explain wage-differentials among workers globally or nationally, and that relatively well-paid workers have and continue to play a leading role in radical and revolutionary working-class organisations and struggles. An alternative explanation of working-class radicalism, reformism, and conservatism will be the subject of a subsequent essay.
Electroantennogram and oviposition responses of Manduca sexta to volatile components of tobacco and tomato

Abstract Fractions of aqueous extracts and steam distillates of tobacco and tomato were assayed for electroantennogram (EAG) activity as well as their ability to induce oviposition. The neutral and acidic fractions were strongly EAG active and were both ultimately shown to induce oviposition in some tests. Further fractionation with glc gave many EAG active fractions but caused individual fractions to become ovipositionally inactive.
Diagnosis of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome Using Electrophysiologically Guided Anterior Scalene Blocks

There is no "gold standard" for diagnosing thoracic outlet compression syndrome (TOS), however, anesthetic blocks of the anterior scalene muscle (ASM) have been used as a means of predicting which patients may benefit from surgical decompression. The standard technique of using surface landmarks often results in inadvertent somatic block and sympathetic block because there is no reliable verification of needle tip localization. The present study was undertaken to determine if needle tip localization can be improved by using electrophysiological guidance. ASM blocks were performed for patients with a diagnosis of possible TOS. An insulated hypodermic needle was inserted into the ASM which was identified during electromyogram (EMG) activation maneuvers. Stimulation was performed to make sure that the needle tip was not in the brachial plexus. Local anesthetic was instilled and the intensity of pain induced by TOS stress maneuvers was compared to pain ratings obtained after control injections. The ASM could be identified electromyographically in all 122 cases. There were no instances of inadvertent somatic block nor sympathetic block. Of 38 patients who underwent surgical decompression of the thoracic outlet, 30 of 32 (94%) with a positive block had a good outcome compared with 3 of 6 (50%) who underwent surgery in spite of a negative block. Electrophysiological guidance facilitates accurate needle tip placement in the performance of ASM blocks; the results of these blocks appear to correlate with surgical outcomes.
Livestock production system management responses to thermal challenges

The adaptive capabilities of animals and livestock production systems have been emphasized in this report. Biometeorology has a key role in rational management to meet the challenges of thermal environments. While the focus is primarily on cattle in warm or hot climates, the importance of dynamic animal responses to environmental challenges applies to all species and climates. Methods used to mitigate environmental challenges focus on heat loss/heat production balance. Under cold stress, reduction of heat loss is the key. Under heat stress, reduction of heat load or increasing heat loss are the primary management tools, although heat-tolerant animals are also available. In general, livestock with health problems and the most productive animals (e.g., highest growth rate or milk production) are at greatest risk of heat stress, thereby requiring the most attention. Risk management, by considering perceived thermal challenges, then assessing the potential consequences and acting accordingly, will reduce the impact of such challenges. Appropriate actions include: shade, sprinkling, air movement, or active cooling. Summarizing, the most important element of proactive environmental management to reduce risk is preparation: be informed, develop a strategic plan, observe and recognize animals in distress, and take appropriate tactical action.
EVALUATING LIFE EXPERIENCES: CURRENT PRACTICES AT THE COLLEGIATE LEVEL

Based upon an analysis of responses from baccalaureate programs evaluating life experiences, this paper documents the current practices of assessing prior learning. Both faculty and staff are heavily involved in the total crediting of prior experience procedure. This involvement has been documented in detail within four areas: informal student advisement, tutorials or seminar instruction, program planning, and the actual evaluation process itself.
DOES THE RASCH MODEL REALLY WORK FOR MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEMS? NOT IF YOU LOOK CLOSELY

This paper discusses various issues involved in using the Rasch model with multiple choice tests. By presenting a modified test that is much more powerful, the value of Wright and Panchapakesan's test as evidence of model fit is shown to be questionable. According to the new test, the model failed to fit 68% of the items in the Anchor Test Study. Effects of such misfit on test equating are demonstrated. Results of some past studies purporting to support the Rasch model are shown to be irrelevant, or to yield the conclusion that the Rasch model did not fit the data. Issues like “objectivity” and consistent estimation are shown to be unimportant in selection of a latent trait model. Thus, available evidence shows the Rasch model to be unsuitable for multiple choice items.
Utilization of maternal sulfate by the embryo and suckling rat

Abstract Evidence is presented here to suggest that the embryo rat utilizes maternal sulfate in synthesis of tissue. Sulfate fixed in maternal tissues probably re-enters the maternal circulation either as sulfate ion or bound to molecules sufficiently small to pass the placenta. The chief repository of this available sulfate in the maternal rat is the costal cartilage. Within 2 hr. after intraperitoneal injection, inorganic radioactive sulfate is absorbed by the maternal rat, transported and secreted in the milk, absorbed by the suckling rat, and localized into its connective tissue, especially cartilage.
Psychological privilege and ethnocentrism as barriers to cross-cultural adjustment and effective intercultural interactions

Abstract The increased occurrence of intercultural contact necessitates a better understanding of why sojourner assignments and expatriate positions often result in the traveler returning home early. Furthermore, increasing diversity within individual locales further mandates a better understanding of how to facilitate effective intercultural interactions. This paper proposes that a better understanding of home country privilege, and of the pervasiveness of ethnocentric world views when working abroad or with others who are somehow “different,” may impede one's probability of adjustment and subsequently of success. It is suggested that interventions and training programs geared toward improving the success rates of intercultural relationships should rely less on models that reinforce ethnocentricity and attend more to developing bicultural and multicultural identities in potential sojourners. The ethnic identity literature is reviewed in order to understand how a bi- or even multi-cultural identity may develop. Furthermore, it is suggested that tools for coping and succeeding in novel cultures may be revealed by examining the bicultural life experiences and strategies used by minority group members within the American cultural context.
Cyclotetrapeptides with alternating d-Ala residues: synthesis and spectroscopic studies

Abstract Three cyclotetrapeptides, c[Leu- d -Ala-Xaa- d -Ala], where Xaa is Leu ( P1 ), Lys ( P2 ) and Glu ( P3 ) were synthesized and studied by 1 H and 13 C NMR and CD spectroscopy. These cyclotetrapeptides exhibit similar coupling constants, 3 J HNHα , in the range of 8.56–9.93 Hz, commonly observed for β-turn structures. All amide proton chemical shifts for P1 , P2 and P3 exhibited linear dependence on temperature with moderate temperature coefficients ranging from −3.1 to −9.8 ppb/K. Amide proton signal broadening was observed for all residues in P1 , P2 and P3 , indicating that they are solvent accessible. The number of resonance observed for P1 was half of the total counts, indicating a C2 symmetric conformation. P2 and P3 exhibit similar CD in solvents of varying dielectric constants and dilutions, with characteristic positive CD bands at ca. 210 and 222 nm, which correspond to a β-turn type structure. Small CD/temperature effect was also observed with isodichroic points, consistent with conformational stability and a well-populated cyclotetrapeptide energy state. These heterochiral cyclotetrapeptides consisting of alternating d -Ala residues adopt stabilized open β-turn conformations and may be useful as a ligand template for further functionalization.
Entrepreneurial proclivity: its environmental conditions and growth consequences

To contribute to the entrepreneurial marketing (EM) literature, this study investigates how business unit growth relates to environmental risks and rewards (i.e., environmental dynamism and market growth rate) and three facets of entrepreneurial proclivity (i.e., innovativeness, risk-taking, and proactiveness). The authors find that perceived environmental dynamism has a direct and positive influence on strategic business units' innovativeness and proactiveness. Moreover, this study explores the interplay between the risk and reward facets of the market environment and reveals that firms are most likely to adopt EM strategies in a high-growth, highly dynamic business environment. The results also show that whereas the industry growth rate promotes a firm's market expansion, but not market sustention, the firm's innovativeness and proactiveness positively influence both market expansion and sustention.
Design of Chimeric Receptor Mimics with Different TcRVβ Isoforms: TYPE-SPECIFIC INHIBITION OF SUPERANTIGEN PATHOGENESIS

The Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins (S.E.) A-I, and toxic-shock syndrome toxin TSST-1 act as superantigens to cause overstimulation of the host immune system, leading to the onset of various diseases including food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. SAgs bind as intact proteins to the DRα1 domain of the MHC class II receptor and the TcRVβ domain from the T cell receptor and cause excessive release of cytokines such as IL-2, TNF-α, and IFN-γ, and hyperproliferation of T cells. In addition, different SAgs bind and activate different TcRVβ isoforms during pathogenesis of human immune cells. These two properties of SAgs prompted us to design several chimeric DRα1-linker-TcRVβ proteins using different TcRVβ isoforms to create chimeras that would specifically inhibit the pathogenesis of SAgs against which they were designed. In this study, we compare the design, interaction, and inhibitory properties of three different DRα1-linker-TcRVβ chimeras targeted against three different SAgs, SEB, SEC3, and TSST-1. The inhibitory properties of the chimeras were tested by monitoring IL-2 release and T cell proliferation using a primary human cell model. We demonstrate that the three chimeras specifically inhibit the pathogenesis of their target superantigen. We performed molecular modeling to analyze the structural basis of the type specificity exhibited by different chimeras designed against their target SAgs, examine the role of the linker in determining binding and specificity, and suggest site-specific mutations in the chimera to enhance binding affinity. The fact that our strategy works equally well for SEB and TSST-1, two widely different phylogenic variants, suggests that the DRα1-linker-TcRVβ chimeras may be developed as a general therapy against a broad spectrum of superantigens released during Staphylococcal infection.
Microbes ride the current

How do differences in marine bacterial populations arise in the ocean? On page 1346 of this issue, Hellweger et al. ( 1 ) investigate this question with a model based on ocean currents, parameterized with data from the most ubiquitous and abundant ocean bacterium, Pelagibacter . The model assumes that mutations are neutral—that is, they cause no change in the fitness of organisms, so that selection cannot act on them. The results show that neutral processes are enough to generate biogeographical patterns in marine bacteria without any adaptive evolution taking place.
Needed: a national R&D effort to develop individual air pollution monitor instrumentation.

(1977). Needed: A National R&D Effort To Develop Individual Air Pollution Monitor Instrumentation. Journal of the Air Pollution Control Association: Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 670-673.
Human resource information systems (HRIS) and technology trust

Scholars in many disciplines have considered the antecedents and consequences of various forms of trust. This paper generates 11 propositions exploring the relationship between Human Resource Information Systems (HRIS) and the trust an individual places in the inanimate technology (technology trust) and models the effect of those relationships on HRIS implementation success. Specifically, organizational, technological, and user factors are considered and modeled to generate a set of testable propositions that can subsequently be investigated in various organizational settings. Eleven propositions are offered suggesting that organizational trust, pooled interdependence, organizational community, organizational culture, technology adoption, technology utility, technology usability, socialization, sensitivity to privacy, and predisposition to trust influence an individual's level of trust in the HRIS technology (technology trust) and ultimately the success of an HRIS implementation process. A summary of the relationships between the key constructs in the model and recommendations for future research are provided.
A review of treatment of premenstrual syndrome & premenstrual dysphoric disorder

Severe premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and, more recently, premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) have been studied extensively over the last 20 years. The defining criteria for diagnosis of the disorders according to the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG) include at least one moderate to severe mood symptom and one physical symptom for the diagnosis of PMS and by DSM IV criteria a total of 5 symptoms with 1 severe mood symptom for the diagnosis of PMDD. There must be functional impairment attributed to the symptoms. The symptoms must be present for one to two weeks premenstrually with relief by day 4 of menses and should be documented prospectively for at least two cycles using a daily rating form. Nonpharmacologic management with some evidence for efficacy include cognitive behavioral relaxation therapy, aerobic exercise, as well as calcium, magnesium, vitamin B(6) L-tryptophan supplementation or a complex carbohydrate drink. Pharmacologic management with at least ten randomized controlled trials to support efficacy include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors administered daily or premenstrually and serotonergic tricyclic antidepressants. Anxiolytics and potassium sparing diuretics have demonstrated mixed results in the literature. Hormonal therapy is geared towards producing anovulation. There is good clinical evidence for GnRH analogs with addback hormonal therapy, danocrine, and estradiol implants or patches with progestin to protect the endometrium. Oral contraceptive pills prevent ovulation and should be effective for the treatment of PMS/PMDD. However, limited evidence does not support efficacy for oral contraceptive agents containing progestins derived from 19-nortestosterone. The combination of the estrogen and progestin may produce symptoms similar to PMS, such as water retention and irritability. There is preliminary evidence that a new oral contraceptive pill containing low-dose estrogen and the progestin drospirenone, a spironolactone analog, instead of a 19-nortestosterone derivative can reduce symptoms of water retention and other side effects related to estrogen excess. The studies are in progress, however, preliminary evidence suggests that the drospirenone-containing pill called Yasmin may be effective the treatment of PMDD.
Two alternative philosophies for estimation of the parameters of time-series

Two alternative philosophical frameworks for the two problems of estimating the time-invariant or time-variant autocorrelation function and its Fourier transform for stationary and cyclostationary time-series are compared. One is based on the stochastic process model, and the other is based on the nonstochastic time-series model. It is then explained that results on estimator bias and variance for these two problems couched within the stochastic process framework have analogs within the nonstochastic framework. The bias and variance results for cyclostationary time-series that are available within these two frameworks are then summarized. >
The impact of coexisting COPD on survival of patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer undergoing surgical resection.

Background COPD is a recognized risk factor for lung cancer, but studies of coexisting COPD in relation to lung cancer outcomes are limited. We assessed the impact of COPD on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Methods Patients (N = 902) with early-stage (stage IA-IIB) NSCLC treated with surgical resection were retrospectively analyzed. The association of self-reported, physician-diagnosed COPD with survivals of NSCLC was assessed using the log-rank and Cox regression models, adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, stages, and performance status. Results Among this cohort of patients with NSCLC, 330 cases had physician-diagnosed COPD, and 572 did not have COPD. The 5-year OS in patients with COPD (54.4%) was significantly lower (P = .0002) than that in patients without COPD (69.0%). The 5-year PFS rates for patients with COPD and without COPD were 50.1% and 60.6%, respectively (P = .007). Compared with patients without COPD, patients with COPD had increased risk of worse OS (adjusted hazard ratio [HRadj] = 1.41, P = .002) and PFS (HRadj = 1.67, P = .003). The associations between COPD and worse survival outcomes were stronger in men and in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Conclusions Coexisting COPD is associated with worse survival outcomes in patients with early-stage NSCLC, particularly for men and for SCC.
The National Cancer Institute Thyroid fine needle aspiration state of the science conference: a summation

On October 22 and 23, 2007, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) hosted "The NCI Thyroid Fine Needle Aspiration (FNA) State of the Science Conference," a two-day gathering in Bethesda, Maryland. Its mission was to establish a comprehensive interdisciplinary informational dialogue dedicated to thyroid FNA. Preparations for the conference began 18 months earlier with the designation of a steering committee, the appointment of nine working committees, coordination with co-sponsoring organizations, and the establishment of a dedicated permanent web site. The function of the website was to serve as a permanent educational tool for health care practitioners and patients alike, as well as to foster on-line dialogue. Six committees were charged with preparing summary documents based on literature reviews on the following subjects: 1. Indications/Pre-FNA requirements; 2. Training and Credentialing; 3. Technique; 4. Terminology and Morphologic Criteria; 5. Ancillary Studies; and 6. Post-FNA Options for Testing and Treatment. Three additional committees were formed, one each to oversee the website, publications ensuing from the conference and the establishment of an on-line educational cytopathology atlas. Literature reviews were limited to English language publications dating back to 1995, using PubMed as the search engine, with key words determined by the committee members. The first draft of the committees' summary documents ("Review and Conclusions") was posted on the web site and open for on-line forum discussion from May 1-June 30, 2007. There were several subsequent drafts and on-line discussion periods (Aug 15 – Sept. 30, 2007 and Nov. 30-Dec. 15, 2007). The documents underwent revision after each comment period prior to re-posting on the web. The two-day "live" conference in October, attended by 154 registrants, comprised of pathologists, endocrinologists, surgeons, and radiologists, gave the committees an in-depth opportunity to present their conclusions and debate controversial areas. This is an abridged version of the topics reviewed at the conference and the website. This is not a "standards of practice" guideline, nor is it endorsed as such by the National Cancer Institute.
An investigation of specifications for migrating to a Web portal framework for the dissemination of health information within a public health network

Web-based technologies provide a framework that facilitates the dissemination of healthcare related information. A portal strategy comprised of six layers has been defined for healthcare. This layered architecture is well suited for employing an iterative approach to development, implementation and deployment of an emerging technology. Planning for Web portal implementation should be seen as a process of building an infrastructure and foundation for the future, not as the development of a single all-encompassing solution. Mapping requirements and specifications for the portal framework to a conceptual target architecture is part of this process. This research paper investigates a model for a healthcare portal framework and the mapping of user specifications of a major public health organization for organizing and structuring information to facilitate a plan of action for moving to an Internet portal strategy.
Consensus-Based Distributed Parameter Estimation in Ad Hoc Wireless Sensor Networks with Noisy Links

We deal with distributed estimation of deterministic vector parameters using ad hoc wireless sensor networks (WSNs). We cast the decentralized estimation problem as the solution of multiple convex optimization subproblems. Using the method of alternating multipliers we derive algorithms which are decomposable into a set of simpler tasks suitable for distributed implementation. Different from existing alternatives, our approach does not require knowing the desired estimator in closed-form thus allowing for distributed nonlinear estimation. Our algorithms have guaranteed convergence under ideal channel links, while they exhibit noise resilience provably established for the distributed best linear unbiased estimator (BLUE).
The M Segment of the 2009 New Pandemic H1N1 Influenza Virus Is Critical for Its High Transmission Efficiency in the Guinea Pig Model

A remarkable feature of the 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza virus is its efficient transmissibility in humans compared to that of precursor strains from the triple-reassortant swine influenza virus lineage, which cause only sporadic infections in humans. The viral components essential for this phenotype have not been fully elucidated. In this study, we aimed to determine the viral factors critical for aerosol transmission of the 2009 pandemic virus. Single or multiple segment reassortments were made between the pandemic A/California/04/09 (H1N1) (Cal/09) virus and another H1N1 strain, A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1) (PR8). These viruses were then tested in the guinea pig model to understand which segment of Cal/09 virus conferred transmissibility to the poorly transmissible PR8 virus. We confirmed our findings by generating recombinant A/swine/Texas/1998 (H3N2) (sw/Tx/98) virus, a representative triple-reassortant swine virus, containing segments of the Cal/09 virus. The data showed that the M segment of the Cal/09 virus promoted aerosol transmissibility to recombinant viruses with PR8 and sw/Tx/98 virus backgrounds, suggesting that the M segment is a critical factor supporting the transmission of the 2009 pandemic virus.
Item Response Theory and Clinical Measurement

In this review, we examine studies that use item response theory (IRT) to explore the psychometric properties of clinical measures. Next, we consider how IRT has been used in clinical research for: scale linking, computerized adaptive testing, and differential item functioning analysis. Finally, we consider the scale properties of IRT trait scores. We conclude that there are notable differences between cognitive and clinical measures that have relevance for IRT modeling. Future research should be directed toward a better understanding of the metric of the latent trait and the psychological processes that lead to individual differences in item response behaviors.