cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Saccadic repulsion in pop-out search: how a target's dodgy history can push the eyes away from it.

Previous studies have shown that even in the context of fairly easy selection tasks, as is the case in a pop-out task, selection of the pop-out stimulus can be sped up (in terms of eye movements) when the target-defining feature repeats across trials. Here, we show that selection of a pop-out target can actually be delayed (in terms of saccadic latencies) and made less accurate (in terms of saccade accuracy) when the target-defining feature has recently been associated with distractor status. This effect was observed even though participants’ task was to fixate color oddballs (when present) and simply press a button when their eyes reached the target to advance to the next trial. Importantly, the inter-trial effect was also observed in response time (time to advance to the next trial). In contrast, this response time effect was completely eliminated in a second experiment when eye movements were eliminated from the task. That is, when participants still had to press a button to advance to the next trial when an oddball target was present in the display (an oddball detection task experiment). This pattern of results closely links the “need for selection” in a task to the presence of an inter-trial bias of attention (and eye movements) in pop-out search.
The otolithic origin of the vertical vestibuloocular reflex following bilateral blockage of the vertical semicircular canals in the rabbit

The influence of bilateral plugs of the anterior and posterior semicircular canals (ASCs, PSCs) on the vertical vestibuloocular reflex (VVOR-0) of the rabbit, oscillated about the longitudinal axis maintained in a horizontal orientation, was studied. Bilateral plugs of either the ASCs or PSCs reduced the gain of the VVOR-0 evoked by stimulus frequencies above 0.005 Hz, but left a residual gain of the VVOR at higher stimulus frequencies that could be attributed to the remaining vertical canals and utricular otoliths. Bilateral plugs of both the ASCs and PSCs totally eliminated the canal component of the VVOR-0, as determined from measurements made when the animal was oriented at 90 degrees ("nose up") with respect to the earth horizontal axis, eliminating changes in the gravitational vector acting on the utricular maculae (VVOR-90). Bilateral plugs of both the ASCs and PSCs also eliminated the nonlinear increase in gain observed at intermediate frequencies in intact rabbits when oscillated about a supine orientation (VVOR-180). The contribution of the utricular otolith to the VVOR-0 in rabbits with both the ASCs and PSCs plugged was compared with the predicted otolith contribution based on the assumption of linear summation of semicircular canal and utricular signals. The assumption of linear summation appears to be incorrect. Bilateral plugs of the ASCs and PSCs increased the latency and the time constant of vertical eye movements evoked by step-roll stimulation about the longitudinal axis maintained in a horizontal orientation.
Consumption in Germany during the Period of Rearmament

Consumption under the impact of rearmament, 349. — The problem of estimating the effect of rearmament upon consumption, 351. — Methods of analysis, 352. — The national income and the share of all wage and salary earners, 355. — The income of employed wage and salary earners subject to social insurance, 358. — Wages and income of individual wage earners, 366. — The production of consumers' goods, 369. — The consumption of consumers' goods, 372. — Per capita consumption of individual commodities, 374. — Consumption of individual commodities in the budgets of typical families, 376. — Deterioration in the quality of consumers' goods, 378. — Changes in the satisfaction of collective needs, 379. — Conclusions, 382.
The use of artificial intelligence as a decision support system for residential urban environments

This research used neural networks to develop a decision support system, and model the relationship between one's living environment and residential satisfaction. Residential satisfaction was investigated at two affordable housing multifamily rental properties. The neural network was trained using data from Defoors Ferry Manor and the network was validated using data from Moores Mill. The neural network accurately categorized ninety-eight percent of the cases in the training set and ninety-three percent of the cases in the validation test set. In brief, this research attempts to use neural networking to model the relationship between one's living environment and residential satisfaction.
An Integrated Framework for Semantic and Pragmatic Interpretation

We report on a mechanism for semantic and pragmatic interpretation that has been designed to take advantage of the generally compositional nature of semantic analysis, without unduly constraining the order in which pragmatic decisions are made. To achieve this goal, we introduce the idea of a conditional interpretation: one that depends upon a set of assumptions about subsequent pragmatic processing. Conditional interpretations are constructed compositionally according to a set of declaratively specified interpretation rules. The mechanism can handle a wide range of pragmatic phenomena and their interactions.
Angiographic features of rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH)

Rapidly involuting congenital hemangioma (RICH) is a recently recognized entity in which the vascular tumor is fully developed at birth and undergoes rapid involution. Angiographic findings in two infants with congenital hemangioma are reported and compared with a more common postnatal infantile hemangioma and a congenital infantile fibrosarcoma. Congenital hemangiomas differed from infantile hemangiomas angiographically by inhomogeneous parenchymal staining, large and irregular feeding arteries in disorganized patterns, arterial aneurysms, direct arteriovenous shunts, and intravascular thrombi. Both infants had clinical evidence of a high-output cardiac failure and intralesional bleeding. This congenital high-flow vascular tumor is difficult to distinguish angiographically from arteriovenous malformation and congenital infantile fibrosarcoma.
A long shadow: Nazi doctors, moral vulnerability and contemporary medical culture

More than 7% of all German physicians became members of the Nazi SS during World War II, compared with less than 1% of the general population. In so doing, these doctors willingly participated in genocide, something that should have been antithetical to the values of their chosen profession. The participation of physicians in torture and murder both before and after World War II is a disturbing legacy seldom discussed in medical school, and underrecognised in contemporary medicine. Is there something inherent in being a physician that promotes a transition from healer to murderer? With this historical background in mind, the author, a medical student, defines and reflects upon moral vulnerabilities still endemic to contemporary medical culture.
The effect of personality type on the usage of a multimedia engineering education system

Multimedia education has quickly entered our classrooms and offices providing tutorials and lessons on many different topics. The assumption that most people interact with these multimedia systems in similar ways can easily be made, but are these assumptions valid? What factors determine whether students will embrace computer-based multimedia-augmented learning? One factor may be a student's personality type. This paper explores the reasons why some students may enjoy learning using computer-based educational delivery systems while others may have absolutely no enthusiasm for this type of learning, and how that enthusiasm may relate to the students' personality types. The paper first explains the Digital VideoJockey-Version 2 (DVJ2) educational multimedia system in place at the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University, and then discusses the learning needs and expectations of different personality type characteristics. An analysis of students' personality types and their DVJ2 system usage follows, and a discussion on possible ways to improve the DVJ2 system in light of this analysis concludes the paper.
The State Role in Jump-Starting School University Collaboration: A Case Study

This article describes and analyzes an ambitious project in which a state department of education instigated, facilitated and, in effect, "jump-started" the formation of professional development school partnerships between middle schools and teacher preparation institutions. After a brief case summary, the article explores the options available to a state department of education wishing to promote school/university collaboration. It concludes by drawing on the literature on inter organizational relations to discuss how the success or failure of such an endeavor might be assessed.
Mathematical visualization tools and multimedia in education

The authors discuss the role of visualization tools like Mathcad, Matlab, and Maple education. These software tools are seen narrowly as additions to the spectrum of problem solving utilities available to students. The authors view Maple as a tool that, while allowing students to move away from the continual tedium of algebraic manipulations, is still faithful to the traditional methodologies. They see multimedia as another "level of dimension" in the educational environment. >
Exploring Emergent Vegetation Time-History at Malheur Lake, Oregon Using Remote Sensing

The extent of emergent vegetation can be a useful indicator of lake health and identify trends and changes over time. However, field data to characterize emergent vegetation may not be available (especially over longer time periods) or may be limited to small, isolated areas. We present a case study using Lands at data to generate indicators that represent emergent vegetation extent in the near-shoreline and tributary delta areas of Malheur Lake, Oregon, USA. Malheur Lake has a large non-native carp population that may significantly affect emergent vegetation and adversely impact reservoir health. This study evaluates long-term trends in emergent vegetation and correlation with common environmental variables other than carp, to determine if emergent vegetation changes can be explained. We selected late June images for this study as vegetation is relatively mature in late June and visible, but has not completely grown-in providing a better indication of vegetation coverage in satellite images. To explore trends in historic emergent vegetation extent, we identified eight regions-of-interest (ROI): three inlet areas, three wet-shore areas (swampy areas), and two dry-shore areas (less swampy areas) around Malheur Lake and computed the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) using 30 years of Lands at images from 1984 to 2013. For each ROI we generated time-series data to quantify the emergent vegetation as determined by the percent of area covered by pixels that had NDVI values greater than 0.2, using cutoff as an indicator of vegetation. For correlation, we produced a corresponding time series of the lake area using the Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) to identify water pixels. We investigated the correlation of vegetation coverage (an indicator of emergent vegetation) with lake area, June precipitation, and average daily maximum temperatures for a period from two months prior to one month after the June collection (April, May, June, and July); all parameters that could affect vegetation growth. We found minimal correlation over time of the vegetative extent in any of the eight ROIs with the selected parameters, indicating that there are other factors which drive emergent vegetation extent in Malheur Lake. This study demonstrates that Landsat data have sufficient spatial and temporal detail to provide insight into ecosystem changes over relatively long periods and offers a method to study historic trends in reservoir health and evaluate potential influences. We expect future work will explore other potential drivers of emergent vegetation extent in Malheur Lake, such as carp populations. Carp were not considered in this study as we did not have access to data that reflect carp numbers over this 30 year period.
FFRCT: a new technology in search of a clinical application

This editorial refers to ‘Clinical outcomes of fractional flow reserve by computed tomographic angiography-guided diagnostic strategies vs. usual care in patients with suspected coronary artery disease: the prospective longitudinal trial of FFRCT: outcome and resource impacts study’, by P.S. Douglas et al ., doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv444. Our general approach to grading coronary lesions—by percentage of diameter stenosis—is overly simplistic and ignores important laws of fluid haemodynamics. As a result, stenosis assessment by invasive coronary angiography (ICA) often underestimates or overestimates the physiological significance of lesions as compared with functional testing, such as fractional flow reserve (FFR).1 Indeed, the use of FFR to guide revascularization in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) reduces the rate of revascularization and adverse cardiac events,2 which has prompted interest in developing non-invasive alternatives to it such as coronary CT angiography (CTA)-derived fractional flow reserve (FFRCT). FFRCT is a novel technique that applies computational fluid haemodynamics to standard CTA images. This models the resting and hyperaemic pressure of coronary arteries to estimate the physiological significance of lesions, and may identify myocardial territories expected to experience ischaemia.3 By identifying anatomic stenosis on coronary CTA plus ischaemia based on computational modelling by FFRCT, this non-invasive approach could improve our ability to determine which patients may benefit from ICA and revascularization. The potential benefits of this approach are clear; however, previous studies of FFRCT have focused largely on its diagnostic accuracy rather than clinical outcomes. In a multicentre study of 252 patients, the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of FFRCT to identify an invasive FFR ≤0.80 were 90% and 54%, respectively3. In a subsequent multicentre study …
Applications of Explicitly Incorporated/Post‐Processing Measurement Uncertainty in Watershed Modeling

In the field of watershed modeling, the impact of measurement uncertainty (MU) on calibration results indicates the potential issue of inaccurate model predictions. It is important to note that MU refers to the uncertainty in measured data such as flow and nutrient values that are used to evaluate model outputs. The calculation of error statistics assuming measured data are deterministic may not be appropriate as has been frequently stated in literature. Although MU can affect model calibration results, it is rarely incorporated in modeling practice. MU can be incorporated in two schemes: explicitly incorporated (MU-EI) during model calibration and post-processed (MU-PP) after calibration is completed. In this study, both schemes are implemented in a case study of the Arroyo Colorado Watershed, Texas. Unexpectedly, no substantial differences were observed between each scheme for flow predictions. Although MU did not cause dramatic differences in most sediment and NH4-N predictions, error statistics were affected in cases with MU greater than 50%, especially for sediment and NH4-N. Therefore, it is concluded that MU may not exert a significant impact on model predictions until certain threshold is reached. This study demonstrates that high levels of uncertainty in measured calibration/validation data significantly affect parameter estimation, especially in the auto-calibration process.
A Study of Feature Selection of Magnetogram Complexity Features in an Imbalanced Solar Flare Prediction Data-Set

Solar flares are the conversion of stored magnetic energy into particle acceleration and radiation, with potential significant detrimental effects on earth including damage to technological infrastructure. Recent work has considered methods to predict flare activity from quantitative measures of the solar magnetic field. Feature selection methods provide insight into measures which have the largest discriminatory potential and provide a means to streamline real-time processing of solar data. Since solar flares are rare events, data-sets for such predictive analysis are inherently imbalanced, causing a bias in the classification. Monte Carlo experiments with randomly sub-sampled, balanced data-sets mitigate classifier biases for imbalanced data-sets, but it is unclear how to implement and interpret feature selection in such a framework. We propose a method to determine a feature subset within a sub-sampled classification based on a histogram analysis of selected features. We show that the feature subsets resulting from this analysis yield better classification accuracies across a large imbalanced data-set unseen in the feature selection and classifier training.
Getting ‘What Works’ working: building blocks for the integration of experimental and improvement science

ABSTRACTAs a systemic approach to improving educational practice through research, ‘What Works’ has come under repeated challenge from alternative approaches, most recently that of improvement science. While ‘What Works’ remains a dominant paradigm for centralized knowledge-building efforts, there is need to understand why this alternative has gained support, and what it can contribute. I set out how the core elements of experimental and improvement science can be combined into a strategy to raise educational achievement with the support of evidence from randomized experiments. Central to this combined effort is a focus on identifying and testing mechanisms for improving teaching and learning, as applications of principles from the learning sciences. This article builds on current efforts to strengthen approaches to evidence-based practice and policy in a range of international contexts. It provides a foundation for those who aim to avoid another paradigm war and to accelerate international discussions on...
Brain Abscess Due to Listeria monocytogenes: Case Report and Literature Review

Listeria monocytogenes is an uncommon cause of brain abscess. Of a total of 14 cases of L. monocytogenes brain abscess (one described for the first time and 13 reported previously in the English-language literature), seven (50%) occurred in patients with leukemia and recipients of renal transplants; four (29%) of the cases occurred in previously healthy individuals. Common clinical findings were similar to those in brain abscess due to other causes and included fever (57%), headache (57%), and focal neurologic signs (64%). Distinctive, however, was the unusually high frequency of associated meningitis and bacteremia; blood cultures were positive in all eight cases in which they were performed. Eight (57%) of the 14 patients died. L. monocytogenes should be included in the differential diagnosis of brain abscess in patients with leukemia and in renal transplant recipients. Listerial brain abscess is highly unlikely when blood culture results are negative.
Sensitivities of Report Writing for Weak-Rock Projects

Weak rock is the natural realm of geological engineers and engineering geologists. We are the best equipped geotechnical professionals to deal effectively with these difficult and generally complex earth materials, and we have the obligation to produce the most informative technical reports possible in weak-rock assignments. Because of the strength-related problems of weak rock, we should remain cognizant of the need to emphasize several aspects of our reports. For this purpose weak rock occurs because of one or more strength-degrading considerations: Weak to deleterious lithology; the latter imparting damaging characteristics to concretes and to rock utilized as rip-rap and other forms of shore protection. Mineral alteration and/or weathering. Intensely debilitating geologic structure, leading to unstable ground for surface cuts and structures and as host ground for underground openings. Disruptive human action, mainly from mining, whereas the weak characteristics are those of the previously-mined ground.
Universal Models of Multivariate Temporal Point Processes

With the rapidly increasing availability of event stream data there is growing interest in multivariate temporal point process models to capture both qualitative and quantitative features of this type of data. Recent research on multivariate point processes have focused in inference and estimation problems for restricted classes of models such as continuous time Bayesian networks, Markov jump processes, Gaussian Cox processes, and Hawkes Processes. In this paper, we study the expressive power and learnability of Graphical Event Models (GEMs) — the analogue of directed graphical models for multivariate temporal point processes. In particular, we describe a set of Graphical Event Models (GEMs) and show that this class can universally approximate any smooth multivariate temporal point process. We also describe a universal learning algorithm for this class of GEMs and show, under a mild set of assumptions, learnability results for both the dependency structures and distributions in this class. Our consistency results demonstrate the possibility of learning about both qualitative and quantitative dependencies from rich event stream data.
Research of complex pair of insecticides and insecticides mixed with synergist to kill Culex pipiens pallens

Objective To study the effect of complex pair of insecticides and insecticides mixed with synergist to kill Culex pipiens pallens and provide scientific and rational basis for the chemical prevention and control of mosquito in Xuzhou city.Methods Using the larvae of Culex pipiens palllens soaked method and the Tang Zhenhua unification drug test method.Results Culex pipiens palllens larvae to DDVP had high resistance,and to deltamethrin had low resistance.There was obvious pest killing effects of DDVP and deltamethrin mixed with synergistic agent,and the coefficient of synergism of deltamethrin mixed with oxidated piperonyl butoxide(S1) was the highest(352.94).There was synergy effect of two mixed chemical insecticides in DDVP mixed with deltamethrin and deltamethrin mixed with fenobucarb,and the antagonistic action in DDVP mixed with fenobucarb.Conclusion The synergy effect is observed in the mixture of pesticides with synergistic agent and in the complex pair of pesticides with different mechanisms.The stronger insecticidal effect of the formula can improve the effect of mosquito control.
Reports Constitution and Dynamic Study of Hepatitis B in Xi'an Area during 1990-2010

[Objective]To analyze the reports constitution and dynamic characteristics of hepatitis B in Xi'an city during 1990-2010,provide the basis for making the prevention measure. [Methods]The epidemic annual reports and special investigations during 1990-2010 were analyzed.The data were processed by chi-square test and period test,and the epidemiological analysis was conducted. [Results]A total of 217 510 viral hepatitis cases were reported in 21 years,and there were 153 989(70.80%) cases of hepatitis B.The reported incidence of hepatitis B showed a rising tendency and fluctuated periodically,there were three obvious peaks,the epidemic cycle was 6-8 years,and the run test indicated that difference was significant(H=3,P0.01).There were significant differences in distribution among different years and seasons(χ2=582.467,P0.001). [Conclusion]The dynamic study showed that hepatitis B still was the key infectious disease in Xi'an city.It is necessary to strengthen vaccination and improve surveillance quality.
Parasites, pets, and people

It is important for the family physician to understand that patients' relationships with their pets play an important role in helping maintain mental and physical health yet provide the potential for causing illness in the patient. Toxocara canis (dog roundworm) and Toxocara cati (cat roundworm) are the ascarids most commonly responsible for VLM and ocular larva migrans in humans. These roundworms live in their adult stage in the small intestine of the dog and cat where their eggs are passed in the feces. The eggs containing the infective larva are very sticky, thus an infant crawling around on the floor can easily pick these up on fingers that almost invariably end up in the mouth. Infections are usually mild and asymptomatic but with a persistent eosinophilia. Ocular larva migrans is the form usually occurring in older children and adults. Some public health veterinarians recommend that a puppy or kitten should not be obtained as a companion for a child who is not old enough to read, thus bypassing the crawling and toddler stages. Hookworm eggs, shed in the feces of infected dogs or cats, develop into the infective second stage within a week. Humans are usually infected when bare areas of skin such as bare feet or the torso come in contact with soil contaminated with the larvae. The second-stage larvae are able to penetrate the intact skin of humans and the foot pads of dogs and cats. In the United States, the common dog hookworm, A. caninum, is a widespread parasite. Human intestinal ancylostomiasis caused by this species is rare, with only six cases recorded in the literature. Infection in humans or animals by the common tapeworm of dogs and cats (Dipylidium caninum) requires ingestion of the intermediate host, the dog or cat flea containing the larva (cysticercoids) of the agent. Many cases in humans are asymptomatic. Dipylidiasis affects mainly infants and young children who may swallow a flea that hops up while the infant is crawling on the floor or fondling the family pet. Humans appear to be highly resistant to the infection, given the high frequency of flea infestation on dogs and cats and the relative rarity of human disease. Pinworms of animal hosts are not transmissible to humans. Humans become an accidental host of dirofilaria when bitten by an infected mosquito, although the microfilaria will not mature to the adult form in humans. Radio-opaque coin-type lung lesions can be noted on radiographs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Human guidance programming on a 6-DoF robot with collision avoidance

In the application of physical human-robot interaction (pHRI), the collaboration between human and robot can significantly improve the production efficiency through combination of the human's flexible intelligence and the robot's consistent performance. In this application, however, it is an important concern to ensure the safety of the human and the robot. In the human guidance programming scenario, the operator plans a collision-free path for the robot end-effector, but the robot body might collide with an obstacle while being guided by the operator. In this paper, a novel on-line velocity based collision avoidance algorithm is developed to solve the problem in this particular scenario. The proposed algorithm gives an explicit solution to deal with both collision avoidance and human guidance command at the same time, which provides the operator a better and safer lead through programming experience. The real-time experiment is performed on FANUC LR Mate 200 iD/7L in three different obstacle scenarios.
Computational Investigation into the Solution Structure of Monomeric Lassa Virus Nucleoprotein and Insights into its RNA Binding Mechanism

Lassa is a dangerous Arenavirus, which is enveloped and has a single-stranded (ss)RNA genome. The nucleoprotein (NP) is the most abundant protein in the virion and functions to encapsidate the viral genome to form a ribonucleoprotein complex (RNP). Studies of the full-length NP show it forms a circular trimer and does not bind to RNA. However, a structure of just the N-terminal domain bound to RNA has also been determined, which indicates structural reorganization is required to bind ssRNA. Therefor it is believed that NP must undergo a large conformational change from the observed trimeric configuration in order to bind and polymerize on ssRNA to form the RNP.Using molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations we have investigated the influence of RNA on the global motions of the N-terminal domain of Lassa NP, and have identified that RNA-binding reduces the free energy barrier to transition to the RNA bound state. We have gone on to investigate the conformational dynamics of the full-length NP in apo and RNA bound states when free in solution as a monomer. During multi-microsecond MD simulations performed on the Anton supercomputer, we observed significant conformational changes in the NP. In both apo and RNA bound simulations, we observe changes in interdomain contacts and relative domain orientation, as well formation of helical secondary structure in an unresolved domain linker loop. Most notably in the RNA bound simulation, the domain orientation is much more dramatic, and provides a putative template to understand the higher-order structural organization of the RNP. Kinetic network analysis and Brownian dynamics simulations have been employed to further analyze the structural transition pathways and to evaluate mechanisms of transition from the RNA-free trimer to the RNP.
Rewilding, "the Hoop," and Settler Apocalypse

This paper presents an ethnographic account of a grassroots network of mostly white-identified nomads who travel in the northwest United States’ Great Basin and Columbia Plateau regions. Living mostly on National Forest land, this movement of “rewilders” appropriates local Indigenous peoples’ traditional ecological knowledge in order to gather and replant wild foods in a seasonal round that they refer to as the “Sacred Hoop.” I discuss the Hoop network in order to explore the environmental ethics of a group that is at once strikingly unique and also an embodiment of the problems of settler colonialism within the broader environmentalist movement. I begin by introducing the group's ecologies and ethics, and subsequently move into an examination of the multiple and sometimes-contradictory lines of apocalyptic narrative logic at work in Hoopster discourse. I assert that the Hoopsters’ conflicting accounts of the Anthropocene, and the temporality of its disasters, are a manifestation of their ongoing work grappling with their own racial positionality. Despite the Hoopsters’ uncompromising critiques of colonialism, capitalism, and environmental exploitation, they struggle to come to terms with their role in ongoing colonialism and the marginalization of Indigenous peoples. In this way, the Hoopsters echo the troubled narratives at work in broader North American environmental thought, which consistently reveres the idea of Indigenous cultures while failing to enter into solidarity relationships with contemporary Indigenous communities and their efforts toward decolonization.
End-user agnostic join and fork framework for TCP flows in SDN

Aggregating common-path network flows (in the network interior) helps in improving the applications delivery performance. From the network edge perspective, the sender and receiver-ends of the respective applications need to have a typical one-to-one mapping. An aggregation framework in the network therefore needs an effective forking to maintain the one-to-one mapping of the flows. In this demo, we show a working prototype of TCP-based join and fork framework that we have developed and implemented using SDN. Moreover, our framework is implemented in such a way that the aggregation and splitting of flows are performed seamlessly without intervention from the end-user applications. We believe such transparency in the framework would attract existing (unmodified) applications to easily adapt and benefit from our implementation.
A study of the effect of surface pretreatment on atomic layer deposited Al2O3 interface with GaN

Al2O3 has been an attractive gate dielectric for GaN power devices owing to its large conduction band offset with GaN (~2.13eV), relatively high dielectric constant (~9.0) and high breakdown electric field (~10 MV/cm). Due to exceptional control over film uniformity and deposition rate, atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been widely used for Al2O3 deposition. The major obstacle to ALD Al2O3 on GaN is its high interface-state density (Dit) caused by incomplete chemical bonds, native oxide layer and impurities at the Al2O3/GaN interface. Therefore, an appropriate surface pretreatment prior to deposition is essential for obtaining high-quality interface. In this study, we investigated the effect of TMA, H2O and Ar/N2 plasma pretreatment on Dit and border traps (Nbt). 5 cycles of TMA purge, 5 cycles of H2O purge and Ar/N2 plasma pretreatment were conducted on GaN prior to deposition of ALD Al2O3. Al2O3/GaN metaloxide-semiconductor capacitors (MOSCAPs) were fabricated for the characterization of Dit and Nbt using UV-assisted capacitance-voltage (C-V) technique. The results show that TMA and H2O pretreatment had trivial effects on interface engineering whereas Ar/N2 plasma pretreatment slightly reduced Dit and significantly reduced Nbt.
Effects of grain type, roughage level and monensin level on finishing cattle performance.

Interactions among grain type (grain sorghum, corn or wheat), roughage level and monensin level were studied in four feedlot trials using pen-fed crossbred yearling cattle. In Trial 1, cattle fed high-moisture corn (HMC) were more efficient (.1537 vs .1406 for gain/feed; P less than .01) than cattle fed dry-rolled grain sorghum (DRGS). As level (0, 3, 6, 9%) of dietary roughage was increased, feed efficiency (gain/feed) decreased (.1566, .1461, .1479, .1382; linear, P less than .01). In Trial 2, a grain type (DRGS; dry-rolled corn, DRC; dry-rolled wheat, DRW) x roughage level interaction was observed for daily gain and feed efficiency. Feed efficiency (gain/feed) was decreased when roughage was added to diets containing DRC (.1608 vs .1750) or DRGS (.1674 vs .1465), but not to the diet containing DRW (.1664 vs .1607). In trial 3, a grain type x roughage level x monensin level interaction (P less than .08) was observed for feed efficiency. The addition of 27.5 mg of monensin per kilogram of the 0% roughage-DRC diet tended to improve feed efficiency (.1633 vs .1531), but the addition of monensin to the 7.5% roughage-DRC diet tended to depress feed efficiency (.1476 vs .1575). The addition of either roughage (.1493 vs .1420) or monensin (.1500 vs .1413) to the DRW diet improved feed efficiency. In Trial 4, cattle fed a combination of 75% DRW and 25% DRC were more efficient (.1618 vs .1591; P less than .06) than cattle fed DRC. As level of roughage (0, 3.75, 7.5%) increased, feed efficiency decreased linearly (.1645, .1599, .1569; P less than .0001). Monensin had no effect on feed efficiency. The value of feeding roughage and monensin was variable both across grain types and within similar grain types.
School counseling: Partnering with a school district to provide postsecondary opportunities for first generation, low income, and students of color

A classroom activity led by district school counselors was conducted in a K-12 school district to ensure educational equity for students in relation to postsecondary attendance. This took place in a school setting that has a large population of students of color, predominately Latino and African American students, as well as low-income students. As part of their practicum field experience, university school counseling students were supervised by school counselors at their sites to help provide a readily available and modified curriculum to instruct students about their options related to postsecondary awareness, planning, and attendance, as well as demonstrate career pathways that engender high expectations and college and career readiness. Instruction took place in the classroom as well as in small group settings.
Mental Health Services Delivery Issues

Although it is determined that HIV infection has a physiological etiology, it is a paradigm for illnesses in which both physiological and psychological factors operate. In fact, it is the concomitance of biological and psychological processes that makes HIV infection a prime example of the coexistence of psychiatric and medical morbidity. Since HIV patients are most often treated in the medical setting, the mental health component of their illness will be addressed primarily within the general health sector.
A Numerical Study of the Sensitivity of Finite Plastic Wave Strain Histories to Constitutive Models

ABSTRACT Tiie sensitivity of strain histories to several rate-dependent and rate-independent constitutive models are studied using a finite difference technique. This investigation of plastic wave propagation in a semi-infinite rod is similar to an earlier attempt to study this problem by Ripperger and Watson, except with a major difference that finite amplitude waves are also included here. The differences in strain profiles are found to increase dramatically from infinitesimal to finite dynamic plastic deformation.
Application of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson Tumor Grading System to Fine-needle Aspirates of the Breast

Assigning a tumor grade to breast cancers provides important prognostic information. This study evaluated the applicability of the Scarff-Bloom-Richardson (SBR) breast cancer grading system to aspiration biopsy cytology. Thirty-five consecutive breast cancer fine-needle aspirates and their surgical specimens were reviewed by two pathologists. An SBR grade of 1-3 was assigned by each pathologist to both the fine-needle aspirate and biopsy specimen, based on the sum of scores given to each of three features: tubular differentiation, nuclear pleomorphism, and mitotic index. Both pathologists assigned the same SBR score to 74.3% of biopsy specimens and 65.7% of fine-needle aspirates. The cytologic grade could be used to predict the histologic grade in as many as 57.1% of cases. The wide disparities in the cytologic and histologic grades in some cases were chiefly due to difficulties in detecting mitoses or tubules in the cytology.
Two arms, one arm known

In this chapter we assume that there are two arms (k = 2) and that one arm, say arm 2 for definiteness, has known mean λ. The only uncertainty is embodied in F 1, now abbreviated to F, the distribution of the random measure Q 1. For arbitrary λ we can, without loss, assume that arm 2 always produces the known observation A. Since G is given by the pair (F, λ), we now speak of the (F, λ; A)-bandit.
Who Should Be Admitted? Who Can Be Discharged? What Should Be Included in the Discharge Planning?

Disposition for patients with abdominal pain can be a high-risk decision. For some diagnoses, scoring systems and clinical guidelines provide guidance by assessing a patient’s illness severity and predicting prognosis. These can guide clinicians toward admission or discharge. For those who are stable for outpatient management, discharge instructions should contain disease-specific return precautions when possible.
As above, so below, and also in between: mesoscale active matter in fluids.

Living matter, such as biological tissue, can be viewed as a nonequilibrium hierarchical assembly, where at each scale self-driven components come together by consuming energy in order to form increasingly complex structures. The remarkable properties of living or “active-matter” systems, as they are generally known, such as versatility, self-healing, and self-replicating, have prompted the following questions: (1) do we understand the biology and biophysics that give rise to these properties? (2) can we achieve similar functionality with synthetic active materials? In this perspective we specifically focus on why it is important to study active matter in fluids with finite inertia. Finite inertia is relevant for mesoscale organisms that swim or fly covering at least three orders of magnitude in size (≈0.5 mm–50 cm) and their collective behavior is generally unknown. As a result, we are limited both in our understanding of the biology of mesoscale swarms and processes but also in our design of self-powered machines and robots at those scales. We expect interesting collective behavior to emerge because with finite inertia, come nonlinearities and the many-body hydrodynamic interactions between the organisms/particles can become quite complex, potentially leading to phenomena, such as novel flocking states and nonequilibrium phase transitions that have not been observed before and which could have great impact in materials applications.
Functional significance of U2AF1 S34F mutations in lung adenocarcinomas

The functional role of U2AF1 mutations in lung adenocarcinomas (LUADs) remains incompletely understood. Here, we report a significant co-occurrence of U2AF1 S34F mutations with ROS1 translocations in LUADs. To characterize this interaction, we profiled effects of S34F on the transcriptome-wide distribution of RNA binding and alternative splicing in cells harboring the ROS1 translocation. Compared to its wild-type counterpart, U2AF1 S34F preferentially binds and modulates splicing of introns containing CAG trinucleotides at their 3' splice junctions. The presence of S34F caused a shift in cross-linking at 3' splice sites, which was significantly associated with alternative splicing of skipped exons. U2AF1 S34F induced expression of genes involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased tumor cell invasion. Finally, S34F increased splicing of the long over the short SLC34A2-ROS1 isoform, which was also associated with enhanced invasiveness. Taken together, our results suggest a mechanistic interaction between mutant U2AF1 and ROS1 in LUAD.
Extracellular adenine compounds within the cardiovascular system: Their source, metabolism and function

Abstract This review covers a broad spectrum of issues related to extracellular adenine compounds within the cardiovascular system. Topics covered include: the cellular sources and detection of extracellular adenine compounds; the ecto-enzymes that mediate their metabolism; protein phosphorylation and function, and only briefly; purinoceptors and their functions. Extracellular nucleotides are generally not synthesized in biological extracellular environments. Why do some cell types store metabolically inert levels of ATP in storage granules that are released upon specific signals into the extracellular environment? Why are there a cadre of enzymes in many extracellular environments that can hydrolyze ATP to other bioactive molecules, such as ADP and adenosine, and kinases that transfer the gamma-phosphate of ATP to ecto-membrane/soluble proteins and protein phosphatases that reverse these reactions? A great deal of investigative attention has been focused on the characterization and functions of the purinergic cell surface receptors while less attention has been paid to the extracellular enzymes that catalyze a host of reactions with extracellular adenine compounds, such as protein phosphorylation and the functional outcomes of these reactions. This review is an attempt to garner more scientific interest in the potential roles extracellular adenine compounds play in the regulation of cell and cell-cell functions other than via purinergic signaling pathways as many of these reactions may play a role in diseased states and may serve as targets for new drug development.
Congenitally Abnormal Aortic Valve Causing Coronary Obstruction and Cardiac Arrest in Infancy.

Many instances of coronary artery anomalies are documented in the literature; however, the detection and treatment of an asymmetric, large aortic cusp causing obstruction of a coronary ostium in a symptomatic infant remains unreported. We present a case of a 2-month-old infant with an enlarged right coronary cusp obstructing the left coronary ostium, requiring emergent repair by relocating the left coronary button and reconstructing the sinus of Valsalva with autologous pericardium. This procedure preserved native aortic valve function, and the child remains asymptomatic months after discharge
Proximal Gradient Descent-Ascent: Variable Convergence under KŁ Geometry

The gradient descent-ascent (GDA) algorithm has been widely applied to solve minimax optimization problems. In order to achieve convergent policy parameters for minimax optimization, it is important that GDA generates convergent variable sequences rather than convergent sequences of function value or gradient norm. However, the variable convergence of GDA has been proved only under convexity geometries, and it is lack of understanding in general nonconvex minimax optimization. This paper fills such a gap by studying the convergence of a more general proximal-GDA for regularized nonconvex-strongly-concave minimax optimization. Specifically, we show that proximal-GDA admits a novel Lyapunov function, which monotonically decreases in the minimax optimization process and drives the variable sequences to a critical point. By leveraging this Lyapunov function and the KL geometry that parameterizes the local geometries of general nonconvex functions, we formally establish the variable convergence of proximal-GDA to a certain critical point x∗, i.e., xt→x∗,yt→y∗(x∗). Furthermore, over the full spectrum of the KL-parameterized geometry, we show that proximal-GDA achieves different types of convergence rates ranging from sublinear convergence up to finite-step convergence, depending on the geometry associated with the KL parameter. This is the first theoretical result on the variable convergence for nonconvex minimax optimization.
Time-gated diffuse correlation spectroscopy for functional imaging via 1064 nm pulse laser shaping and superconducting nanowire single photon sensing

Recently, we developed a time-domain diffuse correlation spectroscopy (TD-DCS) method for neurovascular sensing with higher brain sensitivity. In this paper, laser pulse shaping was designed and demonstrated for TD-DCS at 1064 nm. A quantum superconducting nanowire single-photon detector (SNSPD) with high photon detection efficiency (PDE) and low jitter collects the back-scattered light from the brain. The presented approach is the first step towards scaling up a full fiber optic cap with 96 source channels and 192 custom-made single-photon detectors which will cover most of an adult head.
The effect of in-person primary and secondary school instruction on county-level SARS-CoV-2 spread in Indiana

BackgroundTo determine the county-level effect of in-person primary and secondary school reopening on daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 in Indiana. MethodsThis is a county-level population-based study using a panel data regression analysis of the proportion of in-person learning to evaluate an association with community-wide daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases. The study period was July 12-October 6, 2020. We included 73 out of 92 (79.3%) Indiana counties in the analysis, accounting for 85.7% of school corporations and 90.6% of student enrollement statewide. The primary exposure was the proportion of students returning to in-person instruction. The primary outcome was the daily new SARS-CoV-2 cases per 100,000 residents at the county level. ResultsThere is a statistically significant relationship between the proportion of students attending K-12 schools in-person and the county level daily cases of SARS-CoV-2 28 days later. For all ages, the coefficient of interest ({beta}) is estimated at 3.36 (95% CI: 1.91--4.81; p < 0.001). This coefficient represents the effect of a change the proportion of students attending in-person on new daily cases 28 days later. For example, a 10 percentage point increase in K-12 students attending school in-person is associated with a daily increase in SARS-CoV-2 cases in the county equal to 0.336 cases/100,000 residents of all ages. ConclusionIn-person primary and secondary school is associated with a statistically significant but proportionally small increase in the spread of SARS-CoV-2 cases.