cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Return of the Candy Witch: individual differences in acceptance and stability of belief in a novel fantastical being.

Recent research indicates that preschoolers make sophisticated choices in accepting testimony as a source of knowledge. Nonetheless, many children accept fantastical beings as real based on misleading testimony. The present study probes factors associated with belief in a novel fantastical figure, the Candy Witch, that 3- to 7-year-olds heard about at school. Short-term belief was predicted by an interaction of age, existing beliefs in fantastical figures, and whether the child was ‘visited’ by the Candy Witch. Stability of belief was assessed over the course of 3 weeks and again 1-year later. First year results revealed three patterns of belief: stable belief, wavering belief and stable non-belief. First year belief status was not related to age, but older children from the stable belief group were more likely than younger children to disbelieve 1-year later. The discussion presents a new proposal for the trajectory from belief to disbelief and an updated perspective on the role of individual differences in belief.
The surgical approach to the pterygoid region.

Abstract Four suggested approaches to the pterygoid region are briefly reviewed and their advantages and disadvantages mentioned. One of these methods is illustrated by a case report.
Left-handedness as an injury risk factor in adolescents.

Purpose: Left-handedness has been suggested as a risk factor for unintentional trauma. The objective of this study was to determine if left-handedness was associated with an increased frequency and severity of injury among adolescent school athletes. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 634 junior and senior high school athletes during preparticipation examinations. The questionnaire consisted of a four-item handedness determination and history of past injury. Results: Left-handers more frequently reported having seen a physician in the previous year for treatment of an injury than did right-handers. A higher proportion of the left-handers than right-handers reported having been previously hospitalized for injury treatment. A higher proportion of left-handers than right-handers reported having previously had surgery for treatment of an injury. Conclusions: Left-handedness appears to be a risk factor for injury among adolescent school athletes.
Equipment Performance Analysis Methods

This presentation will describe methods used at the University of Minnesota Hospitals to determine the consistency and/or accuracy of the output of radiographic systems.© (1976) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incorporation of [14C]glucose into lactose and neuramin-lactose by rat mammary glands

Abstract Incubation of rat-mammary-gland slices in a physiological solution containing [ 14 C]glucose disclosed incorporation of radioactivity into both lactose and neuraminlactose. After 1 min incubation the labeling was restricted to the glucose moiety of these molecules while administering the glucose in vivo resulted in labeling of all components of these molecules after 3 h. The specific activities of free lactose and lactose from neuramin-lactose are of similar order of magnitude in all experiments and, although these findings are compatible with the currently known biosynthetic pathways of these substances, the possibility of an alternate pathway involving the action of neuraminidase is suggested in connection with the rapid equilibration of the specific activities of these substances.
Friction and Wettability of a Micro-Textured Elastomer: Poly(Dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)

The effect of surface textures on the friction of Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) elastomer was investigated at both macro and micro scales using a nanoindenter. Friction tests were conducted by means of a stainless-steel bearing ball with a diameter of 1.6mm (macro scale tests) and a Rockwell diamond tip with a radius of curvature of 25 μm (micro scale tests), under normal loads of 5, 10, and 25 mN and with a sliding speed of 1 μm/sec. The coefficient of friction (COF) obtained using the textured surface is found to be much lower than that using the flat surface of the same material, and it was reduced by about 59% in the macro scale tests and 38% in the micro scale tests. COFs in different sliding directions on the groove-textured surfaces were compared, and the friction behaviors were analyzed. It is also found that surface texture (roughness) can tune surface wettability from medium hydrophobic to superhydrophobic. The experimental results (contact angles) were compared with theoretical predictions, and possible explanations were given.© 2006 ASME
Portable apparatus for recording direct frontal views of conversing subjects’ faces

Detailed records of faces and voices of a pair of subjects can be obtained with a single TV camera and videotape recorder. Subjects converse through an opening in a portable partition, and lightly silvered mirrors divert images of both faces into a TV camera. On a monitor, the two faces appear side by side, and a subject looking at his or her partner’s face appears to be looking straight out of the monitor. The equipment is useful for studying visual behavior and facial displays in dyadic interactions.
Lifebushido: the challenge of the crowdsourcing labor markets

A small US-based crowdsourcing platform illustrates the entrepreneurial challenges in a new ‘industry’ – the crowdsourcing industry. The firm's president founded and manages a virtual firm, which he launched even before the term crowdsourcing was coined. He has chosen to focus his firm, initially, on selling labor services to the American real estate market. Now that he has successfully built a network of reliable providers and repeat clients, his dilemma is how to grow his firm.
Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Family Member RelB Inhibits Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 Tat-Induced Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Production

Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 (HIV-1)-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) is likely neuroinflammatory in origin, believed to be triggered by inflammatory and oxidative stress responses to cytokines and HIV protein gene products such as the HIV transactivator of transcription (Tat). Here we demonstrate increased messenger RNA for nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) family member, transcription factor RelB, in the brain of doxycycline-induced Tat transgenic mice, and increased RelB synthesis in Tat-exposed microglial cells. Since genetic ablation of RelB in mice leads to multi-organ inflammation, we hypothesized that Tat-induced, newly synthesized RelB inhibits cytokine production by microglial cells, possibly through the formation of transcriptionally inactive RelB/RelA complexes. Indeed, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) production in monocytes isolated from RelB deficient mice was significantly higher than in monocytes isolated from RelB expressing controls. Moreover, RelB overexpression in microglial cells inhibited Tat-induced TNFα synthesis in a manner that involved transcriptional repression of the TNFα promoter, and increased phosphorylation of RelA at serine 276, a prerequisite for increased RelB/RelA protein interactions. The Rel-homology-domain within RelB was necessary for this interaction. Overexpression of RelA itself, in turn, significantly increased TNFα promoter activity, an effect that was completely blocked by RelB overexpression. We conclude that RelB regulates TNFα cytokine synthesis by competitive interference binding with RelA, which leads to downregulation of TNFα production. Moreover, because Tat activates both RelB and TNFα in microglia, and because Tat induces inflammatory TNFα synthesis via NF-κB, we posit that RelB serves as a cryoprotective, anti-inflammatory, counter-regulatory mechanism for pathogenic NF-κB activation. These findings identify a novel regulatory pathway for controlling HIV-induced microglial activation and cytokine production that may have important therapeutic implications for the management of HAND.
Torsion-free G3-connections that are not analytic

Abstract Up to now all the known torsion-free G 3 -connections have been analytic. We provide an explicit PDE-solving approach to construct a family of smooth torsion-free G 3 -connections that are not equivalent to any analytic ones, although each of these connections is locally homogeneous away from a hypersurface of the base manifold.
Effects of Aging on Energy Requirements and the Control of Food Intake in Men

Inadequate energy intake can be an important contributor to sarcopenia in older individuals, because negative energy balance induces negative nitrogen balance, independent of nitrogen intake. This review highlights recent studies from our laboratory on possible causes of negative energy balance in older individuals. Studies of energy requirements determined by measurement of total energy expenditure during weight maintenance, using the doubly labeled water technique, and the control of food intake following overeating and undereating indicate (a) that older individuals have higher energy requirements than anticipated, based on current Recommended Dietary Allowances for energy, and (b) that aging is associated with a significant impairment in the control of food intake, which inhibits appropriate compensation for prior changes in energy intake. The combination of unexpectedly high energy needs, and an inability to accurately control energy intake, increases the risk for negative energy balance and associated body fat and protein losses in older individuals.
Localization of Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor in Alveolar Epithelium During Human Fetal Lung Development in Vitro

Epidermal growth factor (EGF) enhances alveolar type II cell differentiation. In human fetal lung explants, EGF stimulates surfactant protein A (SP-A) synthesis. This effect may occur through a direct interaction of the ligand on EGF receptors located within distal pulmonary epithelium during alveolar type II cell differentiation. To determine if EGF receptor is present in alveolar epithelium, immunostaining for EGF receptor and in situ hybridization for EGF receptor mRNA were performed in human fetal lung explants undergoing alveolar type II cell differentiation in vitro. After 4 days in culture, EGF receptor immunostaining was present in alveolar epithelium from human fetal lung explants compared to minimal immunostaining in undifferentiated human fetal lung epithelium prior to culture. In situ hybridization revealed increased EGF receptor mRNA in differentiated type II cells from cultured explants, with minimal EGF receptor mRNA detected in undifferentiated epithelium from tissue prior to culture. Immunogold staining revealed EGF receptors on the cytoplasmic membranes of epithelial cells lining the prealveolar ducts in human fetal lung explants after 2 days in culture. Alveolar type II cell differentiation in vitro was confirmed ultrastructurally by the presence of lamellar bodies and biochemically by an increase in SP-A content. Thus, EGF receptor is found in alveolar epithelium during differentiation, which suggests an important role for EGF during human fetal lung development.
Heterogeneous deformations in copper single crystals at high and low strain rates

Abstract In polycrystalline materials, the microscopic strain field is always highly heterogeneous during inelastic deformation, even when the macroscopic strain field is uniform. This is particularly true near potential damage and failure nucleation sites, such as voids and inclusions. Also, in the context of high-strain-rate plastic flow, the only currently practical way to induce large strains and high strain rates simultaneously under experimental conditions is by means of heterogenous deformations. For these and other reasons, experiments involving highly heterogeneous deformations are of considerable interest. A joint experimental/computational study of heterogeneous deformations in copper single crystals will be presented. Carefully oriented, monocrystalline copper specimens were subjected to large-strain indentation at both high and low strain rates. The high-rate experiments were performed using a split Hopkinson pressure bar high-strain-rate apparatus. Scanning and transmission electron microsco...
A new simplified adaptive control scheme for multi-terminal HVDC transmission systems

This paper proposes a new control scheme for multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) systems to improve the performance during the system transients such as AC line faults. The new method is called parallel multi-proportional-integral (MPI) control scheme. This new control scheme provides wide range of controller parameters and has the ability to response quickly. To evaluate the performance of the proposed control scheme, a four-terminal HVDC system is considered with the detailed modeling of converters, commutation transformers, source impedances, line parameters, and filters. Simulation results from various transient conditions are compared between the proposed controller, the fuzzy logic-based auto-tuning PI controller, and the conventional fixed-parameter PI controller. The SimPowerSystems and the fuzzy logic toolboxes in the MATLAB/SIMULINK software package are used to conduct the simulations. Simulation results show that the MPI controller has better performance than the conventional fixed-parameter PI controller and has very similar responses compared to the fuzzy logic-based auto-tuning PI controller without any added complexity in controller design procedure for a MTDC system.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS BY ISOLATED CHLOROPLASTS II. EFFECTS OF ADDITION OF COFACTORS AND INTERMEDIATE COMPOUNDS

Abstract Using isolated spinach chloroplasts capable of high rates of photosynthesis with 14CO2, we have investigated the effects on these rates of the additions of metabolic intermediate compounds of the carbon reduction cycle, of additions of certain cofactors, and the additions of pyrophosphate and of phosphate. Following a pre-illumination period of 3 min to overcome the induction period, the rates of 14CO2 photosynthesis during the first 10 min are essentially the same as would be found for spinach leaves in vivo, when allowance is made for the fraction of chloroplasts (30% or less) that have lost their structural integrity. During this 10-min period, no metabolic intermediate compounds or cofactors were found which appreciably stimulated the rate, except that added inorganic pyrophosphate is required to achieve the maximum rate. After 20 min the rates were always less, but could be somewhat sustained by the addition of fructose 1,6-diphosphate, and to a lesser degree by addition of NADP+. This stimulation could not be replaced or enhanced (in the highly active preparations) by ribose 5-phosphate. It is proposed that the activity of the carboxylation enzyme, ribulose-diphosphate carboxylase (EC 4.1.1.39), is the rate-limiting factor after 20 min. Thus, it appears that the stimulatory effects of added fructose 1,6-diphosphate and NADP+ may be exerted in some way on the carboxylation reaction itself rather than in the regeneration of the carboxylation substrate. The rates were not sharply dependent on inorganic phosphate concentration, but the maximum rate was found with about 1.0 mM added inorganic phosphate.
Electrical Activity in Single Myocardial Cells of Limulus polyphemus

Single cells of the heart of Limulus were examined in situ with conventional microelectrodes. Resting and action potentials were measured in a total of 20 animals, with 25 penetrations per heart during normal spontaneous activity. Resting-potential values averaged 45 millivolts. Action potentials showed a rapid upstroke and a prolonged plateau. A small, irregular burst of electrical activity occurred during the plateau phase, a discharge presumably associated with the "neurogenic" character of the heartbeat. There was no significant overshoot, nor was there any topographical localization of action-potential "types.".
Amino acid composition of ribosomes from Escherichia Coli

The amino acid composition of the protein moiety of the ribosomes from E. coli has been determined in the three kinds of particles with sedimentation coefficients of 30 s, 50 s and 70 s. All the weight and nitrogen were accounted for by the amino acids identified. No uncommon amino acids were detected. The amount of polyamines (putrescine, cadaverine and spermidine) found in the ribosome preparations was of the order of 0·4%. The recovery of sulfur was less satisfactory. The protein moiety of the ribosomes has a high nitrogen content (18·1%) due to the large amount of the basic amino acids lysine, histidine and arginine. These three amino acids account for about one-third of the total nitrogen. Although the number of moles of the acidic amino acids is almost equal to that of the basic ones, the high value for amide nitrogen causes the protein moiety of the ribosomes to be fairly basic. The amino acid composition of the protein moieties of 30 s and 50 s ribosomes, although similar, shows significant differences in five amino acids, namely histidine, alanine, threonine, glutamic acid and arginine. The partial specific volume of the protein moieties of the three kinds of ribosomes, calculated from their amino acid composition, was found to be 0·74.
Electrochemical Detection of Trace Concentrations of Cadmium and Lead with a Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode: Effect of KCl and KNO3 Electrolytes, Interferences and Measurement in River Water

Parts-per-billion levels of cadmium and lead were detected using square-wave anodic stripping voltammetry with a boron-doped diamond electrode. Calibration plots (10-minute deposition time) in KCl and KNO3 were non-linear at low concentrations (1–5 ppb) due to the deposition mechanism of these metals. The preferred electrolyte for cadmium was KCl, while lead could be measured in either electrolyte. The lowest concentrations included in the linear portion of the calibration plot (5 minute deposition time) for cadmium were 10 ppb and 50 ppb in KCl and KNO3, respectively, and 10 ppb for lead in KNO3. The presence of either lead or copper suppressed the cadmium stripping peak, but the lead stripping peak was unaffected by cadmium, and enhanced by the addition of copper. A river water sample was analyzed for cadmium and lead, and the cadmium results were confirmed using ICP-AES spectrometry. It was determined electrochemically that a fraction of lead in the river sample was bound by complexing material in the sample.
Gas phase energetics of CN radicals in radio frequency discharges: influence on surface reaction probability during deposition of carbon nitride films.

The CN radical has been implicated as an important contributor to the plasma deposition of amorphous carbon nitride. Here, laser-induced fluorescence and optical emission spectroscopy were used to explore in greater detail the gas phase energetics of CN in CH 3 CN, BrCN, and CH 4 /N 2 plasmas. Measurements of CN internal temperatures from these systems yield rotational temperatures well above 300 K, with notably higher ones for CN formed in BrCN plasmas, and vibrational temperatures of 4500-6000 K in all three systems. The data agree with the results of literature photodissociation experiments, and extension of those results to the plasma systems studied here provides insight into both the mechanisms for CN formation as well as the disposal of energy during fragmentation of the parent molecules. The internal energies of these species may influence their surface behavior; this issue is discussed in the context of previous work from our lab as well as others. The apparent trends not only offer a valuable perspective on the chemical dynamics of CN during the plasma deposition of a-CN x films but are also suggestive of a more general relationship between the energetics of plasma species and their behavior at surfaces.
Effect of bromination on the oxidation resistance of pitch-based carbon fibers

Abstract Bromination was found to increase the oxidation resistance of Thornel P-100 pitch-based carbon fibers in the temperature range from 675 to 925°C, whereas it decreased the oxidation resistance of P-X-7 pitch-based carbon fibers. The increased oxidation resistance may be due to bromine adsorption or the electron transfer from the graphite to the bromine. However, the pronounced intercalation in brominated P-X-7 (which is more graphitic than P-100) probably causes physical damage which decreases the oxidation resistance.
Visualizing a Journal that Serves the Computational Sciences Community

Let's face it: The printed journal format that has served the scientific research community satisfactorily for more than 200 years doesn't serve the computational sciences community well at all. The community should, instead, communicate and archive the results of its research endeavors through a venue that lets students and colleagues fully examine published computational results and critique the numerical algorithms the authors used to generate them. A suitable computational sciences journal must principally reside in the digital rather than hardcopy world and, we propose, should consist of an interactive scientific visualization tool that is fully embedded within a versatile Wiki. The basic framework for such a journal already exists within the open source community. As we show here, for example, the SCI Institute's VisTrails Wiki (www.vistrails.org) provides many features that would be desirable in an interactive, visual, and archival computational sciences journal. It's impossible to effectively illustrate the advantages of an interactive, visual, and archival journal (IVAJ) over a traditional journal through a CiSE Visualization Corner article, which itself is intended principally to appear in print. Hence, to fully engage in this discussion, we encourage readers to interact with an article that we've posted in a proposed IVAJ format. We provide instructions for that interaction here; you can also find an abbreviated set of instructions at www.vistrails.org/index.php/ UserTbhline/IVAJ. Another useful reference is our May/June 2009 Visualization Corner article.1 Here we demonstrate how an IVAJ can help that published article's printed pages come alive and can considerably expand on its basic scientific content.
Where is the History in Mel Gibson’s The Passion of the Christ?

Mel Gibson’s repeated claim for the accuracy of his powerful and popular film, The Passion of the Christ, inevitably raises the question: Where’s the history here? A close analysis leads to these conclusions: Gibson provides no context for understanding the brutality suffered by Jesus in this film, why anyone hated him or followed him. Gibson relies on medieval speculations and 19th century visions for most of the plot and many of the scenes. He whitewashes the Roman prefect Pontius Pilate and presents Pilate’s wife as a crypto-follower of Jesus. He demonizes most of the Jewish leaders, especially the high priest Caiaphas, makes Mary, Jesus’ mother, the unhistorical focus of very many scenes, and ignores the historical Jesus’ critical actions, prophetic social critique, and profound concern for the poor and marginal.
The Rank Transform Method in Some Two-Factor Designs

Abstract The use of the rank transform for testing problems in some two-factor designs is considered. The rank transform procedure consists of replacing the observations by their ranks in the combined sample and performing one of the standard analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures on these ranks. The asymptotic version of the rank transform is introduced, and its usefulness as a means for understanding the nature of the rank transform is examined. It is demonstrated that the asymptotic version of the transformation helps identify the testing problems where the rank transform method works and helps suggest which ANOVA procedure should be used on the ranks. This approach is applied on the balanced and unbalanced nested model and the balanced and unbalanced two-way layout with and without interaction. The extension of the rank transform method to some of these models is new. The proposed procedures do not share the known simplicity of existing rank transform statistics, but they do allow heteroscedasticity ...
Body mass index and nutritional intake in patients with HIV and chronic diarrhea: a secondary analysis.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the differences in nutritional intake and body mass index (BMI) in HIV patients with chronic diarrhea via secondary analysis of patients’ nutritional diaries. A secondary purpose was to evaluate the quality of diets against national dietary guidelines. Data sources: Seventy-five ambulatory patients with HIV were included in this study. Patients were categorized using baseline BMI as normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), overweight (BMI 25.0-29.9 kg/m2), and obese (BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2). Seven-day nutritional diaries were used to estimate diet in terms of dietary fats, cholesterol, fiber, protein, and sugar. A one-way analysis of variance was conducted to evaluate the relationship between BMI and mean nutritional intake from fat, saturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, monounsaturated fat, cholesterol, fiber, and sugar. Conclusions: 39.7% and 13.3% of participants were overweight and obese, respectively. The mean intake of fat, saturated fat, and cholesterol was higher than the recommended levels by the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), while the mean intake of monounsaturated fat, polyunsaturated fat, and fiber was below the NCEP guideline. Although the results were not statistically different between groups, grams of fiber intake were lowest for individuals with BMI ≥30.0 kg/m2. Implications for practice: Advanced practice nurses should encourage increased physical activity and healthy diets at each visit for individuals living with HIV. The continued use of nutritional supplements to boost weight should also be reviewed at each visit to prevent the consumption of unnecessary calories.
Distinct Modes of Dopamine and GABA Release in a Dual Transmitter Neuron

We now know of a surprising number of cases where single neurons contain multiple neurotransmitters. Neurons that contain a fast-acting neurotransmitter, such as glutamate or GABA, and a modulatory transmitter, such as dopamine, are a particularly interesting case because they presumably serve dual signaling functions. The olfactory bulb contains a large population of GABA- and dopamine-containing neurons that have been implicated in normal olfaction as well as in Parkinson9s disease. Yet, they have been classified as nonexocytotic catecholamine neurons because of the apparent lack of vesicular monoamine transporters. Thus, we examined how dopamine is stored and released from tyrosine hydroxylase-positive GFP (TH + -GFP) mouse periglomerular neurons in vitro . TH + cells expressed both VMAT2 (vesicular monoamine transporter 2) and VGAT (vesicular GABA transporter), consistent with vesicular storage of both dopamine and GABA. Carbon fiber amperometry revealed that release of dopamine was quantal and calcium-dependent, but quantal size was much less than expected for large dense core vesicles, suggesting that release originated from small clear vesicles identified by electron microscopy. A single action potential in a TH + neuron evoked a brief GABA-mediated synaptic current, whereas evoked dopamine release was asynchronous, lasting for tens of seconds. Our data suggest that dopamine and GABA serve temporally distinct roles in these dual transmitter neurons.
CORPORATE FINANCING OFFOREIGN‐BASED FIRMS: A TEST OF THE INFORMATION ASYMMETRY HYPOTHESIS

In the last decade, involvement of foreign‐based firms in the United States through setting up of joint ventures and subsidiary operations has increased tremendously. Many of these subsidiaries have securities traded in the local market but have the added flexibility of raising capital outside the United States through their foreign‐based parent organisations. This paper focuses on the capital acquisition process of these foreign‐based firms in the U.S. capital markets. The optimal selection of the format of the capital financing depends on the ultimate impact on shareholders' wealth. The decision is non‐trivial since there is substantial evidence to suggest that the choice and method of capital acquisition process convey new information to investors and therefore affect stock prices. As part of this process, it is important to understand the market reaction to announcements of public issues of various securities offerings.
Agricultural changes in Punjab in the nineteeth century: 1850–1900

The study focusses on the trends of development of land use patterns in th half of the nineteenth century in Punjab and early efforts of the administration to improve the crops raised in the province. It also points out the difficulties faced in the improvement in the agricultural practices of the area. Inter-district variations in agricultural productivity in the province has been determined during this period and the districts have been categorized into four groups on the basis of their level of agricultural development. Regression technique was used to study the causal effect of inputs on the agricultural productivity; discriminate analysis determined inter-group variability.
Preferential Leaching of Pinitol from Soybeans during Imbibition

Sugars and cyclitols leached from soybeans (Glycine max var Sparks) during imbibition were assayed as a function of time. Pinitol leached many times faster than carbohydrates. During the initial 20 minutes of imibition, the pinitol/carbohydrate ratio was 3.4, declining to 0.29 for fully imbibed seeds. The value for dry soybeans was 0.14. Hypochlorite treatment of seeds more than doubled the rate at which carbohydrates leached out, but had little effect on pinitol. A role in development of soil microorganisms is postulated for pinitol.
Solvent effects on drag reduction of polyox solutions in square duct and capillary tube flows

Abstract Experimental friction factor results for laminar and turbulent flows in a square duct of 1 cm × 1 cm cross-section and in a capillary tube of 0.1172 cm I.D. are presented for dilute aqueous solutions of polyethylene oxide (WSR-301). The addition of very small amounts of chemicals such as NaOH, NH 4 OH,H 3 PO 4 ,etc. to the water solvent resulted in significant decreases in the turbulent flow pressure drop in a once-through square duct system. This phenomenon was also observed in a capillary tube, suggesting that the solvent chemistry plays an important role in the friction factor (and inferentially, the heat transfer) performance of aqueous dilute solutions of high molecular weight polymers irrespective of the channel geometry.
Comparison of the efficacy of various dialkylboranes in the reduction of acylated aldonolactones

Abstract In order to find the most suitable dialkylborane for use in the reduction of acylated aldono-1,4-lactones to the corresponding acylated furanoses, an investigation of the properties of bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)borane, bis(2,3-dimethyl-2-butyl)borane, dicyclohexylborane, and disiamylborane was undertaken. It was found that, as the size of the alkyl group is increased, the extent of reduction decreases, and that an increase in temperature increases the rate of the reaction without markedly affecting the yield of aldose. Of the reagents studied, disiamylborane was found to be the most satisfactory.
A case report of adrenocorticotropic hormone to treat recurrent focal segmental glomerular sclerosis post-transplantation and biomarker monitoring.

Background: Recurrent focal segmental glomerular sclerosis (rFSGS) in renal transplant recipients (RTR) is difficult to predict and treat. Early rFSGS is likely from circulating factors and preformed antibodies. Methods: We present the case of a 23-year-old white man who presented with rFSGS and acute renal failure requiring dialysis 9-months after a 1-haplotype matched living-related transplant. We retrospectively analyzed serum samples from various clinical stages for rFSGS biomarkers: serum glomerular albumin permeability (Palb), soluble urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR) serum level with suPAR-β3 integrin signaling on human podocytes, and angiotensin II type I receptor-antibody (AT1R-Ab) titer. Results: All biomarkers were abnormal at 1-year pre-transplant prior to initiation of dialysis and at the time of transplant. After initiation of hemodialysis, β3 integrin activity on human podocytes, in response to patient serum, as well as AT1R-Ab were further elevated. At the time of biopsy-proven recurrence, all biomarkers were abnormally high. One week after therapy with aborted plasmapheresis (secondary to intolerance), and high dose steroids, the Palb and suPAR- β3 integrin activity remained significantly positive. After 12-weeks of treatment with high-dose steroids, rituximab, and galactose, the patient remained hemodialysis-dependent. Three-months after his initial presentation we commenced adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH, Acthar® Gel), 80 units subcutaneously twice weekly. Four-weeks later he was able to discontinue dialysis. After 8-months of maintenance ACTH therapy, his serum creatinine stabilized at 1.79 mg/dL with less than 1 gram of proteinuria. Conclusion: ACTH therapy was associated with improvement in renal function within 4 weeks. The use of rFSGS biomarkers may aid in predicting development of rFSGS.
Costs, benefits, and loss of vertically transmitted symbionts affect host population dynamics

The costs and benefits of symbiotic interactions may vary with host and symbiont ontogeny. Effects of symbionts at different stages of host development or on different host demographic rates do not contribute equally to fitness. Although rarely applied, a population dynamics approach that integrates over the host life cycle is therefore necessary for capturing the net costs or benefits and, thus, the mutualistic or parasitic nature of symbioses. Using the native, disturbance-specialist grass Agrostis hyemalis, we asked how a symbiotic endophyte affected the population dynamics of its host and how imperfect vertical transmission influenced symbiont frequency in a late successional environment. A size-structured integral projection model (IPM) parameterized with experimental field data showed that greater rates of individual growth and reproduction for endophyte-symbiotic (E) hosts outweighed their lower rates of survival, leading to a net positive effect of symbiosis on equilibrium plant population growth (slower rate of extinction). Given that populations undergoing successional transitions are unlikely to be at an equilibrium size structure, we also conducted transient analysis that showed an initial short-term cost to endophyte symbiosis. We used a megamatrix approach to link E2 and E IPMs via imperfect vertical transmission and found that this parameter strongly influenced the frequency of symbiosis via complex interactions with host demographic rates. Overall, our population dynamics approach improves the ability to characterize the outcome of symbiotic interactions, and results suggest that particular attention should be paid to interactions between the rate of vertical transmission and host demography.
The Emergence of Gender Differences in Children's Perceptions of Their Academic Competence.

This longitudinal study assessed the emergence of gender differences in over 300 children's academic competency beliefs from kindergarten or first grade through fifth grade. Children, their parents and their teachers rated the children's competencies in math and literacy and their math and literacy skills were also assessed directly. Beginning in third grade, girls rated their math competencies lower than did boys, even though there was no gender difference in math achievement or in teachers' ratings of children's math ability. Parents also rated boys' math competencies higher than girls in both third and fifth grades. Although girls outperformed boys on the literacy achievement measure in third and fifth grade, and teachers' ratings of children's literacy ability reflected this gender difference in performance, gender differences were not found in either parents' or children's ratings of literacy ability. Results of regression analyses indicated that actual achievement and teachers' ratings predicted children's judgments of their literacy skills. Parent ratings of children's competence were a particularly strong predictor of children's judgments of their math skills.
Enhancing Skin Self-Examination with Imaging: Evaluation of a Mole-Mapping Program

Background: To enhance early detection of melanoma with thorough skin self-examination, we have enrolled patients in a mole-mapping program that uses digital imaging of the skin.Objective: The goal of our study was to evaluate the impact of participation in the mole-mapping program on performance of thorough skin self-examination. Methods: The study was carried out by telephone survey of 64 program participants, using self-report to assess impact. Results: Participants were generally satisfied and found the program useful and effective; 97% would recommend it. Almost half (45%) of those who were not performing thorough skin self-examination before participation reported performing it after receiving their images. After participation, a partner such as a spouse or friend was more commonly assisting in these examinations. We also noted a correlation (of borderline statistical significance) between sun protection and performance of self-examination, and differences among different definitions of thorough skin self-examination. Conclusion: Interventions centered around imaging have the potential to substantially enhance and encourage the performance of thorough skin self-examination for the early detection of melanoma.
Spatial updating in blind and sighted people.

Four experiments were carried out to determine the accuracy with which early-blind and blind-folded sighted subjects could indicate the remembered positions of objects. Experiment 1 showed that the position of a single object can be recalled, usually with little decline in accuracy, for at least 24 min. Experiment 2 indicated that the recalled position of one object exerts little, if any, influence on the recalled position of an adjacent object. Experiments 3 and 4 dealt with “updating,” the ability to examine objects from one location, then walk to a new location, and from there indicate the positions of the objects. Both groups of subjects demonstrated good updating ability when the method of responding was to replace objects in their original positions; when required to point to objects, however, blind subjects made significantly larger errors than sighted subjects. The pattern of errors suggested distorted recall of the stimulus field rather than an inability to transform spatial information.
Hydrodynamic versus Size Exclusion Chromatography Characterization of Alternan and Comparison to Off-Line MALS

Alternan is an ultrahigh molar mass polysaccharide composed of alternating α-(1→3) and α-(1→6) repeat units and that also possesses long-chain branching. Its molar mass distribution (MMD) can extend into the hundreds of millions of grams per mole. Characterizing alternan by means of size exclusion chromatography (SEC) is a lengthy process and an incomplete one because even under the best possible experimental conditions, the polysaccharide appears to degrade during its passage through the SEC columns. As an alternative to SEC, we have investigated the use of hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) as a possible characterization technique for alternan. Results from packed-column HDC with multiangle static light scattering (MALS) detection compare favorably to results from off-line MALS analysis, and HDC results are obtained in a fraction of the time needed for SEC. The largest molar mass alternan did appear to undergo some degradation during HDC as a result of interstitial stresses in the column bed. This could ...
Influencing the Morphology and Phase of Calcium Ceramic Nanoparticles Based on the Calcium Alkoxide Precursors' Characteristics

Select members of a series of structurally characterized calcium aryloxides (Ca(OAr)2) were found to influence the morphologies and phases of the final calcium ceramic nanomaterials produced, independent of the process route investigated. The Ca(OAr)2 were synthesized using an amide alcohol exchange route between [Ca(μ-NR2)(NR2)]2 (R = Si(CH3)3) and the appropriate aryl alcohol [H-OAr = H-OC6H4(R)-2 where R = CH(CH3)2 (H-oPP), C(CH3)3 (H-oBP); H-OC6H3(R)2-2,6 where R = CH3 (H-DMP), CH(CH3)2 (H-DIP), and C(CH3)3 (H-DBP)] along with triphenyl silanol (H-TPS = OSi(C6H5)3], in toluene (tol) or tetrahydrofuran (THF). The resulting products were isolated as H+[(μ3-O)Ca2(μ-oPP)2(oPP)(THF)3]2·THF]- (1), Ca(oBP)2(THF)4 (2), H+[(μ3-O)Ca2(μ-DMP)2(DMP)(THF)3]2- (3), {2[Ca(DIP)2(THF)3]·Ca(DIP)2(THF)4}·THF (4a), [Ca(μ-DIP)(DIP)(THF)2]2 (4b), Ca(DBP)2(THF)3 (5), [Ca(μ-DBP)(DBP)]2 (6), and Ca(TPS)2(THF)4 (7). The coordination of the Ca atoms ranged from trigonal planar to octahedral, forming mono-, di-, and tetranuclear ...
On the Topics and Definitions of the Categories

Philosophy begins with the categories. Are they one or many; and, if one, then what is its name to be, and, if it comes to be divided, from where are we to obtain the principle which decides the first division, and what is that pair to be, and so on; and if many, then how is their order to be determined and which way are they, too, for that matter? Are we for instance to derive our categories from experience as reporting about itself, or as reporting things which lie beyond it, or both; and in any of these cases, how are we to agree on what experience reports ? And the same questions could be asked for knowing. The things that we experience or that we know about, whether or not they are concerned with our own knowing, must be sorted out into some kind of order, which means taking some before the others; and which ones are we to take first, and why, and on the basis of what criterion is this preference to be decided? These are difficult but crucial questions; once they are answered, the remainder of philosophy flows in the fashion in which it was thus disposed, so that after the choosing of the categories everything else is limited by them to a special position, in accordance with which things can be seen in a certain way and no other.
Accurate, fast fall detection using posture and context information

Traditional fall detection is only based on acceleration analysis. In this work we present a novel fall detection method that also utilizes posture and context information. This information can help reduce both false positives and negatives. Our solution also strives for low computational cost and fast response.
Peripheral Vision of Youths with Low Vision: Motion Perception, Crowding, and Visual Search

PURPOSE. Effects of low vision on peripheral visual function are poorly understood, especially in children whose visual skills are still developing. The aim of this study was to measure both central and peripheral visual functions in youths with typical and low vision. Of specific interest was the extent to which measures of foveal function predict performance of peripheral tasks. METHODS. We assessed central and peripheral visual functions in youths with typical vision (n ¼ 7, ages 10‐17) and low vision (n ¼ 24, ages 9‐18). Experimental measures used both static and moving stimuli and included visual crowding, visual search, motion acuity, motion direction discrimination, and multitarget motion comparison. RESULTS. In most tasks, visual function was impaired in youths with low vision. Substantial differences, however, were found both between participant groups and, importantly, across different tasks within participant groups. Foveal visual acuity was a modest predictor of peripheral form vision and motion sensitivity in either the central or peripheral field. Despite exhibiting normal motion discriminations in fovea, motion sensitivity of youths with low vision deteriorated in the periphery. This contrasted with typically sighted participants, who showed improved motion sensitivity with increasing eccentricity. Visual search was greatly impaired in youths with low vision. CONCLUSIONS. Our results reveal a complex pattern of visual deficits in peripheral vision and indicate a significant role of attentional mechanisms in observed impairments. These deficits were not adequately captured by measures of foveal function, arguing for the importance of independently assessing peripheral visual function. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2012;53:5860‐5868) DOI:10.1167/iovs.12-10350
Protein quantitation at the picomole level: An o-phthaldialdehyde-preTSK column-derivatization assay☆

Abstract A fluorescent protein assay was described wherein an isocratic high-performance liquid chromatography system was used to separate the o -phthaldialdehyde-derivatized proteins from interfering components. Using a small TSK guard column equilibrated in 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, it was demonstrated that all proteins and peptides examined, containing more than 22 residues, coelute in the excluded volume and were resolved from fluorescent signals contributed by commonly used reagents. The assay was linear over a useful range of 3 ng to 1 μg of protein and required less than 15 μl of sample.
A structural model for human dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase.

The hypothesis that dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenases (E3s) have tertiary structures very similar to that of human glutathione reductase (GR) was tested in detail by three separate criteria: (1) by analyzing each putative secondary structural element for conservation of appropriate polar/nonpolar regions, (2) by detailed comparison of putative active site residues in E3s with their authentic counterparts in human GR, and (3) by comparison of residues at the putative dimeric interface of the E3s with the authentic residues in GR. All three criteria are satisfied in a convincing way for the 7 E3s that were considered, supporting the conclusion that the structural scaffolding and the overall tertiary structure (which determines the location of functional sites and residues) are remarkably similar for the E3s and for GR. These analyses together with the crystal structures of human erythrocyte GR formed the basis for construction of a molecular model for human E3. The cofactor FAD and the substrakes NAD and lipoic acid were also included in the model. Unexpectedly, the surface residues in the cleft that holds the lipoamide were found to be highly charged and predominantly acidic, allowing us to predict that the region around the lipoamide in the sub-unit should be basic in nature. The molecular model can be tested by site-directed mutagenesis of residues predicted to be in the dihydrolipoamide acetyltransferase subunit binding cleft. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
National Treatment and WTO Dispute Settlement

The tension between the WTO and its constituent States and the conflicting impulses of trade liberalization and domestic regulatory autonomy is well documented. This phenomenon is brought into stark relief by the perceived interference from WTO dispute settlement panels into fiscal and regulatory policy-making within States. It is clear that the GATT and GATS agreements do in fact mandate a high degree of policing by WTO panels in areas that were traditionally seen as the exclusive sovereign preserve of States.
Guest Editors' Introduction: On-Chip Interconnects for Multicores

This special issue of IEEE Micro brings readers the latest advances in the field of on-chip interconnects for multicores. The guest editors specifically selected articles to focus on novel on-chip networks realized on actual silicon--partly to showcase a few silicon prototypes of on-chip networks being used in multicore processors and SoCs; partly to bring to attention the implementation issues facing architects and designers. Along with six articles that gather insights from the designers of actual on-chip interconnects for multicores, the special issue includes two articles that delve into the design infrastructure support for on-chip networks and an article that summarizes the grand research challenges for realizing next-generation on-chip networks and multicores.
Endocrine Studies Using Birds

(1968). Endocrine Studies Using Birds. World's Poultry Science Journal: Vol. 24, No. 2, pp. 128-140.