cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Una concepción "Más humana" y "omnicomprensiva" de las relaciones económicas: la "democracia económica"

In the month of July of 2009 the first social encyclical of Pope Benedicto XVI was published: Caritas in Veritate. For this reason, the habitual leader article of the Revista Fomento Social has been replaced in this number by a group of reflections of interdisciplinary character realised by some of the members of its editorial board. Thus, they have approached the subjects in which habitually they work, but “re-interpreting them” in the light of the reading of the papal text. We enumerate next these individual contributions, whose titles summarize clearly the thematic which they talk about: “Benedicto XVI’s first social encyclical: keys for understanding” (Ildefonso Camacho Larana); “Economic system, business models and business culture” (Juan Ignacio Font Galan); “A more human and all-inclusive conception of economic relations: the economic democracy” (Julio Jimenez Escobar y Alfonso Carlos Morales Gutierrez); “Business and society: the approach of Corporate Social Responsibility” (Rafael Araque Padilla); “Finance and the economic and financial crisis” (Ma del Carmen Lopez Martin y Adolfo Rodero Franganillo); “Ecology and environmental issues. Pragmatic orientations from a different cultural framework” (Juan Antonio Senent de Frutos); “Cooperation for Development” (Jose Juan Romero Rodriguez) y “Fraternity, a way for the human family” (Jose Ma Margenat Peralta).
Documenting social determinants of health-related clinical activities using standardized medical vocabularies.

Author(s): Arons, Abigail; DeSilvey, Sarah; Fichtenberg, Caroline; Gottlieb, Laura | Abstract: Objectives:Growing recognition that health is shaped by social and economic circumstances has resulted in a rapidly expanding set of clinical activities related to identifying, diagnosing, and intervening around patients' social risks in the context of health care delivery. The objective of this exploratory analysis was to identify existing documentation tools in common US medical coding systems reflecting these emerging clinical practices to improve patients' social health. Materials and Methods:We identified 20 social determinants of health (SDH)-related domains used in 6 published social health assessment tools. We then used medical vocabulary search engines to conduct three independent searches for codes related to these 20 domains included in common medical coding systems (LOINC, SNOMED CT, ICD-10-CM, and CPT). Each of the 3 searches focused on one of three clinical activities: Screening, Assessment/Diagnosis, and Treatment/Intervention. Results:We found at least 1 social Screening code for 18 of the 20 SDH domains, 686 social risk Assessment/Diagnosis codes, and 243 Treatment/Intervention codes. Fourteen SDH domains (70%) had codes across all 3 clinical activity areas. Discussion:Our exploratory analysis revealed 1095 existing codes in common medical coding vocabularies that can facilitate documentation of social health-related clinical activities. Despite a large absolute number of codes, there are addressable gaps in the capacity of current medical vocabularies to document specific social risk factor screening, diagnosis, and interventions activities. Conclusions:Findings from this analysis should help inform efforts both to develop a comprehensive set of SDH codes and ultimately to improve documentation of SDH-related activities in clinical settings.
Focused laser spike (FLaSk) thermocapillary patterning of micro/nanostructures

The phenomenon of thermocapillarity, the response of fluids to thermal gradients due to thermal alteration of their surface tension, was first reported over a century ago. Only in the past two decades has the deliberate use of thermocapillary forces for the patterning of soft matter been actively pursued, either for the ordering of internal structure or the introduction of topographic features. The application of focused laser spike (FLaSk) excitation can generate gradients up to ~1000 K/μm at a microscale spot. These extreme thermal gradients produce thermocapillary response with a high degree of spatiotemporal control and allow, through local softening, for the use of samples that are solid both before and after the excitation, locking in the effects of the exposure. This is the key advantage of the approach - thermal gradients simultaneously provide both the mobility and driving force for assembly. The soft-shear of moderate thermal gradients leads to the simultaneous annealing and alignment of mesoscale structure, while higher gradients lead to complete dewetting of films into trench-ridge patterns with overlap effects. The forces involved are great enough to overcome surface affinity and lead to morphological development defined by the fluid nature of the molten regions of polymers and even metals. During this processing, additional effects such as multilayer mobility, overlap, and simultaneous physical vapor deposition result in the generation of hierarchical micro/nanostructures. As a means of lithography, FLaSk possesses the advantages of being non-contact, subwavelength, developer and photochemical-free, and applicable to a wide array of materials.
Longitudinal associations between use and co-use of cigars and cigarettes: A pooled analysis of three adolescent cohorts.

Abstract Introduction Patterns of adolescent tobacco product use are evolving rapidly and need examination. We assessed whether ever use of cigars (i.e., lifetime use) was related to an increased risk of subsequent cigarette initiation and dual use of cigars and cigarettes. Methods Leveraging data from three prospective cohort studies of adolescents (n = 6258), we assessed the odds of initiating cigarettes at one-year follow-up among ever cigar users at baseline, relative to never cigar users, after adjusting for demographics and e-cigarette use. We also assessed patterns of transition between exclusive use of cigars, exclusive use of cigarettes, and dual use of both cigars and cigarettes between baseline and follow-up and whether these associations differed by e-cigarette use. Results Among never cigarette smokers (n = 4876; 79.3% of the total sample), 3.4% reported ever cigar use by baseline. Ever cigar use by baseline was associated with higher likelihood of initiating cigarettes by follow-up (31.3%) relative to never cigar use at baseline (8.4%; adjusted odds ratio = 2.26, 95% confidence interval: 1.52, 3.35). Effect estimates were stronger if e-cigarette was used by baseline. Furthermore, exclusive ever cigar use by baseline was associated with a 2-4-fold increase in the odds of transition to exclusive cigar, exclusive cigarette, and dual use at follow-up relative to non-users of either product by baseline. Conclusions Comprehensive tobacco regulations and early prevention efforts focused on reducing youth appeal of cigars may be warranted, as cigar use may place youth at risk for subsequent cigarette use as well as dual use of cigars and cigarettes.
At-scale, state-sponsored language and literacy professional development: Impacts on early childhood classroom practices and children’s outcomes.

Professional development (PD) is a potentially important mechanism for enhancing classroom practices and children’s learning. In this large-scale randomized controlled trial, we examined the effectiveness of language and literacy PD, with and without coaching, offered at scale to early childhood educators (n = 546) across 1 state. Relative to the comparison condition, PD with coaching showed a small impact on the quantity of phonological awareness instruction, and PD with and without coaching impacted the quality of phonological awareness and writing instruction. PD did not impact children’s (n = 1,953, Mage = 4.53) emergent literacy skills, as measured by the research team, or kindergarten readiness, as measured by the state’s kindergarten readiness assessment which exclusively focused on language and literacy skills. Although we can only speculate as to why this at-scale, state-sponsored PD did not realize intended impacts, these findings, as coupled with those from the literature, raise critical questions concerning current understandings of PD and the ability to achieve desired effects when implemented at scale. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)
Implicit Realism Impedes Progress in Psychology: Comment on Fried (2020)

Fried argues that progress in the factor and network modeling literatures is presently impeded by insufficient or inadequate theory building and theory testing. In this commentary, I argue that the...
Auction Form Preference and Inefficiency of Asymmetric Discriminatory Auctions

We examine the efficiency and revenue properties of an asymmetric discriminatory auction with two bidders and two objects. While inefficient, a discriminatory auction may result in higher expected revenue than the efficient Vickrey auction.
SAR image wave spectra to retrieve the thickness of grease-pancake sea ice using viscous wave propagation models

Young sea ice composed of grease and pancake ice (GPI), as well as thin floes, considered to be the most common form of sea ice fringing Antarctica, is now becoming the "new normal" also in the Arctic. A study of the rheological properties of GPI is carried out by comparing the predictions of two viscous wave propagation models: the Keller model and the close-packing (CP) model, with the observed wave attenuation obtained by SAR image techniques. In order to fit observations, it is shown that describing GPI as a viscous medium requires the adoption of an ice viscosity which increases with the ice thickness. The consequences regarding the possibility of ice thickness retrieval from remote sensing data of wave attenuation are discussed. We provide examples of GPI thickness retrievals from a Sentinel-1 C band SAR image taken in the Beaufort Sea on 1 November 2015, and three CosmoSkyMed X band SAR images taken in the Weddell Sea on March 2019. The estimated GPI thicknesses are consistent with concurrent SMOS measurements and available local samplings.
The Rhetoric Conspiracy: Why Rhetoric Is Too Powerful and Had to Be Lobotomized

Historically, rhetoric as an art has been considered both nefarious and weak. In the first part of the paper, the authors describe the “lobotomization” of rhetoric, its true power, and its applications with individuals and organizations. This first part paper describes the historical context of the lobotomization—the separation of “Invention” from the other four canons of rhetoric, leaving rhetoric the basis of Freshman Composition and Public Speaking. It then discusses the power of rhetoric, beginning with the human capacity to name objects and people, resulting in leverage over the action of others. The second part covers the nature of humans and their relationship with language, including the automatic formation of two parts of the rhetorical person: character armor (or identity) and terministic screens (or webs of words). The third part examines organizations through the lens of rhetoric and character armor, leading to the conclusion that organizations are best conceptualized as “tribes” or “tribes of tribes” (depending on their size). Some organizational tribes are “lead”—slow to change, encumbered by politics, fearful, and stressed—with others are “gold”—leadership-embracing, market-dominating, innovation-producing. By working with the entire tribe to determine its purpose (which “is a world of meaning created through language”), and construct “scenes” through which this purpose will resonate outside the tribe, people craft a new drama. From a rhetorical perspective, “organizational alchemy” is replacing one drama with another, resulting in profound change. This process can only be accomplished by a leader (with or without formal authority) designing communication strategies (using all five canons of rhetoric) to move the organization to a more advanced cultural stage.
Beyond the Synagogue: Jewish Nostalgia as Religious Practice: Rachel B. Gross. 2021. New York, NY: New York University Press. 272 pp., ISBN 978-1479803385

An arresting image of glowing stained-glass graces the front of Rachel Gross’s Beyond the Synagogue: Jewish Nostalgia as Religious Practice. This bold contemporary window, which greets visitors to ...
Enrichment procedures for soft clusters: A statistical test and its applications

Clusters, typically mined by modeling locality of attribute spaces, are often evaluated for their ability to demonstrate ‘enrichment’ of categorical features. A cluster enrichment procedure evaluates the membership of a cluster for significant representation in pre-defined categories of interest. While classical enrichment procedures assume a hard clustering deﬁnition, in this paper we introduce a new statistical test that computes enrichments for soft clusters. We demonstrate an application of this test in reﬁning and evaluating soft clusters for classification of remotely sensed images.
Computationally-improved optimal filtering for supervised learning [feedforward neural nets]

We propose a modification of the Kalman filtering approach to supervised learning that avoids existing approximations while improving its overall computational efficiency. The modification eliminates the necessity of computing an inverse. The same global network structure is retained while the computational effort is extensively reduced. The performance of the approach with the modification, assessed from several test cases, is found to be more refined than the existing approaches. >
Effects on Nutrition Label Regulation on Consumer Choice

The U.S. government initiated food labeling reform in 1989, which culminated with the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) of 1990, emphasizing the provision of improved nutrition information on most food products. The goal of such labeling reform has been to provide consistent, readable, understandable and usable food labels that enable consumers to make more healthful food choices. This paper examines the theoretical impact of the new regulations on consumer food choice behavior. The paper first discusses the use and impact of food labels by/on consumers, and uses a choice model to desribe the effects of these new labels on consumer food choice decisions. In particular, the research focuses on two important food attributes, and the presence of information of these attributes through the new nutrition labels, which may influence consumer purchase behavior.
The Purification of Exonuclease I from Escherichia coli by Affinity Chromatography

Abstract Escherichia coli exonuclease I has been purified to apparent homogeneity by affinity chromatography. The enzyme has been shown to be exonuclease I by examination of its catalytic and antigenic properties. Its activity is greatly reduced in strains harboring X onA or sbcB mutations. By analysis of acrylamide gels, the enzyme prepared by this method has an apparent molecular weight of 140,000, the protein being a dimer of 70,000 molecular weight subunits.
Harmonic Analysis of Sedimentary Cyclic Sequences in Kansas, Midcontinent, USA

Several stratigraphic sequences in the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian) in Kansas (Midcontinent, USA) were analyzed quantitatively for periodic repetitions. The sequences were coded by lithologic type into strings of datasets. The strings then were analyzed by an adaptation of a one-dimensional Fourier transform analysis and examined for evidence of periodicity. The method was tested using different states in coding to determine the robustness of the method and data. The most persistent response is in multiples of 8–10 ft (2.5–3.0 m) and probably is dependent on the depositional thickness of the original lithologic units. Other cyclicities occurred in multiples of the basic frequency of 8–10 with persistent ones at 22 and 30 feet (6.5–9.0 m) and large ones at 80 and 160 feet (25–50 m). These levels of thickness relate well to the basic cyclothem and megacyclothem as measured on outcrop. We propose that this approach is a suitable one for analyzing cyclic events in the stratigraphic record.
Dielectric behaviors of (Nb2O5)(1-x): xTiO2 ceramics

The dielectric constants (K) of ceramics composition (Nb 2 O 5 ) (1-x) : xTiO 2 , (x=0.05, 0.08, 0.11) have been measured over the temperature range from -180 °C to 180 °C in the frequency range 100 Hz-lMHz. For all three samples, the temperature dependence of the dielectric constants at various frequencies shows the dielectric dispersion and the frequency dependent dielectric losses are observed, suggesting the several relaxation phenomena. Dielectric loss data are analyzed by Arrhenius formalism indicating the presence of relaxation type dielectric mechanisms in (Nb 2 O 5 ) (1-x) : xTiO 2 ceramics.
Legacy impacts of all‐time anthropogenic emissions on the global mercury cycle

[1] Elevated mercury (Hg) in marine and terrestrial ecosystems is a global health concern because of the formation of toxic methylmercury. Humans have emitted Hg to the atmosphere for millennia, and this Hg has deposited and accumulated into ecosystems globally. Here we present a global biogeochemical model with fully coupled atmospheric, terrestrial, and oceanic Hg reservoirs to better understand human influence on Hg cycling and timescales for responses. We drive the model with a historical inventory of anthropogenic emissions from 2000 BC to present. Results show that anthropogenic perturbations introduced to surface reservoirs (atmosphere, ocean, or terrestrial) accumulate and persist in the subsurface ocean for decades to centuries. The simulated present-day atmosphere is enriched by a factor of 2.6 relative to 1840 levels, consistent with sediment archives, and by a factor of 7.5 relative to natural levels (2000 BC). Legacy anthropogenic Hg re-emitted from surface reservoirs accounts for 60% of present-day atmospheric deposition, compared to 27% from primary anthropogenic emissions, and 13% from natural sources. We find that only 17% of the present-day Hg in the surface ocean is natural and that half of its anthropogenic enrichment originates from pre-1950 emissions. Although Asia is presently the dominant contributor to primary anthropogenic emissions, only 17% of the surface ocean reservoir is of Asian anthropogenic origin, as compared to 30% of North American and European origin. The accumulated burden of legacy anthropogenic Hg means that future deposition will increase even if primary anthropogenic emissions are held constant. Aggressive global Hg emission reductions will be necessary just to maintain oceanic Hg concentrations at present levels.
Count, size and visualize nanoparticles

Nanoscale materials including nanotubes, nanowires, ceramics, quantum dots etc. can be produced from a huge variety of substances. Responsible development of new materials requires that risks to health and the environment associated with the development, production, use and disposal of these materials are fully addressed. Characterization of particles at the nanoscale thus becomes extremely important and new tools are being made available including the nanoparticle characterization systems from NanoSight and their technology, Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis.
Spectral scatterometry for 2D trench metrology of low-K dual-damascene interconnect

A systematic study has been conducted to evaluate accuracy and precision of spectral scatterometry used for two-dimensional (2D) characterization of trenches formed in fluorinated silicon glass (FSG). Experiments were done on short-flow dual-damascene Cu interconnect material. Trench critical dimensions (CD) obtained using KLA-Tencor's spectral scatterometer were correlated with data collected using CD atomic force microscope (AFM), CD scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM). 3 major trench characteristics were analyzed: trench width, trench depth and sidewall angle. Spectral scatterometry demonstrated an excellent correlation (above 0.96) with CD AFM and SEM in tested trench width range of (80-240) nm and trench depth range of (410-450) nm. Spectral scatterometry showed acceptable correlation of 0.55 and minimal offset of 0.05 degrees with AFM in tested sidewall angle range of (87.5-89) degrees. Spectral scatterometry has demonstrated better than 1.0 nm and 0.2 degrees dynamic precision (3s) for both width and height and sidewall angle, respectively. We conclude that KLA-Tencor's SpectraCD system is capable of accurate and precise 2D characterization of FSG trenches. We recommend scatterometry as a high throughput and non-destructive metrology for trench linewidth and depth monitoring in low-K dielectric interconnect manufacturing.
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors associated with von Hippel Lindau disease: Diagnostic and management recommendations

Abstract Background: von Hippel Lindau disease (VHL) is an inherited syndrome characterized by tumors of the kidney, adrenal, central nervous system, and pancreas. The incidence and natural history of pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors occurring in VHL are not known. Methods: From December 1988 through November 1997, 256 patients with VHL were screened with imaging studies, and these data were reviewed from a prospective database. Results: Thirty (12%) of 256 patients had solid pancreatic lesions consistent with neuroendocrine tumors. Fourteen patients underwent resection, and 4 with metastases on imaging studies underwent biopsy only. Of the 14 patients who underwent resection, 11 remain free of disease, 2 have experienced recurrence, and 1 has died of unrelated causes (mean follow-up, 25 months; range, 3 to 73 months). The size of the primary tumor (median, 5 cm; range, 3 to 8 cm) in patients with liver metastases was significantly larger than the size of the primary tumor (median, 2 cm; range, 1 to 5 cm) in patients without liver metastases ( P = .0013). Conclusions: Solid pancreatic lesions were detected in 12% of patients with VHL. Larger primary tumors were associated with liver metastases. Pancreatic imaging to identify neuroendocrine tumors and resection when they reach 2 to 3 cm may prevent the development of hepatic metastases. (Surgery 1998;124:1153-9.)
Characterization of ERK1 Activation Site Mutants and the Effect on Recognition by MEK1 and MEK2

To discern MEK1 and MEK2 specificity for their substrate, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), site-directed mutagenesis was performed on the amino acid residues flanking the regulatory phosphorylation sites of ERK1. These ERK1 mutants were analyzed for the ability to act as a substrate for MEK1 and MEK2. Based on both phosphorylation and activation analyses, the mutants could be divided into four classes: 1) dramatically decreased phosphorylation and activation, 2) enhanced basal kinase activity, 3) preferentially enhanced phosphorylation of tyrosine and decreased phosphorylation of threonine, and 4) increased threonine phosphorylation with an increase in activation. In general, the residues proximal to the regulatory phosphorylation sites of ERK1 had greater influence on both phosphorylation and activation. This is consistent with the highly specific recognition of the ERK1 regulatory sites by MEK. Mutation of Arg-208 or Thr-207 to an alanine residue significantly altered the relative phosphorylation on Thr-202 and Tyr-204. The Arg-208 to alanine mutant increased the phosphorylation of Tyr-204 approximately 4-fold yet almost completely eliminated the phosphorylation on Thr-202. In contrast, mutation of Gly-199 to alanine resulted in an increased phosphorylation of Thr-202 relative to Tyr-204. This suggests that both Gly-199 and Arg-208 play important roles in determining the relative phosphorylation of Thr-202 and Tyr-204. Our results demonstrate that residues in the phosphorylation lip of ERK play an important role in the recognition and phosphorylation by MEK.
Catechins in Dietary Supplements and Hepatotoxicity

Many herbal dietary supplements (HDS) contain green tea extract (GTE) and its component catechins, although their presence may not always be indicated on the product label. Because GTE and catechins have been implicated in human hepatotoxicity in several case reports, our objective was to determine whether catechins were present in HDS that were implicated in hepatotoxicity, even if not identified among the labeled ingredients, and whether these compounds could be associated with liver injury. We assayed 97 HDS implicated in human hepatotoxicity for catechins. We found that 29 of 73 HDS (39.7 %) that did not identify GTE or any of its component catechins on their label contained catechins. Among patients with confirmed hepatotoxicity, there was no statistically significant association between the presence of catechin or the dose consumed and liver injury causality score, severity, or pattern of liver injury. Catechin levels tended to be highest in products used for weight loss, although catechin concentrations were low in most products. Many HDS commonly contain catechins that are implicated in hepatotoxicity, although their presence may not be indicated on the product label. Although our results did not establish an association between GTE or catechins with hepatotoxicity, they highlight some of the many complexities and uncertainties that surround the attribution of drug-induced liver injury (DILI) to HDS.
Pathologic and angiographic correlations of transesophageal echocardiography in prosthetic heart valve dysfunction.

Abstract To determine the diagnostic accuracy of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in prosthetic valve dysfunction, the pathologic and/or angiographic data from 37 valves were compared with that obtained by transesophageal and transthoracic echocardiography. Of the 21 prostheses with severe regurgitation, TEE identified all 14 mitral, the five aortic, and one of the two tricuspid valves; on the other hand transthoracic echocardiography identified 2 of the 14 mitral, the five aortic, and one of the two tricuspid valves. Of the 10 prostheses with flail cusp(s), nine (90%) were correctly identified by TEE and four (40%) were correctly identified by transthoracic echocardiography. All five prostheses with paravalvular regurgitation were detected through the esophageal window and one detected through the precordial window. TEE was unable to document the two prosthetic aortic stenoses, whereas the transthoracic examination correctly quantified the gradient in one but underestimated it in the other case. Seven patients underwent valve replacement on the basis of the clinical and TEE information alone. In assessing cause, origin, and severity of prosthetic mitral regurgitation, TEE is the method of choice. In selected cases, TEE can avoid angiography and facilitate optimal timing of reoperation. In suspected aortic and tricuspid dysfunction, TEE may provide additional morphologic, but limited hemodynamic information.
Stable expression and phenotypic impact of attacin E transgene in orchard grown apple trees over a 12 year period

Background Transgenic trees currently are being produced by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation and biolistics. The future use of transformed trees on a commercial basis depends upon thorough evaluation of the potential environmental and public health risk of the modified plants, transgene stability over a prolonged period of time and the effect of the gene on tree and fruit characteristics. We studied the stability of expression and the effect on resistance to the fire blight disease of the lytic protein gene, attacin E, in the apple cultivar 'Galaxy' grown in the field for 12 years.
An assessment of far field effects on the photoelastic determination of mixed mode stress intensity factors

Abstract A limiting approach inquiry into far field effects on local field equations for mixed mode surface flaws is investigated by computer analysis. Curves showing the diminishing effect of the far field stress towards the cracks tip are plotted using fringe radii ratios vs fringe number. The zone used in the experimental determination of K1 and K2 is superimposed on these curves to investigate the extent to which K1 and K2 determined by the two parameter method are influenced by the far field stress.
Reminiscences of the VLSI Revolution: How a Series of Failures Triggered a Paradigm Shift in Digital Design

Innovations in science and engineering have excited me for a lifetime, as they have for many friends and colleagues. Unfortunately, our wider culture often imagines the engineering life to be one of tedium and technical drudgery, seldom witnessing the joys of such creativity.
Individual differences in the effects of time of day and passage difficulty on prose memory in adults

The study under report examined the effects of time of day on prose recall in morning- and evening-type individuals. Subjects listened to two easy and two difficult passages at either 09.00, 14.00 or 20.00. Immediately after listening to a taperecorded version of each story, subjects were asked to write their recalls. The results indicated that recall decreased across time of day for morning types but increased for evening types. The effects of importance level were similar for passages at both difficulty levels at all times of day; however, time-of-day effects were largest for highly important-idea units from difficult passages. The results demonstrated that time of day influences immediate recall of prose in adults, and the pattern of these effects depended upon whether the subject was a morning or evening type. It was suggested that subsequent examinations of time of day and prose memory should utilize concurrent measures of encoding effort to assess whether processing strategies change across time of day.
Biventricular Repair in a Neonate With Obstructive Inflow Cardiac Rhabdomyoma and Tuberous Sclerosis

A neonate with prenatally diagnosed large intracardiac rhabdomyomas and suspicion of tuberous sclerosis presented at birth with severe ductal-dependent obstruction at the tricuspid valve and an atrial septal defect (ASD). Biventricular repair at 9 days of life included tumor resection, repair of the posterior leaflet of the tricuspid valve with autologous pericardium, fenestrated ASD closure, and ductus ligation. After an uneventful postoperative recovery, follow-up echocardiography at two months showed excellent results with tricuspid valve competency and normal biventricular function. Overall prognosis will probably depend on issues pertaining to tuberous sclerosis.
Endotoxin-stimulated opioid peptide secretion: two secretory pools and feedback control in vivo

Small doses of endotoxin evoked a dramatic biphasic response of opioid peptide secretion into blood in sheep. The first phase began within minutes and coincided with a brief hypertensive response to endotoxin well before the appearance of fever or hypotension. The ratio of beta-endorphin to beta-lipotropin fell abruptly at the onset of the second phase of release, suggesting early depletion of a pool rich in beta-endorphin and subsequent emergence of a pool rich in unprocessed precursor. The concentration of cerebrospinal fluid opioids increased tenfold during the second phase. Naloxone administration augmented endotoxin-induced opioid secretion in both early and late phases, suggesting a short-loop feedback regulation of stress-induced endorphin secretion.
The Heights of Humanity: Endurance Sport and the Strenuous Mood

In his article, ‘Recovering Humanity: Movement, Sport, and Nature’, Doug Anderson addresses the place of endurance sport, or more generally sport at large, as a potential catalyst for the good life. Anderson contrasts transcendental themes of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson with the pragmatic claims of William James and John Dewey, who focus on human possibility and growth. Our aim is to pursue the pragmatic line of thought championed by James and Dewey as a contrasting but not mutually exclusive motive to Anderson’s analysis. We contend that movement can provide humanizing possibilities even more pronounced for those subscribing to pragmatic themes (i.e., growth and the strenuous mood). We will use running and cycling to demonstrate how the strenuous mood enhances the possibility for this humanizing condition. Specifically, we argue that moving in a committed fashion allows us to deepen our relationship with the respective practice and thus opens the possibilities for ‘recovering our humanity’.
Contested Representations of a Family Responsibility Law: The Case of Singapore’s Maintenance of Parents Act of 1995

Although filial responsibility is deemed virtuous in many cultures, its moral groundings remain controversial and contested, especially in regard to the enactment of family responsibility laws. Societal responses to the demands and implications of an aging population are context specific. And in this respect, Singapore’s policy formulation phase of the Maintenance of Parents Act (MPA) requires closer examination as a political response to the problem of late-life financial insecurity. The MPA stipulates that indigent older parents may apply for a maintenance order for financial assistance from their children. Using social construction as an organizing framework, we examine archival data to uncover conflicting tensions in the latent and manifest aims inherent in the enactment of family responsibility laws. Further, we address and interrogate certain underlying assumptions regarding the viability of family responsibility laws in ensuring financial security for indigent older adults. In effect, the MPA place...
On a problem of heat conduction with time-dependent boundary conditions

Das folgende Warmeleitungsproblem wird analytisch behandelt. Auf dem Mantel und den Deckflachen eines Kreiszylinders sei einezeitlich veranderliche Temperaturverteilung und ausserdem die Temperatur einer Kurve zur Zeitt=0 gegeben. Gesucht ist die Innentemperatur fur alle Zeiten. Die verwendete Separationsmethode kann auch auf andere Randwertprobleme angewendet werden.
Diffusion of Cadmium, Indium, and Tin in Single Crystals of Silver

The diffusion coefficient of cadmium, indium, and tin tracers in single crystals of pure silver has been measured as a function of temperature over the range 592-937\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The activation energies and frequency factors were determined, yielding $D=0.44\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{41700}{\mathrm{RT}})$ for the cadmium tracer, $D=0.41\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{40630}{\mathrm{RT}})$ for indium, and $D=0.25\mathrm{exp}(\ensuremath{-}\frac{39300}{\mathrm{RT}})$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$/sec for tin. These values are in marked disagreement with the older data. The results of the present work are discussed in terms of Lazarus' theory and Zener's theory. Both theories give fair agreement with the experimental data.
SiC BJT minimizes losses in alternative energy applications

Technologies such as Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV), Photovoltaics (PV), high efficiency electric motor drives, etc. will reduce energy related emissions and US dependency on fossil fuels and foreign oil. However commercial adoption of these technologies is slow to start due to high price and long financial payback. Silicon (Si) based power electronic systems in the above mentioned technologies form a significant part of the high price. New wide band gap devices such as Silicon Carbide (SiC) transistors are being considered (needed) as an alternative to Si transistors to improve energy efficiency, reduce passive component and thermal management size and cost, and thus reduce the overall cost of ownership to the end consumer. This paper will discuss the Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT) as a suitable device type that is ideally suited for the widespread adoption of SiC transistors.
Liver transplantation for neonatal hemochromatosis: Analysis of the UNOS database

NH is the most common identifiable cause of ALF in the neonate. LT is the definitive treatment for neonates with NH who have failed medical therapy. Our aim was to determine the outcomes of LT in infants with NH. Patients (less than one yr of age) with NH who were listed for LT and patients who underwent LT between 1994 and 2013 were identified from the UNOS database for analysis. Risk factors for death and graft loss were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression. Thirty-eight infants with NH with a total of 43 transplants were identified. One- and five-yr patient and graft survival were 84.2%, 81.6%, 71.1%, and 68.4%, respectively. The outcomes for NH were not significantly different when compared to the same age-matched recipients with other causes of ALF. There were no statistically significant risk factors identified for graft loss or death. Ninety infants with NH were listed for LT. Reasons for removal included transplanted (49%), death (27%), too sick to transplant (7%), and improved status (13%). LT for infants with NH has a high rate of graft loss and death; however, outcomes are comparable to the same age-matched recipients with other causes of ALF.
A Calculation of the Electronic Properties of the F′ Center in KCl

The electronic properties of the F′ center in KCl were calculated by a variational procedure using a Hamiltonian which approximates the effects of polarization and correlation. The trial functions were orthogonalized to nearest and next nearest neighbor core functions. Values of −1.05 eV for the F′ maximum absorption and −0.49 eV for the thermal dissociation energy were obtained. By approximating the continuum states of the ionized F′ center by eigenstates of an appropriately chosen spherical square well, the shape of the F′ center by eigenstates of an appropriately chosen spherical square well, the shape of the F′ band itself was also calculated and the results compared with Lutys experimental data of F′ absorption in KCl. Fair agreement was obtained. Die elektronischen Eigenschaften des F′-Zentrums in KCl wurden mittels einer Variationsmethode berechnet und dabei ein Hamilton-Operator verwendet, der Polarisation und Korrelation naherungsweise berucksichtigt. Die Variationsfunktionen wurden zu den Rumpffunktionen der nachsten und ubernachsten Nachbarn orthogonalisiert. Fur die Lage des F′-Absorptionsmaximums ergab sich −1,05 eV und fur die thermische Ionisationsenergie −0,49 eV. Durch Annaherung der Kontinuumszustande des ionisierten F′-Zentrums durch Eigenzustande eines entsprechend gewahlten Topf-Potentials wurde auch die Form der F′-Bande berechnet. Ein Vergleich mit Lutys experimentellen Daten der F′-Absorption in KCl ergibt zufriedenstellende Ubereinstimmung.
Writing Multiple-Choice Questions

Academic psychiatrists are often asked to write multiple-choice questions. Some will serve on questionwriting teams for standardized examinations, while others may be required to submit questions for course examinations or continuing medical education activities. Multiplechoice tests are popular because of their practicality in testing a wide body of knowledge and the ease of scoring responses, but criticisms are many. For example, they encourage guessing, require only recognition rather than recall of details, and evaluate only a fragmentary memorization of information rather than a deep understanding of applied knowledge. However, the well-written multiple choice question differentiates those who know the material from those who do not, and may emphasize analysis of information rather than direct recall. Psychiatrists writing for high-stakes examinations (e.g., the United States Medical Licensing Examinations or the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology written examinations) undergo training in question construction. Many others have little training beyond their own experience in taking such examinations. Even experienced question writers may be unfamiliar with the literature in this area, because the bulk is found in nonmedical journals. As a result, questions written for medical education and evaluation are frequently flawed (1, 2). This article will summarize the literature on multiplechoice questions, recommend how to write proper questions, and examine the literature that informs these recommendations.
Health Outcome Measures in Atopic Dermatitis: A Systematic Review of Trends in Disease Severity and Quality-of-Life Instruments 1985–2010

Background A number of disease-severity and quality-of-life (QoL) instruments have emerged in atopic dermatitis (AD) in the last decade. Objectives To identify trends in outcomes instruments used in AD clinical trials and to provide a useful summary of the dimensions and validation studies for the most commonly used measures. Method All randomized control trials (RCTs) from 1985 to 2010 in the treatment of AD were examined. Results Among the 791 RCTs reviewed, we identified 20 disease-severity and 14 QoL instruments. Of these outcomes instruments, few have been validated. SCORAD, EASI, IGA and SASSAD were the most commonly used disease-severity instruments and CDLQI, DFI, DLQI and IDQOL were the most frequently used QoL measures. Limitations The small number of RCTs using QoL scales makes identifying trends for QoL instruments difficult. Conclusion Overall, there is an increase in the use of disease-severity and QoL instruments in AD clinical trials.
Infra-red absorption spectrum of the cuticular surface of drone honey bee wings as revealed by attenuated total reflectance

Abstract The infra-red absorption reflected through the shallow surface of wings of drone Apis mellifera did not show the ester groups expected of waxes. The functional groups that would accompany more than 5 per cent of other lipids were also absent. The observed reflection spectrum resembled that of pleated-sheet polyamides. This suggests that the surface of drone wings is comprised of a protein similar to silk, wool, hair, or human skin.
A Terramycin 200 for Fish (44.09% Oxytetracycline Dihydrate) Treatment Regimen Proposed for the Fluorescent Marking of Rainbow Trout Vertebrae

Abstract We evaluated the efficacy of a Terramycin 200 for Fish (TM200; 44.09% oxytetracycline [OTC] dihydrate) treatment regimen proposed for fluorescent marking of the vertebrae of Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Test fish weighed 36.6 ± 1.9 g (mean ± SD) at the start of treatment. The TM200-treated feed was administered to six tanks of fish at a target dosage of 82.7 mg OTC·kg fish−1·d−1 for 10 d, while nontreated control feed was administered to three tanks of fish (20 fish/tank in each treatment group). After a 22-d posttreatment period, vertebrae were extracted from all fish and were examined for fluorescent marks with a dissecting scope and ultraviolet light. The vertebrae of all treated fish were marked, whereas vertebrae of control fish were not marked. Consequently, the probability of marking success in treated tanks was significantly different from that in control tanks. The 95% CI for the proportion of treated tanks containing one or more nonmarked fish was 0.00 to 0.39. Analysis of treated...
The linkage of sodium, potassium, and ammonium active transport across the human erythrocyte membrane

Abstract 1. 1. The net transport of potassium and sodium across the human erythrocyte membrane were observed at 37° in cells prepared by cold storage and fortified with nucleoside. Passive transport was minimized by adjustment of sodium and potassium concentrations in the medium. Active transport was distinguished from passive transport by the use of strophanthin, which stops active transport specifically. 2. 2. The active transport of potassium inward and sodium outward occured only at a ratio which was constant over a wide range of rates and independent of extracellular and intracellular sodium and potassium concentrations. Two atoms of potassium wer e transported inward for every three atoms of sodium that were tramsported outward. 3. 3. Ammonium appeared to substitute directly for potassium adn required a concentration 3 to 7 times greater than potassium to produce a comparable effect. 4. 4. These findings indicate that active potassium and sodium transport across the human erythrocyte membrane are parts of a single tightly-linked system.
Picosecond Linear Dichroism and Absorption Anisotropy of Hypocrellin: Toward a Unified Picture of the Photophysics of Hypericin and Hypocrellin

The photophysics of hypocrellin is examined by means of transient absorption spectroscopy. On the shortest time scale investigated, an ∼10 ps component is observed in the isotropic (“magic angle”) transient absorption, ΔA(t), and in the anisotropy decay, r(t), for hypocrellin in viscous solvents such as octanol and ethylene glycol. Because the excited-state intramolecular proton-transfer time of the related compound hypericin is ∼10 ps, the observation of a transient of similar duration in hypocrellin is interpreted as evidence that the photophysics of hypericin and hypocrellin have common features. In particular, it is suggested that their ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces are similar and that what distinguishes the observed kinetic behavior, which can differ significantly, is the ground-state heterogeneity, that is, the number and population of different forms of hypericin or hypocrellin, which may be tautomers, ions, or conformational isomers.
Semimicrodetermination of carboxylic acids in the presence of large amounts of acyl chlorides

Abstract A procedure for the semimicrodetermination of carboxylic acids in the presence of a large excess of acyl chloride is described. Acyl chloride is first reacted with m -chloroaniline. The m -chloroaniline hydrochloride and carboxylic acid are then determined sequentially by potentiometric titration with sodium hydroxide. Titrations are performed in 80–90% p -dioxane to enhance the potentiometric breaks. With 0.05 N sodium hydroxide, as little as 0.01 m M of carboxylic acid can be determined.
Configuration Space Methods in Relativistic Quantum Field Theory. I

Three notions are introduced as a help in discussing the notion of particle in relativistic quantum field theory: particle interpretation, simple particle interpretation, and relevant simple particle interpretation. The problem of finding all solutions of the Heisenberg-Dirac commutation rules and Jordan-Wigner anti-commutation rules for annihilation and creation operators is posed and its solution indicated on the basis of work by G\aa{}rding and Wightman. Observables of particle position, momentum, and spin are introduced in accordance with the work of previous authors and the corresponding particle densities are expressed in terms of fields. The results disagree with those of previous authors. The relativistic transformation properties of fields are deduced from the corresponding properties for states in the case of no interaction. The use of "Schr\"odinger-type" relativity transformations makes this discussion completely elementary and makes possible a treatment of time inversion no more complicated than for other relativity transformations. The Schr\"odinger-type charge conjugation transformation is also discussed.
Collective self-esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial

A structural equation model tested the role of degree of identification with a group (Americans) and level of collective self-esteem as determinants of outgroup derogation under identity-threatening and non-threatening conditions. High identification and reductions in collective self-esteem following a threat to that identity lead to outgroup derogation, but level of collective self-esteem did not predict outgroup derogation in the no-threat condition. The consequences of derogating both threat-relevant (Russians) and threat-irrelevant nationalities for subsequent self-esteem were assessed. As predicted by social identity theory, higher amounts of derogation of the threat-relevant outgroup in the identity-threatened condition elevated subsequent collective self-esteem. Derogation of threat-irrelevant outgroups did not have this positive esteem consequence; in fact, increased derogation of irrelevant outgroups reduced subsequent self-esteem. In the no-threat condition, amount of derogation directed towards either type of outgroup did not significantly influence subsequent self-esteem, with the overall pattern being opposite to what was observed in the threat condition. Implications for theories concerning self-processes as instigators of outgroup derogation and the consequences of intergroup comparisons for collective self-esteem are discussed.