cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Plate Tectonic Model for the Evolution of the Central Andes

Data on the geophysics and geology of the central Andes are interpreted in terms of plate theory and a model for Andean evolution is presented. Analysis of upper mantle structure and seismicity shows that the underthrusting Pacific plate is now about 50 km thick and the overriding South American plate 200 to 300 km thick. Underthrusting of the Pacific plate probably began in Triassic time and has continued without substantial change to the present. Prior to underthrusting, the west coast of South America was quiescent, and great thicknesses of Paleozoic continental shelf deposits were laid down in an area east of the present volcanic arc. In Late Triassic or Early Jurassic time, an incipient arc began to form at or west of the present coast of South America. Igneous activity has since migrated eastward, culminating in the Pliocene-Pleistocene volcanic episode. The crust beneath the volcanic cordillera is more than 70 km thick and probably consists largely of rocks compositionally equivalent to those of the volcano-plutonic suites observed at the surface. Increase in crustal volume of the volcanic arc between Cretaceous time and the present implies either that the mantle above the under-thrust plate has undergone 18 to 36 percent partial melting or that 1 to 2 km of rock has been melted from the underthrusting plate. The intrusion of melt into the crust beneath the volcanic cordillera and the resultant crustal dilatation produced continentward compression of the Paleozoic sedimentary rocks which form an easterly belt of thrust and fold mountains. Here crustal shortening has produced crustal thicknesses of 50 to 55 km. Few deposits of the type normally termed eugeosynclinal, and no ophiolites, are observed between trench and volcanic arc; only in the intermontane foredeep behind the arc has a clastic wedge of geosynclinal proportions formed.
Improving blood pressure control rates by optimizing combination antihypertensive therapy

Importance of the field: Hypertension is the most common preventable cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Despite the availability of a multitude of antihypertensive drugs, blood pressure (BP) control rates remain poor in the majority of patients with hypertension due to both patient- and clinician-related factors. The purpose of this review is to describe how healthcare professionals can best utilize combination therapy to optimize patient antihypertensive treatment and achieve BP goals.Areas covered in this review: Data are discussed describing the common need for multiple antihypertensive agents for achieving BP control, importance of the time required for BP control on patient outcomes, and key clinical trial experiences for guiding decisions in antihypertensive regimen selection, with particular attention to the efficacy and tolerability of triple-therapy combinations and the benefits and disadvantages of single-pill formulations for combination regimens. Literature searches of these vari...
Crop water stress index for potato under furrow and drip irrigation systems

This study was conducted to determine the crop water stress index (CWSI) for potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) grown under furrow and drip irrigation methods and subjected to three different irrigation levels (100, 50 and 0% replenishment of soil water depleted). The lower (non-stressed) and upper (stressed) baselines were determined empirically from measurements of canopy temperatures, ambient air temperatures and vapor pressure deficit values. Tuber yield decreased when mean CWSI prior to irrigation exceeded 0.68 in furrow and 0.81 in drip irrigation. The tuber yield was directly correlated with the seasonal CWSI values and the linear equations for furrow and drip irrigation methods, Y = −45.82 CWSI + 50.69 and Y = −52.65 CWSI + 58.44, respectively, can be used for yield prediction.
Channel Evolution: A Framework for Analysis:

This article proposes a comprehensive model for analyzing the environmental forces that affect channel length. The marketing literature regards channel length as a succinct, key measure of channel structure. Transactional cost analysis offers an integrative explanation of the seemingly contradictory phenomena and varied interpretations found in the channels literature. The central thesis of this article is that the developmental process alters the balance between performing channel tasks externally and internally and thereby channel structure. The article also interprets from a transactional cost perspective how selected cultural, political, and urban market concentration factors account for enduring differences in channel structure among nations at similar levels of development.
A special class of states in the self-consistent mean field approximation

Abstract In the self-consistent mean field approximation, two-level atoms penetrating an interacting medium have a special class of dressed states which, when probed with an optical field, exhibit a decreasing coupling strength to the optical field for increasing field intensities. The position of the resonance is fixed in frequency space for these states, but the linewidth varies with the intensity of the optical field.
Escaping from the Felsenstein Zone by Detecting Long Branches in Phylogenetic Data

Long branches in a true phylogeny tend to disrupt hierarchical character covariation (phylogenetic signal) in the distribution of traits among organisms. The distortion of hierarchical structure in character-state matrices can lead to errors in the estimation of phylogenetic relationships and inconsistency of methods of phylogenetic inference. Examination of trees distorted by long-branch attraction will not reveal the identities of problematic taxa, in part because the distortion can mask long branches by reducing inferred branch lengths and through errors in branching order. Here we present a simple method for the detection of taxa whose placement in evolutionary trees is made difficult by the effects of long-branch attraction. The method is an extension of a tree-independent conceptual framework of phylogenetic data exploration (RASA). Taxa that are likely to attract are revealed because long branches leave distinct footprints in the distribution of character states among taxa, and these traces can be directly observed in the error structure of the RASA regression. Problematic taxa are identified using a new diagnostic plot called the taxon variance plot, in which the apparent cladistic and phenetic variances contributed by individual taxa are compared. The procedure for identifying long edges employs algorithms solved in polynomial time and can be applied to morphological, molecular, and mixed characters. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated using simulated evolution and empirical evidence of long branches in a set of recently published sequences. We show that the accuracy of evolutionary trees can be improved by detecting and combating the potentially misleading influences of long-branch taxa.
Inferior vena cava filter retrieval provides no advantage in the average patient

Background Inferior vena cava (IVC) filter placement is performed to mitigate the risk of pulmonary embolism (PE) when anticoagulation is contraindicated or ineffective. Technical advances now allow catheter-based filter retrieval. Many believe the benefits of retrieval are self-evident, yet retrieval carries an inherent complication risk and cost. The purpose of this study was to quantitatively weigh the risks and benefits of IVC filter retrieval using formal decision analysis. Methods A Markov state-transition model was used to simulate two clinical scenarios: to leave a previously placed IVC filter or to retrieve it. Analysis was performed during the lifetime of the individual, and outcomes were expressed in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs). The base case is a 60-year-old man with a filter placed within 3 months who no longer requires mechanical thromboprophylaxis. Potential events included PE, filter complications, and death from all other causes during each cycle. Tolls were used to incorporate the disutility of short-term treatment for PE and filter complications. For the base case and sensitivity analyses, we used utilities and probabilities derived from the literature. Results In the base case scenario, leaving the filter in place was preferred to filter retrieval, yielding 22.3 vs 21.9 QALYs. One-way sensitivity analysis demonstrated that filter retrieval may be preferable if the utility of living with a filter is Conclusions Leaving a previously placed IVC filter provides a 0.4 QALY benefit over retrieving the filter for the average patient. This decision is sensitive to the utility of living with the IVC filter.
MULTIVARIATE COMPARISON OF RESULTS OF TREATMENT IN CHRONIC LYMPHOCYTIC AND CHRONIC GRANULOCYTIC LEUKEMIA.

Abstract The results of several clinical trials have been analyzed by multivariate procedures which rely completely on laboratory findings and do not involve scoring specific changes or subjective evaluations. Statistically significant differences among drugs after three months of therapy were demonstrated. A relationship between the multivariate method and the subjective evaluation was demonstrated which indicates that if the subjective evaluation is an estimate of the physiologic state or prognosis of the patient, then so are the completely objective techniques used here.
Analyzing test responses with symbolic logic

In view of the time required for classroom testing, it is important that maximum information be derived from the effort. This paper describes an attempt to use symbolic logic to do so.
On the Resilience of Wireless Multiuser Networks to Passive and Active Eavesdroppers

Physical layer security can provide alternative means for securing the exchange of confidential messages in wireless applications. In this paper, the resilience of wireless multiuser networks to passive (interception of the broadcast channel) and active (interception of the broadcast channel and false feedback) eavesdroppers is investigated under Rayleigh fading conditions. Stochastic characterizations of the secrecy capacity (SC) are obtained in scenarios involving a base station and several destinations. The expected values and variances of the SC along with the probabilities of secrecy outages are evaluated in the following cases: (i) in the presence of passive eavesdroppers without any side information; (ii) in the presence of passive eavesdroppers with side information about the number of eavesdroppers; and (iii) in the presence of a single active eavesdropper with side information about the behavior of the eavesdropper. This investigation demonstrates that substantial secrecy rates are attainable on average in the presence of passive eavesdroppers as long as minimal side information is available. On the other hand, it is further found that active eavesdroppers can potentially compromise such networks unless statistical inference is employed to restrict their ability to attack. Interestingly, in the high signal to noise ratio regime, multiuser networks become insensitive to the activeness or passiveness of the attack.
The organization and interaction of monoxygenase enzymes in the microsomal membrane.

Abstract Recently, a great number of investigations have been made on the organization and interactions of the monoxygenase enzymes in the microsomal membrane. Different organizational models have been proposed. The report reviews the general distributions and properties of membrane proteins and phospholipids, the incorporation of solubilized cytochrome P-450 into the membrane, the effect of temperature on the monoxygenase activities, and the rate-limiting steps of drug oxidations. It is believed that cytochrome P-450 and NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase are neither rigidly associated in molecular complexes nor randomly distributed in the membrane. Although these proteins do have lateral mobilities, the rate and the extent of the mobility remains to be determined.
Immunohistochemical localization of fibronectin-like protein in the inner ear of the developing gerbil and rat

Immunohistochemistry was used to demonstrate the distribution of fibronectin-like protein within the developing inner ear of two species of altricial rodents: gerbils and rats. While there were temporal differences between the two species, the developmental sequence of immunostaining was virtually identical. Most notably, in rats from embryonic day 18 through day 1 postpartum, and in gerbils from birth through day 4 postpartum, intense, discrete fibronectin-like immunoreactivity was observed in the cochlea immediately beneath the inner and outer hair cells, sites of active auditory nerve fiber growth and nerve-hair cell synaptogenesis at these ages. The results suggest that fibronectin is appropriately positioned spatially and temporally to play a significant role in promoting, guiding and/or maintaining neural innervation within the developing organ of Corti. The temporo-spatial pattern of immunostaining in Schwann cells and auditory (VIIIth cranial) nerve neurons implies that fibronectin also plays a significant role in the early formation of myelin. In non-neural elements of the cochlea, fibronectin is a major structural component within the basilar membrane at all of the developmental stages investigated.
Dual-beam photoconductivity modulation spectroscopy in a-Si: H

Abstract D.c. photoconductivity and dual-beam photoconductivity modulation measurements on intrinsic a-Si: H are reported. The dual-beam technique is used to elucidate the recombination mechanisms which affect d.c. photoconductivity. In the dual-beam photoconductivity technique two light beams are used, a steady pump beam with hv > 1·5 eV and a chopped monochromatic beam with 0·6 eV hv < 2·0 eV. The pump beam creates free electrons and holes and thus changes the occupation of the semiconductor gap states through which recombination occurs. The second, monochromatic, beam is used to probe recombination processes by altering the occupation of selected gap states, thereby modulating the photoconductivity. The photoconductivity modulation spectrum, which is dependent on temperature and the intensity of the pump beam, is rich in information about gap states that act as recombination centres. Infrared quenching of photoconductivity is observed below T = 200 K. Analysis of this effect in terms of two classes of ...
Total Internal Reflection Raman Spectroscopy at the Critical Angle for Raman Measurements of Thin Films

Total internal reflection Raman spectroscopy at the critical angle has been shown to be useful for Raman measurements of not only thin films but also of any samples that can be directly coated or intimately contacted on the internal reflection element (IRE). Usefulness of this technique was demonstrated for a polystyrene film (0.70 μm thick) coated on the IRE, signal enhancement being 40 as compared with the conventional normal illumination. The technique was also applied to a thin coating layer of bovine albumin on the IRE to give the spectrum of excellent signal/noise ratio.
Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

Familial adenomatous polyposis is an inherited, autosomal-dominant syndrome that is caused by a germline mutation of the adenomatous polyposis gene (APC). The syndrome is characterized by the development of hundreds to thousands of adenomatous polyps in the colon and rectum with nearly all patients developing colorectal cancer if prophylactic surgery is not performed. Benign extracolonic manifestations are seen with this syndrome and include upper gastrointestinal polyps, desmoids, epidermoid cysts, osteomas, and congenital hypertrophy of the retinal pigment epithelium (CHRPE). Malignant extracolonic manifestations have also been associated with this syndrome. The most common sites of extracolonic cancers that develop in these patients are duodenal, thyroid, brain, and liver. Prophylactic surgery should be performed shortly after the diagnosis of polyposis. Surgical options include total proctocolectomy with end ileostomy, total colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, or total proctocolectomy with ileopouch anal anastomosis. The literature is reviewed with regard to these different procedures. Genetic testing has evolved over the past decade to play a key role in identifying at-risk individuals and assisting in recommendations made to these patients and their families with regard to screening, surgical treatment, and surveillance.
The study of toroidal magnetic configurations in a spherically symmetric gravitational field with applications to coronal loops and transients

One procedure for solving MHD equations is to search for a solution in an area that is restricted by boundary surfaces. This procedure requires the magnetic field to be truncated on the boundary. As a result, boundary current sheets appear. This approach is certainly acceptable for laboratory plasma experiments in which these surfaces are made of metal. For astrophysically relevant plasma, an alternative approach has been formulated by the author. We require the total magnetic energy,W, to be finite and, simultaneously, the magnetic fieldB to be continuous. The proposed approach leads to an eigenvalue problem that is treated analytically. The complete set of exact MHD solutions with multi-toroidal structure is obtained. These solutions are applied to coronal loops and transients, using the similarity assumption for time-dependent solutions.
A simple inexpensive computer-controlled tone generator

A simple circuit for a keyed tone generator is described. The total construction cost is less than $5. Various adaptations and modifications of the circuit are discussed.
An Experiential, Game-Theoretic Pedagogy for Sustainability Ethics

The wicked problems that constitute sustainability require students to learn a different set of ethical skills than is ordinarily required by professional ethics. The focus for sustainability ethics must be redirected towards: (1) reasoning rather than rules, and (2) groups rather than individuals. This need for a different skill set presents several pedagogical challenges to traditional programs of ethics education that emphasize abstraction and reflection at the expense of experimentation and experience. This paper describes a novel pedagogy of sustainability ethics that is based on noncooperative, game-theoretic problems that cause students to confront two salient questions: “What are my obligations to others?” and “What am I willing to risk in my own well-being to meet those obligations?” In comparison to traditional professional ethics education, the game-based pedagogy moves the learning experience from: passive to active, apathetic to emotionally invested, narratively closed to experimentally open, and from predictable to surprising. In the context of game play, where players must make decisions that can adversely impact classmates, students typically discover a significant gap between their moral aspirations and their moral actions. When the games are delivered sequentially as part of a full course in Sustainability Ethics, students may experience a moral identity crisis as they reflect upon the incongruity of their self-understanding and their behavior. Repeated play allows students to reconcile this discrepancy through group deliberation that coordinates individual decisions to achieve collective outcomes. It is our experience that students gradually progress through increased levels of group tacit knowledge as they encounter increasingly complex game situations.
Ultra-wideband radars for measurements over ICE and SNOW

Prof. Richard Moore introduced me to FM-CW radars on my first day at the University of Kansas as a graduate student in 1979 and asked me to put together a radar using laboratory test equipment. I put it together, but it did not provide the results we wanted for detecting buried pipes. This was mainly because of the lack of suitable inexpensive RF and digital technologies at that time. Prof. Moore was a strong advocate for using ultra-wideband FM-CW radars. We are able to implement what he taught me because of recent advances in RF microwave and digital technologies, allowing us to develop the ultra-wideband radars Prof. Moore envisioned for remote sensing of snow and ice. We developed ultra-wideband radars for airborne measurements over ice and snow. One of these radars operates over a frequency range of 150–600 MHz for sounding ice sheets, imaging the ice-bed interface, and mapping internal layers in polar firn and ice; additional radars operate over the frequency ranges of 2–8 and 12–18 GHz for airborne measurements of the thickness of snow over sea ice and land and surface elevation measurements, respectively.
Long-Term Reduction of Hippocampal Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Activity After Fetal-Neonatal Iron Deficiency in Adult Rats

Fetal-neonatal iron deficiency acutely alters hippocampal biochemistry, neural morphology, and electrophysiology accompanied by a downregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). These changes provide a cellular and molecular basis for observed short-term learning and memory impairments. However, the etiology of residual, long-term hippocampal neurotransmission abnormalities and learning impairments after treatment remain unclear. Because BDNF modulates learning and memory, we assessed its expression in 65-d-old formerly iron deficient (FID) male rats that had been iron deficient during the fetal-neonatal period and treated with iron since postnatal day 7. BDNF-III and -IV mRNAs and BDNF protein expression remained down-regulated in FID rats when compared with the always iron-sufficient rats. Expressions of BDNF activity-dependent downstream targets (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase and immediate early genes c-fos, early growth response gene 1 and 2) were reduced in FID rats. In turn, hippocampal expressions of direct targets of early-growth response genes, including hypoxia-inducible factor 1, dual-specificity phosphatase 4, IGF 2, and myelin basic protein were also diminished in FID rats. Collectively, fetal-neonatal iron deficiency lowers hippocampal BDNF expression and function beyond the period of iron deficiency. These findings may underlie the persistence of learning deficits seen after fetal-neonatal iron deficiency.
Use of a protocolized approach to the management of sepsis can improve time to first dose of antibiotics.

Abstract Purpose The Surviving Sepsis Guidelines established recommendations for early recognition and rapid treatment of patients with sepsis. Recognizing systemic difficulties that delayed the application of early goal-directed therapy, the Emergency Department and Critical Care leadership instituted a sepsis protocol to identify patients with sepsis and expedite antibiotic delivery. We aimed to determine if the sepsis protocol improved the time to first dose of antibiotics in patients diagnosed with sepsis. Materials and methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with sepsis comparing the time from antibiotic order placement to the first dose of antibiotic therapy over a 3-year period. Patients who received vancomycin and ciprofloxacin underwent additional subgroup analysis, as these antibiotics were made available by protocol for use without infectious disease consultation. Results The average time to first dose of antibiotics for the presepsis protocol group was 160 minutes, and the average time for the sepsis protocol group was 99 minutes. Fifty-eight patients received vancomycin, and 30 received ciprofloxacin, with a decrease in time of 65 minutes and 41 minutes, respectively. Conclusions Initiation of a sepsis protocol, which emphasizes early goal-directed therapy, can improve time to administration of first dose of antibiotics.
Graphical Literacy Moderates the Interaction of Decorative Dimensionality and Cognitive Demand in Computer-Based Graph Comprehension.

Scholars have argued that imprecise data graphics, specifically those displaying decorative dimensionality of data, may lead to inaccurate interpretations. Empirical tests of decorative dimensionality have produced mixed results. The literature also suggests that the effects of decorative dimensionality may depend on the cognitive demand of a given task. This study employs an experimental design in which participants receive three levels of decorative dimensionality amidst systematically varying levels of cognitive demand. Graph type and subject matter knowledge are controlled for by design. The hypothesis that the impact of decorative dimensionality on comprehension not only depends on the cognitive demand of the task at hand, but also on the user's graphical literacy, is tested. Results indicate that graphical literacy moderates the interaction between cognitive demand and decorative dimensionality. A familiarity effect may also be present during the display of common two-dimensional bars.
Obstruction detection comparison of small-footprint full-waveform and discrete return lidar

Laser Radar, also referred to as lidar, has become widely available and is an established contributor to the military and intelligence community by providing precise elevation data using 3-dimensional measurements. The utilization of customized algorithms designed for lidar data exploitation provides the capability to determine corridors or gaps in areas of vegetation cover. These capabilities lend themselves as geospatial tools for mobility applications and tactical planning. This effort uses elevations derived from small-footprint (airborne) lidar surveys to create accurate surface models and corresponding canopy characterization maps. The canopy height models are based on elevation voxels above ground level and are used as input into a tree finding algorithm. Corridors under the canopy are then predicted using the obstruction identification technique and neighboring point characteristics. Path determination can also be performed using the obstruction maps and a modified A-star algorithm. A lidar survey over Camp Shelby, MS was chosen as the test case for the obstruction detection utilities as it provides fairly dense vegetation cover and interesting topographic features. The survey was completed using both a full-waveform lidar and a discrete return system which offers a coincident comparison of the obstruction methodology for differing data types. It is determined that the fullwaveform data provides a more complete and accurate assessment of the surface, the canopy and potential obstruction detection than the discrete return system.
General study of quark mass matrices with full off-diagonal mixing

We study an ansatz for the quark mass matrix in which all of the nondiagonal entries are nonzero, but which still allows the quark mixing angles to be calculated in terms of ratios of quark masses and certain phases. Analytic calculations of the orthogonal rotation matrices in the up and down quark sectors and the resultant observed quark mixing matrix are presented. Comparison with experimental data is given.
Alcohol Consumption and Women's Vulnerability to Sexual Victimization: Can Reducing Women's Drinking Prevent Rape?

Before effective prevention interventions can be developed, it is necessary to identify the mechanisms that contribute to the targeted negative outcomes. A review of the literature on women's substance use and sexual victimization points to women's heavy episodic drinking as a proximal risk factor, particularly among college samples. At least half of sexual victimization incidents involve alcohol use and the majority of rapes of college women occur when the victim is too intoxicated to resist ("incapacitated rape"). Despite the importance of women's heavy episodic drinking as being a risk factor, existing rape prevention programs have rarely addressed women's alcohol use and have shown little success in reducing rates of sexual victimization. We argue that given the strength of the association between heavy episodic drinking and sexual victimization among young women, prevention programs targeting drinking may prove more efficacious than programs targeting sexual vulnerability. Applications of existing drinking prevention strategies to reducing women's sexual victimization are discussed.
The association between European materiality estimates and client integrity, national culture, and litigation

Abstract The research examines the differences in materiality estimates for a sample of 181 experienced auditors from Big-Six firms located in Denmark, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, The Netherlands, and the UK. We asked each auditor to estimate materiality for a client whose integrity his/her firm rated as either high or low [Ir. Account. Rev. 1 (1994) 1.]. The research found that low client-integrity ratings resulted in lower materiality estimates for the European auditors. The research also indicates that as the cultural construct of Uncertainty Avoidance [Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture's consequences. Beverly Hills: Sage.] increased, materiality estimates also increased. Although one might have anticipated that materiality would decrease with the level of litigation, it, in fact, increased. We also compared the data from the western European countries with the estimates from a group of 83 auditors from the same Big-Six firms located in the United States. 1
Biochemical properties of yeast l-asparaginase

Only a single l-asparaginase has been found in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The enzyme is synthesized constitutively, and its functioning is not controlled by the products of its activity. The apparent Km for the yeast l-asparaginase reaction is 2.5×10−4m. Activity is greatest at pH 8.5 and is unaffected by the ionic strength of reaction mixtures. l-Asparagine can serve as the sole nitrogen source for cell metabolism but cannot serve as the sole supply of carbon. Active l-asparaginase is necessary for the use of l-asparagine as a nitrogen donor for cell growth. This requirement suggests a possible way in which l-asparaginase-deficient strains of yeast or other organisms might easily be selected.
Behavioral pharmacology: recent developments and new trends

Abstract Pharmacology has traditionally focused on and found order in the study of drug effects on relatively isolated pieces of tissue or organ systems. Research in behavioral pharmacology has demonstrated that comparable order also exists when drugs are examined at the level of integrated behavior. Substantial progress has been made in delineating specific behavioral and environmental determinants of drug action that are objective, quantifiable and reproducible. These findings, together with those from related areas of research, promise to yield significant information about environmental and neurochemical determinants of behavior and the behavioral effects of drugs.
Structural Features of Oxide Coatings on Aluminum

The structural features of the porous type of anodic oxide coating applied to aluminum have been investigated with the electron microscope. These coatings consist of close‐packed cells of oxide, predominately hexagonal in shape, each of which contains a single pore. Pore size is a function of the electrolyte used and is independent of forming voltage. Wall thickness and barrier thickness are primarily a function of forming voltage and are affected to a minor degree by the electrolyte type. Pertinent dimensions of anodic coatings formed in sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, chromic acid, and phosphoric acid electrolytes are presented, and formulas are given for calculating the cell size and pore volume of these coatings.
Effects of Daughters on Electromagnetic Mass Differences

A procedure has been suggested for computing $\ensuremath{\Delta}I=1$ electromagnetic mass differences by using a finite-energy sum rule to compute the subtraction function in the dispersion relation for the amplitude ${t}_{1}({q}^{2},\ensuremath{\nu})$ which appears in the Cottingham formula; Regge residues appearing in the subtraction function are found from a superconvergence relation. The present work considers the effect of the inclusion of asymptotic nonleading power behavior on the results of this procedure; we find a surprising sensitivity. In particular, we show that in evaluating the superconvergence relation, the hypothesis of ${A}_{2}$ dominance of high-energy virtual Compton scattering from $K$ mesons is only tenable for an extremely narrow range of the ratio of the longitudinal to transverse total virtual Compton cross sections. (This range does not include zero.) We also discuss the effects of O(4) symmetry, comment on the more complicated nucleon mass-difference problem, and apply the Cottingham formula to nuclear mass differences.
Excess volumes for n-alkanols + n-alkanes III. Binary mixtures of hexan-1-ol + n-pentane, + n-hexane, + n-octane, and + n-decane

Abstract Measurements of excess volumes at 298.15 K in a successive dilution dilatometer are reported for binary mixtures of hexan-1-ol with the n -alkanes C 5 , C 6 , C 8 , and C 10 . In this series of mixtures, the excess-volume curves change from sigmoid with positive values in the alkanol-rich region for mixtures with n -pentane, to positive values over the whole mole-fraction range for mixtures with n -decane. The positive region for (hexan-1-ol + n -pentane) occurs below 0.02 mole fraction of C 6 H 13 OH, and measurements were extended to high alkanol dilutions. Partial molar excess volumes of the components were calculated for each mixture, and their values at infinite dilution were estimated.
Cultural distance as a mediating factor between stress and intercultural communication competence

Abstract This study investigated the effects of cultural distance on the amount of stress, the handling of stress, and intercultural communication competence as reported by international students attending a US university. Cultural distance was defined by Hofstede's four dimensions of cultural variability: power, uncertainty avoidance, masculinity, and individualism. Intercultural communication competence was operationalized as six competencies: language competence, adaptation, social decentering, communication effectiveness, social integration and knowledge of the host culture. Beta weights for the intercultural competencies that contributed to regression equations differed between those respondents from cultures closest to the United States in cultural values and those furthest.
An informational rationale for congruent bicameralism

`Congruent' bicameralism exists when two chambers are similarly constituted and are expected generally to share the same house preferences. Many commentators have wondered whether there is any purpose for having a second chamber if it has the same house preferences as the first chamber, and hold that divergent house preferences are a necessary condition to justify bicameralism. Other commentators have argued that even if the chambers and their respective house preferences are congruent, the informational interaction between the chambers is sufficient for bicameralism to improve the quality of legislation relative to unicameralism. Developing a game theoretic model with informational uncertainty and with identically congruent bicameral chambers, the analysis demonstrates that the informational interaction of acoustically separated chambers can nonetheless improve the objective quality of legislation relative to legislation enacted by a unicameral legislature.
Clinical and imaging characterization of progressive spastic dysarthria

Objective To describe speech, neurological and imaging characteristics of a series of patients presenting with progressive spastic dysarthria (PSD) as the first and predominant sign of a presumed neurodegenerative disease.
Ground-State Wave Functions for He i and H - Obtained by the Superposition of Central Field Functions

The ground-state wave functions of He i and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ have been represented by the superposition of symmetrized analytic central field wave functions for the configurations $1{s}^{2}$, $1s2s$, $1s3s$, $2{p}^{2}$, $2p3p$, $3{d}^{2}$, and $4{f}^{2}$. The radial functions were taken to be the product of an exponential and a polynomial. The coefficients in the polynomials were chosen to insure the orthogonality of the one-electron wave functions. The parameters in the exponentials and the coefficients in the linear combinations of the wave functions for the different configurations were chosen so that the ground-state function gave the minimum energy. The resulting energies for He i and ${\mathrm{H}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ are -5.79830 and -1.05190 respectively in units of the Rydberg for the corresponding atom. These results together with others are discussed.
NIACIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN LEAF DISCS AND SEEDLINGS OF CATTLEYA SKINNERI (ORCHIDACEAE)

New Phytol. (1982) 91, 621- 628 NIACIN BIOSYNTHESIS IN LEAF DISCS AND SEEDLINGS OF CATTLEYA SKINNER/ (ORCHIDACEAE) BY JAN L. COOPER, BRENDAL. HILTON, JOSEPH ARDITTI• AND JOHN B. TARRt Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, California 92717, U.S.A. (Accepted 3 March 1982) SUMMARY Seedlings and leaf discs of Cattleya skinneri incorporated label from 14 C- and 3 H-labelled tryptophan into niacin. Label from [ 14 C]glycerol and [1 4 C]aspartate was not significantly incorporated into the vitamin. INTRODUCTION Numerous attempts have been made to enhance the growth of orchid seedlings or replace the need for fungal symbionts through the addition of vitamins to culture media. In most instances, the effects of vitamins have been inconclusive at best. Niacin is the only exception in that it has enhanced the growth of seedlings of several species (Schaff stein, 1938, 1941 ; Noggle and Wynd, 1943; Bahme, 1949; Mariat, 1949, 1952; Arditti, 1967b; for reviews see Arditti, 1967a, 1979 ; Arditti and Harrison, 1977) and may be provided by some mycorrhizas (Hijner and Arditti, 1973). Because of this, orchid seedlings are a good system for the study of niacin biosynthesis in plants. Animals and some micro-organisms produce niacin via a catabolic pathway starting with tryptophan. Other micro-organisms synthesize the vitamin from aspartic acid and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. The evidence regarding the bio- syn thesis of niacin by flowering plants is inconclusive. Several reports have suggested that the tryptophan pathway is operative, whereas others have maintained that it is not. These differences in opinion are due to the fact that some research was carried out without the use of labelled precursors and other work did not utilize appropriate organisms, techniques or metabolites (for a review see Arditti and Tarr, 1979). The work reported here was carried out to overcome some of these difficulties and obtain information on the pathways of niacin biosynthesis in angiosperms and on the metabolism of orchid seedlings. MATERIALS AND METHODS Seedlings Seeds of Cattleya skinneri were germinated on Knudson C medium (Knudson, 1946) under aseptic conditions in the usual manner (Harrison and Arditti, 1970) • Address for reprint requests. t Present address, Analytical Development Corporation, 1875 Willow Park Way, P.O. Box 744, Monument, Colorado 80132, U.S.A. 0028-646X/82/080621 +08 803.00/0 1982 The New Phytologist
Writing Together: Gender's Effect on Collaboration.

Recent studies identify gendered differences in communication and collaboration styles which suggest consequences for professional writing classrooms. If, indeed, men tend to stereotype women as cl...
Nature of the Light Emission by Hydrogen Ions

ABSTRACT Light produced by positive ion beams in their parent gas consists of undisplaced broadened lines originating from atoms with thermal velocity and displaced lines forming the Doppler band from atoms with velocity components parallel to the beam. The intensity distribution in the Doppler band shows maxima which correspond to beam velocities of the various ion species. A region of zero intensity exists between an undisplaced line and the red end of the associated Doppler band. A study of the Doppler band gives the clue to the emission process which— it is suggested—is caused by charge transfer collisions leading to dissociation of a ‘ compound molecule ’, one of the dissociation products being an excited atom. An estimate is made of the average cross section in hydrogen which produces the observed photographic density of the spectrogram. This gives a maximum value of  10−19 cm2, which is of the same order of magnitude as the excitation cross section of positive ions in their parent gas. From the po...
Mechanism of allyl formate-induced hepatotoxicity in rainbow trout.

Abstract Hepatotoxicity of allyl formate (AF) was studied in trout, to characterize the response of the teleost liver to a mammalian periportal hepatotoxicant. A dose-dependent decrease in liver nonprotein sulfhydryl (NPSH) concentration was observed at 3, 6, and 24 hr following 9.5, 28, and 95 mg/kg) AF with maximal depression seen at 6 hr (51, 40, and 29% control, respectively). Further evidence for glutathione (GSH) protection against AF toxicity was seen when diethylmaleate, a GSH depleting agent (0.6 ml/kg ip), administered 30 min prior to AF (9.5 and 28 mg/kg), increased AF hepatotoxicity (10-fold shift in the dose-response effect on SGPT). Also, N -acetyl- l -cysteine (150 mg/kg ip), a GSH precursor, protected liver against AF toxicity when injected 5 min prior to and 1, 5, and 9 hr after AF (28 and 95 mg/kg). Pyrazole (375 mg/kg ip), an alcohol dehydrogenase inhibitor, given 4 hr before AF (95 mg/kg), attenuated the histopathological effect of AF. These results indicate that AF, once bioactivated by alcohol dehydrogenase, causes significant toxicity in trout liver. GSH protects against AF-induced effects since greater than 50% decreases in liver GSH are required before toxicity is expressed.
An analysis of in-process pattern inspection benefit-to-cost relationship

A model has been developed using process yields and costs in order to judge the benefit of performing multiple inspections during the manufacture of reticles that employ multiple writing steps in their manufacture. The model presented is forward looking in terms of judging whether an additional inspection step will incur added cost to the manufacturing process. For this forward looking model, only subsequent process step costs and prior process step yield to the proposed inspection point is required.
Real-time and physically realistic simulation of global deformation

Global Deformation Using Nonlinear FEM: We apply the displacement based finite element methods (FEM) to the simulation of large motions and global deformations of deformable objects. A linear strain model leads to unacceptable distortion (figure 1). To avoid this problem, we apply a quadratic strain instead (figure 1). Essentially this requires solving the following nonlinear system of differential equations
Empirical Statistics For Yield Map Analysis

Yield maps provide a powerful tool for the location and analysis of mask defects. The routine use of yield maps has not been widely accepted due to the requirement for involved statistical computations. Empirically justified approximations are derived for simple, quick yield map analysis. The physical significance of these approximations is discussed both graphically and heuristically.© (1978) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A spatial analysis of the impact of housing foreclosures on residential burglary

Abstract In recent years, housing foreclosure has become a national crisis in the U.S. but limited geographical research has investigated the implications of this problem on neighborhood crime. This article adds to the existing research by investigating the impact of housing foreclosures on residential burglary using foreclosure and crime data aggregated to block groups in Louisville, the largest city in Kentucky. In particular, we explore the spillover effects of foreclosures beyond neighborhood boundaries and utilize geographically weighted regression (GWR) to tackle the spatial heterogeneity issues complicating the relationship between foreclosures and neighborhood crime. Results from the three regression models support our hypothesis that foreclosures have a statistically significant positive impact on burglary, but only in the neighborhoods in which they are located. More importantly, the relationships between foreclosures and burglary vary dramatically across neighborhoods – Foreclosure is a significant predictor of burglary for disadvantaged urban neighborhoods but not for more affluent suburban ones after accounting for other contextual variables. Implications are discussed.
Towards representation of a perceptual color manifold using associative memory for color constancy

In this paper, we propose the concept of a manifold of color perception through empirical observation that the center-surround properties of images in a perceptually similar environment define a manifold in the high dimensional space. Such a manifold representation can be learned using a novel recurrent neural network based learning algorithm. Unlike the conventional recurrent neural network model in which the memory is stored in an attractive fixed point at discrete locations in the state space, the dynamics of the proposed learning algorithm represent memory as a nonlinear line of attraction. The region of convergence around the nonlinear line is defined by the statistical characteristics of the training data. This learned manifold can then be used as a basis for color correction of the images having different color perception to the learned color perception. Experimental results show that the proposed recurrent neural network learning algorithm is capable of color balance the lighting variations in images captured in different environments successfully.
Acute effects of alcohol on cardiovascular reactivity to stress in college-age Type A (coronary prone) individuals

Healthy college-age males and females classified as Type A or Type B were randomly assigned to an alcohol (N=24) or a no-alcohol condition (N=24). Subjects were exposed to a verbal stress quiz while blood pressure, heart rate, peripheral vascular response (PVR), and self-reported anxiety indices were monitored. Results indicated that alcohol effected a reduction in resting levels of systolic blood pressure and a tonic reduction in the peripheral vascular response. Alcohol attenuated the systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and PVR to stress and efffected a decrease in anxiety following the Stressor. When analyzed relative to the participants' drinking experience, data indicated that the strongest stress-modulating effect of alcohol was evidenced by Type A subjects who have been identified as long-term drinkers. During recovery from stress Type A subjects identified as short-term drinkers maintained high levels of PVR. Types A and B subjects who did not ingest alcohol evidenced high PVR levels during stress. The findings are discussed in terms of the protective action of moderate chronic alcohol use on cardiovascular disease risk reduction in persons evidencing the coronary-prone behavior pattern.
Multiscale Green's function for the deflection of graphene lattice

We show analytically that the continuum limit of the lattice-statics Green's function of a graphene sheet corresponds to the Green's function for an elastically stable Kirchhoff plate but not the Green's function for two-dimensional Christoffel equations. This correspondence demonstrates the mechanical stability of graphene in deflection and is necessary for relating its mechanical parameters to its lattice parameters. An explicit expression is derived for relating the continuum flexural rigidity to the force constants of graphene. This relationship can be used to measure flexural rigidity of graphene directly from experimentally observed phonon dispersion curves. The flexural rigidity is predicted to be 0.797 eV by using the Tersoff--Brenner empirical potential. Numerical examples are presented to show the usefulness of the correspondence in bridging the lattice and continuum length scales in graphene.