cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A FeFET Based Processing-In-Memory Architecture for Solving Distributed Least-Square Optimizations

Hf0 2 based ferroelectric FET (FeFET) has recently received great interest for its application in nonvolatile memory (NVM) [1]. Unlike conventional perovskite based ferroelectric materials, Hf0 2 is CMOS compatible and retains ferroelectricity for thin film with thickness around 10 nm. Therefore, successful integration of ferroelectric Hf0 2 into advanced CMOS technology makes this technology highly promising for NVM [1]. Moreover, by tuning the portion of switched ferroelectric domain, a FeFET can exhibit multiple intermediate states, which enables its application as an analog conductance in mixed-signal in-memory computing. Currently, such architectures have been applied to neuromorphic computing [2], [3]. In this paper, we present a processing-in-memory (PIM) architecture with FeFETs and demonstrate how this can be used to solve a new class of optimization problems, in particular, distributed least square minimization.
The Early Years of Industrial and Organizational Psychology

This book provides a history of the origins of industrial-organizational (I-O) psychology, focusing on the late nineteenth century and early twentieth centuries. Taking an international perspective, The Early Years of Industrial-Organizational Psychology examines the context in which the field emerged, and its origins in the measurement of individual differences. Andrew J. Vinchur covers the initial applications of psychology in advertising, the study of fatigue, and especially employee selection, as well as the role industrial psychology played in World War I and the post-war expansion of the field. He also examines the education of industrial psychologists, their efforts to establish industrial psychology as a profession, and the beginnings of the organizational side of the field.
Rotational locks for near-symmetric satellites

The results of Chernous'ko are extended numerically in order to investigate the character of locked-in rotational motion for orbits of arbitrary eccentricity. It is found that for certain ranges of eccentricity, the rotational lock for the higher spin rates in stronger than that of a 1/1 rotational lock in a circular orbit. Furthermore the limiting values of the instantaneous spin rate of the satellite are established for any given rotational lock.
Diagnosis and Management of Extracranial Vascular Malformations in Children: Arteriovenous Malformations, Venous Malformations, and Lymphatic Malformations.

Abstract Vascular malformations result from congenital abnormalities in vascular morphogenesis most commonly stemming from somatic mutations. This dysregulation results in localized vascular anatomical abnormalities that can result in high-flow vascular malformations (such as arteriovenous malformations) and/or low-flow vascular malformations (such as venous malformations and lymphatic malformations). The severity and types of symptoms patients suffer are highly variable and related to the size and location of the malformation. Pediatric interventional radiologists often play a primary role in diagnosis and management of these lesions. Thus, having a firm grasp on the clinical presentation, diagnostic work-up, therapeutic management, cellular physiology, and pharmacologic mechanism of action of sclerosants/embolics is essential. This review focuses on the interventional radiologist's role in the diagnosis and management of extra-cranial congenital vascular malformations.
The Safety and Efficacy of Transdermal Auricular Vagal Nerve Stimulation Earbud Electrodes for Modulating Autonomic Arousal, Attention, Sensory Gating, and Cortical Brain Plasticity in Humans.

Abstract Our work was motivated by the goal of developing a Targeted Neuroplasticity Training (TNT) method for enhancing foreign language learning. To this end, our primary effort was to evaluate new and optimized approaches to noninvasive vagal nerve stimulation (VNS). We considered several Human Factors Dimensions to develop methods that would be amenable to comfortable, everyday use in common training environments or contexts. Several approaches to noninvasive or external vagal nerve stimulation have been described. Transcutaneous modulation of the left cervical branch of the vagus nerve can be uncomfortable for users resulting in a distracting experience, which may not be ideal for augmenting plasticity during training. Transdermal auricular vagal nerve stimulation (taVNS) offers another approach by targeting nerve fibers innervating the external ear. Prior methods have described many different approached using electrode clips on the ear or stainless-steel ball electrodes, which can respectively result in mechanical discomfort and electrical stimulus discomfort due to high current densities. Other approaches use carbon-doped or conductive rubbers, which require wetting. This is problematic since small degrees of dehydration cause significant changes in the electrical impedance of the skin-electrode interface. Detailed human cadaveric studies have shown the external auditory meatus or ear canal is highly innervated by branches of the auricular vagus nerve. Therefore, we designed taVNS electrodes that were fabricated as a biocompatible, hydrogel earbud electrodes for unilateral or bilateral use. We then evaluated the safety and efficacy of these approaches across a range of stimulus frequencies and intensities. We further evaluated the influence of this approach on autonomic physiology by recording heart rate, heart rate variability, skin conductance, skin temperature, and respiration rate. We investigated attention using simultaneous EEG and pupillometry during auditory stimulation tasks. We further studied the effects on sensory gating and plasticity by examining EEG brain activity patterns obtained during auditory mismatch negativity tasks. Finally, we investigated the basic safety and tolerability of the methods and approaches. We found that a simple, dry (hydrogel), earbud electrode design is a safe and effective method for achieving taVNS. Given the safety, preliminary efficacy, and comfort outcomes observed, we conclude taVNS approaches using earbud electrodes warrant further development and investigation as a TNT tool, to mediate human-computer interactions, for brain-computer interfaces, and as medical devices for the treatment of pervasive health disorders.
Stereotactic radiosurgery for cavernous malformations: Natural history or treatment effect?

Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) for cavernous malformations (CM) of the brain evolved as a potential treatment to reduce hemorrhage risk after the success of SRS for arterial venous malformations (AVM). A multitude of single-center, treatment-only series of SRS for CM have suggested that SRS may reduce the risk of hemorrhage, but only after an interval of 2–3 years. However, many natural history studies including several large meta-analyses have demonstrated a similar, clustering phenomenon, in the absence of treatment.1 That is, the risk of hemorrhage after first hemorrhage is …
Translating the Chronic Disease Self-Management Program for Community-Dwelling Adults With Developmental Disabilities.

Objective: The study was to test the feasibility of supplementary materials (DD-CDSMP) supporting people with developmental disabilities who are aging to participate in the Chronic Disease Self-Man...
Sun Shadow Localization Problem Based on Genetic Algorithm

This paper mainly studies the change of the sun's shadow and the positioning problem. Through the knowledge of natural geography, the relationship between the shadow length and various parameters is solved, and the planning model is established. According to the given data, the location and date of the straight bar under the sun illumination are determined. Based on the least squares idea, the relationship between the shadow length and the time is fitted, and the longitude of the straight rod is solved according to the shortest time of Beijing. A multi-parameter single-objective optimization model is established. The error between the measured value of the solar elevation angle and the actual value is used as the objective function to determine the constraint conditions of the parameter latitude and the length of the rod. Firstly, the grid search method is used to solve the problem. In order to improve the calculation speed and introduce the genetic algorithm, the results are very close.
II.3 – COLOR DITHERING

Publisher Summary This chapter describes two color dithering techniques, a simple ordered dither and an error-propagation dither based on the Floyd–Steinberg method. The simplest form of dithering is ordered dithering. However, there are some drawbacks of this technique. Error-propagation dithering techniques reduce the apparent patterning by making the dot placement appear more random. The basic idea is that at each pixel, the best output color is chosen for the given input color. Then the error (difference) between the chosen output color and the input color is computed. The error is spread out nearby pixels that have not yet been output. A number of schemes exist for distributing the error. The Floyd–Steinberg method gives 7/16 to the next pixel to the right (assuming scanning from left to right along a scanline), 3/16 to the previous pixel on the next scanline, 5/16 to the adjacent pixel on the next scanline, and 1/16 to the next pixel on the next scanline. The error propagation can result in color values that are out of their allowed range, so the code must be careful to clamp the values before trying to compute an output color.
A novel TIGFET-based DFF design for improved resilience to power side-channel attacks

Side-channel attacks (SCAs) represent a significant security threat, and aim to reveal otherwise secret data by analyzing a relevant circuit’s behavior, e.g., its power consumption. While all circuit components are potential power side channels, D-flip-flops (DFFs) are often the primary source of information leakage to an SCA. This paper proposes a DFF design based on the three-independent-gate field-effect transistor (TTGFET) that reduces side-channel vulnerabilities of sequential circuits. Notably, we find that the I-V characteristics of the TIGFET itself leads to inherent side-channel resilience, which in turn enables simpler and more efficient cryptographic hardware. Our proposed design is based on a prior TIGFET-based true single-phase clock (TSPC) DFF design, which offers high performance and reduced area. More specifically, our modified TSPC (mTSPC) design exploits the symmetric I-V characteristics of TIGFETs, which results in pull-up and pull-down currents that are nearly identical. When combined with additional circuit modifications (made possible by the unique characteristics of the TIGFET), the mTSPC circuit draws almost the same amount of supply currents under all possible input transitions (less than 1% variation for different transitions), which can in turn mask information leakage. Using a 10nm TIGFET technology model, simulation results show that the proposed TIGFET-based DFF circuit leads to decreased power consumption (up to 96.9% when compared to the prior secured designs), has a low delay (15.2 ps), and employs only 12 TIGFET devices. Furthermore, an 8-bit S-box whose output is sampled by a group of eight mTSPC DFFs was simulated. A correlation power analysis attack on the simulated S-box with 256 power traces shows that the key is not revealed, which confirms the SCA resiliency of the proposed DFF design.
Multitask learning from clinical text and acute physiological conditions differentially improve the prediction of mortality and diagnosis at the ICU

Abstract The prediction of mortality of critically ill patients has stimulated the development of many severity scoring algorithms. The majority of the models use physiological measurements obtained during the first hours of admission (i.e., heart rate, arterial blood pressure, or respiratory rate). In this study, we propose to improve the performance of current scoring system by including free text from patient’s medical history. Although the primary outcome was in-hospital mortality, we chose a model architecture to provide simultaneous assessment of ICD-9 codes and groupings. We hypothesized that including patients’ medical history with a multitask learning approach would improve model performance. We compared the predictive performance obtained with our approach to the best models previously proposed in the literature (baseline models). We used the MIMIC publicly available database which includes > 60,000 ICU admissions between 2001 and 2012. The patients’ condition at admission was accounted for by the preliminary diagnosis at admission and the medical history extracted from the discharge summaries notes. Unstructured data was processed through a Gated Recurrent Units layer with pre-trained word embeddings, and the hidden states were concatenated to the remaining structured-tabular data. Baseline models achieved similar results than in previously published work, but our artificial neural networks models showed significant improvement towards classification of mortality (AUC-ROC = 0.90). Including the medical history improved all tasks but relatively more the ICD-9 codes prediction than the mortality. The clinical prediction model presented here could be used to identify patients’ risk groups, which would improve the quality of ICU care, and further help to efficiently allocate hospital resources.
Twin Pathways: Discerning the Origins of Multiply Twinned Colloidal Nanoparticles

The structure of multiply twinned particles (MTPs) provides an example of how specific crystallographic features dictate the geometric shape of finite-sized crystals. The formation of MTPs during colloidal synthesis can occur through at least two different pathways: 1) growth from multiply twinned seeds or 2) the stepwise formation of new twin boundaries on single-crystalline seeds (either by particle overgrowth or multiparticle attachment). By utilizing in situ transmission electron microscopy, recent studies have provided real-time evidence for both pathways. Looking forward, the knowledge of specific evolution pathways that occur under a given synthetic condition will aid in the design of robust MTP syntheses. More importantly, further studies pertaining to the structural evolution and energetics of nanoparticles are needed to provide a complete understanding of MTP formation pathways.
President Trump and the Presidential Signing Statement

This paper will examine President Trump's use of the presidential signing statement in the first two years of his presidency. It will add context by comparing the first two years of the Reagan - Obama presidencies, and then do a deep dive into what trends and patterns have emerge.
α2δ-2 is Required for Functional Postsynaptic Calcium Channel Nanodomain Signaling

2{delta} proteins (CACNA2D1-4) are required for normal neurological function, although the mechanisms whereby 2{delta} proteins control neuronal output remain unclear. Using whole-cell recordings of mouse cerebellar Purkinje cells, we show that 2{delta}-2 is required for coupling postsynaptic voltage-dependent calcium entry to effector mechanisms controlling depolarization-induced suppression of excitation as well as action potential afterhyperpolarization. Our findings indicate that 2{delta}-2 is necessary for the function of postsynaptic calcium signaling nanodomains.
Upwind algorithm for the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations

A new upwind algorithm based on Roe's scheme has been developed to solve the two-dimensional parabolized Navier-Stokes equations. This method does not require the addition of user-specified smoothing terms for the capture of discontinuities such as shock waves. Thus, the method is easy to use and can be applied without modification to a wide variety of supersonic flowfields. The advantages and disadvantages of this adaptation are discussed in relation to those of the conventional Beam-Warming (1978) scheme in terms of accuracy, stability, computer time and storage requirements, and programming effort. The new algorithm has been validated by applying it to three laminar test cases, including flat-plate boundary-layer flow, hypersonic flow past a 15-deg compression corner, and hypersonic flow into a converging inlet. The computed results compare well with experiment and show a dramatic improvement in the resolution of flowfield details when compared with results obtained using the conventional Beam-Warming algorithm.
Best practice recommendations for psychologists working with marginalized populations impacted by COVID-19

The impacts of this pandemic have not been felt equally. The current pandemic has aggravated preexisting prejudices and shed light on long-standing social, economic, and health inequities that have been and continue to be perpetuated by systems of oppression. Psychologists are in a unique position to collaboratively work with marginalized individuals navigating pandemic threat, discrimination, and oppressive systems. This paper presents best practice recommendations for U.S.-based psychologists working with marginalized populations impacted by COVID-19. Psychologists are encouraged to synchronously develop the following three areas of evidence-based practice, as they relate to the impacts of COVID-19: (a) self-reflection and self-awareness in a COVID-19 context (i.e., reflecting on one's identities and one's knowledge and attitudes toward sociohistorical inequities), (b) knowledge acquisition (i.e., adopting an attitude of cultural humility, identifying "emotional contagion," identifying impacts of systemic injustice that may be compounded by COVID-19, and recognizing racial trauma in clients of color), and (c) collaboration with clients (i.e., identify the mental health toll of oppressive systems, explore COVID-19 relevant and culturally responsive methods of healing, encourage virtual community engagement, and incorporate ethnic and racial identity development in personal and professional work). Engaging with these best practice recommendations should result in the psychologist's improved ability to identify and address the consequences of systemic oppression that have been highlighted and exacerbated by COVID-19 on their own behavior and their clients' mental health. Furthermore, psychologists engaged with these best practice recommendations should find themselves better prepared to utilize culturally responsive interventions despite barriers created by COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Public Significance Statement -This paper presents best practice recommendations for psychologists working with marginalized clients that have been impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. These concrete best practice recommendations emphasize self-reflection, education regarding how the pandemic has further marginalized clients, and evidence-based culturally responsive psychological intervention that are also responsive to the impacts of COVID-19. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
‘Book-Ends’: Statius Silvae 2.1 and 2.7

My purpose in this article is straightforward, to counter some misconceptions about two of Statius' poems, Silu. 2.1, his consolatory poem for the death of the twelve-year old Glaucias, and Silu. 2.7, his consolatory poem for the death of the poet Lucan. These are the first and last poems of Book 2. Poems of lament and consolation constitute the majority of the poems of Statius' Siluae. Yet these poems have been generally dismissed as wearisomely rhetorical and have been largely overlooked in the critical literature about consolationes as they endorse lamentation, elaborate upon it, and thus run counter to philosophical strictures against overt grief. Issues of class also surely play a role in their dismissal as trivial poems. Unlike Augustan poems of lament—for instance Ovid's poem on the death of Tibullus—two of the poems in Book 2 mourn a child of low birth and a young slave (Silu. 2.1 and Silu. 2.6). A proper understanding of the social occasions and circumstances in which Silu. 2.1 and Silu. 2.7 are embedded, however, will show that they can offer valuable insight into contemporary Flavian society. Such an understanding moreover can point the way to a fresh literary appreciation of these poems, although that is not the chief aim of this article.
Modeling Univariate Distributions

As seen in Chap. 4, usually the marginal distributions of financial time series are not well fit by normal distributions. Fortunately, there are a number of suitable alternative models, such as t-distributions, generalized error distributions, and skewed versions of t- and generalized error distributions. All of these will be introduced in this chapter. Typically, the parameters in these distributions are estimated by maximum likelihood. Sections 5.9 and 5.14 provide an introduction to the maximum likelihood estimator (MLE) , and Sect. 5.18 provides references for further study on this topic.
Tackling the spectrum of transition: What can be done in pediatric settings?

Transition to adulthood is a complicated process for children with special health care needs. During adolescence, patients must begin to assume responsibility for their medical care as family member's transition health care management from caregivers to patients. At some specific point, patients will also transfer out of pediatrics to adult-oriented services. We present a compilation of manuscripts that describe, study, and offer solutions for these two related challenges as faced by pediatric transplant recipients.
Additional Properties of Distributions

Some algebraic operations on the delta function were studied in the last chapter. In subsequent chapters we shall be required to transform this function to certain curvilinear coordinates. For this purpose we devote an entire section to this topic. Let us first study the meaning of the function δ[f (x)] and prove the result $$\delta \left[ {f\left( x \right)} \right] = \sum\limits_{m = 1}^n {\frac{{\delta \left( {x - {x_m}} \right)}}{{\left| {{f^1}\left( {{x_m}} \right)} \right|}}}]$$ (1) where x m runs through the simple zeros of f (x).
Straight crested wave analysis of quartz MEMS ring electroded mesa resonators

An analytical technique for designing high Q, thickness shear micro electromechanical, ring electroded mesa quartz resonators is proposed. The method is demonstrated using two-dimensional straight crested wave analysis. The design method is based on the two characteristics of a stable resonator: (a) The mode is energy trapped and relatively isolated from its supports, and (b) the motional impedance of the mode is low. The root mean squares of vibration displacements are employed to characterize the modes of vibration, and the thickness shear mode has a large rms u/sub 1/ displacement in the x/sub 1/ direction (diagonal axis). The rms displacement is used to compare the energy trapping of the thickness shear mode as a function of the electrode and plate geometry. For each mode of vibration, the electric flux density D/sub 2/ is calculated at the quartz to electrode interface to yield the electric current at the electrodes. Given a constant driving voltage, the magnitude of the electric current is inversely proportional to the motional impedance. Hence the electric current for a mode as a function of the electrode and plate geometry is employed as a further means for comparing the merits of different resonator designs. Results are shown for a 1 GHz inverted mesa AT-cut resonator.
The interrelationship of serum cholesterol, hypertension, body weight, and risk of coronary disease: Results of the first ten years' follow-up in the Los Angeles Heart Study

Abstract Results during more than ten years' follow-up of the Los Angeles Heart Study population reveal differences in factors associated with risk of myocardial infarction or sudden death compared to factors associated with angina pectoris. High incidence of myocardial infarction was related primarily to high serum cholesterol levels, and angina pectoris to hypertension. Relative weight had little or no effect on these risks other than accounted for by the association of weight with serum cholesterol levels and with hypertension. Comparison of risks according to combined blood pressure, serum cholesterol, and relative weight patterns are presented. The implications of the findings to preventive measures and further studies are discussed.
Adaptive body patterning, three‐dimensional skin morphology and camouflage measures of the slender filefish Monacanthus tuckeri on a Caribbean coral reef

The slender filefish is a master of adaptive camouflage and can change its appearance within 1–3 s. Videos and photographs of this animal’s cryptic body patterning and behavior were collected in situ under natural light on a Caribbean coral reef. We present an ethogram of body patterning components that includes large- and small-scale spots, stripes and bars that confer a variety of cryptic patterns amidst a range of complex backgrounds. Field images were analyzed to investigate two aspects of camouflage effectiveness: (1) the degree of colour resemblance between animals and their nearby visual stimuli; and (2) the visibility of each fish’s actual body outline vs. its illusory outline. Most animals more closely matched the colour of nearby visual stimuli than that of the surrounding background. Three-dimensional dermal flaps complement the melanophore skin patterns by enhancing the complexity of the fish’s physical skin texture to disguise its actual body shape, and the morphology of these structures was studied. The results suggest that the body patterns, skin texture, postures and swimming orientations putatively hinder both the detection and recognition of the fish by potential visual predators. Overall, the rapid speed of change of multiple patterns, colour blending with nearby backgrounds, and the physically complicated edge produced by dermal flaps effectively camouflage this animal among soft corals and macroalgae in the Caribbean Sea. © 2015 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2015, 116, 377–396.
Validation of PR interval length as a criterion for development of atrial fibrillation in non-Hispanic whites, African Americans and Hispanics

Abstract Background PR interval prolongation on electrocardiogram (ECG) increases the risk of atrial fibrillation (AF). Non-Hispanic Whites are at higher risk of AF compared to African Americans and Hispanics. However, it remains unknown if prolongation of the PR interval for the development of AF varies by race/ethnicity. Therefore, we determined whether race affects the PR interval length's ability to predict AF and if the commonly used criterion of 200 ms in AF prediction models can continue to be used for non-White cohorts. Methods This is a retrospective epidemiological study of consecutive inpatient and outpatients. An ECG database was initially interrogated. Patients were included if their initial ECG demonstrated sinus rhythm and had two or more electrocardiograms and declared a race and/or ethnicity as non-Hispanic White, African American or Hispanic. Development of AF was stratified by race/ethnicity along varying PR intervals. Cox models controlled for age, gender, race/ethnicity, systolic blood pressure, BMI, QRS, QTc, heart rate, murmur, treatment for hypertension, heart failure and use of AV nodal blocking agents to assess PR interval's predictive ability for development of AF. Results 50,870 patients met inclusion criteria of which 5,199 developed AF over 3.72 mean years of follow-up. When the PR interval was separated by quantile, prolongation of the PR interval to predict AF first became significant in Hispanic and African Americans at the 92.5th quantile of 196–201 ms (HR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.09–1.86, p=0.01; HR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.07–1.64, p=0.01, respectively) then in non-Hispanic Whites at the 95th quantile at 203–212 ms (HR: 1.24, 95% CI: 1.24–1.53, p=0.04). For those with a PR interval above 200 ms, African Americans had a lower risk than non-Hispanic Whites to develop AF (HR: 0.80, 95% CI: 0.64–0.95, p=0.012), however, no significant difference was demonstrated in Hispanics. Conclusions This is the first study to validate a PR interval value of 200 ms as a criterion in African Americans and Hispanics for the development of AF. However, a value of 200 ms may be less sensitive as a predictive measure for the development of AF in African Americans compared to non-Hispanic Whites.
Simple apparatus for serial blood sampling in rodents permitting simultaneous measurement of locomotor activity as illustrated with cocaine

Abstract A simple device has been developed for serial venous blood sampling which permits the simultaneous measurement of locomotor activity in the freely moving rat. The device can be casily constructed from routine laboratory material and it does not interfere with the light beams used to measure locomotor activity. The device, in conjunction with an activity cage, has been applied to the combined pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic modeling of cocaine. The relationship between the locomotor activity following a single short iv infusion of cocaine (5 mg/kg) and cocaine plasma concentrations can be adequately described by the Sigmoid-E max model. Further, the relationship between activity and time can be described by the same model coupled with an effect compartment. These results suggest the applicability of the device in facilitating pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling of drugs that affect locomotor activity.
Evidence for speckle effects on pulsed CO2 lidar signal returns from remote targets

A pulsed CO2 lidar was used to study statistical properties of signal returns from various rough surfaces at distances near 2 km. These included natural in situ topographic materials as well as man-made hard targets. Three lidar configurations were used: heterodyne detection with single temporal mode transmitter pulses, and direct detection with single and multiple temporal mode pulses. The significant differences in signal return statistics, due largely to speckle effects, are discussed.
E-selectin/sLea Form Catch-Slip Bonds Without Force-History Dependence

It has been established that P- and L-selectins form catch-slip bonds with their ligands, with initially increasing and subsequent decreasing bond lifetimes with increasing load. Little, however, is known about the mechanics of E-selectin bonds with its ligands. We tested the load-dependence of bond rupture for E-selectin, and its dependence on the history of load application, by using the distribution of load between multiple receptor-ligand bonds to create a complex loading history. Briefly, an E-selectin-coated bead was held in a laser trap and touched to the vertical surface of a bead coated with sialyl lewis A (sLea), allowing one or more bonds to form with the ligand-coated surface. The laser trap was deflected away from the trapped bead, applying a nearly instantaneous load. When multiple bonds were present, we were able to discern the rupture of each bond as a step displacement of the trapped bead away from the stationary bead. In this way we were able to monitor both the number of bonds and the lifetime of each bond. We assumed that the load was evenly distributed between bonds and were thus able to monitor bond lifetimes across complex loading histories as the bonds ruptured asynchronously. Our data suggests that E-selectin/sLea bonds behave as catch-slip bonds with critical forces of approximately 35 pN. Further, the lifetime of single bonds is similar to the lifetime of bonds that have previously shared load with others. This implies that E-selectin/sLea bonds do not display strong force history-dependence. Rather, the bond lifetime is determined solely by the instantaneous load on the bond.
Representing Versus Generalizing: Two Approaches to External Validity and Their Implications for the Study of Prejudice

Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest rates of newHIV infections and HIV/AIDS-related mortality in theworld. To combat these trends, the World Health Or-ganization (WHO) has worked to introduce new anti-retroviraltreatmentsintotheregion.Foravarietyofso-cial, economic, scientiﬁc, and political reasons, manyof the clinical trials that have examined the effective-ness of these drugs were conducted on individuals whowere not of African ancestry. Although the WHO hashad to confront considerable challenges importing theknowledge obtained from well-controlled medical tri-als to Africa, we suspect that members rarely worriedabout the narrowness of the medical data base thattested antiretroviral efﬁcacy: If the treatment was rea-sonably efﬁcacious when used to raise the immunefunctioning of European Americans, then it most cer-tainly will be efﬁcacious when used on Africans. Ev-erything we know about biology and HIV so dictates.But in psychology, we worry about narrowness. Re-ﬂecting observations made by Sears (1986), Henry(this issue) notes that in social psychology, preju-dice is studied “almost exclusively on student popu-lations with the assumption that ﬁndings generalize toa broader population” (p. 55). We agree with Henry’scharacterization, but we ﬁnd both a justiﬁcation and acritique of this practice in the way that medical practi-tioners apply medical research. In this article, we dis-tinguish two strategies for drawing inferences fromstudy samples. One approach, adopted in most of thesocial sciences, uses sampling techniques to establishthat a sample is representative of a broader popula-tion. The other approach, more common in medicalsciences, asks researchers to clarify the dimensions onwhichtheresultsfromagivensamplewillgeneralizetoa larger population. The two strategies have differentimplications for research design and the conclusionsthat are drawn from research, but they often are con-fused.WeseekclariﬁcationinlightofHenry’scritique.
EXOGENOUS INSULIN AND FETAL ABLATION: MECHANISMS FOR 2 MODELS OF FETAL MACROSOMIA IN THE RAT

While insulin is a critical growth stimulating hormone during the newborn period, other factors as litter size affect fetal growth. We compared the effect of insulin alone versus reducing litter size upon growth. In one model of macrosomia, we injected fetal rats in situ with insulin (I) or saline (S) on day 18 of gestation (term 21.5). In the other, we reduced fetal number by selectively ligating (L) arteries in the secondary cascade of uterine vessels on day 15, Fetuses of sham operated mothers were controls (C). L reduced litter size to 5±2 fetuses, while C, I, and S averaged 8-10 fetuses. Newborn I pups weighed 5,21±.05g (C 5.01±.09g). I and L pups developed hypoglycemia to the same extent compared to their controls but at different points during the newborn period: I pups at 120 and 240 min (30.0±.3 v 45.9±5.7 mg/dl, p .01). L pups at 0, 20, and 60 min (73.2±2.6 v 91.0±4.9 mg/dl, p .01). At these times, I and L pups were hyperinsulinemic compared to their controls (I 46.8±9.6 v S 22.7±3.7 uU/ml, p .01; L 111.0±20.2 v C 52.5±12.0 uU/ml, p 01). Plasma glucagon did not differ between I and L and their controls during fetal and neonatal life (485.6 860.0 pg/ml). I and L pups had significantly elevated hepatic glycogen at birth and 20 minutes. Providing excess insulin without extra metabolic fuels can enhance fetal growth. Limiting litter size also accelerates fetal growth. The surprising finding of hyperinsulinemia and neonatal hypoglycemia in L suggesting that limiting, litter size may enhance fuel provision to the remaining fetuses.
Temperature-compensated chemical reactions.

Circadian rhythms are daily oscillations in behaviors that persist in constant light/dark conditions withperiods close to 24 h.A striking feature of these rhythms is that their periods remain fairly constant over a w iderange of physiological temperatures, a feature called temperature compensation. Although circadian rhythmshave been associated with periodic oscillations in mRNA and protein levels, the question of how to constructa network of chemical reactions that is temperature compensated remains unanswered. W e discuss a generalframework for building such a network.DOI: 10.1 103/PhysRevE.75.022902 PA CS number !s": 82.39.Rt, 82.60.Hc, 82.20. ! w ,87.19.JjI. INTRODUCTION
BK channels in human glioma cells have enhanced calcium sensitivity.

We have previously demonstrated the expression of large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels in human glioma cells. In the present study, we characterized the calcium sensitivity of glioma BK channels in excised membrane patches. Channels in inside-out patches were activated at -60 mV by 2.1 x 10(-6) M cytosolic Ca(2+), were highly K(+)-selective, and had a slope conductance of approximately iqual 210 pS. We characterized the Ca(2+) sensitivity of these channels in detail by isolating BK currents in outside-out patches with different free [Ca(2+)](i). The half-maximal voltage for channel activation, V(0.5), of glioma BK currents in outside-out patches was +138 mV with 0 Ca(2+)/10 EGTA. V(0.5) was shifted to +81 mV and -14 mV with free [Ca(2+)](i) of 1.5 x 10(-7) M and 2.1 x 10(-6) M, respectively. These results suggest that glioma BK channels have a higher Ca(2+) sensitivity than that described in many other human preparations. Data obtained from a cloned BK channel (hbr5) expressed in HEK cells support the conclusion that glioma BK channels have an unusually high sensitivity to calcium. In addition, the sensitivity of glioma BK channels to the BK inhibitor tetrandrine suggests the expression of BK channel auxiliary beta-subunits by glioma cells. Expression of the auxiliary beta-subunit of BK channels by glioma cells may relate to the high Ca(2+) sensitivity of glioma BK channels.
Tribological characteristics of synthesized diamond films on silicon carbide

Abstract The purpose of this research was to explore the use of synthesized diamond films as wear-resistant, low friction materials for tribological applications. The friction and wear of diamond-coated SiC sliding against SiC were studied. The diamond films were deposited by means of the hot filament chemical vapor deposition process. A ball-on-three-flat contact geometry was used in the wear experiments. The experimental results showed that the wear rate of SiC disk specimens was reduced by four orders of magnitude when they were coated with a diamond film. Similarly, the friction coefficient was reduced by almost one order of magnitude. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis of the worn surface of the diamond indicated that the SiC counterface undergoes tribochemical reactions with the air atmosphere producing silicon oxide. Formation of this tribochemical reaction product cannot be responsible for the low coefficient of friction, since the same material is formed in SiC-SiC tests. It is, therefore, hypothesized that the low friction coefficient of diamond may be related to the formation of a thin film of graphite at the real area of contact. Wear of the diamond film is then accounted for by the loss of this graphite layer.
Nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV/CCN3) gene: a paired-domain-specific PAX3-FKHR transcription target that promotes survival and motility in alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma cells

The CCN (Cy61, CTGF and NOV) family of proteins is a group of matricellular biomolecules involved in both physiological and pathological processes. Elevated expression of the CCN3 (also known as NOV, Nephroblastoma overexpressed) gene has been detected in clinical samples of the skeletal muscle cancer rhabdomyosarcoma, with the highest expression found in the alveolar subtype (aRMS). Over 80% of aRMSs are characterized by a chromosomal translocation-derived fusion transcription factor PAX3-FKHR. In this study, we linked elevated CCN3 levels in aRMS cells to PAX3-FKHR expression. We found reduced CCN3 levels in aRMS cells following small interfering RNA knockdown of PAX3-FKHR, and increased CCN3 levels in C2 myoblasts following ectopic expression of PAX3-FKHR. Promoter, electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses confirmed that the CCN3 gene was a direct target for PAX3-FKHR transcriptional activation through a paired-domain DNA sequence in the first intron of the CCN3 gene. To determine the function of CCN3, we showed that knockdown and ectopic expression of CCN3 decreased survival and increased differentiation in aRMS cells, respectively. In addition, we found that exogenously supplied CCN3 protein promoted aRMS cell adhesion, migration and Matrigel invasion. Taken together, data from this study have (1) provided a mechanistic basis for the CCN3 overexpression in aRMS cells, and (2) identified CCN3 as an autocrine/paracrine factor that contributes to the aggressive behavior of aRMS cells, perhaps through a positive feedback loop. Thus, CCN3 may be an attractive target for therapeutic intervention in aRMS.
Household Preparedness for Tornado Hazards: The 2011 Disaster in DeKalb County, Alabama

AbstractThis paper contributes to existing knowledge on factors that influence adoption of hazards adjustments for tornadoes. The Protective Action Decision Model provides the theoretical basis for the study, which was conducted after the 2011 disaster in DeKalb County, Alabama. Most of the 124 survey participants had received public safety information on how to prepare for a tornado, understood the definition of a tornado warning, had participated in a tornado drill, and had a plan for seeking shelter. Few owned a NOAA weather radio or had a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises. Demographic analysis found that older residents (60+ yr) and households without children were significantly less likely to have participated in a tornado drill, lower income residents were significantly less likely to have a tornado-resistant shelter on the premises or a plan for seeking shelter, and mobile home residents were significantly less likely to have a plan for seeking shelter. Locus of control and past experience ...
Role‐taking and communication skills in childhood: Why they aren't related and what can be done about it

The social cognitive process of role‐taking has been hypothesized to be one of the chief mechanisms underlying the development of adaptive communication skills. Yet, direct empirical assessments of the relationship between role‐taking and adaptive communication skill have yielded a complex array of inconsistent and conflicting results. The present paper critically reviews the literature on role‐taking and adaptive communication and recommends several modifications in existing theory and research practices. In particular, the paper argues that many of the measures used to study role‐taking and adaptive communication are flawed, that role‐taking and adaptive communication are not unitary constructs, that role‐taking skill is not a sufficient basis for the formulation of adaptive messages, that role‐taking may be more related to some forms of adaptive communication than others, and that research should consider social cognitive processes other than role‐taking in exploring the connection between social perce...
Onset of superconductivity in ultrathin granular metal films.

The evolution of superconductivity in ultrathin films of Sn, Pb, Ga, Al, and In has been examined as a function of thickness and temperature. The films were grown in increments by condensation from the vapor onto substrates held at temperatures below 18 K. For each metal, global superconductivity or zero electrical resistance was found when the normal-state sheet resistance ${R}_{N}$ fell below a value close to h/4${e}^{2}$, or 6.45 k\ensuremath{\Omega}/\ensuremath{\square}, an observation uncorrelated with either structural or material parameters such as thickness or transition temperature. Prior evidence of superconductivity with nonzero resistance, local superconductivity, was found at earlier stages of film growth. All evidences of superconducting behavior were observed at temperatures close to the bulk transition temperature beginning in the range of thicknesses for which normal-state resistivities were greater than 200 \ensuremath{\mu}\ensuremath{\Omega}-cm and were rapidly changing with thickness. This implies that the films consisted of fully superconducting grains connected by tunneling junctions. The strong disorder represented by a broad distribution of junction parameters can be renormalized into weak disorder. Thus theoretical calculations based on regular arrays of superconducting sites coupled by (Josephson) junctions appear to be relevant. The extreme thinness of the films implies very small junction capacitances leading to large quantum fluctuations of the phase differences of their superconducting order parameters. Two classes of theories explaining a nearly universal resistance threshold for superconductivity have emerged. Both classes involve the quenching of these quantum fluctuations. In the limit of very small junction capacitances the threshold occurs at resistance values near h/4${e}^{2}$, and is essentially independent of the capacitance and the energy gap, in good agreement with the experimental data. Not contained in any of the models is an explanation of the observed regular variation of the low-temperature resistances of the films with the normal-state sheet resistance for values just above the resistance threshold.
First Hand: The surgeon and hepatitis C.

d h m c t s s u i i d m a evere malaise, nausea, headache, and a look in the irror showing that jaundice had colored my skin onfirmed beyond denial that the tiny glove and skin uncture sustained about 2 weeks prior had, truly, een a notable happening. I was finished performing urgery on a hepatitis C–positive patient with a drug ddiction when the inadvertent puncture occurred. I ad been distracted while applying the dressing. Fortunately, hospital rules require that all puncture ounds in the operating room must be reported. That eport to the employee health department was the ost positive action I took that day. Consider the probability that a surgeon will acquire cute or chronic hepatitis C. As the old saw goes, with alidity, if you are one of those surgeons who acquire he disease, for you it is 100%. So long as you do not ontract hepatitis C, you can continue to deny that you re at risk and reassure yourself that you are careful and it will not happen to me.” Centers for Disease Control nd Prevention data from surveillance hospitals estiate that more than 380,000 exposures to blood occur nnually to health care workers. A mistaken assumption that the incidence of heptitis C in the general population is low might give urgeons a sense of invulnerability. Avoiding contact ith patients who are drug addicted or hepatitis –positive can help, but it is not ethical behavior. Sadly, the distribution of hepatitis C is wide. (The ost recent assessment by the Centers for Disease ontrol and Prevention is that 3.2 million people in he United States have the virus.) The disease is ommonly undiagnosed because it is chronic and ndolent in most patients; therefore, the percentage ho present with acute disease cannot be derived. How do persons with chronic disease learn that hey are afflicted? If one is fortunate, the clues will