cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Retooling Trade Agreements for Social Inclusion

International trade law has been oblivious to social inclusion. Although trade is not primarily to blame for rising inequality and social conflict, it is not wholly innocent either. International trade law plays a powerful role in fomenting the conditions under which people thrive, implicating social equality and inclusion. The impacts of trade and rapid technological change on income inequality and the security of work have become politically salient issues in the United States and Europe. They have led to the rise of nativist political parties that threaten to upset the international trade legal order. The outcome could be dire. This Article explains how international trade law can and should be retooled to support social inclusion. By doing so, it can: (1) help combat harmful tax competition, avoidance, and evasion; (2) aid domestic social security and job retraining; (3) support labor protection; (4) deter social dumping; and (5) enable industrial policy experimentation for development. This Article makes concrete proposals.
Cross-national differences in female offending and criminal justice processing

The purpose of this study is to assess whether four key theoretical perspectives on female criminality—emancipation, economic marginalisation, net-widening, and modernisation—explain female represe...
Neuronal activity in the posterior cingulate cortex signals environmental information and predicts behavioral variability during routine foraging

Abstract Animals engage in routine behavior in order to efficiently navigate their environments. This routine behavior may be influenced by the state of the environment, such as the location and size of rewards. The neural circuits tracking environmental information and how that information impacts decisions to diverge from routines remains unexplored. To investigate the representation of environmental information during routine foraging, we recorded the activity of single neurons in posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) in monkeys searching through an array of targets in which the location of rewards was unknown. Outside the laboratory, people and animals solve such traveling salesman problems by following routine traplines that connect nearest-neighbor locations. In our task, monkeys also deployed traplining routines, but as the environment became better known, they diverged from them despite the reduction in foraging efficiency. While foraging, PCC neurons tracked environmental information but not reward and predicted variability in the pattern of choices. Together, these findings suggest that PCC mediates the influence of information on variability in choice behavior.
National Trends in Hospitalizations for Stroke Associated With Infective Endocarditis and Opioid Use Between 1993 and 2015.

Background and Purpose— There has been a recent sharp rise in opioid-related deaths in the United States. Intravenous opioid use can lead to infective endocarditis (IE) which can result in stroke. ...
READMISSION RISK FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION AFTER ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION STRATIFIED BY INITIAL PRESENTATION OF STEMI VERSUS NSTEMI

Patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) have a high risk of readmission within 90 days of discharge, many for another AMI. The factors that influence a patient's risk for 90-day readmission with recurrent AMI are not known. We analyzed all hospital admissions for a primary
MUC1-C Integrates Chromatin Remodeling and PARP1 Activity in the DNA Damage Response of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells

The oncogenic MUC1-C protein is overexpressed in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells and contributes to their epigenetic reprogramming and chemoresistance. Here we show that targeting MUC1-C genetically or pharmacologically with the GO-203 inhibitor, which blocks MUC1-C nuclear localization, induced DNA double-strand breaks and potentiated cisplatin (CDDP)-induced DNA damage and death. MUC1-C regulated nuclear localization of the polycomb group proteins BMI1 and EZH2, which formed complexes with PARP1 during the DNA damage response. Targeting MUC1-C downregulated BMI1-induced H2A ubiquitylation, EZH2-driven H3K27 trimethylation, and activation of PARP1. As a result, treatment with GO-203 synergistically sensitized both mutant and wild-type BRCA1 TNBC cells to the PARP inhibitor olaparib. These findings uncover a role for MUC1-C in the regulation of PARP1 and identify a therapeutic strategy for enhancing the effectiveness of PARP inhibitors against TNBC. SIGNIFICANCE: These findings demonstrate that targeting MUC1-C disrupts epigenetics of the PARP1 complex, inhibits PARP1 activity, and is synergistic with olaparib in TNBC cells.
Applying developmental principles to diagnosis and treatment of conflict.

Previewing a developmental process derived from caregiver-infant interaction, may offer benefits for adult psychotherapy that are not provided by traditional techniques. The previewing process with infants takes place when the caregiver becomes aware of skills that the infant will soon develop and devises behavioral exercises that introduce the infant to the experience of acquiring those skills. Using previewing with adults helps the therapist assess the patient’s representations of future events, circumvents defensive operations by orienting the patient to those events, and provides the patient with strategies for coping with potential conflict. As a technique for caregivers who have problematic relationships with their children, previewing may revive patterns of interaction that promote adaptive development.
The Relationship Between the Implementation of the Common Core State Standards and 21st Century Learning Skills

5 Statement of Problem 7 Research Questions 7 Theoretical Rationale 7 Background and Need 8 Federal Mandates 10 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE 12 Introduction 12 Historical Context 13 Measuring 21stCentury Learning Skills 14 Interview with an Expert 18 Curriculum Specialist 18 School Administrator 20 CHAPTER 3 METHOD 23 Sample and Site 23 Ethical Standards 24 Access and Permissions 24 Common Core State Standards 4 Data Analysis Approach 25 CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS 26 Description of Site, Individuals, Data 26 Overall Findings, Themes 26 After working through the strands of the CCSS many of the experts agreed that it is a village mentality approach as we run through the CCSS. Ms. T stated that, “each year the CCSS strands builds upon itself. It pushes aside the concept that specific teachings within each grade level will not to be touched again until it appears in a upper grade level State Standards”. Due its refocus, each teacher will feel that both the upper and lower grade teachers are incorporating the new standards into their curriculum. Not only does this take the pressure off the individual teacher to touch on the standard it puts relevance into teaching through the CCSS as it will be touched on again and taught the next year and so on. The integration of 21st century learning skills will be wrapped in the focus of the CCSS and will be taught throughout all levels of education. 28 CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION /ANALYSIS 29 Summary of Major Findings 29 Limitations/Gaps in the Study 30 Implications for Future Research 30 Overall Significance of the Study 30 About the Author 31 REFERENCES 32 Common Core State Standards 5
Two Case Studies of Experience Prototyping Machine Learning Systems in the Wild.

Throughout the course of my Ph.D., I have been designing the user experience (UX) of various machine learning (ML) systems. In this workshop, I share two projects as case studies in which people engage with ML in much more complicated and nuanced ways than the technical HCML work might assume. The first case study describes how cardiology teams in three hospitals used a clinical decision-support system that helps them decide whether and when to implant an artificial heart to a heart failure patient. I demonstrate that physicians cannot draw on their decision-making experience by seeing only patient data on paper. They are also confused by some fundamental premises upon which ML operates. For example, physicians asked: Are ML predictions made based on clinicians' best efforts? Is it ethical to make decisions based on previous patients' collective outcomes? In the second case study, my collaborators and I designed an intelligent text editor, with the goal of improving authors' writing experience with NLP (Natural Language Processing) technologies. We prototyped a number of generative functionalities where the system provides phrase-or-sentence-level writing suggestions upon user request. When writing with the prototype, however, authors shared that they need to "see where the sentence is going two paragraphs later" in order to decide whether the suggestion aligns with their writing; Some even considered adopting machine suggestions as plagiarism, therefore "is simply wrong". By sharing these unexpected and intriguing responses from these real-world ML users, I hope to start a discussion about such previously-unknown complexities and nuances of -- as the workshop proposal states -- "putting ML at the service of people in a way that is accessible, useful, and trustworthy to all".
Examining College Readiness among Latinx and Native American Students: Education as a Civil Right in the case of Martínez v. State of New Mexico

This article examines college readiness indicators among Latina/o/x students and Native American students in New Mexico public schools. This analysis, used in the successful Martinez v. New Mexico (2018) case, highlights the disparate levels of access to curricular resources across 15 school districts in New Mexico. Utilizing secondary data from several sources, a story of uneven access and inequity in New Mexico’s in public schools is conveyed.
Recent advances in the selective catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of lignin-derived oxygenates to arenes

The utilization of lignin-derived compounds is an important part of biomass valorization. One promising way to achieve this goal is to reduce/eliminate the oxygen content via hydrodeoxygenation (HDO), producing valuable fuels and chemicals. However, most HDO catalysts are not selective for arene production; they have a tendency to saturate the aromatic rings and thus consume excess hydrogen. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in catalysts for phenol HDO and the understanding of the reaction mechanisms involved, aiming to provide a perspective for developing highly efficient HDO catalysts. In particular, we first present an overview of the HDO of phenolics, including the challenges in selectively removing oxygen without saturating the aromatic ring. Then, we focus on the characteristics of four types of HDO catalysts, i.e., sulfides, base metals (oxides), noble-metal-based catalysts, and carbides/nitrides/phosphides and the potential approaches to improve their arene selectivity. Finally, we attempt to generate a correlation between the oxophilicity of the catalysts and their performances in the HDO of phenolics, which can potentially serve as a basis for the design of selective HDO catalysts.
Recommended Functionalities for Improving Cybersecurity of Distributed Energy Resources

The current electric grid is transitioning through increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DERs), which include intermittent renewable generation resources on the distribution side. Both the monitoring and control of DERs require extensive data-exchange and communication networks. These networks lead to cyber vulnerabilities and risks of new kinds of cyberattacks that may be extremely destructive for power system operations. Although current standards, such as IEEE Std. 1547–2018, do not discuss cybersecurity measures for DERs, cybersecurity controls should be developed for securing DER systems at the device level, communications level, and applications level. This paper discusses the current industry's best practices related to DER cybersecurity and proposes recommended functionalities for improving the cybersecurity posture of DERs, specifically at the device/distribution level. These practical recommendations have been discussed and verified with the industry through a DER cybersecurity working group.
Death in Dallas: Sentencing patterns of pre-Furman capital offenders

AbstractWhether racial bias is intertwined with capital case dispositions continue to be a matter of contention. In 1972, Furman v. Georgia ruled capital punishment unconstitutional on the grounds ...
IL-36R signaling integrates innate and adaptive immune-mediated protection against enteropathogenic bacteria.

Enteropathogenic bacterial infections are a global health issue associated with high mortality, particularly in developing countries. Efficient host protection against enteropathogenic bacterial infection is characterized by coordinated responses between immune and nonimmune cells. In response to infection in mice, innate immune cells are activated to produce interleukin (IL)-23 and IL-22, which promote antimicrobial peptide (AMP) production and bacterial clearance. IL-36 cytokines are proinflammatory IL-1 superfamily members, yet their role in enteropathogenic bacterial infection remains poorly defined. Using the enteric mouse pathogen, C. rodentium, we demonstrate that signaling via IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) orchestrates a crucial innate-adaptive immune link to control bacterial infection. IL-36R-deficient mice (Il1rl2 -/- ) exhibited significant impairment in expression of IL-22 and AMPs, increased intestinal damage, and failed to contain C. rodentium compared to controls. These defects were associated with failure to induce IL-23 and IL-6, two key IL-22 inducers in the early and late phases of infection, respectively. Treatment of Il1rl2 -/- mice with IL-23 during the early phase of C. rodentium infection rescued IL-22 production from group 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILCs), whereas IL-6 administration during the late phase rescued IL-22-mediated production from CD4+ T cell, and both treatments protected Il1rl2 -/- mice from uncontained infection. Furthermore, IL-36R-mediated IL-22 production by CD4+ T cells was dependent upon NFκB-p65 and IL-6 expression in dendritic cells (DCs), as well as aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) expression by CD4+ T cells. Collectively, these data demonstrate that the IL-36 signaling pathway integrates innate and adaptive immunity leading to host defense against enteropathogenic bacterial infection.
Academic Productivity Differences by Gender and Child Age in Science, Technology, Engineering, Mathematics, and Medicine Faculty During the COVID-19 Pandemic

Background: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most faculty in science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine (STEMM) began working from home, including many who were simultaneously caring ...
Design of Microwave Sensor Array for Next-Generation Neutrino Mass Measurements

This paper addresses the design and development of microwave sensor array prototypes to measure neutrino mass with unprecedented sensitivity. The experiment requires inward-looking arrays to detect power radiated from single electrons. Preliminary array design parameters due to the unique nature of the experiment are described. Simulated and measured results are shown for a candidate slotted waveguide array design.
A Decade of Improvement in the Clinical Outcomes of Percutaneous Coronary Intervention for Multivessel Coronary Artery Disease

Twenty-five years after its tentative beginnings, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has become the dominant form of coronary revascularization. This year, the 800 000 PCI procedures are more than double the number of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgeries. Although there had already been substantial growth throughout the 1980s and early 1990s as a result of improving equipment and techniques for conventional balloon angioplasty, the accelerated growth since 1994 has clearly been fueled by the rapid adoption of coronary stenting. Today, >80% of PCI procedures involve stent placement, supported by a series of randomized trials that have demonstrated better acute angiographic results, reduced emergency surgery, and reduced recurrence rates (restenosis) when stents are placed properly with an effective antiplatelet regimen. In practice, however, the excellent results in the circumscribed lesion types studied in the key randomized trials have been generalized to other lesion morphologies (eg, small vessel, diffuse disease, bifurcation lesions) for which the evidence supporting stent use is less clear. Over the past several years, there has been a concurrent increase in the use of platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors as an adjunctive therapy during PCI. A plethora of randomized clinical trials demonstrate that these agents are very effective in reducing periprocedural myocardial infarction, defined as elevation of cardiac enzymes.1–3⇓⇓ See p 1627 Taken together, these 2 advances have made PCI faster, safer, and more durable than in the pre-1990 era in which Plain Old Balloon Angioplasty (POBA) was the only form of PCI available. Emergency bypass surgery to treat an angioplasty-induced complication, in particular, has fallen by more than an order of magnitude (from 3% to ≈0.3%) during this period.4 But it is not clear whether the magnitude of these improvements is sufficient to move the “tipping point” for coronary revascularization between PCI and surgical revascularization …
Development of Islamic Values-Based Early Childhood Education Learning Approach in the Industrial Revolution Era 4.0

This paper will focus on how to organize early childhood moral education in the 4.0 industrial revolution era based on the thoughts of Islamic leaders. This research uses a philosophical approach with hermeneutic methods and literature study techniques. PAUD educators in the era of the industrial revolution 4.0 are creative and innovative teachers in creating and presenting knowledge and information about various things through stories, films, online games, and others but are always theocentric, prioritizing the development of conscience (qalb) in addition to developing various potentials. child intelligence.
Use of Force-Time Graphs for Performance Analysis in Facilitating Motor Learning

Abstract Members of one group of subjects were shown force-time graphs of their sprint start after each practice trial while members of another group were instructed by conventional procedures. Motivation was held constant; the maximum foot force was the same in both groups during the ten days of practice. The first group successfully learned the desired force-time pattern and improved considerably in speed and momentum. The second group improved very little. The results support the hypothesis that graphic analysis of the response pattern of a rapid complex motor act is a particularly effective aid to motor learning, when the graphs are made available to the person after each performance so that he can understand the physical principles involved and can visualize and correct his mistakes.
Learning by Doing

Considers EDI for retailers in the context of innovation theory. A case study of nine retailers who adopted EDI during 1987‐92 is used to discuss the reasons why EDI was delayed until 1986‐93 even though it was technically possible in the early 1980s. Argues that an innovation will not join the portfolio of “possibles” until three issues are resolved. These are: innovation “poles” to disseminate EDI knowhow; cost and performance improvements to the technology; and management learning, based (in this case) on learning developed from handling EPoS. Also considers the decision‐making process underlying EDI.
Hash-Based Techniques for High-Speed Packet Processing

Hashing is an extremely useful technique for a variety of high-speed packet-processing applications in routers. In this chapter, we survey much of the recent work in this area, paying particular attention to the interaction between theoretical and applied research. We assume very little background in either the theory or applications of hashing, reviewing the fundamentals as necessary.
Who Is Responsible for Preparing Science Teachers

At the University of Colorado at Boulder, involving students in the transformation of science courses raises the visibility of science teaching as a career and produces K-12 teachers well-versed in science.
Chapter 36 What might the Brain Know about Muscles, Limbs and Spinal Circuits?

Publisher Summary Engineers divide control into feedback and feedforward systems. Feedback systems use online information from sensors to adjust command signals incrementally to achieve a target condition as represented by those sensor signals. Feedback control is useful for controlling systems whose dynamic properties may be largely unknown, but it may converge only slowly to the desired state or become frankly unstable in the face of loop delays. Neuromuscular systems have particularly long delays in the conduction of action potentials, transmission through oligosynaptic circuits, and electromechanical activation within muscles. Survival often depends on making rapid and accurate movements; hence, it is likely that the brain depends heavily on feedforward control as well. Feedforward systems rely on an internal model of the system to be controlled. The controller computes or selects command signals that are expected to reach the desired target without modification by the feedback from sensors. By and large, the output circuits of the brain do not bypass the intervening circuitry or cancel the nonlinearities of muscles and sensors to implement computational approaches to motor control based on joint torques. To do so would deprive the brain of hundreds of millions of years of evolution directed at producing rapid, stable movements without brains. Physiologists who study the peripheral neuromusculoskeletal apparatus have an obligation to keep reminding robotic engineers and cortical neurophysiologists of its properties and of the power of those properties.
Experimental Application of Methodologies to Quantify the Effect of Constraint on J c for a 3-D Flaw Geometry

Abstract : In an effort to validate methodologies to quantify the effect of crack tip constraint on cleavage fracture toughness, a series of experiments were conducted to measure the cleavage fracture toughness, Jc, of an ASTM A515 Grade 70 steel utilizing large plate bend specimens containing semi-elliptical surface cracks, SC(B), (3-D flaw geometry). Jc was estimated with modified EPRI and Turner design curve schemes from load and remote strains measured at initiation. The cleavage toughness of the A515 steel used for this testing was previously characterized using a series of through-cracked single edge notch bend specimens, SE(B), (2-D flaw geometry) with various initial crack-length to specimen-width ratios, a/W. The toughness values measured for the surface cracked plate specimens were consistent with the toughness ranges predicted from the SE(B) results using the toughness scaling and two parameter fracture mechanics (J-Q) methodologies to account for differences in crack tip constraint. This result verifies the applicability of small specimen, constraint adjusted, results to engineering structural integrity prediction for the case of cleavage fracture.
Experiments in robot learning

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews two robots that can learn how the world behaves in, and improves their own performance over time based on the information gathered. The underlying architecture of such robots would be of the abstract agent variety and implemented in CommonLisp. The abstract agent defines a framework for defining and testing different learning agents. Also, the architecture of the abstract agent allows a new agent to be created by plugging in a new module or recombining old modules. The experimental task domain defined for the robots is the operation of a tilting tray. A robotic manipulator holds a square tray, bounded by four vertical walls, which may be tilted at any angle desired. An object, typically a square block, slides freely in the tray. By a judicious choice of tilting sequence, the robot is able to position the object in the tray. The chief complication of the tilting-tray occurs when the object hits a wall. Now, one of the experimental robots is proposed to have been fitted with the rote agent performs rote-learning of tilt motions mechanics while the other with the inductive agent, which does a simple version-space learning to generalize in the space of tilt-angles. Both agents use exhaustive search to construct plans. When no such plan can be constructed, a single random tilt is chosen.
On the aggregation of linear discrete-time invariant stochastic systems

The notion of adaptively aggregating a linear discrete time-invariant large-scale stochastic system is presented. It is shown how the eigenstructure of the aggregated system evolves and gains support consistent with specific characteristics of the system being aggregated and with an aggregation matrix functional defined herein. Necessary conditions for the existence of the aggregation matrix functional for the random system components are given. The uniqueness question is addressed. An aggregation performance measure is defined based on certain mild conditions that are imposed on the targeted large-scale system's environmental characteristics.
The key sputter deposition step in TAB wafer bump processing: optimizing TiW adhesion and diffusion barrier properties

Sputter deposition is used in tape automated bonding (TAB) as the first step of wafer processing in order to plate gold bumps at the die pads. The adhesion and barrier properties of TiW films are investigated here. Adhesion is critical for TAB as bond strengths are touted to be 2-x to 3-x that of wire bonding. Barrier integrity is important to enhance the hermetic seal properties again touted with TAB. TiW film thicknesses, the structure of TiW and TiWN layering, and deposition characteristics are described in optimizing the TAB sputter deposition process. >
Variable coherence tomography

By adjusting the spatial coherence of a quasi-monochromatic beam, one can control the distance between two volumes of coherence. We propose to use such a beam in a typical scattering experiment and present a method for determining the degree of spatial correlation of a quasi-homogeneous medium by recording the scattered intensity in only one direction.
Spontaneous passage of glass beads from the canine gallbladder: Facilitation by sphincterotomy

To investigate the mechanism by which ablation of the sphincter of Oddi prevents gallstone formation, we assessed passage of glass beads out of the gallbladders of dogs with sphincterotomy and sham sphincterotomy. One month after bead implantation, dogs with an intact sphincter passed 52%, 26%, 22%, 10%, 0%, and 0% of beads with diameters of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 mm, respectively. For the same respective bead diameters, dogs with a sphincterotomy passed 90%, 90%, 88%, 75%, 75%, and 42% of beads (p less than 0.05 for all bead diameters). No beads were in the common bile duct of any dog. In separate dogs studied by cholescintigraphy, sphincterotomy significantly increased gallbladder ejection fraction from 0.46 to 0.76 (p less than 0.01). In addition, sphincterotomy significantly lowered resting gallbladder volume from 24.4 to 15.8 ml (p less than 0.025) and lowered cholecystokinin-stimulated gallbladder volume from 13.3 to 5.9 ml (p less than 0.025). These data indicate that even with an intact sphincter, small solids can pass from the gallbladder and into the duodenum. Sphincterotomy facilitates passage of solids, apparently by general improvement in gallbladder emptying. Facilitated passage of crystals, microliths, or small stones seems the most likely explanation for prevention of gallstone formation by sphincterotomy.
Osteoprotegerin in breast cancer: beyond bone remodeling

Osteoprotegerin (OPG) is a secreted protein and member of the Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Receptor superfamily. OPG has been well characterized as a regulator of bone metabolism which acts by blocking osteoclast maturation and preventing bone breakdown. Given this role, early studies on OPG in breast cancer focused on the administration of OPG in order to prevent the osteolysis observed with bone metastases. However OPG is also produced by the breast tumor cells themselves. Research focusing on OPG produced by breast tumor cells has revealed actions of OPG which promote tumor progression. In vitro studies into the role of OPG produced by breast tumor cells have demonstrated that OPG can block TNF-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL)-mediated apoptosis. Furthermore, in vivo studies show that OPG expression by breast tumors can promote tumor growth and metastasis. In addition it has been shown that OPG stimulates endothelial cell survival and tube formation thus it may indirectly promote breast tumor progression through impacting angiogenesis. This article will present a summary of the data concerning the tumor-promoting effects of OPG in breast cancer.
Parental origin determination in thirty de novo Robertsonian translocations.

Cytogenetic heteromorphisms and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to assign the parental origins of 30 de novo non-homologous Robertsonian translocations. The balanced and unbalanced translocations studied included 20 rob(14q21q) four rob(13q14q) four rob(15q21q) one rob(13q15q), and one rob(13q21q). Significantly more maternally (26/30) than paternally (4/30) derived de novo translocations were noted and all rob(14q21q) ascertained through unbalanced probands (20/20) were maternal in origin. Interestingly, 12/13 probands who were trisomic and informative for proximal chromosome 21q loci were homozygous for the markers tested. Segregation (2:1) of the Robertsonian translocation into one daughter cell in meiosis I and subsequent failure of the chromosome 21 chromatids to separate in meiosis II may account for our observation of homozygosity for proximal chromosome 21 loci in the majority of de novo rearrangements tested. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Induction of particle-bound renin and arginine esterase by testosterone in the mouse.

Abstract We studied the induction of renin and a protease (arginine esterase) in the washed 105.000 g sediment of the homogenized submaxillary gland of 758 young female mice. Administration of testosterone propionate, α-methyltestosterone or an anabolic steroid such as nandrolone phenpropionate increased the particle-bound renin and arginine esterase activity in the animals sacrificed 7 days after the first injection. The enzyme activity rose significantly within 4 days. Actinomycin D blocked the induction of renin and arginine esterase. In addition, testosterone increased the weight of the animals, of the submaxillary glands and of the kidneys, the microsomal protein concentration of the submaxillary glands and the RNA content of the microsomal fraction of the glands and kidneys. Actinomycin D blocked these effects of testosterone as well. The particle-bound kallikrein activity of the submaxillary and the particle-bound renin activity of the kidney were not changed by testosterone administration. The 105,000 g sediment of kidney homogenate has arginine esterase activity which increased an average of 63 per cent after the injection of testosterone.
Growth of Certain Aquatic Omycetes on Amino Acids I. Saprolegnia, Achlya, Leptolegnia, and Dictyuchus

Four fungi in the order Saprolegniales —Saprolegnia sp., Achlya ambisexualis, Leptolegnia eccentrica and Dictyuchus sterile– were tested for growth in synthetic media containing one of the following carbon sources: glucose, maltose, sucrose, alanine, proline, glutamate, leucine, arginine and phenylalanine. All of these compounds were effective substrates for one or more of the four fungi. The ability of Saprolegnia sp. to utilize other substrates was studied. Saprolegnia sp. can metabolize soluble starch, fructose, ornithine, aspartate, serine, and lysine but did not grow on galactose and eight additional amino acids.
Experimental Investigation of the Role of Downstream Ramps on a Supersonic Injection Plume

An experimental study was conducted to investigate penetration and plume expansion enhancement of a discrete low-angled (25 deg) supersonic (M =1.9) injection into a supersonic (M =2.9) crosse ow. The enhancement was achieved by injecting the low-angled jet parallel to a compression ramp. Seven compression ramp cone gurations were studied. The jet-ramp interaction enhancement mechanisms included baroclinic torque vorticity, ramp spillage vorticity, bulk compression, and the Magnus force. Shadowgraph photography was used to identify shock structures. Measurements of mean e ow properties quantie ed the e owe eld total pressure losses. Mie scattering images were used to qualitatively assess the e owe eld and to quantify the plume size, trajectory, and concentration decay rate. The results indicated that up to a 22% increase in penetration, a 39% plume expansion (» mixing), and a 27% increase in the concentration decay rate, with a corresponding 17% increase in total pressure loss, can be achieved by injection over a compression ramp as compared with low-angled injection alone.
Measurement of the percolation threshold for fully penetrable disks of different radii.

We perform simulations of gradient percolation to study the percolation threshold for systems of homogeneous fully penetrable disks of variable radii. We find that, if the radii follow a uniform distribution, the percolation threshold is $0.686610\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000007.$ We also investigate binary dispersions, studying the influence of constitutive parameters on the percolation threshold and suggesting an empirical formula for the threshold. We find that, with the appropriate parameters, a percolation threshold of approximately $0.76$ can be achieved. The minimal threshold of $0.676339\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000004$ is achieved by disks of equal radius.
Optische Eigenschaften und Elektronenbandstruktur von Europium und Barium

Die optischen Eigenschaften der zweiwertigen Seltenen Erdmetalle Europium und Ytterbium, welche durch Transmissions- und Reflexionsmessungen im Spektralbereich 0,3–4,0 eV bei Zimmertemperatur erhalten wurden, zeigen die nahe Verwandtschaft dieser beiden Metalle zu den Erdalkalimetallen, speziell zu Barium, an. Die im Realteil der Leitfahigkeitσ(ω) auftretende Struktur last sich mit Hilfe von kurzlich durchgefuhrten Bandrechnungen fur Europium optischen Interbandubergangen zuschreiben. Aus der Ahnlichkeit der experimentellen Absorptionskurven fur Europium und Barium kann geschlossen werden, das im betrachteten Spektralbereich die Bandstruktur der beiden Metalle im wesentlichen dieselbe ist und das auserdem kein Einflus der 4f-Elektronen im optischen Spektrum auftritt.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluation of the suitability of using fluticasone and an acute rat lung inflammation model to differentiate lung versus systemic efficacy.

Inhaled corticosteroids (ICSs) are often prescribed as the first line therapy for pulmonary diseases such as asthma. The biggest concern of using steroid therapy is the systemic side effects at high dose. To reduce the side effects, the pharmaceutical industry has been putting effort to generate new drugs with maximized topical efficacy. One of the key challenges is to differentiate efficacy from local versus systemic contribution in preclinical animal models. Fluticasone with various formulations was used as a model compound to explore the possibilities to demonstrate lung targeted efficacy by intratracheally instillation in the lipopolysaccharide induced inflammation rat model. Fluticasone formulations contained various surfactant concentrations and particle sizes to achieve lung retention and lower systemic exposure. Neutrophil infiltration in broncoalveolar lavage fluid and cytokine production in whole blood were measured to assess pulmonary efficacy versus systemic efficacy. PK/PD characterization of fluticasone with various formulations in the rat inflammation model provided an integrated approach in preclinical to evaluate lung targeted efficacy for ICS. Our study concluded that the combination of the rat LPS model and fluticasone is not suitable to use for establishing potency and dose requirement for new drug candidate designed for topical only efficacy. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmacists Association J Pharm Sci 98:4354–4364, 2009
Tau protein expression in frontotemporal dementias

The syndrome of frontotemporal dementia represents a diverse group of diseases presenting with behavioral and cognitive disturbances. The expression of the microtubule-associated protein tau was studied in postmortem samples of frontal cortex of 19 cases (12 Pick's disease A, B, C; 4 dementia lacking distinct histology; 3 motor neuron disease type) by Western blotting with a phosphorylation-independent anti-tau antibody. The presence of tau protein was detected in all cases evaluated, including the 11 brains classified as frontotemporal lobe degeneration (diagnostic categories Pick's disease B, C and dementia lacking distinct histology). These findings indicate that the recently reported decreased expression of tau protein in frontotemporal lobe degeneration represents pathogenic mechanism of neurodegeneration detectable only in a special subset of these disorders.
Renal Pelvic Anatomy Is Associated with Incidence, Grade, and Need for Intervention for Urine Leak Following Partial Nephrectomy

Abstract Background Although the effect of tumor complexity on perioperative outcome measures is well established, the impact of renal pelvic anatomy on perioperative outcomes remains poorly defined. Objective To evaluate renal pelvic anatomy as an independent predictor of urine leak in moderate- and high-complexity tumors undergoing nephron-sparing surgery. Design, setting, and participants Patients undergoing open partial nephrectomy (PN) for localized RCC were stratified into intermediate- and high-complexity groups using a nephrometry score (7–9 and 10–12, respectively). A renal pelvic score (RPS) was defined by the percentage of renal pelvis contained inside the volume of the renal parenchyma. On this basis, patients were categorized as having an intraparenchymal (>50%) or extraparenchymal ( Outcome measurements and statistical analysis Characteristics of patients with and without an intraparenchymal renal pelvic anatomy were compared. Results and limitations Inclusion criteria were met by 255 patients undergoing PN for intermediate (73.6%) and complex (26.4%) localized renal tumors (mean size: 4.6±2.9cm). Twenty-four (9.6%) renal pelves were classified as completely intraparenchymal. Following stratification by RPS, groups differed with respect to Charlson comorbidity index, body mass index, and largest tumor size, while no differences were observed between hospital length of stay, nephrometry score, estimated blood loss, operative time, and age. Intrarenal pelvic anatomy was associated with a markedly increased risk of urine leak (75% vs 6.5%; p =0.001), secondary intervention (37.5% vs 3.9%; p p =0.025). Conclusions Intraparenchymal renal pelvic anatomy is an uncommon anatomic variant associated with an increased rate of urine leak following PN. Elevated pressures within a small intraparenchymal renal pelvis might explain the increased risk. Preoperative imaging characteristics suggestive of increased risk for urine leak should be considered in perioperative management algorithms.
Explosive energy coupling in geologic materials

Abstract Small-scale experiments using contained spherical charges of chemical explosives as energy sources were conducted on 15 geologic materials. These data, which are complemented by an extensive suite of other dynamic and static laboratory data, are available for evaluating theories used in ground motion calculations. Comparison of these data with linear elastic theory shows that all of these materials deviate markedly from linear elastic behavior even at strains of 10−3 and below and to simply scaled slant ranges of ∼100 m / KT 1 3 and beyond. For example, measured peak particle velocities for four of the rocks and for water are in the far field. However, the velocity attentuation rates measured in these rocks, r −1.5 to r −1.6 , and in water, r −1.37 , differ conably from the rate of an ideal linear elastic material in the far field, r −1 . The behavior in some of these materials may be linear, but the results show clearly that it is not both linear and elastic. Parameters to measure relative coupling of the explosive energy were derived from the resulting data. Comparisons of the coupling parameters thus derived clearly demonstrate large variations in coupling. For example, Westerly granite with a porosity of 1% couples almost three times as efficiently as 6% porous Nugget sandstone and more than 11 times more efficiently than 40% porous dry Mt Helen tuff.
Ploidy of Primary and Metastatic Human Tumours

REPEATED observations conducted over many transplant generations on animal tumours have shown that the modal chromosome ploidy may change during the passages. This change is always toward the higher value of ploidy; changes in the opposite direction have never been observed1.
Leaching of nitrogen forms from controlled-release nitrogen fertilizers

Abstract Application of soluble forms of nitrogen (N) fertilizers to sandy soils may cause leaching of nitrate N (NO3‐N) resulting in contamination of groundwater. The leaching loss of N may be reduced to a certain extent by the use of controlled‐release N formulations. A leaching column study was conducted to evaluate the leaching of urea, ammonium N (NH4‐N), and NO3‐N forms from selected urea‐based controlled‐release formulations (Meister, Osmocote, and Poly‐S) and uncoated urea under eight cycles of intermittent leaching and dry conditions. Following leaching of 1,760 mL of water (equivalent to 40 cm rainfall) through the soil columns, the recovery of total N (sum of all forms) in the leachate accounted for 28, 12, 6, or 5% of the total N applied as urea, Poly‐S, Meister, and Osmocote, respectively. Loss of urea‐N from all fertilizer sources was pronounced during the initial leaching events (with the exception of Meister). Cumulative leaching of urea‐N was 10% for uncoated urea while <1.7% for the cont...
Self-imposed food deprivation and wheel-running activity in field-trapped Norway rats as a function of environmental change, time in captivity and age at capture.

The tendency of juvenile and adult field-trapped Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) to exhibit self-induced food deprivation in response to changes in their living environment was studied after different periods of residency in the laboratory environment. Self-imposed food deprivation resulting from the forced occupation of a novel environment (activity wheels) was greater for those animals tested immediately upon capture and after 25 weeks in captivity than for rats in captivity for 4 weeks. The deprivation response of juveniles was less than for adults immediately following capture but after 25 weeks in captivity the responses of the two age groups were similar. Deprivation responses following reintroduction to the home cage environment diminished over time in captivity. Wheel-running by adults was greatest immediately following capture whereas juveniles continued to show relatively high levels of wheel-running at 4 weeks in captivity. The results are discussed in terms of habituation to the laboratory environment and time-dependent changes in response to novelty.
A Modern Behavioral Treatment to Address Fetishism and Associated Functional Impairment

The clinical research and treatment options for sexual paraphilias are scant and have generally been limited to psychodynamic and early behavioral approaches. This article highlights the applicatio...
Real three-dimensional objects: effects on mental rotation.

The current experiment investigated real three-dimensional (3D) objects with regard to performance on a mental rotation task and whether the appearance of sex differences may be mediated by experie...
Probes for narcotic receptor mediated phenomena. 44. Synthesis of an N-substituted 4-hydroxy-5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)morphan with high affinity and selective μ-antagonist activity.

Abstract A simple three-step synthesis of 5-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-2-methyl-2-azabicyclo[3.3.1]nonan-4-ol (3a) was achieved using an osmium tetroxide mediated oxidation of the known intermediate 6. A pyrrolidine-ring variant of 3a (3-(7-(hydroxymethyl)-6-methyl-6-azabicyclo[3.2.1]octan-1-yl)phenol (5)) was isolated when other routes were used. The epimeric hydroxy analogue 4a was synthesized by simple inversion of the stereochemistry at C-4. Both N-methyl (3a and 4a) and N-phenethyl (3b and 4b) derivatives were synthesized. The compounds were examined for their opioid receptor affinity and the N-phenethyl analogue 3b was found to have relatively weak affinity for the μ-opioid receptor (Ki = 74 nM). However, the N-phenethyl analogue of the C-4 epimer, 4b, had about 15 fold higher affinity than 3b and was selective for the μ-opioid receptor (Ki = 4.6 nM). Compound 4b was a moderately potent μ-opioid antagonist (Ke = 12 nM), as determined by [35S]GTP-γ-S assays. Compounds 3b and 4b were energy minimized at the level of B3LYP/6-31G*, and then overlaid onto the 5-phenylmorphan, the (1R,5R,9S)-(−)-enantiomer of 2b ( Fig. 1 ) with the α or β-OH group at the C-9 position. The spatial orientation of the hydroxyl moiety in 3b, 4b, 2a, and 2b is proposed to be the structural requirement for high μ-opioid receptor binding affinity and their agonist or antagonist activity. The modest change in spatial position of the hydroxyl moiety, and not the N-substituent, induced the change from potent agonist to an antagonist of moderate potency.
Disentangling race and social context in understanding disparities in chronic conditions among men.

Disparities in men’s health research may inaccurately attribute differences in chronic conditions to race rather than the different health risk exposures in which men live. This study sought to determine whether living in the same social environment attenuates race disparities in chronic conditions among men. This study compared survey data collected in 2003 from black and white men with similar incomes living in a racially integrated neighborhood of Baltimore to data from the 2003 National Health Interview Survey. Multivariable logistic regression models estimated to determine whether race disparities in chronic conditions were attenuated among men living in the same social environment. In the national sample, black men exhibited greater odds of having hypertension (odds ratio [OR] = 1.58, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 1.34, 1.86) and diabetes (OR = 1.62, 95 % CI 1.27–2.08) than white men. In the sample of men living in the same social context, black and white respondents had similar odds of having hypertension (OR = 1.05, 95 % CI 0.70, 1.59) and diabetes (OR = 1.12, 95 % CI 0.57–2.22). There are no race disparities in chronic conditions among low-income, urban men living in the same social environment. Policies and interventions aiming to reduce disparities in chronic conditions should focus on modifying social aspects of the environment.
XCII. A possible reconciliation of Bohr's interpenetration ideas with Sommerfeld's relativistic treatment of electron orbits

(1925). XCII. A possible reconciliation of Bohr's interpenetration ideas with Sommerfeld's relativistic treatment of electron orbits. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 49, No. 293, pp. 923-935.
Frequency and Desirability of First Names

(1978). Frequency and Desirability of First Names. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 104, No. 1, pp. 143-144.