cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rapid phenotypic change in a polymorphic salamander over 43 years.

Color polymorphic animals offer a unique system for studying intraspecific phenotypic responses to climate change. Discrete color morphs are easy to identify, and correlated trait responses of morphs can indicate how climate warming may facilitate long-term maintenance of polymorphisms. We use a historical dataset spanning 43 years to examine temporal shifts in color morph frequency and body size in response to climate in the Eastern Red-backed Salamander, Plethodon cinereus, which contains a widespread striped/unstriped color polymorphism. We created a pipeline to extract high-throughput trait data from fluid-preserved museum specimens where we batch-photographed salamanders, de-aggregated individual specimens from photographs, and solicited help of community scientists to score color morphs. We used a linear modeling framework that includes information about spatial population structure to demonstrate that color morph frequency and body size vary in response to climate, elevation, and over time, with an overall trend of higher frequency and decreased body size of the striped morph, but increased size of the unstriped morph. These surprising results suggest that morphs may be responding to multiple climate and geographic drivers through co-adapted morphological changes. This work highlights new practices of extracting trait data from museum specimens to demonstrate species phenotypes response to climate change.
National trends in ambulatory oral anticoagulant use

Abstract Background Four direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have been brought to market for the treatment of nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism. Many forces, including numerous positive trial results, emerging safety concerns, marketing, and promotion, may shape DOAC adoption by providers. However, relatively little is known regarding their ambulatory utilization compared with warfarin, as well as the degree to which they have decreased under-treatment of atrial fibrillation. Methods We used the IMS Health National Disease and Therapeutic Index, a nationally representative audit of outpatient office visits, to estimate the use of warfarin and DOACs between 2009 and 2014. Results Overall, visits with anticoagulation use increased from 2.05 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.82-2.27) to 2.83 (95% CI, 2.49-3.17) million (M) quarterly visits ( P P P Conclusions Direct oral anticoagulants have been adopted rapidly, matching the use of warfarin, and are associated with increased use of oral anticoagulation for patients with atrial fibrillation.
Client Abilities to Assist Counsel and Make Decisions in Criminal Cases: Findings from Three Studies

Three studies of attorney-client decision making were conducted in a public defender office. In studies 1 and 2 a structured interview was used to debrief attorneys regarding clients' participation in their cases. Study 1 examined a sample of 200 felony and misdemeanor cases selected prospectively and resolved by any means (92.5% by plea); study 2 examined 200 felony and misdemeanor cases resolved by trial. Study 3 involved debriefing both attroneys and clients regarding perceptions of client participation in 35 recently closed felony cases. Attorneys doubted the competence of 8%–15% of clients charged with felonies and 3%–8% of clients charged with misdemeanors. In cases involving clients of doubted competence, attorneys often responded by means other than referral to mental health professionals for competence evaluations. As compared with clients whose competence was presumed, attorneys tended to view clients whose competence was doubted as less helpful and as less actively involved in their cases, but as actively involved in making key decisions. Defendants' perceptions appeared to be roughly consistent with attorneys' perceptions, allaying concerns that attorneys' reports may be distorted in order to conform to expected norms.
Conceptual Representation of Medical Knowledge for Diagnosis by Computer: MDX and Related Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter describes an approach to the design of medical decision-making systems based on the notion of conceptual structures for knowledge representation. The chapter provides an overview, from a theoretical viewpoint, of the conceptual structure methodology and describes the functioning of the systems that have been developing to give concreteness to the theoretical ideas. The central system in this group of systems is called MDX, which is a diagnostic system, that is, it attempts to classify a given case as an element of a disease taxonomy. This system interacts with two other systems during its problem solving, PATREC and RADEX, the former a knowledge-based patient database system that answers MDX's queries about patient data, and the latter a radiological consultant which helps MDX in the interpretation of various kinds of imaging data. Both PATREC and RADEX are invoked by MDX as needed, but MDX is in control of the overall diagnostic process. The chapter discusses the inadequacies of medical reasoning approaches based on Bayesian approaches.
Hexagonal β‐SiC Particles

Among small β-SiC particles (0.2 ∼ 0.4 μm in size) produced by chemical vapor reaction, hexagonal particles having diameters around 0.2 μm are sometimes found. When observed by TEM, they have image contrasts reminiscent of “multiply twinned particles”. Analysis of diffraction patterns and image contrasts observed indicates that these particles consist of multiple twins with twin planes parallel to the basal plane. The characteristics of growth processes of such particles are discussed.
Integrating Conceptual and Procedural Knowledge for Middle-school Math

Cognitive Tutors have been shown to lead to impressive improvement in student learning in a range of domains, including middle school mathematics. Most Cognitive Tutors focus on providing learning support for tasks involving problem solving. They typically emphasize facilitating the acquisition of procedural knowledge, on the assumption that the acquisition of conceptual knowledge will be supported outside the tutor through classroom activities or an accompanying textbook. Many researchers agree that expertise in a domain involves not just procedural knowledge, but also conceptual knowledge, as well as tight interconnections between the two. In order to provide two types of knowledge instruction within the same Intelligent Tutoring System, we are now building a novel type of Cognitive Tutor to bridge the existing gap between teaching conceptual and procedural instruction with the same educational software.
Anisotropy and thermal inversion in high field magnetization of cubic rare earth compounds

Abstract Interesting effects are predicted for the high field magnetization in rare earth compounds where the crystal field gives a singlet ground state. For a magnetic field in the hard direction the predicted magnetization increases in steps and shows thermal inversion.
Computing in social networks with relationship algebra

Communities are the latest phenomena on the Internet. At the heart of each community lies a social network. In this paper, we show a generalized framework to understand and reason in social networks. Previously, researchers have attempted to use inference-specific type of relationships. We propose a framework to represent and reason with general case of social relationship network in a formal way. We call it relationship algebra. In the paper, we first present this algebra then show how this algebra can be used for various interesting computing on a social network weaved in the virtual communities. We show applications such as determining reviewers in a semi-professional network maintained by conference management systems, finding conflict of interest in a publication system, or to infer various trust relationships in a community of close associates, etc. We also show how future community networks can be used to determine who should be immunized in the case of a contagious disease outbreak and how these networks could be used in crime prevention, etc.
Regional differences in the effects of amphetamine withdrawal on dopamine dynamics in the striatum: Analysis of circadian patterns using automated on-line microdialysis

The purpose of the study is to determine the relationship between behavioral symptoms of amphetamine withdrawal and the extracellular concentration of dopamine (DA) in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus and the nucleus accumbens across the entire light-dark cycle. This was accomplished using automated on-line microdialysis sampling in behaving rats. Animals were pretreated with escalating doses of d-amphetamine (or saline) over a 6-week period and then were withdrawn from amphetamine for 3, 7, or 28 days before testing. There were regional differences in the effects of amphetamine withdrawal on the concentrations of DA and DA metabolites in dialysate. Early during withdrawal (3 and 7 days), when animals showed postamphetamine withdrawal behavioral depression (nocturnal hypoactivity), there was a significant decrease in DA and DA metabolites in the dorsolateral caudate nucleus and a disruption in the normal circadian pattern of DA activity. In contrast, there was no effect of amphetamine withdrawal on DA dynamics in the nucleus accumbens. By 28 days after the discontinuation of amphetamine pretreatment, after basal DA in the caudate returned to normal, there was a significant increase in basal DA metabolism in both the caudate and the accumbens. This increase in DA metabolism may be related to the expression of sensitization, including a hypersensitivity to an amphetamine challenge. It is concluded that the role of the dorsal striatum in psychostimulant drug withdrawal syndromes deserves further consideration.
Theory of order-disorder transitions and optical properties of flexible conjugated polymers

Abstract A general microscopic statistical mechanical theory of order-disorder phase transitions of flexible conjugated polymers in dilute solution is briefly reviewed, and applied to interpret recent experiments on alkyl-substituted polysilanes. The dependence of the observed thermochromic phenomena on solvent, substituent structure, and degree of polymerization are contrasted with the theoretical predictions. Excellent qualitative, and nearly quantitative, agreement between theory and experiment is found, thereby lending significant support to both the single chain mechanism of the solution order-disorder transitions and the fundamental importance of conformation-dependent polymer-solvent dispersion interactions.
Effects of Niacin on Glucose Control in Patients With Dyslipidemia

Niacin (nicotinic acid), the most effective available pharmacotherapy for increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, also lowers triglycerides and hence may be useful, alone or in combination with hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins), to offset residual cardiovascular risk in patients with mixed or diabetic dyslipidemia. We conducted a review of published consensus guidelines since 2000 and an English-language PubMed search of prospective, randomized controlled trials and open-label studies from January 1, 1990, through December 31, 2007, concerning the effects of niacin, alone or in combination with statins, on glycemic regulation in dyslipidemic patients (with or without diabetes mellitus). For search terms, we used the title words niacin or nicotinic acid and key words including diabetes, diabetic, dyslipidemia, glucose, glycemic, HbA1c, hemoglobin, hyperglycemia, human, insulin, postprandial, and safety. Retrospective and observational studies, case reports, and case studies were excluded. On the basis of our analysis, the effects of niacin (< or =2.5 g/d), alone or in combination with statins, on fasting glucose (an increase of 4%-5%) and hemoglobin A1c levels (an increase of < or =0.3%) are modest, transient or reversible, and typically amenable to adjustments in oral hypoglycemic regimens without discontinuing niacin. Niacin therapy was infrequently associated with incident diabetes or the need for new insulin prescriptions. Studies showed important clinical benefits of niacin or niacin-statin regimens despite modest effects on glucose control. On a population basis, significant reductions in incidences of cardiovascular events and the degree of atherosclerotic progression associated with long-term niacin (or niacin-statin) therapy in patients with diabetic dyslipidemia outweigh the typically mild effects of this therapy on glycemic regulation. Consensus guidelines recommend monitoring glycemic control after initiating niacin treatment or increasing its dosage.
Solute focusing in flow-injection systems: effect of solute capacity factor and position of solute-focusing column

Abstract Solute focusing in flow-injection analysis has traditionally been performed for ionic solutes and with a change in carrier stream used to cause elution of the solute. Further investigations of the use of reversed-phase chromatographic materials as a solute-focusing sorbent for non-ionic solutes are presented. By injecting the solute in a chromatographically weaker solvent than the carrier stream, real-time focusing occurs, and no change in carrier stream or second injection is required. The effect of the chromatographic capacity factor and the location of the focusing device in the flow manifold are both important considerations for attaining the maximum enhancement in sensitivity and concentration limits of detection.
The Varieties of Resource Experience: Natural Resource Export Structures and the Political Economy of Economic Growth

Many oil, mineral, and plantation crop-based economies experienced a substantial deceleration in growth following the commodity boom and bust of the 1970s and early 1980s. This article illustrates how countries dependent on point source natural resources (those extracted from a narrow geographic or economic base, such as oil and minerals) and plantation crops are predisposed to heightened economic and social divisions and weakened institutional capacity. This in turn impedes their ability to respond effectively to shocks, which previous studies have shown to be essential for sustaining rising levels of prosperity. Analysis of data on classifications of export structure, controlling for a wide array of other potential determinants of governance, shows that point source and coffee and cocoa exporting countries do relatively poorly across an array of governance indicators. These governance effects are not associated simply with being a natural resource exporter. Countries with natural resource exports that are diffuse relying primarily on livestock and agricultural produce from small family farms do not show the same strong effects and have had more robust growth recoveries.
Who Thinks in the Talmud

Abstract This article traces a historical shift, and in particular its erasure from memory on the intellectual map of the West, in concepts of subjectivity across practices of rabbinic thinking in late antiquity, medieval interpretations of the Talmud, and modern talmudic scholarship. I first introduce a comparative perspective that relies on a mutual hermeneutics of philosophical and talmudic traditions. I consequently engage with Alain de Libera’s archaeological analysis of the birth of the thinking subject in medieval philosophy and theology. In this light, I analyze the role of the notion of the thinking subject in construing the Talmud from Maimonides to contemporary Talmud criticism. Finally, I explore the implications of de Libera’s program of a philosophical archaeology of the thinking subject for mapping the complex relationship of mutual presupposition and exclusion between philosophical, rhetorical, and talmudic traditions of thinking in antiquity, as manifested in the larger scope of these traditions.
Identifying and locating complete psychosocial instruments

Abstract Reference librarians often encounter “instrument seekers,” library users who need to find a complete psychosocial test, scale, or questionnaire to use or adapt for research or clinical use. This article focuses on the resources that can help to answer these types of questions. Reference books, monographs, journal articles, and online databases are among the kinds of resources that are described in this article. Nomenclature concerns and intellectual property issues related to utilizing tests and measures are also addressed.
Technetium-99m monoclonal antibody fragment (FAb) scintigraphy in the evaluation of small cell lung cancer: a preliminary report

Abstract Small cell lung cancer (SCC) has the most rapid growth rate of the four cell types and metastasizes early. Present imaging modalities for staging include chest x-ray, CT, MRI and bone scans. In this preliminary study, we assessed the clinical role of 99mTc-monoclonal antibody (MOAB) scintigraphy in five patients with histologically proven SCC. Each patient was infused with 20–30 mCi of 99mTc labeled Fab fragment of MOAB (NR-LU-10, NeoRx, Seattle, Wash.). Total body simultaneous anterior and posterior images were obtained 14–16 h post injection. SPECT images of the chest were obtained through a 360 ° rotation of the gamma camera and recorded on a 62 × 64 × 16 matrix. Images (1.2cm thick) were generated in transaxial, sagittal and coronal views. Fourteen of fifteen chest lesions detected by CT were confirmed by 99mTc MOAB scintigraphy. Scintigraphy detected one additional chest lesion not seen by CT. Scintigraphy failed to detect a brain lesion (2 cm), a chest lesion, and two adrenal lesions, all of which were seen by CT. In one patient with multiple (more than 10) lesions in the liver, both scintigraphy and CT detected all lesions. Three spine lesions seen on 99mTc MDP scan and positive for metastasis on MRI concentrated 99mTc MOAB, but two rib lesions seen on 99mTc MDP bone scan did not concentrate 99mTc MOAB. It is concluded from these preliminary results that the potential usefulness of 99mTc MOAB scintigraphy as a complementary imaging modality in the staging of small cell lung cancer should be investigated further.
Splitting the cadaveric liver into right and left lobes for two adult recipients

Objective: To identify the outcomes and risks of split-liver transplantation (SLT) for two adult recipients to determine the feasibility of more widespread use of this procedure to increase the graft pool for adults. Summary of Background: The shortage of cadaver liver grafts for adults is increasing. Using livers from donors defined as optimal, the authors have been developing techniques for SLT for two adult recipients at their center. Methods: From July 1993 to December 1999, 34 adults have undergone SLT with grafts from optimal donors prepared by ex situ split (n = 30) or in situ split (n = 4), and 88 adults received optimal whole-liver grafts that were not split. Four split-grafts were transplanted at other centers. The outcomes of transplantation with right and left split-liver grafts were compared with those of whole-liver transplants. The main end points were patient and graft survival at 1 and 2 years and the incidence and types of complications. Results: For whole-liver, right and left split-liver grafts, respectively, patient survival rates were 88%, 74%, and 88% at 1 year and 85%, 74%, and 64% at 2 years. Graft survival rates were 88%, 74%, and 75% at 1 year and 85%, 74%, and 43% at 2 years. Patient survival was adversely affected by graft steatosis and recipients inpatient status before transplantation. Graft survival was adversely affected by steatosis and a graft-to-recipient body weight ratio of less than 1%. Primary nonfunction occurred in three left split-liver grafts. The rates of arterial (6%) and biliary (22%) complications were similar to published data from conventional transplantation for an adult and a child. SLT for two adults increased the number of recipients by 62% compared with whole-liver transplantation and was logistically possible in 16 of the 104 (15%) optimal cadaver donors. Conclusions: Split-liver transplantation for two adults is technically feasible. Outcomes and complications rates can be improved by rigid selection criteria for donors and recipients, particularly for the smaller left graft, and possibly also by in situ splitting in cadaver donors. Wider use will require changes in the procedures for graft allocation and coordination between centers experienced in the techniques.
Surface tension and viscosity of surfactant from the resonance of an oscillating drop

The oscillating drop surfactometer (ODS) measures surface tension (γ) and energy dissipation (damping constant b) of surfactant on a 1 μl sample. γ is obtained from the period of oscillation and b from its free decay or from the phase shift slope in resonance. After calibration with substances with different γ, corrections were made for capillary fixation and loss of mass by evaporation. Surface active substances are delivered from liposomes in the interior (subphase) or injected from outside, with microdrops (180 pl each) of solution. As an application example, we have investigated surfactant extract and pure phospholipid. In minutes after formation of a drop containing a diluted Survanta suspension, γ decreases by 20 mN/m, while b increases three-fold. This effect, assigned to spontaneous adsorption from liposomes to the surface, is not seen with pure dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) under our conditions. However, microdrop injection of DPPC triggers a rapid decrease of γ and a delayed strong increase in b. The effect is modulated by DPPC in the subphase and by cholesterol. Investigations with l-α-lysophosphatidylcholine show the high sensitivity of the ODS technique in the determination of the energy dissipation at air-liquid boundary surfaces. Although the ODS is limited to applications with γ > 15 mN m−1, it offers the advantage to give, with small samples and within seconds, a simultaneous readout of both surface tension γ and the parameter b, as a measure of surface viscosity.
Equivalence of the Wisc-r aNd Wais-r in dElinquent Males

A sample of 55 black and white male delinquents was randomly assigned to take either the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) or Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R). The two tests did not show significant differences in mean Verbal, Performance, or Full Scale IQs, but a test by race interaction consistently suggested that the scores of blacks were lower on the WISC-R than on the WAIS-R disproportionately to whites. Greater mean Performance IQ minus Verbal IQ differences were seen on the WISC-R than on the WAIS-R, and frequency analysis revealed a greater number of youths with a significant Performance minus Verbal difference on the WISC-R. These results suggest that use of the WAIS-R may be preferable to use of the WISC-R in 16-year-old delinquent males, and the possibility of relative racial bias in the WISC-R should be considered.
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-associated Proteins TDP-43 and FUS/TLS Function in a Common Biochemical Complex to Co-regulate HDAC6 mRNA,

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease that preferentially targets motor neurons. It was recently found that dominant mutations in two related RNA-binding proteins, TDP-43 (43-kDa TAR DNA-binding domain protein) and FUS/TLS (fused in sarcoma/translated in liposarcoma) cause a subset of ALS. The convergent ALS phenotypes associated with TDP-43 and FUS/TLS mutations are suggestive of a functional relationship; however, whether or not TDP-43 and FUS/TLS operate in common biochemical pathways is not known. Here we show that TDP-43 and FUS/TLS directly interact to form a complex at endogenous expression levels in mammalian cells. Binding was mediated by an unstructured TDP-43 C-terminal domain and occurred within the context of a 300–400-kDa complex that also contained C-terminal cleavage products of TDP-43 linked to neuropathology. TDP-43 C-terminal fragments were excluded from large molecular mass TDP-43 ribonucleoprotein complexes but retained FUS/TLS binding activity. The functional significance of TDP-43-FUS/TLS complexes was established by showing that RNAi silencing of either TDP-43 or FUS/TLS reduced the expression of histone deacetylase (HDAC) 6 mRNA. TDP-43 and FUS/TLS associated with HDAC6 mRNA in intact cells and in vitro, and competition experiments suggested that the proteins occupy overlapping binding sites. The combined findings demonstrate that TDP-43 and FUS/TLS form a functional complex in intact cells and suggest that convergent ALS phenotypes associated with TDP-43 and FUS/TLS mutations may reflect their participation in common biochemical processes.
FLUOROMETRIC EVIDENCE FOR THE BINDING OF CHOLESTEROL TO THE FILIPIN COMPLEX

The data show that the filipin complex in water has a characteristic fluorescence spectrum with a broad emission maxima at 497nm. Addition of cholesterol to the aqueous solution decreases the absorbance, the corrected fluorescence, and the partial quantum efficiency. The reduction in partial quantum efficiency, which is independent of the concentration of filipin, is definitive evidence that the filipin complex interacts with sterols in aqueous solution. The data indicate that changes in fluorescence may be a sensitive tool for monitoring the interaction of filipins with sterols.
Uniform Terminology for the Protozoan Subphylum Apicomplexa

SYNOPSIS. Uniform names for the stages, processes and structures of apicomplexan protozoa are proposed and defined, and names that should be superseded are listed. The same names are used for the same stages of all members of the group. Gregarines are designated as either septate or aseptate rather than as polycystid or monocystid. The gregarine stage often called a sporadin is recognized for what it is, a gamont. The cyst formed around 2 gregarine gamonts in which zygotes are formed is a gametocyst; it contains oocysts which in turn contain sporozoites. The term “spore” is inappropriate for these oocysts. The apical complex includes the polar ring, conoid, rhoptries, micronemes and subpellicular tubules. The gregarine “pseudocyst” is actually a gametocyst residuum. The term micropore is preferred to cytostome for the apicomplexan structure, since it is visible only with the electron microscope.
Development of spatial navigation following prenatal cocaine and malnutrition in rats: Lack of additive effects

The effects of prenatal cocaine exposure and protein malnutrition on the development of spatial navigation were assessed in rats. Sprague-Dawley dams were fed a low-protein (6% casein), adequate protein (25% casein), or a laboratory chow diet prior to mating and throughout pregnancy. Within each diet group, rats received either cocaine injections (30 mg/kg i.p. two times per week prior to mating and then 30 mg/kg s.c. daily from day 3 to 18 of pregnancy) or saline injections. All litters were fostered on the day of birth to saline-injected mothers fed either the 25% casein diet or the chow diet. Gestation length was decreased by prenatal cocaine exposure whereas litter size was reduced by prenatal malnutrition. On postnatal days 21, 25, 30, or 70, rats were tested for their ability to locate a submerged platform in a Morris water maze. In well-nourished rats, prenatal cocaine increased the mean distance swum during acquisition over days 21-30, a difference that was abolished in rats with prenatal malnutrition. In the absence of drug exposure (saline groups), prenatal malnutrition was itself associated with longer swim paths. Neither prenatal insult affected the accuracy of the spatial navigation at these ages, as determined by their search pattern when the platform was removed. On postnatal day 25, rats raised on the chow diet exhibited superior performance to that of rats raised on the 25% casein diet, but by day 30 these two well-nourished groups were comparable. At day 70, prenatal cocaine impaired spatial performance on the first session, in well-nourished rats only. Thus, these results provide no support for the hypothesis that prenatal cocaine and protein malnutrition combine to produce a greater effect on behavioral development than either insult alone.
Endophytic nitrogen fixation in dune grasses (Ammophila arenaria and Elymus mollis) from Oregon

Several tropical grasses harbor symbiotic nitrogen-fixing bacteria within their stem and rhizome tissue that may contribute to the nitrogen nutrition of the host plant. We present evidence here that sand dune grasses (Ammophila arenaria and Elymus mollis) from Oregon also contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Surface-sterilized stem and rhizome tissue from these species possess acetylene reduction (nitrogen fixation) activity and large populations (10(5) to 10(6) cfu/g fresh weight) of bacteria. These bacteria were cultured on N-free media and identified by sequencing of 16S rRNA genes or by GC-FAME. Random sequencing of numerous colonies from the initial isolation plates of mixed isolates showed that pseudomonads (Stenotrophomonas and Pseudomonas) were by far the most common microorganism. One isolate -Burkholderia sp. strain Aa1 - reduced acetylene in culture with maximum activity at an O(2) concentration of 2% (v/v) in liquid media or 10% on solid media. PCR screening of all the isolates with nifH and nifD primers was positive only for this species. Immunolocalization studies with antibodies to nitrogenase resulted in labeling within plant cell walls of stems and rhizomes. Evidence for a similar nitrogen-fixing association was also detected in Uniola paniculata (sea oats) and Ammophila brevigulata (American beachgrass). We conclude that these grasses, and probably other dune grasses from temperate climates, contain endophytic, diazotrophic bacteria that may contribute to the phenomenal success of these grasses on nutrient-poor sand.
The use of group-theoretic concepts in solving problems in estimation and control

In this paper we describe some results obtained over the past few years in the areas of estimation and control. The point of the research is to find subclasses of systems that possess sufficient structure to allow us to determine optimal solutions or computationally feasible algorithms. In particular, we utilize several results from group theory (both for Lie and finite groups) to obtain our results.
Effects of lipid interaction on the lysine microenvironments in apolipoprotein E.

Lysines in apolipoprotein (apo) E are key factors in the binding of apoE to the low density lipoprotein receptor, and high affinity binding requires that apoE be associated with lipid. To gain insight into this effect, we examined the microenvironments of the eight lysines in the 22-kDa fragment of apoE3 (residues 1–191) in the lipid-free and lipid-associated states. As shown by 1H,13C heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance, lysine resonances in the lipid-free fragment were poorly resolved over a wide pH range, whereas in apoE3·dimyristoyl phosphatidylcholine (DMPC) discs, the lysine microenvironments and protein conformation were significantly altered. Sequence-specific assignments of the lysine resonances in the spectrum of the lipidated 22-kDa fragment were made. In the lipid-free protein, six lysines could be resolved, and all had pK avalues above 10. In apoE3·DMPC complexes, however, all eight lysines were resolved, and the pK a values were 9.2–11.1. Lys-143 and Lys-146, both in the receptor binding region in helix 4, had unusually low pK a values of 9.5 and 9.2, respectively, likely as a result of local increases in positive electrostatic potential with lipid association. Shift reagent experiments with potassium ferricyanide showed that Lys-143 and Lys-146 were much more accessible to the ferricyanide anion in the apoE3·DMPC complex than in the lipid-free state. The angle of the nonpolar face of helix 4 is smaller than the angles of helices 1, 2, and 3, suggesting that helix 4 cannot penetrate as deeply into the DMPC acyl chains at the edge of the complex and that its polar face protrudes from the edge of the disc. This increased exposure and the greater positive electrostatic potential created by interaction with DMPC may explain why lipid association is required for high affinity binding of apoE to the low density lipoprotein receptor.
Rapid methods for extraction and concentration of poliovirus from oyster tissues.

Abstract A procedure is discussed for the extraction of poliovirus from oyster meats by modification of several enterovirus extraction techniques. The modified method uses meat extract and Cat-Floc, a polycationic electrolyte, for virus extraction and concentration. Virus recovery from inoculated oyster homogenates is 93–120%. Adsorption of viruses to oyster proteins by acidification of homogenates does not affect virus recovery. Elution of viruses from oyster proteins appears more efficient at pH 9.5 than at pH 8.0. This technique is relatively simple, economical and requires only 2.5 h to complete the combined extraction and concentration procedure.
FORMATION AND MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR QUANTUM PICOSTRUCTURES

Using two laser pulses of femtosecond duration we excite a diatomic molecule (${\mathrm{I}}_{2}$) to a dissociative state where the wave function is localized around two internuclear separations. The structure of the wave function is controlled by the relative amplitude and the temporal separation of the exciting laser pulses. A delayed intense probe pulse measures the square of the wave function as a function of the internuclear separation |\ensuremath{\Psi}(R)${\mathrm{|}}^{2}$ by Coulomb exploding the molecule. We report a resolution of \ensuremath{\sim}2 \AA{} in the internuclear range \ensuremath{\sim}6--15 \AA{}. We discuss how intense femtosecond laser pulses provide a different approach to time-resolved photochemistry.
Control Stability of a Heat-Flow-Meter Apparatus:

Calibration measurements of a commercial heat-flow-meter appara tus are presented. The apparatus has been calibrated using the same specimen of high-density fibrous-glass board over a period of four years, from 1989 to 1993. Seventy-three tests have been conducted, generally at ambient conditions of 24°C with a moderate temperature difference of either 15, 22 or 27°C across the specimen. Variations within a set of data for each test have been examined to verify underlying assumptions of randomness, normal frequency distribution of errors, repeatability, and stability of the data. Variations between test data indicate a small drift, on the order of one percent over four years, in the calibration factor of the apparatus. A model has been developed to describe the small drift with time. The analysis of varia tions between test data has also identified intermittent shifts in the precision of the calibration factor of the apparatus.
Influence of soil texture on alfalfa autotoxicity

A rotation interval is recommended between alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands to avoid negative effects of autotoxicity. Differences in soil properties such as texture can strongly influence allelopathic expression in plants and may explain the large variation in research results and recommended rotation intervals among states. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the influence of soil texture on alfalfa autotoxicity. Alfalfa extracts were passed though leaching columns filled with topsoil of either Sarpy fine sandy loam (mixed, mesic Typic Udipsamments) or Carlow silty clay loam (fine, smectitic, mesic Vertic Endoaquolls) and fractions were collected. Control columns for each soil were leached with distilled water only. Sequential fractions were added to 50 alfalfa seed in petri dishes. Radicle length and percentage germination were measured after 3 d. Active fractions reduced radicle growth more than percentage germination in both soils. The autotoxic chemical or chemicals moved through the Sarpy soil faster than through the Carlow soil. Fifty percent more water was required to move the active fraction of the extract through 10-cm columns of the Carlow soil than the Sarpy soil. Maximum autotoxicity within a fraction was greater for the Sarpy soil, but the effects appeared in more fractions for the Carlow soil. The results indicate that similar amounts of the autotoxic factor in sandy soil will have a greater influence on alfalfa seedling growth than in the clay soil. Conversely, the same amount of rainfall will leach the autotoxic factor from a sandy soil while only diluting it in a clay soil. Soil texture and rain water throughput may interact to affect length of rotation intervals needed for successful reseeding of alfalfa. Field research is needed to determine if rotation intervals can be modified based on soil texture and irrigation or expected rainfall.
Renal Expression of ICAM-1 and E-Selectin in Ischemia Reperfusion Injury and Sepsis † 1641

Leukocyte adhesion and migration into injured tissue frequently contribute to the injury process in models of ischemia reperfusion injury and sepsis. Furthermore, adhesion molecule upregulation is crucial for the development of the inflammatory response and neutrophil activation. The current studies performed in models of acute renal injury in vivo evaluate the expression of two key leukocyte adhesion molecules, E-selectin, which is expressed exclusively by endothelial cells, and ICAM-1, which is distributed more ubiquitously in the kidney. A model of sepsis was produced in male C57/BL6 mice by administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) 2 mg/kg ip., previously demonstrated to induce adhesion molecules in lung tissue. LPS induced ICAM-1 and E-selectin mRNA in kidneys harvested 2h after dosing, and persisted at the 4h time point. Ischemia reperfusion injuriy (IRI) was produced by subjecting mice to 45 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by reperfusion for up to 4 h. Induction of ICAM-1 was not seen by 2h of reperfusion, but was clearly evident by 3h and persisted at 4h. No upregulation of ICAM-1 mRNA was detected following ischemia without reperfusion, or in sham operated control mice. E-selectin mRNA was not induced by ischemia alone or ischemia with reflow up to 4h. In summary, 1) ICAM-1 message is induced by both LPS and IRI in renal tissue. 2) Post-ischemic reperfusion is required for the increase in ICAM-1 RNA. 3) mRNA for E-selectin is induced by LPS treatment, but is not increased by 4h of post-ischemic reperfusion. Our findings suggest that ICAM-1 mRNA upregulation may contribute to the development of inflammation in renal tissue exposed to IR or endotoxin, while E-selectin expression may contribute to inflammation in renal tissue exposed to endotoxin, but is not detectable following IRI.
Conformational Flexibility of 1,3-Bis(1-pyrenyl)propane Throughout the Sol−Gel to Xerogel Process

We report on the conformational flexibility of 1,3-bis(1-pyrenyl)propane (BPP) doped within tetramethyl orthosilicate (TMOS)-derived sol−gel materials. In normal liquid solution, at low concentrati...
DIVERGENCE THRESHOLDS AS FUNCTIONS OF TEMPORAL SEPARATION, SPATIAL SEPARATION, AND RETINAL LOCUS

Human thresholds were measured for the detection of angular divergence between straight lines using pairs of line segments. The dependence of these thresholds on temporal separation between the two lines, spatial separation, and retinal locus was assessed. Results were comparable to prior divergence thresholds obtained by Harrington and Harrington in their study of "blur patterns." In blur patterns motion parameters may be processed partly or wholly as form information rather than as motion information per se. Harrington and Harrington had used moderate blurring velocities, for which information on both motion and form were present. Observers may have been responding either to motion or to form. The study reported here used briefly presented two-line "blur patterns" with only form information. Analysis suggested that the form components of fast motion-produced blur patterns could be processed by the human visual system. Neither temporal nor spatial separation was a significant determiner of thresholds in accordance with Harrington and Harrington who found no effect of blur-line density in the range studied. Retinal locus was a factor as it was with blur patterns. Some possible mechanisms for the detection of divergence indicated by these results are discussed.
Differential Competencies Contributing to Children's Comprehension of Narrative and Expository Texts

This study examined the influences of reading decoding skills and world knowledge on third graders' comprehension of narrative and expository texts. Children read a narrative text and an expository text. Comprehension of each text was assessed with a free recall prompt, three cued recall prompts, and 12 multiple-choice questions. Tests from the Woodcock–Johnson III Tests of Achievement (Woodcock, McGrew, & Mather, 2001) were used to assess reading decoding skills and world knowledge. Comprehension was better for the narrative text than the expository text, and the effects of reader competencies depended on text genre. Comprehension of the narrative text was most influenced by reading decoding skills. In contrast, expository text comprehension was most influenced by world knowledge.
P02.112. Mind-body medicine therapies for the depression spectrum: a systematic review.

Purpose This paper aims to systematically compare and contrast the evidence for the use of mind-body therapies to address varying degrees of depressive symptoms in populations with and without other chronic co-morbidities. Systematic literature searches of PubMed (Medline), Embase, CINAHL, and the 7 databases encompassed by Current
Altered Processing of Amyloid Precursor Protein in Cells Undergoing Apoptosis

Altered proteolysis of amyloid precursor protein is an important determinant of pathology development in Alzheimer's disease. Here, we describe the detection of two novel fragments of amyloid precursor protein in H4 neuroglioma cells undergoing apoptosis. Immunoreactivity of these 25–35 kDa fragments to two different amyloid precursor protein antibodies suggests that they contain the amyloid-β region and an epitope near the C-terminus of amyloid precursor protein. Generation of these fragments is associated with cleavage of caspase-3 and caspase-7, suggesting activation of these caspases. Studies in neurons undergoing DNA damage-induced apoptosis also showed similar results. Inclusion of caspase inhibitors prevented the generation of these novel fragments, suggesting that they are generated by a caspase-dependent mechanism. Molecular weight prediction and immunoreactivity of the fragments generated suggested that such fragments could not be generated by cleavage at any previously identified caspase, secretase, or calpain site on amyloid precursor protein. Bioinformatic analysis of the amino acid sequence of amyloid precursor protein revealed that fragments fitting the observed size and immunoreactivity could be generated by either cleavage at a novel, hitherto unidentified, caspase site or at a previously identified matrix metalloproteinase site in the extracellular domain. Proteolytic cleavage at any of these sites leads to a decrease in the generation of α-secretase cleaved secreted APP, which has both anti-apoptotic and neuroprotective properties, and thus may contribute to neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease.
A study of the mechanism of ambiguous amino acid coding by poly U: the nature of the products.

Partial acid hydrolyaates of polypeptides synthesized in vitro under the direction of poly U have been examined by column chromatography. Under conditions where little ambiguity occurs, phenylalanine is incorporated into polypeptide linkage and the only dipeptide observed in partial acid hydrolysates of the polypeptide product is Phe-Phe. High magnesium ion concentrations or the addition of ethanol or streptomycin causes ambiguous coding with poly U, resulting in the incorporation of leucine and/or isoleucine, as well as phenylalanine, into polypeptide. When only leucine and phenylalanine were incorporated (in the presence of the appropriate concentrations of ethanol or magnesium ion), the following dipep-tides were identified in partial acid hydrolysates of thepolypeptideproducts: Phe-Phe, Phe-Leu, Leu-Phe, Leu-Leu. Within the limits of resolution of the method, all of the possible dipeptides of the three amino acids were observed in the degradation products of the polypeptides produced in the presence of streptomycin. The results are consistent with the conclusion that in the presence of streptomycin, ethanol or high magnesium ion concentrations, all of the above three amino acids are incorporated into the same polypeptide chain in a nearly random manner. An interdependence (both competition and stimulation) was also observed in the incorporation of these three amino acids. Thus, under conditions of ambiguous coding, a homopolynucleotide such as poly U behaves as if it were a random or nearly random array of different codons, although some competition does exist among different aminoacyl-sRNA's for single coding sites.
Design strategies for metal alkoxide functionalized metal–organic frameworks for ambient temperature hydrogen storage

Abstract Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulations were used to calculate hydrogen adsorption in IRMOF-16, NU-100, and UiO-68 functionalized with Mg or Fe catecholates on the linkers. We examined how altering the number of metal catecholate groups affects H2 uptake and deliverable capacity near ambient temperature. We find that large free volume and an isosteric heat of adsorption (Qst) of 20 kJ mol−1 at low loading will maximize gravimetric deliverable capacity while a small pore diameter will maximize volumetric deliverable capacity. This suggests a trade-off between the properties that lead to maximal gravimetric and volumetric capacities. For example, our calculations suggest that NU-100 functionalized with six Fe catecholate groups per linker takes up 5.5 wt.% deliverable H2 at 243 K and 100 bar, but only 24.2 g L−1 deliverable H2.
Switch Technology in Intelligent Substation

As the technology of intelligent substation is developed gradually, the significance of he Ethernet switch in the substation is obvious increasingly.Firstly, the learning and transmitting principle of Ethernet frame are introduced, then the network program of secondary system using the switch in the hierarchial structure is described. And then a detailed analysis of the VLAN, QoS, mirror and ring network is given, also the various technical application scheme are provided according to a variety of IED features and data flow characteristics. On the basis of the different business needs and different message types, the reasonable design of network topology and the flexible use of these switching technology , can support security, stability, reliable transmission of communication message in intelligent substation , therefore the whole substation becomes more strong.
Research On Passive Solar Materials In Canada

During the past two years the National Research Council of Canada's Solar Energy Program has commenced support of research on low emittance coatings, transparent aerogels and phase-change energy storage materials. The work on coatings and aerogels is part of a major activity to develop "super" windows with overall thermal resistance equivalent to or better than RSI 1 (R6).© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Empirical Investigation of Student Motivations to Attend Summer School

This investigation identifies the factors the influenced the decision to enroll in the summer school offerings of a professional school, namely a school of business. Along with the "traditional" reasons for going to summer school such as the desire to make up work and to graduate faster, the study revcealed that social and economic reasons influenced the decision. A factor analysis identified four factors which helped explain the reasons that influenced the decision. These factors were composed of academic issues, the desire for independence, finances and summer school academic reasons. These findings are used to suggest marketing strategies for attracting the various target markets that the professional schools are trying to serve.