cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Glycemic Load and Exercise on Overweight/Obesity in College Students

We sought to assess the effect of glycemic load consumption and exercise in healthy college students. Participants (N=10) were screened on physiological measures then randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. Both groups participated in the walking program. Those in the experimental group were given the ADA diet exchange list modified to low glycemic load. At the end of 12 weeks, participants were reassessed. Members of the experimental group saw significant changes in total cholesterol and blood glucose. Changes in body mass index and waist circumference were not significant but some changes were noted. The glycemic load does have a positive effect on blood chemistries and physiological measures.
Impact of a school-based water, sanitation, and hygiene intervention on school absence, diarrhea, respiratory infection, and soil-transmitted helminths: results from the WASH HELPS cluster-randomized trial.

Background Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) in schools is promoted by development agencies as a modality to improve school attendance by reducing illness. Despite biological plausibility, the few rigorous studies that have assessed the effect of WASH in schools (WinS) interventions on pupil health and school attendance have reported mixed impacts. We evaluated the impact of the Laos Basic Education, Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Programme - a comprehensive WinS project implemented by UNICEF Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) in 492 primary schools nationwide between 2013 and 2017 - on pupil education and health. Methods From 2014-2017, we conducted a cluster-randomized trial among 100 randomly selected primary schools lacking functional WASH facilities in Saravane Province, Lao PDR. Schools were randomly assigned to either the intervention (n = 50) or comparison (n = 50) arm. Intervention schools received a school water supply, sanitation facilities, handwashing facilities, drinking water filters, and behavior change education and promotion. Comparison schools received the intervention after research activities ended. At unannounced visits every six to eight weeks, enumerators recorded pupils' roll-call absence, enrollment, attrition, progression to the next grade, and reported illness (diarrhea, respiratory infection, conjunctivitis), and conducted structured observations to measure intervention fidelity and adherence. Stool samples were collected annually prior to de-worming and analyzed for soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection. In addition to our primary intention-to-treat analysis, we conducted secondary analyses to quantify the role of intervention fidelity and adherence on project impacts. Results We found no impact of the WinS intervention on any primary (pupil absence) or secondary (enrollment, dropout, grade progression, diarrhea, respiratory infection, conjunctivitis, STH infection) impacts. Even among schools with the highest levels of fidelity and adherence, impact of the intervention on absence and health was minimal. Conclusions While WinS may create an important enabling environment, WinS interventions alone and as currently delivered may not be sufficient to independently impact pupil education and health. Our results are consistent with other recent evaluations of WinS projects showing limited or mixed effects of WinS.
Experimental Studies of Evolution and Eco-Evo Dynamics in Guppies (Poecilia reticulata)

Guppies in Trinidad range across aquatic environments with fish communities that vary in risk of predation. These communities are often discrete, separated by waterfalls, with high-predation commun...
The effect of emission charges on output and emissions in dynamic Cournot duopoly

Abstract We consider the effect of emission charges on market structure, output, and emissions in Cournot competition. Assuming myopic decision making and a partial adjustment process, we analyze the impact of emission charges on the stability of duopoly/monopoly and on the level of emissions. We show that where marginal emission charges are increasing in the level of emissions, duopoly is stable. However, where marginal emission charges are decreasing in emissions, duopoly is unstable, and the system converges on monopoly. Equilibrium output and emissions are also shown to be higher under cost structures favoring monopoly than under cost structures favoring duopoly.
Accounting history and empirical research

This paper examines historical methodology and suggests ways accounting history may be made more relevant to contemporary accounting researchers. First there is a brief discussion of the “traditional” accounting history method, the documentary model, and an examination of history methodologies that offer alternatives modes of inquiry. This includes the pattern model and rhetorical analysis. This discussion is brief and focused on only issues examined in subsequent discussion of the empirical research. The discussion of the empirical research, including behavioral research, focuses on three issues: retrodiction, with examples concerning securities legislation; belief transference, with examples concerning the demand for auditing; and methodological transference, with examples from the behavioral literature including a discussion of the importance of historical context and sensitivity. The objectives are [1] to show how all researchers need to tell more plausible stories and how historical analyses can clar...
Direct Electrochemical Deposition of Transparent Metal Oxide Thin Films from Polyoxometalates

Transition metal oxide coatings, owing to their unique combination of optoelectronic, electrochemical, and chemical properties, are at the forefront of functional thin films across diverse technolo...
Cortical Stroke Produces Secondary Injury and Long-lasting Gliosis in the Ipsilateral Thalamus

Abstract Remote secondary injury in the thalamus has been observed following cortical infarct, however the mechanisms are not well understood. We used the distal MCAO stroke model (pdMCAO) to explore the cellular and temporal gliosis response in secondary thalamic injury in mice. At 3 days post-stroke (PSD3), primary infarct was limited to the cortex, with no infarct in the thalamus. However, at 2 weeks after stroke (PSD14), the ipsilateral thalamus demonstrated degenerating and severely damaged neurons. Staining for GFAP (astrogliosis) or IBA-1 (microgliosis) was first apparent in the ipsilateral thalamus by PSD3, and showed a progressive increase through PSD14. The number of activated microglia was increased within the thalamus at PSD14, reflecting proliferation of resident microglia as well as infiltration of peripheral monocytes. Interestingly, astrogliosis within the thalamus was enduring, as it was still evident at two years post-stroke. Furthermore, the astrogliosis at two years (but not at 6 weeks) demonstrated glial scar-like characteristics. Lastly, we demonstrated that post-stroke treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist (memantine) reduces gliosis in the thalamus at PSD14. These findings highlight the development of lasting secondary injury in the thalamus following cortical stroke and support the value of memantine treatment in the mitigation of this injury.
Bioelectrical impedance analysis in managing sarcopenic obesity in NAFLD

Introduction Sarcopenic obesity and its association with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is under-recognized by many healthcare providers in Western medicine due to the lack of awareness and diagnostic guidelines. The result is delayed recognition and treatment, which leads to further health deterioration and increased healthcare costs. Sarcopenic obesity is characterized by the presence of increased fat mass in combination with muscle catabolism related to chronic inflammation and/or inactivity. Previous research has recommended evaluating body composition and physical function performance to adequately diagnose sarcopenic obesity. Body composition analysis can be performed by imaging applications through magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry. Due to the cost of each device and radiation exposure for patients as evidenced in all three modalities, bioelectrical impedance analysis offers a noninvasive approach capable of providing quick and reliable estimates of lean body and fat mass. Methods and results This review analyzes the current evidence-based literature, indicating a lower skeletal muscle mass and increased visceral adipose tissue correlation to the advancement of fibrosis in fatty liver disease. Conclusion Given the substantial promising research conducted in predominantly Asian populations regarding body tissue distribution and NAFLD, additional prospective research is needed to extend these findings in Western populations.
The Usage and Meaning of "ClinicalSignificance" in Drug-Related Litigation

I. Introduction Drugs and other pharmaceutical products are of such great importance, both to public health and to the national economy, that the issues surrounding their development, approval, use, and effects have spawned a considerable volume of litigation. Drug and pharmaceutical litigation can be broken down into three important categories based on distinct stages at which litigation is likely to arise. These include (1) suits for and against Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of new or reformulated drugs, which occur both before and after the drug is available on the market, (2) false advertising and patent infringement suits that develop as a result of the marketing of the drug, and (3) products liability suits that develop as a result of consumers' use of the drug.' At each of these potential stages of litigation, parties are likely to encounter the concept of (or at least the use of the phrase) "clinical significance." This Note will demonstrate an absence of definition and an unevenness of understanding and application of that phrase in all of these drug-related contexts.2 It is not necessarily the case that the phrase itself is innately flawed (although "significance" is certainly a word that can present difficulties in interpretation).3 When the words "clinical" and "significant" have specific definitions, either alone or in concert, for a given context, the potential problems are minimized, if not obviated entirely.' Such definitions may come from statutes or from precedents in case laws The definitions may be, and indeed may have to be, only for very narrowly limited contexts.6 When these definitions appear, there is clarity and uniformity sufficient to make the terms useful in their given context. However, despite this apparent capacity for precision of meaning and relative uniformity of understanding when the terms are defined and used separately, confusion and ambiguity are much more typical where the phrase "clinical significance" is concerned. The contrast between the majority and the dissenting opinions in a Sixth Circuit case, Glaser v. Thompson Medical Co.,' exemplifies the confusion.' Although the majority in Glaser uses the phrase "clinical significance" several times throughout its opinion, nowhere does it provide any definition or explication. The best indication of the majority's understanding is its apparent reliance on one expert's statement that the averages necessarily involved in finding "statistical significance" actually hide the real variations that are "clinically significant" for individual patients.9 This suggests a vague idea of clinical significance as something that can be determined by an individual physician by observation of an individual patient, in spite of statistics suggesting that the observation, and more importantly, the causal relationship posited, is untrustworthy. …
Transcriptional mapping of a DNA replication gene cluster in bacteriophage T4. Sites for initiation, termination, and mRNA processing.

A phage T4 genetic cluster that encodes DNA polymerase, several other DNA replication proteins, transcriptional factors, and the translation repressor RegA has been shown to be controlled by overlapping modes of transcription which initiate at several promoters. The promoters were mapped by using a combination of assays including Northern blotting, S1-mapping, RNA sequencing, and analysis of products of radioactive labeling of 5' ends on T4-induced RNA in vitro via the reaction catalyzed by eukaryotic guanylyl transferase (RNA capping assay). The most proximal in the cluster are two promoters that do not require any phage-induced factors for activation, i.e. they are T4 early promoters. Initiation at these promoters yields several RNA species having overlapping 5'-terminal sequences, the largest of which is estimated to be about 15,000 nucleotides long and to include all the cistrons of the cluster. A third early promoter maps inside the protein encoding segment of one of the cistrons (T4 gene 47), while at least five additional promoters map in intercistronic regions and are T4 middle promoters, i.e. they require the T4-induced DNA-binding transcription factor MotA. Transcriptional readthrough at a termination site within the T4 gene 45-44 intercistronic region is required for synthesis of gp44 and gp62, two essential T4 DNA-polymerase (gp43) accessory proteins. In contrast, transcription of T4 gene 43 is serviced by readthrough across a termination site in the regA-43 intercistronic region as well as by a MotA-dependent promoter that maps downstream of the termination site, and the region contains a site for processing by a T4-induced enzyme that also cleaves elsewhere in the polycistronic mRNA from the cluster (i.e. in the Shine-Dalgarno sequence of the gene 45.2 mRNA). The termination events in the gene 45-44 and regA-43 intercistronic regions both occur downstream of RNA stem-loop structures containing the sequence 5'CUUCGG3' in the loop segments. Transcription termination in the 78-base-pair regA-43 intercistronic region occurs about 60 nucleotides away from the gp43 initiator AUG, transcription initiation occurs at 38-40 nucleotides upstream from the AUG, and T4-dependent RNA processing occurs at several sites (including a GGAG sequence) between the transcription termination and initiation sites. Thus, all gp43-encoding mRNAs contain the translational operator (residues -40 to -1 relative to the AUG) for autogenous repression by this DNA polymerase (Andrake et al., 1988).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Random Server Model for Private Information Retrieval

Private information retrieval (PIR) schemes enable users to obtain information from databases while keeping their queries secret from the database managers.We propose a new model for PIR, utilizing auxiliary random servers to provide privacy services for database access. In this model, prior to any on-line communicationwhere users request queries, the database engages in an initial preprocessing setup stage with the random servers. Using this model we achieve the first PIR information theoretic solution inwhich the database does not need to give away its data to be replicated, and with minimal on-line computation cost for the database.This solves privacy and efficiency problems inherent to all previous solutions.
Trends in Ambient Ozone and Precursor Emissions in U.S. Urban Areas

Abstract This paper discusses ambient ozone trends in the United States based upon data collected at over 200 monitoring sites for the 1977-86 time period. The ozone monitoring sites used in this analysis were selected to ensure a consistent data base over time. The interpretation of the long-term ambient ozone trend in the U.S. is discussed as well as associated factors such as measurement methodology and meteorological conditions which can affect these trends. Precursor emission trends are presented based upon national emission estimates. Practical problems associated with these types of trends are briefly discussed.
Azarcón por Empacho—Another Cause of Lead Toxicity

A new source of toxic lead ingestion has been identified roentgenologically in Mexican-American children and adults. Azarcon is an orange powder that contains 86% to 95% lead tetroxide (Pb3O4). At least three children have been treated with this substance by folk healers for relief of abdominal symptoms. Other Hispanic medical folklores may include this toxic "remedy."
Competing electronic ground states in La 1-x Ca x CoO 3

We present the results of a neutron powder-diffraction study on ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3}.$ We show that, contrary to previous reports, a first-order structural transition $R3\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{c}\mathrm{Pnma}$ occurs as a function of both x and T. Spin-state transitions occur as a function of x, T as indicated by the changes in cell volume, with evidence of a macroscopically inhomogeneous spin-state mixture at $x=0.1.$ The magnetic behavior generally parallels that of ${\mathrm{La}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sr}}_{x}{\mathrm{CoO}}_{3},$ with evidence for both spin-glass behavior and ferromagnetism.
EFFECTS OF VIDEO MODELING ON TEACHING BIDS FOR JOINT ATTENTION TO CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of video modeling to teach children with autism to initiate bids for joint attention. The video model consisted of a child demonstrating three components of a bid for joint attention with an adult conversational partner: orienting toward the object, emitting a vocal statement, and eye gaze shift toward unique objects in the environment. Results indicated that video modeling alone was effective in teaching all components of joint attention for two of the three children, whereas video modeling plus in vivo prompting was effective for the third participant. Further, bids for joint attention did not generalize across novel items for any of the participants. Results are discussed in terms of the social relevance and validity of the use of video modeling to teach a complex social behavior such as bids for joint attention. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Jointattentioncanbedescribedasthecoordinatedexchangeofattentionbetweentwo individualsandanobject(LovelandL some of which include shift in eye gaze, gestures (pointing or showing), vocal, or verbal communication using one or more words (‘Look it’ sab all’ or ‘Ball’ )o r any combination of the text mentioned earlier. Adamson and Bakeman (1984) defined joint attention as an interaction that involves two people sharing attention with respect to an object or event, and monitoring each other’s attention to that object or event. Joint attention is often discussed as one of the first forms of communication that emerges. Nonverbal joint attention behaviors such as eye contact and showing or pointing to objects emerge between 9 and 18months in typically developing children (Adamson & Bakeman, 1984). Thus, joint attention skills are regarded as an important developmental milestone in terms of promoting language and social development (Wetherby, Prizant, & Schuler, 2000). The ability to follow another person’s focus of attention, as well the ability to direct another’s focus of attention, allows children to establish a common topic with
Rapid cloning of rearranged immunoglobulin heavy chain genes from human B-cell lines using anchored polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract A general method to obtain the variable region DNA sequence of the immunoglobulin heavy chain using anchored polymerase chain reaction is described. Based on this DNA sequence, clone-specific oligonucleotides were designed to anneal to the complentarity determining regions. These were used to identify the original B-cell clone in serial dilutions of polyclonal lymph node DNA with high specificity and sensitivity. This method should be useful for studying minimal residual disease in B-cell neoplasia.
Experiments with greenmelk in chicken leukemia.

Abstract GREENMELK is a commercial product containing a combination of succulent cereal grasses and buttermilk. It is recommended as a supplement to grain concentrates for mammals and poultry. It is reputed by its manufacturers to be rich in carotene, vitamins B1, C, E, riboflavin, summer milk factor, xanthophyll and chlorophyll. It contains, in young cereal grasses and buttermilk, two of nature’s best sources of vitamins, proteins and minerals. Greenmelk is produced by raising wheat, oats, and other cereal grasses on good soils, and, before the young shoots have jointed, the shoots are cut at the time when they are richest in desirable qualities of vitamin content. These young grasses are then mixed with buttermilk reputed to preserve their vitamin content and their most desirable feeding qualities. This process is believed to condense and pasteurize these food materials and make them particularly suitable for poultry feeding. The use of such materials is . . .
Pituitary-adrenal activity and appetitive reinforcement

Individual groups of rats were trained to leverpress for either a high or a low rate of food reward. Between-group comparisons of plasma and adrenal corticosterone concentrations were made for groups remaining on their respective reinforcement schedules and groups shifted to extinction. Plasma and adrenal corticosterone concentrations for groups receiving a low rate of food reward were elevated in comparison to those receiving a high rate of food reward. A shift to extinction from a high rate of reinforcement produced a significant increase in plasma and adrenal corticosterone concentration, but no change occurred when the shift was made from a schedule delivering a low rate of reinforcement. Hormone comparisons were also made between two groups of rats working on schedules that differed in preferential value (DRL and VI), but were equated for reinforcement frequency. There was no significant difference in corticosterone concentrations between these two groups, indicating that schedule preference does not influence pituitary-adrenal activity when reinforcement frequency is controlled.
Selecting and Implementing an ERMS at Wayne State University: A Case Study

The successful development and implementation of an electronic resources management (ERM) system depends on an undertaking that includes many key factors. Some of these key factors include determining user groups and their needs, evaluating implementation and technical issues, testing the system, exploring how the system will be used, setting future goals for the system's use, and acknowledging other outside considerations that need to be addressed regarding the deployment of an ERM system. Within each of these factors lies critical decision making and goal evaluation. Learn about how Wayne State University applied these factors, underwent the steps toward this endeavor, and developed the ongoing evaluation of the selected ERM system.
Superconductivity and non-Fermi liquid behavior near antiferromagnetic quantum critical points inCeRh1−xCoxIn5

Single crystals of $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{Rh}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ have been investigated by means of specific heat measurements at zero pressure and electrical resistivity measurements under nearly hydrostatic pressure up to $28\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$. Specific heat measurements for samples of $\mathrm{Ce}{\mathrm{Rh}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Co}}_{x}{\mathrm{In}}_{5}$ with cobalt concentrations of $x=0.65$, 0.71, 0.77, 0.87, and 0.93 confirm the existence of antiferromagnetism for $0\ensuremath{\leqslant}x\ensuremath{\leqslant}0.7$ and suggest the existence of a quantum critical point at ${x}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.75$. Entropy versus $x$ isotherms below $\ensuremath{\sim}5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K}$ and the normalized residual resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})∕\ensuremath{\rho}(290\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ versus $x$ curve both display maxima near ${x}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}0.75$, suggesting further evidence for the existence and location of the quantum critical point. Electrical resistivity measurements under pressure for samples with $x=0.1$, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 reveal antiferromagnetism, pressure-induced superconductivity, and the coexistence of antiferromagnetism and superconductivity. Normalized residual resistivity $\ensuremath{\rho}(0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})∕\ensuremath{\rho}(290\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{K})$ versus pressure $P$ curves and the evolution of the power-law exponent $n$ favor the existence of quantum critical points at critical pressures ${P}_{c}\ensuremath{\sim}23\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$, $\ensuremath{\sim}21\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$, and $\ensuremath{\sim}7\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kbar}$ for samples with $x=0.1$, 0.2, and 0.4, respectively.
A haptoglobin radioassay based on binding to solid-phase hemoglobin.

A specific and sensitive assay for haptoglobin based on binding to an easily prepared Sepharose-bound hemoglobin reagent is described. The assay is suitable for directly determining radiolabeled amino acid incorporation into haptoglobin in several liver cell systems in vitro and can be adapted to measure unlabeled free haptoglobin in plasma samples regardless of the presence of the haptoglobin-hemoglobin complex.
CUMULUS CLOUD PRECIPITATION AS REVEALED BY RADAR-ARIZONA 1955

Abstract An AN/TPS-10 radar, located at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, University of Arizona, has been used to make extensive measurements of radar returns from cumulus clouds in the vicinity of Tucson. Data from ten days in the summer of 1955 have been analyzed with a view toward establishing the level of first formation of precipitation, day-to-day variation, average dimensions of first echo, average duration, and fraction reaching ground. Strong day-to-day variations and mountain effects are revealed. Although echoes form much more frequently over mountains than over nearby valleys, these echoes individually are less likely to produce rain at the ground.
Order and quantum phase transitions in the cuprate superconductors

This is a summary of a review article appearing in Reviews of Modern Physics, July 2003. The ground state of the cuprate superconductors is described using the paradigm of competing orders. This approach has led to numerous predictions, some of which have been tested in recent nanoscale experiments.
Population dynamics and dispersal of two exotic biological control agents of spotted knapweed, Urophora affinis and U. quadrifasciata (Diptera: Tephritidae), in southwestern Virginia from 1986 to 2000.

Abstract A gall fly, Urophora affinis Frfld. (Diptera: Tephritidae), released at two sites in southwestern Virginia in 1986 for the biological control of spotted knapweed, Centaurea maculosa Lam., was monitored annually through 2000 to determine its population density and dispersal rate. Between 1986 and 1991, the mean number of U. affinis per knapweed capitulum increased 10-fold at these original release sites. By spring 2000, it was recovered at 44 of 55 sites sampled but its density at each original release site has not exceeded the 1991 level. Rate of spread averaged 1.3 km/year. A second species, Urophora quadrifasciata (Meigen) that was not released in Virginia, was first recovered in 1995 comprising 30% of the two Urophora species. From 1996 to 2000 it was recovered at all sites sampled. Its rapid increase made it the dominant species, comprising 87.5% of the two species within two years. Although U. quadrifasciata has spread more rapidly than U. affinis, the proportion of the two species has stabilized since 1998 with the population of U. quadrifasciata being three times that of U. affinis. Eighty-two percent of the capitula of spotted knapweed sampled were infested. Each infested capitulum contained 1–3 U. affinis or 1–6 U. quadrifasciata with 11.7% of the capitula being infested by both species. Sex ratio consistently showed a slightly higher number of males than females in both species. Comparison of both species present in 20 sites showed that despite a 9-year head start, U. affinis was the dominant species in only 2.6, 2.4, and 3.5% of the capitula in 1998, 1999, and 2000, respectively. The highest number of each species recorded per capitulum was a mean for all sampled sites of 1.68 U. quadrifasciata in 1997 and 0.4 U. affinis in 1991. Although U. quadrifasciata quickly became the dominant species in sites occupied by U. affinis, the latter has persisted, suggesting that the two species can coexist. Data derived from two sample sizes of 100 and 1000 capitula were not significantly different.
Elucidating drug-metalloprotein interactions with tris(pyrazolyl)borate model complexes

The tetrahedral zinc complex [(TpMe,Ph)ZnOH] (TpMe,Ph = hydrotris(5,3-methylphenylpyrazolyl)borate) was combined with acetohydroxamic acid, 3-mercapto-2-butanone, N-(methyl)mercaptoacetamide, β-mercaptoethanol, 3-mercapto-2-propanol, and 3-mercapto-2-butanol to generate the complexes [(TpMe,Ph)Zn(ZBG)] (ZBG = zinc-binding group). These complexes were prepared to determine the mode of binding for three different types of thiol-derived matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitors. The solid-state structures of all six metal complexes were determined by X-ray crystallography. The structures reveal that while β-mercaptoketones and β-mercaptoamides bind the zinc ion in a bidentate fashion, the three β-mercaptoalcohol compounds only demonstrate monodentate coordination via the sulfur atom. Prior to this work, no experimental data were available for the binding conformation of these types of inhibitors to the zinc active site of MMPs. The results of these model studies reveal different binding modes for these ZBGs ...
Controlling the growth of internet routing tables through market mechanisms

The growth of core Internet routing tables has been such that it is now viewed as an impediment to the continued expansion of the Internet. The main culprit is multi-homing that stems from sites' desire for greater reliability and diversity in connectivity. These locally rational decisions have a global impact on the Internet, and there is currently no mechanism to effectively control them. A number of technical solutions are being pursued, but this paper explores the use of a "market mechanism." It formulates a model that accounts for sites' incentives and the impact their connectivity choices have on the size of routing tables, and introduces a pricing scheme that seeks to better reapportion the resulting costs. The model is solved for two configurations that capture different deployment realizations and stages. They demonstrate the scheme's effectiveness in controlling the growth of Internet routing tables, while improving the welfare of sites and Internet Service Providers.
Moral judgments and the role of social harm: Differences in automatic versus controlled processing

The social intuitionist model has served as an important corrective to the earlier dominance of rational deliberation in moral psychology. Yet the relationship between intuition and deliberation in moral judgments remains largely unexplored. Three studies were conducted to explore the role of automatic and controlled processes in moral judgments. Results suggest that controlled processing is attuned to instances of social harm. Immoral acts (i.e., cases of serious academic dishonesty) that involved diffuse harm in the form of flouting societal rules did not result in increased moral censure under deliberation. In contrast, similar dishonest acts that involved direct social harm to others resulted in harsher, more punitive moral judgments under deliberation, providing evidence of augmentation of automatic responses under controlled processing. The results suggest that the intuitionist sensitivity to direct physical harm has parallels in the controlled processing system, which seems sensitive to non-physical instances of social harm, such as over-benefiting the self at the expense of deserving others.
Mitral valve replacement: randomized trial of St. Jude and Medtronic-Hall prostheses.

Abstract To better define the merits of the bileaflet and tilting-disc valves, we prospectively randomized 102 patients whose age, 57 years; range, 11 to 85 years) to receive either the St. Jude (n = 55) or the Medtronic-Hall (n = 47) mitral valve prosthesis between September 1986 and May 1991. The two groups were not different with respect to preoperative New York Heart Association class, incidence of mitral stenosis and insufficiency, angina score, extent of coronary artery disease, ventricular function, completeness of revascularization, or cross-clamp or bypass time. The hospital mortality (14.5% versus 10.6%, St. Jude versus Medtronic-Hall) and late mortality (7.3% versus 2.1%) were not significantly different. Follow-up was complete in 84 of 89 hospital survivors (94%) with a mean of 26 months (range, 1 to 60 months). The linearized rates of valve-related events and the 3-year actuarial survival demonstrated no significant differences between both cohorts. Comparison of the clinical outcome and echocardiographic parameters obtained at the time of follow-up demonstrated no significant differences between the two prostheses. These data indicate that the Medtronic-Hall and St. Jude mitral prostheses are similar with respect to their rates of valve-related complications and hemodynamic profiles. This study suggests that there is no difference between the St. Jude and Medtronic-Hall prostheses with regard to early clinical performance or hemodynamic results and therefore does not support the preferential selection of either prosthesis.
A primary culture model of rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells exhibiting tight barrier properties

Purpose. The present study was conducted to develop and characterize a functional primary culture of pigmented rabbit conjunctival epithelial cells on permeable support exhibiting tight barrier properties.Methods. Conjunctival epithelial cells were isolated by 0.2% protease treatment, cultured at 0.5–1.8 × 106 cells/cm2 onto collagen-treated Transwell filters, and were maintained either in the presence of 1 % fetal bovine serum throughout or serum-free media from day 3 onwards. Transepithelial potential difference (PD) and transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) were measured and equivalent short-circuit current (Ieq = PD/ TEER) estimated.Results. There appears to be a critical plating density of 1.5 × 106 cells/cm2 for functional development of tight epithelial cell cultures. The culture conditions as noted above did not affect either the time when peak bioelectric parameters were attained (days 8–10) or the magnitude of these parameters at a plating density of 1.5 × 106 cells/cm2. Specifically, cel...
Tenascin is expressed in the mesenchyme of the embryonic lung and down-regulated by dexamethasone in early organogenesis.

Abstract Tenascin (TN) is a hexameric extracellular matrix glycoprotein that is temporally and spatially restricted during lung development. This study examines the expression and regulation of TN in early lung organogenesis. Two TN isoforms were detected in total RNA isolated from embryonic day 14 rat lung tissues by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. The localization of TN in embryonic day 14 rat lung tissues was investigated by using in situ hybridization performed with an antisense RNA probe. TN mRNA was expressed exclusively by the mesenchyme but not by the epithelium of embryonic rat lungs. The intense expression of TN was observed in the mesenchyme that immediately surrounds the growing epithelial cells of the developing bronchi. The effect of the synthetic glucocorticoid hormone dexamethasone on the regulation of TN expression was examined by in vitro lung explant culture. Two TN polypeptides, the larger ( M r 230 kDa, TN230) polypeptide and the smaller ( M r 180 kDa, TN180) isoform, were detected in embryonic day 21 rat lungs by immunoblot analysis with anti-TN antibody. Dexamethasone inhibited both TN230 and TN180 biosynthesis. The study demonstrates the expression of TN at the early stage of lung organogenesis and presents evidence of hormonal regulation of TN in lung development, suggesting a potential role of TN in the communication between the epithelial and mesenchymal cells during lung branching morphogenesis.
Studying resistance: some cautionary notes

The question of “resistance” has oriented the field of critical ethnography for several generations now. Indeed, the reproduction–resistance binary has animated much of the most important, critical work in educational studies over the last 30 years. Yet, this reproduction–resistance binary has perhaps calcified in recent years. Such work often searches for elusive moments of “authenticity” and “resistance” in time, pulling them out, celebrating them, exporting them to understand other sets of people in other social circumstances. Comparatively little work has treated resistance as a fluid and dynamic construct. This short essay offers some cautionary notes in this regard.
External urethral sphincter motor unit recruitment patterns during micturition in the spinally intact and transected adult rat.

In the rat, external urethral sphincter (EUS) activation during micturition consists of three sequential phases: 1) an increase in tonic EUS activity during passive filling and active contraction o...
Organo-macromolecular transport relationships for argillaceous membranes at ultra-high hydraulic gradients

Empirically derived parameters and analytical solutions were used to determine possible mechanistic processes of organo-macromolecular fate in dead-end hyperfiltration at abnormal hydraulic pressure settings. Ideally the concentration polarization is assumed to have an ideal geometry but this may not be so since preferential flow paths in an experimental setup limits this. Most analytical solutions also tend to support this idealized geometry. A regular perturbation theory can be employed to characterize the permselective properties of compacted Na-montmorillonite membranes. Membrane efficiency and osmotic pressure at specific hydraulic pressures were periodically determined and averaged over several hydraulic pulse phases. These phases corresponded to gradual increment of applied differential pressure over a specific time period till the onset of steady state. Pore plugging at ultra-high hydraulic gradients shows non-uniformity contributing to anomalous effluent concentration variations at invariant membrane selectivity rates. This phenomenon can arise due to non-uniform distribution of surface charges and high charge density areas, preferential surficial retention compared to basal absorption amongst other factors. Osmotic pressure suppression due to high hydraulic differential pressures results in convergence of solute flux and mass transfer coefficient values close to and at steady state.
The Rationality of Belief in God

In the introduction to his account of the debate concerning religion between Cleanthes, Philo and Demea, Pamphilus remarks that ‘reasonable men may be allowed to differ where no one can reasonably be positive’. Pamphilus goes on to suggest that natural theology is an area that abounds with issues about which ‘no one can reasonably be positive’. Assuming that the beliefs of reasonable men are themselves reasonable, Pamphilus can be interpreted as holding that (P) If no one is reasonably positive that the proposition p is true or that it is false, a man might reasonably believe that p or might reasonably believe that not p .
EFFECTS OF A PITUITARY HOMOTRANSPLANT AND THYROXINE ON BODY AND MAMMARY GROWTH IN IMMATURE HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS.

Hypophysectomized, immature female rats, approximately 65 g in body weight, were implanted subcutaneously with a single anterior pituitary from 3- to 4-monthold female rats of the same strain, and were not treated further or were injected with thyroxine for 30 days. The effects on body and tail growth, mammary development and weight of several organs were measured. Hypophysectomized rats given a single pituitary transplant only, or a pituitary transplant together with thyroxine, exhibited body weight gains equal to 46.6 and 75.5 %, respectively, of that of intact controls. Tail length, tibial cartilage width, and spleen and thymus weights were all significantly greater in the rats with a pituitary transplant; addition of thyroxine resulted in a further increase in body weight, tail length and in spleen and thymus weight. No effects of the pituitary transplant or thyroxine were observed on the atrophic ovaries, uterus or adrenals. In contrast to the atrophic mammary glands of the hypophysectomized control ...
Arousal and memory

The following study was designed to see if the relationship between arousal and recall interval is sufficient to account for data on differential recall of arousing and nonarousing events. Similar studies allegedly support a Freudian model of unconsciously motivated repression. Skin conductance was continuously recorded while 96 undergraduates attempted tasks similar to those which appear in tests of intelligence. Ss attempted the tasks under one of eight experimentally induced conditions designed to produce various levels of arousal. The experimental manipulations, which were intended to create arousal through varying amounts of threat to a person’s self-esteem, were not successful in producing differential arousal in high and low threat conditions; all conditions were highly arousing to the Ss. Therefore, the design was not suitable for its intended purpose. There was, however, a significant and replicated relationship between the number of sessions of testing S agreed to attend and arousal across the temporal duration of the first session (p <.05 for males and p <.01 for females).
Metacomputing with the ICET System

IceT is based on the premise that distributed computations involve resources, processes, data, and users, and that secure yet flexible mechanisms for cooperation and communication between these types of entities is the key to metacomputing infrastructures. The basis for IceT computing is process-oriented distributed memory multicomputing, but with key differences, including merging and splitting of virtual machines and code and data mobility. This paper describes the design philosophy of IceT and reports on qualitative experiences with preliminary use of a prototype system.
A Review of Polymer Materials for Solar Water Heating Systems

This paper summarizes current research aimed at using polymer materials for glazing and heat exchanger components in solar water heating systems. Functional requirements, relevant polymer properties and an approach for selecting polymers are described for each of these components. Glazing must have high transmittance across the solar spectrum and withstand long term exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. Candidate glazing materials were tested outdoors for one year in Golden, Phoenix and Miami, as well as exposed for over 300 days in an accelerated testing facility at a concentration ratio of two at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Measurements of hemispherical transmittance indicate that a 3.35 mm polycarbonate sheet with a thin film acrylic UV screen provides good transmittance without excessive degradation. The primary challenge to designing a polymer heat exchanger is selecting a polymer that is compatible with potable water and capable of withstanding the high pressure and temperature requirements of domestic hot water systems. Polymers certified for hot water applications by the National Sanitation Foundation or currently used in heat exchangers and exhibit good high temperature characteristics were compared on the basis of a merit value (thermal conductance per unit area per dollar) and manufacturer's recommendations. High temperature nylon (HTN), polypropylene (PP) and cross linked polypropylene (PEX) are recommended for tube components. For structural components (i.e. headers), glass reinforced high temperature nylon (HTN), polyphthalamide (PPA), polyphenylene sulphide (PPS) and polypropylene (PP) are recommended.
Addition Reactions of Alkyl and Carboxyl Radicals to Vinylidene Fluoride

The addition reactions of alkyl radicals CF3• and CH3• and carboxyl radicals C2H5O•, C2H5OCOO•, CF3COO•, and CH3COO• to a vinylidene fluoride (VDF) molecule are studied using ab initio calculations. These radicals were selected because they are intermediate or final products of diacyl peroxides decomposition in the initiation reactions of VDF polymerization. Two combinations of methods for energetics and structure optimization are applied: QCISD/6–311G(d,p)//HF/6-31G(d) and B3LYP/6–311G+(3df, 2p)//B3LYP/6–31G(d). It is found that the formed bond length of the product, the forming bond length of the transition state, and the attack angle of the product structures are not sensitive to the level of theory even though the attack angle of the transition state structures is. Early transition states are obtained upon attack at both high-substituted and nonsubstituted carbon atom VDF ends. Kinetic and thermodynamic control rules play different roles on governing the reactivity of the addition with the studied rad...
The largest ever epidemic of Ebola

I have just returned from Liberia with a group of physicians and health activists. We are heading back in a few days. The country is in the midst of the largest ever epidemic of Ebola haemorrhagic fever. It’s an acute and brutal affliction. Ebola is a zoonosis – it leaps from animal hosts to humans – which is caused by a filovirus (a thread-like virus that causes internal and external bleeding). It was first described in 1976 in rural Congo, not far from the Ebola River, as an acute-onset syndrome characterised by complaints of weakness, followed by fever and abdominal pain. Patients became dehydrated as a consequence of fever, vomiting and diarrhoea. Many became delirious and started to haemorrhage from the mouth, nose, vagina, at sites where intravenous lines had been placed, even from the eyes. The Ebola virus is terrifying because it infects most of those who care for the afflicted and kills most of those who fall ill: at least, that’s the received wisdom. But it isn’t clear that the received wisdom is right. It’s true that many of those who have died were medical professionals. The 1976 epidemic, for example, started in a mission hospital where Belgian nuns worked as nurses alongside Congolese colleagues. But even then it was known that the virus could be transmitted as the result of a failure to follow the rules of modern infection control: the nurses reused needles and did not wear gloves, gowns or masks, which were all in short supply. Nor did the nurses, still less their patients, receive what in Brussels, Boston or Paris would count as modern medical care. Even without a specific antiviral therapy, the treatment for hypovolaemic shock – which occurs when there isn’t enough blood for the heart to pump through the body and is the end result of many infections caused by bacteria and some caused by haemorrhagic viruses – is aggressive fluid resuscitation. For those able to take fluids by mouth, shock can often be forestalled by oral
Amino acid effector binding to rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase.

l-Phenylalanine, an allosteric inhibitor of rabbit muscle pyruvate kinase, is shown to bind to the tetrameric enzyme in a ratio of 4 moles effector per mole of tetramer. This binding is slightly cooperative in the absence of divalent cation activators, but the cooperativity is strongly increased when measured in the presence of 2.5 mm Mg2+ or Mn2+. The effector affinity is somewhat decreased under these conditions. l-Alanine was known to antagonize all measured phenylalanine effects and is shown here to also bind to 4 sites on the protein. The binding is noncooperative and little affected by the presence of the divalent activating cations. Competition experiments with phenylalanine and alanine suggest competition for the same site. Substrate kinetic measurements at P-enolpyruvate and Mg2+ concentrations under 100 μm show considerable inhibition of the enzyme at phenylalanine concentrations around 100 μm, near the serum levels of the free amino acid. The approach to the phenylalanine-inhibited velocity occurs with half-times less than 1 sec.