cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microwave surface resistance of potassium in a perpendicular magnetic field: Effects of the charge-density wave.

The microwave surface resistance of potassium in a perpendicular magnetic field, measured by Baraff, Grimes, and Platzman in 1969, has never been completely explained until now. The sharp cyclotron resonance peak (at a magnetic field ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}}$) is caused by the small cylindrical section of Fermi surface created by the charge-density-wave (CDW) minigaps, having periodicities K${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathit{n}}$=(n+1)Q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}-${\mathit{nG}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{110}$. The shape of the observed resonance requires a tilt of the CDW vector Q\ensuremath{\rightarrow} away from [110], predicted by Giuliani and Overhauser in 1979. An abrupt drop of the surface resistance for |H|\ensuremath{\gtrsim}|${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}}$| is caused by the heterodyne gaps, which have periodicities K${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{\mathit{n}}$=n(G${\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}_{110}$-Q\ensuremath{\rightarrow}). These very small gaps, which begin to undergo magnetic breakdown for fields H\ensuremath{\gtrsim}1 T, interrupt the cyclotron motion of equatorial orbits. The abrupt drop in surface resistance for |H|\ensuremath{\gtrsim}|${\mathit{H}}_{\mathit{c}}$| is caused by the resulting partial loss of carrier effectiveness for electrons having velocities nearly parallel to the surface. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
HEAT‐INDUCED CHANGES IN EXTRACTABILITY OF BEEF MUSCLE COLLAGEN

Alterations in the extractability of collagen due to heating of beef muscle were determined and compared with shear and penetrometer values. Strips were heated in a water bath programmed to reproduce the internal temperature curve of a roast in a 163°C oven. Samples were removed at internal temperatures of 58, 67, 75 and 82° C. Data were collected on weight of raw and heated meat, amount of juice expressed during heating, moisture, fat and nitrogen content of the meat and juice, total and extractable collagen, and shear force and depth of penetrometer penetration. Solubilized collagen in the heated meat was determined by extraction with water at 40°C. The amount of soluble collagen increased with increasing internal temperature. Comparison of the solubilized collagen data with shear and penetrometer readings suggested that the changes in the contractile fibers influenced texture more than did the changes in the collagen of these muscles under these heating conditions.
Light and electron microscopic appearance of synovial lining tissues in a patient with temporomandibular joint dysfunction.

Abstract The presence of fibrinlike material in the synovial lining may be indicative of vascular damage in the subsynovial tissue. The accumulation of both fibrin and collagen between the synovial lining cells may well interfere with the diffusion of nutrients from the underlying vascular channels to the joint cavity and thus result in damage to the cartilage.
mRNA coding for neurotransmitter receptors in a human astrocytoma.

Abstract Electrophysiological techniques and Xenopus oocytes were used to study the expression of neurotransmitter receptors encoded by mRNAs isolated from three human glioma cell lines. Oocytes injected with mRNAs from two glioblastoma cell lines did not show electrical responses to the various neurotransmitters tested. In contrast, oocytes injected with mRNA from an astrocytoma cell line (R-111) acquired acetylcholine and glutamate receptors as well as a small number of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Acetylcholine elicited oscillatory Cl- currents that were abolished by muscarinic antagonists. The muscarinic receptors are coupled to the inositol phosphate-Ca2+ receptor-channel coupling system. Glutamate and its analogs kainate, quisqualate, and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid induced smooth currents. The non-NMDA responses were potently blocked by 6,7-dinitroquinoxaline-2,3 dione. Our results show that human astrocytoma cells contain mRNAs coding for functional acetylcholine and glutamate receptors that have properties similar to those of neurons. In contrast, human glioblastoma cells lacked those mRNAs. These differences might be useful for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic procedures.
Angular scan spectrum of a surface plasma excitation on a Schottky diode

Abstract The reflectivity and quantum efficiency response functions of a Schottky-barrier diode are measured in an angular scan attenuated total reflection experiment. The excitation of the surface plasma resonance is observed in both of these response functions. Improvements in the quantum efficiency of the diodes over the normal incidence case by factors of from 1.5 to 11.5 are obtained when the surface plasma resonance is excited.
Near-IR spectroscopic studies of mixed-valence di-, tri-, and tetraferrocene derivatives

Abstract Near-IR data for a series of mixed-valence π-bond bridged and σ-bond bridged di-, tri-, and tetra-ferrocene derivatives suggests intervalence electron transfer (IT) exists in all of the π-bond bridged and some of the σ-bond bridged compounds. The compounds exhibiting the electron transfer transition include the mixed valence derivatives of 1,2-diferrocenylethene, 1,2-diferrocenyl-1,2-diphenylethene, azoferrocene, 1,1-diferrocenylethene, diferrocenyl ketone, ferricenyl(III)tris-ferrocenyl(II))borate zwitterion, triferrocenylphosphine oxide, diferrocenylphenylphosphine oxide and triferrocenylmethane. Compounds studied that do not exhibit the near-IR transition when oxidized are triferrocenylborane, triferrocenylphosphine, diferrocenylphenylphosphine and diferrocenylmethane. The near-IR transition in the π-bond bridged derivatives is attributed to a predominantly through-bond mechanism while the transition in the σ-bond bridged derivatives is attributed to a through-space mechanism. It is suggested that the presence of the IT band in the phosphine oxides while being absent in the phosphine derivatives may be due to a difference in the dp-π overlap of phosphorus and the cyclopentadiene rings in the two systems.
Software-defined calibration for FMCW phased-array radar

This paper addresses the problem of calibrating a FMCW phased-array radar to meet design specifications both in slant-range and beam pattern. The software-defined method presented here, while generally applicable, is implemented on an S-band phased-array radar which uses low-cost commercial-off-the-shelf (COTS) components designed for Wi-Fi communications. Calibration is performed on the receive array outputs in both fast-time to compensate for the non-linearity of the transmitter VCO and across antenna elements account for non-uniform interchannel phases, amplitudes, and time delays. Fast-time calibration is achieved using a digital closed-loop correction while spatial calibration involves operations to adjust the de-chirped frequency, phase, and amplitude of each channel. The calibration method is evaluated using a low-power wideband S-band linear FMCW radar with an 8-element receive array operating between 2.1 to 2.7 GHz. Results are presented which demonstrate the system achieves close to theoretically predicted 1 foot range and 16 degree azimuthal resolution, which is not achieved by the uncalibrated system.
Actin depolymerizing factor is essential for viability in plants, and its phosphoregulation is important for tip growth

*Summary Actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin is important for regulating actin dynamics, and in plants is thought to be required for tip growth. However, the degree to which ADF is necessary has been elusive because of the presence of multiple ADF isoforms in many plant species. In the moss Physcomitrella patens, ADF is encoded by a single, intronless gene. We used RNA interference to demonstrate that ADF is essential for plant viability. Loss of ADF dramatically alters the organization of the F-actin cytoskeleton, and leads to an inhibition of tip growth. We show that ADF is subject to phosphorylation in vivo, and using complementation studies we show that mutations of the predicted phosphorylation site partially rescue plant viability, but with differential affects on tip growth. Specifically, the unphosphorylatable ADF S6A mutant generates small polarized plants with normal F-actin organization, whereas the phosphomimetic S6D mutant generates small, unpolarized plants with a disorganized F-actin cyotskeleton. These data indicate that phosphoregulation at serine 6 is required for full ADF function in vivo, and, in particular, that the interaction between ADF and actin is important for tip growth.
A Simple Greedy Algorithm for Link Scheduling with the Physical Interference Model

In wireless networks, mutual interference prevents wireless devices from correctly receiving packages from others and becomes one of the challenges in the design of protocols for wireless networks. Spatial-reuse Time Division Multiple Access (STDMA) has been used to cope with this problem. In this scheme, links are assigned to several time slots and in each slot all the links can transmit simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a greedy link scheduling algorithm to find a short schedule for a problem instance in the physical interference model. Our scheduling algorithm is inspired by the k-MAX-CUT algorithm in [13]. Experimental results show that our greedy algorithm can give a better schedule compared with the greedy algorithm in [3], with an improvement about 20%-30% when the density of links is high.
Growth hormone and in vitro maturation of rhesus macaque oocytes and subsequent embryo development

Purpose The objective of this study was to use a nonhuman primate model to examine the effects of growth hormone (GH) on oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM).
Immunoglobulin Kappa Variable Gene Segment Usage during Ontogeny

The immunoglobulin repertoire is initially generated by the rearrangement of discrete gene segments encoding the heavy and light chains. Heavy chain genes are composed of a variable gene segment (VH), a diversity (D) gene segment and a joining (JH) gene segment, and kappa light chain genes contain variable (VK) and joining (JK) gene segments. In developing B cells, the gene segments are independently selected from pools of several hundred VH and VK gene segments, 12 D gene segments, and four JH or JK gene segments, creating a diverse population of immunoglobulins. The VH gene segments are grouped into nine subfamilies which contain gene segments that share 80% or greater homology, and span a region between 500 and 2500 kilobasepairs (kb) that is located several hundred kb upstream of the D and JH gene segments on chromosome 12 (Brodeur PH, Riblet R, 1984; Brodeur PH, 1987). VK gene segments have been grouped into at least 18 subfamilies and are located upstream of the JK gene segments on chromosome 6 (Potter M, et al, 1982). Addition and deletion of nucleotides at the junctions of the gene segments creates greater diversity in the third hypervariable region in each gene. The repertoire generated by gene rearrangements can be modified by interactions between immunoglobulins expressed on the B-cell surface and endogenous antigens leading to the expansion or inhibition of certain antibody specificities.
Multi-layer folded high-frequency toroidal inductor windings

Multi-layer windings can effectively decrease losses in inductors and transformers in many applications. We introduce a simple way to achieve lower losses in both air-core and magnetic-core inductors or transformers by incorporating multiple layers, with proper interchange of layer positions to ensure the same flux and current in each layer. We have applied this technique to toroidal inductors, but it can be applied to other winding geometries like windings on E cores or U-U cores. Experimental measurement of an inductor constructed using this approach match predicted performance.
Predictors of depression, stress, and anxiety among non-tenure track faculty.

Nationwide in the United States, 70% of faculty members in higher education are employed off the tenure-track. Nearly all of these non-tenure-track (NTT) appointments share a quality that may produce stress for those who hold them: contingency. Most NTT appointments are contingent on budget, enrollment, or both, and the majority of contingent faculty members are hired for one quarter or semester at a time. Significant research has investigated the effects of contingency on teaching, students, departments, colleges, and universities; however, little research has focused on the psychological experiences of NTT faculty. The current study examined perceptions of workplace stressors and harm, organizational commitment, common coping mechanisms, and depression, anxiety and stress among NTT faculty using a longitudinal design that spanned two to four months. Results indicate that NTT faculty perceive unique stressors at work that are related to their contingent positions. Specific demographic characteristics and coping strategies, inability to find a permanent faculty position, and commitment to one’s organization predispose NTT faculty to perceive greater harm and more sources of stress in their workplaces. Demographic characteristics, lower income, inability to find a permanent faculty position, disengagement coping mechanisms (e.g., giving up, denial), and organizational commitment were associated with the potential for negative outcomes, particularly depression, anxiety, and stress. Our findings suggest possibilities for institutional intervention. Overall, we argue that universities would be well-served by attending to the needs of NTT faculty on campus in order to mitigate negative outcomes for institutions, students, and faculty.
Life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of electricity generated from conventionally produced natural gas: : systematic review and harmonization

This research provides a systematic review and harmonization of the life cycle assessment (LCA) literature of electricity generated from conventionally produced natural gas. We focus on estimates of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emitted in the life cycle of electricity generation from natural gas-fired combustion turbine (NGCT) and combined-cycle (NGCC) systems. The smaller set of LCAs of liquefied natural gas power systems and natural gas plants with carbon capture and storage were also collected, but analyzed to a lesser extent. A meta-analytical process we term �harmonization� was employed to align several system boundaries and technical performance parameters to better allow for cross-study comparisons, with the aim of clarifying central tendency and reducing variability in estimates of life cycle GHG emissions. Of over 250 references identified, 42 passed screens for technological relevance and study quality, providing a total of 69 estimates for NGCT and NGCC. Harmonization increased the median estimates in each category as a result of several factors not typically considered in the previous research, including the regular clearing of liquids from a well, and consolidated the interquartile range for NGCC to 420 to 480 grams of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilowatt-hour (g CO2-eq/kWh) and for NGCT to 570 to 750 g CO2-eq/kWh, with medians of 450 and 670 CO2-eq/kWh, respectively. Harmonization of thermal efficiency had the largest effect in reducing variability; methane leakage rate is likely similarly influential, but was unharmonized in this assessment as a result of the significant current uncertainties in its estimation, an area that is justifiably receiving significant research attention.
IPA gradient estimation for loss measures in networks of continuous flow models

This talk considers loss-related performance measures in high-speed networks from the standpoint of gradient estimation by the Infinitesimal Perturbation Analysis (IPA) technique. The underlying model consists of an interconnected system of continuous flow models (CFMs) processing data in a fluid form, and the performance measures of interest are related to the average loss volume caused by buffer overflow over a period of time. The main results presented are: (i) an easily implementable, distributed algorithm for computing the IPA derivative, and (ii) analysis of the algorithm that proves the unbiasedness of the IPA estimator. 'Me distributed algorithm can naturally be implemented in real-time at a network's nodes, and hence potentially can be used for on-line control. The analysis highlights some of the special structure of CFMs, and suggests a general scope of 1PRs unbiasedness, far beyond the specific performance measures discussed. The talk will conclude with remarks about the potential applicability of IPA as a design and analysis tool for networks of CFMs.
Saving Land but Losing Ground Challenges to Community Planning in the Era of Participation

Over the past quarter century, normative planning theory has argued that planning should be participatory. And a body of empirical studies has found that mainstream planning practice is participatory in some sense. At the same time, however, there is a competing body of empirical studies that disputes the claim that planning is participatory in any meaningful way. As participation becomes more and more prominent in shaping the practice of local government planning, it is important to try to shed light on this apparent contradiction. To that end, the authors have investigated the development of the most recent comprehensive plan for Jackson/Teton County, Wyoming. What appeared to be a process of high involvement and inclusiveness did not lead to community consensus around the plan, nor did it affirm the merits of planning. This study is an exploration of why participatory planning failed to achieve its potential in a community with a history of local problem solving.
Quenchable effects of high pressures and temperatures on the cubic monoxide of titanium

Abstract Changes in lattice parameter, density, number of vacancies and several transport properties of cubic TiO X , where 0.85 ≤ x ≤ 1.25, result from quenching under pressures of 50–60 kbar from annealing temperatures of 1100–1800°C. The superconducting transition temperature (T C ) increases linearly with oxygen content to a maximum of 2.0°K at x = 1.24 when ∼ 18% of the vacancies become filled during the pressure treatment.
Studies of Cultured Human T Lymphocytes II. Initiation of Paired T- and B-Cell Lines from Healthy Donors

We report the sustained cultivation of both B- and T-lymphoblastoid cell lines from randomly selected healthy donors, and the results of studies defining the frequency with which these cell lines can be established. B-cell lines were initiated using the Epstein-Barr virus. Of 52 attempts, 40 B-cell lines (77% success) were obtained from 24 different donors. T-cell lines were started and propagated in long-term (greater than 100 days) cultures using the T-cell growth factor interleukin-2 (IL-2). Of 55 attempts, 54 (98%) were successful in initiating IL-2-dependent T-cell lines, and these were derived from 28 healthy adults. Likewise, of 45 attempts, 32 (71%) were successful in producing paired lines in which both the B-cell line and T-cell line were cultivated from a single blood collection (N = 22 donors). Phenotypic profiles of these lines were defined using multiple marker assays, including rosette formation, surface immunoglobulins, cytochemistry, karyotype, as well as xenoantisera and monoclonal antibodies defining different membrane antigens. This work demonstrates the feasibility of propagating paired human B and T lymphoblastoid lines suitable for many comparative immunobiological studies.
Recent insights into the functions of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product.

The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene (RB-1) was among the first tumor suppressor genes to be cloned and has provided many useful paradigms for the study of molecular alterations in cancer cells. This article will review recent insights into the role of its protein product, pRB, in cell growth control.
Flavor structure of the nucleon sea

The recent progress on our understanding of the flavor structure of unpolarized and polarized nucleon sea is reviewed. The large flavor asymmetry between the up and down sea quark distributions is now well established. This asymmetry strongly suggests the importance of the mesonic degrees of freedom in the description of the nucleon sea. The strong connection between the flavor structure and the spin structure of the nucleon sea is emphasized. Possible future measurements for testing various theoretical models are also discussed.
Pathogenicity of Pasteurella multocida A:3 in Flemish giant and New Zealand white rabbits.

Pasteurella multocida A:3 was isolated during an outbreak of pasteurellosis in Flemish Giant (FG) rabbits. Since New Zealand White (NZW) rabbits housed in the same room were not as severely affecte...
Pharmacological treatment of insomnia in alcohol recovery: a systematic review.

Aims: To conduct a systematic review of pharmacological agents used to treat sleep problems in alcohol recovery. Methods: In accordance with the Quorum statement, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, Psych Info and Medline databases using the terms alcohol, insomnia/sleep and treatment/management with no year/language restrictions. Results: The search revealed 1239 articles and 20 met inclusion criteria. Trazodone was compared against placebo and found to be superior in two trials. Trazodone and gabapentin improved sleep measures with gabapentin performing significantly better in an open-label study. The data regarding gabapentin are equivocal with few studies showing a clear benefit. In one randomized trial, topiramate resulted in improved subjective sleep measures and a reduction in the percentage of heavy drinking days. Two randomized control trials of carbamazepine revealed improvement in subjective sleep measures. A randomized study showed lormetazepam was better than zopiclone on some measures. In a small placebo-controlled trial, acamprosate was found to result in improvements on some sleep measures. In single, small, mostly open-label studies, quetiapine, triazolam, ritanserin, bright light and magnesium have shown efficacy, while chlormethiazole, scopolamine and melperone showed no difference or worsening. Conclusion: Trazodone has the most data suggesting efficacy. This finding is tempered by a study suggesting its association with a return to heavy drinking in some patients. Data regarding the efficacy of gabapentin are unclear at this point.
Robot Raconteur: A communication architecture and library for robotic and automation systems

Robot Raconteur is a new distributed communication architecture and library designed for robotic and automation systems with distributed resources, including data and program modules. The motivation for this architecture is based on the need to rapidly connect sensors and actuators distributed across a network together in a development environment, such as MATLAB, without time consuming development of data communication infrastructure. The architecture consists of interconnected nodes, communicating through message passing. Each node is typically a process running on a computer or embedded device, which may be a critical real-time, non-critical real-time, or event driven process. Robot Raconteur is organized as three hierarchical levels: channels that provide communication between nodes, message passing which routes messages between endpoints within the nodes, and an object-based client-service model that is built on top of message passing. The implementation of Robot Raconteur nodes so far consists of Microsoft C#, Microsoft C++, MATLAB, MATLAB/Simulink xPC Target, and the Arduino embedded processor. Implementation on four distributed control systems consisted of multiple sensors, actuators, and computation nodes are presented, including smart room (an instrumented room with distributed lighting control and sensor feedback), dual-arm robotic system, multi-probe microassembly station, and adaptive optical scanning microscope.
Update on infectious diseases in adolescent gynecology.

Adolescents represent a unique population in terms of infectious disease susceptibility and associated morbidity. Numerous developments have recently occurred with respect to sexually transmitted infection guidelines human papillomavirus immunization and other vaccine-preventable diseases. These topics will be highlighted in this review. For the interested reader further in-depth discussions of each of these topics related to infectious diseases control is accessible from the list of references provided. (excerpt)
Back to the Basics: How Attention Monitoring and Acceptance Stimulate Positive Growth

Mindfulness-to-meaning theory moves beyond asking how mindfulness reduces negative affective states (a dominant theme in the mindfulness literature) to a focus on how mindfulness might foster posit...
The National Institute of Mental Health Research Domain Criteria and Clinical Research in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

Objective This review discusses the relevance of the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH) Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) to clinical research in child and adolescent psychiatry. Method We summarize the characteristics of the NIMH RDoC project and then provide examples of RDoC designs that are of relevance to clinical investigators in child and adolescent psychiatry. The final section addresses questions regarding the impact of RDoC on clinical care. Results RDoC encourages investigators to investigate psychopathology dimensionally: greater or lesser degrees of healthy/adapted functioning of neurobiological, cognitive, and behavioral processes (constructs) that cut across current diagnostic categories. Elucidation of the developmental components of RDoC constructs is needed to ensure they are fully validated. Integrating RDoC approaches into clinical research of child and adolescent psychopathology is contributing to our understanding of development as an aspect of the heterogeneity within DSM disorders and commonalities across seemingly disparate disorders. Continued efforts promise to also explain the processes that lead to mental illness in at-risk populations. Conclusion Incorporating an RDoC approach in clinical research in child and adolescent psychiatry promises to be a fruitful avenue of research into the root causes and manifestations of mental illness, which will eventually lead to more precise treatments. Although the long-term aspiration of RDoC is to help reduce the burden of suffering for those with mental illnesses, it is not intended to be used for practical clinical purposes at this early stage.
Implementation of tunneling pasivated contacts into industrially relevant n-Cz Si solar cells

We identify bottlenecks, and propose solutions, to implement a B-diffused front emitter and a backside pc-Si/SiO2 pasivated tunneling contact into high efficiency n-Cz Si cells in an industrially relevant way. We apply an O-precipitate dissolution treatment to make n-Cz wafers immune to bulk lifetime process degradation, enabling robust, passivated B front emitters with J0 < 20fA/cm2. Adding ultralow recombination n+ pc-Si/SiO2 back contacts enables pre-metallized cells with iVoc=720 mV and J0=8.6 fA/cm2. However, metallization significantly degrades performance of these contacts due to pinholes and possibly, grain boundary diffusion of primary metal and source contaminates such as Cu. An intermediate, doped a-Si:H capping layer is found to significantly block the harmful metal penetration into pc-Si.
Institutionalizing Freedom as Non-Domination: Democracy and the Role of the State

This article critically examines neo-republican democratic theory, as articulated by Philip Pettit, with respect to its capacity to address some of the pressing challenges of our times. While the neo-republican focus on domination has great promise, it mistakenly commits to the position that democracy—the primary tool with which we fight domination—is limited to state activity. Examining this error helps us make sense of two additional problems with his theory: an overestimation of the capacity of legislative bodies to identify sufficient responses to practices of domination, and the potential conflict between avoiding state domination of the general citizenry and avoiding state domination of a part of it. Minimizing domination is simply too demanding and complex a task for us to rely on one institutional structure, no matter how well designed, to accomplish.
I tweet like a white person tbh! #whitewashed: examining the language of internalized racism and the policing of ethnic identity on Twitter

ABSTRACTUsing data extracted from Twitter, this study analyzes the English expression whitewashed as it occurs with and without a hashtag (e.g.: #whitewashed vs. whitewashed) through corpus analysis. As whitewashed has evolved to take on racial connotations to mean being too assimilated to a dominant white culture, I investigate whether the presence of a hashtag has an effect on how often this racial meaning of English whitewashed is employed. Based on collocative data, the findings suggest that the use of #whitewashed carries a meaning predominately informed by internalized racism and works to bind ethnic minorities to racial stereotypes. The study explores #whitewashed as a metacomment on human behavior, as #whitewashed serves to characterize beliefs about what actions are considered socially marked when performing an ethnic identity. In contrast to #whitewashed is the colloquial expression fobby, which characterizes an individual as being “too ethnic”; both (#)whitewashed and (#)fobby are discussed in ...
Anisotropic Photoinduced Magnetism in Thin Films of the Prussian Blue Analogue AjCok[Fe(CN)6]l·nH2O

The photoinduced magnetism in thin films of the Prussian blue analogue AjCok[Fe(CN)6]l·nH2O deposited on Melinex solid supports is anisotropic, exhibiting a photoinduced increase when oriented parallel to the external magnetic field and a decrease when oriented perpendicular. The anisotropic behavior is observed for films less than ∼200 nm thick below nominally 10 K, which is less than the ferrimagnetic ordering temperature (TC) of 17 K, and in applied fields of less than ∼1.5 kG. The thin films with formulas Rb0.7Co4[Fe(CN)6]3.0, Rb2.3Co4[Fe(CN)6]3.1, and K0.5Co4[Fe(CN)6]3.2 were generated using sequential adsorption methods, alternately immersing the Melinex solid support in solutions of the constituent Co2+ and [Fe(CN)6]3− ions. Film thickness is controlled by the number of deposition cycles and by variations in the deposition protocols. Measurements on films with different alkali ions and with different stoichiometry indicate that the microscopic mechanism for the photoinduced magnetization is the sam...
Hybrid Graphene Oxide Based Ultrasensitive SERS Probe for Label-Free Biosensing

A metal nanoparticle attached to graphene oxide has the ability to open a new avenue of research with significant opportunities in the biomedical field. In this Letter, we report graphene oxide attached to a popcorn-shaped gold nanoparticle based hybrid SERS probe with ultrasensitive label-free sensing of HIV DNA and bacteria and provide its chemical fingerprint. Our SERS data with the hybrid material shows that it can be used for label-free detection of HIV DNA on the femto-molar level without any labeling. Experimental data with a novel SERS substrate show excellent reproducibility of the SERS signal. The current Letter demonstrates that the label-free SERS detection limit using a hybrid material can be as low as 10 CFU/mL for MRSA bacteria. The possible mechanism for very high sensitivity has been discussed.
Strengthening Cultural Content in First-Year Textbooks

This chapter interprets the findings from Chapelle’s research in Canadian and Quebec content in beginning-level French textbooks for improving the teaching of the cultural narrative in foreign language classes. It summarizes the main findings of the study and makes suggestions for teachers and materials developers about Quebec content in French textbooks and extends beyond French to make suggestions for the field of foreign language teaching more broadly based on her study of Quebec content in French textbooks and engagement with Canadian Studies and Quebec Studies. It presents a social-semiotic theory of foreign language materials development that includes the role of materials developers’ knowledge of culture. It articulates the modern challenge of the beginning-level course to the field of foreign language education and asserts the role of textbook analysis in meeting the challenge through research with strong cultural and historical grounding, theoretical and practical relevance, and methodological credibility.
Relationship between vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms, cardiovascular risk factors and adiponectin in a healthy young population.

Aim: To explore the association between VDR polymorphisms and several cardiovascular risk factors and adiponectin. Materials & methods: Three-hundred and sixty-nine healthy students were randomly selected. Five VDR polymorphisms were genotyped: BsmI rs1544410; Cdx2 rs11568820; ApaI rs7975232; TaqI rs731236 and FokI rs2228570. BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, lipid/glycemic profiles and adiponectin were assessed. Results: In men, BsmI, ApaI and TaqI were associated with BMI and WC (p < 0.05). FokI was associated with triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein levels (p = 0.0036; p = 0.005) whereas BsmI and Cdx2 were associated with adiponectin levels (p = 0.026; p = 0.048). Associations disappeared after BMI and WC adjustments. In women, ApaI was associated with systolic blood pressure (p = 0.02). Conclusion: Our study demonstrated a gender-specific difference between VDR SNPs and various cardiovascular risk factors and adiponectin.
Teaching community college students strategies for learning unknown words as they read expository text

An experiment was conducted to investigate methods that enable college students to learn the meaning of unknown words as they read discipline-specific academic text. Forty-one college students read specific passages aloud during three sessions. Participants were randomly assigned to three vocabulary learning interventions or a control condition. The interventions involved applying context, morphemic, and syntactic strategies; applying definitions; or applying both strategies and definitions to determine word meanings. Word learning and comprehension were measured during the interventions and in a transfer task to assess treatment effects on independent text reading. Results revealed that students in all three intervention groups outperformed controls in learning words and comprehending passages. However, the treatment groups did not differ from controls on the transfer task. Teaching both strategies and definitions was especially effective for learning unknown words and comprehending text containing those words.
Assessing Program Outcomes: Rationale and Benefits of Posttest-then-Retrospective-Pretest Designs

The importance of program evaluation for decision making, accountability, and sustainability is examined in this article. Pros and cons of traditional pretest-posttest and posttest-then-retrospective-pretest methodologies are discussed. A case study of Utah’s 4-H mentoring program using a posttest-then-retrospective-pretest design is presented. Furthermore, it is argued that the posttest-then-retrospective-pretest design is a valid, efficient, and cost-effective way to assess program outcomes and impacts.
Coagulopathy from Severe Postpartum Hemorrhage.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to estimate the incidence and risk factors associated with coagulopathy from severe postpartum hemorrhage. STUDY DESIGN: After approval by the Institutional Review Board at Duke University Medical Center, records with the ICD-9 code 666.12 for immediate postpartum hemorrhage were reviewed for the 5-year period from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2004. Severe postpartum hemorrhage was defined as postpartum hemorrhage requiring transfusion. Coagulopathy from postpartum hemorrhage was defined as severe postpartum hemorrhage requiring factor replacement. RESULTS: During this period there were 12,476 deliveries. 108 had severe postpartum hemorrhage. 30/108 became coagulopathic. They received a total of 108 units of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) and 12 units of cryoprecipitate (cryo). 28/30 also received 1 to 20 units of packed red blood cells and 5/30 received 1 to 3 units of platelets. All of the women who received cryo had also received FFP. The trigger for administration of factor replacement was clinical (oozing, continued bleeding) in 13/30 cases and a prolonged partial thromboplastin time (PTT) in 17/30 cases. Peak PTTs ranged from 27 to > 150 seconds. Lowest fibrinogen levels ranged from 27 to 580. In 2 cases, however, no fibrinogen levels were obtained. Hemorrhage was attributed to uterine atony in 11/30 cases, placenta accreta in 6/30, lacerations or incisions in 6/30, HELLP syndrome in 2/30, acute fatty liver of pregnancy in 1/30, amniotic fluid embolism in 1/30, fibroids, in 1/30, hemorrhage into an ovarian fibroma in 1/30, and chronic hepatitis B in 1/30. 22/30 cases were associated with cesarean delivery. In 12/30 cases hysterectomy was performed. Hospital length of stay ranged from 2 to 11 days with a mean of 5.4. 9/30 women spent from 1 to 3 days in the ICU. There were no deaths. 2 women had evidence of organ dysfunction from HELLP syndrome or acute fatty liver of pregnancy, but none developed organ dysfunction as a consequence of severe postpartum hemorrhage. CONCLUSION: 2.4 per 1000 women developed coagulopathy as a result of severe postpartum hemorrhage. They received an average of 4 units of either FFP or cryo. 90% of the units were FFP and 10% were cryo. While 30% of the women required intensive care, all survived with no sequelae.
Sex-Specific Biology of the Human Malaria Parasite Revealed from the Proteomes of Mature Male and Female Gametocytes

The gametocytes of the malaria parasites are obligate for perpetuating the parasite's life cycle through mosquitoes, but the sex-specific biology of gametocytes is poorly understood. We generated a transgenic line in the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, which allowed us to accurately separate male and female gametocytes by flow cytometry. In-depth analysis of the proteomes by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identified 1244 and 1387 proteins in mature male and female gametocytes, respectively. GFP-tagging of nine selected proteins confirmed their sex-partitions to be agreeable with the results from the proteomic analysis. The sex-specific proteomes showed significant differences that are consistent with the divergent functions of the two sexes. Although the male-specific proteome (119 proteins) is enriched in proteins associated with the flagella and genome replication, the female-specific proteome (262 proteins) is more abundant in proteins involved in metabolism, translation and organellar functions. Compared with the Plasmodium berghei sex-specific proteomes, this study revealed both extensive conservation and considerable divergence between these two species, which reflect the disparities between the two species in proteins involved in cytoskeleton, lipid metabolism and protein degradation. Comparison with three sex-specific proteomes allowed us to obtain high-confidence lists of 73 and 89 core male- and female-specific/biased proteins conserved in Plasmodium The identification of sex-specific/biased proteomes in Plasmodium lays a solid foundation for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the unique sex-specific biology in this early-branching eukaryote.
Mental Disorders Among Criminal Offenders: A Review of the Literature

This article examines mental illness among adult, juvenile, male, female, jail, and prison inmates. It also explores the way in which mental health diagnoses impact offending and violent behavior. A review of literature pertaining to differences between the genders and age of offenders suggests that psychiatric disorders are more common among criminal offenders than the population at large. Furthermore, it appears that many mentally ill offenders do not receive sufficient treatment during their incarcerations and that barriers inherent to incarceration prevent adequate treatment of mental illnesses.
Oxidative phosphorylation: regulation and role in cellular and tissue metabolism.

Oxidative phosphorylation provides most of the ATP that higher animals and plants use to support life and is responsible for setting and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. The pathway incorporates three consecutive near equilibrium steps for moving reducing equivalents between the intramitochondrial [NAD+ ]/[NADH] pool to molecular oxygen, with irreversible reduction of oxygen to bound peroxide at cytochrome c oxidase determining the net flux. Net flux (oxygen consumption rate) is determined by demand for ATP, with feedback by the energy state ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi ]) regulating the pathway. This feedback affects the reversible steps equally and independently, resulting in the rate being coupled to ([ATP]/[ADP][Pi ])3 . With increasing energy state, oxygen consumption decreases rapidly until a threshold is reached, above which there is little further decrease. In most cells, [ATP] and [Pi ] are much higher than [ADP] and change in [ADP] is primarily responsible for the change in energy state. As a result, the rate of ATP synthesis, plotted against [ADP], remains low until [ADP] reaches about 30 μm and then increases rapidly with further increase in [ADP]. The dependencies on energy state and [ADP] near the threshold can be fitted by the Hill equation with a Hill coefficients of about -2.6 and 4.2, respectively. The homeostatic set point for metabolism is determined by the threshold, which can be modulated by the PO2 and intramitochondrial [NAD+ ]/[NADH]. The ability of oxidative phosphorylation to precisely set and maintain metabolic homeostasis is consistent with it being permissive of, and essential to, development of higher plants and animals.
Geriatric Trauma: Spinal Injury Nursing Care

Spinal injuries in the elderly can be devastating. Osteoporosis and degenerative joint disease increase the risk of a spine injury in the older adult patient [1]. In addition, decreased muscle mass and ligament strength further increases the older adults risk of a spinal injury following a traumatic event. Odontoid fractures are the most common spinal fracture, accounting for 11% of all traumatic cervical spine injuries, of which 40–60% are Type II odontoid fractures [2]. Spinal injuries often occur as the result of a low velocity fall [2]. A cervical collar must be maintained until a fracture can be ruled out [1].
Surrogacy: temporary familial bonds and the bondage of origins in Fouad Laroui's Une année chez les Français*

ABSTRACTThis article examines Fouad Laroui’s novel (Laroui, Fouad. 2010. Une annee chez les Francais. Paris: Julliard), Une annee chez les Francais, and charts the protagonist's development to argu...
Factors influencing ED care of young children at-risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury.

Abstract Objectives Care decisions for young children presenting to the emergency department (ED) with head injury are often challenging (e.g. whether to obtain neuroimaging). We sought to identify factors associated with acute management of children at-risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) and describe symptom management. Methods Observational evaluation of children, ages 0–4 years, presenting to a pediatric ED following minor head injury. Children with ≥1 risk element per the Pediatric Emergency Care Academic Research Network's decision rule were deemed “at-risk” for ciTBI. Clinician surveys regarding their initial clinical management were used to identify three care groups. Nonparametric tests analyzed group differences and logistic regression investigated associations of putative high-risk factors with neuroimaging. Results Of 104 children enrolled: (i) 30 underwent neuroimaging, (ii) 59 were observed, and (iii) 15 were discharged following the clinician's initial patient exam. Children with a non-frontal scalp hematoma were more likely to receive immediate neuroimaging and children not acting like themselves per caregiver report were more likely to be initially observed, relative to the other care groups (p ≤ 0.01). Among high-risk factors, altered mental status (OR 5.12, 95% CI 1.8–21.1), presence of ≥3 risk elements of the decision rule (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.2–10.6), unclear skull fracture on exam (OR 31.3, 95% CI 5.4–593.8), and age Conclusions ED management varied for young children with similar risk stratification. Investigation of how age in concert with specific risk factors influences medical decision making would advance evidenced-based care.
Using a multimode fiber to measure the spectral phase of ultrafast optical pulses (Conference Presentation)

We propose and demonstrate that a multimode optical fiber can be used to measure the spectral phase of ultrafast optical pulses. The speckle pattern formed at the end of a multimode fiber provides a fingerprint which can be used to identify the spectral amplitude and phase of an unknown pulse. We measure both a linear speckle pattern and a non-linear speckle pattern from a multimode fiber. After calibrating the wavelength dependent speckle field formed at the end of the fiber, the linear speckle pattern can be used to reconstruct the amplitude spectrum while the nonlinear speckle pattern can be used to reconstruct the spectral phase. This technique allows for single-shot pulse characterization in a simple experimental setup, while the diversity of spatial and spectral modes contributing to the speckle pattern removes any ambiguities in the sign of the recovered spectral phase. In addition to demonstrating a novel pulse characterization scheme, this work further illustrates the potential of complex photonic structures such as multimode fibers as versatile optical sensing platforms.
Publisher Correction: Nanobiophotonics: Nature-inspired sensors.

In the version of this News and Views article originally published, in the author’s e-mail address, the domain was incorrectly given as ‘e-mail.arizona.edu’; it should have read ‘email.arizona.edu’. This has now been corrected in the online versions.
Crustacean phylogeny inferred from 18S rDNA

Resolution concerning issues of higher-order crustacean phylogeny remains elusive even after years of thorough morphological and palaeontological scrutiny. Surprisingly, there is as yet no consensus regarding even the number of constituent crustacean classes. One view (Schram, 1986) based on a cladistic analysis of morphological characters suggests there are four classes: Remipedia, Phyllocarida, Maxillopoda and Malacostraca (Figure 14.1(a)); an alternative cladistic analysis (Brusca and Brusca, 1990) suggests there are five: Remipedia, Branchiopoda, Cephalocarida, Maxillopoda and Malacostraca (Figure 14.1(b)). Still another view (Bowman and Abele, 1982), presented as a classification rather than a phylogeny, divides crustaceans into six classes: the five aforementioned groups and the Ostracoda (Figure 14.1(c)).