cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies on the crystalline lens. XXV. An analysis of the dependence of the components of the potential on sodium-potassium fluxes based on the pump-leak model.

Abstract A formulation which shows the equality of influx and efflux of sodium and potassium ions in the rabbit lens at steady state was derived on the basis of the pump-leak model of ion transport and used to derive an equation which expresses the electrogenic and diffusional components of the potential difference in terms of active and passive transport coefficients and the cation concentration gradients existing in lenses maintained in culture. The various components of the potential are calculated from experimentally determined values for the coefficients of active and passive transport for Na and K and the concentration gradients found experimentally in cultured lenses. The value for the electrogenic component is −12 mV, the diffusional component is −32 mV and the total potential is −44 mV. The latter value agrees closely with that obtained experimentally for lenses cultured to measure the coefficients of active and passive transport, −42 mV. The agreement between the potential difference obtained experimentally and that calculated theoretically provides furthersupport for the adequacy of the pump-leak model. However, it appeared paradoxical that cultured lenses showing a potential difference significantly below that found in situ, namely 60–70 mV, still maintained cation concentration gradients at essentially the level found in vivo, since the gradients themselves are thought to be potentially dependent. In an effort to resolve the apparent discrepancy, the rate of active transport of 86 Rb, the equivalent of K, was studied under conditions in which the potential in the culture period involved was maintained at −60 mV and found to decrease by about 10%. When the electrogenic component was recalculated using the reduced value of the coefficient of active transport, K p , the electrogenic component was found to be approximately −20 mV. The higher transport rate for potassium associated with the lower potential is consistent with the operation of a feedback mechanism in which the rate of active transport increases as the potential falls, thus keeping the influx constant which results in maintaining normal concentration gradients.
Explicit formulae for the ion and solvent profiles in the electric double layer using the mean spherical approximation

Abstract Previously the mean spherical approximation integral equations have been solved analytically for a model double layer consisting of charged hard sphere ions and dipolar hard sphere solvent molecules near a flat charged hard wall. In that work, results for the double layer potential were obtained. However, no useful expressions for the ion and solvent profiles were given, although a few results for their Laplace transforms were stated, mostly without proof. In this paper we obtain formulae for these Laplace transforms at low concentrations and invert these expressions to obtain explicit formulae and numerical results.
Evaluation of rest position as a guide in prosthetic treatment

Abstract Studies were made to determine the value of rest position in establishing preextraction face height with a prosthesis when no pre-extraction records were available. Patients were selected who furnished an acceptable pre-extraction record in terms of the vertical dimension of occlusion. Records were made before extraction and after prosthetic treatment with a Broadbent-Bolton roentgen unit. Rest observations were made both with and without dentures in the mouth. Measurements were made of morphologic (occluded) face height, rest face height, and the interocclusal distance. The results revealed an instability of rest position which resulted in discrepancies in the restoration of the pre-extraction vertical dimension with the prosthesis. This difference in pre-extraction vertical dimension and that restored with the prosthesis was of such magnitude in 3 of the 10 patients that rest position was concluded to be a poor guide for establishing the pre-extraction vertical dimension. Because of this fact, pre-extraction records are deemed mandatory.
Effectiveness of various reactions to a hostile attack.

Summary Ss viewed a videotape in which one person expressed inappropriate and angry criticism toward a second individual. The latter then replied in six different ways. Ss saw all replies and rated the replier after each. Ss were also asked to characterize the replier after each response. A replication employed different actors and a slightly modified content for each reply. Regardless of changes in actors, the specific content of each reply, or the dependent variable, the replier was seen in the most favorable light when he refuted the various criticisms made by the assailant in a calm, friendly, and courteous tone of voice. It was speculated that a speaker's rapport with an audience after being attacked may depend on (a) the degree to which he can successfully defend his own position, (b) the degree to which he treats his assailant in a courteous and friendly manner, and (c) the degree to which he tries to establish good relations with his assailant.
A superconducting beta spectrometer

We have designed and constructed a superconducting beta spectrometer with a momentum resolution of about 2% and a peak solid angle of 0.5 sr. The performance of the spectrometer is described and the results of calibrations with line sources are presented.
Surface circulation and the distribution of pelagic tar and plastic

Abstract Pelagic tar and plastic have been measured along 158°W in the North Pacific. Maxima in the abundance of tar are associated with convergent meso scale and with small scale surface circulation features observed at the same time. There is no significant correlation between abundance of tar and that of plastic. It appears that this difference in distributions is the result of different input patterns or residence times.
Conservative therapy of breast cancer. The Mayo Clinic experience.

Purpose : A retrospective analysis of patients with intraductal and early-stage invasive breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and radiation was conducted to determine the local recurrence and survival rates. Between January 1979 and December 1989, 181 patients were treated with breast-conserving surgery and definitive radiation. Nine of these patients also had either synchronous or metachronous bilateral breast cancers also treated with breast conservation. Fourteen cases were intraductal cancer, while the remaining were invasive carcinomas. With a median length of patient follow-up of 4.9 years following initiation of radiation, the overall survival at 5 and 8 years was 93% and 83%, respectively. The local recurrence-free survival at both 5 and 8 years for all patients was 96%. The overall and recurrence-free survival of the intraductal patients alone was 100% at 5 years. Lymph node status and grade were identified as variables associated with time until recurrence based on a stepwise Cox proportional hazards model analysis. Physician assessment of cosmesis was ranked as good to excellent in 82% of patients. This study further substantiates the role of breast-conserving surgery and definitive radiation in the treatment of early-stage breast cancer.
A rapid-prototyping environment for digital-signal processors

A description is given of the Diodes system, a complete rapid prototyping, debugging, and test environment including both hardware and software, for the design of digital-signal-processing chips. The test circuitry in Diodes differs from that in many systems, including those based on boundary scan, by offering full-speed circuit testing and the observation of internal nodes during real time. Diodes also achieves nearly 100% fault coverage because chips are composed of numerous chunks, each of which is tested exhaustively. The discussion covers the high-density interconnection technology and the concepts on which Diodes is based, two types of chips that have been designed, fabricated, and tested for Diodes: module assembly and fabrication; synthesis software; on-chip testing; Diodes test circuitry; test modes; and hardware and software debugging. Diodes is compared with other testing approaches and other rapid prototyping systems. >
Investigations of Peripheral 4-jet Sonic and Supersonic Propulsive Deceleration Jets on a Mars Science Laboratory Aeroshell

With the launch of Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), scheduled for 2011, Viking technology developed in the 1970's is reaching its limits for entry, descent and landing (EDL) on Mars, necessitating research and development of other technologies for decelerating high mass Mars entry systems (HMMES), such as propulsive deceleration (PD) jets. In this paper planar laser-induced iodine fluorescence is utilized to obtain qualitative flow visualization images and quantitative PD jet mole fraction images of peripheral sonic and supersonic PD jet models in Mach 12 flow and compared to CFD computations. The models are 0.22% of the MSL frontal area, with Mach 1 and Mach 2.66 jets on the frontal aeroshell of the model, oriented normal to the hypersonic flow. The interactions of PD jets with a Mach 12 freestream flow are visualized with coefficients of thrust (CT) varying from 0.5 to 3.0 in increments of 0.5. It was found that as CT increases the shock stand-off distance increases for both sonic and supersonic cases, with the supersonic distance at a CT = 3.0 being 17% greater than the sonic distance. The jet penetration distance was measured to be 50% greater for the supersonic case at a CT = 3.0. Experimental results were compared with CFD calculations of the sonic 4-jet configuration. Very good comparison was shown in the streamline patterns and jet mole fraction distributions. Using the validated CFD model, preliminary calculations showed that the drag coefficient for the 4-jet peripheral case was 3 times larger than that for the single centerline jet case at a CT of 0.5 and 6 times larger at a CT of 1.5, both with sonic exit conditions and the same total mass flow rate. The preservation of the vehicle drag was attributed to the normal bow shock between the peripheral jets which does not exist in the single centerline jet. The total axial force coefficient (sum of CT and CD) was calculated to be twice as large for the peripheral 4 sonic jets as for the single sonic centerline jet at a CT of 0.5 and 50% larger at a CT of 1.5. This result suggests that, for the same total mass flow rate and sonic exit Mach number, the propulsive deceleration performance of the peripheral 4-jet PD design will be considerably greater relative to the single centerline PD jet. This result is important for the design of PD jet decelerators for EDL for future HMMES missions.
To T or not to T: reassessing the common lymphoid progenitor.

Common lymphoid progenitor cells are the earliest lymphoid progenitor cells assumed to give rise to B and T lineages. The identification of a novel early T lineage progenitor now challenges this model.
Dielectric Properties of Uncooked Chicken Breast Muscles from Ten to One Thousand Eight Hundred Megahertz

The dielectric properties, consisting of the dielectric constant (epsilon') and loss factor (epsilon''), were measured with an open-ended coaxial-line probe and impedance analyzer for uncooked broiler breast muscle pectoralis major and pectoralis minor, deboned at 2- and 24-h postmortem, over the frequency range from 10 to 1,800 MHz at temperatures ranging from 5 to 85 degrees C. The dielectric property profiles of chicken breast muscle are dependent upon the radio-wave and microwave frequencies and temperature. Increasing frequency from 10 to 1,800 MHz results in decreasing values of the dielectric constant and loss factor regardless of temperature in this range, chicken breast muscle type, or deboning time. However, the response to temperature varies with the frequency, muscle type, and deboning time. There are no differences in the dielectric constant and loss factor values at frequencies of 26 or 1,800 MHz between samples deboned at 2- and at 24-h postmortem. However, the muscle type significantly affects the average values of the dielectric constant and loss factor, with pectoralis minor having significantly higher average values. Both the deboning time and muscle type significantly affect the average values of the loss tangent (tan delta = dielectric loss factor/dielectric constant) at 26 and 1,800 MHz, with pectoralis minor having higher values than pectoralis major and 2-h samples having higher values than 24-h samples. Our quality measurements also show there are significant differences in chicken meat quality characteristics, including color, pH, drip loss, water holding capacity, and texture (Warner-Bratzler shear force value) between the different muscle types and between different deboning times in the same test. These results suggest that there is a probable potential for using dielectric property measurements to assess the quality of chicken meat.
Behavioural adaptations of desert rodents (Heteromyidae)

Abstract Abstract. Heteromyid rodents (kangaroo rats, Dipodomys spp.; kangaroo mice, Microdipodops spp.; pocket mice: Perognathus spp. and Chaetodipus spp.) make excellent models for answering questions about the evolution of diverse behaviour patterns. Most heteromyids, unlike other rodents, are nocturnal inhabitants of arid environments. As many as six species of these seed-eating mammals co-exist in habitats ranging from wind-blown sand and desert shrub to grassland and chaparral. A key question in the foraging literature is how desert granivores co-exist. Foraging choices are complex, and heteromyids optimize foraging based on interactions of multiple factors: size, distribution, energy, nutritional value and water content of seeds; soil density and texture; and their ability to cache and recover seeds. Another question of interest is how heteromyids avoid diverse predators in open habitats. Many heteromyids avoid visually hunting predators on moonlit nights by switching their activity from open microhabitats to shrub habitat. Kangaroo rats and mice escape by bipedal locomotion after detecting either low-frequency sounds made by predator movements, or snake odours. Two kangaroo rat species confront snakes by kicking sand and footdrumming. Comparative studies of heteromyids also can answer questions about the evolution of mammalian social organization, such as: how social are solitary rodents? Solitary heteromyids have a well-integrated social system promoted by the establishment of familiarity with close neighbours. Spatial overlap and delayed dispersal, which lead to temporary family groups and long-term occupancy of the same home ranges, facilitate neighbour recognition. Heteromyids of both sexes mate with familiar neighbours in both exclusive and multiple matings. A final question related to social behaviour is: how do mammals communicate in desert environments? Kangaroo rats communicate identity through scent deposited at sandbathing sites, and at least one species ( D. spectabilis ), through individual footdrumming signatures. Both means of communication appear to be effective in sandy soils and open habitats. In conclusion, heteromyids can be used in future studies to examine a variety of behavioural patterns, ranging from individual foraging and predator defence to mating strategies and other social interactions.
Impact of inflow reconstruction on infrainguinal bypass

Abstract Purpose: This study assessed whether multisegmental disease that is severe enough to require an inflow procedure adversely affects infrainguinal bypass patency, limb salvage, or patient survival rates. Methods: The records of 495 patients who underwent 551 infrainguinal bypass grafting procedures were reviewed. Saphenous vein and prosthetic grafts were evaluated separately. Graft patency rates, patient limb salvage rates, and patient survival rates in those grafts that arose from a reconstructed inflow source were compared with those that arose from normal, nonreconstructed inflow sources. When grafts had either hemodynamic failure or occlusion, the cause of failure was identified. Results: Four-year primary patency rates in vein grafts that arose from a reconstructed inflow sources were lower than those in grafts that arose from nonreconstructed inflow sources (41% vs 54%; p = 0.006). Assisted primary patency rates and secondary patency rates, however, were similar (62% vs 74% and 64% vs 77%, respectively). The 4-year primary patency rate (45% vs 55%), assisted primary patency rate (60% vs 60%), and secondary patency rate (60% vs 61%) in prosthetic grafts did not vary based on inflow source. The most common cause of graft failure was inflow failure, except in the vein grafts that did not require an inflow procedure, in which the most common cause of failure was graft failure. Inflow failure occurred in 24% and 22% of the vein and prosthetic grafts with multisegmental disease, respectively, but in only 7% ( p p Conclusions: Long-term patency rates, patient limb salvage rates, and survival rates in patients with a reconstructed inflow source were similar to those of patients with a normal nonreconstructed inflow. A major cause of occlusion is inflow failure, and this occurs in a greater proportion of patients with multisegmental disease. These patients, in particular, may benefit from patient surveillance to screen for progression of their inflow disease and to allow for intervention before infrainguinal graft occlusion. (J Vasc Surg 1997;26:928-38.)
Aspiration cytology and core biopsy of a carcinoid tumor arising in a retrorectal cyst: a case report.

Retrorectal cysts are uncommon lesions of uncertain histogenesis, and primary carcinoid tumors arising in retrorectal cysts are extremely rare. We present the case of a 52-yr-old man who had a 22-cm partially cystic, partially solid mass in the presacral space. A computed tomography-guided fine-needle aspiration of the mass was performed. The smears contained abundant keratinous debris and rare groups of tumor cells. The tumor cells were cuboidal, with slightly granular cytoplasm and centrally located nuclei with speckled chromatin and inconspicuous nucleoli. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed strong reactivity for chromogranin and keratin, and focal reactivity for synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase. The cytological diagnosis of a carcinoid arising in a tail-gut cyst was confirmed histologically. This is the first reported case of a carcinoid arising in a retrorectal cyst diagnosed preoperatively by cytology. This diagnosis is possible in the setting of consistent clinical, radiographic, and cytological findings.
Differential diagnosis in pseudoepileptic seizures

With increasing use of intensive video-EEG monitoring, publications concerning pseudoepileptic seizures have burgeoned, but without clarification concerning differing psychopathologic mechanisms and without distinction of different syndromic varieties. The frequent concurrence of pseudoepileptic and epileptic seizures has not been sufficiently recognized, and an undue reliance on clinical experience on the one hand and individual tests such as EEG on the other has proven equally misleading in this group of cases.
Increased leg blood flow and improved femoral artery shear patterns in metabolic syndrome after a diet and exercise programme

Summary Background Altered vascular shear profiles may contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Physical activity promotes anti-atherogenic shear patterns, resulting in reduced cardiovascular disease risk. Adults with metabolic syndrome (MetSyn) are at increased risk of developing atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Thus, we hypothesized that conduit artery antegrade shear rate (ASR) would increase and retrograde shear rate (RSR) and oscillatory shear indices (OSI) would decrease in MetSyn patients (n = 16, 51 ± 2 years) after participation in a diet and exercise programme (DEP). Methods Blood flow (Doppler ultrasound, brachial and femoral arteries) was measured, and shear rates were calculated in MetSyn patients before and after 12 weeks of DEP participation. In addition, plasma samples were collected to measure atherogenic markers. Results Diet and exercise programme participation increased resting leg blood flow and femoral artery ASR (P ≤ 0·05), and tended to decrease OSI (P = 0·09); RSR did not change (P>0·05). No changes in resting arm blood flow or ASR were observed (P>0·05), and both RSR and OSI increased after participation (P≤0·05). DEP participation reduced plasma vascular cell adhesion molecule(VCAM)-1 (P = 0·03), with a trend for reduced intercellular cell adhesion molecule(ICAM)-1 (P = 0·09) (i.e. atherogenic markers). Conclusion Modest changes in diet and physical activity result in limb-specific improvements in vascular shear profiles and reduced systemic markers of atherosclerotic risk in MetSyn patients. These data provide novel physiologic insight into adaptations that may limit the progression of atherosclerosis in patients with MetSyn.
Scientific papers: A new paradigm

The problem of how to organize and write a scientific paper is a very basic one for most of us. A scientific paper is, after all, the only tangible product of a research scientist and, like all products, will be a failure if not marketed properly to reach its potential buyers. I think that a lack of attention to this “marketing and sales” aspect of research is a serious fault in our community, by which I mean those of us who publish in AGU journals. The potential audience for a scientific paper can be divided roughly into three distinct categories. The first group is usually rather small in number, consisting of fellow scientists working in a very closely related field, and to whom the details of the work are of major importance. The second group is also fellow scientists, but their interest is less sharply focused, and they are concerned with the broad outlines of the work and essential results. The third group is the sponsors and the people who actually pay for the work, whose interest in the details is minimal and they, sadly enough, are often concerned only with the fact that a paper has been published rather than its content.
On the nonidentity of several carnivore hemoglobins

Antibodies were prepared in rabbits to the hemoglobin of the dog (Canis familiaris). Each of the major adult hemoglobins of several canoid and pinniped species was compared to that of the dog using these antibodies in the micro-complement fixation (MC'F) procedure. Each non-Canis hemoglobin tested reacted less well than that of the dog, and each cross-reaction value was unique. The hypothesis of Seal (1969) of identity of primary structure among these hemoglobins is thus made highly suspect.
Delete john wood

An attempt to clear out some dead “Wood” from the early history of electrical conduction placed there by a spare-time historian.
EPIC Modeling of Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration in Croplands of Iowa

Depending on management, soil organic carbon (SOC) is a potential source or sink for atmospheric CO 2 . We used the EPIC model to study impacts of soil and crop management on SOC in corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) croplands of Iowa. The National Agricultural Statistics Service crops classification maps were used to identify corn-soybean areas. Soil properties were obtained front a combination of SSURGO and STATSGO databases. Daily weather variables were obtained from first order meteorological stations in Iowa and neighboring states. Data on crop management, fertilizer application and tillage were obtained from publicly available databases maintained by the NRCS, USDA-Economic Research Service (ERS), and Conservation Technology Information Center. The EPIC model accurately simulated state averages of crop yields during 1970-2005 (R 2 = 0.87). Simulated SOC explained 75% of the variation in measured SOC. With current trends in conservation tillage adoption, total stock of SOC (0-20 cm) is predicted to reach 506 Tg by 2019, representing an increase of 28 Tg with respect to 1980. In contrast, when the whole soil profile was considered, EPIC estimated a decrease of SOC stocks with time, from 1835 Tg in 1980 to 1771 Tg in 2019. Hence, soil depth considered for calculations is an important factor that needs further investigation. Soil organic C sequestration rates (0-20 cm) were estimated at 0.50 to 0.63 Mg ha -1 yr -1 depending on climate and soil conditions. Overall, combining land use maps with EPIC proved valid for predicting impacts of management practices on SOC. However, more data on spatial and temporal variation in SOC are needed to improve model calibration and validation.
Discrimination of frequency transitions by human infants

Difference limens (DLs) for linear frequency transitions using a 1.0‐kHz pulsed‐tone standard were obtained from 6‐ to 9‐month‐old human infants in a series of three experiments. A repeating standard ‘‘yes–no’’ operant headturning technique and an adaptive staircase (tracking) procedure were used to obtain difference limens from a total of 71 infants. The DLs for 300‐ms upward and downward linear frequency sweeps were approximately 3%–4% when the repeating standard was an unmodulated 1.0‐kHz pulsed tone of 300‐ms duration. These DLs for frequency sweeps were not significantly different from DLs for frequency increments and decrements using 330‐ms pulsed tones [J. M. Sinnott and R. N. Aslin, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1986–1992 (1985)]. The DLs for frequency sweeps of 50 ms appended to the beginning or the end of a 250‐ms unmodulated 1.0‐kHz tone were approximately 6%–7%. This greater DL for brief frequency sweeps was confirmed by varying the duration but not the extent of the sweep. Finally, DLs were greater...
Isoelectric point of chymotrypsinogen by a Donnan equilibrium method.

Kunitz and Northrop1 found the isoelectric point of crystalline chymotrypsinogen to be near pH 5 by their method of microcataphoresis2. Recently, Anderson and Alberty3 and Laskowski4, using electrophoretic mobilities, gave values of pH 9.5 and 9.1 respectively. As it is now possible to crystallize chymotrypsinogen salt free from aqueous alcohol5, it was thought worth while to attempt to determine the isoelectric point of such a preparation by a method based on the Donnan equilibrium.
Distributed Heuristic Synthesis Search

The Stony Brook SYNCHEM program, a well-established intelligent problem-solving system for synthesis route discovery, recently has been upgraded to execute in a network of multiprocessor workstations under both Linda tuple space and PVM message passing protocols. We describe the implementation and report experimental results. In addition, we discuss the effect of parallelizing SYNCHEM's search algorithm on the global best-first heuristic exploration of the synthesis problem space. Though reasonably wide-ranging and inclusive, sequential exploration exhibits a pronounced depth-first flavor. Parallelization introduces a countervailing breadth-first tendency that alters the region of the problem space explored by the search engine with mixed consequences, the positive clearly outweighing the negative.
Silver staining of macromolecules separated by electrophoresis

Abstract The use of silver, either in the free ionic form or as a diamine complex, has become important for staining proteins, nucleic acids and lipopolyaccharides separated by acrylamide gel electrophoresis. A number of applications and methodologies have been developed for this staining procedure over the last four years.
Development and assessment of a complete ATR algorithm based on ISAR Euler imagery

The Euler decomposition, when applied to the polarization scattering matrix, attempts to extract phenomenological information about the scattering target. Because the Euler parameters constitute a more physically relevant set of parameters than the traditional HH-VV ISAR representations, they have potential to improve ATR performance. The Euler parameter's usefulness in target recognition, however, is effected by several layers of signature variability. Unfortunately, many of the variability layers are often omitted in a typical ATR study. A complete ATR algorithm was therefore developed that allows for all layers of variability and requires no previous knowledge of the target's position, orientation, or average reflectivity. The complete ATR algorithm was then used to assess the effectiveness of Euler ISAR imagery in target recognition when all layers of variability are considered. The general approach and sub-methods used to construct the complete ATR system will be presented, including the methods to determine the targets orientation, registration, and to compare it to a library of pre-rendered target images. Finally, the performance of the Euler parameters in target recognition using the complete ATR algorithm will be presented.
(RO)2Ta[tris(2-oxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine]: Structure and Lactide Polymerization Activities

The novel atrane-like six-coordinate (RO)2TaL complexes [where R ) Me or Et and L ) tris(2-oxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine] containing three six-membered rings have been synthesized and characterized. The R ) Me complex is the first group 5 representative of this class of compounds structurally characterized by X-ray means. Somewhat surprisingly, these compounds failed to function as single-site initiators for the polymerization of l-LA to isotactic PLA and rac-LA to atactic PLA, whereas Ta(OEt)5 and two titanium analogues ROTiL (where R ) 2,6-di-i-PrC6H3 and i-Pr) as well as Ti(O-i-Pr)4 were effective catalysts for both polymerizations. The tripodal trialkoxy amine ligands made by deprotonating tris(2-hydroxy-3,5-dimethylbenzyl)amine (1) or other 3,5-dialkyl derivatives of 1 have recently been used to make silicon 1 and phosphorus 2 complexes resembling the corresponding atranes (made from triethanolamine) except that the three chelating rings are six- instead of five-membered. The silicon complexes made from deprotonated 1, and some of its derivatives, are more structurally flexible than silatranes themselves, thus allowing for changes in their Si-N bond lengths and 29 Si NMR chemical shifts that are roughly correlated to the electron donating effects of their axial substituents. 2 Recently it was also shown that analogous titanium(IV) complexes of deprotonated 1 and some of its derivatives are catalysts for the syndiospecific polymerization of styrene 3 and in the bulk polymerization of lactide (LA). 4
The Financial Reality of Overeating

Objective: Obesity has been linked to frequency of meals eaten outside the home and the associated large portion sizes. These large portions, which have been shown to promote overeating, are often offered for a small additional cost which may appear economical to the consumer. The aim of this study was to calculate additional costs from medical, gasoline, and increased caloric needs that result from weight gain attributable to overeating and thus provide consumers with added incentive not to upsize their meal, or overeat in general.Methods: The effects and costs of overeating were estimated for men and women with a BMI of 22.5, 27.5, and 32.5 by conducting a Pubmed search for relevant literature combined with US statistics obtained from open Federal and other websites.Results: Among fast food restaurants, the average upsized meal increases energy content of the meal from 927 to 1324 kcal at an added cost of $0.67. Because the regular meal is already 37% of a 2500 kcal diet, the extra energy of upsizing is...
Development of selective tolerance to interleukin‐1β by human chondrocytes in vitro*

Interleukin-1 induces release of NO and PGE 2 and production of matrix degrading enzymes in chondrocytes. In osteoarthritis (OA), IL-1 continually, or episodically, acts on chondrocytes in a paracrine and autocrine manner. Human chondrocytes in chondron pellet culture were treated chronically (up to 14 days) with IL-1β. Chondrons from OA articular cartilage were cultured for 3 weeks before treatment with IL-1β (0.05-10 ng/ml) for an additional 2 weeks. Spontaneous release of NO and IL-1β declined over the pretreatment period. In response to IL-1β (0.1 ng/ml), NO and PGE 2 release was maximal on Day 2 or 3 and then declined to near basal level by Day 14. Synthesis was recovered by addition of 1 ng/ml IL-1 β on Day 11. Expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), detected by immunofluorescence, was elevated on Day 2 and declined through Day 14, which coordinated with the pattern of NO release. On the other hand, IL-1β-induced MMP-13 synthesis was elevated on Day 3, declined on Day 5, and then increased again through Day 14. IL-1β increased glucose consumption and lactate production throughout the treatment. IL-1 β stimulated proteoglycan degradation in the early days and inhibited proteoglycan synthesis through Day 14. Chondron pellet cultures from non-OA cartilage released the same amount of NO but produced less PGE 2 and MMP-13 in response to IL-1 β than OA cultures. Like the OA, IL-1 β-induced NO and PGE 2 release decreased over time. In conclusion, with prolonged exposure to IL-1β, human chondrocytes develop selective tolerance involving NO and PGE 2 release but not MMP-13 production, metabolic activity, or matrix metabolism. J. Cell. Physiol. 192: 113-124, 2002. E 2002 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Satellite retrieval of the absorption coefficient of phytoplankton phycoerythrin pigment: theory and feasibility status.

Oceanic radiance model inversion methods are used to develop a comprehensive algorithm for retrieval of the absorption coefficients of phycourobilin (PUB) pigment, type I phycoerythrobilin (PEB) pigment rich in PUB, and type II PEB deficient in PUB pigment (together with the usual “big three” inherent optical properties: the total backscattering coefficient and the absorption coefficients of chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM)–detritus and phytoplankton). This fully modeled inversion algorithm is then simplified to yield a hybrid modeled–unmodeled inversion algorithm in which the phycoerythrin (PE) absorption coefficient is retrieved as unmodeled 488-nm absorption (which exceeds the modeled phytoplankton and the CDOM–detritus absorption coefficients). Each algorithm was applied to water-leaving radiances, but only hybrid modeled–unmodeled inversions yielded viable retrievals of the PE absorption coefficient. Validation of the PE absorption coefficient retrieval was achieved by relative comparison with airborne laser-induced PEB fluorescence. The modeled–unmodeled retrieval of four inherent optical properties by direct matrix inversion is rapid and well conditioned, but the accuracy is strongly limited by the accuracy of the three principal inherent optical property models across all four spectral bands. Several research areas are identified to enhance the radiance-model-based retrievals: (a) improved PEB and PUB absorption coefficient models, (b) PE spectral shifts induced by PUB chromophore substitution at chromophore binding sites, (c) specific absorption-sensitive phytoplankton absorption modeling, (d) total constituent backscattering modeling, (e) unmodeled carotinoid and phycocyanin absorption that are not now accounted for in the chlorophyll-dominated phytoplankton absorption coefficient model, and (f) iterative inversion techniques to solve for six constituents with only five radiances. Although considerable progress has been made toward the satellite recovery of PE absorption, the maturity of the retrieval is presently insufficient for routine global application. Instead it must currently be used on a regional basis where localized ship and aircraft validation can be made available. The algorithm was developed for the MODIS (Moderate-Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) sensor but is applicable to any sensor having comparable band locations.
The Italian Socialist Party: A Case Study in Factional Conflict.

The Italian Socialist Party (PSI) is one of the three major groupings-the Social Democrats, the Socialists and the Communiststhat have cultivated the ground to the left of center (i.e., to the left of the ruling Christian Democrats) in Italian politics since World War II. As recently as 1951, the PSI appeared to be inextricably linked with the Communists; but the Socialists have gradually worked themselves around to the position, early in 1962, of openly supporting a Left-Center coalition government still headed by the Christian Democrats. This drastic alteration in the Italian political spectrum has created new possibilities for Italy's political development. It has already permitted the long-awaited "opening to the Left"-as a basic alternative to governments dependent on the Center-Rightunder which Italy will be ruled by a coalition of Christian Democrats, Republicans, and Social Democrats, with the PSI offering its support in Parliament in exchange for a bold program of economic planning and social reform. But some Socialists see a further possibility: the so-called "Socialist alternative." They hope for the possible development of the PSI into a second major party in a two-party system which would absorb the great bulk of the Italian electorate, with the exception of minor extremist fringes to the right and left.' To be sure, the success of the "opening to the Left" and the eventual emergence of a "Socialist alternative" both depend on the continued supremacy of the more progressive factions within the ranks of the Christian Democratic Party. The decade-long process of change in the Socialist position results from influences both external and internal to the party. Such factors as Italy's close alignment with the West, and its entry into NATO and the Common Market; the
Mechanisms determining third order intermodulation distortion in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors

The third-order intermodulation distortion (IMD3) mechanisms of heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBTs) are analyzed using Volterra series theory. A T-equivalent circuit is used for the large-signal model of the HBT. The third-order nonlinear currents generated by the device nonlinearities are evaluated for this purpose and current cancellation is discussed. It is found that, even though the C/sub je/ and g/sub je/ related currents do not show pronounced cancellation, the total base-emitter current and the total base-collector current cancel partially. Second harmonic loading is addressed in view of IMD3 optimization while at the same time maintaining high gain through conjugate matching at the fundamental frequency. IMD3 is very sensitive to the nonlinear currents generated by g/sub je/ and alpha . Optimum IMD3 occurs at high second-harmonic reflection coefficients corresponding to open load conditions. Minimum and maximum IMD3 occurs for second-harmonic load reflection coefficient phases close to analogous extremes of the dominant nonlinear current of the device. >
Combined cytosine arabinoside and prednisone therapy for meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs.

Objectives: The differential diagnosis for young to middle-aged dogs with progressive neurological signs, focal or multifocal computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging lesions, mononuclear cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and negative infectious titres includes granulomatous meningoencephalomyelitis, breed-specific meningoencephalitis, infectious meningoencephalitis of unknown origin and central nervous system neoplasia. The terminology meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology may be preferable for cases that lack histopathological diagnoses. The safety and efficacy of a combination of cytosine arabinoside and prednisone protocol is evaluated, in this study, for the treatment of meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology in 10 dogs. Methods: Cases were selected based on neuroanatomical localisation, negative regional infectious disease titres, cerebrospinal fluid pleocytosis and brain imaging. Clinical response was gauged through follow-up examinations, owner and referring veterinarian surveys and review of medical records. Results: Partial or complete remission was achieved in all dogs; the median survival time for the 10 dogs was 531 days (range 46 to 1025 days), with five of the 10 dogs alive at the time of writing. Clinical Significance: Prednisone/cytosine arabinoside is a safe empirical therapy for dogs with meningoencephalitis of unknown aetiology; this drug combination may prolong survival time.
Understanding Christian privilege: Managing the tensions of spiritual plurality

Bucolic chapels, Sundays off, and breaks atChristmas are regular reminders that much of American higher education was founded by Christians who transferred their faith's traditions from the church to the campus.As colleges and universities become increasinglydiverse, inclusiveness means making room for the spiritual practices of all.
Reconstruction of multilayered lossy dielectrics from plane wave impulse responses at two angles of incidence

Motivated by the radioglaciology inverse problem, we present new algorithms for reconstructing a lossy, stratified dielectric from its impulsive plane wave reflection responses at two different angles of incidence. Novel features of these algorithms include: 1) a digital signal processing formulation that does not require discretization of continuous equations; 2) use of the asymmetric Levinson algorithm for rapid solution of the forward and inverse problems; 3) a novel use of layer stripping ideas, featuring iteration between the forward and inverse problems, with each iteration recursively determining another layer of the medium; and 4) another recursive algorithm for determining the bottom lossy half-space from reflection data only. Numerical examples illustrate the new algorithms on the reconstruction of a synthetic but realistic layered ice shelf from both noiseless and noisy radar reflection data.
Electron and hole mobility enhancement in strained SOI by wafer bonding

N- and p-MOSFETs have been fabricated in strained Si-on-SiGe-on-insulator (SSOI) with high (15-25%) Ge content. Wafer bonding and H-induced layer transfer techniques enabled the fabrication of the high Ge content SiGe-on-insulator (SGOI) substrates. Mobility enhancement of 50% for electrons (with 15% Ge) and 15-20% for holes (with 20-25% Ge) has been demonstrated in SSOI MOSFETs. These mobility enhancements are commensurate with those reported for FETs fabricated on strained silicon on bulk SiGe substrates.
The most plausible pro-coercion view: requiring informed agreement while penalizing non-participation in research

In ‘(Why) should we require consent to research?’ Alan Wertheimer probes whether it is legitimate for the government to ‘coerce’ people into participating in biomedical research, including interventional biomedical research. In debating the rules that ought to govern participation in interventional biomedical research, we should distinguish two separate moral claims. First, interventional research should proceed only when the subject has given her informed agreement. Second, it is legitimate for the state to set a requirement that people participate in interventional biomedical research, and to penalize or punish those who refuse to participate. The most plausible ‘procoercion’ view accepts both of these claims. Though I stop short of endorsing this view, it captures important ‘pro-coercion’ and ‘anti-coercion’ intuitions.
Biological Therapy and Other Novel Therapies in Early-Stage Disease: Are They Appropriate?

For nearly two decades, adjuvant chemotherapy has been the standard of care in patients with early-stage colon cancer at high risk of recurrence. Until now, treatment has been based on the use of cytotoxic drugs that have well-demonstrated efficacy in advanced colorectal cancer. Most recently, targeted biological agents [i.e., antibodies against the epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor] have become essential components of the palliative medical treatment of colorectal cancer. Proof of efficacy of these agents in advanced disease has led to the initiation of several trials testing epidermal growth factor receptor and vascular endothelial growth factor antibodies in the adjuvant setting. Although definitive results of ongoing adjuvant studies will not be available for 2 to 3 years, some oncologists might already inappropriately consider the use of these targeted agents as a component of adjuvant therapy in selected patients. Whether the results obtained in advanced colorectal cancer can be readily translated into a projected efficacy in early-stage colon cancer, however, is unclear. In addition, the long-term safety of biological agents in potentially surgically cured patients has not yet been established. This review discusses the potential caveats and concerns associated with the uncritical use of targeted agents as adjuvant therapy before their safety and efficacy in this setting has been indisputably established in definitive phase III trials.
Real-time view-based face alignment using active wavelet networks

The active wavelet network (AWN) [C. Hu et al., (2003)] approach was recently proposed for automatic face alignment, showing advantages over active appearance models (AAM), such as more robustness against partial occlusions and illumination changes. We (1) extend the AWN method to a view-based approach, (2) verify the robustness of our algorithm with respect to unseen views in a large dataset and (3) show that using only nine wavelets, our method yields similar performance to state-of-the-art face alignment systems, with a significant enhancement in terms of speed. After optimization, our system requires only 3 ms per iteration on a 1.6 GHz Pentium IV. We show applications in face alignment for recognition and real-time facial feature tracking under large pose variations.
No Difference in Transverse Abdominis Activation Ratio between Healthy and Asymptomatic Low Back Pain Patients during Therapeutic Exercise

Dysfunction of the transverse abdominis (TrA) has been associated with LBP. Several therapeutic exercises are prescribed to help target the TrA. Rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (RUSI) is used to capture activation of the TrA during exercise. The purpose was to examine TrA activation during the ADIM and quadruped exercises between healthy and nonsymptomatic LBP patients. We instructed the subjects how to perform the exercises and measured muscle thickness of the TrA at rest and during the exercises using RUSI. This allowed us to calculate TrA activation ratio during these exercises. We found no significant differences between activation ratios of the two groups during either exercise; however TrA activation during the ADIM was higher than the quadruped exercise. These exercises were capable of activating the TrA, which may be in part due to the verbal instruction they received. These exercises could be used during prevention or rehabilitation programs, since the TrA is activated.
Constructing the Stroke: Sudden-Onset Narratives of Stroke Survivors

In this article, the authors explore the narrative production of stroke from the perspectives of survivors, that is, the stroke itself, not its implications for the individual poststroke. In the vast amount of literature on both sudden onset and chronic illness, the narrative construction of the onset of the illness, for the most part, has been ignored by social scientists, most notably in qualitative research. This is certainly true of stroke. Drawing on existing literature in both chronic illness and the body, the authors extend this to explore the phenomenological construction of stroke onset. Using data gathered from in-depth interviews with 111 stroke survivors postdischarge, they suggest three narrative mechanisms are used in the construct of the sudden-onset event itself: the use of typifications to construct the body during stroke, stroke as an internal communicative act, and stroke as a physical sensation and the mechanisms used to minimize bodily concerns.