cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure

Orexin is a key neurotransmitter of central arousal and reward circuits in the CNS. Two receptors respond to orexin signaling, Orexin 1 Receptor (OX1R) and Orexin 2 Receptor (OX2R) with partially overlapping brain distributions. Genetic and pharmacological studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could provide therapeutic benefit for insomnia and other disorders in which sleep/wake cycles are disrupted. Preclinical data has also emerged showing that the orexin system is involved in the behavioral and neurological effects of drugs of abuse (Aston-Jones et al., 2009; Harris et al., 2005). Here we report sleep promoting effects of a recently described small molecule dual orexin receptor OX1R and OX2R antagonist. This dual orexin receptor antagonist (DORA) also inhibits the ability of subchronic amphetamine to produce behavioral sensitization measured 10 days following pre-treatment. Transcriptional profiling of isolated reward and arousal circuits from brains of behaviorally sensitized animals showed that the DORA blocked the significant alteration of gene expression levels in response to amphetamine exposure, particularly those associated with synaptic plasticity in the VTA. Further, DORA attenuates the ability of nicotine to induce reinstatement of extinguished responding for a reinforcer, demonstrating selectivity of the effect to reward pathways and not to food intake. In summary, these data demonstrate efficacy of a dual orexin receptor antagonist for promotion of sleep and suggest that pharmacological inhibition of the orexin system may play a role in both prevention of drug-induced plasticity and drug-relapse.
Pediatric cervical spine fractures: Predominately subtle presentation

Abstract Previous descriptions of cervical spine fractures in children have emphasized high mortality injuries to the upper cervical vertebra. Our experience suggests a much wider spectrum of injury. The medical records of all children with cervical spine fractures admitted to Children's Hospital between January 1, 1985 and December 31, 1989 were reviewed. The average age of the 50 patients was 11 years (range, 2.7 to 18.8 years) and 62% were boys. Motor vehicle-related accidents (54%), sports injuries (18%), and falls (12%) accounted for the majority of the fractures. Twenty-nine patients (58%) had an associated head injury. Fifty percent of the patients were transported from the accident scene and 44% were interhospital transfers. All patients receiving medical care prior to referral had appropriate cervical spine stabilization. On admission 30% of the patients were unresponsive. Thirty-one children were alert and verbal at the time of evaluation and 30 complained of neck pain and tenderness (97%). Twenty-five of the 31 patients (83%) had no demonstrable neurological deficit on initial physical examination. Lateral cervical spine radiographs were diagnostic in 49 children (98%). A relatively even distribution of fractures occurred at all levels of the cervical spine. The anatomic site of the injury did not correlate with age. Sixteen patients (32%) died. Of the 34 who survived, only 6 had a persistent neurological deficit. Children with cervical spine fractures have two distinct patterns of presentation: lethal or intact. The majority of children with cervical spine fractures presented with no demonstrable neurological deficit. All children with complaints of neck pain and/or tenderness need a complete radiographic evaluation of their cervical spine.
Flow physics in the turbulent near wake of a flat plate

The symmetric near wake of a flat plate with a circular trailing edge, exhibiting pronounced shedding of wake vortices, is investigated via a direct numerical simulation. The separating plate boundary layers are turbulent and statistically identical. The present study focuses on the vortical structures, the distribution of phase-averaged velocity statistics and vorticity fluctuations in the near wake. Braid and vortex core regions are investigated via contours of instantaneous vorticity and pressure with an emphasis on the three-dimensionality of near-wake structures. Rib vortices are observed in the braids. The vortex cores are populated with both ribs that wrap themselves around the cores and spanwise-elongated regions of spanwise vorticity near the centres of the cores. Production terms in the transport equations for phase-averaged fluctuating vorticity show that stretching of rib vortices via the phase-averaged strain rate produces significantly less turbulent vorticity than turbulent stretching in the braids and cores.
Fibrous proteins of snake scale.

HISTOLOGICAL1 and electron microscope2 investigations of snake scale indicate that there are three morphologically distinct keratinized layers on the outer scale surface (Fig. 1). Rudall3 showed that two different X-ray diffraction patterns can be obtained in the large ventral scales. Because keratinized layers arise from the same germinative cell population it seems that the cells of snake epidermis alternately produce at least two structural proteins. This report confirms previous observations on the nature of these fibrous proteins in the dorsal scales of a different species and adds new information on their orientation.
FC06-05 - 2005–2010 American academy of pediatrics task force on mental health

Introduction Children and adolescents experience significant emotional disorders and the prevalence of these conditions is notable. In 1999, the U.S. Surgeon General's report on children's mental health listed the following prevalence data: Anxiety disorders 13.0%; Mood disorders 6.2%; Disruptive disorders 10.3%; Substance use disorders 2%; Any Disorder: 20.9% * ( * Children age 9–17 with mental or addictive disorders, combined MECA sample, 6-month prevalence.) However, there is an acknowledged dearth of pediatric mental health care professionals in the U.S. and among those professionals available, geographic and reimbursement limitations restrict access to the care available for many children and adolescents. Objectives Primary health care providers are being encouraged to provide some of the identification and care management to offset this access problem. Aims Expand clinical skills of providers, develop tools for planning at state and local level, educate public about importance of early screening and diagnosis. Methods In 2005, the American Academy of Pediatrics convened a Task Force of members and consultants to develop recommendations and paradigms for melding physical health care and mental/behavioral care in the primary practice medical home for children and adolescents. Results This project concluded in 2010 with six published papers and appendices detailing increased identification of pediatric mental health conditions, methods for primary care providers working collaboratively with families and mental health specialists, algorithms for decisions and actions, and payment mechanisms supporting parity between mental and physical care in the US third party payer system. Conclusions Paper presents the major recommendations and outcomes from this 5 year project.
The evolution of damage in fatigue-fractured polymers

Etude de la zone en avant de l'extremite de la craquelure sur divers polymeres et elastomeres
Post-Earthquake Reconstruction Planning Using Land Readjustment in Bhuj (India)

In January 2001, an earthquake measuring 6.9 on the Richter scale claimed approximately 18,000 lives in Gujarat (India). It destroyed more than 50% of buildings in the city of Bhuj, devastating the...
Intranet model and metrics

Measuring intranet overall value contributions based on a corporation's critical business requirements.
Conjugated organometallic polymer containing a redox-active center.

The new conjugated organometallic polymer (−spacer−C≡C−Pt(PBu3)2−C≡C−)n (3; spacer = para-bis(diphenyl(tetramethyl)quinone diimine) and the cyclic mononuclear model complex, spacer′−C≡C−Pt(PEt3)2−C≡C·CuCl (4; spacer′ = ortho-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone diimine) were synthesized from the 1:1 condensation of the corresponding diethynyl ligands (2-para and 2-ortho (para- and ortho-diethynyl-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetramethylquinone diimine), respectively), with the trans-Pt(PBu3)2Cl2 for polymer 3 and cis-Pt(PEt3)2Cl2 for 4. The materials were characterized by GPC, DSC, ATG, and electrochemistry for polymer 3, and by X-ray diffraction for 4. Polymer 3 exhibits a Mn of 18500, Mw of 25000 with a PD of 1.37. The trans-geometry about Pt in polymer 3 was confirmed by31 P NMR and IR/Raman spectroscopy. The cyclic voltammogram study on the model complex trans-Pt(PBu3)2(C≡CPh)2, spacer 1-para (Me3Si−C≡C−R−C≡C−SiMe3; R = para-diphenyl-2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1,4-benzoquinone diimine) and polymer 3 demonstrate...
Robust performance and structured singular value computation by quantifier elimination

We consider the problem of computing the robust performance norm in H/sup /spl infin// or equivalently, the complex structured singular value. This problem is equivalent to that of computing the H/sup /spl infin// norm of a function of several complex variables. We show how one can use quantifier elimination techniques to provide a test for whether the H/sup /spl infin// norm is less than one. These techniques can be viewed as a generalization of the use of Sturm's theorem to compute H/sup /spl infin// norms in the one variable case.
Low levels of the pesticide, δ-hexachlorocyclohexane, lyses human erythrocytes and alters the organization of membrane lipids and proteins as revealed by Raman spectroscopy

We studied the nature of the interaction of δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (δ-HCCH), a pesticide having a stereoisomeric structure similar to inositol, with red blood cells. Cell survival data, measured as percent of hemoglobin released by δ-HCCH, show that the cell lysis increases with post exposure time. δ-HCCH at 55–60 μg/ml causes about 70% cell lysis after 24 h of exposure. The nature of interaction of δ-HCCH with membrane components was evaluated by studying the thermotropic transitions and protein structure of ghosts using Raman spectroscopy. Control ghosts show transitions with onset/completion temperatures 30°C/38°C (high temperature transition) and 3°C/10°C (middle temperature transition) when monitored by the I2935/I2850 ratio. The interaction of δ-HCCH drastically broadens the high temperature transition and shifts it to the temperature range of 10–29°C. The plots of (I2880-90/I2850) vs. temperature show two transitions for control ghosts, one extending from − 10°C to 3°C (lower temperature transition) and the other from about 7°C to about 15°C (middle temperature transition). Ghosts lysed with δ-HCCH shows only a single and a very broad transition in the range of about −3°C to about 15°C. These changes in the thermal transition properties suggest that δ-HCCH alters lipid and lipid-protein phases of erythrocyte membranes. The comparison of Raman spectra in the amide I and II regions of erythrocyte ghosts and purified band 3 with several amidated compounds reveals that cytoskeleton proteins contain highly amidated residues (probably glutamine and asparagine). The interaction of δ-HCCH with erythrocytes drastically alters the environment of these amidated residues indicating the involvement of cytoskeleton proteins. We conclude that the interaction of δ-HCCH with red blood cells disrupt membrane structure and change the environment of cytoskeleton proteins that could cause cell lysis.
DYNAMIC RESPONSE OF SKEW HIGHWAY BRIDGES

A simplified bridge model suitable for use in a parametric study of short-span skew highway bridges and bridges with stiffness eccentricity is presented. The proposed model is simple, yet it captures all essential features that affect the dynamic response of these bridges. Using this simplified model, formulas for computing earthquake response of the bridges are developed and parameters that significantly influence the dynamic response of the bridges are identified. The study indicates that the response of a given skew bridge depends not only on its deck aspect ratio, the stiffness eccentricity ratio, the skew angles, its natural frequencies, but also on the frequency ratio. In particular, the rotational to translational frequency ratio has a pronounced influence on the dynamic response of the bridge. It is found that skew bridges with high rotational to translational frequency ratios often exhibit less dependence on such parameters as deck aspect ratios, stiffness eccentricity ratios and skew angles.
Understanding and Dealing with Common Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Application Security

Abstract In the early days of the Internet, most computers had a clearly defined role: storage, computation, management, and identity were all responsibilities relegated to servers. This was due primarily to the fact that servers were capable of supporting these functions, and personal computers were capable of little more than running a browser. Additionally, servers were given a static address and name, and maintained a persistent connection to the Internet. In contrast to servers, most Internet-connected personal computers did not have a static identity on the Internet. That is, personal computers did not maintain a regular IP address, name, or persistent presence on the Internet. Based on the unreliable presence of personal computers on the Internet, these machines were incapable of sharing their computing resources to actively participate as a component of a larger system.
Rubber Stocks for Improved Performance of Polyester Cord Tires

Abstract Carcass stocks were developed with acceptable properties and good adhesion to polyester tire cords after severe heat aging in laboratory tests. These stocks contained vulcanization accelerators that did not liberate amines and were based either on synthetic poly (isoprene) (IR)/butadiene/styrene (SBR) elastomer blends, as recommended in previous work, or natural rubber/SBR compounds containing an additive to inhibit the deleterious effects of amines present as impurities in NR. Standard SBR/poly (butadiene) (BR) tread stocks containing amine-free accelerators were developed to match the exceptionally long scorch time and good physical properties attained with sulfenamide accelerators normally used in such stocks. Large batches (˜400 pounds) of amine-free tread stock were processed without any scorch problems on a commercial Banbury mixer and tread extruder. With these tread stocks, containing amine-free accelerators, it is possible to build completely amine-free polyester cord tires. In a variety...
Advances in Ground Transmitters for the NASA Deep Space Network

The Deep Space Network (DSN), managed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory for NASA, is equipped with multiple microwave transmitters ranging in average radiated power from 200 W to 400 kW. The transmitters are used for routine or emergency communication with spacecraft, for navigation, and for radio science tasks. The latest advances in transmitter engineering were implemented in a new generation of 20-kW dual-band transmitters developed for the DSN 34-m beam waveguide antennas. Innovations include additional X-band communication capability for near Earth missions, new c, automated calibration, improved and expanded computerized monitoring and diagnostics, reduced cabling, and improved maintainability. The innovations were very beneficial for the DSN ldquooverloadrdquo during the Mars 2003/2004 missions and will benefit other missions throughout the next decade. This paper describes the current design of the new transmitters and possible future developments.
Evaluation of porous polymer traps for analysis of four volatile N-nitrosamines using thermal desorption injection coupled with a gas chromatograph—thermal energy analyzer

Abstract Three porous polymer adsorbents, Tenax-TA, Chromosorb 102, and Chromosorb 103 were investigated as potential gas phase, trapping agents for volatile N-nitrosamines using a thermal desorption injector coupled with a gas chromatograph—thermal energy analyzer. N-Nitrosodimethylamine was used as the model N-nitrosamine for determining break-through volume, the effect of temperature on retention volume, and collection efficiency at 25°C for each adsorbent. Results from these three parameters indicated that Chromosorb 103 exhibited the best adsorbent characteristics for the pre-concentration of volatile N-nitrosamines. A mixture of three dialkyl N-nitrosamines (dimethyl, diethyl, and dipropyl), and N-nitrosopyrrolidine were analyzed using a high-temperature mineral oil purge and trap procedure. Recoveries ranged from 82.2 to 102.8% at levels of 10 and 100 ng of each N-nitrosamine added.
Composition and biosynthesis of sterols in selected marine phytoplankton

Six species of phytoplankton,Pseudoisochrysis paradoxa, Isochrysis galbana, Monochrysis lutheri, Platymonas suecica, Thalassiosira fluviatilis and aChaetoceros species, were cultured in the laboratory and their sterol contents analyzed utilizing digitonin precipitation, thin layer and gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A total of 7 sterols were found in phytoplankton. The occurrence of these sterols, cholest-5-en-3β-ol, cholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol, 24-methylcholesta-5,24(28)-dien-3β-ol, 24-methylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol, 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol and 24-ethylcholest-5,22-dien-3β-ol, differed significantly among the various phytoplankton species. Cultures ofP. paradoxa biosynthesized both of the sterols found in this species when incubated in the presence of14C- or3H-mevalonic acid for 0.5–9 days. These sterols were cholesterol and 24-methylcholesta-5,22-dien-3β-ol. Since 5 of the sterols found in the phytoplankton commonly occur in mollusks which feed on phytoplankton, it is likely that at least some of the tissue sterols in mollusks are of dietary origin.
A Study of CMOS Latch-up by Laser Scanning and Voltage Contrast Techniques

The susceptibility of CMOS devices to latch-up becomes of greater concern as the spacing between geometries is reduced. An advanced 1 micron CMOS device is used to examine various methods of determining where on the device latch-up might occur. Two of these methods are laser induced latch-up and scanning electron microscope (SEM) microprobe. A correlation is shown between the two methods.
Fluid interaction and element mobility in the development of ultramylonites

ABSTRACT Shear zones are often characterized by the presence of mylonitic fabrics. The textural development of such fabrics is enhanced by the presence of a fluid phase. In a single specimen of rock from the Brevard fault zone in North Carolina, we can demonstrate the development of ultramylonite domain by focused fluid flow. The ultramylonite interface retains a sharp textural and chemical discontinuity; this suggests that solute transport was dominantly parallel to the tectonic layering. Major chemical changes between the ultramylonite zone and the protolith include losses of Si(>2, Na 2 0, and K 2 0 and gain of CaO, FeO, and HjO in the high-strain domain. INTRODUCTION During the tectono-thermal evolution of mountain belts, zones of high strain are often recorded by the development of mylonites. Although mylonites and subcategories within mylonites (Sibson, 1977) can be generated by numerous well-documented physical processes, their chemi-cal and isotopic evolution is much more complex. Mechanical processes often associated with the development of high-strain zones include micro-fracturing, dilatancy, grain-boundary sliding, and dislocation glide. These properties are strongly dependent on the modal mineralogy (bulk compo-sition), heterogeneity of the rock, and the temperature and pressure con-ditions during deformation. Such variations in the mechanics of deforma-tion have led to the more common classification of shear zones as either ductile or brittle (Sibson, 1977; Ramsay, 1980). However, most shear zones are characterized by the availability of fluids that cause a drastic change in the style of deformation by altering the behavior and assem-blage of minerals (hydration reactions) and the rates of chemical and mechanical processes during progressive deformation. The presence of a fluid phase during deformation enhances solution transport, microfractur-ing, and recrystallization Suc.h chemically active zones generate mineral assemblages that record the metamorphic history of the mylonites, al-though it is not unusual to find minerals that persist through such an event. These relict minerals, if recognized, can identify equilibrium vs. nonequilibrium assemblages observed in shear zones. Clearly, the pres-ence of relict minerals would have a substantial impact on the trace-element and isotopic signature of the rock. To more carefully document the behavior of elements in a strain zone that has abundant fluid, we have chosen to study a transect across the Brevard fault zone, near Rosman, North Carolina. Within this tran-sect, one particular outcrop provided a single large specimen that over a distance of-25 cm showed the entire strain-gradient fabric from proto-mylonite to ultramylonite (see Sibson, 1977, for mylonite series) ob-served by us as discontinuous patches in the longer (15-km) transect. We report petrographic, textural, and chemical data from this block and pro-vide a physical model to explain these data.
Behavioral approaches to the assessment of attention in animals

Increasing awareness that disorders of attention may underlie cognitive dysfunctions associated with intoxication and neurodegenerative disease has stimulated research into the neural bases of attention. Because attention comprises a constellation of hypothetical cognitive processes, it can only be inferred from behavior, of either human or non-human subjects, under appropriate experimental conditions. Many behavioral procedures have been proposed for modeling attention in animals, but not all of these procedures have been systematically associated with specific attentional processes. This review endeavors to evaluate critically the construct validity of these procedures (i.e., to determine the degree to which a given procedure assesses a particular process) and to suggest experiments to improve the conceptual links between these procedures and the processes they purport to assess. Five categories of processes have been identified from the animal literature: orienting, expectancy, stimulus differentiation (including stimulus salience, discrimination of a critical stimulus from its context, and selection among stimuli), sustained attention, and parallel processing. The review discusses the strengths and weaknesses of specific behavioral procedures for assessing these categories of attentional processes and, given the conceptual uncertainties involved, it attempts to summarize the present state of knowledge of the pharmacology and neurobiology of attention.
Epidermal growth factor receptor – targeted molecular therapeutics for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Several molecular-targeted therapeutics have been tested in clinical trials for the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Of these, therapeutics targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) have been studied most extensively and some agents have demonstrated measurable clinical effectiveness. However, molecular studies designed to define HNSCC patient subcohorts of likely responders to EGFR-targeted therapy have not identified molecular signatures that correlate with clinical response. Here, the authors summarise the relevant clinical findings and highlight reported molecular correlative studies for EGFR-targeted therapeutics for HNSCC. The authors focus especially on molecular markers evaluated for association with clinical response and include data from EGFR-targeted clinical studies in other cancer sites that they anticipate will be of interest to the head and neck cancer research and treatment communities.
On Infrasound Waveguides and Dispersion

Waveguides are structures that provide for efficient propagation of waves. One of the earliest applications of a waveguide is the speaking tube, which was used on ships. Propagation in some waveguides leads to dispersion, a phenomenon in which the phase velocity depends on the frequency. Dispersion of elastic and sound waves in solids and liquids has been observed and treated in the scientific literature for a long time (Worzel and Ewing 1948; Pekeris 1948; Ewing et al. 1957). However, in the sub-audible acoustic domain, usually referred to as infrasound (frequencies below 20 Hz), dispersion was recognized only recently (Herrin et al. 2006). There are reports of dispersed signals recorded on infrasound sensors on the passing of surface waves of large earthquakes (Donn and Posmentier 1964; Cook 1971), but the signals in those instances were the result of ground to air coupling, and the dispersion was not related to sound propagation. In the current paper we derive the dispersion equation of an acoustic waveguide and relate it to infrasound observations. Infrasound propagation is controlled by effective sound speed, which relates the effect of temperature (as a consequence of ideal gas law) and wind strength and direction: \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \[V\_{eff}=V\_{T}+n{\cdot}{\nu},\] \end{document} where Veff is the effective sound speed, \batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(V_{T}{\oplus}20\sqrt{T}\) \end{document}; T is the Kelvin temperature; and the dot product n ·ν is the component of wind strength in the direction of the propagation. Throughout the paper when we use the term sound velocity (or sound speed) we actually mean effective sound speed, which will have the wind component in it. The following discussion follows that of Garland (1979). Consider a medium composed of a layer overlain by a half space (Figure 1), separated by an interface, with α′ > α, where α and α′ are the sound velocities in the layer and half …
The SPI-1 Gene of Rabbitpox Virus Determines Host Range and Is Required for Hemorrhagic Pock Formation

Abstract Wild-type rabbitpox virus (RPV) and cowpox virus (CPV) produce red hemorrhagic lesions or pocks upon infection of the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of 11-day-old embryonated chicken eggs. However, white, nonhemorrhagic pock variants arise spontaneously within wild-type (wt) populations of either virus at a frequency of about 1%, reflective of complex deletions/rearrangements in the termini of the viral DNA. A subpopulation of the RPV white-pock mutants fail to plaque on pig kidney (PK-15) cells and are referred to as host-range (hr) mutants. In the case of CPV, white-pock formation has been linked to mutations in the SPI-2 ( crm A) gene. We show that five spontaneous RPV white-pock host-range mutants (RPVμhr8sm, RPVμhr23, RPμhr28, RPVμhr30, and RPμhr31) each contain a SPI-2 ( crm A) gene end express the crm A protein but lack instead a functional SPI-1 gene. Two other spontaneous RPV white-pock mutants, RPVμ9 and RPVμ12, which plaque on PK-15 cells (nonhost-range mutants) contain and express a SPI-1 gene but lack instead a functional SPI-2 gene. Targeted disruption of either the SPI-1 or SPI-2 genes of wtRPV, but only the SPI-2 gene of wtCPV, generates mutants which produce white pocks. The RPVΔSPI-1 mutant fails to plaque on PK-15 or human A549 cells, whereas the RPVΔSPI-2 mutant has a normal host range. No changes in host range compared to wtCPV for either the CPVΔSPI-1 or CPVΔPI-2 mutants were noted. These differences in phenotypes observed between the two viruses may be reflective of either small sequence variations between the highly conserved SPI-1 or SPI-2 genes or the aggregate phenotypes provided by the other remaining genes.
Electrocardiographic ST-segment Elevation: Correct Identification of Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) and Non-AMI Syndromes by Emergency Physicians

Abstract. Objective: To determine the emergency physician's (EP's) ability to identify the cause of ST-segment elevation (STE) in a hypothetical chest pain patient. Methods: Eleven electrocardiograms (ECGs) with STE were given to EPs; the patient in each instance was a 45-year-old male with a medical history of hypertension and diabetes mellitus with the chief complaint of chest pain. The EP was asked to determine the cause of the STE and, if due to acute myocardial infarction (AMI), to decide whether thrombolytic therapy (TT) would be administered (the patient had no contraindication to such treatment). Rates of TT administration were determined; appropriate TT administration was defined as that occurring in an AMI patient, while inappropriate TT administration was defined as that in the non-AMI patient. Results: Four hundred fifty-eight EPs completed the questionnaire; levels of medical experience included the following: postgraduate year 2-3, 193 (42%); and attending, 265 (58%). The overall rate of correct interpretation of the study ECGs was 94.9% (4,782 correct interpretations out of 5,038 instances). Acute myocardial infarction with typical STE, ventricular paced rhythm, and right bundle branch block were never misinterpreted. The remaining conditions were misinterpreted with rates ranging between 9% (left bundle branch block, LBBB) and 72% (left ventricular aneurysm, LVA). The overall rate of appropriate thrombolytic agent administration was 83% (1,525 correct administrations out of 1,832 indicated administrations). The leading diagnosis for which thrombolytic agent was given inappropriately was LVA (28%), followed by benign early repolarization (23%), pericarditis (21%), and LBBB without electrocardiographic AMI (5%). Thrombolytic agent was appropriately given in all cases of AMI except when associated with atypical STE, where it was inappropriately withheld 67% of the time. Conclusions: In this survey, EPs were asked whether they would give TT based on limited information (ECG). Certain syndromes with STE were frequently misdiagnosed. Emergency physician electrocardiographic education must focus on the proper identification of these syndromes so that TT may be appropriately utilized.
Methods for Computing Wagner Trees

Abstract Farris, J. S. (Biol. Sci., State Univ., Stony Brook, N. Y.) 1970. Methods for computing Wagner Trees. Syst. Zool., 19:8342.-The article derives some properties of Wagner Trees and Networks and describes computational procedures for Prim Networks, the Wagner Method, Rootless Wagner Method and optimization of hypothetical intermediates ( HTUs). The Wagner Ground Plan Analysis method for estimating evolutionary trees has been widely employed in botanical studies (see references in Wagner, 1961) and has more recently been employed in zoological evolutionary taxonomy (Kluge, 1966; Kluge and Farris, 1969). Wagner Trees are one possible generalization of the most parsimonious trees of Camin and Sokal (1965). The Wagner technique is of con-siderable interest for quantitative evolution- ary taxonomists because it is readily pro- grammable and because the type of tree produced can tractably be extended to ap- plications in a variety of novel quantitative phyletic techniques. In this paper I shall formalize the concept of a Wagner Network and discuss a number of algorithms for calculating such networks. The rationale for the methods described will not be treated extensively here, as it is published elsewhere (Kluge and Farris, 1969).
Phylogenetic diversity of aggregate-attached vs. free-living marine bacterial assemblages

The phylogenetic diversity of macroaggregate-attached vs. free-living marine bacteria, co-occurring in the same water mass, was compared. Bacterial diversity and phylogcnetic identity were inferred by analyzing polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplified, cloned ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes. Ribosomal RNA genes from macroaggregatc-associated bacteria were fundamentally different from those of free-living bacterioplankton. Most rRNA types recovered from the free-living bacterioplankton were closely related to a phenotypically undcscribcd (Y Proteobacteria group, previously detected in surface waters of North Pacific and Atlantic central ocean gyres. The results suggest that members of this phylogenetically distinct, (Y proteobacterial group are abundant free-living bactcrioplankters in coastal, as well as open-ocean habitats. In contrast, most macroaggregate-associated rRNA clones were closely related to Cytophuga, Planctomyce.s, or y Proteobacteria, within the domain Bacteria. These data indicate that specific bacterial populations, different from those which predominate in free-living bacterioplankton, develop on marine phytodetrital aggregates. The inferred properties of attached bacterial assemblages have significant implications for models of microbially mediated transformation of particulate organic material.
Improved Liquid-Chromatographic Determination of Quinidine in Plasma

Abstract Arrhythmic patients treated with quinidine have been found to ingest caffeine from various sources. Caffeine interferes with the quantitation of quinidine in plasma samples. This method for determination of quinidine in plasma is based on high performance isocratic liquid chromatography with the use of a C-18 bonded reverse phase column at room temperature. Unlike some liquid chromatographic procedures for quinidine, caffeine does not interfere. Quinidine is extracted from alkalinized plasma into benzene. The benzene layer is removed and evaporated to dryness under nitrogen at 50 C. The residue is reconstituted with methanol and injected into the column. The mobile phase is 30/70 (v/v) mixture of methanol/0.4% glacial acetic acid. Analysis can be completed within 10 minutes. The procedure is sensitive (0.5mg/L) and is well reproducible (CV= 3.5% for a 2 mg/L concentration in plasma).
A century of pulmonary hemodynamics.

At the start of the twentieth century, studies of pulmonary hemodynamics were largely confined to measurements of pulmonary arterial pressures in anesthetized, open-chest animals undergoing artificial respiration (1). By then, pressure recording was fairly well standardized, and pressures recorded in animals by different manometric systems were generally accurate and similar in form (2). Outflow pressures, for the calculation of pulmonary vascular resistance and the measurement of left arterial measures, became available at midcentury (3). A leading figure in setting standards for pressure recording was Otto Frank (1865‐1944), a distinguished German physiologist and physician, whose name is well known to circulatory physiologists as one of the discoverers of the Frank-Starling law of the heart. Less familiar, but seminal for the study of hemodynamics, was his role in setting standards for the accurate recording of vascular pressure pulses (4). These standards featured prominently in the subsequent design and application of cardiac catheters for
Traumatic injuries caused by hazing practices

Hazing is defined as committing acts against an individual or forcing an individual into committing an act that creates a risk for harm in order for the individual to be initiated into or affiliated with an organization. Hazing is an enduring activity with roots that date back to the ancient and medieval eras. It has become increasingly prevalent in fraternities and sororities, high school and college athletic organizations, the military, professional sports teams, and street gangs. Scant information is available in the medical literature regarding hazing. This article reviews the history of hazing, provides statistics regarding its prevalence, presents information on specific hazing practices and consequent traumatic injuries, and assesses alcohol's influence on hazing. It also offers recommendations on how to recognize victims of hazing in the Emergency Department and proposes guidelines for their treatment. Current legislation and information on the prevention of traumatic injuries from hazing are discussed.
Battered women's cognitive schemata

This study examined battered women's cognitive schema in relation to their cognitions about violence (i.e., the “meaning” attached to the violence), post-traumatic reactions to violence, and sexual victimization histories. Seventy-two battered women seeking help from an outpatient family violence clinic were subjects. The meaning of the violence (e.g., expectations of recurrent violence and of severe/lethal violence, causal attribution) was found to explain variance in cognitive schemata about SAFETY, SELF, AND OTHER (McCann and Pearlman, 1990a). All measures of cognitive schemata were significantly related to various global and specific measures of posttraumatic stress (GSI, MMPI-PTSD, IES). No differences were found for cognitive schemata based on histories of sexual victimization. Results point to the importance of assessing the impact of traumatic experiences on core cognitive beliefs as a component in the constellation of post-traumatic sequelae.
A dimensional analysis of supervisor and subordinate attributions of success and failure

SUMMARY Supervisors in five organizations and subordinates in three organizations were asked how important four primary causes of behaviour-motivation, ability, luck and task difficulty-were as causes of subordinate performance. Consistent across all eight samples, organizational members perceived motivation and ability as more important causes of subordinate success than failure. Task difficulty was perceived as a more important determinant of failure than task ease was of success. Luck was the least important cause of both success and failure. Factor analysis revealed that supervisors and subordinates utilized the internal-external locus of causality dimension to explain subordinate success and failure. It was concluded that organizational members rely upon similar causal schemata to explain performance outcomes.
On the history of meridional overturning circulation schematic diagrams

Abstract Recent global warming caused by humans and the prediction of a reduced Atlantic Ocean meridional overturning circulation in the future has increased interest in the role of the overturning circulation in climate change. A schematic diagram of the overturning circulation called the “Great Ocean Conveyor Belt,” published by Wallace Broecker in 1987, has become a popular image that emphasizes the inter-connected ocean circulation and the northward flux of heat in the Atlantic. This seems a good time to review the development of the conveyor belt concept and summarize the history of overturning circulation schematics. In the 19th century it was thought that symmetric overturning circulation cells were located on either side of the equator in the Atlantic. As new hydrographic measurements were obtained, circulation schematics in the early 20th century began to show the inter-hemispheric overturning circulation in the Atlantic. In the second half of the 20th century schematics showed the global ocean overturning circulation including connections between the Atlantic and the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Some recent schematics of the overturning circulation show its complexities, but as more information is included these schematics have also become complex and not as easy to understand as the simple Broecker 1987 version. However, these complex schematics, especially the quantitative ones, represent valuable syntheses of our developing knowledge of the overturning circulation.
ROP GTPases Act with the Receptor-Like Protein PAN1 to Polarize Asymmetric Cell Division in Maize

Plant Rho family GTPases (ROPs) have been investigated primarily for their functions in polarized cell growth. We previously showed that the maize (Zea mays) Leu-rich repeat receptor-like protein PANGLOSS1 (PAN1) promotes the polarization of asymmetric subsidiary mother cell (SMC) divisions during stomatal development. Here, we show that maize Type I ROPs 2 and 9 function together with PAN1 in this process. Partial loss of ROP2/9 function causes a weak SMC division polarity phenotype and strongly enhances this phenotype in pan1 mutants. Like PAN1, ROPs accumulate in an asymmetric manner in SMCs. Overexpression of yellow fluorescent protein-ROP2 is associated with its delocalization in SMCs and with aberrantly oriented SMC divisions. Polarized localization of ROPs depends on PAN1, but PAN1 localization is insensitive to depletion and depolarization of ROP. Membrane-associated Type I ROPs display increased nonionic detergent solubility in pan1 mutants, suggesting a role for PAN1 in membrane partitioning of ROPs. Finally, endogenous PAN1 and ROP proteins are physically associated with each other in maize tissue extracts, as demonstrated by reciprocal coimmunoprecipitation experiments. This study demonstrates that ROPs play a key role in polarization of plant cell division and cell growth and reveals a role for a receptor-like protein in spatial localization of ROPs.
Situ: A Situation-Theoretic Approach to Context-Aware Service Evolution

Evolvability is essential for computer systems to adapt to the dynamic and changing requirements in response to instant or delayed feedback from a service environment that nowadays is becoming more and more context aware; however, current context-aware service-centric models largely lack the capability to continuously explore human intentions that often drive system evolution. To support service requirements analysis of real-world applications for services computing, this paper presents a situation-theoretic approach to human-intention-driven service evolution in context-aware service environments. In this study, we give situation a definition that is rich in semantics and useful for modeling and reasoning human intentions, whereas the definition of intention is based on the observations of situations. A novel computational framework is described that allows us to model and infer human intentions by detecting the desires of an individual as well as capturing the corresponding context values through observations. An inference process based on hidden Markov model makes instant definition of individualized services at runtime possible, and significantly, shortens service evolution cycle. We illustrate the possible applications of this framework through a smart home example aimed at supporting independent living of elderly people.
Effect of Processing on Oxidation of Ti5Si3

The mechanical properties and oxidation resistance of HIPed Ti5Si3 have been measured. HIPing submicron size powder compacts produces a crack-free, fine-grained microstructure with significantly higher hardness and toughness than a coarse-grained microstructure which contains microcracks within larger grains. Oxidation resistance is influenced by the grain size. Coarse-grained material has much lower mass gain than finegrained material in an oxidizing atmosphere and exhibits parabolic oxidation kinetics. The oxidation resistance of fine-grained material was measured between 700°C and 1000°C in air. Mass gain at 120 hours was measured to be 0.07 mg/cm2 at 700°C. At 900°C cracking of the scale leads to linear oxidation kinetics and significantly higher mass gain.
Facial Appearance and Attachment in Infants With Orofacial Clefts: A Replication

Abstract Objective: The current study sought to replicate an unexpected finding reported by Speltz et al. (1997): relatively unattractive infants at age 3 months were more likely than attractive infants to show secure maternal attachment at age 12 months, a finding unaffected by the diagnosis of cleft lip and palate (CLP), cleft palate only (CPO), or the absence of a cleft condition. Design: We evaluated the effects of diagnosis (CLP, CPO, or no diagnosis) and age (3, 12, and 24 months) on facial attractiveness ratings derived from a modified Q-sort method. Setting: Craniofacial clinic in an urban children's hospital. Participants: Infants with CLP and CPO and typically developing infants without clefts (n = 126) and their mothers. Ratings were made by 13 adults unfamiliar with cleft conditions. Main Outcome Measures: Facial attractiveness ratings. Results: Infants with CLP were rated as the least attractive at all time points. At ages 12 and 24 months, infants in the CPO group were rated as less attracti...
Experimental verification of saturation reducing, zero vibration command shapers

Command shapers are used to create inputs that will move flexible systems without residual vibration. Originally developed for linear systems, command shapers use superposition of the inputs to cancel vibration and control the system response. Nonlinearities in the system degrade the performance of traditional command shapers. The presence of “hard” nonlinearities such as actuator saturation, distort the desired commands before they reach the plant. Command shapers that avoid saturating the actuators, thus allowing the desired command to reach the plant in the original form, have been developed for a mass under PD control. These shapers are easier to compute than previously shown results. Simulations and experiments verify the efficacy of the new shapers.
Lemierre's syndrome: the controversy of anticoagulation.

In this issue of Pediatrics , Schmid et al1 present an important case of respiratory failure and hypercoagulability in a toddler with Lemierre’s syndrome (LS). The first significant finding is the young age of the patient. Given the increasing prevalence of LS, one needs to have a high index of suspicion in all pediatric age groups, not just adolescents.2,3 The second important finding includes the potential implications of … Address correspondence to K. Sarah Hoehn, MD, Mbe, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, 9th Floor, Main Building, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 34th and Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104. E-mail: hoehn{at}email.chop.edu
Estimation of Evapotranspiration from Fields with and without Cover Crops Using Remote Sensing and in situ Methods

Estimation of actual evapotranspiration (ETa) based on remotely sensed imagery is very valuable in agricultural regions where ETa rates can vary greatly from field to field. This research utilizes the image processing model METRIC (Mapping Evapotranspiration at high Resolution with Internalized Calibration) to estimate late season, post-harvest ETa rates from fields with a cover crop planted after a cash crop (in this case, a rye/radish/pea mixture planted after spring wheat). Remotely sensed EToF (unit-less fraction of grass-based reference ET, ETo) maps were generated using Erdas Imagine software for a 260 km2 area in northeastern South Dakota, USA. Meteorological information was obtained from a Bowen-Ratio Energy Balance System (BREBS) located within the image. Nine image dates were used for the growing season, from May through October. Five of those nine were captured during the cover crop season. METRIC was found to successfully differentiate between fields with and without cover crops. In a blind comparison, METRIC compared favorably with the estimated ETa rates found using the BREBS (ETλE), with a difference in total estimated ETa for the cover crop season of 7%.
Chapter 4 Eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells

Article synthese sur le cycle de developpement, la structure et la fonction cellulaire des eosinophiles, des basophiles et des mastocytes. Le phenomene de degranulation a ete etudie dans les differents types cellulaires
Ka-band power performance of InP/InGaAs/InP double heterojunction bipolar transistors

We report for the first time the Ka-band power performance of InP/InGaAs/InP DHBTs. A 2/spl times/10 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ common-emitter transistor delivered a continuous wave (CW) output power of 19.1 mW (1.91 W/mm power density), an associated gain of 5.3 dB, and a power-added efficiency (PAE) of 35.5% at 30 GHz. The maximum output power density was 2.34 W/mm and the peak associated gain was 6.6 dB. Under common-base operation, the maximum associated gain increased to 15.2 dB, but the maximum output power density and peak PAE dropped to 1.91 W/mm and 24.5%, respectively, at the same frequency.