cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pulling Toward Zion: Mormonism in Its Global Dimensions

According to its many observers, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is either one of the most American or one of the most international churches of our time. Born during the first decades of the nation in upstate New York, the early Mormon community pushed westward along the same paths traveled by other Anglo-American pioneers. For decades after the founding of the church, leaders encouraged members scattered abroad to gather with “the Saints in Zion” in order to build up the kingdom of God. That early church body was predominantly Anglo-American in origin, sharing commonalities of language, dress, and religious practice nurtured through the 1870s by a steady migration of Europeans to Utah’s Wasatch Range. Even today, LDS history is measured in handcarts, prairie skirts, and a determined self-sufficiency. Visitors to the Church History Museum in Salt Lake City are treated to an abundance of artifacts of those nineteenth-century pioneering beginnings. Moreover, believers understand the American West, originally designated as the theocratic state of Deseret, as a sacred space, the place in which Zion will be built.
Decreasing Radiation Exposure in Pediatric Clavicle and Metatarsal Fractures: A QI Initiative.

BACKGROUND Protecting the pediatric population from unnecessary medical radiation is an important public health initiative. Efforts have been made to reduce radiation exposure in the treatment of pediatric fractures without compromising quality of care. Using a standardized protocol for imaging of pediatric clavicle and metatarsal fractures is a reliable method for reducing pediatric radiation exposure in the management of these fractures. METHODS In the year 2015, the senior author altered follow-up imaging practices for 2 common pediatric fractures: metatarsal and clavicular. Initial radiographic evaluation included the standard 3 views for metatarsal fractures and 2 views for clavicle fractures. This standard diagnostic procedure remained constant throughout the study. Follow-up x-rays from 2009 to 2014 routinely included 3 views of the foot and 2 views of the clavicle. The protocol was changed and from 2016 to 2019, follow-up x-rays for fractures routinely included 2 views of the foot and 1 view of the clavicle, thereby decreasing the number of x-rays utilized to manage these fractures. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in the number of clavicle x-rays (P<0.001) and metatarsal x-rays (P=0.004) taken in follow-up between the time-periods. Median values for metatarsal views decreased by 1, matching the adjustment in protocol. In addition, the vast majority of clavicle fractures (90.80%) were managed with 1 follow-up view in 2016 to 2019 compared with 2 views (72.48%) from 2009 to 2014. CONCLUSIONS This study achieved a reduction in radiation exposure in pediatric patients with nonoperatively managed clavicle and metatarsal fractures. Improving the quality of care of patients through decreasing the number of x-rays taken protects individuals from adverse side effects, as well as offers various public health benefits in terms of reduction in expenditures. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level III-retrospective comparative study.
Spatial controls on riverbed sediment chemistry in three anthropogenically modified tropical mountainous watersheds

Tropical mountainous rivers transport a disproportionate amount of sediment to the global ocean. While these systems also deliver sediment-related pollutants (i.e., metals) to the coast, the potential accumulation of metal contaminants within these systems has been largely unexplored. This study analyzed the trace metal concentrations of fine riverbed sediment ( 0.60, p 0.81, p 2) for each metal. Additionally, several metal concentrations exceeded the consensus-based threshold effect and probable effect values. Altogether, these data confirm that metals do accumulate in tropical mountainous watersheds and can be found at concentrations that impact freshwater ecosystems. These elevated metal concentrations coupled with periodic flushing events, regularly supported by hurricanes, suggest a threat to nearshore ecosystems such as coral reefs.
Protecting Habitat and Arresting Contamination

Chino Basin includes a large area of designated critical habitat for endangered species, which is also a valuable wetland and green space in the middle of the heavily urbanized and developed landscape. State and federal agencies along with local actors including the Chino Basin Watermaster have implemented an adaptive management program for habitat conservation efforts for threatened and endangered species in Chino Basin. In addition, there are several groundwater contamination sites (“plumes”) in Chino Basin, which have necessitated the development of pumping and treatment options to contain and remediate them. Protecting and improving groundwater quality in the basin has become part of the location and operation of the desalter facilities described in Chap. 11. Overall, Chino Basin groundwater management has had to adapt to and incorporate contamination remediation and habitat preservation.
Rural Community Health: Keeping Michigan's Upper Peninsula Informed During the COVID-19 Pandemic

During the COVID-19 pandemic, public health departments and healthcare systems are working to navigate the crisis and protect the community. Those communities in rural areas, where health and communication infrastructure are often limited, face additional challenges in keeping individuals informed, safe, and healthy. Moreover, the amount of misleading information circulating is making it even more difficult to convey critical and rapidly evolving public health recommendations. Michigan Technological University is located in Michigan's rural Upper Peninsula which accounts for 30% of the State's land mass but only 3% of the total population. Our goal was to increase campus and community awareness about COVID-19 and its impact on health and society. For our rural community, we offered a 1) COVID-19 public town hall series and 2) COVID-19 university wide academic course. The public town hall series was delivered weekly and broadcasted live through a webinar (Zoom), social media, and local radio. Each week a speaker panel consisting of public health officials, clinicians, educators, and/or other local experts discussed a COVID-19 topic theme and answered questions from the community. The academic course was presented as a 1-credit seminar-based online course open to any student. Each week students explored a COVID-19 related topic, participated in the weekly town hall, and engaged in follow-up discussion and reflection. Primary course learning objectives were for students to locate credible COVID-19 information sources and describe what is known about the general health impacts of the disease. Twelve public town halls, that included more than 35 different presenters, were delivered. Number of attendees on the Zoom webinars ranged between 20-75 individuals with many others interacting with content through social media, radio, and the recorded content. Town hall themes included the role of public health to protect community health, impact of disease on physical and mental health, health disparities, mechanisms to interrupt and halt transmission, and strategies for adapting to lifestyle changes. Undergraduate and graduate students (n=37) from a variety of majors (biology, exercise science, chemistry, engineering, business, forestry) enrolled in the course. Nearly all students (96%) reported that the course increased their awareness about COVID-19 and the majority (61%) indicated that the course was the most effective way to obtain COVID-19 related information. All students recommended that other students take this course in the future. The public town hall series provided a robust platform to deliver critical, real-time health information to our campus and broader community during the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, students perceived that the academic course increased their awareness of COVID-19. Increased public health messaging is a critical step to keeping Michigan's rural Upper Peninsula informed, safe, and healthy during the COVID-19 pandemic and may serve as a model for other rural university-community partnerships.
“Do You Smoke?” Physician–Patient Conversations About Smoking and Lung Cancer

This study examined how physicians initiated and navigated conversations about smoking with patients with lung cancer. While there are numerous health benefits associated with smoking cessation in patients with advanced lung cancer, conversations about smoking cessation are infrequent and often lack tangible cessation support. We conducted a qualitative inductive content analysis on transcripts of conversations (n = 58) recorded during an initial appointment between a physician and a standardized patient (SP). SPs portrayed a 62-year-old male with lung cancer completing an initial visit with a new physician. Qualitative analysis focused on examining how physicians discussed smoking with a new patient. We found that a majority of physicians initiated conversations about smoking, often during the medical history charting process or during conversations about the lung cancer diagnosis. The content of conversations about smoking generally fits within six categories: assesses smoking status, builds smoking history profile, praises smoking cessation, connects smoking behaviors to diagnosis or treatment, provides empathy or understanding, and presents a negative bias about smoking. We found that while a majority of physicians asked patients about smoking, most physicians aimed for these conversations to be short, routine, and medically driven. Conversations about smoking were not tailored to meet the specific needs of patients with lung cancer, which might include additional provision of support for smoking cessation and recognition of smoking-related stigma.
Firms' Disclosure Reactions to Major Social Incidents: Australian Evidence

This study examines the reaction of Australian firms, in terms of annual report disclosure, to five major social incidents. These incidents had significant implications for either the environment, ...
Indigenous land systems and emerging of Green Infrastructure planning in the Peruvian coastal desert: tensions and opportunities

For many, Green Infrastructure (GI) is a modern ecological planning concept focusing on stormwater runoff. This paper argues for the importance of Indigenous Knowledge (IK) in GI planning and polic...
Transfer RNA structure and coding specificity. II: A D-arm tertiary interaction that restricts coding range

We investigated the structural basis of the kinetic effect on coding specificity by the D-arm mutant (G24 to A) of Escherichia coli tRNATrp. A set of tRNA genes with structural alterations in the D-arm was constructed by site-directed mutagenesis in vitro, and we determined the in vivo translational activities of these tRNAs. Our results suggest that a hydrogen-bond donor in the major groove of the D-helix at position 24 is required for the expansion of tRNA wobble coding specificity. From inspection of tRNA crystal structure, we identified a potential new tertiary pairing of base 24 with the base at position 9 (this base links the acceptor and D-stems). We constructed tRNAs with mutations at position 9 and showed that the phenotypes of position 11-24 D-arm mutants are indeed dependent on the identity of base 9. Our analysis of the effects of these mutations on the interactions of tRNA with the ribosome and with aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase suggests that the conformation or conformational dynamics of the middle of the tRNA molecule alters the kinetics of the interaction with the ribosomal coding site. The 9-23 and putative 9-24 tertiaries, and perhaps other normal tertiary interactions in this region, modulate these kinetics to increase or decrease coding specificity.
Expression of the protooncogenes c-myc, c-fos, and c-fms in acute myelocytic leukemia at diagnosis and in remission.

Abstract RNA transcript levels of the protooncogenes c- myc , c- fos , and c- fms were measured in bone marrow cells obtained from patients with acute myelocytic leukemia at diagnosis or in complete remission. As controls, normal bone marrow cells were studied. The c- myc RNA levels are significantly higher in acute myelocytic leukemia cells at diagnosis than in remission or in normal marrow cells. In most instances the high c- myc RNA levels are a reflection of the high proportion of immature cells present in leukemic marrows. The bone marrow cells of several patients contain extremely high levels of c- myc RNA, levels which cannot be accounted for by the proportion of immature cells present in the bone marrow. The leukemic cells of patients with morphologically indistinguishable leukemias manifest different patterns of c- myc , c- fos , and c- fms expression. This observation is consistent with differences in behavior of leukemic cells even among patients with the same French-American-British type of leukemia. The normal-appearing bone marrow cells of some acute myelocytic leukemia patients in complete remission differ from normal bone marrow cells in having slightly higher c- myc RNA levels, as well as in the pattern of expression of c- fos and c- fms . The possible use of protooncogene expression patterns to subdivide the French-American-British categories of acute myelocytic leukemia into subtypes with greater prognostic significance is discussed.
Institutions of Higher Education as Engines of Small Business Development

Universities today exert an ever-increasing stimulus tosmall business development, contributing to national and localeconomic development as the general economy becomesincreasingly knowledge-based. The transition to a knowledgebasedeconomy, coupled with the passage of the Bayh-DoleAct in 1980, has resulted in stronger university-industry partnershipsin technology transfer, promotion of business incubators,and entrepreneurship development. Today, over two-thirds ofall licenses and options executed annually by academic institutionsare conducted with small businesses; in 2002, academicdiscoveries led to the formation of 450 companies, and 569products based on university research were made commerciallyavailable. At the local level, about 25 percent of business incubatorsare sponsored by universities, while institutions of highereducation are also emerging as major players in local communityrevitalization and economic development through fundingfrom federal agencies including HUD, Labor, Commerce, andthe SBA.
Cyclic Motion Analysis Using the Period Trace

Non-rigid motion analysis is complicated by a lack of general purpose rules or constraints governing how an object or scene evolves over time. In order to design practical algorithms, much of the work to date has focused on object-model-based techniques, such as interpretation of facial expressions, detection of human locomotion, cardiac image analysis, and gesture recognition. In contrast, repeating motions all share common temporal features that can be formally described and interpreted regardless of the particular object or scene that is moving. For instance, it is not necessary to recognize the runner or the motion in Fig. 1 in order to determine his stride frequency. Because many real-world motions repeat, e.g., a heart beating, an athlete running, and a wheel rotating, cyclic motion analysis techniques have broad applicability.
Magnetic resonance temperature imaging-based quantification of blood flow-related energy losses

This study presents a new approach for evaluating bioheat transfer equation (BHTE) models used in treatment planning, control and evaluation of all thermal therapies. First, 3D magnetic resonance temperature imaging (MRTI) data are used to quantify blood flow-related energy losses, including the effects of perfusion and convection. Second, that information is used to calculate parameters of a BHTE model; in this paper the widely used Pennes BHTE. As a self-consistency check, the BHTE parameters are utilized to predict the temperatures from which they were initially derived. The approach is evaluated with finite-difference simulations and implemented experimentally with focused ultrasound heating of an ex vivo porcine kidney perfused at 0, 20 and 40 ml/min (n = 4 each). The simulation results demonstrate accurate quantification of blood flow-related energy losses, except in regions of sharp blood flow discontinuities where the transitions are spatially smoothed. The smoothed transitions propagate into estimates of the Pennes perfusion parameter but have limited effect on the accuracy of temperature predictions using those estimates. Longer acquisition time periods mitigate the effects of MRTI noise, but worsen the effect of flow discontinuities. For the no-flow kidney experiments, the estimates of a uniform, constant Pennes perfusion parameter are approximately zero, and at 20 and 40 ml/min, the average estimates increase with flow rate to 3.0 and 4.2 kg/m3/s, respectively. When Pennes perfusion parameter values are allowed to vary spatially, but remain temporally constant, BHTE temperature predictions are more accurate than when using spatially uniform, constant Pennes perfusion values, with reductions in RMSE values of up to 79%. Locations with large estimated perfusion values correspond to high flow regions of the kidney observed in T1-weighted MR images. This novel, MRTI-based technique holds promise for improving understanding of thermal therapy biophysics and for evaluating biothermal models.
Recognizing the Link Among Climate Change, Food, and Poverty

The United States must begin to meet in earnest the challenges that climate change poses to adequate nutrition for the poor and the hungry. Climate change is profoundly affecting agriculture and is expected to continue to do so, resulting in sometimes-sharp food-price fluctuations to which our government at all levels is unprepared to respond. While those with resources may be able to cope with price volatility, those who are already undernourished are less able without government programs nimbly responding to fluctuations in food prices. Compounding the problem for U.S. households, the predicted cost increases of other necessities such as energy will leave low-income and underfed families with even less income to feed themselves. Governments, antipoverty and environmental advocates, and foundations must plan now to meet this enormous and complex challenge.
Effect of human serum on killing activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin against Staphylococcus aureus

Study Objective. To investigate the effects of pooled human serum (PHS) on the killing activity of vancomycin and teicoplanin against two isolates of Staphylococcus aureus from patients treated for endocarditis. Design. An in vitro assessment of antibiotic susceptibility and killing rates. Setting. An urban university teaching hospital. Patients. Pooled human serum from patients treated for endocarditis. Interventions. Two clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus were obtained from patients treated for endocarditis. Media consisted of cation-supplemented Mueller-Hinton broth alone and in 1:1 dilutions with PHS, 2-hour heat-inactivated PHS (HI-PHS), ultrafiltrate (UF), and 2-hour heat-inactivated ultrafiltrate (HI-UF). Heat inactivation of PHS and UF was accomplished by treatment at 56°C for 2 hours. Measurements and Main Results. Killing curves with vancomycin and teicoplanin were performed using drug concentrations of 45 μg/ml and a starting inoculum of ∼1 × 106 colony-forming units (cfu)/ml. Bactericidal rates (-log cfu/ml/hr) were calculated from the slope of the killing curves over 0–12 hours (mean 3–8 replicates). Conclusions. The killing activity of vancomycin in PHS and HI-PHS against both isolates was significantly greater than all other media tested (p<0.0001). Ultrafiltrate tended to reverse this enhancement effect. Addition of PHS or UF did not enhance teicoplanin's killing activity against either isolate. Further investigations in our laboratory will determine if the factor is antibiotic class or organism specific.
Multicompetence in L2 Language Play: A Longitudinal Case Study.

Humor and language play have been recognized as important aspects of second language (L2) development. Qualitative studies that have documented the forms and functions of language play for adult and child L2 users have taken place largely in classroom settings. In order to gain a fuller understanding of such creative manipulations by L2 users, it is necessary to examine these phenomena across a variety of contexts. In this article, we explore the ways that two L2 users marshal resources to play with language across communicative activities, for various purposes, and with a variety of interlocutors in interaction. Our goal is to gain a fuller view of our participants as multicompetent language users, specifically with respect to their playful communicative repertoires. The data consist of informal conversations which were recorded approximately every 2 weeks over 10–12 months. Episodes framed by the participants as playful were identified across all recordings and were analyzed qualitatively to document patterns of use and participation. Despite individual differences in style, both participants demonstrated sensitivity to context in their use of language play and an awareness of the ways humor functions as a social practice, subtly adjusting their strategies to changing social situations.
Building an efficient factory: where is pre-rRNA synthesized in the nucleolus?

The subnucleolar structure that is involved in rDNA transcription has been controversial. A report by Koberna et al. (2002)(this issue, page 743) adds significant weight toward the idea that dense fibrillar components (DFCs)* and fibrillar center (FC)/DFC borders are the sites of pre-rRNA synthesis.
Gončarov polynomials and parking functions

Let u be a sequence of non-decreasing positive integers. A u-parking function of length n is a sequence (x1, x2, ..., xn) whose order statistics (the sequence (x(1), x(2), ..., x(n)) obtained by rearranging the original sequence in non-decreasing order) satisfy x(i) ≤ ui. The Goncarov polynomials gn(x; a0, a1, ..., an-1) are polynomials defined by the biorthogonality relation: e(ai)Dign(x; a0, a1, ..., an-1 = n!δin, where e(a) is evaluation at a and D is the differentiation operator. In this paper we show that Goncarov polynomials form a natural basis of polynomials for working with u-parking functions. For example, the number of u-parking functions of length n is (-1)n gn(O; u1, u2, ..., un). Various properties of Goncarov polynomials are discussed. In particular, Goncarov polynomials satisfy a linear recursion obtained by expanding xn as a linear combination of Goncarov polynomials, which leads to a decomposition of an arbitrary sequence of positive integers into two subsequences: a "maximum" u-parking function and a subsequence consisting of terms of higher values. Many counting results for parking functions can be derived from this decomposition. We give, as examples, formulas for sum enumerators, and a linear recursion and Appell relation for factorial moments of sums of u-parking functions.
A hermeneutic reading of the seismic record: improbable probabilities?

Abstract That geology is a hermeneutic, or interpretive, science where perception is structured by conception, is well-demonstrated by examination of seismicity. The use of a previously unused tool — probability graph analysis — allows interpretation of the seismic record as composed of a series of sometimes overlapping sets of earthquake magnitudes. These populations can each be described as normally distributed —; thus negating the value of the Gutenberg-Richter relationship as a predictive tool. As normal distributions provide a basis for probability analysis in their own right, this conception should still allow probabilistic seismic hazard analysis — assuming of course that the populations defined overlap the magnitudes of interest for hazard analysis.
The maximum controlled follower force on a free-free beam carrying a concentrated mass

Abstract A uniform, free-free, Euler-Bernoulli beam, transporting a concentrated mass with rotary and transverse inertia, is driven by a follower force with controlled direction. A finite element model of the beam transverse motion in the plane is formulated through the extended Hamilton's principle. The stability of the model is investigated with respect to (i) the axial location and the inertia of the concentrated mass, (ii) the location of the follower force direction control sensor, (iii) the sensor gain, and (iv) the magnitude of the constant follower force. Both divergence and flutter instabilities can occur over the range of beam models examined. The analysis predicts the location and the magnitude of the additional mass, and the location and the gain of the follower force direction sensor that permits the follower force magnitude to be maximized for stable transverse motion of the beam.
Astrocyte differentiation selectively upregulates CCL2/monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in cultured human brain-derived progenitor cells†

Chemokines (chemoattractant cytokines) and their receptors are present in the brain and may play roles in both neurodevelopment and neuropathology. Increased brain levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), also known as CCL2, are found in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-associated dementia and other acute and chronic neurologic diseases. Although the function of CCL2 in the brain is unclear, it is believed that upregulation of this chemokine during neuropathologic or neuroinflammatory conditions leads to recruitment of activated monocytes into the brain, where they differentiate into macrophages producing neurotoxic and inflammatory molecules. We recently showed that human fetal brain-derived progenitor cells are susceptible to HIV-1 and JC virus infection, and that differentiation toward an astrocyte phenotype increased virus production from these cells. In the current study, we found that in the absence of infection, progenitors produced moderate levels of CCL2 (5.6 ng per million cells). Astrocyte differentiation over 3 weeks increased CCL2 protein levels 30-fold in a biphasic manner, whereas neuronal differentiation decreased production 20-fold. Electromobility shift assays (EMSAs) demonstrated increased nuclear NF-kappaB levels within 2 h of initiating astrocyte differentiation, and inhibitors of NF-kappaB activation partially blocked the CCL2 increase in differentiating astrocytes. Transfection of progenitors with mutated CCL2 promoter/CAT reporter constructs showed that the distal promoter region, containing NF-kappaB and NF-I binding sites, is important for differentiation-induced CCL2 upregulation. Together these results suggest that the transcription factor NF-kappaB, and possibly NF-I, contribute to the upregulation of CCL2 chemokine production during the differentiation of human progenitor cells toward an astrocyte phenotype.
Using Community Advisory Boards to Reduce Environmental Barriers to Health in American Indian Communities, Wisconsin, 2007-2012

Background American Indian communities have a high prevalence of chronic diseases including diabetes, obesity, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Innovative community-based approaches are needed to identify, prioritize, and create sustainable interventions to reduce environmental barriers to healthy lifestyles and ultimately improve health. Community Context Healthy Children, Strong Families was a family-based and community-based intervention to increase healthy lifestyles on Wisconsin American Indian reservations. This intervention arose from a long-standing partnership between University of Wisconsin researchers and 3 of these American Indian communities. Methods In each community, community advisory boards (CABs) were established by the residents and university partners. CAB meetings were open and held at various times and locations to increase member participation. CABs featured continual, snowball recruitment; internal and external expert consultation; and coordination with standing tribal committees. Meetings initially focused on understanding community supports for and barriers to healthy lifestyles but quickly turned toward community action for change. Outcome CAB interventions decreased environmental barriers to health at each site and improved options for healthy lifestyle choices. Over 5 years, 71 CAB meetings occurred with a total of 1,070 participants. Successful CAB interventions included planting community gardens and an apple orchard, conducting gardening and canning workshops, instituting food-related policies and dog control regulations, building an environmentally friendly playground, and providing access to recreational facilities. The CABs are now self-sustaining. Interpretation CABs can be highly effective action teams capable of improving community environments. Our experience shows that academic researchers can partner with community residents to generate programs and policies that will expand access to local food, increase people’s choices for engaging in physical activity, and encourage local policy changes that improve overall community health.
Extrapolating conversions to zero external gradients in vapor phase catalytic recirculation reactors

A method is outlined for extrapolating conversions to zero external gradients and it is shown to be significantly superior to the method traditionally used. The objective is to develop a functional relationship based on theoretical considerations. External temperature gradients were found to be significant in an earlier study of cyclohexane deydrogenation kinetics at atmospheric pressure with the Berty reactor. Extrapolation to zero external gradients is commonly done by plotting conversion (X) vs. the reciprocal mass velocity (0) over the catalyst bed. As the mass velocity approaches infinity (0 ..-->.. 0), external gradients are essentially eliminated. Therefore, a polynomial fit for a plot of X vs. 0 would yield conversion at zero external gradients upon intersection with the ordinate. To test the proposed extrapolation scheme, conversions at different mass velocities were calculated for a recirculation reactor with a specified feed composition, temperature, pressure and space velocity.
Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and CNS regulation of anorectal motility in the rat

The effect of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) upon anorectal motility was investigated in acute male rat preparations. Micromolar doses of TRH were intrathecally (i.t.) infused at the L6 spinal level at a rate of 1 microliter/min over 8 min. TRH infusions in 1.0-1000 microM concentrations elicited biphasic, dose-dependent anorectal contractions as measured by a rectal manometer. The 100 microM dose yielded the most significant increase in contractions over the greatest period of time. Atropine, administered as a pretreatment (100 micrograms s.c.), blocked contractions normally produced by i.t. infusion of TRH (1000 microM). Intravenous infusions of atropine (10 micrograms) through a jugular catheter immediately blocked anorectal contractions produced by i.t. infusion of 100 microM TRH. Sectioning of the hypogastric nerve, which supplies sympathetic innervation to the colon and internal anal sphincter, did not significantly affect contractions induced by 100 microM TRH applied intrathecally. Disruption of the major pelvic ganglion fibers, however, completely abolished the contractions induced by 100 microM TRH, either through the interruption of preganglionic parasympathetic fibers in the pelvic nerve, or by disrupting postganglionic fibers. These findings extend the role of TRH in the regulation of defecatory behaviors.
pH effects on the direct supercritical fluid extraction of phenols from aqueous matrices

Abstract pH has been shown to have an effect on the direct supercritical-fluid extraction of phenol and 2,4,6trichlorophenol from aqueous samples. pH affects both extraction efficiencies and extraction kinetics, but the extraction pressure also plays an important role. By altering the pH the amount of neutral analyte as well as the speed at which the analyte is extracted from aqueous samples can be greatly affected. A change in pH appeared to exhibit the largest effect when the extraction pressure was 150 atm for either phenol. By increasing the extraction pressure to 300 atm, the importance of pH on extraction efficiency decreased. The production of carbonic acid when employing carbon dioxide as the extraction fluid for aqueous extraction makes this an advantageous circumstance for the extraction of phenols and other acidic compounds, whereas it may become problematic for basic compounds by increasing the extent of ionization of the basic compounds.
Explaining Information System Use with System-Monitored vs. Self-Reported Use Measures

IT IS NOT yet clear whether the newly emerging information technologies will revolutionize communication. These technologies may revolutionize communication research, however, by generating data which is both different from and better than that previously available. In their extensive review of new data, Rice and Borgman (1983) point out that such new information systems as videotex can record such aspects of user behavior as the pattern of search strategies and search errors-aspects of behavior which the users themselves may not fully recognize. The authors also note that these systems can monitor such traditional communication variables as frequency and duration of information system use. These measures may well be more reliable and valid than self-reports of the behavior, though it is important to acknowledge that such measures are not without validity and reliability problems of their own.' The availability of such new data offers communication researchers the ' In the research reported here, for example, most of the data from early in the field trial were destroyed or rendered suspect in the course of numerous hardware and software modifications. This report thus utilizes data from late in the field trial which the investigators in consultation with the system operator judged to be reliable and valid. Case et al.'s (1981) analysis of a similar information system provides another example of these sorts of problems.
A Comparison of Liquid Phosphoric Acid and Dry Phosphorus Fertilizer Sources for Irrigated Alfalfa Production on Calcareous Soils

Abstract Alfalfa production in the Western United States requires large quantities of phosphorus (P) fertilizer. In 1998, phosphoric acid (PA) became available as a fertilizer source. Phosphoric acid was more expensive per kg of P than other fertilizers, but was promoted on the basis of convenience of application when tank mixed with other chemicals, and superior agronomic performance (higher yield per kg P applied) in alkaline soils due to the neutralizing effect of the acid. The objective of this study was to compare the effects of PA, triple superphosphate (TSP, 0-45-0), and monoammonium phosphate (MAP, 11-52-0) on alfalfa yield and soil and plant tissue nutrient levels. Phosphorus was broadcast at rates based on soil test recommendations for two years at two sites having calcareous soils typical of alfalfa production systems in the Western U.S. At one site, potassium chloride (KCl, 0-0-60) and zinc sulfate were also mixed with the PA based on soil test recommendations. Responses to fertilizer ranged f...
Blood lipid and male sex hormone levels in a human population

Abstract 1. 1. Comparison of testosterone and lipid serum levels in a human population showed a strong correlation between the various lipid components studied: cholesterol, triglycerides and total lipid levels. 2. 2. A moderately high correlation was found between testosterone levels and the lipid components studied, indicating a possible sex hormone-lipid relationship.
Comparison of chiral separations on polysaccharide chiral stationary phases to an improved Pirkle phase

Polysaccharide chiral stationary phases (CSPs) Chiralcel OD, OJ, Chiralpak AD, AS, and a chemically derived Whelk-O 1 were evaluated for separation of different types of racemic compounds. When possible, small differences in a structure such as conversion of ketone to alcohol were compared to investigate differences in chiral separation capabilities of a given CSP. Comparison of separations on the Whelk-O 1 and polysaccharide CSPs are presented. Correlations between aromatic bulk of a molecule and chiral recognition as well as functional groups on molecules which enhance chiral recognition are discussed.
Revisiting 2 Corinthians: Rhetoric and the Case for Unity

The current work argues for the compositional unity of 2 Corinthians. First, it addresses the chronological and argumentative relationship of chapters 10–13 to chapters 1–9. It next rejects the presence of so-called ‘interpolations’ and ‘sources’ in chapters 1–9. Finally, it considers the integrity of chapters 8 and 9. The uniqueness of this effort lies in its emphasis upon rhetorical reasons and warrants against the widely accepted partition hypothesis of Pauline historical- and source-critical scholarship. It does so by demonstrating the complex integrity of the argumentative development and trajectories in 2 Corinthians. It concludes with a new, suggestive approach to the correspondence as a complex, but nevertheless coherent, act of persuasion.
Cancer Information by Telephone: A Two-Year Evaluation

A two year evaluation of a cancer information system accessible to the general public by telephone found a reported positive impact on behavior directly related to physical health for about 40 percent of a systematic sample of callers interviewed several weeks after their initial contact with the system. Another 20 percent of the same sample reported takng some positive action not directly related to health, or reported some other positive impact such as relief of anxiety as a result of hearing one of the system's 36 pre-recorded cancer lectures. Callers showed greater cancer knowledge, when interviewed, than a sample of non-callers, but no clear conclusion could be drawn because pre-call knowledge levels of callers were not ascertained. Data also were collected from callers at the time of their initial contact; caller characteristics, patterns of calling, topics selected, and source of information about the system are reported. Results of experiments to increase public response are summarized.
Control of Material Handling Transporter in Automated Manufacturing

Abstract This paper presents a real time routing method for material handling transporters in automated manufacturing shops where the performance criterion is to maximize throughput The static version of the routing problem is identified as a one machine due date problem with sequence dependent processing times and sequence dependent due dates. For real time application, a heuristic method is proposed, and its performance is evaluated and compared to other currently known rules using discrete simulation on hypothetical cell operations.
Propranolol treatment of paruresis (psychogenic urinary retention): a brief case report

Propranolol, a nonselective beta-blocker, was administered to a client with paruresis (psychogenic urinary retention) following a novel in vivo exposure treatment. The client did not report a significant increase in his ability to urinate in public facilities during subsequent exposures. Rationale for including propranolol as an adjunct to exposure therapy of paruresis is discussed.
One-year time variations of anthropogenic radionuclides in aerosols in Tokyo after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant reactor failures

We report on the results of monitoring of environmental radiation for one year (13 March 2011 to 12 March 2012), including air dose rates and the concentrations of radionuclides in aerosols in Tokyo, after the reactor failures at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant. The air dose rates began to increase at 4:00–5:00 JST on 15 March 2011, and the maximum rate was observed at 10:00–11:00 JST. Two peaks were observed before 23 March 2011, and then the air dose rates decreased until March 2012. The time variations of concentrations of radionuclides in aerosols showed tendencies similar to those of air dose rates. Short-lived radionuclides (99Mo (99mTc), 129mTe (129Te), 131mTe, 132Te (132I), 133I and 136Cs) were under the detection limit during April 2011. Iodine-131 was detected until early June 2011, and long-lived radionuclides (134Cs and 137Cs) were detected intermittently for one year. Based on our results, gamma doses and committed effective doses resulting from inhalation were estimated.
Articular chondrocalcinosis. Microanalysis of pyrophosphate (PPi) in synovial fluid and plasma.

A new microassay method with precision of ±5% was developed to quantitate pyrophosphate in synovial fluid and plasma with starting volumes of 0.5 ml. A highly significant elevation of synovial fluid pyrophosphate concentration was found in some patients with osteoarthritis and gouty arthritis in addition to the well-established elevation in synovial fluid of subjects with pseudogout. No gradient of pyrophosphate between plasma and synovial fluid of patients with rheumatoid arthritis or in normal subjects was detectable. Studies of various parameters reflecting inflammation failed to show a correlation with the concentration of pyrophosphate in patients with pseudogout.
Spectroscopy of cells: the use of a reflecting microscope and spectrographic recording.

THIS communication describes the use of a simple microspectroscopic method which permits the recording of the ultra-violet and the visible absorption characteristics of cells or portions of cells within a period of a few seconds. The apparatus consists of a light source which emits radiation throughout the ultra-violet and the visible spectrum, a microscope with a reflecting achromatic condenser and objective of numerical aperture 0.56 (designed by Mr. A. J. Kavanagh and made by the Scientific Instrument Division of the American Optical Company), and a small quartz spectrograph (Hilger).
Reconstruction of the Mouse Otocyst and Early Neuroblast Lineage at Single-Cell Resolution

The otocyst harbors progenitors for most cell types of the mature inner ear. Developmental lineage analyses and gene expression studies suggest that distinct progenitor populations are compartmentalized to discrete axial domains in the early otocyst. Here, we conducted highly parallel quantitative RT-PCR measurements on 382 individual cells from the developing otocyst and neuroblast lineages to assay 96 genes representing established otic markers, signaling-pathway-associated transcripts, and novel otic-specific genes. By applying multivariate cluster, principal component, and network analyses to the data matrix, we were able to readily distinguish the delaminating neuroblasts and to describe progressive states of gene expression in this population at single-cell resolution. It further established a three-dimensional model of the otocyst in which each individual cell can be precisely mapped into spatial expression domains. Our bioinformatic modeling revealed spatial dynamics of different signaling pathways active during early neuroblast development and prosensory domain specification.
Transient fluctuations of intracellular zinc ions in cell proliferation

Zinc is essential for cell proliferation, differentiation, and viability. When zinc becomes limited for cultured cells, DNA synthesis ceases and the cell cycle is arrested. The molecular mechanisms of actions of zinc are believed to involve changes in the availability of zinc(II) ions (Zn(2+)). By employing a fluorescent Zn(2+) probe, FluoZin-3 acetoxymethyl ester, intracellular Zn(2+) concentrations were measured in undifferentiated and in nerve growth factor (NGF)-differentiated rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Intracellular Zn(2+) concentrations are pico- to nanomolar in PC12 cells and are higher in the differentiated than in the undifferentiated cells. When following cellular Zn(2+) concentrations for 48 h after the removal of serum, a condition that is known to cause cell cycle arrest, Zn(2+) concentrations decrease after 30 min but, remarkably, increase after 1 h, and then decrease again to about one half of the initial concentration. Cell proliferation, measured by an MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assay, decreases after both serum starvation and zinc chelation. Two peaks of Zn(2+) concentrations occur within one cell cycle: one early in the G1 phase and the other in the late G1/S phase. Thus, fluctuations of intracellular Zn(2+) concentrations and established modulation of phosphorylation signaling, via an inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases at commensurately low Zn(2+) concentrations, suggest a role for Zn(2+) in the control of the cell cycle. Interventions targeted at these picomolar Zn(2+) fluctuations may be a way of controlling cell growth in hyperplasia, neoplasia, and diseases associated with aberrant differentiation.
Why not zwergo-technology?

The prefix nano, which is based on the Greek word for dwarf, became part of scientific nomenclature in 1960. Chris Toumey explores the role of language and languages in science.
CAN ISRAEL SURVIVE THE WEST BANK SETTLEMENTS

Traditionally, the Talmudic Orthodoxy always postulated the reestablishing of a Jewish state only by an act of God's grace at messianic times. The establishment of Israel by secular Jews thus caused real consternation among Orthodox sects. Ultra Orthodox sects did not even recognize Israel as a Jewish entity. However, the occupation of the West Bank, the site of the ancient Jewish kingdoms, in 1967 was seen by many Orthodox Jews as a sign of redemption and also an opportunity to take an active, even a leading, role in a “true Zionist” enterprise of fulfilling God's promise to Abraham that the whole land will belong to his offspring. The settling of the West Bank was congruent with the government's political aims. This led the government to provide deep financial and massive military support to settlers, both the religious population that follows a radical nationalistic policy enveloped with messianic motifs, and other settlers, attracted by the substantial perks. The violent conduct of the militant religi...
Mechanistic similarities between oxidation of hydroethidine by Fremy’s salt and superoxide: Stopped-flow optical and EPR studies

We have previously shown that superoxide radical anion (O2.-) reacts with hydroethidine (HE) to form a product that is distinctly different from ethidium (E+) (Zhao et al., Free Radic. Biol. Med. 34:1359; 2003). The structure of this product was recently determined as the 2-hydroxyethidium cation (2-OH-E+) (Zhao et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 102:5727; 2005). In this study, using HPLC and mass spectrometry techniques, we show that 2-OH-E+ is formed from the reaction between HE and nitrosodisulfonate radical dianion (NDS) or Fremy's salt. The reaction kinetics and mechanism were determined using steady-state and time-resolved optical and EPR techniques. Within the first 50 ms, an intermediate was detected. Another intermediate absorbing strongly at 460 nm and weakly at 670 nm was detected within a second. The structure of this species was assigned to an imino quinone derivative of HE. The stoichiometry of the reaction indicates that two molecules of NDS were needed to oxidize a molecule of HE. We postulate that the first step of the reaction involves the hydrogen atom abstraction from HE to form an aminyl radical that reacts with another molecule of NDS to form an adduct that decomposes to an imino quinone derivative of HE. A similar mechanism has been proposed for the reaction between HE and O2.-. The reaction between HE and the Fremy's salt should provide a facile route for the synthesis of 2-OH-E+, a diagnostic marker product of the HE/O2.- reaction.