cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency and Polarization Transformer (10 GHz to 1000 GHz): Interaction of a Whistler Wave With a Collapsing Plasma in a Cavity

This paper investigates the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a time-varying (collapsing) magnetoplasma medium. Finite-difference time-domain techniques are used to evaluate the effects of collapsing a magnetized plasma in a perfect electric conductor cavity. The evaluation is performed in one dimension to simplify the analysis and highlight the effects on propagation due to the time-varying plasma parameters. The interaction of an electromagnetic wave with a time-varying medium is governed by the property of conservation of the wavenumber. This property can be utilized to construct a frequency transformer. It is shown that switching off the ionization source and creating a decaying magnetoplasma medium in a cavity will upshift the source frequency of 10-1000 GHz for the appropriate choice of initial magnetoplasma parameters. The electric field of the output wave is comparable with that of the source wave. Moreover, the switching angle can alter the polarization of the output wave.
Propagule size and parental care: the "safe harbor" hypothesis.

Abstract Species that protect their offspring (by egg-brooding or live-bearing) produce larger (and hence fewer) propagules than do related species that do not protect their offspring. This result holds true in most animal groups showing parental care. Analysis of these data supports the hypothesis that propagule size evolves in response to relative survivorship rates during and after the propagule stage: natural selection is most likely to favor large egg size when the egg is a safe harbor.
La filosofía en la Universidad

El autor examina, en primer termino, el lugar que debe ocupar la Filosofia en la Universidad. Para esto senala los rasgos que conforman la "naturaleza" de la Filosfia y que le dan la singularidad que la distingue de las otras ciencias. Mas adelante describe las funciones fundamentales que debiera tener un centro de estudios filosoficos dentro de la Universidad.
In defense of adaptive preferences

An adaptive preference is a preference that is regimented in response to an agent’s set of feasible options. The fabled fox in the sour grapes story undergoes an adaptive preference change. I consider adaptive preferences more broadly, to include adaptive preference formation as well. I argue that many adaptive preferences that other philosophers have cast out as irrational sour-grapes-like preferences are actually fully rational preferences worthy of pursuit. I offer a means of distinguishing rational and worthy adaptive preferences from irrational and unworthy ones. The distinction is based on the agent’s own appraisal of the adaptive preference.
Ecological Effects of Live Salmon Exceed Those of Carcasses During an Annual Spawning Migration

We tested the hypothesis that the carcasses of anadromous Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) constitute a significant source of nutrients in the nutrient-poor freshwaters where these fish migrate, spawn, senesce, and die. In a 110 m-long stream reach in Southeast Alaska, we retained nearly 3000 salmon carcasses and compared streamwater nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and the biomass of benthic biofilm in this reach with an upstream reference reach. The study spanned 5 months, bracketed the entire salmon run, and encompassed significant seasonal variation in abiotic stream conditions. Concentrations of dissolved and particulate N and P followed distinctly unimodal patterns through time, which tracked the abundance of live salmon, and we observed strong predictive relationships between live-salmon abundance and streamwater-nutrient concentrations. In contrast, we did not observe clear relationships between salmon carcasses and streamwater nutrients. Biofilm biomass within our study reaches seemed to more closely track the abundance of live salmon than the abundance of carcasses. The experimental retention of carcasses had a minor or undetectable influence on nutrient concentrations and biofilm within the study reach as compared to the reference reach. We conclude that physical factors such as temperature, discharge, nutrient limitation, and irradiance vary seasonally in ways that maximize the influence of nutrients provisioned by live salmon and minimize the influence of carcass-derived nutrients on the aspects of stream ecosystems that we examined. Overall, our results promote a new perspective on the ecological role of salmon in freshwaters, and contribute to a more mechanistic understanding of how migratory fishes can influence aquatic ecosystems.
Two new classes of non-iterative coupled-cluster methods derived from the method of moments of coupled-cluster equations

Two recently proposed classes of non-iterative coupled-cluster (CC) methods derived from the method of moments of CC equations (MMCC) are discussed. The first approach, termed MMCC/PT, combines the MMCC formalism with a simplified form of multi-reference perturbation theory. The second approach, which leads to completely renormalized (CR) CC methods employing the left eigenstates of the similarity-transformed Hamiltonian, such as CR-CCSD , exploits the recently developed biorthogonal formulation of the MMCC theory. Both approaches are capable of improving the results of standard CC and equation-of-motion CC (EOMCC) calculations for ground-state potential energy surfaces along bond breaking coordinates and excited states dominated by two-electron transitions with computer costs similar to those characterizing the popular (and failing) CCSD(T) approximation. The performance of the basic MMCC/PT and CR-CCSD approximations, in which non-iterative corrections due to triple excitations are added to the ground-s...
Decreased accuracy of protein synthesis in extracts from aging human diploid fibroblasts.

Abstract The accuracy of protein synthesis has been measured in extracts from human diploid fibroblasts of different ages. Extracts were supplied with purified mRNA for the coat protein of the cowpea variant of tobacco mosaic virus (CcTMV), which lacks condons for cysteine and methionine. The presence of 35 S-cysteine in CcTMV coat protein synthesized during translation reactions therefore represents translational error. Translation reactions were performed with extracts from young fibroblasts (less than 50% of life span completed) and old fibroblasts (more than 90% of life span completed), and the translation products were purified by immunoprecipitation and analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The error frequency increased from 4.2 × 10 −5 cysteines/amino acid in young cell extracts to 2.9 × 10 −4 cysteines/amino acid in old cell extracts. Cysteine incorporation was not due to nonspecific binding, and could be increased approximately sixfold by the addition of the misreading antibiotic, paromomycin. It is concluded that translational accuracy is not stable during aging in vitro, and it is proposed that this decrease in the fidelity of information transfer could be responsible for the variety of changes observed in aging cultured human cells.
Electronic Tools to Assist with Identification and Counseling for Overweight Patients: a Randomized Controlled Trial

Background Physicians often do not recognize when their patients are overweight and infrequently counsel them about weight loss.
Pirt, a Phosphoinositide-Binding Protein, Functions as a Regulatory Subunit of TRPV1

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) is a molecular sensor of noxious heat and capsaicin. Its channel activity can be modulated by several mechanisms. Here we identify a membrane protein, Pirt, as a regulator of TRPV1. Pirt is expressed in most nociceptive neurons in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) including TRPV1-positive cells. Pirt null mice show impaired responsiveness to noxious heat and capsaicin. Noxious heat- and capsaicin-sensitive currents in Pirt-deficient DRG neurons are significantly attenuated. Heterologous expression of Pirt strongly enhances TRPV1-mediated currents. Furthermore, the C terminus of Pirt binds to TRPV1 and several phosphoinositides, including phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), and can potentiate TRPV1. The PIP2 binding is dependent on the cluster of basic residues in the Pirt C terminus and is crucial for Pirt regulation of TRPV1. Importantly, the enhancement of TRPV1 by PIP2 requires Pirt. Therefore, Pirt is a key component of the TRPV1 complex and positively regulates TRPV1 activity.
776-4 Intact cNOS-NO-cGMP Pathway in the Failing Human Heart

Nitric oxide (NO) is a potent endothelium-derived relaxing factor which also may modulate cardiac myocyte inotropism and growth via increases in cGMP. While both the constitutive (cNOS) and inducible (iNOS)forms of nitric oxide synthase have been detected in mammalian hearts, the overall presence and activity of the cNOS-NO-cGMP pathway in the normal and failing human heart remains poorly defined. The present studies were designed to investigate the cNOS-NO-cGMP pathway in normal and failing human atrial and ventricular myocardium and to determine plasma NO and cGMP in the presence and absence of CHF. Myocardial tissue and plasma were obtained from five end-stage heart failure patients undergoing cardiac transplantation and five cardiac donors. Normal plasma NO and cGMP were also determined in normal humans without disease. cNOS production and localization were determined utilizing Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry with probes for endothelial-NOS and brain-NOS. Plasma and tissue NO were measured by nitrate determination utilizing chemiluminescence. Northern blot analysis and in situ demonstrated cNOS to be present and localized to atrial and ventricular myocytes in equal concentrations and distributions in normal and failing hearts. Tissue NO as determined by nitrate concentration was detectable and equal in normal and failing hearts while plasma NO concentration tended to be increased in CHF patients. Cardiac tissue cGMP paralleled tissue NO, although, plasma cGMP concentration was significantly increased in CHF patients compared with normal subjects. The present studies demonstrate that cNOS mRNA and cNOS protein are present in the normal human heart and this cNOS-NO-cGMP pathway is preserved in the failing human heart. These studies suggest that this paracrine and autocrine pathway may continue to function in the control of myocardial function in the failing human myocardium.
The impact of foster care privatization on multiple placements

Abstract The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of foster care privatization policy on multiple placements in Florida's foster care system. A variant of the interrupted time series design allowed for an assessment of privatization policy within 282 data points (six years of data nested in 47 counties). Results from hierarchical linear analysis models identified a significant effect for privatization while controlling for a major alternative explanation. Specifically, the percent of children in fewer than three placements was significantly lower in the post-privatization years than in the pre-privatization years. This effect varied across counties. Line graphs revealed a variety of trends among providers, which may explain the variation of privatization's effect across counties. These results have implications for policymakers seeking to address the goal of permanence and for child welfare administrators involved in the implementation of privatization policy.
Big Bang Nucleosynthesisa

The status of the concordance of the standard model of primordial nucleosynthesis with current observational data is reviewed. It is concluded that at present the standard model is consistent with all the observational data provided that the baryon-to-photon ratio is (3-7) x 10 to the 10th and the number of light neutrino species is four or less. Should the primordial mass fraction of He-4 be found to be 0.22 or less, the standard model is in serious difficulty. 60 references.
Intention-based coordination and interface design for human-robot cooperative search

In this paper, a multi-agent search scheme is presented that supports the recognition of activities and, thus, learning methods for cooperative human-robot interaction. In our approach, stochastic models of human search activity are used to estimate state for HRI. The robot updates a Probabilistic Distribution Function of the target object using the observations and the estimated state of human peers. By this means the robot can choose places to search to compensate the behavior of human peers. This paper also presents an implicit interface design for robot assisted tasks, which allows the robot to infer the intention of the user and to provide assistance autonomously. It reduces the cognitive workload of the user and therefore is useful for elder care applications. The effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed approaches are demonstrated in the experimental results.
PHYLOGENETIC TESTS OF HYPOTHESES FOR THE EVOLUTION OF AVIAN MIGRATION: A CASE STUDY USING THE MOTACILLIDAE

Abstract The evolution of avian migration continues to be an intriguing research subject, even though relationships between migration and factors such as seasonality clearly exist. The question remains whether these relationships are evident within phylogenies containing both sedentary and migratory taxa. We explore the evolution of migration in the family Motacillidae by evaluating existing hypotheses for the evolution of migration in a comparative, phylogenetic framework at the interspecific level. Many hypotheses to explain the evolution of avian migration—such as the “evolutionary precursor” hypothesis (Levey and Stiles 1992, Chesser and Levey 1998) and the “stepping-stone” hypothesis (Cox 1968, 1985)—are based on New World migratory systems. The central components of these hypotheses should apply across biogeographic realms (i.e. the Old World), given that seasonality and habitat regimes are similar in the New and Old worlds. Using a molecular phylogeny containing most species in the Motacillidae, we...
Activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 and its downstream signaling promote cell survival under oxidative stress.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate cell damage and have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases that involve endothelial injury. Cells possess antioxidant systems, including intracellular antioxidants and ROS scavenging enzymes, that control the redox state and prevent cell damage. In addition to intracellular antioxidants, certain growth factor receptors can be activated under oxidative stress and trigger downstream cell survival signaling cascades. Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-3 (VEGFR-3) is a primary modulator of lymphatic endothelial proliferation and survival. Here, we provide evidence that activation of VEGFR-3 signaling in response to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) promotes endothelial cell survival. Treatment with H2O2 induced the tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-3 and its association with the signaling adaptor proteins Shc, growth factor receptor binding protein 2, Sos, p85, SHP-2, and phospholipase C-γ. Of note, a hereditary lymphoedema-linked mutant of VEGFR-3 was not phosphorylated by H2O2 treatment. Isoforms of protein kinase C (PKC), α and δ, were also tyrosine-phosphorylated after H2O2 stimulation. However, only the δ isoform of PKC was required for H2O2-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR-3. The tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-3 or isoforms of PKC was completely inhibited by treatment with 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine, a specific inhibitor for Src family kinases, indicating that Src family kinases are upstream of PKC and VEGFR-3. Furthermore, expression of the wild-type but not the lymphoedema-linked mutant form of VEGFR-3 in porcine artery endothelial cells significantly enhanced the activation of Akt after H2O2 stimulation. Consistent with these biochemical changes, we observed that expression and activation of the wild-type but not the mutant form of VEGFR-3 inhibited H2O2-induced apoptosis. These studies suggest that VEGFR-3 protects against oxidative damage in endothelial cells, and that patients with hereditary lymphoedema may be susceptible to ROS-induced cell damage.
Plant composition and feeding value of sudangrass and sorghum-sudangrass in a controlled grazing system.

Abstract Sixteen lactating Holstein cows were utilized in a pasture comparison between greenleaf sudangrass and sorghum-sudan hybrid SX-11. Pastures were grazed for 50 days with 10 day grazing periods per plot compare milk production and body weight change. Production of 4% fat-corrected milk was similar (P > .05) for two cow groups. However, milk production of the cows grazing sudangrass was generally more persistent during the trial. Cows grazing sudangrass gained more (P Digestion coefficients with Holstein steers receiving immature sorghum-sudangrass hay, for dry matter, crude protein, and energy were 59.8, 68.8 and 65.6. Differences in dry matter, crude protein, and fiber contents of the grazed forages not significant, but hydrocyanic acid content was higher (P
Ruptures, rights, and repair: The political economy of trauma in Haiti

This article analyzes the unintended consequences of humanitarian and development interventions in Haiti implemented to facilitate its postconflict transition following the period of military rule between 1991 and 1994. International and national governmental and nongovernmental initiatives to provide redress and healing to victims of human rights abuses from this period inadvertently contributed to the growth of a political economy of trauma. I argue that state-sponsored and non-state interventions aimed at truth seeking, acknowledging past ruptures, and reparations have intersected with the politics of local communities in ways that contribute to the commoditization of suffering in the political economy of trauma. The experience of a woman whose bodily integrity and personal sovereignty were violated by members of Haiti's terror apparatus demonstrates the presence of a terror economy. My witnessing of her interactions with the international and national humanitarian and development aid organizations that assisted her in the aftermath of violation revealed the contours of the compassion economy. It is the compassion economy that is the particular focus of this article. I evaluate whether rendering visible or audible the individual and collective suffering of the past truly aid processes of social reconstruction, democratization, and peace building, especially in states plagued with ongoing social, political, and economic insecurity. I argue that the forms of citizenship that these interventions engender are rarely permanent, especially in fragile or failed states, and may exacerbate the societal cleavages that gave rise to conflict.
Evaluation of the effectiveness and efficiency of two stimulus prompt strategies with severely handicapped students.

Abstract In this study we compared the effectiveness and efficiency of two treatment packages that used stimulus prompt sequences and task analyses for teaching community living skills to severely handicapped students. Four severely and multiply handicapped students were trained to perform four tasks: (a) making toast, (b) making popcorn, (c) operating a clothes dryer, and (d) operating a washing machine. Following baseline, each student was exposed to two types of training procedures, each involving a task analysis of the target behavior. Training Procedure 1 (Traditional) utilized a least-to-most restrictive prompt sequence. Training Procedure 2 (Prescriptive) utilized ongoing behavioral assessment data to identify discriminative stimuli. The assessment data were used to prescribe instructional prompts across successive training trials. Performance on the tasks was evaluated within a combination multiple baseline (across subjects) and probe (across tasks) design. Training conditions were counterbalanced across subjects and tasks. Results indicated that both training procedures were equally effective in increasing independent task acquisition for subjects on all tasks; however, the prescriptive procedure was the more efficient procedure.
Cell biology: How to combat stress.

Life is full of stress, and all life forms — from bacteria to humans — have evolved ways of sensing and responding to it. The latest findings shed light on how cells deal with stress. The accumulation of misfolded proteins activates the unfolded protein response in the endoplasmic reticulum. The transmembrane protein Ire1 is a central player in this pathway, acting as a kinase and an endoribonuclease. It excises an intron on HAC1 mRNA resulting in translation of the transcription factor Hac1 that in turn activates target genes. This issue reports two studies on Ire1. Korennykh et al. solve the crystal structure of Ire1 kinase and show that it spontaneously assembles into a rod-shaped oligomer. This positions the kinase domains for trans-phosphorylation, orders the RNase domains and creates an interaction site for mRNA substrate binding. Aragon et al. show that on activation, Ire1 molecules cluster into discrete foci containing high-order oligomers on the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. HAC1 mRNA is recruited to these foci by means of a sequence in its 3′ untranslated region and is processed at these sites. In this way the HAC1 mRNA is delivered to a site where it is processed, ensuring that it is translated only when the unfolded protein response is on.
Early prognostic value of serum creatinine levels in children with posterior urethral valves.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We evaluated the prognostic value of serum creatinine level at initial treatment for future renal function in children with posterior urethral valves.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the records of 35 patients with posterior urethral valves presenting in the first year of life and treated initially at our institution between 1973 and 1990 with valve ablation or vesicostomy. Initial assessment included serum creatinine determination, urine culture, renal ultrasonography and voiding cystourethrography. After 4 or 5 days of catheter bladder drainage renal ultrasound and serum creatinine measurement were repeated. At the end of followup patients were divided into 2 groups according to glomerular filtration rate calculated by the Schwartz formula: group 1-69 ml. or less per minute per 1.73 m.2 (median 15) and group 2-greater than 70 ml. per minute per 1.73 m.2 (median 110). Median followup was 102 months (8.5 years, range 50 to 219 months).Results: Mean serum creatinine at diagnosis plus or ...
Influence of several C19 steroids on the growth of individual muscles of the guinea pig.

IN A previous report (1) castration was shown to retard the development of a number of muscles in addition to those already known (2, 3). In this study a comparison has been made of the ability of a number of C19 steroids to stimulate growth in the individual muscles.
Numerical Linear Algebra On The CEDAR Multiprocessor

In this paper we describe in some detail the architectural features of the CEDAR. multiprocessor. We also discuss strategies for implementation of dense matrix computations, and present performance results on one cluster for a variety of linear system solvers, eigenvalue problem solvers, as well as algorithms for solving linear least squares problems.© (1988) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Doppler Atrial Shunt Flow Patterns in Patients with Secundum Atrial Septal Defect: Determinants, Limitations, and Pitfalls

Fifteen patients with uncomplicated secundum atrial septal defect underwent studies with real-time color-coded two dimensional flow imaging, pulsed Doppler echocardiographic examination, and simultaneous pressure recordings from the left and right atrium to determine the flow-pressure dynamics of the atrial shunt flow. In all 15 patients both the color flow mapping and pulsed Doppler studies revealed that the shunt flow was mainly from left to right, occurring both during ventricular systole and diastole. It started in early systole, reached a peak in late systole to early diastole, and lasted throughout diastole with an accentuation in late diastole during atrial contraction. The amplitude of the flow velocity, the direction, and the magnitude of the shunt flow, however, changed from phase to phase during the cardiac cycle. It correlated well with the phasic variation of the interatrial pressure difference, which usually revealed a peak pressure gradient that occurred in early systole between the x descent and v wave and during the period of v wave and a wave of the left atrial pressure tracing. Right to left shunt was not detected in any of the 15 patients by color flow mapping studies. A minor reversal of the shunt flow, however, was frequently detected at the beginning of ventricular systole and sometimes also in the middle of diastole by pulsed Doppler echocardiography. The reversal of shunt flow correlated with the minor reversal of pressure gradient that occurred during the z point, x descent, and y descent of the left atrial pressure tracing. In conclusion, left to right shunt flow occurs both during ventricular systole and diastole in uncomplicated secundum atrial septal defect.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A semantic differential for facial attribution: The face differential

Four groups of 10 subjects each (black males, black females, white males, and white females) associated a total of 2,400 personality descriptive adjectives to slides of 20 black and white male faces. Adjectives were grouped into synonym classes, and important adjective groups and their antonyms were selected on the basis of: (a) frequency of association; (b) judged relevance of adjective to faces; (c) judged commonness of opposite; and (d) judged commonness of adjective. This procedure was conducted for the whole group of 40 subjects by one investigator and for each of the four subgroups by another investigator. The two adjective lists were compared, and a final set of 27 bipolar adjective scales was selected as appropriate for the study of personality attributions to faces. Race and sex differences in the use of these adjectives were explored.
The Effects of Cupular Removal on the Activity of Ampullary Structures in the Pigeon

The effects of experimental removal of the pigeon cupula ampullaris were studied. It could be shown that the hairs of the sensory cells generally remain intact after this operation, suggesting that they are not fixed to the structures of the cupular substance. The cells of the transitional epithelium on the slopes of the crista showed an intense secretory activity as a result of the operation. The secretion appeared in the sections as eosinophilic globules. These globules were found in all parts of the endolymphatic space shortly after the operation, but were removed by the stream of secreted endolymph, except in the region of the sensory area where they were trapped by the hairs.At a later postoperative period the globules in between the hairs are believed to be lifted beyond the tips of the hairs, thereby forming a new “subcupular space”. It is suggested that this could be the result of a histologically invisible secretion from the supporting cells of the sensory areas.
pH-dependent intercalation of gold nanoparticles into a synthetic fluoromica modified with poly(allylamine)

The intercalation of poly(allylamine) (PAA) into a synthetic fluoromica (Na-TSM) was studied in order to understand the subsquent process of gold nanoparticle intercalation into the interlayer galleries. The composition and structure of the PAA intercalation compound (PAA/Na-TSM) was strongly influenced by the pH of its synthesis. At pH 3.0, the fully protonated form of the polymer was intercalated as a single layer (d = 1.42-1.46 nm), accompanied by 0.2-0.4 chloride ions per PAA monomer unit. The role of chloride appears to be to screen the electrostatic repulsion of polycations within the gallery. At pH 12.0, a partially protonated form of PAA intercalates as an expanded layer (d = 1.50-1.61 nm) with no chloride ions. From equilibrium PAA adsorption data, the standard free energy for PAA intercalation at pH 12.0 was -35 kJ/mol. At pH 3.0 and low PAA loading, the corresponding AG° is -64 kJ/mol, consistent with the stronger interaction of protonated PAA chains with the anionic clay sheets. Au nanoparticles (<10 nm diameter) intercalated into PAA/Na-TSM composites made at pH 12.0, but not those made at pH 3.0. The most effective pH for intercalation of well-dispersed Au nanoparticles was 11.0. ζ potential measurements show that, at pH 11.0, the PAA/Na-TSM and Au colloids have nearly neutral and negative surface charges, respectively. From this result, it was concluded that electrostatic interactions as well as covalent bonding between free amine groups and intercalated Au nanoparticles are important for optimal intercalation. A red shoulder extending from 570 to 730 nm on the plasmon resonance absorption of Au/PAA/Na-TSM was observed and was attributed to close interactions between nanoparticles in adjacent galleries.
Immunosuppression: Now we have choices

Background. Tacrolimus (FK 506), a macrolide compound isolated from a bacterium, is a potent immuno-suppressant with activity in solid-organ transplants. Most immunosuppressive regimens for liver transplantation are based on cyclosporine. Methods. We conducted an open-label, randomized, multicenter trial to compare the efficacy and safety of tacrolimus-based and cyclosporine-based immunosuppressive regimens for patients receiving a first liver transplant. A total of 478 adults and 51 children (⩽12 years of age) were randomly assigned at the time of transplantation to receive tacrolimus (n = 263) or cyclosporine (n = 266) and were followed for one year. The primary end points were patient and graft survival at one year. The secondary end points were the incidence of acute rejection, corticosteroid-resistant rejection, and refractory rejection (continued rejection after two courses of corticosteroids and an intervening course of muromonab-CD3). Results. According to Kaplan-Meier analysis, actuarial patient-survival rates at day 360 were 88 percent for both the tacrolimus and cyclosporine groups (P = 0.85; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference, −5.4 to 6.6 percent), and graft-survival rates were 82 percent and 79 percent, respectively (P = 0.55; 95 percent confidence interval for the difference, −4.8 to 9.7 percent). Acute rejection occurred in 154 patients in the tacrolimus group and 173 patients in the cyclosporine group (P <0.002), corticosteroid-resistant rejection occurred in 43 and 82 patients, respectively (P <0.001), and refractory rejection occurred in 6 and 32 patients, respectively (P <0.001). Tacrolimus was associated with a higher incidence of adverse events requiring withdrawal from the study, primarily nephrotoxicity and neurotoxicity; 37 patients in the tacrolimus group and 13 in the cyclosporine group discontinued the study because of adverse events (P <0.001). Conclusions. After one year, immunosuppressive regimens based on tacrolimus and cyclosporine were comparable in terms of patient and graft survival. Tacrolimus was associated with significantly fewer episodes of acute, corticosteroid-resistant, or refractory rejection, but substantially more adverse events requiring discontinuation of the drug. (N Engl J Med 1994;331:1110–1115.)
A generalized sparse regression model with adjustment of pedigree structure for variant detection from next generation sequencing data

Next-generation sequencing technologies have been providing more comprehensive descriptions of rare and common sequence variants. Many powerful association tests have been developed for identifying significant individual common variants and genetic regions likely harboring rare and common variants. Single marker tests bear poor statistical powers to identify rare variant associations. Set-based tests sacrifice single marker resolution and require the set size to be much smaller than the sample size. Existing sparse regression algorithms can identify susceptible variants from a large set, even if its size far exceeds the sample size. Such algorithms are developed for analyzing sequence data of unrelated individuals and thus can be invalid in the presence of relatedness. Relatedness and population structure are two ubiquitous confounders in sequencing studies, especially those of admixed minorities. We hereby propose a flexible sparse regression model to jointly rectify relatedness, population structure and traditional covariates. Under this framework, we develop unweighted and weighted Lp (0
Guncreting refractory structures in open-hearth furnaces

As a result of the use of guncreting for repairing refractory structures in open hearths at the Izhorsk plant, the consumption of fettling materials for repairing the back walls has dropped from 2.8–2.9 kg/t of steel to 1 kg. On account of the saving of refractories in three 50-t open-hearth furnaces, according to preliminary estimates, the saving should be about 16,000 rubles. The use of the guncreting method for back walls of open-hearth furnaces in combination with ramming, using a guncrete body, will substantially increase the life of these areas and save a large amount of magnesite brick. Refractory materials for guncreting should be prepared in specialist refractory concerns. The work on guncreting methods for roofs should be continued.
A system of systems study of space-based networks utilizing picosatellite formations

Space-based networks have long been proposed to support a myriad of both space-based and terrestrial-based applications. While much research has been done on the individual systems that will comprise this network, it was not until recently that the system was examined as a whole utilizing the tools of systems of systems engineering to provide integration and optimization. In this work, we continue this effort by characterizing the specific independent systems that comprise the space-based networks and the associated interfaces to allow integration. We provide analysis of availability and capacity metrics for the space-based network. Additionally, our findings suggest that capacity constraints must be taken into account to arrive at realistic availability calculations.
Polymer Thin-Film Transistor Arrays Patterned by Stamping

We present a process to stamp semiconductor polymers suitable for the parallel fabrication of thin-film transistor island arrays. This process is compatible with roll-to-roll fabrication. When a chemically treated elastomeric stamp is pressed against a substrate previously coated with the polymer solution, a capillary force drives the polymer solution into the stamp recesses. Simultaneously, the raised features of the stamp in contact with the substrate absorb the solvent. The resulting polymer thin film reproduces the pattern of the raised features of the stamp. Features with lateral dimensions as small as 2 μm are faithfully reproduced. We use this stamping process to fabricate arrays of polymer thin-film transistors (TFTs) using poly(fluorene-co-bithiophene) and poly(thiophene) semiconductors.
A river runs between them: An instructional case in professional services provided by a CPA firm

Abstract This instructional case presents a realistic situation in which there is a request for professional services by a CPA firm. Two towns, Weston and Easton, are involved in a dispute over the costs of a shared wastewater treatment facility. The mayor of Easton believes his town has paid more than its agreed-upon share of the facility's operating costs over the years. The mayor of Easton has approached a local CPA firm to “audit” the amount Easton has paid towards operation of the plant and determine the amount of the overpayment. Students are asked (1) to determine whether an audit can be performed, (2) if an audit cannot be performed, to decide what type of service is appropriate, (3) to research the applicable professional standards, (4) to assess whether the applicable standards can be met, (5) to develop a program that outlines the steps/procedures to be completed when providing the professional service to the mayor, and (6) to identify other concerns relevant to accepting this engagement.
The US dermatology workforce: A specialty remains in shortage

Introduction Since 1999, multiple surveys have documented a stable undersupply of dermatologic services in the United States. Factors contributing to the imbalance include changes in the demographics of the physician workforce, increased demand for services, and a limited number of training positions for new physicians. In response to the demand, there has also been a substantial influx of nonphysician clinicians into dermatology offices. Methods We sought to follow up the large data set collected by the American Academy of Dermatology in 2002; the survey was repeated in 2005 and 2007. Response rates ranged from 30% to 35% and included more than 1200 respondents each year. Results Few changes were noted in the metrics used to assess the balance of supply and demand in the US dermatology workforce between 2002 and 2007. Mean wait times for new patient appointments decreased slightly from 36 to 33 days. One third of practices continue to seek additional dermatologists. In 2007, 23% of practices reported employing a physician assistant and 10% a nurse practitioner (up from 15% and 8% in 2002). In 2007, typical dermatologists continued to spend the bulk of their direct patient care time in medical dermatology (23.9 hours, 63%), followed by surgery (10.2 hours, 27%), and then cosmetic dermatology (3.8 hours, 10%). A substantial subset of dermatologists (29%) spent half or more of their time in surgical and cosmetic dermatology combined. Although female dermatologists worked fewer total hours, they spent equal time caring for patients with medical dermatologic conditions, less time in surgical dermatology, and more time in cosmetic dermatology. Limitations The survey is potentially subject to inaccurate self-report and response bias. Although the results shed light on patient access and the dermatology workforce, they do not establish or quantify any impact on patients' health. Conclusions Between 2002 and 2007, despite continued increases in the number of nonphysician clinicians in US dermatology offices, there were only small changes in the overall metrics commonly used to assess workforce balance. These findings suggest persistent unmet demand, but, given divergent trends of ongoing increases in surgical and cosmetic dermatology, growth in the use of physician assistants and nurse practitioners, and an aging and expanding US population, the future balance of supply and demand remains difficult to predict. Nevertheless, careful workforce planning and deliberative consideration of the risks and benefits of rapidly emerging changes in the delivery of dermatologic care are essential to ensure access to high-quality care for patients with skin disease.
Speakers nasalize /∂/ after /n/, but listeners still hear /∂/

Presumably as a result of coarticulation, /∂/ often assimilates to a preceding /n/ in phrases likewin those.However, this assimilation is not complete for all features. With respect to the feature [nasal], the assimilation is often radical. The entire consonant region in the middle of the two-word sequence is nasalized, but acoustic evidence suggests that contextually-nasalized /∂/ retains its dental place of articulation. Specifically, F2is considerably lower in frequency at the release of contextually-nasalized /∂/ than it is at the release of a true /n/. Perception tests show that listeners can generally tell the difference between natural tokens ofwin noesandwin those,even when the /∂/ is completely nasalized. A synthetic stimulus continuum was constructed in which items differed only with respect to F2frequency in the vicinity of the nasal consonant region ofwin noesandwin those. Listeners systematically reported hearingthosemore often when F2was low at the release of the nasal consonant. These results are consistent with claims in the literature that listeners can at least sometimes factor out coarticulatory effects.
Rehearsals for Growth: A Methodology for Using Theater Improvisation in MFT

Borrowing techniques from improvisational theater, Rehearsals for Growth (RfG) is a method of using drama in the service of marital and family psychotherapy. Its primary focus is on enhancing and developing skills that promote good relationship functioning. Secondarily, it offers techniques for changing the stories that are cocreated about self and relationship. RfG is not a complete therapy but rather a growing body of techniques informed by a social constructivist perspective and a spirit ofplayfulness. Representative games and exercises are described that illustrate RfG methods.
Exponential time-differencing with embedded Runge-Kutta adaptive step control

We have presented the first embedded Runge-Kutta exponential time-differencing (RKETD) methods of fourth order with third order embedding and fifth order with third order embedding for non-Rosenbrock type nonlinear systems. A procedure for constructing RKETD methods that accounts for both order conditions and stability is outlined. In our stability analysis, the fast time scale is represented by a full linear operator in contrast to particular scalar cases considered before. An effective time-stepping strategy based on reducing both ETD function evaluations and rejected steps is described. Comparisons of performance with adaptive-stepping integrating factor (IF) are carried out on a set of canonical partial differential equations: the shock-fronts of Burgers equation, interacting KdV solitons, KS controlled chaos, and critical collapse of two-dimensional NLS.
Environmental effects of terpenoid chemicals: a review

Entry of terpenes into the atmosphere occurs by volatilization of hydrocarbons from foliage, especially over forest lands. These compounds react photochemically with ozone, causing a blue haze. The total volume of reactive hydrocarbons released naturally appears several times greater than that from man’s activities. Diterpenes also enter the environment through surface water runoff. Recently dehydroabietic acid and other terpenoidal compounds were found in ocean sediments, deposited by rivers. Few cases of air pollution can be related to industrial operations or processing of terpenes. Veneer dryer stack gas emissions cause an aesthetic problem, controllable by better modes of operation. Workers in soldering operations require protection from fumes caused by use of rosin cores. Rosin and rosin derivatives are virtually nontoxic to mammals and find use in food packaging applications. Sulfate turpentine is the source of pinenes for manufacture of synthetic flavors and perfumes. Resin acids and related diterpenes are, however, acutely toxic to aquatic organisms and can cause severe problems to fisheries if released in pulp mill wastes. Both monoterpenes and diterpenes are biodegradable. The future widespread use of toxaphene as an insecticide is uncertain because of its toxicity to aquatic fauna and relatively long persistence in soils and sediments. Recent results have demonstrated microbiological uptake of toxaphene components leading to problems of bioaccumulation through the food chain.
“For the Sake of the Truth of History and of the Catholic Doctrines”: History, Documents, and Dogma in Cesare Baronio’s Annales Ecclesiastici

Abstract This article explores the relationship between theology and documentary criticism in Cesare Baronio’s Annales Ecclesiastici in their own historical and intellectual context. The first two sections of this article are devoted to analyzing two episodes in Baronio’s work, which most clearly show the role of erudition and historical criticism in articulating crucial and controversial political and theological positions in post-Reformation Rome. The third and final section assesses the significance of Baronio’s historical methodology in the context of post-Reformation Catholicism and its importance for our understanding of the relationship between post-Humanist historiography and post-Reformation apologetics and, more generally, for our understanding of the nature of ecclesiastical history.
MICROSCOPIC EVIDENCE FOR MICROBIAL DISSOLUTION OF SMECTITE

This study was undertaken to investigate mechanisms of mineral transformations associated with microbial reduction of structural Fe(III) in smectite. Shewanella oneidensis strain MR-1 cells were inoculated with lactate as the electron donor and Fe(III) in smectite as the electron acceptor. The extent of Fe(III) reduction was observed to reach up to 26%. Reduction proceeded via association of live bacterial cells with smectite. At the end of incubation, a large fraction of starting smectite was transformed to euhedral flakes of biogenic smectite with different morphology, structure, and composition. Lattice-fringe images obtained from environmental cell transmission electron microscope displayed a decrease of layer spacing from 1.5±0.1 nm for the unreduced smectite to 1.1±0.1 nm for the reduced smectite. The biogenic smectite contained more abundant interlayer cations, apparently as a result of charge compensation for the reduced oxidation state of Fe in the octahedral site. To capture the dynamics of smectite reduction, a separate experiment was designed. The experiment consisted of several systems, where various combinations of carbon source (lactate) and different concentrations of AQDS, an electron shuttle, were used. Selected area electron diffraction patterns of smectite showed progressive change from single-crystal patterns for the control experiment (oxidized, unaltered smectite), to diffuse ring patterns for the no-carbon experiment (oxidized, but altered smectite), to well-ordered single crystal pattern for the experiment amended with 1 mM AQDS (well crystalline, biogenic smectite). Large crystals of vivianite and fine-grained silica of biogenic origin were also detected in the bioreduced sample. These data collectively demonstrate that microbial reduction of Fe(III) in smectite was achieved via dissolution of smectite and formation of biogenic minerals. The microbially mediated mineral dissolution-precipitation mechanism has important implications for mineral reactions in natural environments, where the reaction rates may be substantially enhanced by the presence of bacteria.
Kelvin wave propagation in the upper atmospheres of Mars and Earth

Abstract The propagation characteristics of a diurnal Kelvin wave (DKW) in the atmosphere of Mars and a 3-day Kelvin wave in the terrestrial atmosphere are compared and interpreted for Northern Hemisphere summer conditions (Ls = 90 and July, respectively). Significant horizontal wind and temperature perturbations are shown to accompany these oscillations in the thermospheres of both planets: ∼10–40 ms−1 and 10–25 K on Earth and 20–70 ms−1 and 10–30 K on Mars. Molecular dissipation on both planets serves to latitudinally broaden the thermospheric response, and to induce meridional wind maxima at the poles. On Earth, mean zonal winds asymmetric about the equator are found to locally (in altitude) distort the latitudinal shapes of the Kelvin wave fields by coupling into modes which tend to remain confined to the level of excitation, and which are equatorially trapped. On Mars the first asymmetric eastward propagating mode with vertical wavelength of about 60 km is very efficiently induced by the asymmetric zonal mean winds in the middle atmosphere; this wave component propagates well into the thermosphere and accounts for much global asymmetry seen in the wave fields.
The 20th Anniversary Meeting of the Association for Computing Machinery: 30 August 1967

In 1967, a gathering of computer pioneers was held in Washington, D.C. to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the founding of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM). This article presents an edited version of a recorded transcript of that meeting. It contains, in addition to many interesting anecdotes, a great deal of fascinating commentary on the attitudes of these pioneers toward the work in which they were engaged and toward the fruits that had been produced from those labors in the succeeding 20 years.