cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conceptual Projection and Middle Spaces

Conceptual projection from one mental space to another always involves projection to "middle" spaces-abstract "generic" middle spaces or richer "blended" middle spaces. Projection to a middle space is a general cognitive process, operating uniformly at different levels of abstraction and under superficially divergent contextual circumstances. Middle spaces are indispensable sites for central mental and linguistic work. The process of blending is in particular a fundamental and general cognitive process, running over many (conceivably all) cognitive phenomena, including categorization, the making of hypotheses, inference, the origin and combining of grammatical constructions, analogy, metaphor, and narrative. Blending is not secondary to these phenomena but prerequisite, and its operation is not restricted to any one of these phenomena. We give evidence for blending from a wide range of data that includes everyday language, idioms, literary metaphor, non-verbal conceptualization of action, creative thought in mathematics, evolution of socio-cultural models, jokes, and advertising. Blending is in general invisible to consciousness and detectable only on analysis. Blended spaces are routinely necessary for constructing central meanings, inferences, and structures, and for motivating emotions. We show that the blending of highly schematic spaces yields the fusion of grammatical constructions and functional assemblies studied in Cognitive Grammar and Construction Grammar. Finally, recognizing the cognitive import of middle spaces allows us to propose a generalized four-space model of conceptual projection that subsumes a variety of previous models. We explore the consequences of this model for the theory of concept formation.Introduction 3I. The four space model 4II. The phenomenon of blended spaces 51. Dante's Inferno 52. Regatta 73. The riddle of the Buddhist monk 84. Getting ahead of oneself 95. Tuning in, and other actions 116. Complex numbers 12III. Prototypes of blending and mistaken reductions 14IV. Further evidence for conceptual projection into a blended space 171. President Bush on third base 182. President Nixon in France 193. Personification 21V. Category extension 22VI. Generic spaces 24VII. Parameters and subschemes 25VIII. Blending and grammar 30IX. The concept of a concept 33Notes 35References 38
Cool water geyser travertine: Crystal Geyser, Utah, USA

A sloping travertine mound, approximately 85 m across and a few metres thick is actively forming from cool temperature waters issuing out of Crystal Geyser, east-central Utah, USA. Older travertine deposits exist at the site, the waters having used the Little Grand Wash Fault system as conduits. In contrast, the present Crystal Geyser travertine mound forms from 18°C waters which have been erupting for the last 80 years from an abandoned oil well. The present Crystal Geyser travertine accumulation forms from a ‘manmade’ cool temperature geyser system; nevertheless, the constituents are an analogue for ancient geyser-fed carbonate deposits. The travertine primary fabric is composed of couplets of highly porous, thin micritic laminae intercalated with thicker iron oxide rich laminae. Low Mg-calcite is the dominant mineralogy; however, aragonite is a major constituent in deposits proximal to the vent and decreases in abundance distally. Cements exhibit a variety of fabrics, isopachous being common. Constituents include micro-stromatolites, clasts, pisoids and the common occurrence of Frutexites-like iron oxide precipitates. Leptothrix, a common iron-oxidizing bacterium, is believed to be responsible for the production of the dense iron-rich laminae. Pisoids litter the ground around the vent and rapidly decrease distally in abundance and
Testing promotes eyewitness accuracy with a warning: Implications for retrieval enhanced suggestibility

Numerous studies have demonstrated that repeated retrieval boosts later retention. However, recent research has shown that testing can increase eyewitness susceptibility to misleading post-event information (e.g., Chan, Thomas, & Bulevich, 2009). The present study examines the effects of warning on this counterintuitive finding. In two experiments, subjects either took an initial test or performed a filler task after they viewed a video event. They were then given post-event information before they took a final test. Critically, one group of subjects was warned about potential inaccuracies in the post-event narrative and the other group was not. Without a warning, subjects who received an initial test were more likely to endorse misleading post-event information, replicating the retrievalenhanced suggestibility (RES) effect. However, this RES effect was eliminated when subjects were warned about the veracity of the narrative. These results are consistent with a retrieval fluency account of RES.
Sexuality and Physical Intimacy in Long-Term Care

Sexuality and sexual needs in older adults remains a neglected area of clinical intervention, particularly so in long-term care settings. Because older adults in medical rehabilitation and long-term care beds present with significant frailties, and often significant neurocognitive disorders, it makes it difficult for occupational therapists and other staff to evaluate the capacity of an older adult resident to participate in sexual relationships. The current paper reviews the current literature on sexuality and aging, examines some of the clinical practices and guidelines regarding sexual expression in long-term care, and presents two case examples. A semistructured interview and decision tree is presented to assist therapists in making careful and informed decisions and thereby balancing the needs for protection with the needs for autonomy.
Role of saline fluids in deep‐crustal and upper‐mantle metasomatism: insights from experimental studies

Chloride-rich brines are increasingly recognized as playing an important role in high pressure and temperature metamorphic and magmatic systems. The origins of these saline multicomponent fluids are debated, but experimental evidence suggests that regardless of their origin they must be important agents of rock alteration and mass transfer wherever they occur. Studies of the solubility of quartz in H2O, CO2‐H2O and salt‐H2O solutions provide a framework for understanding the role of brines in the deep crust and upper mantle. While quartz solubility in the system SiO2‐H2O‐NaCl‐CO2 is maximal at a given high pressure and temperature if the solvent is pure H2O, the decline in quartz solubility with NaCl content (salting-out) is less severe than in CO2‐H2O fluids at comparable H2O activities. Moreover, at lower pressures, quartz solubility initially salts in at low salt contents, before reaching a maximum and then declining. The behavior of quartz solubility in salt‐H2O solutions has not yet been fully explained and is the subject of active debate. Experimental investigations of the solubility of some other rock-forming oxides and silicates show enhancements due to NaCl addition. As illustrated by the well-studied CaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐NaCl‐H2O system, enhancements initially increase to maxima, and then decline. This behavior can be explained by formation of a range of hydrated aqueous complexes and clusters with specific NaCl:H2O stoichiometries. In contrast, solubilities of calcium salts, including calcite, fluorite, fluorapatite and anhydrite, rise monotonically with increasing NaCl, implying complexing to form anhydrous ionic solutes and⁄or ion pairs. The experimental studies offer new insights into fluid-rock interaction in a range of settings, including carbonatite‐fenite complexes, granulite-facies metamorphism, porphyry ore deposits and aluminum-silicate vein complexes in high-grade metamorphic terranes.
Upset in response to a Sibling's partner's infidelities.

Using data collected from people with at least one brother and one sister, and consistent with an evolutionary perspective, we find that older men and women (a) are more upset by a brother’s partner’s sexual infidelity than by her emotional infidelity and (b) are more upset by a sister’s partner’s emotional infidelity than by his sexual infidelity. There were no effects of participant sex or sex of in-law on upset over a sibling’s partner’s infidelities, but there was an effect of participant sex on reports of upset over one’s own partner’s infidelities. The results suggest that the key variable among older participants is the sex of the sibling or, correspondingly, the sex of the sibling’s partner, as predicted from an evolutionary analysis of reproductive costs, and not the sex of the participant, as predicted from a socialization perspective. Discussion offers directions for future work on jealousy.
Urodynamic diagnosis of female bladder outlet obstruction

Female bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) remains a controversial topic in terms of definition and diagnosis. It is a condition that is far less common in women than in men and has an estimated incidence of 2.7e8%.1,2 The etiology for organic BOO or anatomic BOO (but not including functional BOO) is more diverse in women because of various anatomical or iatrogenic changes affecting vaginal support, the urethra, and/or the bladder. Some changes such as prolapse are related to aging, whereas other changes are related to urethral pathology or previous surgeries (e.g., sling procedure, urethropexy). Furthermore, the urethral anatomical sites for BOO can be further subcategorized by extrinsic compression, urethral wall conditions (e.g., fibrosis, urethral diverticulum), or luminal factors (e.g., stricture disease).3 Owing to the complexity of etiology and nonspecific voiding symptoms, the diagnosis of female BOO requires a high index of suspicion and recourse to a variety of modalities, and includes a thorough history, questionnaires, noninvasive flow and residual assessment, physical examination, cystoscopy, imaging, and urodynamic or videourodynamic studies.
Challenges in Identifying Target Skills for Math Disability Screening and Intervention

Gersten, Jordan, and Flojo (in this series) review their research on math difficulties, with an emphasis on applying current knowledge to inform practices of early identification and intervention. On a practical level, educators are in dire need of empirically based screening and intervention tools. From a scientific perspective, it is important to recognize the need to clearly define what we seek to identify and remediate, and to acknowledge that we are currently far from achieving this goal despite recent advances in the field. Among the studies reviewed by Gersten et al., as well as other studies by several other researchers, there is much variability in how mathematics difficulties are defined and measured, and even in the terms used to refer to them. I address the degree of consensus and controversy currently characterizing the state of math learning disabilities research, with an emphasis on the usefulness of a developmental perspective in appraising this young field.
Lower CD4 cell count and higher virus load, but not antiretroviral drug resistance, are associated with AIDS-defining events and mortality: an ACTG Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT) analysis.

AbstractBackground: We hypothesized that drug resistance mutations would impact clinical outcomes associated with HIV-1 infection. Methods: A matched case-control study of participants in AIDS Clinical Trials Group Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials (ALLRT). Cases experienced an AIDS-defining event (ADE) or mortality, and controls did not. One hundred thirty-four cases were identified and matched to a total of 266 controls by age, sex, treatment regimen, and length of follow-up. Both cases and controls had HIV RNA levels of ≥500 copies/mL within 24 weeks of an event. Population-based genotyping at or near the time of the event was used to evaluate the impact of resistance mutations on incidence of ADE and/or death using conditional logistic regression models. Results: One hundred four cases and 183 controls were analyzed. Median time to event was 99 weeks; 6 cases were deaths. At baseline, cases had lower CD4 (median 117 vs 235 cells/mm3; P < .0001) and higher HIV RNA levels (median 205,000 vs 57,000 c...
3D Integral Imaging Using Sparse Sensors With Unknown Positions

In this paper, the 3D integral imaging method is extended to situations where the sensor positions in the image pick up stage are unknown. Conventional integral imaging systems require a priori knowledge of sensor positions in the image capture stage which can be difficult to measure in synthetic aperture or randomly distributed sensors modes. In the proposed method, only the relative position of two sensors is needed whereas all other sensors positions are unknown. We combine image correspondences extraction, camera perspective model, two view geometry and computational integral imaging 3D reconstruction techniques to overcome this limitation in integral imaging systems. The image reconstruction quality of the system with unknown sensor positions is compared with conventional integral imaging with known sensor positions. We also demonstrate how the proposed method may be used to improve the image reconstruction quality even in situations where the sensor positions recorded are subject to measurement errors .
Dynamic simulation of non-penetrating flexible bodies

A model for the dynamic simulation of flexible bodies subject to non-penetration constraints is presented. Flexible bodies are described in terms of global deformations of a rest shape. The dynamical behavior of these bodies that most closely matches the behavior of ideal continuum bodies is derived, and subsumes the results of earl ier Lagrangian dynamics-based models. The dynamics derived for the flexible-body model allows the unification of previous work on flexible body simulation and previous work on non-penetrating rigid body simulation. The non-penetration constraints for a system of bodies that contact at multiple points are maintained by analytically calculated contact forces. An implementation for first- and second-order polynomially deformable bodies is described. The simulation of second-order or higher deformations currently involves a polyhedral boundary approximation for collision detection purposes,
Mallard Brood Movements, Wetland Use, and Duckling Survival During and Following a Prairie Drought

We used radiotelemetry to study mallard (Anas platyrhynchos) brood movements, wetland use, and duckling survival during a major drought (1988–1992) and during the first 2 years of the subsequent wet period (1993–1994) at 4 51-km2 sites in prairie pothole landscapes in eastern North Dakota, USA. About two-thirds of 69 radiomarked mallard broods initiated moves from the nest to water before noon, and all left the nest during daylight. On average, broods used fewer wetlands, but moved greater distances during the dry period than the wet period. Broods of all ages were more likely to make inter-wetland moves during the wet period and probabilities of inter-wetland moves decreased as duckling age increased, especially during the dry period. Brood use of seasonal wetlands nearly doubled from 22% to 43% and use of semi-permanent wetlands declined from 73% to 50% from the dry to the wet period. Eighty-one of 150 radiomarked ducklings died during 1,604 exposure days. We evaluated survival models containing variables related to water conditions, weather, duckling age, and hatch date. Model-averaged risk ratios indicated that, on any given date, radiomarked ducklings were 1.5 (95% CI = 0.8–2.8) times more likely to die when the percentage of seasonal basins containing water (WETSEAS) was ≤18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. An interaction between duckling age and occurrence of rain on the current or 2 previous days indicated that rain effects were pronounced when ducklings were 0–7 days old but negligible when they were 8–30 days old. The TMIN (mean daily minimum temperature on the current and 2 previous days) effects generally were consistent between duckling age classes, and the risk of duckling death increased 9.3% for each 1°C decrease in TMIN across both age classes. Overall, the 30-day survival rate of ducklings equipped with radiotransmitters was about 0.23 lower than the survival rate of those without radiotransmitters. Unmarked ducklings were 7.6 (95% CI = 2.7–21.3) times more likely to die on any given day when WETSEAS was ≤18% than when WETSEAS was >40%. Higher duckling survival and increased use of seasonal wetlands during the wet period suggest that mallard production will benefit from programs that conserve and restore seasonal wetland habitat. Given adverse effects of low temperatures on duckling survival, managers may want to include this stochastic variable in models used to predict annual production of mallards in the Prairie Pothole Region.
An Overview of NASA Requirements for Tunable Solid State Laser Systems and Technology

A broad overview of NASA’s science and application needs for Lidar Systems Technology from space, airborne, and ground-based platforms will be presented. In particular, future needs for Lidar Technology in conducting scientific investigations in the NASA’s Earth Sciences and Applications Program from space platforms will be highlighted. Examples of scientific investigations utilizing Lidar systems within NASA will be presented for measuring atmospheric aerosols, meteorological variables and atmospheric species. In this paper, scientific and instrumentation results will be used to project a shopping list of instrumentation requirements for “All” Solid State Lidar Systems for long-duration missions from space platforms and high flying aircraft. Some current thoughts on future research directions in developing “All” Solid State Lidar Systems for NASA’s science investigations will be presented, with particular emphasis on vibronic lasers.
An implantable multielectrode array with on-chip signal processing

This active probe can be used for the long-term recording of extracellular neural biopotentials and as a basis for closed-loop neural prostheses. The probe incorporates on-chip circuitry for amplifying, multiplexing, and buffering neural signals recorded from ten recording electrodes spaced 100-/spl mu/m apart. It requires only three leads and operates from a single 5-V supply. On-chip self-test circuitry for testing electrode impedance levels is provided. The on-chip circuitry is fabricated in a die area of 1.3 mm/SUP 2/ using 6-/spl mu/m LOCOS enhancement-depletion NMOS technology, and dissipates 5 mW of power. The probe is 4.7 mm long and 15 /spl mu/m thick, and has a shank which tapers from 160 /spl mu/m near the base to less than 15 /spl mu/m near the tip.
Toward a Definition of Mixed Methods Research

The purpose of this article is to examine how the field of mixed methods currently is being defined. The authors asked many of the current leaders in mixed methods research how they define mixed methods research. The authors provide the leaders' definitions and discuss the content found as they searched for the criteria of demarcation. The authors provide a current answer to the question, What is mixed methods research? They also briefly summarize the recent history of mixed methods and list several issues that need additional work as the field continues to advance. They argue that mixed methods research is one of the three major “research paradigms” (quantitative research, qualitative research, and mixed methods research). The authors hope this article will contribute to the ongoing dialogue about how mixed methods research is defined and conceptualized by its practitioners.
The Genome of Fowlpox Virus

Here we present the genomic sequence, with analysis, of a pathogenic fowlpox virus (FPV). The 288-kbp FPV genome consists of a central coding region bounded by identical 9.5-kbp inverted terminal repeats and contains 260 open reading frames, of which 101 exhibit similarity to genes of known function. Comparison of the FPV genome with those of other chordopoxviruses (ChPVs) revealed 65 conserved gene homologues, encoding proteins involved in transcription and mRNA biogenesis, nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication and repair, protein processing, and virion structure. Comparison of the FPV genome with those of other ChPVs revealed extensive genome colinearity which is interrupted in FPV by a translocation and a major inversion, the presence of multiple and in some cases large gene families, and novel cellular homologues. Large numbers of cellular homologues together with 10 multigene families largely account for the marked size difference between the FPV genome (260 to 309 kbp) and other known ChPV genomes (178 to 191 kbp). Predicted proteins with putative functions involving immune evasion included eight natural killer cell receptors, four CC chemokines, three G-protein-coupled receptors, two β nerve growth factors, transforming growth factor β, interleukin-18-binding protein, semaphorin, and five serine proteinase inhibitors (serpins). Other potential FPV host range proteins included homologues of those involved in apoptosis (e.g., Bcl-2 protein), cell growth (e.g., epidermal growth factor domain protein), tissue tropism (e.g., ankyrin repeat-containing gene family, N1R/p28 gene family, and a T10 homologue), and avian host range (e.g., a protein present in both fowl adenovirus and Marek's disease virus). The presence of homologues of genes encoding proteins involved in steroid biogenesis (e.g., hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase), antioxidant functions (e.g., glutathione peroxidase), vesicle trafficking (e.g., two α-type soluble NSF attachment proteins), and other, unknown conserved cellular processes (e.g., Hal3 domain protein and GSN1/SUR4) suggests that significant modification of host cell function occurs upon viral infection. The presence of a cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer photolyase homologue in FPV suggests the presence of a photoreactivation DNA repair pathway. This diverse complement of genes with likely host range functions in FPV suggests significant viral adaptation to the avian host.
Lidar Measurements Of Mount St. Helens Effluents

Lidar measurements of the worldwide movement of stratospheric aerosols produced by the 18 May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens are described. Ground-based and airborne measurements show that the layers below 20 km produced by this eruption moved in an easterly direction while those above 20 km moved in a westerly direction. The effluent at jet stream altitudes of 10 to 12 km circled the globe in about 16 days and the effluent at 23 km (the highest altitude recorded) circled the globe in about 56 days. Mass calculations, using backscatter-to-mass conversion models, indicate that approximately 0.5 X 106 metric tons of new stratospheric material were produced by this eruption. Even though this represents a 200% increase in North-ern Hemispheric aerosol, no significant long-term atmospheric temperature change should occur.
Engineering multigroup agents for complex cooperative systems

Intelligent agents and multiagent systems (MAS) provide a scalable approach to distributed artificial intelligence [3]. Analogous to intelligent biological entities, agent-based computational systems may become quite complex. Some may consist of multiple cooperating groups, each providing a specialized subset of the total required functionality [4,6]. My work focuses on engineering multigroup agents in cooperative intelligent systems. A reusable multigroup agent architecture has been developed, along with a simulation framework and recommended software engineering practices, to support the implementation of multigroup applications. The architecture is being used to evaluate power quality control algorithms for electrical power distribution systems (PDS).
Formation and degradation of multicomponent multicore micelles: insights from dissipative particle dynamics simulations.

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulation is employed to examine (i) the multicomponent multicore micelle (MMM) formation from two kinds of star-shaped copolymers: A2B4B4 and C2B4B4 where A, B...
Functions of Closest Approximation on an Infinite Range

The purpose of this paper is to extend to the interval (oo, oo) a theorem of Dunham Jackson2 on the existence of the polynomial of specified degree, or of a linear combination of n given functions, which gives the best approximation to a given continuous function in a given interval (a, b). This extension is accomplished by the expedient of introducing the factor e-Z'/4. The general argument is quite similar to that of the paper referred to; the analogy is shown more fully by the rather free use of this exponential factor. Let p,(x), p2(x), . , p^(x) be n functions, continuous for finite x, and such that one can find a positive constant h so that
Immunolocalization of the amyloid precursor protein within the senile plaque.

Abstract The isolation and sequencing of three transcripts for the precursor of the cerebral amyloid of Alzheimer disease have greatly facilitated understanding the relationship of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) to its 42 amino acid residue fragment (beta-protein or A4) which composes amyloid fibrils. In this study, we have used the 695 amino acid residue sequence described by Kang and co-workers to prepare antisera to synthetic peptides corresponding to various regions of APP in order to identify localized concentrations of this protein in cerebral cortex in cases of Alzheimer disease. We found that antisera to APP regions outside those of the amyloidogenic beta protein recognize diffuse non-congophilic plaques. While these antisera did not recognize the congophilic senile plaque core, they did recognize a halo surrounding them. Interestingly, cell processes were often identified in this halo region. In contrast, those antisera raised to sequences contained within beta-protein recognized both congophilic amyloid cores as well as non-congophilic diffuse plaques. Our findings suggest that accumulation of APP precedes development of and probably defines the senile plaque and the site of APP processing.
Optically-Induced Neuronal Activity Is Sufficient to Promote Functional Motor Axon Regeneration In Vivo

Peripheral nerve injuries are common, and functional recovery is very poor. Beyond surgical repair of the nerve, there are currently no treatment options for these patients. In experimental models of nerve injury, interventions (such as exercise and electrical stimulation) that increase neuronal activity of the injured neurons effectively enhance axon regeneration. Here, we utilized optogenetics to determine whether increased activity alone is sufficient to promote motor axon regeneration. In thy-1-ChR2/YFP transgenic mice in which a subset of motoneurons express the light-sensitive cation channel, channelrhodopsin (ChR2), we activated axons in the sciatic nerve using blue light immediately prior to transection and surgical repair of the sciatic nerve. At four weeks post-injury, direct muscle EMG responses evoked with both optical and electrical stimuli as well as the ratio of these optical/electrical evoked EMG responses were significantly greater in mice that received optical treatment. Thus, significantly more ChR2+ axons successfully re-innervated the gastrocnemius muscle in mice that received optical treatment. Sections of the gastrocnemius muscles were reacted with antibodies to Synaptic Vesicle Protein 2 (SV2) to quantify the number of re-occupied motor endplates. The number of SV2+ endplates was greater in mice that received optical treatment. The number of retrogradely-labeled motoneurons following intramuscular injection of cholera toxin subunit B (conjugated to Alexa Fluor 555) was greater in mice that received optical treatment. Thus, the acute (1 hour), one-time optical treatment resulted in robust, long-lasting effects compared to untreated animals as well as untreated axons (ChR2-). We conclude that neuronal activation is sufficient to promote motor axon regeneration, and this regenerative effect is specific to the activated neurons.
Location Algorithm for Near Space Radar Network Based on Angle Information

An effective location algorithm for near space radar network based on angle information is discussed in this paper.The location model is established according to the geometric relationship between target and radar station.The nonlinear equations about azimuth and elevation are transformed into linear equations.Least square algorithm is used to get the initial value of the target location.Then the location issue is transformed into a non-constrained optimization issue by the maximum likelihood method.Believable field method is used to solve the optimization issue.The detailed process of the algorithm is also presented.The location accuracy of the algorithm is analyzed and the geometric dilution of precision(GDOP) is obtained.The simulation results show that the use of the algorithm can effectively improve the location precision of angle information and the performance of the proposed method is better than that of the least square method.The research result of this paper provides a theoretical basis for the detecting and tracking of the near space radar network.
Nitric Oxide Suppresses β-Cell Apoptosis by Inhibiting the DNA Damage Response

Nitric oxide, produced in pancreatic β cells in response to proinflammatory cytokines, plays a dual role in the regulation of β-cell fate. While nitric oxide induces cellular damage and impairs β-cell function, it also promotes β-cell survival through activation of protective pathways that promote β-cell recovery. In this study, we identify a novel mechanism in which nitric oxide prevents β-cell apoptosis by attenuating the DNA damage response (DDR). Nitric oxide suppresses activation of the DDR (as measured by γH2AX formation and the phosphorylation of KAP1 and p53) in response to multiple genotoxic agents, including camptothecin, H2O2, and nitric oxide itself, despite the presence of DNA damage. While camptothecin and H2O2 both induce DDR activation, nitric oxide suppresses only camptothecin-induced apoptosis and not H2O2-induced necrosis. The ability of nitric oxide to suppress the DDR appears to be selective for pancreatic β cells, as nitric oxide fails to inhibit DDR signaling in macrophages, hepatocytes, and fibroblasts, three additional cell types examined. While originally described as the damaging agent responsible for cytokine-induced β-cell death, these studies identify a novel role for nitric oxide as a protective molecule that promotes β-cell survival by suppressing DDR signaling and attenuating DNA damage-induced apoptosis.
Needs Assessment for Patients with Sickle Cell Disease in South Carolina, 2012.

Objective.We conducted a needs assessment for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) in South Carolina using statewide administrative data to examine acute care utilization during a defined 12-mon...
The Effectiveness of Profit-Oriented Quotas for Salespeople in Achieving Company Objectives

This study examines the usage and effectiveness of profit-oriented quotas in the achievement of company objectives. Data for this study were gathered from questionnaires sent to 219 sales managers within the U.S., of which 112 were returned for a 51% response rate. This study is perhaps the first to test the link between quotas used and company objectives.
High-performance and low-voltage challenges for sub-45nm microprocessor circuits

Increasingly aggravated challenges in CMOS technology scaling beyond the 45nm node has resulted in several new design paradigm shifts necessary for high-performance and low-power microprocessors. This paper discusses some of the key technology challenges and the associated design paradigm shifts. High-performance and low-voltage energy-efficient circuit techniques to combat (i) increasing switching and active leakage power dissipation, (ii) poor leakage tolerance of large-signal cache arrays and register files, and (iii) worsening global on-chip interconnect scaling trend, are presented.
Signal processing for the ATLAS liquid argon calorimeter: Studies and implementation

The ATLAS detector operated successfully at the LHC studying the proton-proton collisions produced with a center-of-mass of energy up to 8 TeV. During the period from 2009 to 2012, called the LHC Run 1, up to more than 37 independent collisions were produced every 50 ns at the LHC.
Reconfigurable portable antenna systems for high-speed wireless communication

Summary form only given. Our research develops intelligent portable antenna systems to improve the reliability, throughput, and noise immunity of high-speed wireless communication networks. Antenna system 'intelligence' implies an ability to respond to changing electromagnetic environments and operating conditions. This project provides antenna system intelligence for portable units by implementing new compact radiation-tunable antennas. A number of control algorithms, linked to the media access control layer (MAC), including one that implements fuzzy logic, are being investigated. We anticipate that these studies will verify the effectiveness of these new antennas in new kinds of ad hoc network scenarios, providing measurable performance gains over existing antennas. This novel approach views antennas as dynamic parts of the communication system, creating a new paradigm for antenna design and control.
How does a 10-fold pulse increase of aircraft-related NO x impact the global burdens of O3 and secondary organic aerosol (SOA)?

Aircraft emissions are an important and growing global source of nitrogen oxides (NO x ). At cruising altitude, the atmosphere is particularly NO x -sensitive and aircraft emissions contribute to ozone (O3) production and oxidation of volatile organic pollutants that ultimately produce secondary organic aerosol (SOA). Rapid growth of the global fleet of aircraft and the number of flights require a careful investigation on the atmospheric impact of potential increases in total aircraft-emitted NO x . In this study, we simulated atmospheric composition before, during and after two 10× pulses of total aircraft NO x emissions, one in winter and one in summer of 2007. Results showed that the initial NO x enhancement (up to 3.25% averaged over the globe) was removed after the first 2 months and the change in O3 burden increases for 5 months (up to 3.1 and 2.7% averaged over the globe, respectively, for winter and summer perturbations). The NO x and O3 enhancements follow previously observed temporal patterns, but SOA showed strong season-specific results. During the summer, the NO x pulse decreased total secondary organic gases (SOGs) and SOA burdens, suggesting an inverse relationship with enhanced oxidation. During the winter, the NO x pulse increased the SOG and SOA burdens with SOA lagging SOG. The SOG enhancement has a spatio-temporal pattern similar to NO x . The highest changes in SOA and SOG burdens of different regions during the summer and winter pulse increases were below 1.6%. However, O3 pollution with burden increases as high as 8% in the winter months and 6% in the summer months of the northern hemisphere may even represent an air quality concern.
Valbenazine for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Tardive dyskinesia (TD) is a hyperkinetic movement disorder that may result from treatment with antipsychotics or other dopamine receptor blocking agents. Underlying pathophysiology is incompletely understood but since the 1970s dopamine depleting agents have been used to reduce involuntary movements. The search for safe, effective treatments for TD is ongoing. Valbenazine, a novel VMAT2 inhibitor, has recently been FDA approved for treatment of TD.Areas covered: An overview of TD, unmet medical needs and current treatment guidelines are presented. The background, chemistry and clinical development of valbenazine to treat TD is detailed. A competitive market is developing as the treatment gap is identified and potential therapies are discussed in context of a broader market overview.Expert opinion: Antipsychotic use is growing among adults and children in the U.S. Consequently, prevalence of TD is expected to rise. Cessation of antipsychotics is often not possible as the psychiatric ...
Prognostic Indices for Predicting Facial Nerve Outcome following the Resection of Large Acoustic Neuromas.

This study analyzes the simple ratio of anterior-to-posterior extension of large (>2.5 cm) acoustic neuromas relative to the internal auditory canal (ICA; anterior–posterior [A/P] index) as a tool for predicting risk of facial nerve (FN) injury. In total, 105 patients who underwent microsurgical resection for large acoustic neuromas were analyzed retrospectively. House–Brackmann (HB) scores were assessed immediately postoperatively, at 1 month, and at 1 year. Lateral–medial, inferior–superior, A/P, and maximum diameters were measured from preoperative magnetic resonance images. These measurements and the A/P index were analyzed using univariable and multivariable statistical models to assess relationship to FN outcomes. The retrosigmoid, translabyrinthine, and combined approaches were used, and the extent of resection was evaluated. For every 1 standard deviation increase in the A/P index, a patient was 3.87 times more likely have a higher postoperative HB score (p
Self-report vs. direct measures for assessing corn soy blend porridge preparation and feeding behavior in a moderate acute malnutrition treatment program in southern Malawi

This analysis assessed whether caregivers’ reports about the amount of oil added to corn soy blend (CSB) porridge were consistent with lab analysis and whether reported sharing of CSB porridge was consistent with direct observation. This was a secondary analysis of a feasibility study assessing 2 programmatic changes in a supplementary feeding program for treatment of moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in southern Malawi. Intervention groups received standard monthly rations of CSB with increased oil along with social behavior change communication (SBCC) to increase the amount of oil added to CSB porridge and reduce sharing. A control group received the standard CSB and oil ration. Self-reported data collected through structured interviews with caregivers were compared with laboratory analysis of CSB porridge samples and in-home observation over a 5-day period. On average, participants overreported the amount of oil used in prepared CSB porridge; self-report tended to be closer than the lab-assesse...
Analyzing the Uncertainty of Ensemble-Based Gridded Observations in Land Surface Simulations and Drought Assessment

Abstract Hydrologic modeling is one of the primary tools utilized for drought monitoring and drought early warning systems. Several sources of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling have been addressed in the literature. However, few studies have assessed the uncertainty of gridded observation datasets from a drought monitoring perspective. This study provides a hydrologic modeling oriented analysis of the gridded observation data uncertainties over the Pacific Northwest (PNW) and its implications on drought assessment. We utilized a recently developed 100-member ensemble-based observed forcing data to simulate hydrologic fluxes at 1/8° spatial resolution using Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) model, and compared the results with a deterministic observation. Meteorological and hydrological droughts are studied at multiple timescales over the basin, and seasonal long-term trends and variations of drought extent is investigated for each case. Results reveal large uncertainty of observed datasets at monthly timescale, with systematic differences for temperature records, mainly due to different lapse rates. The uncertainty eventuates in large disparities of drought characteristics. In general, an increasing trend is found for winter drought extent across the PNW. Furthermore, a ∼3% decrease per decade is detected for snow water equivalent (SWE) over the PNW, with the region being more susceptible to SWE variations of the northern Rockies than the western Cascades. The agricultural areas of southern Idaho demonstrate decreasing trend of natural soil moisture as a result of precipitation decline, which implies higher appeal for anthropogenic water storage and irrigation systems.
Delineation of wellhead protection areas containing seepage lakes

AbstractThe conventional method of delineating wellhead protection areas using travel times is not well suited for application in wellfields containing seepage lakes. The concentration factor is id...
Archetypal Terrorist Events in the United States

ABSTRACTThis research presents a typology of terrorist events rather than the more common typologies of terrorist groups and ideologies. Archetypal analysis, a quantitative methodology to identify pure types, was used with data in START's Global Terrorism Database to identify archetypal attacks in the United States. A set of seven archetypal events was identified including abortion bombings, poisonings, Aryan hate, hostage-taking, fire/bomb for damage, assassination, and the catastrophic Big Bad. These archetypes may be useful for training and exercising for events with additional potential value for developing theory of terrorist events.
About the Localized Social Movement

Social movements research has neglected small scale, localized social change efforts. This chapter addresses the questions of whether such small scale localized social change efforts can even be considered social movements and the extent to which theories and concepts developed from studies of large-scale social movements are applicable at the small scale, local level. A definition of a social movement can be developed from the existing literature that applies to the “localized social movement.” Likewise, the general social movement theories—namely resource mobilization theory and new social movement theory, are applicable to the localized social movement, but specific concepts of those theories need to be modified. Concepts such as social movement organization, social movement community, social movement structure, social movement identity and frames, and political opportunity structure take on changed levels of importance and different empirical characteristics in the localized social movement. The chapter also looks at the relationship between localized social movements and large scale social movements, showing how they may intersect, influence, or combine with each other.
Expertise Research and Clinical Practice: A Suicide Assessment and Intervention Training Model

Research on the development of advanced expertise emphasizes descriptive studies of the differences between novices and experts. This relative isolation from other cognitive research on learning and instruction has made it difficult to implement expertise research in the design of professional education and training. This article presents a number of issues that should be addressed during attempts to utilize expertise studies in the design of training. Included in the discussion are techniques such as cognitive task analysis, knowledge types, memory aids, presentation sequences, and motivational strategies. The article concludes by presenting an extensive example of expert-based training of counseling psychology novices in the assessment of depression and suicidality.
Role of A2a Extracellular Adenosine Receptor-Mediated Signaling in Adenosine-Mediated Inhibition of T-Cell Activation and Expansion

Accumulation of adenosine and of deoxyadenosine in the absence of adenosine deaminase activity (ADA) activity results in lymphocyte depletion and in severe combined immunodeficiency (ADA SCID), which is currently explained by direct cell death-causing effects of intracellular products of adenosine metabolism. We explored the alternative mechanisms of peripheral T-cell depletion as due to inhibition of T-cell expansion by extracellular adenosine-mediated signaling through purinergic receptors. The strong inhibition of the T-cell receptor (TCR)-triggered proliferation and of upregulation of interleukin-2 receptor α chain (CD25) molecules, but not the direct lymphotoxicity, were observed at low concentrations of extracellular adenosine. These effects of extracellular adenosine (Ado) are likely to be mediated by A2a receptor-mediated signaling rather than by intracellular toxicity of adenosine catabolites, because (1) poorly metabolized adenosine analogs cause the accumulation of cAMP and strong inhibition of TCR-triggered CD25 upregulation; (2) the A2a, but not the A1 or A3, receptors are the major expressed and functionally coupled adenosine receptors in mouse peripheral T and B lymphocytes, and the adenosine-induced cAMP accumulation in lymphocytes correlates with the expression of A2a receptors; (3) the specific agonist of A2a receptor, CGS21680, induces increases in [cAMP]i in lymphocytes, whereas the specific antagonist of A2a receptor, CSC, inhibits the effects of Ado and CGS21680; and (4) the increases in [cAMP]i mimic the adenosine-induced inhibition of TCR-triggered CD25 upregulation and splenocyte proliferation. These studies suggest the possible role of adenosine receptors in the regulation of lymphocyte expansion and point to the downregulation of A2a purinergic receptors on T cells as a potentially attractive pharmacologic target.
Applicability of the Molecular Dynamics Technique to Simulate the Vitreous Silica Surface

Vitreous silica (V-SiO2) has been of technological importance for many years in the ceramics and glass industries and, more recently, in catalysis, microelectronics, fiber optics and nuclear radiation waste containment. Because of its importance in a number of diverse areas, V-SiO2 has been the subject of a large number of experimental and theoretical studies aimed at determining the properties and structure of this material. In recent years, the molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulation technique has been used to determine the structural and dynamic properties of V-SiO2 and silicate glasses at the atomic level [1–6]. In most of these MD simulations the modified Born-Mayer-Huggins equation has been used as the form of the pairwise interatomic potential function, although other potentials have been used [6,7]. The Born-Mayer-Huggins potential, being most suited for ionic systems, has also been used in simulations of alkali halides and BeF2 [8–11]. Although V-SiO2 is about 50% covalent, the modified Born-Mayer-Huggins equation can be considered as an effective potential in stimulations of vitreous silica which reproduces a number of structural and dynamic features with surprisingly reasonable accuracy.
Evolutionary divergence of human chromosome 9 as revealed by the position of the ABL protooncogene in higher primates

Attempts to solve the fundamental questions regarding the descent of man are dogged by superstitions and unexamined orthodoxies. The origin of humans, established a decade ago based upon cytological analysis of ape chromosomes, continues to be called into question. Although molecular methods have provided a framework for tracing the paths of human evolution, conclusive evidence remains elusive. We have used a single ABL gene probe derived from human chromosome 9 to assess the direction of change in the equivalent ape chromosomes. This approach has resulted in a few surprises which again challenge the prevailing view of early primate evolution based solely on chromosome banding patterns. The ABL protooncogene is present on human chromosome 9 at band q34. Similar DNA sequences presumed to represent an ABL gene, are present on chromosome 11 in chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) but at a different relative location, indicating that the mechanism of the origin of human chromosome 9 is far more complex than has previously been suggested. Nevertheless, in gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) and orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus), the equivalent to human chromosome band 9 q34 is apparently located on chromosome 13 at a putative telomeric position and no discernible differences could be established. Despite the presence of the ABL protooncogene on human equivalent ape chromosomes, molecular systematics will continue to generate enigmas in the evolutionary context until the entire genome is sequenced.