cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extensive Lesions in the Gustatory Cortex in the Rat Do Not Disrupt the Retention of a Presurgically Conditioned Taste Aversion and Do Not Impair Unconditioned Concentration-Dependent Licking of Sucrose and Quinine

Although damage to gustatory cortex (GC) in the rat has been reported to severely impair, if not eliminate, retention of a presurgically conditioned taste aversion (CTA), it has equivocal effects on taste preference as measured by intake tests. Because intake tests can be influenced by nongustatory (e.g., postingestive) factors, we employed the brief-access taste test to assess the effects of ibotenic acid-induced lesions targeting the GC on unconditioned licking to a sucrose and then a quinine concentration series in a specialized lickometer. As a functional lesion assessment, a presurgical CTA to 0.1M NaCl was established in thirsty rats by following 15-min intake with intraperitoneal administration of either LiCl (or NaCl for control) on 2 occasions. Both conditioned sham-operated (SHAM) rats and rats with histologically confirmed extensive damage to the GC (GCX) avoided a NaCl concentration series relative to unconditioned controls in a postsurgical brief-access CTA test, with no difference between the surgical groups in their responses to NaCl or similar concentrations of KCl. GCX rats also did not differ from SHAM rats in the EC50 of concentration-response functions for sucrose or quinine. Clearly, the critical cortical area required for the retention of a presurgical CTA falls outside of the extensive area of damage, which was well centered within the conventionally defined gustatory zone of the insular cortex. The absence of an effect on unconditioned responsiveness to sucrose and quinine suggests that the damaged region is also unnecessary for the normal expression of affective licking responses to tastants.
Ion Beam Sputter Deposition Of Ferroelectric Oxide Thin Films

Ferroelectric oxide films have been studied for their potential application as integrated optical materials and nonvolatile memories. Electro-optic properties of potassium niobate (KNbO3) thin films have been measured and the results correlated to the microstructures observed. The growth parameters necessary to obtain single phase perovskite lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films are discussed. Hysteresis and fatigue measurements of the PZT films were performed to determine their characteristics for potential memory devices.
Designing and Building a Collaborative Library Intranet for All.

Intranets should provide quick and easy access to organizational information. The University of Alabama Libraries’ intranet was only partially satisfying this basic expectation. Librarians could use it to find forms, policies, committee assignments, and meeting minutes, but navigating the libraries’ intranet was neither quick nor easy, and it was only one of multiple sources for essential internal information. The Web Services Department of the University of Alabama Libraries was responsible for directing the redesign of the intranet. Moving to the open-source Drupal content management system (http://drupal.org), Web Services launched a revamped public Web site in January 2009. The intranet was slated for a similar redesign and conversion to Drupal by the end of the same year. The goal was to build a site that served as a center for information for library faculty and staff, provided a stream of information to keep librarians throughout the system connected, contained personalized features based on an ind...
Objectivity of Student Evaluations of Instructors

(1991). Objectivity of Student Evaluations of Instructors. Journal of Education for Business: Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 377-378.
Evolution of microRNA genes by inverted duplication of target gene sequences in Arabidopsis thaliana

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) in plants and animals function as post-transcriptional regulators of target genes, many of which are involved in multicellular development. miRNAs guide effector complexes to target mRNAs through base-pair complementarity, facilitating site-specific cleavage or translational repression. Biogenesis of miRNAs involves nucleolytic processing of a precursor transcript with extensive foldback structure. Here, we provide evidence that genes encoding miRNAs in plants originated by inverted duplication of target gene sequences. Several recently evolved genes encoding miRNAs in Arabidopsis thaliana and other small RNA‐generating loci possess the hallmarks of inverted duplication events that formed the arms on each side of their respective foldback precursors. We propose a model for miRNA evolution that suggests a mechanism for de novo generation of new miRNA genes with unique target specificities.
Ezrin-Radixin-Moesin-binding Phosphoprotein-50/Na+/H+ Exchanger Regulatory Factor (EBP50/NHERF) Blocks U50,488H-induced Down-regulation of the Human κ Opioid Receptor by Enhancing Its Recycling Rate *

We have investigated whether Ezrin-radixin-moesin (ERM)-binding phosphoprotein-50/Na+/H+exchanger regulatory factor (EBP50/NHERF), a PDZ domain-containing phosphoprotein, is associated with the human κ opioid receptor (hkor) and whether it regulates the trafficking and signaling of the hkor. When expressed in CHO cells stably transfected with the FLAG-tagged hkor (FLAG-hkor), EBP50/NHERF co-immunoprecipitated with FLAG-hkor, and the PDZ domain I, but not the PDZ domain II, of EBP50/NHERF was involved in the interaction. Treatment with the agonist (−)-(trans)-3,4- dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidiny)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide (U50,488H) enhanced the association of EBP50/NHERF with FLAG-hkor. Expression of EBP50/NHERF, but not a truncated form lacking the ERM-binding domain, abolished U50,488H-induced down-regulation of FLAG-hkor, which was apparently due to an increase in the recycling rate of internalized receptors. However, expression of EBP50/NHERF did not affect U50,488H binding affinity and U50,488H-stimulated [35S]guanosine 5′-3-O-(thio)triphosphate binding and p42/p44 MAP kinase activation, nor did it affect U50,488H-induced desensitization and internalization of FLAG-hkor. To determine the motif of FLAG-hkor involved in EBP50/NHERF binding, we generated two mutants, FLAG-hkor-A and FLAG-hkor-EE, in which one Ala or two Glu residues were added to the C terminus, respectively. Neither FLAG-hkor-A nor FLAG-hkor-EE co-immunoprecipitated with EBP50/NHERF, and U50,488H-induced down-regulation of FLAG-hkor-A and FLAG-hkor-EE were not affected by expression of EBP50/NHERF. Thus, EBP50/NHERF binds to the C terminus of FLAG-hkor and blocks the down-regulation of FLAG-hkor. The C-terminal sequence of the hkor, NKPV, is distinctly different from the sequence D(S/T)XL, the optimal C-terminal motif in the β2-adrenergic receptor for EBP50/NHERF binding. EBP50/NHERF may have a broader binding specificity and may interact with a subset of G protein-coupled receptors to serve as a recycling signal for these receptors.
Aves de la Costa del Pacífico, Municipio de Guapi, Cauca, Colombia, II

Las aves estudiadas en este trabajo las coleccione en el Municipio de Guapi, Cauca, Colombia, durante el tiempo comprendido entre el 21 de noviembre de 1955 y el 19 de enero de 1956. El Municipio esta situado en el extremo suroeste del Departamento del Cauca. entre los 2 0 11' y 2 0 40' de latitud norte y los 77 0 10' y 78" (aprox.) de longitud occidental de Greenwich. Limita al norte con Timbiqui, al oriente con el Tambo, al sur y occidente con el Departamento de Narino y al noroeste lo bana el Oceano Pacifico en una extension aproximada de 20 kms. en linea recta, medidos sin tener en cuenta los senos y puntas del litoral. Tiene una extension de 2.946 kms, de los cuales al clima calido le corresponden 1.649, al medio 930 y al frio 367. Solamente explore en el clima calido.
Semiosis, temporality, self-fashioning: An introduction

Abstract In this short essay, we introduce a collection of papers that examines the relationship between semiosis, subjectivity and timescale. We argue that a temporal approach to the relationship between semiosis and subjectivity—i.e., one that considers, at least, the interactional, ontogenetic, and historical timescales—can reveal the variety of ways in which semiosis comes to be implicated in subjectivity. This approach can be understood as a reformulation of the traditional linguistic anthropological concern with linguistic relativity.
Control of GL2 expression in Arabidopsis leaves and trichomes

More than twenty genes are required for the correct initiation, spacing, and morphogenesis of trichomes in Arabidopsis. The initial selection of trichome precursors requires the activity of both the GLABROUS1 (GL1) and TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABROUS (TTG) genes. The GLABRA2 (GL2) gene is required for subsequent phases of trichome morphogenesis such as cell expansion, branching, and maturation of the trichome cell wall. Previous studies have shown that GL2 is a member of the homeodomain class of transcription factors. Here we report a detailed analysis of GL2 expression in the shoot using anti-GL2 antibodies and the GUS reporter gene fused to the GL2 promoter. The GL2 expression profile in the shoot is complex, and involves spatial and temporal variation in developing leaves and trichomes. Two separate promoter domains that are expressed in trichomes were identified. GL2, like GL1, is expressed in developing trichomes and in cells surrounding trichomes during early stages of trichome development. Unlike GL1, GL2 expression persists in mature trichomes. It was found that while GL1 and TTG were not required for the initiation of GL2 expression in the non-trichome cells, the presence of a functional GL1 or TTG gene was able to increase GL2 expression in these cells compared to ttg gl1 plants. The hypothesis that GL1 regulates aspects of GL2 expression is consistent with epistatic analysis of gl1 and gl2 and the expression patterns of GL1 and GL2. In support of this hypothesis, it was found that ectopic expression of GL1 in the presence of ectopic expression of the maize R gene, which can bypass the requirement for TTG, can ectopically activate GL2 transcription.
International Environmental Harmonization - Emergence and Development of the Andean Community

This paper discusses the emergence and development of the Andean Community, describes the Andean Integration System, and focuses on the Andean regulatory framework dealing with the protection of the environment. The Common Regime for Access to Genetic Resources, the Common Agricultural Regime, and Andean harmonizations trends are explained. The paper also discusses the Treaty for Amazonian Cooperation.
Osmolality of small-volume intravenous admixtures.

Osmolalities of commonly administered small-volume i.v. admixtures were determined, and use of diluents with lower osmolality to achieve osmolality values less than 400 mOsm/kg was studied. The theoretical osmolality of 218 hypothetical admixtures of various concentrations of 34 injectable drugs in 50- or 100-mL quantities of 5% dextrose injection or 0.9% sodium chloride injection was calculated using sodium chloride equivalents. If the calculated osmolality value was greater than 400 mOsm/kg, an actual admixture was prepared and osmolality and density were measured. To determine how admixtures with osmolality values less than 400 mOsm/kg could be prepared, theoretical osmolality was calculated using 0.45% sodium chloride injection or sterile water for injection as the diluent. The calculated osmolality value was greater than 400 mOsm/kg for 52 (23.9%) of the 218 admixtures tested. Of the 52 measured osmolality values, 47 were within 15% of the calculated value. Calculated osmolality values for all admixtures were less than 400 mOsm/kg when 0.45% sodium chloride injection or sterile water for injection was used as the diluent. Admixture osmolality should be considered when preparing drugs for i.v. injection. For drugs with high osmolalities, 0.45% sodium chloride injection or sterile water for injection may be used as the diluent.
HIV-negative partnered men's attitudes toward using an in-home rapid HIV test and associated factors among a sample of US HIV-Negative and HIV-discordant male couples.

BACKGROUND Many men who have sex with men acquire HIV while in a same-sex relationship. Studies with gay male couples have demonstrated that relationship characteristics and testing behaviors are important to examine for HIV prevention. Recently, an in-home rapid HIV test (HT) has become available for purchase in the United States. However, HIV-negative partnered men's attitudes toward using an HT and whether characteristics of their relationship affect their use of HTs remain largely unknown. This information is relevant for the development of HIV prevention interventions targeting at-risk HIV-negative and HIV-discordant male couples. METHODS To assess HIV-negative partnered men's attitudes and associated factors toward using an HT, a cross-sectional Internet-based survey was used to collect dyadic data from a national sample of 275 HIV-negative and 58 HIV-discordant gay male couples. Multivariate multilevel modeling was used to identify behavioral and relationship factors associated with 631 HIV-negative partnered men's attitudes toward using an HT. RESULTS HIV-negative partnered men were "very likely" to use an HT. More positive attitudes toward using an HT were associated with being in a relationship of mixed or nonwhite race and with one or both men recently having had sex with a casual male partner. Less positive attitudes toward using an HT were associated with both partners being well educated, with greater resources (investment size) in the relationship, and with one or both men having a primary care provider. CONCLUSIONS These findings may be used to help improve testing rates via promotion of HTs among gay male couples.
Detection and quantification of porphyromonas gingivalis in chronic periodontitis before and after minocycline hydrochloride therapy

Objective Using the TaqMan Real-time PCR to compare between the scaling and root planting treatment( SRP) and SPR with minocycline hydrochloride for detection and quantification of Porphyromonas gingivalis( Pg) taken from subgingival plaque in moderate or severe chronic periodontitis. Methods We collected 50 cases of moderate to severe periodontitis patients,every patient's teeth were divided into two groups according to randomized control trial design as non-drug therapy( only SPR) and drug therapy( after SPR putting minocycline hydrochloride into periodontal pocket). To measure the Index at baseline before SPR. 1 and 3 months after SPR or SPR and drug treatment,subgingival plaque samples were collected and detected and quantified by the measurements of TaqMan Real-time PCR. To analyze the data using SPSS 11. 5 software. Results( 1) Constitution ratio of Pg of the two groups: before the treatment,the data of two groups were 68%; after treatment 1 month the SPR group was 30%,SPR with minocycline was 28%,3 month the SPR group was 24%,SPR with minocycline was 22%,after treatment 1 month and 3 month were reduced comparing with the one before treatment,the result was statistically significant( P 0. 05). Constitution ratio of Pg of the two groups after treatment 3 month was below the one of 1 months after treatment,the result was no statistically significant( P 0. 05). Constituent ratio of Pg between the two groups showed no difference before and after the treatment 1 and 3 mouths,the result was no statistically significant( P 0. 05).( 2) The relationship between constituent ratio of Pg and the clinical index such as PD,BI and AL showed positive correlation,the result was statistically significant( P 0. 05). Conclusion Periodontal disease which is treated by SPR treatment or SPR with minocycline hydrochloride will reduce the number of Pg in subgingival plaque,and can maintain a therapeutic effect in three months. the SRP treatment plays a critical role and the improvement of clinical treatment effect using minocycline hydrochloride shows no obvious.
Smoking prevalence among asian americans: findings from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS).

Objective.National studies suggest that the prevalence of current smoking among Asian Americans is lower than that for other racial/ethnic groups. However, these studies may have yielded inaccurate...
Resected small cell lung cancer-what do we do next?

Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) accounts for only 15% of lung cancers diagnosed in the United States; however it represents the 5th leading cause of cancer related mortality (1). Cytotoxic chemotherapy, with or without radiation therapy, is the primary modality for the treatment of SCLC as this particular histology is exquisitely chemosensitive with initial response rates around 65% (2).
Enhanced progesterone and pregnancy rate after gonadotropin administration in lactating ewes.

Estrus was induced during March and April in 50 lactating ewes that were 20 to 31 d postpartum. Following estrus induction, ewes were treated with either saline or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG; 100 IU) on d 11, 12 and 13 after mating. Regardless of whether ewes were later diagnosed as pregnant or not, treatment with hCG increased serum progesterone concentrations compared with concentrations observed in saline-treated ewes on d 12, 14 and 16 after mating (P less than .01). Pregnancy rate was higher in ewes treated with hCG than that of ewes treated with saline (58 vs 29%; P less than 0.5). Data from the present study indicate that it is possible to increase pregnancy rate in lactating, anestrous ewes after artificially-induced estrus by administering hCG.
Capacidad evaluativa, validez cultural, y validez consecuencial en PISA

International student assessments have played an increasing important role in educational policy. These international test comparisons generate valuable information about each participating country’s student performance and the social and contextual factors. A complex picture of the cultural, economic, and social factors that shape PISA participation is emerging. We aim to understand the relationship between national assessment capacity and how countries participate in international test comparisons. We propose a framework for examining assessment capacity as key to addressing two aspects of validity cultural and consequential. Also, we discuss the multiple facets of assessment capacity as conditions for addressing cultural validity and consequential validity in international test comparisons.
Congenital aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva protruding into the left ventricle. Review of diagnosis and treatment of the unruptured aneurysm.

During a routine physical examination, a 34-year-old man, in apparent good health, had an electrocardiogram which revealed left axis deviation. Cardiac evaluation disclosed mild aortic regurgitation and left anterior fascicular block. Nine months later, the patient was admitted to the critical care unit after he had experienced cardiac arrest while jogging. Angiograms demonstrated a large unruptured aneurysm in the right coronary sinus of Valsalva protruding into the left ventricle. Echocardiographic manifestations also suggested a sinus of Valsalva aneurysm. The defect was repaired through an aortic approach. The aneurysmal sac was emptied and the neck sutured securely. Twenty-two months postoperatively, the patient continues to be asymptomatic. We anticipate that this will decrease the threat of recurrent arrhythmias.
Arsenic metabolism in hyperbilirubinemic rats: Distribution and excretion in relation to transformation

Publisher Summary Diverse chemical species of arsenic (As) are taken up by humans through dietary foods and water. The most important chemical species from the viewpoint of the toxicity and exposure to humans are arsenite (iAsIII) and arsenate (iAsV). Because the inorganic As absorbed in the body is excreted in the urine mostly in the form of dimethylated arsenic (DMA), the toxicity of As must be caused by one of the metabolites during its transformation. Arsenite (As) absorbed by the body is believed to be transferred to the liver, and then it is transformed by consecutive methylation and reduction reactions to DMA. iAsIII is oxidatively methylated to monomethylarsonic acid (MMAV) and then reduced to monomethylarsonous acid (MMAIII) for further oxidative methylation to dimethylarsinic acid (DMAV). In rats, DMAV is reduced efficiently to dimethylarsinous acid (DMAIII) and then excreted into the bloodstream, where DMAIII is sequestered selectively by erythrocytes, resulting in the selective accumulation of As in erythrocytes in rats.
Clinical Tools to Detect and Predict Individuals at Risk of Alzheimer’s

The first decade of the twenty-first century has seen a growing recognition that low blood flow to the brain (cerebral hypoperfusion) and abnormal hemodynamics of the aging brain are directly related to the development of cognitive deficits as precursors of Alzheimer’s.
Angle-dependent strong-field molecular ionization rates with tuned range-separated time-dependent density functional theory

Strong-field ionization and the resulting electronic dynamics are important for a range of processes such as high harmonic generation, photodamage, charge resonance enhanced ionization, and ionization-triggered charge migration. Modeling ionization dynamics in molecular systems from first-principles can be challenging due to the large spatial extent of the wavefunction which stresses the accuracy of basis sets, and the intense fields which require non-perturbative time-dependent electronic structure methods. In this paper, we develop a time-dependent density functional theory approach which uses a Gaussian-type orbital (GTO) basis set to capture strong-field ionization rates and dynamics in atoms and small molecules. This involves propagating the electronic density matrix in time with a time-dependent laser potential and a spatial non-Hermitian complex absorbing potential which is projected onto an atom-centered basis set to remove ionized charge from the simulation. For the density functional theory (DFT) functional we use a tuned range-separated functional LC-PBE*, which has the correct asymptotic 1/r form of the potential and a reduced delocalization error compared to traditional DFT functionals. Ionization rates are computed for hydrogen, molecular nitrogen, and iodoacetylene under various field frequencies, intensities, and polarizations (angle-dependent ionization), and the results are shown to quantitatively agree with time-dependent Schrodinger equation and strong-field approximation calculations. This tuned DFT with GTO method opens the door to predictive all-electron time-dependent density functional theory simulations of ionization and ionization-triggered dynamics in molecular systems using tuned range-separated hybrid functionals.
Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy Pathology in Multiple System Atrophy.

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder associated with repetitive traumatic brain injury. Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a Parkinsonian disorder that can result in repetitive falls with associated head trauma. We hypothesized that patients with neurodegenerative disorders like MSA could develop CTE pathology. Therefore, we assessed CTE pathology in 139 MSA cases in our brain bank. Sections from convexity cerebral cortices were screened by immunohistochemistry with anti-phospho-tau antibody. For cases with suggestive CTE pathology, further sections of basal forebrain and hippocampus were immunostained. Consensus criteria were used to make the diagnosis of CTE and aging-related tau astrogliopathy (ARTAG) was differentiated from CTE pathology. Pertinent clinical information was derived from the available records and online searches. Of the 139 MSA cases, 8 (6%) had CTE pathology and 10 (8%) had ARTAG pathology. All 8 cases with CTE were male and 4 of them had a documented history of contact sports. The median age at death in MSA with CTE was younger than in MSA without CTE or MSA with ARTAG (60, 67, and 74 years, respectively; p = 0.002). Even without a known history of contact sports or head trauma, a small subset of cases with MSA had CTE pathology.
Data Management in the Long Tail: Science, Software and Service

Scientists in all fields face challenges in managing and sustaining access to their research data. The larger and longer term the research project, the more likely that scientists are to have resources and dedicated staff to manage their technology and data, leaving those scientists whose work is based on smaller and shorter term projects at a disadvantage. The volume and variety of data to be managed varies by many factors, only two of which are the number of collaborators and length of the project. As part of an NSF project to conceptualize the Institute for Empowering Long Tail Research, we explored opportunities offered by Software as a Service (SaaS). These cloud-based services are popular in business because they reduce costs and labor for technology management, and are gaining ground in scientific environments for similar reasons. We studied three settings where scientists conduct research in small and medium-sized laboratories. Two were NSF Science and Technology Centers (CENS and C-DEBI) and the third was a workshop of natural reserve scientists and managers. These laboratories have highly diverse data and practices, make minimal use of standards for data or metadata, and lack resources for data management or sustaining access to their data, despite recognizing the need. We found that SaaS could address technical needs for basic document creation, analysis, and storage, but did not support the diverse and rapidly changing needs for sophisticated domain-specific tools and services. These are much more challenging knowledge infrastructure requirements that require long-term investments by multiple stakeholders.
Complex Sentences: Searching for the Purpose of Education inside a Massachusetts State Prison.

While policy makers and scholars often measure the success of prison education programs by quantitative outcomes such as recidivism and post-release employment, there is a gap in the literature with regard to how these programs facilitate community building, identity development, and agency. For the 159,000 people serving life sentences in the United States, and perhaps for all of those who are incarcerated, we need a new way of conceptualizing the purpose of education in prison. In this essay, Clint Smith reflects on his experience teaching creative writing in a Massachusetts state prison and questions how we might be able to create more holistic and humane educational infrastructures in incarcerated spaces, programs that move beyond instrumentalism and vocational preparation and instead toward cognitive liberation and a reclamation of human dignity.
Deep learning for evaluating difficult-to-detect incomplete repairs of high fluence laser optics at the National Ignition Facility

Two machine-learning methods were evaluated to help automate the quality control process for mitigating damage sites on laser optics. The mitigation is a cone-like structure etched into locations on large optics that have been chipped by the high fluence (energy per unit area) laser light. Sometimes the repair leaves a difficult to detect remnant of the damage that needs to be addressed before the optic can be placed back on the beam line. We would like to be able to automatically detect these remnants. We try Deep Learning (convolutional neural networks using features autogenerated from large stores of labeled data, like ImageNet) and find it outperforms ensembles of decision trees (using custom-built features) in finding these subtle, rare, incomplete repairs of damage. We also implemented an unsupervised method for helping operators visualize where the network has spotted problems. This is done by projecting the credit for the result backwards onto the input image. This shows regions in an image most responsible for the networks decision. This can also be used to help understand the black box decisions the network is making and potentially improve the training process.
Combined boundary singularity method and finite volume method with application to viscous deformation of polymer film in synthesis of sub-micron fibers

Abstract For sub-micron fiber production involving interaction of melted polymer with flow, the inner sub-domain has the Reynolds number smaller then unity while the outer domain has the Reynolds number exceeding unity. The flow in the inner sub-domain is described by the Stokes equations while the outer flow is described by either the Navier-Stokes equations or Reynolds equations. A combined boundary singularity method (BSM) for the solution of the Stokes equation and finite volume method (FVM) for the solution of the Reynolds equations is developed and applied to the viscous deformation of 2-D tracks by air impinging into polymer film. The proposed FVM-BSM predicts viscous deformation of perturbed surface for the manufacturing process of sub-micron fibers. Sole use of FVM would require highly refined grid and re-meshing of gas flow domain. The FVM-BSM facilitates the advantage of BSM to mesh only the boundary of BSM sub-domain. The advantage of FVM also enables the solving of the Navier-Stokes equations for an arbitrary Reynolds number. In frame of the proposed coupled FVM-BSM approach, the velocity vector field at the boundaries of the low-Reynolds number region in the vicinity of the stagnation point, where deformation occurs, was computed by FVM. This method is used to obtain the deformation of melted pitch for the range of jet impingement angles.
Design, synthesis, and biological activity of 5'-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3,3'-bipyridine analogues as potential antagonists of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Abstract Starting from a known non-specific agonist ( 1 ) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), rationally guided structural-based design resulted in the discovery of a small series of 5′-phenyl-1,2,5,6-tetrahydro-3,3′-bipyridines ( 3a – 3e ) incorporating a phenyl ring off the pyridine core of 1 . The compounds were synthesized via successive Suzuki couplings on a suitably functionalized pyridine starting monomer 4 to append phenyl and pyridyl substituents off the 3- and 5-positions, respectively, and then subsequent modifications were made on the flanking pyridyl ring to provide target compounds. Compound 3a is a novel antagonist, which is highly selective for α3β4 nAChR ( K i = 123 nM) over the α4β2 and α7 receptors.
Chapter 2 - Activity Profiles of Primate Groups1

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on the behavior of primates living in social groups. The activity-pattern profiles may be used to identify species membership of individual animals. Minor fluctuations in activity profiles may reflect social modifications in response to environmental pressures. Constant small fluctuations in a stable environment should reflect the plasticity that allows ready modification to meet changing conditions. The chapter presents a series of quantitative measures of social and individual activities whose total patterns could be used to differentiate primate taxa. The activity profiles are suggested to be sensitive to individual factors, such as age, size, and condition and to environmental influences, such as temperature, time of day, weather, and physical spatial features. The combined influences of ecology, morphology, and phylogeny results in distinctive activity profiles for primate social groups. By carefully controlling or measuring the influences of the variables, the influence of any single variable may be determined. The procedure is offered as a tool in the comparative study of primate behavior.
Fifteen-year Weight and Disordered Eating Patterns Among Community-based Adolescents

Introduction The current study aims to characterize weight-change trajectories and their concomitant associations with prospectively measured dieting and other disordered eating behaviors among initially nonoverweight adolescents during the transition to adulthood. Methods A population-based sample (n=1,091) self-reported their height/weight, dieting, unhealthy weight-control behaviors, and binge eating at 5-year intervals between 1998/1999 and 2013/2014, spanning early/middle adolescence through middle/late young adulthood. Data were analyzed in 2016/2017. Results Groups were categorized as those who were never overweight (n=562), were overweight during at least one measurement point and gained weight more rapidly (n=246) or gradually (n=238) than their peers, or were overweight during at least one measurement point but returned to nonoverweight status by middle/late young adulthood (n=45). Thus, nearly half of adolescents became overweight during the transition to adulthood. Those who were never overweight had the lowest rates of dieting (males: F[9, 1,314]=2.54, p=0.0069, females: F[9, 1,927]=3.02, p=0.0014) and unhealthy weight-control behaviors (males: F[9, 1,313]=3.30, p=0.0005, females: F[9, 1,927]=3.02, p=0.0014), whereas some of these behaviors tended to track with weight gain in rapid and gradual weight gainers. Conclusions Although adolescents who are already overweight are most frequently targeted for weight-gain prevention and early intervention programs, results suggest that healthy lifestyle interventions could also benefit individuals who may be perceived as low risk for overweight in adulthood by nature of being nonoverweight in adolescence. Dieting and unhealthy weight-control behaviors tended to be associated with weight gain, suggesting that they are ineffective in addition to being potentially harmful.
The Contemporary Significance of Primitive Accumulation

The emerging body of literature on accumulation by dispossession (ABD) sharpens the political edge of the critique of contemporary capitalism. While this is welcome, there are also reasons for conc...
The Most Probable Numbers of B. Coli in Water Analysis

The expression of the number of B. coli in samples of water from the results of analyses by the dilution method has been the subject of much discussion. Phelps (1) suggested the procedure of expressing the number as the reciprocal of the smallest portion in a geometrical series of dilutions which gives a positive test for B. coli always assuming that the dilutions of the sample are such that at least one portion of the series gives a negative result. This "B. coli index," although readily calculated, is now generally recognized as an approximation. Its application becomes confusing when inconsistencies or so-called "skips" occur in the sequence or position of negative observations. Further difficulties are encountered in the estimation of the B. coli index whenever more than one observation is made at a given dilution. When an apparently anomalous, but nevertheless rationally probable, case occurs wherein a negative result is obtained in a dilution between two positives, then by this procedure the positive observation of the higher dilution is interchanged with the negative and the index of this newly arranged series stated in the usual way. Thus, as explained in ' 'Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Sewage," 1925 edition, the interpretation of certain typical cases is as follows:
The Break up of the Early View

We contend that the flaw in the early view which prevented publication in 1774 concerned the nature of causation. We first discuss this flaw and then consider the textual evidence for this part of our rework hypothesis.
THE ROLE OF SCIENCE IN REDUCING RACIAL AND ETHNIC DISPARITIES IN THE JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM

In recent years, we have witnessed various efforts by the federal government to advance our justice system and improve public safety. Collaborations across justice and service agencies and research on what works in criminal justice policy have been central in criminal justice reform activities. Within the juvenile justice arena, reducing rates of victimization and delinquency, as well as implementing strategies to reduce racial and ethnic disparities remain priorities. In this essay, I discuss how research on neuroscience and brain development, and racial and ethnic disparities in justice system outcomes has informed juvenile justice policy and procedural protections for youth. I also review how school policies and practices can perpetuate racial and ethnic disparities in justice outcomes. Throughout the essay, I discuss the federal government’s role in supporting research to advance policies and practices designed to reduce these harms. I highlight the implications of these activities and ways in which data and research can continue to play a key role in realizing equal opportunity and justice for all youth, especially as they are the most vulnerable members of society.
Buffering effects of brand community identification in service failures: The role of customer citizenship behaviors

Abstract With two field studies, this research highlights the role of brand community identification (BCI) as a source of customers' repurchase intentions and also reveals how BCI creates a buffering effect, protecting against the negative repercussions of service failures for repurchase intentions. The first study builds on social identity theory and investigates BCI as a driver of repurchase intentions; it explains this positive relationship according to single dimensions of customer citizenship behavior. The second study establishes that BCI mitigates the negative effect of service failures on customers' repurchase intentions. These results call attention to the need to build and maintain customers' strong BCI, because such investments encourage favorable customer–customer helping and advocacy that drive repurchase intentions. Moreover, strong BCI may reduce a firm's required service recovery efforts, because customers with strong BCI perceive service failures less negatively.
Phase 1b study of panobinostat in combination with lenalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma.

8014Background: Panobinostat (pano), a potent inhibitor of histone deacetylases (HDACs), is approved for use in combination with bortezomib (bortez) and dexamethasone (dex) in relapsed and refracto...
The marmoset as a model in behavioral neuroscience and psychiatric research

Abstract Psychological disorders and the brain mechanisms underlying them are a central focus in biomedical research. This chapter explores the rationale for marmosets as useful models for addressing these questions and discusses exemplars of behavioral protocols in five major “Domains” of psychological and behavioral functions, within the context of the NIMH's Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) framework. The marmoset models reveal much about the regulatory processes that mediate and modulate normal behavioral functioning. Furthermore, research with marmosets highlights structural and functional systems that may underlie psychopathology and point to treatment modalities that may ameliorate these conditions.
Deciphering the Atomic Patterns Leading to MnO2 Polymorphism

Summary A fundamental understanding of phase transition mechanisms for polymorphic materials is the prerequisite for developing rational synthesis strategies toward phase homogeneity. Here, we target polymorphic MnO2 as the prototype system and reveal the atomic mechanisms governing the phase selection among various MnO2 tunnel structures that are hydrothermally synthesized from a layered MnO2 precursor. A topotactic layer-to-tunnel (L-T) transition mechanism featuring solid-state Mn migration and structure rearrangement is discovered. The transition exhibits multi-step kinetics with the formation of intermediate large tunnels, which introduces structural complexity into the end product with significant phase and compositional heterogeneity within single MnO2 particles. Localized valence analysis further reveals the significant effect of Jahn-Teller Mn3+ ordering on the L-T transition kinetics. We expect these findings to assist the understanding of polymorphism evolution and be further applied to rationalize material synthesis strategies toward phase homogeneity and to establish an accurate synthesis-structure relationship.
Survival of prey growing through gape-limited and apex predators

A mechanistic model based on first principles of growth and predator-prey behavior introduces the effects of a predator size distribution on the survival of rapidly growing prey. The model, fit to Chinook salmon data, can explain the observed increase in ocean survival with smolt ocean entrance length using different predator size-frequency distributions. The model introduces new dimensions to theories on predator-prey interactions and population recruitment and suggests the possibility that fish recruitment control can be highly variable; sometimes dominated by juvenile growth and encounters with gape-limited predators and other times dominated by adult encounters with apex predators. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis suggests that scale and otolith circuli spacing are insensitive indicators of size-selective mortality but the profile of adult survival with juvenile length provides information on the balance of size-dependent and size-independent mortality processes.
Bioinspired avian feather designs

Avian flight feathers have developed, through evolution, an intricate architecture with multi-functional structures that are essential for flight. These lightweight and resilient appendages motivate the invention of bioinspired designs. Here we fabricate various structures inspired by significant concepts identified in the feather vane and shaft. Bioinspired prototypes based on the feather vane's unique adhesive mechanism and directional permeability are explored, and feather-shaft inspired designs motivated by the highly ordered hierarchical fiber-matrix structure in the feather are fabricated. The exquisite architecture of the rachis, consisting of a hollow tube filled with foam, is simulated in a bioinspired design that demonstrates the synergy of the two components in enhancing the flexural strength. These structures provide an enhanced understanding of the mechanisms operating in feathers and suggest highly efficient solutions which can contribute to creating innovative materials inspired by the feather.
Eliminating susceptibility induced hyperintensities in T1w MPRAGE brain images at 7 T.

Abstract Introduction At ultrahigh field, local susceptibility induced hyperintensities are pronounced in brain areas close to air-tissue boundaries in the inferior frontal lobe and temporal lobes on T1w MPRAGE images. Resulting from incomplete inversion, these artefacts can introduce biases in brain volumetry and erroneously suggest the existence of local tissular anomaly. We propose a straightforward approach to eliminate these artefacts by applying a shift (ΔfIR) to the center frequency of the adiabatic inversion pulse while widening the bandwidth of the latter by shortening the pulse duration (ΔtIR). Methods An MPRAGE sequence was customized allowing to change the duration (standard: 10,240 μs) and center frequency of the hyperbolic secant inversion RF pulse (IR). All measurements were performed on a 7 T whole body scanner (Siemens, Erlangen, Germany). 13 healthy volunteers (7 female and 6 male, average age (SD) = 38 ± 15 yrs) were recruited for the study, 3 of which were scanned for protocol optimization and the rest for performance evaluation. ΔB0 was mapped through the brain with a gradient echo sequence. The effects of ΔfIR and ΔtIR were studied separately and jointly to determine optimal parameter combinations to achieve the largest spatial extent of complete inversion throughout the brain. Results Applying a positive ΔfIR restored inversion efficiency in the inferior frontal and temporal lobes, but also introduced undesired hyperintensities in the anterior temporal lobes. Widening the bandwidth alone could also partially reduce hyperintensities in the frontal area but with a limited efficiency. By simultaneously applying a positive ΔfIR of 300 Hz and shortening ΔtIR by 40%, these artefacts were eliminated across the whole cerebrum. Conclusion A robust elimination of susceptibility induced hyperintensities near air-tissue boundaries in T1w MPRAGE 7 T brain images is demonstrated. This technique only requires limited MR sequence modifications.
In situ indentation and high cycle tapping deformation responses in a nanolaminate crystalline/amorphous metal composite

Abstract The incorporation of nanostructured and amorphous metals into modern applications is reliant on the understanding of deformation and failure modes in constrained conditions. To study this, a 105 nm crystalline Cu/160 nm amorphous Cu45Zr55 (at.%) multilayer structure was fabricated with the two crystalline layers sputter deposited between the top-middle-bottom amorphous layers and prepared to electron transparency. The multilayer was then in situ indented either under a single load to a depth of ~ 100 nm (max load of ~ 100 μN) or held at 20 μN and then repeatedly indented with an additional 5 μN up to 20,000 cycles in a transmission electron microscope to compare the deformation responses in the nanolaminate. For the single indentation test, the multilayer showed serrated load-displacement behavior upon initial indentation inductive of shear banding. At an indentation depth of ~ 32 nm, the multilayer exhibited perfect plastic behavior and no strain hardening. Both indented and fatigue-indented films revealed diffraction contrast changes with deformation. Subsequent Automated Crystal Orientation Mapping (ACOM) measurements confirmed and quantified global texture changes in the crystalline layers with specifically identified grains revealing rotation. Using a finite element model, the in-plane displacement vectors under the indent mapped conditions where ACOM determined grain rotation was observed, indicating the stress flow induced grain rotation. The single indented Cu layers also exhibited evidence of deformation induced grain growth, which was not evident in the fatigue-indented Cu based multilayer. Finally, the single indented multilayer retained a significant plastic crater in the upper most amorphous layer that directly contacted the indenter; a negligible crater impression in the same region was observed in the fatigued tested multilayer. These differences are explained by the different loading methods, applied load, and deformation mechanisms experienced in the multilayers.
Temperature and Phase Transferable Bottom-up Coarse-Grained Models.

Despite the high fidelity of bottom-up coarse-grained (CG) approaches to recapitulate the structural correlations in atomistic simulations, the general use of bottom-up CG methods is limited becaus...
New directions for reinforced concrete coastal structures

Within the last century, coastal structures for infrastructure applications have traditionally been constructed with timber, structural steel, and/or steel-reinforced/prestressed concrete. Given asset owners’ desires for increased service-life; reduced maintenance, repair and rehabilitation; liability; resilience; and sustainability, it has become clear that traditional construction materials cannot reliably meet these challenges without periodic and costly intervention. Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) composites have been successfully utilized for durable bridge applications for several decades, demonstrating their ability to provide reduced maintenance costs, extend service life, and significantly increase design durability. This paper explores a representative sample of these applications, related specifically to internal reinforcement for concrete structures in both passive (RC) and pre-tensioned (PC) applications, and contrasts them with the time-dependent effect and cost of corrosion in transportation infrastructure. Recent development of authoritative design guidelines within the US and international engineering communities is summarized and a examples of RC/PC verses FRP-RC/PC presented to show the sustainable (economic and environmental) advantage of composite structures in the coastal environment.