cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3095: The development of CPI as a novel, next-generation DNA-targeting payload for ADCs

DNA targeting drugs represent one of cornerstones of anti-cancer therapy for both hematologic and solid tumor indications. Low potency anti-DNA compounds (e.g. platins, anthracyclines) are included in many standard-of-care (SOC) regimens, however their modest activity and overall toxicity profiles limit their therapeutic potential. To increase the therapeutic window for DNA-damaging agents, high potency anti-DNA compounds with enhanced anti-tumor activity have been delivered to tumors as payloads of targeting modalities such as antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs). Herein, we describe the development of a novel DNA-damaging compound comprised of a dimeric structure of cyclopropylpyrrolo[e]indolones (CPIs) that was designed to alkylate DNA and generate toxic interstrand crosslinks (ICLs). In response to the CPI-induced formation of ICLs, CPI treatment of cells primarily activates the Fancomia anemia DNA damage response pathway, whereas other successful DNA-damaging ADC payloads such as calicheamicin activate double-strand break response pathways. CPI shows ~860-fold greater potency than calicheamicin in a panel of cell lines derived from a broad spectrum of tumor indications. Importantly, this new CPI payload retains potent activity in calicheamicin- and SOC-resistant tumor models (including overcoming overexpression of drug efflux pumps). When evaluated as payloads on anti-CD33 targeting ADCs, the CPI conjugate showed dramatically improved efficacy over the corresponding calicheamicin conjugates in MDR+ tumor models. As a site-specific conjugate, the CPI ADC shows enhanced in vivo stability and possesses a wider therapeutic window than the corresponding conventional calicheamicin conjugate and other leading DNA-damaging conjugates on the CD33 platform. Citation Format: Jennifer Kahler, Maureen Dougher, Jane Xu, Matthew Doroski, Andreas Maderna, Russell Dushin, Stephane Thibault, Mauricio Leal, Madan Katragadda, Christopher J. O9Donnell, Matthew Sung, Puja Sapra. The development of CPI as a novel, next-generation DNA-targeting payload for ADCs [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3095. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3095
0059 A global perspective on coal-fired power plants and lung cancer mortality

Background Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer mortality in many countries and leads to substantial financial burden globally. The lack of consideration of the widely diverse compositions of particulate matter (PM) may lead to inaccurate estimation and inability to capture respective contributions as current estimates. Methods Age- and sex-adjusted lung cancer mortalities of 61 countries were followed from 1979 to 2013 while 10-year-accumulative coal capacities is the primary independent variable. We applied a change-in-change model to estimate the preventable deaths of lung cancer from the changes of coal capacities during periods from 1999–2003 to 2009–2013, adjusting for various socioeconomic, demographic determinants, and lag period. Results The average log coal capacity increased from 9·58 in 1980 to 10·35 in 2010, and smoking prevalence dropped by 13·82% among males in the same period. One log coal capacity (unit: logMW) was associated with an increase in lung cancer mortality by 58·31 per million males (SD=28·49, p Conclusion This study answered a key policy question on the externality cost of coal power plants and estimated global disease burden from preventable lung cancer attributable to coal-fired power plants. By changing a nationwide energy matrix from brown energy to green, some European countries have prevented lung cancer mortality among males successfully.
Continuous gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy from -100 to 40°C yields new molecular models of arachidonic acid and 2-Arachidonoyl-1-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine.

Abstract Despite its biochemical importance, a complete Raman analysis of arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) has never been reported. Gradient temperature Raman spectroscopy (GTRS) applies the temperature gradients utilized in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to Raman spectroscopy, providing a straightforward technique to identify molecular rearrangements that occur near and at phase transitions. Herein we utilize the GTRS technique for AA and 1 -18:0, 2 -20:4n-6 phosphatidyl choline (AAPC) from cryogenic to mammalian body temperatures. 20 Mb three-dimensional data arrays with 0.2 °C increments and first/second derivatives allowed complete assignment of solid, liquid and transition state vibrational modes. The AA DSC shows a large exothermic peak at −60 °C indicating crystallization or a similar major structural change. No exothermic peak of this magnitude was observed in six other unsaturated lipids (DHA, n-3DPA, n-6DPA, LA, ALA, OA). Melting in AA occurs over a large range: (−60 to −35 °C): very large frequency offsets and intensity changes correlate with premelting initiating circa −60 °C, followed by melting (−37 °C). Novel, unique 3D structures for both molecules reveal that AA is not symmetric as a free fatty acid, and it changes significantly when in the sn-2 phospholipid position. Further, different CH and CH 2 sites are unequally elastic and nonequivalent.
Related Topics to Risk for Child Physical Abuse

This chapter addressed several related topic areas that have a connection to the risk for child physical abuse, namely, corporal punishment, intimate partner violence, and disabilities or special health care needs. Each topic is briefly defined and then the connection to the risk for child physical abuse is explored noting the findings from several key articles and reports that provide the evidence to support or refute a connection to child physical abuse as well as a rationale for an approach to clinical practice around the specific topic.
Constructing race: racialization, causal effects, or both?

Social constructionism about race is a common view, but there remain questions about what exactly constitutes constructed race. Some hold that our concepts and conceptual practices construct race, and some hold that the causal consequences of these concepts and conceptual practices also play a role. But there is a third option, which is that the causal effects of our concepts and conceptual practices constitute race, but not the concepts and conceptual practices themselves. This paper reconsiders an argument for the reality of race that grows out of the role of racial kinds in social scientific generalizations. It then uses recent work on the correlation of racial attitudes with behaviors to raise questions about the sufficiency, and perhaps also the necessity, of our concepts and conceptual practices in constituting constructed race, thus understood.
On random polynomials generated by a symmetric three-term recurrence relation

We investigate the sequence $(P_{n}(z))_{n=0}^{\infty}$ of random polynomials generated by the three-term recurrence relation $P_{n+1}(z)=z P_{n}(z)-a_{n} P_{n-1}(z)$, $n\geq 1$, with initial conditions $P_{\ell}(z)=z^{\ell}$, $\ell=0, 1$, assuming that $(a_{n})_{n\in\mathbb{Z}}$ is a sequence of positive i.i.d. random variables. $(P_{n}(z))_{n=0}^{\infty}$ is a sequence of orthogonal polynomials on the real line, and $P_{n}$ is the characteristic polynomial of a Jacobi matrix $J_{n}$. We investigate the relation between the common distribution of the recurrence coefficients $a_{n}$ and two other distributions obtained as weak limits of the averaged empirical and spectral measures of $J_{n}$. Our main result is a description of combinatorial relations between the moments of the aforementioned distributions in terms of certain classes of colored planar trees. Our approach is combinatorial, and the starting point of the analysis is a formula of P. Flajolet for weight polynomials associated with labelled Dyck paths.
MLeXAI: biomedical term classification

Machine Learning is an important area of Artificial Intelligence which is generally applicable to almost any field of science. Early exposure of students to the potential of machine learning could have a positive impact on their attitude towards Artificial Intelligence in particular and computer science in general. In this paper, we present a semester long machine learning project that was incorporated in an Introduction to Artificial Intelligence course. An assessment of the impact of the project on students' learning of core concepts of Artificial Intelligence and on their plans to pursue more or advanced classes related to Artificial Intelligence is reported. The conclusion of our study is that the semester-long machine learning project had extremely positive effects on students learning and perception of Artificial Intelligence.
Recognition of Initiation Sites in Eukaryotic Messenger RNAs

The mechanism by which ribosomes select the correct AUG codon for initiation of protein synthesis has been the subject of considerable speculation and experimentation. In the case of prokaryotic messages and ribosomes, there is convincing evidence supporting Shine and Dalgarno’s proposal (1) that base pairing occurs between the pyrimidine-rich 3′-end of 16S ribosomal RNA and a purine-rich sequence located approximately 10 nucleotides to the left of the AUG or GUG initiator codon (2–4). This interaction plays a central role in recognition of initiation sites by E. coli ribosomes, although additional features in the message also influence the efficiency of ribosome binding (5–8). Eukaryotic translational systems display certain peculiarities which argue against the notion that the mechanism of initiation in eukaryotes is more-or-less an extension of the accepted prokaryotic mechanism. For example, the monocistronic character of eukaryotic messenger RNAs (9–11) and the facilitating effect of the 5′-terminal m7G cap (12) are features, not observed in prokaryotes, which must be assimilated into any model for translational initiation in eukaryotes.
Development and Validation of a Predictive Model of Return-to-Work Outcomes of Injured Employees in Minnesota

xii Chapter 1: Introduction 1 Study Background 1 Statement of Problem 7 Purpose of Study 12 Significance of Study 13 Research Questions and Hypotheses 15 Model development. 15 Model validation 17 Delimitations 17 Assumptions 18 Organization of Study 19 Chapter 2: Literature 20 Introduction 20 U.S. Workers’ Compensation Systems: An Overview 20
Bicycles and Sexual Harassment

Before we describe the Offense Chain, Offense Cycle and Offense Wheel, we provide the definitions below for both you and your clients. Other authors have described the sequence of events that lead from a non-offending state to an offending state as a chain, cycle, or wheel. The cycle metaphor describes the chain below as a circular pattern of progressing from “normal” to misbehavior. A problematic element of this metaphor is the common application of the phrase “in cycle” to refer to the period of acting out. If the cycle metaphor is a accurate depiction, then the person would be “in cycle” all of the time, and in the offending aspect of the cycle when acting out. The cycle metaphor is most applicable when describing the maladaptive life cycle, in which sexualized coping is but one aspect of the “cycle.” From the point of intervention, it may be useful to teach clients to intervene at any point on the chain, for breaking any link of the chain breaks the chain of re-offending.
Evaluating Endotracheal Tube Depth in Infants Weighing Less Than 1 Kilogram

BACKGROUND: Endotracheal tube (ETT) depth in premature infants is of critical importance because potentially life-threatening adverse events can occur if the tube is malpositioned. Analysis of current data indicates that the accuracy of current resuscitation guidelines for infants METHODS: The medical records, from July 2013 to November 2016, of all infants RESULTS: A total of 131 subjects (mean ± gestational age, 26 ± 1.8 wk; mean ± weight, 729 ± 140 g) were included. The documented depth was accurately predicted by the Duke formula for 47% of the subjects, with 69% of the ETTs appropriately positioned as seen on a chest radiograph. Sensitivity was 46.6%, specificity was 53.6%, positive predictive value was 68.8% and negative predictive value was 31.4% for the Duke formula. Post hoc analysis current resuscitation guidelines found that the documented depth was accurately predicted for 23% infants, with 70% of these appropriately positioned ETTs. CONCLUSIONS: Our weight-based, institutional formula had a low sensitivity for predicting proper ETT depth. Weight-based formulas may have clinical utility; however, analysis of current data did not support use in infants
Effect of Promotion via Social Media on Access of Articles in an Academic Medical Journal: A Randomized Controlled Trial

PURPOSE To study the effect of a planned social media promotion strategy on access of online articles in an established academic medical journal. METHOD This was a single-masked, randomized controlled trial using articles published in Mayo Clinic Proceedings, a large-circulation general/internal medicine journal. Articles published during the months of October, November, and December 2015 (n = 68) were randomized to social media promotion (SoMe) using Twitter, Facebook, and LinkedIn or to no social media promotion (NoSoMe), for 30 days (beginning with the date of online article publication). Journal website visits and full-text article downloads were compared for 0-30 and 31-60 days following online publication between SoMe versus NoSoMe using a Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS Website access of articles from 0 to 30 days was significantly higher in the SoMe group (n = 34) compared with the NoSoMe group (n = 34): 1,070 median downloads versus 265, P < .001. Similarly, full-text article downloads from 0-30 days were significantly higher in the SoMe group: 1,042 median downloads versus 142, P < .001. Compared with the NoSoMe articles, articles randomized to SoMe received a greater number of website visits via Twitter (90 vs 1), Facebook (526 vs 2.5), and LinkedIn (31.5 vs 0)-all P < .001. CONCLUSIONS Articles randomized to SoMe were more widely accessed compared with those without social media promotion. These findings show a possible role, benefit, and need for further study of a carefully planned social media promotion strategy in an academic medical journal.
ATR inhibition sensitizes HPV- and HPV+ head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to cisplatin.

Abstract Objectives Cisplatin is commonly used in the treatment of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), and the repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage involves activation of the DNA damage response protein ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related (ATR). Resistance to cisplatin therapy exacerbates adverse toxicities and is associated with poor outcomes. Since repair of cisplatin-induced DNA damage contributes to resistance, we hypothesized that inhibition of ATR using AZD6738, a well-tolerated and orally-bioavailable inhibitor, would enhance the sensitivity of HNSCC cells and tumors to cisplatin. Materials and methods A panel of human papilloma virus-negative (HPV−) and HPV+ HNSCC cell lines were treated with cisplatin in the absence or presence of AZD6738, and effects on cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis signaling, and DNA damage were assessed. The impact of co-treatment with cisplatin plus AZD6738 on the growth of HPV− and HPV+ cell line- and patient-derived xenograft tumors was also examined. Results Inhibition of ATR with AZD6738 enhanced cisplatin-induced growth inhibition of HNSCC cell lines and tumors, in association with increased apoptosis signaling and DNA damage. Both HPV− and HPV+ models were sensitized to cisplatin by ATR inhibition. Conclusion Inhibition of ATR promotes sensitization to cisplatin in preclinical in vitro and in vivo models of HPV− and HVP+ HNSCC, supporting clinical evaluation of this strategy in this disease.
Awareness of the Red Dress Symbol and Heart Disease among College Women

The purpose of this study was to determine the level of concern and knowledge about heart disease among college women and to explore the relationship between awareness of the Red Dress symbol and knowledge of risk factors for heart disease. Female college students (n = 475) completed a survey. While 63% believed they are informed about heart disease, only 43% identified heart disease as the leading cause of death in women. Breast cancer (36%) was listed as the one greatest health concern facing women, followed by heart disease (29%). Chi-square analysis revealed that a significantly greater proportion of participants familiar with the Red Dress symbol (n = 157) identified heart disease as the greatest health problem facing women and the leading cause of death of women than participants unfamiliar with the symbol (n = 318). Participants familiar with the symbol identified 0.4-0.5 more correct choices on two questions related to causes of and activities to prevent heart disease than women unfamiliar with the symbol. College women are a prime target for a Red Dress campaign due to their low level of awareness. Young women can reduce their risk of developing heart disease through prevention.
Caregiver-Initiated Mentoring: Developing a Working Model to Mitigate Social Isolation

Contemporary society is characterized by social isolation, polarization, and increased mobility. For many families, naturally-occurring support systems are changing and possibly fading. When parents face child-rearing without adequate support networks, they experience high parenting stress, diminished health, and greater risk of maltreating their children. Children in socially-isolated families are prone to a range of social, emotional, and academic difficulties. Formal mentoring programs can help by connecting children with supportive nonparental adults, but the demand for mentoring outpaces program capacity, and formal mentoring programs are seldom designed to partner with parents. Additional, resourceful approaches are needed. In this study, we explored the potential for developing an approach that fosters parents’ capacity to be gatekeepers to their children’s adult support networks. We used a daylong collaborative workshop to partner with six parents from a low-income housing service and five youth-serving professionals from the community. Participants generated potential strategies by which parents can cultivate informal mentoring relationships and identified specific ideas for helping parents (a) see the value of actively seeking informal mentors, (b) recognize and manage potential risks, and (c) identify and make requests of potential informal mentors. Findings from our workshop were used to develop a Caregiver-Initiated Mentoring approach that could be utilized by clinical social workers and other helping professionals. The approach integrates our findings with empirical research from youth mentoring and conceptual underpinnings from parent help-seeking models, the Transtheoretical Model of Change, and Motivational Interviewing.
Professional Identity and the Determinants of Fundraisers’ Charitable Behavior:

This survey-based study (n = 1,663) addressed charitable behaviors of fundraisers—key arbiters of others’ donations. Our research question was as follows: Are fundraisers’ charitable behaviors rela...
Implementing (or Nullifying) Atkins?: The Impact of State Procedural Choices on Outcome in Capital Cases Where Intellectual Disability is at Issue

This empirical study assesses the impact of state procedural choices on the implementation of Atkins v. Virginia, which prohibits the execution of prisoners with intellectual disability (“mental retardation”). Since Atkins, much scholarly attention, including our own, has focused on the manner in which states have applied substantive definitions of intellectual disability that deviate from the clinical norm. But as the present study shows, matters of procedure - such as whether a judge or jury determines intellectual disability, whether the determination occurs prior to trial or in conjunction with a capital sentencing trail, and the applicable burden of proof - may also make a difference on outcome. The study draws from available data on all known post-Atkins determinations of intellectual disability (n = 244). The study finds that cases in which a jury makes the intellectual dis ability determination are relatively infrequent (28 jury verdicts versus 216 judicial determinations). More striking, jury findings of intellectual disability are exceedingly rare - in fact, nationwide, there have been only three. We assess these statistics - and others - in context with: previous empirical analyses of the substantive deviations, long-standing concerns about the ability of jurors (especially death-qualified jurors) to assess mental health in criminal cases, and the risks of unreliable capital sentencing that Atkins sought to avoid.
Climate scenarios and projections: A technical document supporting the USDA Forest Service 2020 RPA Assessment

The 2020 RPA Assessment includes climate change as a driver affecting natural resources on forests and rangelands in the United States. This publication describes the process used to select the scenarios, climate models, and climate projections that will be used to project renewable resource conditions 50 years into the future. Downscaled climate data selected are the MACAv2-METDATA developed by Abatzoglou and others at the University of Idaho. The dataset covers the conterminous United States at a grid size of approximately 4 km (1/24 degree) on a side. The two selected scenarios are the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) 4.5 and 8.5. Three criteria were used to select the climate models: (1) identification and elimination of poor performing models based on historical climate projections, (2) restriction of selection to only one model from a modeling institution, and (3) selection of a climate model that could provide projections for both the RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios. Climate models and projections were selected to capture a range of future climates at the conterminous scale: least warm projection, hottest projection, driest projection, and wettest projection, and one projection that reflected the middle of these ranges. The core model projections to be used in the 2020 RPA Assessment under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 are: Least Warm-MRI-CGCM3; Hot-HadGEM2-ES; Dry-IPSL-CM5A-MR; Wet-CNRM-CM5; Middle-NorESM1-M. Future climates at mid-century (2041-2070) are summarized for the conterminous United States. The data are available at the USDA Forest Service Research and Development Data Archive.
Flexural fatigue and fracture toughness behavior of nanoclay reinforced carbon fiber epoxy composites

3-point flexural fatigue and Mode I interlaminar fracture tests were done to study the fatigue life and fracture toughness of nanoclay added carbon fiber epoxy composites. Fatigue life data was ana...
Role of dipole-forbidden autoionizing resonances in nonresonant one-color two-photon single ionization of N 2

We present an experimental and theoretical energy- and angle-resolved study on the photoionization dynamics of nonresonant one-color two-photon single-valence ionization of neutral ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ molecules. Using 9.3-eV photons produced via high-order harmonic generation and a three-dimensional momentum imaging spectrometer, we detect the photoelectrons and ions produced from one-color two-photon ionization in coincidence. Photoionization of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$ populates the $X$ $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}, A$ $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$, and $B$ $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{u}^{+}$ ionic states of ${\mathrm{N}}_{2}{}^{+}$, where the photoelectron angular distributions associated with the $X$ $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Sigma}}_{g}^{+}$ and $A$ $^{2}\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Pi}}_{u}$ states both vary with changes in photoelectron kinetic energy of only a few hundred meV. We attribute the rapid evolution in the photoelectron angular distributions to the excitation and decay of dipole-forbidden autoionizing resonances that belong to series of different symmetries, all of which are members of the Hopfield series, and compete with the direct two-photon single ionization.
Antisemitism, anti-capitalism, and anti-imperialism

This work offers an analysis of Brendan McGeever’s provocative yet brilliant Antisemitism and the Russian Revolution. This analysis focuses on the paradoxical tensions between Bolshevik anti-capita...
TH‐AB‐201‐01: A Real‐Time Skin‐Dose Mapping System for Region‐Of‐Interest (ROI) Fluoroscopy

Purpose: The real-time dose-tracking system (DTS) which we developed for fluoroscopically–guided procedures has been upgraded so that it can track the patient skin dose when using a region-of-interest (ROI) beam attenuator. Methods: ROI fluoroscopy is a method for greatly reducing patient dose by inserting an attenuator with an aperture into the x-ray beam. The aperture defines an ROI with normal dose and image quality, while under the attenuator the dose and quality are reduced. A moveable copper ROI attenuator has been installed in the collimator assembly of a Toshiba Infinix system. The DTS provides a 3D-dose mapping on a patient graphic and, to track dose for ROI fluoroscopy, the software now models the attenuator shape and position. A calibration file provides values for the transmission of the attenuator as a function of kVp and beam filtration and dose corrections are performed if a ray to a given point on the patient graphic is determined to intersect the attenuator. Backscatter is included in the skin-dose determination and is dependent on the ROI beam size projected onto the patient. In the current version, a spatially invariant factor corrects for backscatter within the ROI and from the ROI region into the attenuated region. The agreement of the dose distribution calculated by the DTS with the actual distribution was verified by measurement with calibrated radiochromic film and a 20-cm PMMA phantom. Results: The DTS is able to accurately model the size and position of the ROI attenuator as projected onto the patient graphic. Measurements with radiochromic film show the skin-dose estimation agreement to be within +/−12%, with most error arising from the spatial variation of backscatter. Conclusion: The dose distribution on the patient can now be tracked in real-time with acceptable accuracy when the new dose-saving feature of ROI fluoroscopy is used. This research was supported in part by Toshiba Medical Systems Corporation and NIH Grant R01EB002873.
Risk assessment methodology for electric power transmission, RAM-T/sup SM/

RAM-T/sup SM/ includes both a methodology and a training program for assessing the security risk for high voltage power transmission systems. The methodology is based on the traditional risk equation: (Likelihood of Attack) * (Consequence) * (1-System Effectiveness) = Risk. A screening method is provided to help owners/operators prioritize their facilities and decide which require a full security risk assessment and warrant the expenditure of resources to perform it. The assessment process begins with a characterization of the facility including identification of the undesired events and the respective critical assets. Guidance for defining a design basis threat is included, as well as for using the definition of the threat together with the attractiveness of the target to estimate the likelihood of adversary attack at a specific facility. Relative values of consequence are estimated. Methods are also included for estimating the effectiveness of the security system against the adversary attack. Finally, relative risk is calculated. In the event that the value of risk is deemed to be unacceptable (too high), the methodology addresses a process for identifying and evaluating system upgrades in order to reduce risk. Upgrades include improving protection system effectiveness and/or mitigating consequences in order to reduce risk.
Pancreas acinar cell differentiation: V. Significance of methyl groups in morphologic and enzymatic development

Abstract The acinar cell of the rat pancreatic anlage in organ culture requires a basal level of methionine (30 mg/l) in the culture medium to proliferate and an additional amount of methionine (50 mg/l) to differentiate fully to the adult cell type. Differentiation is defined in morphologic terms of zymogen granule formation and functionally as logarithmic increases of amylase, lipase and chymotrypsin enzymatic activities. Since S-adenosyl- l -methionine and choline (methyl donors) can substitute to some degree for the increment of methionine needed for differentiation, and homocysteine (demethylated methionine) in equimolar amounts cannot, our findings suggest that the concentration of methyl groups determined the presence, or absence, and the degree of differentiation.
Localization of the ecto-ATPase (ecto-nucleotidase) in the rat hepatocyte plasma membrane. Implications for the functions of the ecto-ATPase

The surface distribution of the plasma membrane Ca2+ (Mg2+)-ATPase (ecto-ATPase) in rat hepatocytes was determined by several methods. 1) Two polyclonal antibodies specific for the ecto-ATPase were used to examine the distribution of the enzyme in frozen sections of rat liver by immunofluorescence. Fluorescent staining was observed at the bile canalicular region of hepatocytes. 2) Plasma membranes were isolated from the canalicular and sinusoidal regions of rat liver. The specific activity of ecto-ATPase in the canalicular membranes was 22 times higher than that of sinusoidal membranes. The enrichment of the ecto-ATPase activity in the canalicular membrane is closely parallel to that of two other canalicular membrane markers, gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and leucine aminopeptidase. 3) By immunoblots with polyclonal antibodies against the ecto-ATPase and the Na+,K+-ATPase, it was found that the ecto-ATPase protein was only detected in canalicular membranes and not in sinusoidal membranes, while the Na+,K+-ATPase protein was only detected in sinusoidal membranes and not in canalicular membranes. These results indicate that the ecto-ATPase is enriched in the canalicular membranes of rat hepatocytes.
A Software Architecture and Supporting Kernel for Largely Synchronously Operating Sensor Networks

The largely synchronous sensor network software architecture (LaSSeNSA) was formulated with the goal of enabling efficient construction of sensor networks that are easily analyzable and can rarely run into a chaotic situation. There are largely three parts in LaSSeNSA; (1) Global time based coordination of uses of shared communication channels; (2) Global time based coordination of group configuration updates; and (3) Global time based coordination of sensing, communication, and relay activities. The essence of LaSSeNSA as well as various issues related to optimal implementation is presented. For efficient implementation of LaSSeNSA, a sensor node operating system supporting time-triggered functions (TTFs) is highly desirable. Our first prototype of TTF support facility was built as an RT subsystem on a small-footprint time-sliced multi-threading kernel. The prototype including both the kernel and the TTF support subsystem is called the TTF Support OS (TSOS). Major features of TSOS and a sensor network application development experiment are also presented.
Reflections on Daubert: A Look Back at the Supreme Court’s Decision

The Daubert Case Daubert, a civil case, hinged on the validity of expert opinion on the scientific methodology used to determine the alleged causal link between an anti-nausea drug, Bendectin, and fetal birth defects. A key issue before the Court was whether the socalled “Frye test,” which emerged from Frye v. United States (1923), was the appropriate means for determining the admissibility of expert testimony or whether the Federal Rules of Evidence enacted in 1975 superseded Frye.
Turbulence cascades across equilibrium spectra.

Recent work has suggested that the spectrum of fully developed turbulence is determined by the equilibrium statistics of the Euler equations. The problem is to reconcile this fact with the irreversible aspects of turbulence. The purpose of this paper is to show that a reconciliation is possible by producing simple systems whose spectrum can be deduced from an analysis at equilibrium, yet they exhibit an irreversible transfer of an appropriate variable from large scales to small scales and dissipation. The analysis includes the dependence of the spectrum on the rate of energy transfer. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Retention of an associative behavioral change in Hermissenda

The nudibranch mollusk Hermissenda crassicornis is normally attracted to a test light. Three days of training consisting of 50 trials per day of light paired with a rotational stimulus led to a significant increase, lasting for days, in the animal's response latency to enter a test light. The group that received light associated with rotation was significantly different from groups subjected to nonassociative control procedures. Modifications of well-known sensory networks may be related to a behavioral change that shares several operational features with associative learning.
Search for positronium resonances in the Kemmer-Fermi-Yang model

Abstract We have searched for positronium resonances in the scalar 3 P 0 channel using the Kemmer-Fermi-Yang and Coulomb-Breit models. We correct a previous error by another group and solve the equations for the Green function in coordinate space in the energy region between 1.1 and 2.1 MeV. We find no evidence for resonances in this energy range in either model.
Single Particle Spectroscopy Study of Metal-Film-Induced Tuning of Silver Nanoparticle Plasmon Resonances†

We present an experimental study of the tunability of the silver nanoparticle localized plasmon resonance in close proximity to a gold film. Broad-band tuning of the silver particle plasmon resonan...
Mortality among elderly Hispanics in the United States: past evidence and new results.

We used vital records and census data and Medicare and NUMIDENT records to estimate age-and sex-specific death rates for elderly non-Hispanic whites and Hispanics, including five Hispanic subgroups: persons born in Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, other foreign countries, and the United States. We found that corrections for data errors in vital and census records lead to substantial changes in death rates for Hispanics and that conventionally constructed Hispanic death rates are lower than rates based on Medicare-NUMIDENT records. Both sources revealed a Hispanic mortality advantage relative to non-Hispanic whites that holds for most Hispanic subgroups. We also present a new methodology for inferring Hispanic origin from a combination of surname, given name, and county of residence.
Learning through participatory simulations: network-based design for systems learning in classrooms

This project brings together two lines of researchothe study of complex dynamic systems and the use of participatory simulations as a powerful way into systems modelingoboth of which can be enabled and advanced through emerging network technologies. The study of dynamic systems stands as a new form of literacy for all.. Participatory Simulations Activities can support new forms of classroom interaction and can serve to catalyze the engagement with dynamic systems modeling as a core feature of the education of all students. To accomplish these goals, we introduce a new architecture, HubNet. HubNet is an open client-server architecture, which enables many users at the "Nodes" (currently TI graphing calculators) to control the behavior of individual objects or agents and to view the aggregated results on a central computer known as the Hub. This network of nodes is integrated with a powerful suite of modeling, analysis and display tools that together give both the capacity to "fly" the system in intuitive mode, to reflect on the emergent result of their simulation and, also, to encode their strategies as rules which the system can then run independently. The HubNet system is being used in several middle and secondary classrooms. An illustrative example of classroom use is presented.
Density Functional Study of the Thermodynamics of Hydrogen Production by Tetrairon Hexathiolate, Fe4[MeC(CH2S)3]2(CO)8, a Hydrogenase Model

The tetranuclear iron complex Fe4[MeC(CH2S)3]2(CO)8 (1) functions like a hydrogenase to catalyze proton reduction to H2 in the presence of 2,6-dimethylpyridinium acid (LutH+). Experimentally, at the first reduction potential (−1.22 V vs Fc/Fc+), the concentration of LutH+ decreases slowly, while at the second reduction potential, which is sufficient to reduce 1− (−1.58 V vs Fc/Fc+), the concentration of LutH+ decreases more rapidly. Here, density functional theory predicts both reduction potentials (E0) and proton-transfer free energies relative to LutH+ for numerous intermediates and several important transition states as a basis for developing thermodynamics cycles for routes to hydrogen production by 1. At the less negative potential, one-electron reduction of 1 is followed by protonation to form a bridging hydride complex; then, a second one-electron reduction is followed by a second protonation, an ECEC process. This doubly reduced and doubly protonated species has a structure with bridging hydrides ...
A novel trust management framework for multi-cloud environments based on trust service providers

In this paper, we address the problem of trust management in multi-cloud environments based on a set of distributed Trust Service Providers (TSPs). These are independent third-party providers/trust agents, trusted by Cloud Providers (CPs), Cloud Service Providers (CSPs) and Cloud Service Users (CSUs), that provide trust related services to cloud participants. TSPs are distributed over the clouds, and they elicit raw trust evidence from different sources and in different formats. This evidence is information regarding the adherence of a CSP to a Service Level Agreement (SLA) for a cloud-based service and the feedback sent by CSUs. Using this information, they evaluate an objective trust and a subjective trust of CSPs. TSPs communicate among themselves through a trust propagation network that permits a TSP to obtain trust information about a CSP from other TSPs. Experiments show that our proposed framework is effective and relatively stable in differentiating trustworthy and untrustworthy CSPs in a multi-cloud environment.
DNA Polymerase C of the Thermophilic Bacterium Thermus aquaticus: Classification and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Family C DNA Polymerases

Bacterial family C DNA polymerases (DNA pol IIIs), the major chromosomal replicative enzymes, have been provisionally classified based on primary sequences and domain structures into three classes: class I (Escherichia coli DNA pol C-type), class II (Bacillus subtilis DNA pol C-type), and class III (cyanobacterial DNA pol C-type), respectively. We have sequenced the structural gene encoding the DNA pol C catalytic subunit of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus aquaticus. This gene, designated the Taq DNA pol C gene, contains a 3660-bp open reading frame which specifies a polypeptide of molecular weight of 137,388 daltons. Comparative sequence analyses revealed that Taq DNA pol C is a class I family C DNA polymerase. The Taq DNA pol C is most closely related to the Deinococcus radiodurans DNA pol C. Although a phylogenetic tree based on the class I family C DNA pols is still in the provisional stage, some important conclusion can be drawn. First, the high-G+C and the low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria are not monophyletic. Second, the low-G+C Gram-positive bacteria contain multigenes of family C DNA pols (classes I and II). Third, the cyanobacterial family C DNA pol, classified as class III because it is encoded by a split gene, forms a group with the high-G+C Gram-positive bacteria.
Development, Survival, Longevity, and Fecundity of Clitostethus arcuatus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) on Siphoninus phillyreae (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in the Laboratory

A population of Clitostethus arcuatus (Rossi), originating in Israel, was imported into California in 1989. Laboratory studies at three temperatures (21.1, 28.2, 32.2°C) using Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) as prey indicated maximum developmental rates, survival, and fertility at 28.2°C. At 28.2°C, development from egg to adult required a mean of 15.6 d, egg-to-adult survival was 78%, sex ratio of surviving progeny was 1:1, females lived an average of 82 d and laid an average of 202 eggs. Developmental rates and fertility were slightly lower and survival was similar at 21.1°C. Development was slower and survival and fertility were reduced substantially at 32.2°C.
ECMO survival in adolescents with respiratory failure is lower than in young pediatric patients secondary to increased non-mechanical ECMO complications. 216

ECMO survival in adolescents with respiratory failure is lower than in young pediatric patients secondary to increased non-mechanical ECMO complications. 216
Evaluation of on-road vehicle CO and NOx National Emission Inventories using an urban-scale source-oriented air quality model

Abstract The MOBILE6.2 model was replaced by the Motor Vehicle Emission Simulator (MOVES) in 2012 as an official tool recommended by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) to predict vehicular pollutant emission factors. In this study, on-road vehicle emission inventories of CO and NOx for Southeast Texas generated by MOVES and MOBILE6.2 in two versions of the 2005 National Emission Inventory (NEI) were studied by comparing predicted CO and NOx using the EPA's Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) Model incorporated with a source-oriented gas phase chemical mechanism with measurements made at six urban and industrial sites in Southeast Texas. The source tracing technique allows direct determination of contributions of on-road vehicles to overall CO and NOx concentrations and identification of ambient concentration measurements which are mostly impacted by vehicle emissions. By grouping the fractional bias (FB) values of the hourly predictions based on vehicle contributions to total CO or NOx concentrations, clear trends in the FB were observed, indicating systematic biases in the emission inventory for these species. Data points dominated by vehicle emissions suggest that surface CO concentrations due to vehicle exhaust are significantly over-estimated by a factor of 2 using either MOVES or MOBILE6.2. NOx concentrations are overestimated by approximately 20–35% and 70% by using the MOBILE6.2 and MOVES emissions, respectively. Emission scaling runs show that a domain-wide reduction of MOBILE6.2 CO emissions by 60% and NOx emissions by 15–25% leads to better model performance of exhaust CO and NOx concentrations in the current study.
Ecohydrologists Ponder the Implications of a Rapidly Changing Planet: AGU Chapman Conference: Examining Ecohydrological Feedbacks of Landscape Change Along Elevation Gradients in Semiarid Regions; Sun Valley, Idaho, 5–8 October 2009

Unprecedented and complex changes are occurring in semiarid regions in the United States and across the globe. These changes include massive die-offs of trees, invasion by non-native species, altered fire regimes, woody plant encroachment, and desertification. All of these changes affect how water moves and is allocated in these landscapes, which in turn affects ecological interactions. The feedbacks and interactions between the drivers of change and the responses to change are exceedingly complex. An AGU Chapman Conference was held in Idaho to examine the ecohydrological feedbacks of landscape change along elevation and precipitation gradients in semiarid regions. The conference drew more than 100 participants, including many students and early-career scientists.
The impact of instrumental communication and integration on correctional staff

Workers are the most valuable resource for correctional facilities since prisons are almost entirely dependent on staff to accomplish the multitude of tasks, duties, and responsibilities with which society has charged them. This exploratory study examines the effect of instrumental communication and integration on correctional staff organizational commitment and job satisfaction at a Midwestern correctional facility. The results from 270 correctional staff who were surveyed during Fall, 2000 are presented. Results from Pearson's r correlation coefficients and an OLS regression analysis suggest that instrumental communication and integration both have significant positive effects on organizational commitment; however only integration has a statistically significant effect on job satisfaction. Similar results were found using a subsample of non-supervisory correctional officers.
Determination of risperidone and enantiomers of 9-hydroxyrisperidone in plasma by LC-MS/MS

Abstract A robust and validated liquid–liquid extraction LC-MS/MS method was developed for population pharmacokinetic analysis and therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone and the enantiomers of its major active metabolite (+)-and (−)9-hydroxyrisperidone in pediatric patients. The method was rapid, sensitive and used a low sample amount (200 μL), which is very desirable for the pediatric population. The assay was validated from 0.2 to 50 ng/mL in plasma for all analytes. LLOQ for all analytes was 0.2 ng/mL. The extracts were analyzed by normal phase LC-MS/MS. The sample run time was 8 min. Intra- and interday precision for all analytes was ≤6%; method accuracy was between 89 and 99%. Additional experiments were performed to analyze matrix effects and identify a proper internal standard for each analyte. The validated method was used to study risperidone and its enantiomer metabolites in plasma as part of a population pharmacokinetic study in pediatric patients with pervasive developmental disorder (PDD).
Characterizing Unsaturated Diffusion in Porous Tuff Gravel

Hu et al. Characterizing unsaturated diffusion … Characterizing Unsaturated Diffusion in Porous Tuff Gravel Qinhong Hu 1,* , Timothy J. Kneafsey 2 , Jeffery J. Roberts 1 , Liviu Tomutsa 2 , and Joseph S.Y. Wang 2 7000 East Avenue, MS L-231 Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Livermore, CA 94550 1 Cyclotron Road, MS 90-1116 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley, CA 94720 Revised For: Vadose Zone Journal February 19, 2004 Corresponding author (phone: 925-422-6774; fax: 925-422-3160; email: hu7@llnl.gov)
The genomic structure and promoter analysis of the human ABF-1 gene.

Abstract The human ABF-1 gene is expressed in activated B-cells and Epstein–Barr virus-immortalized lymphoblastoid cell lines. ABF-1 represents the only member belonging to the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family of transcription factors whose expression pattern is restricted to B-cells. ABF-1 forms heterodimeric complexes with E2A to modulate gene transcription. We report the cloning and characterization of the human ABF-1 gene and the promoter region. The gene spans more than 3 kb and contains two exons. Exon 1 contains 274 bp of a 5′-untranslated sequence (UTR) while exon 2 contains 1097 bp of 3′-UTR. Promoter analysis of the 5′-flanking region revealed no apparent B-cell-restricted control elements within ∼700 bp, but clearly demonstrated the presence of a functional minimal promoter residing immediately upstream of the transcription start site. Analysis of the region containing the minimal promoter activity identified no CCAAT or TATA sequence. Lastly, we have assigned the ABF-1 gene to human chromosome 8q21.1 using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The cloning of the human ABF-1 gene will facilitate further biochemical and genetic studies of its function in the regulation of B-cell differentiation.