cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
History of Mathematics in Mathematics Teacher Education

The purpose of this chapter is to provide a broad view of the state of the field of history of mathematics in education, with an emphasis on mathematics teacher education. First, an overview of arguments that advocate for the use of history in mathematics education and descriptions of the role that history of mathematics has played in mathematics teacher education in the United States and elsewhere is given. Next, the chapter details several examples of empirical studies that were conducted with elementary (or, primary) and secondary mathematics prospective teachers. Finally, the chapter outlines examples of research from the “next generation” of infusing history in mathematics education, by providing accounts of practicing teachers who incorporated history of mathematics in teaching at the primary, secondary, and tertiary levels.
Aspirin and Gastrointestinal Cancer

In rodents, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) including aspirin inhibit chemically induced adenomas and early carcinomas of the colon. The NSAID Sulindac inhibits the growth of polyps of the colon and rectum in two randomized trials of patients with familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), although the inhibition is not complete. Eight epidemiologic studies have found a 40–50% reduction in polyps or colorectal cancer among persons who regularly use aspirin or other NSAIDs compared to those who do not. Two epidemiologic studies show a slight increase in risk. Interpretation of the epidemiologic studies is complicated, because bleeding induced by aspirin may enhance the diagnosis and early treatment of cancer, and at least in theory, the symptoms of cancer could cause patients to avoid aspirin. Clinical trials designed specifically to investigate the aspirin hypothesis in humans at high risk of colorectal polyps or cancer are needed to establish causality, and to define the optimal dose and drug. Experimental studies should further define the mechanism of tumor inhibition in animals.
Crystal Surfaces, An Introduction

Surfaces can have a major, and often detrimental influence on device performance. Their electronic properties can be easily influenced by external parameters, which need to be carefully controlled to achieve device stability and desired device efficiency.
Regulation of Programmed Cell Death by Baculoviruses

Programmed cell death is the normal fate of most eukaryotic cells. The term “programmed” refers to the genetic pathways existing within all cells that, when stimulated in the proper context, result in cell suicide. This differs from necrosis, which is cell death caused by gross injury or insult and is beyond the control of the cell (Walker et al., 1988). Apoptosis is a particular form of programmed cell death; the word apoptosis, which in Greek means “leaves falling from trees,” was originally used to reflect the stereotypical morphological events that often are associated with programmed cell death, especially in vertebrates (Kerr et al., 1972). Rapid progress has been made in the past 5 years in the elucidation of the pathways involved in signaling and carrying out programmed cell death (Fraser and Evan, 1996; Martin and Green, 1995; Steller, 1995; Tewari and Dixit, 1996; Vaux and Strasser, 1996; Williams and Smith, 1993).
Ependymoma: An Overview

Ependymoma, a central nervous system tumor in the glioma family, is composed of neoplastic ependymal cells. Most ependymomas are WHO grade II, slow-growing tumors, but grades range from WHO grade I-III. Location and grade vary by patient age, with adult tumors typically spinal and grade I, and pediatric tumors mainly in the posterior fossa and grade II. Prognostic features include: age, location, grade and extent of resection with adult, spinal, grade I tumors having the best prognosis; and pediatric, intracranial, grade III tumors having the worst prognosis. Treatment is typically composed of surgical resection with or without radiotherapy, while chemotherapy has very little proven efficacy in ependymoma.
Flight Test of Weather Data Exchange Using the 1090 Extended Squitter (1090ES) and VDL Mode 3 Data Links

This report describes preliminary results of work done by JHU/APL under contract to the NASA Glenn Research Center to support flight testing of the Universal Access Transceiver (UAT) data link as a medium for weather data exchange. It presents a high level architectural description of the use of UAT to meet the program objectives with an identification of issues associated with the use of this data link, including a high level definition of the changes required to UAT avionics and ground-based receivers and supporting ground infrastructure to support implementation of the recommended architecture with focus on the issues associated with these changes.
Abstract WP171: Hemodynamic Compromise Identified by Oxygen Extraction Fraction Response (OEFR) to Acetazolamide in Stroke Patients With Large Vessel Occlusion

Hemodynamic compromise identified by cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) and oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) in stroke patients with large artery occlusion is an independent predictor of stroke risk ran...
Studies in Polyphenol Chemistry and Bioactivity. 1. Preparation of Building Blocks from (+)-Catechin. Procyanidin Formation. Synthesis of the Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitor, 3-O-Galloyl-(2R,3R)-epicatechin-4β,8-[3-O-galloyl-(2R,3R)-epicatechin]

A project has been initiated to synthesize proanthocyanidin oligomers found in cocoa. Natural, readily available (+)-catechin was transformed into 5,7,3‘,4‘-tetra-O-benzyl-(−)-epicatechin (14) by (a) benzylation of the phenolic oxygens; (b) oxidation of the 3-alcohol to ketone by the Dess−Martin periodinane; and (c) reduction with lithium tri-sec-butylborohydride (l-Selectride) in the presence of LiBr. The additive diminishes the extent of ketone enolization while maintaining a stereoselectivity of ≥200:1. Oxidation of 14 with DDQ was performed best from the standpoint of product purification if ethylene glycol was used as the nucleophilic trapping agent. The resulting ether 19 was condensed with 14 using TiCl4 to give a good yield of benzyl-protected epicatechin-4β,8-epicatechin (octa-O-benzylprocyanidin B2, 20) as the sole dimeric product. Hydrogenolysis of 20 yielded procyanidin B2 in the first enantiospecific synthesis of this natural product which employs protected intermediates and thereby allows th...
THE NONLOCAL NATURE OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INTERACTIONS

Ever since the beginning of our successful collaboration twenty years ago when I first began to know my friend and colleague Josef Jauch, he has continued to develop and deepen his mathematical understanding of our physical world, and he has succeeded admirably in enriching the scientific literature.
What Students Learn in Economics 101: Time for a Change

We make the case for a shift in what students learn in a first economics course, taking as our exemplar Paul Samuelson’s paradigm-setting 1948 text. In the shadow of the Great Depression, Samuelson made Keynesian economics an essential component of what every economics student should know. By contrast, leading textbooks today were first written in the glow of the Great Moderation and the tamed cyclical fluctuations in the two decades prior to 2007. Here, using topic modeling, we document Samuelson’s novelty and the evolution of the content of introductory texts since. And we advance three propositions. First, as was the case in the aftermath of the Great Depression, new problems now challenge the content of our introductory courses; these include mounting economic disparities, climate change, concerns about the future of work, and financial instability. Second, the tools required to address these problems, including strategic interaction, limited information, principal-agent models, new behavioral foundations, and dynamic processes including instability and path-dependence, are available (indeed widely taught in PhD programs). And third, as we will illustrate by reference to a new open access introductory text, a course using these tools can be accessible, engaging, coherent and, as a result, successfully taught to first year students. The ‘new economics’ deployed to address the new problems, following Samuelson’s example, provides the basis for integrating not only micro- and macroeconomics but also the analysis of both market failures and the limits of government interventions.
Stalking State Statutes: A Critical Content Analysis and Reflection on Social Science Research

Stalking began to be criminalized on the heels of news stories in the late 1980s in the United States of America (USA). Unfortunately, little is known about how states have responded to stalking, e...
Using influenza surveillance networks to estimate state-specific case detection rates and forecast SARS-CoV-2 spread in the United States

Abstract Detection of SARS-CoV-2 infections to date has relied on RT-PCR testing. However, a failure to identify early cases imported to a country, bottlenecks in RT-PCR testing, and the existence of infections which are asymptomatic, sub-clinical, or with an alternative presentation than the standard cough and fever have resulted in an under-counting of the true prevalence of SARS-CoV-2. Here, we show how publicly available CDC influenza-like illness (ILI) outpatient surveillance data can be repurposed to estimate the detection rate of symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. We find a surge of non-influenza ILI above the seasonal average and show that this surge is correlated with COVID case counts across states. By quantifying the number of excess ILI patients in March relative to previous years and comparing excess ILI to confirmed COVID case counts, we estimate the syndromic case detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 in the US to be less than 13%. If only 1/3 of patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 sought care, the ILI surge would correspond to more than 8.7 million new SARS-CoV-2 infections across the US during the three week period from March 8 to March 28. Combining excess ILI counts with the date of onset of community transmission in the US, we also show that the early epidemic in the US was unlikely to be doubling slower than every 4 days. Together these results suggest a conceptual model for the COVID epidemic in the US in which rapid spread across the US are combined with a large population of infected patients with presumably mild-to-moderate clinical symptoms. We emphasize the importance of testing these findings with seroprevalence data, and discuss the broader potential to use syndromic time series for early detection and understanding of emerging infectious diseases.
Cancers of the Head and Neck

Reports of head and neck cancers include malignant tumors arising in all structures cephalad to the clavicles except for the brain, spinal cord, base of the skull and usually the skin. In 2001, it was estimated that there were about 30,100 new diagnoses of cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx, with a consequent 7,800 related deaths [1]. However, any meaningful analysis requires a separation of specific anatomic structures because of variations in tumor types, function, morbidities and even cosmesis. This discussion will include cancers arising in the oral cavity, oropharynx, nasopharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, salivary and thyroid glands. Because of the diversity of tumors with a range of biologic behavior, it is essential that diagnosis, management and evaluation involve an integrated group of surgeons, radiation oncologists, medical oncologists, pathologists, radiologists, oral surgeons and specially trained nurses.
Lifecraft: An Android Based Application System for Women Safety

Women have ensured the stability, progress and long-term development of the nations throughout the history. If women are subjected to violence and harassment, they cannot be genuinely included in society. With increasing heinous incidents involving women and children, an advanced system is needed to serve the purpose of getting help as soon as possible. At present time, the use of smartphones has increased rapidly, making it possible to use a smartphone efficiently for security or other protective purposes. All the recent atrocious incidents have made us think about to go for the safety issues. The crimes against women can be minimized with the help of our application “LifeCraft”. It is an application for android for women's safety though men can also use it at a distress situation. It can be activated by voice command or SOS key. An alert message with location is sent to the user defined numbers in every five minutes until the system is turned off [1]. Many cases remain mysterious due to insufficient evidence. So, we have kept audio recording option to keep evidence. Continuous location tracking, showing the victim safe zone, offline mode is some of the most useful features of this system.
Modeling and measuring the absorption-induced expansion of swellable organically modified silica

We present a theoretical framework that describes the force generated by the expansion of swellable organically modified silica (SOMS) upon exposure to organic solvent. The total swelling force, produced from the differential contributions of localized swelling domains, is related logarithmically to the amount of material confined to a rigid space. The model is further parameterized according to the physical dimensions of that space and the intrinsic swellability of SOMS. This mathematical representation is validated experimentally using a piston force sensor apparatus, which shows that the solvent-induced force and pressure exerted by SOMS increase logarithmically with the amount of material that is present. Comparison with theory implies that the commercially available varieties of SOMS CyclaSorbTM and OsorbTM have Young’s expansion moduli YC ∼ 0.8 MPa and YO ∼ 0.7 MPa, respectively, which succinctly quantifies their relative behavior. The theoretical model and experimental technique should be widely applicable to other swellable and stimuli-responsive materials.
Scaling of Union of Intersections for Inference of Granger Causal Networks from Observational Data

The development of advanced recording and measurement devices in scientific fields is producing high-dimensional time series data. Vector autoregressive (VAR) models are well suited for inferring Granger-causal networks from high dimensional time series data sets, but accurate inference at scale remains a central challenge. We have recently introduced a flexible and scalable statistical machine learning framework, Union of Intersections (UoI), which enables low false-positive and low false-negative feature selection along with low bias and low variance estimation, enhancing interpretation and predictive accuracy. In this paper, we scale the UoI framework for VAR models (algorithm UoI V AR ) to infer network connectivity from large time series data sets (TBs). To achieve this, we optimize distributed convex optimization and introduce novel strategies for improved data read and data distribution times. We study the strong and weak scaling of the algorithm on a Xeon-phi based supercomputer (100,000 cores). These advances enable us to estimate the largest VAR model as known (1000 nodes, corresponding to 1M parameters) and apply it to large time series data from neurophysiology (192 neurons) and finance (470 companies).
From Spatial Relations to Spatial Configurations

Spatial Reasoning from language is essential for natural language understanding. Supporting it requires a representation scheme that can capture spatial phenomena encountered in language as well as in images and videos. Existing spatial representations are not sufficient for describing spatial configurations used in complex tasks. This paper extends the capabilities of existing spatial representation languages and increases coverage of the semantic aspects that are needed to ground the spatial meaning of natural language text in the world. Our spatial relation language is able to represent a large, comprehensive set of spatial concepts crucial for reasoning and is designed to support the composition of static and dynamic spatial configurations. We integrate this language with the Abstract Meaning Representation(AMR) annotation schema and present a corpus annotated by this extended AMR. To exhibit the applicability of our representation scheme, we annotate text taken from diverse datasets and show how we extend the capabilities of existing spatial representation languages with the fine-grained decomposition of semantics and blend it seamlessly with AMRs of sentences and discourse representations as a whole.
Third Generation PRESiCE™ Technology for Manufacturing SiC Power Devices in a 6-Inch Commercial Foundry

A third-generation PRESiCE™ technology has been qualified for manufacturing SiC power devices in a commercial foundry using 6 inch wafers. JBS diodes, power MOSFETs, and JBSFETs with 1.2 kV ratings were fabricated using this technology with good yields. Conventional device structures similar to commercially available products were used in this work to perform the process qualification. Extensive measurements on devices from three process qualification lots demonstrate excellent parametric distributions within a wafer, between wafers within a lot, and between wafers from the three lots. The electrical characteristics of the JBS diodes, power MOSFETs and JBSFETs manufactured with PRESiCE™ are similar to those of commercial products.
In stable coronary disease with moderate or severe ischemia, initial invasive therapy plus medical therapy did not improve CV outcomes at 3 years.

SOURCE CITATION Maron DJ, Hochman JS, Reynolds HR, et al. Initial invasive or conservative strategy for stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:1395-1407. 32227755.
Saving the Other Bees: The Resurgence of Stingless Beekeeping in the Zona Maya

This paper discusses strategies for salvaging biodiversity through a case study exploring the revitalisation of keeping stingless bees in the Yucatan Peninsula. While once Melipona beecheii was at risk of extinction, fifteen years later the species and meliponiculture practices are thriving. The paper highlights the history of the revitalisation and emphasises two factors underpinning stingless beekeeping's resurgence: agroecology orientations in environmental stewardship and inter-generational relationships, based upon a feminist ethic of inter-species care. This case illustrates the complex interactions of indigenous-led and grassroots approaches with biodiversity losses and ecosystem protection, and advances insights into the interdependencies and complexities involved in cultivating vital inter-species relationships.
Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Opioid Use Disorder and Poisoning Emergency Department Visits in Florida.

To examine the role of individual race/ethnicity and community racial/ethnic mix on the type of opioid-related emergency department (ED) visits in Florida. The study identifies opioid-related ED visits that involved heroin, non-heroin poisoning, and opioid use disorder (OUD) from the first quarter of 2010 to the second quarter of 2018 in Florida. The trend is depicted by patients’ race/ethnicity and racial/ethnic mix of residential communities. Combined with zip code tabulation area data, the study builds a multilevel model and examines how individual-level and community-level covariates relate to the type of opioid-related ED visits. While opioid-related ED visit rate was highest among white patients, majority-black communities caught up with the majority-white communities in the visit rate. The multilevel model results suggest that the likelihood of an opioid-related ED visit involving heroin, non-heroin poisoning, or OUD differed by patient race/ethnicity as well as community racial/ethnic mix. Opioid-related ED visits among minority patients were more likely to involve non-heroin poisoning than non-Hispanic white patients, whereas patients from minority-dominant communities were more likely to involve heroin poisoning than from majority-white communities. However, community racial/ethnic mix was not significantly or less significantly associated with the likelihood of involving OUD ED visits. The study highlights the heterogeneity of the opioid overdose problem across racial/ethnic patients and communities with different racial/ethnic mixes. Future policies may consider the effect of living in different racial/ethnic mixed communities in addition to individual race/ethnicity.
CNN based anthropomorphic model observer for defect localization

Model Observers (MO) are algorithms designed to evaluate and optimize the parameters of newly developed medical imaging technologies by providing a measure of human accuracy for a given diagnostic task. If designed well, these algorithms can expedite and reduce the expenses of coordinating sessions with radiologists to evaluate the diagnosis potential of such reconstruction technologies. During the last decade, classic machine learning techniques along with feature engineering have proved to be a good MO choice by allowing the models to be trained to detect or localize defects and therefore potentially reduce the extent of needed human observer studies. More recently, and with the developments in computer processing speed and capabilities, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) have been introduced as MOs eliminating the need of feature engineering. In this paper, we design, train and evaluate the accuracy of a fully convolutional U-Net structure as a MO for a defect forced-localization task in simulated images. This work focuses on the optimization of parameters, hyperparameters and choice of objective functions for CNN model training. Results are shown in the form of human accuracy vs model accuracy as well as efficiencies with respect to the ideal observer, and reveal a strong agreement between the human and the MO for the chosen defect localization task.
Congressional Candidates' Use of YouTube in 2008: Its Frequency and Rationale

ABSTRACT This study investigates the extent of Congressional candidates' use of YouTube in 2008 and analyzes which candidates were more likely to adopt and use this tool. While 72 percent of the major party candidates for the Senate opened YouTube channels, only 28 percent of candidates for the House seats did so. A multivariate analysis of all major-party candidates for the House shows that better-financed candidates and those in competitive elections were more likely to become early adopters by opening a YouTube channel; open seat candidates were less likely than incumbents to open a channel. A multivariate analysis of how extensively candidates used YouTube revealed that incumbents and better-financed candidates posted more videos to their channels. Candidates from districts with a higher percentage of college graduates also were more likely to post videos. YouTube is best understood as a vehicle for disseminating campaign communications produced by or for traditional media, especially television, and ...
Fibre optics: Turning the tables on nonlinearity

The discovery of a new nonlinear light propagation regime in optical fibres paves the way to spectrally brighter lasers and control of signal distortion in communication links.
Distinguishing lymph node metastases from benign glandular inclusions in low-grade ovarian carcinoma

In order to properly stage patients with ovarian carcinoma, we are routinely removing and microscopically examining sample aortic lymph nodes in these patients, since aortic lymph node metastases may affect long-term survival. Inasmuch as benign glandular inclusions can be found in pelvic and aortic lymph nodes, we have run into difficulty distinguishing such inclusions from genuine metastases in cases of low-grade or borderline serous ovarian carcinomas. Atypical epithelium in these tumors may closely resemble the lining of benign glandular lymph node inclusions. Moreover, like metastases benign glandular inclusions may grow in the peripheral sinusoid, show epithelial papillae and psammoma bodies, and may even proliferate as small sheets of cells. Just how crucial it is to recognize aortic lymph node metastases in these low-grade tumors will be clarified when the prognostic importance of aortic node metastases becomes understood.
Latino Adolescents' Community Violence Exposure: After-school Activities and Familismo as Risk and Protective Factors

Low-income, urban adolescents are exposed to extremely high rates of witnessing and being victimized by community violence. Such violence exposure presents serious implications for youth’s development and psychological well-being. In a sample of 223 ninth-grade Latino adolescents, we examine: (1) what types of after-school activity participation increase or reduce adolescents’ risk for violence exposure and (2) the role of the cultural value of familismo in moderating the impact of violence exposure on adolescents’ psychological well-being. Our results indicate that spending unstructured leisure time with peers and participating in non-school sports and non-school clubs were associated with higher levels of community violence exposure, whereas adhering to the cultural value of familismo was associated with lower levels of violence exposure. Additionally, familismo moderated the positive association between violence exposure and depressive symptoms, but not posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Implications of these results are discussed.
Deterministic algorithms for rank aggregation and other ranking and clustering problems

We consider ranking and clustering problems related to the aggregation of inconsistent information. Ailon, Charikar, and Newman [1] proposed randomized constant factor approximation algorithms for these problems. Together with Hegde and Jain, we recently proposed deterministic versions of some of these randomized algorithms [2]. With one exception, these algorithms required the solution of a linear programming relaxation. In this paper, we introduce a purely combinatorial deterministic pivoting algorithm for weighted ranking problems with weights that satisfy the triangle inequality; our analysis is quite simple. We then shown how to use this algorithm to get the first deterministic combinatorial approximation algorithm for the partial rank aggregation problem with performance guarantee better than 2. In addition, we extend our approach to the linear programming based algorithms in Ailon et al. [1] and Ailon [3]. Finally, we show that constrained rank aggregation is not harder than unconstrained rank aggregation.
Cyberspace Law : Censorship and Regulation of the Internet

1. Claiming Web Addresses as Property, Margreth Barrett 2. The Promise of Information Justice, Lateef Mtima 3. Owning Methods of Conducting Business in Cyberspace, Johanna K.P. Dennis 4. Red Flags of "Piracy" Online, Amir Hassanpour 5. Who Controls the Internet? The Second Circuit on YouTube, Hannibal Travis 6. Is eBay Counterfeiting?, Jasmine Abdel-Khalik 7. Bad Samaritanism: Barnes v. Yahoo and Section 230 ISP Immunity, Ann Bartow 8. Internet Responsibility, Geographic Boundaries, and Business Ethics, Raphael Cohen-Almagor 9. Neutralizing the "Open Internet", Hannibal Travis 10. The "Monster" that Ate Social Networking?, Hannibal Travis 11. Conclusion.
COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING NICHES SUSTAINED BY SIZE‐SELECTIVE PREDATION1

A study of the planktonic communities of 24 similar ponds in the mountains of Colorado supports the hypothesis that one predator population can sustain another as a result of size-selective predation on the prey of both predators. A highly selective predator excludes its preferred (large) food items and thus favors the presence of suboptimal (smaller-sized) prey populations which are the preferred food of the second, dependent, predator. The suboptimal prey species are found only with size-selective predators, and it is probable that these are the only suitable prey species for the dependent predator. This interaction can occur in simple communities but also appears to be common in more diverse, complex communities. To support the discussion of this interaction, the electivity coefficients and predation pressures of three freshwater planktivores were estimated.
Chapter 4 Tumor markers for prostate cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses tumor markers for prostate cancer (PCa). The incidence and mortality of PCa are increasing at alarming rates because of an aging population. Early detection of PCa using clinically sensitive procedures and tumor markers (e.g., prostate-specific antigen [PSA]) is of prime importance. However, the choice of therapeutic interventions for PCa at the time of diagnosis is largely dependent on clinical and pathological staging and prediction of the degree of aggressiveness of the disease. The chapter reviews the currently existing diagnostic and prognostic markers for PCa. These markers include conventional protein markers, micro vessel density, neuroendocrine differentiation status, adhesion molecules, bone matrix degrading products (e.g., osteocalcin and ICPT), and molecule markers. Currently, only PSA is used clinically for the early diagnosis and monitoring of PCa. Although none of these potential prognostic markers are used for patient management, a few of them show great promise for further evaluation. Overcoming the shortcomings of each individual marker, a combination of the test results of multiple markers may prove to be much superior to any individual marker alone.
Transferrin concentration in human amniotic fluid

Abstract The concentration of transferrin in human amniotic fluid was measured by single radial immunodiffusion. In the 52 amniotic fluid samples studied, the mean transferrin concentration was 29.9 mg. per 100 ml. and was not observed to vary greatly during gestation. Significant differences occurred between the mean values of gestational age groups with respect to early and late third trimester. In nine patients on whom serial amniocenteses were performed, six patients showed increasing concentrations of transferrin as gestation progressed, although these increases were relatively small. The values observed in this study represent the largest group of amniotic fluids studied with respect to transferrin concentration and are comparable to those of a previously reported study.
Open Space in an Urban Area: Might There Be Too Much of a Good Thing?

Numerous policies encourage the preservation of open space in urban areas. Two of many examples are large-lot zoning and tax benefits to donors of conservation easements. These policies rest on the plausible inference that an open space can benefit nearby residents, for instance, by enhancing scenic vistas and recreational opportunities. But commentators tend to underestimate the costs of open space. The key advantage of urban living is proximity to other people. Open spaces reduce urban densities, increase commuting times, and foster sprawl. I advance the heretical view that a metropolitan area can suffer from having too much open space, and briefly suggest some reforms, particularly in zoning and conservation-easement policy.
Early language development and the emergence of a theory of mind

The current study examined the relation between children's language development at 2 years of age and their theory of mind performance at 4 years of age. Twenty toddlers were initially tested when they were 2 years old. Measures of both lexical and grammatical development were obtained from: (1) parental completion of the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (MCDI), and (2) a naturalistic play session between mother and child. The children returned at 4 years and were given four standard theory of mind tasks to assess understanding of: (a) false belief, (b) representational change, and (c) appearance-reality. In addition, in order to control for general language and cognitive development, the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) and the Woodcock-Johnson Memory for Sentences Test were also given. Strong associations were found between early language development and later theory of mind performance. These relationships may reflect similar social cognitive processes that govern the development of ...
Process Recording: It's More than You Think

Abstract Process recording has been used in social work field education for many years. The traditional format for a process recording is a written verbatim report of the transaction between worker and client. This article argues that it may be useful to reconceptualize process recording as a continuum of techniques. The proposed continuum is outlined, strengths and weaknesses of the various methods are described, suggestions are made for incorporating a range of techniques into an enhanced learning experience for social work students, a model for training field instructors in these methods is described, and the article concludes with a recommendation for ongoing renewal of teaching methodologies.
Design, construction and performance of a liquid xenon and liquid argon ionization chamber

Abstract We have constructed an ionization chamber for liquid xenon and liquid argon and have conducted studies of initial ion-electron recombination. Using a 392 keV 113Sn source, we find in xenon a charge collection of (90±5)% at an electric drift field of 1.6 kV/cm and (10±3)% at 10 V/cm. In argon we collect (78±5)% of the charge in a field of 1.6 kV/cm. We have developed a method for measuring the concentration of electronegative impurities in the detector liquid. The purity of the liquid was always better than 2 ppb O2 equivalent. Under these conditions, the energy resolution observed with either liquid in the detector is (12±1)% FWHM at 380 keV in an electric drift field of 1.8 kV/cm for argon and 1.6 kV/cm for xenon. This appears to be a fundamental limit imposed by the statistics of delta electron production.
Justice in compensation: a defense

Business ethicists have written much about ethical issues in employment. Except for a handful of articles on the very high pay of chief executive officers and the very low pay of workers in overseas sweatshops, however, little has been written about the ethics of compensation. This is prima facie strange. Workers care about their pay, and they think about it in normative terms. This article's purpose is to consider whether business ethicists' neglect of the normative aspects of compensation is justified. I examine several possible justifications for neglecting compensation and show that they fail. What remains is a case for thinking that it is worthy of normative analysis.
Structural studies on the specific type VII pneumococcal polysaccharide.

Abstract The specific type VII pneumococcal polysaccharide was isolated from the crude capsular material by precipitative and chromatographic methods. It contained D -galactose, D -glucose, L -rhamnose, 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucose, and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactose in the molar ratio of 3.5:2.3:3.0:2.1:1.0. Some of its structural features were revealed by methylation studies, time-lapse hydrolysis, periodate oxidation, and enzymic hydrolysis. The polysaccharide is branched at residues of D -galactose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -galactose. Non-reducing end groups consisted of D -galactopyranose and 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucopyranose residues, with the former predominating. Major components of the linear chains were (1→3)-linked L -rhamnose and (1→4)-linked D -glucose; the minor ones were (1→2)-linked L -rhamnose, (1→6)-linked D -galactose, and (1→6)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy- D -glucopyranose. The (1→4)-linked D -glucose components may be present as cellobiose residues. The results are in accord with structural features deduced from the serological cross-reactivity of this polysaccharide.
REVERSAL OF GLUCOCORTICOID-INDUCED GROWTH FAILURE BY HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE(hGH). † 488

Growth failure is common during long-term treatment with glucocorticoids(GC) due to blunting of GH release, IGF-1 bioactivity, and collagen synthesis. These effects could theoretically be reversed with hGH therapy. The National Cooperative Growth Study data base (n=22,005) was searched for children meeting the following criteria: 1) pharmacologic treatment with GC and hGH≥ 12mo; 2) known type and dose of GC; 3) height measurements for ≥ 12 mo. A total of 83 patients (ALL) were identified; 45 transplant (T) recipients, 18 with inflammatory (1) diseases, 16 with reactive airway disease(A), and 4 others. Stimulated endogenous GH levels were <10ng/ml in 51% and<7ng/ml in 37% of patients. Average GC dose (prednisone equivalent; P), baseline height (bH-SDS) and growth rate (bGV), and height (deltaH-SDS) and GV(GH-GV) following 12 months of GH therapy (mean dose 0.3mg/kg/wk) were analyzed (mean+SD) for all GC-dependent patients and for each subgroup.(+=based on n=68;*= p<0.01) Table For the total group, there was a (p<0.05) negative correlation between P equivalent dose and growth response to hGH. We conclude that growth suppressing effects of GC are variably counterbalanced by hGH therapy over 12mo. The mean response is a doubling of baseline GV. Responsiveness to GH is inversely correlated with GC dose and severity, but not type, of GC-dependent disease. Possible adverse events (e.g. glucose intolerance, worsening autoimmune disease or transplant function) are being monitored and analyzed in detail. This study was funded by Genentech, Inc.
Reactions of N2O4 with ice at low temperatures on the Au(111) surface

Reactions of N2O4, formed by condensation of NO2 gas, with adsorbed water films as models for ice surfaces were studied on a Au(111) substrate at low temperatures under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. Two thermal reaction paths were found, primarily by using infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRAS) and temperature programmed desorption (TPD) techniques. One path evolved gas phase HONO (nitrous acid) and HNO3 (nitric acid) below 150 K, independent of both the crystallinity of the ice film and the exposure of NO2. In contrast, another reaction pathway depended strongly on these variables and was conveniently monitored by the formation of oxygen adatoms on the Au(111) substrate surface. The latter reactions only occurred following multilayer adsorption of NO2 (present as N2O4) and only if the adsorption was on amorphous ice clusters and not crystalline ice. The extent of these reactions was proportional to the concentration of ‘free-OH’ groups on the ice film, indicating that water molecules with only two hydrogen bonds were required to initiate these reactions by strongly hydrating N2O4. Following adsorption of N2O4 multilayers on amorphous ice, we propose that isomerization of O2N–NO2 (D2h–N2O4) to ONO–NO2 (nitrite–N2O4) occurs upon heating to 130–185 K. Further heating to 200–260 K leads to formation of NO+NO−3 (nitrosonium nitrate). This compound is stable on the Au(111) surface up to at least 275 K. Decomposition of NO+NO−3 on the Au(111) surface at 275–400 K evolves gas-phase NO2, and possibly NO (nitric oxide), and also produces oxygen adatoms that recombine and thermally desorb as O2 at about 520 K. These investigations provide new data on reactions of nitrogen oxides and condensed phases of water, which are of general importance for several technologies and improved understanding of atmospheric chemistry. In addition, new details are revealed concerning a novel method for producing oxygen adatoms on Au(111) surfaces under UHV conditions.
Reduction in interrill sediment transport by rolled erosion control systems

Abstract Rolled erosion control systems (RECS) reduce detachment and transport of sediment by mitigating the basic processes of run-off and erosion (e.g., splash detachment, interrill transport, run-off velocity, surface crusting). Despite the variety of products available in the market today, only limited research has been conducted on their influence on erosion subprocesses. This study addresses some of the limitations of previous research by using laboratory rainfall simulation to study rainsplash sediment redistribution, run-off, total interrill sediment transport, and aggregate size transport from an erodible Vertisol. Three 3-h rainfall simulations were conducted on a 20° slope at a rainfall intensity of ≈100 mm h −1 on (1) a bare soil control, (2) four predominately natural RECS, and (3) four synthetic RECS. Data indicate that all products significantly reduced run-off (enhanced infiltration), and decreased interrill sediment transport compared to the bare soil control. However, it was observed that several products (C125, Curlex I, Geojute, SC150BN, TB1000, and P300) were statistically more effective than PECMAT and TerraJute. Finally, preferential transport of selected aggregate fractions was examined. Cover percentage, three-dimensionality, and drapability were identified as favorable physical attributes for mitigating erosion processes.
Bacteremia with esophageal dilation.

Abstract (GUMMI BEARS) Background: Antibiotic prophylaxis has been recommended for selected patients undergoing esophageal stricture dilation because of a reported high rate of bacteremia. The aim of this study was to determine the rate of bacteremia after esophageal dilatation in a large series and the source of the organisms recovered. Methods: Blood cultures and oral temperatures were obtained before esophageal dilation and at 5 and 30 minutes after dilation. Dilators were cultured immediately before dilation. Procedural data collected included type of dilation, number of passes, and presence of malignancy. Results: Of 100 procedures in 86 patients undergoing esophageal dilation, 22 (22%) were associated with a positive post-dilation blood culture. Bacteremia was more frequent with dilation of malignant strictures compared with benign strictures (9 of 17 [52.9%] vs. 13 of 83 [15.7%], respectively, p = 0.002) and with passage of multiple dilators compared with passage of a single dilator (16 of 46 [34.8%] versus 6 of 54 [11.1%], respectively, p = 0.007). Bacterial isolates from 22 positive blood cultures matched those from a dilator in only one episode (4.5%). Conclusion: The rate of bacteremia after esophageal dilation is 22% and is associated with dilation of malignant strictures or passage of multiple dilators. Organisms cultured from the blood are not transmitted from the dilator. (Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:563-7.)
A Multilevel Iterative Field Solver for Implicit, Kinetic, Plasma Simulation

The equation for electrostatic potential which arises from the implicit moment method in plasma simulation is a nonsymmetric elliptic equation. We present results using a simple multigrid method as a preconditioner to General Minimum RESidual (GMRES) to iteratively solve this nonsymmetric elliptic equation in two dimensions. It is demonstrated that a simple multigrid method produces an effective preconditioner. It is also demonstrated that under some conditions the required number of linear iterations is independent of grid dimension. Results are presented for both uniform and nonuniform grid problems.
3,5-Bis(4-methoxybenzylidene)-1-methyl-4-piperidone and 3,5-bis(4-methoxybenzylidene)-1-methyl-4-oxopiperidinium chloride: potential biophotonic materials.

In the title compound 3,5-bis(4-methoxy­benzyl­idene)-1-methyl-4-piperidone, C22H23NO3, (I), the central heterocyclic ring adopts a flattened boat conformation, while in the related salt 3,5-bis(4-methoxy­benzyl­idene)-1-methyl-4-oxopiperidin­ium chloride, C22H24NO3+·Cl−, (II), the ring exhibits a `sofa' conformation in which the N atom deviates from the planar fragment. The pendant benzene rings are twisted from the heterocyclic ring planes in both mol­ecules in the same direction, the range of dihedral angles between the ring planes being 24.5 (2)–32.7 (2)°. The dominant packing motif in (I) involves centrosymmetric dimers bound by weak intermolecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds. In (II), cations and anions are linked by strong N—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds, while weak C—H⋯O and C—H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the cations and anions into a three-dimensional framework.
You Can Lead Students to the Library, but Can You Make Them Do Research? The Effect of Syllabus Design and Content on Undergraduates’ Perceptions and Use of the Academic Library

This article explores the effect that the design of academic syllabi has on the perceptions and use of the academic library. Several articles have sought to examine the information-seeking behaviors of both business faculty and students. The research was conducted at several schools in the southeastern United States via an online survey instrument. The majority of the respondents were upper-level business students. For each course surveyed, the author also examined the syllabi themselves to look for any correlation between the perceptions of the students versus the actual syllabi verbiage.
Conditions that favor clover establishment in permanent grass swards

Over seeding clover into permanent grasslands has many benefits, but successful establishment can be difficult as it depends on multiple interacting variables. This paper reports on a 2-year factorial experiment conducted to evaluate how the interaction of several variables: (i) height of residual grass stubble at sowing, (ii) defoliation frequency, and (iii) fertilization with P and K affected clover seedling emergence and subsequent biomass in a permanent grass sward. In 2010, a red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) and white clover (Trifolium repens L.) mix was broadcast seeded into grass plots arranged in a split-split plot arrangement of treatments. Clover seed sown into short grass stubble produced two times more seedlings (226 m−2) compared with sowing into tall swards (106 m−2). Frequent defoliation facilitated clover establishment, but only when seed had been sown into short grass stubble. Fertilization increased red clover yield in year 1, but this also depended on interactions with defoliation frequency and stubble height. Overall, red clover benefitted from fertilization with P and K but only during the establishing year. Fertilization also promoted a less desirable weedy species, hop clover (Trifolium campestre Schreb.), which may have had negative impacts on clover yield and white clover persistence in year 2. The results highlight the complexity of managing grass-legume mixtures especially with respect to fertilization.
Reducing risks of maintenance dredging on freshwater mussels (Unionidae) in the Big Sunflower River, Mississippi.

Abstract In response to proposed dredging in a 122-km reach of the Big Sunflower River, Mississippi, we studied freshwater mussels (family: Unionidae) using qualitative, semi-quantitative, and quantitative (0.25 m 2 total substratum removal) methods in 1987, 1993, 1994, 2001, 2002, and 2003. Our objectives were to identify important mussel resources, to devise methods for minimizing dredging risks, and to identify habitat improvement features. Approximately 60% of the fauna was located on two high-density shoals characterized by extreme dominance of the commercially valuable threeridge ( Amblema plicata ). Shallow nearshore and main channel areas comprised approximately 10 and 88% of the aquatic habitat in the project area; however, these areas were of less importance for mussels and supported densities of approximately 5 and 0.5 individuals/m 2 , respectively. Throughout the project area the mussel fauna exhibited little or no evidence of recent recruitment, dominance of relatively few species (either A. plicata , or the bank climber Plectomerus dombeyanus ), and low species diversity ( H ′) and evenness. No federally listed endangered or threatened mussels were found, although the pyramid pigtoe ( Pleurobema pyramidatum ), a species listed as endangered in Mississippi, was collected in and upstream of the project area. Two other state-listed species, Plethobasus cyphyus (sheepnose) and Quadrula cylindrica (rabbitsfoot), were only found on gravelly shoals upriver of the project area. Maintenance plans were redesigned to minimize environmental damage; a hydraulic cutterhead dredge will be used in most of the mainstem to reduce risk to nearshore habitats. High-density assemblages on four shoals will not be dredged and 150 and 100 m buffer zones will be left immediately up and downriver. Enhancements for aquatic biota will be created with gravel substratum and wing dams.