cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Testing the efficiency of the National Football League betting market

This study presents three tests of efficiency of the NFL betting market for the years 1994–2000. First, it tests for weak-form informational efficiency of the betting market. Then it examines whether the market incorporates objective information such as power scores and stadium characteristics that might be useful for predicting game outcomes. Finally, it determines whether alternative betting strategies would have yielded a profit. Although there is some indication that differences in the playing surfaces of home and visiting teams were not fully reflected in the betting lines, it is found that there is no conclusive evidence to suggest that the market was inefficient over the period examined.
Free vibrations of steel mill buildings

Abstract The vibration characteristics of steel mill buildings designed according to standard specifications are investigated. The dynamic stiffness influence coefficient method is used in deriving a simple, yet rigorous, method of extraction of the first few planar horizontal and vertical natural frequencies and modal shapes. The advantage of this method is that the final system matrix is only of rank two. The finite element method is also used for the complete three-dimensional representation of a typical steel mill building with an overhead crane at two different positions. In all cases, the representation of real structures by idealized mathematical models is meticulously performed in order to ensure that all salient structural features are correctly included. It is concluded that the two-dimensional representations yield natural frequencies and modal shapes that are in good agreement with the corresponding ones obtained from complete three-dimensional representations.
Moderate hypothermia reduces cardiopulmonary bypass-induced impairment of cerebrovascular responses to platelet products

Background. The purpose of this study was to determine whether cerebral cortical microvascular responses to platelet-derived vasoactive substances are altered after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), and whether these alterations are modified by moderate hypothermia. Methods. Pigs were placed on normothermic CPB (37°C) for 2 hours and then perfused off CPB with normothermic blood for either 15 minutes (n = 8) or 60 minutes (n = 6). Another group was placed on moderately hypothermic CPB (25°C) for 2 hours and then perfused off CPB at 37°C for 15 minutes (n = 6). Alpha-stat pH management was used. In vitro responses of isolated cortical cerebral arterioles (90 to 170 μ m internal diameter) to platelet-derived vasoactive substances were examined in a pressurized no-flow state with video-microscopy. Microvessels from noninstrumented pigs (n = 14) were used as controls for in vitro studies. Results. Cerebrovascular resistance and internal carotid artery blood flow were similar 15 minutes after CPB in both normothermic and hypothermic groups. However, relaxations of microvessels to adenosine 5′ diphosphate or serotonin were reduced in vessels from both groups. One hour of after CPB cerebral perfusion did not change this pattern of altered vascular reactivity. Hypothermia caused a partial but significant reduction in impairment of responses to adenosine 5′ diphosphate and serotonin. Microvascular relaxation to the endothelium-independent agent sodium nitroprusside and contraction to a thromboxane A 2 analog were similar in all experimental groups, suggesting normal vascular smooth muscle responsiveness. Conclusions. This study demonstrates that normothermic extracorporeal circulation reduces endothelium-dependent relaxation responses to products of platelet activation in the cerebral microcirculation. Moderate hypothermia attenuates the CPB-induced impairment of endothelium-dependent relaxation, but has no effect on baseline cerebral blood flow after rewarming.
Stirling Engines for Distributed Low-Cost Solar-Thermal-Electric Power Generation

Due to their high relative cost, solar-electric energy systems have yet to be exploited on a widespread basis. It is believed in the energy community that a technology similar to photovoltaics, but offered at about $1/W, would lead to widespread deployment at residential and commercial sites. This paper addresses the feasibility study of a low-cost solar-thermal electricity generation technology, suitable for distributed deployment. Specifically, we discuss a system based on nonimaging solar concentrators, integrated with free-piston Stirling engine devices incorporating integrated electric generation. We target concentrator collector operation at moderate temperatures, in the range of 120°C to 150°C. This temperature range is consistent with the use of optical concentrators with low-concentration ratios, wide angles of radiation acceptance which are compatible with no diurnal tracking and no or only a few seasonal adjustments. Therefore, costs and reliability hazards associated with tracking hardware systems are avoided. This paper further outlines the design, fabrication, and test results of a single-phase free-piston Stirling engine prototype. A very low loss resonant displacer piston is designed for the system using a very linear magnetic spring. The power piston, which is not mechanically linked to the displacer piston, forms a mass-spring resonating subsystem with the gas spring, and has a resonant frequency matched to that of the displacer. The design of heat exchangers is discussed, with an emphasis on their low fluid friction losses. Only standard low-cost materials and manufacturing methods are required to realize such a machine. The fabricated engine prototype is successfully tested as an engine, and the experimental results are presented and discussed. Extensive experimentation on individual component subsystems confirms the theoretical models and design considerations. Based on the experimental results and the verified component models, an appropriately dimensioned Stirling engine candidate is discussed. DOI: 10.1115/1.4003144
Comparison of nerve growth factor receptor binding models using heterodimeric muteins

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a homodimer that binds to two distinct receptor types, TrkA and p75, to support survival and differentiation of neurons. The high-affinity binding on the cell surface is believed to involve a heteroreceptor complex, but its exact nature is unclear. We developed a heterodimer (heteromutein) of two NGF muteins that can bind p75 and TrkA on opposite sides of the heterodimer, but not two TrkA receptors. Previously described muteins are Δ9/13 that is TrkA negative and 7-84-103 that is signal selective through TrkA. The heteromutein (Htm1) was used to study the heteroreceptor complex formation and function, in the putative absence of NGF-induced TrkA dimerization. Cellular binding assays indicated that Htm1 does not bind TrkA as efficiently as wild-type (wt) NGF but has better affinity than either homodimeric mutein. Htm1, 7-84-103, and Δ9/13 were each able to compete for cold-temperature, cold-chase stable binding on PC12 cells, indicating that binding to p75 was required for a portion of this high-affinity binding. Survival, neurite outgrowth, and MAPK signaling in PC12 cells also showed a reduced response for Htm1, compared with wtNGF, but was better than the parent muteins in the order wtNGF > Htm1 > 7-84-103 >> Δ9/13. Htm1 and 7-84-103 demonstrated similar levels of survival on cells expressing only TrkA. In the longstanding debate on the NGF receptor binding mechanism, our data support the ligand passing of NGF from p75 to TrkA involving a transient heteroreceptor complex of p75-NGF-TrkA.
Identification of tonal contrasts in Thai aphasic patients

In tone languages pitch variations (tones) serve to distinguish the lexical meanings of words. This study was conducted to examine the extent and nature of impairment in the perception of tones by aphasic patients who were monolingual speakers of Thai, a tone language which has five contrastive tones (mid, low, falling, high, rising). Six subjects participated in the study: two Broca aphasics, one transcortical motor aphasic, one conduction aphasic, one right brain-damaged nonaphasic, and one normal control. Three sets of stimuli (two real-speech, one synthetic-speech) were presented for identification, each set containing five Thai words minimally distinguished by tone. Results of the perception tests indicated that the performance of all four left brain-damaged aphasics differed significantly from that of the normal control, while the performance of the right brain-damaged nonaphasic did not. The normal performance of the right brain-damaged nonaphasic patient on this tone identification task suggests that deficits in the perception of tone exhibited by left brain-damaged patients can be attributed specifically to pathology in the language dominant hemisphere rather than to a general brain-damage effect. No difference in performance among the left brain-damaged patients could be attributed to a specific type of aphasic syndrome. The pattern of tonal confusions of the aphasics in comparison to that of normals suggests that their deficit is primarily quantitative rather than qualitative. Although two (mid, low) of the five tones accounted for a large percentage of the aphasics' errors, no uniform rank order of tones in terms of identifiability could be established across aphasic subjects, which suggests that their deficit is general to all five tones rather than selective to individual tones.
The Cloning and Characterization of a Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase in Chicken

The mammalian soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) plays a role in the regulation of blood pressure and vascular homeostasis through its hydrolysis of the endothelial-derived messenger molecules, the epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. This study reports the cloning and expression of a sEH homolog from chicken liver. The resulting 63-kDa protein has an isoelectric point of 6.1. The recombinant enzyme displayed epoxide hydrolase activity when assayed with [3H]-trans-1,3-diphenylpropene oxide (t-DPPO), as well as trans-9,10-epoxystearate and the cis-8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15- epoxyeicosatrienoic acids. The chicken enzyme displayed a lower kcat:Km for t-DPPO than the mammalian enzymes. The enzyme was sensitive to urea-based inhibitors developed for mammalian sEH. Such compounds could be used to study the role of chicken sEH in conditions in which endothelial-derived vasodilation is believed to be impaired, such as pulmonary hypertension syndrome.
Summary of Working Group on Future Research Directions

The deliberations of the working group relevant to prostatic intraepithelial neo plasia (PIN), atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) and prostatic carcinoma (PCA) were organized around four general topics that correspond to the headings given below.
Using Near Isogenic Barley Lines to Validate Deoxynivalenol (DON) QTL Previously Identified Through Association Analysis

Fusarium head blight (FHB) and its associated mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol (DON), are the major biotic factors limiting cereal production in many parts of the world. A recent association mapping (AM) study of US six-row spring barley identified several modest effect quantitative trait loci (QTL) for DON and FHB. To date, few studies have attempted to verify the results of association analyses, particularly for complex traits such as DON and FHB resistance in barley. While AM methods use measures to control for the effects of population structure and multiple testing, false positive associations may still occur. A previous AM study used elite breeding germplasm to identify QTL for FHB and DON. To verify the results of that study, we evaluated the effects of the nine DON QTL using near-isogenic lines (NILs). We created families of contrasting homozygous haplotypes from lines in the original AM populations that were heterozygous for the DON QTL. Seventeen NIL families were evaluated for FHB and DON in three field experiments. Significant differences between contrasting NIL haplotypes were detected for three QTL across environments and/or genetic backgrounds, thereby confirming QTL from the original AM study. Several explanations for those QTL that were not confirmed are discussed, including the effect of genetic background and incomplete sampling of relevant haplotypes.
Instrumentation in Clinical Chemistry.

Major advances in instrumentation have revolutionized the clinical chemistry laboratory during the past two decades. This article focuses on some of the more recent developments in instrumentation for clinical chemistry in the areas of general chemistry, immunoassays, urinalysis, electrophoresis, chromatography, and trace metal analyses.
Point: The muscle pump raises muscle blood flow during locomotion

A long-standing gap in our understanding of muscle perfusion during muscular activity has been the huge (2×) discrepancy between the levels of blood flow achieved by “maximal” chemical vasodilation or electrically evoked contractions and those achieved during locomotory-type exercise. The
Morphology of an aluminum alloy eroded by a normally incident jet of angular erodent particles

The erosion morphologies resulting from the normal impact of crushed glass particles upon 6061-T6 aluminum alloy are examined by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Four distant erosion regions are identified. It is shown that the transition to cutting wear occurs simultaneously with the transition from the incubation stage of erosion to the acceleration stage. It is also shown that the erosion rate depends exponentially on the velocity of the particles, with an exponent of 3.68, which is in good agreement with other investigations at normal incidence.
Changing the Learning Paradigm Through the STC-Link Electronic Archive

This paper describes an undergraduate, upper-division, multicultural core course at the University of Colorado at Denver entitled “Science, Technology, and Culture” and its companion electronic archive, “STC-Link.” STC-Link, an Internet web site, contains a syllabus with class assignments, e-mail, chat capability, and student generated materials from several case histories: “The Animas La Plata Project”; “Hohokam irrigation”; “The San Luis Valley Aquifiers”; “Inka Fountains and Water Works”; and “Culture and the Internet.” The case histories are stored as HTML files and are retrievable through technology to illustrate interrelationships in science, technology, and culture, emphasizing issues related to race, gender, and the individual. A full third of the class is devoted to a design project, where students are web page developers, making them active participants in authoring STC-Link for future students and researchers. As a teaching aid in the classroom and at distance, STC-Link encourages cooperative learning and facilitates a more open and experiential understanding of technology and culture. Through rapid retrieval of images, maps, graphs, formatted text, and remote web sites relevant to the topic at hand, students and the instructor realize a new teaching paradigm. The paper concludes with three observations. First, so far, the best use of STC-Link as a teaching tool is in the design aspect of the course, because of the participatory nature of this use of the archive. Second, the success of STC-Link as an electronic stand-alone archive leads the writers to anticipate further development of the archive as an Intranet and on-line distance education course. Third, after three years of using STC-Link in the classroom, the writers are convinced that new teaching technologies, especially the Internet and the web, will radically change the nature of classroom and extra-classroom instruction. These changes are itemized in the conclusion. The web site address is: http://www.cudenver.edu/stc-link.
Using Critical Race Theory to Analyze How Disney Constructs Diversity: A Construct for the Baccalaureate Human Behavior in the Social Environment Curriculum.

Utilizing the basic tenets of critical race theory, the authors draw upon the expertise of multicultural scholars to raise consciousness and facilitate BSW classroom dialogue about microagressions perpetrated in Disney animations. Microaggressions pervade our media partly because they typically operate outside the threshold of the dominant culture's conscious awareness. Our main consciousness-raising method is to expose social work students to microagressions depicted in Disney animations and then use the classroom as a counterspace to process the experience. We note that utilizing critical race theory to become conscious of microaggressions within Disney animations is the first step toward eradicating them.
Evidence for the embryonic origin of partial chromosome 7 deletion in monozygotic twins with juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia

During donor evaluation for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT) of a 28-month-old child with juvenile chronic myelogeneous leukemia (JCML) with 46,XY,-7,+mar karyotype, the potential donor twin brother was found to be thrombocytopenic. Subsequent genotype analysis determined monozygosity with 98% probability. Bone marrow analysis of the twin brother revealed the same 46,XY,-7,+mar karyotype and a diagnosis of JCML was made. Metaphase FISH studies documented that mar chromosome in both twins contains the pericentromeric region of chromosome 7 and thus both twins had a partial monosomy of chromosome 7. A possible embryonic origin of del(7) is proposed.
The murine bone marrow macrophage, a sensitive indicator cell for murine migration inhibitory factor and a new method for their harvest.

Abstract Murine bone marrow macrophages grown on Teflon-coated petri dishes for a period of 8–16 days can be removed with a yield of 90–95% and a viability greater than 95% following incubation in 1 m M EDTA. Bone marrow cells cultured on Teflon-coated dishes did not differ in their replication rate, peroxidase and nonspecific esterase content, pinocytosis, secretion of lysozyme and neutral proteinases from bone marrow cells cultured on plastic dishes. Murine bone marrow macrophages were found to be sensitive indicator cells for mouse migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Large numbers of cells for the MIF assay can be obtained, since their yield is 10–15 times higher than the yield of oil-induced peritoneal exudate macrophages from the same number of mice.
On the feasibility of axial injection in superconducting cyclotrons

Abstract In connection with the superconducting cyclotron program at MSU a feasibility study of axial injection, aimed mainly at the K-800 cyclotron, has been carried out. The results encompass all major aspects of a working system, i.e. center region, injection trajectories and phase space matching. It is shown that axial injection is indeed feasible, although problems exist not ordinarily encountered in conventional AVF cyclotrons. The possible solutions and limitations are presented and discussed in detail.
Depletion Effects of Silicon Carbide Deposition from Methyltrichlorosilane

The deposition rate of SiC on carbon-coated Nicalon fibers from methyltrichlorosilane in hydrogen was measured as a function of temperature, pressure, total flow rate, and simulated reactant depletion. The results, together with kinetic information on the stability of methyltrichlorosilane, led to two conclusions: (1) two different mechanisms of deposition can occur depending on whether the methyltrichlorosilane has an opportunity to dissociate into separate silicon- and carbon-containing precursors, and (2) the deposition rate is strongly reduced by the generation of byproduct HCl. The data were fitted to a simple etch model to obtain a kinetic expression that accounts for the significant effect of HCl.
PipeRoute: a pipelining-aware router for FPGAs

We present a pipelining-aware router for FPGAs. The problem of routing pipelined signals is different from the conventional FPGA routing problem. For example, the two terminal N-Delay pipelined routing problem is to find the lowest cost route between a source and sink that goes through at least N (N > 1) distinct pipelining resources. In the case of a multi-terminal pipelined signal, the problem is to find a Minimum Spanning Tree that contains sufficient pipelining resources such that the delay constraint at each sink is satisfied. We begin this work by proving that the two terminal N-Delay problem is NP-Complete. We then propose an optimal algorithm for finding a lowest cost 1-Delay route. Next, the optimal 1-Delay router is used as the building block for a greedy two terminal N-Delay router. Finally, a multi-terminal routing algorithm (PipeRoute) that effectively leverages the 1-Delay and N-Delay routers is proposed. PipeRoute's performance is evaluated by routing a set of retimed benchmarks on the RaPiD [2] architecture. Our results show that the architecture overhead incurred in routing retimed netlists on RaPiD is less than a factor of two. Further, the results indicate a possible trend between the architecture overhead and the percentage of pipelined signals in a netlist.
Carbon centre types as determined by MAS-CP n.m.r. on frozen fossil fuels

Abstract A novel solid state n.m.r. technique has been applied to the analysis of carbon centre types in fossil fuels, their fractions and reaction products. The approach is to examine liquids or semi-solids as frozen solids by magic angle spinning-cross polarization (MAS-CP) n.m.r. spectroscopy. This technique provides compositional information that is useful in itself, and can augment or provide data difficult to obtain, or unavailable by other methods. The method gives aromatic-aliphatic ratio, aromatic quaternary-aromatic methine ratio, total content of methyl, aliphatic quaternary, and aliphatic methine plus methylene carbons, and average carbon chain length per methyl group. Examples of the utility of the technique for analysis of whole crude, crude oil distillate fractions, vacuum resids, and a lube oil stock and its reaction products are presented.
Holographic Displays: 1975-1980

Three-dimensional holographic images are becoming more widely enjoyed as more practical white-light illumination techniques are developed, more varied types of images are represented, and lower production costs are attained.
Signal transduction at fertilization: the Ca2+ release pathway in echinoderms and other invertebrate deuterostomes.

Gamete interaction and fusion triggers a number of events that lead to egg activation and development of a new organism. A key event at fertilization is the rise in intracellular calcium. In deuterostomes, this calcium is released from the egg's endoplasmic reticulum and is necessary for proper activation. This article reviews recent data regarding how gamete interaction triggers the initial calcium release, focusing on the echinoderms (invertebrate deuterostomes) as model systems. In eggs of these animals, Src-type kinases and phospholipase C-γ are required components of the initial calcium trigger pathway in eggs.
Glucose metabolism by rat pancreatic islets in vitro

Abstract [U-14C]-glucose was incubated with rat islets in a Krebs-Ringer buffer. The uptake of glucose and its oxidation to CO2 were in accord with linear increases over the range of medium concentration of glucose from 0.6–3.0 mg/ml. Uptake was similar at 3.0 and 5.0 mg/ml indicating saturation of uptake in the range of these concentrations. These values are in agreement with reports of insulin release as a function of increasing glucose concentration and hence of insulin release as a function of uptake. Between 62% and 76% of glucose uptake was accounted for in CO2 and lactate. The amount of [14C]-lactate formed was similar to the amount of 14CO2 formed at 0.6 mg/ml, and it was about one-half as much or less at 3.0 and 5.0 mg/ml. Therefore, lactate is not the major product of glucose metabolism by rat islets in vitro. The formation of [3-14C]-lactate from [1-14C]-glucose indicates that lactate formation from glucose proceeds via pyruvate without intermediate randomization of the pyruvate carbons in the Krebs cycle.
Evaluation of embolic deflection devices using optical particle tracking

Trans-aortic valve replacement is a new endovascular procedure which has started to be used routinely in cardiac interventional suites. During such procedures a stent-like device containing new aortic valves is placed over the damaged ones, possibly causing calcifications to be dislodged and released in arteries leading to stroke. To prevent such events, new devices are being developed to provide distal protection to the brain supplying arteries. Currently there is a need to evaluate such device efficacy in a repeatable manner. We are proposing and investigating such a method based on particle optical tracking. We simulated such protective devices using two porous screens (150 and 200 μm pore size) which were placed in an arterial bifurcation phantom connected to a clinically relevant flow loop. A mask was acquired and gold embolic particles (100-300μm) were injected at a steady rate using a motorized injector. Optical images with 2 ms exposure were acquired at 30 fps. Images were subtracted, thresholded and filtered using a 5x5 median filter. ROI’s were drawn over the main and bifurcating arteries and a particle counting algorithm was used to estimate particle flow rates in each artery for each run. The unprotected and the two protected cases were evaluated. Before filter placement, the particle flow rate was 60 and 40 %, respectively, of the main artery. After the filter placement, the particle flow rate in the protected branch was 4% and 8% of the particle flow rate in the main artery. We present a method to assess the efficacy of such devices using an optical particle tracking and counting technique.
Bridging Disciplines with the Riparian Area Management Project.

Faculty at Columbia University's Earth Semester created the interdisciplinary Riparian Area Management Project to help students integrate information and skills from life sciences, geosciences, social sciences, and humanities focused coursework. Structured as a “consulting” contract, students were required to make a policy recommendation utilizing diverse data and struggling with the complexity inherent in a real situation with no single “right” answer. While Earth Semester was a unique program, the Riparian Project is adaptable to any educational system.
A synoptic climatological analysis of air quality in the Grand Canyon National Park

Abstract Daily air quality variations within the Grand Canyon National Park, AZ are related to a regional synoptic climatology. The climatology is developed using upper air data from 21 stations throughout the western U.S.A. and Mexico from 1979 to 1988. Thirteen synoptic situations are identified which represent days with distinct and recurring meteorological conditions throughout the region. Daily particulate concentrations and scattering coefficient readings from Hopi Point, on the south rim of the Grand Canyon, are related to the daily synoptic climatology. Three synoptic situations are associated with poor air quality. Summer monsoon days have poor air quality because of high humidity and cloud cover. On continental high days, a slow-moving anticyclone is located near the Great Basin and local pollutants are trapped within the boundary layer in this poorly ventilated air mass. The situation with the worst air quality—Rockies Ridge—has strong southwesterly winds throughout the troposphere, suggesting that regional haze is advected from southern California into the Grand Canyon area. Good air quality occurs (1) during zonal flow situations when the jet stream is strong; (2) when cold, dry air masses are present; (3) during dry and generally clear days in the summer. This research demonstrates the utility of analysing air quality problems from a synoptic climatological framework.
One-Step Synthesis of Nearly Monodisperse, Variable-Shaped In2O3 Nanocrystals in Long Chain Alcohol Solutions

Nearly monodisperse, variable-shaped In2O3 NCs have been synthesized from different indium−organic precursors in oleyl alcohol solutions at 320 °C under both nitrogen and air atmospheres. When indium(III) acetate (In(ac)3) was employed as the metal precursor, spheroidal In2O3 NCs with an average diameter of 9.2 nm were obtained in a nitrogen atmosphere, whereas nanoparticles with an incompletely developed morphology were obtained under air. Cubic In2O3 NCs with sizes of about 7 and 20 nm were produced in an air atmosphere when indium(III) acetylacetonate (In(acac)3) and indium(III) isopropoxide (In(OiPr)3), respectively, were used as precursors. For the In2O3 NCs synthesized from In(ac)3 and In(OiPr)3, the influence of oxygen (air) on the growth kinetics as well as on the morphology of the resulting nanoparticles was also investigated. On the basis of the FT-IR studies of the postreaction solutions, different reaction mechanisms, depending on the nature of the metal precursor, were proposed. The variable-...
A review of arsenic (III) in groundwater

Abstract Recent improvements in sample collection and analytical techniques have suggested that As(III) is more prevalent in groundwater than previously believed. Indeed, reducing conditions in alluvial aquifers supplying single families may result in significant exposures to naturally occurring As(III). These results are noteworthy because As(III) is both more toxic and more mobile in the environment than As(V). The literature contains contradictory information concerning the appropriate preservation and analytical techniques for determining As(III). It appears that several previously reported occurrences of As(V) may have been predominantly As(III), but the samples were either not preserved or analyzed properly. For example, separation of arsenic species by ion exchange is apparently necessary to obtain reliable analytical results for certain environmental samples. The problems encountered with investigating As(III) in the environment are due to the complex series of geochemical reactions undergone by a...
How to use experience in cyber analysis: An analytical reasoning support system

Cyber analysis is a difficult task for analysts due to huge amounts of noise-abundant monitoring data and increasing complexity of the reasoning tasks. Therefore, experience from experts can provide guidance for analysts' analytical reasoning and contribute to training. Despite its great potential benefits, experience has not been effectively leveraged in the existing reasoning support systems due to the difficulty of elicitation and reuse. To fill the gap, we propose an experience-aided reasoning support system which can automatically capture experts' experi-ence and subsequently guide the novices' reasoning in a step-by-step manner. Drawing on cognitive theory, we model experience as a reasoning process involving “actions”, “observations”, and “hypotheses”. Computability and adaptability are the compar-ative advantages of this model: the “hypotheses” capture analysts' internal mental reasoning as a black box, while the “actions” and “observations” formally representing the external context and analysts' evidence exploration activities. This paper demonstrates how this system, built on this experience model, can capture and utilize experience effectively.
Integrating Intimate Partner Violence Assessment and Intervention into Healthcare in the United States: A Systems Approach

The Institute of Medicine, United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF), and national healthcare organizations recommend screening and counseling for intimate partner violence (IPV) within the US healthcare setting. The Affordable Care Act includes screening and brief counseling for IPV as part of required free preventive services for women. Thus, IPV screening and counseling must be implemented safely and effectively throughout the healthcare delivery system. Health professional education is one strategy for increasing screening and counseling in healthcare settings, but studies on improving screening and counseling for other health conditions highlight the critical role of making changes within the healthcare delivery system to drive desired improvements in clinician screening practices and health outcomes. This article outlines a systems approach to the implementation of IPV screening and counseling, with a focus on integrated health and advocacy service delivery to support identification and interventions, use of electronic health record (EHR) tools, and cross-sector partnerships. Practice and policy recommendations include (1) ensuring staff and clinician training in effective, client-centered IPV assessment that connects patients to support and services regardless of disclosure; (2) supporting enhancement of EHRs to prompt appropriate clinical care for IPV and facilitate capturing more detailed and standardized IPV data; and (3) integrating IPV care into quality and meaningful use measures. Research directions include studies across various health settings and populations, development of quality measures and patient-centered outcomes, and tests of multilevel approaches to improve the uptake and consistent implementation of evidence-informed IPV screening and counseling guidelines.
Light-dependent developmental control of rbcS gene expression in epidermal cells of maize leaves

Regulatory elements of the maize rbcS-m3 gene (a member of the family of genes encoding the small subunit of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase) that are sufficient for expression of the β-glucuronidase (gusA) gene in photosynthetic tissue lead to relatively weak expression of the reporter gene in epidermal cells of green maize leaves when delivered by ballistic gene transfer methods. However, epidermal cells of white, immature segments of maize leaf bases express the same reporter gene strongly. Morphologically, these epidermal cells look undifferentiated and are uniform in size and shape. When cultured for seven days on Murashige-Skoog medium [18], exised leaf base segments expand two- to threefold, and epidermal and guard cells differentiate and mature, regardless of whether or not the tissue is illuminated. Epidermal cells that differentiate in darkness continue to have the capacity to express the rbcS-m3:: gusA reporter gene strongly. However, if the leaf base segments are illuminated after four to five days of expansion in darkness, but not before, these more mature epidermal cells are largely unable to express the same gene. That is, they acquire the characteristics of epidermal cells of green maize leaves with regard to expressing the rbcS-m3 reporter gene after undergoing a developmental program (in light or darkness) in vitro and after being exposed to light. White light but not red is effective. Suppression of expression in maize epidermal cells requires different rbcS-m3 sequences than in mesophyll cells [31].
A high affinity pyruvate decarboxylase is present in cottonwood leaf veins and petioles: A second source of leaf acetaldehyde emission?

Considerable evidence indicates that acetaldehyde is released from the leaves of a variety of plants. The conventional explanation for this is that ethanol formed in the roots is transported to the leaves where it is converted to acetaldehyde by the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) found in the leaves. It is possible that acetaldehyde could also be formed in leaves by action of pyruvate decarboxylase (PDC), an enzyme with an uncertain metabolic role, which has been detected, but not characterized, in cottonwood leaves. We have found that leaf PDC is present in leaf veins and petioles, as well as in non-vein tissues. Veins and petioles contained measurable pyruvate concentrations in the range of 2mM. The leaf vein form of the enzyme was purified approximately 143-fold, and, at the optimum pH of 5.6, the K(m) value for pyruvate was 42 microM. This K(m) is lower than the typical millimolar range seen for PDCs from other sources. The purified leaf PDC also decarboxylates 2-ketobutyric acid (K(m)=2.2mM). We conclude that there are several possible sources of acetaldehyde production in cottonwood leaves: the well-characterized root-derived ethanol oxidation by ADH in leaves, and the decarboxylation of pyruvate by PDC in leaf veins, petioles, and other leaf tissues. Significantly, the leaf vein form of PDC with its high affinity for pyruvate, could function to shunt pyruvate carbon to the pyruvate dehydrogenase by-pass and thus protect the metabolically active vascular bundle cells from the effects of oxygen deprivation.
Quantitation of RNA editing substrates, products and potential intermediates: implications for developmental regulation

Abstract Kinetoplast mitochondrial RNA editing is the developmentally regulated post-transcriptional process of uridine insertion and deletion in mRNAs directed by short guide RNAs (gRNAs), which creates functional mRNAs. Two mechanisms are proposed: transesterification which predicts gRNA/mRNA chimeric intermediates, and enzymatic steps which allow but do not require chimeric intermediates. We quantitated the copy number of apocytochrome b (CYb) gRNAs, edited/unedited mRNAs and gRNA/mRNA chimeras in bloodstream and procyclic form cells of Trypanosoma brucei. Both forms have 35 copies/cell of two gRNAs. Bloodstream forms contain 15 unedited and edited CYb mRNA molecules/cell while procyclic forms have four times as much unedited and over 10 times as much edited mRNA. Chimera levels are very low, 350-5000-fold lower than unedited mRNA or gRNAs, but are over 10 times more abundant in procyclic than bloodstream forms. These results are consistent with chimeras being editing intermediates if their resolution is rapid in respect to their formation, although they could be non-productive byproducts of the editing reaction. Bloodstream chimera sequences differ from procyclic chimeras. These results indicate that developmental regulation is not by gRNA abundance and suggest that it occurs at the level of gRNA utilization possibly by changing abundance of unedited CYb mRNA.
Korean Fishing Communities in Transition: Limitations of Community-Based Resource Management:

This paper addresses limitations of community-based resource management by examining Korean fishing communities making the transition into tourism. It challenges local-centered views of resource management implemented through a homogeneous, cooperative, and self-reliant community. Local communities more often than not consist of diverse groups, demonstrate internal political dynamics, and need external resources in times of crisis. Utilizing three case studies of depressed Korean fishing communities, the author emphasizes the significance of external linkages, and concludes that existing community-based resource management is not adequate to the task of transition.
HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)-RELATED PULMONARY COMPLICATIONS IN PREGNANCY

With changes in the demographics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, women andchildren are becoming the fastest growing group of newly infected patients. With longer survival after HIV infection, more women infected with HIV are becoming pregnant. Pulmonary disease is one of the most common presenting conditions in an AIDS-defining illness. Pneumocystis carini pneumonia and tuberculosis are the most common disorders that herald the onset of AIDS. They are also the most frequently encountered HIV-related pulmonary complications during pregnancy. Others have been rarely reported during pregnancy and include fungal infections ( Cryptococcus neoformans, Histoplasma capsulatum , and Coccidioides immitus ), bacterial infections ( Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae along with Pseudomona aeruginosa ), viral infections (CMV) opportunistic neoplasms (Kaposi's sarcoma, lymphoma) and miscellaneous conditions peculiar to HIV-infected individuals (nonspecific interstitial pneumonitis, lymphoid interstitial pneumonitis, isolated pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary edema secondary to cardiac disease or drug abuse). Most of the data regarding the pulmonary complications of HIV infection come from studies in nonpregnant patients. The extent to which pregnancy affects the course of respiratory disease in HIV infection and vice versa is not well documented. Clinical presentation is usually not altered by pregnancy. Except for minor modifications mainly related to potential fetal effects, the diagnostic work-up and management are similar to those in the nonpregnant patient. The most important effect of pregnancy on these conditions remains the delay in diagnosis and treatment. A high index of suspicion should, therefore, be maintained. In addition most prophylactic measures recommended in nonpregnant HIV-infected individuals also apply to pregnant women.
A developmental evaluation of the role of word shape in word recognition.

Fourth- and seventh-grade children and college-age adults proof read passages typed either in lowercase or in all capital letters. Words were misspelled by deleting one of four letters, s, c, k, or p, that have similar features in lowercase and uppercase. Proof reading errors decreased with age and increasing reading ability, but all of the subjects were sensitive to changes in word shape— they missed more words with deletions of s or c than k or p in the lowercase passage but not in the all-capitals passage. These findings indicate that word shape is an important variable in recognizing familiar words, even for young readers.
Collision-induced dissociation of UO+ and UO+2

Abstract Collision-induced dissociation (CID) of uranium monoxide ion and uranium dioxide ions impacting on argon has been studied. The CID cross section for production of U + and UO + , respectively, has been measured at relative kinetic energies ranging from threshold to 70 eV. No appreciable amounts of other products were observed. The thresholds observed in these studies agree within experimental error with the bond dissociation energies of uranium monoxide ion, D 0 0 (OU + O) = 8.0 eV, and uranium dioxide ion, D 0 0 (OU + O) = 7.7 eV. The CID cross section for UO + reaches a maximum at about 20 eV and falls off as E −4 at higher energies, where E is the relative kinetic energy. In the UO + 2 system, the maximum cross section occurs at about 14 eV beyond which it decreases as E −2.8 .
Prostate Cancer Cell Surface-Associated Keratin 8 and Its Implications for Enhanced Plasmin Activity

Serum PSA, Gleason score, pathological stage, and positive surgical margins are currently used as predictors for disease recurrence. However, these criteria are less than precise in predicting disease outcome, with only 10% specificity at the 90% sensitivity level. Keratins are intermediate filament proteins that are contained within normal epithelia. However, human prostate cancer tissue shows differential immunohistochemical staining of keratin 8 (K8) when compared to normal prostate tissue. Our immunofluorescence and flow cytometry data show that K8 is also present on the cell surface of transformed prostate cancer cell lines. K8 is expressed at high levels on the surfaces of DU-145 and PC-3 cells but is expressed at comparatively lower levels on the surfaces of LNCaP cells, BPH-1 cells, and RWPE-1 cells. We hypothesize that extracellular K8 (eK8) present on epithelial prostate cancer cells plays an integral role in migration and in vivo dissemination. We found that K8 increased the rate of activity of plasmin approximately fivefold over a 48-h period. Functionally, K8 also enhanced the plasmin-mediated proteolysis of vitronectin, an important component of the prostate extracellular matrix. Taken together, our data show that K8 enhances the proteolytic activity of the plasminogen activation system, indicating that eK8 may be an important distinguishing marker in prostate cancer and progression.
Effect of intravenous epinephrine infusion on plasma renin activity in adrenalectomized dogs.

Previous experiments have shown that circulating epinephrine stimulates renin secretion and increases plasma renin activity (PRA) when it is infused intravenously, but not when it is infused directly into the renal artery at similar infusion rates. The present experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the adrenal glands mediate the PRA response to intravenous epinephrine infusion. Accordingly, anesthetized dogs were prepared with either an acute bilateral adrenalectomy or a sham-adrenalectomy procedure. Epinephrine was then infused intravenously into each animal for 45 minutes at a rate of 25 ng·kg−1·min−1. Time control experiments in which epinephrine was not infused were also conducted. In sham-adrenalectomized dogs, PRA (in nanograms per ml h−1) rose from 4.1 ± 1.4 in the control period to 13.0 ± 3.0 during intravenous epinephrine infusion (means ± SE; p < 0.01). In adrenalectomized dogs, PRA rose from 2.1 ± 0.4 during the control period to 5.5 ± 0.9 during intravenous epinephrine infusion (p < 0.01). Neither the absolute increments in PRA nor the percent increases in PRA were significantly different between the two groups receiving epinephrine. PRA remained unchanged in time control experiments. These data demonstrate that the adrenal glands need not be present in order for intravenous epinephrine infusion to elicit an increase in PRA. The data do not support the hypothesis, therefore, that epinephrine-induced increases in PRA are initiated by receptors located within the adrenal glands.
Risk factors for interstage death after stage 1 reconstruction of hypoplastic left heart syndrome and variants.

Objective The risk of death during the interstage period remains high after stage 1 reconstruction for single ventricle lesions, despite improved surgical results. The purpose of this study is to identify risk factors for interstage death and to describe the events leading to interstage death. Methods A nested case–control study was conducted of 368 patients who underwent stage 1 reconstruction at a single center between January 1998 and April 2005. Results Among the 313 (85%) hospital survivors, there were 33 (10.5%) interstage deaths. Cases more frequently presented with intact or restrictive atrial septum (9 [27%] vs 4 [4%]; P P = .005), had more postoperative arrhythmias (12 [36%] vs 15 [15%]; P = .01), and a higher incidence of airway or respiratory complications (12 [36%] vs 19 [19%]; P = .04). By multivariate analysis, only intact atrial septum (odds ratio 7.6; 95% confidence intervals 1.9–29.6; P = .003) and age at operation greater than 7 days (odds ratio 3.8; 95% confidence intervals 1.3–11.2; P = .017) were predictors of interstage death. Conclusions The presence of intact atrial septum and older age at the time of surgery are associated with a higher risk of interstage death. In addition, postoperative arrhythmia and airway complications are associated with a higher risk of interstage death in univariate analysis. The results of this study provide a focus for interstage monitoring and risk stratification of these high-risk infants, which may improve overall survival.
Optical bistable switching in semiconductor heterostructure containing a quantum dot layer: The effect of phonons

Abstract A theoretical model is proposed which can predict the role of different interactions for optical bistability in a semiconductor heterostructure containing a quantum dot layer. We made a theoretical investigation about this structure for the effect of different interactions using a semi-analytic treatment. This theoretical investigation is different from the others in the sense that we have considered the effect of different phonon modes or interactions in addition to the other interactions. This model predicts that phonon modes play a very important role in optical bistability for the proposed structure. It is found that, increase in number of carriers due to the different phonon modes, results in the decrease of optical bistability. Whereas the increase of frequency of the modes has no effect on this non-linear phenomenon for less frequency. But as the frequency is increased to a high value, then area of the bistable loop decreases.