cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Development of a list-mode ideal observer to perform classification tasks when imaging nuclear inspection objects under signal-known-exactly conditions

We developed a signal-known-exactly version of the ideal observer that processes data in list-mode format to perform binary classification, a useful task for arms-control treaty applications. This observer offers the best possible performance and future observer models developed in our work will be compared to this model. The two examined sources were plutonium inspection objects developed by Idaho National Lab. We modeled a fast-neutron coded-aperture imager, developed by Oak Ridge National Lab and Sandia National Labs to acquire simulation data. Monte Carlo simulations using the GEANT4 toolkit tracked photons and neutrons from these objects to the imager. The observer model was evaluated using the area under the ROC curve for multiple background strengths.
Design, Conformation, and Crystallography of 2-Naphthyl Phenyl Ethers as Potent Anti-HIV Agents

Catechol diethers that incorporate a 7-cyano-2-naphthyl substituent are reported as non-nucleoside inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (NNRTIs). Many of the compounds have 1–10 nM potencies toward wild-type HIV-1. An interesting conformational effect allows two unique conformers for the naphthyl group in complexes with HIV-RT. X-ray crystal structures for 4a and 4f illustrate the alternatives.
Glycolysis and glutaminolysis cooperatively control T cell function by limiting metabolite supply to N-glycosylation

Rapidly proliferating cells switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis plus glutaminolysis, markedly increasing glucose and glutamine catabolism. Although Otto Warburg first described aerobic glycolysis in cancer cells >90 years ago, the primary purpose of this metabolic switch remains controversial. The hexosamine biosynthetic pathway requires glucose and glutamine for de novo synthesis of UDP-GlcNAc, a sugar-nucleotide that inhibits receptor endocytosis and signaling by promoting N-acetylglucosamine branching of Asn (N)-linked glycans. Here, we report that aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis co-operatively reduce UDP-GlcNAc biosynthesis and N-glycan branching in mouse T cell blasts by starving the hexosamine pathway of glucose and glutamine. This drives growth and pro-inflammatory TH17 over anti-inflammatory-induced T regulatory (iTreg) differentiation, the latter by promoting endocytic loss of IL-2 receptor-α (CD25). Thus, a primary function of aerobic glycolysis and glutaminolysis is to co-operatively limit metabolite supply to N-glycan biosynthesis, an activity with widespread implications for autoimmunity and cancer.
Radium in human teeth. A quantitative autoradiographic study.

Abstract Teeth from three cases of radium poisoning were studied to determine the quantity and the location of the radium remaining within them many years after it was acquired. The total radium content of each tooth was determined, and the specific activity of the tooth compared with that of the entire skeleton. Subsequently the concentrations of radium within the various portions of the dental tissues were measured, and these concentrations compared with those found in the bones of the same individual. The role of growth and of exchange processes in the fixation of this radioisotope within the teeth are discussed, and it is suggested that the magnitude of the exchange-deposited radium within the teeth is related to the total skeletal radium content.
Carbonaceous Particle Hydration III

Previous soot hydration studies have been extended to compare the water uptake properties of soots from selected fuels (JP-8 Jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, and metal containing and S-containing synthetics) prepared under varying conditions with corresponding n-hexane model soots. Adsorption and desorption isotherms have yielded such adsorption parameters as the surface coverages at the limit of chemisorption and at 83% relative humidity (RH). These values increase with soot surface oxidation over the range 35–85% RH, while hydration levels at lower RH down to 22% are a function of fuel composition and combustion conditions, thus determining the extent of water uptake at higher RH. Both S- and metal-containing soots exhibit higher levels of hydration than those of the base fuel soots, a result with its origin in availability of sulfate and metal centers at the surface.
Motivations behind donations for health-related organizations: Threat appraisal and coping appraisal-the case of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge.

ABSTRACTThis study explores the influence of social media involvement and other factors on individuals’ donation intentions in the context of the ALS Ice Bucket Challenge. An online survey with 306 participants revealed that social media involvement had a direct effect on intentions to contribute donations and had an indirect effect that was mediated by the response efficacy on intentions after controlling for individuals’ issue involvement with the disease.
Lessons from Public Health Legal Preparedness to Operationalize Health in All Policies

The Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach aims to integrate health into decisions across sectors to address the social determinants of health and enhance health equity. Jurisdictions interested in implementing this approach may seek clarification about how to operationalize it. Public health legal preparedness provides useful lessons for HiAP. While there are important differences between these two areas, there are also critical similarities. These similarities are particularly important because HiAP and public health preparedness are complementary. Law has been essential in advancing public health preparedness by helping to: (1) prioritize planning; (2) allocate responsibility; (3) enhance collaboration and coordination; (4) establish responsive funding; and (5) emphasize the needs of vulnerable populations. Law can be used similarly to advance HiAP.
Lessons From a Year With Breast Cancer: An Academic Physician's Perspective.

I have not yet found time to be angry about having cancer. This is not a path anyone would choose to walk; however, it is my path, and I strive to walk it with grace.
Timing Is Everything: Late Registration and Stratified Access to School Choice:

School choice policies necessarily impose registration timelines, constraining access to schools of choice for students who register late. Drawing on administrative data, survey data, and interview...
To Become So Very Welsh: Denis Williams' The Third Temptation and the Effacement of Afro-Caribbean Identity

This essay resituates Denis Williams’s underexplored second novel, The Third Temptation, in terms of racial and colonial violence. Published in 1968, the largely forgotten novel, a highly experimental musing on identity that shares much in common with the Nouveau Roman movement, is seldom addressed in terms of postcolonial or Caribbean literature, in part because all of the major characters are white Europeans—and because the novel is set in Wales. My essay suggests that the novel’s absence of black identity functions as a critique of Welsh colonialism, evidenced in the text both by Williams’s personal experiences in Wales—and repeated, veiled images of Welsh missionary William Hughes, who worked exhaustively to convert African children into Welsh Christians. I suggest the experimental collapse of subjectivity in the novel is designed to mirror the process by which Hughes attempted to efface African identity. Turning to a history of Hughes’s Congo Institute—as well as Williams’s own struggle to reconcile his role as a European artist with his Afro-Caribbean roots—I demonstrate how the novel’s experimentation with perspective is enacted to examine Wales’s often-overlooked involvement in colonial oppression.
Derivation of Specific Neural Populations From Pluripotent Cells for Understanding and Treatment of Spinal Cord Injury

Due to the nature of the biological response to traumatic spinal cord injury, there are very limited therapeutic options available to patients. Recent advances in cell transplantation have demonstrated the therapeutic potential of transplanting supportive cell types following spinal cord injury. In particular, pluripotent stem cell derived neural cells are of interest for future investigation. Use of pluripotent stem cells as the source allows many cell types to be produced from a population that can be expanded in vitro. In this review, we will discuss the signaling pathways that have been used to differentiate spinal neural phenotypes from pluripotent stem cells. Additionally, we will highlight methods that have been developed to direct the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells to specific neural fates. Further refinement and elaboration of these techniques might aid in elucidating the multitude of neuronal subtypes endogenous to the spinal cord, as well as produce further therapeutic options for spinal cord injury recovery. Developmental Dynamics 248:78-87, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Nitrate Removal via a Formate Radical-Induced Photochemical Process.

Removal of excess nitrate is critical to balance the nitrogen cycle in aquatic systems. This study investigated a novel denitrification process by tailoring photochemistry of nitrate with formate. Under UV light irradiation, short-lived radicals (i.e., HO•, NO2•, and CO3•–) generated from nitrate photolysis partially oxidized formate to highly reductive formate radical (CO2•–). CO2•– further reduced nitrogen intermediates generated during photochemical denitrification (mainly NO•, HNO, and N2O) to gas-phase nitrogen (i.e., N2O and N2). The degradation kinetics of total dissolved nitrogen was mainly controlled by the photolysis rates of nitrate and nitrite. The distribution of final products was controlled by the reaction between CO2•– and N2O. To achieve a simultaneous and complete removal of dissolved nitrogen (i.e., nitrate, nitrite, and ammonia) and organic carbon, the formate-to-nitrate stoichiometry was determined as 3.1 ± 0.2 at neutral pH in deionized water. Solution pH impacted the removal rates o...
Improving Patient Flow: Analysis of an Initiative to Improve Early Discharge.

BACKGROUND Discharge delays adversely affect hospital bed availability and thus patient flow. OBJECTIVE We aimed to increase the percentage of early discharges (EDCs; before 11 am). We hypothesized that obtaining at least 25% EDCs would decrease emergency department (ED) and postanesthesia care unit (PACU) hospital bed wait times. DESIGN This study used a pre/postintervention retrospective analysis. SETTING All acute care units in a quaternary care academic children's hospital were included in this study. PATIENTS The patient sample included all discharges from the acute care units and all hospital admissions from the ED and PACU from January 1, 2014, to December 31, 2016. INTERVENTION A multidisciplinary team identified EDC barriers, including poor identification of EDC candidates, accountability issues, and lack of team incentives. A total of three successive interventions were implemented using Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycles over 10 months between 2015 and 2016 addressing these barriers. Interventions included EDC identification and communication, early rounding on EDCs, and modest incentives. MEASUREMENTS Calendar month EDC percentage, ED (from time bed requested to the time patient left ED) and PACU (from time patient ready to leave to time patient left PACU) wait times were measured. RESULTS EDCs increased from an average 8.8% before the start of interventions (May 2015) to 15.8% after interventions (February 2016). Using an interrupted time series, both the jump and the slope increase were significant (3.9%, P = .02 and 0.48%, P < .01, respectively). Wait times decreased from a median of 221 to 133 minutes (P < .001) for ED and from 56 to 36 minutes per patient (P = .002) for PACU. CONCLUSION A multimodal intervention was associated with more EDCs and decreased PACU and ED bed wait times.
Musique à la Mode: Francis Poulenc’s Histoire de Babar and the Rebirth of “Lifestyle Modernism”

Francis Poulenc’s Histoire de Babar, le petit elephant (1940–45) is among his most charming and least studied works. Based on the popular children’s book by Jean de Brunhoff, the work was composed ...
Robotic cardiac surgery impact of a new patient-side assistant on outcomes

Very few studies have focused on the experience of the patient-side assistant in robotic cardiac surgery. We investigated whether the retirement of a highly experienced robotic patient-side assistant and replacement with a new assistant had an effect on surgical outcomes. In 4/2016, the established patient-side assistant retired after spending 8 months training a new patient-side assistant. A retrospective analysis of 216 patients was performed; 108 patients over a 9 month period just prior to arrival of the new patient-side assistant (Group 1), and 108 patients over 8 months just subsequent to departure of the established assistant (Group 2). Case distribution, pre-operative characteristics, and surgical outcomes were collected and compared. Case volume increased in Group 2 with the new assistant. The mean age and rate of pre-op CVA for Group 1 was lower, but, otherwise, patient demographics were not significantly different. Group 1 had more intracardiac cases and group 2 had more triple-vessel TECABs. Overall operative time was not different between the two groups. Perioperative outcomes including hospital length of stay major adverse cardiovascular events and mortality were similar between the two groups. We conclude that the transition to a new robotic cardiac surgical patient-side assistant does not have to affect the progress of a busy robotic program. If adequate time for training and gradual assumption of responsibility is ensured, it is feasible to make this transition without loss of volume or compromise in patient outcomes.
Principle of corresponding states for hard polyhedron fluids

We introduce an equation of state for hard polyhedra and validate our new theory with simulations performed for 22 different shapes spanning a range of particle anisotropy. The derived expression n...
Optimal Access Point Placement for Multi-AP mmWave WLANs

mmWave communication in 60GHz band has been recognized as an emerging technology to support various bandwidth-hungry applications in indoor scenarios. To maintain ultra-high throughputs while addressing potential blockage problems for mmWave signals, maintaining line-of-sight (LoS) communications between client devices and access points (APs) is critical. To maximize LoS communications, one approach is to deploy multiple APs in the same room. In this paper, we investigate the optimal placement of multiple APs using both analytical methods and simulations. Considering the uncertainty of obstacles and clients, we focus on two typical indoor settings: random-obstacle-random-client (RORC) scenarios and fixed-obstacle-random-client (FORC) scenarios. In the first case, we analytically derive the optimal positions of APs by solving a thinnest covering problem. This analytical result is used to show that deploying up to 5 APs in a specific room brings substantial performance gains. For the FORC scenario, we propose the shadowing-elimination search (SES) algorithm based on an analytic model to efficiently determine the placement of APs. We show, through simulations, that with only a few APs, the network can achieve blockage-free operation in the presence of multiple obstacles and also demonstrate that the algorithm produces near-optimal deployments. Finally, we perform ns-3 simulations based on the IEEE 802.11ad protocol at mmWave frequency to validate our analytical results. The ns-3 results show that proposed multi-AP deployments produce significantly higher aggregate performance as compared to other common AP placements in indoor scenarios.
Organoids: A model for precision medicine

Abstract An area of growing interest in precision medicine is the utilization of in vitro and in vivo models of diseases that are reliable and accurate representations. These model systems not only provide valuable insight into disease mechanism and pathophysiology, but also provide a platform with which to test and develop targeted therapeutic agents. The ability to tailor treatment for individual patients is truly reliant on the establishment of effective and efficient model systems. Thus, models that accurately recapitulate disease processes and reliably predict therapeutic efficacy are invaluable to moving the field of precision medicine forward.
Increased Rate of Pump Thrombosis and Cardioembolic Events following Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Patients Supported with Left Ventricular Assist Devices

Ventricular arrhythmias are common following left ventricular assist device implantation (LVAD), and the effects of ventricular tachycardia (VT) ablation on thrombosis and embolic events are unknown. We aimed to assess LVAD thrombosis, stroke, and embolic event rates after VT ablation. Left ventricular assist device implantation patients from two academic centers who underwent endocardial VT ablation between 2009 and 2016 were compared to a control group with VT who were not ablated and followed for one year. The primary composite outcome was confirmed or suspected LVAD thrombosis, stroke, or other embolic event. Survival analysis was conducted with Kaplan-Meier curves, log-rank tests, and Cox regression. Forty-three LVAD patients underwent VT ablation, and 73 LVAD patients had VT but were not ablated. Patients who were ablated were more likely have VT prior to LVAD (p = 0.04), monomorphic VT (p < 0.01), and to be on antiarrhythmics (p < 0.01). Fifty-eight percent of the patients in the ablation group experienced the primary composite outcome (11% had confirmed device thrombosis [DT], 41% suspected DT, 39% had a stroke or embolic event) compared to 30% in the control group (12% with confirmed DT, 11% with suspected DT, 14% with stroke or embolic event) (p = 0.002). In multivariable regression, ablation was an independent predictor of the primary composite outcome (hazard ratios, 2.24; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-4.61; p = 0.03). Patients with LVADs referred for endocardial VT ablation had elevated rates of DT and embolic events.
XMM-Newton observation of the X-ray point source population of the starburst galaxy IC342

We present the results of an XMM-Newton observation of the starburst galaxy IC342. Thirty-seven X-ray point sources were detected down to a luminosity limit of $\sim 10^{37}$ \lum. Most of the sources are located near the spiral arms. The X-ray point source luminosity function is consistent with a power-law shape with a slope of 0.55, typical of starburst galaxies. We also present the energy spectra of several ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs), including the luminous X-ray source in the galactic nucleus. Except for the nucleus and a luminous supersoft X-ray source, other ULXs can generally be fit with a simple power-law spectral model. The nucleus is very luminous ($\sim 10^{40}$\lum in 0.2-12 keV) and requires disc blackbody and power-law components to describe the X-ray emission. The spectral fit reveals a cool accretion disc (kT=0.11 keV) and suggests that the source harbours either an intermediate-mass black hole or a stellar-mass black hole with outflow.
P13 Evidence and Influences Regarding Food Insecurity Among Refugee in the USA: A Systematic Review

Background As refugees resettle in the USA, they face many challenges related to obtaining and preparing appropriate food. These challenges include having low incomes, lack of transportation, limited access to food assistance programs, and unfamiliar food environments, all of which increase the risk of food insecurity. Objective The objective of this review was to gain an understanding of the prevalence and impact of food insecurity among refugees in the USA. Study Design, Settings, Participants A systematic review of the literature was conducted in 10 electronic databases, including articles from 1980-2020. The following search terms were used: (food insecurity and refugee in the USA) or (food security and refugee in the USA). The quality of the selected articles was scored using the Hawker method (range: 9 – 36). Measurable Outcomes/Analysis The search identified a total of 550 articles, 22 of which met the inclusion criteria. Studies dealing with food security among refugees in the USA were included in this review. The mean quality score was 31.9 (SD = 2.5). Results Food insecurity among refugees ranged from 4% to 85% (median: 61%). Common challenges included sociodemographic and socioeconomic factors (such as low income, low education, and language barriers), lack of resources (such as transportation and access to SNAP, WIC, and health care services), lack of community support, lack of nutrition education, lack of familiarity with the food environment, and depression. Food insecurity was associated with increased consumption of meat and eggs, decreased consumption of fruits and vegetables, increased consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages and snacks, and increased prevalence of chronic diseases and overweight/obesity. Conclusion The rate of food insecurity is high among refugees in the USA. In addition to meeting food and nutrition needs among refugees, there is the need for social support and equitable access to health care to address chronic diseases and depression.
"Previous resilience has taught me that I can survive anything:" LGBTQ resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has disproportionately negatively affected the lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) community, a group who faces identity-based marginalization in society. LGBTQ resilience narratives are important in buffering against the negative impact of minority stress, but little is known about how LGBTQ people have been resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic. The current research addresses this gap in the literature. Participants included 129 LGBTQ individuals who shared how they have been resilient during the COVID-19 pandemic. Qualitative thematic analysis revealed three COVID-19-specific resilience themes, including: (1) Previous preparation fostered resilience, (2) Radical acceptance as resilience, and (3) Resilience through providing support and building community. Discussion explores how psychologists can work with LGBTQ people to identify and cultivate resilience narratives focused on self-love, self-acceptance, radical acceptance, and community resilience. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved) Impact Statement Public Significance Statement-Resilience narratives are important for all people but are particularly important for LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer) people who face identity-based harassment, rejection, and societal stigmatization. LGBTQ participants shared their resilience narratives and identified how previous preparation fostered resilience during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, radical acceptance was a source of resilience, and resilience was seen through providing support and building community with other LGBTQ individuals during the COVID-19 pandemic. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved)
Determining the effectiveness of radiotherapy on prostate cancer patients who have undergone Axumin PET/CT scanning.

3065 Objectives: F-18 Fluciclovine, also known by the brand name Axumin, is an amino acid analog that is used in conjunction with PET/CT technology to image for possible prostate cancer recurrence. Radiotherapy (RT) is one treatment physicians may consider for patients. This study will analyze how effective RT is in treating recurrent prostate cancer without Androgen Deprivation Therapy (ADT). Methods: A retrospective study comprised of 440 patients from June 2017 through September 2019 was performed using Northshore University HealthSystem’s (NSUHS) electronic medical records. Patients who qualified for the study were those with no history of using ADT post-scan, had PSA recorded pre-scan and post-RT, and had RT done at NSUHS. Patients were injected with a 10 mCi dose of F-18 Fluciclovine and scanned mid-thigh to the base of the skull. Images collected were reviewed and interpreted by the Nuclear Medicine Radiologist. PSA was collected using the Roche method, and RT evaluation and treatments was done by the Oncology Physicians. Results: 61 patients met the criteria for the study, but only 44 elected for RT treatment. 26 of 32 (81%) patients with a positive scan and RT treatment experienced an average decline of 7.08 ng/ml in PSA, while 11 of 12 (92%) with a negative scan and RT treatment saw an average reduction of 0.56 ng/ml PSA. Overall, the Axumin scans had a positive and negative predictive value of 81% and 92% respectively, and a Welch’s two sample T-test was applied to the data and generated a p-value of 0.005, which is a significantly small number. The study can conclude that the two sample population’s means are statistically different from one another. Conclusions: Though the majority of both sample groups saw a reduction in PSA, patients with positive scans often benefited more from RT than patients with negative scans. However, since patients with positive scans often had a greater pre-scan PSA on average, their PSA reduction was going to be more profound. In determining whether patients with a negative scan should receive RT to the prostate bed, Axumin scan results should not supercede clinical decision-making if other parameters, such as an unfavorable surgical pathology report and long PSA disease-free interval, indicate potential local recurrence.
Can We Achieve “Equality” When We Have Different Understandings of Its Meaning? How Contexts and Identities Shape the Pursuit of Egalitarian Goals

People in diverse societies often discuss and debate strategies for achieving egalitarian goals, such as achieving equality in their societies. A tacit assumption in these discussions is that all p...
Heat inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 in apple cider containing malic acid, sodium benzoate, and potassium sorbate.

The effect of pH modification and preservative addition in apple cider on the heat resistance of Escherichia coli O157:H7 was investigated. E. coli O157:H7 and various amounts of potassium sorbate (0 to 0.2%), sodium benzoate (0 to 0.2%), and malic acid (0 to 1%) were added to apple cider. Thermal inactivation experiments were performed at 47, 50, and 53 degrees C, and D- and z-values were calculated. In apple cider without additives, the D-value at 50 degrees C (D50) was about 65 min, but addition of preservatives and malic acid significantly (P < 0.01) decreased D-values. D50-values decreased to 13.9 min in cider with 0.5% malic acid, 13.2 min with 0.1% sorbate, and 7.0 min with 0.1% benzoate added. Addition of both sorbate and malic acid had similar effects as either one alone, thus additive effects were not present. However, addition of both 0.2% benzoate and 1% malic acid did show additive effects, lowering D50 to 0.3 min. Addition of all three components (0.2% sorbate, 0.2% benzoate, and 1% malic acid) resulted in a D50 = 18 s. The z-value of cider without additives was about 6 degrees C, whereas z-values of cider containing malic acid, benzoate, and/or sorbate ranged from about 6 degrees C to 26 degrees C. This increase may result in a longer 5-log reduction time at higher temperatures (i.e., 70 degrees C) in cider with benzoate as compared to cider without additives.
Biosynthesis of the purines. XXXII. Effect of albizziin and other reagents on the activity of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase.

Abstract The effect of a number of chemically reactive inhibitors on the selective inactivation of formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase has been studied. Reagents are described that selectively abolish the utilization of glutamine as a nitrogen source while affecting NH4Cl utilization in a definite manner. The stoichiometry of binding to the enzyme has been determined for 14C-iodoacetate and 14C-iodoacetamide. A glutamine analogue, 14C-albizziin (NH2-14CONHCH2CHNH2COOH), was shown to bind covalently in a ratio of 1 mole per mole of active enzyme with a molecular weight of 133,000. The albizziin-modified enzyme was inactive when assayed with glutamine but was fully active when NH4Cl was used as the nitrogen source. Hydroxylamine, N-methylhydroxylamine, and potassium cyanate were also found to inactivate formylglycinamide ribonucleotide amidotransferase by reaction at the γ-glutamyl site.
Some interdefinability results for syntactic constraint classes

Choosing as my vantage point the linguistically motivated Muller-Sternefeld hierarchy [23], which classifies constraints according to their locality properties, I investigate the interplay of various syntactic constraint classes on a formal level. For non-comparative constraints, I use Rogers's framework of multi-dimensional trees [31] to state Muller and Sternefeld's definitions in general yet rigorous terms that are compatible with a wide range of syntactic theories, and I formulate conditions under which distinct non-comparative constraints are equivalent. Comparative constraints, on the other hand, are shown to be best understood in terms of optimality systems [5]. From this I derive that some of them are reducible to non-comparative constraints. The results jointly vindicate a broadly construed version of the Muller-Sternefeld hierarchy, yet they also support a refined picture of constraint interaction that has profound repercussions for both the study of locality phenomena in natural language and how the complexity of linguistic proposals is to be assessed.
Facilitating Knowledge Flow in Community-University Partnerships

During the past decade, words and phrases like "engagement,""reciprocity," and "building a two-way street" havebeen scattered throughout speeches and literature calling forcolleges and universities to develop more mutually beneficialrelationships with their surrounding communities. The purposeof this article is to advance a model for understanding the challengesand opportunities for building community-universitypartnerships that are embedded in the values of reciprocity andengagement. This model is advanced through an analysis ofknowledge flow theory and case studies of community-universitypartnerships at two land-grant universities. The core conceptsof the model focus on breaking down knowledge flowbarriers, building capacity for university-community engagement,and identifying motivators to promote engagement initiatives.
Convergence in a Two-Sector Nonscale Growth Model

Much of the convergence debate has focused solely on output. Recent empirical evidence suggests that crucial inputs, such as technology and capital, may exhibit markedly distinct convergence patterns. We examine the convergence characteristics of a two-sector nonscale model of growth that features population growth and endogenous technology. The model replicates key economic ratios and speeds of convergence with relative ease. Most important, however, is that capital and technology differ strikingly in their convergence paths and speeds. The nonconstancy of the convergence rates and the nonproportionality of the endogenous variables during transition suggests further refinements for the empirical tests of convergence.
IL-10 restricts dendritic cell (DC) growth at the monocyte-to-monocyte-derived DC interface by disrupting anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective autophagic molecular machinery.

An evolving premise is that cytoprotective autophagy responses are essential to monocyte-macrophage differentiation. Whether autophagy functions similarly during the monocyte-to-dendritic cell (DC) transition is unclear. IL-10, which induces apoptosis in maturing human DCs, has been shown to inhibit starvation-induced autophagy in murine macrophage cell lines. Based on the strict requirement that Bcl-2-mediated anti-apoptotic processes are implemented during the monocyte-to-DC transition, we hypothesized that cytoprotective autophagy responses also operate at the monocyte-DC interface and that IL-10 inhibits both anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective autophagy responses at this critical juncture. In support of our premise, we show that levels of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and autophagy-associated LC3 and Beclin-1 proteins are coincidentally upregulated during the monocyte-to-DC transition. Autophagy was substantiated by increased autophagosome visualization after bafilomycin treatment. Moreover, the autophagy inhibitor 3-MA restricted DC differentiation by prompting apoptosis. IL-10 implemented apoptosis that was coincidentally associated with reduced levels of Bcl-2 and widespread disruption of the autophagic flux. During peak apoptosis, IL-10 produced the death of newly committed DCs. However, cells surviving the IL-10 apoptotic schedule were highly phagocytic macrophage-like cells displaying reduced capacity to stimulate allogeneic naive T cells in a mixed leukocyte reaction, increased levels of LC3, and mature autophagosomes. Thus, IL-10's negative control of DC-driven adaptive immunity at the monocyte-DC interface includes disruption of coordinately regulated molecular networks involved in pro-survival autophagy and anti-apoptotic responses.
Debtor-in-Possession Financing: Looking Beyond the Debtor

A concern often raised in relation to the U.S. bankruptcy regime is the high level of control over proceedings enjoyed by secured lenders. In particular, through the use of the arsenal of provisions in debtor-in-possession (DIP) financing, secured lenders can quickly effectuate asset sales. While this strategy minimizes the time taken to realize cash recoveries for the secured lenders, it may not maximize the value of the estate for all creditors. To understand how this set of strategies is playing out in the housing market during the current economic recession, we undertake an in-depth study of three recent bankruptcy cases of residential developers: Shores of Panama, Inc., Suncrest LLC and LandSource Communities Development LLC. Our analysis shows that DIP financing often comes at a cost which other stakeholders might consider to be extraordinary. Looking beyond the debtor’s situation to the banks involved, we found that the banks which succeeded in repossessing uncompleted property had trouble either maintaining the development in the aftermath or selling the property after purchasing it through a credit bid – further evidence that a mix of secured lender control and preference for quick asset sales might not produce optimal results even for lenders themselves. We also illustrate the case where a bank which succeeded in repossessing the property was seized by regulators 2 months later for being insufficiently capitalized, indicating why banks, in this crisis, might push for a quick liquidation at the cost of an economically optimal outcome in specific cases. Through an analysis of the financial condition and capital adequacy of the banks involved, we also explore in greater detail the motivations and constraints of the secured lenders themselves, which contemporary bankruptcy literature often fails to do.
Differences in light-harvesting, acclimation to growth-light environment, and leaf structural development between Swedish and Italian ecotypes of Arabidopsis thaliana.

Leaf morphological differences have an impact on light distribution within the leaf, photosynthesis, and photoprotection in Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes from near the limits of this species’ latitudinal distribution in Europe. Leaf morphology, photosynthesis, and photoprotection were characterized in two Arabidopsis ecotypes from near the limits of this species’ latitudinal distribution in Europe (63°N and 42°N). The Swedish ecotype formed thicker leaves and upregulated photosynthesis more substantially than the Italian ecotype in high-light environments. Conversely, the smaller rosette formed, and lesser aboveground biomass accumulated, by the Swedish versus the Italian ecotype in low growth-light environments is consistent with a lesser shade tolerance of the Swedish ecotype. The response of the thinner leaves of the Italian ecotype to evenly spaced daily periods of higher light against a background of otherwise non-fluctuating low light was to perform the same rate of photosynthesis with less chlorophyll, rather than exhibiting greater rates of photosynthesis. In contrast, the thicker leaves of the Swedish ecotype showed elevated photosynthetic performance in response to daily supplemental higher light periods in a low-light growth environment. These findings suggest significant self-shading in the lower depths of leaves of the Swedish ecotype by the chloroplasts residing in the upper portions of the leaf, resulting in a requirement for higher incident light to trigger photosynthetic upregulation in the lower portions of its thicker leaves. Conversely, photoprotective responses in the Italian ecotype suggest that more excess light penetrated into the lower depths of this ecotype’s leaves. It is speculated that light absorption and the degree of utilization of this absorbed light inform cellular signaling networks that orchestrate leaf structural development, which, in turn, affects light distribution and the level of absorbed versus photosynthetically utilized light in a leaf.
A probabilistic approach to the fracture toughness of composites

Abstract Fatigue cracks in polyester reinforced with short Kevlar fibres and glass beads propagate with no detectable damage along random trajectories, reflecting severe heterogeneities in the composite. An order of magnitude scatter of the critical energy release rate, or fracture toughness, has been observed. A statistical approach is introduced to evaluate the cumulative probability of the critical energy release rate as a function of fracture stress, critical crack length, and the angles of crack trajectory inclination, which are random variables. An assemblage of crack trajectories possesses features of Brownian particle motion. With crack propagation considered as a diffusive process, a ‘crack diffusion coefficient’ is introduced which reflects the ability of the composite to deviate the crack trajectory from the energetically most efficient path and thus links the material toughness to its structure. Assuming that the crack propagates through the ‘weakest’ points, the strength field γ is formulated...
Red cell metabolism in iron deficiency anemia. II. The relationship between red cell survival and alterations in red cell metabolism

Red blood cell survival was estimated in 38 children with nutritional iron deficiency anemia, using Cr 51 sodium chromate. Decreased red cell survival was demonstrated in 24 (63 per cent) and appeared to be related to the severity of the anemia and the presence of a functioning spleen. Iron-deficient cells transfused into a splenectomized individual survived normally. A progressive increase in red cell hexokinase activity (without reticulocytosis) was noted in association with increasing severity of anemia and decreasing red cell life span. No such correlation was noted with respect to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activity or glutathione concentration. Red cell adenosine triphosphate concentration was normal or slightly decreased and showed marked instability on incubation. The role of the spleen in relationship to the metabolic alterations and survival of iron-deficient red cells is discussed. It is suggested that iron-deficient cells would be particularly vulnerable to a reduction in pH or glucose deprivation in the splenic environment, a situation which would be exaggerated in the most severely anemic patients with the greatest increase in red cell hexokinase activity.
A new method of evaluating angulation of scaphoid nonunions.

The authors present a tomographic method of reproducibly viewing the scaphoid along its anatomic axis for evaluation of dorsal angulation of the nonunion site
Conservation Aspects of the Concept of Time in Primary School Children.

Sixty-two second-, fourth-, and sixth-graders were asked to judge the temporal duration of objects and events when the objects were changed in height or subjected to decay, when an event was reversed, and when an event was given an affective dimension. Nonconservers of time were those who judged that these irrelevant transformations affected the temporal aspects of the objects or events. The shift from nonconservation to conservation of time occurred between the second and fourth grades for most problems. The results indicated that young (under eight or nine years) children's concept of time is surprisingly defective. The relation of these findings to other conservation concepts was discussed.
ADOLESCENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF HEALTH INSURANCE. † 32

Objective: To identify factors associated with adolescent knowledge of their health insurance. Design: Data was analyzed from a questionnaire administered to 831 patients at a hospital-based adolescent medicine clinic as part of a study of compliance with the hepatitis B vaccination series. In addition to health insurance coverage, the questionnaire contained items pertaining to demographics, health status, academic achievement, substance use, sexual activity, and transportation to the clinic. Actual health insurance data for the time at which patients completed the questionnaire was available from the hospital database for all but nine patients. The final sample (n=822) was 71.8% female, 45.6% black, 18.2% white, 20.2% Hispanic, and 1.3% Asian. Mean age of participants was 16.4 years (range 11.1-24.9 years). Associations between independent variables and knowledge of health insurance coverage were determined using chi square analysis and unpaired t-tests followed by logistic regression.Results: 50.7% correctly identified their type of health insurance. 65.2% of Medicaid patients and 76.3% of hospital free care patients knew how their medical bills were paid versus 17.9% of self pay patients and 47.3% of patients with private insurance (p<.001). Patients who did not know their type of health insurance (mean age=15.9, SD=2.8) were younger than those who did (mean age=16.8, SD=2.7) (p<.001). Patients using oral contraceptives were more likely to know their insurance (p<.05), while patients with migraine headaches were less likely to know (p<..05). Health risk behaviors positively associated with insurance knowledge include sexual activity(p<.001), history of having had a sexually transmitted disease(STD)(p<.05), and having smoked cigarettes in the last 30 days (p<.05). Cocaine use in the last 30 days (p<.001) and sharing needles to inject drugs (p<.01) were negatively associated with knowing insurance coverage. Logistic regression modeling reveals the most significant covariates of insurance knowledge to be older age (OR=1.12, 95% CI=1.06-1.20), history of having had a STD (OR=1.71, CI=1.04-2.82), recent cigarette use (OR=1.12, CI=1.02-1.23) and cocaine use (OR=0.18, CI=0.05-0.69), self payment of medical bills (OR=0.13, CI=0.08-0.21), and migraine headaches (OR=0.47, CI=0.28-0.79).Conclusions: 49.3% of adolescents do not know how their medical bills are paid. The education of adolescents regarding health insurance coverage is increasingly important with the advent of managed care and need for confidential health services among this patient population.
Nonseparable symmetric wavelets with short support

In the following, we give the complete solutions of all bivariate symmetric orthonormal scaling functions with filter size up to 6 X 6 using the standard dilation matrix 2I as well as construct a set of associated wavelets. In addition, we give two families of refinable functions which are not orthonormal, but upon using the same completion technique appear to form tight frames (i.e. they preserve the norm) at least experimentally.
The early diagnosis of Hirschsprung's disease.

The majority of cases of aganglionosis present and can be diagnosed in the neonatal period. Enterocolitis is a common and fatal complication so that early diagnosis is important. The plain films and enema features of 47 cases diagnosed in the neonatal period were examined. Except when a bowel wash out had been given, all these cases showed obstructive fluid levels in the plain films and the common type of short segment aganglionosis gave an “egg on end” appearance of low small bowel obstruction in the inverted lateral view. The classical enema features take time to develop and the narrowed aganglio wic area is not always obvious but can be shown by a careful technique of slow filling with delayed films. A high degree of accuracy was obtained except in the cases of preliminary lavage, enterocolitis and meconium plug. To make an early correct diagnosis, it is important to have close correlation between clinicians, radiologists, and pathologists.
Conjugate heat transfer analysis of the effects of impingement channel height for a turbine blade endwall

Abstract Advancements in cooling for applications such as gas turbines components require improved understanding of the complex heat transfer mechanisms and the interactions between those mechanisms. Critical cooling applications often rely on multiple thermal protection techniques, including internal cooling and external film cooling in gas turbine airfoils, to efficiently cool components and limit the use of coolant. Most research to quantify the effectiveness of such cooling technologies for gas turbine applications has isolated internal and external cooling in separate experiments. The research presented in this paper uses a conjugate heat transfer approach to account for the combined effects of both internal and external cooling. The geometry used for this study is a turbine blade endwall that includes impingement and film cooling as well as the relevant conduction through the endwall. Appropriate geometric and flow parameters were scaled to ensure engine relevant dimensionless temperatures were obtained. Using the conjugate heat transfer approach, the effect of varying the height of the impingement channel was examined using spatially resolved external wall temperatures obtained from both experiments and simulations. A one-dimensional heat transfer analysis was used to derive the average internal heat transfer coefficients from the experimental results. Both experiments and simulations showed good agreement between area averaged cooling effectiveness and impingement heat transfer coefficients. The cooling effectiveness and heat transfer coefficients peaked for an impingement channel height of around three impingement hole diameters. However, the heat transfer coefficients were more sensitive than the overall effectiveness to the changes in height of the impingement channel.
Comparison of model- and full-scale wind-tunnel performance

Experimental results from the Integrated Systems Test of the upgraded National Full-Scale Aerodynamics Complex 40- by 80-ft wind tunnel located at NASA Ames Research Center, which took place in 1987, are compared with results obtained with a 1/50 scale model of the wind tunnel. Test-section flow characteristics, air-exchange performance, total pressure distributions, and wall-static pressure distributions obtained with the model- and full-scale facilities are compared. The 1/50-scale model data were used to predict qualitative performance trends of the full-scale facility during investigation of design changes. Despite large differences in scale and Reynolds number between the two tunnels, quantitative agreement between certain model and full-scale performance characteristics was quite good.