cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
New diruthenium (II,III) compounds bearing terminal olefin groups

Abstract The reaction between Ru2(DmAniF)3(OAc)Cl (DmAniF is N,N′-di(m-methoxyphenyl)formamidinate) and HO2C(CH2)mCH CH2 (m = 3, 4 and 8) under reflux afforded new diruthenium species Ru2(DmAniF)3(O2C(CH2)mCH CH2)Cl (m = 3, 1a; 4, 1b; and 8, 1c). Similarly, the reaction between cis-Ru2(DmAniF)2(OAc)2Cl and HO2C(CH2)mCH CH2 resulted in Ru2(DmAniF)2(O2C(CH2)mCH CH2)2Cl (m = 3, 2a; and 8, 2c). Compounds 2 subsequently underwent an olefin ring closing metathesis reaction catalyzed by (Cy3P)2Cl2Ru( CHPh) to afford the dimerized compounds Ru2(DmAniF)2(μ-O2C(CH2)mCH )2Cl (m = 3, 3a; and 8, 3c). All compounds reported herein were analyzed by voltammetry, high resolution mass spectrometry and Vis–NIR spectroscopy, with the structures of 1c and 2c established through X-ray single crystal diffraction.
Reducing variability that is due to secondary pigments in the retrieval of chlorophyll a concentration from marine reflectance: a case study in the western equatorial Pacific Ocean

A neural network is developed to retrieve chlorophyll a concentration from marine reflectance by use of the five visible spectral bands of the Sea-viewing Wide Field-of-view Sensor (SeaWiFS). The network, dedicated to the western equatorial Pacific Ocean, is calibrated with synthetic data that vary in terms of atmospheric content, solar zenith angle, and secondary pigments. Pigment variability is based on in situ data collected in the study region and is introduced through nonlinear modeling of phytoplankton absorption as a function of chlorophyll a, b, and c and photosynthetic and photoprotectant carotenoids. Tests performed on simulated yet realistic data show that chlorophyll a retrievals are substantially improved by use of the neural network instead of classical algorithms, which are sensitive to spectrally uncorrelated effects. The methodology is general, i.e., is applicable to regions other than the western equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Satellite image based precise robot localization on sidewalks

In this paper, we present a novel computer vision framework for precise localization of a mobile robot on sidewalks. In our framework, we combine stereo camera images, visual odometry, satellite map matching, and a sidewalk probability transfer function obtained from street maps in order to attain globally corrected localization results. The framework is capable of precisely localizing a mobile robot platform that navigates on sidewalks, without the use of traditional wheel odometry, GPS or INS inputs. On a complex 570-meter sidewalk route, we show that we obtain superior localization results compared to visual odometry and GPS.
Lead exposure in a developmentally disabled workforce

Over-exposure to lead was identified among developmentally disabled workers engaged in furniture refinishing at two separate sites. The index case was identified at the first site by a public health nurse assigned to provide care to some of the workers. Referral to a regional occupational health clinic initiated an exposure assessment and medical consultation at both work sites. Blood lead levels (BLLs) among sanders and helpers at site A averaged 60 micrograms per deciliter of blood (mcg/dl). At site B, BLLs were lower, but 6 individuals had BLLs greater than 25 mcg/dl. Hand sanding of chemically stripped wood previously coated with lead-based paint was determined to be the exposure source. These incidents document potential lead overexposure in an underecognized setting. They also emphasize the importance of incorporating a workplace health risk assessment in the process of placing and protecting the developmentally disabled on the job. Am. J. Ind. Med. 34:191–196, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Monoterpene biosynthesis: demonstration of a geranyl pyrophosphate:sabinene hydrate cyclase in soluble enzyme preparations from sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis).

Abstract A soluble enzyme preparation from the leaves of sweet marjoram (Majorana hortensis Moench) catalyzes the divalent cation-dependent cyclization of [1-3H]geranyl pyrophosphate to the bicyclic monoterpene alcohols (+)-[6-3H]cis- and (+)-[6-3H]-transsabinene hydrate, providing labeling patterns consistent with current mechanistic considerations. No free intermediates were detectable in the conversion of geranyl pyrophosphate to the sabinene hydrates as determined by isotopic dilution experiments. Label from H218O water was quantitatively incorporated into the products, indicating that the hydroxyl oxygen atoms of both cis- and trans-sabinene hydrate are derived from water and not from the pyrophosphate ester moiety of the substrate. The two enzymatic activities were inseparable by several chromatographic procedures, and differential inactivation studies suggested that the two activities reside with the same enzyme. The sabinene hydrate cyclase (synthase) has an apparent molecular weight of 56,000, shows a pH optimum near 7.0, and requires a divalent metal ion (either Mn2+ or Mg2+) for activity. The enzyme preparation is also capable of cyclizing neryl pyrophosphate, the cis-isomer of geranyl pyrophosphate, and analysis of mixed substrate incubations indicated that the two precursors are mutually competitive. Kinetic analysis and comparison of V rel K m values revealed that geranyl pyrophosphate is the more efficient substrate. This is the first report on an enzyme preparation capable of cyclizing geranyl pyrophosphate and neryl pyrophosphate to the isomeric sabinene hydrates.
Measured Interests Versus Expressed Interests as Predictors of Long-Term Occupational Membership.

Abstract This study compared the predictive accuracy of measured versus expressed interests over a 21-year period using as a criterion occupational membership at age 36. Subjects were 83 males whose measured and expressed interests were elicited at ages 15, 18, and 25. The Strong Vocational Interest Blank was used to determine measured interests while expressed interests were determined through a combination of questionnaires and interviews. C. McArthur's ( Journal of Applied Psychology , 1954 , 38 , 346–353) method was employed to determine the predictive validity of subjects' measured interests. The predictive validity of expressed interests was determined by using A. Roe's ( The psychology of occupations . New York: Wiley, 1956; Journal of Counseling Psychology , 1957 , 4 , 212–217) scheme for occupational classification to code occupational preferences and compare them to age 36 occupations. Results indicated that at each point in the study expressed interests were slightly better predictors of age 36 occupational membership than measured interests. Supplementary analyses revealed no relationship between the extent to which subjects' measured or expressed interests corresponded to age 36 occupations and either overall job or career satisfaction.
A Programmatic Review: Building a Two-Way Bridge between Social Psychology and the Study of the Early Years of Marriage

We summarize our programmatic efforts to make use of several critical processes advanced by social psychological theorists that have direct relevance to the study of marriage. We show how these processes have been useful in our Early Years of Marriage Project, a longitudinal study of marital phenomena among black couples and white couples, and in other similar longitudinal marital studies. We also argue that, in such marital research, we can understand many aspects of social interaction not easily studied elsewhere in social psychology, and thus important new insights about the nature of social psychological processes in general emerge. We thus extend the richness of the general theoretical processes with which we started.
Aerosol and cloudwater properties at whiteface mountain, New York

A field program for the measurement of the physical and chemical properties of aerosols and clouds was conducted at Whiteface Mountain, N.Y., during an 8-week period in June, July, and August 1983. Analysis of two-stage Nuclepore filter samples by proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy showed that most (85 to 90%) of the aerosol sulfate was in the accumulation mode (modal radius r - 0.1 μm) and that ≅90% of total sulfate originated southwest of the Whiteface Mountain site. During a typical pollution episode originating in the Midwest, the total aerosol sulfate concentration was 19 pg m −3, or 63 of total dry aerosol, which was - 30 gg m− s. Scavenging of sulfate aerosol by clouds was found to be greater than 95% efficient in clouds of 0.5gm−3 liquid water content. Measured pH values when the air mass trajectories were from the southwest were systematically lower than when the trajectories were from the northwest or northeast, i.e., 3.4 vs 4.4 and 4.8. In the southwest sector water samples, S04 −2 and N03 − were highly correlated to each other and to free H+, Ca2 −, Cl−, Pb, and Ba.
On the C∞solutions of a class of linear mixed partial differential equations

Let L(a,b) be the differential operator wehre a, b are constants. Suppose Ω be a region with smooth boundary ∂ω and the tangent planes of ∂ω do not touch the unit sphere. If (a,b) satisfies the equation L(a,b)⊘ = f admits one and only one solution for each , provided (a,b) does not satisfy the equations b=2ma-m2+m ((m=0,1,2,…). For each exceptional (a,b) satisfying the solutions exist iff f satisfies some conditions. The degree of freedom of the solutions is also found.
Static versus viscoelastic wave propagation approach for simulating loading effects on flexible pavement structure

Abstract Conventional pavement design methods use static and elastic approaches for stress and strain analysis. The hot mix asphalt (HMA) layer is a typical viscoelastic/viscoplastic material as temperature and time dependent, and the more recently developed mechanistic-empirical pavement design guide (MEPDG) has adopted HMA’s dynamic moduli as parameter inputs. However, its stress and strain modeling is based on a static analysis for emulating the dynamic vehicle loading. This study aims to evaluate the effects of static versus viscoelastic wave propagation simulation approaches on pavement responses using finite element method. Four simulation approaches are proposed: (1) static elastic, (2) elastic wave propagation, (3) static viscoelastic, and (4) viscoelastic wave propagation approaches. Two pavement structures under the falling weight deflectometer and vehicle loadings are modeled. Frequency spectrum, modal shape, deflection, stress, and strain are analyzed. Results indicate that the dynamic effect significantly contributes to the time delay of deflections to loading and response oscillations at the rest time due to wave propagation. Material viscoelastic property significantly contributes to the response magnitude and pattern, resulting in higher deflection on the pavement top, higher tensile strain while lower tensile stress at the HMA bottom as compared to quasi-elastic analysis. The viscoelastic wave propagation simulation approach yields closer results with measurements, and thus is recommended for the future pavement analysis and design.
1,4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene: a novel redox shuttle additive for overcharge protection in lithium-ion batteries that doubles as a mechanistic chemical probe

A novel redox shuttle additive, 1,4-bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene (BTMSDB), is shown to deliver superb overcharge protection of LiFePO4 electrode in Li-ion batteries. Using this molecule as a chemical probe, we trace the cause of the eventual failure of this additive to the gradual loss of steric protection in the corresponding radical cation, providing the much needed mechanistic insight in the factors controlling the long-term efficiency of overcharge protection.
The Influence of Preoperative Donor Factors on the Performance of the Isolated Perfused Human Pancreas

Abstract The present study was undertaken to determine whether there exist specific donor factors which influence the performance of the isolated perfused human pancreas with respect to the sustained level of insulin secretion. Donor factors included age, serum glucose, hospital days, CMV status, RBC transfusion history, and smoking history. Following pancreas procurement, single-pass perfusion was performed in pancreata obtained from 35 cadaveric organ donors using a modified Krebs buffer. Aliquots were collected every 2 min and assayed for insulin concentration. Data was analyzed for 120 min for each pancreas. The mean initial insulin concentration was 2989 ± 383 μU/ml and the insulin concentration at 120 min averaged 1467 ± 338 μU/ml. The mean decay of insulin secretion over time was -13 ± 3.2 μU/ml/min. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that pancreata from donors who had a smoking history had a faster rate of decay of insulin secretion than pancreata from nonsmokers ( P = 0.04). None of the other above mentioned donor factors significantly affected decay of insulin secretion. This analysis suggests that a history of smoking in organ donors results in a significantly faster rate of decay of insulin secretion when the pancreas is utilized for the laboratory model. We conclude that it is important to evaluate specific donor factors of cadaveric organ donors prior to the use of the human organs for experimental purposes.
Patient complaints in a pediatric emergency department: averting lawsuits

Abstract All emergency departments (EDs) receive complaints from patients and their families. Consumers of pediatric emergency care are becoming more astute about the care they receive, and the malpractice climate is rapidly changing. In order to improve patient care services and reduce the frequency of lawsuits, it is crucial that pediatric emergency medicine physicians become facile at preventing and managing such complaints. All ED physicians should have a well-defined complaint management process in place. Lessons learned from the complaints should be shared with the ED health care providers. Complaints can illustrate the deficiencies in the provision of care and serve as an opportunity for improvement.
Practical Method for Estimating Frequency of Right-Angle Collisions at Traffic Signals

Statistics indicate that accidents at signalized intersections have become a significant safety problem throughout the United States. Right-angle collisions are ranked highest in terms of severity at signalized intersections, while their frequency is second only to rear-end collisions. One key component that is lacking is a tool to help identify excessive risk of right-angle collisions. This paper proposes a practical method to evaluate the frequency of right-angle collisions on the basis of the frequency of short postencroachment times (PET). PET and crash data collected from signalized intersections in Indiana were used to calibrate right-angle crash prediction models. Regression results reveal that PET frequency is a key determinant of right-angle crashes and is capable of discriminating varying safety levels within a location as well as across locations. Several evaluation examples are presented to illustrate how the method can be used and how the estimation results can be interpreted.
Resilience analysis of heat exchanger networks—I. temperature dependent heat capacities

Abstract A semi-infinite nonlinear program (SINLP) is presented to test the resilience of an arbitrary heat exchanger network (HEN) with simultaneous temperature and flowrate disturbances. This SINLP reduces to the linear program (LP) of Saboo and Morari [1] when the HEN satisfies the restrictions of the Corner Point Theorem: (a) constant heat capacities and no phase changes, (b) no stream splits, (c) “small” temperature variations (Class 1 problem) and (d) constant flowrates. In this paper the SINLP is formulated for HENs with piecewise constant heat capacities, in which case it simplifies to mixed-integer linear programs (MILPs).
O -Acetylation of Arabidopsis Hemicellulose Xyloglucan Requires AXY4 or AXY4L, Proteins with a TBL and DUF231 Domain

In an Arabidopsis thaliana forward genetic screen aimed at identifying mutants with altered structures of their hemicellulose xyloglucan (axy mutants) using oligosaccharide mass profiling, two nonallelic mutants (axy4-1 and axy4-2) that have a 20 to 35% reduction in xyloglucan O-acetylation were identified. Mapping of the mutation in axy4-1 identified AXY4, a type II transmembrane protein with a Trichome Birefringence-Like domain and a domain of unknown function (DUF231). Loss of AXY4 transcript results in a complete lack of O-acetyl substituents on xyloglucan in several tissues, except seeds. Seed xyloglucan is instead O-acetylated by the paralog AXY4like, as demonstrated by the analysis of the corresponding T-DNA insertional lines. Wall fractionation analysis of axy4 knockout mutants indicated that only a fraction containing xyloglucan is non-O-acetylated. Hence, AXY4/AXY4L is required for the O-acetylation of xyloglucan, and we propose that these proteins represent xyloglucan-specific O-acetyltransferases, although their donor and acceptor substrates have yet to be identified. An Arabidopsis ecotype, Ty-0, has reduced xyloglucan O-acetylation due to mutations in AXY4, demonstrating that O-acetylation of xyloglucan does not impact the plant’s fitness in its natural environment. The relationship of AXY4 with another previously identified group of Arabidopsis proteins involved in general wall O-acetylation, reduced wall acetylation, is discussed.
Anomalous and classical diffusion of cosmic rays due to nonlinear two‐dimensional structures and random magnetic fields

[1] Magnetic field turbulence in the heliosphere is modeled by two-dimensional coherent vortex structures and random-phase linear wave fields added to a background magnetic field. Energetic particle trapping and acceleration by interaction with the turbulent fields are studied numerically. The corresponding radial and field-aligned diffusion coefficients are estimated. Different diffusion regimes (subdiffusion, superdiffusion, classical diffusion) are controlled by the following parameters: the ratio between amplitudes of the random component and the regular vortex field, e1, and the ratio between the average particle gyroradius and the magnetic field correlation length, e2. The anomalous diffusion regime occurs when the correlation length of magnetic field disturbances is about the same or larger than the particle gyroradius (e2 ≤ 1). Applications of our results to cosmic ray transport are discussed.
Differences in phosphorus demand among detritivorous chironomid larvae reflect intraspecific adaptations to differences in food resource stoichiometry across lowland tropical streams

We tested whether assemblages of detritivorous chironomid larvae (Chironomidae: Diptera) varied in phosphorus (P) demand based on local nutrient conditions using a series of streams in lowland Costa Rica that exhibit a natural range in ambient dissolved P and detrital P due to inputs of solute-rich groundwater. Chironomids collected from three high-P streams had growth rates and P-excretion rates that were similar to, or lower than, those of chironomids collected from four low-P streams. Chironomids from a naturally low-P stream that was experimentally amended with P over 8 yr showed an increase in P-excretion rates but not growth rates, indicating an inability of these chironomids to use additional dietary P. Chironomids from a high-P stream showed greater evidence of P limitation (lower growth rates, P-excretion rates, and ribonucleic acid content) when fed low-P detritus compared to chironomids from a low-P stream. Our findings support the hypothesis that chironomid assemblages are adapted to local food quality in this heterogeneous landscape, thereby circumventing P limitation. Genetic analysis indicates that chironomid assemblages across the study streams are similar in species composition, suggesting that differences in P demand may be due to microevolution. The lower P demand among chironomids from low-P streams appears to limit their ability to respond to nutrient-enriched food, effectively stabilizing the food web in response to changes in nutrient availability.
Reading ability mediates the relationship between education and executive function tasks.

Neuropsychological test results are affected by multiple factors, but usually age and education are the only variables by which norms are stratified. Some authors have questioned whether these variables alone are sufficient (e.g., Marcopulos et al., 1997; Manly et al., 2002), since such norms have lead to problems, such as poor specificity for African Americans on dementia screening devices (Fillenbaum et al., 1990). Recent research has shown that reading ability, a measure of educational quality, attenuated racial differences in test performance (Manly et al., 2002). We specifically examined whether reading ability would account for a greater amount of variance than education in executive function tests in a population traditionally subject to poor educational quality. Results determined that reading ability accounted for a significantly greater amount of variance than years of education for Letter-Number Sequencing, Similarities, COWA, Trail Making Test, and Coloured Progressive Matrices. Reading ability was found to significantly mediate the relationship between each of these tests and education. Animal naming appears to be least affected by educational quality or quantity. These findings hold implications for the interpretation of neuropsychological test results, especially in those exposed to substandard educational quality, and for the way that test norms are constructed. (JINS, 2006, 12, 64–71.)
Long-Term Results Following Postoperative Radiotherapy for Soft Tissue Sarcomas of the Extremity

Purpose To review long-term outcomes following postoperative radiotherapy (RT) for extremity soft tissue sarcoma (STS) and identify variables affecting the therapeutic ratio. Methods and Materials Between 1970 and 2008, 173 patients with localized extremity STS were treated with postoperative radiation. No patients received prior irradiation. Sixteen percent of tumors had recurred after initial surgery alone; 89% of tumors were high grade. The median patient age was 57 years (range, 18-86 years). Sixty-one percent underwent >1 surgery before RT in an attempt to achieve wide negative margins. Final margin status was negative in 70% and marginal or microscopically positive in 30%. The median time between final surgery and start of RT was 40 days. The median RT dose was 65 Gy (range, 49-74 Gy). The median follow-up for all patients was 10.4 years and 13.2 years among survivors. Results At 10 years, local control (LC), cause-specific survival (CSS), and overall survival (OS) rates were 87%, 80%, and 70%, respectively, with 89% of local failures occurring within 3 years after treatment. On multivariate analysis, age >55 years (82% vs 93%, P P P =.08). Age >55 years and local recurrence were associated with inferior CSS and OS on multivariate analysis. Twelve percent of patients experienced grade 3+ toxicity; 12 of these occurred in patients with tumors of the proximal lower extremity, with the most common toxicity of pathologic fracture occurring in 6.3%. Conclusions This large single-institution series confirms that postoperative RT for STS of the extremities provides good long-term disease control with acceptable toxicity. Our experience supports recurrent presentation and older age as adverse prognostic factors for LC.
A Class of Pattern-Mixture Models for Normal Incomplete Data

SUMMARY Likelihood-based methods are developed for analyzing a random sample on two continuous variables when values of one of the variables are missing. Normal maximum likelihood estimates when values are missing completely at random were derived by Anderson (1957). They are also maximum likelihood providing the missing-data mechanism is ignorable, in Rubin's (1976) sense that the mechanism depends only on observed data. A new class of pattern-mixture models (Little, 1993) is described for the situation where missingness is assumed to depend on an arbitrary unspecified function of a linear combination of the two variables. Maximum likelihood for models in this class is straightforward, and yields the estimates of Anderson (1957) when missingness depends solely on the completely observed variable, and the estimates of Brown (1990) when missingness depends solely on the incompletely observed variable. Another choice of linear combination yields estimates from complete-case analysis. Large-sample and Bayesian methods are described for this model. The data do not supply information about the ratio of the coefficients of the linear combination that controls missingness. If this ratio is not welldetermined based on prior knowledge, a prior distribution can be specified, and Bayesian inference is then readily accomplished. Alternatively, sensitivity of inferences can be displayed for a variety of choices of the ratio.
Platyrrhine systematics: A simultaneous analysis of molecular and morphological data

Platyrrhine phylogeny has been investigated repeatedly with morphological characters and DNA nuclear gene sequences, with partially inconsistent results. Given the finding in the past decade that the mitochondrial genome is a potentially valuable source of phylogenetic information, we gathered DNA sequence data of a fragment of the 16S and the entire 12S mitochondrial genes. The objectives were to generate a cladistic phylogeny based on these data and to combine them in a simultaneous analysis with morphological characters and preexisting nuclear DNA sequences. Mitochondrial data analyzed on its own yielded a cladogram that was different from those generated with other data sets. The simultaneous analysis of mitochondrial, nuclear, and morphological data yielded a tree most congruent with that generated with nuclear data and to a lesser degree with the morphological one. It depicted a basal dichotomy that led to two major clades: one of them comprised [Atelinae (Callicebus + Pitheciini)] and the other major clade comprised [Aotus ((Cebus, Saimiri) (Callitrichinae))]. The weakest point of the phylogeny was the position of Aotus as basal within their clade as opposed to more closely linked with either the callitrichines or Cebus-Saimiri. Relationships within callitrichines and atelines were unstable as well. The simultaneous phylogenetic analysis of all data sets revealed congruent signal in all of them that was partially obscured in the separate analyses.
Synthesis of (phosphine)silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate complexes and the molecular structure of di-μ-trifluoromethylsulfonate-(tetrakis-triphenylphosphine)disilver(I)

Abstract Reactions of silver trifluoromethanesulfonate (triflate) and equimolar amounts of triphenylphosphine, 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, bis(diphenylphosphino)methane, or 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane in either DME or CH2Cl2 solution produced the corresponding 1:1 complexes [(L)Ag(I)(SO3CF3)] (2–5) in >80% yields. A related 2:1 complex [(Ph3P)2Ag(I)(SO3CF3)] (1) was also obtained using 2 equiv. of Ph3Ph. Both 31P NMR variable temperature solution spectra as well as solid state spectra were recorded for the new complexes, and were generally helpful in structural assignments. An X-ray crystallographic study of 1 shows this to be a dimeric complex with bridging triflate ions; the silver atoms having distorted tetrahedral coordination.
Low-voltage circuit design for widespread sensing applications

Ubiquitous computing has a number of compelling applications ranging from biomedical sensing to environmental monitoring. These computing systems require low cost sensor nodes with volumes <1mm3 and lifetimes on the order of months or years. We advocate the use of aggressively scaled supply voltages in such applications to maximize energy efficiency. This paper reviews our recent progress in mapping out the low energy design space. We explore the design and test of three low voltage systems targeting ubiquitous computing. We conclude with a survey of open research directions in the ultra-low energy design space.
Kernel method for improving image retrieval performance: a survey

The subject of this paper is the kernel method, which offers an elegant solution to improve the effectiveness and the efficiency of the learning process in an image retrieval system. By simulating learning in high-dimensional feature spaces while working with the original low-dimensional input data, kernel methods provide a way for obtaining non-linear decision boundaries from algorithms previously restricted to handling only linearly separable image collections. The aim of this paper is to summarise results that have been obtained by using the kernel method in image retrieval systems. First, the paper introduces the kernel method together with some of its useful properties, and several kernel types used in fields like image retrieval, text mining, machine learning, and computational biology. Then, the paper focuses on applications and research questions involving the kernel method, such as kernel-based learning, kernel selection and feature selection methods.
Heterologous expression of the Bacteroides ruminicola xylanase gene in Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides uniformis

A cloned xylanase gene from the ruminal bacterium Bacteroides ruminicola 23 was transferred by conjugation into the colonic species Bacteroides fragilis and Bacteroides uniformis by using the Escherichia coli-Bacteroides shuttle vector pVAL-1. The cloned gene was expressed in both species, and xylanase specific activity in crude extracts was found to be at least 1400-fold greater than that found in the B. ruminicola strain. Analysis of crude extract proteins from the recombinant B. fragilis by SDS-PAGE demonstrated a new 60,000 molecular weight protein. The xylanase activity expressed in both E. coli and B. fragilis was capable of degrading xylan to xylooligosaccharides in vitro. This is the first demonstration that colonic Bacteroides species can express a gene from a ruminal Bacteroides species.
Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation During Androgen Deprivation Therapy for Prostate Cancer: A Critical Review

Background.Lossofbonemineraldensityisanunintended consequence of androgen deprivation therapy in men with prostate cancer. Supplementation with calcium and/or vitamin D in these men seems logical and is advocated by many lay and professional groups. Methods. We reviewed guidelines for calcium and vitamin D supplementation and the results of clinical trials of calcium and vitamin D supplementation on bone mineral density in men with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. Results. Whether supplementation of men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy with calcium and/or vitamin D results in higher bone mineral density than no supplementation has not been tested. The results of 12 clinical trials show that, at the doses commonly recommended, 500–1,000 mg calcium and 200–500 IU vitamin D per day, men undergoing androgen deprivation lose bone mineral density. Conclusion. The doses of calcium and vitamin D that have been tested are inadequate to prevent loss of bone mineral density in men undergoing androgen deprivation therapy. In light of evidence that high levels of dietary calcium and calcium supplement use are associated with higher risks for cardiovascular disease and advanced prostate cancer, intervention studies should evaluate the safety as well as the efficacy of calcium and vitamin D supplementation in these men. The Oncologist 2012;17:000–000
The Last Day of a Fortified Classic Maya Center: Archaeological Investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala

Archaeological investigations at Aguateca, Guatemala, by the Petexbatun Regional Archaeological Project have provided clues to the intriguing sequence of the downfall of this Maya center. The earliest substantial occupation at Aguateca dates to the Late Preclassic period. After very little presence during the Early Classic period, Aguateca rapidly grew into a densely occupied center, probably at the beginning of the eighth century a.d. Migration from other areas may have contributed to this rapid population growth. In the late eighth century, extensive defensive walls were constructed, most likely as a response to intensified warfare. Despite this defensive effort, Aguateca was finally attacked and brought down by enemies probably at the beginning of the ninth century. The center appears to have been almost completely abandoned soon after this event. This reconstructed sequence confirms other evidence of the Petexbatun Project that intensified warfare played an important role in the Classic Maya collapse.
Variation in Antagonism of the Interferon Response to Rotavirus NSP1 Results in Differential Infectivity in Mouse Embryonic Fibroblasts

Rotavirus NSP1 has been shown to function as an E3 ubiquitin ligase that mediates proteasome-dependent degradation of interferon (IFN) regulatory factors (IRF), including IRF3, -5, and -7, and suppresses the cellular type I IFN response. However, the effect of rotavirus NSP1 on viral replication is not well defined. Prior studies used genetic analysis of selected reassortants to link NSP1 with host range restriction in the mouse, suggesting that homologous and heterologous rotaviruses might use their different abilities to antagonize the IFN response as the basis of their host tropisms. Using a mouse embryonic fibroblast (MEF) model, we demonstrate that heterologous bovine (UK and NCDV) and porcine (OSU) rotaviruses fail to effectively degrade cellular IRF3, resulting in IRF3 activation and beta IFN (IFN-β) secretion. As a consequence of this failure, replication of these viruses is severely restricted in IFN-competent wild-type, but not in IFN-deficient (IFN-α/β/γ receptor- or STAT1-deficient) MEFs. On the other hand, homologous murine rotaviruses (ETD or EHP) or the heterologous simian rotavirus (rhesus rotavirus [RRV]) efficiently degrade cellular IRF3, diminish IRF3 activation and IFN-β secretion and are not replication restricted in wild-type MEFs. Genetic reassortant analysis between UK and RRV maps the distinctive phenotypes of IFN antagonism and growth restriction in wild-type MEFs to NSP1. Therefore, there is a direct relationship between the replication efficiencies of different rotavirus strains in MEFs and strain-related variations in NSP1-mediated antagonism of the type I IFN response.
Computation of static shapes and voltages for micromachined deformable mirrors with nonlinear electrostatic actuators

In modeling micromachined deformable mirrors with electrostatic actuators whose gap spacings are of the same order of magnitude as those of the surface deformations, it is necessary to use nonlinear models for the actuators. In this paper, we consider micromachined deformable mirrors modeled by a membrane or plate equation with nonlinear electrostatic actuator characteristics. Numerical methods for computing the mirror deformation due to given actuator voltages and the actuator voltages required for producing the desired deformations at the actuator locations are presented. The application of the proposed methods to circular deformable mirrors whose surfaces are modeled by elastic membranes is discussed in detail. Numerical results are obtained for a typical circular micromachined mirror with electrostatic actuators.
Tuning the work function of polyaniline via camphorsulfonic acid: an X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy investigation

In this work, we present the first demonstration of tuning the work function of polyaniline by controlling the concentration level of camphorsulfonic acid as a protonic acid dopant and m-cresol as a solvent. Optical, thermal, structural, and electronic properties, along with surface topography and elemental analysis of protonated polyaniline, were studied in detail to investigate the effect of camphorsulfonic acid on the work function of polyaniline. The results showed that an increase in camphorsulfonic acid content induces a gradual transformation in the polyaniline structure from an emeraldine base to an emeraldine salt phase, which is associated with an increase in electrical conductivity and an improvement in crystallinity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to evaluate the work function and to determine the elemental composition of the surface and several atomic layers beneath the surface. The results showed that increasing the camphorsulfonic acid content from quarter protonated to fully protonated leads to an increase in the work function of polyaniline from 4.42 ± 0.14 eV to 4.78 ± 0.13 eV.
Case Study in Binary Logistic Regression, Model Selection and Approximation: Predicting Cause of Death

This chapter contains a case study on developing, describing, and validating a binary logistic regression model. In addition, the following methods are exemplified:
The Paired-Associates Method in the Study of Conflict1

Publisher Summary This chapter describes experiments that were initiated by earlier, casual observations of the intra-list, or within- S s, method of producing associative transfer in the paired-associates experiment. More specifically, these observations suggest that the within- S s method for varying such factors as associative strength and associative interference, while efficient from the viewpoint of experimental design, introduce other unanticipated and psychologically complicating factors. The course of the chapter involved elementary school age children. More basically, these studies are concerned with the general proposition that conditions that produce associative interference, that is, competition between incompatible response tendencies, may serve to engender motivational states in the S .
Emergency department use for injuries by adolescents in foster care

Abstract Youth in foster care are overrepresented with respect to their utilization of emergency department (ED) services. This study examines the ED utilization patterns of adolescents in foster care and evaluates the characteristics of injury related versus non-injury related visits. We found that adolescents in foster care have high rates of ED use (1.84 visits per year (95% CI 1.59, 2.12)), with 31.2% of ED visits being injury-related. Male gender was found to be the only independent predictor of having an injury related vs. non-injury related ED visit (odds ratio 2.22 (95% CI 1.27–3.87)). Regarding the mechanisms of injury, adolescent youth in group homes were significantly more likely to present with injuries inflicted by themselves or by others in their residence (p
What Is the Place of PARP Inhibitors in Ovarian Cancer Treatment

Poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitors have been one of the most exciting developments in the treatment of ovarian cancer in recent years. Demonstration of anti-cancer activity has led to the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approval of the PARP inhibitor (PARPi) olaparib as maintenance therapy in women with BRCA-mutated (BRCAm) ovarian cancer with platinum-sensitive recurrence following response to platinum therapy and the US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) approval of olaparib in relapsed germline BRCA-mutated (gBRCAm) ovarian cancer in women who have received at least three prior chemotherapy treatments, both occurring in 2014. Additional trials are underway or awaiting final analysis with olaparib, other PARPis, and PARPi combinations to further elucidate the activity of these drugs in various clinical settings. This review will focus on the current clinical experience and ongoing trials with PARPis in ovarian cancer.
EVIDENCE FOR A VENTILATION MODIFYING REFLEX FROM THE PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN MAN.

SummaryLobeline injected intravenously into normal human subjects caused ventilatory depression in most and concomitant bradycardia and hypotension in a smaller number. These effects occurred within the arm-lung circulation time. These findings are considered strong evidence for a ventilation regulating reflexogenic area between the large veins and the pulmonary circulation in man. As demonstrated by previous animal experiments, the response probably originates from a pressure sensitive reflexogenic area in the region of the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery.
Analysis of the bacterial type and drug resistance of 99 strains of Mycobacterium

Objective:To understand the bacteria type and drug resistance of Mycobacterium from 99 patients in Xianju County,so as to provide the basis and reference for clinical treatment.Methods: Mycobacterium strains isolated from 99 patients with pulmonary TB were identified by using gene chip method.Further,rpoB gene,katG gene and inhA gene promoter of 88 M.tuberculosis strains were detected.Results:Eighty-eight strains of Mycobacterium isolates were M.tuberculosis complex group,accounting for 88.9%.Eleven strains were non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium,accounting for 11.1%.In the 88 strains of M.tuberculosis complex group,four strains were resistant to rifampicin,four strains were resistant to isoniazid and 6 strains were resistant to both of rifampicin and isoniazid.The resistance rate reached 15.9%.Seventy-four strains were highly sensitive to both of rifampicin and isoniazid,accounting for 84.1%.Conclusion: M.tuberculosis was predominant in the Xianju county of Zhejiang province whereas non-tuberculosis Mycobacterium accounted for more than one-tenth.Mycobacterium complex group were seriously resistant to rifampicin and isoniazid and had become a major threat to the control and treatment of TB.Therefore,it is necessary to strengthen the monitoring,treatment and management of drug-resistance.
Spontaneous activity and functional connectivity in the developing cerebellorubral system.

Investigations of functional development in cerebellar networks can inform our understanding of the origins of neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia and autism. Critical to the functio...
A PATTERN SEARCH IN DATA ANALYSIS

This paper introduces a probabilistic model of two-class pattern recognition. The measurable sets are defined by a similarity, which is a reflexive and symmetric binary relation. The heuristic information model is formulated by a type of data clustering called representative clustering. The heuristic information about a data record is a data subset containing the record, which is computed by comparing the record with all representative records. For the corresponding classifiers, both Bayes and Neyman-Pearson Theorems are proved in this paper. In application, the knowledge discovering process searches for similarity and representative clustering in a training data set. The evaluation is extended to records in a testing data set. The experiment shows the trade-off between the number of representatives and classifier performance.
The use of blocking screws with internal lengthening nail and reverse rule of thumb for blocking screws in limb lengthening and deformity correction surgery

Internal lengthening nail (ILN) is a recent development in limb lengthening and deformity correction specialty. The ILN has the distinct advantage of combining acute deformity correction with gradual lengthening of bone. While using ILN, the short metaphyseal bone fragment may develop a deformity at the time of osteotomy and nail insertion or during bone lengthening because of the wide medullary canal. These deformities are typically predictable, and blocking screws (Poller screws) are helpful in these situations. This manuscript describes the common deformities that occur in femur and tibia with osteotomies at different locations while using ILN in antegrade and retrograde nailing technique. Also, a systematic approach to the appropriate use of blocking screws in these deformities is described. In addition, the “reverse rule of thumb” is introduced as a quick reference to determine the ideal location(s) and number of blocking screws. These principles are applicable to limb lengthening and deformity correction as well as fracture fixation using intramedullary nails.
Metastatic rhabdomyosarcoma initially diagnosed on the bone marrow.

![Figure][1] A 15-year-old boy presented with a rapid-onset right-sided facial mass, thrombocytopenia (114 × 109/L), and elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase. A computed tomography scan demonstrated a maxillary sinus and nasopharyngeal mass with extensive cervical lymphadenopathy. Bone
Emerging PV technologies: The path to market competitiveness

The deployment of photovoltaics (PV) has demonstrated a remarkable annual growth rate of 54% from 2010 to 2015 [1], yet PV only currently satisfies approximately 1% of the world's electricity demand [2]. As solar deployment continues to grow, some new technologies being researched today have the potential to enable faster cost reductions and increased deployment compared to more established technologies. To catalyze this development, the DOE SunShot Initiative strategically invests in the research and development of emerging technologies that hold the promise of facilitating large-scale and cost-competitive deployment of PV. The DOE investment strategy and research priorities are based on stakeholder engagements and an analysis of how specific technology improvements impact the levelized costs of electricity (LCOE). Herein, the strategy that the SunShot Initiative uses to engage with the complex research environment to support the development of novel PV technologies is described.
Work, sleep, and cholesterol levels of U.S. long-haul truck drivers

Long-haul truck drivers in the United States experience elevated cardiovascular health risks, possibly due to hypercholesterolemia. The current study has two objectives: 1) to generate a cholesterol profile for U.S. long-haul truck drivers; and 2) to determine the influence of work organization characteristics and sleep quality and duration on cholesterol levels of long-haul truck drivers. Survey and biometric data were collected from 262 long-haul truck drivers. Descriptive analyses were performed for demographic, work organization, sleep, and cholesterol measures. Linear regression and ordinal logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine for possible predictive relationships between demographic, work organization, and sleep variables, and cholesterol outcomes. The majority (66.4%) of drivers had a low HDL (<40 mg/dL), and nearly 42% of drivers had a high-risk total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol ratio. Sleep quality was associated with HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol, and daily work hours were associated with LDL cholesterol. Workday sleep duration was associated with non-HDL cholesterol, and driving experience and sleep quality were associated with cholesterol ratio. Long-haul truck drivers have a high risk cholesterol profile, and sleep quality and work organization factors may induce these cholesterol outcomes. Targeted worksite health promotion programs are needed to curb these atherosclerotic risks.
Building Capacities for Sustainable Water Governance at the Grassroots: “Organic Empowerment” and Its Policy Implications in Nicaragua

ABSTRACTMany of the most acute water crises globally are “everyday” crises experienced in impoverished rural areas and urban slums across the global South. Confronting these crises are thousands of community-based water management regimes—many operating “below the radar” of formal state policies. Arguably, a foremost challenge to constructing sustainable water governance concerns reconciling long-standing—yet politically and legally unrecognized—locally based governance structures with state policies designed and promoted from above. Bridging the scholarships on common property regimes and decentralized natural resource management, this article examines how policymakers and rural water committees confront the challenge of securing water access for domestic use. Specifically, this article documents the development of what is termed an “organic empowerment” of water committees in Nicaragua, arguing that this grassroots form of empowerment has contributed to the democratization of top-down policymaking. Ulti...