cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Work effort, technical efficiency and productivity growth

This paper develops a model to examine labor-use efficiency associated with the effieciency wage theory and technical effieciency associated with the frontier production model. The generalixed modelcombines these two approaches and derives measures of technical and labor-use efficiency as well as their effects on productivity growth. It also seperates technical inefficiency from industry heterogenity. the model is applied to estimate loss of output due to technical and labor-use inefficiency for 18 two-digit U.S manufacturing industries using time series and cross-sectional data.
IL-1β activates C/EBP-β and δ in human enterocytes through a mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway

The enterocyte is an active participant in the inflammatory and metabolic response to sepsis, endotoxemia and other critical illnesses and is the site for cytokine and acute phase protein production in these conditions. The role of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors in the response to inflammatory stimuli in the enterocyte is not well understood. In the present study, we treated Caco-2 cells with IL-1beta and determined C/EBP DNA binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The involvement of the alpha, beta, and delta isoforms was determined by supershift analysis and Western blot analysis of proteins from the nuclear fraction. The role of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway was assessed by treating cells with the MAPK inhibitor PD-98059. Treatment of the Caco-2 cells with IL-1beta resulted in increased CCAAT/enhancer binding protein DNA binding activity. Supershift analysis and Western blotting indicated that this response to IL-1beta mainly reflected the delta isoform, and to a lesser degree the beta isoform. Treatment of the cells with PD-98059 inhibited the IL-1beta-induced increase in beta and delta activity. The results suggest that members of the CCAAT/enhancer binding protein family of transcription factors are activated in enterocytes during inflammatory conditions characterized by high levels of IL-1beta.
Development of fungiform papillae: Patterned lingual gustatory organs

The fungiform papilla is a gustatory organ that provides a specific tissue residence for taste buds on the anterior tongue. Thus, during development there must be a progressive differentiation to acquire papilla epithelium, then taste cell progenitor epithelium, and finally taste cells within the papilla apex. Arranged in rows, the patterned distribution of fungiform papillae requires molecular regulation not only to induce papillae, but also to suppress papilla formation in the between-papilla tissue. Intact sensory innervation is not required to initiate papilla development or pattern. However, members of several molecular families have now been identified with specific localization in developing papillae. These may participate in papilla development and pattern formation, and subsequently in taste progenitor and taste cell differentiation. This review focuses on development of fungiform papillae in embryonic rat and mouse. Basic morphology, cell biology and molecular phenotypes of developing papillae are reviewed. Regulatory roles for molecules in several families are presented, and a broad schema is proposed for progressive epithelial differentiation to form taste cell progenitors in parallel with the temporal course, and participation of lingual sensory innervation.
Conditions erroneously diagnosed as appendicitis

Abstract 1. 1. Attention has been directed to the fact that abdominal pain may have its origin in disturbances of the cerebrospinal system, the thorax, the retroperitoneal space, in addition to intraperitoneal pathology. 2. 2. A number of conditions which may simulate acute appendicitis have been indicated. 3. 3. An analysis of the history, with complete and accurate physical examination will eliminate most of these conditions and make possible an accurate diagnosis. 4. 4. The value of systematic elimination in diagnosis is accentuated.
Laboratory IR spectra of 4-azachrysene in solid H2O

Abstract We present the mid-IR spectrum of 4-azachrysene (C17H11N) frozen in solid H2O at 14 K, data directly comparable to astronomical observations along dense cloud lines of sight. We tabulate the positions, profiles, and relative intensities of those 4-azachrysene peaks not obscured by strong H2O absorptions and note some significant changes in position and/or intensity relative to the previously published values for 4-azachrysene isolated in an argon matrix. In contrast to simple PAHs that do not interact strongly with solid H2O, PANHs, with their nitrogen atom(s), are potentially capable of hydrogen bonding with H2O, and this presumably gives rise to some of the spectral changes. This demonstrates that observers will not always be able to rely on peak positions of matrix isolated PANHs to correctly reflect the actual absorption band positions of PANHs along lines of sight where they will exist as pure solids or be frozen in H2O. In general these nitrogen heterocycles are of astrobiological interest since this class of molecules has been detected in meteorites, they could be pre-biotically important, and/or they could act as false biomarkers.
Ovarian germinoma (dysgerminoma) with elevated serum lactic dehydrogenase: Case report and review of literature

lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) is a glycolytic enzyme that may be elevated in the serum of patients with gonadal and extragonadal germinomas. In this report, the authors describe a young woman with a unilateral ovarian pure germinoma (dysgerminoma) who had greater than a sixfold elevation of serum LDH levels with increases in LDH isoenzymes 1, 2, and 3. Two weeks after operation, the serum LDH level had returned to normal. Four additional examples of ovarian germinoma with elevated serum LDH levels have been recorded in the literature. The germinoma cells are the likely source of the elevated LDH activity in such cases. Lactic dehydrogenase and its isoenzymes may serve as a useful tumor marker for diagnosis and posttherapy surveillance in patients with germinomas (dysgerminomas, seminomas). The association of elevated serum LDH in patients with other neoplasms is also reviewed.
Raffinose and stachyose metabolism are not required for efficient soybean seed germination.

Raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs), which include raffinose and stachyose, are thought to be an important source of energy during seed germination. In contrast to their potential for promoting germination, RFOs represent anti-nutritional units for monogastric animals when consumed as a component of feed. The exact role for RFOs during soybean seed development and germination has not been experimentally determined; but it has been hypothesized that RFOs are required for successful germination. Previously, inhibition of RFO breakdown during imbibition and germination was shown to significantly delay germination in pea seeds. The objective of this study was to compare the germination potential for soybean seeds with either wild-type (WT) or low RFO levels and to examine the role of RFO breakdown in germination of soybean seeds. There was no significant difference in germination between normal and low RFO soybean seeds when imbibed/germinated in water. Similar to the situation in pea, soybean seeds of wild-type carbohydrate composition experienced a delay in germination when treated with a chemical inhibitor of α-galactosidase activity (1-deoxygalactonojirimycin or DGJ) during imbibition. However, low RFO soybean seed germination was not significantly delayed or reduced when treated with DGJ. In contrast to the situation in pea, the inhibitor-induced germination delay in wild-type soybean seeds was not partially overcome by the addition of galactose or sucrose. We conclude that RFOs are not an essential source of energy during soybean seed germination.
Numerical solutions of induced velocities by semi-infinite tip vortex lines

La methode de Rand et Rosen pour l'amelioration de la convergence sur la vitesse axiale calculee pour un sillage helicoidal est etendue pour inclure toutes les composantes de vitesse, tous les points dans le sillage et des lignes tourbillonnaires non helicoidales
The effect of calcium and potassium on the thermal excitability of a model thermoreceptor

Abstract 1. 1. Peripheral nerves from the walking legs of Callinectes sapidus (Maryland blue crab) respond to a cold stimulus in artificial sea water with an impulse discharge. The threshold is 0·5°C for a cooling rate of 0·35°C/sec. 2. 2. Lowering the external concentration of potassium increases the threshold to a cold stimulus. Raising the external concentration of potassium up to 15 mM/l progressively decreases the threshold for a cold response. At K = 30 mM/l or above all thermal responsiveness is abolished. 3. 3. Preparations maximally excited to spontaneous discharge in low calcium artificial sea water (calcium less than 6·5 mM/l) do not respond to a cold stimulus. Under these conditions slight increases in the external concentration of potassium decrease the rate of spontaneous discharge and restore thermal responsiveness. 4. 4. The addition of acetylsalicylic acid to the artificial sea water in a concentration of 50 mg% does not influence threshold or thermal responsiveness.
Couples' nighttime sleep efficiency and concordance: evidence for bidirectional associations with daytime relationship functioning.

Objective:To examine prospectively the directionality of the association between daily relationship functioning and nightly sleep quality and the association between couples' relationship functioning and concordance in sleep-wake rhythms. Emerging evidence suggests the existence of bidirectional lin
A short proof of Kundu's k -factor theorem

Abstract We give a very short proof of the following theorem on k-factorable degree sequences due to Kundu [5]: Theorem 1. Let (d1,d2,…,dn) and (d1−k1,d2−k2,…,dn− kn) be two graphical sequences satisfying k⩽ki⩽k+1, 1⩽i⩽n, for some k⩾0. Then there exists a graph G=(V,E) which contains a subgraph F such that dG(vi)=di and dF(vi)= ki for all viϵ{v1,v2,…,vn}=V(G). Our proof readily extends to derive the generalizations of the above theorem obtained by Kundu [6], Kleitman and Wang [4].
Characterization of the phase structure of an amine cured rubber modified epoxy

Abstract The phase structure of an amine cured, rubber-modified epoxy was characterized. The sharpness of the interface between the matrix and the dispersed phase, the volume fraction of the dispersed phase, the distribution of particle sizes, and the concentration of epoxy in the dispersed phase were determined. Scanning transmission electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray analysis revealed that the interface width is less than 500 A. Variation in the fraction of mobile hydrogens with temperature determined by nuclear magnetic resonance indicated that a small fraction of segments participated in mixing at the interface. Differential scanning calorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance showed that the volume fraction of the dispersed phase equalled that predicted by assuming all of the rubber plus the epoxy monomer units bonded directly to the rubber precipitates. The distribution of particles greater than 0.1 μm in diameter was measured, and the average diameter of these particles was found to be 0.8 μm. This distribution accounted for approximately 50% of the dispersed phase. The epoxy concentration in the dispersed phase was determined using 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. This concentration was found to be less than that predicted if all the epoxy monomer units attached to the rubber molecules were present in the dispersed phase.
Comparative mutagenicity of 4 dna-intercalating agents in l5178y mouse lymphoma cells.

The mutagenicity of 4 known intercalating agents acridine orange (AO), quinacrine mustard (QM), proflavin (PF) and ethidium bromide (EB) has been investigated in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was used as a positive control in these studies. AO, QM and PF induced mutation in the excess thymidine- and thioguanine-selective systems. These 3 compounds were negative in the ouabain- and cytosine-arabinoside-selective systems while EB was positive only in the cytosine arabinoside system. It would appear that the EB-induced mutagenesis is different from that of AO, QM and PF though all are intercalating agents. Since the molecular origin of cytosine arabinoside mutants is unknown, further interpretation of the EB results is not possible.
Using realistic simulation for performance analysis of mapreduce setups

Recently, there has been a huge growth in the amount of data processed by enterprises and the scientific computing community. Two promising trends ensure that applications will be able to deal with ever increasing data volumes: First, the emergence of cloud computing, which provides transparent access to a large number of compute, storage and networking resources; and second, the development of the MapReduce programming model, which provides a high-level abstraction for data-intensive computing. However, the design space of these systems has not been explored in detail. Specifically, the impact of various design choices and run-time parameters of a MapReduce system on application performance remains an open question.To this end, we embarked on systematically understanding the performance of MapReduce systems, but soon realized that understanding effects of parameter tweaking in a large-scale setup with many variables was impractical. Consequently, in this paper, we present the design of an accurate MapReduce simulator, MRPerf, for facilitating exploration of MapReduce design space. MRPerf captures various aspects of a MapReduce setup, and uses this information to predict expected application performance. In essence, MRPerf can serve as a design tool for MapReduce infrastructure, and as a planning tool for making MapReduce deployment far easier via reduction in the number of parameters that currently have to be hand-tuned using rules of thumb.Our validation of MRPerf using data from medium-scale production clusters shows that it is able to predict application performance accurately, and thus can be a useful tool in enabling cloud computing. Moreover, an initial application of MRPerf to our test clusters running Hadoop, revealed a performance bottleneck, fixing which resulted in up to 28.05% performance improvement.
New insights on sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium regulation in muscle fatigue.

a consistent observation with fatigue in skeletal muscle is a decline in the amplitude of the myoplasmic Ca2+ transient, which is thought to result primarily from a reduced Ca2+ flux through the ryanodine receptor (RyR1) of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) ([Fig. 1][1]). This in turn is thought to
Oxygen Consumption, Energy Expenditure, and Growth of the Red Snapper (Lutjanus campechanus)

Abstract Daily weight increases of captive 1–2-year-old red snappers over a period of 300 days were approximately 0.45% of body weight—a value which agreed closely with estimated daily weight increases in a wild population. Respiratory metabolism for 1–2-year-old red snappers swimming at 0.5 km/hour was 89 mg O2 kg−1 hour−1 at 20 C, and resting metabolism at this temperature was 62 mg O2 kg−1 hour−1. Energetic requirements for routine respiratory metabolism and growth in these fish indicated a minimum daily food requirement of about 1.5% of body weight. Food conversion efficiency was estimated to be 30%.
Characterization of the glycosylation sites in cyclooxygenase-2 using mass spectrometry.

Cyclooxygenase is involved in the biosynthesis and function of prostaglandins. It is a glycoprotein located in the endoplasmic reticulum and in the nuclear envelope, and it has been found to have two isoforms termed COX-1 and COX-2. This paper reports on the glycosylation site analysis of recombinant COX-2 using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) and nanoelectrospray (nanoESI) quadrupole-TOF (Q-TOF) MS. The nanoESI MS analysis of COX-2 revealed the presence of three glycoforms at average molecular masses of 71.4, 72.7, and 73.9 kDa. Each glycoform contained a number of peaks differing by 162 Da indicating heterogeneity and suggesting the presence of high-mannose sugars. The masses of the glycoforms indicate that oligosaccharides occupy two to four sites and a single N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue occupied up to two sites. The MALDI MS analysis of a tryptic digest of the protein showed a number of potential glycopeptides. The peptides diffe...
Strategies for preventing heroin overdose

Making naloxone available in addicts9 homes is one of several official or unofficial ways that are being tried out to reduce the rising toll of fatalities from heroin overdose.
The Physiological Relevance of Interactions between cMyBP-C and Actin Studied in a Transgenic Mouse Model

Cardiac myosin binding protein C (cMyBP-C) is a sarcomeric protein that plays an essential role in the regulation of cardiac contraction. Until recently, cMyBP C was thought to hamper cross bridge cycling trough interaction of its N-terminus with the heads of myosin. However, the N-terminal domains of cMyBP-C can also bind with actin and this interaction could well explain the currently known functions of cMyBP-C. For instance, by forming a connection between the thin and the thick filament cMyBP-C could pose a load on the sarcomere and alter its visco-elastic properties. Additionally, cMyBP-C could alter the activation state of the thin filament by intervening with the position of tropomyosin.To study the physiological relevance of an interaction between cMyBP-C and actin, we created a transgenic mouse with a point mutation (L348P) that increases the binding affinity between cMyBP-C and actin in vitro. We hypothesized that stronger binding between cMyBP-C and actin will cause- through afore mentioned mechanisms, which have been demonstrated in different in vitro studies- stiffer cardiomyocytes which would ultimately lead to diastolic dysfunction in the hearts of L348P-Tg mice.Results show that the left atria of L348P-Tg mice are significantly enlarged. Echocardiograms in 12 week old animals demonstrated misshapen E and A waves, making diastolic function difficult to determine. Interestingly, pulse wave and tissue Doppler images were more defined in 24 weeks old mice. Preliminary data show decreased early blood flow over the mitral valve (E) and mitral valve movement (E’) in L348PTg mice, indicative of a stiffer left ventricle. In correspondence with that, isovolumetric relaxation time was prolonged. At neither age we observed systolic dysfunction. Additional in-depth hemodynamic studies to characterize the mechanisms of cardiac function longitudinally in L348P-Tg mice are ongoing.
Actions and interactions of bradykinin, prostaglandins, and nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents on the eye.

Intracameral injections of bradykinin into the eyes of rabbits anesthetized with urethane were found to produce a dose-dependent constriction of the pupil and increase in the amount of protein present in the aqueous humor. Both these effects were relatively fast in onset, pupillary constriction being observed 1–2 min after the injection. The intact bradykinin molecule was required to produce these effects since prior incubation of known amounts of bradykinin with chymotrypsin and subsequent intracameral injection were without effect. No kininase activity was observed in samples of normal aqueous humor, however, kininase activity was present in aqueous humor removed from eyes inflamed by either paracentesis or nitrogen mustard. The actions of bradykinin on both the pupil and the protein content of aqueous humor were markedly reduced or abolished by pretreatment with inhibitors of prostaglandin biosynthesis, such as indomethacin or pirprofen, given either topically or by intraperitoneal injection. In these animals the simultaneous injection of prostaglandin Ez together with the bradykinin restored the ocular responses to normal. These results suggest that prostaglandins contribute to the ocular actions of bradykinin.
Angiotropic large cell lymphoma: simultaneous peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle involvement

SummaryAngiotropic large cell lymphoma is a rarely encountered disorder characterized by a proliferation of malignant lymphoid cells within vascular lumina. Sites usually affected include the skin and central nervous system, although involvement of multiple other organ symptoms have been described including peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle. Simultaneous involvement of both skeletal muscle and peripheral nerve has rarely been reported. In most of those cases the diagnosis was made only at the time of autopsy. A case of an elderly male with angiotropic large cell lymphoma and in whom the diagnosis was made antemortem on a peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle biopsy is reported.
Surface Electronic Properties of Self-Assembled, Oppositely Charged Macrocycle and Polymer Multilayers on Conductive Oxides

Using the layer-by-layer self-assembly technique, we have deposited multilayer thin films on conductive indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces by alternatively dipping ITO substrates in a polymer PDDA or poly(diallydimethylammonium) chloride solution and a macrocyle NiPc or nickel phthalocyanine solution. In addition to characterizing PDDA-NiPc systems with X-ray reflectometry and cyclic voltammetry, we monitored the growth of PDDA/NiPc multilayers on conductive oxides with Fourier transform infrared (IR) spectroscopy at an external grazing-angle reflection configuration. IR spectra with polarization perpendicular to the conductive ITO surfaces revealed vibration bands at 1227 and 1200 cm-1 corresponding to salt bridges of −SO3-··· Me2N+ binding between PDDA and NiPc. An oscillation of the surface electronic potential was observed with a Kelvin Probe as the surface layer alternated between PDDA and NiPc. The average gap of the surface potential difference between NiPc and PDDA monolayers is about 400 mV. Oscilla...
Pharmacological characterization of glucocorticoid receptors in primary human bronchial epithelial cells.

Abstract Bronchial epithelial cells play an important role in amplifying and perpetuating airway inflammation and may be a target for inhaled steroids. We have characterized glucocorticoid receptors in primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Northern and western blot analyses demonstrated the expression of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA and protein, respectively, in primary bronchial epithelial cells. The activity of these receptors was shown using a radioligand binding assay. High-affinity binding with pharmacological specificity was demonstrated for [ 3 H]dexamethasone. The equilibrium dissociation constant ( K d ) and density of binding sites ( B max ) for [ 3 H]dexamethasone determined from saturation isotherms were 4.4 nM ×/÷ 0.95 (SEM) and 30.1 fmol/mg protein ± 6.4 (SEM). Glucocorticoid receptors were activated by dexamethasone as assessed using a glucocorticoid-responsive reporter plasmid, pTAT 3 -CAT. Transfection of primary human bronchial epithelial cells with this reporter plasmid resulted in 35-fold activation of transcription following dexamethasone stimulation (10 −6 M). The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU-486 (mifepristone) significantly counteracted the effect of dexamethasone on glucocorticoid receptor activation, indicating that the dexamethasone effect is specific and is mediated through the glucocorticoid receptor. In summary, our study demonstrated that primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells possess glucocorticoid receptors that function as a ligand-activated transcriptional regulator. The presence of glucocorticoid receptors confers their responsiveness to glucocorticoids and indicates that the airway epithelium may be a target for the anti-inflammatory effects of inhaled steroids.
Evidence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure in fish from the Antarctic peninsula

PAH exposure was assessed in fish from Arthur Harbor, Antarctica and sites remote from human activities by measuring the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites in bile and PAH in tissues and stomach contents. The highest concentrations of biliary metabolites and tissue PAH were present in fish captured near an Argentine supply ship (Bahia Paraiso) that ran aground in Arthur Harbor in 1989. The presence of biliary PAH metabolites in fish collected near Palmer Station, a small US scientific station in Arthur Harbor, suggests low level exposure to contaminants. However, PAH tissue concentrations in fish from Palmer Station were similar to those from remote sites. Both tissue PAH and metabolite concentrations were low in fish captured at sites remote from human activities. The confirmation of PAH metabolites in the bile of fish from Arthur Harbor is direct evidence that the presence of humans has resulted in Antarctic fish being exposed to petroleum-derived PAH.
Transfer of the partial reinforcement extinction effect between escape (shock) and appetitive (food) conditioning

Abstract In the first experiment rats were given partial reinforcement or continuous reinforcement in either an escape or an appetitive paradigm. Subsequently, the rats received continuous reinforcement training under motivational conditions opposite those experienced earlier. Finally, responses were extinguished according to the motivational conditions experienced in the second phase. The results indicated that partial reinforcement in the initial phase operated to increase resistance to extinction in the last. In a second experiment this intermotivational partial reinforcement extinction effect was shown to survive interpolated experiences with extinction, a 1-week rest period, and continuous reinforcement reacquisition. A third experiment examined the influence of intramodal versus intermodal nonreinforcement-reinforcement sequences on the intermotivational partial reinforcement extinction effect. Interactive effects between similarity of aversive outcome (escape nonreinforcement, appetitive nonreinforcement) and reinforcement type (negative, positive) were found. The theoretical implications of the data from all three experiments are discussed.
Spinal cord syrinx expansion following acquired Chiari malformation decompression: case report.

Abstract Objective Chiari malformation development after lumboperitoneal (LP) shunting for pseudotumor cerebri is a recognized phenomenon. Treatment options for an acquired Chiari malformation include observation, LP shunt revision or ligation, ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt placement, and suboccipital decompression. The authors describe a case of suboccipital decompression of an acquired Chiari malformation that resulted in the development of a spinal cord syrinx. Clinical presentation A 24-year-old woman presented with headaches, photophobia, and blurred vision. No ventricular enlargement was seen on a computed tomographic scan of the brain. The patient was diagnosed with pseudotumor cerebri based on the clinical presentation and a lumbar puncture with a high opening pressure. She underwent an LP shunt. At the time of her 10-month follow-up evaluation, she was noted to have a symptomatic acquired Chiari malformation without a spinal cord syrinx. Intervention The patient underwent a suboccipital decompression to treat her Chiari malformation. Postoperatively, she developed an enlarging, symptomatic spinal cord syrinx. The patient underwent LP shunt ligation and VP shunt placement and had subsequent resolution of her spinal cord syrinx. Conclusion An enlarging spinal cord syrinx can occur following the suboccipital decompression of an acquired Chiari malformation in pseudotumor cerebri patients. Careful consideration to VP shunting should be given prior to posterior fossa decompression in such cases in an attempt to avoid syrinx development.
Concerning the relation between pituitary adrenocorticotrophin and the circulating blood platelets.

SummaryUnder the above experimental conditions, no effect of pituitary adrenocorticotrophin upon the number of circulating blood platelets could be detected.
A Bearingless Switched-Reluctance Motor for High Specific Power Applications

A 12-8 switched-reluctance motor (SRM) is studied in bearingless (or self-levitated) operation with coil currents limited to the linear region to avoid magnetic saturation. The required motoring and levitating currents are summed and go into a single motor coil per pole to obtain the highest power output of the motor by having more space for motor coil winding. Two controllers are investigated for the bearingless SRM operation. First, a model-based controller using the radial force, which is adjusted by a factor derived from finite element analysis, is presented. Then a simple and practical observation-based controller using a PD (proportional-derivative) control algorithm is presented. Both controllers were experimentally demonstrated to 6500 rpm. This paper reports the initial efforts toward eventual self levitation of a SRM operating into strong magnetic core saturation at liquid nitrogen temperature.
Cytopathologic diagnosis of oncocytic type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm: Criteria and clinical implications of accurate diagnosis.

BACKGROUND Cytologic findings of pancreatic oncocytic-type intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs)/intraductal oncocytic papillary neoplasms (IOPNs) are largely unknown.
Velocity continuation and the anatomy of residual prestack time migration

Velocity continuation is an imaginary continuous process of seismic image transformation in the postmigration domain. It generalizes the concepts of residual and cascaded migrations. Understanding the laws of velocity continuation is crucially important for a successful application of time‐migration velocity analysis. These laws predict the changes in the geometry and intensity of reflection events on migrated images with the change of the migration velocity. In this paper, I derive kinematic and dynamic laws for the case of prestack residual migration from simple geometric principles. The main theoretical result is a decomposition of prestack velocity continuation into three different components corresponding to residual normal moveout, residual dip moveout, and residual zero‐offset migration. I analyze the contribution and properties of each of the three components separately. This theory forms the basis for constructing efficient finite‐difference and spectral algorithms for time‐migration velocity ana...
The nature of neonatal status epilepticus — a clinician's perspective

Abstract Neonatal status epilepticus occurs within the substrate of the hyperexcitable newborn brain and is usually provoked by acute CNS derangements, although status can also be the presentation of early-life epilepsy. Provoked neonatal status usually resolves within a few days, with or without treatment, but new data suggests that status is associated with adverse outcomes, even after controlling for underlying disease severity and MRI structural brain injury. Novel treatments may be needed to improve seizure control and outcome, given the characteristics of neurotransmission in the newborn brain. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Status Epilepticus”.
A multiple asset scheduler for satellite data throughput and variable rate analysis

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has developed a tool for generating representative schedules of satellite communication sessions to aid in architecture assessments and data throughput analyses. Essentially, the tool provides an efficient method to address the Multi-Satellite Scheduling Problem (MSSP), an example competitive resource allocation problem. The tool interacts with a commercially available simulation environment, Satellite Tool Kit (STK), using a custom developed MATLAB interface. This paper details the reasoning behind the development of the tool, provides a description of the genetic algorithms used in the tool, and discusses example applications of the tool in supporting the future development of space missions and NASA's space communications infrastructure.
The Myth of the Alpha Male: A New Look at Dominance-Related Beliefs and Behaviors among Adolescent Males and Females.

For decades, researchers in various domains of the biobehavioral sciences have had an enduring affinity for the idea of the dominant male. Distinctly masculine characteristics such as morphological weaponry (e.g., tusks, antlers, canine teeth), ornaments (e.g., bright colors, manes) and behaviors (e.g., contests, displays) are well-documented. Females, by contrast, are often portrayed as being far less aggressive, more communal, and less interested in social politics. This article addresses what we refer to as “the myth of the alpha male.” We argue that overt competitiveness and resultant social dominance in females have been traditionally underrated by biologists and psychologists. Our motivating theoretical perspective suggests that females of high social dominance are less different from dominant males in terms of behaviors and motivations than is commonly believed, and that these socially dominant females enjoy similar social regard as dominant males do, gender stereotypes notwithstanding. We begin by introducing evolutionary approaches that tend to hold dominance to be the purview of males, and then introduce lesser known alternate biological views to social dominance in females. We will then link this latter perspective to contemporary work on girls’ aggression and how aggression can lead to positive peer regard. Finally, we attempt to theoretically integrate these literatures via resource control theory which gives rise to the specific questions at hand.
The effect of Daphnia interference on a natural rotifer and ciliate community: Short-term bottle experiments

Two bottle experiments were conducted using water from a small, cutrophic lake to assess the impact of Daphnia interference (encounter) competition on the dynamics of the rotifer and ciliate populations dominating the zooplankton community. Indirect effects of Daphnia exploitative competition were minimized by adding food resources and using short incubation periods. The introduction of Daphnia pulex (16 liter-‘) to Cryptomonas-enriched (3-3.5 x lo4 cells ml I) water for 2 d significantly suppressed numbers of the ciliate Campanella sp.; the rotifers Kellicottia bostoniensis, Keratella cochlearis, Keratella crassa, Polyarthra vulgaris, and Synchaeta pectinata; and total rotifers. The presence of Daphnia did not affect numbers of the rotifers Asplanchna girudi, Polyarthra euryptera, and Trichocerca similis. Daphnia-induced death rates of significantly suppressed, common species were highest for K. cochlearis (0.79-l. 14 d-l), intermediate for S. pectinata and Campanella (0.23-0.33 d-l), and lowest for K. crassa and P. vufgaris (0.14-0.28 d- I). The most marked effects of Daphnia on community structure were 61-77% reductions in the relative abundance of K. cochlearis and up to 100% increases in the relative abundances of K. crassa and T. similis. The observed effects of Daphnia on the rotifer species are consistent with, and largely explicable by, previously conducted laboratory experiments and behavioral observations on interference between Daphnia and these or closely related species. Interference from Daphnia can rapidly reduce the abundance and shift the species structure of rotifer and ciliate assemblages in natural communities.
Struktur und Reaktivität aliphatischer Diazoverbindungen. XVII. Elektrochemisches Verhalten von organophosphor‐substituierten Diazoalkanen

α-Diazo-phenylmethan-phosphonsaurediathylester 7c und seine p-Substitutionsprodukte zeigen bei Reduktion an der Quecksilber-Tropfelektrode in Dioxan-Wasser (1:4 v/v)/0,1 M LiClO4 nur eine polarographische Stufe bei E1/2 = −1,24 bis −1,15 V (GKE). Die Natur dieser irreversiblen Stufe wird naher untersucht und der Mechanismus der Reduktion diskutiert. Als zweielektroniges Reduktionsprodukt der Elektrolyse von 7c in Dioxan-Puffer-Gemischen bei pH 7 bis 12 entsteht in 90% Ausbeute Phenylmethan-phosphonsaurediathylester 10c. Die elektrochemische Oxydation von α-Diazo-arylmethan-phosphonsaureestern 19a–g und α-Diazophenylmethan-arylphosphinsaureathylestern 19h–i an der rotierenden Pt-Scheibenelektrode in 0,1 M LiClO4/Acetonitril fuhrt im Primarschritt zu Diazonium-Radikalkationen 21. Im Falle von Substraten PhCN2P(O)R2R3 mit unsubstituiertem Phenylrest am Diazo-Kohlenstoffatom dimerisieren diese Primarprodukte 21 in raschem Folgeschritt zu Diphenyl-Derivaten. Eine gleichartige Reaktion ist fur m-Substitutionsprodukte wahrscheinlich. Der Einflus dieser Folgereaktion auf das polarographische und oszillopolarographische Verhalten der organophosphor-substituierten Diazoalkane wird untersucht. Substitution des Phenylrestes in p-Stellung zum Diazo-Kohlenstoffatom verhindert diese oxydative CC-Verknupfung. Vergleiche mit der elektrochemischen Oxydation von α-Phenyl-α-diazocarbonyl-Verbindungen werden angestellt.
Quantum necking in stressed metallic nanowires

When a macroscopic metallic wire is subject to tensile stress, it necks down smoothly as it elongates. We show that nanowires with radii comparable to the Fermi wavelength display remarkably different behavior. Using concepts from fluid dynamics, a partial differential equation for nanowire shape evolution is derived from a semiclassical energy functional that includes electron-shell effects. A rich dynamics involving movement and interaction of kinks connecting locally stable radii is found, and a new class of universal equilibrium shapes is predicted.
Extended high-frame rate imaging method with limited-diffraction beams

Fast three-dimensional (3-D) ultrasound imaging is a technical challenge. Previously, a high-frame rate (HFR) imaging theory was developed in which a pulsed plane wave was used in transmission, and limited-diffraction array beam weightings were applied to received echo signals to produce a spatial Fourier transform of object function for 3-D image reconstruction. In this paper, the theory is extended to include explicitly various transmission schemes such as multiple limited-diffraction array beams and steered plane waves. A relationship between the limited-diffraction array beam weighting of received echo signals and a 2-D Fourier transform of the same signals over a transducer aperture is established. To verify the extended theory, computer simulations, in vitro experiments on phantoms, and in vivo experiments on the human kidney and heart were performed. Results show that image resolution and contrast are increased over a large field of view as more and more limited-diffraction array beams with different parameters or plane waves steered at different angles are used in transmissions. Thus, the method provides a continuous compromise between image quality and image frame rate that is inversely proportional to the number of transmissions used to obtain a single frame of image. From both simulations and experiments, the extended theory holds a great promise for future HFR 3-D imaging
Characterization of two forms of mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP): implications for evolutionary relationships and ligand-binding function.

Mouse salivary androgen-binding protein (ABP) is a member of the secretoglobin family produced in the submaxillary glands of house mice (Mus musculus). We report the cDNA sequences and amino acid sequences of the ‚ and A subunits of ABP from a mouse cDNA library, identifying the two subunits by their pIs and molecular weights. An anomalously high molecular weight of the R subunit is likely due to glycosylation at a single site. A phylogenetic comparison of the three subunits of ABP with the chains of other mammalian secretoglobins shows that ABP is most closely related to mouse lachrymal protein and to the major cat allergen Fel dI. An evaluation of the most conserved residues in ABP and the other secretoglobins, in light of structural data reported by others (Callebaut, I., Poupon, A., Bally, R., Demaret, J.-P., Housset, D., Delettre, J., Hossenlopp, P., and Mornon, J.-P. (2000) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 923 ,9 0-112; Pattabiraman, N., Matthews, J., Ward, K., Mantile-Selvaggi, G., Miele, L., and Mukherjee, A. (2000) Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 923, 113-127), allows us to draw conclusions about the critical residues important in ligand binding by the two different ABP dimers and to assess the importance of ligand binding in the function of the molecule. In addition to the cDNAs, which represent those of the musculus subspecies of Mus musculus, we also report the coding regions of the ‚ and A subunit cDNAs from two other mouse inbred strains which represent the other two subspecies: M. musculus domesticusand M. musculus castaneus. The high nonsynonymous/synonymous substitution rate ratios (Ka/Ks) for both the ‚ and A subunits suggest that these two proteins are evolving under strong directional selection, as has been reported for the R subunit (Hwang, J., Hofstetter, J., Bonhomme, F., and Karn, R. (1997) J. Hered. 88, 93-97; Karn, R., and Clements, M. (1999) Biochem. Genet. 37, 187-199).
Light harvesting dendrimers

Tree-like dendrimers with decreasing number of chromophores from periphery to core is an attractive candidate for light-harvesting applications. Numerous dendritic designs with different kinds of light-collecting chromophores at periphery and an energy-sink at the core have been demonstrated with high energy transfer efficiency. These building blocks are now being developed for several applications such as light-emitting diodes, frequency converters and other photonic devices. This review outlines the efforts that are based on both conjugated and non-conjugated dendrimers.
Is speech learning ‘gated’ by the social brain?

I advance the hypothesis that the earliest phases of language acquisition ‐ the developmental transition from an initial universal state of language processing to one that is language-specific ‐ requires social interaction. Relating human language learning to a broader set of neurobiological cases of communicative development, I argue that the social brain ‘gates’ the computational mechanisms involved in human language learning.
New Strategies for the Provision of Global Public Goods: Learning from international environmental challenges 1

The world of public goods has changed in the last quarter century. Many of the changes have their origins in massively increased human impacts on the biosphere, and in particular on important life support systems such as the carbon cycle, and on resources such as biodiversity, which operate as public goods that are privately provided. These goods have quite particular characteristics that may enhance the possibility of reaching durable international agreements concerning their provision. Adoption spillovers are important in this context: they can mitigate the normal free rider effect associated with public good provision. The private production of these public goods makes it natural to seek to use markets to manage their provision.
The Arabidopsis putative G protein-coupled receptor GCR1 interacts with the G protein α subunit GPA1 and regulates abscisic acid signaling

Heterotrimeric G proteins composed of alpha, beta, and gamma subunits link ligand perception by G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) with downstream effectors, providing a ubiquitous signaling mechanism in eukaryotes. The Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes single prototypical Galpha (GPA1) and Gbeta (AGB1) subunits, and two probable Ggamma subunits (AGG1 and AGG2). One Arabidopsis gene, GCR1, encodes a protein with significant sequence similarity to nonplant GPCRs and a predicted 7-transmembrane domain structure characteristic of GPCRs. However, whether GCR1 actually interacts with GPA1 was unknown. We demonstrate by in vitro pull-down assays, by yeast split-ubiquitin assays, and by coimmunoprecipitation from plant tissue that GCR1 and GPA1 are indeed physically coupled. GCR1-GPA1 interaction depends on intracellular domains of GCR1. gcr1 T-DNA insertional mutants exhibit hypersensitivity to abscisic acid (ABA) in assays of root growth, gene regulation, and stomatal response. gcr1 guard cells are also hypersensitive to the lipid metabolite, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), which is a transducer of the ABA signal upstream of GPA1. Because gpa1 mutants exhibit insensitivity in aspects of guard cell ABA and S1P responses, whereas gcr1 mutants exhibit hypersensitivity, GCR1 may act as a negative regulator of GPA1-mediated ABA responses in guard cells.
Growth of Grain Boundary Precipitates as a Function of Misorientation in an Al-5 WT% Cu Alloy

The size evolution of θ phase (CuAl2) precipitates as a function of time was used to study the growth of grain boundary precipitates in an Al-5 wt % Cu alloy. The kinetics were: modeled using the Brailsford and Aaron treatment of the collector plate mechanism. It was found, for a given time, that the size varied in a reproducible manner as a function of misorientation between the grains. Precipitate size was found to vary from 5 x 10-6 cm to 5 x 10-5 cm, while misorientation varied from 20 to 50 degrees for a given heat treatment period. Grain boundary misorientation was determined to be the most important factor influencing precipitate size for a given grain boundary. The grain boundary plane orientation plays a secondary role in the growth of precipitates. From these data, the relationship between grain boundary misorientation and grain boundary diffusion has been determined.
The SecureRing group communication system

Secure reliable group communication protocols can facilitate the development of survivable distributed systems that are able to remain correct and reliable despite intrusions that cause some nodes to behave in an arbitrary or malicious manner. However, the development of such protocols is itself difficult, and prior systems have exhibited high overheads, primarily due to the cost of digital signatures. The SecureRing group communication system provides secure, reliable, totally-ordered message delivery and group membership services despite the malicious corruption of a constant fraction of the processors within the system. The network is assumed not to partition, and persistent communication faults are handled as processor faults. The SecureRing message delivery protocol makes use of message digests in a signed token to allow a single digital signature to cover multiple messages, and to avoid the need for multiple rounds of message exchange in normal operation. While these techniques mean that messages are not authenticated in real time, they enable the SecureRing protocols to achieve high throughput and reasonable latency.
Pairwise Variable Selection for High-Dimensional Model-Based Clustering

Variable selection for clustering is an important and challenging problem in high-dimensional data analysis. Existing variable selection methods for model-based clustering select informative variables in a "one-in-all-out" manner; that is, a variable is selected if at least one pair of clusters is separable by this variable and removed if it cannot separate any of the clusters. In many applications, however, it is of interest to further establish exactly which clusters are separable by each informative variable. To address this question, we propose a pairwise variable selection method for high-dimensional model-based clustering. The method is based on a new pairwise penalty. Results on simulated and real data show that the new method performs better than alternative approaches that use l(1) and l(∞) penalties and offers better interpretation.
Getting From Choosing Wisely to Spending Wisely

ASCO released its second set of five Choosing Wisely recommendations, and ASTRO has issued its first set of five. The next step for specialty societies is to translate these recommendations into process-improvement activities.