cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
INTERNEURONS COMMANDING SWIMMERET MOVEMENTS IN THE CRAYFISH, PROCAMBARUS CLARKI (GIRARD).

Abstract 1. 1. Five interneurons causing bilateral rhytmic swimmeret movements when stimulated are described with their localizations in the cross-section of the cord between thorax and abdomen. 2. 2. At about 30 stimuli per sec the resulting rhythm is equivalent to that present during natural beats. Below 20 and above 100 stimuli per sec no rhythmic movements are obtained. 3. 3. As during endogenously caused rhythmicity, the swimmerets of the fifth ganglion are the first to respond. When the fifth ganglion is removed, discharges are first elicited in the first roots of the fourth ganglion, and similarly in those of the third, when the fourth is absent. No rhythmic discharges are caused in the second and first ganglion, when no posterior ganglia are present. 4. 4. The rhythmicity elicited by three of the five command fibers is indistinguishable. The other two give slightly different responses, one a more sustained one, the other a somewhat slower rhythm. 5. 5. At frequencies of stimulation away from the “optimal” (30/sec), a longer delay is observed before the first burst occurs when below, a shorter delay when above this frequency. The conduction time in the anterior direction between ganglia is not influenced, but the repetition rate of the bursts is higher with increased frequencies. 6. 6. Hemisections of the cord, involving one connective, have no influence on the ensuing bursts in any of the roots, when made in the anterior part of the cord. 7. 7. Hemisections between the third, fourth and fifth ganglia result in a dependency on the laterality of the cut. When ipsilateral to the command fiber, such cuts prevent beating in the roots posterior to the cut, but not when made contralateral. 8. 8. At least three different interneurons which inhibit the rhythmic motor discharges of both sides were shown to be present.
Borna Disease Virus

The neurotropic virus, Borna disease virus (BDV), a member of a group of nonsegmented, negative strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) viruses (order Mononegavirales), infects warm-blooded animal species. Infection among mammals may be asymptomatic, produce neurobehavioral abnormalities, or result in fatal meningoencephalitis. It is unique among animal viruses in the order Mononegavirales in its nuclear localization of replication and transcription and distinctive in its capacity to establish persistent, non-cytolytic infection of the peripheral and central nervous systems. Natural infection, long described in horses and sheep, has more recently been recognized to extend to bird species in association with a related virus, avian bornavirus, as well as to divergent bornaviruses in reptiles, challenging established virus taxonomy. Nonhuman primates can be experimentally infected; however, natural infection of humans and nonhuman primates appears to be unusual. Decades-long controversy over a role for BDV infection in human neuropsychiatric illnesses has more recently waned. Nonetheless, the discovery that the genomes of humans as well as other vertebrate lineages contain remnants of BDV sequences has raised questions regarding potential evolutionary implications. Analysis of rodent models of infection has yielded insights into the mechanisms by which neurotropic agents and host immune and signaling pathway responses may impact upon developing or mature CNS circuitry to effect complex neurobehavioral disturbances.
New Species of Prodistomum Linton, 1910 (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) From the Longtail Bass, Hemanthias leptus (Ginsburg, 1952) In The Bay of Campeche, Gulf of Mexico

Prodistomum lichtenfelsi n. sp. (Digenea: Lepocreadiidae) is described; it was obtained from the intestine of the longtail bass, Hemanthias leptus (Ginsburg), collected from the Bay of Campeche in the Gulf of Mexico. This is the first record of a parasite from this host. Prodistomum lichtenfelsi n. sp. is similar to P. hynnodi, P. menidiae, and P. waltairensis in that it possesses a prepharynx that is distinctly shorter (153 μm [110–210] long) than the combined length of the esophagus (163 μm [110–220] long) and the pseudoesophagus (137 μm [120–170] long), but it differs from them in having an excretory vesicle that extends into the forebody, a smooth ovary and testes, and vitellaria that extend to the posterior level of the esophagus. An updated key to the 12 nominal species within Prodistomum is given, and the diagnosis of the genus is emended to include species possessing a sinuous external seminal vesicle.
Verifiable radiative seesaw mechanism of neutrino mass and dark matter

Neutrino oscillations have established that neutrinos ${\ensuremath{\nu}}_{i}$ have very small masses. Theoretically, they are believed to arise through the famous seesaw mechanism from their very heavy and unobservable Dirac mass partners ${N}_{i}$. It is proposed here in a new minimal extension of the standard model with a second scalar doublet (${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}$) that the seesaw mechanism is actually radiative, and that ${N}_{i}$ and (${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{+}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}^{0}$) are experimentally observable at the forthcoming Large Hadron Collider, with the bonus that the lightest of them is also an excellent candidate for the dark matter of the Universe.
Alpha subunit position and GABA receptor function

GABA(A) (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors are ligand-gated ion channels composed of five subunits, generally two alphas, two betas, and a gamma2. Recent research in which sets of subunits containing alpha1 or alpha6 subunits were artificially linked has revealed the importance of subunit position in determining GABA(A) receptor function. Sensitivity to benzodiazepines depended on juxtaposition of an alpha1 subunit with the gamma2 subunit, whereas sensitivity to furosemide depended only on the presence of an alpha6 subunit and not on its specific location. The major utility of the linked subunit approach is to provide a mechanism for discovering the functional signatures of defined subunit arrangements, and thus a route to identifying such arrangements in vivo.
BDD decomposition for delay oriented pass transistor logic synthesis

We address the problem of synthesizing pass transistor logic (PTL), with the specific objective of delay reduction, through binary decision diagram (BDD) decomposition. The decomposition is performed by mapping the BDD to a network flow graph, and then applying the max-flow min-cut technique to bipartition the BDD optimally under a cost function that measures the delay and area of the decomposed implementations. Experimental results obtained by running our algorithm on the set of ISCAS'85 benchmarks show a 31% improvement in delay and a 30% improvement in area, on an average, as compared to static CMOS implementations for XOR intensive circuits, while in case of arithmetic logic unit and control circuits that are NAND intensive, improvements over static CMOS are small and inconsistent.
Biogas Combustion and Chemical Kinetics for Gas Turbine Applications

Biogas is produced from anaerobic digestion of biodegradable materials such as agricultural waste, animal waste, and municipal solid waste and its main constituents are CH4 and CO2. A review of biogas production and benefits as well as its combustion as an alternative gas turbine fuel is presented. To further understand the characteristics of biogas combustion, a detailed chemical kinetics study of biogas is conducted using the GRI-Mech 3.0 and the San Diego detailed mechanisms and a reduced mechanism in a counterflow configuration. Ignition delays and laminar flame speeds of some gaseous fuel blends which simulate biogas are calculated. Effects of the concentration of each species in the blend are discussed as well as its chemical contribution in the biogas combustion. Approximate analytical correlations are extracted from these results for quantitative predictions. Results of this study will provide valuable data both for gas turbine manufacturers and for biogas producers to modify the gas turbine design for biogas and to figure out how much cleaning and upgrading is required for biogas turbines.
Assessment of the disturbances in metabolic homeostasis: a hypothesis of synergism.

Based on the hypothesis that a synergistic interaction between triiodothyronine (T(3)) and insulin contributes to abnormalities in glucose and other metabolic pathways, the mechanisms underlying the impairment of metabolic homeostasis (MH) and the development of type-2 diabetes (DM) were investigated via a proposed homeostatic model, [(FG*TG)/T3*FI)]. The MH model characterizes the relationship between T(3) and insulin and the levels of triglycerides (TG), fasting insulin (FI), and fasting glucose (FG) and is introduced as a clinical method to assess insulin sensitivity and the status of metabolic homeostasis in lieu of current screening models advocated by the by American Diabetic Association (ADA). The present study validated the hypothetical model in a sample of 110 African-American women.
Comparative Oncology: What Dogs and Other Species Can Teach Us About Humans With Cancer

Over 1.66 million humans (approx. 500/100 000 population rate) and over 4.2 million dogs (approx. 5300/100 000 population rate) are diagnosed with cancer annually in the USA. The interdisciplinary field of comparative oncology offers a unique and strong opportunity to learn more about universal cancer risk and development through epidemiology, genetic and genomic investigations. Working across species, researchers from human and veterinary medicine can combine scientific findings to understand more quickly the origins of cancer and translate these findings to novel therapies to benefit both human and animals. This review begins with the genetic origins of canines and their advantage in cancer research. We next focus on recent findings in comparative oncology related to inherited, or genetic, risk for tumour development. We then detail the somatic, or genomic, changes within tumours and the similarities between species. The shared cancers between humans and dogs that we discuss include sarcoma (osteosarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, histiocytic sarcoma, hemangiosarcoma), haematological malignancies (lymphoma, leukaemia), bladder cancer, intracranial neoplasms (meningioma, glioma) and melanoma. Tumour risk in other animal species is also briefly discussed. As the field of genomics advances, we predict that comparative oncology will continue to benefit both humans and the animals that live among us.
Invention of p-n junction isolation in integrated circuits

The origin of the p-n junction isolation technique is clarified, and certain allegations in a recent article by Kilby are repudiated.
Congruence: An integrative five-dimension model / Kongruenz: Ein integratives Modell mit fünf Dimensionen / Congruencia: Un modelo integrativo de cinco dimensiones / La Congruence: Un modèle intégratif en cinq dimensions / Congruência: Um modelo integrativo em cinco dimensões /

Abstract There have been numerous discussions of the concept of congruence. This paper presents a five-dimension model that brings different aspects together, clarifying their similarities and differences. It articulates various characteristics of congruence, including what it means to be a person, relationships with other person-centered and experiential theoretical concepts, historical and conceptual contexts, and appropriate synonyms inherent in these discussions. The paper explores the different dimensions separately with the understanding that congruence in practice is a unified experience.
Enabling a Uniform Programming Model Across the Software/Hardware Boundary

In this paper, we present hthreads, a unifying programming model for specifying application threads running within a hybrid CPU/FPGA system. Threads are specified from a single pthreads multithreaded application program and compiled to run on the CPU or synthesized to run on the FPGA. The hthreads system, in general, is unique within the reconfigurable computing community as it abstracts the CPU/FPGA components into a unified custom threaded multiprocessor architecture platform. To support the abstraction of the CPU/FPGA component boundary, we have created the hardware thread interface (HWTI) component that frees the designer from having to specify and embed platform specific instructions to form customized hardware/ software interactions. Instead, the hardware thread interface supports the generalized pthreads API semantics, and allows passing of abstract data types between hardware and software threads. Thus the hardware thread interface provides an abstract, platform independent compilation target that enables thread and instruction-level parallelism across the software/hardware boundary.
Arginine vasotocin‐induced in vitro oviductal contractions in Anolis carolinensis: Effect of steroid hormone pretreatment in vivo

Ovariectomized female Anolis carolinensis were treated for 14 days with one of the following regimens: (1) estradiol (1 μg/0.05 ml saline/day), (2) progesterone (10 μg/0.05 ml saline/day), or saline (0.05 ml/day). Oviducts then were removed surgically and placed in a bath containing Munsick's solution, to which was added either arginine vasotocin (30 ng/ml) or saline. Although saline produced no effects, AVT-treated oviducts exhibited rhythmic contractions regardless of pretreatment regimen. Five parameters of the contractions measured were: (1) duration, (2) amplitude, (3) Strength (duration × amplitude), (4) frequency, and (5) rest. Each parameter then was analyzed using a 2 × 3 × 8 mixed, repeated measure design and analysis. Pretreatment with estradiol and progesterone significantly affected contraction strength, amplitude, and duration. Progesterone pretreatment produced oviductal contractions significantly stronger than saline pretreatment (p < 0. 001), whereas estradiol pretreatment produced significantly weaker contractions that saline pretreatment (p < 0.001). These findings are in contrast to those previously recorded for mammals and other reptiles in which estrogens support and progesterone inhibits uterine contractions. These data may suggest a unique adaptation of hormonal control of oviductal contraction in A. carolinensis to the alteration of oviposition during this lizard's reproductive cycle.
The role of quinolones in abdominal surgery.

The quinolone antibiotics have been a major advance for the treatment of various types of infections. These agents have generally good safety profiles, broad-spectrum activity, and favorable pharma...
Depressed prostaglandin E1 and 5-hydroxytryptamine removal in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome

Because experimental lung injury is associated with decreased removal of 3H-prostaglandin E1 (3H-PGE1) and 14C-5-hydroxytryptamine (14C-5-HT), we questioned whether a similar reduction would be evident in patients with the adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Accordingly, we measured, by indicator dilution techniques, pulmonary removal of 3H-PGE1 and 14C-5-HT in 11 patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery in whom respiratory function was essentially normal, and compared them with similar measurements in 9 patients who had ARDS. In addition, we made 5 successive measurements of lung removal functions in the bypass group of patients during the 48-h period after the first measurement. These measurements were made before and 4 times (within 48 h) after the first measurement. Before bypass, removal of 3H-PGE1 and 14C-5-HT was 78 +/- 2 SEM and 89 +/- 2%, respectively; these did not change during the subsequent 48 h. Therefore, we compared prebypass values in this group with measurements made in patients with ARDS. The latter group had significantly decreased removal of 3H-PGE1 and 14C-5-HT (values were 66 +/- 3 and 72 +/- 5%, respectively). We suggest that these changes reflect a diffuse functional injury to the endothelium similar to that seen after acute lung injury in laboratory animals.
Changes in Gene Expression at Inhibitory Synapses in Response to Taurine Treatment

We have previously shown that chronic supplementation of taurine to mice significantly ameliorated the age-dependent decline in memory acquisition and retention. We also showed that concomitant with the amelioration in cognitive function, taurine caused significant alterations in the GABAergic and somatonergic system. These changes include increased levels of the neurotransmitters GABA and glutamate, increased expression of both isoforms of GAD and the neuropeptide somatostatin, decreased hippocampal expression of the beta (β) 2/3 subunits of the GABA(A) receptor, an increase in the number of somatostatin-positive neurons, and an increase in the amplitude and duration of population spikes recorded from CA1 in response to Schaefer collateral stimulation and enhanced paired pulse facilitation in the hippocampus. These specific alterations of the inhibitory system caused by taurine treatment oppose those naturally induced by aging, suggesting a protective role of taurine in this process. In this study, we further investigated the effects of taurine on gene expression of relevant proteins of the inhibitory synapses using qRT-PCR method and found that taurine affects gene expression of various subunits of the GABA(A) receptors and GAD. Increased understanding the effects of taurine on gene expression will increase our understanding of age-related taurine-mediated neurochemical changes in the GABAergic system and will be important in elucidating the underpinnings of the functional changes of aging. Taurine might help forestall the age-related decline in cognitive functions through interaction with the GABAergic system.
Patterns of blood pressure variability in normotensive and hypertensive rats

We sought patterns in mean arterial pressure of normotensive rats and alterations in chronic hypertension. Pressure was recorded for 4-6 days by telemetry from conscious, unrestrained rats and sampled digitally at 3 Hz, using normotensive Sprague-Dawley rats, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR), and Sprague-Dawley rats with two-kidney, one-clip renovascular hypertension (2K,1C). Time series analysis was by fast Fourier transform. Power spectra were divided into ultradian (frequencies > 1/day), circadian (frequency = 1/day), and infradian (frequencies 10 mHz, power continued to decrease but with a lower slope. A peak centered at approximately 100 mHz was present in both normotensive and 2K,1C rats but not in SHR. SHR had significantly more ultradian power than the others. The circadian rhythm modulated power in the ultradian band. Modulation was most prominent in normotensives, in which the ultradian activity was highest during the night when rats are active and lowest during the day; less pronounced in 2K,1C; and not detectable in SHR. There are regular patterns of blood pressure fluctuations and specific modifications to the patterns by different forms of hypertension.
Lasing process inside gas-state media of a diode-pumped alkali laser

A diode-pumped alkali laser (DPAL) provides the significant promise for high-powered performances. For an end-pumped DPAL, both the absorption and the lasing distribution crucially affect the output physical features. In this report, a mathematical model is introduced for examining the absorption and lasing processes of the gas-state media by using a segmental approach. The energy transmission inside the oscillator has been theoretically analyzed for construction of a reciprocating regime which is based on the self-consistency principle. Basically, the conclusion can be extended to any end-pumped laser configurations.
Transgenic FingRs for Live Mapping of Synaptic Dynamics in Genetically-Defined Neurons

Tools for genetically-determined visualization of synaptic circuits and interactions are necessary to build connectomics of the vertebrate brain and to screen synaptic properties in neurological disease models. Here we develop a transgenic FingR (fibronectin intrabodies generated by mRNA display) technology for monitoring synapses in live zebrafish. We demonstrate FingR labeling of defined excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and show FingR applicability for dissecting synapse dynamics in normal and disease states. Using our system we show that chronic hypoxia, associated with neurological defects in preterm birth, affects dopaminergic neuron synapse number depending on the developmental timing of hypoxia.
The Adaptively Biased Molecular Dynamics method revisited: New capabilities and an application

The free energy is perhaps one of the most important quantity required for describing biomolecular systems at equilibrium. Unfortunately, accurate and reliable free energies are notoriously difficult to calculate. To address this issue, we previously developed the Adaptively Biased Molecular Dynamics (ABMD) method for accurate calculation of rugged free energy surfaces (FES). Here, we briefly review the workings of the ABMD method with an emphasis on recent software additions, along with a short summary of a selected ABMD application based on the B-to-Z DNA transition. The ABMD method, along with current extensions, is currently implemented in the AMBER (ver.10-14) software package.
Echocardiography in Heart Failure

Other factors playing vital roles include age, sex, underlying etiology, and the pattern of neurohormonal mechanisms that attempt to counterbalance the hemodynamic effects of a compromised heart muscle function. In absence of a reversible etiology, these homeostatic changes, however, initiate a vicious cycle in which the chamber progressively dilates, hypertrophies, and becomes spherical – a process referred to as “remodeling.” Echocardiography, by virtue of its ability to provide simultaneous structural and functional assessment, plays a pivotal role for establishing the pattern and magnitude of myocardial dysfunction. Being user friendly, cost effective and readily available, its use has grown widely in recent years for risk stratification of heart failure in patients with either symptomatic or subclinical forms of left ventricular dysfunction and for serial tracking of responses following initiation of therapeutic strategies for halting or reversing cardiac remodeling.
A two species genetic algorithm for designing composite laminates subjected to uncertainty

The high computational cost associated with genetic algorithms make the use thereof impractical in most two level optimization problems. A two species genetic algorithm is introduced as a way of overcoming this problem by effectively reducing the two level problem to a single level. The present paper describes features that had to be introduced for successful implementation of the two species genetic algorithm. These features concern the fitness evaluation as well as the rate of evolution for each of the two species. Finally the paper shows a successful application of the two species genetic algorithm to the design of a composite laminate plate, subject to uncertainty. Significant savings in computational cost compared to the corresponding two level problem are demonstrated.
Regulation of the Farming Business

Governmental regulation of business is not unique to the twentieth century. This is true of business in general, and of farming in particular.
Analysis on the impact of temperature on transformer tan δ measurement

Dielectric loss factor tan δ is an important parameter reflecting the insulation condition of capacitive equipment,which is impacted by environmental factors(such as temperature,humidity and defacing),frequency and voltage levels.There are some provisions about transformer dielectric loss temperature conversion in existing rules.However,in a large number of tests,the inapplicability of the rules was found.Some typical data were illustrated to analyze this phenomenon.According to the changes of dielectric properties of transformer insulation at different temperatures,combined with theory of dielectric physics,the inner regalarity of the changes,and the relationship between transformer insulation paper's and oil's dielectric losses were analyzed by tests,and recommendations on the implementation of the existing rules were given,which are useful to the assessment of transformer insulation status.
A GA-based optimization scheme for extracting the equivalent-circuit models of spiral inductors embedded in a multilayer structure: Research Articles

In this article, we present a parameter extraction approach for deriving the equivalent lumped-element model of spiral inductors embedded in a multilayer structure by using the genetic algorithm (GA). In many RFIC applications, it is very important to achieve an inductor with a good quality factor (Q), and this depends on several interdependent parameters, such as the spiral width, spacing, number of turns, inner radius, and so forth. The effects of varying the spiral width, spacing, inner radius, conductor thickness, and insulator thickness on the parameters of interest, namely, inductance and Q, are investigated using the proposed method and a guideline to design an inductor with a maximum quality factor is presented. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE, 2005.
Unrelated donor and autologous marrow transplant therapy of chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

Marrow transplant from an HLA-matched sibling donor can cure CML. Best results are observed when patients are transplanted early in chronic phase. T-lymphocyte depletion of donor marrow can effectively prevent chronic graft versus host disease, but is associated with a high incidence of relapse. Hematologic relapse after marrow transplantation can be treated successfully with alpha-interferon, donor buffy coat cells or second transplant. HLA phenotypically matched and, in some cases, 1 HLA antigen mismatched unrelated donors can also be used successfully for marrow transplantation therapy of CML. Complications include an increased incidence of graft failure and graft vs. host disease. Chronic phase patients transplanted early in the disease course have the best outcome. The development of the National Marrow Donor Program in the United States and a network of donor registries throughout the world as well as the establishment of new techniques for histocompatibility testing will increase the availability of unrelated donors and expedite the donor search process. Autologous marrow transplantation can induce complete hematologic and cytogenetic remissions and may prolong survival when compared with results expected from conventional therapy for CML. Strategies are being developed to obtain benign primitive progenitors suitable for autologous marrow transplantation by positive selection techniques and to develop further post-transplant anti-leukemia cell therapy to use as an adjunct to autologous marrow transplantation for CML.
Many-body quantum mechanics: too big to fail?

Special purpose quantum computers---realized with current technology---have the potential to revolutionize physics, chemistry, and materials science.
At the Intersection of Music Theory and Ideology: A. Z. Idelsohn and the Ashkenazi Prayer Mode Magen Avot

ABSTRACTThe study of liturgical music of the Jewish Ashkenazi tradition raises some interesting methodological issues with respect to music theory. Ashkenazi practice may be understood as an applied version of a music theory that has yet to be conceptualized and articulated. Foundations for the modern endeavor to formulate a theory of Ashkenazi liturgical music, one based on the concept of modes or scales, were laid by the work of pioneering ethnomusicologist A. Z. Idelsohn. Although his ideas still exercise a profound influence on the field, Idelsohn’s ideological and methodological preconceptions about the Magen Avot prayer mode have introduced a variety of stumbling blocks that have impeded progress in understanding the music-theory underpinnings of Ashkenazi liturgical music.
A gaze based operator instrumentation approach for the command of multiple autonomous vehicles

The control of multiple unmanned vehicles with higher levels of autonomy by a single operator has posed unique human systems integration challenges. To address this, previous researchers have attempted to assess aspects of human cognition in real time in order to expand the information exchange bandwidth to improve performance. Here, the accumulation of operator gaze data over a geospatial search area was used to refine a search area for a group of collaborative unmanned vehicles. This passively collected point of gaze input (instrumentation condition) was compared to a standard mouse input and multimodal input condition that required manual region of interest selection in a dual search area refinement task and target detection task. Data were collected in an immersive virtual environment with a head mounted display. Results indicated that gaze data were significantly correlated with predefined regions of interest, while workload from pupillometry data and target detection performance changed significantly across input conditions. These results are discussed in terms of visual attention allocation during scene recognition, and challenges with multimodal input that utilize point of gaze.
Free and Fair? Rhodesians Reflect on the Elections of 1979 and 1980

The elections of April 1979 and February 1980 were the first in Rhodesia/Zimbabwe's history to permit universal adult suffrage, allowing for black majority rule. In the first election, Bishop Abel ...
A Scalable Hybrid Scheme for Ray-Casting of Unstructured Volume Data

We present an algorithm for parallel volume rendering that is a hybrid between classical object order and image order techniques. The algorithm operates on unstructured grids (and structured ones), and thus can deal with block boundaries interleaving in complex ways. It also deals effectively with cases that are prone to load imbalance, i.e., cases where cell sizes differ dramatically, either because of the nature of the input data, or because of the effects of the camera transformation. The algorithm divides work over resources such that each phase of its processing is bounded in the amount of computation it can perform. We demonstrate its efficacy through a series of studies, varying over camera position, data set size, transfer function, image size, and processor count. At its biggest, our experiments scaled up to 8,192 processors and operated on data sets with more than one billion cells. In total, we find that our hybrid algorithm performs well in all cases. This is because our algorithm naturally adapts its computation based on workload, and can operate like either an object order technique or an image order technique in scenarios where those techniques are efficient.
Soot Formation in Jet-Stirred Reactors

Initial soot production data from a liquid fuel spray injected jet-stirred reactor are described and compared with previous data obtained from gas phase stirred reactors. Significant sooting differences observed for the two methods of fuel injection appear to be attributable to the pyrolysis, vaporization, and burning of liquid droplets within the spray injected reactor. Overall results imply that both chemical (structure) and physical (injection characteristics) fuel parameters can significantly affect the production of soot in stirred reactors
Backward Induction in the Wild: Evidence from the U.S. Senate

Backward induction is a cornerstone of modern game theory. Yet, laboratory exper- iments consistently show that subjects fail to properly backward induct. Whether thesendings generalize to other, real-world settings remains an open question. This paper develops a simple model of sequential voting in the U.S. Senate that allows for a straightforward test of the null hypothesis of myopic play. Exploiting quasi-random variation in the alphabetical composition of the Senate and, there- fore, the order in which Senators get to cast their votes, the evidence suggests that agents do rely on backward reasoning. At the same time, Senators' backward in- duction prowess appears to be quite limited. In particular, there is no evidence of Senators reasoning backwards on therst several hundred roll call votes in which they participate.
Agriculture as the Foundation

Post-Leap rural recovery entailed reforms pushing responsibility down the organizational structure to production teams and brigades (huge communes had proved unwieldy), prioritizing agricultural requirements over industrial needs, building rural production facilities and free-standing electric stations, and supporting market-responsive activity by farmers and craftsmen. Yet rural cadres and managers were persistently undertrained and overburdened, and often failed to constrain households eagerness to grow, make, and trade—some even abandoning rural life for illegal entry to town and city commercial circles. Controversies arose over everything from prohibiting eating frogs (they consumed kilos of insects) to surging market fairs (handling an estimated 25% of rural production). Self-reliant counties helped co-ops build small plants to make tools, cement, and fertilizer with local, not central resources. Thereby decentralization opened spaces for steps toward greater rural prosperity, but undermined revolutionary values
An Extremely Low-Cost Wind Emulator

In recent times, wind power generation has become one of the most promising technologies to generate electricity from the renewable energy sources. This paper presents an extremely low-cost wind turbine-generator emulator (WTGE), a scaled down model of an actual 1MW wind turbine-generator. It consists of: real-time wind speed profile, mathematical model of the turbine, PMSM under vector control and its control to achieve maximum power point across varying wind speed. This system was designed using a proprietary custom designed model based numerical simulation and rapid real-time prototyping platform called Workbench. This platform seamlessly allows transitioning from simulation to real-time. The simulation results are validated with the help of hardware setup and are presented in this paper.
GPUGuard: mitigating contention based side and covert channel attacks on GPUs

Graphics processing units (GPUs) are moving towards supporting concurrent kernel execution where multiple kernels may be co-executed on the same GPU and even on the same streaming multiprocessor (SM) core. While concurrent kernel execution improves hardware resource utilization, it opens up vulnerabilities to covert-channel and side-channel attacks. These attacks exploit information leakage across kernels that results from contention on shared resources; they have been shown to be a dangerous threat on CPUs, and are starting to be demonstrated on GPUs. The unique micro-architectural features of GPUs, such as specialized cache structures and massive parallel thread support, create opportunities for GPU-specific channels to be formed. In this paper, we propose GPUGuard, a decision tree based detection and a hierarchical defense framework that can reliably close the covert channels. Our results show that GPUGuard can detect contention with 100% sensitivity and a small (8.5%) false positive rate. The timing channels are mitigated through Tangram, a GPU-specific contention channel elimination scheme, with only 8% to 23% overhead when there is an attack and zero performance overhead when no attacks are detected. Compared to temporal partitioning, GPUGuard is 69%-96% faster in various architectures even when active, showing that it is possible to gain substantial performance from executing concurrent kernels on a single SM while securing GPUs against these attacks.
Sensitivity of ultrasound in detecting hepatocellular carcinoma in obese patients compared to explant pathology as the gold standard

Background/Aims: The American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases recommends ultrasound (US) screening for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among cirrhotic patients, regardless of body mass index (BMI), every 6 months. We examined US sensitivity for diagnosis of HCC in obese patients. Methods: Liver transplant patients data with HCC in explant was used (January 2012-December 2017). All patients underwent liver US within 3 months of diagnosis of HCC. Number/size of HCC lesions were extracted from radiologic and pathologic reports. Obesity was defined as BMI ≥30 kg/m2. Results: One hundred sixteen patients were included. 80% were male, with mean BMI of 31 kg/m2. The most common underlying liver disease was hepatitis C virus (62%). At the time of diagnosis, median number of HCC lesions was 2 (interquartile range [IQR], 1-3), and median size of the largest lesion was 2.5 cm (IQR, 1.75-3.9). Overall sensitivity of US study for detection of HCC was 33% (95% confidence interval [CI], 29-48%). Sensitivity was 77% (95% CI, 62-93%) in patients with BMI<30 and 21% (95% CI, 11-30%) in patients with BMI≥30 (P<0.001). Size of the largest HCC lesion (P=0.290) and number of lesions (P=0.505) were not different between groups. Computed tomography (CT) scan detected HCC in 98% of the obese patients with negative US. Conclusions: Sensitivity of US for detection of HCC is significantly lower among obese patients compared to overweight and normal weight patients. These patients may benefit from alternating between US and a different imaging modality.
CIMAT: A Compute-In-Memory Architecture for On-chip Training Based on Transpose SRAM Arrays

Rapid development in deep neural networks (DNNs) is enabling many intelligent applications. However, on-chip training of DNNs is challenging due to the extensive computation and memory bandwidth requirements. To solve the bottleneck of the memory wall problem, compute-in-memory (CIM) approach exploits the analog computation along the bit line of the memory array thus significantly speeds up the vector-matrix multiplications. So far, most of the CIM-based architectures target at implementing inference engine for offline training only. In this article, we propose CIMAT, a CIM Architecture for Training. At the bitcell level, we design two versions of 7T and 8T transpose SRAM to implement bi-directional vector-to-matrix multiplication that is needed for feedforward (FF) and backprogpagation (BP). Moreover, we design the periphery circuitry, mapping strategy and the data flow for the BP process and weight update to support the on-chip training based on CIM. To further improve training performance, we explore the pipeline optimization of proposed architecture. We utilize the mature and advanced CMOS technology at 7 nm to design the CIMAT architecture with 7T/8T transpose SRAM array that supports bi-directional parallel read. We explore the 8-bit training performance of ImageNet on ResNet-18, showing that 7T-based design can achieve 3.38× higher energy efficiency (∼6.02 TOPS/W), 4.34× frame rate (∼4,020 fps) and only 50 percent chip size compared to the baseline architecture with conventional 6T SRAM array that supports row-by-row read only. The even better performance is obtained with 8T-based architecture, which can reach ∼10.79 TOPS/W and ∼48,335 fps with 74-percent chip area compared to the baseline.
Inpatient morbidity and mortality of measles in the United States.

Background Measles is an extremely contagious, vaccine-preventable infection that was officially declared eradicated in the US in 2000. However, measles outbreaks are increasingly occurring in the US. Measles cases have considerable morbidity requiring hospitalization, yet little is known about hospitalization and complications from measles in recent years. Objectives To analyze the frequency, predictors, costs and other outcomes of hospitalization for measles in the US. Methods The 2002-2016 Nationwide Inpatient Sample, containing a 20% sample of US hospitalizations (n = 96,568,625), was analyzed. Measles and comorbidities were defined by International Classification of Disease, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) or ICD-10-CM codes. Multivariable survey logistic regression and linear regression models controlling for sociodemographic demographic factors were constructed to understand associations with organ-specific complications, and cost of care and length of stay, respectively. Results Overall, 1,018 measles hospitalizations occurred in 2002-2016, and hospitalizations increased over time. In multivariable logistic regression models, measles was associated with higher odds of gastrointestinal, hematologic, infectious, neurologic, ophthalmologic, pulmonary, and renal complications, with the strongest association observed with encephalitis (39.84 [16.51-96.12], P 0.05). There were 34 deaths in hospitalized measles patients; inpatient mortality was numerically higher in those with vs. without measles (proportion ± SEM: 3.3±1.2% vs. 2.3±0.01%, P = 0.333). Limitations Lack of outpatient or prescription data. Conclusions Measles continues to pose a substantial and preventable health care burden, with serious complications, hospitalization and inpatient mortality. Further studies are needed to improve the prevention and management of measles.
Gender and the Superintendency: The Power of Career Paths

Purpose: The gender gap in educational leadership is a national social justice issue. Despite efforts to increase the number of female superintendents in the US, representation remains low. This article investigates the career paths and perspectives of current and aspirant superintendents in Pennsylvania. Research Design: This mixed methods study used an electronic survey with both quantitative multiple choice items and qualitative open-response items. Findings: The gender gap persists Pennsylvania with possible perpetuation by female assistant superintendents’ disinterest in the positions. The insider path (ascending into the superintendency from inside the school district) was preferred and perceived as most optimal; however, more superintendents and assistant superintendents pursued outsider career paths (ascending into the superintendency from positions outside of the district). Aspirant superintendents considered insider paths most optimal due to interpersonal factors while superintendents based perceptions on intrapersonal factors. Outsider paths were most optimal based on applicant traits according to superintendents while assistant superintendents cited various drivers with no prominent theme. Superintendents chose insider paths due to interpersonal factors and outsider paths due to district traits. Conclusions: Similarities and differences in career planning preferences by men and women aspirant superintendents indicates an understanding by women of the insider path’s potential to overcome bias regarding women in leadership roles. As this career path is frequently not an option, women must choose not to aspire or to prepare themselves for possible gender bias in hiring when applying as outsiders.
The Impact of Practitioners’ Personality Traits on Their Level of Systems-Thinking Skills Preferences

In this study, we used a structural equation modeling method to investigate the relationship between systems engineers and engineering managers’ Systems-Thinking (ST) skills preferences and their P...
MINVO Basis: Finding Simplexes with Minimum Volume Enclosing Polynomial Curves.

This paper studies the polynomial basis that generates the smallest $n$-simplex enclosing a given $n^{\text{th}}$-degree polynomial curve in $\mathbb{R}^n$. Although the Bernstein and B-Spline polynomial bases provide feasible solutions to this problem, the simplexes obtained by these bases are not the smallest possible, which leads to overly conservative results in many CAD (computer-aided design) applications. We first prove that the polynomial basis that solves this problem (MINVO basis) also solves for the $n^\text{th}$-degree polynomial curve with largest convex hull enclosed in a given $n$-simplex. Then, we present a formulation that is independent of the $n$-simplex or $n^{\text{th}}$-degree polynomial curve given. By using Sum-Of-Squares (SOS) programming, branch and bound, and moment relaxations, we obtain high-quality feasible solutions for any $n\in\mathbb{N}$, and prove (numerical) global optimality for $n=1,2,3$ and (numerical) local optimality for $n=4$. The results obtained for $n=3$ show that, for any given $3^{\text{rd}}$-degree polynomial curve in $\mathbb{R}^3$, the MINVO basis is able to obtain an enclosing simplex whose volume is $2.36$ and $254.9$ times smaller than the ones obtained by the Bernstein and B-Spline bases, respectively. When $n=7$, these ratios increase to $902.7$ and $2.997\cdot10^{21}$, respectively.
The Variability of Pelvic Obliquity Measurements in Patients with Neuromuscular Scoliosis.

Pelvic obliquity (PO), or pelvic alignment in the coronal plane, is an important radiographic parameter to indicate fusion levels and judge success of scoliosis correction in patients with neuromuscular scoliosis. There are multiple commonly used techniques to measure PO that have good to excellent interrater and intrarater reliability, but these different methods yield inconsistent values when used on the same radiograph. This study evaluates the inconsistency in the magnitude of PO measurements for patients with neuromuscular scoliosis among 5 common measurement techniques. Methods Radiographs of 63 patients with neuromuscular scoliosis were evaluated by 5 raters. Each rater measured PO on each radiograph using the Osebold, O'Brien, Allen and Ferguson, Lindseth, and Maloney techniques. Patients were divided into 2 cohorts based on coronal balance or imbalance. Interrater and intrarater analyses were performed using a 2-way random effects model to calculate absolute agreement. The mean difference in PO between all possible pairs of the techniques was compared using a 2-tailed t test. Results The Maloney and Osebold techniques demonstrated excellent interrater reliability, and the Maloney, Osebold, and O'Brien techniques demonstrated excellent intrarater reliability. Significant differences in PO measurement were found in 6 of the 10 comparisons for the balanced spines and 8 of the 10 comparisons for the unbalanced spines. Variability in measurement was captured by best-fit lines, which demonstrated greater dispersion between the means for the Osebold and Maloney techniques in the unbalanced spines than in the balanced spines. Conclusions To our knowledge, this study is the first to evaluate mean differences in magnitude of PO among common measurement techniques while accounting for coronal imbalance. Although there is no gold standard for measuring PO, the Maloney and Osebold techniques are the most consistent. This study suggests that those 2 techniques can be used interchangeably when the spine is coronally balanced, but the Osebold technique becomes more inconsistent than the Maloney technique when coronal imbalance exceeds 2 cm. Clinical relevance This information is relevant to surgeons using PO to plan fusion levels and striving for objective ways to judge correction intraoperatively as well as for researchers compiling PO data from multiple centers or studies.