cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bank of America's Archival Program

THE archival program of Bank of America was an outgrowth of the desire to have a factual and readable history written by a professional historian and published in commemoration of the centennial of the State of California. For this undertaking Marquis and Bessie James were commissioned, with the understanding that they would have free access to all records and would be authorized to find the facts and to relate them as they saw them. Up to this time the bank had neither an archives nor a records management program. More than 40 years' accumulation of records and correspondence files had been stored, without any systematic scheme for reference, wherever the basements of branch buildings provided suitable facilities. Among the hundreds of file boxes were those containing the correspondence of A. P. Giannini, the founder of the bank. These were of particular interest and value to the authors because his letters gave them an excellent insight into the personal characteristics, philosophies, and business principles of the man who founded a bank for "the little fellow," as he frequently referred to the man of moderate means. He started a bank not to make money for himself but because he felt that the other banks in San Francisco were not lending enough money to "small borrowers," particularly foreigners. After the earthquake and fire of 1906 the growth of the bank was phenomenal, and in 1909 Giannini decided to make his bank available to "the little fellow" in the rural areas of California through the establishment of a branch banking system. During the early years of his expansion program most new branches were opened by the acquisition of other banks. This practice eventually led, in 1948, to the bringing of antitrust charges by the Federal Reserve Board under the Clayton Act. The successful defense against these charges was greatly facilitated by the ready access to the many important documents among the executive correspondence and other records that Mrs. James and her research staff had collected and assembled in their pursuit of source material for writing the history of the bank. Recognizing how essential this nucleus of
Plasma Shape Control: A General Approach and Its Application to Alcator C-Mod

AbstractA general approach to plasma shape control and its application to the Alcator C-Mod tokamak are described. The method is linear in the magnetic measurements but is entirely algorithmic, requiring no fitting of databases. Estimators of the shape parameters are based on a complete vacuum reconstruction of the flux, so that control points can be defined anywhere within the reconstructed region. The conversion of flux differences into flux-surface distances and the calculation of appropriate coil currents for controlling each parameter require a specific reference equilibrium. However, the control is very insensitive to the choice of reference equilibrium provided that the shape parameters are chosen appropriately. Control current combinations that are orthogonal, in the sense of changing one parameter and not the others, are obtained. Experiments with these estimators and controllers show them to be accurate and robust over a wide range of plasma shapes.
Populist radical right parties in Europe: Assessing impact: populist radical right parties vs. European democracies

Minor parties that succeeded in passing the threshold of representation, even though they are electorally weak, function in various ways … They challenge either the ideological and symbolic aspects of the system or its rules of the game … Because of the ways they bypass obstacles, they are also initiators of new patterns of political competition. As such, they are relevant to the political system and to its understanding. (Herzog 1987: 326) On the surface nothing trembled, no walls collapsed, even the windows remained intact, but the earth moved in the depths. (Epstein 1996: 20) Introduction Both inside and outside of the academic community, scores of claims are made about the political impact of the populist radical right party family on European democracies. According to various commentators populist radical right parties “poison the political atmosphere” (PER 2002: 11). While much speculation abounds about the alleged impact of populist radical right parties on European democracies, few commentators have addressed the other side of the coin, i.e. the impact of European democracies on populist radical right parties. This chapter discusses the crucial issue of political impact , largely on the basis of the insights of the few academic studies on the topic published so far. The focus is on the impact both of populist radical right parties on European democracies and of European democracies on populist radical right parties.
Community Health Workers for Surgery: A Pilot Study of an mHealth Application for the Early Detection of Surgical Site Infection in Rural Haiti

RESULTS: In 82 days, 470 Twitter followers from 37 countries and 6 continents and 188 Facebook fans from 32 countries were amassed. The majority of SM engagements were from high-income countries and mirror global use of SM. The LCoGS’s launching publication reached over 180,000 people on Twitter. Among over 1.7million scientific articles tracked by a tool called Altmetric, the launching publication is in the top 5% of all articles discussed on Twitter. During LCoGS1, we received over 1000 replies to SM posts. Several novel ideas from these interactions have strengthened the commission process.
Scalable, Divergent Synthesis of Meroterpenoids via “Borono-sclareolide”

A scalable, divergent synthesis of bioactive meroterpenoids has been developed. A key component of this work is the invention of “borono-sclareolide”, a terpenyl radical precursor that enables gram-scale preparation of (+)-chromazonarol. Subsequent synthetic operations on this key intermediate permit rapid access to a variety of related meroterpenoids, many of which possess important biological activity.
Cholesterol esterases. VII. Hydrolysis of branched chain esters by pancreatic cholesterol esterase.

SummaryThe synthesis and characteristics of a series of branched chain fatty acid ester of cholesterol are described. The hydrolysis of these esters by pancreatic cholesterol esterase was determined under standard conditions. The branched chain acid esters were hydrolyzed at lower rates than corresponding n-acid esters. The closer the location of the branch to the ester bond, the greater the depression in activity. Esters with ethyl groups on carbon 2 were hydrolyzed at a slower rate than those with methyl groups at this location.
The RET Program in the Center for Materials for Information Technology at the University of Alabama

The Center for Materials for Information Technology has a mission of outreach to middle school students. For the past two years our Center has run a summer research experiences for teachers (RET) program. A primary emphasis of the Center’s educational outreach activities involves collaboration with a very innovative 6th to 8th grade Integrated Science (IS) curriculum based in the Center for Communication and Educational Technology at the University of Alabama. Each summer three teachers from the IS program spent ten weeks working in the Center to develop demonstrations or activities for use in their classrooms. The emphasis was on demonstrations of magnetism and magnetic materials. In addition to these activities, the teachers have also assisted in the development of Computer Aided Instructional (CAI) software for use in their science classrooms. Both the activities and the software developed this summer will be made available to all of the teachers and students participating in the IS curriculum, approximately 1400 teachers and 170,000 students.
DYNAMIC RIGHT TO LEFT SHUNT IN PATIENT WITH UNEXPLAINED HYPOXEMIA

Previously we described a reliable method based on immunodepletion for isolating mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) from murine bone marrow and showed that, after intracranial transplantation, the cells migrated throughout forebrain and cerebellum and adopted neural cell fates. Here we systemically administered MSCs purified by immunodepletion from male bleomycin (BLM)-resistant BALB/c mice into female BLM-sensitive C57BL/6 recipients and quantified engraftment levels in lung by real-time PCR. Male DNA accounted for 2.21 × 10-5% of the total lung DNA in control-treated mice but was increased 23-fold (P = 0.05) in animals exposed to BLM before MSC transplantation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that engrafted male cells were localized to areas of BLM-induced injury and exhibited an epithelium-like morphology. Moreover, purification of type II epithelial cells from the lungs of transplant recipients resulted in a 3-fold enrichment of male, donor-derived cells as compared with whole lung tissue. MSC administration immediately after exposure to BLM also significantly reduced the degree of BLM-induced inflammation and collagen deposition within lung tissue. Collectively, these studies demonstrate that murine MSCs home to lung in response to injury, adopt an epithelium-like phenotype, and reduce inflammation and collagen deposition in lung tissue of mice challenged with BLM.
The gynecologist's perspective of liability and quality issues with the Papanicolaou smear.

. Cytologic screening for precancerous lesions and cancer of the cervix and subsequent treatments of these lesions have been effective in reducing the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer. Gynecologists in the United States have used the concept of an annual Pap smear exam to encourage and provide health maintenance medical care for women. Inadvertently, women have been given the perception that Pap smears are highly accurate. Cervical cytology consists of specimen collection and interpretation of the cellular material, with potential errors in either component. The Bethesda System, the most recent classification, was not pretested prior to introduction. Consequently, management guidelines are continuing to evolve. A screening test should only assign a probability of disease in an individual. Ten percent of malpractice lawsuits against pathologists involve misread Papanicolaou smears. Quality improvements have been and should continue to be effective. The liability issue needs to be addressed through public education.
Decreasing Turnaround Time and Increasing Patient Satisfaction in a Safety Net Hospital-Based Pediatrics Clinic Using Lean Six Sigma Methodologies.

Objective Increasingly, health care quality indicators are focusing on patient-centeredness as an indicator of performance. The National Quality Forum lists assessment of patient experience, often conducted using patient surveys, as a top priority. We developed a patient-reported time stamp data collection tool that was used to collect cycle times in a safety net hospital-based outpatient pediatrics clinic. Methods Data were collected using patient-reported survey to obtain cycle times in Pediatric clinic, as well as qualitative and quantitative patient satisfaction data. Several rapid-cycle improvements were performed using Lean Six Sigma methodologies to reduce cycle time by eliminating waste and revise unnecessary processes to improve operational effectiveness and patient and staff satisfaction. Results A total of 94 surveys were collected and revealed average cycle time of 113 minutes. Our measured patient satisfaction rating was 87%. Discharge and check-in processes were identified as the least efficient and were targeted for intervention. Following implementation, the overall cycle time was decreased from 113 to 90 minutes. Patient satisfaction ratings increased from 87% to 95%. Conclusions We demonstrate that using Lean Six Sigma tools can be invaluable to clinical restructuring and redesign and results in measurable, improved outcomes in care delivery.
Authentication Without Secrets

This work examines a new approach to authentication, which is the most fundamental security primitive that underpins all cyber security protections. Current Internet authentication techniques require the protection of one or more secret keys along with the integrity protection of the algorithms/computations designed to prove possession of the secret without actually revealing it. Protecting a secret requires physical barriers or encryption with yet another secret key. The reason to strive for "Authentication without Secret Keys" is that protecting secrets (even small ones only kept in a small corner of a component or device) is much harder than protecting the integrity of information that is not secret. Promising methods are examined for authentication of components, data, programs, network transactions, and/or individuals. The successful development of authentication without secret keys will enable far more tractable system security engineering for high exposure, high consequence systems by eliminating the need for brittle protection mechanisms to protect secret keys (such as are now protected in smart cards, etc.). This paper is a re-release of SAND2009-7032 with new figures numerous edits.
Prophylactic use of amino acids in the treatment of inborn errors of the urea cycle

Urea cycle enzymopathies result in the inability to adequately excrete waste nitrogen, leading to the accumulation of ammonia in the plasma. This may result in significant neurologic dysfunction and death if untreated. Arginine cannot be synthesized in the absence of an intact urea cycle and thus becomes an essential amino acid. Provision of supplemental arginine allows for an abbreviated urea cycle in which both molecules of nitrogen (normally excreted as urea) are excreted as argininosuccinic acid.
“Woman’s Rights”: October 1, 1849

This article exemplifies the many popular periodicals that promoted ideas about women’s rights in the 1840s. A flourishing popular press provided many outlets for links between the emerging women’s rights movement and other social movements. A women’s temperance periodical, The Lily, was founded in January 1849 by Amelia Bloomer, a Seneca Falls writer who had attended the 1848 convention. In 1853 the magazine moved to Ohio and claimed a national readership of 6,000, but it ceased publication in 1856.
Conversion of Ferulic Acid to 4-Vinylguaiacol by Yeasts Isolated from Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice

Yeasts were isolated from frozen concentrated orange juice, grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth at 25°C, and tested for the ability to cometabolize ferulic acid. Strains of Rhodotorula sp., Candida lambica, Trichosporon pullulans, and Candida intermedia decarboxylated ferulic acid nonoxidatively to an off-flavor compound, 4-vinylguaiacol. By decarboxylating naturally occurring ferulic acid, these and other yeasts have the potential to contribute to off flavors in improperly stored fruit juices.
Clan and Tribal Conflict

Clan and tribal conflict encompasses the feuding and warfare of simpler societies, many of which are prone to these forms of violence because of the presence of fraternal interest groups. Two categories of societies are identified, those with fraternal interest groups and those without fraternal interest groups. They cut across the 7 types of bands and 5 types of tribes. Feuding is examined in terms of its defining elements, its extent, whether compensation is paid, whom the target is, and the legitimacy of the attack. Warfare is differentiated form feuding, military organizations are descried, their goals delineated, and th basic pattern of warfare of simpler societies (ambushes and lines) set forth.
Chloroplastic iron-sulfur scaffold protein NFU3 is essential to overall plant fitness.

ABSTRACTA previous study showed that Nitrogen-Fixing-subunit-U-type protein NFU3 may act an iron-sulfur scaffold protein in the assembly and transfer of 4Fe-4S and 3Fe-4S clusters in the chloroplast. Examples of 4Fe-4S and 3Fe-4S-requiring proteins and complexes include Photosystem I (PSI), NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, and ferredoxin-dependent glutamine oxoglutarate aminotransferases. In this paper, the authors provided additional evidence for the role of NFU3 in 4Fe-4S and 3Fe-4S cluster assembly and transfer, as well as its role in overall plant fitness. Confocal microscopic analysis of the fluorescently-tagged NFU3 protein confirmed the chloroplast localization of the NFU3 protein. Detailed analysis of chlorophyll fluorescence data revealed that a substantial increase in minimal fluorescence is the primary contributor to the decrease in PSII maximum photochemical efficiency observed in the nfu3 mutants. The substantial increase in minimal fluorescence in the nfu3 mutants is probably the result of an impaired...
SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF POLYMERS CONTAINING COBALTICINIUM-1,l′-DICARBOXYLIC ACID

Cobalticinium salts, isoelectronic with the corresponding ferrocene derivatives, possess great thermal stability and marked resistance to degradation by strong acids or bases or by oxidation (1). In contrast to the extensive research on ferrocene polymers (2), much less work has been done on cobalticinium polymers. The possibility for synthesis of a wide range of polymers containing cobalticinium salts was proposed and the properties of cobalticinium salts were discussed extensively at the previous Symposium on Organometallic Polymers in 1971 (3). This paper will summarize the experiments which have been performed in the six years since the previous paper was presented.
Identification of the fungal endophyte of Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) as Epichloë amarillans.

The grass Ammophila breviligulata (American beachgrass) is known to host an endophyte of the genus Epichloe. Based on morphological characteristics it was originally identified as Acremonium typhinum var. ammophilae and is currently designated as Epichloe typhina var. ammophilae. However, the Epichloe species has not previously been identified based on DNA sequence data. Based on phylogenetic placement of beta-tubulin and translation elongation factor 1-alpha DNA sequences the endophyte is identified as a member of E. amarillans rather than E. typhina.
Clowning as Social Performance in Colombia: Ridicule and Resistance by Barnaby King (review)

Barnaby King’s book Clowning as Social Performance in Colombia: Ridicule and Resistance examines a wide range of clown acts in contemporary Colombia, from circus tents to hospital bedsides, arguing that each act constitutes a social performance deeply enmeshed in the political and economic realities of the everyday lives of citizens.
Introduction to the Factorial Optimization Trial

In the multiphase optimization strategy (MOST), an intervention is optimized before it is evaluated in an RCT. The optimization is based on empirical evidence gathered in an optimization trial. This chapter reviews the factorial experiment, which is often a highly efficient way of conducting an optimization trial. The factorial experiment can be used to estimate the effectiveness of each candidate component and also to estimate the extent to which the effect of a component depends on the levels of one or more other components. This chapter also reviews the conclusion-priority and decision-priority perspectives on evaluating empirical data and when it is appropriate to take each perspective. Readers should be familiar with the material in Chaps. 1 and 2.
All of us phantasmic saviors

ABSTRACTDrawing from interviews and conversations with US American volunteers at an international aid organization in Tanzania, I argue that the subject constitution of US volunteers is dependent upon foreclosures that remove questions of their colonial and racial presence from conscious awareness. I explain how these foreclosures are covered by a white savior fantasy, and trace how volunteers at this particular organization use two primary tools to avoid facing their foreclosures and traversing their fantasies: denial and irony. In conclusion, I explore the implications of this study for reflexivity in critical rhetorical fieldwork, as well as aid practice.
Large Scale Integrated Photonics for Twenty-First Century Information Technologies

In this paper, we will review research done by the Large-Scale Integrated Photonics group at HP Laboratories, and in particular we will discuss applications of optical resonances in dielectric microstructures and nanostructures to future classical and quantum information technologies. Our goal is to scale photonic technologies over the next decade in much the same way as electronics over the past five, thereby establishing a Moore’s Law for optics.
Immunosuppressive effect of alcohol on hepatic parenchymal and nonparenchymal cell functions following endotoxin

Alcoholism has long been associated with an increased frequency and severity of infection (1). Several aspects of host defense are altered by chronic alcohol abuse, but even the acute ingestion of ethanol has demonstrable deleterious effects on humoral and cell-mediated immunity (2,3). Furthermore, ethanol has been shown to alter the function of Kupffer cells which are located within the lumen of the liver sinusoids and constitute the majority of the fixed tissue macrophages of the reticuloendothelial system. These cells are highly phagocytic and play an essential role in defense mechanisms against infection by removing immune complexes, viruses, bacteria and bacterial endotoxins from the blood (4,5). The concentration of systemic, circulating endotoxin in alcoholics has been reported to be elevated above basal levels by several investigators (5,6,7). Because gut-derived endotoxins are normally cleared by the liver on the first pass, these data suggest that alcohol impairs the clearance of endotoxin. In addition, ethanol has been shown to impair Kupffer cell function as evidenced by the depressed clearance of microaggregated albumin and endotoxin from the circulation of rats (8). Kupffer cells also secrete a number of cytokines and paracrine substances that modulate both immune function and cellular metabolism (4,9). Several reports indicate that ethanol, both in vivo and in vitro, can decrease the production and/or release of these agents (9,10). Thus, ethanol may modulate the immunologic responses of Kupffer cells by affecting both phagocytosis and secretory processes of these cells.
Applying Neuroscience and Biometrics to the Practice of Marketing

How do neuroscientific tests help address practical marketing issues is a paramount question. According to this author’s estimates, around the world there are approximately 90 private neuroscience labs contracting with businesses to perform applied studies on consumer behavior, attitudes and related issues. This takes place in addition to so many university centers which on occasion venture into the industry-sponsored research.
The UCLA Hydrogen Car

The use of hydrogen as a fuel for internal combustion engine was suggested* as early as World War I, in connection with the flight of dirigibles. It did not prove feasible with the engines of the day—largely because of problems of knock and backfire, although the latter was apparently solved in principle.
Applying historical range of variability concepts

J.A. Weins, G.D. Hayward, H.D. Safford, and C.M Giffen (eds.), HistoricalEnvironmental Variation in Conservation and Natural Resource Management.Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, UK, 2012, 352 pp. illus., maps. Cloth, USD $176,ISBN 978-1-4443-3792-1; Paper, USD $72.95, ISBN 978-1-4443-3793-8; E-book,360 pp. USD $58.99, ISBN 978-1-118-32975-7
Using NMR to Determine the Conformation of the HIV Reverse Transcription Initiation Complex

Initiation of reverse transcription of genomic RNA is a key early step in replication of the human immunodeficiency virus upon infection of a host cell. Viral reverse transcriptase (RT) initiates from a specific RNA-RNA complex formed between a host transfer RNA (tRNA 3 Lys ) and region at the 5′end of genomic RNA; the 3′ end of the tRNA acts as a primer for reverse transcription of genomic RNA. We determined the secondary structure of the 50 kDa complex between HIV genomic RNA and human tRNA 3 Lys by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. We show that both RNAs undergo large-scale conformational changes upon complex formation. Formation of an 18 base pair primer helix with the 3′ end of tRNA 3 Lys drives large conformational rearrangements of the tRNA at the 5′ end, while maintaining the anticodon loop for potential loop-loop interactions. HIV RNA forms an intramolecular helix adjacent to the intermolecular primer helix. This helix, which must be broken by reverse transcription, likely acts as a kinetic block to reverse translation.
Trends in Adherence to the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans for Aerobic Activity and Time Spent on Sedentary Behavior Among US Adults, 2007 to 2016.

Importance The updated 2018Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans(PAG) reaffirmed key recommendations regarding aerobic activity in the 2008 edition and recently introduced health risks of sedentary behaviors and their association with physical activity. Objective To examine the concurrent changing trends in adherence to the PAG for aerobic activity and time spent on sedentary behavior in US adults from 2007 to 2016. Design, Setting, and Participants This study used data from a series of cross-sectional, nationally representative surveys on adults 18 years or older from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys from 2007 to 2016. Data analysis was performed from September 1, 2018, to March 31, 2019. Main Outcomes and Measures Duration, frequency, and intensity of leisure-time, work-related, and transportation-related aerobic activity were ascertained by a standardized questionnaire and summed as minutes per week. Adherence to the PAG for aerobic activity was defined as engaging in at least 150 minutes a week of moderate-intensity or 75 minutes a week of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity. Time spent on sedentary behavior was estimated by hours spent sitting on a typical day. Results Among 27 343 participants 18 years or older (13 630 [52.0%] female; 14 628 [66.6%] non-Hispanic white), the weighted adherence rate to the PAG for aerobic activity was 65.2% (95% CI, 62.3%-68.2%) in 2015-2016, with no significant change from 2007-2008 (63.2%; 95% CI, 60.2%-66.1%) to 2015-2016 (P = .15 for trend). Time spent on sedentary behavior significantly increased over time from a weighted mean (SE) of 5.7 (0.3) hours per day in 2007-2008 to 6.4 (0.2) hours per day in 2015-2016 (P 6 hours per day) increased from 16.1% (95% CI, 14.4%-17.8%) in 2007-2008 to 18.8% (95% CI, 17.7%-20.0%) in 2015-2016. Conclusions and Relevance The findings suggest that the adherence rate to the PAG for aerobic activity in US adults has not improved since the release of the first edition in 2008 but that time spent on sedentary behavior has significantly increased over time. Further nationwide efforts appear to be warranted to not only promote physical activity but also reduce sedentary time in the United States.
Mechanisms of Nickel-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions

Advances in nickel-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have expanded the chemical space of accessible structures and enabled new synthetic disconnections. The unique properties of Ni catalysts facilitate the activation of traditionally inert substrates, tolerate alkyl coupling partners that undergo decomposition via β-hydride (β-H) elimination with Pd, and enable stereoconvergent cross-couplings. The radical pathways accessed by Ni catalysts have been merged with photoredox and electrochemical catalysis to achieve new reactivity. The growing utility of Ni catalysis is, in no small part, due to advances in our fundamental understanding of the properties of Ni catalysts and the mechanisms by which the reactions occur. This review highlights recent important contributions to the field with an emphasis on studies that have afforded mechanistic insight.
Physiological Mechanisms of Bariatric Procedures

Bariatric surgery is the most effective intervention for sustained long-term weight loss, and it has been extensively demonstrated to improve and resolve most of the comorbidities associated with severe obesity. Traditionally, the accepted physiological mechanisms of bariatric procedures were based on the concepts of restriction of calorie intake, malabsorption of nutrients, and a combination of the two. As the close interactions between dietary balance and gastrointestinal and neuroendocrine pathways unravel, the physiological mechanisms of these procedures, as well as their classification, have significantly changed. In fact, it has currently become well recognized how the centrally regulated body weight homeostasis and target organ metabolic function are profoundly influenced by hormones secreted in the intestinal tract and adipose tissue. The overall balance of these peripherally secreted hormones, their systemic effects, and their interaction at the level of the hypothalamus would eventually affect food intake and energy expenditure.
Classroom Configuration Identifier (CCID)

Classroom Configuration Identifier (CCID) is an application utilizing AlexNet - an image recognition convolutional neural network (CNN) - trained and used for classification of classroom configurations. CCID is currently capable of categorizing footage of Santa Clara University's classrooms as 1. Forward-Facing Lectures 2. Circular or ‘U’ Shaped Lectures and/or whole class discussions 3. Smaller Group discussions and 4. Empty classrooms with 97% accuracy. Further work on the sub-categorization of these categories is underway. CCID has been developed as a component to an ongoing, larger study into the effects of classroom configuration on student learning outcomes. While CCID specifically deals with the categorical analysis of the classroom configuration itself, the next phases of the study will couple this classroom data with anonymized student data, in order to draw conclusions about the most optimal classroom configurations for enhancing learning. By analyzing correlations between different classroom configurations and corresponding student performance, the study will ultimately be able to supply educators with the information needed to setup more effective learning environments.
The Hidden Costs of Nighttime Warming on Yields

Nighttime warming poses a threat to global food security as it is driving yield declines worldwide, but our understanding of the physiological basis of this phenomenon remains very limited. Furthermore, it is often assumed that such declines are driven solely by increases in nighttime temperature (TNight). Here we argue that, in addition to temperature, increases in nighttime evaporative demand may 'conspire' to penalize yields and end-use quality traits. We propose an ecophysiological framework outlining the possible mechanistic basis of such declines in yield and quality. We suggest ways to use the proposed framework as a guide to future efforts aimed at alleviating productivity losses by integrating crop ecophysiology with modeling, breeding, and management.
Function-observer design for a class of linear time-varying system

This paper presents, for the first time, a reduced-order linear function-observer design algorithm for uniformly observable linear time-varying systems. The resulting observer will have a constant Jordan-form system matrix with arbitrarily given poles. The order reduction of the function observer is also clarified and clearly explained.
Frugivores vary in their response to neighborhood effects in a novel ecosystem

Abstract Seed dispersal is critical for maintaining ecosystem structure and over half of plant species worldwide rely on animals for dispersal. Animal-mediated seed dispersal requires tight links between animals and plants. The introduction of invasive species threatens this mutualism by potentially creating competition between native and invasive plants for dispersers and by altering the consumption of native fruits by introduced dispersers. Although the first critical step in seed dispersal is fruit consumption, we have limited knowledge of the characteristics that attract dispersers to a given plant. In particular, characteristics of the neighborhood surrounding a plant may alter frugivory and frugivores may vary in their responses to these characteristics. Identification of key neighborhood characteristics would help to identify the mechanisms which facilitate or limit seed dispersal, aiding in the management of species in novel ecosystems. We deployed camera traps on Oʻahu, Hawaiʻi to quantify how the total fruit abundance, percent invasive fruit, percent conspecific fruit, canopy cover, and ground vegetation density of the neighborhood influence visitation and fruit removal by introduced avian frugivores. Results showed that neighborhood effects had little influence on frugivory overall, but did influence avian foraging groups in disparate ways. In particular, visitation by arboreal foragers increased with canopy cover and the amount of fruit on the focal plant but decreased with higher neighborhood fruit abundance and more conspecific fruit. Ground forager visitation decreased with higher ground vegetation density and increased with more conspecific fruit. These findings suggest the neighborhood can be modified to facilitate arboreal foragers, which are higher quality dispersers on Oʻahu, and to limit ground foragers, which are primarily seed predators. We argue studies should consider differences among dispersers to adequately address the role of the neighborhood on frugivory in environments with multiple disperser species.
Improving Neonatal Follow-up: A Quality Improvement Study Analyzing In-hospital Interventions and Long-term Show Rates.

Neonatal follow-up (NFU) clinics play an essential role in the multidisciplinary care of preterm patients. Despite the inherent value of NFU clinics, many clinical programs report poor compliance with follow-up visits. Preterm infants followed with difficulty in the long-term have higher rates of disability and lower IQ scores, even after adjustment of significant perinatal and sociodemographic variables. This quality improvement study aimed to improve the show rate for preterm infants from 60% to 80% at the initial 6-month adjusted age visit by implementing a multilevel education bundle. Methods Participants included neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) physicians, physician extenders, registered nurses, and parents of preterm patients admitted to the NICU who qualified for NFU. Our 75-bed NICU is the regional perinatal center within an urban free-standing children's hospital. Our bundle included NICU provider education, discharge planning, and parent education. A tracking system was developed to identify qualifying patients to streamline workflow. Results The monthly first visit show rate improved from 60% to 76% during the intervention period. Seventy-five percent of families who received parent education presented for their initial visit, compared to 51% of families who did not receive parent education. In anonymous surveys of families who presented for their initial visits, 95% indicated that bedside education played the most important role in appointment attendance. Interdisciplinary rounds are crucial for reaching all families before discharge. Conclusion Implementing a multidimensional in-hospital education bundle and tracking system is feasible and can improve NFU clinic show rates, but may require dedicated personnel for sustainability.
Wind speed and power forecasting of a utility-scale wind farm with inter-farm wake interference and seasonal variation

Abstract Forecasting skills for a wind farm would significantly degrade if the complex wake effects of the upstream wind farms are excluded, especially when they are spatially close to each other. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model has been used to predict wind speed and power for a wind farm in Pakistan in the presence of wake interference from neighboring wind farms for two different seasons. Forecasting is done for two different cases i.e. without and with inter-farm wake effects, and different statistical error parameters were evaluated based on the real observations. A significant reduction in errors was observed in the latter case. For instance, the mean absolute errors in wind speed prediction were reduced by 7.7% and 14% in June (summer) and January (winter) respectively, by the inclusion of inter-farm wake effects. Similarly, an improved forecast of power output was obtained by incorporating the interaction of upstream wind farms i.e. a reduction of 15% and 26% in the normalized mean absolute error in power output values was observed for June and January, respectively. However, the prediction accuracy of power output substantially deteriorated in the winter season.
Higher-order interactions among coinfecting parasites and a microbial mutualist impact disease progression

Abstract Interactions among parasites and other microbes within hosts can impact disease progression, yet study of such interactions has been mostly limited to pairwise combinations of microbes. Given the diversity of microbes within hosts, higher-order interactions among more than two microbial species may also impact disease. To test this hypothesis, we performed inoculation experiments that investigated interactions among two fungal parasites, Rhizoctonia solani and Colletotrichum cereale, and a systemic fungal endophyte, Epichloe coenophiala, within a grass host. Both pairwise and higher-order interactions impacted disease progression. While the endophyte did not directly influence R. solani growth or C. cereale symptom development, the endophyte modified the interaction between the two parasites. The magnitude of the facilitative effect of C. cereale on the growth of R. solani tended to be greater when the endophyte was present. Moreover, this interaction modification strongly affected leaf mortality. For plants lacking the endophyte, parasite co-inoculation did not increase leaf mortality compared to single-parasite inoculations. In contrast, for endophyte-infected plants, parasite co-inoculation increased leaf mortality compared to inoculation with R. solani or C. cereale alone by 1.9 or 4.9 times, respectively. Together, these results show that disease progression can be strongly impacted by higher-order interactions among microbial symbionts.
Consistent Counterfactuals for Deep Models.

Counterfactual examples are one of the most commonly-cited methods for explaining the predictions of machine learning models in key areas such as finance and medical diagnosis. Counterfactuals are often discussed under the assumption that the model on which they will be used is static, but in deployment models may be periodically retrained or fine-tuned. This paper studies the consistency of model prediction on counterfactual examples in deep networks under small changes to initial training conditions, such as weight initialization and leave-one-out variations in data, as often occurs during model deployment. We demonstrate experimentally that counterfactual examples for deep models are often inconsistent across such small changes, and that increasing the cost of the counterfactual, a stability-enhancing mitigation suggested by prior work in the context of simpler models, is not a reliable heuristic in deep networks. Rather, our analysis shows that a model's local Lipschitz continuity around the counterfactual is key to its consistency across related models. To this end, we propose Stable Neighbor Search as a way to generate more consistent counterfactual explanations, and illustrate the effectiveness of this approach on several benchmark datasets.
Assessment on a Dime: Low Cost User Data Collection for Assessment

Abstract Objective – This article describes the construction and use of a low cost tool for capturing user demographics in a physical library. Methods – At the Health Sciences Library of Columbia University Irving Medical Center, we created the Tap In/Tap Out tool to learn about the demographic details of our library visitors, such as their status, school affiliation, and department. The Tap In/Tap Out tool was implemented twice for two weeks in 2013 and 2017, with users voluntarily tapping their campus ID when entering and leaving the library. We checked campus ID numbers against university databases to fill in demographic details of the library users. Results – We constructed the Tap In/Tap Out tool using a Raspberry Pi and RFID card readers mounted on a foam board poster and placed near the library entrance. Participation in the Tap In/Tap Out tool ranged from 5-7% of the library gate count numbers during the survey periods. Though low, this participation provided a useful indication of user demographics that helped to strengthen library discussions with university administration. The 2013 survey results, which showed that the library space was actively used by students from all the constituent Medical Center schools, were used to support funding justifications. The 2017 survey results, which showed continued library usage, were used to illustrate the value of the library to the Medical Center community. Conclusion – The Tap In/Tap Out tool was inexpensive to implement and provided more information about library visitors than gate counts alone. Findings from the Tap In/Tap Out results were used to demonstrate library usage and justify funding. We describe how other libraries might create and implement the tool to capture greater levels of detail about the users visiting their spaces.
Sterilization of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus with dielectric barrier discharge

In this study we aim to address treatment of Staphylococcus aureus, one of the most common causes of infection after injury or surgery. Besides the infecting wounds, Staphylococcus aureus may even spread to the bone and antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus is a serious problem1. The application of atmospheric pressure non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge is an effective method in decontamination of the living tissue2.
Activity-based cloud sending: Push services for user device multiplicity

With increasing numbers of devices per user, data delivery and annoyance problems arise from sending real-time or near real-time application push notification messages to all these devices. This paper presents a push notification service approach that is based on a user-centric viewpoint to deliver notification messages to the right device at the right time. The approach increases the chances of a user to timely respond to a notification without annoyance. As side benefit, the overload on the server side can be significantly reduced in terms of minimizing unnecessary duplicate notification messages sent to an individual user's multiplicity of devices. We exemplarily discuss a prototypical implementation based on cross-platform web technologies that can be readily implemented.
Insomnia: Psychological Assessment and Management

Originally published in Contemporary Psychology: APA Review of Books, 1996, Vol 41(6), 621. Insomnia affects from 20 to 40 percent of all adults, particularly women and the elderly, yet there is widespread belief that chronic insomnia is not really a medical problem and that it can be treated only w
Supply Chain Management Technologies

Supply chain management (SCM) is concerned with the goal of delivering products and services from the point of origin to the point of consumption in the least amount of time and at the least cost_“getting the right product to the right place at the right time.” It often involves multiple levels of suppliers, manufacturers, distributors, retailers, and customers. Managing the supply chain effectively enables businesses to serve their customers better and increase their own profitability. Supply chain management abounds with opportunities for information technology to be used for competitive advantage. By using tools such as the Internet, advanced planning software, and optimization techniques, companies can reduce costs and cycle times, improve customer satisfaction, and produce higher profits. Keywords: EOQ (economic order quantity); ERP (enterprise resource planning); extranet; intranet; linear programming; supply chain management (SCM)
Spatial Distribution of Solutes in Aquifer Outcrop Zones along the Brazos River, East-Central Texas

Concentrations of several solutes – nitrate, arsenic, sulfate, boron, chloride, and bromide – along with total dissolved solids (TDS) in ten counties bordering the Brazos River in east-central Texas were compiled, mapped, and analyzed relative to regional land use and geology. Agriculture and oil/gas production are major activities and potential sources of groundwater contamination in the study area. Data were compiled from 104 water wells with a median depth of 446 ft (136 m) in the outcrop zones of six sedimentary aquifers: Carizzo-Wilcox, Queen City, Sparta, Yegua-Jackson, Gulf Coast, and Brazos Alluvium. Only two observations surpassed the 44.3 mg/L drinking water standard for nitrate, and four observations exceeded the 10 ug/L standard for arsenic. The median chloride concentration was 53 mg/L; however, the maximum level was almost three times the secondary drinking water standard of 250 mg/L. Chloride, bromide, sulfate, and boron concentrations resembled TDS patterns, with numerous samples exceeding secondary TDS drinking water standards in the Yegua-Jackson Aquifer. Most chloride/bromide ratios were between 100 and 300. Overall, results of this study suggest that natural processes exert a primary control on solute concentrations in the above aquifers, with a potential for modest anthropogenic impacts from agriculture and oil/gas production.
An Introduction to Linear Programming

This article provides an overview of linear programming. Constrained and unconstrained optimization are first explained and contrasted, and the assumptions of linear programming are explained. An example problem is formulated and solved both graphically and by enumeration, and the example is used as the basis for an explanation of the simplex algorithm. Special cases are discussed, and the relationship between primal and dual formulations is explained. Keywords: linear programming; graphical approach; simplex algorithm; alternate optima; unboundedness; duality
Cochlear implant surgery in patients more than seventy-nine years old.

Objectives/Hypothesis: To evaluate the surgical complications, auditory performance, and hearing handicap following cochlear implantation in patients greater than 79 years of age. Study Design: Retrospective trial, tertiary referral center. Methods: The study group was comprised of 21 patients implanted after 79 years of age from 1996 through 2006 with follow-ups past their 8th decade. Pre-op evaluation consisted of pure-tone audiometry and speech discrimination scores (Hearing in Noise Test and City University of New York sentence test). The results of these tests were compared to similar tests taken post-op. A validated hearing handicap questionnaire was used to evaluate the outcome. Results: There were no permanent medical or surgical complications. However, two patients developed exacerbations of previous comorbid conditions (i.e., urinary retention and acute delirium). Implanted patients experienced a significant improvement in audiologic performance, post-op pure tone average, and post-op speech scores (P < .001). A majority of them were able to use the phone and reported that the cochlear implant was of great benefit to them. The post-op hearing handicap inventory for the elderly demonstrated a significant decrease of hearing handicap scores. Conclusions: This is the first study to focus on a patient group this advanced in age. With increasing life expectancy, we should begin to stratify risk versus benefit of cochlear implantation in this age group. Cochlear implantation improved audiologic performance and the quality of life in patients older than 79 years old. There were no permanent medical or surgical complications. Chronic pain and temporary vertigo were the most common complications reported in this elderly group.
A semi-discrete and non-local crystal plasticity model for nanocrystalline metals

The application of traditional continuum crystal plasticity models to nanocrystalline metals is discussed and compared to a novel semi-discrete crystal plasticity model. The new model exhibits larger stress heterogeneities and greater amounts of intragranular plasticity. (c) 2005 Acta Materialia Inc. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.