cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Supply chain collaborative advantage: A firm’s perspective

Abstract In the past decades, firms have strived to achieve greater collaborative advantages with their supply chain partners. The objective of the study is to uncover the nature and characteristics of supply chain collaborative advantage from a focal firm’s perspective. Collaborative advantage is defined as strategic benefits gained over competitors in the marketplace through supply chain partnering and partner enabled knowledge creation, and it relates to the desired synergistic outcome of collaborative activity that could not have been achieved by any firm acting alone. The research conceptualizes supply chain collaborative advantage as the five dimensions: process efficiency, offering flexibility, business synergy, quality, and innovation. Data were collected through a web survey of U.S. manufacturing firms in various industries. Reliable and valid instruments were developed through rigorous empirical analysis including structured interviews, Q-sort, and a large-scale study. Predictive validity is evaluated by demonstrating a strong and positive relationship between supply chain collaborative advantage and firm performance. The construct and measures in this study have provided a rich and structured understanding of collaborative advantage in a supply network. The results of the structural analysis indicate that supply chain collaborative advantage indeed has a bottom-line influence on firm performance.
Intelligent flight support system (IFSS): a real-time intelligent decision support system for future manned spaceflight operations at mission control center

The Mission Control Center Systems (MCCS) is a functionally robust set of distributed systems primarily supporting the Space Shuttle Program (SSP) and the International Space Station (ISS) mission operations. Forged around the uniquely complex and demanding requirements of human spaceflight, the MCCS has evolved within the limits of the technological capabilities of the time. The dynamic environment in which MCCS functions has demanded that the systems architecture continue to evolve as well.The MCCS provides the primary means of controlling crewed spacecraft operated by NASA. Flight controllers (FCs) monitor the spacecraft systems through telemetry sent from the spacecraft to the ground and from the ground to the vehicle. FCs utilize several application software to present telemetry data in a variety of output presentations. While most displays simply provide a densely packed screen of telemetry data, only a few provide graphical representations of the vehicle systems' status. New technological advances in user interface design have not penetrated into MCC especially since the SSP and ISS systems were developed when these technologies were not available. The Intelligent Flight Support System (IFSS) described in this paper promotes situational awareness at MCC with an interactive virtual model of the ISS and Space Shuttle combined with data and decision support displays. IFSS also incorporates an intelligent component to model various characteristics of space vehicle systems when predictable results of unknown scenarios are required. IFSS supports FCs in the planning, communications, command, and control operations of the ISS and Space Shuttle by providing knowledge and skills that are unavailable from internal representation.
Structural Determinants of the Natural Rate of Unemployment in Canada

Empirical estimates are presented of the policy and structural determinants of the natural rate of unemployment in Canada. The structural features of the economy that impinge on the adjustment of real wages to their equilibrium level are discussed, and estimates are presented showing how the generosity of the unemployment insurance system is related to past levels of unemployment. The empirical results indicate that government policies have been largely responsible for changes in the natural rate, and, hence, they can contribute to a reduction in the natural rate in the medium term.
Interpretation of delayed neutron phenomena

Abstract The Bohr-Wheeler mechanism of delayed neutron emission has been used, together with recent fission mass- and charge-distribution data, to interpret the observed characteristics of delayed neutrons from fission. This interpretation accounts satisfactorily for recently measured periods and relative abundances of the delayed neutrons from six fissionable nuclides: 233 U, 235 U 238 U, 239 Pu, 240 Pu and 232 Th. A set of selection criteria are developed which lead to prediction of the “most probable” main precursors as well as possible contributors for each delayed neutron group. Assuming the most probable set of delayed neutron precursors, total delayed neutron yields have been calculated for each of the six fissionable nuclides studied. These calculated yields are in agreement with experiment, thus providing a reasonable explanation of the striking variation in observed total delayed neutron yields, which increase by an order of magnitude from 239 Pu to 232 Th fission. Throughout the analysis, special attention is given to the dominant role of closed-shell effects in delayed neutron systematics.
Self-timed mesochronous interconnection for high-speed VLSI systems

Self-timed mesochronous interconnection scheme is presented for the interface between synchronous modules. It consists of a self-timed FIFO and a local clock control circuit placed between synchronous modules. The self-timed FIFO receives a data stream and holds it until the first data is synchronized at the receiving module. After the synchronization, the clock input to the receiving module is available through the local clock control circuit. The interconnection scheme operates regardless of the amount of the clock skew between the modules. An experimental design is presented that demonstrates the validity of the method.
N-sulfinyl metalloenamine conjugate additions: asymmetric synthesis of piperidines.

The first examples of conjugate additions of N-tert-butanesulfinyl metalloenamines are reported. Highly stereoselective conjugate additions (97:3 to 99:1 dr) were observed between metalloenamines derived from N-sulfinyl ketimines and α,β-unsaturated ketones bearing either alkyl or aryl substituents. The conjugate addition products could rapidly be converted with high diastereoselectivity to 2,4,6-trisubstituted piperidines, which are difficult to access by other methods.
The internal structure of the lens PG1115+080: breaking degeneracies in the value of the Hubble constant

We combine lensing, stellar kinematic and mass-to-light ratio constraints to build a two-component (luminous plus dark) mass model of the early-type lens galaxy in PG1115+080. We find a total mass density profile steeper than r^(−2), effectively ρ ∝r ^(−γ′) with γ′= 2.35 ± 0.1 ± 0.05 (random + systematic). The stellar mass fraction is f*= 0.67^(+0.20) − 0.25 ± 0.03 inside the Einstein radius (R_E ≈ 1.2 effective radii). The dynamical mass model breaks the degeneracies in the mass profile of the lens galaxy and allows us to obtain a value of the Hubble constant that is no longer dominated by systematic errors: H_0= 59_(+12) − 7 ± 3 km s^(−1) Mpc^(−1) (68 per cent confidence level; Ω_m= 0.3, Ω_Λ= 0.7). The offset of PG1115+080 from the Fundamental Plane might indicate deviations from homology of the mass profile of some early-type galaxies.
Lattices for Distributed Source Coding: Jointly Gaussian Sources and Reconstruction of a Linear Function

Consider a pair of correlated Gaussian sources (X 1,X 2). Two separate encoders observe the two components and communicate compressed versions of their observations to a common decoder. The decoder is interested in reconstructing a linear combination of X 1 and X 2 to within a mean-square distortion of D. We obtain an inner bound to the optimal rate-distortion region for this problem. A portion of this inner bound is achieved by a scheme that reconstructs the linear function directly rather than reconstructing the individual components X 1 and X 2 first. This results in a better rate region for certain parameter values. Our coding scheme relies on lattice coding techniques in contrast to more prevalent random coding arguments used to demonstrate achievable rate regions in information theory. We then consider the case of linear reconstruction of K sources and provide an inner bound to the optimal rate-distortion region. Some parts of the inner bound are achieved using the following coding structure: lattice vector quantization followed by ldquocorrelatedrdquo lattice-structured binning.
Incorporation of optimal timeouts into distributed real-time load sharing

Consideration is given to the problem of designing and incorporating a timeout mechanism into load sharing (LS) with state-region change broadcasts in the presence of node failures in a distributed real-time system. Failure of a node is diagnosed by the other nodes through communication timeouts, and the timeout period used to diagnose whether a node is faulty or not usually depends on the dynamic changes in system load, the task attributes at the node, and the state the node was initially in. We formulate the problem of determining the "best" timeout period T/sub out//sup (i)/ for node i as a hypothesis testing problem, and maximize the probability of detecting node failures subject to a pre-specified probability of falsely diagnosing a healthy node as faulty. The parameters needed for the calculation of T/sub out//sup (i)/ are estimated online by node i using the Bayesian technique and are piggy-backed in its region-change broadcasts. The broadcast information is then used to determine T/sub out//sup (i)/. If node n has not heard from node i for T/sub out//sup (i)/ since its receipt of the latest broadcast from node i, it will consider node i failed, and will not consider any task transfer to node i until it receives a broadcast message from node i again. On the other hand, to further reduce the probability of incorrect diagnosis, each node n also determines its own timeout period T/sub out//sup (n)/, and broadcasts its state not only at the time of state-region changes but also when it has remained within a broadcast interval throughout T/sub out//sup (n)/. >
Aggregator modeling with multiple active/sleep modes for wireless sensor networks

Summary form only given. Data aggregation and active/sleep scheme are wildly used in energy-efficient wireless sensor networks. However, little research has been done on the optimal active/sleep scheme design for an aggregator node. In our previous work, we developed a stochastic model of aggregator node with active/sleep scheme for performance analysis and optimization. That model simulates the direct mode transfer from active to sleep or vice versa. In this paper, we propose a new stochastic analytical model for aggregator with multiple modes in the active period which reflect the wireless sensor's multiple energy saving modes. We derive Complete Aggregation Packet (CAP) rate, Total Aggregation Packet (TAP) rate, the Success Ratio which is defined as CAP rate divided by TAP rate, and Average Packet Delay (APD) to evaluate the aggregator performance. The extensive numerical simulations validate the accuracy of the stochastic analytical model. We would like to optimize the performance measures of APD and TAP rate by Lagrangian Optimization method which has not been finished yet.
State Contract Law and Debt Contracts

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between debt contracts and state contract law. We first develop an index to evaluate whether each state’s law is favorable or unfavorable to lenders. We then analyze how the contract terms, the frequency of covenant violations, and the repercussions of covenant violations vary across states. We find that cash collateral is most likely to be used when the contract is governed by law that is favorable to debtors and that out-of-state borrowers who use favorable law pay higher yield spreads. In addition, when the law is favorable to lenders, there are significantly fewer covenant violations, and the repercussions of covenant violations—measured as changes in the borrower’s investment policy—are more severe. We also compare the characteristics of relevant parties across states, and the results provide support for the theory that there is a market for contracts similar to the market for incorporations.
Vertical integration and trade policy: The case of sugar

The degree of vertical integration in the U+S+ sugar industry between raw-sugar processing and sugar refining cannot be explained using theories of vertical integration based only on transaction costs+ We graphically decompose the economic rents accruing to each level participant in the marketing channel+ Different strategies of several major sugar producing, processing, and refining entities with regard to sugar quota policy are explored+ Firms that are integrated from sugar production through to sugar marketing are less impacted by freer trade than are those that concentrate solely on production+ We contrast the sugarcane industry in Florida and Louisiana with sugar beet production and processing in the northern plains+ The sugar industry in Florida, because of the high degree of vertical integration, is much more capable of dealing with expanded sugar imports than either sugarcane producers in Louisiana or sugar beet growers in the northern plains where integration is not as pronounced+ @Econ-Lit citations: Q18, Q11# © 2002 Wiley Periodicals , Inc+
Electrospun Polyaniline Fibers as Highly Sensitive Room Temperature Chemiresistive Sensors for Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Gases

Electrospun polyaniline (PAni) fibers doped with different levels of (+)-camphor-10-sulfonic acid (HCSA) are fabricated and evaluated as chemiresistive gas sensors. The experimental results, based on both sensitivity and response time, show that doped PAni fibers are excellent ammonia sensors and that undoped PAni fibers are excellent nitrogen dioxide sensors. The fibers exhibit changes in measured resistances up to 60-fold for ammonia sensing, and more than five orders of magnitude for nitrogen dioxide sensing, with characteristic response times on the order of one minute in both cases. A time-dependent reaction-diffusion model is used to extract physical parameters from fitting experimental sensor data. The model is then used to illustrate the selection of optimal material design parameters for gas sensing by nanofibers.
The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS)

The Upper Atmosphere Research Satellite (UARS) was launched by the Space Shuttle on September 12, 1991 into a near circular orbit at 585 km altitude inclined 57 degrees to the Equator. Measurements were initiated a few days later, including solar energy inputs to the atmosphere and vertical profiles of temperature, important minor gas species, and wind fields. The orbital parameters, combined with the sensor measurements characteristics, yield a measurement pattern that produces near global coverage with a duty cycle that periodically favors the Northern or the Southern Hemispheres. A few spacecraft and instrument anomalies have impacted the total amount of data obtained to date, but the overall performance of the mission has been very good.
Demonstration of optimization techniques for groundwater plume remediation using iTOUGH2

We examined the potential use of standard optimization algorithms as implemented in the inverse modeling code iTOUGH2 (Finsterle, S., 1999a. iTOUGH2 User's Guide. Report LBNL-40040, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Berkeley, CA (see also http://www-esd.lbl.gov/iTOUGH2); Finsterle, S., 1999b. iTOUGH2 Command Reference. Report LBNL-40041 (updated), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Berkeley, CA; Finsterle, S., 1999c. iTOUGH2 Sample Problems. Report LBNL-40042 (updated), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory: Berkeley, CA.) for the solution of aquifer remediation problems. Costs for the removal of dissolved or free-phase contaminants depend on aquifer properties, the chosen remediation technology, and operational parameters (such as number of wells drilled and pumping rates). A cost function must be formulated that may include actual costs and hypothetical penalty costs for incomplete cleanup; the total cost function is therefore a measure of the overall effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed remediation scenario. The cost function is then minimized by automatically adjusting certain decision or operational parameters. We evaluate the impact of these operational parameters on remediation using a three-phase, three-component flow and transport simulator, which is linked to nonlinear optimization routines. We demonstrate that the methods developed for automatic model calibration are capable of minimizing arbitrary cost functions. An example of co-injection of air and steam makes evident the need for coupling optimization routines with an accurate state-of-the-art process simulator. Simplified models are likely to miss significant system behaviors such as increased downward mobilization due to recondensation of contaminants during steam flooding, which can be partly suppressed by the co-injection of air.
The rest-frame ultraviolet spectra of GRBs from massive rapidly rotating stellar progenitors

The properties of a massive star prior to its final explosion are imprinted in the circumstellar medium (CSM) created by its wind and termination shock. We perform a detailed, comprehensive calculation of the time-variable and angle-dependent transmission spectra of an average-luminosity gamma-ray burst (GRB) which explodes in the CSM structure produced by the collapse of a 20 M ⊙ , rapidly rotating, Z = 0.001 progenitor star. We study both the case in which metals are initially in the gaseous phase and the situation in which they are heavily depleted into dust. We find that high-velocity lines from low-ionization states of silicon, carbon and iron are initially present in the spectrum only if the metals are heavily depleted into dust prior to the GRB explosion. However, such lines disappear on time-scales of a fraction of a second for a burst observed on-axis, and of a few seconds for a burst seen at high latitude, making their observation virtually impossible. Rest-frame lines produced in the termination shock are instead clearly visible in all conditions. We conclude that time-resolved, early-time spectroscopy is not a promising way in which the properties of the GRB progenitor wind can be routinely studied. Previous detections of high-velocity features in GRB ultraviolet spectra must have been either due to a superposition of a physically unrelated absorber or due to a progenitor star with very unusual properties.
Effects of solvent on polymer chain dimensions: a Born–Green–Yvon integral equation study

The equilibrium properties of a tangent-hard-sphere polymer chain with site diameter s in a hard-sphere . monomer solvent with monomer diameter Ds s are studied using the Born-Green-Yvon integral equation in conjunction with a two-site solvation potential. The solvation potential is constructed using low-density results for a hard-sphere trimer in a hard sphere solvent. The BGY equation has been solved for polymers of lengths up to 200 for a range of solvent densities. The theory accurately describes the compression of the average polymer dimensions with increasing solvent density. Scaling exponents relating the polymer dimensions to chain length and solvent density are also obtained. q 1998 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
The Microenvironment Matters: Estrogen Deficiency Fuels Cancer Bone Metastases

Factors released during osteoclastic bone resorption enhance disseminated breast cancer cell progression by stimulating invasiveness, growth and a bone-resorptive phenotype in cancer cells. Post-menopausal bone loss may accelerate progression of breast cancer growth in bone, explaining the anti-cancer benefit of the bone-specific anti-resorptive agent zoledronic acid in the post-menopausal setting.
Decorating catalytic palladium nanoparticles on carbon nanotubes in supercritical carbon dioxide

Hydrogen reduction of a Pd(II)-β-diketone precursor in supercritical carbon dioxide produces palladium nanoparticles on multi-walled carbon nanotubes that exhibit promising catalytic properties for hydrogenation of olefins in carbon dioxide as well as electro-reduction of oxygen in fuel cell applications.
Global social interactions with sequential binary decisions: the case of marriage, divorce, and stigma

This paper studies global social interactions in a stylized model of marriage and divorce with complementarities across agents. The key point of departure from traditional models of social interactions is that actions are interrelated and sequential. We establish existence and uniqueness results akin to those in traditional models. In contrast to these models, however, we show that the presence of strategic complementarities is no longer sufficient to generate a social multiplier that exceeds one in this environment. Self-fulfilling conformity, whereby a greater desire to conform at the individual level leads to greater homogeneity of choices in the aggregate, is not retained either. Some empirical implications are also discussed.
Regular Mesh Construction Algorithms using Regular Handles

This paper presents our recent theoretical results on high genus modeling. We introduce a new concept called regular handles. Using regular handles it is possible to increase genus without increasing the number of vertices. Using regular handles a wide variety of mesh structures can be constructed. One of the usages of regular handles is to construct families of regular meshes, which is useful to create a wide variety of high genus mesh structures.
Globalization and the sociology of Immanuel Wallerstein: A critical appraisal

By the turn of the 21st century the concept of globalization had earned its place in the social sciences and debate turned more squarely to the theoretical significance of globalization. Yet not all scholars were happy with the notion of globalization. Some claim that is merely a new name for earlier theories and concepts. Among those who reject new paradigmatic thinking on the current age is Immanuel Wallerstein, the world-renowned sociologist and ‘father’ of the
Critical current density in superconducting niobium films

We have measured the critical current at 4.2 K in Nb-strips of 1 μm thickness and different width, w, prepared by electron-beam vacuum-deposition. The substrate temperature during the deposition was varied between room temperature and 800°C. The width of the Nb strips ranged between 20 and 300 μm. Whereas up to 600°C the different substrate temperatures yielded about the same average critical current density, J c , (critical current divided by sample cross section) the specimens prepared with 800°C substrate temperature showed a reduction of J c by a factor of 4-6. In zero applied magnetic field the samples prepared with 400°C substrate temperature or lower showed a decrease of J c roughly proportional to w-1/2. Our critical current data obtained in an applied perpendicular field, for the high-field regime, were compared with Kramer's theory of flux pinning which assumes plastic shearing of the flux-line lattice around individual pinning sites during flux flow.
Concave majorants of random walks and related poisson processes

We offer a unified approach to the theory of concave majorants of random walks, by providing a path transformation for a walk of finite length that leaves the law of the walk unchanged whilst providing complete information about the concave majorant. This leads to a description of a walk of random geometric length as a Poisson point process of excursions away from its concave majorant, which is then used to find a complete description of the concave majorant of a walk of infinite length. In the case where subsets of increments may have the same arithmetic mean, we investigate three nested compositions that naturally arise from our construction of the concave majorant.
p53 and RB Expression Predict Progression in T1 Bladder Cancer

The optimal clinical management of minimally invasive (stage T1) bladder cancer is controversial. T1 bladder cancers share characteristics of both noninvasive (Ta) papillary cancer and high stage, muscle-invasive bladder cancers. Patients with T1 bladder cancer have a higher risk of cancer progression and death than do patients with Ta bladder cancer. However, this risk is much lower than that of patients with high-stage bladder cancers. Methods of identifying T1 bladder cancer patients at greatest risk for progression may significantly improve clinical management. We retrospectively evaluated two tumor suppressor genes, p53 and RB, as potential prognostic markers for progression in a cohort of 45 patients with pT1 bladder cancer. Median follow-up for these individuals was greater than 3.5 years. of this group, 58% had altered p53 expression based on positive p53 immunostaining. Three patterns for RB nuclear protein staining were observed: absent, heterogeneous (normal), and strongly homogeneous. Progression-free survival was similar for patients with loss of RB protein expression and those with apparent overexpression of RB protein. Therefore, both staining patterns were considered abnormal. Patients with normal expression of both proteins (i.e., p53 negative and RB heterogeneously positive) had an excellent outcome, with no patient showing disease progression, whereas patients with abnormal expression of either or both proteins had a significant increase in progression (P = 0.04 and P = 0.005, respectively). These data support the stratification of T1 bladder cancer patients based on p53 and RB nuclear protein status and suggest that patients with normal protein expression for both genes can be managed
Gauss-Green Theorem for Weakly Differentiable Vector Fields, Sets of Finite Perimeter, and Balance Laws

We analyze a class of weakly differentiable vector fields F W R N ! R N with the property that F 2 L 1 and div F is a (signed) Radon measure. These fields are called bounded divergence-measure fields. The primary focus of our inves- tigation is to introduce a suitable notion of the normal trace of any divergence- measure field F over the boundary of an arbitrary set of finite perimeter that en- sures the validity of the Gauss-Green theorem. To achieve this, we first establish a fundamental approximation theorem which states that, given a (signed) Radon measurethat is absolutely continuous with respect to H N � 1 on R N ,a ny set of finite perimeter can be approximated by a family of sets with smooth boundary essentially from the measure-theoretic interior of the set with respect to the mea- sure kk, the total variation measure. We employ this approximation theorem to derive the normal trace of F on the boundary of any set of finite perimeter E as the limit of the normal traces of F on the boundaries of the approximate sets with smooth boundary so that the Gauss-Green theorem for F holds onE. With these results, we analyze the Cauchy flux that is bounded by a nonnegative Radon measure over any oriented surface (i.e., an.N � 1/-dimensional surface that is a part of the boundary of a set of finite perimeter) and thereby develop a general mathematical formulation of the physical principle of the balance law through the Cauchy flux. Finally, we apply this framework to the derivation of systems of balance laws with measure-valued source terms from the formulation of the balance law. This framework also allows the recovery of Cauchy entropy flux through the Lax entropy inequality for entropy solutions of hyperbolic con- servation laws. c � 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Wire packing - a strong formulation of crosstalk-aware chip-level track/layer assignment with an efficient integer programming solution

By focusing on chip-wide slices of the global routing grid, making a few mild geometric assumptions about layer use, and suitably abstracting pin details, we derive an efficient integer linear programming formulation for track/layer assignment. The key technical insight is to model all constraints both geometric and crosstalk - as cliques in an appropriate conflict graph; these cliques can be extracted quickly from the interval structure of wires in a slice. We develop a "strong" linear relaxation of this problem that almost always yields the integral optimum; this solution gives us directly the maximum number of wires that can be packed legally without crosstalk risk. Experiments on synthetic netlists that match statistics of wire layouts from industrial 0.25-/spl mu/m designs demonstrate that we can pack 100-1000 wires optimally or, at worst, a very few overflows in seconds.
Transition-Metal-Free Acid-Mediated Synthesis of Aryl Sulfides from Thiols and Thioethers

The preparation of diaryl and alkyl aryl sulfides via acid-mediated coupling of thiols and thioethers with diaryliodonium salts is reported. The scope, limitations, and mechanism of the transformation are discussed.
Gamma-ray bursts – a puzzle being resolved ☆

Abstract For a few seconds a gamma-ray burst (GRB) becomes the brightest object in the universe, over-shining the rest of the universe combined! Clearly, this reflects extreme conditions that are fascinating and worth exploring. The recent discovery of GRB afterglow have demonstrated that we are on the right track towards the resolution of this long standing puzzle. These observations have confirmed the relativistic fireball model (more specifically the internal–external shocks model). The prompt optical emission seen in GRB 990123 have demonstrated that GRBs involve ultra-relativistic motion. The breaks in the light curves of GRB 990123 and GRB 990510 and the peculiar light curves of GRB 980519 and GRB 980326 disclosed that these GRBs are beamed. I examine these recent developments and discuss their implications to the models of the source. I argue that the current understanding implies that GRBs signal the birth of stellar mass black holes.
Organic Chemistry of Vitamin D Analogues (Deltanoids)

An increasing number of synthetic vitamin D analogues (deltanoids) are now being used as sensitive molecular biology probes and also as new drug candidates and new drugs for treatment of various human diseases. The design and stereocontrolled synthesis of such new deltanoids are guided by considering catabolism inhibition and by using large steroidal chirons and small steroid-derived chirons. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
Solvent-Free C-Benzoylation and N-Benzoylation Reactions Using Microwave Heating

Abstract An ecofriendly and efficient microwave-irradiated solvent-free benzoylation method was developed. The procedure for C-benzoylation used 50 mol% AlCl3 as a Lewis acid catalyst at 130 °C and was completed in 10 min. The isolated yield was between 71% and 100%. N-benzoylation was conducted in a catalyst-free environment at 130 °C in 10 min. The isolated yield was between 80% and 100%.
Using Higher-Order Logic Programming for Semantic Interpretation of Coordinate Constructs

Many theories of semantic interpretation use λ-term manipulation to compositionally compute the meaning of a sentence. These theories are usually implemented in a language such as Prolog that can simulate λ-term operations with first-order unification. However, for some interesting cases, such as a Combinatory Categorial Grammar account of coordination constructs, this can only be done by obscuring the underlying linguistic theory with the "tricks" needed for implementation. This paper shows how the use of abstract syntax permitted by higher-order logic programming allows an elegant implementation of the semantics of Combinatory Categorial Grammar, including its handling of coordination constructs.
Optical properties of 4248 IRAS galaxies

We have investigated optical properties of 4248 infrared galaxies (IRGs) by positionally matching data from the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the Sloan Digital Sky Survey Data Release 3 (SDSS DR3). As a result of the large sky area coverage of both surveys, we have obtained an opportunity to study an unprecedentedly large number of 4248 infrared galaxies spanning four orders of infrared luminosity range 10 9 L 8-1000 µm 10 13.57 L� . Our sample
On the DDVV conjecture and the comass in calibrated geometry (I)

In this paper, we proved the first non-trivial case of the DDVV conjecture. Namely, for all 3 × 3 matrices, the DDVV inequality is valid. We also classified all the minimal submanifolds for which the equality holds.
Wideband artificial magnetic conductors loaded with Non-Foster negative inductors

We examine how the bandwidth of artificial magnetic conductors (AMC) can be greatly increased when loaded with negative-inductance Non-Foster circuits. This increase in bandwidth is achieved by enhancing the structural inductance of the AMC by combining it in parallel with a negative inductance, thus achieving a bandwidth that exceeds what is possible with passive approaches. A prototype VHF-UHF active AMC was fabricated and measured which achieved a bandwidth greater than 80% at resonant frequency of 263 MHz.
Quantifying Bar Strength: Morphology Meets Methodology

A set of objective bar-classification methods have been applied to the Ohio State Bright Spiral Galaxy Survey (Eskridge et al. 2002). Bivariate comparisons between methods show that all methods agree in a statistical sense. Thus the distribution of bar strengths in a sample of galaxies can be robustly determined. There are very substantial outliers in all bivariate comparisons. Examination of the outliers reveals that the scatter in the bivariate comparisons correlates with galaxy morphology. Thus multiple measures of bar strength provide a means of studying the range of physical properties of galaxy bars in an objective statistical sense.
Particulate deposition from turbulent parallel streams

A theory is developed for the rate of particulate deposition from turbulent gas streams onto surfaces. Three characteristic times—the particle relaxation time, the turbulent fluctuation time, and the particle residence time—control the deposition mode. Two phenomena are primarily responsible for transport of the particles across the laminar sublayer and deposition: (1) the momentum imparted to the particle by the fluid turbulence; and (2) the thermospheresis caused by the temperature gradient near the wall. Interaction of the three characteristic times with these two phenomena is analyzed, and the particle deposition rate in turbulent pipe flow is computed. The findings are found to be in close agreement with available experimental data.
Dipole fringe field optics in TRANSPORT

Analytic solutions to the equations of motion of a charged particle through the extended fringing field of a dipole magnet are obtained in the formalism of the computer code TRANSPORT. They are represented by first-, second-, and third-order transfer matrices which contain integral form factors of the field. A straight inclined boundary is considered. >
Rational Curves of Degree 10 on a General Quintic Threefold

ABSTRACT We prove the “strong form” of the Clemens conjecture in degree 10. Namely, on a general quintic threefold F in ℙ 4 , there are only, finitely, many smooth rational curves of degree 10, and each curve C is embedded in F with normal bundle &#x1d4aa;(−1) ⊕ &#x1d4aa;(−1). Moreover, in degree 10, there are no singular, reduced, and irreducible rational curves, nor any reduced, reducible, and connected curves with rational components on F.
Palytoxin: an inexhaustible source of inspiration—personal perspective

Abstract A personal perspective is given on the research programs which have originated from, or are related to, the marine natural product palytoxin. The subjects discussed include: acyclic stereocontrol, Ni(II)/Cr(II)-mediated coupling reaction, stereochemical assignment via organic synthesis, universal NMR database, chiral NMR solvents, conformational analysis of C - and O -glycosides, diamond-lattice analysis, Type II O blood group determinant C - and O -trisaccharides, s MMP/ s MGP, and CH 2 -bridged Watson-Crick base-pair models.
Optimal sensor scheduling and remote estimation over an additive noise channel

We consider a sensor scheduling and remote estimation problem with one sensor and one estimator. At each time step, the sensor makes an observation on the state of a source, and then decides whether to transmit its observation to the estimator or not. The sensor is charged a cost for each transmission. The remote estimator generates a real-time estimate on the state of the source based on the messages received from the sensor. The estimator is charged for estimation error. As compared with previous works from the literature, we further assume that there is an additive communication channel noise. As a consequence, the sensor needs to encode the message before transmitting it to the estimator. For some specific distributions of the underlying random variables, we obtain the optimal solution to the problem of minimizing the expected value of the sum of communication cost and estimation cost over the time horizon.
A DESIGN PERSPECTIVE ON POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: THE FALLACIES OF MISPLACED PRESCRIPTION

Implementation has been used to try to explain too much, particularly that policy formulation should be oriented around implementation. The concentration on implementation has added little to our theoretical understanding of policymaking. Implementation studies have taken either “The Horrors of War” or “The Search for Theory” views. The latter has four major views, none of which is adequate. The best approach is to treat implementation as only one of a number of conditions which must be fulfilled for successful policymaking. The design perspection, explained in the paper, is the best approach for this.
High energy nuclear collisions: Theory overview

We review some basic concepts of relativistic heavy-ion physics and discuss our understanding of some key results from the experimental program at the relativistic heavy-ion collider (RHIC). We focus in particular on the early time dynamics of nuclear collisions, some result from lattice QCD, hard probes and photons.
Early experience of the SAO Satellite‐Tracking Program

When Fred L. Whipple of Harvard University assumed the directorship of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (SAO) in mid-1955, he proposed to the National Academy of Sciences and the National Science Foundation that the observatory be given responsibility for optical tracking of satellites during the IGY of 1957–1958. Several countries had expressed their intentions to launch satellites during the 18-month period to support research in ionospheric and upper atmospheric physics, including the effects of solar flares and solar radiation, and in geodesy and geophysics. On the basis of his experience at the Harvard College observatory with the Super-Schmidt cameras for meteor photography, Whipple was confident that optical tracking could provide a powerful means of monitoring satellite positions. The proposal was accepted in late 1955, and it was assumed that the total observing program would last only 18 months and would involve only a few satellites.
Ligand-free Heck reaction: Pd(OAc)2 as an active catalyst revisited

Palladium acetate was shown to be an extremely active catalyst for the Heck reaction of aryl bromides. Both the base and the solvent were found to have a fundamental influence on the efficiency of the reaction, with K3PO4 and N,N-dimethylacetamide being the optimal base and solvent, respectively.
Brain tumors in children

Childhood brain tumors are the leading cause of cancer-related morbidity and mortality in the pediatric years and differ from primary central nervous system tumors occurring in adults. Management strategies must take into account not only the tumor type, but the age of the patient and the likelihood of treatment-induced nervous system damage. With current means of treatment, most children older than 3 years can be effectively treated. Chemotherapy has taken on an increasing role in the treatment of childhood medulloblastomas, low-grade gliomas, and high-grade gliomas. Some tumor types, especially atypical teratoid tumors, brainstem gliomas, malignant gliomas, and malignant infantile tumors, remain significant therapeutic dilemmas.
Oxidation of esterified arachidonate by rat liver microsomes

Rat hepatic microsomal lipids were labeled with [U-14C]arachidonate and were then peroxidized by an NADPH-dependent iron pyrophosphate system. The extent of peroxidation was quantified by malondialdehyde production and arachidonate disappearance. Following peroxidation, the microsomes were centrifuged and the oxidation products were extracted from the supernatant. A linear correlation was found between malondialdehyde production and radioactivity in the supernatant. The pellet was treated with phospholipase A2 to cleave peroxidized products from the phospholipids. Exogenous phospholipase A2 activity was reduced by lipid peroxidation but this was overcome by using a high concentration of the enzyme along with the addition of melittin. The deesterified lipid products from the pellet were extracted and the fragments from the supernatant and the hydrolyzed pellet were separated by reverse-phase HPLC. Several different labeled polar products which coeluted with carbonyl-containing compounds (A285 and hydrazone formation) were found in both the supernatant and the pellet. In addition, many other carbonyl compounds were found which were not arachidonate-derived. The elution pattern of the fragments after 2 and 15 min of peroxidation were qualitatively identical; i.e., no product-precursor relationship was seen. This, along with the observation that peroxidation quickly ceased upon the rapid depletion of NADPH, suggests that propagation did not occur. Finally, the data indicate that cytochrome P-450 is not involved in microsomal lipid peroxidation since product formation is unaffected by the presence of carbon monoxide (80%) and no oxidation of phospholipid arachidonate occurs in the absence of iron.
Dynamics of Line-driven Winds from Disks in Cataclysmic Variables. I. Solution Topology and Wind Geometry

We analyze the dynamics of two-dimensional stationary, line-driven winds from accretion disks in cataclysmic variable stars. The driving force is that of line radiation pressure, in the formalism developed by Castor, Abbott, & Klein for O stars. Our main assumption is that wind helical streamlines lie on straight cones. We Ðnd that the Euler equation for the disk wind has two eigenvalues, the mass-loss rate and the Now-tilt angle with the disk. Both are calculated self-consistently. The wind is characterized by two distinct regions, an outer wind launched beyond four white dwarf radii from the rotation axis and an inner wind launched within this radius. The inner wind is very steep, up to 80i with the disk plane, while the outer wind has a typical tilt of 60i. In both cases, the wind cone dispersion is small because of a good alignment between the wind and the radiative Nux vectors from the disk. We, therefore, provide an insight into the formation of the biconical geometry of disk winds as suggested by observations and kinematical modeling. The wind collimation angle appears to be robust and depends on the disk tem- perature stratiÐcation only. The Now critical points lie high above the disk for the inner wind but close to the disk photosphere for the outer wind. Comparison with existing kinematical and dynamical models is provided. Mass-loss rates from the disk as well as wind velocity laws are discussed in the second paper in this series. Subject headings : accretion, accretion disks E novae, cataclysmic variables E stars : mass loss E stars : winds, outNows
The impact of research grant funding on scientific productivity

In this paper, we estimate the impact of receiving an NIH grant on subsequent publications and citations. Our sample consists of all applications (unsuccessful as well as successful) to the NIH from 1980 to 2000 for standard research grants (R01s). Both OLS and IV estimates show that receipt of an NIH research grant (worth roughly $1.7 million) leads to only one additional publication over the next five years, which corresponds to a 7 percent increase. The limited impact of NIH grants is consistent with a model in which the market for research funding is competitive, so that the loss of an NIH grant simply causes researchers to shift to another source of funding.
Diversity order gain with noisy feedback in multiple access channels

In this paper, we study the effect of feedback channel noise on the diversity-multiplexing tradeoff in multiuser MIMO systems using quantized feedback, where each user has m transmit antennas and the base-station receiver has n antennas. We derive an achievable tradeoff and use it to show that in SNR-symmetric channels, a single bit of imperfect feedback is sufficient to double the maximum diversity order to 2 mn compared to when there is no feedback (maximum is mn at multiplexing gain of zero). Further, additional feedback bits do not increase this maximum diversity order beyond 2 mn. Finally, the above diversity order gain of mn over non-feedback systems can also be achieved for higher multiplexing gains, albeit requiring more than one bit of feedback.
Feasibility of applying radio-acoustic techniques to non-line-of-sight sensing

Geophysicists measure the vertical temperature profile of the atmosphere by tracking the speed of propagation of acoustic waves with radar. A modification of this technique was investigated as having possible application to the detection of non-line-of-sight (NLOS) ground targets while maintaining a very low probability of intercept for the interrogating platform. Essentially, a radar may be made to look around corners. This article describes the feasibility, physical limitations, and possible methods to augment the performance of this novel technique whereby a vehicle can remain fully masked to one side by an obstacle while being able to use radar to look around the masking obstruction. Study results indicate that unaugmented NLOS sensing based on radio-acoustic detection principles is possible with detection probabilities exceeding 90%, but only for ranges of 30-50 m under ideal environmental conditions. This article identifies the primary limitations on range performance and shows that various enhancement techniques can drastically improve the performance of the radio-acoustic NLOS sensor, but not without platform covertness and mobility penalties.
Valuing Time and Reliability: Assessing the Evidence from Road Pricing Demonstrations

Abstract This paper compares results from evaluations of two recent road pricing demonstrations in southern California. These projects provide particularly useful opportunities for measuring commuters’ values of time and reliability. Unlike most revealed preference studies of value of time, the choice to pay to use the toll facilities in these demonstrations is relatively independent from other travel choices such as whether to use public transit. Unlike most stated preference studies, the scenarios presented in these surveys are real ones that travelers have faced or know about from media coverage. By combining revealed and stated preference data, some of the studies have obtained enough independent variation in variables to disentangle effects of cost, time, and reliability, while still grounding the results in real behavior. Both sets of studies find that the value of time saved on the morning commute is quite high (between $20 and $40 per hour) when based on revealed behavior, and less than half that amount when based on hypothetical behavior. When satisfactorily identified, reliability is also valued quite highly. There is substantial heterogeneity in these values across the population, but it is difficult to isolate its exact origins.