cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
D and D technology development program

This paper describes the content of the current program of work for the Deactivation and Decommissioning Focus Area (DDFA) located in the Office of Science and Technology (EM-50). The authors began using large-scale demonstration projects (LSDPs) in 1996 to demonstrate and test innovative decommissioning and decontamination (D and D) technologies in ongoing US Department of Energy (DOE) decommissioning projects. These LSDPs have been conducted in and are planned for different types of DOE facilities such as research and production reactors; highly enriched uranium, tritium, and plutonium processing facilities; fuel reprocessing canyons; weapons production facilities; gaseous diffusion plants; hot cells; and waste processing facilities. The concept has been to focus on addressing DOE`s high-priority deactivation and decommissioning needs through the LSDP strategy. In an LSDP, the focus area demonstrates improved technologies side by side with the current baseline technologies in ongoing site decommissioning projects. This approach helps reduce the risk and liability for the DOE users associated with the first-time use of a technology and promotes creative solutions that expand the D and D tool box beyond standard practices and technologies along with other benefits. As of January 1998, more than 50 technologies have been demonstrated covering the areas of characterization,more » decontamination, dismantlement, waste disposition, stabilization, and health and safety.« less
Automatic extraction of function bodies from software binaries

This paper describes a method for automatically extracting function bodies from linked software binaries. It utilizes procedure-calling conventions along with limited control and data flow information. It has been tested with the TI C6000 DSP processor platform. Results are reported on eight benchmarks for which our algorithm successfully identifies all functions. It identifies 198% more functions than by the use procedure calling conventions alone.
Numerical Simulations on Two Nonlinear Biharmonic Evolution Equations

We numerically simulate the following two nonlinear evolution equations with a fourth-order (biharmonic) leading term: and with an initial value and a Dirichlet boundary conditions. We use a bivariate spline space like finite element method to solve these equations. We discuss the convergence of our numerical scheme and present several numerical experiments under different boundary conditions and different domains in the bivariate setting.
Role of taurine in furazolidone-induced cardiomyopathy.

1. Taurine levels were determined in the heart, brain, and red and white muscle of turkey poults fed furazolidone (FZ) at a dose of 700 ppm from 2 to 5 weeks of age and/or 0.1 M taurine from 1 to 5 weeks of age. 2. In FZ-fed poults, taurine levels in the myocardium decreased significantly (P < 0.001), but not in brain or muscle indicating a specific effect of FZ on the heart. 3. Exogenous administration of taurine significantly (P < 0.001) increased taurine content of brain and muscle in all poults. 4. Myocardial taurine levels were significantly elevated (P < 0.01) in poults fed a normal ration, but not in those fed FZ. 5. Although taurine treatment restored myocardial taurine to normal levels in the FZ-fed poults, the treatment did not decrease the incidence of FZ-induced cardioyopathy. 6. Since taurine is a membrane stabilizer and protects against calcium overload, our data suggests that sarcolemmal damage leading to tissue calcium overload is not the mechanism of the furazolidone-mediated syndrome.
NEUROPATHOLOGY OF CARDIAC TRANSPLANTATION Survey of 31 Cases

Abstract The neuropathology of 31 cases of cardiac transplantation is reported. Lesions were found in the central nervous system of 18 cases, and were infectious, vascular, or neoplastic in nature. Fungal meningoencephalitis or abscess formation was found in 5 patients as part of a disseminated fungal infection. Aspergillus was the organism in 3 instances, and Candida or Mucormyces in 1 each. In 10 cases, disseminated microglial nodules were found in the brain in association with intranuclear inclusions suggestive of herpesvirus in the lungs. In two instances, large amphophilic intranuclear inclusions were found in neurons, and an antemortem rise in cytomegalovirus serology titre was demonstrated in two cases. The presence of widespread microglial nodules was interpreted as suggestive of viral encephalitis, with cytomegalovirus as the probable prevailing agent. In 1 case, Toxoplasma organisms were also demonstrated. Vascular lesions were seen in 5 cases, which included thrombotic embolisation in the middle cerebral artery in 1 case and multiple cerebral fat emboli in another. 1 patient had a reticulum-cell sarcoma-microglioma in the cerebellum, associated with a similar neoplastic lesion in one lung eight months after cardiac transplantation.
Search Breadth & Depth: Effects of Process Heterogeneity & Productivity Growth on Innovation

‘Open innovation’ search strategies enable firms to identify and exploit knowledge that can lead to process innovations. Firms utilize search breadth strategies to integrate knowledge from diverse sources and/or search depth strategies to intensively seek knowledge from select sources. Using archival and survey data from 505 manufacturing firms, we find that search breadth is negatively related to process innovation outcomes and that search depth is positively related to such outcomes. The impacts of search breadth and search depth on process innovation are contingent on industry conditions. In industries characterized by process heterogeneity, firms with higher levels of search breadth have more process innovations. In industries characterized by high levels of productivity growth, firms with higher levels of search depth have more process innovations.
19F-Encoded Combinatorial Libraries: Discovery of Selective Metal Binding and Catalytic Peptoids

A 19F NMR method for encoding of combinatorial libraries has been developed. Aryl fluorides whose chemical shifts are modified by aromatic substituents were prepared and attached to resin support beads that were used in the split-pool synthesis of peptoids. The detection of the 19F NMR signal of tags derived from a single “big bead” was demonstrated. The library diversity arises from peptoid amines and the cyclic anhydrides used in their acylation. The resulting 90-compound library was examined for metal ion binding, and novel ligands for iron and copper were discovered. Their binding constants were determined to be in the low micromolar range using conventional methods. The library was also examined for autocatalysis of acylation, and a molecule possessing the catalytic triad of serine proteases was deduced.
Journalism in Central Asia: A Victim of Politics, Economics, and Widespread Self-censorship

Significant efforts to develop an independent journalism have stumbled badly in Central Asia, where politics, economics and the unforeseen consequence of widespread self-censorship have derailed development of a Western-style media and the democracy it serves. What is worse, from Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan, prospects for developing a believable, fact-based journalism look grim. Much of this trouble can be laid at the doorstep of self-censorship, which flourishes across the region with uncommon vigor. Central Asian journalism is in worse shape than the rest of the post-Communist world, largely because the socioeconomic and political situations in this relatively remote region remain in flux from a backwardness that modernity is only of late and slowly affecting. One of the most confounding elements that stymie the evolution of Central Asia journalism is a culture that drives the new post-Communist institutions and the mentalities of the region's sociopolitical, economic, and cultural elites. Consequently, th...
Identification of a novel apical sorting motif and mechanism of targeting of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.

Abstract Previous studies have shown that the M2 receptor is localized at steady state to the apical domain in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells. In this study, we identify the molecular determinants governing the localization and the route of apical delivery of the M2 receptor. First, by confocal analysis of a transiently transfected glycosylation mutant in which the three putative glycosylation sites were mutated, we determined that N-glycans are not necessary for the apical targeting of the M2 receptor. Next, using a chimeric receptor strategy, we found that two independent sequences within the M2 third intracellular loop can confer apical targeting to the basolaterally targeted M4 receptor, Val270-Lys280 and Lys280-Ser350. Experiments using Triton X-100 extraction followed by OptiPrep™ density gradient centrifugation and cholera toxin β-subunit-induced patching demonstrate that apical targeting is not because of association with lipid rafts. 35S-Metabolic labeling experiments with domain-specific surface biotinylation as well as immunocytochemical analysis of the time course of surface appearance of newly transfected confluent MDCK cells expressing FLAG-M2-GFP demonstrate that the M2 receptor achieves its apical localization after first appearing on the basolateral domain. Domain-specific application of tannic acid of newly transfected cells indicates that initial basolateral plasma membrane expression is required for subsequent apical localization. This is the first demonstration that a G-protein-coupled receptor achieves its apical localization in MDCK cells via transcytosis.
Allogeneic bone marrow transplant improves outcome for juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia.

Objective: To correlate clinical presentation and therapeutic outcomes in children with a diagnosis of juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia. Methods: The medical records of 14 children who fulfilled the International Juvenile Myelomonocytic Leukaemia Working Group Criteria for a diagnosis of juvenile myelomonocytic leukaemia (JMML) presenting to a single institution were reviewed, and their clinical status at September 2000 was documented. Results: The most common presenting features were hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. Fifty per cent of cases presented in the first year of life. Nine of 14 patients initially received chemotherapy otherwise used in the treatment of acute myeloid or lymphoblastic leukaemia with no apparent benefit. All six patients who received conditioning therapy with chemotherapy alone, followed by allogeneic bone marrow transplant (BMT), are in complete remission at a median follow-up duration of 12 months (range 5–91 months). Five of six patients surviving post-allogeneic BMT received marrow from an unrelated donor. Only one of seven patients who did not receive BMT survived long-term. Conclusion: Children with a diagnosis of JMML should be treated with allogeneic BMT as soon as a suitable donor is found. The role of anti-leukaemic therapy in this disease, prior to BMT, requires further investigation in the context of a multicentre clinical trial.
Theoretical and experimental studies of water complexes of p- and o-aminobenzoic acid.

We report studies of supersonically cooled water complexes of p- and o-aminobenzoic acid with one or two water molecules using two-color resonantly enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) spectroscopy. Density functional theory calculations are carried out to identify structural minima of water complexes in the ground state. According to the calculation, water molecules are bound to both the CO and -OH groups to form a cyclic hydrogen-bond network in the most stable isomer. Vibrational frequency calculations for the first electronically excited state of the most stable isomer agree well with the experimental observation. On the basis of this agreement, we believe that only one isomer exists in our molecular beam. The frequency shifts of a few normal modes caused by the water molecules further confirm the site of water addition. A surprising observation is that, for OABA(H2O)n complexes, abundant intermolecular vibrational modes are clearly observable in the REMPI spectra, while for PABA(H2O)n complexes, t...
Of Looking Glasses, Mirror Neurons, Culture, and Meaning

“Mirror neurons” describe complementary affective neural activity that occurs in the brains of two different primates because they are both doing or observing the same action. Empathy, sympathy, and other emotional responses involving “taking the role of the other” are inferred to be the consequence of these emotional capacities. Mirror neurons were first described in the 1980s using the results of brain imaging studies. But, a similar conclusion about “mirroring capacity” is also reflected in over one hundred years of observational research in sociology. Early sociologists described how the social order is maintained and reproduced using the concept of the “looking glass self” which they view as an entity that exists between the biological being and a social being.
Racial Differences in the Risk of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome in Relation to Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid, Fetal Distress and Prolonged Labor

Racial Differences in the Risk of Meconium Aspiration Syndrome in Relation to Meconium Stained Amniotic Fluid, Fetal Distress and Prolonged Labor
Dynamic Franz–Keldysh effect:?excitonic versus free-carrier excitation schemes

We theoretically investigate the dynamic Franz–Keldysh effect for subpicosecond optical pulses on quantum wells as a function of detuning from the bandgap. For specific spectral excitation regimes we find dramatic nonlinear enhancement effects that are due to the preferential creation of terahertz- (THz-) field-driven propagating excitons and free electron–hole pairs in the THz and the optical domains, respectively. Our results explain why previous measurements of THz sidebands in the optical domain were so weak; we suggest and demonstrate a remarkably better experiment.
Mechanisms of Disease: the genetic basis of coronary heart disease

Since completion of the human genome sequence, considerable progress has been made in determining the genetic basis of human diseases. Understanding the genetic basis of coronary heart disease (CHD), the leading cause of mortality in developed countries, is a priority. Here we provide an update on the genetic basis of CHD, focusing mainly on the clinical manifestations rather than the risk factors, most of which are heritable and also influenced by genetic factors. The challenges faced when identifying clinically relevant genetic determinants of CHD include phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity, and gene-gene and gene-environment interactions. In addition, the etiologic spectrum includes common genetic variants with small effects, as well as rare genetic variants with large effects. Advances such as the cataloging of human genetic variation, new statistical approaches for analyzing massive amounts of genetic data, and the development of high-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping platforms, will increase the likelihood of success in the search for genetic determinants of CHD. Such knowledge could refine cardiovascular risk stratification and facilitate the development of new therapies.
Comparison among gluten, maltodextrin, and soybean oil coatings as flavor carriers on pita chips.

Dietary health concerns of consumers have prompted manufacturers to produce snacks with lower fat content. Reduced fat products need additional ingredients to compensate for flavor loss. Gluten and maltodextrin coatings were compared with soybean oil as a carrier of cheese powder on pita chips. Coated pita chips were packaged with or without nitrogen and stored at 33C and 50% humidity for 60 days. Physical, chemical, microbiological, and sensory properties of the chips were evaluated. Saturation index and hue angle were significantly different at 30 and 60 days for all treatments. Instrumental texture analysis was inconclusive due to high standard deviations. Peroxide value for oil-coated chips increased significantly over time. Consumer acceptance testing indicated a stronger cheese flavor for maltodextrin and gluten treatments compared with oil. No off-flavors were detected from any chips. Microbial counts were low and did not differ significantly among treatments. Gluten and maltodextrin coatings may be alternative flavor carriers to oil for reduced fat content in snack foods.
Internal states on equality algebras

This paper investigates properties of equality algebras introduced by Jenei as a possible algebraic semantic for fuzzy type theory. We define and study the pointed equality algebras and its subclass of compatible pointed equality algebras. We introduce and investigate the internal states and the state-morphism operators on equality algebras and on their corresponding BCK-meet-semilattices. We prove that any internal state (state-morphism) on an equality algebra is also an internal state (state-morphism) on its corresponding BCK-meet-semilattice, and we prove the converse for the case of linearly ordered equality algebras. Another main result consists of proving that any state-morphism on a linearly ordered equality algebra is an internal state on it. We show that any internal state on a linearly ordered BCK-meet-semilattice satisfying the distributivity condition is also an internal state on its corresponding equality algebra and a state-morphism on a BCK-meet-semilattice satisfying the distributivity condition is also a state-morphism on its corresponding equality algebra.
Müllerian inhibiting substance blocks autophosphorylation of the EGF receptor by inhibiting tyrosine kinase.

Abstract The fetal regressor Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), in concentrations as low as picomolar, inhibited the growth of A-431 cells and the autophosphorylation of its epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor. The inhibition of membrane phosphorylation was due neither to the reduction of the total number of EGF receptor binding sites, nor to stimulation of intrinsic phosphatases, but rather to inhibition of tyrosine kinase activity. MIS control of EGF receptor autophosphorylation by tyrosine kinase may be one mechanism by which Mullerian duct regression in the embryo and the inhibition of A-431 proliferation is initiated. In addition, MIS as an inhibitor of phosphorylation may furnish a tool to probe the role of membrane phosphorylation in growth control.
The use of the reno 100 magnetic field program for inductance calculation in three-phase systems

The inductance of one phase conductor of a three-phase supply system is expressed as the mutual inductance between loops formed of this phase and the two other phases then this mutual inductance is calculated as the flux cross-section is divided into small sections for which the flux is computed as flux density in the center of the section times area of the section. The flux density is calculated as by the RENO 100 program. This RENO 100 is transformed into the RENO 400 by sifting out the geometry of the source loop and the field-loop into subroutines. Truncated parts of the field loop require another (truncation) subroutine. As a typical example the inductance of a phase of a three phase busbar system supplying an arc furnace in a steel-work is given.
Mechanisms for Metal-Nonmental Transitions in Transition-Metal Oxides and Sulfides

Transition-metal oxides and sulfides can be insulators, semiconductors, or metals, or undergo metal-nonmetal transitions. The experimental situation in these materials is briefly reviewed. Pure Bloch-Wilson theory predicts that many of the insulators should be metallic, so this class cannot be explained in terms of pure band theory. However, it now appears likely that band theory can be adapted to describe most of the materials that exhibit metal-nonmetal transitions.
Commentary : reducing inequalities in child obesity in developed nations : what do we know? what can we do?

Abstract Inequalities in child obesity within and among nations result from unequal distribution of resources and environments that prevent unhealthy weight gain—healthy food, opportunities for physical activity, primary and preventive health care, and protection from stressors. While some developed nations have recently slowed the increase in child obesity, none has successfully reversed the growing concentration of child obesity among the poor and disadvantaged. This commentary reviews the evidence on patterns and causes of unequal distribution of child obesity in developed nations and analyzes the implications for the development of interventions to reduce these inequalities.
Self-monitoring training: Effects on reactivity and accuracy of self-observation

Fifty-two volunteer subjects were randomly assigned to one of the following conditions: (a) self-monitoring training, (b) other-monitoring training, (c) selfmonitoring control, and (d) other-monitoring control. Following a pretreatment manipulation of valence, all subjects were asked to self-monitor the number of “Ahs” and “third-person pronouns” (TPPs) emitted during three unobtrusively recorded public speeches. While both training groups became significantly more accurate (p
Saline cathartics and the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal for aspirin

The influence of three saline cathartics and tap water on the adsorption characteristics of activated charcoal for aspirin was studied with adsorption isotherms. Compared with distilled water, the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal for aspirin was not significantly altered by magnesium sulfate, sodium sulfate, or tap water. Pretreating activated charcoal with magnesium citrate reduced the adsorptive capacity of activated charcoal by 15% ( P
Some techniques to establish the characteristic curve for microcrack growth in brittle laminated materials

Abstract A probabilistic-analytical method, called the “Characteristic Curve Method (CCM)”, is introduced to correlate the initial defects and the microcrack density evolution. Some techniques to establish the characteristic curve for microcrack growth are discussed. The microcrack initiation point has a significant effect on the characteristic curve; they should be excluded from the characteristic curve. However, the microcrack saturation point is found to have little effect on the characteristic curve for microcrack growth. Finally, some characteristic curves for microcrack growth of different laminated materials are established and compared.
Filamentous sulfide-oxidizing bacteria at hydrocarbon seeps of the Gulf of Mexico.

Mats consisting of the large sulfide-oxidizing bacterium, Beggiatoa, were collected from the sediment/water interface at several locations in the Gulf of Mexico. The collection sites were associated with the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons or the microbial breakdown products of the hydrocarbons. The morphologies of the mats varied with the nature of the underlying sediments, and some mats were pigmented either yellow or orange instead of the usual white. At one site, beggiatoas were found that had a diameter of nearly 200 μm, making them the largest prokaryotic organism known. In filaments with a diameter of over approximately 10 μm the cytoplasm was restricted to a thin layer immediately underlying the cell membrane, and the majority of the cell consisted of a vacuole with unknown contents. Beggiatoa filaments often rotated as they moved by gliding. Parallel rows of 15 nm diameter pores were found on the surface of the beggiatoas. The pores may have been wound in a spiral fashion around the cell. These pores may be involved in the gliding motility of the bacteria by the motion imparted by the excretion of slime through the pores. Several structures with the typical morphology of prokaryotic cells but lacking a cell wall were found within the vacuolar and cytoplasmic portions of the hollow beggiatoas. Some of these internal “symbionts” ultrastructurally resembled methanotrophic bacteria like those that have been seen in animals taken from vent areas. Other symbionts ultrastructurally resembled autotrophic bacteria with carboxysome-like structures. These internal symbionts may enable the Beggiatoa to grow in different environments on different carbon sources. They also provide important evidence for the endosymbiotic theory of the evolution of internal organelles of eukaryotic organisms. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Task and gang labor: Work patterns at a Kentucky plantation

Labor was a central part of the African-American slave experience. This article examines labor organization on Southern antebellum plantations and explores models typically used by scholars for reconstructing and interpreting work patterns. The purpose is to reconstruct the labor organization system at Locust Grove, a plantation near Louisville, Kentucky, utilizing archaeologically derived data. Ceramics and faunal analyses were completed because both have been suggested as possible indicators of plantation labor systems.
Open Elbow Contracture Release: Postoperative Management With and Without Continuous Passive Motion

Purpose Surgical contracture release can restore motion to stiff elbows. Some authors suggest that use of continuous passive motion (CPM) in postoperative management can increase ultimate mobility. This study tests the null hypothesis that there is no difference in the arc of flexion and extension between patients who used CPM and those who did not use CPM after open elbow contracture release. Methods Sixteen patients who had an arc of flexion and extension of less than 80° and used CPM after open contracture release were matched based on age, gender, diagnosis, preoperative arc of flexion and extension, and radiographic appearance (joint congruity, heterotopic bone, and arthritis) to 16 control patients who did not use CPM. Stiffness was of posttraumatic origin in 24 patients, related to primary osteoarthrosis in 4 patients, and related to heterotopic ossification after central nervous system injury or burns in 4 patients. The preoperative arc of flexion and extension averaged 38° in the CPM cohort and 42° in the no-CPM cohort. Results Subsequent surgeries included procedures to address residual stiffness in 1 patient in the CPM cohort and in 3 patients in the no-CPM cohort. At an average 6 months of follow-up, there was no difference in improvement in the arc of flexion and extension (58° vs 61°) between the CPM and no-CPM cohorts. At the final evaluation, the improvement in arc of flexion and extension (59° in both cohorts) and the final arc of flexion and extension (96° vs 101°) were comparable between cohorts. Conclusions These matched retrospective data do not demonstrate a benefit of CPM in the postoperative management of elbow contracture release. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
EVALUATING THE AWARE INVENTORY AS A MEASURE OF RELATIONSHIP FACTORS AMONG A SAMPLE OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS

The Awareness of Attitudes and Relationship Expectations (AWARE) Inventory was administered to 160 high school students in Wyoming. Factor analysis showed the inventory did not have the expected 11...
Disorder-induced polaritons

Abstract We consider phonon polariton states which may arise in disordered dielectrics due to a random light-phonon coupling. We show that these states can be described within the model of disorder-induced crossing resonance (DICR). The dispersion laws and relaxation rates of these states have been explored. Polaritons are shown to be good candidates for the experimental observation of the effects of DICR.
The case of the sinister spores: the patient was hospitalized for a menacing infection in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Conclusions The patient was given a diagnosis of disseminated coccidioidomycosis with meningitis, although she had not visited geographical areas traditionally known to be endemic for the infection, including California’s San Joaquin Valley. At 16 weeks’ gestation, she was transferred to our medical center and treated with intravenous amphotericin B, intrathecal amphotericin B, and intrathecal hydrocortisone. An obstetric ultrasound revealed an appropriately grown fetus. Both the anatomical survey and amniotic fluid volume were normal. Approximately 10 days after beginning treatment, the patient had daily vaginal spotting for 3 days. Fetal heart tones were obtained via ultrasound. At 17 weeks’ gestation, she reported leakage of fluid, and a sterile speculum examination confirmed preterm premature rupture of membranes. The patient was counseled and chose termination of pregnancy. She delivered a nonviable female infant and an intact placenta. On review of placental pathology, the fetal portion showed evidence of infection with coccidioidomycosis (Figure). Gross examination of the fetus did not show any signs of infection. Coccidioidomycosis is caused by Coccidioides immitis or C posadasii, fungi endemic to the southwestern desert regions of the United States. Spores enter the body through the lungs. Although most people with coccidioidomycosis are asymptomatic, a wide range of symptoms can develop, depending on the extent of disease. Common early symptoms include cough, fever, and arthralgias. Disseminated disease can be marked by skin manifestations, such as erythema nodosum, and joint swelling and stiffness; the most serious development is coccidioidomycosis meningitis. 1 Immunocompromised individuals, such as those with diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus, cancer, or a history of organ transplant are at higher risk for developing a serious infection from Coccidioides species. Pregnant women are also at increased risk beginning in the second trimester, with the risk increasing throughout the remaining weeks of gestation. 2 Certain groups, including African Americans, Filipinos, and Hispanics, are known to be at higher risk for more severe forms of infection. 3 Our patient had 2 risk factors, making her more susceptible to dangerous disease. f
Complex formation of cytochrome P450cam with Putidaredoxin. Evidence for protein-specific interactions involving the proximal thiolate ligand.

We have performed resonance Raman studies on ferrous NO- and CO-adducts of cytochrome P450cam and investigated the effects of diprotein complex formation with reduced putidaredoxin. We have found that the Fe-NO stretching mode of NO-P450cam can be resolved into two peaks at 551 and 561 cm−1, and the binding of putidaredoxin increases the intensity of the high frequency component. Because the Fe-NO mode has been shown to be more sensitive to the nature of the heme proximal ligand than to the distal pocket environment, such a perturbation upon putidaredoxin binding is suggestive of changes in conformation or electronic structure that affect the proximal iron-cysteine bond. In accordance with this idea, the isotope shifts for the Fe-XO stretching and Fe-X–O bending modes (X = N or C) are insensitive to the presence or absence of putidaredoxin, indicating that the geometry of the Fe-X–O unit is not significantly altered by the complex formation. On the other hand, complex formation does induce a perturbation of the low frequency heme vibrational modes, suggesting that alterations of the heme electronic structure and/or geometry take place when putidaredoxin binds. We also find that cytochromeb5 minimally affects the heme active site of the enzyme, although both putidaredoxin and cytochromeb5 bind to the same or similar site on P450cam. These observations suggest that there is a key specific interaction between P450cam and putidaredoxin, and that this interaction increases the population of a protein conformation that exhibits structural and/or electronic distortions of the heme group associated with the proximal side of the heme pocket and the S → Fe electron donation. These electronic and structural changes are potentially correlated with H-bonding to the proximal cysteine.
T-cell Activation: The Power of One

Adaptive immunity depends on antigen-specific activation of resting lymphocytes. Using high-resolution live-cell imaging, a single ligand has been found to trigger a biochemical response in T cells. On the basis of this and other recent findings, a 'pseudodimer' with one foreign- and one self-antigen-engaged receptor linked via a CD4 molecule has been proposed as the fundamental unit of effective T-cell signaling.
Assay of l-3-hydroxyacyl-coenzyme A dehydrogenase with substrates of different chain lengths

A method for assaying L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.35) which permits rate measurements with L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA substrates of various chain lengths at physiological pH is described. The method is based on a coupled assay system in which 3-ketoacyl-CoA compounds formed by the dehydrogenase are cleaved by 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolase (EC 2.3.1.16) in the presence of CoASH. The advantages of this assay method are its irreversibility and elimination of product inhibition. The assay procedure was used to determine the kinetic parameters (Km, Vmax) of pig heart L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase with several substrates of various chain lengths. The data obtained show the enzyme to be most active with medium-chain substrates whereas Km values for medium-chain and long-chain substrates are almost equal but much lower than those previously reported.
Genetic Linkage of the Dentinogenesis Imperfecta Type III Locus to Chromosome 4q

Dentinogenesis imperfecta type III (DGI-III) is an autosomal-dominant disorder of dentin formation which appears in a tri-racial southern Maryland population known as the "Brandywine isolate". This disease has suggestive evidence of linkage to the long arm of human chromosome 4 (LOD score of 2.0) in a family presenting with both juvenile periodontitis and DGI-III. The purpose of this study was to screen a family presenting with only DGI-III to determine if this locus was indeed on chromosome 4q. Furthermore, we wanted to determine if DGI-III co-localized with dentinogenesis imperfecta type II (DGI-II), which has been localized to 4q21-q23. Therefore, a large kindred from the Brandywine isolate was identified, oral examination performed, and blood samples collected from 21 family members. DNA from this family was genotyped with 6 highly polymorphic markers that span the DGI-II critical region of chromosome 4q. Analysis of the data yielded a maximum two-point LOD score of 4.87 with a marker for the dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) locus, a gene contained in the critical region for DGI-II. Our results demonstrated that the DGI-III locus is on human chromosome 4q21 within a 6.6 cM region that overlaps the DGI-II critical region. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that DGI-II is either an allelic variant of DGI-III or the result of mutations in two tightly linked genes.
Criticism of the DSM-V risk syndrome: A rebuttal

Anthony David (2011this issue) articulates cogent concerns regarding the risk syndrome being considered for DSM-V. In this commentary I will offer a different perspective in general, address a misc...
The Influence of Theology on the Rhetorical Theory of Austin Phelps

Studies in the history of rhetoric can be enriched by paying more attention to the relationship between theological belief and rhetorical theory. This article describes ways in which theology shaped the rhetorical theory of Austin Phelps (1820–1890), the fifth Bartlet professor of sacred rhetoric at Andover Theological Seminary, America's first graduate school of theology and a premiere institution for rhetorical education during the nineteenth century.
Structure and sequence elements of the CR4/5 domain of medaka telomerase RNA important for telomerase function

Telomerase is a unique reverse transcriptase that maintains the 3' ends of eukaryotic chromosomes by adding tandem telomeric repeats. The RNA subunit (TR) of vertebrate telomerase provides a template for reverse transcription, contained within the conserved template/pseudoknot domain, and a conserved regions 4 and 5 (CR4/5) domain, all essential for catalytic activity. We report the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) solution structure of the full-length CR4/5 domain from the teleost fish medaka (Oryzias latipes). Three helices emanate from a structured internal loop, forming a Y-shaped structure, where helix P6 stacks on P5 and helix P6.1 points away from P6. The relative orientations of the three helices are Mg2+ dependent and dynamic. Although the three-way junction is structured and has unexpected base pairs, telomerase activity assays with nucleotide substitutions and deletions in CR4/5 indicate that none of these are essential for activity. The results suggest that the junction is likely to change conformation in complex with telomerase reverse transcriptase and that it provides a flexible scaffold that allows P6 and P6.1 to correctly fold and interact with telomerase reverse transcriptase.
A four base pair deletion 5′ to the AγT gene is associated not only with decreased expression of the AγT-globin gene, but also of the Gγ-globin gene in cis

A four base pair deletion 5' to A gamma T-globin gene at positions -222 to -225 has been reported to reduce the expression of this gene. To evaluate the prevalence and effect of this deletion, PCR-based methods were employed. The deletion had a gene frequency of 0.06 in a sample of African-American individuals with sickle cell trait, 0.18 in adult African-Americans with normal Hb AA, and 0.36 in caucasians. Seventy cord blood samples from African-American newborns with Hb AA were evaluated by both HPLC and PCR. The frequency of the A gamma T allele was 0.13. The A gamma T-globin chain was always present in a lower proportion than the A gamma I allele (70% of A gamma I), but the percentage of A gamma-globin was the same whether or not A gamma T was present. The total percentage of Hb F, however, was significantly lower in the group with the A gamma T allele (77.1% vs. 87.4%, P < 0.01). These results indicate that the four base pair deletion is not only associated with reduced expression of the A gamma T allele, but also of the G gamma allele in cis, further suggesting a possible role of this region in the modulation of the expression of the linked gamma-globin genes.
Application of linear elastic fracture mechanics to the quantitative evaluation of fluid-inclusion decrepitation

Linear elastic fracture mechanics quantitatively relates the driving stress of fracture propagation to the material properties of the fractured solid and may be used to model the decrepitation (fracturing) of fluid inclusions under the influence of internal pressure. Existing experimental data on decrepitation can be explained by the methods of fracture mechanics. The decrepitation pressure vs. size relation may therefore be predicted for fluid inclusions in minerals that have not been the subject of quantitative decrepitation studies. It may be possible to determine the fracture toughness of minerals by decrepitation studies utilizing synthetic fluid inclusions.
Effect of vasopressin on mesenteric blood flow determined by the clearance of radioxenon.

Abstract Tissue blood flow in the canine jejunum may be measured by following the clearance of parenchymally injected 133Xe. This technique was utilized to measure the effects on tissue perfusion of variations in SMA flow produced by infusions of the posterior pituitary hormone vasopressin. In response to increasing rates of vasopressin, SMA flow declined an average of 61.06% and then returned slightly towards base levels. At each infusion rate, washout functions were recorded following 133Xe injections into the submucosa or muscularis. T 1 2 for 133Xe clearance calculated for each infusion rate was found to be low, suggesting a maintenance of tissue perfusion despite reduction in SMA flow. These results are consistent with previous studies which indicate that SMA flow must decline almost 80% to result in decreased submucosal perfusion and thus delayed isotopic washout. The reduction in mesenteric blood accompanying maximum vasopressin infusion does not decrease tissue perfusion sufficiently to compromise bowel viability.
Tissue Culture Techniques in the Study of Cell Photobiology and Phototoxicity

Tissue culture monolayers exposed to 13 photosensitizing compounds demonstrated a phototoxic effect resulting in death of the cells when exposed to either broad spectrum or monochromatic ultraviolet or visible light of appropriate wavelength. Drug alone, light alone, and 2 non-photosensitizing chemicals with the light induced no such effect. The monolayer was damaged in six hours and destroyed within 24 hours. With chloroquin and quinacrine the reaction was delayed until 48 hours. The technique is sensitive to 8-methoxypsoralen in concentrations as dilute as 1: 100,000. It provides a versatile arid sensitive system for photobiologic experiments.
Free Banking and Monetary Control

Despite growing interest in competitive payments systems and the continuing progress of bank deregulation, relatively little is known about the macroeconomic implications of completely unregulated or 'free' banking. Its advocates view free banking, where competing banks freely issue monetary liabilities redeemable in base money,1 as a means for 'depoliticising' the money stock by replacing public holdings of government money with private bank money while limiting changes in the monetary base. Such a programme begs many crucial questions. How would the (unregulated) stock of bank money be determined? Would free banking enhance or reduce macroeconomic stability compared to regulated banking? What implications would free banking have for the proper conduct of monetary policy? Lawrence H. White (i 984, ch. I) employs a model of a free banking system to answer some of these questions. However, because it concerns free banklng as practised in Scotland in the nineteenth century, White's model assumes an open economy operating in an international gold standard, where the price level is given and there is no such thing as monetary policy in its modern sense. Were free banking to reemerge today, it would probably be based, not on a gold standard, but on irredeemable paper ('fiat') base money issued by a former or extant central bank. Under this form of free banking, the price level is no longer given, and conventional monetary policy questions remain relevant. In particular, would free banking on a fiat standard simplify or complicate the control of nominal variables, including the price level and nominal income? Would it be easier or more difficult to adhere to a simple monetary rule? What would happen if the stock of base money were frozen as a means for ruling out discretion altogether? Answers to such questions require an analysis of determinants of the money stock in a closed free banking system with a centrally-determined stock of base money. Here I offer some preliminary answers based upon Carl Christ's (i 989) formal interpretation of Selgin (I988). The features of free banking stressed here because they bear most on questions of monetary control include (i) the freedom of banks to issue notes as well as deposits, where banknotes are a more
Effects of dopaminergic agents on eye tracking before and after repeated methamphetamine

Abstract The effects of methamphetamine (MA), apomorphine (AP) and haliperidol (HAL) on eye tracking function were tested in rhesus monkeys. Three rhesus monkeys were trained to track with their eyes a disk-shaped projected image that oscillated along a horizontal plane on a screen, using a training procedure in which responses on a lever were reinforced with water only when the center of the disk dimmed for a brief period. Eye movements were recorded by electrooculography (EOG). The effects of intramuscular administration of MA, APO and HAL on responding were compared before and after a 8–14 day period of repeated MA administration. During this regimen, MA was given in 4 divided doses starting at a total daily dose of 4 mg/kg/day and increasing to 16–40 mg/kg/day. All three drugs disrupted performance during both the initial dose-response determination as well as during the redetermination following the regimen. However, tolerance to MA in 3 monkeys and to APO in 2 monkeys was observed after the regimen, while no marked sensitivity change was observed to haloperidol. Since other data reported elsewhere have shown that dopamine is depleted in the caudate after similar repeated administration regimens, long lasting brain dopaminergic changes are likely present in these monkeys. Therefore, these results suggest that the changes in sensitivity to the drugs that were observed in terms of eye tracking function are related to dopamine depletion in the brain.
Verbal Operant Conditioning of Severely Antisocial Adolescents by Delinquent and Normal Es

An inmate peer and an adult professional were used as Es in a verbal conditioning study with sociopaths. The sociopaths were conditioned as a function of verbal reinforcement. They conditioned more readily to guilty content than to hostile content. The sociopaths emitted significantly more hostile verbs when reinforced by the adult E than when reinforced by the inmate E.
Use of interferon in the treatment of ovarian cancer as a single agent and in combination with cytotoxic drugs

In vitro studies have shown that human ovarian cancers are sensitive to the antiproliferative effects of recombinant human alpha interferon. The degree of anticellular effect is related to the concentration of interferon achieved and to the duration of tumor cell exposure. In a clinical setting, the highest levels of interferon that can be achieved are seen when interferon is given by the intraperitoneal route. One Phase I clinical trial of intraperitoneally administered alpha interferon has shown complete (CR) and partial responses (PR) in 5 (45%) of 11 patients, each response determined by surgical re-exploration. The most favorable patient group for the tumor responses was the one having residual tumor bulk less than 5 mm in size. Combinations of interferon and standard cytotoxic drugs have been studied both in preclinical and clinical trials. One of the most active combinations is that of alpha interferon plus doxorubicin, which often shows an additive and occasionally synergistic combined effect. In a Phase II clinical trial of combined parenterally administered alpha interferon and doxorubicin, clinically determined CR and PR were seen in 7 (29%) of 24 patients with relapsing ovarian cancers. In this preliminary clinical trial, toxicity of the combination regimen was acceptable.
Utility of subcutaneous fat aspiration for the diagnosis of systemic amyloidosis (immunoglobulin light chain).

• To our knowledge, this is the first blind and controlled analysis of subcutaneous fat aspiration for the diagnosis of primary systemic amyloidosis. The procedure was performed on 82 patients with biopsy-proved systemic amyloidosis and 72 normal adult volunteers. Slides from 71 of the 72 controls were read as negative. Slides from 59 (72%) of the 82 patients with amyloidosis were read as positive or weakly positive after staining with alkaline Congo red. Subcutaneous fat aspiration was as sensitive as rectal biopsy and substantially more sensitive than bone marrow biopsy in diagnosing amyloidosis. In six instances fat aspiration would have obviated the need for a more invasive diagnostic biopsy. Subcutaneous fat aspiration is sensitive (72%) and specific (99%) for amyloidosis. It is technically simpler and less expensive than rectal biopsy and permits immediate assessment of specimen adequacy. The concordance rate for two independent pathologists was 95%. Equivocally positive stains should be interpreted with caution because weak nonspecific staining may be seen. ( Arch Intern Med 1988;148:929-933)
Optical properties of interacting particles

The radiative cross sections of random homogenous dense systems of interacting Rayleigh particles are studied analytically in terms of a proposed model for the radial distribution function. The model provides a closed-form expression for the radial distribution function that captures the essential features of the function's behavior as described by experimental results and numerical calculations.