cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Treatment of diabetic hypertension

Insulin resistance and hyperglycaemia combine to make hypertension more prevalent in the type 2 diabetic patient. Blood pressure goals below those for the non-diabetic subject have been shown to be more effective in lowering mortality and cardiovascular events in the diabetic patient. To achieve these goals in most cases, three to five antihypertensives from different therapeutic groups need to be utilized. Suppression of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, angiotensin 2 receptor blockers or a renin inhibitor should be the primary therapy. A second goal should be suppression of the sympathetic nervous system utilizing a beta-blocker that does not increase insulin resistance. The addition of a diuretic, calcium channel blocker or a vasodilator to suppressors of the RAS and sympathetic nervous system aid in achieving hypertensive goals in the diabetic patient. Achieving hypertensive goals with suppression of the RAS and sympathetic nervous system should result in a decrease in mortality and cardiovascular events in the diabetic hypertensive patient. In this review article, the benefits and disadvantages of the different antihypertensive therapies in the diabetic patient are discussed.
Enzyme Activities as Indicators of Municipal Solid Waste Compost Maturity

Composts of municipal solid waste in a commercial scale facility were assayed for enzymatic activities over time. The main enzymes assayed in this study were alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase, endo-cellulase, glucosidase, and lipase (C10). The biomass was measured by using lipid phosphate as a measure of the amount of cellular membranes, and metabolism was measured by the amount of 14C-acetate incorporated into the lipid phosphate pool. All tests followed steady trends which show promise for use as possible stability and maturity indicators. Cellulase activity appears to be a good indicator of stability. The lipase activity appears to be a good indicator of compost maturity. A simple test strip (Api-Zyme from Api Analytab Products, Plainview, New York) was also used and compared to the standard enzyme assay methods. Api-Zyme and standard methods gave comparable results. The use of specific enzymatic activities presents an inexpensive and fast method, which may be combined with others, to predict a co...
Microbial source tracking markers for detection of fecal contamination in environmental waters: relationships between pathogens and human health outcomes

Microbial source tracking (MST) describes a suite of methods and an investigative strategy for determination of fecal pollution sources in environmental waters that rely on the association of certain fecal microorganisms with a particular host. MST is used to assess recreational water quality and associated human health risk, and total maximum daily load allocations. Many methods rely on signature molecules (markers) such as DNA sequences of host-associated microorganisms. Human sewage pollution is among the greatest concerns for human health due to (1) the known risk of exposure to human waste and (2) the public and regulatory will to reduce sewage pollution; however, methods to identify animal sources are receiving increasing attention as our understanding of zoonotic disease potential improves. Here, we review the performance of MST methods in initial reports and field studies, with particular emphasis on quantitative PCR (qPCR). Relationships among human-associated MST markers, fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens, and human health outcomes are presented along with recommendations for future research. An integrated understanding of the advantages and drawbacks of the many MST methods targeting human sources advanced over the past several decades will benefit managers, regulators, researchers, and other users of this rapidly growing area of environmental microbiology.
Dompe Ridone: Discovering New Choices for Lactating Mothers

Lactating mothers face a variety of challenges including maintaining a sufficient milk supply. Although there are a number of behavioral and other approaches to helping lactating mothers increase their milk, as a final option, pharmaceutical intervention for lactating mothers to increase milk production is a viable option. Domperidone, which is used in Canada and other parts of the world but is not yet available in the U.S., is worth exploring for lactating women.
Estimating rates of change in randomized clinical trials

This article deals with the extension of the pretest-posttest clinical trial to the longitudinal data setting. We assume that a baseline (or pretest) measurement is taken on all individuals, who are then randomized, without regard to baseline values, to a treatment group. Repeated measurements are taken postrandomization at specified times. Our objective is to estimate the average rate of change (or slope) in the experimental groups and the differences in the slopes. Our focus is on the optimal use of the baseline measurements in the analysis. We contrast two different approaches:--a multivariate one that regards the entire vector of responses (including the baseline) as random outcomes and a univariate one that uses each individual's least squares slope as an outcome. Our multivariate approach is essentially a generalization of Stanek's Seemingly Unrelated Regression (SUR) estimator for the pretest-posttest design. The multivariate approach is natural to apply in this setting, and optimal if the assumed model is correct. However, the most efficient estimator requires assuming that the baseline mean parameters are the same for all experimental groups. Although this assumption is reasonable in the randomized setting, the resulting multivariate estimator uses postrandomization data as a covariate; if the assumed linear model is not correct, this can lead to distortions in the estimated treatment effect. We propose instead a reduced form multivariate estimator that may be somewhat less efficient, but protects against model misspecification.
Student-Centered Instruction In A Theoretical Statistics Course

This paper provides an example of how student-centered instruction can be used in a theoretical statistics class. The author taught a two-semester undergraduate probability and mathematical statistics sequence using primarily teacher-centered instruction in the first semester and primarily student-centered instruction in the second semester. A subset of the students in the teacher-centered course also took the student-centered course. Student feedback suggests that the student-centered approach, while more difficult for both student and instructor, is beneficial when compared to the teacher-centered approach. The specific method of implementation will need to vary with class size and level of student preparation but the author’s example presents a starting point for those interested in moving away from a traditional teaching approach in theoretical statistics classes.
Getting sick and falling behind: health and the risk of mortgage default and home foreclosure

Background An emerging literature shows that mortgage strain can lead to poor health outcomes, but less work has focused on whether and how health shocks influence mortgage distress. We examine the link between changes in health status and default/foreclosure risk among older middle-aged adults. Method We used National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 data and multivariate logistic regression models to examine the relationship between changes in health limitations and chronic conditions across survey waves and risk of mortgage default and foreclosure. Results We found that changes in health limitations and chronic conditions increased the risk of default and foreclosure between 2007 and 2010. These associations were partially mediated by changes in family income and loss of health insurance. Conclusions From a policy perspective, the strong link between the onset of illness and foreclosure suggests a need to re-examine the safety-nets that are available to individuals who become ill or disabled.
A new fluorometric method for the estimation or detection of total and fractionated alkaline phosphatase.

A highly sensitive fluorometric method for the assay of total alkaline phosphatase and the detection of its components is described. The commercially available substrate naphthyl AS-MX phosphate, combined in 1 M 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol buffer, pH 9.8, is cleaved to the highly fluorescent naphthol AS-MX. Fluorometry requires filters passing 405 mµ primary and 505 mµ secondary. As little as 20 µl. of normal serum per 3 ml. of reaction mixture can be assayed. Alkaline phosphatase components, separated by vertical starch gel (or other methods of) electrophoresis, produce yellow fluorescence under ultraviolet light when incubated at 37° with the same buffer-substrate. After vertical starch gel electrophoresis, all normal serums exhibit at least one component (β-globulin region), but six distinct areas of activity have been located. These correspond to Taswell and Jeffers’ origin, beta-lipoprotein, alpha-2, alpha-beta, and beta ( 5 ). Few serums contain all of these; rather there appears to be a correlation between the ones present, their relative activity, and the disease state.
NEAR-INFRARED REFLECTANCE SPECTRA OF MIXTURES OF KAOLIN-GROUP MINERALS: USE IN CLAY MINERAL STUDIES

Near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectra for mixtures of ordered kaolinite and ordered dickite have been found to simulate the spectral response of disordered kaolinite. The amount of octahedral vacancy disorder in nine disordered kaolinite samples was estimated by comparing the sample spectra to the spectra of reference mixtures. The resulting estimates are consistent with previously published estimates of vacancy disorder for similar kaolin minerals that were modeled from calculated X-ray diffraction patterns. The ordered kaolinite and dickite samples used in the reference mixtures were carefully selected to avoid undesirable particle size effects that could bias the spectral results. NIR spectra were also recorded for laboratory mixtures of ordered kaolinite and halloysite to assess whether the spectra could be potentially useful for determining mineral proportions in natural physical mixtures of these two clays. Although the kaolinite-halloysite proportions could only be roughly estimated from the mixture spectra, the halloysite component was evident even when halloysite was present in only minor amounts. A similar approach using NIR spectra for laboratory mixtures may have applications in other studies of natural clay mixtures.
Things Seen and Unseen: Investigating Experience-Based Qualities of Attention in a Dynamic Work Setting

While interest in the topic of attention has a long history in organizational studies, little research has investigated what qualities of attention are most pertinent to working professionals—and how these qualities may be attained. Through the study reported here, I elaborate theory concerning the qualities of attention in a dynamic work setting (trial law). Specifically, I identify the importance of two qualities of attention—attentional breadth and attentional integration—and examine how these qualities connect to the experiences individuals accrue within the focal context. My findings indicate that, through the acquisition of experience, individuals become attentive to a wide range of events surrounding them (via attentional breadth) and attuned to the opportunities that reside within these events (via attentional integration). Therefore, in achieving these two qualities of attention, individuals are able to see not only more events but also more possibilities.
Intergroup Negotiations: The Effects of Negotiating Teams

In this study, the performance of individual and team negotiators is compared. From an intergroup relations perspective, teams may be impeded by their competitive orientation and low levels of coop...
Determination of Methadone and its N-Demethylation Metabolites in Biological Specimens by GC-PICI-MS*

Methadone is often invoked for detoxification and maintenance of the opioid addict. We have developed and validated a sensitive and specific method for the analysis of methadone and its metabolites, 2-ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3, 3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP) and 2-ethyl-5-methyl-3,3-diphenylpyrroline (EMDP), in human plasma, urine, and liver microsomes. This assay uses a solid-phase extraction. Separation and analysis of the analytes are performed by capillary gas chromatography-positive ion chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. The protonated molecules (MH+) are monitored at m/z 264 and 267 for EMDP-d0 and -d3, m/z 278 and 281 for EDDP-d0 and -d3, and m/z 310 and 313 for methadone-d0 and -d3. The recovery of methadone and its metabolites exceeded 85% in the different matrices analyzed. Linear standard curves in plasma and in urine were obtained over the concentration range of 10-600 ng/mL (coefficients of determination: methadone, > or = 0.995; EMDP, > or = 0.994; and EDDP, > or = 0.996). With plasma and urine fortified at 25, 100, and 300 ng/mL, the assay was precise (intra-assay coefficients of variation [CVs], 2-12%; interassay CVs, 1-15%) and accurate (intra-assay percent of target, 85-107; interassay percent of target, 88-105) for all three analytes. Stability studies indicated that methadone and its metabolites are stable at room temperature in plasma and in urine for at least 1 week and in liver microsomes for at least 24 h. This method has now been shown to be useful for quantitation of methadone, EDDP, and EMDP in human urine and plasma and is also useful for quantitation of the amount of EDDP produced in human liver microsomes incubated with methadone. It provides an accurate and precise analytical tool for further studies on the metabolism of methadone.
Analysis of oscillation and stability for systems with piecewise linear components via saturation functions

This paper develops a unified Lyapunov approach to analysis of self-induced oscillations and stability for systems with piecewise linear components. For self-induced oscillation within a global or regional attractor, invariant level sets of a piecewise quadratic Lyapunov function are obtained to bound the attractor via linear matrix inequality based optimization. The analysis results for self-induced oscillations are easily adapted to global or regional stability analysis.
Language Model Information Retrieval with Document Expansion

Language model information retrieval depends on accurate estimation of document models. In this paper, we propose a document expansion technique to deal with the problem of insufficient sampling of documents. We construct a probabilistic neighborhood for each document, and expand the document with its neighborhood information. The expanded document provides a more accurate estimation of the document model, thus improves retrieval accuracy. Moreover, since document expansion and pseudo feedback exploit different corpus structures, they can be combined to further improve performance. The experiment results on several different data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed document expansion method.
The AVINOR Aeroelastic Simulation Code and its Application to Reduced Vibration Composite Rotor Blade Design

The Active Vibration and Noise Reduction (AVINOR) aeroelastic simulation code for helicopter rotor blades is described. AVINOR is a research code that has been developed at UCLA and the University of Michigan for the purpose of conducting computationally ecient aeroelastic response analyses while maintaining a level of fidelity so as to be suitable for preliminary design of helicopter rotor blades. The current capabilities of AVINOR are illustrated by considering aeroelastic tailoring of a composite rotor blade for minimum vibration over the entire flight envelope. The AVINOR composite blade model is based on geometrically nonlinear kinematics suitable for moderate deflection analysis and the University of Michigan/Variational Asymptotic Beam Sectional (UM/VABS) analysis is used for cross-sectional modeling. A surrogate-based optimization (SBO) approach is utilized to locate a blade design which exhibits the best trade-o between reducing vibration due to blade-vortex interaction (BVI) at low advance ratios, and alleviating vibration due to dynamic stall which occurs at high advance ratios.
Architecture of a Database System

Database Management Systems (DBMSs) are a ubiquitous and critical component of modern computing, and the result of decades of research and development in both academia and industry. Architecture of a Database System presents an architectural discussion of DBMS design principles, including process models, parallel architecture, storage system design, transaction system implementation, query processor and optimizer architectures, and typical shared components and utilities. Successful commercial and open-source systems are used as points of reference, particularly when multiple alternative designs have been adopted by different groups. Historically, DBMSs were among the earliest multi-user server systems to be developed, and thus pioneered many systems design techniques for scalability and reliability now in use in many other contexts. While many of the algorithms and abstractions used by a DBMS are textbook material, Architecture of a Database System addresses the systems design issues that make a DBMS work. Architecture of a Database System is an invaluable reference for database researchers and practitioners and for those in other areas of computing interested in the systems design techniques for scalability and reliability that originated in DBMS research and development.
Reliability-Based Sizing of Backup Storage

This letter describes an analytical approach to determining the size, in terms of both power and energy capacity, of a backup storage unit in such a way as to meet a specified reliability target. The backup could be in the form of electrical energy storage or fuel storage. The proposed approach might benefit facilities that require high levels of reliability in their electric supply.
The Automated Determination of Serum Uric Acid

An automated procedure is presented for the enzymatic determination of serum uric acid on both the AutoAnalyzer and the Robot Chemist. The procedure measures as the neocuproine complex, the difference in the amount of Cu+ formed by reaction of a Cu++-alkanolamine buffered solution with serum uric acid under precisely controlled conditions before and after uricase treatment of the serum. The difference is proportional to the true serum uric acid content. The elements contributing to the enzymatic reaction, the colorimetric reaction, and the elimination of interferences were investigated. Comparison of serum uric acid values obtained by this method with those obtained by ultraviolet spectrophotometry show very good agreement.
Through‐Bond/Through‐Space Anion Relay Chemistry Exploiting Vinylepoxides as Bifunctional Linchpins

The development of new bifunctional linchpins that permit the union of diverse building blocks is essential for the synthetic utility of anion relay chemistry (ARC). The design, synthesis, and validation of three vinylepoxide linchpins for through-bond/through-space ARC are now reported. For negative charge migration, this class of bifunctional linchpins employs initial through-bond ARC by an SN2′ reaction, followed by through-space ARC exploiting a 1,4-Brook rearrangement. The trans-disubstituted vinylepoxide linchpin yields a mixture of E/Z isomers, whereas the cis-disubstituted and the trans-trisubstituted vinylepoxide linchpins proceed to deliver three-component adducts with excellent E selectivity.
Relevance of animal models to human eating disorders and obesity

Background and rationale This review addresses the role animal models play in contributing to our knowledge about the eating disorders anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) and obesity. Objectives Explore the usefulness of animal models in complex biobehavioral familial conditions, such as AN, BN, and obesity, that involve interactions among genetic, physiologic, psychological, and cultural factors. Results and conclusions The most promising animal model to mimic AN is the activity-based anorexia rodent model leading to pathological weight loss. The paradigm incorporates reward elements of the drive for activity in the presence of an appetite and allows the use of genetically modified animals. For BN, the sham-feeding preparation in rodents equipped with a gastric fistula appears to be best suited to reproduce the postprandial emesis and the defects in satiety. Animal models that incorporate genes linked to behavior and mood may clarify biobehavioral processes underlying AN and BN. By contrast, a relative abundance of animal models has contributed to our understanding of human obesity. Both environmental and genetic determinants of obesity have been modeled in rodents. Here, we consider single gene mutant obesity models, along with models of obesigenic environmental conditions. The contributions of animal models to obesity research are illustrated by their utility for identifying genes linked to human obesity, for elucidating the pathways that regulate body weight and for the identification of potential therapeutic targets. The utility of these models may be further improved by exploring the impact of experimental manipulations on the behavioral determinants of energy balance.
Defect Reduction in GaAs Grown on Si by Using Saw-Tooth-Patterned Substrates

Epitaxial GaAs layers have been grown on saw-tooth-patterned (STP) Si substrates by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. The utilization of this special interface feature is effective in suppressing the formation of antiphase boundaries and reducing the threading dislocation density. The growth of GaAs has been studied with the epilayer thicknesses ranging from several hundred angstroms to several microns. Very flat growth front on (100) plane above the STP region is observed. The dislocation density decreases very rapidly in the area farther away from the interface. The dislocation configuration at this STP interface is very different from that at the extensively studied two-dimensional planar interface.
Widely tunable lasers for wavelength-division multiplexed communications

Recently developed very wide tuning range semiconductor lasers have potential for use as sources in wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) communications systems. The low-chirp and high-bandwidth modulation capabilities of sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers make them well suited for this application. SGDBR lasers have been fabricated with 62-nm cw tuning ranges, 5-MHz linewidths, and >40 dB mode suppression ratios. In this paper, we investigate the data transmission characteristics of directly modulated SGDBR lasers. The bit error rates were measured for both back-to-back and 50-km transmission on four separate wavelengths.
Unilateral or localized Reinke's edema (pseudocyst) as a manifestation of vocal fold paresis: the paresis podule.

Background The nosology of free-edge vocal fold lesions remains imprecise. In particular, the lesion termed pseudocyst remains enigmatic, because its histology is poorly defined and because its etiology is unknown. We define pseudocyst as a discrete, unilateral, localized area of Reinke's edema (without a capsule), usually occurring at the midportion of the free-edge striking zone. Objective To report the demographic and clinical findings, as well as discuss our diagnostic and therapeutic strategies, in patients with unilateral Reinke's edema or pseudocyst. Methodology All patients diagnosed with unilateral Reinke's edema or pseudocyst over a 2-year period (1998–1999) were identified from the clinical database of the Center for Voice Disorders of Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The record of each patient was retrospectively reviewed. Results Thirteen patients were identified, 12 of whom were female. The mean age was 36 years. Sixty-nine percent (9 of 13) had unilateral pseudocyst and 31% (4 of 13) had unilateral Reinke's edema. All patients had documented vocal fold paresis on laryngeal electromyography. The 9 patients with pseudocyst underwent excision of their lesions; 7 had bilateral medialization laryngoplasties, 1 had lipoinjection, and 3 did not have surgical intervention. Significant improvement was noted postoperatively on a self-administered glottal insufficiency (symptom) index (P <.001). Conclusion Unilateral Reinke's edema and localized Reinke's edema (pseudocyst) are distinct clinical entities, occurring most frequently in women in their fourth decade. The finding of unilateral Reinke's edema or pseudocyst should alert the clinician to the likelihood of vocal cord paresis. Surgical intervention with medialization laryngoplasty appears to be beneficial.
Hybrid neural-network/HMM approaches to wordspotting

Two approaches to integrating neural network and hidden Markov model (HMM) algorithms into one hybrid wordspotter are being explored. One approach uses neural network secondary testing to analyze putative hits produced by a high-performance HMM wordspotter. This has provided consistent but small reductions in the number of false alarms required to obtain a given detection rate. In one set of experiments using the NIST Road Rally database, secondary testing reduced the false alarm rate by an average of 16.4%. A second approach uses radial basis function (RBF) neural networks to produce local machine scores for a Viterbi decoder. Network weights and RBF centers are trained at the word level to produce a high score for the correct keyword hits and a low score for false alarms generated by nonkeyword speech. Preliminary experiments using this approach are exploring a constructive approach which adds RBF centers to model nonkeyword near-misses and a cost function which attempts to maximize directly average detection accuracy over a specified range of false alarm rates. >
INSTITUTIONAL AND PERSONAL LEGISLATIVE SPECIALIZATION IN THE UNITED STATES SENATE

A current debate in congressional behavior research surrounds the continued adherence to norms of legislative behavior, especially “legislator expertise” or specialization. We examine the degree to which senators adhere to the traditional specialization norm of the U.S. Senate. Based on an analysis of primary sponsorship in the 101st Congress, this study finds that the specialization norm is still present in the contemporary Senate, but that type of specialization is an important distinction to make when evaluating the strength of the norm. We identify two forms of specialization: institutional and personal. Using this construct, we find that legislators who deemphasize institutional specialization are often electorally vulnerable and/or facing reelection soon. These senators placed less emphasis on focused legislative activity, presumably to engage in constituency-oriented sponsorship of legislation.
Assessing the direct occupational and public health impacts of solar radiation management with stratospheric aerosols

Geoengineering is the deliberate large-scale manipulation of environmental processes that affects the Earth’s climate, in an attempt to counteract the effects of climate change. Injecting sulfate aerosol precursors and designed nanoparticles into the stratosphere to (i.e., solar radiation management [SRM]), has been suggested as one approach to geoengineering. Although much is being done to unravel the scientific and technical challenges around geoengineering, there have been few efforts to characterize the potential human health impacts of geoengineering, particularly with regards to SRM approaches involving stratospheric aerosols. This paper explores this information gap. Using available evidence, we describe the potential direct occupational and public health impacts of exposures to aerosols likely to be used for SRM, including environmental sulfates, black carbon, metallic aluminum, and aluminum oxide aerosols. We speculate on possible health impacts of exposure to one promising SRM material, barium titanate, using knowledge of similar nanomaterials. We also explore current regulatory efforts to minimize exposure to these toxicants. Our analysis suggests that adverse public health impacts may reasonably be expected from SRM via deployment of stratospheric aerosols. Little is known about the toxicity of some likely candidate aerosols, and there is no consensus regarding acceptable levels for public exposure to these materials. There is also little infrastructure in place to evaluate potential public health impacts in the event that stratospheric aerosols are deployed for solar radiation management. We offer several recommendations intended to help characterize the potential occupation and public health impacts of SRM, and suggest that a comprehensive risk assessment effort is needed before this approach to geoengineering receives further consideration.
Change in the immunophenotype of a somatotroph adenoma resulting in gigantism.

BACKGROUND Examining the pathologic progression of a pituitary adenoma from the point of a prepubescent child to an adult with gigantism affords us an opportunity to consider why patients may develop secretory or functioning tumors and raises questions about whether therapeutic interventions and surveillance strategies could be made to avoid irreversible phenotypic changes. CASE DESCRIPTION A patient underwent a sublabial transsphenoidal resection for a clinically non-functioning macroadenoma in 1999. He underwent radiation treatment and was transiently given growth hormone (GH) supplementation as an adolescent. His growth rapidly traversed several percentiles and he was found to have elevated GH levels. The patient became symptomatic and was taken for a second neurosurgical procedure. Pathology and immunohistochemical staining demonstrated a significantly higher proportion of somatotroph cells and dense granularity; he was diagnosed with a functional somatotroph adenoma. CONCLUSIONS While it is likely that the described observations reflect the manifestations of a functional somatotroph adenoma in development, it is possible that pubertal growth, GH supplementation, its removal, or radiation therapy contributed to the described endocrine and pathologic changes.
Alcohol use disorder in women: Risks and consequences of an adolescent onset and persistent course

Women are more vulnerable to the deleterious effects of both acute and protracted alcohol use than men, but women's lower levels of alcohol consumption and alcohol use disorder (AUD) have resulted in a paucity of investigations on the development of alcohol problems in women. In particular, it is not clear to what extent the cascading effects of key etiological factors that contribute to an especially severe course of AUD in men also underlie the development of AUD in women. To fill this gap, we examined the adolescent risk factors and adult consequences associated with an adolescent onset and persistent course of AUD in a community sample of women (n=636) from ages 17 to 29. Women with AUD exhibited greater psychopathology and psychosocial impairment than those without, with an adolescent onset and persistent course indicative of the greatest severity. Notably, high levels of impairment across all women with AUD reduced the utility of onset and course to differentiate profiles of risk and impairment. In contrast to previous work in men, even women whose AUD symptoms desisted continued to exhibit impairment, suggesting that an adolescent onset of AUD is associated with enduring consequences for women's health and functioning, even after ostensible “recovery.”
High Resolution Triple Axis Diffractometry in Indium-Carbon and Gallium-Carbon Co-implanted Gallium Arsenide

High-resolution x-ray triple axis diffractometry was used to characterize damage recovery in gallium arsenide implanted with gallium or indium ions, and co-implanted with carbon ions. From reciprocal space mapping around the (004) reciprocal lattice point, the evolution of residual strain and the lattice plane tilt induced by the ion implantation and annealing processes were analyzed. The lattice damage in implanted gallium arsenide is dependent on the dose and ion type; annealing subsequently alters the structural properties of the material. For example, In/C co-implanted gallium arsenide shows a greater amount of residual damage as compared to Ga/C co-implanted gallium arsenide after rapid thermal annealing at 885 °C for 5 seconds. For a given Group III ion / C co-implant, we observe the highest p-type activation when the Group III ion and C implant doses are the same. Increasing the Group III ion dose reduces the material quality and has a concomitant negative effect on the electrical properties of the material. These results suggest that reciprocal space maps can provide insight into the relationship between the structure and properties of implanted compound semiconductors.
Calibration of UAS imagery inside and outside of shadows for improved vegetation index computation

Vegetation health and vigor can be assessed with data from multi- and hyperspectral airborne and satellite- borne sensors using index products such as the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). Recent advances in unmanned aerial systems (UAS) technology have created the opportunity to access these same image data sets in a more cost effective manner with higher temporal and spatial resolution. Another advantage of these systems includes the ability to gather data in almost any weather condition, including complete cloud cover, when data has not been available before from traditional platforms. The ability to collect in these varied conditions, meteorological and temporal, will present researchers and producers with many new challenges. Particularly, cloud shadows and self-shadowing by vegetation must be taken into consideration in imagery collected from UAS platforms to avoid variation in NDVI due to changes in illumination within a single scene, and between collection flights. A workflow is presented to compensate for variations in vegetation indices due to shadows and variation in illumination levels in high resolution imagery collected from UAS platforms. Other calibration methods that producers may currently be utilizing produce NDVI products that still contain shadow boundaries and variations due to illumination, whereas the final NDVI mosaic from this workflow does not.
Distribution of Antigens Defined by OKB Monoclonal Antibodies on Benign and Malignant Lymphoid Cells and on Nonlymphoid Tissues

Monoclonal antibodies OKB1, OKB2, OKB4 and OKB7 have been previously shown to detect distinctive antigens displayed on B, but not on T, lymphocytes. Benign and malignant lymphoid cells were investigated for their reactivity with these antibodies in cell suspension by indirect immunofluorescence and in cryostat tissue sections by the avidin-biotin complex immunoperoxidase technique. Fetal liver pre-B cells and pre-B and common type acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells isolated from 15 patients were OKB1-OKB2+OKB4-OKB7-. All mature lymphoid tissue B cells and the neoplastic cell surface immunoglobulin-positive (SIg+) B cells isolated from each of 47 B cell neoplasms were OKB2+. OKB1 and OKB7 were expressed by interfollicular, follicular center, and many, but not all, mantle zone B cells. OKB4 was expressed by follicular center cells, but not by mantle zone or interfollicular B cells. The neoplastic SIg+ B cells isolated from 45 of 47 B cell malignancies were OKB1+OKB4+, and those isolated from 45 of 46 B cell malignancies were OKB7+. The neoplastic B cells of one mantle zone lymphoma were OKB1-, of one small lymphocytic cell lymphoma were OKB7-, of one large cell lymphoma were OKB4-, and of one small lymphocytic cell lymphoma with a monoclonal gammopathy were OKB1-OKB4-. Normal and myeloma plasma cells were OKB-. The malignant T cells isolated from 12 T cell neoplasms were OKB2-OKB4-, but were OKB1+ and/or OKB7+ in 3 cases. Thus, the OKB antibodies appear to detect distinctive antigens that may be expressed at different stages of B cell differentiation. In addition, OKB4 reacted with selected renal and respiratory epithelium, and OKB2 reacted with a wide range of epithelial tissues. The OKB antibodies should prove useful in the investigation of B cell differentiation and may aid in the identification and characterization of lymphoproliferative malignancies with significant therapeutic and prognostic differences not identifiable by conventional histopathologic and immunologic methods.
Introduction to the Use of Baculoviruses as Biological Insecticides

Baculoviruses are widely used both as protein expression vectors and as insect pest control agents. This section provides an overview of the baculovirus life cycle and use of baculoviruses as insecticidal agents. This chapter includes discussion of the pros and cons for use of baculoviruses as insecticides, and progress made in genetic enhancement of baculoviruses for improved insecticidal efficacy. These viruses are used extensively for control of insect pests in a diverse range of agricultural and forest habitats.
Abstract 4179: Expression profiling of zebrafish rb1- neuroectodermal-like brain tumors: A new model of CNS PNETs

We examined the gene expression signature of zebrafish brain tumors induced by somatic inactivation of the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor rb1 to determine the similarity with human CNS primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs). Childhood CNS PNETs are aggressive tumors characterized by undifferentiated cells with features of the embryonic neuroepithelium. Previously our histological analysis showed the majority of zebrafish rb1- lesions were proliferative neuroectodermal-like tumors composed of neoplastic cells with small hyperchromatic nuclei that form rosettes. To obtain the transcription profile of the zebrafish rb1- tumors, RNA-Seq was performed on 10 tumors from fish ranging in age from 3.5 to 10 months of age. Duplicate RNA-Seq libraries were synthesized for each tumor and multiplex sequenced on an Illumina HiSeq NextGen Sequencer at the Genome Sequencing Core, Kansas University. Our initial gene expression profiling of the zebrafish rb1- brain tumors revealed a molecular signature consistent with an undifferentiated tumor phenotype. In each zebrafish tumor sample, standard markers of neuronal differentiation (sypa, sypb, neurod1/2, neurog1/2) and glial differentiation (GFAP, S100β) were not significantly expressed. In contrast, the neural stem/progenitor marker sox2 was highly expressed in all tumors, consistent with the primitive neuroectodermal-like tumor histology. Comparison with human childhood CNS-PNET gene expression analysis revealed a similar profile. Four of the nine genes that define the human oligoneural (group 2) molecular subgroup (olig2, bcan, sox8b, sox10 and ascl1) described by Picard et al, 2012 were highly expressed in the zebrafish tumors. Together, the data indicate the zebrafish brain tumors induced by somatic inactivation of rb1 model human CNS PNETs. Additional gene expression, pathway, and cross-species comparative analyses are in progress. The zebrafish rb1- tumor model will be useful for investigating the molecular pathways driving the aggressive and undifferentiated features of CNS PNETs. Citation Format: Maura A. McGrail, Staci L. Solin, Jeffrey A. Haltom, Laura E. Schultz, Jeffrey J. Essner, Heather R. Shive. Expression profiling of zebrafish rb1- neuroectodermal-like brain tumors: A new model of CNS PNETs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 4179.
Optimal Choice of a Penalty Function: Simplest Case of Algorithm Design

In the previous lessons, we learned how continuous mathematics is useful in choosing and debugging the existing algorithms and programs. With this lesson, we will start learning how continuous mathematics can be useful in designing new algorithms. We will consider the simplest case of design problems, in which both the constraints and the objective are well defined and described by differentiable functions. For such problem, we describe the penalty function method, and then formulate and solve the problem of choosing the best penalty function.
Successful treatment of Takayasu’s arteritis in a HIV positive adult patient with long term follow up

Although vasculitides occur in patients with HIV, only 4 previous cases of Takayasu’s arteritis (TA) have been reported in HIVpatients. We describe the first case of TA in an HIV positive patient with successful treatment and long term follow up. A38-year-old woman who was HIV positive for the last 5 years on antiretroviral medications presented with increasing pain in herleft arm. Blood pressure and pulse were unrecordable in that arm. Laboratory testing revealed hemoglobin 7.9 g/dl, CRP 98.8 mg/L, CD4 675 cells/μl and HIV viral load < 48 copies/ml. Both MRA and standard angiography demonstrated occlusion of theleft subclavian artery from its origin to the vertebral artery where it was reconstituted via retrograde flow from the left vertebralartery and left carotid artery branches (subclavian steal). Narrowing of the vertebral artery was also noted. Treatment withprednisone and methotrexate for one year improved her symptoms and stabilized her lesions without infectious complications. Follow up 4 years after stopping therapy revealed mild symptoms and stable lesions on MRA.
DHA but Not EPA Emulsions Preserve Neurological and Mitochondrial Function after Brain Hypoxia-Ischemia in Neonatal Mice

Background and Purpose Treatment with triglyceride emulsions of docosahexaenoic acid (tri-DHA) protected neonatal mice against hypoxia-ischemia (HI) brain injury. The mechanism of this neuroprotection remains unclear. We hypothesized that administration of tri-DHA enriches HI-brains with DHA/DHA metabolites. This reduces Ca2+-induced mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and attenuates brain injury. Methods 10-day-old C57BL/6J mice following HI-brain injury received tri-DHA, tri-EPA or vehicle. At 4–5 hours of reperfusion, mitochondrial fatty acid composition and Ca2+ buffering capacity were analyzed. At 24 hours and at 8–9 weeks of recovery, oxidative injury, neurofunctional and neuropathological outcomes were evaluated. In vitro, hyperoxia-induced mitochondrial generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and Ca2+ buffering capacity were measured in the presence or absence of DHA or EPA. Results Only post-treatment with tri-DHA reduced oxidative damage and improved short- and long-term neurological outcomes. This was associated with increased content of DHA in brain mitochondria and DHA-derived bioactive metabolites in cerebral tissue. After tri-DHA administration HI mitochondria were resistant to Ca2+-induced membrane permeabilization. In vitro, hyperoxia increased mitochondrial ROS production and reduced Ca2+ buffering capacity; DHA, but not EPA, significantly attenuated these effects of hyperoxia. Conclusions Post-treatment with tri-DHA resulted in significant accumulation of DHA and DHA derived bioactive metabolites in the HI-brain. This was associated with improved mitochondrial tolerance to Ca2+-induced permeabilization, reduced oxidative brain injury and permanent neuroprotection. Interaction of DHA with mitochondria alters ROS release and improves Ca2+ buffering capacity. This may account for neuroprotective action of post-HI administration of tri-DHA.
Innovative Media in Support of Distributed Intelligence and Lifelong Learning

Individual, unaided human abilities are constrained. Media have helped us to transcend boundaries in thinking, working, learning, and collaborating by supporting distributed intelligence. Wireless and mobile technologies provide new opportunities for empowering humans, but not without potential pitfalls. We explore these opportunities and pitfalls from a lifelong-learning perspective and discuss how wireless and mobile technologies can influence and change conceptual frameworks such as the relationship between planning and situated action, context awareness, human attention, distances in collaborative design activities, and the trade-off between tools for living and tools for learning. The impact of wireless and mobile technologies is illustrated with our research projects, which focus on moving "computing off the desktop" by "going small, large, and everywhere." Specific examples include human-centered public transportation systems, collaborative design, and information sharing with smart physical objects.
The design of medical marijuana laws and adolescent use and heavy use of marijuana: analysis of 45 states from 1991 to 2011

Abstract Objectives To assess the association between U.S. state medical marijuana laws (MML), the most liberal category of marijuana policies before legalization, their specific provisions, and adolescent past-30-day use and heavy marijuana use. Methods This quasi-experimental study used state Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) data collected during 1991–2011 from 45 states (N = 715,014) to examine MML effects, taking advantage of heterogeneity across states in MML status and design. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to adjust for state and year effects, and youth demographics. Results Unadjusted analyses found that MMLs were associated with higher rates of adolescent past-30-day marijuana use (odds ratio [OR] = 1.08, 95% confidence interval, [(CI) = 1.03,1.13]) and heavy marijuana use (OR = 1.12, [CI = 1.05,1.21]). However, analyses adjusting for state/year effects found a 7% lower odds of use (OR = 0.99, [CI = 0.98,0.999]) and no difference in heavy use. In the adjusted models, years since MML enactment (OR = 0.93, [CI = 0.86,0.99]) and MML inclusion of more liberalized provisions (OR = 0.98, [CI = 0.96,0.998]) were associated with slightly lowered odds of past-30-day marijuana use. Conversely, allowance for ≥2.5 usable marijuana ounces was associated with higher past-30-day marijuana use odds (OR = 1.21, [CI = 1.09,1.34]) and a voluntary vs. mandatory patient registration with higher odds of both past-30-day use (OR = 1.41, [CI = 1.28,1.56]) and heavy use (OR = 1.23, [CI = 1.08,1.40]). Conclusions MML enactment, years since enactment, and inclusion of more liberalized provisions were not associated with increased adolescent marijuana use in this dataset after adjusting for state and year effects; however, higher possession limits and a voluntary registration were. It is possible that state norms are the impetus for MML enactment.