cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elevated carbon dioxide does not affect average canopy stomatal conductance of Pinus taeda L.

While photosynthetic responses of C3 plants to elevated CO2 are fairly well documented, whole-plant water use under such conditions has been less intensively studied. Woody species, in particular, have exhibited highly variable stomatal responses to high CO2 as determined by leaf-level measurements. In this study, sap flux of Pinus taeda L. saplings was periodically monitored during the 4th year of an open-top chamber CO2 fumigation experiment. Water use per unit sapwood area did not differ between treatments. Furthermore, the ratio of leaf area to sapwood area did not change under high CO2, so that average canopy stomatal conductance (on a unit leaf area basis) remained unaffected by the CO2 treatment. Thus, the only effect of high CO2 was to increase whole-plant water use by increasing sapling leaf area and associated conducting sapwood area. Such an effect may not directly translate to forest-level responses as the feedback effects of higher leaf area at the canopy scale cannot be incorporated in a chamber study. These feedbacks include the potential effect of higher leaf area index on rainfall and light interception, both of which may reduce average stomatal conductance in intact forest canopies.
Neuroprotection is associated with β-adrenergic receptor antagonists during cardiac surgery: Evidence from 2,575 patients

Abstract Objective: To determine the impact of perioperative β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonist administration on neurologic complications. Design: Observational database analysis. Setting: A clinical investigation at a single tertiary academic medical center. Participants: Elective coronary artery bypass graft surgical patients operated on in the period 1994-1996. Interventions: Patients were divided into 2 groups: (1) patients given βAR antagonist–blocking drugs in the perioperative period, including during operation, and (2) patients not given βAR antagonists. Measurements and Main Results: βAR antagonist use in 2,575 consecutive patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery (1994-1996) was determined using the Cardiovascular Database and Anesthesia Information System Database. Outcome variables were postoperative stroke, coma, and transient ischemic attack. Of patients, 113 (4.4%) had postoperative neurologic complications, including stroke (n = 44), coma (n = 12), and transient ischemic attack (n = 3). Of patients, 2,296 (89%) received perioperative βAR antagonist therapy, and 279 (11%) did not. Adverse neurologic events occurred in 3.9% (n = 90) of patients who received perioperative βAR antagonists and 8.2% (n = 23) of patients who did not receive βAR antagonists (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval, 0.28 to 0.73; p = 0.003, unadjusted.) Severe neurologic outcomes (stroke and coma) occurred in 1.9% (n = 44) of patients who received βAR antagonists and 4.3% (n = 12) of patients who did not receive βAR antagonists (odds ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.23 to 0.83; p = 0.016). Conclusion: Use of β-adrenergic antagonists was associated with a substantial reduction in the incidence of postoperative neurologic complications. A prospective randomized trial is needed to verify this potentially important neuroprotective strategy in cardiac surgery. Copyright 2002, Elsevier Science (USA). All rights reserved.
Use of Forensic Science in Investigating Crimes of Sexual Violence: Contrasting Its Theoretical Potential With Empirical Realities

This article contrasts the theoretical potential of modern forensic science techniques in the investigation of sexual violence cases with empirical research that has assessed the role played by scientific evidence in the criminal justice processing of sexual assault cases. First, the potential of forensic scientific procedures (including DNA testing) are outlined and the sexual assault literature that examines the importance of physical and forensic evidence in resolving such cases is reviewed. Then, empirical data from a recent National Institute of Justice (NIJ) study of 602 rapes are presented that describe the forensic evidence collected and examined in such cases and its impact on decisions to arrest, prosecute, adjudicate, and sentence defendants. The article closes with a discussion of research and policy recommendations to enhance the role played by forensic science evidence in sexual assault investigations.
Bone Hyperresorption Is Prevalent in Chronically Critically III Patients

Study objective Chronically critically ill (CCI) patients are primarily elderly people who have survived a life-threatening episode of sepsis but remain profoundly debilitated and ventilator dependent. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of bone hyperresorption and parathyroid hormone (PTH)-vitamin D axis abnormalities in these patients. Design Prevalence survey. Setting Respiratory care step-down unit (RCU) at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Patients Forty-nine ventilator-dependent CCI patients transferred from ICUs within the same institution. Intervention: None Measurements and results N-telopeptide (NTx) levels in 24-h urine collections and serum intact PTH, 25-vitamin D, and 1,25-vitamin D levels were measured within 48 h of RCU admission. Patients were hospitalized a median of 30 days before RCU admission. Four patients (9%) had normal NTx and PTH levels. Forty-five patients (92%) had elevated urine NTx levels consistent with bone hyperresorption. Nineteen patients (42% of total patients) had elevated PTH levels consistent with predominant vitamin D deficiency, 4 patients (9%) had suppressed PTH levels consistent with predominant hyperresorption from immobilization, and 22 patients (49%) had normal PTH levels consistent with an overlap of both vitamin D deficiency and immobilization. There were no differences in vitamin D metabolites among these groups. Conclusions CCI patients have a high prevalence of bone hyperresorption in which PTH levels may clarify the cause. Further studies will determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of routine NTx and PTH screening in these patients and the role of vitamin D and antiresorptive therapies.
10-Year Mortality After Radical Prostatectomy for Localized Prostate Cancer in the Prostate-specific Antigen Screening Era

Objective To provide insight into the impact of radical prostatectomy (RP) on prostate cancer–specific mortality (PCSM) in a primarily prostate-specific antigen screen–detected cohort of men with localized prostate cancer (PCa). Methods Between 2000 and 2013, 1864 men consented to participate in a prospective longitudinal outcomes study after RP for localized PCa by a single surgeon. Men lost to follow-up were queried to the National Death Index to acquire mortality data. Results From our cohort of 1864 men (median age 59 years, median preoperative prostate-specific antigen 5.0, median follow-up 9.1 years), Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated 10-year all-cause mortality and PCSM of 4.6% and 1.4%, respectively. Ten-year PCSM for low, intermediate, and high D'Amico risk were 0.9%, 1.0%, and 7.4%, respectively (P <.001). For men with postoperative Gleason score 4-6, 7, and 8-10, 10-year PCSM was 0.8%, 1.0%, and 11.5%, respectively (P <.001). Men with pT2, pT3a, and pT3b disease had 10-year PCSM of 0.7%, 2.6%, and 9.5%, respectively (P <.001). Pathologic stage and grade were the only significant independent predictor of PCSM at 10 years (P = .002 and P = .025, respectively). Conclusion In our series with up to 13 years of follow-up from the National Death Index, 10-year PCSM after RP for clinically localized PCa was very low and strongly predicted by pathologic stage and grade. Death unrelated to PCa was a rare event, suggesting that we are identifying candidates for RP who are likely to live long enough to benefit from surgical intervention.
MATRIX HETEROGENEITY AND HOST–PARASITOID INTERACTIONS IN SPACE

In this study, I experimentally examined how the landscape matrix influenced the movement, oviposition behavior, and spatial distribution of Anagrus columbi, a common egg parasitoid of the planthopper Prokelisia crocea. Both species exist among discrete patches of prairie cordgrass (Spartina pectinata), the sole host plant of P. crocea. Based on out-planted cordgrass pots bearing host eggs (to assess parasitism) or sticky leaves (traps for adult A. columbi), I found that the distribution of adult female A. columbi and pattern of ovipositions within a cordgrass patch were strongly matrix dependent. Female densities were 59% lower on the edge than interior of patches embedded in a mudflat matrix, but were evenly distributed within patches embedded in a matrix consisting of either native grasses or the exotic grass smooth brome (Bromus inermis). In contrast, parasitism was higher in the interior than edge for patches in all three matrix types. The lack of correspondence between A. columbi density and parasitism was attributed to differences in oviposition behavior: A. columbi parasitized 71% more hosts per capita in the interior than edge for patches embedded in nonhost grasses, but equal numbers on the edge and interior of patches embedded in mudflat. Matrix-dependent differences in the within-patch distribution and oviposition behavior of A. columbi can influence the distribution of parasitism risk and host–parasitoid stability at the patch level. Matrix composition also affected the pattern of movement through the matrix and the colonization of nearby cordgrass patches. Anagrus columbi females emigrating from a mudflat-embedded patch were captured at very low, but constant, numbers with distance out into the matrix, suggesting that they were reluctant to enter or remain in the mudflat. In contrast, A. columbi females entering a nonhost grass matrix had numbers that were high near the patch border and then declined exponentially with distance. These patterns of movement were likely responsible for the very different colonization rates for experimental patches embedded in different matrix types and located 3 m from a source patch of A. columbi. Patches embedded in brome were colonized at a rate that was 3.0 and 5.7 times higher than for patches in native grass or mudflat, respectively. Finally, based on a census of cordgrass patches spanning five generations, A. columbi densities and proportion of patches occupied generally increased with increasing host density, patch isolation, and the proportion of the surrounding matrix that was mudflat. Patch size had no effect on the distribution of A. columbi. Overall, these data suggest that cordgrass patches in a nonhost grass matrix, particularly smooth brome, have high connectivity relative to patches in a mudflat matrix. Changes in connectivity due to changes in matrix composition can significantly influence host–parasitoid persistence at the metapopulation level. Corresponding Editor (ad hoc): J. A. Rosenheim.
Singular perturbations and robust redesign of adaptive control

Effects of unmodeled high frequency dynamics on stability and performance of adaptive control schemes are analyzed. In the regulation problem global stability properties are no longer guaranteed, but a region of attraction exists for exact adaptive regulation. The dependence of the region of attraction on unmodeled parasitics is examined first. Then the general case of model reference adaptive control is considered in which parasitics can destroy stability and boundedness properties. A more robust adaptive law is proposed, guaranteeing the existence of a region of attraction from which all signals converge to a residual set which contains the equilibrium for exact tracking. The size of this set depends on design parameters, the frequency range of parasitics and the reference input signal characteristics.
Investigation of Titanium Germanide Formation by Raman Scattering and X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

The reactions of titanium on germanium were studied using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). Samples used in this study were produced in a custom MBE system with dual E-gun sources, two filament sources, and base pressure <1x10-10 Torr. Ge(100) substrates were prepared by chemical cleaning and homoepitaxial deposition of 500A - 1000A Ge at 550°C. Ti was deposited and subsequently annealed at 50°C intervals from 500°C to 700°C. Raman and XANES spectra of the titanium germanides were obtained and used to examine the.evolution of the crystalline structures which form by the interface reactions of Ti on Ge. A low-order phase formed by diffusion controlled growth prior to the formation of TiGe2 (isomorphous with TiSi2 [C54]) by nucleation controlled growth.
When it really hurts to listen: psychotherapy in the aftermath of September 11.

The work of psychotherapy demands that we listen to patients in a very special way. The process requires psychiatrists and other therapists, for a period of time, to step into their patients’ emotional shoes. Then, stepping out of those shoes, informed by feeling the full force of the patient’s emotional state, they are able to make empathic interventions that are responsive to their patient’s internal needs. What happens when these shoes are also our own shoes, and the pain that patients are feeling mirrors our own pain? In the months since September 11, many conferences and presentations have included discussions of the emotional aftereffects of the terrorist attacks. Posttraumatic stress disorder, grief, and loss have been the subjects of scientific panels, roundtable discussions, and Internet dialogues. Poignant presentations by individuals who were involved in immediate outreach have burned tragic images in the minds of those who were more physically distant from the events. In efforts to understand how best to respond, experts have drawn on experiences and information gained during responses to other disasters. We have learned a great deal from the reports made by dedicated volunteers, many of whom have flown long distances to reach out to help survivors of earth quakes, floods, volcanic eruptions, and war. They have provided important insights into how to most effectively address the current crisis. However, the September 11 attacks did not occur in some distant country. The fact that they occurred here in the United States shattered our sense of invulnerabili ty and security. Our patients’ natural reaction is to look to their therapists as experts in dealing with reactions to this kind of distress. They feel the need for a safe harbor and someone to help them contain their anxiety. At the same time, therapists themselves are experiencing many of these same feelings of grief, loss, and vulnerability. A few days after the attacks, Schuster and colleagues (1) conducted a survey of a nationally representative sample of 560 adults in the United States. They found that Americans were experiencing substantial levels of stress: 44 percent reported one or more severe symptoms of stress, and 90 percent reported at least low-level symptoms. These findings show that catastrophes can have a strong effect even on people who are not physically present during a disaster. What kinds of things have patients
Excitation parameters of the repetitive firing mechanism from a statistical evaluation of nerve impulse trains

Repetitive firing of single tonic neurones is modeled to include in detail both membrane excitation kinetics and electrotonic effects due to membrane non-uniformities in the impulse encoder region. The model is evaluated dynamically and compared with similar data obtained from the crayfish stretch receptor neuron. Two dynamic techniques utilizing small amplitude sinusoidal signals are employed. One technique is used to fix the values of two parameters which relate to the electrotonic control of membrane potential in the interspike interval and to the relaxation time of the K-conductance during repetitive firing. The other technique is employed as a consistency check. The dynamics are particularly sensitive to the K-channel relaxation time in the interspike interval.
Polarized top quarks from new physics: Signals and observables

Top quarks may be produced in large numbers in association with new physics at the LHC. The polarization of these top quarks probes the chiral structure of the new physics. We discuss several kinematic distributions which are sensitive to the polarization of single top quarks and can be used without full event reconstruction. For collimated tops we construct polarization-sensitive observables for both hadronic and leptonic decay modes and plot their distributions. We compute the observable polarization signals from top quarks produced in the on-shell cascade decay of a stop squark into a top quark and a neutralino, as well as top quarks produced in the analogous decay chain in same-spin partner models.
Reconstructing the full tongue contour from EMA/X-ray microbeam

Existing large-scale articulatory databases describe the tongue shape through the 2D positions of 3–4 fixed landmarks on the tongue surface. The ability to reconstruct the full tongue contour from these landmarks would increase the utility of these databases in speech research. We give an algorithm to adapt a predictive model of the tongue contour, that has been learned using ultrasound data for a given speaker, to a new speaker for which only landmark coordinates are given. We show realistic reconstructions of the full tongue contour in the MOCHA and XRMB databases.
Moving‐bed solids flow in an inclined pipe leading into a fluidized bed: Part II. The solids flow properties

Part 2 describes Kansas State University of Agriculture and Applied Science's theoretical and experimental study of the moving-bed solids flow in an inclined pipe connecting a fluidized bed and a solids storage vessel. The macroscopic momentum balance equation for heterogeneous flow systems satisfactorily represents the solids flow only if the proper friction factor is defined. The friction-factor correlation developed in this study is a function of pipe diameter, mean particle diameter, gas flow rate, and solids velocity. Flow curves established from experimental data verify that the power-law model adequately describes the moving-bed solids.
A new method for attributing climate variations over the Atlantic Hurricane Basin's main development region

[1] We propose a new approach to decompose observed climate variations over the Atlantic Hurricane Basin's main development region (MDR) into components attributable to radiative forcing changes and to internal oceanic variability. Our attribution suggests that the observed multidecadal anomalies of vertical shear (Uz) and a simple index of maximum potential intensity (SIMPI) for tropical cyclones are both dominated by internal variability, consistent with multidecadal variations of Atlantic Hurricane activity; changes in radiative forcing led to increasing Uz and decreasing SIMPI since the late 50's, unfavorable for Atlantic Hurricane activity. Physically, at least for the GFDL model, sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies induced by ocean heat transport variations are more efficient in producing negative Uz anomalies than that induced by altered radiative forcing.
A balancing domain decomposition method by constraints for advection-diffusion problems

The balancing domain decomposition methods by constraints are extended to solving nonsymmetric, positive definite linear systems resulting from the finite element discretization of advection-diffusion equations. A pre-conditioned GMRES iteration is used to solve a Schur complement system of equations for the subdomain interface variables. In the preconditioning step of each iteration, a partially sub-assembled finite element problem is solved. A convergence rate estimate for the GMRES iteration is established, under the condition that the diameters of subdomains are small enough. It is independent of the number of subdomains and grows only slowly with the subdomain problem size. Numerical experiments for several two-dimensional advection-diffusion problems illustrate the fast convergence of the proposed algorithm.
Persistence of Concordant Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Testosterone, and α-Subunit Pulses after LH-Releasing Hormone Antagonist Administrtion in Normal Men

LHRH antagonists suppress pituitary and gonadal function by competing with endogenous LHRH for binding to gonadotroph receptors. To determine the mechanism of suppression of gonadotropin secretion we studied the effects of a single dose of a LHRH antagonist on the pulsatile activity of serum bioactive LH (Bio-LH), immunoreactive LH (IR-LH), alpha-subunit, and testosterone for 24 h in normal men. The LHRH antagonist, Nal-Glu [( Ac-D2Nal1,D4ClPhe2,D3Pal3,Arg5,DGlu6-(AA), DAla10]LHRH) was given as a single sc injection of 5 mg to five normal men. Blood samples were collected every 10 min during a 10-h baseline period and for 14 h after administration of the antagonist. IR-LH, alpha-subunit, and testosterone were measured in triplicate, and Bio-LH in duplicate. Pulses were then evaluated using Cluster analysis; all replicates were entered in the pulse analysis. After administration of the Nal-Glu antagonist, IR-LH levels decreased (P less than 0.001) from 2.81 +/- 0.06 at baseline to a nadir of 0.75 +/- 0.02 U/L. Bio-LH levels followed the same pattern, decreasing by 89% (P less than 0.001) from 4.54 +/- 0.13 to a nadir of 0.51 +/- 0.13 U/L 6.8 h after the injection of Nal-Glu. In contrast, serum alpha-subunit levels did not change (P greater than 0.05) during the 14-h period after antagonist administration (0.85 +/- 0.01 and 0.75 +/- 0.01 microgram/L before and after Nal-Glu, respectively). Serum testosterone levels decreased by more than 80%, from 17.6 +/- 0.2 at baseline to a mean nadir of 3.3 +/- 0.7 nmol/L 12.8 h after Nal-Glu administration. Pulse frequency and the number of significant pulses remained the same for all of the measured hormones during the 10-h baseline period and the 14 h after Nal-Glu administration. In contrast, the pulse amplitude of IR-LH, Bio-LH, and testosterone decreased significantly after injection of the antagonist. The pulse amplitude of the alpha-subunit also declined, albeit not significantly. Coincidence analysis revealed that during both the 10-h baseline and the 14-h post-Nal-Glu period there was a highly significant (P less than 10(-5) nonrandom synchrony between peaks of IR-LH, Bio-LH, alpha-subunit, and testosterone. These results suggest that coordinate pulsatile secretion of IR-LH, Bio-LH, and testosterone persists after the administration of 5 mg Nal-Glu LHRH antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Optimal performance for detection systems in wireless passive sensor networks

Passive wireless sensors have emerged as a new technology to measure a vast majority of phenomena in our daily life. Passive sensors require no power source, and therefore their application domains are numerous, including health care, infrastructure protection, and national security, among many others. The deployment of wireless passive sensors and their readers has changed how detection needs to be performed. Passive sensors cannot pre-process the measurements as they have limited computational power. Therefore, no local decision is taken. Also, the reader polls the information from multiple sensors at the same time, and this causes collisions and hence packet drops and delays. In this paper, we formulate the detection performance, with non-ideal channels, in a probabilistic way, and compare with classical detection performance. We design an optimal adaptive Neyman-Pearson detector, given the channel probabilistic model, by formulating and solving a constrained optimization problem.
Defect and temperature dependence of tunneling in InGaAs/GaAsSb heterojunctions with varying band alignments

Recently, tunnel field effect transistors (TFET) based on heterostructures with type-II and type-III band alignment have been proposed as a means of obtaining switching at room temperature with subthreshold slopes below the thermal limit of 60 mV/decade, and without sacrificing drive current [1,2] While early computational efforts have delivered promising results, experimental work has not seen switching steeper than the thermal limit [3]. Since computational work to date has assumed defect-free structures [1,2], it is important to study the types of materials defects and properties that are present in these structures, and learn how they affect device performance. Furthermore, most published heterojuction TFET results exhibit a pronounced temperature dependence in which subthreshold slope increases in steepness considerably as temperature is cooled, although never beyond the thermal limit [3-5]. Such a temperature dependence is unexpected since the nature of interband tunneling leads to a cut-off of the thermal band-tails. It has been proposed that this temperature dependence may be a parasitic effect related to trap-assisted tunneling and generation into the conduction band via gate oxide interface trap states [4].
Cutting to the chase: How pathogenic mutations cause Alzheimer's.

![Figure][1] Insight from Michael Wolfe How dominant mutations in presenilin (PSEN) cause early-onset familial Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) has been debated since the discovery of such mutations 20 years ago. A study by [Szaruga et al.][2] in this issue of JEM now appears to provide a
Relations among stressors, strains, and substance use among resident physicians.

This study examined the relationship between work-related stress and substance use among resident physicians in the United States. Unlike previous studies of physician stress, this study distinguished between “stressors” (stressful job conditions) and “strains” (reactions to the work environment) and correlated each of these with substance use. Results indicated that relations among stressors, strains, and substance use were not strong. Strains, however, were more strongly related to substance use than stressors. Additionally, benzodiazepines were more strongly related to strains than other substances, suggesting that they may be used for self-treatment. Other implications of these findings and future research needs are discussed.
The Impact Of FASB Statement No. 34s Disclosures On Stock Prices

This study provides empirical evidence that the disclosures required by FASB Statement No. 34 has an impact on common stock prices in the initial year of release, 1980, but not in subsequent year. Weekly data for 123 NYSE sample companies were used to estimate the regression coefficients via the GMM using a GLS with a lag of 3 due to the presence of autocorrelation. Statistical analysis of the average residual indicated that it was significantly different from zero. The evidence of this study supports the hypothesis that FASB 34 affected the capital market equilibrium via users reactions to the required disclosures.
IN VITRO ACTIVATION OF LIPOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN THE SERUM OF DOGS BY BILE SALTS.

SummaryThe inactive precursor of a lipolytic enzyme which requires bile salts for activation in vitro has been identified in serum from dogs and cats, and bile from dogs. It is absent from the serum of humans, rabbits, rats and goats. The activated enzyme has been referred to as cholate activated lipase(CAL). Both CAL and its inactive precursor are heat labile. The pH optimum of CAL is 8.0-8.3. CAL rapidly hydrolyzes long and short chain fatty acid triglyceride. Eserine and hexestrol are inhibitors of CAL. Comparison of the effect of various potential inhibitors on CAL with their effects on pancreatic lipase and postheparin lipase suggest that the lipolytic enzymes from these three sources are not identical.
Effect of 2,4-diamino-5-(p-chlorophenoxy)-6-methylpyrimidine and 2,4-diamino-6,7-diphenylpteridine on chloroguanide-resistant strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum.

SummaryA chlorguanide-resistant strain of Plasmodium gallinaceum was cross-resistant to 2,4-diamino-6,7-diphenylpteridine. The same chlorguanide-resistant strain was not cross-resistant to 2,4-diamino-5-(p-chlorophenoxy)-6-methylpyrimidine. Chlorguanide and 2,4-diamino-5-(p-chlorophenoxy)-6-methylpyrimidine were not synergistic in their antimalarial activity.
SELF-IDEAL DISCREPANCY AND THE CORRELATES SEX AND ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT

A PSYCHOLOGICAL construct that seems to be directly related to personal adjustment is favorable ness of self-perception (11). Most discouraging from the standpoint of those concerned with the ed ucation of pr?adolescents are the indications that a sharp decrease in favorableness of self-perception occurs during grades three to five (5). In general, researchers in this area have con cerned themselves with two measures both con sidered measures of self-acceptance. One measure is simply the favorableness of self-perception, while the other self-acceptance measure is the degree of similarity between self-perception and perception of the "ideal-self". This latter perceptual entity con stitutes the perception an individual would prefer to have of himself. Both se If-acceptance measures have been shown to be related to personal adj us t ment (11). PURPOSE
iTILLING: Personalized Mutation Screening

One powerful approach to studying gene function is to analyze the phenotype of an organism carrying a mutant allele of a gene of interest. In order to use this experimental approach, one must have the ability to easily isolate individual organisms carrying desired mutations. A widely used method for accomplishing this task in plants and other organisms is a procedure called TILLING. A traditional TILLING project has at its foundation an ordered mutant population produced by treating seeds with a chemical mutagen. From this mutagenized seed, thousands of individual mutant lines are produced, and corresponding DNA samples are collected. For several plant species, publicly accessible screening facilities have been established that perform mutant screens on a gene-by-gene basis in response to customer requests using PCR and heteroduplex detection methods. The iTILLING method described in this chapter represents an individualized version of the TILLING process. Performing a traditional TILLING experiment requires a large investment in time and resources to establish the well-ordered mutant population. By contrast, iTILLING is a low-investment alternative that provides the individual research lab with a practical solution to mutation screening. The main difference between the two approaches is that iTILLING is not based on the establishment of a durable, organized mutant population. Instead, a system for growing Arabidopsis seedlings in 96-well plates is used to produce an ephemeral mutant population for screening. Because the intention is not to develop a long-term resource, a considerable savings in time and money is realized when using iTILLING as compared to traditional TILLING. iTILLING is not intended to serve as a replacement to traditional TILLING. Rather, iTILLING provides a strategy by which custom mutagenesis screens can be performed by individual labs using unique genetic backgrounds that are of specific interest to that research group.
Hypertension, Aortic Valve Stenosis, and the Aorta: More Lessons From TAVR∗

The spectrum and epidemiology of aortic valve stenosis (AVS) have changed drastically since the 1968 seminal report from Ross and Braunwald [(1)][1]. The prevalence of AVS has been steadily increasing with age in the general population [(2)][2]. Compared to earlier generations, patients undergoing
DELIVERING THE GOODS: Herein of Mead, Delegations, and Authority

This paper argues, first, that the natural law position, according to which it is the function of human law and political authorities to instantiate certain individual goods and the common good of the political community, does not entail judges' having the power or authority to speak the natural law directly. It goes on to argue, second, that lawmaking power/authority must be delegated by the people or their representatives. It then argues, third, that success in making law depends not just on the exercise of delegated power/authority, but also on the exercise of care and deliberation or, in the article's terms, the achievement and exercise of authoritativeness. Authoritativness is the gateway by which goods enter, including through human law. The article develops these points by showing their place in United States v. Mead (2001). The article was prepared for the January 2009 meeting of the AALS Section on Law and Religion, co-sponsored by the Section on Jewish Law and the Section on Islamic Law.
Archaeal lipid vaccine adjuvants for induction of cell-mediated immunity.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Liposomal vesicles (archaeosomes) composed of total polar lipids (TPL) or semi-synthetic glycerolipids, unique to the domain Archaea, constitute potent vaccine adjuvant and delivery systems. The characteristics of this adjuvant offer a novel prospect for the development of effective vaccines for emerging infections and cancers, which is reviewed in this article.Areas covered: The areas covered in this review include the chemical composition and physical characteristics, various in-vitro and in-vivo pre-clinical immunogenicity and efficacy studies for systemic immunization, induction of mucosal immunity upon modification of the formulation with cations, and the mechanism of adjuvant action following uptake by antigen presenting cells.Expert commentary: The unique features of archaeal lipids confer archaeosomes with many desirable features. With the use of semi-synthetic archaeosomes, highly defined lipids that are safe and robust for induction of cell-mediated immunity may be chosen. ...
CFTR expression in cortical collecting duct cells.

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) is a adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate-activated chloride channel located in the apical membrane of many epithelial cells, and it m...
Improving the sleep of children’s hospital employees through an email-based sleep wellness program.

Health care worker sleepiness and fatigue increases the risk of adverse events, compromises patient safety, and increases risk to personal safety and well-being. Addressing sleep problems in large health care institutions through traditional face-to-face interventions can be expensive and difficult to implement to a large employee pool. Little is known about the use of more cost-effective and time-efficient sleep health programs with health care professionals, such as online or email-based sleep interventions. The purpose of this article was to describe the development, implementation, and outcomes of Sleep Smart, an email-based employee sleep wellness program. Sleep Smart was created by a clinical psychologist board certified in behavioral sleep medicine, with consultation and review by an experienced employee wellness coordinator. It consisted of 8 weekly e-mailed modules highlighting different aspects of sleep, paired with online surveys. Participants (employees of a large midwestern tertiary children’s hospital and some spouses [n = 1,333]) completed measures including the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at baseline and after completing the program. Results indicate a significant improvement in sleep quality, reduction in insomnia symptoms, decreases in daytime fatigue and reported sleepiness while driving, and a reduction in sleep medication usage. Outcomes from this study support additional exploration of cost-effective technology-based sleep health initiatives aimed at health care professionals. Improving hospital employee sleep could positively affect the delivery of care and patient safety. Challenges specific to employee wellness program evaluation and data collection and information for psychologists interested in this work is discussed.
Wood decay and the persistence of resprouting species in pyrophilic ecosystems

Along a fire frequency gradient, we found a savanna tree species had the greatest below ground decay compartmentalization after coppicing as compared to other resprouting species located at mesic gradient positions. In pyrophilic ecosystems, woody plants are repeatedly injured or topkilled (i.e. aboveground tissue is killed) by frequent fires, and many woody species persist in these systems through resprouting. Yet, many vigorously resprouting plants appear unable to persist in frequently burned landscapes. The success of resprouters has generally been attributed to the ability of these plants to store and remobilize carbohydrate reserves. For resprouting species, persistence might not be determined by resource reserves, but rather by their ability to prevent spread of wood decay after injury, there by maintaining the integrity of belowground organs. We hypothesized that species that persist in frequently burned areas are most capable of containing the extent of wood decay. To this end, we measured variables previously identified to limit the extent of decay in woody plants, including plant size, wood density, and lignin and extractable phenolic concentrations, on five woody species that occur along a fire frequency gradient in the Sandhills physiographic region of North Carolina, USA. We induced topkill by coppicing 19–20 individuals of each species. At 9 and 19 months after coppicing, we harvested the root crowns of half of the individuals per species. We found that the most fire-tolerant species (Quercus laevis) had the least amount of wood decay overall and the greatest wood density and lignin and phenolic concentrations. Q. laevis also had the least decay at both the 9- and 19-month post-coppicing harvest dates. We suggest that wood decay compartmentalization is a potentially overlooked aspect of resprouting success.
Nicotine-induced neuroplasticity counteracts the effect of schizophrenia-linked neuregulin 1 signaling on NMDAR function in the rat hippocampus.

A high rate of heavy tobacco smoking among people with schizophrenia has been suggested to reflect self-medication and amelioration of cognitive dysfunction, a core feature of schizophrenia. NMDAR hypofunction is hypothesized to be a mechanism of cognitive dysfunction, and excessive schizophrenia-linked neuregulin 1 (NRG1) signaling through its receptor ErbB4 can suppress NMDAR function by preventing Src-mediated enhancement of NMDAR responses. Here we investigated whether chronic nicotine exposure in rats by subcutaneous injection of nicotine (0.5-1 mg/kg, twice daily for 10-15 days) counteracts the suppressive effect of NRG1β on NMDAR-mediated responses recorded from CA1 pyramidal cells in acute hippocampal slices. We found that NRG1β, which prevents the enhancement of NMDAR responses by the Src-family-kinase-activating peptide pYEEI in naive rats, failed to block the effect of pYEEI in nicotine-exposed rats. In naive rats, NRG1β acts only on GluN2B-NMDARs by blocking their Src-mediated upregulation. Chronic nicotine exposure causes enhanced GluN2B-NMDAR responses via Src upregulation and recruits Fyn for the enhancement of GluN2A-NMDAR responses. NRG1β has no effect on both enhanced basal GluN2B-NMDAR responses and Fyn-mediated enhancement of GluN2A-NMDAR responses. Src-mediated enhancement of GluN2B-NMDAR responses and Fyn-mediated enhancement of GluN2A-NMDAR responses initiate long-term potentiation (LTP) of AMPAR synaptic responses in naive and nicotine-exposed CA1 pyramidal cells, respectively. These results suggest that NRG1β suppresses LTP by blocking Src-mediated enhancement of GluN2B-NMDAR responses, but has no effect on LTP in nicotine-exposed rats. These effects of chronic nicotine exposure may counteract the negative effect of increased NRG1-ErbB4 signaling on the cellular mechanisms of learning and memory in individuals with schizophrenia, and therefore may motivate heavy smoking.
Complex Variable Methods

Complex variable theory provides a very powerful tool for the solution of many problems in elasticity. Such applications include solutions of the torsion problem and most importantly the plane problem discussed in Chapters 7 and 8 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 . The technique is also useful for cases involving anisotropic and thermoelastic materials, and these will be discussed in subsequent chapters. Employing complex variable methods enables many problems to be solved that would be intractable by other schemes. The method is based on the reduction of the elasticity boundary-value problem to a formulation in the complex domain. This formulation then allows many powerful mathematical techniques available from complex variable theory to be applied to the elasticity problem. The purpose of this chapter is to introduce the basics of the method and to investigate its application to particular problems of engineering interest. We shall first briefly review complex variable theory to provide a general background needed to develop elasticity solutions.
Fragment Functional Answers

There are usually two grammatical ways to provide an answer to a question: a full clause reply and a fragment reply. Some fragment replies are well-formed as answers to some types of questions but not to others, and some full clause replies are well-formed as answers to some types of questions but not to others. We account for this fact with a variant of a theory of questions according to which fragment replies are basic semantic answers, and full-clause replies are parasitic on them.
The Life of the Dead: Karl Marx in Context

In Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion, Gareth Stedman Jones draws a distinction between Marx’s nineteenth-century views and those of twentieth-century Marxism, which abandoned ideas of Marx that seemed outdated. Stedman Jones’ careful reconstruction of Marx’s philosophical, political, and economic thought in the context of the new social thought of the early nineteenth century, however, reveals aspects of Marx that returned to challenge official Marxism. In this respect, Stedman Jones’ conception of intellectual history as the careful placement of ideas in their historical context conflicts with his actual practice of intellectual history, which discovers challenges to the present in past debates.
The Business of Pain Medicine

The Business of Pain Medicine will explore key concepts surrounding physician practice types and physician compensation models. An array of practice types and compensation models are available to physicians in the healthcare industry today. Physicians may practice independently or seek employment or alignment with a hospital or major health system. Compensation models can range from salary only to production based, value based, or a hybrid based on components of these.
Selecting Social Change Leaders

This chapter reviews several scholarship programs that provide access to higher education as a means to strengthen leaders from marginalized communities. First, the chapter examines the strategies employed for goal setting, target group identification, and recruitment. Second, the chapter analyzes the role of effective and efficient outreach processes in informing and attracting candidates from targeted groups and reaffirming candidates’ confidence in the credibility and value of the scholarship opportunity. Best practices for selecting future social change leaders are summarized. Beyond selection, the chapter describes the comprehensive programmatic support required to overcome barriers faced by nontraditional students in higher education settings.
Biomechanics of omnidirectional strikes in flat spiders

Many ambush predators attack prey using rapid strikes, but these strikes are typically only anteriorly directed. However, a predator may attack laterally and posteriorly oriented prey if it can couple the strikes with rapid body reorientation. Here, we examined omnidirectional strikes in flattie spiders (Selenopidae), a group of sit-and-wait ambush predators found on open surfaces. These spiders attack prey throughout their entire peripheral range using rapid strikes that consist of rapid translation and rotation toward the prey. These spiders ambush with radially oriented, long, laterigrade legs in a ready-to-fire status. Once prey is detected, the spider maneuvers toward it using a single flexion of the legs closest to the prey, which is assisted by 0-3 extension strides by the contralateral legs. The within-stance joint actions by a few legs generate a large resultant force directed toward the prey and a large turning moment. Furthermore, the turning speed is enhanced by rapid midair leg adductions, which effectively reduce the spider's moment of inertia during angular acceleration. Our results demonstrate a novel hunting behavior with high maneuverability that is generated with effectively controlled reconfigurations of long, laterigrade legs. These results provide insights for understanding the diversity of animal legs and developing highly maneuverable multi-legged robots.
Transient poroelastic stress coupling between the 2015 M7.8 Gorkha, Nepal earthquake and its M7.3 aftershock

Abstract The large M7.3 aftershock occurred 17 days after the 2015 M7.8 Gorkha earthquake. We investigate if this sequence is mechanically favored by the mainshock via time-dependent fluid migration and pore pressure recovery. This study uses finite element models of fully-coupled poroelastic coseismic and postseismic behavior to simulate the evolving stress and pore-pressure fields. Using simulations of a reasonable permeability, the hypocenter was destabilized by an additional 0.15 MPa of Coulomb failure stress change (∆CFS) and 0.17 MPa of pore pressure (∆p), the latter of which induced lateral and upward diffusive fluid flow (up to 2.76 mm/day) in the aftershock region. The M7.3 location is predicted next to a local maximum of ∆p and a zone of positive ∆CFS northeast of Kathmandu. About 60% of the aftershocks occurred within zones having either ∆p > 0 or ∆CFS > 0. Particularly in the eastern flank of the epicentral area, ~83% of the aftershocks experienced postseismic fluid pressurization and ~88% of them broke out with positive pore pressure, which are discernibly more than those with positive ∆CFS (71%). The transient scalar field of fluid pressurization provides a good proxy to predict aftershock-prone areas in space and time, because it does not require extraction of an assumed vector field from transient stress tensor fields as is the case for ∆CFS calculations. A bulk permeability of 8.32 × 10−18 m2 is resolved to match the transient response and the timing of the M7.3 rupture which occurred at the peak of the ∆CFS time-series. This estimate is consistent with the existing power-law permeability-versus-depth models, suggesting an intermediately-fractured upper crust coherent with the local geology of the central Himalayas. The contribution of poroelastic triggering is verified against different poroelastic moduli and surface flow-pressure boundaries, suggesting that a poroelastic component is essential to account for the time interval separating the mainshock and the M7.3 aftershock.
Bioengineering strategies to accelerate stem cell therapeutics

Although only a few stem cell-based therapies are currently available to patients, stem cells hold tremendous regenerative potential, and several exciting clinical applications are on the horizon. Biomaterials with tuneable mechanical and biochemical properties can preserve stem cell function in culture, enhance survival of transplanted cells and guide tissue regeneration. Rapid progress with three-dimensional hydrogel culture platforms provides the opportunity to grow patient-specific organoids, and has led to the discovery of drugs that stimulate endogenous tissue-specific stem cells and enabled screens for drugs to treat disease. Therefore, bioengineering technologies are poised to overcome current bottlenecks and revolutionize the field of regenerative medicine.