cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bayesian classifier performance for realistically randomized signals

Acoustic, seismic, radio-frequency, optical, and other types of signals in complex real-world environments are randomized by processes such as multipath reflections from buildings and hills, surface scattering from rough terrain, and volume scattering by turbulence and vegetation. Bayesian classifier methods have the ability to incorporate physically realistic distributions for the random signal variations caused by these processes, and thus enable quantitative assessments of the uncertainty in the target classifications. This paper formulates a Bayesian classifier for problems involving strongly scattered signals with partially correlated features, as would be appropriate for situations involving observations of multiple signal features (e.g., spectral bands) at multiple sensor locations. In this case, the appropriate formulation of the likelihood function is a complex Wishart distribution. We simulate the classifier performance for two- and three-target problems involving multiple spectral signal features, for cases involving moderate and strong correlations between the signal features. The results illustrate the challenges of performing reliable classification based on a small number of samples of a strongly scattered signal, particularly when the target features are similar in strength. When there exist strong correlations between the feature data, full Bayesian classifiers decisively outperform naive classifiers.
Do Microdeletions Lead to Immune Deficiency

Introduction Microdeletion syndromes may be accompanied by immunological disorders. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical and laboratory data as well as the immune functions of patients diagnosed with a microdeletion syndrome. Material and methods 39 patients diagnosed with microdeletion syndrome who were monitored at the Pediatric Genetics and Immunology clinics at Dr. Behcet Uz Children's Hospital were included in this study. All data for this research were obtained from patient records and by individual consultation with their parents. Results Of the 39 patients, 15 were monitored for a diagnosis of Williams syndrome, 12 for DiGeorge syndrome, 4 for Prader-Willi syndrome, 2 for Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome, 1 for a 1p36 deletion, 1 for Smith-Magenis syndrome, 2 for Trichorhinophalangeal syndrome type 2 (TRPS2), and 2 for Cri-du-chat syndrome. Of these 39 patients, 10 (25.6%) had a medical history of frequent upper respiratory tract infections. One of the cases with TRPS2 and another with Smith-Magenis syndrome had previously received intravenous antibiotic therapy for infectious disease. Five of the 12 patients with DiGeorge syndrome had low T lymphocytes. Two of the patients with DiGeorge syndrome with a history of frequent infections, with hypogammaglobinemia, and low lymphocytes were receiving regular intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) replacement. Conclusions It must be taken into account that patients with microdeletion syndromes, especially those with DiGeorge syndrome, may also have immunodeficiencies; therefore, these patients should be closely monitored to prevent development of any complications.
Two Kinds of Verbal Behavior Plus a Possible Third

Speaking, writing, and signing (American Sign Language) are types of verbal behavior where each different verbal relation involves a different topography. It is also possible to behave verbally by pointing at or in some way indicating the relevant verbal stimuli, where response topographies do not differ from one verbal relation to another. There are a number of potentially important differences between topography-based and stimulus-selection-based verbal behavior, although the two are often treated as equivalent from a behavioral as well as from a traditional perspective. Selection-based verbal behavior involves a conditional discrimination whereas topography-based verbal behavior does not. In topography-based, but not in selection-based verbal behavior, there is point-to-point correspondence between response form and relevant response product. Also, effective selection-based verbal behavior requires a good scanning repertoire whereas in topography-based verbal behavior the correct response simply becomes stronger under appropriate conditions. What is traditionally referred to as receptive language training is described as quite similar from a behavioral perspective to training in selection-based verbal behavior. Given the differences between topography- and selection-based verbal behavior, the wisdom of the current rather extensive reliance on selection-based verbal behavior in language instruction for developmentally disabled clients is seriously questioned.
Clinical and laboratory features distinguishing MOG antibody disease from multiple sclerosis and AQP4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica.

Abstract Background Antibodies to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) are associated with a CNS inflammatory disorder distinct from multiple sclerosis (MS) and aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Knowledge of the clinical spectrum of MOG antibody disease (MOGAD) remains incomplete, particularly in comparison to two related inflammatory demyelinating diseases, MS and NMO. Objective Compare demographics, clinical characteristics, estimated disability, laboratory results, and treatment responses of a U.S. MOGAD cohort with age- and sex-matched MS and NMO patients. Design, setting, and participants This observational, case-control, single-center study identified each group via ICD-10 diagnosis code searches through the electronic medical records of adult patients seen at the John L. Trotter MS Center between January 1, 2019 and January 1, 2020. MOGAD and NMO patients were confirmed to have at least one positive antibody test; those in the MS group had a confirmed diagnosis by a physician with MS subspecialty training. Data were collected after IRB approval. Results Twenty-six patients were included in each group. MOGAD patients were predominantly Caucasian (88.5%) with mean onset age of 43.9 years. MOGAD patients had no comorbid other autoimmune diseases and comparatively lower rates of family members with autoimmune disease (20.0%) than either MS (40.0%) or NMO (34.6%) matched cohorts. 91% of MOGAD attacks were monofocal, and over 70% presented with optic neuritis. Severity of MOGAD attacks was similar to that of seropositive NMO, but the robust degree of recovery was more similar to MS. Four MOGAD patients converted to negative antibody status, with no attacks occurring after conversion. Serum ANA and ENA were less frequently elevated in MOGAD (21.7%, 5.0%) than in seropositive NMO patients (66.7%, 42.9%). Elevated IgG synthesis rate and positive CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands were not seen in our MOGAD cohort, and only one MOGAD patient had an elevated IgG index. Despite anti-CD20 therapy, 28.6% of MOGAD patients continued to suffer relapses. Conclusions MOGAD was characterized by a predominantly monofocal presentation (typically optic neuritis) and severe attacks with better recovery than seen with seropositive NMO attacks. Lack of CSF-restricted oligoclonal bands distinguished MOGAD from MS.
Small intracranial aneurysms in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT).

Treatment of small ruptured aneurysms (SRAs) remains controversial, with literature reporting difficulty with endovascular versus microsurgical approaches. This paper analyzes outcomes after endovascular coiling and microsurgical clipping among patients with SRAs prospectively enrolled in the Barrow Ruptured Aneurysm Trial (BRAT). All BRAT patients were included in this study. Patient demographics, aneurysm size, aneurysm characteristics, procedure-related complications, and outcomes at discharge and at 1-year and 6-year follow-up were evaluated. A modified Rankin scale (mRS) score > 2 was considered a poor outcome. Of 73 patients with SRAs, 40 were initially randomly assigned to endovascular coiling and 33 to microsurgical clipping. The rate of treatment crossover was significantly different between coiling and clipping; 25 patients who were assigned to coiling crossed over to clipping, and no clipping patients crossed over to coiling (P 2) at discharge and 1-year and 6-year follow-up (P = 0.48 and 0.73, respectively). Most SRA patients in the BRAT underwent surgical clipping, with a high rate of crossover from endovascular approaches. Endovascular treatment was equivalent to surgical clipping with regard to procedure-related complications and neurologic outcomes.
Cyclic dynamics of misfires and partial burns in a dilute spark-ignition engine:

This study investigates the cyclic dynamics of cumulative heat release data past the edge of stability in a dilute spark-ignition engine. Emphasis is placed on analyzing the cyclic dynamics near th...
No projected global drylands expansion under greenhouse warming

Drylands, comprising land regions characterized by water-limited, sparse vegetation, have commonly been projected to expand globally under climate warming. Such projections, however, rely on an atmospheric proxy for drylands, the aridity index, which has recently been shown to yield qualitatively incorrect projections of various components of the terrestrial water cycle. Here, we use an alternative index of drylands, based directly on relevant ecohydrological variables, and compare projections of both indices in Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 climate models as well as Dynamic Global Vegetation Models. The aridity index overestimates simulated ecohydrological index changes. This divergence reflects different index sensitivities to hydroclimate change and opposite responses to the physiological effect on vegetation of increasing atmospheric CO2. Atmospheric aridity is thus not an accurate proxy of the future extent of drylands. Despite greater uncertainties than in atmospheric projections, climate model ecohydrological projections indicate no global drylands expansion under greenhouse warming, contrary to previous claims based on atmospheric aridity. Model projections of future drylands distribution using a proxy based on atmospheric aridity show expansion under climate change, but may not be an accurate representation. An alternative index based on ecohydrological variables such as water limitation shows no global expansion of drylands.
Estimation of Abundance and Distribution of Salt Marsh Plants from Images Using Deep Learning

Recent advances in computer vision and machine learning, most notably deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs), are exploited to identify and localize various plant species in salt marsh images. Three different approaches are explored that provide estimations of abundance and spatial distribution at varying levels of granularity defined by spatial resolution. In the coarsest-grained approach, CNNs are tasked with identifying which of six plant species are present/absent in large patches within the salt marsh images. CNNs with diverse topological properties and attention mechanisms are shown capable of providing accurate estimations with > 90 % precision and recall for the more abundant plant species and reduced performance for less common plant species. Estimation of percent cover of each plant species is performed at a finer spatial resolution, where smaller image patches are extracted and the CNNs tasked with identifying the plant species or substrate at the center of the image patch. For the percent cover estimation task, the CNNs are observed to exhibit a performance profile similar to that for the presence/absence estimation task, but with an ≈ 5%-10% reduction in precision and recall. Finally, fine-grained estimation of the spatial distribution of the various plant species is performed via semantic segmentation. The DeepLab-V3 semantic segmentation architecture is observed to provide very accurate estimations for abundant plant species, but with significant performance degradation for less abundant plant species; in extreme cases, rare plant classes are seen to be ignored entirely. Overall, a clear trade-off is observed between the CNN estimation quality and the spatial resolution of the underlying estimation thereby offering guidance for ecological applications of CNN-based approaches to automated plant identification and localization in salt marsh images.
Lies, damned lies, and TICI.

“Failure is success in progress,” is one of Albert Einstein’s quotes, emphasizing the importance of recognizing one’s own limitations. The devices we use in our daily neurointerventional practice are constantly undergoing changes and improvements, as well as the techniques and approaches we apply to treat a wide range of cerebrovascular pathologies. Yet, we continue to judge procedural success or failure based on the visual feedback—the approach that has remained fundamentally the same since the introduction of the digital subtraction angiography technique. The Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) scoring system is the uniform 'currency' we all use every day; it tells us when the thrombectomy procedure is completed or whether additional device passes are required, it is used by the regulatory agencies to evaluate device safety, and it allows us to compare trial results and determine if the 'next best thing' truly achieves superior and faster reperfusion rates, as claimed by the authors.1 It is not surprising therefore that the TICI scale has quickly found its way in the social media arena, with endless posts announcing first pass TICI 3 results greatly surpassing the clinical trial data or with claims of new devices’ 'superiority'. Dmytriw et al compared post-intervention Twitter reported thrombectomy outcomes with the Highly Effective Reperfusion Evaluated in Multiple Endovascular Stroke (HERMES) individual patient meta-analysis and showed a striking (over 20%) difference in the …
Decellularized Adipose Matrices Can Alleviate Radiation-Induced Skin Fibrosis.

Objective: Radiation therapy is commonplace for cancer treatment but often results in fibrosis and atrophy of surrounding soft tissue. Decellularized adipose matrices (DAMs) have been reported to i...
The Effects of Written Stuttering Disclosure on the Perceptions of a Child Who Stutters.

Purpose This study measured between-groups differences in perceived speech skills and personality characteristics of a 12-year-old male child who stutters (CWS) as a function of a written factual s...
Basic Finite-Difference Methods

As discussed in the preceding chapter, there are two conceptually different ways to represent continuous functions on digital computers: as a finite set of gridpoint values or as a finite set of series-expansion functions. The grid-point approach is used in conjunction with finite-difference methods, which were widely implemented on digital computers somewhat earlier than the series-expansion techniques. In addition, the theory for these methods is somewhat simpler than that for series-expansion methods. We will parallel this historical development by studying finite-difference methods in this chapter and deferring the treatment of series expansion methods to Chapter 4. Moreover, it is useful to understand finitedifference methods before investigating series-expansion techniques because even when series expansions are used to represent the spatial dependence of some atmospheric quantity, the time dependence is almost always discretized and treated with finite differences.
Analytic Diffraction Corrections to Ultrasonic Scattering Measurements

Ultrasonic theories generally predict a scattering amplitude which relates a spherically spreading, far-field scattered wave to an incident plane wave. In ultrasonic immersion measurements, the frequency and angular dependences of the scattering amplitude are convolved with those of the transmitting and receiving transducers and the propagation through the liquid-solid and solid-liquid interfaces. This paper presents a set of approximate corrections for these effects for the cases of angle beam inspection through planar, spherically curved or cylindrically curved surfaces. The primary parameters in the correction are the function D, which corrects for the diffraction effects occurring during a transducer calibration experiment, and the function C, which describes the on-axis pressure variation of the beam. Values of C and D are available in the literature for the case of a piston transducer radiating into an infinite fluid medium. The major portion of this paper is concerned with the extension of those results to the aforementioned two media problems in which mode conversion, refraction, diffraction, and focussing all play interrelated roles. Results of preliminary experiments to test the corrections are also included.
Structural and optical properties of three-dimensional Si1?xGex/Si nanostructures

Steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) combined with x-ray and Raman measurements have been performed on a series of well-characterized Si1−xGex/Si superlattice samples with an island-like morphology and with precise control over the alloy chemical composition in the range 0.091 ≤ x ≤ 0.61. In the samples with x increasing from 0.091 to 0.53, an increase in the intensity of the Raman signal related to Ge–Ge vibrations correlates with a red shift in the PL peak position and an increase in the activation energy of the PL thermal quenching. Time-resolved PL measurements reveal two PL components with relaxation times of a microsecond and up to 10 ms, respectively. The highest PL quantum efficiency observed (better than 1% at low temperature) is found in the samples with x ≈ 0.5 where carrier recombination presumably occurs at sharp Si/Si1−xGex interfaces which exhibit type-II band alignment, with a small (of the order of several milli-electron volts) barrier for electrons and deep potential wells for holes localized within Ge-rich Si1−xGex islands. In the samples with Ge concentration close to 0.61, we observe a strong, step-like increase in strain and significant evidence of strain-induced Si/Ge interdiffusion resulting in a decrease of the PL quantum efficiency.
Acute hemolytic anemia with crisis in labor; report of a case with review of the literature.

CUTE hemolytic anemia is a very serious but apparently rare complicaA tion of pregnancy. In 1919 Sir William OsleP1 included a case in his survey of the severe anemias of pregnancy and the puerperium. Larrabeel’j in 1925 described a case of what was apparently acquired hemolytic anemia in pregnancy successfully treated by blood transfusion and later splenectomy. Lescherl’ in 1942 reported 8 cases of hcmolytic ;Incmia associated wit,h pregnancy, all of which responded well to transfusion. Tltc! hematologic data associated with these cases were somewhat scant but it was felt that they represented Lederer ‘s anemia. Most hematologists no longer regard this as a clinical entity. McCabe,18 however, in 1956, reported a case of “Lederer’s anemia, ” not only suggesting it to be a separate entity but also that the Coxsackie or Newcastle virus should be checked by neutralization tests as a possible etiological agent. Autoagglutinins were not found in his patient, erythrocyte fragility was minimal, and no splenomcgalp was tlet,ected. The features described were those of a toxic process, with signs of hepatorenal syndrome on admission, giving a leukemoid reaction and then proceeding to aregenesis with sudden release of retieulocytes and steady improvement. Hydrocortone appeared to help recovery since no transfusions were given. Bromberg and associates5 reported the case of a woman who had acquired hemolytic anemia in two successive pregnancies. Barnes and Doan reported a case of their own, and mentioned another of Trenis and co-workers in which hcmolytic anemia was treated by splenectomy during pregnancy. Alt, discussing a paper by Wolff and Limarzi,?3 mentioned a patient with congenital hemolytic anemia in whom a splenectomy was performed durin g the second t rimcster of pregnancy. The pregnancy continued to term and delivery was normal.
Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy in Patients with a History of Holmium Laser Enucleation of the Prostate: Feasibility and Evaluation of Initial Outcomes

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate outcomes of post-holmium laser enucleation of the prostate (HoLEP) robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). Patients and Methods: Using an institutional database, we identified 11 HoLEP patients who subsequently underwent RARP. These were matched 1:2 to RARP patients without a previous transurethral surgical procedure. Variables matched were age, pre-RARP prostate-specific antigen level, and biopsy Gleason score. Urinary continence and sexual function were evaluated by physician questioning, American Urological Association symptom score, and Sexual Health in Men (SHIM) scores. Descriptive statistics were used to compare cohorts. Results: RARP pathologic outcomes were similar between cases and controls. Twenty-seven percent of previous HoLEP patients reached strict urinary continence (leak free, pad free) at last follow-up compared with 64% of matched controls (P=0.071). The average (range) SHIM score at last follow-up was 2.6 (1–5) for previous HoLEP patients compared wit...
Instrumental variable methods in clinical research.

Randomized trials are the most valid approach to assess the causal relationship between an exposure and an outcome of interest. Randomization ensures that the experimental groups being compared are similar in terms of observed and unobserved baseline and prognostic characteristics. In nonrandomized studies, selection and allocation bias arise as the result of individuals’ or physicians’ choice of treatment. These biases are insidious and often difficult to identify and can have devastating effects on the inferential process. However, the availability of clinical data from national registries, large administrative databases, and electronic medical records stimulates research questions that may not be feasibly answered by a randomized clinical trial because randomization is not ethically possible, investigators lack equipoise, or prohibitively large trials would be required.Questionssuchas‘‘Dopatientswhoreceive percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) after a myocardial infarction(MI)livelongerthanpatientswhoaretreatedpharmacologically?’’couldbeansweredusingexistingdata. The most challenging issue in analyzing these kind of data is, of course,thecomparabilityoftheriskgroups.PatientswithMI whoreceivePCI,forexample,mayhavemoreseveredisease than patients who do not receive surgery and therefore may be at higher risk for an adverse outcome. On the other hand, patients who do not receive PCI may present with specific conditions that prevent them from undergoing catheterization. Therefore, determining which approach is more effective without properly accounting for differences between patient groups is problematic. Correction of these imbalances through statistical modeling (eg, multivariable models) is not effective when important covariates are not available, there is an extreme imbalance of the background characteristics, or an overly complex regression model would be required. In addition, the resulting regression parameters could still be biased if important factors are not included in the model. Alternatively, 2 statistical approaches can be used to eliminateorreduceselection andallocation bias:propensity scores and instrumental variables. Both methods aim, in different ways, at producing comparable groups with respect to important characteristics, almost in the same way a randomization process would. When important confounding variables are not known or observed, an instrumental variable approach is more appropriate than propensity scores.
Educational and Occupational Outcomes of Hispanic Learning-Disabled High School Students

The purpose of this study was to examine the educational characteristics of six subgroups in the high school and beyond data set. These included senior learning-disabled Hispanic students, senior learning-disabled Anglo students, and a randomly selected Anglo senior nonhandicapped subsample. In addition, three parallel sophomore groups were included.The major analyses of the data reflected an attempt to compare the groups in terms of their course taking behavior, educational aspirations and educational/occupational outcomes. The results indicated that there were significant differences between the handicapped and nonhandicapped groups. However, in general, there were no differences between the Anglo and Hispanic handicapped groups.
The Effect of Fiduciary Standards and Institutions' Preference for Dividend-Paying Stocks

Many researchers perceive that the "Prudent Man" standard for fiduciary responsibility causes institutional investors to prefer dividend-paying stocks. However, most states revised their fiduciary standards during the 1990s, replacing Prudent Man constraints with the less-stringent Prudent Investor rules for many institutional investors. We find that the introduction of the Prudent Investor standard is followed by an economically and statistically significant reduction in institutional holdings of dividend-paying stocks. If institutional investors should no longer be assumed to have an exogenous preference for dividend-paying stocks, some conclusions about security returns and corporate behavior from the 1990s may need to be re-considered.
The influence of common food additives and temperature on threshold perception of capsaicin

Etude du role du glucose, du chlorure de sodium, de l'acide citrique a differentes concentrations en solutions aqueuses presentees a 2, 18 ou 60 o C dans les variations du seuil de perception de la saveur brulante de la capsaicine. Le glucose diminue la perception (augmente le seuil). La temperature de 60 o C abaisse au contraire le seuil de sensibilite. Mecanismes probables d'action
Heritability and Genetic Correlations of Body Weights of White Holland Turkeys

Abstract THE development of the concepts and principles of population genetics and its application to the field of poultry breeding has resulted in the accumulation of several estimates of heritability and genetic correlations for body weight of chickens. Similar information concerning body weight of turkeys is more limited. Abplanalp and Kosin (1952) estimated the heritability of body weight at 4, 8, 14 and 26 weeks of age for Broad Breasted Bronze and Beltsville Small White turkeys. The estimates were calculated by intraclass correlations and offspring-dam regressions. The highest estimates for Bronze males and females were 71 percent and 39 percent, respectively, at 14 weeks of age. For the Beltsville Small White variety, the highest estimate for males was 33 percent at 8 weeks of age, while for females it was 24 percent at 26 weeks of age. Goodman et al. (1954) calculated heritability estimates for Broad Breasted Bronze and White Holland …
Genetic and environmental considerations for evaluating crown position of wheat

Crown position affects winter survival of fallsown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Direct or indirect selection for crown depth has been little practiced. Reports have suggested that short subcrown internode length was closely related to semidwarf plant height and that semidwarfism was related to poor emergence. This study determined the relationships among crown depth, plant height, and emergence rate index in three wheat populations. The efficiency of evaluating crown placement in the field was examined and additional information was obtained on its genetic control. The F2-derived F4 and F5 lines from the crosses of female parents ‘Daws’, ‘Nugaines’, and ‘Stephens’ with male parent ‘Selection 7952’ were planted at Central Ferry and Pullman, Washington, respectively. Correlations from each population indicated that crown depth and subcrown internode length were not closely associated with plant height and emergence rate index. Crown depth was a more reliable indicator of crown placement than subcrown internode length. Adjustment of the data for seed depth differences was essential for evaluating subcrown internode length but less important for evaluating crown depth. After adjustment for seed depth, narrow-sense h2 values for subcrown internode length and crown depth were 0.25–0.41. Crown depth and subcrown internode length were inherited as quantitative traits in phenotypes that expressed variable dominance. Modest gains due to selection for crown depth were achieved.
Current management of carcinoma of the breast.

Objective An in-depth retrospective review of the multidisciplinary approach to the management of carcinoma of the breast was done. The author reviewed previous trials and treatment from the past to the present. The indications and contraindications of surgical procedures, radiation therapy, systemic chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy are discussed. Summary background data Carcinoma of the breast is one of the most common malignancies treated by the practicing general or oncologic surgeon. The disease is best treated using a multidisciplinary approach, combining the efforts of surgery, radiation therapy, and systemic treatments. Understanding the indications and contraindications for each of these modalities will provide the practicing surgeon the most up-to-date algorithms for the management of his/her patient. Conclusions The author provides a comprehensive analysis of the multidisciplinary approach to the management of carcinoma of the breast. It emphasizes the results of previous trials and discusses future controversies and areas for study.
Beaver dams and channel sediment dynamics on Odell Creek, Centennial Valley, Montana, USA

Abstract Beaver dams in streams are generally considered to increase bed elevation through in-channel sediment storage, thus, reintroductions of beaver are increasingly employed as a restoration tool to repair incised stream channels. Here we consider hydrologic and geomorphic characteristics of the study stream in relation to in-channel sediment storage promoted by beaver dams. We also document the persistence of sediment in the channel following breaching of dams. Nine reaches, containing 46 cross-sections, were investigated on Odell Creek at Red Rock Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Centennial Valley, Montana. Odell Creek has a snowmelt-dominated hydrograph and peak flows between 2 and 10 m 3 s − 1 . Odell Creek flows down a fluvial fan with a decreasing gradient (0.018–0.004), but is confined between terraces along most of its length, and displays a mostly single-thread, variably sinuous channel. The study reaches represent the overall downstream decrease in gradient and sediment size, and include three stages of beaver damming: (1) active; (2) built and breached in the last decade; and (3) undammed. In-channel sediment characteristics and storage were investigated using pebble counts, fine-sediment depth measurements, sediment mapping and surveys of dam breaches. Upstream of dams, deposition of fine (≤ 2 mm) sediment is promoted by reduced water surface slope, shear stress and velocity, with volumes ranging from 48 to 182 m 3 . High flows, however, can readily transport suspended sediment over active dams. Variations in bed-sediment texture and channel morphology associated with active dams create substantial discontinuities in downstream trends and add to overall channel heterogeneity. Observations of abandoned dam sites and dam breaches revealed that most sediment stored above beaver dams is quickly evacuated following a breach. Nonetheless, dam remnants trap some sediment, promote meandering and facilitate floodplain development. Persistence of beaver dam sediment within the main channel on Odell Creek is limited by frequent breaching (
Clinical Effectiveness and Cost-Effectiveness of 2 Management Strategies for Infected Total Hip Arthroplasty in the Elderly

Optimal management of infected total hip arthroplasty poses a major challenge to clinicians. Exchange arthroplasty is usually advocated but has high rates of surgical morbidity and is expensive. Debridement with prosthesis retention is associated with less morbidity, but high rates of relapsed infection have been described. To estimate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of these 2 strategies among older patients, we used a Markov model to simulate patients' projected lifetime clinical course in hypothetical cohorts of 65-year-old and frail 80-year-old men and women. Initial debridement and retention increased life expectancy 2.2-2.6 quality-adjusted life months and had a favorable cost-effectiveness ratio in all cohorts. Results were most sensitive to the annual rate of relapse after debridement and age at initial diagnosis of infection. In the absence of prospective clinical trials, debridement and retention is a reasonable strategy for treatment of older persons with staphylococcal or streptococcal infection and a nonloosened prosthesis.
The social world of assisted living

Abstract This study defines assisted living as a unique social world and is based on a 22-month ethnography in three facilities and completion of the program required of certified assisted living facility (ALF) managers in Oregon. The focus was on how daily operations are affected by central values (i.e., independence, choice, privacy) defined by Oregon Administrative Rules (OAR). In their efforts to legitimize this newly constructed social world, proponents and providers have developed a package consisting of a unique vocabulary and two organizational practices, the Negotiated Service Agreement (NSA) and Managed Risk Agreement (MRA). This package is integral to the maintenance of this social world, providing the means for defining and defending assisted living. These organizational tools offer a contemporary perspective on the rights of chronically ill and disabled seniors to make choices about their health care, even choices that might be defined as risky by medical professionals.
Dopaminergic terminal excitability following arrival of the nerve impulse: the influence of amphetamine and haloperidol.

Abstract Variations in the excitability of the axons and terminal fields of dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra were examined as a function of time following the nerve impulse in urethane-anesthetized, immobilized rats. Excitability was measured by determining the threshold, defined as the minimum current required to consistently activate dopaminergic neurons antidromically. Threshold currents were maximal immediately following the action potential and declined exponentially to a plateau. The interval during which threshold currents declined, the phasic period, was significantly longer for stimulation of neostriatal terminal fields as contrasted to stimulation of axons along the medial forebrain bundle. A positive correlation was observed between antidromic response latency and the duration of this phasic period for both sites of stimulation, an observation consistent with the view that the site of initiation of the antidromic action potential is of smaller diameter in the neostriatum than in the medial forebrain bundle Amphetamine, which promotes dopamine release and/or re-uptake blockade, reduced dopaminergic terminal excitability in the neostriatum at all intervals examined. This effect increased at successively shorter intervals during the phasic portion of the excitability curve. Haloperidol, a dopamine antagonist, increased the excitability of dopaminergic terminal fields, an effect which was also more marked earlier in the phasic interval. Neither amphetamine nor haloperidol had a significant effect on the excitability of dopaminergic axons in the medial forebrain bundle. Variations in dopaminergic terminal excitability after impulse arrival, and the effects of amphetamine and haloperidol on this phenomenon suggest that terminal excitability is determined by events related to arrival of the nerve impulse including activation of presynaptic ‘autoreceptors’ by dopamine released from the synaptic ending.
A note on supply chain coordination for joint determination of order quantity and reorder point using a credit option

Abstract Credit options and side payments are two methods suggested for achieving coordination in a two-echelon supply chain. We examine the credit option coordination mechanism introduced by Chaharsooghi and Heydari [Chaharsooghi, S., & Heydari, J. (2010). Supply chain coordination for the joint determination of order quantity and reorder point using credit option. European Journal of Operational Research, 204 (1), 86–95]. This method assumes that the supplier’s opportunity costs are equal to the reduction in the buyer’s financial holding costs during the credit period. In this note, we show that Chaharsooghi and Heydari’s method is not applicable when buyer and supplier opportunity costs are not equal. We introduce an alternate per order rebate method that reduces supply chain costs to centralized management levels.
Kinetic phase field parameters for the Cu–Ni system derived from atomistic computations

In the phase field model of binary solidification the mobility terms which appear in the governing rate equations can be estimated from the liquid diffusion coefficients of the pure elements and the velocity of the solid-liquid interface as a function of undercooling. Molecular dynamics simulations utilizing embedded atom potentials have been employed to compute the liquid diffusivities for pure Cu and Ni in the vicinity of their melting points. In both cases the diffusion coefficient is found to vary linearly with temperature and the results are in good agreement with experimental values which are available for Cu. The simulations were also employed to obtain the boundary velocities in three different low index growth directions. The results for Cu and Ni were found to be very similar, with the slope of the velocity-undercooling curve at small undercoolings varying in the range 45--18 cm/s/K. Anisotropy in the growth behavior was observed with V{sub 100} > V{sub 110} > V{sub 111}. The solid-liquid interface velocities were found to be a factor of 4--5 less than the theoretical upper limit derived previously.
Pericardial effusion in myxedema

Summary Pericardial effusion is a rare complication of myxedema heart disease. The factors responsible are unknown, but myocardial failure is thought to be a minor one. The laboratory data in cases of pericardial effusion associated with myxedema have been tabulated. The protein and cholesterol contents of the pericardial fluid are less than those of the blood. No adequate explanation has been offered for the occasional presence of leucocytes, especially polymorphonuclear leucocytes, in the fluid.
MARKET STRUCTURE, OPPONENT BEHAVIOR, AND INFORMATION IN A MARKET GAME

An experimental duopoly game was used to test the effects of market structure, opponent behavior, and information about opponent behavior in the game. Rational behavior would be responsive only to market structure. Problem-solving behavior would be responsive to all three factors. Results showed that decision behavior was responsive to all three factors in interaction as well as reponsive to interactive effects of time.
Intermittency in high-energy nuclear collisions in the geometrical branching model.

The geometrical branching model is developed for high-energy nuclear collisions in the framework of eikonal formalism and branching process as simulated by ECCO. It is then used to investigate the intermittency behavior in nuclear collisions. The intermittency exponents ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{q}$ are found to be small at low $q$ but increase in a characteristic way at high $q$. The values of ${\ensuremath{\phi}}_{q}$ for high-$A$ collisions can become as large as for $\mathrm{pp}$ collisions. The implication for the fractal dimension is discussed.
Septic arthritis, gout, pseudogout and osteoarthritis in the knee of a patient with multiple myeloma.

This report describes a 79-year-old Negro woman with multiple myeloma in whom a pneumococcal infection occurred in a previously asymptomatic but severely osteoarthritic knee. Treatment with penicillin was associated with rapid partial resolution of the inflammation. Synovial fluid cultures initially contained a Type 22 pneumococcus but were negative after the first hospital day. On the eleventh hospital day, synovial aspirate revealed intra- and extracellular crystals not previously present. There were crystals with strong negative birefringence, digestible by uricase, which were morphologically typical of monosodium urate crystals. Also present were many monoclinic and triclinic crystals with weak positive birefringence, morphologically typical of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate. This patient's clinical course was consistent with the possibility that enzymes, released during the early septic process, digested cartilage matrix, releasing, into the joint space, crystals that had been deposited previously in a protected intracartilagenous site.
Analysis of turbulent thermal convection between horizontal plates

Application du modele de turbulence a une equation a la convection turbulente entre des plaques horizontaux a temperatures constantes. Presentation sous formes closes des repartitions stationnaires de l'energie cinetique turbulente et de la temperature moyenne. Comparaison des resultats des calculs avec des donnees experimentales pour differentes valeurs des nombres de Prandtl et de Rayleigh
Thirty years of Alzheimer's disease genetics: the implications of systematic meta-analyses

The genetic underpinnings of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain largely elusive despite early successes in identifying three genes that cause early-onset familial AD (those that encode amyloid precursor protein (APP) and the presenilins (PSEN1 and PSEN2)), and one genetic risk factor for late-onset AD (the gene that encodes apolipoprotein E (APOE)). A large number of studies that aimed to help uncover the remaining disease-related loci have been published in recent decades, collectively proposing or refuting the involvement of over 500 different gene candidates. Systematic meta-analyses of these studies currently highlight more than 20 loci that have modest but significant effects on AD risk. This Review discusses the putative pathogenetic roles and common biochemical pathways of some of the most genetically and biologically compelling of these potential AD risk factors.
Who were the families of “natural” children in nineteenth-century Rio de Janeiro, Brazil?: A comparison of baptismal and census records

The article analyzes the census records for Sao Cristovao in 1870 to determine the proportions of single mothers in the population and whether they were living in female-headed households, as companheiras in male-headed households (in consensual union), or as agregadas or dependent members of a household headed by someone else, who was not the sexual partner of the single mother. The socio-economic and racial characteristics of the single mothers are also compared to each other and to the married population. The data suggest that approximately one-third of single Brazilian mothers and their children were living in informal two-parent relationships. These women were not substantially different from the two-thirds of single mothers who were living either as female heads of households or as dependents in other households, in terms of race, age, or occupation. Women who were female heads of households were somewhat older than the average single mother in a consensual union, and the women living in dependent s...
STRAY-FIELD NMR IMAGING AND WAVELENGTH DEPENDENCE OF OPTICALLY PUMPED NUCLEAR SPIN POLARIZATION IN INP

One-dimensional NMR imaging experiments with micron spatial resolution are used to investigate the penetration depth and excitation energy dependence of optical pumping in Fe-doped semi-insulating InP crystals in high magnetic field at low temperature. The depth profile of ${}^{31}\mathrm{P}$ nuclear polarization revealed by NMR imaging is consistent with previous optical absorption measurements, while the efficiency of exciting nuclear polarization is found to be a complicated function of the excitation energy. This dependence is not explained by LO phonon emission by the photoexcited carriers. The optically pumped ${}^{31}$P NMR signal exhibits a maximum intensity with excitation several meV below the band gap, but this maximum is shown to be due to the dramatically increased absorption length of below-gap radiation. The efficiency of exciting nuclear polarization drops off quickly below the gap, and is about $\frac{1}{5}$ of its maximum value at the energy of greatest total NMR signal intensity.
Problems of success and problems of failure: recurrent disease after cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemoperfusion.

Peritoneal carcinomatosis is an all-too-frequent mode of dissemination of colorectal carcinoma. Natural history studies have shown that peritoneal carcinomatosis is uniformly fatal, with median survival of approximately 6 months. 1 For more than a decade, a handful of centers have pursued aggressive cytoreductive surgery combined with intraperitoneal chemotherapy for this disease. Several phase II single institution trials showed survival of peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal carcinoma well in excess of a year. Although more than doubling the survival time in comparison with historical controls represents a significant accomplishment in this group of patients, the results were treated with a healthy degree of skepticism. Strict selection criteria, variation in intraperitoneal chemotherapy, and the vagueness of what represents “cytoreductive surgery” made many of our colleagues, particularly those in medical oncology, reticent to refer patients for such an aggressive therapy. To bring cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy into the mainstream, a randomized trial was sorely needed. Conducting a randomized trial involving patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis is a difficult undertaking. However, investigators from the Netherlands Cancer Institute in Amsterdam succeeded where other institutions had failed. A report on their prospective randomized trial was published in the Journal of Clinical Oncologylast year. 2 In their study, over a 3-year period, 105 patients were randomized to receive “standard treatment” with fluorouracil and leucovorin, with or without palliative surgery, or the same chemotherapy with aggressive cytoreduction and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy with mitomycin c. With a mean follow-up of 21.6 months, the median survival was 12.6 months in the standard therapy arm and 22.3 months in the cytoreduction and chemoperfusion arm (P .032). Treatment morbidity in this study was similar to that at other centers, and the mortality rate was 8%. Furthermore, an exciting finding of this trial was a Kaplan-Meier estimate of 5-year survival in the range of 20%, which confirmed the results of several of the single-institution phase II trials. 3–5 This study also confirmed the universal finding that the prognosis following cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy is closely related to the completeness of the cytoreduction. Critics of this randomized trial could argue with the fact that this study used a fluorouracilbased chemotherapy rather than more active oxaliplatinand irinotecan-based regimens. However, this randomized trial clearly succeeds where the previous phase II trails failed, making cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal hyperthermic chemotherapy a standard treatment for selected patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis from colorectal carcinoma.