cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Modified ileocolic free flap: Viable choice for reconstruction of total laryngopharyngectomy with total glossectomy

Background. Reconstruction following total lar- yngopharyngectomy and total glossectomy is quite challeng- ing. Many free flaps are not options for reconstruction of this particular defect because of the large area that requires recon- struction and the size discrepancies of the oral and esopha- geal stomas. We propose a modified ileocolic free flap for reconstruction of these defects. Methods. We conducted a retrospective chart review. Results. Two patients underwent a modified ileocolic free flap following total laryngopharyngectomy and total glossec- tomy. One of these patients was able to tolerate thin liquids by mouth, and 1 patient developed severe trismus limiting oral intake. There were no significant flap-related complications aside from fistula in 3 patients that healed with conservative management. Conclusions. The modified ileocolic free flap is a viable option for reconstruction following total laryngopharyngectomy and total glossectomy. V C 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 31: 1215-1219, 2009
Fault coverage and yield predictions: do we need more than 100% coverage?

The influence of non-random defect distributions and of non-modelled faults on the behavior of the cumulative chip fallout as a function of the cumulative fault coverage is discussed. The theory is applied to published yield data and a novel explanation of the deviation of these data from the classical Williams-Brown theory is presented. >
Mechanism of hydrofluoric acid formation in ethylene carbonate electrolytes with fluorine salt additives

Abstract We utilized density functional theory to examine HF generation in lithium-ion battery electrolytes from reactions between H2O and the decomposition products of three electrolyte additives: LiPF6, LiPOF4, and LiAsF6. Decomposition of these additives produces PF5, AsF5, and POF3 along with LiF precipitates. We found PF5 and AsF5 react with H2O in two sequential steps to form two HF molecules and POF3 and AsOF3, respectively. PF5 (or AsF5) complexes with H2O and undergoes ligand exchange to form HF and PF4OH (AsF4OH) with an activation barrier of 114.2 (30.5) kJ mol−1 and reaction enthalpy of 14.6 (−11.3) kJ mol−1. The ethylene carbonate (EC) electrolyte forms a Lewis acid–base complex with the PF4OH (AsF4OH) product, reducing the barrier to HF formation. Reactions of POF3 were examined and are not characterized by complexation of POF3 with H2O or EC, while PF5 and AsF5 complex favorably with H2O and EC. HF formation from POF3 occurs with a reaction enthalpy of −3.8 kJ mol−1 and a 157.7 kJ mol−1 barrier, 43.5 kJ mol−1 higher than forming HF from PF5. HF generation in electrolytes employing LiPOF4 should be significantly lower than those using LiPF6 or LiAsF6 and LiPOF4 should be further investigated as an alternative electrolyte additive.
Impact of Spinal Cord Injury

Although medical advances have greatly improved the prognosis for people who sustain spinal cord injury, it remains a major social and health-care problem. There are estimated 10,000–12,000 spinal cord injuries every year in the USA alone. More than a quarter of a million Americans are currently living with spinal cord injury, with many millions more worldwide. The cost of managing the care of patients with spinal cord injury is approximately $4 billion per year. The majority of spinal cord injury victims are young adults. Of them, more than 80% are men. As a result, young males constitute the largest part of this patient population. Reproductive function is essential for men with spinal cord injury, but unfortunately, less than 10% of them can father children without medical assistance. Infertility in male patients with spinal cord injury results from a combination of erectile dysfunction, ejaculatory dysfunction, and poor semen quality. As a result of advancements in assisted ejaculation techniques including electroejaculation and high-amplitude penile vibratory stimulation, semen can be safely obtained from nearly all men with spinal cord injury without resorting to surgical procedures; however, semen quality is poor in the majority of cases.
Arabidopsis WRKY6 Transcription Factor Acts as a Positive Regulator of Abscisic Acid Signaling during Seed Germination and Early Seedling Development

The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) plays important roles during seed germination and early seedling development. Here, we characterized the function of the Arabidopsis WRKY6 transcription factor in ABA signaling. The transcript of WRKY6 was repressed during seed germination and early seedling development, and induced by exogenous ABA. The wrky6-1 and wrky6-2 mutants were ABA insensitive, whereas WRKY6-overexpressing lines showed ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes during seed germination and early seedling development. The expression of RAV1 was suppressed in the WRKY6-overexpressing lines and elevated in the wrky6 mutants, and the expression of ABI3, ABI4, and ABI5, which was directly down-regulated by RAV1, was enhanced in the WRKY6-overexpressing lines and repressed in the wrky6 mutants. Electrophoretic mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays showed that WRKY6 could bind to the RAV1 promoter in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression of RAV1 in WRKY6-overexpressing lines abolished their ABA-hypersensitive phenotypes, and the rav1 wrky6-2 double mutant showed an ABA-hypersensitive phenotype, similar to rav1 mutant. Together, the results demonstrated that the Arabidopsis WRKY6 transcription factor played important roles in ABA signaling by directly down-regulating RAV1 expression.
Characterisation of leaks during multiple breath washout and their influence on test results

Background: Multiple breath washout (MBW) is a sensitive test to assess ventilation inhomogeneity (VI). Based on ERS/ATS guidelines traces need to be discarded if leaks occur. However, it is unclear if this is needed for all types of leaks. Objectives: To systematically characterize different leak types in N 2 MBW and assess their influence on lung clearance index (LCI) and functional residual capacity (FRC). Methods: Experimental study using existing data of 5 children with CF and 5 controls. Reanalysis of traces was done after modelling different leak types. Leaks were categorized based on location, in- or expiration, duration, stage of washout and size. We verified theoretical results by performing real-time N2MBW measurements with artificially introduced leaks. Results: FRC and LCI are both significantly influenced by all leak characteristics. A precapillary expiratory continuous leak of e.g. 20% after ¼ of full washout time changed LCI from mean 7.0 to 6.3 (p Conclusions: The influence of leaks on N 2 MBW outcome is very heterogenous. Depending on the respective purpose not all measurements with suspected leaks need to be excluded. There are simple ways to recognize different types of leaks and distinguish them from increased VI.
CORC and collaborative Internet resource description : A new partnership for technical services, collection development and public services

The author describes the CORC at Cornell project, undertaken by a small cross-functional team. Using CORC (Cooperative Online Resource Catalog) and Dublin Core (DC) as a framework, the team explored a distributed model for Internet resource description, in which catalogers, selectors, and reference specialists participated in producing DC and MARC metadata for the library's OPAC and gateway. After describing the experimental workflow that was developed and tested in the project, the author employs systems analysis techniques to model and discuss the Internet resource description process. The findings indicate that distributed resource description is both feasible and beneficial, and that staff from various functional areas can readily use DC and CORC. The article concludes with a discussion of issues that warrant further research.
Dwarf Shrew First-Reported in South Dakota

In a previous note (Jour. Mamm., 34: 382, 1953) we reported a shrew from 2½ miles north of Fairburn, Custer Co., South Dakota, …
A comparative histological study of certain nematodes

A histological and anatomical study has been made of the digestive tract, excretory system, and somatic musculature of examples of the following families: Oncholaimidae, Rhabdiasidae, Strongylidae, Heterakidae, Oxyuridae, and Dorylaimidae. The excretory systems of these groups presents one of the most varied pictures of nemic anatomy. While as yet it is too early to draw conclusions, this system will probably furnish one of the best clews to the relationships of the various groups. The evolution of the musculature from the platymyarian to the coelomyarian form has probably occurred several times in the course of nemic development. It is interesting chiefly from the fact that those nematodes with the more simple platymyarian type of musculature could not have arisen from a more specialized type, thus acting as a check on relationship arrived at by other means. Despite the large number of articles dealing with the anatomy of nematodes, we have but skimmed the surface, and we must obtain information regarding the internal structure of every family of nematodes before conclusions will bear much weight.
Study of synthesis and properties of dendritic polyether surfactants

A series of two block dendritic polyether surfactants(DPE)were synthesized through addition reaction of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide to the initiator polyamido-amine(PAMAM)with 1.0G ethylenediamine as core under the help of catalyst KOH.The hydroxyl values of the polyether surfactants were measured by end group titration;and the calculation of their molecular weight were based upon their corresponding theoretical molecular structure.Surface tension of these(dendritic) polyethers were measured by ring method.The relationships between the structures and the surface activity of these(dendritic) polyethers were discussed.The experiment results showed that such type of polyether surfactants has good surface activity.As the EO/PO ratio decreases and the relative PO content increases,the surface activity of the polyether is enhanced.The change of surface activity of the polyether surfactants with the same EO/PO ratio but with different molecular weight is not(significant).
The clinical analysis of 14 children with spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality

Objective:To increase the cognition about spinal cord injury in children without radiographic abnormality.Method:A retrospective study was performed for 187 patients who had been diagnosed as "acute myelitis" or "spinal cord injury" in the Beijing Children's Hospital from January 1992 to August 2005.There were 14 cases diagnosed as spinal cord injury without radiographic abnormality(SCIWORA).There were 6 males and 8 females.The age of patients were from 1 year and 3 months to 15 years(1 case was 15 years,the other 13 cases was from 1 year and 3 months to 7 years).All cases had the traumatic history.The level of injury ranges from C6 to T9 with 2 of them in cervical spinal cord,12 of them in thoracic spinal cord.According to ASIA spinal cord functional classification:9 cases were in grade A,4 cases in grade C,1 case in grade D.The spinal cord of each patient showed no abnormal on X-ray and CT scan.MRI findings included 9 cases of edema,2 cases of hemorrhage and 3 cases of contusion.All cases were administered with bedrest,immobilization,methylprednisolone and neurotrophin medicine.Result:4 cases were lost during follow-up,the other 10 cases were followed up for an average period of 27 months(range,6~60 months).4 cases(3 cases of grade C ,1 case of grade D) had complete neurological recovery at 6th month after injury,6 cases (grade A) had no neurological recovery.2 cases with spread spinal cord edema in MRI had evidence of spinal cord atrophy 4～6 months after injury.Conclusion:For children suspected as SCIWORA,MRI is the first choice,the patients with localized edema in spinal cord have good outcome,while those with spread edema or complicated with hemorrhage or contusion will have bad outcome.
Immune mechanisms in uveitis. What can be learned from in vivo imaging

In many aspects, in vivo imaging is superior to other techniques, such as conventional histology, because it allows the stepwise process of leukocyte migration to be dissected. The potential uses of the in vivo imaging techniques have yet to be achieved. The transfer of lymphocytes with fluorescent dyes can be marked. APCs that ingest fluorescent antigen and use fluorescent antibodies specifically to label different types of APCs in the anterior segment can be identified. Combining these techniques could result in more exciting insights into uveitis and the mechanisms of the immune system. For example, one can confidently expect to be able to observe the extravasation of CFSE-marked DO11.10 T cells and their subsequent interaction with APCs containing red fluorescent OVA. The use of green fluorescent protein to measure the expression of various proteins has occurred in a variety of in vitro and in vivo models. To identify activated T cells specifically, heterozygous knock-in mice have been generated that have a cDNA for enhanced green fluorescent protein substituted for the IL-2 coding region on one allele [91]. Activated T cells from these IL-2-green fluorescent protein mice up-regulate the expression of the IL-2 gene and consequently synthesize the green fluorescent protein marker. The authors recently demonstrated the presence of these activated cells in vivo in the mouse iris [16]. With both the green fluorescent protein and the brighter yellow fluorescent protein the authors anticipate being able to detect in vivo the expression of various cytokines, such as IL-2, the Th1 cytokine IFN-gamma, or the Th2 cytokine IL-4, in T cells infiltrating the eye. First steps have been undertaken to establish in vivo imaging in human eyes. Toxicity of fluorescent dyes currently used for animal research and movement artifacts of the tissue under investigation amplified by the high magnification necessary for cell research, however, remain the major challenges to study leukocyte migration in human uveitis.
The placenta: the forgotten essential organ of iron transport

Optimal iron nutrition in utero is essential for development of the fetus and helps establish birth iron stores adequate to sustain growth in early infancy. In species with hemochorial placentas, such as humans and rodents, iron in the maternal circulation is transferred to the fetus by directly contacting placental syncytiotrophoblasts. Early kinetic studies provided valuable data on the initial uptake of maternal transferrin, an iron-binding protein, by the placenta. However, the remaining steps of iron trafficking across syncytiotrophoblasts and through the fetal endothelium into the fetal blood remain poorly characterized. Over the last 20 years, identification of transmembrane iron transporters and the iron regulatory hormone hepcidin has greatly expanded the knowledge of cellular iron transport and its regulation by systemic iron status. In addition, emerging human and animal data demonstrating comprised fetal iron stores in severe maternal iron deficiency challenge the classic dogma of exclusive fetal control over the transfer process and indicate that maternal and local signals may play a role in regulating this process. This review compiles current data on the kinetic, molecular, and regulatory aspects of placental iron transport and considers new questions and knowledge gaps raised by these advances.
Medullary Thyroid Carcinoma Associated with Germline RETK666N Mutation.

Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 2 is an autosomal dominant inherited syndrome caused by activating mutations in the RET proto-oncogene. The RETK666N DNA variant was previously reported in two isolated medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) cases, but no family studies are available, and its oncogenic significance remains unknown. Methods: The clinical features, genetic data, and family information of eight index MTC patients with a germline RETK666N variant were assessed. Results: Four probands presented with MTC and extensive nodal metastasis, one with biopsy-confirmed distant metastasis. Two additional probands presented with localized disease. However, nodal status was not available. Of the final two probands, one had an incidental 1.5 mm MTC and C-cell hyperplasia uncovered after surgery for papillary thyroid carcinoma, and one had two foci of MTC (largest dimension 2.3 cm) detected after surgery for dysphagia. Genetic screening identified 16 additional family members carrying the K666N varia...
Der Score-Man

Dieser Abschnitt des Buches sieht sich nun die Wirkungen des Suprasystems im Einzelmenschen an, der sich nun auch innerlich hauptsachlich mit den Erfolgsmessungen befasst. Dieses Kapitel endet wie das Bild „Der Schrei“ von Edvard Munch.
Dedicated Research Time During Surgery Residency Leads to a Significant Decline In Self-Assessed Clinical Aptitude and Surgical Skills

Objective The surgical community commonly perceives a decline in surgical and patient care skills among residents who take dedicated time away from clinical activity to engage in research. We hypothesize that residents perceive a decline in their skills because of dedicated research time. Setting UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, an institutional tertiary care center. Participants General surgery residents and graduates from UC Davis general surgery residency training program, who had completed at least 1 year of research during their training. A total of 35 people were asked to complete the survey, and 19 people submitted a completed survey. Design Participants were invited to complete an online survey. Factors associated with the decline in skills following their research years were examined. All statistical analyses were performed with IBM SPSS Statistics software. Results A total of 19 current or former general surgery residents responded to the survey (54% response rate). Overall, 42% described their research as “basic science.” Thirteen residents (68%) dedicated 1 year to research, while the remainder spent 2 or more years. Basic science researchers were significantly more likely to report a decrease in clinical judgment (75% vs. 22%, p = 0.013) as well as a decrease in patient care skills (63% vs. 0%, p = 0.002). Residents who dedicated at least 2 years to research were more likely to perceive a decline in overall aptitude and surgical skills (100% vs. 46%, p = 0.02), and a decline in patient care skills (67% vs. 8%, p = 0.007). Conclusions Most residents who dedicate time for research perceive a decline in their overall clinical aptitude and surgical skills. This can have a dramatic effect on the confidence of these residents in caring for patients and leading a care team once they re-enter clinical training. Residents who engaged in 2 or more years of research were significantly more likely to perceive these problems. Further research should determine how to keep residents who are interested in academics from losing ground clinically while they are pursuing research training.
Comparison of glass slides and various digital-slide modalities for cytopathology screening and interpretation.

BACKGROUND Whole-slide imaging in cytology is limited when glass slides are digitized without z-stacks for focusing. Different vendors have started to provide z-stacking solutions to overcome this limitation. The Panoptiq imaging system allows users to create digital files combining low-magnification panoramic images with regions of interest (ROIs) that are imaged with high-magnification z-stacks. The aim of this study was to compare such panoramic images with conventional whole-slide images and glass slides for the tasks of screening and interpretation in cytopathology. METHODS Thirty glass slides, including 10 ThinPrep Papanicolaou tests and 20 nongynecologic cytology cases, were digitized with an Olympus BX45 integrated microscope with an attached Prosilica GT camera. ViewsIQ software was used for image acquisition and viewing. These glass slides were also scanned on an Aperio ScanScope XT at ×40 (0.25 μm/pixel) with 1 z-plane and were viewed with ImageScope software. Digital and glass sides were screened and dotted/annotated by a cytotechnologist and were subsequently reviewed by 3 cytopathologists. For panoramic images, the cytotechnologist manually created digital maps and selected representative ROIs to generate z-stacks at a higher magnification. After 3-week washout periods, panoramic images were compared with Aperio digital slides and glass slides. RESULTS The Panoptiq system permitted fine focusing of thick smears and cell clusters. In comparison with glass slides, the average screening times were 5.5 and 1.8 times longer with Panoptiq and Aperio images, respectively, but this improved with user experience. There was no statistical difference in diagnostic concordance between all 3 modalities. Users' diagnostic confidence was also similar for all modalities. CONCLUSIONS The Aperio whole-slide scanner with 1 z-plane scanning and the Panoptiq imaging system with z-stacking are both suitable for cytopathology screening and interpretation. However, ROI z-stacks do offer a superior mechanism for overcoming focusing problems commonly encountered with digital cytology slides. Unlike whole-slide imaging, the acquisition of representative z-stack images with the Panoptiq system requires a trained cytologist to create digital files. Cancer Cytopathol 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
The Increasing Structural Instability of the International System

Abstract A number of dynamic contructs are presented that, within the framework of a developing field theory of societal evolution, indicate the increasing structural instability of the international system or world societal-field. These constructs are acceleration of evolution; discontinuity of evolution; constraints to growth and to smooth guided change; life history of civilizations and stages; downturn of the economic long-wave; irreversibility, time lags, and hysteresis; equilibrium and nonequilibrium phenomena; attractors and manifolds; critical thresholds and bifurcations; and increasing complexity. These constructs, artificially separated for discussion, are then further considered in the context of the turbulent-field societal environment. A number of societal systems management problems imposed by the age of turbulence are then discussed. The needs to understand basic driving forces as opposed to symptoms and to maintain congruence between structual environmental change and system adaptive capability are especially stressed. Several approaches to reducing international stability are offered.
Cultural sensitivity and informed decision making about prostate cancer screening.

Because informed consent for prostate cancer screening with prostate specific antigen (PSA) is recommended, we determined how African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians want information about screening with PSA and the digital rectal exam (DRE) presented in culturally sensitive brochures specific for each group. We analyzed focus group discussions using content analysis and compared themes across groups in a university outpatient internal medicine practice setting. The participants were twenty couples with men age 50 and older who participated in four focus groups. Main outcome measures were participants' views on the content and graphic design of culturally sensitive brochures promoting informed decision making about prostate cancer screening. There were content and graphic design differences in the way ethnic groups wanted information presented about the prostate, prostate cancer, risk, and screening. Caucasians likened the size of the prostate to a walnut; Hispanics, to a small lime. Hispanics emphasized how advanced prostate cancer can be symptomatic; Caucasians, how early prostate cancer can be asymptomatic. African Americans wanted risk information specific for them and the advantages and disadvantages of a PSA and DRE; Hispanics, did not. Caucasians and African Americans sought a more active role for men in informed decision making than Hispanics. Differences in the way African Americans, Hispanics, and Caucasians want information presented about prostate cancer screening suggest there may be cultural differences in the reasonable person standard of informed consent, in attitudes toward the physician–patient relationship, screening, and informed decision making. Physicians promoting informed decision making about controversial screening tests should take cultural sensitivity into account when designing educational interventions and using them.
Boron Incorporation into Marine CaCO3

The isotopic composition (δ11B) and abundance (B/Ca) of boron in the marine CaCO3 minerals calcite and aragonite are used as paleoceanographic tracers for past oceanic pH and carbon chemistry. These environmental proxies depend upon the ability of CaCO3 minerals to incorporate trace concentrations of B within their structure, and record the state of the pH-dependent equilibrium between B(OH)3 and \( {{{\text{B}}\left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{4}}^{ - }} \), and the relative abundance of B and C in seawater. To achieve this CaCO3 minerals must either incorporate a single species of aqueous B, or take up a predictable mixture of both species. Initial investigations found evidence to suggest the sole incorporation of aqueous \( {{{\text{B}}\left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{4}}^{ - }} \) into the anion site of CaCO3 minerals. These observations established the required link between aqueous B chemistry and CaCO3 – hosted B, and provided the foundation for the development and application of the δ11B and B/Ca proxies. However, advances in our understanding of aqueous B chemistry, improvements in the accuracy of B isotopic measurements of carbonates, and new data from controlled precipitation experiments have since revealed more complex, structure-dependent mechanisms of B incorporation into CaCO3. Studies of aragonite appear to support a relatively straightforward substitution of \( {{{\text{B}}\left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{4}}^{ - }} \) into the mineral anion site. Conversely, a growing number of studies of calcite suggest either that both aqueous B(OH)3 and \( {{{\text{B}}\left( {\text{OH}} \right)_{4}}^{ - }} \) are taken up into the mineral, or that B is subject to a significant isotopic fractionation during incorporation. While a growing body of theoretical and experimental work are moving toward an understanding of B uptake in CaCO3, we currently lack a systematic description of this key process, particularly in calcite. As long as the mechanisms of B incorporation remain unknown, the relationships between δ11B and B/Ca and ocean chemistry must be treated as empirical, adding uncertainty to the paleoceanographic records derived from them. This chapter will explore our current understanding of B incorporation into marine CaCO3 minerals, in context of their structure and growth mechanisms. We will consider the broad question of ‘how does B get from seawater into calcite and aragonite?’
Interactive design and visualization of N-ary relationships

Graph and network visualization is a well-researched area. However, graphs are limited in that by definition they are designed to encode pairwise relationships between the nodes in the graph. In this paper, we strive for visualization of datasets that contain not only binary relationships between the nodes, but also higher-cardinality relationships (ternary, quaternary, quinary, senary, etc). While such higher-cardinality relationships can be treated as cliques (a complete graph of N nodes), visualization of cliques using graph visualization can lead to unnecessary visual cluttering due to all the pairwise edges inside each clique. In this paper, we develop a visualization for data that have relationships with cardinalities higher than two. By representing each N-ary relationship as an N-sided polygon, we turn the problem of visualizing such data sets into that of visualizing a two-dimensional complex, i.e. nodes, edges, and polygonal faces. This greatly reduces the number of edges needed to represent a clique and makes them as well as their cardinalities more easily recognized. We develop a set of principles that measures the effectiveness of the visualization for two-dimensional complexes. Furthermore, we formulate our strategy with which the positions of the nodes in the complex and the orderings of the nodes inside each clique in the complex can be optimized. Furthermore, we allow the user to further improve the layout by moving a node or a polygon in 3D as well as changing the order of the nodes in a polygon. To demonstrate the effectiveness of our technique and system, we apply them to a social network and a gene dataset.
Renewable energy dispatch control algorithms for a mixed-use building

The ongoing transition to distributed power systems that utilize both conventional and renewable sources is creating a need to better integrate loads with variable power. This work investigates the co-design of a mixed-use building and dedicated microgrid that includes wind, solar, battery storage, thermal storage, and grid backup. The building contains a mix of residential and restaurant space, and historical meter data along with a commercial kitchen model are used to develop a load model. The building's total hot-water consumption along with a central storage tank form a deferrable load. A dispatching algorithm is designed to transfer available renewable power to the load, battery, and thermal storage while maintaining the battery and thermal storage between limits. The design goal is to size the system and choose a dispatch algorithm to minimize system cost while having high renewable energy penetration and low renewable power curtailment.
On the Usefulness of “Value” in the Definition of Creativity: A Commentary

From the mid-1950s to the present time, creativity researchers have typically adopted the view that any new piece of work must be statistically novel as well as non-trivially valuable to some group of people if it is to be considered creative. A few scholars have suggested that a new piece of work must also be surprising, non-obvious, or interesting if it is to be considered truly creative. The utility of these traditional definitions of creativity has recently been sharply questioned in an article published in a previous volume of this journal (Weisberg, 2015). The commentary presented here took issue with a suggestion presented in that article that creativity researchers replace their traditional definitions of creativity with a simpler definition according to which any statistically novel and intentionally generated product is considered creative “regardless of whether it is ever of value to anyone” and with a logically related suggestion that the creativity of any intentionally-generated product be as...
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis

Understand the proper collection of cerebrospinal fluid List the tests performed on each of the three tubes in which CSF is transported to the laboratory Relate the formation of cerebrospinal fluid and its role in the maintenance of the central nervous system Correlate clinical laboratory results with pathological conditions
Cool DAV Asteroseismology

Through their non-radial, g-mode pulsations, the variable white dwarfs provide us with a means to look beyond their surfaces and peer into their inner compositions and structures. Because of their pulsational complexity, however, we require multi-site campaigns (the Whole Earth Telescope, WET Nather et al. 1990, for example) to gather enough data to isolate and identify their modes of oscillation. The WET has made remarkable progress with the DOVs and DBVs (Winget et al. 1991, Winget et al. 1994), but the DAVs have not readily revealed their interiors, even to long multi-site campaigners.
A monoclonal antibody that binds to cones

A monoclonal antibody that binds to cones has been produced. This antibody, 50-1B11, binds to the outer segments of cones in rhesus monkeys. Immunohistochemical experiments indicate that 50-1B11 binds to a subset of photoreceptors, probably cones, in all vertebrate species tested thus far, including man. In vitro experiments on chicken retina indicate that the antigen is intracellular and associated with the plasma membrane, while electronmicroscopic-immunohistochemical studies demonstrate that the antigen is contained in the lamellae of the outer segments of rhesus cones.
Mass Transfer Fundamentals

When we speak of mass transfer, we are generally referring to the movement of one or more molecular species relative to the others. Before we can describe this relative movement, we need to understand the most common ways of quantifying the presence of each species. Consider the closed system with volume V shown in Fig. 12.1 which contains three different molecular species A, B, and C, represented by three different colors.
Brown, Roger William (1925–1997)

Harvard psycholinguist Roger Brown (1925–1997) recorded a massive longitudinal corpus of spontaneous speech from three 1- to 5-year-old children acquiring English. In their analysis of these data, Brown and his students developed many of the tools and conventions of modern developmental psycholinguistics.
Morphological assessment of thymic carcinoma through imaging: is computed tomography useful in selecting patients for surgery and in predicting incomplete resection?

Thymic epithelial tumours are the most common primary neoplasm of the anterior mediastinum, accounting for up to one half of all mediastinal masses. Most of them are thymomas, whereas thymic carcinomas (TCs) are rare and represent less than 20% of all thymic epithelial tumours (1-3).
In vivo epigenetic editing of sema6a promoter reverses impaired transcallosal connectivity caused by C11orf46/ARL14EP neurodevelopmental risk gene

Abstract Many neuropsychiatric risk genes contribute to epigenetic regulation of gene expression but very little is known about specific chromatin-associated mechanisms governing the formation and maintenance of neuronal connectivity. Here we show that transcallosal connectivity is critically dependent on C11orf46 (also known as ARL14EP), a small nuclear protein encoded in the chromosome 11p13 Wilms Tumor, Aniridia, Genitourinary Abnormalities, intellectual disability (formerly referred to as Mental Retardation) (WAGR) risk locus. C11orf46 haploinsufficiency in WAGR microdeletion cases was associated with severe hypoplasia of the corpus callosum. In utero short hairpin RNA-mediated C11orf46 knockdown disrupted transcallosal projections of cortical pyramidal neurons, a phenotype that was rescued by wild type C11orf46 but not the C11orf46R236H mutant associated with autosomal recessive intellectual disability. Multiple genes encoding key regulators of axonal growth and differentiation, including Sema6A, were hyperexpressed in C11orf46-knockdown neurons. Importantly, RNA-guided epigenetic editing of neuronal Sema6a gene promoters via a dCas9 protein-conjugated SunTag scaffold with multimeric (10x) C11orf46 binding during early developmental periods, resulted in normalization of expression and rescue of transcallosal dysconnectivity via repressive chromatin remodeling, including up-regulated histone H3K9 methylation by the KAP1-SETDB1 repressor complex. Our study demonstrates that interhemispheric communication is highly sensitive to locus-specific remodeling of neuronal chromatin, revealing the therapeutic potential for shaping the brain’s connectome via gene-targeted designer activators and repressor proteins.
Intimate partner violence as a mechanism underlying the intergenerational transmission of maltreatment among economically disadvantaged mothers and their adolescent daughters

Child maltreatment represents a pervasive societal problem. Exposure to maltreatment is predictive of maladjustment across development with enduring negative effects found in adulthood. Compelling evidence suggests that some parents with a history of child abuse and neglect are at elevated risk for the maltreatment of their own children. However, a dearth of research currently exists on mediated mechanisms that may underlie this continuity. Ecological and transactional theories of child maltreatment propose that child maltreatment is multiply determined by various risk factors that exist across different ecological systems. Intimate partner violence (IPV) often co-occurs with child maltreatment and may represent a pathway through which risk for child abuse and neglect is transmitted across generations within a family. Informed by theories on the intergenerational transmission of child maltreatment and utilizing a community-based, cross-sectional sample of 245 racially and ethnically diverse, low-income mothers and daughters, the objective of this study was to investigate IPV as a propagating process through which risk of child abuse and neglect is conferred from parent to child. We found evidence suggesting that mothers’ history of maltreatment is associated with both their IPV involvement and their adolescent daughters’ maltreatment victimization (with exposure to IPV as a maltreatment subtype excluded for clarity). Maternal IPV also partially accounted for the continuity of maltreatment victimization from mother to adolescent. A secondary analysis that included the adolescent's own engagement in dating violence provided compelling but preliminary evidence of the emergence of a similar pattern of relational violence, whereby adolescent girls with maltreatment histories were likewise involved in abusive intimate relationships. Future directions and clinical implications of these findings are discussed.
Comparative effectiveness of contemporary adjuvant chemotherapy among older rectal cancer patients.

3579 Background: Guidelines for stage II and III rectal cancer in the US recommend neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT), curative resection, and adjuvant chemotherapy. This paradigm is based on...
Myeloid malignancies after treatment for solid tumours

The cure rate for several solid tumour malignancies including breast cancers, head and neck cancers, bone cancers, and sarcoma has improved remarkably with the advent of neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapies. Unfortunately, exposure to chemotherapy or radiation as a part of these treatments exposes patients to the risk of subsequent myeloid malignancies. Therapy related myeloid malignancies have certain characteristic findings. They typically arise within 10 years of treatment exposure, they are seen in younger patients, and the greatest risk is in patients who receive therapy with alkylating agents or topoisomerase II inhibitors. Solid tumours whose therapies utilize these agents at higher doses, namely bone/soft tissue cancers, testicular cancer, anal cancer, and brain tumours, appear to be the groups at highest risk for T-MN. Beyond these patients, emerging populations diagnosed with T-MN include prior platinum exposure, and patients requiring G-CSF support with chemotherapy.
Chemical structures of the Cu ( In , Ga ) Se 2 / Mo and Cu ( In , Ga ) ( S , Se ) 2 / Mo interfaces

Using a suitable lift-off technique, we have investigated the chemical properties of the interface between Mo and chalcopyrite compound semiconductors by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and x-ray excited Auger-electron spectroscopy. By a systematic comparison of interfaces between S-free [$\text{Cu}(\text{In},\text{Ga}){\text{Se}}_{2}$ (CIGSe)] as well as S-containing [$\text{Cu}(\text{In},\text{Ga}){(\text{S},\text{Se})}_{2}$ (CIGSSe)] chalcopyrites and Mo, we find that the chemical structure at the CIG(S)Se/Mo interface is strongly influenced by the presence or absence of S. We observe an interfacial ${\text{MoSe}}_{2}$ $[\text{Mo}{({\text{S}}_{Z}{\text{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}Z})}_{2}]$ layer formed between CIGSe [CIGSSe] and the Mo layer. The $\text{Mo}{({\text{S}}_{Z}{\text{Se}}_{1\ensuremath{-}Z})}_{2}$ layer appears significantly thinner than the ${\text{MoSe}}_{2}$ layer and exhibits a different $\text{S}/(\text{S}+\text{Se})$ ratio $[Z=0.9(1)]$ than the CIGSSe back side [0.5(7)], giving insight into the ``competition'' between S and Se during contact formation. Furthermore, we find a significant Ga accumulation at the Mo back contact, which points to pronounced chemical interactions during the formation of the CIG(S)Se/Mo interface.
Komplikation bei absolutem oder relativem Insulinmangel

Im hausarztlichen Setting befinden sich auch Menschen mit Typ-1-Diabetes (DMT1) oder (total) pankreatektomierte Patienten (seltener wegen des Diabetes, haufiger wegen anderer Krankheiten). Eine gefurchtete Komplikation bei diesen Patienten ist die Diabetische Ketoazidose. Auf diese genannte Patientengruppe bezieht sich der folgende Beitrag.
EZH2 Engages TGFβ Signaling to Promote Breast Cancer Bone Metastasis via Integrin β1-FAK Activation

Bone metastasis is a frequent complication of breast cancer, occurring in about 50-70% of breast cancer patients with late-stage disease. The lack of effective therapy suggests that the precise molecular mechanisms underlying bone metastasis are still unclear. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2) is considered a breast cancer oncogene and its expression is correlated with metastasis of breast cancer, but its function in bone metastasis has not been well explored. Herein we report that EZH2 promotes osteolytic metastasis of breast cancer through regulating transforming growth factor beta (TGF{beta}) signaling, a key pathway in bone metastasis. Knocking down EZH2 decreases bone metastasis incidence and outgrowth in vivo. EZH2 induces cancer cell proliferation and osteoclast maturation, when breast cancer cells are co-cultured with osteoblasts and osteoclasts together in vitro. Mechanistically, EZH2 increases transcription of ITGB1, which encodes for integrin {beta}1. Integrin {beta}1 activates focal adhesion kinase (FAK), which phosphorylates TGF{beta} receptor type I (TGF{beta}RI) at tyrosine 182, thus enhances the binding of TGF{beta}RI to TGF{beta} receptor type II (TGF{beta}RII), therefore activates Smad2 and increases parathyroid hormone-like hormone (PTHLH) expression. Clinically applicable FAK inhibitors but not EZH2 methyltransferase inhibitor effectively inhibits breast cancer bone metastasis in vivo. Overall, our data signify integrin {beta}1-FAK as a new downstream effector of EZH2 in breast cancer cells, and EZH2-integrin {beta}1-FAK axis cooperates with TGF{beta} signaling pathway to promote bone metastasis of breast cancer.
Phase Behavior of Selected Condensed Double-Decker Shaped Silsesquioxane Compounds

Bisfunctional dichlorosilanes were reacted with tetrasilanol of double-decker shaped octaphenylsilsesquioxane (DDSQ) to form fully condensed DDSQ compounds. The crystallographic and thermal characteristics of these compounds were examined. For compounds capped with dichlorosilanes bearing linear aliphatic moieties, as the number of carbon increases from methyl to n-butyl (from 1 to 4) the melting temperature, Tm, dropped from 546 K to 416 K. While for compounds capped with cycloaliphatic, as the moiety changes from cyclopentyl to cyclohexyl, the value of Tm increases from 533 K to 555 K. Surprising, the highest Tm observed was that when capping was done using diisopropyl dichlorosilane. A Tm of around 565 K was observed, which was even higher as compare to diphenyl dichlorosilane capped DDSQ, which had Tm of about 526 K. Phase behavior of binary and ternary mixtures of these condensed DDSQ was also investigated. To our surprise, mixtures of these compounds form eutectic. The eutectic points were calculated based on ideal binary and ternary eutectic from the thermal properties of pure components. Depending on the crystallography, experimental observations of eutectic match well with calculated values.
Chapter 86 Implantation of genetically engineered cells to the brain

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the combination of gene transfer via efficient viral vectors, followed by intracerebral grafting of the genetically modified cells may constitute an effective approach to some disorders of central nervous system (CNS) function. Several prerequisites for a human disease to be suitable as a candidate recipient for transplantation of genetically engineered cells are also discussed, including the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the disease must be sufficiently well understood for the identification of the relevant gene product to be introduced into defective cells, the relevant gene must be well characterized and available as a clone, or ideally, an animal model should be available. However, the major difficulty with most human diseases of the CNS is that these criteria cannot be satisfied, because the exact mechanisms of pathophysiology and pathogenesis in most human genetic diseases, such as phenylketoneuria and Lesch-Nyhan disease, are not adequately understood. Although, the present models are all very complex, and truly effective therapy is likely to be extremely difficult to achieve, but it seems probable that a number of conceptually new approaches to these previously inaccessible diseases will become feasible, and that such new approaches will include the implantation of genetically modified cells.
Evaluation of Corrosion Protection Methods for Magnesium Alloys in Automotive Applications

Magnesium alloys are susceptible to galvanic corrosion. Consequently, it is often necessary to apply coatings to magnesium components for isolation purposes. However, previous publications suggest the effectiveness of commercial coatings can vary widely. Therefore, an extensive corrosion screening study was performed to evaluate pre-treatment and coating systems currently available for use within the automotive industry. This paper focuses on a selection of conversion and anodized coatings. In many instances, these coatings were used in conjunction with either powder coat or an electro-coat to assess the additional protection offered by a supplemental barrier. Scribe test results and corroded area determination after accelerated corrosion testing are presented and used to quantify the pre-treatment performance. These results are supplemented by DC polarization measurements to determine the level of passivation. Finally, SEM micrographs were used to determine coating thickness variability and morphology. The overall performance of each pre-treatment and coating is then assessed with respect to corrosion protection and robustness.
Microscopic traffic simulation modeling considering vehicle-to-vehicle communication delays

This paper presents a microscopic traffic simulation model that has been developed to assist in the design of Intelligent Transportation System applications relying on wireless transmissions to obtain data critical to their operation. This model, which is derived from the Intelligent Driver Model open-source traffic simulation model, implements routines allowing vehicles to retrieve information from any vehicles within a given range. The simulation of communication delays is achieved through the use of a unique three-dimensional data structure allowing the retrieval of past simulation data from intervals corresponding to the time at which individual vehicles would have initiated a transmission. A demonstration of the model's capability and the need to appropriately simulate wireless-based applications is provided in the form of a series of simulations evaluating the impacts of information delays on the behavior of a string of vehicles equipped with automated speed controllers and reacting to the sudden braking of the lead vehicle.