cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Work: Evaluation and Support

The treatment of disease with hematopoietic stem cell transplant is a very intense, multifaceted process that triggers various psychosocial responses and stresses patient’s coping strategies. The course of treatment and its recovery can span over months to years, stretching these patients’ and support persons’ psychosocial capabilities to their limits and beyond. The stages of this process have unique aspects that need understanding and attention. They span from the decision to have a transplant, preparation, treatment, early recovery, and long-term recovery. The psychological health of the caregiver and support system has been shown to be effected in varying degrees and has an impact on the patient as well as themselves. This chapter focuses on the psychosocial issues of the patient along the continuum, as well as the effect on the caregiver.
Migration of Cultured Chimpanzee Dendritic Cells Following Intravenous and Subcutaneous Injection

In recent years much interest has been generated in using dendritic cells as vehicles for cancer immunotherapy1. This interest is based on the fact that dendritic cells function as specialized immunostimulatory cells in vivo, serving as initiators of T cell immune responses to antigen2. The dendritic cell-based approach to immunotherapy is feasible because of two advances: the identification and isolation of specific human tumor-associated antigens, and the development of techniques to propagate dendritic cells in vitro from precursor cells3,4. Hence, it is now possible to grow large numbers of dendritic cells from a patient’s blood or bone marrow in vitro, treat these cells with tumor-associated antigens, and administer to the donor with the aim of inducing a strong and therapeutic immune response to the tumor. The therapeutic efficacy of the technique has been tested in murine tumor models5, and clinical trials in cancer patients are being initiated6.
The Primary Silence of the Past and the Weakness of Philosophy

In light of more contemporary interest in the concept of an immemorial past, this essay takes up the manner in which this idea figures in Merleau-Ponty’s works by turning to the famous reference to “a past that has never been present” in Phenomenology of Perception. In order to contextualize and think through what Merleau-Ponty means, I turn to a reference in the same text to “primary silence.” Merleau-Ponty’s concern is to disclose the differential between the concatenation of sensibility and expression and what remains beyond the bounds of the sensible. The task of phenomenology, accordingly, is the disclosure of this primary silence, this primary non-sense. Finally, articulating that this differential never ceased to be a concern for Merleau-Ponty, and, turning to texts from the 1950s as well as to The Visible and the Invisible, we see the development of Merleau-Ponty’s thought as the consistent effort to think through this question.
Delivering improved alerts, warnings, and control assistance using basic safety messages transmitted between connected vehicles ☆

Abstract When vehicles share their status information with other vehicles or the infrastructure, driving actions can be planned better, hazards can be identified sooner, and safer responses to hazards are possible. The Safety Pilot Model Deployment (SPMD) is underway in Ann Arbor, Michigan; the purpose is to demonstrate connected technologies in a real-world environment. The core data transmitted through Vehicle-to-Vehicle and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (or V2V and V2I) applications are called Basic Safety Messages (BSMs), which are transmitted typically at a frequency of 10 Hz. BSMs describe a vehicle’s position (latitude, longitude, and elevation) and motion (heading, speed, and acceleration). This study proposes a data analytic methodology to extract critical information from raw BSM data available from SPMD. A total of 968,522 records of basic safety messages, gathered from 155 trips made by 49 vehicles, was analyzed. The information extracted from BSM data captured extreme driving events such as hard accelerations and braking. This information can be provided to drivers, giving them instantaneous feedback about dangers in surrounding roadway environments; it can also provide control assistance. While extracting critical information from BSMs, this study offers a fundamental understanding of instantaneous driving decisions. Longitudinal and lateral accelerations included in BSMs were specifically investigated. Varying distributions of instantaneous longitudinal and lateral accelerations are quantified. Based on the distributions, the study created a framework for generating alerts/warnings, and control assistance from extreme events, transmittable through V2V and V2I applications. Models were estimated to untangle the correlates of extreme events. The implications of the findings and applications to connected vehicles are discussed in this paper.
The type III secretion system apparatus determines the intracellular niche of bacterial pathogens

Upon entry into host cells, intracellular bacterial pathogens establish a variety of replicative niches. Although some remodel phagosomes, others rapidly escape into the cytosol of infected cells. Little is currently known regarding how professional intracytoplasmic pathogens, including Shigella, mediate phagosomal escape. Shigella, like many other Gram-negative bacterial pathogens, uses a type III secretion system to deliver multiple proteins, referred to as effectors, into host cells. Here, using an innovative reductionist-based approach, we demonstrate that the introduction of a functional Shigella type III secretion system, but none of its effectors, into a laboratory strain of Escherichia coli is sufficient to promote the efficient vacuole lysis and escape of the modified bacteria into the cytosol of epithelial cells. This establishes for the first time, to our knowledge, a direct physiologic role for the Shigella type III secretion apparatus (T3SA) in mediating phagosomal escape. Furthermore, although protein components of the T3SA share a moderate degree of structural and functional conservation across bacterial species, we show that vacuole lysis is not a common feature of T3SA, as an effectorless strain of Yersinia remains confined to phagosomes. Additionally, by exploiting the functional interchangeability of the translocator components of the T3SA of Shigella, Salmonella, and Chromobacterium, we demonstrate that a single protein component of the T3SA translocon-Shigella IpaC, Salmonella SipC, or Chromobacterium CipC-determines the fate of intracellular pathogens within both epithelial cells and macrophages. Thus, these findings have identified a likely paradigm by which the replicative niche of many intracellular bacterial pathogens is established.
A relay path selection scheme based on application layer traffic optimization

The single default IP path determined by the network layer routing protocols can hardly meet the transmission requirements of growing QoS-sensitive applications.Multipath transport has been proven to be an effective way to improve the efficiency of data delivery.On the base of the general multipath transport system based on application-level relay(MPTS-AR)proposed in our earlier work,a relay path selection scheme based on application layer traffic optimization(ALTO)is presented.This scheme is facilitated by means of ALTO that is under the standardization within the IETF.Rules to be obeyed during path selection procedure are proposed.An optimal relay path selection algorithm based on provider-defined domains is proposed.The goal of the path selection algorithm is to find the superior relay paths,while trying to balance the overlay traffic among the provider-defined domains and relays.Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme performs well in selecting superior paths and meanwhile provides the flexibility to balance the overlay load among the provider-defined domains.
Management of pulmonary artery sling with tracheal stenosis: LPA re-implantation without tracheoplasty

Objectives: Pulmonary artery sling (PA sling) is frequently associated with tracheal and/or bronchial stenosis. Most PA sling patients receive left pulmonary artery (LPA) re-implantation and tracheoplasty under the cardiopulmonary bypass, but the postoperative complications of tracheoplasty remain a great challenge. In this study, we reviewed 14 PA sling children who received surgery in our hospital, and tried to find out whether tracheoplasty could be avoided or not. Methods: A total of 14 patients receiving surgery due to PA sling/tracheal stenosis were recruited. Complete tracheal ring was confirmed by fiberoptic bronchoscopy in all the patients preoperatively. The clinical outcome and the severity of trachea stenosis (tracheal diameter and length) were evaluated, and effectiveness of various managements was analyzed. Results: Fourteen PA sling/tracheal stenosis children underwent surgical treatment. Three patients needed intubation and mechanical ventilation for severe respiratory symptoms preoperatively. Eight patients received LPA re-implantation alone to relieve the trachea compression, and slide tracheoplasty was performed in one patient for extubation failure who finally died of air leakage. Six patients received LPA re-implantation and tracheal intervention simultaneously. Three patients received slide tracheoplasty, and one was discharged after recovery. The remaining 3 patients received tracheal stent implantation, but finally died. The diameter/length (%) in the survivors without tracheal intervention was significantly higher than that in patients with tracheal intervention. Conclusions: Patients with PA sling undergoing LPA re-implantation achieved a good outcome. Diameter/length (%) may be a more reliable indicator used for determination of tracheal intervention in surgical management of PA sling.
Coda: The Grain and the Heap, or the Afterlife of Habit

If the nineteenth-century study of psychology was essentially ‘a study of habit/ as the critic Philip Fisher has declared,2 the question of the relative disappearance of the term and the evacuation of its complexity when it does appear in later years becomes crucial to a historically astute and conceptually rigorous understanding of the shift from Victorian to modernist culture, or what we might call the ‘afterlife of habit.’ For Fisher, the modernist rejection of the concept of habit begins with Walter Pater’s famous injunction: ‘To burn always with this hard, gem like flame, to maintain this ecstasy, is success in life. In a sense it might even be said that our failure is to form habits: for, after all, habit is relative to a stereotyped world, and meantime it is only the roughness of the eye that makes any two persons, things, situations, seem alike.’3 Yet Fisher’s assessment relies too heavily on the ‘failure’ of the first half of Pater’s dictum at the expense of the dazzling deconstruction of the second. For Pater, the failure is not in the repeated action itself but inperceiving the repeated action to be always . or ever . the same. By way of conclusion, and to point to the broader implications of the counter-current of reflecting on habit that this book has traced, I would like to suggest that the modernist ‘rejection’ of habit in fact selectively redefines the term for a new age and, in the process, effectively levels a whole tradition of contemplating it, including Pater’s own nuanced understanding.
C-5: Clinical impact of the cell death continuum in hypothermic organ systems manifest as ischemia/peperfusion injury

The application of hypothermia for in vivo and ex vivo organ preservation is based upon the protective effect of reduced temperatures against the deleterious effects of ischemia and hypoxia that ensues from blood loss, or organ procurement for transplantation. However, low temperatures have a multitude of effects, not all of which are beneficial. Special conditions have been developed to harness the protective properties of cold for effective organ preservation and the development of specialized solutions is the primary factor in the evolution of hypothermic organ preservation technology. Even in pre-clinical research models, extreme hemodilution by blood replacement with synthetic, acellular crystalloid/colloid solutions has proved efficacious for avoiding ischemia/reperfusion in vivo after several hours of circulatory arrest under ultraprofound hypothermia ( Disclosure: Author was or is employed by Cell & Tissue Systems, Inc.
Effects of Caffeine on Perceptual and Affective Responses to Exercise

An ergogenic aid is defined as a substance, technique or device that directly improves exercise performance or indirectly removes constraints to exercise performance. Caffeine is one such substance and is a proven ergogenic aid for performance during endurance, load-incremented, short-term high-intensity and resistance exercise modalities. The primary mechanism of action seemingly responsible for caffeine’s ergogenic effect may be due to its antagonism of receptors for the neurotransmitter adenosine. Biochemically blocking adenosine receptors may have widespread effects on the body as a result of an increase in dopamine secretion. Dopamine increases attention, memory, motivation, and feelings of reward. Of importance to the present chapter, appropriate doses of caffeine can affect exercise performance while decreasing perceived exertion. All of these responses to caffeine ingestion can potentially improve exercise performance and PA adherence. In addition, blocking adenosine can decrease the activation of nociceptors, resulting in a blunted pain response to exercise. This chapter presents recent evidence for the ergogenic effects of caffeine during exercise as they pertain to perceived exertion, pain and affective responses. In addition, selected laboratory applications of the perceptual methodologies presented in previous chapters are proposed for use in studying the ergogenic effects of caffeine ingestion during exercise.
Review of Combinational and Sequential Logic Circuits and Design

In order to provide a reference material for all the past eight chapters, a brief review of combinational and sequential logic design principles is presented in this chapter. A complete design does not only contain a sensor, analog signal conditioning circuits and data converters. Combinational and sequential logic blocks, in the form of “glue logic”, support various parts of the analog data-path, and therefore they constitute the major part of the design. Some of the analog front-end projects presented at the end of chapter eight prove that both analog and digital components must be integrated in a design in order to achieve complete functionality. Therefore, a solid understanding in digital logic design becomes a requirement to be able to build the entire analog front-end electronics for a sensor array prior to interfacing with a microcontroller.
Single layer cystotomy closure of excised porcine bladders with barbed versus smooth suture material

Objective To determine which of 2 suture materials would be superior in terms of closure time and leakage pressure in open single-layer cystotomy closure. Study design Experimental study. Animals Twenty-four freshly harvested porcine urinary bladders. Methods A cystotomy was performed and the incision closed with a single layer simple continuous suture pattern with barbed (n = 12) or smooth (n = 12) suture. Time required for closure was measured. Each bladder was connected to a system for monitoring intraluminal pressure while inflated with saline until leakage occurred. Intraluminal pressure at time of initial leakage and leakage site were recorded. Two-sample t tests were used to compare maximum leakage pressure and closure time between the 2 groups. P < .05 was considered significant. Results All bladders were sutured successfully with no difference in mean closure time (barbed suture 296 ± 46 seconds; smooth suture 293 ± 26 seconds) (P = .821). There was no difference in mean leakage pressure of porcine urinary bladder incisions closed in a single layer with barbed suture (28.8 ± 10.4 mm Hg) compared with smooth suture (30.6 ± 8.8 mm Hg) (P = .642). Conclusions Barbed suture provides comparable cystotomy repair to smooth suture, and no benefit to its use was identified in an open procedure. Barbed suture closure should be evaluated for adequate tensile strength in the presence of urine, satisfactory in vivo healing of cystotomies, and lack of long-term urolith formation in dogs and cats.
Uncovering cultural assumptions: Using a critical incident technique during an international student-teaching field experience:

This research examined the critical incidents of 10 United States (US) early childhood student teachers during a three-week university-sponsored international field experience conducted in three ur...
Health Disparities in Families in the United States

In the United States, the family is a powerful social institution and as such it contributes to health disparities in multiple ways. The family shapes health over the entire life course – from childhood to the end of life. Understanding health disparities in families requires a close examination of family structures and family processes (or social patterns of interaction and behavior) that influence health. As diversity in family forms continues to increase in the United States, it is valuable to consider the implications of these various family structures on US health disparities and to gain a better understanding of how family processes confer health advantages or disadvantages on family members. Keywords: family health; family structure and processes; health disparities
Parasocial Relationships with Media Personae: Why They Matter and How They Differ Among Heterosexual, Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adolescents

Parasocial relationships are social bonds audiences develop with media personae. Parasocial relationships may be particularly meaningful for those who experience obstacles developing real-life soci...
Obesity induced T cell dysfunction and implications for cancer immunotherapy

Obesity has been shown to increase risk for a number of different disorders, including cancer. In addition, obesity is also associated with immune dysfunction, which could contribute to its strong association with other comorbidities. Recently, the immune system has been found to be heavily regulated by changes in metabolism. In particular, T cells are able to respond to intrinsic metabolic regulatory mechanisms, as well as extrinsic factors such as the changes in metabolite availability. The dysfunctional metabolic environment created by obesity could therefore have a direct impact on T cell responses. In this review, we highlight recent findings in the fields of T cell biology and obesity, with a focus on mechanisms driving T cell dysfunction and potential implications for immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
Edge Caching for Enriched Notifications Delivery in Big Active Data

In this paper, we propose a set of caching strategies for big active data (BAD) systems. BAD is a data management paradigm that allows ingestion of massive amount of data from heterogeneous sources, such as sensor data, social networks, web and crowdsourced data in a large data cluster consisting of many computing and storage nodes, and enables a very large number of end users to subscribe to those data items through declarative subscriptions. A set of distributed broker nodes connect these end users to the backend data cluster, manage their subscriptions and deliver the subscription results to the end users. Unlike the most traditional publish-subscribe systems that match subscriptions against a single stream of publications to generate notifications, BAD can match subscriptions across multiple publications (by leveraging storage in the backend) and thus can enrich notifications with a rich set of diverse contents. As the matched results are delivered to the end users through the brokers, the broker node caches the results for a while so that the subscribers can retrieve them with reduced latency. Interesting research questions arise in this context so as to determine which result objects to cache or drop when the cache becomes full (eviction-based caching) or to admit objects with an explicit expiration time indicating how much time they should reside in the cache (TTL based caching). To this end, we propose a set of caching strategies for the brokers and show that the schemes achieve varying degree of efficiency in terms of notification delivery in the BAD system. We evaluate our schemes via a prototype implementation and through detailed simulation studies.
Selection bias and the perils of benchmarking.

To find the secrets of business success, what could be more natural than studying successful businesses? In fact, nothing could be more dangerous, warns this Stanford professor. Generalizing from the examples of successful companies is like generalizing about New England weather from data taken only in the summer. That's essentially what businesspeople do when they learn from good examples and what consultants, authors, and researchers do when they study only existing companies or-worse yet-only high-performing companies. They reach conclusions from unrepresentative data samples, falling into the classic statistical trap of selection bias. Drawing on a wealth of case studies, for instance, one researcher concluded that great leaders share two key traits: They persist, often despite initial failures, and they are able to persuade others to join them. But those traits are also the hallmarks of spectacularly unsuccessful entrepreneurs, who must persist in the face of failure to incur large losses and must be able to persuade others to pour their money down the drain. To discover what makes a business successful, then, managers should look at both successes and failures. Otherwise, they will overvalue risky business practices, seeing only those companies that won big and not the ones that lost dismally. They will not be able to tell if their current good fortune stems from smart business practices or if they are actually coasting on past accomplishments or good luck. Fortunately, economists have developed relatively simple tools that can correct for selection bias even when data about failed companies are hard to come by. Success may be inspirational, but managers are more likely to find the secrets of high performance if they give the stories of their competitors'failures as full a hearing as they do the stories of dazzling successes.
State Support of Higher Education: Data, Measures, Findings, and Directions for Future Research

The ultimate goal of this chapter is to provide future researchers interested in predicting and explaining state support of higher education with the tools they need to advance the field’s understanding of this important topic. In so doing, this chapter analyzes the various data sources and measures of state funding of higher education; reviews and synthesizes relevant theories which, when properly utilized, will help scholars understand the factors impacting state funding of higher education; reviews the relevant research; discusses several specific factors that ought to be consider when explaining state support of higher education; and reviews recent data and methodological advancements in this area of scholarship. The chapter concludes with a discussion of possible future directions for research in the area of state support of higher education.
Grande rosso e grande blu: il trauma vascolare addominale

Nessun autore e mai riuscito a rappresentare in maniera cosi chiara l’estrema gravita di un trauma vascolare addominale meglio di questo referto operatorio, cosi essenziale e tecnicamente preciso, che riferisce le manovre compiute dal dr. G. Tom Shires e dalla sua equipe nel tentativo di trattare le lesioni vascolari addominali multiple riportate da Lee Harvey Oswald. Il referto ben mette in evidenza le caratteristiche fondamentali del trauma vascolare addominale: emorragia massiva da zone inaccessibili, lesioni multiple associate e ridottissime possibilita di salvare la vita del paziente. Spesso nella realta non solo puoi vedere l’emorragia, ma la puoi anche sentire. Con emorragie cosi massive, il paziente corre il rischio di morire per la perdita completa del sangue, per dissanguamento, e raramente hai il tempo di chiamare un collega piu esperto che ti possa dare una mano. Non ti rimane che stringere i denti e metterti all’opera.
Systemic Work With a Couple Facing Narcissism: A Case Analysis

Marriage and family therapy is built on the premise that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts, yet the systemic literature rarely considers the “part” that narcissism may play in impactin...
Voicing Constraint and Segmental-Tonal Neighborhood Effects on Clusters in Thai

Investigating existing and non-occurring onset clusters in Thai led to the postulation of a voicing constraint. Native speakers were asked to give well-formedness judgments to novel words with and without violations of the constraint. The findings support the argument for the existence of the constraint in the speaker's mind. Furthermore, it was found that within all groups of novel words, categorized by whether or not they obey the constraint and whether or not they contain the existing clusters, there were segmental neighborhood effects. The novel words in dense segmental neighborhoods were rated significantly higher than those in sparse segmental neighborhoods. Finally, the present study puts forward the proposal and evidence that the degree of tonal neighborhood density also influences the speaker's perception of novel words.
A comprehensive review of asphaltene deposition in petroleum reservoirs: Theory, challenges, and tips

Abstract Asphaltene is the heaviest and most polar fraction of crude oils, which is usually defined as a solubility class, soluble in light aromatics, benzene and toluene, and insoluble in paraffins. Asphaltene precipitation/deposition negatively affects a variety of oil and gas processes, including oil recovery, transportation, and petroleum processing as it exhibits some undesirable impacts such as an increase in the viscosity of crudes and stability of the emulsions, a decrease in the distillate yields, and unstable phase separation. Experimental and theoretical investigations have revealed that asphaltene precipitation/deposition is influenced by several parameters/variables, including pressure, temperature, characteristics of the involved mixtures, properties and amount of precipitants, and characteristics of porous media. Knowing the undeniable consequences of asphaltene precipitation/deposition such as reduction of well productivity and/or blockage of the surface facilities, the effective treatments or inhibition techniques have gained widespread attention in the petroleum industry so far. Hence, a comprehensive knowledge of previous findings and an adequate understanding of different aspects of asphaltene precipitation/deposition (e.g., mechanisms and characterization) seem to be pivotal. Various attempts have been made to investigate different aspects of this phenomenon including thermodynamics of precipitation, kinetics of flocculation, and deposition mechanisms. The previous studies and importance of asphaltene in the oil and gas industry inspired us to provide a comprehensive review of the asphaltene precipitation/deposition that helps to further understand the governing mechanisms, thermodynamic behaviors, and transport phenomena prospects in this area. In this review work, the theories and mechanisms of precipitation/deposition, experimental and modelling approaches, the effects of operational parameters, and treatment/inhibition techniques are reviewed. Moreover, the economic analysis of flow assurance and the most common theoretical and practical challenges in asphaltene precipitation/deposition are studied.
The Serotonergic Raphe Promote Sleep in Zebrafish and Mice

The role of serotonin (5-HT) in sleep is controversial: early studies suggested a sleep-promoting role, but eventually the paradigm shifted toward a wake-promoting function for the serotonergic raphe. Here, we provide evidence from zebrafish and mice that the raphe are critical for the initiation and maintenance of sleep. In zebrafish, genetic ablation of 5-HT production by the raphe reduces sleep, sleep depth, and the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation. Pharmacological inhibition or ablation of the raphe reduces sleep, while optogenetic stimulation increases sleep. Similarly, in mice, ablation of the raphe increases wakefulness and impairs the homeostatic response to sleep deprivation, whereas tonic optogenetic stimulation at a rate similar to baseline activity induces sleep. Interestingly, burst optogenetic stimulation induces wakefulness in accordance with previously described burst activity of the raphe during arousing stimuli. These results indicate that the serotonergic system promotes sleep in both diurnal zebrafish and nocturnal rodents. VIDEO ABSTRACT.
Assessing the Quality of Southern Ocean Circulation in CMIP5 AOGCM and Earth System Model Simulations

AbstractThe Southern Ocean (SO) is vital to Earth’s climate system due to its dominant role in exchanging carbon and heat between the ocean and atmosphere and transforming water masses. Evaluating ...
Quantitative Hypothetical System Model for a Portsmouth B Horizon Soil-Sand System

This chapter describes the physicochemical and biotic partitioning of phenolic acids in Portsmouth A and B horizon soil and soil-sand systems plus or minus microorganisms and cucumber seedlings (Cucumis sativus), the ways that various system elements such as soil type, pH and phenolic acid mixtures affect this partitioning and/or seedling behavior and provides quantitative data for ways that phenolic acids may be partitioned in a hypothetical cucumber seedling-microbe-Portsmouth B soil-sand model system treated with ferulic acid.
From Oak Woods and Swamps: The Butterflies Recorded in Georgia by John Abbot (1751-C.1840) Based on His Drawings and Specimens

Despite numerous references to his drawings in the literature, the actual number of butterfly species that English artist-naturalist John Abbot (1751-c.1840) recorded in Georgia was unknown. As part of an exhaustive study spanning nearly 20 years, several thousand of Abbot's insect and bird drawings were examined. This includes a newly rediscovered collection of insect life history watercolors that Abbot sold to Heinrich Escher-Zollikofer, 20 of which were used for illustrations in the book Histoire Generale et Iconographie des Lepidopteres et des Chenilles de l'Amerique Septentrionale by Boisduval and Le Conte (1829-[1837]). Many of Abbot's figures that were used for this book were overpainted by Charles Emile Blanchard. Also recently discovered is an unusual series of Abbot's drawings that almost entirely portray early stages of insects, mostly Lepidoptera. Each collection of Abbot's insect drawings is detailed, and the butterflies they portray are documented. Examples from most collections are figured. Abbot's species names and abundance observations are given, and his duplicate compositions are chronologically tabulated. Historical books and manuscripts that figure (or may figure) Abbot's specimens are cited, as are more recent publications that include photographs of his butterfly drawings. Insect collections that are known to contain Abbot's specimens are summarized, and known (or suspected) specimens are listed by species. Based on these findings, Abbot recorded at least 107 species of butterflies in eastern Georgia, but another 29 species have been recorded in the region since his lifetime. Some additional details about the production of Smith and Abbot (1797) are also presented.
Maintenance of Residential Rental Property: An Empirical Analysis

The maintenance costs of 137 residential rental properties in northwestern South Carolina are analyzed. The results show that maintenance cost per square foot increases with property age, tenant turnover, certain amenities, and for higher-rent properties. Compared to other property types, apartments exhibit higher maintenance costs per square foot with larger complexes showing lower per square foot maintenance costs than smaller complexes. This cost economy suggests added value to rental housing for larger complexes. Owners of multiple properties are found to pay higher maintenance costs. Finally, there is no observed relationship between absentee ownership and the level of property maintenance.
Archeology of Abandoned Human Settlements in No Man’s Sky: A New Approach to Recording and Preserving User-Generated Content in Digital Games:

This article presents the tools, methods, and findings of an archaeological survey, excavation, and ethnography of abandoned human settlements within a digital built environment. In 2016, Hello Gam...
Evaluating MPI resource usage summary statistics

Abstract The Message Passing Interface (MPI) remains the dominant programming model for scientific applications running on today’s high-performance computing (HPC) systems. This dominance stems from MPI’s powerful semantics for inter-process communication that has enabled scientists to write applications for simulating important physical phenomena. MPI does not, however, specify how messages and synchronization should be carried out. Those details are typically dependent on low-level architecture details and the message characteristics of the application. Therefore, analyzing an application’s MPI resource usage is critical to tuning MPI’s performance on a particular platform. The result of this analysis is typically a discussion of the mean message sizes, queue search lengths and message arrival times for a workload or set of workloads. While a discussion of the arithmetic mean in MPI resource usage might be the most intuitive summary statistic, it is not always the most accurate in terms of representing the underlying data. In this paper, we analyze MPI resource usage for a number of key MPI workloads using an existing MPI trace collector and discrete-event simulator. Our analysis demonstrates that the average, while easy and efficient to calculate, is a useful metric for characterizing latency and bandwidth measurements, but may not be a good representation of application message sizes, match list search depths, or MPI inter-operation times. Additionally, we show that the median and mode are superior choices in many cases. We also observe that the arithmetic mean is not the best representation of central tendency for data that are drawn from distributions that are multi-modal or have heavy tails. The results and analysis of our work provide valuable guidance on how we, as a community, should discuss and analyze MPI resource usage data for scientific applications.
Combined Adjuvant Effects of Ambient Vapor-phase Organic Components and Particulate Matter Potently Promote Allergic Sensitization and Th2-skewing Cytokine and Chemokine Milieux in Mice: The Importance of Mechanistic Multi-pollutant Research

Abstract Although exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) is linked to asthma, the health effects of co-existing vapor-phase organic pollutants (vapor) and their combined effects with PM on this disease are poorly understood. We used a murine asthma model to test the hypothesis that exposure to vapor would enhance allergic sensitization and this effect would be further strengthened by co-existing PM. We found that vapor and PM each individually exerted adjuvant effects on OVA sensitization. Co-exposure to vapor and PM during sensitization further enhanced allergic lung inflammation and OVA-specific antibody production which was accompanied by pulmonary cytokine/chemokine milieu that favored T-helper 2 immunity (i.e. increased IL-4, downregulation of Il12a and Ifng, and upregulation of Ccl11 and Ccl8). TNFa, IL-6, Ccl12, Cxcl1 and detoxification/antioxidant enzyme responses in the lung were pollutant-dependent. Inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-12 secretion from primary antigen-presenting dendritic cells correlated positively with vapor’s oxidant potential. In conclusion, concurrent exposure to vapor and PM led to significantly exaggerated adjuvant effects on allergic lung inflammation which were more potent than that of each pollutant type alone. These findings suggest that the effects of multi-component air pollution on asthma may be significantly underestimated if research only focuses on a single air pollutant (e.g., PM).
Improved training via incremental learning

It is well known that it is possible to choose training instances more carefully when using incremental learning than when using nonincremental learning. This is because a partially learned concept can provide guidance about which instances would be informative training instances. The point is illustrated by comparing the incremental decision tree induction algorithm ID5R with ID3 on Quinlan's chess task. The instance selection strategy for ID5R finds a set of training instances that produces the smallest decision tree yet found for the chess task.
The legacy of Alex Stacoff for foot and footwear biomechanics research

Alex Stacoff was a Swiss biomechanics researcher and a key member of the small group of scientists who founded the International Foot and Ankle Biomechanics Community (i-FAB) in 2007. He was an active participant at the first i-FAB Congress in September 2008, but he died tragically while running, only three weeks later, at the young age of 58 years. The fact that a flourishing i-FAB is now holding its 3rd Congress in Australia is part of Alex’s legacy to the field. But there are other dimensions of his legacy on both the personal and professional levels that I will explore, and hopefully extend, in my presentation. Alex’s professional life was a model of perseverance from which we all can learn. He earned his PhD some 20 years after changing course from an intended career as a schoolteacher. Throughout this time he garnered a reputation for moderation, friendship, mentorship, generosity, and collaborative work that is a model of how research should be conducted. All this was achieved against a backdrop of personal health challenges that would have caused many lesser individuals to abandon professional activities altogether. Alex Stacoff’s professional passion was to understand the biomechanics of the foot and shoe during locomotion. He used both classical and novel methods, the later including bone pin-mounted targets, magnetic resonance imaging kinematics, and fluoroscopy. He expressed an early interest in learning from barefoot running [1] and I will speculate on what he might of thought about the current obsession with this topic. He also used accelerometers attached to the body [2] and, following this lead, I will present new data from our laboratory that demonstrates how skin-mounted accelerometers provide reliable and insightful signals to understand bilateral and intra-subject differences in the foot strike patterns of women distance runners.
Realism, Constructivism, and International Relations Theory

Constructivism and realism appear to have taken their places in the literature on international relations theory in direct opposition to each other. Constructivism is usually defined as being distinct from either materialism or rationalism, with a wall separating social construction on the one hand from a materialist or rationalist mindset on the other. A prominent state-of-the-field exercise, in fact, identified the rationalism-constructivism controversy as the central debate in contemporary IR theory.Claims about methodological incompatibility between constructivism and realism often focus on binary oppositions between the two. Two particular oppositions are found most commonly. One contrasts realist materialism with constructivist idealism. The other draws on March and Olsen’s distinction between the logic of consequences, when actors behave strategically to achieve objectives, and the logic of appropriateness, when actors behave according to identity scripts, doing what they believe to be expected of them in a given circumstance. This opposition contrasts rationalism as a logic of consequences with norm-guided behavior based on a logic of appropriateness. Both of these oppositions are used by constructivists to distance themselves from neorealism, although the materialism opposition generally points to neorealism as an example of realism more generally, whereas the rationalism opposition is targeted more against “neo-utilitarianism,” the group of approaches to international relations including neorealism and neoliberal institutionalism, that build from microeconomic theory. At first glance, both of these oppositions might provide useful heuristics in distinguishing constructivism from other approaches to the study of international relations. But both oppositions prove to be problematic, and quite possibly more misleading than illuminating. Each is problematic on its own, for reasons that are discussed below. Taken together, they are problematic as defining distinctions between realism and constructivism because they do not necessarily covary. One could, for example, rationally pursue an ideal, socially constructed goal. Or one could follow a logic of appropriateness socially constructed to reflect the material interests of another class. Furthermore, both of these oppositions can be misleading in the impression they give about the relationship among various approaches to the study of international relations, by suggesting a greater space than is the case between constructivism and realism, and smaller spaces than are the case between these two and other approaches. As such, they provide a useful starting point for delineating a space for a realist/constructivist nexus in the study of international relations.
Conversion to the Terminally Differentiated State during Treatment of NG108-15 Neural Tumor Cells with 1-β-d-Arabinofuranosylcytosine in Defined Medium

Abstract Differentiation of cells of the neural tumor hybrid cloned cell line NG108-15 begins stochastically upon transfer to a serum-free defined medium (A. Krystosek, J. Cell. Physiol., 125: 319–329, 1985). Such cultures in N2 medium contain both proliferating and neurite-forming cells (which are not mutally exclusive subpopulations). Addition of 1-β-d-arabinofuranosylcytosine (ara-C) to NG108-15 cells in N2 medium yielded cultures with a highly differentiated appearance. Investigation of the nature of this effect revealed that ara-C did not increase the probability that cells would enter the differentiation pathway; it did, however, completely abolish proliferation. The early kinetics of neurite formation were similar in control and treated cultures. This was followed by a phase in which ara-C-treated cells underwent continuous rapid maturation including normalization of nucleolar features. Loss of proliferative potential of treated cells was tested in a drug-free serum challenge protocol. Permanently postmitotic cells ( i.e. , cells which failed to divide even once) were shown to accumulate with time of ara-C pretreatment; this represented 59% of total cells at day 3 and 94% at day 7 of treatment. Thus, the bulk of the population can commit to terminal differentiation. Even among the minority of cells capable of 1–2 rounds of division in the challenge incubation, cessation of proliferation was more likely than continuous colonial growth, suggesting that a profound phenotypic alteration had occurred. The results show that advanced morphological maturation and the step(s) of terminal neuronal differentiation can be achieved in this cell line in response to a cancer chemotherapeutic agent and that this drug is a more complete inducer than compounds which modulate the cyclic AMP system.
Application of maximum likelihood and bootstrap methods to nonlinear curve-fit problems in geochemistry

[1] We apply maximum likelihood and bootstrap methods to the assess parameter estimates and confidence intervals in nonlinear geochemical data analysis. We focus primarily on the regression of “double error” data, or x−y data pairs, where both variables are measurements subject to error (e.g., isochron fitting), but the methods we discuss are general and can be applied to any nonlinear regression. We review the differences between least squares and maximum likelihood methods and describe how maximum likelihood can be naturally extended to permit robust regressions that are relatively insensitive to outliers. We describe the bootstrap technique for the estimation of the standard error and confidence intervals of a model and show how it can be used to sidestep the mathematical intractability of estimating uncertainty in nonlinear regressions. We illustrate the application of these methods through examples using synthetic and real data and demonstrate how they can influence statistical perception of nonlinear parameter estimates. In particular, we demonstrate how the linearized methods that are commonly used to make uncertainty estimates can substantially underestimate model error, and we show how this problem can be addressed with bootstrap confidence intervals that automatically adjust to account for intrinsic asymmetry and non-Gaussian behavior in a regression. We include computer code to implement the calculations we describe as supplements to this article.
Functional Separation, Italian Style

U.S. regulators would be ill-advised to abandon current de-regulatory policies encouraging facilities-based competition in communications markets and return to models developed for monopoly service markets. Functional separation should be viewed as an extraordinary remedy for persisting competitive problems and is inappropriate for effectively competitive markets. There have been recent discussions in Europe over the use of functional separation of wireline access networks to cure persistent problems involving access network discrimination by vertically integrated dominant providers. Yet the regulatory environment in markets that have implemented separation should be noted to stand in contrast with the deregulation in the U.S. communications market, where policymakers have abandoned prior structural and non-structural Computer Inquiry safeguards. Continuation of Computer Inquiry mandates developed for narrowband, single-purpose networks was found to be inappropriate and unnecessary for today's converged broadband networks. Moreover, the Federal Communications Commission concluded there was sufficient "actual and expected competition" to justify changing the regulatory regime. With Telecom Italia's recently announced "operational separation" of its wholesale access services and retail units, the "voluntary" corporate restructuring, developed with the approval of Italy's communications regulatory body, AGCOM, is best viewed as a solution solely for the Italian communications market which is lacking a widely deployed competitive provider. The restructuring is meant to ease concerns particular to the Italian marketplace and can not necessarily be considered an ideal model for regulation in other markets. In the U.S., reversion to a functional separation regulatory model would require a sudden and extreme policy reversal that would render the telecommunications sector wholly unattractive to investors. Instead, policy makers should focus on the dual challenges of bringing broadband deployment to areas presently unserved by any provider and preserving and expanding existing levels of competition by removing remaining disincentives to investment and making more spectrum available to wireless providers.