cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Decline of the Oedipus Complex

Contemporary psychoanalysis has, metaphorically speaking, shifted its focus from Oedipus to Narcissus. It no longer attributes central, unequivocal importance to those instinctual conflicts and their resolution that develop through the triangular relationship of child and parents, the Oedipus complex. Instead, pathologies of the self, or narcissistic disorders, have increasingly become the focus of psychoanalytic practice and discussion. More generally, issues that begin in the mother—infant dyad, the preoedipal issues of early individuation and self-formation, take precedence over neurotic conflicts pertaining to defense against instincts or drives. As articulated by Kohut (1971), chief exponent of the focus on narcissistic disorders, our age is witnessing a transition from the problems of Guilty Man to those of Tragic Man, from the thwarted search for drive satisfaction to the desperate search for fulfillment of the self. Such formulations of change by psychoanalysts have, in turn, been popularized in contemporary social criticism—with greater and lesser accuracy—in terms of “the new narcissism.” In this rhetorical usage, the pejorative meaning of the word narcissism and the invidious comparison between Oedipal Man and the New Narcissist are readily discernible. Here the decline of the Oedipus complex is seen as linked to the decline of authority and morality that engendered Guilty Man’s conflicts with his drives but spared him Tragic Man’s disorganization of the self.
The Passover Haggadah as Argument, Or Why Is This Text Different from Other Texts?

In this paper, I demonstrate how the Passover Haggadah exploits certain features of conversational interaction in both the production formats of its texts and in its performance formats (or ways it indicates it should be performed) during the Passover Seder. Some conversational methods used include the use of dispreferred second pair parts which creates an impression that at least part of the Haggadah's text resembles a kind of conversational argument. Furthermore, as a recitable text, the Haggadah exploits the use of and changes in footings in a manner reminiscent of how reported speech is used in ordinary conversation to introduce participant roles and virtual participants with their own commitments, orientations and positions which may not represent those of the animators of the recited text. While the Haggadah is not an actual argument in conventional terms, it is a script of ritual texts organized according to a logic similar to the one by which certain kinds of conversational arguments are organized. Participants are able to animate participatory roles and assess the positions, orientations and commitments such roles represent in a manner that rehearses how such positions, orientations and commitments might be accomplished in actual argumentation.
Acute Kidney Injury and Sepsis.

Abstract Background: Worldwide, both acute kidney injury (AKI) and sepsis are significant clinical complications, particularly in critical care patients. Sepsis is an important cause of AKI, and AKI is a common complication of sepsis. Methods: We reviewed the literature, including current practice guidelines, on sepsis-associated AKI. Results: We assessed causes of renal failure, potential mechanisms of sepsis-associated acute kidney injury, current practice guidelines, diagnostic criteria and methods, prevention strategies, treatment options, and outcomes. Conclusion: In patients with sepsis-associated AKI, appropriate fluid resuscitation and maintenance of blood pressure are important to prevent further kidney damage. Despite multiple clinical trials, the mechanisms of sepsis-associated AKI and the best treatment options remain unclear.
Cytokine Involvement in Biological Inflammation Related to Degenerative Disorders of the Intervertebral Disk: A Narrative Review

Abstract Objective The purpose of this narrative literature review is to discuss the literature regarding the potential role that cytokines play in degenerative disk disease. Methods The inclusion criteria were studies that used inflammatory mediators in advancing disk disease processes. Research studies were limited to the last 3 decades that had free full-text available online in English. Exclusion criteria were review articles and articles pertaining to temporomandibular joints and other joints of the body other than the intervertebral disk. The following databases were searched: PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Google Scholar through March 13, 2017. Results A total of 82 studies were included in this review. The papers were reviewed for complex mechanisms behind the degenerative cascade, emphasizing the role of proinflammatory cytokines, which may be instrumental in processes of inflammation, neurologic pain, and disk degeneration. Interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor α were among the more notable cytokines involved in this cascade. Because monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 stimulates and activates macrophages in the event of infiltration, additional proinflammatory cytokines are released to act on molecules to promote blood and nerve ingrowth, resulting in pain signaling and tissue degradation. Excessive inflammation and/or tissue damage initiates a pathologic imbalance between anabolic and catabolic processes. Conclusions This literature review describes how inflammatory and biochemical changes may trigger disk degeneration. Proinflammatory cytokines stimulate microvascular blood and nerve ingrowth, resulting in pain signaling and tissue degradation. This may sensitize a person to chemical and/or mechanical stimuli, contributing to severe low back pain.
A Pictorial Approach to Lenz’s Law

This paper describes a pictorial approach to Lenz’s law that involves following four steps and drawing three pictures to determine the direction of the current induced by a changing magnetic flux. Lenz’s law accompanies Faraday’s law, stating that, for a closed conducting loop, the induced emf (electromotive force) created by a changing magnetic flux sets up a current in the loop that tends to oppose the change in flux. Students are often confused by this, but drawing a sequence of three pictures can make it clearer to students how Lenz’s law is applied.
Effect of crystallinity on the mechanical properties of starch/synthetic polymer blends

Crystallization behaviour of starch and maleated blends was studied at 50°C over a period of 20 weeks using wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXS). The variation of mechanical properties (tensile and flexural) and stress relaxation behaviour of the blends stored at 50°C and −10°C were studied over the same period. The starch content in the blends was 70% by weight. The synthetic polyolefins used in the blends were two grades of ethylene-co-vinyl acetates (EVA) containing 28% and 18% VA, two grades linear low-density polyethylene (melt index of 40 and 20) and high density polyethylene. An increase in the tensile properties of all the blends was observed in the first 5 weeks for samples kept at both temperature conditions. Blend samples kept at 50°C had higher tensile strengths than the ones at −10°C. Flexural strength remained constant over the duration of time. Freshly moulded specimens relaxed faster than the samples aged at either temperature. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the starch was completely melted and had lost its crystallinity. Also, starch blends with EVA did not show any crystalline structure. The crystallinity in the starch blends with polyethylene was mainly due to the crystallinity of the synthetic polymer. The X-ray patterns of pure synthetic polymers were not found to be different from their functionalized counterparts. Crystal intensity was found to decrease for all the polyethylene blends. The effect of crystallinity on the mechanical properties is discussed.
Genetics and Shyness

Heredity plays a larger role in shyness than in other personality traits in infancy (Plomin & Rowe, 1979), early childhood (Plomin & Rowe, 1977), middle childhood (O’Connor, Foch, Sherry, & Plomin, 1980), adolescence (Cheek & Zonderman, 1983), and adulthood (Horn, Plomin, & Rosenman, 1976). The purpose of this chapter is to review evidence concerning the etiology of individual differences in shyness and to consider conceptual and clinical implications of findings that indicate genetic influence.
Faculty Change Agents as Adult Learners: The Power of Situated Learning

ABSTRACTFaculty development is often under-emphasized in community colleges (or 2-year colleges; 2YCs). This research reports on data collected from a National Science Foundation (NSF) project invo...
Educators’ Use of Policy Resources to Understand English-Learner Policies

Research suggests that educators’ use of resources influence the ground-level effects of policy. However, we know very little about educators’ utilization of policy resources. This study employs a ...
Bioarchaeologists Speak Out: An Introduction

Through the contextualized study of archaeological human remains, bioarchaeologists have the opportunity to speak out on many current, pressing global issues uniquely equipped with a rich knowledge of the diverse past. This volume brings together scholars specializing in such issues as migration, health and diet, epidemic diseases, global warming, and social identity and conflict to explore the ways in which bioarchaeologists can more effectively communicate their research and results with nonspecialists, the popular media, and the general public. In this introductory chapter, we briefly review the opportunities and challenges associated with conveying the results of research on human skeletal remains to these entities, reviewing select examples of areas in which bioarchaeology has been particularly successful in this regard. We then turn to an examination of public perceptions of archaeology in a more general sense and review the notion of archaeology as pop culture. We introduce the subsequent chapters in this volume through identification of crosscutting themes and important take-home messages. Finally, we conclude with a section on “writing for your audience,” in which we demonstrate the need for awareness of accessibility issues when speaking out to a broader public.
Effects of the Dietary Inclusion of Copper and(or) Antibiotics on the Performance of Weanling Pigs

Five trials involving 518 pigs were conducted to determine the effects of the dietary addition of copper (0 or 250 ppm as copper sulfate) with and without antibiotics (55 ppm chlortetracycline, CTC, or 27.5 ppm virginiamycin VIR) on the rate and efficiency of gain and survival of early-weaned pigs. The experimental animals consisted of all pigs weaned from each of 67 litters at 28 +/- 2 days of age, regardless of weight or condition. In trials 1 through 4, single additions of copper, CTC or VIR to the corn-soybean meal-based diet improved (P less than .05) daily gains by 22, 22 and 17%, respectively, and feed to gain ratios by 5.1, 8.9 and 8.2% compared with those of pigs fed the unsupplemented diet during the 28-day trials. However, only the addition of copper to the diet increased (P less than .05) postweaning pig survival. Dietary inclusion of both copper and an antibiotic (CTC or VIR) further improved daily gains (P less than .05) by 10 to 11% and feed to gain ratios by 2 to 5% compared with the single addition of each antimicrobial agent. In trial 5, 125 ppm of copper were found to optimize daily gain and feed intake, whereas 250 ppm were required to maximize pig survival. These data demonstrate that high levels (125 to 250 ppm) of dietary copper increase the growth rate and reduce the incidence of mortality among weanling pigs. The data also indicate that the growth-promoting effects of copper and CTC, a broad spectrum antibiotic, or VIR, a gram-positive antibiotic, are additive in nature.
Development of a video SAR for FMV through clouds

The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) is developing a Video Synthetic Aperture Radar (ViSAR) system designed to provide a targeting capability for the AC-130 gunship in conditions where the current electro-optic systems will not perform. By using radar, the gunship’s availability rises from 35% to 72%, as clouds currently obscure the EO/IR camera’s view of the ground. Several technical issues must be addressed in the program in order to be successful. In order to achieve frame rates fast to track maneuvering targets, the radar must operate at frequencies over 170 which requires the development of new electronics. Secondly, as targets move in the FOV of a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) their apparent position is translated in the generated imagery. Thirdly, as the imagery generated is range versus azimuth rather than elevation versus azimuth, tall objects appear to be “laid over” unless corrections are made for the true height of the object imaged. This paper will describe the DARPA program striving to overcome these issues and review the approaches be taken to achieve the imagery required for the close air support mission.
Monolithically Integrated Silicon Photodiode-Based FIR Filter in 65 nm CMOS Technology

This letter presents a finite impulse response (FIR) filter utilizing segmented silicon (Si) photodiodes as a part of the filter for equalization. The filter utilizes an integrated Si photodiode divided into three segments which serve as current sources and capacitors, and realizes a high-pass FIR that partially compensates for the frequency-dependent gain loss due to the physical and the electrical bandwidths of Si photodiode. This technique is well-suited for low-power applications since it uses only passive components. The photodiode-based FIR filter is implemented in a standard 65-nm CMOS technology utilizing an n-well to p-substrate junction photodiode with 12 fingers. The photodiode has a measured physical bandwidth of 15 MHz and a simulated electrical bandwidth of 5.9 GHz. The filter compensates for the photodiode gain loss by 8.7 dB in the frequency range from 1 to 5 GHz.
Local heat transfer coefficient during stratified flow in large, flattened-tube steam condensers with non-uniform heat flux and wall temperature

Abstract Steam condensation heat transfer coefficient (HTC) in a large, flattened tube with non-uniform heat flux and wall temperature, and variable inclination angle is determined experimentally. The condenser tube is that typically used in an air-cooled condenser for power plants. The steel tube has an elongated-slot cross section with inner dimensions of 216 × 16 mm. Water vapor and liquid flow co-currently through a 5.7 m long air-cooled conditioning section, followed by a 0.12 m long water-cooled test section. The long conditioning section creates conditions in the test section that mimic the conditions in an operating condenser – allowing for the realistic development of flow regime and void fraction. HTC is then determined in the water-cooled section. The water-cooled section is designed as a crossflow heat exchanger to match the temperature and heat flux conditions of an air-cooled condenser. Visualization sections at the tube inlet and outlet allow determination of flow regime and void fraction. The flow is found to be stratified for all conditions. Tube inclination angle is varied from 0 to 38° downwards. Inlet quality in the water-cooled section ranges from 0 to 0.74. HTC is found to increase by more than 400% along the condenser height. In addition, inclination angle, wall-steam temperature difference, inlet water-steam temperature difference, water temperature glide and vapor quality are all found to affect the condensation HTC.
Interventions that impact weight status in Hispanic preschool children.

Objectives The objectives of this systematic review of literature include: (a) describe the intervention strategies; (b) examine the outcomes as they pertain to the child (individual level), families (interpersonal level), and community or culture (organizational level); and (c) develop a foundation of interventional approaches that specifically target obesogenic behaviors in Hispanic preschool-aged children. Design A systematic review of literature was performed. The theoretical framework was the Socioecological Model. Sample Twenty-four total articles were used for this review. Measurements The method used was the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Results Of the 24 studies reviewed, 36% focused on the individual, 56% were interpersonal (focused on parents), and 9% focused on the organizational level. Conclusion Interventions that are culturally competent, directed at families, and include healthy dietary intake along with a physical activity component are most effective at lowering obesity in Hispanic preschool children.
Vancomycin-induced linear Immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis.

A 72-year-old woman with a history of left hip prosthetic joint infection (PJI) on parenteral antibiotics presented with rash. Prior to this presentation, she was diagnosed with PJI of her left hip, for which she underwent hardware explant. Intraoperative cultures were negative, and she was
Comparison of biologic scaffolds for augmentation of partial rotator cuff tears in a canine model.

Background This study was designed to test the hypothesis that biologic scaffold augmentation of articular-sided partial-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears would be associated with superior functional, imaging, biomechanical, and histologic properties compared with untreated tears in a preclinical canine model. Methods With Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, dogs (n = 16) underwent half-thickness resection of the articular portion of the supraspinatus tendon (SST). Defects were treated by debridement (DB) (n = 8) or scaffold augmentation on the bursal side using amnion matrix cord scaffold (AM) (n = 8), decellularized human dermal allograft (AF) (n = 8), or bovine collagen patch (RMP) (n = 8). Control dogs (n = 4; 8 normal shoulders) were included. Assessments included lameness, function, comfortable shoulder range of motion (CROM), pain, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), arthroscopy, gross examination, biomechanical testing, and histopathology. Results At 3 months, CROM was significantly lower and pain significantly higher in DB compared with all other groups. At 6 months, CROM was significantly lower and pain significantly higher in RMP compared with AM and AF, and AM and AF showed significantly less thickening than DB and RMP. AF had the least severe MRI pathology and AM had significantly less MRI pathology than DB. AF SSTs and biceps tendons showed the least severe histopathology, and AM SSTs showed significantly less histopathology than DB and RMP SSTs. Conclusion Biologic scaffolds can be effective in augmenting healing of articular-sided partial-thickness SST tears when compared with debridement in a preclinical canine model. Decellularized human dermal allograft and amnion matrix cord may have advantages over the bovine collagen patch for use in this indication.
Operational Global Actual Evapotranspiration: Development, Evaluation, and Dissemination

Satellite-based actual evapotranspiration (ETa) is becoming increasingly reliable and available for various water management and agricultural applications from water budget studies to crop performance monitoring. The Operational Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEBop) model is currently used by the US Geological Survey (USGS) Famine Early Warning System Network (FEWS NET) to routinely produce and post multitemporal ETa and ETa anomalies online for drought monitoring and early warning purposes. Implementation of the global SSEBop using the Aqua satellite’s Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature and global gridded weather datasets is presented. Evaluation of the SSEBop ETa data using 12 eddy covariance (EC) flux tower sites over six continents indicated reasonable performance in capturing seasonality with a correlation coefficient up to 0.87. However, the modeled ETa seemed to show regional biases whose natures and magnitudes require a comprehensive investigation using complete water budgets and more quality-controlled EC station datasets. While the absolute magnitude of SSEBop ETa would require a one-time bias correction for use in water budget studies to address local or regional conditions, the ETa anomalies can be used without further modifications for drought monitoring. All ETa products are freely available for download from the USGS FEWS NET website.
Early Surgical Management of Medical Tourism Complications Improves Patient Outcomes.

Background Complications from medical tourism can be significant, requiring aggressive treatment at initial presentation. This study evaluates the effect of early surgical versus conservative management on readmission rates and costs. Methods A single-center retrospective review was conducted from May of 2013 to May of 2017 of patients presenting with soft-tissue infections after cosmetic surgery performed abroad. Patients were categorized into two groups based on their management at initial presentation as either conservative or surgical. Demographic information, the procedures performed abroad, and the severity of infection were included. The authors' primary outcome was the incidence of readmission in the two groups. International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision; International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision; and CPT codes were used for direct-billed cost analysis. Results Fifty-three patients (one man and 52 women) presented with complications after procedures performed abroad, of which 37 were soft-tissue infections. Twenty-four patients with soft-tissue infections at initial presentation were managed conservatively, and 13 patients were treated surgically. The two groups were similar in patient demographics and type of procedure performed abroad. Patients who were managed conservatively at initial presentation had a higher rate of readmission despite having lower severity of infections (OR, 4.7; p = 0.037). A significantly lower total cost of treatment was shown with early surgical management of these complications (p = 0.003). Conclusions Conservative management of complications from medical tourism has resulted in a high incidence of failure, leading to readmission and increased costs. This can contribute to poor outcomes in patients that are already having complications from cosmetic surgery. Clinical question/level of evidence Therapeutic, III.
CHAPTER 7 – PROJECTIVITIES

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the various aspects of projectivities. Functions with domain and range consisting of points or lines play a fundamental role in many studies of geometry. The chapter discusses some additional functions of this type and some properties to be used in the subsequent development. In a desarguesian projective plane, a projectivity between distinct lines given by a composite of three perspectivities can be realized as a composite of two perspectivities. In a desarguesian projective plane, a projectivity between lines and can be realized as a composite of no more than two or three perspectivities. It is found that if an example of a desarguesian projective plane exists, which is not pappian, then necessarily it is not finite. In particular, if the example is an algebraic incidence basis with elements from a division ring where multiplication is noncommutative, the division ring is not finite. An example is constructed using an infinite division ring with a noncommutative multiplication. This will be the division ring of quaternions.
Development of a larval fathead minnow optomotor response assay for assessing visual function.

Abstract The optomotor response (OMR) is a position stabilizing reflex to whole-field visual motion, demonstrated by fish instinctually moving to follow alternating black and white stripes. The OMR assay is used to assess the visual function of fish. While researchers have been using the OMR assay for years to evaluate the visual acuity of fish, no standardized methods exist. Therefore, the goal of the present study was to develop a standardized protocol for the measurement of OMR in larval fathead minnows, a common model species in ecotoxicology. Results indicate that OMR is a potential endpoint for the assessment of vision in larval fathead minnows and can be quantified as early as 9 dpf. When running the OMR assay, a 4-min acclimation period should be implemented. There did not appear to be a learning component to response latency; however, high variation in likely impeded the ability to detect significant differences. • Optomotor response of fathead minnow larvae can be quantified as early as 9 dpf. • When running the assay, a 4-min acclimation period should be implemented. • Due to high variation, response latency is not recommended for use as an endpoint.
Dictyostelium discoideum, a novel system for cancer research

781 Genomic DNA is constantly being damaged by both environmental and endogenous factors. DNA repair plays an important role in maintaining genetic integrity. Deficiency in DNA repair has been linked to many human diseases including cancer. Understanding the molecular mechanism on how the DNA repair deficiency lead to the disease development is important for the disease prevention and treatment. However, due to the complexity of repair pathways in human cells, it is difficult to determine the specific roles of individual DNA repair proteins in the disease development process. Therefore, simpler model systems that can represent the human counterpart will be greatly appreciated. D. discoideum provides an ideal system to study many important functions of the mammalian systems such as development and cell differentiation, signal transduction and cell cycle regulation. D. discoideum carries many genes that exhibit greater homology to human genes than those found in other model systems. Its short life cycle shares many developmental processes with mammalian cells. In addition, D. discoideum is resistant to many DNA damaging agent, such as ionizing radiation and Cisplatin, the cancer chemotherapeutic drug. Several DNA repair genes, including the Nucleotide Excision Repair (NER) genes XPB (repB) and XPD (repD), and the Base Excision Repair (BER) genes, AP endonuclease and UDP-glycosylase, have been cloned from the D. discoideum. However, none of the Mismatch Repair (MMR) genes, which play a critical role in the prevention of many types of cancer, especially for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC) and prostate cancer, have been investigated. Recently, we have cloned two major human homologue repair genes in the MMR pathway (Msh2 and Mlh1) from this model system. Sequencing analyses indicate that these two genes have 40% identity and 55% similarity to their human counterparts. This work allows us to study the processes involved in modulating the initiation phase of carcinogenesis and in modulating genetic stability/instability, both of which are relevant to the processes involved in tumor progression. In addition, this work will allow us to identify the roles that the MMR proteins play in the cancer cell drug resistance and provide a model system to screen new therapeutic drugs and environmental agents that cause DNA damage.
On Estimation of Modal Decompositions

A modal decomposition is a useful tool that deconstructs the statistical dependence between two random variables by decomposing their joint distribution into orthogonal modes. Historically, modal decompositions have played important roles in statistics and information theory, e.g., in the study of maximal correlation. They are defined using the singular value decompositions of divergence transition matrices (DTMs) and conditional expectation operators corresponding to joint distributions. In this paper, we first characterize the set of all DTMs, and illustrate how the associated conditional expectation operators are the only weak contractions among a class of natural candidates. While modal decompositions have several modern machine learning applications, such as feature extraction from categorical data, the sample complexity of estimating them in such scenarios has not been analyzed. Hence, we also establish some non-asymptotic sample complexity results for the problem of estimating dominant modes of an unknown joint distribution from training data.
Predicting Hydrophobicity by Learning Spatiotemporal Features of Interfacial Water Structure: Combining Molecular Dynamics Simulations with Convolutional Neural Networks

The hydrophobicity of functionalized interfaces can be quantified by the structure and dynamics of water molecules using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, but existing methods to quantify interfacial hydrophobicity are computationally expensive. In this work, we develop a new machine learning approach that leverages convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to predict the hydration free energy (HFE) as a measure of interfacial hydrophobicity based on water positions sampled from MD simulations. We construct a set of idealized self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with varying surface polarities and calculate their HFEs using indirect umbrella sampling calculations (INDUS). Using the INDUS-calculated HFEs as labels and physically informed representations of interfacial water density from MD simulations as input, we train and evaluate a series of neural networks to predict SAM HFEs. By systematically varying model hyperparameters, we demonstrate that a 3D CNN trained to analyze both spatial and temporal correlations between interfacial water molecule positions leads to HFE predictions that require an order of magnitude less MD simulation time than INDUS. We showcase the power of this model to explore a large design space by predicting HFEs for a set of 71 chemically heterogeneous SAMs with varying patterns and mole fractions.
Probing the Size-Dependent Polarizability of Mesoscopic Ionic Clusters and Their Induced-Dipole Interactions

Mesoscopic clusters composed of oppositely charged particles are ubiquitous in synthetic and biological soft materials. The effective interaction between these clusters is influenced by their polarizability, that is, the ability of their constituent charges to re-arrange in response to an external electrical field. Here, using coarse-grained simulations, we show that the polarizability of electrically neutral ionic clusters decreases as the number of constituent charges increases and/or their Coulombic interaction strength increases for various ion valencies, ion densities, and degrees of cluster boundary hardness. For clusters of random ionomers and their counterions, their polarizability is shown to depend on the number of polymer chains. The variation of the cluster polarizability with the cluster size indicates that throughout the assembly, the induced-dipole interactions between the clusters may be reduced substantially as they acquire more charges while maintaining zero net charge. Under certain conditions, the induced-dipole interactions may become repulsive, as inferred from our simulations with a polarizable solvent. As a result, the dipole-induced related interactions can serve as a counterbalancing force that contributes to the self-limiting aggregation of charge-containing assemblies.
Nucleophilic Catalyzed Structural Binary Cleavage of a Fused [5,5]-Bicyclic Compound

Structural binary cleavage of 3,7-diamino-2,6-dinitro-1H,5H-pyrazolo-[1,2-a]pyrazole-1,5-dione 3, under nucleophilic conditions, leads to the formation of a monocyclic pyrazole unit of 5-amino-4-nitro-1,2-dihydro-3H-pyrazol-3-one, 4. Additionally, various salts of the pyrazole ring were synthesized and fully characterized. Detonation properties and mechanical sensitivities of 4 and other new compounds are remarkably improved compared to 3. This simple and efficient strategy is highly desirable for future studies on the development of insensitive and high performing materials.
The Trial of Jesus: An Account

Providing an account of the trial of Jesus presents challenges unlike that for any of the other trials on the Famous Trials Website. First, there is the challenge of determining what actually happened nearly 2,000 years ago before the Sanhedrin and the Roman prefect of Judea, Pontius Pilate. The task is daunting because almost our entire understanding of events comes from five divergent accounts, each of which was written by a Christian (who did not witness the final days of Jesus directly) for a distinct audience from fifteen (at least) to seventy years after the trial. Second, there is the challenge that comes from knowing that readers of this account are likely to have prior understandings of trial events that come from their own religious training - and that any account of the trial provided here that varies substantially from these prior understandings may not be easily accepted. Nonetheless, I believe the trial of Jesus merits analysis for the simple reason that no other trial in human history has so significantly affected the course of human events.
TOURISM DEVELOPMENT AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

The objective of this study is to investigate the relationships between tourism development and economic growth in developing countries using the newly developed heterogeneous panel cointegration technique. This study examines the causal relationship between tourism development and economic growth using Granger causality tests in a multivariate model and using the annual data for the 1995–2009 period. The study finds no evidence to support the tourism-led growth hypothesis. The results of the FMOLS show that, though the elasticity of tourism revenue with respect to real GDP is not statistically significant for all regions, its positive sign indicates that tourism revenue makes a positive contribution to economic growth in developing countries. The results of the study suggest that governments of developing countries should focus on economic policies to promote tourism as a potential source of economic growth. JEL: F43, L83, O40
Risk assessment for physical and cyber attacks on critical infrastructures

Assessing the risk of malevolent attacks against large-scale critical infrastructures requires modifications to existing methodologies. Existing risk assessment methodologies consider physical security and cyber security separately. As such, they do not accurately model attacks that involve defeating both physical protection and cyber protection elements (e.g., hackers turning off alarm systems prior to forced entry). This paper presents a risk assessment methodology that accounts for both physical and cyber security. It also preserves the traditional security paradigm of detect, delay and respond, while accounting for the possibility that a facility may be able to recover from or mitigate the results of a successful attack before serious consequences occur. The methodology provides a means for ranking those assets most at risk from malevolent attacks. Because the methodology is automated the analyst can also play "what if with mitigation measures to gain a better understanding of how to best expend resources towards securing the facilities. It is simple enough to be applied to large infrastructure facilities without developing highly complicated models. Finally, it is applicable to facilities with extensive security as well as those that are less well-protected
Three research challenges at the intersection of machine learning, statistical induction, and systems

Recent research activity [2, 12, 27, 10, 1] has shown encouraging results for performance debugging and failure diagnosis and detection in systems by using approaches based on automatically inducing models and deriving correlations from observed data. We believe that maximizing the potential of this line of research will require surmounting some fundamental challenges arising not from the modeling techniques themselves, but specifically from the application of those techniques to real-world systems. We specifically formulate three challenges. First, as new data is collected from a system, previously-induced models must be continuously assessed and validated, with the ultimate aim of achieving online adaption to system changes. Second, human operators must be able to effectively interact with the models, including interpreting model findings to generate explanations, enabling human feedback to improve the models, and identifying false positives and missed detections. Third, it should be possible to formally manipulate "signatures" of system state as represented by these models, allowing us to query the system's past to identify recurring problems and manually annotate them with additional information. We contend that the specifics of this problem domain not only raise these challenges, but also provide the knowledge base from which to derive well-engineered solutions to them. We suggest some possible strategies for addressing each challenge and show how they arise in the context of a real example.
Isolation and Characterization of Arginine-inducible Acetylornithine δ-Transaminase from Escherichia coli

Abstract Arginine-inducible acetylornithine δ-transaminase, which catalyzes the reversible conversion of N-acetylglutamic γ-semialdehyde and l-glutamate to α-N-acetyl-l-ornithine and α-ketoglutarate, has been isolated in homogeneous form, as judged by disc gel electrophoresis, immunoelectrophoresis, and ultracentrifugation. A double mutant of Escherichia coli strain W which lacks arginine-repressible acetylornithine δ-transaminase was used as the source of aminotransferase. In the assay used, optimal enzymatic activity occurs at pH 7.8, and requires the addition of pyridoxal 5-phosphate. The activity was measured in the reverse of the biosynthetic reaction and, under this condition, only α-N-acetyl-l-ornithine and α-ketoglutarate were found to serve as substrates. A number of divalent cations tested do not affect the activity of the enzyme, with the exception of Cu++ and Hg++, which are inhibitory. From amino acid analysis, the enzyme contains 5 half-cystine residues per molecule, and a partial specific volume of 0.734 has been calculated. The average molecular weight of acetylornithine δ-transaminase, based upon sedimentation equilibrium data, is 61,000, and an s020,w of 4.6 has been determined.
Phospholipase D/phosphatidic acid signal transduction: role and physiological significance in lung.

Phospholipase D (PLD), a phospholipid phosphohydrolase, catalyzes the hydrolysis of phosphatidylcholine and other membrane phospholipids to phosphatidic acid (PA) and choline. PLD, ubiquitous in mammals, is a critical enzyme in intracellular signal transduction. PA generated by agonist- or reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated activation of the PLD1 and PLD2 isoforms can be subsequently converted to lysoPA (LPA) or diacylglycerol (DAG) by phospholipase A1/A2 or lipid phosphate phosphatases. In pulmonary epithelial and vascular endothelial cells, a wide variety of agonists stimulate PLD and involve Src kinases, p-38 mitogen activated protein kinase, calcium and small G proteins. PA derived from the PLD pathway has second messenger functions. In endothelial cells, PA regulates NAD[P]H oxidase activity and barrier function. In airway epithelial cells, sphingosine-1-phosphate and PA-induced IL-8 secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation is regulated by PA. PA can be metabolized to LPA and DAG, which function as first- and second-messengers, respectively. Signaling enzymes such as Raf 1, protein kinase Cζ and type I phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate 5-kinase are also regulated by PA in mammalian cells. Thus, PA and its metabolic products play a central role in modulating endothelial and epithelial cell functions.
SASWOPR: A PROGRAM TO OPERATE ON SPECTRAL ANALYSIS OF SURFACE WAVE DATA

The spectral-analysis-of-surface-waves (SASW) method is a nondestructive method for determining elastic properties and thicknesses of pavement systems as well as natural soil deposits. This method consists of three phases: (1) collecting data from field testing; (2) converting these data to a dispersion curve; and (3) determining the shear wave velocity profile by inverting the dispersion curve. The computer program SASWOPR, developed at the university of Kentucky, performs the second of these three phases. SASWOPR is an easy-to-use interactive program that provides great flexibility to operate on field data in the process of generating a single dispersion curve (surface wave phase velocity versus frequency or wavelength). This graphic-oriented program is written in compiled BASIC and runs on a personal computer.
Abstract P345: Prediction of Cardiovascular Disease Events and Death using Multiple Biomarkers in African Americans: the Jackson Heart Study

Background: The usefulness of biomarkers from different biologic pathways for predicting cardiovascular disease (CVD) events among African Americans is not well understood. Methods: We evaluated prospectively 3,102 Jackson Heart Study participants (mean age 54 years; 64% women) with data on a panel of 9 biomarkers representing inflammation (high sensitivity C - reactive protein), adiposity (adiponectin, leptin), neurohormonal activation (B-type natriuretic peptide [BNP], aldosterone, and cortisol); insulin resistance (HOMA-IR); and endothelial function (endothelin and homocysteine). We used Cox proportional hazard regression to relate the biomarker panel to the incidence of CVD (stroke, coronary heart disease, angina, heart failure and intermittent claudication) adjusting for standard CVD risk factors. Results: On follow-up (median 8.2 years), 224 participants (141 women) experienced a first CVD event, and 238 (140 women) died. Circulating concentrations of aldosterone, BNP and HOMA-IR were associated with CVD (multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios [HR] and 95% confidence interval [CI] per standard deviation (SD) increase in log-biomarker) were, respectively 1.15, (95% CI 1.01-1.30, p=0.016), 1.97, (95% CI 1.22-2.41, p Conclusions: In our community-based sample of African Americans, circulating aldosterone, BNP and HOMA-IR predicted CVD risk, whereas serum cortisol and homocysteine predicted death. However, the incremental yield of biomarkers over traditional risk factors for risk prediction was minimal.
Structural elucidation of cell membrane-derived nanoparticles using molecular probes

Cell membrane-derived nanoparticles (CNPs) are a novel class of materials and are superior to synthetic nanomaterials in certain aspects due to their biological origin. Although their medical applications have been actively explored, the fundamental structure of CNPs is rarely studied. For example, the membrane orientation of CNPs is critical for their pharmacokinetics, but the previous characterizations were mostly qualitative. Herein, we report a method to quantitatively study membrane orientation of CNPs by using a 6-FAM ssDNA probe and a BHQ1 ssDNA quencher with a complementary sequence. This method utilizes specific DNA hybridization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer between 6-FAM and BHQ1. When ssDNA probes are conjugated on cell membranes, the probe marks the outer leaflet of cell membranes. The fluorescence intensities of particle solutions before and after the addition of the ssDNA quencher can be measured to quantitatively determine the fraction of CNPs with a correct outside-out (also called right-side-out) membrane orientation. Red blood cell membrane-derived nanoparticles (RBC-NPs) were fabricated and determined to have an 84% correct orientation. The quenching of membrane-bound nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) was used to study the permeability of RBC-NPs. It was found that RBC-NPs have a significantly higher permeability to the NBD quencher, dithionite ions, compared to live cells and egg PC/cholesterol liposomes. The ubiquitous methods using molecular probes can elucidate some structural properties of CNPs in general, enabling direct comparisons among CNPs that are derived from different cells and convenient optimization of particle fabrication.
Ego psychology in case work

(1943). Ego psychology in case work. Smith College Studies in Social Work: Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 90-97.
The PRIME curriculum clinical research training during residency: response to Kohlwes et al.

To the Editor:—We read with great interest the article titled “The PRIME Curriculum. Clinical Research During Residency” by Kohlwes et al.1 This article discusses an apropos issue and effectively addresses the importance of clinical research training along with internal medicine clinical training. However, we would like to comment on certain issues. Firstly, we feel that the potential success of the PRIME curriculum has been underreported as recruitment of residents to this curriculum was strongly based on commitment to ambulatory medicine. This selection criteria excluded residents committed to a subspecialty career from involvement in the clinical research curriculum. Although published data on the volume of clinical and basic research conducted by residents contemplating subspecialty careers are lacking, it has been our experience that these residents have been prolific. It would also have been nice if the authors were able to compare research productivity of residents in the PRIME curriculum with categorical internal medicine residents. Secondly, the authors have not sufficiently addressed the issue of publication of case reports, one of the most common research activities conducted by medicine residents.2,3 While case reports do not comprise hypothesis-based research and cannot substitute for it, they certainly play a crucial complementary role. This is primarily due to the fact that they can be published early when the hypothesis-based project is still in the preparatory phase. Consequently, it can be a confidence building step for residents by providing effective exercises in literature review, medical writing, poster presentation, and publication that will be critical to the success of a future hypothesis-based project later in their career. Finally, we would like to add that providing clinical research training during internal medicine residency programs would require restructuring of the curriculum by replacing some of the inpatient rotations with outpatient rotations to incorporate the didactics of research methodology. It will be an important step toward the training of future academic clinicians.
Discrete-time deterministic and stochastic models for the spread of rabies

Discrete spatial and temporal models for the spread and control of rabies are developed, analyzed and simulated. First, a deterministic model is formulated, then an analogous stochastic model. The models are structured with respect to space (m patches), age (juveniles and adults) and disease state. For each patch there are six state variables corresponding to either juveniles or adults and their disease state: susceptible, infected, or vaccinated. The models have seven stages which repeat every year. The impact of different vaccination strategies on the dynamics of the deterministic and stochastic models are compared. In particular, the relationships among the vaccination proportion, the width of the vaccination barrier, the initial number infected, and the transmissibility of the disease are examined. An estimate for the probability of disease elimination is given for the stochastic model. It is shown that in some cases where the deterministic model predicts disease persistence, the stochastic model predicts a high probability of disease elimination.
Extralunar materials in Apollo 16 soils and the decay rate of the extralunar flux 4.0 Gy ago.

Abstract The concentration of extralunar materials in the Apollo 16 regolith is about 3.5%, about 50% higher than that observed at the Apollo 14 site, and three times higher than values at mare landing sites. The integrated flux of extralunar materials is 2.5 times higher at the Apollo 16 than at the Apollo 14 site. These data support the hypothesis that the flux of extralunar materials decreased rapidly between 4.0 and 3.7 Gy ago, and demonstrate the presence of appreciable unaccreted materials near 1 AU 600 my after the formation of the solar system. Assumed ages of 3.91 and 4.00 Gy for the Apollo 14 and 16 sites yield a half-life of this short-lived population of about45 ± 15 my. The lunar accretion rate 4.00 Gy ago was about 2.4 × 10 −6 g cm −2 yr −1 , about 700 times greater than the current accretion rate of 3.5 × 10 −9 g cm −2 yr −1 .