cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Beyond Beliefs: Parent and Child Behaviors and Children's Perceived Academic Competence

Examined the relations of parent and child behaviors with children's perceptions of their academic competence. 74 high-achieving third-grade children, with varying levels of perceived academic competence, were observed working with mothers and fathers both on solvable tasks (Period 1) and during a period that included some unsolvable tasks (Period 2). Results indicated that children's perceived academic competence was positively related to father warmth, both at Period 1 and at Period 2. Children's perceived academic competence was also positively related to their own behavior when working with fathers at Period 2. Specifically, children with higher perceived academic competence showed more emotional restraint and were more self-reliant when working on tasks at Period 2 than were children with lower perceived academic competence. The results indicate that there are systematic, observable correlates of children's self-reports of their perceived academic competence.
Variations in genome mass.

Abstract 1. 1. Genome size varies considerably among vertebrates, ranging from less than 1 pg to more than 200 pg; the amount of DNA differing among individuals in a population can equal the amount in the entire structural gene complement. 2. 2. Recent technological advances permit evaluation of genome size variation at several levels including sub-chromosomal, chromosomal and cellular. 3. 3. Genome size variation may also be viewed from taxonomic levels, and across evolutionary time frames. 4. 4. As sources of genome size variation are identified and studied, the conundrum of the C-value paradox (lack of correlations among genome size, genomic complexity and phylogenetic status of organisms) may prove to be more apparent than real. 5. 5. For example, the limited and relatively constant genome size of avians may be related to the physiological constraints of flight.
Relationship between fluoride deposition and metastatic calcification in soft tissues of rat and guinea pig.

SummaryTwo studies have been conducted to investigate whether there is a relationship between the deposition of fluoride in various soft tissues of rats and guinea pigs and the levels of calcium an...
Impact of Body Weight, Percent Body Fat and BMI on Body Image in Exercising and Non-Exercising Older Women

Abstract LEARNING OUTCOME: To investigate relationships between body image score and 1) body weight; 2) % body fat; 3) body mass index (BMI); and 4) waist-to-hip (WHR) in older women. Relationships between body weight, percent body fat, BMI and WHR were described among 73 healthy, elderly women (69.54±0.82 years) who were sedentary (n=26) or engaged in moderate exercise (n=47). Data collection included a body image questionnaire, anthropometry and bioelectrical impedance analysis. There were no significant differences between the groups in height (158.89±0.81 cm), weight (71.15±1.80 kg), percent body fat (34.83±0.64%), BMI (28.22±0.69 kg/m2), WHR (0.82±0.01) and body image scores (2.67±0.09). Hence, data were pooled to investigate relationships among variables. Higher body image and body satisfaction scores indicated more positive body image. There were significant negative correlations (α=.05) between body image scores and body weight (r=−0.539), percent body fat (r=−0.653), and BMI (r=−0.463). There was no correlation between WHR and body image score (r=−0.018). These results indicate that, in older women, as body weight, percent body fat and BMI increase, body image declines. Distorted body image and body dissatisfaction appear to occur in more than 50 percent of women and may have significant impact upon the nutritional and health practices of this population. Future research is needed to assess body image and satisfaction and their relationship to nutrition and food behaviors in older women using standardized tools. A model to explain the relationship among body image, knowledge of and attitudes toward body weight, food and exercise to eating and dieting behaviors in older women is proposed.
Molecular dynamics simulations of grain boundary sliding: The effect of stress and boundary misorientation

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations were used to study the effect of applied force and grain boundary misorientation on grain boundary sliding in aluminum at 750 K. Two grains were oriented with their 〈1 1 0〉 axes parallel to their boundary plane and one grain was rotated around its 〈1 1 0〉 axis to various misorientation angles. For any given misorientation, increasing the applied force leads to three sliding behaviors: no sliding, constant velocity sliding and a parabolic sliding over time. The last behavior is associated with disordering of atoms along the grain boundary. For the second sliding behavior, the constant sliding velocity varied linearly with the applied stress. A linear fit of this relationship did not intersect the stress axis at the origin, implying that a threshold stress for sliding exists. This threshold stress was found to decrease with increasing grain boundary energy. The ramifications of this finding for modeling grain boundary sliding in polycrystals are discussed.
The Estimation of the "Center of Gravity" of a Photon Density Profile in Noise

A model for an optical position estimation system is developed employing the photon Poisson process theory. The position estimate is based upon the definition of a center of gravity (CG) of the power density profile of the optical source on the focal plane. An estimator structure is derived using maximum likelihood estimates of the image profile. The resulting estimate of the CG is shown to be unbiased and its variance is obtained. The variance is shown to depend upon the signal energy and noise level as well as upon the distance of the center from the initial counting point. Thus, a composite estimation system is presented which reduces the variance and yet yields a simple structure. Studies on star estimation have yielded position accuracies better than 0.1 seconds of arc for a 2.5 visual magnitude star in a background of equivalent intensity.
The response of rat alveolar macrophages to chronic inhalation of coal dust and/or diesel exhaust

The use of diesel-powered equipment in underground mines has raised questions regarding possible synergistic effects of coal dust and diesel emissions. Therefore, the effects of chronic exposure of rats to coal dust and/or diesel exhaust on various properties of alveolar macrophages were investigated. Inhalation exposure of rats was 7 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. Exposure groups were: filtered air controls, 2 mg/m3 coal dust, 2 mg/m3 diesel particulate, and 1 mg/m3 coal dust plus 1 mg/m3 diesel exhaust. Exposure to coal dust and/or diesel exhaust had little effect on oxygen consumption, membrane integrity, lysosomal enzyme activity, or protein content of alveolar macrophages. However, exposure to coal dust increased macrophage yield, enhanced chemiluminescence, and increased the activity of the cell membrane (i.e., increased cellular spreading and surface ruffling). In contrast, diesel emissions depressed chemiluminescence and decreased the ruffling of the cell membrane. Therefore, the data suggest that exposure to coal dust and/or diesel exhaust does not affect the viability of alveolar macrophages. However, coal dust may activate alveolar macrophages while diesel emissions may depress the phagocytic activity of these cells. The combination of exposures to coal dust and diesel exhaust results in a phagocytic activity which is an average of the effects of separate exposures.
Identification of a Beta-Tungsten Phase in Tungsten–Rhenium Alloys

PHASE diagram equilibrium studies in the binary tungsten–rhenium system show the presence of two phases over the range 0–65 wt. per cent rhenium at 1,500° C (ref. 1). A terminal solid solution having a body-centred cubic structure exists from 0 to about 27 wt. per cent rhenium, and a phase having a tetragonal sigma-type structure is found in the composition range 43–65 wt. per cent rhenium. In this investigation, alloys containing 13–45 wt. per cent rhenium prepared by vapour deposition at 500° C were found to contain a phase having a β-tungsten type structure not previously reported in tungsten–rhenium alloys. The stability of this phase with respect to temperature and composition is now being examined. No evidence for the presence of sigma phase or elemental rhenium was found in these alloys as deposited.
Cytokine expression in meconium-induced lungs.

Objective : In this article the authors present relationship between meconium exposure and inflammatory cytokine release in newborn lungs.Methods : The authors used forty 2-week-old rabbit pups for the study. One-half of the group were instilled with meconium and the other half with saline. Rabbits were sacrificed at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 24 hrs after installation and lung lavage was obtained and was examined for cytokine mRNA expression using RT-PCR and for cytokine proteins using ELISA technique. The data were collected in each of the study group.Results : Meconium instillation caused significant expression of inflammatory cytokines TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 (p 0.05). Also, we found significant increase in necrotic cells and neutrophils (p<0.05), compared to the control, saline instilled rabbit lungs.Conclusion: The present studies demonstrates that meconium induces inflammatory response and cytokines gene and protein expression in the lungs.
The effects of low-dose radiation on neointimal hyperplasia

Abstract Purpose: We sought to determine whether low-dose radiation can inhibit neointimal hyperplasia immediately after balloon injury to the common carotid artery and to assess the extent of endothelial regeneration after treatment. Methods: Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to balloon injury to the common carotid artery. Immediately after injury rats were treated with a single dose of iridium 192 radiation at 5 gy, 10 gy, and 15 gy or received no radiation (control). Three weeks after injury and treatment, vessels were harvested and compartment areas were measured on fixed specimens. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy, along with Evans blue dye uptake into injured vessels, was used to assess the effect radiation had on endothelial regeneration. Results: Rats receiving radiation at all three doses demonstrated no intimal thickening when compared with rats that were not treated (at 5 Gy 0.01 ± 0.01 mm 2 ; at 10 Gy 0.02 ± 0.01 mm 2 ; at 15 Gy 0.05 ± 0.02 mm 2 ; with balloon injury/no radiation 0.12 ± 0.02 mm 2 ; p 2 ; at 10 Gy 0.21 ± 0.02 mm 2 ; at 15 Gy 0.22 ± 0.07 mm 2 ; with balloon injury/no radiation 0.37 ± 0.03 mm 2 ; p Conclusions: Low-dose radiation prevents the occurrence of neointimal hyperplasia after balloon injury and may have a future role in vascular grafting. (J Vasc Surg 1995;22:17-24.)
Two-dimensional 1H NMR spectroscopy of paramagnetic haem models of the cytochromes: Successes, failures and unanswered questions

As part of an effort to assign completely the1H resonances of the pyrrole protons of model haems, the NOESY spectra of a series of unsymmetrically phenyl-substituted derivatives of a low-spin paramagnetic haem model complex tetraphenylporphyrinatoiron (III)bis(N-methylimidazole), [TPPFe(N-Meim)2]+, for which the COSY spectra have been reported previously, were recorded in CD2Cl2 or CDCl3 at temperatures of 30 to −35°C using a variety of mixing times. Fourphenomena of importance to the understanding of the cross-correlation patterns obtained in the NOESY spectra of these paramagnetic complexes were observed: (1) NOE cross peaks can be detected for these intermediate molecular weight complexes, even in non-viscous solvents; (2) for some complexes only one set of NOE cross peaks different from those previously observed in the COSY maps were obtained, whereas for other complexes two sets were observed; (3) cross correlations between protons in the same pyrrole ring (i.e. cross peaks previously observed in the COSY maps) were observed in the NOESY spectra of some complexes, but not of others; and (4) at ambient temperature, where axial ligand exchange is detectable through cross peaks between the methyl resonances of free and coordinated N-methylimidazole, additional sets of cross correlations between pairs of pyrrole protons, not observed at −35°C, were detecte d. Each of these phenomena is discussed and questions are raised concerning the cross-relaxation pathways leading to the observed NOESY maps of these paramagnetic complexes. At the present state of development of two-dimensional NMR studies of these paramagnetic model haem complexes, the electron density distribution in the orbital utilized for spin delocalization can be delineated (with some cautionary notes), but there still remains some ambiguity in the assignment of the fourpyrrole proton resonances of these mono-ortho-substituted tetraphenylporphyrinatoiron(III)complexes.
Databases, non-majors and collaborative learning: a ternary relationships

In data modeling, a ternary relationship is sometimes necessary to express semantics richer than the union of the pairwise binary ones. So too, this paper describes a ternary relationship among three "entity types" in computer science education: databases as the subject, non-computer science majors as the target population, and collaborative learning as the pedagogical approach. While there is extensive research and experience in each binary link, the three-way investigation is new.
Effect of bond angle on mixed-mode adhesive fracture

A maximum in mixed-mode adhesive fracture energy has been observed at bond angles of 45° using scarf-joint test specimens. It is shown here that by reducing the adherend surface roughness from 1.2μm CLA roughness (milled surfaces) to 0.08μm CLA roughness (polished surfaces) the fracture energy becomes a linear function of bond angle (no maximum at 45°) and there is an overall crease in fracture energy at all bond angles. These results are discussed in terms of crack initiation being “focused” into the interfacial region and a pinning of crack-tip shear displacements by the surface roughness of the milled adherends which does not occur for the polished adherends.
The infrared absorption spectrum of dextran and its bound water.

Almost complete assignments are presented for the infrared absorption spectrum of dextran. These assignments were made by normal group analysis of the subaltern bands within the broad composite bands constituting the spectrum, and by examining the conclusions in the light of normal coordinate analysis of the repeat unit of this polymer. The α-1,6-glycosidic linkages in dextran have been found to result in lower intermolecular hydrogen bonding than in other glucans and this explains many features of the spectrum, including the occurrence of a variety of bands originating from different types of bound water. Particularly, a very strong band at 800 cm−1 corresponding to the libration vibration of ice, which occurs in the spectrum of freeze-dried dextran, is of great interest and has been ascribed to “organized” water.
Evidence for carbon tetrachloride-induced lipid peroxidation in mouse liver

Abstract The involvement of lipid peroxidation in the mechanism of carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity has been a point of controversy. Previous investigators have reported an absence of lipid peroxidative degradation products in mice after exposure to carbon tetrachloride and have used this evidence against the hypothesis that lipid peroxidation is an integral part of the events that cause tissue damage. We have compared the extent of lipid peroxidation caused by carbon tetrachloride between Sprague-Dawley rats and three strains of mice (A/J, BALB/cJ, and C57B1/6J) in in vitro and in vivo systems. Hepatic microsomes isolated from fasted mice of each strain produced more malondialdehyde (a degradation product of lipid peroxidation) per mg microsomal protein than those isolated from fasted rats at all times of incubation with CCl 4 . In vivo lipid peroxidation was estimated by the lipid conjugated diene content in hepatic microsomes from the rat and three strains of mice. Increased conjugated diene formation was observed in microsomal lipids of these animals after intraperitoneal injection of CCl 4 (1 ifml/kg as a 20% solution in corn oil) when compared to animals given only corn oil, but no differences were found in the amount of conjugated dienes between mice and rats. Our observations show that the CCl 4 -treated mouse undergoes hepatic lipid peroxidation at least as well as the rat, and indicate that lipid peroxidation cannot be excluded as a mechanism of carbon tetrachloride hepatotoxicity as has been claimed on the basis of its ineffectiveness in the mouse.
Modification of cytotoxic T-cell response patterns by administration of hemagglutinin-specific monoclonal antibodies to mice infected with influenza A viruses

ABSTRACT Mice injected with any influenza A virus develop a range of virus-immune cytotoxic T lymphocytes, some of which tend to be more lytic for cells expressing the virus used for priming (subty...
Identification of RAPD Primers That Reveal Extensive Polymorphisms between Laboratory Strains of Zebrafish

The zebrafish has recently emerged as a useful system for understanding vertebrate developmental genetics, despite the lack of a linkage map. To identify DNA-based genetic polymorphisms for constructing a genetic map, we have screened a collection of RAPD primers for their utility in identifying genetic polymorphisms between two laboratory strains of zebrafish. Here, we report 116 primers that identify 721 strain-specific genetic markers and show how they can be used in haploid genetics of zebrafish.
Quantitative Measurement of Gas Density by Means of Light Interference in a Schlieren System

Plane wave fronts in a collimated beam of light are distorted in their passage through a region of variable density, and as a result a variable phase distribution is produced in an exit plane which lies just beyond the disturbance and is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the collimated beam (optical axis). This phase distribution, ordinarily invisible due to the tremendous rapidity of optical oscillations, can be converted to an intensity distribution in which the maxima and minima of intensity correspond to points in the exit plane where the optical path length differs from that in an undisturbed portion of this plane (free field) by an integral multiple of half a wavelength. This can be done in a conventional schlieren system by forming an image of the exit (object) plane with a convex lens (or parabolic mirror) and then inserting a small absorbing object or other appropriate modification in the focal plane in such a way as to block the central maximum of the Fraunhofer pattern due to the free field. Very little disturbance light is cut off in the process since this light is refracted and does not go through the focal point. The blocking of free-field light sets up a diffraction process which causes this light to spread into the bordering disturbance image. The resulting interference produces the intensity band system mentioned earlier.If the disturbance is two-dimensional, with density-gradient vectors perpendicular to the optical axis, the measurement of the phase distribution is equivalent to a measurement of density, by virtue of the Dale-Gladstone law, μ−1=Kρ, where μ is the index of refraction, ρ is the density, K is a constant. Measurements which have heretofore required the use of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer can, therefore, be made in a conventional schlieren system. The possibility of duplicating interferometer fringe-field experiments has also been investigated.
Prehistoric Transpacific Contact and the Theory of Culture Change

Employing genetic theory as an analog, the paper argues that when the concept of culture is separated from the concept of society, anthropology can be shown to have depended for culture-change theory on a genetic model, which predicts pre-Columbian contact between the Old and New World, a prediction which is supported by a growing list of cultural parallels. [prehistoric transpacific contact, culture, society, culture change, scientific explanation]
On a recursion connected with tree balancing algorithms

Abstract We derive an explicit solution for a class of recursions, connected with the complexity of various algorithms (e.g., dynamic tree balancing and median sort).
Vibrational overtone initiated unimolecular dissociation of HOCH2OOH and HOCD2OOH: evidence for mode selective behavior.

corresponding to the 4OH band, exhibit measurable differences associated with excitation of the OH stretch of the alcohol versus the peroxide functional group, with the higher energy alcohol OH stretching state exhibiting a slower dissociation rate compared to the lower energy peroxide OH stretch in both HMHP and HMHP-d 2 . Predictions using the Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus theory give rates that are in reasonably good agreement with the measured dissociation rate for the alcohol OH stretch but considerably differ from the measured rates for the peroxide OH stretch in both isotopomers. The present results are interpreted as suggesting that the extent of intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution IVR is different for the two OH stretching states associated with the two functional groups in HMHP, with IVR being substantially less complete for the peroxide OH stretch. Analysis of the OH fragment product state distributions in conjunction with phase-space theory simulation gives a D0 value of 38 0.7 kcal/ mole for breaking the peroxide bond in HMHP. © 2008 American Institute of Physics. DOI: 10.1063/1.2912063
Multiple stages of mass spectrometry in a quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer : prerequisites

Abstract The number of stages of mass spectrometry that can be performed with a quadrupole ion trap is discussed. The conditions necessary, both instrumental and chemical, to maximize the number of stages are delineated. The overall efficiency of the MSn experiment is broken down into the isolation efficiency of the initial parent ion, the conversion efficiencies associated with the conversion of first generation parents to second generation parents, and so on, and the efficiency of the final step which yields the final product ions. The conversion efficiencies are further broken down into component terms that reflect both instrumental and chemical factors. Both collision-induced dissociation reactions and low energy ion/molecule reactions are discussed. These considerations are illustrated with MSn experiments involving ions derived from aniline, N,N-dimethylaniline, and several porphyrins.
Mechanical properties of bat wing membrane skin

The skin of the bat wing in functionally unique among mammals: it serves as a major locomotor organ in addition to its protective and regulatory functions. We used tensile testing to investigate the mechanical capabilities of wing membrane skin, and compared stiffness, strength, load at failure, and energy absorption among specific wing regions and among a variety of bat taxa. We related these characteristics to the highly architectural fibrous supporting network of the wing membrane. We found that all material properties showed a strong anisotropy. In particular, wing membrane skin shows maximum stiffness and stregth parallel to the wing skeleton, and greatest extensibility parallel to the wing's trailing edge. We also found significant variation among wing regions. The uropatagium (tail membrane) supported the greatest load at failure, and the plagiopatagium (proximal wing membrane between laterl body wall and hand skeleton) is the weakest and most extensible part of the wing. We believe that the increased load bearing ability of the uropatagium relats to its key role in capture of insect prey, and that the great extensibility of the plagiopatagium promotes development of camber near the wing's centre of lift. In interspecific comparisons, energy absorpion and load to failure were greatest in Artibeus jamaicensis, the largest bat in our sample and the species with the highest wing loading, suggesting that wing loading may play a role in dictating the fuctional design of wing membranes.
Effect of vagus nerve stimulation on creativity and cognitive flexibility.

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether vagus nerve stimulation influences cognitive flexibility and creativity. Methods Ten subjects, in whom vagus nerve stimulators had been implanted for the treatment of intractable seizures, performed tasks that assessed cognitive flexibility (solving anagrams), creativity (Torrance Test), and memory (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test) during actual and sham vagus nerve stimulation. Results Vagus nerve stimulation impaired cognitive flexibility and creativity, but these results could not be explained by the induction of a general encephalopathy because VNS did not impair learning and improved retention. Conclusions The means by which vagus nerve stimulation impairs cognitive flexibility and creative thinking is probably related to increased activity of the locus coeruleus–central adrenergic system that increases the signal-to-noise ratio and improves the brain’s ability to attend to sensory input, but decreases its ability to recruit large-scale networks.
Lung transplantation for cystic fibrosis.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an inherited disease in which the fundamental physiological defect is failureof cAMP regulation of chloride transport. More than 90% of patients with CF will die of chronic, suppurative, obstructive lung disease, with the median survival in the United States currently being 29 years of age. Currently, although other therapies are being aggressively investigated, bilateral lung transplantation offers the only hope for short-term and mid-term survival in patients with CF and end-stage pulmonary disease. Since 1989, 103 bilateral sequential lung transplants (BLT) for CF have been performed at our institution (46 pediatric, 48 adult, 9 redo) at a mean age of 2110 years. Cardiopulmonary bypass was used in all but one pediatric (age
On the theory of stability of matrix differential equations

We establish the conditions of asymptotic stability of a linear system of matrix differential equations with quasiperiodic coefficients on the basis of constructive application of the principle of comparison with a Lyapunov matrix-valued function.
Two-Thousand-N: An IT Odyssey

Over the past few years, incidents and accidents that resulted directly from information technology failures have been noticed only by a small circle of analysts. Whatever the outcome when the clock strikes the first second of the year 2000, the Y2K ‘crisis’ has brought to general attention the vulnerabilities and dependencies of large, complex technical systems that depend largely, or in some cases entirely, on computers and networks for their operation. Moreover, the transition has only just begun. Over the next few years, many other industries, markets, bureaus, and regulatory and safety systems will transform their mode of operation to large, integrated systemic dependencies on IT; others will become increasingly dependent upon the reliable performance of other IT systems such as global positioning satellites or the Internet over which they have at best limited control. Where such operations are safety critical, as they are for air traffic control, economically critical, as they are for international financial transactions, individually critical, as they are for hospital and biomedical systems, or, finally, critical for those agencies and institutions whose primary goal is intervention, mitigation, or crisis management, surprises can be rapid, extensive, and interconnected to a degree that will in itself be surprising. This article uses some historical cases to explore the possible range of future crises and contingencies that might ensue.
Uneven Colonization of the Lymphoid Periphery by T Cells That Undergo Early TCRα Rearrangements

A sparse population of thymocytes undergoes TCRα gene rearrangement early in development, before the double-positive stage. The potential of these cells to contribute to the peripheral T cell pool is unknown. To examine the peripheral T cell compartment expressing a repertoire biased to early TCR gene rearrangements, we developed a mouse model in which TCRα rearrangements are restricted to the double-negative stage of thymocyte development. These mice carry floxed RAG2 alleles and a Cre transgene driven by the CD4 promoter. As expected, conventional T cell development is compromised in such Cre+ RAG2fl/fl mice, and the TCRαβ+ T cells that develop are limited in their TCRα repertoire, preferentially using early rearranging Vα genes. In the gut, the Thy-1+TCRαβ+ intraepithelial lymphocyte (IEL) compartment is surprisingly intact, whereas the Thy-1−TCRαβ+ subset is almost completely absent. Thus, T cells expressing a TCRα repertoire that is the product of early gene rearrangements can preferentially populate distinct IEL compartments. Despite this capacity, Cre+ RAG2fl/fl T cell progenitors cannot compete with wild-type T cell progenitors in mixed bone marrow chimeras, suggesting that in normal mice, there is only a small contribution to the peripheral T cell pool by cells that have undergone early TCRα rearrangements. In the absence of wild-type competitors, aggressive homeostatic proliferation in the IEL compartment can promote a relatively normal Thy-1+ TCRαβ+ T cell pool from the limited population derived from Cre+ RAG2fl/fl progenitors.
The Nature of External Representations in Problem Solving

This article proposes a theoretical framework for external representation based problem solving. The Tic-Tac-Toe and its isomorphs are used to illustrate the procedures of the framework as a methodology and test the predictions of the framework as a functional model. Experimental results show that the behavior in the Tic-Tac-Toe is determined by the directly available information in external and internal representations in terms of perceptual and cognitive biases, regardless of whether the biases are consistent with, inconsistent with, or irrelevant to the task. It is shown that external representations are not merely inputs and stimuli to the internal mind and that they have much more important functions than mere memory aids. A representational determinism is suggested—the form of a representation determines what information can be perceived, what processes can be activated, and what structures can be discovered from the specific representation.
Psychophysics of reading XX. Linking letter recognition to reading speed in central and peripheral vision

Our goal is to link spatial and temporal properties of letter recognition to reading speed for text viewed centrally or in peripheral vision. We propose that the size of the visual span — the number of letters recognizable in a glance — imposes a fundamental limit on reading speed, and that shrinkage of the visual span in peripheral vision accounts for slower peripheral reading. In Experiment 1, we estimated the size of the visual span in the lower visual field by measuring RSVP (rapid serial visual presentation) reading times as a function of word length. The size of the visual span decreased from at least 10 letters in central vision to 1.7 letters at 15° eccentricity, in good agreement with the corresponding reduction of reading speed measured by Chung and coworkers (Chung, S. T. L., Mansfield, J. S., & Legge, G. E. (1998). Psychophysics of reading. XVIII. The effect of print size on reading speed in normal peripheral vision. Vision Research, 38, 2949–2962). In Exp. 2, we measured letter recognition for trigrams (random strings of three letters) as a function of their position on horizontal lines passing through fixation (central vision) or displaced downward into the lower visual field (5, 10 and 20°). We also varied trigram presentation time. We used these data to construct visual-span profiles of letter accuracy versus letter position. These profiles were used as input to a parameter-free model whose output was RSVP reading speed. A version of this model containing a simple lexical-matching rule accounted for RSVP reading speed in central vision. Failure of this version of the model in peripheral vision indicated that people rely more on lexical inference to support peripheral reading. We conclude that spatiotemporal characteristics of the visual span limit RSVP reading speed in central vision, and that shrinkage of the visual span results in slower reading in peripheral vision.
Context-sensitive statistics for improved grammatical language models

We develop a language model using probabilistic context-free grammars (PCFGs) that is "pseudo context-sensitive" in that the probability that a nonterminal N expands using a rule r depends on N's parent. We give the equations for estimating the necessary probabilities using a variant of the inside-outside algorithm. We give experimental results showing that, beginning with a high-performance PCFG, one can develop a pseudo PCSG that yields significant performance gains. Analysis shows that the benefits from the context-sensitive statistics are localized, suggesting that we can use them to extend the original PCFG. Experimental results confirm that this is both feasible and the resulting grammar retains the performance gains. This implies that our scheme may be useful as a novel method for PCFG induction.
Chronic undernutrition and traditional weaning foods are associated with fat stores in Ariaal infants of Northern Kenya.

The high proportion of human infant fat is hypothesized to protect infant brains by mobilizing against growth disturbances caused by acute nutritional and pathogen stress during weaning. However, individuals who experience chronic nutritional stress have been shown to store fat rather than mobilize fat stores, although this has not been demonstrated during infancy. This study investigated the relationship between fat development, diet, and nutritional status among 239 breastfeeding Ariaal infants, a group of settled pastoralists who experience both acute and chronic nutritional stress residing in Marsabit District, Kenya. This study had three goals: 1) To investigate the pattern of fat accumulation among Ariaal infants compared with a reference population; 2) to explore the relationship between chronic nutritional stress and fat deposits; and 3) to determine the relationship between traditional weaning foods, particularly cow's milk, and infant's fat. Infants, particularly infants experiencing chronic nutritional stress, were found to accumulate fat deposits in a manner that suggests reduced oxidation of fat stores. Infant upper arm fat area significantly increases with age over the weaning period compared with reference populations, who show a decline in body fat. Chronically undernourished infants were particularly likely to have increased levels of upper arm fat compared with normal infants or acutely undernourished infants. In addition, infants who consume cow's milk are significantly fatter than those that do not. These results suggest that Ariaal infants have both physiological and cultural mechanisms for fat storage in the face of their nutritionally stressed environment. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:286–296, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large-Scale Flexible Storage with SAN Technology Phil Andrews, Tom Sherwin, and Bryan Banister

The San Diego Supercomputer Center is installing a large (64-port) Fibre Channel Storage Area Network to form both an integral part of, and an alternative architecture to its existing traditional HSM system. Connected to the SAN will be a significant number (>10) Sun servers, a large amount of high-speed native FC disk (>7TB), high-end FC tape capability in the form of IBM 3590E and STK 9840 FC drives, and an IBM SP running the HPSS software. A portion of the FC disk will be cache disk for the High Performance Storage System andsome of the tape drives will also be utilized by HPSS. However, we will also be working with direct backups from the FC disk to the FC tape drives, administered by commercial file system packages such as Veritas and Legato. The initial configuration of the SAN will be as a FC arbitrated loop, but this will quickly become a full switch fabric. We will be experimenting with several transfer options within this configuration: 1) Direct HPSS transfers between cache disk and tape storage. 2) Transfers between FC disk and FC tape drives mediated by third-party software. 3) Transfers between HPSS FC disk cache and non-HPSS FC disk and tape storage. 4) Transfers to and from the outside world via Gigabit Ethernet connections. We will present transfer rates and other data on the success, or otherwise, of these operations. Much of the data stored in this system will be accessible via the Web and several largescale, high availability Web Servers will be running on the directly connected equipment. We will be attempting to establish this configuration as a workable model for making Petabyte-sized databases available for Web access in support of national-scale scientific experiments. In this respect we will provide latency and transfer rate results for Web access to the data. The SDSC already supports the world's largest HPSS archive (>200TB) and numerous servers including the Protein Data Bank national resource.
The effect of air-bridges on the mode suppression of asymmetrical CPW-fed slot antennas

Due to its uniplanar characteristic, the coplanar waveguide (CPW) is suitable for the design of monolithic microwave integrated circuits (MMICs). Nevertheless, the two dominant modes, CPW and coupled slotline (CSL) modes, of such a structure might cause some problems in the circuit performance. Because of the higher dispersive property of the CSL mode, the CPW mode is usually the only desired mode to propagate in this uniplanar structure. However, the CSL mode is still excited if there are asymmetrical discontinuities in the circuit. Therefore, the air-bridge is commonly used to suppress the unwanted CSL mode for asymmetrical CPW discontinuities. In the past only the CPW-fed symmetrical slot antennas were analyzed. There are no air-bridges needed in those structures. The present paper contributes to analyze the effect of air-bridges on the asymmetrical slot antennas by using the full-wave spectral domain approach.
Measuring the processes and outcomes of post-disaster housing recovery: lessons from Gölcük, Turkey

Despite a growing literature on post-disaster recovery, our understanding of how housing recovery is measured remains limited. This paper is a step in filling the gap in the literature by presenting an overview of how recovery organizations measured post-disaster permanent housing recovery in Golcuk, Turkey, following the August 17, 1999 earthquake. Based on in-depth interviews, focus groups, participant observation, and review of secondary sources, the paper highlights the limitations of measuring housing recovery as the number of permanent housing units built in a timely manner. It suggests that recovery organizations need to measure post-disaster housing recovery by developing context-specific, process- and outcome-oriented measures. In the case of Golcuk, process-oriented measures could have been related to the land appropriation, public participation processes, and inter-organizational collaboration while outcome-oriented measures could have been related to the level of satisfaction with homes built and equity among the housing beneficiaries.
Reconsidering the Role of Social Disadvantage in Physical and Mental Health: Stressful Life Events, Health Behaviors, Race, and Depression

Prevalence of depression is associated inversely with some indicators of socioeconomic position, and the stress of social disadvantage is hypothesized to mediate this relation. Relative to whites, blacks have a higher burden of most physical health conditions but, unexpectedly, a lower burden of depression. This study evaluated an etiologic model that integrates mental and physical health to account for this counterintuitive patterning. The Baltimore Epidemiologic Catchment Area Study (Maryland, 1993-2004) was used to evaluate the interaction between stress and poor health behaviors (smoking, alcohol use, poor diet, and obesity) and risk of depression 12 years later for 341 blacks and 601 whites. At baseline, blacks engaged in more poor health behaviors and had a lower prevalence of depression compared with whites (5.9% vs. 9.2%). The interaction between health behaviors and stress was nonsignificant for whites (odds ratio (OR = 1.04, 95% confidence interval: 0.98, 1.11); for blacks, the interaction term was significant and negative (β: -0.18, P < 0.014). For blacks, the association between median stress and depression was stronger for those who engaged in zero (OR = 1.34) relative to 1 (OR = 1.12) and ≥2 (OR = 0.94) poor health behaviors. Findings are consistent with the proposed model of mental and physical health disparities.
Genetic and environmental factors influence survival and hatching of diapausing eggs

To test the hypothesis that variation in hatching and survival of Daphnia dormant eggs is fostered by genetic differences among populations, rather than system-specific availability of environmental cues, I measured hatching and egg survival rates for Daphnia from 22 shallow, fishless ponds in the midwestern U.S.A. Although all eggs were incubated at a water depth of 0.75 m or less in their natal pond, hatching rates varied between 5% and 90% and survival rates of eggs remaining in the egg bank ranged from 7% to 72%. There was no significant relationship between hatching and environmental cues such as light, oxygen content, or conductivity, although a negative relationship with depth was observed. Reciprocal transplant experiments quantified genetic and environmental influences on dormancy and survival, revealing strong population-by-host environment interactions. Thus, plasticity to environmental cues and genetic or maternal effects likely interact to determine hatching and survival rates in the field.
A photovoltaic-driven and energy-autonomous CMOS implantable sensor

An energy-autonomous and MRI-compatible CMOS implantable sensor is presented that operates by harvesting the energy of the light which penetrates into the tissue. On-chip P+/N-well diodes are used as on-chip photovoltaic cells and in-vivo physiological data is transmitted neuromorphically to the skin surface.
Using a Bone Allograft to Fixate Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthrodesis

Digital contractures are a very common deformity of the foot and ankle that require surgical correction. It has been shown that arthrodesis provides a better long-term result than arthroplasty of t...
Role of the Spore Coat Layers in Bacillus subtilis Spore Resistance to Hydrogen Peroxide, Artificial UV-C, UV-B, and Solar UV Radiation

Spores of Bacillus subtilis possess a thick protein coat that consists of an electron-dense outer coat layer and a lamellalike inner coat layer. The spore coat has been shown to confer resistance to lysozyme and other sporicidal substances. In this study, spore coat-defective mutants of B. subtilis (containing the gerE36 and/or cotE::cat mutation) were used to study the relative contributions of spore coat layers to spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and various artificial and solar UV treatments. Spores of strains carrying mutations in gerE and/or cotE were very sensitive to lysozyme and to 5% H2O2, as were chemically decoated spores of the wild-type parental strain. Spores of all coat-defective strains were as resistant to 254-nm UV-C radiation as wild-type spores were. Spores possessing the gerE36 mutation were significantly more sensitive to artificial UV-B and solar UV radiation than wild-type spores were. In contrast, spores of strains possessing the cotE::cat mutation were significantly more resistant to all of the UV treatments used than wild-type spores were. Spores of strains carrying both the gerE36 and cotE::cat mutations behaved like gerE36 mutant spores. Our results indicate that the spore coat, particularly the inner coat layer, plays a role in spore resistance to environmentally relevant UV wavelengths.
Finite elements with penalties in nonlinear elasticity

This paper describes the use of a penalty method to enforce the constraint of incompressibility in nonlinear elasticity. As an example, a problem involving the use of the Newton–Raphson method in conjunction with incremental loading and a successive mesh refinement scheme is presented. It is shown that during the incremental loading phase and the Newton–Raphson refinement on a fixed mesh, all tangent stiffness matrices are positive definite for the chosen energy density and load increment. But when the mesh is refined and the solution is interpolated as a starting value on the new mesh, the tangent stiffness matrix is indefinite. A theoretical analysis of the associated mixed method and a new equivalence theorem are seen to lead to a way to retain positive definiteness. The key is the use of an equivalent tangent stiffness matrix which is the reduced Hessian matrix. The numerical example shows that both positive definiteness and the quadratic convergence rate of the Newton–Raphson method are obtained.
Towards a More Cognitively Effective Business Process Notation for Requirements Engineering

We are developing a semi-formal business process modeling notation based on the modification of theatrical blocking notation that is more cognitively effective for application in requirements engineering communication than extant notations. The Socio-Technical System Notation (STSN) incorporates ontological, semantic, and visual design improvements over extant languages that were pinpointed by prior research as areas for improvement to existing notations, such as the UML and BPMN, for the purpose of reducing the likelihood of errors and misinterpretation during the encoding and decoding processes. The research-in-progress paper follows a design science research approach to motivate the development of the STSN, to present a prototype of the notation, and to set the stage for the empirical evaluation of the language based on its design objectives. The research presents a process notation that enables the encoding of more detailed requirements information into a visual representation than extant notations.
A hotspot-based protocol for attack traceback in mobile ad hoc networks

Based on the principle of divide and conquer, in this paper we propose an efficient traceback protocol for mobile ad hoc networks, The protocol is capable of detecting a hotspot where the attacker resides. It works by dividing the forwarding path of every packet into multiple interweaving fragments and each reachable fragment is individually reconstructed during a traceback process. Through simulations in theoretical mobility models as well as real mobility traces, we show that each traceback of our scheme can attribute to a very small hotspot and the attacker can be accurately identified after a number of traceback operations.