cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Seismic soil-structure interaction analysis by direct boundary element methods

Abstract Upon establishing the mathematical framework necessary for a proper understanding of the analytical theory, a regularized form of the conventional direct boundary integral equation formulation for three-dimensional elastodynamics is presented for a general anisotropic medium. Founded on the basis of a full decomposition of the Greens functions into regular and singular parts, the alternative boundary integral equation format is compact and without demand ingmathematical and numerical complexities such as Cauchy principal values. Extended to deal with general seismic soil-structure interaction problems in semi-infinite media, the formulation is implemented computationally together with a rigorous treatment of singular dynamic multi-layered viscoelastic half-space Greens functions and interfacial boundary tractions arising in typical soil-structure-foundation configurations. A set of new benchmark numerical results are included.
A theoretical and empirical examination of the transactional and non-leadership dimensions of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ)

Abstract Bass and his colleagues initiated the empirical investigation of transformational and transactional leadership two decades ago. They proposed that transformational leadership is comprised of four dimensions, that transactional leadership is composed of three dimensions, and that an additional category of non-leadership exists (laissez-faire leadership). The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ) has been developed to assess these dimensions and much has been learned about the positive effects of transformational leadership. However, far less attention has been paid to transactional leadership and non-leadership. The current study examined the theoretical and empirical properties of each MLQ transactional leadership and non-leadership measure. We first looked at the four measures together, then examined the measures separately and subjected them to a number of additional analyses that varied depending on the issues of concern. Based on our findings, we offer recommendations about scale refinement and the need for new theory concerning the four transactional leadership and non-leadership dimensions of the MLQ.
Investigation and suppression of artifacts in x-ray framing cameras due to advance radiation incident on microchannel plates

We present evidence of an artifact in gated x-ray framing cameras that can severely impact image quality. This artifact presents as a spatially-varying, high-intensity background and is correlated with experiments that produce a high flux of x-rays during the time before the framing camera is triggered. Dedicated experiments using a short pulse UV laser that arrives before, during, and after the triggering of the framing camera confirm that these artifacts can be produced by light that arrives in advance of the voltage pulse that triggers the camera. This is consistent with these artifacts being the result of photoelectrons produced uniformly at the active area of the camera by early incident light and then selectively trapped by the electromagnetic (EM) fields of the camera. Simulations confirm that the EM field above the active surface can act to confine electrons produced before the camera is triggered. We further present a method to suppress these artifacts by installing a conducting electrode in front of the active area of the framing camera. This device suppresses artifacts by attracting any electrons liberated by x-rays that arrive before the camera is triggered.
Our Heroic Adventure: Creating a Personal Mythology

Utilizing Joseph Campbell's concept of the hero's adventure, this article provides a technique through which clients can story their lives and challenges as an unfolding personal myth or epic adventure. The use of personal narrative and storytelling has found efficacy in the counseling field and, as such, forms a useful foundation for clinical intervention with a range of clinical dilemmas confronting clients in counseling.
Identification of boiler inlet transfer functions and estimation of system parameters

An iterative computer method is described for identifying boiler transfer functions using frequency response data. An objective penalized performance measure and a nonlinear minimization technique are used to cause the locus of points generated by a transfer function to resemble the locus of points obtained from frequency response measurements. Different transfer functions can be tried until a satisfactory empirical transfer function of the system is found. To illustrate the method, some examples and some results from a study of a set of data consisting of measurements of the inlet impedance of a single tube forced flow boiler with inserts are given.
Tumor promotion by abrasion induced epidermal hyperplasia in the skin of mice

Regenerative epidermal hyperplasia produced by repeated abrasion every 21 days of the skin of female mice after initiation with 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene results in the appearance of epidermal tumors. Full thickness wounds, approximately 2 cm in length, made every 14 days in mouse skin initiated with 7, 12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene also results in the appearance of epidermal tumors adjacent to the wound edge. Repeated abrasion or wounding of normal female mouse skin does not result in the appearance of epidermal tumors. Repeated plucking of initiated mouse skin, which produces a milder epidermal hyperplasia than abrasion, does not result in the appearance of tumors. The data demonstrate that regenerative epidermal hyperplasia, of a sufficient intensity, can act as a tumor promoter.
Late Diagnosis of Multiple Fibroelastomas in a 41-Year-Old Woman with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy and Atrial Fibrillation

A 39 year old woman with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy with severe latent obstruction and mitral regurgitation, presented with symptoms of dyspnea and atrial fibrillation, and developed an acute embolic stroke. After thrombolysis and complete neurologic recovery, a transesophageal echo revealed six mobile densities, on her mitral and aortic valves, and in the outflow tract. Surgical resection of multiple fibroelastomas, with septal myectomy, aortic and mitral valve replacement, and pulmonary vein ablation, led to clinical improvement. The etiology and pathogenesis of fibroelastomas are unknown; we speculate that their formation may be promoted by endocardial injury from surgery, radiation therapy, or the high velocity turbulent flow of valve dysfunction or outflow tract obstruction.
Photochemically induced reactions of Ph2CW(CO)5 and Ph2CMn(CO)2Cp

The photo-induced degradation of Ph2CW(CO)5 in n-hexane solution has been investigated, and found to produce tungsten hexacarbonyl and tetraphenylethylene, as well as products of hydrogen abstraction, diphenylmethane and 1,1,2,2-tetraphenylethane. Yields of the organic products are dependent on the concentration of Ph2CW(CO)5, the olefin being favored in more concentrated solution. Similar products and trends were found when Ph2CW(CO)5 was thermally degraded in n-heptane. Ligand transfer of the diphenylcarbene ligand was achieved by photolyzing Ph2CW(CO)5 in diethyl fumarate, which produced diethyl 3,3-diphenyl1-1,2-cyclopropanedicarboxylate, and via a thermal reaction of Ph2CW(CO)5 with CpMn(CO)2(THF), which produced Ph2CMn(CO)2Cp. Photolysis of the latter carbene complex in n-haxane produced the same organic products as those obtained from the photolysis of Ph2CW(CO)5.
Challenges in Studying Modifiable Risk Factors for Birth Defects

Conducting research to identify modifiable risk factors for birth defects is difficult for a variety of reasons. While some challenges are familiar to researchers across many disciplines, the confluence of issues affecting birth defect research may not be well understood by those outside of the field. This article describes several methodological challenges to the study of birth defects and ways these challenges might be addressed: (1) ascertainment, definition, and classification of birth defects; (2) exposure assessment on modifiable risk factors; (3) analytical challenges related to small numbers and multiple statistical tests; (4) the role of genetics, including the collection of specimens and analysis of genetic data; and (5) challenges in translating research and demonstrating public health impact. Understanding these issues is important for researchers planning studies, reviewers evaluating the scientific merit of results from these studies, and consumers of the research, including fellow researchers, policy makers, health care providers, and families.
Localization of gastric bleeding with wireless capsule endoscopy — the advantages of physiologic endoscopy

Localization of gastric bleeding with wireless capsule endoscopy — the advantages of physiologic endoscopy
Morphogenesis of lucerne root nodules incited by Rhizobium meliloti in the presence of combined nitrogen.

Combined light and transmission electron microscopy were used to examine the effect of nitrate on the development of root nodules in lucerne (alfalfa, Medicago sativa L.) following induction by the nitrogen-fixing symbiont, Rhizobium meliloti. The timing of NO 3 - addition was varied in order to study its effect on all of the recognized morphogenetic steps of nodule formation. Roots of plants inoculated in the presence of 18 mM NO 3 - had straight root hairs which were devoid of adherent rhizobia and infection threads, and developed no nodules. However, nodules were formed on roots if 18 mM NO 3 - was added 5 d after inoculation. At this time, the initiation of nodule primordia had already commenced in the root cortex. The histology and ultrastructure of young nodules which had developed for 5 d in the absence of NO 3 - and another 5 d in the presence of 18 mM NO 3 - resembled nodules developing under N-free conditions, except that in the infection threads within the infection zone of the nodule 1) some bacteria tended to loose their normal shape and gain more electron density, indicating premature degradation, and 2) the matrix of the infection threads was abnormally enlarged. In the presence of high NO 3 - levels in the medium, lysis and degeneration of the bacteria released from the infection threads were observed in the infection and bacteroid zones of developing nodules, indicative of premature senescence. On the other hand, the nodule meristems continued to proliferate even after 12 d of exposure of 18 mM NO 3 - . This was the only morphogenetic step of root nodulation which was insensitive to levels of combined nitrogen that completely prevented infection if present at the time of inoculation. These data indicate that all of the recognized steps of root nodule morphogenesis in which the bacteria play a key role are sensitive to the inhibitory effect of combined nitrogen.
The Programmatic Expansion of the U.S. Government

R esearch on the correlates and causes of government growth has constituted something of a cottage industry in recent years (cf. reviews by Lybeck 1988; Larkey, Stolp, and Winer 1981; Borcherding 1977; and Tarschys 1975). Research has focused on the empirical utility of factors that have been proposed as potential sources of government growth (e.g., Berry and Lowery 1987; Cameron 1978). Research also has focused on methodological debates about how to measure and compare the scope of the public sector over time and cross-nationally (e.g., Klein 1985; Lewis-Beck and Rice 1985; Beck 1976). This paper, however, is not primarily concerned with the question of what factor (or factors) best explains government growth; nor is it primarily concerned with methodological issues. Instead, it seeks to show that the selection of explanatory variables as well as questions of methodology must turn on substantive decisions about what is to be explained. My argument is that focusing on the size of government in the aggregate (however measured) tends to mask the issue of what aspects of the government's responsibilities are increasing or decreasing in size and importance. This is consistent with Rose's injunction that "we must consider what government does as well as why it grows." (1984: 1). On his view, size is only one issue, and not necessarily the most important one: "To measure the totality of government by one undifferentiated observation reduces everything to a denominator so common that it tells us nothing in particular" (1984: 5). Rose proposes a programmatic approach as a way of analyzing the mix of qualitatively different activities in which governments can be engaged. Such a focus permits a wider and richer range of comparisons than a focus only on aggregate measure of government size. The activities on which governments expend resources can vary significantly. Two different governments may differ in size because
Precipitation in Cu-3.4 at% be solid solution during heavy-ion irradiation: II. Depth dependence through the ion range

Abstract During irradiation of Cu-3.4 at% Be solid solutions with 14 MeV ions at temperatures of 575–750 K, high concentrations of CuBe precipitate platelets formed in the 3 μm deep layer traversed by the energetic ions. Because of the non-linear nature of ion energy loss, both the displacement-damage dose and the dose-rate increased by about an order of magnitude between the free surface and the peak damage depth (2.3 μm). To determine the effects of this damage distribution on the precipitate distribution, irradiated specimens were thinned in a plane parallel to the path of the incident ions, and the depth dependence of the precipitate characteristics was studied quantitatively by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Cross-sectional TEM micrographs of precipitation in specimens irradiated at 575–750 K are presented. Depth profiles of precipitate size and number density are compared with depth profiles of the calculated displacement damage. In all cases, the precipitate characteristics varied much less with depth than did the displacement damage. At lower temperatures, precipitate size increased dramatically near the calculated end of range (EOR) and some precipitates formed 0.5–0.7 μm beyond the EOR. At higher temperatures, no precipitates formed beyond the EOR. Precipitate crystallographic characteristics did not vary with temperature or with depth.
NICMOS flight focal plane assembly

This paper discusses the mechanical design and assembly of the Near Infrared Camera and Multi-Object Spectrometer (NICMOS) focal plane assembly (FPA). The FPA consists of a mercury-cadmium-telluride (MCT) detector array hybridized to a silicon multiplexer (MUX), a sapphire carrier, an alumina ceramic multi-layer board (CMLB) including electrical components, a base plate, and flex cables. The FPA is designed for the following conditions; (1) shock and vibration during launch, (2) Coefficient of Thermal Expansion (CTE) of dissimilar materials at cryogenic temperature, (3) outgassing limitations to meet NASA's specifications, and (4) optical assembly tolerances. Also, the FPA is designed to be easily integrated into its dewar with provisions for mechanical as well as optical alignment. The FPA is assembled by building up two subassemblies in a parallel path, and then integrating the two subassemblies with the flex cables for the final assembly. These procedures are described in this paper, including alignment tolerances required and measured.
Ethics in organizations: a Chaos perspective

Scrutinizes one of the main features of the conventional credo of organizational management: The “ethic of self‐preservation” (ESP). The ESP is the inevitable by‐product of a culture that denies interiors and encourages materialistic consumerism and narcissistic self‐interest. Several pertinent questions will be explored: What is an ethic and what role does it play in governing both personal and collective behavior? What specifically is the ESP? How is it fostered by the prevailing culture of narcissism? What impact if any, does it have on the maintenance of organizational integrity? Furthermore, how can the Chaos principle of Connectivity be construed as an imperative for organizational adaptation and sustainability? Finally, what lessons can Chaos lend practitioners of organization development that will permit them to grasp, and ultimately, accept a new ethic based on the fact of connectivity in the essential process of organizational change?
Pharmacologic study of endobenzyline bromide, a new cholinergic blocking agent

Abstract Endobenzyline bromide has been investigated for cholinergic blocking action. By most tests, it is approximately as potent as atropine and oxyphenonium, and some-what more potent than methantheline in activity. The agent appears to exert its blocking effect quite selectively on the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve effector system. It does not produce a blocking effect on autonomic ganglia or skeletal neuromuscular junctions. It appears to have little or no central nervous system activity and possesses a wide margin of therapeutic safety.
Patterning and etch challenges for future DRAM and other high aspect ratio memory device fabrication

Current challenges are outlined for masking materials that enable future high aspect ratio (AR> 25) etch requirements. At such high aspect ratios, and 20nm to 30nm feature sizes, ion energy flux loss due to sidewall collisions, feature gap necking, polymerization, and feature charging in deep via-like structures has driven etch process conditions into very high bias voltage regimes. At these ion energies (keV), lateral removal of mask material due to faceting is the dominating mask erosion mechanisms. Using carbon as our baseline hard mask film, we present here normalized performance comparisons of 13 alternative films. We demonstrate that feature CD changes that correlate to lateral mask loss on the test structure also correlate to lateral mask loss on a real patterned structure and that we can therefore use these test structures as a tool for hard mask film evaluation without having the capability to pattern the hard mask under investigation. We propose that such test structures can be a valuable tool for film development as they relate to hard mask applications in dry etch patterning, and should be used in future development efforts rather than the more classical methods of blanket etch rate analysis. Such test structures can also be used to study film etch properties in general and we show that they are capable of capturing ARDE and sputter redeposition phenomena. Correlations between surface loss/addition as a function of sidewall position are presented and results of in-practice applications are shown. Key issues for future hard mask film implementation are discussed from the perspective of photo patterning, dry etching, wet etching, and integration.
ANALYSIS OF STRESS AND PRESSURE IN THE HUMAN ALVEOLAR WALL BEFORE BURSTING

A strain energy function for the human alveolar wall in vivo is developed based on its length-tension properties. Using large deformation theory, this function is employed to determine the relationship between circumferential stress and stretch ratio as well as between alveolar pressure and stretch ratio. We find that both the circumferential stress and the pressure in the alveolar wall rise very rapidly if the wall is stretched even slightly more than that which occurs at the pressures attained during mechanical in-exsufflation (MI-E). MI-E involves producing a high inspiratory air pressure and then quickly switching to a large negative air pressure in order to remove mucus from the airways.
Nd-doped phosphate glasses for high-energy/high-peak-power lasers

Abstract The composition and properties of neodymium-doped (Nd-doped) phosphate glasses used for simultaneous high-energy (10 3 –10 6 J) and high-peak-power (10 12 –10 15 W) laser applications such as fusion energy research, are reviewed. The most common base glasses are meta-phosphates (O/P ∼3) with the approximate composition: 60P 2 O 5 –10Al 2 O 3 –30M 2 O/MO; K/Ba or K/Mg are typical modifiers. The spectroscopy of Nd 3+ in these glasses is well understood and laser properties can be accurately determined from measured spectroscopic properties. The major mechanisms for Nd 3+ non-radiative relaxation are reviewed and empirical expressions are presented that predict these effects in phosphate glasses. Optical and thermal–mechanical properties have been measured on a number of laser glasses and can be correlated with composition. Sub-critical crack growth rates in stress regions I, II and III have been reported for the first time in phosphate laser glasses. The mechanism for Pt inclusion formation and dissolution has been studied leading to damage resistant (Pt-inclusion-free) laser glasses.
Remote functional groups enhance binding through preorganization

Abstract Rotational restrictions in synthetic receptors lead to increased binding affinity by reducing the number of unfavorable conformations.
Expression of the FAST-1 transcription factor in coronary artery transplant vasculopathy and activated vascular smooth muscle cells

Abstract Background The activation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) causes most of the obliterative vasculopathy responsible for solid-organ allograft failure. Identification of genes expressed in activated VSMCs may provide clues to the pathogenesis and progression of cardiac allograft vasculopathy (CAV). Methods We performed cDNA micro-array analysis of mRNA isolated from a healthy human coronary artery, from a coronary artery from a patient with CAV, and from quiescent and stimulated cultured human coronary artery VSMCs. Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry verified fork-head activin signal transdurcer 1 (FAST-1) expression. Results Fold-change analysis determined that increased expression of a transcription factor involved in transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling, FAST-1, was induced in arteries with CAV and in activated VSMCs, compared with normal and unstimulated cells. Western blotting confirmed increased FAST-1 expression in arteries with CAV vs normal arteries and arteries from failing hearts and confirmed increased expression in cultured VSMCs stimulated with a variety of cytokines. Immunohistochemical analysis determined that FAST-1 expression localized to neo-intimal VSMCs in rejecting arteries. In cultured VSMCs, FAST-1 immunolocalizes to the nucleus after TGF-β stimulation. Conclusions These results demonstrate differential expression of the FAST-1 gene in the VSMC response to inflammatory stimuli. Considering the significant role of TGF-β in vascular fibroproliferative diseases, this work suggests that FAST-1 may participate in the VSMC response to injury and may represent a potential molecular target for modulating the progression of CAV.
Unique and Independent Roles for MLL in Adult Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Progenitors

The Mixed Lineage Leukemia (MLL) gene is essential for embryonic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) development, but its role during adult hematopoiesis is unknown. Using an inducible knockout model, we demonstrate that Mll is essential for the maintenance of adult HSCs and progenitors, with fatal bone marrow failure occurring within 3 weeks of Mll deletion. Mll-deficient cells are selectively lost from mixed bone marrow chimeras, demonstrating their failure to self-renew even in an intact bone marrow environment. Surprisingly, HSCs lacking Mll exhibit ectopic cell-cycle entry, resulting in the depletion of quiescent HSCs. In contrast, Mll deletion in myelo-erythroid progenitors results in reduced proliferation and reduced response to cytokine-induced cell-cycle entry. Committed lymphoid and myeloid cells no longer require Mll, defining the early multipotent stages of hematopoiesis as Mll dependent. These studies demonstrate that Mll plays selective and independent roles within the hematopoietic system, maintaining quiescence in HSCs and promoting proliferation in progenitors.
Scores on profile of mood states of college football players from nonscholarship and scholarship programs.

Scores on the Profile of Mood States of football players from three small football programs (ns = 85, 71, and 91) were compared. Scores of athletes from the two nonscholarship programs did not conform to the “iceberg profile,” differing mainly on Anger. These same players differed significantly from the scholarship athletes at a major college on all mood states. Mean total mood scores fell between those for major college scholarship athletes and high school athletes. Means for players associated with the small scholarship program more closely resembled means of major college athletes on both the individual mood states and the total mood score. The results supported the hypothesis that nonscholarship collegiate athletes differ in significant ways from those receiving scholarships.
Trajectories of Depression Symptoms among Older Youths Exiting Foster Care

The purpose of this study was to determine the trajectories of depressive symptoms as older youths from the foster care system mature while also examining the correlates of these trajectories. Data came from a longitudinal study of 404 youths from the foster care system in Missouri, who were interviewed nine times between their 17th and 19th birthdays. Depression was assessed with the Depression Outcomes Module and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for DSM-IV. Data best fit a model of three trajectory classes, describing young people (1) maintaining low levels of depressive symptoms (never depressed class, 78%), (2) with increasing symptoms (increasing class, 6%), and (3) with decreasing symptoms (decreasing class, 15%). The increasing depression group was mostly male youths who were working or in school; the decreasing class was mostly highly maltreated female youths exiting the foster care system from residential care, with low levels of employment, and in school. Implications for social work practice are discussed.
Parliamentary procedure: principal forms and political effects

Legislative agendas depend on parliamentary procedure, of which there are two main versions and a noteworthy variant: Anglo-American, Euro-Latin, and Mex-Italian. Theorems proved here identify the output of each procedure under strategic and sincere voting. Surprises abound: Strategic voting makes Anglo-American procedure more restrictive than Euro-Latin, and either sort of voting makes Anglo-American procedure more conservative, or stabilizing. Although sincere voting makes Mex-Italian procedure equivalent to the similar-looking Euro-Latin, strategic voting makes it equivalent rather to Anglo-American. Also strategic voting reduces the effects of agenda manipulation only under Mex-Italian procedure. These findings raise new research questions.
Magnetic and electrical properties of Co2ScSn

Abstract Magnetization measurements as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field indicate that the Heusler compound Co 2 ScSn undergoes a magnetic transition at T c = 238 K . Magnetization versus field curves at constant temperatures suggest a helical state for zero and small applied fields in the 100 K ≤ T ≤ 238 K temperature range. Magnetization versus temperature curves for constant applied fields indicate that for low fields the sample undergoes a second transition to a spin glass state at temperatures T sg ( H ) T c . For H = 0, T sg is about 100 K. T sg is depressed by an applied field and goes to zero for H ≈ 1.6 kOe. The estimated magnetic contribution to the electrical resistivity appears to be proportional to T 2 up to 200 K and shows a Fisher-Langer type anomaly near 238 K.
Young Latino Students' English-Reading Growth in All-English Classrooms

The research questions were: a) Is the pattern of young Latino English-language learners’ reading growth (for Instructional Reading Level, Word and Sound Level features of reading, Comprehension, and Fluency) across two years the same as the pattern for monolingual native-English-speaking peers’ growth; and b) If the pattern of reading growth is the same, does one group outperform the other? One-hundred-twenty participants were assessed on a variety of reading and language measures at several time points. A series of repeated measures analyses of variance and covariance was conducted in stages, first examining effects in relation to students’ Instructional Reading Level growth, and then in relation to selected reading subprocess growth. Main conclusions were: 1) The Latino students’ Instructional Reading Level growth was similar to their monolingual peers’ growth, and 2) there were some differences between the two groups in selected reading subprocess growth patterns.
Bioprospecting in Antarctica: the search for a policy regime

This paper aims to elucidate the important economic and political aspects of an extremely complex policy issue involving biological prospecting (bioprospecting) in Antarctica. In addressing this rapidly growing global industry, which searches for commercially valuable biological and genetic resources in a world of biological diversity, it becomes obvious that a critical interface exists between Antarctica and the intertwined bioprospecting policies brought forth during recent decades by two treaties, the Convention on Biological Diversity and the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. The analytical framework of the paper builds upon the economic concept of public goods within a political framework of international treaties and law. The concept of a national public good, associated with the sovereignty of a state (nation) over its biological and genetic resources, is the basis of such policy under the Biological Diversity Treaty. In practice, this jurisdiction applies both to the land area of a state and to the exclusive economic zone of a coastal state. The Law of the Sea Treaty, on the other hand, provides both a national public good connotation to exclusive economic zones while creating a global public good connotation for deep seabed mineral resources, with a related potential application to bioprospecting in the deep seabed. While the Antarctic Treaty System possesses several institutions that could be adapted to a bioprospecting policy regime, no such regime has been established up to the present. The paper concludes with a consideration of the critical question: is bioprospecting in Antarctica a national or global public good? While logic would appear to lead one toward the ‘global’ answer, multinational economic and political realities in today's world suggest that either a national public good approach, or a largely unregulated open access approach, is more likely to prevail.
On the minimum detection limit of circulating tumor cells in an antibody-functionalized microchannel array

The minimum detection limit in isolation of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from binary mixtures is experimentally explored utilizing microchannel arrays functionalized with EpCAM antibodies. Hence, the tested binary mixtures contained EpCAM-positive and EpCAM-negative cells serving as target and non-target cells, respectively. The ratio of target to non-target cells in the mixtures ranged from 1:1 to 1:100,000. The dependence of the device performance, particularly its sensitivity and specificity in isolating target cells, on the applied flow shear rate is characterized. The results demonstrate capture of circulating tumor cells from mixtures with high sensitivity and high specificity. The multichannel array devices allow testing of samples within a shorter time, which is critical for high throughput applications.
Protein in Poultry Nutrition—A Review

Abstract A DISCUSSION of protein in poultry nutrition leads directly to the protein requirements. What are they and how can they be met? Basically the need is for the components of protein, the so-called building stones, or amino-acids. Further, the requirement is specifically for the essential amino-acids, since they are the ones that cannot be synthesized or substituted for and hence must appear as such in the ration in quantities sufficient for the purpose. In manipulating a feed formula the problem is relatively simple if we know the requirement for the specific factor or factors with which we are dealing and the quantitative distribution in the various feedstuffs. In the case of protein our problem when dealing with formulas is simplified in respect to the fact that we are dealing with one nutrient rather than with 10 or a dozen different constituents. On the other hand, it is not possible to . . .
Outcomes of lobar and sublobar resections for non-small-cell lung cancer: a single-center experience.

OBJECTIVES Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Kentucky has the highest age-adjusted lung cancer rate and has one of the highest death rates from lung cancer in the country. Lobectomy is considered the standard therapy for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC), whereas sublobar resection remains an option for selected patients. We investigated outcomes in patients having standard resections for lung cancer (lobectomy) compared with those having sublobar resections in a population with high prevalence of, and with a high death rate from, lung cancer. METHODS We studied patients having lung cancer resections at the University of Kentucky between 2002 and 2007. We reviewed the records of 222 patients who had either lobar or sublobar resections for NSCLC. This retrospective review identified key outcome variables, as well as short- and long-term survival. Propensity analysis allowed outcome comparison between patients having lobar and sublobar resections matched for preoperative variables. RESULTS Of the 222 study patients, 181 patients had lobectomies and 41 had sublobar resections. For all resections, lobectomy was associated with improved 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates compared with sublobar resections. Compared with patients having sublobar resections, lobectomy patients had significantly increased unadjusted perioperative morbidity (43.1% lobectomy vs 7.3% sublobar), but not mortality. After propensity analysis, sublobar resection predicted significantly reduced morbidity (6.3% vs 53.3%, P < 0.001), but not operative mortality (3.3% vs 3.3%, P = not significant), compared with lobectomy in patients matched for age, sex, cancer stage, and date of operation. Adjuvant chemotherapy combined with radiation therapy showed significantly improved long-term survival for either type of resection. Cox regression with adjustment for age, cancer stage, and postoperative complications suggested that neoadjuvant chemotherapy/radiotherapy increased long-term survival (P = 0.038, hazard ratio 0.49). CONCLUSIONS Sublobar resections for NSCLC have less morbidity compared with lobectomy, but at the cost of decreased long-term survival. These results imply that surgeons select patients for lobar or sublobar resections based on physiologic and functional parameters, and that differences in outcomes between these two groups reflect this selection bias. We suspect that these results are typical of surgical treatment of NSCLC in a heterogeneous high-risk population with a high penetration and prevalence of lung cancer.
Immunological and Virological Analyses of Persons Infected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 while Participating in Trials of Recombinant gp120 Subunit Vaccines

We have studied 18 participants in phase I/II clinical trials of recombinant gp120 (rgp120) subunit vaccines (MN and SF-2) who became infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) during the course of the trials. Of the 18 individuals, 2 had received a placebo vaccine, 9 had been immunized with MN rgp120, and seven had been immunized with SF-2 rgp120. Thirteen of the 18 infected vaccinees had received three or four immunizations prior to becoming infected. Of these, two were placebo recipients, six had received MN rgp120, and five had received SF-2 rgp120. Only 1 of the 11 rgp120 recipients who had multiple immunizations failed to develop a strong immunoglobulin G antibody response to the immunogen. However, the antibody response to rgp120 was transient, typically having a half-life of 40 to 60 days. No significant neutralizing activity against the infecting strain was detected in any of the infected individuals at any time prior to infection. Antibody titers in subjects infected despite vaccination and in noninfected subjects were not significantly different. Envelope-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses measured after infection were infrequent and weak in the nine vaccinees who were tested. HIV-1 was isolated successfully from all 18 individuals. Sixteen of these strains had a non-syncytium-inducing (NSI) phenotype, while two had a syncytium-inducing (SI) phenotype. NSI strains used the CCR5 coreceptor to enter CD4+ cells, while an SI strain from one of the vaccinees also used CXCR4. Viruses isolated from the blood of rgp120 vaccinees were indistinguishable from viruses isolated from control individuals in terms of their inherent sensitivity to neutralization by specific monoclonal antibodies and their replication rates in vitro. Furthermore, genetic sequencing of the env genes of strains infecting the vaccinees did not reveal any features that clearly distinguished these viruses from contemporary clade B viruses circulating in the United States. Thus, despite rigorous genetic analyses, using various breakdowns of the data sets, we could find no evidence that rgp120 vaccination exerted selection pressure on the infecting HIV-1 strains. The viral burdens in the infected rgp120 vaccine recipients were also determined, and they were found to be not significantly different from those in cohorts of placebo-vaccinated and nonvaccinated individuals. In summary, we conclude that vaccination with rgp120 has had, to date, no obvious beneficial or adverse effects on the individuals we have studied.
Intestinal spirochetosis: epidemiology, microbiology, and clinical significance

Abstract First recognized in humans in the late 1800s, intestinal spirochetes are still poorly understood in their capacity to cause human disease. Though more commonly seen in developing than developed countries, the prevalence of intestinal spirochetosis appears to be growing in the Western world, particularly in the homosexual male and human immunodeficiency virus-infected populations. This change may also reflect increased recognition, as opposed to increased prevalence. Reported symptoms have ranged from asymptomatic colonization to watery, chronic diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever, to the rare cases of fulminant hepatic failure and sepsis. The characteristic histological findings of a false brush border are distinctly unique, and while other methods of detection are being examined experimentally, they are not yet readily available. No specific guidelines for treatment exist. Although metronidazole is the most commonly employed means of therapy, cases of symptomatic remission have also been reported with penicillin, clindamycin, and erythromycin.
THE HYDROLOGY OF CHAU HIIX

The Maya archaeological site of Chau Hiix, located slightly south and between the ancient cities of Lamanai and Altun Ha, is associated with some of the most extensive hydrological control features recorded from the pre-Hispanic era in the New World. The modest population size of the community, combined with this enormously productive agricultural technology, strongly implies economic interdependency among Classic-period sites. The location of Chau Hiix on an important inland water route further suggests the transportation of foodstuffs outside the local area.
Computer-aided design for VLSI

New CAD issues related to MOS VLSI and optoelectronic integration technologies are reviewed. Especially, new issues on performance and timing driven physical layout, design for VLSI manufacturability and reliability using time-efficient simulation technologies are discussed. In contrast, CAD issues in optoelectronics are presently at the device modeling and circuit simulation level. CAD environments that support fast turnaround model development and circuit verification are discussed with specific optical device models of semiconductor lasers, photodetectors and optical logic gates. >
Determination of system geometrical parameters and consistency between scans for contrast-enhanced digital breast tomosynthesis

Digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) requires precise knowledge of acquisition geometry for accurate image reconstruction. Further, image subtraction techniques employed in dual-energy contrast-enhanced tomosynthesis require that scans be performed under nearly identical geometrical conditions. A geometrical calibration algorithm is developed to investigate system geometry and geometrical consistency of image acquisition between consecutive digital breast tomosynthesis scans, according to requirements for dual-energy contrast-enhanced tomosynthesis. Investigation of geometrical accuracy and consistency on a prototype DBT unit reveals accurate angular measurement, but potentially clinically significant differences in acquisition angles between scans. Further, a slight gantry wobble is observed, suggesting the need for incorporation of gantry wobble into image reconstruction, or improvements to system hardware.
Immigration quotas, World War I, and emigrant flows from the United States in the early 20th century

Abstract Little is known about international return migration because governments rarely track out-migrants. However, one exception occurred early in the 20th century when the United States kept records of emigrants. Using within-country changes in quota allocations in 1921, 1924, and 1929 in combination with 1908–1932 data on specific countries of intended destination of the emigrants, we estimate the effect of quotas on (1) out-migration rates, (2) emigration across skill groups, and (3) the duration of temporary migrants' stays in the U.S. Higher quota restrictions reduced emigration rates, mostly for unskilled laborers and farmers. Higher quota restrictions also increased duration of stay, as the share of migrants staying less than 5 years fell and the share staying 5 to 10 years rose. Return migration behavior was also associated with changes in previous immigrant cohort's networks and savings. Return migration rates were also low during World War I, and more significant population losses from the War in home countries discouraged return migration. Finally, out-migration of German migrants increased substantially during the 1920s.
A pocket-PC based navigational aid for blind individuals

This paper describes a pocket-PC based electronic travel aid (ETA) that helps a blind individual navigate through indoor environments. The system detects surrounding obstacles using ultrasonic range sensors and the travel direction using an electronic compass. The acquired information is processed by a pocket-PC to generate a virtual acoustic environment where nearby obstacles are recognizable to the user. This virtual environment is played back through stereo headphones, so that the user can perceive surrounding obstacles and the direction of the Earth's magnetic North, using spatialized 3D sounds. The paper describes the instrumental and computational aspects of the design and presents the results, demonstrating the improvement in blind travel achieved with the system.
Social capital deficit in online learning: An ego-centric approach to occupational attainment

This study examined how social networks of LIS graduates contribute to their job attainment.Graduates from three ALA-accredited programs in the Southeastern U.S. who took some or all oftheir coursework online to earn the MLIS degree participated in the study. Findings suggest thatrecent graduates of entirely online programs have social capital deficit with the absence of theirMLIS peers in their social networks. However, the results also showed that such a deficit maynot be an important concern as graduates found most of the jobs with the information providedby LIS professional contacts. Having relatively older contacts in their networks, graduatesincreased their likelihood of finding new employment after graduation.
Reduction in occupational radiation exposure using a CZT camera for MPI

2515 Objectives Recently introduced CZT (Cadmium Zinc Telluride) SPECT cameras have demonstrated the ability to reduce radiation exposure to patients undergoing myocardial perfusion imaging studies (MPI), especially when combined with stress-only imaging protocols. There have been no studies examining the reduced occupational radiation exposure to the staff of a nuclear cardiology laboratory. Methods Radiation dosimeter readings from four nuclear technologists, four nurses, and two administrative staff were retrospectively analyzed from two 12 month periods: 10/08-9/09 (Period 1), prior to the use of CZT SPECT, and 10/10-9/11(Period 2), when using CZT SPECT. Studies were performed according to ASNC guidelines. Average monthly deep dose equivalents (DDE) in mrem were recorded from badges worn on laboratory coats. The total amount of Tc-99m used per month, the mean dose per patient, the average number of patients per month, the estimated patient time in the laboratory, and the number of stress-only studies were calculated. Results There were 3,514 patients in Period 1 and 3,605 in Period 2. In Period 2, the total amount of Tc-99m used per month and the average dose per patient decreased, more patients underwent stress-only imaging, and the total patient time spent in the lab was shorter (Table). There was an approximately 40% reduction in the DDE across all staff members (p Conclusions A combination of CZT SPECT technology and stress-only protocols greatly reduces the occupational radiation exposure to staff
THE ROLE OF REFLEXIVE TRUST IN MODERNIZING PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONS

It has been a mainstay of administrative modernization theory that improved public service efficiency and financial accountability produces the useful by-product of trust in governmental institutions. But that trust appears to be ever more elusive. Various factors have been identified as significant to declining trust; for example, levels of information provided to the service user, quality of management, and openness in handling mistakes. In this contribution, I build on quantitative data taken from a March 2003 mass survey of British citizens to define "reflexive trust" as a testable hypothesis that explains why the administrative modernization agenda has contributed to lower levels of trust in government. "Reflexive trust" describes citizens' reaction to the accountability confusion of decentralized mixed-economy service provision. As British New Public Management reforms have made service providers more accountable, so service users have learned to "play the game." Instead of simply trusting or distru...
BAYESIAN META-ANALYSIS IDENTIFIES THE INTERVENTIONAL ADVANCES RESPONSIBLE FOR THE DIMINISHED BLEEDING ADVANTAGE OF BIVALIRUDIN OVER HEPARIN

New evidence suggests that the bleeding advantage of bivalirudin over heparin seen in older trials has diminished. The current analysis identifies the new advances in percutaneous coronary intervention responsible for mitigating the hemostatic advantage of bivalirudin. We used data from 18
GENERA, TYPES, AND LECTOTYPES IN THE TRIBE VICIEAE (LEGUMINOSAE)

These summaries, an outgrowth of my work with the Index Nominum Genericorum texts, contain all of the genera, regardless of their nomenclatural status, known to me to have been used in the Vicieae beginning with Linnaeus, Species Plantarum (1753). The taxonomic comments and evaluations included in these summaries are not recorded on the ING cards. I want to thank Dr. E. E. Leppik (Beltsville), Mr. C. V. Morton (Washington), Dr. Dan H. Nicolson (Washington), Dr. Velva Rudd (Washington), Dr. C. Earle Smith, Jr. (Beltsville), and the ING staff for their suggestions and criticisms.