cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Visualizing Term Eigenvector Prominence in a Corporate Social Responsibility Context

In this study we develop a simplified technique for helping researchers and analysts visualize the alternative prominence of term eigenvectors obtained after exploring term associations (Term Clusters) while conducting Text Data Mining on a collection to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) reports. The collection analyzed is comprised of CSR reports produced by 7 US firms (Citi, Coca-Cola, Exxon-Mobil, General Motors, Intel, McDonald’s and Microsoft) in 2004, 2008 and 2012. The analysis is performed by year in order to discern how the prominence of term eigenvectors has evolved for each firm and for different CSR topics. Results indicate that term eigenvectors maintain their prominence when CSR topics are related to the core business of the firm in question.
Glucose Control in Type I Diabetic Patients: A Volterra Model-Based Approach

Abstract Glucose concentration controllers for Type I diabetic patients are synthesized using model-based methods. A physiologically-based model of the insulin-dependent diabetic is employed as the patient. For modeling and control purposes, the patient is approximated using non linear Volterra series models. These data-driven models are then employed in two nonlinear controller synthesis strategies: internal model control using partitioned inverses (Doyle III et al., 1995), and model predictive control.
The Multiple Faces of the Metal Transporter ZIP14 (SLC39A14)

The SLC39A family of metal transporters was identified through homologies with the Zrt- and Irt-like (ZIP) proteins from yeast and plants. Of all the ZIP transporters, ZIP14 is arguably the most robustly characterized in terms of function at the integrative level. Mice with a global knockout of Zip14 are viable, thus providing the opportunity to conduct physiologic experiments. In mice, Zip14 expression is highly tissue specific, with the greatest abundance in the jejunum > liver > heart > kidney > white adipose tissue > skeletal muscle > spleen > pancreas. A unique feature of Zip14 is its upregulation by proinflammatory conditions, particularly increased interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide. The transcription factors AP-1, ATF4, and ATF6α are involved in Zip14 regulation. ZIP14 does not appear to be zinc-regulated. The Zip14 knockout phenotype shows multiple sites of ZIP14 function, including the liver, adipose tissue, brain, pancreas, and bone. A prominent feature of the Zip14 ablation is a reduction in intestinal barrier function and onset of metabolic endotoxemia. Many aspects of the phenotype are accentuated with age and accompany increased circulating IL-6. Studies with 65Zn, 59Fe [nontransferrin-bound iron (NTBI)] and 54Mn show that ZIP14 transports these metals. At a steady state, the plasma concentrations of zinc, NTBI, and manganese are such that zinc ions are the major substrate available for ZIP14 at the cell surface. Upregulation of ZIP14 accounts for the hypozincemia and hepatic zinc accumulation associated with acute inflammation and sepsis and is required for liver regeneration and resistance to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Zip14 ablation in mice produces a defect in manganese excretion that leads to excess manganese accumulation in the brain that produces characteristics of Parkinsonism.
Mathematical models of lignin biosynthesis

Lignin is a natural polymer that is interwoven with cellulose and hemicellulose within plant cell walls. Due to this molecular arrangement, lignin is a major contributor to the recalcitrance of plant materials with respect to the extraction of sugars and their fermentation into ethanol, butanol, and other potential bioenergy crops. The lignin biosynthetic pathway is similar, but not identical in different plant species. It is in each case comprised of a moderate number of enzymatic steps, but its responses to manipulations, such as gene knock-downs, are complicated by the fact that several of the key enzymes are involved in several reaction steps. This feature poses a challenge to bioenergy production, as it renders it difficult to select the most promising combinations of genetic manipulations for the optimization of lignin composition and amount. Here, we present several computational models than can aid in the analysis of data characterizing lignin biosynthesis. While minimizing technical details, we focus on the questions of what types of data are particularly useful for modeling and what genuine benefits the biofuel researcher may gain from the resulting models. We demonstrate our analysis with mathematical models for black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa), alfalfa (Medicago truncatula), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) and the grass Brachypodium distachyon. Despite commonality in pathway structure, different plant species show different regulatory features and distinct spatial and topological characteristics. The putative lignin biosynthes pathway is not able to explain the plant specific laboratory data, and the necessity of plant specific modeling should be heeded.
Path Integrals and Point Particles

One of the greatest scientific challenges of our time is the struggle to unite the two fundamental theories of modem physics, quantum field theory and general relativity, into one theoretical framework. Remarkably, these two theories together embody the sum total of all human knowledge concerning the most fundamental forces of Nature. Quantum field theory, for example, has had phenomenal success in explaining the physics of the microcosm, down to distances less than l0-15cm. General relativity, on the other hand, is unrivaled in explaining the large-scale behavior of the cosmos, providing a fascinating and compelling description of the origin of the Universe itself. The astonishing success of these two theories is that together they can explain the behavior of matter and energy over a staggering 40 orders of magnitude, from the subnuclear to the cosmic domain.
Iterative Bandwidth Estimation for Nonparametric Regression with Long-range Dependent Errors

We discuss the problem of bandwidth selection for a kernel regression trend estimator when the errors are long-range dependent. The iterative plug-in bandwidth selection method is investigated and modified to account for long memory in the errors. We compare the mean average-squared errors of the trend estimates using the bandwidth obtained from the modified procedure to that obtained assuming short-range dependent errors. For illustration, we apply the modified method to estimate a trend in a series of sea surface temperatures which exhibits both nonlinearity and a long-range dependent error structure.
Experimentally unpacking cognitive behavioral therapy: The effects of completing a thought record on affect and neuroendocrine responses to stress.

Abstract Despite overall effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), little is known about the effects of specific techniques used in CBT. Thought records are widely employed in CBT across disorders to target cognitions. The current study examined the effects of thought record completion on affective and physiological responses to a laboratory stressor. Participants underwent the Trier Social Stress Test ( Kirschbaum & Hellhammer, 1993 ) and were randomized to a thought record condition (n = 50) or a control condition (n = 50). Affect and biological responses (i.e., cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone, and alpha-amylase) were collected throughout the session. Participants in the thought record condition showed greater peak cortisol response following the stressor. No between group differences were found on other neuroendocrine or affect measures. Overall, results indicate completing a thought record impacts physiology (i.e., cortisol) and using experimental laboratory methods can provide additional information to inform our understanding of the components of CBT.
Affiliation and Ideology at the End of the Almohad Caliphate

ABSTRACTIn the seventh/thirteenth century, as Almohad power waned and Christian kingdoms expanded, many upstarts sought power in al-Andalus. Chronicles in Arabic and Latin alike present this time a...
Nontrivial scaling exponents of dislocation avalanches in microplasticity

Intermittency during plastic flow is one example of avalanches in critically evolving systems. Such fluctuations are typically assessed statistically with scale-free distributions. Theory and simulations have studied this behavior in detail, generally arguing for two prominent models (mean-field approach or a jamming-unjamming picture) that are characterized via distinctly different avalanche scaling exponents. In this paper, the authors show experimentally how scaling exponents for the same single crystalline metal can admit a variety of scaling exponents that encompass both models. Depending on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, their experiments reveal how the scaling exponents are nontrivial and therefore not universal.
Effect of inoculum type and organic loading on biogas production of sunflower meal and wheat straw

Inoculum plays a vital role in providing initial microbial population in anaerobic process. There is unavailability of standard inoculum in the Pakistan and the available inoculum requires pretreatment and preparation before use. Thus, in this study the effect of inoculum type and organic loading (OL) on the biogas yield of sunflower meal and wheat straw was evaluated. For this purpose, lab scale batch experiments were conducted at OL of 2 g VS L− 1 in 225 mL glass bottle using digested manure, acclimatized sludge and septic tank sludge as inoculum. The highest biogas yield and volatile solids reduction of 768 NmL g− 1 VS and 78%, respectively, were observed from sunflower meal with digested manure. Reactor inoculated with digested manure also showed better buffering capacity in terms of pH. The inoculum selected from first experiment was used to study the effect of OL (2, 6, 10 and 14 g VS L− 1) on biogas yield. Results showed that biogas yield decreased with the increased in OL. Stability parameters revealed that reactors can be operated safely up to OL of 10 g VS L− 1. Biogas production data were modelled by modified Gompertz function.
Digital iatrogenesis and workplace marginalization: some ethical issues involving self-tracking medical technologies

This paper addresses the ethical dimensions of the complex and evolving relationships between individuals and health-related self-tracking devices in the context of workplace systems. Many self-tra...
Neg Raising and ellipsis (and related issues) revisited

There have been a variety of arguments over the decades both for and against syntactic Neg Raising (NR). Two recent papers (Jacobson in Linguist Inq 49(3):559–576, 2018; Crowley in Nat Lang Semant 27(1), 1–17, 2019) focus on the interaction of NR effects with ellipsis. These papers examine similar types of data, but come to opposite conclusion: Jacobson shows that the ellipsis facts provide evidence against syntactic NR, whereas Crowley argues in favor of syntactic NR. The present paper revisits the evidence, showing that the key case in Crowley (2019) that he uses to argue for syntactic NR contains a confound, while the broader set of evidence in Jacobson (2018) continues to support the non-syntactic account. In addition, I reply here to an argument for syntactic NR due originally to Prince (Language 52:404–426, 1976) and Smaby (pers. comm. to Prince) and elaborated on by Crowley. The key generalization can be shown to disappear once contexts are carefully controlled for. Moreover, Crowley extends the Prince/Smaby argument to show that no inference-based account of NR can survive, but this conclusion rests on the claim that there are cases where ever is vacuous; I show that this is not the case. I also consider the question—discussed in much previous literature—of why under the syntactic approach to NR the class of predicates allowing NR is limited to just those which easily support an Excluded Middle inference. Crowley (2019) attempts to provide a principled explanation, speculating that NR is allowed just in case it is ‘semantically vacuous’. I argue that this proposal is problematic and so the challenge to syntactic approaches remains. Finally, I provide a new argument against syntactic NR which centers on the behavior of guess.
Conceptual Framework for Wellbeing

In response to the physician wellbeing crisis, in 2017 the National Academy of Medicine (NAM) launched an “Action Collaborative on Clinician Well-being and Resilience.” In this chapter, we discuss the development of the collaborative along with its three main goals: to raise visibility of clinician stress, burnout, depression, and suicide; improve baseline understanding of challenges to clinician well-being; and advance evidence-based, multidisciplinary solutions to improve patient care by caring for the caregiver. We introduce the NAM’s conceptual model for understanding clinician wellbeing, including both individual and external factors as well as the clinician-patient relationship. Finally, we discuss the creation of one program designed to support clinician wellbeing and its outcomes.
CHAPTER 36 – LIPOIC ACID

The discovery, isolation and proof of structure of lipoic acid are reviewed briefly, and practical syntheses of this substance are summarized. Unique chemical and physical properties of lipoic acid, including its ultraviolet absorption spectrum, photochemical behavior, ease of polymerization and oxidation, are discussed in terms of the strain in the 1,2-dithiolane ring. A summary of various estimations and determinations of the strain energy is presented. The preparation of some biologically important derivaties of lipoic acid is mentioned and the mechanism of action of lipoic acid in the enzymatic oxidative decarboxylation of α-keto acids and its hypothetical role in photosynthesis are discussed.
Daily Links Between Helping Behaviors and Emotional Well-Being During Late Adolescence.

We investigated daily associations between helping behaviors and emotional well-being during late adolescence, examining whether these links depend on the recipient of help (i.e., friend vs. roommate), type of help (i.e., instrumental vs. emotional), and individual differences in the helper (i.e., gender and empathy). First-year college students (N = 411, 63.5% women, Mage = 18.62 years) completed diary checklists for eight days, reporting whether they provided instrumental and emotional support to a friend or roommate, and positive and negative emotions. On days that adolescents provided instrumental assistance to friends they felt more positive affect, but men also felt more negative affect. Providing instrumental and emotional support to roommates and providing emotional support to friends did not predict daily emotions.
Toward a Pedagogy of Cultural Self-Awareness in the First-Year Law School Classroom

This chapter proposes a framework for introducing cultural competence during the first year of law school. The central focus of the framework is the concept of cultural self-awareness. Through an education in cultural self-awareness, students will learn that they are cultural beings whose perspectives on the law are colored by their own life experiences and any attending biases. They will also learn that judicial decision-makers, like other human beings, are influenced by their culture. This approach is necessary to disabuse first-year law students of the notion the law is objective, gender-neutral and colorblind. The chapter offers specific strategies for a Torts course, but the general concepts are applicable to the other first-year courses.
Challenges to neo-liberalism in the United States

With the significant changes in the economy and the society occurring under neo-liberalism as a base, this paper analyzes the extent to which government policies, including federal, state, and loca...
Majnun Layla's Roundabout Migrations through Comparative Literature and Post-colonial Interdisciplinarity

The love story of Majnun Layla, a legend that originated in the Middle East, has been translated and retold so often that it has become part of our global literary imagination. The story has been often received, compared, and studied in connection to Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet. This is despite the fact that there are fundamental differences between the two masterpieces, not to mention that the reception of Majnun Layla has exceeded literary reception, extending to other media. The first part of the article presents new social, political, religious, and literary interpretations of Majnun Layla. The second part of the article discusses the legend’s migration from seventh-century Arabic culture to its operatic adaption in Azerbaijan in 1908 (the first opera to be staged in an Islamic context), its first cinematic adaptation in Malay language in 1933 in Bangladesh, its first scholarly treatment in comparative literature in Iran in 1938-1940, and finally its most recent cinematic representation in the 2011 American movie Habibi. The article notes the most important achievements and elements that have been added to the story during the legend's cross-cultural and multidisciplinary journeys. The article concludes by proposing that the multiple-horizontal-circle model of comparative literature and post-colonial studies is more adequate for understanding texts like Majnun Layla than the conventional binary-vertical-linear model for research in Arabic and Middle Eastern comparative literature and world literature.
Affordable C. elegans tracking system for classroom use

For decades the nematode C. elegans has served as an outstanding research organism owing to its unsurpassed experimental amenability. This advantage has also made this tiny worm an attractive vehicle for science instruction across higher learning institutions. However, the prohibitive cost associated with the automated behavioral assessment of these animals remains an obstacle preventing their full adoption in undergraduate and high school settings. To improve this situation, we developed an inexpensive worm tracking system for use by high school interns and undergraduate students. Over the past two years this tracker has been successfully used by undergraduate students in our introductory Cell and Molecular lab (BSC220) at Illinois State University. Here we describe and demonstrate the use of our inexpensive worm tracking system.
GDD Calculator App: A Modern Clinical Decision Tool

Abstract Not every glaucoma drainage device (GDD) fits every eye size. To help surgeons evaluate the available space for safe GDD implantation, we developed the GDD Calculator mobile application and associated clinical guidelines.
Treatment Outcomes and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with KRAS-G12C-Mutant Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer.

Purpose: KRAS mutations are identified in approximately 30% of patients with non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Novel direct inhibitors of KRAS G12C have shown activity in early-phase clinical trials. We hypothesized that patients with KRAS G12C mutations may have distinct clinical characteristics and responses to therapies. Experimental Design: Through routine next-generation sequencing, we identified patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC treated at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) from 2014 to 2018 and reviewed tumor characteristics, overall survival, and treatment outcomes. Results: We identified 1,194 patients with KRAS-mutant NSCLC, including 770 with recurrent or metastatic disease. KRAS G12C mutations were present in 46% and KRAS non-G12C mutations in 54%. Patients with KRAS G12C had a higher tumor mutation burden (median, 8.8 vs. 7 mut/Mb; P = 0.006) and higher median PD-L1 expression (5% vs. 1%). The comutation patterns of STK11 (28% vs. 29%) and KEAP1 (23% vs. 24%) were similar. The median overall survivals from diagnosis were similar for KRAS G12C (13.4 months) and KRAS non-G12C mutations (13.1 months; P = 0.96). In patients with PD-L1 ≥50%, there was not a significant difference in response rate with single-agent immune checkpoint inhibitor for patients with KRAS G12C mutations (40% vs. 58%; P = 0.07). Conclusions: We provide outcome data for a large series of patients with KRAS G12C–mutant NSCLC with available therapies, demonstrating that responses and duration of benefit with available therapies are similar to those seen in patients with KRAS non-G12C mutations. Strategies to incorporate new targeted therapies into the current treatment paradigm will need to consider outcomes specific to patients harboring KRAS G12C mutations.
Incorporating High-Leverage Practice 7 in Classroom/Behavior Management Courses: Creating Supportive Learning Environments

In a joint effort, the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC) and the Collaboration for Effective Educator Development, Accountability and Reform (CEEDAR) published instructional practice guides for special educators called High-Leverage Practices (McLeskey et al., 2017). These High Leverage Practices focus on four areas of practice (collaboration, assessment, instruction, and social/emotional/behavioral). High Leverage Practice 7 (HLP 7) is under the social/emotional/behavioral domain and guides teachers to establish positive and constructive learning environments for students. For special education training programs, opportunities to focus on HLP 7 can be presented in classroom/behavior management courses as a function of setting up classroom structure (atmosphere, rules, and procedures) that support developing positive, culturally responsive learning environments and student-teacher relationships. This paper provides support for why topics should focus on HLP 7 and how topics of structure, culturally responsive teaching, student-teacher relationship development, and social emotional learning should be included in classroom/behavior management courses in special education training programs.
Comparison of 11C-acetate, 11C-choline, 6FDG and 2FDG for imaging hepatocellular carcinoma in the woodchuck model

509 Objectives: Previous work has shown that 2FDG has poor sensitivity for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the woodchuck model. Other tracers are needed for better detecting this malignancy. 11C-acetate has been used for PET imaging of renal and prostate cancers. Radiolabeled choline has been used for prostate cancer imaging and 6-fluoro-6-deoxy-D-glucose (6FDG) is a newly developed tracer for metabolic imaging. We have investigated the ability of 11C-Acetate, 6FDG and 11C-Choline to image HCC and compared them to 2-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (2FDG). Methods: Woodchucks with and without HCC were obtained from a breeding colony. One-and-a-half-hour to two-hour PET scans were performed after a bolus injection of approximately 37 MBq of 2FDG, 6FDG, 11C-acetate or 11C-choline. For some animals, two tracers were injected in sequence with the 11C tracer as the first injection followed by the 18F tracer injection 90 minutes later. The average and the standard deviation of the ratio of the activity in tumors to the activity in normal portions of the liver were calculated after the 5-minute time point in all animals. Results: The ratio of the activity in the tumor to the activity in normal tissue was on average 1.7±0.64 for 11C-acetate, 1.86±0.22 for 11C-choline, 1.06±0.06 for 6FDG and 1.09±0.18 for 2FDG. All tumors showed increased 11C-acetate uptake. Some showed increased 2FDG and 11C-acetate uptake, but in different regions. All tumors were visible with 11C-choline but none were detectable using 6FDG. Conclusions: We demonstrated that 11C-acetate and 11C-choline have a higher sensitivity than 2FDG and 6FDG for detecting hepatocellular carcinoma as indicated by the high tumor-to-normal activity ratios. It is speculated at this point that 11C-acetate is involved in fatty acid synthesis through conversion into 11C-acetyl-CoA and that 11C-choline is preferably integrated in the plasma membrane as 11C-phosphatidylcholine in rapidly growing cells. Due to the lower uptake of both of these tracers in the background, better spatial resolution is also obtained in the tumors. 6FDG is not phosphorylated like 2FDG after entering the cell and therefore isolates the transport step of the glucose analog inside and outside of the cell. Research Support (if any): This work was supported in part by an NIH grant CA095307.
Parallel systems for social and spatial reasoning within the cortical apex

What is the cognitive and neural architecture of systems for high-level reasoning and memory in humans? We ask this question using deep neuroimaging of individual human brains on various tasks involving reasoning and memory about familiar people, places, and objects. We find that thinking about people and places elicits responses in distinct but parallel networks within high-level association cortex, spanning the frontal, parietal, and temporal lobes. Person- and place-preferring brain regions were systematically yoked across multiple cortical zones. These regions were strongly category-selective, across visual, semantic, and episodic tasks, and were specifically functionally connected to other parts of association cortex with similar category preferences. These results demonstrate that selectivity for content domain is a widespread feature of high-level association cortex in humans. They support a theoretical model in which reasoning about people and places are supported by parallel cognitive and neural mechanisms.
High – Tech Harassment: A Chi-Squared Confirmation That workplace Cyberbullying Disproportionally Affects People of Color and the LGBQ Community in Higher Education

Cyber bullying and AKA cyber harassment, is an understudied form of bullying in higher education. This study examines how cyberbullying occurs in higher education and confirms that women and the LGBTQ community are most likely to be subject to cyberbullying in higher education.
Etiology of Corpus Callosum Lesions with Restricted Diffusion.

Infarction of the corpus callosum is rare, and other conditions can cause magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) restricted diffusion in the callosum, leading to diagnostic uncertainty. We sought to characterize the etiology of lesions with diffusion restriction in the corpus callosum. Callosal lesions with restricted diffusion were identified at our institution between January 2000 and December 2010. Radiographic and clinical data were reviewed to determine whether the lesion was vascular and if so, to identify the underlying mechanism. A total of 174 cases were reviewed in depth; 47 % were vascular and 53 % were nonvascular. Among vascular cases, atypical mechanisms of stroke (e.g., vasculitis/vasculopathy, hypercoagulable state) were most common (37 %), followed by cardioembolism (28 %). Vascular splenial lesions in particular were likely due to atypical causes of stroke. The most common nonvascular etiologies were trauma (44 %), tumor (22 %), and demyelination (15 %). Vascular lesions were more common in older, non-Caucasian patients with vascular risk factors. Nonvascular lesions were more likely to be found in association with T2-hyperintense cortical lesions, focal intraparenchymal enhancement, or edema/mass effect on MRI. More than half of lesions with diffusion restriction in the corpus callosum are due to a nonvascular cause. Clinical and radiographic characteristics can help distinguish vascular from nonvascular lesions in the corpus callosum. Nonvascular lesions are more likely to be seen in younger patients without vascular risk factors and are more often accompanied by enhancement and edema. Vascular lesions are most commonly due to atypical stroke etiologies, and these patients may require additional diagnostic testing.
Access Control on Arterial Highways

Traffic service and land access are necessary but conflicting functions of a highway system. Observation of most urban and suburban arterial highways will show a process of sequential degradation of the traffic service function. In other words, each new driveway opening was allowed by the authorizing agency without due concern until the travel time, capacity, and safety of the highway were seriously degraded. The congested strip development is the typical result. Access control on arterial highways is comprised of those techniques that minimize the frequency and severity of traffic conflicts associated with driveways. Broadly, these include locational controls, geometric design standards, and traffic operational controls. This comprehensive approach is important because if the highway administrator wishes to preserve the functional integrity of the highway, he must identify and objectively compare all feasible and cost-effective access control alternatives.
Do Firms Discriminate Against the Unemployed? A Field Experiment

Discriminatory hiring practices, while of substantial empirical and theoretical interest, are notoriously difficult to document. This paper compares hiring practices in the United States and in Switzerland, using an experimental setup that allows me to isolate the effect of firm decisions on the probability of being invited to a job interview. Firm behavior in these two markets is strikingly different. While businesses operating in Switzerland discriminate heavily against the long-term unemployed, I find no evidence for discriminatory practices among U.S. firms.
Stein Structures: Existence and Flexibility

This survey on the topology of Stein manifolds is an extract from the book of Cieliebak and Eliashberg (From Stein to Weinstein and Back—Symplectic Geometry of Affine Complex Manifolds, Colloquium Publications, vol. 59, 2012). It is compiled from two short lecture series given by the first author in 2012 at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, and the Alfred Renyi Institute of Mathematics, Budapest.
Exploiting the nature of extrinsic information in iterative decoding

Histograms of extrinsic information are used to explain the performance gain of standard turbo codes with number of iterations. The simulation results presented clearly show the Gaussian nature of the extrinsic information and they also establish a heuristic link with performance gain. Based on the histogram plots, a modified form of turbo encoding and decoding structure is proposed. The encoder is formed with three parallelly concatenated recursive systematic convolutional (RSC) encoding blocks separated by two random interleavers, subsequently a heuristic method is proposed about the way the extrinsic information is fed to the three blocks in the decoder. A new scaling of extrinsic information is proposed based on the observations made on new structure as well as performance gain in standard turbo structure.
What's virtually possible? [future simulation]

This paper continues a sequence of papers discussing futuristic simulation needs and capabilities. These papers focus upon complex systems that evolve by the concurrent execution of processing tasks under the guidance of sophisticated control structures. This paper first provides a detailed state description for such systems from both the perspective of the entities that are being processed in the system and the controllers that manage the task execution. The interrelationship between these two perspectives is next explored. The paper demonstrates the entity-based perspective mainly focuses upon the events that have or should occur in the physical world. The controllers manage when these events will occur by characterizing the feasible alternatives that exist for executing their assigned tasks within a virtual world of future responses.
Uncertainty in the velocity between the mass center and surface of Earth

[1] Using spectral analysis and data decimation, we estimate the uncertainty in the velocity between the cumulative mass center of Earth (CM) and geodetic sites on Earth’s surface. Knowing this velocity is crucial for evaluating space geodetic observations of continental uplift and subsidence in terms of postglacial rebound and sea level rise. We find SLR observations of satellite LAGEOS to constrain the X and Y components of the velocity of CM to � 0.4 mm/yr and the Z component to � 0.9 mm/yr. (95% confidence limits, X is in the direction of 0 � N0 � E, Y of 0 � N9 0 � E, and Z of 90 � N.) The uncertainty in Z is high, so that the estimate includes the independent inference made jointly using site velocities, the rigid plate hypothesis, and models of postglacial rebound that the true velocity of CM has a Z component of 0.5–1.0 mm/yr relative to that in ITRF2008. Uncertainty in scale rate, an intermediate parameter in the determination of an ITRF, is � 0.36 mm/yr for VLBI, � 0.52 mm/yr for SLR, and � 0.20 mm/yr for GPS. The scale of GPS depends on that of VLBI and SLR, but the low GPS uncertainty indicates that GPS results are, for the first time, unbiased by changing satellite Block types, evidently due to newly incorporated satellite phase center variations. GPS constrains the velocity of CM nearly as well as SLR, representing a technical advance given that a GPS satellite is not a sphere and responds strongly to solar radiation pressure. Citation: Argus, D. F. (2012), Uncertainty in the velocity between the mass center and surface of Earth, J. Geophys. Res., 117, B10405, doi:10.1029/2012JB009196.
Cholecystokinin receptor antagonist MK-329 blocks intestinal fat-induced inhibition of meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion

MK-329, a selective type A cholecystokinin (CCK) receptor antagonist, was given to dogs to test the hypothesis that CCK is one of the principal physiological enterogastrones mediating fat-induced decreases in gastric acid secretion. Gastric acid secretion in response to 300 mL 8% peptone meals was measured by intragastric titration to pH 5.5 in six awake dogs with chronic gastric, duodenal, and jejunal fistulas. Gastric emptying was measured by a dye-dilution technique. During the last hour of peptone stimulation, the intestine was perfused with either control solution or 20% lipid (Intralipid; Kabi Vitrum, Alamedo, CA) intraduodenally or intrajejunally. Compared with control perfusions, mean gastric acid outputs were decreased significantly after lipid perfusion of the duodenum (47% of control) and jejunum (24% of control). Similarly, mean gastric emptying rates were significantly less after lipid perfusion of the duodenum (56%) and jejunum (26%). Oral pretreatment with MK-329 (1 mg/kg) significantly reversed the inhibition of gastric acid output caused by lipid perfusion of the duodenum and jejunum, but fat-induced inhibition of gastric emptying was not significantly affected. These studies provide evidence for an important inhibitory role for CCK as an enterogastrone but do not implicate CCK as being important in fat-induced delayed gastric emptying of a liquid meal in dogs.
Self-Administered Disposable Micro-Enemas before Outpatient Sigmoidoscopy

Many colorectal carcinomas can be diagnosed by rigid sigmoidoscopy. One important limiting factor in the usefulness of this investigation is the presence of faeces; another is inability to negotiate the recto-sigmoid bend. 101 patients (47 men) were sent a Microlax enema with instruction to use it before their first attendance in the outpatient department. The grade of preparation [on a scale of 0 (empty rectum) to 3, with grades 0 and 1 providing an adequate view], height achieved with the sigmoidoscope and whether or not the extent of the examination was limited by faeces were recorded. These data were compared with results in 78 patients (38 men) who did not receive any special preparation. There were no serious difficulties with self-administration. An adequate view was obtained in 89 (88%) of those who had received an enema and in 41 (53%) of those who were unprepared (P < 0.001, chi 2 test). The height achieved and the percentage of patients in whom the sigmoidoscopy was not limited by faeces were also significantly increased. The mailing of micro-enemas to patients who are likely to need sigmoidoscopy is a cheap measure that increases diagnostic yield and saves reattendances.
The Biomarkers Consortium: a novel public–private partnership leading the cutting-edge of biomarker research

Biomarkers are molecular, biological or physical characteristics that indicate a specific, underlying physiologic state and are used to to identify risk for disease, make diagnoses and guide treatment, thus having the potential to revolutionize biomedical research, drug development and clinical practice. The Biomarkers Consortium has taken the first step towards implementing a cross-sector and cross-disciplinary approach to biomarker development.
Synthesis of layered (2-D) V-based bimetallic oxalates from non-aqueous media that cannot be synthesized from aqueous media

The reaction of (NBu4)3[VIII(ox)3] (1, ox = oxalate) and M(II) (M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) ions in MeCN, leads to the isolation of V-based coordination polymers of [N(n-Bu)4][FeIIVIII(ox)3]·0.30{[N(n-Bu)4](BF4)} (2), [N(n-Bu)4][CoIIVIII(ox)3]·0.75{[N(n-Bu)4](BF4)} (3), [N(n-Bu)4][NiIIVIII(ox)3]·0.20{[N(n-Bu)4](BF4)}·0.20MeCN (4), and [N(n-Bu)4][CuIIVIII(ox)2](BF4)2 (5) composition. Due to the lability of [VIII(ox)3]3− to dissociate ox2−, these compounds cannot be prepared from aqueous media. 5 is best described as [N(n-Bu)4][VIIICuII(ox)2](BF4)2, and 2, 3, 4, and 5 are proposed to have a layered (2-D) motif for the M′M(ox)x (x = 2, 3) extended framework. The [VIIICuII(ox)2] composition of 5 is reported for the first time for a bimetallic oxalate. 2 shows a weak antiferromagnetic interaction between Fe(II), S = 2 and V(III), S = 1 ions (θ = −9.4 K) within the 2-D layers. 3 and 5 do not magnetically order above 2 K. 4 magnetically order as ferromagnets below 2.55 K [taken as the onset of magnetization in χ″(T)], and has a glass transition temperature (χ′max at 1000 Hz) at 2.26 K.
The Concept of Death in Early Israelite Religion

ODERN scholarship has, for the most part, taken one of two approaches in the investigation of the biblical understanding of the nature and meaning of death. Following the blueprint mapped out by Schwally in his epochal work, Das Leben nach dem Tode,A there has been continued interest in the study of those customs and practices which surround death in biblical religion. Scholars such as D6letra2 and Lods3 have done excellent work in this area, seeking to explain, primarily through the insights of comparative anthropology, the meaning of the various mourning customs, the funerary rites, the cult surrounding death, etc. The other main area of investigation has been the study of the growth of the doctrine of the resurrection of the dead in the Old and New Testaments and in the intertestamental
Multistage production systems with random yield: heuristics and optimality

Abstract Most previous work on adjusting lot-sizes to recognize yield losses has been restricted to single-stage production processes. Here we examine multistage serial or linear production systems with yield loss. After developing a dynamic programming optimization to be used as a benchmark, four single-stage, lot-sizing heuristics are adapted for use in the multistage system, and their performance over a 320-problem test bed is compared with the optimization. Two heuristics based on marginal analysis are found to give close-to-optimal results.
Microarray analysis of bacterial diversity and distribution in aggregates from a desert agricultural soil

Previous research has shown that soil structure can influence the distribution of bacteria in aggregates and, thereby, influence microbiological processes and diversity at small spatial scales. Here, we studied the microbial community structure of inner and outer fractions of microaggregates of a desert agricultural soil from the Imperial Valley of Southern California. To study the distribution of soil bacteria, 1,536 clones were identified using phylogenetic taxon probes to classify arrays of 16S rRNA genes. Among the predominant taxonomic groups were the α-Proteobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Acidobacteria. When compared across all phyla, the taxonomic compositions and distributions of bacterial taxa associated with the inner and outer fractions were nearly identical. Our results suggest that the ephemeral nature of soil aggregates in desert agricultural soils may reduce differences in the spatial distribution of bacterial populations as compared to that which occur in soils with more stable aggregates.
Should age-period-cohort studies return to the methodologies of the 1970s?

Social scientists have recognized the importance of age-period-cohort (APC) models for half a century, but have spent much of this time mired in debates about the feasibility of APC methods. Recently, a new class of APC methods based on modern statistical knowledge has emerged, offering potential solutions. In 2009, Reither, Hauser and Yang used one of these new methods – hierarchical APC (HAPC) modeling – to study how birth cohorts may have contributed to the U.S. obesity epidemic. They found that recent birth cohorts experience higher odds of obesity than their predecessors, but that ubiquitous period-based changes are primarily responsible for the rising prevalence of obesity. Although these findings have been replicated elsewhere, recent commentaries by Bell and Jones call them into question – along with the new class of APC methods. Specifically, Bell and Jones claim that new APC methods do not adequately address model identification and suggest that “solid theory” is often sufficient to remove one of the three temporal dimensions from empirical consideration. They also present a series of simulation models that purportedly show how the HAPC models estimated by Reither et al. (2009) could have produced misleading results. However, these simulation models rest on assumptions that there were no period effects, and associations between period and cohort variables and the outcome were perfectly linear. Those are conditions under which APC models should never be used. Under more tenable assumptions, our own simulations show that HAPC methods perform well, both in recovering the main findings presented by Reither et al. (2009) and the results reported by Bell and Jones. We also respond to critiques about model identification and theoretically-imposed constraints, finding little pragmatic support for such arguments. We conclude by encouraging social scientists to move beyond the debates of the 1970s and toward a deeper appreciation for modern APC methodologies.
The impact of early school behavior and educational achievement on adult drug use disorders: a prospective study.

Few longitudinal studies have examined the effects of education on drug use disorders among community populations of African Americans. This study explores the impact of multiple early education indicators on later problem drug use in an African American population followed for more than 35 years. The initial cohort comprised all 1st graders (N = 1242, 51% female) living in the Woodlawn community of Chicago in 1966. Follow-up assessments were conducted in adolescence (1975–76), early adulthood (1992–93), and mid adulthood (2002–3). One or both adult interviews were completed by 1053 individuals providing information for identifying lifetime drug use disorders. Logistic regression with multiple imputation revealed several important relationships between early education indicators and DSM-III-R/DSM-IV drug use disorders. Specifically, the risk for adult problem drug use was related to: underachievement in 1st grade; low 7th and 8th grade standardized math scores; both suspension from and skipping school in adolescence; not having a high school diploma (compared to having a college degree), and having a diploma or GED (compared to having a college degree). Also, 1st graders characterized as shy by their teachers were less likely to develop problem drug use in adulthood. Results indicate potential opportunities for targeted intervention at multiple life stages.
Lexical Network Structures and L2 Vocabulary Acquisition: The Role of L1 Lexical/Conceptual Knowledge

This paper presents a theoretical account for how learners might draw upon L1 lexical and conceptual knowledge when making assumptions about connections between words in the L2 lexicon. It is suggested that L1 lexical knowledge can be both a help and a hindrance when forming L2 connections, particularly in respect to collocations. Furthermore, some of the commonly-held assumptions about the significance of paradigmatic and syntagmatic connections for L2 lexical development are challenged in light of the theoretical proposals presented in the paper.
Characterization of fluctuating hydroxyl concentrations in a turbulent nonpremixed hydrogen-nitrogen jet flame

Two-point OH time-series measurements using a high-speed, laser-induced fluorescence system have been performed in a turbulent nonpremixed jet flame to obtain both radial and axial space–time correlations. Turbulent OH structures in such flames are found to undergo convection both axially and radially, but OH convection does not satisfy the ‘frozen-turbulence’ hypothesis owing to various turbulent interactions and chemical reactions. While axial OH convection occurs at approximately the local mean bulk velocity, radial convection is largely compromised by strong turbulent mixing along the same direction. The hydroxyl integral length scale can be interpreted as the typical dimension of a convective OH structure, which is axially elongated and becomes more isotropic in the post-flame region. The hydroxyl integral time scale can be interpreted as approximately the ratio of an axial integral length scale to a corresponding local mean flow velocity. In general, macroscale fluctuations of OH are dominated by large-scale turbulence, with little contribution from small-scale turbulence and OH chemistry.
Private speech: evidence for second language learning strategies during the 'silent' period.

This study focuses on children who go through a ‘silent’ period early in the course of second language development, during which they largely cease verbal communication with speakers of the second language (English). Video recordings with radio microphones under natural conditions revealed that most of these children engaged in extensive private speech, which they were found to use for a variety of intrapersonal learning strategies, including (1) repetition of others' utterances, (2) recall and practice, (3) creation of new linguistic forms, (4) paradigmatic substitution and syntagmatic expansion, and (5) rehearsal for overt social performance. Quantity and quality of private speech was related not only to the children's level of cognitive development and the difficulty of the learning task (confirming previous research), but also to the children's social orientation and learning style, and to the domain of knowledge (language) that was being acquired.
Sublingual Administration of Diethylstilbestrol; Comparison of Routes in Therapy

Despite the fact that diethylstilbestrol is highly effective as an estrogen when taken orally, in certain instances other routes of administration may be preferable. Intramuscular injection may be the treatment of choice in some cases when termination of lactation is desired, when large doses must be given and the duration of treatment is short. Injection will seldom be the method of choice for maintenance therapy because of the inconvenience, pain and greater expense as compared to the oral route. Subcutaneous implantation of pellets is practical and effective, as we have previously reported (1), but is preferred by only a small percentage of patients. It is desirable also to be able to interrupt estrogen therapy easily and at will. There is much evidence to suggest that regularly interrupted or cyclic administration of estrogen may prove to be the most logical mode of therapy, and to give the best clinical results (2).
An adaptive mesh refinement scheme for solidification problems

Methods for adaptive mesh refinement, based on a quadtree data structure, have been developed with the specific objective of tracking solid/liquid front movement in two-dimensional solidification problems. These methods include mesh refinement and unrefinement algorithms for the finite element method applied to transient problems. An a posteriori error estimator is described to locate regions in the finite element mesh needing refinement. One- and two-dimensional example applications are given, showing how the methods can be used to resolve a moving solidification front and its associated boundary layer in binary alloy solidification.