cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Not just sticks and stones: Indirect ethnic discrimination leads to greater physiological reactivity.

OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of indirect ethnic discrimination on physiological reactivity (i.e., cortisol, blood pressure, heart rate) in Latino emerging adults. METHOD Participants (N = 32) were randomly assigned to be exposed to indirect ethnic discrimination (experimental condition) or not (control condition) while undergoing a cognitive stress task. RESULTS Greater total cortisol output was observed in participants in the experimental condition, relative to those in the control condition. No significant differences in heart rate or blood pressure were noted. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that witnessing ethnic discrimination affects cortisol recovery responses, but not cardiovascular reactivity. Words that are not intentionally hurtful or directed at a specific person may still "hurt"-affecting biological processes associated with hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis and potentially leading to long-term health consequences. (PsycINFO Database Record
A Systematic Classification and Consistent Reporting Mechanism Yields High Inter-Rater EEG Agreement (P4.073)

Objective: To study the effect of an epilepsy and EEG classification system on inter-rater EEG agreement. Background: We developed in-house a scheduling and results-reporting database (“EBase”) for all clinical neurophysiology results (EEG, EP, VEEEG, IOM, etc). Ebase provides a user-interface to guide users through complete and correct data entry, enforcing consistency across all attendings, and helping to insure that fellows all learn to write their interpretations in the same fashion. EBase entries have surpassed 396,000 clinical neurophysiological tests on 136,000 patients. Recently EBase has taken on additional administrative tasks, many particularly related to quality assurance. Methods: Each week, attendings are assigned routine, portable, and intensive care EEGs from the past three months to blindly over-read for automated comparison with the original report. EBase chooses the tests, anonymizes the patient information, hides the original electroencephalographer, and presents the over-reading physician with a surrogate report form. Concordance between the original interpretation and the over-read is scored using a simple classification: agree/disagree, false negative (FN)/false positive (FP), ictal/interictal, major/minor. Results: During this study period, a total of 341 consecutive EEG over-reads were completed: Agree 95 (86.5[percnt]) Disagree: ictal FN 3 ( 0.9[percnt]) Disagree: interictal FN 6 ( 1.8[percnt]) Disagree: ictal FP 0 ( 0.0[percnt]) Disagree: interictal FP 2 ( 0.6[percnt]) Disagree: minor FN 22 ( 6.5[percnt]) Disagree: minor FP 10 ( 2.9[percnt]) Unknown 3 ( 0.9[percnt]). There were 22 blind re-interpretations by the same attending, 21 of whom agreed with themselves, and one spotted a minor FN. Conclusions: Adherence to an agreed-upon classification system coupled with a systematic reporting mechanism has yielded high inter-rater EEG agreement. The QA process, originally started to monitor and maintain a high quality interpretation service, has provided a natural bridge to fulfilling MOC, PIP, and other administrative requirements. Disclosure: Dr. Burgess has nothing to disclose. Dr. Wooledge has nothing to disclose. Dr. Nair has nothing to disclose.
Cu2+ Ions Modulate the Conductance Hysteresis of Lysenin Channels

Lysenin channels self-assembled into lipid membranes have unique biophysical features which distinguish them from other pore-forming toxins. Lysenin channels present hysteretic and asymmetrical voltage-induced gating in response to positive transmembrane voltages and reversible ligand-gating in the presence of multivalent ions. Previous work on lysenin channels reported no apparent dependency between the voltage and ligand gating mechanisms. Such a link is demonstrated by this work, where we show that Cu2+ ions, known to be very potent inhibitors of lysenin channels’ conductance, have a dramatic influence on the channel response to transmembrane voltages. Addition of Cu2+ ions (in the range 0-100 μM) to the solutions bathing a population of lysenin channels inserted into a planar lipid membrane induces the well-known conductance inhibition at any transmembrane voltage within the physiological range. However, the channels that remain open respond to positive voltages by closing. Unexpectedly, only minor changes of the midway voltage of activation and the open probability are encountered, which is indicative of a lack of strong ionic screening induced by Cu2+ ions. In the absence of Cu2+ ions, channel reopening, although it occurs at lower voltages than closing (indicative of hysteresis), is always complete at voltages lower than +10 mV. In the presence of Cu2+ ions, channel reopening is not complete until the voltages reach values as low as −40 mV. This channel arresting in the closed state is concentration dependent and manifests as dramatic changes in the opening and closing rate constants in the presence of Cu2+ ions. The presence of Cu2+ ions significantly accentuate the hysteretic behavior of lysenin channels, indicative of improved molecular memory capabilities. Given the link between hysteresis and memory, our work may open novel avenues for exploiting the voltage-controlled molecular memory for bioelectronics and biological interfacing.
The Mind is the form of the Individual’s Activity

In this chapter, I discuss an approach to mind that is radically different from the commonly accepted view that psychological processes such as thinking are outcomes or manifestations of the brain activity and, therefore, take place strictly “inside” individual heads.
Empirical Vancomycin Dosing in Pediatric Patients with Congenital Heart Disease and the Impact of Cardiopulmonary Bypass on Trough Concentrations.

Objectives To determine the optimal vancomycin dosing regimen to achieve empiric goal trough concentrations in pediatric patients with congenital heart disease and to examine the impact of cardiopulmonary bypass on vancomycin dosing requirements. Methods Patients younger than 18 years of age admitted to the pediatric cardiovascular intensive care unit (CVICU) at our institution from 10/1/2012 – 12/31/2014 who received at least one dose of vancomycin were retrospectively reviewed. Included patients had a steady state vancomycin trough concentration drawn during the study period. The first steady state vancomycin trough drawn after being initiated on empiric vancomycin therapy was analyzed for each patient. Excluded patients were those who received mechanical circulatory support, any form of renal replacement therapy, or had a serum creatinine result greater than 1.0 mg/dl on the day of vancomycin initiation. Results Seventy-seven patients met inclusion criteria, of which 57.1% had undergone cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) prior to CVICU admission. Median age was 62 days (interquartile range [IQR]: 8.3 – 176 days). Median daily vancomycin dose was 36.25 mg/kg/day (IQR: 29 – 40 mg/kg/day), resulting in a median steady state trough of 10.0 μg/ml (IQR: 6.3 – 12.9 μg/ml). Therapeutic troughs occurred in 50.6% of patients, whereas supratherapeutic and subtherapeutic concentrations were attained in 18.2% and 31.2% of patients, respectively. A subgroup analysis of patients who were post-CPB revealed that the only additional variable to affect vancomycin trough concentrations was aortic cross-clamp time (median: 56 minutes, IQR: 0 – 123.3 minutes, p=0.02). Conclusions Empiric vancomycin dosing to achieve troughs of 8 – 15 μg/dl in patients with congenital heart disease without evidence of significant acute kidney injury should be 30 mg/kg/day for neonates, 35-40 mg/kg/day for infants, and 45 mg/kg/day in children, with adjustments required for patients with elevated creatinine or significant aortic cross clamp time. The receipt and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass did not affect total daily vancomycin dose requirements. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Intelligent Sampling of Hazardous Particle Populations in Resource-Constrained Environments†

Sampling of anomaly-causing space environment drivers is necessary for both real-time operations and satellite design efforts, and optimizing measurement sampling helps minimize resource demands. Relating these measurements to spacecraft anomalies requires the ability to resolve spatial and temporal variability in the energetic charged particle hazard of interest. Here we describe a method for sampling particle fluxes informed by magnetospheric phenomenology so that, along a given trajectory, the variations from both temporal dynamics and spatial structure are adequately captured while minimizing oversampling. We describe the coordinates, sampling method, and specific regions and parameters employed. We compare resulting sampling cadences with data from spacecraft spanning the regions of interest during a geomagnetically active period, showing that the algorithm retains the gross features necessary to characterize environmental impacts on space systems in diverse orbital regimes while greatly reducing the amount of sampling required. This enables sufficient environmental specification within a resource-constrained context, such as limited telemetry bandwidth, processing requirements, and timeliness.
The Study of Enigmatic Microbial Communities

The study of microbial communities in natural aquatic environments has always been a major undertaking in as much as a very substantial portion of the microbes counted by direct light microscopic means could not be matched by plate count or other procedures meant to estimate numbers of viable cells. The direct-count method using fluorescent dye and the epifluorescent microscope has been modified many times since Daley and Hobbie’s (1975) work. They have been useful for estimation of phototrophic and non-phototrophic cells in both the picoplankton and nano-plankton size fractions of the same samples (Sicko-Goad and Stoermer, 1984), but little effort given to the direct study of species diversity.
Alcohol Misuse in Reserve Soldiers and their Partners: Cross-Spouse Effects of Deployment and Combat Exposure.

Background: Military deployment and combat are associated with worse outcomes, including alcohol misuse. Less is known about how these experiences affect soldiers' spouses. Objective: The study obj...
Selección de los esquemas y sitios de asociación para mezclas complejas

Los modelos y ecuaciones de estado convencionales, no pueden predecir satisfactoriamente el equilibrio de fases en mezclas asociativas, por lo cual, se desarrollaron modelos termodinamicos basados en la teoria de la perturbacion de Wertheim que involucran la relacion entre la energia residual de Helmholtz debido a la asociacion y la fraccion de moleculas no asociadas en un sitio, describiendo asi el fenomeno de asociacion. En este trabajo, se muestra la seleccion de los esquemas y sitios de asociacion, como tambien las ecuaciones de la propiedad clave en el termino de asociacion planteadas a partir de la formacion de puentes de hidrogeno entre sistemas binarios de acido + acido, acido + agua, alcohol + alcohol y alcohol + agua.
Ultrasonic evaluation of the radial artery diameter in a local population from Texas.

Background Radial access is the preferred route for cardiac catheterization; however, small radial arterial diameters can make complex procedures difficult. The assessment of radial artery diameters prior to intervention may be beneficial for the interventional cardiologist. Our aim was to measure the diameter of radial arteries in a study sample from our population, and to analyze the feasibility of using larger sheaths for radial interventions. Methods The right radial artery diameter of 100 volunteers was measured using an ultrasound technique. A logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with small arterial diameters. Results The average age of our sample was 35 years, 40% were male, and the mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 kg/m². The mean right arterial diameter for our population was 2.22 ± 0.35 mm. No strong direct association was found between diameters with age, height, weight, and body surface area. Forty-two percent of the patients had diameters larger than 5 Fr sheaths, 20% of the subjects had a diameter larger than 6 Fr sheaths, and 5% of the patients had diameters larger than 7 Fr sheaths. Logistic regression analysis revealed that female volunteers were associated with smaller arterial diameters (odds ratio [OR], 4.0; confidence interval [CI], 1.51-10.51; P=.005), while increases in BMI were associated with larger arterial diameters (OR, 0.21; CI, 0.07-0.61; P=.004). Conclusion Six Fr sheaths can be used in a significant proportion of our population. Careful selection of male patients with a larger BMI may help the interventionist in advance for planning a radial procedure with larger sheaths.
Don Burkholder’s work on Banach spaces

Martingale theory and especially Burkholder’s work fascinated me right from the start. Mar- tingales were extremely popular when I started as a PhD student in Paris in late 1972. Of course they still are, but they were a particularly "hot topic" at the Paris VI probability seminar under the leadership of Jaques Neveu (and the monitoring of P.A. Meyer from Strasbourg). The papers [16] and [17] (as well as Garsia’s book) had appeared not long before and their impact was still visible. I remember vividly Neveu’s lectures on Burkholder’s inequalities and the iJ1-BMO duality. There was also intense interest for martingales within the Harmonic Analysis group in Orsay where Gundy made frequent visits and worked with Varopoulos. There, martingale came to the center stage through the links revealed with Harmonic functions, area integrals, the Fefferman Stein theory of H p -spaces, and so on. Meanwhile, the potential theory community had to face the shocking news that its subject was now also a part of probability theory.
Supercritical fluid extraction of halogenated monoterpenes from the red alga Plocamium cartilagineum.

Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of the marine red alga Plocamium cartilagineum, which is known to contain complex mixtures of halogenated monoterpenes, was investigated. P. cartilagineum samples were extracted by SFE with carbon dioxide and modified carbon dioxide containing up to 10% methanol at different pressure and temperature conditions to establish the optimum conditions for extraction. These conditions were then used in the extraction of halogenated monoterpenes from 2 different samples of P. cartilagineum: one from Davenport, CA, and the other from Casa Beach (San Diego, CA). Several halogenated monoterpenes isolated by conventional solvent extraction with methanol and purified by column chromatography were used as the reference compounds for the determination of the extraction efficiency in the SFE experients. Plocamium cartilagineum belongs to the red alga family-Plocamiaceae, and has been found to contain a large number of halogenated monoterpenes, whose structures typically contain 1-6 bromine andlor chlorine atoms. P. cartilagineum grows along the Pacific coast from Washington to Chile, the British Isles, Australia, and Spain. Interestingly, P. cartilagineum collected from different geographical areas in the world are all reported to produce halogenated monoterpenes, but of different structural types and halogen substitution patterns. Most of these halogenated monoterpenes have been found to exhibit varied biological activities, including antifungal, antimicrobial, and molluscicidal activity.
Biochemical and Structural Aspects of Molluscan Muscle

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the biochemical and structural aspects of molluscan muscle. The generalization of molluscan muscles is defined from the evidence found in rabbit skeletal muscle. The biochemistry of molluscan muscle is dominated by the large amount of information obtained from the study of scallop adductor muscles. It is, thus, possible to extrapolate biochemical results from vertebrate muscles to those of molluscan muscles, primarily for two reasons. First, the mechanism of actomyosin-based force generation, which is exemplified by the sliding-filament mechanism, is ubiquitous. Second, structural studies on molluscan muscles comprise a particularly strong area, and the combined techniques of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction serve to unify the field by showing that the underlying filament structures, in vertebrate and invertebrate muscles alike, are very similar. Regardless of the variety of muscle types and patterns of organization in molluscs, which at times defy well used epithets, such as smooth or striated, it is clear that the sliding filament mechanism underlies and constrains all molluscan muscle structures. Elucidating the structures of the two main components of the sliding filament mechanism resulted in thick and thin filaments. Thick filament structures vary to a greater extent, but even the similarities transcend the differences, which arise from the use of a limited number of highly conserved, self-assembling, protein-building blocks. The self-assembly of myosins and paramyosins produce remarkably similar structures; however, the biochemical differences peculiar to molluscan muscles can be clearly estimated.
The Shariah Scare Industry and the Clash of Temporalities

Islamophobic alarms over shariah have resounded in the United States during the second decade of the twenty-first century. These alarms perpetuate the notion of a clash of civilizations, pitting Islam versus the West. Instead of discussing the clash of civilizations thesis, however, this article proposes that a clash of temporalities has been constructed by a “shariah scare industry.” Focusing on the Center for Security Policy and Nonie Darwish, this article discloses the shariah scare argument that Muslims and non-Muslims experience time in two contrasting manners, what I call frozen past time and ominous future time.
Nanoscale Drug-Delivery Systems: In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization

Abstract Advancements in nanotechnology have offered several advantages in comparison with conventional therapeutic formulations, diagnosis, and treatment. However, nanomedicine has faced formidable challenges primarily during preclinical development. Nanoparticle (NP) composites utilized for medical applications can be made up of a large variety of materials. The small size, unique physiochemical characteristics, and biological activity associated with the nanoscale demand the improvement and modification of available characterization techniques. Analytical characterization of NPs involves physical, chemical, and behavioral analysis. In nanomedicine, NP characterization is performed in vitro and in vivo. In this chapter, we will discuss the NP characterization parameters, the progressing techniques and technologies that are used to characterize NPs, and the appropriate classification groups based on functionality and activity.
Humanismo y biopolítica. Monstruos en el parque humano. A propósito de Peter Sloterdijk

This article proposes, in the first place, a reflection on the terms from which humanism is recovered by Sloterdijk, as one of the key elements for the diagnosis of Postmodernity. Secondly, it focuses on Sloterdijk’s biopolitical ideas about the social immunity and anthropogenesis, which is a topic related to the idea of posthumanism. With these objectives, the propositions of Sloterdijk are connected with the series of some points related to the role of humanism in the articulation of post-colonial societies with the new global (dis)order. This topic is crucial for the redefinition of intellectual projects in the 21st century.
A Recombinant Chlamydia trachomatis MOMP Vaccine Elicits Cross-serogroup Protection in Mice Against Vaginal Shedding and Infertility

Background Chlamydia trachomatis is the most common sexually transmitted bacterial pathogen worldwide. Here, we determined the ability of a C. trachomatis recombinant major outer membrane protein (rMOMP) vaccine to elicit cross-serogroup protection. Methods Female C3H/HeN mice were vaccinated by mucosal and systemic routes with C. trachomatis serovar D (UW-3/Cx) rMOMP and challenged in the ovarian bursa with serovars D (UW-3/Cx), D (UCI-96/Cx), E (IOL-43), or F (N.I.1). CpG-1826 and Montanide ISA 720 were used as adjuvants. Results Immune responses following vaccination were more robust against the most closely related serovars. Following a genital challenge (as determined by number of mice with positive vaginal cultures, number of positive cultures, number of inclusion forming units recovered, and number of days with positive cultures) mice challenged with C. trachomatis serovars of the same complex were protected but not those challenged with serovar F (N.I.1) from a different subcomplex. Females were caged with male mice. Based on fertility rates, number of embryos, and hydrosalpinx formation, vaccinated mice were protected against challenges with serovars D (UW-3/Cx), D (UCI-96/Cx), and E (IOL-43) but not F (N.I.1). Conclusions This is the first subunit vaccine shown to protect mice against infection, pathology, and infertility caused by different C. trachomatis serovars.
Leveraging Similar Skill Sets to Optimize Services: A Technical Services Story

In 2007, two departments comprised of 72 people formed a new department designed to provide much needed attention for electronic resources. Where previously electronic resources were an afterthough...
Management of Acute Myocardial Infarction

According to the World Health Organization definition, the diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is based on the presence of at least two of the following three criteria: A clinical history of ischemic-type chest discomfort Changes on serially obtained electrocardiographic tracings A rise and fall in serum cardiac markers
Simulating Direct Democracy in the Classroom: a Minimal Group Experimental Design

This paper describes a simulation used in American Government and California Politics and California Policy courses. The in-class simulation mimics the use of direct democracy in California over a single election season. Using knowledge from previous class periods students participate in a more active learning environment, to understand some of the impacts of legislating through propositions and how certain groups participate in the political process. The simulation uses a minimal group experimental set-up to allow the students to potentially participate as a member of different group in society. Persistent findings across simulations show lessons for coalition building, leadership, negotiation, resource allocation, campaign strategy, group identity and cohesion, trust among groups, and political apathy.
Master-Key KDM-Secure IBE from Pairings

Identity-based encryption (IBE) is a generalization of public-key encryption (PKE) by allowing encryptions to be made to user identities. In this work, we seek to obtain IBE schemes that achieve key-dependent-message (KDM) security with respect to messages that depend on the master secret key. Previous KDM-secure schemes only achieved KDM security in simpler settings, in which messages may only depend on user secret keys.
Models for acute on chronic liver failure development and mortality in a veterans affairs cohort.

The diagnosis of acute on chronic liver failure (ACLF) carries a high short-term mortality, making early identification of at-risk patients crucial. To date, there are no models that predict which patients with compensated cirrhosis will develop ACLF, and limited models exist to predict ACLF mortality. We sought to create novel risk prediction models using a large North American cohort. We performed a retrospective study of 75,922 patients with compensated cirrhosis from the Veterans Outcomes and Costs Associated with Liver Disease (VOCAL) dataset. Using 70% derivation/30% validation sets, we identified ACLF patients using the Asian Pacific Association of Liver (APASL) definition. Multivariable logistic regression was used to derive prediction models (called VOCAL-Penn) for developing ACLF at 3, 6, and 12 months. We then created prediction models for ACLF mortality at 28 and 90 days. The VOCAL-Penn models for ACLF development had very good discrimination [concordance (C) statistics of 0.93, 0.92, and 0.89 at 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively] and calibration. The mortality models also had good discrimination at 28 and 90 days (C statistics 0.89 and 0.88, respectively), outperforming the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD), MELD-sodium, and the APASL ACLF Research Consortium ACLF scores. We have developed novel tools for predicting development of ACLF in compensated cirrhosis patients, as well as for ACLF mortality. These tools may be used to proactively guide patient follow-up, prognostication, escalation of care, and transplant evaluation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves for predicting development of APASL ACLF at 3 months (a), 6 months (b), and 1 year (c)
A Simple Robust Asset Pricing Model Under Statistical Ambiguity

We derive and test empirically a robust one-factor asset pricing model consistent with the multiple-priors approach of the ambiguity literature. The robust CAPM can explain the cross-section of expected U.S. stock returns without the need for additional risk factors. Further, observed anomalies such as size and value appear as statistical characteristics of misspecified asset pricing models because idiosyncratic ambiguity, unlike idiosyncratic risk, cannot be diversified away. Using a robust Bayesian econometric procedure, we recover the market price of statistical ambiguity, which sets a lower bound for stock prices that corresponds to investors’ worst-case scenario in terms of indirect utility.
Single Center Experience with Venoarterial Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation as a Bridge to Heart Transplant under the Contemporary UNOS Heart Allocation System

Purpose Venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA ECMO) use as a bridge to heart transplant (HTx) has been associated with poor long term outcomes. We investigated our most recent experience with VA ECMO as a bridge to HTx under the new UNOS heart allocation system implemented in October 2018. Methods All HTx that occurred via bridge by VA ECMO between October 1, 2018 to September 30, 2020 at our institution were evaluated. Demographics, cannulation strategy, duration of ECMO, and post-operative outcomes were analyzed. Results Seventy nine patients underwent HTx during this time frame, of which six patients (7.6%) were successfully bridged from VA ECMO. These patients ranged from 19 to 62 years of age, and were supported between four and 42 days (mean 12.2 days). The total hospital length stay was between 34 and 162 days (mean 62.5 days). All patients survived to discharge, and our one month and six month survival are 100%. All patients are still within one year of HTx. No patient had evidence of cerebral vascular accident and/or permanent renal injury requiring sustained hemodialysis. One patient was centrally cannulated for VA ECMO at a referring institution prior to transfer. Five patients were cannulated via a percutaneous approach with Proglide arterial and venous preclosure on opposite access sites, a 5 french antegrade perfusion sheath, and an atrial septostomy for venting. Both centrally and peripherally cannulated VA ECMO patients were ambulated while awaiting HTx. None of the patients undergoing femoral cannulation required open exploration at the time of HTx. Conclusion In this single center dataset, only a small proportion (7.6%) of HTx were bridged via VA ECMO under the 2018 UNOS heart allocation system. Still yet, our short-term results of VA ECMO as bridge to HTx have been promising. When patients require VA ECMO support, we favor a strategy of preclosure, percutaneous femoral access with atrial septostomy with ambulation protocol.
Frank H. Knight and the Chicago School

Paper presented at "The Legacy of Chicago Economics" conference at the Becker-Friedman Institute for Economic Research, The University of Chicago, October 5, 2015. A survey of Frank Knight's contribution to the Chicago School, and a consideration of how the School moved away from Knight's conception of economics.
Reimagining Numeracies: Empowered, Game-Informed Meaning Making in and beyond the Pandemic Era

This article focuses on how a game-informed culture in public school math classes sustained interaction, cooperation, and empowered meaning making when COVID-19 mandates closed school buildings and education went fully online. More specifically, the game-informed learning environment supported the students’ development and discussion of their multimodal numeracies, and the highlighted activity reveals how the generation of math memes can foster students’ engagement in creative and empowered practices. Underscored throughout this article is the importance to embrace the expansiveness of numeracies in order to recognize, value, and support students’ meaning making.
Income disparity and utilization of cardiovascular preventive care services among U.S. adults.

Objective : Associations between income disparity and utilization of cardiovascular disease (CVD) preventive care services, such as receipt of lifestyle advice and screening for CVD risk factors in populations with and without CVD, are not well understood. The purpose of this study was to evaluate associations between income and utilization of CVD-preventive services among U.S. adults. Methods : We included adults ≥18 years with and without CVD from the 2006 to 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. We categorized participants as high-income (>400% of federal poverty level [FPL]), middle income (200-400% of FPL), low-income (125-200% of FPL) and very low (VL)-income (<125% of FPL). We used logistic regression to compare the likelihood of receiving CVD-preventive services by income strata, adjusting for sociodemographic factors and comorbidities. Results : The study included 185,081 participants (representing 194.6 million U.S. adults) without CVD, and 32,862 participants (representing 37 million U.S. adults) with CVD. VL-income adults without CVD were less likely than high-income adults to have blood pressure measured within past 2 years [odds ratio [OR] 0.41 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.45)] or cholesterol levels checked within past 5 years [0.36 (0.33-0.38)] or receive counseling about diet modifications [0.77 (0.74-0.81)], exercise [0.81 (0.77-0.85)], or smoking cessation [0.71 (0.63-0.79)] within past year. VL-income adults with CVD were also less likely to have blood pressure [0.32 (0.22-0.46)] or cholesterol [0.33 (0.26-0.42)] checked and receive counseling about exercise [0.84 (0.76-0.93)] or smoking cessation [0.78 (0.61-0.99)]. Additional subgroup analyses restricted to participants who had seen a healthcare provider within the preceding 12 months, as well as secondary analyses stratified by sex, race and ethnicity, showed similar disparities between high-income and VL-income participants. Conclusions : VL-income adults were less likely to be screened for CVD risk factors or receive CVD-prevention counseling than high-income adults, regardless of CVD status. More work must be done to reduce disparities in access to and utilization of CVD-preventive services among adults in different income groups.
Myocardial Arachidonate Metabolism during ATP Depletion

Myocardial ischemia is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in human disease. Previous studies have demonstrated that the prognosis following acute myocardial infarction is directly related to the amount of myocardium which has been irreversibly injured. Recent attempts to limit infarct size during acute myocardial ischemia have focused on either increasing myocardial oxygen supply or decreasing oxygen demand (1). A more precise understanding of the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the development of irreversible myocardial injury is required to develop specific agents to protect ischemic myocardium from the consequences of oxygen deprivation.
Narrow-line cooling in a strontium vapor cell magneto-optical trap

Summary form only given. In strontium the possibility exists to cool the atoms to near the recoil limit using the 7-kHz intercombination line at 689 nm. We have built a vapor cell magneto-optical trap (MOT) to study narrow-line cooling in Sr. The ceramic vapor cell trap is the first of its kind and provides a compact maintenance-free apparatus for experiments.
Organization of the Spinal Cord

Sensory information from the body is transmitted into the central nervous system (CNS) through the dorsal-root projections into the spinal cord. Motor neurons in the spinal cord project their axons into the periphery to innervate muscles and autonomic ganglia. Somatic perceptions, coordinated movements, and autonomic functions depend on the integrity of the spinal cord and its projections. The neurons and fiber bundles within the spinal cord are organized in a simpler and more uniform way than other parts of the CNS, but the features of organization and function are similar to those found in more complexly organized regions of the brain.
Oxygen-induced p(1×3)-O reconstruction on Mo(112): a precursor to the epitaxial formation of MoO2(100)

Abstract Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED) have been used to investigate the oxygen reconstruction following oxidation of a Mo(1 1 2) single crystal. The STM and LEED results show a p(1×2)-O oxygen-induced missing row reconstruction at monolayer coverage. LEED and high resolution STM data also reveal a second oxygen-induced p(1×3)-O reconstruction at a higher oxygen coverage. This latter structure is a precursor to the formation of an epitaxial MoO2(1 0 0) surface.
Scholarly communication as a socioecological system

Among Belver C. Griffith's many contributions to disciplinary communication is the idea that science and scholarship at large constitute a social system to be investigated empirically. This paper reports findings of an author co-citation analysis of the field of human behavioral ecology that expands Griffith's concept of the social system of scientific communication to fit a socioecological framework. Cluster analysis and multidimensional scaling techniques are used to characterize the research specialty at large and portray five respondents' individual resource maps. The techniques reveal co-citation relationships among authors whose work they had referenced in recent articles. Survey data on searching and handling behaviors for an aggregated sample of 180 cited references are correlated with core-periphery zones of the individual maps. Findings that types of socially mediated communication and distinctive information foraging behaviors correlate with different zones of a bibliographic microhabitat support an interpretation that active specialty members conform to foraging efficiency principles as predicted by prey-choice models from optimal foraging theory.
Immunomodulatory Role of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis of Preeclampsia

Worldwide, preeclampsia is a significant health risk to both pregnant women and their unborn children. Despite scientific advances, the exact pathogenesis of preeclampsia is not yet fully understood. Meanwhile, the incidence of preeclampsia is expected to increase. A series of potential etiologies for preeclampsia has been identified, including endothelial dysfunction, immunological dysregulation and trophoblastic invasion. In this literature review, we have critically reviewed existing literature regarding the research findings that link the role of vitamin D to the pathogenesis and immunoregulation of preeclampsia. The relationship of vitamin D with the suspected etiologies of preeclampsia underscores its clinical potential in the diagnosis and treatment of preeclampsia.
Teachers' Racial Identity and the Single Course in Multicultural Education

Abstract Many teacher education programs offer a single course experience in multicultural education; however, to a great extent students complete such a course ill-prepared to address the more complex dimensions of multicultural education. Various factors affect teachers' abilities to perceive the complexity of multicultural education and thereby implement it in substantive manners in classrooms and schools. Among these are the attitudes and beliefs teachers bring to the study of multicultural education. This article explores the concept of racial identity development and its implications for the single course experience in multicultural education.
Understanding, modeling, and detecting pooling hotspots in copper CMP

Multi-step Chemical Mechanical Polishing (CMP) has been used in copper interconnect fabrication for more than a decade. During this time, advances in both the CMP-based damascene manufacturing processes and in the design flows, have enabled significant uniformity improvements for both metal thickness and surface topography, producing corresponding improvements in parametric and functional yields and enabling smaller process nodes. However, improving post CMP planarity and widening CMP process windows have lead to an increased risk of functional yield failures due to copper pooling (sometimes called puddling). These failures occur when the overburden copper and/or barrier material is not cleared during CMP, producing an electrical short between two neighboring lines. We first sought to understand the source of this failure mode, based on recently reported research and data trends seen in state of the art copper CMP manufacturing processes. Once copper pooling mechanisms were identified, CMP models were enhanced to more accurately predict pooling hotspot locations. These models can be used to improve CMP process optimization and/or Design for Manufacturing (DFM) based flows that detect and remove pooling hotspots.
Optimized Wavelength Selection for Molecular Absorption Thermometry

A wavelength selection technique is applied to optimize temperature precision of absorption thermometry. The line-of-sight thermometry is analyzed by using an optimization algorithm. This method is also promising for use in 2D absorption tomography.
Analysis of Turbulent Hydrostatic Bearings With a Barotropic Cryogenic Fluid

Hydrostatic journal bearings handling low viscosity cryogenic liquids operate under extreme conditions of external pressurization. The regime of operation of these bearings is fully turbulent with large fluid inertia effects. Furthermore, cryogenic liquid propeties depend strongly on the local pressure and affect the bearing leakage and force response. The turbulent flow of a barotropic cryogenic fluid in a hydrostatic bearing is considered. Advection fluid inertia, recess-edge fluid inertia and liquid compressibility, and bearing surface roughnesses are included in the analysis. Numerical results for a liquid hydrogen hydrostatic bearing show that an incompressible fluid model overpredicts flow rate and force coefficients when compared to the more realistic barotropic fluid model.
Plane harmonic wave propagation in three-dimensional composite media

Abstract An important characteristic of waves propagating through periodic materials is the existence of stop bands. A stop band implies the range of frequencies over which a medium completely reflects all incident waves and there is no transmission. Predicting stop band phenomena in periodic materials is regarded as the first step toward designing composite microstructures capable of propagating energy in a predetermined manner. In this paper a global–local modeling methodology previously proposed by the authors is used to successively predict stop bands in three-dimensional composite media. Numerical results reveal that the first stop band of the considered microstructures occurs where an acoustic shear mode veers with the lowest optical branch of the same symmetry class.
The structural organization and the steroidogenic responsiveness in vitro of adrenal gland tissue from the neonatal mallard duck (Anas platyrhynchos)

The adrenal steroidogenic tissue of the neonatal mallard duckling is differentiated into an outer subcapsular zone where the cells contain many large lipid droplets, and an inner zone in which the cells appear to contain less lipid. The cells in both zones contain numerous mitochondria and an abundance of smooth endoplasmic reticulum, and their interdigitating plasma membranes possess many filipodia, coated pits and desmosome-like junctions. Islands of chromaffin cells are distributed throughout the steroidogenic tissue. Two types of chromaffin cell are present, one with vesicles containing densely staining material and the other more lightly staining material. Non-myelinated preganglionic fibers synapse with the chromaffin cells and the axonal terminals contain two types of dense-cored vesicles as well as acetylcholine-containing vesicles. The basal rates of corticosterone (B) and aldosterone (Aldo) release from tissue superfused with buffer containing no secretogogue were low and almost equal (B: Aldo=1.25); the corresponding rate of deoxycorticosterone (DOC) release was less than one-fortieth of the rates of B and Aldo release. The addition of 1–24 ACTH to the medium caused the rate of release of each hormone to increase as a semi-logarithmic function of the concentration and the induced increase in B release was always significantly higher than that of Aldo (B: Aldo=4.8). The corticotropin-induced rates of B and Aldo, but not DOC, release reflected do novo hormone synthesis. Norepinephrine, epinephrine and dopamine each suppressed the basal rates of B and Aldo release, but had no effect when the medium contained 1–24 ACTH. Acetylcholine (ACh) similarly suppressed the basal rates of hormone release, and neither suppressed nor enhanced the responses to medium containing 1–24 ACTH. The suppressive effects of the catecholamines and ACh were not dose-related. [Asp1, Val5] angiotensin II induced significant semi-logarithmic dose-dependent increases in Aldo synthesis but had no effect on the release of either B or DOC.
Effects of acute and chronic ethanol and dihydroergotoxine (hydergine) on neurotransmitter enzymes in brain.

The effects of acute and chronic ethanol (ETOH) and dihydroerge toxine mesylate (DHET) alone or in combination on choline acetyl-transferase (ChAT), glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), acetylcho-linesterase (AChE), and acetylcoenzyme A hydrolase (AcCoA-H) were investigated in various brain regions of young adult male mice. Acute ETOH, an hour after a single dose of 2 g/Kg, did not affect these enzyme activities in any brain regions examined although it inhibited the locomotor activity of these animals. Acute DHET, an hour after a single dose of 2 mg/Kg, significantly increased (17%) ChAT activity in corpus striatum only and stimulated the locomotor activity of the mice. Acute ETOH + DHET had no effects on these enzymes either. Chronic ETOH significantly increased ChAT activity in cerebelium (45%), corpus striatum (21%), and hypothalamus (82%) but decreased the enzyme activity in hippocampus by 16%. Chronic DHET significantly increased ChAT activity in corpus striaturn (24%), hypothalamus (80%), and midbrain (16%), and significantly increased AChE in brainstem (20%) and corpus striatum (45%). Chronic ETOH + DHET significantly increased both ChAT (11%) and GAD (14%) activity only in corpus striatum. These results confirm the reported alterations of cholinergic and GABAnergic systems in brain after chronic administration of ethanol, and further support the morphologic changes observed in human mammillary body, corpus striatum, hippocampus, and cerebellum after chronic alcoholiam. In addition, these data also suggest that corpus striatum and hypothalamus are the brain areas most sensitive to chronic DHET exposure.
Longitudinal Gompertzian analysis of pancreatic cancer mortality in the U.S., 1962-1987: distinguishing between competitive and environmental influences upon evolving mortality patterns.

Abstract Pancreatic cancer (PanC) is an extraordinarily lethal neoplasm that is currently the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Annual age-specific mortality rates for PanC in the U.S. from 1962 to 1987 were subjected to longitudinal Gompertzian analysis. Age-specific PanC mortality rate distributions between age 30 and 60 years were determined by a common fixed intersect point and a variable competitive factor. The intersect point for PanC occurred at age 59.5 years and mortality rate 37.4 per 100 000 for men, and at age 53.2 years and mortality rate 7.9 per 100 000 for women. These intersect points are determined by genetic and environmental influences upon mortality. The observation that these points have remained fixed suggests that there has been no significant alteration in environmental etiopathogenic influences upon PanC mortality. Longitudinal Gompertzian analysis suggests that the emergence of PanC in the U.S. as a significant cause of cancer mortality has been the consequence of competitive influences upon PanC mortality dynamics.
Telomerase and oligodendrocyte differentiation.

Myelin in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) is produced by oligodendrocytes, most of which arise from oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during late embryonic and early postnatal development. Both external and internal cues have been implicated in regulating OPC exit from the cell cycle and differentiation into oligodendrocytes. In this study, we demonstrate that differentiation of cultured OPCs into mature oligodendrocytes is associated with lower levels of activity of telomerase, the ribonucleoprotein that synthesizes telomeric DNA at the ends of chromosomes. Differentiation is also associated with lower levels of mRNA encoding the catalytic subunit of telomerase (TERT), whereas no difference is seen in the expression of its telomeric template RNA component (TR). These data suggest a possible role for telomerase during normal growth and differentiation of oligodendrocytes that may be relevant to the mechanism of myelination in the CNS. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 49: 224–234, 2001
Weather factors influencing capture of Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in pheromone traps during overwintering flight in California.

Capture of male codling moth, Cydia pomonella (L.), with pheromone-baited sticky traps in an orchard in Kern County, Calif., during 1983–1988 was associated with air temperature, relative humidity, wind speed, wind direction, vapor pressure, dew point temperature, and rainfall. Based on a stepwise logistic regression analysis, mean evening air temperature, wind speed, and vapor pressure significantly affected the probability of moth capture. All moths were captured on dates whose mean evening air temperature was > 12.01°C, wind speed was 15.8°C (21.1°C maximum daily) were associated with consistent observations of male flight as measured by pheromone traps. Knowledge of weather factors affecting moth capture in pheromone traps could help in interpreting trap catch data and may lead to fewer treatment decision errors.
Effects of Movement Sequences and Creative Dance on Balance of Children with Mental Retardation

Children (ages 7 to 10 years) participated in a creative dance (n = 12) or traditional gross motor program (n = 13). Posttest stabilometer performance examined by use of a t test indicated a significant difference between the groups in of the creative dance group.
Surgical Management Trends for Cholangiocarcinoma in the USA 1998–2009

Background Surgical advancements have improved outcomes for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) patients, but this expertise is not uniformly available. This research examines CCA surgical treatment patterns.
Slip band distribution and morphology in cyclically deformed nickel polycrystals with ion beam mixed surface films

Shallow surface layers containing supersaturated solid solutions of aluminum in nickel, or γ-γ′ dual-phase structures, were produced on fatigue specimens by ion beam mixing. 0.5 MeV Kr ions were used to ballistically mix multiple nickel and aluminum layers deposited by vacuum evaporation. Such surface modifications inhibited the penetration of persistent slip bands and suppressed the formation of notch-peak morphologies in the PSBs which eventually penetrated the surface layer.