cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Consultation with the Specialist: Ingestion of Coins and Batteries

Witnessing the ingestion of a foreign body by a toddler is alarming and immediately raises several questions. What are the risks of aspiration and airway obstruction? Where do foreign bodies get stuck? Are investigations necessary in the absence of symptoms? How long can objects be watched at different locations? What complications can result? When should objects be removed and which procedure should be used? When can cathartics or enemas be given safely? Predisposing Factors The peak age range for foreign body ingestion is 6 months to 3 years. There are underlying social, developmental, or psychiatric risk factors in up to 30% of cases. Ingestions in older children usually are accidental. Symptoms occasionally can suggest an underlying abnormality such as an esophageal stricture or might be related to a previous surgical procedure such as the repair of an esophageal atresia or a pyloromyotomy for pyloric stenosis. Children who have had esophageal atresia repaired also have associated dysmotility of the distal segment. The Need For Radiologic Investigations The nature of the ingested foreign body obviously influences management. Directed questions or a search of the home for missing objects often will reveal the nature of the ingested object. The presence of symptoms such as choking, dysphagia, substernal discomfort, persistent cough, or of physical findings such as drooling mandates a radiologic search for foreign bodies from oropharynx to anus.
Amyloidosis of the Lung

Amyloidosis involving the lung may represent a systemic disease or a localized process. Despite the common etiology (i.e., deposition of abnormal immunoglobulin proteins designated as AL type), each condition is characterized by distinct clinicopathological features as well as specific treatment and prognosis. Three main histologic presentations are described: nodular pulmonary amyloidosis (NPA), tracheobronchial amyloidosis, both forms limited to the lung, and diffuse alveolar septal amyloidosis which is commonly associated with systemic disease. Detailed biochemical composition of the amyloid deposits involving the lung obtained by proteomic analysis and correlation with immunohistochemistry (IHC) may provide new insights into pathogenesis of the localized pulmonary amyloidosis. Therefore, we highlight herein that most of the NPA cases show codeposition of heavy and light chain immunoglobulins (AL/AH type) and are associated with a lymphoplasmacytic neoplasm in the spectrum of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma.
Appropriate Endpoints for Chronic Limb Ischemia

Due to dramatic advances in endovascular techinques, multiple approaches to the treatment of chronic limb ischemia (CLI) are widely available to a variety of specialists. Although most of these techinques are often succesful in restoring flow to the ischemic extremity, it is unclear if this immediate success translates into long-lasting wound healing, limb salvage and retrun to a pr-morbid level of activity.Traditionally, the “success” of vascular interventions has been measured solely in terms of immediate technical success, patency, freedom from further revascularization, limb salvage and mortality. Outcomes research in CLI is entering a new phase where patient-oriented outcomes are replacing traditional lesion-oriented outcomes.
Dreams for Our Daughters: The Obama Administration and the Ideology of Patriarchal Fatherhood

“I sign this order not just as a President, but as a son, a grandson, a husband, and a father….” These were President Obama’s opening words at the signing of the Executive Order Creating the White House Council on Women and Girls. The Council was created to “ensure that our daughters and granddaughters have no limits on their dreams….” This goal certainly seems to be consistent with liberal feminist values. Yet, theorists caution us that the legacy of patriarchal fatherhood shapes current governing institutions. This essay seeks to answer the question, how has the ideology of patriarchal fatherhood influenced the Obama Administration’s approach to women’s issues? Beginning with an analysis of John Locke and Sir Robert Filmer’s major works, we establish the characteristics of patriarchal governance and its consequences for women, mainly inequality and diminished personal autonomy - and then establish how Filmer’s notion of a fatherly leader has influenced the American presidency. This study hypothesizes that Obama’s response to women’s issues will be informed by patriarchy, elevating the primacy of the father, and thus infringing on women’s fundamental rights and liberties. Utilizing official documents from the Obama Administration - mainly speeches, press releases, and policy statements - this study pinpoints an ideology of patriarchal fatherhood that seeks to promote “responsible fatherhood” by restoring men to their traditional roles of providers and protectors. Then we examine how this ideology has imbued Obama’s approach to the issues of work-family balance, reproductive choice, and domestic violence. Implications for women’s status in a liberal democracy and for the public’s conceptions of the presidency are discussed.
Renovating location-based routing for integrated communication privacy and efficiency in IoT

This paper presents HC-LBR routing, the first location-based routing (LBR) mechanism that simultaneously retains high communication efficiency and privacy for Internet of Things (IoT). Existing LBR schemes were originally designed for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). Although they offer attractive efficiency and scalability, their privacy performance presents a vulnerability when being used in IoT. This is because, unlike a conventional WSN where all nodes are owned by the same user, an IoT network has an open architecture in which nodes owned by different users are mixed and work together. Therefore, when LBR is directly used in an IoT network, the sharing of location information among alien nodes allows one user to peek into the communication privacy of other users. HC-LBR overcomes this privacy weakness by computing efficient geographic routes directly based on Hilbert-Curve-encrypted location information. HC-LBR consists of two components: A Kademlia-tree-based routing algorithm that supports efficient geographic routing in HC encrypted space, and Rand-Mix, a lightweight traffic mixer that uses multiple traffic flows to enhance the privacy of HC routing. Our simulation-based evaluation verifies the high efficiency and privacy of the proposed methods.
An improved projection-based embedded discrete fracture model (pEDFM) for multiphase flow in fractured reservoirs

Abstract The discrete fracture-matrix (DFM) approaches based on conforming grids become popular for modeling fractured reservoirs in the last decade. However, the application of conforming DFMs at field scale is limited due to its prohibitive computational cost. In recent years, embedded discrete fracture model (EDFM) has received considerable attention as a promising alternative. EDFM incorporates the effect of each fracture explicitly without requiring the simulation grid to conform to the fracture geometry. A compromise between accuracy and efficiency could be achieved in EDFM by enabling the use of standard corner-point grids for the background matrix domain. Although many works confirm the high accuracy of EDFM for the solutions of pressure and velocity field, very few results have been presented to examine its accuracy for the saturation solutions from multiphase flow problems. This paper shows that EDFM can induce large errors for multiphase displacement processes, due to its incapability to capture the proper flux split through a fracture. For the first time in the literature we present a systematic evaluation on the performances of EDFM for multiphase flow and provide a detailed analysis to illuminate when and why the method fails. The analysis motivates us to exploit the projection-based extension of EDFM (pEDFM) as an effective method to resolve the limitations associated with EDFM. pEDFM is recently developed by Tene et al. (2017) to address the issue of flow barriers, and is based on the introduction of extended fracture-matrix fluxes. Moreover, we make several improvements upon the original pEDFM method. A physical constraint on the preprocessing stage is proposed to overcome the limitation in a ‘naive implementation’ of pEDFM. A number of test cases with different fracture geometries are presented to benchmark the performances of the improved pEDFM method for multiphase flow. Grid convergence studies are conducted for different numerical schemes. The results show that improved pEDFM significantly outperforms the original EDFM method.
An optimization-based web application for synthesis and analysis of biomass-to-fuel strategies

We develop an optimization-based web application for assessing biomass-to-fuels strategies based on the Biomass Utilization Superstructure (BUS) framework. This web application allows researchers with limited knowledge of optimization to assess different technologies employed at different strategies and identify the major cost drivers. The user must only provide the necessary parameters and create an optimization run after identifying the question to be addressed and the assessment metric. The web application generates visual representations of the results once the optimal solution is obtained. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the web application through an example. © 2017 The Authors. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining published by Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Microvascular Flap Management During Maxillofacial Surgery

The need for oral and maxillofacial surgeons to replace and reconstruct defects of the head and neck is common. Trauma, pathology, and congenital etiologies may all lead to the necessity of pedicled or free vascularized flaps. These procedures are a growing part of the specialty and have become important skills in the armamentarium of many maxillofacial surgeons. Although there is plenty of literature in the method of harvest and the usage of each flap, the day-to-day care of these flaps and the perioperative considerations have not been as frequently outlined. In this chapter, we will discuss perioperative management of patients with flap reconstruction.
Impact of patient-specific morphologies on sinus flow stasis in transcatheter aortic valve replacement: An in vitro study.

Abstract Objective The goal of this study is to evaluate how sinus flow patterns after transcatheter aortic valve replacement in realistic representative patient roots vary. Sinus flow can affect transcatheter aortic valve operation and likely leaflet thrombosis occurrence due to stasis and poor washout. How the interaction between transcatheter aortic valve and representative patient aortic roots affects sinus hemodynamics is important to establish for future individualization of transcatheter aortic valve replacement therapy. Methods Two representative patient aortic roots were selected, segmented and 3-dimensional printed followed by deployment of Medtronic CoreValve (Medtronic Inc, Irvine, Calif) and Edwards SAPIEN (Edwards Lifesciences, Irvine Calif) transcatheter aortic valves. Sinus hemodynamics were assessed in vitro using high spatio-temporal resolution particle-image-velocimetry. Detailed sinus vortex tracking, shear stress probability density functions, and sinus washout were evaluated and assessed as a function of valve type and representative patient morphology as independent case studies. Results Peak velocity in the sinus with SAPIEN valve was approximately 3 times higher than with CoreValve for both models (0.30 ± 0.02 m/s and 0.34 ± 0.041 m/s vs 0.13 ± 0.01 m/s and 0.10 ± 0.02 m/s) (P Conclusions Sinus flow dynamics are highly sensitive to aortic root characteristics and transcatheter aortic valve aortic root interaction. Differences in sinus-flow washout and stasis regions between representative patient models may be reflected in different risks of leaflet thrombosis or valve degeneration.
Methods for Image-based Surveys of Benthic Macroinvertebrates and Their Habitat Exemplified by the Drop Camera Survey for the Atlantic Sea Scallop

Underwater imaging has long been used in the field of marine ecology but decreasing costs of high-resolution cameras and data storage have made the approach more practical than in the past. Image-based surveys allow for initial samples to be revisited and are non-invasive compared to traditional survey methods that typically involve nets or dredges. Protocols for image-based surveys can vary greatly but should be driven by target species behavior and survey objectives. To demonstrate this, we describe our most recent methods for an Atlantic sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) drop camera survey to provide a procedural example and representative results. The procedure is divided into three critical steps that include survey design, data collection, and data products. The influence of scallop behavior and the survey goal of providing an independent assessment of the U.S. sea scallop resource on the survey procedure are then discussed in the context of generalizing the method. Overall, the broad applicability and flexibility of the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth School for Marine Science and Technology (SMAST) drop camera survey demonstrates the method could be generalized and applied to a variety of sessile invertebrates or habitat focused research.
Assessment of Pulmonary Vascular Disease

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is defined as an abnormal elevation of pulmonary arterial pressure (PAP), with a mean PAP ≥25 mmHg. A classification system organizes this heterogeneous patient population into five groups based on the underlying etiology, pathogenesis, and pathophysiology associated with the PH. A thorough diagnostic workup is necessary to determine the precise etiology, treatment strategy, and prognosis for patients with PH. Cardiac Computed Tomography is a useful tool in PH for detection of disease, workup, and characterization of the underlying etiologies as it describes the cardiac structures and functional abnormalities seen with PH.
Research and Training About Military Families: Where Are We?

The chapters in this volume are a result of the 2011 International Research Symposium on Military Families, a joint effort of the Military Family Research Institute (MFRI) at Purdue University and the Center for Deployment Psychology (CDP) at the Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences. The symposium was organized into four half-day sessions, respectively focusing on marital and family functioning, parenting and child outcomes, single service members, and family sequelae of wounds and injuries. Each session comprised a series of scholarly presentations and an extended period of structured discussion during which working groups considered research and training priorities for the future. Following the discussions, symposium participants were asked to endorse what they saw as the highest priorities for future research and training. In this chapter, we review the key points presented during each session and present the results of each structured discussion.
Neurobiology of social reward valuation in adults with a history of anorexia nervosa.

Objective Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a disorder characterized by atypical patterns of reward valuation (e.g. positive valuation of hunger). Atypical reward processing may extend into social domains. If so, such findings would be of prognostic significance as impaired social functioning predicts worse outcome. We explore neural circuits implicated in social reward processing in individuals with a history of AN who are weight-restored relative to controls and examine the effects of illness course on the experience of social value. Method 20 weight-restored individuals with a history of AN (AN-WR) and 24 healthy control (HC) participants were assessed using fMRI tasks that tapped social reward: smiling faces and full human figures that varied in attractiveness and weight. Results AN-WR differed from HC in attractiveness ratings by weight (negatively correlated in AN-WR). While there were no significant differences when viewing smiling faces, viewing full figures resulted in decreased activation in regions implicated in reward valuation (the right caudate) for AN-WR and this region was negatively correlated with a sustained course of the disorder. Exploratory whole brain analyses revealed reduced activation in regions associated with social reward, self-referential processing, and cognitive reappraisal (e.g., medial prefrontal cortex, striatum, and nucleus accumbens) with sustained disorder course. Discussion The rewarding value of full body images decreases with a sustained disorder course. This may reflect an extension of atypical reward processing documented in AN-WR, perhaps as a function of starvation dampening visceral motivational signals; the deployment of cognitive strategies that lessen the experience of reward; and/or the nature of the stimuli themselves as provocative of eating disorder symptoms (e.g., thin bodies). These findings did not extend to smiling face stimuli. Advances in technology (e.g., virtual avatars, text messaging) may provide novel means to build relationships, including therapeutic relationships, to support improved social connections without threats to symptom provocation.
The Relationship between Exosomes and Cancer: Implications for Diagnostics and Therapeutics

Exosomes are very small extracellular vesicles secreted by cells to local and distant tissues. These mini signal transporters elicit acute and chronic effects on recipient cells. Studies regarding exosomes and their relationship to disease, as well as healthy functions, are eliciting extraordinary excitement as data pours in from groups around the world. Reporting of exosome biogenesis, selective loading of cargo, directed release, and resulting changes in adjacent and distal cells are providing information that is changing the way we view cancer progression and treatment. As a result, the properties of exosomes are being exploited for diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic applications. First, by referring to the signaling molecules carried by exosomes, they are being tested as indicators of the presence of transformed cells in early stages of cancer. Secondly, the cargo of exosomes secreted from tumors have been linked to prognostic factors and metastatic properties. Thirdly, exosome-based therapies are being developed which utilize the inherent properties of these mini-transporters to affect and interfere with cancer. Exosome creation, loading, and release plays an important role in cancer formation, progression and organotropic metastasis. The developed and developing therapies should be considered with understanding of their advantages and pitfalls, as well as the various roles exosomes play in normal and pathogenic processes. The combination of previously discovered attributes of exosomes with new discoveries occurring daily provide valuable and additive relevant factors to be considered as we embark on the continued discovery of exosomes and their relationship to cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.
COMFORT ZONES: Immigration, Acculturation, and the Neighborhood Racial-Composition Preferences of Latinos and Asians1

The remarkable increase in immigration from Asia and Latin America requires a rethinking of multiracial analyses of neighborhood racial-composition preferences. This research addresses two interrelated questions: (1) since spatial mobility is so central to social mobility, how do recent Asian and Latino/a immigrants develop ideas about the racial and ethnic composition of the neighborhoods in which they want to live; and (2) what are the implications of processes of immigrant adaptation for the likely dynamics of race and ethnic relations in increasingly diverse communities? Guided by Massey's spatial assimilation model and previous studies of neighborhood racial-composition preferences, this research underscores the critical importance of immigration and assimilation as influences on preferences for same-race, White, and Black neighbors. Data are from the 1993–1994 Los Angeles Survey of Urban Inequality (N = 1921). Results point to the critical role of acculturation—the accumulation of time in the United States and English-language proficiency/use, as well as racial attitudes—in understanding what motivates preferences for these diverse groups, and to the complexities of accurately modeling preferences among largely foreign-born populations. Preferences for both same-race and White neighbors vary by the length of time that immigrants have accumulated in the United States and their ability to communicate effectively in English. English-language fluency is a particularly salient predictor of preferences among recent immigrants. Consistent with prior research on preferences, racial stereotypes stand out as particularly potent predictors of preferences; however, their influence is weakest among the most recent immigrants, coming to resemble those of the native-born with increasing years of U.S. residence.
GSR-based distracted driving identification using discrete & continuous decomposition and wavelet packet transform

Abstract Distracted driving is considered as one of the main factors contributing to the fatalities on the road. Thus, detecting distraction early while driving and alerting the driver can help reduce accidents on the road. While previous studies like as camera-based systems show acceptable detection results, they suffer from distraction detection latency and risk of privacy violation. On the other hand, using physiological signals compensates for early and more secured detection of distraction. Although these technologies achieved high accuracy, they are expensive and extensively intrusive to the drivers. In this study, we propose a minimally intrusive wearable physiological sensor (available on smartwatches) to quantify skin conductance (SC) known as galvanic skin responses (GSR) to characterize and identify distraction during naturalistic driving. 15 driver subjects participated in our experiments, driving normally and then driving while engaged in a secondary task and their GSR data was recorded and labeled accordingly. We employ two deconvolution techniques i) Continuous Decomposition analysis (CDA) and ii) Discrete Decomposition Analysis (DDA) on the raw SC signal to decompose it into the phasic and tonic components. We train various classifiers on the resulted feature matrices in order to identify the data associated with normal driving from the distracted scenarios. Our results show that an averaged 10 fold cross-validation accuracy of 92.2% is achieved using Ensemble bagged classifier on the extracted 74 dimension feature space. The high dimensionality of the original feature space involves high computational cost and might also introduce the curse of dimensionality in the generalization phase. Therefore, we evaluate various types of feature selection methods to eliminate the irrelevant dimensions in the feature space and create a subspace relevant to the task of distraction identification. The improved accuracy of 92.9% and 93.5% is achieved by employing only 10-D and 15-D feature spaces using the embedded random forest feature selection and the ensemble bagged classifier, respectively.
The Enduring Appeal of Movies

This chapter discusses the strength of box office performance over the years and offers both emotional and economic justifications for this occurrence. It also discusses the history of disruption in the industry and the parts that high-value and low-value customers have played, and continue to play, in this process. It concludes with the opinions of a movie expert on the potential disruption of streaming services on the industry.
The Disappearance of Fusion/Fission

The disappearance of fusion/fission has been studied for reactions of 40Ar + 232Th at incident energies ranging from 15 to 115 MeV/nucleon using the MSU 4π Array. We have studied these reactions using a variety of observables including fission fragment opening angles, fission fragment azimuthal correlations, intermediate mass fragment and light charged particle production, and event shape analysis. We observe a change in the decay characteristics of high momentum linear transfer collisions as a function of incident energy from fission-like to multifragment emission.
Secondary effects on brain physiology caused by focused ultrasound-mediated disruption of the blood–brain barrier

Focused ultrasound (FUS) combined with microbubbles is a non-invasive method for targeted, reversible disruption of the blood-brain barrier (FUS-BBB opening). This approach holds great promise for improving delivery of therapeutics to the brain. In order to achieve this clinically important goal, the approach necessarily breaks a protective barrier, temporarily, which plays a fundamental role in maintaining a homeostatic environment in the brain. Preclinical and clinical research has identified a set of treatment parameters under which this can be performed safely, whereby the BBB is disrupted to the point of being permeable to normally non-penetrant agents without causing significant acute damage to endothelial or neuronal cells. Much of the early work in this field focused on engineering questions around how to achieve optimal delivery of therapeutics via BBB disruption. However, there is increasing interest in addressing biological questions related to whether and how various aspects of neurophysiology might be affected when this fundamental protective barrier is compromised by the specific mechanisms of FUS-BBB opening. Improving our understanding of these secondary effects is becoming vital now that FUS-BBB opening treatments have entered clinical trials. Such information would help to safely expand FUS-BBB opening protocols into a wider range of drug delivery applications and may even lead to new types of treatments. In this paper, we will critically review our current knowledge of the secondary effects caused by FUS-BBB opening on brain physiology, identify areas that remain understudied, and discuss how a better understanding of these processes can be used to safely advance FUS-BBB opening into a wider range of clinical applications.
How do Crocodylian embryos process yolk? Morphological evidence from the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis

Recent studies have demonstrated a mechanism of embryonic yolk processing in lizards, snakes and turtles that differs markedly from that of birds. In the avian pattern, cells that line the inside of the yolk sac take up products of yolk digestion and deliver nutrients into the vitelline circulation. In contrast, in squamates and turtles, proliferating endodermal cells invade and fill the yolk sac cavity, forming elongated strands of yolk-filled cells that surround small blood vessels. This arrangement provides a means by which yolk material becomes cellularized, digested, and transported for embryonic use. Ultrastructural observations on late-stage Alligator mississippiensis eggs reveal elongated, vascular strands of endodermal cells within the yolk sac cavity. The strands of cells are intermixed with free yolk spheres and clumps of yolk-filled endodermal cells, features that reflect early phases in the yolk-processing pattern. These observations indicate that yolk processing in Alligator is more like the pattern of other reptiles than that of birds.
Evaluating Drought Impact on Postfire Recovery of Chaparral Across Southern California.

Chaparral shrubs in southern California may be vulnerable to frequent fire and severe drought. Drought may diminish postfire recovery or worsen impact of short-interval fires. Field-based studies have not shown the extent and magnitude of drought effects on recovery, which may vary among chaparral types and climatic zones. We tracked regional patterns of shrub cover based on June-solstice Landsat Normalized Difference Vegetation Index series, compared between the periods 1984–1989 and 2014–2018. High spatial resolution ortho-imagery was used to map shrub cover in distributed sample plots, to empirically constrain the Landsat-based estimates of mature-stage lateral canopy recovery. We evaluated precipitation, climatic water deficit (CWD), and Palmer Drought Severity Index in summer and wet seasons preceding and following fire, as regional predictors of recovery in 982 locations between the Pacific Coast and inland deserts. Wet-season CWD was the strongest drought-metric predictor of recovery, contributing 34–43% of explanatory power in multivariate regressions (R2 = 0.16–0.42). Limited recovery linked to drought was most prevalent in transmontane chamise chaparral; impacts were minor in montane areas, and in mixed and montane chaparral types. Elevation was correlated negatively to recovery of transmontane chamise; this may imply acute drought sensitivity in resprouts which predominate seedlings at higher elevations. Landsat Visible Atmospherically Resistant Index (sensitive to live-fuel moisture) was evaluated as a landscape-scale predictor of recovery and explained the greatest amount of variance in a multivariate regression (R2 = 0.53). We find that drought severity was more closely related to recovery differences among twice-burned sites than was fire-return interval. Summarily, drought has a major role in long-term shrub cover reduction within xeric chaparral ecotones bounding the Mojave Desert and Colorado Desert, likely in tandem with other global change stressors.
Subjects at-risk for future development of rheumatoid arthritis demonstrate a PAD4-and TLR-dependent enhanced histone H3 citrullination and proinflammatory cytokine production in CD14hi monocytes

Abstract The presence of anti-citrullinated protein/peptide antibodies (ACPA) and epitope spreading across the target autoantigens is a unique feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). ACPA are present in the peripheral blood for several years prior to the onset of arthritis and clinical classification of RA. ACPA recognize multiple citrullinated proteins, including histone H3 (H3). Intracellular citrullination of H3 in neutrophils and T cells is known to regulate immune cell function by promoting neutrophil extracellular trap formation and citrullinated autoantigen release as well as regulating the Th2/Th17 T cell phenotypic balance. However, the roles of H3 citrullination in other immune cells are not fully elucidated. We aimed to explore H3 citrullination and cytokine/metabolomic signatures in peripheral blood immune cells from subjects prior to and after the onset of RA, at baseline and in response to ex vivo toll-like receptor (TLR) stimulation. Here, we analyzed 13 ACPA (+) subjects without arthritis but at-risk for future development of RA, 14 early RA patients, and 13 healthy controls. We found significantly elevated H3 citrullination in CD14hi monocytes, as well as CD1c+ dendritic cells and CD66+ granulocytes. Unsupervised analysis identified two distinct subsets in CD14hi monocytes characterized by H3 modification and unique cytokine/metabolomic signatures. CD14hi monocytes with elevated TLR-stimulated H3 citrullination were significantly increased in ACPA (+) at-risk subjects. These cells were skewed to produce TNFα, MIP1β, IFNα, and partially IL-12. Additionally, they demonstrate peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) mediated upregulation of the glycolytic enzyme PFKFB3. These CD14hi monocytes with elevated H3 citrullination morphologically formed monocyte extracellular traps (METs). Taken together, dysregulated PAD4-driven cytokine production as well as MET formation in CD14hi monocytes in ACPA (+) at-risk subjects likely plays an important role in the development of RA via promoting and perpetuating inflammation and generation of citrullinated autoantigens.
Tomographic Studies of the sQGP

Azimuthal correlation functions are used to study jet- and di-jet properties as a function of centrality in Au+Au collisions at $\sqrt{s_{_{\rm NN}}}$=200 GeV. Utilizing a novel technique to decompose the correlation function into a (di-)jet and an underlying event, the jet-pair distribution is extracted and compared to similar results for d+Au collisions obtained at the same collision energy. A striking similarity is observed between the widths and associated yields of the (di-)jet distributions for d+Au and peripheral Au+Au collisions. By contrast, the distributions for mid-central Au+Au collisions indicate an increase in the di-jet yield with centrality, and a very broad away-side jet having a possible minimum at $\Delta\phi \approx \pi$. These features point to significant medium induced modification to the away-side jet and are compatible with recent predictions of jet-induced "conical flow".
IUPUI Driving Videos and Images in All Weather and Illumination Conditions.

This document describes an image and video dataset of driving views captured in all weather and illumination conditions. The data set has been submitted to CDVL.
Demonstrating Trigeminal-based Interfaces

We demonstrate two trigeminal-based interfaces. The first provides a temperature illusion that uses low-powered electronics and enables the miniaturization of simple warm and cool sensations. Our illusion relies on the properties of certain scents, such as the coolness of mint or hotness of peppers. These odors trigger not only the olfactory bulb, but also the nose's trigeminal nerve, which has receptors that respond to both temperature and chemicals. The second is a novel type of olfactory device that creates a stereo-smell experience, i.e., directional information about the location of an odor, by rendering the readings of external odor sensors as trigeminal sensations using electrical stimulation of the user's nasal septum. We propose that electrically stimulating the trigeminal nerve is an ideal candidate for stereo-smell rendering. We demonstrate these interfaces by allowing an audience to stimulate an author and receive an explanation of the sensations.
Amelogenin Peptide-Chitosan Hydrogel for Biomimetic Enamel Regrowth

We designed synthetic peptides that have demonstrated an effective remineralization potential to restore incipient enamel decay. In order to develop a clinically viable approach we incorporated the amelogenin-derived peptides P26 and P32 into chitosan hydrogel and examined their efficacy in remineralization of enamel. Peptides in chitosan exhibited increased stability in vitro as compared to peptides in solution at room temperature and at 37°C. Tooth models for enamel erosion (sections) and white spot lesions (blocks) were subject to periods of demineralization. Treatment groups were subjected to remineralization in artificial saliva in the presence of P26 and P32 in solution and in chitosan hydrogel (P26-CS and P32-CS). Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) was employed to analyze mineral density following demineralization and remineralization across all the treatment groups. Scanning electron microscopy and nanoindentation were used to characterize the surface structure and mechanical strength of regrown enamel. Control enamel sections treated in artificial saliva demonstrated randomly distributed, tiny, needle-shaped crystals with a low packing density and porosities displaying mineralization defects. In samples treated with P26-CS or P32-CS a denser coating of organized hydroxyapatite (HAP) crystals was formed covering the entire surfaces of demineralized enamel window. The hardness and modulus of enamel surfaces were increased after treatment with P26-CS and P32-CS with no significant difference in the mechanical properties between the two peptide hydrogels. Analysis of mineral density by QLF showed that in enamel sections P26 peptide alone or P26-CS significantly enhanced the remineralization. In enamel blocks P26 in solution had a better efficacy than P26-CS.
Giftedness from the perspective of research on genius: Some precautionary implications

The terms giftedness and genius entered the research literature in the 19th century. Although not synonymous, both terms were defined according to potential or actual achievement in a specific doma...
Overall survival peri‐hilar cholangiocarcinoma: R1 resection with curative intent compared to primary endoscopic therapy

Background and Objectives Patients with peri-hilar cholangiocarcinoma who undergo R1 resection with curative intent will have an improved survival compared to patients who were not resected. Methods Review of a prospective hepatobiliary database identified 130 patients. Survival was compared using the log-rank test. Results Seventy-nine patients (61%) were resected while 51 (49%) patients were not. Forty-two patients (54%) had an R0 resection. There was no difference in mean age (69 vs. 67; P = 0.8), BMI (27.8 vs. 27.9; P = 1.0), gender (73% vs. 43% male; P = 0.1), presence of jaundice (77% vs. 64%; P = 0.5), vascular involvement on pre operative imaging (77% vs. 64%; P = 0.5), stent (73.1% vs. 64.3%; P = 0.72), and lobar atrophy (27% vs. 7%, P = 0.2) in the resected versus non-resected patients. All patients underwent chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy. After a median follow up of 35.6 months the median OSl for all peri-hilar patients was 16.2 months (95% CI = 11.2–23.4). The median OS for resected patients was 18.9 months (95% CI = 12.5–24.7) versus 5.0 months (95% CI = 0–6.9) for patients not resected (P < 0.001). The only pre-operative predictor of OS was resection (P = 0.041). Vascular invasion, lobar atrophy, and stent placement were not statistically significant predictors. Conclusion Overall survival is improved in patients undergoing R1 resection and multi-modality therapy compared to patients not resected. J. Surg. Oncol. 2012; 105:91–96. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Damnation of Theron Ware

This Faustian tale of the spiritual disintegration of a young minister, written in the 1890s, deals with the impact of science on innocence and the collective despair that marked the transition into the modern age. In its realism, "The Damnation of Theron Ware" foreshadows Howells; in its conscious imagery it prefigures Norris, Crane, Henry James, and the "symbolic realism" of the 20th century. Its author, Harold Frederic, a London correspondent for the "New York Times", wrote the novel two years before his death.
Genetics of Susceptibility to Tuberculosis

There is an increasing body of evidence showing that tuberculosis (TB) susceptibility is partially influenced by human genetic factors. Early evidence came from twin studies, observation of differences in susceptibility between ethnic groups, animal models and segregation analysis. Both candidate gene and genome-wide studies have been conducted to search for genes underlying this susceptibility, and there has been very little consistency in the results across these studies. This inconsistency may be partially explained by the complexity of TB as a phenotype, differences across populations in both population genetic parameters as well as patterns of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain variation, and interacting factors such as HIV, age, sex and other genes. Future studies are needed to further examine these factors as well as the immune response underlying TB pathogenesis. Key Concepts: Several types of studies provide evidence for a role of human genetics in susceptibility to tuberculosis (TB). There have been numerous candidate gene studies conducted, and 10 genome-wide studies conducted, but there is little overlap in the results of these studies. Studies of TB genetics are extremely sensitive to phenotype definition in both cases and controls. There are many aspects of the design of previous studies that make them difficult to compare. Several aspects of TB require further study, including the role of variable strain virulence, immune response to TB, and the role of rare variants and copy number variants. Keywords: infectious disease; genetic susceptibility; immunity; genetic epidemiology; Mycobacterium tuberculosis; gene–environment interaction; complex trait; TB
Assessment of Spatial Memory Using the Radial Arm Maze and Morris Water Maze

Behavioral tasks must be evaluated in terms of the cognitive functions they require in order to be performed. All of the tasks described in this chapter can be used with each of four experimental manipulations: stimulation of a single brain region by drugs or small electrical current, impairment of normal function by production of a lesion or administration of appropriate pharmacological agents, recording of brain activity during the performance of a specific behavioral task, or behavioral phenotyping of transgenic and knockout mice for genes expressed in specific brain regions. This unit describes protocols for the radial arm maze task and the water maze task, both of which require intact spatial memory abilities.
The mass assembly history of black holes in the Universe

We track the growth and evolution of high redshift seed black holes over cosmic time. This population of massive, initial black hole seeds form at these early epochs from the direct collapse of pre-galactic gas discs. Populating dark matter halos with seeds formed in this fashion, we follow their mass assembly history to the present time using a Monte-Carlo merger tree approach. Using this formalism, we predict the black hole mass function at the present time; the integrated mass density of black holes in the Universe; the luminosity function of accreting black holes as a function of redshift and the scatter in observed, local Mbh{\sigma}s relation. Signatures of these massive seed models appear predominantly at the low mass end of the present day black hole mass function. In fact, our prediction of the shape of the Mbh{\sigma}s relation at the low mass end and increased scatter has recently been corroborated by observations. These models predict that low surface brightness, bulge-less galaxies with large discs are least likely to be sites for the formation of massive seed black holes at high redshifts. The efficiency of seed formation at high redshifts also has a direct influence on the black hole occupation fraction in galaxies at z = 0. This effect is more pronounced for low mass galaxies today as we predict the existence of a population of low mass galaxies that do not host nuclear black holes. This is the key discriminant between the models studied here and the Population-III remnant seed model.
A course in operator theory

Introduction to C*-algebras Normal operators Compact operators Some non-normal operators More on C*-algebras Compact perturbations Introduction to von Neumann algebras Reflexivity Bibliography Index List of symbols.
Isolation of Defective Lysogens from Simian Virus 40-transformed Mouse Kidney Cultures

Rescue of simian virus 40 (SV40) from hamster and murine cell lines transformed by nonirradiated or by ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated SV40 (10(-3) to 10(-5) survival) was studied. A combination of tests was employed to detect induction of SV40 synthesis: (i) co-cultivation with susceptible monkey kidney (CV-1) cells; (ii) treating mixtures of transformed and CV-1 cells with UV-irradiated Sendai virus (UV-Sendai) prior to co-cultivation; and (iii) plating untreated or UV-Sendai-treated mixtures of transformed and CV-1 cells with freshly trypsinized CV-1 cells. The first and second tests provided a measure of the total infectious SV40 yield per culture, and the third test provided a measure of the frequency of induction (fraction of transformed cells giving rise to infectious centers). With the combination of tests, SV40 was rescued in all trials from TSV-5 hamster cells, mKS-BU100 mouse cells, and from several lines of mouse kidney cells transformed by UV-irradiated SV40 (mKS-U lines). The frequency of induction was about 7 x 10(-2) for TSV-5 cells, about 3 x 10(-3) for mKS-BU100 cells, greater than 10(-4) for the mKS-U lines which were "good" yielders, and about 10(-5) to 10(-4) for the mKS-U lines which were "average" yielders. SV40 of a plaque type different from parental virus was rescued from four of the mKS-U cell lines. Virus was also easily rescued from: (i) tumor cells produced from the mKS-A line of transformed mouse kidney cells; (ii) mouse kidney cells transformed by SV40 which had been rescued from mKS-BU100 cells; and (iii) tumor cells (HATS) which had been produced by inoculating newborn hamsters with SV40 rescued from mKS-BU100 cells. The frequency of induction of HATS cells was of the same order of magnitude as the frequency of induction of TSV-5 cells. In a study of the kinetics of virus induction, it was shown that SV40 could be detected 28, 40, and 48.5 hr after UV-Sendai treatment of mixtures of CV-1 and TSV-5, HATS, or mKS-BU100 cells, respectively. Although all of the mKS-U lines contained the SV40-specific tumor antigen, some were poor virus yielders (SV40 was recovered in less than 50% of the trials) and five lines were rare virus yielders (SV40 recovered only once in four or more trials). Forty-eight mKS-U lines were nonyielders; SV40 was never recovered by any test used thus far. UV-Sendai-treated mixtures of pairs of nonyielder mKS-U lines with CV-1 cells also did not yield infectious virus. Various factors affecting rescue have been discussed. The mKS-U lines which were poor virus yielders, rare yielders, or which never yielded virus have been classified tentatively as "defective lysogens" which contain mutational lesions at loci essential for detachment of SV40 from integration sites or for SV40 replication, or for both.
Wegplanung in der stereotaktischen Bestrahlungschirurgie

In der stereotaktischen Neurochirurgie ist ein Photonenstrahl zur Bestrahlung eines Tumors auf einer geeigneten Bahn zu fuhren. Im Gegensatz zu Standardverfahren zur Wegbestimmung sind die Bedingungen fur die Planung durch die zu erreichende Dosisverteilung gegeben. Die Bewegung des Photonenstrahls ist so zu planen, das die Dosis in bestimmten kritischen Bereichen in der Tumorumgebung beschrankt bleibt. Zu hohe Dosen in kritischen Bereichen fuhren zu schweren Nebenwirkungen. Wir beschreiben geometrische Verfahren zur Wegbestimmmung fur den Photonenstrahl. Die Implementierung verbindet die entwickelten Verfahren mit einem weitverbreiteten tomographiegefuhrten Bestrahlungssystem. Dieses System basiert auf einem funfachsigen Gelenkmechanismus, mit dem der Strahl wahrend der Aktivierung bewegt wird. Die Dosisverteilungen zu berechneten Wegen werden mit den Dosisverteilungen aus manuell geplanten Bewegungen verglichen. Die Entwicklung von geometrischen Verfahren in dieser Anwendung ist Teil eines Projekts, das sich mit Wegbestimmungsverfahren zu erweiterten Randbedinungen befast.
Interferon β-1b: latest published results, 1995:

Interferon β-1b (Betaseron) has been shown in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to reduce relapse rate, relapse severity and MRI progression in patients with relapsing-remitting ...
The effect of combustion on a power optimized endoreversible diesel cycle

The power potential of an endoreversible Diesel cycle with combustion is analyzed and optimized. The endoreversible cycle is one in which the heating process by combustion and the heat removing process to the surroundings are the only irreversible processes in the cycle. A mathematical expression is derived and optimized for the power output of the cycle. This paper provides another criterion besides thermal efficiency, mean effective pressure and detonation for use in the evaluation of the performance and the suitability of a diesel engine
Use of barricades as foraging sites by Ilyoplax pusillus (Crustacea brachyura: Ocypodidae)

Earthen barriers, termed “barricades”, are often built around burrow entrances by the crabIlyoplax pusillus as an aid to defence of territories. The present study demonstrated that barricades are also used as foraging sites by crabs other than the barricade builders. No significant differences in carbon, nitrogen and chlorophyll-a contents of dried surface sediments were determined between barricades and intact substratum, but barricades had a lower water content. Barricade-foraging is described in relation to the position, structure and nutritional content of barricades.