cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The impact of carbon geological sequestration

Abstract Although CO2 geological sequestration is the most popular carbon storage method promoted and pilot tested, the economic feasibility and technical risks for commercial scale sequestration projects are rarely mentioned. More significant is that, apart from rhetorical pronouncements, the would-be impact of the operation on climate change is not discussed. This work studies the technical risks, regulatory issues, and economic burden of CO2 geological sequestration on the U.S. by using the Kyoto Protocol emission requirement as the base line. The potential effect of burying all the extra CO2 regulated by Kyoto Protocol on global temperature change is also evaluated. The lack of regulatory framework has been blamed as one of the obstacles for slowing or stopping CO2 geological sequestration practice. However, any regulatory issues are intertwined and dominated by the physics of the injection process itself and its economic viability. This study analyzes the uncertainty and/or risks caused by CO2 geological sequestration in oil and gas reservoirs, saline aquifers, and coalbeds. The work shows that the potential technical and legal risks and financial costs for sequestering CO2 underground make it impossible to promulgate any regulatory framework without causing detrimental effects on economic development and energy utilization. It is estimated that CO2 sequestration in U.S. will cost over $1 trillion annually for CO2 geological sequestration by complying with the Kyoto Protocol. Even if the global temperature increase of 0.7 °C over the past 100 years is solely caused by anthropogenic CO2 emission, the change on the global temperature by sequestering all the CO2 emitted exceeding the 95% of 1990 level will be negligible. The dynamic climate and weather patterns on Earth will make it impossible to be verified. While CO2 sequestration will have little impact on the climate change, the impact on the global economy will be massive and damaging. This work gives a realistic situation on the potential impacts of commercial scale CO2 sequestration projects on economics, environment, and the global climate change. The findings of this study can be used to evaluate the risks of the CO2 geological sequestration projects.
Solid-state NMR and membrane proteins

Abstract The native environment for a membrane protein is a phospholipid bilayer. Because the protein is immobilized on NMR timescales by the interactions within a bilayer membrane, solid-state NMR methods are essential to obtain high-resolution spectra. Approaches have been developed for both unoriented and oriented samples, however, they all rest on the foundation of the most fundamental aspects of solid-state NMR, and the chemical shift and homo- and hetero-nuclear dipole–dipole interactions. Solid-state NMR has advanced sufficiently to enable the structures of membrane proteins to be determined under near-native conditions in phospholipid bilayers.
Edge-choosability and total-choosability of planar graphs with no adjacent 3-cycles

Let G be a planar graph with no two 3-cycles sharing an edge. We show that if �(G) � 9, then � '(G) = �(G) and � '' (G) = �(G) + 1. We also show that if �(G) � 6, then � '(G) � �(G) + 1 and if �(G) � 7, then � '' (G) � �(G) + 2. All of these results extend to graphs in the projective plane and when �(G) � 7 the results also extend to graphs in the torus and Klein bottle. This second edge-choosability result improves on work of Wang and Lih and of Zhang and Wu. All of our results use the discharging method to prove structural lemmas about the existence of subgraphs with small degree-sum. For example, we prove that if G is a planar graph with no two 3-cycles sharing an edge and with �(G) � 7, then G has an edge uv with d(u) � 4 and d(u) + d(v) � �(G) + 2. All of our proofs yield linear-time algorithms that produce the desired colorings. MSC: 05C15, 05C10 All our graphs are finite and without loops or multiple edges. Let G be a plane graph. We use E(G), V (G), F (G), �( G), and �(G) to denote the edge set, vertex set, face set, maximum degree, and minimum degree of G, respectively. When the graph is clear from context, we use � , rather than �( G). We use "j-face" and "j-vertex" to mean faces and vertices of degree j. The degree of a face f is the number of edges along the boundary of f, with each cut-edge being counted twice. The degree of a face f and the degree of a vertex v are denoted by d(f) and d(v). We say a face f or vertex v is large when d(f) ≥ 5 or d(v) ≥ 5. We use triangle to mean 3-cycle. We use kite to mean a subgraph of G formed by two 3-cycles that share an edge. We use element to mean vertex or face. A proper total-coloring of G is an assignment of a label to each element so that no two incident or adjacent elements receive the same label. We call these labels colors. A proper k-total-coloring is a proper total-coloring that uses no more than k colors. A total assignment L is a function on E(G) ∪ V (G) that assigns each element x a list L(x) of colors available for use on that element. An L-total-coloring is a proper total-coloring with the additional constraint that each element receives a color appearing in its assigned list. We say that a graph G is k-total-choosable if G has a proper L-total-coloring whenever |L(x)| ≥ k for every x ∈ E(G) ∪ V (G). The total chromatic number of G, denoted � '' (G), is the least integer k such that G is k-total-colorable. The list total chromatic number of G, denoted � '' (G), is the least integer k such that G is k-total-choosable. In particular, note that � '' (G) ≤ � '' (G). The list edge chromatic number � '(G) is defined similarly in terms of coloring only edges; the ordinary edge chromatic number is denoted � ' (G). Probably the most fundamental and important result about the edge chromatic number of graphs is:
Computable Legendrian invariants

Abstract We establish tools to facilitate the computation and application of the Chekanov–Eliashberg differential graded algebra (DGA), a Legendrian-isotopy invariant of Legendrian knots and links in standard contact three space. More specifically, we reformulate the DGA in terms of front projections, and introduce the characteristic algebra, a new invariant derived from the DGA. We use our techniques to distinguish between several previously indistinguishable Legendrian knots and links.
Diurnal Spatial Variability of Great Plains Summer Precipitation Related to the Dynamics of the Low-Level Jet

Diurnal variations of the Great Plains low-level jet (GPLLJ) and vertical motions have been related to the development of summer precipitation individually, but their underlying connection and consequences for the nocturnal and afternoon precipitation peaks are less discussed. This paper examines how together they help explain the spatial pattern of the frequency of summer convective precipitation over the Great Plains. A onelayer linearized boundary layer model is used to reproduce the diurnal cycle of the GPLLJ. Its periodic rising and sinking motions compare favorably with those of the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) climatology. Its development of rising motion is also consistent with the enhanced occurrence of nocturnal convective precipitation over the central and eastern Great Plains (908‐1008W) and afternoon maximum over the western Great Plains (1008‐1058W). The diurnal phasing of the vertical motionscan be captured by the model only if the diurnal oscillation of the jet is forced by both near surface geopotential gradients and friction with observed diurnal variability. The diurnal variation of the vertical velocity (or boundary layer convergence and divergence) is explained by local vorticity balance; that is, following the diurnal oscillation of the jet, the zonal gradient of the meridional wind oscillates and, thus, relative vorticity and its tendency. The slowing down of the jet after midnight decreases the anticyclonic (cyclonic) vorticity and consequently gives a positive (negative) vorticity tendency to the east (west) of the jet core; anomalous rising (sinking) motions occur to balance these positive (negative) vorticity tendencies. The pattern reverses when the jet is relatively weak.
Neutron scattering studies of heavy fermions

Heavy fermions are f electron materials characterized by a large linear term in the low temperature specific heat and a large magnetic susceptibility at low temperatures. This implies that there is a narrow peak in the f electron density of states at the Fermi energy. Typical examples are CeAI 3 , UBe 13 , CeCu 2 Si 2 , CeCu 6 , U 2 Zn 17 and UPt 3 . Neutron scattering measurements can play an important role in understanding the magnetic interactions in these systems. Measurements of the form factor reveal details about the nature of the wave functions. Inlastic scattering studies gives information about the energy scale of the spin fluctuations and the narrow f-resonance. Such measurements on the above systems will be reviewed with the goal of establishing systematics between the formation obtained in neutron studies and that from bulk measurements.
Novel Linear Tetrapyrroles: Hydrogen Bonding in Diacetylenic Bilirubins

Bilirubin congeners with dipyrrinones conjoined to a diaceteylene unit (–C≡C–C≡C–) rather than to –CH2– were synthesized and examined spectroscopically. This new class of rubrified linear tetrapyrroles cannot easily fold or bend in the middle, but the dipyrrinones can rotate independently about the diacetylene unit. Thus, unlike bilirubin, which is bent in the middle and has a ridge-tile shape, the diacetylene unit orients the attached dipyrrinones along a linear path, and intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the dipyrrinones and opposing carboxylic acids preserves a twisted linear molecular shape when the usual propionic acids are replaced by hexanoic. In a bis-hexanoic acid rubin, the extended planes of the dipyrrinones intersect along the –(C≡C)2– axis at an angle of 102° for the conformation stabilized by intramolecular hydrogen bonding. With propionic acid chains, however, neither CO2H can engage an opposing dipyrrinone in intramolecular hydrogen bonding, and the energy-minimum conformation of this linear pigment, shows nearly co-planar dipyrrinones, with an intersection of an angle of ∼180° of the extended planes of the dipyrrinones. Spectroscopic evidence for such linearized and twisted (bis-hexanoic) and planar (bis-propionic) structures comes from the pigments’ NMR spectral data and their exciton UV-Vis and induced circular dichroism spectra.
Vibration control of flexible structures using self-sensing actuators

In this paper, the design and implementation of smart actuators for active vibration control of mechanical systems are considered. The proposed smart actuator is composed of one or several layers of piezoelectric materials that works both as a sensor and an actuator, in vibration control applications. An adaptive technique is developed for estimating the unknown equivalent capacitance of the piezoelectric material, which would be used for separating the effect of actuation from the measured (sensed) signal due to the strain in the material. This algorithm can be implemented in real time on a digital signal processor (DSP), allowing for the development of a DSP-based adaptive self-sensing actuator. This self-sensing actuator is then used in the vibration control of flexible structures. The vibration control system includes a power electronic amplifier, a data acquisition system, and a DSP for digital control implementation. A simple PID control strategy is employed for vibration reduction and motion control of cantilever beams using the proposed self-sensing actuators. Simulations and preliminary experiments show good results.
Modules over Operator Algebras, and the Maximal C*-Dilation☆☆☆

Abstract We continue our study of the general theory of possibly nonselfadjoint algebras of operators on a Hilbert space, and modules over such algebras, developing a little more technology to connect “nonselfadjoint operator algebra” with the C*-algebraic framework. More particularly, we make use of the universal , or maximal , C*-algebra generated by an operator algebra, and C*- dilations . This technology is quite general, however it was developed to solve some problems arising in the theory of Morita equivalence of operator algebras, and as a result most of the applications given here (and in a companion paper) are to that subject. Other applications given here are to extension problems for module maps, and characterizations of C*-algebras.
Supersymmetric theories of neutrino dark energy

We present a supersymmetric model of dark energy from Mass Varying Neutrinos which is stable against radiative corrections to masses and couplings, and free of dynamical instabilities. This is the only such model of dark energy involving fields with significant couplings to any standard model particle. We briefly discuss consequences for neutrino oscillations and solar neutrinos.
Interfacial phenomena in solar materials

Abstract This paper provides a short review of the fundamental features of general classes of interfaces and interfacial thermodynamics. The energetics and structures of interfaces are reviewed in the context of applications of current understanding of interfacial phenomena to specific materials in several solar technologies. Overviews are presented for interfacial energetics, compositional and chemical analysis of interfaces, and the structure of interfaces and representative illustrations are provided. Numerous examples of interfacial phenomena pertinent to solar materials interface problems are included, and solar materials interface problems are discussed and summarized in a general way. Problems or concerns are tabulated for interfaces in specific solar systems or components, e.g. reflectors, polymers, absorbers, collectors, photovoltaic cells, storage systems and heat transfer materials.
Measuring Aggregate Productivity Growth Using Plant-Level Data

We define aggregate productivity growth (APG) as the change in aggregate final demand minus the change in the aggregate expenditures on labor and capital. We show how to aggregate plant-level data to this quantity and how to decompose APG into technical efficiency and reallocation components. This requires us to confront the “non-neoclassical” features that impact plant-level data, including plant-level heterogeneity, the entry and exit of goods, adjustment costs, fixed and sunk costs, and market power. The APG decomposition includes one term per plant related to technical efficiency and one term for each input at each plant that is a function of the value of marginal product - input price gap and that relates the reallocation of inputs to growth. We compare APG to several competing variants of productivity growth that are based only on plant-level technical efficiency. Two simple theoretical examples illustrate that technical-efficiency reallocation can be negatively correlated with actual APG reallocation because technical efficiency is a production concept and need not have any relation with the APG reallocation gaps. We illustrate this point empirically using panel data from manufacturing industries in Chile, where we show technical-efficiency reallocation differs substantially from measured reallocation based on our definition of APG.
Protecting the environment when costs and benefits are privately known

In this survey I analyze different approaches for protecting the environment when stakeholders are privately informed about the costs and benefits of pollution reduction. The presence of asymmetric information calls for some important departures from the textbook prescriptions of marketable permits and emission taxes for controlling pollution. For instance, it may no longer be optimal to equate the social marginal benefits to the marginal cost of cleanup in determining appropriate abatement levels. I conclude this review with some suggestions for future research in this area.
Outdoor visual navigation for autonomous robots

Abstract Designers of mobile robots need to consider the special requirements that mobile robots have as physical problem-solving systems. In particular, robot design needs to consider task-specific models; the explicitness of representations; and architectural support. Several systems and subsystems built for the CMU Navlab and AMBLER robots illustrate the different models and processing that enable those robots to perfom their various tasks.
Beryllium in Ultra-Lithium-Deficient Halo Stars: The Blue Straggler Connection

There exists a small group of metal-deficient stars that have Li abundances well below the Li plateau that is defined by over 100 unevolved stars with temperatures above 5800 K and values of [Fe/H] < -1.0. Abundances of Be have been determined for most of these ultra-Li-deficient stars in order to investigate the cause of the Li deficiencies. These Li-deficient stars have implications on the value of primordial Li. High-resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio spectra have been obtained in the Be II spectral region near 3130 A for six ultra-Li-deficient stars with the Keck I telescope and its new UV-sensitive CCD on the upgraded HIRES. The spectrum synthesis technique has been used to determine Be abundances. All six stars are found to have Be deficiencies also. Two have measurable but reduced Be, and four have only upper limits on Be. These results are consistent with the idea that these Li- and Be-deficient stars are analogous to blue stragglers. The stars have undergone mass transfer events (or mergers) that destroy or dilute both Li and Be. The findings cannot be matched by the models that predict that the deficiencies are due to extramixing in a subset of halo stars that were initially rapid rotators, with the possible exception of one star, G139-8. Because the ultra-Li-deficient stars are also Be-deficient, they appear to be genuine outliers in the population of halo stars used to determine the Li plateau in that they no longer have the Li in their atmospheres that was produced in the big bang.
Synchrosqueezed wave packet transforms and diffeomorphism based spectral analysis for 1D general mode decompositions

Abstract This paper develops new theory and algorithms for 1D general mode decompositions. First, we introduce the 1D synchrosqueezed wave packet transform and prove that it is able to estimate instantaneous information of well-separated modes from their superposition accurately. The synchrosqueezed wave packet transform has a better resolution than the synchrosqueezed wavelet transform in the time–frequency domain for separating high frequency modes. Second, we present a new approach based on diffeomorphisms for the spectral analysis of general shape functions. These two methods lead to a framework for general mode decompositions under a weak well-separation condition and a well-different condition. Numerical examples of synthetic and real data are provided to demonstrate the fruitful applications of these methods.
The system chromium-oxygen at high oxygen pressures

Abstract Six intermediate oxides exist between the known CrO 3 and Cr 2 O 3 oxides in the Cr-O system. The stability regions have been mapped by reacting oxide materials with oxygen at pressures to 3 kbar. The tetravalent dioxide stability field terminates at an invariant point at 35 bar and 370°C. CrO 2 is not stable at atmospheric pressure, but its stability field widens at high pressure, and above 70 kbar it is the only stable oxide in the system. The other intermediate oxides are shown by infra-red spectroscopy to be mixed chromium chromates and dichromates. These become less stable at the highest oxygen pressures attained.
Cubic column relations in truncated moment problems

For the truncated moment problem associated to a complex sequence γ(2n)={γij}i,j∈Z+,i+j⩽2n to have a representing measure μ, it is necessary for the moment matrix M(n) to be positive semidefinite, and for the algebraic variety Vγ to satisfy rankM(n)⩽cardVγ as well as a consistency condition: the Riesz functional vanishes on every polynomial of degree at most 2n that vanishes on Vγ. In previous work with L. Fialkow and H.M. Moller, the first named author proved that for the extremal case (rankM(n)=cardVγ), positivity and consistency are sufficient for the existence of a representing measure. In this paper we solve the truncated moment problem for cubic column relations in M(3) of the form Z3=itZ+uZ¯ (u,t∈R); we do this by checking consistency. For (u,t) in the open cone determined by 0<|u|<t<2|u|, we first prove that the algebraic variety has exactly 7 points and rankM(3)=7; we then apply the above mentioned result to obtain a concrete, computable, necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a representing measure.
Approximation Algorithms for Min-Max Generalization Problems

We provide improved approximation algorithms for the min-max generalization problems considered by Du, Eppstein, Goodrich, and Lueker [Du et al. 2009]. Generalization is widely used in privacy-preserving data mining and can also be viewed as a natural way of compressing a dataset. In min-max generalization problems, the input consists of data items with weights and a lower bound wlb, and the goal is to partition individual items into groups of weight at least wlb while minimizing the maximum weight of a group. The rules of legal partitioning are specific to a problem. Du et al. consider several problems in this vein: (1) partitioning a graph into connected subgraphs, (2) partitioning unstructured data into arbitrary classes, and (3) partitioning a two-dimensional array into contiguous rectangles (subarrays) that satisfy these weight requirements. We significantly improve approximation ratios for all the problems considered by Du et al. and provide additional motivation for these problems. Moreover, for the first problem, whereas Du et al. give approximation algorithms for specific graph families, namely, 3-connected and 4-connected planar graphs, no approximation algorithm that works for all graphs was known prior to this work.
Local rigidity of Schottky maps

We introduce Schottky maps-conformal maps between relative Schottky sets, and study their local rigidity properties. This continues the investigations of relative Schottky sets initiated in [S. Merenkov, "Planar relative Schottky sets and quasisymmetric maps", Proc. London Math. Soc. (3) 104 (2012), 455-485]. Besides being of independent interest, the latter and current works provide key ingredients in the forthcoming proof of quasisymmetric rigidity of Sierpi\'nski carpet Julia sets of rational functions.
Chiral matter and transitions in heterotic string models

Abstract In the framework of N=1 supersymmetric string models given by the heterotic string on an elliptic Calabi-Yau π:Z→B together with a SU(n) bundle we compute the chiral matter content of the massless spectrum. For this purpose the net generation number, i.e. half the third Chern class, is computed from data related to the heterotic vector bundle in the spectral cover description; a non-technical introduction to that method is supplied. This invariant is, in the class of bundles considered, shown to be related to a discrete modulus which is the heterotic analogue of the F-theory four-flux. We consider also the relevant matter which is supported along certain curves in the base B and derive the net generation number again from the independent matter-related computation. We then illustrate these considerations with two applications. First we show that the construction leads to numerous 3 generation models of unbroken gauge group SU(5),SO(10) or E6. Secondly we discuss the closely related issue of the heterotic 5-brane/instanton transition resp. the F-theoretic 3-brane/instanton transition. The extra chiral matter in these transitions is related to the Hecke transform of the direct sum of the original bundle and the dissolved 5-brane along the intersection of their spectral covers. Finally we point to the corresponding F-theory interpretation of chiral matter from the intersection of 7-branes where the influence of four-flux on the twisting along the intersection curve plays a crucial role.
Atmospheric rotational effects on Mars based on the NASA Ames general circulation model: Angular momentum approach

The objective of the investigation is to determine the motion of the rotational axis of Mars as a result of mass variations in the atmosphere and condensation and sublimation of CO2 ice on the polar caps. A planet experiences this type of motion if it has an atmosphere, which is changing its mass distribution with respect to the solid body of the planet and/or it is asymmetrically changing the amount of ice at the polar caps. The physical principle involved is the conservation of angular momentum, one can get a feeling for it by sitting on a well oiled swivel chair holding a rotating wheel on a horizontal direction and then changing the rotation axis of the wheel to a vertical direction. The person holding the wheel and the chair would begin to rotate in opposite direction to the rotation of the wheel. The motions of Mars atmosphere and the ice caps variations are obtained from a mathematical model developed at the NASA Ames Research Center. The model produces outputs for a time span of one Martian year, which is equivalent to 687 Earth days. The results indicate that Mars axis of rotation moves in a spiral with respect to a reference point on the surface of the planet. It can move as far away as 35.3 cm from the initial location as a result of both mass variations in the atmosphere and asymmetric ice variations at the polar caps. Furthermore the pole performs close to two revolutions around the reference point during a Martian year. This motion is a combination of two motions, one produced by the atmospheric mass variations and another due to the variations in the ice caps. The motion due to the atmospheric variations is a spiral performing about two and a half revolutions around the reference point during which the pole can move as far as 40.9 cm. The motion due to variations in the ice caps is a spiral performing almost three revolutions during which the pole can move as far as 32.8 cm.
The Power Spectrum and Its Importance in Precise Frequency Measurements

S>The power spectral density functions of a frequency multiplier chain, driven by several different crystal oscillators, were obtained by comparing the output with a second chain that was stabilized with an ammonia maser. The frequency of the maser stabilized chain was demonstrated to be relatively fixed; the power spectrum of the other chain was determined by two different methods. The results are compared. Possible errors and uncertainties introduced by the methods are discussed. An analysis is made that relates the instantaneous frequency fluctuations of a signal with the power spectral density function. Analysis predicts that when frequency modulation occurs in the first stages of frequency multiplication or in the primary frequency oscillator, the output power spectrum is, in general, not symmetrical. Furthermore, the sidebands are increased in intensity by the multiplication process. This is, in fact, observed to be the case. It is shown that a frequency counter will measure the frequency of the center of gravity of the power spectrum. If signals having a complex power spectrum are used in precise frequency measurements, errors may result. (auth)
On a question of Landis and Oleinik

We answer in the affirmative a question posed by Landis and Oleinik on unique continuation of variable coefficients parabolic equations.
Synthesis, resolution and characterization of ring substituted phenylalanines and tryptophans

Experimental protocols have been developed for the synthesis and resolution of numerous ring substituted phenylalanines and tryptophans in half mole quantities. Physical constants on these amino acids are given and their behavior on ion exchange supports (amino acid analyzer and post column ortho-phthalaldehyde derivatization) as well as that of some selected N-methylated amino acids is described. Those amino acids were then derivatized (N alpha-protection with the t-butyloxycarbonyl group) for solid phase peptide synthesis.
Predicting Pilot Behavior in Medium-Scale Scenarios Using Game Theory and Reinforcement Learning

Effective automation is critical in achieving the capacity and safety goals of the Next Generation Air Traffic System. Unfortunately creating integration and validation tools for such automation is difficult as the interactions between automation and their human counterparts is complex and unpredictable. This validation becomes even more difficult as we integrate wide-reaching technologies that affect the behavior of different decision makers in the system such as pilots, controllers and airlines. While overt short-term behavior changes can be explicitly modeled with traditional agent modeling systems, subtle behavior changes caused by the integration of new technologies may snowball into larger problems and be very hard to detect. To overcome these obstacles, we show how integration of new technologies can be validated by learning behavior models based on goals. In this framework, human participants are not modeled explicitly. Instead, their goals are modeled and through reinforcement learning their actions are predicted. The main advantage to this approach is that modeling is done within the context of the entire system allowing for accurate modeling of all participants as they interact as a whole. In addition such an approach allows for efficient trade studies and feasibility testing on a wide range of automation scenarios. The goal of this paper is to test that such an approach is feasible. To do this we implement this approach using a simple discrete-state learning system on a scenario where 50 aircraft need to self-navigate using Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) information. In this scenario, we show how the approach can be used to predict the ability of pilots to adequately balance aircraft separation and fly efficient paths. We present results with several levels of complexity and airspace congestion.
K-median clustering, model-based compressive sensing, and sparse recovery for earth mover distance

We initiate the study of sparse recovery problems under the Earth-Mover Distance (EMD). Specifically, we design a distribution over m x n matrices A such that for any x, given Ax, we can recover a k-sparse approximation to x under the EMD distance. One construction yields m=O(k log (n/k)) and a 1 + e approximation factor, which matches the best achievable bound for other error measures, such as the l1 norm.Our algorithms are obtained by exploiting novel connections to other problems and areas, such as streaming algorithms for k-median clustering and model-based compressive sensing. We also provide novel algorithms and results for the latter problems.
Quintics with Finite Simple Symmetries

We construct all quintic invariants in five variables with simple non-Abelian finite symmetry groups. These define Calabi–Yau threefolds which are left invariant by the action of A5, A6, or PSL2(11).
Constructing r-matrices on simple Lie superalgebras

Abstract We construct r-matrices for simple Lie superalgebras with non-degenerate Killing forms using Belavin–Drinfeld type triples. This construction gives us the standard r-matrices and some non-standard ones.
Entrepreneurs: Invent a new brand name or revive an old one?

Abstract This paper discusses launching an entrepreneurial venture by acquiring a once popular brand name and reviving it. Interviews were conducted with 10 executives who acquired dormant brands and successfully relaunched them into the market. Their comments suggest that, with proper planning, an entrepreneur may be able to substantially increase his or her chances of success by reviving brands, rather than spending the enormous amount of capital required to build new brand image. Conclusions suggest that nostalgia targeting is not enough; the revived brand must be repositioned to satisfy today's customer values. Evidence also suggests licensing a revived brand name to unrelated industries may prove very profitable for the entrepreneur.
A Method of Numerical Integration for Trajectories with Variational Equations

A method of numerical integration is described which was developed for the computation of ballistic missile trajectories. But the technique is generally applicable to the initial-value problem for systems of ordinary differential equations. The associated variational equations are integrated simultaneously to provide the sensitivity coefficients of the solution. This facilitates the inclusion of an extra derivative in the numerical integration. The differences and advantages of the method as compared to standard integration techniques are discussed. A Newton-Raphson iterative solution of a single-step fourth-order Hermite corrector provides unconditional numerical stability. This very favorable property should make the method useful for stiff systems of ordinary differential equations. Polynomials are derived for interpolating the solution and its sensitivity coefficients, and also for extrapolating the solution to provide a predictor for the Hermite corrector. Integration errors and step-size control are also discussed. The end result is an accurate and efficient numerical integrator for solving ordinary differential equations and determining the sensitivity coefficients of the solution.
Facile esterification of sulfonic acids and carboxylic acids with triethylorthoacetate

Abstract Triethylorthoacetate was found to be surprisingly more effective than triethylorthoformate in the esterification of sulfonic acids and carboxylic acids. Using this reagent, esters of sulfonic and carboxylic acids are prepared in high yields.
Lateralization of an auditory signal in correlated noise and in uncorrelated noise as a function of signal frequency

Listeners lateralized a monaural signal presented against a continuous background of perfectly correlated noise (NO) or of uncorrelated noise (NU). Measures of signal detectability were also secured in separate tests. Psychometric functions (percent correct vs signal energy) were determined for each task. For a tonal signal of either low or high frequency, a listener requires only slightly greater signal energy (about 1 dB) in order to lateralize as well as he can detect when the noise is uncorrelated (NU). When the noise is perfectly correlated (NO), the slope of the psychometric function for lateralization depends upon signal frequency. With 250 Hz, the slope of the psychometric function for lateralization is much smaller than that for detection. With 1,000 Hz, the function for lateralization is steeper than that for 250 Hz, but the slope is still less than that of the function for detection for 1,000 Hz. With 2,000 Hz, the function for lateralization has about the same slope as that for detection.
Synthesis of butane-like sige hydrides : Enabling precursors for CVD of ge-rich semiconductors

The synthesis of butane-like (GeH3)2(SiH2)2 (1), (GeH3)2SiH(SiH3) (2), and (GeH3)2(SiH2GeH2) (3) Si−Ge hydrides with applications in low-temperature synthesis of Ge-rich Si1-xGex optoelectronic alloys has been demonstrated. The compositional, vibrational, structural, and thermochemical properties of these compounds were studied by FTIR, multinuclear NMR, mass spectrometry, Rutherford backscattering, and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The analyses indicate that the linear (GeH3)2(SiH2)2 (1) and (GeH3)2(SiH2GeH2) (3) compounds exist as a mixture of the classic normal (n) and gauche (g) conformational isomers which do not seem to interconvert at 22 °C. The conformational proportions in the samples were determined using a new fitting procedure, which combines calculated molecular spectra to reproduce those observed by varying the global intensity, frequency scale, and admixture coefficients of the individual conformers. The (GeH3)2(SiH2)2 (1) species was then utilized to fabricate Si0.50Ge0.50 s...
Spatiospectral concentration of vector fields on a sphere

Abstract We construct spherical vector bases that are bandlimited and spatially concentrated, or, alternatively, spacelimited and spectrally concentrated, suitable for the analysis and representation of real-valued vector fields on the surface of the unit sphere, as arises in the natural and biomedical sciences, and engineering. Building on the original approach of Slepian, Landau, and Pollak we concentrate the energy of our function bases into arbitrarily shaped regions of interest on the sphere, and within certain bandlimits in the vector spherical-harmonic domain. As with the concentration problem for scalar functions on the sphere, which has been treated in detail elsewhere, a Slepian vector basis can be constructed by solving a finite-dimensional algebraic eigenvalue problem. The eigenvalue problem decouples into separate problems for the radial and tangential components. For regions with advanced symmetry such as polar caps, the spectral concentration kernel matrix is very easily calculated and block-diagonal, lending itself to efficient diagonalization. The number of spatiospectrally well-concentrated vector fields is well estimated by a Shannon number that only depends on the area of the target region and the maximal spherical-harmonic degree or bandwidth. The spherical Slepian vector basis is doubly orthogonal, both over the entire sphere and over the geographic target region. Like its scalar counterparts it should be a powerful tool in the inversion, approximation and extension of bandlimited fields on the sphere: vector fields such as gravity and magnetism in the earth and planetary sciences, or electromagnetic fields in optics, antenna theory and medical imaging.
Structural and functional-group tuning in the design of neuraminidase inhibitors

Abstract Analogues of the disaccharide α- NeuAc -(2 → 6)-β- d - Gal-OR have been made by modifications at C-1 and C-6 of the galactose and at C-4 of the NeuAc unit, for structure-activity relationship studies with influenza virus neuraminidase. These studies indicate that for the influenza neuraminidase, a larger aglycon at C-1 of galactose is less preferred, whereas the restriction of the rotamer orientation at C-6 of galactose in the “tg” mode favors enzyme binding. Substitution at C-4 of the NeuAc unit has the most profound effect in the influenza neuraminidase hydrolysis and inhibition. For example, azido and acetamido groups at C-4 of the NeuAc units render the sialosides resistant to neuraminidase hydrolysis. However, these derivatives are not inhibitors of the neuraminidase, indicating their lack of binding. On the other hand, a 4-amino substitution of the NeuAc unit not only renders the corresponding sialosides neuraminidase-resistant, but also makes them potent neuraminidase inhibitors. This potent inhibition indicates that the 4-amino groups in these sialosides may engage in favorable interaction with amino acids at the neuraminidase active-site. The conclusion is also supported by docking studies of the carbohydrate structures at the neuraminidase active-site.
Could there be a hole in type Ia supernovae

In the favored progenitor scenario, Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) arise from a white dwarf accreting material from a non-degenerate companionstar. Soon after the white dwarf explodes, the ejected supernova material engulfs the companion star; two-dimensional hydrodynamicals imulations by Marietta et al. (2001) show that, in the interaction, the companion star carves out a conical hole of opening angle 30-40 degrees in the supernova ejecta. In this paper we use multi-dimensional Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations to explore the observable consequences of an ejecta-hole asymmetry. We calculate the variation of the spectrum, luminosity, and polarization with viewing angle for the aspherical supernova near maximum light. We find that the supernova looks normal from almost all viewing angles except when one looks almost directly down the hole. In the latter case, one sees into the deeper, hotter layers of ejecta. The supernova is relatively brighter and has a peculiar spectrum characterized by more highly ionized species, weaker absorption features, and lower absorption velocities. The spectrum viewed down the hole is comparable to the class of SN 1991T-like supernovae. We consider how the ejecta-hole asymmetry may explain the current spectropolarimetric observations of SNe Ia, and suggest a few observational signatures of the geometry. Finally, we discuss the variety currently seen in observed SNe Ia and how an ejecta-hole asymmetry may fit in as one of several possible sources of diversity.
Fair value disclosures by bank holding companies

Abstract This paper examines the value relevance of fair value data disclosed under SFAS 107 by banks for 1992 and 1993. Collectively, the evidence suggests differences between fair and book values of financial instruments are associated with market-to-book ratios. However, fair value disclosures for financial instruments other than securities are value-relevant only in limited settings. In addition, only in 1992 are fair value variables associated with market-to-book ratios after incorporating existing historical cost information. Further analysis suggests the weaker 1993 results are not necessarily due to increased measurement error in fair value numbers.
Using Experiments to Estimate the Effects of Education on Voter Turnout

The powerful relationship between education and voter turnout is arguably the most well-documented and robust finding in American survey research. Yet the causal interpretation of this relationship remains controversial, with many authors suggesting that the apparent link between education and turnout is spurious. In contrast to previous work, which has relied on observational data to assess the effect of education on voter turnout, this article analyzes two randomized experiments and one quasi-experiment in which educational attainment was altered exogenously. We track the children in these experiments over the long term, examining their voting rates as adults. In all three studies, we find that exogenously induced changes in high school graduation rates have powerful effects on voter turnout rates. These results imply that the correlation between education and turnout is indeed causal. We discuss some of the pathways by which education may transmit its influence.
Earnings quality: Evidence from the field

Abstract We provide insights into earnings quality from a survey of 169 CFOs of public companies and in-depth interviews of 12 CFOs and two standard setters. CFOs believe that (i) above all, high-quality earnings are sustainable and repeatable; specific characteristics include consistent reporting choices, backing by actual cash flows, and absence of one-time items and long-term estimates; (ii) about 50% of earnings quality is driven by non-discretionary factors such as industry and macro-economic conditions; (iii) in any given period, about 20% of firms manage earnings to misrepresent economic performance, and for such firms 10% of EPS is typically managed; (iv) earnings manipulation is hard to unravel from the outside but peer comparisons and lack of correspondence between earnings and cash flows provide helpful red flags. In addition, CFOs disagree with current standard setting on a number of issues including the sheer number of promulgated rules, the top-down approach to rule-making, the neglect of the matching principle, and the emphasis on fair value accounting. They indicate that a rules-based culture makes the audit function centralized and mechanical, and hinders the development of audit professionals. A summary impression from our work is that CFOs view earnings quality as more of a single and unconditional characteristic, in contrast to current research where measures of earnings quality are strongly conditional on the decision setting. This CFO view is related to their idea of “one number” – a single earnings metric that shapes both their interactions with external stakeholders and internal decision-making.
Fast scramblers and non-commutative gauge theories

Fast scramblers are quantum systems which thermalize in a time scale logarithmic in the number of degrees of freedom of the system. Non-locality has been argued to be an essential feature of fast scramblers. We provide evidence in support of the crucial role of non-locality in such systems by considering the approach to thermalization in a (strongly-coupled) high temperature non-commutative gauge theory. We show that non-locality inherent to non-commutative gauge theories does indeed accelerate the rate of dissipation in the heat bath in stark contrast to the slow random walk diffusive behavior prevalent in local field theories.
Fast identification of transits from light-curves

We present an algorithm that allows fast and efficient detection of transits, including planetary transits, from light-curves. The method is based on building an ensemble of fiducial models and compressing the data using the MOPED compression algorithm. We describe the method and demonstrate its efficiency by finding planet-like transits in simulated Panoramic Survey Telescope & Rapid Response System (Pan-STARRS) light-curves. We show that our method is independent of the size of the search space of transit parameters. In large sets of light-curves, we achieve speed-up factors of the order of 10 3 times over an optimized adaptive search in the /2 space. We discuss how the algorithm can be used in forthcoming large surveys like Pan-STARRS and the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST), and how it may be optimized for future space missions like Kepler and COROT where most of the processing must be done on board.
Conjectures on peace education and Gandhian studies: method, institutional development and globalization

This article examines the similarities and differences of the fields of Gandhian studies and peace education through an exploration of their content, institutional development, and globalization since the mid‐twentieth century. The methods utilized include document review of syllabi and course descriptions in Gandhian studies and peace education, as well as interviews with individuals involved in both fields. Through an examination of the history, emergence and core concepts in each field, this article argues that both fields have the potential to offer each other important lessons based in their own unique trajectories. Specifically, it was found that educational movements, and structural analyses of power and inequality that are often integral to them, in the global South can inform peace education by diversifying the voices deemed canonical in the field. Similarly, Gandhian studies, in responding to the unique dilemma of expanding resources and institutionalization amidst decreasing student demand, may...