cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summary of U.S. Energy and Economic Trends

This chapter summarizes many of the US data discussed in the previous chapters into one location. Because the USA has good data and has been the dominant world economy for much of the past 100 years, a look into its energy, economic, and political trends provides insight into what other countries might aspire to attain and avoid, yet be challenged to avoid the same growth cycle that peaks in structural complexity. The US economy went through three growth phases since World War II. Phase 1 runs from just after World War II until the late 1960s and early 1970s. Phase 2 runs until a time period around the turn of the twenty-first century, and Phase 3 continues since then. This book emphasizes the need to consider economic size and structure, and each phase is characterized by different trajectory of structural change that relates to the rate of energy consumption (in total and per capita) and the cost of energy (including food).
Burning Down Her Master’s House (Again): Marlon James Responds to Jean Rhys

Fifty years after its publication, Wide Sargasso Sea has pride of place in a postcolonial canon and thus is open to inter-textual interventions itself. One of these is Marlon James’s The Book of Night Women (2009) which, set at a Jamaican plantation at the turn of the eighteenth century, acts as a prequel to Wide Sargasso Sea. James’s novel reminds us that although Antoinette Mason was victimized in a number of ways, she was the daughter of a planter and her family’s life on the island was supported by victimization of enslaved African women to an incomparably more horrific extent. James’s novel provides the supplement needed to read Wide Sargasso Sea today. Lilith, the novel’s protagonist and a potent Obeah woman, embodies a possible backstory for the character of Christophine and helps today’s readers understand the full revolutionary potential of Rhys’s most powerful female character who laughs when told that slavery had ended.
Behavior of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and ozone in a vehicle cabin with a passenger

Drivers and passengers are exposed to high concentrations of air pollutants while driving. While there are many studies to assess exposure to air pollutants penetrating into a vehicle cabin, little is known about how individual gas pollutants are behaving (e.g. accumulating, depositing, reacting etc.) in the cabin. This study investigated the characteristic behavior of CO, NO, NO2 and O3 in a vehicle cabin in the presence of a driver with static, pseudo dynamic and dynamic tests. We found in our experiments that CO and NO concentrations increased while O3 and NO2 concentrations decreased rapidly when cabin air was recirculated. A kinetic model, which contains 20 chemical reactions, could predict the static test results well. CO and NO accumulations in the cabin were due to exhalation from the driver and conversion of NO2 to NO upon deposition to surfaces may also play a role. Pseudo dynamic and dynamic test results showed similar results. During the fresh air mode CO, NO, and NO2 followed similar trends between the inside and outside of the cabin, while in cabin O3 concentrations were lower compared to outside concentrations due to reactions with the human and surface deposition. The Cabin Air Quality Index approached 0.8 and 0.4 for O3 during pseudo dynamic and dynamic tests, respectively. Accumulation of NO in the cabin was not obvious during the dynamic test due to a large variation of outside NO concentrations. We encourage auto manufacturers to develop control algorithms and devices to reduce a passenger's exposure to gaseous pollutants in vehicle cabins.
Design and Simulation of a Wide Area Search Mission: An Implementation of an Autonomous Systems Reference Architecture

The implementation and testing of autonomous and cooperative unmanned systems is challenging due to the inherent design complexity, infinite test spaces, and lack of autonomy specific measures. Simulation provides a low cost alternative to flight tests, allowing researchers to rapidly iterate on the design before fielding. To expedite this process, an Autonomous System Reference Architecture allows researchers to utilize existing software modules to rapidly develop algorithms for autonomous systems and test them in included simulation environments. In this paper, we implement ASRA on a cooperative wide area search scenario as a test bed to study ASRA’s utility for rapid prototyping and evaluation of autonomous and cooperative systems. Through a face centered cubic design of experiments, selected autonomy metrics are studied to provide a response surface model to characterize the system and provide a tool to optimize mission control parameters and maximize mission performance.
Provider Implicit Bias Impacts Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Technology Recommendations in the United States: Findings from The Gatekeeper Study:

Background:Diabetes technology use is associated with favorable type 1 diabetes (T1D) outcomes. American youth with public insurance, a proxy for low socioeconomic status, use less diabetes technol...
Hostess, Ghost, and Apocalypse: Reconsidering Alice Munro’s “Carried Away”

The global COVID-19 pandemic affords contemporary readers a unique perspective for reinterpreting the relationship between Jack and Louisa in Alice Munro’s short story “Carried Away.” This alternate reading prioritizes Louisa’s difficult experiences with illness and rejection and reconsiders Jack as an abusive interlocutor who takes advantage of Louisa’s status as town librarian and the era’s social mores, its calamities, and the fog of war to exert control over a woman he desires, but could otherwise not be with. In this reading, Jack uses Louisa’s professional ethos of availability and her public workspace to reorder an otherwise heterotopic space and establish a system whereby he can anonymously surveil her and keep her under his control. Louisa’s pandemic-associated anxieties are acutely present for contemporary readers who are experiencing the most impactful global sickness of the past 100 years. This reading positions Jack as an intentional bad actor rather than as a man simply “carried away.”
Bringing in a New Era in the Field of Youth Development

Professional fields that combine study and practice usually change gradually and only after stiff resistance. It took Western jurisprudence hundreds of years to move from a system of judicial fiat to verification through trial by juries of peers. Even in the face of managed care, medicine still clings (somewhat desperately) to models of clinical research and doctor-patient relations that have guided it for more than two millennia. Yet our own field of youth development has encountered nothing less than a sea change in a remarkably short period of time—a decade at most, barely the blink of an eye in a field’s history. All the more remarkable (considering the profound nature of the change), it has been a quiet revolution, with relatively little fanfare or conflict.
Finite Element Analysis of Doubly Corrugated Shells

The basic structural components of the shells are doubly corrugated steel panels fabricated of thin sheet steel that is first deformed into a U-shaped big corrugation. Then, to obtain the proper curvature, small corrugations are rolled into the bottom and into the sides of the big corrugation. The proposed finite element model consists of an assemblage of curved rectangular elements with boundaries parallel to lines of principal curvature of the shell. Sanders' linearized strain-displacement equations are chosen for the description of the kinematics of deformation of the middle surface of a finite element. The small corrugations are replaced by an equivalent orthotropic material of uniform thickness. Suitable constitutive equations are developed. Static analyses are performed for two different doubly corrugated shells. Some of the predictions of the analysis are compared with experimental results.
The relationship of the estrogens and other placental hormones to sodium and potassium balance at the end of pregnancy and in the puerperium

Abstract Two distinct general conceptions of the nature and origin of the toxemias of pregnancy have guided recent research in two apparently quite divergent channels. In one direction are the endocrines, a very promising field, for it seems hardly possible that the substances which determine to such an extent the characteristic physiologic changes of pregnancy should not be in some sense responsible for a disease which occurs only in pregnancy. On the other hand are the physical and chemical phenomena of water and electrolyte exchange, which for the moment seem more closely related to the classical symptoms and signs of pre-eclamptic toxemia. Recent experiments showing that the estrogens and progesterone may cause the retention of sodium and of water suggest a line of investigation by which the hormonal and the physicochemical conceptions of toxemia may perhaps be reconciled. The precise intention of this study has been to determine whether in pregnancy changes in the concentration of the estrogens and other placental hormones have any effect on the retention and excretion of sodium and potassium. The general method of investigation has been the measurement of the balance of sodium and potassium intake and output during alterations in the hormone content of the blood and the urine. The changes in hormone concentration made use of have been those occurring at parturition, after intrauterine death of the fetus and those following the intramuscular injection of estrogenic substances.
The Gap Problem

This article addresses the significance of the income gap for the gap between certain ideals of American democracy and their realization in American life. It is argued that differences in income make a difference in the accessibility of life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness to which all citizens have an equal right. The gap between actual and rightful access may not be recognized as a problem by those who do not view equal access as part of the democratic ideal. But it can be a problem for citizens who identify with the condition of all in need, whether or not the need is their own, and who can be moved to remedy it. This article examines possibilities as well as difficulties in overcoming this further gap in recognizing and sharing the gap between the ideal and actuality of American democracy.
Assessment Of Group And Individual Learning Through Visualization (Agileviz) In Education

The purpose of this paper is to stimulate interest and conversation in an area of significant potential for assessment systems in future education environments. This paper makes two arguments en route to the proposition that it may be possible, in a relatively short time frame, to effect a quantum jump in the utility of existing learner assessments via the use of integrative computer graphics.
Chapter 10 Applications to Geodesy

Publisher Summary Geodesy is the science devoted to the study of the figure and the external gravity field of the earth. Aspects of this science include surveying, positioning, navigation, topography and bathymetry mapping, and the study of diverse terrestrial, atmospheric, marine, submarine, and even extraterrestrial gravity phenomena from a variety of stationary and mobile instrumentation. This chapter focuses on the problems of mapping the physical shape of the global mean-sea-surface and recovering the associated gravity field by the use of satellite altimetry. The chapter discusses some aspects of time-varying gravity phenomena and their influence on the ocean surfaces in conjunction with the coming space-geodetic missions dedicated to gravity recovery. It reviews the evolution of the global mean-sea-surface modeling and describes some data-analysis techniques associated with the construction of a mean sea-surface model from satellite altimeter-derived sea-surface height measurements. The chapter also describes the use of satellite-altimeter measurements in the gravity-recovery issues that include the problem of obtaining short-wavelength geotectonic marine gravity anomalies and the global long-wavelength geopotential modeling.
Display Specificity and Reproductive Isolation in the Fiddler Crabs, Uca panacea and U. pugilator

The factors responsible for reproductive isolation between two sibling species of fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator and U. panacea) were studied under both laboratory and field conditions. ♂♂ showed species differences in their visual and acoustical displays. These differences were exaggerated in the overlap zone, where U. pugilator showed character displacement of its acoustic signals. ♀♀ of U. pugilator confined with ♂♂ of U. panacea produced fewer clutches of young. Occasionally, forced matings took place in the laboratory, resulting in hybrids suffering greater mortality through development. The data indicate that both premating (behavioral) as well as postmating (higher larval mortality) barriers act to prevent interbreeding.
Crystal structures of HM(SiPh3)(CO)3(PPh3)(M=Fe, Ru) formed from photolysis of M(CO)4PPh3 in the presence of HSiPh3

Abstract Near-UV irradiation of M(CO)4PPh3 (M=Fe, Ru) at 298 K in deoxygenated hydrocarbon solutions containing molecules having a Si-H bond gives clean formation of products of the formula HM(CO)3(PPh3)(Si ). Several isomers of such species are possible and X-ray crystallography has been used to unambiguously establish the isomer formed in the photochemical reaction. The crystal structure of the isomer of HM(SiPh3)CO)3(PPh3) formed by the photochemical reaction of M(CO)4PPh3 with HSiPh3 is reported for M=Fe (1) and Ru (2). Both complexes have the same geometry, a distorted octahedron with the COs meridional and the H cis to both the SiPh3 and the PPh3. The crystals are triclinic, space group P 1 . Crystal parameters for 2, (followed in square brackets by those for 1), are: a=12.535(3) [12.32(2)], b=14.244(3) [14.50(4)], c=10.174(3) [10.06(2)] A, α=104.98(2) [106.3(2)], β=98.52(2) [98.2(2)], γ=71.92(2)° [72.0(2)°], V=1663.63 [1637.38] A3.
High Expression of the Glut1 Glucose Transporter in Human Brain Hemangioblastoma Endothelium

The principal glucose transporter at the blood-brain barrier is Glut1, and GLUT1 expression is downregulated in high grade gliomas. In the present study, glucose transporter expression was studied in surgically resected hemangioblastoma tissue. Light microscopic immunochemistry indicated the high expression of the Glut1 glucose transporter isoform throughout the central vascular endothelium of this tissue. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) was observed only at the tumor border, with no GFAP immunoreactivity in stromal cells, pericytes or endothelia in the central tumor regions. It is generally believed that more Glut1 is found in erythrocytes than any other cell, but quantitative electron microscopic immunogold analyses of Glut1-immunoreactive sites per micron of capillary membrane showed the Glut1 density in tumor endothelial membranes glucose transporter was 2–3-fold higher than in human red cells. In the same tissue samples, qualitative immunogold electron microscopy of human serum albumin indicated that this protein (MW 65,000) moved freely from the vascular space into pericapillary regions, confirming the leaky barrier characteristics of the hemangioblastoma. These studies show that Glut1 expression may be high in endothelia that are highly permeable and devoid of astroglial contacts. Thus, human cerebral hemangioblastomas may provide a novel system for studying the induction of Glut1 in the blood-brain barrier.
Synthesizing units as modeling tool for photosynthesizing organisms with photoinhibition and nutrient limitation

Abstract This paper develops a mechanistic ecological model of photosynthesis based on a synthesizing unit with terms for nutrient limitation and wavelength dependent photoinhibition. The model satisfactorily fits standard P – I data with a clear inhibitory impact of excess radiation. Furthermore, the model satisfactorily discriminates between the inhibitory impact of PAR , UVA and UVB . The inhibitory potential of UVA is less than 1 order of magnitude higher than that of PAR , whereas that of UVB is about 2 orders of magnitude higher than PAR . The model can also satisfactorily describe photosynthesis rates as a function of both PAR and environmental nitrate concentrations. At relatively low nutrient levels, the model produces a curve that ascends quickly to a near saturation level; this is a trend often observed in experimental data and described well by a hyperbolic tangent. The results in this paper suggest that nutrient limitation is an overlooked factor in the experimental design for obtaining P – I data. The SU model in this paper is the simplest possible model of photosynthesis with nutrient limitation and photoinhibition that is consistent with Dynamic Energy Budget theory, in which the model can be embedded to obtain dynamic properties.
A Media-Free Method of Determining Kernel Infection Rates of Maize Field-Inoculated with Aspergillus flavus

Abstract Czapek agar medium plating (CAMP) method has been used extensively to determine kernel-infection rate (KIR) following field inoculation of maize (Zea mays L.) with aflatoxin-producing fungus, Aspergillus flavus. Because of certain limitations of the CAMP method discussed in this article, a new method called media-free, isolated-kernel incubation (MIKI) was developed to quantify maize genotypes for KIR. Each kernel was isolated with a microcup to prevent cross-infection. MIKI circumvented the limitations of the CAMP method in large-scale experiments and substantially improved the accuracy of KIR determination. With MIKI, kernel placement in microcups was such that A. flavus could emerge with an equal chance from every infection site. This prevented underestimation of KIR. Kernel isolation with microcups significantly reduced general cross-infection among kernels compared with incubation of non-isolated kernels, suggesting that kernel isolation was necessary in kernel plating to prevent inflation o...
The information storage technology program at Santa Clara University

The challenges of introducing the subject of storage technology in computer systems and data processing into the academic curriculum are addressed. Data storage accounts for almost one third of total computer systems cost and provides one of the most essential ingredients: short access to massive amounts of data. Computer systems in the information age are recognized as a key element of global competition. The undergraduate, graduate and professional curricula developed for teaching this subject matter are described. >
Energetics analysis of the observed and simulated general circulation using three-dimensional normal mode expansions

The energetics characteristics of the observed and simulated general circulation are analyzed using three-dimensional normal mode expansions. The data sets involved are the Goddard Laboratory for Atmospheres (GLA) analysis and simulation data and the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) analysis data. The spectral energy properties of the Rossby and gravity modes and energy transformations are presented. Significant influences of model characteristics and the assimilation techniques are observed in the barotropic energy spectrum, particularly for the gravity mode. Energy transformations of the zonal mean field in the GLA analysis and simulation are similar, but distinctly different from that in the GFDL analysis. However, overall, the energy generation in the baroclinic mode is largely balanced by the sink in the barotropic mode. The present study may demonstrate utilities of the three-dimensional normal mode energetics in the analysis of the general circulation. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.1986.tb00474.x
Metabolic Rate Regulation by the Renin-Angiotensin System: Brain vs. Body

Substantial evidence supports a role for the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in the regulation of metabolic function, but an apparent paradox exists where genetic or pharmacological inhibition of the RAS occasionally has similar physiological effects as chronic angiotensin infusion. Similarly, while RAS targeting in animal models has robust metabolic consequences, effects in humans are more subtle. Here, we review the data supporting a role for the RAS in metabolic rate regulation and propose a model where the local brain RAS works in opposition to the peripheral RAS, thus helping to explain the paradoxically similar effects of RAS supplementation and inhibition. Selectively modulating the peripheral RAS or brain RAS may thus provide a more effective treatment paradigm for obesity and obesity-related disorders.
Structural Changes in the Agricultural Industries: How Do We Measure, Analyze and Understand Them?

The U.S. food production and distribution industry is in the midst of major structural change-changes in product characteristics, in worldwide production and consumption, in technology, in size of operation, and in geographic location. And the pace of change seems to be increasing. Production is changing from an industry dominated by familybased, small-scale, relatively independent firms to one of larger firms that are more tightly aligned across the production and distribution value chain. Food retailing is increasingly more customer responsive, more service focused, and more global in ownership. And the input supply and product processing sectors are becoming more consolidated, more concentrated, and more integrated. What are the important dimensions of these changes, and what critical managerial and public policy issues do they raise? What are the motivations behind the decisions of eco-
An investigation of coworker relationships and psychological collectivism on employee propensity to take charge

This study examines how coworker interactions and psychological collectivism impact an employee's likelihood of engaging in taking charge behavior. Work group contextual factors examined include team–member exchange (TMX), coworker support and psychological collectivism. Results show that TMX and psychological collectivism were significantly related to an individual's propensity to engage in taking charge behavior. This study highlights the importance that one's interactions with coworkers can have on an employee's willingness to engage in taking charge behavior, contributing an important new perspective to the literature on the contextual antecedents that drive an individual's behavioral efforts to bring about innovation and change. Implications for research and practitioners are discussed.
Kernicterus: Lessons for the Future From a Current Tragedy

Kernicterus, a preventable injury to the brain due to severe neonatal jaundice, has re-emerged in the United States as a health and societal concern. In its usually recognized form, kernicterus causes devastating disabilities, including athetoid cerebral palsy and speech and hearing impairments. In response to disturbing reports of kernicterus in term and near-term infants discharged as “healthy” from their place of birth, A. K. Brown and colleagues inaugurated a Pilot Kernicterus Registry in May, 1992 at the 10th Annual Kernicterus Symposium. Drs. Lois Johnson and Audrey Brown maintained a confidential manual database of acute and chronic bilirubin encephalopathies for voluntary reporting of cases of kernicterus (considered by many to be an “underground” disease). Usually referring to the icteric (yellow) staining of the basal ganglia and lesions of the extrapyramidal nervous system, kernicterus is detected at autopsy. Now, the Pilot Kernicterus Registry has offered formal clinical definitions of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction (BIND) and kernicterus. (1) Audrey K. Brown, the “grande dame of bilirubin,” helped us to understand bilirubin conjugation and to respect the dangers of excessive total serum bilirubin (TSB) load. She was a leader in the campaign to prevent kernicterus. Her historical review (see accompanying special article) chronicles the achievements of the researchers of kernicterus. Her research reminds us of the universality of neonatal bilirubinemia. Sadly, she also chronicled both the fall and rise of kernicterus. Dr. Brown and other “ancestral” researchers imparted a legacy to maintain vigilance for the perpetual and ominous specter of kernicterus that can threaten humanity now and for generations to come. The current re-emergence of kernicterus in babies discharged as healthy from United States hospitals represents a crisis of pediatrician credibility, a societal demand for patient safety, and a disease that needs to be controlled by public health policy. The actual incidence of kernicterus …
Premarital Predictors of Remarital Quality: Implications for Clinicians

This paper presents a review of the research literature from 1980 to present on the premarital predictors of remarital satisfaction and stability (quality). The predictive factors are organized with an ecosystemic theoretical model using three general predictor categories: background and context factors (e.g., stepchildren), individual traits and behaviors (e.g., attachment to an ex-spouse), and couple interactional processes (e.g., couple consensus). Major factors related to lower remarriage quality include the roles of stepchildren, stepfamily complexity, emotional attachment to an ex-spouse, serial marriage, and economic strain. Predictors related to higher remarital quality include couple consensus on important topics, social support from family and friends, and financial stability. Implications for couple therapy before remarriage are discussed.
Searching for the nik Operon: How a Ligand-Responsive Transcription Factor Hunts for Its DNA Binding Site

Transcription factors regulate a wide variety of genes in the cell and play a crucial role in maintaining cellular homeostasis. A major unresolved issue is how transcription factors find their spec...
The current status of lung volume reduction operations for emphysema

In the 1990s, the concept of surgical therapy was introduced once again for the treatment of end-stage emphysema. The earliest reports touted laser ablation of emphysematous lung as definitive therapy. Although some discernable benefit was reported, this was associated with significant operative morbidity. In 1993, the concept of parenchymal resection or "lung volume reduction" was reintroduced as treatment for end-stage lung disease. Over the ensuing 3 years, different techniques and approaches have evolved at different institutions. Lung volume reduction has been performed bilaterally and unilaterally through multiple approaches including sternotomy, thoracotomy, and thoracoscopy. The results of these various approaches are reviewed and compared. Lung volume reduction appears to be a beneficial procedure when performed in carefully selected patients by personnel and at institutions that are experienced in the care of patients with end-stage emphysema.
Use of “Simple Solutions” in Regularizing Hypersingular Boundary Integral Equations in Elastoplasticity

The subject of this paper is the use of "simple solutions" or "modes" to regularize a hypersingular boundary integral equations (HBIE)for small strain elastoplasticity. A particularly simple form of the regularized HBIE is obtained by the use of three global "modes" of deformation: rigid-body displacement, linear displacement, and a fully constrained plastic solution. The resulting regularized HBIE is used in an implicit boundary element method ( BEM) scheme for solving elastoplasticity problems. Numerical results are presented for an illustrative plane-strain example.
Control of BRCA2 Cellular and Clinical Functions by a Nuclear Partner, PALB2

BRCA2 mutations predispose carriers to breast and ovarian cancer and can also cause other cancers and Fanconi anemia. BRCA2 acts as a "caretaker" of genome integrity by enabling homologous recombination (HR)-based, error-free DNA double-strand break repair (DSBR) and intra-S phase DNA damage checkpoint control. Described here is the identification of PALB2, a BRCA2 binding protein. PALB2 colocalizes with BRCA2 in nuclear foci, promotes its localization and stability in key nuclear structures (e.g., chromatin and nuclear matrix), and enables its recombinational repair and checkpoint functions. In addition, multiple, germline BRCA2 missense mutations identified in breast cancer patients but of heretofore unknown biological/clinical consequence appear to disrupt PALB2 binding and disable BRCA2 HR/DSBR function. Thus, PALB2 licenses key cellular biochemical properties of BRCA2 and ensures its tumor suppression function.
An Alternative Estimation Method for the Semiparametric Accelerated Failure Time Mixture Cure Model

We propose an alternative estimation method for the semiparametric accelerated failure time mixture cure model by incorporating the profile likelihood into the M-step of the EM algorithm. The proposed method performs as well as the existing methods when the censoring is light and better than the existing methods when the censoring is moderate from the simulation studies. Regarding to the computational time, the proposed method runs faster than the existing methods.
Effect of spinal infusion of L-NAME, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on spinal tolerance and dependence induced by chronic intrathecal morphine in the rat.

Abstract Systemic l - N G -nitroarginine methyl ester or l -NAME (LN), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, has been reported to attenuate systemic opioid tolerance and withdrawal. Intrathecal co-administration of LN (100 and 500 nmol/gml per h) with spinal morphine produced only a small diminishing attenuation of tolerance and attenuated only one of seven signs of withdrawal. These results show that LN has little effect on morphine tolerance and withdrawal at spinal sites.
A finite element analysis of the frictional forces between a cylindrical bearing element and MoS2 coated and uncoated surfaces

Abstract Most precision positioning mechanisms and tracking systems contain instrument ball bearings that operate at ultra-low-speeds. Successful operation of these highly sensitive systems largely depends upon the ability to predict their bearing friction behavior. Until recently, very little research has been performed to understand the ultra-low-speed friction in coated bearings. Herein lies the scope of this paper: to develop a realistic finite element model which determines fundamental tribological friction relationships in coated bearings which are directly applicable to enhancing the control of precision systems. A brief review of the general friction response of bearings operating at ultra-low-speeds and the principles by which thin solid films reduce friction is given. As all of the work presented in this paper exclusively utilizes molybdenum disulfide as a solid lubricant film, the crystallographic structure, material properties and attributes of MoS 2 are discussed. A two-dimensional finite element model was developed to realistically characterize the friction experienced by a rolling element (i.e. a cylinder) confined between two parallel plates (representing bearing races). Experimental tests of a similar nature but with ball bearings were performed by the authors in a specially designed apparatus that allowed speeds as low as 0.001 deg −1 . Friction force results are presented for coated surfaces under several normal loads per unit length with steel and ceramic rolling elements. Using the results, general trends for the frictional behavior of coated bearing surfaces are established.
Quantitative nondestructive measurements of residual stresses

Abstract A stress maintained in the bulk of a material without application of an external traction (excluding gravity) or other sources, such as a thermal gradient, is called a residual stress. All residual stress systems have zero resultant force, the body being in equilibrium. The distance or range over which the stresses achieve this balance may be grouped into three classes as presented in Table 1. Also shown are the effects that the given examples exhibit using x-ray diffraction, the most popular technique to investigate residual stresses.
Does the asset-light and fee-oriented strategy create value?

Abstract During the past couple of decades, many hotel chains in the U.S. have shifted in their business strategy: whittling down properties while expanding the management or franchising business. We labeled such strategic shift as an “Asset-Light and Fee-Oriented (ALFO)” strategy and examined the theoretical and empirical effectiveness of the strategy. Theoretically, resource-based view and corporate finance theory predict competing implications of the ALFO strategy, calling for a study for validating the net benefits of the strategy. Our results indicate that expanding fee business and decreasing fixed asset intensity have a positive impact upon firm value. Using path analysis, we further verified the working mechanism of the ALFO strategy. The strategy is effective in lifting profitability, mitigating earnings volatility, and thereby contributing to firm's market premium.
Balancing caregiver and clinician needs in a mobile health informatics tool for preterm infants

Preterm infants have significantly higher rates of functional limitations and are at risk for delays in cognitive, motor, and other skills. Through high-risk infant follow-up (HRIF) programs and other early detection methods, these delays and complications can be reduced. However, these interventions require substantial resources and can create extra burden on families. In this paper, we present the results of a qualitative design study to understand the needs of these families and their professional caregivers. These results reveal diverse challenges facing parents and clinicians attempting to document, understand, and share infant health data that must be balanced in any pervasive health solution. In particular, parents described struggling with when to collect data, while clinicians reported being more concerned about what and how parents track infant health. Based on these results, we present five design implications for applications for preterm infant care, which we incorporated into the design of Estrellita, a mobile health informatics tool to support caregivers of preterm infants.
Superheavy fermions and horizontal symmetries

Abstract The mechanism which was formerly used to obtain neutrino masses is generalized to all light fermions. Correspondingly, several sets of superheavy fermions are introduced. Assignments under a horizontal symmetry group are arranged such that the heaviest among the light fermions acquire their masses, not from the ordinary Higgs-Yukawa couplings, but from couplings to the heavy fermions. Masses of the other light fermions are then obtained through horizontal gauge interactions. Accordingly, the resulting light fermion masses exhibit a hierarchical generation structure. Because of the construction, light Higgs fields do not induce dangerous flavor-changing neutral-current interactions.
Analgesic efficacy of bradykinin B1 antagonists in a murine bone cancer pain model.

Abstract Cancer pain is a significant clinical problem because it is the first symptom of disease in 20% to 50% of all cancer patients, and 75% to 90% of patients with advanced or terminal cancer must cope with chronic pain syndromes related to failed treatment and/or tumor progression. One of the most difficult to treat cancer pains is metastatic invasion of the skeleton that can generate ongoing and bone breakthrough pain, which represents one of the most debilitating cancer-related events. Because bradykinin has been shown to be released in response to tissue injury and plays a significant role in driving acute and chronic inflammatory pain, we focused on bradykinin antagonists in a model of bone cancer pain. In our model of bone cancer, which involves the injection and confinement of 2472 sarcoma cells to the mouse femur, pharmacologic blockade of the bradykinin B 1 receptor is effective in reducing pain-related behaviors at both early and advanced stages of bone cancer. Perspective Bone cancer pain can be severe and difficult to control fully. With a mouse model of bone cancer pain we demonstrate that pharmacologic blockade of the bradykinin B 1 receptor is effective in reducing bone cancer pain–related behaviors, suggesting that B 1 antagonists might be useful in attenuating bone cancer pain in humans.
CONTINUOUS MEASUREMENT OF DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS OF GASES IN LIQUIDS USING GLASS SCINTILLATORS

Abstract Glass scintillators were used to measure the diffusion of C 14 O 2 in water in a sealed diffusion capillary. These scintillators, while only 10 per cent as efficient as plastic scintillators for C 14 particles, are relatively inert and non-absorbing. By employing radioactive tracers and standard counting equipment, it was possible to monitor the slow process of diffusion for as long as several hundred hours without disturbing the system by sampling. The diffusion coefficient obtained at 30°C for carbon dioxide agreed well with the previously determined coefficients as reported in the literature.
Simulation System Optimization for Rotorcraft Research on the Vertical Motion Simulator

A handling qualities experiment was run on the Vertical Motion Simulator using the GenHel math model configured for a UH60A Blackhawk helicopter. In order to obtain valid handling qualities ratings, the simulation system including the math model were optimized to provide realistic cues. The aircraft math model was adjusted to account for the simulator motion system delays and the motion systems gains and washouts were tuned for the bob-up, precision hover and sidestep tasks. The handling qualities ratings from this experiment showed good correlation to flight ratings.
Retinoid Signaling Required for Normal Heart Development Regulates GATA-4 in a Pathway Distinct from Cardiomyocyte Differentiation

Vitamin A is essential for normal embryonic cardiogenesis. The vitamin A-deficient phenotype in the avian embryo includes an abnormal heart tube closed at the sinus venosus and the absence of large vessels that normally connect the embryonic heart to the developing circulatory system. In vitamin A-deficient embryos the expression of cardiomyocyte differentiation genes, including atrial-specific myosin heavy chain, ventricular-specific myosin, and sarcomeric myosins as well as the putative cardiomyocyte specification gene Nkx-2.5, is not altered. However, the expression of transcription factor GATA-4 is severely decreased in the heart-forming regions of vitamin A-deficient stage 7-10 embryos. Significantly, GATA-4 transcripts are completely lacking in the lateral mesoderm posterior to the heart, in the area of the developing cardiac inflow tract that later displays prominent morphological defects, including a closed nonseptated heart lacking a sinus venosus. The administration of retinol to the vitamin A-deficient embryo restores GATA-4 expression and completely rescues the vitamin A-deficient phenotype. Our results indicate that GATA-4 is a component of the retinoid-mediated cardiogenic pathway unlinked to cardiomyocyte differentiation, but involved in the morphogenesis of the posterior heart tube and the development of the cardiac inflow tract.
Two α-tubulin genes of Aspergillus nidulans encode divergent proteins

We have isolated and analyzed the tubA and tubB α-tubulin genes of Aspergillus nidulans. The nucleotide sequences of these genes predict polypeptides of 447 amino acids for tubA and 450 for tubB. The predicted amino acid sequences exhibit 28% divergence between the two polypeptides. This is the second known case of such high divergence between α-tubulins within the same species. The tubB gene is unique in that it codes for an extra glycine residue between what are usually the second and third amino acids. RNA blot analysis demonstrates that the tubA and tubB transcripts are each 1.8 kb long. The level of tubA transcript remains the same throughout the cell cycle. The level of tubB transcript does not change at any particular stage in the cell cycle but increases continuously during spore germination. The tubA gene was previously mapped to linkage group eight, and we have now mapped the tubB gene to linkage group four. Gene disruption in heterokaryons suggests that the phenotypic consequences of disruption are different for the tubA and tubB genes. Molecular disruption of tubA results in a block in nuclear division whereas in tubB it gives rise to abnormal cell and nuclear morphology.
Experimental contributions to the study of foliations in rocks: A review of research since 1960

Abstract The classical conception of the cleavage problem is being succeeded by a new conception that recognizes the diversity of microstructures, grain-scale processes, strain histories, and geological conditions associated with cleavage development. Experiments are guided by, and to some extent have contributed to, the changes in this conceptual framework. Experimental attempts to induce slaty cleavage or crenulation cleavage directly in rock samples have not been very successful so far. More progress has been made by high temperature growth and deformation of synthetic layer-silicate aggregates, by annealing recrystallization of mica single crystals, and by room temperature deformation of salt-mica speciments. A major advantage of experiments is that the history of strains and displacements can be followed and the relations of these kinematic quantities to changes in the microstructure can be observed. This is not possible in study of naturally deformed rocks and it is beyond the reach of present theory, except for the simplest of microstructures. A few interesting directions for future experimental research are discussed briefly.
Similarity of Various Item Discrimination Indices.

Although certain methods of determining item discrimination appear to be used more frequently than others, measurement specialists fail to agree as to which method is most appropriate. For example, Guilford (1965) and Nunnally (1967) argued in favor of the point-biserial r on the basis that it tells more about the contribution of a particular item to the predictive validity of the total test than does the biserial r. Henrysson (1971) supported the view that the index of discrimination should be independent of item difficulty, and on this basis suggested use of the biserial rather than the point-biserial r as long as the continuous variable is normally distributed. However, to eliminate the effect item difficulty has on the point-biserial r, Brogden (1949) proposed the coefficient of selective efficiency (S) which is obtained by dividing the obtained point-biserial r by the maximum point-biserial r possible, given the respective item's difficulty. Ferguson (1971) favored a procedure introduced by Gulliksen (1950) for combining the properties of item difficulty and item discrimination into one index which indicates the contribution of the individual item to the variance of test scores. If the relative discriminatory ability of respective items is heavily dependent upon the particular discrimination index used, then careful consideration must be given to the appropriateness of the index. However, if the various indices load heavily on a common factor, the index to be incorporated in the item selection process might be selected on the basis of ease in computing and interpreting the indices.
Flame Stabilization and Multimode Heat Transfer in Inert Porous Media: A Numerical Study

Abstract This paper presents a numerical analysis of combustion and multimode heat transfer in inert porous media. The work is directly relevant to the understanding of premixed flame stabilization in porous radiant burners. The influence of the flame location, the radiative properties of the porous material, the solid thermal conductivity, and stoichiometry on the flame speed and stability are determined using a one-dimensional conduction, convection, radiation, and combustion model. The porous medium is allowed to emit, absorb, and scatter radiant energy, Non-local thermal equilibrium between the solid and gas is accounted for by introducing separate energy equations for the two phases. Heat release is described by a single-step, global reaction. The results indicate that stable combustion at elevated flame speeds can be maintained in two different spatial domains. Flame propagation near the edge of the porous layer is controlled mostly by solid-phase conduction; whereas, in the interior both solid cond...
A Fatigue Crack Growth Model for Random Fiber Composites

Fatigue crack growth behavior of a randomly oriented short carbon fiber rein-forced polyether ether ketone (PEEK) composite is studied at four different load ratios. Based on the experimental data, a new fatigue crack growth model is proposed which accounts for crack growth throughout the entire fatigue cycle and not just at the maximum load. The proposed model involves a weighted averaging procedure and is found to fit the fatigue crack growth rates at all load ratios in a single power law equation. Finally, it is observed that the fatigue threshold intensity of this material decreases with increasing load ratio.
Assessment of effective thermal conductivity in U–Mo metallic fuels with distributed gas bubbles

Abstract This work presents a numerical method to assess the relative impact of various microstructural features including grain sizes, nanometer scale intragranular gas bubbles, and larger intergranular gas bubbles in irradiated U–Mo metallic fuels on the effective thermal conductivity. A phase-field model was employed to construct a three-dimensional polycrystalline U–Mo fuel alloy with a given crystal morphology and gas bubble microstructures. An effective thermal conductivity “concept” was taken to capture the effect of polycrystalline structures and gas bubble microstructures with significant size differences on the thermal conductivity. The thermal conductivity of inhomogeneous materials was calculated by solving the heat transport equation. The obtained results are in reasonably good agreement with experimental measurements made on irradiated U–Mo fuel samples containing similar microstructural features. The developed method can be used to predict the thermal conductivity degradation in operating nuclear fuels if the evolution of microstructures is known during operation of the fuel.
Structural studies of polyurethane ionomer solutions. 2. Fluorescence

8-Anilino-1-naphthalenesulfonic acid (ANS) and pyrene fluorescent probes have been used to investigate the interactions in solutions of model polyurethane ionomers PU1 and PU4 in dimethylacetamide (DMAc) and N-methylformamide (NMF). PU1 and PU4 solutions in DMAc consist of loose aggregates and have no hydrophobic aggregation. PU4 solutions in NMF show the presence of hydrophobic aggregates due to NMF being a poor solvent for the ionomer backbone. PU1 solutions in NMF have a very small amount of hydrophobic aggregation, indicating that increase in ionic content of the ionomer can eliminate backbone aggregation even in solvents that are poor solvents for the backbone. The results demonstrate the importance of polymer−solvent interactions and ionic content of the ionomer in determining the solution structure of ionomers.
An engineered transthyretin monomer that is nonamyloidogenic, unless it is partially denatured.

Transthyretin (TTR) is a soluble human plasma protein that can be converted into amyloid by acid-mediated dissociation of the homotetramer into monomers. The pH required for disassembly also results in tertiary structural changes within the monomeric subunits. To understand whether these tertiary structural changes are required for amyloidogenicity, we created the Phe87Met/Leu110Met TTR variant (M-TTR) that is monomeric according to analytical ultracentrifugation and gel filtration analyses and nonamyloidogenic at neutral pH. Results from far- and near-UV circular dichroism spectroscopy, one-dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy, and X-ray crystallography, as well as the ability of M-TTR to form a complex with retinol binding protein, indicate that M-TTR forms a tertiary structure at pH 7 that is very similar if not identical to that found within the tetramer. Reducing the pH results in tertiary structural changes within the M-TTR monomer, rendering it amyloidogenic, demonstrating the requirement for partia...