cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Precise determination of the critical threshold and exponents in a three-dimensional continuum percolation model

We present a large-scale computer simulation of the prototypical three-dimensional continuum percolation model consisting of a distribution of overlapping (spatially uncorrelated) spheres. By using simulations of up to particles and studying the finite-size scaling of various effective percolation thresholds, we obtain a value of . This value is significantly smaller than the values obtained for simulations that have been carried out using smaller systems. Employing this value of and systems of size L = 160 (relative to a sphere of unit radius), we also obtain estimates of the critical exponents , and for the continuum system and show that the values are different than those obtained using previous values of .
Child Deaths Resulting From Inflicted Injuries: Household Risk Factors and Perpetrator Characteristics

Objective. To determine the role of household composition as an independent risk factor for fatal inflicted injuries among young children and describe perpetrator characteristics. Design, Setting, and Population. A population-based, case-control study of all children Main Outcome Measure. Inflicted-injury death. Household composition of case and control children was compared by using multivariate logistic regression. We hypothesized that children residing in households with adults unrelated to them are at higher risk of inflicted-injury death than children residing in households with 2 biological parents. Results. We identified 149 inflicted-injury deaths in our population during the 8-year study period. Children residing in households with unrelated adults were nearly 50 times as likely to die of inflicted injuries than children residing with 2 biological parents (adjusted odds ratio: 47.6; 95% confidence interval: 10.4–218). Children in households with a single parent and no other adults in residence had no increased risk of inflicted-injury death (adjusted odds ratio: 0.9; 95% confidence interval: 0.6–1.9). Perpetrators were identified in 132 (88.6%) of the cases. The majority of known perpetrators were male (71.2%), and most were the child9s father (34.9%) or the boyfriend of the child9s mother (24.2%). In households with unrelated adults, most perpetrators (83.9%) were the unrelated adult household member, and only 2 (6.5%) perpetrators were the biological parent of the child. Conclusions. Young children who reside in households with unrelated adults are at exceptionally high risk for inflicted-injury death. Most perpetrators are male, and most are residents of the decedent child9s household at the time of injury.
A New Class of Reverse Signaling Costimulators Belongs to the TNF Family

Recent evidence shows that many molecules of the TNF family serve as counter-receptors, inducing costimulation through reverse signals in addition to delivering signals through their respective TNF receptors. In this review, we will discuss this new class of costimulators with a focus on the mechanism of costimulation transduced by reverse signaling through Fas ligand.
Evidence for a nonverbal expression of triumph

An expression signaling victory in agonistic encounters may help to establish status and dominance in a hierarchy. We investigated the possibility that an expression of triumph is such a signal. In Study 1, spontaneous expressions of athletes who had just won a medal at the 2004 Olympic Games were shown to three groups of observers who judged the emotion portrayed. All were given a set of common response alternatives that included Anger, Contempt, Disgust, Fear, Joy, Sadness, Surprise, Neutral, and Other. Group 1 was also given Pride, Group 2 Triumph, and Group 3 both Pride and Triumph. Group 1 labeled some expressions as pride, but Group 2 labeled all the expressions as triumph. For Group 3, some expressions were consistently labeled as triumph, and others as pride. Behavioral coding indicated that the expressions labeled triumph were distinct from other expressions. In Study 2, we replicated this finding with a judgment task involving more positive emotion choices to eliminate the possibility that the previous findings occurred because of a limited number of positive emotion labels. In Study 3, we replicated the findings again in two groups of observers from South Korea using two different judgment tasks. These findings suggest that triumph may have a unique nonverbal expression.
3-Aminocyclopent-2-en-1-one

The title compound, C5H7NO, was synthesized by the reaction of 1,3-cyclo­penta­nedione with ammonium acetate under microwave conditions in 81% yield. The crystal packing is determined by intermolecular N—H⋯O and C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds.
Head and neck lymph node region delineation with image registration

The success of radiation therapy depends critically on accurately delineating the target volume, which is the region of known or suspected disease in a patient. Methods that can compute a contour set defining a target volume on a set of patient images will contribute greatly to the success of radiation therapy and dramatically reduce the workload of radiation oncologists, who currently draw the target by hand on the images using simple computer drawing tools. The most challenging part of this process is to estimate where there is microscopic spread of disease. Given a set of reference CT images with "gold standard" lymph node regions drawn by the experts, we are proposing an image registration based method that could automatically contour the cervical lymph code levels for patients receiving radiation therapy. We are also proposing a method that could help us identify the reference models which could potentially produce the best results. The computer generated lymph node regions are evaluated quantitatively and qualitatively. Although not conforming to clinical criteria, the results suggest the technique has promise.
Memories of Childhood Sexual Abuse: Remembering and Repressing

Women involved in out-patient treatment for substance abuse were interviewed to examine their recollections of childhood sexual abuse. Overall, 54% of the 105 women reported a history of childhood sexual abuse. Of these, the majority (81%) remembered all or part of the abuse their whole lives; 19% reported they forgot the abuse for a period of time, and later the memory returned. Women who remembered the abuse their whole lives reported a clearer memory, with a more detailed picture. They also reported greater intensity of feelings at the time the abuse happened. Women who remembered the abuse their whole lives did not differ from others in terms of the violence of the abuse or whether the violence was incestuous. These data bear on current discussions concerning the extent to which repression is a common way of coping with childhood sexual abuse trauma, and also bear on some widely held beliefs about the correlates of repression.
Memory for unfamiliar faces differentiates mild cognitive impairment from normal aging

Memory for unfamiliar faces has received little attention in the effort to identify neuropsychological measures that could differentiate mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from normal aging and/or predict conversion from MCI to dementia. We used the Wechsler Memory Scale–III Faces test to investigate facial memory in normal aging (n = 58), MCI (n = 74), and mild Alzheimer’s disease (n = 22). After adjustment for age, gender, and years of education, MCI patients demonstrated significantly poorer memory for unfamiliar faces than their healthy peers. Lower scores were also associated with worsening cognition and functional abilities but not an increased risk of dementia.
Distribution and movements of Alaska-breeding Steller's Eiders in the nonbreeding period

ABSTRACT Steller's Eiders (Polysticta stelleri) that breed in Alaska, USA, are listed as threatened under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA), yet the degree to which these individuals segregate during the nonbreeding period from conspecifics that nest in Russia is unknown. Likewise, very little is known about the timing of use and distribution of autumn migration routes, stopover sites, and molting and wintering areas by the Alaska-breeding population. To address this information need, we implanted 14 Steller's Eiders with satellite transmitters in 2000 and 2001 at their primary Alaskan breeding grounds near Barrow. We found no evidence for segregation of the Alaska-breeding population in midwinter because locations were well-distributed along the Alaska Peninsula, congruent with prevailing knowledge about the wintering distribution of Steller's Eiders that breed in Russia. During the wing molt, from late August to early October, 7 of 13 individuals used Kuskokwim Shoals, corroborating the importance o...
Television viewing and variations in energy intake in adults and children in the USA.

Clinical ResearchCenter, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USASubmitted 7 June 2011: Accepted 29 September 2011: First published online 9 November 2011AbstractObjective: Examine the association between energy intake and television (TV)viewing in Americans.Design: Nationally representative, cross-sectional study of 2003–2006 NationalHealth and Nutrition Examination Survey.Setting: Total energy intake was determined by two 24h recalls. TV viewing wasreported as low (#1h/d), middle (2–3h/d), and high ($4h/d). Multivariate linearregression models were used to analyse TV viewing and energy intake, adjusted forBMI (percentile for children 2–18 years), age, ethnicity and physical activity.Subjects: Pre-school children (2–5 years; n 1369), school-age children (6–11 years; n1759), adolescents (12–18 years; n 3233) and adults ($19 years; n 7850) in the USA.Results: There was a signiﬁcant association between TV viewing and energy intakefor adolescent girls (high v.low:b5195?2, P50?03) and men (high v.low:b52113?0, P50?02;middle v.low:b52131?1, P50?0002).Meanadjustedenergyintake for adolescent girls was 7801?0, 8088?5 and 8618?2kJ/d for low, middle andhigh TV viewing, respectively. Mean adjusted energy intake for men was 9845 ?9,9297?2 and 9372?8kJ/d for low, middle and high TV viewing.Conclusions: TV viewing was associated withenergyintakein US children and adultsonly in 12–18-year-old girls and men. For girls, the high TV viewing category con-sumedmoreenergydaily(816?3kJ (195kcal)) than the low category. In men, themiddle and high TV viewing categories consumed less energy daily (548?4kJ(131kcal) and 473?0kJ (113kcal), respectively) th an the low category. Our ﬁndingssupportsome,butnotallpreviousresearch.Futureresearchisneededtoexplorethiscomplicated relationship with rigorous measures of energy intake and TV viewing.KeywordsTelevisionDietary patternsObesityRecently, sedentary behaviour among adults and childrenhas received attention as a public health concern
A New Vaccine against Tuberculosis Affords Greater Survival after Challenge than the Current Vaccine in the Guinea Pig Model of Pulmonary Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) remains an enormous global health problem, and a new vaccine against TB more potent than the current inadequate vaccine, Mycobacterium bovis BCG, is urgently needed. We describe a recombinant BCG vaccine (rBCG30) expressing and secreting the 30-kDa major secretory protein of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the primary causative agent of TB, that affords greater survival after challenge than parental BCG in the highly demanding guinea pig model of pulmonary TB. Animals immunized with rBCG30 and then challenged by aerosol with a highly virulent strain of M. tuberculosis survived significantly longer than animals immunized with conventional BCG. The parental and recombinant vaccine strains are comparably avirulent in guinea pigs, as they display a similar pattern of growth and clearance in the lung, spleen, and regional lymph nodes. The pMTB30 plasmid encoding the 30-kDa protein is neither self-transmissible nor mobilizable to other bacteria, including mycobacteria. The pMTB30 plasmid can be stably maintained in Escherichia coli but is expressed only in mycobacteria. The recombinant and parental strains are sensitive to the same antimycobacterial antibiotics. rBCG30, the first vaccine against TB more potent than nearly century-old BCG, is being readied for human clinical trials.
Quantum traces for representations of surface groups in SL_2

We consider two different quantizations of the character variety consisting of all representations of surface groups in SL_2. One is the skein algebra considered by Przytycki-Sikora and Turaev. The other is the quantum Teichmuller space introduced by Chekhov-Fock and Kashaev. We construct a homomorphism from the skein algebra to the quantum Teichmuller space which, when restricted the classical case, corresponds to the equivalence between these two algebras through trace functions.
Eruption and emplacement of flood basalt: An example from the large-volume Teepee Butte Member, Columbia River Basalt Group

Flows of the Teepee Butte Member, Grande Ronde Basalt, issued from a vent system in southeastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and western Idaho. Three distinct basalt flows were erupted: the Limekiln Rapids flow, the Joseph Creek flow, and the Pruitt Draw flow. Together these mappable flows cover more than 52,000 km[sup 2] and have a volume exceeding 5,000 km[sup 3]. A portion of the vent system for the Joseph Creek flow is exposed in cross section in Joseph Canyon, Washington; it is one of the best preserved Columbia River Basalt Group vent complexes known. The vent complex is about 1 km in cross section, 30 m high, and composed of deposits characteristic of Hawaiian-type volcanism. The vent is asymmetrical; the eastern rampart consists of intercalated pyroclastic deposits and thin pahoehoe flows; the western rampart is composed wholly of pahoehoe flows. Flows of the Teepee Butte Member are compositionally homogeneous and were emplaced as sheet flows, each having several local flow units. Our study supports the importance of linear vent systems and the westward Palouse Slope, along with the large-volume lava flows, in controlling the distribution of Columbia River Basalt Group flows. Other factors, including the number of active fissure segments andmore » topography, modified the shape of the flows and the number of flow units. 45 refs., 19 figs., 2 tabs.« less
Saturable stimulation of fatty acid transport through model cytoplasm by soluble binding protein

To better define the role of soluble binding proteins in the cytoplasmic transport of amphipathic molecules, we measured the diffusional mobility of a fluorescent long-chain fatty acid, 12-N-methyl...
Incentives in Mixed-Member Electoral Systems General Election Laws, Candidate Selection Procedures, and Cameral Rules

Mixed-member systems have been characterized as encouraging politicians to balance the activities that enhance their personal reputations and those of their parties. Another literature challenges t...
P‐43: Thermal Printing of Color Filters for Liquid Crystal Displays

Laser thermal imaging shows promise as an alternative to the traditional spin-coated photopolymer process to prepare color filters for LCD displays. Advantages of the thermal process include fewer process steps and organic solvent-free processing.
Two-dimensional photonic crystal microcavity sensor for single particle detection

We theoretically and experimentally demonstrate a compact silicon photonic crystal microcavity sensor capable of detecting in vivo a single particle of size comparable to a virus.
A New Positioning Algorithm for Position-Sensitive Avalanche Photodiodes

We are using a novel position sensitive avalanche photodiode (PSAPD) for the construction of a high resolution positron emission tomography (PET) camera. Up to now most researchers working with PSAPDs have been using an Anger-like positioning algorithm involving the four corner readout signals of the PSAPD. This algorithm yields a significant non-linear spatial ldquopin-cushionrdquo distortion in raw crystal positioning histograms. In this paper, we report an improved positioning algorithm, which combines two diagonal corner signals of the PSAPD followed by a 45degC rotation to determine the X or Y position of the interaction. We present flood positioning histogram data generated with the old and new positioning algorithms using a 3times4 array of 2times2times3mm and a 3times8 array of 1times1times3 mm3 of LSO crystals coupled to 8times8 mm2 PSAPDs. This new algorithm significantly reduces the pin-cushion distortion in raw flood histogram image.
New Federalism and Deregulation Impact on Special Education

The Administration's effort to reduce the scope of P.L. 94–142 regulations for the handicapped have been promulgated under the concept of “New Federalism.“ Deregulation on the scale originally proposed by the federal government may have serious implications for the field of special education by potentially increasing litigation, reducing parental involvement in the decision-making process, and fostering greater competition for available funds. Recommendations for improving P.L. 94–142 include encouraging teacher use of functional evaluation procedures, streamlining paperwork and reporting methods, and requiring the use of flow-through dollars to develop and disseminate effective instructional programs.
High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell rescue for the treatment of refractory Behcet's disease.

Objective Behcet's disease (BD) is a systemic inflammatory disorder characterized by recurrent mucocutaneous ulcerations, ocular inflammation, and numerous severe systemic inflammatory manifestations. While most patients respond to standard immunosuppressive therapies, a subset will develop refractory disease. In this report, the use of a novel therapy for the treatment of BD is described. Methods Two patients with severe refractory BD who were treated with nonmyeloablative high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy without stem cell rescue. Results After treatment, both patients were completely weaned off immunosuppressive therapy and entered disease-free remissions of 18 and 24 months, respectively. Conclusions These data suggest high-dose cyclophosphamide therapy without stem cell rescue as an alternative for the treatment of refractory BD.
An Introduction to Distributions Using Weighted Dice.

Summary This article describes a lively classroom demonstration that may be used to help develop students' understanding of the concept of a distribution, and to provide a foundation for the intuitive link between distributions and hypothesis testing.
The host effects of Gambusia affinis with an antibiotic-disrupted microbiome☆

While serving as critical tools against bacterial infections, antimicrobial therapies can also result in serious side effects, such as antibiotic-associated entercolitis. Recent studies utilizing next generation sequencing to generate community 16S gene profiles have shown that antibiotics can strongly alter community composition and deplete diversity. However, how these community changes in the microbiota are related to the host side effects is still unclear. We have used the freshwater Western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) as a tractable vertebrate model system to study host effects following exposure to a broad spectrum antibiotic, rifampicin. After 3days of exposure, the bacterial communities of the mucosal skin and gut microbiomes lost diversity and shifted composition. Compared to unexposed controls, treated fish were more susceptible to a specific pathogen, Edwardsiella ictaluri, yet displayed no survival differences when subjected to a polymicrobial water challenge of soil or feces. Treated fish were more susceptible to osmotic stress from NaCl, but not to the toxin nitrate. Treated fish failed to gain weight as well as controls over one month when fed a matched diet. Because of small sample sizes, pathogen susceptibility and weight gain differences were not statistically significant. This study provides supporting evidence in an experimental laboratory system that an antibiotic can have significant and persistent negative host effects, and provides for future study into the mechanisms of these effects.
Exact Flow Rates from Dupuit's Approximation

Certain problems in three-dimensional, confined and unconfined, ground water seepage are reduced to two-dimensional boundary-value problems by integrating the exact equations of motion in the vertical direction. It is shown that the solution of these two-dimensional boundary-value problems gives exact flow rates, and that these flow rates are identical to those obtained from the classical Dupuit theory of ground water motion. It is also concluded that free surface coordinates and piezometric head distributions are not, in general, given exactly by the Dupuit formulation.
Evaluation of protocols for temperature coefficient determination

The temperature coefficients of CIGS and c-Si modules were determined using both a Class C sun simulator and a Class A+ flash tester. The temperature coefficients were calculated following various light soaking procedures, and varying the heating and cooling ramps. The temperature coefficient determination was also carried out for bare cells (without lamination), and the results compared to measurements carried out on related modules. It was observed that in order to obtain a reliable value for the temperature coefficient, hysteresis effects in the performance as a function of temperature must be avoided.
Stability of few layer graphene films doped with gold (III) chloride

Abstract In this paper we study the stability of few layer graphene (5–7 layers) doped with gold nanoparticles through spin coating of a gold (III) chloride solution. Specifically sheet resistance, optical transmittance and surface morphology were monitored over a period of four weeks. Through scanning electron microscopy we observed that the gold nanoparticles of 29.1 ± 1.3 nm diameters, which were formed on surfaces freshly doped with a 20 mM solution, agglomerate and fuse over the period of four weeks into larger particles of 50–110 nm diameters. At the end of four weeks of aging, regardless in air or vacuum, the optical transmittance at 550 nm for the doped samples resumed a value close to that of undoped samples. During these four weeks, the sheet resistances of the samples doped with 20 mM gold chloride also increased from 130 ohm/sq to 300 ohm/sq, but stayed comparable to indium tin oxide. In summary, despite the instability of doped FLG surfaces obtained using gold (III) chloride solutions, this study warrants the use of doped FLG films for building the next generation photovoltaics.
Post-Breeding and Early Migrant Bird Use and Characteristics of Diked and Undiked Coastal Wetlands in Michigan, USA

Abstract. Bird use of diked and undiked Michigan coastal wetlands (n = 17) was studied on Lake St. Clair and Lake Huron during late July to mid-October, 2005–2007. Relative abundance and diversity were compared via aerial (n = 9) and ground (n= 155) surveys and wetland characteristics were measured. Species richness and similarity indices suggested analogous bird use, but multivariate analyses indicated significant separation in diked and undiked bird assemblages. Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), and Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) were more abundant on diked sites, whereas dabbling ducks combined, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), American Black Duck (A. rubripes), gulls (Laridae), Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri), and Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) were more abundant on undiked wetlands. Wetland characteristics also differed. Diked sites were primarily cattail (Typha spp.) marshes interspersed with small open-water areas containing aquatic plants. Undiked sites had lar...
Tumor biology correlates with rates of breast-conserving surgery and pathologic complete response after neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: findings from the ACOSOG Z1071 (Alliance) prospective multicenter clinical trial

Objective:To determine the impact of tumor biology on rates of breast-conserving surgery and pathologic complete response (pCR) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy.Background:The impact of tumor biology on the rate of breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy has not been well studied.Meth
Study on Seepage of CFRD on Thick Overburden and Deformation Characteristic of Anti-seepage Wall

Xieka concrete-face rockfill dam(CFRD) is of 110 meters height,with an overburden of 45m to 108m on dam foundation.Its bedrock is in loose structure and with high permeability.The three-dimensional seepage and stress-strain of Xieka CFRD is analyzed by using of finite element method.Meanwhile,a discussion is made on the influences of curtain thickness,depth and permeability on dam foundation seepage,and an analysis is made on the deformation trend of the anti-seepage wall and the settlement law of toeboard in construction and storage periods.The results show that the curtain is a weak link in seepage control.With the increase of curtain permeability and the decrease of curtain depth,the total seepage increases significantly,that is to say,the seepage can be greatly reduced by increasing the curtain thickness.The anti-seepage wall moves upstream in construction period,while it moves downstream by hydraulic thrust in storage period,hence,a small dislocation occurs at the junction of anti-seepage wall and toeboard.
Rho-kinase as a potential target for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.

Erectile dysfunction is a condition that is estimated to affect more than 30 million men in the United States alone. The prevalence of erectile dysfunction is increased with age and is often secondary to diseases such as depression, hypertension and diabetes. Causes of erectile dysfunction include physical injury to the cavernosum and abnormal cerebral and peripheral nervous system functioning. However, many cases of erectile dysfunction are the result of dysfunctional signaling in the cavernosal vasculature. This article will detail the important role of a vasoconstrictor mechanism mediated by the small G-protein RhoA and a downstream serine/threonine kinase, Rho-kinase, in the maintenance of penile flaccidity. Recent evidence demonstrates that inhibition of endogenous Rho-kinase initiates an erectile response in an in vivo rat model. These initial findings introduce a novel potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
Hormonal Influence on the Neurogenic Response of the Hamster Vas Deferens

The effect of castration on in vitro contractility of smooth muscle of the vas deferens and body of the bladder has been studied in the hamster. Castration produced supersensitivity to in vitro electrical stimulation and norepinephrine in the vas deferens, but had no effect on the body of the bladder. Castration also increased the maximum contractile response of the vas deferens to electrical stimulation, norepinephrine, ATP, acetylcholine and histamine. The changes in contractility of smooth muscle of the vas deferens developed slowly and may be explained by specific effects upon adrenergic and purinergic neurotransmission and/or non-specific effects upon smooth muscle cell membranes.
Political Mobilization and Government Targeting: When Do Dissidents Challenge the State?

Activist groups face a number of strategic challenges when pursuing social change. Among the most important is selecting the appropriate target for protest activity. Yet, scholars have typically focused on dissident–government interactions, rather than the entire range of potential targets. Why, then, do dissidents choose to target the state rather than other social actors such as firms, rival ethnic groups, the press, and so on? We argue that dissident target choice is shaped by the interaction of dissident demands and regime characteristics. When the state is highly central in generating particular grievances, dissidents will be more likely to target the state; however, this also depends on the degree of state responsiveness to opposition movements. We highlight how state control over the economy shapes economic protest, how democracy conditions political protest, and how ethnic discrimination discourages anti-state protest. The results of our quantitative analysis of protest events in Africa and Latin ...
A Music Therapist Shares Stories of Patients with Cancer

Since the publication of my research reporting that music therapy reduces pain in palliative care patients [1], many people have expressed curiosity about what it is I do with patients.[...]
Influence of Two Bulge Loops on the Stability of RNA Duplexes

Fifty-three RNA duplexes containing two single nucleotide bulge loops were optically melted in 1 M NaCl in order to determine the thermodynamic parameters ΔH°, ΔS°, ΔG°37, and TM for each duplex. Because of the large number of possible combinations and lack of sequence effects observed previously, we limited our initial investigation to adenosine bulges, the most common naturally occurring bulge. For example, the following duplexes were investigated: 5'GGCAXYAGGC/3'CCG YX CCG, 5'GGCAXY GCC/3'CCG YXACGG, and 5'GGC XYAGCC/3'CCGAYX CGG. The identity of XY (where XY are Watson-Crick base pairs) and the total number of base pairs in the terminal and central stems were varied. As observed for duplexes with a single bulge loop, the effect of the two bulge loops on duplex stability is primarily influenced by non-nearest neighbor interactions. In particular, the stability of the stems influences the destabilization of the duplex by the inserted bulge loops. The model proposed to predict the influence of multiple bulge loops on duplex stability suggests that the destabilization of each bulge is related to the stability of the adjacent stems. A database of RNA secondary structures was examined to determine the naturally occurring abundance of duplexes containing multiple bulge loops. Of the 2000 examples found in the database, over 65% of the two bulge loops occur within 3 base pairs of each other. A database of RNA three-dimensional structures was examined to determine the structure of duplexes containing two single nucleotide bulge loops. The structures of the bulge loops are described.
Unfair competition governs the interaction of pCPI-17 with myosin phosphatase (PP1-MYPT1).

The small phosphoprotein pCPI-17 inhibits myosin light-chain phosphatase (MLCP). Current models postulate that during muscle relaxation, phosphatases other than MLCP dephosphorylate and inactivate pCPI-17 to restore MLCP activity. We show here that such hypotheses are insufficient to account for the observed rapidity of pCPI-17 inactivation in mammalian smooth muscles. Instead, MLCP itself is the critical enzyme for pCPI-17 dephosphorylation. We call the mutual sequestration mechanism through which pCPI-17 and MLCP interact inhibition by unfair competition: MLCP protects pCPI-17 from other phosphatases, while pCPI-17 blocks other substrates from MLCP’s active site. MLCP dephosphorylates pCPI-17 at a slow rate that is, nonetheless, both sufficient and necessary to explain the speed of pCPI-17 dephosphorylation and the consequent MLCP activation during muscle relaxation.
What Do You Mean, No? Toddlers’ Comprehension of Logical “No” and “Not”

ABSTRACTFor adults, “no” and “not” change the truth-value of sentences they compose with. To investigate children’s emerging understanding of these words, an experimenter hid a ball in a bucket or a truck, then gave an affirmative or negative clue (Experiment 1: “It’s not in the bucket”; Experiment 2: “Is it in the bucket?”; “No, it’s not”). Replicating Austin, Theakston, Lieven, & Tomasello (2014), children only understood logical “no” and “not” after age two, long after they say “no” but around the time they say “not” and use both words to deny statements. To investigate whether this simply reflects improving inhibitory control, in Experiment 3 we showed children that one container did or did not hold the ball. Twenty-month-olds now succeeded. We discuss two possible factors limiting learning both “no” and “not”—a purely linguistic difficulty learning the labels, and the possibility that negation is unavailable to thought before age two.
Dictionary coded profiles and their use with nanopore sequencers

Lempel-Ziv complexity is the basis for widely used compression algorithms. It has also been proposed as the basis for a distance metric to measure evolutionary distance. In this work we present an extension of the latter idea to develop a low complexity robust species-specific genomic signature. This signature can be used to identify biological organisms using only a small fragment of their genome in a computationally efficient manner. We use this feature to develop an application to the increasingly popular, though error prone, nanopore single molecule sequencing. In this application we use the signature of the molecule being sequenced to rule out the presence of target organisms early in the sequencing process.
End-to-End Delay Minimization Approaches Using Software-Defined Networking

The design and development of an efficient wide-area communication and computing approach remains as one of the greatest challenges to harvest the gigantic volume of data for a variety of application service needs in smart cities. The data may be of a varied priority due to the different stages of application services. This paper explores and leverages Software Defined Networking (SDN) to develop a communication approach for data transfers in smart city applications. Specifically, we propose an efficient approach to minimizing the end-to-end delay for data transmission in an SDN infrastructure by using a Timestamp Recording method to compare the arrival and departure of flows and packets over a period of time. The proposed SDN-based approach is designed to be QoS-aware. Hence, network traffic can be delivered according to the priority level of the traffic service. Finally, we evaluate the proposed SDN-based approach on the Global Environment for Network Innovations (GENI) testbed. We compare the Timestamp Recording method to other common delay measurement techniques, and our analysis demonstrates the effectiveness and the proposed SDN-based approach at scale.
Spirulina cultivated under different light emitting diodes: Enhanced cell growth and phycocyanin production.

Abstract This study evaluated light emitting diodes (LEDs) as a light source in Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures in terms of growth parameters and biomass composition. Different photoperiods (partial and integral) and colors (blue, green, red and white) were assessed. Blue, green, red and white LEDs increased biomass productivity and maximum specific growth rate of such cultivations. The maximum biomass concentration (1.77 ± 0.02 g L−1) was obtained when red LEDs in integral light photoperiod were applied to cultivations. The biomass composition showed around 12.8% carbohydrates (w w−1), 57.4% proteins (w w−1) and 12.7% lipids (w w−1). The major fatty acids produced during cultivations were palmitic, linoleic and γ-linolenic. Green LEDs in partial light photoperiod promoted a higher concentration of phycocyanin (126.39 mg gbiomass−1). The potential of LEDs as an energy source in Spirulina sp. LEB 18 cultures was demonstrated by the biomass and bioproducts photostimulation.
Placing Water and Culture

Water has seeped into unexpected domains. Water-related advertisements abound, and not only in the bottled water industry or in describing waterfront property. There are fashionable lines of clothing and cosmetic products with ‘water,’ ‘aqua,’ or ‘H2O’ in their names. In high-end shopping districts of the world’s capitals, one can find skin-care stores called H 2 O, built of sleek aquamarine-coloured glass. Water keeps re-entering the cultural imagination in new shapes and forms, subliminally exerting its aesthetic appeal.
Evolving Treatment Strategies for Severe Clostridium difficile Colitis: Defining the Therapeutic Window

All hospital systems should recognize that Clostridium difficile colitis is a major healthcare-associated infection that can progress to life-threatening severity if not recognized and treated early. The management of severe Clostridium difficile colitis remains controversial, and the therapeutic modalities are evolving rapidly along with the bacteria. In this chapter we will identify stages of severe C. difficile colitis and determine when surgical consultation and which therapies may be appropriate for each stage. We will also illustrate the key elements to the use of intracolonic vancomycin therapy at the beginning of the “therapeutic window” for severe C. Difficile colitis prior to the need for surgical intervention.
The Changing Spectrum of Heroin-Associated Kidney Disease.

Heroin is a morphine (opioid)-derived substance that can be injected, inhaled, or smoked. It is often “cut” or mixed with other adulterants. A variety of kidney diseases with varying etiologies can occur in the setting of heroin abuse. The kidney diseases can involve the glomerulus, interstitium
The Use of Regression Techniques for Matching Reliability Models to the Real World

Similar models are often used in various disciplines. For example, models for time to an event or for times between successive events are needed in biometry and sociology applications, as well as in reliability. The specific circumstances of a particular discipline may suggest a particular family of distribution functions, e.g., the Weibull distribution, when modeling time to an event. Alternatively, a specific point process, e.g. the power law process (a nonhomogeneous Poisson process of specific functional form, see Ascher and Feingold (1984)) may be appropriate in a particular reliability application dealing with times between successive failures of a repairable system. In a biometry application, in which times between successive nonfatal illnesses of a patient are studied, another point process might be suggested. In practice, however, instead of considering that models are suggested by circumstances, there is far too much reliance on a priori specification of models. For example, in hardware reliability applications it is usually assumed that the exponential distribution is the appropriate model to use, regardless of the application. If this model is generalized at all, the “generalization” usually is restricted to using a Weibull distribution. In fact, one or the other of these distributions is usually invoked even when no distribution whatsoever is the appropriate model! That is, when dealing with a repairable system—and most systems are designed to be repaired rather than replaced after failure—the correct model is a sequence of distribution functions, i.e., a point process. Distribution functions and point processes are not equivalent models, even in the most special cases. A homogeneous Poisson process (HPP) can be defined as a nonterminating sequence of independent and identically exponentially distributed times between events. Ascher and Feingold (1979, 1984) show that there are important distinctions between the exponential distribution and HPP models.
The Lexicon in Acquisition: Conventionality and contrast

Speakers take for granted every day both that there are words for things and that words differ in meaning. We have assumed that the stock of words speakers draw on can be thought of as forming a mental dictionary. But it is more than that. Dictionaries list only words that are well established, but speakers can also construct new words, made just for the occasion. So the lexical resources speakers make use of must include both well-established terms, known to the speech community, and novel ones, coined for special occasions. In this chapter, I take up conventionality , that well-established words have conventional meanings, and contrast , that words differ in meaning. These two together guide speakers in their use of the lexicon. The emphasis here is on their general consequences. In the next chapter, I explore their consequences for acquisition. Conventionality The principle of conventionality is the following: “For certain meanings, there is a form that speakers expect to be used in the language community.” That is, if a conventional term expresses what they mean, speakers should use it. If they don't do so, or if they use a term in a non-conventional way, they are liable to be misunderstood.
Cellular Anatomy of the Liver (Hepatocyte, Biliary Epithelial Cells, Endothelial Cells, Kupffer Cells and Hepatic Stellate Cells)

The liver is the largest internal organ located in the right upper quadrant of the abdominal cavity. It receives blood from the portal vein (75%), bringing substances absorbed from the intestine, and the hepatic artery (25%). They divide progressively into smaller branches, finally becoming fine capillaries named sinusoids. Sinusoidal endothelial cells lining sinusoids contain fenestrations that facilitate easy exchange of substances between plasma and underlying hepatocytes. Hepatocytes absorb nutrients, synthesize various proteins, lipids, bile and carbohydrates, and metabolize drugs and xenobiotics. Bile secreted by hepatocytes into bile ducts is modified by biliary epithelial cells before its release into duodenum to aid in digestion/absorption. In the perisinusoidal space are hepatic stellate cells, which store retinoids and produce extracellular matrix that supports the liver's architecture. Within sinusoids are Kupffer cells, which phagocytose and clear harmful agents including microbes/microbial products. With highly coordinated functions, hepatic cells protect other organs from harmful agents and provide them with metabolic needs.
Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure in Safety Pharmacology

Toxicology and safety pharmacology are subspecialties initiated to predict adverse drug events in individuals for whom drugs are targeted. They should attempt to interrogate all parameters of function, which if affected might translate to an adverse clinical event. These functions are categorized generally as electrophysiological (e.g., automaticity, conductivity, irritability), hemodynamic (e.g., inotrope, lusitrope), energetic (i.e., ratio of oxygen demand to oxygen delivery), biochemical (e.g., phosphogen status), physicochemical (e.g., ion channels), and integrative (e.g., baroreceptor function). Those that occur electrophysiologically are more devastating since they may terminate in sudden death (e.g., torsades de pointes evolving to ventricular fibrillation), but those that occur in the hemodynamic/energetic arena, although less striking, translate to orders of magnitude greater morbidity and mortality. This review will deal predominately with hemodynamic parameters that are important to determine drug safety, and will be quite different from a general discussion that might be related to diagnosis of disease. Because hemodynamic parameters also determine energetics (i.e., ratio of myocardial oxygen delivery to myocardial oxygen consumption) and are influenced by integrative functions (i.e., baroreceptor sensitivity, neuroendocrine balance), this discussion will focus on vascular pressures as measured in preclinical trials.
Biological Cellular Morphometry-Fractal Dimensions, Lacunarity and Multifractals

This paper describes two fractal dimensions (D), one related to length (the capacity dimension) and another related to mass (the mass dimension) and illustrates how they may be determined. The concept of lacunarity and how it can be measured is also presented. These methods are applied to the borders of biological cells. Results illustrate that the magnitude of the capacity dimension corresponds to our intuitive concept of complexity and that this dimension is a useful tool for quantitatively studying morphological cellular differentiation in cultured glial cells.
Variability in blood transfusions after pancreaticoduodenectomy: A national analysis of the University HealthSystem Consortium.

Background Variability in blood use after pancreaticoduodenectomy and the associated impact on readmission, mortality, and cost is not well understood at the national level. Methods The University HealthSystem Consortium database was queried for all pancreaticoduodenectomies performed between the years 2011–2013 ( n = 9,582). Patients were grouped according to transfusion requirements into none (0 units, 64%), low (1–2 units, 15%), medium (3–5 units, 13%), and high (>5 units, 8%). Multivariable analyses were used to determine predictors of increased transfusions, readmission, in-hospital mortality, and cost. Results Of the patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, 36% received blood perioperatively. Patients with high transfusion requirements were less often white, more often male, and had a higher severity of illness (all P P = .03), cost (RR 1.84, P P P P Conclusion Significant variability exists nationally in transfusion practices for patients undergoing pancreaticoduodenectomy, which may be driven most by severity of illness and surgeon volume. Efforts to reduce such variability could lead to improved outcomes and healthcare cost savings.
Enormous gill chambers of deep-sea coffinfishes (Lophiiformes: Chaunacidae) support unique ventilatory specialisations such as breath holding and extreme inflation.

Deep sea habitats tend to favor species with low energetic demands, and therefore we predict that deep sea fishes will have behavioral and morphological specializations of the gill ventilatory system to reduce the energetic cost of pumping water across the gills. However, it is difficult to study functional morphology of deep sea fishes due the lack of ability to conduct laboratory experiments with living fishes. For this study, we combined analysis of publicly available video recorded by remote-operated vehicles (ROV) with detailed anatomical study of museum specimens to document the functional morphology of the massive gill chambers that are observed in coffinfishes (Lophiiformes: Chaunacidae). Chaunacids, like other lophiiforms, exhibit highly specialised ventilatory anatomy such as an enlarged branchiostegal apparatus and restricted gill openings, but videos show them using this anatomy in a new and unusual way. We observed eight individuals ventilating extremely slowly at rates of 0.03-0.004 Hz, during which the gill chambers were full yet we saw no inhalation or exhalation for periods of 26 to 245 s. This holding breath behaviour has not been observed in any other fishes and is probably highly energetically efficient. This inflation of the gill chambers also increases body volume by up to 30%, making them more globose and difficult to be taken as prey, much like stomach inflation in pufferfishes (Tetraodontidae). We also used micro computed-tomography (CT) scans to document the enormous branchiostegal rays and associated muscles that support this unique behaviour.
Principles of Surgical Evaluation and Techniques for the Shoulder in the Overhead Athlete

Surgical treatment of the overhead athlete’s shoulder requires an in-depth knowledge of the pathologic processes of internal impingement in order to optimize treatment outcomes in patients who have failed conservative treatment. Overhead athletes have a predictable pattern of injury that includes superior labrum anterior-posterior (SLAP) tears, rotator cuff tears, anterior-inferior capsular laxity, and posterior-inferior capsular contracture. The purpose of this chapter is to highlight the principles and techniques of surgical treatment of the overhead athlete’s shoulder.
Atome in neuen Positionen

Neues Materialverhalten, das im Nanomasstab moglich wird, ist nur ein Teil des Nanotechnologietraumes. Feynman entwickelte 1959 in seinem Vortrag eine weitere Vision fur die Nanotechnologie, die weit uber die einfache Entdeckung nutzlicher Materialeigenschaften hinausging. Er prophezeite den Menschen eine grose Zukunft, in der man Atome und Molekule mit speziell entwickelten Werkzeugen in eine sorgfaltig vorherbestimmte Anordnung bringen kann. Der weitsichtige Physiker erkannte damit ein wichtiges Prinzip: Wenn man Atome neu anordnen kann, indem man nach ihnen greift und sie hin und her bewegt, sollte es moglich sein, Atom fur Atom praktisch alles aufzubauen, was man haben mochte. Atome konnten als das grundlegendste Baumaterial dienen. Diese Vision von der Nanotechnologie bezeichnete er als molekulare Produktion.