cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A service science perspective for interfaces of online service applications

This paper proposes a framework based on Service Science for online service applications that identifies and enables a better understanding of the different issues faced by their designers, engineers, and delivery personnel. To demonstrate the utility of the framework, we consider the 6 basic characteristics of services -- customer-as-input, heterogeneity, simultaneity, perishability, coproduction, and intangibility -- and derive from these characteristics a list of 15 different issues that are highly important for the design and evaluation of the human-computer interface of online services: trust, privacy, and security; personalization, service recovery and quality consistency; performance consistency and fairness; demand management and marketing; customer empowerment and training; service expectation, process satisfaction, and anger/frustration management.
Timing of death after traumatic injury--a contemporary assessment of the temporal distribution of death.

BACKGROUND: The trimodal distribution of traumatic death was first described by Trunkey in 1983, which demonstrated that most deaths occur in the first 24 h. We postulate that since 1983, the time-to-death histogram described has shifted. METHODS: A retrospective analysis identifying timing of death was conducted on the National Trauma Data Bank (version 7.2) from 2002 to 2006. Early death was defined as death within 24 h of admission. International Classification of Diseases ninth edition codes with greater than 20% early deaths were called "high-risk codes". Bivariate analyses were conducted to assess the association between demographics, injury factors, and death. Pearson's χ(2) test was used to compare timing of death by region of injury. Multivariate logistic regression was conducted to show the effect of region of injury on death while controlling for demographic factors and injury type. RESULTS: The cohort includes 898,982 patients. The study population was predominantly male (66%) and Caucasian (62%). Mean age and injury severity score were 45 ± 20.3 and 11 ± 10, respectively. Overall mortality rate was 5% with 56% dying early. Head/neck, thorax, and abdomen/pelvis injuries were more prevalent in overall deaths (35%, 22%, and 11%, respectively). Thorax and abdomen/pelvis injuries predicted early death (odds ratio 2.03 and 1.39, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of early death has decreased since 1983, but the majority of deaths still occur within 24 h of injury. Ample opportunity remains to impact mortality in the first 24 h after injury. Language: en
Centers to centroids in graphs

For S contained in V(G) the S-center and S-centroid of G are defined as the collection of vertices u an element of V(G) that minimize e/sub s/(u) = max (d(u,v): v an element of S) and d/sub s/(u) = ..sigma../sub v an element of S/d(u,v), respectively. This procedure generalizes the standard definition of center and centroid from the special case of S = V(G). For 1 less than or equal to k less than or equal to absolute value V(G) and u an element of V(G) let r/sub k/(u) = max (..sigma../sub s an element of S/d(u,s): S contained in V(G), absolute value S = k). The k-centrum of G, denoted C(G;k), is defined to be the subset of vertices u in G for which r/sub k/(u) is a minimum. This approach also generalizes the standard definitions of center and centroid since C(G;1) is the center of C(G; absolute value V(G)) is the centroid. The structure of these sets for trees is examined. Generalizations of theorems of Jordan and Zelinka are included. 4 figures, 2 tables.
Crosslinguistic influence in two directions: The acquisition of dative constructions in Cantonese—English bilingual children

Previous studies suggest that language dominance and input ambiguity are the two major determinants of crosslinguistic influence in bilingual language acquisition. This article reports a case of bi-directional crosslinguistic transfer in the acquisition of dative constructions by Cantonese—English bilingual children. Longitudinal data of five bilingual children reveal qualitative and quantitative differences between bilingual and monolingual children in the development of English prepositional datives and Cantonese inverted double object datives. Individual differences among the five bilingual children largely correspond to their language dominance patterns, and input ambiguity also helps to explain some transfer effects. It is found that crosslinguistic influence is most likely to take place at vulnerable domains in language acquisition, and a great deal of the interaction between the two languages is observed in such domains. The findings suggest that crosslinguistic influence is pervasive in both directions of bilingual acquisition.
Reactivity of human saphenous veins at arterial perfusion pressures

Vasospasm of human saphenous vein grafts has been reported after aorta-coronary bypass operations. However, it is unknown whether veno-arterial grafts are inherently responsive to vasoconstrictor stimuli after implantation into the arterial circulation or whether their vasomotion is secondary to hemodynamic changes. Thus in this study we used in vitro methods to directly evaluate whether isolated human saphenous vein segments respond to vasoconstrictor agents at arterial pressure levels. External diameter and intraluminal flow were monitored in 12 human saphenous vein segments, which were perfused at 30 ml/min with physiologic salt solution at 90, 70, and 50 mm Hg. Increasing intraluminal pressure higher than 50 mm Hg or exposing the vein to Ca 2+ -free media did not increase vessel external diameter or intraluminal flow, which suggests that human saphenous veins were fully distended at pressures of 50 mm Hg or greater. However, all human saphenous veins were activated by a 1 μmol/L dose of norepinephrine at 50 mm Hg and dilated during subsequent intraluminal infusion of a 1 μmol/L dose of acetylcholine, showing intact vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cell function. In the same vessels, a 1 νmol/L concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine constricted human saphenous veins by 19%, 22%, and 26% at intraluminal pressures of 90, 70, and 50 mm Hg, respectively, and reduced vessel flow by 6%, 24%, and 42% at the same pressure levels. Similarly, a 1 μmol/L concentration of norepinephrine constricted vessels pressurized at 90, 70, and 50 mm Hg by 9%, 12%, and 17%, respectively, and attenuated vessel flow by as much as 32%. We conclude that human saphenous vein segments are fully distended at perfusion pressures greater than 50 mm Hg, but can dynamically constrict to vasoactive agonists and regulate graft flow at intraluminal pressures as high as 90 mm Hg. Our findings in isolated human saphenous vein segments lend support to clinical observations that human saphenous vein grafts should be regarded as vasoactive conduits after implantation at arterial pressure levels.
On the utility of a simple model for the calculation of k‐edge filtered x‐ray spectra

A theoreticalanalysis of x‐ray tube spectral distributions has been made. Predicted spectra have been calculated for varying kVp and filtration. The analysis is not intended to give absolute tube output but to give accurate relative outputs. Several applications of this analysis are suggested for optimization studies in digital flouroscopy and x‐ray fluorescenceanalysis.
Island Configuration for Service Restoration of the Smart Distribution System

sland operation is a special operation mode for service restoration for the smart distribution system with distributed generation. In this paper, a model of island reconfiguration of the smart distribution system is proposed. The objection of this model is maximizing the total power supply profit. Meanwhile, load priority, controllable and uncontrollable load, and the restrictions of power balance, voltage and equipment capability are all taken into account. The island configuration problem is first simplified as a special knapsack problem, and based on the solution of this knapsack problem an initial island scheme is gained. By feasibility checking and adjusting, a island configuration is finally proposed. The results of the samples demonstrate that the model and method presented in this paper is feasible and valid.
Helicobacter felis eradication restores normal architecture and inhibits gastric cancer progression in C57BL/6 mice.

Background & Aims: The impact of Helicobacter eradication therapy on the progression or regression of gastric lesions is poorly defined. This study examined the effects of eradication therapy on inflammation, atrophy, metaplasia, dysplasia, and cancer progression. Methods: C57BL/6 mice were infected with Helicobacter felis and received bacterial eradication therapy after 2, 6, or 12 months of infection. The gastric mucosa was examined at early, mid, and late intervals after eradication and graded for histology, expression pattern of α-catenin and β-catenin, and IQGAP1. Results: Eradication of Helicobacter infection after 2 or 6 months of infection led to a regression of inflammation, restoration of parietal cell mass, and reestablishment of normal architecture. Progression to adenocarcinoma was prevented. Bacterial eradication at 1 year was associated with the reappearance of parietal cells, partial regression of inflammation, and restoration of architecture. Hyperplasia scores significantly improved, and dysplasia did not progress. Infected mice developed antral adenocarcinoma and gastric outlet obstruction by 24 months. Only 30% of the mice receiving bacterial eradication therapy at 12 months developed antral carcinoma. Bacterial eradication at any time during the first year of infection prevented death due to gastric outlet obstruction. The expression pattern of α-catenin, β-catenin, and IQGAP1 varied with cell type and paralleled histologic changes. Conclusions: Inflammation, metaplasia, and dysplasia are reversible with early eradication therapy; progression of dysplasia was arrested with eradication therapy given as late as 1 year and prevented gastric cancer-related deaths.
America's Working Poor Conceptualization, Measurement, and New Estimates

This article addresses measurement challenges that have stymied contemporary research on the working poor. The authors review previously used measurement schemes and discuss conceptual assumptions that underlie each. Using 2013 March Current Population Survey data, the authors estimate national- and race-specific rates of working poverty using more than 125 measures. The authors then evaluate the association between each measure and a latent construct of working poverty using factor analysis and develop a working poverty index derived from these results. Finally, the authors estimate multivariate regression models to identify key social and demographic risk factors for poverty among workers. The authors’ national estimates of working poverty range from 2% to nearly 19% and are highly sensitive to alternative assumptions. The authors’ analyses find that the latent construct is most highly correlated with empirical measures of working poverty that include part-time or part-year employment and that use pover...
Post-translational modification of p53 in tumorigenesis

Interest in the tumour suppressor p53 has generated much information regarding the complexity of its function and regulation in carcinogenesis. However, gaps still exist in our knowledge regarding the role of p53 post-translational modifications in carcinogenesis and cancer prevention. A thorough understanding of p53 will be extremely useful in the development of new strategies for treating and preventing cancer, including restoration of p53 function and selective killing of tumours with mutant TP53.
Cytomorphologic, immunocytochemical, and nucleic acid flow cytometric study of 50 lymph nodes by fine‐needle aspiration. Comparison with results obtained by subsequent excisional biopsy

Fifty patients with clinically suspected or previous diagnosis of lymphoma underwent fine-needle aspiration (FNA) and subsequent excisional biopsy of their lymph nodes. Results of cytologic diagnosis made from the direct smears in conjunction with immunocytochemical study of cytospin preparations and nucleic acid flow cytometric study (FCM) were compared with the results obtained from histologic sections, cryostat-immunohistochemical study, and nucleic acid FCM performed on resected lymph nodes. This study demonstrates (1) results of immunocytochemical and DNA-FCM analysis of FNA-derived material are comparable in the majority of cases to those obtained from surgical specimens, (2) immunostaining of cytospin preparations for immunoglobulin (Ig) gives less background staining and in certain cases is easier to interpret than when performed on frozen sections, and (3) monotypia in FNA in conjunction with cytomorphologic study is 100% specific for lymphoma, and polytypic staining for Ig does not exclude HD, T-cell lymphoma, or B-cell malignancy focally involving a lymph node.
Automated neutral loss and data dependent energy resolved "pseudo MS3" for the targeted identification, characterization and quantitative analysis of methionine- containing peptides.

A strategy involving the fixed-charge sulfonium ion derivatization, stable isotope labeling, capillary high-performance liquid chromatography and automated data dependent neutral loss scan mode tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and “pseudo multiple mass spectrometry (MS3)” product ion scans in a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer has been developed for the “targeted” gas-phase identification, characterization and quantitative analysis of low abundance methionine-containing peptides present within complex protein digests. Selective gas-phase “enrichment” and identification is performed via neutral loss scan mode MS/MS, by low energy collision-induced dissociation of the derivatized methionine side chain, resulting in the formation of a single characteristic product ion. Structural characterization of identified peptides is then achieved by automatically subjecting the characteristic neutral loss product ion to further dissociation by data dependent product ion scan mode pseudo MS3 under higher collision en...
Choosing internal standards based on a multivariate analysis approach with ICP(TOF)MS

Internal standards are routinely used with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICPMS) to minimize the impact of signal instability. Previous studies indicate that internal standard choice should be directed by similarities in mass, but they neglect to address the possibilities of exceptions or what impact a poor internal standard choice may have on quantitative results. A 51 element suite was run under varying instrument and matrix perturbations on an ICPMS instrument equipped with a time of flight mass spectrometer. Each element was ratioed to every other element for perturbed conditions that were intended to simulate variations in matrix composition or drift in operating parameters. These included changing sample delivery rate, matrices (NaCl and acetic acid) and horizontal torch position. The %RSDs of each analyte-to-internal standard ratio were used to rank the relative quality of each analyte-internal standard pair and their response to changing conditions. Multiple ordinary least squares equations were calculated to evaluate various chemical and physical properties that may be predictors of an optimal analyte-internal standard combination. Overall, similarity of masses was found to be the most important predictor of a good internal standard. However, exceptions did exist under various perturbations and among different elements. In a final study, nine analytes were run under perturbed experimental conditions and in two complex matrices (NaCl and acetic acid), but quantitation was attempted using simple aqueous standards. Accuracy and precision were evaluated for several internal standards for each of the nine elements as well for the nine analytes where no internal standard was employed. From this evaluation, it was clear that internal standard choice can have substantial effects on analytical accuracy and the improvement of analytical precision, but there is no single physical or chemical parameter that reliably allows a priori selection of a “good” internal standard for any given analyte.
Currents in Penobscot Bay, Maine

A three-dimensional numerical model is applied to Penobscot Bay, a complicated estuarine system on Maine's Atlantic coast. The estuary classification varies from stratified to well-mixed depending upon season and distance from the ocean. Bathymetry and topography are complex. Because an extensive data set exists for Penobscot Bay, testing and verification of the model is attempted here in spite of the bay's physical complications. NOS/NOAA collected data for two consecutive summers (1969 and 1970) at over 100 stations using moored sets of current meters. Observation periods ranged from 3 days to 3 months. The model has been updated and run including the density gradients in the bay. Calculated currents are the same order as the residual currents measured in the bay or about 2 km/day.
Performance Evaluation in Data Rich Fayetteville Shale Gas Plays - Integrating Physics-based Reservoir Simulations with Data Driven Approaches for Uncertainty Reduction

This joint study combines physics-based reservoir simulations with automated screening including data mining and pattern recognition to evaluate the key controls on shale gas performance in Fayetteville, USA based on publicly available data comprising approximately 2000 wells.
AMPA receptor subunits expression and phosphorylation in cingulate cortex in rats following esophageal acid exposure.

Background We recently reported an increase in N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit expression and CaMKII-dependent phosphorylation of NR2B in the rostral cingulate cortical (rCC) neurons following esophageal acid exposure in rats. As α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid (AMPA) receptors mediate the fast excitatory transmission and play a critical role in synaptic plasticity, in this study, we investigated the effect of esophageal acid exposure in rats on the expression of AMPA receptor subunits and the involvement of these molecular alterations in acid-induced sensitization of neurons in the anterior cingulate (ACC) and midcingulate (MCC) cortices. Methods In molecular study, we examined GluA1 and GluA2 expression and phosphorylation in membrane preparations and in the isolated postsynaptic densities (PSDs) from rats receiving acute esophageal exposure of either saline (control group) or 0.1 N HCl (experimental group). In electrophysiological study, the effect of selective AMPA receptor (Ca2+ permeable) antagonist IEM-1460 and CaMKII inhibitor KN-93 was tested on responses of cortical neurons during acid infusion to address the underlying molecular mechanism of acid-induced sensitization. Key Results The acid exposure significantly increased expression of GluA1, pGluA1Ser831, and phosphorylated CaMKIIThr286, in the cortical membrane preparations. In isolated PSDs, a significant increase in pGluA1Ser831 was observed in acid-treated rats compared with controls. Microinjection of IEM-1460 or KN-93 near the recording site significantly attenuated acid-induced sensitization of cortical neurons. Conclusions & Inferences The underlying mechanism of acid-induced cortical sensitization involves upregulation and CaMKII-mediated phosphorylation of GluA1. These molecular changes of AMPA receptors subunit GluA1 in the cortical neurons might play an important role in acid-induced esophageal hypersensitivity.
A Statistical Evaluation of Aircraft Collision-Hazard Warning System Techniques in the Terminal Area

The rapidly increasing density of air traffic has created a demand for instrumentation to reduce the possibility of air catastrophes due to collision. The incidence of reported near-collisions is now estimated to be over 2000 per year in the United States, and represents a serious threat to the future growth of air travel. Since mid-1967, research has been conducted by NASA and the Research Triangle Institute to develop techniques for evaluation of collision warning systems and to determine the characteristics of the operational environment. Actual aircraft traffic data have been obtained by the FAA from the radar system at the Atlanta Airport. These data have been analyzed to determine encounter statistics which would result with various forms of warning criteria. This paper reviews the definition of several proposed warning criteria and presents the results of the statistical analyses of the data. Probabilities of encounter, encounter rates, and average encounter durations are determined for various definitions of the encounter.
The Impact of the Far Right on Citizenship Policy in Europe: Explaining Continuity and Change

Over the past decade, the empirical study of national citizenship policies has emerged as a fast-growing area of research. This article contributes to that literature by focusing on the question of continuity and change in the 11 ‘historically restrictive’ countries within the 15 ‘older’ member-states of the European Union. It explains why six of the countries have liberalised their citizenship policies since the 1980s, whereas five have not. The article develops an explanation that focuses on the politics of citizenship. The main finding is that, while citizenship liberalisation is more likely to occur with a leftist government, the most important factor is the relative strength of far-right parties, which can serve to mobilise latent anti-immigrant public opinion, and thereby ‘trump’ the pressures for liberalisation.
Using RNA-mediated interference feeding strategy to screen for genes involved in body size regulation in the nematode C. elegans.

Double-strand RNA-mediated interference (RNAi) is an effective strategy to knock down target gene expression1-3. It has been applied to many model systems including plants, invertebrates and vertebrates. There are various methods to achieve RNAi in vivo4,5. For example, the target gene may be transformed into an RNAi vector, and then either permanently or transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to achieve gene knockdown effects; alternatively synthesized double-strand oligonucleotides from specific target genes (RNAi oligos) may be transiently transformed into cell lines or primary cells to silence target genes; or synthesized double-strand RNA molecules may be microinjected into an organism. Since the nematode C. elegans uses bacteria as a food source, feeding the animals with bacteria expressing double-strand RNA against target genes provides a viable strategy6. Here we present an RNAi feeding method to score body size phenotype. Body size in C. elegans is regulated primarily by the TGF- β - like ligand DBL-1, so this assay is appropriate for identification of TGF-β signaling components7. We used different strains including two RNAi hypersensitive strains to repeat the RNAi feeding experiments. Our results showed that rrf-3 strain gave us the best expected RNAi phenotype. The method is easy to perform, reproducible, and easily quantified. Furthermore, our protocol minimizes the use of specialized equipment, so it is suitable for smaller laboratories or those at predominantly undergraduate institutions.
Analytic model for assessing the thermal performance of scuba divers

To assist design of adequate protective clothing, mathematical model of man's thermoregulatory system has been developed so that body thermal responses under immersed conditions can be predicted accurately. Experimental data encompassed wide range of water temperatures, protective clothing, breathing-gas mixtures, and durations of immersion.
Privileged Identity Exploration: Examining Counselor Trainees' Reactions to Difficult Dialogues

In this qualitative study, the authors examined master's-level counselor trainees' reactions to difficult dialogues in the classroom regarding racism, heterosexism/homophobia, and ableism over a 3-year period. Using the Consensual Qualitative Research method as introduced by C. E. Hill, B. J. Thompson, and E. N. Williams (1997), the data analysis team analyzed narrative and reaction papers submitted during a didactic course on multiculturalism. Behavioral reactions were identified that form the basis for this study: denial, deflection, rationalization, intellectualization, principium, false envy, minimization, and benevolence.
Quantifying uncertainty in chemical systems modeling

This study compares two techniques for uncertainty quantification in chemistry computations, one based on sensitivity analysis and error propagation, and the other on stochastic analysis using polynomial chaos techniques. The two constructions are studied in the context of H2O2 ignition under supercritical-water conditions. They are compared in terms of their prediction of uncertainty in species concentrations and the sensitivity of selected species concentrations to given parameters. The formulation is extended to one-dimensional reacting-flow simulations. The computations are used to study sensitivities to both reaction rate pre-exponentials and enthalpies, and to examine how this information must be evaluated in light of known, inherent parametric uncertainties in simulation parameters. The results indicate that polynomial chaos methods provide similar first-order information to conventional sensitivity analysis, while preserving higher-order information that is needed for accurate uncertainty quantification and for assigning confidence intervals on sensitivity coefficients. These higher-order effects can be significant, as the analysis reveals substantial uncertainties in the sensitivity coefficients themselves. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 37: 368–382, 2005
Neonates' Heart Rate, Sucking Rhythm, and Sucking Amplitude as a Function of the Sweet Taste.

Abstract In previous studies of human newborn sucking, the effects of increasing fluid sweetness and/or volume included a decrease in sucking rate within sucking bursts and, paradoxically, an increase in heart rate. To determine whether the heart rate increase can be attributed to increased sucking amplitude for sweeter fluids, sucking and heart rates of 20 full-term infants were studied. Half sucked for three consecutive 2-min periods, first receiving small drops of water for each suck, then no fluid, then 15% sucrose. The other half experienced the reverse order. The results for sucking and heart rate were consistent with previous studies; sucking rates within bursts were slowest for sucrose and fastest for no fluid. Heart rate was higher for sucrose than for the other fluid conditions, however, only in the water-first group. The heart rate increase was significant on statistical tests which controlled for sucking amplitude as well as for several other motor variables. Sucking amplitude itself varied with fluid sweetness in the water-first group only, in which it was highest for water. There were more total sucks, longer sucking bursts, and less time between successive bursts under the sucrose condition. Multivariate statistics helped establish a set of dependent variables—sucking rate within bursts, total number of sucks, and heart rate—which most parsimoniously describes the effects of fluid sweetness. A hedonic explanation of the response of newborns to sweetness is thus reiterated.
Memory for the form and force of declaratives and interrogatives

Memory for the illocutionary force and surface form of direct and indirect speech acts was studied in two recall tasks. Both examined the effects of the context of original presentation on subjects’ ability to recall declarative and interrogative sentences. Subjects more accurately recalled the verbatim form of indirect requests and offers than that of direct assertions and queries. When prompted by contexts that preserved or changed in illocutionary force of a declarative or interrogative, subjects were equally likely to recall sentences originally used as indirect requests and offers. However, they more frequently recalled sentences originally used as direct assertions or queries when prompted by force-preserving contexts than when prompted by force-changing contexts.
Théorie des Jeux et Analyse Historique des Institutions. Les institutions économiques du Moyen Age

Les institutions interviennent sur l'efficacite d'une economie puisqu'elles modifient la repartition des ressources et les relations d'echange que les agents ont entre eux. De ce fait, pour examiner leur nature et leurs effets, il n'est pas de meilleur moyen que de tirer parti de la diversite des environnements apparus dans l'histoire. Une premiere facon d'etudier les institutions hors-marche (non market institutions) qui ont regi l'echange au cours du temps s'inspire de la theorie neo-classique qui les identifient avec les arrangements contractuels valides par le droit et les considerent comme des substituts du marche. Une seconde — celle de l'histoire economique neo-institutionnaliste (neo-institutional economie history [NIEH]) — les identifient avec les droits de propriete et les reglements qui ordonnent l'echange. Un point commun a ces deux courants est leur insistance sur le role de l'Etat et de son appareil juridique.
CONDEX: Copy number detection in exome sequences

Exome sequencing by hybrid capture facilitates obtaining cost-effective, comprehensive data on coding sequence variation from short reads. Standard analysis tools focus on detecting and characterizing variants of single or a few nucleotides while copy number variants (CNVs) that span multiple regions of exon baits have not yet been considered. Here, we present a Hidden Markov Model based method to identify CNVs from exome sequencing data. Using depth coverage and the heterozygosity of SNPs, we call CNVs with per-exon training data from other samples. The method has >90% accuracy in identification of deletions and insertions in simulations. Availability - http://code.google.com/p/condr/ (Java)
Superoxide dismutase protects cells from DNA damage induced by trivalent methylated arsenicals

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) catalyzes the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide. Heterozygous mice of strain B6;129S7-Sod1tm1Leb/J were obtained from Jackson Laboratories and bred to produce offspring that were heterozygous (+/Sod1tm1Leb), homozygous wild-type (+/+), and homozygous knockout (Sod1tm1Leb/Sod1tm1Leb) for the Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Sod1) gene. Splenocytes from these mice were exposed to several concentrations of either sodium arsenite (As3 [0–200 μM]), monomethylarsonous acid (MMA3 [0–10 μM]), or dimethylarsinous acid (DMA3 [0–10 μM]) for 2 hr. Cells were then examined for DNA damage using the alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis assay. Methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was used as a positive control. Splenocytes from each of the three genotypes for Sod1 were equally sensitive to MMS and As3. However, at equimolar concentrations, DMA3 and MMA3 produced significantly more DNA damage in the homozygous knockout mouse splenocytes than in the splenocytes from the wild-type or heterozygous mice. These findings suggest that superoxide is involved either directly or indirectly in producing DNA damage in cells exposed to trivalent methylated arsenicals. These arsenicals may generate reactive oxygen species that damage DNA. This DNA damage may be a key factor in initiating cancer in vivo. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2011. Published 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Justice is Interventionist: The Political Sources of the Judicial Reach of the Special Court for Sierra Leone

The Special Court for Sierra Leone’s conviction of former Liberian President Charles Taylor and its prosecution of perpetrators regardless of their political alignment have been hailed as milestones in the diffusion of international criminal justice norms. Yet what made these achievements possible were interventionist strategies by Western governments and international and regional institutions to defeat the rebellion in Sierra Leone and bring about regime change in Liberia. The broader lesson that should be drawn from this is that the prospects for prosecution in the aftermath of armed conflict are likely to be determined by the political strategies adopted by the international community to end the violence and that international criminal justice presumes an interventionist form of politics.
Coming of Age of C-Reactive Protein Using Inflammation Markers in Cardiology

In a recently published prospective study comprising 28 000 women, Ridker et al1 showed that C-reactive protein (CRP) is a better predictor of the risk of cardiovascular events than low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol. The implication of this and many other supporting studies is profound and will change the way we screen and manage our patients with atherosclerosis and its associated clinical syndromes. CRP is one of the acute phase proteins that increase during systemic inflammation.2,3 Individuals without inflammation usually have CRP levels below 1 μg/mL; however, patients with bacterial infections, autoimmune diseases, and cancer frequently have CRP level as high as 100 μg/mL or even higher. It is clear that a high CRP level has no specificity in differentiating disease entities from one another. Despite its lack of specificity, CRP has now emerged as one of the most powerful predictors of cardiovascular risk. Even more remarkable, CRP’s predictive power resides in the range between 1 to 5 μg/mL, which was previously regarded to be normal in the era preceding the high-sensitivity CRP test. In fact, tests showing serum CRP levels greater than 10 μg/mL in apparently healthy men or women should be repeated to exclude occult infection or other systemic inflammatory process (see Figure). To understand CRP’s transition from an acute phase protein to a most useful inflammatory biomarker for predicting future cardiovascular events, we must know more about the role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. CRP level and cardiovascular risk. CRP levels are listed on the left and interpretations are on the …
Barriers to Methyl Torsion in 2-Fluoro-6-chlorotoluene: Additivity of ortho-Substituent Effects in S0, S1, and D0

The techniques of resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) and pulsed-field ionization (PFI) were used to measure the absorption spectra of 2-fluoro-6-chlorotoluene (S{sub 1}) and of 2-fluoro-6-chlorotoluene{sup +} (D{sub 0}, the cation ground state) for internally cold molecules in a pulsed nozzle expansion. We assign much of the low-frequency torsional and vibrational structure in both S{sub 1} and D{sub 0}. Analysis yields the one-dimensional model torsional potential parameters. An interlocking combination of experimental band intensities and ab initio calculations shows that, in all three electronic states, the minimum energy conformation places one methyl CH bond in the plane of the ring pseudo-trans to the chlorine substituent, i.e., on the same side of the ring as the fluorine substituent. The 3-fold barrier heights exhibit a kind of additivity of ortho-substituent effects. We argue that the dominant contribution to the barrier in all three states is steric repulsion between the methyl group and a lone pair on each halogen, with the weaker methyl-fluorine interaction partially canceling the stronger methyl-chlorine interaction. The approximate invariance of the torsional potential upon {pi} excitation to S{sub 1} and upon {pi} ionization to D{sub 0} is unusual among 3-fold symmetric molecules. We attribute this to alignment of the {pi}more » molecular orbitals (essentially Hueckel orbitals) so as to have approximate C{sub 2v}, symmetry about the methyl rotor axis. 37 refs., 9 figs., 7 tabs.« less
Global stability with time-delay in network congestion control

This paper concerns the global stability of recently proposed laws for network congestion control. In earlier work (Paganini et al. (2001)) it was shown that such laws were able to maintain local dynamic stability on networks of arbitrary delay, capacity and topology. In this paper we give conditions under which the stability can be shown to be global, focusing on the case of a single bottleneck network. The results include: a general boundedness result; a theorem on global asymptotic stability for the case of a single source, or many homogeneous ones, under quite sharp conditions; and a somewhat weaker asymptotic stability theorem for the heterogeneous source case.
Sex differences in memory estimates for pictures and words.

Memory performance estimates of men and women before and after a recall test were investigated. College students (17 men and 20 women), all juniors, participated in a memory task involving the reca...
D-Cycloserine enhances conditioned taste aversion learning in rats.

Abstract Conditioned taste aversion (CTA) is a form of associative learning in which the pairing of a taste with a toxin causes an animal to avoid the taste. NMDA receptor mediated neurotransmission has been implicated in CTA, but the role of the NMDA receptor glycine-binding site has not been examined. To examine the effects on CTA of the glycinergic NMDA receptor agonist d -cycloserine, rats received d -cycloserine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle 15 min before 10-min access to 0.125% saccharin, followed by a low dose of LiCl (19 mg/kg, i.p.). CTA was measured with 24-h, 2-bottle preference tests between water and saccharin. Vehicle-treated rats formed a mild CTA that rapidly extinguished, while d -cycloserine-treated rats formed a stronger CTA that extinguished slowly. The effect of d -cycloserine was specific to the NMDA receptor glycine-binding site, because pretreatment with HA-966 (6 mg/kg), a partial glycinergic agonist, blocked enhancement by d -cycloserine. Three follow-up experiments suggest that the enhancement of CTA was not due to an aversive effect of d -cycloserine. First, saccharin paired with d -cycloserine (15 mg/kg) alone did not induce a CTA, although a higher dose (30 mg/kg) did significantly lower saccharin preference. Second, pretreatment with d -cycloserine did not increase the duration of “lying-on-belly” behavior induced by LiCl. Third, pretreatment with d -cycloserine did not increase c-Fos induction by either LiCl or vehicle injection in central visceral relays (the nucleus of the solitary tract, the parabrachial nucleus, the central nucleus of the amygdala, the supraoptic nucleus, and the paraventricular nucleus). These results confirm the participation of NMDA receptor, and specifically the glycine-binding site of NMDA receptor, in CTA learning.
Multi-connection networks

Many applications involving the manipulation of large amounts of data or the interconnection of various subsystems into specific configurations employ the use of connection networks. Accordingly, a number of impressive results have been developed by the researchers in this field concerning the analysis and design of such networks. However, the vast majority of this work has dealt almost exclusively with a class of connection requirements for which at any time each input to the network is required to have at most one connection to the outputs of the network. It is becoming increasingly evident that there are a significant number of important applications for which this one-to-one type of connecting capability is not sufficient and for which a one-to-many or many-to-many type of connecting capability is needed instead. Networks capable of handling such requirements will be referred to as multi-connection networks, and this paper will consider their analysis and design. Aspects of the extension of existing work concerning the one-to-one type networks will be discussed. In addition, an approach will be described to the design of such networks which results in a new class of structures having multiple connection capability.
Topography simulation for the virtual wafer fab

Abstract We introduce modeling and simulation of topography evolution during processes used in the fabrication of integrated circuits. After an overview, the presentation is divided into three major sections. In the first section, we consider thermal processes. The first process considered in this section is the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) of SiO 2 from TEOS (tetraethoxysilane). We discuss the use of film profile information to help decide between, and to help refine, kinetic models. The second example deals with thin film flow of doped glasses for planarization applications, and demonstrates model calibration. The second major section demonstrates the state of topography simulation for plasma processes. We demonstrate the use of physically motivated models that require calibration using experimental data for a given set of operating conditions. We first consider the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) of silicon dioxide from TEOS and oxygen mixtures (PETEOS). We then consider ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD) of copper, incorporating results of new calculations on the interactions of gas phase-species with the surface. As the last example in this section, we discuss a reactive ion etch (RIE) model. The last major section presents four applications. First, programmed rate CVD is discussed in some detail, in order to demonstrate how feature scale modeling can be used in process development. Next, the RIE model is used to demonstrate aspect ratio-dependent etching, and to show how simulations can be used to develop engineering relationships. The third example shows how topography simulations can be used to aid process integration studies, and involves PETEOS, etching and reflow simulations. The final example uses the model for PETEOS to demonstrate the roles of ‘3d/2d’ and ‘3d/3d’ (transport dimensionality/surface dimensionality) topography simulators in ‘virtual wafer fabs’.
A Candida transformant produced by mycobacterial nucleic acids.

A variant ofCandida albicans, believed to be a transformant, was obtained in the presence of a preparation containing nucleic acids and proteins ofMycobacterium tuberculosis. The transformant produced small, oval cells and small colonies and differed biochemically and serologically from the parental strain. The transformant proved to be non-virulent but able to confer anti-mycobacterial immunity in guinea pigs.
Impact of mediating technologies on talk and emotion: Questioning “commonsense”

Much CSCW research predominantly focuses on investigating how distributed, mediated interactions are different from collocated interactions, but rarely looks at how the use of technologies affect collocated people. We argue that the needs for studying the impact of mediating technologies among collocated people are current and large. A situation of seeing the other but not being able to see what captures his/her attention is endemic. In this paper, we investigate collocated triads as they play a collaborative, problem-solving game on laptops, on tablets or on a shared paper. People's positive emotion rose more when they talked about the complex relationships of the puzzle specifics and added new perspectives to other people's contributions during the game. People in computer conditions talked less about the specifics on the game board than people in the paper condition, but only people in the laptop condition experienced a significant decrease in positive emotion.
Nuclear interactions in few-body systems

Topics of nuclear interactions and meson-exchange currents in few-body systems are reviewed. The status of the effective nuclear theory is briefly examined and the impact of current research on the resolution of open problems is discussed.
‘I have become a stranger to my brethren:’ The role of religious dissent in early modern European revolts

(1992). ‘I have become a stranger to my brethren:’ The role of religious dissent in early modern European revolts. History of European Ideas: Vol. 15, No. 1-3, pp. 437-441.
Imagining the Possibilities: Ripples, Routes, and Reactivation

Hippocampal place cells fire selectively when a rat occupies a particular location. Under certain conditions, the cells briefly represent trajectories along locations away from the rat's current location. New results lend important insight into this phenomenon and demonstrate spatiotemporally coherent, cognitive representations that are independent of current sensory input.
Characterizing geometric designs, II

We provide a characterization of the classical point-line designs PG"1(n,q), where n>=3, among all non-symmetric 2-(v,k,1)-designs as those with the maximal number of hyperplanes. As an application of this result, we characterize the classical quasi-symmetric designs PG"n"-"2(n,q), where n>=4, among all (not necessarily quasi-symmetric) designs with the same parameters as those having line size q+1 and all intersection numbers at least q^n^-^4+...+q+1. Finally, we also give an explicit lower bound for the number of non-isomorphic designs having the same parameters as PG"1(n,q); in particular, we obtain a new proof for the known fact that this number grows exponentially for any fixed value of q.
Presentation mode and meaningfulness as variables in several verbal-learning tasks

The learning of aurally and visually presented Noble and Parker (1960) dissyllables differing in meaningfulness ( m ) was systematically compared in three task situations (paired associates, free learning, and verbal discrimination) commonly employed by investigators of verbal learning. In free learning, rate of presentation was also varied. These same variables had previously been manipulated in serial learning ( Schulz and Kasschau, 1966 ). The durations of the aural and visual stimuli were explicitly equated in all of these studies. The results, taken together with those from serial learning, seem to justify the following conclusions: (a) Mode, m , and type of task interact such that mode fails to affect performance in some tasks (i.e., paired associates). (b) The learning of high- m material is largely unaffected by mode in any of the task situations investigated thus far. (c) If mode has an effect, this effect is reflected by the more rapid acquisition of low- m material under visual than under aural conditions of reception. (d) Evidence from several sources suggested that S s process visually received material differently than they do aurally received material and that short-term memory based on the two modes of reception may differ.
Classical conditioning in the rat fetus: involvement of mu and kappa opioid systems in the conditioned response.

When the Embryonic Day 20 (E20) rat fetus is given a conditioning trial involving a paired presentation of an artificial nipple (the conditioned stimulus; CS) with an intraoral infusion of milk (the unconditioned stimulus; US), it shows evidence of classical conditioning when again exposed to the CS during a test trial. Specifically, the fetus shows fewer oral grasp responses (the conditioned response; CR) when continuously presented with the artificial nipple. The present study further investigated this classically conditioned reduction in oral grasping. Separate experiments (a) examined the time course of the reduction in oral grasping (Experiment 1), (b) characterized the time course of mu opioid (Experiment 2) and kappa opioid (Experiment 3) involvement in the CR, and (c) described changes in fetal behavior (Experiment 4) associated with mu and kappa opioid effects on responding to the artificial nipple. The results are discussed in terms of opioid involvement in establishing and maintaining early suckling behavior.