cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Delayed Visits for Contraception Due to Concerns Regarding Pelvic Examination Among Women with History of Intimate Partner Violence

Concern regarding pelvic examinations may be more common among women experiencing intimate partner violence. We examined women’s attitudes towards pelvic examination with history of intimate partner violence (pressured to have sex, or verbal, or physical abuse). Secondary analysis of data from a cluster randomized trial on contraceptive access. Women aged 18–25 were recruited at 40 reproductive health centers across the USA (2011–2013). Delays in clinic visits for contraception and preference to avoid pelvic examinations, by history of ever experiencing pressured sex, verbal, or physical abuse from a sexual partner, reported by frequency (never, rarely, sometimes, often). We used multivariable logistic regression with generalized estimating equations for clustered data. A total of 1490 women were included. Ever experiencing pressured sex was reported by 32.4% of participants, with 16.5% reporting it rarely, 12.1% reporting it sometimes, and 3.8% reporting it often. Ever experiencing verbal abuse was reported by 19.4% and physical abuse by 10.2% of participants. Overall, 13.2% of participants reported ever having delayed going to the clinic for contraception to avoid having a pelvic examination, and 38.2% reported a preference to avoid pelvic examinations. In multivariable analysis, women reporting that they experienced pressured sex often had significantly higher odds of delaying a clinic visit for birth control (aOR 3.10 95% CI 1.39–6.84) and for reporting a preference to avoid pelvic examinations (aOR 2.91 95% CI 1.57–5.40). We found no associations between delay of clinic visits or preferences to avoid a pelvic examination and verbal or physical abuse. History of pressured sex from an intimate partner is common. Among women who have experienced pressured sex, concern regarding pelvic examinations is a potential barrier to contraception. Communicating that routine pelvic examinations are no longer recommended by professional societies could potentially reduce barriers and increase preventive healthcare visits.
The role of metacognition and schematic support in younger and older adults' episodic memory

Older adults experience deficits in associative memory. However, age-related differences are reduced when information is consistent with prior knowledge (i.e., schematic support), suggesting that episodic and semantic memory are interrelated. It is unclear what role metacognitive processes play in schematic support. Prior knowledge may reduce encoding demands, but older adults may allocate cognitive resources to schema-consistent information because it is more meaningful. We examined metacognitive awareness of and control over associative information that was consistent or inconsistent with prior knowledge. In Experiment 1, participants self-paced their study of grocery items paired with either market prices or unusually high prices and were tested on the exact price of each item over four study-test lists with new items on each list. In Experiment 2, participants studied items for a fixed time but made judgments of learning (JOLs) at encoding. Older adults better remembered the prices of market-value items than overpriced items. In Experiment 1, younger and older adults studied overpriced items longer than market-priced items, consistent with a discrepancy reduction model of self-regulated learning, but study time did not relate to later recall accuracy, suggesting a labor-in-vain effect. In Experiment 2, participants gave higher JOLs to market-priced items than overpriced items and were generally metacognitively aware of the benefits of schematic support. Together, these results suggest that the benefits of schematic support may not be dependent on or influenced by metacognitive control processes, supporting the hypothesis that episodic memory may be less distinct from semantic memory in younger and older adults.
A systematic review and synthesis of qualitative and quantitative studies evaluating provider, patient, and health care system-related barriers to diagnostic skin cancer examinations

Melanoma-screening examinations support early diagnosis, yet there is a national shortage of dermatologists and most at-risk patients lack access to dermatologic care. Primary care physicians (PCPs) in the United States often bridge these access gaps, and thus, play a critical role in the early detection of melanoma. However, most PCPs do not offer skin examinations. We conducted a systematic review and searched Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library from 1946 to July 2019 to identify barriers for skin screening by providers, patients, and health systems following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses (PRISMA) reporting guideline. Of 650 abstracts initially identified, 111 publications were included for full-text review and 48 studies met the inclusion criteria. Lack of dermatologic training (89.4%), time constraints (70%), and competing comorbidities (51%) are the most common barriers reported by PCPs. Low perceived risk (69%), long delays in appointment (46%), and lack of knowledge about melanoma (34.8%) are most frequently reported patient barriers. Qualitative reported barriers for health system are lack of public awareness, social prejudice leading to tanning booth usage, public surveillance programs requiring intensive resources, and widespread ABCD evaluation causing delays in seeking medical attention for melanomas. Numerous barriers remain that prevent the implementation of skin screening practices in clinical practice. A multi-faceted combination of efforts is essential for the execution of acceptable and effective skin cancer-screening practices, thus, increasing early diagnosis and lowering mortality rates and burden of disease for melanoma.
Improving Predictions When Interest Focuses on Extreme Random Effects

Statistical models that generate predicted random effects are widely used to evaluate the performance of and rank patients, physicians, hospitals and health plans from longitudinal and clustered da...
Techniques of Cardiac CT Scan: Patient Preparation, Contrast Medium, Scanning, and Post-Processing

Cardiac imaging plays a key role in the accurate diagnosis of pediatric congenital heart disease (CHD). Cardiac computed tomography (CT) is increasingly being used for the evaluation of cardiovascular structures in infants and children with CHD. The prevalence of patients with congenital heart disease is rapidly increasing as a result of improved outcomes of medical, surgical, and catheter-based treatment strategies. Fast scan speeds and increased anatomic coverage, combined with a flexible ECG-synchronized scan and low radiation dose, are of critical importance in improving the image quality of cardiac CT scans and minimizing patient risks. The rapid image acquisition eliminates or reduces the need for sedation and anesthesia in those unable to cooperate with short breath hold. Contrast medium delivery becomes an essential means to accommodate increased noise and maintain a diagnostic contrast-to-noise ratio. Selection of the acquisition parameters, calculating contrast dose and identifying contrast delivery technique, and use of dose reduction strategies are important part of patient preparation and cardiac CT technique.
New Top-Level Domain Names Add .XXXTRA Company Burden - Group Activities to Create Effective Domain Registration Portfolios

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the intersection of trademark law and domain name law; identify the means for a company to retrieve domain names through litigation or domain name arbitration; develop a decision tree to determine which domains are worth pursuing with legal action; and share interactive teaching methods on how students can create a domain name business portfolio. These activities include an: 1. In-class module to conduct a state and federal trademark search, followed by a discussion on how trademark law impacts domain name selection; 2. Out-of-class group project to study the domain portfolio of a large corporation, identify available domain names that the company should consider registering, reveal select domain names in the hands of cybersquatters, and analyze the risk of pursuing legal action; and 3. In-class reinforcement group activity to start a business on a “shoestring” budget, focusing on decision making skills for purchasing domain names.
The prevention of legal problems in dentistry.

The dental profession suggests methods of preventing disease in the oral cavity. Like-wise, the legal profession also stresses the adage of “an ounce of Prevention” and suggests that members of the dental profession might be wise to have periodic legal checkups to prevent litigation.
An Introduction to Denotational Semantics

To specify a programming language we must specify its syntax and semantics. The syntax of a programming language specifies which strings of symbols constitute valid programs. A formal description of the syntax typically involves a precise specification of the alphabet of allowable symbols and a finite set of rules delineating how symbols may be grouped into expressions, instructions, and programs. Most compilers for programming languages are implemented with syntax checking whereby the first stage in compiling a program is to check its text to see if it is syntactically valid. In practice, syntax must be described at two levels, for a human user through programming manuals and as a syntax-checking algorithm within a compiler or interpreter.
Osteoporosis: a "new morbidity" for dieting female adolescents?

Almost half of the adult skeletal mass is laid down during the adolescent years. The concept of the "bone bank" reminds us that "deposits" of calcium are normally made to the skeleton until about 35 years of age in females. Subsequently, there are continuous "withdrawals" of bone mineral and loss of skeletal mass, eventually resulting in osteopenia (significantly reduced bone mass) and osteoporosis (osteopenia associated with atraumatic fractures) in more than 20 million postmenopausal women, at an annual cost of $7 to 10 billion in the United States.1 Because there is no cure, prevention of the most common and conspicuous physical finding of adult osteoporosis, the so-called "dowager9s hump" (marked thoracic kyphosis due to vertebral compression fractures), as well as the more serious complications, such as hip fractures, must focus on optimizing the peak bone mass and maintaining the skeletal mass.
Immune complexes and late complement proteins trigger activation of Syk tyrosine kinase in human CD4(+) T cells.

Summary Insystemiclupuserythematosus(SLE),theautoantibodiesthatformimmune complexes (ICs) trigger activation of the complement system. This results in the formation of membrane attack complex (MAC) on cell membrane and the soluble terminal complement complex (TCC). Hyperactive T cell responses are hallmark of SLE pathogenesis.How complement activation influences the T cell responses in SLE is not fully understood. We observed that aggregated human g-globulin (AHG) bound to a subset of CD4 + T cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and this population increased in the SLE patients. Human naive CD4 + T cells,when treated with purified ICs and TCC,triggered recruitment of the FcRg chain with the membrane receptor and co-localized with phosphorylated Syk. These events were also associated with aggregation of membrane rafts.Thus,results presented suggest a role for ICs and comple- ment in the activation of Syk in CD4 + T cells. Thus, we propose that the shift insignallingfrom z-chain-ZAP70toFcRgchain-SykobservedinTcellsof SLE patients is triggered by ICs and complement.These results demonstrate a link among ICs, complement activation and phosphorylation of Syk in CD4 + T cells.
Comparison of unilateral versus bilateral nasal catheters for oxygen administration in dogs

Objective: To determine the effect of bilateral nasal oxygen supplementation on tracheal airway and arterial blood gas parameters. Design: Original research. Setting: Research Laboratory. Animals: Eight normal dogs. Interventions: None. Measurements: Intra-tracheal oxygen concentration and arterial oxygen partial pressure at three different oxygen flow rates given through either unilateral or bilateral nasal catheters. Main results: FIO2 and PaO2 were significantly increased with higher total oxygen flow rates, but the increase was the same whether the higher flow was delivered through one nasal catheter or divided and administered though two nasal catheters. The use of bilateral nasal catheters allowed a tracheal FIO2 as high as 0.60 with minimal patient discomfort. Conclusions: The benefit of bilateral nasal catheters for oxygen supplementation is the ability to provide high total oxygen flows with decreased risk of patient discomfort. If the desired oxygen flow can be achieved with a unilateral nasal catheter, then the only benefit of bilateral catheters is increased patient comfort. The use of bilateral nasal oxygen catheters for oxygen supplementation can result in an FIO2 that is high enough to produce oxygen toxicity with prolonged administration.
An investigation on touch biometrics: Behavioral factors on screen size, physical context and application context

With increasing privacy concerns and security demands present within mobile devices, behavioral biometric solutions, such as touch based user recognition, have been researched as of recent. However, several vital contextual behavior factors (i.e., screen size, physical and application context) and how those effect user identification performance, remains unaddressed in previous studies. In this paper we first introduce a context-aware mobile user recognition method. Then a comparative experiment to evaluate the impacts of these factors in relation to user identification performance is presented. Experimental results have demonstrated that a user's touch screen usage behavior may be affected given different contextual behavior information. Furthermore, several interesting occurrences have been found in the results: 1) screen size of a smartphone device changes the way a user touches and holds the device. A larger screen size will provide more potential methods of interacting with the device and in effect, a higher user recognition accuracy as well; and 2) application context and physical activity context can aid in achieving higher accuracy for user recognition.
Prostaglandin D2 receptor d-type prostanoid receptor 2 mediates eosinophil trafficking into the esophagus

Eosinophilic esophagitis is characterized by eosinophil-predominant inflammation in the esophagus. How eosinophils migrate and infiltrate into the esophagus, however, is less clear. Our previous study demonstrated that mast cell activation led to eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus. Prostaglandin D2 (PGD2) is an important mediator released from activated mast cells. The present study aims to determine whether PGD2 induces eosinophil infiltration into the esophagus via a d-type prostanoid receptor 2 (DP2) receptor-dependent mechanism. Using an in vivo guinea pig model, PGD2, d-type prostanoid receptor 1 (DP1) agonist, or DP2 agonist were injected into the esophagus. Esophageal tissues were removed 2 hours after injections and proceeded to either hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining or immunofluorescent staining of eosinophil major basic protein (MBP) to compare each treatment-induced eosinophil infiltration in the esophagus. In a separate study, ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized guinea pigs were pretreated with either DP2 or DP1 antagonists, followed by inhalation of OVA to induce mast cell activation. Esophageal tissues were then processed for immunofluorescent staining of MBP. PGD2 injection in the esophagus led to an increase of eosinophil infiltration in esophageal epithelium at the injection site as revealed by HE staining. Increased infiltration of eosinophils was further confirmed by the increased presence of MBP-labeled immunopositive (MBP-LI) cells in esophageal epithelium. Injection with DP2 agonist 15(R)-PGD2, but not DP1 agonist BW 245C, mimicked the PGD2-induced response. In OVA-sensitized animals, antigen inhalation increased MBP-LI cells in esophageal epithelium. Pretreatment with DP2 antagonist BAY-u3405, but not DP1 antagonist BW 868C, inhibited the antigen inhalation-induced increase of MBP-LI cells in esophageal epithelium. These data support the hypothesis that PGD2 induces eosinophil trafficking into the esophageal epithelium via a DP2-mediated pathway, suggesting a role of DP2 antagonist in the prevention of eosinophilic esophagitis.
Pornography: towards a non-sexist policy

DIANA RUSSELL argues for tough government policy which recognises the harm of pornography to women. For her there is a disturbing connection between images of sexual violence, produced for men's amusement, and the high incidence of rape. Is the thriving porn industry guilty of hate speech?
Eye Detection Under Unconstrained Background by the Terrain Feature

Locating eyes in face images is an important step for automatic face analysis and recognition. In this paper, we present a novel approach for eye detection without finding the face region using topographic features. First, we argue that the eyes show certain topographic pattern if the gray-level face image is treated as a 3D terrain surface. Then a terrain map, which denotes the terrain type of each pixel, is derived from the original image by applying topographic classification approach. From the terrain map, eyes usually locate in the region around the pit-labeled pixels because of their intrinsic reflectance characteristic. At last, we construct Gaussian mixture model based probabilistic model to describe the distribution of pit-labeled candidates. The eye pair detection problem is transformed to maximize the probability that the selected candidate pair belongs to the eye space. Experiments show that our method has certain robustness to uncontrolled background
Vascular Complications of Therapy in Musculoskeletal Disorders

The utilization of appliances and conventional operative procedures for common orthopedic or general surgical difficulties has, on occasion, been responsible for disastrous vascular complications, even gangrene necessitating a major amputation of a limb. Although such situations have most often developed in patients with an underlying impaired local arterial circulation, at times a similar adverse response has been noted in persons with a previously normal local blood flow but subjected to heroic therapy. This chapter deals with various aspects of the problem.
Learning plausible inferences from semantic web knowledge by combining analogical generalization with structured logistic regression

Fast and efficient learning over large bodies of commonsense knowledge is a key requirement for cognitive systems. Semantic web knowledge bases provide an important new resource of ground facts from which plausible inferences can be learned. This paper applies structured logistic regression with analogical generalization (SLogAn) to make use of structural as well as statistical information to achieve rapid and robust learning. SLogAn achieves state-of-the-art performance in a standard triplet classification task on two data sets and, in addition, can provide understandable explanations for its answers.
Making mobile code both safe and efficient

Mobile programs can potentially be malicious. To protect itself, a host that receives such mobile programs from an untrusted party or via an untrusted network connection will want some kind of guarantee that the mobile code is not about to cause any damage. The traditional solution to this problem has been verification, by which the receiving host examines the mobile program to discover all its actions even before starting execution. Unfortunately, aside from consuming computing resources in itself, verification inhibits traditional compiler optimizations, making such verifiable mobile code much less efficient than native code. We have found an alternative solution by identifying a class of mobile-code representations in which malicious programs can simply not be encoded to begin with. In such an encoding, verification turns into an integral part of the decoding routine. Moreover, support for high-quality justin-time code generation can be provided. We present two such encodings, one based on highly effective compression of abstract syntax trees, and another based on a referencesafe and type-safe variant of Static Single Assignment form. Parts of this material were previously published under the title “Project transPROse: Reconciling Mobile-Code Security With Execution Efficiency” in The Second DARPA Information Survivability Conference and Exhibition (DISCEX II), Anaheim, California, June 2001, IEEE Computer Society Press, ISBN 0-7695-1212-7, pp. II.196–II.210. This research effort was sponsored by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) and Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), Air Force Materiel Command, USAF, under agreement number F30602-99-1-0536. The U.S. Government is authorized to reproduce and distribute reprints for Governmental purposes notwithstanding any copyright annotation thereon. The views and conclusions contained herein are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as necessarily representing the official policies or endorsements, either expressed or implied, of DARPA, AFRL, or the U.S. Government.
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 is up-regulated in human head and neck, skin, pancreatic, and prostate tumors.

Background Mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) uncouples electron transport from ATP production. UCP2 has been shown to play an important role in obesity and diabetes. Interestingly, studies have demonstrated that UCP2 is up-regulated in human colon cancer samples. Objective In order to study the role of UCP2 in human cancers, we detected the UCP2 protein level in various human tumor tissues. Methods Six types of human tumor and adjacent normal tissue samples were collected and analyzed by Western blot assays to detect the levels of UCP2. Results The results showed that in the human head and neck, skin, prostate, and pancreatic tumor samples examined, the protein levels of UCP2 were significantly higher in tumor tissues than that in the adjacent normal tissues. The protein levels of UCP2 was lower in non-small cell lung tumor tissues, which is marginal significant. Conclusions Over expression of UCP2 in certain tumors provides the rationale to speculate that UCP2 may promote tumor growth in these cancers.
Inositol Phosphates Have Novel Anticancer Function

Inositol hexaphosphate (InsP6, phytic acid) is ubiquitous in the plant kingdom and is abundant in cereals and legumes. In much smaller amounts InsP6 and its lower phosphorylated forms (InsP1-5) are contained in most mammalian cells, where they are important in regulating vital cellular functions. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments have suggested striking anticancer potential (preventive as well as therapeutic) for InsP6 with and without inositol. In addition to reduce cell proliferation, InsP6 increases differentiation of malignant cells often resulting in reversion to the normal phenotype. InsP6 is quickly absorbed from the rat stomach and upper intestine and distributed as inositol and InsP1. In vitro it is instantaneously taken up by malignant cells undergoing variable dephosphorylation to inositol and InsP1-5, pointing toward their role in mediating the action of InsP6. Because InsP6 is high in high-fiber diets, our studies also may explain, at least in part, the epidemiologic observation showing high-fiber diets are associated with a lower incidence of certain cancers. Although further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanism(s) of this action, inclusion of InsP6 in our strategies for cancer prevention and therapy is warranted.
Lymphoma presenting as malabsorption.

Summary A case of abdominal lymphoma presenting as a malabsorption syndrome and occurring in a young non-European Jew born and reared in Mexico is reported. It is similar to cases occurring in non-European Jews and Israeli Arabs studied by Eidelman et al. in Israel. Although geographic factors were proposed in the reference study as playing a possible role in the etiology and pathogenesis of the syndrome, the occurrence of this case in Mexico suggests that factors other than geographic must also be considered.
Second harmonic generation in single-crystal thin films of 2-(N-prolinol)-5-nitropyridine (PNP)

This PDF contains the communications section including: "Second harmonic generation in single-crystal thin films of 2-(N-prolinol)-5-nitropyridine (PNP)"
Pyrene-1-butyric acid-doped polyaniline for fluorescence quenching-based oxygen sensing

The synthesis of pyrene-1-butyric acid (PBA)-doped polyaniline (PANI) and its oxygen sensing properties, through fluorescence quenching, are reported. The structures of both undoped PANI (emeraldine) and PBA-doped PANI are investigated by means of Fourier Transform InfraRed (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The O 2 sensing capability of the synthesized layer is demonstrated through fluorescence spectroscopy performed at different air pressure values. PBA-doped PANI is expected to lead to a fluorophore with better stability and reliability than free PBA. This could bring real benefits to the overall functioning of industrial O2 sensors based on fluorescence quenching.
Hypnosis: Statehood at Last

, 2005). At the time of the 1993 and 2003 def- initions (Green, Barabasz, Barrett, & Montgomery, 2005; Kirsch, 1994), the phrase was peculiarly controversial among professionals in our field. My understanding of why members on both previous committees vetoed the terms “state” and “state of conscious- ness” was a sense that it might somehow diminish the importance of research on social demand or personality traits influencing response to hypnosis. I think this was always a false dichotomy. When any hypnosis researcher really stopped and thought about it, we all endorsed that interpersonal situations, subjective experience, and brain function were all aspects of hypnosis, just as they are aspects of any human experience. I hope the current definition represents a genuine change from that dichotomous thinking and conflict.
Coherence measurement of a grating-based white-light optical signal processor.

A two-beam interference technique for coherence measurement in the Fourier plane of a grating-based white-light optical signal processor is presented. The visibility measurement is obtained with a scanning photometer at the output plane of the processor. The degree of coherence as a function of slit separation, due to source size, input object size, and the spatial frequency of the sampling grating, is plotted. The results show that the degree of coherence increases as the spatial frequency of the sampling grating increases. However, this improvement of coherence is somewhat more effective in the direction perpendicular to the light dispersion. Thus, this white-light signal processing technique is more effective in one dimension. Since this white-light processor is capable of processing the signal with the entire spectral band of the light source, it is very suitable for color image processing.
The modified Newtonian force law of Rood and the perihelion shift of Mercury

A modification of the Newtonian force law proposed by Rood is shown not to yield the correct value for the relativistic precession of the perihelion of Mercury, contrary to the claim by Rood. Instead, the theory is shown to yield 3/2 times the prediction of general relativity, in gross disagreement with solar system observations.
Injectable and Biodegradable Nanohybrid Polymers with Simultaneously Enhanced Stiffness and Toughness for Bone Repair

A series of novel injectable and photo-crosslinkable poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF)-co-polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) copolymers are synthesized via two-step polycondensation to improve both stiffness and toughness and to promote biological performance of bone tissue engineering scaffolds. The viscoelastic behavior of uncrosslinked PPF-co-POSS and the thermal, mechanical, and surface characteristics of photo-crosslinked PPF-co-POSS are investigated as well as the degradation behavior and microscopic POSS domain structures at various weight compositions of POSS (ϕPOSS). Tensile and compressive moduli and facture toughness are enhanced for crosslinked PPF-co-POSS when POSS nanocages are well distributed and their crystallinity is completely confined in the networks. Decreases in these mechanical properties are observed at higher ϕPOSS because of decreased crosslinking density and larger POSS aggregates. The mechanical properties are correlated with in vitro mouse pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cell functions including cell attachment, spreading, proliferation, differentiation, and gene expression, which all maximize at ϕPOSS of 10%.
Low Power Operation of a Vertical Cavity Transistor Laser via the Reduction of Collector Offset Voltage

Data are presented on low-power operation in a vertical cavity transistor laser via reduced collector offset voltage by placing the emitter contact on the top of four pairs of the GaAs/AlGaAs DBR to reduce emitter resistance and subsequently depositing 11 SiO2/TiO2 DBR pairs to improve cavity quality. Consequently, the device demonstrates a reduced collector offset voltage of 1.65 V and a low-power dissipation of 6.32 mW under laser operation.
TNF receptor type I-dependent activation of innate responses to reduce intestinal damage-associated mortality.

Background & Aims: Ligation of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptors (TNFRs) with TNF plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). However, it remains unclear which cell types activated through TNFR-associated signaling cascades are involved in the pathogenesis of colitis. Methods: Recombination activating gene-1 (RAG) knockout (KO) (no T or B cells)-based TNFR double and triple KO mice were generated. Bone marrow (BM) chimera mice in which BM-derived myeloid cells, but not colonic epithelial cells (CECs), express TNFRs were also generated. Colitis was induced by administration of dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) in distilled water. Murine lines and chimeras were assessed for disease severity, histopathology, apoptotic cell rate, epithelial proliferation, and bacterial invasion rate. Results: Following DSS administration, mice lacking both RAG and TNFR1 exhibited a high mortality (>80%) rate with an impaired CEC regeneration compared with RAG KO and RAG × TNFR2 double KO (DKO) mice. Transplantation of RAG KO-derived BM cells restored CEC regeneration and rescued the majority of recipient RAG × TNFR1 DKO mice from DSS-induced mortality. After BM transplantation, RAG × TNFR1 DKO mice exhibited an increased rate of apoptosis in the colonic lamina propria macrophages in association with the activation of caspases. In addition, BM reconstitution directly or indirectly enhanced the proliferation of CECs by activating mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphoinositide-3 kinase/Akt pathways. Conclusions: TNFR1-signaling cascade in colonic myeloid lineage cells contributes to the suppression of acute damage-associated mortality presumably by controlling CEC homeostasis.
An easy method for predictable osteotomies in the vascularized fibula flap for mandibular reconstruction.

Microvascular free tissue transfer in the reconstruction of mandibular bony defects has become commonplace in most major teaching centers. The fibula has been and continues to be the most commonly used donor site for mandibular reconstruction. It has enjoyed this position because of relative ease of harvest, ability to incorporate skin and muscle with the bony flap, long bone segment (up to 25 cm long), adequate bone height for mandibular reconstruction, excellent ability to incorporate osseointegrated dental implants, and adequate vascular pedicle. One of the most difficult tasks in mandibular reconstruction with the fibula free flap is correctly placing the osteotomies when contouring the fibula. This step is of critical importance in recreating an anatomically correct neomandible, reestablishing ideal facial contour, and providing the proper platform for oral rehabilitation. The difficulty of this task is reflected in the recent literature, with multiple publications advising complex calculations for ideal placement of the osteotomies and elaborate jigs to aid in determining the correct angular closing osteotomies. 1-4
Changing outcome of angioplasty in the elderly.

Objectives. This study sought to determine whether in-hospital and intermediate-term posthospital outcomes have changed in elderly patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty from the period 1980 through 1989 to the period 1990 through 1992. Background. Although elderly patients have a higher incidence of procedure-related deaths and late recurrence of angina after coronary angioplasty, recent complication rates for angioplasty seem to be lower. Methods. From 1980 to 1989, 982 patients ≥65 years old underwent nonemergent coronary angioplasty (group A). They were compared with 768 similar patients who had coronary angioplasty from 1990 to 1992 (group B). Results. Patients in group B were older than those in group A and had a higher mean concomitant disease score, a higher proportion of men and a greater proportion of patients with a previous myocardial infarction and previous coronary artery bypass surgery. Despite the increased complexity of the group B cohort, procedural success rates were higher, and rates of important in-hospital complications were much lower than those in group A. For group A versus group B, respectively, the technical success rate was 88.1% versus 93.5% (p Conclusions. An increase in technical success rates and a reduction in short-term complication rates for coronary angioplasty in the elderly in recent years have not translated into an improved event-free survival rate, which continues to be influenced by important baseline characteristics of these high risk patients.
Dynamic torsion testing of nanocrystalline coatings using high-speed photography and digital image correlation

The strength and ductility of microcrystalline and nanocrystalline tungstsen carbide-cobalt (WC-Co) cermets have been evaluated by employing a stored energy Kolsky bar apparatus, high-speed photography and digital image correlation. The test specimens were thin-walled tubular AI7075-T6 substrates 250 μm thick, coated with a 300 μm thick microcrystalline or nanocrystalline WC-Co layer with an average grain size of about 3 μm and 100 nm, respectively. Dynamic torsion experiments reported in this paper reveal a shear modulus of 50 GPa and a shear strength of about 50 MPa for both microcrystalline and nanocrystalline WC-Co coatings.
Assessing partitioning/scheduling/storage trade-offs for regular iterative algorithms

Abstract The problem of partitioning systolic algorithms (a subclass of Regular Iterative Algorithms (RIA) has been studied by a number of researchers. One approach to partitioning the algorithm is to divide the index space into equivalence classes called blocks. The blocks are scheduled and placed on a processor array of a fixed size. This approach creates the need for auxiliary memory structures to store partial results and the need for control circuitry to direct the resulting non-uniform flow of data values within the array. The implementation of these structures and the means of comparing the cost of differences in the structures resulting from various partitioning and scheduling policies has been largely omitted in the literature. In this paper we offer a detailed model of Fixed Size Array Processors architectures. Using this model we may assess the trade-offs between auxiliary memory structure size, execution time, and control circuit complexity. The control circuits generate signals which determine the data flow through the array. We emphasize methods for controlling non-uniform data flow resulting from some partitionings of the index space. We show how to derive the control signals in such arrays from the determination of the index points. We also show how the translation of index points to control signals can be refined by a process of index pipelining which reduces the complexity of the control circuitry. Several partitioning and scheduling schemes for QR decomposition are evaluated to illustrate how the model may be used to determine a good partitioning/scheduling/storage configuration.
Repeated intracerebroventricular injections of ACTH1-24 in rats with hippocampal lesions.

This study was undertaken to investigate the reduced ability of intracerebroventricular injection of ACTH 1–24 to induce excessive grooming in rats with radical, bilateral hippocampal lesions and to determine if this reduction could be observed after a 1-month postoperative recovery period. A short-term tolerance paradigm was employed, as well as the use of two doses of the ACTH fragment. The results indicate that hippocampal lesion does affect neuropeptide-induced excessive grooming at this long recovery period through the elimination of long duration grooming bouts and that the effect is a reduction in sensitivity rather than an inability to be influenced by the hormone fragment.
Responses of the spider Argiope aurantia to low frequency phasic and continuous vibrations

Abstract I maintained female orb-weaving spiders, Argiope aurantia , in the laboratory and subjected them to low frequency phasic and continuous transverse vibrations of known frequency, amplitude, and position on the web. Stimuli were administered for periods of 1 min and all behaviour recorded. Pumping was associated with tactile contact to the spider's abdomen. Pumping increased with increasing frequency of phasic stimuli delivered to the web surface. Attack increased linearly with the log of stimulus frequencies between 0 and 14 Hz for stimuli delivered to the catching spiral. Dropping occurred only when high frequencies and amplitudes of stimuli were administered to the spider's abdomen and the hub of the web.
REACTION OF THEBAINE WITH DINITROGEN TETROXIDE

Treatment of thebaine with dinitrogen tetroxide gave a mixture of 14β-nitrocodeinone (23%) and 8-nitrothebaine (7%).
Alkane carbon-hydrogen bond functionalization with (NHC)MCl precatalysts (M = Cu, Au ; NHC=N-heterocyclic carbene)

Facile alkane functionalization by means of the insertion of :CHCO2Et, from ethyl diazoacetate, into carbon−hydrogen bonds mediated by catalytic amounts of (NHC)MCl (NHC = N-heterocyclic ligand; M = Cu, Au) and a halide scavenger MX has been achieved. This chemistry includes the insertion of the carbene fragment into alkane primary positions with Cu- and Au-based catalysts. The nature of the counterion X and of the NHC ligand have a significant effect on the overall yields and regioselectivity of the reaction.
Shooting and parallel shooting methods for solving the Falkner-Skan boundary-layer equation

We present three accurate and efficient numerical schemes for solving the Falkner-Skan equation with positive or negative wall shear. Newton's method is employed, with the aid of the variational equations, in all the schemes and yields quadratic convergence. First, ordinary shooting is used to solve for the case of positive wall shear. Then a nonlinear eigenvalue technique is introduced to solve the inverse problem in which the wall shear is prescribed and the pressure distribution is to be determined. With this approach the reverse flow solutions (i.e., negative wall shear) are obtained. Finally, a parallel shooting method is employed to reduce the sensitivity of the convergence of the iterations to the initial estimates.
Community variations in social vulnerability to Cascadia-related tsunamis in the U.S. Pacific Northwest

Tsunamis generated by Cascadia subduction zone earthquakes pose significant threats to coastal communities in the U.S. Pacific Northwest. Impacts of future tsunamis to individuals and communities will likely vary due to pre-event socioeconomic and demographic differences. In order to assess social vulnerability to Cascadia tsunamis, we adjust a social vulnerability index based on principal component analysis first developed by Cutter et al. (2003) to operate at the census-block level of geography and focus on community-level comparisons along the Oregon coast. The number of residents from blocks in tsunami-prone areas considered to have higher social vulnerability varies considerably among 26 Oregon cities and most are concentrated in four cities and two unincorporated areas. Variations in the number of residents from census blocks considered to have higher social vulnerability in each city do not strongly correlate with the number of residents or city assets in tsunami-prone areas. Methods presented here will help emergency managers to identify community sub-groups that are more susceptible to loss and to develop risk-reduction strategies that are tailored to local conditions.
Radiographic texture analysis of densitometric calcaneal images: relationship to clinical characteristics and to bone fragility.

Osteoporotic fractures are related not only to bone mineral density (BMD) but also to bone structure or microarchitecture, which is not assessed routinely with currently available methods. We have developed radiographic texture analysis (RTA) for calcaneal images from a peripheral densitometer as an easy, noninvasive method for assessing bone structure. We conducted a cross-sectional study of the relationship between RTA and prevalent vertebral fractures (n = 148) among 900 subjects (ages 19 to 99 years, 94 males) referred for bone densitometry as part of their routine medical care. RTA features were derived from Fourier-based image analysis of the radiographic texture pattern (including root mean square, first moment, and power spectral analyses). RTA features were associated with age, weight, gender, and race, as well as glucocorticoid use. When controlling for clinical risk factors and BMD (or a summary measure calculated using FRAX algorithms), RTA features were significantly different for subjects with and without prevalent vertebral fractures [adjusted odds ratio (OR) = 1.5 per 1 standard deviation (SD) decrease in RTA feature beta, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2–1.8, p = .001]. Gender and use of pharmacologic therapy for osteoporosis did not significantly affect this association, suggesting that RTA can be applied to a wide range of densitometry patients. We conclude that RTA obtained using a portable instrument has a potential as a noninvasive method to enhance identification of patients at increased risk of osteoporotic fractures. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Foraging behavior of ants: theoretical considerations

Abstract This paper describes models of behavior for two ant species recruiting to very different sorts of resource. One species, Solenopsis geminata, recruits to sugar solution. The other, Pogonomyrmex occidentalis, recruits to patches of seeds. The models clarify the assumptions entering into the theoretical analysis of these behaviors and point to measurements that should be made for their experimental analysis. Both models assume that the colony gains energy when a forager gets a load of resource. Energy is lost during the trip to a patch of resource in a manner dependent upon the current physical conditions of the environment. The only factor counterbalancing an ever increasing net energy gain when the recruitment rates are increased is interference among workers at a patch. As the rate of recruitment is elevated this interference decreases the efficiency with which the resource can be used and, thus, sets an optimum at some intermediate rate of recruitment. The limitation of considerations in this paper to energetic efficiency is discussed and justified in terms of components of fitness and ant physiology. It is found that several qualitative predictions can be experimentally tested, but that quantitative predictions require fine measurement of metabolic costs to individual foragers and of complicated gains to the colony as a whole. Both models can be differentiated experimentally from corresponding time minimization models.
Recent rare charm results from CLEO

We present some recent results in rare charm decays from CLEO Collaboration. The data used were collected by the CLEO II and III detectors at the Cornell Electron Storage Ring (CESR). A brief future outlook for the CESR-c/CLEO-c program is also presented. PACS: 113.20.Fc
Suicidal Behaviors and Childhood-Onset Depressive Disorders: A Longitudinal Investigation

In this longitudinal study, the rates and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts were determined among outpatient youths with depressive disorders and youths with other psychiatric disorders. At study entry, about 66% of the subjects evidenced suicidal ideation and 9% already attempted suicide. The rate of ideation remained fairly stable over time, whereas the rate of attempts reached 24% by the average age of 17 years. Major depressive and dysthymic disorders were associated with significantly higher rates of suicidal behaviors than were adjustment disorder with depressed mood and nondepressive disorders. In the presence of affective disorders, comorbid conduct and/or substance use disorders further increased the risk of suicide attempts.
Forecasting Emergence of Adult Yellowheaded Spruce Sawflies (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)

We determined in a laboratory study that emergence of adult yellowheaded spruce sawflies, Pikonema alaskensis (Rohwer) (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae), from the overwintering cocoon stage required 343 degree-days (SE = 13.1). The last date of snow cover was used as the starting date for accumulating degree-days. The accumulation was based on soil temperatures predicted from daily minimum and maximum air temperatures. Using a lower developmental threshold of 16°C (SE = 0.5), the median dates of emergence for the years 1978 to 1983, inclusive, were predicted. Predicted dates of emergence averaged 0.3 days earlier than actual dates, using the predicted soil temperature at a depth of 0.1 em. Yearly differences between predicted and observed dates ranged from 0 to 6 days, but actual emergence extended over 40 days.
Foreign Policy and the Nationality Problem in the Habsburg Monarchy, 1800–1867

In view of the many paradoxes that have studded the history of the Habsburg monarchy, it is fitting at the outset to observe that as the nineteenth century opened Austrian foreign policy proceeded with complete obliviousness to the nationality problem and for this very reason was the principal contributor to the nationality problem of the future. It was a time of unprecedented territorial change, indeed of the founding of the Austrian empire itself, and the net result of the changes was an increment to the ethnic diversity of the Habsburg lands. The acquisition of western Galicia in the third partition of Poland added several million Poles. By the Treaty of Campo Formio in 1797 Walloon and Flemish subjects in the Netherlands had been exchanged for the Italian, Croatian, and Serbian population of Venice, Istria, and Dalmatia, and the prospect was held out for adding more Germans in Upper Bavaria and Salzburg. The Treaty of Luneville in 1801 did not change the territorial holdings of the Austrian Habsburgs; it did, however, affect them indirectly by providing for the transfer of the members of collateral branches of the family who ruled in Modena and Tuscany to unspecified territories in Germany. Two years later, in 1803, the Imperial Recess of the Holy Roman Empire named these territories: Salzburg, for Ferdinand; and the Breisgau and Ortenau, on the Upper Rhine, for the Duke of Modena. Both awards represented Austrian losses, Breisgau and Ortenau having been Austrian lands to begin with, Salzburg having been previously promised.