cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of dam removal on fish community interactions and stability in the Eightmile River System, Connecticut, USA.

New multivariate time-series methods have the potential to provide important insights into the effects of ecosystem restoration activities. To this end, we examined the temporal effects of dam removal on fish community interactions using multivariate autoregressive models to understand changes in fish community structure in the Eightmile River System, Connecticut, USA. We sampled fish for 6 years during the growing season; 1 year prior to, 2 years during, and for 3 years after a small dam removal event. The multivariate autoregressive analysis revealed that the site above the dam was the most reactive and least resilient sample site, followed in order by the below-dam and nearby reference site. Even 3 years after the dam removal event, the stream was still in a recovery stage that had failed to approximate the community structure of the reference site. This suggests that the reorganization of fish communities following dam removals, with the goal of ecological restoration, may take decades to centuries for the restored sites to approximate the community structure of nearby undisturbed sites. Results from this study also highlight the utility of multivariate autoregressive modeling for examining temporal interactions among species in response to adaptive management activities both in aquatic systems and elsewhere.
An Updated Review of Ectopic Pregnancies Resulting from Assisted Reproduction

The purpose of this study was to review the most recent data regarding clinical risk factors for ectopic pregnancy (EP) among patients pursuing assisted reproduction, and the diagnosis and management of EP in this specific population. EP rates following assisted reproduction have fallen over time to 1–2%, identical to the general population. Clinical risk factors for EP following assisted reproduction include the transfer of autologous, fresh and cleavage-stage embryos. Use of a GnRH agonist trigger alone for fresh cycles is associated with a greater risk of EP than hCG trigger. Serial hCG measurements and transvaginal ultrasound remain the mainstay of EP diagnosis. The addition of endometrial sampling to exclude failing intrauterine pregnancy spares a majority of patients unnecessary methotrexate. Two recent meta-analyses confirm that methotrexate for EP does not diminish subsequent response to controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH), while data conflict regarding the effects of salpingectomy on subsequent ovarian response. A recent randomized controlled trial, primarily in a non-infertility population, showed similar rates of subsequent intrauterine pregnancy following salpingectomy or salpingostomy in the presence of normal contralateral fallopian tubes. A large population-based study confirmed this finding, but reported higher ongoing pregnancy rates following tubal preservation in patients with infertility or tubal disease attempting natural conception. The risk of EP following IVF appears largely mediated by altered endometrial receptivity, shown to result from COH and GnRH agonist-only triggers. Transfer of frozen-thawed blastocysts confers the lowest rate of EP following IVF. Methotrexate does not impact subsequent ovarian response to stimulation, though the effects of salpingectomy remain to be determined. Salpingectomy and salpingostomy confer equitable subsequent ongoing pregnancy rates, though tubal preservation may confer an advantage in women with tubal disease or infertility planning natural conception.
Anticonvulsant effect of flupirtine in an animal model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy.

Research studies suggest that neonatal seizures, which are most commonly associated with hypoxic-ischemic injury, may contribute to brain injury and adverse neurologic outcome. Unfortunately, neonatal seizures are often resistant to treatment with current anticonvulsants. In the present study, we evaluated the efficacy of flupirtine, administered at clinically relevant time-points, for the treatment of neonatal seizures in an animal model of hypoxic-ischemic injury that closely replicates features of the human syndrome. We also compared the efficacy of flupirtine to that of phenobarbital, the current first-line drug for neonatal seizures. Flupirtine is a KCNQ potassium channel opener. KCNQ channels play an important role in controlling brain excitability during early development. In this study, hypoxic-ischemic injury was induced in neonatal rats, and synchronized video-EEG records were acquired at various time-points during the experiment to identify seizures. The results revealed that flupirtine, administered either 5 min after the first electroclinical seizure, or following completion of 2 h of hypoxia, i.e., during the immediate reperfusion period, reduced the number of rats with electroclinical seizures, and also the frequency and total duration of electroclinical seizures. Further, daily dosing of flupirtine decreased the seizure burden over 3 days following HI-induction, and modified the natural evolution of acute seizures. Moreover, compared to a therapeutic dose of phenobarbital, which was modestly effective against electroclinical seizures, flupirtine showed greater efficacy. Our results indicate that flupirtine is an extremely effective treatment for neonatal seizures in rats and provide evidence for a trial of this medication in newborn humans.
Analysis of the effect of small amounts of liquid on gas–solid fluidization using CFD-DEM simulations

Gas–solid fluidization involving small amounts of liquid is simulated using a CFD-DEM model. The model tracks the amount of liquid on each particle and wall element and incorporates finite rates of liquid transfer between particles and pendular liquid bridges which form between two particles as well as between a particle and a wall element. Viscous and capillary forces due to these bridges are modeled. Fluidization–defluidization curves show that minimum fluidization velocity and defluidized bed height increase with Bond number (Bo), the ratio of surface tension to gravitational forces, due to cohesion and inhomogeneous flow structures. Under fluidized conditions, hydrodynamics and liquid bridging behavior change dramatically with increasing Bo, and to a lesser extent with capillary number, the ratio of viscous to surface tension forces. Bed fluidity is kept relatively constant across wetting conditions when one maintains a constant ratio of superficial velocity to minimum fluidization velocity under wet conditions. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 5290–5302, 2017
Experimental Evaluation of Available Computational Methods for Eddy Current and Hysteresis Losses for Cables Installed in Steel Pipes

This paper presents laboratory tests to evaluate the existing methods used to compute the eddy current and hysteresis losses produced by cables installed in steel pipes. The influence of the casing losses on conductor temperature is studied. The assumptions made by Moutassem and Anders are validated experimentally. This paper also shows a defect with the IEC Standard calculations of the pipe loss factor and thermal resistance. Finite element simulations are used to compare the laboratory experiments and illustrate the loss distribution in the casing. The application range of the available methods is established from the finite-element method models. As illustration, the proposed correlations are used for the rating of cables in trefoil or cradled formations inside a cylindrical steel pipe.
11 – Special Feeds

Publisher Summary This chapter presents an integrated overview of special feeds, fish diet and manufacture, fish husbandry; showing how they are interdependent and linked to sustainable and successful fish production. The physical and chemical properties of feeds are controlled to ensure that the animal utilizes the nutritional value of all components in the feed to the fullest. A properly compounded diet must contain adequate energy as well as all of the essential amino acids, vitamins, minerals, and other required growth factors. The water temperature and temperature gradient, water flow rates, salinity, turbidity, depth, bottom and side conditions, materials of construction, fish density, fish size and size distribution, and state of the growing cycle all have a bearing on the requirements for specific physical and chemical properties of a feed. One of the most important requirements for a feed is that it remains intact, without losing any nutrient components, for a specified period after it enters the water. The density of a diet particle, which controls its position in the water, is also an important consideration depending on whether the species being fed is a surface or bottom feeder or prefers to consume feeds in the water column.
Soil Acidification: Fundamental Concepts

Natural soil acidification processes have been recognized and studied for decades or perhaps centuries. An understanding of these processes is essential to an understanding of soils and of natural and agricultural ecosystems. One of the most important characteristics of soils is the cation-exchange complex. These are negative charges, either on clay minerals or on soil organic matter. In the case of the clay minerals, these charges usually arise from isomorphic substitution within the mineral lattice of a cation of lower positive charge for one of higher charge. In the case of organic matter, the charges arise mainly from the ionization of H+ from carboxyl, phenol, and enol groups (Coleman and Thomas 1967). In alkaline or neutral soils, the negatively charged exchange complex is dominated by basic cations (i.e., Ca2+, Mg2+, K+, and Na+). In acid mineral soils this complex is usually dominated by aluminum species [i.e., Al3+, A1(OH)2+, and A1(OH) 2 + ] formed by the dissolution of soil minerals in acid systems. In acid organic soils, H+ may be the dominant exchangeable cation. The acidity of a soil is thus determined by the relationship between the amounts of the basic cations and the acid aluminum species on the exchange complex. Processes that would tend to acidify a soil include those that tend to increase the number of negative charges, such as organic matter accumulation or clay formation, or those that remove basic cations, such as leaching of bases in association with an acid anion. Processes that would tend to make a soil more basic would add basic cations, either from outside sources or from the weathering of soil minerals, or reduce negative charge, such as might occur during the destruction of organic matter by fire.
How to Differentiate Between AVRT, AT, AVNRT, and Junctional Tachycardia Using the Baseline ECG and Intracardiac Tracings

Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is a term that refers to a subset of supraventricular tachycardias characterized by sudden abrupt onset and termination. This group consists of atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia, atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia, atrial tachycardia, and junctional ectopic tachycardia. This chapter will focus on the differentiation of these four tachycardias using electrocardiographic features and intracardiac tracings. Ultimately, the diagnosis of the tachycardia mechanism relies upon three key elements: (1) baseline observations during sinus rhythm, (2) tachycardia features, and (3) the tachycardia response to atrial and ventricular pacing maneuvers.
Timely Lessons for the Post-9/11 World from Schmoller and Wagner

What is the impact of terrorism on the structure of state budgets? The contribution investigates this issue under the aspect of Wagner’s law and Schmoller’s emphasis on social welfare legislation. In particular, he argues that after 9/11, “a tectonic event in U.S. history”, protection of the population against terrorism has become an important function of the state, thus becoming an unforeseen new driving force for expansion of public expenditure.
Interbank Runs: A Network Model of Systemic Liquidity Crunches

I study how interbank lending network structures affect financial fragility. Interbank lending is beneficial but subject to coordination failure. With interbank wholesale funding, banks' balance sheets become inflated, and give the senior retail depositors a sense of safety to allow more illiquid assets. In interbank runs, banks run on banks as they mutually reinforce each other to withdraw interbank lending. Banks' individually precautionary liquidity hoarding strategies are connected by the pairwise lending relationships. Mean-field analysis extracts the systemic behavior from the network of strategic interactions. I show such dispersed and indirectly linked interactions also lead to discontinuous and system-wide liquidity crunches, as if the interactions are centralized. Local insolvency shocks trigger the interbank run if the network is unraveled beyond a critical point. The model is applied to identify the optimal capital injection targets of government bailouts, and study the systemic effects of the proposed regulations on restraining the highly connected banks.
Potent Dopamine D2 Antagonists Block the Reward-Enhancing Effects of Nicotine in Smokers With Schizophrenia.

Antipsychotics that are potent dopamine (DA) D2 receptor antagonists have been linked to elevated levels of nicotine dependence in smokers with schizophrenia. Because activation of D2 receptors mediates motivation for nicotine, we examined whether potent D2 antagonists would diminish nicotine's ability to stimulate reward processing-a mechanism that may drive compensatory increases in smoking. Smokers with schizophrenia (n = 184) were recruited and stratified into medication groups based on D2 receptor antagonist potency. The effects of smoking on reward function were assessed using a probabilistic reward task (PRT), administered pre- and post-smoking. The PRT used an asymmetrical reinforcement schedule to produce a behavioral response bias, previously found to increase under conditions (including smoking) that enhance mesolimbic DA signaling. Among the 98 participants with valid PRT data and pharmacotherapy that could be stratified into D2 receptor antagonism potency, a medication × smoking × block interaction emerged (P = .005). Post-hoc tests revealed a smoking × block interaction only for those not taking potent D2 antagonists (P = .007). This group exhibited smoking-related increases in response bias (P .05). Our findings suggest that potent D2 antagonists diminish the reward-enhancing effects of nicotine in smokers with schizophrenia. This may be a mechanism implicated in the increased rate of smoking often observed in patients prescribed these medications. These findings have important clinical implications for the treatment of nicotine dependence in schizophrenia.
Can I Do a Rectal Exam in a Neutropenic Patient

Patients with pathologically low neutrophil counts, or neutropenia, can present a diagnostic and management challenge in the emergency department (ED). One diagnostic tool, the digital rectal exam (DRE), has historically been discouraged in neutropenic patients due to the concern that it may lead to bacterial translocation and subsequent bacteremia; however, evidence to support this position is lacking. Certain circumstances may justify its use if other lower-risk testing modalities are not readily available.
Reconciling Icetexane Biosynthetic Connections with Their Chemical Synthesis: Total Synthesis of (±)-5,6-Dihydro-6α-hydroxysalviasperanol, (±)-Brussonol, and (±)-Abrotanone

A unified strategy for the chemical synthesis of the icetexane diterpenoids brussonol and 5,6-dihydro-6α-hydroxysalviasperanol has led to a structural revision of the recently isolated natural products abrotandiol and abrotanone.
What parents say about inclusion and disabilities: implications for young children’s attitude development toward peers with disabilities

The purpose of the current study is to examine what parents think about individuals with disabilities and inclusion, to what extent parents’ attitudes are related to their children’s attitudes towa...
A Comparative Analysis of Employment Discrimination Case Outcomes

The EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission) processes tens of thousands of charges annually. Every year, the outcome of those charges are tabulated and presented for public inspection. Yet, very little known as to how effectively the EEOC processes these charges. To that end, this article seeks to analyze the processing of EEOC complaints in comparison with case outcomes as adjudicated in Federal Court. This comparison is premised on Congressional passage of the Civil Rights Act (42 U.S.C § 2000e-4 Sec. 705 et seq.) which bars cases from litigation until all administrative remedies are exhausted. Using the EEOC’s publicly facing statistics webpage and the Federal Judicial Center (FJC) database, an institutional comparative is applied. Upon analysis, the results demonstrate that aggrieved parties are best served in Federal Court. For every comparative outcome measured, parties overwhelmingly fared better in Federal Court than they did with the EEOC. The divergence in outcomes appears to be rooted in procedural and structural defects present in the EEOC’s handling of charges. Many of these defects have been addressed in past scholarship (Selmi 1996; Modesitt 2010; Engstrom 2013) but remain largely intact. In the absence of any reform, the EEOC is largely an ineffectual agency that leaves millions of Americans vulnerable to the scourge of employment discrimination.
Let it be: mindful acceptance down-regulates pain and negative emotion

Mindfulness training ameliorates clinical and self-report measures of depression and chronic pain, but its use as an emotion regulation strategy-in individuals who do not meditate-remains understudied. As such, whether it (i) down-regulates early affective brain processes or (ii) depends on cognitive control systems remains unclear. We exposed meditation-naive participants to two kinds of stimuli: negative vs. neutral images and painful vs. warm temperatures. On alternating blocks, we asked participants to either react naturally or exercise mindful acceptance. Emotion regulation using mindful acceptance was associated with reductions in reported pain and negative affect, reduced amygdala responses to negative images and reduced heat-evoked responses in medial and lateral pain systems. Critically, mindful acceptance significantly reduced activity in a distributed, a priori neurologic signature that is sensitive and specific to experimentally induced pain. In addition, these changes occurred in the absence of detectable increases in prefrontal control systems. The findings support the idea that momentary mindful acceptance regulates emotional intensity by changing initial appraisals of the affective significance of stimuli, which has consequences for clinical treatment of pain and emotion.
The Rise of Absurdity in Western Philosophical and Political Views

Classical liberalism failed when philosophical thought turned away from the Scottish School toward the German school. The solution is to look back, not to Kant as a starting point in an effort to move forward, but to some of Kant’s contemporaries, those that the criticisms of Kant and other German school philosophers eventually silenced and banished from consideration. I propose that the Enlightenment went wrong when we eventually abandoned the Scottish School for the German School. Over the last two hundred plus years, philosophy has progressively elaborated upon ideas that were flawed, slightly at first, at the start into what now might be simply called absurdity. Furthermore, I propose that the acceptance of Neoplatonic ideas of Thomas Hobbes by the Federalist, and their eventual total victory in United States domestic politics and interpretation of law, combined with other factors such as passions of the Transcendental generation and a progressive increase in bad philosophical ideas in the form of ideologies, completed the destruction of Classical Liberalism/Republicanism and lead to absurdity in economic thought and policy, as well as political theory and politics. These factors affect not only policy and history in the United States but have come to shape geopolitics and history.
Cerebral Oxygenation and Autoregulation in Preterm Infants (Early NIRS Study).

Objective To determine if decreased cerebral oxygenation or altered cerebral autoregulation as measured by near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) in the first 96 postnatal hours is associated with an increased risk of death or severe neuroradiographic abnormalities in very preterm infants. Study design The Early NIRS prospective, multicenter study enrolled very preterm infants with a birth weight of Results Of 103 subjects with mean gestational age of 26 weeks, 21 (20%) died or had severe neuroradiographic abnormalities. Infants with adverse outcomes had a lower mean Csat (67 ± 9%) compared with those without adverse outcomes (72 ± 7%; P = .02). A Csat of Conclusions Early NIRS monitoring may detect periods of lower cerebral oxygenation and altered cerebral autoregulation, identifying preterm infants at risk for mortality or neuroradiographic injury. An improved understanding of the relationship between altered hemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation may inform future strategies to prevent brain injury.
Numerical approximations of the Navier─Stokes equation coupled with volume-conserved multi-phase-field vesicles system: Fully-decoupled, linear, unconditionally energy stable and second-order time-accurate numerical scheme

Abstract We consider the numerical approximation of the flow-coupled multi-phase-field elastic bending energy model of lipid vesicles. Based on the classical model with approximate volume conservation only, this paper first establishes a new model that can accurately conserve volume by adding some nonlocal terms to the model equation. Then, for the system coupled with the incompressible flow, we propose a novel numerical method to construct an effective scheme that is fully-decoupled, linear, unconditionally energy stable, and second-order time-accurate. The key idea to achieve the full decoupling nature is to introduce an ordinary differential equation to deal with the nonlinear coupling term that satisfies the so-called “zero-energy-contribution” property. Thus, in actual calculations, this scheme only needs to solve several independent linear equations with constant coefficients at each time step. We strictly prove the solvability and unconditional energy stability, and perform numerical simulations in 2D and 3D to verify the accuracy and stability of the scheme numerically.
Space Biology Research and Biosensor Technologies: Past, Present, and Future

In light of future missions beyond low Earth orbit (LEO) and the potential establishment of bases on the Moon and Mars, the effects of the deep space environment on biology need to be examined in order to develop protective countermeasures. Although many biological experiments have been performed in space since the 1960s, most have occurred in LEO and for only short periods of time. These LEO missions have studied many biological phenomena in a variety of model organisms, and have utilized a broad range of technologies. However, given the constraints of the deep space environment, upcoming deep space biological missions will be largely limited to microbial organisms and plant seeds using miniaturized technologies. Small satellites such as CubeSats are capable of querying relevant space environments using novel, miniaturized instruments and biosensors. CubeSats also provide a low-cost alternative to larger, more complex missions, and require minimal crew support, if any. Several have been deployed in LEO, but the next iterations of biological CubeSats will travel beyond LEO. They will utilize biosensors that can better elucidate the effects of the space environment on biology, allowing humanity to return safely to deep space, venturing farther than ever before.
A Key Ingredient in Deforestation Slowdowns? A Strong Brazilian Economy

For much of the past two decades, the scientific and policy community has sought to reduce forest loss through well-targeted public policy and enforcement measures and private sector engagement. Unfortunately, recent increases in forest loss in the Amazon have raised new concerns over the drivers of deforestation in the region, and the durability of the policies designed to mitigate it. Here we argue that recent deforestation trends are a partial reflection of Brazil’s economic trajectories. More specifically, in this short article we show that, all else being equal, economic stagnation in Brazil, via its influence on the value of the Brazilian currency, the real, positively influences local prices for export products and increases farm level incentives for land clearing. Conversely, economic growth, nationally, suppresses prices and land clearing incentives. Ultimately, we argue that, at the national-scale, economic growth may be closely aligned with, and possibly a precondition to, the attainment of international or national-level environmental goals.
Structural Analysis of a Wind Turbine Blade Repurposed as an Electrical Transmission Pole

Abstract This paper focuses on the conceptual use of a fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) wind turbine blade that is repurposed for a second life as an electrical transmission pole. Thousands of tons o...
The 2021 software developer shortage is coming

Companies must address the difficulty of hiring and retaining high-skilled employees from an increasingly smaller labor supply.
IMPORTS AND EXPORTS IN 50 COUNTRIES: TEST OF COINTEGRATION AND STRUCTURAL BREAKS

Abstract This paper provides new evidence on the long-run convergence between imports and exports in 50 countries over the quarterly period 1973:2 to 1998:1. Cointegration analyses are based on the Johansen [Johansen, S. (1995). Likelihood-based inference in cointegrating vector autoregressive models . New York: Oxford University Press.] and the Stock and Watson [ J. Am. Stat. Assoc. 83 (1988) 1097.] system approaches. Evidence of stability of the cointegration space is examined using the SupF test developed by Hansen [ J. Bus. Econ. Stat. 10 (1992) 321]. Based on the Johansen technique, we find evidence in favor of cointegration in 35 of the 50 countries. In addition, cointegration is confirmed for all countries (except Mexico) using the Stock and Watson test. This finding indicates that macroeconomic policies have been effective in the long-run and suggests that these countries are largely not in violation of their international budget constraint. We find evidence that in most of the countries where the slope coefficient on the export variable is positive, the cointegrating coefficient is also unity. The cointegration space appears stable for most of the countries. Nonetheless, the results suggest that countries in the regions of the Middle East, Latin America, and Europe have cointegrating relations that are more unstable than those in other regions.
Human biliverdin IXalpha reductase is a zinc-metalloprotein. Characterization of purified and Escherichia coli expressed enzymes.

Biliverdin TXα reductase (BVR) catalyzes the conversion of the heme b degradation product, biliverdin, to bilirubin. BVR is unique among enzymes characterized to date in that it has dual pH/cofactor (NADH, NADPH) specificity. A cDNA clone encoding human BVR was isolated from a λ library using a probe generated via reverse transcription and the polymerase chain reaction from human placental RNA. This approach was taken because the more direct approach of using the previously isolated rat BVR cDNA as the hybridization probe did not succeed. The human cDNA was cloned and sequenced; it was shown to have an open reading frame encoding a 296-amino-acid protein in which could be identified four peptides previously identified by micro-sequencing purified protein. The cDNA hybridized with a single message of ≈ 1.2 kb in human kidney poly(A)-rich RNA, and appeared, by Southern blot analysis, to be the product of a single-copy gene. Sequence analysis indicated that the human reductase shows ≈83% identity, at both the nucleotide and amino acid levels, with rat BVR. In some regions including the carboxyl terminus, protein sequence identity drops to 45%. Also noteworthy is the presence of two additional cysteine residues in the encoded human reductase (five compared to three for rat). The protein produced by an expression plasmid in which the insert was cloned in frame with lac Z sequences was characterized, and demonstrated dual pH and cofactor dependence. However, as suggested by kinetic analysis, the human enzyme may also use NADH as cofactor, as opposed to the rat reductase, which most likely utilizes only NADPH under physiological conditions. Western blot analysis and iso-electric focusing demonstrate that, although migrating as a single band on SDS/PAGE, the expressed protein, like that purified from tissue, consists of several isoelectric charge variants. Atomic absorption spectroscopy indicates that the protein purified from human liver contains Zn at an approximately 1:1 molar ratio. That human BVR is a Zn metalloprotein was further substantiated by 65Zn exchange analysis of both the purified and the fusion protein expressed in Escherichia coli. Exogenous Zn also inhibits NADPH-dependent, but not NADH-dependent, activity. Hence, the NADH and NADPH binding regions are differentiated by their ability to interact with Zn; Fe-hematoporphyrin, however, inhibited both NADH- and NADPH-dependent activity.
Leadership and Reform: Mapping the Causal Pathways of Performance Information Use

This paper offers empirical evidence on a specific question: how does leadership foster the use of performance data? More broadly, it informs the ways in which we understand how leadership can influence the implementation of management reforms. Previous research suggests that leadership matters to performance information use among their employees, but underspecifies the causal processes by which this influence occurs. This paper uses structural equation modeling to suggest that transformational leadership has a positive but indirect effect on performance information use via two mediating factors: Goal clarity and organizational culture.The results inform studies of leadership and reform by demonstrating how leadership can foster the effectiveness of new management systems. Even where leadership does not have a direct relationship on the reform outcome, it can still exert important indirect effects that could easily be missed by most methodologies.
Digestibility of potato processing residue in beef cattle finishing diets.

Two digestion experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various levels of potato processing residue in feedlot diets on digestion of dry matter, gross energy, crude protein and starch. In Exp. 1, 10 Hereford steers (average weight 360 kg) were randomly allotted to one of five diets in which (1) 0, (2) 15, (3) 30, (4) 45 or (5) 60% of diet dry matter was provided by potato processing residue. Potato processing residue was found to be superior to barley as an energy source for beef cattle diets. When fed at 15% of the diet dry matter, potato processing residue had a digestible energy value of 3.68 Mcal/kg, which corresponds to 121% of the digestible energy of barley. However, when the residue was fed at 30, 45, or 60% of the diet dry matter, the mean digestible energy value decreased to 3.10 Mcal/kg, or 102% of the digestible energy of barley. In Exp. 2, four steers (average weight 270 kg) were surgically fitted with permanent ruminal and abomasal T cannulas. The steers were offered one of four diets in which potato processing residue provided (1) 0, (2) 20, (3) 40 or (4) 60% of diet dry matter. Ruminal and postabomasal digestion of dry matter and starch were determined. Inclusion of potato processing residue did not affect (P > .05) the location or extent of digestion of diet dry matter and starch. Diet dry matter and starch digestion in the entire tract were 86.6 and 99.1%, respectively. The mean preabomasal and postabomasal digestions of diet dry matter and starch for all four levels of potato processing residue were 78.7, 20.3, 94.4 and 5.6%, respectively. The site and extent of potato processing residue digestion were comparable to those for barley. Potato processing residue can replace barley as an energy source for finishing beef cattle.
Using props as assignment starters

Creating assignments that give each student in my technical communication classes the best possible chance to do well is a constant concern. One success has been achieved through the use of props as assignment starters. Bringing to class props appropriate for a goal-i.e., sample documents for introducing and analyzing information design, a tool for technical description, a visit to a shop class to observe a procedure for explaining a process-generates discussion, analysis, teamwork, terminology, problem solving, planning, and strategy building. From student involvement with the props, students produce assignments. The end result is improved student performance. My paper briefly describes how I came to this idea of using props, how I implement the idea in the classroom, and the advantages of using the approach.
Evaluation of a new speech privacy quick test for enclosed rooms

The E2638 procedure can identify weak points in the room sound insulation and can give an accurate rating of the overall speech privacy provided by the room. In some cases a simpler and quicker test, that could evaluate particular problems, would be more helpful. There is little scatter about the best fit line and the range of mean differences between these two quantities is again less than 2 dB over a wide range of room absorptions. The LD(f) values from the QT procedure diverged from the other results with the differences increasing with increasing frequency. When using the OMNT source, the QT results varied in a manner approximately parallel to the E2638 results.
Histochemical studies on the secretion of mucus by the human endocervix.

Abstract The secretion of mucin by the glands of the human uterine cervix has been studied cytochemically throughout the menstrual cycle. Relatively constant quantities of mucin are present in the apical cytoplasm of the cells of the glandular epithelium at all stages of the cycle. However, active secretion of this substance is a rhythmic process. Large amounts of mucin are liberated during the midcycle, whereas relatively little secretion is found to occur during the late secretory, menstrual, and early proliferative phases. In contrast to the normal cyclic cervix, little or no mucin is produced in the cervices of postmenopausal women. During pregnancy, on the other hand, there is a marked increase in the amount of mucin present.
Street food vending and nutritional impact

Dorothy Blair has been a faculty member in the Pennsylvania State University Nutrition Department and the Science, Technology, and Society Program since 1980. Previous to that she received her Ph.D. from Cornell University and was a Peace Corps Volunteer in the Philippines. She has eaten her way through the street foods of Southeast Asia from Bali to Korea, and also in Bahrain, Sri Lanka, and India. Her teaching and research focus on the nutritional aspects of food systems, culture, and technology. She teaches a course on international nutrition.
XSS-GUARD: Precise Dynamic Prevention of Cross-Site Scripting Attacks

This paper focuses on defense mechanisms for cross-site scripting attacks, the top threat on web applications today. It is believed that input validation (or filtering) can effectively prevent XSS attacks on the server side. In this paper, we discuss several recent real-world XSS attacks and analyze the reasons for the failure of filtering mechanisms in defending these attacks. We conclude that while filtering is useful as a first level of defense against XSS attacks, it is ineffective in preventing several instances of attack, especially when user input includes content-rich HTML. We then propose XSS-Guard , a new framework that is designed to be a prevention mechanism against XSS attacks on the server side. XSS-Guard works by dynamically learning the set of scripts that a web application intends to create for any HTML request. Our approach also includes a robust mechanism for identifying scripts at the server side and removes any script in the output that is not intended by the web application. We discuss extensive experimental results that demonstrate the resilience of XSS-Guard in preventing a number of real-world XSS exploits.
The menopausal transition: guidelines for researchers.

Abstract We believe that the menopausal transition can be eased for women if they have information about normal changes they can anticipate. Until now, research on the subject of menopause has been fragmented and flawed, in large part because an "oppositional approach" to the study of menopause has pitted biology against culture and has slowed progress toward a more fruitful interactive approach. Failure to agree on basic definitions has contributed further to fragmentation. Future research efforts must employ healthy, non-clinical samples and prospective designs that will avoid recall problems. Women must be at the center of this research, as respondents whose experiences and interpretations of these experiences become the focus of study. It is the normalcy of menopause that remains undocumented (Voda & George, 1986). When research has identified a range of experiences common to the menopausal transition for healthy women, it will be possible for aging women and their health care providers to make accurate assessments of their individual patterns of change. It is anticipated that studies will document a wider range of changes as normal than is currently accepted, perhaps reducing the number of interventions occurring when pathology is identified incorrectly. Studies with a bi-directional focus will make possible an understanding of the mutual influences of biology and culture on premenopausal women's changing experiences. Knowledge of which symptoms are inevitable conditions of hormonal shifts and which are not will remove the burden of ignorance from women and empower them to better cope with this life stage.
Carp Muscle Calcium-binding Protein II. STRUCTURE DETERMINATION AND GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The structure of crystalline carp muscle calcium-binding protein (parvalbumin) has been determined by x-ray diffraction techniques to nominal 1.85-A resolution. Isomorphous and anomalous scattering data were measured for three heavy atom derivatives, 3-chloromercuri-2-methoxypropyl urea, mercury bromide, and ethyl mercury chloride, to 2.0-A resolution using precession photography. As described in Paper III in this series the 2.0-A phases were refined and the 2.0- to 1.85-A phases were determined by use of the tangent formula. The electron density map is interpreted in terms of the 108 amino acid sequence described in Paper I in this series. A calcium ion is bound in the loop between helix C and helix D and a second calcium is bound in the EF loop. The entire CD region is related to helix E, the EF loop, and the terminal helix F by an approximate intramolecular 2-fold axis. Although it does not bind calcium the AB region has a structure similar to the CD and EF regions and appears to have resulted from a gene triplication. The molecule is generally spherical with a well defined hydrophobic core, one-seventh of its total volume, composed of side chains of phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, and valine. All of the polar side chains are at the surface except those associated with calcium binding and with an invariant internal salt bridge between arginine-75 and glutamic acid-81.
Collateral Consequences, Genetic Surveillance, and the New Biopolitics of Race

This Article is part of a Howard Law Journal Symposium on “Collateral Consequences: Who Really Pays the Price for Criminal Justice?,” as well as my larger book project, Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-create Race in the Twenty-First Century (The New Press, 2011). It considers state and federal government expansion of genetic surveillance as a collateral consequence of a criminal record in the context of a new biopolitics of race in America. Part I reviews the expansion of DNA data banking by states and the federal government, extending the collateral impact of a criminal record — in the form of becoming a permanent suspect — to growing categories of people. Part II argues that the benefits of this genetic surveillance in terms of crime detection, exonerations of innocent inmates, and public safety do not outweigh the unmerited collateral penalty of state invasion of individuals’ privacy and the larger harms to democracy. These harms are exacerbated by the disproportionate collection of DNA from African Americans as a result of deep racial biases in law enforcement. Part III explains why DNA databases reflect and help to perpetuate an oppressive system of criminal justice. Finally, Part IV elaborates the racial harms that are caused by genetic surveillance that targets large numbers of African Americans, putting into practice deep-seated stereotypes about blacks’ inherent criminality. Far from correcting racial bias in law enforcement, the state’s use of DNA to designate millions of permanent suspects reinforces the roots of racial injustice.
Immunochemical characterization and quantitative distribution of pancreatic stone protein in sera and pancreatic secretions in pancreatic disorders.

Abstract A fluorometric immunoassay has been established to quantitate pancreatic stone protein providing a sensitivity for concentrations from 0.015 to 0.5 μg/mL. When concentrations of pancreatic stone protein were determined from pancreatic secretions obtained either from patients suffering from chronic pancreatitis (n = 31) [including the calcifying forms (n = 10)], pancreatic cancer (n = 22), or nonpancreatic diseases (n = 17), no significant differences were found. In contrast, increased concentrations were found in serum samples from patients with chronic (3966) and acute pancreatitis (1620) compared with control patients. The differences between these diagnostic groups and controls were highly significant ( P
Effect of L-NAME on pressure-flow relationships in isolated rabbit lungs: role of red blood cells

Nitric oxide (NO) is produced by and relaxes pulmonary arteries and veins; however, a role for NO as a participant in the control of pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) remains to be defined. Here we investigated the hypothesis that for NO to serve as a determinant of PVR in the rabbit requires the presence of blood. In isolated blood-perfused rabbit lungs, NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 100 microM) increased PVR and the slope of the pressure-flow relationship. These effects of L-NAME were prevented by pretreatment with L-arginine. In contrast, in lungs perfused with a physiological salt solution, L-NAME had no effect on PVR or the pressure-flow relationship. The addition of washed red blood cells (RBCs) to physiological salt solution, but not the addition of plasma and platelets, restored the response to L-NAME. This effect of RBCs was not reproduced by increasing perfusate viscosity with dextran. These results suggest that, in the rabbit lung, NO is a determinant of PVR in the presence of blood. Moreover, that aspect of blood that permits the generation of NO appears to be related to the RBC and not to perfusate viscosity.
Chlorine isotope variations along the Central American volcanic front and back arc

Volcanic outputs (ash, tephra, and lava samples) of 23 volcanic centers from the volcanic front, secondary front, and back arc in Central America were analyzed for their δ37Cl values with the goal of using chlorine isotopes as a tracer of fluids sourced from the subducting Cocos slab. δ37Cl values range from −2.6 to +3.0‰ with systematic variations along the length of the front. Values from the northernmost (Guatemala and El Salvador) and southernmost (Costa Rica) ends of the front have mantle-like signatures. In contrast, δ37Cl values are both positive and negative in the center of the front (Nicaragua), implying a sediment and/or serpentinite-derived component. Geophysical observations are consistent with extensive hydration of the Cocos plate offshore of Nicaragua, in support of a serpentinite-derived fluid source. Fluids from dehydrating serpentinites may also incorporate Cl from overlying sediments, resulting in a multiple-source chlorine signature.
Abstract 08: Heterogeneity in Transitioning from Ideal Blood Pressure Over the Life Course in the US

Introduction: Blood pressure (BP) levels in early life have been shown to predict development of hypertension and cardiovascular disease in later life. Many studies have assessed differences in trajectories of elevated BP from childhood to adulthood, but few have examined gender and racial disparities in the age-specific transition from ideal BP over the life course. Methods: Following AHA’s Ideal Cardiovascular Health (CVH) criteria for BP, we used the prevalence of ideal (age ≥20, 95th percentile) resting BP levels among EA, and AA NHANES participants (2007-2012, n=11,663) to estimate the race, age, and sex-specific probabilities and patterns of transitioning between levels using novel Markov-type transition models. These net transition models were specifically design...
Ability of Endamoeba histolytica to phagocytose red blood cells.

Summary1. A method for determining phagocytic indices for E. histolytica with rabbit red blood cells has been described. 2. The effect of several drugs on the ability of E. histolytica to phagocytose rabbit RBC has been tested and recorded. 3. All drugs tested were found capable of reducing the ability of the amoebae to phagocytose rabbit RBC. A range for this activity was established under the conditions used. 4. Certain differences in the effect of the different compounds were observed. 5. The effect of anti-amoebic serum on the phagocytic indices of 4 strains of E. histolytica was tested. It was found that definite reductions could be obtained.
Nuclear magnetic resonance studies of diffusion of Al27 in aluminum and aluminum alloys

Abstract Motional narrowing of nuclear magnetic resonance lines is used to study self diffusion of aluminum in high purity aluminum and in solid solution alloys of aluminum with zinc, magnesium and copper. Diffusion parameters are determined from the experimental data using a formulation which enables the elimination of errors due to line shape changes and non-dipolar line broadenings. The results in pure aluminum yield an activation energy of 30.5 kcal/mole, with a pre-exponential factor D0 of 0.10 cm2/sec. The results in the alloys indicate that the rate of aluminum diffusion increases with increased solute content, and that the activation energy for aluminum diffusion decreases. This effect is largest for copper and smallest for zinc. Reasons for this behavior are discussed in terms of solute-vacancy binding energies.
Photoinitiated cationic polymerization of epoxy alcohol monomers

A series of epoxy alcohols were prepared by simple, straightforward methods. These compounds were very reactive monomers that polymerized rapidly on UV irradiation in the presence of cationic photoinitiators. The kinetics of the cationic photopolymerization of these monomers were studied with diaryliodonium salt photoinitiators and real-time IR spectroscopy. The rate of epoxide ring-opening polymerization was enhanced markedly by the presence of the hydroxy group. Using model compounds, the monomers were shown to polymerize via an activated monomer mechanism. Simple epoxy alcohols polymerized to give polymers with a hyperbranched structure. The novel monomers also were observed to accelerate the rate of the photopolymerization of mono- and multifunctional epoxides. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 389–401, 2000