cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating best management practices to lower selenium and nitrate in groundwater and streams in an irrigated river valley using a calibrated fate and reactive transport model

Abstract A calibrated fate and reactive transport model is applied to evaluate alternative water and land best management practices (BMPs) in Colorado’s intensively irrigated Arkansas River Valley to attenuate nonpoint source pollution and more closely meet regulatory standards for selenium (Se) and nitrogen (N) in groundwater and streams. Reduced irrigation (RI), lease fallowing (LF), canal sealing to reduce seepage (CS), reduced fertilizer application (RF), and enhanced riparian buffers (ERB) are explored as stand-alone BMPs, and in combination, at basic to more aggressive levels of implementation. The distributed-parameter model, which couples MODFLOW-SFR with RT3D-OTIS, predicts impacts that vary significantly over a region encompassing about 500 km2 and across time. Results suggest that, over the course of several decades, average Se and nitrate-nitrogen (NO3-N) groundwater concentrations within the region could be lowered by as much as 23% and 40%, respectively, using combined BMPs. Average Se concentration in the river could be decreased by up to 56% with combined BMPs, and NO3-N concentrations by up to 32% by using ERB. The CS-RF-ERB combination type may be the most promising for simultaneously lowering both Se and NO3-N concentrations. To insure compliance with Colorado water rights and the Arkansas River Compact with Kansas, measures must be taken to compensate for altered return flow patterns that will be a consequence of BMP implementation. Results also point to the need to consider the targeting of BMPs to specific locations within the region to maximize their effectiveness and efficiency.
Applications of a SAR-Based Flood Monitoring Service During Disaster Response and Recovery

This paper describes a collaborative effort between the University of Alaska Fairbanks and the NASA Short-term Prediction Research and Transition Center (SPoRT) to expand the use of SAR in the operational response to weather-related hazards in the U.S.Work described in this paper includes a short introduction of the developed SAR-based flood monitoring service with its technical implementation and main hazard information products. We also present results from the application of this systems to two major recent flood hazard events in the U.S. Specifically, the paper will describe the application of the developed hazard monitoring service in operational response to the major hurricanes Harvey, Irma, and Maria (2017), as well as Florence (2018). The analyzed hurricanes caused significant flooding and related damages.For both events periods, we describe how SAR was integrated into hazard response, show representative data products, and describe the main lessons learned from the use of SAR products during event response.
A Predictive Geospatial Exploration Model for Mississippi Valley Type Pb–Zn Mineralization in the Southeast Missouri Lead District

The Pb–Zn sulfide concentrations hosted by dolomitized Cambrian carbonates in Southeast Missouri are world-class Mississippi Valley Type (MVT) deposits. These deposits commonly are in sites where local Precambrian basement highs resulted in depositional pinchouts of the basal Cambrian sandstones that served as a regional aquifer for basinal fluid migration driven by late Paleozoic Ouachita deformation. Mineralization also appears to be spatially related to regional faults that probably served as local fluid conduits. Understanding spatial associations between sites of known mineralization and regional geology, geochemistry, and geophysics in Southeast Missouri will be a useful guide in future exploration efforts in this region and for similar geologic settings globally. The weights-of-evidence method is used to evaluate regional geology, geochemistry, and geophysical datasets and produce favorability maps for MVT deposits in Southeast Missouri. Host rock characteristics, regional structural controls, stream sediment geochemistry, and proximity to basement highs appear to be the most useful data for predicting the location of the major deposits. This work illustrates the potential utility of mineral potential modeling to prioritize areas for exploration and identify permissive areas for undiscovered MVT mineralization.
Both ROSy and Grim: The Landscape of Protein Redox during Aging

Covalent cysteine modification by reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated in regulating diverse biological processes, yet global understanding of this modification has remained fragmentary. Developing new approaches for detecting cysteine modification, Xiao et al. (2020) recently charted a comprehensive map of cysteine oxidation across tissues and life stages.
X – Complex Numbers

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses complex numbers. In rectangular form of complex number, every number expressible in the form x + yi, where x and y are real numbers and i =, is called a complex number. The complex number x - yi is called the conjugate of x + yi. In polar form, with each complex number is associated a magnitude and a direction. The product of two complex numbers in polar form is, in general, a complex number whose absolute value is the product of the absolute values and whose amplitude is the sum of the amplitudes. This chapter also discusses series representation. Series in which the number of terms is unlimited is called an infinite series. An infinite series is said to converge or be convergent if the partial sums Sn tend to some finite value S as n becomes arbitrarily large.
Near-optimal Insulin Treatment for Diabetes Patients: A machine learning approach

Abstract Blood glycemic control is crucial for minimizing severe side effects in Diabetes Mellitus. Currently, two opposing treatment approaches exist: In formulaic methods, insulin care is calculated by parameter-based computation (i.e., correction factor, insulin-to-carb ratio, and absorption duration), which are fixed by the medical team based on the history of a tested patient Blood Glucose Levels (BGL). Alternatively, closed-loop methods test glycemic level via sensors and provide insulin boluses based on sensor data thus ignoring other medical information. Unlike the body, both these systems are reactive - chasing insulin dosage based on fluctuating BGL- resulting in significant fluctuations of glucose values, rather than the relatively flat profile normal to the body's glycemic control. Extended periods of these fluctuations - particularly high BGLs (hyperglycemia) result in vascular and organ epithelial damage, which increases comorbidities and is ultimately life-threatening. We propose an individualized treatment scheme based on Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence, which combines the best of both approaches and is tailored to the individual. We model patient reaction to insulin treatment as Markov Decision Process (MDP) thus allowing the system to find a unique, individualized and dynamically updating insulin care policy that would lead to flat blood glucose profiles in target areas. We incorporate an individualized “health reward function”, preferably from the medical team, describing a grading scheme of BGL tailored to the patient for even more precise glycemic control. The solution to MDP is found via Reinforcement Learning, which yields an individualized, optimal insulin care policy. This policy can prevent hypoglycemia, minimize high glucose duration and glycemic fluctuations. It can be further updated as the patient undergoes environmental changes. Significantly, our method provides the care team a constantly updated patient model, allowing them to better understand and support the patient.
Autonomous Weapons in the Cyber Domain: Balancing Proportionality and the Need for Speed

In the near future, protecting cyber domain will require speedy responses. Mustering that speed will be a task reserved for autonomous cyber agents—software that chooses particular actions, without prior human approval. Unfortunately, autonomous agents also suffer from marked deficits, including bias, unintelligibility, and a lack of contextual judgment. Those deficits pose challenges for compliance with international law principles such as proportionality. In the jus ad bellum, jus in bello, and the law of countermeasures, compliance with proportionality reduces harm and the risk of escalation. Autonomous agents' flaws will impair their ability to make the fine-grained decisions that proportionality entails. However, a broad prohibition on deployment of autonomous agents is not an adequate answer to autonomy's deficits. Hamstringing victim states' responses to the use of force, the conduct of armed conflict, and breaches of the non-intervention principle will cede the initiative to first movers who violate international law. Stability requires a balance that acknowledges the need for speed in victim state responses while ensuring that those responses remain within reasonable bounds. The approach taken in this Article seeks to accomplish that goal by requiring victim states to observe feasible precautions in the use of force and countermeasures, as well as the conduct of armed conflict. Those precautions are reconnaissance, coordination, repair, and review. Reconnaissance entails efforts to map an adversary's network in advance of any incursion by that adversary. Coordination requires the interaction of multiple systems, including one or more that will keep watch on the primary agent. A victim state must also assist through provision of patches and other repair of third-party states' networks. Finally, planners must regularly review autonomous agents' performance in the field and make modifications where appropriate. These precautions will not ensure compliance with the principle of proportionality for all autonomous cyber agents. But they will both promote compliance and provide victim states with a limited safe harbor: a reasonable margin of appreciation for effects that would otherwise violate the duty of proportionality. That balance will preserve stability in the cyber domain and international law.
Method for rapid deployment of low-cost sensors for a nationwide project in the Internet of things era: Air quality monitoring in Taiwan:

When the air quality problem of PM2.5 first raised public attention and an emerging low-cost sensor technology appeared suitable as a monitoring measure for said problem, Taiwan’s Environmental Pro...
Factors influencing phosphorus in midcontinent impoundments (USA) and challenges for detecting abatement

Impoundments in the midcontinent region of the United States provide the beneficial services of lentic waters. These impoundments were constructed long after intensified agriculture was established...
Sex differences in the effect of diet, obesity, and exercise on bone quality and fracture toughness.

Abstract Bone fragility and obesity are both diseases that are multifactorial in etiology and pathology. The contributing role of high fat diet (HFD) versus energy overconsumption on bone health is controversial. Exercise is often prescribed for improving bone health, but it is unclear whether HFD or overconsumption influences skeletal adaptations to exercise. Female and male Wistar rats were fed HFD or low fat diet (LFD) for 10 weeks, starting at 8 weeks of age. Within HFD, rats were labeled Obesity-Resistant (OR) or Obesity-Prone (OP) based on weight and fat gain. Within each diet and phenotype group, rats were randomized to treadmill exercise or sedentary control (SED) for the final 4 weeks. Femurs were assessed for fracture toughness. Cortical lamellar and nonlamellar bone microscale material behavior and chemistry were assessed using nanoindentation and Raman spectroscopy. Female bones had higher fracture toughness and mineral: matrix ratio than male bones. Diet and energy overconsumption affected bone characteristics in a sex-dependent manner, where the divergence between OP and OR in response to HFD occurred more rapidly in males. Diet composition, in general, had a stronger effect on bone quality than overconsumption. HFD dramatically decreased bone size and lamellar mineral:matrix compared to LFD. Effects of short-term exercise training on microscale tissue properties were generally more robust with LFD. Exercise enhanced the contrast between lamellar and nonlamellar bone for nanoindentation modulus but decreased this contrast for plastic work. Our data demonstrate the complexities in the relationship between diet and obesity and highlight the importance of addressing both aspects when characterizing bone quality and fracture resistance.
Innate immunity in SLE pathogenesis

Abstract A growing body evidence supports the role of innate immune cells, including dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes, in the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The innate immune cells can sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) originating from pathogens and stressed host cells, respectively, via germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Indeed, a set of PRRs can recognize self nucleic acids in the form of the lupus autoantigens dsDNA and RNA-containing ribonucleoproteins like U1-small ribonucleoprotein. While DCs and monocytes serve as antigen-presenting cells, they can produce an array of cytokines, which are dysregulated in lupus, in response to self nucleic acids through activating multiple inflammatory pathways, including TLRs, nuclear factor kappa B, interferon regulatory factors, and inflammasomes. Such inflammatory events can be furthered by cell intrinsic alterations affecting these pathways in lupus DCs and monocytes, conferring augmented responses to DAMPs. These findings embrace the consideration of targeting innate immune cells, their molecular pathways, and cytokines in treating SLE.
A Controllable K VCO Ring VCO Topology

A differential ring Voltage Controlled Oscillator (VCO) with a controllable K VCO is introduced. The capability to control K VCO enables post-fabrication calibration of VCO gain, in order to reduce its vulnerability to Process, Voltage, and Temperature (PVT) variations. Performance of the proposed circuit topology, and its application in design of Phase-Locked Loops (PLLs), are analyzed. The gain of the proposed VCO can be tuned over ±20% of its nominal value. Simulations show that phase noise of the proposed circuit varies by less than 2 dBc/Hz compared to the conventional topology, at an offset frequency of 10 MHz, over its entire K VCO tuning range.
Lower Body Negative Pressure Counters Simulated Microgravity-Induced Elevations of Intracranial Pressure

Ophthalmic evaluations of 7 astronauts after 6-month missions to International Space Station show unexpected vision impairment. Lumbar punctures in 4 astronauts showed elevations of cerebrospinal fluid pressure after flight. We hypothesized that lower body negative pressure (LBNP) would counteract head down, head-down tilt (HDT), induced elevations in intracranial pressure (ICP). Ten healthy volunteers participated in this study (mean age: 34 years) after IRB review. Cerebral and Cochlear Fluid Pressure (CCFP, noninvasive ICP surrogate) device determined relative changes in ICP. ICP, arm blood pressure, and heart rate were measured during the last minute of each condition. Subjects were positioned supine (5 mins), sitting (5 mins), 15-degrees HDT (5 mins) and ten minutes of HDT with LBNP (25 mmHg). RMANOVA determined statistical significance (p<0.05). ICP significantly increased from the sitting to the supine posture, p=0.028. Moreover, ICP further increased when the subjects were positioned in HDT, p=0.0...
The fruit of Pyracantha angustifolia: a practical source of pro-γ-carotene and prolycopene

Ripe fruit of Pyracantha (Cotoneaster) angustifolia Schneid. constitutes the best practical source for the isolation of pro-γ-carotene, C40H56, and a good source for prolycopene, C40H56, both of which possess partially cis configurations. The yields were 27.7 mg. of crystallized pro-γ-carotene and 28.4 mg. of prolycopene from 1 kilo of air-dried berries. A close stereoisomer of prolycopene was also isolated (7.3 mg.) and a monohydroxy pro-γ-carotene observed in solution.
Far Infrared Generation

One of the exciting Challenges in recent years was to develop a coherent radiation source which would bridge the energy region between the infrared and the microwaves. We have achieved this objective with the use of two high power CO2 TEA lasers and a non-collinear phase matching technique in a crystal of GaAs.1 Our results represent one of several methods which may be used to do this.2 At present, our technique gives a broadband spectrum which spans over two decades from 70µm to 1 cm, with resolution of the order of 10−2 cm−1 and capable of peak power levels which vary from ~ 1 watt to ~ 10−4 watt from the short to the long wavelength regions, respectively.
An Analysis of Automobile Weight and Its Reduction by Aluminum Substitution

An analysis of existing vehicle designs is used as a basis for the development of influence coefficients which relate a weight change in an automobile component to the total vehicle weight change that could result. It is found, for example, that a ten pound decrease in the weight of a body part could lead to a total vehicle weight reduction of 14 pounds, assuming that other vehicle components are redesigned to account for the smaller load they need to support. As an application of the use of the influence coefficients, a study is made of the potential weight reduction that could be achieved by substitution of aluminum for steel in selected vehicle components. /GMRL/
Preparation, Characterization, and Microbial Degradation of Specifically Radiolabeled [14C]Lignocelluloses from Marine and Freshwater Macrophytes

Specifically radiolabeled [14C-lignin]lignocelluloses were prepared from the aquatic macrophytes Spartina alterniflora, Juncus roemerianus, Rhizophora mangle, and Carex walteriana by using [14C]phenylalanine, [14C]tyrosine, and [14C]cinnamic acid as precursors. Specifically radiolabeled [14C-polysaccharide]lignocelluloses were prepared by using [14C]glucose as precursor. The rates of microbial degradation varied among [14C-lignin]lignocelluloses labeled with different lignin precursors within the same plant species. To determine the causes of these differential rates, [14C-lignin]lignocelluloses were thoroughly characterized for the distribution of radioactivity in nonlignin contaminants and within the lignin macromolecule. In herbaceous plants, significant amounts (8 to 24%) of radioactivity from [14C]phenylalanine and [14C]tyrosine were found associated with protein, although very little (3%) radioactivity from [14C]cinnamic acid was associated with protein. Microbial degradation of radiolabeled protein resulted in overestimation of lignin degradation rates in lignocelluloses derived from herbaceous aquatic plants. Other differences in degradation rates among [14C-lignin]lignocelluloses from the same plant species were attributable to differences in the amount of label being associated with ester-linked subunits of peripheral lignin. After acid hydrolysis of [14C-polysaccharide]lignocelluloses, radioactivity was detected in several sugars, although most of the radioactivity was distributed between glucose and xylose. After 576 h of incubation with salt marsh sediments, 38% of the polysaccharide component and between 6 and 16% of the lignin component (depending on the precursor) of J. roemerianus lignocellulose was mineralized to 14CO2; during the same incubation period, 30% of the polysaccharide component and between 12 and 18% of the lignin component of S. alterniflora lignocellulose was mineralized.
Abstract MP14: A Prospective Study of the Association Between Plant-Based Dietary Patterns and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in Women

Studies of dietary determinants of type 2 diabetes (T2D) have found inverse associations with several plant-foods, and positive associations with some animal-foods, raising the question of whether plant-based diets are protective against T2D. However, as not all plant-foods are equally beneficial, the healthiest version of a plant-based diet needs to be identified. We assessed the hypothesis that plant-based diets are associated with lower T2D risk. We prospectively observed 74,248 women from the Nurses’ Health Study (1984-2012) who were free of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer at baseline. We created a total plant-based diet index (PDI) and a healthy or ‘alternate’ plant-based diet index (aPDI) using dietary data collected every 4 years with a food frequency questionnaire. Individual foods were aggregated into healthy plant-food groups (whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, vegetable oils, and tea/coffee), unhealthy plant-food groups (fruit juices, refined grains, potato/fries, mar...
Aeronomic Systems on Planets, Moons, and Comets

This chapter provides a basic introduction to the science of aeronomy and a comparison of aeronomic systems for planets, satellites, and comets in our solar system. The fundamental length scales of scale height, mean-free-path, and depletion length are introduced, along with the non-dimensional parameters, Mach number, the Jeans' λ ratio of gravitational potential energy to random kinetic energy, and the ratio of mean-free-path to scale height. These quantities are used to define exobase and the validity of the fluid approximation for a gas and to classify atmospheres, exospheres and comas. Planetary and satellite atmospheres are also classified by their chemical composition and photochemistry is addressed within these categories. The thermal structure of thermospheres is reviewed and the role of molecular heat conduction is emphasized. It is noted that solar heating is an insignificant thermospheric heat source on the giant planets. The general importance of wave heating is scrutinized, specifically the question is posed: why don't all planetary atmospheres have hot coronas?
Spouse Selection in Arranged Marriages: An Analysis of Time Invariant and Time Variant Decision Rules

Even though arranged marriages have been around for quite a while, the economics literature has paid scant attention to the nature of decision making in such marriages. Consequently, very little is known about the effects of alternate decision rules on the spouse selection question in arranged marriages. Given this state of affairs, our paper has three objectives. First, we construct a simple model of decision making in arranged marriages. Second, we use this model to analyze the expected utility of a marrying agent when this agent uses, respectively, time invariant and time variant decision rules. Finally, we compare and contrast the properties of time invariant and time variant decision rules and we discuss the magnitude of the premium arising from the maintenance of temporal flexibility in decision making.
Compositions and their application to the analysis of choice

Descriptions of steady-state patterns of choice allocation under concurrent schedules of reinforcement have long relied on the "generalized matching law" (Baum, 1974), a log-odds power function. Although a powerful model in some contexts, a series of conflicting empirical results have cast its generality in doubt. The relevance and analytic relevance of matching models can be greatly expanded by considering them in terms of compositions (Aitchison, 1986). A composition encodes a set of ratios (e.g., 5:3:2) as a vector with a constant sum, and this constraint (called closure) restricts the data to a nonstandard sample space. By exploiting this sample space, unbiased estimates of model parameters can be obtained to predict behavior given any number of choice alternatives. Additionally, the compositional analysis of choice provides tools that can accommodate both violations of scale invariance and unequal discriminability of stimuli signaling schedules of reinforcement. In order to demonstrate how choice data can be analyzed using the compositional approach, data from three previously published studies are reanalyzed. Additionally, new data is reported comparing matching behavior given four, six, and eight response alternatives.
Synthesis of methyl cis‐9‐octadecenoate‐14, 14, 15, 15, 17, 18‐d6

A six-step synthesis is described which gives a 45–55% overall yield of methyl cis-9-octadecenoate-d6. All reactions except the last give over 90% yields. Incorporation of deuterium is simple, efficient, and produces isotope purities of over 84%. The 2-alkoxytetrahydropyran is a key intermediate in this reaction sequence. The discovery that this intermediate can be directly converted to the alkyl iodide in >90% yields resulted in a significant increase in overall yields and simplified the total synthesis. The general synthetic scheme can be used for preparation of most positional monoenoic fatty acid isomers by varying the chain length of the deutero alkyl iodide which is coupled to an appropriate aldehydic ester using the Wittig reaction.
The records of memory, the archives of identity: celebrations, texts and archival sensibilities

Using a variety of examples of non-traditional archives, the article explores the concept of cultural archives that embraces dynamic events such as commemorations, monuments, and other community-based representations. The paradigm of the postcolonial archive is considered and analyzed as a potential model for such a living cultural archive.
Latent semantic space: iterative scaling improves precision of inter-document similarity measurement

We present a novel algorithm that creates document vectors with reduced dimensionality. This work was motivated by an application characterizing relationships among documents in a collection. Our algorithm yielded inter-document similarities with an average precision up to 17.8% higher than that of singular value decomposition (SVD) used for Latent Semantic Indexing. The best performance was achieved with dimensional reduction rates that were 43% higher than SVD on average. Our algorithm creates basis vectors for a reduced space by iteratively “scaling” vectors and computing eigenvectors. Unlike SVD, it breaks the symmetry of documents and terms to capture information more evenly across documents. We also discuss correlation with a probabilistic model and evaluate a method for selecting the dimensionality using log-likelihood estimation.
Women, Horticulture, and Society in Sub‐Saharan Africa

Considerable power was probably available to either sex earlier in human history. Males were largely concerned with the prestige sphere based on control of special goods usually involving mobility and risk taking. Females were largely concerned with the subsistence sphere. Their access to power is not based on this economic function but on their generative powers. In small-scale early societies both male and female spheres were probably very important in the social and political life of the group. Historically, as scarcity of material resources began to develop and as local units increased in size, male interest shifted to the now scarcer land. With their relatively greater mobility than females, males could deal with larger political units with greater ease. This shift was not in conflict with any other male roles, whereas for females such a shift was in conflict with their generative function.
Coastal rainwater hydrogen peroxide: Concentration and deposition

Correlation analysis between rainwater component concentrations (hydrogen peroxide, hydrogen ion, nitrate, nonseasalt sulfate and chloride ion) was used to investigate patterns of variation in hydrogen peroxide concentrations in rain collected in Wilmington, North Carolina, a coastal southeastern United States location, between October 1992, and October 1994. Rainwater hydrogen peroxide concentrations in general correlated positively with the pollutant components (hydrogen ion, nitrate and non-seasalt sulfate). This pattern suggests that destruction of hydrogen peroxide by sulfur dioxide is not the dominant factor controlling the concentration of hydrogen peroxide in this rainwater, with the possible exception of winter rain from coastal storms where an inverse correlation between hydrogen peroxide and nonseasalt sulfate was observed. Sequential sampling indicates rapid production of hydrogen peroxide and incorporation into rain within time periods of hours during summer daytime rains. Rain is an important transport mechanism for removal of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide, which may affect the oxidizing capacity of surface waters that receive the rain. During this study time, the annual deposition of hydrogen peroxide by rain was 12 mmole m-2 yr-1. An average rain event added approximately half of the resident amount of hydrogen peroxide to the shallow lakes typical of eastern North Carolina; extreme rain events can triple the amount normally present. The episodic nature of rain contributes to the variability in hydrogen peroxide concentration in surface waters. Higher hydrogen peroxide concentrations and greater rainfall amounts cause wet deposition of hydrogen peroxide to be approximately seven times greater during the warm season than the cold season.
Benefit of late coronary reperfusion on ventricular morphology and function after myocardial infarction

Abstract Objectives. This study was designed to examine the relation between the timing and adequacy of perfusion of the infarct bed and changes in ventricular size and the extent of abnormal wall motion after acute myocardial infarction. Methods. A validated echocardiographic mapping technique was used to measure the left ventricular endocardial surface area index and the extent of abnormal wall motion over a 3-month period in 91 patients who had either 1) no anterograde or collateral flow to the infarct bed (n = 14), 2) only collateral flow to the infarct bed (n = 18), 3) restoration of anterograde flow to the infarct bed within hours of chest pain (early [n = 43]), or 4) restoration of anterograde flow to the infarct bed within a mean of 5 days after acute myocardial infarction (late [n = 16]). Results. Over the follow-up period, a progressive and significant increase in endocardial surface area index was observed only in the group of patients without anterograde or collateral flow to the infarct bed (entry 64 ± 3.4 cm2/m2vs. 3 months 75.9 ± 6.4 cm2/m2, p Conclusions. After myocardial infarction, the process of ventricular remodeling is influenced by changes in the extent of abnormal wall motion, which in turn are related to the adequacy rather than the timing of perfusion of the infarct bed.
Binary Consensus for Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio Networks

In this paper, we propose to use binary consensus algorithms for distributed cooperative spectrum sensing in cog-nitive radio networks. We propose to use two binary approaches, namely diversity and fusion binary consensus spectrum sensing. The performance of these algorithms is analyzed over fading channels. The probability of networked detection and false alarm are characterized for the diversity case. We then show that binary consensus cooperative spectrum sensing is superior to quantized average consensus in terms of agility, given the same number of transmitted bits.
Improved measurement of the 4 He i 3 1 D-3 3 D separation: Confirmation of predicted mass-polarization isotopic shift

From new measurements of the $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ $1s2p\ensuremath{-}1s3d$ lines, we have determined the $3^{1}D_{2}\ensuremath{-}3^{3}D_{2}$ separation to be 102 459(15) MHz. The corresponding nonrelativistic $1s3d$ singlet-triplet separation is 102 196(15) MHz, as compared with the value 102 116(5) MHz previously determined for the equivalent $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ separation. The difference of 80(16) MHz agrees with the predicted isotopic difference of these separations, the main contribution being a mass-polarization difference of 79 MHz as recently calculated by Drake. The experimental difference for $1s3d$ is consistent with the rough trend of such isotopic differences of $1snd$ singlet-triplet separations determined in previous experiments. We infer that mass-polarization shifts probably contribute significantly to the previously observed differences, at least up to $n\ensuremath{\simeq}8$.
Advanced statistical process control of a chemical vapor tungsten deposition process on an Applied Materials Centura reactor

An advanced multivariable off-line process control system, which combines traditional Statistical Process Control (SPC) with feedback control, has been applied to the CVD tungsten process on an Applied Materials Centura reactor. The goal of the model-based controller is to compensate for shifts in the process and maintain the wafer state responses on target. In the present application the controller employs measurements made on test wafers by off-line metrology tools to track the process behavior. This is accomplished by using model- bases SPC, which compares the measurements with predictions obtained from empirically-derived process models. For CVD tungsten, a physically-based modeling approach was employed based on the kinetically-limited H2 reduction of WF6. On detecting a statistically significant shift in the process, the controller calculates adjustments to the settings to bring the process responses back on target. To achieve this a few additional test wafers are processed at slightly different settings than the nominal. This local experiment allows the models to be updated to reflect the current process performance. The model updates are expressed as multiplicative or additive changes in the process inputs and a change in the model constant. This approach for model updating not only tracks the present process/equipment state, but it also provides some diagnostic capability regarding the cause of the process shift. The updated models are used by an optimizer to compute new settings to bring the responses back to target. The optimizer is capable of incrementally entering controllables into the strategy, reflecting the degree to which the engineer desires to manipulates each setting. The capability of the controller to compensate for shifts in the CVD tungsten process has been demonstrated. Targets for film bulk resistivity and deposition rate were maintained while satisfying constraints on film stress and WF6 conversion efficiency.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Incidence of Urinary Tract Infections in Children After Successful Ureteral Reimplantation Versus Endoscopic Dextranomer/Hyaluronic Acid Implantation

Purpose: Endoscopic implantation of dextranomer/hyaluronic acid has proved to be an effective minimally invasive technique for correcting vesicoureteral reflux in children. There is some evidence suggesting that in addition to being less invasive, successful dextranomer/hyaluronic acid implantation compared to successful antireflux surgery is associated with fewer febrile and nonfebrile urinary tract infections. We review the clinical outcomes of 2 groups of children cured of reflux with open surgery and dextranomer/hyaluronic acid implantation to determine if a difference in clinical outcomes exists.Materials and Methods: We reviewed the charts of 43 patients who underwent dextranomer/hyaluronic acid implantation and 33 who underwent open surgery for vesicoureteral reflux. Data collected included age, gender, preoperative and postoperative grades of reflux, and urinalysis and urine culture results. Urinary tract infection was defined as any culture that grew more than 105 colonies of a single organism, w...
Automated method for determining nitrate and nitrite in water and soil extracts

This paper describes an AutoAnalyzer method for measuring nitrate plus nitrite in thirteen commonly used soil extraction solutions. The AutoAnalyzer is normally equipped with a column containing ca...
Priming with gonadotropin-releasing hormone restores gonadotropin secretion during first but not second trimester of pregnancy.

This study was designed to determine whether the lack of secretion of endogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone is the etiology of the hypogonadotropic state of pregnancy. For this purpose, five pregnant women in their first trimester received a single intravenous dose of 150 μg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone. Another five women in the first trimester and five women in the second trimester of pregnancy received daily intramuscular injections of 500 μg of gonadotropin-releasing hormone for 10 consecutive days. This was followed by a single 150 μg gonadotropin-releasing hormone test and then a 24-hour pulsatile infusion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone of 10 μg/min/6 min given every hour. Baseline plasma β-luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone were undetectable in all women. Mean ± SEM plasma,β-human chorionic gonadotropin was significantly higher (p
Consumer perspectives on nurse practitioners and independent practice

Purposes: The purposes of this study were to report the results of a survey for determining the feasibility and sustainability of independently managed nurse practitioner (NP) practices, to identify the characteristics of consumers who would likely choose an independent NP practice, to assess consumer needs, and to define a target market for competitively positioning NPs. Data sources: An anonymous electronic survey of 1000 employees (response rate = 21%) at a large nonprofit organization in King County, Washington. This organization employs persons in a wide range of socioeconomic and vocational situations. Descriptive statistics and chi-square analyses were applied to determine associations between demographic characteristics and having used an NP or having the intent to use an independent NP practice. Conclusions: Most respondents knew about NPs, and the majority had seen an NP for their care. Most were satisfied or very satisfied with NP care. A much larger percentage (90%) than previous studies knew about NPs; 58% had seen an NP for their care, making NPs the most used practitioner alternative to physicians. Evidence suggests that NP users are more likely to be female and younger. Eighty-two percent of NP users were satisfied or very satisfied with the care they had received compared to a 70% satisfaction rate for current providers. Women, relatively younger respondents, those who had seen a physician assistant or NP, and those who considered NPs to provide quality and more personalized care were significantly more likely to indicate that they would choose an independent NP practice in their community. Based on a standard marketing formula, 30% of the sample in this study would be expected to change their health care to such a practice. Implications for practice: This is the first descriptive study to suggest widespread acceptance of NPs as independent practitioners. Compared to a 1985 study of Seattle residents, consumers are far more likely to know about NPs. Consumer studies such as this one identify the characteristics and interests of consumers and assist NPs in establishing a grounded marketing plan for developing distinctly nursing-based health centers. Recommendations are made for additional studies with improved sampling techniques replicating this work and comparing attitudes in various parts of the country. Implications for NP educators include incorporating market research and other business concepts into NP programs to provide clinicians with the tools they need for successful private practice.
Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescents with chronic daily headache--a call for increased vigilance.

Psychiatric comorbidity in adolescents with chronic daily headache—a call for increased vigilance
Malignant degeneration of pilonidal disease in an immunosuppressed patient : Report of a case and review of the literature

This report was designed to discuss the case of a patient taking immunosuppression after transplant who developed squamous-cell carcinoma in a chronic pilonidal cyst and to examine the reported literature on malignant degeneration of pilonidal disease. We performed a comprehensive literature review and examined the medical record of a patient taking immunosuppressive medications after renal transplant who developed squamous-cell carcinoma in a chronic pilonidal cyst located at the superior gluteal cleft. Pilonidal disease is a common condition, and it is important to know that malignancy can arise when the disease is chronic. Immunosuppression and human papillomavirus infection may be predisposing factors to malignant degeneration of pilonidal cysts and may accelerate the transformation.
A simple ab initio calculation for energy transfer in collisions of hot hydrogen atoms with carbon dioxide

Abstract Cross sections for excitation of the CO 2 v 3 asymmetric stretch vibration in collisions with 2.1 eV hydrogen atoms have been calculated within the vibrational close coupling rotational infinite order sudden (VCC-IOS) approximation. The intermolecular potential was assumed to be a pairwise additive atom-atom exponential repulsion with parameters fitted to theoretical SCF points. Predicted final rotational state distributions agree reasonably well with experimental data, as well as with predictions of a recently proposed breathing ellipsoid model. Predicted vibrational excitation rates, however, are one to two orders of magnitude too small, a failure which is attributed to the inability of a pairwise additive form to reproduce accurately the vibrational dependence of the potential.
Contribution of the innate immune system to autoimmune diabetes: a role for the CR1/CR2 complement receptors.

B lymphocytes are required for diabetogenesis in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice. The complement component of the innate immune system regulates B cell activation and tolerance through complement receptors CR1/CR2. Thus, it is important to assess the contribution of complement receptors to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. Examination of the lymphoid compartments of NOD mice revealed striking expansion of a splenic B cell subset with high cell surface expression of CR1/CR2. This subset of B cells exhibited an enhanced C3 binding ability. Importantly, long-term in vivo blockade of C3 binding to CR1/CR2 prevented the emergence of the CR1/CR2(hi) B cells and afforded resistance to autoimmune diabetes in NOD mice. These findings implicate complement as an important regulatory element in controlling the T cell-mediated attack on islet beta cells of NOD mice.
Swirling Gas–Liquid Two-Phase Flow—Experiment and Modeling Part I: Swirling Flow Field

Compact cyclonic separators are based on swirling flow, whereby the phases are separated due to the centrifugal forces generated by the flow. This phenomenon is common in several compact separators used by the oil, process, and aerospace industries. We study experimentally the hydrodynamics of the continuous liquid phase under swirling two-phase flow, such as that occurring in the lower part of the Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone compact separator and develop a model to characterize it. Local LDV measurements for a swirling flow field have been analyzed and utilized to develop cyclone and pipe swirling flow field prediction correlations. The developed correlations, including the axial, tangential, and radial velocity distributions, have been tested
Behavioral health referrals and treatment initiation rates in integrated primary care: a Collaborative Care Research Network study.

Although the benefits of integrating behavioral health (BH) services into primary care are well established (World Health Organization and World Organization of Family Doctors, 2012; Chiles et al. in Clin Psychol–Sci Pr 6:204–220, 1999; Cummings 1997; O’Donohue et al. 2003; Olfson et al. in Health Aff 18:79–93, 1999; Katon et al. in Ann Intern Med 124:917–925, 2001; Simon et al. in Arch Gen Psychiatry 52:850–856, 1995; Anderson et al. in Diabetes Care 24:1069–1078, 2001; Ciechanowski et al. in Arch Intern Med 160:3278–3285, 2000; Egede et al. in Diabetes Care 25:464–470, 2002), research has focused primarily on describing the types of interventions behavioral health providers (BHPs) employ rather than on reasons for referral, treatment initiation rates, or the patient characteristics that may impact them. This study presents the results of a multisite card study organized by The Collaborative Care Research Network, a subnetwork of the American Academy of Family Physicians’ National Research Network devoted to conducting practice-based research focused on the provision of BH and health behavior services within primary care practices. The goals of the study included: (1) identifying the characteristics of patients referred for BH services; (2) codifying reasons for referral and whether patients were treated for the referral; (3) exploring any differences between patients who initiated BH contact and those who did not; and (4) assessing the types and frequency of BH services provided to patients who attended at least one appointment. Of the 200 patients referred to a BHP, 81 % had an initial contact, 71 % of which occurred on the same day. Men and women were equally likely to engage with a BHP although the time between appointments varied by gender. Depression and anxiety were the primary reasons for referral. Practice-based research is a viable strategy for advancing the knowledge about integrated primary care.
Relieving the skin shortage in Dupuytren's disease by advancing a series of triangular flaps: how to design and use them.

The Y into V advancement flap is a bad plastic surgical procedure unless in very special circumstances; the wound edges to be sutured are of unequal length and suturing them results in distortion. The same applies to the V into Y flap. The operation to be described was first reported by Deming (1962) who used the term “Y-V advancement pedicles”. In the strictest sense this is correct but the difference in wound length is largely overcome and the term Y-V is probably best avoided as it may raise unnecessary prejudice. One of us has previously described his experience with this technique in IOO consecutive cases of Dupuytren’s contracture without the need for skin grafting (Watson et al., 1975). In such a variable condition as Dupuytren’s disease any procedure to correct it should be variable and the limits of the variability known. We have therefore studied the procedure so far as its design is concerned in the light of previous experience and the mathematics involved. The principle of the procedure will be readily appreciated from Figure I. A continuous series of triangular flaps are advanced into back-cuts in a Y-V way. By having a series of flaps advancing in opposite directions into back-cuts of equal length, the wound edges to be sutured become equal with the exception of those at each end of the series. When raised they give good exposure of the contracted fascia and when this is excised and the finger straightened the back-cuts open up to receive the angles of the flaps.
Technologies in support of mass customization strategy: Exploring the linkages between e-commerce and knowledge management

Abstract This paper explores two major interdisciplinary techniques facilitating mass customization strategies—e-commerce and knowledge management. The linkages between the two serve to validate the strategic shift toward mass customization. Internet-enabled e-commerce provides capabilities for firms to reach global buyers and suppliers and is increasingly recognized as a way to support the gathering of knowledge, specifically customer preferences. Knowledge management provides frameworks needed to manage intellectual capital as a valuable organizational resource for supporting customized preferences. Knowledge management makes mass customization a more viable strategy for manufacturers as they work to meet changing customer needs and desires. This article posits the linkage between e-commerce and knowledge management can support firms as they gather customer preferences and evaluate the data to advance mass customization. A profile for firms to assess their readiness for mass customization, specifically considering available knowledge management and e-commerce linkages, is provided along with areas for future research.