cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Introduction to Tocqueville’s First Work

Ferkaluk reviews the historical context for Tocqueville’s and Beaumont’s study of American prisons, outlines the structure of On the Penitentiary System, addresses contemporary scholarship on the work, spells out some assumptions in her argument, and gives a brief overview of the subsequent chapters. Ferkaluk also provides a theoretical framework of Tocqueville’s moderate liberalism, which is used to interpret the main themes of the text. She argues that Tocqueville and Beaumont responded to two important penal questions in their first work. First, the authors addressed what type of penal discipline best represents a moderate view of individual reformation. Second, the authors answered a political question of what type of penal institution would best remedy the problem of growing recidivism in France.
An Overview of the Long Duration Exposure Facility: Case Studies for the Effects of the Space Environment on Spacecraft Systems

This lecture provides an introduction to the NASA Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF). The basic intention for LDEF was to develop a retrievable platform which would provide lower-cost and more frequent access to space for the scientific and engineering community. A broad range of scientific and engineering experiments were integrated into LDEF for the first one-year mission which was deployed from Challenger (STS-41D) in April 1984. Schedule slippage and the Challenger disaster led to the unplanned extended exposure which culminated in the retrieval by Columbia (STS-32) in January 1990. This lecture provides a broad overview of the experiments flown aboard LDEF-1 and preliminary significant results from a spacecraft systems perspective.
Fleshing Out the Omnipotent Child in Group Psychotherapy

This article gives clinical examples of the fleshing out and working through of the “omnipotent child (OC),” as manifested in an open-ended twice-weekly group over a span of five years. Emphasis is placed on the role of the leader during the course of the group work. The fantasy of the “therapist's lap” is explored in detail as the core for the development of the analytic culture which exposes the OC along with its attendant resistances and narcissistic investments. This article highlights the necessity to explore the OC in all the developmental phases the members go though leading to maturation.
Is Mini-Dose Glucagon the Answer to Preventing Exercise-Related Dysglycemia?

Hypoglycemia is a potentially fatal complication of insulin therapy. In normal physiology, glucagon acts as a counterregulatory hormone to raise circulating glucose, defending against hypoglycemia. This defense is lost early in type 1 diabetes (1,2). The absence of normal counterregulation in patients with type 1 diabetes, combined with the slow offset of subcutaneous insulin therapy, results in a significant risk of hypoglycemia in this population. Mild hypoglycemia can be treated with the ingestion of simple carbohydrates, but frequent treatments may lead to unwanted weight gain. Frequent hypoglycemic episodes also put a patient at risk for hypoglycemia unawareness, which significantly increases a person’s risk of severe hypoglycemia (3). For decades, the use of glucagon has been largely limited to a rescue treatment for severe hypoglycemia. The available rescue kits require the user to reconstitute glucagon from a lyophilized powder. After reconstitution into an aqueous solution, native glucagon quickly forms fibrils and degrades (4). For this reason, rescue glucagon kits are currently designed to be used immediately after reconstitution and then discarded. To address this …
Application of Reliability and Other Associated Mathematical Principles to Engineering and Other Disciplines

Reliability Analysis has played an important role in Engineering Design. Reliability Analysis is essentially based on principles of probability and statistics. To that extent, Mathematical principles are heavily used in Reliability and Risk Analysis. One can definitely say that mathematics plays an important role in the solution of many physical problems in various disciplines. In any discipline, the first step to solve any the physical problem is to formulate an equivalent mathematical model making some realistic assumption. The second step is then to solve the mathematical model using available tools. If drastic and unrealistic assumptions are made then the model becomes very simple to solve but it being too far from the actual physical model, will not result in any meaningful results. On the other hand, if enough assumptions are not made to arrive at the corresponding mathematical model, the model thus arrived may be too complex to solve. So, the challenge for the Scientists and Engineers is to deduce a good realistic mathematical model for a Physical problem and then solve it using available mathematical tools. This basic principle is common to any branch of science or engineering or nonengineering discipline as well as such as Political Science, Sociology, Kinesiology or Medicine just to name a few. This keynote speech will discuss the basic principles of how to conduct interdisciplinary research using mathematics as a common base. It is then followed by applications to various disciplines such as calculation of poverty index in the area Sociology, mathematical analysis of subdural hematoma in the area of medical field, Risk Analysis of lumbar spine in the area of Kinesiology and calculation of Risk Priority Numbers (RPN) for failures of bridges in the area of civil engineering.
Fifty Most-Cited Articles in Anterior Cruciate Ligament Research

The number of times an article has been cited in the peer-reviewed literature is indicative of its impact on its respective medical specialty. No study has used citation analysis to determine the most influential studies pertaining to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The primary aims of this study were to identify the classic works in ACL research using citation analysis and to characterize these articles to determine which types of studies have had the most influence on the field. A systematic query of ISI Web of Science (Thomson Reuters, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania) was performed for articles pertaining to the ACL, and the 50 most-cited articles were selected for evaluation. The following characteristics were determined for each article: number of citations, citation density, journal, publication year, country of origin, language, article type, article subtype, and level of evidence. The number of citations ranged from 219 to 1073 (mean, 326), and the citation densities ranged from 4.9 to 55.6 citations per year (mean, 18.2). All articles were published in 1 of 11 journals, with the most being published in The American Journal of Sports Medicine (46%) and The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery American (30%). The most common decades of publication were the 1990s (34%), 1980s (28%), and 2000s (26%). The majority (68%) of articles originated from the United States, and all were written in English. By article type, 42% were basic science, and 58% were clinical. Of the clinical articles, 3% were Level I, 17% were Level II, 28% were Level III, and 52% were Level IV. The articles were heterogeneous with regard to article type, article subtype, and level of evidence and tended to have the following characteristics: high-impact journal of publication, recent publication year, US origin, English language, and low level of evidence. These works represent some of the most popular scientific contributions to ACL research. This list may aid residency and fellowship programs in the compilation of articles for trainee reading curriculums.
Pressure Injuries at Intensive Care Unit Admission as a Prognostic Indicator of Patient Outcomes

BACKGROUND Pressure injuries, also known as pressure ulcers, are a serious complication of immobility. Patients should be thoroughly examined for pressure injuries when admitted to the intensive care unit to optimize treatment. Whether community-acquired pressure injuries correlate with poor hospital outcomes among critically ill patients is understudied. OBJECTIVES To determine whether pressure injuries present upon admission to the intensive care unit can serve as a predictive marker for longer hospitalization and increased mortality. METHODS This study retrospectively analyzed admissions of adult patients to a 24-bed medical-surgical intensive care unit in a large level I trauma center in the northeast United States from 2010 to 2012. The association of pressure injuries with mortality and length of stay was assessed, using multivariable logistic regression and generalized linear models, adjusted for age, comorbidities, Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, and other patient characteristics. RESULTS Among 2723 patients, 180 (6.6%) had a pressure injury at admission. Patients with a pressure injury had longer mean unadjusted stay (15.6 vs 10.5 days; P < .001) and higher in-hospital mortality rate (32.2% vs 18.3%; P < .001) than did patients without a pressure injury at admission. After multivariable adjustment, pressure injuries were associated with a mean increase in length of stay of 3.1 days (95% CI 1.5-4.7; P < .001). Pressure injuries were not associated with mortality after adjusting for the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score, but they may serve as a marker for increased risk of mortality if an Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation III score is unavailable. CONCLUSION Pressure injuries present at admission to the intensive care unit are an objective, easy-to-identify finding associated with longer stays. Pressure injuries might have a modest association with higher risk of mortality.
Qualitative evaluation of a cardiovascular quality improvement programmereveals sizable data inaccuracies in small primary care practices.

Among the most promising quality improvement (QI) interventions for small primary care practices are those led by practice facilitators (PFs), specially trained individuals who help practices develop capacity for continuous QI.1 2 They provide coaching on best practices for QI implementation, including using technology to improve care.3 PF-led QI initiatives are positively associated with guideline adoption,4 5 and may be cost-neutral if they reduce even a small number of high cost events (eg, admissions).6 As part of Healthy Hearts in the Heartland (H3), a programme from the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality’s EvidenceNow initiative, PFs worked with small and medium-sized primary care practices to implement QI strategies for cardiovascular disease prevention.7 To identify lessons learnt from the programme, we interviewed practice leaders and PFs from practices that experienced the largest and smallest gains in quality scores to understand their experiences. All participating practices were assigned a primary PF for 12 months who met with practices on demand, typically once a month. PFs offered practices QI interventions related to the ABCS of heart health (Aspirin therapy, Blood pressure control, Cholesterol management, and Smoking screening and cessation) with the goal of …
Becoming a dominant misinterpreted source: The case of Ferdinand de Saussure in cultural sociology:

Cultural analysts in sociology typically cite the work of Ferdinand de Saussure to motivate a narrow theory of meaning. In so doing, sociologists incorrectly attribute to Saussure (1) the postulate...
Mechanobiology of vertebrate gut morphogenesis.

Approximately a century after D’Arcy Thompson’s On Growth and Form, there continues to be widespread interest in the biophysical and mathematical basis of morphogenesis. Particularly over the past 20 years, this interest has led to great advances in our understanding of a broad range of processes in embryonic development through a quantitative, mechanically driven framework. Nowhere in vertebrate development is this more apparent than the development of endodermally derived organs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the study of gut development that have emerged primarily from mechanobiology-motivated approaches that span from gut tube morphogenesis and later organogenesis of the respiratory and gastrointestinal systems.
High-Yield Gas-Phase Condensation Synthesis of Nanoparticles to Enable a Wide Array of Applications

Today, there is an increasing demand for magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) because of their excellent physicochemical and magnetic properties involved in various applications such as biosensors, catalys...
Plasma membrane to vacuole traffic induced by glucose starvation requires Gga2-dependent sorting at the trans-Golgi network.

Background information In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, acute glucose starvation induces rapid endocytosis followed by vacuolar degradation of many plasma membrane proteins. This process is essential for cell viability, but the regulatory mechanisms that control it remain poorly understood. Under normal growth conditions, a major regulatory decision for endocytic cargo occurs at the trans-Golgi network (TGN) where proteins can recycle back to the plasma membrane or can be recognized by TGN-localised clathrin adaptors that direct them towards the vacuole. However, glucose starvation reduces recycling and alters the localization and post-translational modification of TGN-localised clathrin adaptors. This raises the possibility that during glucose starvation endocytosed proteins are routed to the vacuole by a novel mechanism that bypasses the TGN or does not require TGN-localised clathrin adaptors. Results Here, we investigate the role of TGN-localised clathrin adaptors in the traffic of several amino acid permeases, including Can1, during glucose starvation. We find that Can1 transits through the TGN after endocytosis in both starved and normal conditions. Can1 and other amino acid permeases require TGN-localised clathrin adaptors for maximal delivery to the vacuole. Furthermore, these permeases are actively sorted to the vacuole, because ectopically forced de-ubiquitination at the TGN results in the recycling of the Tat1 permase in starved cells. Finally, we report that the Mup1 permease requires the clathrin adaptor Gga2 for vacuolar delivery. In contrast, the clathrin adaptor protein complex AP-1 plays a minor role, potentially in retaining permeases in the TGN, but it is otherwise dispensable for vacuolar delivery. Conclusions and significance This work elucidates one membrane trafficking pathway needed for yeast to respond to acute glucose starvation. It also reveals the functions of TGNlocalised clathrin adaptors in this process. Our results indicate that the same machinery is needed for vacuolar protein sorting at the GN in glucose starved cells as is needed in the presence of glucose. In addition, our findings provide further support for the model that the TGN is a transit point for many endocytosed proteins, and that Gga2 and AP-1 function in distinct pathways at the TGN.
Toward More Effective Science and Technology Advice for Congress: The Historical Roots and Pathways Forward

Toward More Effective Science and Technology Advice for Congress: The Historical Roots and Pathways Forward
Knee Swing Phase Flexion Resistance Affects Several Key Features of Leg Swing Important to Safe Transfemoral Prosthetic Gait

We systematically investigate in-vivo the effect of increasing prosthetic knee flexion damping on key features of the swing phase of individuals with transfemoral amputation during walking. Five experienced prosthesis users walked using a prototype device in a motion capture laboratory. A range of interchangeable hydraulic rotary dampers was used to progressively modify swing phase flexion resistance in isolation. Toe clearance (TC; vertical distance toe to floor), effective leg length (ELL; distance hip to toe), and knee flexion angle during swing phase were computed, alongside the sensitivities of vertical toe position to angular displacements at the hip, knee and ankle. Key features of these profiles were compared across 5 damping conditions. With higher damping, knee extension occurred earlier in swing phase, promoting greater symmetry. However, with implications for toe catch, minimum TC reduced, and minimum TC and maximum ELL occurred earlier; temporally closer to mid-swing, when the limb must pass the stance limb. Further, TC became less sensitive to changes in hip flexion, suggesting a lesser ability to control toe clearance without employing proximal or contralateral compensations. There is a trade-off between key features related to gait safety when selecting an appropriate resistance for a mechanical prosthetic knee. In addition to highlighting broader implications surrounding swing phase damping selection for the optimization of mechanical knees, this work reveals design considerations that may be of utility in the formulation of control strategies for computerized devices.
The Progress of IPS Therapy on the Heart and Neural Disease

Heart and brain (AD) diseases are easier to happen to people who are aged. Traditional therapies are not able to cure the disease and the stem cell is chosen to be applied as new therapy. However, there are many moral problems related to stem cells, so another typical therapy is developed, which is IPS therapy. IPS therapy is mainly about inducing stem cells from the somatic cells of patients then deriving them into typical cells we need to treat diseases, which avoid many moral problems. In this article, IPS therapy on treating heart disease on different species and its application on AD are summarized. Though there are disadvantages of IPS therapy, IPS therapy is promising based on the current progress.
Is Halcyon feasible for single thoracic or lumbar vertebral segment SBRT

PURPOSE Halcyon linear accelerators employ intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) techniques. The Halcyon offers translational, but not rotational, couch correction, which only allows a 3 degrees of freedom (3-DOF) correction. In contrast, the TrueBeam (TB) linear accelerator offers full 6-DOF corrections. This study aims to evaluate the difference in treatment plan quality for single thoracic or lumbar vertebral segment SBRT between the Halcyon and TB linear accelerators. In addition, this study will also investigate the effect of patient rotational setup errors on the final plan quality. METHODS We analyzed 20 patients with a single-level spine metastasis located between the T7 and L5 vertebrae near the spinal canal. The median planning target volume was 52.0 cm3 (17.9-138.7 cm3 ). The median tumor diameter in the axial plane was 4.6 cm (range 1.7-6.8 cm), in the sagittal plane was 3.3 cm (range 2-5 cm). The prescription doses were either 12-16 Gy in 1 fraction or 18-24 Gy in 3 fractions. All patients were treated on the TB linear accelerator with a 2.5 mm Multi-Leaf Collimator (MLC) leaf width. Treatment plans were retrospectively created for the Halcyon, which has a 5 mm effective MLC leaf width. The 20 patients had a total of 50 treatments. Analysis of the 50 cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans showed average rotational setup errors of 0.6°, 1.2°, and 0.8° in pitch, yaw, and roll, respectively. Rotational error in roll was not considered in this study, as the original TB plans used a coplanar volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) technique, and each 1° of roll will contribute an error of 1/360. If a plan has 3 arcs, the contribution from errors in roll will be 1° in the absence of 6-DOF correction capabilities.
Robustness Properties of Feedback Systems with Multiple Sources of Uncertainty

An analysis method is developed to analyze robustness problems associated with multiple sources of modelling error. An important set of parameters are used to derive bounds upon the structured singular value and shown to capture the essentials of such problems. These parameters and our methodology are illustrated by analyzing a benchmark robust performance problem which yields useful insights in design.
Low power analog chips for the computation of the maximal principal component

Test results of two prototype circuit implementations that compute the maximal principal component are described. The implementations are designed to be compact and operate in the subthreshold regime for low power consumption. The prototypes use direct realization of a nonlinear self-learning circuit models which we have developed. >
Autophagy at the crossroads of catabolism and anabolism

Autophagy is a conserved catabolic process that degrades cytoplasmic constituents and organelles in the lysosome. Starvation-induced protein degradation is a salient feature of autophagy but recent progress has illuminated how autophagy, during both starvation and nutrient-replete conditions, can mobilize diverse cellular energy and nutrient stores such as lipids, carbohydrates and iron. Processes such as lipophagy, glycophagy and ferritinophagy enable cells to salvage key metabolites to sustain and facilitate core anabolic functions. Here, we discuss the established and emerging roles of autophagy in fuelling biosynthetic capacity and in promoting metabolic and nutrient homeostasis.
Performance Evaluations of Aluminum Titanate Diesel Particulate Filters

Over the past decade, regulations for mobile source emissions have become more stringent thus, requiring advances in emissions systems to comply with the new standards. For the popular diesel powered passenger cars particularly in Europe, diesel particulate filters (DPFs) have been integrated to control particulate matter (PM) emissions. Corning Incorporated has developed a new proprietary aluminum titanate-based material for filter use in passenger car diesel applications. Aluminum titanate (hereafter referred to as AT) filters were launched commercially in the fall of 2005 and have been equipped on more than several hundred thousand European passenger vehicles. Due to their outstanding durability, filtration efficiency and pressure drop attributes, AT filters are an excellent fit for demanding applications in passenger cars. Extensive testing was conducted on engine to evaluate the survivability and long-term thermo-mechanical durability of AT filters. Catalyzed filters were first tested to failure under severe uncontrolled regenerations to define filter survivability limits by means of filter maximum temperatures and thermal gradients. In the second phase filter durability was evaluated, exposing the AT filter to hundreds of high temperature regenerations. This paper demonstrates a broad window of operation for AT filters under extreme exposures. Furthermore the pressure drop as well as the filtration performance of the filters was investigated and compared to commercially available filter alternatives.
Structure of the Caulobacter crescentus trpFBA operon.

Abstract The DNA sequences of the Caulobacter crescentus trpF, trpB, and trpA genes were determined, along with 500 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking sequence and 320 bp of 3'-flanking sequence. An open reading frame, designated usg, occurs upstream of trpF and encodes a polypeptide of 89 amino acids which seems to be expressed in a coupled transcription-translation system. Interestingly, the usg polypeptide is not homologous to any known tryptophan biosynthetic enzyme. S1 nuclease mapping of in vivo transcripts indicated that usg, trpF, trpB, and trpA are arranged into a single operon, with the transcription initiation site located 30 bp upstream from the start of usg. Sequences centered at -30 and -6 bp upstream from the transcription initiation site are somewhat homologous to the Escherichia coli promoter consensus sequence and are homologous to sequences found upstream of genes from several organisms which are evolutionarily related to C. crescentus. Furthermore, the trpFBA operon promoter sequence lacks homology to promoter sequences identified for certain developmentally regulated C. crescentus genes. The structures of the C. crescentus usg, trpF, trpB, and trpA genes were further analyzed in terms of codon usage, G+C content, and genetic signals and were related to genetic signals previously identified in C. crescentus and other bacteria. Taken together, these results are relevant to the analysis of gene expression in C. crescentus and the study of trp gene structure and regulation.
Dietary production of myocardial infarction in rats; anatomic features of the disease.

Abstract Arterial thromboses with myocardial and renal infarcts occur in a large percentage of rats fed a known atherogenic diet to which is added large amounts of saturated fats. Thromboses occur before the formation of significant local intimai lesions, indicating that some hematologie factor is involved. The mechanism of formation of the thrombi is unknown. The altered state produced in these animals is also characterized by marked accumulations of fat in the liver, spleen, lymph nodes and adrenal cortex as well as the presence of large fat globules lodged in the capillaries of the lungs and renal glomeruli.
THE ACTIVE INTERVIEW: APPLICATIONS FOR CRIME AND DEVIANCE RESEARCH

For decades, there has existed a disjuncture between the intentions and practices of most qualitative researchers. Many enlist the buzz words of symbolic interactionism or other interpretivist traditions, but a select few remain true to these maxims as they move forward with their data collection and analysis efforts. Holstien and Gubrium (1995) recently presented a provocative new perspective on face-to-face interviewing that specifically seeks to narrow the gap between qualitative theory and methodology. The approach is called the active interview. Building on the tenets of symbolic interactionism, ethnomethodology, phenomenology, and post-modernism, the active interview directs attention towards the nature and dynamics of face-to-face interview-based social science research. The active approach to interviewing conceptualizes the discursive exchange process as a dynamic occasion of meaning negotiation, not a passive question and answer session. The reflexive interviewing strategy that follows is keenly sensitive to issues such as the narrative resources of both the interviewer and respondent, the ways in which a sense of collaborative meaning is negotiated within the interview interaction, and the potential for a single respondent to engage in occasions of multivocality. This paper explores various issues and implications that this new orientation, especially as they relate to crime and deviance research. We provide a small-scale research application to illustrate how issues such as respondent selection, interview format, non-conversational aspects of interviewing, and the types of research questions that are posed and pursued by crime and deviance researchers are potentially affected.
Propulsion-airframe integration for commercial and military aircraft

A significant level of research is ongoing at NASA's Langley Research Center on integrating the propulsion system with the aircraft. This program has included nacelle/pylon/wing integration for turbofan transports, propeller/nacelle/wing integration for turboprop transports, and nozzle/afterbody/empennage integration for high performance aircraft. The studies included in this paper focus more specifically on pylon shaping and nacelle location studies for turbofan transports, nacelle and wing contouring and propeller location effects for turboprop transports, and nozzle shaping and empennage effects for high performance aircraft. The studies were primarily conducted in NASA Langley's 16-Foot Transonic Tunnel at Mach numbers up to 1.20. Some higher Mach number data obtained at NASA's Lewis Research Center is also included.
Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Caldesmon Is Required for Binding to the Shc·Grb2 Complex

S3-v-erbB is a retroviral oncogene that encodes a ligand-independent, transforming mutant of the epidermal growth factor receptor. This oncogene has been shown to be sarcomagenicin vivo and to transform fibroblasts in vitro. Our previous studies (McManus, M. J., Lingle, W. L., Salisbury, J. L., and Maihle, N. J. (1997) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 94, 11351–11356) showed that expression of S3-v-erbB in primary fibroblasts results in the tyrosine phosphorylation of caldesmon (CaD), an actin- and calmodulin-binding protein. This phosphorylation is transformation-associated, and the phosphorylated form of CaD is associated with a signaling complex consisting of Shc, Grb2, and Sos in transformed fibroblasts. To identify the tyrosine phosphorylation site(s) in the CaD molecule and to further elucidate the functional role of CaD tyrosine phosphorylation in S3-v-ErbB oncogenic signaling, we have generated a series of mutant CaDs in which one or more tyrosine residues have been replaced with phenylalanine. Using a CaD null cell line, DF1 cells (an immortalized chicken embryo fibroblast cell line), and transient transfection assays, we demonstrated that Tyr-27 and Tyr-393 are the major sites of tyrosine phosphorylation on CaD. Interestingly, Tyr-27 is located within the myosin binding domain of CaD, and Tyr-393 is adjacent to one of the major actin binding and actomyosin ATPase inhibitory domains. Our studies also show that the tyrosine phosphorylation of CaD enhances its binding to the Shc·Grb2 complex. Specifically, replacement of Tyr-27, but not of Tyr-165 or Tyr-393, significantly reduces the ability of CaD to interact with the Shc·Grb2 complex. Together, these studies demonstrate that the major sites of tyrosine phosphorylation on CaD are located in the myosin and actin binding domains of CaD and that Tyr-27 is the major tyrosine phosphorylation site through which CaD interacts with the Shc·Grb2 complex.
Control of fertility by metabolic cues

In female mammals, reproduction is extremely sensitive to the availability of oxidizable metabolic fuels. When food intake is limited or when an inordinate fraction of the available energy is diverted to other uses such as exercise or fattening, reproductive attempts are suspended in favor of processes necessary for individual survival. Both reproductive physiology and sexual behaviors are influenced by food availability. Nutritional effects on reproductive physiology are mediated by changes in the activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons in the forebrain, whereas the suppression of sexual behaviors appears to be due, at least in part, to decreases in estrogen receptor in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Work using pharmacological inhibitors of glucose and fatty acid oxidation indicates that reproductive physiology and behavior respond to short-term (minute-to-minute or hour-to-hour) changes in metabolic fuel oxidation, rather than to any aspect of body size or composition (e.g., body fat content or fat-to-lean ratio). These metabolic cues seem to be detected in the viscera (most likely in the liver) and in the caudal hindbrain (probably in the area postrema). This metabolic information is then transmitted to the GnRH-secreting or estradiol-binding effector neurons in the forebrain. There is no evidence to date for direct detection of metabolic cues by these forebrain effector neurons. This metabolic fuels hypothesis is consistent with a large body of evidence and seems to account for the infertility that is seen in a number of situations, including famine, eating disorders, excessive exercise, cold exposure, lactation, some types of obesity, and poorly controlled diabetes mellitus.
Psychological Predictors of College Women's Leadership Aspirations

In this study we investigated the influence of psychological variables upon female college students' aspirations for leadership positions in their future careers. Data were gathered from 213 undergraduate women (mean age equals 19.63) attending a predominantly White, selective liberal arts college in the Midwest.Results demonstrated that connectedness needs, gender role, self-esteem, and fears of negative evaluation accounted for a significant amount of the variance in predicting college women's leadership aspirations. Implications of these findings for improving leadership development initiatives for college women are discussed.
The chemopreventive and clinically used agent curcumin sensitizes HPV- but not HPV+ HNSCC to ionizing radiation, in vitro and in a mouse orthotopic model

Radiation therapy (RT) plays a critical role in the local-regional control of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). However, the efficacy of RT in treating HNSCC is limited by severe normal tissue toxicity, predominantly mucositis. One pharmacological approach for increasing the clinical response to RT is the use of radiation response modifiers that preferentially sensitize tumor cells. Previously we demonstrated that curcumin, a natural plant polyphenol, increased the radiation sensitivity of HNSCC cells and that the observed sensitization was dependent on curcumin-mediated inhibition of thioredoxin reductase 1 (TxnRd1) a key cytosolic regulator of redox-dependent signaling. Here, we examined curcumin-induced radiation sensitization in HNSCC cell lines with differing HPV status and expressing different levels of TxnRd1, in vitro. The intrinsic radiation resistance of the HPV (-) cell lines was significantly higher than the HPV (+) cell lines used in our study. Notably, all of the HPV (-) cell lines expressed high levels of TxnRd1 and exhibited higher intrinsic resistance to RT. While curcumin was effective at increasing the radiation response of the resistant HPV (-) cell lines it had no effect on the HPV (+) cells. Based on these findings we employed an orthotopic, HPV (-) HNSCC tumor model in athymic nude mice to examine the effect of combining curcumin with fractionated RT, in vivo. The combination of curcumin feeding and fractionated RT had a significant effect on tumor doubling time and overall animal survival. We therefore propose that curcumin and RT should be considered as a first line treatment of HPV (-) HNSCC.
Ultrasonic Hydroxylation in a Fluorescence Analysis for Microgram Quantities of Benzoic Acid

ULTRASONIC cavitation is able to bring about a variety of chemical reactions, including oxidation, reduction, polymerization, and depolymerization (see review1). Recent emphasis on the role of hydroxyl free radicals produced by ultrasound from water molecules2 suggested the possibility of direct ultrasonic hydroxylation of aromatic molecules. (The analogous hydroxylation by means of X-rays has been studied by Weiss et al.3).
Ancillary Ligand Functionalization of Cyanide-Bridged S = 6 FeIII4NiII4 Complexes for Molecule-Based Electronics

Treatment of 1-chloro-6-iodohexane or 1-chloro-10-iododecane with lithium tris(pyrazolyl)methanide, followed by potassium thioacetate, affords bifunctional 1-S(acetyl)-tris(pyrazolyl)alkanes (L) (pz)3C(CH2)nSAc (n = 6, 1; 10, 2). Magnetic studies of {[(pzTp)FeIII(CN)3]4[NiIIL]4[OTf]4}·solvent (4, L = 1; 5, L = 2) boxes suggest that −(CH2)6 chains (4) limit intermolecular interactions while −(CH2)10 chains in 5 introduce crystallographic disorder and a distribution of relaxation times; 4 and 5 exhibit slow relaxation of the magnetization.
Microstructural characterization of deformation localization at small strains in a neutron-irradiated 304 stainless steel

Abstract A specific phenomenon – highly localized regions of deformation – was found and investigated at the free surface and near-surface layer of a neutron irradiated AISI 304 stainless steel bend specimen deformed to a maximum surface strain of 0.8%. It was shown that local plastic deformation near the surface might reach significant levels being localized at specific spots even when the maximum free surface strain remains below 1%. The effect was not observed in non-irradiated steel of the same composition at similar strain levels. Cross-sectional EBSD analysis demonstrated that the local misorientation level was highest near the free surface and diminished with increasing depth in these regions. (S)TEM indicated that the local density of dislocation channels might vary up to an order of magnitude. These channels may contain twins or may be twin free depending on grain orientation and local strain levels. BCC-phase (α-martensite) formation associated with channel-grain boundary intersection points was observed using EBSD and STEM in the near-surface layer.
Characterization of Fatigue Fractures in Closed-Cell Aluminum Foam Using x-ray Micro-Computed Tomography

A post-mortem study of Alporas closed-cell aluminum foam specimens previously failed under strain-controlled fully reversed tension-compression fatigue was conducted using x-ray micro-computed tomography (μCT). Volumetric renders of the 3D structure of the material were produced. Fractures were identified and marked throughout voxel-based images of the specimens. This produced a 3D plot of fracture locations. At high strain amplitudes (0.175-0.5%), fractures formed an interconnected planar zone oriented approximately perpendicular to the loading axis; typically, the angle of the plane differed from that of a tension failure. Conversely, at low strain amplitudes (0.05-0.1%), short fractures have been formed diffusely within the specimen. In both cases, observed fractures were tortuous. Our previous work with surface strain mapping via digital image correlation (DIC) suggested that for all strain amplitudes, a crack, evidenced by a zone of high extensile strain, was formed and propagated through the material. This result was confirmed at high strain amplitudes, but not at low strain amplitudes. The discrepancy is attributed to three potential causes. Using DIC, short cracks cannot be accurately resolved with relatively coarse light intensity patterns. DIC images indicate fractures under load, while μCT imaging was conducted under zero load. Finally, the localized extension seen in DIC images could be attributed to strain with no resultant fractures.
Evidence of Bose-Einstein Condensation in an Atomic Gas with Attractive Interactions

Evidence for Bose-Einstein condensation of a gas of spin-polarized ${}^{7}$Li atoms is reported. Atoms confined to a permanent-magnet trap are laser cooled to 200 \ensuremath{\mu}K and are then evaporatively cooled to lower temperatures. Phase-space densities consistent with quantum degeneracy are measured for temperatures in the range of 100 to 400 nK. At these high phase-space densities, diffraction of a probe laser beam is observed. Modeling shows that this diffraction is a sensitive indicator of the presence of a spatially localized condensate. Although measurements of the number of condensate atoms have not been performed, the measured phase-space densities are consistent with a majority of the atoms being in the condensate, for total trap numbers as high as $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{5}$ atoms. For ${}^{7}$Li, the spin-triplet $s$-wave scattering length is known to be negative, corresponding to an attractive interatomic interaction. Previously, Bose-Einstein condensation was predicted not to occur in such a system.
Reciprocal chemokine receptor and ligand expression in the human placenta: Implications for cytotrophoblast differentiation

At the onset of pregnancy, the human placenta, which forms the interface between the embryo/fetus and the mother, must rapidly develop into a life-sustaining organ. The many unusual processes entailed in placental development include the poorly understood phenomenon of maternal tolerance of the hemiallogeneic cells of the conceptus, including, most remarkably, placental trophoblasts that invade the uterine wall. To investigate whether this fetal organ exerts control over the maternal immune system at the level of leukocyte trafficking, we examined placental expression of chemokines, well-known cytokine regulators of leukocyte movements. In situ hybridization revealed abundant expression of 13 chemokines in the stromal but not the trophoblast compartment of chorionic villi. Potential roles for these molecules include recruitment of the resident macrophage (Hofbauer cell) population to the villi. In parallel, cytotrophoblast production of a panel of nine chemokine receptors was assessed by using RNase protection assays. The numerous receptors detected suggested the novel possibility that the paracrine actions of chemokine ligands derived from either the villous stroma or the decidua could mediate general aspects of placental development, with specific contributions to cytotrophoblast differentiation along the pathway that leads to uterine invasion.
Effects of Monetary Policy Coordination on Small Open Economies

This paper proposes an innovative approach for analyzing the influence of external shocks on small open economies. This approach incorporates the role of large-country monetary policy coordination in influencing shocks and provides an empirical tool to analyze them. In the face of recent fluctuations in commodity prices, this new tool makes it possible to evaluate the influence on small countries of large-country policy coordination in response to these shocks. Based on an analysis of data from Mexico, such policies are found to provide better results for Mexico when Mexico's trade partners coordinated their responses.
On the rotating, slanted, hot-wire technique

The purpose of this paper is to convey information and experience gained in the use of a rotating slanted hot-wire probe to measure the complete Reynolds stress tensor and the mean velocity vector. The technique is limited to nearly one-dimensional flows with turbulence intensities less than 10%. This paper extends the description of the method and discusses potential problems and difficulties one my encounter with this technique. In particular, the use of an appropriate least-squares technique (singular value decomposition) is suggested as this gives a more accurate fitting than simply using a matrix inversion of the normal equations. The covariance matrix is used to determine the slant angle and rotation positions of the probe most favorable to the least squares fitting and provides a measure of the uncertainties in the solution for the Reynolds stresses. The technique presented was used to determine the anisotropy of a turbulent flow with no mean shear. The results compare well with cross-wire measurements.
The synthesis of polymers for use as reverse osmosis membranes-II Physical factors

Abstract The production of membranes of novel materials, suitable for the reverse osomosis separation process, is described. “Two layer” or Loeb-type films have been prepared from the galactose methacrylate-methyl methacrylate and glyceryl methacrylate-methyl methacrylate copolymers designed and prepared as described in Part I. Performance figures for rejection and flow rates at various pressures with 1 per cent aqueous solutions of sodium chloride and magnesium sulphate are tabulated; conclusions are drawn on the formulation of more exact criteria for the design of polymers for reverse osmosis application.
NEUROBEHAVIORAL AND NEUROPSYCHIATRIC SYMPTOMS IN ALZHEIMER'S DISEASE: Characteristics and Treatment

Neuropsychiatric symptoms are common in Alzheimer's disease. Personality changes, mood disturbance, and psychosis are frequently seen and may coexist in the same patient. Neuropsychiatric symptoms may signal the onset of disease and often fluctuate and recur. These symptoms are associated with a more rapid cognitive and functional decline that can lead to institutionalization. Cholinergic therapy, disease-modifying therapy, and psychotropic medications can improve these symptoms.
A solar economy in the American Southwest: Critical next steps

Like many other sub-tropical deserts in the world, the southwestern U.S. has high rates of solar insolation. However, meaningful development there, especially in solar-rich Arizona, has been slow. This article addresses why this is so by concentrating on one critical contributor to success—workforce development. To identify shortcomings and needed changes, we used a survey of the significant solar firms operating in Arizona to ask three questions: Does a gap exist between existing and desired levels of solar engineering education and training? What skills should new graduates possess when entering the solar energy workforce? What course of study is considered important in the education of solar energy employees? We found that a stronger solar economy in Arizona will not depend, at least initially, on advanced graduate training in engineering, but on a broad-based Bachelor's level degree program that complements engineering studies with a strong emphasis on verbal and written communication, as well as business and teaming abilities. Non-technical skills and project management are at least as valuable as solar training. Given the high public awareness of Arizona's solar resource, a stronger solar future there should help stimulate similar progress elsewhere, both in the U.S. and abroad.
Life Lessons from Untimely Death in James Joyce's Ulysses

In Ulysses, James Joyce draws deeply on his own experiences and those of people he had known. An excellent example is Dr. John J. O'Hare, whose tragically young death resulted from an illness contracted while on duty as a public health officer. Joyce transfers various of O'Hare's traits into two fictional Ulysses medical men, the late Dr. O'Hare and the living Dr. Dixon. By reshaping elements of the real O'Hare into these two fictional doctors, Joyce thematizes major issues inherent in human experience.
A theoretical study of the generation of atmospheric clear air turbulence

Sheer generated atmospheric clear air turbulence growth and dependence on atmospheric instabilities calculated numerically by invariant model
Tailoring hole transport and color tunability in organic light emitting devices using single wall carbon nanotubes

Controlling carrier transport in light emitting polymers is a crucial factor for their efficient use in any organic opto-electronic device. In this work, we demonstrate a novel method of utilizing the interactions between single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) and conjugated polymers to modify the overall mobility of charge carriers within nanotube- polymer nanocomposites. Using a unique, double emitting- organic light emitting diode (DE-OLED) structure, we characterize the hole transport within electroluminescent nanocomposites (nanotubs in poly (m-phenylene vinylene-co- 2,5-dioctoxy-p-phenylene) (PmPV)) and show that devices with chromic tunability can be achieved. This leads naturally to a model for hole transport in SWNT - PmPV blends that provides fundamental insights into the formation of discrete hole traps and the modification to hole mobility. Perhaps more importantly however, these results are suggestive of the significant role that SWNT nanocomposites can play in future organic-based photonic systems such as fully organic optical amplifiers, transistors, and color displays.
Personal-Social Correlates of Academic Success Among Disadvantaged School Beginners.

Abstract Self-social concepts and behavior ratings by teachers obtained at school entrance for 95 Negro first-graders were compared a year later for three groups: ( a ) repeaters ( N = 27), ( b ) promoted non-readers ( N = 29), and ( c ) readers ( N = 39). Total ratings and self-social concept scores differentiated the groups. The readers showed greater realism for size, but less preference for father, minority identification, social dependency, and identification with parents. Item analyses of the behavior ratings confirmed these differences and suggested social withdrawal for the repeaters, an over-dependency for the promoted non-readers, and a realistic, mature independence for the readers.
Can high stakes national testing improve instruction: reexamining conventional wisdom

Abstract In this paper, the authors draw on recent international experience to assess the success of five propositions for how high stakes national testing can improve classroom instruction and, ultimately, raise student achievement. Findings indicate that testing can be an effective mechanism for improving instructional practice, but its success is not ensured. It has failed as often as it has succeeded, usually because those implementing the strategy failed to understand the intermediate conditions that had to be met for changes in test content, format, or use to have the desired impact on teachers' classroom practice.