cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Simulation: Effects on Students' Anxiety and Examination Scores

Abstract Background The study explored the following: (1) How does exposure to simulation affect student perception about mental health? (2) Do survey responses related to mental health predict ATI Mental Health Exam scores? Methods A revised version of the Mental Health Nursing Education Survey Part 2 was used to examine nursing students' (n = 63) perception of mental health. Descriptive statistics described the sample population and responses to survey items. Independent t-tests analyzed the sample. Linear regression predicted outcomes on the ATI Mental Health Exam. Results A significant relationship between survey statements relating to anxiety (p = .047) and safety (p = .003) and the ATI Mental Health Exam was noted. A 15.4% variance in ATI Mental Health Exam scores can be predicted by the combination of responses to these survey statements. Conclusions This study found ATI Mental Health Exam scores increase when students feel safe and less anxious with mental health care. Simulation may help students feel more comfortable with mental health care.
Endpoint Detection Methods in Implementing AI-assisted Polishing Process

Sample preparation plays a critical role in the failure analysis process of modern IC chips. The common problem in sample preparation is over-polishing. To reduce this problem, an AI-assisted monitoring system can be deployed, which can evaluate the progress of sample polishing process and suggest the steps following up. However, to build such an AI system, a tremendous number of images with proper classification are needed. To prepare these images, a reliable endpoint detection method for image analysis is necessary. In this paper, two endpoint detection methods are studied, and grayscale line profile analysis is discussed in detail. The current results are very promising for further development.
Twelve cases of acneiform eruptions while on anti-CTLA4 therapy

We present the first detailed report of acneiform eruptions in patients on CTLA-4 inhibitor therapy. Acneiform eruptions commonly occur (up to 75–100%) as a cutaneous adverse event associated with EGFR inhibition; however, acneiform eruptions have not been highly reported as a cutaneous adverse event associated with CTLA-4 inhibitor therapy. We conducted a retrospective chart review of our institution’s database to assess cutaneous adverse events associated with ipilimumab and tremelimumab, identifying 12 patients with acneiform eruptions (2 on tremelimumab and 10 on ipilimumab). The median time to onset of rash was 3 weeks after starting CTLA-4 inhibitor therapy, ranging from 0.7–45 weeks. Median time to cutaneous resolution was 6 weeks, ranging from 2 to 282 weeks. Treatment included oral and topical antibiotics, antihistamines, and oral or topical corticosteroids with four patients receiving no treatment. Acneiform eruptions are seen less commonly with CTLA-4 inhibitors than other cancer therapies, but awareness that it does occur is important for clinical practice. Better description is a necessary help to aid in early diagnosis and intervention. While EGFR inhibitor-associated acneiform eruptions are associated with clinical benefit, our sample size is too small to determine whether CTLA-4 inhibitor associated acneiform eruptions display the same correlation.
EARLY AND MID-TERM OUTCOMES OF FEMORO-ILIO-CAVAL VEIN STENT IMPLANTATION

Femoro-ilio-caval (FIC) venous obstruction has increased in prevalence and endovenous recanalization and stent implantation are increasing as well. The aim of this study was to assess the 2-year clinical outcomes in one of the largest series reported of FIC vein stent placement. We conducted a
POST-OPERATIVE ATRIAL FIBRILLATION AND FLUTTER AFTER LUNG TRANSPLANTATION IS ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASED HOSPITAL LENGTH OF STAY, ICU LENGTH OF STAY, AND RISK OF RE-INTUBATION

Post-operative atrial fibrillation and flutter (AF/AFL) are common following lung transplant surgery and may affect hospital and early clinical outcomes. We performed a single-center retrospective study of consecutive patients undergoing lung transplantation at a tertiary, academic medical center
Optimal control in dynamic food supply chains using big data

Abstract We consider a dynamic food supply chain with multiple process steps where the decisions at each step include supplier selection and settings for their process parameters. We assume that the resulting quality level of the product at every step is stochastic. We also consider that this quality level at each supply chain step has a minimum accepted level and any product that does not meet the minimum accepted level is rejected. We propose an integrated approach that uses Big Data mining techniques to study the effect of these decisions on the quality of the final product and determine our state transition matrix. From there, stochastic optimization methods are implemented to find an optimal policy describing the preferred suppliers and settings for their process parameters. The goal of this policy is to maximize the supply chain’s expected profit and reduce rejected product. We show how this technique outperforms traditional techniques in running time as the problem’s complexity (state and action space size) grows. We also conduct experiments to explore how the optimal policy changes as the quality threshold for acceptance becomes more restrictive and exhibits a convex behavior.
Response to Tembhre et al.: 'Enhanced expression of ACE2 in psoriatic skin and its upregulation in keratinocytes by interferon-gamma: Implication of inflammatory milieu in skin tropism of SARS-CoV-2'.

We recently read the research letter 'Enhanced expression of ACE2 in psoriatic skin and its upregulation in keratinocytes by interferon-gamma: Implication of inflammatory milieu in skin tropism of SARS-CoV-2' by Tembhre and colleagues with great interest. In their manuscript, the authors describe that while the expression patterns of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) and other SARS-CoV-2 co-factors have been characterized in the skin during homeostatic conditions, they have not been examined in the state of pathogenic inflammation.
Identication of Demand Models of Multiple Purchases

We study the nonparametric identication of distributions of utility functions in a multiple purchase setting with a nite number of consumers. Each utility function takes as arguments subsets or, alternatively, quantities of the multiple goods. We exploit mathematical insights from auction theory to generically identify the distribution of utility functions. We use price variation and aggregate data on the sales of each product, but not on individuallevel purchases or the total sales of bundles of products.
The triple-sidedness of "I can't breathe": The COVID-19 pandemic, enslavement, and agro-industrial capitalism

On Juneteenth, Friday, June 19, 2020, unionized workers of the Durham Workers Assembly of Durham, North Carolina, held a rally in front of Durham Police Headquarters to "defund the police" in support of the national Black Lives Matter movement protesting in massive numbers in the streets of US cities and being met with overwhelming police repression Black Lives Matter marches in the streets of cities and towns of the United States continued, as the world looked on [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR] Copyright of Focaal is the property of Berghahn Books and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use This abstract may be abridged No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract (Copyright applies to all Abstracts )
Influence of amount and frequency of protein supplementation to ruminants consuming low-quality cool-season forages: efficiency of nitrogen utilization in lambs and performance of gestating beef cows

We evaluated the influence of amount and crude protein (CP) supplementation frequency (SF) on nitrogen (N) use by wethers and the performance of late-gestation beef cows. In exp. 1, seven Western whiteface wethers (31.8 ± 1.4 kg) were used in an incomplete 7 × 4 Latin square to evaluate intake and N use. Wethers received one of the seven treatments in a 2 × 3 factorial design containing two levels of supplemental soybean meal offered at a rate of 100% (F) or 50% (H; 50% of F) of the estimated CP requirement daily, once every 5, or once every 10 d, plus a non-supplemented control (CON). Low-quality cool-season forage (4.9 % CP; dry matter [DM] basis) was provided daily for ad libitum intake. Experimental periods lasted 30 d. In exp. 2, 84 Angus × Hereford cows (560 ± 35 kg) were stratified by age, body condition score (BCS), and expected calving date and allocated to 1 of the 21 feedlot pens (three pens per treatment). Pens were randomly assigned to receive the same treatments as in exp. 1 and cows had free access to low-quality cool-season forage (2.9% CP; DM basis). Cow body weight (BW) and BCS were measured every 14 d until calving and within 24 h after calving. In exp. 1, supplementation did not alter total DM and organic matter (OM) intake (P ≥ 0.26), but both parameters linearly decreased as SF decreased (P = 0.02). Supplementation increased DM, OM, and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility (P ≤ 0.02). Additionally, F feeding linearly increased DM, OM, and NDF digestibility as SF decreased (P ≤ 0.04). Digestibility of N, N balance, and digested N retained were greater with supplementation (P < 0.01), and N digestibility linearly increased as SF decreased (P = 0.01). Mean plasma urea-N concentration was not only greater (P < 0.01) for supplemented vs. CON wethers but also greater (P = 0.03) for F vs. H. In exp. 2, pre-calving BCS change was greater (P = 0.03) for supplemented cows. A linear effect of SF × supplementation rate for pre-calving BCS change was noted (P = 0.05), as F-supplemented cows lost more BCS compared with H as SF decreased. When considering supplementation intervals greater than 5 d, reducing the quantity of supplement provided, compared with daily supplementation, may be a feasible management strategy to maintain acceptable nutrient use and animal performance while reducing supplement and labor costs.
Peer Effects in Deposit Markets

We provide first empirical evidence that consumer peer effects matter for banks' deposit demand. Using a novel measure that depicts for each county how exposed peers are to a specific bank in a given year, we tightly identify the causal effect of peer exposure on deposit demand through a fixed effects identification strategy. We address key empirical challenges such as time-invariant homophily. We find that a one percent increase in a bank's peer exposure leads to a 0.05 percent increase in deposit market share. This effect has become stronger over time with the rise of the internet and social media, which facilitate cross-county communication. Peer exposure is especially relevant for smaller banks and customers that have access to the internet.
Study on increase of average life expectancy of residents in Tianjin from 1999 to 2018

Objective: To assess the trend and the factors responsible for the increase of life expectancy of residents in Tianjin over the past two decades. Methods: Abridged Life Table and Arriaga's decomposition method was applied to quantify the influence of the age structure and the leading causes of death on the increase of life expectancy of residents in Tianjin from 1999 to 2018. Results: In the past 20 years, the life expectancy of residents in Tianjin increased by 4.97 years, the life expectancy of men and women increased by 4.11 years and 5.86 years, respectively. The decrease of mortality rate in 0-year-old group contributed 19.17% to the increase of the life expectancy, while the decrease of mortality rate in residents aged ≥55 years contributed more to the increase of life expectancy, with the cumulative contribution rate of 67.38%. The major contribution to the increase of life expectancy was the mortality reduction of cerebrovascular disease, respiratory disease, cardiovascular disease, perinatal diseases, congenital malformations and injury, with the contribution percentage of 27.27%, 21.37%, 15.76%, 12.22%, 6.44% and 4.86%, respectively. The increase of mortality of malignant tumor, injury and poisoning, diabetes and nervous system diseases and others had a negative effect on the increase of life expectancy of people aged ≥75 years. From 1999 to 2018, the life expectancy increased from 76.72 years to 81.46 years (t=9.11, P<0.001), the annual percent change (APC) was 0.58%. From 2011 to 2018, it was stable, ranging from 81.46 years to 81.69 years (t=0.89, P=0.387, APC=0.13%). Conclusion: From 1999 to 2018, the increase of life expectancy was attributed to the decrease of mortalities in infants and the elderly and the decrease of mortalities of cerebro-cardiovascular disease, respiratory disease, perinatal disease, congenital malformations and injury. However, these positive contributions were partly offset by the negative contribution of malignant tumor, injury, diabetes and nervous system disease in those aged ≥75 years. Comprehensive prevention and control of key diseases should be strengthened in key population in order to further improve the life expectancy of the population.
Hysterectomy for benign lesions.

T H I s is a study of a series of patients on whom abdominal hysterectomy was performed for benign lesions. All were private patients who were personally cared for in their preoperative, operative, and postoperative periods. They were followed after operation for a period of at least one year. The earliest operation was done in 1936 and the last in 1959. Only those operated upon for benign lesions were studied because our interest was in the psychological as well as the physical and physiological reactions to hysterectomy. Abdominal hysterectomy was selected because, in our hands, vaginal hysterectomy has been performed more in the older age group with prolapse as an indication. This series is small but has the advantage of continuous personal study and supervision over a long period of time. In Table I are listed the number of patients studied and the types of operation performed. Throughout this study we have separated patients with regard to removal of ovaries or retention of ovarian tissue and correlated these with the subtotal and total techniques. There were 108 cases in which the ovaries were removed and 105 in which some ovarian tissue was retained. Thirty-nine patients had subtotal hysterectomy. This is a high percentage and will be discussed under the subject of indications for operation. Of this subtotal group both ovaries were re-
Interactions of pharmacological agents which alter biogenic amine metabolism and depression: An analysis of contributing factors within a primate model of depression

Abstract The observation that the biogenic amine depleting agent, reserpine, could induce severe depression in a small proportion of the patients treated with it has proved to be a seminal finding in what is now a much larger field of research relating the function of brain biogenic amine systems to emotions and behavior. A review of the human reserpine literature suggests, however, that factors other than pharmacologically produced alterations in brain biogenic amine metabolism must have been critical determinants of the eventual mood alterations observed in conjunction with reserpine treatment. While some of these factors, such as previous history of depression, ongoing psychosocial and environmental stress, can be intuitively identified, there are practical as well as ethical problems involved in actually testing the relative contribution of these factors in precipitating human depression and thereby determining their importance in a quantitative fashion. In the present paper we have attempted to examine, in a nonhuman primate model of depression, the degree to which factors such as prior rearing condition, repeated peer separation, and housing environment can interact with the behavioral effects produced by biogenic amine depleting agents. Major emphasis will be placed on studies utilizing alpha-methyl-para-tyrosine, an inhibitor of tyrosine hydroxylase, to ostensively reduce levels of the catecholamine neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine. The results of these studies provide quantitative estimates, in terms of dose-effect relationships, of the degree to which a number of factors can combine to produce despair-like behavior in rhesus monkeys. These data may be of practical importance in evaluating the contribution of similar factors to the precipitation of human depression. Analysis of some of the existing literature relating alterations in behavior to changes in biogenic amine metabolism in animals suggests that there are important differences between rodent and primate species. These differences, when fully established, may indicate that additional research examining the mechanisms whereby modest alterations in biogenic amine metabolism can interact with environmental and social stress is needed.
Hepatic inactivation of gastrins of various chain lengths in dogs

Abstract In dogs with gastric fistulae and with transposition of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava, we studied secretion of acid in response to portal or systemic venous infusion of a series of progressively longer fragments of the carboxyl terminal portion of human gastrin. Pentagastrin, G6, G7, G8, G9, G10, G13, G17, and G34 were studied. Potency by portal venous infusion relative to systemic venous infusion was used as an index of hepatic inactivation. Fragments with eight or fewer amino acid residues were more than 90% inactivated by hepatic transit. Fragments with nine or more amino acid residues were more resistant to hepatic inactivation than shorter fragments. For fragments with 7 to 17 amino acid residues, increasing the chain length was accompanied by progressive increase both in hepatic resistance to inactivation and in potency for stimulation of acid secretion, suggesting that resistance to hepatic inactivation may be a major determinant of potency.
Saving Sight in Developing Countries

As the world population has increased dramatically over the past century, so has the burden of eye disease and blindness. Globally, the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 246 million people suffer from low vision and 39 million are blind. Ninety percent of the visually impaired or blind live in developing countries. The main cause of visual impairment is refractive error and the leading cause of blindness is cataracts. Although 80 % of cases occur among adults older than 50, low vision affects an estimated 19 million children worldwide, the majority of whom suffer from refractive conditions easily amenable to treatment (World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs282/en/, 2013). However, these statistics likely underestimate the overall burden of ophthalmic disorders, which include other conditions such as strabismus, trauma, amblyopia, eyelid malpositions, and periorbital malignancies. While there has been considerable inertia in the past several decades to eradicate blindness, through such initiatives as Vision 2020 (World Health Organization, Vision 2020—The Right to Sight: Global Initiative for the Elimination of Avoidable Blindness Action Plan 2006–2011, 2007), it is likely that in the foreseeable future, medical and surgical ophthalmic expertise will continue to depend in part on oversees volunteers working individually or in tandem with local or foreign nongovernmental organizations and academic institutions.
Vertebroplasty: Cement Leakage into the Disc Increases the Risk of New Fracture of Adjacent Vertebral Body

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Patients successfully treated with vertebroplasty often return with new pain caused by a new vertebral body fracture. The new fractures often are adjacent to the vertebral bodies that were initially treated. In our clinical work, we have observed that cement leakage into the disk increases the risk of new fracture of the adjacent vertebral body. This study analyzed the risk of new fractures of adjacent vertebral bodies in relationship to cement leakage into the disk. METHODS: This study was based on 38 patients with painful compression fractures treated with vertebroplasty. Patients who returned with new pain after initial successful vertebroplasty were evaluated by repeat MR imaging. We analyzed the incidence of new fractures of adjacent vertebral bodies in relationship to cement leakage into the disk that had occurred during the initial vertebroplasty. RESULTS: Fourteen patients developed new fractures during the follow-up period. In 10 patients, the new fractures were associated with cement leakage into the disk, whereas four patients had new fractures that were not associated with cement leakage into the disk. This difference was statistically significant (P = .018). A detailed analysis showed that 58% of vertebral bodies adjacent to a disk with cement leakage fractured during the follow-up period compared with 12% of vertebral bodies adjacent to a disk without cement leakage (P CONCLUSION: Leakage of cement into the disk during vertebroplasty increases the risk of a new fracture of adjacent vertebral bodies.
Severe febrile respiratory illnesses as a cause of mass critical care

Febrile respiratory illnesses with respiratory failure are one of the most common reasons for admission to the intensive care unit. Most causes of febrile respiratory illness are bacterial and viral agents of community-acquired pneumonia. However, a small number of rare and highly contagious agents can initially present as febrile respiratory illnesses, which can lead to an epidemic that can greatly impact the health care system. This impact includes sustained mass critical care, with potential scarcity of critical resources (eg, positive-pressure ventilators), spread of disease to health care workers, sustained spread within the community, and extensive morbidity and mortality. The main agents of febrile respiratory illness that would lead to an epidemic include influenza, the coronavirus that causes severe acute respiratory syndrome, smallpox, viral hemorrhagic fever, plague, tularemia, and anthrax. Recognition of these agents occurs largely based on epidemiological clues, and management consists of antibiotics, antivirals, supportive care, and positive-pressure ventilation. Acute respiratory failure and acute respiratory distress syndrome occur with these agents, so a lung-protective (low tidal volume) ventilation strategy is indicated. Additional respiratory care measures, such as nebulized medications, bronchoscopy, humidified oxygen, and airway suctioning, potentiate aerosolization of the virus or bacteria and increase the risk of transmission to health care workers and patients. Thus, appropriate personal protective equipment, including an N95 mask or powered air-purifying respirator, is indicated. A basic understanding of the epidemiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment of these agents will provide a foundation for early isolation, evaluation, infection control, and public health involvement and response in cases of a febrile respiratory illness that causes respiratory failure.
Preventing T cell rejection of pig xenografts

Xenotransplantation is a potential solution to the limited supply of donor organs. While early barriers to xenograft acceptance, such as hyperacute rejection, are now largely avoided through genetic engineering, the next frontier in successful xenograft survival will require prevention of T cell-mediated rejection. Most successful immunosuppressive regimens in xenotransplantation utilize T cell depletion with antibody therapy. Additionally, the use of T cell costimulatory blockade - specifically blockade of the CD40-CD154 pathway - shows promise with several reports of long-term xenograft survival. Additional therapies, such as transgenic expression of T cell coinhibitory molecules or transfer of immunomodulatory cells to promote tolerance, may be necessary to achieve reliable long-term xenograft acceptance. Further studies in pre-clinical models are essential in order to optimize these regimens prior to trials in patients.
Congenital conductive hearing loss in Apert syndrome.

Acrocephalosyndactyly (Apert syndrome) is a rare cranlosynostotic syndrome characterized by acrocephaly, syndactyly of the hands and feet, and—occasionally—-conductive hearing loss. We report three...
Wolf body mass cline across Minnesota related to taxonomy

Recent genetic studies suggest that in northern Minnesota two species of wolves (Canis lupus L., 1758 or western wolf and Canis lycaon Schreber, 1775 (= Canis rufus Audubon and Bachman, 1851) or eastern wolf) meet and hybridize. However, little morphological information is available about these two types of wolves in Minnesota. We analyzed the mass of 950 female wolves and 1006 males older than 1 year from across northern Minnesota and found that it increased from 26.30 ± 0.56 kg (mean ± SE) for females and 30.60 ± 0.72 kg for males in northeastern Minnesota to 30.01 ± 0.43 kg for females and 35.94 ± 0.45 kg for males in northwestern Minnesota (females: r2 = 0.79, P < 0.02; males: r2 = 0.63, P = 0.06). These mass differences add morphological information to the identities of eastern and western wolves and support the view that ranges of the two species meet in Minnesota.
Effects of Depression on Sleep Quality, Fatigue, and Sleepiness in Persons With Restless Legs Syndrome:

BACKGROUND: Restless legs syndrome is a sleep disorder that is associated with depression and poor sleep quality; it possibly affects sleepiness and fatigue, thereby affecting quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of depression on sleep quality, sleepiness, and fatigue in persons with restless legs syndrome. STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive, comparative study. Data was collected on demographics, depression, sleep quality, sleepiness, and fatigue. Participants were grouped based on depression scores. RESULTS: 40% of the sample reported depressive symptomology. Depressed participants had significantly worse sleep quality (t=4.12, df=40, p<.001) and fatigue (t=3.69, df=46, p=.001). Depression did not affect sleepiness (p=.733). CONCLUSIONS: Persons with restless legs syndrome who are depressed have poorer sleep quality and higher fatigue than nondepressed persons with restless legs syndrome. Few participants are being treated for depression. Health care providers must recognize the impact that depress...
Absentee Ownership of Immobile Factors and Environmental Policies in a Federation

This paper studies the effects of absentee ownership of immobile factors on environmental policy of a jurisdiction in a federation. An increase in emissions in a jurisdiction increases factor incomes, but part of the increased factor incomes goes to absentee owners while only the residents of the jurisdiction bear the full disutility. In addition, the increase in emissions in a jurisdiction attracts capital and decreases capital in other jurisdictions, reducing the incomes that the residents of the jurisdiction earn from owning immobile factors in other jurisdictions. Absentee ownership thus reduces the marginal benefit of an increase in emissions while it leaves the marginal cost unaffected from the jurisdiction’s perspective. As a consequence, absentee ownership makes environmental policy of a jurisdiction too stringent relative to the efficient level. The paper also considers the effects of absentee ownership on environmental policy when goods trade is allowed.
The dramatic effect of architecture on the self-assembly of block copolymers at interfaces.

Dramatic morphological changes are observed in the Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) film assemblies of poly(ethylene glycol)-b-(styrene-r-benzocyclobutene) block copolymer (PEG-b-(S-r-BCB)) after intramolecular cross-linking of the S-r-BCB block to form a linear-nanoparticle structure. To isolate architectural effects and allow direct comparison, the linear block copolymer precursor and the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer resulting from selective intramolecular cross-linking of the BCB units were designed to have exactly the same molecular weight and chemical composition but different architecture. It was found that the effect of architecture is pronounced with these macromolecular isomers, which self-assemble into dramatically different surface aggregates. The linear block copolymer forms disklike surface assemblies over the range of compression states, while the linear-nanoparticle block copolymer exhibits long (>10 μm) wormlike aggregates whose length increases as a function of increasing cross-linking densi...
Non-collagen protein and proteoglycan in renal glomerular basement membrane.

Abstract Extraction of rat glomerular basement membrane, purified by osmotic lysis and sequential detergent treatment, with 8 M urea containing protease inhibitors solubilizes protein that is devoid of hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine. This material represents 8–12% of total membrane protein, elutes mainly as two high molecular weight peaks on agarose gel filtration, and is associated with glycosaminoglycans. Isolated rat renal glomeruli incorporate [ 35 S]sulfate into basement membrane from which this non-collagenous 35 S-labeled fraction can be subsequently solubilized. The radioactivity incorporated into urea-soluble glomerular basement membrane eluted primarily with the higher molecular weight peak ( M r greater than 250 000). Cellulose acetate electrophoresis after pronase digestion of the urea-soluble fraction revealed glycosaminoglycan that was resistant to digestion with Streptomyces hyaluronidase and chondroitinase ABC, sensitive to nitrous acid treatment, and contained [ 35 S]-sulfate. The findings indicate that one of the non-collagenous components of glomerular basement membrane is a proteoglycan containing heparan sulfate.
Expert Testimony in Child Sexual Abuse Trials: The Admissibility of Psychological Science

The authors describe a research programme investigating whether psychological evidence about child sexual abuse and child witnesses meets several criteria for admissibility in US courts: (a) general acceptance within the scientific community, (b) helpfulness to the jury, and (c) whether its probative value outweighs its prejudicial value. Responses from a survey of child sexual abuse experts suggest that they agree about the research findings in three areas: the demographic characteristics of sexually abused children, child sexual abuse accommodation syndrome (Summit, 1983), and children's cognitive capabilities. Survey responses from college students and community members indicate that they may be especially helped by expert testimony on children's memory. Laypersons may also benefit from a discussion of the paucity of research on offender characteristics and the wide variety of responses to sexual victimization. Data from a survey and a trial simulation suggest that expert testimony on child sexual abuse will not be prejudicial to the defendant. Implications for expert witnesses are discussed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Language: en
Root respiration of Douglas-fir seedlings : Effects of N concentration

Abstract Six-month-old Douglas-fir [Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco] seedlings were grown at three N concentrations and with controlled root temperatures. Measurements of root respiration were conducted on undisturbed root systems by passing humidified air with 1000 μl l−1 CO2 through root boxes onto an infrared gas analyzer. The objective was to understand the effects of N on soil respiration by examining total root respiration rate per seedling, specific root respiration rate g−1 root dry wt, and root dry wt after N fertilization. Total respiration rates of seedlings grown at 50 mg l−1 N concentration were significantly higher than those grown at 10 mg l−1 or 200 mg l−1 N concentration. Seedlings grown at N concentration of 200 mg l−1 had significantly smaller roots than those grown at the two lower N concentrations. The specific respiration rate increased as N concentration was increased from 10 to 50 mg l−1 N concentration, but remained constant as N was further increased from 50 to 200 mg l−1. The increase of total respiration rate with the increase in N concentration from 10 to 50 mg l−1 was attributed to the increase in specific respiration, whereas the subsequent decrease in total respiration with the increase in N concentration from 50 to 200 mg l−1 was attributed to the decrease in root dry wt. The depression of soil respiration after the addition of N fertilizers to relatively fertile soil may be explained by reduced root and mycorrhizal mycelial growth.
An infrared investigation of gaseous dicyclopentadienylberyllium

Abstract Dicyclopentadienylberyllium, (C5H5)2Be, is shown to undergo significant changes in bonding properties in going from condensed phases to the gas phase. The simplification of the infrared spectrum implies that the bonding in the gas phase is essentially ionic. Infrared assignments in the solid state spectrum are reexamined in the light of these data and the metal-ring stretching frequency is assigned.
Covalent attachment of acetylene and methylacetylene functionality to Si(111) surfaces: scaffolds for organic surface functionalization while retaining Si-C passivation of Si(111) surface sites.

Si(111) surfaces have been functionalized with Si−C⋮C−R species, where R = H or −CH3, using a two-step reaction sequence involving chlorination of H−Si(111) followed by treatment with Na−C⋮C−H or CH3−C⋮C−Na reagents. The resulting surfaces showed no detectable oxidation as evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic (XPS) data in the Si 2p region, electrochemical measurements of Si−H oxidation, or infrared spectroscopy. The Si−C⋮C−R-terminated surfaces exhibited a characteristic C⋮C stretch in the infrared at 2179 cm-1, which was strongly polarized perpendicular to the Si(111) surface plane. XPS measurements in the C 1s region showed a low binding energy peak indicative of Si−C bonding, with a coverage that was, within experimental error, identical to that of the CH3-terminated Si(111) surface, which has been shown to fully terminate the Si atop sites on an unreconstructed Si(111) surface. The Si−C⋮C−H-terminated surfaces were further functionalized by exposure to n-C4H9Li followed by exposure to para ...
PERITONEAL MASS TRANSFER (MT) OF MINERALS AND BONE-MODULATING HORMONES IN CHILDREN ON CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPD)

PERITONEAL MASS TRANSFER (MT) OF MINERALS AND BONE-MODULATING HORMONES IN CHILDREN ON CONTINUOUS AMBULATORY PERITONEAL DIALYSIS (CAPD)
A virtual memory organisation for minicomputer process control software

The well known techniques of paged virtual memory provide an attractive base for the organization of process control software because the package can be organized as though a large memory were available but only those pages actually being used at any time need be present in the limited minicomputer memory. Such hardware is not available in minicomputers principally because of their limited word length. A software system for process control applications is implemented which takes advantage of virtual memory but avoids the inefficiency inherent in interpreting every address as a virtual address by partitioning the application programs intomodules which reside on single pages and use normal addresses for intra-module references. External references only are interpreted by the virtual space executive. Experimental results indicate that the system is efficient and attractive for this application.
Self-consistent pseudopotential calculation for the relaxed (110) surface of GaAs

The electronic structure of the (110) surface of GaAs is analyzed using a surface-relaxation model as determined by recent low-energy-electron diffraction studies. A self-consistent pseudopotential calculation based on this model yields no intrinsic surface states within the fundamental band gap: a result not achieved in previous pseudopotential calculations. The calculations appear to be in good accord with recent photoemission measurements and we present an analysis of the surface-state energy spectra. In addition, our studies suggest that pseudopotential calculations coupled with angle-resolved photoemission measurements can be a sensitive probe of surface structural properties.
The p-p final-state interaction in the 3He(d, t)2p reaction☆

Abstract The final-state interaction peak for the reaction 3 He(d, t)2p at 5° lab, 23.5 MeV c.m. is analysed with the Born approximation. Using an effective-range wave function for di-proton system, we extract γ = 0.360 ± 0.015 fm −1 for the Gaussian range parameter describing the charge distribution in 3 He.
Structural evidence for a 1,2-enediolate intermediate in the reaction catalyzed by 3-keto-l-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase, a member of the orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase suprafamily

3-Keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate decarboxylase (KGPDC) and orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase (OMPDC) are members of an enzyme suprafamily, the OMPDC suprafamily, because they are homologous enzymes that catalyze mechanistically distinct reactions using different substrates. KGPDC catalyzes the Mg 2 + ion-dependent decarboxylation of 3-keto-L-gulonate 6-phosphate to yield L-xylulose 5-phosphate and CO 2 ; OMPDC catalyzes the metal ion-independent decarboxylation of OMP to UMP and CO 2 . Structural studies have shown that KGPDC and OMPDC share several strictly conserved active site residues that are used differently by each enzyme to catalyze their mechanistically distinct reactions. Although the mechanism of the KGPDC-catalyzed reaction has yet to be elucidated, it is thought to proceed via a Mg 2 + ion-stabilized 1,2-enediolate intermediate. Here we report the crystal structures of KGPDC complexed with L-gulonate 6-phosphate, L-threonohydroxamate 4-phosphate, and L-xylitol 5-phosphate, analogues of the substrate, enediolate intermediate, and product, as well as with the product, L-xylulose 5-phosphate, at 1.2, 1.8, 1.7, and 1.8 A resolution, respectively. These structures support a mechanism that involves the formation of a cis-1,2-enediolate intermediate. Contrary to expectations, the geometry of the intermediate does not involve bidentate coordination of both enediolate oxygen atoms to the Mg 2 + ion but rather involves only the coordination of the oxygen on C2 to the Mg 2 + ion. The oxygen atom on Cl instead forms hydrogen bonds to both Lys64 and Asp67, two strictly conserved active site residues. Lys64 also interacts with the oxygen on C2 and may serve to stabilize a cis conformation of the 1,2-enediolate. These structures also implicate His 136 to be the general acid that protonates the 1,2-enediolate intermediate. This study further demonstrates that multiple unrelated enzyme functions can evolve from a single active site architecture without regard for substrate binding affinity or mechanism.
Lucky averaging: quality improvement of adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope images

Adaptive optics (AO) has greatly improved retinal image resolution. However, even with AO, temporal and spatial variations in image quality still occur due to wavefront fluctuations, intraframe focus shifts, and other factors. As a result, aligning and averaging images can produce a mean image that has lower resolution or contrast than the best images within a sequence. To address this, we propose an image postprocessing scheme called "lucky averaging," analogous to lucky imaging [J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68, 1651 (1978)] based on computing the best local contrast over time. Results from eye data demonstrate improvements in image quality.
Teichmüller Curves Through Fermat Curves

The billiard in a regular n-gon is known to give rise to a Teichmuller curve. For odd n, we compute the genus of this curve, a number field over which the curve may be defined and branched covering relations between certain pairs of these curves. If n is a power of a prime congruent to 3 or 5 modulo 8, the Teichmuller curve may be defined over the rationals.
Conflicting Objectives within the Board: Evidence from Overlapping Audit and Compensation Committee Members

The board of directors is an elite group that faces multifaceted tasks. The board needs to implement decisions on a wide variety of subject matter. These decisions are often delegated to specialized sub-committees within the board. The different objectives of each sub-committee can result in conflicting interests leading to decisions that are sub-optimal. For example, at times, the objectives of the compensation and the audit committee are not aligned. The objective of compensation committees is to grant CEOs compensation packages reflective of their performance. Yet, these compensation packages might contain incentives that could motivate CEOs to influence the financial reporting process in order to reflect better performance, increasing the risk of poor quality financials. In contrast, the objective of audit committees is to oversee the quality of the financial reports and the process that leads to them. Therefore, they would favor compensation packages that reduce the risk of earnings manipulation. We examine public companies that have overlapping compensation and audit committee members and find a higher proportion of CEO incentive compensation in companies with less overlap among audit and compensation committee members. These results suggest that separating the members within these committees might contribute to the effectiveness of board decisions.
Scatchard analysis of methane sulfinic acid production from dimethyl sulfoxide: A method to quantify hydroxyl radical formation in physiologic systems

Abstract A major impediment to the confirmation of free radical mechanisms in pathogenesis is a lack of direct, chemical evidence that oxygen centered free radicals actually arise in living tissues in quantities sufficient to cause serious damage. This investigation was conducted to validate the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a quantitative molecular probe for the generation of hydroxyl radicals (HO·) under physiologic conditions. Reaction of HO· with DMSO produces methane sulfinic acid (MSA) as a primary product, which can be detected by a simple colorimetric assay. To develop a method for estimating total HO· production, we studied two model systems: the superoxide driven Fenton reaction in vitro, using xanthine oxidase as the source of superoxide, and a computer model of Fenton chemistry. Measured MSA production both in vitro and in the computer modle was a predictable function of the concentrations of DMSO and competing scavengers of HO·, according to the principle of competition kinetics. Both experimental results and model calculations showed that Scatchard analysis may be used to infer total HO· generation, despite the presence of scavengers other than DMSO, such as mannitol. Thus, methane sulfinic acid production from DMSO holds promise as an easily measured marker for HO· formation in biologic systems pretreated with DMSO, and Scatchard analysis of repeated experiments with varying DMSO concentrations can yield an estimate of total HO· generation.
Women as Benefactors at Catalan Benedictine Nunneries

This study explores secular women's gift-giving to women's monasteries as well as other institutions, through the records of two late medieval Catalan Benedictine nunneries. It examines the ways in which female donors to the nunneries created permanent legacies and affected the nuns' daily existence. From the evidence of women's wills, the study also examines women's gifts to a wider range of religious and charitable institutions. The wills tend to fall into one of a few patterns, with some female testators prioritizing legacies for their families, and others giving the bulk of their goods to charity.
Assessment of school discourse: is the PICAC an option?

Abstract This study examines the feasibility of using the Porch Index of Communicative Ability in Children (PICAC), a standardized test of general communication, as an out-of-setting school discourse evaluation tool. The rationale for considering the PICAC was based on the expectation that the test creates a teaching–learning context where materials, tasks, instructional talk and assistance reflect the practices that occur in traditional classrooms. The comparison of the PICAC test to full day school transcripts provided support for using the PICAC as a criterion reference measure that could facilitate sharing of information and results among professionals and could promote use of classroom learning processes more individualized to a particular student. Learning outcomes: The reader will be able to: (1) describe school discourses and (2) describe similarities between PICAC administration and classroom instruction.
Muonium and positronium potentials

Muonium and positronium potentials with radiative corrections are derived from the scattering operator, and general results for the spectra of these systems to order ${\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{3}{R}_{\ensuremath{\infty}}$ are obtained. We also compare our results with those obtained earlier with the Bethe-Salpeter approach, and find a discrepancy in the case of the $1S$ state. Our theoretical results are in good agreement with the available experimental data.
Hydrothermal decarboxylation of pentafluorobenzoic acid and quinolinic acid

We report herein the first kinetics studies of hydrothermal decarboxylation of a fully halogenated benzoic acid and a heterocyclic aromatic diacid. Decarboxylation was the only reaction path observed, and there was no evidence of dehalogenation. Experiments at different initial reactant concentrations and different batch holding times revealed that both compounds exhibited first-order kinetics. Experiments at different temperatures showed that the first-order rate constants displayed Arrhenius behavior with activation energies of 157 kJ mol−1 for pentafluorobenzoic acid decarboxylation and 141 kJ mol−1 for quinolinic acid decarboxylation.
Coupled Transport and Photodegradation of Napropamide in Soils Undergoing Evaporation from a Shallow Water Table

Photolysis in soils is effectively limited to the top 0.5 mm of the soil surface. Consequently, processes that move contaminants to this sunlight-irradiated zone may have a significant impact on the degree of photolysis in soils. The effect of upward transport in translocating napropamide [2-(a-naphthoxy)-N,N-diethylpropionamide] into the photic zone was examined using an experimental system in which soils were supplied with water at their base. Sunlight photolysis rates were much greater than predicted if photolysis had been limited to the soil surface, with up to 70% lost in a 3 cm deep loamy sand soil after 14 days of irradiation as compared to dark controls. Rates of loss were slower in a sandy clay loam, with 29% loss over 14 days. Rates of transport were affected by sorption, with measured values of the distribution coefficient K d of 0.4-0.72 and 6.6-7.2 mL/g in loamy sand and sandy clay loam soils, respectively.