cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Long term peace river characteristics as a measure of a phosphate slime spill impact

Abstract Selected stations on the Peace River, Florida were sampled following a spill of phosphate slime (3.8 × 10 6 1) into the river in 1972. Selected chemical analyses were repeated in 1974 to determine the long-term effect of the phosphate slime spill. Constituent fluxes were calculated (kg constituent/s) for each station, and percent deviations from calculated values for successive stations were also calculated. Short term effects of the spill were identified, and differences in the significant correlations also appeared. Deviations from calculated values were associated with dilution in 1972 for phosphorus, iron, and molybdenum; in 1974, the dilution effect seemed evident only for phosphorus. The implications in terms of the phosphate slime spill and the effect on red tide blooms near the mouth of the river are considered.
In vivo anti-metastatic effects of uPAR retargeted measles virus in syngeneic and xenograft models of mammary cancer

The urokinase receptor (uPAR) plays a critical role in breast cancer (BC) progression and metastases and is a validated target for novel therapies. The current study investigates the effects of MV-uPA, an oncolytic measles virus fully retargeted against uPAR in syngeneic and xenograft BC metastases models. In vitro replication and cytotoxicity of MVs retargeted against human (MV-h-uPA) or mouse (MV-m-uPA) uPAR were assessed in human and murine cancer and non-cancer mammary epithelial cells. The in vivo effects of species-specific uPAR retargeted MVs were assessed in syngeneic and xenograft models of experimental metastases, established by intravenous administration of luciferase expressing 4T1 or MDA-MD-231 cells. Metastases progression was assessed by in vivo bioluminescence imaging. Tumor targeting was evaluated by qRT-PCR of MV-N, rescue of viable viral particles, and immunostaining of MV particles in lungs from tumor bearing mice. In vitro, MV-h-uPA and MV-m-uPA selectively infected, replicated, and induced cytotoxicity in cancer compared to non-cancer cells in a species-specific manner. In vivo, MV-m-uPA delayed 4T1 lung metastases progression and prolonged survival. These effects were associated with identification of viable viral particles, viral RNA, and detection of MV-N by immunostaining from lung tissues in treated mice. In the human MDA-MB-231 metastases model, intravenous administration of MV-h-uPA markedly inhibited metastases progression and significantly improved survival, compared to controls. No significant treatment-related toxicity was observed in treated mice. The above preclinical findings strongly suggest that uPAR retargeted measles virotherapy is a novel and feasible systemic therapy strategy against metastatic breast cancer.
Phylogenetic correlation between male-male fighting and mode of prey subjugation in snakes

Male–male fighting (MMF) in snakes is a sexually dimorphic trait in adults that is expressed during breeding periods and confers reproductive advantages to winners. This trait, however, is not ubiquitous among the approximately 2,700 species of extant snakes, and past research shows evidence of taxonomic trends. We evaluated the phylogenetic distribution of MMF in extant snakes using two previously published estimates of snake evolutionary history. We clearly identified multiple independent gains and losses of MMF in snakes and phylogenetically important taxa for which information on MMF is lacking. We followed this with two tests of the association of MMF with mode of prey capture using the concentrated-changes test (CCT) of Maddison (1990), and a third test using the subtree decomposition method of Read and Nee (1995). In the CCT analyses, first we tested whether MMF was randomly distributed with respect to mode of prey subjugation in snake lineages. This hypothesis was rejected, with MMF being significantly more concentrated in taxa that subjugate prey by constriction and/or envenomation. Second, we tested a more temporally exact hypothesis: whether changes in state of MMF were randomly distributed with respect to occurrences of state changes in mode of prey subjugation. Results of this test depended on the exact test parameters used. In general, however, this hypothesis also was rejected, suggesting that loss of constriction and/or envenomation typically results in loss of MMF, or vice versa. Last, the subtree decomposition test indicated a significant correlation between evolution of MMF and evolution of constriction and/or envenomation as the primary mode of prey subjugation. We propose that the relationship between these states is not causal but results from both characters being independent adaptations to energy resource scarcity.
Secondary stimulus control of a “new” operant incompatible with “running to the food magazine”

Eight rats were conditioned to press a bar. A light was then established as a discriminative stimulus for the experimental animals, but not for the control Ss. Following discrimination training, the bar was removed and a new manipulandum, a chain, was introduced. After chain pulling was conditioned, the Ss were run to a 3 min. extinction criterion. The light was then turned on for 10 min. (no further reinforcement) and during this period the experimental group emitted significantly more chain pull responses than the control group.
Polymeric nanoparticulate delivery system for Indocyanine green: Biodistribution in healthy mice

The objective of this study is to investigate the biodistribution of Indocyanine green (ICG) in healthy mice, when delivered through polymeric nanoparticles. The poly(DL-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles entrapping ICG were engineered and characterized. The extraction method for ICG recovery from biological samples was developed. The biodistribution of ICG was determined in healthy C57BL/6 mice (female, 10-week old) when delivered through PLGA nanoparticles in comparison to free ICG solution, using a fluorometric assay method. The extraction method for ICG shows efficiency above 80% for various organs and plasma. When nanoparticles were used to deliver ICG, 2-8 times higher concentrations of ICG was deposited in various organs, with 5-10 times higher plasma levels till 4 h, after an i.v. dose as compared to free ICG solution. In conclusion, the nanoparticle formulation significantly increased the ICG concentration and circulation time in plasma as well as the ICG uptake, accumulation and retention in various organs. Overall, this study represents the first step in exploring and establishing the potential of nanoparticles as an ICG-delivery system for use in tumor-diagnosis and photodynamic therapy.
Modeling the Impact of School-Based Universal Depression Screening on Additional Service Capacity Needs: A System Dynamics Approach

Although it is widely known that the occurrence of depression increases over the course of adolescence, symptoms of mood disorders frequently go undetected. While schools are viable settings for conducting universal screening to systematically identify students in need of services for common health conditions, particularly those that adversely affect school performance, few school districts routinely screen their students for depression. Among the most commonly referenced barriers are concerns that the number of students identified may exceed schools’ service delivery capacities, but few studies have evaluated this concern systematically. System dynamics (SD) modeling may prove a useful approach for answering questions of this sort. The goal of the current paper is therefore to demonstrate how SD modeling can be applied to inform implementation decisions in communities. In our demonstration, we used SD modeling to estimate the additional service demand generated by universal depression screening in a typical high school. We then simulated the effects of implementing “compensatory approaches” designed to address anticipated increases in service need through (1) the allocation of additional staff time and (2) improvements in the effectiveness of mental health interventions. Results support the ability of screening to facilitate more rapid entry into services and suggest that improving the effectiveness of mental health services for students with depression via the implementation of an evidence-based treatment protocol may have a limited impact on overall recovery rates and service availability. In our example, the SD approach proved useful in informing systems’ decision-making about the adoption of a new school mental health service.
Learning from Their Mistakes: Glimpses of symbolic functioning in two-and-a-half to three-year-old children

In this cross-sectional study done in the United States, 19 female and 17 male children ( N =36) ranging in age from 30- to 36-months ( M =33 months, 8 days) were presented with two different search and retrieval type problems to solve. Examination of the data revealed clear age-related differences between children who fluidly and efficiently problem solve using symbolically mediated knowledge and those who do not. Younger children tended to rely on a trial and error, motor-based strategy for solving the problems presented, whereas older children consistently used symbolic strategies. This conclusion supports findings from other similar studies. Further analyses of the data, however, revealed an interesting phenomenon in the form of a patterned, non-random error. This error pattern, a perseverative-type error, and the other problem-solving strategies used by the two-year-olds and young threes in this study offer insight into how young children become efficient users of symbols. Facilitating the developmen...
Experimental and numerical evaluation of the unsteady cooling of ball bearings in atmospheric air: dual influence of nonlinear natural convection and surface radiation

Abstract The main objective of this paper is to study the unsteady cooling trends of a heated metallic ball bearing that is quenched in quiescent air at atmospheric temperature and pressure. This fundamental problem has immense practical importance in metallurgical industries. In two separate laboratory tests, the temperature evolution of a heated metallic bearing was measured experimentally and later predicted analytically and numerically. The temperature of the bearing was elevated to two different initial temperatures: one “high” at 550°C and the other “moderate” at 155°C. The mathematical modeling was postulated with the lumped model. In this regard, the change of temperature with time in the bearing was estimated with three sub-models encompassing two different mechanisms: (a) nonlinear natural convection alone, (b) surface radiation alone and (c) nonlinear natural convection united to surface radiation. Temperature distributions were determined theoretically for sub-models (a) and (b). For sub-model (c), the numerical temperature distributions were computed with an efficient Runge–Kutta–Fehlberg (RKF45) algorithm having embedded automatic step size control. At the end, the experimental observations have convincingly demonstrated that when the mechanisms of nonlinear natural convection and surface radiation are brought together, in conformity with the physics of the problem, the numerical temperature distributions pushed down markedly coming close to the measured temperature distributions at all times for the two initial temperatures employed.
Intracellular glutathione regulates taurocholate transport in HepG2 cells.

The hepatic organic anion transporter 1, Oatp1, was recently demonstrated to function as a GSH exchanger, indicating that hepatic uptake of drugs and xenobiotics may be sensitive to intracellular GSH levels. The present study characterized taurocholate uptake and efflux mechanisms in HepG2 cells and the effects of intracellular GSH on these transport processes. Taurocholate uptake into HepG2 cells was Na(+)-independent, saturable ( K(m) = 82 +/- 16 microM), and was cis-inhibited by bromosulfophthalein and some bile acids. Intracellular GSH depletion inhibited 3H-taurocholate uptake, and, conversely, the release of GSH from HepG2 cells was stimulated in the presence of extracellular taurocholate and other bile acids, consistent with a role for intracellular GSH in stimulating organic anion uptake. Interestingly, efflux of 3H-taurocholate from HepG2 cells was also sensitive to intracellular GSH concentration: efflux was inhibited in cells with lower intracellular GSH and stimulated in cells with higher GSH. RT-PCR analysis revealed that OATP-A, OATP-D, OATP-E, OATP-8, MRP1, MRP2, and MRP3 are expressed in HepG2 cells but that their expression is not altered by the maneuvers used to lower or raise intracellular GSH. These results provide direct evidence that intracellular GSH levels modulate both uptake and efflux of taurocholate and suggest that GSH plays a regulatory role in the hepatobiliary transport of potentially toxic organic compounds.
Adhesive Sealing of Pits and Fissures for Caries Prevention, With Use of Ultraviolet Light

Complete protection against caries was obtained when tooth surfaces were shielded from exposure to the oral environment. Tests of a new adhesive material that hardens when exposed to ultraviolet light showed 100% caries protection after one year in 200 deciduous and permanent teeth. Forty-two percent of the matched contralateral control teeth developed caries. This simple preventive measure requires only a few minutes per tooth, and lends itself to use by the dental hygienist after routine prophylaxis.
Hydrogen storage on platinum nanoparticles doped on superactivated carbon

The equilibrium and kinetics of hydrogen storage on Pt nanoparticles doped on AX-21 superactivated carbon were studied. The Pt/AX-21 sample was prepared by ultrasound-assisted impregnation of H2PtCl6 in a solution of acetone. The dispersion of platinum was determined by CO/H2 chemisorption and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Hydrogen adsorption isotherms and kinetics were measured at 298−348 K and up to 10 MPa. HRTEM images showed that Pt was well dispersed with a uniform particle size ∼2 nm. CO chemisorption results indicated that the dispersion was 58%. By doping 5.6 wt % Pt, the hydrogen storage capacity of AX-21 was enhanced to 1.2 wt % at 298 K and 10 MPa. Furthermore, the isotherm was totally reversible and rechargeable at 298 K. The overall isosteric heats of adsorption (−23 to −15 kJ/mol) and the apparent activation energy for surface diffusion (7.6 kJ/mol) were determined from the temperature dependence of, respectively, equilibrium isotherm and diffusion time constant. ...
An Investigation of Sustainability, Preference, and Profitability in Design Optimization

Customer preferences for sustainable products are dependent upon the context in which the customer makes a purchase decision. This paper investigates a case study in which fifty-five percent of survey customers say they prefer recycled paper towels, but do not purchase them. These customers represent a profit opportunity for a firm. This paper explores the impact of investing capital in activating pro-environmental preferences on a firm’s profitability and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions through a multi-objective optimization study. A product optimization is designed to include models of carbon dioxide emissions, manufacturing costs, customer preference, and technical performance. Because the optimization includes a tradeoff between recycled paper and performance, a model of customer preferences, and a market of competing products, the maximum GHG reduction occurs at less than 100% recycled paper. Also, the tradeoff between GHG reductions and profit is not dictated by the configuration of the product, but instead by its price. These results demonstrate the importance of including customer preferences with engineering performance in design optimization. Investment in the activation of pro-environmental preferences is high at all points on the Pareto optimal frontier, suggesting that further engineering design research into the activation of pro-environmental product preferences is warranted.Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Non-ionizing radiation-specific biomarker research at the united states air force research laboratory

Military communication, detection and ranging, and recent weapons technologies involve various forms of directed energy (DE) that are considered nonionizing, such as radio waves, microwaves, Terahertz-and optical radiation. Severe overexposure to DE is known to cause damage to living tissue through either photochemical or thermal mechanisms. However, below the standard-defined damage thresholds of DE, biological changes are more difficult to ascertain. Past experimentation has shown that DE induces hyperthermia, localized or systemic, that will resolve itself over time. No mutagenic effects, tumor promotion, or changes in fertility and longevity have been observed. Owing to the relatively low photon energies produced by DE devices, the biological effects at the molecular level involve multiple markers that exhibit only moderate changes. For this reason, new approaches to DE-induced biomarker detection and analysis need to be taken, which meet required sensitivity, sampling scope, depth of analysis, and accessibility. Technology development efforts need to focus on harnessing the gamut of biomedical knowledge to maximize diagnostic power and deliver appropriate answers in real-time to the end user. This vision of instant diagnosis is shared by the biomedical community as well as the Department of Defense. The Air Force Research Laboratory and medical research detachments of the US Army and Navy are jointly performing DE-related bioeffects research, characterizing the impact of exposure on humans, protecting the war-fighter on the battlefield, assuring the safe operation of DE devices, evaluating exposure-related health issues, and contributing to safety standards.
Regional Development as a Dynamic Force

Dr. Howard W. Odum concluded his monumental Southern Regions in 1936 with a paragraph emphasizing that the Southeast must somehow combine a new motivation and realistic design with permanently reinforced agencies of action. The entire volume dealt with regional problems, the need for programs of regional development, and with the broad influence such programs might exert. Dr. Odum recognized the "extraordinary chasm between the region's possibilities and its actualities," which he stated must be bridged by regional-national cooperation. His outline of regional problems and his indication of the direction in which their solution might lie gave new interest and meaning to the program of the Tennessee Valley Authority. It is significant, too, that Southern Regions appeared when the Authority was a relatively new agency-just beginning to play a part in the development of the region. The physical origin of the Tennessee Valley Authority goes back to 1918 and a nation at war. The Muscle Shoals development of the first World War became the nucleus of the present organization. When the Authority was created in 1933 it took over the operation of Wilson Dam and the nitrate plants left from the previous war period. The Authority also fell heir to a plan for the development of the Tennessee River for navigation, flood control, and power generation-a plan which had been worked out and presented to Congress in 1930 by the United States Army Engineers. The river drained a region characterized by low per capita income, worn down lands, and an unbalanced economy. From these origins and conditions a new concept of public responsibility for the solution of regional problems has taken form. The Tennessee Valley Authority has now been in existence for nine years, seven years of peace and two years of war or of preparing for war. It has proceeded to an impressive
NetAssay: providing new monitoring primitives for network operators

Home and business network operators have limited network statistics available over which management decisions can be made. Similarly, there are few triggered behaviors, such as usage or bandwidths cap for individual users, that are available. By looking at sources of traffic, based on Domain Name System (DNS) cues for content of particular web addresses or source Autonomous System (AS) of the traffic, network operators could create new and interesting rules for their network. NetAssay is a Software-Defined Networking (SDN)-based, network-wide monitoring and reaction framework. By integrating information from Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) and the Domain Name System, NetAssay is able to integrate formerly disparate sources of control information, and use it to provide better monitoring, more useful triggered events, and security benefits for network operators.
Reliability analysis of electronic devices with multiple competing failure modes involving performance aging degradation

This paper presents an extension of reliability analysis of electronic devices with multiple competing failure modes involving performance aging degradation. The probability that a product fails on a specific mode is derived. Using this probability, the dominant failure mode on the product can be predicted. A practical example is presented to analyze an electronic device with two kinds of major failure modes–solder/Cu pad interface fracture (a catastrophic failure) and light intensity degradation (a degradation failure). Reliability modeling of an individual failure mode and device reliability analysis is presented and results are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Challenges of lupus pregnancies

SLE primarily affects young females of childbearing age and fertility is generally conserved. SLE is a predominantly Th2-mediated disease and a progressive Th1/Th2 cytokine shift is seen in the fetal-maternal unit as well as in maternal circulation. Whether this fact affects pregnancy is unknown. Pregnancy represents a challenge for lupus patients and their physicians. However, the majority of SLE patients can now have successful pregnancies and deliver healthy babies, a result of our knowledge of the risks that SLE patients have to face during pregnancy, the preventive and therapeutic measures that we adopt, when necessary, and the close and appropriate rheumatological, obstetric and neonatal monitoring. All of these aspects are discussed in this review.
Rheology of Soft Materials

Research on soft materials, including colloidal suspensions, glasses, pastes, emulsions, foams, polymer networks, liquid crystals, granular materials, and cells, has captured the interest of scientists and engineers in fields ranging from physics and chemical engineering to materials science and cell biology. Recent advances in rheological methods to probe mechanical responses of these complex media have been instrumental for producing new understanding of soft matter and for generating novel technological applications. This review surveys these technical developments and current work in the field, with partial aim to illustrate open questions for future research.
On classical orthogonal polynomials and differential operators

It is well known that the four families of classical orthogonal polynomials (Jacobi, Bessel, Hermite and Laguerre) each satisfy an equation FPn(x) = λnPn(x), n 0, for an appropriate second-order differential operator F. In this paper it is shown that any linear differential operator U which has the Jacobi, Bessel, Hermite or Laguerre polynomials as eigenfunctions has to be a polynomial with constant coefficients in the classical second-order operator F.
American Hungers: The Problem of Poverty in U.S. Literature, 1840–1945 by Garvin Jones and Slumming in New York: From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem by Robert M. Dowling

American Hungers: The Problem of Poverty in U.S. Literature, 1840-1945 Garvin Jones. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008. Slumming in New York: From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem Robert M. Dowling. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2007. These two provocative new literary studies rephrase Jacob Riis's apt if condescending question: How does the "Other Half" live? Gavin Jones and Robert Dowling ask: Does the "Other Half" merit a literary canon? Jones rereads the literature of poverty through three periods: antebellum economic downturns, the late nineteenth-century "discovery" the poor, and the sociological Depression years. He employs a transhistorical approach and multilayered readings of poverty texts from Melville's Redburn (1848) to James Agee and Walker Evans's Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941). As a lucid theorist of the "natural relation of language to material lack" (143), Jones is able to find linguistic energy in Melvillian beggars who point to signs in the street and in maternal rhymes that soothe hungry children (in Richard Wright's 1940 novel Native Son). Jones further contends, ingeniously, that the negative linkage of poor factory girls with a lack of words, as in Dorothy Richardson's 1905 semi-autobiographical The Long Day, denied their language of silence. Such a swath of classics and resurrected texts enables the author to range far and wide in the ethics of impoverishment narrative. As he phrases it, "cultural possibilities [co-exist with] dilemmas of contact with the destitute" (61). One fascinating part of the book analyzes "the beauty and erotics of poverty" (124) in Let Us Now Praise Famous Men. Jones focuses on James Agee's beautification of the sharecropping "poor white." Both Agee and Walker Evans have been much praised for the prose and photographic descriptions of hovels elevated by striking handmade rocking chairs or of heroic family groups with malnourished faces. To Jones there is also beauty generated by such sights, and he concurs with the scholar Peter Hitchcock, that the "aesthetics is a viable category in readings of working-class culture" (125). Yet American Hungers daringly finds that Agee will not permit the subjects themselves to be aware of beauty adhering in complete simplicity and scarcity. Nor can he exculpate Agee for a passionate response to the slimly clad, appealing young farm women whose many children cluster around them. The celebrated author, Jones claims, consumes such defenseless women; and he even has a "sadistic response to the pain of others" (126) when describing the scarred and crippled. This is heady material, particularly in a sober assessment of poverty narrative as an expansive literary form. Nevertheless, American Hungers quite effectively complicates "writing poverty." Inevitably, of course, Jones finds the trope of ambivalence widespread in Thoreau's 1854 classic, Walden (33). Less predictable is his take on Dreiser's Sister Carrie. …
Voices of the Afflicted

Over the past 10 years, I have been privileged to conduct educational forums for audiences containing many recovering alcoholics or otherwise chemically dependent persons. In these forums about the addictive diseases and their treatment and research possibilities, significant interaction with the audience members occurs. During these interactions, certain anecdotal phenomena seem to predominate. The repetitive nature of these reports suggests the need for systematic investigation. As with editorial comments in major medical journals, observed phenomena and unanswered questions from those afflicted can be valuable in the generation of testable hypotheses. Perhaps the ideas presented herein will be useful in the development of future research on alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence.
Molecular genetic analysis of HLA-DR and HLA-DQ genes among anti-U1-70-kd autoantibody positive connective tissue disease patients.

Objective. We have recently found that the presence of autoantibodies against the 70-kd polypeptide of U1 RNP (U1-70-kd) is associated with HLA—DR4 and DR2. To further characterize this association, we performed a molecular genetic analysis of HLA—DR and DQ genes among patients with autoantibodies against U1-70-kd. Methods. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR), sequence-specific oligonucleotide hybridization, and solid-phase direct DNA sequencing of PCR-amplified DNA were utilized to analyze HLA—DRB1, DRB5, DQA1, and DQB1 genes. Results. A comprehensive analysis of HLA—DRB1, DRB5, DQA1, and DQB1 from 27 patients and controls identified shared amino acids FDYFYQA (Phe, Asp, Tyr, Phe, Tyr, Gln, Ala) at positions 26, 28, 30—32, 70, and 73 of HLA—DRB1 on disease-associated haplotypes. Conclusion. A common cluster of shared amino acids, or a shared epitope, identified within HLA—DRB1 among anti—U1—70-kd autoantibody positive connective tissue disease patients may be important in regulating an autoimmune response to the U1—70-kd antigen.
Prevalence of flexible bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies in the advanced elderly

Objectives: to define the likelihood and establish the overall safety and effectiveness of flexible bronchoscopy in the removal of foreign bodies in the advanced elderly compared to those younger. Design: a retrospective case‐control analysis. Setting: tertiary care academic hospital. Population: 7,089 adults (age >18 years), including 949 (15%) advanced elderly (age >75 years), who underwent flexible bronchoscopy between January 1995 and June 2007. Measurements:inthosepatientswithforeignbodyaspiration(FBA)(n =20),acomparisonofmultipleclinicalcharacteristics based on defined age groups (group 1, age 75 years) was performed. Results: FBA requiring bronchoscopic removal was greater than three and a half times more likely in patients aged >75 years compared to those younger (OR 3.78, CI 1.4‐10: P <0.05). Flexible bronchoscopy was 87.5% effective in the removal of foreign bodies in the advanced elderly and associated with no increase in adverse events. Conclusion: bronchoscopic removal of foreign bodies is more likely in the advanced elderly when compared to those younger. This implies that this population may be most at risk. Flexible bronchoscopy is a safe and effective initial diagnostic and therapeutic approach in this age group.
Optical characterization of thin films

A previously presented method of measuring simultaneously both the complex refractive index and thickness of a thin film is shown to work successfully on a variety of thin films. The reliability of the optical constants is shown both by comparing their repeatability with several different methods and by comparison of the calculated and measured reflectance from the film as a function of angle of incidence. The computer-inversion method is used to show that a thin inhomogeneous film can usually be approximated by one homogeneous film. A method of determining the anisotropy of a thin film is presented that compares the complex index determined from perpendicular polarization measurements to that determined from parallel polarization measurements.
Web based tool for resource allocation in multiple mass casualty incidents

In this paper we introduce a web based real time resource allocation tool that can assist the incident commanders and resource managers in the complex task of resource allocation and transportation for multiple simultaneous incidents that occur in close geographical proximity. The tool takes real time inputs like the location of emergency sites and damaged routes from Google Maps, generates an optimal transportation plan so that emergency sites with highest priorities for a resource are assigned the resources in the least amount of time. The optimal solution is presented graphically using Google Maps. Our solution can be used for emergency resource allocation at both the initial response stage and later stages.
Rural Community Characteristics, Economic Hardship, and Peer and Parental Influences in Early Adolescent Alcohol Use

The study explores how differences in rural community contexts relate to early adolescent alcohol use. Data were gathered from 1,424 adolescents in the sixth through eighth grades in 22 rural Northern Plains communities, as well as 790 adults, parents, teachers, and community leaders. Multilevel modeling analyses revealed that community supportiveness, as perceived by adolescents, but not adults, was associated with less lifetime and past month alcohol use, and for past month use, this relationship was stronger than perceived peer drinking or parental closeness. Perceived peer drinking and parental closeness were not associated with past month use. Adolescents experiencing family economic strain did not report greater lifetime or past month use, but living in a disadvantaged community was associated with greater past month use. Relatively affluent adolescents reported greater past month use when living in a poor community than did poorer adolescents, highlighting relationship complexity between economic disadvantage and alcohol use.
Making grammars: From computing with shapes to computing with things

Recent interest in making and materiality spans from the humanities and social sciences to engineering, science, and design. Here, we consider making through the lens of a unique computational theory of design: shape grammars. We propose a computational theory of making based on the improvisational, perception and action approach of shape grammars and the shape algebras that support them. We modify algebras for the materials (basic elements) of shapes to define algebras for the materials of objects, or things. Then we adapt shape grammars for computing shapes to making grammars for computing things. We give examples of making grammars and their algebras. We conclude by reframing designing and making in light of our computational theory of making.
Data related to cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior of direct laser deposited Ti-6Al-4V with and without heat treatment.

Data is presented describing the strain-controlled, fully-reversed uniaxial cyclic deformation and fatigue behavior of Ti–6Al–4V specimens additively manufactured via Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS) – a Direct Laser Deposition (DLD) process. The data was collected by performing multiple fatigue tests on specimens with various microstructural states/conditions, i.e. in their ‘as-built’, annealed (below the beta transus temperature), or heat treated (above the beta transus temperature) condition. Such data aids in characterizing the mechanical integrity and fatigue resistance of DLD parts. Data presented herein also allows for elucidating the strong microstructure coupling of the fatigue behavior of DLD Ti–6Al–4V, as the data trends were found to vary with material condition (i.e. as-built, annealed or heat treated) [1]. This data is of interest to the additive manufacturing and fatigue scientific communities, as well as the aerospace and biomedical industries, since additively-manufactured parts cannot be reliably deployed for public use, until their mechanical properties are understood with high certainty.
Assisted Reproductive Technology and Risk of Cancer in Children

* Abbreviations: ART — : assisted reproductive technology IVF — : in vitro fertilization Since the early 1980s, the use of assisted reproductive technology (ART) has increased dramatically worldwide.1,2 Many factors have contributed to this heightened usage, including the better availability of family planning tools, and sociocultural trends toward rising parental age at first birth. As a result, evaluating the potential consequences of ART use remains a timely and relevant topic. The first children conceived through ART are currently in their 30s, reflecting the limited amount of time the scientific community has had to assess the health impacts of these technologies on post-ART generations. Reigstad et al3 provide a fascinating analysis of ART use … Address correspondence to Melissa L. Bondy, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza MS:BCM305, Houston, TX 77030. E-mail: mbondy{at}bcm.edu
Inhomogeneous compensation for unstable ring resonator with beam rotation

The idea of rotating the beam around the optical axis is applied in the solid laser resonator to improve mismatching,uneven gain,pump thermal effects and other issues.An unstable ring resonator with beam rotation has been designed.Using fast Fourier transform method,the mode of unstable ring resonator with beam rotation is simulated.It is shown that the compensation effect to uneven factors is different for different pump styles.The average effect of beam rotation is related to the characteristics of the beam rotation,pumping,cavity magnification,beam rotation angle and so on.In this paper,the average effect of beam rotation is compared for several different pumping styles.As to compensating the inhomogeneous gain,it is found that the beam rotation is favorable when the cross-section is uneven at one-dimensional and angular orientation.The conclusion lays the theoretical foundation for designing and application of unstable ring resonator with 90°beam rotation.
Detection of Water Ice on the Centaur 1997 CU_(26)

We report the detection of the 1.5 and 2.0 μm absorption bands due to water ice in the near-infrared reflection spectrum of the Centaur 1997 CU_(26), which is currently located just outside the heliocentric distance of Saturn. The water ice bands are weaker than those detected on the surface of any other solar system body; the spectrum is well fit with a model surface consisting predominantly of a neutral dark absorbing substance with only ~3% areal coverage of water ice. The spectrum thus appears very different from that of the Centaur 5140 Pholus, although both objects are of similar brightness and are at similar heliocentric distances.
Positive Psychological Interventions

Research to date reveals a number of positive psychological approaches to therapy and specific activities and exercises based on the principles of positive psychology that therapists can utilize in their treatment of clients. This chapter first reviews the overarching practices of Strengths-Based Counseling, Strengths-Centered Therapy, Positive Psychotherapy, Quality of Life Therapy, Well-Being Therapy, and Hope Therapy. Then, it defines a variety of individual exercises designed to promote one or more positive psychology constructs. Strengths-Based Counseling is a model for conducting therapy based on the premises of counseling psychology, prevention, positive psychology, positive youth development, social work, solution-focused therapy, and narrative therapy. Although the model was created specifically for use with adolescents, the principles appear applicable for use with adult populations as well. The model is based on 12 propositions that outline the basic principles of Strength-Based Counseling, which is then carried out in a series of ten stages. The first three stages of Strengths-Based Counseling (i.e., building a therapeutic alliance, identifying strengths, and assessing presenting problems) are focused on the creation of a strong therapeutic alliance via helping clients to identify and use their strengths and competencies to confront their struggles.
Performance of the PARCS testbed cesium fountain frequency standard

A cesium fountain frequency standard has been developed as a ground testbed for the PARCS (primary atomic reference clock in space) experiment - an experiment intended to fly on the International Space Station. We report on the performance of the fountain and describe some of the implementations motivated in large part by flight considerations, but of relevance for ground fountains. In particular, we report on a new technique for delivering cooling and trapping laser beams to the atom collection region, in which a given beam is recirculated three times effectively providing much more optical power than traditional configurations. Allan deviations down to 10/sup -15/ have been achieved with this method.
Datacentric Semantics for Verification of Privacy Policy Compliance by Mobile Applications

We introduce an enhanced information-flow analysis for tracking the amount of confidential data that is possibly released to third parties by a mobile application. The main novelty of our solution is that it can explicitly keep track of the footprint of data sources in the expressions formed and manipulated by the program, as well as of transformations over them, yielding a lazy approach with finer granularity, which may reduce false positives with respect to state-of-the-art information-flow analyses.
A Life Beyond Boundaries

Best known for exploring the origins and ramifications of nationalism with his widely influential Imagined Communities, Benedict Anderson died in 2015 just after completing the proofs for his autob...
Energy Geotechnics: Toward a Sustainable Energy Future

Economic development over the past century has been powered largely by fossil fuels. Large, centralized coal plants provided the opportunity for increased population density and job growth, resulting in improved manufacturing capacity and prosperity. Our increasing use of oil allowed us to travel farther, transport goods faster, and develop innovative supply chains. However, not every country followed this same development pattern—30% of the world’s rural population still lacks access to electricity per The World Energy Outlook. To put this into perspective, if those in India without electricity constituted the populace of a country, it would be the fourth largest in the world. Without electricity, many people are denied many necessities and luxuries, one of these being access to the wealth of information via the Internet. Providing clean energy that enables economic development and lifts communities to a better living standard while protecting the climate is the seminal challenge for a world of nearly ten billion people. This paper showcases the use of large-scale, energy production from wind and efficiency offered by geothermal exchange by highlighting the use of applied wind energy geotechnics and thermal geotechnics—both of which are elements of the emerging discipline of Energy Geotechnics.
Abstract 3270: Association of low-carbohydrate diet and macronutrient intake with colorectal cancer survival

Background: Metabolic reprogramming is a hallmark of cancer characterized by the switch from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. Accumulating evidence suggests that reducing dietary carbohydrate intake may ameliorate metabolic reprogramming and suppress proliferation of tumor cells. However, the clinical benefit of carbohydrate restriction remains unknown. Objective: To examine the low-carbohydrate diet and macronutrient intake after colorectal cancer diagnosis in relation to mortality among stage I-III patients. Methods: We evaluated data on 1,303 colorectal cancer patients in the Nurses’ Health Study (1980-2012) and Health Professionals Follow-up Study (1986-2012) who completed a validated food frequency questionnaire at least one year after diagnosis. An overall low-carbohydrate-diet score was created based on the percentage of energy as carbohydrate, fat, and protein (a higher score reflects a higher intake of fat and protein and a lower intake of carbohydrate). We also created an animal- and vegetable-based low-carbohydrate-diet score on the basis of the intake from animal and vegetable food sources, respectively. We prospectively assessed the association of the low-carbohydrate-diet score and macronutrient intake with CRC-specific and overall mortality using Cox proportional hazards regression. Multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated after adjusting for a variety of potential confounding factors, including age, sex, cancer stage, grade of differentiation, subsite, alcohol use, smoking status, physical activity, body mass index, regular use of aspirin, total calorie, and intake of folate, calcium, fiber, processed red meat, and vitamin D. Results: We observed 584 deaths, of which 132 were classified as colorectal cancer-specific deaths over a median of 10 years of follow-up. No association was found for overall and animal-based low-carbohydrate-diet score with colorectal cancer-specific mortality, with the HR comparing the highest to the lowest quartiles of 0.92 (95% CI, 0.77-1.09, P for trend=0.33) for the overall score and 0.99 (95% CI, 0.84-1.17, P for trend=0.94) for the animal-based score. In contrast, vegetable-based low-carbohydrate-diet score was associated with lower colorectal cancer-specific mortality (HR, 0.67, 95% CI, 0.53-0.85, P for trend Conclusion: Among patients with colorectal cancer, replacing carbohydrates with vegetable fat may reduce the risk of all-cause and colorectal cancer-specific mortality. Citation Format: Mingyang Song, Kana Wu, Jeffrey Meyerhardt, Omer Yilmaz, Shuji Ogino, Charles Fuchs, Edward Giovannucci, Andrew T. Chan. Association of low-carbohydrate diet and macronutrient intake with colorectal cancer survival [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 3270. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-3270
Rethink space: (Re)designing a workspace using human-centered design to support flexibility, collaboration, and engagement among clinical and translational research support services.

Introduction Space matters. We read space like we read people's faces. Space is an instrument of collaboration and innovation. At the University of Michigan's Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MICHR), a team was created to creatively and economically enhance our operating space into a flexible workspace that supports privacy, innovation, creativity, and most important, a culture of collaboration. Methods The team used a human-centered design process to creatively engage the staff at large into analyzing our existing space, identifying latent needs, proposing solutions, generating feedback, and economically building the rethought process. Results The redesigned workspace embraces the differences among MICHR's teams while encouraging collaboration and teamwork and keeping costs at a minimum. It has resulted in a flexible space that includes co-located teams, spaces dedicated to different work goals, an open area for collaboration, quiet zones for focused work, and better wayfinding. Conclusions Through our Rethink Space project, we hope to have demonstrated that, by initiating the project internally and by engaging the users of the space themselves in an empathetic, visual, and human-centered way, a space redesign can be undertaken economically while also leading to improved levels of employee and team satisfaction.
Treatment of Self-Injurious Behavior in Adults with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Systematic Review

The current review summarized 54 peer-reviewed articles concerning the assessment treatment of self-injurious behavior (SIB) in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Results indicated that functional analysis was most commonly used to identify the operant function of SIB. Noncontingent reinforcement, differential reinforcement, functional communication training and response blocking were found to be the most frequently implemented interventions across studies. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated using the Council for Exceptional Children quality indicator standards. None of the included studies met all indicators to be considered methodologically sound. Directions for future research and implications for practice are discussed.
Mother, Laborer, Captive, and Leader: Reassessing the Various Roles that Females Held Among the Ancestral Pueblo in the American Southwest

By reflecting on how our own perspectives influence the data we collect and the questions we ask, bioarchaeologists are positioned to move the approach to understanding humans into new areas. In this chapter, we examine social hierarchy at the height of the society identified as the “Chaco Phenomenon” in the San Juan Basin of the American Southwest (AD 900–1300). Traditionally, research on the development and maintenance of social complexity during this period has focused on the role of males, especially higher status or elite individuals. Females have often been relegated to the role of mother, laborer, or captive. However, gender roles in the past, like today, were fluid and relational. The health and status of the females from several archaeological sites (i.e., Black Mesa, La Plata, Kin Bineola, and Room 33 at Pueblo Bonito) are reanalyzed to highlight the complex and nuanced roles that both males and females likely played in these communities. This study interrogates the way that questions about the “Chaco Phenomenon” have been framed and what this implies about the kinds of data that have been collected and interpreted.