cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Binaural Hearing after Middle Ear Surgery: Masking-Level Difference for Interaural Time and Amplitude Cues

Previous investigations have shown that binaural hearing is often abnormal in patients having conductive hearing losses, and even in patients who have had hearing thresholds corrected by middle ear surgery. The present study assessed further the masking-level difference (MLD) in patients who had previously undergone middle ear surgery. The stimuli were chosen such that the sensitivity to interaural time difference cues and to interaural amplitude difference cues could be assessed independently. Results indicated that the MLD is abnormal in more than a third of 15 patients, even after surgery has restored normal hearing at the frequency of the test. The MLD is more likely to be reduced for the cue of interaural time difference than for interaural amplitude difference. Subjects who had lesions of long duration, early onset, and large asymmetry were particularly likely to have reduced MLDs.
Analytical Study on Performance of a 250-kW Organic Rankine Cycle System under Off-Design Heat Source Temperatures by the Flow Rate Control Approach

A 250-kW organic Rankine cycle system comprised of a preheater, evaporator, condenser, turbine, generator, and pump was used to study its off-design performance and operational control strategy by the flow rate control approach of the working fluid R245fa. The net power output was 243 kW, and the system thermal efficiency was 9.5% under design conditions. The analytical results demonstrated that the flow rate of the working fluid increased with increasing the heat source temperature (TW,in); higher TW,in yielded better heat transfer performance of the designed preheater as well as a higher requirement for the evaporator’s heat capacity; and the net power output increased linearly with increasing TW,in.
A Method for Preparing Plasma Factor VIII (Antihemophilic Globulin) Concentrate

Treatment of patients with hemophilia A is based on the administration of exogenous Factor VIII (antihemophilic globulin). Usually this is accomplished by infusing fresh, fresh-frozen, or reconstituted freeze-dried normal human plasma. The large volume of plasma needed to achieve and maintain hemostasis may be sufficient to cause circulatory overload, and thereby represents a critical limiting factor in therapy. During recent years, several therapeutically effective concentrated Factor VIII preparations have become available. These products are similar to Cohn Fraction I, which is prepared from whole plasma by ethanol extraction. Unfortunately, the difficulties encountered in procuring large volumes of fresh plasma to use as raw material, and other problems related to the lability of Factor VIII, the complexity of necessary equipment and methods, and the need for rigid bacteriologic control, have limited production and raised the cost of these products. Attempts to produce an inexpensive concentrate have recently met with success. Two developments have permitted formulation of a method for preparation of Factor VIII concentrate that may be used in any blood bank. The first important observation was that of Pool and Robinson, who found that Factor VIII precipitates with fibrinogen in the cold, just as it does in salting-out and ethanol precipitation procedures. The second contributing factor was the definition of plasmapheresis as an alternate form of blood donation which permits collection of large
Curiosity-Driven Research and University Technology Transfer

The debate about university technology transfer policy would benefit from increased attention to two parts of the technology transfer equation: the societal purpose of basic scientific research and the characteristics of scientific researchers.11This Chapter was prepared for the Colloquium on University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer hosted by the Karl Eller Center of the University of Arizona and sponsored by the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation. I am grateful to them for their support. I am also grateful to the participants in the Colloquium for helpful comments. Finally, I thank my research assistant, David Zelner, for assistance with this project. One purpose of curiosity-driven research is to provide a demand function that can serve as a proxy for the socially optimal (but unknowable) demand function for the unpredictable research that is necessary for long-term technological progress. Preserving the curiosity-driven research peer review “market” is thus important for that progress. This analysis highlights the importance of adequate funding for curiosity-driven research. A model of typical university scientists’ preferences can be used to assess how technology transfer policies may affect the social norms of the research community and the long-term viability of the curiosity-driven research endeavor. The analysis suggests that patenting will be an ineffective technology transfer mechanism unless researchers are precluded from using patenting to maintain control over follow-on research.
Social and demographic correlates of consanguineous marriages in South India.

Interviews with a random sample of 400 households in Madras India revealed that 34% of the women of different age cohorts married consanguineously. Most often these women married men defined by their communities as the most preferred types of mates--mothers brother mothers brothers son or fathers sisters son. As compared with non-consanguineous marriages these were usually arranged by the parents and usually occurred at young ages for both bride and groom. Comparatively they produced more offspring and had greater infant and child mortality. Findings for metropolitan Madras are similar to findings reported in studies of other areas of Tamil Nadu and of Karnatak State. These patterns for South India are vivid contrasts to marital patterns elsewhere in India and in other nations.
Acute Leukemias: FAB Classification and Clinical Correlates

The French-American-British morphologic classification scheme for acute leukemias has improved the understanding of the various types of this disease. This article, the third in a continuing education update series on hematology, reviews this system and the effect it has had on the diagnosis and treatment of acute leukemia. First, peripheral blood and bone marrow smears are used to distinguish acute leukemia from other dyshematopoietic or neoplastic disorders. Further distinction is made between acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Although some leukemic entities are not covered by this system, it has facilitated comparison of data from many different groups and resulted in improved treatment programs, periods of remission, and survival of patients.
Redistribution and Influence of Arsenic in Chromium Silicide Formation

The redistribution of arsenic during CrSi2 formation and its influence on the growth rate of the silicide have been investigated with Rutherford backscattering and ion channeling spectroscopy and electron microscopy. Arsenic was introduced by implantation in the metal films or in the silicon substrates. When arsenic was initially in chromium, it was incorporated in CrSi2 during silicide formation and significantly reduced the reaction rate; when arsenic was initially in silicon, it accumulated at the silicon/silicide interface with a less pronounced retarding effect than that if arsenic was present in chromium. The redistribution of dopant atoms is attributed to the fact that silicon is the dominant moving species in CrSi2 formation. The influence of dopant atoms is related to their chemical and physical state.
Abstract P018: Association Between Markers of Inflammation and Total Stroke by Hypertensive Status Among Women

Background and Purpose: High sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and fibrinogen are markers of systemic inflammation that have been associated with a greater risk and severity of total and ischemic stroke, as well as with elevated blood pressure, a primary risk factor for stroke. However, few studies have examined whether the role of these inflammatory risk factors on stroke pathophysiology is influenced by hypertension status. Methods: Blood samples were collected and assayed for hsCRP, sICAM-1, and fibrinogen among 27,330 initially healthy women from the Women’s Health Study who were followed from 1992-2014. Self-reported hypertension status, cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle and alcohol consumption were obtained from the baseline questionnaire prior to randomization. New cases of stroke were ascertained by self-report on annual follow-up questionnaires and counted only if confirmed by medical records according to the National Survey of Stroke criteria. The primary outcome was total stroke with ischemic and hemorrhagic evaluated as secondary outcomes. Multivariable Cox models were utilized to estimate the overall association between each marker of inflammation and stroke, and also separately stratified by hypertension status. Results: We observed 629 incident total strokes over 477, 278 person-years. In overall multivariable analyses, the highest quartile of hsCRP and sICAM-1 were associated with a significantly greater risk of total stroke compared to the lowest quartile (hsCRP: HR=1.76, 95% CI: 1.38, 2.24, p-trend<0.001; sICAM-1: HR=1.29, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.65, p-trend =0.01). Fibrinogen was not significantly associated with risk of total stroke in multivariable models. All main effect estimates were attenuated when adjusted for baseline hypertension status. In analyses stratified by hypertension status at baseline, elevated hsCRP (extreme quartiles) was significantly associated with risk of total stroke only among prehypertensive (p-trend=0.03) and hypertensive women (p-trend=0.07), although the interaction was not statistically significant. In analyses by stroke type, the findings for ischemic stroke were similar to those of total stroke, while there was no significant association observed with hemorrhagic stroke for any of the measured markers of inflammation, among the limited number of events (n=111). Conclusions: In this cohort of women free of cardiovascular disease at baseline, elevated hsCRP and sICAM-1 were significantly associated with risk of stroke. Furthermore, the association between hsCRP and stroke may be restricted to prehypertensive and hypertensive women.
Reverse dynamics analysis on mechanism of bionic kangaroo-leaping robot

The multi rigid-body mechanism model of bionic kangaroo-leaping robot was abstracted;taking this as a base and applying the Kane method to establish the dynamics equation of bionic kangaroo-leaping mechanism,and gives out the computation formulae of driving moment of each join in the kinematical course of kangaroo leaping robot.And calculation and simulation of a living example were carried out by the use of MATLAB.
Simulation of the Suppression of Harmonics in Charging & Discharging Stations for Electric Vehicles

After the detection and investigation of a certain operating charging and discharging station for electric vehicles,the impacts of the harmonics on the grid were analyzed.In order to achieve high characteristic harmonics content in the station,a reasonable treatment plan was proposed,and was simulated by using ETAP software,which provided a feasible reference for the actual suppression work.
Philosophy connotation and principle of the communists' transformation of the subjective world under harmonious concept

Humanity is not perfect.It has not only the active,bright and splendid side,but also the passive,dark and evil side.Although neither of them can be destroyed,one of them can be presented more in the real world through transforming the subjective world.As a communist,he must create an advanced image by transforming the subjective world continually.That suits the Marxism philosophy prin- ciple and is a realistic need under harmonious concept.
UNDERSTANDING AND SUPPORTING THE ACADEMIC NEEDS OF STUDENTS WITH ADHD

The National Survey of Children’s Health, conducted in 2011-12, reported one in ten school aged children received an ADHD diagnosis, an increase of 42% between 2003 and 2011 (Visser et al., 2013). This increase is troubling because ADHD is known to have an adverse impact on behavioral functioning, particularly in school settings, which negatively impact multiple aspects of a student’s life. Common problems include maladaptive social interactions and interpersonal relationships (Litner, 2003; Barkley, Fischer, Smallish, & Fletcher, 2004), lower achievement scores, and higher grade retention and dropout rates when compared to children without disabilities (Birchwood & Daley, 2012; Barkley, 2015). Considering the increasing prevalence and negative impact of this diagnosis, it is imperative that teachers understand the characteristics, treatments, interventions, and implications of this disorder. The purpose of this article is to provide information and guidance to teachers on the academic needs of children and adolescents with ADHD.
Psychology at a Distance: Examining the Efficacy of Online Therapy

Online therapy presents both potential benefits, and possible hazards, when compared with traditional face-to-face (FTF) therapy. Questions of clinical efficacy are of primary interest to mental health workers and researchers. In this literature review, I break the concept of efficacy into a tripartite investigation of outcome, process, and self-report evidence. The outcome evidence indicates that teletherapy patients experience similar results compared with control groups. The process studies indicated that working alliance was unaffected by the medium of communication. Finally, the survey studies reported that clients were predominantly satisfied with online therapy. Therapists, however, had misgivings about the online therapy environment. These findings appear to suggest that online therapy is clinically efficacious and is roughly equivalent to traditional therapy. PSYCHOLOGY AT A DISTANCE 3
SOME APPLICATIONS OF THE NOTIONS OF FORCING AND GENERIC SETS (SUMMARY)

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of some applications of the notions of forcing and generic sets. The notions of forcing and of generic sets were introduced by Paul Cohen [*] to settle long-outstanding logical independence problems relative to Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. This chapter explains these notions to other contexts, namely that of number theory and analysis, and obtain applications there as well as some new applications in set theory. The definition is to be regarded as being further supplemented to take care of higher-order languages. However, the only change for these cases is to bring in additional clauses for the higher-order existential quantifiers. To prove the independence of the axiom of choice, Cohen [*] introduced certain symmetries into the model he constructed by considering permutations π of ω.
Gamut Expansion for Video and Image Sets

A semi-automated gamut expansion method is proposed for transforming the colors of video and images to take advantage of extended-gamut displays. In particular, a custom color transformation is learned from an expert's enhancement of a single image on an extended gamut display. This methodology allows for the gamut-expansion to be defined in a contextually appropriate way. From the user-enhanced image, we compare defining the gamut expansion by one linear transformation, or by a multi-dimensional LUT which we learn via local linear regression. We show that using the estimated multi-dimensional LUT with tri-linear interpolation (a standard workflow for ICC profiles and color management modules) leads to significantly more pleasant reproduction of skin tones and bright saturated colors.
The Role of Scientific Paradigms in Empirical Semiotics

The notion of a “scientific paradigm” was popularized by Thomas Kuhn in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions first published in 1962 [1]. For Kuhn’s purposes, it was not necessary to classify scientific paradigms into various categories. However, in order to analyze the paradigms of empirical semiotics and determine which paradigms in other empirical sciences have analogies which carry over to empirical semiotics and which do not, it is necessary to classify scientific paradigms into at least five categories. These are: 1) conceptual, philosophical, and linguistic paradigms; 2) theoretical paradigms; 3) mathematical paradigms; 4) experimental paradigms; and 5) applicational paradigms.
INTRAMOLECULAR, PHOTOCHEMICAL ELECTRON AND ENERGY TRANSFER

A series of chromophore-quencher complexes has been prepared based on polypyridyl complexes of Ru II , Os II or Re I . Following metal-to-ligand-charge-transfer (MLCT) excitation of these complexes, intramolecular electron or energy transfer processes occur rapidly and with high efficiencies. These complexes may provide the building blocks for more complex molecular assemblies that can function as devices.
Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies (NEET) Reactor Materials: News for the Reactor Materials Crosscut, May 2016

In this newsletter for Nuclear Energy Enabling Technologies (NEET) Reactor Materials, pages 1-3 cover highlights from the DOE-NE (Nuclear Energy) programs, pages 4-6 cover determining the stress-strain response of ion-irradiated metallic materials via spherical nanoindentation, and pages 7-8 cover theoretical approaches to understanding long-term materials behavior in light water reactors.
Abstract 13143: The Relationship Between Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction and Preclinical Left Ventricular Diastolic Dysfunction: Invasive Physiologic and Echocardiographic Study

Background: Microvascular dysfunction has been associated with the development of diastolic heart failure. We hypothesized that invasively assessed microvasculature is related to diastolic function as assessed by echocardiography, even before the development of diastolic heart failure. Methods: We prospectively enrolled 63 subjects with preserved ejection fraction (≥55%) and no heart failure symptoms. Coronary physiologic assessment, including fractional flow reserve (FFR), coronary flow reserve (CFR), and the index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), was performed in the LAD. Coronary flow was assessed with a thermodilution method by obtaining a mean transit time (Tmn: an inverse correlate to absolute flow) at rest and hyperemia. IMR was measured as distal coronary pressure x hyperemic Tmn. Left ventricular diastolic function was evaluated by an echocardiographic parameter (E/e’) using the following criteria; normal E/e’ 15, where a higher value was correlated w...
High Frequency AlGaN/GaN MODFET’s

Short-gate MODFET’s of AlGaN/GaN on Sapphire have been fabricated and characterized with gate lengths in the.12–.25 μm range. Values of ft = 50 GHz and fmax = 100 GHz have been obtained. Analyzing the performance, the average electron transit velocity is shown to be 1.25 × 107 cm/s and in some cases well under that value. This compares with theoretical predictions of ~ 2.0 × 107 cm/s. The electron scattering effects of dislocations, which are charged, are modeled to explain the lower mobility. Ion bombardment or dry etching is used for mesa isolation. Ti/Al/Ti/Au sintered for 100 seconds at 800 °C is used to yield ohmic contacts of.5–1.0 Ω-mm. Pt/Au Schottky gates are used. A high breakdown voltage, exceeding 100 V even for short gate MODFET’s, shows that ten times higher load resistance values are possible, compared with GaAs MODFET’s. Normalized output power levels well over 10 W/ mm are thus projected for GaN MODFET’s on SiC substrates, where the thermal conductivity is about 5W/cm-°C. with future integrated traveling-wave, power-combining circuits, output power > 100 W at 10 GHz is predicted.
A Framework for Identifying Design Science Research Objectives for Building and Evaluating IT Artifacts

Even though many types of Design Science Research (DSR) frameworks and methods exist, little effort has been made to examine and little attention has been paid to investigate objectives identification in DSR. We believe that it is worthwhile to draw attention to the role that DSR objectives play in building and evaluating designed artifacts. Thus, this study developed a framework to answer two research questions: (1) What kinds of objective dimensions can be identified and used for different information technology (IT) artifacts? (2) How can these objectives be linked to the process of building and evaluating IT artifacts? The framework was demonstrated and evaluated by a case study and expert interviews. Our aim was to assist current and future Design Science researchers in the information systems (IS) discipline in identifying research/project objectives.
Creating Digital Knowledge: Library as Open Access Digital Publisher

Since the mid-1990s, many higher education libraries have evolved from the traditional roles of primarily (1) research resource purchasers and providers and (2) research service providers into new,...
Personalized visual satisfaction profiles from comparative preferences using Bayesian inference

Abstract This study presents the development of personalized models of occupant satisfaction with the visual environment in private perimeter offices. A set of experiments was designed and conducted to collect comparative preference data from four human test-subjects. A probit model structure, with assumed latent satisfaction utility model in the form of multivariate Gaussian function, was adopted for developing the preference model. Four distinctive satisfaction and preference models were trained with a variational inference algorithm using experimental data. The posterior estimations of model parameters, visual preference probabilities and inferred satisfaction utility functions were investigated and compared, with results reflecting the different characteristics of the subjects. The developed visual satisfaction utility function was designed for use in personalized control, where occupants could balance their own satisfaction expectation and energy considerations.
ICEBERG UTILIZATION: COMPARISON WITH CLOUD SEEDING AND POTENTIAL WEATHER IMPACTS

SUMMARY This paper addresses two sets of questions relative to the transportation of large antarctic icebergs to lower latitudes. First considered is the potential competitiveness of the additional water resources estimated to those which might be gained by cloud seeding. It is tentatively suggested that, although the capital outlay is far greater to move icebergs, the cost effectiveness of the two methods might be comparable, even in a northern hemisphere coastal area where seeding has shown promise. Seeding would almost surely be less cost effective along southern hemisphere coasts, particularly in arid regions. Secondly, the question of the atmospheric impacts of iceberg transportation is addressed. Moving large icebergs to lower latitudes may cool the overlying atmosphere directly, or affect it indirectly by cooling the surface layers of the ocean; the oceanic impacts probably will be more important. This paper subdivides the atmospheric impacts into two classes of interest, namely 1) those which may occur as side effects of iceberg transportation for fresh water, where melting is desired to be minimized and 2) those which might be envisaged when the primary purpose is atmospheric modification. In the latter, the icebergs would be intentionally allowed to melt in specified low-latitude locations, in order to cool the ocean atmosphere interface. There is evidence that cooling of the underlying surface waters would reduce the maximum windspeed of tropical cyclones and hence their destructiveness upon landfall. Whether or not iceberg transportation could usefully provide adequate cooling at the necessary times and places requires extensive scientific research and economic evaluation. Some of the necessary research steps are outlined here. In particular, it is urged that important but relatively inexpensive measurements be made in connection with any iceberg transportation undertaken or planned. Preliminary conclusions are that for tropical cyclone mitigation, the iceberg method has both promise and problems, some of the latter associated with the poor predictability of the storms. In any case, weather impacts of iceberg transportation appear to offer sufficient potential scientific and practical value to warrant the expenditures for the research necessary to document them.
Thoracic Skeletal Muscle Is Associated With Adverse Outcomes After Lobectomy for Lung Cancer

Background Assessment of risk associated with lung cancer resection is primarily based on evaluation of cardiopulmonary function and remains imprecise. We investigated the relationship between thoracic muscle and early outcomes after lobectomy. Methods Cross-sectional area of skeletal muscle was measured at the level of the fifth thoracic vertebra on computed tomography in 135 consecutive patients before lobectomy for lung cancer. Patients were stratified into low and high muscle groups using the sex-specific muscle median. Primary outcome was a composite of any postoperative complication as per The Society of Thoracic Surgeons General Thoracic Surgical Database. Secondary outcomes included postoperative respiratory complications, postoperative intensive care unit admission, hospital length of stay, and hospital readmission within 30 days of hospital discharge. The χ2 test, adjusted multivariable regression analysis, and likelihood ratio test were performed. Results Patients with low muscle were significantly more likely to have any postoperative complication and respiratory postoperative complications. Although postoperative intensive care unit admission was similar for low muscle and high muscle groups, low muscle patients had longer hospital length of stay and a higher rate of hospital readmission. Adjusted multivariable regression revealed the independent association of thoracic muscle with all outcomes. The likelihood ratio test suggested that thoracic muscle adds predictive capability to information captured by preoperative pulmonary function testing. Conclusions Low thoracic muscle is independently associated with increased postoperative complications and health care utilization among patients undergoing lobectomy for lung cancer. Evaluation of thoracic muscle may enhance risk prediction models.
Accounting education literature review (2006-2009)

Abstract This review of the accounting education literature includes 330 articles published over the 4-year period, 2006–2009, in six journals: (1) Journal of Accounting Education, (2) Accounting Education: An International Journal, (3) Advances in Accounting Education, (4) Global Perspectives on Accounting Education, (5) Issues in Accounting Education, and (6) The Accounting Educators’ Journal. This article updates prior literature reviews by organizing and summarizing recent additions to the accounting education literature. These reviews are categorized into four sections corresponding to traditional lines of inquiry: (1) curriculum, assurance of learning, and instruction; (2) educational technology; (3) faculty issues; and (4) students. Each section is further divided by subsections, with empirical and descriptive articles separated within each. Suggestions for research in all areas are presented at the end of the article. In an appendix, additional articles presenting teaching materials and educational cases published in the same six journals during 2006–2009 are categorized by the courses for which they would be appropriate.
Gay and Lesbian Americans: Oppression by the Oppressed

Discrimination against gay and lesbian Americans is a social pathology that extends back to the colonial era, with the arrival to America of the first dominant-group white heterosexual Europeans [1]. While gay and lesbian Americans were much less vocal in the past, the ability of white, heterosexual Europeans to impose their norms upon the gay and lesbian victim-group population was long lasting and not without consequences. For modern gay and lesbian Americans, the legacies of those norms exist as victimism in various forms of discrimination directed particularly at dark-skinned and/or African-descended Americans without respect to gender, class, or sexual orientation.
Chemistry of covalent binding: studies with bromobenzene and thiobenzamide.

The concept that chemically reactive metabolites of foreign substances could react covalently with cellular constituents to cause biological injury was introduced by J. A. Miller and E. C. Miller almost 40 years ago. 1–3 Since then considerable effort has been spent investigating the chemistry, biochemistry and biological consequences of reactive metabolic intermediates. Our laboratory has been interested in the metabolic activation, covalent binding and hepatotoxicity of two relatively simple organic compounds, bromobenzene and thiobenzamide. Our long term objective has been to determine the identity of their reactive metabolites, the chemistry of their covalent binding to cellular macromolecules and the relationship of the various types of covalent binding events to the biological changes which follow. This report summarizes some of our recent efforts toward these objectives.
Abstract 107: Neurons in the Organum Vasculosum of the Lamina Terminalis Sense NaCl and Angiotensin II to Regulate Sympathetic Nerve Activity and Arterial Blood Pressure

The organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT) contains specialized neurons that sense changes in extracellular NaCl concentrations to regulate sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) and arterial...
Synchronization of Donors and Recipients: Practical Aspects of Clinical Surveillance

Embryo implantation in the human results from three key events, which include development, synchronization, and signaling between the embryo and endometrium. These occur through a series of coordinated genetic and hormonal events regulating intracellular signaling in both the host uterus and implanting blastocyst. Coordination of these events is crucial for success in any reproductive cycle, but in donor–recipient cycles, embryo development and endometrial priming occur at different trajectories and in separate environments. These cycles offer unique clinical challenges for the reproductive endocrinologist who must choreograph hormonal manipulation to align the recipients’ endometrium with the retrieved, fertilized, developing, and ultimately transferred donor embryo. This synchrony of events also offers the clinical scientist the ability to study endometrial receptivity during the early stages of human reproduction and implantation.
Evolutionary patterns of diadromy in fishes: more than a transitional state between marine and freshwater

Across the tree of life there are numerous evolutionary transitions between different habitats (i.e., aquatic and terrestrial or marine and freshwater). Many of these dramatic evolutionary shifts parallel developmental shifts that require physiological, anatomical and behavioral changes for survival and reproduction. Diadromy (scheduled movement between marine and freshwater) has been characterized as a behavior that acts as an evolutionary intermediate state between marine and freshwater environments, implying that diadromous lineages are evolutionarily transient. This hypothesis comes with assumptions regarding the rates of evolutionary transitions in and out of diadromy as well as rates of speciation and extinction in diadromous fishes. Based on a published phylogeny of 7822 species of ray-finned fishes, state speciation and extinction models of evolutionary transition between marine, freshwater, and diadromous species suggest transition rates out of diadromy are 5–100 times higher that transition between marine and freshwater or into diadromy. Additionally, high speciation and low extinction rates separate diadromous fishes from marine and freshwater species. As a result, net diversification (net diversification = speciation – extinction) is about 7–40 times higher in diadromous fishes compared to freshwater and marine respectively. Together the transition, speciation, and extinction rates suggest diadromy is the least stable of the three states. Evolutionary transitions to diadromy are rare in fishes. However, once established, diversification rates in diadromous lineages are high compared to both marine and freshwater species. Diadromous lineages tend to be more transient than marine or freshwater lineages and are found to give rise to marine and freshwater specialists in addition to diadromous descendants. Although diadromy is not a necessary evolutionary intermediate between marine and freshwater, these results support the interpretation of diadromy as an important, occasionally intermediate state, that contributes to biodiversity in fishes in all environments. This evolutionary instability of diadromous lineages is counteracted by their relatively high diversification rates. These findings highlight the importance of integrating the dynamics of diversification and major evolutionary transitions for understanding macroevolutionary patterns.
Detrimental Effects of Filling Laryngotracheal Airways To Excessive Pressure (DEFLATE-P): a quality improvement initiative.

This quality improvement (QI) project was performed at a single center to determine the incidence of postoperative complications associated with use of cuffed airway devices. An educational program was then completed that involved training our anesthesia providers about complications related to excessive cuff pressure and how to utilize a quantitative cuff pressure measurement device (manometer). The impact of this educational initiative was assessed by comparing the incidence of postoperative complications associated with the use of airway devices before and after the training period. After approval by our institution’s Institutional Review Board, a pre-intervention (baseline) survey was obtained from 259 adult patients after having undergone surgery with general anesthesia with the use of an endotracheal tube (ETT) or laryngeal mask airway (LMA). Survey responses were used to determine the baseline incidence of sore throat, hoarseness, and dysphagia. Once these results were obtained, education was provided to the anesthesia department members addressing the complications associated with excessive cuff pressures, appropriate cuff pressures based on manufacturer recommendations, and instructions on the use of a quantitative monitor to determine cuff pressure (manometry). Clinical care was then changed by requiring intraoperative cuff pressure monitoring throughout our institution for all surgical patients. After this educational period, 299 patients completed the same survey describing postoperative airway complications. The use of manometry reduced the incidence of moderate-to-severe postoperative sore throat in the pre- vs. post-intervention groups (35 patients vs 31 patients, p = 0.045), moderate to severe hoarseness (30 patients vs 13, patients p = 0.0001), and moderate-to-severe dysphagia (13 patients vs 5 patients, p = 0.03). Caring for patients in the perioperative setting frequently entails placement of an airway device. This procedure is associated with several potential complications, including sore throat, coughing, and vocal cord damage. Our quality improvement initiative has shown that intraoperative management of intra-cuff pressure based on manometry is feasible to implement in clinical practice and can reduce postoperative airway complications.
COVID-19 Pandemic and the Implications for Orthopaedic and Neurosurgery Residents and Fellows on Spine Rotations

Abstract Background The COVID-19 global pandemic has caused unprecedented levels of strain on the United States healthcare and its workforce. Orthopaedic and neurosurgery residents and fellows, as part of this workforce have also experienced some of the uncertainty and stress caused by this pandemic. Concerns exist regarding the effects of the pandemic on spine surgery education due to the cancellation of all elective surgeries. Current Context We explore how this pandemic is affecting orthopaedic and neurosurgery residents and fellows and their spine surgery education and experience. We also examined measures taken by the residency and fellowship programs to protect their residents and fellows, and measures taken by regulatory agencies like the ACGME and the ABOS to give programs some flexibility during these difficult times. Conclusion Orthopaedic and neurosurgery residents and fellows are often on the front lines of patient care. Programs have to ensure adequate resources and training, supervision, and work hour requirements are met. Residents and fellows need to be ready to assist with management of COVID-19 patients if necessary. Residency programs and spine surgery fellowships need to use objective metrics to assess the impact of the pandemic on the spine surgery education of their residents and fellows in order to address any potential area of weakness caused by the decreased exposure to spine surgery.
Inside the International Student World: Challenges, Opportunities, and Imagined Communities.

Substantial research emphasizes recruitment and retention of international students over their lived experiences. This qualitative study employed a sociocultural lens to explore five international graduate students’ lived experiences in the United States and their postgraduation plans. Findings suggest that international graduate students navigate a World that encompasses individual worlds that revolve around challenges, opportunities, and imagined communities. I draw on Gee’s (2014) notion of capitalizing a word normally written in lower case to make clear two differing connotations of the word “world.” I discuss implications for higher education host institutions and their offices of international education.
Nonlinear Ground/Structure Interaction and Buckling of a Liquid-Filled Tank Under Ground Excitation

SUMMARY A brief outline of an analysis developed for determining the response of liquid storage tanks under horizontal base excitation is first presented. This analysis models fluid/structure as well as ground/structure interaction effects and predicts the hydrodynamic pressure developed during ground motion. In the present study, this analysis is applied and results are obtained and compared with data from model tests. During these tests buckling was observed at the top of the tank tested. In the present paper, special attention is paid in modeling the flexibility of the shaking table used in the tests - which resulted in a nonlinear response problem - and in explaining the buckling mechanism. Good correlation between the analytical and the test work was obtained.
Is it safe to continue biologic agents during surgery in patients with inflammatory bowel disease

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease who are taking monoclonal antibodies against tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF), interleukins 12 and 23, or integrin can continue taking them around the time of surgery, but small-molecule drugs such as tofacitinib should be withheld. Inflammatory bowel
P73 Dietetics Experiential Learning at Diabetes Camp: Findings through Photovoice & Qualitative Analysis

Background Experiential learning provides an opportunity for students to develop hands-on experience and apply didactic learning to real-life situations. Diabetes camp is a setting that provides experiential learning on a topic that is crucial for future dietitians. Objective The objective of this study was to explore whether and how educational experiences at a residential camp for children with type 1 diabetes changes knowledge, perceptions, confidence, and empathy of the disease for dietetics students. Qualitative research methods were used to explore and understand participants’ experience of hands-on involvement with type one diabetes. Study Design, Setting, Participants This study was a qualitative, 2-year longitudinal case study at Camp Kno-Koma, the Diabetes Camp of West Virginia. Four dietetic students were recruited to participate in this study through convenience sampling. Students were in varying stages of their dietetics education. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Multiple qualitative methods were used to collect data: interviews; observations; Photovoice, a type of participatory action research in which photographs identified significant learning experiences; journaling; and focus groups. Thematic analysis was used to identify emerging themes and summarize findings through triangulation. Results Qualitative data analysis revealed that experiential learning at diabetes camp provides an opportunity for dietetics students to experience in-depth learning, including: increase in knowledge of the disease, perceptions of living with the disease, confidence in treating the disease, and empathy for those who have been diagnosed. While attending camp for one week is beneficial for experiential learning, returning for another week the following year provided a deeper understanding of the disease process. Students identified wearing an insulin pump and “living with diabetes” were their best learning experiences. Conclusions This study adds to the limited body of knowledge concerning dietetics students’ experiential learning at diabetes camps. The study's greatest contribution is the ability for educators to understand how experiential learning opportunities at diabetes camp provide in-depth education and how these learning experiences can be incorporated into dietetics curricula.
Spin-mometum Locking of Chiral Surface Waves

Spin-momentum locking is a phenomenon recently explored in electromagnetic waves that possess an evanescent tail which is accompanied by a transverse spin due to out-of-plane field rotation. In this paper, we introduce a novel metasurface design that supports chiral surface waves. The chiral surface waves are circularly polarized waves that possess two transverse spins, one due to out-of-plane field rotation which is intrinsic to any surface wave, and the other is due to in-plane field rotation which is imposed by the design. Both spins follow the spin-momentum locking resulting in unidirectional wave propagation. This work provides an additional degree of freedom to control the spin-orbit interaction of electromagnetic waves.
Three-dimensional human axon tracts derived from cerebral organoids

Reestablishing cerebral connectivity is a critical part of restoring neuronal network integrity and brain function after trauma, stroke, and neurodegenerative diseases. Creating transplantable axon tracts in the laboratory is a novel strategy for overcoming the common barriers limiting axon regeneration in vivo, including growth-inhibiting factors and the limited outgrowth capacity of mature neurons in the brain. We describe the generation and phenotype of three-dimensional human axon tracts derived from cerebral organoid tissue. These centimeter-long constructs are encased in an agarose shell that permits physical manipulation and are composed of discrete cellular regions spanned by axon tracts and dendrites, mirroring the separation of grey and white matter in the brain. Features of cerebral cortex also are emulated, as evidenced by the presence of neurons with different cortical layer phenotypes. This engineered neural tissue has the translational potential to reconstruct brain circuits by physically replacing discrete cortical neuron populations as well as long-range axon tracts in the brain.
Social positioning in small group interactions in an investigative science learning environment physics class

The most effective student groups have more equal conversations, are better able to sustain their attention during periods of frustration, and sit closer to one another.
A stepped randomized trial to promote colorectal cancer screening in a nationwide sample of U.S. Veterans.

Abstract Background Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening (CRCS) facilitates early detection and lowers CRC mortality. Objectives To increase CRCS in a randomized trial of stepped interventions. Step 1 compared three modes of delivery of theory-informed minimal cue interventions. Step 2 was designed to more intensively engage those not completing CRCS after Step 1. Methods Recruitment packets (60,332) were mailed to a random sample of individuals with a record of U.S. military service during the Vietnam-era. Respondents not up-to-date with CRCS were randomized to one of four Step 1 groups: automated telephone, telephone, letter, or survey-only control. Those not completing screening after Step 1 were randomized to one of three Step 2 groups: automated motivational interviewing (MI) call, counselor-delivered MI call, or Step 2 control. Intention-to-treat (ITT) analyses assessed CRCS on follow-up surveys mailed after each step. Results After Step 1 (n = 1784), CRCS was higher in the letter, telephone, and automated telephone groups (by 1%, 5%, 7%) than in survey-only controls (43%), although differences were not statistically significant. After Step 2 (n = 516), there were nonsignificant increases in CRCS in the two intervention groups compared with the controls. CRCS following any combination of stepped interventions overall was 7% higher (P = 0.024) than in survey-only controls (55.6%). Conclusions In a nationwide study of Veterans, CRCS after each of two stepped interventions of varying modes of delivery did not differ significantly from that in controls. However, combined overall, the sequence of stepped interventions significantly increased CRCS.
Who set the narrative? Assessing the influence of Chinese global media on news coverage of COVID-19 in 30 African countries

The size of China’s State-owned media’s operations in Africa has grown significantly since the early 2000s. Previous research on the impact of increased Sino-African mediated engagements has been i...
S1 functional connectivity during rest and electro-acupuncture tracks median nerve and patient function improvement following acupuncture for carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS) is an entrapment neuropathy of the median nerve that alters the organization of the brain's primary somatosensory cortex (S1), both structurally and functionally. Our prior research also demonstrated that electro-acupuncture (EA), both local and remote/distal to the wrist, but not sham acupuncture, improved S1 somatotopy and peripheral (median) nerve conduction. However, the mechanisms linking EA-evoked brain response during therapy with improved clinical outcomes are unknown. We investigated functional connectivity during both rest and sustained electro-acupuncture at baseline in healthy controls and CTS patients and after 8 weeks of acupuncture therapy (local, distal, or sham EA) in CTS patients. Six minutes of 3T BOLD fMRI data were collected at rest and during EA. Data were processed with FMRIPREP and FSL to generate maps of connectivity between the S1 hand region and the rest of the brain (z > 2.3, pFWE
A powerful machine learning technique to extract proton core, beam, and α-particle parameters from velocity distribution functions in space plasmas

Context. The analysis of the thermal part of velocity distribution functions (VDFs) is fundamentally important for understanding the kinetic physics that governs the evolution and dynamics of space plasmas. However, calculating the proton core, beam, and α -particle parameters for large data sets of VDFs is a time-consuming and computationally demanding process that always requires supervision by a human expert.Aims. We developed a machine learning tool that can extract proton core, beam, and α -particle parameters using images (2D grid consisting pixel values) of VDFs.Methods. A database of synthetic VDFs was generated, which was used to train a convolutional neural network that infers bulk speed, thermal speed, and density for all three particle populations. We generated a separate test data set of synthetic VDFs that we used to compare and quantify the predictive power of the neural network and a fitting algorithm.Results. The neural network achieves significantly smaller root-mean-square errors to infer proton core, beam, and α -particle parameters than a traditional fitting algorithm.Conclusions. The developed machine learning tool has the potential to revolutionize the processing of particle measurements since it allows the computation of more accurate particle parameters than previously used fitting procedures.