cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Critical Incident Technique: 40 Years Later:

This year marks the 40th anniversary of the publication of John Flanagan's paper entitled “The Critical Incident Technique” in Psychological Bulletin. In the years since its publication, much has happened in the field of human factors. The critical incident technique is still a common tool among human factors practitioners, though it has often been modified. With a new generation of practitioners in training, it is important to consider what they are learning about this tool. A survey conducted with future human factors professionals highlights some misconceptions concerning the critical incident technique. These misconceptions seem to originate from two sources: the treatment of the technique in human factors textbooks and handbooks, and the use of the technique in current research and application work. Some modern variations of the critical incident technique are discussed. The critical incident technique is viewed as an instance in which human factors specialists are shaping their tools to meet their n...
Magnetically controlled release of cisplatin from superparamagnetic starch nanoparticles

Abstract The present study involves a novel strategy for the preparation of superparamagnetic nanoparticles of crosslinked starch impregnated with homogeneously dispersed nanosized iron oxide. The nanoparticles were loaded with an anticancer drug ‘cisplatin’ and the drug release kinetics was investigated spectrophotometrically at physiological pH (7.4). The nanoparticles were characterized by Fourier transform infra red (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction and magnetization studies. The particle size of magnetic starch nanoparticles was found to lie in the range of 20–90 nm. The influence of factors like chemical composition of nanoparticles, pH and temperature of the release media and applied magnetic field was investigated on the release profiles of the drug. The prepared nanoparticles could provide a possible pathway for targeted and controlled delivery of anticancer drugs minimizing side effects and achieving higher efficacy.
Imposing nodes at arbitrary locations for general elastic structures during harmonic excitations

Abstract Spring–mass systems are frequently used as vibration absorbers to minimize excess vibration in structural systems. In this paper, sprung masses are used to impose the points of zero vibration for general elastic structures during forced harmonic excitations. For convenience, such points are referred to as nodes. When the oscillator attachment locations and the node locations coincide (or are collocated), it is always possible to select the spring–mass parameters such that multiple nodes are induced at any desired locations along the structure for any excitation frequency. When the oscillators and the node locations are not collocated, however, it is only possible to induce nodes at certain locations along the elastic structure for a given driving frequency. Moreover, when the desired node locations are closely spaced, it is possible to specify a region of nearly zero amplitudes for a particular driving frequency, effectively quenching vibration in that region. A procedure to guide the proper selection of the spring–mass parameters in order to induce multiple nodes is outlined in detail, and numerical experiments are performed to verify the utility of the proposed scheme of imposing nodes at multiple locations during harmonic excitations.
Molecular reaction kinetics inside channel pores: Delayed fluorescence of naphthalene in methanol

Abstract A one-dimensional, diffusion-controlled, reaction is followed in time by phosphorescence (monitoring reactant) and delayed fluorescence (monitoring product). The triplet (excited) naphthalene molecules move in a methanol solution, confined inside the cylindrical channels of a channel-pore polycarbonate membrane. The reaction product is a transient photodimer or excimer, giving delayed fluorescence. In large radius (1 μm) channel-pore membranes, the reaction kinetics are classical, with a heterogeneity exponent h=0. However, in the small radius (0.025 μm) channel-pore membranes the kinetics approach that of a one-dimensional environment, h= 1 2 . For membranes with intermediate channel radius (0.1 μm), the reaction exhibits a “cross-over” behavior which can be approximated via “fractal-like” kinetics.
Architectural specification for massively parallel computers: an experience and measurement‐based approach

In this paper, we describe the hardware and software architecture of the Red Storm system developed at Sandia National Laboratories. We discuss the evolution of this architecture and provide reasons for the different choices that have been made. We contrast our approach of leveraging high-volume, mass-market commodity processors to that taken for the Earth Simulator. We present a comparison of benchmarks and application performance that support our approach. We also project the performance of Red Storm and the Earth Simulator. This projection indicates that the Red Storm architecture is a much more cost-effective approach to massively parallel computing. Published in 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Dose, Timing and Delivery of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha as a Cryoadjuvant in Cryosurgery of ELT-3 Uterine Leiomyoma (Fibroid) Tumor

Uterine leiomyoma (fibroid) is the most common indication for hysterectomy in premenopausal women. Cryomyolysis is a uterus sparing procedure in which a myoma is frozen by a cryoprobe, and that causes tissue necrosis upon thawing of the frozen tissue and eventual reduction in myoma size. Cryomyolysis allows both the placement of the minimally invasive cryoprobe and the ensuing iceball growth to be controlled under image guidance (ultrasound - US or magnetic resonance - MR) [1, 2]. Unfortunately, although the iceball is readily visualized, the tissue at the periphery of the iceball is not completely destroyed. This not only potentiates the later recurrence of the myoma, but also limits the predictability of the procedure by imaging techniques. Clearly, techniques that can improve the correspondence between the imaged iceball and the destroyed tissue will improve cryomyolysis and other cryosurgical procedures.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Religion and the ‘sensitive branch’ of human nature

While the theses that (1) human beings are primarily passional creatures and that ( 2 ) religion is fundamentally a product of our sensible nature are both closely linked to David Hume, Hume's contemporary Henry Home, Lord Kames (16 9 6-1 7 82), also defended them and explored their implications. Importantly, Kames does not draw the same sceptical conclusions as does Hume. Employing a sophisticated account of the rationality of what he calls the' sensitive branch' of human nature, Kames argues that religion plays a central role in the development and perfection of human life.
Prospects for Weed Control Through Crop Interference.

Crop interference with weed growth is a fundamental method of nonchemical weed control. Crop interference, entailing weed suppression, should be distinguished from crop tolerance of weeds, i.e., relatively small yield loss due to the presence of weeds. Tolerance is less desirable than interference in that it may lead to increases in weed seed populations that can cause future yield losses. Ideally, interference should occur as early as possible in growth to prevent resource consumption by weeds. A path analysis of crop-weed interference is presented. The model can be used to estimate the relative magnitude of early vs. later crop interference with weed growth, and to identify crop traits that contribute to the interference with weed growth. Such analysis can identify crop varieties that show strong early interference with weed growth, and traits associated with strong early interference. For illustrative purposes, the model is applied to characterize differences among soybean varieties in interference with common cocklebur. Weed control by crop interference could be enhanced by crop breeding and management. However, several benefits and costs of interference should be evaluated before undertaking such approaches. First, the degree to which crop interference can substitute for other forms of weed control must be determined. Second, yield costs associated with interference should be measured; these may occur in crop varieties that interfere strongly with weeds, particularly when water, temperature, and mineral nutrients are limiting. A more mechanistic understanding of crop interference is needed so that interference can be enhanced through crop breeding and management while minimizing yield costs.
Interfaces for team coordination

Coordinators are intelligent software agents that help humans to collaborate and coordinate execution of multiple activities in dynamic, distributed and uncertain domains. One of the main challenges is the generation of effective user interfaces for team coordination. Intelligent interfaces that avoid information overload, and facilitate user interactions to repair mission plans are needed, and they are the focus of this work.
Linear Dynamic Poroelasticity With Microstructure for Partially Saturated Porous Solids

Linear equations of motion are derived to describe the behavior of small disturbances in a porous solid containing both liquid and gas. Appropriate boundary conditions are derived to guarantee the uniqueness of the solutions of these equations.
TOMEX: Mesospheric and lower thermospheric diffusivities and instability layers

[1] The Turbulent Oxygen Mixing Experiment (TOMEX), which was carried out at White Sands Missile Range in New Mexico on 26 October 2000, included a rocketborne trimethyl aluminum (TMA) chemical tracer experiment. The subsequent TMA trails provided detailed information about the horizontal neutral wind, turbulence, and diffusivity properties of the atmosphere between approximately 85 and 140 km altitude. Measurements with the University of Illinois Na wind/temperature lidar located at the Starfire Optical Range, NM, provided a detailed time history of the stability properties between 85 and 105-km altitude, including high-resolution wind and temperature measurements prior to and during the chemical tracer measurements. The diffusivities estimated from the trail expansion rates have values consistent with the values expected for molecular diffusion above 110-km altitude and values that are larger than those for molecular diffusion at most altitudes below. Below 103 km, both regions of dynamic and convective instability were found, and the diffusivities are strongly controlled by the instabilities. The unstable regions are well mixed, but the intermediate regions, in some cases, have very small eddy energy dissipation rates. The nearly instantaneous measurements also suggest that eddy diffusion is still important in the height range between 103 km, the nominal turbopause height, and 110 km.
Modular Representations of GL(3, Fp), Symmetric Squares, and Mod-p Cohomology of GL(3, Z)

Abstract We prove certain cases of nonabelian reciprocity between mod p Galois representations and Hecke eigenclasses in the mod p cohomology of GL(3, Z ), using the symmetric square liftings from GL(2) and congruences on Hecke eigenvalues. We need to develop some modular representation theory for GL(3, Z /p). In some cases we also need to invoke certain computer calculations to finish the proof.
TH‐D‐ValA‐07: Clinical Use of Monte Carlo in Proton Therapy: Pencil‐Beam Algorithm Vs Monte Carlo for Proton Therapy of Skull‐Base and Para‐Spinal Tumors

Introduction: Pencil beam algorithms rely on kernels to model proton range in density‐scaled water equivalent material. Monte Carlo dose calculation methods are more accurate by design. This study addresses the issue of clinical significance of differences between a commercial pencil‐beam algorithm and Monte Carlo dose calculation. Skull‐base or para‐spinal tumors are challenging for dose calculations due to interfaces between high and low density areas in the irradiated volumes. In addition, for para‐spinal cases, there are often metallic implants that not only distort the CTimage but also affect the accuracy of dose calculations. Methods:Protontreatment planning is done at our institution by using FOCUS/XiO (CMS Inc.). To do full Monte Carlo based dose calculation the treatment head was modeled including a simulation of the modulator wheel rotation as well as aperture and compensator. The patient CT data information was converted into materials with explicit element composition and density. All secondary particles were tracked. Treatment plans designed with the treatment planning program were recalculated with the Monte Carlo code and compared by analyzing dose distributions and dose volume histograms. Results: In general, we found good agreement. Small differences are in part due to the difference between dose to medium and dose to water. Significant differences were found in and near air cavities as well as in areas affected by high density implants. Conclusion: For some tumors in the head and neck region and near the spine, Monte Carlo based dose calculation shows significant differences compared to pencil‐beam algorithms. Consequently, at our institution, a sub‐set of the patient population receives Monte Carlo dose calculation to assist in treatment planning.
Secondary ion mass spectrometry characterization of D 2 O and H 2 18 O steam oxidation of silicon

Silicon wafers were steam oxidized at temperatures of 550–1000°C and pressures of 0.05–8 atm with H2 16O, H2 18O, and D2 16O. Deuterium (D) and18O profiles in 100–200 nm thick oxide films were measured with Cs+ beam secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). The use of D and18O isotopes enabled analysis of these elements without interference from the sputtering ambient. Peaks in the D profiles near the interface are due predominantly to abrupt changes in the ion yield and charging conditions as the interface is approached. Although the D concentration is nearly constant at ∼ 1 × 1020 cm−3 for 700–1000°C oxidations, it rises to a non-equilibrium value of 6 × 1020 cm−3 at 600°C. Analysis of steam indiffusions below 800°C indicates that the OD concentration is proportional to the (steam pressure)1/2, in agreement with earlier results on as-oxidized wet thermal oxides. The results of sequential isotope oxidations indicate that there is rapid exchange ofboth the hydrogen and oxygen species during transport of “water” to the SiO2. Si interface. We examine these results in terms of the concentrations of the interacting species in the oxide films, and our results are compared to similar reported studies.
Pediatric Hip: Pearls and Pitfalls

Pediatric hip pathology varies depending on patient age. Newborns are often screened for developmental dysplasia of the hip, whereas toddlers and older children can present later with pain, leg length discrepancy, or limp. Young children may have hip pain related to transient synovitis, septic arthritis, or Legg-Calve-Perthes disease. Older children are more likely to suffer from slipped capital femoral epiphysis or apophyseal avulsion fractures. Knowledge about how the growing skeleton differs from adults as well as the classic imaging findings in many of these diagnoses is paramount when taking care of pediatric patients with suspected hip pathology.
Are herbal medicines ripe for the cancer clinic

The use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) has become a core component of the daily challenges faced when treating cancer patients. PHY906 is a formulation of four herbal compounds traditionally used to treat nausea, vomiting, cramping, and diarrhea. Diarrhea is one of the major side effects of the cancer drug irinotecan. In this issue of Science Translational Medicine, Lam and colleagues report that administration of PHY906 with irinotecan in a mouse model of colon cancer resulted in a synergistic reduction in tumor burden, maintenance of body weight, and stem cell regeneration in the intestinal mucosa. Yet when considering CAM use in the treatment of cancer patients, one must take into account reproducibility of preclinical findings in clinical practice, quality assurance of herbal products, and potential toxicities associated with alternative therapies.
Trapped-ion quantum simulator: experimental application to nonlinear interferometers.

We show how an experimentally realized set of operations on a single trapped ion is sufficient to simulate a wide class of Hamiltonians of a spin-$1/2$ particle in an external potential. This system is also able to simulate other physical dynamics. As a demonstration, we simulate the action of two $n\mathrm{t}\mathrm{h}$ order nonlinear optical beam splitters comprising an interferometer sensitive to phase shift in one of the interferometer beam paths. The sensitivity in determining these phase shifts increases linearly with $n$, and the simulation demonstrates that the use of nonlinear beam splitters ($n=2,3$) enhances this sensitivity compared to the standard quantum limit imposed by a linear beam splitter ($n=1$).
Structure of infectious prions: stabilization by domain swapping

A candidate structure for the minimal prion infectious unit is a recently discovered protein oligomer modeled as a beta-helical prion trimer (BPT); BPTs can stack to form cross-beta fibrils and may provide insight into protein aggregates of other amyloid diseases. However, the BPT lacks a clear intermonomer binding mechanism. Here we propose an alternative domain-swapped trimeric prion (DSTP) model and show with molecular dynamics (MD) that the DSTP has more favorable intermonomer hydrogen bonding and proline dihedral strain energy than the BPT. This new structural proposal may be tested by lysine and N terminus fluorescent resonance energy transfer (FRET) either directly on recombinant prion protein amyloid aggregates or on synthetic constructs that contain the proline/lysine-rich hinge region critical for domains to swap. In addition, the domain swapping may provide 1) intrinsic entanglement, which can contribute to the remarkable temperature stability of the infectious prion structure and help explain the absence of PrP(Sc) monomers, 2) insight into why specific prolines are potentially relevant to three inherited forms of prion disease, and 3) a simple explanation of prion strains assuming the strain is encoded in the monomer number of the oligomers.
Utilization of a habitat mosaic by cotton rats during a population decline

This study describes the demographic features of a population of Sigmodon hispidus utilizing the habitat mosaic provided by a Carolina Bay on the Atlantic coastal plain of South Carolina. A total of 71 cotton rats were captured 160 times on a 4 ha grid during a winter decline from 25/ha to less that 1/ha. Body weights of adults declined until early February and then increased; those of subadults grew very slowly until February followed by a spurt in growth. Weight gain did not differ between survivors and non-survivors for males, but female survivors gained 1.5 g per week more than non-survivors. Female subadults exhibited higher mortality early in the decline and males later.
State Disintegration and Urban-Based Revolutionary Crisis: A Comparative Analysis of Iran and Nicaragua

The purpose of this article is to assess the usefulness of the theoretical insights generated by Theda Skocpol's theory of revolution in explaining the Iranian and Nicaraguan revolutions. The major...
Abundance of Asian Citrus Psyllid on Yellow Sticky Traps in Florida, Puerto Rico, and Texas Citrus Groves

Abstract. Population dynamics of Asian citrus psyllid, Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Psyllidae), were studied using yellow sticky traps in citrus groves in Florida, Texas, and Puerto Rico. Four groves were studied in Florida (three sweet orange groves and one grove of mixed Citrus spp.) and Texas (four grapefruit groves), and three groves were studied in Puerto Rico (one grove of mandarin oranges and two sweet orange groves). Abundance of Asian citrus psyllid based on trap captures of adults at two groves in Puerto Rico were similar to those in Florida, although several peaks in numbers trapped at one Florida grove far exceeded those at any other grove. Few adults were captured on traps at one of the Puerto Rico groves and at each of the four Texas groves. Less abundance of the psyllid was attributed to the grove in Puerto Rico being higher altitude and cooler. Fewer psyllids captured at two of the four Texas groves during some trapping periods were attributed to applications of insecticides but, ...
Examining the Economic Value of Publicity and Promotional Activities Among State Tourism Communication Programs

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate financial value of the publicity and promotions programs being carried out by top state tourism spenders in the United States. The discussion is broken down into three sections. First, the overall economic impact of the travel, tourism, and hospitality (TT&H) industry is discussed. Second, various techniques applicable for evaluating and measuring public relations promotional activities for this particular industry are reviewed. And third, each of the states' expenditures-to-revenues figures are calculated to determine the cost-effectiveness of the tourism campaign promotion efforts. Results substantiate the value communication earns and that the states under investigation are earning a healthy return on their promotional efforts related to three economic aspects: return-on-investment ratio, per person revenue generated, and per person cost. Implications for managers are discussed and future studies are proposed.
Neurotrophins and their receptors: a convergence point for many signalling pathways.

The neurotrophins are a family of proteins that are essential for the development of the vertebrate nervous system. Each neurotrophin can signal through two different types of cell surface receptor — the Trk receptor tyrosine kinases and the p75 neurotrophin receptor. Given the wide range of activities that are now associated with neurotrophins, it is probable that additional regulatory events and signalling systems are involved. Here, I review recent findings that neurotrophins, in addition to promoting survival and differentiation, exert various effects through surprising interactions with other receptors and ion channels.
CASTRATION ATROPHY AND THEELIN EFFECT OF THEELIN ON ATROPHIC UTERI OF CASTRATED ALBINO RATS

In the clinical use of theelin, particularly for the relief of the symptoms of menopause, the results reported seem to be sufficiently variable and incomplete to warrant a careful experimental study of the effect of this substance under controlled conditions. Werner and Collier (1, 2) have reported results following the administration of theelin to a series of ten women in artificial menopause. In addition to demonstrating its value for the alleviation of the symptoms of this condition, they have shown also its effect on the uterine endometrium of their patients. From material secured by curettement, both before and during the periods of injection, they were able to demonstrate a definite hyperplasia and restoration to virtual normal appearance of these surface scrapings of endometrium.
Level widths and level densities of nuclei in the 32 A 60 mass region inferred from fluctuation analysis of total neutron cross sections

Level widths and level densities of nuclei in the $32l~Al~60$ mass region are inferred from the fluctuation analysis of total neutron cross sections. The experimentally determined level densities are compared to phenomenological and microscopic predictions. The total neutron cross sections were measured in the $0.75l~{E}_{n}l~11.3 \mathrm{MeV}$ range for ${}^{31}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{32}\mathrm{S},$ ${}^{39}\mathrm{K},$ ${}^{51}\mathrm{V},$ ${}^{56}\mathrm{Fe},$ and ${}^{59}\mathrm{Co}$ using a white neutron source and standard time-of-flight techniques. Measured cross sections agree well in magnitude and structure with earlier measurements. Nuclear level widths and cross section variances were determined for the compound nuclei ${}^{32}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ ${}^{40}\mathrm{K},$ ${}^{52}\mathrm{V},$ ${}^{57}\mathrm{Fe},$ and ${}^{60}\mathrm{Co}$ by means of Fourier analysis of the fluctuating excitation functions and subsequent least squares fit to the resulting $\mathrm{ln}{S}_{k}$ spectra. Nuclear level densities for the above compound nuclei were extracted by relating them to the variance (variance method) of the total neutron cross sections via Ericson theory of fluctuating cross sections. Furthermore, level density values were derived by relating level densities to average level widths (gamma method) via compound nuclear theory. The present study shows good agreement between the two methods for ${}^{32}\mathrm{P}$ and ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ with an uncertainty of 30--40 %. Inclusion of a finite energy resolution correction and use of local instead of global optical model parameters improve agreement, but do not resolve the discrepancy between the two methods completely, especially for $Ag40.$ Nuclear level densities were compared with microscopic calculations utilizing a BCS pairing Hamiltonian and specific sets of realistic sets of single-particle energies. A further comparison was made with results obtained from phenomenological models based on the Fermi gas formalism. For ${}^{32}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ and ${}^{40}\mathrm{K},$ experimental values and phenomenological predictions agree well, but diverge with increasing A. From least squares fits to the present level density data, level density parameters $(a$ and $\ensuremath{\Delta})$ were extracted for ${}^{32}\mathrm{P},$ ${}^{33}\mathrm{S},$ and ${}^{40}\mathrm{K}.$ Results for the level density parameter are consistent with $a=A/9.$
Investigation of Safety Influence Area for Four-Legged Signalized Intersections: Nationwide Survey and Empirical Inquiry

It is common in crash data recording and safety studies to designate crashes that occurred within a default radius from intersections as having occurred at or been influenced by intersections. The purpose of this study is to investigate thoroughly how intersection attributes affect this safety influence area and how the varied safety influence areas for intersection approaches improve safety analysis. First, a nationwide survey was conducted to review how police officers, crash records technicians, and state safety engineers identify intersection crashes. Data for a sample of 177 four-legged signalized intersections were collected from the state of Florida. On the basis of crash data and the approach features, the intersection's inside area (from the center to the stop bar, used to designate at-intersection crashes) and the safety influence area (measured upstream from the stop bar, used to designate intersection-related crashes) were explored by using classification trees. The research concluded that it is better to define at-intersection and intersection-related safety influence areas for each approach separately, and then to determine intersection influence area and size on the basis of approach features. Among the selected intersections, around 30% of the approaches had at least one intersection-related crash occurring beyond the physical boundary (left-turn lane), and these cases were examined. Test statistics showed that intersection-related crashes defined by a 250-ft boundary (the default used in many states) versus those defined by varied boundaries are significantly different. The approach-level intersection-related crashes were fitted by using the generalized estimating equations with a negative binomial. The significant factors identified were different for the models that used the fixed and the varied boundaries, and the model with varied influence areas had a better performance.
Intensity correlation as a means of manifesting coherent atomic excitation

The excitation of atoms into a coherent linear superposition of states may not always be revealed by measurement of the spontaneous-emission intensity at a single detector. Correlation of the intensity at two detectors, however, can under specified circumstances reveal this coherent excitation.
In vivo tissue characterization of human brain by chisquares parameter maps: Multiparameter proton T2-relaxation analysis

Abstract The heterogeneous proton MR relaxation decay process in human brain has been investigated by performing region-of-interest and pixel-by-pixel calculations on the multiecho MR images with different repetition times (TR) of human brains using a clinical 1.5-T whole-body superconducting MR scanner. Based on the monoexponential, biexponential, and continuous gaussian distribution relaxation models, first-order proton relaxation parameters (proton density, T 1 and T 2 ) and higher-order transverse proton relaxation parameters ( T 2 -long, T 2 -short, T 2 -long fraction, T 2 -average, and T 2 -distribution width) were calculated. On the basis of an F test ( p T 2 -long = 2780 ± 570 ms; T 2 -short = 159 ± 42 ms; T 2 -long fraction = 0.51 ± 0.08 ms) due to the partial volume effect but not for most of the white matter (WM). On the other hand, an improvement of fit to WM was obtained when distribution ( T 2 -average = 80 ± 8 ms; T 2 -distribution half-width = 21 ± 4 ms) as opposed to monoexponential ( T 2 = 89 ± 10 ms) fit was used. As internal controls, tubes of CuSO 4 solution ( T 2 = 1293 ± 128 ms) and agarose gel ( T 2 = 111 ± 10 ms) which have similar T 2 values as the CSF and WM of the brain, respectively, were attached to the human head and imaged concomitantly. No significance improvements in either the biexponential or distribution fits over the monoexponential fit were found for all the controls. In addition to the first-order and higher-order relaxation parameter maps, the monoexponential chisquares, as well as the chisquares ratio (chisquares of the monoexponential fit divided by that of the higher-order fit), maps were also generated. Unlike the higher-order T 2 -relaxation parameter maps, the chisquares parameter maps required no selection of any predetermined statistical confidence level. Therefore, these chisquares parameter maps provided a somewhat nonsubjective spatial prolife of the heterogeneous transverse relaxation process in the brain. Our results led us to propose that the use of chisquares parameter maps, together with the first-and higher-order relaxation parameter maps, may further improve the in vivo tissue characterization capability of MRI in future clinical diagnosis and staging of intracranial diseases.
WHERE MOST GRAINS OF VERY COARSE SAND AND FINE GRAVEL ARE DEPOSITED

SUMMARY Although supplied to rivers, grains of about 1–6 mm diameters are notably deficient in fluvial deposits because they are more readily entrained and more rapidly transported than grains of larger or smaller size. Very coarse sand and fine gravel are rarely found in shallow-water sediments for the same reason. Currents, mainly of wave origin, concentrate these grains in beaches, where they are present in more-than-ordinary abundance.
Incidence, treatment strategies and outcome of deep sternal wound infection after orthotopic heart transplantation.

Background Deep sternal wound infection (DSWI) after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) has not been well studied and its outcome remains largely unknown. Herein we report the incidence, clinical presentation, treatment strategies and early and late outcome after this complication. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 149 consecutive patients (mean age 53 ± 16 years, 113 [76%] males) who underwent OHT between January 1998 and December 2005. Mean body mass index (BMI) was 27 ± 6 kg/m 2 and 30 (20%) patients were diabetics. Sixty (40%) patients had prior cardiac surgery, 11 (7%) underwent previous ventricular assist device (VAD) implantation, and 10 (7%) were in a critical hemodynamic state requiring inotropic support. Results DSWI occurred in 13 (8.7%) patients as compared with 1.7% of patients in our general cardiac surgery population ( p 30 kg/m 2 ( p = 0.02), previous heart surgery ( p = 0.03), previous VAD ( p = 0.006) and inotropic support ( p = 0.04). Hospital mortality after DSWI was significantly increased as compared with patients without this complication (31% vs 8%, p = 0.03). One- and 5-year survival after DSWI was 100 ± 12% and 80 ± 18% as compared with 92 ± 3% and 82 ± 4% in patients without DSWI ( p = 0.8). Conclusions DSWI after OHT is a common complication and carries high mortality and morbidity rates. We were able to identify specific risk factors for this condition, such as prior VAD insertion and pre-operative inotropic support. Long-term survival after DSWI remains similar to that of transplant patients without this complication.
Explaining the association of race and ethnicity with the HIV / AIDS-related attitudes behaviors and skills of high school students.

This study deals with intervening factors such as family composition, religiosity, and HIV/AIDS knowledge in understanding the association of race and ethnicity with HIV/AIDS-related attitudes and behaviors. Data represent Wave 1 of a five-month panel design involving 10th grade students in eight public high schools in Dade County (greater Miami) Florida. Significant differences in attitudes and behaviors were found among racial/ethnic groups. Specifically, Hispanics had more negative attitudes about condom use than blacks or whites. Whites had the most permissive, and blacks the least permissive, sexual attitudes. Hispanics felt least confident and blacks felt most confident about interpersonal sexual skills. Blacks were most likely to have had sexual intercourse, and whites least likely. Religiosity was found to be a significant intervening variable in the less permissive sexual attitudes of both blacks and Hispanics. The most significant implication of this study is that racial/ethnic differences in sexual behavior can be explained more fully by socio-environmental factors such as family structure or religiosity than by knowledge or attitudes. Thus, interventions directed toward minority populations should focus on the development of alternative social environments that would support more positive behaviors. More specifically, extended family, religious youth groups, and other community organizations should be brought into the HIV/AIDS risk-reduction arena.
Phomaligols and phomaligadiones: New metabolites from the blackleg fungus

Abstract The isolation and structure elucidation of four new metabolites (1–4) are described. The structures were determined employing 2D NMR spectroscopy. The isolation of these unusual metabolites from Phoma lingam may have chemotaxonomic implications.
HELICAL MAGNETIC FIELDS IN FILAMENTS

For both even and odd-numbered solar cycles, right-hand heliform filaments predominate at middle and high latitudes in the northern hemisphere while left-handed ones predominate in the south. This recent discovery has prompted a re-examination of past measurements of magnetic fields in prominences. This re-examination indicates that Rust (1967), in his interpretation of solar cycle 20 measurements in terms of the Kippenhahn-Schluter model, and Leroy, Bommier, and Sahal-Brechot (1984), in their interpretation of solar cycle 21 measurements in terms of the Kuperus-Raadu model were both misled by the global pattern of helicity. While the original magnetic field measurements are consistent with the new results about heliform magnetic fields in filaments, neither of the well-known classes of two-dimensional models can produce both the proper axial field direction and the observed pattern of helicity. A global, subsurface velocity pattern that would twist the fields before emergence as filaments seems to be required. In this paper a twisted-flux-rope model consistent with the new understanding of filament fields is presented. The model is based on a constant-α solution of the magnetostatic equations, where electric current densityj(r) =α B(r). The model filament has dimensions in general agreement with observations. It is shown to be stable if the length is less than 140 000 km to 1,400 000 km, depending on the value ofα. The model also provides a new explanation of eruptive prominences and for the origin of the entrained material.
Rotational dynamics of irregularly shaped natural satellites

The rotational histories of irregularly shaped satellites are studied and are found to differ from the standard picture of tidal evolution of satellite rotations. Prior to capture into the synchronous rotation resonance, a narrow attitude-unstable chaotic zone is entered and the satellite begins to tumble chaotically. It is noted that enhanced dissipation of energy during the chaotic-tumbling phase may effect the orbital evolution. The theory suggests that, eventually, the rotation stays close to one of the accessible attitude-stable islands long enough for the weak tidal torque to remove the satellite from the chaotic zone.
Modeling and Verification of Humanoid Robot Task Coordination

This paper presents a component-based framework of humanoid robot task coordination using Predicate Transition Nets (PrT Nets). Humanoid robots have a large number of degrees of freedom (DOF) and they are expected to generate human-like stable behaviors to finish missions. Their motions have to satisfy a set of constraints (balance, coordinated motions, collision free movements), which increases the complexity of the system - each movement may consist of several types of movements and tasks simultaneously. Task is defined as a sequence of movements and/or actions towards to completing a given mission. It is key to represent the task coordination precisely and correctly to program on humanoid robots' motions. To solve the challenge issue of multiple task coordination for a humanoid robot, we presented a framework that integrates Component Based Software Development (CBSD) with Predicate Transition Nets to analyze the correctness of task co ordinations. Each component's behavior can be represented by a Predicate Transition Net, and the constraints of the behaviors are described by a set of temporal logic formulae. To ensure the task co ordinations are met, a rewriting logic-based model checker is applied to verify the system against the constraints. This formal framework is general and can be used for other type humanoid robots. It allows the representation of motion plans and provides the flexibility of semantic analysis on the humanoid robotics systems.
Structure of Multidrug Resistance Transporters

P-glycoprotein (Pgp) detoxifies cells by exporting hundreds of chemically unrelated toxins but has been implicated in multidrug resistance in the treatment of cancers. Substrate promiscuity is a hallmark of Pgp activity, thus a structural description of polyspecific drug-binding is important for the rational design of anticancer drugs and MDR inhibitors. The x-ray structure of apo-Pgp at 3.8 A reveals an internal cavity of ∼6,000 A3 with a 30 A separation of the two nucleotide binding domains (NBD). Two additional Pgp structures with cyclic peptide inhibitors demonstrate distinct drug binding sites in the internal cavity capable of stereo-selectivity that is based on hydrophobic and aromatic interactions. Apo- and drug-bound Pgp structures have portals open to the cytoplasm and the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer for drug entry. The inward-facing conformation represents an initial stage of the transport cycle that is competent for drug binding. We will present our latest findings on P-glycoprotein and present strategy on obtaining other conformations, extending the diffraction resolution, and new co-crystal structures with inhibitors/drugs.
Buildings operations and ETS exposure.

Abstract Mechanical systems are used in buildings to provide conditioned air, dissipate thermal loads, dilute contaminants, and maintain pressure differences. The characteristics of these systems and their operations h implications for the exposures of workers to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and for the control of these exposures. This review describes the general features of building ventilation systems and the efficacy of ventilation for controlling contaminant concentrations. Ventilation can reduce the concentration of ETS through dilution, but central heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) can also move air throughout a building that has been contaminated by ETS. An understanding of HVAC systems is needed to develop models for exposures of workers to ETS.
Magnetic Fields in Machinery Windings

In presenting the results of his studies of the magnetic field in and near the conductors of electrical machinery, the author seeks to fill the gap existing between the present accurate but difficult methods and the easier but less accurate methods of drawing and calculating these fields.
Fatigue crack detection on rough surfaces by optical Fourier analysis.

This paper deals with diffracted and scattered light spatial frequency signatures of surface piercing fatigue cracks. Emphasis is on determining the effects of roughness and lay pattern characteristics of machined surfaces on crack signatures. Fatigue crack features were observed in the combined crack-surface roughness signature with a He–Ne system over a 10–40-μin. roughness range depending on lay direction. Operation at even higher roughness levels should be achieved with longer wavelength laser sources. Crack model studies that include roughness show analytically the peak broadening effects on the crack signature.
Human milk macronutrient analysis using point-of-care near-infrared spectrophotometry

To demonstrate that the real-time nutritional analysis of human milk carbohydrate, fat and protein with near-infrared (NIR) spectrophotometric methods is accurate. A prospective study of the measurement of the macronutrient content of human milk. Milk was first analyzed on the SpectraStar 2400 Near Infrared Analyzer (Unity Scientific, Columbia, MD, USA), and then sent for primary chemical analysis for fat, protein and carbohydrate. Forty-two samples were used to create a calibration file. Ten samples were then used to validate the machine. After logistic regression analysis, the validation set had a correlation (r2) of 0.91 for carbohydrates, 0.95 for fat and 0.95 for protein. This study demonstrates the feasibility of the use of NIR for nutrient analysis of human milk. NIR offers the potential for analysis and adjustable fortification of human milk to optimize nutrient intake for the high-risk neonate.
The effect of lubricin on the gliding resistance of mouse intrasynovial tendon

The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of lubricin on the gliding resistance of intrasynovial tendons by comparing lubricin knockout, heterozygous, and wild type mice. A total of thirty-six deep digital flexor (DDF) tendons in the third digits of each hind paw from eighteen adult mice were used, including six lubricin knockout mice (Prg4 –/–), six heterozygous mice (Prg4 +/–), and six wild type mice (Prg4 +/+). The tendon gliding resistance was measured using a custom-made device. Tendon structural changes were evaluated by scanning electron and light microscopy. The gliding resistance of intrasynovial tendons from lubricin knockout mice was significantly higher than the gliding resistance of either wild type or heterozygous mice. The surface of the lubricin knockout tendons appeared to be rougher, compared to the wild type and heterozygous tendons. Synovial hyperplasia was found in the lubricin knockout mice. Cartilage-like tissue was found in the tendon and pulley of the lubricin knockout mice. Our findings confirm the importance of lubricin in intrasynovial tendon lubrication. This knockout model may be useful in determining the effect of lubricin on tendon healing and the response to injury.
Spectrographic observations of polycarbonate, polyethylene, and polyformaldehyde in a ballistic range, an arcjet, and a diffusion flame.

Photographic spectra of ablating plastics in thermodynamic environments related to species and temperatures in boundary layers
Machiavelli's Mandragola: Comedic commentary on renaissance rhetoric

Machiavelli published Mandragola to both amuse Renaissance Italian audiences and deliver a biting commentary on current mores. The comedy also contains retorts to his political exile from Florence ...
Is lumbar discography a determinate of discogenic low back pain: provocative discography reconsidered.

Provocative lumbar discography was investigated in a series of clinical studies at the Stanford University of Medicine, Stanford, CA. This work demonstrated that pain intensity during disc injection is strongly influenced by the subject’s emotional and psychological profiles, chronic pain behavior, and ongoing compensation claims whether the patient has any back pain illness or not. Pain reproduction was also primarily related to penetration of the dye through the outer annulus and could not reliably be used to confirm the location of the pain source.
Fair payment or undue inducement

Women who donate their eggs for stem-cell research should be compensated in the same way as other healthy research volunteers, argues Insoo Hyun.
Fiber optic refractive index sensor based on π-phase shifted fiber Bragg grating fabricated on etched side-hole fiber

In this paper, we present a temperature-insensitive refractive index sensor based on π-phase-shifted Bragg gratings fabricated on side-hole fibers processed by wet chemical etching technique. The reflection spectrum of the π-phase shifted gratings on etched side-hole fiber features two notches with large spectral separation, which was used for refractive index (RI) detection in our application. The relative spectral notch separation exhibited a RI sensitivity of −278.5 pm/RIU (RIU: RI unit). Theoretical simulation obtained the temperature sensitivity of −0.00241 pm/°C, and experimental results also showed little sensitivity to temperature of our RI sensor.
Energy Conversion Goes Local: Implications for Planners

Problem: Emerging energy technologies are bringing planners a new set of issues. The supply-oriented framework from engineering economics within which energy planning has traditionally been conducted may be useful for siting large refineries, power plants, and transmission corridors, but it is not helpful for mitigating conflicts at the site level, encouraging new technology adoptions, managing the demand for energy, or, especially, coordinating the diverse users of smaller, local energy facilities. Purpose: I provide an alternative conceptual framework for thinking about emerging energy planning tasks. I highlight factors not considered in the traditional model, and introduce terminology for characterizing key characteristics of the changing energy economy. Methods: I draw on concepts from industrial ecology, urban metabolism, and ecological economics, and apply my new framework to a set of examples illustrating its advantages relative to the traditional approach to energy planning. Results and conclusio...
Linezolid treatment of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium ventriculitis

The successful treatment of a 7-month-old infant with shunt-associated ventriculitis caused by vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium is presented. Linezolid was administered intravenously every 8 h; children have a greater volume of distribution and total body clearance than adults and therefore require more frequent dosing. The patient tolerated the therapy without adverse effects.
Light microscopic identification of the ribosome-lamella complex in "hairy cells" of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis.

Routine hematologic and histologic preparations revealed rod-shaped structures in the cytoplasm of “hairy cells” in 3 of 11 patients with leukemic reticuloendotheliosis. These inclusions are identical with the ribosome-lamella complex seen under the electron microscope in the hairy cells. The cytoplasmic inclusions can be of diagnostic value in the light microscopic differentiation of leukemic reticuloendotheliosis from other leukemias and lymphomas.