cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sodium Cholate Bile Acid-Stabilized Ferumoxytol-Doxorubicin-Lipiodol Emulsion for Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Abstract Purpose To develop bile acid-stabilized multimodal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and computed tomography (CT)-visible doxorubicin eluting lipiodol emulsion for transarterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Materials and Methods Ferumoxytol, a US Food and Drug Administration-approved iron oxide nanoparticle visible under MR imaging was electrostatically complexed with doxorubicin (DOX). An amphiphilic bile acid, sodium cholate (SC), was used to form a stable dispersion of ferumoxytol-DOX complex in lipiodol emulsion. Properties of the fabricated emulsion were characterized in various component ratios. Release kinetics of DOX were evaluated for the chemoembolization applications. Finally, in vivo multimodal MR imaging/CT imaging properties and potential therapeutic effects upon intra-arterial (IA) infusion bile acid-stabilized ferumoxytol-DOX-lipiodol emulsion were evaluated in orthotopic McA-Rh7777 HCC rat models. Results DOX complexed with ferumoxytol through electrostatic interaction. Amphiphilic SC bile acid at the interface between the aqueous ferumoxytol-DOX complexes and lipiodol enabled a sustained DOX release (17.2 ± 1.6% at 24 hours) at an optimized component ratio. In McA Rh7777 rat HCC model, IA-infused emulsion showed a significant contrast around tumor in both T2-weighted MR imaging and CT images (P = .044). Hematoxylin and eosin and Prussian blue staining confirmed the local deposition of IA-infused SC bile acid-stabilized emulsion in the tumor. The deposited emulsion induced significant increases in TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) stain-positive cancer cell apoptosis compared to those in a group treated with the nonstabilized emulsion. Conclusions SC bile acid-stabilized ferumoxytol-DOX-lipiodol emulsion demonstrated sustained drug release and multimodal MR imaging/CT imaging capabilities. The new lipiodol-based formulation may enhance the therapeutic efficacy of chemoembolization in HCC.
Pattern Similarity Measures Applied to Mass Spectra

Mass spectrometry is a core analytical chemistry technique for elucidating the structure and identity of compounds. Broadly, the technique involves the ionization of an analyte and analysis of the resulting mass spectrum, a representation of ion intensity as a function of mass to charge ratios. In this article, the notion of similarity as it applies to mass spectra is explored. In particular, several modes of approximating distances and similarities in patterns are touched upon: l1 and l2 distances, the Wasserstein metric (earth mover’s distance) and cosine similarity derived measures. Concluding the manuscript is a report on the performance of the similarity measures on a small test set of data, followed by a discussion of mass spectral library searching and prospects for quantifying uncertainty in compound identifications leveraging mass spectral similarity.
Pancreas Cancer Incidence and Pancreas Cancer-Associated Mortality Are Low in National Cohort of 7211 Pancreas Cyst Patients.

Pancreatic cancer incidence and mortality among patients with pancreas cysts are unclear. The aims of this study are to evaluate incidence of pancreatic cancer and cause-specific mortality among patients with pancreatic cysts using a large national cohort over a long follow-up period. We conducted a retrospective cohort study of US Veterans diagnosed with a pancreatic cyst 1999–2013, based on International Classification of Diseases, 9th edition (ICD9) coding within national Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) data. Pancreatic cancer incidence was ascertained using VA cancer registry data, ICD-9 codes, and the National Death Index, a national centralized database of death records, including cause-specific mortality. Among 7211 Veterans with pancreatic cysts contributing 31,501 person-years of follow-up (median follow-up 4.4 years), 79 (1.1%) developed pancreatic cancer. A total of 1982 patients (27.5%) died during the study follow-up period. Sixty-three patients (3.2% of deaths; 0.9% of pancreas cyst cohort) died from pancreatic cancer, but the leading causes of death in the cohort were non-pancreatic cancer (n = 498, 25% of deaths) and cardiovascular disease (n = 398, 20% of deaths). Pancreas cancer incidence and pancreatic cancer-associated mortality are very low in a large national cohort of VA pancreatic cyst patients with long-term follow-up. Most deaths were from non-pancreas cancers and cardiovascular causes, and only a minority (3.2%) were attributable to pancreas cancer. Given death from pancreas cancer is rare, future research should focus on identifying criteria for selecting individuals at high risk for death from pancreatic cancer for pancreatic cyst surveillance.
The Metabolic Fates of Pyruvate in Normal and Neoplastic Cells.

Pyruvate occupies a central metabolic node by virtue of its position at the crossroads of glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and its production and fate being governed by numerous cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors. The former includes the cell’s type, redox state, ATP content, metabolic requirements and the activities of other metabolic pathways. The latter include the extracellular oxygen concentration, pH and nutrient levels, which are in turn governed by the vascular supply. Within this context, we discuss the six pathways that influence pyruvate content and utilization: 1. The lactate dehydrogenase pathway that either converts excess pyruvate to lactate or that regenerates pyruvate from lactate for use as a fuel or biosynthetic substrate; 2. The alanine pathway that generates alanine and other amino acids; 3. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex pathway that provides acetyl-CoA, the TCA cycle’s initial substrate; 4. The pyruvate carboxylase reaction that anaplerotically supplies oxaloacetate; 5. The malic enzyme pathway that also links glycolysis and the TCA cycle and generates NADPH to support lipid bio-synthesis; and 6. The acetate bio-synthetic pathway that converts pyruvate directly to acetate. The review discusses the mechanisms controlling these pathways, how they cross-talk and how they cooperate and are regulated to maximize growth and achieve metabolic and energetic harmony.
Superfund vs. Mega-Sites: The Coeur D'Alene River Basin Story

Stretching across the "panhandle" of northern Idaho, the Coeur d'Alene River Basin evokes a mixed sense of wonder. Within this vast region of mountains and marshes, forests and farmland, creeks and canyons, a vibrant mining industry emerged more than a century ago. Along with the mining industry came the mining towns-and the mining pollution. Over time, the volume of mining wastes discharged into waters of the Coeur d'Alene Basin reached Brobdingnagian proportions: enough waste to fill a football field with a pile four miles high.
COVID-19 Vaccine Perceptions, Intentions, and Uptake: A Prospective College-based Cohort Study.

Background Uptake of the COVID-19 vaccine among US young adults, particularly those that belong to racial and ethnic minorities, remains low compared to their older peers. Understanding vaccine perceptions and their influence on vaccination uptake among this population remains crucial to achieving population herd immunity. Objective We sought to also study the perceptions and uptake of the vaccines against COVID-19 among one population of college students, faculty, and staff. Methods As part of a larger study aimed at investigating the dynamics of COVID-19 transmission, serology, and perception on a college campus, participants were asked about their views on the COVID-19 vaccine in February 2021. Vaccination status was assessed by self-report in April 2021. Logistic regression was used to calculate prevalence ratios with marginal standardization. Results We found that non-White participants were 25% less likely to report COVID-19 vaccination compared to White participants. Among those who were unvaccinated, Black and other non-White participants were significantly more likely to indicate they were unwilling to receive the COVID-19 vaccine compared to White participants. The most common reason for unwillingness to receive the vaccine was belief that the vaccine approval process was rushed. Conclusions There are racial differences in perceptions of the COVID-19 vaccine among young adults, and these differences might differentially impact vaccine uptake among young racial and ethnic minorities. Efforts to increase vaccine uptake among college populations might require campaigns specifically tailored to these minority groups.
Disarmament, Demobilization, and Reintegration Programs: An Assessment

Disarmament, Demobilizaiton, and Reinegration programs (DDR) have come to be seen as integral to a successful transition to peace and vital to promoting long-term stability, security, and economic development following civil wars. This report provides an assessment of DDR from a social-scientific standpoint. We review the main topics considered by studies in the policy and academic worlds: war recurrence, violence and crime prevention, civic and political participation, wartime trauma, the sequencing of the component parts of DDR programs, and potential adverse effects of DDR interventions. Next, a methodological review addresses how to evaluate the effects of DDR programs. Among the questions about DDR programs currently being asked in the literature, which questions are hard, if not impossible, to answer? Are the right data being collected and appropriate methods used in impact evaluations of DDR programs? We conclude by drawing on our analytical review to provide an agenda for future research. We identify ways that the literature can move forward and draw out the implications of our discussion for the broader literature on peacebuilding interventions.
Vibrational Excitation of Molecules By Slow Electrons

This chapter deals with the excitation of vibration in a molecule by the impact of an electron with an energy of a few electron volts, rarely as high as 30 eV. The field has been reviewed so many times in the last 10 years(1-11) that another paper-by-paper review hardly seems appropriate. What does seem appropriate is an elementary exposition of the physical concepts, particularly resonances and virtual states, which lie behind much of the discussion. These concepts are understood very well by the very few people who actually use them in calculations, but unfortunately different people speak and write about them in ways which at first sight seem to be describing different physical objects. Lengthy discussion usually leads to the conclusion that everyone is talking about the same physics, but it is at present difficult for the newcomer to the field to see this because there is a lack of elementary introductions. This chapter, then, is an attempt at such an elementary introduction. The reader who wants to know more about current theoretical developments will find it helpful to go to the published reviews, starting with the most recent, by Lane(1) and Burke.(2) The reader who wants to know how the experiments are done will find a good starting point in the papers(11) on the state of the experimental art at the first and second Schulz Symposia, by Linder (in 1977) and Read (in 1979).
Metabolic and contractile protein expression in developing rat diaphragm muscle

Progressive changes in myosin isozyme expression and in energy- generating enzyme activities were followed in the diaphragm and, for comparison, in axial and appendicular muscles of rats from 18 d gestation to maturity. Native myosins were characterized by pyrophosphate gel electrophoresis. Myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isozymes were measured with ELISA using monoclonal antibodies and were localized by immunocytochemistry. RNA transcripts for the MHCs were demonstrated on Northern blots and by RNase protection assays. Quantitative activities of malate dehydrogenase (MDH), beta-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase (beta OAC), 1-phosphofructokinase (PFK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase (CK), and adenylokinase (AK) were measured in muscle homogenates and in individual fibers by fluorometric pyridine nucleotide-dependent assays. Compared to limb muscles, expression of neonatal myosin in the diaphragm is precocious. Neonatal MHC mRNA is prominent in the diaphragm at 19 d gestation, and neonatal myosin is the major MHC isoform present at birth. Slow and fast IIa MHCs are also present at birth. Transcripts for IIa MHC are detectable in the diaphragm at 21 d gestation and are upregulated at birth. Comparable signal for IIa MHC mRNA is not found in the gastrocnemius until 10 d postpartum. Adult fast IIb MHC mRNA was detected only as a faint signal at 30–40 d in the diaphragm and then disappeared. Results indicate that a separate phenotype, the IIx type, matures late in diaphragmatic development. The activities of enzymes representing all of the major energy pathways are higher in the fetal diaphragm than in the fetal hindlimb muscles. For example, beta OAC had sixfold higher activity in the diaphragm than in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle at birth, activity in the diaphragm than in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle at birth.
Progressive Precision Surface Design

We introduce a novel wavelet decomposition algorithm that makes a number of powerful new surface design operations practical. Wavelets, and hierarchical representations generally, have held promise to facilitate a variety of design tasks in a unified way by approximating results very precisely, thus avoiding a proliferation of undergirding mathematical representations. However, traditional wavelet decomposition is defined from fine to coarse resolution, thus limiting its efficiency for highly precise surface manipulation when attempting to create new non-local editing methods.
Constraints on demarcating left and right areas in designing of a performance-based workstation

The purpose of this study was to show the constraints that demarcate right and left areas in designing a performance-based workstation. As a part of the larger project, the current experiment was designed to determine the directional location at which people change from using their right hand to using their left hand when reaching for a pen to write their name. The results from 21 right-handed participants showed that their left hand was not used significantly in any azimuth lines. Although right-handed participants used their left hand more often as the target location approached their contralateral side of their body, the frequencies of left hand use were not significantly dominant even beyond the left shoulder plane used in this experiment. Along with findings from previous work, we conclude that for this particular task the hand-use transition occurs beyond 20 degrees left of left shoulder plane. The location of this boundary is markedly farther to the left than identified in other research, thereby demonstrating the importance of task constraint in describing work area.
Altered prostate growth and daily sperm production in male mice exposed prenatally to subclinical doses of 17α‐ethinyl oestradiol

Approximately 2 million women in the USA and Europe continue taking oral contraceptives each year during undetected pregnancy due primarily to non-compliance and also to individual variation in sensitivity to hormones in the contraceptives. Prenatal exposure to oral contraceptives containing 17α-ethinyl oestradiol (EE) has generally not been associated with an increased incidence of externally observable malformations at birth. The purpose of this study was to assess effects on reproductive organs in adult male mice that had been exposed during gestation day 0 through 17 (equivalent to gestation week 16 in humans) to clinically relevant (˜0.5 ug/kg/day) and lower doses of EE. Doses used in this study ranged from 0.002 to 2 (μg/kg/day. By 5 months of age, prostate weight was significantly (P < 0.05) higher than controls in most treatment groups of EE (0.02-2 μg/kg). Prostatic androgen receptor populations were significantly elevated only in the 0.02 μg/kg group, suggesting different mechanisms for the increase in prostate weight at different doses. Daily sperm production (DSP) and DSP per gramme of testis were reduced in all treatment groups during adolescence, but not later in adulthood. These findings are consistent with prior studies showing that prenatal exposure of mice to very low doses of a number of oestrogenic chemicals can alter the adult male reproductive system without causing gross external malformations.
Corruption in Bulgaria

There is a disparity between what international experts say about corruption in Bulgaria and the way the country's people see the problem. The European Union (EU) reports steady progress, but its view is not shared by Bulgaria's own monitors, scholars, and citizenry. This issue is explored through public reports, papers, and interviews. The analysis suggests that the disparate views of corruption arise from differing definitions of democracy. The Western emphasis on institution building and markets over citizen participation and social welfare has undermined citizen support for democratic reform. As a result, efforts by the EU and the United States in Bulgaria may inadvertently sustain a tolerance for corruption.
Dyslexia Introduction to the Special Series

The articles collected into this special series on dyslexia were originally prepared for the third annual Perspectives on Dyslexia conference held at Middle Tennessee State University in Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in April 1992. That conference was sponsored by the Katherine Davis Murfree Chair of Excellence in Dyslexic Studies as part of its charge to keep educators in Tennessee informed of some of the most recent research findings regarding dyslexia.
SPP tomography experiments with surface plasmon polariton standing waves

Abstract Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) standing waves were observed using SPP tomography. We show that SPP tomography in a quantum eraser arrangement has the remarkable capability of permitting the observation of light passing through the dark fringes of the observed standing wave interference pattern. Classical and phenomenological quantum descriptions of the experiments are presented. The experimental results are discussed in the broader context of novel active magnetic–optical metamaterials and the use of electromagnetic standing waves to study magnetic properties of materials at optical frequencies.
Bottom Boundary Layer Structure and Detachment in the Shelfbreak Jet of the Middle Atlantic Bight

The hydrographic properties of the bottom boundary layer (BBL) are investigated in a synoptic cross section of the Middle Atlantic Bight shelfbreak frontal jet. The dataset consists of closely spaced conductivity‐temperature‐depth stations and concurrent shipboard acoustic Doppler current profiler measurements. An extremum in BBL properties occurs in the frontal region where the layer becomes thinner (disappearing briefly), more stratified, and more strongly capped. These changes are apparently related to the significant cross-slope variation in interior stratification. Where the BBL vanishes, at the shoreward edge of the front, it detaches into the interior along an (nearly) isopycnal layer. This is revealed both by weak vertical stratification as well as weak isopycnal gradients of potential temperature (u) and salinity (S) along the layer. An advective‐diffusive model of the detachment in density space is used to explain the observed u ,S distribution as well as estimate the pumping speed along the detached BBL. The detided ADCP velocity fields are analyzed in light of the observed detached BBL. The mechanism of detachment is discussed in relation to existing models, and the secondary circulation in the cross-stream plane is inferred. This reveals a deep interior upwelling cell, apparently tied to the local bathymetry, which enhances the flow along the detached BBL.
A Bio-Inspired Swarm Robot Coordination Algorithm for Multiple Target Searching

The coordination of a multi-robot system searching for multi targets is challenging under dynamic environment since the multi-robot system demands group coherence (agents need to have the incentive to work together faithfully) and group competence (agents need to know how to work together well). In our previous proposed bio-inspired coordination method, Local Interaction through Virtual Stigmergy (LIVS), one problem is the considerable randomness of the robot movement during coordination, which may lead to more power consumption and longer searching time. To address these issues, an adaptive LIVS (ALIVS) method is proposed in this paper, which not only considers the travel cost and target weight, but also predicting the target/robot ratio and potential robot redundancy with respect to the detected targets. Furthermore, a dynamic weight adjustment is also applied to improve the searching performance. This new method a truly distributed method where each robot makes its own decision based on its local sensing information and the information from its neighbors. Basically, each robot only communicates with its neighbors through a virtual stigmergy mechanism and makes its local movement decision based on a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The proposed ALIVS algorithm has been implemented on the embodied robot simulator, Player/Stage, in a searching target. The simulation results demonstrate the efficiency and robustness in a power-efficient manner with the real-world constraints.
Adaptive reduction in permeability of avian eggshells to water vapour at high altitudes

WE report here the existence of an altitudinal cline in permeability of eggshells to water vapour for eggs of a North American species of bird. This pattern of geographic variation in permeability of eggshells seems to have arisen as an adaptive response to altitudinal variation in the diffusivity of water vapour through air. Diffusivity of atmospheric gases has not previously been widely recognised as an important component of the physical environment to which organisms are exposed, and our findings provide further evidence for the pervasiveness of natural selection.
Polarization properties of SC generated in CaF2

Abstract Polarization of SC generated by 80 fs pulses of Ti:Sapphire laser strongly depends on the orientation of CaF 2 plate with respect to the plane of polarization of the pump light. Intensity modulation of the broad blue-shifted wing of SC against crystal rotation for the polarization parallel and orthogonal to the polarization of the pump beam is observed with CaF 2 and Sapphire. Observed modulation is due to evolution of the polarization state along the propagation distance in crystal.
Participatory Budgeting in Midwestern States: Democratic Connection or Citizen Disconnection?

What participation mechanisms connect citizens and city officials? Do they produce valued outcomes? Surveys of elected officials suggest that microlevel mechanisms such as direct citizen contact are more valuable in meeting participation goals than are mechanisms focusing on macrolevel concerns. However, there is a disconnect between perceptions about value and the use of mechanisms. State-level participation requirements and a city manager have little effect on the value of a mechanism. These findings raise some questions: why are microlevel participation mechanisms favored, why do some mechanisms have value even though respondents have little experience with them, and why is there a misalignment between participatory goals and the mechanisms used?
Measurement of bronchoconstriction using whole-body plethysmograph: comparison of freely moving versus restrained guinea pigs

We have previously measured pulmonary function in guinea pigs using a double-chambered plethysmograph, however, the question remains regarding the accuracy of the double-chamber to gauge the long-term pulmonary function of late asthmatic response. This may be affected by confounding factors, such as stress on the animal and differences in size of the collar around the neck. Therefore, in this study we compared histamine-induced bronchoconstriction in the same guinea pigs using a single- versus a double-chambered body box. In the double-chambered body box, the specific airway resistance is proportional to time delay between thoracic and nasal flows and measured in cmH2O x s. Whereas, in the single-chambered body box, PenH units (Enhanced Pause) reflect "effort of breathing." This is measured as the pause between inspiration and expiration. Doubling concentrations of histamine (12.5-200 microg/ml dissolved in normal saline) were administered by DeVilbiss nebulizer for 1 min, followed by 1 min suction of residual drug in the chamber, and then the airway resistance was recorded by the computer for the following 3 min. There was a 15-min wash-out period between two doses of histamine. There was no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05) in the PC100 values for histamine between the two methods, however, it was much easier to work with the single-chambered body box in terms of handling the animal and eliminating the possible influence of collar placement on the bronchoconstriction. In conclusion, the data suggests histamine challenges produce equivalent PC100 data in both the double-chambered plethysmograph with sRAW units and single-chambered plethysmograph using the PenH units.
Vascular disease and dementias: Paradigm shifts to drive research in new directions

Abstract Vascular disease was once considered the principal cause of aging-related dementia. More recently, however, research emphasis has shifted to studies of progressive neurodegenerative disease processes, such as those giving rise to neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and Lewy bodies. Although these studies have led to critical insights and potential therapeutic strategies, interest in the role of systemic and cerebrovascular disease mechanisms waned and has received relatively less attention and research support. Recent studies suggest that vascular disease mechanisms play an important role in the risk for aging-related cognitive decline and disorders. Vascular disease frequently coexists with cognitive decline in aging individuals, shares many risk factors with dementias considered to be of the "Alzheimer type," and is observed more frequently than expected in postmortem material from individuals manifesting "specific" disease stigmata, such as abundant plaques and tangles. Considerable difficulties have emerged in attempting to classify dementias as being related to vascular versus neurodegenerative causes, and several systems of criteria have been used. Despite multiple attempts, a lack of consensus remains regarding the optimal means of incorporating vascular disease into clinical diagnostic, neurocognitive, or neuropathologic classification schemes for dementias. We propose here an integrative, rather than a strictly taxonomic, approach to the study and elucidation of how vascular disease mechanisms contribute to the development of dementias. We argue that, instead of discriminating between, for example, "Alzheimer's disease," "vascular dementia," and other diseases, there is a greater need to focus clinical and research efforts on elucidating specific pathophysiologic mechanisms that contribute to dementia phenotypes and neuropathologic outcomes. We outline a multitiered strategy, beginning with clinical and public health interventions that can be implemented immediately, enhancements to ongoing longitudinal studies to increase their informative value, and new initiatives to capitalize on recent advances in systems biology and network medicine. This strategy will require funding from multiple public and private sources to support collaborative and interdisciplinary research efforts to take full advantage of these opportunities and realize their societal benefits.
Alterations in hepatic gluconeogenesis, prostanoid, and intracellular calcium during sepsis.

OBJECTIVE The metabolic alterations observed during sepsis may be associated with changes in local concentrations of intracellular calcium (Ca2+) and prostanoid synthesis in the liver. The authors studied hepatocyte intracellular Ca2+ and the release of glucose and prostanoid in an in-vivo murine liver perfusion model. METHODS Sepsis was induced in anesthetized, fasted rats by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP, n = 42). Hepatic glucose release was studied in control (n = 10) and CLP (n = 10) groups using a non-recirculating liver perfusion model with and without lactate as gluconeogenic substrate. Hepatocyte intracellular Ca2+ (n = 11) was measured using the selective indicator Fura-2 under basal and epinephrine (10(-5) M) stimulated conditions. 6-Keto-prostaglandin F1alpha (6-Keto) and thromboxane B2 (TxB2) were determined from liver perfusate by radioimmunassay (n = 11). Data were analyzed using t-tests and repeated-measures ANOVA. RESULTS Plasma glucose was significantly lower in CLP groups compared with controls (74.9+/-6.6 vs 115.7+/-4.6 mg/dL, p < 0.05). Plasma lactate was significantly higher in CLP vs controls (3.7+/-0.4 vs 1.4+/-0.1 mM, p < 0.05). Glucose release in isolated perfused livers was significantly lower in CLP vs controls (8.5 vs 16+/-1.2 microM/g/hr, p < 0.001). With the addition of lactate + pyruvate to the perfusate, glucose output in CLP livers was significantly lower following 5 (9.9+/-0.7 vs 17.7+/-1.1 microM/g/hr, p < 0.05) and 10 (11.9+/-1.2 vs 20.6+/-1.3 microM/g/hr, p < 0.001) minutes of perfusion. The basal level of intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in CLP rats (460.1+/-91.6 nM) was significantly higher than in control rats (196.3+/-35.5 nM) (p < 0.05). A significant increase (p < 0.05) in [Ca2+]i occurred after the addition of epinephrine in hepatocytes in control (196.3+/-35.5 vs 331.8+/-41.4 nM) but not CLP (460.1+/-91.6 vs 489.4+/-105 nM) rats. 6-Keto was significantly lower in CLP compared with controls at 30 minutes (25.7+/-3.9 vs 33.4+/-5.5 pg/mL, p < 0.05), whereas TxB2 was not significantly altered (52.1+/-34.7 vs 87.5+/-43.2 pg/mL). CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that CLP sepsis is associated with an increase in hepatocyte intracellular free Ca2+ concentration along with attenuation of hormone-mediated Ca2+ mobilization and hepatic gluconeogenesis.
Self‐Perceived Gender Typicality and the Peer Context During Adolescence

This research examined adolescents' gender identity in relation to the peer context and their self-concept. Participants were 229 adolescents who completed questionnaire measures of self-concept and multidimensional gender identity. Regression analysis indicated peer acceptance partially mediated the relation between self-perceived gender typicality and self-worth. Cluster analysis revealed four groups of adolescents with differing profiles of self-perceived gender typicality, felt peer pressure for gender conformity, and peer acceptance. Findings highlight the inherently social and contextual nature of gender identity. Also, the pathologizing of gender-nonconforming youth is discussed.
Lateral hypothalamic stimulation: Experience and deprivation as factors in rat’s licking of empty drinking tubes

Animals’ behavior when 24 or 48 h food deprived was compared with their behavior when given high or low electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus to see if the previous experience of drinking sucrose from tubes could induce the animals in both conditions to respond on the tubes when empty. Only in the electrical stimulation condition did the Ss show any significant responding on the empty tubes.
The theory of phenomenological description

1. The first issue to be decided is why we need a theory of phenomenological description. Why do we not simply carry out our descriptions? I think there are three reasons. First, without a theory the descriptions might seem rather pointless. If we observe, for example, that all perceived material objects have an other side that is not being perceived while one side is being perceived, or if we say that any statement can be repeated by someone else, sometimes with belief and sometimes without belief, the point of making such comments about things may not be easy to see. We appear to be belaboring the obvious. Thus a theory of transcendental description is needed in order to just ify the descriptions we actually carry out. Secondly, a theory of transcendental descriptions helps us understand the status and the stance of ourselves as transcendental describers. This is a more positive reason than the first one, which is somewhat exculpatory. We are able to describe our own being in the world, we are able to describe our most fundamental at t i tude in the world (the world-belief that underlies all our particular convictions), and we are able to take a distance to all the forms of appearing through which things are manifest to us. This means that we are quite extraordinary while we are carrying on such descriptions. What are we like when we do this, and what are things and being like in order to allow such an analysis o f them and of us to take place? A theory of transcendental description thus tells us about ourselves, about being, and about the world. The third reason why we need a theory of phenomenological description is that we must overcome a systematic bias that has been implanted in our philosophy and our culture during the past five or six hundred years.
Dendritic cells: caspases keep them young.

Dendritic cell maturation leading to efficient antigen presentation is a central event that triggers adaptive immune responses. This maturation process seems to be regulated by the AP-1 adaptor proteins through the action of caspases.
Cecil B. DeMille and American Culture: The Silent Era

Cecil B. DeMille and American Culture demonstrates that the director, best remembered for his overblown biblical epics, was one of the most remarkable film pioneers of the Progressive Era. In this innovative work, which integrates cultural history and cultural studies, Sumiko Higashi shows how DeMille artfully inserted cinema into genteel middle-class culture by replicating in his films such spectacles as elaborate parlor games, stage melodramas, department store displays, Orientalist world's fairs, and civic pageantry. The director not only established his signature as a film author by articulating middle-class ideology across class and ethnic lines, but by the 1920's had become a trendsetter, with set and costume designs that influenced the advertising industry to create a consumer culture based on female desire. Drawing on a wealth of previously untapped material from the DeMille Archives and other collections, Higashi provides imaginative readings of DeMille's early feature films, viewing them in relation to the dynamics of social change, and she documents the extent to which the emergence of popular culture was linked to the genteel tradition.
A systematic study of Pd(II)—dipeptide chemistry followed by CD, NMR, and electronic absorption spectroscopies

Abstract Natural CD, proton NMR, and electronic absorption spectroscopies were employed in order to determine the nature of the Pd(II) coordination sphere and to learn of changes of configuration which the coordinated dipeptide molecule might undergo, as the pH is changed from 1.3 to 13, but especially from 7 to 13, of solutions containing Pd(II)-dipeptide complexes. One of the most important observations is the different behavior between the previously studied tripeptide complex, Pd(GlyGly-L-Ala)1-, and the carboxylate terminal leucine or valine dipeptide complexes, Pd(II)-ValVal, -ValLeu, -LeuVal, -LeuLeu, -GlyVal, and -GlyLeu, i.e., there is no inversion of the signs of CD rotational strengths in the d-d excitation bands of the above dipeptide complexes of this study, as the pH of their solutions is changed stepwise from 7 to 13, whereas similar changes of pH caused CD sign inversions for the tripeptide complex. The origin of the conservation of the CD activity of these particular dipeptide complexes can be understood in terms of the hexadecant sector model of Martin et al., in conjunction with using dimensionally scaled peptide molecular models, viz., the alkyl groups, R′, at the α-position are large so as to be constrained within the original sector (as at pH ~7) when the carboxy terminal group leaves the coordination sphere (as at pH ~13). In other respects the above Pd(II)-dipeptide complexes and the others of this study behave in the manner of the Pd(II)-tripeptide complexes of earlier study, e.g., at low pH of ca. 1.3 the protonation of the dipeptides is favored over their coordination to Pd(II), so that the electronic spectra in the region of d-d excitations have the appearance of the simpler ion, [PdCl4]2-, on using HCl for acidification.
Measuring Spin Dependent Hot Electron Transport Through a Metal-Semiconductor Interface Using Spin-Polarized Ballistic Electron Emission Microscopy

Spin-polarized ballistic electron transport has been studied in $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Si}(001)$ Schottky diodes using ballistic electron emission microscopy (BEEM). Spin dependent scattering of polarized ballistic electrons injected from an Fe coated Au tip into the Fe films has been shown to affect the BEEM current. The spin dependent attenuation lengths were determined by measuring this effect with Fe thickness and found to be $1.8\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ for the minority spin electrons and $2.5\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.3\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ for the majority spin electrons at a tip bias of $1.5\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{eV}$. In addition, the attenuation lengths were measured as a function of tip bias, which indicated that the $\mathrm{Fe}∕\mathrm{Si}(001)$ interface band structure has an effect on the hot electron transport through the diode.
Southern California ozone pollution declining and changing

Many studies have documented the decline in ozone pollution and its precursors in the Los Angeles air basin over the past several decades. Now Pollack et al. have analyzed new data from research aircraft, along with archived data from roadside monitors and ground-based instruments, to provide a synthesis of concentrations and emissions ratios of ozone, other secondary pollutants, and their precursors from 1960 to 2010.
The Methods and Statistics Portfolio: A Resource for the Introductory Course and Beyond:

In this article, I describe how I used a portfolio assignment to facilitate learning and provide a useful resource for future research experiences. Forty-eight students from 2 introductory methods ...
Alexander's disease: cranial ultrasound findings

This is thought to be the first report of the recognition by cranial ultrasound of the abnormal pattern of cerebral tissues which occurs in Alexander's disease. This finding suggests that cranial ultrasound could be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of this cerebral leukodystrophy, particularly in those infants presenting with megalencephaly.
Pathophysiology of Antinuclear Antibodies in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus and Related Diseases

Antinuclear antibodies in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and related diseases have been used for characterizing nuclear antigens and for elucidating immune mechanisms that drive the autoimmune response. Each disease has its own characteristic profile of antinuclear antibodies, which has been useful for diagnostic purposes. In the biological context, concepts emerging from studies on nuclear antigens and antibodies show that the autoimmune response is antigen-driven, that autoantigens are components of subcellular particles involved in important biosynthetic functions, and that the epitopes recognized by autoantibodies are active sites or functional domain regions of these antigens. An intriguing hypothesis is that activated intracellular particles are the immunogens that drive the autoimmune response.
On Building Scientific Workflow Systems for Data Management in the Cloud

Scientific workflows have become an archetype to model in silico experiments in the Cloud by scientists. There is a class of workflows that are used to by "data valets" to prepare raw data from scientific instruments into a science-ready form for use by scientists. These share data-intensive traits with traditional scientific workflows, yet differ significantly, for example, in the required degree of reliability and the type of provenance collected. We compare and contrast science application and data valet workflows through exemplar eScience projects to drive shared and unique requirements for scientific workflows across diverse users in a Science Cloud.
Feedback Control Applied to Finite Element Models of Morphing Structures

This paper demonstrates a framework for integrating full feedback control with a high-fidelity finite element model in order to simulate control of morphing structures. Most of the previous finite element simulations involving control of morphing structures consider the effects of the controller, but do not incorporate true feedback control. Additionally, when feedback control is considered, numerical models other than finite element analysis are used. Thus, a trade-off must be made between a high-fidelity model and consideration of feedback control. In this work, these aspects are unified to create a tool that can simulate real-time feedback control of a finite element model.The framework itself consists of two components: the finite element model and the controller. The finite element model must be capable of varying external loads as the solution evolves in time. In this paper, the finite element model is implemented in ABAQUS. The controller component is written in Python. In order to ensure the framework is suitable for a wide range of applications, no assumptions are made regarding the natures of the finite element model or the control architecture. Additionally, the components are designed to be modular. For example, simulating different controller architectures does not require alteration of the finite element model. The result is a highly flexible framework that is particularly well-suited for validating and demonstrating controllers on high-fidelity models.© 2014 ASME
C4ISR architectures : III. An Object-Oriented approach for architecture design

A UML-based process for developing C4ISR architectures is presented. The process demonstrates the feasibility of developing architecture descriptions that conform to the C4ISR Architecture Framework based on an Object-Oriented paradigm. The process is illustrated through the same example that is used in the companion paper to illustrate the Structured Analysis approach so that comparisons can be made. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Syst Eng 3: 288‐312, 2000
Physically Disabled Students on the College Campus

Interview and questionnaire data were gathered from a sample of 93 physically disabled college students with an eye toward building a richer empirical picture of their lives on the college campus. The findings show that while in many respects they differ little from any other group of students, some areas of college life appear to pose special adjustment problems for physically disabled students. Several avenues for future research are suggested.
Comparison of the electronic structures and energetics of ferroelectric LiNbO3 and LiTaO3.

Extensive linearized augmented plane-wave frozen phonon calculations were performed in order to understand the origin of ferroelectricity in ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$. Displacement of the Li atoms alone results in an anharmonic single well, whereas displacements of oxygen and lithium together result in deep double wells, much deeper than the transition temperatures, ${\mathit{T}}_{\mathit{c}}$. This is contrary to current theories which model the underlying potential as a triple well potential for the lithium atoms. Our results support an order-disorder model for the oxygen atoms as the driving mechanism for the ferroelectric instability. Oxygen displacements alone against the transition-metal atoms result in shallower double wells as a result of oxygen-lithium overlap so that the lithium and oxygen displacements are strongly coupled. We find large hybridization between the oxygens and the transition-metal atoms. Thus ferroelectricity in the Li(Nb,Ta)${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ system is similar in origin to ferroelectricity in the perovskites. We also find that the electronic structures of ${\mathrm{LiTaO}}_{3}$ and ${\mathrm{LiNbO}}_{3}$ are very similar and hardly change during the phase transition. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Sensitivity of the Ocean’s Climate to Diapycnal Diffusivity in an EMIC. Part II: Global Warming Scenario

Abstract The sensitivity of the ocean’s climate to the diapycnal diffusivity in the ocean is studied for a global warming scenario in which CO2 increases by 1% yr−1 for 75 yr. The thermohaline circulation slows down for about 100 yr and recovers afterward, for any value of the diapycnal diffusivity. The rates of slowdown and of recovery, as well as the percentage recovery of the circulation at the end of 1000-yr integrations, are variable, but a direct relation with the diapycnal diffusivity cannot be found. At year 70 (when CO2 has doubled) an increase of the diapycnal diffusivity from 0.1 to 1.0 cm2 s−1 leads to a decrease in surface air temperature of about 0.4 K and an increase in sea level rise of about 4 cm. The steric height gradient is divided into thermal component and haline component. It appears that, in the first 60 yr of simulated global warming, temperature variations dominate the salinity ones in weakly diffusive models, whereas the opposite occurs in strongly diffusive models. The analysis...
Cops at the Door: The Impact of Citizen Surveys by Police on Public Attitudes:

This research assesses the impact on citizen satisfaction with the police of police door-to-door surveys of residents. Results suggest that these surveys may lead to lower ratings of citizen satisfaction with the police. However, this effect may be mitigated by notifying citizens of the impending inquiry prior to conducting the survey. It is suggested that police agencies that choose to implement this type of information collection technique make extensive efforts to notify citizens of the upcoming survey and the motivation for the police survey.
Stochastic finite elements as a bridge between random material microstructure and global response

This paper presents a finite element method aimed at the introduction of microstructural material randomness below the level of a single finite element. A consideration of dependence of effective moduli on scale and on the defining boundary conditions leads to an identification of a finite element as a mesoscale window (or, a mesoscale finite element) in a stochastic finite element method (SFE). An estimation of the global response can be obtained through bounds stemming from minimum potential energy and complementary energy principles, which involve Dirichlet and Neumann boundary conditions on all the mesoscale finite elements, respectively. While in the classical case of a homogeneous material, these two bounds converge to each other as the finite element mesh becomes sufficiently fine, an optimal mesoscale with respect to the difference between both bounds may exist in the case of a heterogeneous material. The proposed SFE method is illustrated with a numerical example of a sample two-phase Voronoi composite (with some 26 000 grains), where a reference solution taking into account the entire microstructure without any smearing out, is shown to fall between both energy bounds. A generalization to an ensemble response is straightforward.