cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trigger-helix folding pathway and SI3 mediate catalysis and hairpin-stabilized pausing by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase

The conformational dynamics of the polymorphous trigger loop (TL) in RNA polymerase (RNAP) underlie multiple steps in the nucleotide addition cycle and diverse regulatory mechanisms. These mechanisms include nascent RNA hairpin-stabilized pausing, which inhibits TL folding into the trigger helices (TH) required for rapid nucleotide addition. The nascent RNA pause hairpin forms in the RNA exit channel and promotes opening of the RNAP clamp domain, which in turn stabilizes a partially folded, paused TL conformation that disfavors TH formation. We report that inhibiting TH unfolding with a disulfide crosslink slowed multiround nucleotide addition only modestly but eliminated hairpin-stabilized pausing. Conversely, a substitution that disrupts the TH folding pathway and uncouples establishment of key TH–NTP contacts from complete TH formation and clamp movement allowed rapid catalysis and eliminated hairpin-stabilized pausing. We also report that the active-site distal arm of the TH aids TL folding, but that a 188-aa insertion in the Escherichia coli TL (sequence insertion 3; SI3) disfavors TH formation and stimulates pausing. The effect of SI3 depends on the jaw domain, but not on downstream duplex DNA. Our results support the view that both SI3 and the pause hairpin modulate TL folding in a constrained pathway of intermediate states.
Design and implementation of a fast dynamic packet filter

This paper presents Swift, a packet filter for high-performance packet capture on commercial off-the-shelf hardware. The key features of the Swift include: 1) extremely lowfilter update latency for dynamic packet filtering, and 2) gigabits-per-second high-speed packet processing. Based on complex instruction set computer (CISC) instruction set architecture (ISA), Swift achieves the former with an instruction set design that avoids the need for compilation and security checking, and the latter by mainly utilizing single instruction, multiple data (SIMD). We implement Swift in the Linux 2.6 kernel for both i386 and ×86-64 architectures and extensively evaluate its dynamic and static filtering performance on multiple machines with different hardware setups. We compare Swift to BPF (the BSD packet filter)--the de facto standard for packet filtering in modern operating systems--and hand-coded optimized C filters that are used for demonstrating possible performance gains. For dynamic filtering tasks, Swift is at least three orders of magnitude faster than BPF in terms of filter update latency. For static filtering tasks, Swift outperforms BPF up to three times in terms of packet processing speed and achieves much closer performance to the optimized C filters. We also show that Swift can harness the processing power of hardware SIMD instructions by virtue of its SIMD-capable instruction set.
The Impact of Public Transport on US Metropolitan Wage Inequality

This article presents a wage inequality analysis for 158 large US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs). The analysis is concerned with whether public transport has a detectable influence on 1990 levels of wage equality. Because public transport systems are generally designed to link residences with employment locations, higher levels of service provision, all other factors being equal, should be associated with higher employment rates and more uniform distributions of earnings. Few analyses, however, have attempted to evaluate public policies that affect wage distributions. The results of this research provide a macroscopic view of the effectiveness of urban transport investments with respect to urban wage inequality.
A P-norm approach to the linear regulator problem

Considers optimizing a discrete time linear time invariant state feedback system with respect to a generalized cost functional. The approach taken is to transform the linear time invariant system with a generalized cost functional to an equivalent nonlinear time varying system with quadratic cost functional. The finite horizon optimization problem considered and the contents of the paper emphasize the concept as opposed to algorithm development for applications. An example is worked using available optimization techniques to show the capabilities of this approach. Concluding remarks are given concerning anticipated algorithm development for real time applications.
Occurrence of Cytosolic Protein and Phosphoprotein Changes in Human Colon Tumor Cells with the Development of Resistance to Mitomycin C

The cytosolic proteins and phosphoproteins of a mitomycin C-sensitive cell line were examined as progressively greater doses of mitomycin C were administered over a period of 44 weeks. Resistance of the human colon carcinoma cell line increased from a 50% inhibitory concentration of 1 to 6 µm over this time period. Changes in cytosolic protein patterns included increases in the amounts of three proteins with molecular weight × 10-3/apparent isoelectric point ( M r/pl) values of 56/6.2, 37/7.3, and 27/6.1. Analysis of in vitro 32P-labeled phosphoprotein patterns revealed reductions in the amounts of four proteins with M r/pl values of 42/6.3, 40/6.7, 31/6.3, and 25/6.1. One increase was detected in a phosphoprotein with a M r/pl value of 33/6.1. These changes in cytosolic components paralleled the development of resistance to mitomycin C and may reflect changes in the clonal composition of the cell line as it becomes progressively more resistant to mitomycin C or changes in critical proteins or enzymes involved in the activation or biotransformation of the drug.
Hyper-invasive mutants define a novel Pho-regulated invasion pathway in Escherichia coli

Summary We have isolated two transposon insertion mutations of the pst–phoU operon which result in the constitutive expression of the phoA gene product, alkaline phosphatase. The two mutations also render Escherichia coli invasive towards cultured HEp-2 cells and define a novel Pho-regulated invasion pathway. The presence of the large‘invasion’plasmid derived from an entero-invasive E. coli (EIEC) clinical isolate in these mutants leads to enhanced invasiveness toward cultured HEp-2 cells, a phenomenon referred to as the‘hyper-invasive’phenotype. Transduction of a pst–phoU insertion mutation into clinical isolates of EIEC and Shigella flexneri results in constitutive PhoA expression and coupled hyper-invasiveness in the former but not the latter. We speculate that the Pho-regulated invasion pathway described here, while silent in bacteria grown in standard laboratory rich media, may become functional in the host when invasive bacteria encounter nutrient starvation and/or other related stress conditions.
Hypoglycemia in Athletes with Diabetes

For many years, one of the mainstays of therapy for patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes has been exercise, balanced with medical nutrition therapy and medications. A key limitation to achieving this balance has been the increased risk of hypoglycemia, including that induced by increased glucose use brought about by exercise or athletic activity. This review focuses primarily on type 1 diabetes and athletic activity; however, many of the principles discussed below apply to type 2 diabetes as well.
La fenomenología del lenguaje y el concepto de la razón práctica en el pensamiento de Charles Taylor

Tomando como punto de partida el concepto que tiene Taylor acerca del ser humano como un ser de significados, este articulo estudia el modo como Taylor elabora su concepcion del uso practico de la razon, recuperando ciertas nociones fundamentales de la tradicion fenomenologica y hermeneutica relativas al lenguaje, como lo son la idea del trasfondo y la situacion encarnada del hombre. Puesto que, en definitiva, el trasfondo constituye un horizonte de referencia anterior, desde el punto de vista ontologico, al dominio subjetivo de la razon en el agente humano, el analisis de Taylor termina por favorecer ciertos enfoques de la filosofia contemporanea como, por ejemplo, la analitica existenciaria de Heidegger, que buscan prescindir, paradojicamente, de la premisa del sujeto. Si atendemos a esta indicacion, un desafio que resta, pues, al desarrollo futuro de los modos de comprension de la filosofia moral, y de la antropologia filosofica, es el de como vincular el analisis del problema moral, de un sujeto de sentidos, con una teoria ontologica del trasfondo que es, en cambio, a-subjetiva.
Towards Quantifying the (In)Security of Networked Systems

Traditional security analyses are often geared towards cryptographic primitives or protocols. Although such analyses are absolutely necessary, they do not provide much insight for answering an equally important question: what is the security assurance of a physically or logically networked system when we consider it as a whole? This question is known to be notoriously difficult, and the state-of-the-art is that we know very little about it. In this paper, we make a step towards resolving it with a new modeling approach.
Within-category VOT affects recovery from “lexical” garden-paths: Evidence against phoneme-level inhibition

Spoken word recognition shows gradient sensitivity to within-category voice onset time (VOT), as predicted by several current models of spoken word recognition, including TRACE (McClelland, J., & Elman, J. (1986). The TRACE model of speech perception. Cognitive Psychology, 18, 1–86). It remains unclear, however, whether this sensitivity is short-lived or whether it persists over multiple syllables. VOT continua were synthesized for pairs of words like barricade and parakeet, which differ in the voicing of their initial phoneme, but otherwise overlap for at least four phonemes, creating an opportunity for “lexical garden-paths” when listeners encounter the phonemic information consistent with only one member of the pair. Simulations established that phoneme-level inhibition in TRACE eliminates sensitivity to VOT too rapidly to influence recovery. However, in two Visual World experiments, look-contingent and response-contingent analyses demonstrated effects of word initial VOT on lexical garden-path recovery. These results are inconsistent with inhibition at the phoneme level and support models of spoken word recognition in which sub-phonetic detail is preserved throughout the processing system.
Taymor's tempests: sea change, or seeing little change in responses to gender and leadership?

Veteran film and stage director Julie Taymor suffered succeeding disappointments when her cinematic adaptation of Shakespeare's The Tempest was poorly reviewed and failed at the box office in 2010, and she was subsequently fired as writer-director of the stage musical Spider-Man: Turn Off the Dark in 2011. Contextualizing the rejections of Taymor and her creations requires analysis that delves deeply into history and broadly across multiple dimensions, including the cultural and political dynamics shaping the complex interplay between gender and leadership. Among the topics explored are transactional and transformational leadership styles exhibited by female leaders; attitudes toward female leadership; current masculinist leadership assumptions in the shadow of America's ‘war on terror’; the hegemonic masculinity inherent in today's blockbuster superhero cinema inspired by Joseph Campbell's ‘hero's journey’; and the entertainment industry's gender regimes. In her artistic depictions of two leaders – the m...
Range image segmentation using a relaxation oscillator network

A locally excitatory globally inhibitory oscillator network (LEGION) is constructed and applied to range image segmentation, where each oscillator has excitatory lateral connections to the oscillators in its local neighborhood as well as a connection with a global inhibitor. A feature vector, consisting of depth, surface normal, and mean and Gaussian curvatures, is associated with each oscillator and is estimated from local windows at its corresponding pixel location. A context-sensitive method is applied in order to obtain more reliable and accurate estimations. The lateral connection between two oscillators is established based on a similarity measure of their feature vectors. The emergent behavior of the LEGION network gives rise to segmentation. Due to the flexible representation through phases, our method needs no assumption about the underlying structures in image data and no prior knowledge regarding the number of regions. More importantly, the network is guaranteed to converge rapidly under general conditions. These unique properties may lead to a real-time approach for range image segmentation in machine perception.
Examples of Freshman Design Education

Other authors: Alice Agogino University of California, Berkeley aagogino@synthesis.org Margot Brereton Stanford University brereton@cdr.stanford.edu Larry Bucciarelli MIT llbjr@MIT.EDU Jim Dally University of Maryland dally@eng.umd.edu John Demel Ohio State University demel.1@osu.edu Clive Dym Harvey Mudd College Clive_Dym@HMC.edu Don Evans Arizona State University devans@asu.edu Rolf Faste Stanford University faste@cdr.stanford.edu Mark Henderson Arizona State University Mark.Henderson@asu.edu Peter Minderman University of Maryland Minderman@Glue.umd.edu John Mitchell University of Wisconsin mitchell@ie.engr.wisc.edu Adebisi Oladipupo Hampton University bisi@et.hamptonu.edu Melinda Piket-May University of Colorado mjp@hedgehog.Colorado.edu Robert Quinn Drexel University quinnrg@duvm.ocs.drexel.edu Tom Regan University of Maryland tregan@eng.umd.edu Joe Wujek University of California, Berkeley wuj@EECS.Berkeley.edu
A component approach to collaborative scientific software development: Tools and techniques utilized by the Quantum Chemistry Science Application Partnership

Cutting-edge scientific computing software is complex, increasingly involving the coupling of multiple packages to combine advanced algorithms or simulations at multiple physical scales. Component-based software engineering (CBSE) has been advanced as a technique for managing this complexity, and complex component applications have been created in the quantum chemistry domain, as well as several other simulation areas, using the component model advocated by the Common Component Architecture (CCA) Forum. While programming models do indeed enable sound software engineering practices, the selection of programming model is just one building block in a comprehensive approach to large-scale collaborative development which must also address interface and data standardization, and language and package interoperability. We provide an overview of the development approach utilized within the Quantum Chemistry Science Application Partnership, identifying design challenges, describing the techniques which we have adopted to address these challenges and highlighting the advantages which the CCA approach offers for collaborative development.
Peritoneal Inclusion Cysts in Female Children: Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Multimodality Imaging Review

We report the multimodality imaging findings of peritoneal inclusion cysts in two adolescent females each with a prior history of abdominal surgery. The few reports of peritoneal inclusion cysts in the pediatric population have largely focused on the clinical and pathological features of this entity. We wish to emphasize the imaging findings of peritoneal inclusion cysts on multiple modalities, the advantage of MRI in confirming the diagnosis, and the need to keep considering this diagnosis in patients who present with a pelvic cystic mass, with a history of surgery, even if remote. Additionally, we review the pathology, pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, and treatment options of peritoneal inclusion cysts.
The Metabolic Syndrome and Microvascular Complications in a Murine Model of Type 2 Diabetes

To define the components of the metabolic syndrome that contribute to diabetic polyneuropathy (DPN) in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), we treated the BKS db/db mouse, an established murine model of T2DM and the metabolic syndrome, with the thiazolidinedione class drug pioglitazone. Pioglitazone treatment of BKS db/db mice produced a significant weight gain, restored glycemic control, and normalized measures of serum oxidative stress and triglycerides but had no effect on LDLs or total cholesterol. Moreover, although pioglitazone treatment normalized renal function, it had no effect on measures of large myelinated nerve fibers, specifically sural or sciatic nerve conduction velocities, but significantly improved measures of small unmyelinated nerve fiber architecture and function. Analyses of gene expression arrays of large myelinated sciatic nerves from pioglitazone-treated animals revealed an unanticipated increase in genes related to adipogenesis, adipokine signaling, and lipoprotein signaling, which likely contributed to the blunted therapeutic response. Similar analyses of dorsal root ganglion neurons revealed a salutary effect of pioglitazone on pathways related to defense and cytokine production. These data suggest differential susceptibility of small and large nerve fibers to specific metabolic impairments associated with T2DM and provide the basis for discussion of new treatment paradigms for individuals with T2DM and DPN.
The role of gonadal hormones in the occurrence of objectionable behaviours in dogs and cats

Abstract The most common way of controlling or altering the behaviour of companion animals is through gonadectomy. Information about the behavioural effects of gonadectomy comes from extrapolation of findings from laboratory studies and from surveys of pet owners whose pets were castrated or spayed. The role of the placebo effect in the latter source of information is unknown. With these limitations in mind, both laboratory studies and pet owner surveys have provided information indicating that: (1) it is the sexually dimorphic behavioural patterns that are reduced or eliminated in males by castration; (2) not all males undergo a change in behaviour following castration; (3) experience and age at time of castration does not predict which males will be altered by castration; and (4) there are apparent species-specific differences between dogs and cats with regard to percentage of males showing a behavioural change related to castration.
Rhizosphere effects on biodegradation of 2,5-dichlorobenzoate by a bioluminescent strain of root-colonizing Pseudomonas fluorescens

A recombinant strain of bioluminescent Pseudomonas jluorescens 2-79 RLD containing a catabolic pathway for degradation of 2,.5-dichlorobenzoate (2,SDCB) was monitored in soil microcosms to examine the influence of plants on its growth and activity in a contaminated soil. Recombinant P. jluorescens 2-79 RLD was generated by mating a versatile chlorobenzoate utilizer, P. putida P 111, containing plasmid pPBll1, with a bioluminescent strain of P. fluorescens that had been transformed previously with a Tn74uxCDABE marker. Plasmid pPB 111 contains genes encoding for a chlorobenzoate- 1,2-dioxygenase that converts ortho-chlorobenzoates to their corresponding catechols. DNA hybridization experiments and cell-free extract assays with parental and recombinant P. jluorescens 2-79 RLD suggested that the reaction product of the plasmid pPB 111 encoded chlorobenzoate dioxygenase was degraded by an endogenous catechol dioxygenase in P. fluorescens 2-79. After introduction of P. fluorescens 2-79 RLD into soil containing 10 mg kg-’ 2,5-DCB, normally recalcitrant 2,5-DCB was degraded rapidly over a period of 2 to 4 days in soil with plants. In contrast, 2,5-DCB disappearance in nonplanted soil was significantly slower, requiring 7 days in one experiment, and more than 2 weeks in a second experiment. Population numbers of the degrader were similar in planted and nonplanted soil for the first 7 days, but declined in nonplanted soils by day 14. Physiological status, measured using an assay based on lag-phase duration, was similar in planted and nonplanted soils at day 2, but rapidly declined in nonplanted soil by day 7. At day 14, plasmid stability in P. fluorescens 2-79 RLD was significantly greater in rhizosphere soil; only 10% of P. jhorescens 2-79 RLD cells in rhizosphere soil had lost the ability to degrade 2,5-DCB, versus 94% of the cells in nonplanted soil. The plasmid also was transferred to indigenous bacteria in both planted and nonplanted soils, as determined by the appearance of novel degraders. The results demonstrate that the presence of plants promoted rapid degradation of DCB and provided a niche that enhanced maintenance of plasmid pPB 111 in the degrader bacterium.
THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGES ON EMPLOYEE COMMITMENT: A MULTILEVEL INVESTIGATION

Organizations are concerned with the impact organizational change can have on both individuals' response to the change itself and their ongoing relationship with the organization. This study investigated how organizational changes in 32 different organizations (public and private) affected individuals' commitment to the specific change and their broader commitment to the organization. The results indicate that both types of commitment may be best understood in terms of a 3-way interaction between the overall favorableness (positive/negative) of the change for the work unit members, the extent of the change in the work unit, and the impact of the change on the individual's job. In addition, the fairness of the change process was found to interact with the effects of work unit change on organizational commitment. The implications of these results for future research and practice are discussed.
Inhibition of protein kinase C decreases prostaglandin-induced breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier.

Breakdown of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB) occurs in several retinal diseases and is a major cause of visual loss. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been implicated as a cause of BRB breakdown in diabetic retinopathy and other ischemic retinopathies, and there is evidence to suggest that other vasopermeability factors may act indirectly through VEGF. In this study, we investigated the effect of several receptor kinase inhibitors on BRB breakdown resulting from VEGF, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), prostaglandin E1 (PGE(1)), or PGE(2). Inhibitors of VEGF receptor kinase, including PKC412, PTK787, and SU1498, decreased VEGF-induced breakdown of the BRB. None of the inhibitors blocked leakage caused by TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, or IGF-1 and only PKC412, an inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC) as well as VEGF and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor kinases, decreased leakage caused by prostaglandins. Since the other inhibitors of VEGF and/or PDGF receptor kinases that do not also inhibit PKC had no effect on prostaglandin-induced breakdown of the BRB, these data implicate PKC in retinal vascular leakage caused by prostaglandins. PKC412 may be useful for treatment of post-operative and inflammatory macular edema, in which prostaglandins play a role, as well as macular edema associated with ischemic retinopathies.
Will We Ruin Them for (Civic) Life? Analyzing the Impact of Teaching Rational Choice in Introductory Courses

This article revisits a debate between Jurg Steiner and Paul Johnson (Johnson 1990; Steiner 1990) over the civic implications of teaching rational choice that appeared in PS a little over 15 years ago. That debate summarized key contemporary arguments about the possible civic implications of teaching rational choice that likely still reverberate in department and conference discussions today. Despite numerous books, articles, and conference sessions on the perils and pluses of rational choice in scholarship, very few empirical studies examine the civic consequences of learning rational choice in undergraduate political science courses. This article reports the results of a study that attempts to do just that; to measure rational choice influences on students' civic attitudes.
Package-on-Package Design and Assembly Process Development for Size Reduction

A package-on-package configuration was designed and assembled to replicate an off-the-shelf RF device to reduce its footprint, height and thus volume. The footprint was reduced by 60% and the height was reduced by 32% resulting in 73% reduction in volume. An efficient assembly process was developed using information form electrical, thermal and mechanical simulations.
Evolution of Audiovocal Communication as Reflected by the Therapsid-Mammalian Transition and the Limbic Thalamocingulate Division

In the evolutionary transition from reptiles to mammals three key developments were (1) nursing, conjoined with maternal care, (2) audiovocal communication for maintaining maternaloffspring contact, and (3) play behavior (MacLean, 1985). There is accumulating evidence that the full expression of this family related behavioral triad depended on the evolution of the thalamocingulate division of the limbic system (MacLean, 1986a). This name derives from the fact that the transitional cingulate cortex of the limbic lobe receives its main afferent connections from the thalamus. Significantly, there is no apparent counterpart of this subdivision in the reptilian brain (Clark and Meyer, 1950).
Trajectories of ADHD severity over 10 years from childhood into adulthood

The study examined unique trajectories of ADHD severity from childhood (7–16 yo at baseline) through adulthood in a sample of ADHD, bipolar and healthy subjects. Comorbid disorders and temperament were examined as correlates of course of ADHD. N = 81 participants with an ADHD diagnosis, ascertained as a comparison group in a study of bipolar disorder (BP-I), were followed over a 10-year period. Growth mixture modeling (GMM) of ADHD severity was used to investigate trajectories of ADHD severity over 10 years. GMM revealed four trajectories in the N = 251 participants included in these analyses. A persisting high ADHD trajectory had the highest rates of comorbid major depressive disorder and oppositional defiant disorder. This persisting high ADHD group also had higher fantasy and lower persistence and self-directedness compared with those who displayed a pattern of decreasing ADHD symptoms over time. Psychopathologic features that characterize divergent trajectories of ADHD into adulthood are elucidated, and additional, larger studies are warranted.
Methylene blue counteracts H2S toxicity-induced cardiac depression by restoring L-type Ca channel activity.

We have previously reported that methylene blue (MB) can counteract hydrogen sulfide (H2S) intoxication-induced circulatory failure. Because of the multifarious effects of high concentrations of H2S on cardiac function, as well as the numerous properties of MB, the nature of this interaction, if any, remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to clarify 1) the effects of MB on H2S-induced cardiac toxicity and 2) whether L-type Ca(2+) channels, one of the targets of H2S, could transduce some of the counteracting effects of MB. In sedated rats, H2S infused at a rate that would be lethal within 5 min (24 μM·kg(-1)·min(-1)), produced a rapid fall in left ventricle ejection fraction, determined by echocardiography, leading to a pulseless electrical activity. Blood concentrations of gaseous H2S reached 7.09 ± 3.53 μM when cardiac contractility started to decrease. Two to three injections of MB (4 mg/kg) transiently restored cardiac contractility, blood pressure, and Vo2, allowing the animals to stay alive until the end of H2S infusion. MB also delayed PEA by several minutes following H2S-induced coma and shock in unsedated rats. Applying a solution containing lethal levels of H2S (100 μM) on isolated mouse cardiomyocytes significantly reduced cell contractility, intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)]i) transient amplitudes, and L-type Ca(2+) currents (ICa) within 3 min of exposure. MB (20 mg/l) restored the cardiomyocyte function, ([Ca(2+)]i) transient, and ICa The present results offer a new approach for counteracting H2S toxicity and potentially other conditions associated with acute inhibition of L-type Ca(2+) channels.
Rapid CO2 determination with the Beckman O2 analyzer.

ConclusionThis method offers a simple quick technic for separate expired air samples. Both CO2 and O2 analysis may be completed within 5 minutes as compared to 15-20 minutes by Haldane. Ninety-five per cent of the duplicate CO2 analyses as determined with the Beckman C model (110-160 mm Hg range) will agree within 0.10% with duplicate Haldane data. A Beckman instrument of a narrower range and/or greater sensitivity would improve this accuracy. In our experience the Beckman C model (110-160 mm Hg range) allows better results than does the more elaborate and expensive E-2 model.
Abstract SY05-02: Hedgehog/wnt feedback supports regenerative proliferation of epithelial stem cells in bladder

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Epithelial integrity in metazoan organs is maintained through the regulated proliferation and differentiation of organ-specific stem and progenitor cells. Although the epithelia of organs such as the intestine regenerate constantly and thus remain continuously proliferative, other organs, such as the mammalian urinary bladder, shift from near-quiescence to a highly proliferative state in response to epithelial injury caused by bacterial infection or chemical agents. The cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this injury-induced mode of regenerative response are poorly defined. Here we show that proliferation within the bladder is regulated by signal feedback between basal cells of the urothelium and the stromal cells that underlie them. We demonstrate that these basal cells include stem cells capable of regenerating all cell types within the urothelium, and are marked by expression of the secreted protein signal, Sonic hedgehog (Shh). Upon injury, Shh expression in these basal cells increases and elicits increased stromal expression of Wnt protein signals, which in turn stimulate the proliferation of both urothelial and stromal cells. The heightened activity of this signal feedback circuit and the associated increase in cell proliferation appear to be required for restoration of urothelial function and, in the case of bacterial injury, may help clear and prevent further spread of infection. Our findings provide a model for injury-induced epithelial regeneration in endodermal organs, and may provide a basis for understanding the roles of signaling pathways in cancer growth and metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr SY05-02. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-SY05-02
An Aerospace Themed Design Experience for Middle School Girls Interested in STEM Careers

In today’s society, women are drastically underrepresented in engineering. In an attempt to remedy this situation, the Rochester Institute of Technology’s Women in Engineering (WE@RIT) program has developed a week long summer program that is intended to spark the interest of adolescent girls in engineering. For the past three years an aerospace focused project has taken place at this program. In 2012 the program was offered the week of July 9th with 40 girls who participated in WE@RIT’s Everyday Engineering day camp that focused on the design, fabrication, and test of various forms of model rockets. Through in-flight measurement, post-flight group analysis, and subsequent redesign, an engineering design objective was successfully demonstrated. An exit survey was given to all the participants and according to the data collected, more than a third of the participants said they were now considering aerospace engineering as a possible career.
Implementation of Sampled Value Transmission Complying With IEC 61850-9-2

The IEC 61850 standard based real-time and reliable sampled value transmission is an important content of process bus communication in digital subtation.IEC 61850-9-2 possesses evident superiority in both flexibility and adaptively in comparison with IEC 61850-9-1, however it is also more difficult to achieve it.In this paper, the object model to implement sampled value transmission complying with IEC 61850-9-2, its service mapping and coding rules as well as the development and implementation of application program to send and receive sampled values are expounded.The program efficiency is improved by constructing application data management chained list and pre-configuration during the initialization process, and a simple testing environment is composed to test and analyze the correctness of communication messages.
STUDY ON SUBSTRUCTURE METHOD FOR TORSIONAL VIBRATION OF A BRANCH SHAFTING SYSTEM

The idea that structures are divided into different layers and substructures are synthesized layer by layer is put forward for a branch shafting system. Then, a three-gear displacement coordination relationship is deduced from a two-gear displacement coordination relationship. Substructures are synthesized layer by layer through either the three-gear displacement coordination relationship or the two-gear displacement coordination relationship and the dynamic characteristics of the whole system is obtained at last. At the end, the dynamic characteristics of a classical branch structure and the transmission system of the 650 rolling mill driving system are calculated and they are compared with the results obtained by other methods which is so complex that it is inefficient when solving problems. The three-gear displacement coordination relationship and the idea mentioned above expand application range of the substructure method into torsional vibration of a branch shafting system, and also embody the adaptability of the substructure method in dealing with complex systems.
Some Structural Requirements for Inhibition of High-Affinity Synaptosomal Serotonin Uptake by Cannabinoids

The effect of Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and 18 of its metabolites and analogues on the high-affinity uptake of [3H]serotonin into a synaptosome-enriched homogenate of rat forebrain has been determined in vitro. Each of the cannabinoids which inhibited [3H]serotonin accumulation did so in a dose-responsive manner. Although some of these compounds do not possess typical Δ9-THC or marijuana-like effects in laboratory animals or humans, each of the cannabinoids tested, with one exception, inhibited the uptake of serotonin at the concentrations used. A positional activity requirement for the phenolic hydroxyl group was demonstrated by the increased IC50 values for the abnormal analogues of Δ8-THC and cannabidiol relative to their parent compounds. Δ8-THC and cannabinol were slightly more active than Δ9-THC, implying that the orientation of protons at the C-8 position may be important for activity. Pseudoequatorial hydroxylation of C-8 resulted in diminished activity, while pseudoaxial hydroxylation of C-8 resulted in little change. In addition, equatorial hydroxylation of C-9 diminished activity relative to axial hydroxylation of C-9. It was also found that hydroxylation of C-9 increased the IC-50 almost 3-fold relative to the C-9 methylated compound. Finally, it was determined that nonpolar substitution at C-11 diminished the activity only slightly compared to the reduction obtained by hydroxylation of C-11.
Mary McCarthy’s archival performance as a “perfect execution of the idea”

Over the past forty years, Mary McCarthy has been the subject of several biographies and critical studies, and, as one of the country’s leading intellectuals in the middle of the twentieth century, she herself was a prolific writer and critic who will be included in any discussion of multiple self-referential texts in contemporary American literature.1 Author of both fiction and non-fiction alike, McCarthy established herself as an influential voice who interrogated American foreign policy as well as domestic issues.2 In this chapter, I examine McCarthy’s Memories of a Catholic Girlhood (1957), How I Grew: A Memoir of the Early Years (1986), and the posthumously published Intellectual Memoirs: New York 1936–1938 (1992), to maintain that a significant shift in serial self-representation and self-archivization took place in the mid-twentieth century. While many of McCarthy’s texts take her own life as their inspiration, it is imperative for this examination that she self-consciously wrote in the autobiographical mode. As was the case for Memories and chapters from How I Grew, as well as her two travel books, Venice Observed and The Stones of Florence, and her nonfiction publications about Vietnam, individual essays were serialized in periodicals like the New Yorker and The New York Review of Books.3 I concentrate on the three memoirs explicitly, though, because they self-reflexively point to the act of self-construction although, as I warrant that a more thorough investigation of McCarthy’s nonfiction work is much needed, it is beyond the scope of this particular project.4
Coming Back from the Dead

When a man is incorrectly classified as deceased in the Social Security Administration Death Master File, the ripple effects disrupt his finances and his health care. His story has implications for the design of systems in which human error is infrequent but inevitable.
D'un nouvel orientalisme: révolution illusoire dans L'armée du salut d'Abdellah Taïa

ABSTRACTConsidere comme pionnier du mouvement de defense des droits des homosexuels dans le monde arabe depuis la parution en 2006 de L'armee du salut, une autofiction coming-out, Abdellah Taia est desormais un incontournable de la litterature nord-africaine francophone du XXIeme siecle. S'il est question du desir pour le meme sexe dans L'armee du salut, la liberation de l'individu y est egalement predominante. Toutefois, l'approche de Taia qui consiste a exhorter un nouvel individu nord-africain libre des paradigmes neocolonialistes connait ses limites et merite que l'on s'y attarde. Aussi, sans en nier les elements transgressifs, cet article se propose-t-il de definir les limites de la subversion dans L'armee du salut. Cette lecture approfondie de l'autofiction se concentrera sur la facon dont le texte reste inexorablement contamine par et fonde sur une dialectique orientaliste et (neo)coloniale de telle sorte qu'Abdellah Taia devient a la fois messie et fossoyeur de sa propre revolution.
Indications for Platelet Transfusions: How Well Do Physicians Comply with Professional Guidelines

Abstract Abstract 4402 Background: Professional, evidence-based guidelines are developed to help physicians implement best practice care. Unfortunately, guidelines are not followed. Platelet transfusion guidelines have recently changed to a prophylactic transfusion threshold of 10, 000/μ L from the older threshold of 20,000/μ L. We conducted a retrospective analysis at a metropolitan teaching hospital to assess how well physicians comply with the new professional guidelines as well as the older, less stringent criteria to administer platelet transfusions. Methods: All patients admitted to the medical service who received platelet transfusions over a two month period in 2010 were reviewed. These patients represented the following services: ICU, general medicine, medical step down, interventional cardiology, CCU, and the cardiac step down unit. The indication selected in the computerized physician order entry (CPOE) system was compared to the clinical indication found in the patients' medical record. The medical record clinical indication was then evaluated against the American Society of Hematology (ASH) 2007 “Evidence-Based Platelet Transfusion Guidelines” (Slichter SJ. Hematology 2007): bleeding and platelets ≤50, 000/μ L, pre-invasive procedure and platelets ≤50, 000/μ L, prophylactic transfusion for platelets ≤10, 000/μ L and WHO bleeding grade ≥ 2. We also assessed how the patients' clinical indication met the older less stringent prophylactic threshold for platelet transfusion of ≤20, 000/μ L laid forth by the landmark study by Gaydos LA. et. al. (The quantitative relation between platelet count and hemorrhage in patients with acute leukemia. N Engl J Med 1962). Results: A total of 108 patients received platelet transfusions; 29 were medicine patients to tally 95 platelet transfusions. The most common patient clinical indication was “platelets ≤ 20, 000/μ L without bleeding” (27%), while the clinical indication was not specified in 16% of cases. The CPOE documented indication coincided with the patient's clinical indication from the medical record in 23% of cases. Sixty five percent of the time the patient's clinical indication failed to meet the currently accepted 2007 ASH guidelines and 36% of cases failed to meet the older less stringent guidelines. Conclusions: A majority of platelet transfusions did not meet the current professional guidelines for indication. Our pilot study suggests the need for more physician education regarding evidence-based guidelines for platelet transfusions, and in a larger context, initiatives to enhance compliance. We are currently developing an educational intervention and plan to reassess compliance with indications pre and post intervention. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Objectivity of State-Based Peridynamic Models for Elasticity

We verify the objectivity (invariance to rigid body rotations) ordinary state-based peridynamic models published in the literature that differ in their formulas. We find and explain the sources for the differences between these published formulas. We demonstrate that a primary cause leading to these differences is the way in which the peridynamic volume dilatation is defined in the different formulations. We show that the equations of motion derived from one approach apply to deformations with small or large rotations and is objective. The other approach is valid only for deformations with zero/infinitesimal rotations, thus it is not objective. We also show that both state-based models recover the correct bond-based formulations with the appropriate Poisson ratio values when the term containing the volume dilatation vanishes.
Chemoradiation impairs normal developmental cortical thinning in medulloblastoma

Medulloblastoma patients are treated with surgery, radiation and chemotherapy. Radiation dose to the temporal lobe may be associated with neurocognitive sequelae. Longitudinal changes of temporal lobe cortical thickness may result from neurodevelopmental processes such as synaptic pruning. This study applies longitudinal image analysis to compare developmental change in cortical thickness in medulloblastoma (MB) patients who were treated by combined modality therapy to that of cerebellar juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma (JPA) patients who were treated by surgery alone. We hypothesized that the rates of developmental change in cortical thickness would differ between these two groups. This retrospective cohort study assessed changes in cortical thickness over time between MB and JPA patients. High-resolution magnetic resonance (MR) images of 14 MB and 7 JPA subjects were processed to measure cortical thickness of bilateral temporal lobe substructures. A linear mixed effects model was used to identify differences in substructure longitudinal changes in cortical thickness. The left temporal lobe exhibited overall increased cortical thickness in MB patients relative to JPA patients who showed overall cortical thinning (mean annual cortical thickness change: MB 0.14 mm/year versus JPA -0.018 mm/year across all substructures), particularly in the inferior temporal lobe substructures (p < 0.0001). The cortical thickness change of the right temporal lobe substructures exhibited similar, though attenuated trends (p = 0.002). MB patients exhibit overall increased cortical thickness rather than cortical thinning as seen in JPA patients and as expected in normal cortical development. These observations are possibly due to chemoradiation induced-disruption of normal neuronal mechanisms. Longitudinal image analysis may identify early biomarkers for neurocognitive function with routine imaging.
Bataille’s Prehistoric Turn: The Case for Heterology:

The contribution of this study to existing scholarship is threefold. First, it extends heterology’s timeline beyond the late 1930s to encompass the final phase of Bataille’s career (1955–62) devoted to prehistory. It argues that heterology’s keyword – the wholly other – furnished an entry point into the prehistoric past marginalized by traditional historiography. Second, it demonstrates that the exemplar of prehistory’s otherness is silence. Along with Maurice Blanchot, Bataille forged a modernist aesthetics that promotes silence as an interruption of speech. It therefore concludes that interruption – frequently dismissed as a sign of Bataille’s deficiencies or in contradiction with his goal of continuity – recaptures the continuum lost when archaic humans invented work, language, and a deferral to the future. With sections on religious experience, markings, eroticism, and the rupture between animals and humans, this study offers an introduction to prehistory in Bataille for specialists and general reader...
Blood as a route of transmission of uterine pathogens from the gut to the uterus in cows

Metritis is an inflammatory disease of the uterus caused by bacterial infection, particularly Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium. Bacteria from the environment, feces, or vagina are believed to be the only sources of uterine contamination. Blood seeps into the uterus after calving; therefore, we hypothesized that blood could also be a seeding source of uterine bacteria. Herein, we compared bacterial communities from blood, feces, and uterine samples from the same cows at 0 and 2 days postpartum using deep sequencing and qPCR. The vaginal microbiome 7 days before calving was also compared. There was a unique structure of bacterial communities by sample type. Principal coordinate analysis revealed two distinct clusters for blood and feces, whereas vaginal and uterine bacterial communities were more scattered, indicating greater variability. Cluster analysis indicated that uterine bacterial communities were more similar to fecal bacterial communities than vaginal and blood bacterial communities. Nonetheless, there were core genera shared by all blood, feces, vaginal, and uterine samples. Major uterine pathogens such as Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium were part of the core genera in blood, feces, and vagina. Other uterine pathogens such as Prevotella and Helcococcus were not part of the core genera in vaginal samples. In addition, uterine pathogens showed a strong and significant interaction with each other in the network of blood microbiota, but not in feces or vagina. These microbial interactions in blood may be an important component of disease etiology. The copy number of total bacteria in blood and uterus was correlated; the same did not occur in other sites. Bacteroides heparinolyticus was more abundant in the uterus on day 0, and both B. heparinolyticus and Fusobacterium necrophorum were more abundant in the uterus than in the blood and feces on day 2. This indicates that B. heparinolyticus has a tropism for the uterus, whereas both pathogens thrive in the uterine environment early postpartum. Blood harbored a unique microbiome that contained the main uterine pathogens such as Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, and Fusobacterium. The presence of these pathogens in blood shortly after calving shows the feasibility of hematogenous spread of uterine pathogens in cows.