cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experimental energy band dispersions and magnetic exchange splittings for Fe, Co and Ni

Abstract A long-standing goal has been the determination of accurate exchange-split band dispersions for the itinerant ferromagnets Fe, Co and Ni. As often noted, magnetic exchange splittings and band dispersions E ( k ) are fundamental for understanding various physical properties involving d-band electronic structure, collective itinerant-electron ferromagnetism, transition metal surfaces, etc. Using polarization-dependent angle-resolved photoemission and synchroton radiation, we have recently determined the temperature-dependent exchange splitting and band dispersions for Ni [1, 2], Fe [3] and Co [3]. We have shown that direct transitions are of primary importance for normal photoemission from Ni(111), Fe(111) and Co(0001) and determine accurate exchange-split band dispersions E ( k ) for fcc Ni along the Γ symmetry line, for bcc Fe along the ΓPH symmetry line and for hcp Co along the ΓAΓ line. These results together with experimental E ( k ) dispersions for Cu [4] permit systematic comparison with state-of-the-art ab-initio band calculations [5]. This comparison shows that the ratio of the theoretical-to-experimental occupied d-band width is about 1.1, 1.2, 1.45 and 1.1 for Fe, Co, Ni and Cu, respectively, while the ratio of the theoretical-to- experimental exchange splitting δ E ex is about 1.0, 1.2 and 2.2 for Fe, Co and Ni, respectively. General conclusions are as follows: (1) Fe, Co and Ni can all be described by a Stoner-Wohlfarth-Slater (SWS) spin-split band model, and (2) state-of-the-art ab-initio one-electron band calculations quantitatively described Fe and Cu quite accurately, Co less well and Ni rather poorly. This behavior is consistent with electron-electron correlation effects for unfilled d-shells which increase in importance on going from Fe to Co to Ni.
Applying social learning theory to police misconduct

Although numerous studies have attempted to understand the causes of various forms of police misconduct, there is still no clear theoretical explanation of police misbehavior. Akers’ social learning theory posits that peer associations, attitudes, reinforcement, and modeling are predictors of delinquency and crime in general. With this article, we seek to determine if the theory can account for police deviance. Data from a random sample of Philadelphia police officers are used to examine how officer attitudes and perceptions of peer behavior are related to citizen complaints of police misconduct. Findings suggest that social learning theory provides a useful explanation of police misconduct.
Supramolecular Materials from Triblock Rodcoil Molecules Containing Phenylene Vinylene

We report here on the synthesis and characterization of several triblock rodcoil molecules containing conformationally rigid and flexible sequences and luminescent chromophores based on phenylene vinylene. The molecules consist of blocks of oligostyrene, oligoisoprene, and a rigid rod block. The synthesis of the rod blocks required the preparation of new phenylene vinylene oligomers. On the basis of electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction experiments, these systems were found to self-organize into supramolecular nanostructures which in turn assemble into monolayers. The nanostructures have diameters between 3.5 and 5 nm, and the regularity of the nanostructures depends on rod-to-coil volume fraction. The layer spacing of one system is 6.0 nm when cast from solution but increases to 7.8 nm upon annealing at 150 °C, possibly as a result of an increase in aggregation number. Interestingly, the formation of supramolecular nanostructures and the observed hierarchical order in the materials formed by rodcoil ...
Factors associated with medication hassles experienced by family caregivers of older adults

Objective: We wished to identify potential factors associated with medication administration hassles, daily irritants, among informal caregivers who provide long-term medication assistance to persons aged 55 or older. Methods: A sample of 156 informal caregivers were recruited from seven states and several types of settings. The dependent variable was scores on the Family Caregiver Medication Administration Hassles Scale (FCMAHS). Independent variables included in the analyses were medication complexity; caregiver’s gender, ethnicity, relationship to recipient, length of time in caregiving, education, and employment outside the home; care recipient’s physical capacity and mental capacity; and whether the caregiver and care recipient live together. After preliminary analysis to reduce the number of independent variables, the remaining variables were included in a linear model (GLM procedure). Possible interactions and residuals were considered. Results: Whites and Hispanics experience greater medication administration hassles than other groups, and perceived hassle intensity increases with medication complexity. Medication administration hassle scores increase with increasing education levels up to a high school degree, after which they remain consistently high. Caregivers whose care recipients have moderate levels of cognitive functioning have higher medication administration hassles scores than those whose care recipients have very high or very low cognitive functioning. Conclusion: The preliminary set of significant variables can be used to identify caregivers who may be at risk of experiencing medication administration hassles, increased stress, and potentially harmful events for their care recipients. Practice implications: Family caregivers are accepting complex caregiving responsibility for family members while receiving little or no support or assistance with caregiving hassles associated with this duty. The FCMAHS offers the means to monitor how caregivers are handling the daily irritants involved with medication administration so that educational interventions can be provided before hassles lead to more serious stress and strain. # 2006 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
Frontline Therapy of AML: Should the Older Patient be Treated Differently?

Optimal treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in older adults (age ≥60 years) remains largely undefined, in part because of the inadequate response to available therapies, the poor prognosis relative to younger adults, the heterogeneity of the population, and the difficulty in determining who is fit for intensive therapy. In contrast to younger patients, there remains uncertainty about disease biology and molecular prognostic factors in elderly AML. While almost all patients may benefit from treatment, with the exception of reduced intensity allogeneic transplantation, there is little evidence that further intensifying therapy will improve outcomes. In fact, recent studies suggest that de-intensified treatment may in fact be superior and allow access to therapy for more patients. Both the disease and the patient must be approached holistically in order to make the best frontline treatment choice together. It is critical that we support well-designed clinical trials to develop more effective frontline therapies, develop more informative biomarkers, and to better understand who is a candidate for curative treatment.
A bias corrected nonparametric regression estimator

Abstract In this article, we propose a new method of bias reduction in nonparametric regression estimation. The proposed new estimator has asymptotic bias order h 4 , where h is a smoothing parameter, in contrast to the usual bias order h 2 for the local linear regression. In addition, the proposed estimator has the same order of the asymptotic variance as the local linear regression. Our proposed method is closely related to the bias reduction method for kernel density estimation proposed by Chung and Lindsay (2011) . However, our method is not a direct extension of their density estimate, but a totally new one based on the bias cancelation result of their proof.
Recognition of nonlinear dispersive scattering in SAR imagery

This paper presents a new insight into the nonlinear dynamics in SAR imagery. For extended targets, the conventional radar resolution theory is violated due to the nonlinear phase modulation induced by the dispersive scatterers. A novel algorithm motivated by the Hilbert view for the nonlinear phenomenon is introduced. Our algorithm may be used to not only detect the dispersive scatterers but also to estimate the nonlinear order of the phase modulation. Our results are demonstrated on a representative real-world target chip.
Dynamical critical behavior of isotropic ferromagnets

Experiments measuring the dynamical exponent $z$ in the isotropic ferromagnets EuS, EuO, Ni, Fe, and Co are reviewed. Our recent hyperfine interaction experiments demonstrating crossover in $z$ are described in detail. In contrast to early neutron experiments on isotropic ferromagnetis it is found that with the exception of Co, pure Heisenberg behavior, i.e., $z=2.5$, is not observed in any of the materials surveyed. Instead, when either the wave number or the reduced temperature is sufficiently small, isotropic ferromagnets exhibit asymptotic behavior characterized by $z=2.0$. The most likely theoretical explanation is that significant spin-nonconserving forces are perturbing the Heisenberg exchange interaction. For ESR and neutron studies of EuS and EuO it has been shown that the observed behavior can be explained by dipolar forces. For hyperfine interaction experiments on Ni and Fe, the observed crossover to $z=2.0$ must be attributed to other, stronger spin-nonconserving forces. In the exceptional case of Co, where crossover to $z=2.0$ has not yet been observed, it is expected that future, more nearly asymptotic experiments, will detect crossover.
Self-assembled nanoparticle arrays as nanomasks for pattern transfer

Argon ion milling was used to transfer the pattern of sparse 12 nm iron oxide nanoparticles into underlying thin films of Pt and magnetic tunnel junction stacks and quantify their etching rates and morphological evolution. Under typical milling conditions, Pt milled at 10 nm min−1, while the isolated particles of iron oxide used for the mask milled at 5 nm min−1. Dilute dispersions of nanoparticles were used to produce the sparse nanomasks, and high resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy were used to monitor the evolution of etched structures as a function of milling time. SEM measurements indicate an apparent 20% increase in feature diameter before the features began to diminish under additional milling, suggesting redeposition as a limiting feature in the milling of dense arrays. Simulations of the milling process in nanoparticle arrays that include redeposition are consistent with this observation. These simulations predict that an edge-to-edge spacing of 3 nm in a dense array is feasible, but that redeposition reduces the final structure aspect ratio from that of the masking array by as much as a factor of two.
Selecting Augmentative Communication Systems on the Basis of Current Communicative Means and Functions

Use of augmentative non-speech systems of communication have increasingly been reported as effective in promoting communicative development in individuals with autism and related handicaps. While various forms of sign language have constituted the primary non-speech communication mode, other approaches have also been used, including plastic symbol, written word and pictorial systems. While the reported results have overall been encouraging, questions remain as to whether one particular system, for instance, sign language is most suitable to the autistic population as a whole, and at which point and how it should be taught. This paper examines to what extent individuals with autism may share some common characteristics that would make them prime candidates for one particular system over another. Given that visuo-spatial abilities tend to be well developed, it is argued that a case could be made for the use of communication modes that incorporate non-transient stimuli. Nevertheless, given the heterogeneity ...
Paraneoplastic Polymyositis Associated With Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung

An association between polymyositis and lung cancer has been debated. Published data usually lack either lung cancer histologic differentiation or biopsy-based delineation between polymyositis and dermatomyositis. We reported a case of a 56-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma of the lung confined to a single hilar lymph node presenting with biopsy-proven polymyositis of 3 months in duration. Polymyositis should be considered as a potential presentation of paraneoplastic syndrome, especially in patients who are at risk for lung cancer.
Neurorehabilitation of social dysfunctions: a model-based neurofeedback approach for low and high-functioning autism

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is an increasingly prevalent condition with core deficits in the social domain. Understanding its neuroetiology is critical to providing insights into the relationship between neuroanatomy, physiology and social behaviors, including imitation learning, language, empathy, theory of mind, and even self-awareness. Equally important is the need to find ways to arrest its increasing prevalence and to ameliorate its symptoms. In this review, we highlight neurofeedback studies as viable treatment options for high-functioning as well as low-functioning children with ASD. Lower-functioning groups have the greatest need for diagnosis and treatment, the greatest barrier to communication, and may experience the greatest benefit if a treatment can improve function or prevent progression of the disorder at an early stage. Therefore, we focus on neurofeedback interventions combined with other kinds of behavioral conditioning to induce neuroplastic changes that can address the full spectrum of the autism phenotype.
Cognitive Flexibility and Sustained Attention: See something, say something (even when it's not there)

Researchers investigating the relationship between individual differences and sustained attention tasks do not clearly find marked traits and abilities that are predictive of vigilant performance. Yet, this important research is applicable to tasks like driving, TSA monitoring, Air Traffic Control, and even for the Department of Homeland Security’s civilian campaign, “See something, say something.” In this paper, we take an individual differences approach to uncover the relationship between cognitive flexibility and sustained attention. Twenty-nine undergraduate students from George Mason University participated in this study for course credit. The Youmans Cognitive Flexibility Puzzle (Gonzalez, Figueroa, Bellows, Rhodes, & Youmans, 2013) was used to assess cognitive flexibility, and a modified version the Air Traffic Controller (ATC) task (Hitchcock, Warm, Matthews, Dember, Shear, Tripp et al., 2003) measured sustained attention. Mixed ANOVAs were used to analyze performance on the ATC task (hits, false alarms, reaction times). Highly flexible individuals were faster to respond despite missing signals and committing errors. Implications are discussed.
Commentary: Regulating proNGF Action: Multiple Targets for Therapeutic Intervention

Neurotrophins are initially synthesized as precursor forms that are cleaved to release C-terminal mature forms that bind to Trk receptors to initiate survival and differentiative responses. Recent studies suggest that the precursor form of NGF (proNGF) acts as a distinct ligand by binding to a receptor complex of p75 and sortilin to initiate cell death. Induction of proNGF and p75 has been observed in multiple pathological states and injury models in the central nervous system, and blockade of proNGF/p75 interaction is efficacious in limiting neuronal apoptosis. Multiple strategies that may act to limit proNGF action are considered as potential therapeutic targets for future development.
Process design and control studies of an elevated-pressure air separations unit for IGCC power plants

In this study, a supervisory controller for an ASU (Air Separations Unit) has been designed based on a MPC (Model Predictive Control) approach. This has been applied to a detailed pressure-driven Aspen Plus/Aspen Dynamics model to understand the performance of a multivariable MPC when adopted for such a complex process with critical targets. In addition, an effective PI-based secondary-layered controller design has been proposed for open-loop stability and maximizing oxygen yield. The rigorous Aspen model is interfaced with Matlab/Simulink and has been used as a “real plant” when performing the step tests for the identification of the simplified linear model and application of supervisory control. The effectiveness of the designed controller has been proved through the comparison between the linear MPC approach, that handles absolute and rate-of-change constraints, and a more conventional control configuration. The results show a significant reduction in overshoots and settling time during load variations. The paper clearly shows how the MPC approach for a supervisory control layer is reliable, easy to design and of real value for practical purposes.
Viscosity study of the optical tellurite glass: 75TeO2–20ZnO–5Na2O

Abstract The steady state viscosity of a tellurite glass with composition 75TeO2–20ZnO–5Na2O has been measured using parallel plate rheometry and found to decrease with shear rate and temperature. The viscosity is constant for lower shear rates but decreases rapidly above a critical rate γc, due to shear thinning. The shear rate dependence of the viscosity is found to be well approximated by the Cross model in the temperature range between 609 and 663 K while the temperature dependencies of both the viscosity and relaxation time are observed to follow an Arrhenius law in this temperature range. The activation energy obtained from the Arrhenius fit is used to determine the fragility of the tellurite glass, which is compared to that of other well-known glasses from the literature.
Evidence of significant nonrandom behavior in the recurrence of strong El Niño between 1525 and 1988

The precise character of the quasi-periodic variation in the recurrence of El Nino events has been unclear. To gain insight into the nature of this apparent regularity, a 464-year record (1525-1988) of the initiation of "strong" El Nino events, derived from the chronology of Quinn et al. [1987], has been analyzed with a two-dimensional extension of the periodogram analysis method of Buys Ballot. The method is useful for detecting joint nonlinear interactions between variations at two specified periods. Results indicate joint nonrandom recurrence of strong El Nino events at periods of 6.75 and 14.0 years. From Monte Carlo tests, we estimate the statistical significance of this result to be at the 0.1% level. Alternating ∼95 year-long time-blocks, where 6.75-year and 14.0-year recurrence periods dominate, is apparent from the analysis. No specific mechanism is offered for the periodic forcing of strong El Nino events, but our observation of significant quasi-periodic behavior in the initiation of such events at the combined periods of 6.75 and 14.0 years may be a useful clue in efforts to understand and model natural ENSO recurrence.
Reversible insertion of CO2 into the ReH bond of photogenerated [ReH(Ph2PCH2CH2PPH2)2]

Abstract Ultraviolet irradiation of solutions of [ReH3(diphos)2] results in elimination of H2 and generation of [ReH(diphos)2]. This highly reactive species is readily trapped by N2, CO, and C2H4 to give known 1 1 adduct complexes. Irradiation in the presence of CO2 yields the new formate complex, [Re(O2CH)(diphos)2] which derives by reversible insertion of CO2 into the ReH bond of [ReH(diphos)2].
Impedance spectra of polycrystalline Ba-, Cd-, and Sr-β″-alumina

The small-signal admittance of polycrystalline samples of Ba-, Cd-, and Sr-exchanged β″-alumina with sputtered Pt electrodes was measured over the frequency range from 5 Hz to 1 MHz, and from room temperature to over 600° C. The impedance spectra thus obtained were analyzed by non-linear least-squares fitting to equivalent electrical circuits. Except at the highest temperatures, the data for the Ba- and Sr-exchanged samples were well described by a generalization of a circuit previously developed for Ca- β″-alumina. The Cd-exchanged material was better represented by a modified circuit of the Debye type with two constant phase elements. The interpretation of the circuit elements and their dependence on temperature is discussed.
Of pots and holes: Einstein's bumpy road to general relativity

Readers of this volume will notice that it contains only a few papers on general relativity. This is because most papers documenting the genesis and early development of general relativity were not published in Annalen der Physik.After Einstein took up his new prestigious position at the PrussianAcademy of Sciences in the spring of 1914, the Sitzungsberichte of the Berlin academy almost by default became the main outlet for his scientific production. Two of the more important papers on general relativity, however, did find their way into the pages of the Annalen [35,41].Although I shall discuss both papers in this essay, the main focus will be on [35], the first systematic exposition of general relativity, submitted in March 1916 and published in May of that year. Einstein’s first paper on a metric theory of gravity, co-authored with his mathematician friend Marcel Grossmann, was published as a separatum in early 1913 and was reprinted the following year in Zeitschrift fur Mathematik und Physik [50,51]. Their second (and last) joint paper on the theory also appeared in this journal [52]. Most of the formalism of general relativity as we know it today was already in place in this Einstein-Grossmann theory. Still missing were the generally-covariant Einstein field equations. As is clear from research notes on gravitation from the winter of 1912–1913 preserved in the so-called “Zurich Notebook,” Einstein had considered candidate field equations of broad if not general covariance, but had found all such candidates wanting on physical grounds. In the end he had settled on equations constructed specifically to be compatible with energy-momentum conservation and with Newtonian theory in the limit of weak static fields, even though it remained unclear whether these equations would be invariant under any non-linear transformations. In view of this uncertainty, Einstein and Grossmann chose a fairly modest title for their paper: “Outline (“Entwurf”) of a Generalized Theory of Relativity and of a Theory of Gravitation.” The Einstein-Grossmann theory and its fields equations are therefore also known as the “Entwurf” theory and the “Entwurf” field equations. Much of Einstein’s subsequent work on the “Entwurf” theory went into clarifying the covariance properties of its field equations. By the following year he had convinced himself of three things. First, generallycovariant field equations are physically inadmissible since they cannot determine the metric field uniquely. This was the upshot of the so-called “hole argument” (“Lochbetrachtung”) first published in an appendix to [51]. Second, the class of transformations leaving the “Entwurf” field equations invariant was as broad ∗ E-mail: janss011@tc.umn.edu 1 An annotated transcription of the gravitational portion of the “Zurich Notebook” is published as Doc.10 in [11]. For facsimile reproductions of these pages, a new transcription, and a running commentary, see [89]. 2 See Sect. 2 for further discussion of the hole argument.
Induction of hepatic cytosolic fatty acid binding protein with clofibrate accelerates both membrane and cytoplasmic transport of palmitate.

Abstract The role of liver cytosolic fatty acid binding protein (L-FABP) in fatty acid transport and metabolism is unclear. Female liver contains substantially more L-FABP than male liver. Female liver also has a different fatty acid transport phenotype, including more rapid uptake, efflux and cytoplasmic transport. However, it is not known if the greater levels of L-FABP are responsible for these differences. We therefore determined whether increasing L-FABP using clofibrate causes male liver to acquire a female transport phenotype. The multiple indicator dilution (MID) method was used to estimate the rate constants for influx, efflux and cytoplasmic diffusion of palmitate in isolated perfused rat livers. Clofibrate treatment increased cytosolic concentrations of L-FABP 4.2±0.8-fold, the rate of cytoplasmic diffusion of palmitate 4.3±1.7-fold, and the steady-state palmitate extraction 1.5±0.3-fold (mean±S.E.). Influx and efflux constants were both increased (by 44% and 79%, respectively) to levels typical of female livers. These data suggest that clofibrate-induced elevation of cytosolic L-FABP not only stimulates intracellular diffusion but also influx and efflux of fatty acids. Possible mechanisms include reducing fatty acid binding to cytoplasmic membranes, induction of membrane fatty acid carriers, and catalyzing fatty acid exchange between aqueous cytoplasm and the plasma membrane.
Can comprehensive lifestyle change alter the course of chronic kidney disease

Comprehensive lifestyle change can impact health favorably in many domains, from prevention and treatment of various diseases to improved functional status and quality of life. Although habitual behaviors clearly influence chronic kidney disease (CKD), lifestyle change often is not stressed in the clinical setting. The purpose of this review is to provide a critical appraisal of the scientific basis for effects of lifestyle on CKD and practical strategies that promote healthy behaviors. This review begins with a clinical case presentation to provide context for the scientific discussion. Dietary composition of macronutrients, particularly protein intake, is highlighted. Clinical evidence is presented for avoiding protein excess, a contemporary problem in the typical overeating environment of the developed world. Concomitant approaches to balancing intake of carbohydrates and fats also are presented. Integration of sodium reduction with macronutrient adjustment is reviewed within the framework of managing blood pressure in the setting of CKD. Considering the emerging body of evidence for obesity-related CKD and associated complications, weight control is addressed from the standpoint of decreasing calories and increasing exercise. Finally, effects of smoking and alcohol use on CKD are discussed. In the spirit of active participation, which is essential to lifestyle change, the discussion returns full circle to a concluding statement from the clinical case patient who provides his point of view on lifestyle change while living with CKD.
Effect of sodium balance and calcium channel-blocking drugs on plasma aldosterone responses to infusion of angiotensin II in normal subjects and patients with essential hypertension.

To study the role of calcium movements in mediating the effects ofsodium chloride on the response of plasma aldosterone to angiotensin II (All), we administered calcium channel¬blocking drugs (nifedipine and diltiazem) and calcium infusions to normal subjects during high and low sodium intakes before and after All infusion. All wasalso infused in 13 patients with essential hypertension eating a high sodium diet. In preliminary studies, the effects of nifedipine (20 mg, orally) on blood pressure, PRA, plasma aldosterone, and plasma cortisol concentrations were determined. Sensitivity to infusedAll was calculated as the slope of the linear regression of the increase in plasma aldosterone as a function of the All infusion rate (nan¬ograms per dl/ng AII/kg¬min). During sodium restriction (10 meq Na/day), both drugs significantly (P at least < 0.05) reduced All sensitivity. During the high sodium diet (200 meq Na/day), only diltiazem decreased All sensitivity, and the reduction was less (P < 0.05) than that du...
Building a medical image processing algorithm verification database

The design of a database containing head Computed Tomography (CT) studies is presented, along with a justification for the database's composition. The database will be used to validate software algorithms that screen normal head CT studies from studies that contain pathology. The database is designed to have the following major properties: (1) a size sufficient for statistical viability, (2) inclusion of both normal (no pathology) and abnormal scans, (3) inclusion of scans due to equipment malfunction, technologist error, and uncooperative patients, (4) inclusion of data sets from multiple scanner manufacturers, (5) inclusion of data sets from different gender and age groups, and (6) three independent diagnosis of each data set. Designed correctly, the database will provide a partial basis for FDA (United States Food and Drug Administration) approval of image processing algorithms for clinical use. Our goal for the database is the proof of viability of screening head CT's for normal anatomy using computer algorithms. To put this work into context, a classification scheme for 'computer aided diagnosis' systems is proposed.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Generalized variational inequalities

This paper introduces and analyzes generalized variational inequalities. The most general existence theory is established, traditional coercivity conditions are extended, properties of solution sets under various monotonicity conditions are investigated, and a computational scheme is considered. Similar results can be obtained for generalized complementarity and fixed-point problems.
RE1 silencing transcription factor is involved in regulating neuron‐specific expression of α‐internexin and neurofilament genes

Alpha-internexin and the neurofilament triplet proteins (NF-L, NF-M, and NF-H) co-assemble into intermediate filament networks in neurons. We have found that the RE1 silencing transcription factor (REST) plays a contributory role in the neuron-specific expression of the alpha-internexin, NF-H and NF-M genes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation and transient transfection experiments performed with catecholaminergic neuronal Cath a.-differentiated (CAD) cells and non-neuronal NIH3T3 cells demonstrated that REST repressed transcription of these genes in NIH3T3 cells by binding and recruiting mSin3A, CoREST, histone deacetylase (HDAC) 1 and MeCP2 to the RE1 sites in the intron-1 of alpha-internexin and the 5' flanking regions of NF-H and NF-M. No repression effect of the RE1 sites was observed in CAD cells, which express these neuronal genes but not REST. Treatment of NIH3T3 cells with trichostatin A, a HDAC inhibitor, relieved the REST-mediated repression and induced ectopic activation of alpha-internexin, NF-H and NF-M. The trichostatin A treatment did not affect the levels of REST occupancy but caused coordinated changes in acetylation and methylation of histones around the RE1 sites of these genes in NIH3T3 cells consistent with a transition from transcriptional repression to transcriptional activation. Thus, REST regulates expression of these neuronal genes, partly by a HDAC-dependent epigenetic mechanism.
Population survey of the spider monkeyAteles geoffroyi at Tikal, Guatemala

Intensive strip census methods were used to estimate population density and age-sex composition of a natural population of the spider monkeyAteles geoffroyi, in seasonally dry forest at Tikal, Guatemala. An objective procedure for determining effective strip width is discussed, and various census methods, including direct count and strip census, are evaluated as to merits and disadvantages
On the existence of finite central groupoids of all possible ranks. I

Abstract The problem of determining the number of finite central groupoids (an algebraic system satisfying the identity (x · y) · (y − z) = y) is equivalent to the problem of determining the number of solutions of the matrix equation A2 = J, where A is a 0, 1 matrix and J is a matrix of 1's. The existence of solutions of A2 = J of all ranks r, where n ⩽ r ⩽ [ (n 2 + 1) 2 ] , and A is n2 × n2, is proven. Since these are the only possible values, the question of existence solutions of all possible ranks is completely answered. The techniques and proofs are of a constructive nature.
Evidence for the expression of four myelin basic protein variants in the developing human spinal cord through cDNA cloning

Four human myelin basic protein (MBP) variants with molecular masses of 21.5, 20.2, 18.5, and 17.3 kilodaltons (kDa) have been identified in the developing human spinal cord and their structures determined through an analysis of cDNA clones of their mRNAs. The 20.2-kDa MBP mRNA encoded a novel MBP variant, the structure of which has not been reported in any species. Its amino acid sequence was identical with that of the 21.5-kDa MBP except for a deletion of 11 amino acid residues encoded by exon 5 of the MBP gene. All four human MBP variants were identical except for the insertion of deletion of two peptide fragments corresponding to those encoded by exons 2 and 5 of the MBP gene. In this study, no mature human MBP cDNAs missing exon 6 sequences were identified. This suggests that, unlike the mouse, the four human MBP mRNAs encoding these MBP variants arise by the alternative splicing of only exons 2 and 5 from the primary MBP gene transcript. This indicates that the predominant MBP splicing pathways in human and mouse are different. Immunoblots of human fetal spinal cords (11-21 weeks) indicated that MBP expression turned on abruptly between 14 and 16 weeks. Expression of the 20.2-kDa MBP variant was most evident at 16 weeks and its relative proportion declined thereafter, suggesting that its expression was developmentally regulated.
Relational Well-Being and Perceptions of Relational History in Married and Dating Couples

This study examined how participants perceive their relational history with their current partner, and how those perceptions predicted relational well-being in 66 dating and 65 married couples. Perceptions of relationship development history were assessed through (1) coding of cognitive appraisals in the Oral History Interview and (2) self-reports from a measure of Relationship Development Breadth, which documented whether participants experienced certain thoughts, feelings, or behaviors typical of relationship development. Relational well-being was operationalized as relational satisfaction and stability, and was measured both concurrently and at a six-month follow-up. Greater Time 1 relational well-being was explained by reports of greater relationship development breadth and more positive oral history appraisals. Lower Time 2 satisfaction and Time 2 break-up (stability) were related to reports of little relational development breadth and negative oral history appraisals made by females. The results ind...
The Childhood We Have Lost: When Siblings Were Caregivers, 1900–1970

In large numbers of working- and lower-middle-class households, for much of the first two-thirds of the twentieth century, children were generally cared for, not by a doting mother, but a sibling. Indeed, many children in these homes spent much of their youth caring for siblings or being attended by them. The demise of the system of sibling care represented a seismic shift in family arrangements. This essay examines the historical experiences and relationship of the sibling-caregiver and the charge, and traces the short- and long-term effects--often, the psychological scars--of each role. It considers why many of the young had highly ambivalent relations with their mothers in these years and perceived their mothers as unavailable to them. The study also explores why many mothers resisted any change in this family system. It compares the experience and effects of sibling care in the past with contemporary child care arrangements.
Self-Disclosure and Perceived Closeness in the Development of Group Process.

Abstract The research findings in this study of experiential groups indicate increases in amount and quality of self-disclosure and decreases in perceived interpersonal distance.
The Impact of Communication Delays on Air Traffic Controllers' Vectoring Performance

An experiment was conducted to investigate the impact of communication delays in the pilot—controller communication loop on air traffic controllers' performance and workload. Four levels of constant systemic audio delay (AD), 150, 250 ms, 350 ms, and 1,000 ms, and two levels of variable pilot delay (PD), zero delay and realistic delay, were employed. Vectoring accuracy and the controller's final turn initiation served as dependent variables. Subjective workload was measured by the NASA-TLX workload index. Eight subjects proficient in the task participated in the experiment. Random PD had significant effects on both vectoring accuracy and final turn initiation; accuracy was reduced and initiation times were earlier when PD was added. However, data showed no effect of AD on vectoring accuracy, and no evidence of compensatory strategies in response to increasing AD levels. Results suggest that variability in the subjects' turn initiation effectively masked the impact of even the longest AD of 1,000 ms on vec...
Jobs with different wage determination mechanisms, social efficiency and unemployment

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to construct a theoretical framework for the labor market, which is composed of a variety of jobs with different wage determination mechanisms. We identify an equilibrium in which some firms post a wage and others bargain with workers. This paper shows that the proportion of firms adopting wage bargaining in a decentralized equilibrium is below the socially optimal level. We identify policies to increase this proportion and to improve social efficiency. Furthermore, we examine the impact of those policies on unemployment. The results of this study will determine the direction of employment policy on the labor market with various employment styles.
Import Source Reallocation and U.S. Manufacturing Employment, 1972–2001

Examining the US manufacturing sector, we focus on the potential employment effects of shifts in import sources from relatively high- to low-income nations. Data for 384 6-digit NAICS US manufacturing industries that span the years 1972–2001 are utilized. Increased import penetration is found to reduce both production and non-production employment; however, such job loss is countered by export-led job creation. Extending the literature, we report that reallocation of import sources from high- to low-income nations reduces manufacturing employment, and when shifts in import sources coincide with rising import penetration the result is an acceleration of job loss.
Prospective randomized evaluation of the need for blood transfusion during primary total hip arthroplasty with use of a bipolar sealer.

Background: Blood loss during total hip arthroplasty can be substantial and may lead to adverse patient outcomes and increased health-care costs. Many blood-management options are available for these procedures. The purpose of the present study was to test the hemostatic efficacy of a bipolar sealer used during total hip arthroplasty in order to determine whether its use results in significantly lower transfusion requirements and/or improved clinical, functional, and health-related quality-of-life outcomes in healthy patients. Methods: This prospective, single-center, randomized, double-blinded study was designed to enroll a total of 140 patients. Patients with a low preoperative hemoglobin level or a history of bleeding abnormalities and other medical conditions were excluded. Patients were randomized to either the treatment arm (radiofrequency energy with use of the Aquamantys 6.0 bipolar sealer) or control arm (standard Bovie electrocautery). The primary outcome measure was the transfusion requirement, and the secondary outcome measures were intraoperative estimated blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin levels, perioperative narcotic usage, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain scores, and postoperative function as measured with the Harris hip score and the Short Form-12 quality-of-life score. Results: Seventy-one patients were assigned to the treatment arm, and sixty-nine were assigned to the control arm. The mean number of units of blood transfused for all patients in the study and control arms were 0.38 and 0.44, respectively (p = 0.72). The transfusion requirements were similar in the two groups, with fifteen of seventy-one patients in the treatment arm and fourteen of sixty-nine patients in the control arm requiring a transfusion (p = 0.9). No significant differences were detected between the groups in terms of estimated blood loss, postoperative hemoglobin levels, perioperative narcotic usage, length of hospital stay, postoperative pain scores, Harris hip scores, or Short Form-12 scores. Conclusions: In this patient population, there were no significant differences between the treatment and control groups in terms of the need for blood transfusions or overall blood loss. Given these findings, we have discontinued the use of this bipolar sealing device in uncomplicated primary total hip arthroplasty patients at our institution. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level I. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Coated melt-spun acrylonitrile-based suture for delayed release of nitric oxide

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in physiological functions in the body, naturally synthesized by nitric oxide synthase. NO has been shown to enhance wound healing, generating research interest in the incorporation of NO into thromboresistant polymers for medical devices. Such polymers can be processed by melt-spinning to create surgical suture type materials. These melt-spun sutures can have the high tensile strength and durability necessary for wound closure. NO release from the suture can be controlled by application of a biodegradable coating. In this work, an acrylonitrile- co -1-vinylimidazole (AN/VIM) copolymer was melt-spun and coated with PCL. The coated suture fibers were studied for NO storage and release. Addition of a PCL coating significantly slows release of the NO compared to the uncoated AN/VIM suture. Over 24 h, the coated suture released 46 (±12) µmol NO/g AN.
Assessing a Measure of Femininity Ideology for Low-Income, Latina Adolescent Girls:

The purpose of the study presented here was to examine whether a measure of femininity ideology, normed on largely white, middle-class samples of adolescent girls, could be verified among a sample ...
Calculation of the transition energies of the F+2 : O2- laser-active color centers in sodium chloride

Abstract The absorption and the emission spectra of the oxygen-perturbed F + 2 color center occurring in NaCl:OH - color center lasers have been studied quantum mechanically to test the validity of the proposed center configuration consisting of an F + 2 center adjacent to an O 2- anion. Ignoring all the lattice effects and by modelling the F + 2 color center as a hydrogen molecular ion embedded in a dielectric continuum, the effect of the adjacent oxygen ion has been treated as a perturbation and the resulting shifts in transition energies have been calculated using first order perturbation theory. Remarkably good agreement between the experimentally measured and theoretically predicted shifts has been obtained for most of the states considered, supporting the validity of the proposed center configuration.
Norovirus Recognition Sites on Histo-Blood Group Antigens

Norovirus (NoV) is the major causative agent of acute viral gastroenteritis worldwide. Based on genetic analyses, human NoV strains have been classified into at least three genogroups: genogroup I (GI), GII, and GIV, which contain at least 15, 18, and 1 genotypes, respectively (Kageyama et al., 2004). Notably, these NoV genotypes are morphologically similar to one another but differ antigenically (Kapikian, 1996; Estes et al., 1997; Hansman et al., 2006). Since no cell culture system has been developed yet, molecular analyses to elucidate the mechanisms underlying infection or productive replication have been stalled until recently. The primary NoV replication site in humans is unknown, but intestinal biopsy from volunteer who became ill following oral administration of NoV exhibited histopathologic lesions, in which the villi of the proximal small intestine were blunted (Agus et al., 1973). More than 30 years ago, the initial NoV challenge studies conducted in volunteers found that a subset of individuals was repeatedly susceptible to NoV infection, whereas a second subset was repeatedly resistant to infection (Parrino et al., 1977). A genetic factor, possibly a receptor, was hypothesized to affect the susceptibility of an individual to NoV infection. Recently, a mechanism that explains the susceptibility or resistance to NoV infection has been identified; namely, NoV attaches to histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) on potential host cells in the gut (Lindesmith et al., 2003).
Effects of lead on the induction of hepatic microsomal enzymes by phenobarbital and 3,4-benzpyrene

Abstract A single ip injection of lead acetate (65 mg/kg) prolonged the duration of zoxazolamine paralysis in Sprague-Dawley rats and prevented the stimulation of zoxazolamine metabolism normally induced by phenobarbital. Lead also delayed the phenobarbital induction of hepatic microsomal cytochrome P -450 at 12 and 24 hr after treatment. However, the inhibitory effect of lead had disappeared and cytochrome P -450 concentrations were markedly elevated at 48 hr. Lead also diminished hepatic microsomal cytochrome P -448, normally resulting from benzyprene treatment. Neither lead, phenobarbital, benzyprene nor their combination had a significant effect on hepatic cytochrome b 5 values. Lead, in vitro , inhibited the hepatic microsomal NADPH-cytochrome c and P -450 reductase activity in a dose-dependent manner. In vivo , significant inhibition of NADPH-cytochrome c and P -450 reductase activity was observed after the injection of lead acetate. Significant inhibition coincides with the time when lead concentration in the hepatic microsomes was maximal. The inhibition of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD) activity at several blood lead concentrations was confirmed both in vivo and in vitro . This relationship between blood lead concentrations and ALAD activity was not altered by pretreatment with phenobarbital or benzpyrene.