cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Influence of Supplemental Dietary Fat on Changes in Vitamin E Concentration in Livers of Poults

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of supplemental dietary fat on alpha-tocopherol (TOC) stored in the livers of young turkeys during the first 21 d after hatching. The four dietary treatments were obtained by supplementing a corn-soybean meal diet with 8% sucrose (SUC), 8% animal-vegetable fat (AVF), 8% tallow (TAL), or 8% coconut oil (COC). All diets were supplemented with 12 IU of dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E)/kg of diet. Body weight at 21 d of age was not affected by dietary fat, whereas feed efficiency was improved (P < .05) by added fat, irrespective of source. Liver TOC (micrograms per gram of liver and micrograms per total liver weight) decreased markedly between 1 to 14 d of age, irrespective of fat source. Average TOC concentration in liver was 78.9 micrograms/g at 1 d, but was only .5 microgram/g at 14 d. Between 14 and 21 d of age, total liver TOC increased slightly in all treatment groups. No diet effect was observed on the liver TOC concentration until 21 d of age. At this time, poults fed TAL had less (P < .05) TOC in liver than those fed COC and AVF. The data show that neither the presence of supplemental dietary fat nor fat source changed the pattern of marked decrease in liver TOC during the first 14 d after hatching.
An asymptotic version of a conjecture by Enomoto and Ota

In 2000, Enomoto and Ota [J Graph Theory 34 (2000), 163–169] stated the following conjecture. Let G be a graph of order n, and let n1, n2, …, nk be positive integers with \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{eqnarray*}\sum\nolimits_{{{i}} = {{1}}}^{{{k}}} {{n}}_{{{i}}} = {{n}}\end{eqnarray*}\end{document}. If σ2(G)≥n+ k-1, then for any k distinct vertices x1, x2, …, xk in G, there exist vertex disjoint paths P1, P2, …, Pk such that |Pi|=ni and xi is an endpoint of Pi for every i, 1≤i≤k. We prove an asymptotic version of this conjecture in the following sense. For every k positive real numbers γ1, …, γk with \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{eqnarray*}\sum\nolimits_{{{i}} = {{1}}}^{{{k}}} \gamma_{{{i}}} = {{1}}\end{eqnarray*}\end{document}, and for every e>0, there exists n0 such that for every graph G of order n≥n0 with σ2(G)≥n+ k-1, and for every choice of k vertices x1, …, xk∈V(G), there exist vertex disjoint paths P1, …, Pk in G such that \documentclass{article}\footskip=0pc\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{eqnarray*}\sum\nolimits_{{{i}} = {{1}}}^{{{k}}} |{{P}}_{{{i}}}| = {{n}}\end{eqnarray*}\end{document}, the vertex xi is an endpoint of the path Pi, and (γi-e)n<|Pi|<(γi + e)n for every i, 1≤i≤k. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 64: 37–51, 2010
Die Schädigungsmechanismen der Substantia nigra bei Hirntraumen und das Problem des posttraumatischen Parkinsonismus

Zum besseren Verstandnis der traumatischen Entstehungsmoglichkeit eines posttraumatischen Parkinson-Syndroms werden die Mechanismen besprochen, die die Substantia nigra primar durch Kontusionsblutungen und sekundar durch von Gefaskompression hervorgerufene Zirkulationsstorungen schadigen konnen.
CATALYTIC CRACKING OF GAS OIL: EFFECT OF THE AMOUNT OF ZEOLITE IN COMPOSITE CATALYSTS

Abstract In the present paper the performance of a composite isothermal catalytic pellet in the cracking of Gas-Oil is examined theoretically. The composite pellet contains spherical particles of X-Zeolite uniformly dispersed in a Silica-Alumina matrix. It is assumed that the cracking of gas oil for the production of Gasoline can be described by three-lumped components. The composite pellet deactivates due to coke formation and the deactivation is included in the calculations. The application of the composite pellet model to Thermofor Catalytic Crackers provides a fairly good agreement with available industrial data. The pellet radius and the volume fraction of zeolite play major roles in the behaviour of a composite Catalytic Cracking catalyst.
Constitutional Liberty and the Law of Libel: A Historian's View

J T is somewhat surprising that constitutional historians have paid little or no attention to the development of the law of libel since the crisis occasioned by the Sedition Act of I798. The history of seditious libel as it related to the growing eighteenth-century crisis over freedom of speech and press has received extensive treatment from the profession. But historians appear to have assumed that with the expiration of the I798 law and with the rapid decline thereafter of the frequency and significance of prosecutions for seditious libel in the several states, libel law ceased to have any great significance for the growth of American constitutional liberty. Any such assumption is in large part erroneous. Rather, what actually happened was that with the declining significance of state and federal prosecutions for criminal libel, actions for damages under the law of civil libel assumed increasing importance as a means of controlling false, reckless, and defamatory utterances, both in politics and public life and in the private affairs of men. As the Illinois Supreme Court observed nearly fifty years
Smoking cessation processes in low-SES women: the impact of time-varying pregnancy status, health care messages, stress, and health concerns.

Abstract We tracked smoking outcomes – quitting, stage of readiness, action, motivation, self-efficacy, and confidence – over time among 943 low-SES women smokers accrued in an earlier smoking cessation intervention trial conducted in public health clinics. We assessed outcomes at 2, 6, 12 and 18 months post-initial clinic visit. Controlling for baseline characteristics and earlier program participation, we used hierarchical linear modeling to assess how intervening life events – pregnancy and exposure to subsequent clinic smoking interventions – affected smoking outcomes directly and indirectly, through the mediators, perceived stress and health concerns. Results: All longitudinal smoking outcomes were positively related to health concerns and negatively related to perceived stress. Pregnancy favorably influenced all smoking outcomes but confidence, but exposure to additional interventions affected only motivation. Health concerns and stress partially mediated the positive impact of pregnancy. Conclusion: Public health efforts targeted to low-SES women smokers should continue to emphasize the benefits of quitting smoking for health maintenance and incorporate more effective stress-coping mechanisms. Pregnancy increases abstinence, but preventing post-delivery relapse may require stress management and re-focusing of health concerns.
Three components of genetic drift in subdivided populations

Wright's metaphor of sampling is extended to consider three components of genetic drift: those occurring before, during, and after migration. To the extent that drift at each stage behaves like an independent random sample, the order of events does not matter. When sampling is not random, the order does matter, and the effect of population size is confounded with that of mobility. The widely cited result that genetic differentiation of local groups depends only on the product of group size and migration rate holds only when nonrandom sampling does not occur prior to migration in the life cycle.
Temporal and Spatial Estimates of Adult Striped Bass Mortality from Telemetry and Transmitter Return Data

Abstract Estimates of total mortality, fishing mortality, and natural mortality in the fishery for the adult striped bass Morone saxatilis in J. Strom Thurmond Reservoir, South Carolina–Georgia, were determined from long-term radiotelemetry data and high-reward radio transmitter return data using catch curve analyses. Annual total mortality rates were 0.81 ± 0.06 (mean ± SE) for year 1 (July 1999–June 2000) and 0.42 ± 0.04 for year 2 (July 2000–June 2001). We observed that the force of fishing was much greater than the force of natural death on total mortality in this fishery. Total exploitation of all implanted striped bass over the 2-year study period was 48%. Fishing mortality rates were 0.67 ± 0.04 for year 1 and 0.33 ± 0.02 for year 2, and natural mortality rates were 0.14 ± 0.02 for year 1 and 0.09 ± 0.02 for year 2. We also identified seasonal increases in total and fishing mortality rates from July to September. Fishing mortality was highest temporally and spatially during late spring and late sum...
Methods of analysis of nonstationary EEGs, with emphasis on segmentation techniques: a comparative review.

Methods for analysis of nonstationary EEGs, that is, EEGs whose patterns undergo changes with time (e.g., alpha blocking, paroxysmal slow waves, onset of drowsiness/sleep, but excluding spikes/sharp waves) are reviewed. The concepts of stationarity and nonstationarity, and general techniques for their evaluation, are discussed. Simpler methods for monitoring for nonstationarity include running determinations of average amplitude and average period or interval. Piecewise stationary analysis includes characterization, by spectra obtained by fast Fourier transform or by autoregressive modeling, of sections of EEGs preselected to be stationary. In Kalman filtering, the autoregressive model itself becomes time-varying. Segmentation of the EEG into stationary lengths can be carried out on a fixed-interval basis (i.e., of successive, e.g., 1-s intervals), with clustering (grouping) or classification according to the features (e.g., spectra) of each interval, and concatenation of adjacent similar intervals. Alternatively, in adaptive (variable-interval) segmentation, the EEG is continuously monitored automatically for any significant departure from stationarity, and segment boundaries are placed accordingly. A number of applications of the various methods are included, with examples of succinct summary displays. Problems and prospects are discussed.
Erratum to: Beyond Thinness: The Influence of a Curvaceous Body Ideal on Body Dissatisfaction in Black and White Women

This study examined whether a curvaceous body ideal differentially influenced sources of body dissatisfaction in 116 Black and 222 White women at a northeastern U.S. university. We measured idealization of and dissatisfaction with three components of a curvaceous ideal: breast size, buttock size, and weight. Although most women preferred a curvaceous body shape, more White women preferred this ideal to be slender with medium breasts whereas more Black women preferred this ideal to be curvier with medium breasts and large buttocks. Women discrepant from these ideals reported more dissatisfaction. Dissatisfaction with the curvaceous ideal predicted appearance concerns. Findings highlight the need to consider valued body ideals other than thinness as potential sources of dissatisfaction among women of different racial/ethnic backgrounds.
The Uninsured And The Benefits Of Medical Progress

In a recent Health Affairs article, David Cutler and Mark McClellan found that new medical technology confers positive net benefits for several conditions, including heart attacks, cataracts, and depression. We estimate the extent to which uninsured Americans ages 55–64 use these technologies and compute access gaps for each. Based on Cutler and McClellan’s net benefit estimates, we calculate that more than $1.1 billion is lost annually from excess morbidity and mortality among the uninsured population because of lack of access to new technologies for the treatment of these three conditions.
STEM Career Changers’ Transformation into Science Teachers

This study examines the transformation (professional growth) of career-changing women scientists who decided to become teachers. Drawing upon Mezirow’s Transformative Learning Theory, we tracked their transformation for 3 years. Our findings revealed multiple identities, disorientation, a perceived sense of meaninglessness, loss and eventual regain in confidence, gain in pedagogical knowledge and skill, and changed perceptions of the social roles of science teachers and scientists. Driven by personal choice or need (financial, intellectual), such transformations were achieved through active pursuit of meaning in one’s work, critical assessment of assumptions, planning, and trying on the unfamiliar role of a science teacher. It is argued that such transition entails complex changes in thinking about science teaching and identifying oneself as a science teacher.
Sexual issues in movement therapy with geriatric patients

Group movement therapy sessions, in which mutual touching, the expression of memories, and the sharing of feelings are encouraged, provide one place where nursing home residents may explore their sexuality. Sound and movement activities create an atmosphere of excitement which can have a revitalizing effect on older people. The therapist is often the first recipient of clients’ erotic fantasies and can use the individual transferences to facilitate the development of a group identity and peer interaction. Patients’ sexually provocative behavior, especially when directed at the therapist, should be regarded as potentially meaningful since it may mask feelings such as neediness or rage. Issues, including the longing for companionship, fear of physical deterioration, and sexual frustration, commonly emerge in movement therapy sessions. These issues are acknowledged and explored in the supportive environment of the group where a spirit of playfulness eases the discomfort of dealing with painful or embarrassing material.
Constitutional delay of growth and development:Effects of treatment with androgens†

Nineteen male children with “constitutional delay in growth and/or development”qualified for this retrospective study of the effects of androgens on final adult stature. Twenty-one patients served as untreated control subjects. The bone age was retarded in all patients. Those in the treatment groups received methyltestosterone (13 patients), fluoxymesterone (4 patients), or testosterone enanthate (2 patients). The average duration of treatment was 5.3 months, and low doses of all three androgens were used. Predictions of final height overestimated actual achieved final heights by an average of 1.3 inches in the control group. Androgen therapy as described did not affect ultimate height adversely and, in fact, treated patients achieved an average final height much closer to the average predicted height than the control group.
Lipid oxidation in chicken muscles and skin after roasting and refrigerated storage of main broiler parts.

The muscles and attached skin of fresh chicken broiler parts, which were roasted in a convection oven and subsequently kept at 4°C for 4 days were analyzed for lipid oxidation products (LOP). Roasting and refrigerated storage significantly increased the amount of malonaldehyde which occurred faster in the skin than in the muscles. Also, after roasting, lipid oxidation fluorescence products increased in the aqueous phase and, after refrigerated storage, in the organic phase of Folch extracted muscles and skin. The lowest concentration of LOP was found in roasted, separated parts of broilers, especially in the drumsticks and wings as opposed to roasted carcass halves or quarters. The absolute amount of LOP in muscles and skin after roasting was a result of initial concentrations of LOP in raw samples and the type of roasted broiler parts.
The Role of Means Efficacy When Predicting Creative Performance.

According to the Internal-External Efficacy model, self-efficacy is an insufficient explanation for self-regulated behavior because it ignores the influence of external resources. Applying this theory of motivation to the prediction of creative performance, the extent to which means efficacy or the belief in the utility of external resources predicted independent assessments of creativity was tested. In Study 1, student webmasters’ (N =124) means efficacy predicted subject matter expert's ratings of creativity of student organization homepages. In Study 2, employees’ (N = 128) means efficacy predicted individual supervisory ratings of creative performance. In addition, means efficacy enhanced the positive relationship between creative self-efficacy and supervisors’ ratings of creative performance. Implications for enhancing creativity in the workplace are discussed.
Aqueous high-temperature solubility studies. I. The solubility of boehmite as functions of ionic strength (to 5 molal, NaCl), temperature (100–290°C), and pH as determined by in situ measurements

Abstract The solubility of boehmite, γ-AlOOH, was measured in a modified hydrogen-electrode concentration cell, which provided continuous in situ measurements of hydrogen ion molality over the range of ionic strengths from 0.1 to 5.0 mol · kg−1 (NaCl) at temperatures from 100 to 290°C. A series of conventional solubility measurements was also carried out in acidic solutions over the same temperature range (i.e., pH was not monitored, but rather calculated from mass balance). The combined results yielded the molal solubility quotients, Qs0 and Qs4 for the equilibria: AlOOH(cr) + 3H+ ⇄ Al3+ + 2H2O Qs0 = [Al3+]/[H+]3 AlOOH(cr) + 2H2O ⇄ Al(OH)4− + H+ Qs4 = [Al(OH)4−][H+]In the regression of each isothermal data set, the values for the first hydrolysis quotient, Al3+ + H2O ⇄ Al(OH)2+ + H+ Q1,1 = [Al(OH)2+][H+]/[Al3+]were fixed according to a previous potentiometric study (Palmer and Wesolowski, 1993) . Moreover, for one series of titrations at 0.1 mol · kg−1 ionic strength at 150°C, the remaining two solubility quotients, Qs2 and Qs3, were determined simultaneously from the regression. However, at all other conditions, the values of Qs2 and Qs3 were also fixed at values consistent with the corresponding 0.03 mol · kg−1 ionic strength results (Benezeth et al., 2001) by invoking the isocoulombic assumption (i.e., an assumption of minimal ionic strength dependence for reactions with no net change in charge). The stability field with respect to pH of the Al(OH)2+ and Al(OH)30 aqueous species were found to be very narrow, and hence assumptions concerning their stabilities had little effect on the predicted shape of the solubility profiles at high ionic strength. Global fits were made of the log Qs0 and log Qs4 values as functions of temperature and ionic strength after combining with corresponding values from an analogous study at 0.03 mol · kg−1 ionic strength (Benezeth et al., 2001) , as well as appropriate constants taken from the literature. The fits were further constrained by inclusion of gibbsite solubility data ( Wesolowski 1992 , Palmer and Wesolowski 1992 after adjustment for the relative free energies of formation of gibbsite and boehmite. This treatment ensured that a continuous empirical model exists for Al3+ and Al(OH)4− from ambient conditions to 300°C and infinite dilution to five mol · kg−1 ionic strength.
Development of the Applied Baccalaureate

Increasing demands for economic competitiveness and educational effectiveness have led states and institutions to implement new approaches to facilitating baccalaureate completion. This study examined one of these approaches, the applied baccalaureate degree, which is designed to incorporate applied associate course work and degrees once considered terminal or at a non-baccalaureate level into a transfer program leading to a baccalaureate degree. Based on a national state-by-state inventory conducted in 2007–2008, the study documents the extent to which applied baccalaureate degrees are offered across the United States and explores the development of these degrees in community colleges and traditional baccalaureate degree-granting institutions. Using Stark and Lattuca's (1997) lens of factors affecting curriculum development and implementation through external, organizational, and institutional lenses, this study found many applied baccalaureate degrees emerged in response to external or environmental inf...
Evidence for multiple CD95-CD95 ligand interactions in anteriorchamber-associated immune deviation induced by soluble protein antigen.

Summary We have investigated whether CD95–CD95 ligand interactions are important in anterior chamber-associated immune deviation (ACAID) induced by soluble protein antigen, and if so, to identify the participating cells on which these molecules are expressed. Peritoneal exudate cells as antigen-presenting cells (APC) obtained from B6.lpr/lpr, B6.gld/gld and C57BL/6 mice were cultured with ovalbumin (OVA) and transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) overnight, then injected intravenously into C57BL/6 or B6.lpr/lpr recipients. Some B6.lpr/lpr mice were reconstituted with naive T cells from wild-type C57BL/6 donors. In other experiments, B6.lpr/lpr and B6.gld/gld mice received an anterior chamber injection of OVA followed 7 days later by subcutaneous immunization with OVA plus adjuvant. Delayed hypersensitivity (DH) was assessed with an ear swelling assay. T cells activated in vitro with OVA-pulsed, TGF-β-treated APC were tested in vivo for their capacity to suppress DH expression in a local adoptive transfer assay. The results indicate that when ACAID was induced by in-vitro generated ACAID-inducing cells, the APC expressed CD95L, and recipient T cells expressed CD95. The capacity of in vitro generated regulatory T cells to suppress DH expression to OVA in vivo was not governed by CD95–CD95L interactions. When OVA was injected into the anterior chamber of naive mice, CD95 expression was required for ACAID induction, although ACAID was readily induced in CD95L-deficient mice. We conclude that CD95–CD95L interactions are required in ACAID for the initial stage of APC presentation of eye-derived antigens to T cells, and that CD95–CD95L interactions participate at one or more additional step in the process by which ACAID is induced by soluble protein antigens.
PROLOG applications for database design with the information center

The feasibility of PROLOG use on micropromputers and in the Information Center environment is examined. PROLOG is shown to be well suited for such use because of its simplicity and power. Different PROLOG applications on microcomputers are investigated. It is shown that PROLOG is specially indicated for database design and processing. In particular. PROLOG can effectively perform the functions of three different types of languages: Data Definition Languages Data Manipulation Language, and Application Languages. Current microcomputer implementations bring the power of PROLOG to bear on business and scientific problems.
GOVERNMENT SUPPORT OF FAMILY LITERACY: A VIEW FROM ADULT EDUCATORS

Public funding for family literacy efforts has come primarily from the Adult Education Act. The authors offer six policy‐level recommendations to foster governmental support for family literacy programs.
A Non-Certainty Equivalence Approach to Decentralized Adaptive Control

We approach the decentralized adaptive control problem in a non-certainty equivalence adaptive framework, motivated by the recently proposed immersion and invariance (I&I) methodology. In this paper, we consider continuous large-scale interconnected systems and show that it is theoretically possible to asymptotically track reference signals with zero error in a non-certainty equivalence framework. The controller has a decentralized information structure, in which it is assumed that the each subsystem controller has access to only its corresponding state and reference input. However, we assume implicit cooperation among the controllers by making subsystem objectives common knowledge. We conclude with numerical simulations comparing non-certainty equivalence and certainty equivalence approaches to the decentralized adaptive control problem.
Determination of germanium by isotope dilution-hydride generation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Inorganic germanium in aqueous solution is determined by a combination of isotope dilution, hydride generation, and inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-HG-ICP-MS). Samples (5–20 ml) are spiked with an enriched stable isotope (70Ge). Germanic acid is reduced by sodium borohydride to germane (GeH4), stripped in He gas and collected on a liquid nitrogen trap. The hydrides are subsequently evaporated from the cold trap and introduced into the ICP torch. The ion counts at mz = 70 and 74 are monitored during the transient hydride peak. Absolute detection limits are about 400 fg. The method has an overall precision of better than 2% RSD and a dynamic range of two orders of magnitude. The method was applied to seawater samples and rock standards. Results are in excellent agreement with those determined previously by other methods. As an alternative method to isotope dilution, single ion monitoring (m/z = 74; SIM-HG-ICP-MS) with trimethylgermanium added as an internal standard can be used to improve absolute detection limits (200 fg) while still maintaining a precision of ±2 to 4%.
Role of actin binding protein phosphorylation in platelet cytoskeleton assembly

Actin binding protein from human blood platelets is shown to exist in the resting platelet as a phosphorylated protein and contains two residues of phosphate per 260,000 kd. Removal of one-half of these residues with E. coli alkaline phosphatase results in the loss of its ability to crosslink F-actin into a low speed sedimentable complex (its cytoskeleton) and to bind to an F-actin affinity column. Thus, phosphorylation-dephosphorylation of ABP may be an important regulatory mechanism by which the platelet regulates its shape via its cytoskeletal structure.
Structure of blue phase II in a cholesteric-nematic mixture

Polarized Bragg-scattering measurements using visible light have been used to determine the structure of the blue phases of cholesteric liquid crystals. Observations of the third Bragg peak (in order of decreasing wavelength) in CB15-E9 mixtures [chiral 4-cyano-4\ensuremath{'}-(2-methyl)butylbiphenyl (CB15) and a proprietary mixture of nematic biphenyl compounds (E9) from British Drug House] reveal that, for these mixtures, blue phase II has a body-centered-cubic structure.
Evaluation of lingual artery hemodynamics in stroke patients using Doppler ultrasound

Doppler blood flow studies were carried out on deep lingual arteries of young adults and stroke patients to see how the hemodynamics of this artery would be altered in the stroke group, who were selected on the basis of their having carotid atherosclerosis. The healthy controls exhibited a consistent and characteristic velocity pulse profile, which included a distinctive dichrotic notch and significant diastolic flow. The stroke group especially lacked these two critical parameters, and some exhibited amorphous flow patterns and cardiac arrhythmias. Implications of these findings in relationship to atherosclerosis are discussed.
Metabolites of methohexitone do not contribute to its prolonged action on the central nervous system

Methohexitone has been reported to have a prolonged action on the central nervous system (CNS) despite its relatively short elimination half-life. A hydroxy metabolite of methohexitone was identified, purified and isolated from the urine collected from eight surgical patients and five mongrel dogs anaesthetized with methohexitone. Using a rotarod device, the CNS-activity of the human and canine metabolites was tested in mice and compared to that of methohexitone. In this test, the metabolites showed CNS-depressant activity, but the ED50 (dose needed to affect 50% of the animals) of the metabolites was ten times higher than the ED50 of the parent drug. Because in patients, no traces of the hydroxy metabolite could be found in blood, and in dogs the plasma concentration of the metabolite was about two-thirds of that of the parent compound, it is unlikely that the residual CNS-effects of methohexitone are due to its major metabolite, hydroxymethohexitone.
Emotions without objects

It is widely assumed that emotions have particular intentional objects. This assumption is consistent with the way that we talk: when we attribute states of anger, we often attribute anger at someone, or at something. It is also consistent with leading theories of emotion among philosophers and psychologists, according to which emotions are like judgments or appraisals. However, there is evidence from the social psychology literature suggesting that this assumption is actually false. I will begin by presenting a criterion for determining whether a mental state has a particular object. It is not sufficient for that state to be caused by an object or by a representation of a given object—the state must influence the subject’s thought and behavior in ways that are specific to that object. I will present evidence that emotions fail this test, and describe some of the reasons why we persistently attribute objects to our emotions. My view may seem untenable, because the literature on various aspects of emotional life such as normativity, linguistic expression, and behavioral influence consistently appeals to intentional objects. I will conclude by presenting a sketch of how I could address this concern.
Membrane permeability of hepatic mitochondria and lysosomes studied by structure-linked enzyme changes.

Abstract Mitochondrial and lysosome membrane permeability has been studied in terms of changes in structure-linked enzyme activity. A linear correlation of particle light scattering and mitochondrial dehydrogenase activation was obtained as a function of Cu 2+ -induced volume change. Mitochondrial dehydrogenase and lysosome hydrolase activities varied in accord with Boyle-van't Hoff's laws suggesting that both particle systems behave as osmometers in KCl solutions. The rate of permeation of a solute into mitochondria or lysosomes was obtained from the rates of enzyme activation in isosmolar solute. Mitochondria and lysosomes were permeable to ammonium, acetate, and phosphate ions. Electron microscopy of mitochondrial pellets prepared by centrifugation after preincubation in isosmolar glycerol or ammonium phosphate revealed mitochondrial changes consisting of a condensed → swollen conformation. Glycerol induced a loss of lysosome matrix but only partial lysosome destruction was seen after preincubation in ammonium phosphate. Such semiquantitative analyses of lysosomevacuolar membrane permeability will be of value in evaluating lysosome function in pathologic states.
International Children's Trade Books: Building Blocks for Character Education.

The importance of character education has been emphasized since ancient times across cultures and religions as a way to develop morals and values of the younger generations. In this article, the authors highlight several award-winning international children's trade books that reflect the core values recurring in literature and scriptures across place and time: wisdom/knowledge, courage, humanity, justice, temperance, and transcendence. Shedding light on the common and recurring aspects of character education, irrespective of time, culture, and religion, the authors reflect on how such universal dimensions could enhance students' understanding, awareness, and respect about diverse social cultures, norms, and values.
How do opiates act

Little is known about the biochemical mechanisms involved in the action of opiates. It is thought that cAMP may be involved. However, recent observations suggest that effects on Ca +2 distribution rather than cAMP may subserve the acute effects of opiates.
Development of the Adult Neuromuscular System

Publisher Summary Metamorphosis is a profound transition phase in the Drosophila life cycle, wherein a relatively simple larval body plan is transformed into a more complex adult form. The transformation is under hormonal control and involves the programmed degeneration of most larval tissues, together with the generation of adult specific structure. Primordia of most of the adult structures are set aside within the embryo and proliferate during larval life to subsequently take over during metamorphosis. Unlike the musculature, the central nervous system (CNS) is built on a preexisting scaffold of neurons. While many embryonically generated neurons may undergo apoptosis, it is probable that most, if not all, motor neurons survive metamorphosis and are structurally respecified to innervate adult muscle targets. This chapter describes the specialized adult motor systems and the morphological development of the musculature and innervation and explains why the study of these motor systems provides insights to some interesting developmental problems that are unique to the adult.
Seizing Control: Latin-American Military Motives, Capabilities, and Risks

Institutional level factors involved in Latin American militaries' decision to seize control of civilian governments are analyzed, including military motivations, capabilities, and risks. Motives behind intervention present unresolved issues for social science research. The utility of "motivation" is discussed; an alternative approach, "strength of motivating factors," may function as a better predictor of behavior. Military assessments of capability seem unrelated to strength in numbers or weapons. Rather, consideration of precoup internal support and postcoup ruling ability is critical. Two types of risk include those involved in the intervention process itself, and those by failing to intervene. The latter contribute to the strength of the motivating factors; the former are dependent on perceived capabilities. A closed model of decision making is presented. A coup equation is ultimately reducible to motivational strength and perceived capabilities.
0.7- to 23 μm photometric observations of P/Halley 1986 III and six recent bright comets

Infrared photometry over 0.7-23 micron range is presented for P/Halley 1986 III and six other recent bright comets. It is concluded that comets can be classified by their thermal infrared energy distributions. IR Type I comets have low continuum superheat and the 10-micron silicate emission is muted or absent. IR Type II comets have large continuum superheat and strong silicate emission features. Simultaneous measurements of P/Halley and Bradfield 1980 XV are generally consistent with the steady-state model for nuclear ablation. P/Halley's dust coma had an average albedo of 0.20 at a scattering angle of 130 deg. The correlation between superheat and 20-micron silicate excess, the flattened forward-scattering peak of the albedo curve, and the relatively low backscattering albedo are all consistent with laboratory and theoretical results for nonspherical and fluffy grains. The results appear to be especially consistent with core-mantle grain models such as those proposed by Greenberg and Hage (1989).
Cofactor Balance by Nicotinamide Nucleotide Transhydrogenase (NNT) Coordinates Reductive Carboxylation and Glucose Catabolism in the Tricarboxylic Acid (TCA) Cycle

Cancer and proliferating cells exhibit an increased demand for glutamine-derived carbons to support anabolic processes. In addition, reductive carboxylation of α-ketoglutarate by isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) and 2 (IDH2) was recently shown to be a major source of citrate synthesis from glutamine. The role of NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ cofactors in coordinating glucose and glutamine utilization in the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle is not well understood, with the source(s) of NADPH for the reductive carboxylation reaction remaining unexplored. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) is a mitochondrial enzyme that transfers reducing equivalents from NADH to NADPH. Here, we show that knockdown of NNT inhibits the contribution of glutamine to the TCA cycle and activates glucose catabolism in SkMel5 melanoma cells. The increase in glucose oxidation partially occurred through pyruvate carboxylase and rendered NNT knockdown cells more sensitive to glucose deprivation. Importantly, knocking down NNT inhibits reductive carboxylation in SkMel5 and 786-O renal carcinoma cells. Overexpression of NNT is sufficient to stimulate glutamine oxidation and reductive carboxylation, whereas it inhibits glucose catabolism in the TCA cycle. These observations are supported by an impairment of the NAD(P)H/NAD(P)+ ratios. Our findings underscore the role of NNT in regulating central carbon metabolism via redox balance, calling for other mechanisms that coordinate substrate preference to maintain a functional TCA cycle.
NMR solution structures of bistranded abasic site lesions in DNA.

Ionizing radiation produces clustered lesions in DNA. Since the orientation of bistranded lesions affects their recognition by DNA repair enzymes, clustered damages are more difficult to process and thus more toxic than single oxidative lesions. In order to understand the structural determinants that lead to differential recognition, we used NMR spectroscopy and restrained molecular dynamics to solve the structure of two DNA duplexes, each containing two stable abasic site analogues positioned on opposite strands of the duplex and staggered in the 3′ (−1 duplex, (AP)2−1 duplex) or 5′ (+1 duplex, (AP)2+1 duplex) direction. Cross-peak connectivities observed in the nonexchangeable NOESY spectra indicate compression of the helix at the lesion site of the duplexes, resulting in the formation of two abasic bulges. The exchangeable proton spectra show the AP site partner nucleotides forming interstrand hydrogen bonds that are characteristic of a Watson−Crick G·C base pairs, confirming the extra helical nature o...
Dependence of electric field domain relocation dynamics on contact conductivity in semiconductor superlattices

Numerical simulation results are presented for a discrete drift-diffusion rate equation model that describes electronic transport due to sequential tunneling between adjacent quantum wells in weakly coupled semiconductor superlattices. We study the dependence on contact conductivity $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ of current-voltage characteristics and transient current response to abrupt steps in applied voltage. For intermediate values of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, three qualitatively distinct transient responses---each associated with a different mechanism for the relocation of a static charge accumulation layer---are observed for different values of voltage step ${V}_{\mathit{\text{step}}}$; these involve, respectively, (1) the motion of a single charge accumulation layer, (2) the motion of an injected charge dipole, and (3) the motion of an injected monopole. A critical value of $\ensuremath{\sigma}$ is identified above which the injected dipole mechanism is not observed for any value of ${V}_{\mathit{\text{step}}}$. Furthermore, at very low $\ensuremath{\sigma}$, we find a reversed static field configuration, i.e., with the high-field domain adjacent to the emitter contact.
New antiferromagnetic insulator superlattices: Structural and magnetic characterization of (FeF2)m(CoF2)n.

High-quality antiferromagnetic (AF) superlattices (${\mathrm{FeF}}_{2}$${)}_{\mathit{m}}$(${\mathrm{CoF}}_{2}$${)}_{\mathit{n}}$, as judged from high-resolution x-ray diffraction (HRXD), were grown on (001) ${\mathrm{ZnF}}_{2}$ substrates. Using HRXD, the thermal-expansion coefficient ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{[001]}$(T) vs T was measured. While two shifted AF anomalies are seen for (m,n)=(25,30), only one is observed for (m,n)=(19,6). Comparison of ${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\alpha}}}_{[001]}$(T) in the two superlattices with that of ${\mathrm{FeF}}_{2}$ and ${\mathrm{CoF}}_{2}$ indicates that a significant redistribution of the magnetic entropy occurs.
On the computation of multi-dimensional solution manifolds of parametrized equations

A new algorithm is presented for computing vertices of a simplicial triangulation of thep-dimensional solution manifold of a parametrized equationF(x)=0, whereF is a nonlinear mapping fromR n toR m ,p=n?m>1. An essential part of the method is a constructive algorithm for computing moving frames on the manifold; that is, of orthonormal bases of the tangent spaces that vary smoothly with their points of contact. The triangulation algorithm uses these bases, together with a chord form of the Gauss-Newton process as corrector, to compute the desired vertices. The Jacobian matrix of the mapping is not required at all the vertices but only at the centers of certain local "triangulation patches". Several numerical examples show that the method is very efficient in computing triangulations, even around singularities such as limit points and bifurcation points. This opens up new possibilities for determining the form and special features of such solution manifolds.
Whitaker lecture 1996: Microcirculation, biomedical engineering, and artificial blood

The development of artificial blood requires the understanding of how blood behaves, at the level of the microcirculation. A number of measuring systems have recently become available that allow analysis of the transport properties of blood and the microvessels in terms of pressure, flow, the dynamics of their diameter changes, and the rate and manner of oxygen delivery. Findings from this technology have led to the development of an analytical framework with which to assess the consequences of altering the physical properties of blood and to verify quantitatively theoretical predictions. Results show that blood viscosity and oxygen-carrying capacity are directly related, and must be jointly modified in a prescribed manner to maintain tissue oxygen delivery. The use of optical techniques to asses flow and oxygen delivery in experimental animal models show that the consumption of oxygen by the microvessel wall is an important determinant of tissue oxygenation. Furthermore, the viscosity of blood and/or the mixture of blood and an artificial substitute must achieve a viscosity that is close to normal. Low blood viscosity is not necessarily beneficial, unless blood flow velocity rises to maintain the shear stress at the wall needed for the generation of local vasodilators. Manipulating physical properties of currently available modified hemoglobins by mixing them with conventional plasma expanders yield fluids that may provide optimal blood replacements.
Vaginal bleeding secondary to an aborting uterine leiomyoma

Abstract The authors present the case of a young woman who presented to the emergency department with vaginal bleeding and an “aborting” uterine leiomyoma. Although well described in the gynecologic literature, this phenomenon is not commonly seen in the emergency department, nor is it well described in the emergency medicine literature. The case high-lights the importance of a thorough pelvic examination in all women presenting with a complaint of vaginal bleeding, and in addition it describes an atypical presentation for uterine leiomyomas.
Psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems in children with Velocardiofacial syndrome: Usefulness as phenotypic indicators of schizophrenia risk

Abstract Background: Velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS), a genetic deletion condition with numerous cognitive sequelae, is associated with a high rate of psychiatric disorders in childhood. More recently, VCFS has been identified as a high-risk factor for developing adult onset schizophrenia. However, it has never been demonstrated that the childhood psychiatric disorders found in children with VCFS differ from those found in children with a similar degree of cognitive impairment. Identification of a specific behavioral (psychiatric) phenotype in childhood VCFS offers the potential for elucidating the symptomatic precursors of adult onset schizophrenia. Methods: Twenty-eight children with VCFS and 29 age- and cognitively matched control subjects received a standardized assesment of childhood psychiatric disorders and behaviors measured by the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Findings from the two groups were compared. Results: The rates and types of psychiatric disorder and behavior problems in VCFS and cognitively matched control subjects were very high, but showed no significant differences. Conclusions: Psychopathology in children with VCFS may not differ from that found in cognitively matched control subjects. Another explanation is that subtle phenotypic differences in behavior found in VCFS can not be observed using standard symptom inventories. The high rate of psychopathology in children with VCFS is not a useful phenotypic indicator of high risk for adult onset schizophrenia.
Tree-ring isotopic pooling without regard to mass: No difference from averaging δ13C values of each tree

Abstract Pooling of growth rings from several trees before subsequent isotopic analysis of the mixture may offer the advantage of obtaining “representative” isotopic values fairly rapidly. In principle, however, unless equal masses are taken from the individuals to make the composite sample, the measured isotope value will be biased by the relative mass contribution of the trees, each of which likely has a different isotopic composition. Although biasing associated with direct pooling without regard to mass may happen, this study provides evidence (at least for stable-carbon isotope composition) from three sites in the U.S. Midwest and Southwest that the “error” (probably more appropriately called “difference”) is negligible with respect to error of preparation and analysis, and variability of isotopic composition within and among trees at a site.
Teaching psychological knowledge and skills to family physicians.

Psychological problems (e.g., anxiety, depression, substance abuse) are prevalent in primary care medical settings. Family physicians (FPs) treat more patients than any other primary care medical specialists. Thus, FPs can play an extremely important role in providing psychological services to their patients. In contrast to other specialists (e.g., internists, obstetricians), FPs are required to complete behavioral science training in their residencies. In this paper, we describe standard undergraduate, graduate, and postgraduate training of FPs. We present our unique program for teaching psychological principles and skills to family practice residents at the University of Kansas Medical Center. And finally, we introduce an instrument, the Interview Rating Scale (IRS), for evaluating the interviewing skills of physicians and residents.
Behavioral contrast in rats when qualitatively different reinforcers are used.

Behavioral contrast was studied during multiple schedules which provided qualitatively different reinforcers in the two components. Five rats responded on a baseline schedule in which both components delivered food reinforcers (food-food), and then on a contrast schedule in which one component delivered food and the other delivered water (food-water). Following this, baseline was recovered. Five other rats responded on a baseline schedule in which both components delivered water reinforcers (water-water), then on a food-water schedule, and then on the baseline, water- water, schedule. Contrast was not observed when relatively low rates of reinforcement were use but it was sometimes observed when high rates of reinforcement were used. The rate of responding for a constant water reinforcer decreased when food replaced water in the other component. The rate of responding for a constant food reinforcer did not change when a water reinforcer replaced food in the other component. These results are similar to those reported by Ettinger and McSweeney (1981) when pigeons served as subjects.
Perinatal malnutrition: Effects on brain norepinephrine content

Timed-gestation Wister rats were given free access to isocaloric diets containing 8% protein (malnourished) or 24% protein (controls). The dietary regimen was initiated on the 12th day of gestation and continued to the dams throughout the remainder of gestation and lactation. Postweaning rats were continued on the respective diets until studies were performed. Whole brain norepinephrine concentration was slightly increased on Day 21 after birth and was significantly increased on Day 35 in malnourished rats as compared with controls.