cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Teaching the Spanish Verb Paradigm

Author's Summary— The classical pattern of the verb paradigm has been disrupted by changes in both Spanish and English. The student's problems in learning the verb may be simplified by making a new arrangement of the paradigm.)
5-HT1B receptor-mediated presynaptic inhibition of GABA release in the suprachiasmatic nucleus.

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) receives a dense serotonergic innervation that modulates photic input to the SCN via serotonin 1B (5-HT1B) presynaptic receptors on retinal glutamatergic terminals. However, the majority of 5-HT1B binding sites in the SCN are located on nonretinal terminals and most axonal terminals in the SCN are GABAergic. We therefore tested the hypothesis that 5-HT1B receptors might also be located on SCN GABAergic terminals by examining the effects of the highly selective 5-HT1B receptor agonist CP-93,129 on SCN miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs). Whole cell patch-clamp recordings of mIPSCs were obtained from rat and mouse SCN neurons in hypothalamic slices. Using CsCl-containing microelectrodes with QX314, we isolated mPSCs that were sensitive to the GABAA receptor antagonist, bicuculline. Bath application of CP-93,129 (1 μM) decreased the frequency of mIPSCs by an average of 22% (n = 7) in rat SCN neurons and by an average of 30% (n = 8) in mouse SCN neurons with n...
Developmental expression of protein kinase C isozymes in oligodendrocytes and their differential modulation by 4 beta-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate

Myelin gene expression in normal oligodendrocytes (OLG) depends on developmentally regulated protein kinase C (PKC) enzyme activity (Asotra and Macklin: J Neurosci Res 34:571-588, 1993). We studied the developmental expression of the Ca(++)-dependent PKC-alpha, -beta 1, -beta II and -gamma isozymes, and the Ca(++)-independent PKC-delta, -epsilon, -zeta and -eta isozymes in enriched rat brain OLG cultures. In A2B5+ O-2A progenitors, only PKC-delta, PKC-epsilon and PKC-zeta were detected immunocytochemically. In 04+ proligondendrocytes, PKC-beta I, -delta and -zeta were expressed moderately and low levels of PKC-alpha and -epsilon were detected. GD3+ OLG, GC+ OLG and MBP+ OLG showed increased levels of PKC-alpha, -beta I, -delta and -zeta isozymes. PKC-beta II, -gamma and -eta were poorly expressed in OLG. On immunoblots, PKC-alpha was present early and increased continually up to 18 days but PKC-beta I increased until 12 days in cultured OLG. High levels of PKC-delta, PKC-epsilon and PKC-zeta, the most abundant PKC isozymes in OLG, were maintained up to 12 days and were then slightly reduced. Interestingly, relatively high levels of PKC-alpha, PKC-beta I, PKC-beta II, PKC-gamma and PKC-epsilon isozymes were detected in purified myelin membrane although greater levels of PKC-delta were found in OLG than in purified myelin. Thus, most of the PKC isozymes found in cultured OLG were also present in myelin, although at different levels. Treatment with 50 nM 4 beta-phorbol-12,13-dibutyrate (PDB) caused a delayed downregulation of PKC-delta levels after 8 hr without modulating the expression of other PKC isozymes in 1-day OLG; in the 3-day-old and 6-day-old OLG, PDB downmodulated PKC-beta I, -delta and epsilon isozymes with only a minor effect on PKC-alpha and no reduction in PKC-zeta. Induction or downmodulation of individual PKC isozymes by phorbol esters appears to depend on the differentiation state of OLG. These data suggest that PKC-beta I, -delta and -epsilon isozymes have an important function in different cellular events of OLG differentiation. We conclude that the PKC-dependent modulation of myelin gene expression in OLG results predominantly from the Ca(++)-dependent PKC-beta I isozyme activity and the CA(++)-independent PKC-delta and PKC-epsilon activitives in a cell differentiation state-dependent manner.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
One-layer routing without component constraints

Abstract We consider the problem of wiring together, in one layer, corresponding pairs of terminals located on either a printed circuit board (PCB) or on a VLSI chip. We assume that the terminals are located in two parallel rows on opposite sides of a channel. The channel width may either be fixed or variable. We further assume that the components (on which the terminals lie) do not restrict the routing. Corresponding to various natural restrictions that may be placed on the wiring, we define two classes of layouts and give polynomial-time algorithms which produce optimal layouts within the respective classes. In addition, we derive bounds which show that the layouts in one class may be significantly more compact than those in the other. The results which we present are applicable to PCB technology without qualification. With respect to VLSI technology, the results are applicable provided that a separate layer is available for routing. That is, a layer which is effectively insulated from the active circuits of the components. In addition, we show how one-layer routings obtained under the no component constraint assumption can be utilized for two-layer routing under a conventional VLSI model (i.e., one with component constraints).
THE EDUCATION OF ACCOUNTANTS IN THE U.S.: REASON AND ITS LIMITS AT THE TURN OF THE CENTURY

Abstract The “revolution” that is said to be occurring in accounting education in the U.S. has been celebrated by many in ways that suggest a qualitative shift in emphasis. This paper argues that what has occurred is a revision of modes of control that continue to reflect the elaboration of modernist ideas. Within the articulation of these tenets, the contradictions that will undermine a movement to postmodernity can be detected. This paper studies institutional accreditation, curriculum revision and continuing professional education in order to examine the limits of rationality, educational expertise and spatial temporal ordering. Continuing professional education, in celebration of its many flaws, illustrates the only turn towards postmodernity.
On Necessary and Sufficient Conditions for Ordinary Least Squares Estimators to Be Best Linear Unbiased Estimators

Abstract Two often-quoted necessary and sufficient conditions for ordinary least squares estimators to be best linear unbiased estimators are described. Another necessary and sufficient condition is described, providing an additional tool for checking to see whether the covariance matrix of a given linear model is such that the ordinary least squares estimator is also the best linear unbiased estimator. The new condition is used to show that one of the two published conditions is only a sufficient condition.
Distributed Environmental Inversion for Multi-Static Sonar Tracking

This paper presents an approach for adapting a tracking algorithm to the acoustic propagation environment. This adaptation is performed by incorporating the expected target signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) into the data association step through the measured contact amplitude, as has been shown previously by [1]. In this work, expected SNR is provided via acoustic modeling; estimates of bottom loss and scattering strength, required by the acoustic model, are obtained via inversion of the acoustic model based on measured multi-static sonar reverberation data. This paper shows that the use of distributed sensors provides improved estimates of the environmental parameters, and hence better estimates of the expected SNR.
A note on powers of Hamilton cycles in generalized claw-free graphs

Abstract Seymour conjectured for a fixed integer k ≥ 2 that if G is a graph of order n with δ ( G ) ≥ k n / ( k + 1 ) , then G contains the k th power C n k of a Hamiltonian cycle C n of G , and this minimum degree condition is sharp. Earlier the k = 2 case was conjectured by Posa. This was verified by Komlos et al. [4] . For s ≥ 3 , a graph is K 1 , s -free if it does not contain an induced subgraph isomorphic to K 1 , s . Such graphs will be referred to as generalized claw-free graphs . Minimum degree conditions that imply that a generalized claw-free graph G of sufficiently large order n contains a k th power of a Hamiltonian cycle will be proved. More specifically, it will be shown that for any ϵ > 0 and for n sufficiently large, any K 1 , s -free graph of order n with δ ( G ) ≥ ( 1 / 2 + ϵ ) n contains a C n k .
Interviews with Cynthia Breazeal

Interviews with Cynthia Breazeal and Karlheinz Brandenburg—September 10, 2003 and July 22, 2004Prof. Dr. Cynthia Breazeal, Director of the Robotic Life Group at the MIT Media Lab, and Prof. Dr. Karlheinz Brandenburg, inventor of MP3, have graciously appeared on camera for interviews and joined the ACM Computers in Entertainment magazine's editorial board. Cynthia and Karlheinz are two of the nicest people to talk to and work with. Cynthia talks about her sociable robot Kismet, her role in Steven Spielberg's movie "Artificial Intelligence: AI," and the future of robotics. Karlheinz shares with us the history of MP3, the new spatial audio technology called Wave Field Synthesis, and other fascinating research at the Fraunhofer Institute. The video clips of the interviews are available at http://www.acm.org/pubs/cie.htmlDr. Cynthia Breazeal directs the Robotic Life Group at the MIT Media Lab. She is internationally known for seamlessly blending scientific theories, artistic insights, and engineering principles to create compelling robotic creatures that have a lively and compelling social presence to those who interact with them. Her current research extends these themes in the area of human-robot relations to create cooperative and capable robots that can work and learn in partnership with people. Her research program strives to revolutionize the art and science of human-robot interaction and cooperation - to develop robots that engage us as helpful partners that will ultimately play an valuable, rewarding, and unprecedented role in the everyday lives or ordinary people. More information can be found at http://web.media.mit.edu/~cynthiab/Dr. Karlheinz Brandenburg manages The Fraunhofer Institute for Digital Media Technology founded in January 2004. He is well known for his work on digital audio coding and perceptual measurement techniques. He received the German Future Award for the development and commercialization of the MP3 music format at the Erlangen based Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits together with his colleagues Harald Popp and Bernhard Grill in 2000. He is also a full professor and the director of the Institute for Media Technology at Ilmenau Technical University. His current research includes the IOSONO Wave Field Synthesis, audio metadata technologies, and audio applications for specific technological demands. More information can be found at http://www.idmt.fraunhofer.de/presse/textarchiv/vita_brandenburg.pdf
Multiple assay characterization of murine monoclonal antimelanoma antibodies.

ABSTRACT Selected murine monoclonal antimelanoma antibodies have been extensively evaluated using multiple radioimmunoassay methods, immunoprecipitation and immunohistochemistry. Use of this approa...
Surviving the Lead Reliability Engineer role in high unit value projects

A project with a very high unit value within a company is defined as a project where a) the project constitutes one of a kind (or two-of-a-kind) national asset type of project, b) very large cost, and c) a mission failure would be a very public event that will hurt the company's image. The Lead Reliability engineer in a high visibility project is by default involved in all phases of the project, from conceptual design to manufacture and testing. This paper explores a series of lessons learned, over a period of ten years of practical industrial experience by a Lead Reliability Engineer. We expand on the concepts outlined by these lessons learned via examples. The lessons learned are applicable to all industries.
Variable Selection Using Adaptive Nonlinear Interaction Structures in High Dimensions

Numerous penalization based methods have been proposed for fitting a traditional linear regression model in which the number of predictors, p, is large relative to the number of observations, n. Most of these approaches assume sparsity in the underlying coefficients and perform some form of variable selection. Recently, some of this work has been extended to nonlinear additive regression models. However, in many contexts one wishes to allow for the possibility of interactions among the predictors. This poses serious statistical and computational difficulties when p is large, as the number of candidate interaction terms is of order p2. We introduce a new approach, “Variable selection using Adaptive Nonlinear Interaction Structures in High dimensions” (VANISH), that is based on a penalized least squares criterion and is designed for high dimensional nonlinear problems. Our criterion is convex and enforces the heredity constraint, in other words if an interaction term is added to the model, then the correspo...
MEASUREMENT OF THE RESPIRATORY QUOTIENT OF PLANT TISSUES IN A CONSTANT GASEOUS ENVIRONMENT.

In the course of plant physiological investigations it is often necessary to determine the respiratory activity of living tissues. The rate of carbon dioxide evolution has been used frequently as an index of respiration since it is relatively easy to measure. Under some conditions, however, the carbon dioxide released does not reflect certain biochemical changes associated with respiration which may be more closely correlated with oxygen absorption. If both gases are measured simultaneously, and the respiratory quotient (CO2/O2) calculated, a better interpretation of attendant phenomena may be given than if an analysis is made of only one gaseous component of the system. For example, erroneous conclusions may be drawn concerning the influence of low oxygen tensions, and the effects of various absorbed salts on the formation of organic acids in excised barley roots when C02 measurements alone are used as a basis for measuring the respiratory processes. Many methods for determining the respiratory quotients of living tissues have been proposed according to which samples of gas were withdrawn from an enclosed chamber and then subsequently analyzed for carbon dioxide and oxygen. Objections to these methods were based on changes in composition of the gaseous environment during the experimental period and in the necessity of great accuracy in the analytical estimations. Major improvements were developed by Fernandez (2), who provided a closed system with a Bunsen valve pump for circulating the gases through alkali towers to absorb the carbon dioxide, and an oxygen generator controlled by an operator to replace electrolytically an oxygen deficit indicated by a manometer. His apparatus was adopted in a slightly modified manner by Wetzel (7) and more recently in revised form by Bennet-Clark (1). The latter investigator introduced a non-pulsating pump and the automatic addition of
Radiation in homogeneous and isotropic models of the universe

Abstract The main emphasis in this review is on the historical development of the theory of radiation in homogeneous and isotropic models of the universe. General properties of wave propagation in an expanding universe, containing a dispersive medium, are considered; also topics in radiative transfer are discussed. The traditional “global method” of evaluating a background radiation field is treated in detail; this method consists of deriving from first principles an integral equation in which the integration is over all sources on the backward lightcone. The “local method” or cell theory is then developed and the relative merits of the two methods are discussed. In the local method a small region or cell of a homogeneous model is spatially enclosed with imaginary, comoving and perfectly reflecting walls. Within the cell of volume V we use ordinary laboratory physics and special relativity to study cosmological phenomena, and relegate to the gravitational field equations the role of determining the magnitude of V and the shape and orientation of the cell as functions of time. The integral equations of the global theory, derived laboriously by lengthy arguments, are obtained directly and quite easily by solving the differential equations of the local theory. Some simple applications mainly of historical or academic interest only are discussed and radiation fields under idealized and simplified circumstances are considered in certain static, evolving and steady-state models.
Health states following head and neck cancer treatment: patient, health-care professional, and public perspectives.

Background This study investigated the assignment of preference values to health states which may follow head and neck cancer (HNC) treatment. Preference values for these health states were provided by HNC patients, HNC health-care providers, and a group of college students representing individuals with little knowledge of HNC. Methods A time trade-off technique was used by participants to assign preference values to four health states in the domains of appearance, eating, speech, breathing, pain, and work/social functioning. Results Patients' and health-care professionals' rank-ordered preference value scores for health states in appearance, breathing, eating, and speech were not significantly different (p < .05). These two groups differed significantly in ranking four of the eight pain and work/social functioning health states. Patients and students differed significantly in ranking 21 of the 24 health states (p < .05). Conclusions Health-care professionals and patients had very similar perspectives regarding health states in the HNC-specific domains, indicating that these professionals appear to be a legitimate proxy for patients' attitudes in these domains. Health-care professionals placed a significantly greater value on avoiding both pain and social confinement than did patients. Students, representing individuals naive regarding HNC, differed from patients and health-care professionals in their rankings of these health-state outcomes. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Head Neck 20: 600–608, 1998.
Antireflection Coatings For Silicon Charge-Coupled Devices

With the increasing use of charge-coupled devices for astronomical observations, it is vital to obtain the highest quantum efficiency possible due to the limited amount of observing time available on large telescopes. One method of increasing the response of back-illuminated CCDs is to apply antireflection coatings. Because silicon's index of refraction is extremely high in the ultra-violet, a gain of more than 100% in quantum efficiency can be achieved at a wavelength of 0.37 Am with the proper choice of dielectric thin-film materials. We present a study of materials suitable for silicon CCD antireflection coatings for use in the 0.32 to 1.0 Am spectral range. Constraints on these materials, such as refractive index, absorption coefficient, application method, tempera-ture requirements, internal stress, and radioactivity, are discussed. We find hafnium oxide, lead fluoride, and aluminum oxide to be among the most suitable thin-film materials available. We also present a number of single- and multiple-layer antireflection coating designs optimized for CCDs, with particular emphasis on the blue and ultraviolet.
Automatic Generation of a Qualified Medical Knowledge Graph and Its Usage for Retrieving Patient Cohorts from Electronic Medical Records

An extraordinary amount of clinical information is available within Electronic Medical Records. However, interpreting this knowledge typically demands a significant level of clinical understanding. This can facilitated by access to structured knowledge bases. However, even if vast, biomedical knowledge bases have very limited relational information available. In contrast, clinical text expresses many relations between concepts using an extraordinary amount of variation regarding the author's belief state - whether a medical concept is present, uncertain, or absent. In this paper, we propose a method for automatically constructing a graph of clinically related concepts based on their belief state. For this purpose, we first devise a method for classifying the belief state of certain medical concepts. Second, we designed a technique for constructing a graph of related medical concepts qualified by the physician's belief value. Thirdly, we demonstrate several techniques for inferring the similarity between qualified medical concepts, and present a generalized algorithm for determining the second-order similarity between qualified medical concepts. Finally, we show that incorporating the knowledge encoded from this graph yield competitive results when applied to query expansion for the retrieval of hospital patient cohorts.
Sputtering from energetic self-ion cascades

Abstract The rather high primary recoil energies that occur under 14 MeV neutron irradiation can be simulated by self-ion bombardment. However, the primary ion always starts at theentrance surface when self-ion bombardment is used. To examine the effects of cascades in which the momentum of the primary atom is directed towards an exit surface, one has to introduce a second surface that will intersect the cascade in the forward direction. Self-ion transmission sputtering on very thin films has been used for this purpose. The analysis was done in situ by He+ backscattering. A backsputtering yield of 120 atoms/ion was observed at 540 keV. At the same energy a forward sputtering yield of 70 atoms/ion is obtained for a film of 660 A in thickness. These yields are in order of magnitude agreement with theoretical estimates, however, the results seem to indicate that collective and lattice effects play a significant role. It was observed that a tensile stress is built up in the films during irradiation, leading to flattening and rupturing of the film along preexisting faults.
Axial cineangiographic evaluation of the posterior ventricular septal defect

Abstract The posterior or inlet ventricular septal defect may occur as an isolated anomaly or in combination with other defects. Axial clneanglography is the best means to delineate the anatomy of this defect as well as to exclude the presence of other ventricular septal defects. The posterior ventricular septal defect can be recognized in the four chamber view by obliteration of the septum by contrast medium flowing across the defect. Anterosuperior extension into the perimembranous region is identified by obliteration of the septum In the long axial oblique view. The presence of a posterior ventricular septal defect can be suspected on the basis of a two dimensional echocardiogram or electrocardiographic left axis deviation. When this is the case, the four chamber view should be performed first so that contrast material in the liver blood pool from a previous injection does not interfere with image quality.
Broad-β disease versus endogenous hypertriglyceridemia: Levels and lipid composition of chylomicrons and very low density lipoproteins during fat-free feeding and alimentary lipemia

To assess the roles of endogenous and exogenous lipid in the production of the abnormal lipoprotein patterns characteristic of broad-beta desease (with a type IVIII lipoprotein pattern) and endogenous hypertriglyceridemia (with a type IV pattern), oral fat loads (50 g/M-2) were administered to six subjects with broad-beta disease and to eight with endogenous hypertriglyceridemia following at leat 72 hr of 0% fat, 85% carbohydrate isocaloric formula feeding. Total plasma and Sf greater than 400, 100-400, 60-100, 30-60, and 20-30 lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyceride, and phospholipid levels were measured at 0 hr, 6 hr (at or before the peak of alimentary lipemia), and 24 hr following the fat load. Following fat-free feeding the levels and composition of the endogenous Sf greater than 400 lipoproteins were similar in both disorders; whereas total Sf20-400, and most notably, Sf 30-60 and 20-30 levels were increased and enriched in cholesterol in the subjects with broad-beta disease.
Semi-Active Control of Wheel Hop in Ground Vehicles

ABSTRACT A two degree-of-freedom vehicle model is developed which incorporates passive, active, and semi-active secondary suspensions. The model is used to demonstrate the trade-offs which are inherent in attempting to provide desirable sprung weight isolation while at the same time controlling unsprung weight motions. A linear model is used first in order to compare passive and active suspensions in an analytically understandable configuration. The semi-active suspension is inherently nonlinear and is compared to the others through computer simulation. The passive suspension is, of course, the most restrictive in providing simultaneous isolation of sprung and unsprung weight; however, the active suspension is also compromised in providing both functions. The semi-active suspension does an excellent job of tracking its active counterpart.
A classical functional sensitivity analysis of the collinear F+H2 reaction

The method of classical functional sensitivity analysis (CFSA) is applied to the collinear F+H2 reaction and its isotopic analogues. The effects of features in the Muckerman 5 (M5) potential upon product vibrational energy are examined using constant energy ensembles (1 and 5 kcal/mol) with H2(v=0) and H2(v=1). The same is done using thermal averaged ensembles at 300, 400, 1000, and 1500 K. Two significant results are reported. First, at low energies and at even relatively high temperatures (1000 K), the region of the potential to which the reactive product vibrational energy is most sensitive is the vicinity of the saddle point. In addition, the sensitivity function is smooth and nonoscillatory there. Second, at high temperatures and energies, the sensitivity function becomes oscillatory in magnitude and sign over the entire interaction region. The implications which these results have for methods which fit a potential to experimental data are discussed.
Cholesky-based reduced-rank square-root Kalman filtering

We developed a reduced-rank square-root Kalman filter based on the Cholesky factorization. We presented conditions under which the SVD-based reduced-rank square-root Kalman filter and the Cholesky-based reduced-rank square- root Kalman filter are equivalent to the Kalman filter. In general, neither the Cholesky-based nor SVD-based reduced- rank square-root filter consistently outperforms the other. However, in this paper, we showed two examples where the Cholesky-based reduced-rank square-root filter performs better than the SVD-based reduced-rank square-root filter. Since the Cholesky factorization is a computationally efficient algorithm compared to the singular value decomposition, the Cholesky-based reduced-rank square-root filter provides a computationally efficient alternative method for reduced- rank square-root filtering.
Differences in olfactory and visual memory in patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease and the Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease

Recognition and remote memory for odors, faces, and symbols were assessed in patients with pathologically confirmed Lewy body variant of Alzheimer's disease (LBV), patients with pathologically confirmed Alzheimer's disease (AD), and healthy elderly controls. On recognition memory tasks, LBV and AD patients showed significantly lower discriminability (d') than controls, particularly for olfactory stimuli. However no significant differences were found in the bias measure (c). When participants rated familiarity (a proposed measure of remote memory) of olfactory stimuli LBV and AD patients reported significantly lower familiarity than controls. Familiarity ratings were significantly lower in LBV patients than in AD patients for olfactory, but not for visual stimuli. Consistent with prior reports, the LBV patients showed significantly poorer odor thresholds than AD patients. The results suggest that recognition memory for olfactory stimuli is impaired in LBV and AD. However, patients with LBV are more impaired than patients with AD on tasks requiring remote memory for olfactory but not visual stimuli. The findings suggest that odor memory tasks may be useful in the assessment of LBV and AD.
The Genome Length of Human Parainfluenza Virus Type 2 Follows the Rule of Six, and Recombinant Viruses Recovered from Non-Polyhexameric-Length Antigenomic cDNAs Contain a Biased Distribution of Correcting Mutations

Members of the Paramyxovirinae subfamily of the Paramyxoviridae family of viruses have the unusual requirement that the nucleotide length of the viral genome must be an even multiple of six in order for efficient RNA replication, and hence virus replication, to occur. Human parainfluenza virus type 2 (HPIV2) is the only member of the genus that has been reported to have a genome length that is not an even multiple of six, and it has also been recovered from a full-length antigenomic-sense cDNA that did not conform to the "rule of six." To reexamine the issue of nucleotide length in natural isolates of HPIV2, a complete consensus genomic sequence was determined for three HPIV2 strains: Greer, Vanderbilt/1994 (V94), and Vanderbilt/1998. Each of these strains was found to have a genome length of 15,654 nucleotides (nt), thus conforming in each case to the rule of six. To directly examine the requirement that the genomic length of HPIV2 be an even multiple of six, we constructed six full-length antigenomic HPIV2/V94 cDNAs that deviated from a polyhexameric length by 0 to 5 nt. Recombinant HPIV2s were readily recovered from all of the cDNAs, including those that did not conform to the rule of six. One recombinant HPIV2 isolate was completely sequenced for each of the nonpolyhexameric antigenomic cDNAs. These were found to contain small nucleotide insertions or deletions that conferred polyhexameric length to the recovered genome. Interestingly, almost all of the length corrections occurred within the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and large polymerase genes or the intervening intergenic region and thus were proximal to the insert that caused the deviation from the rule of six. These results demonstrate, in the context of complete infectious virus, that HPIV2 has a strong and seemingly absolute requirement for a polyhexameric genome.
Identification and characteristics of older homeless African American women.

More older African American women are homeless, with this issue receiving little research attention. An exploratory study examined demographics and health characteristics of 100 women. Their mean age was 52.55 years (SD = 3.57) and ranged from 50 to 74 years. Most were unmarried, homeless more than three months, reported more than two diagnoses, and self-rated their health as fair or good. Length of time homeless did not significantly influence self-reported health. Medical diagnoses increased with time homeless, and rates of some chronic diseases were higher than domiciled African American elders 60 years of age and over. Nearly half (48.5%) of women who were homeless more than 12 months reported emotional/mental illness.
A MRI-guided concentric tube continuum robot with piezoelectric actuation: A feasibility study

This paper presents a versatile magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compatible concentric tube continuum robotic system. The system enables MR image-guided placement of a curved, steerable active cannula. It is suitable for a variety of clinical applications including image-guided neurosurgery and percutaneous interventions, along with procedures that involve accessing a desired image target, through a curved trajectory. This 6 degree-of-freedom (DOF) robotic device is piezoelectrically actuated to provide precision motion with joint-level precision of better than 0.03mm, and is fully MRI-compatible allowing simultaneous robotic motion and imaging with no image quality degradation. The MRI compatibility of the robot has been evaluated under 3 Tesla MRI using standard prostate imaging sequences, with an average signal to noise ratio loss of less than 2% during actuator motion. The accuracy of active cannula control was evaluated in benchtop trials using an external optical tracking system with RMS error in tip placement of 1.00mm. Preliminary phantom trials of three active cannula placements in the MRI scanner showed cannula trajectories that agree with our kinematic model, with a RMS tip placement error of 0.61 – 2.24 mm.
A System for Planning and Scheduling Wate Resources Studies and Construction Projectsa

A simplification of the two most commonly used methods of network planning and scheduling is ideally suited to the planning and evaluation of both water resources studies and construction projects. The project planning diagrams illustrate the system for scheduling of project activities and the relation of each activity to the others.
Detection of feline coronavirus using microcantilever sensors

This work demonstrated the feasibility of detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome associated coronavirus (SARS-CoV) using microcantilever technology by showing that the feline coronavirus (FIP) type I virus can be detected by a microcantilever modified by feline coronavirus (FIP) type I anti-viral antiserum. A microcantilever modified by FIP type I anti-viral antiserum was developed for the detection of FIP type I virus. When the FIP type I virus positive sample is injected into the fluid cell where the microcantilever is held, the microcantilever bends upon the recognition of the FIP type I virus by the antiserum on the surface of the microcantilever. A negative control sample that does not contain FIP type I virus did not cause any bending of the microcantilever. The detection limit of the sensor was 0.1 µg ml-1 when the assay time was <1 h.
Investigation of Two Magnetic Permanently Confined Micelle Array Sorbents Using Nonionic and Cationic Surfactants for the Removal of PAHs and Pesticides from Aqueous Media

Surfactants have been used for environmental remediation to remove hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in water and soil. However, there are limited studies on the use of surfactants in confined micelle arrays to remove pesticides and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from water. We studied the recovery of HOCs using two confined surfactants: nonionic Triton X-100 and cationic 3-(trimethoxysily)propyl-octadecyldimethyl-ammonium chloride (TPODAC). The micelle arrays were confined on a mesoporous silica matrix deposited onto a magnetic iron core. These magnetic, dispersible sorbents can be used to recover HOCs, minimizing the application of surfactants when compared to soil-washing techniques. The TPODAC-based sorbent had better average recovery of the HOCs studied compared to the Triton-X sorbent, and was, in general, comparable to activated carbon. It performed well with the chlorinated pesticides, in part due to additional interactions between the cationic sites and the polar compounds.
The role of behavioral dominance in structuring patterns of habitat occupancy in a migrant bird during the nonbreeding season

Several species of territorial migratory birds exhibit sexual habitat segregation on their wintering grounds, with some habitats containing mostly males and others mostly females. The objective of this study was to determine if in the American redstart (Setophaga ruticilla) in Jamaica habitat segregation is due to social mechanisms or due to sex-specific habitat specialization. I used habitat-specific patterns of arrival by young males and females, observations of territorial displacements, removal experiments, and simulations of territorial intrusions to differentiate between these two mechanisms. Redstarts were studied in two habitat types, a male-biased mangrove forest and a female-biased scrub habitat. In autumn, male and female hatch-year redstarts initially settled in equal numbers in each habitat, and segregation of the sexes occurred gradually and mostly later in the arrival period. This shift corresponded with an increase in density of older birds and an increase in territorial displacements. Removal experiments showed that vacancies in male-biased habitat were filled more rapidly and with greater frequency than those in female-biased habitat and that vacated male territories in mangrove were replaced more often by females than by males. Simulations of territorial intrusions and analyses of body size indicated that levels of aggression and body size of both males and females were greater in mangrove habitat, suggesting that these factors may be important in determining the outcomes of dominance interactions. I conclude that patterns of sexual habitat segregation in redstarts are structured by the dominance behavior of older and more dominant individuals, and these are mostly males. Key words: American redstarts, behavioral dominance, habitat specialization, migratory birds, nonbreeding season, removal and playback experiments, Setophaga ruticilla, sexual habitat segregation. [Behav Ecol 11:299–308 (2000)]
Modelling the effect of pyrethroid use intensity on mite population density for walnuts.

BACKGROUND Published studies relating pyrethroid use and subsequent mite outbreaks have largely been based on laboratory and field experiments, with some inferring a result of increased miticide use. The present study derived a mathematical model proposed to quantify the effect of pyrethroid use intensity on mite population density. The model was validated against and parameterized with actual field-level pyrethroid and miticide use data from 1995 to 2009 for California walnuts, where the miticide use intensity was a proxy of the mite population density. RESULTS The parameterized model was MI = 1.61 − 0.89 · exp(−93.31PI) (RMSE = 0.13; R2 = 0.69; P < 0.01), where PI and MI are the average pyrethroid and miticide use intensity in small intervals respectively. A three-range scheme was presented to quantify pesticide applications based on the change rate of MI to PI. Specific for California walnuts, the PI range of 0–0.025 kg ha−1 was identified as the rapidly increasing range where MI increased vastly when PI increased. CONCLUSION Results confirmed that more miticide was used, presumably to prevent or control mite resurgence when pyrethroids were applied, a practice that is not only costly but might be expected to aggravate mite resistance to miticides and increase risk associated with these chemicals to the environment and human health. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
A Southern Hemisphere record of the Matuyama‐Brunhes polarity reversal

The authors present a record of the Matuyama-Brunhes (0.73 Ma) polarity transition from a southern hemisphere deep-sea sediment core (V16-58; 46{degree}S, 30{degree}E). The transition is recorded across at least 30 sm of section and is defined by a nearly 180{degree} change in directions which occurs during a low in the relative intensities. An increase in the {sup 10}Be/{sup 9}Be ratios associated with the intensity low suggests that the relative intensities may document a decrease in the strength of the geomagnetic field. The virtual geomagnetic pole (VGP) path is neither clearly near- or far-sided, but tracks approximately 120{degree} west of the site longitude. Considered with other Matuyama-Brunhes transition records, this southern hemisphere record supports previous interpretations that the Matuyama-Brunhes transitional field was not dipolar. Instead, the V16-58 transition together with other records of this reversal recently obtained from this longitudinal sector suggests that nonzonal terms which are symmetric about the equator were important during this transitional field.
PHYSIOLOGICAL ONTOGENY : A. CHICKEN EMBRYOS. VIII. ACCELERATIONS OF INTEGRATION AND DIFFERENTIATION DURING THE EMBRYONIC PERIOD.

The chief results of the studies here reported have been (1) the correlation between growth as a whole and the differentiation of gross form (primary redistributions or simple evolution), and (2) the correlation between internal integration or concentration and the differentiation of chemical form (secondary redistributions or compound evolution). With the latter are also associated the catabolic rate and the latent period or reaction time after implantation in plasma as demonstrated in tissue culture experiments. Moreover, it has been shown that these two chief developmental processes occur at different rates, and that they undergo their greatest changes in rate at different periods of embryonic life. Corresponding with Robertson's growth acceleration periods there may be three cycles or rhythms of which the embryonic phase is the first, each composed of a period of growth followed by a period of differentiation. This conception is somewhat analogous to Roux's notion of dividing the life span into two chief periods (1) embryonic for the growth of organ rudiments and (2) post-embryonic, characterized by functional development. The first period of total growth and form differentiation seems to cover the time when the main, but bare, outline or scaffolding of the organism is laid down. The second period, correlated as it is with catabolism (function), corresponds, not in time but as a phenomenon, with Roux's period of functional form development.
Comparison of Predicted Probabilities of Proportional Hazards Regression and Linear Discriminant Analysis Methods Using a Colorectal Cancer Molecular Biomarker Database

Background Although a majority of studies in cancer biomarker discovery claim to use proportional hazards regression (PHREG) to the study the ability of a biomarker to predict survival, few studies use the predicted probabilities obtained from the model to test the quality of the model. In this paper, we compared the quality of predictions by a PHREG model to that of a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) in both training and test set settings.
Fear-induced hypoalgesia in humans: effects on low intensity thermal stimulation and finger temperature.

Abstract Prior research indicates that exposure to fear-inducing stimuli inhibits finger withdrawal to sudden onset and high intensity radiant heat in humans. Although withdrawal latencies to intense heat are thought to reflect changes in spinal nociceptive processing, supraspinal measures are needed to determine whether pain perception is altered. The present study used gradual onset and low intensity radiant heat to induce a finger withdrawal response that depends on supraspinal processes. After baseline pain threshold tests, 57 healthy human participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 2 groups. In the fear group, participants received 3 brief shocks. In the neutral group, participants did not receive shock. Results suggest that finger withdrawal latencies to low intensity heat were increased after shock presentation, providing additional evidence that fear reduces pain on a measure that is influenced by supraspinal processes. Both self-report and physiological (skin conductance level, heart rate, and blood pressure) measures of emotion confirmed that the intended affective states were induced. Finger temperature was unaffected by emotion manipulations; thus, skin cooling does not appear to mediate increased withdrawal latencies. These findings provide additional evidence that fear not only inhibits spinal nociceptive reflexes, it also inhibits supraspinal measures of pain. Perspective From a clinical perspective, these data suggest that patients who experience intense fear in response to unpredictable threatening events will show a reduction in pain perception.
Improving the consistency of domain annotation within the Conserved Domain Database

When annotating protein sequences with the footprints of evolutionarily conserved domains, conservative score or E-value thresholds need to be applied for RPS-BLAST hits, to avoid many false positives. We notice that manual inspection and classification of hits gathered at a higher threshold can add a significant amount of valuable domain annotation. We report an automated algorithm that ‘rescues’ valuable borderline-scoring domain hits that are well-supported by domain architecture (DA, the sequential order of conserved domains in a protein query), including tandem repeats of domain hits reported at a more conservative threshold. This algorithm is now available as a selectable option on the public conserved domain search (CD-Search) pages. We also report on the possibility to ‘suppress’ domain hits close to the threshold based on a lack of wellsupported DA and to implement this conservatively as an option in live conserved domain searches and for pre-computed results. Improving domain annotation consistency will in turn reduce the fraction of NR sequences with incomplete DAs. URL: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Structure/cdd/wrpsb.cgi
Geographic Variation in CKD Prevalence and ESRD Incidence in the United States: Results From the Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study

Background It is not known whether geographic differences in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease exist and are associated with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) incidence rates across the United States. Study Design Cross-sectional and ecologic. Setting & Participants White (n = 16,410) and black (n = 11,109) participants from across the continental United States in the population-based Reasons for Geographic and Racial Differences in Stroke (REGARDS) Study. Predictor Geographic region, defined by the 18 networks of the US ESRD Network Program. Outcomes & Measurements Albuminuria, defined as albumin-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g, and decreased estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), defined as 2 , were measured in the REGARDS Study. ESRD incidence rates were obtained from the US Renal Data System. Results For whites, the network-specific prevalence of albuminuria ranged from 8.4% (95% CI, 3.3%-13.5%) in Network 15 to 14.8% (95% CI, 8.0%-21.6%) in Network 3, and decreased eGFR ranged from 4.3% (95% CI, 2.0%-6.6%) in Network 4 to 16.7% (95% CI, 12.7%-20.7%) in Network 7. For blacks, the prevalence of albuminuria ranged from 12.1% (95% CI, 8.7%-15.5%) in Network 5 to 26.5% (95% CI, 16.7%-36.3%) in Network 4, and decreased eGFR ranged from 6.7% (95% CI, 5.0%-8.4%) in Network 17/18 to 13.4% (95% CI, 7.8%-19.1%) in Network 12. Spearman correlation coefficients for the prevalence of albuminuria and decreased eGFR with network-specific ESRD incidence rates were 0.49 and 0.24, respectively, for whites and 0.29 and 0.25, respectively, for blacks. Limitations There were few cases of albuminuria and decreased eGFR in some geographic regions. Conclusions In the United States, substantial geographic variations in the prevalence of albuminuria and decreased eGFR exist, but were correlated only modestly with ESRD incidence, suggesting the chronic kidney disease burden may not explain the geographic variation in ESRD incidence.
Galactose and bile flow.

SummaryGalactose and lactose depressed volume flow of bile in the rat. This depression is in general proportional to dosage of galactose administered. Addition of protein to test meal of galactose or lactose lessens the effect of these sugars on bile flow. Since composition of bile as to inorganic and organic solids and calcium remained constant at different rates of flow, the excretion of these substances is proportional to volume flow.