cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phase II trial of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with docetaxel followed by epirubicin in stage II/III breast cancer.

Purpose. In most neoadjuvant chemotherapy regimens, the taxane is administered either in combination with an anthracycline or after an anthracycline-containing regimen. We sought to test the feasibility, safety, and determine the pathological complete response (pCR) rate of administering docetaxel first followed by epirubicin as neoadjuvant chemotherapy in women with clinical stage II, III breast cancer. Patients and Methods. Twenty-five women with newly diagnosed clinical stage IIB (n = 10), IIIA (n = 5), or IIIB (n = 10) received 3 cycles of docetaxel 100 mg/M2 intravenously (IV) every 3 weeks followed by 3 cycles of epirubicin 100 mg/M2 IV every 3 weeks. pCR was defined as the absence of invasive cancer in the breast at definitive surgery. Results. The median primary tumor size was 6 cm (range 1–12 cm), and 13 (52%) women had clinically palpable axillary lymph nodes. Patients received 149 of the 150 planned cycles of docetaxel and epirubicin without treatment delays, and only 3 (12%) patients had a dose reduction of docetaxel. Seven (28%) patients experienced febrile neutropenia, and 9 (36%) patients had grade 3 non-hematological toxicities with diarrhea being the most frequent in 3 (12%) patients. Six (24%) patients had pCR in the breast. Analysis of pre- and post-docetaxel biopsies from a subset of patients documented taxane-induced activation of mitogen-activated and stress-activated protein kinase pathways. Conclusion. Neoadjuvant docetaxel followed by epirubicin is well tolerated and active in breast cancer. To our knowledge, this is first description of docetaxel-induced activation of mitogen-activated and stress-activated protein kinase pathways in human breast cancer.
A FUNCTIONAL VIEW OF CONSCIOUSNESS AND ITS RELATIONS IN BRAIN

Consciousness is seen as evolving jointly with plasticity, self-direction, and autonomy. Its main function is interpreted as the partially autonomous direction of behavioral living in accordance with a vast system of plastic patterns of inner construction, and the development of these--all in the service of a central concern with widely-perceived global well-being. Its central constituents are: conscious awareness itself; sensations and images of sensory bombardment; active development and utilization of inner constructions; and active direction of attention, actions, and behavior. Consciousness operates by the partially autonomous feedback redirection of activation-energization in response to a global distribution of neurobiological flags and states. Central qualities of conscious experience are addressed from this view. Consciousness may act towards an overall principle of minimization. Contrasting its existentially observable manifestations and its neurobiological correspondences provides foundations for five basic views of the fundamental nature of consciousness and its relation to brain.
An Approach To Single Molecule Detection By Laser-Induced Fluorescence

A sheath flow cuvette was evaluated in laser-induced fluorescence determination of aqueous rhodamine 6G. A detection limit of 18 attograms was obtained within a one-second signal integration time. The concentration detection limit was 8.9 x 10/sup -14/ mole per liter. An average of one-half rhodamine 6G molecule was present within the 11 pL excitation volume. However, during the signal integration time a total of 22,000 analyte molecules passed through the excitation in a 0.42 microliter volume.
A Survey of Cloud Computing Challenges from a Digital Forensics Perspective

Computing and communication technologies have merged to produce an environment where many applications and their associated data reside in remote locations, often unknown to the users. The adoption of cloud computing promises many benefits to users and service providers, as it shifts users' concerns away from the physical location of system components and toward the accessibility of the system's services. While this adoption of cloud computing may be beneficial to users and service providers, it increases areas of concern for computer forensic examiners that need to obtain data from cloud computing environments for evidence in legal matters. The authors present an overview of cloud computing, discuss the challenges it raises from a digital forensics perspective, describe suitable tools for forensic analysis of cloud computing environments, and consider the future of cloud computing.
Relationship between graded degrees of anemia and amniotic fluid volume in the ovine fetus.

Abstract Objective: Severe fetal anemia is associated with polyhydramnios in both human and ovine fetuses. This study examined the relationship between varying degrees of anemia and amniotic fluid volume in fetal sheep. Study Design: Eleven long-term catheterized ovine fetuses at 126 ± 1 days' gestation (mean ± SE) were subjected to hemorrhage of 20 to 80 mL daily for 9 consecutive days to produce varying degrees of fetal anemia. Five additional animals served as time control animals. Statistical analysis was by least squares regression and 3-factor analysis of variance. Results: Amniotic fluid volume was 793 ± 147 mL and did not change with time in the control fetuses. In the fetuses that were subjected to hemorrhage the amniotic fluid volume changed little through the hematocrit range of 40% to 25%. As fetal hematocrit fell below approximately 25%, amniotic fluid volume began to increase. With greater degrees of anemia the amniotic fluid volume increased as an exponential function of hematocrit and approached 2000 mL excess fluid as hematocrit dropped to 2 , and urinary flow rate as well as to plasma and amniotic fluid lactate concentrations. According to multivariate regression only fetal PO 2 and urinary flow rate were significantly related to the increase in amniotic fluid volume. Conclusions: Although mild anemia was not associated with increased amniotic fluid volume, moderate to severe fetal anemia was associated with an exponential rise in amniotic fluid volume. This rise may have been mediated by a hypoxemia-induced diuresis, by a diuresis related to a lactate-induced osmotic accumulation of fetal fluid, or by both mechanisms. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999;181:1552-9.)
A rapid enzymatic procedure for production of 1-β-d-[3H]arabinofuranosyl cytosine 5′-triphosphate

Abstract A rapid method of sequentially phosphorylating picomole quantities of [ 3 H]-araC to [ 3 H]araCTP is described (ara = 1-β- d -arabinofuranosyl). The procedure utilizes a system of phosphorylating enzymes isolated from rat spleen and requires a single incubation step. The [ 3 H]araCTP product is isolated by ion-exchange chromatography and analyzed by PEI-cellulose thin-layer chromatography. At low concentrations of [ 3 H]araC as much as 80% can be phosphorylated to the triphosphate, and the produet may be obtained in radiochemical purity greater than 97%.
Post-emplacement fluids and pluton thermobarometry: Mount Stuart batholith, Washington Cascades

The effects of post-emplacement infiltration of externally derived, high-temperature fluids into arc-related batholiths are often not well characterized. Such infiltration can have far-reaching effects on the elemental and light isotopic chemistry of a batholith and on its mineral phases. At high temperature, fluid infiltration can be less easily detected, especially if widespread. The Mount Stuart batholith of the Washington Cascades is offered as an example of high-temperature infiltration of high δ18O fluids derived from its contact aureole. Some of the fluid infiltration coincided with and may have been partly derived from a kyanite-grade, post-emplacement metamorphic event that affected northern portions of the batholith. However, the effects of the fluid infiltration were far reaching and affected the entire margin of the batholith, including southerly portions that did not experience post-emplacement metamorphism. The result led to an oxygen isotopic zonation of the batholith, which is viewed as se...
Dielectric in Situ Monitoring of Microgravity Polymerizations

: The objective of the research described here is to develop dielectric spectroscopy to monitor polymerization reactions and processes in microgravity. Ground based measurements have been made on both neat thermoset resins and solution polymerization reactions. Polymerization of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) using two curing agents, m-phenylenediamine (m-PDA), and 4,4′-diamino-diphenyl-methane (DDM) were investigated to determine the relationship between the dielectric spectra and the thermoset polymer network and morphology. The results for the epoxy thermosets indicate that this technique can be used to monitor the extent of polymerization and the qualitative nature of polymer network. The photopolymerization of 6-(2-methyl-4-nitroanilino)-2,4-hexadiyn-1-ol (DAMNA) in solution was also investigated to determine if gravitational effects could be observed using dielectric spectroscopy. The technique is able to distinguish between surface and solution polymerizations during formation of the polydiacetylene thin films. In addition, it is capable of monitoring convective effects during solution polymerization.
Molecular Simulations of Muscle AChR Agonist Binding Sites

We are attempting to design and control the agonist binding properties of muscle acetylcholine receptors (AChRs). These hetero-pentamers have 2 transmitter binding sites in the extracellular domain, at α-δ and either α-γ (fetal) or α-e (adult) subunit interfaces. We used computational modeling and MD simulation to investigate the structural dynamics and energetics of these 3 different binding interfaces. Starting from an Aplysia AChBP crystal structure (PDB id 2BYQ), we used homology modeling to build all-atom dimer and pentamer models of the extracellular domain, and docked acetylcholine (ACh) as the ligand. MD simulations (Charmm27) were run to obtain binding free energies at all 3 interfaces. The α-δ and α-e sites were found to be approximately equivalent, but α-γ provided ∼33% more favorable binding energy, which is in good agreement with experimental, single-channel electrophysiology results (Nayak and Auerbach, PNAS 2013). In the model, the packing of five aromatic residues is tighter, the tryptophan residues 149 and 55 are more orthogonal and loop C less is flexible at α-γ compared to the others. The dimer and pentamer models gave similar binding energies, supporting the experimental observation that the agonist sites behave independently. We are using the model as a tool, to identify residues in the e and δ subunits that are responsible for the lower ACh binding energy and, hence, to guide the wet-bench experiments. We targeted nine amino acids that are homologous in δ and e but different in γ, within 20 A of the quaternary ammonium of ACh. In the pentamer simulations, swapping all of these between α-δ and α-γ resulted in a full switch of the structures and energies. We are testing various subsets of these mutations in order to suggest a minimum construct that can be verified by using electrophysiology.
Sleep and paradoxical sleep in ruminants.

SummaryThis study proved that ruminants have the physiologic capacity for sleep and paradoxical sleep. Daytime ruminant sleep in goats was transient and polyphasic, averaging 5.1 ± 0.6 minutes per episode. The frequency was variable, ranging from 0 to 6 episodes during daytime. In addition, the goats exhibited paradoxical sleep, known as dreaming in man, with average durations of 5.5 ± 0.4 minutes. Rumen contraction rates apparently had no causal relation to behavioral states, but rather were a consequence of the animals' state of alertness.
THE THYMUS AND NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTION: A SUBSTANCE IN THYMUS WHICH CAUSES MYOSITIS AND MYASTHENIC NEUROMUSCULAR BLOCK IN GUINEAPIGS

Abstract A substance affecting neuromuscular function in guineapigs was demonstrated in extracts of normal bovine thymus. This substance, termed thymin, caused myositis when injected into guineapigs and furthermore caused, with prolonged administration, a myasthenic neuromuscular block. Animals injected once with 30 mg. thymic extract developed severe myositis and impaired muscle tension in an indirectly stimulated nerve-muscle preparation in vitro. There was no evidence of neuromuscular block in these animals, as the responses to neostigmine and d-tubocurarine were similar to those of controls. Animals injected with 10 mg. thymic extract daily for ten days developed less severe myositis and also showed impaired muscle tension in an indirectly stimulated nerve-muscle preparation in vitro. These preparations had evidence of neuromuscular block; for, as in myasthenia gravis, there was a significant improvement in muscle tension with neostigmine and a significant decline in muscle tension with d -tubocurarine. The present findings in guineapigs suggest that in human myasthenia gravis increased amounts of thymin are released from the inflamed thymus, and that these increased circulating levels of thymin cause both myopathic changes and the characteristic myasthenic neuromuscular block.
Nurse Practitioner Programs

Excerpt The paper by Sackett and colleagues (1), in this issue, commendably provides scientific validation of the effectiveness and safety of nurse practitioners in a suburban general practice. Oth...
Modification of Gold Surfaces With Water-Soluble (Co)polymers Prepared Via Aqueous Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer (RAFT) Polymerization

Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) is a versatile, controlled free radical polymerization technique that operates via a degenerative transfer mechanism in which a thiocarbonylthio compound acts as a chain transfer agent. The subsequent reduction of the dithioester end groups to thiols allows the preparation of (co)polymer-modified gold surfaces. Herein we report the immobilization of poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate), poly((ar-vinylbenzyl) trimethylammonium chloride), poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide), and poly(3-[2-(N-methylacrylamido)-ethyldimethyl ammonio]propane sulfonate-b-N,N-dimethylacrylamide) onto gold films. The presence of the immobilized (co)polymers was confirmed by atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface contact angle measurements. The gold film modified with the block copolymer demonstrated stimuli-responsive behavior as evidenced by its water contact angle being similar to that of poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide) ...
Diverse inhibitors of aflatoxin biosynthesis

Pre-harvest and post-harvest contamination of maize, peanuts, cotton, and tree nuts by members of the genus Aspergillus and subsequent contamination with the mycotoxin aflatoxin pose a widespread food safety problem for which effective and inexpensive control strategies are lacking. Since the discovery of aflatoxin as a potently carcinogenic food contaminant, extensive research has been focused on identifying compounds that inhibit its biosynthesis. Numerous diverse compounds and extracts containing activity inhibitory to aflatoxin biosynthesis have been reported. Only recently, however, have tools been available to investigate the molecular mechanisms by which these inhibitors affect aflatoxin biosynthesis. Many inhibitors are plant-derived and a few may be amenable to pathway engineering for tissue-specific expression in susceptible host plants as a defense against aflatoxin contamination. Other compounds show promise as protectants during crop storage. Finally, inhibitors with different modes of action could be used in comparative transcriptional and metabolomic profiling experiments to identify regulatory networks controlling aflatoxin biosynthesis.
COMPARATIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION

A science of psychology must assume that behavior is lawful. We recognize diversity, but we assume that both similarity and difference are products of the same fundamental laws that combine and recombine in unique ways to yield the rich diversity of behavior that we observe between and within species. The proper analysis of behavior is not in terms of simpler behavior and more complex behavior or in terms of simpler organisms and more complex organisms, but rather in terms of general functions such as perception and learning that are found in all forms of behavior. We avoid the invention of new laws of behavior for each newly discovered level of complexity in favor of the formulation of more powerful generalizations.
Surface Velocities From Multiple-Tracer Image Sequences

We discuss a new inverse model to estimate surface velocity using an image sequence with more than one tracer. The method employs the global optimal solution technique, which covers an image scene with subarrays or tiles, within which both velocity components are specified as bilinear forms. Substitution into the tracer conservation equation for each tracer yields a system of equations for the velocity field, which is constrained to fit the image data in a least-squares sense over the entire image domain. Solution is achieved iteratively by a Gauss-Seidel method. A numerical model is used as a benchmark to examine the accuracy of this new technique. Image pairs from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instruments onboard the NASA Terra and Aqua spacecraft and the hyperspectral imager for the coastal ocean instrument currently onboard the International Space Station are also used to demonstrate the new inverse model with actual ocean data. The derived vector field from MODIS is then compared with the velocity field obtained by the single-tracer technique, and the results are found to be qualitatively equivalent.
Voluntary exercise regionally augments rates of cerebral protein synthesis.

Abstract Exercise is a natural form of neurophysiologic stimulation that has known benefits for mental health, maintenance of cerebral function, and stress reduction. Exercise is known to induce an upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and this is thought to be involved in associated increases in neural plasticity. Protein synthesis is also an essential component of adaptive plasticity. We hypothesized that exercise may stimulate changes in brain protein synthesis as part of its effects on plasticity. Here, we applied the quantitative autoradiographic L-[1-14C]leucine method to the in vivo determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) in adult rats following a seven day period of voluntary wheel-running and their sedentary counterparts. In four of 21 brain regions examined, the mean values of rCPS in the exercised rats were statistically significantly higher than in sedentary controls; regions affected were paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus, ventral hippocampus as a whole, CA1 pyramidal cell layer in ventral hippocampus, and frontal cortex. Increases in rCPS approached statistical significance in dentate gyrus of the ventral hippocampus. Our results affirm the value of exercise in encouraging hippocampal and possibly cortical neuroplasticity, and also suggest that exercise may modulate stimulation of stress-response pathways. Ultimately, our study indicates that measurement of rCPS with PET might be used as a marker of brain response to exercise in human subjects.
A network meta-analysis on the efficacy of serotonin type 3 receptor antagonists used in adults during the first 24 hours for postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis.

Abstract Background The serotonin type 3 receptor antagonists (5-HT 3 antagonists) ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and dolasetron are potential prophylactic agents for patients with mild to moderate risk of postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV). A few trials have been conducted to compare the efficacy among 2 to 3 of these 4 agents. However, the comparative efficacy of all four 5-HT 3 antagonists has not yet been quantitatively investigated. Objective The goal of this study was to investigate whether the 5-HT 3 antagonists—ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and dolasetron—differ in efficacy when used for the prevention of PONV. Methods PubMed and the Cochrane Library were searched for randomized controlled, double-blind studies measuring efficacy in terms of PONV prophylaxis. A Bayesian meta-analysis was conducted using published studies of 5-HT 3 antagonists for PONV prophylaxis. The odds of patients with no PONV and postoperative vomiting (POV) within each study arm 24 hours after surgery were the primary indices of drug efficacy. Data were extracted and analyzed via indirect comparisons using random effects Bayesian models in WinBUGS version 1.4.3. Results A total of 85 studies were identified, representing 15,269 patients. The results indicate that granisetron was significantly better than ondansetron (odds ratio [OR] = 1.53 [95% credible interval (CI), 1.15–2.00]) and dolasetron (OR = 1.67 [95% CI, 1.12–2.38]) in preventing PONV. Four antiemetic drugs had comparable efficacy in terms of preventing POV: granisetron showed similar efficacy compared with ondansetron (OR = 1.49 [95% CI, 0.90–2.43]), tropisetron (OR = 1.69 [95% CI, 0.92–3.13]), and dolasetron (OR = 1.32 [95% CI, 0.71–2.38]). Ondansetron exhibited comparable efficacy compared with tropisetron (OR = 1.14 [95% CI, 0.66–1.96]) and dolasetron (OR = 0.88 [95% CI, 0.51–1.47]). Tropisetron and dolasetron were also similar in efficacy (OR = 0.78 [95% CI, 0.40–1.45]). All 5-HT 3 antagonists were statistically significantly better at preventing PONV or POV than placebo. Conclusions With respect to PONV prophylaxis, granisetron was significantly better than ondansetron and dolasetron; ondansetron, tropisetron, and dolasetron exhibited similar efficacy. With respect to POV prophylaxis, ondansetron, granisetron, tropisetron, and dolasetron seemed to have comparable efficacy.
On the transverse-mode dependence of the laser spiking behavior

Experimental observations recently reported by Birubaum and Fincher for a ruby laser pumped by a pulsed argon-ion laser are theoretically interpreted. Remarkable agreement between theory and experiment is obtained for the characteristic time constants when the two trains of spikes are assumed to be produced by the p = 0 and p = 1 modes.
Genetic Improvement for Yield and Fertility of Alfalfa Cultivars Representing Different Eras of Breeding

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) exhibits inbreeding depression for forage yield and also tends to set fewer seeds following self-pollination than following cross-pollination. The objectives of this study were to estimate changes in yield potential, inbreeding depression for yield, and self- and cross-fertilities of alfalfa cultivars adapted to Wisconsin and representing different eras of breeding from 1898 to 1985. In addition, two University of Wisconsin-Madison experimental cultivars with well-known breeding histories were included in the study. The S 0 and S 1 populations derived from each cultivar were evaluated for 3 yr for forage yield [...]
What is the optimal dose for 125I prostate implants? A dose-response analysis of biochemical control, posttreatment prostate biopsies, and long-term urinary symptoms.

Abstract Purpose: To define the optimal dose for 125I prostate implants by correlating post implant CT dosimetry findings with urinary symptoms, biochemical failure, and posttreatment biopsies. Methods and Materials: Patients with T1–T2, Gleason score 2–6 prostate cancer treated with I-125 brachytherapy were analyzed. Group 1 (276 patients) was observed from 18 to 108 months (median, 34 months) and had urinary symptoms prospectively assessed using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) system. Group 2 (181 patients) observed from 24 to 108 months (median, 44 months) and did not receive hormonal therapy. Implant dose was defined as the D90 (dose delivered to 90% of the prostate on a dose–volume histogram). Patients were analyzed by dose categories: 180 Gy, mean scores changed from 0.5 to 1.0 (p = 0.002) for emptying, 0.76 to 1.29 (p = 0.004) for weak stream, 0.24 to 0.51 (p = 0.009) for straining, 1.55 to 1.82 (p = 0.05) for nocturia, and 6.3 to 8.45 (p = 0.0009) for the total score. Freedom from biochemical failure (FFBF) at 5 years was 68% for doses 180 Gy with a small increase in long-term urinary symptoms.
758 HOW TO ASSURE ENDING FOR SURVIVAL OF A PEDIATRIC DEPARTMENT

Funding for departments of pediatrics has been severly affected by recent economic changes. Institutional, State, National, and Foundation support has been reduced requiring non-traditional measures to assure teaching, research, and even service needs. Departments were forced to evaluate and prioritize all of their activities to assure maximal use of funds to assure goals. Two major approaches have emerged, Group Practices and Foundations. Our department of 165, with 40 faculty, 5 fellows, and 120 staff representing administration, clerical, research technicians, and paramedical personnel has remainded intact despite reductions in excess of 10% and forced salary increases. A foundation board of 14 members, chaired by the department chairman representing sections and single persons with four community members, was established with Internal Revenue Code 501(C)(3) approval. Daily operation is carried out by the chairman and executive board. The business arm of the foundation provides total care for poverty patients, tertiary, and consult care for all groups of children and is non-competitive with private practitioners. Extra compensation was provided for units of activity outside daily duties, irrespective of actual fees obtained for services. An unselfish, equitable, hardworking, and committed department of pediatrics has remained intact with academic performance, although stressed, not decreased and with an actual improvement on national tests by students and residents.
Binary software components in the undergraduate computer science curriculum

At one time, commercial software applications were released as single binary executable files. Discussions of the notion of a "software component" were almost always limited to the context of source code. However, with the proliferation of numerous new technologies, applications are now more typically released as collections of cooperating binary components. While there is significant industrial emphasis on binary component technologies, computer science curricula have not yet standardized upon a corpus of fundamentally sound concepts to support education within this paradigm. In this paper, we describe our efforts to define a fundamental core set of concepts to support this important programming paradigm, as well as our efforts to integrate these concepts into a typical undergraduate computer science curriculum.
Occupational noise exposure and hearing loss in fire fighters assigned to airport fire stations

The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) was requested to conduct a health hazard evaluation (HHE) at a large metropolitan fire department. The request concerned the hearing levels and noise exposures of fire fighters who were assigned to two fire stations serving the international airport. There was concern that these fire fighters were at a greater risk of accruing hearing loss than fire fighters located at other fire stations because of the addition of aircraft noise to their occupational noise exposures. The city also requested that NIOSH investigate other fire stations, not influenced by the airport, for noise exposures and hearing ability among a larger population of the fire fighters. NIOSH investigators conducted noise surveys at five fire stations and examined the hearing ability of 197 fire fighters. The noise surveys consisted of personal noise dosimetry on fire fighters assigned to the fire station for the entire 24-hr tour of duty over 2 consecutive days at each of th...
Potassium channel openers: are they effective as pretreatment or additives to cardioplegia?

Abstract Background . This study was designed to test the hypothesis that the potassium channel opener pinacidil (Pin) as a pretreatment (PT) agent or additive to St. Thomas' solution (StT) could enhance myocardial protection. Methods . In a parabiotic rabbit Langendorff model, 36 hearts underwent global normothermic ischemia (1 hour) followed by reperfusion (30 minutes). Cardioplegia (50 mL, every 20 minutes) consisted of: StT; PinPT/StT, where Pin PT preceded StT arrest; Pin alone; Pin in StT (Pin/StT); and Pin in low potassium StT. Systolic function after reperfusion (percent recovery of developed pressure) and compliance (diastolic slope from pressure–volume relationship) were measured. Results . There was no significant difference between StT and PinPT/StT in percent recovery of developed pressure (51.54% ± 3.5%, 42.17% ± 4.0%, respectively) or compliance. Likewise, no significant differences occurred between Pin, StT, Pin/StT, and Pin in low potassium StT in percent recovery of developed pressure (58.99% ± 4.8%, 51.54% ± 3.5%, 53.09% ± 3.2%, 66.43% ± 7.3%, respectively) or compliance. Conclusions . Pin is as effective a cardioplegic agent as StT; however, its use as a pretreatment or additive to traditional and Pin in low potassium StT provided no additional benefit in functional recovery.
Identifying Critical Problems for Mutual Cooperation Between the Private and Public Sectors: A Marketing Perspective

The study presented in this article is an application of “futures research.” One objective is to identify some of the more pressing future world-wide problems that require the combined effort of both the government and the private sector to reach a solution. A second objective is to suggest ways in which marketers can become more involved in the solution of them. Prominent problem clusters of particular importance to marketers, including “Social Values,” “Social Institutions,” and “Resources” were uncovered by this research. The authors hope that this article will stimulate marketing research in each of these areas.
Superconducting state in an oxygen hole metal.

We study within BCS theory the properties of an effective Hamiltonian to describe conduction by holes through an oxygen anion network. The Hamiltonian contains an on-site repulsive interaction ${U}_{p}$ and a modulated hopping interaction $\ensuremath{\Delta}t$ that yields a larger hopping amplitude between sites when other holes are present on those sites. The superconducting state is found to be $s$ wave with an energy-dependent gap. Superconductivity is restricted to low hole densities and the critical temperature increases with the hopping amplitude. The particular form of the interaction allows for superconductivity even in the presence of large Coulomb repulsion, up to $\frac{{U}_{p}}{\ensuremath{\Delta}t}\ensuremath{\approx}30$. We discuss the behavior of the tunneling density of states, specific heat, gap ratio, and coherence length as a function of hole density and parameters in the Hamiltonian, and the relationship between our results and existing, as well as possible future, experimental results on high-${T}_{c}$ oxides. Our model provides a natural explanation for the spread in gap values observed in different experiments, for the observed broadening of the resistive transition in a field, and for the observed superconducting glass behavior.
Particle Inhalability at Low Wind Speeds

Accurate quantification of the dose delivered by aerosol exposures is essential for estimating the risk of potential adverse health effects. The fraction of airborne particles that can enter the nose or mouth during inhalation is referred to as the inspirable particulate mass fraction. This inhalable fraction is equivalent to delivered dose for particles greater than approximately 25 microm (aerodynamic particle diameter, d(ae)), which deposit completely and almost exclusively in the extrathoracic airways. Particle inhalability at high wind speeds (1-9 m/s) has been well characterized. However, there is a paucity of data describing the inhalability of particles at low wind speeds (< or =0.3 m/s), which are typical of indoor environments. High-wind-speed criteria poorly describe inhalability at low wind speeds. Based on the aspiration efficiencies of blunt and sharp-edged inlets, a function was developed for oral inhalability, P(I(O)), of particles at low wind speeds. This function predicts a slow decline in P(I(O)) from 0.95 at d(ae)= 8 microm, to 0.5 at d(ae) = 74 microm, and 0.1 at d(ae)= 175 microm. Data available from the literature for inhalability at relatively low wind speeds during oral breathing are well described by this logistic function (r(2)= 0.69).
Effects of glutaraldehyde polymerization on oxygen transport and redox properties of bovine hemoglobin.

Crosslinking of bovine Hb (HbBv) with glutaraldehyde produces a mixture of low oxygen affinity (P(50)) tetrameric and polymeric Hb species (PolyHbBv). Under physiological conditions the P(50) of HbBv and PolyHbBv were 27 and 35 mmHg, respectively. The dependence of the P(50) on pH and chloride ions and the cooperativity (n(50)) of the protein were diminished as a result of glutaraldehyde modification. Rapid kinetic studies showed greater overall rates of oxygen dissociation (k(off)) with little or no change in the association of CO (k(on)) to the modified protein. The rate of nitric oxide (NO)-induced oxidation of the PolyHbBv was slightly lower than that of HbBv. Autoxidation rate of PolyHbBv was 1.4 times faster than that of HbBv. The reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with the ferrous (Fe(2+)) and ferric (Fe(3+)) forms of the proteins led to the formation of a more stable ferrylHb (Fe(4+)) in the case of PolyHbBv. Glutaraldehyde polymerization of HbBv alters its normal allosteric mechanisms, autoxidation kinetics and other related redox properties, which may compromise its function and cause greater toxicity when used as an oxygen transport fluid.
Nonclassical Degrees of Freedom in the Riemann Hamiltonian

The Hilbert-P\'olya conjecture states that the imaginary parts of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function are eigenvalues of a quantum Hamiltonian. If so, conjectures by Katz and Sarnak put this Hamiltonian in the Altland-Zirnbauer universality class $C$. This implies that the system must have a nonclassical two-valued degree of freedom. In such a system, the dominant primitive periodic orbits contribute to the density of states with a phase factor of $\ensuremath{-}1$. This resolves a previously mysterious sign problem with the oscillatory contributions to the density of the Riemann zeros.
Characterization of the non-specific humoral and cellular antiviral immunity stimulated by the chloroform-methanol residue (CMR) fraction of Coxiella burnetii

Modulation of the immune response by the chloroform-methanol residue (CMR) of phase I Coxiella burnetii whole cell was studied in Rift Valley fever virus-infected, or in naive endotoxin-non-responder C3H/HeJ mice. A single dose of CMR completely protected the mice from viral infection. Treating virus-infected mice with antibodies directed against interferons alpha/beta (IFN-alpha beta) and gamma (IFN-gamma) eliminated the CMR-induced protection. CMR stimulated the production of high levels of IFN-alpha/beta and 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase activities in sera of the CMR-treated mice. IFN-gamma was present in supernatants of cultured spleen cells of CMR-treated, virus-infected mice, but not in their serum. Priming mice with CMR optimized the release of INF-gamma, interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-6 from splenocytes in vitro. When stimulated in vitro, IL-2 and granulocyte-macrophage stimulating factor (GM-CSF) did not require in vivo priming for release from cultured spleen cells. Fluorescence-assisted cytometry of CMR-treated mouse spleen cells showed there was a CMR-dependent increase in the percentage of T-cells and Ia-positive T-cells. There also was a biphasic increase in the ratio between Th (L3T4) and Ts (Lyt2) cells. Biological activities stimulated by CMR indicate that CMR is a potent immunostimulant, which may modulate specific and non-specific antiviral responses.
The chemisorption of CO, CO2, C2H2, C2H4, H2 and NH3 on the clean Fe(100) and (111) crystal surfaces

Abstract The chemisorption of small molecules (CO, CO 2 , C 2 H 2 , C 2 H 4 , H 2 and NH 3 ) has been studied on the clean Fe(110) and (111) crystal faces by low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and thermal desorption. C 2 H 4 and C 2 H 2 yield the same sequence of surface structures that change with temperature and crystal orientation. CO and CO 2 chemisorption similarly results in the formation of the same types of surface structures that change with surface temperature and crystal orientation. Ammonia forms several ordered surface structures on both iron crystal faces. All of the molecules decompose as a function of temperature on the iron surfaces as indicated by the Auger and thermal desorption spectra.
Advances in Alcoholic Liver Disease

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) remains a leading cause of death from liver disease in the United States. In studies from the Veterans Administration, patients with cirrhosis and superimposed alcoholic hepatitis had greater than 60% mortality over a 4-year period, with most of those deaths occurring in the first month. Thus, the prognosis for this disease is more ominous than for many common types of cancer (eg, breast, prostate, and colon). Moreover, ALD imposes a significant economic burden from lost wages, health care costs, and lost productivity. Unfortunately, there is still no Food and Drug Administration–approved or widely accepted drug therapy for any stage of ALD. Thus, a pressing need exists for a more detailed understanding of mechanisms of liver injury. This article reviews recent advances in mechanisms and therapy related to five major areas of direct relevance to ALD: oxidative stress; gut-liver axis and cytokine signaling; malnutrition; fibrin/clotting; and stellate cell activation/fibrosis. We also review why therapies related to these mechanisms have performed well in experimental animals and in vitro systems, but have not necessarily translated into effective therapy for humans with ALD.
Compliance: keeping security interest alive

In order to really change behaviours, security outreach has got to be evergreen – it must reinvent and reassert itself regularly into the consciousness of users and organisations. In order to really change behaviours, security outreach must reinvent and reassert itself. The changing nature of the security environment is very much related to the disintegration and disappearance of the corporate or organisational security perimeter. As you develop a plan to keep your users engaged and apply new security practices in this much more open and accessible environment, the most potent new ingredient that you must add to your discussion is responsibility, says Martin Borrett of IBM's Institute of Advanced Security – and that applies to the board as much as your workers.
Efficacy of patient-controlled analgesia in women cholecystectomy patients.

Abstract The purpose of this comparative study was to examine differences in pain intensity, sleep disturbance, sleep effectiveness, fatigue, and vigor between patients undergoing cholecystectomy who received either patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) or intramuscular (IM) injections of narcotics for postoperative pain. The PCA group consisted of 16 women, aged 22–58; the IM group consisted of 10 women, aged 22–60. Data were collected on patients' postoperative days 1 and 2. Findings indicated that patients receiving PCA reported less pain on postoperative day 1 and less fatigue on postoperative day 2 than patients receiving IM injections of narcotics.
Comparative hydrolysis of permethrin and fenvalerate in Pseudoplusia includens (Walker) and Heliothis virescens (F.)

Abstract The in vitro hydrolysis of cis- and trans-permethrin and fenvalerate was monitored in eggs, successive larval instars, pupae, and adults of the soybean looper [Pseudoplusia includens (Walker)] and the tobacco budworm [(Heliothis virescens (F.)]. In general, the rate of hydrolysis on a picomole per minute per individual basis of all three pyrethroids increased from egg through last instar larvae and then decreased in pupae and adults of both insect species. The rates of hydrolysis for all pyrethroids on a picomole per minute per larva basis increased in an approximately logarithmic manner throughout larval development in both insect species. Hydrolysis on a picomole per minute per milligram protein basis was generally maximal in first and second instar larvae of both insect species for all three pyrethroids. The relative rates of hydrolysis in all stages of both insect species generally ranged trans-permethrin ⋙ fenvalerate ≥ cis-permethrin. Decreases in toxicity for all three pyrethroids in both insect species from third to last instar were associated with increases in hydrolysis, although the relative changes depended on the pyrethroid involved.
The origin and outcome of an amicus brief in Kumho Tire v. Carmichael (1999).

In the U.S. Supreme Court case of Kumho Tire Co. Ltd. v. Carmichael (1999) the defendant/petitioner (Kumho) and amici for the defendant made assertions that juries have known tendencies to be improperly influenced by expert evidence. I and 17 colleagues who had knowledge of the jury research literature signed an amicus brief on the side of the plaintiff/respondent setting forth an opinion that the assertions were not supported by the bulk of empirical studies on jury behavior. We did so as independent professionals, not as representatives of an official organization, such as AP/LS. This introduction reports the origin and development of our brief, its legal status, and its uncertain impact on the case. Kumho arose out of a products liability case resulting from a 1988 minivan accident in Alabama that resulted in the death of one member of the Carmichael family and the injury of seven others. The Carmichael family sued the manufacturer of the tires in a Federal Court diversity case with claims involving the Alabama Extended Manufacturer's Liability Doctrine, negligence/wantonness, and breach of warranty. For trial the plaintiffs offered a tire failure expert who was to testify that the tire that caused the accident was defective. However, after the expert was deposed, the defendant, Samyang Tire (subsequently acquired by Kumho), field a motion to have his testimony excluded under F.R.E. 702 (Carmichael v. Samyang Tire, Inc., 1996). The defendant argued that the testimony was "unscientific and unreliable" and did not meet the standards set forth in Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (1993). Plaintiffs argued that the testimony was technical and experientially based, not scientific evidence, and therefore it was not subject to Daubert scrutiny. Following a hearing, the judge excluded the testimony, ruling that the expert's methodology and opinions drawn from them did not meet the general standards set forth in Daubert. In a
Attitudes toward mandatory human immunodeficiency virus testing and contact tracing. A survey of intravenous drug users in treatment.

Abstract Legal initiatives and treatment policies regarding mandatory human immunodeficiency virus testing and contact tracing often are considered without the input of those groups most affected by the proposed legislation. A survey of attitudes toward the testing and tracing issues was conducted on one such group — intravenous drug users in treatment. Interview and self-report questionnaire data were collected on 196 methadone-maintained patients from two Philadelphia clinics. Data indicate that although most methadone patients supported mandatory testing, their support appears to be influenced by past testing experience. That is, significantly more untested than tested individuals were opposed to the policy. Regarding contact tracing, data indicate that most patients with seronegative results supported tracing, but of the three patients with seropositive results who were surveyed, two were opposed to it. However, most seropositive and seronegative patients reported a willingness to comply with tracing if it were to become law.
Interactive grief and coping in the marital dyad

Abstract Experiencing the death of one's child has been described as one of the most traumatic events that can occur in adult life. This qualitative study examined the grief resolution process of 27 marital couples after the fetal or infant death of their child. Interactive dynamics in the couples' relationship and ways in which they coped with the effects of the death on themselves individually and as a part of a dyadic system were of central importance. The central focus of this article is on the dyadic context, in which marital partners attempt to meet relational responsibilities as well as their own needs. The pressures of being in a system in which both partners are coping with strong and frequently unfamiliar thoughts and emotions are described. Those factors that lead to conflict and stress during this time are discussed as well as other factors that minimize conflict and reduce stress. Finally, implications of these findings for those working with bereaved parents are presented.
Custom source and mask optimization for 20nm SRAM and logic

The 20nm generation for logic will be challenging for optical lithography, with a contacted gate pitch of ~82nm and a minimum metal pitch of ~64nm. A gridded design approach with lines and cuts has previously been shown to allow optimizing illuminator conditions for critical layers in logic designs.[1] The approach has shown good pattern fidelity and is expected to be scalable to the 7nm logic node. [2,3,4] A regular pattern for logic makes the optimization problem straightforward if only standard cells are used in a chip. However, modern SOC's include large amounts of SRAM memory as well. The proposed approach truly optimizes both, instead of the conventional approach of sacrificing the SRAM because of logic layouts with bends and multiple pitches. We consider a design with the logic and SRAMs unified from the beginning. In this case, critical layer orientations as well as pitches are matched and each of the layers optimized for both functional sets of patterns. The layout for a typical standard cell using Gridded Design rules is shown in Figure 1a. The Gate electrodes are oriented in the vertical direction, with Active regions running horizontally. Figure 1b shows a group of SRAM bit cells designed to be compatible with the logic cell. The Gate orientation and pitch are the same. Optimization results will be presented for the co-optimization of critical layers for the cells. The Source-Mask Optimization (SMO) method used can optimize the illumination source [5] and mask for multiple patterns to improve the 2-D image fidelity and process window while controlling the mask sensitivity. It can incorporate the design intentions that are implied by Gridded Design rules. SMO will be done to balance complexity of the source and the complexity of the mask (OPC & MBSRAFs). A flexible approach to the optimization will be introduced.
Design and Evaluation of Soft Keyboards for Brahmic Scripts

Despite being spoken by a large percentage of the world, Indic languages in general lack user-friendly and efficient methods for text input. These languages have poor or no support for typing. Soft keyboards, because of their ease of installation and lack of reliance on specific hardware, are a promising solution as an input device for many languages. Developing an acceptable soft keyboard requires the frequency analysis of characters in order to design a layout that minimizes text-input time. This article proposes the use of various development techniques, layout variations, and evaluation methods for the creation of soft keyboards for Brahmic scripts. We propose that using optimization techniques such as genetic algorithms and multi-objective Pareto optimization to develop multi-layer keyboards will increase the speed at which text can be entered.