cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Role of PTSD in Adjudicating Violent Crimes

PTSD was formalized as a diagnosis by the American Psychiatric Association in 1980 with the publication of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), 3rd edition. Since that time, the diagnosis has been widely utilized in the courts including the use in criminal proceedings. PTSD may play a role in the assessment of violent crimes both as a possible contributing factor in the perpetrators as well as a consequence in the victims. There are a number of ethical and clinical considerations in the use of this diagnosis. Importantly, the diagnostic criteria have changed to a degree with subsequent editions of the DSM. This may have an impact on the interpretation of past legal judgments. Moreover, extensive psychiatric comorbidity may complicate the clinical picture, e.g., mood disorders, substance use disorders, or psychosis. The diagnosis of PTSD is still based on clinical, largely subjective criteria, e.g., biological markers are not yet utilized. As such, there may not be consistent agreement about the diagnosis among experts. This paper summarizes some of these relevant issues in adjudicating violent crimes.
Regioselective Substitutions of Unsymmetrical 1,2-Diols using Dioxaphospholanes: Applications to Carbohydrates

Abstract For several years, the method employing 1,3,2λ5dioxaphospholanes to effect regioselective substitution of unsymmetrical 1,2-diols has been investigated.[1] As carbohydrates are an abundant source of diols, this study has been extended to the use of 1,2-O-isopropylidene- D-ghCOfuranOSe 1. We have synthesized a single dioxaphospholane 2 and subsequently treated it with trimethylsilyltriflate to form oxyphosphonium ions 3 and 4.
In your own image

Care must be taken when looking for natural selection to explain the evolution of human behaviour.
Gandhi On Daniel 6

Cultural exegesis represents an attempt to take seriously the issue of the perspective and background of the contemporary reader of the biblical text, particularly given differences in culturally determined perception. The promise of a "cultural exegesis" is not merely the recognition of cultural influence in textual interpretation, but the possibility that these culturally influenced interpretations can provide new directions for critical analysis for all scholars, and not only for those who share the cultural orientation of the specific reader suggesting a particular reading or interpretation. This paper takes Mahatma Gandhi's observations on Daniel 6 as a possible case of "culturally influenced" interpretation. Some of Gandhi's comments anticipate some of the more recent trends in the analysis of Daniel 1-6, while others lead in new critical directions entirely. At issue is not whether or not Gandhi was "correct" in his interpretation and use of the Daniel motif, but whether his comments (which drew on his particular cultural background by comparing Daniel to such Hindu figures as Mirabai) provide the basis for new scholarly investigations of historical as well as contemporary interpretations of the Daniel stories.
Monitoring Compliance with International Labor Standards: How Can the Process Be Improved, and What Are the Implications for Inserting Labor Standards into the WTO?

The Report of the National Academy of Sciences Monitoring International Labor Standards: Techniques and Sources of Information shows that assessing compliance can be carried out in a thorough, transparent fashion, allowing alternative evaluators to identify where they disagree in assessment. Drawing on the Report and written by the Chair of the Committee that produced it, this paper offers a short overview of the principal challenges in assessing compliance with the ILO core labor standards, and offers a simple framework for investigating compliance. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for trying to include labor standards in trade agreements.
Subunits in chloroplast membranes of Scenedesmus quadricauda.

The chloroplast membranes of Scenedesmus quadricauda consist, in Gibbs' (5) terms, of bands or grana formed by the following sequence of components: a thin dark lamella, a light space, a thick dark lamella, a light space, a thick dark lamella, a light space, and a thin dark lamella. High resolution studies show that the thin dark lamellae consist of a single row of approximately spherical subunits having light cores and dark rims. The thick dark lamellae are composed of two rows of such subunits. The width of the thin dark lamellae average 110 A, and the average width of the thick dark lamellae is 168 A. These lamellae are superficially divided into dark and light components by rows of dark rims and of light cores. The rows of light cores average 23 A. Thus, high resolution studies of the bands of Scenedesmus quadricauda confirms Gibb's viewpoint that they are comparable to the grana of higher plants. The thin dark lamellae are end partitions or end granal membranes, and they are composed of a single layer of subunits. The thick dark lamellae are partitions, and they are composed of a double layer of subunits; margins in the grana of Scenedesmus and the higher plants are formed of a single layer of subunits. Fret connections in Scenedesmus are not common, but when present they are composed of a single row of subunits. A comparison of models of chloroplast structure is presented.
From molecular models to the solution of flow problems

One of the goals in polymer fluid dynamics is to use kinetic theory to derive a constitutive equation for a polymeric liquid starting from a molecular model, and then to use the constitutive equation to solve flow problems. We illustrate this procedure by using a finitely extensible nonlinear elastic (FENE) dumbbell as a crude model of a polymer molecule and then derive an approximate constitutive equation. The latter can be used, along with the equations of continuity and motion, to solve fluid dynamics problems. By “interfacing” the constitutive equation with appropriate continuum-mechanics expressions, some problems can be solved at once by taking over published solutions. This technique is illustrated for squeezing flow between circular disks, the Weissenberg rod-climbing effect, and the torque on a rotating sphere.
What are the goals of magnetic resonance research

Now that both magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) have reached their decadic majority, appropriate questions may be asked as to their accomplishments and prognostications for the future. This article emphasizes the approach of the metabolic biologists/physiologists to magnetic resonance biochemistry as indicated by the currently available multinuclear localized approaches. The viewpoint is emphasized that MRS is a critical care instrument where precipitious changes of oxidative metabolism lead to the well-known stroke, heart failure, liver failure, kidney failure, etc. Generally, the gradation between the classical metabolic steady state of life and the pathway leading to cell death is a narrow one and magnetic resonance in some cases is too finely tuned to delineate the gradations of stability and instability of cell metabolism. To this point, magnetic resonance can be supplemented by other modalities that sense tissue distress. An example of a most useful and predictive measure of hypoxic stress is optical spectrophotometry which uses time resolved ranging methods to measure optical path lengths to quantitate hemoglobin deoxygenation in tissues. With such a complement, the two methods emerge as one of general importance in diagnostic procedures.
Asymptotically stabilizing feedback controls

Abstract The problem considered is the existence and construction of an asymptotically stabilizing feedback control for a rest solution of an n-dimensional, single-input, affine control system. The method is to construct high order, homogeneous approximations of the vector fields defining the control system which then describe an approximating control system such that an asymptotically stabilizing control of the latter system is a local asymptotically stabilizing control of the original system. Unlike linear approximations, there are many possible nonlinear homogeneous approximations. These are constructed from Lie algebra filtrations obtained by assigning various weights to the defining vector fields. One seeks a weighting, hence an approximating system, which satisfies the various known necessary conditions for the existence of an asymptotically stabilizing feedback control and for which such a control can be constructed as the solution to a homogeneous Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation associated with an optimization (regulator) problem.
FORMATION OF Pt–Fe ALLOY BY DESULFURIZATION OF Pt–Pd SULFIDE IN THE J–M REEF OF THE STILLWATER COMPLEX, MONTANA

L'alliage Pt-Fe (Pt 3 Fe) faisant partie du banc J-M du complexe de Stillwater, a la mine Stillwater, au Montana, se presente en intercroissances avec un sulfure de Fe-Ni-Cu secondaire. Cet assemblage remplace un sulfure de Pt-Pd (braggite ou cooperite). Le meme alliage se presente en grains distincts associes a chalcopyrite, tellurures de Pt-Pd, et or natif dans les assemblages alteres contenant chlorite, epidote, amphibole, talc et serpentine. L'intercroissance se limite aux echantillons montrant une faible quantite d'alteration ( 20%, volume) dans le banc J-M a la mine Stillwater et ailleurs dans ce meme horizon. La presence de chalcopyrite et d'inclusions de pentlandite originelles dans le sulfure Pt-Pd altere fait penser que ce sulfure a cristallise a partir d'un liquide sulfure apres la cristallisation de la chalcopyrite et d'un precurseur de haute temperature de la pentlandite, et s'est fait remplacer par l'intercroissance de l'alliage Pt-Fe avec sulfure Fe-Ni-Cu secondaire a cause d'une interaction avec une phase fluide hydrothermale sous-saturee en S. La pentlandite associee au sulfure Pt-Pd altere contient des teneurs plus elevees en Pd (jusqu'a 9.8%, poids) que la pentlandite non associee, ce qui temoignerait d'un gain de Pd par la pentlandite grâce a des reactions d'echange Ni-pour-Pd avec l'intercroissance qui remplace le sulfure Pt-Pd au cours de la desulfuration.
Identification of target cells for estrogen in the pars distalis of the armadillo by immunocytochemistry

Abstract A combined autoradiographic and immunocytochemical study is conducted on the pituitary gland of intact female armadillos injected with [ 3 H]estradiol. Uptake and retention of the steroid is observed in cells of the partes nervosa and distalis. By immunocytochemistry, it is found that 84.4% of the luteinizing hormone (LH) cells and 73.5% of the prolactin (PRL) cells are radiolabeled, while only a small percentage of growth hormone (GH) (7.2%) and thyrotrophin (TSH) (3.1%) cells sequester the tritiated hormone.
Multifunctional optical processor based on symbolic substitution

We propose an optical multifunctional processor that can perform logic, numeric, pattern recognition, morphological, and inference operations. The ability to perform such diverse functions on one optical processor architecture is unique. The processor uses the technique of symbolic substitution and is based on an optical correlator architecture. Several inputs can be operated on in parallel, and different functions can be performed at one time, making it a multiple-instruction multiple-data processor.
Scribal Culture and the Making of the Hebrew Bible – By Karel van der Toorn

Although the Hebrew Bible has influenced nearly every spot on earth, its current distribution package, namely, a bound book of pages, belies its original nature and genesis. In an outstanding work ...
An Analysis of Content and Task Dimensions of Mathematics Items Designed to Measure Level of Concept Attainment.

A set of items was developed to measure concept attainment in mathematics in connection with a project whose objective was to relate conceptattainment measures for elementary school language arts, mathematics, science, and social studies to each other and to selected general cognitive abilities. This paper presents the results of a factor-analytic study of the content and task dimensions of the mathematics items developed. Single- or compound-word classificatory concepts (those that are defined by attributes) in the mathematics subject-matter content at the fourth-grade level were identified. This task was subdivided into four steps: (a) identification of areas within the subject matter of mathematics, (b) selection of three of these areas to be studied, (c) identification of classificatory concepts within each of these three areas, and (d) random sampling of 10 concepts from those identified for each of the three areas selected. This yielded a total of 30 mathematics concepts to be studied from the three areas of Sets, Division, and Expressing Relationships. A concept may be described in many ways-in terms of its criterial, relevant, and irrelevant attributes; in terms of its examples and nonexamples; in terms of its supraordinate, coordinate, and subordinate hierarchical relationships (theoretically determined); and in terms of its relationship to other concepts. Knowledge of each of these kinds of information may be tested to determine a student's level of attainment of a concept. This was done by using the 12 tasks given in Table 6, which are described by Frayer, Fredrick, and Klausmeier (1969). Romberg, Steitz, and Frayer (1971) describe the procedures used to identify the concepts and present an analysis of each of them in preparation for developing items to measure attainment of that concept.
Examining the neighborhood effects on police performance to assault calls

Using agency-generated data collected from the Houston Police Department (HPD) and the 2000 census statistics, this article examines the relationship between police performance and neighborhood disorganization through an analysis of the distribution of police response to in-progress assault calls across different Houston neighborhoods. The results of multilevel analyses suggest that concentrated disadvantage, immigrant concentration, and residential stability are significantly related to the distribution of the HPD’s response time patterns. More specifically, police responses were quicker to in-progress assault calls in disorganized neighborhoods. The implications drawn from the current study’s results on police response time patterns can be useful in improving police service levels, the police–community relationship, and patrol strategies.
Constant Force Restraints for Frontal Collisions

This paper presents a model demonstrating the concept of a constant force restraint (CFR) system for frontal collisions. A three-bodied dynamic model of a 50th percentile anthropometric test dummy (ATD) in a 35 mile/h frontal collision was made using Lagrangian dynamics and verified with test data from the NHTSA. The model was used to compare visco-elastic and constant force seatbelt models in a 1998 Chevy Malibu. The viscoelastic seatbelt simulation was able to reproduce accurately the shape and magnitude of pelvis, chest, and head accelerations when compared to test data. The constant force seatbelt simulation showed reductions in pelvis, chest, and head accelerations by 56, 62, and 63 per cent respectively. The peak lap belt force was reduced by 60 per cent. Relative head rotation was reduced by 16 degrees. A CFR system has the potential to reduce the risk of injury significantly by reducing forces and accelerations on the occupant. These results show great potential to reduce head injury criteria and could be applied to adaptive restraint systems by tuning the CFR to the occupant and crash. Language: en
Osteopenia in Cystic Fibrosis |[diams]| 399

BACKGROUND: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients have many potential risk factors for osteopenia/osteoporosis, such as poor nutrition, malabsorption of vitamin D, glucocorticoid use, and inactivity. Several previous reports document a high prevelance of osteoporosis in CF; however these studies have compared CF to national standards or to subjects not matched for lean body mass (LBM) or height. The goals of our study were to evaluate the presence of osteopenia or osteoporosis in CF adults from our center and to compare their results to controls who were matched for LBM and height.
The environmental impact of beef production in the United States: 1977 compared with 2007.

Consumers often perceive that the modern beef production system has an environmental impact far greater than that of historical systems, with improved efficiency being achieved at the expense of greenhouse gas emissions. The objective of this study was to compare the environmental impact of modern (2007) US beef production with production practices characteristic of the US beef system in 1977. A deter- ministic model based on the metabolism and nutrient requirements of the beef population was used to quantify resource inputs and waste outputs per billion kilograms of beef. Both the modern and historical production sys- tems were modeled using characteristic management practices, population dynamics, and production data from US beef systems. Modern beef production requires considerably fewer resources than the equivalent sys- tem in 1977, with 69.9% of animals, 81.4% of feedstuffs, 87.9% of the water, and only 67.0% of the land required to produce 1 billion kg of beef. Waste outputs were similarly reduced, with modern beef systems produc- ing 81.9% of the manure, 82.3% CH4, and 88.0% N2O per billion kilograms of beef compared with production systems in 1977. The C footprint per billion kilograms of beef produced in 2007 was reduced by 16.3% com- pared with equivalent beef production in 1977. As the US population increases, it is crucial to continue the improvements in efficiency demonstrated over the past 30 yr to supply the market demand for safe, affordable beef while reducing resource use and mitigating envi- ronmental impact.
Automated analysis of flow convergence proximal to regurgitant orifices: flow rate calculation using digital Doppler velocity maps

To automate quantification of valvular regurgitation, the authors developed an algorithm which uses the full proximal convergence zone (output as a digital map) to automatically define the orifice center and calculate the flow rate. For a user defined region of interest, the actual velocity field is compared with the expected velocity map generated by the function nu =(Qcos psi /2 pi r/sup 2/), where r is the distance from the test center, psi the angle between the converging velocity and the ultrasound beam, and Q the flow rate which is being solved for. The optimal orifice center is that point which maximizes the correlation between observed and predicted velocity. In vitro testing revealed good agreement with flow rate: r=0.98, Delta Q=-3.7+or-15.8 cm/sup 3//sec. >
Quantitative angiography using mean field annealing

The vessels in the cineangiogram are degraded by the nonuniform point spread function (PSF) and nonstationary noise from the imaging system. The authors present a new method for vessel size measurement which does deblurring, edge-preserving smoothing, and edge enhancement in one process. The method is a version of an adaptive edge-preserving smoothing technique, adaptive mean field annealing (AMFA), extended to the blur problem. AMFA with a deblurring technique is an iterative image restoration technique for the restoration of noisy blurred images. With the progress of annealing, the restored image evolves from the maximum likelihood solution to the annealed maximum a posteriori solution and the restored edges are enhanced. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated with the results of the synthetic images, phantom images, and real cineangiographic images. >
Evaluation of Criteria for Setting Speed Limits on Gravel Roads

Even though speed limits of gravel roads are typically set based on statutory guidelines, there are some instances where exceptions are allowed and in place. In the absence of detailed literature on the subject, this study made an effort to evaluate and compare two criteria used in setting speed limits on low-volume gravel roads, with the intention of providing guidelines for future use. Field speed data were collected at a number of straight, level sections of gravel roads in Kansas where there is sufficient sight distance. Several sites located in two adjoining counties that use two different criteria for setting speed limits were also specifically selected for comparison purposes. One of the two counties adopts 35-mph speed limits on gravel roads and posts speed limit signs similar to those on paved roads. Characteristics of gravel roads in the adjoining county are very similar except that the speed limit is governed by the statutory limit (55 mph) and not posted. Collected actual speed data indicated no significant differences between the two speed data sets. In addition to operational speed comparisons, crash experience was also taken into consideration, which showed no major differences in terms of safety. When looking at the findings of this study, it is clear that lowered, posted speed limit values on gravel roads have not necessarily helped in improving either operational conditions or safety. Rather, reduced posted speed limits on gravel roads have increased the percentage of speed limit violators. Accordingly, care should be taken in making such decisions in the future for new situations.
Some consequences of our failure to prove non-linear lower bounds on explicit functions

Investigates the consequences of assuming that no explicit function has non-polynomial size Boolean circuit complexity. There are many consequences of this assumption. For example, it immediately proves that P does not equal NP. It also has ramifications for the length of certain interactive proofs. >
Viscous Transonic Flow in Relaxing Gases

The equations for the plane viscous transonic flow of a relaxing gas are derived for free stream velocities near the equilibrium and frozen speeds of sound. One-dimensional solutions are found which show the influence of the compressive viscosity upon the structure of a compression wave in a relaxing gas. The viscous structure of the corner region or acceleration wave which occurs when the upstream velocity just equals the frozen speed of sound is investigated in detail. The structure of a partially dispersed wave including the transition from the upstream viscous shock to the downstream relaxation zone is also determined. Es wurden die Gleichungen einer ebenen viskosen schallnahen Stromung eines entspannten Gases fur Anstromgeschwindigkeiten hergeleitet, die nahe eines Gleichgewichts und fester Schallgeschwindigkeiten liegen. Eindimensionale Losungen wurden gefunden, aus welchen der Einflus der Druckabhangigkeit der Viskositat auf die Struktur einer Kompressionswelle eines entspannten Gases deutlich wird. Die viskose Struktur des Eckbereiches sowie der Beschleunigungswelle, die bei der Ubereinstimmung von Stromaufwartsgeschwindigkeit und fester Schallgeschwindigkeit auftritt, wird im Einzelnen dargestellt. Die Struktur einer teilweise dispergierten Welle, welche den Ubergang des stromaufwarts liegenden viskosen Stoses zur stromabwarts sich befindenden Entspannungszone einschliest, wird ebenfalls bestimmt.
Helping visually impaired users properly aim a camera

We evaluate three interaction modes to assist visually impaired users during the camera aiming process: speech, tone, and silent feedback. Our main assumption is that users are able to spatially localize what they want to photograph, and roughly aim the camera in the appropriate direction. Thus, small camera motions are sufficient for obtaining a good composition. Results in the context of documenting accessibility barriers related to public transportation show that audio feedback is valuable. Visually impaired users were not affected by audio feedback in terms of social comfort. Furthermore, we observed trends in favor of speech over tone, including higher ratings for ease of use. This study reinforces earlier work that suggests users who are blind or low vision find assisted photography appealing and useful.
A residential example of hybrid wind-solar energy system: WISE

A residential size hybrid system powered by wind and solar Energy has been developed on Frostburg State University campus to supply a small building through net metering. The main purpose of the demonstration system is to develop a knowledge base on residential electric generation from wind and solar energy in Western Maryland and the surrounding area. The paper discusses the pre-design study for site selection, an assessment of the solar and wind potential at the selected location, the system outline, experience gained during the design and construction phase, and an assessment of the system performance based on collected output data.
Accountability in an Unequal World

According to the “standard model” of accountability, holding another actor accountable entails sanctioning that actor if it fails to fulfill its obligations without a justification or excuse. Less powerful actors therefore cannot hold more powerful actors accountable, because they cannot sanction more powerful actors. Because inequality appears unlikely to disappear soon, there is a pressing need for “second-best” forms of accountability: forms that are feasible under conditions of inequality, but deliver as many of the benefits of standard accountability as possible. This article describes a model of second-best accountability that fits this description, which I call “surrogate accountability.” I argue that surrogate accountability can provide some of the benefits of standard accountability, but not others, that it should be evaluated according to different normative criteria than standard accountability, and that, while surrogate accountability has some benefits that standard accountability lacks, it is...
ICAT-based comparative proteomic analysis of non-replicating persistent Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Summary The non-replicating persistence (NRP) phenotype of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (NRP-TB) is assumed to be responsible for the maintenance of latent infection and the requirement of a long treatment duration for active tuberculosis. Isotope coded affinity tag-based proteomic analysis was used for the determination of the relative expression of large numbers of M. tuberculosis proteins during oxygen self-depletion under controlled conditions in a multi-chambered fermentor. Expression of the α -crystallin homolog protein, acr, was monitored and quantified to confirm entry into NRP. Relative expression of 586 and 628 proteins was determined in log phase vs. early stage NRP (NRP-1) and log phase vs. later stage NRP (NRP-2), respectively. Relative to expression in log phase and using an abundance ratio of ±2.0 as a cutoff, 6.5% and 20.4% of proteins were found to be upregulated in NRP-1 and NRP-2, respectively while 20.3% and 13.4% were downregulated, respectively. Functional profiling revealed that 42.1%/39.8% of upregulated proteins and 41.2%/45.2% of downregulated proteins in NRP-1/NRP-2, respectively, were involved in small molecule metabolism. Among those proteins the highest proportions of 37.5% in NRP-1 were involved with degradation and of 45.1% in NRP-2 with energy metabolism. These results suggest distinct protein expression profiles in NRP-1 and NRP-2.
Impaired inhibition of conditioned responses produced by subchronic administration of phencyclidine to rats

Several recent investigations have suggested that an important function of the frontostriatal system is inhibitory response control, and we previously reported that subchronic exposure to phencyclidine (PCP) produced deficits in inhibitory control in monkeys. The current studies were designed to examine whether subchronic administration of PCP to rats would subsequently affect the ability to inhibit conditioned responses when relationships between reward and stimuli of affective significance change. First, the effects of long-term exposure to PCP on acquisition of a novel, concurrent discrimination or reversal learning were assessed; PCP-treated rats were selectively impaired in the ability to acquire the reversal of an already-learned stimulus-reward association. Furthermore, there were no effects of PCP treatment on the learning of a novel instrumental response; however, PCP-treated rats produced more responses during extinction of instrumental responding than did control subjects. Finally, PCP-treated rats produced more responses for a conditioned reinforcer than did control rats. These data suggest that PCP-treated rats are impaired in their ability to modulate behavior based upon new or changing information about stimulus-reward associations, possibly due to an inability to inhibit conditioned responding towards incentive stimuli. These effects may have relevance to mental disorders involving affective impairments and impulsivity, including schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and drug abuse.
General and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Coupling Reaction towards Imidazoheterocycles: One‐Pot Synthesis of Alpidem and Zolpidem

Imidazopyridine is an important pharmacophore widely found in many biologically active compounds.[i] Particularly, imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine is an essential fragment present in pharmacologically important molecules, including several anxyolytic drugs,[ii] such as alpidem (A),[iia,b] necopidem (C), and saripidem (D), and insomnia treatment drug zolpidem (B).[iic,d] Although a variety of synthetic methods for the synthesis of these important cores have been developed,[iii] most of them are limited in scope and require multistep preparation of starting materials.[iv] Accordingly, development of straightforward and general method for the synthesis of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines from easily available precursors is highly warranted. Herein we wish to report general and efficient synthesis of imidazopyridines 5 via the Cu-catalyzed three component coupling (TCC) reaction of 2-aminopyridines 1 with arylaldehydes 2 and alkynes 3 (Scheme 1).
Correlates of HIV testing and receipt of test results in addiction health services in Los Angeles County.

Background HIV testing and receipt of HIV test results among individuals with substance use disorders is less than optimal. We examined rates and correlates of HIV testing and receipt of test results in one of the largest public addiction health services systems in the United States.
Bayesian Statistical Process Control

﻿[This abstract is based on the author's abstract.] Bayes' theorem as it is applied to quality control has for the most part been associated with a rigid optimization model or has been used to infer the values of structural parameters of the monitored ..
Spatiotemporal patterns of evapotranspiration along the North American east coast as influenced by multiple environmental changes

The North American east coast has experienced significant land-use and climate changes since the beginning of the 20th century. In this study, using the Dynamic Land Ecosystem Model 2.0 driven by time-series input data of land use, climate and atmospheric CO2, we examined how these driving forces have affected the spatiotemporal trends and variability of evapotranspiration (ET) in this region during 1901–2008. Annual ET in the North American east coast during this period was 648.3 ± 38.6 mm/year and demonstrated an increasing trend. Factorial model simulations indicated that climate variability explained 76% of the inter-annual ET variability. Although land-use change only explained 16% of the ET temporal variability, afforestation induced the upward trend of ET and increased annual ET by 12.8 mm/year. Elevated atmospheric CO2 reduced annual ET by 0.84 mm, and its potential impacts under future atmospheric CO2 levels could be much larger than estimates for the historical 1901–2008 period. Climate change determined the spatial pattern of ET changes across the entire study area, whereas land-use changes dramatically affected ET in watersheds with significant land conversions. In spite of the multiple benefits from afforestation, its impacts on water resources should be considered in future land-use policy making. Elevated ET may also affect fresh water availability for the increasing social and economic water demands. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Relation of Hypertension to Cognitive Function

Hypertension is an established risk factor for stroke. However, prior to such a major clinical event, hypertension exerts a more subtle impact on the brain that is revealed by diminished cognitive function. Studies comparing the performance of people with high and normal blood pressure levels have shown that high blood pressure or hypertension is related to poorer performance on tests of attention, learning and memory, executive functions, visuospatial skills, psychomotor abilities, and perceptual skills. Hypertension is also predictive of cognitive decline. Variables that may alter (i.e., moderate) the relation of hypertension to cognitive function include age, education, several biological characteristics of hypertension, and the presence of concurrent diseases. Although hypertensives are not clinically impaired, their diminished levels of cognitive performance could affect their perceived quality of life. Various brain mechanisms may explain the relation of hypertension to lower levels of cognitive fun...
Video Bandwidth Compression by Multiplexing: Experimental Results

The principle of a system for video bandwidth compression by multiplexing was described in [1]. That scheme was applied to two-level images. Experimental results are given. Seven two-level images were multiplexed and a bandwidth compression by a factor of 2.6 was achieved.
Cancer and Lhermitte-Duclos disease are common in Cowden syndrome patients

Cancer risk and Lhermitte-Duclos disease (LDD) risk estimates for Cowden syndrome (CS) are broad and based on a small number of patients. Risk estimates are vital to the development of diagnostic criteria, genetic counseling, and cancer surveillance. To further elaborate and estimate the risks associated with CS, a large cohort of patients was evaluated. CS patients were identified from the medical literature and the Mayo Clinic's records. All patients met accepted diagnostic criteria for CS. A total of 211 CS patients (age 44 ± 16 years, 64% female, 46% PTEN mutation) were included (published literature 90% and Mayo Clinic series 10%). The cumulative lifetime (age 70 years) risks were 89% for any cancer diagnosis (95% confidence interval (CI) = 80%,95%), breast cancer [female] 81% (CI = 66%,90%), LDD 32% (CI = 19%,49%), thyroid cancer 21% (CI = 14%,29%), endometrial cancer 19% (CI = 10%,32%), and renal cancer 15% (CI = 6%,32%). A previously unreported increased lifetime risk for colorectal cancer was identified (16%, CI = 8%,24%). Male CS patients had fewer cancers diagnosed than female patients and often had cancers not classically associated with CS. Seven percent of breast and thyroid cancers occurred in patients who were younger than the recommended age to commence radiographic cancer screening. There was a trend for patients with a family history of CS and PTEN mutations to have a lower cancer risk than those without. This study confirms CS patients are at increased risk for cancer and quantitative data is provided to guide clinical care. Based on a different tumor spectrum, separate male and female clinical CS diagnostic criteria may be indicated.
Molecular scattering and vibrational spectroscopy at surfaces: a dynamic symbiosis

Abstract Controlled chemical dynamics at surfaces involves the movement of selected atoms of the constituent molecules and solid over multi-dimensional potential energy surfaces (PES). State-to-state molecular beam scattering and vibrational Spectroscopy provide complimentary information about the PES over which the hoped for controlled dynamics occurs. In this work, quantitative techniques developed in non-linear dynamics are used to demonstrate the symbiotic relationship between scattering and Spectroscopy.
BEHAVIORAL MEDICINE: A MANDATE FOR INTEGRATED RESEARCH

The now historic Yale Conference on Behavioral Medicine (1) was held at Yale University on February 4–6, 1977. At this Conference, a group of leading biomedical and behavioral/social science researchers from the USA met and defined the concept ofbehavioral medicine as follows: the field concerned with the development of behavioral science knowledge and techniques relevant to the understanding of physical health and illness and the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation.
The Return Of Hong Kong To China: An Analysis

The purpose of this paper is to discuss a topic that is somewhat recent, with outcomes that are still uncertain and hard to predict. The topic is the return of Hong Kong to China on July 1, 1997. It has only been 15 years since that date, and the impact is not completely clear yet. What the authors are aiming to do is to collect enough data from the literature, to be able to do an evaluation of both of these economies, before and after 1997. In attempting to do this an extensive discussion of both of the economies will be done, and it will be supplemented by the two GDPs, the Growth Rates and any other figures that might be relevant for this purpose.
Detecting malicious Android applications from runtime behavior

As of 2011, the Android market has already surpassed the Apple App Store in number of applications. Along with this increase in applications, also comes an increase in number of malicious applications. In response, there has been extensive research done with behavioral analysis and detection methods using system calls, CPU usage, and anomaly-based detection. In this paper, we extend upon these previous works by using logcat and strace outputs to generate runtime datasets of both malicious and benign applications. Using these datasets, we generate feature sets to be used for classification. We test the effectiveness of both a Random Forest classifier and a Support Vector Machine on this feature set. We see the Random Forest classifier perform well with true positive rates exceeding 90% while maintaining a false positive rate less than 6%.
Discussion: The Labor Market with Particular Reference to Canadian Agriculture

are upgraded in the direction indicated by changes in technology, capital use, and structure of agriculture. Any policies to encourage more rapid adjustment include general education measures and regional development activities to increase availability of nonfarm employment. Other programs may also be required to stimulate the mobility of farm labor, including (a) more vocational education to increase the skills of rural youth in nonfarm jobs and to increase their understanding of the total economy and society, (b) more adequate information about nonfarm job opportunities, and (c) subsidies or loans to those who wish to move to nonagricultural jobs.
A Chemical Study of Photo-CVD of Silicon Nitride in Mercury-Sensitized Reactions Between Silane and Ammonia

A photochemical system of mercury-sensitized reactions between silane and ammonia was studied to elucidate the gas-phase chemical processes involved in photo-CVD of silicon nitride. Several transient intermediates were detected and identified as silylated amines by the mass spectrometric isotope labeling method. These compounds containing both Si and N atoms appeared to be the precursors of silicon nitride. The chemical characteristics of silylated amines were studied under different experimental conditions. The reactivity and possible reaction paths for the formation of silylamine are discussed.
Isolation of Lomaiviticins C–E, Transformation of Lomaiviticin C to Lomaiviticin A, Complete Structure Elucidation of Lomaiviticin A, and Structure–Activity Analyses

We describe the isolation of (–)-lomaiviticins C–E (6–8), elucidation of the complete absolute and relative stereochemistry of (–)-lomaiviticin A (1), the synthetic conversion of (–)-lomaiviticin C (6) to (–)-lomaiviticin A (1), and the first evidence that the dimeric diazofluorene of (–)-lomaiviticin A (1) plays a defining and critical role in antiproliferative activity.
Flow cytometric analyses of lectin binding to Pneumocystis carinii surface carbohydrates

Pneumocystis carinii obtained from infected rat lung homogenates was incubated with fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins, counterstained with the nuclear stain, propidium iodide (PI), and analyzed by dual parameter histograms for lectin-associated green and PI-associated red fluorescence using a fluorescence- activated cell sorter. The presence of glucose/mannose moieties was evidenced by the binding of all organisms to concanavalin A and Wisteria floribunda. From the lectin group specific for N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, P. carinii reacted strongly with wheat germ agglutinin and less intensely with Solanum tuberosum. Reaction with lectins specific for N-acetyl-D-galactosamine/galactose was variable, probably reflecting the secondary binding affinities of the lectins used. Soybean agglutinin, Bauhinia purpurea agglutinin, and Maclura pomifera agglutinin reacted moderately, whereas Dolichos biflorus agglutinin, and Griffonia simplicifolia I reacted less avidly. The organisms reacted partially with Ulex europaeus agglutinin, a lectin specific for fucose, and did not react well with Arachis hypogaea, Viscum album agglutinin, and Grifonia simplicifolia I#4, lectins specific for galactose. A very weak fluorescent signal was detected with Limax flavus agglutinin, suggesting little or no sialic acid was present. All lectin-binding reactions were confirmed for specificity by inhibition with the relevant carbohydrates. Flow cytometric analysis of lung-derived Pneumocystis organisms stained with fluorescent surface and nuclear dyes provides a rapid method for characterization of large parasite populations. Pneumocystis carinii is the most common pul- monary pathogen in patients with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (Shelhamer et al., 1984; Moskowitz et al., 1985), but understanding of its basic biology and metabolism remains lim- ited due in large part to the lack of a continuous culture system. Electron and light microscopic studies have shown that P. carinii replicates ex- tracellularly within mammalian lung alveoli and forms a tight attachment with alveolar type I epithelial cells (Yoneda and Walzer, 1980; Long
Metagenomic analysis of denitrifying wastewater enrichment cultures able to transform the explosive, 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO)

Removal of 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one (NTO) was investigated in conjunction with heterotrophic and autotrophic denitrifying growth conditions by a microbial consortium from a wastewater treatment plant. Microcosms were supplemented with molasses, methanol, or thiosulfate. Cultures were passaged twice by transferring 10 % of the culture volume to fresh media on days 11 and 21. Rates of NTO removal were 18.71 ± 0.65, 9.04 ± 2.61, and 4.34 ± 2.72 mg/L/day while rates of nitrate removal were 20.08 ± 1.13, 21.58 ± 1.20, and 24.84 ± 1.26 mg/L/day, respectively, for molasses, methanol, or thiosulfate. Metagenomic analysis showed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes were the major phyla in the microbial communities. In molasses supplemented cultures, the community profile at the family level changed over time with Pseudomonadaceae the most abundant (67.4 %) at day 11, Clostridiaceae (65.7 %) at day 21, and Sporolactobacillaceae (35.4 %) and Clostridiaceae (41.0 %) at day 29. Pseudomonadaceae was the dominant family in methanol and thiosulfate supplemented cultures from day 21 to 29 with 76.6 and 81.6 % relative abundance, respectively.
Residues on Ryegrass Following Preplant or Postemergence Applications of Four Insecticides for Mole Cricket Control

Ryegrass was treated with chlordane, diazinon, Dyfonate® ( O -ethyl S -phenyl ethylphosphonodithioate), and trichlorfon in bait and granular formulations. Pesticides were applied as a preplant treatment disked into the soil or as a single application to the grass 7 weeks after planting. Chlordane residues on ryegrass after a single foliar application of 0.5 and 3.0 lb per acre followed by 21 days of weathering were 2.1 and 3.2 ppm, respectively. Preplant application of 3.0 lb per acre of chlordane resulted in grass residues below 0.3 ppm throughout the sampling period. Following a 2.0-lb-per-acre foliar application of 14% diazinon granules, residues decreased from 15.3 to 0.3 ppm during the 21-day weathering period. Diazinon residues of less than 0.1 ppm were detected on grass samples taken 50 days after a 2.0-lb-per-acre preplant application to the soil. Dyfonate residues decreased from 16.8 to 0.5 ppm. during the 21-day period after a 2.0-lb-per-acre foliar treatment. Under the same conditions, residues of Dyfonate oxygen analogue were found to be less than 0.2 ppm. after a 2.0-lb-per-acre preplant application to the soil, residues of Dyfonate or its oxygen analogue were insignificant. Trichlorfon residues decreased from 37.5 to 0.1 pm during the 21-day weathering period after a 1.0-lb-per-acre foliar application.
Computerized ventilator data selection: artifact rejection and data reduction.

Objective: To determine acceptable strategies for automated data acquisition and artifact rejection from computerized ventilators using the Medical Information Bus. Design: Medical practitioners were surveyed to establish ‘clinically important’ ventilator events. A prospective study involving frequent data collection from ventilators was also conducted. Subjects: Data from 10 adult patients were collected every 10 seconds from a Puritan Bennett 7200A ventilator for a total of 617.1 hours. Interventions: Twelve different computerized data selection and artifact algorithms were tested and evaluated. Measurements and Main Results: Data derived from 12 data selection algorithms were compared with each other and with data manually charted by respiratory therapists into a computerized charting system. Ventilator setting data collected by the algorithms, such as FIO2, reduced the amount of data collected to about 25% compared to manually charted data. The amount of data collected for measured parameters, such as tidal volume, from the ventilator had large variability and many artifacts. Automated data capture and selection generally increased the amount of data collected compared to manual charting, for example for the 3 minute median the increase was a modest 1.2 times. Conclusion: Computerized methods for collecting ventilator setting data were relatively straightforward and more efficient than manual methods. However, the method for automated selection and presentation of observed measured parameters is much more difficult. Based on the findings and analysis presented here, the authors recommend recording ventilator setting data after they have existed for three minutes and measured parameters using a three minute median data selection strategy. Such an algorithm rejected most artifacts, required minimal computational time, had minimal time-delay, and provided clinically acceptable data acquisition. The results presented here are but a starting point in developing automated ventilator data selection strategies.
Design of Load Balancing System Based on Fourth Level Interchange Using IXP2400 Network Processor

Firstly this paper deeply analyzes the load balance technology based on fourth level interchange. Secondly a design scheme of load balancing system using IXP2400 network processor is put forward. The system realize fourth level switching and load balance module including basic second level switching module, and this technology idea:"Processing at the first time, Switching for the follow packet" is also introduced to system design, which make the operation speed improving greatly. Besides, due to using the network processors with extremely flexible programmable ability, the total system has the good extensibility and practicability.
Increased heparin requirements with autotransfusion

This study shows that heparin requirements are increased by withdrawing heparinized autologous blood before bypass for later autotransfusion.