cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
LANGUAGE LEARNING THROUGH SOCIAL NETWORKS: PERCEPTIONS AND REALITY

Chin-Hsi Lin, Michigan State University Mark Warschauer, University of California, Irvine Robert Blake, University of California, Davis Language Learning Social Network Sites (LLSNSs) have attracted millions of users around the world. However, little is known about how people participate in these sites and what they learn from them. This study investigated learners’ attitudes, usage, and progress in a major LLSNS through a survey of 4,174 as well as 20 individual case studies. The study hints at the potential of LLSNSs, given the generally positive regard participants have for the site, but it also shows its limitations, since most learners drop out or show only limited gains. The study suggests that if online education is to play a positive role in the teaching and learning of English and other languages, learners will need support, guidance, and well-structured activities to ensure the kinds of participation and linguistic interaction that can lead to success.
On the Physical Properties of Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS)

Distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS) is a complex heterogeneous granular solid that exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties. This fact is one of the major reasons that livestock nutritionists often find it difficult to include it in their feed rations. The rapid growth of the corn ethanol industry, the primary generator of DDGS, has resulted in a huge influx of this product into the marketplace. Unfortunately, the lack of standard methods for product quality determination and reporting is becoming a bottleneck to expanding the market for this product. Challenges in the logistics of moving DDGS through the market chain, primarily via rail, is also a cause of concern. This paper discusses past and the current state of research on the physical properties of DDGS and their determination. In particular is examines the causes of variability in particle density (PD), bulk density, particle morphology (particle size and shape) and particle size distribution (PSD). It also highlights the importance of developing standards for DDGS physical characteristics, measurement methods, and reporting that will be useful for the design of handling and storage systems, as well as DDGS product trade.
Chapter 5 – Translation Planes

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on translation planes with emphasis on the classes of translation planes, dimensions and collineations, and collineation groups. A translation plane is an affine plane II whose translation group T (II) is (sharply) transitive on the affine points. (By a translation is meant a (P, l∞)-elation, where l∞ is the line at infinity, or improper line, of II and P ϵ l∞.) Every coordinatizing ternary ring of a translation plane (with respect to the line l∞ ) is quasified. A generalized Hall system is a quasifield derived from a semifield, and a generalized Hall plane is a translation plane coordinatized by a generalized Hall system. It the semifield is itself a field, that is the plane is Desarguesian, then the derived quasifield is called a Hall system, and the derived plane a Hall plane. A planar collineation of a translation plane II is a collineation which fixes a subplane pointwise. A planar collineation group of II is a collineation group which fixes a sub- plane pointwise.
Recommendations to reduce psychological harm from traumatic events among children and adolescents.

Exposure to traumatic events such as physical abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence, community violence, and natural disasters is a common occurrence among children in the U.S. According to a nationally representative sample of children aged 2–17 years, surveyed at the end of 2002 and early in 2003, one in eight children experienced a form of child maltreatment, one in 12 experienced sexual victimization, and more than one in three witnessed violence or experienced another form of indirect victimization. The psychological harms that may result from exposure to such traumatic events include post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and PTSD symptoms, depressive disorders and symptoms, externalizing behaviors, internalizing behaviors, suicidal ideation, and complicated grief. Traumatic exposures may lead to other health consequences as well, including risk-taking behavior and chronic physical disorders. The reduction of psychological harm caused by exposure to traumatic events is thus a critical goal of public health. This report provides conclusions on the effectiveness of seven approaches to reducing the psychological harm that children and adolescents may experience following traumatic exposures, including intentional events such as sexual abuse and terrorist attacks, and unintentional events such as vehicle crashes and hurricanes. Language: en
The Information Content of Econometric and Implied Forecasts

This study examines the information content of various econometric and implied correlation models applied to over-the-counter currency options. To gain insight into the incremental information contribution of each forecast, a regression-based approach is undertaken, that suggests a lack of optimal data employment by the individual forecasts and that value is added when various forecasts are combined. In addition, we also examine which forecast error – correlation or volatility – contributes more to the covariance forecast error by assuming perfect foresight for either correlation or volatility forecast. In this regard, it appears that volatility forecasting has a more accurate methodology than correlation forecasting.
Workforce Implications for the Virtual Manufacturing Environment

There is a new reality in manufacturing today which calls for a global focus. This focus is upon what may be identified as a virtual manufacturing environment. The driving forces behind the virtual manufacturing environment are: a global economic system, a need for products with the most modern features, a lean and agile delivery system, and the highest quality. This new reality has placed great pressure upon the existing workforce. The need for new or innovative approaches to retrain workers that are in place must be identified. The methodology behind training for the virtual manufacturing environment must be developed.
Two new species of chiggers (Acari: Trombiculidae) from small mammals collected in Brazil.

Two new species of chiggers are described from mammals collected in Fazenda Agua Limpa, Federal District, Brazil: Trombewingia brasiliensis from Bolomys lasiurus and Parasecia lasiurus from B. lasiurus and Oxymycterus sp.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Mechanism of Ablation Induced by a Femtosecond Laser Pulse

In this work, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations are carried out to study femtosecond laser ablation of a metal, with an emphasis on the understanding of the mechanism of laser ablation. Theoretically, it has been shown that under intense femtosecond laser irradiation, the material can undergo a volumetric phase change process; its temperature can be close to or even above the critical point. MD simulations allow us to determine the transient temperature of the irradiated material as well as the transient thermodynamic state, which explain the mechanisms of femtosecond laser ablation.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Nitrogen in Extraterrestrial Environments: Clues to the Possible Presence of Life

Nitrogen is a critical element for living organisms on Earth. While atmospheric N2 is plentiful, organisms find it difficult to metabolize, requiring chemical modifications that are rare or absent in abiotic chemistry. Living organisms reduce N2 to NH3 with elaborate, energy-intensive, biochemical processing to create nitrogen-bearing carbon compounds essential for life. Astrobiologists have long discussed what role nitrogen could play in shaping life on other planets. Work on Martian meteorites has provided new insights into nitrogen cycling on Mars. Research on meteorites ties into investigations by NASA's Mars Science Laboratory that are providing on-the-ground information to piece together a more cohesive picture of the importance of nitrogen for establishing a habitable environment.
Native Americans in the Fur Trade and Wildlife Depletion

Native Americans are generally acknowledged as the New World's first and foremost environmentalists. Native American religions stress that people are coequal with nature, descendants of "Grandmother Earth." How then, could some of them have depleted wildlife for the fur trade, as occurred in the eastern United States and Canada by the mid-19th century? The most comprehensive discussion of that question published to date is Calvin Martin's Keepers of the Game. ' Martin proposed that Indians believed their catastrophic post-contact epidemics were caused by wildlife diseases, which together with a Europeanization of their values, shattered their protohistoric deferential relationships with wildlife spirits. However, various authors subsequently have criticized Martin's interpretations as unsubstantiated and have advanced their own solutions to the question, focusing primarily on the political and economic advantages of the fur trade to Native Americans.2 This paper examines Native Americans (predominantly Menominee and Winnebago) involved in the fur trade of Green Bay, Wisconsin before European-American settlement (ca 1620-1836,) when Indians were almost the sole hunters and trappers in the region. By investigating fur trade ecology, economics, and ideology, the paper attempts to explain why they depleted wildlife populations. 118
The imperfective future tense in Russian

AbstractThis paper investigates the use of the imperfective periphrastic future (IPF) in Russian in those cases where it is used to signal single-occurring future events or actions. It is argued that the IPF is a tense despite its morphological distinction of being the sole analytic Russian tense. Syntactically, the IPF differs from other periphrastic verbal constructions in that it cannot occur with double negation. It unequivocally occurs with future deictic reference, firm evidence that it is indeed a tense. Semantically, the distribution of the IPF can best be described in terms of four interrelated scalar parameters: GIVENNESS, IMMINENCE, INTENTION and VOLITION.
Cancer Cell Invasion in Three-dimensional Collagen Is Regulated Differentially by Gα13 Protein and Discoidin Domain Receptor 1-Par3 Protein Signaling *

Cancer cells can invade in three-dimensional collagen as single cells or as a cohesive group of cells that require coordination of cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton. To examine the role of Gα13, a G12 family heterotrimeric G protein, in regulating cellular invasion in three-dimensional collagen, we established a novel method to track cell invasion by membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-expressing cancer cells. We show that knockdown of Gα13 decreased membrane type 1 matrix metalloproteinase-driven proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen and enhanced E-cadherin-mediated cell-cell adhesion. E-cadherin knockdown reversed Gα13 siRNA-induced cell-cell adhesion but failed to reverse the effect of Gα13 siRNA on proteolytic invasion. Instead, concurrent knockdown of E-cadherin and Gα13 led to an increased number of single cells rather than groups of cells. Significantly, knockdown of discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), a collagen-binding protein that also co-localizes to cell-cell junctions, reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Knockdown of the polarity protein Par3, which can function downstream of DDR1, also reversed the effects of Gα13 knockdown on cell-cell adhesion and proteolytic invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Overall, we show that Gα13 and DDR1-Par3 differentially regulate cell-cell junctions and the actin cytoskeleton to mediate invasion in three-dimensional collagen. Background: The role of Gα13 in mediating invasion in three-dimensional collagen is not well known. Results: Gα13 promotes invasion in three-dimensional collagen by disrupting cell-cell adhesion, whereas DDR1-Par3 signaling counteracts the effects of Gα13 by enhancing cell-cell adhesion. Conclusion: Gα13 and DDR1-Par3 differentially regulate cell-cell junctions to mediate three-dimensional invasion. Significance: Better understanding of how cells invade in three-dimensional collagen may identify potential therapeutic targets.
Definition, Implementation, And Assessment Of Natal-74-An Author Language For Computeraided Learning

AbstractExchange of computer-aided learning (CAL) course material has been severely restricted by the lack of a commonly accepted or standard programming language for the representation of these materials. It was with this problem in mind that the National Research Council’s Associate Committee on Instructional Technology initiated work towards the development of a common programming language for CAL. In 1972, the Committee published a functional specification for a CAL programming language which represented a consensus of opinion of a group of active CAL users. This document was subsequently used as the basis of a contract for the development of a detailed language specification which was delivered in 1974.The language, NATAL-74, has since been implemented on a DECsystem-10 at the National Research Council and testing is underway. The paper discusses the rationale for the project; techniques used in the definition of the language, both at the functional level and the detailed level; the procedures used a...
Aspects of science and technology in support of legal and policy frameworks associated with a global carbon emissions-control regime

The delegates to COP21 in Paris, in conjunction with nationally formulated commitments and pledges, resolved that countries should take actions to “hold the increase in global temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels” and to achieve “a balance between anthropogenic emissions by sources and removal by sinks of greenhouse gases in the second half of this century”. This resolution for action suggests a step towards a global carbon emissions-control regime which, due to regional variabilities and remaining uncertainties as to the exact effects of atmospheric CO2 concentrations, must be considered within the purview of risk management. In this Opinion, four topics are discussed that intertwine science, technology, legal, and policy issues critical to the implementation of any global carbon emissions-control regime: (i) What to regulate and at what levels; (ii) Regulating short-term versus long-term emissions; (iii) Validation of compliance in a regulated global emissions regime; and, (iv) Legal aspects of geoengineering.
Biological distance analysis, cranial morphoscopic traits, and ancestry assessment in forensic anthropology

Abstract Forensic anthropology and morphoscopic traits are only rarely considered in the biological distance analysis literature. When they are employed, their treatment is often theoretical (and population-based) so these studies are of little use to practicing forensic anthropologists. This oversight may speak directly to the rare incorporation of biodistance measures in the analysis of morphoscopic trait data. To fill that knowledge gap several canonical analysis of principal coordinates are conducted in three- and four-group analyses to explore the validity of a population-level focus and to determine the legitimacy of the reference data generally employed in forensic analyses. The results of CAP analyses indicate morphoscopic data are useful for classification and that these traits are also useful also for exploring relatedness and biodistance.
Eye tracking using monocular camera for gaze estimation applications

Gaze estimation reveals valuable information in terms of human behavior. For example, gaze location can be used as a mean of human computer interaction. In practice, locating the eyes position is a challenging task. Moreover, it is more challenging to estimate the location of the gaze. It requires a system to extract the information of the human eye location then estimate the direction of the gaze. There are existing systems that achieve similar tasks. Many of these systems rely on complex systems, such as wearable sensors or an infrared camera to find the exact focus of eyes gaze. Consequently, these systems are not only complex but also suitable for limited applications. In this paper, we present efficient eye focus methods using a monocular camera, which brings more flexibility and convenience to the system. Three different algorithms for locating the eye's focus have been examined and compared. These algorithms are highly efficient and able to discern the location of the eye's focus in real-time using a regular laptop or desktop computers.
Addition of the Fleischner Society Guidelines to Chest CT Examination Interpretive Reports Improves Adherence to Recommended Follow-up Care for Incidental Pulmonary Nodules

Rationale and Objectives The study aimed to determine whether the addition of the Fleischner Society guidelines to chest computed tomography (CT) reports identifying incidental pulmonary nodules affects follow-up care. Patients and Methods Beginning in 2008, a template containing the Fleischner Society guidelines was added at the interpreting radiologist's discretion to chest CT reports describing incidental solid pulmonary nodules at our institution. The records of all medical centers in Olmsted county were used to capture the complete medical history of local patients >35 years old diagnosed with a pulmonary nodule from April 1, 2008 to October 1, 2011. Patients with a history of cancer or previously diagnosed nodule, or who died before follow-up, were excluded. Patients were categorized according to whether they did (“template group”) or did not (“control group”) have the template added. Nodule size and smoking history were used to determine recommended follow-up care. Differences in follow-up were compared between groups using Pearson's chi-square test. Results A total of 510 patients (276 in the template group, 234 in the control group) were included in the study. Only 198 patients (39%) received their recommended follow-up care. Template group patients were significantly more likely to receive recommended follow-up care compared to control group patients (45% vs 31%, P = .0014). Most patients whose management did not adhere to Fleischner Society guidelines did not receive a recommended follow-up chest CT (210 out of 312, 67%). Conclusions The addition of the Fleischner Society guidelines to chest CT reports significantly increases the likelihood of receiving recommended follow-up care for patients with incidental pulmonary nodules. Additional education is needed to improve appropriate guideline utilization by radiologists and adherence by ordering providers.
Description of a new species of Caccoleptus (Coleoptera: Dermestidae) from Brazil

Uma nova especie de dermestideo, Caccoleptus honeymani, e descrita e comparada com tres outras especies conhecidas. Somente existia uma outra especie sul americana, C. wicki da Colombia e Guiana. C. honeymani pode ser diferenciado deste pela presenca de um agrupamento de pubescencia branca na superficie dorsal e pela presenca de uma area pequena convexa triangular na parede anterior da fossa antenal na margem mediana. C. wicki nao tem pelos brancos no dorso mas na elitra tem duas faixas de pelo dourado. A parede anterior da fossa antenal da femea de C. wicki (o macho desta especie e desconhecida e e presumida reproduzisse partenogenicamente) e concava no seu comprimento total. Uma segunda especie de Entre Rios. perto do Rio de Janeiro, esta listada mais permanece sem nome devido ao pobre estado dos dois exemplares disponiveis. O macho desta especie e diferenciavel do macho de C. honeymani pela sua antena pectinada clavifomis. O clava da antena de C. honeymani tem os pedicelos dos segmentos perto do centro. Especies de Caccoleptus sao de interesse presentemente pelo seu possivel uso de controle biologico. C. wicki tem sido encontrado predando ovos e primeiros estagios larvais de Opisphanes cassina Fabr., uma lepitoptera ninfalida, defoliadora de bananeiras.
Pathogen-induced maternal effects result in enhanced immune responsiveness across generations.

Parental investment theory postulates that adults can accurately perceive cues from their surroundings, anticipate the needs of future offspring based on those cues, and selectively allocate nongenetic resources to their progeny. Such context-dependent parental contributions can result in phenotypically variable offspring. Consistent with these predictions, we show that bacterially exposed Manduca sexta mothers oviposited significantly more variable embryos (as measured by mass, volume, hatching time, and hatching success) relative to naive and control mothers. By using an in vivo "clearance of infection" assay, we also show that challenged larvae born to heat-killed- or live-Serratia-injected mothers, supported lower microbial loads and cleared the infection faster than progeny of control mothers. Our data support the notion that mothers can anticipate the future pathogenic risks and immunological needs of their unborn offspring, providing progeny with enhanced immune protection likely through transgenerational immune priming. Although the inclusion of live Serratia into oocytes does not appear to be the mechanism by which mothers confer protection to their young, other mechanisms, including epigenetic modifications in the progeny due to maternal pathogenic stress, may be at play. The adaptive nature of maternal effects in the face of pathogenic stress provides insights into parental investment, resource allocation, and life-history theories and highlights the significant role that pathogen-induced maternal effects play as generators and modulators of evolutionary change.
LabRS: A Rosetta stone for retrospective standardization of clinical laboratory test results.

Objective Clinical laboratories in the United States do not have an explicit result standard to report the 7 billion laboratory tests results they produce each year. The absence of standardized test results creates inefficiencies and ambiguities for secondary data users. We developed and tested a tool to standardize the results of laboratory tests in a large, multicenter clinical data warehouse. Methods Laboratory records, each of which consisted of a laboratory result and a test identifier, from 27 diverse facilities were captured from 2000 through 2015. Each record underwent a standardization process to convert the original result into a format amenable to secondary data analysis. The standardization process included the correction of typos, normalization of categorical results, separation of inequalities from numbers, and conversion of numbers represented by words (eg, "million") to numerals. Quality control included expert review. Results We obtained 1.266 × 109 laboratory records and standardized 1.252 × 109 records (98.9%). Of the unique unstandardized records (78.887 × 103), most appeared <5 times (96%, eg, typos), did not have a test identifier (47%), or belonged to an esoteric test with <100 results (2%). Overall, these 3 reasons accounted for nearly all unstandardized results (98%). Conclusion Current results suggest that the tool is both scalable and generalizable among diverse clinical laboratories. Based on observed trends, the tool will require ongoing maintenance to stay current with new tests and result formats. Future work to develop and implement an explicit standard for test results would reduce the need to retrospectively standardize test results.
Cohesive zone fracture modelling of asphalt pavements with applications to design of high-performance asphalt overlays

Mechanism of fracture in a viscoelastic heterogeneous composite with thermo-rheological properties such as, asphalt mixture is quite involved and cannot be correctly simulated with simpler linear e...
Managerial Ambivalence and Electronic Civic Engagement: The Role of Public Manager Beliefs and Perceived Needs

This article addresses an important yet often neglected component of electronic civic engagement efforts: managerial ambivalence about public participation. We examine how managers’ beliefs about public participation and their perceived needs for participation in agency decision making work together to shape electronic engagement efforts. Based on observational data collected in 2010 and 2014 and data from a 2014 survey of managers in 500 U.S. municipal governments, we find that managerial beliefs about participation and their perceived needs for participation are two valid and separate constructs. There is a positive relationship between managerial beliefs and electronic engagement. Perceived needs for participation interact with managers’ beliefs to affect electronic civic engagement. A high level of perceived needs for participation reinforces the effect of managerial beliefs on electronic engagement efforts, but a low level does not offset the effect of managerial beliefs on electronic engagement.
“I Love This Book Because That’s Like Me!” A Multilingual Refugee/Adolescent Girl Responds From Her Homeplace

ABSTRACTResearch acknowledges the value of youths reading books that represent their lives and cultures, yet there is a growing need to better understand how youths of understudied groups respond t...
Dissipation of energy during the respiratory cycle: conditional importance of ergotrauma to structural lung damage.

Purpose of reviewTo describe and put into context recent conceptual advances regarding the relationship of energy load and power to ventilator-induced lung injury (VILI).Recent findingsInvestigative emphasis regarding VILI has almost exclusively centered on the static characteristics of the individu
Clonal Evolution During Stress Hematopoiesis

Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) acquire somatic mutations with age resulting in a heterogeneous cell population, with each HSPC possessing its own unique set of private mutations. HSPCs that acquire somatic mutations that confer a competitive fitness advantage relative to their normal counterparts may clonally expand. Indeed, several groups have documented the presence of clonal hematopoiesis in healthy individuals. Although originally thought to be limited to older individuals, a recent study using an ultra-sensitive sequencing technique showed that expanded hematopoietic clones are detectable in the majority of healthy 50-60-year-old individuals. With some notable exceptions, the same genes that are commonly mutated in clonal hematopoiesis also are somatically mutated in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and acute myeloid leukemia (AML). However, only a small fraction of individuals with clonal hematopoiesis subsequently develop a myeloid malignancy and the size of the mutant clone in clonal hematopoiesis can remain stable for years without disease progression. These observations raise several questions that will be addressed in this presentation. What drives expansion of hematopoietic clones? What role do external hematopoietic stressors, such as exposure to chemotherapy, play in the development of clonal hematopoiesis? Why do so few people with clonal hematopoiesis develop a myeloid malignancy, and are there certain mutations that confer a higher risk of transformation? Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Dynamic optimal experimental design yields marginal improvement over steady-state results for computational maximisation of regulatory T-cell induction in ex vivo culture

The isolation of T cells, followed by differentiation into Regulatory T cells (Tregs), and re-transplantation into the body has been proposed as a therapeutic option for inflammatory bowel disease. A key requirement for making this a viable therapeutic option is the generation of a large population of Tregs. However, cytokines in the local microenvironment can impact the yield of Tregs during differentiation. As such, experimental design is an essential part of evaluating the importance of different cytokine concentrations for Treg differentiation. However, currently only single, constant concentrations of the cytokines have been investigated. This work addresses this point by performing experimental design in silico which seeks to maximize the predicted induction of Tregs relative to Th17 cells, by selecting an optimal input function for the concentrations of TGF-β, IL-2, IL-6, and IL-23. While this approach sounds promising, the results show that only marginal improvements in the concentration of Tregs can be achieved for dynamic cytokine profiles as compared to optimal constant concentrations. Since constant concentrations are easier to implement in experiments, it is recommended for this particular system to keep the concentrations constant where IL-6 should be kept low and high concentrations of TGF-β, IL-2, and IL-23 should be used.
Compossibility and Creation

In Chapter One, I argued that Leibniz’s doctrine of complete concepts does not entail a denial of counterfactual identity, and that it would be necessary to appeal to other of Leibniz’s principles to justify the interpretive dogma that God has only one complete concept of any given individual. Commentators have appealed to Leibniz’s principle of the identity of indiscernables. More accurately, they have appealed to sundry picturesque illustrations that Leibniz provides of that principle. I have argued in Chapter 3 that the interpretations of those illustrations are very speedy and biased. In particular, the interpretations presuppose that it is not possible for a Leibnizian individual to be persons other than the person it actually is. I have seen no substantial arguments advanced by commentators to support this presupposition, and there is much more than enough textual evidence to motivate the interpretation that Leibniz meant by an individual’s being different persons its having different complete concepts.
Tissue-Bound Bile Acids

In the last decade, bile acids have attracted the attention of nutritional epidemiologists because of the suspected association between dietary characteristics, fecal steroids, and carcinoma of the colon. The bile acids, cholic and chenodeoxycholic acids, formed in the liver are the primary end products of cholesterol metabolism in higher animals. In the liver, they are conjugated to glycine and taurine and/or sulfated to form water-soluble products that are secreted into the bile. A significant amount of bile salts and neutral sterols that reach the small bowel are reabsorbed and returned to the liver via the enterohepatic circulation, where they exercise negative feedback control on the synthesis of cholesterol as well as on its conversion to bile acids [1]. The neutral sterols (both exogenous and endogenous) and bile salts reaching the distal ileum and large bowel are further metabolized to a number of secondary products under the influence of intestinal microflora. Fecal bile acids and neutral sterols are therefore a complex mixture of closely related compounds, representing the combined effects of hepatic and gastrointestinal metabolism.
Surface Water Quality in Streams and Rivers: Scaling and Climate Change

This chapter explores spatial and temporal scaling and the impact of climate change on four basic water quality parameters: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, and suspended sediment. An introduction describing the conditions and changes in these water quality parameters is presented. Temporal scaling of water quality parameters is discussed on diel (24 h), precipitation event, and seasonal time scales. Discussion of longitudinal scaling of these parameters is included as well. Effects of climate change are presented here with a focus on observed trends, modeling results, and confounding factors in predicting climate change-induced shifts in water quality. This review highlights how factors such as geographic location, land cover, and human perturbations can alter water quality trends in rivers and streams.
Allometric Perspectives on Fossil Catarrhine Morphology

Patterns of size and scaling are an important element in the analysis of fossil catarrhine morphology. Fossil representatives of this group vary substantially in size and in many cases related forms of different size are found in similarly dated strata so that size differences and their consequences become an important element in understanding the adaptive relationships among these forms as well as in establishing ancestor-descendant sequences. The removal or partitioning of the effects of size in morphological data becomes an important element in making correlations between structure and adaptation in fossil specimens.
Advances in Sharing Multi-sourced Health Data on Decision Support Science 2016-2017.

Introduction: Clinical decision support science is expanding to include integration from broader and more varied data sources, diverse platforms and delivery modalities, and is responding to emerging regulatory guidelines and increased interest from industry. Objective: Evaluate key advances and challenges of accessing, sharing, and managing data from multiple sources for development and implementation of Clinical Decision Support (CDS) systems in 2016-2017. Methods: Assessment of literature and scientific conference proceedings, current and pending policy development, and review of commercial applications nationally and internationally. Results: CDS research is approaching multiple landmark points driven by commercialization interests, emerging regulatory policy, and increased public awareness. However, the availability of patient-related “Big Data” sources from genomics and mobile health, expanded privacy considerations, applications of service-based computational techniques and tools, the emergence of “app” ecosystems, and evolving patient-centric approaches reflect the distributed, complex, and uneven maturity of the CDS landscape. Nonetheless, the field of CDS is yet to mature. The lack of standards and CDS-specific policies from regulatory bodies that address the privacy and safety concerns of data and knowledge sharing to support CDS development may continue to slow down the broad CDS adoption within and across institutions. Conclusion: Partnerships with Electronic Health Record and commercial CDS vendors, policy makers, standards development agencies, clinicians, and patients are needed to see CDS deployed in the evolving learning health system.
Hypoxia Signaling in the Skeleton: Implications for Bone Health

We reviewed recent literature on oxygen sensing in osteogenic cells and its contribution to development of a skeletal phenotype, the coupling of osteogenesis with angiogenesis and integration of hypoxia into canonical Wnt signaling, and opportunities to manipulate oxygen sensing to promote skeletal repair. Oxygen sensing in osteocytes can confer a high bone mass phenotype in murine models; common and unique targets of HIF-1α and HIF-2α and lineage-specific deletion of oxygen sensing machinery suggest differentia utilization and requirement of HIF-α proteins in the differentiation from mesenchymal stem cell to osteoblast to osteocyte; oxygen-dependent but HIF-α-independent signaling may contribute to observed skeletal phenotypes. Manipulating oxygen sensing machinery in osteogenic cells influences skeletal phenotype through angiogenesis-dependent and angiogenesis-independent pathways and involves HIF-1α, HIF-2α, or both proteins. Clinically, an FDA-approved iron chelator promotes angiogenesis and osteogenesis, thereby enhancing the rate of fracture repair.
Advanced Counter-Biasing

Abstract Viewed through the lens of the prominent two-system model of decision making, much of behavioral economics is seen as studying the tension between impulses (System 1) and rationality (System 2). In this context, two strategies, “de-biasing,” informing agents of their biases and “counter-biasing,” using “nudges” to activate biases to positively influence choice, have improved the welfare of behavioral agents. We advance the notion of counter-biasing by demonstrating that one bias (present bias) can be pit against another (choking at high stakes) to counteract the ill effects of the second. Our results demonstrate the potential of counter-biasing as an effective policy tool.
An Exploration of Activities, Reasons, and Barriers of Using Social Media for Food Allergy Management

Managing food allergies can be overwhelming for affected individuals. Social media (SoMe) may serve as a platform for individuals with food allergies to access and share useful information. This study investigates SoMe use among adults with food allergies. Fifty individuals with food allergies answered a series of open-ended questions related to their SoMe use behaviors. The answers were used to develop an online anonymous survey, which was completed by 319 individuals with food allergies. Results indicate that SoMe users mainly use SoMe to gather updated information about food allergies and hear somebody else’s experiences and advices about food allergies. Lack of privacy, concerns about reliability of the information, and lack of efficiency were barriers to the use of SoMe. Those who were younger, had an allergic reaction in restaurants in the past, and who were newly diagnosed with food allergy were more likely to engage in SoMe use for food allergy related purposes. SoMe administrators may seek strategies to remove barriers and share information from credible resources to benefit those in need of such information.
Co-adapting a Design Thinking Activity to Engage Students with Learning Disabilities: Insights and Lessons Learned

Teaching students with learning disabilities about design thinking can prepare them to be active co-designers of learning tools and resources that will ultimately benefit them and their peers. In this paper, we outline an introductory design thinking activity conducted with students with learning disabilities and share two specific and contrasting student interactions that occurred during the activity. The two interactions highlight how being able to engage in open, respectful, and constructive idea sharing can lead to a more sophisticated and evolved design prototype. Student collaboration observed also provides insight into improved ways to scaffold learners in introductions to design thinking. We share lessons learned and ideas for how to modify this activity to better support a positive introduction to design thinking experience.
ISSM-SLPS: geodetically compliant Sea-Level Projection System for the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model v4.17

Abstract. Understanding future impacts of sea-level rise at the local level is important for mitigating its effects. In particular, quantifying the range of sea-level rise outcomes in a probabilistic way enables coastal planners to better adapt strategies, depending on cost, timing and risk tolerance. For a time horizon of 100 years, frameworks have been developed that provide such projections by relying on sea-level fingerprints where contributions from different processes are sampled at each individual time step and summed up to create probability distributions of sea-level rise for each desired location. While advantageous, this method does not readily allow for including new physics developed in forward models of each component. For example, couplings and feedbacks between ice sheets, ocean circulation and solid-Earth uplift cannot easily be represented in such frameworks. Indeed, the main impediment to inclusion of more forward model physics in probabilistic sea-level frameworks is the availability of dynamically computed sea-level fingerprints that can be directly linked to local mass changes. Here, we demonstrate such an approach within the Ice-sheet and Sea-level System Model (ISSM), where we develop a probabilistic framework that can readily be coupled to forward process models such as those for ice sheets, glacial isostatic adjustment, hydrology and ocean circulation, among others. Through large-scale uncertainty quantification, we demonstrate how this approach enables inclusion of incremental improvements in all forward models and provides fidelity to time-correlated processes. The projection system may readily process input and output quantities that are geodetically consistent with space and terrestrial measurement systems. The approach can also account for numerous improvements in our understanding of sea-level processes.
Flexor Carpi Radialis Tenosynovitis Mimicking Carpal Tunnel Syndrome Diagnosed and Monitored with Ultrasound: Case Report

The purpose of this report is to describe the value of ultrasound in diagnosing and monitoring flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tenosynovitis clinically mimicking carpal tunnel syndrome. A 62-year-old female had chronic right wrist pain with numbness and tingling in the first four digits. Physical examination suggested carpal tunnel syndrome. Ultrasound and power Doppler images demonstrated tenosynovitis of the FCR tendon, but a normal median nerve. Hyperemia was extending from the inflamed tendon to the adjacent median nerve, suggesting the FCR tenosynovitis was inducing a low-grade neuritis. Follow-up ultrasound at 3 weeks was performed due to worsening symptoms and demonstrated consistent tenosynovitis, prompting additional laboratory testing which excluded an inflammatory arthritis. More aggressive therapy was introduced at this time and repeat ultrasound 6 weeks later demonstrated near resolution of FCR tenosynovitis coinciding with symptom amelioration. This case underscores the value of ultrasound as an extension of the musculoskeletal examination to improve diagnostic specificity and guide appropriate care.
No-Show Rates and Associated Patient Factors in an Ophthalmology Resident Practice

Background In resident family medicine practices, a >20% no-show rate is common, often resulting in suboptimal care. Few studies have evaluated resident ophthalmology practices in a similar fashion. The objective of this study was to determine no-show rates and factors related to missed appointments in a resident-based ophthalmology clinic. Methods We reviewed 19,237 de-identified appointments over one academic year. Appointments were divided into general clinic visits and subspecialty visits (these two clinics function separately at our institution). The number of days between an appointment being made for a patient and the scheduled visit was defined as “lead time.” Each appointment was labeled “show” or “no-show.” Pertinent factors available in the analysis included lead time to appointment, patients age, month, time of day, practitioner training level (postgraduate years 2 to 4, fellow), and proximity to holiday. Subspecialty clinics included oculoplastics clinic, strabismus clinic, neuro-ophthalmology clinic, uveitis clinic, cornea clinic, glaucoma clinic, and retina clinic. Generalized linear mixed effects models were fit on the no-show status with these factors. Results The overall no-show rate for general clinic was 31.4%. Longer lead time to appointment, younger age, afternoon appointments, new patients, December appointments, and lower residency level were associated with higher odds of no-show (p ≤ 0.05). The overall no-show rate for subspecialty clinic was 21.8%. Longer lead time to appointment, younger age, and lower residency level were associated with higher odds of no-show (p ≤ 0.05). Patients were significantly less likely to show up for retina clinic, oculoplastics clinic, and glaucoma clinic. Conclusion The overall no-show rate in our clinic was on the higher end of reported no-show values from other specialties. Patient status and the lead time to appointment play a significant role in patient compliance. The significance of other factors (patient age, subspecialty, time of day, appointment month, and resident level) have been found in previous studies but are not consistent factors across all clinical environments.
Electron-phonon coupling induced intrinsic Floquet electronic structure

Floquet states are a topic of intense contemporary interest, which is often induced by coherent external oscillating perturbation (e.g., laser, or microwave) which breaks the continuous time translational symmetry of the systems. Usually, electron–phonon coupling modifies the electronic structure of a crystal as a non-coherent perturbation and seems difficult to form Floquet states. Surprisingly, we found that the thermal equilibrium electron–phonon coupling in M(MoS)3 and M(MoSe)3 (where M is a metallic element) exhibits a coherent behavior, and the electronic structure can be described by the Floquet theorem. Such a coherent Floquet state is caused by a selective giant electron–phonon coupling, with thermodynamic phonon oscillation serving as a driving force on the electronic part of the system. The quasi-1D Dirac cone at the Fermi energy has its band gap open and close regularly. Similarly, the electric current will oscillate even under a constant voltage.
Generation of Functional Gene Knockout Melanoma Cell Lines by CRISPR-Cas9 Gene Editing

Recent advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma have emerged only from advances in our understanding of melanoma development and progression at the cellular and molecular levels. Despite the impact that such advances have made on the clinical management of this cancer over the last decade, additional insights into factors that promote melanoma progression and therapeutic resistance are needed to combat this disease. CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing technology is a powerful tool for studying gene function in a timely and cost-effective manner, enabling the manipulation of specific DNA sequences via a targeted approach. Herein, we describe a protocol for generating functional gene knockouts in melanoma cell lines by CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, and we present an example application of this protocol for the successful knockout of the Foxc2 transcription factor-encoding gene in the B16-F1 murine melanoma cell line.
Telemedicine works for treating substance use disorder: The STAR clinic experience during COVID-19

The coronavirus disease 2019 has exposed many opportunities for improvement in treatment for substance use disorders. Regulators can ensure higher quality treatment for addiction when acknowledging telemedicine as a necessary treatment option and amending regulations to allow for telehealth parity across the United States.
Chemo-immunotherapy outcomes of KRAS-G12C mutant lung cancer compared to other molecular subtypes of KRAS-mutant lung cancer.

9088Background: KRAS mutations are identified in approximately 30% of NSCLC, with G12C mutations being the most common subtype and representing 12% of all non-small cell lung cancer cases. Novel di...
Sunlight and Cancer

The most common human cancer, skin cancer, has long been known to be localized mainly on the head and neck. Since these areas are most directly exposed to the sun, it is no surprise that sunlight was suspected as the culprit. Physicians keep two kinds of records on human skin cancer: incidence and prevalence. Incidence data record the number of cases of cancer appearing in a given geographical area per year, and prevalence data indicate the total number of cancers at one time in a given place. Squamous cell carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma, shown in Figures 8:1B,C, are the two most commonly found types of skin cancer. These carcinomas may form nodules on the skin or grow downward into the dermal connective tissue, or invade the dermis laterally. Skin cancers appear to be on the increase in the light-skinned population.