cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of H 2 O 2 Antiseptic on Dispersal of Cavitation-Induced Microdroplets.

The persisting outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 has posed an enormous threat to global health. The sustained human-to-human transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via respiratory droplets makes the medical procedures around the perioral area vulnerable to the spread of the disease. Such procedures include the ultrasonic dental cleaning method, which occurs within the oral cavity and involves cavitation-induced sprays, thus increasing the risk of pathogen transmission via advection. To understand the associated health and safety risks for patients and clinicians, it is critical to understand the flow pattern of the spray cloud around the operating region, the size and velocity distribution of the emitted droplets, and the extent of fluid dispersion until ultimate deposit on surfaces or escape through air vents. In this work, the droplet size and velocity distributions of the spray emerging from the tip of a free-standing common ultrasonic dental cleaning device were characterized via high-speed imaging. Deionized water and 1.5% and 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) solutions were used as working fluids, with the H2O2-an established oxidizing agent-intended to curb the survival of virus released in aerosols generated from dental procedures. The measurements reveal that the presence of H2O2 in the working fluid increases the mean droplet size and ejection velocity. Detailed computational fluid dynamic simulations with multiphase flow models reveal benefits of adding small amounts of H2O2 in the feed stream of the ultrasonic cleaner; this practice causes larger droplets with shorter residence times inside the clinic before settling down or escaping through air vents. The results suggest optimal benefits (in terms of fluid spread) of adding 1.5% H2O2 in the feed stream during dental procedures involving ultrasonic tools. The present findings are not specific to the COVID-19 pandemic but should also apply to future outbreaks caused by airborne droplet transmission.
Modeling Single Machine Preemptive Scheduling to Minimize the Cost of Tardiness and Overtime

We propose two alternative mathematical modeling approaches for the problem of finding a preemptive schedule that minimizes the total cost of tardiness for a set of jobs on a single processor under variable workload requirements. The first model follows from the conventional scheduling approach and the second borrows from the aggregate planning paradigm. We demonstrate with numerical experimentation and analytical methods that the latter modeling approach is more efficient and computes better lower bounds than the conventional model. We expand the study by analyzing special cases where overtime capacity is allowed and cases with equal work requirements where the advantages of the proposed aggregate model are fully exploded; finally, we validate the experimental results by applying the aggregate modeling paradigm to a real industry case where we compute well under four seconds the optimal overhaul schedule for 82 jobs under four different customers. Overall findings show that the proposed aggregate model is an effective tool for generating optimal or near-optimal schedules reasonably quick for real life applications.
Effects of time of night and sleep stage on perception of sleep in subjects with sleep state misperception

Although previous studies have documented that some persons who complain of poor sleep report having been awake when questioned following an awakening from Stage 2 sleep induced by an auditory stimulus, such observations have been confined to the first NREM-REM cycle. We have examined the possibility that the perception of having been awake or asleep may differ across the night. Eight subjects with sleep state misperception were awakened by a 500-Hz tone of progressive amplitude at five time points and were then asked to report whether they believed themselves to have been awake or asleep. This procedure was carried out on an early night during the first sleep cycle, and on a late night during the third sleep cycle, in random sequence. During the early Stage 2 trial, subjects were more likely to report having been awake, whereas in the late Stage 2 trial, they were more likely to report that they had been asleep. Conversely, in the REM sleep trial on the early night, subjects were more likely to report that they had been asleep. On the late night they were more likely to report that they had been awake, a change which was paralleled by a significant drop in scores on the Foulkes Dream Complexity Scale. Calculation of the duration of uninterrupted sleep prior to the trials suggests that this may have been a factor in the Stage 2, but not the REM, findings. There were no significant differences between the early and late REM trials in the frequency of dream reports, quality of dreams, or fragmentation of REM. These data indicate that subjects with sleep state misperception may experience REM sleep very differently in the first and third NREM-REM cycles.
Blocking and routing discrete solitons in two-dimensional networks of nonlinear waveguide arrays

Summary form only given. We show that discrete solitons propagating in two-dimensional waveguide array networks can provide a rich environment for all-optical data processing applications. We demonstrate that such arrays can effectively act like soliton wires along which these self-trapped beams can travel. In addition, by using vector/incoherent interactions at the network junctions, these soliton signals can be routed at will along specific pathways. Therefore, this family of solitons can be navigated anywhere within a two-dimensional network of nonlinear waveguides.
Biomechanical influences of magnetic resonance imaging on the SOUNDTEC Direct System implant.

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to measure the forces experienced by the SOUNDTEC Direct System magnetic implant during 0.3-T MRI. Study Design: Torsional and linear forces imposed on 8 implants were measured by using calibrated neurologic Von Frey hairs and were compared with finite-element analysis predictions and the forces required to separate the incudostapedial joints of unpreserved temporal bones. An implanted embalmed autopsy specimen was also examined before and after 1.5-T MRI. Results: Peak linear force at the orifice of the MRI core measured 0.51 g (±0.2 SD). Maximum torque occurred at the MRI core center and measured 11.4 g -cm (±1.2 SD). The mean torque required to separate the incudostapedial joints of 12 unpreserved temporal bones was 33.8 g -cm (±20.4 SD). The autopsy specimen sustained a 1.5-T MRI scan without disruption of the ossicular chain or explantation. Conclusions: Physical and mechanical testing of the SOUNDTEC implant indicates that the structural integrity of the ossicles will be maintained during 0.3-T MRI of the human head. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2002;127:520-30.)
Real-Time System Verification by Kappa-Induction

We report the first formal verification of a reintegration protocol for a safety-critical, fault-tolerant, real-time distributed embedded system. A reintegration protocol increases system survivability by allowing a node that has suffered a fault to regain state consistent with the operational nodes. The protocol is verified in the Symbolic Analysis Laboratory (SAL), where bounded model checking and decision procedures are used to verify infinite-state systems by k-induction. The protocol and its environment are modeled as synchronizing timeout automata. Because k-induction is exponential with respect to k, we optimize the formal model to reduce the size of k. Also, the reintegrator's event-triggered behavior is conservatively modeled as time-triggered behavior to further reduce the size of k and to make it invariant to the number of nodes modeled. A corollary is that a clique avoidance property is satisfied.
Differentiation of the Primitive Sex Elements at the Expense of the Y or W, and the Conservation of the Original X or Z

In the previous chapter it was shown that, with the exception of a small number of hermaphroditic species of fishes, the chromosomal sex-determining mechanism does exist in lower vertebrates. However, the X and the Y or the Z and the W of fishes and amphibians are still in an initial stage of differentiation. The two opposing sex determiners are still almost entirely homologous to each other.
Enhanced casein kinase II activity in COS-1 cells upon overexpression of either its catalytic or noncatalytic subunit

Casein kinase II consists of catalytic (alpha) and regulatory (beta) subunits complexed into a heterotetrameric alpha 2 beta 2 structure. Full-length cDNAs encoding the alpha and beta subunits of human casein kinase II were subcloned into an expression vector containing the cytomegalovirus promotor, yielding the expression constructs pCMV-alpha and pCMV-beta. Northern analyses of total cellular RNA prepared from COS-1 fibroblasts 65 h after transfection with pCMV-alpha or pCMV-beta or with both expression constructs showed marked specific increases in corresponding alpha and beta subunit RNAs. Immunoblot analysis utilizing anti-casein kinase II antiserum of cytosolic extracts prepared from COS-1 cells co-transfected with pCMV-alpha and pCMV-beta showed 2- and 4-fold increases in immunoreactive alpha and beta subunit protein, respectively, relative to vector-transfected cells. These same cytosolic fractions exhibited an average 5-fold increase in casein kinase II catalytic activity. COS-1 cells transfected with pCMV-alpha alone exhibited a 3-fold increase in immunoreactive alpha subunit protein and a nearly 2-fold increase in cytosolic casein kinase II catalytic activity. Transfection with the cDNA coding for the noncatalytic beta subunit alone also caused a near doubling of cytosolic casein kinase II catalytic activity. No increase in immunoreactive alpha subunit protein was observed in pCMV-beta-transfected cells, and no increase in immunoreactive beta subunit protein was observed in pCMV-alpha-transfected cells. These results indicate that a portion of the endogenous cellular casein kinase II protein is not fully active and that raising the concentration of the alpha or beta subunit stimulates this latent activity.
Deterioration Mechanisms in Weathering of Plastic Materials

Deterioration of most plastic materials starts at the outer surface and may take the form of discoloration, pitting, exudation of ingredients, fiber prominence, and microcracking. The deleterious effects of weathering consist of a complex set of processes in which the combined action of ultraviolet (UV) light and oxygen are predominant. When the energy of an excited group or segment of a molecule cannot be released through a photophysical process, it causes the dissociation of a chemical bond to produce free radicals. This event, with or without the participation of oxygen, can lead subsequently to one or more chemical changes. Light-initiated degradation makes the plastic more susceptible to fracture by stress fatigue induced by changes in humidity and temperature; the resulting surface microcracks cause a loss in mechanical properties. Fiber prominence can be produced by stress fatigue alone, but its formation is accelerated by UV irradiation.
Fetal growth: a comparison of growth curves with mathematical modeling

This study compared the use of fetal growth curves with the Rossavik mathematical model in predicting third trimester fetal growth in 27 Hispanic patients. The parameters tested were BPD, HC, AC, and FL. The growth curve method of predicting third trimester fetal growth was significantly more accurate than the mathematical model for three of the four fetal parameters tested: BPD, HC, and FL. We conclude that the mathematical model method offered no advantage over the more commonly used growth curve method for predicting third trimester fetal growth. In addition, growth curves do not require complex calculations and are conceptually simpler and easier to use.
Effects of stress on the temperature coefficient of frequency in double clamped resonators

This paper presents a theoretical framework for evaluating the temperature coefficient of frequency (TCf) of double clamped resonators due to stresses induced by the die and through die packaging. It is desirable to have a zero TCf such that the resonator frequency is stable over a broad temperature range. The TCf depends on how the resonator's material properties, dimensions, and stresses change with temperature. A passive method of using thin film induced stresses in an encapsulated resonator to compensate for material softening is explored. By using a combination of finite element and analytical models it is possible to predict the TCf and improve thermal frequency stability of micromachined resonators.
Microwave-assisted solid-phase synthesis of side-chain to side-chain lactam-bridge cyclic peptides

Side-chain to side-chain lactam-bridged cyclic peptides have been utilized as therapeutic agents and biochemical tools. Previous synthetic methods of these peptides need special reaction conditions, form side products and take longer reaction times. Herein, an efficient microwave-assisted synthesis of side-chain to side-chain lactam-bridge cyclic peptides SHU9119 and MTII is reported. The synthesis time and efforts are significantly reduced in the present method, without side product formation. The analytical and pharmacological data of the synthesized cyclic peptides are in accordance with the commercially obtained compounds. This new method could be used to synthesize other side-chain to side-chain lactam-bridge peptides and amenable to automation and extensive SAR compound derivatization.
Cyclosporin A Enhances IL-12 Production by CpG Motifs in Bacterial DNA and Synthetic Oligodeoxynucleotides

Certain sequences of nucleotides (CpG motifs) in bacterial DNA or synthetic oligonucleotides (CpG DNA) promote the production of proinflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, and IL-12. Here we demonstrate that the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) unexpectedly enhanced CpG DNA-induced IL-12 production in murine splenocytes. CsA did not inhibit CpG DNA-induced TNF-α or IL-6 production, but decreased the production of IFN-γ by CpG DNA. Upon examining mechanisms by which CsA increases IL-12 production, we found that CpG DNA can also induce IL-10 production in B cells and that this production was sensitive to CsA. IL-10 has anti-inflammatory effects and can reduce the production of IL-12. To determine the possible role of CsA-modulated IL-10 production in mediating the increased IL-12 levels, splenocytes from IL-10 gene-disrupted mice (IL-10 −/−) and splenocytes cultured in anti-IL-10 Ab were studied. CpG DNA-stimulated IL-10 (−/−) splenocytes demonstrated no increase in IL-12 levels in the presence of CsA. Anti-IL-10 Ab treatment of normal splenocytes increased the magnitude of CpG DNA-induced IL-12 production to that seen with CsA. These results suggest that CpG DNA induces CsA-sensitive IL-10 production in B cells and that IL-10 acts as a negative feedback regulator of CpG DNA-induced IL-12 production.
Mathematical Models for Predicting Pulse Characteristics in Digital Logic Systems

The multiple use of a relatively few types of basic building blocks in digital computers requires that the system designer know the actual performance characteristics of these units in order to produce optimum designs. Worst-case analysis procedures do not yield realistic performance data. The performance-prediction technique discussed in this paper is based on the development of empirical mathematical models which relate the performance variables of interest to the pertinent system parameters. Prediction equations are fitted for the logic elements in a parity-check network for rise, fall, delay, and storage times as a function of the fan-in and fan-out of the logic element and the fan-in and fan-out of the stages which drive it. A statistical analysis of the prediction equations is made to determine the validity of the models. The goodness of fit of these models is presented in graphical form.
The effect of aspirin on the hemodynamic response to nitroglycerin

Abstract The role of prostaglandins in mediating the hemodynamic response to nitroglycerin in vivo is controversial. To determine the effect of inhibiting prostaglandin production on the response to nitroglycerin, either placebo or aspirin (650 mg) was administered 1 hour prior to the administration of nitroglycerin (432 μg) sublingually to 40 healthy volunteers in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Prior to nitroglycerin administration, blood pressure and pulse rate were determined noninvasively every 2 minutes until stable conditions were reached, and then after nitroglycerin administration determinations were made every 1 minute for the first 10 minutes, every 2 minutes for the next 10 minutes, and every 5 minutes until 30 minutes had elapsed. At peak response in the placebo study, nitroglycerin lowered systolic pressure from 117 ± 10 to 111 ± 10 mm Hg ( p p p
Performance Comparisons of Enhanced Tubes with Discrete and Wavy Disruption Shapes

This paper presents comparisons of the friction factors and heat-transfer coefficients obtained with enhanced tubes with transverse discrete and almost transverse wavy two-dimensional disruptions. Both experimental data and numerical predictions were used for the comparisons. For the latter a two-layer turbulence model incorporated in a body-fitted, finite-volume method was used. The disruption shape, discrete or wavy, depends on the manufacturing process. If an extrusion process is used, discrete disruptions (ribs) of various profiles are obtained that are separated from each other by a flat or unaltered inside diameter. If a spirally indenting process is used, a wavy proflie is obtained with a continuously varying inside diameter between two adjacent disruption peaks. These disruptions are transverse or almost transverse to the tube axis and separated by a distance that exceeds the reattachment length. Based on these comparisons, the following conclusions are obtained: (1) the disruption shape is not an important correlating parameter for discrete disruptions, (2) only the friction factor is influenced by the shape for wavy disruptions, and (3) there are major differences between both the friction-factor and heat-transfer performance of discrete and wavy disruptions with the same maximum disruption height and spacing. However, the most important finding is thatmore » the groove radius of spirally indented tubes should be increased because of the substantial reduction of the friction factor but only a small decrease in the thermal performance. Additional comparisons of predicted results were made to obtain a fundamental understanding of the influence of these different shapes.« less
Intracellular pH regulation in basal corneal epithelial cells measured in corneal explants: characterization of Na/H exchange.

Abstract Intracellular pH (pHi) was measured in basal corneal epithelial cells from fresh corneal explants using the pH sensitive fluorescent dye 2′,7′-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF). The overlying superficial and wing cells were removed by mechanical scraping to expose basal cells attached to their basal lamina. Tissue pieces with attached, dye-loaded basal cells were mounted in a microscope-stage-perfusion chamber which allowed rapid changes of Ringer's bathing solutions while measuring BCECF fluorescence. In NaCl-Ringer's (bicarbonate free), pHo 7·40, resting cell pH1 was 7·34±0·03 (± s.e.m. , n = 31). Buffering capacity measured by NH4Cl treatment was 31 m m pH at pHi 7·34 and increased with decreasing pHi. Recovery from 20 m m NH4Cl-induced acid loads was dependent on the presence of Na and inhibited by 1 m m amiloride. Adding amiloride to resting cells caused a slow, reversible acidification (0·04 pH units min−1). These results indicate the presence of Na : H exchange, its role in responding to acid loads and in maintaining resting cell pHi. Activation of Na : H by Nao showed simple saturation kinetics, with Km = 44 m m . Net proton efflux via Na : H exchange increased with decreasing pHi and was enhanced by depleting cells of Nai suggesting roles for both pHi and Nai in control of Na : H activation.
THE EFFECT OF DRYING TEMPERATURE ON THE MECHANO-SORPTIVE BEHAVIOR OF RED OAK LUMBER

ABSTRACT Matched units of 3.2 cm thick red oak lumber were dried simultaneously in a steam heated and dehumidification kiln. The two pairs of runs are designated Set I and Set II. The objective was to compare the mechano-sorptive behavior and board shrinkages while using the recommended U.S. Forest Products Laboratory schedule with the steam kiln and comparatively low temperature drying in the dehumidification kiln. Drying rates in Set I and Set II were comparable for the two kilns up to approximately 450 hours, which illustrated the dependence of the drying rate on the relative humidity of the kiln air rather than its temperature. Subsequently, the stepwise increases in dry bulb temperature for the steam kiln were accompanied by accelerated drying. Less compression set developed in the interior mechano-sorptive slices for the dehumidification kiln runs. On an average, the maximum compression set for the core slices from the dehumidification kiln was about S0% of that for core slices from the steam heated...
Use of video in user interfaces that require non-linguistic cues

This case study describes the creation of a user interface for a self-service kiosk that collects biographic and biometric data from non-English-speaking individuals who are unfamiliar with American/Western culture, with little formal education, and little-to-no experience with computers. The users were also completely unfamiliar with the task and in a very stressful environment. Therefore, unlike most commercial software interfaces that "tell" users how to complete a task by relying on entry fields labels and controls, or use language to provide context for tasks, we need to "show" users how to interact with interface. The goals for our user interface are similar to the goals of arcade video game machines that use a short demonstration video, without words, to draw the viewer's attention, create an expectation in the viewer of what is to come, and demonstrate the task to the viewer. User testing found that demonstration videos could meet these requirements.
Effects of Thickness of Zirconium Liner on Stress-Strain Characteristics of U10Mo Monolithic Plates

The effects of the thickness of Zirconium liner on stress-strain behavior of monolithic fuel mini-plates during fabrication and irradiation processes were studied. Monolithic plate-type fuel elements is a new fuel form being developed for research and test reactors to achieve higher uranium densities which allows the use of low-enriched uranium fuel in reactor core. These fuel elements are comprised of a high density, low enrichment, U–Mo alloy based fuel foil encapsulated in a cladding material made of Aluminum. Early RERTR experiments indicated that the presence of an interaction layer between the fuel and cladding materials causes mechanical problems. To minimize the fuel/cladding interaction, employing a diffusion barrier between the cladding and the fuel materials was proposed. Current monolithic plate design employs a 0.025 mm thick, 99.8% pure annealed Zirconium diffusion barrier between the fuel foil (U10Mo) and the cladding materials (AL6061-O). To benchmark the irradiation performance, a number of plates were irradiated in the Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) with promising irradiation performance. To understand the effects of the thickness of the Zirconium diffusion barrier on the stress-strain behavior of the plates during fabrication, irradiation and shutdown stages, a representative plate from RERTR-12 experiments (Plate L1P7A0) was selected and simulated. Both fabrication and irradiation stages were considered. Simulations were repeated for various Zirconium thicknesses to understand the effects of the thickness of the diffusion barrier. Results of fabrication simulations indicated that Zirconium thickness has noticeable effects on foil’s stresses. Irradiation simulations revealed that the fabrication stresses of the foil would be relieved rapidly in the reactor. Results also showed that Zirconium thickness has little or no effects on irradiation and shutdown stresses.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
The clinical partnership as strategic alliance

The purpose of this article is to describe a renewed partnership between a collegiate school of nursing and a community hospital. Universities and hospitals are searching for creative solutions to increase the number of registered nurses available to meet the demand for nursing care. An affiliation agreement had been in existence for many years, but health care system imperatives made it necessary to redesign the partnership between nursing education and nursing service. The model used to develop this new partnership is based on the work done in the field of management and is in the form of a strategic alliance. The success of a strategic alliance depends on two key factors: the relationship between partners and partnership performance. Identified outcomes show that this partnership is helping to meet the increasing demand for nursing care by building student capacity, satisfying mutual needs of faculty and clinical staff, and removing economic barriers. This article describes the development of the strategic alliance, its current status, and strategies for the future.
Metaphor Foundations in Creativity Research: Boundary vs. Organism

Two metaphors explicitly or implicitly used in the conceptualization of creativity are examined and compared. The boundary metaphor describes creativity in terms of crossing or pushing out a frontier. This metaphor underlies studies that emphasize creativity as a moment — an “aha!” experience or a sharp break from tradition. The organism metaphor describes creativity in terms of a reconfiguration of a problem, domain, or situation. This metaphor underlies studies that emphasize creativity as a transformation process. Research and educational implications for a potential shift in the dominant metaphor in the creativity research field are discussed.
Using interpreters in diagnostic research and practice: pilot results and recommendations.

Objective: This pilot study examined the impact and role of interpreters in videotaped and some live diagnostic interviews of Hispanic outpatients in an urban psychiatric service. Method: The study, conducted from June 2002 to February 2004, included 98 bilingual or Spanish-speaking monolingual adult Hispanic outpatients who participated in live or videotaped diagnostic interviews with English-speaking, non-Hispanic (N = 33) or Hispanic (N = 16) clinicians. Interpreters provided assistance to patients and to non-Hispanic clinicians in 71 cases. After completing live interviews or watching videotaped interviews with interpreter assistance, clinicians independently filled out questionnaires asking for diagnoses and other information (questions about the clinical encounter and rating of symptom severity). Results: Clinicians reported high confidence in their assessments because interpreters provided unbiased, accurate information. Without interpreters, clinicians reported that patient diagnoses and functioning would have been assessed as less severe or the same. Interpreters helped patients with limited English navigate mostly videotaped interviews and respond to clinician queries. Interpreters brokered cultural expressions and colloquialism, distinguished easily misunderstood words and concepts, and were challenged by patients with cognitive deficits and thought disorders. Conclusions: Findings point to functions, process, and logistics of interpretation, including reaching for linguistic and conceptual fidelity and acting as unobtrusive, disciplined participants to maintain diagnostic accuracy. Recommendations for assuring useful research-quality data are applicable to diagnostic practice.
Routine Invasive Versus Conservative Management Strategies in Acute Coronary Syndrome: Time for a “Hybrid” Approach

The acute coronary syndrome is most often caused by plaque rupture and can result in a variety of clinical conditions. There are two general strategies (early invasive versus conservative) currently employed in the treatment of unstable angina or non-ST elevation myocardial infarction. Pooled data from recent clinical trials have demonstrated that high-risk patients benefit from a routine or early invasive approach while certain low-risk subgroups have similar outcomes with a conservative approach. Most patients in the USA are treated aggressively given advances in technology and the relative ease of interventional therapy. The routine invasive approach, however, remains controversial and has important limitations that are not well identified in trials. Furthermore, data from trials are difficult to interpret given their relevance to contemporary practice in today's cost conscious, health care environment. The decision to pursue an invasive or conservative approach should be based upon an individual patient's risk profile, and the level of medical therapy should be based on the underlying pathophysiology. The best strategy incorporates aggressive anti-atherosclerotic therapy with early risk stratification and invasive therapy when appropriate-the so-called hybrid approach. Identifying plaque rupture helps identify patients that would benefit from potent antiplatelet, antithrombotic, and anti-inflammatory therapies, and further insight into the natural history of coronary artery disease coupled with continued advances in diagnostic and interventional approaches will hopefully help guide long-term primary and secondary management.
Moral Responsibility and Respect for Autonomy: Meeting the Communitarian Challenge

The principle of respect for autonomy has come under increasing attack both within health care ethics, specifically, and as part of the more general communitarian challenge to predominantly liberal values. This paper will demonstrate the importance of respect for autonomy for the social practice of assigning moral responsibility and for the development of moral responsibility as a virtue. Guided by this virtue, the responsible exercise of autonomy may provide a much-needed connection between the individual and the community.
Hypothalamic and locus coeruleus self-stimulation are decreased by cholecystokinin

Abstract Reinforcement from self-stimulation in the lateral hypothalamus has been interpreted as food-related reward. According to the reward-aversion hypothesis, both food and stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus are aversive to the sated animal. Thus, lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation rates should be low when an animal is sated. Because cholecystokinin has been observed to produce behavioral satiety, we measured the effect of intraperitoneal cholecystokinin injections (10–80 Ivy dog units/kg) on self-stimulation rates in rats. Cholecystokinin did decrease lateral hypothalamic self-stimulation rates in a dose-related manner. However, locus coeruleus self-stimulation rates were similarly decreased. Since the locus coeruleus has not been implicated in the control of feeding, these results suggest that satiety decreases the reinforcement value of brain stimulation, regardless of whether the structures stimulated are related to feeding.
Columbia River Estuary studies: An introduction to the estuary, a brief history, and prior studies

~Fisheries Research Institute, WH-IO, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA ZCollege of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA SDepartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA 4Geophysics Program, AK-50, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA 5School of Oceanography, WB-I O, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195; current affiliation - Battelle, Pacific Marine Science Laboratories, Sequim, WA 98382, USA
Necrotising enterocolitis in infants with congenital heart disease: the role of enteral feeds

Glen J. Iannucci, Matthew E. Oster, William T. MahleDivision of Pediatric Cardiology, Children’s Healthcare of Atlanta, Sibley Heart Center, Emory University School ofMedicine, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of AmericaAbstract Objective: Necrotising enterocolitis is a rare, though catastrophic complication that may occur interm newborns with congenital heart disease. There is considerable controversy regarding the factors that leadto necrotising enterocolitis in this population. We sought to determine the incidence of necrotisingenterocolitis among term and near-term newborns with congenital heart disease, focusing on the relationshipof enteral feeding to this complication. Methods: In this retrospective study, we identified the incidence ofnecrotising enterocolitis among 1551 newborns admitted to our cardiac intensive care unit between July 1,2002 and July 1, 2010. In order to understand the impact of enteral feeding upon the development ofnecrotising enterocolitis, we undertook a nested 2:1 matched case–control analysis to compare feeding patternsin an age- and lesion-matched control population. Results: Necrotising enterocolitis developed in 45 term ornear-term infants (3%). The majority of these cases, 27 (60%), occurred in the post-operative period after theintroduction of enteral feeds. This subgroup was used for matched analysis. There were no differences inenteral feeding patterns among the patients who developed necrotising enterocolitis and their matchedcontrols. The overall mortality rate for patients who developed necrotising enterocolitis was 24.4% (11 out of45). Conclusions: Despite numerous advances in the care of infants with congenital heart disease, necrotisingenterocolitis remains a significant source of morbidity and mortality. In these infants, there is no clearrelationship between enteral feeding patterns and the development of necrotising enterocolitis in the post-operative period. The benefits of graduated feeding advancements to avoid the development of necrotisingenterocolitis remain unproven.
Medical Education In The Next Millennium

Abstract The face of medical education is changing in America. Historically, physicians have been poorly trained in nutrition: in 1990 64% of graduates labeled their training inadequate 1 . The Association of American Medical Colleges reported that of 129 US medical schools only 29 (23%) had a required nutrition course; 25% failed to offer nutrition education. Americans look to their primary physicians as sources of reliable nutrition advice 2 . The Public Health Service Year 2000 objectives for the Nation advocates that at least 50% of the physician pool be adequately trained in nutrition 3 . Even following a Congressional call for action to ensure medical students and physicians in practice have adequate training in the field of nutrition and its relationship to human health (National Nutrition Monitoring and Related Research Act, 10/1990, section 302, Public Law 1101-445/HR1608), physician education has changed little 4 . The Medical Nutrition Curriculum Initiative has been created to provide an easily transportable Nutrition In Medicine (NIM) curriculum available free of charge to US medical schools. A series of interactive CD-ROM programs will cover ten clinical topics. Nutritional biochemistry as it relates to health and disease, dietary and patient care are covered in these modules (Nutritional Anemias, Stress, Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes, Maternal and Infant, Childhood and Adolescence, Aging, Nutritional Supplements and Fortified Foods, and Sports Nutrition). These modules role-model MD/RD interaction and reinforce active participation, assessment and treatment of nutritional aspects of disease by MDs. More than 110 medical schools in the US currently use the NIM series, a fact which is changing the nutritional competency of the next generation of physicians. To maximize their effectiveness as part of the health care team, dietitians need to be aware of the new level of nutrition training available to physicians.
The Effect of Some Environmental Factors on Interobserver Agreement.

Abstract Because there is no truth criterion to measure the accuracy of behavioral recording, behavior analysts rely on interobserver-agreement scores to increase the believability of their data. This study investigated the effects of the presence and absence of a subject's peers on within-session interobserver-agreement scores. Ten variables that were components of both of the main conditions and thought to potentially affect agreement scores also were studied. The results show that interobserver agreement was significantly better in the presence of certain stimuli (i.e., when the subject's peers were present than when they were not). Of the 10 additional variables analyzed, one — Can't See-Can't Hear — correlated significantly with the differences in interobserver-agreement scores. These results suggest that experimenters need to be aware of the variations in their observers' behavior and the factors affecting it. The importance of acceptable levels of inter-observer agreement for data used in making treatment decisions also is discussed.
A statistical model of the controller functions of the human temperature- regulating system in water

Abstract A least squares approach was used to estimate an equation for each controller response. For both metabolic heat production and evaporative heat loss the data was divided into different temperature groups, and a separate equation was estimated for each group. This was not done for blood flow because of insufficient data. In addition upper and lower limits have been placed on each controller response. To determine the validity of the model a published human temperature regulation simulation model was used. The controller portion of the model was replaced by the controller developed in this study. The modified simulation model was then used to simulate a number of published experiments. A chi-square test was formulated to determine if the rectal and skin temperatures predicted by the simulation follow the same multivariate distribution as the experimental temperatures. The results of the validation procedure indicate that the model is valid over a wide range of temperatures.
The analysis of one-way between effects in fluency research

Abstract In fluency research, the potential for extreme variance heterogeneity exists when comparing stutterers to other disordered or control populations. There is now a growing concern on the part of statisticians that the F statistic is not nearly so robust to violations of the homogeneity of variance assumption as was once thought. Together, these two circumstances represent potential for compromise on the statistical conclusion validity of fluency research. In this first of two papers, alternatives to the usual analysis of variance are described for the research design involving a single between effect. A second paper will be a similar treatment of the two-way between effects design.
A study of early metal age crania from Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand

Multivariate procedures are applied to metrical and non-metrical data recorded on early metal age crania from Ban Chiang, Northeast Thailand, for a comparison with prehistoric and more modern samples from Southeast Asia, Mainland East Asia, and the Pacific. While craniometric analyses (Mahalanobis' D 2 and stepwise discriminant function analysis) fail to show any associations between Ban Chiang and the remaining samples, distances based on the percentage frequencies of discrete traits of the skull suggest a relatively close relationship between Ban Chiang and two other prehistoric samples from Southeast Asia. Slightly different results were obtained when a recently suggested ( Green & Suchey, 1976 ) modification of Berry & Berry (1967) distance statistic was applied to these non-metrical data. Because of the limited size of the present sample and the different results obtained when discrete traits and cranial measurements are used, the continued use of metrical and non-metrical kinds of data is recommended.
Diagnosis of malignant meningitis.

The article on diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastasis by Freilich and colleagues [ 1 J suggests that the diagnosis of malignant meningitis may be made without a positive cytology, providing the patient has “appropriate neuroimaging abnormalities” and “typical clinical features.” While most clinicians dealing with this difficult problem have, on occasion, committed a patient to a course of management based on a presumptive diagnosis of malignant meningitis, this should only be done with considerable circumspection and misgiving. I cannot believe the authors intended their study to be a license for laxity of diagnostic criteria for malignant meningitis in particular as they themselves noted that almost two-thirds of the positive imaging-negative cytology patients in their series never had confirmation of the diagnosis! I am certain the authors meant to give greater emphasis to the importance ofeliminatingother forms ofchronic meningitis (and, in particular, fungus) before starting a course of therapy for presumptive malignant meningitis. Fungal meningitis (and indeed most forms of chronic meningitis) cannot be distinguished from leptomeningeal malignancy short of culture or biopsy [2,3]. The oncologic population is, of course, at high risk for fungal infection and we have also documented sarcoid meningitis in some patients with cancer and chronic meningitis. Times arise, sometimes, when the clinician must seek out pathologic confirmation by resorting to a meningeal biopsy. Fortunately, with skilled neurosurgeons guided by modern neuroimaging techniques and wise judgment, the risk of a biopsy can be reduced. The diagnosis can be made in as many as 80% of cases with evidence of contrast enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging [4]. While we too resort to empiric therapy in highly selected cases, we feel this course should be taken only after the greatest consideration of other diagnostic options.
Naltrexone blocks the effects of prenatal stress on sexual behavior differentiation in male rats.

Abstract The male offspring of rats stressed three times daily during days 14–21 of pregnancy were more likely to show lordotic behavior when tested in adulthood than were control males. This feminization of sexual behavior was not observed if the mothers were injected with the opioid antagonist naltrexone before being stressed. These data suggest that endogenous opioids released under conditions of stress can alter the normal process of sexual behavior differentiation in the fetal male rat.
Rejection of harmonic disturbances at the controller input via hybrid adaptive external models

The problem of rejecting harmonic disturbances occurring at the input of a linear controller in a stable loop is addressed. The task is to recover regulation of the plant output, using only information corrupted by harmonic noise of unknown frequency. The solution is provided by an adaptive external model (a device placed outside the stabilizing loop), which possesses a hybrid system structure due to the specific form of the associated certainty-equivalence solution. The geometric characterization of the solution is emphasized throughout the paper, and its relation with the internal model principle is discussed. The important issue of convergence in absence of persistence of excitation is addressed in full. Experimental results validate the proposed approach.
Influence of shoot apex on subjacent shoots of Lupinus albus L.

THE importance of the shoot apex in the origin of tissues of the primary shoot is emphasized by numerous recent developmental studies (see review by Philipson1). The suggestion was made by Bower2 that there is a “proleptic” sensitiveness of the tip to the incidence of similarity which would determine a stelar structure suitable to the size ultimately to be attained. Dixon3 thought that the already differentiated procambium might precipitate procambium from the undifferentiated meristem.
A review of behavioral and pharmacological treatments for habit disorders in individuals with mental retardation

This paper reviews the prevalence and behavioral and pharmacological treatment-outcome studies for habit disorders exhibited by individuals with mental retardation. The treatment-outcome studies target the habit disorders identified previously by researchers including nervous habits (nail biting, bruxism, and trichotillomania), motor and vocal tics, and Tourette's disorder. The paucity of behavioral treatments and the lack of controlled pharmacological research warrants further experimental evaluation of treatments for habit disorders affecting individuals with mental retardation. Conclusions and recommendations for future research are made.
Self-instruction guides in the undergraduate oral surgery curriculum.

Abstract A study was undertaken to evaluate the self-instruction guides in oral surgery developed at the University of Washington School of Dentistry. The third-year dental class enrolled in the basic oral surgery course was divided into four groups. Group I received the traditional lecture series and textbook. Group II attended the lecture series, used the standard textbook, and were given the guides to study at their own convenience. Students in Group III received only the self-instruction guides and were assigned to review them in a study hall during the usual lecture hours. Members of Group IV were given only the guides to be studied at their own convenience. Scores on the midterm and final examinations and on the oral surgery section of the National Dental Board examination showed no significant differences in performance among the four groups, indicating that students can learn oral surgery from these self-instruction guides.
Designing metallic glass matrix composites with high toughness and tensile ductility

Metallic glasses have been the subject of intense scientific study since the 1960s, owing to their unique properties such as high strength, large elastic limit, high hardness, and amorphous microstructure. However, bulk metallic glasses have not been used in the high strength structural applications for which they have so much potential, owing to a highly localized failure mechanism that results in catastrophic failure during unconfined loading. In this thesis, bulk metallic glass matrix composites are designed with the combined benefits of high yield strengths and tensile ductility. This milestone is achieved by first investigating the length scale of the highly localized deformation, known as shear bands, that governs fracture in all metallic glasses. Under unconfined loading, a shear band grows to a certain length that is dependent on the fracture toughness of the glass before a crack nucleates and fracture occurs. Increasing the fracture toughness and ductility involves adding microstructural stabilization techniques that prevent shear bands from lengthening and promotes formation of multiple shear bands. To accomplish this, we develop in-situ formed bulk metallic glass matrix-composites with soft crystalline dendrites whose size and distribution are controlled through a novel semi-solid processing technique. The new alloys have a dramatically increased room-temperature ductility and a fracture toughness that appears to be similar to the toughest steels. Owing to their low modulus, the composites are therefore among the toughest known materials, a claim that has recently been confirmed independently by a fracture mechanics group. We extend our toughening strategy to a titanium-vanadium-based glass-dendrite composite system with density as low as 4.97 g/cm3. The new low-density composites rival the mechanical properties of the best structural crystalline Ti alloys. We demonstrate new processing techniques available in the highly toughened composites: room temperature cold rolling, work hardening, and thermoplastic forming. This thesis is a proven road map for developing metallic glass composites into real structural engineering materials.