cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relational Maintenance as Including the Other in the Self

This manuscript advances “inclusion of the other in the self” as an alternative theoretical framework for understanding relational maintenance behavior. Using a qualitative data analytic strategy akin to early equity-theoretic relational maintenance research, this manuscript proposes a typology that conceptualizes maintenance behaviors as facilitating shared resources, identities, and perspectives. This approach complements both the equity theory perspective and related lines of interpersonal communication research.
Plasma Concentration of Glucosamine and Chondroitin Sulfate in Horses after an Oral Dose

Abstract This study was conducted to study absorption of glucosamine (GlucN) and chondroitin sulfate (CS) in horses immediately after feeding. Six mature mares were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin-square-designed experiment. The experiment consisted of three 15-day periods, which included 10 days of diet adaptation followed by a 5-day sampling period. Blood was drawn after feeding on one day during each sampling period. Horses were fed a control diet (40% hay, 60% concentrate) balanced to meet NRC requirements for maintenance of mature horses (NRC, Nutrient requirements of horses, 1989). In one experimental diet, 2.0 g CS and 5.5 g GlucN were added to the basal ration at each feeding. In the other experimental diet, 3.5 g CS and 8.5 g GlucN were added to the basal ration at each feeding. After collections, blood was centrifuged and plasma was harvested and stored until analyzed for the presence of each compound. Analyses for plasma GlucN were performed using high-performance liquid chromatography. CS in the plasma was analyzed using a color reagent, dimethylmethylene blue, followed by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. There were no significant differences (P
Dell Hymes and the New Language Policy Studies: Update from an Underdeveloped Country

This essay updates Dell Hymes's “Report from an Underdeveloped Country” (the USA), positioning our analysis in the New Language Policy Studies. Taking up Hymes's call for comparative, critical studies of language use, we examine three cases, organizing our analysis around Hymes's questions: What “counts” as a language, a language problem, and “proper” language use? We conclude with a final question suggested by Hymes's Report: How can a critical-ethnographic approach to language policy transform persistent linguistic inequalities? [Dell Hymes, new language policy studies, ethnography of communication, linguistic inequality, educational linguistics]
A robust packet-filtering method for high-bandwidth aggregates

We propose a robust approach that integrates the concepts of IP traceback and packet filtering. On one hand, our approach employs an IP traceback technique to identify the paths and the sources of the attack at the victim's system; on the other, in accordance with the result from the IP traceback, the victim is eligible to request routers close to the attack origins for packet filtering. The reason that our approach is robust is that during the IP traceback process, the victim receives essential information indicating the origins of flooding packets. Most importantly, the information will have been signed by the packet-filtering router itself. The request authentication is indispensable because otherwise an attacker can simply manipulate the packet filtering mechanism to intentionally drop specific IP packets and launch a successful DoS attack.
Vectorized Radviz and Its Application to Multiple Cluster Datasets

Radviz is a radial visualization with dimensions assigned to points called dimensional anchors (DAs) placed on the circumference of a circle. Records are assigned locations within the circle as a function of its relative attraction to each of the DAs. The DAs can be moved either interactively or algorithmically to reveal different meaningful patterns in the dataset. In this paper we describe Vectorized Radviz (VRV) which extends the number of dimensions through data flattening. We show how VRV increases the power of Radviz through these extra dimensions by enhancing the flexibility in the layout of the DAs. We apply VRV to the problem of analyzing the results of multiple clusterings of the same data set, called multiple cluster sets or cluster ensembles. We show how features of VRV help discern patterns across the multiple cluster sets. We use the Iris data set to explain VRV and a newt gene microarray data set used in studying limb regeneration to show its utility. We then discuss further applications of VRV.
In vivo fluorescence endoscopic cellular imaging of internal organs in mice

High-resolution optical imaging of mice internal organs has been challenging due to the difficulty of access and physiological tissue motion. We describe a motion-stabilizing laser-scanning confocal endoscope and demonstrate a wide range of biomedical applications
An empirical study of five multivariate tests for the single-factor repeated measures model

A Monte Carlo study was used to examine the Type I error and power values of five multivariate tests for the single-factor repeated measures model The performance of Hotelling's T2 and four nonparametric tests, including a chi-square and an F-test version of a rank-transform procedure, were investigated for different distributions, sample sizes, and numbers of repeated measures. The results indicated that both Hotellings T* and the F-test version of the rank-transform performed well, producing Type I error rates which were close to the nominal value. The chi-square version of the rank-transform test, on the other hand, produced inflated Type I error rates for every condition studied. The Hotelling and F-test version of the rank-transform procedure showed similar power for moderately-skewed distributions, but for strongly skewed distributions the F-test showed much better power. The performance of the other nonparametric tests depended heavily on sample size. Based on these results, the F-test version of t...
The CEO-Employee Pay Ratio

We examine the ratio of CEO to employee pay (the pay ratio) for a broad sample of U.S. commercial banks. For the vast majority of the sample, pay ratios are substantially lower than the levels popularized in the financial press. Pay ratios are increasing in firm size, performance and leverage, and decreasing in firm risk. We document a significant convex (concave) relation between the pay ratio and future firm risk (operating performance), but the economic magnitude of these effects is relatively small. The results also reveal a nonlinear relation between pay ratios and shareholder votes on “say on pay” proposals such that dissent is higher in the tails of the pay ratio distribution. All results are robust to controlling for CEO pay, indicating that required disclosures of executive compensation are not a substitute for pay ratios.
Strategic Choice And Institutional Ambiguity: A History Of Entrepreneurial Emergence In Rural China

This conceptual research suggests that path dependence historically created a limited array of entrepreneurial choices in rural China including various forms of collective and private business ownership. However, collective ownership historically gave rural Chinese entrepreneurs increased sociopolitical legitimacy thereby increasing access to resources such as capital; however, during China’s reform era many rural entrepreneurs chose private rather than collective ownership, an economically illogical choice. This seemingly illogical choice resulted in changes in China’s institutional fabric such that the most historically illogical choice—private business ownership—became the most logical choice. This suggests that entrepreneurial choice extends beyond economic rationality to a more complex environment of options.
Effect of Dried Brewers Yeast on Growth Performance of Nursing and Weanling Pigs1

ABSTRACT Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of dried brewers yeast (DBY) as a protein source in prewean (creep) and nursery diets on growth performance of nursing and weanling pigs. In Exp. 1, sows and gilts were provided ad libitum access to the same lactation diet. Litters at 5 d of age were assigned to 1) no prewean feed, 2) a control diet, or 3) the control diet with 4% DBY by replacing soybean meal, available until an average weaning age of 21 d. At weaning, pigs within litters were assigned to 1) a control or 2) the control + 4% DBY, resulting in 6 treatments (3 x 2 factorial arrangement) for the nursery period. During the prewean period, there were no differences (P > 0.10) in average pig weaning weight or ADG between pigs fed the no prewean diet, the control diet, or the DBY diet. In the nursery period, pigs fed DBY had increased (P = 0.05) ADG and G:F during phase 1 and increased (P 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F. In Exp. 3, pigs were assigned to 1) the control + 5% spray-dried animal plasma or 2) the control + 5% DBY without spray-dried animal plasma. No differences (P > 0.10) were observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F. Based on our results, DBY can be used in prewean and phase 1 nursery diets with no negative effects on growth performance of nursing and weanling pigs.
The Research Agenda-Setting Project (RASP)

In 2001, the John A. Hartford Foundation and the American Geriatrics Society set out to publish in a book format a research agenda-setting process (RASP) to achieve the following goals: (1) to increase research activity in the field of geriatrics within specific surgical and related medical specialties; (2) to attract new specialty researchers to study and subsequently meet the unique needs and requirements of the older patient in these specific surgical and related medical specialties; (3) to increase the number and quality of age-related research grant applications (e.g., National Institutes of Health, the Department of Veterans Affairs, and other agencies); and (4) to improve the well-being of older patients in specialty care. The process involved the selection of faculty members from each specialty to serve as content experts and writers and to review and eventually to update the present status of research on the geriatrics aspects within their respective specialties.
Immunological Changes of Airways Smooth Muscle Reactivity

Airway hyperreactivity, a clinical characteristic of bronchial asthma, has been defined as an increased response of the airways to different stimuli, which in normal airways would cause only small or no response [1]. Different causes of this phenomenon have been suggested [2] but the exact mechanism of this clinically important entity is not fully understood. Several investigators have suggested direct alteration of airways smooth muscle (ASM) itself as a possible cause of airway hyperreactivity [1, 2]. In spite of these speculations, direct experimental evidence for this alteration was lacking. If ASM cells in bronchial asthma are altered this change could be a critical contributing factor in the mechanism of airway hyperreactivity.
Bluff-body wake stability for unsteady inflow conditions

An extensive experimental investigation is conducted to evaluate the effect of bluff-body streamwise oscillation on wake length, wake strength, and POD modes. Eight test articles were evaluated. These include the v-gutter, triangle stairstep with zero, one, two and three stairsteps, and three hemicylinder configurations with different step width. The test articles were placed inside a water tunnel and quantitative measurements of the flow field around the bluff body geometries were made via Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV). Results indicate that by increasing the bluff-body frequency of oscillation, the wake length decreases while the its strength remains nearly constant. Further increase in frequency increases strength while the wake length reaches a minimum. The results also indicate that by increasing the Reynolds number from 20K to 30K the wake strength increases. In addition, the increasing the number of stairsteps behind a triangular bluff-body lengthens the wake. The hemicylinder exhibits shorter and weaker wakes in comparison with the equilateral triangle with stairsteps.
Design and implementation for Hardware Control System of SCARA Agriculture Robot Manipulator Based on ARM

The control system adopts ARM and DSP Structure to replace the "PC and Motion Control Card" Development model, realizing the Build for Hardware Control System of 3-Dof SCARA Manipulator.Via transplanting the Linux operation system, we have really carry out the multi-task embedded application, which supporting the WLAN remote data translation and the Friendly man-machine interface.
Information path and demand about H7N9 prevention among residents in Zhejiang province: a cross-sectional study

Objective To examine the ways through which the public acquires the information about H7N9 prevention and control as well as the demands for the information for conducting health education and information dissemination in the public effectively. Methods Using cluster sampling method,a questionnaire survey was conducted among China Unicom Mobile Internet users through short massage system( SMS) platform of China Unicom. Results We collected 7 115 eligible responses. For all responders,99. 96% got the information about H7N9 through television and 89. 47% through internet mainly,with the ratios higher than trough crowd( 32. 00%),newspaper( 28. 12%) and radio( 20. 24%). The proportion of female getting information through crowd was higher than that of male( P 0. 05). The proportion of people aged 25 years or older getting the information through internet and crowd was higher than the people in other age groups( P 0. 05). There were 63. 84%,60. 60%,70. 51%,48. 21%,and 41. 86% of the responders who wanted to get the information about disease incidence,transmission route,precautionary approach,treatment,and insurance policy, respectively. The demand on information about treatment and precautionary approach in female responders was higher than that in the male( P 0. 05). The demand on information about disease incidence,treatment,insurance policy and other information in the responders of different age groups was different( P 0. 05). The proportions of the responders who wanted to get the information through internet,radio,newspaper,and the crowd were higher in the responders with college and above education and paid much more attention to information about disease incidence,transmission route, treatment,insurance policy and other information too. Conclusion It is a rapid way to recruit a large number of participants through mobile internet. We should make full use of television,internet and other means of information dissemination to improve the health education about H7N9 epidemic.
Indirect Myocardial Revascularization: Evaluation of Results

Studies used in the evaluation of a series of patients undergoing internal mammary artery implant, and discussion of specific difficulties in evaluation which arise because of the clinical variability and complexities of the disease process itself.
Kinds of Belief

A laboratory rat has been repeatedly introduced into a maze with two exits of differing shape, one rectangular and one circular. In previous trials, the relative positions of the two exits has varied, but food has appeared only behind the circular exit. Released into the maze once again, the rat proceeds to exit directly through the circular exit. Does the rat believe that food is to be found behind the circular exit? Philosophers have generally agreed that the answer to this question involves conceptual problems about the nature of belief. In other words, whether we want to say that the rat does or does not believe anything in this situation is at least partially determined by what we may wish to regard as a belief in a clarified language used to describe mental states.
The Non-consensus Entrepreneur: Organizational Responses to Vital Events

Salient successes and failures, such as spectacular venture capital investments or agonizing bankruptcies, affect collective beliefs about the viability of particular markets. Using data on softwar...
Robust input shaper design using Linear Matrix Inequalities

This paper proposes an Linear Matrix Inequality based problem formulation to determine input shaped profiles. The cost function is the residual energy, a quadratic function of the amplitude of the shaped profile, for each sampling interval. The Schur complement permits representing the quadratic function as a Linear Matrix Inequality. Augmenting the state space model with the sensitivity of the states to uncertain parameters, input shaped profiles which are robust to model uncertainties can be derived. Finally, a minimax input shaped profile which minimizes the maximum magnitude of the residual energy over the domain of uncertainties is determined using the LMI problem. The proposed technique is illustrated on the single spring-mass-dashpot example. The solutions derived are shown to coincide with the solutions presented in the literature, without the requirement of solving a nonlinear programming problem.
Adverse Prognostic Impact of FLT3 Internal Tandem Duplication (ITD) Is Age-Associated in Older [≥60 Years (Y)] De Novo cytogenetically Normal Acute Myeloid Leukemia (CN-AML) Patients (Pts): a Cancer and Leukemia Group B (CALGB) Study.

Abstract 1579 Poster Board I-605 While the prognostic role of FLT3 ITD has been validated in younger CN-AML adults ( FLT3 ITD in a cohort of older pts ≥60 y ([n=243; 111 (46%) aged ≥70 y] with de novo CN-AML. Pts were treated on CALGB protocols [10201, 9720, 9420, 8923 and 8525] with cytarabine/anthracycline-based induction and cytarabine-based consolidation. Diagnostic samples were assessed by quantitative fluorescence-based PCR capillary electrophoresis for FLT3 ITD and tyrosine kinase domain (TKD) mutations, and by DHPLC/sequencing analysis for NPM1 and WT1 mutations. Of the 243 pts, 78 (32%) presented with FLT3 ITD, 24 (10%) with FLT3 TKD and 6 (2%) had both. Outcome analyses were restricted to comparison of FLT3 wild-type (WT) pts (n=147) with those with FLT3 ITD alone (n=72). Of these pts, 121 (55%) had NPM1 mutations and 15 (7%) had WT1 mutations. Unfortunately, only a subset of these pts also had available material for BAALC and ERG measurements, thereby preventing analysis of the prognostic significance of FLT3 ITD in the context of a panel of variables that included these markers. Compared with FLT3 WT pts, FLT3 ITD pts had higher WBC counts and % bone marrow and blood blasts ( P NPM1 (74% v 46%; P WT1 mutations (15% v 3%; P =.001). Complete remission (CR) rates were similar, but disease-free (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were shorter in FLT3 ITD v FLT3 WT pts (Table 1). In multivariable analyses (MVA), FLT3 ITD associated with shorter DFS and OS (Table 2). The FLT3 ITD prognostic impact was associated with age. FLT3 ITD pts aged 60-69 y had shorter DFS and OS than FLT3 WT pts, whereas clinical outcomes were not different for ≥70 y FLT3 ITD v FLT3 WT pts (Table 1). In MVA for the 60-69 y subgroup, pts with FLT3 ITD had shorter DFS and OS (Table 2). The reasons for this age-associated effect remain to be explained. In previous studies of younger CN-AML, a higher (≥ median) FLT3 ITD:WT allelic ratio (AR) was associated with worse clinical outcome. In the current study, FLT3 ITD had an adverse prognostic impact on the 60-69 y pts and no significant impact on the ≥70 y pts regardless of the AR levels. However, a 27-microRNA (miR) signature differentiating between FLT3 ITD and FLT3 WT pts and characterized by >2-fold higher miR-155 expression in FLT3 ITD pts, was associated with shorter DFS and OS in the 60-69 y pt subgroup ( P =.001, each) but not in the ≥70 y subgroup ( P =.26 and P =.89, respectively), suggesting an age-associated prognostic role of the miRs. In summary, our data show FLT3 ITD is an independent marker for poor outcome in CN-AML pts aged 60-69 y but not in those aged ≥70 y. Although the ≥70 y pts with FLT3 ITD had a seemingly better prognosis than the corresponding 60-69 y pts, the outcome for both groups is poor and novel treatment approaches are needed in older pts. Disclosures Stone: Cephalon: ad hoc consultancy; Novartis: Research Funding, ad hoc consultancy.
Perceptions about interpersonal relationships and school environment among middle school students with asthma.

ABSTRACTObjectives: To examine interpersonal relationships involving peers and teachers and perceptions about school environment among middle school students with asthma in comparison to their healthy counterparts. The study also assesses asthma prevalence in a large sample of middle school students representing different geographic locations. Methods: Cross-sectional data were collected from 1059 middle school students in grades 6–8 enrolled in schools in a northeastern region of the United States. Students reported their chronic health conditions including asthma and completed questionnaires measuring perceptions about their relationships with peers and teachers as well as school environment. Analyses of covariance (ANCOVAs) were used to compare students with asthma and their healthy counterparts in the study variables. Results: Asthma was reported by 16.5% of the sample (n = 169). The rate was higher among minority students (23%) than their white counterparts (15%). Greater proportion of urban students...
Effects of Kettlebell Swing vs. Explosive Deadlift Training on Strength and Power

Background: Recent research has compared explosive deadlift to kettlebell training observing their effects on strength. The kettlebell swing is a popular practical exercise as it shares share a hip hinge movement with the explosive deadlift, but the two have not been compared. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of kettlebell swing vs. explosive deadlift training on strength and power. Methods: Thirty-one recreationally resistance-trained men (age = 23.1 ± 2.3 years, height = 175.5 ± 6.6 cm, mass = 83.9 ± 13.8 kg, 1RM deadlift = 159.9 ± 31.7 kg) were randomly assigned to one of two groups [kettlebell swing group (KBG) n = 15, or explosive deadlift group (EDLG) n = 16]. Vertical jump height, isometric mid-thigh pull (MTP), and 1RM deadlift were measured pre and post training. Both groups trained twice per week for 4 weeks. Volume and load were increased after the first 2 weeks of training. Results: A 2 (time) x 2 (group) mixed factor ANOVA revealed a significant (P<0.05) increase in deadlift 1RM (pre: 159.9 ± 31.7 kg, post: 168.9 ± 31.8 kg) and vertical jump height (pre: 56.6 ± 9.9 cm, post: 57.9 ± 9.7 cm) for both groups, but were not significantly different between groups. There were no significant changes in MTP. Conclusions: Strength and conditioning professionals may use both kettlebell swings and explosive deadlifts to increase deadlift strength and vertical jump power.
The adoption and evolution of environmental practices in the Olympic Games

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the evolution of environmental practices in the Olympic Movement and how they have become institutionalized within the field by using qualitative methodology consisting of content analysis of International Olympic Committee and Organizing Committees for the Olympic Games documents as well as other archival sources. The environmental phases of the Olympic Movement may be broken into the following non-exclusive themes: environment, sustainability, and zero impact. Environmental management in the Olympic Games bows to normative, coercive, and mimetic pressures from multiple groups and has caused isomorphism to occur which institutionalized environmental plans for bids in the Olympic Games. These environmental themes contribute to the event and sport event management literatures by helping future event organizers understand phases of environmental management and where there is room for growth in addressing environmental concerns at the Games.
Effects of macro-scale corrosion damage feature on fatigue crack initiation and fatigue behavior

Abstract The remaining fatigue life for aluminum aerospace alloys is greatly reduced by the presence of corrosion damage; prediction of this deleterious influence via standard fracture mechanics methods is non-trivial. Several corrosion morphologies can develop depending on the local chemistry, pH and electrochemical potential along the geometry of the structure. Previous studies demonstrate that such variations in corrosion morphology can affect the fatigue behavior. This study aims to quantify the effect of corrosion morphologies relevant to a fastener-hole geometry of AA7050-T7451 on the initiation life, propagation life and total fatigue life. Four corrosion morphologies are considered: shallow and deep discrete pits widely distributed on the corroded surface, deep fissure-like features, and general corrosion with surface recession. Corrosion morphologies are carefully characterized using optical microscope, white light interferometer and X-ray computed tomography. The samples are subjected to fatigue using loading protocols that create identifiable marks on the fracture surface at known cycle count. These marker bands are used to determine the small scale crack growth rate (da/dN) of the samples, as well as the cycles to initiate a 10 μm crack. Results showed that initiation life plateaus to near constant values for varied corrosion morphologies, and crack growth rates converge to comparable values. The macro-scale corrosion metrics are considered and correlated to the location of the fatigue initiation. Severe macro-scale metrics such as pit or fissure depth, pit mouth surface area, pit volume, pit density, root mean square, peak density, maximum valley depth, do not uniquely correlate with the location of fatigue crack initiation. This suggests a strong role of micro-scale corrosion features and underlying microstructural features on the location of the fatigue crack initiation.
Considering Sex as a Biological Variable in Biomedical Research

Abstract In June 2015, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new policy highlighting the expectation that sex as a biological variable (SABV) be factored into research designs, analyses, and reporting of vertebrate animal and human studies. NIH-funded research grants and career-development grants are now under this new policy and the first scientific reviews are complete. Since implementation of this policy, the research community has voiced concern about exactly how to study males and females, particularly in basic research. Investigators are asking: “What does it mean to consider SABV?” This commentary serves to provide some perspective.
Effect of early environmental restriction on subsequent behavior in the rat

Three groups of rats were raised in (a) unrestricted, (b) community cage, and (c) isolated environments respectively. The community and isolated cages were barren while the unrestricted environment contained ladders, alleys, mazes, and tunnels. All animals were tested, beginning at the age of 70 days, for emotionality, exploratory behavior, variability, and the ability to formulate and break a set. Results show the unrestricted group to score significantly higher on all of these measures except emotionality and exploratory behavior, which did not differentiate between the groups.
Plant-wide modeling and analysis of the shale gas to dimethyl ether (DME) process via direct and indirect synthesis routes

Abstract A plant-wide model of the shale gas to dimethyl ether (DME) process with integrated CO2 capture via direct and indirect synthesis routes has been developed in Aspen Plus V8.4®. In this study, models of the pre-reforming reactor, autothermal reforming (ATR) reactor and DME synthesis reactors using kinetic data have been developed. For CO2 capture, Rectisol and methyl diethanolamine (MDEA)/piperazine (PZ) technologies have been evaluated and results have been compared with the experimental data. A novel DME separation process has been developed and evaluated for efficient separation of DME, syngas, and CO2. Binary interaction parameters for the vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) model of the methanol-DME-CO-CO2-H2O-H2 system are regressed using the experimental data. Effects of the key parameters like CO2 recycle ratio and H2/CO ratio on the utility consumption in the syngas synthesis unit, acid gas removal (AGR) unit, DME synthesis unit and DME separation unit are studied. It is observed that the direct shale gas to DME production process operated with an optimal H2/CO ratio of 1 has a higher DME yield and overall equivalent electrical efficiency than the indirect shale gas to DME production process.
Smoking risk and the likelihood of quitting among African-American female light and heavy smokers.

While African-American females are more likely to be light smokers compared to their counterparts of other racially classified social groups (RCSGs), they are more likely to carry a heavier burden of smoking-related morbidity and mortality. Thus, it is critical that African-American female light smokers are targeted to engage in smoking cessation. Research has revealed that African-American women are less likely to have a successful quit attempt following a cessation intervention than females from other RCSGs. It has been postulated that the low smoking cessation rates among African-American female light smokers may be due to the lack of appropriate psychosocioculturally tailored cessation interventions that address issues of stress and coping that explain why they smoke and continue to smoke that may differ from their heavy smoker counterparts. The purpose of this study was to ascertain whether African-American female light smokers differed from their heavy smoker counterparts on psychosociocultural stress and coping factors. Findings revealed no differences in the sociodemographic variables of age, income, education and BMI; in the psychosociocultural measures of acculturative stress, race-related stress and coping; or in the smoking characteristics of menthol smoking status, cotinine level and CYP2A6 metabolic functioning between light and heavy smokers. However, the study found that African-American female light smokers take longer to smoke their first cigarette of the day, have a lower smoking risk, are more likely to quit, and exhibit lower carbon monoxide levels than African-American female heavy smokers. The current study suggests that other than the obvious factors of greater likelihood of quitting, lower smoking risk, longer latency to smoke and lower carbon monoxide levels, specific smoking cessation programs may not need to be differentially psychosocioculturally tailored for African-American female light smokers compared to their heavy-smoking counterparts.
Komodifikasi Tubuh dalam Pelayanan Kesehatan: Dari Pasien sebagai Objek kepada Pasien sebagai Persona

The commodification of the body in health services covers a very broad study area. Contextualised in the Marxist understanding, the commodification of the body seemed to be associated with body as an economical commodity and alienating experience. This understanding has been intertwined with the commodification of the body in the health services, especially when it comes down to the practice of health care in which the patient’s body was treated merely as object for certain purposes. In the context of health care, treating the body as an object since Descartes not only bares the ethical-relational dimension of doctor-patient relationship, but also alienates the patient from her or his own body. This article argues that reducing a patient’s body to an object does not correspond to the nature and to the medical profession. In the light of Edmund D. Pellegrino and Alfred I. Tauber, two leading philosophers of medicine, the author will highlight the importance of the apprehension towards the patient as ‘persona’ as a response to the tendency.
Reassessing the Likely Harms to Kidney Vendors in Regulated Organ Markets

Julian Koplin, drawing extensively on empirical data, has argued that vendors, even in well-regulated kidney markets, are likely to be significantly harmed. I contend that his reasoning to this conclusion is dangerously mistaken. I highlight two failures. First, Koplin is insufficiently attentive to the differences between existing markets and the regulated markets proposed by advocates. On the basis of this error, he wrongly concludes that many harms will persist even in a well-regulated system. Second, Koplin misunderstands the utilitarian assessment of the market. He focuses on the costs and benefits of the transaction for the vendor. But, the relevant comparison is between an individual's welfare across different courses of action, namely, vending and the nonvending alternative. Although Koplin's empirically informed contribution is a welcome addition to this literature, the mistakes that pervade his interpretation of the data demand correction.
The Welch Emotional Connection Screen: validation of a brief mother-infant relational health screen.

Aim The Welch Emotional Connection Screen (WECS), assesses mother-infant Emotional Connection in clinical settings. It includes: Attraction, Vocal Communication, Facial Communication, Sensitivity/Reciprocity and clinical decision of Emotional Connection (yes/no). We tested concurrent and construct validity of the WECS and associations with behavioural and physiological measures in preterm infants. Methods Videos from 76 mothers-infants (gestational age 36 weeks) during an in-NICU caregiving paradigm were coded for maternal caregiving behaviour. Videos of mothers-infants were also obtained at 4 months during 10 minutes of face-to-face play (coded with WECS and for maternal positivity and infant social engagement) and the still-face paradigm (coded for infant behavioural approach towards mother; infant electrocardiogram acquired in vivo). Results WECS maternal scores were positively associated with maternal sensitivity and quality of vocal contact at 36 weeks (caregiving) and maternal positivity at 4 months (face-to-face). WECS infant scores positively correlated with infant social engagement and maternal positivity during face-to-face interactions at 4 months. Infants from emotionally not connected dyads (vs. emotionally connected dyads) displayed autonomic dysregulation and less approach-seeking behaviour towards mother during interactive/play sessions of the still-face paradigm. Conclusion This preliminary evidence supports the WECS as a valid screen for rating mother-preterm infant emotional connection associated with healthier infant biobehavioural stress responding.
The Individual Reports

In order to facilitate the reading as well as the understanding of the individual reports and in order to protect as much as possible the anonymity of each subject we have proceeded in the following way:
The mesangium and glomerulonephritis

The mesangium of the glomerular capillary ultrafilter is a specialized pericapillary tissue. In adult mammals its location is limited to the axial portions of the loop, but it extends peripherally to encircle the capillary in the fetal state and in certain glomerular diseases. It contains predominantly intrinsic mesangial cells, which resemble contractile endocytic capillary pericytes, and which are embedded in the extracellular matrix. In addition, the mesangial space normally harbors few resident Ia-antigen bearing, immune-competent cells and rare transient monocyte-macrophages. Due to its unique location between the fenestrated endothelial lining of the capillary lumen and the glomerular basement membrane, constituting the filtration barrier, the mesangium is prone to deposition of potentially noxious plasma constituents and filtration residues, such as phlogogenic foreign proteins and immune complexes. The determinants of the mesangial entry, uptake and removal of such materials are presently incompletely understood but they are thought to include the amount and nature of the deposit, local hemodynamic factors and the ability of the mesangium to degrade or to eliminate the deposited agent. Histopathologic studies of various human and experimental glomerular diseases reveal that increased mesangial cell proliferation and matrix widening may occur either in direct response to deposits or induced by mediators released from inflammatory cells, such as monocyte-macrophages. While the functional damage to the glomerular filter is usually mild when the reaction is limited to the mesangial space, it is more pronounced when the mesangial abnormalities are secondary to subendothelial deposits of the peripheral capillary wall. Recent experimental data indicate that a mesangial inability in removing deposited material may develop in certain chronic glomerular disorders characterized by marked proteinuria, glomerular hypertension and hyperfiltration or accumulation of matrix material. Such states of mesangial dysfunction may play a critical role in the pathogenesis of progressive glomerular sclerosis. It is concluded that better understanding of the pathophysiology of the mesangium would be valuable for designing more effective diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to patients with glomerular disease.
ASPECTS OF CONFORMATIONAL ANALYSIS OF SMALL MOLECULES

This review deals mainly with various aspects of conformational analysis in saturated heterocyclic systems. The following topics are discussed: 1. Conformational equilibria in 2-aryl, 2-ethynyl and 2-vinyl-1, 3-dioxanes in various solvents. 2. The generalized anomeric effect in 1, 3-diazanes and its origin. 3. Unexpected conformational equilibria in 5-heterosubstituted 1, 3-dioxanes. 4. Normal and anomalous solvent effects in conformational equilibria of 1, 3-dioxanes with heteroatoms at C-5. Calculation of solvent effects. Correlation of δG° as a function of solvent with E T (30). A new scale of “solvent polarity”. 5. Interplay of hydrogen bonding with dipolar, non-bonded and eclipsing interactions in 5-hydroxymethyl-l, 3-dioxanes. 6. Highly stereoselective H-D exchanges in anancomeric 1, 3-dithianes. 7. Potential distortion of a cyclohexane or 1, 3-dioxane ring by a t - butyl substituent. Evidence from proton and 13 C nmr and from X-ray structure analysis.
A DISCRETE-TIME NONLINEAR (m + n)-PERSON LABOR MARKET SYSTEM WITH UNCERTAINTY

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses a discrete-time nonlinear ( m + n )-person labor market system with uncertainty. It discusses two important questions in economics. First, given a labor market with n labor applicants and m employers with incomplete information on the behavior of directly competing individuals and wage setting through a wage bidding process in which bids and offers are based on expectations, will each participant be able to select an optimal solution to each of the three resulting decisions? Second, will there exist such labor markets which have possible equilibria which imply the existence of persistent unemployment and no adjustment of the wages being paid? The chapter presents a mathematical model of an interactive labor market with n labor applicants and m employers and the relevant structure for the triple decision process for each participant. It is demonstrated that for each labor applicant in the defined model, there is an optimal solution to the decision problems of selecting wage and job offers under uncertainty or without uncertainty, selecting the level of output that will maximize profits at the market determined level of employment and selecting revised expectations.
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry of Modified Polymer Films

The surface chemical modification of polymers influences a variety of properties important in commercial applications, e.g. adhesion, wettability, solubility, and biocompatibility. Chemical tagging reactions have been helpful in characterizing polymer surface functional groups on modified polymers using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) [1,2]. This approach will be demonstrated to have similar analytical advantages in studies using static fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry (FABMS).
First Year Students Developing a Systems Perspective in the Grand Challenge Scholars Program

This work investigates how participation in the National Academy of Engineering (NAE) Grand Challenge Scholars Program (GCSP) influences first year engineering students’ development of a systems perspective. Students in the NAE GCSP participate in curricular and extracurricular activities to gain research/project experience, an interdisciplinary perspective, an entrepreneurial mindset, multicultural awareness, and social consciousness. At Arizona State University, most GCSP students begin program participation in their first year, primarily through a GCSP specific course designed to help them to develop an interdisciplinary perspective. Each year, approximately 20-25 percent of the incoming GCSP freshmen get involved in the program before classes start, during a weeklong summer program. To evaluate how these GCSP activities influence students’ development of systems perspective, qualitative research methods were used to analyze students’ end of semester course reflections. Results of a thematic analysis of the data indicate that first year students participating in these activities experience a change in how they think about engineering, recognizing the complexity of problems facing society and the need to consider societal factors (e.g. policy, culture) when developing engineering solutions.
"Most [False Reports] Involve Teens": Officer Attitudes Toward Teenage Sexual Assault Complainants-A Qualitative Analysis

Scholars, advocates, and victims have repeatedly criticized the police treatment of sexual assault (SA) complainants. Apathetic attitudes and hostile behavior on the part of the police have likely resulted from socialization into a culture that condones the use of force and violence and blames SA victims for their victimization. Using data from in-depth semistructured interviews with 52 Los Angeles Police Department sex crimes detectives, we examine officer attitudes toward teenage complainants of SA. Notably, almost three fourths of the respondents (n = 38; 73%) mentioned that teenagers lie about SA. Practical implications, theoretical advancements, and directions for future research are discussed.
A guide to visualizing the spatial epigenome with super‐resolution microscopy

Genomic DNA in eukaryotic cells is tightly compacted with histone proteins into nucleosomes, which are further packaged into the higher-order chromatin structure. The physical structuring of chromatin is highly dynamic and regulated by a large number of epigenetic modifications in response to various environmental exposures, both in normal development and pathological processes such as aging and cancer. Higher-order chromatin structure has been indirectly inferred by conventional bulk biochemical assays on cell populations, which do not allow direct visualization of the spatial information of epigenomics (referred to as spatial epigenomics). With recent advances in super-resolution microscopy, the higher-order chromatin structure can now be visualized in vivo at an unprecedent resolution. This opens up new opportunities to study physical compaction of 3D chromatin structure in single cells, maintaining a well-preserved spatial context of tissue microenvironment. This review discusses the recent application of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy to investigate the higher-order chromatin structure of different epigenomic states. We also envision the synergistic integration of super-resolution microscopy and high-throughput genomic technologies for the analysis of spatial epigenomics to fully understand the genome function in normal biological processes and diseases.
Institutional Portfolio Attribution: A Brinson Attribution Extension

We extend the Brinson et al. (1986) performance attribution framework to support institutional-specific requirements, including a hierarchical structure and multiple benchmark styles. By attributing performance to four statistics (e.g. manager alpha, portfolio construction, tactical and strategic), we are able to remove the interaction term, which is a commonly referred to shortcoming of Brinson attribution. We subsequently modify Frongello (2002) linking to produce pro-rated multiperiod attributes which sum to meaningful statistics using notional portfolios of multitier excess returns.
Rangers can't be with every elephant: assessing rangers' perceptions of a community, problem-solving policing model for protected areas

Recent studies have highlighted that illegal activities occurring within protected areas, including the poaching of fauna and flora, cannot be addressed with increased law enforcement alone. Moreover, research on the increasingly militarized nature of front-line conservation efforts has pointed to potentially detrimental aspects of such approaches. This has led to a shift in focus to identifying ways to further engage local communities in the prevention and reduction of wildlife crimes. However, few studies have examined the potential for changing the responsibilities of front-line conservation personnel or their views on such changes. Such insight is vital in forecasting the successful adoption of, or possible resistance towards, a more community-oriented policy. We examined rangers’ perceptions in Uganda to assess their attitudes towards traditional enforcement strategies and alternative, non-enforcement approaches for reducing illegal activities in protected areas. Our findings suggest that although respondents believed that traditional enforcement strategies (e.g. foot patrols) are important and effective in reducing wildlife crime, these strategies on their own were insufficient to address illegal activities. Study participants emphasized the importance of expanding the role of front-line rangers, in line with approaches suggested in the policing literature. We discuss the implications of our findings for transdisciplinary conservation science research and front-line conservation policy and practice.
The ventriculo-cholecystic shunt: does CSF volume matter?

The management of hydrocephalus in paediatric patients where the peritoneum has failed can be challenging. One option is to perform a ventriculo-cholecystic shunt. However, little is known about the capacity of the gall bladder to accommodate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). A retrospective case series was performed to include all paediatric patients who received a ventriculo-cholecystic shunt at a single centre, Sheffield Children’s Hospital. We identified three patients who had a ventriculo-cholecystic shunt inserted. The shunt survived past 1 year in two patients, who had pre-operative external ventricular drain (EVD) outputs of 8 and 10 ml/h respectively. One patient shunt failed at day four post-op due to distal dysfunction, his pre-operative EVD was over 30 ml/h. When considering a patient for a ventriculo-cholecystic shunt, caution should be taken if a high CSF output is known, for example, as per an EVD measurement.
We Have Only Ourselves to Fear: Reflections on AI Through the Black Mirror of “White Christmas”

Anxieties about artificial intelligence (AI) have centered on its imagined potential to autonomously originate unforeseeable, uncontrollable, profound threats to human beings. Yet, in the Black Mirror (2011–) episode “White Christmas,” AI serves primarily as a tool by which human-originated cruelty can be implemented and amplified. In particular, the cookie, a device storing an extant person’s consciousness outside of his or her body, can be cognizant of existential dependence on the whims of the original consciousness, instantiating the horror of which human beings are capable and casting a reflecting surface by which our fears about AI merely point us back to ourselves.