cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Is remote near-peer anatomy teaching an effective teaching strategy? Lessons learned from the transition to online learning during the Covid-19 pandemic.

In response to the Covid-19 pandemic, medical educators have transformed pre-clerkship anatomy curricula to online formats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness and student perceptions of an online near-peer anatomy curriculum. The classes of 2022 and 2023 completed identical foundational anatomy curricula in-person, whereas the class of 2024 completed an adapted curriculum for remote online learning. Quantitative and qualitative responses were used to compare attitudes between instructional methods. Assessment scores and evaluation survey responses were collected from the classes of 2022 (n = 185), 2023 (n = 184), and 2024 (n = 183). Mean assessment scores (± SD) for the classes of 2022, 2023, and 2024 were 93.64% (±5.86), 93.75% (±4.09), and 92.04% (±4.83), respectively. Post-hoc group comparisons showed the class of 2024 scored significantly lower than the two previous classes [2022: (H(1) = 18.58, P < 0.001), 2023: (H(1) = 18.65, P < 0.001)]. Mean survey results concerning curriculum quality were 4.06 / 5.00 for the class of 2023 and 3.57 / 5.0 for the class of 2024 (t(365) = 2.67, P = 0.008). Considering a small effect size (η2 = 0.034), there was no meaningful difference in student assessment scores. A potential drawback of online near-peer anatomy teaching remains in student perceptions of course quality; qualitative feedback suggested technological limitations and perceptions of online course instructors were partly responsible for lower student satisfaction. Following the Covid-19 pandemic, medical educators should incorporate the lessons learned from this unique educational inflection point to improve curricula moving forward.
Severe Allergies, Price Increases, and Supply Shortages: How News Frames of the 2016 EpiPen Crisis Continue the Conversation of U.S. Pharmaceutical Pricing

Controlling pharmaceutical prescription costs has been an interest in the United States for decades. In 2016, EpiPen experienced a 600% price increase. This exploratory framing study focuses on news coverage of EpiPen’s price increase and related pharmaceutical price increase stories through analyzing three U.S. television news programs’ coverage. Within 30 news segments that discussed EpiPen or medication price increases, analysis revealed four frames: economic, attribution of responsibility, morality and human interest, and conflict and powerlessness. This study provides a larger understanding of how the crisis of medication price increases is understood and implications for practitioners and individuals aiming to make medications more accessible.
Urban Sprawl and Preventive Care

Using data from the 2012 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) and an index of metropolitan urban sprawl, I estimate the effect of sprawl on the use of important preventive care services. Instrumenting for sprawl with the 1947 Highway Construction Plan, my findings suggest that a standard deviation increase in metropolitan statistical area sprawl reduces the probability that individuals have key preventive care services within recommended timing windows. The results also suggest that a standard deviation increase in sprawl leads to increases in the probability of receiving an annual flu vaccine and obesity.
Characterization of Kidney Retransplantation Following Graft Failure Due to BK Virus Nephropathy

INTRODUCTION Immunosuppression following kidney transplantation increases risk of BK polyomavirus reactivation, a common cause of graft dysfunction and failure. Subsequent retransplantation is a viable option that has not been extensively studied. This study further characterizes BK Virus Nephropathy (BKVN) and retransplantation in the most expansive population to date, geographically, temporally, and in magnitude. MATERIALS AND METHODS The OPTN/UNOS database was used to identify patients who received kidney or kidney-pancreas transplantation between 1987 and 2018 that resulted in BKVN-attributed failure (n = 1587). This population was divided into those who underwent retransplantation (n = 495) and those who did not (n = 1092). RESULTS The retransplanted cohort was younger (45 vs. 53 yr; P<0.0001) and had fewer prior kidney transplants (P<0.003), lower expected post-transplant survival (P<0.001), lower rates of delayed graft function (DGF) (14.1% vs. 22.2%; P=0.0008), a greater proportion of white patients (55.4% vs. 43.2%; P=0.0002), a greater proportion of living donors (35.8% vs. 23.0%; P<0.0001), and longer allograft lifespan (2.95 vs. 2.41 yr; P<0.0001), compared to those not retransplanted. Among retransplants, DGF and high kidney donor profile index (KDPI) were associated with decreased allograft lifespan (P=0.001, P=0.0005, respectively). Steroid induction had no effect on allograft lifespan when compared to steroid-free regimens (P=0.915). Retransplanted allografts lasted longer than previous BKVN-failed grafts (10.44 and 3.70 years, respectively; P<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Retransplantation following BKVN-associated graft failure has been associated with favorable outcomes. To maximize allograft lifespan in retransplantation, clinicians may consider selection of low KDPI donors, prevention of delayed graft function, and tailored immunosuppressive regimens that minimize steroids.
Physico-Mechanical Properties of Coprocessed Excipient MicroceLac® 100 by DM3 Approach

Purpose To determine the effect of relative humidity (RH) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) on the physico-mechanical properties of coprocessed MacroceLac® 100 using ‘DM3’ approach.
Status of Vasodilators for Heart Failure

The era of vasodilator therapy for heart failure was ushered in by the seminal observation that drugs that act to relax vascular smooth muscle in the peripheral vasculature are capable of profoundly improving the performance of the damaged left ventricle, These initial studies were carried out with phentolamine (1), an alpha adrenoceptor blocker, and sodium nitroprusside (2), a direct-acting vasodilator. Soon thereafter it was demonstrated that nitrates (3), hydralazine (4), and prazosin (5) also exert a favorable acute effect on left ventricular performance. Thus, it soon became apparent that all vasodilator drugs, by virtue of reducing aortic impedance, could improve ventricular emptying and raise stroke volume in the setting of heart failure (6).
A Review of “The Onion: Our Dumb World Atlas of the Planet Earth”

The atlas Our Dumb World is both a spoof on the traditional atlas and a social and political satire on the state of our nation and the world. It is a product of The Onion, after all, and in the gen...
Hierarchy and concentration in the American urban system of technological advance

This paper investigates aspects of the urban hierarchy and concentration of patent sub-categories in United States metropolitan areas by estimating Zipf, Gini and Moran's I coefficients. Results do not support a power law depiction of the location of disaggregate patenting in the entire metropolitan system. The most concentrated and hierarchical patent technologies are computer hardware and software, computer peripherals, information storage, communications, surgery and medical instruments, nuclear and x-rays, semiconductor devices, optics and organic compounds. Technologies are cross-classified, which reveals aspects of variety in locational patterns and offers clues into systems of knowledge exchange in urban-based technological advance. Resumen Este articulo investiga los aspectos de la jerarquia urbana y la concentracion de subcategorias de patentes en areas metropolitanas de los Estados Unidos, mediante la estimacion de los coeficientes de Zipf, Gini, y la I de Moran. Los resultados no siguen una ley de potencias para la localizacion de patentes desagregadas en la totalidad del sistema metropolitano. Las tecnologias de patentes mas concentradas y jerarquicas son las de hardware y software, perifericos informaticos, almacenamiento de informacion, comunicaciones, cirugia e instrumentos medicos, radiologia (rayos X, nuclear), dispositivos semiconductores, optica y compuestos organicos. Las tecnologias muestran una clasificacion transversal, que revela aspectos de diversidad en los patrones de localizacion y ofrece indicios sobre los sistemas de intercambio de conocimientos en el avance tecnologico de caracter urbano.
The Role of Foreign Direct Investment in International Capital Flows

Direct investment has accounted for about a quarter of total international capital outflows in the 1990s and appears to have grown, relative to other forms of international investment, since the 1970s. The United States was by far the major source of direct investment outflows in the early 1970s, but Europe caught up to the United States in the 1980s and Japan almost did, before fading in the 1990s. The United States shifted from being the largest net supplier of direct investment to absorbing much of the world's supply, especially in the late 1980s, and then reverted to its earlier net supplier role. Direct Investment flows have been the least volatile source of international investment for most countries, the chief exception being the United States, which has flipped back and forth from dominant net supplier to dominant net recipient, and back to dominant net supplier. Particularly for developing countries, direct investment has been the most dependable source of foreign investment.
This Book Is a Movie: The “Faithful Adaptation” as a Benchmark for Analyzing the Substantial Similarity of Works in Different Media

How should courts compare works in different media when determining whether one infringes the other? A plaintiff in a copyright infringement action must establish that the defendant’s work is “substantially similar” to the plaintiff’s work. In order to determine whether two works are substantially similar, courts will typically evaluate the elements of the works that constitute the protected expression, which differ depending on the work’s medium (e.g., literary, film, visual artwork, photography, music, etc.). Courts and commentators generally agree that the differences between two works that are dictated by the fact that they are in different media are not relevant to whether the works are substantially similar, but have not explained how to compare the expressive elements of works in different media. In this article, drawing on the nature of the statutory derivative work right as clarified by the theoretical research and related case law, I argue that courts should translate the original work’s expressive elements into the new medium’s equivalent modes of expression to create a hypothetical “faithful adaptation” of the plaintiff’s work in the new medium. The faithful adaptation would then serve as the benchmark for comparison to the defendant’s work. The author’s right to create transformations (or derivatives) of the original work must serve as the basis for comparison because it is the right that has allegedly been infringed. Thus, applying the “faithful adaptation” standard will transform the plaintiff’s “orange” into an “apple” to allow for an “apples-to-apples” comparison of the two works. Accordingly, adopting the faithful adaptation standard will allow the courts to apply the existing substantial similarity tests to works in different media without being derailed by the irrelevant dissimilarities resulting from the difference in medium.
Responses of limbic and extrapyramidal neurotensin systems to stimulants of abuse. Involvement of dopaminergic mechanisms

In summary, we have observed that drugs of abuse, which can cause schizophrenia-like paranoia, alter striatal and accumbens NT systems in a similar, dramatic fashion. The NT responses to these drugs, in particular METH, are mediated by activation of DA D1 receptors. We have observed that NMDA-type glutamate receptors are essential for the D1-NT interaction. NMDA receptors are selective, since they do not contribute to the antagonistic effects of DA D2 receptors on NT activity. This observation suggests that NT responses to D1 and D2 regulation are mediated through separate and distinct mechanisms. Finally, we found that the presence of METH dramatically reduces striatal NT release, which most likely leads to NT accumulation in nerve terminals and the observed increase in NT tissue level. The blockade of NT release by a psychotogenic drug, such as METH, is consistent with the hypothesis that NT has antipsychotic activity and a decrease in its release may contribute to some forms of schizophrenia similar to that caused by intense use of the stimulants of abuse.
Cutaneous microemboli from hydrophilic polymer after endovascular procedures

Background Multiple devices and coatings assist with endovascular insertion of sheaths, catheters, and guide wires. Hydrophilic polymer coatings, a common component of endovascular surgical devices, reportedly cause microvascular obstruction and embolization, with various sequelae in organs and soft tissue. Objective We sought to describe clinical and histopathologic features of cutaneous manifestations of hydrophilic polymer gel emboli. Methods We evaluated the clinical and histopathologic characteristics of 8 patients with cutaneous complications of hydrophilic polymer gel emboli who presented in May 2013 through February 2015. Results Sudden onset of lower extremity livedo racemosa, purpuric patches, or both, occurred hours to days after endovascular procedures involving the aorta. Histopathologic evaluation showed basophilic lamellated material, consistent with hydrophilic polymer gel emboli, within small dermal vessels. Limitations This was a retrospective study with small sample size and not controlled for all similar procedures in this population. Conclusion Hydrophilic polymer gel coatings in endovascular devices can embolize to skin and cause microvascular occlusion, presenting as livedo racemosa, purpura, or both. Given the number of patients observed over a short period, this phenomenon may be underappreciated. Hydrophilic polymer gel emboli should be considered in differential diagnosis of livedo racemosa and purpura after endovascular procedure.
Abstract CN12-04: The role of inflammation and stromal cells in gastrointestinal cancers

Most gastrointestinal cancers arise in the setting of chronic inflammation, but which leads to the recruitment of additional stromal cells, but the nature of these cells have not been well-defined. Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) that express alpha-smooth-muscle-actin (αSMA+) are thought to contribute to cancer progression but their precise origin has not been established. We have employed IL-1β transgenic mice and Helicobacter felis-infected mice that develop gastric dysplasia and cancer to investigate the origins and contributions of CAFs. These studies suggest that chronic inflammation of the GI tract, along with other carcinogenic stimuli, results in remodeling of the bone marrow and recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells to the incipient cancer site. At least 20% of CAFs originate from BM cells, and BM-derived CAFs promote tumor growth in organotypic and xenograft models. Thus, BM-derived fibroblastic cells create a new cancer niche that contributes to the progression of cancer, and as such represent a potential target for cancer prevention therapy. Citation Information: Cancer Prev Res 2010;3(12 Suppl):CN12-04.
Earlier Violent Television Exposure and Later Drug Dependence

This research examined the longitudinal pathways from earlier violent television exposure to later drug dependence. African American and Puerto Rican adolescents were interviewed during three points in time (n = 463). Exposure to violent television programs in late adolescence predicted exposure to violent television programs in young adulthood, which in turn was related to tobacco/marijuana use, nicotine dependence, and later drug dependence. Some policy and clinical implications suggest regulating the times when violent television programs are broadcast, creating developmentally targeted prevention/treatment programs, and recognizing that watching violent television programs may serve as a cue regarding increased susceptibility to nicotine and drug dependence.
Supersolar Super-Lyman Limit Systems

We present abundance measurements for two super-Lyman limit systems (SLLSs; quasar absorption-line systems with 1019 cm-2 300 km s-1)—resemble those of gas observed in absorption in the spectra of bright, star-forming galaxies at high redshift. We discuss the metal mass density of the SLLSs based on these observations and our SLLS survey, and we argue that a conservative estimate to the total metal budget at z = 2 is greater than 15% of the total, suggesting that metal-rich LLSs may represent the dominant metal reservoir in the young universe.
A theory of interlinked rural transactions

This paper argues that the interlinking of labor, output, and credit contracts often observed in rural economies can be regarded as an attempt to improve allocative efficiency in the face of moral hazard. It advances an economic explanation of the phenomenon which is rooted in the view that prevalent modes of transaction, of which interlinked contracts are an example, are shaped by technological considerations. Interlinking is shown to be an efficient economic response to unequally distributed information arising from the uncertainty which characterizes subsistence agriculture. All Pareto-efficient allocations require a combination of wage-cum-output sharing with consumption credit contracts. The analytical framework set up to demonstrate the results is used to examine the response of the contractual parameters to changes in: (i) the returns to alternative occupations available to tenant/laborers; (ii) the cost of credit to the village economy; and (iii) the riskiness of cultivation. The analysis concludes that public policy to alleviate rural poverty must recognize the relationships between technological considerations and modes of transaction in the absence of a complete set of markets.
Disseminated BCG: Complications of Intravesical Bladder Cancer Treatment

Intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been established as an effective treatment of superficial bladder cancer (Parker and Kommu, 2013). However, major side effects, including pneumonitis, sepsis, and even death, may occur in <5% of patients (Gonzalez et al., 2003). Here we present a case of severe disseminated Mycobacterium bovis following intravesical BCG administration. Our patient is a 76-year-old gentleman with newly diagnosed superficial transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder who recently received his first intravesical BCG treatment. He initially presented with hemoptysis and was found to have extensive patchy infiltrates bilaterally. He was treated for pneumonia with antibiotics and then with steroids for hypersensitivity pneumonitis but continued to deteriorate. Due to the temporal proximity of his exposure to BCG, we administered treatment for presumed disseminated BCG infection with rifampin, isoniazid, and ethambutol. Within a 48-hour period, the patient improved dramatically. The reported cases of infection from intravesical BCG illustrate an insidious onset with initial symptoms of low-grade fevers and cystitis but may progress to pneumonitis. If the symptoms persist for more than 7 days or if there is clinical deterioration, RIPE therapy (with rifampin, isoniazid, pyridoxine, and ethambutol) and a fluoroquinolone should be administered for a 6–9-month course along with steroids for 4–6 weeks (Naudžiunas et al., 2012).
Cationic UV-cured coatings containing epoxidized soybean oil initiated by new onium salts containing tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate anion

Different formulations containing epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) and a commercial cycloaliphatic epoxy resin (UVR6110) were cured by onium tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)gallate (Gallate) on steel panels. The resulting coatings were clear and their mechanical properties were tested by the Sward hardness test, cross-hatch tape adhesion test and MEK double rub test. The new initiators have the advantage of good solubility, high reactivity, and the production of colorless coatings. The best formulations obtained contain 50% ESO, 50% UVR6110, and 0.5% silwet if sulfonium gallate is used as initiator, and 60% ESO, 40% UVR6110, and 0.5% silwet if iodonium gallate is the initiator.
An efficient parallel algorithm for finding minimum weight matching for points on a convex polygon

Abstract We present an efficient parallel algorithm for finding a minimum weight perfect matching for points on a convex polygon. where the weight of an edge is the Euclidean distance between its two end points. On a concurrent read exclusive write PRAM, the algorithm runs in O(log 2 n ) time with O( n ) processors.
Geochemical mass balances and weathering rates in forested watersheds of the southern Blue Ridge II. Effects of botanical uptake terms

Abstract Geochemical mass balance methods are commonly used in small-watershed studies to estimate rates of primary-mineral weathering and soil formation, and the contribution of these processes to cation budgets, nutrient cycling, and landscape susceptibility to acid deposition. Many researchers employ the “balance sheet” approach, a system of simultaneous linear equations with constant coefficients which represent the steady-state behavior of the modelled system. Most workers also assume that the steady-state assumption for the entire system means that botanical factors can be ignored; in other words, that there is no net elemental transfer between biomass and inorganic compartments of the system. However, the widely invoked assumption that biomass is at steady-state is mathematically a second, explicit assumption, not a built-in mathematical consequence of the assumption of overall steady-state. The common assumption that the biomass is necessarily at steady-state in a steady-state system ignores the possibility of uptake of elements into the forest biomass. To quantify the implications of the separate mathematical assumptions, weathering rates for seven forested watersheds in the southern Blue Ridge mountains are calculated twice, once allowing for net element exchange with biomass, and once assuming no net exchange with biomass. Our calculations show that misunderstanding the mathematical constraints which are built into the most widely used geochemical mass balance equations commonly causes errors (underestimates) of up to a factor of 4 in the calculated rates of mineral weathering and soil formation. This problem is most pronounced for minerals which contain major nutrient elements, and for rates calculated from mass balances of those nutrient elements.
Directional radiometry and radiative transfer: A new paradigm

Abstract Measurements with directional radiometers and calculations based on the radiative transfer equation (RTE) have been at the very heart of weather and climate modeling and terrestrial remote sensing. The quantification of the energy budget of the Earth's climate system requires exquisite measurements and computations of the incoming and outgoing electromagnetic energy, while global characterization of climate system's components relies heavily on theoretical inversions of observational data obtained with various passive and active instruments. The same basic problems involving electromagnetic energy transport and its use for diagnostic and characterization purposes are encountered in numerous other areas of science, biomedicine, and engineering. Yet both the discipline of directional radiometry and the radiative transfer theory (RTT) have traditionally been based on phenomenological concepts many of which turn out to be profound misconceptions. Contrary to the widespread belief, a collimated radiometer does not, in general, measure the flow of electromagnetic energy along its optical axis, while the specific intensity does not quantify the amount of electromagnetic energy transported in a given direction. The recently developed microphysical approach to radiative transfer and directional radiometry is explicitly based on the Maxwell equations and clarifies the physical nature of measurements with collimated radiometers and the actual content of the RTE. It reveals that the specific intensity has no fundamental physical meaning besides being a mathematical solution of the RTE, while the RTE itself is nothing more than an intermediate auxiliary equation. Only under special circumstances detailed in this review can the solution of the RTE be used to compute the time-averaged local Poynting vector as well as be measured by a collimated radiometer. These firmly established facts make the combination of the RTE and a collimated radiometer useful in a well-defined range of applications. However, outside the domain of validity of the RTT the practical usefulness of measurements with collimated radiometers remains uncertain, while the theoretical modeling of these measurements and the solution of the energy-budget problem require a more sophisticated approach than solving the RTE.
Temperature and Curling Stress in Concrete Pavements: Analytical Solutions

Temperature is an important factor influencing the functioning of concrete pavements. In the past, analysis of temperature distribution in pavement has been done using numerical techniques such as finite difference or finite element method; both require significant computational efforts. In this paper, a closed-form analytical solution is presented for a three-layer pavement system, subjected to a periodic variation of either ambient air temperature or pavement surface temperature. The thermal analysis is coupled with a plate theory with Winkler foundation to allow for calculation of curling stresses and bending moments. The methods for characterizing periodic temperature variations are also described. The main findings from the numerical studies show that the temperature distribution with depth can be highly nonlinear, particularly when daily temperature variation is considered. Thus, the frequency of temperature variation, rather than the amplitude, has the most significant effect on the calculated temperature distribution with depth in the concrete pavement layer. A frequency of 2 pi rad/d or higher can be expected to cause nonlinear temperature distribution and require that calculation of curling stresses be based on a nonlinear distribution model.
Protonation of interacting residues in a protein by a Monte Carlo method: application to lysozyme and the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides.

Abstract We used Monte Carlo methods to treat statistical problem of electrostatic interactions among many titrating amino acids and applied these methods to lysozyme and the photosynthetic reaction center of Rhodobacter sphaeroides, including all titrating sites. We computed the average protonation of residues as a function of pH from an equilibrium distribution of states generated by random sampling. Electrostatic energies were calculated from a finite difference solution to the linearized Poisson-Boltzmann equation using the coordinates from solved protein structures. For most calculations we used the Metropolis algorithm to sample protonation states; for strongly coupled sites, we substantially reduced sampling errors by using a modified algorithm that allows multiple site transitions. The Monte Carlo method agreed with calculations for a small test system, lysozyme, for which the complete partition function was calculated. We also calculated the pH dependence of the free energy change associated with electron transfer from the primary to the secondary quinone in the photosynthetic reaction center. The shape of the resulting curve agreed fairly well with experiment, but the proton uptake from which the free energy was calculated agreed only to within a factor of two with the observed values. We believe that this discrepancy resulted from errors in the individual electrostatic energy calculations rather than from errors in the Monte Carlo sampling.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Psychotropic and Non-Psychotropic Medication Use Among Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders

Medication use was examined in 286 adolescents and adults with ASD over a 4.5 year period. A total of 70% were taking a psychotropic or non-psychotropic medication at the beginning of the study. Both the number of psychotropic and non-psychotropic medications taken, and the proportion of individuals taking these medications, increased significantly over the study period, with 81% taking at least one medication 4.5 years later. Our findings suggested a high likelihood of staying medicated over time. Thus, adolescents and adults with ASD are a highly and increasingly medicated population.
Nonlinear transmission of 1D photonic crystal polymers

Transmission from a strongly nonlinear material incorporated into monolithic and nanolayered polymer thin films are compared. When the laser wavelength approaches the bandgap, the nanolayered films transmit less than monoliths as excitation fluence is increased.
The effect of polyethylene glycol molecular weight on corneal transport and the related influence of penetration enhancers

Abstract In order to understand the mechanism of olecular weight dependence on corneal transport of solutes, it is important to separate charge type and molecular size, two major parameters for peptide delivery. The transport characteristics of a series of different molecular weight polyethylene glycols (PEGs), which are hydrophilic and uncharged, were measured in vitro. The absorption of PEGs exhibited a dependence on the molecular weight with a cutoff between PEG 400 and PEG 600. The effect of penetration enhancers, including a bile salt, digitonin, and cytochalasin B, on the molecular weight permeability profile can be used to identify mechanisms of penetration enhancement. Bile salt did not alter the molecular weight permeability profile. In contrast, digitonin greatly increased absorption of the PEGs and selective molecular weight effects were seen with cytochalasin B. Correlation of mucosal integrity with the effectiveness of the penetration enhancer indicates that cytochalasin B acts on the tight junction by opening intercellular spaces. These results indicate that the paracellular pathway may play an important role in hydrophilic, large molecule transport through the cornea.
Solvent Dependence of the Structure and Magnetic Ordering of Ferrimagnetic Manganese(III) meso-Tetraphenylporphyrin Tetracyanoethenide, [MnTPP]+[TCNE]•-·x(solvent). Evidence for Orientationally Disordered [TCNE]•-

Tetraphenylporphinatomanganate(III) tetracyanoethenide, [MnTPP][TCNE], is the prototype of a growing family of linear chain (1-D) coordination polymers that magnetically order as ferrimagnets. [MnTPP][TCNE]·xS [S = PhMe (x = 2), 1,2-C6H4Me2 (x = 1), 1,2-C6H4Cl2 (x = 3), 1,2,4-C6H3Cl3 (x = 2), and 1,3-C6H4Cl2 (x = 2)] have been prepared and structurally and magnetically characterized. All form 1-D chain structures with intrachain Mn···Mn separations ranging from 9.202 to 10.218 A. The 173 K crystal structure of [MnTPP][TCNE]·2PhMe has been rerefined, revealing that the [TCNE]•- is 2-fold-disordered and coordinated to MnIII by a pair of trans cyano nitrogen atoms to form parallel one-dimensional chains. The two orientations of [TCNE]•- are related by a 180° rotation about the diagonal axis joining the trans nitrogen atoms bound to MnIII. The major form has an occupancy of 83.3(4)% with a Mn−NTCNE distance of 2.328(3) A and a MnNC angle of 146.8(8)°. The minor form, with 16.7(4)% occupancy, has a Mn−NTCNE di...
Logically rectangular mixed methods for Darcy flow on general geometry

The authors consider an expanded mixed finite element formulation (cell centered finite difference) for Darcy flow with a tensor absolute permeability. The reservoir can be geometrically general with internal features, but the computational domain is rectangular. The method is defined on a curvilinear grid that need not be orthogonal, obtained by mapping the rectangular, computational grid. The original flow problem becomes a similar problem with a modified permeability on the computational grid. Quadrature rules turn the mixed method into a cell-centered finite difference method with a 9 point stencil in 2-D and 19 in 3-D. As shown by theory and experiment, if the modified permeability on the computational domain is smooth, then the convergence rate is optimal and both pressure and velocity are superconvergent at certain points. If not, Lagrange multiplier pressures can be introduced on boundaries of elements so that optimal convergence is retained. This modification presents only small changes in the solution process; in fact, the same parallel domain decomposition algorithms can be applied with little or no change to the code if the modified permeability is smooth over the subdomains. This Lagrange multiplier procedure can be used to extend the difference scheme to multi-block domains, and tomore » give a coupling with unstructured grids. In all cases, the mixed formulation is locally conservative. Computational results illustrate the advantage and convergence of this method.« less
‘For love of an idea’: Jane Ellen Harrison, heretic and humanist

Abstract Jane Ellen Harrison, British classicist at the turn of the century, was a pioneering scholar in her field, one of the first to apply new anthropological and psychological theories to the study of ancient Greek culture. Her reputation was diminished, however, by criticisms of the ‘female’ qualities of her scholarship. It was not only her scholarship that angered her critics; Harrison's feminism, pacifism, and atheism made her a particular target for the outrage of conservative male colleagues. This paper examines the criticisms and motives of two of her critics: William Ridgeway and Montague Rhodes James.
The international monetary system: The missing factor

Abstract Are present international monetary arrangements optimal? My answer is no. There is a missing ingredient in the international monetary system. The missing ingredient is a world currency, and until such a facility is created, the existing arrangements, while likely to continue, will be, at best, second best. Restoration of the gold standard at the current dollar price of gold, however, would result in deflation if the restoration led to an increase in the demand for gold (as it undoubtedly would). Gold would again become a standard of value if and only if it were made stable in terms of currencies.
On random binning versus conditional codebook methods in multiple descriptions coding

There are two common types of encoding paradigms in multiple descriptions (MD) coding: i) an approach based on conditional codebook generation, which was originally initiated by El-Gamal and Cover for the 2 channel setting and later extended to more than 2 channels by Venkataramani, Kramer and Goyal (VKG), ii) and an approach based on Slepian and Wolf's random binning technique, proposed by Pradhan, Puri and Ramchandran (PPR) for L > 2 descriptions. It is well known that the achievable region due to PPR subsumes the VKG region for the symmetric Gaussian MD problem. Motivated by several practical advantages of random binning based methods over the conditional codebook encoding, this paper focuses on the following important questions: Does a random binning based scheme achieve the performance of conditional codebook encoding, even for the 2 descriptions scenario? Are random binning based approaches beneficial for settings that are not fully symmetric? This paper answers both these questions in the affirmative. Specifically, we propose a 2 descriptions coding scheme, based on random binning, which subsumes the currently known largest region for this problem due to Zhang and Berger. Moreover, we propose its extensions to L > 2 channels and derive the associated achievable regions. The proposed scheme enjoys the advantages of both encoding paradigms making it particularly useful when there is symmetry only within a subset of the descriptions.
HEVC ALF decode complexity analysis and reduction

This paper analyzes the decoder implementation complexity of a new tool called Adaptive Loop Filtering (ALF) being considered for the ITU-T/ISO/IEC High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard, and proposes new luma filters (Nx7 and Nx5) for ALF that reduce memory bandwidth, memory size requirements, and number of computations. The luma filters in ALF of the initial version HEVC Test Model (HM-1.0) have a maximum vertical size of 9. The vertical size of the ALF filters determines the memory size (line buffers) and memory bandwidth requirements. Accordingly, this paper proposes reducing the vertical size of ALF filters to 7 and 5, which are referred to as Nx7 and Nx5 filter sets respectively. These filters reduce memory bandwidth and size requirements by 25% and 50% respectively with minimal impact on coding efficiency. In addition, the worst case computational complexity is reduced by ∼10% and ∼20% respectively. Reduced vertical size luma ALF filters are under consideration for inclusion in HEVC standard with Nx7 being been adopted into HM-2.0 and Nx5 being under consideration for HM-4.0.
Reconstructions of the Campbell Plateau and the Lord Howe Rise

Abstract Reconstructions of the southeastern margin of Gondwanaland require either a separation of East and West Antarctica or movement between the Lord Howe Rise and the Campbell Plateau. Previous plate tectonic reconstructions based on sea-floor spreading data eliminated the Lord Howe Rise-Campbell Plateau separation prior to 36 m.y. ago because of overlap. This conclusion is dependent on the reconstruction of Australia and Antarctica, interpretation of magnetic anomalies between Antarctica and the Campbell Plateau and the nature of the plate boundary in New Zealand. Revised reconstructions of the fit between Australia and Antarctica, and a reinterpretation of the magnetic anomalies between the Campbell Plateau and Antarctica suggest that there is no problem of overlap between the Lord Howe Rise and the Campbell Plateau, and that continued motion between these plates prior to 36 m.y. ago is a more plausible alternative to separation between East and West Antarctica.
Mode of action of alanosine.

Abstract Alanosine inhibits the synthesis of RNA adenine from formate- 14 C and from glycine- 14 C in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells in vivo . There is no appreciable depression of the rate of RNA guanine synthesis. The incorporation of preformed adenine- 14 C into RNA purines is unaffected. Inhibition of RNA adenine synthesis is not antagonized by glutamine or aspartate. The incorporation of thymidine- 3 H, uridine- 3 H, and l -leucine- 14 C into the acid-insoluble fraction of the cells in vitro is unaffected by the drug. Evidence indicates that alanosine may interfere with the conversion of inosine monophosphate to adenosine monophosphate.
Immunohistochemical demonstration of ferritin in sweat gland and sweat gland neoplasms

Using a rabbit anti-human liver ferritin antibody, we examined the binding patterns of this reagent in normal skin and observed a unique binding pattern limited to the outermost layer of the eccrine duct. Examination of a variety of sweat gland neoplasms revealed 2 distinct patterns. One was the binding of this antibody to the outermost layer of cells in the epithelial cords of syringoma, producing a characteristic ring when seen in cross-section. This pattern of binding did not occur in other neoplasms known to be related to the eccrine duct such as dermal duct tumor and eccrine poroma. Only sparse sporadic binding occurred in other eccrine and apocrine neoplasms. A second characteristic binding pattern, not related to that noted in syringoma and diffuse in pattern, was seen in acrospiroma and in a number of adnexal carcinomas. Diffuse ferritin expression has been described in malignant neoplasms in tissues other than skin. Diffuse ferritin staining of certain sweat gland neoplasms may be an indication of biologic activity and potential aggressivity of these neoplasms.
The envelope theorem in dynamic optimization

Abstract The dynamic envelope theorem is presented for optimal control problems with nondifferential constraints. Some of these constraints may switch from binding to nonbinding, or vice versa, along the optimal path. Twice continuous differentiability of the optimal performance function and intertemporal symmetry and reciprocity conditions are shown to follow from the envelope theorem and twice continuous differentiability of the integrand, state equations, and constraints. Conditions implying convexity or concavity of the optimal performance function in the parameters are derived. Dynamic versions of Hotelling's Lemma, Roy's Identity, and the Slutsky equation are presented for an intertemporal consumption problem.
Bladder Neck Sling and Appendicovesicostomy Without Augmentation for Neurogenic Incontinence in Children

Purpose: Most children undergoing bladder neck sling for neurogenic urinary incontinence also have undergone bladder augmentation. However, complications from enterocystoplasty and uncertainty regarding its indication during bladder outlet enhancement led us to perform slings without augmentation. Herein we report outcomes in consecutive patients.Materials and Methods: A total of 30 patients with neurogenic bladder underwent tight 360-degree fascial sling wrap around the bladder neck and appendicovesicostomy without augmentation. Indications included detrusor leak point pressure less than 50 cm water and stress urinary incontinence. Urodynamics were obtained in all patients preoperatively, in 26 at a mean of 6 months postoperatively and in 16 at a mean of 24 months postoperatively.Results: Satisfactory continence defined as 2 or fewer damp pads daily was achieved in 83% of patients with followup of 6 to 60 months (mean 22). Symptomatic hyperreflexia and/or loss of compliance developed in 8 patients postop...
Genomics screens for metastasis genes

Metastasis is responsible for most cancer mortality. The process of metastasis is complex, requiring the coordinated expression and fine regulation of many genes in multiple pathways in both the tumor and host tissues. Identification and characterization of the genetic programs that regulate metastasis is critical to understanding the metastatic process and discovering molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of metastasis. Genomic approaches and functional genomic analyses can systemically discover metastasis genes. In this review, we summarize the genetic tools and methods that have been used to identify and characterize the genes that play critical roles in metastasis.
Comparing modelling techniques when designing VPH gratings for BigBOSS

BigBOSS is a Stage IV Dark Energy instrument based on the Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) and Red Shift Distortions (RSD) techniques using spectroscopic data of 20 million ELG and LRG galaxies at 0.5≤z≤1.6 in addition to several hundred thousand QSOs at 0.5≤z≤3.5. When designing BigBOSS instrumentation, it is imperative to maximize throughput whilst maintaining a resolving power of between R=1500 and 4000 over a wavelength range of 360-980 nm. Volume phase Holographic (VPH) gratings have been identified as a key technology which will enable the efficiency requirement to be met, however it is important to be able to accurately predict their performance. In this paper we quantitatively compare different modelling techniques in order to assess the parameter space over which they are more capable of accurately predicting measured performance. Finally we present baseline parameters for grating designs that are most suitable for the BigBOSS instrument.
Natural Convection From Horizontal Disks and Rings

A length scale similar to the hydraulic diameter for natural convection from horizontal surfaces has been previously suggested by others. This length scale correlates the available experimental results for circular, rectangular, and triangular surfaces fairly well. Herein this length scale is used for natural convection from rings. The obtained experimental (using naphthalene sublimation) and numerical (finite-difference approximation of the governing equations for axisymmetrical fields) results confirm this length scale applicability to this class of multiply connected surfaces. Relatively good agreement is found between the experimental and numerical results for small inside diameters, while for large inside diameters, the agreement is fair. These numerical results correlate well with {ovr Nu} = 0.603 Ra Pr{sup 0.085} where the length scale is the ratio of area to perimeter of the heat transfer surface. A disk with an impermeable, adiabatic core is used numerically to explore the influence of the flow through the core on the local and average heat transfer rate. These numerical results correlate well with {ovr Nu} = 0.561 Ra{sup 1/5} Pr{sup 0.085}. This indicates that the lack core flow decreases the overall heat transfer rate by 7 percent.
Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of the Primary Shock Front in the Cygnus Loop Supernova Remnant

We present Hubble Space Telescope WFPC2 narrowband Hα (F656N) and [O III] λ5007 (F502N) imaging of two fields on the northeastern limb of the Cygnus Loop supernova remnant. This region provides an outstanding example of the initial encounter between the primary blast wave and the surrounding interstellar medium. The Hα images show the primary nonradiative shock front, which, when viewed edge-on, is unresolved at WFPC2 resolution. The [O III] images show portions of filaments that are beginning to become radiative, and in these images the filaments are resolved, appearing fuzzy at WFPC2 resolution. The [O III] filament regions are not bounded directly by Hα filaments, indicating that the shock emission from the nascent radiative region is sufficient to fully ionize the local preshock gas. One field, imaged 4 yr earlier in Hα with WFPC2, is used to study the proper motion of the filament and constrain any brightness variations over this time period. In conjunction with improved models of nonradiative shocks, these data are used to place limits on the possible deceleration of the filament and refine the distance to the Cygnus Loop, arriving at a revised value of d = 540 pc (assuming no deceleration). The second field imaged contains examples of coherent Hα filaments with much more dramatic curvatures than identified previously. We discuss the possible reasons for the different morphology of these filaments and conclude that they can be accommodated with relatively modest variations in local density and shock velocity.
Quantitation of regional ejection fractions using gated tomographic imaging with 99mTc-sestamibi.

Background Gated single photon emission CT (SPECT) sestamibi imaging allows the simultaneous assessment of myocardial perfusion and left ventricular function Objective The purpose of this study was to evaluate a technique for quantitative regional wall motion assessment using gated SPECT 99m Tc-sestamibi imaging Patients and interventions Fourteen subjects without cardiac pathology and 25 patients who had experienced myocardial infarction (MI) were studied. After tomographic reconstruction of gated short-axis slices, the identification of endocardial borders was made using a standard edge-detection program in systole and diastole in each of five selected slices. Regional ejection fraction (EF) and myocardial perfusion were determined for five regions within each slice. Ten patients underwent echocardiographic regional wall-motion analysis, the results of which were compared to corresponding regional EF results Results High interobserver reproducibility in the assessment of regional EFs was found, with r values ranging from 0.94 to 0.98. In patients with anterior and inferior MIs, the regional EFs were abnormal in the anterior and septal regions, and the inferior and lateral regions, respectively. The regional EFs correlated significantly with regional perfusion in the anterior walls ( r = 0.71; p = 0.0001), the lateral walls ( r = 0.66; p = 0.0001), and inferior walls ( r = 0.54; p = 0.0004). There was a significant association between the regional EFs and the echocardiographic regional wall motion assessment at the base (p Conclusions Gated SPECT images obtained 99m Tc-sestamibi can provide reproducible quantitative, segmental regional EFs for multiple left ventricular slices that are significantly associated with subjective regional wall motion assessment by echocardiography