cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Commognitive Perspective on Pre-service Secondary Teachers’ Content Knowledge in Mathematical Modelling

This exploratory study examined three pre-service secondary mathematics teachers’ content knowledge and views associated with mathematical modelling revealed through engaging in mathematical modelling activities. Using a commognitive approach on mathematical modelling, pre-service teachers’ written tasks and discourses were analysed. Data sources were audiotaped discourses among the participants, observation field notes, written tasks, open-ended questionnaires, and reflective journals. Findings suggested that pre-service teachers’ content knowledge in the modelling allowed them to fully engage in modelling discourses in verifying a model mathematically as well as critically reflecting on solutions. These pre-service teachers’ view on modelling was consistent with a pragmatic perspective.
Affirmative Action and the Courts: From Plessy to Brown to Grutter, and Back?

Affirmative action is one of the most controversial and least understood facets of American life. Proponents speak eloquently of programs that are morally justified as appropriate responses to a history of repression that relegated certain groups to, at best, second-class status. Viewed in this manner, affirmative actions allow us to in some small way negate the effects of past discrimination by assisting individuals based on their status as members of previously disfavored groups. If, as was often the case, individuals were denied employment or education opportunities based on their race or gender, an affirmative regime takes that reality into account. Its goal, to use one hackneyed but illustrative turn of phrase, is to produce a workforce or a student body that “looks like America.” And that objective is achieved by using membership in a favored group as a criterion, perhaps even as the determinative one, in the decision-making process. Critics argue in turn that affirmative action violates core American values. This is, after all, a nation that believes (with at best slight apologies to the original draftsman and the original understanding) that “all persons are created equal.” And it is one that has given legal force to that declaration of principle through the constitutional guarantee that each individual is entitled to “the equal protection of the laws.” Once again, the essence of this claim is perhaps best seen in a phrase, in this instance one taken (ironically) from the first Justice Harlan’s eloquent dissenting opinion in Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). “Our Constitution is color-blind, and neither knows nor tolerates classes among citizens. In respect of civil rights, all citizens are equal before the law” (Plessy, 163 U.S. at 559).
Implications of the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act for Public Health.

The recently passed Tax Cuts and Jobs Act will reduce total federal revenues by about 4% between 2018 and 2027. The law makes multiple changes to the taxation of individuals and corporations.It also repeals the Affordable Care Act’s (ACA’s) individual mandate penalties, which will erase some of the gains in insurance coverage achieved since implementation of the ACA’s coverage expansions. The resulting increases in rates of uninsurance will likely lead to increased uncompensated care and deflect hospitals and health departments from addressing other prevention and public health needs.In addition, the law is expected to lead to substantial increases in the federal debt and, consequently, to calls for reductions in spending on entitlement programs, particularly Medicare, and on discretionary programs, including public health. Many other provisions of the law could also have second-order effects on public health.
Hydrogen Embrittlement of Grade 2 and Grade 3 Titanium in 6% NaCl Solution

Hydrogen embrittlement of grade 2 and grade 3 titanium has been investigated in 6%NaCl (pH = 1) under potential control at 70 C. Grade 2 titanium was, at most, slightly susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement under the testing conditions employed, whereas grade 3 titanium was very susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement at an electrochemical potential below {minus}800 mV{sub SCE} and at a crosshead speed below 7 {times} 10{sup {minus}4} mm/min. Hydride phases began to form on the surface of the grade 3 titanium at a potential of {minus}700 mV{sub SCE}. These phases could be observed in the interior of grade 3 titanium at lower potentials, for example, {minus}1,400 mV{sub SCE}, after extended cathodic charging. The hydrides in the interior of grade 3 titanium were responsible for its susceptibility to hydrogen embrittlement. Hydrides were never observed in the interior of grade 2 titanium. The formation of these hydrides in the interior of grade 3 titanium and lack thereof in grade 2 could be attributed to the higher oxygen content of grade 3.
Overview: The Many Uses and Applications of Transgenic Plants

In this volume we provide background information on the principles, practices, and common methods used for generation of transgenic plants. together with selected examples of the potential for transgenic plants and engineered plant viruses to produce high-value products. The fields of transgenic plants and engineered viruses are expanding so rapidly that it is not possible to cover all of the areas being examined. We have therefore selected chapters addressing only a few areas in detail. Some other areas have been addressed recently, and we review briefly some of these topics in this introductory chapter.
Epidermal Growth Factor Inhibitors

Epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) are involved in cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation with overexpression/dysregulation seen in many solid malignancies (including pulmonary and most GI cancers) making epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors (EGFRI) a common treatment choice.
The Learning Curve by Operative Time for Soft Tissue Balancing in Total Knee Arthroplasty Using Electronic Sensor Technology.

Abstract Background Electronic sensor devices can provide an objective assessment of soft tissue balancing in total knee arthroplasty (TKA) which may potentially decrease postoperative pain. We aim to quantify the learning curve for operative time (OT) for this technology. Methods Consecutive TKA cases balanced with an electronic sensor balancing device by one senior surgeon from 2013 to 2017 were included in this study. The OT (in minutes) was analyzed using the cumulative sum analysis to evaluate the learning curve for this technology. Further analysis was done by splitting the 287 patients into 7 cohorts, 41 patients each. Results Two hundred eighty-seven patients balanced with sensor technology were available for analysis. The cumulative sum OT learning curve estimated that this technology’s learning curve was 41 cases. This curve consisted of 2 phases: phase 1 which includes the first 41 cases and phase 2 which includes the remaining 246 patients. The mean OT for the first and last sensor-assisted cohorts was 120.4 and 108.9 minutes (P = .021). The mean OT for the first sensor-assisted cohort and the control cohort was 120.4 versus 109 minutes (P = .023). The mean OT for the last sensor-assisted cohort and the control cohort was 108.9 versus 109 minutes (P = .94). Conclusion Our findings suggest that it takes approximately 41 cases of sensor-assisted TKA cases to achieve OTs identical to manually balanced TKA cases. This is a relatively shallow learning curve for the sensor technology, and allows arthroplasty surgeons to objectively achieve soft tissue balancing without adding OT to the surgery.
Shades of Anarchy: The Concept of Lawful Rebellion in America Introduction

This chapter demonstrates that the concepts of resistance in America drew from much older traditions than the Lockean right to revolution. Although colonists were familiar with Locke and used his philosophy as a justification of their actions, the most conspicuous concept of resistance came from the ancient and medieval concepts of law as standing above all political authorities, and “private persons” having right to uphold it if necessary by violent means. Just as medieval feuds, the American colonial and revolutionary resistance were codified and restricted by the notions of upholding law and restoring a proper order in society. Both Regulator movements of 1760 and 1770s and revolutionary violence have a strong family resemblance to the medieval concepts of “law enforcement” in their common assumption that social actors and civil society have a right and a duty to protect the lawful order, if necessary against the proper legal authorities. A right to bear arms, which has survived to this day as a part of the Constitution, is an anachronistic medieval remnant, and the most direct, symbolic challenge to the logic of the state as a coercive monopoly of force.
Neuronal Activity Enhances mRNA Localization to Myelin Sheaths During Development

SUMMARY Myelin, a specialized membrane produced by oligodendrocytes, insulates and supports axons. Oligodendrocytes extend numerous cellular processes to wrap multiple axons, and myelin sheaths differ in length and thickness. Notably, neuronal activity can modify sheath characteristics. How myelin formation is controlled at sites distant from oligodendrocyte cell bodies is not well known. Using zebrafish, we tested the possibility that 3’ untranslated regions (UTRs) influence localization of myelin mRNAs, thereby enabling localized gene expression. By visualizing mRNA in living animals, we found that some candidate 3’ UTRs were enriched in myelin sheaths and localized near growth zones of nascent myelin membrane. Injecting zebrafish larvae with tetrodotoxin to block action potentials reduced the amounts of mRNAs localized to myelin in a 3’ UTR-dependent manner. Our data indicate that 3’ UTRs contain information for neuronal activity-regulated localization of mRNAs to myelin, suggesting that changes in sheath characteristics result from mRNA regulation within nascent sheaths.
Meta-Analysis Comparing Usefulness of Beta Blockers to Preserve Left Ventricular Function During Anthracycline Therapy.

The purpose of this analysis was to evaluate the cardioprotective benefit of β blockers in preventing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity (AIC) in breast cancer patients. Anthracyclines are the cornerstone treatment for breast cancer. Yet, their use has declined in the last decade due to associated AIC. Although β blockers may protect left ventricular (LV) function, previous trials were underpowered with equivocal results. The authors systematically searched online databases through August 2018 for studies evaluating effectiveness of β blockers in preventing AIC in breast cancer patients. We analyzed 9 studies including 771 patients. Data on converting-enzyme inhibitors, trastuzumab, or other malignancies were excluded. The primary outcome was comparison of postchemotherapy LV ejection fraction (LVEF) between β blocker and placebo. Secondary outcomes were changes in global longitudinal strain, LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD), and diastolic function parameters, as assessed by 2D echocardiogram and MRI. The mean pre-chemotherapy LVEF was >60% in all studies. Our pooled analysis demonstrated significantly higher LVEF postchemotherapy in the β blocker group in comparison to placebo: mean difference −3.84 with 95% confidence interval [−(6.19 to 1.48) p = 0.001]. The absolute change in EF also favored β blockers: mean difference −3.66 with 95% confidence interval [−(6.20 to 1.12) p = 0.005]. Diastolic function, global longitudinal strain, and LVEDD were also preserved by β blockers, but only LVEDD reached statistical significance. In conclusion, this study suggests that β blockers during anthracycline chemotherapy may prevent cardiotoxicity by preserving LV function.
Systemic lupus and catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome manifesting as cardiogenic shock

In this case series we present two young female patients presenting in the peripartum period with cardiogenic shock. Both patients had underlying autoimmune diseases, one with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the other with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). In both cases cardiogenic shock was a direct manifestation of their autoimmune condition, and with prompt diagnosis and management both patients were able to recover. This case series illustrates the importance of early recognition of cardiogenic shock as a rare manifestation both of SLE and APS.
Functional Characterization of BAX 855, a PEGylated Recombinant FVIII

Abstract Abstract 4359 Baxter and Nektar have developed BAX 855, a longer-acting PEGylated form of Baxter's recombinant FVIII (ADVATE process) using stable PEG technology from Nektar. BAX 855 was functionally characterized in vitro and its features were compared with those of the unmodified parent rFVIII. The overall hemostatic potency of BAX 855 was assessed using a thrombin generation assay. Human FVIII-deficient plasma containing less than 1% of FVIII was supplemented with different concentrations of BAX 855 and unmodified rFVIII and coagulation was triggered by adding a small amount of recombinant human tissue factor complexed with phospholipid (PL) micelles to the plasma. Similar to unmodified rFVIII, BAX 855 corrected the impaired thrombin generation of the FVIII deficient plasma in a concentration-dependent manner. The role of FVIII within the tenase complex was determined by measuring the kinetics of FXa generation with a FIXa-cofactor activity assay, using either untreated or thrombin activated BAX 855. Comparison of the kinetic parameters and the maximum FXa generated revealed similar characteristics between BAX 855 and unmodified rFVIII. A similar approach revealed that BAX 855 fully retained its ability to be activated and inactivated by thrombin. The susceptibility of BAX 855 to activated protein C (APC) inactivation was also similar for BAX 855 and unmodified rFVIII. The binding affinities for VWF were similar for unmodified rFVIII (KD 0.6 nM) and BAX 855 (KD 0.8 nM) and the binding capacity of BAX 855 was also only slightly reduced. In contrast, the binding capacity of BAX 855 to the low-density lipoprotein-receptor-related protein (LRP) clearance receptor was 55% less than that of the unmodified rFVIII. In summary, the functional properties of BAX 855 were fully retained, indicating that PEGylation did not have an impact on the functional properties of rFVIII. Disclosures: Schrenk: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Varadi: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Gritsch: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Rottensteiner: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Ehrlich: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Scheiflinger: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment. Turecek: Baxter Innovations GmbH: Employment.
Testosterone therapy and other treatment modalities for female sexual dysfunction.

Purpose of review Recently in October 2019 a Global Consensus Position on the use of Testosterone Therapy for Women was published. The use of testosterone and other agents for female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is an important topic for the urologist focusing on sexual health. This review describes the known causes for FSD, and discusses the role of androgens in this disorder, the evidence for using testosterone treatment, and other current and emerging therapies. Recent findings A recent meta-analysis, published in The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology evaluated a total of 36 randomized control trials spanning 1990-2018 and includes a total of 8480 patients. The primary findings were that testosterone therapy (TTh) increased sexual function including satisfactory sexual event frequency, sexual desire, pleasure, arousal, orgasm, responsiveness, and self-image when compared with either a placebo or drug-control (e.g., estrogen ± progestogen). In addition, TTh reduced sexual concerns and distress in postmenopausal women. Side effects included an increase in weight, acne, and hair growth, but there was no increase in serious adverse events. Importantly, TTh duration was greater than 12 weeks in all randomized control trials included in this meta-analysis. Summary TTh is effective to treat FSD in postmenopausal women. More data is required to evaluate the long-term safety data on the effects of TTh on cardiovascular health, breast health, cognitive function, and the musculoskeletal system in women.
A Spatially Constrained Multichannel Algorithm for Inversion of a First-Order Microwave Emission Model at L-Band

Understanding and reducing the uncertainties in the inversion of the first-order radiative transfer models at the L-band are important for the improved spaceborne retrievals of soil moisture (SM) and vegetation optical depth (VOD) over dense canopy. This article quantifies and compares the sensitivity of dual-channel inversion of the two-stream (2S) and $\tau $ – $\omega $ models and proposes a new inversion approach for simultaneous retrievals of SM, VOD, and vegetation-scattering albedo ( $\omega $ ) from a single satellite overpass. In particular, the inversion algorithm incorporates the information of the nearby spatial observations, assuming that the values of VOD and $\omega $ remain locally invariant, and constrains its solutions to high-resolution a priori physical/climatological knowledge of the retrieval variables. The results demonstrate that the uncertainty in the inversion of 2S model is slightly higher than the $\tau $ – $\omega $ model under noisy observations and remains homoscedastic for SM and $\omega $ , while grows heteroscedastically for higher VOD values due to the shape of the cost function. The results are validated using the SMAP data, the dense Mesonet SM network, the in situ measurements from the International SM Network (ISMN), and the derived VOD from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS)-normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) over the state of Oklahoma in the United States. It is shown that the new approach can recover simultaneously high-resolution features of SM, VOD, and $\omega $ only from a single Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) overpass, where the unbiased root-mean-squared error (ubRMSE) of SM and VOD is reduced by 30% and 70%, respectively, when compared with an unconstrained time-windowed inversion approach.
Correlation of meniscus tears on MRI and arthroscopy using the ISAKOS classification provides satisfactory intermethod and inter-rater reliability

Objective To evaluate the inter-rater and intermethod correlation (reliability between MRI and arthroscopy) of knee for findings of meniscus tears using International Society of Arthroscopy, Knee Surgery and Orthopaedic Sports Medicine (ISAKOS) classification on both 1.5 and 3.0 T images. Methods 81 knees were evaluated in 69 patients aged 30.0±12.6 years (mean±SD). Consecutive arthroscopy-proven meniscal tears were evaluated by two board-certified radiologists on MRI and two sports surgeons on arthroscopies. The surgically validated ISAKOS classification of meniscal tears was used to describe medial meniscus (MM) and lateral meniscus (LM) tears on MRI and re-evaluation of images from completed arthroscopies. Prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK), t-tests and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) were calculated. Results For LM on 1.5 T, the agreements for location, depth, tear length and pattern were good to excellent in all categories except fair for tissue quality (PABAK=0.35–0.41) and zone 2 (PABAK=0.35) identification. For MM, the agreements were good to excellent in all except moderate for tissue quality (PABAK=0.6) and zone 1 and 3 (PABAK=0.40–0.47), and fair for zone 2 identification (PABAK=0.27). Similar results were seen on 3 T with improved LM zonal identification (PABAK=0.52–0.90) and better correlation of tear lengths, which were different on 1.5 T vs 3.0 T (p=0.01–0.03). For 1.5 T cases, both MM and LM tear lengths were larger on MRI versus arthroscopy (MM, p=0.004; LM, p=0.095). For 3 T, the MM tear lengths were larger on MRI versus arthroscopy (p=0.001). Conclusion ISAKOS classification of meniscal tears on both 1.5 and 3.0 T MRI provides satisfactory inter-rater and intermethod reliability for use in clinical practice. Level of evidence: IV.
Form Follows Function: Interpretive Wisdom for Environmental Educators:

A review of the literature reveals that interpreters’ emphasis on individual connection to the resource offers environmental educators key strategies to promote engagement and addresses critiques o...
Simulating higher-order topological insulators in density wave insulators

Since the discovery of the Harper-Hofstadter model, it has been known that condensed matter systems with periodic modulations can be promoted to nontrivial topological states with emergent gauge fields in higher dimensions. In this paper, we develop a general procedure to compute the gauge fields in higher dimensions associated to low-dimensional systems with periodic (charge- and spin-) density wave modulations. We construct two-dimensional (2D) models with modulations that can be promoted to higher-order topological phases with U(1) and SU(2) gauge fields in 3D. Corner modes in our 2D models can be pumped by adiabatic sliding of the phase of the modulation, yielding hinge modes in the promoted models. We also examine a 3D Weyl semimetal (WSM) gapped by charge-density wave (CDW) order, possessing quantum anomalous Hall surface states. We show that this 3D system is equivalent to a 4D nodal line system gapped by a U(1) gauge field with a nonzero second Chern number. We explain the recently identified interpolation between inversion-symmetry protected phases of the 3D WSM gapped by CDWs using the corresponding 4D theory. Our results can extend the search for (higher-order) topological states in higher dimensions to density wave systems.
Does non-spherical humeral head with inlay glenoid re-center the glenohumeral joint?

Abstract Background Treatment of glenohumeral osteoarthritis (OA) with Walch type B glenoid poses a challenge for orthopedic surgeons. Although various techniques have been described, it is still a major concern in terms of management and long-term results. We hypothesized that total shoulder arthroplasty (TSA) using a combination of non-spherical humeral head resurfacing (HHR) and inlay glenoid replacement would re-center the glenohumeral joint in patients with Walch type B glenoid without surgical correction of glenoid version. Methods We retrospectively screened patients who underwent TSA using a combination of non-spherical HHR and inlay glenoid replacement for primary glenohumeral OA with posteriorly subluxated humeral head (HH) (Walch Type B1, B2 and B3) between 2015 and 2019. Ratios of preoperative and postoperative HH subluxation were compared using Walch index and the point of contact ratio method. Two orthopedic surgeons performed radiographic measurements blinded to each other. Means of 2 independent measurements were included in the final analysis for each shoulder. We also screened for postoperative complications, dislocation events and radiographic loosening. Results Initial cohort included 49 patients. A total of 29 shoulders in 28 patients were eligible for screening. The numbers of shoulders with Walch type B1, B2, and B3 glenoids were 3, 22, and 4, respectively. Mean preoperative and postoperative Walch indices were 56.57 ± 6.08% and 49.47 ± 4.78%, respectively. The mean preoperative and postoperative point of contact ratios were 62.97 ± 8.45% and 50.08 ± 3.87%, respectively. The difference between preoperative and postoperative subluxation ratios was significant for both methods (P Conclusion When coupled with an inlay glenoid component in patients with eccentric glenoid wear and posterior subluxation, glenohumeral re-centering was consistently observed in this challenging patient population without the use of joint correction or augmentation procedures. It will be important to follow the clinical outcomes over the long-term to determine whether these observations translate to better clinical results than other techniques currently employed to deal with eccentric erosion and posterior subluxation of the arthritic glenohumeral joint although recent published mid-term results suggest results equal to or better than previously reported results in literature with different reconstructive techniques Level of evidence Level IV; Retrospective cohort
Original ContributionsFlumazenil in children after esophagogastroduodenoscopy

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate if the routine use of the benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil would shorten postprocedure recovery times after esophagogastroduodenoscopy in pediatric patients receiving standard intravenous conscious sedation with the benzodiazepine diazepam in combination with meperidine. METHODS: Upper endoscopy was performed using intravenous conscious sedation with standardized doses of diazepam and meperidine on 29 children, age range 6–18 yr. Patients were randomized in a double-blind fashion to receive either intravenous normal saline (placebo) or 0.01 mg/kg (maximum, 1.0 mg) flumazenil within 5 min of procedure completion. Evaluation of the degree of sedation using a modified Observer’s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale was performed presedation, immediately before reversal solution administration, and serially over 60 min after reversal solution injection. RESULTS: Fifteen patients received flumazenil and 14 received placebo; patient group composition did not vary significantly in age and weight. Fifty-four percent of flumazenil patients and 30% of control patients achieved full alertness within 10 min of reversal solution injection. However, this difference between groups was not significant (p > 0.45). Resedation or side effects directly attributable to flumazenil were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: A single postsedation dose of flumazenil is well-tolerated in children >6 yr old. However, its routine use after esophagogastroduodenoscopy is of questionable benefit in shortening recovery time in this age group.
A Software Application Developed for the PV System Monitoring

The reliability and stability of the electricity production systems operation from renewable and sustainable resources require an important task which is the monitoring systems. In this research work, a software application is developed for monitoring and evaluating the performance of the installed PV systems in renewable energy research unit in the Saharan region (URERMS) Adrar. This software application is used with the existing data acquisition system which contain the data logger unit and the sensors to measure the meteorological and electrical parameters of the PV systems. The structure of developed software application running on the desktop PC and the used data acquisition system to monitor the PV station are detailed.
Brain parcellation selection: An overlooked decision point with meaningful effects on individual differences in resting-state functional connectivity.

Abstract Over the past decade extensive research has examined the segregation of the human brain into large-scale functional networks. The resulting network maps, i.e. parcellations, are now commonly used for the a priori identification of functional networks. However, the use of these parcellations, particularly in developmental and clinical samples, hinges on four fundamental assumptions: (1) the various parcellations are equally able to recover the networks of interest; (2) adult-derived parcellations well represent the networks in children's brains; (3) network properties, such as within-network connectivity, are reliably measured across parcellations; and (4) parcellation selection does not impact the results with regard to individual differences in given network properties. In the present study we examined these assumptions using eight common parcellation schemes in two independent developmental samples. We found that the parcellations are equally able to capture networks of interest in both children and adults. However, networks bearing the same name across parcellations (e.g., default network) do not produce reliable within-network measures of functional connectivity. Critically, parcellation selection significantly impacted the magnitude of associations of functional connectivity with age, poverty, and cognitive ability, producing meaningful differences in interpretation of individual differences in functional connectivity based on parcellation choice. Our findings suggest that work employing parcellations may benefit from the use of multiple schemes to confirm the robustness and generalizability of results. Furthermore, researchers looking to gain insight into functional networks may benefit from employing more nuanced network identification approaches such as using densely-sampled data to produce individual-derived network parcellations. A transition towards precision neuroscience will provide new avenues in the characterization of functional brain organization across development and within clinical populations.
Dominion and Wealth: A Critical Analysis of Karl Marx' Theory of Commercial Law

One An Analysis of Marx' Description of the Will Theory of Law.- I. Introduction.- II. Marx' University Study.- III. Textual Indications of Attribution.- IV. Analysis of the Will Theory of Law.- V. Analysis of the Key Passage.- VI. Hegel, Savigny, and Locke as Will Theorists.- Two An Examination of the Accuracy of Marx' Description of the Will Theory.- I. Thesis I (Legal Tide and Economic Reality).- II. Thesis V (Contract as Accident).- III. Theses VI and VII (Contract and FreeWill).- IV. Conclusion.- Three Duress and FreeWill in Nineteenth-Century Contract Law.- I. Introduction.- II. A General Review of the Doctrine of Freedom of Contract.- III. The Historical Context.- IV. Survey of the Law of Duress and Undue Influence.- V. Outline of the Law of Duress and Undue Influence from 1820 to 1870.- VI. Contract Law and Will Theory.- Four An Examination of the Accuracy of Marx' Description of the Law.- I. Contracts as Accidental.- II. Contracts as Acts of Free Will.- III. Principles of Contract Law.- IV. Normative Statements in the Case Law.- V. Conclusion.- Five An Analysis of Marx' Criticism of Nineteenth-Century Commercial Law.- I. Introduction.- II. Criticism of the Basis Will Theory.- Appendices.- A Discussion of Dawson's Theories.- B Facts of Various Cases.- C Encyclopedia of Law Analysis.- Notes.
INFLUENCE OF LATERAL RESTRAINT ON OCCUPANT INTERACTION WITH A SHOULDER BELT OR PREINFLATED AIR BAG IN OBLIQUE IMPACTS

Sled tests were conducted at farside oblique angles of 15 degree, 45 degree, and 75 degree with a Part 572 dummy restrained by a conventional drive lap/shoulder belt system or a preinflated driver inflatable restraint. Occupant dynamics were compared in similar tests where an inboard energy absorbing lateral restraint of the upper torso was or was not used.
Nikita Khrushchev, the Cuban Missile Crisis, and the Aftermath

Through the use of primary and secondary sources, this essay seeks to define the role of Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis of October 1962, which was essential to avoiding nuclear devastation between the Soviet Union and the United States. Additionally, the essay examines the consequences of the crisis including the Sino-Soviet split, the ousting of Khrushchev, and the effects of continued Cuban-Soviet relations.
Chapter 19 Population dynamics: Equilibrium, disequilibrium, and consequences of fluctuations

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the possibility of long-run economic-demographic equilibrium, examines empirical evidence bearing on the key relationships hypothesized to establish equilibrium—the preventive check, the positive check, and a depressing effect of population growth on real wages reflecting diminishing returns to labor, considers the nature of shocks to the equilibrium system, both short-run and longer run—including historical examples from Europe. The chapter also presents the economic consequences of demographic fluctuations for savings, consumer demand, labor supply, and related variables. The concept of equilibrium is important for understanding the broad sweep of history, and economic–demographic equilibration leads to statistical traps that are a danger even for the visual interpretation of simple plots of historical data series, because lead–lag relations are often misleading across long cycles. Economic–demographic equilibrium requires that population growth encounters negative feedback of some kind. Fluctuations in the rate of population growth and in the population age distribution can potentially have large effects on the macroeconomy.
Lightning Protection of Distribution Transformers

Data on the results of lightning protection for distribution transformers on the system of the Georgia Power Company have been compiled, to determine the improvement resulting from changes which have been made, particularly the interconnection of the ground leads of the primary arrester with the transformer secondary neutral. The data indicate that such interconnection has not produced all the benefits expected. The experience with lightning protection is presented in an impartial manner, and without attempting to offer a solution of existing problems.
CoMFA Study of Piperidine Analogues of Cocaine at the Dopamine Transporter: Exploring the Binding Mode of the 3α-Substituent of the Piperidine Ring Using Pharmacophore-Based Flexible Alignment

A 3D-QSAR CoMFA study of piperidine-based analogues of cocaine with flexible 3α-substituents is described. A series of pharmacophore models were generated based on three representative compounds 1p, 2i, and 3c using the Genetic Algorithm Similarity Program (GASP) method. The flexible superposition of all studied compounds was performed for each pharmacophore model using the FlexS algorithm and the three-dimensional structure of 2i as a template. All sets of the overlaid structures with the top-ranked conformers were used for CoMFA modeling. Two best initial CoMFA models were selected and further optimized by identifying the best-fitting conformer of each compound. Compared with the initial models, the conventional correlation coefficients r2 for the optimized models 1 and 2 were improved from 0.90 and 0.837 to 0.997 and 0.993, respectively. The leave-one-out cross-validated coefficients q2 for the optimized models 1 and 2 were improved from 0.515 and 0.296 to 0.828 and 0.849, respectively. The results of ...
Characterization of putative amino acid transmitter release from slices of rat dentate gyrus.

— Superfused slices of the rat dentate gyrus were employed to study the release of GABA, glutamate and aspartate, which are considered strong neurotransmitter candidates in this region. The introduction of Ca2+ to a Ca2+-free superfusion medium containing a depolarizing agent augmented the efflux of all three amino acids. The response to application of Ca2+ nearly always occurred within 30 s, the shortest interval tested in these studies. The efflux rate reached a peak within 90 s and then declined to a level slightly greater than the prestimulation baseline. The failure to maintain the maximal rate with continued exposure to Ca2+ and depolarizing influences appeared not to result from a reduction in Ca2+ permeability caused by continuous depolarization. Ca2+ also stimulated the efflux of exogenously loaded radiolabeled GABA, glutamate and aspartate, but not proline. Exogenously loaded GABA was more readily released than endogenous GABA. Otherwise the effects of various treatments on their efflux rates were qualitatively similar. Mg2+ inhibited Ca2+-dependent efflux. Ba2+, but not Mg2+, stimulated amino acid efflux in the absence of Ca2+. Extracellular Na+ was not required to support Ca2+-dependent efflux. Addition of Ca2+ to a Ca2+-free medium in the absence of a depolarizing agent released GABA from the slices, but not glutamate or aspartate. K+-enriched medium and the depolarizing alkaloid, veratridine, stimulated both Ca2+-dependent and Ca2+-independent release processes. Na+-free medium enhanced the Ca2+-independent releasing action of elevated K+. Ca2+-independent release was inhibited by raising the Mg2+ concentration by 15 or 30 mM and appeared to be inhibited by Ca2+ as well. Amino acid output in the absence of Ca2+ is probably not directly related to transmission and is considered to result partially from a general increase in membrane permeability induced by depolarization in a Ca2+-free medium and partially from stimulation of carrier-mediated amino acid efflux. These results support previously suggested transmitter roles for GABA, glutamate and aspartate in the rat dentate gyrus.
Real-Time Weighted Pose-Space Deformation on the GPU

WPSD (Weighted Pose Space Deformation) is an example based skinning method for articulated body animation. The per-vertex computation required in WPSD can be parallelized in a SIMD (Single Instruction Multiple Data) manner and implemented on a GPU. While such vertex-parallel computation is often done on the GPU vertex processors, further parallelism can potentially be obtained by using the fragment processors. In this paper, we develop a parallel deformation method using the GPU fragment processors. Joint weights for each vertex are automatically calculated from sample poses, thereby reducing manual effort and enhancing the quality of WPSD as well as SSD (Skeletal Subspace Deformation). We show sufficient speed-up of SSD, PSD (Pose Space Deformation) and WPSD to make them suitable for real-time applications.
A kinetic study of the photoreduction of hexachloroplatinate(IV) in chloroform

The photoreduction of (Bu4N)2[PtCl6] in CHCl3 under 297 nm irradiation to yield [PtCl4]2− follows a rate law proportional to Io12f12[PtCl6]2−, where f is the fraction of light absorbed by [PtCl6]2−, consistent with a chain mechanism in which the termination step is the dimerization of an intermediate radical, suggested to be CCl3. The same rate law appears to apply in CH3OH.
Advancements in HgCdTe VLWIR materials

Raytheon Vision Systems has achieved significant improvements in VLWIR (very long wavelength infrared) detector materials. These small bandgap detector materials are susceptible to tunneling of carriers across the bandgap via either band-to-band or trap-assisted tunneling phenomena. RVS' new procedures reduce exposure of the highly sensitive p-n junction to possible contamination sources during growth and processing. This reduction in impurities reduces the tunneling component of the detector current and yields high quality detectors out to the VLWIR range. Evidence of a highly uniform detector fabrication process is detailed within spanning the LWIR to VLWIR wavelength range.
Microsporidan spore structure as revealed by scanning electron microscopy

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to study spore surface morphology of the microsporidans Nosema necatrix, N. whitei, Parathelohania opacita, P. legeri, and Pleistophora sp. Nosema and Pleistophora spores were similar, having spores with either smooth or highly rugose surfaces. The surface of Parathelohania spores was characterized by four to six parallel ridges joining to form an apical ring. Polar filaments extruded from N. necatrix spores, by pressure, demonstrated the nature of the polar filament, anchor of the polar filament, terminal pore, and sporoplasm. The demonstration of different morphological characters by SEM makes evident its applicability to the identification of Microsporida.
Epigenetic Regulation of Axonal Growth of Drosophila Pacemaker Cells by Histone Acetyltransferase Tip60 Controls Sleep

Tip60 is a histone acetyltransferase (HAT) enzyme that epigenetically regulates genes enriched for neuronal functions through interaction with the amyloid precursor protein (APP) intracellular domain. However, whether Tip60-mediated epigenetic dysregulation affects specific neuronal processes in vivo and contributes to neurodegeneration remains unclear. Here, we show that Tip60 HAT activity mediates axonal growth of the Drosophila pacemaker cells, termed “small ventrolateral neurons” (sLNvs), and their production of the neuropeptide pigment-dispersing factor (PDF) that functions to stabilize Drosophila sleep–wake cycles. Using genetic approaches, we show that loss of Tip60 HAT activity in the presence of the Alzheimer’s disease-associated APP affects PDF expression and causes retraction of the sLNv synaptic arbor required for presynaptic release of PDF. Functional consequence of these effects is evidenced by disruption of the sleep–wake cycle in these flies. Notably, overexpression of Tip60 in conjunction with APP rescues these sleep–wake disturbances by inducing overelaboration of the sLNv synaptic terminals and increasing PDF levels, supporting a neuroprotective role for dTip60 in sLNv growth and function under APP-induced neurodegenerative conditions. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism for Tip60 mediated sleep–wake regulation via control of axonal growth and PDF levels within the sLNv-encompassing neural network and provide insight into epigenetic-based regulation of sleep disturbances observed in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease.
Worker Co-operatives and Spaces of Possibility: An Investigation of Subject Space at Collective Copies

Abstract: If we are to understand the organization and growth of capitalist space, should we not also seek to understand the organization and expansion of noncapitalist economic spaces? In contrast to methods employed by theorists such as Harvey, Smith and other geographers focused on capitalist space, the diverse economies framework opens up to investigation such noncapitalist spaces. In this paper, using Gibson-Graham's “politics of possibility”, I explore the production of work space and time in a growing worker owned co-operative copy shop in order to gain insight into the organization and growth of co-operative space. I argue that, in this instance, co-operative growth emerges from the transformative experience of workers having a say in their daily work lives, having equal authority to govern work space and time and to appropriate and distribute surplus.
Identification of detergent-resistant plasma membrane microdomains in dictyostelium: enrichment of signal transduction proteins.

Abstract Unlike most other cellular proteins, the chemoattractant receptor, cAR1, of Dictyostelium is resistant to extraction by the zwitterionic detergent, CHAPS. We exploited this property to isolate a subcellular fraction highly enriched in cAR1 by flotation of CHAPS lysates of cells in sucrose density gradients. Immunogold electron microscopy studies revealed a homogeneous preparation of membrane bilayer sheets. This preparation, designated CHAPS-insoluble floating fraction (CHIEF), also contained a defined set of 20 other proteins and a single uncharged lipid. Cell surface biotinylation and preembedding immunoelectron microscopy both confirmed the plasma membrane origin of this preparation. The cell surface phosphodiesterase (PDE) and a downstream effector of cAR1, adenylate cyclase (ACA), were specifically localized in these structures, whereas the cell adhesion molecule gp80, most of the major cell surface membrane proteins, cytoskeletal components, the actin-binding integral membrane protein ponticulin, and G-protein alpha- and beta-subunits were absent. Overall, CHIFF represents about 3-5% of cell externally exposed membrane proteins. All of these results indicate that CHIFF is derived from specialized microdomains of the plasma membrane. The method of isolation is analogous to that of caveolae. However, we were unable to detect distinct caveolae-like structures on the cell surface associated with cAR1, which showed a diffuse staining profile. The discovery of CHIFF facilitates the purification of cAR1 and related signaling proteins and the biochemical characterization of receptor-mediated processes such as G-protein activation and desensitization. It also has important implications for the "fluid mosaic" model of the plasma membrane structures.
Two-tone suppression in inner hair cell responses: correlates of rate suppression in the auditory nerve.

Abstract Inner hair cell (IHC) recordings were made from second turn of the guinea pig cochlea where characteristic frequencies are approximately 4000 Hz. In order to compare IHC responses with rate suppression measured in the auditory nerve, suppressors were introduced that produced little or no response in the hair cell. The effects of a variable-frequency suppressor on a constant-frequency probe, placed near characteristic frequency, were also investigated since this paradigm is commonly used in single unit experiments. Resulting magnitude changes were measured in the fundamental component of the ac receptor potential and/or in the total de produced in the region of temporal overlap between the two stimulus inputs. This latter component is escecially important when considering how changes in IHC responses relate to decreases in discharge rate in single auditorynnerve fibers. Since the ac receptor potential is filtered by the hair cell's basolateral membrane, the dc component probably controls transmitter release at the characteristic frequency of these second-turn IHCs. Based on results from these and previous experiments, a proposal is advanced to explain the evolution of two-tone suppression in the peripheral auditory system. The paper also discusses the use of excitatory versus non-excitatory suppressors and includes a description of two-tone suppression areas at the mechanical, IHC and single unit levels. The explanation of low-side suppression areas is of special interest since hitherto they have been difficult to model (Kim, 1985).
The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation's evolving focus on drug R&D.

The Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF) has developed innovative, collaborative business models to reshape the R&D enterprise with the single-minded focus of accelerating the development of new treatments for patients to extend their lives and lead to a cure.
Making neighborhoods safer: Examining predictors of residents' concerns about neighborhood safety

This study examined what factors best predict residents' concerns about neighborhood safety. One-hundred and twenty-two participants were selected from a large, Midwestern metropolitan area. All participants lived in high crime areas. Participants completed a 22-item questionnaire that assessed their perceptions of neighborhood safety and vigilance. These items were clustered as: 1) Community care and vigilance, 2) neighborhood safety concerns, 3) physical incivilities, and 4) social incivilities. Police crime data were also used in the analyses. Our findings suggest that aspects of the broken window theory, collective efficacy, and place attachments/territoriality play a role in affecting residents' concerns about neighborhood safety.
Tocopherol, Carotenoid and Vitamin A Content of the Milk Fat and the Resistance of Milk to the Development of Oxidized Flavors as Influenced by Breed and Season

Summary The tocopherol, carotenoid and vitamin A content of cow's milk was determined for Holstein, Guernsey, Brown Swiss and Jersey cows during both pasture and barn feeding. Large variations were found in the tocopherol, carotenoid and vitamin A content of milk fat between individual cows of the same breed, between different breeds and between seasons. As an average, the fat obtained from Guernsey milk was highest in tocopherol content with 3033μg. per 100g. of fat, and Holsteins was lowest with 2220μg. Pasture milk contained more tocopherols than winter milk. A significant positive correlation between the tocopherol and carotenoid content of milk was found but tocopherols and vitamin A were not correlated. There is a relationship between the tocopherol content of the fat and the ability of milk to resist the oxidized flavors. A high proportion of samples of milk which contained less than 2500µg. of tocopherols per 100g. of fat were unstable and developed oxidized flavors during the storage tests.