cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Leader-Follower Game-Based Life Cycle Optimization Framework and Application

Abstract In this work, we address the life cycle optimization of a shale gas supply chain covering the well-to-wire life cycle of shale gas-generated electricity. A non-cooperative supply chain with multiple players is considered. Following the Stackelberg game, the power generation sector is identified as the leader in this game that takes action first and cares about both its own cost and the greenhouse gas emissions across the product life cycle. After the observation of power plants’ decisions, the follower as shale gas producer takes actions correspondingly to optimize its own profit. Both players need to make both design and operational decisions. The resulting problem is formulated as a multiobjective mixed-integer bilevel linear programming problem, which cannot be solved using any off-the-shelf solvers directly. Based on a case study of the Marcellus shale play, the levelized cost of electricity ranges from $75/MWh to $133/MWh, and the corresponding unit greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions range from 111 to 469 kg CO 2 -eq/MWh. The application of carbon capture and storage implies significant impacts on both economic and environmental performance. The non-cooperative supply chain has a 9% higher upstream GHG emissions compared with the cooperative one.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Polymers with High Molecular Weight in the Homopolymerization of Polymerizable Trithiocarbonate Transfer Agent without Thermal Initiator

This article presents the first synthesis of high-molecular-weight hyperbranched polymers (over half a million) in the homopolymerization of a polymerizable trithiocarbonate chain transfer agent (i.e., transmer). Traditional reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) homopolymerization of transmers that used thermal initiator as radical source has been reported to only produce hyperbranched polymers with relatively low molecular weights (≤104). The first part of this study extensively varied the experimental parameters in RAFT polymerization but could only marginally improve the polymer molecular weights. It was found that the vinyl focal groups were gradually consumed during the polymerization and the radical termination reactions were mainly happening between propagating radicals and primary radicals from the thermal initiator, which failed to increase the polymer molecular weight. In the second part, a new strategy was explored that used copper catalyst to activate the alkyl trithiocarbona...
A method for reliability improvement of microgrids

This study describes a method for reliability improvement of microgrids via feeder reconfiguration. The work presented in this paper is developed based on a linearized network model in the form of DC power flow and linear programming model. The radial topological structure of the microgrid is preserved using a graph theoretic method. The optimal status of sectionalizing and tie-switches are identified using an intelligent binary particle swarm optimization based search method. The probabilistic reliability assessment is conducted using a method, which is developed based on minimal cut-sets. Several case studies are carried out on a modified 33 buses microgrid. The test results show that the amount of annual unnerved energy, the number of affected households, and the number of affected consumers can be significantly reduced using the proposed method.
The Relationship of Undergraduate Major and Housing with Depression in Undergraduate Students.

Introduction Past literature has shown that college undergraduates are particularly vulnerable to depression. The objective of this study is to find if certain majors and housing arrangements are associated with major depression as assessed by the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), after adjustment for age, gender, and family history of depression. Methods Participants were undergraduates at a large public university that used the university health center from April 1 - November 4, 2013. Participants completed a survey which included the PHQ-2, a validated screening test for depression. Those who scored positive were asked to take the longer PHQ-9 survey to assess for major depression. Logistic regression was used to test the significance of associations between several prescribed variables (namely, college major, housing arrangement, age, gender, and family history of depression) and outcome (major depression as assessed by the PHQ-9). Results Of 541 students, 71 (13.1%) scored positive on the PHQ-9 for depression. Family history was significantly associated (OR 4.20, 95% CI, 2.42, 7.29) with major depressive disorder, as was a major in the College of Arts and Humanities (OR 3.84, 95% CI, 1.18, 12.46) compared to the baseline of an undecided/interdisciplinary major. Conclusions A major in the College of Arts and Humanities was significantly associated with major depression. This may be significant for future efforts to target mental health interventions on college campuses.
SOCS3 deficiency in myeloid cells promotes tumor development: involvement of STAT3 activation and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (TUM6P.1000)

Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS) proteins are negative regulators of the JAK/STAT pathway, and generally function as tumor suppressors. The absence of SOCS3 in particular leads to heightened activation of the STAT3 transcription factor, which has a striking ability to promote tumor survival while suppressing anti-tumor immunity. We report for the first time that genetic deletion of SOCS3 specifically in myeloid cells significantly enhances tumor growth, which correlates with elevated levels of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC) in the tumor microenvironment, and diminished CD8 + T-cell infiltration in tumors. Furthermore, SOCS3-deficient bone-marrow-derived cells exhibit heightened STAT3 activation and preferentially differentiate into the Gr-1 + CD11b + Ly6G + MDSC phenotype. Importantly, we identify granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) as a critical factor secreted by the tumor microenvironment that promotes development of MDSC via a STAT3-dependent pathway. Abrogation of tumor-derived G-CSF reduces the proliferation and accumulation of Gr-1 + CD11b + MDSC and inhibits tumor growth. These findings highlight the critical function of SOCS3 as a negative regulator of MDSC development and function, via inhibition of STAT3 activation.
The OWLeS IOP2b lake-effect snowstorm: Dynamics of the secondary circulation

AbstractIntense lake-effect snowfall results from a long-lake-axis-parallel (LLAP) precipitation band that often forms when the flow is parallel to the long axis of an elongated body of water, such as Lake Ontario. The intensity and persistence of the localized precipitation along the downwind shore and farther inland suggests the presence of a secondary circulation that helps organize such a band, and maintain it for some time as the circulation is advected inland. Unique airborne vertical-plane dual-Doppler radar data are used here to document this secondary circulation in a deep, well-organized LLAP band observed during intensive observing period (IOP) 2b of the Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS) field campaign. The circulation, centered on a convective updraft, intensified toward the downwind shore and only gradually weakened inland. The question arises as to what sustains such a circulation in the vertical plane across the LLAP band. WRF Model simulations indicate that the primary LLAP band a...
Acoustic detection of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization for spatially resolved temperature measurement

In this Letter, acoustic detection of resonance-enhanced multiphoton ionization (A-REMPI) is characterized and used to measure spatially resolved O2 rotational temperature in air. The acoustic signal is generated using O2 REMPI in air and is detected by a single microphone operating within the audible range. Compared to electron number measurements by coherent microwave scattering, nonlinear light absorption and subsequent local pressure perturbation are captured by the microphone. A typical acoustic cycle of compression and rarefication of the acoustic wave is observed in the A-REMPI. Since the pressure perturbation can be regarded as close to thermodynamic equilibrium, the rotational temperature measured by A-REMPI is lower and closer to the realistic condition.
Samuel Clarke’s Lives and husbands’ remembrances of their wives

ABSTRACTAmong the narratives of eminent divines and Christian worthies that Samuel Clarke derived from published sources and included in his many publications are the lives of fifteen early modern ...
Plate geometries for contact resonance atomic force microscopy: Modeling, optimization, and verification

A novel contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) method utilizing a two-dimensional Kirchhoff-Love plate framework is presented. Theoretical formulations are discussed, and the classic CR-AFM problem is re-cast into an easily implementable generalized eigenvalue problem. An analysis is performed to determine the optimal placement of the sensing tip for plates of different aspect ratios. Finally, an experiment is conducted using the finite element method to numerically verify the proposed technique. By using a plate geometry for CR-AFM and optimizing the sensor tip location, we achieve a higher measurement sensitivity and modal density when compared with standard AFM cantilever geometries. A higher modal density allows CR-AFM measurement to be conducted using more information extracting eigenmodes in a given frequency bandwidth.
Euclidean Spaces of Many Dimensions

In the preceding chapters, we have studied the main concepts concerning vectors in the familiar three-dimensional space. It was pointed out that the maximal number of linearly independent vectors was characteristic of those sets which could be identified pictorially with either a line, plane, or the entire space. Such a close association between the number of base vectors and the dimension of a space proves to be so fundamental that the generalization of the very idea of space proceeds virtually parallel to the extension of the idea of vector. Clearly, the simplest extension which comes to mind consists of imagining a vector in a space whose dimension is greater than three. It turns out that this can be done on various levels of abstraction, and we shall learn about such constructions in subsequent chapters. At this stage, we wish to give some thought to the notion of components, which was so characteristic of a vector in Euclidean three-space. With this in mind, we adopt the following definition.
Clinical and diagnostic considerations in primary central nervous system lymphoma

The clinical presentation and radiographic appearance of PCNSL differ in immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients and are non-specific for both. A cranial MRI revealing a homogenously enhancing, single lesion in a periventricular location is suggestive of PCNSL in the immunocompetent patient. After neuroimaging suggestive of PCNSL, definitive diagnosis should be established by analysis of CSF, vitreous fluid, or biopsy specimen. Brain biopsy remains the gold standard for PCNSL diagnosis in all patients. At the time of diagnosis, the patient should undergo an extent of disease evaluation as recommended by the International PCNSL Collaborative Group (IPCG). This evaluation includes a physical examination; ophthalmological evaluation with a slit-lamp examination; body CT scans; contrast-enhanced brain MRI; lumbar puncture, if safe; bone marrow biopsy; serum LDH; and HIV serology. Testicular ultrasound, for men, and body FDG-PET should also be considered. Baseline and serial evaluation of cognitive function is critical in this patient population, as both the tumor and anti-tumor therapy are capable of negatively impacting neuropsychological function. Prognostic scoring systems are emerging for the PCNSL patient population.
Mechanisms of Cytomegalovirus-Accelerated Vascular Disease : Induction of Paracrine Factors That Promote Angiogenesis and Wound Healing

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is associated with the acceleration of a number of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, restenosis, and transplant vascular sclerosis (TVS). All of these diseases are the result of either mechanical or immune-mediated injury followed by inflammation and subsequent smooth muscle cell (SMC) migration from the vessel media to the intima and proliferation that culminates in vessel narrowing. A number of epidemiological and animal studies have demonstrated that CMV significantly accelerates TVS and chronic rejection (CR) in solid organ allografts. In addition, treatment of human recipients and animals alike with the antiviral drug ganciclovir results in prolonged survival of the allograft indicating that CMV replication is a requirement for acceleration of disease. However, although virus persists in the allograft throughout the course of disease, the number of directly infected cells does not account for the global effects that the virus has on the acceleration of TVS and CR. Recent investigations of up- and down-regulated cellular genes in infected allografts in comparison to native heart has demonstrated that Rat-CMV (RCMV) up-regulates genes involved in wound healing (WH) and angiogenesis (AG). Consistent with this result, we have found that supernatants from HCMV infected cells (HCMV secretome) induce WH and AG using in vitro models. Taken together these findings suggest that one mechanism for HCMV acceleration of TVS is mediated through induction of secreted cytokines and growth factors from virus-infected cells that promote WH and AG in the allograft, resulting in the acceleration of TVS. We review here the ability of CMV infection to alter the local environment by producing cellular factors that act in a paracrine fashion to enhance WH and AG processes associated with the development of vascular disease, which accelerates chronic allograft rejection.
13C NMR chemical shifts can predict disulfide bond formation

The presence of disulfide bonds can be detected unambiguously only by X-ray crystallography, and otherwise must be inferred by chemical methods. In this study we demonstrate that 13C NMR chemical shifts are diagnostic of disulfide bond formation, and can discriminate between cysteine in the reduced (free) and oxidized (disulfide bonded) state. A database of cysteine 13C Cα and Cβ chemical shifts was constructed from the BMRB and Sheffield databases, and published journals. Statistical analysis indicated that the Cβ shift is extremely sensitive to the redox state, and can predict the disulfide-bonded state. Further, chemical shifts in both states occupy distinct clusters as a function of secondary structure in the Cα/C β chemical shift map. On the basis of these results, we provide simple ground rules for predicting the redox state of cysteines; these rules could be used effectively in NMR structure determination, predicting new folds, and in protein folding studies.
The integration between nonsymbolic and symbolic numbers: Evidence from an EEG study.

Introduction Adults can represent numerical information in nonsymbolic and symbolic formats and flexibly switch between the two. While some studies suggest a strong link between the two number representation systems (e.g., Piazza, Izard, Pinel, Le Bihan, & Dehaene, 2004 Neuron, 44(3), 547), other studies show evidence against the strong-link hypothesis (e.g., Lyons, Ansari, & Beilock, 2012 Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(4), 635). This inconsistency could arise from the relation between task demands and the closeness of the link between the two number systems. Methods We used a passive viewing task and event-related potentials (ERP) to examine the temporal dynamics of the implicit integration between the nonsymbolic and symbolic systems. We focused on two ERP components over posterior scalp sites that were found to be sensitive to numerical distances and ratio differences in both numerical formats: a negative component that peaks around 170 ms poststimulus (N1) and a positive component that peaks around 200 ms poststimulus (P2p). We examined adults' (n = 55) ERPs when they were passively viewing simultaneously presented dot quantities and Arabic numerals (i.e., nonsymbolic and symbolic numerical information) in the double-digit range. For each stimulus, the nonsymbolic and symbolic content either matched or mismatched in number. We also asked each participant to estimate dot quantities in a separate behavioral task and observed that they tended to underestimate the actual dot quantities, suggesting a need to adjust the match between nonsymbolic and symbolic information to reflect the perceived quantity of the nonsymbolic information. Results Using this adjustment, participants showed greater N1 and P2p amplitudes when perceived dot quantities matched Arabic numerals than when there was a mismatch. However, no differences were found between the unadjusted match and mismatch conditions. Conclusion Our findings suggest that adults rapidly integrate nonsymbolic and symbolic formats of double-digit numbers, but evidence of such integration is best observed when the perceived (rather than veridical) dot quantity is considered.
Non-circadian signals in the intensive care unit: Point prevalence morning, noon and night

Abstract Background: Intensive care unit (ICU) sleep disturbance is severe and potentially related to abnormal light and sound exposure. Objectives: To assess the prevalence of measures of light and sound disturbance in ICU patient rooms, and whether these could be modified by a sleep-promotion intervention. Methods: This observational study with a before and after design for a quality improvement initiative surveyed environmental factors in ICU rooms at 01:00 08:00, and 12:00. Surveys assessed light usage, television usage, window shade position, and room door/curtain position. Factors were compared before and after an ICU sleep-promotion intervention. Results: 990 (pre-intervention) and 819 (post-intervention) occupied rooms were surveyed. Pre-intervention, the prevalence of night-time factors included: bright lights on (21%), television on (46%), and room door open (94%). Post-intervention, more rooms had all lights off at night (41% v 50%, p = 0.04), and fewer rooms had open door curtains (57% v 42%, p = 0.001) and window shades (78% v 62%, p = 0.002). Conclusions: Disruptive environmental factors are common in the ICU. Some factors improve with sleep-promotion interventions.
Emma’s Story

In this chapter I describe Emma’s life story, beginning with her childhood in the FLDS community in Colorado City/Short Creek. Prioritizing Emma’s voice, I describe her life, highlighting her experiences that relate to her readiness for higher education. Emma’s descriptions of formal education experiences, perceptions of a need for education, non-academic experiences that contributed to readiness for higher education settings, and independent self-concept indicated her readiness for higher education.
Set-theoretic pluralism and the Benacerraf problem

Set-theoretic pluralism is an increasingly influential position in the philosophy of set theory (Balaguer in Platonism and anti-platonism in mathematics, Oxford University Press, New York, 1998; Linksy and Zalta in J Philos 92:525–555, 1995; Hamkins in Rev Symb Log 5:416–449, 2012). There is considerable room for debate about how best to formulate set-theoretic pluralism, and even about whether the view is coherent. But there is widespread agreement as to what there is to recommend the view (given that it can be formulated coherently). Unlike set-theoretic universalism, set-theoretic pluralism affords an answer to Benacerraf’s epistemological challenge. The purpose of this paper is to determine what Benacerraf’s challenge could be such that this view is warranted. I argue that it could not be any of the challenges with which it has been traditionally identified by its advocates, like of Benacerraf and Field. Not only are none of the challenges easier for the pluralist to meet. None satisfies a key constraint that has been placed on Benacerraf’s challenge. However, I argue that Benacerraf’s challenge could be the challenge to show that our set-theoretic beliefs are safe—i.e., to show that we could not have easily had false ones. Whether the pluralist is, in fact, better positioned to show that our set-theoretic beliefs are safe turns on a broadly empirical conjecture which is outstanding. If this conjecture proves to be false, then it is unclear what the epistemological argument for set-theoretic pluralism is supposed to be.
UAV positioning for out-of-band integrated access and backhaul millimeter wave network

Abstract Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) can play a major role in enhancing both the access and backhaul networks of the next generation of mobile networks. In this paper, we propose a novel positioning scheme that finds the optimum 3-dimensional flying locations for the UAVs to enhance the connectivity of the backhaul network, while providing the desired quality of service (QoS) for the served users in the access network. The backhaul network connectivity is represented by the algebraic connectivity (or Fiedler value), while the user equipments (UEs) signal reception quality is represented by the signal-to-interference-and-noise-ratio (SINR). We consider an out-of-band integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in which we consider the interference that is generated from the deployed UAVs within the access network. The formulated UAV positioning problem is modeled as a low-complexity semi-definite programming (SDP) optimization problem, which can be solved numerically with low complexity. We also consider the access network to experience the propagation modeling of millimeter wave (mm-wave) frequency band. Finally, computer simulations are conducted to show the improvement of the proposed algorithm, in terms of the backhaul algebraic connectivity, while guaranteeing the desired SINR threshold for all the UEs in the access network.
PHASE DECOMPOSITION IN ALUMINUM ALLOYS QUENCHED FROM THE LIQUID STATE

Liquid quenching of precipitation alloys can achieve greatly enhanced solute supersaturation in the presence of minimal solute clustering. Furthermore, this condition persists at ambient temperature and can be used as an excellent starting point for studies of precipitation kinetics, such as spinodal decomposition. A review of some recent studies in phase decomposition in liquid-quenched Al-base alloys.
Transfer learning for reducing health disparities arising from data inequality

As artificial intelligence (AI) is increasingly involved in biomedical research and clinical decisions, developing unbiased AI models that work equally well for all racial and ethnic groups is of crucial importance to health disparity prevention and reduction. However, the long-standing data inequality between different racial/ethnic groups is generating new health disparities through data-driven, algorithm-based biomedical research, and clinical decisions. Here we found from a large set of machine learning experiments on cancer omics data that the current prevalent schemes of multiethnic machine learning are prone to generate significant model performance disparities between racial groups. We showed that this performance disparity is caused by data inequality and data distribution discrepancy between racial groups. We also found that transfer learning can improve the machine learning model performance on the data-disadvantaged racial groups, and thus, provides an approach to reduce the health disparities arising from the long-standing data inequality among racial groups.
Plant Regeneration From Mature Avena Tissue Explants

Successful plant transformation is dependent upon a reliable plant regeneration system. In cereals, immature embryos are the explants of choice but are inconvenient due to their temporal nature and maintenance requirements. The effects of three different auxins, 2,4-D, dicamba, and picloram, on two mature tissue explant types, mature embryo and hypocotyl, of three Avena genotypes, GAF/Park, Park, and 88Ab3073, were evaluated for callus formation, somatic embryogenesis (SE), and plant regeneration capabilities. Both mature embryo and hypocotyl explants were proliferated on modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium containing 5, 10, and 20 μM of each auxin and were regenerated on 1/2-MS medium without hormone. Although plant number was significantly correlated with SE number, it was not absolutely linked to a priori somatic embryogenesis, especially for 88AB3073 explants. While stimulating callus growth, both dicamba and picloram decreased embryogenicity and regenerability over that obtained with 2,4-D. Picloram may be useful for the isolation of SE-related genes as somatic embryogenesis in oat callus was strongly inhibited in the presence of picloram.
Socioeconomic disparities and outcomes in midgut neuroendocrine tumors.

613Background: Demographic and socioeconomic disparities have been shown to effect cancer specific outcomes in numerous malignancies but the effect in midgut neuroendocrine tumors (mNETs) is unknow...
Misinformation Correction across Social Media Platforms

Scholars and practitioners have devoted to correcting misinformation using various strategies. However, the effectiveness of corrective strategies was mixed. Since social media has made misinformation a worse problem, using social media to correct misinformation has great value. This study examines the effectiveness of correcting misinformation across social media platforms under the topic of vaccination. The results showed that participants exposed to corrective messages across social media platforms have more positive attitudes toward corrective messages and higher vaccination certainty than those exposed to the same messages on a single social media platform. The results suggested that cross-platform correction is a promising technique for combatting misinformation. The findings contribute to both social media studies and misinformation correction.
Decline, radicalization and the attack on the US Capitol:

The attack on the US Capitol on January 6, 2021 was the result of a perception of relative decline on the part of American conservatives and their simultaneous radicalization. Relative decline and ...
Impact of Pressure Drop Oscillations on Surface Temperature and Critical Heat Flux During Flow Boiling in a Microchannel

Flow boiling in microchannel heat sinks is capable of providing the high-heat-flux dissipation required for thermal management of next-generation wide bandgap power electronics at low pumping power and uniform surface temperatures. One of the primary issues preventing implementation of these technologies is the presence of flow boiling instabilities, which may reduce the heat transfer performance. However, the effect of individual instabilities, such as the parallel channel instability or pressure drop oscillations, on the overall heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux in microchannel heat sinks has not been fully quantified. The primary cause of these dynamic flow boiling instabilities is the interaction between the inertia of a two-phase mixture in a heated channel and sources of compressibility located upstream of the inlet. In order to isolate the effect of pressure drop oscillations on flow boiling heat transfer performance, experiments are performed in a single-square microchannel cut into a copper heat sink, with a controlled level of upstream compressibility. The impact of pressure drop oscillations on the heat transfer coefficient and critical heat flux is characterized through analysis of both time-averaged steady-state data as well as high-frequency pressure signals synchronized with high-speed visualization. The dielectric working fluid HFE-7100 is used in all experiments with a saturation temperature of 60 °C at the channel outlet pressure. The occurrence and effect of pressure drop oscillations in 20-mm-long microchannels of three different channel widths (0.5, 0.75, and 1 mm) are related to mass flux, the degree of two-phase flow confinement, and the severity of pressure drop oscillations.
Geriatric Psychology and the Injured Elderly

Psychological disorders impact the care of the elderly trauma patient. Dementia is a cognitive disorder with many subtypes. Screening tests can help diagnose the impairment and treatments focus on symptoms. Delirium is all too common in the hospitalized elderly. Diagnostic tools exist but identification and modification of risk factors to prevent delirium are essential. Depression and substance abuse not only affect outcomes in the injured elderly but can contribute to causing trauma.
Recursion Theory as a Branch of Model Theory1

Publisher Summary The desirability of generalizing the theory of recursive functions and relations has for some time been widely appreciated. The goal is to obtain the notions of recursiveness and recursive innumerability, which will have interest in connection not only with the natural numbers but also with structures of an arbitrary or almost arbitrary sort, non-denumerable, and denumerable. To some logicians, it has also appeared desirable to unify two of the dominant subfields of contemporary logic, model theory, and recursion theory. It is possible by routine methods to translate the notions of recursion theory into the language of model theory. But to do this in such a way that the translations will have a natural and simple model-theoretic content, and the methods of proof having a common character with those of general model theory have not heretofore been fully accomplished. This chapter seeks to fulfill both objectives. It contains a theory of recursiveness applicable to any model (or structure) whatsoever, and forms a natural branch of the general theory of definability within a model.
Agent-based intelligent information dissemination in dynamically changing environments

This chapter presents an agent-based approach to intelligent information dissemination in dynamic environments. We will describe a prototype agent-based system, called the Anticipator, which enables an information dissemination system to adapt to changing information needs of users and provide the users with critical information relevant to those dynamic changes. The Anticipator models the information needs of each user with a dynamically adaptable profile that describes the current information needs of that user and how to adapt those information needs according to the changes in the environment. The Anticipator employs two types of agents, Profile Agents and Event Monitoring Agents. Profile Agents manage runtime user profiles. Event Monitoring Agents watch for interesting changes in the environment and report such changes to the Profile Agents such that the content and the frequency of the information sent to users can be adapted dynamically.
Studies of the electronic phase transition in Lu5Ir4Si10 and Lu5Rh4Si10 by 175Lu-NMR.

Pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance of /sup 175/Lu (I = (7/2) was used to study the electronic phase transition of samples Lu/sub 5/Ir/sub 4/Si/sub 10/ and Lu/sub 5/Rh/sub 4/Si/sub 10/ under atmospheric pressure from 49 to 310 K. A calculation of the powder line shape in the quadrupole regime for I = (7/2 shows that the critical frequencies, particularly that of the singularity, are sensitive to the change of the electric-field-gradient (EFG) asymmetry and the Larmor frequency. From the singularity near ..nu.. = ..nu../sub 0/, the EFG asymmetry of the lutetium nucleus is estimated to be etaapprox. =0.4. The temperature coefficient of the lutetium EFG asymmetry as estimated from the temperature-dependent shift is close to 3 x 10/sup -5/ K/sup -1/. This small variation of the EFG asymmetry suggests that the crystal structure remains unchanged in the temperature range studied. The possible formation of charge-density-wave states at 83 and 145 K for the two compounds, respectively, is indicated by anomalous variations of the temperature-dependent Knight shift. A loss of the electronic density of states at the Fermi level, as inferred from the jump discontinuity of the Knight shift, is consistent with previous measurements of resistivity and the magnetic susceptibility on thesemore » samples. From the correlation of the Knight shift with the magnetic susceptibility, the hyperfine field is determined to be 0.5 and 0.7 MOe, a value consistent with the previous measurements of rare-earth metals. The NMR of /sup 45/Sc (I = (7/2) in Sc/sub 5/Ir/sub 4/Si/sub 10/, isostructural with the above two compounds, was used as a baseline measurement to illustrate the anomalous behavior observed for /sup 175/Lu in Lu/sub 5/M/sub 4/Si/sub 10/ (M = Ir,Rh).« less
NWChem Molecular Dynamics Simulation

NWChem is the computational chemistry software package developed by the High Performance Computational Chemistry group for the Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory. This software includes quantum-mechanical and classical computational chemistry modules. The parallel implementation of the molecular dynamics module is based on domain decomposition, which is an efficient approach for simulations of large molecular systems on massively parallel architectures, despite the additional complexity of periodic reassignment of atoms and the need for dynamic load balancing techniques for heterogeneous systems. The module relies on the Global Array tools for one-sided asynchronous communication. The calculation of the forces, which is the most computation intensive part of a simulation, can be performed without synchronization, allowing for the implementation of efficient load balancing techniques. Results of benchmark simulations show the efficiency of the implementation as a function of both molecular system size and the number of processors.
The effects of finite switch resistance and finite op-amp bandwidth on first-order Sigma Delta modulators with sinusoidal inputs

Nonideal component effects on the performance of first order Sigma Delta modulators are investigated. An exact methodology for analyzing the moments and spectra of the quantization noise sequence has been published. It was shown that the quantization noise approaches white noise only when the number of levels in the quantizer is large compared to the amplitude of the input sequence. This result was shown for an ideal oversampled Sigma Delta modulator. The authors extend this work to obtain an exact discrete-time representation of the moments of the quantization noise sequence for a first-order oversampled Sigma Delta modulator including the effects of the time constants associated with the switches and the op-amp of the integrator. The emphasis is on obtaining the moments in terms of the component values such that they may be used as design equations. These equations, therefore, allow the designer to trade off overall system performance and component values. Results are presented for finite switch resistance and finite op-amp bandwidth. >
The role of highly mobile crab predators in the intertidal zonation of their gastropod prey

Abstract We experimentally compared the effect of four species of highly mobile predatory crabs on their herbivorous gastropod prey. On northeastern Pacific shores the intertidal distributions of the gastropods, Littorina sitkana (Philippi) and L. scutulata (Gould), overlap broadly with those of two species of mid-shore crabs, Hemigrapsus nudus (Dana) and H. oregonensis , but do not extend below the upper limit of two species of low-shore crabs, Lophopanopeus bellus (Stimpson) and juvenile Cancer productus (Randall), or into the subtidal zone where adult C. productus are abundant. We hypothesized that these gastropods are absent from the low shore despite potentially higher growth and reproductive rates because of the high risk of predation from low-shore and subtidal crabs. To test whether the risk of predation was higher in the low intertidal zone, we tethered 640 adult Littorina sitkana at two tidal levels on four beaches varying in crab abundance. Predation rates varied from 2% to 77% per high tide period. At three of the sites the risk of predation was significantly higher at the lower than at the higher tide level. At the fourth site where Cancer productus found shelter under large boulders in the mid-tidal zone, the risk of predation was the same at both tidal levels. Field measurements of per capita consumption rates for the different crab species, test fishing with crab rings, field observations and analysis of the broken shell fragments of the snails showed that predation was primarily by large, subtidal C. productus that moved up into the intertidal to feed. These highly mobile predators aggregate to exploit patches of high prey density in ephemerally favorable habitats, consequently the change in the risk of predation with increasing tidal height is less predictable in both time and space than that for slow moving, low-shore predators.
Reductionism and the Micro–Macro Mirroring Thesis

This paper concerns reductionist views about psychology and the special sciences more generally. I identify a metaphysical assumption in reductionist views which I dub the ‘Micro–Macro Mirroring Thesis’. The Mirroring Thesis says that the relation between the entities of any legitimate higher-level science and their lower-level realizers is similar to that between the entities of thermodynamics and statistical mechanics. I argue that reductionism implies the Thesis, and that the Thesis is not a priori. It is more difficult to tell whether the Thesis is true, and I indicate some relevant considerations.
A path selection approach to global pairwise sequence alignment using integer linear optimization

An important and well-studied problem in the area of computational biology is the sequence alignment problem. A novel integer linear programming (ILP) model has been developed to rigorously address the global pairwise sequence alignment problem. The important components of the model formulation, in addition to its rigour are (a) the natural introduction of functionally important conservation constraints, (b) the creation of a rank-ordered list of the highest scoring alignments and (c) the possible refinement of alignments by pairwise interaction scores. By using a path selection approach that employs some of the algorithmic advantages of dynamic programming methods, this integer linear optimization model gains efficiency while maintaining the rigour of the combinatorial optimization approach. †Dedicated to H. Th. Jongen on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
Relation between actin-associated proteins and membrane immunoglobulin in B-cells

The myosin-affinity technique, along with conventional immunoaffinity chromatography of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg), was used to study the relation between proteins that bind to actin, and those that co-isolate with the mIg of normal chicken B-cells. In the case of biosynthetically-labeled cells, we found approximately 13 actin-associated polypeptides. Of this group, eight could be labeled with 125I surface labeling. When the actin-associated proteins were compared to proteins that co-isolate with mIg during immunoaffinity chromatography, we found that two of them (mol. wts 55,000 and 34,000) co-isolate with mIg. The 55,000 mol. wt polypeptide can be labeled with 125I surface labeling techniques, while the 34,000 mol. wt protein cannot, suggesting that only the 55,000 mol. wt protein is exposed on the outer surface of the plasma membrane. It is speculated that the function of these proteins may be involved in linking mIg to actin and perhaps to the cytoskeleton.
Mammalian retinal bipolar cells express inwardly rectifying K+ currents (IKir) with a different distribution than that of Ih.

Retinal bipolar cells comprise multiple subtypes that are well known for the diversity of their physiological properties. We investigated the properties and functional roles of the hyperpolarizatio...
Substance P induces tumor necrosis factor in an ex vivo model system.

Abstract Many studies have shown that tumor necrosis factor (TNF) is a potent soluble mediator of immunoregulation and inflammation. Neuropeptide substance P (SP) has been known to exert significant influence on production of certain inflammatory cytokine by immune cells. Immunopathogenic mechanism underlying the effect of neuropeptide substance P (SP) and the specific amino acid sequence of SP that induces TNF has not been clearly studied. Employingex vivoandin vitromodel systems, we investigated the direct effect of different sequences of SP on TNF secretion by whole blood and separated total mononuclear cells. Aliquots of blood samples (1 ml) or Ficoll–Hypaque-separated total mononuclear cells (1 × 106/ml) were cultured with different concentrations of SP and its sequences (SP 1–4, SP 4–11) or vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) for 24 hr at 37°C. Plasma samples and culture supernatants were assayed for TNF levels in a bioassay using a TNF-sensitive WEHI 164 subclone 13 cell line. Plasma from blood samples or lymphocytes treated with whole SP and SP 4–11 at 10−7, 10−8, and 10−9Mconcentrations induced significant production of TNF compared to negligible levels of TNF produced by SP 1–4-treated and untreated cultures. VIP at all concentrations tested did not induce TNF production and was similar to untreated control cultures. Separated mononuclear cells also produced significant levels of TNF in response to SP and SP 4–11. Anti-TNF-α antibodies neutralized the TNF induced by SP 4–11 in plasma. These studies suggest that anex vivosystem using whole blood may be an ideal model to study the effects of SP on TNF production. These studies also demonstrated that the TNF inducing activity of SP resides in the region containing amino acids 4 to 11.
Market allocation of interstate groundwater: Evaluating sporhase and the commerce clause

Abstract The U.S. Supreme Court established in Sporhase v. Nebraska a new interstate groundwater policy based on the commerce clause. The policy is designed to protect national unity and to promote resource allocative efficiency by widening the market. However, it deprives states of clear knowledge of the quantity of groundwater available to them. Consequently states will find it difficult to plan and manage the use of their water rationally. The articles in this case study examine the legal, economic, and social implications of the new policy.
Pivotal Role of the α2A-Adrenoceptor in Producing Inflammation and Organ Injury in a Rat Model of Sepsis

Background Norepinephrine (NE) modulates the responsiveness of macrophages to proinflammatory stimuli through the activation of adrenergic receptors (ARs). Being part of the stress response, early increases of NE in sepsis sustain adverse systemic inflammatory responses. The intestine is an important source of NE release in the early stage of cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis in rats, which then stimulates TNF-alpha production in Kupffer cells (KCs) through the activation of the alpha(2)-AR. It is important to know which of the three alpha(2)-AR subtypes (i.e., alpha(2A), alpha(2B) or alpha(2C)) is responsible for the upregulation of TNF-alpha production. The aim of this study was to determine the contribution of alpha(2A)-AR in this process. Methodology/principal findings Adult male rats underwent CLP and KCs were isolated 2 h later. Gene expression of alpha(2A)-AR was determined. In additional experiments, cultured KCs were incubated with NE with or without BRL-44408 maleate, a specific alpha(2A)-AR antagonist, and intraportal infusion of NE for 2 h with or without BRL-44408 maleate was carried out in normal animals. Finally, the impact of alpha(2A)-AR activation by NE was investigated under inflammatory conditions (i.e., endotoxemia and CLP). Gene expression of the alpha(2A)-AR subtype was significantly upregulated after CLP. NE increased the release of TNF-alpha in cultured KCs, which was specifically inhibited by the alpha(2A)-AR antagonist BRL-44408. Equally, intraportal NE infusion increased TNF-alpha gene expression in KCs and plasma TNF-alpha which was also abrogated by co-administration of BRL-44408. NE also potentiated LPS-induced TNF-alpha release via the alpha(2A)-AR in vitro and in vivo. This potentiation of TNF-alpha release by NE was mediated through the alpha(2A)-AR coupled Galphai protein and the activation of the p38 MAP kinase. Treatment of septic animals with BRL-44408 suppressed TNF-alpha, prevented multiple organ injury and significantly improved survival from 45% to 75%. Conclusions/significance Our novel finding is that hyperresponsiveness to alpha(2)-AR stimulation observed in sepsis is primarily due to an increase in alpha(2A)-AR expression in KCs. This appears to be in part responsible for the increased proinflammatory response and ensuing organ injury in sepsis. These findings provide important feasibility information for further developing the alpha(2A)-AR antagonist as a new therapy for sepsis.
Medical applications of electromagnetic fields

In this article, we describe two possible applications of low-intensity non-ionizing electromagnetic fields (EMF) for the treatment of malaria and cancer, respectively. In malaria treatment, a low-intensity extremely-low frequency magnetic field can be used to induce vibration of hemozoin, a super-paramagnetic polymer particle, inside malaria parasites. This disturbance could cause free radical and mechanical damages leading to the death of the parasite. This concept has been tested in vitro on malaria parasites and found to be effective. This may provide a low cost effective treatment for malaria infection in humans. The rationale for cancer treatment using low-intensity EMF is based on two concepts that have been well established in the literature: (1) low-intensity non-thermal EMF enhances cytotoxic free radicals via the iron-mediated Fenton reaction; and (2) cancer cells have higher amounts of free iron, thus are more susceptible to the cytotoxic effects of EMF. Since normal cells contain minimal amount of free iron, the effect would be selectively targeting cancer cells. Thus, no adverse side effect would be expected as in traditional chemotherapy and radiation therapy. This concept has also been tested on human cancer cell and normal cells in vitro and proved to be feasible.
Summary WG2 part 1a: using neutrinos to study partons in the nucleon and the nucleus at the neutrino factory

A neutrino deep-inelastic scattering experiment at a neutrino factory is described. The improvements possible in extracting parton distribution functions both within the nucleon and the nuclear environment are shown. The intriguing possibility of using (anti)neutrino scattering off a polarized target to determine the individual partonic spin contributions to the nucleon is discussed.
A hydrodynamical analysis for reactor primary containment by energy absorption

Abstract A hydrodynamical analysis of a nuclear accident is made for an idealized reactor vessel having spherical symmetry. The partial differential equations describing the fluid motion are based upon the Von Neumann-Richtmeyer artificial-viscosity technique and are presented in Lagrangian form. A numerical solution based upon finite-difference approximations of these partial differential equations is obtained for two idealized reactor systems: 1) the reactor vessel considered as a thin membrane incapable of absorbing energy; 2) the reactor vessel considered as an effective energy-absorbing device. This analysis was performed so that the effect of the destructive component of the nuclear accident on the primary containment structure could be determined. The concept of reactor primary containment by energy absorption treated herewith was originally developed at Argonne National Laboratory.