cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A high-speed, byte-serial, multiple-bus interconnection network

A research project at Iowa State University to investigate the use of a high-speed, byte-serial bus to implement a multiple-bus interconnection network for a fine-grain parallel architecture is discussed. The project focuses on the electrical properties of the bus, high-speed serial transmission, and bus contention resolution. Prototypes were developed to test critical aspects of the design, and the network was simulated to analyze its performance within the context of the parallel architecture. Results indicate that the network can effectively interconnect many processors (64) with relatively few buses (5), thereby giving a low packplane line count. By making a uniform bus that sent bytes at a rate limited only by clock skew, it was possible to increase the information transmission rate on a line by a factor of 4-10 over a conventional bus. This allowed for several high-speed buses with a limited pin count. It is concluded that multiple-bus networks offer the connectivity and bandwidth of a crossbar switch at a reasonable implementation cost. >
Evidence for Conceptual Quantitative Abilities in the African Grey Parrot: Labeling of Cardinal Sets

An African grey parrot with experience in vocal labeling and categorization of objects, colors, and shapes has been taught to produce vocal numerical labels for collections of 2–6 objects. This ability generalized to sets of novel objects, to objects in random arrays, and to some heterogeneous collections. The results are discussed in terms of their relationship to numerical concepts in humans and other animals, particularly with respect to counting, language, and “prepared” associations.
Absorbing Hard Core and Regge Cuts

A rigid absorbing core in elastic scattering requires a cut to be associated with a Regge pole. The polarization of the neutron in the n-p charge exchange due to the p-Regge pole and the cut is calculated. The shape of the forward peak m high energy charge exchange differential cross sections as well as its energy dependence was successfully explained by means of a Reggeized p-exchange.l) However, this simple model is incompatible with a nonvanishing polarization of the nucleon as found by Bonamy et aP) A suggestion is made that a cut in the complex angular momentum plane associated with the Pomeranchuk and the p trajectories will account for the phenomenon. S ),4) A singularity in the angular momentum plane other than the p trajectory was also predicted from a sum rule. 5 ) In this note it will be shown that a simple model for high energy scatter­ ing, suggested by the non-shrinking diffraction peaks, requires a cut to be as­ sociated with each Regge pole and that the contribution from the cut can be calculated explicitly. The polarization in 7Cp charge exchange scattering turns out to be of the right order of magnitude. The non-shrinking of the diffraction peaks in elastic scattering suggests that the nucleon, as seen from the projectile pion, behaves as a target of a definite shape which does not change with energy.**) We expect that a geometrical picture will become valid at high energy and the impact parameter concept will make sense. If the pion hits the target, that is, if the impact parameter b is less than the radius R of the target, the pion is absorbed, leading to a thermal equilibrium. This strong absorption is consistent with the dominance of the imaginary part in the elastic scattering amplitude. Coherent scattering can only come from the region b > R.
Purification of β-Core Fragment from Pregnancy Urine and Demonstration That Its Carbohydrate Moieties Differ from Those of Native Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-β

Pregnancy urine contains large quantities of hCG, free β-subunit, free a-subunit, and a population of fragments of β-subunit known as β-core. This β-core population, which can account for as much as 70% of the total β-immunoreactivity in pregnancy urine, is of interest as both a normal metabolite of pregnancy and a potential marker for malignancy. We have purified the β-core fragment from pregnancy urine (Pcore) and have characterized it with respect to size and carbohydrate composition. P-Core was purified by chromatography on Sephadex G-100, Concanavalin A (Con A)-Sepharose, DEAESephacel, and Sephadex G-75 (superfine). The purified P-core has an apparent mol wt of 17,500 and 17,000, as determined by gel filtration on Sephadex G-75 (superfine) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under nonreducing conditions, respectively. The sialic acid content of P-core was assayed chemically and was less than 0.07 /zmol sialic acid/μmole P-core. For comparison to P-core, we have prepared a tr...
Knowledge engineering problems during expert system development

Expert systems are artificial intelligence computer programs which emulate human expertise within some domain of interest. The recent financial successes of such expert systems as PROSPECTOR and XCON have created a demand in government and industry for the developmental skills necessary to build such systems. Expert system knowledge engineering and in particular knowledge acquisition continues to be the most difficult process encountered during expert system develpment. Reasons for knowledge acquisition difficulties find their basis in philosophical assumptions made about the cognitive process. The assumptions are that human cognition consists of discrete elements which may be characterized (by some introspection) to produce an expert system rule; secondly, that the processing requirements for expert domain heuristics is equivalent to the processing requirements for a deterministic rule set. Suggestions for improving the knowledge engineering process are offered.
Self-Interest, Inequality, and Entitlement in Majoritarian Decision-Making

We experimentally test competing theories of three-player majoritarian bargaining models with fixed, known disagreement values. Subjects are randomly assigned to three roles: a proposer and two types of voters. Each role is randomly assigned a disagreement value, i.e. a given amount of money he/she will receive if the proposal is rejected. These values are known to all players before any decision is made. Proposers then make a take-it-or-leave-it offer on how to split a fixed, known amount of money among the players. If a majority of players accepts the proposal, the players’ payoffs are determined by the proposal; if the proposal is rejected, each player receives his or her reservation value. We assess the ability of three behavioral hypotheses – self-interest, egalitarianism, and inequality-aversion – to account for our results. Our primary design variable is the proposer’s reservation value, which allows us to obtain different implications from each hypothesis. We find that each hypothesis is inconsistent with our data in important respects. However, subjects strongly respond to changes in reservation values as if they were interpreted as a basic form of entitlement.
New species of Blepharicera Macquart (Diptera: Blephariceridae) from eastern North America, with a discussion of the phylogenetic relationships and biogeography of all Nearctic species

The eastern Nearctic fauna of Blepharicera Macquart (Diptera: Blephariceridae) is revised to include 23 species, six of which are new to science. Descriptions of the larvae, pupae and adults of B. amniculasp.n., B. coniferasp.n., B. cristasp.n., B. enoristerasp.n., B. hillabeesp.n. and B. opisterasp.n. are presented. Keys to instar IV larvae, pupae and adults of all eastern Blepharicera, except B. caudata for which pupae and adults remain unknown, are provided. Phylogenetic studies were conducted to determine the relationships between eastern and western Nearctic Blepharicera and among species within these groups. Morphological data for 44 characters were used to test previous phylogenetic hypotheses on the historical relationships and biogeography of Nearctic Blepharicera. Maximum parsimony analyses support monophyly of the B. tenuipes and B. micheneri groups.
Minimizing Construction-Related Hazards in Airport Expansion Projects

Airport expansion projects often require the presence and movement of construction labor and equipment near critical airport traffic areas. This close proximity between construction activities and airport operations needs to be carefully considered during the planning of construction site layouts in order to minimize and eliminate all potential construction-related hazards to aviation safety. This paper presents the development of a multiobjective optimization model for planning airport construction site layouts that is capable of minimizing construction-related hazards and minimizing site layout costs, simultaneously. The model incorporates newly developed optimization functions and metrics that enable: (1) maximizing the control of hazardous construction debris near airport traffic areas; (2) minimizing site layout costs including the travel cost of construction resources and the cost of debris control measures on airport sites; and (3) satisfying all operational safety constraints required by the federal aviation administration as well as other practical site layout constraints. The model is implemented using a multiobjective genetic algorithm and an application example is analyzed to demonstrate the use of the model and its capabilities in optimizing construction site layouts in airport expansion projects.
Control of Solid-State Lamps Using a Multiphase Pulsewidth Modulation Technique

This paper describes a multiphase pulsewidth modulation (MPWM) technique used for controlling the luminance of a solid-state lamp (SSL). For a SSL consisting of multiple high-brightness LEDs (HBLEDs) that are electrically connected as a series-parallel network, the desired output luminance is obtained by modulating the average current through each parallel HBLED string. In conventional pulsewidth modulation (PWM) and pulse code modulation techniques, the average HBLED string current is controlled by simultaneously varying the “on” time duration of each current regulator circuit, resulting in large current transients and pulsating light output. The proposed MPWM technique operates by uniformly time-shifting the individual on/off control signal pulses, thus avoiding large current transients. When compared to conventional PWM dimming, MPWM dimming reduces the risk of visible flicker and lowers the magnitude of audible noise. The reduced magnitude of output current transients results in lower electromagnetic interference and enables optimization of the size of passive components. In this paper, the operation of the MPWM technique is explained in detail. Experimental results are presented for a 27 W boost converter powering 64 HBLEDs with digital MPWM and digital voltage loop implemented using a Virtex-4 field programmable gate arrays.
Preprocessing minpaths for sum of disjoint products

Network reliability algorithms which produce sums of disjoint products (SDP) are sensitive to the order in which the minimal pathsets are analyzed. The minpaths are preprocessed by choosing this order in the hope that an SDP algorithm will then provide a relatively efficient analysis. The most commonly used preprocessing strategy is to list the minpaths in order of increasing size. This paper gives examples for which this strategy is not optimal. A new preprocessing strategy which works well for SDP algorithms with single-variable inversion (SVI) is introduced. It is also observed that optimal preprocessing for SVI-SDP can be different from optimal preprocessing for SDP algorithms which use multiple-variable inversion; one reason for this is that MVI-SDP algorithms handle disjoint minpaths much more effectively than SVI-SDP algorithms do. Both kinds of SDP algorithms profit from prior reduction of elements and of subsystems which are in parallel or in series.
Privacy and Confidentiality Issues in Primary Care: views of advanced practice nurses and their patients

Various aspects of the concepts of privacy and confidentiality are discussed in relation to health care information in primary health care settings. In addition, findings are presented from patient and nurse practitioner focus groups held to elicit concerns that these two groups have in relation to privacy and confidentiality in their respective primary care settings. The focus groups were held prior to the implementation of the Health Insurance Portability and Accessibility Act in the USA. Implications for advanced practice registered nurses in primary care practices are provided.
Spawning phenology and habitat use in a Great Plains, USA, stream fish assemblage: an occupancy estimation approach

Knowledge of basic life-history attributes, paired with unbiased estimates of species distribution, is critical for the effective conservation of sensitive fish species. We quantified the spawning phenology, habitat use, and detectability for larvae of an assemblage of threatened Great Plains, USA, stream fishes using new occupancy estimation methods. Spawning by six Great Plains fish species occurred from April through July, and was likely initiated by changes in water temperature and photoperiod. Habitat size and type were important factors influencing the occupancy of larvae in spawn- ing habitats. Detectability of larvae differed among species and over time, and was influenced by habitat depth and fish size. Our models indicated that multiple samples from individual habitats within a season are needed to adequately detect and predict occupancy by stream fish larvae. Conservation efforts for imperiled Great Plains fish assemblages should focus on sustaining flows that maintain a sufficient density and size of habitats needed for successful spawning and recruitment. The occupancy estimation and modeling methods employed here will be useful in developing comprehensive, unbiased programs to monitor the reproductive success of Great Plains stream fishes. Resume´ : La conservation efficace des especes sensibles de poissons requiert une connaissance des caracteristiques fonda- mentales de leur cycle biologique, de meme que des estimations non faussees de leur repartition. Nous avons determinela phenologie de la reproduction, l'utilisation de l'habitat et la detectabilitedes larves dans des peuplements de poissons me- naces des Grandes Plaines, E ´ .-U., a l'aide de nouvelles methodes d'estimation de l'occupation. La fraie de six especes de poissons des plaines a lieu d'avril ala fin de juillet et est vraisemblablement declenchee par la temperature de l'eau et la photoperiode. La taille et le type de l'habitat sont des facteurs importants qui influencent l'occupation des habitats de fraie par les larves. La detection des larves varie d'une espece al'autre dans le temps et est influencee par la profondeur de l'habitat et la taille des poissons. Notre modelisation indique qu'il faut de multiples echantillons provenant de chaque habi- tat au cours d'une saison pour detecter adequatement et predire l'occupation du cours d'eau par les larves de poissons. Les efforts de conservation des peuplements de poissons menaces des Grandes Plaines devraient se concentrer sur le maintien de debits qui assurent une densiteet une taille d'habitats suffisantes pour une fraie et un recrutement reussis. Les methodes d'estimation de l'occupation et de modelisation que nous avons employees pourront servir amettre sur pied des program- mes complets et non fausses de surveillance du succes reproductif des poissons des eaux courantes dans les plaines. (Traduit par la Redaction)
Some Possibilities for Low Loss Coils

A toroidal coil wound with a flat conductor so curved that the flat side follows exactly the surface of the toroid has remarkably low losses. The Q (=ωL/R) of such a coil is independent of the number of turns, is proportional to size, and to the square root of frequency. For maximum Q there is a best proportion which is given in the paper for the case of toroids of rectangular and circular cross sections, together with formulas for calculating the losses and the Q for such toroids. These formulas show that values of Q between 1000 and 10,000 are theoretically realizable with reasonable dimensions. The practical difficulties of realizing the theoretical possibilities are discussed, and it is shown that the mechanical construction must have a perfection comparable to the skin depth of current penetration.
Science and Statistics

Abstract Aspects of scientific method are discussed: In particular, its representation as a motivated iteration in which, in succession, practice confronts theory, and theory, practice. Rapid progress requires sufficient flexibility to profit from such confrontations, and the ability to devise parsimonious but effective models, to worry selectively about model inadequacies and to employ mathematics skillfully but appropriately. The development of statistical methods at Rothamsted Experimental Station by Sir Ronald Fisher is used to illustrate these themes.
CAMP: a cost adaptive multi-queue eviction policy for key-value stores

Cost Adaptive Multi-queue eviction Policy (CAMP) is an algorithm for a general purpose key-value store (KVS) that manages key-value pairs computed by applications with different access patterns, key-value sizes, and varying costs for each key-value pair. CAMP is an approximation of the Greedy Dual Size (GDS) algorithm in that its eviction policy is as effective as GDS. At the same time, its implementation is as efficient at LRU. Similar to an implementation of LRU using queues, it adapts to changing workload patterns based on the history of requests for different key-value pairs. It is superior to LRU because it considers both the size and cost of key-value pairs to maximize the utility of the available memory across competing applications. We compare CAMP with both LRU and an alternative that requires human intervention to partition memory into pools and assign grouping of key-value pairs to different pools. The results demonstrate CAMP is as fast as LRU while outperforming both LRU and the pooled alternative. We also present results from an implementation of CAMP using Twitter's version of memcached.
A novel diagnostic approach may reduce inappropriate antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections

Respiratory infections can be due to a multitude of etiologies and are common throughout the world. Most are viral and self-limited, yet these infections are commonly treated with antibiotics thus contributing to the increase in resistance. Historically, infectious disease diagnostics have focused on identification of the microbial culprit at the site of infection but the specificity of host response as measured by the host transcriptome, now enables us to classify the etiology of infection agnostic to pathogen class. The ability to rapidly determine whether a similar set of symptoms is due to a virus, bacteria, or other agent from a common specimen (blood) will have far-reaching public health benefits, and further research is warranted to transfer this technology into the clinical setting.
The Need for Office Systems to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening

Patients generally access colorectal cancer (CRC) screening through primary care physicians. National guidelines recommend CRC screening for adults beginning at age 50, yet one-third of Americans are not up to date. Methods: A self-administered questionnaire was administered to family physicians from 16 practices in a Midwestern state who attended an information session for a randomized study to improve CRC screening. The questionnaire assessed CRC screening practices, knowledge of CRC screening guidelines, and office strategies for improving screening. Results: Of 131 health care providers, 85 (65%) completed the questionnaire. Two-thirds were aware of the CRC screening guidelines; 91% knew that the follow-up interval for screening depends on the test chosen. Twenty-five percent incorrectly stated that a single-sample in-office fecal occult blood test is an acceptable screening test. Only 8% had a written policy regarding CRC screening; 18% had offices that used chart reminders; and 32% had charts organi...
Stochastic averaging and asymptotic behavior of the stochastic Duffing-van der Pol equation

Abstract Consider the stochastic Duffing–van der Pol equation x =−ω 2 x−Ax 3 −Bx 2 x +e 2 β x +eσx W t with A⩾0 and B>0. If β/2+σ2/8ω2>0 then for small enough e>0 the system (x, x ) is positive recurrent in R2⧹{0}. Let λ e denote the top Lyapunov exponent for the linearization of this equation along trajectories. The main result asserts that λ e ∼e 2 λ as e→0, where λ is the top Lyapunov exponent along trajectories for a stochastic differential equation obtained from the stochastic Duffing–van der Pol equation by stochastic averaging. In the course of proving this result, we develop results on stochastic averaging for stochastic flows, and on the behavior of Lyapunov exponents and invariant measures under stochastic averaging. Using the rotational symmetry of the stochastically averaged system, we develop theoretical and numerical methods for the evaluation of λ . We see that the sign of λ , and hence the asymptotic behavior of the stochastic Duffing–van der Pol equation, depends strongly on ωB/A. This dimensionless quantity measures the relative strengths of the nonlinear dissipation Bx 2 x and the nonlinear restoring force Ax3.
Proximate controls on semiarid soil greenhouse gas fluxes across 3 million years of soil development

Soils are important sources and sinks of three greenhouse gases (GHGs): carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). However, it is unknown whether semiarid landscapes are important contributors to global fluxes of these gases, partly because our mechanistic understanding of soil GHG fluxes is largely derived from more humid ecosystems. We designed this study with the objective of identifying the important soil physical and biogeochemical controls on soil GHG fluxes in semiarid soils by observing seasonal changes in soil GHG fluxes across a three million year substrate age gradient in northern Arizona. We also manipulated soil nitrogen (N) and phosphorus availability with 7 years of fertilization and used regression tree analysis to identify drivers of unfertilized and fertilized soil GHG fluxes. Similar to humid ecosystems, soil N2O flux was correlated with changes in N and water availability and soil CO2 efflux was correlated with changes in water availability and temperature. Soil CH4 uptake was greatest in relatively colder and wetter soils. While fertilization had few direct effects on soil CH4 flux, soil nitrate was an important predictor of soil CH4 uptake in unfertilized soils and soil ammonium was an important predictor of soil CH4 uptake in fertilized soil. Like in humid ecosystems, N gas loss via nitrification or denitrification appears to increase with increases in N and water availability during ecosystem development. Our results suggest that, with some exceptions, the drivers of soil GHG fluxes in semiarid ecosystems are often similar to those observed in more humid ecosystems.
Segmentation of fMRI Data by Maximization of Region Contrast

Functional segmentation of an fMRI image is the partitioning of the image voxels into clumps that are comodulated by task-related neural activation or other processes. This grouping of voxels can be useful for exploratory analysis and for detection of signal artifacts that can confound regression-based analysis. We present a new method for functional segmentation that is based upon maximization of the contrast of an image-region with respect to its spatial neighborhood. Contrast maximization is an appealing approach since it does not require imagespecific tuning of parameters, as with many clustering approaches. With synthetic benchmark datasets, the accuracy of this Auto-threshold Contrast Enhancing Iterative Clustering (ACEIC) method compares favorably with that of Probabilistic ICA, which is a popular method used for detection of functional groupings of voxels. We also show that functional segmentation of in vivo datasets with ACEIC can provide insights into the results from conventional analysis.
Electromechanical mode on-line estimation using regularized robust RLS methods

This paper proposes a regularized robust recursive least squares (R3LS) method for on-line estimation of power-system electromechanical modes based on synchronized phasor measurement unit (PMU) data. The proposed method utilizes an autoregressive moving average exogenous (ARMAX) model to account for typical measurement data, which includes low-level pseudo-random probing, ambient, and ringdown data.ƒn A robust objective function is utilized to reduce the negative influence from non-typical data, which include outliers and missing data. A dy-namic regularization method is introduced to help include a priori knowledge about the system and reduce the influence of under-determined problems. Based on a 17-machine simulation model, it is shown through the Monte-Carlo method that the proposed R3LS method can estimate and track electromechanical modes by effectively using combined typical and non-typical measurement data.
The Research Hypothesis: Role and Construction

A hypothesis is a logical construct, interposed between a problem and its solution, which represents a proposed answer to a research question. It gives direction to the investigator’s thinking about the problem and, therefore, facilitates a solution. There are three primary modes of inference by which hypotheses are developed: deduction (reasoning from a general propositions to specific instances), induction (reasoning from specific instances to a general proposition), and abduction (formulation/acceptance on probation of a hypothesis to explain a surprising observation).
Contract Scholarship and the Reemergence of Legal Philosophy

There is nothing really new about the iconoclasm of the American realists. What is new, however, is the reception of their notions among lawyers, and in this sense the great significance of the realist movement for legal history lies in the recognition that it is possible to have lawyers, and flourishing lawyers, without law in the sense that law traditionally has been understood. Whether this state of affairs is to be regretted or welcomed is debatable, but it is clear that it offers no hospitality to the legal treatise. -A.W.B. Simpson3
Deterrence and Arms Control in a Second Conventional Age

Neither further nuclear reductions nor total nuclear disarmament are necessarily smart ideas, but proponents of these goals insist that we should move toward a second conventional age, in which nuclear weapons are either marginalized or completely removed from international politics. But in this world, deterrence and extended deterrence might not endure without boosting aspects of conventional arsenals. How might the U.S. deter adversaries and assure allies? The answer ultimately rests on conventional forces, especially long-range ballistic and cruise missiles. But these would have to be deployed in greater numbers to compensate for a “nuclear gap.” This might lead to a destabilizing arms race.
Radioactive Strontium-and Caesium-Contaminated Sites: Characterisation, Transport, and Remedial Options

Radioactive strontium (Sr) and radioactive caesium (Cs) are contaminants causing major concern because of their ease of entry into biological systems due to their similarity to calcium and potassium, respectively. As a result of the Chernobyl accident in 1986, large areas of the Ukraine are contaminated with these radionuclides. Areas both at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) in the United States and at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan are also contaminated with these radionuclides. Both caesium and strontium are soluble in water, but their mobility in natural environments is retarded by their strong interactions with soil organic materials, clay minerals, and iron oxides.
Injectable biomaterials: a perspective on the next wave of injectable therapeutics

We are experiencing a new wave of injectable therapeutics (namely/injectable biomaterials) to complement injectable drugs and injectable biologics, and to serve as the basis for injectable combinatorial therapeutics. Injectable biomaterials contribute to the treatment of the fluid-filled defects which often result from disease and injury, by providing the missing physical framework (i.e. the stroma). However, while injectable matrices may be necessary for the successful treatment of certain lesions, they will not likely be sufficient. Chemoattractants for select endogenous cells, or cells themselves, may need to be incorporated into the matrix prior to its injection to ensure the necessary cellular repopulation of the cavitary defect. These agents and others (drugs and biologics) delivered by the matrix represent the new category of injectable combinatorial therapeutics.
Reaction Ar 40 ( p , n ) to the Antianalog State in K 40

We have measured $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}(p, n)^{40}\mathrm{K}(\mathrm{antianalog})$ differential cross sections at 24 MeV and made microscopic distorted-wave Born-approximation calculations for these cross sections. Unlike the ($^{3}\mathrm{He}$, $t$) reaction to the same state, where it is necessary to invoke a two-step mechanism, the ($p, n$) data are fitted by the one-step calculation. A one-step calculation also fits $^{40}\mathrm{Ar}(p, n)^{40}\mathrm{K}(\mathrm{isobaric}\mathrm{analog})$ data with the same nucleon-nucleon interaction used in the antianalog-state calculation.
Organoboranes for syntheses

Abstract The low temperature autoxidation of organoboranes in tetrahydrofuran leads to the formation of diperoxyboranes, which provide the corresponding alkylhydroperoxides in excellent yields, upon treatment with hydrogen peroxide. However, only two of the three alkyl groups on boron are used for the formation of hydroperoxides. This difficulty was solved by employing alkyldichloroborane etherates instead of trialkylboranes. The alkyldichloroborane etherates react cleanly with one molar equivalent of oxygen in ether solvent. The product is readily hydrolyzed to form the corresponding hydroperoxides in excellent yields. The autoxidation of organoboranes is inhibited by iodine or such free-radical scavengers. A study of the inhibition by iodine of the oxidation of representative trialkylboranes indicates that the rate of initiation decreases with an increase in the steric crowding about the boron atom. The rate of inhibition of the autoxidation of trialkylboranes by iodine reveals that the reaction involves a relatively slow rate of radical initiation, followed by a very fast rate of chain propagation.
Designing PDT-based combinations to overcome chemoresistance in heterocellular 3D tumor models(Conference Presentation)

A major barrier to treating advanced-stage cancers is heterogeneity in the responsiveness of metastatic disease to conventional therapies leading to resistance and treatment failure. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to synergize with conventional agents and to overcome the evasion pathways that cause resistance. Developing PDT-based combinations that target resistant tumor populations and cooperate mechanistically with conventional agents is an increasingly promising approach to improve therapeutic efficacy while minimizing toxicity, particularly in complex disease sites. Identifying the molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental cues that lead to heterogeneity and treatment resistance is critical to developing strategies to target unresponsive regions of stubborn disease. Cell-based research platforms that integrate key microenvironmental cues are emerging as increasingly important tools to improve the translational efficiency of new agents, and to design combination regimens. Among the challenges associated with developing and scaling complex cell-based screening platforms is the need to integrate, and balance, biological relevance with appropriate, high-content imaging routines that provide meaningful quantitative readouts of therapeutic response. The benefits and challenges associated with deriving meaningful insights from complex cell-based models will be presented, with a particular emphasis on overcoming chemoresistance mediated by physical stress and communication with stromal partners (e.g. tumor endothelial cells, which are emerging as dynamic regulators of treatment resistance) using PDT-based combinations.
Inspection of Screwthread Product and Tracing Direction Analysis of Unqualified Product Based on Taylor Principle

Inspection system of screwthread product is introduced.Similarities and differences of pitch diameter tolerance position between metric system thread gauge and American unified standard screwthead gauge are analyzed.Finally,in order to reduce unnecessary ecconomic loss and avoid thread product quality accidents,tracing direction of unqualified screwthread product based on Taylor principle is given.
Unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation for correction of lethal congenital immunodeficiencies.

Unrelated donor marrow transplantation was undertaken in eight infants with severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) and two children each with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) and Chediak-Higashi syndrome (CHS) who did not have histocompatible siblings. Donors for three patients were phenotypically matched at all HLA-A, B, Dr, and Dw loci, whereas nine donors were mismatched from the recipients at one of the HLA-A or B loci but phenotypically identical at evaluable D loci. All but one patient received conditioning chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy before infusion of donor marrow, which was not T-cell depleted. Prophylaxis for graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) consisted of methotrexate and prednisone combined with either cyclosporine A (six patients), antithymocyte globulin (five patients), or anti-CD5 ricin A chain immunotoxin (one patient). All patients engrafted with donor cells, and only 4 of 12 experienced any GVHD (1 of 8 SCID, 1 of 2 WAS, 2 of 2 CHS). Two children who developed grade II and two who developed grade III GVHD were successfully treated and all are now alive, off immuno- suppressive therapy, with no evidence of chronic GVHD greater than 18 months after transplant. Ten patients are alive with excellent immunoreconstitution greater than or equal to 1 year to greater than or equal to 3 years after transplant; actuarial survival is predicted to be 83% with a median follow-up of 2 years. Two children with SCID succumbed to pre-existing opportunistic infection early posttransplant. We conclude that closely matched unrelated donor bone marrow transplantation can correct congenital immunodeficiencies including variants of SCID, WAS, and CHS, with an acceptably low incidence of transplant-related complications, principally GVHD.
Using RNA Nanoparticles with Thermostable Motifs and Fluorogenic Modules for Real-Time Detection of RNA Folding and Turnover In Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells

RNA nanotechnology is an emerging field at the interface of biochemistry and nanomaterials that shows immense promise for applications in nanomedicines, therapeutics and nanotechnology. Noncoding RNAs, such as siRNA, miRNA, ribozymes, and riboswitches, play important roles in the regulation of cellular processes. They carry out highly specific functions on a compact and efficient footprint. The properties of specificity and small size make them excellent modules in the construction of multifaceted RNA nanoparticles for targeted delivery and therapy. Biological activity of RNA molecules, however, relies on their proper folding. Therefore their thermodynamic and biochemical stability in the cellular environment is critical. Consequently, it is essential to assess global fold and intracellular lifetime of multifaceted RNA nanoparticles to optimize their therapeutic effectiveness. Here, we describe a method to express and assemble stable RNA nanoparticles in cells, and to assess the folding and turnover rate of RNA nanoparticles in vitro as well as in vivo in real time using a thermostable core motif derived from pRNA of bacteriophage Phi29 DNA packaging motor and fluorogenic RNA modules.
The alteration of serotonin metabolism to 5-hydroxytryptophol by ethanol ingestion in man.

Abstract The pattern of serotonin-C 14 metabolites excreted in the 8 hour urine collection following the ingestion of serotonin-C 14 was markedly changed by the prior ingestion of ethanol. After ethanol ingestion, the per cent of the total C 14 excreted as 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid-C 14 decreased from 82.3 to 42.2. The per cent of C 14 excreted as 5-hydroxytryptophol (5-HTOH) and its conjugates rose from 2.3 to 41.6. The major portion of the 5-hydroxytryptophol-C 14 was excreted as conjugates; glucuronide bound, 31.4 per cent of urine C 14 ; sulfate bound, 9.4 per cent; and only 0.8 per cent as free 5-hydroxytryptophol. It is likely that the increased NADHNAD ratio effected by ethanol metabolism results in a shift of serotonin metabolism from the oxidative pathway to 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid to the reductive pathway to 5-hydroxytryptophol. The considerations that other biologically active monoamines are subject to the same alteration of metabolism and that certain neuropharmacological effects of ethanol and other psychotropic agents are attributable to the aldehyde or alcohol metabolites of endogenous monoamines are discussed.
Development and Evaluation of a Smartphone-Based Measure of Social Rhythms for Bipolar Disorder

Dynamic psychological processes are most often assessed using self-report instruments. This places a constraint on how often and for how long data can be collected due to the burden placed on human participants. Smartphones are ubiquitous and highly personal devices, equipped with sensors that offer an opportunity to measure and understand psychological processes in real-world contexts over the long term. In this article, we present a novel smartphone approach to address the limitations of self-report in bipolar disorder where mood and activity are key constructs. We describe the development of MoodRhythm, a smartphone application that incorporates existing self-report elements from interpersonal and social rhythm therapy, a clinically validated treatment, and combines them with novel inputs from smartphone sensors. We reflect on lessons learned in transitioning from an existing self-report instrument to one that involves smartphone sensors and discuss the potential impact of these changes on the future of psychological assessment.
Die Diskontinuität physikalischer und chemischer Vorgänge

Die Versuche, die Quantentheorie auf chemische Vorgange anzuwenden, beschranken sich fast ausschlieslich auf die Untersuchung einerseits von Reaktionen, die durch das Licht hervorgerufen werden und andererseits des Lichtes, das bei chemischen Reaktionen entsteht. Es war schon lange bekannt, das zahlreiche photochemische Reaktionen, die in Gegenwart von blauem und violettem Lichte vor sich gehen, durch rotes Licht uberhaupt nicht oder nur in sehr begrenztem Mase bewirkt werden. Ebenso treten viele Reaktionen bei Belichtung mit ultravioletten Strahlen ein, die bei gewohnlichem Lichte nicht vor sich gehen.
Information Sources for Strategic Planning in Primary Care Facilities

The purpose of this paper is to examine the extent to which health care managers presently incorporate information from physicians and consumers in their strategic plans. Further, the managers' perceptions of important sources of information for consumers are compared to the perceived degree of physician influence for health care decisions. The empirical results demonstrate that present usage of information focuses on sources relevant for current consumers while it seems to neglect information needed to plan strategies for new targets or for non-users of the facility.
Research Challenges in Developing Multimedia Systems for Managing Emergency Situations

With an increasing amount of diverse heterogeneous data and information, the methodology of multimedia analysis has become increasingly relevant in solving challenging societal problems such as managing emergency situations during disasters. Using cybernetic principles combined with multimedia technology, researchers can develop effective frameworks for using diverse multimedia (including traditional multimedia as well as diverse multimodal) data for situation recognition, and determining and communicating appropriate actions to people stranded during disasters. We present known issues in disaster management and then focus on emergency situations. We show that an emergency management problem is fundamentally a multimedia information assimilation problem for situation recognition and for connecting people's needs to available resources effectively, efficiently, and promptly. Major research challenges for managing emergency situations are identified and discussed. We also present a intelligently detecting evolving environmental situations, and discuss the role of multimedia micro-reports as spontaneous participatory sensing data streams in emergency responses. Given enormous progress in concept recognition using machine learning in the last few years, situation recognition may be the next major challenge for learning approaches in multimedia contextual big data. The data needed for developing such approaches is now easily available on the Web and many challenging research problems in this area are ripe for exploration in order to positively impact our society during its most difficult times.
Single-Pulse Electrical Stimulation in Identification of Epileptogenic Cortex

Single-pulse electrical stimulation (SPES) was evaluated in 35 children who underwent intracranial subdural electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring at Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children and King’s College Hospital, London, UK.
An assessment of meaning in life-threatening illness: development of the Healing Experience in All Life Stressors (HEALS).

Context Patients with life-threatening or chronic illness report an experience of increased positive psychological, social, and/or spiritual change during diagnosis and/or treatment of their illness, even in the face of unfavorable prognosis. This transformation begins through the ability to make their life meaningful by forming meaningful connections that emerge through self-introspection and relationships with a divine entity, nature, and other people. The Healing Experience in All Life Stressors (HEALS) assessment provides a way to identify distress-causing changes that may interfere with the development of meaning and psycho-social-spiritual homeostasis. Objective Preliminary examination of responses to items on the HEALS and examination of the factor structure. Method The 48-item HEALS questionnaire was developed using a multistep process: literature review for concept development, item generation from qualitative data, and face and content validity by expert panel. In the current study, HEALS was completed by 100 patients diagnosed with life-limiting disease and seen by the palliative care team at a large research institution in the US. Exploratory factor analysis techniques were used to determine scale structure of the instrument. Results Outcome testing of sample adequacy using Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin statistic was 0.75, which exceeds the recommended value of 0.60. The HEALS show very good internal consistency with a Cronbach's a of 0.94. Overall results of the exploratory factor analysis established a four-factor questionnaire: 1) religion; 2) spirituality, demonstrated by a) interaction with a religious community and b) belief in higher power; 3) intrapersonal; and 4) interpersonal relationships expressed through psychological changes resulting in enhanced outlook and improvement in relationships with family and friends. Conclusion This study involved the initial step to commence the process of scale validation, with promising outcomes identifying subscales as an effective way to assess the construct of healing. These findings support further examination using cognitive appraisal and confirmatory factor analysis.
Buddhism, Philosophy, History. On Eugène Burnouf’s Simple Sūtras

Philosophy has long become a key term in the study of Buddhism, defining the moral and rational essence of the Buddha’s teaching, emblematic of its Indian origins. In this essay, I suggest that the relation of Buddhism and philosophy, which prior to the mid-nineteenth century was framed as the relation of the Religion of Fo to the cult of voidness, was reformulated in the self-styled language of science in the wake of the study of Buddhism from Sanskrit sources. Specifically, I suggest that the philosophical dimension of Eugene Burnouf’s reading of the Divyāvadāna and his idea of “simple sūtra” played a crucial role in defining Buddhism as a philosophy for the late nineteenth and into the twentieth century. The idea of a “simple moral philosophy” emerged in Burnouf’s particular reading of the story of the Buddha’s last days in the Divyāvadāna and the Mahāparinibbāṇa Sutta, as the play of magic and death unfolds in the theme of the master’s denial of the will to live. Burnouf’s philosophical reading rests on the purification, in the theme of the Buddha’s parinirvāṇa, of the foundations of magical power (catvāra ṛddhipāda) that articulate knowledge of this world and beyond in the Buddha’s discourses. In the conclusion, I reformulate Burnouf’s question about the Buddha’s moral philosophy in his study of the simple sūtras vis-a-vis the historically self-conscious question about the Buddha’s ability to defer death by magic that traces back to the early debate of Buddhist exegetical traditions.
Biplanar Graphs:: A Survey

Abstract A graph is called biplanar if it is the union of two planar graphs. In this survey, we present a variety of results on biplanar graphs, some special families of such graphs, and some generalizations.
Artificial Life: Frequently Asked Questions (FAQS) and Partially Baked Ideas (PBIS) about its Uses in Agricultural Research

Abstract Artificial Life (AL; ALife) is a new area of interdisciplinary research that draws on biology, computer science, complex systems theory and related areas of research. Major ALife-methods are described and their applicability and potential use in agricultural research is discussed using a phase concept of agricultural research.
Social Narrative Strategies to Support Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

The purpose of this manuscript is to identify social narrative strategies that can be used to enhance the social skills of young children identified with autism spectrum disorder. We provide a description as well as scenarios describing how educators might consider using social narrative strategies. We conclude with resources to attain additional information.
The other question: can and should robots have rights?

This essay addresses the other side of the robot ethics debate, taking up and investigating the question “Can and should robots have rights?” The examination of this subject proceeds by way of three steps or movements. We begin by looking at and analyzing the form of the question itself. There is an important philosophical difference between the two modal verbs that organize the inquiry—can and should. This difference has considerable history behind it that influences what is asked about and how. Second, capitalizing on this verbal distinction, it is possible to identify four modalities concerning social robots and the question of rights. The second section will identify and critically assess these four modalities as they have been deployed and developed in the current literature. Finally, we will conclude by proposing another alternative, a way of thinking otherwise that effectively challenges the existing rules of the game and provides for other ways of theorizing moral standing that can scale to the unique challenges and opportunities that are confronted in the face of social robots.