cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dense plasmas, screened interactions, and atomic ionization

Abstract There now exist many laboratory programs to study non-equilibrium plasmas in which the electron interparticle spacing ne−1/3 is no more than a few Bohr radii. Among these are short-pulse laser heating of solid targets, where n e ∼10 23 cm −3 , and inertial confinement fusion experiments, where n e >10 25 cm −3 can be achieved. Under such extreme conditions, the plasma environment is expected to have a strong influence on atomic energy levels and transitions rates. Investigations of atomic ionization in hot, dense plasmas have been motivated by the fact that the instantaneous degree of ionization is a key parameter for the modeling of these rapidly evolving physical systems. Although various theoretical treatments have been presented in the literature, here we focus on the “random field” approach, because it can readily incorporate (quasi-static) level shifts of the target ion as well as dynamic plasma effects. In this approach, the stochastic perturbation of the target by plasma density fluctuations is described in terms of the dielectric response function. Limiting cases of this description yield the familiar binary cross-sectional model, static screening collision models, and the more general dynamical screening models. Screening of the target ion is treated here with several static screening potentials, and bound state level shifts of these potentials are explored. Atomic oscillator strength densities based on these different models are compared in numerical calculations for ionization of He+ and Ar+17. Finally, we compile a list of atomic/plasma physics issues that merit future investigation.
Locomotor network modeling based on identified zebrafish neurons

The larval zebrafish generates a discrete set of locomotor maneuvers, each with distinctive bending patterns and tail-beat frequencies (TBFs). It is not known how these locomotor patterns are generated. We had previously shown that aspects of the locomotor repertoire could be modeled with a simple 2-cell segmental oscillator replicated in series to simulate the 30 segment larval spinal cord. This model, however, conflicted with known features of the spinal circuitry and was not able to produce the natural whole-cord activity patterns. We present here three new more realistic CPG models which incorporate anatomical and neurotransmitter features of identified zebrafish spinal interneurons. These whole-cord models were able to produce oscillatory rhythms across the range of natural TBFs in ways that the simpler model could not.
Prospective changes in Japan's trade pattern

Abstract In this paper, factor endowment models of exports, imports, and net exports are estimated for 46 industries, spanning the traded goods sector. The regressions are estimated for a pooled sampled of 30 countries over the period 1968–1984. Time-series techniques are used to project the endowment vector for each country, and these are then combined with the estimated parameters to generate forecasts of trade patterns for the year 2000. The projected pattern of trade for Japan is examined in detail, and some simple simulations are discussed.
A new expression for the two-particle dis¯tribution function

Abstract Using projection techniques on the equilibrium N -particle distribution function, a new expression for the two-particle distribution function is derived.
The molecular and genetic basis of colon cancer

Remarkable progress has been accomplished in understanding the molecular basis of genetic colon cancer syndromes including FAP and HNPCC, and their variants; of sporadic colon cancer; and of the rare hamartomatous polyp syndromes. This molecular progress now has to be translated into clinical progress in molecular diagnosis, and in pharmacologic therapy for colonic polyps and cancers. It is hoped that such progress will impact on the frequency and mortality of this very common and frequently fatal cancer.
Assessing TMDL effectiveness using flow-adjusted concentrations: a case study of the Neuse River, North Carolina.

Integrated control of both point and nonpoint source water pollution using Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) assignments will be a major regulatory focus over the next decade. We propose the use of “flow-adjusted” pollutant concentrations to evaluate the effectiveness of manage ment actions taken to meet approved TMDLs. Pollutant concentrations are usually highly correlated with streamflow, and flow is strongly weather-dependent. Thus, pollutant loads, which are calculated as pollutant concentration multiplied by streamflow, have a large weather-dependent variance component. This natural variation can be removed by calculating flow-adjusted concentrations. While such values are not a direct measure of pollutant load, they make it easier to discern changes in streamwater quality. Additionally, they are likely to be a better predictor of pollutant concentrations in the receiving waterbody. We demonstrate the use of this technique using long-term nutrient data from the Neuse River in North Carolina. The Neuse ...
Non-aqueous electrochemistry using optically transparent electrodes

Abstract Tin oxide, gold and platinum film optically transparent electrodes are evaluated for use in spectro-electrochemical studies of organic oxidations and reductions in non-aqueous solvents. Acetonitrile, dimethylformamide, nitromethane, propylene carbonate, dichloroethane, monoglyme and diglyme were used, usually with tetraalkylammonium perchlorate or hexafluorophosphate as supporting electrolyte. Care was taken in purifications and all experiments were run in a controlled atmosphere dry box. The background potential limits for these electrodes depend greatly on the type and purity of solvent and supporting electrolyte, and in well-purified systems are sufficiently large to allow the study of oxidation of benzene or the reduction of phenanthrene or napthalene. Data are reported for the reduction of methyl viologen, a6nthraquinone and three nitroaromatics, and for the oxidation and reduction of several aromatic hydrocarbons. The optical windows of these electrodes have made possible the in situ observation of the intermediates and products of electrode reactions; some examples, including work using rapid scanning spectrophotometry, are presented.
The theory of finite frequency body wave synthetic seismograms in inhomogeneous elastic media

b A new method is presented by means of which one can compute finite frequency synthetic seismograms for media whose velocity and density are continuous functions of two or three spatial variables. Basically, the method is a generalization of the familiar phase integral method, to which it reduces in a stratified medium. For a given source location the travel-time and distance functions needed to compute synthetics are obtained by numerically tracing rays through the model. This information is then used to evaluate a double integral over frequency and take-off angle at the source. The solution obtained reduces to the geometrical optics solution wherever that is valid but it also works in shadows and at caustics without knowing explicitly where these may be located. The method can be used as a spectral method, in which the integral over take-off angle is evaluated first, or as a slowness method, in which the frequency integral is evaluated first.
Increased urinary transforming growth factor- beta1 excretion in children with posterior urethral valves

Abstract Objectives. Patients with posterior urethral valves (PUV) are at significant risk for progression to end-stage renal disease, despite early correction of the obstruction. Experimental models of urinary obstruction demonstrate increased renal expression of the profibrotic inflammatory mediator, transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1). Urinary TGF-β1 excretion is elevated in certain glomerular diseases, but has not been well studied in patients with obstructive lesions. The objective of this study was to examine urinary TGF-β1 excretion in children with PUV. Methods. Fourteen patients with PUV, aged 3.2 to 14.5 years, with estimated glomerular filtration rates (GFRs) of 12.8 to 139 mL/min/1.73 m2 were enrolled. Sixteen normal subjects (9 male, 7 female), aged 4.3 to 20.5 years, served as controls. Total urinary TGF-β1 concentration was assayed by enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay, and expressed as a ratio to urinary creatinine concentration. Results. Urinary TGF-β1 excretion was significantly greater in patients with PUV (range 0 to 0.063, median 0.019 ng/mg urine creatinine) compared with that of healthy controls (range 0 to 0.022, median 0.005 ng/mg urine creatinine) (P Conclusions. Results from this study suggest that TGF-β1 may contribute to progressive renal insufficiency in patients with PUV. Further studies are indicated to determine if agents that affect TGF-β1 expression, such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, can slow the progression of renal disease in PUV.
Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of dimeric peptide antagonists of the human immunoglobulin G-human neonatal Fc receptor (IgG-FcRn) interaction.

The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, regulates the half-life of IgG in vivo and may be a target in the treatment of autoimmune disease. Monomeric peptide antagonists of the human IgG−human FcRn interact...
The Clinical and Laboratory Response to Recombinant Factor VIIa in Trauma and Surgical Patients with Acquired Coagulopathy

Objective In bleeding patients who are coagulopathic, the clinical response to administration of recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) relates to the changes in prothrombin time (PT). Design Retrospective review of all surgical and trauma patients who were coagulopathic and received factor VIIa at the authors’ institution over the past 27 months. Setting Academic tertiary referral facility and level I trauma center. Participants Eighteen patients met inclusion criteria, 10 trauma and 8 surgical. Mean age 50 years (range, 17-84). Results Overall mortality was 39%. All but 1 patient (17/18) had resolution of coagulopathic bleeding with rFVIIa, and all clinical responders (n = 17) (defined as clinical cessation of bleeding within 24 hours determined by either attending surgeon or chief resident progress note) had a decrease in PT to normal range. In contrast, the single clinical nonresponder had an insignificant PT decrease (19 to 18 seconds). Prothrombin time decreased from 20 ± 4 seconds to 12 ± 2 seconds, p 0.05). Transfusion requirements for red blood cells (14 to 3 units) and plasma (12 to 3 units) were significantly reduced after rFVIIa. There were no significant differences in percentage PT decrease between dose ≥100 mcg/kg vs Conclusions The administration of rFVIIa caused a decrease in the PT in nearly all patients. There were an insufficient number of patients to support the use of PT as a clinical predictor of response; however, the data are suggestive of such utility. If the PT does not correct, then it is likely that there is a deficiency of other factors of the coagulation cascade.
Potential regional climate change and implications to U.S. air quality

[1] Regional climate change scenarios were generated by dynamical downscaling to assess the potential effects of climate change on U.S. air quality. Comparing the climate simulation for 2045–2055 based on the IPCC A1B scenario with the control simulation of 1995–2005, large atmospheric changes that could affect air quality were found in several regions. Analyses were based on changes in surface air temperature and downward solar radiation, precipitation frequency, stagnation events, and ventilation. Changes in the Midwest and Texas during summer are of opposite sign, suggesting negative impacts on air quality in Texas and small positive or no impact in the Midwest. During fall, large warming, increased solar radiation, reduced rainfall frequency, increased stagnation occurrence, and reduced ventilation in the western U.S. all suggest negative impacts on regional air quality. These changes are related to an anticyclonic pattern in the 500 hPa height change that is also found in other GCM projections.
The tyranny of space in organizational analysis

We want to understand organizational process as the temporal making of meanings, but our vocabulary for doing so is predominantly spatial. Some mistakes this has led to in my own research are reviewed, and the hope for a more thoroughly temporal mode of analysis based on an actor's ongoing narrativization of experience is explored.
Coordinative self-assembly and solution-phase X-ray structural characterization of cavity-tailored porphyrin boxes

Combining linear Zn porphyrin trimers with orthogonally derivatized porphyrin dimers leads rapidly and spontaneously to the formation of monodisperse, torsionally constrained boxes comprising six components and a total of 16 metalloporphyrins. In situ X-ray scattering measurements confirm the formation of monodisperse assemblies of precisely the size expected from model box structures. While simple subunits yield highly symmetrical boxes, we find that sterically demanding subunits produce unusual twisted boxes. Previous studies of porphyrin-based box-like assemblies (squares) for selective catalysis and molecular sieving revealed two function-inhibiting structural problems: torsional motion along the metal−porphyrin−metal axis and ambiguous outside versus inside functionalization (via axial ligation of available Zn(II) sites). The new 16-porphyrin box assemblies eliminate both problems.
A comparison of wavelet and Joint Photographic Experts Group lossy compression methods applied to medical images.

This presentation focuses on the quantitative comparison of three lossy compression methods applied to a variety of 12-bit medical images. One Joint Photographic Exports Group (JPEG) and two wavelet algorithms were used on a population of 60 images. The medical images were obtained in Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) file format and ranged in matrix size from 256 × 256 (magnetic resonance [MR]) to 2,560 × 2,048 (computed radiography [CR], digital radiography [DR], etc). The algorithms were applied to each image at multiple levels of compression such that comparable compressed file sizes were obtained at each level. Each compressed image was then decompressed and quantitative analysis was performed to compare each compressed-thendecompressed image with its corresponding original image. The statistical measures computed were sum of absolute differences, sum of squared differences, and peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR). Our results verify other research studies which show that wavelet compression yields better compression quality at constant compressed file sizes compared with JPEG. The DICOM standard does not yet include wavelet as a recognized lossy compression standard. For implementers and users to adopt wavelet technology as part of their image management and communication installations, there has to be significant differences in quality and compressibility compared with JPEG to justify expensive software licenses and the introduction of proprietary elements in the standard. Our study shows that different wavelet implementations vary in their capacity to differentiate themselves from the old, established lossy JPEG.
Female Student Athletes and Student Athletes of Color

The authors focus on policies that support student athletes of color and female student athletes.
Expression of laminin chains by central neurons: analysis with gene and protein trapping techniques.

Laminins exert numerous effects on neurons in vitro, but expression of laminin subunit genes by neurons in vivo remains controversial. To reexamine this issue, we generated mice from ES cells in which the laminin alpha1, alpha5, beta1, and gamma1 genes had been "trapped" by insertion of a histochemically detectable selectable marker, betageo (beta-galactosidase fused to neomycin phosphotransferase). The presence of laminin-betageo fusion proteins was assayed histochemically and immunochemically, revealing expression of laminin beta1 and gamma1 genes, but not alpha chain genes, by defined subsets of neurons in brain and retina. We also used the gene traps in a novel way to assay expression of endogenous laminin subunits, which were barely detectable by ordinary immunohistochemical methods. The trapping vector included a transmembrane domain that anchors proteins otherwise destined for secretion. Laminin alpha/beta/gamma heterotrimers are assembled intracellularly, and we show that the trapped laminin gamma1 fusion protein "co-trapped" endogenous beta1 intracellularly. The laminin gamma1 fusion was also able to co-trap transgene-derived alpha chains, but we detected no co-trapped endogenous alpha chains. The co-trapping method may be generally useful for identifying proteins or isolating protein complexes associated with trapped gene products.
Paul Ehrlich and O.T. Avery: pathfinders in the search for immunity.

This paper is concerned with the use of passive immunity for the prevention and treatment of infections from a historic perspective, particularly in regard to the research of Paul Ehrlich on diphtheria and that of O.T. Avery on pneumonia. It is timely to reexamine this matter, particularly in regard to virus infections, in view of the difficulties in developing antiviral drugs. In addition, specific antibodies can serve as an alternative therapy for antibiotic resistant microbes. It is worth recalling in the history of vaccine development that success in passive immunity has been the key element in devising a successful strategy to develop a vaccine to produce humoral immunity.
Recovering from codependence in Japan

In this article, I explore the appropriation of the notion of "codependence" in Japan, as alcoholism increasingly becomes a subject of social concern. Codependence is pathologized in the 1980's American popular psychology, which regards accommodation to social relationships as a compromise of the self Yet, in Japan, the notion resonates with postwar national ideologies of the normal—that is, of Japanese society as held together through family-like intimacy and highly cultivated sensitivities to social demands. Japanese women who define themselves as codependent must forge a distinction (blurred by dominant cultural ideology) between socially valued interdependence and "unhealthy" or systematically exploitative forms of asymmetrical ties. Forging this distinction allows women to reject exploitative demands of society while continuing to function within familial and neighborhood communities. To the extent that women can forge distinctions between "dependence" and "codependence," they may be better able to resist state and social demands that come at their expense, [gender, national identity, hegemonic cultural processes, transnationalism, selfhood, addiction, Japan]
A characterization of pH-regulated dimorphism in Candida albicans

When cells of the dimorphic yeast Candida albicans are grown to stationary phase in defined liquid medium at 25°C, they accumulate as singlets in Gl of the cell cycle. When these pluripotent, stationary phase singlets are released into fresh medium at 37°C, they synchronously evaginate after an average period of 135 to 140 minutes and form either buds or mycelia, depending upon the pH of the medium into which they are released. This method of dimorphic regulation offers the distinct advantage of comparability and serves as a very precise method for temporal comparisons of molecular and cytological events related to the establishment of the alternate growth phenotypes. In the present report, we have carefully examined the effects of individually varying pH or temperature on the length of the pre-evagination period, the population synchrony for evagination, and the phenotype of daughter cells. Exact phenotypic transition points, optima, and upper limits are defined for both temperature and pH. In addition, a method of pH-regulated dimorphism is developed in which the original temperature shift is removed from the inductive process. Finally, a common transition phenotype is described for cells reverting from the initial mycelial to budding phenotype when either pH or temperature traverse their respective transition points. The advantages as well as limitations of pH-regulated dimorphism are discussed in detail.
Linear estimation in Krein spaces. II. Applications

We have shown that several interesting problems in H/sup /spl infin//-filtering, quadratic game theory, and risk sensitive control and estimation follow as special cases of the Krein-space linear estimation theory developed in Part I. We show that all these problems can be cast into the problem of calculating the stationary point of certain second-order forms, and that by considering the appropriate state space models and error Gramians, we can use the Krein-space estimation theory to calculate the stationary points and study their properties. The approach discussed here allows for interesting generalizations, such as finite memory adaptive filtering with varying sliding patterns.
Raising the pragmatic awareness of language learners

The development of pragmatic and sociolinguistic rules of language use is important for language learners. It is necessary to understand and create language that is appropriate to the situations in which one is functioning, because failure to do so may cause users to miss key points that are being communicated or to have their messages misunderstood. Worse yet is the possibility of a total communication breakdown and the stereotypical labelling of second language users as people who are insensitive, rude, or inept (Thomas 1983). In this paper I will discuss different approaches to teaching pragmatics, and, based on my teaching experiences, I will provide some strategies that can be used to raise the pragmatic awareness of English language learners (ELLs).
Variation Of X-Ray Tube Potential As A Function Of Attenuator Thickness In kVp Variable Automatic Brightness Stabilization Fluoroscopy

AbstractFor a given patient (attenuator) thickness, substantial differences in the x -ray tubepotential can be observed on the image intensified fluoroscopic x -ray installationsequipped with kVp variable automatic brightness stabilization (ABS) circuitry. Thefunctional behavior of such fluoroscopic x -ray equipment is investigated through measurementof (1) the fluoroscopic x -ray tube potential, (2) the fluoroscopic x -ray tube current, (3)the entrance exposure rate, and (4) the exit exposure rate as functions of the attenuatorthickness.IntroductionImage intensified fluoroscopic x -ray machines equipped with kVp variable automaticbrightness stabilization (ABS) circuitry have been widely accepted in the radiologycommunity. The x -ray machines, while being well accepted, often do not seem to functionunder the optimum conditions with respect to (1) the image quality observed on thetelevision monitor, and /or (2) the patient entrance exposure rate.The kVp variable ABS fluoroscopic equipment in particular demonstrate a wide variation ofx -ray tube potentials for a given thickness of patient (attenuator) in the primary beam. Itis desirable to adjust the fluoroscopic x -ray tube potential so that the average energy ofthe x -ray beam corresponds to that of the K- absorption edge of the contrast media employed,
An overview of integration of therapy for congestive heart failure.

Patients with symptoms of congestive heart failure look to treatment to relieve symptoms, improve the quality of life, and prolong life. They prefer a convenient dosing schedule, with minimal side effects and low cost. The three major classes of drugs that improve heart failure include the diuretics, inotropic drugs, and vasodilators. Any one of these three classes are potential first-line candidates for treating patients with congestive heart failure
Modification of Nanoporous Supported Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Polymer Membranes by Atomic Layer Deposition

Abstract Supported type I bicontinuous cubic (Q I ) lyotropic liquid crystal (LLC) polymer membranes with a 3D-interconnected porous structure and an effective pore size of 0.75 nm were modified by alumina atomic layer deposition (ALD). The ALD-modified polymer membranes have an effective pore size smaller than 0.55 nm and show promise for gas separations. With 10 cycles of alumina ALD coating, the selectivity of an ALD-modified Q I -phase LLC polymer membrane for H 2 /N 2 greatly increased from 12 to 65, while the permeance of H 2 decreased ∼40%. The ALD membrane modification approach described here appears to be universal and has the potential to modify other nanoporous membranes for size-selective separation.
The Contribution of Cognitive Resources and Leader Behavior to Organizational Performance1

A recently proposed cognitive resource theory of leadership effectiveness explicates the role of such cognitive variables as intellectual abilities, technical competence, and job-relevant knowledge (experience) in determining group performance. This paper reviews research showing that the leaders' intellectual abilities contribute to performance only when leaders are directive, do not experience stress, have supportive groups, and work on tasks which require intellectual effort.
Changing the Publishing Paradigm for Science and Technology

SUMMARY Scholarly publishing in science and technology is facing opportunities and challenges. Numerous pressures in the marketplace for scholarly publishing create alternatives to conventional and commercial publishing. This new paradigm broadens the venues for disseminating and discovering research results. Scholars and researchers today seek to harness new technologies and to create alternatives to conventional information delivery. Despite the wave of new opportunities for publishing, barriers to change may impede the speed at which scientific and scholarly communication evolve.
Perceived discrimination and stigma toward children affected by HIV/AIDS and their HIV-positive caregivers in central Haiti

In many settings worldwide, HIV-positive individuals have experienced a significant level of stigma and discrimination. This discrimination may also impact other family members affected by the disease, including children. The aim of our study was to identify factors associated with stigma and/or discrimination among HIV-affected youth and their HIV-positive caregivers in central Haiti. Recruitment of HIV-positive patients with children aged 10-17 years was conducted in 2006-2007. Data on HIV-related stigma and/or discrimination were based on interviews with 451 youth and 292 caregivers. Thirty-two percent of caregivers reported that children were discriminated against because of HIV/AIDS. Commune of residence was associated with discrimination against children affected by HIV/AIDS and HIV-related stigma among HIV-positive caregivers, suggesting variability across communities. Multivariable regression models showed that lacking social support, being an orphan, and caregiver HIV-related stigma were associated with discrimination in HIV-affected children. Caregiver HIV-related stigma demonstrated a strong association with depressive symptoms. The results could inform strategies for potential interventions to reduce HIV-related stigma and discrimination. These may include increasing social and caregiver support of children affected by HIV, enhancing support of caregivers to reduce burden of depressive symptoms, and promoting reduction of HIV-related stigma and discrimination at the community-level.
Abstract 4806: Angiogenesis is independently influenced by interstitial flow and concentration gradients of tumor secreted morphogens

Angiogenesis facilitates growth and entry of tumors into the systemic circulation leading to metastasis. Morphogens, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), secreted by the tumors are believed to guide nearby vasculature towards the tumor. The distribution of morphogens in tissues is affected by interstitial fluid flow, which also exerts forces in the tissue microenvironment. Numerous cells in the tumor microenvironment can sense and respond to force, yet our understanding of the independent effect of interstitial flow in tumor angiogenesis is limited. This is due, in part, to inadequate experimental models that cannot decouple spatial morphogen concentrations and interstitial flow. Notably, control of these parameters is not possible in animal models, and 2D cell systems lack the complexity of in vivo tissue. We addressed these limitations by designing a microfluidic platform of polydimethlsiloxane (PDMS) polymer consisting of three parallel microporous tissue compartments ( Citation Format: Venktesh S. Shirure, Steven C. George. Angiogenesis is independently influenced by interstitial flow and concentration gradients of tumor secreted morphogens. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 4806. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-4806
Nonabsorbable radioactive material in the treatment of carcinomas by local injections.

Nonabsorbable radioactive material was used in treating malignant lesions by local injection. One hundred thirty-five Lewis Wistar rats were inoculated subcutaneously with tumor cells. After 7 days, the rats grew tumors of approximately 1 x 1 x 1 cm at the injection site. The rats then were divided into two groups; 50% were kept as a control group while the other 50% received single injections of 1 mCi yttrium 90 (/sup 90/Y) microspheres directly into the center of the tumor. This study shows a significant reduction of the tumor growth rate in treated animals. Tumor sizes after 4 days averaged 1.31 ml in the treated rats and 9.74 ml in the control group. Excluding animals that had complete regression of the tumor, treated rats lived an average of 30.8 days from the day of treatment compared with the control rats, which lived an average of 17.4 days. Pathology examinations showed no effects from injected radioactive materials in the liver, bone marrow or the kidney. Examination of the injected area after 6 months showed that microspheres remained locally and that the tumor was replaced with collagen tissue.
Up-regulation of GADD34 mediates the synergistic anticancer activity of mitomycin C and a γ134.5 deleted oncolytic herpes virus (G207)

Oncolytic viruses used for gene therapy have been genetically modified to selectively target tumor cells while sparing normal host tissue. The multimutant virus G207 has been attenuated by inactivation of viral ribonucleotide reductase and by deletion of both viral gamma134.5 genes. Deletion of gamma134.5 greatly decreases the neurovirulence of this mutant virus but also reduces its antitumor efficacy. The mammalian homologue to the gamma134.5 gene product is the GADD34 protein. This protein can functionally substitute for the gamma134.5 gene and is also up-regulated during DNA damage. We postulated that combining use of the chemotherapy agent mitomycin C (MMC) with G207 will selectively up-regulate GADD34 in tumor that may complement the gamma134.5 gene deletion and augment viral antitumor efficacy. This hypothesis was tested in human gastric cells in vitro and in vivo. Using both the isobologram method and combination-index method of Chou-Talalay, significant synergism was demonstrated between MMC and G207. As a result of such synergism, a dose-reduction for each agent can be accomplished over a wide range of drug-effect levels without sacrificing tumor cell kill. Northern blot analysis confirmed that expression of GADD34 mRNA was increased by MMC treatment. SiRNA directed at GADD34 decreased MMC-associated enhancement of viral proliferation and resulted in decreased viral synergy with MMC. These data indicate that induction of GADD34 selectively restores the virulent phenotype of the deleted gene in G207 and thus provides a cellular basis for the combined use of DNA-damaging agents and gamma134.5 HSV mutants in the treatment of cancer.
Sorption and diffusion of organic vapors in two fluoroelastomers

Immersion experiments with Aflas (I), poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-pro- pylene), and Fluorel (II) (poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-perfluoropropylene)), showed greater swelling of I in nonpolar liquids and much higher swelling of II in polar liquids: over 100% (wt/wt) in two ketones and a phosphate ester. Sorption isotherms deter- mined for toluene and acetone at 25 and 35°C were fitted with the Flory-Rehner relation, employing a concentration-dependent solvent-polymer interaction parameter. The fitted K parameters indicated that the degree of crosslinking in II was lower than in I. However, the high swelling of II by polar solvents is attributed primarily to the polar nature of II resulting from the asymmetric CF(CF3) moiety. Diffusion coefficients determined from sorption kinetics, corrected for nonisothermal effects, and converted to solvent self-diffusion coefficients were fitted with the Fujita free-volume relation. The values were much higher for I than II with acetone and also slightly higher for I with toluene. The estimated zero-concentration values were 1.5 E-09 cm 2 /s for Aflas-ac- etone, 0.3 E-09 cm 2 /s for Fluorel-acetone, and even lower for toluene. The low diffusion coefficients, which contribute to the superior barrier performance of these elastomers, is due, in part, to the high glass transition temperatures of I and II, 27 and 221°C, respectively. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 71: 1525-1535, 1999
Masculinity, Femininity, and Masculinity-Femininity: A Phenomenological Study of the MF Scale of the MMPI

College students evaluated responses by a hypothetical man and woman to the MMPI Mf scale's items as making the man or woman “more masculine,” “less masculine,” “more feminine,” and “less feminine....
Effect of Incorporation of Nitrogen on the Structure and Dielectric Properties of Modified Oxide Sol‐Precipitated Borosilicate Glasses and Glass‐Ceramics

Glasses and glass-ceramics have received considerable attention as substrate materials in electronic packaging because of their low (<5) dielectric constant at 1 MHz. It is also known that low molecular weight species lower the contribution to electronic polarization which is primarily responsible for changes in the dielectric constant at these frequencies. In this study, borosilicate gels have been synthesized using a modified oxide sol-precipitation process utilizing oxide precursors. Nitridation of these gels has been initiated by combining air and ammonia heat treatments at different temperatures. The effects of incorporation of nitrogen on the structure of these gels have been studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Similarly, the effects of nitrogen on the densification behavior of these gels have also been analyzed. At the same time, the dielectric constants of these glasses have been measured using impedance techniques. FTIR results indicate that the incorporation of nitrogen helps to decrease the borosiloxy (B-O-Si) bonds, causing a corresponding increase in B-N and Si-N bonds. Introduction of nitrogen into the gel network was seen to retard the densification kinetics and delay the crystallization onset for most of the nitrided glasses, while causing a gradual lowering of the dielectric constant.
Asymptotic treatment of the trapeze effect in finite element cross-sectional analysis of composite beams

Abstract Early analyses for numerical cross-sectional analysis of anisotropic beams were based on linear elasticity theory. For more general treatment of non-linear phenomena, asymptotic formulations can serve as the basis for the numerical method, say a finite element method. When based on geometrically non-linear elasticity theory, an intermediate result of such analyses is frequently the splitting of the non-linear 3-D problem into a linear 2-D analysis of the cross section and a non-linear 1-D analysis along the beam. Thus, the published work to date cannot treat the so-called “trapeze effect”, because it stems from non-linearity of the cross-sectional analysis. Herein, a non-linear numerical cross-sectional analysis is presented, based on the variational-asymptotic method and capable of treating cross sections of arbitrary geometry and generally anisotropic material. This type of analysis is particularly important in rotating structures, such as helicopter rotor blades. Results from this model are compared with those available in the literature, both theoretical and experimental.
Critically coupling a 5.1 nm thick J-aggregate layer to a single dielectric mirror, resulting in an effective peak absorption constant of 6.9 x 10 6 cm −1

A 5.1 nm thick film of high oscillator strength J-aggregated dye, which gives rise to strong optical coupling, critically couples to a single dielectric mirror, absorbing 97% of incident light (effective absorption coefficient of 6.9 times 106 cm-1).
Age validation of walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) from the Gulf of Alaska using the disequilibrium of Pb-210 and Ra-226

The walleye pollock (Theragra chalcogramma) is a commercially important species in the North Pacific, and harvest quotas are dependent upon accurate determination of ages. The two techniques (called methods A and B) currently used to interpret the growth zone patterns in walleye pollock otoliths were compared. The age distributions from these two techniques differed; method B produced ages twice that of method A. Validation of ages from walleye pollock has not been done previously. Radiometric ageing based on the ratio of Pb-210/Ra-226 was used to evaluate the accuracy of otolith growth zone counts, and it demonstrated that method A, which produced younger ages between 3 and 8 years, was correct. Walleye pollock grow older than the 3-8 year (method A) age range validated in this study. The experimental design was limited to a maximum method A age of 8 years, because available samples did not provide the minimum of 40 fish required for estimating a radiometric age. Our radiometric ageing study on walleye pollock appears to be the first to use the Pb-210/Ra-226 radiometric age-validation method in a boreal fish species where all samples were potentially young, 8 years or less. In previous studies, radiometric ages often approached 100 years. Also, only one presumed year class was used, which was sampled in successive years. Therefore, Ra-226 sample measurements were averaged to provide lower error.
Physicochemical environments and tolerances of cyprinodontoid fishes found in estuaries and salt marshes of eastern North America

Individuals of 28 species of cyprinodontoid fishes have been reported from estuaries/salt marshes of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. Some species show limited latitudinal distributions and/or occupy a limited range of habitats; others are widely distributed and/or occupy a wide range of habitats. A literature survey was made of conditions of water temperature, dissolved-oxygen (DO) concentrations, and salinities at sites where individuals of each species had been collected, and of laboratory-determined tolerances or lethal limits and other responses to those abiotic conditions. Individuals of Cyprinodon variegatus showed the widest overall range of tolerance of environmental temperatures, −1.9–45.4°C, with Gambusia rhizophorae showing the highest lower temperature-tolerance limit, 17°C. The only species highly sensitive to hypoxia was Floridichthys carpio, which showed “stress” at DO levels of 6–8 mg kg−1. All showed use of aquatic surface respiration, except for Kryptolebias marmoratus, which uses aerial respiration in the presence of H2S, and/or under hypoxic conditions. Individuals of C. variegatus were found to tolerate ambient salinities ranging from < 0.5 to 125.2, or higher, and several species of the genus Fundulus were found to tolerate concentrations ranging from <0.5 to ≥100. However, some of the species discussed cannot tolerate salinities beyond those of dilute brackish waters. In most instances, laboratory-determined tolerance limits of temperature and salinity were wider than conditions under which individuals of these species had been found in nature. The majority of available information related to adult individuals, with few studies focused on immature stages; however, existing information permitted a brief review of spawning, incubation, and early development features in Fundulus heteroclitus. Suggestions were made, based on existing information, as to species that would be most likely to show altered population distributions resulting from continued global warming. These included five species that have tropical/subtropical, or subtropical/temperate distributions. Also, a few others were included that show extensive latitudinal distributions, most extending northward into cooler temperate regions of the Atlantic coast. At present, none of these species has shown a range alteration that can be attributed to global warming.
Frequency-selective surfaces with multiple apertures within a periodic cell

We discuss a method for analyzing frequency-selective surfaces (FSS’s) consisting of an array of multiple apertures or patches per unit periodic cell. Based on the modal method, our method is unique in that the multiple apertures or patches within a unit cell need not be identical in size or shape. Applying our technique to thin perfectly conducting sheets perforated with patterns of varying-length narrow rectangular apertures, we demonstrate a pattern of slot apertures that produces a double-resonance spectral transmission profile.
MM-DSM: Multi-threaded Multi-home Distributed Shared Memory Systems

Most traditional Distributed Shared Memory (DSM) systems support data sharing in multi-process applications. This paper proposed a Multi-threaded Multi-home DSM system (MM-DSM) to support both data sharing and computation synchronization in multi-threaded applications whose threads are grouped into bundles and distributed across multiple computers for parallel execution. Globally shared data are rearranged and assigned to different thread bundles based on their access patterns. As thread bundles move around, their hosting nodes will act as the homes of the associated data blocks to reduce communication cost. Programmers can still stick to the shared memory programming paradigm whereas data consistency, distributed lock, false sharing and multiple writes are taken care of by MM-DSM. Experimental results demonstrate its effectiveness and correctness.
Traditional, developmental, and structured language approaches to spelling: Review and recommendations

Current research does not support the notion that spelling is a simple rote-memory task. Learning to spell is better understood as a complex developmental process that is interconnected with phonological awareness and reading ability. In this review, three perspectives on spelling theory, research, and instruction are examined. Traditional classroom-based, developmental, and structured language approaches are outlined and their implications for assisting poor spellers explored. Instructional recommendations are made by drawing from and combining some of the strengths of each method.
Diffusion, Precipitation, and Cavity-Wall Reactions of Ion-Implanted Gold in Silicon

The diffusion of Au in Si and its binding to cavities and precipitates of the equilibrium Au-Si phase were investigated in the temperature range 1023-1123 K using ion implantation and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry. The diffusivity-solubility product for interstitial Au was found to be about an order of magnitude greater than the extrapolation of previous, less direct determinations at higher temperatures. Chemisorption on cavity walls was shown to be more stable than Au-Si precipitation by 0.1-0.2 eV in the investigated temperature range, indicating that cavities are effective gettering centers for Au impurities.
The constant entropy path for a chemical reaction

The internal energy minimum as a criterion for equilibrium is here discussed in reference to a chemical reaction. That a non-isolated system at constant entropy and volume heads for a state of minimum internal energy is here shown via a thermodynamic analysis of the para-ortho isomerization reaction of hydrogen. The analysis brings forward the equations for the heat flow rate and temperature decreasing regime the reaction system has to comply with if a constant entropy path is to be accessed.
Reproduction and population structure

Both taxonomic and ecological relationships are apparent in the patterns of sexual reproduction and development in sea anemones. The primitive Protantheae have the smallest eggs and planktotrophic larvae, as do most mesomyarian anemones regardless of their biogeographical distributions; the exceptions are polar species, which produce large eggs and brood their young, and members of the Hormathiidae (a large family undergoing rapid diversification), which have medium-sized, lecithotrophic eggs. The more advanced endomyarian anemones as a group are widely diverse in their sexual reproductive strategies, but within genera are fairly conservative in this respect. The few estimates of reproductive effort reveal mean allocations of about 10% of body mass to gonads. Within the same family, a planktotrophic species (Anthopleura xanthogrammica) allocates more to ovary production than does an equally large, sympatric, lecithotrophic species (Urticina lofotensis). Hermaphroditism is more frequent in anemones than in medusoid cnidarians. Hermaphroditism is often associated with small body size and brooding of young, and hermaphrodites tend to be larger than females in the same population. Hermaphroditism and asexual reproduction are mutually exclusive. All these suggest that hermaphroditism may compensate for low vagility in locating a mate, that it may be favoured by different optimal sizes for male and female functions, and that it maintains locally adapted genotypic associations.
Controversies in Critical Care Nutrition Support

Critical illness predisposes individuals to highly variable metabolic and immune responses, leading to muscle mass loss, impaired healing, immobility, and susceptibility to infections and cognitive impairment. Recommendations for nutrition in critically ill patients are supported by observational studies, small randomized controlled trials, and mechanistic data. There is no standardization of nutritional therapy in critically ill patients and controversies in the type, quantity, and timing of nutrition support persist. This article reviews the physiologic basis for nutrition support, the concept of nutritional risk, and various controversies in critical care nutrition support.
Manufacturing rate busters: computer control and social relations in the labour process

Information technology is changing social relations in workplaces, perhaps faster than empirical and theoretical work can digest. We develop the concept ‘computer control’ to illustrate one dimension of change. Key features include unobtrusive, micro-level task control and an individualized experience of the labour process. We ask how social interaction occurs in a workplace characterized by computer control. Using participant observation, we examine interaction in Big Box, a computer-controlled grocery distribution facility. While a central computer orchestrates thousands of daily tasks, workers barely talk to execute the labour process. Interactions can occur within a ‘digital arena’, developed by management. Work becomes a game – engrossing workers in its outcomes – but simultaneously allowing management greater control over labour. We argue that management can construct virtual social spaces in the computer-controlled workplace. Information technology fully individualizes a repetitive task, while also...
Representing a Finite Borel Measure in Terms of its Distribution Function

(1973). Representing a Finite Borel Measure in Terms of its Distribution Function. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 80, No. 6, pp. 683-685.
Cultural diversity among heads of international schools: Potential implications for international education:

This article considers the influence that regional associations of international schools have on individual school members. The role of heads of international schools is explored in terms of their ...