cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A novel helper role for CD4 T cells

During the last two decades, multiple studies on DNA vaccines have revealed their efficacy in the induction of protective humoral and cellular immunity against a variety of viral and bacterial infections and certain tumors. Depending on the type of DNA vaccination, different CD4 T cell responses can be elicited. Injection of plasmid DNA primarily results in a T helper 1 (Th1) response, whereas Th2 responses are primarily induced when DNA vaccines are given via gene gun (1). An alternative form of DNA vaccination, in which the antigens are cloned in the CDR2 and CDR3 regions of Ig heavy-chain molecules, is termed somatic transgene immunization. Direct intrasplenic injection of the plasmid that contains promoters and enhancers that will drive expression of the transgene in B cells results in secretion of the transgene product in the serum and has been shown to induce a Th0 response. Interestingly, Gerloni and coworkers show in this issue of PNAS that this last form of DNA vaccination gives evidence for new modes of cross-talk between antigen-presenting cells (APC) and CD4 T helper cells (2).
Static Displacements of Atoms in Crystalline Metallic Solid Solutions

Measurement of diffuse x-ray scattering from binary crystalline solid solutions at more than one x-ray energy is a sensitive probe of the average interatomic distance between neighboring pairs of atoms. Deviations of these bond distances by as little as 0.001 {angstrom} are easily detected in the diffuse scattering from binary alloys consisting of atoms nearby in the periodic table and/or where x-ray energies chosen near their absorption edges can change the scattering contrast. Individual bond distances (AA, AB and BB) are recovered out to several near neighbor shells by combining three scattering measurements at x-ray energies chosen for maximum and minimum contrast. Average bond distances recovered from four metal alloys Fe{sub 77.5}Ni{sub 22.5}, Fe{sub 46.5}Ni{sub 53.5}, Cr{sub 47}Fe{sub 53} and Cr{sub 20}Ni{sub 80} are discussed. The authors find that the interatomic distances measured for these alloys give interesting insights to atomic displacements in solid solutions. Nearest neighbor bond distances are not well represented by phenomenological models based on pure element atomic size and concentration dependence of the lattice constants. Radial and nonradial displacements are recovered from these measurements of diffuse scattering.
SARL: Shoulder Acronyms. A Review of the Literature

Acronyms are words formed by taking the first initial or other parts of words from a compound term. They are designed to help communicate ideas efficiently. In the literature pertaining to shoulder surgery, a variety of acronyms have been offered for normal anatomic states, physical examination findings, pathologic conditions, surgical techniques, and outcome instruments, with new acronyms offered each year. The purpose of this article is to review and clearly define acronyms used by shoulder specialists.
Short-term arginine deprivation results in large-scale modulation of hepatic gene expression in both normal and tumor cells: microarray bioinformatic analysis.

We have reported arginine-sensitive regulation of LAT1 amino acid transporter (SLC 7A5) in normal rodent hepatic cells with loss of arginine sensitivity and high level constitutive expression in tumor cells. We hypothesized that liver cell gene expression is highly sensitive to alterations in the amino acid microenvironment and that tumor cells may differ substantially in gene sets sensitive to amino acid availability. To assess the potential number and classes of hepatic genes sensitive to arginine availability at the RNA level and compare these between normal and tumor cells, we used an Affymetrix microarray approach, a paired in vitro model of normal rat hepatic cells and a tumorigenic derivative with triplicate independent replicates. Cells were exposed to arginine-deficient or control conditions for 18 hours in medium formulated to maintain differentiated function. Initial two-way analysis with a p-value of 0.05 identified 1419 genes in normal cells versus 2175 in tumor cells whose expression was altered in arginine-deficient conditions relative to controls, representing 9–14% of the rat genome. More stringent bioinformatic analysis with 9-way comparisons and a minimum of 2-fold variation narrowed this set to 56 arginine-responsive genes in normal liver cells and 162 in tumor cells. Approximately half the arginine-responsive genes in normal cells overlap with those in tumor cells. Of these, the majority was increased in expression and included multiple growth, survival, and stress-related genes. GADD45, TA1/LAT1, and caspases 11 and 12 were among this group. Previously known amino acid regulated genes were among the pool in both cell types. Available cDNA probes allowed independent validation of microarray data for multiple genes. Among genes downregulated under arginine-deficient conditions were multiple genes involved in cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism. Expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor was decreased in both normal and tumor cells. Arginine-sensitive regulation appears to be an important homeostatic mechanism to coordinate cell response and nutrient availability in hepatic cells. Genes predicted as arginine-responsive in stringent microarray data analysis were confirmed by Northern blot and RT-PCR. Although the profile of arginine-responsive genes is altered and increased, a considerable portion of the "arginome" is maintained upon neoplastic transformation.
Interfering with CD40 ligation: a sensitive matter in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

In normal B-cell biology the CD40/CD40 ligand interaction is a key point in B-cell antigen recognition, differentiation and proliferation. CD40 is a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor (TN...
Tumor antigen-specific T helper cells in cancer immunity and immunotherapy.

Historically, cancer-directed immune-based therapies have focused on eliciting a cytotoxic T cell (CTL) response, primarily due to the fact that CTL can directly kill tumors. In addition, many putative tumor antigens are intracellular proteins, and CTL respond to peptides presented in the context of MHC class I which are most often derived from intracellular proteins. Recently, increasing importance is being given to the stimulation of a CD4+ T helper cell (Th) response in cancer immunotherapy. Th cells are central to the development of an immune response by activating antigen-specific effector cells and recruiting cells of the innate immune system such as macrophages and mast cells. Two predominant Th cell subtypes exist, Th1 and Th2. Th1 cells, characterized by secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α, are primarily responsible for activating and regulating the development and persistence of CTL. In addition, Th1 cells activate antigen-presenting cells (APC) and induce limited production of the type of antibodies that can enhance the uptake of infected cells or tumor cells into APC. Th2 cells favor a predominantly humoral response. Particularly important during Th differentiation is the cytokine environment at the site of antigen deposition or in the local lymph node. Th1 commitment relies on the local production of IL-12, and Th2 development is promoted by IL-4 in the absence of IL-12. Specifically modulating the Th1 cell response against a tumor antigen may lead to effective immune-based therapies. Th1 cells are already widely implicated in the tissue-specific destruction that occurs during the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as diabetes mellitus and multiple sclerosis. Th1 cells directly kill tumor cells via release of cytokines that activate death receptors on the tumor cell surface. We now know that cross-priming of the tumor-specific response by potent APC is a major mechanism of the developing endogenous immune response; therefore, even intracellular proteins can be presented in the context of MHC class II. Indeed, recent studies demonstrate the importance of cross-priming in eliciting CTL. Many vaccine strategies aim to stimulate the Th response specific for a tumor antigen. Early clinical trials have shown that focus on the Th effector arm of the immune system can result in significant levels of both antigen-specific Th cells and CTL, the generation of long lasting immunity, and a Th1 phenotype resulting in the development of epitope spreading.
A descriptive study of nurse-reported missed care in neonatal intensive care units.

Abstract Aims. The aims of this study are to describe: (1) the frequency of nurse-reportedmissed care in neonatal intensive care units; and (2) nurses’ reports of factorscontributing to missed care on their last shift worked.Background. Missed nursing care, or necessary care that is not delivered, isincreasingly cited as a contributor to adverse patient outcomes. Previous studieshighlight the frequency of missed nursing care in adult settings; the occurrence ofmissed nursing care in neonatal intensive care units is unknown.Design. A descriptive analysis of neonatal nurses’ self-reports of missed careusing data collected through a cross-sectional web-based survey.Methods. A random sample of certiﬁed neonatal intensive care nurses in sevenstates was invited to participate in the survey in April 2012. Data were collectedfrom nurses who provide direct patient care in a neonatal intensive care unit(n = 230). Descriptive statistics constituted the primary analytic approach.Results. Nurses reported missing a range of patient care activities on their lastshift worked. Nurses most frequently missed rounds, oral care for ventilatedinfants, educating and involving parents in care and oral feedings. Hand hygiene,safety and physical assessment and medication administration were missed leastoften. The most common reasons for missed care included frequent interruptions,urgent patient situations and an unexpected rise in patient volume and/or acuityon the unit.Conclusion. We ﬁnd that basic nursing care in the neonatal intensive care unit ismissed and that system factors may contribute to missed care in this setting.Keywords: missed nursing care, neonatal intensive care, nursing, outcomes,quality, safety
Using a Hidden Markov Model for Resident Identification

In smart home environments, it is highly desirable to know who is performing what actions. This knowledge allows the system to accurately build individuals' histories and to take personalized action based on the current resident. Without a good handle on identity, multi-resident smart homes are less effective when used for medical and assistive applications. Most smart home systems either have a single occupancy requirement, or rely on a wireless or video device to identify individuals. These requirements are too burdensome in some situations, which can limit the deployment of smart home technologies in environments that would derive benefits from them. This research work introduces the use of passive sensors and a Hidden Markov Model as a means to identify individuals. The result is a passive, low profile means to attribute individual events to unique residents. For this work, two different pairs of individuals living in a smart home testbed are used to evaluate the tools. The data used is from unscripted, full time occupancy and annotated by the residents themselves for accuracy. Lastly, the Hidden Markov Model approach is compared and contrasted against a prior Naive Bayes solution on the same data sets.
Vocal responsiveness in male wild chimpanzees: implications for the evolution of language

Several captive chimpanzees and bonobos have learned to use symbols and to comprehend syntax. Thus, compared with other nonhumans, these animals appear to have unusual cognitive powers that can be recruited for communicative behavior. This raises the possibility that wild chimpanzee vocal communication is more complex than heretofore demonstrated. To examine this possibility, I investigated whether wild chimpanzee vocal exchanges exhibit uniquely human conversational attributes. The results indicate that wild chimpanzees vocalize at low rates, tend not to respond to calls that they hear, and, when they do respond, tend to give calls that are similar to the ones they have heard. Thus, chimpanzee vocal interactions resemble those of other primate species, and show no special similarity to human conversations. The results support the view that we need to explore cognitive and social continuities and discontinuities with nonhuman primates to understand the origin and evolution of language, but also emphasize the need for fine-grained analyses of wild chimpanzee vocal interactions.
Competition between two microbial populations in a nonmixed environment: effect of cell random motility.

In a nonmixed environment, bacterial population growth can be influenced significantly by cell motility properties as well as by growth kinetic properties. Therefore, in a situation of competition between two bacterial populations for a single chemical nutrient in a nonmixed environment, the outcome may depend upon the respective cell motility properties. In this article, the authors have presented a simple mathematical model for competitive growth of two randomly motile (i.e., possessing no chemotactic behavior) populations in a finite nonmixed region. An understanding of the behavior of this model should provide insight into the behavior of a number of common microbial competition problems. Analysis of this model yields the following results: (1) There may be as many as three possible non-trivial steady-state (or long-time) configurations: when species 1 survives, species 2 dies out; when species 2 survives, species 1 dies out; and species 1 and species 2 coexist. (2) The coexistence state can exist even though one species possesses a smaller intrinsic growth rate constant at all nutrient concentrations, if that same species is sufficiently less motile than the other species. (3) In fact, the species with the smaller maximum specific growth rate may grow to a larger population than the other. (4) The possibility of coexistence can be decided essentially from the results for single population growth.
Human motor performance while using a single-DOF visual-haptic interface

Applications of haptic displays in Human Computer Interfaces (HCI) are partly limited by the lack of generalizable guidelines and principles directing their implementation. The purpose of this research was to examine human visuo-motor behavior when visual and haptic feedback displays are integrated. A Fitts' Law paradigm involving a target acquisition task was used. Performance measures included movement time to complete the task as well as movement kinematics and kinetics. The variables manipulated included two target widths, two target amplitudes, and six haptic emulations. Damping forces over target areas result in the best performance. Spring forces over target areas resulted in the worse overall performance. Haptic emulations were found to be most effective as the Index of Difficulty increased. Motor planning changed as a function of the haptic emulation used. The implication of these findings is that the effectiveness of the HCI design is greatly influenced by haptics.
Archivists and Research Use

The primary purpose of archives is cultural, and it is the research value of documentation that invests this essentially cultural purpose with substance and significance. As custodians of the collective memory, archivists best achieve this purpose by identifying these values in documents and by promoting their research use. This essay considers how archivists best exercise this responsibility: by doing research on the collections in their care; by drawing on scholars for assistance in reaching appraisal decisions; by preparing more analytical and evaluative finding aids; by developing better index terms for access to records; by knowing more about researchers who use their materials and by understanding better what their needs are; by understanding the risk posed by premature access to records; and by understanding how outreach assists archivists in promoting the best possible research use of their holdings.
Quantifying feed efficiency of dairy cattle for genome-wide association analysis

Improving feed efficiency in dairy production is an important endeavor, as it can reduce feed costs and negative impacts of production on the environment. Feed efficiency is a multivariate phenotype that is characterized by a variety of phenotypic variables, such as dry matter intake, body weight gain, and milk yield. Currently, there is no consensus method for quantifying the feed efficiency of lactating dairy cattle for the purpose of breeding selection. Residual feed intake, which is the difference between actual feed intake and predicted intake, has been one of the commonly used measures for feed efficiency. However, such a measure is heterogeneous showing substantial variation in the cow population and has relatively low heritability (0.01∼0.38). Hence, its utility in breeding selection is limited. In particular, no prior study has utilized genetic data directly in the development of feed efficiency measures. In this paper, we aim to identify cattle clusters with homogeneous feed efficiency features that are ready to link to genetic variants, and thus can have greater utility in breading selection. In order to achieve this goal, we explore a new multi-view clustering method that jointly analyzes two views of data: phenotypic measures and genotypes, and identifies cattle clusters that are characterized by specific phenotypic features and also associated with genetic markers. Using a set of feed efficiency data collected by USDA, three cattle subgroups have been identified by our analysis, and they offer instructive insights into future feed efficiency studies.
Automatically Generating Test Templates from Test Names (N)

Existing specification-based testing techniques require specifications that either do not exist or are too difficult to create. As a result, they often fall short of their goal of helping developers test expected behaviors. In this paper we present a novel, natural language-based approach that exploits the descriptive nature of test names to generate test templates. Similar to how modern IDEs simplify development by providing templates for common constructs such as loops, test templates can save time and lower the cognitive barrier for writing tests. The results of our evaluation show that the approach is feasible: despite the difficulty of the task, when test names contain a sufficient amount of information, the approach's accuracy is over 80% when parsing the relevant information from the test name and generating the template.
Some Observations of an Ex Economic Advisor: Or What I Learned in Washington

PRESIDENT JOHNSON (D. Gale, that is) asked me to develop a paper recounting my experiences in Washington from July 1960 to July 1964, and what I learned from those experiences that might be of interest to fellow agricultural economists. For my part, this seemed like a good idea; it provided me with the excuse to set down on paper, in an organized way, my thoughts on that interesting, sometimes exciting and often frustrating experience. If, then, you will excuse the use of the first person singular in the story that follows, we will turn to that story.
Calcium and Phosphorus and the Preterm Infant

The early hypocalcemia observed in preterm infants is common. An increasing degree of asymptomatic hypocalcemia is observed with decreasing gestational age. Treatment is controversial and evidence of benefit is lacking. The intakes of calcium and phosphorus for the preterm infant to achieve adequate bone growth and mineralization are based on the amount acquired by the human fetus during the last trimester of pregnancy. Though normal bone mineralization is difficult to achieve, it is possible to prevent osteopenia/rickets in the preterm infant by maximizing intakes of calcium and phosphorus.
Precision Polyketones by Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Effects of Regular and Irregular Ketone Spacing

The synthesis and characterization of regioregular aliphatic polyketones is reported. Poly(1-oxoheptamethylene), a semicrystalline polyketone, was prepared via ruthenium-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a ketal-protected 7-membered cyclic ketone followed by subsequent hydrogenation and deprotection. Temperature and catalyst studies of the ROMP reaction guided the preparation of polyketones with high monomer conversions, molecular weights as high as 30 kDa, and dispersities as low as 1.4. Because of the symmetric nature of the monomer, the polymer has ketones spaced every six methylene units apart. The thermal properties of this polyketone were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, revealing a peak melting range of 160–165 °C. A related polymer, poly(1-oxooctamethylene), was also prepared in a similar fashion, and a peak melting range of only 130–133 °C was observed. This difference in melting range is attributed to the lack of the regioregularity in poly(1-oxooctamet...
American doctors in London during the age of Paris medicine.

La periode de 1815 a 1860 temoigne d'une importante migration de medecins americains vers Paris et Londres, pour acquerir de l'experience et profiter de l'enseignement
Retained Capsule Endoscopy in a Large Tertiary Care Academic Practice and Radiologic Predictors of Retention.

Background: Capsule retention reported rates range between 1% and 13%. This study aims to determine the incidence of, risk factors for, and clinical outcomes of capsule retention in a large heterogenous cohort of patients and define cross-sectional imaging findings predictive of capsule retention. Methods: A retrospective review of all capsule endoscopy (CE) examinations performed at our center from January 2002 to January 2013 was undertaken. Data on patient demographics, CE indication, findings, and details of management were analyzed. Radiologic images of patients with computed tomography scan performed 6 months before CE for patients with CE retention and for controls without CE retention but at high risk based on clinical computed tomography reports were examined by a gastrointestinal radiologist, blinded to history, and classified as worrisome based on the presence of stricture, partial obstruction, or small bowel (SB) anastomosis. Results: Seventeen CE retentions (0.3%) occurred in 15 patients. Obscure gastrointestinal bleeding (47%) was the most common indication. Outcomes included surgical intervention (n = 10), endoscopic retrieval (n = 2), passing of capsule after treatment of inflammation (n = 3), passage after conservative measures for SB obstruction (n = 1), and loss to follow-up (n = 1). Patients with CE retention were more likely to have SB anastomoses (88% versus 23%) and partial obstruction (63% versus 38%) than patients with high-risk features for capsule retention who passed the capsule. Conclusions: In a tertiary care population without obstructive symptoms, capsule retention occurred in only 0.3% of cases. Review of surgical history and prior imaging for obstruction or SB anastomoses may help to reduce retention.
Autologous Adipose Derived Regenerative Cells: A Platform for Therapeutic Applications

Adipose derived regenerative cells (ADRCs) are a heterogeneous population of cells including multipotent adipose derived stems cells, other progenitor cells, fibroblasts, T-regulatory cells, and macrophages. Preclinical data exist supporting benefits that are predominantly through angiogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and wound remodeling. Such effects are likely paracrine in nature. The application of autologous ADRCs has been investigated across multiple therapeutic areas. While there are numerous publications, there is a relative lack of double-blind, well-controlled, randomized clinical trials in the literature. Nevertheless, a consistency in outcomes and a consistency with preclinical and laboratory studies suggests a true positive effect. The therapeutic areas reported include orthopedics, autoimmune disease, wounds and reconstruction, cardiology, peripheral vascular disease, genitourinary disorders, gastrointestinal fistulas, and neurology. Case reports have documented wound healing in otherwise intractable wounds such as ischemic- and radiation-related cutaneous ulcers and enterocutaneous fistulas. An open label, 12-patient-study indicated substantial improvement in hand manifestations of scleroderma across multiple endpoints. Post-radical prostatectomy urinary incontinence improved in a study of 11 patients with local delivery of ADRCs. Small studies of intramyocardial delivery have been associated with trends towards benefit. The studies also indicate that same day fat harvest through liposuction, cell processing, and cell delivery is feasible and can be performed with an acceptable safety profile. The objective of this review is to highlight the interest, potential, and trends that support the need to continue evaluation and exploration for the role of ADRCs as a therapeutic agent.
Epigenetic dysregulation in brain tumors and neurodevelopment

Abstract Epigenetics plays a well-known role in the regulation of stem cell identity, including the specification of cell lineages within the central nervous system, through a complex, regulated interplay between DNA methylation and the remodeling of chromatin. More recently, dysregulation of these mechanisms has been implicated in the pathobiology of brain tumors. Mutations in genes, such as H3F3A , ATRX , IDH , INI-1 , and others cause global dysregulation of epigenetic signaling that leads to abnormal expression of oncogenes and inhibition of tumor suppressors, leading to disordered cell growth. Intriguingly, mutations in some of the same chromatin remodeling genes can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders or to brain tumors, depending on whether they are germline or somatic in origin. This has impelled new interest in understanding better the role of stem cells and various neural progenitors as putative tumor cells of origin in specific niches within the central nervous system.
Direct Intracranial Injection of AAVrh8 Encoding Monkey β-N-Acetylhexosaminidase Causes Neurotoxicity in the Primate Brain

GM2 gangliosidoses, including Tay–Sachs disease and Sandhoff disease, are lysosomal storage disorders caused by deficiencies in β-N-acetylhexosaminidase (Hex). Patients are afflicted primarily with progressive central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction. Studies in mice, cats, and sheep have indicated safety and widespread distribution of Hex in the CNS after intracranial vector infusion of AAVrh8 vectors encoding species-specific Hex α- or β-subunits at a 1:1 ratio. Here, a safety study was conducted in cynomolgus macaques (cm), modeling previous animal studies, with bilateral infusion in the thalamus as well as in left lateral ventricle of AAVrh8 vectors encoding cm Hex α- and β-subunits. Three doses (3.2 × 1012 vg [n = 3]; 3.2 × 1011 vg [n = 2]; or 1.1 × 1011 vg [n = 2]) were tested, with controls infused with vehicle (n = 1) or transgene empty AAVrh8 vector at the highest dose (n = 2). Most monkeys receiving AAVrh8-cmHexα/β developed dyskinesias, ataxia, and loss of dexterity, with higher dose animals ev...
A modified Bogoliubov method applied to a simple boson model

We use a non-gauge-invariant modification of the exact Hamiltonian to obtain a new Hamiltonian-like operator for a simple exactly solvable boson model. The eigenvalues of the new operator are close to those of the original Hamiltonian. We make a one-body approximation of the new two-body operator in the spirit of the Bogoliubov approximation. Because only the number operator appears, the c-number approximation is not required individually for the creation or annihilation operators in the ground state. For the simple model, the results using the new approximation are closer to the exact results than the usual Bogoliubov results over a wide range of parameters. The improvement increases dramatically as the model interaction strength increases.
Factors Influencing the Efficiencies of Multistage Separations of Lanthanides

Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) a multistage liquid-liquid countercurrent distribution technique has been demonstrated to be valuable for the complete separation of adjacent tervalent lanthanide metal ions. Using bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentyl)phosphinic acid (Cyanex 272) and 1-phenyl-3-methyl-4-benzoyl-5-pyrazolone (HPMBP) as the extractants in the heptane-H2O and toluene-H2O phase pairs respectively, the base line separations of light and heavy lanthanides at 25 °C were achieved. It was also shown that a mixture of light and heavy lanthanides could be separated in a single run by the use of a pH gradient in the aqueous mobile phase. These separation studies clearly indicated that the main factor limiting the CPC separation efficiencies was the slow kinetics of back-extraction of the lanthanide complexes. The mechanism of the complex dissociation reactions could be discerned from the dependency of the width of the CPC bands on the extractant concentration and pH. These mechanism were independently verified by stopped-flow kinetic studies in micelles formed by the neutral surfactant Triton X-100. Further a linear correlation was found between CETP (channel equivalent of a theoretical plate) determined from the CPC band widths and the half-lives of the dissociation reactions determined by stopped-flow. The importance of CPC not only as a tool for the separation of tervalent lanthanides but also for gaining fundamental understanding of their complex formation and dissociation kinetics was established in this study.
Understanding active sampling strategies: Empirical approaches and implications for attention and decision research

In natural behavior we actively gather information using attention and active sensing behaviors (such as shifts of gaze) to sample relevant cues. However, while attention and decision making are naturally coordinated, in the laboratory they have been dissociated. Attention is studied independently of the actions it serves. Conversely, decision theories make the simplifying assumption that the relevant information is given, and do not attempt to describe how the decision maker may learn and implement active sampling policies. In this paper I review recent studies that address questions of attentional learning, cue validity and information seeking in humans and non-human primates. These studies suggest that learning a sampling policy involves large scale interactions between networks of attention and valuation, which implement these policies based on reward maximization, uncertainty reduction and the intrinsic utility of cognitive states. I discuss the importance of using such paradigms for formalizing the role of attention, as well as devising more realistic theories of decision making that capture a broader range of empirical observations.
Case 99: What Can Possibly Go Wrong?

Today the ear-nose-throat (ENT) surgeon tells you that the last case of the day is to be done under local anesthesia with some sedation. You, the anesthesiologist, agree. The patient has the following comorbidity: coronary artery disease, obesity, peripheral vascular disease, chronic obstructive lung disease, and hypertension. Recently, she had undergone a triple coronary bypass grafting, atrioventricular node ablation, and repair of an abdominal aneurysm.
Great toe drop following knee ligament reconstruction: A case report

Case Description: A 17-year-old male post anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction complained of the inability to extend his great toe immediately following surgery. Background: Neurological injuries following knee arthroscopy have been reported to occur between 0.6%-2.5%. The most commonly injured nerves are the saphenous and common fibular nerve (CFN). Great toe-drop secondary to isolated denervation of the extensor hallucis longus (EHL), has only been reported one time in the literature. This report describes a case of isolated denervation of the EHL following knee cruciate ligament reconstruction. A detailed description of the anatomy of the CFN is reviewed as well as how electroneuromyographic (EMG/NCS) testing can assist in the diagnosis, prognosis, and intervention of this type of injury. Outcomes: EHL paralysis did not functionally limit the patient from participating in a post-surgical rehabilitation regime. The patient successfully completed his ACL reconstruction rehabilitation and was released to return to sporting activities 9 months postsurgery. Twelve months post-surgery, the patient regained full great toe extension and strength. Discussion: It is important to note that physical therapists can identify the need for, refer, and in some instances perform EMG/NCS testing on patients with neuromuscular disorders. Isolated injury of the CFN branch that innervates the EHL is extremely rare. Understanding the anatomy of the CFN and its branches is critical for the physical therapist when performing an examination and interpreting the findings. It is also important to understand the potential causes and management approaches following this type of injury.
“NEW” resource recovery from wastewater using bioelectrochemical systems: Moving forward with functions

Bioelectrochemical systems (BES) have been extensively studied for resource recovery from wastewater. By taking advantage of interactions between microorganisms and electrodes, BES can accomplish wastewater treatment while simultaneously recovering various resources including nutrients, energy and water (“NEW”). Despite much progress in laboratory studies, BES have not been advanced to practical applications. This paper aims to provide some subjective opinions and a concise discussion of several key challenges in BES-based resource recovery and help identify the potential application niches that may guide further technological development. In addition to further increasing recovery efficiency, it is also important to have more focus on the applications of the recovered resources such as how to use the harvested electricity and gaseous energy and how to separate the recovered nutrients in an energy-efficient way. A change in mindset for energy performance of BES is necessary to understand overall energy production and consumption. Scaling up BES can go through laboratory scale, transitional scale, and then pilot scale. Using functions as driving forces for BES research and development will better guide the investment of efforts.
Incoherent Propagation-Invariant Space-Time Light Sheets Produced from a Broadband Light Emitting Diode

We demonstrate the experimental synthesis of incoherent broadband diffraction-free space-time beams in the form of light sheets from an LED by introducing judicious spatio-temporal spectral correlations.
Alliance Ambidexterity and Innovation

The role of ambidexterity in boosting firm innovation has not received sufficient attention in the exploration-exploitation literature. In this study we provide both theoretical arguments and empir...
Spectroscopic ellipsometry extraction of optical constants for materials from oxide covered samples: Application to the plutonium/oxides system

Spectroscopic ellipsometry is combined with scanning electron microscopy and multisample analysis of the measured oxide thickness difference from one sample at two different times during the oxide growth phase or from two separate samples to obtain the optical constants of the oxides. With the obtained thickness and optical constants of the oxides, the optical properties of the substrate material can be uniquely deduced. This methodology has been applied to obtain, the refractive indices and extinction coefficients of delta plutonium (δ-Pu) metal with 0.5 wt. % Ga in the wavelength region from 435 nm to 850 nm, without the influence of surface oxides. The presented methodology can also be applied to metals and semiconductors from surface oxidized samples, even when the oxides do not possess a common set of optical characteristics.Spectroscopic ellipsometry is combined with scanning electron microscopy and multisample analysis of the measured oxide thickness difference from one sample at two different times during the oxide growth phase or from two separate samples to obtain the optical constants of the oxides. With the obtained thickness and optical constants of the oxides, the optical properties of the substrate material can be uniquely deduced. This methodology has been applied to obtain, the refractive indices and extinction coefficients of delta plutonium (δ-Pu) metal with 0.5 wt. % Ga in the wavelength region from 435 nm to 850 nm, without the influence of surface oxides. The presented methodology can also be applied to metals and semiconductors from surface oxidized samples, even when the oxides do not possess a common set of optical characteristics.
A Male-Produced Aggregation Pheromone Facilitating Acalymma vittatum [F.] (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) Early-Season Host Plant Colonization

We conducted field studies to investigate the involvement of volatile cues in early-season host plant colonization by striped cucumber beetle, Acalymma vittatum (F.) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Wind-directed traps were baited with male or female A. vittatum, potted cucumber (Cucumis sativus) seedlings that were of near-isogenic lines which either contained or lacked cucurbitacin, or combinations of male or female A. vittatum feeding on one or the other cucumber variety. We found no response to undamaged plants of either cucumber variety or plants that were actively being fed upon by A. vittatum females, whereas the response to volatiles associated with male A. vittatum was strong. Both male and female conspecifics and totals of up to sevenfold the number of males in the trap lures were caught overnight. Feeding males attracted more than double the number of conspecifics that responded to nonfeeding males. Active consumption of cucurbitacin in the plant on which the males were feeding, however, had no effect on attraction. A shift in sex ratio from a male to a female bias during field colonization season also supports the hypothesis that host finding is initiated by “pioneer” males. The importance of this aggregation pheromone in early-season host plant colonization and the evolutionary and adaptive significance of this pheromone are discussed.
Public Participatory Graphic Communications

Ball State University is a public university in the state of Indiana which has a College of Architecture and Planning; its Community Based Program (CBP) was developed and created in 1969, and is now one of the three oldest continuous community education and service programs in the US. The program’s main objectives are to provide an educational design service to the public sector, to immerse our students in a public participatory urban design environment, and to educate the public sector to become active in the design and planning process of their communities. After my Urban Design Graduate studies at Harvard, I published two urban design booklets (the Urban Design Primer and the Urban Design Dictionary) for public distribution, to be utilized prior to our small-town charrettes. These illustrated booklets were designed to bridge the language and design process gap between the design professional and the public citizen, and to create a more active immersive participatory urban design engagement. Since the introduction and public use of these booklets, I have been involved with over a hundred CBP charrettes. In this paper, I will introduce and present the urban design public booklets, and demonstrate how the urban design graphics and visual communications were utilized effectively through several small-town charrette case studies. The paper will also blend the transition between the analog graphics and the digital imagery.
Personalised Cancer Care Affordable

ABSTRACT Is Cancer Care and Research Becoming a Luxury Good? Affording Cancer in the 21st Century Cancer has become one of the most intractable global diseases in both high income and increasingly in emerging economies. This complex and complicated disease has been a major focus for RD and whether the p-medicine agenda really can deliver tomorrows solutions or whether this is rapidly becoming a morally bankrupt paradigm that no-one will be able to afford. Disclosure The author has declared no conflicts of interest.
Potential Indirect Mechanisms of Cognitive Enhancement After Long-Term Resistance Training in Older Adults

The prevalence of dementia and other age-associated cognitive disorders is steadily increasing worldwide. With no cure after diagnosis, successful treatment likely requires maximum adherence to preventative countermeasures. Many potential risk factors are modifiable through exercise. Specifically, mounting evidence suggests that long-term resistance training (RT) can help maintain cognitive abilities with aging and have additional benefits to overall brain health. Physical therapists are uniquely positioned to administer such clinical interventions designed to slow disease progression. However, a neuroscientific foundation for these benefits must be established to justify the integration of RT for brain health into practice. The mechanisms of cognitive decline are commonly linked to fundamental processes of aging. Even healthy older adults experience decreases in physical capacity, vascular function, brain structure and function, glucose regulation, inflammation, mood, and sleep quality. Yet, clinical trials involving RT in older adults have consistently demonstrated improvements in each of these systems with concomitant enhancement of cognitive performance. Beneficial adaptations may indirectly or directly mediate benefits to brain function, and understanding this relationship can help us develop optimal intervention strategies for the aging population.
Color Changes in High Pressure Processed Ground Beef with Different Nitrosylmyoglobin States and With or Without Added Reducing Compounds

ObjectivesA major challenge of ground beef processors is the control of E. coli O157:H7 and other Shiga toxin producing E. coli. High pressure processing (HPP) has emerged as an effective non-thermal pasteurization technique. The use of HPP in raw meat is limited due to color changes. The state of myoglobin and bound ligand can influence myoglobin stability and reducing compounds can improve the color stability of fresh meat. The objective was to determine effects of myoglobin (nitrosyl or nitrosylmet) state and reducing compounds on color stability in HPP treated ground beef. Materials and MethodsBoneless USDA Select beef top rounds were ground and mixed with cure ingredients, such as, sodium nitrite or celery juice powder and packed under vacuum (VP) or oxygen permeable wrap (OPW) to achieve nitrosylmyoglobin or nitrosylmetmyoglobin. Additionally, reducing compounds (sodium erythorbate or cherry powder) were added to selective treatments. T1: Sodium nitrite 156 ppm/VP T2: Sodium nitrite 156 ppm + sodium erythorbate 547 ppm/VP T3: Celery juice powder (equivalent to 100 ppm nitrite)/VP T4: Celery juice powder (equivalent to 100 ppm nitrite) + cherry powder (equivalent to 469 ppm ascorbic acid)/VP T5: Sodium nitrite 156 ppm/OPW T6: Sodium nitrite 156 ppm + sodium erythorbate 547 ppm/OPW. After 48 h, T5 and T6 were VP just prior to HPP treatment. To each of the treatments above, patties were subjected to HPP treatments: no HPP treatment, 600 MPa for 3 min, 600 MPa for 6 min, and 450 MPa for 3 min. Patties placed in dark stored at 4°C throughout the study. Color was measured (CIE L*, a*, b*, DE) through the vacuum pouch before HPP and on d 3, 7, 12, 14, 19, and 21 storage after HPP. Three independent replications were manufactured on separate days. Statistical analysis (SAS GLIMMIX; SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) was run to see the main effects of ingredient treatment and HPP treatment and their interactions within each day of storage. Means separation was conducted for significant effects (P 0.05). Nitrosylmetmyoglobin states (T5 and T6) had less change in redness (P < 0.001) as compared to nitrosylmyoglobin states (T1 and T2) and this pattern became more profound during storage. ConclusionWhile the addition of nitrite compounds to ground beef did not stabilize color during HPP treatment, reducing compounds may lessen the color change associated with HPP treatment of ground beef.
A review of flexible halide perovskite solar cells towards scalable manufacturing and environmental sustainability

The perovskite material has many superb qualities which allow for its remarkable success as solar cells; flexibility is an emerging field for this technology. To encourage commercialization of flexible perovskite solar cells, two main areas are of focus: mitigation of stability issues and adaptation of production to flexible substrates. An in-depth report on stability concerns and solutions follows with a focus on Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites. Roll to roll processing of devices is desired to further reduce costs, so a review of flexible devices and their production methods follows as well. The final focus is on the sustainability of perovskite solar cell devices where recycling methods and holistic environmental impacts of devices are done.
A comprehensive approach to the mathematical modeling of mass transport in biological systems: Fundamental concepts and models

Abstract Multiscale mathematical modeling of transport phenomena across different levels of biological systems, such as cells, capillaries, tissues, and organs, has been increasingly helpful in describing how interactions among these systems lead to their function and dysfunction. The development of models across these scales is based on knowledge from various fields, such as engineering, physiology, and biophysics, and it requires significant collaboration among scientists from the relevant areas. Therefore, a unified framework to describe the fundamental principles and unite the established models could support this growing research community. In this regard, the present work deals with the essential terminology required to understand and model biological transport mechanisms, as well as to compile currently available models. An inclusive mathematical framework for models of mass transport mechanisms in different tissue compartments, including cells, capillaries, and gland ducts, is developed, with a primary focus on the mechanisms of membrane-mediated transporters such as channels, uniporters, symporters, pumps, and antiporters. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive tool to facilitate the analysis of biological mass transport mechanisms and substantially decrease the time taken to find the appropriate model for a study.
Fetal Echocardiography in a Pregnancy with Planned Home Birth

You are a neonatologist in a small rural hospital with a newborn nursery. The nearest hospital with a NICU is 50 miles away. The nearest tertiary care hospital, with all pediatric surgeries and subspecialties is 100 miles away. An obstetrician wants your advice about the delivery plan for a patient whose fetal echocardiogram is shown in the Video. The family is planning a home birth and would like “everything to be done” for their baby. What is the best advice to give this family? Video. Click here to view the video. The video clip shows a four-chamber view of a fetal heart illustrating a severely underdeveloped left ventricle, which is most consistent with hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS). The patient goes into labor and delivers the infant at your hospital. Immediately after delivery, the neonate is given …