cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Internet and Migraine: Headache Resources for Patients and Physicians

The Internet enables distribution of headache-related resources to patients and physicians in a manner never before possible. While these opportunities for communication and education open many doors to an increased awareness of migraine, there are also dangers in the free flow of non-peer-reviewed information on the Internet. The practicing physician or headache specialist needs to be aware of what headache-related resources are available on the Internet, both to recommend information to patients and to know what false information is being spread to headache sufferers. The purpose of this article is twofold: (1) to outline the types of headache-related information available on the Internet, including actual examples that the astute physician can view as time permits, and (2) to present examples of how such information can be biased, inaccurate, and potentially problematic for the curious patient or physician.
The effects of dexamethasone and betamethasone on surfactant protein-B messenger RNA expression in human type II pneumocytes and human lung adenocarcinoma cells

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a single 48-hour exposure to betamethasone or dexamethasone in the NCI-H441 cell line and in human type II pneumocytes. Study design NCI-H441 cells were exposed 48 hours to varying concentrations of betamethasone or dexamethasone (10 −10 to 10 −7 mol/L) alone or in combination with 1 mmol/L dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. Likewise, human type II pneumocytes were exposed 48 hours to varying concentrations of betamethasone or dexamethasone (10 −9 to 10 −7 mol/L) alone or in combination with 1 mmol/L dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate. The measured outcome was the stimulatory effect on surfactant protein B gene transcription as expressed by surfactant protein B messenger RNA accumulation. The experiment was conducted 5 times in NCI-H441 cells and 6 times in type II cells, in parallel with control. Surfactant protein B messenger RNA was determined at control level and 48 hours after exposure by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Results A similar dose-dependent response in surfactant protein B messenger RNA expression was seen with both betamethasone and dexamethasone. In human type II pneumocytes, the inductive profile of surfactant protein B messenger RNA after 48-hour exposure to betamethasone or dexamethasone was similar to that seen in the NCI-H441 cells. Conclusion Dexamethasone and betamethasone achieved similar dose-response patterns of surfactant protein-B expression in vitro.
Parent-identified problem preschoolers: Mother-child interaction during play at intake and 1-year follow-up

Parent-referred 2- and 3-year-olds and controls, participating in a longitudinal study of hyperactivity and related behavior problems, were observed with their mothers during play at an initial assessment and a 1-year follow-up. Mothers of problem children provided more redirection initially and made more negative control statements at follow-up than mothers of controls; problem youngsters tended to play more aggressively. Sex differences were prominent. Mothers of boys, regardless of referral status, were more directive at the initial assessment;their sons were less cooperative and somewhat more aggressive in their play. Maternal involvement in play decreased over time, possibly as a response to developmental changes in children's play. Group by time interactions indicated that mothers of control children provided fewer negative control statements at follow-up relative to mothers of problem children and to their own levels at the first assessment; mothers of problem youngsters redirected their children less than they had initially. Mothers of boys were also less directive at follow-up relative to their initial levels. Situational and developmental factors are discussed briefly.
LF radio noise from the earth's magnetosphere

Gyro-synchrotron radio noise emitted by electrons trapped in the earth's magnetosphere has been a subject of extensive research. Previous efforts, which considered frequencies greater than 1 MHz, have shown that this noise should not be detectable in the MF to HF range because its intensity is below the cosmic background noise level. The author has investigated the LF range and has found that appreciable noise is generated at these frequencies. In fact, the theoretical results for this LF noise agree very well with experimental data obtained by a radio astronomy experiment aboard the IMP 6 spacecraft. A comparison showed that the model predicted both variation in the observed noise intensity with Kp and the noise spectral characteristics. Consequently, it is concluded that detectable LF radio noise is emitted, by means of the cyclotron-synchrotron mechanism, by electrons trapped in the earth's magnetosphere, and that this noise is observable only for frequencies below about 300 kHz. For higher frequencies, the theoretical model and the experimental data reconfirm that this noise is below that of cosmic origin.
Emergent organization in the dialogical self: Evolution of a ‘‘both’’ ethnic identity position:

Dialogical self theory, based on principles of self-organizing systems, provides a framework within which diverse views regarding identity creation can be reconciled. The framework encompasses the relatively stable and coherent identity story as well as the more variable, contextually specific identity positionings. We illustrate how these dialogical self processes work together in the identity narration of a young woman who is second-generation Asian Indian, in particular: (a) the context (frame of reference) specificity of system emergence and constraint; (b) the use of macro organizers for both system stability and flexibility; (c) system variability surrounding emergence of a new identity position, I-as-both; (d) the abruptness of emergences; and (e) the developing organization of the new position through causal linking of previously oppositional positions.
Calcium- and phosphate-dependent release and loading of glutathione by liver mitochondria.

Abstract The status of glutathione (GSH) was studied in isolated rat liver mitochondria under conditions which induce a permeability transition. This transition, which is inhibited by cyclosporin A (CyA), requires the presence of Ca2+ and an inducing agent such as near physiological levels (3 m m ) of inorganic phosphate (Pi). The transition is characterized by an increased inner membrane permeability to some low molecular weight solutes and by large amplitude swelling under some experimental conditions. Addition of 70 μ m Ca2+ and 3 m m Pi to mitochondria resulted in mitochondrial swelling and extensive release of GSH that was recovered in the extramitochondrial medium as GSH. Both swelling and the efflux of mitochondrial GSH were prevented by CyA. Incubation of mitochondria in the presence of Ca2+, Pi, and GSH followed by addition of CyA provided a mechanism to load mitochondria with exogenous GSH that was greater than the rate of uptake by untreated mitochondria. Thus, GSH efflux from mitochondria may occur under toxicological and pathological conditions in which mitochondria are exposed to elevated Ca2+ in the presence of near physiological concentrations of Pi through a nonspecific pore. Cyclical opening and closing of the pore could also providea mechanism for uptake of GSH by mitochondria.
Effect of Transseptal Left Atrial Puncture upon Cardiac Output

Comparisons of cardiac index, mean transit time, and "pulmonary" blood volume were made with indocyanine green dilution curves before and after transseptal left atrial puncture in 105 patients in sinus rhythm and 52 with atrial fibrillation. The results demonstrated that the steady state was not disturbed by transseptal left heart catheterization.
Evaluation of the virological and metabolic effects of switching protease inhibitor combination antiretroviral therapy to nevirapine-based therapy for the treatment of HIV infection.

In spite of indisputable benefits, the use of antiretroviral therapy is associated with multiple metabolic complications. Switching to simpler regimens might maintain viral suppression, improve metabolic side effects, and provide insight into the pathogenesis of these complications. Our objective was to carefully characterize the virological and metabolic effects of switching from a successful protease inhibitor (PI)-based antiretroviral regimen to a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-based regimen with nevirapine (NVP). Forty patients, taking their first successful (less than 40 HIV RNA copies/ml) PI-based regimen, switched their PI to NVP. If patients did not tolerate NVP, substitution with efavirenz was allowed. The duration of the study was 48 weeks. At 12 weeks intervals subjects had multiple virological and metabolic parameters including glucose, insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, proinsulin, blood lipids, and lipoproteins. A subgroup of 18 patients also had body composition evaluation...
The density advantage of configurable computing

More and more, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) are accelerating computing applications. The absolute performance achieved by these configurable machines has been impressive-often one to two orders of magnitude greater than processor-based alternatives. Configurable computing is one of the fastest, most economical ways to solve problems such as RSA (Rivest-Shamir-Adelman) decryption, DNA sequence matching, signal processing, emulation, and cryptographic attacks. But questions remain as to why FPGAs have been so much more successful than their microprocessor and DSP counterparts. Do FPGA architectures have inherent advantages? Or are these examples just flukes of technology and market pricing? Will advantages increase, decrease, or remain the same as technology advances? Is there some generalization that accounts for the advantages in these cases? The author attempts to answer these questions and to see how configurable computing fits into the arsenal of structures used to build general, programmable computing platforms.
Pars plana vitrectomy during cataract surgery for prevention of aqueous misdirection in high-risk fellow eyes

Abstract PURPOSE: To report the use of pars plana vitrectomy as a prophylactic measure during cataract surgery for prevention of aqueous misdirection in high-risk fellow eyes. METHODS: Chart review of two patients with severe aqueous misdirection in their first eye at the time of cataract surgery that only responded to pars plana vitrectomy. RESULTS: In both patients, cataract extraction with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation was initially performed after pars plana vitrectomy, with the creation of hyaloido-capsulo-iridotomy to establish a communication between the vitreous cavity and the anterior chamber. CONCLUSION: Pars plana vitrectomy as a prophylactic measure during cataract surgery may have a beneficial role in fellow eyes at high risk for developing aqueous misdirection.
Objective Structured Clinical Evaluation Effectiveness in Clinical Evaluation for Family Nurse Practitioner Students

Abstract Background This study examined the relationship between family nurse practitioner (FNP) students' scores on objective structured clinical evaluation (OSCE) and faculty assessment of clinical skills. Methods Retrospective data were analyzed for FNP students (n = 52) who had completed six OSCEs and the three requisite clinical courses. Performance scores on OSCEs were compared with clinical course grades. Results A significant regression equation was found when testing between the clinical grade for the first clinical course and OSCE 1 and OSCE 2 ( F (1, 50) = 10.086, p = .003), with an R ² of 0.168. There were nonsignificant findings for the second and third clinical courses. Conclusions OSCEs can identify student weaknesses and strengths and help faculty guide students in strategies to improve clinical skills. The results provide needed evidence for the use of OSCEs, especially in terms of graduate nursing education.
Comments on "the interpretation of the EPR and Mössbauer spectra of two-iron, one-electron iron-sulfur proteins".

Abstract Evidence is presented indicating that the note mentioned in the title is incorrect in two important aspects. 1.) According to our results of ENDOR spectroscopy and computer simulations of Mossbauer spectra, the conclusions drawn are based on an erroneous interpretation of the Mossbauer spectra. 2.) According to quotations from the literature, previous interpretations of experimental data on iron-sulfur proteins are incorrectly represented.
Molecular Shape and Solvation of the Lacunar, Saddle-Shaped, and Planar Metal Cyclidene Complexes: Molecular Dynamics Studies.

Molecular dynamics simulations have been used to study the three-dimensional distribution of methanol solvent molecules around three cobalt(II) cyclidene complexes differing in details of their ligand structures. The ligands are a planar unbridged 14-membered macrocycle in Co([14]Cyc), a saddle-shaped unbridged 16-membered macrocycle in Co([16]Cyc), and a lacunar bridged 16-membered macrocycle in Co(C6[16]Cyc). All three complexes contain five-coordinate cobalt(II) with the metal ion bound to four nitrogen donor atoms from the macrocycle and one nitrogen donor from an axial methylimidazole. Distinctly different solvation patterns are exemplified for the three complexes by the positions of the maximum in the Co−O pair distribution function (at r(Co−O) = 2.5, 3.7, and 4.5 A for Co([14]Cyc), Co([16]Cyc), and Co(C6[16]Cyc), respectively) and by the number of methanol molecules within the macrocyclic cleft (1.5, 0.7, and 0.4 molecules at a Co−O distance of 5.25 A in the “cavity”, respectively). Analysis of the...
Dissolved Si in Mo and its effects on the properties of Mo–Si–B alloys

The Si concentration in the Mo solid solution in ternary Mo-rich Mo–Si–B alloys was measured at room temperature and significantly higher levels than those previously reported were documented. Annealing at 1200 and 800 °C failed to produce any decrease in the Si level in solid solution, a consequence of sluggish diffusion kinetics. Measurements confirmed a continuous increase in microhardness of the solid-solution phase with the measured Si level; the results are helpful in rationalizing the high-temperature strength in multiphase alloys.
Invasive thymoma presenting as aortic dissection

We report the case of an invasive thymoma presenting as an aortic dissection in a 49-year-old woman with hypertension and a marfanoid appearance. The patient presented to the emergency department with "tearing" substernal chest pain. A chest radiograph revealed a right para-aortic bulge consistent with a dissecting aorta, but an aortogram was normal. Other disease states, including various types of mediastinal masses, have been reported to mimic aortic dissection.
Conduction band offset of strained InGaP by quantum well capacitance-voltage profiling

The conduction band alignment of compressively strained In1−xGaxP relative to lattice matched InGaP/GaAs has been determined by capacitance-voltage profil-ing. A modified version of Kroemer’s capacitance-voltage profiling method is developed wherein a quantum well is profiled instead of a single heterojunction. A one-dimensional Poisson-Schrodinger solver was used to fit the reconstructed carrier profiles corresponding to a value of ΔEc at varying temperatures. Schottky barrier diode structures containing a single strained InGaP quantum well were grown by low pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. The two strained compositions studied contained 35 and 31% gallium. Conduction band offsets of 101 and 131 meV were found for the 35 and 31% samples, respectively, with an estimated accuracy of ±5 meV. These results agreed closely with values predicted by empirical calculations.
Pattern regulation of mesoderm in transplanted and supernumerary limbs of the cockroach. II. Time course of muscle dedifferentiation

The extent and time course of muscle dedifferentiation was followed histologically in transplanted mesothoracic limbs of the cockroach Periplaneta americana. The limbs were grafted to contralateral leg sockets and were oriented such that the anterior-posterior axis of the graft was reversed relative to that of the socket. The muscles in such a graft dedifferentiate before the first postoperative molt. Muscle dedifferentiation is characterized by the loss of muscle fibers and the appearance of mononuclear cells in the graft. Dedifferentiation begins proximally near the host/graft junction and progressively spreads to distal levels until the only remnants of the original muscle organization are aggregates of mononuclear cells around distal apodemes. Muscles in the thorax which were damaged. During transplantation also de differentiate before the first postoperative molt. Redifferentiation of identifiable muscle can begin as early as the second intermolt period. The dedifferentiation of transplanted mesoderm in not due to the axis reversal, since the muscles in a graft without axis reversal dedifferentiate to the same extent as in grafts with reversed transverse axes. The results are interpreted as indicating that developmental information from nonmuscular tissues in the limb is required for reformation of identifiable muscles.
Effects of orientation on the transport of d‐limonene in polypropylene

Kinetics and equilibria of sorption and desorption of d-limonene in three polypropylene films (unoriented polypropylene [UN], uniaxially oriented polypropylene [UA], and biaxially oriented polypropylene [BA]) were studied at 30°C and various penetrant activities. The weight percent uptake of a saturated vapor of limonene in UN, BA, and UA films ranged ranged from 12.5 to 19.0%. The kinetics of sorption of a saturated vapor of limonene in these polymers exhibits an increasing tendency toward Fickian transport as the degree of orientation increases, with the highly oriented BA approaching a Fickian response. As the penetrant activity is lowered, sorption kinetics tends to show a Fickian response more closely even for the UN and the UA films. Desorption of limonene from the three samples appears to be Fickian and considerably faster than sorption in the initial stages; however, the process decelarates after roughly half of the penetrant has desorbed. Subsequent exposure of the three oriented films to a saturated vapor of limonene resulted in identical sorption kinetics, suggesting the absence of crazing or other irreversible damage often associated with anomalous sorption in glassy polymers. These results illustrate that the concentration dependent anomalies in kinetics of sorption of a large penetrant such as limonene in the unoriented polypropylene film may be influenced by orientation to yield Fickian transport even at the highest external surface concentration. Thus, the orientation processes appear to affect large-scale swelling-induced relaxations to a larger degree than it does the diffusional processes which are dependent on smaller-scale segmental motions. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of oxidation byproducts of dyfonate in various oxidant systems using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometry.

Dyfonate is a dithiophosphonate pesticide used to control lepidopterous insects in corn, potatoes, and peanuts. It may be transferred to the surface water and underground water system and can be degraded by free chlorine and other oxidants, which are used by water treatment plants during the disinfection process, to produce oxidation byproducts. These byproducts may be more toxic than their parent compounds. Therefore, it is crucially important to identify these byproducts during the water treatment for full scale removal of them. In this article, a high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) method was developed to investigate the oxidation byproducts of dyfonate by free chlorine (Cl2), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), monochloroamine (MCA), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), Ozone (O3), and permanganate in an aqueous buffer (pH 7). Thin layer chromatography (TLC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were also used for structure confirmation of the byproduct that was identified through HPLC/MS. One by...
Inhibition by cortisone of the synthesis and action of interferon.

THE administration of cortisone and certain other C-21 and 19-nor-steroids increases final yields of influenza virus in chick embryos by inhibition of viral interference1. Paradoxically, the rate of viral synthesis is reduced2 at the same time. Interferon, a substance produced by cells inoculated with interfering virus, has been proposed as the mediator of interference3. Therefore, it was important to determine whether cortisone and other steroids capable of inhibiting the induction of interference might influence either the production of interferon or its effect.
A comparison of Lea Symbol vs ETDRS letter distance visual acuity in a population of young children with a high prevalence of astigmatism.

Purpose To compare visual acuity results obtained by use of the Lea Symbols chart with results obtained with Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) charts in young children who are members of a population with a high prevalence of astigmatism. Methods Subjects were 438 children ages 5 through 7 years who were enrolled in kindergarten or first grade on the Tohono O'odham Reservation: 241 (55%) had astigmatism ≥1.00 D in one or both eyes (range, 0.00-6.75 D). While wearing best correction, each child had right eye visual acuity tested with the 62 cm by 65 cm Lea Symbols chart at 3 m and with the 62 cm by 65 cm ETDRS chart at 4 m. Visual acuity was scored as the smallest optotype size at which the child correctly identified 3 of a maximum of 5 optotypes. ETDRS visual acuity also was scored based on the total number of letters that the child correctly identified. Results Correlation between Lea Symbols visual acuity and ETDRS visual acuity was 0.78 (p Conclusions In this population of young children, in whom the primary source of reduced visual acuity is astigmatism-related amblyopia, the Lea Symbols chart produced visual acuity scores that were about 0.5 line better than visual acuity scores obtained with ETDRS charts.
Physical activity and survival among Hispanic and non-Hispanic white long-term breast cancer survivors and population-based controls

Purpose We investigated the association of physical activity with survival for 601 Hispanic women and 682 non-Hispanic white women who participated in the population-based breast cancer case-control New Mexico Women’s Health Study.
A branch-and-cut algorithm for the stochastic uncapacitated lot-sizing problem

This paper addresses a multi-stage stochastic integer programming formulation of the uncapacitated lot-sizing problem under uncertainty. We show that the classical (l,S) inequalities for the deterministic lot-sizing polytope are also valid for the stochastic lot-sizing polytope. We then extend the (l,S) inequalities to a general class of valid inequalities, called the ** inequalities, and we establish necessary and sufficient conditions which guarantee that the ** inequalities are facet-defining. A separation heuristic for ** inequalities is developed and incorporated into a branch-and-cut algorithm. A computational study verifies the usefulness of the ** inequalities as cuts.
Curcumin Blocks Cyclosporine A-Resistant CD28 Costimulatory Pathway of Human T-Cell Proliferation

Abstract Introduction.Curcumin (Cur) is a phenolic component of common spice, turmeric. We have reported earlier that it possesses antineoplastic and immunosuppressive propertiesin vitro.It has been reported that cyclosporine A (CyA), a commonly used immunosuppressant does not inhibit CD28 costimulatory pathway of T-cell activation. We hypothesized that Cur, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, would block CyA-resistant CD28 costimulatory pathway of human T cell proliferation. Materials and methods.Human T-lymphocytes were isolated from healthy donors using gradient centrifugation and rosetting techniques. In four separate experiments T-cells were plated in triplicate in 96-well plates at a density of 2X105 cells/well. These cells were stimulated with 0.5 ng/ml phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) + 0.5 (g/ml anti-CD28 antibody (PMA-CD28 group) or 2.5 μg/ml PHA (PHA group). Cur or CyA at varying concentrations (0.31, 0.625, 1.25, 2.5, 5, or 10 μg/ml and 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, or 250 ng/ml, respectively) was added and cellular proliferation was measured by the uptake of [3H]thymidine and is reported (mean cpm/well(SD). Cells from the PMA-CD28 group that were treated with either curcumin or 0.4% DMSO (vehicle control for curcumin) were studied for evidence of apoptosis by staining with viable dyes MC540 and Hoechst 33342 and subsequently analyzed in the cell sorter. Results.Cur caused a concentration-dependent inhibition of T-cell proliferation in the PMA-CD28 group (from 32775 ± 3084 to 66 ± 42 at 5.0 μg/ml of cur) and PHA group (from 50956 ± 5747 to 24 ± 12 at 5.0 μg/ml) with a calculated ED50 of 3.5 and 7.7, μM respectively. CyA inhibited T-cell proliferation in the PHA group with a calculated ED50 of 2.7 ng/ml but failed to block PMA + anti-CD28-stimulated T-cell proliferation even at 250 ng/ml. PMA-CD28 group cells treated with 10 μg/ml curcumin showed a significantly increased apoptosis as compared to control (0.4% DMSO). Conclusion.Since Cur blocks the CyA-resistant PMA + anti-CD28 pathway of T-cell proliferation, it may have novel adjuvant immunosuppressive properties.
Outcomes of screening endometrial cancer patients for Lynch syndrome by patient-administered checklist.

Objective The aims of this study were to implement a patient-administered checklist designed to identify endometrial cancer patients at elevated risk for Lynch syndrome; measure subsequent genetic counseling and testing; and identify differences between those who attended genetic counseling and those who did not.
Isothermal crystallization of isotactic polypropylene-hexamethylbenzene blends: crystal morphology

Abstract Lamellar crystal organization and spherulite formation were investigated as functions of melt polymer concentration and isothermal crystallization temperature for the model eutectic-forming system isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and hexamethylbenzene. Permanganic etching and scanning electron microscopy were used to reveal iPP crystal features. The results were interpreted in terms of the kinetics of crystallization events during thermally induced phase separation of this system.
Pion single-charge-exchange scattering and nuclear structure in deformed nuclei

Using a coupled-channel optical model, we consider pion single-charge-exchange observables for scattering from {sup 165}Ho to its isobaric analog state in {sup 165}Er. We use optical-model and Skyrme-force parameterizations that were determined independently, making this investigation free of any adjustable parameters. We find reasonably good agreement with the measured differential cross section for charge exchange on unoriented {sup 165}Ho; for the orientation asymmetry {bar {ital A}}{sub {ital s}} (transversely polarized {sup 165}Ho compared to unoriented {sup 165}Ho) we find a value that is small (2%) for scattering angle {theta}=0{degree}. We show the sensitivity of the differential cross section and the orientation asymmetry to medium modifications of the pion-nucleon scattering amplitude; we also compare the neutron, proton, and transition densities obtained in constrained Hartree--Fock calculations to various {ital ansatze} used previously in the literature. In particular, we study the importance of pairing correlations, coupled channels, various Coulomb effects, the relative contributions of higher multipolarities in the density, and model dependence arising from the choice of the Skyrme interaction. {copyright} 1989 Academic Press, Inc.
Disruption of reelin signaling alters mammary gland morphogenesis

Reelin signaling is required for appropriate cell migration and ductal patterning during mammary gland morphogenesis. Dab1, an intracellular adaptor protein activated in response to reelin signaling, is expressed in the developing mammary bud and in luminal epithelial cells in the adult gland. Reelin protein is expressed in a complementary pattern, first in the epithelium overlying the mammary bud during embryogenesis and then in the myoepithelium and periductal stroma in the adult. Deletion in mouse of either reelin or Dab1 induced alterations in the development of the ductal network, including significant retardation in ductal elongation, decreased terminal branching, and thickening and disorganization of the luminal wall. At later stages, some mutant glands overcame these early delays, but went on to exhibit enlarged and chaotic ductal morphologies and decreased terminal branching: these phenotypes are suggestive of a role for reelin in spatial patterning or structural organization of the mammary epithelium. Isolated mammary epithelial cells exhibited decreased migration in response to exogenous reelin in vitro, a response that required Dab1. These observations highlight a role for reelin signaling in the directed migration of mammary epithelial cells driving ductal elongation into the mammary fat pad and provide the first evidence that reelin signaling may be crucial for regulating the migration and organization of non-neural tissues.
New Class of Optimal Plane Change Maneuvers

For planetary satellite orbiters (such as the Europa Orbiter Mission) and planet orbiters (such as the Mercury Messenger Mission), third-body forces can induce large changes in orbital elements over one orbit. As a result, transfers involving an ellipse cannot be considered without taking these forces into account, and two- and three-impulse transfers must model these effects at larger distances from the central body. A new use of third-body perturbations is presented to effect plane changes. It is shown, in particular, that large plane changes can be obtained by using only two impulsive maneuvers and a proper timing of the first burn. The resulting plane change maneuvers are shown to be optimal over classical one-impulse maneuvers for large enough inclination change values, replacing the classical optimality of bielliptic transfers (as compared to one-impulse plane changes) in the case of environments perturbed by a large, third body. The investigation is performed by solving an optimization problem with constraints and using the Hill three-body problem to describe the underlying dynamics. Savings on the order of 25% are obtained when compared to the one-impulse transfers for plane changes of ∼60 deg, and plane changes of ′180 deg are shown to be possible without escaping.
Update on statistics guidelines for American Physiological Society journals

three years ago, American Physiological Society (APS) journals published an editorial by Curran-Everett and Benos with suggested guidelines for reporting statistics in research articles ([1][1]). The authors then tracked whether their guidelines were implemented and prepared a followup report ([2][2
Formation of an unusual charge-transfer network from an ionic liquid

An intriguing and novel charge-transfer complex between dimethyldihydrophenazine and diethylviologen has been crystallized from an ionic liquid at room temperature, resulting in an interesting stacking motif of interrupted D⋯A⋯D type triads: efficient formation of the complex is seen within an ionic liquid and acetone, with the complex absorbing strongly across nearly the entire visible–NIR spectral region.
Chromophobe hepatocellular carcinoma with abrupt anaplasia: a proposal for a new subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with unique morphological and molecular features

Hepatocellular carcinomas exhibit heterogeneous morphologies by routine light microscopy. Although some morphologies represent insignificant variations in growth patterns, others may represent unrecognized subtypes of hepatocellular carcinoma. Identification of these subtypes could lead to separation of hepatocellular carcinomas into discrete groups with unique underlying genetic changes, prognosis, or therapeutic responses. In order to identify potential subtypes, two pathologists independently screened a cohort of 219 unselected hepatocellular carcinoma resection specimens and divided cases into potential subtypes. One of these promising candidate subtypes was further evaluated using histological and molecular techniques. This subtype was characterized by a unique and consistent set of histological features: smooth chromophobic cytoplasm, abrupt focal nuclear anaplasia (small clusters of tumor cells with marked nuclear anaplasia in a background of tumor cells with bland nuclear cytology), and scattered microscopic pseudocysts--we designate this variant as 'chromophobe hepatocellular carcinoma with abrupt anaplasia'. Thirteen cases were identified (6% of all hepatocellular carcinomas), including 6 men and 7 women with an average age of 61 years. Six cases occurred in cirrhotic livers. Serum AFP was elevated in 6 out of 10 cases. There were a variety of underlying liver diseases, but cases were enrichment for chronic hepatitis B, P=0.006. Interestingly, at the molecular level, this variant was strongly associated with the alternative lengthening of telomere (ALT) phenotype by telomere FISH. ALT is a telomerase-independent mechanism of telomere maintenance and is found in approximately 8% of unselected hepatocellular carcinomas. In contrast, 11/12 (92%) of the cases of chromophobe hepatocellular carcinoma with abrupt anaplasia were ALT-positive. In summary, we propose that chromophobe hepatocellular carcinoma with abrupt anaplasia represents a new subtype of hepatocellular carcinoma with unique morphological and molecular features.
Reestablishment of the green algal genus Rhipidosiphon Montagne (Udoteaceae, Bryopsidales) with a description of Rhipidosiphon floridensis sp. nov.

The genus Rhipidosiphon is reestablished and characterized by an upright, monosiphonous, uncorticated stipe; fine hyaline rhizoids; and a fan-shaped, unistratose, calcified, terminal blade composed of dichotomously branched siphons. Udotea javensis, commonly found in the Indian and Pacific Oceans, is herein transferred to Rhipidosiphon, with R. javensis as the type of the genus. Rhipidosiphon floridensis sp. nov., known only from the Florida Keys and Puerto Rico, is described as one of a “pair” species anatomically similar in every respect to R. javensis except for the presence of equal constrictions above the dichotomies; R. javensis has distinctly unequal constrictions.
Occurrence of microbodies in the green algaBracteacoccus cinnabarinus grown heterotrophically

A comparative study was made of the ultrastructure and abundance of microbodies in the green algaBracteacoccus cinnabarinus grown photoautotrophically and heterotrophically on a conventional culture medium containing sodium acetate, potassium acetate and glucose. Several changes were observed in the cells maintained under these conditions. Most noticeably, cells grown on acetate in both light and dark were packed with lipid bodies. Microbodies were found to be closely appressed to the lipid bodies in cells grown heterotrophically in the dark on sodium acetate and potassium acetate. The average number of microbody profiles per cell was in general threefold greater in cells grown on sodium acetate than those grown on potassium acetate. No microbodies were observed in cells maintained photoautotrophically on the three carbon sources or in cells maintained photoautotrophically on Bristol's inorganic medium alone. Cytochemical staining with 3,3′-diaminobenzidine indicated the presence of catalase in the microbodies. The presence of microbodies suggests that the organelle may be performing functions similar to glyoxysomes in higher plants, namely the net conversion to succinate of acetyl CoA derived from lipid degredation. It is also apparent thatBracteacoccus can grow well as a heterotroph in the dark when acetate is included in the culture medium as a source of carbon.
Catalytic Effect of near-Surface Alloying on Hydrogen Interaction on the Aluminum Surface

A small amount of catalyst, such as Ti, was found to greatly improve the kinetics of hydrogen reactions in the prototypical hydrogen storage compound sodium alanate (NaAlH${}_{4}$). We propose a near-surface alloying mechanism for the rehydrogenation cycle based on a detailed analysis of available experimental data as well as first-principles calculations. The calculated results indicate that the catalyst remains at subsurface sites near the Al surface, reducing the dissociation energy barrier of ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$. The binding between Ti and Al modifies the surface charge distribution, which facilitates hydrogen adsorption and enhances hydrogen mobility on the surface.
Automatic Enhancement and Binarization of Degraded Document Images

Often documents of historic significance are discovered in a state of disrepair. Such documents are commonly scanned to simultaneously archive and publicize a discovery. Converting the information found within such documents to public knowledge occurs more quickly and cheaply if an automatic method to enhance these degraded documents is used instead of enhancing each document image by hand. We describe a novel automated image enhancement approach that requires no training data. The approach is applicable to images of typewritten text as well as hand written text or a mixture of both. The pair of parameters used by the approach is automatically self-tuned according to the input image. The processing of a set of historic documents stored at Yad Vashem Holocaust Memorial Museum in Israel and selected images from the 2011 DIBCO test collection illustrate the approach.
Floating roof analysis and design using minicomputers

Abstract Floating roofs are used in oil storage tanks to reduce evaporation and handling losses, decrease corrosion, and reduce the fire hazard. A pontoon roof is used in this paper. It consists of a circular central plating attached at the edge to a compartmented; buoyant ring. The primary design loadings for this roof are due to accumulated rainwater or a punctured deck. The design loads typically cause the deck to deflect several hundred times its thickness and consequently the deck is usually designed and analyzed as a membrane. The complicated nature of the loading on the membrane together with the unusual boundary conditions require numerical integration of the coupled, non-linear differential equations which govern the behavior. A skilled analyst is needed to vary the starting parameters necessary for the integration. This paper describes the procedure that should be followed in the analysis and design of the roofs, and shows why an interactive computer is so important in the understanding of the forces in this structure and in the design necessary to transmit them.
First Report Worldwide of an Infant Botulism Case Due to Clostridium botulinum Type E

Clostridium botulinum type E has been associated with botulism in adults but never in infants. Infant botulism type E cases have been associated with neurotoxigenic strains of C. butyricum. We report the first infant botulism case due to C. botulinum type E worldwide.
Localized Electronic Excitations in Phenylacetylene Dendrimers

Electron-hole pairs created upon optical excitation of conjugated dendrimers (fractal antenna macromolecules) are shown to be localized within segments connected by benzene rings substituted at the meta-position. The absorption spectra of two families of dendrimers are analyzed using collective electronic normal modes representing the changes in charge and bond-order distributions induced by the optical field. The present approach may be used in the design of artificial light-harvesting antennae with controlled energy-funneling pathways.
AAD: Adaptive Anomaly Detection System for Cloud Computing Infrastructures

We present an Adaptive Anomaly Detection (AAD) framework for cloud dependability assurance. It employs data description using hyper sphere for adaptive failure detection. Based on the cloud performance data, AAD detects possible failures, which are verified by the cloud operators. They are confirmed as either true failures with failure types or normal states. The algorithm adapts itself by recursively learning from these newly verified detection results to refine future detections. Meanwhile, it exploits the observed but undetected failure records reported by the cloud operators to identify new types of failures. We have implemented a prototype of the algorithm and conducted experiments in an on-campus cloud computing environment. Our experimental results show that AAD can achieve more efficient and accurate failure detection than other existing schemes.
Strategies for overcoming barriers to women and minorities in STEM

Integration of STEM education into middle and high school curricula for women and minorities poses important challenges. First the average female or minority teenager is exposed to less than 3 hours/week of STEM-related material in popular media as compared to over 100 hours/week of non-STEM content such as sports, entertainment, music, movies, legal/medical TV soaps and dramas. As a result, STEM issues are barely on their radar screens. Second, STEM curricula in most middle and high schools is not always presented in the context of real world applications and everyday needs of society that would interest this population. Third, there are very few role models available. The STEM research effort reported here attempts to find ways to diversify the STEM workforce through identification of pedagogical strategies for recruitment and retention of women and minorities into STEM classrooms and ultimately into the STEM workforce.
Changes in Perlecan Expression During Vascular Injury: Role in the Inhibition of Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation in the Late Lesion

Objective— Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs), activated by growth factors after arterial injury, migrate and proliferate to expand the intima of the blood vessel. During intimal expansion, proliferation is suppressed and an increasingly large proportion of the neointimal mass is composed of newly synthesized extracellular matrix (ECM). We sough to determine whether the ECM heparan sulfate proteoglycan (HSPG) perlecan, which inhibits SMC proliferation in vitro, also accumulates and limits SMC proliferation during neointimal expansion. Methods and Results— Perlecan expression and accumulation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization during neointima formation after balloon catheter injury to the rat carotid artery. Perlecan expression was low in uninjured vessels and up to 7 days after injury, during maximal SMC proliferation. By 14 days after injury, perlecan was dramatically increased, and immunostaining remained heavy throughout the advanced lesion, 35 to 42 days after injury. Finally, explants of intimal tissue from 35- to 42-day neointimal lesions were digested with glycosaminoglycanases to determine whether endogenous HSPGs inhibit intimal SMC proliferation. SMCs within HS-depleted, but not chondroitinase ABC–treated or mock-incubated, explants were found to proliferate in response to platelet-derived growth factor BB. Conclusions— HSPGs, such as perlecan, may inhibit the proliferative response of SMCs after vascular injury.
Toward a More Nuanced Understanding of New Teacher Attrition.

Teacher attrition, especially among new teachers, has been an issue of major concern for policy makers and administrators for many years. Prior research has provided valuable information regarding the teacher and organizational factors associated with attrition from the profession and teacher mobility across schools. Less attention, however, has been placed on quantifying the problem and placing actual differences by teacher and organizational characteristics into perspective. Using more than 30 years of population data on new teacher cohorts from Illinois, the authors provide a more nuanced analysis of new teacher attrition from both the profession and schools. In contrast to conventional wisdom, the authors reveal a stronger attachment to the profession by recent cohorts of Illinois teachers compared to teachers who began during the 1970s. Moreover, the authors find that variation in school-level attrition is substantially greater within school type than across school type. Thus, rather than thinking of...
Drug Treatment of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage

Summary The current management of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) begins with early diagnosis using cranial computed tomography and cerebral angiography. In general. rebleeding is best prevented by early surgery and aneurysm clipping. with antifibrinolytics reserved for patients at low risk of vasospasm in whom early surgery is impossible. Anticonvulsants to prevent or treat seizures. and the maintenance of normal serum sodium levels and intracranial pressure are advisable in the immediate period after haemorrhage. Patients should be maintained with normo- or hypervolaemia. Nimodipine is indicated to prevent vasospasm. one of the causes of delayed neurological deficits associated with SAH. Deterioration due to vasospasm. and possibly patients at high risk for vasospasm. should be treated with induced hypervolaemia (to maximise cardiac output) and induced hypertension. and. possibly. haemodilution. Transluminal angioplasty and intra-arterial papaverine are other options in the setting of delayed ischaemia that is unresponsive to the above measures. Intracisternal fibrinolysis with alteplase should be considered in patients with thick SAHs.
On the existence of booster types

A data type's consensus number measures its power in asynchronous concurrent models of computation. We characterize the circumstances under which types of high consensus number can be constructed from types with lower consensus numbers, a process called boosting. In settings where boosting is impossible, we can reason about the synchronization power of objects in isolation. We give a new and simple topological condition, called /spl kappa/-solo-connectivity sufficient to ensure that one-shot types cannot be boosted to consensus number /spl kappa/. The booster type need not be one-shot; it can be arbitrary. We also show that, for /spl kappa/>2, any type that is not /spl kappa/-solo-connected can be boosted to consensus number /spl kappa/. For types that can be boosted, we establish an upper bound on the amount the consensus number can be increased. For finite types, these properties and bounds are computable. For deterministic one-shot types, the /spl kappa/-solo-connectivity property also exactly characterizes the types that have consensus number less than /spl kappa/.