cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Disorders in Children With Congenital Heart Disease

BACKGROUND: Data on anxiety, depression, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are lacking for youth with congenital heart disease (CHD), particularly those with simple CHD. This study aims to characterize these disorders in youth with CHD compared to those without CHD. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted by using the electronic medical records of a large tertiary care hospital between 2011 and 2016. Inclusion criteria were youth aged 4 to 17 years with >1 hospitalization or emergency department visits. Exclusion criteria were patients with arrhythmias or treatment with clonidine and/or benzodiazepines. The primary predictor variable was CHD type: simple, complex nonsingle ventricle, and complex single ventricle. The primary outcome variable was a diagnosis and/or medication for anxiety and/or depression or ADHD. Data were analyzed by using logistic regression (Stata v15; Stata Corp, College Station, TX). RESULTS: We identified 118 785 patients, 1164 with CHD. Overall, 18.2% (n = 212) of patients with CHD had a diagnosis or medication for anxiety or depression, compared with 5.2% (n = 6088) of those without CHD. All youth with CHD had significantly higher odds of anxiety and/or depression or ADHD. Children aged 4 to 9 years with simple CHD had ∼5 times higher odds (odds ratio: 5.23; 95% confidence interval: 3.87–7.07) and those with complex single ventricle CHD had ∼7 times higher odds (odds ratio: 7.46; 95% confidence interval: 3.70–15.07) of diagnosis or treatment for anxiety and/or depression. Minority and uninsured youth were significantly less likely to be diagnosed or treated for anxiety and/or depression or ADHD, regardless of disease severity. CONCLUSIONS: Youth with CHD of all severities have significantly higher odds of anxiety and/or depression and ADHD compared to those without CHD. Screening for these conditions should be considered in all patients with CHD.
ASSET POVERTY IN THE UNITED STATES, 1984¿99: EVIDENCE FROM THE PANEL STUDY OF INCOME DYNAMICS

Using PSID data for the years 1984–99, we estimate the level and severity of asset poverty. We find that despite a sharp decline in the official poverty rate, the asset poverty rate barely budged over this period. Moreover, the severity of asset poverty increased during this period. The likelihood of being asset-poor decreased for those who are college graduates or married with children, whereas it increased for those who are white, for the unmarried elderly, and for those without a college degree. Lifetime events such as changes in job market, marital and homeownership status are correlated with transitions into and out of asset poverty.
Understanding the Spatial Pattern and Driving Factors Associated with Timberland Ownership Change in the Northern United States

This study analyzes changes in timberland ownership from 2003 to 2012 across the northern United States based on Forest Inventory and Analysis data identified according to five ownership categories. A total of 26,940 FIA plots that were remeasured between selected years were used for the analysis. Publicly available corporate ownership data were investigated and used to differentiate industrial and institutional (timber investment management organizations [TIMO] and real estate investment trusts [REIT]) ownership. Kernel density, Ripley’s K-function, and multinomial logistic regression (MLR) methods were used to study spatial patterns of timberland ownership and to explore statistical relationships. Among FIA plots showing ownership changes, the largest observed shift was from industrial to institutional ownership, with a 45% increase in the number of plots, equivalent to almost 1.4 million acres of timberland area. Bivariate Ripley's K-function showed significant clustering for shifts between industrial and institutional ownership. A MLR model identified forest type as a significant factor associated with the transition of industrial timberlands to either institutional or family forest ownership. In addition, shifts from industrial to institutional ownership were related to road access and population density.
Pancreatic plasticity: Unlocking exocrine lineage specification

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Huang et al. (2021) and Breunig et al. (2021) developed human stem-cell-derived organoid culture systems to recapitulate pancreatic acinar and ductal lineages. This provides opportunities to study cellular plasticity and transformation in pancreatic cancer initiation and progression.
Competitive learning in asynchronous-pulse-density integrated circuits

This paper introduces MOS circuits for the integrated implementation of competitive learning. A singlelayer competitive network architecture composed of asynchronous-pulse-coded processing elements is employed. The processing elements perform analog computations and communicate via asynchronous-pulse-density-modulated signals which encode continuous-time signal information using discrete binary values. The specific focus is upon the design and simulation of an adaptive synapse circuit which combines a capacitive analog storage element with subthreshold adaptation circuitry. The simulations presented verify circuit operation in a two-input, three-output competitive network. Accurate clustering of both fixed and random training data is demonstrated.
Mind-Body Therapies

Many patients turn to mind-body therapies for headache because standard pharmacological treatments have many shortcomings, while others incorporate these therapies into their treatment plan as adjuncts. This chapter aims to define commonly used mind-body therapies, to discuss the evidence that supports their use in headache treatment, and to explore how to counsel patients regarding the best way to incorporate these therapies into a comprehensive treatment plan. Within the class of mind-body therapies that will be discussed in this chapter, biofeedback has the highest level of evidence for treatment of headache, followed by acupuncture. There is growing evidence that mindfulness meditation and progressive muscle relaxation are beneficial modalities for headache. Massage, tai chi, and yoga are becoming more widely used therapies for the prevention and treatment of headaches, but their effectiveness remains in question, especially when compared to pharmacological treatments.
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Diabetes among Bangladeshi Adults: An Analysis of Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18

Abstract Background The burden of diabetes is increasing in most developing countries, including Bangladesh. However, there is no recent research into the prevalence and factors associated with this condition in this country. This study intended to fill this gap. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2017–18 data. After crude and age-adjusted prevalence estimation, multilevel logistic regression analyses were employed. Results Among 12,298 participants (mean age: 40 years, 57% females), the crude and age-adjusted prevalence of diabetes was 9.9% and 9.7%, respectively. The crude prevalence was 9.5% among females and 10.5% among males. The age-adjusted prevalence was 9.8% among females and 9.5% among males. The adjusted odds (adjusted odds ratio, 95% confidence interval) of diabetes was higher among 30–39 (2.1, 1.7–2.6), 40–49 (3.3, 2.7–4.1), 50–59 (4.9, 3.9–6.2), 60–69 (5.1, 4.0–6.5), and ≥70-year-olds (5.0, 3.7–6.6) than 18–29-year-olds; 25–29.9 (1.6, 1.4–1.9) and 30 (1.9, 1.5–2.5) kg/m2 body mass index (BMI) than those with BMI Conclusion This study found that people with older age, overweight/obesity, higher socioeconomic status, and residence in some administrative divisions had higher prevalence and odds of diabetes. To reduce the prevalence of diabetes in Bangladesh, future efforts should aim to address these factors with adequate prevention and control programs.
No Wrong Door: Improving Access Through Collaboration

One of the most difficult tasks in college mental health is to increase access to care without overburdening current resources. This often requires pooling available resources together and changing care delivery systems. In this chapter we discuss the importance of collaborative care to identification, short-term management, and referral of students at risk, especially those that traditionally do not seek help at counseling centers: male and minorities.
Biomechanics of Instability and Its Relationship to OA

Joint instability is a known risk factor for osteoarthritis (OA), with aberrant biomechanics caused by acute injury or patient-related characteristics, such as increasing age, high body mass index, and altered motor patterns. Focusing on the knee as an example, the relationship between injury to joint structures, such as menisci, cruciate ligaments, collateral ligaments, and the development of OA, is reviewed. While the literature supports a causative role of instability in promoting and accelerating OA, the molecular mechanisms underlying instability-mediated joint degeneration must still be elucidated. Further limiting our understanding of the mechanistic role of instability in OA is heterogeneity in clinical studies, which often include patients with concomitant injuries (i.e. damage to more than one joint structure) and variation in treatments (e.g. operative vs non-operative), patient-related characteristics, and outcome metrics. Ongoing and future research with animal models, in vivo joint kinematics, and advanced imaging and biomarker analyses, promises improved understanding of the relationship between the biomechanics of instability and OA, in turn offering new treatment strategies.
Critical fields of Fe 4 N/NbN ferromagnetic/superconducting multilayers

Structural, magnetic, and superconducting properties of ferromagnetic/superconducting multilayers of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{4}$N/NbN are explored for a variety of thickness combinations. The superconducting properties show that 11 \AA{} ferromagnetic layers are sufficient to decouple the superconducting layers and to yield anisotropic behavior. The upper critical field data are well described by theory for ferromagnetic/superconducting multilayers. This analysis yields an interfacial parameter which characterizes the electron scattering at the ferromagnetic/superconducting boundary.
Evaluation of Potential Changes in Groundwater Quality in Response to CO2 Leakage from Deep Geologic Storage

Concern has been expressed that carbon dioxide (CO2) leaking from deep geological storage could adversely impact water quality in overlying potable aquifers by mobilizing hazardous trace elements. In this article, we present a systematic evaluation of the possible water quality changes in response to CO2 intrusion into aquifers currently used as sources of potable water in the United States. The evaluation was done in three parts. First, we developed a comprehensive geochemical model of aquifers throughout the United States, evaluating the initial aqueous abundances, distributions, and modes of occurrence of selected hazardous trace elements in a large number of potable groundwater quality analyses from the National Water Information System (NWIS) database. For each analysis, we calculated the saturation indices (SIs) of several minerals containing these trace elements. The minerals were initially selected through literature surveys to establish whether field evidence supported their postulated presence in potable water aquifers. Mineral assemblages meeting the criterion of thermodynamic saturation were assumed to control the aqueous concentrations of the hazardous elements at initial system state as well as at elevated CO2 concentrations caused by the ingress of leaking CO2. In the second step, to determine those hazardous trace elements of greatest concern in the case of CO2 leakage, we conducted thermodynamic calculations to predict the impact of increasing CO2 partial pressures on the solubilities of the identified trace element mineral hosts. Under reducing conditions characteristic of many groundwaters, the trace elements of greatest concern are arsenic (As) and lead (Pb). In the final step, a series of reactive-transport simulations was performed to investigate the chemical evolution of aqueous As and Pb after the intrusion of CO2 from a storage reservoir into a shallow confined groundwater resource. Results from the reactive-transport model suggest that a significant increase of aqueous As and Pb concentrations may occur in response to CO2 intrusion, but that the maximum concentration values remain below or close to specified maximum contaminant levels (MCLs). Adsorption/desorption from mineral surfaces may strongly impact the mobilization of As and Pb.
Identification of a lens-specific regulatory region (LSR) of the murine αB-crystallin gene

Previous studies have shown that the -661/+44 sequence of the murine alpha B-crystallin gene contains a muscle-preferred enhancer (-426/-257) and can drive the bacterial chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene in the lens, skeletal muscle and heart of transgenic mice. Here we show that transgenic mice carrying a truncated -164/+44 fragment of the alpha B-crystallin gene fused to the CAT gene expressed exclusively in the lens; by contrast mice carrying a -426/+44 fragment of the alpha B gene fused to CAT expressed highly in the lens, skeletal muscle and heart, and slightly in the lung, brain, kidney, spleen and liver. DNase I protection experiments indicated that the -147/-118 sequence is protected by nuclear proteins from alpha TN4-1 lens cell line, but not by nuclear proteins from myotubes of the C2C12 cell line. Site directed mutagenesis of this sequence decreased promoter activity in transiently-transfected lens cells, consistent with this sequence being a lens-specific regulatory region (LSR). We conclude that the -426/-257 enhancer is required for expression in skeletal muscle, heart and possibly other tissues, and that the -164/+44 sequence of the alpha B-crystallin gene is sufficient for expression in the lens of transgenic mice.
Gender difference in horizontality performance before and after training

To investigate why some individuals, especially females, fail Piaget's horizontality task, the author administered Piaget's horizontality task, the rod and frame field-dependence task, Bem's Sex Role Inventory, and a history of spatial activities questionnaire to 122 undergraduates. Individuals who failed the horizontality task were trained on this task, and after 1 month all participants were administered a horizontality posttest. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that field dependence was related significantly to both pretest and posttest scores. Sex and masculine sex role concept were related to pretest but not to posttest scores. The implications of these findings for group differences in horizontality performance are discussed.
Predictors of buprenorphine initial outpatient maintenance and dose taper response among non-treatment-seeking heroin dependent volunteers.

Background Buprenorphine (BUP) is effective for treating opioid use disorder. Individuals’ heroin-use characteristics may predict their responses to BUP, which could differ during maintenance and dose-taper phases. If so, treatment providers could use pre-treatment characteristics to personalize level of individual care and possibly improve treatment outcomes.
Energy principle with global invariants: Applications

Minimum‐energy equilibrium states of a pressureless cylindrical plasma are constructed subject to a recently proposed set of constraints appropriate to turbulent relaxation dominated by a tearing mode of single helicity. Stability to ideal and resistive modes is examined. It is found that the relaxed states of minimum energy are always stable to the dominant mode, as well as a class of other low m and n modes, but that there are typically high n residual instabilities in the case of the pitch branch, and a residual m=3, n=2 resistive instability is found for an otherwise stable narrow window in the tokamak branch. It is argued that the residual instabilities may be compatible with experimental observations.
Rapid turnover of cell-cycle regulators found in Mirk/dyrk1B transfectants

Mirk/dyrk1B is an arginine-directed protein kinase, which functions as a transcriptional activator and mediates serum-free growth of colon carcinoma cells by an unknown mechanism. We now report that turnover of the cdk inhibitor p27(kip1) and the G(1)-phase cyclin cyclin D1 is enhanced in each of 4 Mirk stable transfectants compared to vector control transfectants and Mirk kinase-inactive mutant transfectants. This enhanced turnover is proteasome-dependent and leads to lower protein levels of both p27(kip1) and cyclin D1. Lower protein levels of the cdk inhibitor p21(cip1) were also observed in the 4 Mirk stable transfectants. Mirk did not alter the activity of a p27(kip1) promoter construct or p27(kip1) mRNA levels by stable expression, indicating that the decrease in p27(kip1) protein levels was due to a posttranscriptional mechanism. These data are consistent with mirk enhancing the expression of some component common to the proteolysis of both p27(kip1) and cyclin D1.
A promising cathode for intermediate temperature protonic ceramic fuel cells: BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.2O3−δ

In this study, BaCo0.4Fe0.4Zr0.2O3−δ (BCFZ), which has been previously investigated as a stable oxygen permeable membrane material, is confirmed to be a promising cathode for intermediate temperature protonic ceramic fuel cells (IT-PCFCs). BCFZ shows lower electrode polarization resistances, longer performance stability, and better compatibility with the state of the art protonic ceramic electrolyte BaCe0.7Zr0.1Y0.1Yb0.1O3−δ (BCZYYb) than the prevailing cathode La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF). The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism and the reaction kinetics are also investigated in detail. A single cell constructed from the BCFZ cathode with a BCZYYb electrolyte and BCZYYb-Ni anode demonstrates a power density of 225 mW cm−2 at 600 °C, which is ∼20 times greater than a single cell constructed from an LSCF cathode with the same electrolyte and anode under the same operating conditions.
Distribution and oxidation of malondialdehyde in mice.

The in vivo metabolism of melondialdehyde (MDA) by male and female Swiss mice was investigated. Distribution of an i.p. dose of MDA is rapid and uniform throughout the body. Conversion of 14C-labeled MDA to CO2 is complete 4 hours after an i.p. dose of 5 μmol to 200 μmol with no signs of short term toxicity. The yields of CO2 from [1-14C]-β-alanine, [3-14C]-β-alanine, [1-14C]-sodium acetate, and [2-14C]-sodium acetate were also determined. Comparison of the yields of CO2 from this series of compounds suggests the intermediacy of malonic semialdehyde in the metabolism of MDA. High doses (600 μmol) of β-alanine or acetate given prior to 14C-MDA reduced the yield of 14CO2. Ethanol and disulfiram were both inhibitors of MDA metabolism, indicating the involvement of aldehyde dehydrogenase in the oxidation of MDA. These data demonstrate the ability of animal tissues to rapidly remove exogeneously administered MDA. They also have implications with respect to the possible pathological consequences of in vivo MDA generation.
Aeshna Biliosa, a New Dragonfly from Andean Equador and Peru (Odonata: Aeshnidae)

Since June, 1936, when the first male appeared in shipments from Ecuador, the author has received altogether six males of a large and very strikingly colored Aeshna. A seventh male was found in the Williamson Dragonfly Collection in the Zoological Museum of the University of Michigan. We wish to thank the Director, Professor F. M. Gaige for the privilege of describing this with our material.
Florid Cystic Endosalpingiosis Presenting as an Obstructive Colon Mass Mimicking Malignancy: Case Report and Literature Review

Case Report We report a case of transmural florid cystic endosalpingiosis of the colon with tumor-like obstruction in a 90-year-old woman with abdominal distention and obstruction.
Potentiation of ALA-PDT antitumor activity in mice using topical DMXAA

Photodynamic treatment of subcutaneously implanted Colon 26 tumors in BALB/c mice using the aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-induced photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) was shown to be enhanced by the addition of the vascular disrupting agent 5,6-Dimethylxanthenone-4-acetic-acid (DMXAA; Novartis ASA404). DMXAA increases vascular permeability and decreases blood flow in both murine and human tumors. Sufficiently high parenteral DMXAA doses can lead to tumor collapse and necrosis. We have previously reported marked enhancement of antitumor activity when PDT, using either Photofrin or HPPH, is combined with low-dose intraperitoneal DMXAA. We now describe the first attempt to combine topically-applied DMXAA with PDT. For this, DMXAA was applied two hours before PpIX-activating light delivery. PDT with ALA-PDT alone (ALA 20%; 80 J/cm 2 delivered at 75 mW/cm 2 ) caused a 39% decrease in tumor volume compared to unirradiated controls. Addition of topical DMXAA to ALA-PDT resulted in a 74% reduction in tumor volume. Diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS), a non-invasive blood flow imaging method, is being used to understand the mechanism of this effect and to aid in the proper design of the therapy. For instance, our most recent DCS data suggests that the 2-hour interval between the DMXAA and light applications may not be optimum. This preliminary study suggests a potential role for topical DMXAA in combination with PDT for dermatologic tumors.
Assessment of planarity of the golf swing based on the functional swing plane of the clubhead and motion planes of the body points

The purposes of this study were (1) to determine the functional swing plane (FSP) of the clubhead and the motion planes (MPs) of the shoulder/arm points and (2) to assess planarity of the golf swing based on the FSP and the MPs. The swing motions of 14 male skilled golfers (mean handicap = -0.5 +/- 2.0) using three different clubs (driver, 5-iron, and pitching wedge) were captured by an optical motion capture system (250Hz). The FSP and MPs along with their slope/relative inclination and direction/direction of inclination were obtained using a new trajectory-plane fitting method. The slope and direction of the FSP revealed a significant club effect (p < 0.001). The relative inclination and direction of inclination of the MP showed significant point (p < 0.001) and club (p < 0.001) effects and interaction (p < 0.001). Maximum deviations of the points from the FSP revealed a significant point effect (p < 0.001) and point-club interaction (p < 0.001). It was concluded that skilled golfers exhibited well-defined and consistent FSP and MPs, and the shoulder/arm points moved on vastly different MPs and exhibited large deviations from the FSP. Skilled golfers in general exhibited semi-planar downswings with two distinct phases: a transition phase and a planar execution phase.
8086 — its development and capability

Abstract Following the success of the 8080, Intel decided that their microcomputer product-development program should follow two paths. The first of these was to upgrade the performance of the 8080 while, at the same time, reducing the cost of incorporating a microcomputer in a system. The result of this path is now history, as it resulted in the introduction of the 8085 (a processor which reduces chip count from 12 to 3 in many systems) and the 8048 family of processors for low-end applications. The second path was longer, since it meant designing and producing a new-generation processor employing the latest advances in semiconductor processing technology and microcomputer architectural design to produce a processor capable of outperforming all previous microprocessors. The result of this work is the 8086.
Performance comparisons for variable-speed ductless and single-speed ducted residential heat pumps

Abstract Residential variable-speed ductless heat pump (DHP) systems are claimed to operate more efficiently than conventional single-speed ducted systems because of fewer on-off cycles and smaller fan power consumption. However, few methods exist for quantifying the energy-saving benefits of DHP technology because of complicated and proprietary control strategies employed in the DHP system. In this paper, a model in the literature is used to assess the energy savings relative to a baseline ducted system with the same heat exchangers and rated capacities. Process efficiencies are introduced to highlight the sources for differences in performance between systems. Analyses of process efficiencies at different building loads and ambient temperatures show that DHP systems perform better than conventional systems primarily because of lower fan power consumption associated with the use of variable-speed fans. Greater benefits exist at lower heating loads because of lower air flow requirements and the cubic dependence of fan power on flow. In contrast, conventional heat pumps typically operate with on/off fans. Heating seasonal performance factors (HSPF) were determined for different climatic regions and the DHP system was found to perform 22%–107% better than a conventional system, depending on the climate.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS FOR THE TERMINATION OF PHEROMONE-RELEASING BEHAVIOUR IN THE FEMALE BROWN-BANDED COCKROACH, SUPELLA LONGIPALPA (F.) (DICTYOPTERA: BLATTELLIDAE)

Abstract The factors contributing to the termination of calling (pheromone release) in adult female Supella longipalpa were examined. Calling ceases after mating and does not resume over the duration of the insect's life. Calling was suppressed and basal oocyte growth was stimulated by the transient presence of a spermatophore, by the implantation of an artificial spermatophore, and by mating with vasectomized males. Calling resumed after oothecal deposition in females mated with vasectomized males. Ventral nerve cord transections, either immediately following copulation or after oothecal deposition, restored calling in mated females. The experimental evidence suggests that the termination of calling is mediated neurally by a two-stage process, initiated by placement of the spermatophore in the bursa copulatrix and maintained by the presence of sperm in the spermatheca.
Solid and liquid phase Raman and infrared spectra of diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide

Abstract The Raman and IR spectra of diallyl sulfide and diallyl disulfide in the liquid and solid state are reported and examined in order to determine their most stable conformations. In both the liquid and solid state, the allyl moieties in both molecules are in a “gauche” conformation in which the sulfur atoms and the terminal vinyl carbons probably form a dihedral angle of between 105° and 120°. In the liquid state, there are two possible S-S rotational conformers of diallyl disulfide. The “gauche” conformer with a C-S-S-C dihedral angle of approximately 70° is 242±24 cal mol−1 more stable than the “near-cis” conformer which probably has a C-S-S-C dihedral angle of approximately 25°. Only the “gauche” S-S rotational conformer of diallyl disulfide exists in the solid state. Additionally, in the liquid state, there are two C-S rotational conformers for each molecule. The “gauche” conformer corresponds to a C-C-S-C (diallyl sulfide) or C-C-S-S (diallyl disulfide) dihedral angle of 70° and the “trans” conformer corresponds to a C-C-S-C or C-C-S-S dihedral angle of 180°. For diallyl sulfide the “trans” C-S conformer is 260±26 cal mol−1 more stable than the “gauche” C-S conformer while for diallyl disulfide the “gauche” C-S conformer is 358±20 cal mol−1 more stable than the “trans” C-S conformer. In the solid state, both C-S conformers exist for diallyl sulfide but only the “gauche” C-S conformer exists for diallyl disulfide.
Bioinformatic analysis reveals a pattern of STAT3-associated gene expression specific to basal-like breast cancers in human tumors

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), a latent transcription factor associated with inflammatory signaling and innate and adaptive immune responses, is known to be aberrantly activated in a wide variety of cancers. In vitro analysis of STAT3 in human cancer cell lines has elucidated a number of specific targets associated with poor prognosis in breast cancer. However, to date, no comparison of cancer subtype and gene expression associated with STAT3 signaling in human patients has been reported. In silico analysis of human breast cancer microarray and reverse-phase protein array data was performed to identify expression patterns associated with STAT3 in basal-like and luminal breast cancers. Results indicate clearly identifiable STAT3-regulated signatures common to basal-like breast cancers but not to luminal A or luminal B cancers. Furthermore, these differentially expressed genes are associated with immune signaling and inflammation, a known phenotype of basal-like cancers. These findings demonstrate a distinct role for STAT3 signaling in basal breast cancers, and underscore the importance of considering subtype-specific molecular pathways that contribute to tissue-specific cancers.
Production of Alfvén Waves by a Rapidly Expanding Dense Plasma

results in the production of shear Alfven waves as well as large density perturbations (Dnn0 0.3) associated with the moving dense plasma. The waves propagate away from the target and are observed to become plasma-column resonances. Spatial patterns of the wave magnetic fields are measured and are used to estimate the coupling efficiency of the laser energy and the kinetic energy of the dense plasma into wave energy. The basic physics of a high-beta, spatially localized plasma expanding into an ambient plasma and the consequent radiation of wave energy is fundamental in many areas of space and plasma physics. In solar physics, coronal mass ejections may play a key role in the dynamics of space weather and the origin of turbulence in the solar wind [1,2]. In laboratory fusion experiments, some tokamaks are fueled by pellet injection — a method which can often cause disruptions [3,4]. Also in tokamaks, transport studies have been done using laser-ablation plasmas in which the expanding plasma was observed to cause hydromagnetic activity [5–7]. In the Earth’s ionosphere, the 1962 detonation of a 1.5 Megaton nuclear device at an altitude of 400 km (project STARFISH) may have disabled a power station as a result of intense wave propagation to the ground [8 –10]. In this Letter, we report the generation and observation of radiation from a rapidly expanding (yexpanyAlfven 0.1 1), high density (initially,
Transmission electron microscopy of Ru supported on model oxide surfaces

Abstract The shape and structure of small Ru crystallites have been investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The Ru crystallites were supported on nonporous submicron oxide particles having simple geometric shapes, e.g., spheres, cubes, etc. The use of such model supports considerably facilitates TEM of small metal crystallites. Since the metal is located on the external surface of the oxide particles, it is possible to observe the crystallites in projection through the oxide as well as edge-on. The profile views yield information on metal-oxide interfaces, contact angles, and wetting. We have found the shapes of Ru crystallites to be similar on both silica and magnesia surfaces. While small crystallites look spherical, the larger crystallites have characteristic ellipsoidal shapes. The larger crystallites are faceted and expose the {00.1}, {10.1}, and {10.0} surfaces of ruthenium.
Interaction between neurotransmitters and exogenous norepinephrine in isolated rat anococcygeus muscle

Continuous electrical field stimulation (EFS) elicited a sustained contraction and significantly increased the EC50 value of norepinephrine (NE), shifting the concentration-response curve for NE to the right. Tetrodotoxin significantly reduced the continuous EFS-evoked increases in basal tone and produced further dextral shift in the concentration-response curve for NE. N-methylhydroxylamine and NG-monomethyl-l-arginine (l-NMMA) attenuated the “dual” effects of continuous EFS on NE-induced contractions. l-Arginine partially reversed the inhibitory effect of l-NMMA. The results of the present study suggest that continuous EFS causes simultaneous release of both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, and the interaction (or functional antagonism) between the inhibitory neurotransmitter (endogenous nitric oxide, NO) and the excitatory neurotransmitter (endogenous NE), as well as exogenous NE, may occur at postjunctional site(s).
Poisson's ratio for piezoceramics

Poisson's ratios, with respect to rotated coordinate axes, for hexagonal materials, and particularly, poled ferroelectric ceramics, have been obtained. Formulae are given for ceramics of arbitrary orientation and electrical immittance boundary conditions. A number of simple cases are obtained for open-circuit boundary conditions.
A microcomputer-modified electrical aerosol analyzer

Abstract A commercial electrical aerosol analyzer has been modified through addition of a digital voltmeter, a microcomputer and a printer. In unattended operation the system can acquire a differential particle size distribution, print and plot the resulting spectrum in any of three possible representations, and repeat the cycle at preselected intervals.
PHYTOCHROME CONVERSION BY ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT

— Light absorbed primarily by the protein of phytochrome is active in transforming both the red and far-red absorbing forms. Pr and Pfr. The ratio of quantum yields for the conversions of Pr and Pfr by u.v. radiation (φr/φfr)u.v.= 1.5 and does not differ significantly from the ratio obtained with red and far-red light absorbed directly by the chromophores (φr/φfr)vvis. Thus, the efficiency of energy transfer from protein to chromophore is essentially the same for both forms of the chromoprotein. The ratio of the relative quantum yields for u.v. and visible light (φr)u.v./(φr)vis was 0.32 indicating that 30–35 per cent of the light energy absorbed by the protein was transferred to the chromophore.
Potentiation of amphetamine-induced arousal by food deprivation: effect of hypothalamic lesions.

Locomotor activity was studied in rats with lesions of the basomedial hypothalamus following food deprivation (0, 1, 2, and 4 days) and amphetamine (0, .5, 1.0, and 2.0 mg/kg). Control animals showed the normal potentiation of amphetamine-induced locomotor activity by starvation. Animals with lesions, however, did not differ, when deprived, from satiated control animals in their response to amphetamine. These results suggest that behavioral arousal produced by food deprivation is mediated by the basomedial hypothalamus.
A new augmentation based algorithm for extracting maximal chordal subgraphs

A graph is chordal if every cycle of length greater than three contains an edge between non-adjacent vertices. Chordal graphs are of interest both theoretically, since they admit polynomial time solutions to a range of NP-hard graph problems, and practically, since they arise in many applications including sparse linear algebra, computer vision, and computational biology. A maximal chordal subgraph is a chordal subgraph that is not a proper subgraph of any other chordal subgraph. Existing algorithms for computing maximal chordal subgraphs depend on dynamically ordering the vertices, which is an inherently sequential process and therefore limits the algorithms' parallelizability.In this paper we explore techniques to develop a scalable parallel algorithm for extracting a maximal chordal subgraph. We demonstrate that an earlier attempt at developing a parallel algorithm may induce a non-optimal vertex ordering and is therefore not guaranteed to terminate with a maximal chordal subgraph. We then give a new algorithm that first computes and then repeatedly augments a spanning chordal subgraph. After proving that the algorithm terminates with a maximal chordal subgraph, we then demonstrate that this algorithm is more amenable to parallelization and that the parallel version also terminates with a maximal chordal subgraph. That said, the complexity of the new algorithm is higher than that of the previous parallel algorithm, although the earlier algorithm computes a chordal subgraph which is not guaranteed to be maximal.We experimented with our augmentation-based algorithm on both synthetic and real-world graphs. We provide scalability results and also explore the effect of different choices for the initial spanning chordal subgraph on both the running time and on the number of edges in the maximal chordal subgraph.
Analysis of extreme hydrologic events with Gumbel distributions: marginal and additive cases

The importance of the Gumbel probability distribution for the description of extreme hydrologic events is examined in this article. The key findings of this work are: (1) an iterative method of least squares was developed and found to be well-suited for the efficient fitting of the two-parameter Gumbel distribution to hydrologic extremes; (2) negative truncation is necessary to adequately describe hydrologic minima (non-negative) data, while the standard Gumbel distribution for maxima is well-suited for modeling extreme (large) hydrologic events; (3) the distribution function of the sum of two independent Gumbel variables, of importance in hydrology, has been derived and successfully applied to spring flow data. Several examples that involve the modeling of hydrologic extremes are presented and analyzed.
Colloid-facilitated transport of contaminants in groundwater: mobilization of transuranic radionuclides from disposal trenches by natural organic matter

Abstract The role of natural organic matter (NOM) in enhancing the field-scale transport of transuranic radionuclides (TRU) in groundwater is used as a case study to illustrate the value of integrated laboratory and field approaches to understanding colloid-facilitated transport. Field observations provide evidence that TRU are mobilized and co-transported by NOM when hydrologic processes bring the groundwater in contact with waste buried in shallow trenches. This hypothesis receives further support from laboratory speciation studies and geochemical modeling. However, laboratory sorption studies indicate that the groundwater NOM should sorb to, and thus be retarded by the mineral surfaces of the formation. This issue is resolved through field studies of NOM transport. Discrepancies between laboratory predictions and field results reveal that the key process in NOM transport in natural—as opposed to model laboratory—systems is competitive adsorption among NOM subcomponents. Unlike laboratory studies of adsorption of NOM to clean mineral surfaces, surfaces in natural systems are coated with groundwater NOM, and binding sites are “passivated” with respect to further binding of the same NOM. The hypothesis that highly mobile NOM enhances TRU migration was tested by using lanthanides as field tracers to determine the extent of retardation of the TRU-NOM complex. The lanthanides, which have sorption and transport properties similar to TRU, migrated as NOM complexes without significant retardation over flow paths of 75-m. It is evident that assumptions inherent in many risk assessments for existing waste facilities, and performance assessments for future repositories, must begin to account for the role that even typically low levels of groundwater NOM plays in contaminant mobility.
Infection of Hyperomyzus lactucae by sowthistle yellow vein virus

Abstract The aphid Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) can be systemically infected with the sowthistle yellow vein virus. Particles were found in the nucleoplasm as well as the cytoplasm of cells of the following organs: brain, subesophageal ganglion, main and accessory glands of the salivary system, esophagus, ventriculus, ovaries, fat body, mycetome, and muscle. No particles were found in cells of the posterior portions of the intestines, or in embryos. The evidence indicates that the virus is assembled in nuclei of cells. In this site they are uncoated. Synhymenosis, resulting in coated particles, occurs when virions pass from the nucleoplasm through the inner nuclear membrane into perinuclear cisterna formed by the outer nuclear envelope. At later stages the nuclear membrane disintegrates and masses of particles are released which can then be found in various arrangements of encapsulation within the cytoplasm of infected cells.
Beneficial effects of inhaled nitric oxide in adult cardiac surgical patients.

Abstract Background . Pulmonary hypertension with associated right ventricular dysfunction may complicate the postoperative cardiac patient despite maximum pharmacologic and ventilatory support. The purpose of this study was to retrospectively review our experience with inhaled nitric oxide (INO) in adult postoperative cardiac patients with pulmonary hypertension. Methods . We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 17 adult cardiac patients treated with INO postoperatively between November 1998 and February 2000. The INO was used to manage pulmonary hypertension postoperatively in patients who had undergone coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) (n = 13), valve operation (n = 3), and combined CABG/aortic valve replacement (n = 1). Hemodynamic and respiratory measurements before INO and again 6 hours after administration were examined. Student's t test was used to analyze the data. Results . Inhaled nitric oxide (20 ppm to 30 ppm) was administered for a median duration of 30.2 hours. The group, as a whole, demonstrated a significant decrease in both mean pulmonary artery pressure and right ventricular stroke work index. In addition, a significant increase in posttherapeutic cardiac index and Pao 2 /Fio 2 ratio was observed. The vasodilatory effects of nitric oxide were specific to the pulmonary circulation as no significant change in mean arterial pressure was noted. Overall mortality was 6%. Conclusions . Inhaled nitric oxide effectively and selectively lowered right ventricular afterload and right ventricular work in critically ill adult cardiac patients with acute pulmonary hypertension.
Spatio-temporal patterns of soil water storage under dryland agriculture at the watershed scale

Summary Spatio-temporal patterns of soil water are major determinants of crop yield potential in dryland agriculture and can serve as the basis for delineating precision management zones. Soil water patterns can vary significantly due to differences in seasonal precipitation, soil properties and topographic features. In this study we used empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to characterize the spatial variability of soil water at the Washington State University Cook Agronomy Farm (CAF) near Pullman, WA. During the period 1999–2006, the CAF was divided into three roughly equal blocks (A, B, and C), and soil water at 0.3 m intervals to a depth of 1.5 m measured gravimetrically at approximately one third of the 369 geo-referenced points on the 37-ha watershed. These data were combined with terrain attributes, soil bulk density and apparent soil conductivity (ECa). The first EOF generated from the three blocks explained 73–76% of the soil water variability. Field patterns of soil water based on EOF interpolation varied between wet and dry conditions during spring and fall seasons. Under wet conditions, elevation and wetness index were the dominant factors regulating the spatial patterns of soil water. As soil dries out during summer and fall, soil properties (ECa and bulk density) become more important in explaining the spatial patterns of soil water. The EOFs generated from block B, which represents average topographic and soil properties, provided better estimates of soil water over the entire watershed with larger Nash–Sutcliffe Coefficient of Efficiency (NSCE) values, especially when the first two EOFs were retained. Including more than the first two EOFs did not significantly increase the NSCE of soil water estimate. The EOF interpolation method to estimate soil water variability worked slightly better during spring than during fall, with average NSCE values of 0.23 and 0.20, respectively. The predictable patterns of stored soil water in the spring could serve as the basis for delineating precision management zones as yield potential is largely driven by water availability. The EOF-based method has the advantage of estimating the soil water variability based on soil water data from several measurement times, whereas in regression methods only soil water measurement at a single time are used. The EOF-based method can also be used to estimate soil water at any time other than measurement times, assuming the average soil water of the watershed is known at that time.
Closed-form approximate expressions for the electrochemical response of microelectrodes in the zero range limit

We show that the electrochemical response of one or more microelectrodes can be described, in the limit of small size, by closed-form solutions of diffusion-kinetic equations, which, under appropriate and well-defined conditions, should give a good approximation to the actual response. The predictions of the analytical solutions for the diffusion-kinetic model are compared with microelectrode array experiments of Bard et al. and show excellent agreement. The analytical results make clear the various scaling properties of the solution, as a function of electrode size and spacings, as well as indicating the range of validity of the diffusion-kinetic model itself.
Estimating wage differentials without logarithms

Abstract Regression models of wage determination are typically estimated by ordinary least squares using the logarithm of the wage as the dependent variable. These models provide consistent estimates of the proportional impact of wage determinants only under the assumption that the distribution of the error term is independent of the regressors — an assumption that can be violated by the presence of heteroskedasticity, for example. Failure of this assumption is particularly relevant in the estimation of the impact of union status on wages. Alternative wage-equation estimators based on the use of quasi-maximum-likelihood methods are consistent under weaker assumptions about the dependence between the error term and the regressors. They also provide the ability to check the specification of the underlying wage model. Applying this approach to a standard data set, I find that the impact of unions on wages is overstated by a magnitude of 20-30 percent when estimates from log-wage regressions are used for inference.
Predecessors of the Commercial Drummer in the Old South

The commercial drummer seems to have occupied an important place in English trade for some time before his services were widely employed in this country. An article in Hunt's Merchants' Magazine in 1839 called attention to this situation and suggested that American business men were missing a real opportunity in not adopting similar methods. English drummers who called on the country trade had already acquired the stock characteristics that Americans only at a later date recognized as belonging to the occupation — the sample case as a badge of identification, together with a thorough grasp of the latest scandal for the entertainment of customers.
Preliminary investigations into methods of mitigating hydraulic fluid mist explosions

Many low flammability fluids, such as hydraulic fluids, are known to be flammable, or even explosive, when atomized. Because of the potential hazards involved, a preliminary study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of using standard fire extinguishing systems and agents to prevent or mitigate hydraulic mist explosions aboard ships. The concept was to apply the agent in the period between the formation of a mist cloud and the initiation of an explosion. Standard potassium bicarbonate-based dry agent (PKP) and carbon dioxide extinguishers and a hand-held water mist system were tested. PKP was found to be very effective in preventing or reducing the severity of the explosions; carbon dioxide had a small beneficial effect and the water mist had essentially no effect.