cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A neurogenetic mechanism of experience-dependent suppression of aggression

Aggression is an ethologically important social behavior but excessive aggression can be detrimental to animal fitness. Social experiences among conspecific individuals reduce aggression in a wide range of animals4. However, the genetic and neural basis for the experience-dependent suppression of aggression remains largely unknown. Here we found that nervy (nvy), a Drosophila homolog of vertebrate myeloid translocation gene (MTG) involved in transcriptional regulation, suppresses aggression via its action in a specific subset of neurons. Loss-of-function mutation of the nvy gene resulted in hyper-aggressiveness only in socially experienced flies, whereas overexpression of nvy suppressed spontaneous aggression in socially naive flies. The loss-of-function nvy mutant exhibited persistent aggression under various contexts in which wild-type flies transition to escape or courtship behaviors. Knockdown of nvy in octopaminergic/tyraminergic (OA/TA) neurons increased aggression, phenocopying the nvy mutation. We found that a subpopulation of OA/TA cells specifically labeled by nvy is required for the social-experience-dependent suppression of aggression. Moreover, cell-type-specific transcriptomics on nvy-expressing OA/TA neurons revealed aggression-controlling genes that are likely downstream of nvy. Our results are the first to describe the presence of a specific neuronal subpopulation in the central brain that actively suppresses aggression in a social-experience-dependent manner, illuminating the underlying genetic mechanism.
Effect of two-temperature parameter on thermoelastic vibration in micro and nano beam resonator

Abstract Thermoelastic vibration of micro and nano-beam resonators is described by the Euler-Bernoulli beam theory in context with two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity theory. The amplitude of deflection and thermal moment in the case of simply supported and the isothermal beam are obtained by the Laplace transform method along with the finite Fourier sine transform method and the vibration frequency is examined by the normal mode analysis when the beam-ends are clamped and isothermal. The effects of the two-temperature parameter and micro and nano-beam thickness on the amplitude of deflection, thermal moment, and thermoelastic vibration frequency of the micro and nano-beam resonator have been studied and shown with the numerical results. A comparison of the results with the corresponding results of the two-temperature generalized thermoelasticity (2TLS) and the Lord-Shulman (LS) theories is also presented. Besides, the size dependency nature of the micro and nano-beam is analyzed by analytical and numerical results.
'Family Advisor': The Trend for Athletes with Family Values

College athletics have become a big business. The NCAA does indeed allow for student-athletes to secure the advice of legal counsel, permitting a student-athlete to retain a lawyer to advise him or her and their family when the move to professional sports becomes imminent. This article argues for the importance of that good counsel, and illustrates that the NCAA does not restrict student-athletes from securing advice from lawyers or other individuals like a family advisor.
Policies and Programs Affecting the Employment of People with Disabilities - Policy Brief

The purpose of this brief is to summarize the wide range of federal programs and government policies that influence the employment and program participation decisions of people with disabilities and current research initiatives related to these programs and policies. The brief is organized by the following types of programs, policies, and initiatives:  federal programs that provide cash assistance, in-kind transfers (e.g., health insurance) and education, training, and rehabilitation support based on disability status and/or other characteristics (e.g., family structure);  federal tax policies that provide credits either directly to individuals with disabilities or to employers as an incentive to hire a person with a disability;  other employment-related programs and public policies that provide accommodation support and work incentives for people with disabilities;  recent policy changes that affect people with disabilities; and  some of the current research initiatives related to federal programs, tax policies, other employment programs and policies, and recent policy changes. We conclude with a summary of our program, policy, and research scan. This publication is based on The Economics of Policies and Programs Affecting the Employment of People with Disabilities, which provides a more comprehensive review of the policies and programs discussed here (as well as others) and analyzes the employment effects of these policies and programs within an economic framework.
Designing multinational online stores: challenges, implementation techniques and experience

With the onset of the Internet, traditional constraints such as geographical barriers have been abolished. Companies are no longer prevented from doing business simply because they are located in different parts of the world. However, there still remain barriers such as taxation, shipping, business practices, language and cultural differences that still prohibit a true globalized marketplace. To best serve customers, it is becoming increasingly important that companies address the wide range of business practices, languages and cultures when doing business through the Internet.It is significantly less expensive to develop and maintain catalogues and systems on a single web site that spans multiple languages and countries than it is to dedicate a server for each country. It is very often a top business priority to architect these multicultural sites so that the cost of doing e-business in multiple countries is kept to the absolute minimum.This paper describes various business and technical challenges, as well as a proven architecture that satisfies the desire to do e-business across multiple countries in an efficient and profitable way.
Diphosphopyridine nucleotide-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase: III. Sulfhydryl characteristics of the enzyme☆

Abstract An investigation of the sulfhydryl character of the DPN-linked aldehyde dehydrogenase of bovine liver is described. The sulfhydryl characterizing reagents, arsenite, γ-(p-arsenosophenyl)-n-butyrate, o-iodosobenzoate, and p-chloromercuribenzoate, as well as a number of analogues of these agents, were used in relation to observations of rates and extent of inactivation and also reactivation of the dehydrogenase. Certain pH effects were emphasized. In agreement with earlier published work, it was found that arsenite-thiol combinations are inhibitory, but also that arsenosophenylbutyrate is more effective as an inhibitor and does not require any added thiol as an adjunct to its action. Inhibition by the anionic forms of all of the reagents possessing substituent carboxyl groups was found to be pH-dependent. The results indicate that the uncharged molecules are more efficient as inhibitors than the related anions. The use of neutral analogues of such inhibitors aided this conclusion. Diphosphorpyridine nucleotide is capable of protecting the enzyme against all inhibitors studied but for varying time periods. “Protection” implies slowing of the rate of chemical attack upon the enzyme. The action of o-iodosobenzoate is delayed for hours. Glutathione affords 50% reversal of inhibition only in the case of mercurials, and BAL is somewhat effective in reversing the action of arsenite and of the γ-(p-arsenosophenyl)-n-butyrate ion.
Abstract 3862: Isolation and nanoscale visualization of glioblastoma stem-like cells utilizing the Notch1 receptor

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA Tumor eradication is an elusive goal in modern medicine. This unmet goal is in part due to the imprecise therapeutic targeting of a specific population of cells having “stem-like” properties. These stem-like tumor cells can remain almost senescent during chemotherapeutic interventions to evade treatment and produce genetically different secondary tumor lineages than their parental tumors. Here we develop a novel approach that utilizes the Notch1 receptor, found on the surface of glioma cells, to isolate a population of cells bearing stem-like properties. We identified this population to be Nestin+GFAP-, capable of serum differentiation into Nestin-GFAP+ cells, and self-regenerating. In addition, this unique population of cells has increased stem-like qualities compared to the CD133 marker. Utilizing affinity nanocapture grids, we were able to visualize Notch1+ stem-like cells and the perforation of their plasma membranes by unlabeled gold nanorods via electron microscopy. Previous studies have shown that tumor stem-like cells can exist within the larger tumor milieu, representing a potential threat to recurrence. We propose that 1) Notch1 may serve as a novel marker to define glioblastoma stem-like cells, capable of being used for targeting chemotherapeutic approaches in the future, and 2) affinity nanocapture grids represent a unique method for examining individual living cells at the nanoscale. Citation Format: Elliot Pohlmann, Susan Murphy, Debbie Kelly, Zhi Sheng. Isolation and nanoscale visualization of glioblastoma stem-like cells utilizing the Notch1 receptor. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 3862. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-3862
Land-Use Changes in Southern Appalachian Landscapes: Spatial Analysis and Forecast Evaluation

Understanding human disturbance regimes is crucial for developing effective conservation and ecosystem management plans and for targeting ecological research to areas that define scarce ecosystem services. We evaluate and develop a forecasting model for land-use change in the Southern Appalachians. We extend previous efforts by (a) addressing the spatial diffusion of human populations, approximated by building density, (b) examining a long time period (40 years, which is epochal in economic terms), and (c) explicitly testing the forecasting power of the models. The resulting model, defined by linking a negative binomial regression model of building density with a logit model of land cover, was fit using spatially referenced data from four study sites in the Southern Appalachians. All fitted equations were significant, and coefficient estimates indicated that topographic features as well as location significantly shape population diffusion and land use across these landscapes. This is especially evident in the study sites that have experienced development pressure over the last 40 years. Model estimates also indicate significant spatial autocorrelation in land-use observations. Forecast performance of the models was evaluated by using a separate validation data set for each study area. Depending on the land-use classification scheme, the models correctly predicted between 68% and 89% of observed land uses. Tests based on information theory reject the hypothesis that the models have no explanatory power, and measures of entropy and information gain indicate that the estimated models explain between 47% and 66% of uncertainty regarding land-use classification. Overall, these results indicate that modeling land-cover change alone may not be useful over the long run, because changing land cover reflects the outcomes of more than one human process (for example, agricultural decline and population growth). Here, additional information was gained by addressing the spatial spread of human populations. Furthermore, coarse-scale measures of the human drivers of landscape change (for example, population growth measured at the county level) appear to be poor predictors of changes realized at finer scales. Simulations demonstrate how this type of approach might be used to target scarce resources for conservation and research efforts into ecosystem effects.
Equilibration operators for the solution of constrained matrix problem

The problem of determining a set of coefficients of a matrix which collectively satisfy certain constraints has become known as the constraively Matrix Problem. It has been widely studied because of its frequent appearance as a “core” problem in diverse applications. These include estimation of input-output tables in the regional sciences, of contingency tables in statistics, origin-destination flows in traffic analysis, and social -national accounts in economics.
Pectoralis Major Myofascial Onlay and Myocutaneous Flaps and Pharyngocutaneous Fistula in Salvage Laryngectomy

Objectives/Hypothesis To review the fistula rate in irradiated patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy, compare the effect of closure type on fistula rate, and examine possible perioperative risk factors that might contribute to an increased fistula rate. Study Design Case series with chart review. Methods We conducted a retrospective review of the University of Pittsburgh head and neck tumor registry and identified 73 patients from 1998 to 2011 who had received prior radiation before total laryngectomy or salvage laryngectomy and who had either primary closure, pectoralis major myofascial (PMMF) flap onlay, or pectoralis major myocutaneous (PMMC) flap. Results Fistula was more common in patients who underwent initial primary closure (45%) than in patients who had immediate PMMF onlay (10.5%). The fistula rate for patients who underwent immediate PMMC flap was 28.6%, intermediate to primary closure and PMMF flap. Several factors were evaluated for relationship to fistula, but no significant associations were identified. However, patients with fistula tended to have longer inpatient stays and may have been more likely to have a history of cardiovascular or hypoxic disease. Conclusion Pharyngocutaneous fistula is a well-established complication of total laryngectomy and is especially a concern in patients with a previous history of radiation. Our retrospective review demonstrates that PMMF onlay flap appears to be more effective in reducing the rate of fistula compared to primary closure in these patients. Myocutaneous augmentation flaps, in contrast, have a fairly high fistula rate and may be better replaced with alternative closures such as free flaps. Level of Evidence 4. Laryngoscope, 124:2680–2686, 2014
Inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity in Tanzania

The paper investigates the structure and dynamics of consumption inequality and inequality of opportunity in Tanzania. The analysis covers the period 2001 to 2012. It reveals moderate and declining levels of consumption inequality at the national level, but increasing inequalities between geographic regions. Spatial inequalities are mainly driven by the disparities of households’ characteristics and endowments across geographic locations. An important part of these endowments results from intergenerational transmission of parental background. Father’s education appears as the most important background variable affecting consumption and income in Tanzania. Without appropriate policy actions, there are few chances for the next generations to spring out of the poverty and inequality lived by their parents, engendering risks of poverty and inequality traps in the country.
Meningocele manqué: radiologic findings with clinical correlation.

PURPOSE To determine whether meningocele manque can be detected by neuroimaging techniques in dysraphic patients. METHODS We reviewed the records and imaging studies of 16 patients with surgically proved meningocele manque seen at our institution between 1989 and 1990. Both CT and MR imaging techniques were used. CT of the spine was performed immediately following contrast myelography. RESULTS Nine of 16 patients (CT, four; and MR, five) showed evidence of meningocele manque which corresponded to intraoperative findings. Fourteen of 16 patients were found to have diastematomyelia, eight with medium septum and six without a septum. Associated findings included syrinx (six), lipoma (five), dermoid cyst (one), and neuroenteric cyst (one). After completing this review, we were able to prospectively diagnose dorsal bands in two new patients; these bands were confirmed at surgery. CONCLUSION Dorsal bands can be detected in dysraphic patients with CT or MR using operative findings as a road map.
Determination of Calcium in Urine and Serum by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS)

The determination of calcium in biologic fluids by atomic absorption spectrophotometry is interfered with by the presence of protein, cations, and those anions that form complexes with calcium. Such interference was overcome when lanthanum was included in a 1:50 dilution of serum or urine. Recovery of calcium added to calcium-free serum was 100%. The S.D. based on double-blind duplicates was 0.22 mg./lOO ml. Excellent statistical agreement was found between the test method and each of the 2 reference methods.
Cholinergic mechanisms in affective disorders. Future directions for investigation.

Advances in clinical and basic research methodology combined with clearly articulated concepts create new opportunities for researching the roles of cholinergic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of affective disorders. Areas for study include: roles of cholinergic mechanisms in mediating effects of stress and cholinergic mechanisms linking the pathophysiologies of affective and panic disorders, use of pharmacologic agents to produce cholinergic system supersensitivity in modeling biologic aspects of affective illness, use of multigenerational intrapedigree studies of cholinergic markers associated with affective disease, research into the neurobiology of lithium and ECT as they pertain to muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms, study of the interrelationship of sodium, calcium and lithium ion metabolism and their relationship to cholinergic-monoaminergic interaction, the development of brain imaging strategies and techniques, e.g., positron emission tomography (PET), to measure changes in cholinergic receptor density and affinity as a function of clinical state, identification and validation of a peripheral model of the central muscarinic receptor, study of the pharmacology of abusable substances and its relationship to mechanisms regulating mood, affect, psychomotor function and other variables related to the affective disorders, and development of in vitro and in vivo models useful in studying the physiology and biochemistry of the interaction of cholinergic and monoaminergic neurons. These models may allow us to bridge the traditional cholinergic and monoamine hypotheses of affective disorders.
Political Ethics and Public Office

Introduction Problems of the Ethics of Office Methods of the Ethics of Office 1. Democratic Dirty Hands The Persistence of the Problem The Limits of Democratic Distance The Assumption of Accountability Reviewing the Decision Generalizing the Decision Mediating the Decision The End of Dirty Decisions Democratic Deterrence 2. The Moral Responsibility of Many Hands Hierarchical Responsibility Collective Responsibility Personal Responsibility Alternative Causes Causing and Advising Good Intentions The Ignorance of Officials The Compulsion of Offices 3. Official Crime and Punishment The Problem of Moral Responsibility The Problem of Political Responsibility Limits of Criminal Responsibility 4. Legislative Ethics Minimalist Ethics Functionalist Ethics Rationalist Ethics The Particulars of Generality The Autonomous Legislator The Pecuniary Connection The Necessity of Publicity 5. The Private Lives of Public Officials The Value of Privacy The Scope of Privacy: Substantive Criteria The Scope of Privacy: Procedural Criteria 6. Paternalistic Power The Concept of Paternalism The Justification of Paternalism The Paternalism of the Professions Compulsory Medical Treatment The Law of Involuntary Guardianship The Distribution of Public Welfare The Regulation of Drugs The Regulation of Safety 7. The Ethics of Social Experiments The Story of the Denver Income Maintenance Experiment (DIME) The Ethics of the DIME Evaluations and Implications of the DIME Notes Credits Index
Exploring the Accuracy and Simplicity of Idiographic Feeling-Performance Models

This study compared 3 types of idiosyncratic feeling-performance profiles: recall profiles, probabilistic-pIZOF profiles, and simplified “trigger” profiles. Ten tennis players created individualized (“initial recall”) profiles before monitoring their feelings and performances during matches (to generate “pIZOF profiles”). Participants identified 4 triggers items from their 12- or 13-item profiles that they felt were critical to their performance. Probabilistic-pIZOF profiles predicted performance correctly 64% of the time. Trigger profiles were 66% accurate (the top 3 were 70% accurate). Initial recall profiles were accurate 40% of the time. The study provides practical information about the utility of simplified profiles, and information about the accuracy of feeling-performance profile predictions. The results are also discussed within the framework of third-wave behavioral approaches such as mindfulness-acceptance-commitment therapies.
Automatic visual guidance of a forklift engaging a pallet

This paper presents the development of a prototype vision-guided forklift system for the automatic engagement of pallets. The system is controlled using the visual guidance method of mobile camera-space manipulation, which is capable of achieving a high level of precision in positioning and orienting mobile manipulator robots without relying on camera calibration. The paper contains development of the method, the development of a prototype forklift as well as experimental results in actual pallet engagement tasks. The technology could be added to AGV systems enabling them to engage arbitrarily located pallets. It also could be added to standard forklifts as an operator assist capability.
Neural spike generator entrainment by regularly spaced synaptic input

It has been known for 30 years that the output of a repetitively firing neuron or pacemaker can be synchronized (locked) to regularly spaced inhibitory or excitatory postsynaptic input potentials. Conditions for stable locking have been determined mathematically, demonstrated in computer simulation, and locking has been observed in vivo. We have developed a neural spike generator circuit model which exhibits stable locking to externally derived simulated inhibitory or excitatory post-synaptic inputs. Conditions for stable 1 : 1 lock, in which pacemaker output frequency matches that of the periodic input, are derived. These take the form of expressions for stable delay and convergence factor which incorporate known or measurable parameters of the circuit model. The expressions have been evaluated and shown to compare satisfactorily with experimental observations of locking by our circuit model.
Demixing pressure measurements of aerosol-ot in ethane + alcohol solvent mixtures

The demixing pressures (dew point pressures) for sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl)sulfosuccinate (AOT) in supercritical ethane + alcohol cosolvent mixtures were measured in a variable-volume view cell. The alcohols studied include methanol, 1-propanol, 1-octanol, and benzyl alcohol. The temperatures studied ranged from 40 to 100 °C with overall alcohol mass fractions ranging from 0 to 0.07. The demixing pressures for AOT (1.6 mass %) in supercritical ethane with methanol, 1-propanol, and 1-octanol were found to linearly increase with temperature. The demixing pressure was found to decrease with increasing alcohol concentration at constant temperature. The differences between methanol and propanol were resolved by calculation of the demixing solvent densities. The addition of 1-octanol decreased the demixing pressure slightly less than the addition of 1-propanol (for 3 mass % cosolvent). For benzyl alcohol as the cosolvent, the demixing pressure increased with increasing cosolvent concentration and showed a very no...
Mannose 6-Phosphate Receptor Homology (MRH) Domain-Containing Lectins in the Secretory Pathway

Abstract Background The mannose 6-phosphate receptor homology (MRH) domain-containing family of proteins, which include recycling receptors (mannose 6-phosphate receptors, MPRs), resident endoplasmic reticulum (ER) proteins (glucosidase II β-subunit, XTP3-B, OS-9), and a Golgi glycosyltransferase (GlcNAc-phosphotransferase γ-subunit), are characterized by the presence of one or more MRH domains. Many MRH domains act as lectins and bind specific phosphorylated (MPRs) or non-phosphorylated (glucosidase II β-subunit, XTP3-B and OS-9) high mannose-type N-glycans. The MPRs are the only proteins known to bind mannose 6-phosphate (Man-6-P) residues via their MRH domains. Scope of review Recent biochemical and structural studies that have provided valuable insight into the glycan specificity and mechanisms of carbohydrate recognition by this diverse group of MRH domain-containing proteins are highlighted. Major conclusions Currently, three-dimensional structures are known for ten MRH domains, revealing the conservation of a similar fold. OS-9 and the MPRs use the same four residues (Gln, Arg, Glu, and Tyr) to bind mannose. General significance The MRH domain-containing proteins play key roles in the secretory pathway: glucosidase II, XTP3-B, and OS-9 are involved in the recognition of nascent glycoproteins, whereas the MPRs play an essential role in lysosome biogenesis by targeting Man-6-P-containing lysosomal enzymes to the lysosome.
On processing information from a glance at a scene: some implications for a syntax and semantics of visual processing

A program of research designed to measure and model the human's capacity for comprehension of displays of real-world scenes is described. The results of experiments on perceiving jumbled and bizarre scenes show that in the first 100 msec. of a single glance at a novel scene, sufficient information is extracted to meet several criteria of scene comprehension. Speed and accuracy of scene perception are mediated by scene schemata--internal, semantic representations of scenes.
A SIMPLE MNEMONIC LARGE‐BASE NUMBER SYSTEM FOR NOTATIONAL PURPOSES

One of the most formidable problems in developing a satisfactory universal classification is the restriction imposed by standard forms of notation. The principal classification systems, Dewey, Universal Decimal, Library of Congress, Bliss, and even Colon, have been seriously inhibited by their notations. In all except Dewey, an attempt has been made to surmount this difficulty by such devices as special arbitrary symbols, decimals necessitating a four‐line call number, Greek letters, or positional mixed notation. In none of the classifications, however, has it proved possible to add new major classes, on a par with the original ones, because of the fundamental limitations in the primary notation.
Photoabsorption in hot plasmas based on the ion-sphere and ion-correlation models

In hot plasmas the theoretically predicted photoabsorption cross sections rest upon the electronic states predicted by the plasma model. We compare the theoretical photoabsorption based on two models, the ion-sphere model and the ion-correlation model. We discuss the underlying physics and present calculations for iron, aluminum, and bromine plasmas, and also for a mixture of 14 elements under conditions occurring below the convective region of the sun.
The influence of bimetallic catalyst composition on single-walled carbon nanotube yield

Abstract We show that the yield of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) grown with bimetallic catalysts is a strong function of their atomic-scale composition. A series of compositionally-tuned NixFe1−x bimetallic catalysts with a constant mean diameter of 2.0 nm are used to catalyze the growth of nanotubes via a floating catalyst method. Increasing the Fe content in the catalysts is found to lower the fraction of SWCNTs in the collected as-grown product. Based on a simple surface-to-volume model, these results are explained by the higher carbon solubility of Fe compared to Ni which results in a larger amount of carbon precipitation and the formation of multi-walled tubes when the nanotubes are nucleated from catalysts with high Fe content. Overall, our study demonstrates that the size and composition of bimetallic catalysts must be precisely controlled to obtain high yields of SWCNTs for large-scale production.
Parallel distributed memory construction of suffix and longest common prefix arrays

Suffix arrays and trees are fundamental string data structures of importance to many applications in computational biology. Consequently, their parallel construction is an actively studied problem. To date, algorithms with best practical performance lack efficient worst-case run-time guarantees, and vice versa. In addition, much of the recent work targeted low core count, shared memory parallelization. In this paper, we present parallel algorithms for distributed memory construction of suffix arrays and longest common prefix (LCP) arrays that simultaneously achieve good worst-case run-time bounds and superior practical performance. Our algorithms run in O(Tsort(n, p) · log n) worst-case time where Tsort(n, p) is the run-time of parallel sorting. We present several algorithm engineering techniques that improve performance in practice. We demonstrate the construction of suffix and LCP arrays of the human genome in less than 8 seconds on 1,024 Intel Xeon cores, reaching speedups of over 110X compared to the best sequential suffix array construction implementation divsufsort.
Acute Self-Suppression of Corticosteroidogenesis in Isolated Adrenocortical Cells

The relation between steroidogenesis induced by ACTH and that induced by exogenous concentrations of glucocorticoids was studied in isolated adrenocortical cells. Exogenous corticosterone and cortisol, in concentrations within the production capacity of the adrenal gland, suppressed steroidogenesis induced by ACTH in rat and beef cells, respectively. The precursors pregnenolone and progesterone enhanced steroidogenesis in both rat and beef cells. Aldosterone in rat cells and 17 beta-estradiol in rat and beef cells had little if any effect on steroidogenesis. Either suppression or stimulation by exogenous steroids was acute, that is, after 2-h incubation for rat cells and 1-h incubation for beef cells. A direct suppressive action of end product glucocorticoids is indicated. This observed self-suppression of adrenocortical cells suggests the existence of a mechanism for the find adjustment of steroidogenesis that operates in addition to the classical control exerted by the anterior pituitary.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PREVIOUS DRIVING RECORD AND DRIVER CULPABILITY IN FATAL, MULTIPLE-VEHICLE COLLISIONS

Abstract In an effort to shed light on the relationship between past driving record and driver culpability in fatal, multiple vehicle collisions, the past driving records of 41 pairs of legally-culpable and legally-innocent male drivers—each pair involved in the same fatal accident—were compared for number of past moving violation convictions. As hypothesized, the legally-culpable drivers had approximately three times the number of past moving violation convictions as had the legally-innocent ones. Further analyses revealed a number of additional relationships, including the greater incidence of fatality and alcohol involvement among the legally-culpable drivers. Marked differences between the two groups in terms of central tendencies and covariance structure of relevant variables suggest that two different populations of drivers are involved.
A central California coastal ocean modeling study: 1. Forward model and the influence of realistic versus climatological forcing

[1] We report on a numerical simulation of the California Current circulation using the Regional Ocean Modeling System model, focusing on the region of northern and central California during the 5-year period from 2000 to 2004. Unlike previous model studies of the California Current System, the present configuration is characterized by both realistic external forcing and a spatial domain covering most of the North American West Coast. Specifically, this configuration is driven at the surface by high-resolution meteorological fields from the Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Mesoscale Prediction System and at the lateral open boundaries by output from the project Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean supported by the Global Ocean Data Assimilation Experiment. The simulation is evaluated favorably through quantitative comparisons with the California Cooperative Fisheries Investigations data set, satellite-derived sea surface temperature, and surface drifters–derived eddy kinetic energy. The impact of adopting realistic versus climatological surface forcing is demonstrated by comparing mean and mesoscale circulation characteristics. Realistic surface forcing qualitatively alters the seasonal cycle of the mean alongshore jet and better reproduces the summer spatial structure and intensity of the eddy kinetic energy field along the central California coast.
Improved Survival with HeartMate II Left Ventricular Assist Device for Acute Cardiogenic Shock

Diabetes mellitus (DM) and heart failure (HF) are frequent co-morbidities that adversely affect each other’s prognosis. Patients with both DM and HF are treated with a spectrum of therapies ranging from “diet only” to oral hypoglycemic (notwithstanding the glitazone limitations in advanced (NYHA III-IV) HF), insulin or combination. Although adequate DM control remains a desirable goal, there is no consensus about what type of anti-diabetic therapy is better suited for HF patients. We identified 160 patients with systolic LV dysfunction (LVEF ! 50%) and type II DM from our chronic HF clinic. We investigated the relationship between glycemic control, chronic therapy for HF and diabetes and hospitalization for acutely decompensated HF (ADHF) within the past 3 years. Demographically, the majority of our patients (66%) were African-Americans, 58% were male and 53% were non-ischemic. Baseline LVEF was 276 4% and baseline HgbA1c was 8.36 2 g/dl. Outpatient anti-DM therapy ranged from “diet only” (15%), to oral medicines only (35%), insulin only (40%) and insulin combined with oral medicines (10%). Insulin users had significantly higher HgbA1c than non-users (8.7 6 2.3 vs. 7.8 6 2.2 g/dl, P! 0.05) There were no significant baseline differences between the group hospitalized for ADHF (n564) and those who did not (n596) with regard to age, gender, race, baseline HgbA1c, baseline LVEF or cardiovascular therapies. The distribution of DM therapy however demonstrated different trends with insulin monotherapy (45% vs. 37%, pw 0.08) or diet-control only (22% vs. 12%, pw0.08) being more common and metformin use -among all oral anti-diabetic therapiesbeing less common (14% vs. 26%, pw 0.06) among patients with a history of ADHF hospitalization. In our predominantly African-American population of type II diabetic patients with advanced systolic dysfunction, there was a notable trend of metformin therapy associated with freedom from ADHF hospitalization, independent of HgbA1c control. These data are concordant with studies suggestive that metformin should not be withheld from diabetic patients with HF and support a plausible cardio-protective role.
Induction of EGR1/NGFI-A Gene Expression by Spreading Depression and Focal Cerebral Ischemia

In situ hybridization was used to evaluate EGR 1 (NGFI-A) gene expression in the rat brain following focal ischemia caused by middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). At 1 h postlesion (PL), there was a striking increase in EGR1 mRNA in neurons throughout the ipsilateral cortex, with a lesser increase occurring in a patchy distribution in the contralateral cortex. The ipsilateral hemispheric reaction was maximal at 1 h PL, slightly reduced after 3 and 5 h, and resolved after 24 h. Sham surgery limited to meningeal disruption resulted in a similar though less intense induction of EGR1 gene expression in the ipsilateral cortex only. After MCAO but not sham surgery, there was a vivid induction of EGR1 mRNA in the ipsilateral hippocampal formation (CA3 > CA1 > DG). While the hemispheric cortical and hippocampal increases in EGR1 expression had normalized at 24 h PL, intense EGR1 gene expression was seen in neurons of the infarct rim for several days. EGR1 mRNA was also increased in reactive glial cells in the infarct zone from 1 to 9 days after the infarct. In summary, successive waves of transient EGR1 gene expression mark the brain's response to ischemic injury: these include the widespread, unilateral cortical induction associated with the phenomenon of spreading depression, an apparent trans-synaptic activation of contralateral cortex and ipsilateral hippocampal formation-and more sustained responses in injured but surviving neurons and reactive glial cells. The extensive EGR1 expression demonstrated in this experimental paradigm suggests that EGR1 is a fundamental component of neural cell activation.
Preoperative assessment of cardiac risk and perioperative cardiac management in noncardiac surgery

More than 27 million Americans undergo noncardiac surgery annually. Cardiac complications can be a major source of morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. Preoperative risk stratification, intraoperative ischemia monitoring and postoperative surveillance help to predict, identify and efficiently treat these adverse events. A renewed emphasis on preoperative evaluation has helped to identify patients at an increased risk for adverse cardiac events and thus, implement noninvasive or invasive cardio protective strategies in an attempt to minimize these complications. In this review we briefly describe the current evidence on perioperative management of patients presenting for noncardiac surgery. As the surgeon will remain one of the first to evaluate patients before noncardiac surgery it is essential he/she be well versed with this information.
Strategies for controlling the active layer morphologies in OPVs

This review focuses on the recent developments in our understanding of active layer morphologies for organic photovoltaic cells and approaches to obtain active layer morphologies for high power conversion efficiencies. The evolution of active layer morphologies, as studied by high resolution electron microscopy, X-ray and neutron scattering, and dynamic secondary ion mass spectrometry, is covered, along with strategies including the use of small molecule additives, polymer nanowires and polymer nanoparticles to realize active layer morphologies. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys, 2012
Code-Smell Detection as a Bilevel Problem

Code smells represent design situations that can affect the maintenance and evolution of software. They make the system difficult to evolve. Code smells are detected, in general, using quality metrics that represent some symptoms. However, the selection of suitable quality metrics is challenging due to the absence of consensus in identifying some code smells based on a set of symptoms and also the high calibration effort in determining manually the threshold value for each metric. In this article, we propose treating the generation of code-smell detection rules as a bilevel optimization problem. Bilevel optimization problems represent a class of challenging optimization problems, which contain two levels of optimization tasks. In these problems, only the optimal solutions to the lower-level problem become possible feasible candidates to the upper-level problem. In this sense, the code-smell detection problem can be treated as a bilevel optimization problem, but due to lack of suitable solution techniques, it has been attempted to be solved as a single-level optimization problem in the past. In our adaptation here, the upper-level problem generates a set of detection rules, a combination of quality metrics, which maximizes the coverage of the base of code-smell examples and artificial code smells generated by the lower level. The lower level maximizes the number of generated artificial code smells that cannot be detected by the rules produced by the upper level. The main advantage of our bilevel formulation is that the generation of detection rules is not limited to some code-smell examples identified manually by developers that are difficult to collect, but it allows the prediction of new code-smell behavior that is different from those of the base of examples. The statistical analysis of our experiments over 31 runs on nine open-source systems and one industrial project shows that seven types of code smells were detected with an average of more than 86p in terms of precision and recall. The results confirm the outperformance of our bilevel proposal compared to state-of-art code-smell detection techniques. The evaluation performed by software engineers also confirms the relevance of detected code smells to improve the quality of software systems.
The relationship between personality disorders, normality and healthy personality: Personality on a continuum

The relationship between personality disorders, normality and healthy personality is discussed from a developmental and normative perspective. Psychological traits unique to the individual are seen as coexisting and continuing throughout the life span of personality development and across the traditional boundaries of personality disorders, normal personality, and healthy personality. This paper attempts to extend the pioneering work of Milton into the realm of healthy personality. Healthy personality is conceived of as an extension of a three factor model with: mystical, hardy, and self actualised personalities composing the healthy end of the spectrum.
Getting Under the Hood of the Volume-Outcome Relationship for Radical Cystectomy

Purpose: Hospital and surgeon volumes independently explain variations in outcomes for a host of surgical procedures. However, the mediators of the volume effect remain unclear. We assessed whether differences among hospitals could explain some or all of the volume effect on short-term outcomes after cystectomy for bladder cancer.Materials and Methods: Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample a 20% sampling of hospital discharges in the United States and the American Hospital Association file we applied International Classification of Diseased, 9th revision, clinical modification procedure codes to identify 1,847 patients who underwent cystectomy for bladder cancer in 2003. Multivariable mixed models were fit to quantify the differences in measures of hospital structure (capacity, staffing and health services) by hospital volume. Separate models were fit to determine the impact of accounting for these differences on the volume-outcome relationship.Results: There were substantial differences in hospital struc...
Beneficial effects of embryo extract on cultured rabbit cartilage cells.

Growth and the expression of cartilage-like differentiation by adult rabbit chondrocytes is stimulated greatly by the Sephadex G-25 macromolecular fraction of chicken embryo extract (CEEM). A small amount of fetal bovine serum or the macromolecular fraction of fetal bovine serum (FBSM) is also needed for growth. Medium F12 supplemented with CEEM plus FBSM supports moderate clonal growth of the rabbit chondrocytes with excellent expression of differentiated properties. The effects of CEEM on growth and the expression of differentiation have been quantitated by measurement of radioactive sulfate incorporation and total protein synthesis.
Composition studies on tobacco—XXII.: The nitromethane-soluble, neutral fraction of cigarette smoke

Abstract A nitromethane-soluble residue from the neutral fraction of cigarette smoke was resolved into a number of components by column and gas chromatographic methods. Spectral analysis (i.r., u.v. and mass) indicated the presence of benzyl benzoate, benzyl cinnamate, myristicin, cinnamonitrile, carbazole, indole and skatole. Some evidence was obtained for the presence of other aromatic esters, a halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon and certain substituted indoles and carbazoles.
Touch proxy interaction

The purpose of this research is to build and evaluate collaborative touch devices that influence behavior change over individuals in small group situations. This paper presents touch proxy objects for collocated collaboration and communication. Touch proxy objects afford and represent touch in order to allow the sense of touch to be shared between people. This paper presents preliminary observations from studies performed on existing touch communication objects.
Crossover from Ballistic to Epstein Diffusion in the Free-Molecular Regime

We investigate, through simulation, a system of aggregating particles in the free molecular regime that undergoes a crossover from ballistic to diffusive motion. As the aggregates grow, the aggregate mean free path becomes smaller and the motion between collisions becomes more diffusive. From growth kinetics, we find that when the ratio of the aggregate mean path to the mean aggregate nearest neighbor separation reaches of the order of unity, a crossover to diffusive motion occurs. This ratio, called the nearest neighbor Knudsen number, becomes an important parameter in understanding aerosol aggregation in the free molecular regime.Copyright 2014 American Association for Aerosol Research
Competitive Ligand-Binding Assay for Measurement of Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)

ABSTRACT A competitive ligand-binding assay (CLBA) based on partition of a constant amount of radiolabeled ligand, 3H-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) between sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and a fixed amount of rabbit anti-DHT has been utilized to measure serum SHBG concentration. The method is convenient, sensitive, precise and reproducible and it accurately measures differences in SHBG concentration. Serum albumin and corticosteroid-binding globulin do not interfere in this assay. A consistent inverse correlation was observed between SHBG concentrations and the percent unbound E2 in human serum. The mean (±sem) serum SHBG concentration in newborn infant boys of 0.31 ± 0.02 U/ml was not significantly different from that in newborn infant girls (0.29 ± 0.02 U/ml). The mean value of 0.22 ± 0.03 U/ml in prepubertal boys was lower than newborn value but higher than 0.12 ± 0.01 U/ml observed in men. SHBG levels of 10 cirrhotic men were not different from normal values but that of 10 hyperthyroid men was 6–7-fo...
Reflexive introspection on sharing gifts and shaping stories

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to convey how reflexive introspection can be used to discover new insights from previously recorded ethnographic data. A reflexive introspection of experiences recorded on tape, in fieldwork notebooks, personal journals and in correspondence bares ulterior motives and complicity in escalating consumer desires that suggests a retextualization of the fieldwork experience.