cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: pathophysiology and management strategies.

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) has classically been described as including inflammation, architectural disruption, fibrosis, and disordered/delayed development of the infant lung. As infants born at progressively earlier gestations have begun to survive the neonatal period, a ‘new’ BPD, consisting primarily of disordered/delayed development, has emerged. BPD causes not only significant complications in the newborn period, but is associated with continuing mortality, cardiopulmonary dysfunction, re-hospitalization, growth failure, and poor neurodevelopmental outcome after hospital discharge. Four major risk factors for BPD include premature birth, respiratory failure, oxygen supplementation, and mechanical ventilation, although it is unclear whether any of these factors is absolutely necessary for development of the condition. Genetic susceptibility, infection, and patent ductus arteriosus have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of the disease. The strategies with the strongest evidence for effectiveness in preventing or lessening the severity of BPD include prevention of prematurity and closure of a clinically significant patent ductus arteriosus. Some evidence of effectiveness also exists for single-course therapy with antenatal glucocorticoids in women at risk for delivering premature infants, surfactant replacement therapy in intubated infants with respiratory distress syndrome, retinol (vitamin A) therapy, and modes of respiratory support designed to minimize ‘volutrauma’ and oxygen toxicity. The most effective treatments for ameliorating symptoms or preventing exacerbation in established BPD include oxygen therapy, inhaled glucocorticoid therapy, and vaccination against respiratory pathogens. Many other strategies for the prevention or treatment of BPD have been proposed, but have weaker or conflicting evidence of effectiveness. In addition, many therapies have significant side effects, including the possibility of worsening the disease despite symptom improvement. For instance, supraphysiologic systemic doses of glucocorticoids lessen the incidence of BPD in infants at risk for the disease, and promote weaning of oxygen and mechanical ventilation in infants with established BPD. However, the side effects of systemic glucocorticoid therapy, most notably the recently recognized adverse effects on neurodevelopment, preclude their routine use for the prevention or treatment of BPD. Future research in BPD will most probably focus on continued incremental improvements in outcome, which are likely to be achieved through the combined effects of many therapeutic modalities.
Novel technique for the production of high-pressure air constituent plasmas

Summary form only given. We present a novel method of producing a high-density /spl sim/10/sup 12/-10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/, large (500-2500 cc) volume, high-pressure air constituent plasmas. An organic gas, Tetrakis (dimethyl-amino) ethylene (TMAE), seeded in high-pressure air constituent gases is pre-ionized by a 193 nm excimer laser (300 mJ, 20(/spl plusmn/2) ns) and then sustained by the efficient absorption of the radio-frequency (rf) power (1-25 kW pulsed) through inductive coupling of the wave fields, thereby reducing the rf initiation power budget. A multi-turn helical antenna is used to couple rf power through an rf matching network to sustain the plasma. TMAE plasma density and decay recombination mechanisms with and without the background gas are examined using a 105 GHz interferometer. Optical emission spectroscopy is also employed to study the process of delayed ionization of the seed gas and rf creation of air constituent plasma and determine the plasma temperature. RF wave penetration and projection of plasma away from the source region are also examined for different gas flow rates.
FOLLOW-UP OF PATIENTS WITH ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX AND CERVICAL STUMP.

Abstract From 1948 through 1963, 1,780 patients with invasive carcinoma of the cervix were seen. Of these 80 patients (4.5 per cent) were diagnosed primary adenocarcinoma of the cervix or of the cervical stump. Fifty-one patients (64 per cent) received irradiation therapy only, and of these 28 patients (55 per cent) were Stage I or Stage II. A total of 9 patients (18 per cent) treated by irradiation now live and all were Stage I or Stage II. Operation, with and without irradiation, was performed in 29 patients (36 per cent). Twenty-five patients had radical Wertheim procedures and 16 patients (54 per cent) are now alive. Four other patients had a less adequate operation and one is living. The over-all salvage in this group is 17 patients (58 per cent). Follow-up of the original 50 patients seen between 1938–1947 with adenocarcinoma of the cervix is presented. Three still survive. Thus, of 3,211 total cancers of the cervix seen between 1938 and 1963, inclusive, 130 patients (4.02 per cent) had a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma of the cervix. Twenty-nine (22.3 per cent) are living; 19 have survived 5 or more years and 15 (11.5 per cent) have lived 10 or more years.
Updating the US hydrologic classification: an approach to clustering and stratifying ecohydrologic data

Hydrologic classifications unveil the structure of relationships among groups of streams with differing stream flow and provide a foundation for drawing inferences about the principles that govern those relationships. Hydrologic classes provide a template to describe ecological patterns, generalize hydrologic responses to disturbance, and stratify research and management needs applicable to ecohydrology. We developed two updated hydrologic classifications for the continental US using two streamflow datasets of varying reference standards. Using only reference-quality gages, we classified 1715 stream gages into 12 classes across the US. By including more streamflow gages (n=2618) in a separate classification, we increased the dimensionality (i.e. classes) and hydrologic distinctiveness within regions at the expense of decreasing the natural flow standards (i.e. reference quality). Greater numbers of classes and higher regional affiliation within our hydrologic classifications compared to that of the previous US hydrologic classification (Poff, 1996) suggested that the level of hydrologic variation and resolution was not completely represented in smaller sample sizes. Part of the utility of classification systems rests in their ability classify new objects and stratify analyses. We constructed separate random forests to predict hydrologic class membership based on hydrologic indices or landscape variables. In addition, we provide an approach to assessingmore » potential outliers due to hydrologic alteration based on class assignment. Departures from class membership due to disturbance take into account multiple hydrologic indices simultaneously; thus, classes can be used to determine if disturbed streams are functioning within the realm of natural hydrology.« less
Anatomy of a negative feedback loop: the case of IκBα

The magnitude, duration and oscillation of cellular signalling pathway responses are often limited by negative feedback loops, defined as an 'activator-induced inhibitor' regulatory motif. Within the NFκB signalling pathway, a key negative feedback regulator is IκBα. We show here that, contrary to current understanding, NFκB-inducible expression is not sufficient for providing effective negative feedback. We then employ computational simulations of NFκB signalling to identify IκBα molecular properties that are critical for proper negative feedback control and test the resulting predictions in biochemical and single-cell live-imaging studies. We identified nuclear import and nuclear export of IκBα and the IκBα-NFκB complex, as well as the free IκBα half-life, as key determinants of post-induction repression of NFκB and the potential for subsequent reactivation. Our work emphasizes that negative feedback is an emergent systems property determined by multiple molecular and biophysical properties in addition to the required 'activator-induced inhibitor' relationship.
Arithmetic of Semigroup Semirings

We define semigroup semirings by analogy with group rings and semigroup rings. We study the arithmetic properties and determine sufficient conditions under which a semigroup semiring is atomic, has finite factorization, or has bounded factorization. We also present a semigroup-semiring analog (although not a generalization) of the Gauss lemma on primitive polynomials.
LANGUAGE RIGHTS AND THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE IN THE UNITED STATES

The Question of an Official Language: Language Rights and the English Language Amendment. Focus article and rebuttal essay. By David F. Marshall with comments by others.
The temperature-sensitive adenylylation of tRNA in cacodylate and other buffers

Abstract A temperature-sensitive adenylylation of tRNA (in the presence of cacodylate buffer) by an enzyme from Neurospora crassa has been documented. Notably different extents of adenylylation of tRNA are achieved at 20 and 37°C in the presence of excess enzyme. The phenomenon is not due simply to “renaturation” of metastable forms of tRNA in the presence of Mg 2+ at the warmer temperature. The phenomenon is apparent with both homologous and heterologous tRNAs. This effect is not shown in Tris—maleate and certain other buffers. Cacodylate ion, like arsenate and phosphate, appears to play some role other than mere binding of Mg 2+ in a form inaccessible to the enzyme; rather, a Mg 2+ — cacodylate chelate may exert an effect itself. Possibly, a “mixed chelate, formed between one cacodylate ion and Mg 2+ with the phosphate group of the tRNA, may so alter the structure of tRNA that it is no longer accessible to this enzyme. The inactive complex, whatever its composition, is stable at 20°C but breaks down rapidly at 37°C.
[The physiopathological basis for Zenker's diverticulum].

Storungen der pharyngooesophagealen Phase des Schluckens, inkl. Zenker-Divertikel, resultieren aus Anderungen der neuromuskularen Vorgange, die beim Kauen, zu Beginn des Schluckens und bei der Beforderung der Speise vom Oropharynx in den cervicalen Oesophagus beteiligt sind. Obwohl eine Reihe von Mechanismen zur Erklarung der Entstehung des Zenker-Divertikels vorgeschlagen wurde – inkl. Storung der Sphincterkoordination, Schlucken gegen einen geschlossenen oberen Oesophagussphincter (OOS), versagende OOS-Relaxation, hypertensiver „spastischer“ OOS –, weisen neuere Untersuchungen darauf hin, das eine veranderte Compliance des cricopharyngealen Segments an der Pathophysiologie des Zenker-Divertikels beteiligt ist. Manometrisch kann eine Relaxation auch dann vorkommen, wenn anatomisch keine Offnung erfolgt ist. Eine fehlende Koordination ist ungewohnlich. Complianceanderungen sind mit einer speziellen cricopharyngealen Manometrie nachweisbar als Verminderung der Sphincteroffnung oder als Erhohung des Boluspassagedrucks. Diese Storungen normalisieren sich nach Diverticulektomie und cricopharyngealer Mytomie.
Cognitive-behavioral therapy for somatization and symptom syndromes: a critical review of controlled clinical trials.

Objective: Few treatments for somatization have been proven effective. In the past decade, however, clinical trials of cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) have been promising. Our ai
Answer to February 2015 Photo Quiz

Answer: Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection syndrome. The blood agar plates demonstrated serpiginous bacterial growth suspicious for Strongyloides stercoralis infection (as the larvae crawl over the agar, they carry bacteria with them, creating visible tracks). Review of the Gram stain of
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of the Energetic Room-Temperature Ionic Liquid, 1-Hydroxyethyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium Nitrate (HEATN)

Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations have been performed to investigate the structure and dynamics of an energetic ionic liquid, 1-hydroxyethyl-4-amino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate (HEATN). The generalized amber force field (GAFF) was used, and an electronically polarizable model was further developed in the spirit of our previous work (Yan, T.; Burnham, C. J.; Del Popolo, M. G.; Voth, G. A. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 11877). In the process of simulated annealing from a liquid state at 475 K down to a glassy state at 175 K, the MD simulations identify a glass-transition temperature region at around 250−275 K, in agreement with experiment. The self-intermediate scattering functions show vanishing boson peaks in the supercooled region, indicating that HEATN may be a fragile glass former. The coupling/decoupling of translational and reorientational ion motion is also discussed, and various other physical properties of the liquid state are intensively studied at 400 K. A complex hydrogen bond network was revealed...
Cavitation damage experiments for mercury spallation targets at the LANSCE – WNR in 2008

Abstract Proton beam experiments investigating cavitation damage in short pulse mercury spallation targets were performed at LANSCE – WNR in July of 2008. They included two main areas for investigation: damage dependence on mercury velocity using geometry more prototypic to the SNS target than previously employed and damage dependence on incident proton beam flux intensity. The flow dependence experiment employed six test targets with mercury velocity in the channel ranging from 0 to more than 4 m/s. Each was hit with 100 WNR beam pulses with peak proton flux equivalent to that of SNS operating at 2.7 MW. Damage dependence on incident proton beam flux intensity was also investigated with three intensity levels used on simple rectangular shaped targets without mercury flow. Intensity variation was imposed by focusing the beam differently while maintaining protons per pulse. This kept total energy deposited in each target constant. A fourth test target was hit with various beams: constant protons and varied spot size; constant spot size and varied protons. No damage will be assessed in this case. Instead, acoustic emissions associated with cavitation collapse were measured by laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) from readings of exterior vessel motions as well as by mercury wetted acoustic transducers. This paper will provide a description of the experiment and present available results. Damage assessment will require several months before surface analysis can be completed and was not available in time for IWSMT-9.
Housing Price Dynamics and the Valuation of Mortgage Default Options

Abstract The mortgage pricing literature typically assumes that house prices evolve according to a geometric Brownian motion; the literature then employs conventional arbitrage arguments to value mortgages and their imbedded default options. However, this is not a realistic approach to the modeling of the real estate market. In this paper, we propose a method of polynomial approximation to value the mortgage default option. This methodology does not rely on arbitrage arguments. Rather than assuming the house price to be a random walk process, we set up a more realistic house price model with three return components and then use actual transaction data in four cities to estimate the price process. We then apply the empirically estimated house price model to value the default option. We show that variation in the forecastable returns can produce significant variation in the mortgage default option price. The serial correlation of the market return is found to have strong impacts on the price of the default option in all four cities. The random walk model is not able to use the information of current market return and persistent idiosyncratic error for the valuation of the mortgage default option, and therefore may lead to mispricing of the option.
Measuring Charge Transport in a Thin Solid Film Using Charge Sensing

We measure charge transport in a hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin film using a nanometer scale silicon MOSFET as a charge sensor. This charge detection technique makes possible the measurement of extremely large resistances even in the presence of blocking contacts. At high temperatures, where the resistance of the a-Si:H is not too large, the charge detection measurement agrees with a direct measurement of current. The device geometry allows us to probe both the field effect and dispersive transport in the a-Si:H using charge sensing and to extract the density of states near the Fermi energy.
Phenomenology of the growth of single-walled aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes of precise dimensions

We report a detailed phenomenological study of the growth and structural properties of single-walled aluminosilicate and aluminogermanate nanotubes with a structure analogous to the naturally occurring nanotube mineral imogolite. The evolution of the aqueous-phase nanotube synthesis process over a period of 5 days was carefully analyzed by a number of qualitative and quantitative characterization tools. In particular, the time-dependence of the nanotube size, structure, and solid-state packing was followed using electron microscopy, electron diffraction, X-ray diffraction, and dynamic light scattering. From analysis of the dispersed and solid-state properties of the nanotubes, we obtained several findings: (1) the dimensions of the aluminogermanate nanotubes are approximately 15 nm in length and 3.3 nm in their (outer) diameter, whereas those of the aluminosilicate nanotubes are 100 and 2.2 nm, respectively; (2) nanotube materials are formed at a very early stage in the reaction; (3) the structure of the...
Freshly isolated rat alveolar type I cells, type II cells, and cultured type II cells have distinct molecular phenotypes.

We used microarray analysis with Affymetrix rat chips to determine gene expression profiles of freshly isolated rat type I (TI) and TII cells and cultured TII cells. Our goals were 1) to describe m...
Lifelong feeding of a high aluminum diet to mice

In three experiments, high aluminum diets (1000 microg Al/g diet) were fed to mice throughout their life span to determine whether neurodegenerative changes were seen with aging. Brain Al concentrations were slightly lower in Al-treated mice than controls. Generally, no increased mortality or gross evidence of neurodegeneration was seen in Al-treated mice. Eighteen and 24 month old Swiss Webster mice fed the high aluminum diet differed from controls on some neurobehavioral tests, but differences were no greater than previously seen with shorter term exposure in younger mice. Both brain Al concentration and susceptibility to oxidative damage, as measured with TBARS, were lower in the Al-treated aged mice than in controls. In addition, Al-treated aged Swiss Webster and C57BL/6J mice showed somewhat enhanced performance in the Morris water maze. Finally, Al treatment did not exacerbate the effect of MPTP treatment on a grip strength measure in either 66 or 235 day old male mice. Swiss Webster and C57BL/6J mice do not appear to provide useful models for studying Al-induced neurodegenerative changes in aging.
Droplet Vaporization in a High-Pressure Gas

Evaporation of single, liquid droplets in a high-temperature, high-pressure gaseous environment has been investigated experimentally. The effects of gas temperature, pressure, and strength of naturally occurring convective flows were studied. Pure hydrocarbon (n-heptane) and trichlorotrifluoroethane (R-113) droplets were vaporized in a nitrogen atmosphere within a sealed chamber, which was developed to minimize forced convection. Experiments were carried out in normal and microgravity (~ 10−5 g) fields in order to examine the effect of natural convection. A single droplet was attached to the end of a quartz fiber. The gas temperature and pressure were raised quickly by a compressive process. The gas temperature and pressure were varied from 0.93<Tr <1.23 and 0.32<Pr <0.73. The droplet was located at the point of compressive symmetry. Droplet lifetime and instantaneous vaporization rate were determined from the data recorded by video camera. The results indicated that ambient gas temperature is a more significant parameter than ambient pressure for high-pressure droplet vaporization. This conclusion was based on comparisons of droplet vaporization rate for the range of temperatures and pressure tested. Ambient gas pressure was seen to have a weaker influence on vaporization rate. Removal of the gravity field during free-fall experiments resulted in an increase of droplet life time of about 30 percent for the case of R-113 liquid, and little change for the n-heptane droplets.
Examining contextual differences in the development of instructional leadership and school achievement

This study examined the generalizability of a principal instructional leadership model and its impact on school academic achievement across different school levels. The study tested the model across elementary and secondary school levels. The study also examined whether elementary school principals exert stronger instructional leadership influence over their school's academic achievement than high school principals. The results confirmed the fit of the same instructional leadership model to principals from both school levels. The results are discussed in terms of their theoretical and practical implications.
Distribution of GABAergic and cholinergic neurons in the rat diagonal band

GABAergic neurons are coextensive with cholinergic neurons in the medial septum-diagonal band complex. Serial sectioning, sequential staining and double immunofluorescence techniques employing antibodies to glutamate decarboxylase and choline acetyltransferase revealed the distribution of these transmitter-specific neurons in the rat. Morphologically, the two types of neurons appear similar, in that they are predominantly large multipolar cells, but they are characterized by different, overlapping distributions in the diagonal band. Glutamate decarboxylase-positive cells are scattered throughout the nucleus of the vertical limb of the diagonal band, while choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons are more numerous medially and are distributed in groups corresponding to the dorsal and ventral aspects of the nucleus. In the rostral parts of the nucleus of the horizontal limb of the diagonal band, the choline acetyltransferase-positive cells tend to be located medially, whereas caudally they spread dorsal to the nucleus to become continuous with other large cholinergic neurons in the ventral pallidum and sublenticular substantia innominata. The large majority of glutamate decarboxylase-positive neurons remain in a more ventral and lateral position within the nucleus of the horizontal limb and are particularly numerous just lateral to the diagonal band fibers as they join the medial forebrain bundle. Cholinergic neurons were estimated to be about two times more numerous than GABAergic neurons. Approximately 1% of the choline acetyltransferase-positive neurons were also glutamate decarboxylase-positive in double immunofluorescence studies, but not in sequentially stained or serial sections.
Stress signaling and the shaping of the mammary tissue in development and cancer

The postnatal mammary gland develops extensively through cycles of proliferation, branching, involution and remodeling. We review recent advances made in the field of stress signaling pathways and its roles in mammary gland organogenesis, how they contribute to normal organ specification and homeostasis and how its subversion by oncogenes leads to cancer. We analyze stress signaling in mammary gland biology taking into account the interrelationship with the extracellular matrix and adhesion signaling during morphogenesis. By integrating the information gathered from in vivo and three dimensional in vitro organogenesis studies, we review the novel contribution of p38SAPK, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and PKR-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK) signaling pathways to the timely activation of cell death, correct establishment of polarity and growth arrest and autophagy, respectively. We also review the evidence supporting that the activation of the aforementioned stress kinases maintain breast acinar structures as part of a tumor suppressive program and that its deregulation is commonplace during breast cancer initiation.
Building operability into the Jupiter Europa Orbiter design to endure a high radiation environment

The Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM) has been prioritized as the next Outer Planets Flagship Mission that would be devoted to exploring the emergence of habitable worlds around gas giants. This joint NASA and ESA endeavor would focus on the Galilean moons Europa and Ganymede but would also investigate Io, Callisto, and the Jupiter system as a whole. The NASA-contributed Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) and the ESA-contributed Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) would be launched on separate launch vehicles in 2020. Here we focus on JEO. 12
Science Education: Poetry

In his Editorial “Prioritizing Science education” (special section on Science, Language, and Literacy, 23 April, p. [405][1]), B. Alberts suggests forging a connection between literacy and science teaching. Poetry is one means to do so. Similes and metaphors are used extensively both in science
Factors influencing infection of field grown potato by Verticillium albo-atrum

Aspects of Verticillium wilt infection of potato were investigated by determining inoculum survival in vascular discolored potato tubers as evidenced by seed borne disease transmission in the field, isolation attempts, and histological observations. Methods for field inoculation of potato plants were evaluated. Of the different methods used for inoculation, root inoculation and seed surface contamination were the most effective. The leaf inoculation method induced relatively high infection. The other methods used, hypodermic syringe, tooth pick inoculation, root dip, and cut tuber, were intermediate or ineffective in establishing infection. No significant differences between stands, vigor, general appearance, yield, vascular discoloration of tubers, or the presence of viable fungus in the tuber were obtained from healthy as compared to vascular discolored seed lots. Viable fungus in stored vascular-discolored tubers, as demonstrated by isolation from discolored tissue, progressively diminished during 4 and 7 months after harvest. Variability in fungus survival between seed lots necessitates reservation in making generalizations. In the light of the present evidence it does not seem probable that internal seed borne inoculum is an important factor in transmitting Verticillium wilt in potato. Discolored portions of vascular tissue of tubers were examined histologically. Granular material and fungus hyphae within the xylem vessels of tubers are shown.
Uncapacitated production and location planning models with demand fulfillment flexibility

Abstract A wealth of past research on production planning models seeks to meet prescribed demands at minimum cost. In many contexts, demand comes from independent sources, not all of which are necessarily profitable. We consider such planning problems from a different perspective, assuming certain demand characteristics are decision variables. We wish to determine optimal levels of demand, production, and inventory for every planning period when flexibility exists in selecting demands and their delivery timing. We present an optimal solution method under certain cost structures, and computational tests demonstrating the effectiveness of a dual-based heuristic for the general problem, which is NP-Hard.
Adsorption and condensation of small molecules on tungsten (100) as studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy

Abstract X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) has been used to examine the adsorption of H 2 CO, O 2 , CO and CO 2 on the W(100) surface at 100 K and 300 K. Correlations between XPS measurements and kinetic measurements have been made.
Expectations, performance evaluation, and consumers' perceptions of quality

The author examines conceptual and operational issues associated with the “perceptions-minus-expectations” (P-E) perceived service quality model. The examination indicates that the P-E framework is...
Oxygenated phosphine fumigation for control of Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) eggs on lettuce.

Light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker), is a quarantined pest in most countries. Its establishment in California and potential spread to other parts of the state and beyond make it urgent to develop effective postharvest treatments to control the pest on fresh commodities. Fumigation with cylindered phosphine at low temperature has emerged to be a practical methyl bromide alternative treatment for postharvest pest control on fresh commodities. However, its use to control E. postvittana eggs on sensitive commodities such as lettuce is problematic. E. postvittana eggs are tolerant of phosphine and long phosphine treatment also injures lettuce. In the current study, E. postvittana eggs were subjected to oxygenated phosphine fumigations to develop an effective treatment at a low storage temperature of 2°C. In addition, soda lime as a CO2 absorbent was tested to determine its effects in reducing and preventing injuries to lettuce associated with phosphine fumigations. Three-day fumigation with 1,000 ppm phosphine under 60% O2 achieved 100% mortality of E. postvittana eggs in small-scale laboratory tests. In the presence of the CO2 absorbent, a 3-d large-scale fumigation of lettuce with 1,700 ppm phosphine under 60% O2 resulted in a relative egg mortality of 99.96% without any negative effect on lettuce quality. The 3-d fumigation treatment without the CO2 absorbent, however, resulted in significant injuries to lettuce and consequential quality reductions. The study demonstrated that oxygenated phosphine fumigation has the potential to control E. postvittana eggs and the CO2 absorbent has the potential to prevent injuries and quality reductions of lettuce associated with long-term oxygenated phosphine fumigation.
Effects of Spectral Shape on Cosmological Models of the Batse Gamma-Ray Burst Intensity Distribution

We have used the photon energy spectra of 100 bright gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) obtained from data from the Large Area Detectors of the Burst and Transient Source Experiment (BATSE) on the Compton Gamma-Ray Observatory to examine the effects of spectral shape on cosmological models of the burst number-intensity distribution (log N – log P), where N is the number of bursts with peak photon flux greater than P. Since it has become common to use an assumed burst photon spectrum in computations of this type, we have examined the consequences of this assumption by using a range of observed burst spectra to create theoretical intensity distributions. We used a conventional Friedmann cosmology to create the models, and assumed that there is no burst source rate density evolution and that the sources are monoluminous (standard candles). This enabled us to focus on the effects of spectral shape on the log N – log P model parameters (peak luminosity and redshift). The shape of the burst spectrum has an influence on the maximum redshift consistent with the BATSE data. The variation in the burst photon spectra causes the model maximum redshifts to vary by an average of ~20%. However, the maximum redshift can differ among log N – log P models incorporating different spectra by more than a factor of 2. Thus, the use of an assumed burst spectrum in modeling the number-intensity distribution yields results that are moderately dependent upon the assumed spectral shape.
Acid Rain: A Water Resources Issue for the 80s

This volume consists of 11 papers reprinted from the “Proceedings of the International Symposium on Hydrometeorology,” which was sponsored by the American Water Resources Association in June 1982. The papers cover a wide range of topics associated with the study of acidic deposition (commonly called “acid rain”) and its potential effects on various components of natural ecosystems.
Generalization of two‐dimensional discontinuous deformation analysis for forward modelling

This paper provides the theoretical basis for a forward numerical model of rock block systems. This method was developed to compute stress, strain, sliding and opening of rock blocks; rigid body movement and deformation occur simultaneously. Input data consist of block geometry, loading forces, the deformability constants E and v, and the restraint or boundary conditions of the block system. Output data give the movements, deformations, stresses and strains of each block, and the sliding and detachment or rejoining of blocks. The forces acting on each block, from external loading or contact with other blocks, satisfy the equilibrium equations. Equilibrium is also achieved between external forces and the block stresses. Furthermore, this analysis fulfills constraints of no tension between blocks and no penetration of one block into another. To acheive equilibrium and satisfy these constraints, simultaneous equations are solved repeatdly with partial changes of the coefficients each time the contact constraints are chosen.
SEQUENTIAL CHANGES IN CLASSES OF RNA DURING COMPENSATORY GROWTH OF THE KIDNEY

The synthesis of nuclear precursors of rRNA and of cytoplasmic mRNA has been estimated in mouse kidneys following contralateral nephrectomy. 1. The production of nuclear rRNA parallels mitotic activity in the proximal tubule cells. Its peak is 2 days after nephrectomy; there may be a second peak at 8 days. 2. The production of mRNA is almost the reciprocal of rRNA production. It is least at 2 days and most at 4 days after nephrectomy. It may also decrease immediately after nephrectomy. 3. Growing kidney cells may build a store of ribosomes before they elaborate mRNA. The sequential relation between rRNA and mRNA synthesis raises the possibility that production of rRNA could regulate the production of mRNA and that the stimulus to compensatory hypertrophy might need to act only long enough to set into motion the machinery for making rRNA, either directly or as a consequence of exhausting mRNA.
Changes in plasma growth hormone after a phenylalanine tolerance test in normal and phenylketonuric children

Growth hormone levels were evaluated in normal, heterozygous, and phenylketonuric subjects following an oral load of l-phenylalanine. Normal controls and heterozygous subjects responded with an increase in growth hormone levels at the third hour after ingestion of the amino acid. In contrast, the growth hormone levels did not increase significantly in the phenylketonuric children above the fasting values during the 6 hour period following the phenylalanine load.
Selective remodeling of rabbit frontal cortex: relationship between 5-HT2A receptor density and associative learning.

Rationale Associative learning during classical trace eyeblink conditioning has been shown to be regulated by serotonin 5-HT2A receptors and to be critically dependent on the integrity of frontal cortex. Chronic administration of 5-HT2A ligands has been shown to produce a selective up- or down-regulation of 5-HT2A receptors in frontal cortex.
Perceptions and Uses of Electronic Mail: A Function of Rhetorical Style

This article investigates the concept of rhetorical style and how it relates to the use of electronic mail (e-mail). Rhetorical style was measured by RHETSEN2. RHETSEN2 identifies three dominant communication orientations: noble self, rhetorical sensitive, and rhetorical reflector. Perceptions and uses of e-mail were tapped by a survey instrument that explored confidentiality, usefulness, expression of anger, and harm. The findings revealed that individuals with rhetorical sensitive or rhetorical reflector orientation perceived e-mail in significantly different ways from individuals with a noble self orientation. Additionally, the findings indicate the need for training in the use of e-mail for all orientations, especially in the areas of confidentiality and the expression of anger.
Keratoconus: Why and When Do We Turn to Surgical Therapy?

examine baseline factors predictive of incident penetrating keratoplasty (PK) in keratoconus on the basis of data generated by the Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Keratoconus Study (CLEK)—the largest prospective cohort of patients with keratoconus studied to date (1065 patients followed for eight years). The authors conclude that of the 12% of patients undergoing keratoplasty during the study, baseline factors associated with an increased likelihood of PK over the course of the disease included younger age, steeper keratometric values, worse visual acuity, corneal scarring, contact lens discomfort, and poorer vision-related quality of life. As such, the study focuses on baseline characteristics that presage the risk of needing keratoplasty over a period of years of the disease. Keratoconus remains one of the most common indications for PK in the United States, and most corneal specialists are well versed in the standard preoperative indications for surgery in these patients. 2,3 The usual criteria for progressing from contact lens correction to a surgical alternative are: (1) poor vision even with best-fit, well-tolerated contact lenses, (2) reasonably functional vision with contact lens correction but the inability to tolerate or retain the contact lens, and, rarely, (3) extreme thinning of the cornea either centrally or peripherally that might threaten the integrity of the eye or render surgical correction more complex. The question one might ask is, why are the data from this study of real value? The indications for surgery are reasonably self-evident and are almost always related to visual function in the patient. If nothing else, the data here confirm what we know about the indications for grafting based on a robust estimate of the incidence of PK in a large and well-defined cohort. However, in addition, these data validate criteria that have long seemed surgically intuitive and add longterm predictive indicators that may be of prognostic value to both clinicians and their patients. In counseling a patient with keratoconus, most surgeons have individual thresholds similar to those mentioned above that are based on a combination of the patient’s visual complaints and visual function, as well as the practitioner’s objective assessment of the patient’s visual performance. These criteria are almost always proximal to the surgery and are individualized to the patient. Even so, such decision-making criteria are not always clear-cut. One might ask: What defines decreased vision for these patients? Is it poor Snellen acuity? Is it poor visual function that does not meet the patient’s individual needs? Is it a decline in nonacuity parameters such as
Assessing the quality of doctoral programs in deviance, criminology, and criminal justice: A response to Thomas and Bronick

Abstract Much attention in criminal justice and other disciplines has been focused on assessing the quality of academic pursuits and programs. With particular emphasis on a recent article by Thomas and Bronick, this article explores the limitations of such research. A general conclusions is reached that the state of the art of quality assessment is such that the results of these evaluations can only be deemed to be tentative. Further, any attempt to base program development, student application or other policy decisions on the findings of these studies is unwarranted and potentially harmful.
Spin polarization of half-quantum vortex in systems with equal spin pairing

We present a variational analysis for a half-quantum vortex (HQV) in the equal-spin-pairing superfluid state which, under suitable conditions, is believed to be realized in ${\mathrm{Sr}}_{2}{\mathrm{RuO}}_{4}$ and $^{3}\mathrm{He}\mathrm{\text{\ensuremath{-}}}A$. Our approach is based on a description of the HQV in terms of a BCS-like wave function with a spin-dependent boost. We predict a novel feature: the HQV, if stable, should be accompanied by a nonzero spin polarization. Such a spin polarization would exist in addition to the one induced by the Zeeman coupling to the external field and hence may serve as an indicator in experimental search for HQV.
Protein methylation: cytochrome c methylation as a model system.

Abstract Double radio-labeling technique using [methyl-3H]- and [2-14C]methionine was employed to study the interrelationship between cytochrome c synthesis and its subsequent methylation, the turnover of incorporated methyl groups, and the effect of methylation on the stability of cytochrome cin vivo. The results of pulse-chase study demonstrated that the mitochondrial cytochrome c possessed a higher ratio of 3H/14C, suggesting the presence of methylated cytochrome c. The appearance of methylated cytochrome c in mitochondria was relatively fast. The inhibition studies in presence of cycloheximide suggested that both protein synthesis and cytochrome c methylation were tightly coupled and cycloheximide had a very pronounded effect on cytochrome c methylation. A steady decrease of 3H/14C ratio in cytochrome c throughout the chase-period indicated that incorporated methyl group in cytochrome c undergouse selective turnover. The studies concerning the relative degradation of methylated and unmethylated cytochrome c revealed that the methylation of cytochrome c protects the hemoprotein from intracellular proteolytic enzyme action.
Mercury Source Zone Identification using Soil Vapor Sampling and Analysis

Development and demonstration of reliable measurement techniques that can detect and help quantify the nature and extent of elemental mercury (Hg(0)) in the subsurface are needed to reduce uncertainties in the decision-making process and increase the effectiveness of remedial actions. We conducted field tests at the Y-12 National Security Complex in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA, to determine if sampling and analysis of Hg(0) vapors in the shallow subsurface (< 0.3 m depth) can be used to as an indicator of the location and extent of Hg(0) releases in the subsurface. We constructed a rigid polyvinyl chloride push probe assembly, which was driven into the ground. Soil gas samples were collected through a sealed inner tube of the assembly and were analyzed immediately in the field with a Lumex and/or Jerome Hg(0) analyzer. Time-series sampling showed that Hg vapor concentrations were fairly stable over time, suggesting that the vapor phase Hg(0) was not being depleted and that sampling results were not sensitive to the soil gas purge volume. Hg(0) vapor data collected at over 200 push probe locations at 3 different release sites correlated very well to areas of known Hg(0) contamination. Vertical profiling of Hg(0) vapor concentrations conducted at two locations provided information on the vertical distribution of Hg(0) contamination in the subsurface. We conclude from our studies that soil gas sampling and analysis can be conducted rapidly and inexpensively at large scales to help identify areas contaminated with Hg(0).
Pre-intervention distress moderates the efficacy of psychosocial treatment for cancer patients: a meta-analysis

This meta-analysis examined whether effects of psychosocial interventions on psychological distress in cancer patients are conditional upon pre-intervention distress levels. Published articles and unpublished dissertations between 1980 and 2005 were searched for interventions reporting the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) or the Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). Multilevel mixed-effects modeling was used to meta-analyze effect-sizes separately for the HADS (27 trials, 2,424 patients) and STAI (34 trials, 2,029 patients). Pre-intervention distress significantly moderated intervention effects, explaining up to 50% of the between-study effect-size variance: effects on anxiety and depression were generally negligible when pre-intervention distress was low and pronounced when it was high. These results could not be explained by differences in intervention type, setting, dose, and whether intervention was targeted at distressed patients. Psychosocial interventions may be most beneficial for cancer patients with elevated distress. Future research should identify which treatment components are most effective for these patients to facilitate optimal treatment tailoring and cost-effective health care.
Radiation properties of IR calibrators with V-grooved surfaces

Use of linear or concentric grooves is a well-known approach for increasing the surface emissivity to enable the construction of compact blackbody radiators, improve absorptance of stray radiation traps, baffles and thermal radiation detectors, as well as enhance thermal radiation transfer. Emitters with V-grooved surfaces are widely used as reference sources in radiation thermometry and radiometry. In the design phase of such devices, it is important to predict their performance. Most existing models are devoted to modeling isothermal linear grooves with purely diffuse or specular reflectance. Radiation behavior of concentric grooves differs from linear ones and becomes similar only for large values of the ratio of the radial coordinate to the groove period. This paper covers numerical modeling of isothermal and nonisothermal concentric grooves with mixed specular-diffuse reflection for various viewing conditions using Monte Carlo specialized software. It is shown that the temperature drop towards the peak of a groove might lead to a substantial decrease of the grooves' effective emissivity.
Formation and Early Morphogenesis of Endocardial Endothelial Precursor Cells and the Role of Endoderm

The formation of endocardial endothelium in quail embryos was investigated using in vivo and in vitro systems. Based on the expression of an quail endothelial marker, QH-1, the initial emergence of endothelial precursor cells in the embryo occurs at stage 7+ (two somites) in the posterior parts of the bilateral heart forming regions. Cells that expressed the QH-1 antigen were mesenchymal and positioned between the mesodermal epithelium of the heart region and the endoderm. By confocal microscopy, an asymmetrical distribution of QH-1 positive cells was observed between the two heart regions: specifically between 7+ and 8-, more precursor cells were seen in the right region than the left. Endothelial precursor cells did not appear outside of the heart forming regions until stage 8- (three somites). Free, mesenchymal-like endothelial precursor cells intrinsic to the heart regions also expressed two extracellular antigens, JB3, a fibrillin-like protein, and cytotactin, both associated with segments of the primary heart tube where endothelial cells "re-transform" back to a mesenchymal phenotype during cardiac cushion tissue formation. Between stages 8 and 9 (four to seven somites), (1) QH-1 positive cells within the heart forming region established vascular-like connections with QH-1 positive cells located outside of the heart region, as initially shown by Coffin and Poole (1988), (2) after fusion of the heart regions, a plexus of QH-1 positive cells was formed ventral to the foregut, and (3) the definitive endocardial lining of the primary heart tube formed directly from the ventral plexus of endothelial precursor cells. Because the QH-1 positive, endothelial precursor cells of each heart forming region were always in close association with anterior endoderm, we sought to determine if the endoderm mediated the formation of precursor cells committed to a cardiac endothelial lineage as reflected by their expression of QH-1, JB3 antigen, and cytotactin. To test this hypothesis, precardiac mesodermal explants were isolated from stage 5 heart forming regions prior to their expressing of either endocardial or myocardial markers and cultured on the surface of collagen gets in the presence or absence of endoderm. In the absence of endoderm, precardiac mesoderm of each stage 5 explant remained epithelial, formed contractile tissue, but did not exhibit any QH-1 positive cells or mesenchymal cells. Conversely, when cocultured with endoderm or endoderm conditioned medium, in addition to the formation of contractile tissue, the explant formed mesenchymal cells. The latter invaded the gel lattice and, as in vivo, expressed QH-1 antigen, JB3 antigen, and cytotactin. These findings suggest that endoderm induces mesoderm of the heart fields to undergo an epithelial to mesenchyme transformation that results in the segregation of myocardial and endocardial precursor cells.