cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Impaired Hepatocyte DNA Synthetic Response Posthepatectomy in Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 1-Deficient Mice with Defects in C/EBPβ and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase/Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase Regulation

After a two-thirds hepatectomy, normally quiescent liver cells are stimulated to reenter the cell cycle and proliferate to restore the original liver mass. One of the most rapidly and highly induced genes and proteins in regenerating liver is insulin-like growth factor binding protein 1 (IGFBP-1), a secreted protein that may modulate the activities of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) or signal via IGF-independent mechanisms. To assess the functional role of IGFBP-1 in liver regeneration, mice with a targeted disruption of the IGFBP-1 gene were generated. Although IGFBP-1−/− mice demonstrated normal development, they had abnormal liver regeneration after partial hepatectomy, characterized by liver necrosis and reduced and delayed hepatocyte DNA synthesis. The abnormal regenerative response was associated with blunted activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (MAPK/ERK) and a reduced induction of C/EBPβ protein expression posthepatectomy. Like cell cycle abnormalities observed in hepatectomized C/EBPβ−/− mice, cyclin A and cyclin B1 expression was delayed and reduced in IGFBP-1−/− livers, whereas cyclin D1 expression was normal. Treatment of IGFBP-1−/− mice with a preoperative dose of IGFBP-1 induced MAPK/ERK activation and C/EBPβ expression, suggesting that IGFBP-1 may support liver regeneration at least in part via its effect on MAPK/ERK and C/EBPβ activities. These findings are the first demonstration of the involvement of IGFBP-1 in the regulation of in vivo mitogenic signaling pathways.
Discovering a light Higgs boson with light

We evaluate the prospects for detecting a non-standard light Higgs boson with a significant branching ratio to two photons, in run II of the Fermilab Tevatron. We derive the reach for several channels: $2\ensuremath{\gamma}$ inclusive, $2\ensuremath{\gamma}+1$ jet, and $2\ensuremath{\gamma}+2$ jets. We present the expected run II limits on the branching ratio of $\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{h}\ensuremath{\gamma}\ensuremath{\gamma}$ as a function of the Higgs boson mass, for the case of ``bosonic,'' as well as ``top-color'' Higgs bosons.
Luminance-brightness comparisons of LED alpha-numeric sources at suprathreshold levels.

An experiment was conducted in which observers adjusted the luminance of a 2856 K white comparison source to appear equally as bright as a red, yellow, or yellowish-green LED alpha-numeric source. Although the present CIE photometric system predicts brightness-luminance ratios of 1.0, the ratios obtained in this experiment, for the mean observer, were 1.13 for the yellowish-green, 1.28 for the yellow, and 2.54 for the red. These results demonstrate that there can be substantial differences between photometric luminance based on the V(λ) function and brightness as perceived visually.
Hypnosis and Surgery: Past, Present, and Future

Hypnosis has been defined as the induction of a subjective state in which alterations of perception or memory can be elicited by suggestion. Ever since the first public demonstrations of "animal magnetism" by Mesmer in the 18th century, the use of this psychological tool has fascinated the medical community and public alike. The application of hypnosis to alter pain perception and memory dates back centuries. Yet little progress has been made to fully comprehend or appreciate its potential compared to the pharmacologic advances in anesthesiology. Recently, hypnosis has aroused interest, as hypnosis seems to complement and possibly enhance conscious sedation. Contemporary clinical investigators claim that the combination of analgesia and hypnosis is superior to conventional pharmacologic anesthesia for minor surgical cases, with patients and surgeons responding favorably. Simultaneously, basic research of pain pathways involving the nociceptive flexion reflex and positron emission tomography has yielded objective data regarding the physiologic correlates of hypnosis. In this article I review the history, basic scientific and clinical studies, and modern practical considerations of one of the oldest therapeutical tools: the power of suggestion.
Large basis set study of the stability of (H2S)2: the importance of 3d functions in weak interaction of second row molecules

Correlated ab initio calculations on the stability and structure of the weakly bound dimer of H2S have been carried with extended basis sets. One sulfur 3d function is deficient for describing electrical interaction and dispersion. This is partly masked by an exaggeration of permanent moment interaction opposing an undervaluation of dispersion. With three 3d functions, the interaction is fairly stable with respect to further basis enlargement including the addition of 4f functions. The highest level results give an interaction energy of about 500 cm−1and an equilibrium center-of-mass separation distance of 4.08 A.
Overview of the petroleum industry in the Middle East (1869–1950)

The events that initiated the modern petroleum industry in the Middle East have long been relegated to the archives of history. But to better understand today's oil dynamics in the region where nearly 60% of the world's known reserves lay—southwestern Iran, the Arabian Peninsula, and Egypt—a retrospective look can be enlightening. To begin with, the decades covered in this article—a unique era of intrigue, entrepreneurship, and resolve in the quest for black gold—helped open up a part of the world that had been languishing in arrested development. In fact, large segments of the Arabian Peninsula in the mid 1800s, were less advanced than they had been in medieval times.
An old player on a new playground: bmi-1 as a regulator of prostate stem cells.

The polycomb group transcriptional repressor Bmi-1 regulates both normal and cancer stem cells in multiple tissues. In this issue of Cell Stem Cell , Lukacs et al. (2010) report that Bmi-1 also regulates the self-renewal of at least one prostate stem cell population and is involved in prostate cancer initiation and progression.
The Preparation of a UV-Light-Absorbing Polymer: A Project-Oriented Laboratory Experiment for the Introductory Organic Chemistry Curriculum

A laboratory experiment is described that combines organic synthesis, spectroscopy, and polymer chemistry and is suitable for the sophomore organic chemistry curriculum. In this three-week sequence, students synthesize and characterize the UV-absorber 2-(2',4'-dimethylbenzoyl)benzoic acid and incorporate it into films of polymethylmethacrylate. The project exposes students to a variety of techniques and topics including UV-vis, nuclear magnetic resonance and IR spectroscopy, free radical polymerization, vacuum filtration, use of a separatory funnel for extraction and washing, melting point determination, recrystallization, reflux, and Friedel-Crafts acylation.
Amend the old or address the new: Broad-based legislation when proposing policies is costly

If each legislator wishes to encourage other legislators to address new problems in future periods, then a subgame perfect Nash equilibrium can exist with the following properties: (1) no legislator finds it worthwhile to make a narrow proposal that appeals to a minimum majority; (2) instead, legislators propose policies that appeal to all members, not for fear of retaliation, but rather to encourage other members to work on new problems in succeeding periods; (3) in succeeding periods no legislator amends the existing broad policy. We find an equilibrium with these properties in finite as well as infinite period games.
Exsertion, elongation, and senescence of leaves ofEriophorum vaginatumandCarex bigelowiiin Northern Alaska

The seasonal patterns of leaf exsertion, elongation, and senescence were described and compared for two of the most abundant graminoid species of Alaskan moist tussock tundra, Eriophorum vaginatum and Carex bigelowii. In addition the responses of both species to NPK fertilizer and to variation in site fertility (water track vs. non-track areas) were also assayed and compared. The research was done over two full growing seasons at two sites near Toolik Lake, Alaska, where other aspects of the ecology of both species have been the subject of intensive and ongoing research. Both species showed the typical graminoid pattern of sequential leaf growth, in which the exsertion and elongation of new leaves is coincident with the senescence of old leaves. However, the rates of these processes were much slower and steadier in Eriophorum than in Carex, with much greater overlap in the life histories of individual leaf cohorts. The total and green leaf lengths of whole tillers in Eriophorum were also less variable over the entire year than in Carex. The conclusion is that leaf growth in Carex should depend more on external storage of carbon and nutrients than Eriophorum, with a much greater seasonal variation in demands on storage and retranslocation to and from leaves. The effects of fertilizer and the water track on leaf growth dynamics and turnover rates were largely nonsignificant, despite major effects on total tiller size and productivity. This is in contrast to previous research on evergreen leaf dynamics, but similar to results of previous research on overall production and biomass regulation in Eriophorum. It is concluded that the graminoid response to increased nutrient availability in the Arctic is to dilute the greater amounts of nutrient uptake by greater growth, so that nearly the same metabolic homeostasis is achieved as under low nutrient availability, but at a higher biomass.
Long-term outcome after laparoscopic and open surgery for rectal prolapse: a case-control study.

Laparoscopic repair (LR) of rectal prolapse is potentially associated with earlier recovery and lower perioperative morbidity, as compared with open transabdominal repair (OR). Data on the long-term recurrence rate and functional outcome are limited. Perioperative data on rectal prolapse in relation to all LRs performed between December 1991 and April 2004 were prospectively collected. The LR patients were matched by age, gender, and procedure type with OR patients who underwent surgery during the same period. Patients with previous complex abdominal surgery or a body mass index exceeding 40 were excluded from the study. Data on recurrence rate, bowel habits, continence, and satisfaction scores were collected using a telephone survey. A total of 111 patients (age, 56.8 ± 18.1 years; female, 87%) underwent attempted LR. An operative complication deferred repair in two cases. Among the 111 patients, 42 had posterior mesh fixation, and 67 had sutured rectopexy (32 patients with sigmoid colectomy for constipation). Eight patients (7.2%) had conversion to laparotomy. Matching was established for 86 patients. The LR patients had a shorter hospital stay (mean, 3.9 vs 6.0 days; p < 0.0001). The 30-day reoperation and readmission rates were similar for the two groups. The rates for recurrence requiring surgery were 9.3% for LR and 4.7% for OR (p = 0.39) during a mean follow-up period of 59 months. An additional seven patients in each group reported possible recurrence by telephone. Postoperatively, 35% of the LR patients and 53% of the OR patients experienced constipation (p = 0.09). Constipation was improved in 74% of the LR patients and 54% of the OR patients, and worsened, respectively, in 3% and 17% (p = 0.037). The postoperative incontinence rates were 30% for LR and 33% for OR (p = 0.83). Continence was improved in 48% of the LR patients and 35% of the OR patients, and worsened, respectively, in 9% and 18% (p = 0.22). The mean satisfaction rates for surgery (on a scale of 0 to10) were 7.3 for the LR patients and 8.1 for the OR patients (p = 0.17). The hospital stay is shorter for LR than for OR. Both functional results and recurrent full-thickness rectal prolapse were similar for LR and OR during a mean follow-up period of 5 years.
Investigation of Damage Mechanisms in PMMA during ToF-SIMS Depth Profiling with 5 and 8 keV SF5+ Primary Ions

Cluster secondary ion mass spectrometry (cluster SIMS) has been proven to be a useful technique for the surface and in-depth characterization of molecular films. In this study, an SF5+ polyatomic primary ion source is utilized for depth profiling in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) bulk and thin films (200 nm). The effects of SF5+ ion beam energy are discussed in detail. Both 5 and 8 keV ion beam energies are utilized for depth profiling experiments, where the chemistry of sputtering is investigated using surface analytical tools such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) in conjunction with SIMS. Thin film depth profiles acquired with 5 keV SF5+ display evidence of significant damage accumulation at the interface in the form of a highly cross-linked polymer gel. There is very little evidence of similar damage accumulation at the interface for the corresponding 8 keV SF5+depth profile. AFM and XPS analysis of the sputtered crater bottoms also indicates that very diffe...
Retention Characteristics of Time-Delayed Exponential Field-Programmed Sedimentation Field-Flow Fractionation

Abstract Sedimentation field-flow fractionation (SFFF) is a promising method for the high-resolution separation of a wide variety of suspended particulates and dissolved macromolecules. By using a new SFFF technique with a time-delayed exponential force-field (rotor speed) decay, quantitative particle-size distribution analyses in the 0.01–1 μm range can be performed in a few minutes. Relative to constant-field SFFF, programmed force-field operation can drastically decrease analysis time and improve detection sensitivity while maintaining adequate resolution. The linear relationship between particle retention and logarithm of particle diameter or mass for the new technique significantly simplifies data handling for convenient and accurate analyses. Standard graphs have been prepared to show how separation variables such as exponential decay time constant, τ, initial rotor speed, ωo, channel thickness, W, and flowrate, F, can affect particle retention. These simple and quantitative relationships are useful...
Parametric study of the absorption cross section for a moderately conducting thin cylinder

A system has been developed to measure the absorption cross section for a single carbon fiber at 35 GHz as a function of length, orientation, and diameter. Typical lengths of the fibers considered ranged from 1 to 20 mm, and diameters ranged from 3 to 8 μm. The results were compared with the modified integral equation calculations of Waterman and Pedersen that describe the scattering and absorption behavior for a wire of finite length and conductivity. Good agreement was found for all lengths, orientations, and diameters studied.
EFFECTS OF MINIJETS ON COMMON OBSERVABLES IN HEAVY-ION COLLISIONS WITH UNCOMMON IMPLICATION

In this brief review of the observable effects of minijets in heavy-ion collisions, the main points emphasized are that the quadruple moment v2(pT, b) and the hadronic (π and p) spectra at low pT can both be reproduced by minijet contributions to the recombination of thermal and shower partons. Without using hydrodynamics the minijet approach does not trace the evolution of the expanding system. The thermal distribution of the medium partons at the time of hadronization is assumed, but rapid thermalization initially is not required so as to allow minijets to leave their footprints on the system in the final state. Azimuthal anisotropy due to minijets is directly calculated in the momentum space without any fluid assumption relating the spatial eccentricity to v2. There are no more parameters used and compared to the hydro approach in fitting the data on v2 and pT spectra. Thus both approaches satisfy the sufficiency condition for a viable description of the dynamical process involved.
Olfactory responses in the forebrain of goldfish and their modification by thyroxine treatment

Abstract In the olfactory buld and telencephalon of normal goldfish typical electrical responses may be observed after infusion into the olfactory sac of weak salt solutions. These patterns are altered after section of the olfactory tract in such a way as to indicate facilitation of the bulbar olfactory response by centrifugal influences from the more posterior parts of the brain. Thyroxine tends to inhibit telencephalic centrifugal action upon the NaCl-evoked bulbar response, but it appears to have a local facilitatory action in the olfactory bulb itself.
Suppression of Alk8-mediated Bmp signaling cell-autonomously induces pancreatic β-cells in zebrafish

Bmp signaling has been shown to regulate early aspects of pancreas development, but its role in endocrine, and especially β-cell, differentiation remains unclear. Taking advantage of the ability in zebrafish embryos to cell-autonomously modulate Bmp signaling in single cells, we examined how Bmp signaling regulates the ability of individual endodermal cells to differentiate into β-cells. We find that specific temporal windows of Bmp signaling prevent β-cell differentiation. Thus, future dorsal bud-derived β-cells are sensitive to Bmp signaling specifically during gastrulation and early somitogenesis stages. In contrast, ventral pancreatic cells, which require an early Bmp signal to form, do not produce β-cells when exposed to Bmp signaling at 50 hpf, a stage when the ventral bud-derived extrapancreatic duct is the main source of new endocrine cells. Importantly, inhibiting Bmp signaling within endodermal cells via genetic means increased the number of β-cells, at early and late stages. Moreover, inhibition of Bmp signaling in the late stage embryo using dorsomorphin, a chemical inhibitor of Bmp receptors, significantly increased β-cell neogenesis near the extrapancreatic duct, demonstrating the feasibility of pharmacological approaches to increase β-cell numbers. Our in vivo single-cell analyses show that whereas Bmp signaling is necessary initially for formation of the ventral pancreas, differentiating endodermal cells need to be protected from exposure to Bmps during specific stages to permit β-cell differentiation. These results provide important unique insight into the intercellular signaling environment necessary for in vivo and in vitro generation of β-cells.
e-Stadium: wireless football infotainment applications

By dynamically reformatting data generated by statisticians in the Ross-Ade press box, e-Stadium provides fans an array of real-time information that is hyperlinked to players' and coaches' biographical information. Besides up-to-the-minute statistics and play-by-play, fans will find diversions that include a food locator, trivia questions, the history of the Boilermakers, weather reports, and the latest updates of other games around the country.The e-Stadium project is a large, high-profile, interdisciplinary effort consisting of a student led ideation/prototyping group and a faculty and staff implementation team. Students develop features for each season during their normal class environment at Purdue, thus keeping the application fresh and appealing to fans. Faculty members advise the students and serve on the implementation team consisting of Information Technology at Purdue (ITaP), the Center for Wireless Systems and Applications (CWSA), Purdue Intercollegiate Athletics, Electrical and Computer Engineering students, and Computer Graphics Technology students.
Study on Electrolytic Re-Insulation Grinding of Soft Magnetic Powder Cores

Soft magnetic powder cores are used for electromagnetic conversion coils, which are essential parts in automotive, home appliance, and other electronics industries. These cores are manufactured through the process of compacting pure iron powder covered with an insulation layer, and are distinguished by high electromagnetic conversion efficiencies. However, soft magnetic powder cores suffer from one problem: their electromagnetic conversion efficiencies drastically decrease when they are subjected to conventional finishing processes. This is directly attributable to the formation of conductive layers on finished surfaces, which significantly reduce the electrical resistance of material surfaces. As a solution to this problem, we developed an electrolytic re-insulation grinding method that finishes materials while applying a current between the material and the grinding wheel. This method regenerates the insulation properties of soft magnetic powder cores through the electrolytic removal of conductive layers formed during finishing, thereby improving electrical resistance. This development enables the finishing of soft magnetic powder cores without compromising their electromagnetic conversion efficiencies.
Cisplatinum nephrotoxicity in oncology therapeutics: retrospective review of patients treated between 2005 and 2012.

Background Cisplatinum (CP) is associated with acute kidney injury. The aim of this study was to define the spectrum of CP-induced nephrotoxicity in current practice.
Effects of Salient Multiple Identities on Women's Performance Under Mathematics Stereotype Threat

Previous research on affective extremity and social identity complexity suggested that women's mathematics stereotype threat might be alleviated by reminding individual women of their multiple roles and identities, most of which would presumably be unrelated and thus impervious to negative stereotypes regarding math performance. To test this hypothesis, we primed the relevant stereotype and then asked men and women college students to draw self-concept maps with many or few nodes. When they drew no maps or maps with few nodes, highly math-identified women scored significantly worse than highly math-identified men on a subsequent Graduate Record Examination-like math test, but when they drew maps with many nodes, they scored as well as those men. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Inducing and expanding regulatory T cell populations by foreign antigen.

Evidence suggests that regulatory T cells expressing the transcription factor Foxp3 develop extrathymically and intrathymically. Mechanisms of extrathymic induction require further scrutiny, especially as proliferation and/or phenotypic changes of preexisting suppressor cells must be distinguished from true de novo generation. Here we report the conversion of truly naive CD4+ T cells into suppressor cells expressing Foxp3 by targeting of peptide-agonist ligands to dendritic cells and by analysis of Foxp3 expression at the level of single cells. We show that conversion was achieved by minute antigen doses with suboptimal dendritic cell activation. The addition of transforming growth factor-β or the absence of interleukin 2 production, which reduces proliferation, enhanced the conversion rate. In addition, regulatory T cell populations induced in subimmunogenic conditions could subsequently be expanded by delivery of antigen in immunogenic conditions. The extrathymic generation and proliferation of regulatory T cells may contribute to self-tolerance as well as the poor immunogenicity of tumors and may be exploited clinically to prevent or reverse unwanted immunity.
Inhibition of Water Uptake in Sugar Beet Roots by Ammonia

Ammonium sulfate, ammonium carbonate or ammonia gas inhibited water uptake in sugar beet roots whenever the pH was sufficiently high to cause the production of ammonia. When ammonia was removed by aeration, inhibition of the water uptake by roots was rapidly reversed. ATP at 0.2 mm appeared to either wholly or partially prevent the ammonia-induced inhibition of water uptake by roots. ATP may be involved in maintaining the structure of water pathways through the root. In roots lacking epidermis, ammonia did not inhibit water uptake by the roots. This may indicate that the site of the inhibition lies within the root epidermis.
Target Reduction and Balancing Using System Norms: Application to Vehicle Design

A new approach for cascading system-level design targets to performance targets for the different subsystems is proposed and applied to a vehicle example. The proposed approach aims at reducing the total number of targets needed to quantify the performance of an engineering system and at systematically balancing these targets among its constituent subsystems. The vehicle example consists of three subsystems that transfer suspension forces to the cab in a lightweight truck. The three vehicle subsystems are connected in a general feedback configuration. The proposed approach significantly reduces the number of targets used to quantify the vehicle system performance. In addition the cascaded targets are systematically balanced among the different subsystems to deliver the desired system performance.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Identifying staff advocates of behavioral treatment innovations in state psychiatric hospitals

Abstract Identification of advocates of behavioral innovation from the ranks of line-level clinical staff has been suggested as a means to implement these innovations in real-world settings. Peer nomination strategies that have been used in management research were adopted for this study so that nursing, professional, and administrative staff at a state hospital could nominate behavioral program advocates from their ranks. Subjects also completed measures that assessed knowledge of behavior therapy and perceptions of barriers to implementing intervensions. Results showed that more than 90% of the sample nominated advocates. Tests that sought differences between advocates and nonadvocates showed the two groups to be similar demographically, but the former group was more likely to come from the ranks of professionals and administrators, was significantly more knowledgeable about behavior therapy, and perceived significantly fewer barriers to implementation. These results may help program administrators identify staff members who will
Correction of late traumatic thoracic and thoracolumbar kyphotic spinal deformities using posteriorly placed intervertebral distraction cages

Objective To assess the safety and stability of thoracic or thoracolumbar deformity correction from a solely posterior approach with placement of modular anterior cages and posterior segmental fixation in one operation. Methods Twenty-eight patients who failed brace trial for 6 months or longer were included in the series. All patients had progressive neurological deficit and/or deformity progression at time of operation. All patients underwent a single operation in the prone position. Segmental fixation was accompanied by anterior column reconstruction using modular cages avoiding nerve root sacrifice. Stackable cages were used for high thoracic deformity. Deformity, Cobb angle, visual analog pain score, and x-ray evaluation of fusion ensued for mean follow-up period of 31 months. Results Patients achieved a mean sagittal deformity correction of 13.3 degrees +/- 7.4 standard deviation. Improved or maintained American Spinal Injury Association scores were noted in all patients. The mean time of operation was 334 minutes +/- 85 standard deviation, or 6 to 7 hours. At a mean follow-up of 31 months (range, 12-36 mo), the following complications were noted: subsidence greater than 2.5 mm (n = 3), cage migration requiring revision (n = 1), brachial plexopathy from malpositioning (n = 1), and intraoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak managed via lumbar drain (n = 2). Plain and dynamic radiographic evidence of maintained deformity correction was noted in 27 patients. Conclusion Delayed kyphotic deformity correction of the thoracolumbar spine is achieved via a posterior-only approach. At a mean follow-up period of 31 months, sagittal angles remained acceptable. Improved fusion criteria and patient numbers will be required to determine fusion and loss of correction rates over time.
History of Parenteral Nutrition

The concept of feeding patients entirely parenterally by injecting nutrient substances or fluids intravenously was advocated and attempted long before the successful practical development of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) four decades ago. Realization of this 400 year old seemingly fanciful dream initially required centuries of fundamental investigation coupled with basic technological advances and judicious clinical applications. Most clinicians in the 1950's were aware of the negative impact of starvation on morbidity, mortality, and outcomes, but only few understood the necessity for providing adequate nutritional support to malnourished patients if optimal clinical results were to be achieved. The prevailing dogma in the 1960's was that, "Feeding entirely by vein is impossible; even if it were possible, it would be impractical; and even if it were practical, it would be unaffordable." Major challenges to the development of TPN included: (1) formulate complete parenteral nutrient solutions (did not exist), (2) concentrate substrate components to 5-6 times isotonicity without precipitation (not easily done), (3) demonstrate utility and safety of long-term central venous catheterization (not looked upon with favor by the medical hierarchy), (4) demonstrate efficacy and safety of long-term infusion of hypertonic nutrient solutions (contrary to clinical practices at the time), (5) maintain asepsis and antisepsis throughout solution preparation and delivery (required a major culture change), and (6) anticipate, avoid, and correct metabolic imbalances or derangements (a monumental challenge and undertaking). This presentation recounts approaches to, and solution of, some of the daunting problems as really occurred in a comprehensive, concise and candid history of parenteral nutrition.
Structure and reactivity of propylene on clean and hydrogen-covered Pd(1 1 1)

Abstract The adsorption of propylene on clean and hydrogen-covered Pd(1 1 1) has been studied by using temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) and reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy. Propylene adsorbs in a di-σ configuration on clean Pd(1 1 1). At high exposures, it forms second and subsequent layers. Upon heating, propylene desorbs molecularly at ∼200 and 280 K and, in contrast to ethylene adsorbed on Pd(1 1 1), it undergoes significant dehydrogenation. Two major products of dehydrogenation were identified: propylidyne and η 1 -allyl species. While the formation of η 1 -allyl species was found to be favored, both are observed to co-exist on the surface. The pre-adsorption of hydrogen induces the appearance of some π-bonded propylene. The conversion to this weaker state of adsorption induced by hydrogen is not complete, due to steric effects caused by the methyl group. Formation of propane is observed by reaction of hydrogen with propylene in TPD experiments, and the activation energy is measured to be 3.4 ± 0.4 kcal/mol.
GENERALIZED FIRST-FIT ALGORITHMS IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS

We investigate the two and three dimensional bin packing problems, i.e., packing a list of rectangles (boxes) into unit square (cube) bins so that the number of bins used is a minimum. A simple on-line packing algorithm for the one dimensional bin packing problem, the First-Fit algorithm, is generalized to two and three dimensions. We first give an algorithm for the two dimensional case and show that its asymptotic worse case performance ratio is . The algorithm is then generalized to the three dimensional case and its performance ratio . The second algorithm takes a parameter and we prove that by choosing the parameter properly, it has an asymptotic worst case performance bound which can be made as close as desired to 1.72=2.89 and 1.73=4.913 respectively in two and three dimensions.
OCCURRENCE OF HETEROTOPIC GASTRIC MUCOSA IN THE TONGUE.

Summary An unusual case of heterotopic gastric mucosa in the tongue is presented as well as a review of 6 cases from the literature. Recently Kauffman and Stout 8 reported heterotopic gastric mucosa attached to the submandibular salivary gland of an 8-month-old male. It may be of some significance that all of the aforementioned patients were male. The odds that all these patients would be of one sex would be one half 7 or 1 chance in 128.
Chemiluminescence of anodized and etched silicon: Evidence for a luminescent siloxene-like layer on porous silicon

Treatment of anodized or chemically etched silicon ("porous silicon") with dilute nitric acid or persulfate solution results in weak chemiluminescence in the visible region. Concentrated nitric acid reacts violently with porous Si produced by anodization with a bright flash of light. The fact that similar reactions occur with siloxene (Si6H6O3) prepared from CaSi2 suggests that the visible emission seen with porous Si can be attributed to this substance.
Incentive theory: II. Models for choice

Incentive theory is extended to account for concurrent chained schedules of reinforcement. The basic model consists of additive contributions from the primary and secondary effects of reinforcers, which serve to direct the behavior activated by reinforcement. The activation is proportional to the rate of reinforcement and interacts multiplicatively with the directive effects. The two free parameters are q, the slope of the delay of reinforcement gradient, whose value is constant across many experiments, and b, a bias parameter. The model is shown to provide an excellent description of all results from studies that have varied the terminal-link schedules, and of many of the results from studies that have varied initial-link schedules. The model is extended to diverse modifications of the terminal links, such as varied amount of reinforcement, varied signaling of the terminal-link schedules, and segmentation of the terminal-link schedules. It is demonstrated that incentive theory provides an accurate and integrated account of many of the phenomena of choice.
Pentafluoroethyllithium. Generation and use in synthesis

Abstract Pentafluoroethyl iodide undergoes a rapid exchange reaction with methyllithium at −78°C in the presence of ketones to produce pentafluoroethyl-substituted tertiary carbinols in high yield.
Calculated Contribution of Surface Microlayer PCB to Contamination of Lake Michigan Lake Trout

The possible significance of PCB concentration in the surface microlayer of Lake Michigan to contamination of lake trout was examined using a modification of a previously developed food chain model. Vertically migrating zooplankton were assumed to spend a fraction of each day exposed to a surface microlayer with dissolved and phytoplankton PCB concentrations at values that resulted in an average exposure concentration 2.1 times greater than subsurface levels. Considering a worst case scenario, the model indicated that approximately 12% (3 μg/g) of the PCB concentration in adult lake trout could be contributed from the microlayer.
The effect of renal hydrodynamics on immune complex deposition.

The role of renal hydrodynamics on renal deposition of immune complexes was evaluated in acute serum sickness. Using i.v. radiolabelled antigen in rabbits under a variety of hydrodynamic alterations, these studies suggested that although intrarenal hydrodynamics influence renal deposition of immune complexes factors other than intrarenal hydrostatic pressure may be important.
Further studies on ectopic dendrite growth and other geometrical distortions of neurons in feline GMl gangliosidosis

Systematic Golgi studies have been performed on major subcortical, diencephalic, brain stem and spinal cord regions from cats with the inherited neuronal storage disease, GM1 gangliosidosis. Resulting data have been compared with other Golgi studies of neuronal storage disorders in man and animals, including an earlier, more limited examination of this same disease model. These previous studies have shown that in human and feline gangliosidoses cortical pyramidal neurons undergo remarkable changes in soma-dendritic geometry. The latter include the formation of conspicuous cellular enlargements between somata and axonal initial segments (meganeurites) and the sprouting of secondary neuritic processes from this same region of the cell. Further, ultrastructural studies have revealed normal appearing synapses on the surface of this ectopically placed dendritic-like membrane. Results of the present study indicate that the distribution of meganeurites, secondary neurites and other geometrical distortions of neurons in GM1 gangliosidosis varies with cell type and brain region. This cell type-specific response to the metabolic error and subsequent storage could be categorized in three ways. Firstly, certain types of cells (e.g. multipolar neurons of the amygdala and claustrum) exhibited changes similar to those reported for cortical pyramidal neurons. That is, cells of these regions either displayed spine or neurite-bearing meganeurites, or enlarged axon hillocks which were covered with similar processes. Other types of neurons did not demonstrate ectopic neurite growth or spine-covered meganeurites, but did display prominent aspiny meganeurites (e.g. neurons of the superior colliculus, periaqueductal gray, hypothalamus and basal forebrain nuclei). A third category of neurons did not possess meganeurites or neurite growth but instead demonstrated massive somatic expansion which exceeded that observed in meganeurite-bearing cell types (e.g. certain brain stem and spinal cord neurons). These data have been compared with the more limited Golgi studies of other types of neuronal storage disorders and the same types of neurons appeared to respond in similar fashion across this spectrum of diseases. The data presented and discussed in this paper demonstrate three significant morphological events which occur in neurons as a result of lysosomal hydrolase deficiency. These are storage, which occurs in all neurons but manifests as meganeurite formation or somatic enlargement depending on the cell type, axon hillock or meganeurite-associated spine and neurite growth, and new synapse formation on spine-covered meganeurites and on neurites.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Translational Diffusion on Heterogeneous Lattices: A Model for Dynamics in Glass Forming Materials

Simulations of translational motion on lattices with spatially heterogeneous dynamics have been performed. Translation occurs by nearest neighbor jumps on a three-dimensional simple cubic lattice. The overall lattice is subdivided into cubic blocks. The rate for jumps within a given block is controlled by the local relaxation time (or rotation time) for that block. Blocks exchange their local relaxation times on a specified time scale. If the local distribution of relaxation times is given by a Kohlrausch−Williams−Watts distribution, the simulation results can reproduce experimental observations of enhanced translational diffusion in supercooled liquids. This adds further weight to arguments that dynamics in deeply supercooled liquids are spatially heterogeneous and that this heterogeneity is responsible for the non-exponential relaxation functions which are often observed. For systems with only two local relaxation times, the simulation results are in good agreement with effective medium theory.
Neuroendocrine regulation of inflammation

The interaction between the sympathetic nervous system and the immune system has been documented over the last several decades. In this review, the neuroanatomical, cellular, and molecular evidence for neuroimmune regulation in the maintenance of immune homeostasis will be discussed, as well as the potential impact of neuroimmune dysregulation in health and disease.
Nonparametric estimation of functions in a model of competing risks from incomplete longitudinal data

Abstract Incomplete longitudinal data arise in many clinical trials and sample surveys conducted in connection with population research. The data are incomplete in the sense that only a time segment of each individual life is observed and measurements are grouped into intervals. Classical multiple decrement life table procedures, designed to handle transverse data used in studies of mortality, have been widely utilized to estimate the functions in a model of competing risks from incomplete longitudinal data. Although life table methods are well suited for handling transverse data, it is far from clear whether they make efficient use of incomplete longitudinal data. In this paper, two nonparametric procedures for estimating the functions in a model of competing risks, using a sampling framework with several cutoff points, are studied. One of these procedures is based on a linear unbiased estimator, and a second is based on the method of maximum likelihood. In large samples, it is shown that the method of maximum likelihood procedure is more efficient, because it has smaller variances. A generalization of the Cramer-Rao lower bound is used to demonstrate that the maximum likelihood estimators have smaller variances.
Pulsed Laser Spectroscopy: An Inexpensive Approach

The assembly of a pulsed laser spectroscopy laboratory is presented. The authors describe how they constructed pulsed lasers, fast photodetectors, a boxcar signal averager, and associated equipment. A molecular nitrogen laser operating up to 50 Hz with an ultraviolet (337.1 nm) 700 kW pulse was used to optically pump an organic dye laser. The resulting output could be tuned from 360.0 to 680.0 nm. This pulse was typically 30 kW and 8 nsec, which makes it ideally suited to selective excitation and fluorescence studies. By constructing this equipment, it is estimated that the investment was one-tenth the cost of commercial components.
Anti-angiogenic chemotherapy in central nervous system tumors.

Primary central nervous system tumors are infrequent lesions observed in both pediatric and adult patients that account for a disproportionate amount of cancer related morbidity and mortality. A significant number of advances in neurosurgical land radiation therapy techniques have occurred over the last few decades and yet only small improvements in long-term outcome have resulted. The major reason for this is the ability of these advances to minimize surgical or radiation morbidity on surrounding normal tissue rather than eradicating the microscopic infiltrating disease that remains after up-front standard therapy. As such, a great deal of effort has gone into adjuvant chemotherapy that might complement the standard surgical and radiation approaches. This paper will review the literature on anti-angiogenic therapies in central nervous system (eNS) tumor models and clinical disease, with a focus on anti-angiogenic chemotherapy (also referred to as metronomic or low-dose chemotherapy) and the utilization of this approach in conjunction with standard radiation and surgery. A number of excellent reviews covering related aspects of this topic are also available (1–13).
On a restricted cross-intersection problem

Suppose A and B are families of subsets of an n-element set and L is a set of s numbers. We say that the pair (A, B) is L-cross-intersecting if |A ∩ B| ∈ L for every A ∈ A and B ∈ B. Among such pairs (A,B) we write PL(n) for the maximum possible value of |A||B|. In this paper we find an exact bound for PL(n) when n is sufficiently large, improving earlier work of Sgall. We also determine P{2}(n) and P{1, 2}(n) exactly, which respectively confirm special cases of a conjecture of Ahlswede, Cai and Zhang and a conjecture of Sgall.
Three-dimensional Hybrid Continuum-Atomistic Simulations for Multiscale Hydrodynamics

We present an adaptive mesh and algorithmic refinement (AMAR) scheme for modeling multi-scale hydrodynamics. The AMAR approach extends standard conservative adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) algorithms by providing a robust flux-based method for coupling an atomistic fluid representation to a continuum model. The atomistic model is applied locally in regions where the continuum description is invalid or inaccurate, such as near strong flow gradients and at fluid interfaces, or when the continuum grid is refined to the molecular scale. The need for such ''hybrid'' methods arises from the fact that hydrodynamics modeled by continuum representations are often under-resolved or inaccurate while solutions generated using molecular resolution globally are not feasible. In the implementation described herein, Direct Simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) provides an atomistic description of the flow and the compressible two-fluid Euler equations serve as our continuum-scale model. The AMR methodology provides local grid refinement while the algorithm refinement feature allows the transition to DSMC where needed. The continuum and atomistic representations are coupled by matching fluxes at the continuum-atomistic interfaces and by proper averaging and interpolation of data between scales. Our AMAR application code is implemented in C++ and is built upon the SAMRAI (Structured Adaptive Mesh Refinement Application Infrastructure)more » framework developed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. SAMRAI provides the parallel adaptive gridding algorithm and enables the coupling between the continuum and atomistic methods.« less
The Nature of Nurturant Niches in Ontogeny

The concept of ontogenetic niche is used here to interpret how species-typical behaviors develop through active, context-dependent processes. Ontogenetic niches typically include social stimuli, su...
Bracing Strategy for Robot Operation

A new strategy of robot operation, the bracing strategy, is presented. Under this strategy an arm is moved into position, and then rigidized by bracing against either the workpiece or an auxiliary static structure. Subsequent precision motion does not involve the entire arm, but only degrees of freedom at the end of the arm. The advantage of this strategy is that it allows high-speed precision motion with a light-weight flexible arm. Light arms require smaller actuators and less energy, may be faster, and are safer and less expensive. Four means of clamping to the structure are considered: a simple normal force, mechanical clamping, vacuum attachment and magnetic attachment. Each means has restrictions and advantages. Arm control with the bracing strategy requires four modes: gross motion control, rendezvous with the bracing structure, control of gross actuators after bracing and control of fine-motion actuators distal to the bracing point.
Improving patient safety through quality assurance.

Abstract Context.—Anatomic pathology laboratories use several quality assurance tools to detect errors and to improve patient safety. Objective.—To review some of the anatomic pathology laboratory patient safety quality assurance practices. Design.—Different standards and measures in anatomic pathology quality assurance and patient safety were reviewed. Main Outcome Measures.—Frequency of anatomic pathology laboratory error, variability in the use of specific quality assurance practices, and use of data for error reduction initiatives. Results.—Anatomic pathology error frequencies vary according to the detection method used. Based on secondary review, a College of American Pathologists Q-Probes study showed that the mean laboratory error frequency was 6.7%. A College of American Pathologists Q-Tracks study measuring frozen section discrepancy found that laboratories improved the longer they monitored and shared data. There is a lack of standardization across laboratories even for governmentally mandated q...
Surgical Approach to Metastatic Bone Disease

The treatment of metastatic cancer that has spread to the bone is predicated on palliation, not cure. Patients can still derive great benefit from surgical intervention. The prevention of fracture, maintenance of function, and relief of pain are the primary objectives of surgical intervention. Orthopaedic surgeons possess several techniques by which these goals may be realized. This article presents a general strategy for approaching patients with metastatic bone disease and the manner in which different implants may be used to attain the goals of palliation. As with the treatment of primary bone and soft tissue neoplasia, the care of patients with metastatic bone disease should be a multidisciplinary approach that includes orthopaedic surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, nurses, social workers, physical therapists, the patients, and their families.