cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
International Helgoland Symposium: Convener's report on the Informal Session on biomass and productivity of microorganisms in planktonic ecosystems

This paper is a brief report on an informal session held during the International Helgoland Symposium 1976. On the basis of a tape recording and notes, it has been prepared by the author who acted as convener of the session. The report indicates that many in the community of marine biologists are not quite ready to accept the increasing evidence of a substantial biomass of bacterioplankton and its apparent activity. Equally skeptical are a few marine bacteriologists who cannot accept the primary productivity and heterotrophic potential estimates obtained with14C bottle experiments which fail to show oceanic values commensurate with bacterioplankton values obtained with other means. The discussants apparently agree to disagree until the reasons for the apparent discrepancy are known.
A Programmed Algorithm for Designing Multifont Character Recognition Logics

This paper contains a discussion of a programmed algorithm for designing multifont recognition logics. This design algorithm automatically derives effective recognition logics from representative samples of characters. It has been applied to design. translational invariant logics for upper and lower case typewritten alphabets. Recognition performances in the order of a few errors per thousand characters have been achieved for mixed-font characters from six to 11 different fonts over a wide range of printing quality.
Platinum and palladium high-temperature transducers on langasite

There is a pressing need for the fabrication of surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices capable of operating in harsh environments, at elevated temperature and pressure, or under high power conditions. These SAW devices operate as frequency-control elements, signal-processing filters, and pressure, temperature , and gas sensors. Applications include gas and oil wells, high-power duplexers in communication systems, and automobile and aerospace combustion engines. Under these high-temperature and power-operating conditions, which can reach several hundred degrees centigrade, the typically fabricated aluminum (Al) thin film interdigital transducer (IDT) fails due to electro and stress migration. This work reports on high temperature SAW transducers that have been designed, fabricated, and tested on langasite (LGS) piezoelectric substrates. Platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) (melting points at 1769/spl deg/C and 1554.9/spl deg/C, respectively) have been used as thin metallic films for the SAW IDTs fabricated. Zirconium (Zr) was originally used as an adhesion layer on the fabricated SAW transducers to avoid migration into the Pt or Pd metallic films. The piezoelectric LGS crystal, used as the substrate upon which the SAW devices were fabricated, does not exhibit any phase transition up to its melting point at 1470/spl deg/C. A radio frequency (RF) test and characterization system capable of withstanding 1000/spl deg/C has been designed and constructed. The LGS SAW devices with Pt and Pd electrodes and the test system have been exposed to temperatures in the range of 250/spl deg/C to 750/spl deg/C over periods of up to 6 weeks, with the Saw devices showing a reduced degradation better than 7 dB in the magnitude of transmission coefficient, |S/sub 21/|, with respect to room temperature. These results qualify the Pt and Pd LGS SAW IDTs fabricated for the above listed modern applications in harsh environments.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance as a Probe of the Topological Insulator Bi 2 Se 3

Topological insulators are a new class of materials with the ability to carry spin-polarized currents on their surfaces. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements can probe the magnetic interactions between specific isotopes and the electronic system of a material. We present 209Bi NMR spectra and relaxation rate data on single crystals of the topological insulator material Bi2Se3 grown under various conditions. Our NMR data on single crystals reveal a significant strength of coupling between the nuclear spins and the bulk carrier spins, suggesting that nuclear spins may have a sizeable effect on spin-polarized surface currents.
Automorphisms of higher‐dimensional Hadamard matrices

This article derives from first principles a definition of equivalence for higher-dimensional Hadamard matrices and thereby a definition of the automorphism group for higher-dimensional Hadamard matrices. Our procedure is quite general and could be applied to other kinds of designs for which there are no established definitions for equivalence or automorphism. Given a two-dimensional Hadamard matrix H of order ν, there is a Product Construction which gives an order ν proper n-dimensional Hadamard matrix P(n)(H). We apply our ideas to the matrices P(n)(H). We prove that there is a constant c > 1 such that any Hadamard matrix H of order ν > 2 gives rise via the Product Construction to cν inequivalent proper three-dimensional Hadamard matrices of order ν. This corrects an erroneous assertion made in the literature that ”P(n)(H) is equivalent to “P(n)(H′) whenever H is equivalent to H′.” We also show how the automorphism group of P(n)(H) depends on the structure of the automorphism group of H. As an application of the above ideas, we determine the automorphism group of P(n)(Hk) when Hk is a Sylvester Hadamard matrix of order 2k. For ν = 4, we exhibit three distinct families of inequivalent Product Construction matrices P(n)(H) where H is equivalent to H2. These matrices each have large but non-isomorphic automorphism groups. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Combin Designs 16: 507–544, 2008
Bulk micromachined electrostatic beam steering micromirror array

Large area, 320-mirror arrays have been fabricated using a combination of bulk micromachining of SOI wafers and anodic bonding. Each silicon mirror is 750/spl times/800 /spl mu/m/sup 2/ and 14 /spl mu/m thick, coated with a /spl sim/0.1 /spl mu/m-thick layer of Au. The bulk silicon mirrors are electrostatically actuated with shaped parallel plate electrodes placed 86 /spl mu/m below, and they can be stably oriented anywhere in a /spl plusmn/5/spl deg/ (mechanical) two-dimensional box with voltage drives as low as 60 V.
Silencing on the Spot. Induction and Suppression of RNA Silencing in the Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression System

The Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay in intact tissues has emerged as a rapid and useful method to analyze genes and gene products in plants. In many cases, high levels of active protein can be produced without the need to produce transgenic plants. In this study, a series of tools were developed to enable strong or weak induction of RNA silencing and to suppress RNA silencing in the absence of stable transgenes. Transient delivery of a gene directing production of a double-stranded green fluorescent protein (GFP) transcript rapidly induced RNA silencing of a codelivered GFP reporter gene, effectively preventing accumulation of GFP protein and mRNA. RNA silencing triggered by the strong dsGFP inducer was partially inhibited by the tobacco etch virus silencing suppressor, P1/HC-Pro. In the absence of the strong double-stranded GFP inducer, the functional GFP gene served as a weak RNA silencing inducer in the transient assay, severely limiting accumulation of the GFP mRNA over time. The weak silencing induced by the GFP gene was suppressed by P1/HC-Pro. These results indicate RNA silencing can be triggered by a variety of inducers and analyzed entirely using transient gene delivery systems. They also indicate that RNA silencing may be a significant limitation to expression of genes in the Agrobacterium-mediated transient assay but that this limitation can be overcome by using RNA silencing suppressors.
One-Dimensional Coordination Polymers Based on First-Row Transition Metals: A Solid-State Study of Weak Backbone Interactions

We present further data on the solid-state structures of one-dimen- sional coordination polymers based upon dipositive transition metal hexafluoro- acetylacetonate (hfacac) complexes. A variety of linking subunits are employed in order to investigate and probe the relatively weak interactions that make up the backbones of these polymers. Reported in this study are metal complexes containing manganese, zinc, copper, and cobalt and a range of donor building blocks encom- passing an array of bonding motifs, including pyridyl-metal, pyridyl(N-oxide)- metal, and hydrogen bonding. The specific linkers utilized are 4,4￻-dipyridyl N,N￻- dioxide hydrate, 2,5-bis(4-ethynylpyridyl)furan, 4,4￻-trimethylenedipyridine, and trans-1-(2-pyridyl)-2-(4-pyridyl)-ethylene. A detailed discussion of the products is presented, as is a comparison to known compounds of a similar nature. All com- pounds are characterized via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and elemental analysis for the bulk of the sample.
Law's Bodies: Disembodiment and the Structure of Liberal Property Rights

This article explores the binary construction of liberal legal rights to property in the context of biotechnology and intellectual property.
Imaging patterns predict patient survival and molecular subtype in glioblastoma via machine learning techniques.

Author(s): Macyszyn, Luke; Akbari, Hamed; Pisapia, Jared M; Da, Xiao; Attiah, Mark; Pigrish, Vadim; Bi, Yingtao; Pal, Sharmistha; Davuluri, Ramana V; Roccograndi, Laura; Dahmane, Nadia; Martinez-Lage, Maria; Biros, George; Wolf, Ronald L; Bilello, Michel; O'Rourke, Donald M; Davatzikos, Christos | Abstract: BackgroundMRI characteristics of brain gliomas have been used to predict clinical outcome and molecular tumor characteristics. However, previously reported imaging biomarkers have not been sufficiently accurate or reproducible to enter routine clinical practice and often rely on relatively simple MRI measures. The current study leverages advanced image analysis and machine learning algorithms to identify complex and reproducible imaging patterns predictive of overall survival and molecular subtype in glioblastoma (GB).MethodsOne hundred five patients with GB were first used to extract approximately 60 diverse features from preoperative multiparametric MRIs. These imaging features were used by a machine learning algorithm to derive imaging predictors of patient survival and molecular subtype. Cross-validation ensured generalizability of these predictors to new patients. Subsequently, the predictors were evaluated in a prospective cohort of 29 new patients.ResultsSurvival curves yielded a hazard ratio of 10.64 for predicted long versus short survivors. The overall, 3-way (long/medium/short survival) accuracy in the prospective cohort approached 80%. Classification of patients into the 4 molecular subtypes of GB achieved 76% accuracy.ConclusionsBy employing machine learning techniques, we were able to demonstrate that imaging patterns are highly predictive of patient survival. Additionally, we found that GB subtypes have distinctive imaging phenotypes. These results reveal that when imaging markers related to infiltration, cell density, microvascularity, and blood-brain barrier compromise are integrated via advanced pattern analysis methods, they form very accurate predictive biomarkers. These predictive markers used solely preoperative images, hence they can significantly augment diagnosis and treatment of GB patients.
Mantle cell lymphomas

The classification of lymphomas is a subject that has historically been controversial and complex, because lymphomas are indeed complex disorders. Their variability is manifested at many levels, from the microscopic world of pathology to the macroscopic world of the clinic. The histologic and cytologic spectrum of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is broad, ranging from tumors of mature lymphoid cells to tumors composed of highly anaplastic or blastic cells. Immunophenotypically, lymphomas differ in their expression of various cell and/or cytoplasmic proteins, presumably reflecting the stage of differentiation at which maturation arrest took place. Genetically, there is also considerable diversity, and it is now known that certain chromosomal translocations are uniquely associated with specific subtypes of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Clinically, the disease may be seen as tumors that grow rapidly in a matter of days or weeks or, in marked contrast, as asymptomatic nodal masses that have grown slowly over months or years.
INVITED PAPER: Customer and consumer confidence in the livestock industry—Professional ethics

ABSTRACT Close relationships between university scientists and research sponsors or other commercial interests increase the probability that research bias or conflict of interest (COI) will arise in the research process. University researchers can limit the chances that obvious or subtle forms of bias or COI will occur by (1) carefully managing relationships with sponsors and external parties; (2) using research practices that ensure unbiased management of data and publications; and (3) appreciating that bias and COI also occur when researchers begin to assume roles as experts in both public and sponsored venues. Specific good management practices to avoid COI or bias include (1) following institutional polices; (2) frequent self-evaluation; (3) seeking independent program assessment; and (4) reporting potential COI in publications. Drawing on examples from sales and marketing of specialized feed technologies, areas where the industry should increase its focus on training and mentoring to minimize opportunities for ethical conflicts include (1) emphasizing the importance of the quality and relevance of supporting data used for promoting product sales; (2) strengthening supplier training on products and technologies in the context of fair and ethical positioning, so that opportunities for both ethical lapses and misunderstandings are decreased; (3) reinforcing the importance of confidentiality in maintaining customer trust in suppliers; and (4) increasing recognition of COI as it can occur between consultants and their clients for recommendations of technologies in which the consultant has undisclosed financial interest.
Abstract 3315: Malignant melanoma cells reciprocate aspects of the embryonic neural crest migration program to promote invasion and increased plasticity

Proceedings: AACR 103rd Annual Meeting 2012‐‐ Mar 31‐Apr 4, 2012; Chicago, IL Melanocytes derive from a highly invasive, multipotent embryonic cell population known as the neural crest. It has been proposed that this ancestral relationship predisposes melanocytes to having metastatic characteristics following neoplastic transformation to melanoma. In support of this hypothesis, we have previously shown that aggressive melanoma cells transplanted into the chick embryonic neural crest microenvironment respond to neural crest signaling mechanisms by emigrating along defined host neural crest pathways. To evaluate whether melanoma cells usurp aspects of the neural crest program typically silenced in differentiated melanocytes, we have employed the chick embryo transplant model coupled with laser capture microdissection to perform an in vivo molecular analysis of more than 70 neural-crest-related genes. Transplanted cells included c8161 aggressive melanoma cells, a poorly aggressive isogenic counterpart termed c81-61, and primary human melanocytes. We demonstrate that all three cell types express many neural-crest-related genes, but that aggressive cells aberrantly express some genes typically lost during melanocyte differentiation. Furthermore, the analysis revealed a significant increase in the ability of aggressive melanoma cells to respond to changing microenvironments by altering gene expression signatures, while transplanted melanocytes appeared to actively suppress these pathways. This increased responsiveness may be attributed to the dynamic regulation of Eph receptor tyrosine kinases and their cognate ephrin ligands, many of which were differentially expressed in aggressive melanoma cells versus poorly aggressive melanoma or primary melanocytes. Thus, metastatic melanoma cells usurp portions of the neural crest program to promote increased invasiveness and plasticity. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3315. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3315
Reactive Ion Beam Assisted Evaporation of Tin Films for Use as Diffusion Barriers in GaAs MMICs

We report on the development of an evaporated diffusion barrier for incorporation into the metallizations currently used in GaAs MMICs. Results indicated that TiN films formed by reactive ion beam assisted evaporation - the simultaneous evaporation of metal atoms and bombardment with reactive ions - were as stable as TiN films formed by reactive sputter deposition and far superior to films formed by reactive evaporation. In addition the formation of these films is compatible with photoresist lift-off techniques. Chemical and electrical analysis has shown that these films are effective barriers against Au, Ga and As diffusion under extensive (up to 1500 hrs) elevated temperature storage (280°C). TiN-Au gate electrodes whose electrical characteristics are comparable to conventional Ti-Pt-Au gates have also been fabricated.
Painted Palm-Leaf Manuscripts and the Art of the Book in Medieval South Asia

What was the main principle behind the design strategies developed to prepare painted palm-leaf manuscripts in medieval South Asia? How did various Indic religious communities design their manuscripts? By bringing together surviving painted manuscripts of heterogeneous religious traditions as well as contemporaneous sculptural representations and textual sources relating to the ritual practices involving books, this study suggests that a book was conceived and designed as a temple in Indic context. Taking innovative design strategies of twelfth-century Buddhist manuscripts as a starting point, it also demonstrates how a larger, architectural approach can help us better understand the art of the book in India.
Renal Autotransplantation and Ex Vivo Renal Surgery: Surgical Treatment of Renovascular Hypertension

Autotransplantation of the kidney has proved to be an extremely valuable surgical alternative for the treatment of renovascular hypertension. The modern operation is founded in landmark surgical experiments performed during the early years of this century. Despite the relative technical simplicity and considerable potential application of renal autotransplantation, the operation was not employed for at least a decade following the more uncertain initial clinical adventures in renal allotransplantation. Since its inception, however, the successful use of renal autotransplantation for renovascular hypertension has been well documented in a relatively small but impressive series of clinical situations. Renal autotransplantation in the surgical management of renovascular hypertension appears to afford many technical advantages vis-a-vis in situ renal revascularization including the option to perform meticulous ex vivo reconstructive surgery. The need to interrupt the renal circulation during renal autotransplantation and the possibility that the ischemic operative interval might result in renal cellular damage, has been a deterrent to greater consideration of this surgical alternative. Cold perfusion of the ischemic kidney has been regarded as "inherently" necessary in order to prevent intravascular coagulation and to protect the kidney through the use of hypothermia until the circulation is re-established. A wide variety of perfusates and methods of perfusion have been successfully employed for these purposes. A new perfusate has been formulated which is intended to help prevent the rapid and profound changes in the amounts of distribution of intracellular electrolytes and water which are known to occur when the kidney is deprived of its circulation. This solution appears to be effective in preventing significant damage in ischemic canine kidneys during at least three hours of normothermic exposure, and at least five hours of ambiothermic exposure following a single initial cold perfusion. The various perfusates and methods of renal perfusion for clinical and experimental renal autotransplantation and ex vivo renal surgery are herein compared and contrasted with regard to their proposed mechanisms of action, apparent effectiveness, and simplicity of application.
Metastatic Adenocarcinoma Presenting with Central Diabetes Insipidus

The case of a previously healthy 63-year-old female with metastatic adenocarcinoma to the hypothalamus presenting with central diabetes insipidus is presented. The patient was found to have metastatic disease isolated to her hypothalamus on brain magnetic resonance imaging as well as a water deprivation test consistent with central diabetes insipidus. The patient had a decrease in symptoms of polyuria and polydypsia as well as a decrease in urine volumes after treatment with intranasal vasopressin. Even though a rare occurrence, physicians should consider metastatic adenocarcinoma in patients with recent-onset polyuria and polydypsia.
Technology-enhanced suicide prevention interventions: A systematic review.

Objective Suicide prevention is a high priority. Scalable and sustainable interventions for suicide prevention are needed to set the stage for population-level impact. This systematic review explores how technology-enhanced interventions target suicide risk and protective factors, using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015) Risk and Protective Factors Ecological Model. Methods Information databases (PsycINFO, PubMed and CINAHL) were systematically searched and records including technology-enhanced interventions for suicide prevention ( n = 3764) were reviewed. Records with varying technologies and diverse methodologies were integrated into the search. Results Review of the records resulted in the inclusion of 16 studies that utilized technology-enhanced interventions to address determinants of suicidal behaviour. This includes the use of standalone or, in most cases, adjunct technology-enhanced interventions for suicide prevention delivered by mobile phone application, text message, telephone, computer, web, CD-ROM and video. Conclusion Intervention effectiveness was variable, but several technology-enhanced interventions have demonstrated effectiveness in reducing suicidal ideation and mental health co-morbidities. Large-scale research and evaluation initiatives are needed to evaluate the costs and long-term population-level impact of these interventions.
SU-D-204-04: Correlations Between Dosimetric Indices and Follow-Up Data for Salivary Glands Six Months After Radiation Therapy for Head and Neck Cancer

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between different dosimetric indices of salivary glands (as separate or combined structures) to patient-reported dry mouth 6 months post radiotherapy using the novel patient reported outcome version of the CTCAE (PRO-CTCAE). Methods: Forty-three patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma were treated on a prospective multi-institutional study. All patients received de-intensified 60 Gy intensity modulated radiotherapy. Dosimetric constraints were used for the salivary glands (e.g. mean dose to the contralateral-parotid < 26 Gy). We investigated correlations of individual patient dosimetric data of the parotid and submandibular glands (as separate or combined structures) to their self-reported 6 month post-treatment dry mouth responses. Moderate dry mouth responses were most prevalent and were used as the clinical endpoint indicating response. The correlation of Dmean, Dmax and a range of dosevolume (VD) points were assessed through the area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve (ROC) and Odds Ratios (OR). Results: Patients reporting non/mild dry mouth response (N=22) had average Dmean = 19.6 ± 6.2Gy to the contralateral-parotid compared to an average Dmean = 28.0 ± 8.3Gy and an AUC = 0.758 for the patients reporting moderate/severe/very severe dry mouth (N=21). Analysis of the range of VD's for patients who had reported dry mouth showed that for the contralateral-parotid the indices V18 through V22 had the highest area under the curves (AUC) (0.762 – 0.772) compared to a more traditional dosimetric index V30, which had an AUC = 0.732. The highest AUC was observed for the combination of contralateral parotid and contralateral submandibular glands, for which V16 through V28 had AUC = 0.801 – 0.834. Conclusion: Patients who report moderate/severe/very severe dry mouth 6 months post radiotherapy had on average higher Dmean. The V16-V28 of the combination of the contralateral glands showed the highest correlation with the clinical endpoint.
Comparative economics of advanced fine-coal cleaning in refuse pond recovery and active mine applications

The economics of “conventional” and “advanced fine-coal cleaning” (AFCC) circuits for refuse pond reclamation as well as active mine applications were evaluated. The benefit of an innovative tailings-management scheme on the profitability of mining enterprises was also evaluated in this study. Analyses were conducted for two scenarios involving the generation of 5.81 % product ash, a quality obtained during AFCC circuit operation at SIU, and a more typical 8% product ash. The inability of the conventional circuits to achieve profitability while producing the lower-ash product is revealed from this approach. On the other hand, the AFCC circuits achieve a return on investment in excess of 50% in the water-only mode as well as the dense-medium mode, both with and without tailings management. The comparison of water-only and dense-medium applications of the AFCC circuit indicates a better suitability for the dense-medium circuit for producing premium-quality products. As a result of reduced overhead costs and the use of existing material-handling facilities, the application of AFCC circuits in active mines provides for better economics when compared to applications in refuse-pond recovery operations. Sensitivity analysis reveals the significance of capacity utilization on project economics.
Data acquisition performance for deep space communications in solar probe plus frontier radio

Radio receivers for deep space telecommunications require tracking loops that are robust in low signal-to-noise ratio conditions for not only carrier tracking, but also subcarrier tracking and bit synchronization. However, the loop band-widths must not be too narrow so as to accommodate Doppler dynamics, oscillator drift, and requirements for expedient and reliable data acquisition. The present work describes the data acquisition performance of Frontier Radio for the NASA Solar Probe Plus mission. The data acquisition time is a statistical quantity, as it depends on the frequency and phase state of the uplink waveform which is random with respect to the receiver. In order to rigorously characterize the performance and determine a nominal worst-case acquisition time, an automated test procedure was developed to execute a large number of acquisition trials. By architecting an automated procedure for the remote control of instruments, including timing control and uplink signal phase randomization, acquisition time measurements were more precise, more accurate, more consistent between trials, and greater in number than previous attempts. Thus, through this procedure we are able to estimate the upper bound on acquisition time to the 98th percentile with high confidence. Worst-case acquisition time occurs when the uplink data phase is 180° out of phase with the receiver bit clock; to mitigate this effect a circuit has been developed to detect the 180° condition and induce a phase step in the receiver bit clock with intent to align the two phases. We confirmed that the phase injection feature improves the worst-case acquisition time by a statistically significant margin: 62% to 85% acquisition time decrease in the 90th percentile acquisition time as a function of uplink data rate, with a 98% confidence interval. We describe the acquisition time results at all supported uplink data rates, over a range of signal power and Doppler offset conditions. Also described is the automated procedure, its contributions to the experimental soundness of the measurement compared to previous methods, and an estimate for its reduction of labor costs over time.
Researches on the Coast of Somalia. The Chiton Fauna (Mollusca Polyplacophora)

The study of a collection of 86 chiton (Mollusca Polyplacophora) specimens from the intertidal and shallow subtidal zones of Mogadiscio, Gesira, Bender Mtoni, and Sar Uanle, in southern Somalia, re...
Microstructure metrics for quantitative assessment of particle size and dispersion: Application to metal-matrix composites

Abstract Homogeneous dispersion of reinforcement particles within a matrix is of paramount importance for achieving high quality metal-matrix composite (MMC) materials. This paper develops a protocol for quantitative evaluation of particle size and dispersion in MMC microstructures. The protocol is based on statistical analysis of features in micrographs and embedding the information into a suitably defined microstructure homogeneity metric (H-metric) and a particle size distribution metric. Every micrograph undergoes the K-means clustering algorithm for accurate separation of phases before it is used in calculation of the metrics. Finally, the protocol relies on analysis of variance to verify the meaningfulness of results. The protocol is applied to study homogeneity and particle size distribution in MMCs consisting of Cu-matrix with 20 vol.%-SiC The composites were processed using high pressure torsion and double torsion to a different number of torsional turns. During processing, particles fragment and form clusters of fragments. As straining continues, the clusters of fragments disperse in the matrix. A decrease and then increase of the H-metric demonstrate that the metric can pick up these processes occurring in the microstructure. The analysis reveals a strong correlation between the particle dispersion homogeneity and particle size distribution. The protocol developed herein can facilitate the design of MMCs with superior properties through engineering optimal homogeneity and particle size distributions in function of process variables.
Physiological Effects of Chronic Hypoxia

This review examines an array of physiological responses to low cellular oxygen tensions and discusses the effect of increasing oxygen tensions, through oxygen conditioning, on such responses.
Oncogenic Forms of ABL Family Kinases

Disruption of the auto-inhibitory structure of ABL and ARG activates their kinase activity and oncogenic potential. The oncogenic forms of ABL family kinases, v-ABL, BCR-ABL, TEL-ABL, NUP214-ABL, EML1-ABL, and TEL-ARG, are implicated in a variety of hematological malignancies. The tyrosine kinase activity of all these oncoproteins is essential for the neoplastic transformation, yet additional activities, particularly those of the fusion partners of the ABL kinases, play important roles in determining the lineage and severity of the neoplastic transformation. A better understanding of the mechanism by which the oncogenic forms of ABL family kinases act in leukemogenesis will help to advance therapies for related human leukemias, as well as to understand the mechanism of leukemogenesis and he-matopoiesis in general.
The UN Security Council and Africa: Playing New Games and Applying New Rules and Moves

This chapter seeks to unveil the inner workings of the United Nations (UN) Security Council through a detailed historical and political analysis of a wide range of precedent-setting responses to internal and international conflicts in Africa. In so doing, it makes a compelling case for the argument that Africa has long been the prime testing-ground for the Security Council, and especially so since the end of the Cold War. The “games” that the Council has played on the continent have allowed it to test innovative, and at times intrusive, responses to the challenges of maintaining international peace and security, spanning peacekeeping, peacebuilding, generalised and targeted sanctions, military interventions, international criminal accountability, and human rights. Interestingly, most of these innovations have been adopted with the acquiescence of the African Council members at the time, but for the most part have yet to be applied to situations beyond Africa.
Basin risk explains patterns of macroinvertebrate community differences across small streams in the Fayetteville Shale, AR

Abstract Understanding the relationship between natural landscape characteristics and human activities is crucial to predicting conditions under which loss of freshwater biodiversity occurs. For example, region-specific human activities, like unconventional natural gas (UNG) development, are often absent from models because of their limited spatial extent, yet their effects may alter stream ecosystems. Unconventional natural gas development is an expanding human activity that requires land-clearing, water withdrawal, and chemicals for hydraulic fracturing that could alter stream habitat and water quality, yet the degree of alteration may depend on basin natural landscape characteristics. We modified a basin-specific multi-metric risk model and used it to predict differences in macroinvertebrate communities in small stream basins (range 5.71–90.96 km2) in the Fayetteville Shale, Arkansas. We modeled basin risk as the interaction between basin natural sensitivity to alterations and basin exposure to human activities. We predicted that macroinvertebrate communities in 18 basins exposed to a gradient of unconventional natural gas (UNG) in a pasture-dominated landscape would experience greater differences in macroinvertebrate metrics across a risk gradient than 22 basins with a similar gradient of pasture land. Macroinvertebrate metrics of diversity declined by as much as 88% across the basin risk gradient. In contrast, macroinvertebrate metrics of biomass and density increased by 28% across the same basin risk gradient. Basin risk explained more variation in macroinvertebrate communities than sensitivity or exposure alone, suggesting an interaction between basin natural landscape characteristics and human activities. In contrast to our prediction, all macroinvertebrate metrics responded similarly in basins with and without UNG, which suggests either there was no added stressor-effect of UNG or UNG alterations resulted in the same biological effects as pasture. However, macroinvertebrate metrics in basins with and without UNG responded differently across a sediment-specific risk model where dams were modeled as sediment traps instead of structures that alter flow and temperature. As land alterations continue in the Fayetteville Shale, our basin-specific risk model can be used as a tool to identify at-risk stream communities.
Visible and ultraviolet-B ocular-ambient exposure ratios for a general population. Salisbury Eye Evaluation Project Team.

Purpose. To estimate the numerical value of the ocular-ambient exposure ratio (OAER) (ratio of the facial exposure to that on a horizontal plane) as a function of wavelength band, season, and job category and to establish the effect of various modifiers, such as geography and the use of hats, for use in general population studies. Methods. Two hundred sixty-four persons within several job categories representing the jobs in our Salisbury, Maryland, population were instrumented with ultraviolet-B (UVB) and visible band sensors for 1 complete day. Studies were done over all four seasons, both with and without hats. Results. OAERs in the UVB wavelength band generally are higher than in the visible (13% versus 6%), display no significant variation with job category, show a seasonal effect (highest in the winter-spring [18%], lowest in the summer [10%], and intermediate in the fall [14%]), and are reduced 34% by the use of hats. In the visible wavelength band, OAERs are affected weakly by job function, although this variation is not significant, display a seasonal effect with three seasons as in the UVB, and are not affected significantly by the use of hats. In neither the UVB nor the visible portions of the spectrum did the authors find an effect on the OAER due to photophobia or eye color. Conclusions. With the authors' exposure model, the authors have at their disposal a valuable tool for exploring the relation between UVB, UVA, and visible radiation and a number of age-related eye diseases.
Phenomenology and The Phenomenon of Technology

In the philosophy of technology there are a number of emergent questions which characterize the debates within this relatively new discipline. Without entering the specifics of those debates, I should like to take note of several of these.
Spontaneous non-aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage in Takayasu arteritis: a case implicating hyperperfusion and cerebral dysautoregulation

Takayasu arteritis (TA) is a systemic chronic inflammatory large-vessel vasculitis that affects the aorta, its major branches, and the pulmonary arteries. In this report, we describe a case of a young female with TA presenting with spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), an unusual manifestation of the disease. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) of the head and neck demonstrates multifocal carotid and vertebral arterial stenoses, but no aneurysm or vascular malformation to account for SAH. A novel and unexpected finding in this case was increased cerebral perfusion in the right frontotemporal parenchyma and transient abnormally reduced augmentation of flow in response to the cerebral vasodilator acetazolamide. The etiology of SAH thus may be related to hyperperfusion and loss of cerebrovascular autoregulation leading to small vessel damage.
Electrically injected nonpolar GaN-based VCSELs with lattice-matched nanoporous distributed Bragg reflector mirrors

We demonstrate the first electrically injected nonpolar m-plane GaN-based vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with lattice-matched nanoporous bottom DBRs. Lasing under pulsed operation at room temperature was observed near 409 nm with a linewidth of ~0.6 nm and a maximum output power of ~1.5 mW. The VCSELs were linearly polarized and polarization-locked in the a-direction, with a polarization ratio of 0.94. The high polarization ratio and polarization pinning reveal that the optical scattering from the nanoporous DBRs is negligible. A high characteristic temperature of 357 K resulted from the slightly negative offset between the peak gain and cavity mode wavelengths.
Young and middle-aged mouse breathing behavior during the light and dark cycles

Unrestrained barometric plethysmography is a common method used for characterizing breathing patterns in small animals. One source of variation between unrestrained barometric plethysmography studies is the segment of baseline. Baseline may be analyzed as a predetermined time-point, or using tailored segments when each animal is visually calm. We compared a quiet, minimally active (no sniffing/grooming) breathing segment to a predetermined time-point at 1 h for baseline measurements in young and middle-aged mice during the dark and light cycles. Additionally, we evaluated the magnitude of change for gas challenges based on these two baseline segments. C57BL/6JEiJ x C3Sn.BliA-Pde6b+ /DnJ male mice underwent unrestrained barometric plethysmography with the following baselines used to determine breathing frequency, tidal volume (VT) and minute ventilation (VE): (1) 30-sec of quiet breathing and (2) a 10-min period from 50 to 60 min. Animals were also exposed to 10 min of hypoxic (10% O2 , balanced N2 ), hypercapnic (5% CO2 , balanced air) and hypoxic hypercapnic (10% O2 , 5% CO2 , balanced N2 ) gas. Both frequency and VE were higher during the predetermined 10-min baseline versus the 30-sec baseline, while VT was lower (P 0.05) in an analysis of one cohort. During baseline, dark cycle testing had increased VT values versus those in the light (P < 0.05). For gas challenges, both frequency and VE showed higher percent change from the 30-sec baseline compared to the predetermined 10-min baseline (P < 0.05), while VT showed a greater change from the 10-min baseline (P < 0.05). Dark cycle hypoxic exposure resulted in larger percent change in breathing frequency versus the light cycle (P < 0.05). Overall, light and dark cycle pattern of breathing differences emerged along with differences between the 30-sec behavior observational method versus a predetermined time segment for baseline.
Acute vascular insufficiency of intestine: incidence highest in summer, outcomes worst in winter

The incidence of acute vascular insufficiency of intestine (AVII) is on the rise in the USA and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Seasonal variations have been observed in the onset of several gastrointestinal diseases. It is thus far unknown whether the incidence, in-hospital mortality rates, and length of hospital stay (LOS) of AVII vary in different seasons. The aims of this study were to study the seasonal variations in the (1) incidence, (2) in-hospital mortality, and (3) LOS of AVII in the USA. We used the Nationwide Inpatient Sample to identify patients aged ≥ 18 years hospitalized from the years 2000–2014. We used the Edwards recognition with estimation of cyclic trend method to study the seasonal variation of AVII hospitalizations and z test to compare the seasonal incidences (peak-to-low ratio), mortalities, and LOS. A total of 1,441,447 patients were hospitalized with AVII (0.3% of all hospitalizations). Patients with AVII were older (69.0 ± 0.1 vs 56.9 ± 0.1) and more commonly females (65.4% vs 35.5%) than patients without AVII (p < 0.001). The incidence of AVII increased through the summer to peak in September (peak/low ratio 1.028, 95% CI 1.024–1.033, p < 0.001). Patients with AVII hospitalized in winter had the highest mortality (17.3%, p < 0.001) and LOS (9.2 ± 0.7 days, p < 0.001). The incidence of AVII in the USA peaks in late summer. The in-hospital mortality rates and LOS associated with AVII are the highest in winter. Physicians could be cognizant of the seasonal variations in the incidence, in-hospital mortality, and LOS of AVII.
Teachers' Pedagogical Reflections on the Next Generation Science Standards

This paper reports the qualitative analysis of science teachers’ pedagogical reflections while attending institutes focused on the Next Generation Science Standards (NGSS). The researchers collecte...
Using machine learning to classify suicide attempt history among youth in medical care settings.

Abstract Background The current study aimed to classify recent and lifetime suicide attempt history among youth presenting to medical settings using machine learning (ML) as applied to a behavioral health screen self-report survey. Methods In the current study, 13,325 (mean age = 17.06, SD = 2.61) pediatric primary care patients from rural, semi-urban, and urban areas of Pennsylvania and 12,001 (mean age = 15.79, SD = 1.40) pediatric patients from an urban children's hospital emergency department were included in the analyses. We used two methods of ML (decision trees, random forests) to (a) generate algorithms to classify suicide attempt history, and (b) validate generated algorithms within and across samples to assess model performance. We also employed ridge regression to evaluate performance of the ML approaches. Results Our findings demonstrate that ML approaches did not enhance our ability to classify lifetime or recent suicide attempt history among youth across medical care settings, suggesting that relationships may be mainly linear and non-interactive. In line with prior research, a history of suicide planning, active suicidal ideation, passive suicidal ideation, and nonsuicidal self-injury emerged as relatively important correlates of suicide attempt. Limitations The cross-sectional nature of the current study prevents us from determining the extent to which the important variables identified confer risk for future suicidal behavior. Conclusions The present study underscores the importance of suicide risk screenings that focus on the assessment of active and passive suicidal ideation and suicide planning, in addition to nonsuicidal self-injury, across pediatric medical settings.
THE AMERICAN DREAM, MELTING POT AND REGIONAL KNOWLEDGE STOCK AS DRIVERS OF ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY

We explore whether the generally construed positive effects of intergenerational upward mobility and racial desegregation, under increasing local knowledge stocks, are positively associated with re...
Variability of cerebrospinal fluid findings by attack phenotype in myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disorder.

BACKGROUND The variability in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) findings of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-IgG-associated disorder (MOGAD) is not fully elucidated. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 203 attack-associated CSFs from Mayo Clinic patients (2000-2019) with MOGAD. RESULTS White-blood-cell (>5/mm3) elevation was less with clinically isolated optic neuritis (23%), compared to myelitis, brain/brainstem attacks, or combinations thereof (>70%), p<0.0001. CSF pleocytosis in optic neuritis was more common in patients with coexisting asymptomatic brain and/or spine MRI T2-lesions (53%) than in those without (16%), p=0.005. Abnormal CSF oligoclonal bands ranged from 1% (optic neuritis) to 18% (brain/brainstem attacks). CSF pleocytosis was less common after immunotherapy. CONCLUSIONS CSF findings in MOGAD vary by attack phenotype and preceding treatment.
Evaluation of SLE arthritis using frequency domain optical imaging.

OBJECTIVES Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) affects the joints in up to 95% of patients. The diagnosis and evaluation of SLE arthritis remain challenging in both practice and clinical trials. Frequency domain optical imaging (FDOI) has been previously used to assess joint involvement in inflammatory arthritis. The objective of this study was to evaluate FDOI in SLE arthritis. METHODS Ninety-six proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joints from 16 patients with SLE arthritis and 60 PIP joints from 10 age-matched, gender-matched and race/ethnicity-matched controls were examined. A laser beam with a wavelength of 670 nm, 1 mm in diameter and intensity modulated at 300 MHz and 600 MHz was directed onto the dorsal surface of each joint, scanning across a sagittal plane. The transmitted light intensities and phase shifts were measured with an intensified charge-coupled device camera. The data were analysed using Discriminant Analysis and Support Vector Machine algorithms. RESULTS The amplitude and phase of the transmitted light were significantly different between SLE and control PIPs (p<0.05). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis of cross-validated models showed an Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC)of 0.89 with corresponding sensitivity of 95%, specificity of 79%, and accuracy of 80%. CONCLUSION This study is the first evaluation of optical methods in the assessment of SLE arthritis; there was a statistically significant difference in the FDOI signals between patients with SLE and healthy volunteers. The results show that FDOI may have the potential to provide an objective, user-independent, evaluation of SLE PIP joints arthritis.