cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetics of Mosquito Vector Competence

Mosquito-borne diseases are responsible for significant human morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Efforts to control mosquito-borne diseases have been impeded, in part, by the development of drug-resistant parasites, insecticide-resistant mosquitoes, and environmental concerns over the application of insecticides. Therefore, there is a need to develop novel disease control strategies that can complement or replace existing control methods. One such strategy is to generate pathogen-resistant mosquitoes from those that are susceptible. To this end, efforts have focused on isolating and characterizing genes that influence mosquito vector competence. It has been known for over 70 years that there is a genetic basis for the susceptibility of mosquitoes to parasites, but until the advent of powerful molecular biological tools and protocols, it was difficult to assess the interactions of pathogens with their host tissues within the mosquito at a molecular level. Moreover, it has been only recently that the molecular mechanisms responsible for pathogen destruction, such as melanotic encapsulation and immune peptide production, have been investigated. The molecular characterization of genes that influence vector competence is becoming routine, and with the development of the Sindbis virus transducing system, potential antipathogen genes now can be introduced into the mosquito and their effect on parasite development can be assessed in vivo. With the recent successes in the field of mosquito germ line transformation, it seems likely that the generation of a pathogen-resistant mosquito population from a susceptible population soon will become a reality.
Extraction of Fast Changes in the Structure of a Disordered Ensemble of Photoexcited Biomolecules

Using pump-probe experiments of varying time intervals between pump and probe, the method of time-resolved crystallography has given many insights into the fast time variations of crystallized molecules as a result of photoexcitation. We show here that quantities extractable from multiple diffraction patterns of dissolved molecules in random orientations, as measured using powerful ultrashort pulses of X-rays, also contain information about structural changes of a molecule on photoexcitation.
The epidemiology and treatment of radial head subluxation

• The incidence and treatment of radial head subluxation were evaluated in emergency room and private office settings. Factors associated with recurrence and with successful reduction were identified, and ways to prevent this common injury were sought. Of 54 reductions during which a click was either felt or heard, all but one reduction resulted in reuse of the arm within 30 minutes. Of 13 reductions in which a click was neither felt nor heard, only four reductions resulted in reuse of the arm within 30 minutes. A supination maneuver resulted in reuse of the arm within 30 minutes in all 27 patients seen two or more hours after injury vs 85% (34/40) of patients seen less than two hours after injury. Remanipulation 12 to 106 hours later resulted in reuse of the arm in all those children who had failed to respond to previous treatment. ( AJDC 1985;139:1194-1197)
Handoff ordering using signal prediction priority queuing in personal communication systems

Handoffs in a mobile cellular communications environment will become an increasingly important issue as cell sizes shrink to accommodate an increasingly large demand for services. A new handoff ordering method is proposed which can be used to provide rapid handovers with a smaller percentage of dropped calls than other methods. Signal prediction priority queuing (SPPQ) is a generic queuing method which can be adapted to almost any handover technique for the benefit of decreased dropped calls. In typical personal communication systems (PCSs) environment, it is shown that for realistic call-blocking probabilities (2%-6%), SPPQ leads to about 15% fewer dropped calls compared to first-in-first-out (FIFO) queuing. This benefit comes at the expense of a slight increase (<1%) in blocked call percentage. The proposed SPPQ scheme is also compared to a previously developed method called measurement-based priority scheme (MBPS), and, based on worst case scenarios, it is shown to outperform MBPS as well.
Antibiotic stewardship-what should I do tomorrow?

[Ann Emerg Med. 2013;62:78-79.] In this issue, May et al 1 offer a review and call for action in a nascent yet important area of emergency medicine, antibiotic stewardship. The stewardship approach seeks to have clinicians more carefully weigh when and how to use antibiotics, targeting bacterial infection resolution while maintaining the utility of antibiotics. Many forces work against this noble cause, notably regulatory and performance measures designed to promote timely antibiotic administration. These measures may have pushed emergency physicians to administer antibiotics when not warranted— eg, if any possible pneumonia might be present even if bacterial pneumonia is unlikely—to avoid penalties or perceived poor care. Based on the input of many, this wellintended regulatory push with unintended consequences is now
Scheduling real-time multimedia tasks in network processors

Several companies have introduced powerful network processors (NP) that can be placed in active routers to execute application level tasks in the network. An NP consists of a number of on-chip processors to carry out packet level parallel processing operations. We propose to employ them for multimedia streaming (transcoding) to convert the incoming video streams to low bit-rate media units as per the requirements of the clients. To effectively schedule the parallel transcoding operations in an active router, we propose a static sequentialized batch-coscheduling (SSBC) scheme to meet both load balancing and real-time requirements for media streaming, based on divisible load theory (DLT). We first analyze the feasibility and optimality of the load distribution schemes from the theoretical perspectives, and then present separate solutions for non-delay-sensitive streams and delay-sensitive streams. Rigorous simulations and experiments have been carried out to evaluate the performance.
Impact of Electrodes on Gate Oxide Reliability: Examples from Isolation and Gate-Stack Processing

This paper discusses the challenges involved in improving gate oxide reliability for advanced integrated circuits through review of literature and other relevant data. We believe that gate oxide reliability improvements can be engineered by paying special attention to the process conditioning of the top and bottom electrode components of the thin oxide dielectric system in advanced ULSI technologies. We present examples that demonstrate the impact of process and materials on the performance of thin oxide. The data encompasses the effects of substrate, isolation, and top electrodes on gate oxide quality using a variety of methodologies to assess reliability.
The Transfer of Core-Based Hazardous Production Processes to the Export Processing Zones of the Periphery: The Maquiladora Centers of Northern Mexico

Transnational corporations appropriate 'carrying capacity" for the core by transferring the core's hazardous products, production processes, and wastes to the peripheral countries of the world-system. An increasingly important form of this reproduction process is the transfer of core-based hazardous industries to export processing zones (EPZs) locatedin a number of peripheral countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. A specific case is examined in this paper: the transfer of hazardous industries to the maquiladora centers located on the Mexican side of the Mexico-U.S. border. Maquiladoras provide an excellent case for examining what is known about the causes, adverse consequences, and political responses associated with the transfer of core-based hazardous production processes to the EPZs of the periphery.
Collaborative scientific conceptual change in simulation-supported learning environment

The purpose of our study is to: 1) propose a new model of conceptual change called collaborative scientific conceptual change model; 2) examine student collaborative scientific conceptual change process while using computer simulations to understand aquarium ecosystem through three perspectives (i.e., cognitive, social, and epistemic) included in the new conceptual change model. We propose that collaborative scientific conceptual change occurs when learners co-construct new knowledge and make a shift from their previous ways of thinking towards the scientific ways of thinking that scientists use to explain phenomena. We report preliminary results of a classroom study exploring how students used the simulations to develop collaborative discourse and applied epistemic practices to achieve conceptual change. The results imply that this new theoretical framework is effective to study conceptual change and the simulation environment may mediate the development of successful collaborative interactions (including collaborative discourse and epistemic practices) that lead to conceptual change.
Factors influencing US medical students' decision to pursue surgery.

Abstract Background Interest and applications to surgery have steadily decreased over recent years in the United States. The goal of this review is to collect the current literature regarding US medical students' experience in surgery and factors influencing their intention to pursue surgery as a career. We hypothesize that multiple factors influence US medical students' career choice in surgery. Methods Six electronic databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Education Resources Information Center, Embase, and PsycINFO) were searched. The inclusion criteria were studies published after the new century related to factors influencing surgical career choice among US medical students. Factors influencing US medical student surgical career decision-making were recorded. A quality index score was given to each article selected to minimize risk of bias. Results We identified 38 relevant articles of more than 1000 nonduplicated titles. The factors influencing medical student decision for a surgical career were categorized into five domains: mentorship and role model (n = 12), experience (clerkship n = 9, stereotype n = 4), timing of exposure (n = 9), personal (lifestyle n = 8, gender n = 6, finance n = 3), and others (n = 2). Conclusions This comprehensive systemic review identifies mentorship, experience in surgery, stereotypes, timing of exposure, and personal factors to be major determinants in medical students' decisions to pursue surgery. These represent areas that can be improved to attract applicants to general surgery residencies. Surgical faculty and residents can have a positive influence on medical students' decisions to pursue surgery as a career. Early introduction to the field of surgery, as well as recruitment strategies during the preclinical and clinical years of medical school can increase students' interest in a surgical career.
Field Performance of F1-Sterile Gypsy Moth Larvae (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) on Loblolly Pine and Sweetgum

The quality of sweetgum, Liquidambar styraciflua L., and loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., as a foodsource for gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.), larvae was evaluated using caged F 1 -sterile gypsy moths in a field study in southeastern Virginia. A 1st experiment compared host species at 3 sites. Because early instars do not feed on loblolly pine, 2nd and 3rd stadia larvae were caged only on sweetgum, and allocated to sweetgum and loblolly pine at the onset of the 4th stadium. On sweetgum, survival of L2 and L3 gypsy moths was 32% across sites and was 17% higher on the best site compared with the worst. Survival of L4 to pupae was not affected by site, but survival was significantly higher on sweetgum than loblolly pine during this period. Host species did not affect duration of the larval stage, pupal weight, duration of the pupal stage, or development time to adult of F 1 -sterile gypsy moths; however, site had a significant effect on duration of the larval period. A 2nd experiment using L4-L6 examined the effects of detaching branches, on both host species, on the duration of the larval period, relative growth rate, and pupal weight. The main effects of host species, branch detachment, and frequency of larval handling (frequent versus infrequent) were not significant for any response variable. The interactions of branch detachment by host species and larval handling by host species were significant. On loblolly pine, larvae caged on detached branches developed more slowly than those on intact branches, but those larvae caged on intact branches and moved infrequently developed the slowest of any treatment. Larvae on sweetgum were unaffected by branch detachment or frequency of handling.
Abstract 4581: Interaction between DRD1 and childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke modulates lung cancer risk in smokers and never smokers.

In searching for a role for genetic variation in susceptibility to lung cancer, we postulated that miRNA modulating SNPs within smoking behavior associated genes, such as the nicotinic acetylcholine and dopamine receptor families, could modulate susceptibility to tobacco carcinogens and lung cancer risk. Bioinformatic analyses of these gene families identified 5 SNPs predicted to modulate a miRNA binding site. We assessed these SNPs in the National Cancer Institute-MD case-control study (European American [EA] & African Americans [AA] n=1,438). rs686 in DRD1 (dopamine receptor D1) was associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer after adjustment for age, gender and race (OR 0.63, 95% C.I. 0.47-0.85; P=0.002). As DRD1 mediates dopamine signaling following nicotine exposure, we reasoned that the rs686 variant associates with lung cancer risk via modulation of the nicotine reward pathway. However, adjustment for smoking both in terms of smoking status and pack-years did not significantly modulate the association (OR 0.57, 95% C.I. 0.40-0.81, P=0002). In addition, age at smoking initiation, pack-years of smoking and levels of urinary nicotine metabolites (cotinine and hydroxycotinine) did not vary across rs686 genotypes. Moreover, in an analysis of a never smoking cohort from Mayo Clinic, rs686 was also associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer (OR 0.77, 95% C.I. 0.62-0.97; P=0.027; n=629) (pooled analysis OR 0.61, 95% C.I. 0.47-0.78; P Citation Format: Brid M. Ryan, Ana I. Robles, Andrew C. McClary, Elise Bowman, Kirsi Vahakangas, Susan Olivo-Marston, Ping Yang, Jin Jen, Curtis C. Harris. Interaction between DRD1 and childhood exposure to environmental tobacco smoke modulates lung cancer risk in smokers and never smokers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4581. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-4581
Effects of Transplanted Blastemas on Amputated Nerveless Limbs of Urodele Larvae

ConclusionsThese results provide new experimental evidence toward a further understanding of the role which the blastema plays in regeneration. It has been previously established (Schotte and Butler,7, 8 Butler and Schotte9) that in normal regeneration cessation of dedifferentiation of formed structures of the limb coincides with the appearance of a blastema. It has been demonstrated, furthermore, that when the formation of a blastema is prevented by denervation, dedifferentiation is unchecked and proceeds to extreme ends. In the experiments here reported it is shown that this extreme dedifferentiation in an amputated nerveless limb is prevented by the transplantation of a young blastema.The presence of a blastema, therefore, is essential for the cessation of dedifferentiation and hence for the establishment of an equilibrium in the cellular interactions which occur during the initial phases of regeneration. This is true, however, only for young undifferentiated blastemas. When a transplanted blastema its...
Endophyte-host associations in grasses. XVIII: Moisture relations and insect herbivory of the emergent stromal leaf of Epichloë

In order to compare relative transpiration in the stromal leaf of Epichloi typhina to that ofnonstromal leaves produced on culms without stromata, translocation of dye in excised culms was monitored. Stromal leaf blades accumulated dye rapidly and became densely stained, while minimal staining occurred in nonstromal leaf blades. This is interpreted to indicate that transpiration is enhanced in stromal leaves. Sections of stromal leaves show that several cell types are hypertrophied. The epidermis contains cells with thin outer walls, where in many instances the cells have collapsed or appear ruptured. It is apparent that the stromal leaf has been anatomically modified so that evaporation of water from its surface is increased and unregulatable by the plant. In one experiment stromal leaf blades were excised from stromata resulting in desiccation of upper parts of stromata. The biological role of the stromal leaf may be to draw water through the stroma to replace evaporative loss from the stromal mycelium. Herbivory studies using fall armyworms also indicate that the stromal leaf is chemically altered to deter herbivory. Enhanced insect resistance and drought tolerance in grasses with nonstromaforming endophytes, that are believed to have evolved from Epichloi, are characteristics that may have been preadapted by the need for Epichloi to alter the stromal leaf and defend it from herbivory.
The toxics release inventory: public awareness or common ignorance?

This paper investigates public awareness of Toxics Release Inventory (TRI) sites by empirically testing the sensitivity of housing prices to existing sites using a series of hedonic property value models. Results are three–fold: 1) housing values are sensitive to nearby TRI sites, implying citizens are aware and concerned about TRI sites nearest to their homes; 2) they are able to differentiate between degrees of severity of the sites in so far as the level of a "second–order" report; 3) the marginal impact of increased distance on expected housing values is estimated to be between $979 and $5,079 per mile.
Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.

Recent studies indicate that CRTTP patients have excessive shear stress-induced platelet aggregation that is associated with the presence of ULvWF multimers in their plasma and increased vWF-binding to their platelets by flow cytometry. In these CRTTP patients, relapses, excessive shear-aggregation and the presence in their plasma of ULvWF forms are all reversed by the infusion of normal FFP or substances devoid of the largest vWF multimers found in plasma (cryoprecipitate- poor plasma or cryosupernatant ; solvent/detergent-treated plasma) without the need for concurrent plasmapheresis. This constellation of observations, along with reports of increased vWF in TTP platelet thrombi, increases the probability that ULvWF multimers derived from injured or abnormal endothelial cells induce aggregation during TTP episodes in high-shear regions of the microcirculation.
Is There a Social Clock for Men

There has been a growing trend in the past two decades toward delayed parenthood for reasons ranging from increased educational attainment and uncertainty in the economic environment to the large number of women making long-term commitments to the labor force. Despite the later age at first birth, adults, particularly women, are acutely aware that there are constraints on the timing of parenthood. Popular culture is familiar with women in their twenties and thirties voicing concerns about the looming biological clock and its ramifications for their attainment of pregnancy and motherhood. Scientific evidence underscores these concerns. The odds of a fertile 30-year-old woman conceiving are 20% per cycle; by age 40, the odds fall to 5% per cycle, and the risks of miscarriage and chromosomal abnormalities rise dramatically with advanced maternal age (American Society for Reproductive Medicine, 2012). A 42-year-old woman has less than a 10% chance of having a baby with her own ova, even with advanced reproductive techniques (Centers for Disease Control, 2006). In stark contrast, the apparent ease with which highly visible Hollywood notables and television celebrities such as Warren Beatty, David Lettermen, and Steve Martin waltzed into first-time fatherhood and numerous other well-known men had additional children in their sixth and seventh decades makes men seem impervious to the limits of a biological clock.
Genetic Basis of Carbamazepine Hypersensitivity

The genetic basis of carbamazepine hypersensitivity was investigated in 60 affected patients (37 with mild rashes and 23 severe reactions) and 63 control non-sensitive subjects taking carbamazepine and treated at the University of Liverpool, UK.
Advanced gastric adenocarcinoma: optimizing therapy options

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Gastric adenocarcinoma (GAC) is the fifth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. When localized, cure is achievable with surgery and adjunctive therapies in some patients, however, once advanced, GAC is not a curable condition. Only two targeted agents (trastuzumab and ramucirumab) have been approved and apatinib was approved only in China. Because of the heterogeneous nature of GAC, it is not possible to assess a standard therapeutic approach.Areas covered: In this review, we aimed to describe the optimal systemic therapy regimens for advanced GAC. A literature search was performed to identify all phase II-III studies about advanced GAC from PubMed, clinicaltrials.gov, American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) and European Society for Medical Oncology (ESMO) websites.Expert commentary: A combination of a platinum compound and a fluoropyrimidine is ideal as first line therapy. Trastuzumab should be added if the tumor is HER2 positive. In ...
Neurogenesis in Cerebrovascular Disease

Abstract Neurogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian—including human—brain, primarily in the subgranular zone of the hippocampal dentate gyrus and the rostral subventricular zone that lines the anterior horns of the lateral ventricles. Both ischemic stroke and intracerebral hemorrhage can enhance neurogenesis, resulting in migration of neuroblasts from the subventricular zone to the site of injury. Stroke-induced neurogenesis appears to have functional significance because its ablation worsens outcome in rodent models of stroke. However, the number of neurons produced by this process is far smaller than the number lost, suggesting that mechanisms other than cell replacement must be involved. Mechanisms proposed include the secretion of neuroprotective trophic factors and of antiinflammatory cytokines from neuroblasts.
A survey of current architectures for connecting wireless mobile ad hoc networks to the Internet: Research Articles

Connecting wired and wireless networks, and particularly mobile wireless ad hoc networks (MANETs) and the global Internet, is attractive in real-world scenarios due to its usefulness and praticality. Because of the various architectural mismatches between the Internet and MANETs with regard to their communication topology, routing protocols, and operation, it is necessary to introduce a hybrid interface capable of connecting to the Internet using Mobile IP protocol and to MANETs owing to an ad hoc routing protocol. Specifically, the approaches available in the literature have introduced updated versions of Mobile IP agents or access points at the edge of the Internet to help MANET nodes get multi-hop wireless Internet access. The main differences in the existing approaches concern the type of ad hoc routing protocol as well as the switching algorithm used by MANET nodes to change their current Mobile IP agents based on specific switching criteria. This paper surveys a variety of approaches to providing multi-hop wireless Internet access to MANET nodes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trigger Factors in Psoriasis

Frequently psoriasis does not become manifest until later in life. The triggering of the genotype of psoriasis (pre-psoriasis) to the phenotype of psoriasis (clinically apparent psoriasis) is complicated because, contrary to many diseases, once triggered, remission to an apparent disease-free state either spontaneously or as a result of treatment is common. Thus, when assessing factors that trigger the onset of disease, one must also consider factors that lead to recurrence and exacerbation.
Improving Student Commitment to Healthcare-Related Design Practice by Improving the Studio Learning Experience.

Objective:This case study explores the influence of the healthcare design studio experience on students’ short-term professional goals as measured through rates of healthcare-related certification ...
Results from a Survey of Abstract Algebra Instructors across the United States: Understanding the Choice to (Not) Lecture

In the United States, there is significant interest from policy boards and funding agencies to change students’ experiences in undergraduate mathematics classes. Abstract algebra, an upper division undergraduate course typically required for mathematics majors, has been the subject of reform initiatives since at least the 1960s; yet there is little evidence as to whether these change initiatives have influenced the way abstract algebra is taught. We conducted a national survey of abstract algebra instructors at Master’s- and Doctorate-granting institutions in the United States to investigate teaching practices, to identify beliefs and contextual factors that support/constrain non-lecture teaching practices, and to identify commonalities and differences between those who do and do not lecture. This work provides insight into how abstract algebra is taught in the United States, factors that influence pedagogical decisions, and avenues for how to approach and better support those are interested in implementing non-lecture teaching approaches.
Faculty Diversity Internship Programs in California Community Colleges

ABSTRACTThe disparity between the demographics of California’s community college students and faculty is striking. Specifically, underrepresented minority (URM) students represent the largest population at 49%, yet only 22% of faculty are URM. In 1992, legislation was passed to allow community colleges to establish Faculty Diversity Internship Programs (FDIPs) to “promote inclusive efforts to locate and attract qualified graduate students who are members of monitored groups identified by gender, ethnicity, and disability” (Title 5. Education California Code of Regulations, n.d.). This study used a program evaluation to examine two FDIP sites. The study revealed four benefits of participation: (1) mentorship, (2) teaching experience, (3) professional development, and (4) networking and collaboration opportunities. The study found that although the FDIP does not have a significant impact on increasing faculty diversity, it does have a significant impact on preparing faculty for employment in a diverse commu...
Making International Economic Law Work: Integrating Disciplines and Broadening Policy Choices

The biennial conference of the International Economic Law Interest Group of the American Society of International Law was held in September 2017 at Georgetown University Law Center. It aimed to transcend the traditional trade, investment, finance, tax and private ordering silos of international economic law. From a research agenda perspective, the presentations fostered a reflection on what international economic law as a discipline might look like when research focuses on the reality of blurred boundaries between the traditional fields of trade, investment, tax, finance and monetary law. Specific themes included: Cross-fertilization opportunities between trade, monetary and finance law: How does monetary law impact trade and finance, and vice-versa? Soft law in international economic law: Are there lessons to be drawn from financial regulation for trade and investment? How does regionalism shape and challenge international economic law? Dispute resolution in the face of trade and investment treaty convergence: What are the opportunities and challenges raised by recent innovations? Is a unified system possible or desirable? International economic law and systemic risk. Public-private partnerships in international economic law. From a policy perspective, a number of papers explored the implications of legal imports from one field into another, how legal and policy options might be expanded in the face of converging trade, investment and financial law, as well as through emerging private and public-private sorts of ordering. Because blurred boundaries have created challenges as well as opportunities, participants discussed chasms and tensions that need to be addressed.
The Hajdu Cheney Mutation Is a Determinant of B-Cell Allocation of the Splenic Marginal Zone

The neurogenic locus notch homolog protein (Notch)-2 receptor is a determinant of B-cell allocation, and gain-of- NOTCH2 –function mutations are associated with Hajdu–Cheney syndrome (HCS), a disease presenting with osteoporosis and acro-osteolysis. We generated a mouse model reproducing the HCS mutation ( Notch2HCS ), and heterozygous global mutant mice displayed gain-of-Notch2 function. In the mutant spleen, the characteristic perifollicular rim marking the marginal zone (MZ), which is the interface between the nonlymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white pulp, merged with components of the white pulp. As a consequence, the MZ of Notch2HCS mice occupied most of the splenic structure. To explore the mechanisms involved, lymphocyte populations from the bone marrow and spleen were harvested from heterozygous Notch2HCS mice and sex-matched control littermates and analyzed by flow cytometry. Notch2HCS mice had an increase in CD21/35 high CD23 − splenic MZ B cells of approximately fivefold and a proportional decrease in splenic follicular B cells (CD21/35 int CD23 + ) at 1, 2, and 12 months of age. Western blot analysis revealed that Notch2HCS mutant splenocytes had increased phospho-Akt and phospho–Jun N-terminal kinase, and gene expression analysis of splenic CD19 + B cells demonstrated induction of Hes1 and Hes5 in Notch2HCS mutants. Anti-Notch2 antibodies decreased MZ B cells in control and Notch2HCS mice. In conclusion, Notch2HCS mutant mice have increased mature B cells in the MZ of the spleen.
AN UNUSUAL ORGANELLE IN AVIAN OVARIES.

Ovarian follicles ranging in size from 1 to 5 mm in diameter, from coturnix quail and Leghorn chickens, were examined. Two principal cell types may be distinguished in the follicular epithelium, one of which contains a relatively low concentration of ribosomes in its cytoplasm, and is more abundant in follicles of this size range than the relatively ribosome-rich cell type. Boundaries between the vitelline membrane and the latter cell type are less well defined than those between this membrane and the more common type of follicle cell. Processes of follicular epithelial cells that extend through the zona radiata and terminate within the oocyte are lined by the cell membranes of the follicle cells from which they originate and are covered by the invaginated cell membrane of the oocyte. Unusual organelles found particularly at the termini of these processes, but also present at other sites in follicle cells, differ from other cytoplasmic components in that they consist of at least two parallel curved unit membranes, a row of granules being attached to the innermost membrane. The organelles are here named transosomes . The termini of processes of follicle cells are in close contact with the endoplasmic reticulum of the oocyte, and at some sites the membranes delimiting both structures appear continuous from one structure to the other. Fine fibrils in a structurally homogeneous matrix occupy the vitelline membrane, which is interrupted by follicle cell processes and whose inner border follows the irregular contour of the oocyte. The cell membrane of the oocyte is marked by pinocytotic channels that course from the vitelline membrane into the oocyte. The zona radiata of the oocyte displays pinocytotic profiles and follicle cell processes and is interiorly delimited by a terminal web. Mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi bodies are not present in the zona radiata. The possible functions of transosomes are discussed: It is suggested that transosomes direct growth of membranes of follicular epithelial cells, forming their processes that extend into the oocyte, and also direct the growth of endoplasmic reticular membranes of the oocyte. The function of the ribosome-rich cell is proposed to be that of replacement of those substances of the vitelline membrane that are subject to erosion by oocyte pinocytotic activity.
Biologic Therapy for Atopic Dermatitis: Moving Beyond the Practice Parameter and Guidelines

Atopic dermatitis (AD), a common chronic pruritic inflammatory skin disease, impacts the quality of life of patients and caregivers and has become a global health problem. It is increasingly recognized as a disease not only of children but also of adults who may have a persistent or relapsing course from childhood or who develop new-onset adult disease. Besides well-established atopic comorbidities, associations with a number of nonatopic comorbidities have been reported. AD is characterized by both immune dysregulation and epidermal barrier dysfunction. The findings that nonlesional skin in AD has both terminal keratinocyte differentiation defects and immune abnormalities as well as multiple markers of immune and inflammatory activation in the circulation point to the systemic nature of the disease and have important translational implications. Although AD is predominantly associated with type 2 immune responses, activation of other cytokine pathways including TH1, TH22, and TH17/IL-23 has been reported, suggesting potential therapeutic targets and provide a rationale for treatment with novel biologics. Dupilumab, a fully human mAb targeting the IL-4 Rα subunit, blocks signaling of both IL-4 and IL-13 and is the first biologic to be approved for the treatment of moderate-to-severe AD in adult patients. Other biologics in current trials for AD are targeting the IL-31 receptor, IL-13, and the common p40 subunit of IL-12/IL-23.
Schule: Elternarbeit mit schwer erreichbaren Eltern

Es ist eine allgemein beklagte Tatsache, dass gerade jene Eltern den Kontaktbemuhungen von Lehrkraften, AusbilderInnen und sonstigen Fachkraften am wenigsten zuganglich sind, mit denen am dringendsten kooperiert werden musste. Dazu steht in merkwurdigem Widerspruch, dass es in Deutschland – anders als in manchen anderen Staaten – so gut wie keine Fachdiskussion uber solche schwer erreichbaren Eltern gibt: Eine Recherche mit Google erbringt fur Deutschland gerade einmal drei Fundstellen pro Million EinwohnerInnen fur den Begriff schwer erreichbare Eltern, in den USA jedoch 252 Fundstellen fur das Begriffspendant hard to reach parents und in Grosbritannien gar 1348. Ein starkeres Indiz fur die deutsche Hilflosigkeit im Umgang mit der Problematik der schwer erreichbaren Eltern ist kaum vorstellbar.
Children's Vulnerability to Interparental Conflict: The Protective Role of Sibling Relationship Quality.

This study tested whether the strength of the mediational pathway involving interparental conflict, adolescent emotional insecurity, and their psychological problems depended on the quality of their sibling relationships. Using a multimethod approach, 236 adolescents (Mage = 12.6 years) and their parents participated in three annual measurement occasions. Tests of moderated mediation revealed that indirect paths among interparental conflict, insecurity, and psychological problems were significant for teens with low, but not high, quality bonds with siblings. High-quality (i.e., strong) sibling relationships conferred protection by neutralizing interparental conflict as a precursor of increases in adolescent insecurity. Results did not vary as a function of the valence of sibling relationship properties, adolescent sex, or gender and age compositions of the dyad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Using CBT to Assist Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders/Pervasive Developmental Disorders in the School Setting

Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) encompasses a wide variety of behavior. While the descriptions of students across the spectrum can differ, it is most often students with mild or moderate ASD who are included in general education classrooms. It is also these same students who are more likely to benefit from CBT interventions. Thus, the majority of ASD-specific issues discussed in the text will highlight concerns more common to this higher functioning population.
Morphology of the Si-SiO2 Interface

The interface between silicon and thermally grown silicon dioxide is almost certainly the best studied solid-solid interface known. For silicon devices, we must produce oxides on silicon that are highly stable, present a diffusion barrier to undesired impurities, and form an interface with the silicon substrate that has a low density of fixed charge and interface traps. In addition, a precise control of the thickness of the oxide layer and its dielectric properties is necessary for the successful fabrication of silicon devices.
Parent Education in Youth Sport: A Community Case Study of Parents, Coaches, and Administrators

The present community case study was designed to highlight parent, coach, and administrator perceptions of community-based parent education in a youth sport community in the Rocky Mountain region o...
Wives, Daughters, and Sons

Family and personal life experiences appear throughout the chapters, as context requires it. This chapter is about close friends at different times in my maturation, about wives, children, each unique, special, and inseparable from my personal transitions. My generation has passed, but friends and family include many whose dedication has kept me young in spirit and the currency of the times.
Excitation Transport in Polymeric Solids

By attaching chromophores to polymer backbones, it is possible to make complex chromophore systems in which changes in the nature of the polymer or changes in the environment of the polymer have substantial influences on the nature and rate of electronic excitation transport. Chromophores bound to a polymer chain (tagged chain) or microphase separated domains of tagged chains are finite volume excitation transport systems with complex, nonrandom, distributions of chromophores. We have developed a general statistical mechanical theoretical approach for describing energy transport in complex, finite (or infinite) volume systems. We have also employed time resolved fluorescence depolarization experiments to test the theory and make the first detailed measurements of energy transport in complex systems.
Land-Cover Changes to Surface-Water Buffers in the Midwestern USA: 25 Years of Landsat Data Analyses (1993-2017).

To understand the timing, extent, and magnitude of land use/land cover (LULC) change in buffer areas surrounding Midwestern US waters, we analyzed the full imagery archive (1982–2017) of three Landsat footprints covering ~100,000 km2. The study area included urbanizing Chicago, Illinois and St. Louis, Missouri regions and agriculturally dominated landscapes (i.e., Peoria, Illinois). The Continuous Change Detection and Classification algorithm identified 1993–2017 LULC change across three Landsat footprints and in 90 m buffers for ~110,000 surface waters; waters were also size-binned into five groups for buffer LULC change analyses. Importantly, buffer-area LULC change magnitude was frequently much greater than footprint-level change. Surface-water extent in buffers increased by 14–35x the footprint rate and forest decreased by 2–9x. Development in buffering areas increased by 2–4x the footprint-rate in Chicago and Peoria area footprints but was similar to the change rate in the St. Louis area footprint. The LULC buffer-area change varied in waterbody size, with the greatest change typically occurring in the smallest waters (e.g., <0.1 ha). These novel analyses suggest that surface-water buffer LULC change is occurring more rapidly than footprint-level change, likely modifying the hydrology, water quality, and biotic integrity of existing water resources, as well as potentially affecting down-gradient, watershed-scale storages and flows of water, solutes, and particulate matter.
Risk factors differ by first manifestation of cardiovascular disease in type 1 diabetes

Abstract Aims We compared risk factors for three CVD manifestations and a composite outcome over 25 years’ follow-up in the Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) prospective cohort study of childhood-onset ( Methods First CVD manifestations examined were: (1) major atherosclerotic cardiovascular event (MACE, i.e. CVD death, myocardial infarction, stroke), (2) coronary revascularization, (3) soft coronary artery disease (CAD, i.e. ischemia ECG, angina), and a (4) composite (MACE + revascularization) outcome. Baseline and time-varying mean and current risk factors, including medication use, were assessed, in diabetes duration-adjusted models. Results MACE (n = 107) was predicted by ln(albumin excretion rate) (AER, HR = 1.3, p Conclusions Important risk factor associations may be affected by examining composite CVD outcomes. More research is needed to determine how to best incorporate revascularization into composite CVD definitions.
The Neighborhood Deprivation Index and Provider Geocoding Identify Critical Catchment Areas for Diabetes Outreach.

Purpose In designing a Project ECHO™ Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) program in Florida and California, the Neighborhood Deprivation Index (NDI) was used in conjunction with geocoding of primary care providers (PCPs) and endocrinologists in each state to concurrently identify areas with low endocrinology provider density and high health risk/poverty areas. The NDI measures many aspects of poverty proven to be critical indicators of health outcomes. Methods The data from the 2013-2017 American Community Survey (ACS) 5-year estimates were used to create NDI maps for California and Florida. In addition, geocoding and 30-minute drive-time buffers were performed using publicly available provider directories for PCPs and endocrinologists in both states by Google Geocoding API and TravelTime Search Application Programming Interface (API). Results Based on these findings, we defined high need catchment areas as areas with: 1) more than a 30-minute drive to the nearest endocrinologist, but within a 30-minute drive to the nearest PCP; 2) an NDI in the highest quartile; and 3) a population above the median (5,199 for census tracts, and 1,394 for census block groups). Out of the 12,181 census tracts and 34,490 census block groups in California and Florida, we identified 57 tracts and 215 block groups meeting these criteria as high need catchment area. Conclusion Geospatial analysis provides an important initial methodologic step to effectively focus outreach efforts in diabetes program development. The integration of the NDI with geocoded provider directories enables more cost-effective and targeted interventions to reach the most vulnerable populations living with T1D.
Eligibility for and Enrollment in Medicaid Among Nonelderly Adults After Implementation of the Affordable Care Act

The Affordable Care Act's (ACA) Medicaid expansion resulted in substantial gains in coverage. However, little research has documented eligibility or participation rates among eligible adults in the post-ACA period in part because of the complexities involved in assigning eligibility status. We used simulation modeling to examine Medicaid eligibility and participation during 2014 to 2017. More than one in five adults were Medicaid eligible in expansion states in the post-ACA period. In contrast, about one in 30 adults were Medicaid eligible in nonexpansion states. While eligibility rates differed substantially by expansion status, participation rates among Medicaid-eligible adults were similar in both sets of states (44% to 46%). These estimates indicate that differences in eligibility rather than in participation rates explained differences in enrollment between expansion and nonexpansion states during the study period. Participation in Medicaid is expected to grow during the coronavirus pandemic. Our study provides baseline estimates for future analyses of enrollment trends.
Advancement of magnetomotive micro optical coherence tomography (μOCT) microrheology for probing mucus viscoelastic properties

We report the advancement of magnetomotive μOCT microrheology for measuring viscoelastic parameters of mucus in air-liquid interface cystic fibrosis (CF) cell cultures. We dispersed magnetic microbeads into the mucus and conducted a creep test by applying a constant magnetomotive force to the sample, while imaging the resulting mucus deformation using μOCT. The deformation of mucus compartments was then analyzed using ImageJ. The viscoelastic parameters were extracted by fitting the deformation to a power-law rheology model. Preliminary results showed that magnetomotive μOCT microrheology can probe the heterogeneous viscoelasticity of CF mucus in a spatially resolved manner.
“Now, I See”: Multicultural Science Curriculum as Transformation and Social Action

A case study for documentation of rich descriptive information about developing a multicultural science curriculum is the focus of this study. Three elementary preservice teachers challenge their ideas about science teaching and the urban context as they plan, teach, and assess their teaching of a multicultural science curriculum. Banks’ typology of multicultural curriculum reform was used as an instructional approach in a teacher education course and the analytical framework for this study. The findings of the study communicate three important points of discussion and implications for teacher education, science education, and multicultural curriculum development. Preparing teachers for urban schools dictates an explicit foundation and intentionality to expanding views about teaching and multiculturalism in urban classrooms, especially in the context of science education. The preservice teachers see the benefit of teaching science as Transformation and Social Action not only for their students but also for themselves as multiculturally-minded science curriculum developers.
Targeting DDX3X triggers anti-tumor immunity via a dsRNA-mediated tumor-intrinsic type I interferon response.

Induction of nucleic acid sensing-mediated type I interferon (IFN) has emerged as a novel approach to activate the immune system against cancer. Here we show that the depletion of DEAD-box RNA helicase 3X (DDX3X) triggers a tumor-intrinsic type I IFN response in breast cancer cells. Depletion or inhibition of DDX3X activity led to aberrant cytoplasmic accumulation of cellular endogenous double-stranded RNAs (dsRNA), which triggered type I IFN production through the melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5)-mediated dsRNA-sensing pathway. Furthermore, DDX3X interacted with dsRNA-editing ADAR1 and dual depletion of DDX3X and ADAR1 synergistically activated the cytosolic dsRNA pathway in breast cancer cells. Loss of DDX3X in mouse mammary tumors enhanced antitumor activity by increasing the tumor-intrinsic type I IFN response, antigen presentation, and tumor infiltration of cytotoxic T and dendritic cells. These findings may lead to the development of a novel therapeutic approach for breast cancer by targeting DDX3X in combination with immune-checkpoint blockade. SIGNIFICANCE: This study elucidates the novel role of DDX3X in regulating endogenous cellular dsRNA homeostasis and type I IFN signaling in breast cancer. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT: http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/canres/81/13/3607/F1.large.jpg.