cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
SU-E-T-110: The Effect of Secondary Electron Emission On Ionization Chamber Dosimety

Purpose: To investigate the contribution to the reading obtained using an air‐filled ionization chamber due to secondary electron emission from the chamber walls. Methods: The ion chamber under investigation was placed in a vacuum vessel and the pressure within the vessel and chamber was varied from atmospheric pressure down to ∼ 0.05 atm (5 kPa). High energy photon and electron beams from an Elekta Precise linac were used to investigate the deviation of the ionization current from what was expected after applying the standard pressure correction. Four ionization chamber types were used — two parallel‐plate and two cylindrical designs — and influence quantities such as stem and cable irradiation, leakage currents and electron scatter were investigated. Results: For the simplest situation, the parallel‐plate design, the ion current showed the theoretically‐predicted deviation at low pressures and analysis of the data yielded a 0.3% correction to the signal at atmospheric pressure to account for these ‘non‐cavity’ electrons. This correction was independent of incident energy and beam modality. For a Farmer‐type cylindrical chamber the correction was of a similar magnitude, but with a measurable polarity dependence due to the concentric geometry of the electrodes. The effect for a small‐volume cylindrical chamber (< 0.01 cm3) was very large, approaching 10% of the atmospheric cavity signal when collecting negative charge (the situation where secondary electrons emitted from the chamber wall reach the collecting electrode). Conclusion: Secondary electron emission has been demonstrated in typical therapy‐level ionization chambers and the contribution to the overall ion chamber signal (at atmospheric pressure) is around 0.3–0.5 %, although it can be significantly larger for small‐volume cylindrical chambers. For standard reference‐class chambers the effect should be taken into account during calibration but further work is required to determine how secondary electrons impact the performance of small‐volume cylindrical chambers.
Oxidation-deduction chemistry of oxo- and sulphldo-bridged binuclear molybdenum(V) complexes in aprotic media

Abstract The electrochemistry of a series of oxo- and sulphido-bridged binuclear molybdenum(V) complexes in dimethyl sulphoxide, acetonitrile and dimethylformamide has been studied by use of cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential electrolysis. The solution properties of these complexes and their electrolysis products have also been investigated by UV-visible spectrophotometry. Redox mechanisms are proposed on the basis of the electrochemical data and analysis of the electrolysis products. Comparisons are made between the redox properties of oxo- and sulphido-bridged molybdenum complexes. Dioxo-bridged complexes in general are reduced by a two-electron process, while monoxo- and sulphido-bridged compounds are reduced by successive one-electron processes. The results, which indicate the conditions that stabilise mixed oxidation state dimers, may provide insight into the chemistry of biological molybdenum.
10- to 16-μm broadband quantum well infrared photodetector

A broad-band infrared detector, sensitive over a 10 - 16 micrometer spectral range, based on GaAs/AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy, has been demonstrated. Wavelength broadening of (Delta) (lambda) /(lambda) p approximately 42% is observed to be about a 400% increase compared to a typical bound-to- quasibound quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP). In this device structure, which is different from typical QWIP device structures, two different gain mechanisms associated with photocurrent electrons and dark current electrons were observed and explained. Even with broader response, D* approximately 1 X 1010 cm(root)Hz/W at T equals 55 K is comparable to regular QWIPs with similar cutoff wavelengths.
A Mixture Theory Analysis for Passive Transport in Osmotic Loading of Cells

Abstract The theory of mixtures is applied to the analysis of the passive response of cells to osmotic loading with neutrally charged solutes. The formulation, which is derived for multiple solute species, incorporates partition coefficients for the solutes in the cytoplasm relative to the external solution, and accounts for cell membrane tension. The mixture formulation provides an explicit dependence of the hydraulic conductivity of the cell membrane on the concentration of permeating solutes. The resulting equations are shown to reduce to the classical equations of Kedem and Katchalsky (Biochem. Biophys. Acta 27 (1958) 229, J. Gen. Physiol. 45 (1961) 143) in the limit when the membrane tension is equal to zero and the solute partition coefficient in the cytoplasm is equal to unity. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the concentration-dependence of the hydraulic conductivity is not negligible; the volume response to osmotic loading is very sensitive to the partition coefficient of the solute in the cytoplasm, which controls the magnitude of cell volume recovery; and the volume response is sensitive to the magnitude of cell membrane tension. Deviations of the Boyle–van’t Hoff response from a straight line under hypo-osmotic loading may be indicative of cell membrane tension.
The kinetics of the oxidation of vanadyl ion by peroxodiphosphate in aqueous acid solution

Abstract The reaction of peroxodiphosphate with vanadyl ion in dilute aqueous acid has been investigated. In the absence of other reducing agents, two vanadyl ions are oxidized by one peroxodiphosphate. The kinetics are first order each in oxidant and reductant. The rate is not markedly dependent on pH in the range from 1.1 to 3.5. The significant change in stoichiometry when organic buffers were employed indicates the presence of a reactive intermediate. The interaction of vanadyl ion with other species such as vanadium(V) and pyrophosphate to form complexes is seen from the variation of absorbance with concentration of additive. Because of these complications, the rate plots show curvature and there is a larger error than usual in the rate constants. Nevertheless, the results lead to reasonable conclusions concerning the reaction mechanism.
Insensible weight loss in patients with spinal cord transection

Insensible weightlosses (IWL) were determined in each of 24 patients with physiologically complete spinal cord transection. The patients were placed on a bed balance with an accuracy of +/- 5 g in an environmental chamber maintained at 24 degrees C. dry bulb and 17 degrees C. wet bulb temperature. Bihourly weight changes, corrected for food and fluid ingestion, were determined for a total of 24 hours. Tetraplegics have significantly lower (P less than 0.05) IWL than paraplegics. The IWL of paraplegics are in the range of IWL of normal persons reported in the literature. We conclude that a lower allowance for IWL should be for tetraplegics than for paraplegics or persons with intact spinal cords.
A CLINICAL SERIES OF LAPAROSCOPIC NEPHRECTOMY, NEPHROURETERECTOMY AND HEMINEPHROURETERECTOMY IN THE PEDIATRIC POPULATION

Purpose:: Laparoscopic techniques have enabled less invasive surgery in pediatric urology. We report our experience with laparoscopic nephrectomy, nephroureterectomy and heminephroureterectomy in 26 children, and evaluate our series to establish the safety and efficacy of such procedures for benign disease.Materials and Methods:: Laparoscopic procedures were done in 15 girls and 11 boys 4 months to 11 years old (mean age 37) during a 23-month period. Laparascopic surgery consisted of nephrectomy in 14 (1 horseshoe kidney), nephroureterectomy in 6 and laparoscopic heminephroureterectomy in 6 cases.Results:: Mean overall operative time for the laparoscopic procedures was 165 minutes (range 43 to 355). Blood loss was less than 5 cc in all cases and there were no intraoperative complications in our series. Overall postoperative analgesic administration during hospitalization was 0.20 mg./kg. morphine sulfate and 19 mg./kg. acetaminophen as well as 0.9 mg./kg. codeine in 6 patients who did not receive morphine...
Event-related potentials during the Continuous Visual Memory Test.

The Continuous Visual Memory Test (CVMT; Trahan & Larrabee, 1988) is a recognition format assessment of figural memory. It includes 112 ambiguous designs presented sequentially, with a number of designs that recur through the 112 presentations. The patient's task is to identify the recurring figures by responding with the word “old” for recurring stimuli and “new” for non-recurring stimuli. This study examined cortical event-related potentials during discrimination of old vs. new stimuli. While no latency differences between stimuli were found, P300 amplitude was greater during recognition of old stimuli and increasingly prominent at anterior sites. A stimulus by electrode site interaction suggests greater functional involvement in the discrimination by the frontal areas. This points to a degree of psychophysiological validation of the CVMT and cortical specificity of the task. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Microwave spectrum and molecular structure of the 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene-hydrogen fluoride complex

Abstract Guided by ab initio calculations, Fourier transform microwave spectra in the 8–22 GHz region are obtained for six isotopomers of the complex formed between 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene and hydrogen fluoride. These include both 35Cl- and 37Cl-containing CH2CClF with HF and DF, as well as 13CH2C35ClF and CH213C35ClF with HF. Analysis of the spectra determines the rotational constants, the complete chlorine quadrupole hyperfine coupling tensors in both the inertial and principal electric field gradient axis systems, and where appropriate, the diagonal components of the deuterium quadrupole coupling tensors. Spin–spin hyperfine structure is resolved and analyzed for CH2C35ClF–HF and CH2C37ClF–HF. The inertial information contained in the rotational constants combined with the HF and DF hyperfine interaction constants provides the structure for CH2CClF–HF: a primary, hydrogen bonding interaction existing between the HF donor and the F atom acceptor on the 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene moiety, while a secondary interaction occurs between the fluorine atom on the HF molecule and the H atom cis to the hydrogen-bonded F atom on the substituted ethylene, which causes the hydrogen bond to deviate from linearity. This is analogous to the structure obtained for 1-chloro-1-fluoroethylene-acetylene [H.O. Leung, M.D. Marshall, D.D. Grimes, J. Chem. Phys. 134 (2011) 034303] and similar to that of 1,1-difluoroethylene–HF [H.O. Leung, M.D. Marshall, T.L. Drake, T. Pudlik, N. Savji, D.W. McCune, J. Chem. Phys. 131 (2009) 204301], and indeed as with the acetylene complexes, to within experimental uncertainty, the intermolecular interactions in CH2CClF–HF and its 1,1-difluoroethylene counterpart are practically indistinguishable.
Denaturation and Urea Gradient Gel Electrophoresis of Arginine Kinase: Evidence for a Collapsed-State Conformation

The unfolding transition of monomeric arginine kinase from shrimp was examined in a multiparameter equilibrium approach. Parameters investigated included catalytic activity, circular dichroism, intrinsic fluorescence characteristics including acrylamide quenching, and steady-state anisotropy of arginine kinase derivatized at the reactive cysteine with fluorescent dye 5-[[[(iodoacetyl)amine]ethyl]amino]-naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid. The time course of electrophoretic patterns in urea gradient gels was also determined. Midpoints of the transitions varied considerably depending upon the parameter, indicating the presence of populated intermediates. Significant unfolding began after 2 M urea with most secondary and tertiary structure eliminated in 5 M urea. In dilute denaturant, arginine kinase exhibited a small increase in specific activity and physical properties characteristic of a protein with collapsed structure, including an increase in alpha-helical content, a decrease in intrinsic fluorescence (without a shift in the emission maximum), an increase in anisotropy, and a decrease in fractional accessibility by tryptophan to acrylamide quenching. The electrophoretic pattern of arginine kinase in urea gradient gels is consistent with the presence of a compact conformation in dilute denaturant. The results indicate the existence of a contracted overall conformation in dilute urea. The persistence of catalytic activity suggests this structure may be a functional molecular isoform, but the obvious differences in structure between the native state and the conformation of arginine kinase in 0.5 M urea raise the question of whether such isoforms may also be a type of folding intermediate.
Automated categorisation of Web resources: A profile of selected projects, research, products, and services

In recognition of the need to provide better access to Web resources, a number of prototypes, products and services have emerged that provide some form of automated categorisation of Net resources. Several representative current efforts that apply established as well as more innovative methods of automated classification, organisation or other method of categorisation are profiled.
Particle nucleation in emulsifier-free aqueous-phase polymerization: Stage 1

Abstract A model has been developed to simulate particle nucleation during the very early stages (Stage 1) of emulsifier-free aqueous-phase polymerization. This model includes the homogeneous nucleation mechanism which dominates with more water-soluble monomer systems as well as the in situ micellization nucleation mechanism which can be important with sparingly water-soluble monomer systems. The critical chain length n∗ , which is assumed to be the same for micellization nucleation or homogeneous nucleation, decreases with time during the particle nucleation period because of termination and chain transfer reactions in the aqueous phase. n∗ decreases rapidly at first and then tends to level off. Particle number, N , during early stages of the nucleation period, increases with the ( d 0 + 1) power of time, t , where d o is always greater than zero. Therefore, all N vs t curves are convex toward the time axis at small values of t . The particle coagulation rate can be neglected during the early stages of particle nucleation. As time increases, however, higher particle concentrations are produced and particle coagulation becomes significant.
THE UTILITY OF ISOLATED CRINOID OSSICLES AND FRAGMENTARY CRINOID REMAINS IN TAPHONOMIC AND PALEOENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE FROM THE UPPER PENNSYLVANIAN OF OKLAHOMA, UNITED STATES

The crinoid fossil record is dominated by isolated ossicles, pluricolumnals, arm segments, and other fragmentary remains resulting from postmortem skeletal disarticulation; however, few studies to date have focused on dissociated crinoid elements in taphonomic and/or paleoenvironmental analysis. A diverse, abundant, and taphonomically variable crinoid fauna recovered from a thin mudstone interval within the Upper Pennsylvanian Barnsdall Formation in northeastern Oklahoma presents a unique opportunity to test the value of incomplete crinoid remains in reconstructing paleoenvironmental conditions and understanding taphonomic patterns. Isolated radial plates were identified to the most precise level possible, commonly genus or species, and used to calculate the minimum number of completely disarticulated individuals; this value was then compared to the number of articulated specimens representing that same taxon to determine the proportion of individuals with cups that have undergone disarticulation into separate ossicles. Cladid taxa are shown to be particularly prone to total disarticulation, with disparid microcrinoids and, somewhat surprisingly, flexibles demonstrating more resistance to disarticulation. Genus-level taphonomic trends among cladid taxa indicate that genera with large but thin cup plates, short anal sacs, and arms capable of adopting a trauma posture are less prone to total disarticulation. Analysis of fragmentary crinoid material recovered from disaggregation of bulk mudstone slabs reveals that thin horizons containing abundant articulated crinoid crowns are enriched in skeletal material and encrusted ossicles relative to thicker subjacent and superjacent intervals, providing further evidence that such horizons represent periods of sediment starvation on the distal shelf that were episodically punctuated by storm events.
Assessing the Past and Promise of the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey for Public Management Research: A Research Synthesis

Since 2002, the U.S. Office of Personnel Management has used the Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (FEVS) to monitor efforts by federal executive agencies to manage human capital. Public management researchers have used FEVS data to produce dozens of peer-reviewed publications on a range of topics of interest to policy makers, practitioners, and academics. Despite the proliferation of these empirical studies, the field of public management until now has lacked a critical assessment of the FEVS and of how researchers have used the data. In this article, the authors discuss the strengths of the FEVS and the opportunities this survey has created for public management researchers. Despite important contributions made to the literature using the data, there are weaknesses in the content, design, and implementation of the FEVS. The authors offer a set of recommendations for refining the survey and its implementation with the aim of improving the quality and value of the data. In doing so, they hope to foster a dialogue between public management researchers and the Office of Personnel Management on the future of the FEVS and to forge a stronger link between these two communities.
The relationship of interpersonal communication variables to academic success and persistence in college

Recent research has considered a number of communication variables (e.g., communication competence and communication apprehension) in academic performance and college retention issues. This study extends this line of research by examining the influence of communication competence, roommate rapport, and loneliness on academic performance and student persistence. Results indicate that communication competence is important in a college student's academic and social life. In general, some dimensions of communication competence are positively related to roommate rapport and grade point average, and negatively related to loneliness and math SAT scores. Perceptions of roommate's communication competence on some dimensions are also associated with roommate rapport and negatively related to loneliness. Finally, the social confirmation dimension of communication competence differentiates persisters and non‐persisters up to four years later. These and additional findings are examined.
HPLC Determination of Cholesterol Esters in the Digestive Gland-Gonad Complex of Biomphalaria Glabrata Snails Fed Hen's Egg Yolk Versus Leaf Lettuce

Abstract HPLC was used to analyze cholesterol esters in the digestive gland-gonad (DGG) complex of Biomphalaria glabrata snails fed leaf lettuce or hen's egg yolk. the lettuce and yolk were also analyzed for cholesterol esters. Trace amounts of cholesteryl linolenate and/or arachidonate were found in lettuce and the DGG of snails fed lettuce. Cholesteryl oleate, cholesteryl arachidonate and/or linolenate, cholesteryl palmitate, and cholesteryl linoleate were the major cholesterol esters in both egg yolk and the DGG of yolk-fed snails, but the percentage composition of each ester was markedly different in both populations.
High modulus glass fibers

Abstract As compared with competing materials, glass fibers offer high stiffness as well as high tensile and compressive strengths at substantial cost advantages. That, in addition to their lack of flammability, and low toxicity when heated, make them attractive for use as reinforcements in advanced composites. Requirements for improved glass fibers for composites are reviewed, and the suitability of existing and developmental fibers for meeting those requirements is discussed. While oxynitride glasses are shown to be promising candidate materials for forming high-elastic-modulus glass fibers, tensile strengths are still below the strengths of the best oxide glass fibers. It is proposed that Si-rich metallic defects limit oxynitride glass fiber strength, and the origins of, and possible means of minimizing or eliminating the defects are discussed.
A primal-dual interior point method whose running time depends only on the constraint matrix

We propose a primal-dual "layered-step" interior point (LIP) algorithm for linear programming with data given by real numbers. This algorithm follows the central path, either with short steps or with a new type of step called a "layered least squares" (LLS) step. The algorithm returns an exact optimum after a finite number of steps--in particular, after O(n3.5c(A)) iterations, wherec(A) is a function of the coefficient matrix. The LLS steps can be thought of as accelerating a classical path-following interior point method. One consequence of the new method is a new characterization of the central path: we show that it composed of at mostn2 alternating straight and curved segments. If the LIP algorithm is applied to integer data, we get as another corollary a new proof of a well-known theorem by Tardos that linear programming can be solved in strongly polynomial time provided thatA contains small-integer entries.
On using norms for low-frequency words

When norms are used to select words of various frequency of occurrence in the language, great care must be exercised in the selection of low-frequency words. The stability of estimates of frequency for rare words hinges heavily on the size of the corpus on which the word count is based, and on whether the frequency index takes into account the distribution across samples making up the corpus. Although some frequency norms directly provide an index that takes dispersion into account (The American Heritage Word Frequency Book), others do not (e.g., Kucera & Francis, 1967). Researchers predominantly use the Kucera and Francis norms, and they routinely take the total frequency of occurrence in the corpus as their frequency index, with no correction for dispersion.
Dextrose is absorbed by rectum in hypoglycemic rats

The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of the rectal administration of dextrose in raising the serum glucose in a hypoglycemic rat model. A randomized, prospective, controlled experimental study was performed using 18-h fasted, acutely anesthetized Harlan Sprague-Dawley rats made hypoglycemic by the intravenous infusion of insulin at 3 U/kg/h for 2 h. At 1 h into the infusion, study rats received 1, 2, or 3 g/kg of 50% dextrose solution infused into the rectum using a balloon tipped catheter. Control animals received an equivolume, equi-osmolar (as compared to the 3 g/kg dose) amount of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-400 by rectum. Blood glucose (BG) measurements were made using blood obtained from the portal vein and a femoral artery. Intravenous insulin administered at 3 U/kg/h consistently produced BG levels 60% of baseline at 60 min and 80% of baseline at 120 min. BG levels in portal and arterial circulation increased after rectal dextrose. In general, portal venous values were greater than arterial after rectal dextrose. The greatest increase was seen 30 min after dextrose by rectum in animals receiving 3 g/kg. A 50% dextrose administered by rectum in hypoglycemic rats is absorbed in quantities sufficient to raise BG in the arterial and portal circulation.
Nucleotide sequence of the engXCA gene encoding the major endoglucanase of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris.

Abstract The nucleotide sequence of the gene ( engXCA ) encoding the major extracellular endoglucanase (ENGXCA) of the phytopathogenic bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (X.c. campestris) was determined and compared with the N-terminal amino acid (aa) sequence of the purified enzyme. An open reading frame of 1479 bp encoding 493 aa was identified, of which the N-terminal 25 aa represent a potential signal peptide. Determination of the exact position of a Tn5 insertion within engXCA , which did not reduce the encoded enzyme activity, indicated that the C-terminal region of the protein is not crucial for ENGXCA activity. Comparison of the complete deduced aa sequence with those deduced from other endoglucanase- and exoglucanase-encoding genes revealed a region with a high degree of homology, located towards the C terminus of the protein. These data indicate that the X.c. campestris ENGXCA may have a domain structure similar to that of many other bacterial and fungal cellulolytic enzymes. Hydrophobic cluster analysis was performed on the deduced aa sequence. Comparison of this analysis with thise of 30 other cellulase sequences belonging to six different families indicated that the X. c. compestris enzyme can be classified in family A. The two aa residues which had previously been identified as ‘potentially catalytic’ within this family of cellulases, are conserved in the X.cc. compestris ENGXCA.
A quantitative and subjective characterization of tarnishing in low-gold alloys

1. The quantitative objective characterization of tarnish gave results which are identical with those obtained from a blind subjective analysis. 2. The low-gold alloys fall into three classes. The alloy Ney Cast III is superior in performance to the other low golds and approximately equivalent to the high-gold alloy Firmilay. The intermediate alloys, including Midacast, Stabilor G, Mowrey No. 46, Tiffany, and Midas are similar in performance to the high-gold alloy Rx O.R.Y. The low-gold alloys Dent Cast 44, Minigold, and Progold tarnish in a manner which, in our opinion, makes them unacceptable.
Arachidonate and Related Unsaturated Fatty Acids Selectively Inactivate the Guanine Nucleotide-binding Regulatory Protein, Gzα(∗)

Gz is a member of the family of trimeric guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory proteins (G proteins), which plays a crucial role in signaling across cell membranes. The expression of Gz is predominately confined to neuronal cells and platelets, suggesting an involvement in a neuroendocrine process. Although the signaling pathway in which Gz participates is not yet known, it has been linked to inhibition of adenylyl cyclase. We have found that arachidonate and related unsaturated fatty acids suppress guanine nucleotide binding to the α subunit of Gz. This inhibition of nucleotide binding by cis-unsaturated fatty acids is specific for Gzα; other G protein α subunits are relatively insensitive to these lipids. The IC50 for inhibition by the lipids closely corresponds to their critical micellar concentrations, suggesting that the interaction of the lipid micelle with Gzα is the primary event leading to inhibition. The presence of the acidic group of the fatty acid is critical for inhibition, as no effect is observed with the corresponding fatty alcohol. While arachidonic acid produces near-complete inhibition of both GDP and guanosine 5′-(3-O-thio)triphosphate binding by Gzα, release of GDP from the protein was unaffected. Furthermore, the rate of inactivation of Gzα by arachidonate is essentially identical to the rate of GDP release from the protein, indicating that GDP release is required for inactivation. These observations indicate that the mechanism of inactivation of Gzα by unsaturated fatty acids is through an interaction of an acidic lipid micelle with the nucleotide-free form of the protein. Although the physiologic significance of this finding is unclear, similar effects of unsaturated fatty acids on other proteins involved in cell signaling indicate potential roles for these lipids in signal modulation. Additionally, the ability of arachidonate to inactivate this adenylyl cyclase-inhibitory G protein provides a molecular mechanism for previous findings that treatment of platelets with arachidonate results in elevated cAMP levels.
Electrophoretically separable forms of rat prolactin with different bioassay and radioimmunoassay activities.

The possible existence of forms of rat PRL with different bioassay (BA)/RIA activity ratios was investigated. Anterior pituitary tissue and medium in which explants of rat adenohypophyses had been incubated were processed by polyacrylamide disc gel electrophoresis using a Tris-glycine buffer. The gel columns were cut into five segments and eluates from these were tested for PRL by BA and by RIA. Most of the BA- and RIA-detectable PRL in tissue and medium was found in the same gel region to which purified rat PRL (RP-1) migrated. The BA/RIA ratio of this major form of PRL was 2.2–4.0. Other more slowly migrating forms of PRL were found in the regions where albumin and growth hormone migrate. The BA/RIA activity ratios of these forms varied depending on the sample processed (e.g., tissue vs. medium; sex and/or age of the adenohypophyseal donor; duration of incubation) but were generally considerably higher than those of the respective major forms. PRL that migrated faster than the major form was also detect...
Interactions between NO and CO on Pt(111)

Temperature programmed desorption (TPD) of coadsorbed NO and CO on Pt(111) shows that no reaction occurs (less than 2%) up to the desorption temperature of NO. At 100 K, adsorption is competitive, but neither gas displaces the other from the surface. Coadsorbed CO causes the NO desorption temperature to be lowered by as much as 100 K, but NO does not affect the CO desorption temperature. TPD spectra for NO depend on which gas is adsorbed first, indicating that equilibrium between species is not established on the surface during desorption. Electron energy loss spectra show that the vibrational spectrum of each gas is only weakly affected by the other. When NO is adsorbed first, CO does not affect the ratio of bridged and terminal NO but lowers the frequencies of the bridged NO by approximately 50 cm−1 and lowers the intensities of vibrational peaks of both species by a factor of about four. When CO is adsorbed first, the ratio of terminal to bridged NO increases for given coverage of NO, and the frequency of the bridged NO remains at the pure NO value. These results are explained in terms of CO island formation, repulsive interactions between NO and CO, and low adsorbate mobilities.
P‐184: Photophysical Properties of Some Newly Synthesized Blue‐Emitting Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are important compounds for electronic applications. 7,16-Dihydroheptacene derivatives (1 – 3) and anthanthrene (4) and derivatives (5 – 9) were synthesized and their emission properties compared in solution (λmax = 426 – 467 nm, φF = 0.15 – 0.56, τF = 2.35 – 4.21 ns) and in the solid state (λmax = 420 – 468 nm, φF = 0.375 – 0.86). 1 – 9 are stable blue emitters, especially in the solid state, and are promising materials as the emissive layer in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs).
Effectiveness of radio in nutrition education

Abstract We developed a series of five short messages about complex carbohydrates in the diet for broadcast by radio during a 37-day campaign. We evaluated the campaign by administering a knowledge test before, during and after the broadcast campaign to residents of a university town, residents of a rural community ten miles from the university, and university students. Each group contributed approximately 360 subjects for a total of 1,067 subjects in the study. Nutrition knowledge scores increased among the university town residents and university students but not among subjects from the nearby rural community. This difference may reflect the fact that the messages were geared to audiences with higher education. Subjects who were most likely to score higher on the knowledge test were better educated, younger, more interested in nutrition, and remembered hearing the nutrition messages.
Internal stress buildup in SIPA creep

Abstract A discrete simulation of internal stress effects, arising during stress-induced preferred-absorption (SIPA) irradiation creep, has been conducted for randomly oriented linear-elastic fcc polycrystals. Of particular interest are the intercrystalline incompatibility stresses arising during the development of faulted interstitial loops (Frank loops). These simulations suggest that a unique state of internal stress can develop at a sufficiently large loop volume-fraction. As this state is approached the deviatoric creep-rate reduces to zero. Existing microstructural data suggest, however, that unfaulting processes limit loop volume-fractions to levels consistent with a maximum reduction in creep-rate of ∼18%. A substantial coupling effect is predicted between faulted loop SIPA and other SIPA mechanisms, such as preferred absorption at perfect dislocations (SIPAD), and climb controlled glide (CCG). Faulted loop SIPA coupled with CCG creep leads to an enhanced creep-rate. The opposite effect is predicted for the coupling with SIPAD creep.
A Gummel–Poon model for pnp heterojunction bipolar transistors with a compositionally graded base

Abstract A modified Gummel–Poon model has been developed for the pnp heterojunction bipolar transistor which matches thermionic emission–diffusion of holes across the emitter–base heterojunction with drift–diffusion transport across a graded base. The effects of a high current density on base pushout and the collector junction capacitance have been incorporated to describe the falloff in current gain and high frequency performance. The model's predictions have been compared with reported device measurements and results from a commercial, numerical device simulator for an InP-based device with good agreement found. The model provides an improved description of device performance that will be of use to device designers.
Antimicrobial stewardship programs: methods of operation and suggested outcomes

The judicious use of antibiotics is an important strategy to preserving efficacy in the treatment of infectious diseases. Infectious disease practitioners are poised to provide patient-specific recommendations for appropriate agents and to optimize dosage and duration of therapy. Antimicrobial stewardship programs (involving pharmacists, physicians and other healthcare providers) are increasing in number as antibiotic resistance increases with a disproportionately small number of new agents being developed. Two strategies for antimicrobial stewardship are currently endorsed by national organizations and include preauthorization/formulary restriction and prospective audit with feedback. As it is important for programs to choose appropriate clinical and financial outcomes goals in order to assure sustainability, we review these strategies and discuss the impact of each on clinical outcomes and costs.
Diffusion of coadsorbed CO and D on Ni(lOO)

Abstract Pulsed laser heating has been used to desorb CO(a) and D(a), separately adsorbed and coadsorbed, from a 325 μm radius spot on Ni(100). Refilling by diffusion is temperature dependent, is slower for D(a) than for CO(a), and is slower for both when coadsorbed. From temperature-dependent data, both activation energies and pre-exponential factors are calculated. The importance of pre-exponential factor changes is stressed.
THE MARKET FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS IN THE SOUTH: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Economics has long neglected the performing arts and its struggle to be self‐sufficient. This paper examines briefly one sector of the performing arts, namely the audience. There exist four pertinent factors for a concern with the audience. First, if the arts are a “good thing,” an effort should be made to determine who is deprived of the experience. Second, the characteristics of the audience must be known before an evaluation of ticket pricing and distribution policies can occur. “A third reason for concern with the nature of the audience is associated with the issue of government support. Both the desirability and the political feasibility of government support may depend, at least in part, on the composition of the audience. Fourth, effective marketing policy requires some form of a demand function and this requires some knowledge about the composition of the consumers. From this angle, the producer can package his product for maximizing sales and adequately prepare physical facilities for performances. The relevance between an audience and the performer pertains to a producer and a consumer in the simplest microeconomic terms. We can develop a demand function here, and hopefully find some intermediate point corresponding variables in the supply function. Thus the composition of the audience lies at the disposal of the practical economic tools of the analyst.
U.S. GRAPEFRUIT EXPORTS AND JAPANESE TRADE RESTRICTIONS

The U.S. grapefruit industry is dependent on continual growth in fresh sales in both domestic and foreign markets. From 1969 to 1975 slightly more than 40 percent of each season's output went to fresh use. Much of the future growth in fresh use is expected to come from new and larger export markets. Both political and economic trade problems continue to occur as greater emphasis is placed on the export markets for fresh grapefruit. Threats of Japanese embargoes and restrictions on containers and fumigants present continual problems with the development of the Japanese export market. The ultimate result of these export restrictions is reallocation of supplies among markets.
Biomarkers in pediatrics: Children as biomarker orphans

Biomarkers have enormous potential to improve patient care by establishing tests of diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment effects. Successfully translating a biomarker from discovery to clinical application demands high-quality discovery research and high-quality clinical studies for biomarker validation; however, there are additional challenges that face biomarker research in pediatrics. There are also additional characteristics of pediatric medicine that make biomarker research especially needed. This review focuses on the fundamentals of biomarkers, the additional considerations needed for applying biomarker research to children, and recommendations for advancing pediatric biomarker research.
Ceramics with Non-Uniform Microstructures and Anisotropic Properties

Suggesting that materials should have uniform microstructures and properties that are the same in all directions seems attractive. Nonetheless, this reassuring simplicity, which also leads to easy modelling, has strongly influenced materials processing. Recent efforts to produce microstructures with features reminiscent of biological structures may have altered this course, but despite prevalent research on composites or multiphase materials with these special microstructural features, few authors provide detailed quantitative information on size, shape, spatial, and orientational descriptions of the materials investigated. Perhaps a great deal of the challenge is an inability to describe and interpret the real three-dimensional nature of materials, but without useful information on the microstructure, ‘design’ of new materials is compromised. This paper discusses efforts to quantitatively apply information on microstructures and preferred orientation to understanding properties and property anisotropy.
Size-dependent mating and gender choice in a simultaneous hermaphrodite, Bulla gouldiana

Simultaneous hermaphrodites are predicted to optimally divide resources between male and female function, which can result in both size-dependent mating behaviors and conflict between potential mates. Predicted strategies include size-assortative mating, conditional exchange of gametes, and mating patterns where relative size affects investment in each sexual role. This study investigated the effect of body size on the mating strategies of a hermaphroditic opisthobranch, Bulla gouldiana. Although individuals were spatially aggregated in the field with high levels of movement and size variation, there was little evidence for predictions. Laboratory experiments, however, revealed complicated effects of mass on the probability and duration of mating, as well as gender choice. Pairs were more likely to mate if they included at least one large animal, with the larger animal typically inseminating the smaller. When both individuals were large, they were more likely to each mate in both sexual roles by switching roles once. Although B. gouldiana did not usually alternate between sexual roles multiple times within mating events, paired individuals behaved similarly (neither or both mating as sperm donors) more often than expected by chance. This suggests some level of reciprocity, which is unlikely to be conditional given rates of unilateral mating. When the larger member of the mating pair inseminated the smaller, the duration of insemination increased with the size of the smaller sperm recipient. Copulations lasted longer in pairs that switched sexual roles than in those that did not switch roles. This study suggests that variation in body size can lead to size-dependent mating patterns, but only some of the patterns in B. gouldiana support theoretical predictions. We review other studies that have addressed similar issues, providing inconsistent mating patterns in sperm-storing hermaphrodites.
The Origins and Establishment of the First Bank of the United States

In the early days of the Republic, opposition to a national bank derived from fear, ignorance, and a basic cleavage of prophecy. To many persons banks were synonymous with speculation; others viewed them as “aristocratic engines” designed to advance the interests of the few over those of the many. Most important, however, was the discrepancy of viewpoints between those who envisaged an agricultural nation and those who already sensed the embryonic stirrings of a vast industrial economy. To the htter, a strong central bank seemed indispensable. The struggle to establish the First Bank of the United States emphasized the rural-urban cleavage that was to influence much nineteenth-century history. It was also a conspicuous early recourse to implied Constitutional powers, anathema to States' Rights defenders and a great hope of businessmen in a still feeble nation.
Controversies and Opportunities for PSA Screening

The use of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) to screen for prostate cancer remains one of the major controversies in modern medicine, despite its wide use in the general population. PSA-screening is controversial because: (1) results of recent clinical trials provide conflicting answers to the question of whether population-based PSA screening decreases prostate cancer-related mortality. (2) There is no agreed upon PSA threshold at which to perform a biopsy. (3) The current use of PSA results in the overdiagnosis of harmless cancers. While PSA does have well-recognized limitations, recent research demonstrates that serum PSA can be used to reduce unneeded biopsies and minimize the detection of indolent cancers. We review current opportunities in prostate cancer screening including: PSA-based risk calculators, improvement in the diagnostic accuracy of PSA with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors, the use of PSA to predict long-term cancer risk, and novel biomarkers that are currently available or in clinical trials. With these tools, the risks associated with PSA-based screening including unneeded biopsy, overdiagnosis and overtreatment are likely to subside.
Medicaid in the 1990s: Trends, Innovations, and the Future of the "PAC-Man" of State Budgets

Rapidly escalating health-care inflation and congressionally mandated expansions have led to large increases in spendingfor Medicaid thefederal-state program ofhealth carefor the poor. These increases came at a time when state budgets were already under recession-induced stresses. In addition, 1991 brought new pressures for Medicaid spending from the courts and closerfederal scrutiny and control over revenues usedfor the program 'sstate "match. ' Yet the Medicaidpicture isfarfrom bleak. Diversity, innovation, and an emerging state policy role also characterize the program in ways that epitomize the strengths and weaknesses of the American intergovernmental system.
Sepiapterin Ameliorates Chemically Induced Murine Colitis and Azoxymethane-Induced Colon Cancer

The effects of modulating tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) levels with a metabolic precursor, sepiapterin (SP), on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)–induced colitis and azoxymethane (AOM)–induced colorectal cancer were studied. SP in the drinking water blocks DSS-induced colitis measured as decreased disease activity index (DAI), morphologic criteria, and recovery of Ca2+-induced contractility responses lost as a consequence of DSS treatment. SP reduces inflammatory responses measured as the decreased number of infiltrating inflammatory macrophages and neutrophils and decreased expression of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and IL-17A. High-performance liquid chromatography analyses of colonic BH4 and its oxidized derivative 7,8-dihydrobiopterin (BH2) are inconclusive although there was a trend for lower BH4:BH2 with DSS treatment that was reversed with SP. Reduction of colonic cGMP levels by DSS was reversed with SP by a mechanism sensitive to 1H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ), a specific inhibitor of the NO-sensitive soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). ODQ abrogates the protective effects of SP on colitis. This plus the finding that SP reduces DSS-enhanced protein Tyr nitration are consistent with DSS-induced uncoupling of NOS. The results agree with previous studies that demonstrated inactivation of sGC in DSS-treated animals as being important in recruitment of inflammatory cells and in altered cholinergic signaling and colon motility. SP also reduces the number of colon tumors in AOM/DSS-treated mice from 7 to 1 per unit colon length. Thus, pharmacologic modulation of BH4 with currently available drugs may provide a mechanism for alleviating some forms of colitis and potentially minimizing the potential for colorectal cancer in patients with colitis.
The study of domain structure in polyurethanes by nuclear magnetic resonance

Polyurethanes are block copolymers composed of hard and soft segments which often undergo microphase separation with the resultant formation of hard and soft domains. The nuclear-magnetic-free induction decay of such systems is shown to consist of a fast Gaussian component corresponding to glassy domains and a slow exponential component corresponding to rubbery domains. Thus, by being sensitive to the microscopic mobility of a material, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has the potential to determine when a polyurethane has separated into domains and the relative amounts of material in each domain. After annealing the free-induction decay of a linear polyurethane showed a distribution of relaxation times indicating that mixing of the domains had taken place and a continuum of compositions exist in the material. The free-induction decay of a cross-linked polyurethane was unaffected by annealing, confirming the results of an earlier study.