cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who treats lung cancer? Results from a global survey

Abstract Background In most Western nations, the medical oncologist plays a significant role in the administration of systemic therapy for lung cancer. In Japan however, treatment for lung cancer has historically been provided by pulmonologists and thoracic surgeons. A comparison of the management of advanced disease between Japan and other nations has not been described. Methods An online, self-administered, international survey was sent to 3907 active members of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. Eligible participants were degreed physicians who prescribed systemic agents for adult cancer treatment within the past five years. Results In total, 281 respondents answered the questions regarding management of lung cancer. Thorough analysis demonstrated that pulmonologists play a significant role in Japan and the Netherlands, where the role of oncologic specialists is not well established. Of note, all the respondents from the Netherlands reported that pulmonary medicine primarily manages systemic chemotherapy in stage IV, adjuvant chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. Conclusion We found there are several nations where non-oncologic specialists play a critical role in the systemic treatment of lung cancer. We expect this practice pattern to continue until the global adoption of the oncologic specialty role.
Forging On-Campus Connections to Enhance Undergraduate Student Reasoning, Writing, and Research Skills.

Research and writing are critical components of an undergraduate education. Partnerships between economics faculty and campus resources can improve student research and writing skills. Here, the authors describe programs at three different campuses that bridge department and campus resources: the Empirical Reasoning Lab at Barnard College, the Writing Program at Carleton College, and the Library's Data Lab at the University of California, Berkeley. The authors describe each program's mission and structure, provide examples of its impact on student learning, and discuss administrative factors (and hurdles) to consider in implementing similar programs elsewhere.
Paradox, Harmony, and Crisis in Phenomenology

Husserl’s first work formulated what proved to be an algorithmically complete arithmetic, lending mathematical clarity to Kronecker’s reduction of analysis to finite calculations with integers. Husserl’s critique of his nominalism led him to seek a philosophical justification of successful applications of symbolic arithmetic to nature, providing insight into the “wonderful affinity” between our mathematical thoughts and things without invoking a pre-established harmony. For this, Husserl develops a purely descriptive phenomenology for which he found inspiration in Mach’s proposal of a “universal physical phenomenology.” To account for applications to any domain, Husserl envisages a theory of all possible deductive systems, which he develops extensively in his Gottingen lectures wherein he engages with Hilbert’s work on deductive systems for geometry, real arithmetic, and physics. This leads Husserl to formulate claims of decidability and proofs of completeness for various arithmetics that result from his analysis of Kronecker’s general arithmetic. Careful attention to these proofs seem to show that Husserl was not oblivious to problems that underlie our incompleteness theorems, namely that of showing that some inversions of his algorithmic arithmetic are undefined. His growing preoccupation with the issue of a pre-established harmony between mathematical thought and reality motivate his pursuit of a “supramathematics” of all possible complete theory forms to demystify such harmony, by having such a form on hand for describing any empirical domain. He soon decides that a transcendental idealism of nature will reveal the wonderful affinity of thoughts and things comprising such harmony, to be a wonderful “parallelism of objective unities and constituted manifolds of consciousness.” But the paradoxes of logic and set theory cloud the clarity of mathematics, which Weyl would restore with Brouwer’s intuitionism and Hilbert with his metamathematics. Husserl informed Weyl that his student Becker had formulated a phenomenological foundation not only for Weyl’s generalization of relativity theory but also for the Brouwer-Weyl continuum. But Weyl eventually rejected much of Becker’s work, especially when it became clear that his phenomenological intuitionism could not account for the success of Hilbert’s transfinite mathematics in quantum physics. Becker responded to this “crisis of phenomenological method” with his mantic phenomenology celebrating the magic of mathematical mysticism, which Husserl finally rejects in favor of a pluralistic phenomenology of mathematics and nature.
Syndemic Risk Classes and Substance Use Problems among Adults in High-Risk Urban Areas: A Latent Class Analysis.

Substance use problems tend to co-occur with risk factors that are especially prevalent in urban communities with high rates of poverty. The present study draws on syndemics theory to understand profiles of risk and resilience and their associations with substance use problems in a population at-risk for adverse outcomes. African American/Black and Hispanic heterosexual adults (N=2853) were recruited by respondent-driven sampling from an urban area with elevated poverty rates, and completed a structured assessment battery covering sociodemographics, syndemic factors (that is, multiple, co-occurring risk factors), and substance use. More than one third of participants (36%) met criteria for either an alcohol or a drug problem in the past year. Latent class analysis identified profiles of risk and resilience, separately for women and men, which were associated with the probability of a substance use problem. Almost a third of women (27%) and 38% of men had lower-risk profiles – patterns of resilience not apparent in other types of analyses. Profiles with more risk and fewer resilience factors were associated with an increased probability of substance use problems, but profiles with fewer risk and more resilience factors had rates of substance use problems that were very similar to the general adult population. Relative to the lowest-risk profile, profiles with the most risk and fewest resilience factors were associated with increased odds of a substance use problem for both women (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 8.50; 95% CI: 3.85 – 18.74) and men (aOR = 11.68; 95% CI: 6.91 – 19.74). Addressing syndemic factors in substance use treatment and prevention may yield improved outcomes.
Lessons Learned: Benefits and Challenges in Interagency Coalitions Addressing Sex Trafficking and Commercial Sexual Exploitation

Over the last few decades, service providers and community members have organized and created interagency coalitions to address issues of sex trafficking. Such efforts include grassroots and govern...
QUASAR: Quantitative Attack Space Analysis and Reasoning

Computer security has long been an arms race between attacks and defenses. While new defenses are proposed and built to stop specific vectors of attacks, novel, sophisticated attacks are devised by attackers to bypass them. This rapid cycle of defenses and attacks has made it difficult to strategically reason about the protection offered by each defensive technique, the coverage of a set of defenses, and possible new vectors of attack for which to design future defenses. In this work, we present QUASAR, a framework that systematically analyzes attacks and defenses at the granularity of the capabilities necessary to mount the attacks. We build a model of attacks in the memory corruption domain, and represent various prominent defenses in this domain. We demonstrate that QUASAR can be used to compare defenses at a fundamental level (what they do instead of how they do it), reason about the coverage of a defensive configuration, and hypothesize about possible new attack strategies. We show that of the top five hypothesized new attack strategies, in fact, four have been published in security venues over the past two years. We investigate the fifth hypothesized vector ourselves and demonstrate that it is, in fact, a viable vector of attack.
Loop spaces of configuration spaces,braid-like groups, and knots

The purpose of this note is to describe some relationships between the following topics: (1) higher dimensional variations of braids, (2) loop space homology, (3) Hopf algebras given by loop space homology, (4) natural groups attached to connected Hopf algebras, (5) analogues of Artin’s (pure) braid group, (6) Alexander’s construction of knots arising from loop spaces, and (7) Vassiliev’s invariants of braids.
On Research in Organizational Socialization

In The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, Thomas Kuhn argues that it is the abandonment of critical discourse among competing schools of theory that marks the transition of a field to a science. “To be accepted as the authority,” writes Kuhn, “a theory must seem better than its competitors, but it need not, and in fact never does, explain all the facts with which it can be confronted” (Kuhn, 1962, p. 17). The acceptance of one paradigm ends constant reiteration of fundamentals, gives scholars confidence they are on the right track so they undertake more precise sorts of work, allows for ongoing communication among researchers, and gives direction to both theory articulation and data collection.
Treating HCV Prior to Liver Transplantation

Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is the leading indication for liver transplantation in the United States. Recurrence of HCV infection is universal in recipients who are HCV RNA positive prior to liver transplantation. Recurrent HCV infection can be aggressive, and it leads to allograft failure within a few years after transplantation. These patients are “difficult-to-treat” due to poor tolerability of peginterferon and ribavirin, and they are “difficult-to-cure” due to reduced efficacy of therapy. Clearing HCV prior to liver transplantation has the potential to significantly improve the patients’ post-transplantation course. Therefore, the major goals for pre-transplant treatment are stabilization of liver disease to reduce the need for transplantation, reduction of the risk for post-transplantation HCV recurrence, and improvement in allograft survival. This chapter reviews the evidence that supports each treatment goal and explains why an attempt to treat these patients is warranted. This chapter also provides recommendations for the current management of patients on the waiting list using the Low Accelerating Dose Regimen (LADR). In addition, we briefly discuss the future directions of antiviral therapy including direct-antiviral acting therapies, and the potential benefits that newer treatments could provide to this select group of patients.
Social Skills in Autism Spectrum Disorders

Autism was first described by Kanner in 1943 and identified as a disorder characterized by impaired development in language and socialization, as well as the presence of repetitive behaviors and restricted interests. The DSM-IV (APA, 2000) currently classifies Autistic Disorder within the Pervasive Developmental Disorders, which also include Asperger’s Disorder, Rett’s Disorder, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and PDD-Not Otherwise Specified (PDD-NOS). In recent years, researchers have begun to refer to these disorders as autism spectrum disorders (ASD) due to the continuous nature of symptoms with few clear boundaries upon which to differentiate disorders within the spectrum (Matson & Boisjoli, 2007).
Mechanically Sensitive, Nonselective Cation Channels

Mechanically sensitive channels (MSCs) are ubiquitous in plant and animal cells. They respond primarily to membrane tension, thus making them good transducers for forces derived from osmotic or hydraulic gradients and shear stress. They may also be modulated by membrane voltage and various ligands. MSCs are most commonly cation selective, passing calcium as well as monovalent ions, but some are K+ selective, and a few are anion selective. MSCs occur at a density of about 0.2–5 per μm2. The universal distribution and biophysical properties of MSCs make them the ideal mechanotransducers in a wide variety of cellular processes.
Costs and Cost-Effectiveness of New Technologies in Cancer

The delivery of healthcare has changed significantly, from the perspective of both physicians and patients, in recent years. Previously, the physician was the advocate of the patient, and the insurer was only a distant, third-party observer who picked up the bill at the end. There were many advantages to this system of care: the patient received high quality care and could be relatively sure that his physician was doing everything possible for him, physicians were free to operate in a relatively independent manner which was professionally satisfying, and America was home to some of the most cutting-edge technologies in the world.
The Spectral Dimension of Modeled Relative Humidity Feedbacks in the CMIP5 Experiments

AbstractThe spectral radiative kernel technique is used to derive spectrally resolved relative humidity (RH) feedbacks for 16 GCMs that participated in CMIP5. Examining spectral and spatial details...
Classics and Modern International Law

Since the Law of Nations is based on the common consent of individual States, and not of individual human beings, States solely and exclusively are the subjects of International Law. This means that the Law of Nations is a law for the international conduct of States, and not of their citizens. . . An individual human being… is never directly a subject of International Law.1
Neurocognitive and psychological effects of persistent pain in pediatric sickle cell disease

Background Pain is a major complication of sickle cell disease (SCD), spanning vaso-occlusive crises and persistent pain. Although it is known that persistent pain is associated with considerable impairment in youth without SCD, little is known about the functional effects of persistent pain in SCD. The current study aimed to (a) characterize persistent pain in youth with SCD and (b) determine the extent to which youth with SCD and persistent pain differ in disease morbidity, functional impairment, and neurocognitive and psychological functioning. Procedure Eighty-nine participants (ages 7-16) and caregivers completed questionnaires (BRIEF [Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function], Conners-3 [Conners-third edition], and PedsQL™-SCD Module, where PedsQL is Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory). Participants completed neurocognitive tests WISC-V [Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-fifth edition], WJ-III [Woodcock Johnson Tests of Achievement-third edition], and WIAT-III [Wechsler Individual Achievement Test-third edition]). Youth were classified as having persistent pain if they reported daily pain for 7 days. Chi-square and independent sample t-test analyses were used to assess group differences (those with vs without persistent pain). Results Patients with persistent pain (n = 18) reported lower health-related quality of life (P = .000). Caregivers were more likely to rate youth with persistent pain as having lower planning/organization abilities (P = .011) and clinically elevated symptoms of defiance/aggression and oppositional defiance (Ps = .00; .01). Patients with persistent pain demonstrated poorer working memory (P = .023) and processing speed (P = .027), and fewer demonstrating reading fluency abilities in the average or above range (P = .026). Conclusions Youth with SCD and persistent pain are at risk for psychosocial and neurocognitive impairments, suggesting that persistent pain may be an important indicator of disease burden. Furthermore, disease management may be enhanced by assessing cognitive and psychosocial functioning and incorporating interdisciplinary treatments addressing impairment associated with persistent pain.
The Moderating Effect of Perceived Life Purpose Barriers and Faculty Mentoring Guidance on the Relationship Between Well-Being and General Life Purpose Among College Students

The relationship between sense of general life purpose, perceived well-being, perceived life purpose barriers, and faculty mentoring guidance were examined among 1,609 college undergraduates. Parti...
In Vitro and In Vivo Evidence That the PP2A Inhibitor SET Regulates IFN-γ Production in Monokine-Stimulated Natural Killer Cells.

Monokines (i.e. IL-12, IL-18 and IL-15) induce natural killer (NK) cells to produce interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which is critical for monocyte clearance of infectious pathogens and tumor surveillance. To identify new regulators of IFN-γ production we performed oligonucleotide array analysis of unstimulated and IL-12- and IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. Among the subset of mRNAs differentially regulated in monokine-stimulated cells, we found SET, a potent inhibitor of the protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A). SET mRNA and/or protein levels were upregulated in IL-12/IL-18- and IL-12/IL-15-stimulated primary human NK cells. Interestingly, the SET protein is also selectively increased in the resting CD56bright NK subset, which is a potent producer of IFN-γ relative to the CD56dim NK subset. To determine whether SET positively regulates IFN-γ production by inhibiting PP2A activity, we employed RNAi and interfered with SET expression in NK92 cells. SET downregulation inhibited IFN-γ secretion by IL-12/IL-18, IL-12/IL-15- or IL-15/IL-18-stimulated NK92 cells. By contrast, ectopic SET expression increased IFN-γ production in monokine-stimulated NK92 and primary human NK cells. Because downregulation of SET augmented PP2A activity in NK92 cells, we sought to investigate whether pharmacologic activation of PP2A inhibits the ability of NK cells to produce IFN-γ. Indeed, suppression of IFN-γ expression and secretion was also observed upon treatment of NK92 and primary NK cells with 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin, a known inducer of PP2A activity. Accordingly, NK cells from mice treated with 1.9-dideoxy-forskolin produced less IFN-γ in response to in vivo monokine stimulation than did NK cells from vehicle-treated mice. Mechanistically, activation of PP2A by SET knock-down or 1,9-dideoxy-forskolin treatment leads to inhibition of ERK1/2, p65RelA and STAT5 activity in monokine-stimulated NK cells. Because these signaling molecules are important for IFN-γ production by monokine-stimulated NK cells, our results strongly suggest that monokine induction of SET expression in NK cells is essential for limiting PP2A activity that, otherwise, would negatively impact the ability of NK cells to produce and release optimal levels of IFN-γ.
Boreas AFM-03-Ncar Electra 1994 Aircraft Sounding Data

The Boreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS) Airborne Fluxes and Meteorology (AFM)-3 team used the National Center for Atmospheric Research's (NCAR) Electra aircraft to make sounding measurements to study the planetary boundary layer using in situ and remote-sensing measurements. Measurements were made of wind speed and direction, air pressure and temperature, potential temperature, dewpoint, mixing ratio of H, O, CO, concentration, and ozone concentration. Twenty-five research missions were flown over the Northern Study Area (NSA), Southern Study Area (SSA), and the transect during BOREAS Intensive Field Campaigns (IFCs) 1, 2, and 3 during 1994. All missions had from four to ten soundings through the top of the planetary boundary layer. This sounding data set contains all of the in situ vertical profiles through the boundary layer top that were made (with the exception of 'porpoise' maneuvers). Data were recorded in one-second time intervals. These data are stored in tabular ASCII files. The NCAR Electra 1994 aircraft sounding data are available from the Earth Observing System Data and Information System (EOSDIS) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The data files are available on a CD-ROM (see document number 20010000884).
The Role of YouTube and the Entertainment Industry in Saving Lives by Educating and Mobilizing the Public to Adopt Behaviors for Community Mitigation of COVID-19: Successive Sampling Design Study.

Background: Effective community mitigation through voluntary behavior change is currently the best way to reduce mortality caused by coronavirus disease (COVID-19). This study builds on our prior study based on the scientific premise that YouTube is one of the most effective ways to communicate and mobilize the public in community mitigation to reduce exposure to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Objective: Because of the rapidly changing nature of YouTube in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, we conducted a follow-up study to document how coverage of preventive behaviors for effective community mitigation has changed. Methods: A successive sampling design was used to compare coverage of behaviors to mitigate community transmission of COVID-19 in the 100 most widely viewed YouTube videos in January 2020 and March 2020. Results: Videos in the January and March samples were viewed >125 million times and >355 million times, respectively. Fewer than half of the videos in either sample covered any of the prevention behaviors recommended by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, but many covered key prevention behaviors and were very widely viewed. There were no videos uploaded by entertainment television in the January sample, but this source comprised the majority of videos and garnered the majority of cumulative views in the March sample. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the incredible reach of YouTube and the potential value of partnership with the entertainment industry for communicating and mobilizing the public about community mitigation to reduce mortality from the COVID-19 viral pandemic.
Tunable and Responsive Structural Color from Polymeric Microstructured Surfaces Enabled by Interference of Totally Internally Reflected Light

This report describes a straightforward and versatile approach to the fabrication of polymer films composed of microscale dome or well features that create structural color by interference from tot...
Insights into Design of Biomimetic Glycerol-Grafted Polyol-Based Polymers for Ice Nucleation/Recrystallization Inhibition and Thermal Hysteresis Activity.

Many species living in colder regions of the world have adapted to the extreme climate by producing antifreeze (glycol) proteins (AF(G)P) which exhibit ice recrystallization inhibition (IRI), therm...
On the revaluation of property, plant and equipment (ppe): motivations, value relevance, and effects on audit fees

This paper examines three important aspects of asset revaluations under International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). First, it seeks to identify characteristics of firms that choose to employ the revaluation model instead of the cost model while accounting for PP&E. Hypothesizing both opportunistic and efficiency motives, the paper finds that firms with high leverage are more likely to choose the revaluation model, thus confirming contracting cost reasons, analogous to opportunistic motivation. However, the political cost reason of opportunistic motivation does not appear to be significant. On the other hand, our findings support that efficiency motive is highly significant behind asset revaluations, proving that firms with financial slack or those having higher percentage of investment in PPE are highly likely to choose the revaluation model, while those with growth opportunities are not. Second, given the managers' motivations for choosing the revaluation model, we find, using Ohlson (1995) model, that investors do not consider asset revaluation to be value relevant, proving that investors might already be aware of managers' motivation behind the choice. Finally, the paper empirically tests the effects of the use of the revaluation model on audit fees and finds that the choice of the revaluation model leads to a significant increase in audit fees. This finding supports the hypothesis that the use of the revaluation model involves additional audit effort that merits higher audit fees.
Why should i trust your model? How to successfully enroll digital models for innovation

Digital simulation models have become increasingly important to innovation processes. When used within organisations intent on innovating products, processes or services, the affordances of these t...
Simultaneous Bilateral Patellar Tendon Rupture in a Patient With Osteogenesis Imperfecta

Simultaneous bilateral patellar tendon rupture is an infrequent and debilitating injury. Although tendon rupture is associated with multiple systemic diseases, there is limited literature regarding its association with osteogenesis imperfecta and successful treatment techniques. We report a case of a 56-year-old man with a history of osteogenesis imperfecta type I who experienced bilateral patellar tendon rupture following a fall from standing height in the absence of other risk factors. Both injuries were effectively treated with primary open repair utilizing Krackow suture technique and transosseous tunnel fixation bilaterally. The patient demonstrated full functional recovery at 14-month follow-up. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a risk factor for the development of bilateral patellar tendon rupture. Open bilateral transosseous suture repair has proven to be successful despite defects in type 1 collagen and underlying tendon weakness.
Efficient parametric amplification via simultaneous second harmonic generation

We introduce a concept for efficient optical parametric amplification (OPA) based on simultaneously phase-matched idler second harmonic generation (SHG), which together exhibits the dynamical behavior of parametric amplification but with damped conversion-back-conversion cycles. This enables amplification efficiency exceeding that of conventional OPA by several-fold for femtosecond and picosecond signal pulses with bell-shaped intensity profiles by allowing a near-uniform spatiotemporal depletion of the pump wave. We develop a Duffing oscillator model that unifies the description of conventional OPA and amplification accompanied by idler photon displacement by either linear absorption or SHG. A spatiotemporal analysis of devices based on birefringent or superlattice quasi-phase matching in common bulk media predicts energy conversion up to 55%.
Understanding Links Between College Students’ Childhood Pet Ownership, Attachment, and Separation Anxiety During the Transition to College

Despite evidence that youth develop close relationships with their childhood pets, virtually nothing is known about how pet attachment and behavioral involvement with pets may shape students’ pet-s...
When medicine is powerless.

The reluctance of medicine to shift from treatment to palliation has existed since at least the 1700s and remains stubborn today.
Three N-terminal Variants of the AE2 Cl-/HCO3- Exchanger Are Encoded by mRNAs Transcribed from Alternative Promoters (∗)

Multiple AE2 Cl-/HCO3- exchanger mRNAs have been identified in rat. To determine the genetic basis for these mRNAs and whether they encode different variants of the exchanger, we used both rapid amplification of cDNA ends and S1 nuclease protection protocols and examined the organization of the gene. mRNAs encoding three N-terminal variants of AE2 (AE2a, AE2b, and AE2c) were identified and shown to be transcribed from alternative promoters. The AE2a transcription unit consists of 23 exons, with exons 1 and 2 containing 5′-untranslated sequence and the first 17 codons. The first exon of AE2b is located in intron 2; it contains 5′-untranslated sequence and an alternative 3-amino acid N-terminal coding sequence and is spliced to exon 3. The first exon of AE2c is located in intron 5; it consists of 5′-untranslated sequence and is spliced to exon 6, which contains the translation initiation codon corresponding to Met-200 of AE2a. Northern analysis shows that AE2a is expressed in all tissues, AE2b exhibits a more restricted distribution with highest levels in stomach, and AE2c is expressed only in stomach. Thus, the use of alternative promoters leads to the production of three N-terminal variants of AE2 that exhibit tissue-specific patterns of expression.
The Communist Party

Marx and Engels maintained that the Communists are distinguished from the other working class parties in that: (a) In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of the entire proletariat, regardless of nationality. (b) In the various stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole.1
Immobilization of flavins on electrode surfaces: Part I. attachment of riboflavin through 8-methyl to glassy carbon

Abstract The covalent immobilization of flavoenzyme cofactors on electronconducting supports can provide insight into the spatial aspects of flavinapoenzyme association in the holoenzyme as well as providing a novel route fo the development of cofactor-apoenzyme electrodes. In this work, the covalent attachment of riboflavin to the surface of glassy carbon electrodes through a carbon-carbon linkage at position 8 of the isoalloxazine ring system was carried out using an organolithium complex. Riboflavin was acetylated at room temperature with acetic anhydride in pyridine. The tetraacetate derivative was selectively brominated at position 8, as shown by Nuclear Overhauser Effect (NOE)/NMR. The bromo derivative was converted to an organolithium intermediate, which subsequently was attached to aldehyde-derivatized glassy carbon. Electrochemical methods were employed to characterize the attached flavin. The loading of attached flavin amounted to 3.1 × 10 −11 mol cm −2 .
A meta-assessment model for industrial engineering

Calls for greater accountability in higher education have become more strident than ever. As a response to these external demands, the EAC has adopted Criteria 2000 as a bold move to promote curricular innovation and continuous improvement in the engineering education. As engineering programs respond to these changes, it would seem logical that a first step in the improvement process is to determine what a well qualified engineering graduate ought to look like. For the past year, Industrial Engineering at the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology (USA) has been developing a meta-assessment model to define a qualified graduate in IE. This paper summarizes the meta-assessment approach for developing student outcomes.
Illusions of Compliance: Performing the Public and Hidden Transcripts of Social Justice Education in Neoliberal Times

AbstractFrom a yearlong qualitative study, I propose an explanation for the growing frustration amongst educators and students who find their imaginings for a social justice education largely unmet, if not deliberately crushed, in the public school classroom. I argue that competing conceptions of social justice manifest as public performances as well as innocuous behind‐the‐scene interactions inextricably entrenched within neoliberal demands. To illustrate, I use Scott’s (1990) concept of public and hidden transcripts to examine how students and their teacher, in the face of authority, act out institutional demands, yet offstage in more private quarters, furtively reclaim their personal notions of what justice work entails. As found, teachers and students simultaneously embody two conflicting approaches in their work in classrooms: those bent on social justice with concerns over issues of equity, diversity, and community activism, and those of neoliberal school cultures that foster competition, evidence‐b...
When Women Make a Difference

Former Congresswoman Karen Shepherd is an ardent supporter of the Real Women Run initiative created by the Hinckley Institute of Politics and the YWCA in 2011. Real Women Run is intended to empower women to participate fully in public life and leadership through elected political office at all levels, political appointments, working on campaigns, or simply learning more about the political system. Karen Shepherd was a panelist during the first Real Women Run public leadership training held on January 14, 2012. For more information, please visit www.realwomenrun.org.
Mechanical Activity of Muscular “Patch Pouches” From Cat and Rabbit Stomachs

With a newly developed preparation (the gastric patch pouch), we compared the mechanical response of the proximal with that of the distal stomach to volume loads, drugs, and stimulation by an electrical field. Squares, 2 × 2 cm, were cut from the anterior and posterior walls of stomachs from cats and rabbits; the corresponding edges of opposing squares were sewn together. A lumina] balloon served to change pouch volume and to monitor pouch pressure. Filling increased the width more than the length of most pouches; this difference was particularly marked in pouches from the rabbit f undus. Filling led to an initial pressure peak, after which pressure declined to a new baseline pressure plateau; emptying led to an initial pressure nadir, pressure recovery, and baseline pressure plateau. The difference between initial pressure and plateau pressure was larger in proximal than in distal pouches: hence, baseline pressures rose more sharply on filling and declined more steeply on emptying of antral than of proximal pouches. Pressure waves occurred in all antral pouches of cats and in some antral pouches of rabbits. Carbachol enhanced the pressure waves and isoproterenol inhibited them. In the fundic pouches, these drugs altered primarily the baseline pressure. Electrical field stimulation caused a relaxation in fundic pouches and a suppression of rhythmic contractions in antral pouches. The onset and the duration of nervous inhibition was comparable in fundic and in antral pouches. The baseline pressure of pouches was not affected by the presence or by the absence of the mucosa. This novel preparation is suitable to demonstrate differences in the volume-pressure relationships of the muscle coat of the proximal and the distal stomach.
Proper design of bypass capacitance in wideband operational amplifiers

Wideband operational amplifiers are essential in all signal acquisition and signal manipulation applications. Wide bandwidth operational amplifiers can accept a wide range of analog input frequencies and provide a wide range of outputs. However, improper use of bypass capacitance can degrade the noise and stability performance of wideband amplifiers causing the correct output to be accompanied also but adjacent random outputs, or noise; which can quickly deteriorate the signal to noise ratio. A detailed study on the proper use of bypass capacitance in wideband amplifiers follows with the derivation of a series of design formulas.
Development of objective‐oriented groundwater models: 1. Robust parameter identification

[1] When the structure of an aquifer is complex and unknown, determining the complexity of model structure and identifying its spatially distributed parameters become very difficult. This two-paper series describes an approach for objective-oriented model construction that can identify a model with simplified structure and assure its reliability for predetermined model applications. The theoretical basis of the methodology includes the definition of structure error, the conditions of structure reducibility, the calculation of the worst-case parameter (WCP), and the solution of a generalized inverse problem. In the first paper of the series we extend the basic theory established in our previous works from zonation parameterization to any kind of parameterization. The extension makes the methodology more general and complete. We present an effective direct search algorithm that can form a nonnested structure series with an optimized pattern for solving the generalized inverse problem. We use numerical examples to show how the WCP depends on the structure complexity, prior information, boundary conditions, and the objectives of model application. Generally speaking, with more prior information, simpler boundary conditions, fewer objectives, and lower accuracy requirement, the WCP will have a simpler shape. As a result, a reliable model can be identified with less observation data. In part 2 of this series we will give the conditions of structure reducibility and the method for robust experimental design. A robust experimental design is independent of the true parameter and can provide sufficient information for identifying an objective-oriented model.
A 9,13-epoxylabdane from Colophospermum mopane

Abstract A new diterpene, 8(S),13(S)-dihydrogrindelic acid ( 2 ) was isolated from the seeds of Colophospermum mopane along with its previously described C-13 epimer ( 1 ). The structure of 2 was established primarily by NMR which required some revisions on the NMR shift assignments of 1 . The importance of 1 and 2 as the missing links in the biosynthesis of 9,13-epoxylabdanes is briefly discussed.
Theory and implementation of the MBPT density matrix. An application to one-electron properties

Abstract A perturbation-independent response density matrix has been derived and implemented for many-body perturbation theory. This density contains all orbital relaxation terms, which allows for fast, efficient computation of correlated one-electron response properties. As such, it eliminates the need for finite-field calculations of first-order properties. The method is applied to H 2 O using an extended basis set for the MBPT (2), MBPT (3), and SDQ-MBPT (4) levels of theory. The relationship of the response density to an average density matrix is discussed.
The mycotoxin potential of peanuts (groundnuts): The U.S.A. Viewpoint

Abstract The mycotoxin potential of a plant product can be gauged by seeking answers to two of three questions basic to the mycotoxin problem; namely, ‘Which of the fungi invading the product can be toxicogenic?’, and ‘How can they become established in the product?’ Both questions relate to the quite new science of microbial synecology. In contrast, the third basic question (‘What factors are necessary for toxin production by a given toxicogenic fungus?’) relates to the much older but more complex science of microbial autecology. Fruits of Arachis hypogaea L., called ‘peanuts’ (U.S.A.) or ‘groundnuts’, are completely hypogeic in their development, and there seems to be a successional invasion of them by soil-borne or ‘field’ fungi with the result that sound mature fruits have a dormant or quiescent endogeocarpic microfloral community. Results of co-operative research in six peanut producing states (U.S.A.) and at the University of Minnesota, interpreted in the light of present-day peanut harvesting practices in the U.S.A., justify the following conclusions: (1) Aspergillus flavus can be toxicogenic under field conditions and is a serious problem. (2) Many other of the fungi from the peanut endogeocarpic community are toxicogenic under laboratory conditions. (3) Until the conditions under which such fungi may become toxicogenic are better known, their presence in lifted groundnuts constitutes a real mycotoxin potential. (4) The genera posing the greatest threat are, in estimated order of importance, Penicillium, Aspergillus (primarily because of A. flavus), Alternaria, and Fusarium. (5) Much care must be exercised with peanuts after lifting, to minimise opportunity for proliferation of such fungi. This care must be exercised at least until we determine extent to which such fungi might be expected to produce toxins in peanut fruits on the farm and during subsequent handling.
Planetary reflectance measurements in the region of planetary thermal emission

As planetary reflectance measurements are extended into the infrared, the emitted thermal radiation becomes larger than the reflected solar component. This paper describes a method for removal of the thermal component from planetary reflectance measurements and discusses the limitations involved. Examples are shown for the case of lunar observations where the temperature and emissivity are known and for Mercury where it is assumed the temperature and emissivity are unknown
Placement Practices for Calculus in Two-Year Colleges.

Surveys were returned from 429 two‐year colleges regarding placement practices for calculus. The high school record was the most important factor indicated, followed by placement test results and SAT/M or ACT/M scores. Most schools rated their placement program as adequate. Placement was advisory in 145 schools and 70 schools used self‐placement. There was no commonality with regard to cutoff scores or placement procedures.
Silicon spin chains at finite temperature: Dynamics of Si(553)-Au

When gold is deposited on Si(553), the surface self-assembles to form a periodic array of steps with nearly perfect structural order. In scanning tunneling microscopy these steps resemble quasi-one-dimensional atomic chains. At temperatures below $\ensuremath{\sim}$50 K the chains develop a tripled periodicity. We recently predicted, on the basis of density-functional theory calculations at $T=0$, that this tripled periodicity arises from the complete polarization of the electron spin on every third silicon atom along the step; in the ground state these linear chains of silicon spins are antiferromagnetically ordered. Here we explore, using ab initio molecular dynamics and kinetic Monte Carlo simulations, the behavior of silicon spin chains on Si(553)-Au at finite temperature. Thermodynamic phase transitions at $Tg0$ in one-dimensional systems are prohibited by the Mermin-Wagner theorem. Nevertheless we find that a surprisingly sharp onset occurs upon cooling---at about 30 K for perfect surfaces and at higher temperature for surfaces with defects---to a well-ordered phase with tripled periodicity, in good agreement with experiment.
METABOLISM OF INTRACEREBRALLY INJECTED MEVALONATE IN BRAIN OF SUCKLING AND YOUNG ADULT RATS

We have investigated the in vivo metabolism via sterol and nonsterol pathways of intracerebrally injected mevalonate (MVA) in brains from suckling (10-day-old) and young adult (60-day-old) rats. Results of our study indicated that increasing the amounts of MVA injected increased MVA incorporation into all the lipid fractions examined. The incorporation of MVA into nonsaponiable lipids (NSF) and digitonin precipitable sterols (DPS) was similar in brains from adult and suckling rats. In brain tissue from both suckling and young adult rats the synthesis of dolichol from MVA varied with the amounts of MVA injected. Significant amounts of MVA were recovered in phosphorylated and free polyprenols (farnesol and geraniol) in brain tissue from rats of both ages. Also in both groups of animals, the amounts of MVA incorporated in phosphorylated and free farnesol were higher than the amounts recovered in either, phosphorylated or free geraniol. The amounts of MVA incorporated into the prenoic/fatty acid fraction by brain tissue from both suckling and young adult rats were less than 1% of the total MVA incorporated (nonsaponifiable and saponifiable lipids). Incorporation of MVA into the prenoic/fatty acid fraction by brain tissue was higher in suckling than in young adult rats. These data indicate that the brain tissue from suckling and young adult rats do not differ in their capacity to metabolize MVA into squalene and sterols and that in brain, metabolism of MVA by a shunt pathway is minimal. This suggests that in vivo regulation of cholesterol synthesis during brain development must occur at a step(s) in the sterol synthetic pathway prior to mevalonate, and that metabolism of mevalonate by shunt pathway did not play a role in the developmental regulation of brain sterol synthesis. The data also suggest that in both groups of animals the synthesis of squalene by synthetase may in part control brain sterol synthesis and the synthesis of dolichol is regulated by MVA concentration in the tissue.
The Passivity of Iron in the Presence of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid. II. The Defect and Electronic Structures of the Barrier Layer

The passive state on iron in EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, disodium salt) containing borate buffer solutions of pH 8.4 to 10.0 at ambient temperature has been explored using potentiodynamic polarization and steady-state techniques, including Mott-Schottky analysis. EDTA effectively suppresses the formation of the outer layer of the passive film thereby rendering the barrier layer amenable to direct examination. It is shown that the barrier layer on iron is a highly disordered, n-type semiconductor. The barrier layer thickness varies linearly with applied potential, whereas the steady-state current density does not depend on the formation voltage. EDTA present in the solution renders the barrier layer of the passive film more defective, as indicated by Mott-Schottky analysis, and the donor density decreases with increasing film formation potential. These findings suggest that the dominant defects in the barrier layer are oxygen vacancies or cation interstitials, or both. No evidence of cation vacancies, which would render the barrier layer p-type and would impart a voltage dependence to the steady-state current was obtained. Thus, if cation vacancies are present, they are not the dominant defect.
Strategic analysis of integrated production-distributed systems: models and methods

This paper presents a comprehensive model framework for linking decisions and performance throughout the material-production-distribution supply chain. The purpose of the model is to support analysis of alternative manufacturing material/service strategies. A series of linked, approximate submodels and an heuristic optimization procedure are introduced. A prototype software implementation is also discussed.
Previtellogenic development and vitellogenin synthesis in the fat body of a mosquito: An ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study

We describe two phases, previtellogenic and vitellogenic, in the activity of the trophocytes in the fat body of the mosquito Aedes aegypti. The previtellogenic phase, leading to trophocyte competence to synthesize vitellogenin (Vg), occurred during the first 3 days after eclosion. This phase was characterized by enlargement and activation of the nucleoli, proliferation of ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER), development of Golgi complexes, and extensive invaginations of the plasma membrane. During the vitellogenic phase, initiated by a blood meal, Vg was first detected, by immunofluorescence, 1 hr after feeding. The intensity of the immunoreaction increased for the next 24 hr, was declining at 30 hr, and had disappeared by 48 hr. Vg synthesis was characterized ultrastructurally by the enlargement of the RER and the formation of dense secretion granules in Golgi complexes. These secretion granules were two to three times larger at the peak of Vg synthesis than at the beginning. The granules discharged their contents by exocytosis. Two electron microscopical immunocytochemical methods, immunoferritin and peroxidase-antiperoxidase, confirmed this pathway of Vg processing. For the first 12 hr after feeding. Vg synthetic organelles proliferated and the active nucleoli were multilobed; thereafter, while Vg synthesis continued, the nucleoli began to regress into compact bodies. Termination of Vg synthesis was marked by autophagical degradation of Vg synthetic and processing organelles.