cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlled Epitaxial Growth of Body-Centered Cubic and Face- Centered Cubic Cu on MgO for Integration on Si

The Cu/MgO interface plays a crucial role in applications. Face-centered-cubic (fcc) Cu has been reported to grow on MgO substrate (rock salt structure). However, no body-centered-cubic/tetragonal ...
Macroevolution, Quantitative Genetics and

Quantitative genetics provides theory of the evolutionary processes that govern the evolution of phenotypic traits within and between populations. In principle, the same theory should govern the long-term evolution of traits in diverging species. However, non-population processes such as punctuated equilibrium, species selection, and evolutionary constraints may shape macroevolutionary patterns more than population-level processes do. This article reviews the ways in which the predictions from quantitative genetics have been used to test macroevolutionary patterns and explores questions that remain to be addressed about the relationship between these two evolutionary scales.
Myocardial infarction complicated by myocardial rupture and Bacteroides sepsis.

A patient in whom a myocardial rupture complicated recent myocardial infarction was found to have cardiac and systemic Bacteroides sepsis; he had just completed a course of steroids. Surgical repair of the cardiac rupture, mediastinal irrigation with povidone-iodine, and broad-spectrum antibiotics resulted in the patient’s recovery.
Ecological Evolutionary Developmental Biology

Ecological evolutionary developmental biology explores how interactions between an organism and its environment influence development, and how this environmentally responsive development, in turn, impacts ecology and evolution. This article describes the recent research aimed at evaluating the role of environmentally initiated phenotypic change in evolutionary innovation and diversification and also the efforts aimed at understanding if environmentally induced responses can be inherited and thereby mediate evolutionary change. Generally, an understanding of the interconnectedness between ecology and development offers fresh perspectives on how the environment not only selects among diverse phenotypes, but how it also creates those phenotypes in the first place.
Mitoxantrone in the Treatment of Acute Leukemias

In the late 1960s the introduction of cytosine arabinoside (ara-C) transformed acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) from an incurable to a potentially curable disease. Around the same time clinical research discovered the activity of the anthracycline antibiotic, daunorubicin (DNR), in acute leukemia. Subsequently DNR plus ara-C has provided the backbone of most clinical trials alone or together with other agents such as thioguanine. Cardiac toxicity is dose limiting with DNR at high cumulative doses. Other anthracyclines such as doxorubicin, rubidazone, and idarubicin have been developed with attempts to increase the responsiveness of the leukemia and to decrease the cardiac toxicity. Results of early clinical trials suggest that idarubicin at the dose and schedule studied has a higher response rate than DNR in combination with ara-C. Other agents have been developed which have significant activity in acute myelogenous leukemia. These agents include amsacrine, VP-16, and the topic of this report which will be mitoxantrone.
Computer-Based Cognitive Training for Chemotherapy-Related Cognitive Impairment in Breast Cancer Survivors

Background Advancements in chemotherapy have greatly increased breast cancer survival, leading to an increased focus on the management of long-term effects of treatment. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment, one such long-term effect, is experienced by as many as 90% of breast cancer survivors (BCS) and negatively affects employment, daily function, and quality of life. Chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment is a top research and clinical practice priority. Objectives The aim of this article is to review computer-based cognitive training intervention studies tested in BCS, present implications for practice and directions for future research, and discuss neuroplasticity and cognitive reserve, the mechanisms by which computer-based cognitive training produces physiologic changes in the brain. Methods A search of PubMed, CINAHL®, and PsycINFO® databases yielded two computer-based cognitive training intervention studies in BCS. Findings This review suggests that computer-based cognitive training may enhance cognitive function in BCS with chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Oncology nurses are in a unique position to support BCS experiencing chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. In addition to acknowledging BCS' concerns, screening for other potential factors, and providing education on healthy living, nurses may suggest computer-based cognitive training as an approach to managing chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Future research should use imaging and larger populations.
Something Bigger than Girard

Rene Girard’s works on religion and violence remain important, above all, for having called attention to the question of religious violence well before the significance of this problem seemed obvious. Despite Girard’s insistence on the scientific nature of his project, various religious aspects of his work can be identified, and his work is often treated religiously by his followers. Mimetic theory will have to accept its limitations if it is to win over its critics.
The Unifying Principle of Coordinated Measurements in Geospace Science

Space scientists recognize geospace as a coupled dynamical system extending from the Earth's upper atmosphere, ionosphere, and magnetosphere, through interplanetary space to the Sun. The weather in geospace describes variability in the electromagnetic fields, particle radiation, plasmas, and gases permeating it, usually in response to solar disturbances. Severe space weather poses a significant threat to human activities in space and to modern technological systems deployed both in space and at Earth. The challenge of characterizing and predicting space weather requires widely distributed, coordinated observations. Partnerships among government agencies, international consortia, and the private sector are developing creative solutions to address this challenge. This brief commentary highlights some of the coordinated measurements and data systems that are unifying knowledge of the geospace environment.
Using Landscape Characteristics to Predict Distribution of Temperate-Breeding Canada Geese

Abstract Accurate estimates of species' distributions are needed to ensure that conservation-planning efforts are directed at appropriate areas. Since the early 1980s, temperate-breeding populations of Branta canadensis (Canada Goose) have increased, yet reliable estimates of the species' distribution are lacking in many regions. Our objective was to identify the landcover features that best predicted Canada Goose distribution. In April 2015, we surveyed 300 one-km2 plots across North Carolina and observed 449 Canada Geese. We quantified percent coverage of 7 continuous landcover variables at 5 different spatial extents for each of the 300 plots. We fit logistic regression models using presence and absence at the 300 plots as the dependent variable and percent-cover covariates as independent variables. The best model for predicting Canada Goose presence included percent pasture within the 9 km2 surrounding the survey plot and percent open water within the 1-km2 survey plot. The probability of Canada Goose...
POEMS syndrome: 2017 Update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management

Disease Overview POEMS syndrome is a paraneoplastic syndrome due to an underlying plasma cell neoplasm. The major criteria for the syndrome are polyradiculoneuropathy, clonal plasma cell disorder (PCD), sclerotic bone lesions, elevated vascular endothelial growth factor, and the presence of Castleman disease. Minor features include organomegaly, endocrinopathy, characteristic skin changes, papilledema, extravascular volume overload, and thrombocytosis. Diagnoses are often delayed because the syndrome is rare and can be mistaken for other neurologic disorders, most commonly chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. POEMS syndrome should be distinguished from the Castleman disease variant of POEMS syndrome, which has no clonal PCD and typically little to no peripheral neuropathy but has several of the minor diagnostic criteria for POEMS syndrome. Diagnosis The diagnosis of POEMS syndrome is made with 3 of the major criteria, two of which must include polyradiculoneuropathy and clonal plasma cell disorder, and at least one of the minor criteria. Risk Stratification Because the pathogenesis of the syndrome is not well understood, risk stratification is limited to clinical phenotype rather than specific molecular markers. The number of clinical criteria is not prognostic, but the extent of the plasma cell disorder is. Those patients with an iliac crest bone marrow biopsy that does not reveal a plasma cell clone are candidates for local radiation therapy; those with a more extensive or disseminated clone will be candidates for systemic therapy Risk-Adapted Therapy For those patients with a dominant sclerotic plasmacytoma, first-line therapy is irradiation. Patients with diffuse sclerotic lesions or disseminated bone marrow involvement and for those who have progression of their disease 3–6 months after completing radiation therapy should receive systemic therapy. Corticosteroids are temporizing, but alkylators are the mainstay of treatment, either in the form of low-dose conventional therapy or high dose with stem cell transplantation. Lenalidomide shows promise with manageable toxicity. Thalidomide and bortezomib also have activity, but their benefit needs to be weighed against their risk of exacerbating the peripheral neuropathy. The benefit of anti-VEGF antibodies is conflicting. Prompt recognition and institution of both supportive care measures and therapy directed against the plasma cell result in the best outcomes.
Automatic measurement of prosody in behavioral variant FTD

Objective: To help understand speech changes in behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD), we developed and implemented automatic methods of speech analysis for quantification of prosody, and evaluated clinical and anatomical correlations. Methods: We analyzed semi-structured, digitized speech samples from 32 patients with bvFTD (21 male, mean age 63 ± 8.5, mean disease duration 4 ± 3.1 years) and 17 matched healthy controls (HC). We automatically extracted fundamental frequency (f0, the physical property of sound most closely correlating with perceived pitch) and computed pitch range on a logarithmic scale (semitone) that controls for individual and sex differences. We correlated f0 range with neuropsychiatric tests, and related f0 range to gray matter (GM) atrophy using 3T T1 MRI. Results: We found significantly reduced f0 range in patients with bvFTD (mean 4.3 ± 1.8 ST) compared to HC (5.8 ± 2.1 ST; p = 0.03). Regression related reduced f0 range in bvFTD to GM atrophy in bilateral inferior and dorsomedial frontal as well as left anterior cingulate and anterior insular regions. Conclusions: Reduced f0 range reflects impaired prosody in bvFTD. This is associated with neuroanatomic networks implicated in language production and social disorders centered in the frontal lobe. These findings support the feasibility of automated speech analysis in frontotemporal dementia and other disorders.
Transportation, Accessibility, and Accommodation in Rural Communities

Lack of transportation is an intransigent problem in rural, frontier, and territory communities. As a result, individuals have limited access to services adversely affecting health and quality of life while limiting opportunities for community engagement, participation, and employment. Moreover, adults with disabilities are more likely than those without disabilities to have inadequate access to transportation. This chapter presents general and specific transportation barriers to underscore the necessity for developing innovative ways to respond to an ineffective transportation infrastructure and disparities in access in rural communities. A review of federal transportation policy is presented, and we describe effective strategies for collaboration between local, state, and federal transportation agencies and private companies to remove unnecessary transportation impediments for persons with disabilities in rural, frontier, and territory communities.
An Introduction: A Clinical Neuroscientist and Disorders of the Brain

This is an exciting time in clinical neuroscience. Clinical neuroscientists have always said that advances in the basic neurosciences would impact their field, and that is clearly true. For this to continue there must be continued intellectual interchange between more basic neuroscientists and clinical neuroscientists. They have much to learn from each other. This chapter presents examples where clinicians have made progress. But they have run into roadblocks, which will require help from those in more basic neurosciences.
Evaluating the physiology of inflammatory arthritis with functional photoacoustic imaging

Presenting highly sensitive and clinically relevant functional information from soft tissues in and around the joint with spatial resolution comparable to ultrasound (US) imaging, photoacoustic (PA) imaging may shed new light on early diagnosis and treatment evaluation of human inflammatory arthritis. In this study on severe arthritis patients and healthy control subjects, we explored the potential contribution of PA imaging to rheumatology clinic. The feasibility of a point-of-care device built on a LED based PA imaging system for evaluating human finger joints was also studied.
Transanal Endoscopic Microsurgery (TEM) and Transanal Minimally Invasive Surgery (TAMIS)

Transanal endoscopic surgery (TES) is an innovative minimally invasive approach with an ever increasing range of applications ranging from local excision of rectal neoplasms to repair of complex rectovisceral fistulas, completion proctectomy, and even transanal total mesorectal excision. Patients experience the benefits of a minimally invasive approach including shorter length of hospital stay, reduced postoperative pain and morbidity, and faster recovery relative to radical rectal resection. Well-documented advantages of this approach over traditional transanal excision include improved visualization and reach for lesions in the proximal rectum and improved capacity to complete full-thickness excision with reduced specimen fragmentation and margin positivity. TES is currently indicated for a variety of benign rectal pathologies, carefully selected early rectal cancer with low histopathological risk for lymph node metastasis, and palliation of locally advanced rectal tumors. The transanal endoscopic microsurgery (TEM) and transanal endoscopic operation (TEO) system are metal platforms with a fixed camera allowing for stability of operative and optical field that can provide transanal access to lesions up to 20 cm from the anal verge, but that afford limited range of motion due to their rigid design. Transanal minimally invasive surgery (TAMIS) platforms are shorter, more pliable, and disposable, which are compatible with standard laparoscopic equipment, but require a second operator to control the camera. Far more published data exists regarding the procedural efficacy and long-term oncologic safety of rigid TES platforms for carefully selected rectal lesions. In the absence of randomized trials directly comparing the various TES approaches, the preliminary TAMIS data published to date suggests equivalent outcomes to TEM and TEO in selected patients.
Review of the Helochares ( Hydrobaticus ) MacLeay of the New World (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae: Acidocerinae)

New World species assigned to the Helochares subgenus Hydrobaticus MacLeay are reviewed based on adult morphology and DNA sequence data. Nine species are recognized, including five here described as new: Helochares (Hydrobaticus) laevis n. sp. (Mexico), H. (Hydrobaticus) nexus n. sp. (Ecuador, Panama, Venezuela), H. (Hydrobaticus) politus n. sp. (Guatemala), H. (Hydrobaticus) trujillo n. sp. (Venezuela), and H. (Hydrobaticus) zamora n. sp. (Ecuador). New records are provided for the three previously described species: Helochares (Hydrobaticus) championi Sharp, 1882 (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua), H. (Hydrobaticus) maculicollis Mulsant, 1844 (United States), and H. (Hydrobaticus) normatus (LeConte, 1861) (United States to Costa Rica). A ninth species, known only from five poorly preserved female specimens from Peru, is left undescribed until additional material can be found. Most species are known to exhibit some parental care, with the egg case being attached to the abdomen of and carried by the female. Intraspecific genetic distances within several species are very high, in some cases more than 8% in the mitochondrial gene COI, suggesting there may be additional cryptic species remaining to be identified. All taxa are illustrated and a key to species is provided.
Cost Implications of Varying the Surgical Technique, Surgical Setting, and Anesthesia Type for Carpal Tunnel Release Surgery.

Purpose Carpal tunnel release (CTR) is a common surgical procedure, representing a financial burden to the health care system. The purpose of this study was to test whether the choice of CTR technique (open carpal tunnel release [OCTR] vs endoscopic carpal tunnel release [ECTR]), surgical setting (operating room vs procedure room [PR]), and anesthetic type (local, monitored anesthesia care [MAC], Bier block, general) affected costs or payments. Methods Consecutive adult patients undergoing isolated unilateral CTR between July 2014, and October 2017, at a single academic medical center were identified. Patients undergoing ECTR converted to OCTR, revision surgery, or additional procedures were excluded. Using our institution's information technology value tools, we calculated total direct costs (TDCs), total combined payment (TCP), hospital payment, surgeon payment, and anesthesia payment for each surgical encounter. Cost data were normalized using each participant's surgical encounter cost divided by the average cost in the data set and compared across 8 groups (defined by surgery type, operation location, and anesthesia type). Results Of 479 included patients, the mean age was 55.3 ± 16.1 years, and 68% were female. Payer mix included commercial (45%), Medicare (37%), Medicaid (13%), workers' compensation (2%), self-pay (1%), and other (3%) insurance types. The TDC and TCP both differed significantly between each CTR group, and OCTR in the PR under local anesthesia was the lowest. The OCTR/local/operating room, OCTR/MAC/operating room, and ECTR/operating room, were associated with 6.3-fold, 11.0-fold, and 12.4-16.6-fold greater TDC than OCTR/local/PR, respectively. Conclusions Performing OCTR under local anesthetic in the PR setting significantly minimizes direct surgical encounter costs relative to other surgical methods (ECTR), anesthetic methods (Bier block, MAC, general), and surgical settings (operating room). Clinical relevance statement This study identifies modifiable factors that may lead to cost reductions for CTR surgery.
Extensin peroxidase ties the knots in the extensin network

I have been interested in cell separation and primary cell walls since 1958 when I cut down a sycamore-maple tree in Madingley Wood, Cambridge U.K. and induced the cambial tissues to proliferate, first as a friable callus, and soon after as the first pipettable cell suspension culture to be used by a biochemist. Incidentally this was the first tree to be grown in log phase! (Lamport 1960; 1964) Of course this merely demonstrates their algal ancestry, so instead of asking why or how cells of higher plants separate, it may be just as instructive to examine the opposite side of the same coin and ask how they stick together. In other words, what is it about cell walls that ties cells together? If we know that perhaps we shall know what sorts of questions to be asking about cell separation.
Spain, Islam, and Thirteenth-Century Dominican Memory

Despite the fact that St. Dominic grew up in twelfth-century Spain, the homeland of an enormous Muslim population, and despite the fact that he claimed that his new religious order was meant to go into all the world to preach the Gospel, both Spain and Islam are almost entirely absent from the series of histories of the Dominican Order written by Dominicans themselves over the course of the thirteenth century. Dominicans in these texts certainly preach, but it is to heretics, not Muslims, that they do so, and Spain figures mostly as a place one leaves (like Dominic himself did) to pursue more interesting apostolic work elsewhere. Much the same thing can be said of the place of Islam and Spain in another thirteenth-century Dominican text, Vincent of Beauvais’ enormous Speculum historiale. Though puzzling to modern eyes, this absence of Islam and the most proximate region where it thrived in thirteenth-century Dominican memory is, however, much more understandable than it seems. Despite the enormous influence of Arab science and philosophy on scholastic culture, Latin intellectuals and religious leaders were remarkably hesitant to engage Islam as a religion.
User-defined morphogen patterning for directing human cell fate stratification.

Concentration gradients of biochemical stimuli such as morphogens play a critical role in directing cell fate patterning across species and throughout development but are not commonly recapitulated in vitro. While in vitro biomolecule gradients have been generated using customized microfluidic platforms, broad implementation has been limited because these platforms introduce new variables to cell culture such as externally driven flow, culture in a specialized matrix, or extended time for in situ long range diffusion. Here we introduce a method that enables preforming and then transferring user-controlled gradients to cells in standard “open” cultures. Our gradient patterning devices are modular and decoupled from the culture substrate. We find that gradient generation and transfer are predictable by finite element modeling and that device and loading parameters can be used to tune the stimulus pattern. Furthermore, we demonstrate use of these devices to spatially define morphogen signal gradients and direct peri-gastrulation fate stratification of human pluripotent stem cells. This method for extrinsic application of biochemical signal gradients can thus be used to spatially influence cellular fate decisions in a user-controlled manner.
Characterizing occipital condyle loads under high-speed head rotation

Because of the need to evaluate anthropomorphic test device (ATD) biofidelity under high-head angular accelerations, the purpose of the present investigation was to develop appropriate instrumentation for intact post mortem human subject (PMHS) testing, validate the instrumentation, and obtain information to characterize the response of the head-neck complex under this loading scenario. A series of rigid-arm pendulum, inertially loaded ATD tests was conducted. Head and neck ATD hydraulic piston chin pull tests were conducted. Subsequently, a series of PMHS tests was conducted to derive the response of the human head-neck under high-rate chin loading. Finally, Hybrid III and THOR-NT ATD head-neck systems were evaluated under the same scenario as the PMHS. A parametric analysis for center of gravity (CG) location and accelerometer orientation determined that even small errors (+/- 3 mm or 2 degrees), produced errors in the force and moment calculations by as much as 17 %. If the moment of inertia (MOI) term was varied by 5 %, resulting moment calculations were affected by as much as 8 %. If the 5 % error in MOI was used to compute occipital condyle moments, and results compared to upper load cell derived moments, peaks differed by as much as 24 %. The head CG and mass MOI should be directly measured for each preparation to obtain accurate results. The injury run on each specimen resulted in predominantly C1-C2 separations or partial separations. The 50(th) percentile probability of AIS=2+ neck injury using tensile force was about 2400 N; for AIS=3+ neck injury the 50(th) percentile risk was about 3180 N. When inserting extension moment as the criteria, the 50(th) percentile probability of an AIS=2+ injury was 51 Nm. The AIS=3+ extension moment at the 50(th) percentile probability was 75 Nm. The new THOR-NT ATD head-neck produced more biofidelic responses with an alternate head-neck junction design compared to the Hybrid III ATD. Language: en
Diversity and Habitat Distributions of Ground-Surface Spiders (Araneae) in Kings Mountain National Military Park, South Carolina

We surveyed ground-surface spider populations in Kings Mountain National Military Park, Blacksburg, SC, monthly from August 2009 through July 2010 using pitfall traps to collect spiders at 2 sites in each of 3 forest habitat types: riparian zones, dry forest areas, and ridgetop habitats. Of the 902 adult spiders collected, we identified 848 to species, representing 85 species in 22 families. Although each habitat type supported a unique set of species, each also shared species with the other habitat types. High Chao–Sorenson similarity values were seen in comparisons of both forest and ridgetop as well as forest and riparian habitats. We used the first 3 Hill numbers, species richness (0D), Shannon exponential (1D), and inverse Simpson (2D) indices, to compare diversity among habitat types. Species richness was significantly higher in the riparian compared to the ridgetop habitat, while both the Shannon exponential and inverse Simpson indices were significantly higher in the riparian habitat than in either the forest or ridgetop habitats, which did not differ from each other. Diversity was not significantly different between any pairs of sites within habitats with the exception of coverage-based species richness in the dry forest habitat. Within a habitat type, the 2 forest sites had the highest Chao–Sorenson similarity value, followed by the 2 ridgetop sites, with the 2 riparian sites being the least similar to each other.
A Virtuous Appraisal of Heritable Genome Editing.

The ethics of heritable genome editing (HGE), or germline engineering, are currently being debated vigorously among scientists and bioethicists, and the Catholic Church has declared the procedure t...
Head and neck cancer survivorship from the patient perspective.

BACKGROUND Survivorship is a critical part of head and neck cancer (HNC) care. In order to design better processes, we assessed care provided to long-term HNC survivors and their priorities for ongoing care. METHODS A survey was provided to HNC survivors at clinic appointments, including our HNC survivorship clinic. Questions focused on priorities for care in the otolaryngology clinic, types of care provided, and opioid use. RESULTS Of 168 respondents, the most common priority for survivors was surveillance for recurrence (first priority in 75%), with general health the next most common (8%). Few respondents reported active primary care involvement in survivorship. About 10% of patients reported current opioid use. CONCLUSION Survivors face a large burden of symptoms and deficits, but our data show that most survivors focus on recurrence. Few survivors reported recall of survivorship care plan delivery or discussing cancer care needs with primary care providers.
Predictive factors for overall survival in surgical cases of gliomatosis cerebri from the National Cancer Database.

Abstract Gliomatosis Cerebri (GC) is a rare, aggressive, diffusely infiltrating cerebral tumor. Prognostic indicators and management strategies are currently poorly characterized. The National Cancer Database was queried for patients with histologically confirmed GC between 2004 and 2016. Demographic, tumor, and treatment characteristics were collected, including the Charlson/Deyo score, a comorbidity index adapted from the Charleston Comorbidity Index. Allowable values for the Charlson/Deyo score are 0 (no recorded comorbidities), 1, 2, and 3+ (most severe). Factors associated with overall survival were identified via bivariate log-rank tests and multivariate stepwise Cox proportional hazards models. The query returned 108 GC patients. The median age was 60.0 years, males were predominantly affected (63%), and most patients were white (86%). While 12% of cases achieved near/gross total resection and 27% of cases achieved partial resection, most surgeries were for biopsy (61%). Treatments included radiation therapy in 64% and chemotherapy in 63% of patients. The median overall survival was 15.1 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 11.1–24.8) months. On bivariate analysis, chemotherapy improved overall survival (p = 0.01) while radiation therapy (p = 0.07) and extent of resection (p = 0.48) did not. On multivariate analysis, older patients (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.07, CI = 1.03–1.11, p
Greek Masks and Hebrew Chameleons

This chapter examines the Greek and Hebrew etymologies of hypocrisy, the former related to stage acting and the wearing of masks, while the latter concerns blending into one’s environment as chameleons do. Using five examples that on their face exhibit the characteristics of deception and pretense, manipulation and gaining advantage over others, the two different etymologies are deployed to sharpen the contrast between their applicability. Examining some standard interpretations offered by analytic moral and political philosophers, primarily reliant on masking and unmasking, shows their limitations. As an alternative, literary and psychological readings are presented, where chameleon-like conduct is culturally contextualized. Keeping in mind a variety of interpretations might thwart snap judgments and encourage more considered, perhaps messier ones, when bringing up the charge of hypocrisy.
Libraries and Urban Development: Branding and Revitalization

This chapter will focus on the urban development initiatives that cities implement including Marshallian industrial districts, hub and spoke, satellite platforms, state anchored, cluster development, and will focus on the most recent creative city model and branding. A general framework will be provided that considers neoliberal policies of austerity and the retrenchment of the government to contextualize how cities become more autonomous in seeking capital expansion and enable capital projects and improvements in partnerships with the private sector. Among these urban development initiatives, the creative city perspective and branding of anchor institutions such as public libraries help locate libraries within the initiatives that work along other cultural institutions to strengthen the image that specific cities seek to brand in a collective effort to attract members of the creative class, tourists, and investors.
Scientific and Clinical Challenges within Neuro-Oncology.

Both primary and metastatic brain tumors carry poor prognoses despite modern advances in medical therapy, radiation therapy, and surgical techniques. Gliomas, including glioblastoma (GBM), are particularly difficult to treat, and high-grade gliomas have poor outcomes. Treatment of brain tumors involves a unique set of scientific and clinical challenges, which are often not present in the treatment of systemic malignancies. With respect to scientific challenges, the anatomy and physiology of brain tumors (including the blood-brain barrier, blood-tumor barrier, and blood–cerebrospinal fluid barrier) prevent adequate drug delivery into the central nervous system. The unique nature of the immune system in the central nervous system as well as the immunosuppressive microenvironment of tumors such as GBM also create therapeutic roadblocks in the treatment of brain tumors. Tumor heterogeneity, particularly in GBM, has classically been believed to contribute to multitherapy resistance; however, recent data suggest that this may not be the case. Clinical challenges include neurologic and medical comorbidities of patients with brain tumor, as well as potential toxicity of tumor-directed treatment. Clinical trials investigating new treatment paradigms are needed, but several roadblocks exist to good and promising clinical trial availability.
No Longer Religious, but Still Spending Money Religiously: Religious Rituals and Community Influence Consumer Behavior among Religious Dones

Many people spend money on religious and secular products. How do spending preferences change when people stop identifying as religious? People who stop identifying as religious (religious dones) m...
Risk of epidemic development in nurseries from soil inoculum of Phytophthora ramorum.

Soilborne inoculum arising from buried, infested leaf debris may contribute to the persistence of Phytophthora ramorum at recurrently positive nurseries. To initiate new epidemics, inoculum must no...
Microbial Communities in Antarctic Subglacial Aquatic Environments

Glaciological processes under ice masses, including ice sheets, produce conditions favorable for microbes by forming subglacial aquatic environments (SAE) through basal melting and providing nutrients and energy for microbes from bedrock comminution. The abundance and interconnectivity of water beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet, largely demonstrated through remote sensing techniques, indicates significant and varied SAE including lakes, saturated sediments and channelized and linked cavity drainage systems. Microbes have been detected in the two Antarctic SAE sampled to date; accreted ice from Vostok Subglacial Lake in East Antarctica and saturated till from beneath ice streams draining the West Antarctic Ice Sheet. Heterotrophic activity has been measured in these samples at temperatures close to freezing in the laboratory, demonstrating that in situ microbial activity in subglacial environments is plausible. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences suggests that organisms with Fe and S oxidizing metabolisms may also be important members of the microbial community in these environments. This is consistent with the geochemistry of the accreted ice and till pore waters that indicates biologically driven sulfide oxidation coupled to carbonate and silicate mineral weathering as a significant solute source. Exploration of Antarctic SAE is in its infancy, and in a number of the unexplored SAE, the lack of connectivity between oxygenated surface waters and the subglacial environment and the extended water flow paths and water-rock residence times may lead to anoxic conditions. Such anoxic conditions would favor anaerobic microbial metabolisms similar to those documented in other deep terrestrial subsurface environments.
Pre-Embedding Labeling Methods

Colloidal gold conjugates generally do not readily penetrate cells, even after permeabilization. Therefore, their use in pre-embedding immunostaining has been largely restricted to labeling cell-surface antigens for scanning or transmission electron microscopy or for tracing endocytic pathways in living cells. One nanometer gold conjugates that do penetrate cells and tissues much more readily have also been used successfully to immunolabel intracellular structures. For pre-embedding labeling, all of the immunostaining is done prior to embedding the tissue in resin or preparing the samples for scanning electron microscopy. This chapter provides methods for pre-embedding staining with unconjugated primary antibody or with primary antibody conjugated to colloidal gold. The use of colloidal gold for tracing endocytic pathways is also given.
dproc - Extensible Run-Time Resource Monitoring for Cluster Applications

In this paper we describe the dproc (distributed /proc) kernellevel mechanisms and abstractions, which provide the building blocks for implementation of efficient, cluster-wide, and application-specific performance monitoring. Such monitoring functionality may be constructed at any time, both before and during application invocation, and can include dynamic run-time extensions. This paper (i) presents dproc's implementation in a Linux-based cluster of SMP-machines, and (ii) evaluates its utility by construction of sample monitoring functionality. Full version of this paper can be found at: http://www.cc.gatech.edu/systems/projects/dproc/
The effects of viewing R-rated movie scenes that objectify women on perceptions of date rape.

The contribution of sexualized images of women in the media to rape and beliefs that support rape has been the subject of considerable research. The present study tested the effects of viewing scenes from R-rated popular films on perceptions of female responsibility for and enjoyment of either a date rape or a stranger rape, using a sample of participants that was both ethnically and socioeconomically diverse. Participants viewed either nonviolent scenes that objectified and degraded women sexually or scenes from an animation festival. In a supposedly unrelated second experiment, participants then read a fictitious magazine account of a date rape or a stranger rape. Results indicated a significant three-way interaction among gender, video condition, and rape scenario on perceptions of the rape, such that males who viewed the sexually objectifying video felt that the victim in the date-rape condition experienced pleasure and “got what she wanted.”
Contrast Agents in MRI: Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide

The sections in this article are 1 History 2 Synthesis 3 Magnetic Properties 4 Clinical Applications 5 Experimental Use 6 Acknowledgements 7 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Respiratory acid-base disorders

The lungs serve to defend pH by altering alveolar ventilation which serves to control the pCO2 of body fluids. Respiratory acidosis develops as a result of ineffective alveolar ventilation. Respiratory alkalosis results from hypocapnia and is defined by a PaCO2 of less than 35 mmHg in the setting of alkalemia. An increase in alveolar ventilation relative to CO2 production gives rise to respiratory alkalosis. The clinical disorders which lead to ineffective ventilation or excess ventilation are discussed in this chapter.
Electromagnetic analysis of transient disruption forces on the ITER shield modules

Abstract This paper describes the eddy current computation and the resultant forces and torques on selected shield modules assigned to the US team that occur due to plasma disruption. The plasma disruption considered is referred to as major disruption (MD) and is one of the disruption cases defined by the International Organization (IO). This paper identifies the applicability of geometrical simplifications for future design analyses. In particular it is shown that cutting a module in half does not preserve the physics of the eddy current generation and resultant calculations while modeling a full module including the nearest modules does preserve the fundamental physics. The force results are shown for shield modules 7 and 13 exposing the validity of geometrical simplifications. The computed torque for these two modules is also presented.
An Approach for Micro End Mill Frequency Response Predictions

A method for predicting the tool point frequency response of a tool-holder-spindle system is provided. Receptance coupling is used to analytically combine responses for the tool, holder, and spindle substructures and predict the assembly dynamics. The spindle response is determined using experimental procedures, while the holder and tool are modeled using Timoshenko beams. With the use of this method, predictions may be completed for micro scale end mills where impact testing is inconvenient. Experimental results are provided.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Meeting basic needs in the People's Republic of China

Abstract China has done well in meeting the basic needs of the great majority of its people. In rural areas where three-quarters of the population live the income of the bottom 20% of the population was increased through redistribution by nearly 90% in the 1950s when compared with the 1930s. Surprisingly, the main redistribution was brought about by the comparatively conventional land reform of the early 1950s, not the cooperative and commune movements of the late 1950s. Communes, however, have played a central role in meeting such other basic needs as health care and the maintenance of full, if often not terribly productive, employment.
Tap42-associated protein phosphatase type 2A negatively regulates induction of autophagy

Autophagy is a highly conserved degradative process in eukaryotic cells. This process plays an integral role in cellular physiology, and the levels of autophagy must be precisely controlled to prevent cellular dysfunction. The rapamycin-sensitive Tor kinase complex 1 (TORC1) has a major role in regulating the induction of autophagy; however, the regulatory mechanisms are not fully understood. Here, we find that Tap42 and protein phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) are involved in the regulation of autophagy in yeast. Temperature-sensitive mutant alleles of TAP42 revealed that autophagy was induced without inactivation of TORC1. Absence of the Tap42-interacting protein Tip41 abolished autophagy induction in the tap42 mutants, whereas overexpression of Tip41 activated autophagy. Furthermore, inactivation of PP2A stimulated autophagy and overexpression of a catalytic subunit of PP2A blocked rapamycin-induced autophagy. Our data support a model in which autophagy is negatively regulated by the Tap42-PP2A pathway.
Hydraulic concentration of fields in the solar photosphere. IV - Evolution of fields near equipartition

It has previously been inferred that small isolated flux tubes appearing in supergranule boundaries are compressed to 1500 gauss or more. This paper considers whether some dynamic condition within a flux tube exists which provides both stability and a 'mechanical advantage' so that a small force over a small period of time can accomplish the enormous compression from the weak-field to the strong-field state. It is found that the equipartition solutions to the hydromagnetic equations apparently may have the desired property of permitting an infinitesimal external pressure to convert a gentle flow of gas along a weak field into a very intense field through a succession of equipartition states. An illustrative example is presented, and field compression by convective forces is analyzed.
The Case of Dr. Bowen: An Unknown Whitman Letter Recommending an Army Doctor

Introduces and prints a previously unknown Whitman letter written on March 4, 1868 to Dr. Charles H. (Henry) Bowden.
Sulcal Effacement With Preserved Gray–White Junction A Sign of Reversible Ischemia

Background and Purpose—Sulcal effacement with preserved underlying gray–white matter junction (isolated sulcal effacement [ISE]) in acute ischemic stroke may not represent irreversible parenchymal injury. We aimed to evaluate the frequency and significance of ISE in patients with large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke. Methods—Consecutive acute ischemic stroke patients with middle cerebral artery M1 or internal carotid artery terminus occlusions who underwent computed tomography angiogram/perfusion followed by intra-arterial therapy were screened for ISE. Results—Out of the 568 patients who underwent intra-arterial therapy between March 2011 and September 2014, 108 fulfilled inclusion criteria. ISE was present in 8 (7.4%) patients (age 55.7±10.5 years, 6 female, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale 16.1±3.8, 5 middle cerebral artery-M1, and 3 internal carotid artery terminus occlusions). Computed tomography angiogram revealed engorged/dilated leptomeningeal vessels obliterating the su...
In-person vs Telephone-administered Multiple-pass 24-hour Recalls in Women: Validation with Doubly Labeled Water

Abstract Objective To determine the accuracy of energy intakes estimated with the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method in women by conducting in-person and telephone interviews. Doubly labeled water measurements of total energy expenditure were used for validation. Subjects Thirty-five weight-stable women (mean age=30 years, range=19 to 46 years) participated. Design Total energy expenditure was measured over a 14-day period using the doubly labeled water method. During this time, 4 multiple-pass 24-hour recalls were obtained from the women (2 in-person, 2 by telephone) who were provided 2-dimensional food models to estimate portion sizes. The Food Intake Analysis System was used to analyze recall data. Statistical analyses Paired t tests were conducted to examine differences between energy intake estimated from the telephone and in-person interviews. Agreement between the energy intake estimates from the telephone recalls and the in-person recalls was assessed using the technique of Bland and Altman. Paired t tests were used to compare energy intake estimated from the telephone and in-person recalls to total energy expenditure. Results No significant difference in mean daily energy intake was found between the telephone (2,253±688 kcal) and in-person (2,173±656 kcal) interviews ( P =.36). However, the mean energy intake from each interview method was significantly lower than total energy expenditure (2,644±503 kcal) ( P =.006 and .001, respectively). Applications/conclusions Underreporting of energy intake was widespread in the sample. Although the multiple-pass 24-hour recall method did not generate a group measure of energy intake that was accurate or unbiased, the telephone-administered multiple-pass 24-hour recall was just as effective in estimating energy intake as the recall administered in-person. Dietetics professionals should be aware of the pervasive and serious problem of underreporting of self-reported food intakes. J Am Diet Assoc. 2000;100:777-780,783.
Abnormal Membrane Lipid‐Related Properties during Maturation of Reticulocytes from Severely Anaemic Rats as Measured by Partition in Two‐Polymer Aqueous Phases

Aqueous solutions of dextran and of polyethylene glycol when mixed give rise to immiscible, liquid two-phase systems. Such systems are suitable for separating cells by partition and for tracing subtle changes in the cells’membrane surface properties as a function of differentiation, maturation and age. By appropriate manipulation of polymer concentration and ionic composition and concentration one can select certain membrane properties (e.g. charge-associated, lipid-related) that will determine the cells’partition coefficient (i.e. the cells’relative affinity for the top or bottom phase or adsorption to the interface). Combining radioisotopic labelling and cell countercurrent distribution techniques we have examined the partition behaviour of reticulocytes from severely anaemic rats (made so through phenylhydrazine-injection) in two-polymer phase systems which reflect membrane lipid-related properties. It was found that such stress reticulocytes are abnormal with respect to their membrane lipid which does not produce the changes in partition coefficients observed with normal reticulocytes during maturation. The mature erythrocytes derived from such stress reticulocytes also have abnormal lipid-related membrane properties. Together with our earlier results it is clear that red blood cells produced in severe anaemia have and retain abnormal charge-associated and lipid-related membrane surface properties during their life-span and do not undergo the membrane surface changes associated with normal maturation and ageing as discerned by partition in two-polymer aqueous phase systems.
Measurement of the free atom fraction of 22 elements in an acetylene-air flame

Abstract The ratio of the free atom concentration and the total concentration of an element in a fuel-rich premixed acetylene-air flame is measured experimentally for 22 elements. The atom concentration is derived from the integrated absorption measured with a continuous source; the total concentration of an element is calculated from the flow rates of solution and flame gases. Because copper is found to be completely atomized, this element is proposed as a standard of reference for the acetylene-air flame.