cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Dyslipidemia Over Time in Youth With Type 1 Diabetes: For the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study

OBJECTIVE Understanding the risk factors associated with progression and regression of dyslipidemia in youth with type 1 diabetes may guide treatments. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We studied 1,478 youth with type 1 diabetes (age 10.8 ± 3.9 years, 50% male, 77% non-Hispanic white, not on lipid-lowering medications) at baseline and at a mean follow-up of 7.1 ± 1.9 years in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth (SEARCH) study. Progression to dyslipidemia was defined as normal lipid concentrations at baseline and abnormal at follow-up (non–HDL-cholesterol [C] >130 mg/dL or HDL-C RESULTS Non–HDL-C progressed, regressed, was stable normal, and stable abnormal in 19%, 5%, 69%, and 7% of youth with type 1 diabetes, respectively. Corresponding percentages for HDL-C were 3%, 3%, 94%, and 1%, respectively. Factors associated with non–HDL-C progression were higher A1C AUC and higher WHtR AUC in males. Non–HDL-C regression was associated with lower WHtR AUC, and HDL-C progression was associated with male sex and higher WHtR AUC. HDL-C regression was not modeled due to small numbers. CONCLUSIONS A1C and WHtR are modifiable risk factors associated with change in dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 1 diabetes.
Ultra-fast robust compressive sensing based on memristor crossbars

In this paper, we propose a new approach for robust compressive sensing (CS) using memristor crossbars that are constructed by recently invented memristor devices. The exciting features of a memristor crossbar, such as high density, low power and great scalability, make it a promising candidate to perform large-scale matrix operations. To apply memristor crossbars to solve a robust CS problem, the alternating directions method of multipliers (ADMM) is employed to split the original problem into subproblems that involve the solution of systems of linear equations. A system of linear equations can then be solved using memristor crossbars with astonishing O(1) time complexity. We also study the impact of hardware variations on the memristor crossbar based CS solver from both theoretical and practical points of view. The resulting overall complexity is given by O(n), which achieves O(n2.5) speed-up compared to the state-of-the-art software approach. Numerical results are provided to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed CS solver.
Meetings, Culture, and Society

In this book, I have suggested that there is a systemic relationship between meetings, culture, and society. Meetings do not merely exist in a sociocultural context because they frequently play an important role in constituting such systems for participants. At the same time, they provide individuals with multiple opportunities for making sense of such systems and negotiating as well as commenting on their place within it. Of course, as this event is typically defined in a great many societies, individuals in meetings are also attempting to accomplish specific culturally defined tasks (e.g., to organize a work group, to make a decision about where to move camp, to decide on a new leader) as they are also attempting to achieve specific individual desires and interests. I have illustrated this view of meetings by examining their significance in detail in an American mental health organization—Midwest Community Mental Health Center.
An Exploration of Data Augmentation and RNN Architectures for Question Ranking in Community Question Answering

The automation of tasks in community question answering (cQA) is dominated by machine learning approaches, whose performance is often limited by the number of training examples. Starting from a neural sequence learning approach with attention, we explore the impact of two data augmentation techniques on question ranking performance: a method that swaps reference questions with their paraphrases, and training on examples automatically selected from external datasets. Both methods are shown to lead to substantial gains in accuracy over a strong baseline. Further improvements are obtained by changing the model architecture to mirror the structure seen in the data.
The Symbolism of Trees in TESS OF THE D'URBERVILLES

Thomas Hardy characterizes Tess, Alec, and Angel through the use of intricate landscapes in Tess of the d'Urbervilles. Feminist readings by scholars such as Eithne Henson illustrate how these lands...
Generation, Diffusion and Relaxation of Dense Plasmas in Semiconductors

In this article, we review the recent (since 1980) use of two-pulse-excitation-and-probe and three-pulse transient grating techniques to study the nonequilibrium carrier dynamics and active nonlinearities in crystalline germanium at excitation levels approaching damage. An investigation of the dynamics of the Moss-Burstein shift of the absorption edge allows the identification of the onset of intervalence-band absorption, indicates a slow carrier cooling and suggests that nonlinear diffusion mechanisms are important at these high carrier densities. A simple parametric approach to the analysis is described that circumvents knowing the coupling constants at these carrier densities and that provides agreement with the tendencies in the data.
Software-guided insulin dosing improves intrapartum glycemic management in women with diabetes mellitus.

Background During labor, maintenance of maternal euglycemia is critical to decrease the risk of neonatal hypoglycemia and associated morbidities. When continuous intravenous insulin infusion is needed, standardized insulin dosing charts have been used for titration of insulin to maintain glucose in target range. The GlucoStabilizer software program (Indiana University Health Inc, Indianapolis, IN) is a software-guided insulin dosing system that calculates the dose of intravenous insulin that is needed based on metabolic parameters, target glucose concentration, and an individual’s response to insulin. Although this tool has been validated and shown to reduce both hypoglycemia and errors in critical care settings, the utility of this software has not been examined in obstetrics. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine whether the use of intravenous insulin dosing software in women with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus that requires intrapartum insulin infusion can improve the rate of glucose concentration in target range (70–100 mg/dL; 3.9–5.5 mmol/L) at the time delivery. Study Design We performed a retrospective cohort study comparing laboring patients with diabetes mellitus that required insulin infusion who were dosed by standard insulin dosing chart vs the GlucoStabilizer software program from January 2012 to December 2017. The GlucoStabilizer software program, which was implemented in May 2016, replaced the standard intravenous insulin dosing chart. Inclusion criteria were women with pregestational or gestational diabetes mellitus who were treated with an intravenous insulin infusion intrapartum for at least 2 hours. Maternal characteristics, glucose values in labor, and neonatal outcomes were extracted from delivery and neonatal records. The primary outcome was the percentage of women who achieved the target glucose range (defined as a blood glucose between 70–100 mg/dL; 3.9–5.5 mmol/L) before delivery. Parametric and nonparametric statistics were used to compare both groups; a probability value of Results We identified 22 patients who were dosed by a standard insulin dosing chart and 11 patients who were dosed by the GlucoStabilizer software program during intrapartum management. The GlucoStabilizer software program was superior in achieving glucose values in target range at delivery (81.8% vs 9.1%; P Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate that the use of software-guided intravenous insulin dosing in obstetrics can improve intrapartum glycemic management without increasing hypoglycemia in women with both pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus that is treated with an insulin infusion.
Micropositioning for Submicron Electron Beam Lithography

Positional accuracy is the most important parameter in future lithography for integrated circuits. With shrinking dimensions it is a great challenge to meet the associated overlay requirements. Electron Beam Proximity printing is described as a lithography for future integrated circuit fabrication. A unique correction feature was developed for this exposure method which is applicable for many tool and mask related pattern distortions. Digital signal processor cards have been developed which can handle the large amount of data for corrections in real time during the exposure. Results of this exposure method on test devices are presented.
On the Gender Gap in Financial Knowledge: Decomposing the Effects of Don't Know and Incorrect Responses*

Objectives Past studies have consistently shown that women have lower levels of financial knowledge than men, and hence there is a noticeable gender gap in financial knowledge. We reconsider the conventional measures of financial knowledge by disentangling don't know (DK) responses and incorrect answers and comparing the effect of these two disparate responses’ on the gender gap in financial knowledge. Methods Using data from the 2012 National Financial Capability Studies data set, we estimate a series of ordinary least squares regression and multinomial logit models of the gender gap in DK and incorrect responses. Results We find a strong gender gap in financial knowledge, but with a twist: (1) men are more likely to offer correct answers; (2) women are slightly more likely to offer incorrect answers; but (3) women are considerably more likely to provide DK responses. Hence women may exhibit lower levels of financial knowledge because they lose the opportunity to hazard a guess and arrive at a correct answer based either on partial knowledge or on random chance. We consider the possibility that there are psychological processes at work involving risk acceptance and confidence in financial knowledge that prompt women to give DK responses at a rate higher than men. Conclusion We suggest that future research should consider the relative roles of DK and incorrect responses in measuring financial knowledge.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Discharge Education and Quality of Life Evaluation: A Feasibility Study.

Background and purpose Discharge instructions provided to hospitalized participants with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are essential to promote improved health outcomes, reduce incidence of hospitalization, and enhance quality of life (QOL). This study evaluated the feasibility of implementing the American Lung Association's COPD Action Plan and assessment of QOL among participants hospitalized for acute exacerbation of COPD or COPD as a primary or secondary diagnosis. Methods The study was conducted on a cohort of critically ill participants hospitalized on a progressive care unit. The Principal Investigator administered the WHOQOL-BREF Questionnaire to assess QOL before discharge and 30 days after discharge via phone call. Reach, Effectiveness, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance was used to evaluate outcomes from the discharge study. Results Among participants enrolled (n = 50), 13 completed the in-hospital and follow-up phone call. Participants scored (12; 92% answered "yes") that they learned appropriate COPD self-management skills, such as change in respiratory symptoms and appropriate actions to take. At 30-day follow-up: number of rehospitalizations (12; 99%), no emergency department visits, and (1; 1%) emergency department visit for insulin reaction, not COPD. Most frequent principal admitted diagnosis was acute respiratory failure, and secondary diagnosis was COPD. There was no significant difference in QOL comparing scores at discharge to 30-day follow-up, using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Implications for practice COPD education can increase participant satisfaction in receiving self-management instructions from an action plan near the time of discharge based on a small sample.
Sensitivity of Salmonella serovars and natural microflora to high-pressure pasteurization: Open access data for risk assessment and practitioners

Abstract Industrial adoption of high-pressure processing is gaining importance and momentum as an alternative method to traditional utilization of antimicrobials and heat-based pasteurization. This indicates the need for extensive validation studies and available data for feasible and efficacious adoption of the technology by practitioners and the private industry. Current dataset is obtained utilizing elevated hydrostatic pressure of 35 to 380 MPa for time intervals of 0 (untreated controls) to 10 min, for decontamination of mesophilic background microflora and inoculated Salmonella in orange juice [1]. This open accessed data could be incorporated as part of risk assessment analyses for mitigating the risk of non-typhoidal foodborne salmonellosis by public health practitioners. It could also be utilized to validate the efficacy of elevated hydrostatic pressure against Salmonella serovars and background microflora in food manufacturing.
Education and Work of Physical Therapists Who Treat Sexual Health Concerns

The Section on Women’s Health (SoWH) is a part of the American Physical Therapy Association and has members who treat sexual health concerns. Although the use of physical therapy to resolve sexual ...
Maternal Parenting Style in Relation to Parenting Stress and Behavioral Outcomes in Japanese Children with and without Autism

This exploratory study sought to compare the parenting variables of parenting stress, perceived social support, and parenting styles among Japanese mothers (n = 42) of children with autism and those (n = 36) without autism, and examine associations between children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors and these variables by using parent questionnaires. Results of independent t-tests revealed increased parenting stress symptoms among mothers of children with autism and lower levels of social support. Parenting styles did not significantly differ between the groups. Regression analyses revealed that parenting stress predicted externalizing behaviors in children with autism. Additionally, an authoritarian parenting style was predictive of externalizing behaviors in children without autism. Parenting stress was also related to authoritarian and permissive parenting in both groups. These findings highlight the need for interventions and mental health services that reduce parenting stress and improve maternal well-being, and therefore, enhance parent-child interactions.
Radiocesium (137Cs) accumulation by fish within a legacy reactor cooling canal system on the Savannah River Site

Abstract The aquatic cooling canal system associated with a nuclear reactor built in the early 1950s received accidental releases of radiocesium (137Cs) from the reactor between 1954 and 1964, resulting in the dispersion of ~8.2 × 1012 Bq of 137Cs into the associated canals and ponds. The primary purpose of this study was to document concentrations of 137Cs in littoral zone fish currently occupying components of the cooling canal system, 3 canals and 2 impoundments, to determine how concentrations varied among these various components. Secondarily, we examined for potential influence of weirs within the canal system on concentrations in fish as well as the potential relationship between fish species and body size and on 137Cs concentrations in fish. We collected samples of sediment, biofilm, and fish from each component of the R-Reactor cooling system and compared 137Cs among sites and species in individual sites. Concentrations of 137Cs in sediments, biofilms and mosquitofish varied significantly among sampling areas with higher concentrations in RCAN1, a canal segment that was the closest to the reactor and received reactor effluent for a longer period than other components. Comparisons among other components of the cooling system, and species comparisons relative to presumed trophic positions and fish length were not consistent. However, littoral zone fish in the cooling canal system continue to bioaccumulate 137Cs >50 years after the original releases of contamination.
Gardens and Green Spaces: placemaking and Black entrepreneurialism in Cleveland, Ohio

This paper presents a case study of Gardens and Green Spaces (GGS), a resident-driven, grant-funded project in Cleveland, Ohio working toward community change. Through both placemaking and entrepreneurial strategies, the main grant objectives are to effect change at the intersection of food (and agriculture), arts, and culture in Kinsman, a 96% Black Neighborhood on Cleveland’s east side. While community development (CD) projects are often designed by outside ‘experts’ who inform the scope and focus of grant-funded projects, this project is rooted in the hypothesis that a resident-driven approach to CD will lead to increased community buy-in and participation, resulting in more lasting and substantive community change. GGS works across sectors, integrating arts, culture, and food to promote placemaking and community-based entrepreneurial engagement as a path towards greater health, equity, and economic resilience. This paper argues that community-based and resident-driven development—although not without its own challenges—can result in more holistic community transformation across sectors, with the potential for greater resident participation, sustainability, and equity. The case study presented in this paper, including in-depth interviews and neighborhood surveys, is an examination of the pilot phase of GGS, and argues that both placemaking and entrepreneurialism represent a negotiation between market driven community development and a solely philanthropic model. It provides insight into more equitable and sustainable change that has the potential to shift the traditional paradigm of expert driven, or “outside-in” community development.
Single-cell Analysis Reveals Fibroblast Heterogeneity and Myofibroblasts in Systemic Sclerosis-Associated Interstitial Lung Disease

Objectives Myofibroblasts are key effector cells in the extracellular matrix remodelling of systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD); however, the diversity of fibroblast populations present in the healthy and SSc-ILD lung is unknown and has prevented the specific study of the myofibroblast transcriptome. We sought to identify and define the transcriptomes of myofibroblasts and other mesenchymal cell populations in human healthy and SSc-ILD lungs to understand how alterations in fibroblast phenotypes lead to SSc-ILD fibrosis. Methods We performed droplet-based, single-cell RNA-sequencing with integrated canonical correlation analysis of 13 explanted lung tissue specimens (56 196 cells) from four healthy control and four patients with SSc-ILD, with findings confirmed by cellular indexing of transcriptomes and epitopes by sequencing in additional samples. Results Examination of gene expression in mesenchymal cells identified two major, SPINT2hi and MFAP5hi, and one minor, WIF1hi, fibroblast populations in the healthy control lung. Combined analysis of control and SSc-ILD mesenchymal cells identified SPINT2hi, MFAP5hi, few WIF1hi fibroblasts and a new large myofibroblast population with evidence of actively proliferating myofibroblasts. We compared differential gene expression between all SSc-ILD and control mesenchymal cell populations, as well as among the fibroblast subpopulations, showing that myofibroblasts undergo the greatest phenotypic changes in SSc-ILD and strongly upregulate expression of collagens and other profibrotic genes. Conclusions Our results demonstrate previously unrecognised fibroblast heterogeneity in SSc-ILD and healthy lungs, and define multimodal transcriptome-phenotypes associated with these populations. Our data indicate that myofibroblast differentiation and proliferation are key pathological mechanisms driving fibrosis in SSc-ILD.
The Limping Child, a Rare Differential: Pyomyositis of the Iliacus Muscle -A Case Report.

Introduction The presentation of an unwell child with a short history of a limp is not an uncommon referral to the orthopaedic on-call team. In the acute setting, this is most commonly secondary to trauma or infection. An unusual differential that clinicians should be aware of is pyomyositis of the muscles around the hip joint. The rarity of our case makes this a very interesting one, with only a few other recorded cases within the UK. Case report A 3-year-old Caucasian girl presented to the Paediatric ED, with 6 days' history of general malaise, vomiting, and intermittent pyrexia. 5 days before prior to attendance, she also developed a limp, which progressively worsened until she refused to weight bear on the left side with obvious distress and pain. No history of trauma was reported. According to the parents, she had become more irritable each day. The patient had no significant medical history and no family history of congenital or developmental hip disorders. Her vital signs were in keeping with sepsis as she was tachycardiac (154) and pyrexial (38.1°). The referring GP also recorded a high temperature of 38.9°. Physical examination proved difficult, due to pain. No obvious erythema or swelling was noted around either groin or lower limb. When asked to walk, she held the left hip in flexion and refused to weight bear. Conclusion Treatment of pyomyositis is essential to prevent subsequent life-threatening sepsis. Intravenous antibiotics, radiologically guided or surgical drainage of the collection, or debridement may be indicated in the management. Good understanding of the anatomy surrounding the hip joint is vital. The iliopsoas muscle inserts into the lesser trochanter of the hip joint. Therefore, inflammation in the origin or along the track of the muscle can mimic a septic arthritis picture. Radiological modalities, including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, should be considered, particularly when diagnostic doubt exists. Overall, making surgical decisions in such a case can be challenging. We advocate multii-disciplinary approach and seeking further opinions from colleagues if in doubt which should help in providing the best care possible for a child.
Structure-dependence of electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic properties of Sr 2 Mn 2 O 6 and CaSrMn 2 O 6

Remarkable enhancement of the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity is demonstrated as a result of the transformation of crystal structure between Sr2Mn2O6 and CaSrMn2O6. The structure of Sr2Mn2O6 is known to consist of dimeric units of face-sharing MnO6 octahedra. Whereas, CaSrMn2O6 contains individual octahedra, connected to each other through corner-sharing. Herein we show that the changes in the crystal structure result in significant improvement of the electrical conductivity, by five orders of magnitude, for CaSrMn2O6, compared to Sr2Mn2O6. Variable temperature conductivity studies from 25–800 °C indicate semiconducting properties for both compounds, where the enhanced conductivity of CaSrMn2O6 persists in the entire temperature range. The electrocatalytic activity of both compounds toward oxygen evolution reaction (OER) has also been investigated, indicating superior OER activity of CaSrMn2O6 compared to Sr2Mn2O6. A pronounced improvement in the onset potential and kinetics of OER is observed for CaSrMn2O6. These studies demonstrate an important correlation between crystal structure, electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic properties. Remarkable enhancement of the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity is demonstrated as a result of the transformation of crystal structure between Sr2Mn2O6 and CaSrMn2O6.
The use of systematic reviews to justify phase III ophthalmology trials: an analysis

Given the drastic increase in publication output in recent years, minimizing research waste should be a top priority. There are established areas of concern regarding research waste within ophthalmology along with a lack of systematic review usage to inform trial design in other areas of medicine. Given these concerns, the aim of this study is to evaluate the use of systematic reviews as justification for conducting randomized controlled trials (RCT) in top ophthalmology and optometry journals. We searched PubMed on December 5, 2018 for RCTs published in one of the top five Google Scholar h-5 index journals within Ophthalmology and Optometry. We used a pilot-tested Google Form and searched each RCT for systematic reviews. Each systematic review was then given the designation of “verbatim”, “inferred”, or “not used as justification for conducting the RCT” based on the context the systematic review was used. Our analysis yielded 152 included phase III RCTs. We found 22.4% (34 of 152) of phase III ophthalmology clinical trials cited a systematic review as justification for conducting the trial. A total of 102 systematic reviews were cited in the 152 RCTs. Fifty-seven of the one hundred fifty-two (37.5%) RCTs cited a systematic review somewhere in the manuscript. Less than one-quarter of phase III RCTs cited systematic reviews as justification for conducting the RCT. We believe placing a higher priority on justifying RCTs with systematic reviews would go a long way to minimizing research waste within ophthalmology.
Operationalize Interest Congruence: A Comparative Examination of Four Approaches:

Although interest congruence is a cornerstone of career counseling, little is known about the relative importance of different operationalization approaches to interest congruence (i.e., how to cal...
Selective laser melting of aluminum nano-powder particles, a molecular dynamics study

Abstract A quasi-2D model of Micro-selective laser melting (μ-SLM) process using molecular dynamics is developed to investigate the localized melting and solidification of a randomly-distributed Aluminum nano-powder bed. One of the biggest challenges in modeling the μ-SLM process is the computational treatment of the formation and growth of crystal nuclei in the meltpool. The present work overcomes this challenge using molecular dynamics simulation because of its capability to explicitly model the nucleation and growth of grains inside the meltpool. The localized heating and rapid solidification of meltpool is simulated by the direct control of the temperature in the meltpool both spatially and temporally. The rapid solidification in the meltpool reveals the cooling rate dependent homogeneous nucleation of equiaxed grains at the center of the meltpool. Additionally, the epitaxial grain growth from the adjacent laser tracks, previous layers, and partially melted nano-powders into the solidifying meltpool is observed along the highest heat flow directions. The growth of the long columnar grains into the top layer is inhibited if the penetration depth during the remelting of a previous layer is less than the depth of the equiaxed grains. Long columnar grains that spread across three layers, equiaxed grains, nano-pores, twin boundaries, and stacking faults are observed in the final solidified nanostructure obtained after ten passes of the laser beam on three layers of Aluminum nano-powder particles. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of the final solidified nanostructure is employed to eliminate the nano-pores, which act as sources of crack initiation during tensile loading. Higher applied stress is required for the crack initiation and propagation in the hot isostatically pressed nanostructure compared to the as-built Aluminum nanostructure owing to the absence of nano-pores.
Cross-code comparison of the impact of the fill tube on high yield implosions on the National Ignition Facility

Fill tubes are used to inject deuterium and tritium fuel into inertial confinement fusion capsules fielded on the National Ignition Facility. These fill tubes have been shown to have a detrimental effect on capsule performance, primarily by introducing a low-density pathway into the central fuel region that enables the jetting of ablation material into the hot spot. Due to the complexity of the highly nonlinear flow associated with the fill tube and the challenge of diagnosing the evolution of the fill tube jet late in the implosion experiments, the uncertainty in how this perturbation source evolves is great. Here, we report on the results of a detailed code comparison performed to understand uncertainties in computational modeling of the impact of fill tubes on implosion performance. The study employed two radiation-hydrodynamics codes, HYDRA and xRAGE, which employ very different meshing strategies and hydrodynamics solvers, as well as two radiation transport methodologies, discrete ordinates and multi-group diffusion. Our results demonstrate generally good agreement between codes through most of the implosion although they indicate sensitivity to opacity averaging methods. Late in the implosion, differences arise in the distribution and amount of contaminant although these differences have a remarkably small impact on the amount of yield reduction due to the fill tube. While these results demonstrate sensitivity in fill tube modeling to algorithmic choices, the observed differences between codes are small relative to known sensitivities due to expected variations in the fill tube geometry. Finally, we have developed a methodology for performing multi-group diffusion simulations that show good agreement with the more accurate discrete ordinates method.
Statewide Application of Wrong-Way Driving Crash Risk Modeling and Countermeasures Optimization Algorithm to Identify Optimal Locations for Countermeasure Deployment on Florida Limited Access Facilities:

Wrong-way driving (WWD) crashes can have significant impacts on freeway safety and operations. Deploying intelligent transportation systems (ITS) WWD countermeasures at freeway exit ramps can effec...
‘The cruelty of righteous people’: Niebuhr on the urgency of cruelty:

This paper responds to critics of Reinhold Niebuhr by exploring two themes important for locating his views on cruelty’s emergence in modern society. The first relates to his basic insight into the...
From scanners to cell phones: neural and real-world responses to social evaluation in adolescent girls.

While expanded use of neuroimaging seemed promising to elucidate typical and atypical elements of social sensitivity, in many ways progress in this space has stalled. This is in part due to a disconnection between neurobiological measurements and behavior outside of the laboratory. The present study uses a developmentally salient fMRI computer task and novel ecological momentary assessment protocol to examine whether early adolescent females (n = 76; ages 11-13) with greater neural reactivity to social rejection actually report greater emotional reactivity following negative interactions with peers in daily life. As hypothesized, associations were found between reactivity to perceived social threat in daily life and neural activity in threat-related brain regions, including the left amygdala and bilateral insula, to peer rejection relative to a control condition. Additionally, daily life reactivity to perceived social threat was associated with functional connectivity between the left amygdala and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex during rejection feedback. Unexpectedly, daily life social threat reactivity was also related to heightened amygdala and insula activation to peer acceptance relative to a control condition. These findings may inform key brain-behavior associations supporting sensitivity to social evaluation in adolescence.
Synthetic, Realistic Transmission and Distribution Co-Simulation for Voltage Control Benchmarking

As distributed energy resources (DERs) play an increasing role in generation and grid services, control and market paradigms will need to be tested with models that incorporate transmission and distribution systems. The test systems will need to be realistic and accessible for researchers to form conclusions about realistic behaviors and maintain comparability and repeatability of results. These test systems also must have high resolution models of sufficient size for realistic distribution and transmission interaction. This paper demonstrates the tightly coupled HELICS-based co-simulation of realistic synthetic distribution and transmission models for the Austin metropolitan area and how this framework can be used to analyze resultant behaviors from distributed resources and their controls. These results are compared to the same distribution system run without co-simulation using a fixed feed-in voltage. Results show that even without advanced voltage controls, the feed-in voltage response when coupled to the transmission system results a lower level of voltage excursions, suggesting the importance of using this type of realistic, tightly coupled, transmission and distribution cosimulation when assessing DERs.
PROGRESS in RAILWAY MECHANICAL ENGINEERING 2019 - 2020 SURVEY - LOCOMOTIVES

This survey reports on motive power developments for the previous year ending in August 2020. Invitations to collaborate were sent to several locomotive builders and railroads. The survey looks at the scope of new and rebuilt motive power during the past year. During this time, several Class 1 railroads have heavily adopted the rebuilding and modernization of existing motive power. The survey also looks at how the needs of the railroads are changing in terms of motive power both due to Precision Scheduled Railroading (PSR) and also due to the novel Coronavirus pandemic. Finally, this survey will conclude with a look back at the high horsepower race following the retirement of the EMD SD80MAC locomotives from Class 1 ownership. © 2021 by ASME.
Mechanisms of decreased tubular flow-induced nitric oxide in Dahl salt-sensitive rat thick ascending limbs.

Dahl salt-sensitive rat (SS) kidneys produce less nitric oxide (NO) than those of salt-resistant rats (SR). Thick ascending limb (THAL) NO synthase 3 (NOS3) is a major source of renal NO, and lumin...
Parents’ Use of Digital Literacies to Support their Children with Disabilities in Online Learning Environments

An emerging research base has highlighted various roles and responsibilities that parents of students with disabilities accept when they enroll their children in online schools. Since finding and using online texts and using various programs and applications that require search and evaluation skills to do work are typical for online learning, it follows that part of parent responsibilities in many families might involve using basic technological literacies or even more advanced digital ones. To focus on the range of technological literacies that parents employ, researchers gathered self-report data from parents about how they engage with online education technologies while working with their children with disabilities. Interviews with (n = 32) parents across six states in the West, Midwest, and Southern United States revealed that parents employ various skills with a specific set of purposes in mind. Literacies were used to (a) perform basic technological computing tasks, (b) evaluate information to supplement existing instructional materials, and (c) communicate with the school about children’s needs. Reported purposes for using these skills emerged as (a) instructing, (b) monitoring, (c) advocating, and (d) learning school expectations. Implications of this study include the potential for literacy-based approaches to parent preparation for supporting vulnerable children in online settings.
A new species of Tylodinidae (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia) from the northeastern Pacific

Abstract A notaspidean opisthobranch dredged from the Pacific coast of Canada (in 25–366 m of water), Roya spangotheras sp. nov., is described and compared with its congeners of Norway, and Australia/New Zealand, The radular morphology of the two presently known tylodinid genera (Tylodina and Roya) is compared with scanning electron micrographs.
Chapter 11. β-Lactam Antibiotics

Publisher Summary Penicillin derivative-RIT 2214, bears a 6-(2-amino-2-carboxy)ethylthioacetamido side chain is discovered in a fermentation broth. RIT 2214 has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity, though less active than ampicillin, and more active than ampicillin following subcutaneous administration to mice, possibly the result of higher blood levels. Ticarcillin appears to be slightly more active against gram-negative pathogen. Mecillinam itself has marked activity against the more sensitive species of gram-negative aerobic bacteria. The majority of ampicillin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from patients are susceptible to mecillinam. Pirbenicillin is more active than carbenicillin against Aeruginosa and Klebsiella species, but less active against Proteus . Compound PC 904 has very good activity against most bacteria, including Pseudomonas , Serratia , Klebsiella , and B. fragilis ; its efficacy in mouse infections compared very favorably with that of carbenicillin. Compound T-1220 is also more active than carbenicillin against a broad range of gram-negative bacteriae. It has low toxicity in animal tests and has proven effective in clinical trials. Talampicillin compared with amoxycillin and give higher blood levels than ampicillin in a comparative trial. Ceftezole has comparable and mouse infection effectiveness to cefazolin. Ceftezole also shows a shorter half-life and lower peak serum level than cefazolin in humans. Cefoxitin is more active against marcescens strains. An organism designated Streptomyces cattleya elaborates thienamycin, whose isolation is greatly complicated by instability.
Operational Methodology for the International Space Station (ISS) High Rate Communications Outage Recorder (HCOR)

The HCOR will be used onboard the ISS to record digital data during Ku-band Loss of Signal (LOS) periods. This recorded data will be played back to the ground during Ku-band Acquisition of Signal (AOS) periods. The Data Management (DM) Team at the Payload Operations Integration Center (POIC) is the primary operator of this complex recorder. The record and playback capabilities—along with the memory management functions—are presented in this paper. To illustrate how the DM Team plans to manage the record, playback, and memory management tasks of operating the HCOR, an operational scenario for a ninety minute orbit is presented.
Credentials-Based Authorization: Evaluation and Implementation

Nexus is a new operating system that runs on computers equipped with tamperproof secure co-processors; it is designed to support the construction of trustworthy applications-applications where actions can be attributed with some measure of confidence and where trust assumptions are explicit.
Apply Social Network Analysis and Data Mining to Dynamic Task Synthesis for Persistent MMORPG Virtual World

This paper describes a new scheme for designing MMORPG virtualworld that assigns dynamically synthesized tasks and scripts to avatars in a MMORPG. Different from most current MMORPGs, the new scheme tries to bridge the gap between a real social world with a virtual RPG social world by introducing social relationship, social structure, and avatar personality into the game play. Adaptation of social network analysis to MMORPG virtual world design is also discussed. The objective is to increase a game’s long term appeal to players. Moreover, the paper also proposes a method to use data mining technique for intelligently selecting dynamically synthesized tasks so that the tasks will be most likely interesting to the players. The paper represents an endeavor to forge a common research ground for virtual world game design, social network analysis, artificial intelligence, and traditional data mining research.
Quality Attributes for Embedded Systems

Software quality attributes (QAs) such as reliability and modifiability have been used to define nonfunctional requirements of software systems for many years. More recently, they have been used as the basis for generating utility trees in the Software Engineering Institute’s Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Model (ATAM). Software processes and models, such as the ATAM, are often utilized when developing embedded systems which consist of both software and hardware. In order to determine whether the QA’s defined for software are adequate when working with embedded systems, research based on trade studies performed during the development of embedded system architectures were evaluated. The results of the research shows that while many of the embedded system quality attributes map directly to existing software quality attributes, some attributes such as portability take on a modified definition, and others, such as weight, do not normally apply to software systems. This paper presents the quality attributes for embedded systems identified as a result of the trade study evaluation.
Adaptive FIR filtering based on bounded error constraints

The performance of adaptive FIR algorithms in the presence of bounded disturbances, in particular, algorithms based on gradient mean squared error (MSE) estimators, gradient estimators with dead-zone thresholds, and set membership estimators, is examined. A simple example of the bursting phenomenon is given, and the algorithms and their properties are described. Analytical results on the performance of these estimators are also given. An algorithm that provides both MSE and instantaneous maximum amplitude error (in the limsup sense) performance guarantees is proposed. >
Foundations for Spirituality: Establishing the Viability of Spirituality within the Health Disciplines

Abstract Since 1979, the concepts of spirituality and spiritual health have been a pressing concern of the health disciplines. While many health professionals seek to study and implement spiritual health concepts, others are still skeptical and find spiritual issues problematic. This article proposes a justification for the inclusion of spirituality as a viable field of study within the health disciplines. Characteristic arguments against the concept of spirituality are examined and solutions proposed. The possible role of scientism in the slow acceptance of spiritual concepts within the health disciplines is discussed along with the proposal of an ‘expanded’ or ‘meta-science’ framework for studying spirituality.
Smoothed particle hydrodynamics simulations of black hole accretion: a step to model black hole feedback in galaxies

We test how accurately the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) numerical technique can follow spherically-symmetric Bondi accretion. Using the 3D SPH code GADGET-3, we perform simulations of gas accretion onto a central supermassive black hole (SMBH) of mass 10 8 Mwithin the radial range of 0:1 200 pc. We carry out simulations without and with radiative heating by a central X-ray corona and ra- diative cooling. For an adiabatic case, the radial profiles of hydrodynamical properties match the Bondi solution, except near the inner and outer radius of the computational domain. The deviation from the Bondi solution close to the inner radius is caused by the combination of numerical resolution, artificial viscosity, and our inner boundary condition. Near the outer radius (6 200 pc), we observe either an outflow or devel- opment of a non-spherical inflow depending on the details of the implementation of outer boundary conditions. This dependence is caused by a difficultyof implementing, in an SPH code, the Bondi assumption of an infinite and spherical reservoir of gas at infinity. We find that adiabatic Bondi accretion can be reproduced for durations of a few dynamical times at the Bondi radius, and for longer times if the outer radius is increased. In particular, the mass inflow rate at the inner boundary, which we mea- sure, is within 3 4% of the Bondi accretion rate. With radiative heating and cooling included, the spherically accreting gas takes a longer time to reach a steady-state than the adiabatic Bondi accretion runs, and in some cases does not reach a steady-state even within several hundred dynamical times. We find that artificial viscosity in the GADGET code causes excessive heating near the inner radius, making the thermal properties of the gas inconsistent with a physical solution. This overheating occurs typically only in the supersonic part of the flow, so that it does not affect the mass accretion rate. We see that increasing the X-ray luminosity produces a lower central mass inflow rate, implying that feedback due to radiative heating is operational in our simulations. With a sufficiently high X-ray luminosity, the inflowing gas is r heated up, and an outflow develops. We conclude that the SPH simulations can cap- ture the gas dynamics needed to study radiative feedback provided artificial viscosity alters only highly supersonic part of the inflow.
Invited Commentary on “The Distribution of Incubation Periods of Infectious Disease”

Several years ago, in reference to the paper that is being reprinted in this issue of the Journal, Dr. Philip Sartwell wrote, «I believe this paper has been mentioned in bibliographies more often than anything [else] I have done.» The paper, which was published in 1950 (1), is the first of three papers that Sartwell wrote and published on incubation periods (1-3). In this first paper, he explained that the lognormal model fitted a variety of observations of the incubation periods of several infectious diseases. From a review of empirical data, he defined two parameters with which to characterize the distribution: the median incubation period as a measure of central tendency-a better estimate than the arithmetic mean-and the dispersion factor as a measure of variability. The paper further highlighted, with a number of examples, various uses of the incubation period. Since the publication of this paper by Sartwell, the lognormal model has been used to study the incubation periods of a number of infectious and noninfectious diseases (4). The first application of the model to the study of the incubation periods of noninfectious diseases was a study of the latency of neoplastic diseases (5). The model has been used more recently to study the incubation periods of drug-induced diseases (6), genetic diseases (7), Reye's syndrome (4), and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (8). In all of these applications, both the model and the measures of incubation period that it generated were found to be robust. More recently, a number of papers have examined the theoretical underpinnings of the use of the method (9-11). The major attraction of this method is its simplicity, as well as its applicability to a broad spectrum of diseases. The method helps us to assess the dynamics of an epidemic, to estimate the date of common exposure, and to develop a time frame on which etiologic investigations should focus. In addition to describing a method, this paper has helped to make the study of incubation periods more systematic and more relevant to the pathogenesis of the disease(s) under consideration