cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Complexity generation in fungal peptidyl alkaloid biosynthesis: Oxidation of fumiquinazoline A to the heptacyclic hemiaminal fumiquinazoline C by the flavoenzyme Af12070 from aspergillus fumigatus

The human pathogen Aspergillus fumigatus makes a series of fumiquinazoline (FQ) peptidyl alkaloids of increasing scaffold complexity using l-Trp, 2 equiv of l-Ala, and the non-proteinogenic amino acid anthranilate as building blocks. The FQ gene cluster encodes two non-ribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS) and two flavoproteins. The trimodular NRPS Af12080 assembles FQF (the first level of complexity) while the next two enzymes, Af12060 and Af12050, act in tandem in an oxidative annulation sequence to couple alanine to the indole side chain of FQF to yield the imidazolindolone-containing FQA. In this study we show that the fourth enzyme, the monocovalent flavoprotein Af12070, introduces a third layer of scaffold complexity by converting FQA to the spirohemiaminal FQC, presumably by catalyzing the formation of a transient imine within the pyrazinone ring (and therefore acting in an unprecedented manner as an FAD-dependent amide oxidase). FQC subsequently converts nonenzymatically to the known cyclic aminal ...
Global analysis of gene expression using GeneChip microarrays

DNA microarray technology, especially the use of GeneChip microarrays, has become a standard tool for parallel gene expression analysis. Recent improvements in GeneChip microarrays enable whole-genome expression analysis, and thus open a new avenue for studies of the composition, dynamics, and regulation of the transcriptome in plants.
The national cancer data base report on hodgkin's disease for 1985-1989 and 1990-1994

BACKGROUND A national survey of the management of Hodgkin's disease patients based on cases in the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) provides a basis for evaluating the results of educational and therapeutic programs. These patients are believed to have been drawn from all nationalities, native and migrant, and were reported by hospital cancer registries throughout the United States, including large and small community hospitals, university and other teaching hospitals, military and Veterans Administration (VA) hospitals, and National Cancer Institute (NCI)-Designated Centers. METHODS Data submitted voluntarily to the NCDB were used to determine trends in patterns of patient care across time. For the period 1985-1994, data from 35,033 patients with newly diagnosed Hodgkin's disease were analyzed and separated into two time periods, 1985-1989 and 1990-1994. RESULTS Data were analyzed with respect to age, race, histology, stage, treatment, and survival. The majority of patients (83.6%) were white, the age group with the highest incidence was 20-29 years, and nodular sclerosis was the most common histologic type. Staging was reported as a combination of clinical and pathologic stage ("combined stage"). The number of cases of reported stage increased from 51.7% for the years 1985-1989 to 75.7% for the years 1990-1994. Radiation therapy was used primarily to treat patients in Stages I and II, although the overall use of radiotherapy declined by 10% in the later period. The overall observed 5-year survival rate was 83.2%, and the disease specific observed survival rate was 84.9%. Stage for stage, survival was better for younger patients and poorer for older patients. CONCLUSIONS The survey reflects the actual management of Hodgkin's patients disease. The reported cases for 1994 represent 60.6% of the estimated occurrences for that year in the U.S. There has been a significant improvement in the frequency of use of the staging system. A continuing increase in survival for patients with Hodgkin's disease is occurring. This method of studying disease management provides a measure of educational efforts and guides to developmental research. Cancer 1998;83:1041-1047. © 1998 American Cancer Society.
The presence of SV40 T-antigen is not required for cytochalasin B-induced multinucleation

Abstract Two cell lines temperature-sensitive for the expression of SV40 virus T-antigen were studied to determine if T-antigen is responsible for the uncontrolled nuclear division found in transformed cells treated with cytochalasin B. Multinucleation is found at temperatures at which T-antigen is not immunologically detectable suggesting that T-antigen is not necessary for cytochalasin B-induced multinucleation.
Neutralizing nearby singularities in numerical quadrature

A method of "neutralization" is presented that significantly weakens, if not eliminates, a singularity close to, but outside, the interval of integration. The effectiveness of the method is illustrated by a number of examples.
Fewer and better children: race, class, religion, and birth control reform in America.

In the early 20th century, contraceptives were illegal and, for many, especially religious groups, taboo. But, in the span of just two years, between 1929 and 1931, many of the United States’ most prominent religious groups pronounced contraceptives to be moral and began advocating for the laws restricting them to be repealed. Met with everything from support, to silence, to outright condemnation by other religious groups, these pronouncements and the debates they caused divided the American religious field by an issue of sex and gender for the first time. This article explains why America’s religious groups took the positions they did at this crucial moment in history. In doing so, it demonstrates that the politics of sex and gender that divide American religion today is deeply rooted in century-old inequalities of race and class.
High-pressure hydrogen loading in Ti45Zr38Ni17 amorphous and quasicrystal powders synthesized by mechanical alloying

Amorphous and icosahedral phase (i-phase) powders, synthesized directly by mechanical alloying (MA) and after subsequent annealing, respectively, are hydrogenated at a temperature of 573 K and an initial pressure of 3.8 MPa. The i-phase powder contains a Ti2Ni-type phase (fcc structure, lattice parameter, a=1.23 nm) as a minor phase. Hydrogen cycling for the i-phase powder decreases the coherence length and enhances the formation of an fcc hydride phase, namely (Ti, Zr)H2. The amorphous powder, which transforms to the fcc hydride after hydrogenation, is transformed primarily into a Ti2Ni-type crystal phase and a small amount of the i-phase after hydrogen desorption. Hydrogen cycling and mechanical alloying in a hydrogen gas atmosphere dramatically reduces the loading time of hydrogen for both the i-phase and the amorphous powders.
VARIATIONAL AND TRADITIONAL RIGOROUS SLOPE STABILITY ANALYSES : COMPARISON OF SAFETY FACTORS

ABSTRACT The main objective of this paper is to compare safety factors obtained from Morgenstern- Price, Janbu and Spencer methods with the factors calculated from the modified variational approach (Leshchinsky and Huang, 1992a). Such comparison is essential since there is no mathematical proof that the variational analysis indeed yields a minimum and thus, physically produce significant results. The safety factors compared well, indicating the variational analysis is on a par with acceptable existing rigorous methods. Availability of a user-friendly computer code may make the variational analysis useful to practicing engineers. However, its greatest potential at the moment is in 3-D applications; i.e., unlike other methods, its extension to 3-D is straightforward.
In Defense of the City and the Polity: The Xuanmiao Monastery and the Qing Anti-Taiping Campaigns in Mid-Nineteenth Century Nanyang

This paper examines the role played by the Quanzhen Daoist Xuanmiao monastery in the defense of Nanyang (Henan) during the Taiping rebellion. It shows that Daoist loyalty to the Qing state and to the local community did not just stem from the abbot's personal hatred of the Taiping; it also mirrored the monastery's established pattern of collaboration with the imperial state since the early Qing and its long history of ritual service to and economic involvement in the local community. Because of its wealth and cultural and political influence the Xuanmiao monastery functioned as a vital and dynamic actor in shaping the history and society of late nineteenth-century Nanyang. Cet article est consacre au role joue par un monastere taoiste Quanzhen, le Xuanmiao guan, dans la defense de Nanyang (Henan) pendant la rebellion des Taiping. Il montre que la loyaute des taoistes envers l'Etat Qing et la communaute locale n'etait pas simplement l'effet de la detestation qu'inspiraient les Taiping au superieur du monastere; elle refletait aussi un modele bien etabli de collaboration avec l'Etat imperial depuis le debut des Qing, ainsi qu'une longue histoire de service rituel et d'intervention economique au benefice de la communaute. Grâce a sa richesse et a son influence politique et culturelle, le monastere Xuanmiao a ete un acteur important et dynamique dans l'histoire et l'evolution sociale de Nanyang a la fin du xix e siecle.
The ultrastructure of intercellular passageways in vessels of yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera, L.) part I: Vessel pitting

The newly matured intervessel pit membranes of yellow poplar contain distinct openings. With increasing age the membranes become progressively occluded with incrustations which obstruct the small openings. Openings were not detected in the vessel-to-ray parenchyma and vessel-to-fiber pit membranes at any age.
Effect of substrate bias on the mobility and scattering time of electrons in si inversion layers

Abstract The dependence of the electron mobility and scattering time on the thickness of the inversion layer and its carrier concentration has been investigated. Electrons on (100) and (111) surfaces were studied. When only the lowest subband was occupied a linear dependence of the scattering time on the inversion layer thickness was observed. For fixed inversion layer thickness the scattering time decreased as the carrier concentration was increased. The carrier mobility appears to be limited by phonon and/or rigid core scattering processes. The effect of reverse substrate bias on the field effect mobility is similar to a change in the acceptor concentration of the substrate.
Identity theft: the US legal environment and organisations’ related responsibilities

Discusses an organisation’s responsibilities to mitigate the opportunity for identity theft, which is the criminal act of assuming the identity of another person with the expectation of gain; it is becoming the most pervasive financial crime today and resulted in the estimated loss of $221 billion worldwide in 2003. Indicates the methods used to steal identities and some of the US laws applicable to identity theft. Goes on to the increasing tendency among victims of identity theft to seek redress from third parties, including employers and other record keepers, for failing to protect their personal information. Makes recommendations for organisations to reduce the risks involved: enhance manual controls by destroying outdated records and restricting files to authorised employees, establish employee controls, enhance computer system controls, and consider insurance as a risk management tool.
Curvature Constraints from the Causal Entropic Principle

Current cosmological observations indicate a preference for a cosmological constant that is drastically smaller than what can be explained by conventional particle physics. The causal entropic principle (Bousso et al.) provides an alternative approach to anthropic attempts to predict our observed value of the cosmological constant by calculating the entropy created within a causal diamond. We have extended this work to use the causal entropic principle to predict the preferred curvature within the ``multiverse.'' We have found that values larger than ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{k}=40{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{m}$ are disfavored by more than 99.99% peak value at ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{\ensuremath{\Lambda}}=7.9\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}123}$ and ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{k}=4.3{\ensuremath{\rho}}_{m}$ for open universes. For universes that allow only positive curvature or both positive and negative curvature, we find a correlation between curvature and dark energy that leads to an extended region of preferred values. Our universe is found to be disfavored to an extent depending on the priors on curvature. We also provide a comparison to previous anthropic constraints on open universes and discuss future directions for this work.
Drag force on a line defect moving through an otherwise undisturbed field: Disclination line in a nematic liquid crystal

The drag force (per unit length) acting on a steadily moving disclination line is calculated. The problem is formulated in two equivalent ways: One involving a linear partial differential equation but with ambiguous boundary conditions, and another involving a nonlinear equation but with uniquely defined boundary conditions. The second formulation is solved numerically; the results of the numerical simulation are then used to fix the boundary conditions for the first formulation, which is solved analytically. A finite value is obtained for the drag force, without a need to introduce the integration cutoff at the sample size.
Entropic origin of the free energy barrier to nucleation of crystallites in amorphous CoSi2 thin films.

The temperature dependence of the free energy barrier to nucleation of cobalt disilicide crystallites in amorphous CoS${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$ thin films is determined based on a newly developed model-independent method. Contrary to prevalent views, we found that the free energy barrier to nucleation of cobalt disilicide crystallites is dominated by the entropic barrier, and the nucleation enthalpic barrier is relatively small. The results suggest that the nucleation of CoS${\mathrm{i}}_{2}$ crystallites is essentially a process of topological rearrangement of the amorphous disordered structure into an ordered structure.
Synergistic suppression of apoptosis in salivary acinar cells by IGF1 and EGF.

Tissue homeostasis requires balancing cell proliferation and programmed cell death. IGF1 significantly suppressed etoposide-induced apoptosis, measured by caspase 3 activation and quantitation of cellular subG1 DNA content, in rat parotid salivary acinar cells (C5). Transduction of C5 cells with an adenovirus expressing a constitutively activated mutant of Akt-suppressed etoposide-induced apoptosis, whereas a kinase-inactive mutant of Akt suppressed the protective effect of IGF1. IGF1 also suppressed apoptosis induced by taxol and brefeldin A. EGF was unable to suppress apoptosis induced by etoposide, but was able to synergize with IGF1 to further suppress caspase 3 activation and DNA cleavage after etoposide treatment. The catalytic activity of Akt was significantly higher following stimulation with both growth factors compared to stimulation with IGF1 or EGF alone. These results suggest that a threshold of activated Akt is required for suppression of apoptosis and the cooperative action of growth factors in regulating salivary gland homeostasis.
Reconsidering the Nagel-Erikson Hypothesis Editorial Reactions to Church-State Cases

In analyzing editorial reactions to church-state decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court, some support is found for the hypothesis that approval of judicial decisions correlates with partisan attitudes. However, it is found that partisan cleavages on Court decisions have blurred due to habituation to precedent, compromised holdings, and judicial justification. This evidence leads the authors to conclude that attentive lay publics of the Court, such as editorialists, may be less partisan, or partisan less often, than many observers have supposed.
Perceived magnitude of multiple electrocutaneous pulses

The subjective magnitude of electrical stimulation has been studied extensively. Usually, the function relating the electrical stimulus (current) to magnitude estimates can be approximated by a straight line on loglog coordinates, with a slope between 1.8 (Ekman, Frankenhaeuser, Levander, & Mellis, 1964, 1966; Sternbach & Tursky, 1964)and 3.5 (e.g., S. S. Stevens, Carton, & Shickrnan, 1958). The dynamic range of current that elicits sensations between threshold and pain varies inversely with this slope: high slopes correspond to small ranges (6 to 8 dB) and low slopes correspond to larger dynamic ranges (up to 20 dB). This inverse relation has been observed across many sensory modalities (e.g., Poulton, 1968; Rosenblith, 1959; Teghtsoonian, 1971, 1973), although there is disagreement over whether the relation is due to arbitrary choices of stimulus range or to true variations in stimulus dynamic range which produce the same range of sensation. This study was motivated by the view that the configuration of stimulus (e.g., the type of current waveform) might influence growth of perceived magnitude. Sinusoidal and single-pulse waveforms have been employed in other magnitude studies and have been shown to produce pain with a small dynamic range. Gibson (1968) and Saunders (1974) developed a stimulus configuration for painless electrical stimulation using multiple pulses of current. This stimulus is "quantal." The Saunders scheme consists of bursts of alternating positive and negative pulses, each with a duration, T, of about to usee and a peak amplitude, Ipeak' of 10 rnA (cf. Figure 1). Average intensity is changed by increasing or decreasing the number of such pulses within each burst. We hoped such stimulations would result in shallow loudness slopes and wide dynamic range in order to facilitate coding auditory information in the intensity dimension with a cutaneous stimulator. In the present study, we have employed the method of cross-modality matching (CMM) to compare the perceived magnitude of electrical stimulation on the abdomen to that of a 500-Hz tone presented by earphones. In this way, we could compare growth of sensation magnitude for the two modalities, since our ultimate goal is to substitute the skin for the ear as a communication channe!. We could also infer the
Acute Ethanol Poisoning and the Ethanol Withdrawal Syndrome

Ethanol, a highly lipid-soluble compound, appears to exert its effects through interactions with the cell membrane. Cell membrane alterations indirectly affect the functioning of membrane-associated proteins, which function as channels, carriers, enzymes and receptors. For example, studies suggest that ethanol exerts an effect upon the γ-aminobutvric acid (GABA)-benzodiazepine-chloride ionophore receptor complex, thereby accounting for the biochemical and clinical similarities between ethanol, benzodiazepines and barbiturates.
Touch Panel Sampling Strategies and Keypad Performance Comparisons

A study was conducted to improve accuracy of touch input devices to be used in helicopter evnironments through serial sampling and minima selection algorithms. Neither first nor last contact point was congruent with point of minimum error and sampling techniques were derived to reduce error without using “touch-mouse” strategies, being most effective for the infrared panel. Wearing flight gloves and using the nonpreferred hand had no practical detrimental effects on performance for a high-resolution touch input task. In a second study several types of mechanical keypads were compared with the two types of touch-input devices. Results obtained with this menu-selection task suggested no practical degradation in performance when substituting the touch input devices for bezel-mounted hardware keys. This was true of both error rate (in a qualified sense) and response time. It was concluded that the touch-input devices could provide flexibility for high-resolution input using maps and other spatial forms of dat...
Monocytes: Protagonists of Infarct Inflammation and Repair After Myocardial Infarction

Myocardial infarction (MI) is the most frequent cause of heart failure, which is an incapacitating disease with high prevalence and broad socioeconomic impact. In 2008 in the United States, 5.7 million people suffered from heart failure, and more than 287 000 people died.1 Timely revascularization of ischemic myocardium reduces acute infarct mortality, and current standard therapy with β blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors curbs development of post-MI heart failure. For example, ACE inhibitor treatment reduced mortality from 25% to 20% in the Survival and Ventricular Enlargement (SAVE) trial.2 Although this is a major advance, long-term mortality remains high. The combination of reduced acute infarct mortality due to efficient acute care and insufficient options to treat infarct survivors chronically has contributed to an increased heart failure prevalence (Figure 1).3 Figure 1. Disease statistics. A, Deaths per 100 000 population for coronary heart disease in men, ages 35 to 74 years, United States, 1970 to 2005. B, Deaths due to heart failure, United States, 1970 to 2005. C, Hospitalizations per 100 000 population for heart failure, age ≥65 years, United States, 1971 to 2006. Adapted from National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Fact Book 2008.3 The need to understand and treat heart failure better has motivated clinicians and basic scientists to explore new therapeutic strategies to repair the failing heart, for instance, with stem cells.4,5 Augmentation of intrinsic wound healing that occurs during the first 1 to 2 weeks after MI is a prospective approach with the potential to prevent heart failure. During this period, the infarct is highly active biologically.6–8 Delicate granulation tissue undergoes rapid turnover of cells and of structural components such as the extracellular matrix. Preexisting collagen is digested and new matrix is laid down. During these extensive changes of tissue …
Boccaccio and the Ineffable, Aniconic God Demogorgon

In his encyclopedic Genealogia deorum gentilium, Giovanni Boccaccio lists and describes over 700 pagan gods organized within a single comprehensive genealogy. The first god, the ancestor of all the rest, is the illusive Demogorgon. Described as nearly invisible, hidden by clouds and gloom, with a name toο horrible to utter, Demogorgon will reappear in subsequent drama and literature, playing a decisive role in Shelley’s Prometheus Unbound. This article traces the origins of Demogorgon, first to the Erichtho passage in Lucan [6.744-747], wherein there is a similarly awesome but nameless spirit. Boccaccio cited and quoted this very passage, as he did the similar passage in Statius’ Thebaid [4.514-517]. Boccaccio then cites Lactantius [Placidus], who has been credited with creating the name “Demogorgon,” although the manuscript tradition does not bear reliable witness to the name until the twelfth century. Ultimately Demogorgon seems to derive from Plato’s demiourgos, although his benign creator god underwent a severe transformation during the intervening centuries. Boccaccio seems to follow as well a second tradition derived primarily from Theodontius, himself illusive, which derives ultimately from the archaic Greek Arcadian tradition.
A floating-gate memory cell for continuous-time programming

As an apt choice for long-term analog memory in standard CMOS processes, floating-gate transistors are key enablers for large-scale programmable analog systems. Such systems are often designed for battery-powered—and generally resource-constrained—applications, which require the memory cells to program quickly with low infrastructural overhead. In order to meet these needs, we present a new analog floating-gate memory cell. Our four-transistor memory cell offers both voltage and current outputs and has linear injection and tunneling characteristics. Furthermore, we present a simple programming circuit that forces the memory cell to converge to voltage targets within 100ms and with 8-bit accuracy.
Investigational pharmacologic treatment for liver disease

Liver disease can cause significant morbidity and mortality. Few pharmacological options exist for these diseases, however, new agents are in development and older agents are being evaluated for new indications. Several new nucleoside and nucleotide analogues are being developed to treat hepatitis B virus infection. Pegylated interferons have been developed for hepatitis C infection. Ursodeoxycholic acid has recently been implicated in the treatment of liver disease, including non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis.
Sediment resuspension and transport patterns on a fringing reef flat, Molokai, Hawaii

Corals are known to flourish in various turbid environments around the world. The quantitative distinction between clear and turbid water in coral habitats is not well defined nor are the amount of sediment in suspension and rates of sedimentation used to evaluate the condition of reef environments well established. This study of sediment resuspension, transport, and resulting deposition on a fringing reef flat off Molokai, Hawaii, uses a year of time-series data from a small, instrumented tripod. It shows the importance of trade winds and ocean wave heights in controlling the movement of sediment. Sediment is typically resuspended daily and the dominant controls on the magnitude of events (10–25 mg/l) are the trade-wind-generated waves and currents and tidal elevation on the reef flat. The net flux of sediment on this reef is primarily along the reef flat in the direction of the prevailing trade winds (to the west), with a secondary direction of slightly offshore, towards a zone of low coral abundance. These results have application to reef studies and reef management in other areas in several ways. First, the observed resuspension and turbidity results from fine-grained terrigenous sediment that appears to be trapped and recycled on the reef flat. Thus corals are subjected to light attenuation by the same particles repeatedly, however small the amount. Secondly, the measurements show high temporal variability (from daily to seasonal scales) of sediment resuspension, indicating that single measurements are inadequate to accurately describe conditions on a reef flat.
Molecular ramsauer-townsend effect in very low energy 4He-4He scattering

Abstract It is shown that a Ramsauer-Townsend effect is possible in very low energy (≈ 2°K) collisions of 4 He- 4 He - i.e., a deep minimum in the total elastic scattering cross section occurs at this collision energy. It is seen that no such minimum is possible for the other isotopic variants, 3 He- 3 He and 3 He- 4 He.
Explicit bounds for primes in residue classes

Let E/K be an abelian extension of number fields, with E ¬= Q. Let Δ and n denote the absolute discriminant and degree of E. Let σ denote an element of the Galois group of E/K. We prove the following theorems, assuming the Extended Riemann Hypothesis: (1) There is a degree-1 prime p of K such that (p/E/K) = σ, satisfying Np ≤ (1+ o(1))(logΔ + 2n) 2 . (2) There is a degree-1 prime p of K such that (p/E/K) generates the same group as σ, satisfying Np ≤ (1 + o(1))(log Δ) 2 . (3) For K = Q, there is a prime p such that (p/E/Q) = σ, satisfying P ≤ (1 + o(1))(log Δ) 2 . In (1) and (2) we can in fact take p to be unramified in K/Q. A special case of this result is the following. (4) If gcd(m,q) = 1, the least prime p? m (mod q) satisfies p ≤ (1 + o(1))(φ(q)log q) 2 . It follows from our proof that (1)-(3) also hold for arbitrary Galois extensions, provided we replace σ by its conjugacy class . Our theorems lead to explicit versions of (1)-(4), including the following: the least prime p? m (mod q) is less than 2(q log q) 2 .
Extensions of commutative rings in which trees of prime ideals contract to trees

Une extensionA⊂B des anneaux (commutatifs) satisfait a la propriete si tout arbre dans Spec(B) couvre un arbre dans Spec(A). Il est possible qu'une extension entiere d'un anneau Noetherien ne satisfait pas a . SiA⊂B soit unei-extension satisfaisante a soit “going-up” soit “going-down”, alorsA⊂B satisfait a . Cependant, une extension d'anneaux satisfaisante a “going-up”, “going-down”, et peut etre nonunibranche dans hauteur >1. Un anneau integreA a le spectre d'un arbre si et seulement siA⊂B satisfait aP pour tout anneau integreB contenantA (resp., suranneau de BezoutB deA). De plus, si un anneau integreA n'ait pas de spectre d'un arbre mais soit localement de dimension finie, (par exemple, tout anneau integre Noetherien de dimension au moins 2), alors il existe un suranneau de BezoutB deA et un arbre sature dans Spec(B) de sorte que card=4 et l'image de a l'egard de la fleche canonique Spec(B)→Spec(A) est un ensemble sature tel que card =3 mais n'est pas d'arbre. On donne egalement des caracterisations associees des classes desi-domaines et des ai-domaines.
Batch List on-line Scheduling

We consider a batch online scheduling problem of minimizing the makespan on identical parallel machines. As a batch arrives, jobs in the batch are classified into groups and the jobs in the same group may start at different time but must finish at the same time. By compositing the batch schedule and online schedule, we derived two batch online algorithms with competitive ratios m/(1+gepsiv) and (m(-1+epsiv)(-1+epsivm+mk min)(-1+xi 2m+mk max))/((-1+epsivm)(-1+epsiv 1+g+m+mk min)(-1+xim+mk max )) respectively, under different conditions
Path verification for coordinated motion of two arms

Abstract This work concerns studies on the primary problem of whether a material handling task to be executed by two collaborating robot arms is kinematically possible. For any task, the configuration of the two endeffectors at all instants must be reachable from the viewpoint of the joint variables which must remain within the range of their allowable limits. In other words for any task to be executable the object held by the two endeffectors is limited to move only inside a working envelope. The associated working envelope depends on the two robot arms as well as the object, and their relative geometry, that is, the orientation of the object and the way it is held by the two endeffectors. In fact, this envelope is the function of the specifications of the triplet. For a pair of arms carrying an object four different tasks can be considered; for two of these the possibility of a desired motion is investigated. Such a study will verify the feasibility of a task, or will determine the required changes to be made in order to make it feasible.
Preliminary results of the solar flux radiometer experiment aboard the pioneer venus multiprobe mission.

The solar flux radiometer aboard the Pioneer Venus large probe operated successfully during its descent through the atmosphere of Venus. Upward, downward, and net fluxes from 0.4 to 1.0 micrometers were obtained at more than 390 levels between 185 millibars (at an altitude of ∼61 kilometers) and the surface. Fluxes from 0.4 to 1.8 micrometers were also obtained between 185 millibars and about the level at which the pressure was 2 atmospheres. Data from 80 to 185 millibars should be available after additional decoding by the Deep Space Network. Upward and downward intensities in a narrower band from 0.59 to 0.66 micrometers were also obtained throughout the descent in order to constrain cloud properties. The measurements indicate three cloud regions above the 1.3-atmosphere level (at an altitude of ∼49 kilometers) and a clear atmosphere beneath that level. At the 67 ° solar zenith of the probe entry site, some 15 watts per square meter are absorbed at the surface by a dark ground, which implies that about 2 percent of the solar energy incident on the planet is absorbed at the ground.
The 52, 26, 10] Binary Self-Dual Codes with an Automorphism of Order 7

All 52, 26, 10] binary self-dual codes with an automorphism of order 7 are enumerated. Up to equivalence, there are 499 such codes. They have two possible weight enumerators, one of which has not previously arisen.
Sensitization by blood transfusion results in antibody production that correlates with C4d deposition and rejection

vascular homeostasis and in multiple vascular pathologies. We analyzed the effects of the calcineurin inhibitors cyclosporin A (CyA) and tacrolimus (T), and the mTOR inhibitor sirolimus (S) on EPC survival. Methods: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated from healthy subjects by density gradient centrifugation, resuspended in endothelial growth medium and plated on to fibronectin-coated wells at a density of 0.5x10 cells/cm. At day 4 after plating, non-adherent cells were removed and cells were cultured to day 7. Cells were cultured with CyA (0.01 to 10000 ng/ml), T (0.001 to 1000 ng/ml), S (0.001 to 1000 ng/ml) or vehicle control (DMSO 0.1%). Immunosuppressants (IS) were added either at day 0 and maintained for 7 days or at day 4 after removal of non-adherent cells. At day 7, cell number and viability was quantified by XTT labeling. Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were exposed to IS for the same times. Apoptosis was measured by annexin-FITC labeling. Results: S extensively reduced EPC viability. Clinically relevant concentrations of S reduced EPC viability by 90% compared with controls after 7 days of exposure. This effect was quite marked even at the sub-clinical doses. For CyA, there was a reduced viability with supra-clinical concentrations. For T, no effect was noticed at any dose. When HAEC were analyzed, S reduced viability, but to a much lower extent than with EPC. At clinical concentrations, S reduced EPC viability by 25%, whereas treatment with CyA or T did not significantly affect viability. EPC stained with annexin-V demonstrated a marked increase in apoptosis after S exposure. Conclusions: Sirolimus induces EPC apoptosis and greatly reduces EPC survival, even at low, sub-clinical concentrations. This effect may partially explain the findings that sirolimus inhibits angiogenesis, reduces postangioplasty restenosis and transplant vasculopathy.
Testing Theory or Changing the World? Balancing the Competing Goals of Psychotherapy Research

Historically, psychotherapy research has been defined by three core questions. Can psychotherapy work (efficacy)? Does psychotherapy work in practice (effectiveness)? And, how does psychotherapy work (mechanism)? Doss and Atkins (2006) bring together two of these questions and offer guidelines for testing treatment mechanism in effectiveness settings and other contexts in which random assignment may be difficult. This commentary reflects on the underlying issue of balancing the demands of theory testing and practice relevance in psychotherapy research. Examples from the adolescent depression literature illustrate (a) how a shifting base of knowledge may restructure questions of efficacy, effectiveness, and mechanism, and (b) the value of taking a psychopathology-specific view of the challenges and opportunities involved in the design of mechanism studies.
(Salen)Mn-catalyzed epoxidation of alkenes: a two-zone process with different spin-state channels as suggested by DFT study.

A novel (two-zone process with different spin-state channels) mechanistic picture for the Jacobsen−Katsuki reaction is presented that provides insight into the still elusive understanding of the epoxidation mechanism. For the first time, we show that the salen moiety of the catalyst can be explicitly involved in the epoxidation process.
A Fluctuating Celestial Radio Source at 242 Megacycles per Second

DURING our recent radio mapping survey at 242 Mc./sec. of the region near the antigalactic centre, we have detected a fluctuating radio source. The fluctuations appear similar to the scintillations observed at lower frequencies as caused by the ionosphere1. No scintillation or fluctuation effect had been observed by us on any source in all our previous observing at or near 242 Mc./sec. Accordingly, this source was regarded with great interest, since it appeared likely that scintillations at this frequency and at a high altitude (about 60°) might mean that the source was of very small angular extent, or at least smaller than the sources having scintillation at lower frequencies and smaller than any other source we have detected. In other words, the source may be of stellar dimensions, that is, a true radio star. Although the fluctuations may be due to scintillations, there is also evidence that the fluctuations may represent variations in the intensity of the source itself.
Clinical correlates of chromosome 15 deletions and maternal disomy in Prader-Willi syndrome.

• We conducted restriction fragment length polymorphism and methylation pattern analyses on 26 typical and atypical patients with Prader-Willi syndrome who did not have a cytogenetically detectable 15q11-13 deletion and on four patients who did have this deletion and were clinically atypical. Maternal disomy for chromosome 15 was identified in 12 patients and paternal deletions in 15q11-13 were found in three cases. Patients with chromosome 15 abnormalities had typical or near typical presentations, based on published diagnostic criteria. Most of the absent criteria in this group were age-dependent features. The remaining 15 patients, including four previously thought to have a cytogenetically apparent 15q11-13 deletion, had neither chromosome 15 molecular abnormality, and these patients were atypical. Patients with maternal disomy had advanced maternal age, suggesting that nondisjunction is part of the etiology of uniparental disomy. This study suggests that molecular diagnosis is critical in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome who appear clinically atypical or who lack a cytogenetically detectable 15q deletion. Methylation pattern analysis is a useful adjunct diagnostic tool for Prader-Willi syndrome. (AJDC. 1993;147:1217-1223)
A Revised Model for the Molecular Arrangement in the Smectic Ad Phase of Carbohydrate Derived Amphiphiles with One Alkyl Chain

Abstract We propose a different molecular arrangement in the bilayers of the smectic Ad phase of mesogenic Carbohydrate amphiphiles from that previously postulated. The molecular arrangement proposed in this report is consistent with all experimental data currently available. In this new model, the smectic bilayers are identical (except for the absence of water) to the fluid lamellar (Lα) lyotropic phase, i.e., the molecules within the bilayers are arranged tail-to-tail, with the carbohydrate moieties on the outside of the bilaycrs and partially interdigitized alkyl chains in the core of each layer.
Interactions between sea turtles and dredge gear in the U.S. sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) fishery, 2001–2008

Abstract Since 2006, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) has mandated gear modifications (“chain mats”) and fishing effort reductions in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic sea scallop dredge fishery to alleviate or minimize interactions with sea turtles. Turtle interactions with gear can be defined as those that are “observable” based on standard fishery observer protocols, plus unobserved interactions, which include both quantifiable and unquantifiable interactions. Once a gear modification is in place, a turtle interaction that was once observable may become unobservable, because the gear modification successfully prevented the turtle from being captured. This paper describes turtle interactions in scallop dredge gear from 2001 to 2008, identifies gear and environmental correlates with observable interaction rates, and reports the average annual number of interactions and adult-equivalent interactions before and after chain mats were mandated in the fishery. Fisheries observer data were used to develop a Generalized Additive Model (GAM) to estimate rates of observable interactions of hard-shelled turtles. These rates were applied to commercial dredge fishing effort to estimate the total number of observable interactions, and to infer the number of unobservable, yet quantifiable interactions after chain mats were implemented. Interaction rates of hard-shelled turtles were correlated with sea surface temperature, depth, and use of a chain mat. The average number of annual observable interactions of hard-shelled turtles in the Mid-Atlantic scallop dredge fishery prior to the implementation of chain mats (1 January 2001 through 25 September 2006) was estimated to be 288 turtles (CV = 0.14, 95% CI: 209–363), which is equivalent to 49 adults. After implementation of chain mats, the average annual number of observable interactions was estimated to be 20 turtles (CV = 0.48, 95% CI: 3–42), equivalent to 4 adults. If the rate of observable interactions from dredges without chain mats had been applied to trips with chain mats, the estimated number of observable and inferred interactions of hard-shelled species after chain mats were implemented would have been 125 turtles per year (CV = 0.15, 95% CI: 88–163). Results from this analysis suggest that chain mats and fishing effort reductions contributed to the decline in estimated turtle interactions after 2006.
Independent risk factors for the co-colonization of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the region most endemic for vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolation

In the majority of cases of vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (VRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis (VR E. faecalis) served as the vanA donor to S. aureus. Previous studies that evaluated the risk factors for co-colonization with VRE and MRSA did not differentiate between VR E. faecalis and VR E. faecium. This study aimed to identify variables associated with VR E. faecalis and MRSA co-colonization. A retrospective case-control study from January 2008 to December 2009 was conducted at the Detroit Medical Center. Data were extracted from charts and pharmacy records. Unique patients co-colonized with VR E. faecalis and MRSA (defined as isolation of MRSA within 7 days of VR E. faecalis isolation) were compared with patients with VR E. faecalis who were not co-colonized with MRSA. A total of 546 patients with VR E. faecalis isolation were identified. 85 (15.6 %) VR E. faecalis patients were co-colonized with MRSA and 461 (84.4 %) VR E. faecalis patients were not co-colonized with MRSA. The mean age of the study cohort was 65.9 ± 16.4 years, 424 (77.7 %) were African-American, and 270 (49.5 %) were residing in long-term care institutions. Independent predictors of co-colonization of VR E. faecalis and MRSA were male gender, impaired consciousness, ICU stay prior to VR E. faecalis isolation, indwelling devices, and isolation of VR E. faecalis from wounds. MRSA was frequently isolated from the same culture specimen as VR E. faecalis (n = 39, 45.9 %), most commonly from wounds. This large study of patients with VR E. faecalis identified the severity of illness, indwelling devices, and chronic wounds as independent predictors of co-colonization with VR E. faecalis and MRSA.
Congenital heart defects in oculodentodigital dysplasia: Report of two cases

Oculodentodigital dysplasia is caused by mutations in the GJA1 gene. Oculodentodigital dysplasia presents with a spectrum of clinical features including craniofacial, ocular, dental, and limb anomalies. Although recent findings implicate the major role of GJA1 during cardiac organogenesis, congenital heart defects are infrequently reported in oculodentodigital dysplasia. Here we report on two patients with GJA1 mutations presenting with cardiac malformations and type III syndactyly. Patient 1 presented with pulmonary atresia, an intact septum, right ventricular hypoplasia and tricuspid stenosis. The infant had a small nose, thin columella and bilateral 4-5 syndactyly of the fingers. A de novo c.226C>T (p.Arg76Cys) mutation was identified. Patient 2 presented at 6 months with a ventricular septal defect. The child had hypoplastic alae nasi with a thin columella and bilateral 4-5 syndactyly of the digits. A de novo missense mutation, c.145C>G (p.Gln49Glu) was found. Our two patients underscore the importance of cardiac evaluations as part of the initial workup for patients with findings of oculodentodigital dysplasia. Conversely, those patients with type III syndactyly and congenital heart defect should be screened for GJA1 mutations.
Accelerating tandem MS protein database searches using OpenCL

GPUs and multicore processors are now pervasive in com- putational sciences and high-performance computing. Their high arithmetic throughput and memory bandwidth com- bined with their ever increasing programmability make them suitable for a widening variety of applications. We give a high level overview of Specmaster, a peptide search al- gorithm running on multi-core processors and GPUs via OpenCL. We give details and benchmarks highlighting per- formance tradeoffs on three devices: Intel's Sandy Bridge, Nvidia's GTX 480, and AMD's Radeon 7970. We demon- strate a single codebase running on all three architectures and give a description on how to improve performance for specific architectures while still maintaining one code base in future work.
Problem‐based learning with gross anatomy specimens: One year trial

A problem-based learning experience was implemented at the University of Florida College of Medicine during the Fall, 1989 gross anatomy course for first year medical and dental students. A problem for deliberation was selected by students at one dissecting table (two medical and two dental) that related to the cadaver they were dissecting. Each member of the group picked a single topic and researched that subject either through use of the library or personal contacts with basic science or clinical faculty. Specific times within the course were established for the problem-based sessions. Each student gave a 5 to 10 minute oral presentation to a faculty member and one or two other groups of students. The overall rating for the sessions by the students was positive (72.5% ranked them either outstanding or above average). Eighty-two percent of the students felt that these sessions were a useful method of providing clinical correlations with gross anatomy and 81.6% stated they thought the program should be continued next year. Conversely, approximately 20% of the students responded that they could have been doing something more productive with their time and several felt it was unfair that their sessions were scheduled just prior to an examination. Overall, the opinion of the faculty was that the sessions were a positive experience, encouraged cooperation between medical and dental students, and generated additional interest in the dissecting experience.
Specifying the determinants of the initiation and maintenance of behavior change: An examination of self-efficacy, satisfaction, and smoking cessation.

Using data from smokers (N = 591) who enrolled in an 8-week smoking cessation program and were then followed for 15 months, the authors tested the thesis that self-efficacy guides the decision to initiate smoking cessation but that satisfaction with the outcomes afforded by quitting guides the decision to maintain cessation. Measures of self-efficacy and satisfaction assessed at the end of the program, 2 months, and 9 months were used to predict quit status at 2, 9, and 15 months, respectively. At each point, participants were categorized as either initiators or maintainers on the basis of their pattern of cessation behavior. Across time, self-efficacy predicted future quit status for initiators, whereas satisfaction generally predicted future quit status for maintainers. Implications for models of behavior change and behavioral interventions are discussed.
Do Peers Influence Achievement in High School Economics? Evidence from Georgia's Economics End of Course Test.

The authors provide the first estimates of the impact of peers on achievement in high school economics. The estimates are obtained by analyzing three years of data on all high school students who take Georgia's required economics course and its accompanying high-stakes End of Course Test (Georgia Department of Education). They use an instrumental variables approach with teacher-level fixed effects to control for selection bias, simultaneity, measurement error in the measure of peer quality, and nonrandom assignment of teachers to students. The authors find that an increase of one standard deviation in the prior academic achievement of peers increases achievement in economics by 0.03 standard deviation.