cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Management of adults with acute streptococcal pharyngitis: minimal value for backup strep testing and overuse of antibiotics.

Rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) are commonly used to guide appropriate antibiotic treatment of group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal (GABHS) pharyngitis. In adults, there is controversy about the need for routine backup testing of negative RADT. Estimate the costs and benefits in adults of routine backup testing by DNA Gen-probe of negative RADT (Acceava). Observational follow-up study. All patients aged 18 years and older visiting a Cleveland Clinic generalist physician in 2009 and 2010 with a visit diagnosis of acute pharyngitis (ICD codes 462, 034.0). The patients were identified using the Cleveland Clinic Epic Clarity database. We determined the proportion of false negative RADT, antibiotic prescription patterns and rate of serious suppurative complications within 30 days of the office visit. Of 25,130 patients with acute pharyngitis, 19 % had no testing and 81 % were tested. Of the 15,555 patients that had a negative RADT and follow-up DNA probe, 6 % had a positive DNA probe. Of the 953 patients who had a negative RADT and a positive DNA strep probe, 48 % received an antibiotic prescription at the time of the visit and 51 % received an antibiotic prescription after an average of 2.3 days. Only one patient with a negative RADT and no follow-up DNA probe developed a peritonsillar abscess. Overall, of the 15,555 DNA probes performed, management was altered in only 3 % of the patients at a total cost of $1,757,715. Fifty-six percent received an antibiotic while only 19.5 % had a confirmed strep throat diagnosis. The false negative rate of Acceava RADT for the diagnosis of GABHS pharyngitis was 6 %. We question the benefit of routine DNA probe backup testing in adults because of its substantial cost, an average delay in antibiotic prescribing of over 2 days, and because suppurative complications are very uncommon. We found a high rate of inappropriate antibiotic prescribing.
Hollow-waveguide gas sensing with room-temperature quantum cascade lasers

The application of a room-temperature-operated distributed-feedback quantum cascade laser (DFB-QCL), coupled with a silica hollow waveguide for small-volume gas sensing is demonstrated. An internally silver-coated silica capillary, with a length of 4 m and an inner diameter of 700 µm simultaneously acts as waveguide and microcapillary gas cell. This configuration provides a well defined optical path length, while maintaining a small sample volume. Ethyl chloride gas was mixed with air and detected by attenuation of the emitted laser radiation at 971cm-1 down to concentration levels of 5 ppm (v/v). With the current experimental setup a limit of detection of 0.5 ppm (v/v) has been achieved. The feasibility study shows that hollow fibres provide facile light guiding for QCLs over several metres and, therefore can be used for remote gas sensing or IR light delivery in medical applications.
THE PHYSIOLOGICAL MEASUREMENT OF WORK STRESS: A CRITIQUE

There has been considerable growth in the number of studies focused on the relationship between stress at work and a variety of physiological symptoms, especially cardiovascular irregularities, abnormal levels of biochemicals in the blood and urine, and gastrointestinal disorders. Many of these studies, however, have used inadequate procedures for measuring such symptoms. Consequently, the results and conclusions of these studies are often invalid or, at best, questionable. The purpose of this paper is to critique the prevailing procedures used in the measurement of physiological symptoms in work stress research and to suggest needed improvements.
Nickel N-heterocyclic carbene–pyridine complexes that exhibit selectivity for electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide over water

We report a homologous series of nickel(II) complexes supported by N-heterocyclic carbene–pyridine (Rbimpy, R = Me, Et, Pr) ligands that exhibit high selectivity for reducing carbon dioxide over water under electrocatalytic conditions.
LS-DYNA Simulation Influence on Roadside Hardware

Several new roadside safety appurtenances that can be directly linked to the use of nonlinear finite element analysis with LS-DYNA are being installed along the nation's roadways. These advances can be attributed to FHWA's sponsored research program known as Centers of Excellence in DYNA3D Analysis. Some of the simulation efforts at the Midwest Roadside Safety Facility over the past 10 years are documented to help educate the roadside safety engineer and to promote the use of simulation. Noteworthy progress has been made in the use of LS-DYNA for the design and analysis of roadside safety hardware, and it is believed that a great deal more progress is possible.
Prophylaxis for stress-related gastrointestinal hemorrhage

The incidence of clinically important stress-related gastrointestinal hemorrhage (SRGIH) has decreased without the use of prophylaxis. This decline is probably attributable to improved care in the modern intensive care unit: aggressive correction of hypovolemia, adequate respiratory support, maintenance of tissue perfusion, and improved nutritional support. The majority of patients admitted to intensive care units are not at risk of developing clinically important SRGIH. Patients who are at high risk for SRGIH, and who may, therefore, benefit from prophylaxis, are those with at least one of the factors listed in Table 1. Antacids, histamine type 2-receptor antago-nists (H2 RA), proton pump inhibitors, and sucralfate all provide comparable protection from SRGIH. The choice of pharmacologic agent for prophylaxis therefore depends on other considerations, such as cost, side effects, and ease of administration. In this regard, it is still unclear whether these prophylactic medications increase the inci-dence of nosocomial pneumonia when administered to intensive care unit patients. Antacids may pose the greatest risk for developing pneumonia, followed by H2RA, and sucralfate. More research is necessary to resolve this important issue. Pharmacologic prophylaxis for SRGIH is cost effective only in high- risk populations. Based on existing literature, the cost of using of routine prophylaxis is prohibitive for at least two-thirds of patients admitted to intensive care units who are at low risk of SRGIH. When prophylaxis is administered to high-risk patients, the cost-per-averted-bleeding episode for sucralfate is lower than for other medications.
Current Shear–Inertial Wave Interaction in the Sargasso Sea

Abstract Acoustic Doppler profiler measurements of inertial waves embedded within the high shell region of a cold core ring in the Sargasso Sea are described. By repeatedly traversing the same point from different directions, a sampling pattern resembling an asterisk was obtained. The data reveal the presence of two different wave signals which are advected through the test region: a strong, monochromatic, downgoing wave, and a less well defined ensemble of mostly downgoing waves. Calculations of the phase of the vertical shear and coherence in the vertical and horizontal planes establishes the horizontal and vertical wavenumbers. These are 33 m and 11.8 km, respectively, and the wave propagates in a nearly cross-stream direction. The weaker ensemble of waves advected through the test region later in the experiment has similar dominant scales: ∼30 m in the vertical and a horizontal wavelength in the range 11.6–30.0 km. For all of these waves, the ratio of vertical to horizontal wavelength is small and the...
Kierkegaardian doubles in: Crime and Punishment

Kierkegaard and Dostoevsky apparently had no knowledge of each other, yet Kierkegaardian concepts can be of great use in elucidating the complexities of Dostoevsky's novels, particularly Crime and Punishment. As an instance of this, in his Journal from 1834 Kierkegaard considered dramatizing the “idea of a master-thief”; the character sketches he gives are strikingly similar to Raskolnikov, Sonia, Pulcheria Ivanovna and Marmeladov. Furthermore, Dostoevsky visited Copenhagen for a week while drafting the novel. After this visit, he drastically altered the manuscript, adding doubles to Raskolnikov strongly Kierkegaardian in their conception. No influence is being asserted here, however; rather, I wish to show how Kierkegaard's concept of the three stages of existence can clarify the relationships among Raskolnikov's principal doubles. Though both authors abandon endings which synthesize antinomies, the impossibility to synthesize Raskolnikov's doubles into a unified ending posed problems for Dostoevsky as novelist that the either/or of life's stages never did for Kierkegaard as philosopher.
Acid release following activation of surf clam (Spisula solidissima) eggs.

Abstract Acid release was observed after activation of Spisula eggs with excess KCI. This acid release begins within 20 sec after the activation and continues for 9–15 min. The amount of acid released was 6.8 μmole per milliliter of packed eggs. In Ca-free or Na-free sea water, the acid release is completely inhibited; subsequent addition of the deficient ion leads to acid release and breakdown of germinal vesicles. These results suggest that Spisula eggs release protons after activation in a manner similar to that of sea urchin eggs, and that acid release with concomitant increase in cytoplasmic pH is probably a general event on activation of marine eggs.
Petrosal sinus sampling: discordant lateralization of ACTH-secreting pituitary microadenomas before and after stimulation with corticotropin-releasing hormone.

Petrosal sinus sampling was performed 171 times in 157 patients with known or suspected Cushing disease. In all cases, samples for measuring adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels were obtained from both inferior petrosal sinuses and a peripheral vein, both before and after intravenous corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) administration. In seven examinations in seven patients, a ratio, or gradient, between the ACTH levels in the inferior petrosal sinuses existed in the samples obtained prior to CRH stimulation; however, poststimulation samples demonstrated reversal of the gradient, suggesting lateralization to the contralateral side of the pituitary gland. Data from surgical exploration of the pituitary gland were available for six of these patients, all of whom had adenomas. Prestimulation samples provided correct lateralization in three patients, and in two patients the poststimulation samples provided correct lateralization. One patient had a midline adenoma. When the results of pre- and poststimu...
Gender-specific effects of estrogen receptor α gene haplotype on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol response to atorvastatin: interaction with apolipoprotein AI gene polymorphism

Abstract Statins can modestly raise the levels of HDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein A-I ( APOA1 ). Recently, associations between polymorphisms in the estrogen receptor α ( ESR1 ) and the HDL cholesterol response to hormone replacement therapy were reported. To test the hypothesis that common polymorphisms in ESR1 and APOA1 genes are associated with the response to statin therapy, two ESR1 (PvuII and XbaI) and two APOA1 (G–75A and +83) polymorphisms were examined in 338 hypercholesterolemic patients treated with atorvastatin 10 mg. The ESR1 PvuII(−)XbaI(+) haplotype was significantly, and independently, associated with a greater response of HDL raising in women (+13% versus +7%, p = 0.010) but not in men (+9% versus +7%, p = 0.248). Effects of the APOA1 +83 variant allele on HDL cholesterol response also differed significantly by gender ( p = 0.012). The APOA1 +83 variant allele was associasted with higher basal LDL cholesterol levels in men as well, but not in women. Finally, significant interactions were observed between the ESR1 PvuII(−)XbaI(+) haplotype and the APOA1 +83 variant allele regarding both HDL ( p = 0.042) and LDL ( p = 0.031) cholesterol responses. In conclusion, the ESR1 haplotype was associated with a greater HDL-raising to atorvastatin in a gender-specific manner, and the interactions between ESR1 and APOA1 genotypes regarding HDL and LDL cholesterol response were also gender specific.
Follicular fluid administration delayed, but did not prevent, the hemicastration-induced increase in follicle-stimulating hormone secretion and compensatory testicular hypertrophy in ram lambs.

To determine whether the post-hemicastration rise in serum FSH is related to compensatory testicular hypertrophy, 4-moold ram lambs were hemicastrated and injected s.c. with 5 ml of saline (HC; n = 5) or steroid-free follicular fluid (HC+FF; n = 5) twice daily for 28 days. Sham-operated intact lambs, injected with saline, served as controls (INT; n = 5). Blood samples were collected frequently during the first 48 h, daily for the remainder of the first week, and then three times/wk for the next 11 wk. Serum FSH concentrations in HC lambs increased above presurgery levels by 9 h, peaked at 13 days, and returned to baseline as compared to INT controls by 5 wk. Follicular fluid administration delayed (p 0.05). Testicular volume, determined on the last day of treatment (Day 28), was 70% greater (p 0.05) between INT and HC+FF rams. By the end of the study, a similar degree of compensatory testicular hypertrophy was observed in HC and HC+FF animals. Neither serum LH nor testosterone basal or pulsatile secretion was affected (p > 0.05) by follicular fluid treatment. In summary, follicular fluid administration delayed, but did not prevent, the hemicastration-induced increase in FSH secretion and subsequent compensatory testicular hypertrophy. The demonstration of a relationship between concentrations of circulating FSH and compensatory hypertrophy suggests that this gonadotropin plays a role in mediating the testicular response in prepubertal ram lambs.
Reputation in Continuous‐Time Games

We study reputation dynamics in continuous-time games in which a large player (e.g., government) faces a population of small players (e.g., households) and the large player's actions are imperfectly observable. The major part of our analysis examines the case in which public signals about the large player's actions are distorted by a Brownian motion and the large player is either a normal type, who plays strategically, or a behavioral type, who is committed to playing a stationary strategy. We obtain a clean characterization of sequential equilibria using ordinary differential equations and identify general conditions for the sequential equilibrium to be unique and Markovian in the small players' posterior belief. We find that a rich equilibrium dynamics arises when the small players assign positive prior probability to the behavioral type. By contrast, when it is common knowledge that the large player is the normal type, every public equilibrium of the continuous-time game is payoff-equivalent to one in which a static Nash equilibrium is played after every history. Finally, we examine variations of the model with Poisson signals and multiple behavioral types.
Novel fast semi-automated software to segment cartilage for knee MR acquisitions.

Abstract Objective Validation of a new fast software technique to segment the cartilage on knee magnetic resonance (MR) acquisitions. Large studies of knee osteoarthritis (OA) will require fast and reproducible methods to quantify cartilage changes for knee MR data. In this report we document and measure the reproducibility and reader time of a software-based technique to quantify the volume and thickness of articular cartilage on knee MR images. Methods The software was tested on a set of duplicate sagittal three-dimensional (3D) dual echo steady state (DESS) acquisitions from 15 (8 OA, 7 normal) subjects. The repositioning, inter-reader, and intra-reader reproducibility of the cartilage volume (VC) and thickness (ThC) were measured independently as well as the reader time for each cartilage plate. The root-mean square coefficient of variation (RMSCoV) was used as metric to quantify the reproducibility of VC and mean ThC. Results The repositioning RMSCoV was as follows: VC=2.0% and ThC=1.2% (femur), VC=2.9% and ThC=1.6% (medial tibial plateau), VC=5.5% and ThC=2.4% (lateral tibial plateau), and VC=4.6% and ThC=2.3% (patella). RMSCoV values were higher for the inter-reader reproducibility (VC: 2.5–8.6%) (ThC: 1.9–5.2%) and lower for the intra-reader reproducibility (VC: 1.6–2.5%) (ThC: 1.2–1.9%). The method required an average of 75.4min per knee. Conclusions We have documented a fast reproducible semi-automated software method to segment articular cartilage on knee MR acquisitions.
Hypermutation Rate Normalized by Chronological Time

It is generally believed that in cells undergoing Ig somatic hypermutation, more cell divisions result in more mutations. This is because DNA synthesis and replication is thought to play roles in the known mechanisms-cytidine deamination and subsequent conversion to thymidine, uracil-DNA glycosylase-mediated repair, mismatch repair, and DNA synthesis by error-prone polymerases. In this study, we manipulated the number of cell generations by varying the rate at which cultures of a mouse cell line were replenished with fresh medium. We found that the frequency of mutants does not necessarily increase with the number of cell generations. On the contrary, a greater number of divisions can lead to a lower frequency of mutants, indicating that cell division is not a rate-limiting step in the hypermutation process. Thus, when comparing mutation rates, we suggest that rates are more appropriately expressed as mutations per day than per cell generation.
A large-signal model for CMUT arrays with arbitrary membrane geometry operating in non-collapsed mode

A large-signal, transient model has been developed to predict the output characteristics of a CMUT array operated in the non-collapse mode. The model is based on separation of the nonlinear electrostatic voltage-to-force relation and the linear acoustic array response. For modeling of linear acoustic radiation and crosstalk effects, the boundary element method is used. The stiffness matrix in the vibroacoustics calculations is obtained using static finite element analysis of a single membrane which can have arbitrary geometry and boundary conditions. A lumped modeling approach is used to reduce the order of the system for modeling the transient nonlinear electrostatic actuation. To accurately capture the dynamics of the non-uniform electrostatic force distribution over the CMUT electrode during large deflections, the membrane electrode is divided into patches shaped to match higher order membrane modes, each introducing a variable to the system model. This reduced order nonlinear lumped model is solved in the time domain using commercial software. The model has two linear blocks to calculate the displacement profile of the electrode patches and the output pressure for a given force distribution over the array. The force-to-array-displacement block uses the linear acoustic model, and the Rayleigh integral is evaluated to calculate the pressure at any field point. Using the model, the time-domain transmitted pressure can be simulated for different large drive signal configurations. The acoustic model is verified by comparison to harmonic FEA in vacuum and fluid for high- and low-aspect-ratio membranes as well as mass-loaded membranes. The overall software model is verified by comparison to transient 3-D finite element analysis and experimental results for different large drive signals, and an example for a phased array simulation is given.
Evidence of Aβ‐ and transgene‐dependent defects in ERK‐CREB signaling in Alzheimer’s models

Extracellular-signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling is critical for memory and tightly regulated by acute environmental stimuli. In Alzheimer disease transgenic models, active ERK is shown to first be increased, then later reduced, but whether these baseline changes reflect disruptions in ERK signaling is less clear. We investigated the influence of the familial Alzheimer’s disease transgene APPsw and β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) immunoneutralization on cannulation injury-associated (i.c.v. infusion) ERK activation. At both 12 and 22 months of age, the trauma-associated activation of ERK observed in Tg− mice was dramatically attenuated in Tg+. In cortices of 22-month-old non-infused mice, a reduction in ERK activation was observed in Tg+, relative to Tg− mice. Intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) anti-Aβ infusion significantly increased phosphorylated ERK, its substrate cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) and a downstream target, the NMDA receptor subunit. We also demonstrated that Aβ oligomer decreased active ERK and subsequently active CREB in human neuroblastoma cells, which could be prevented by oligomer immunoneutralization. Aβ oligomers also inhibited active ERK and CREB in primary neurons, in addition to reducing the downstream post-synaptic protein NMDA receptor subunit. These effects were reversed by anti-oligomer. Our data strongly support the existence of an APPsw transgene-dependent and Aβ oligomer-mediated defect in regulation of ERK activation.
BEYOND THE SUBSIDY: COYOTES, CREDIT AND FAIR TRADE COFFEE

International trade economists have largely avoided undertaking analysis of the fair trade movement because of the fact that fair trade is generally viewed as a price subsidy. Standard international trade models show this type of trade policy to be inefficient, as it would cause oversupply and further depress world prices. The problem with applying a standard international trade model to fair trade in coffee is that the input markets associated with coffee production are not perfectly competitive. Since perfect competition is an assumption common to many models of international trade, the conclusions of these models are not applicable in this setting. In this paper, we examine three models of coffee production. In the first model, the problem for coffee farmers is examined as if all markets were perfectly competitive; in the second model, we examine coffee production with an inefficient credit market in the absence of fair trade; and in the third model, we examine coffee production with an inefficient credit market but with the possibility of fair trade. Farmer welfare is improved with fair trade at the expense of local middlemen, but total welfare is lower than what could be achieved with perfect competition. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motivations, Concerns, and Experiences of Women Who Donate Normal Breast Tissue

Background:The Susan G. Komen for the Cure Tissue Bank at the IU Simon Cancer Center (KTB) was established in 2007 with funding from Susan G. Komen for the Cure® to provide scientists with a resource for normal breast tissue. To date, nearly 3,500 women have donated their healthy breast tissue to the Bank, but little is known about their perspective. This study was designed to examine their motivations, concerns, and experiences. Methods:We conducted brief interviews with donors (n = 221) to investigate their donation-related motivations, concerns, and experiences. Donor responses were coded and quantitatively analyzed (descriptive statistics and chi-square). Results:The most frequent motivation to donate (48% of donors) was personal connection to a breast cancer patient/survivor. A majority of donors (60%) were unconcerned about donation prior to the event; reported concerns included pain, fear, and dislike of surgical procedures. The most frequent positive experiences were minimal pain and positive behavior by KTB staff and volunteers. A majority of donors (61%) reported no negative experience, but reported negative experiences included the biopsy machine and anesthetic. Younger donors (ages 18-24) reported more concerns and negative experiences than older donors (25+). Conclusions:Donors of healthy breast tissue are motivated by survivor connections and the ability to help by donating. Their concerns and experiences are relatively positive and consistent with undergoing a minor surgical procedure. Younger donors have more concerns and negative experiences. Impact:Findings from this study can inform recruitment campaigns and donation procedures for banking of healthy tissue.
Quantitative autoradiography of major neurotransmitter receptors in the monkey striate and extrastriate cortex

In vitro autoradiography was used to determine the binding properties and distribution of 9 major neurotransmitter receptors and their subtypes in the striate (area 17 of Brodmann) and extrastriate (areas 18 and 19) cortex of 1 infant and 3 adult rhesus monkeys. Differences in total labeling and nonspecific labeling, as well as Kd and Bmax values, were determined for all cortical layers and sublayers in both cytoarchitectonic areas by Scatchard analysis of autoradiograms. Area 17 differed from area 18 in the laminar pattern and density of virtually every ligand examined, i.e., 3H-clonidine, 3H-prazosin, 125I- iodopindolol, 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate, 3H-5-hydroxytryptamine, 3H- ketanserin, 3H-muscimol, 3H-flunitrazepam, and 3H-spiperone. Kd and Bmax values for each ligand were remarkably consistent across the 3 adult monkeys analyzed quantitatively. Particularly dramatic contrasts were observed with clonidine, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and ketanserin, which have high affinity for alpha 2-adrenergic, 5-HT1-, and 5-HT2- receptors, respectively. The differences in distribution of these ligands, especially clonidine and 5-hydroxytryptamine, correlated well with specific laminae and hence exhibited distinctly different patterns in areas 17 and 18. Other ligands, such as flunitrazepam and quinuclidinyl benzilate that bind to GABAergic and cholinergic receptors, were visually less discriminating both among layers and between regions. However, layer for layer, the Bmax values for quinuclidinyl benzilate were higher in area 17 than 18, indicating the subtle differences between areas may be revealed only by quantitative measures. Some ligands were particularly dense in layer I (iodopindolol in areas 17 and 18; 5-hydroxytryptamine in area 18), and others subdivided cortical layers that are otherwise cytoarchitectonically uniform (e.g., flunitrazepam and clonidine in layer VI of area 17), indicating that areal differences in ligand binding are not a simple read-out of cell-packing density but most likely reflect a genuine difference related to the neurotransmitters of intrinsic and extrinsic afferents in each area. The presence of binding sites in every layer of both areas for all ligands examined indicates that their distribution across laminae is quantitative and not all-or-none. No layer contained less than 50% of binding sites present in any other layer. These findings reveal that visual cortical areas differ in density and lamination of neurotransmitter receptors and presumably in their sensitivity to circulating levels of endogenous neurotransmitters and pharmacologically active compounds.
Rethinking Antitrust Law in an Age of Network Industries

Economists have recognized the increasing role of network industries in our modern economy and have substantially advanced the understanding of network economics. This paper discusses how the special economic features of networks and, in particular, practices that networks adopt to enhance network benefits, requires a reconceptualization of modern antitrust analysis. The proposition is demonstrated by the example of several recent antitrust prosecutions of network practices where the economics of networks were largely ignored. The paper also discusses many cases in the antitrust canon that are more adequately analyzed when the network character of the practice is taken into account. The paper propose a reorganization of antitrust analysis to distinguish the fundamental economic analysis of network practices from the analysis of horizontal and vertical industrial practices.
The Gergonne p -pile problem and the dynamics of the function x→ x+r /p

Abstract The Gergonne p-pile problem is concerned with repeatedly dealing (based upon some “fixed scheme” for collecting and redistributing) a deck of np cards into an n by p matrix and attempting to identify the row position of any elected card in the matrix after some fixed number of deals. Many special cases of this problem give rise to “magic tricks”. In Section 1 of this paper, this problem will be precisely defined and the motivation for studying the “dynamical” properties of the function x |→ ⌊ (x + r) p⌋ will be provided. In Section 2, a general formula for the /th iterate of the aforementioned function will be developed and used to determine the position of any card after the /th deal. Also, the cases in which the aforementioned function has a unique fixed point will be identified and a value (based on n and p) will be given for how many times the deck must be dealt to ensure that the selected card has reached the fixed position. Finally, in Section 3, the results of Section 2 will be extended to more “complicated” schemes in which the collecting and redistributing of the deck is based upon the definition of a periodic omega word in which all of the values are between 0 and p − 1 inclusive.
Measuring jitter: timing and amplitude, uncorrelated and correlated, absolute and residual

We present theory, simulations, and experiments validating direct and mixing-based spectral methods for extracting six jitter parameters (total, uncorrelated, and correlated; timing and amplitude) of a pulse train. Absolute and residual noise are discussed.
Dynamics of Dental Occlusion in Baboons

An investigation of the dynamics of dental occlusion in baboons showed mandibular movement to be rotary and cyclic and to include lateral motion. The path of motion was related directly to the dental articulation, and it was not restricted by the overlapping canines, indicating a major premise of the cuspid-rise theory is invalid.
Beyond the Reproduction of Official Accounts: Parental Accounts Concerning Health and the Daily Life of a California Family

Considering the purported bias of interviews to elicit “official accounts”—conveying conventional teachings from health promotion—and limited insights individuals may have into their own health behaviors, the challenges of relating health as talk (directed at researchers) to health as enacted are examined. Focusing on one family from a study of dual-earner middle-class Los Angeles families, I propose and apply four analytic lenses to a conjoint analysis of ethnographic interviews and video-recordings of family life to examine the parental claim that their family is a “healthy family.” Findings indicate that parental accounts enable deeper insights into health as entrenched in everyday life, here revealing the centrality of a relational view of health as “family well-being” (vs. individual health) extending into the social world. Discussion considers debates over the extent to which “discursive consciousness” in interview settings illuminates health-relevant practices in everyday life contexts.
Tungsten Supplementation of Breeder Hens

Abstract IN AN effort to obtain molybdenum deficient chicks, a reported molybdenum antagonist, sodium tungstate (Higgins et al., 1956a,b; Leach and Norris, 1957; and Konen, 1958) was added to a practical corn-soybean diet of breeder hens. It was felt that this method would yield chicks sufficiently depleted to be used satisfactorily for molybdenum assay. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of supplemental tungsten (as sodium tungstate) in the diets of breeder hens. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN One-hundred and sixty breeder hens (WPR) were divided into two groups. One group (65 hens) was fed the breeder ration and the second group (95 hens) was fed this same ration which was supplemented with 250 p.p.m. tungsten, as sodium tungstate. Adequate males were maintained in each group to insure maximum fertility. In order to determine the effect of sodium tungstate in the diet, hens were sacrificed periodically and xanthine dehydrogenase was determined …
A Magnetostriction Filter

A rod of monel metal supported at its mid-point and fitted with two coils, one on each end, shielded from each other, and supplied with a polarizing magnetic field, resonates sharply at its natural longitudinal frequency to a voltage impressed on one coil, and induces a voltage in the other only while vibrating. It is thus a very selective band-pass filter. The attenuation is more than sixty decibels off resonance and about twenty at resonance. The band is about seventy cycles wide, thirty decibels up from the minimum, when the resonant frequency is 20,000 cycles. The effect of heat treatment and the design of the coils and shields are discussed. Actually two rods in series, coupled by a vacuum tube are used. This gives a curve only seventy cycles wide, as much as sixty decibels up from the minimum. The attentuation is found to be low at frequencies below about 8,000 cycles and there is a rather sharp minimum at 16,000 cycles due to some mode of vibration other than the longitudinal one. These defects, however, may easily be remedied by the use of a high-pass filter of conventional design.
Abstract 20562: Metabolic Syndrome and Pulmonary Hypertension Due to Left Heart Disease

Heart failure (HF) and metabolic syndrome (MS) are two major healthcare burdens in the United States. A third of the adult population has 3 or more of the risk factors for MS which include obesity, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia and high HDL cholesterol. Abnormal LV diastolic function is prevalent in 29-35% of those with MS. HF patients with diastolic dysfunction (DD) who develop pulmonary hypertension (PH) have an increased rate of mortality that correlates with increased systolic right ventricular (RV) pressure. Post-capillary PH is most frequently due to elevated left atrial pressure (WHO group II PH) but some patients develop combined pre- and post-capillary PH due to an element of pulmonary vascular remodeling occurring in the setting of longstanding elevated left atrial pressure. We hypothesized that patients with DD and MS are pre-disposed to pulmonary vascular remodeling and the development of pre-capillary PH. DD patients with PH were identified from a right heart catheterization database based on mean pulmonary artery pressure > 25 mmHg and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure > 15 mmHg. Of 39 patients: 12 were classified as pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre-MS: Obesity and hypertension or Obesity and diabetes), 7 had MS (Obesity, hypertension and diabetes), and 21 had only DD. MS patients had significantly increased systolic RV pressure, pulmonary vascular resistance, transpulmonary gradient and pulse pressure compared to DD and Pre-MS patients (P Figure 1. Pulmonary hemodynamics in non-obese (DD), pre-metabolic syndrome (Pre MS) and metabolic syndrome (MS) patients. * P
Evaluation Patterns of Tele-Haptics

Multimedia and Information technology are reaching limits in terms of what can be done in multimedia applications with only sight and sound. The next critical step is to bring the sense of "touch" over network connections, which is commonly known as tele-haptics. In this paper, we present methodologies for performing usability evaluation of tele-haptics system. The overall performance of a tele-haptics system relies on two aspects: the mechanical characteristics of the haptic device used and system architecture.
Virus Induced Gene Silencing Optimization in Plants: Things to be Considered

Study of biological processes is mostly limited to model plant species possessing considerable advantages like small genome size, tractability for genetic studies, ease of use, short generation time, and consequently availability of immense genetic resources. Discoveries from model species are extremely valuable but not enough for improvement of agronomic characteristics of economically important plants mainly due to divergence of mechanisms through evolution. Transient techniques are emerging as powerful tools for functional studies in diverse plant species and for validation of discoveries made in model species. Virus Induced Gene Silencing (VIGS), a transient reverse genetics tool, is extensively being used for performing rapid loss-of-function experiments in plants. Several of the advantages of VIGS including its suitability for high throughput studies will extend functional studies to diverse plant species, contributing to our understanding of unique biological processes. One of the main factors hindering even wider application of VIGS is its requirement for specific conditions with each species. This manuscript reviews the available information in the literature regarding efforts invested in several plant species and points out the key factors to be considered optimizing for achievement of efficient gene knock-down phenotypes in novel plant species.
A Technique for Measuring Pelvic Tilt

Physical therapists perform numerous procedures that either directly or indirectly affect the tilt of the pelvis. The effects of these procedures on pelvic tilt are usually not quantified. This may be due to the unavailability, cost, and health hazards of radiographic measurement techniques. An inexpensive, safe, and simple technique for measuring pelvic tilt may be an aid to evaluation for physical therapists. The necessary equipment includes a set of bowleg calipers, a metric ruler, and a meter stick with a sliding pointer. The degree of pelvic tilt is measured as follows: 1. The locations of the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS) and the posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS) are determined by examination and palpation and are marked with a felt-tip pen. 2. The patient is instructed to remove his shoes and stand relaxed but erect on a level floor or surface while looking forward.…
The concept of guilt

1. Guilt is an uncomfortable feeling resulting from the commission or contemplation of a specific act contrary to one's internalized standards of conduct; it requires reparative action for the harm done to another to alleviate the uncomfortable feeling (distress). 2. The terms guilt and shame often are used interchangeably, but psychologic theory and phenomenologic studies clearly indicate that these are distinctly different affective experiences. Shame arises from the self's negative evaluation of the self (an evaluation that may or may not have been instigated by actual public exposure); guilt arises from the self's negative evaluation of specific behaviors or transgressions. 3. The psychiatric nurse is in an excellent position to intervene effectively with clients who are struggling with the emotional effects of guilt, and the psychiatric nurse can be instrumental in breaking the lifelong cycle of dysfunctional guilt feelings.
Beyond Surveillance The Effects of Issue Ad Vividness and Anxiety on Information Use

Affective Intelligence Theory (AIT) posits that individuals, when feeling anxious, abandon dispositions and activate their surveillance system to attend to available political information about the...
Seasonal Abundance of the Tick Dermacentor parumapertus on the Black-Tailed Jack Rabbit, with Notes on Other Ectoparasites

Fremling and Gastfriend (1955) and Gastfriend (1955) studied the seasonal abundance and host relationships of the rabbit tick, Dermacentor parumapertus , on the black-tailed jack rabbit, Lepus californicus deserticola , in the Great Salt Lake Desert in Utah. It has been shown by Philip and Hughes (1953), Philip et al. (1955), and Allred et al. (in press) that ticks of this species are actual or potential vectors of tularemia, Colorado tick fever, and a rickettsial agent related to Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Roscoe (in press) has shown that this tick rarely bites man. From these data it is apparent that this tick is important in the maintenance of endemic diseases in rodents, rabbits, and indirectly, in man. This study was conducted in order to continue the work of Fremling and Gastfriend (1955) and to supply additional information. The study area selected was a greasewood flat adjoining an active sand dune area approximately 3 miles southeast of Wig Mountain, Tooele County, Utah—about 4 miles northwest of the study area used by Fremling and Gastfriend. From April 13, 1954 to April 13, 1955, five adult rabbits were shot each week, except that only four were taken during the last week in April, 1955, and none in the last three weeks of December, 1954. The dead rabbits were immediately placed in individual cloth sacks to prevent the escape of ectoparasites. They were maintained at a temperature of −10° F. for 72 hours to kill the ticks. After thawing, the rabbits were examined for ectoparasites; the sacks were also examined for any unattached specimens. Although most of the ticks were attached inside the …
Conversion of radioactive orotic acid into pyrimidine nucleotides of nucleic acid by slices of rat liver.

It has been demonstrated that slices of rat liver have caused the in vitro incorporation of radioactive orotic acid into the pyrimidine nucleotides of nucleic acid and not into the purines.Three milligrams of orotic acid (labeled in the 4 position) were incubated with about 6 g of slices of rat liver for 5 hours at 37°C in a Krebs saline-phosphate buffer of pH 7.4. The solution was saturated with a 95% C02: 5% C02 mixture at the beginning and nothing was used to diminish bacterial action. The slices were homogenized after preliminary washing and the homogenate precipitated with 10% trichloroacetic acid. The extraction of lipids was then carried out with a 3:1 alcohol and ether solution. The nucleic acid was extracted from the protein with hot 10% NaCl and precipitated with alcohol. All of the dried impure nucleic acid (35 mg containing both r.n.a. and d.n.a.) was hydrolyzed with 0.75 cc of N HCl in a boiling water bath for one hour. This hydrolyzed the Purina nucleotides and left the pyramiding nucleotide...
Absorption of Moral Complexity: At the Intersection of Stakeholder Theory and Discourse Theory

This paper attempts to address one of the abiding problems in stakeholder theory: the complexity of addressing the varying claims of many stakeholders. I argue that Boisot and Child's I-Space framework for describing environmental complexity (1999) can be usefully adapted to describe three dimensions of the complexity of moral impacts that stakeholder theory must manage: diffusion, abstraction, and codification. I also argue that Boisot and Child's two strategies for adapting to environmental complexity, reduction and absorption (1999), can be similarly adapted to moral complexity. Moral complexity reduction entails reducing the three dimensions, through the imposition of schemas on equivocal information, or through the grouping or exclusion of stakeholders. Moral complexity absorption entails conducting practical moral discourse as described by discourse ethicists like Benhabib (1992) and Habermas (1990). Both strategies have important limitations, so a hybrid strategy is recommended for circumstances when at least some stakeholders are able to participate in a practical moral discourse.
Etiologic Classification of HFMD and Analysis on Influencing Factor of Positive Rate of Collecting Specimens in Daxing District of Beijing City in 2010

[Objective] To understand the etiologic variety of Hand,Foot and Mouth Disease(HFMD) in Daxing District of Beijing City,to analyze the influencing factor of positive rate of collecting specimens,and discuss the method as to improve it. [Methods]SPSS and Excel software were used to describe the data from the National Disease Surveillance Information Report Management System,with descriptive statistical methods and χ2 test. [Results]The major virus was Human EV71(62.12%).The influencing factors of positive rate were the time from outbreak to specimens collecting and specimens type;not related to severity of the case,duration from collecting to sending the specimen to laboratory,the units who collecting specimens,the rankings of hospitals for diagnosis and peak infection. [Conclusion]It is necessary to choose herpes or collect specimens in different parts of body,in order to improve the positive rate of specimens.And specimens should be collected after outbreak as quickly as possible,the solution is collecting specimen in hospital which patient goes first.
Contraction of reconstrutive effects following mastectomy between expandable prosthesis and autologous tissue

OBJECTIVE:To discuss and analysize the surgery methods,effects and complications between immediate expandable prosthesis implant reconstruction and immediate autologous tissue reconstruction following skin sparing mastectomy of breast cancer.METHODS:There were 60 patients receiving immediate breast reconstruction following skin sparing mastectomy.Forty-three of them taking expandable prosthesis implantat reconstruction and 17 taking autologous tissue.The surgery effect was evaluated according to the breast size,shape,the symmetry with contralateral breast,and patients' satisfaction.RESULTS:The follow-up time was 12 months.About 86% patients receiving immediate auto logous tissue reconstruction recouered well,and 93% of patients receiving expandable prosthesis implant construction recovered well.There were no significant difference in two groups of therapic effction.tumor recurrence and metastasis,death rate.Breast reconstruction with expanded prosthesis implantation was safe,reliable,and showed better effect and fewer complications.CONCLUSION:Immediate breast reconstruction with expandable prosthesis implantation expand the surgical indications,which is a surgical approach should be promoted.
Nitrates as thrombocyte function inhibitors

Besides their well-known relaxing effects on smooth muscle cells--the basis for vasodilation in peripheral arteries and veins and in epicardial coronary arteries--nitrates also exert effects on blood platelets. These occur by the same mechanisms operating in blood vessels, a penetration of the parent molecule or its active metabolites through the plasma membrane, the release of the reactive free radical NO, the stimulation of guanylate cyclase and the consequent increase of cytosolic levels of cyclic guanosinemonophosphate (cGMP). As a consequence, platelets become unspecifically less reactive to a variety of aggregating stimuli. When added to platelet suspensions nitrates indeed inhibit platelet aggregation by virtually all known stimuli. These in vitro anti-platelet effects require high concentrations of the drugs; however, recent evidence has been gathered that such inhibition of platelet function also occurs during the in vivo administration of nitrates. Such evidence derives from direct ex vivo studies with platelet aggregometry, from experiments showing synergism of nitrates with prostacyclin and the amplification of ex vivo effects with sulfhydryl group donors such as N-acetyl-cysteine, and, finally, from studies on the bleeding time. The effects of nitrates on blood platelets may be an explanation for the protection from death and reinfarction inferred on the basis of metaanalysis of several studies in acute myocardial infarction.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor as a Therapeutic Target in Cancer

PURPOSE: The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in angiogenesis, vascular maintenance, lymphangiogenesis, and immune cell function will be explained. The link between angiogenesis and tumor progression and the rationale for targeting VEGF in the treatment of cancer will be discussed. In addition, the various therapeutic approaches to inhibiting VEGF will be reviewed. SUMMARY: Advances in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying tumor progression have translated into a number of novel, biologically-based therapeutic strategies. One approach stems from evidence suggesting that angiogenesis is required for tumor growth and metastasis. While the vasculature is normally quiescent in adults, bursts of angiogenesis are tightly regulated by dozens of stimulatory and inhibitory factors. VEGF is thought to be the most potent direct-acting stimulatory regulator of angiogenesis. Excessive expression of VEGF is found in many types of cancer, and high levels correlate with increased microvascular density, disease recurrence, and decreased survival. CONCLUSION: Inhibiting VEGF appears to be a valid therapeutic strategy and may prevent the growth of new tumor blood vessels, cause regression of the existing tumor vasculature, enhance the anti-tumor immune response, and normalize the vasculature (thereby improving the delivery of chemotherapy).