cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Antibodies against human putamen in adolescents with anorexia nervosa

Objective To examine whether antiputamen antibodies are present in adolescents with anorexia nervosa (AN). Method Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with an extract of human putamen as an antigen, sera samples obtained from 22 adolescents with active AN and from 22 healthy adolescents (control group) were assayed for antibodies to neuronal components Results Mean optical density (OD) readings for serum antibodies against human putamen in adolescents with AN was significantly greater than the mean OD readings in the control group (0.492 ± 0.086 vs. 0.275 ± 0.028, p = .02). When serum positivity was defined as an OD level greater than 2 SD above the mean control group value (0.541), antiputamen antibodies were detected in the blood of 6 AN patients (27%) whereas they were detected in the blood of 1 patient (5%) in the control group (p < .05; Fisher's exact test). Discussion The detection of antiputamen antibodies in adolescents with AN suggests an underlying immune process at the putamen level in some patients with this eating disorder. © 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Eat Disorder 29: 463–469, 2001.
Pioneer transcription factor FoxA is positioned on hypersensitive nucleosomes at active enhancers

The Nucleosome organization at gene regulatory sequences, such as at enhancers and promoters, is essential for understanding how genes are regulated. We have addressed how local nucleosome positioning and sensitivity are regulated in a tissue-specific manner focusing on pioneer transcription factor FoxA. FoxA can open a local domain of compacted chromatin in vitro, in the absence of ATP-dependent remodeling enzymes. Although micrococcal nuclease (MNase)-based genome-wide nucleosome maps have been developed extensively, many studies are subject to an overdigestion bias that may fail to map MNase-hypersensitive nucleosomes. We mapped the hypersensitive nucleosomes in mouse liver on genomic scale by carefully titrating the MNase digestion level. We found the hypersensitive nucleosomes were specifically located at active enhancers and promoters, and correlated with DNase l-hypersensitive sites. Furthermore, majority of FoxA2 binding events overlapped with the hypersensitive nucleosomes at active enhancers. We identified an amphipathic helix structure in C-terminal domain of FoxA that was required for the chromatin opening and the activation of target genes. We suggest that the pioneer transcription factor FoxA can organize nucleosome structures that are essential for gene activation.
The Case Study: Its Systemic Metatheory and the Social/Behavioural Sciences

Briefly maps the intellectual terrain of a generic system of enquiry — the metatheory of case study research. Draws a distinction between a generic research design and a methodology: the former is an overarching research plan, the latter refers to data‐generating processes and cognitive procedures for discerning datal patterns. Methodology is an integral part of every generic research design. General systems theory informs the metatheory on the case under study. Describes the armamentarium of case study research: topical loci in case study research; researcher's a priori notions and values; ideology/epistemology interrelations; data‐generating instruments and procedures; cognitive datalpattern processes and characteristics of case study discourse. Delineates the influences of the pragmatic unity of fact and value, the reciprocal relations between knowledge and practice, and the constraints of the researcher's intellectual vision and values. Presents the character and significance of the Heisenberg indeterminacy principle for the epistemology of the social/behavioural sciences.
Adolescent childbearing in developing countries: a global review

This article discusses the current levels and recent trends in the rate of adolescent childbearing, the timing of the first birth, and births to unmarried women for 43 developing countries. Differences in rates of adolescent childbearing by residence and level of education are also examined. The analysis is based on nationally representative fertility surveys. Substantial declines in adolescent fertility have occurred in North Africa and Asia, but levels are still high in some countries. Declines are beginning to occur in sub-Saharan Africa, but current levels are still high in most countries of this region, and the proportion of births to unmarried adolescents is increasing in some countries. In Latin America, where the level of teenage childbearing is moderate, declines are less prevalent and some small increases have occurred. Higher education is associated with lower rates of adolescent childbearing, but other socioeconomic changes cancel or reduce this effect in several countries.
On the Dynamics of Hawaiian Cloud Bands: Island Forcing

Abstract This study focuses on basic island scale forcing mechanisms for the formation and evolution of a band cloud typically present upwind of the island of Hawaii. By means of numerical experiments and verification of our results against observations and laboratory experiments reported in the literature, we show that the band cloud is a complex three-dimensional phenomenon which is inseparable from the airflow around the island. In particular, we demonstrate that the event needs to be analyzed in terms of the basic fluid dynamics of strongly stratified flow past a three-dimensional obstacle. The band cloud is found to arise primarily from the dynamic interaction of the trade winds with the island. The upwind surface flow forms a separation line with an associated stagnation point. A low-level convergence zone forms along this line, resulting in an updraft line. If the updrafts are strong enough, a band cloud forms. Formation and characteristics of such a system are mostly controlled by the environmenta...
Types of Clauses and Sentence end Particles in Korean

Abstract. It is well known that Korean marks clauses through the particles that occur at the end of sentences and also that there are many clause types. One can find as many as eleven clause types proposed in the literature. In this paper I examine all proposed sentence types and sentence end particles through Sadock and Zwicky's (1985) criteria on clause types and decomposition of the particles. The study lends the conclusion that there are at most 5 clause types; declarative, interrogative, imperative, exhortative, and promissive (the last three can even be grouped into one clause type, jussives). It also reveals that not all sentence end particles mark clause type and that they can be categorized into three categories: special mood particles, speech style particles, and clause typing particles. The paper concludes with the issue of the role of clause typing particles. While they are labeled clause typing particles in the sense that they are unique to the clause types they appear in, I argue that they are not markers of sentential force.
Interactions of aziridines with nickel complexes: oxidative-addition and reductive-elimination reactions that break and make C-N bonds.

Reaction of the N-tosylaziridines (p-CH3C6H4SO2)NCH2CHR (1a, R = H; 1b, R = Me; 1c, R = n-Bu; 1d, R = i-Pr) with (bpy)Ni(cod) (2; bpy = 2,2‘-bipyridine; cod = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) or (bpy)NiEt2 (3) results in elimination of cod or butane from 2 and 3, respectively, and oxidative addition of an aziridine C−N bond to give the azametallacyclobutane complexes (bpy)Ni(NTosCHRCH2) (4a, R = H; 4b, R = Me; 4c, R = n-Bu; 4d, R = i-Pr) as maroon solids in 50−70% isolated yields. The structure of 4b exhibits a puckered four-membered azametallacycle containing a pyramidal nitrogen and with Ni−N(1) = 1.911(5) A; the tosyl group on N and the methyl substituent on the adjacent C are disposed in an anti conformation. The monodeuterated aziridine syn-(p-CH3C6H4SO2)NCHDCH-n-Bu (1e) reacts with either 2 or 3 to give (bpy)Ni{NTosCH(n-Bu)CHD} (4e) in 60−65% yield, having an anti arrangement of the methine and methylene protons in the azametallacycle, and indicates that >95% inversion of stereochemistry has occurred at the meth...
Superconductivity of A15 compounds in the system NbGeSn synthesized by chemical vapor deposition

Abstract A series of ternary NbGeSn superconducting compounds with the A15 crystal structure were synthesized by the method of chemical vapor transport. For constant Nb content and varying ratio of Ge/Sn, the lattice parameters were found to follow a linear Vegard-type behavior while both the superconducting transition temperatures Tc and residual resistance ratios exhibited minima. These results are interpreted on the basis of Tc in this system being governed by disorder at the Ge-Sn sites.
EV charging station integrating renewable energy and second-life battery

This paper investigates the integration of wind power, Photovoltaic (PV) solar power, and Li-Ion battery energy storage into a DC microgrid-based charging station for Electric Vehicles (EVs). The goal is for the Renewable Energy (RE) sources to provide as much of the charging energy as possible. The facility will be grid connected so that charging can occur during cloudy, windless days. The grid connection also permits exporting power when generation exceeds demand within the microgrid. It is proposed that second-life lithium-ion batteries be integrated into the proposed system to serve as an energy buffer and provide emergency energy upon loss of the grid connection. The Simulink modeling and simulation components of the charging station includes the solar PV, wind, EV batteries, and second-life batteries with their associated controls. The battery model is based on laboratory tests conducted during the project. Control functions and algorithms enabling the system to operate in various modes are developed, and simulation results are presented.
1Improvement of Thick a-Si Radiation Detectors by Field Profile Tailoring

Application of thick ({approximately}50 {mu}m) a-Si p-i-n diodes as a direct radiation detector for minimum ionizing particles is hampered by the need to apply large bias voltages in order fully to deplete the detecting intrinsic layer, which typically contains 5 {minus} 10 {times} 10{sup 14} ionizable dangling bonds per CM{sup 3}. By insertion of thin p-type layers at intervals within the intrinsic layer, the required depletion voltage can be reduced by a factor of at least 1/(n+l) where n is the number of layers inserted. This principle is demonstrated for devices approximately 12{mu}m in thickness. It is shown that electron losses within the p type layer can be kept to minimum by choice of a low doping concentration for the introduced players.
Microbial interactions withcatheter material

The use of central venous catheters to deliver parenteral nutrition therapy is often complicated by infection. The original source of these infections has been debated but it appears that organisms colonizing the skin or those contaminating the catheter hub are most often responsible. Before forming a biofilm, an organism must first successfully attach to a surface. To do this, microbes have evolved strategies that allow them to adhere to surfaces and evade forces that would favor their detachment. Once a biofilm is formed on a catheter, the organisms are relatively safe from a host immune response and antibiotics. In this review, what is known about these interactions is discussed.
Development of a method for poliovirus detection in freshwater clams

Abstract Consumption of shellfish has been implicated in more than 100 viral gastroenteritis and hepatitis A outbreaks in the United States. Methods for virus detection in marine shellfish have been recently developed. However recent interest in the establishment of freshwater clam fisheries requires the development of methods capable of detecting viral contamination in these species. In this study, freshwater clam homogenates were seeded with poliovirus and detection efficiencies were determined by the adsorption-elution method. Adsorption of poliovirus to clam homogenates was >99·9% at pH 4·5. Recovery efficiency using elution conditions of pH 9·5 and 8000 mg l −1 sodium chloride averaged 55%. Addition of 3% beef extract to the eluent increased overall recoveries to 83%. In summary, the recovery of seeded poliovirus from freshwater clams requires the same basic methodology used for marine species with minor modifications.
Effect of tributyltin on the chemiluminescent response of phagocytes from three species of estuarine fish

The effect ofin vitro exposure to tributyltin (TBT) on the chemiluminescent (CL) responses of kidney macrophages was examined in oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), hogchoker (Trinectes maculatus) and Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus). Phagocytic activity was evaluated using a luminol-amplified chemiluminescent (CL) assay with zymosan as the stimulus. Following brief exposure to selected doses of TBT, the CL response of toadfish and hogchoker phagocytes was found to be significantly decreased at 400 μg/L TBT, while the croaker phagocytic activity was significantly decreased at 40 μg/L TBT. With 18 hrexposure to TBT, the effect on the CL response was noticeable at lower doses (40 μg/L TBT for toadfish and 4 μg/L TBT for hogchoker).
Electronic nose analysis of volatile compounds from poultry meat samples, fresh and after refrigerated storage

Electronic nose technology has previously been applied to the assessment of the quality of red meats, pork and fish, but not poultry products. In the present study the ability of the electronic nose to assess the microbiological quality of raw poultry meat as a function of storage time and temperature was investigated. Four types of chicken pieces (boneless breast with and without skin, wings and thighs) were stored for up to 2 days at 13°C (the maximum allowable temperature in poultry processing environments) or for up to 5 days at 4°C (refrigeration temperature for raw poultry products prior to shipping or further processing). Saline rinses of meat samples were serially diluted in tryptic soy broth to 10 10 . The rinses and their associated serial dilutions were analysed on an electronic nose with 12 metal oxide sensors in order to determine the specificity and sensitivity respectively of the assay. Principal component analysis (PCA) maps of the data confirmed that the electronic nose could differentiate volatile compounds associated with individual types of meat samples properly stored at 4°C from those maintained at processing temperature, 13°C, for a comparable time, even as early as day 1 of storage. Differences in headspace gases from any type of meat sample stored at one temperature could also be determined with increased storage time. However, data from samples stored at 4°C clustered more tightly in PCA maps than those associated with samples maintained at 13°C, indicating a greater diversity in volatile compounds at the higher temperature. We have shown herein that the electronic nose can detect changes in the volatile compounds associated with chicken meat based on product storage time and temperature; the technology can assess length of sample storage as well as deviation from refrigeration temperature. La technologie du nez electronique est deja appliquee a l'evaluation de la qualite de la viande rouge, de porc et la chair de poisson, mais pas a la viande de volaille. Dans cette etude, la capacite du nez electronique pour evaluer la qualite microbiologique de viande de volaille crue en fonction du temps et de la temperature d'entreposage, est evaluee. 4 types de morceaux de viande sont stockes jusqu'a 2 jours a 13°C ou 5 jours a 4°C. Les resultats montrent que cette technologie peut detecter les changements dans les composes volatils de la viande de poulet selon la temperature et le temps de stockage. Elle peut evaluer la duree de l'entreposage ainsi qu'une deviation de la temperature de refrigeration.
Images of Technology in Popular Films: Discussion and Filmography:

From at least 1925 to the present, science and technology have been depicted largely negatively in popular films of all genres. The images of science and technology in films reflect consistent public anxiety over the linkage between science, technology, and corporate power; the complacency of government agen cies and scientists toward new knowledge and artifacts; the insensitivity of scientists toward the moral implications of their research and its applications; and the co-option of technical knowledge by vested corporate and government interests. Public conservatism is reflected in the suspicion toward new knowledge and new artifacts and in questioning whether science and technology truly improve the human condition
Combination gene therapy for liver metastasis of colon carcinoma in vivo

The efficacy of combination therapy with a "suicide gene" and a cytokine gene to treat metastatic colon carcinoma in the liver was investigated. Tumor in the liver was generated by intrahepatic injection of a colon carcinoma cell line (MCA-26) in syngeneic BALB/c mice. Recombinant adenoviral vectors containing various control and therapeutic genes were injected directly into the solid tumors, followed by treatment with ganciclovir. While the tumors continued to grow in all animals treated with a control vector or a mouse interleukin 2 vector, those treated with a herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase vector, with or without the coadministration of the mouse interleukin 2 vector, exhibited dramatic necrosis and regression. However, only animals treated with both vectors developed an effective systemic antitumoral immunity against challenges of tumorigenic doses of parental tumor cells inoculated at distant sites. The antitumoral immunity was associated with the presence of MCA-26 tumor-specific cytolytic CD8+ T lymphocytes. The results suggest that combination suicide and cytokine gene therapy in vivo can be a powerful approach for treatment of metastatic colon carcinoma in the liver.
EXTENSION OF THE EQUATION FOR THE ANNIHILATION LIFETIME OF ORTHO-POSITRONIUM AT A CAVITY LARGER THAN 1 NM IN RADIUS

Evaluations of cavity concentrations and their size distributions in industrially important materials by positron annihilation lifetime methods require a well calibrated ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime standard curve as a function of pore size. A semiempirical equation with a fitting parameter obtained by Nakanishi and Jean has been successfully utilized in various porous and polymeric materials to estimate pore sizes up to approximately 1 nm in radius. However, as experimental data accumulate recently, it has become clear that the equation no longer yields a good correlation between o-Ps lifetimes and the pore size for the pore radius larger than 1 or o-Ps lifetime longer than ∼20 ns. Therefore, we assumed for the larger pore that o-Ps behaves more like a quantum particle, bouncing back and forth between the energy barriers as the potential well becomes large. An equation derived from this hypothesis gives excellent fitting with experimental data despite a crude approximation used in our model. More im...
Response of a Fermi gas to time-dependent perturbations: Riemann-Hilbert approach at nonzero temperatures

We provide an exact finite temperature extension to the recently developed Riemann-Hilbert approach for the calculation of response functions in nonadiabatically perturbed (multichannel) Fermi gases. We give a precise definition of the finite temperature Riemann-Hilbert problem and show that it is equivalent to a zero temperature problem. Using this equivalence, we discuss the solution of the nonequilibrium Fermi-edge singularity problem at finite temperatures.
Residual Strength Prediction of Aircraft Fuselages Using Crack-Tip Opening Angle Criterion

Ductile tearing simulation and residual strength prediction of wide-body, lap-jointed fuselage panels are conducted. The damage configurations of the fuselage panels consist of a single lead crack and a lead crack with small multiple-site damage (MSD). The crack-tip opening angle fracture criterion and elastic-plastic finite element analysis are used to control stable crack advancement under conditions of general yielding. Thin-shell finite elements are used to model the fuselage structures except in the vicinity of cracks. In this region special plane-strain shell elements are used to capture three-dimensional constraint effects during stable crack growth. A global-local modeling procedure is employed in the numerical analyses. We show that accurate representation of the load transfer through the rivets is crucial for the stress distribution prediction. Modeling fatigue crack closure is essential to capture the fracture behavior at ductile tearing initiation. Breakage of a tear strap can have a major influence on residual strength prediction. Predicted crack growth and residual strength considering fatigue crack closure and tear strap failure agree reasonably well with test results. Observed and predicted results both indicate that the occurrence of small MSD cracks substantially reduces the residual strength.
The Orthomatch Data Transmission System

A high-performance data transmission system, incorporating an efficient discrete signal set and optimum detection techniques, has been developed. Envelope-orthogonal signals in the transmitter and matched filters in the receiver are employed; the system has been given the name Orthomatch. As instrumented now, the system requires 1.6 db more power than calculated for information recovery, and requires effectively 1 db additional power for synchronization. On a calculated basis, Orthomatch at 16 levels requires 5.6 db less power than orthogonal incoherent PCM and 1.9 db less power than biphase PCM. Calculated and measured comparison of Orthomatch and a typical PAM-FM system shows an 11.5 db power advantage for Orthomatch.
Bed‐immersed object heat transfer in a three‐phase fluidized bed

Etude experimentale dans des conditions de hautes retenues de gaz. Influence de la taille des particules catalytique cylindrique de la vitesse du liquide et de la porosite du lit sur les coefficients de transfert de chaleur
Cholesterol Reduction and the Risk for Stroke in Men: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials

Objective: Reducing serum cholesterol lowers the risk for ischemic heart disease, but its effects on other vascular diseases are unknown. Published trials were reviewed to determine the effect of c...
The inheritance of susceptibility to infection with Schistosoma mansoni in Australorbis glabratus

Abstract Studies were conducted to ascertain whether genetic factors were involved in the susceptibility difference between a Brazilian and a Puerto Rican strain of Australorbis glabratus to a Puerto Rican strain of Schistosoma mansoni . Since it was found that non-genetic factors such as the number of miracidia used for exposure and the size and age of the snails exerted some influence upon susceptibility and infection rate, a standard set of exposure conditions was used. Under these conditions 95% of the Puerto Rican snails were positive for cercariae after 30 to 32 days, whereas none of the Brazilian snails became infected. Crosses were made between members of the two snail strains, and the progeny therefrom were exposed to infection under the conditions mentioned above. Because A. glabratus can self- as well as cross-fertilize, a red mutant variety of the Brazilian strain which was recessive to the wild-type pigmented condition was used as a member of a pair to ascertain when crossing had occurred. F 1 progeny from some Brazilian parents which had crossed with Puerto Rican snails included susceptibles; F 1 's from other crosses did not. F 2 populations derived from selfed nonsusceptible F 1 's had infection rates which showed a continuous type of distribution from 3 to 58%. The red members of the F 2 populations showed a slightly, but significantly, higher infection rate than did the pigmented members. F 3 populations derived from nonsusceptible F 2 parents had infection rates varying from 0 to 82%. Particular infection rates were replicated in several of the populations. The findings demonstrated that susceptibility to S. mansoni infection in A. glabratus is a heritable character, and that several genetic factors are probably involved. The Puerto Rican and Brazilian strains of A. glabratus used in these studies apparently represent different genetic populations with regard to this character, at least insofar as the Puerto Rican strain of parasite is concerned.
Modifications in astrocyte morphology and calcium signaling induced by a brain capillary endothelial cell line.

Astrocytes extend specialized endfoot processes to perisynaptic and perivascular regions, and thus are positioned to mediate the bidirectional flow of metabolic, ionic, and other transmissive substances between neurons and the blood stream. While mutual structural and functional interactions between neurons and astrocytes have been documented, less is known about the interactions between astrocytes and cerebrovascular cells. For example, although the ability of astrocytes to induce structural and functional changes in endothelial cells is established, the reciprocity of brain endothelial cells to induce changes in astrocytes is undetermined. This issue is addressed in the present study. Changes in primary cultures of neonatal mouse cortical astrocytes were investigated following their coculture with mouse brain capillary endothelial (bEnd3) cells. The presence of bEnd3 cells altered the morphology of astrocytes by transforming them from confluent monolayers into networks of elongated multicellular columns. These columns did not occur when either bEnd3 cells or astrocytes were cocultured with other cell types, suggesting that astrocytes undergo specific morphological consequences when placed in close proximity to brain endothelial cells. In addition to these structural changes, the pharmacological profile of astrocytes was modified by coculture with bEnd3 cells. Astrocytes in the cocultures showed an increased Ca2+ responsiveness to bradykinin and glutamate, but no change in responsiveness to ATP, as compared to controls. Coculturing the astrocytes with a neuronal cell line resulted in increased responsiveness of the glial responses to glutamate but not to bradykinin. These studies indicate that brain endothelial cells induce changes in astrocyte morphology and pharmacology.
Altered cartilage proteoglycans synthesized by chick limb bud chondrocytes cultured in serum-free defined medium

Abstract Chick high-density culture chondrocytes synthesize cartilage-specific proteoglycans with much structural similarity to the proteoglycans made by cartilage in vivo . Such cultures can be maintained in a defined medium formulated in this laboratory in which chondrogenesis occurs without the addition of serum. The proteoglycans synthesized by the chondrocytes in the presence of defined medium are of a cartilage-specific structure but differ in some aspects from the proteoglycans made in serum-containing medium. While their buoyant-density, ability to aggregate with hyaluronic acid, and keratan sulfate chain size are unchanged, the proteoglycans synthesized in defined medium have altered chondroitin sulfate chains. This chondroitin sulfate is of significantly larger size and has a different sulfation pattern relative to that produced in serum-containing medium. The larger size of the chondroitin sulfate results in a larger monomer size of the defined medium proteoglycans. These differences have implications about the regulation of the structure of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans.
Problems and Possibilities in Sliver Monitoring

Sliver monitoring permits the reporting of errors at the time the material goes out of tolerance during processing. This can greatly reduce the waste of material, time, and money, and it can also improve the quality of the product. Adequate monitoring is only possible if the requisite parameters are measured, but most measuring systems react to changes in several parameters and create ambiguity. Currently, none of the parameters such as fiber length, crimp, and silver bulk are measured continuously, even though better system control would be likely if variations in these data could be incorporated into the control devices. This paper discusses these problems in greater detail and suggests a number of possibilities of extending the range of data available for use in monitoring and control systems.
Physical processes and sedimentary record of a modern, transgressive, lacustrine barrier island

Abstract High water levels, storms, and a sparse sand supply have led to the formation and episodic migration of this 30 km-wide, foredune-lacking, lacustrine barrier. Transgression is dominated by overwash and by channels cut during storms that transport sand to the lagoon. The barrier system is characterized by five environments: near-shore, foreshore, backshore/washover terrace, channel, and lagoon. The nearshore consists of irregular bars that overlie a Holocene peat and/or clay. The bars are characterized by low-angle stratification, and ripples, and landward-dipping tabular sets. The foreshore consists of a smooth, plane surface and internally by lakeward-dipping (3° to 12°) laminations that truncate one another and thin towards the berm. The backshore/ washover terrace consists of a gently (1° to 2°) landward-dipping surface that changes at the lagoon margin to a steeply (30°) landward-dipping surface. Stratification consists of subhorizontal, landward-dipping laminations and thin beds that are thinnest nearer the berm and gradually thicken toward the lagoon, and by avalanche foresets. Washover fans coalesce to form the terrace. The channels, which are commonly less than a few tens of meters wide and a meter deep, form during storms when wave energy is concentrated by refraction around nearshore bars. The channel facies consists of nearly horizontal beds and laminations of gravel and coarse sand. The lagoon consists of mud that overlies a Holocene peat; the lagoonal mud is eroded during transgression. The vertical sequence which is 1–2 m thick, consists from the base up of horizontal laminations of coarse sand and gravel of the channel facies, the landward-dipping foresets of the washover fan margin, and the gently landward-dipping laminations and landward-dipping avalanche foresets of the backshore/washover terrace. The preservation potential is considered low, although Pleistocene and Holocene coastal deposits have survived for up to 15,000 years in the Great Lakes region.
Re-examining the asymmetric predictability of conditional variances: The role of sudden changes in variance

Abstract The existence of “spillover effects” in financial markets is well documented and multivariate time series techniques have been used to study the transmission of conditional variances among large and small market value firms. Earlier research has suggested that volatility surprises to large capitalization firms are a reliable predictor of the volatility of small capitalization firms. A related line of research has examined how regime shifts in volatility may account for a considerable amount of the persistence in volatility. However, these studies have focused on univariate modeling and many have imposed regime changes on a priori grounds. This paper re-examines the asymmetry in the predictability of the volatilities of large versus small market value firms allowing for sudden changes in variance. Our method of analysis extends the existing literature in two important ways. First, recent advances in time series econometrics allow us to detect the time periods of sudden changes in volatility of large cap and small cap stocks endogenously using the iterated cumulated sums of squares (ICSS) algorithm. Second, we directly incorporate the information obtained on sudden changes in volatility in a Bivariate GARCH model of small and large cap stock returns. Our findings indicate that accounting for volatility shifts considerably reduces the transmission in volatility and, in essence, removes the spillover effects. We conclude that ignoring regime changes may lead one to significantly overestimate the degree of volatility transmission that actually exists between the conditional variances of small and large firms.
Electron scattering by molecules II. Experimental methods and data

Abstract Experimental techniques for measuring electron-molecule collision cross sections are briefly summarized. A survey of the available experimental cross section data is presented. The emphasis here is on elastic scattering, rotational, vibrational and electronic excitations, total electron scattering, and momentum transfer in the few eV to few hundred eV impact energy range. Reference is made to works concerned with high energy electron scattering, innershell and multi-electron excitations, coincidence methods and electron scattering in laser fields.
Organization of the mitotic apparatus during generative cell division in Nicotiana tabacum

In order to gain a more complete understanding of the organization of the mitotic apparatus (MA) in the generative cells (GCs) of flowering plants, pollen tubes ofNicotiana tabacum were examined using tubulin immunocytochemistry and Hoechst fluorescence. The observations were then compared with previously published information onTradescantia GCs and the MA of somatic cells. At the onset of division, the prominent microtubule (Mt) bundles characteristic of GCs are reorganized into a more random Mt network. At late prophase/prometaphase, kinetochores appear to interact with this network, resulting in the formation of K-fibers that frequently link in tree-like aggregates. The GC MA takes the form of a distinct spindle and often has pointed, focused poles; the metaphase plate is usually oblique. Karyokinesis involves both anaphase A and B; lengthening of interzonal Mts is accompanied by elongation of the spindle. In late anaphase/early telophase, phragmoplast Mts are formed in association with the proximal face of the sperm nuclei. The phragmoplast remains prominent for some time, so that its Mts as well as another population generated from the distal face of the sperm nuclei constitute the initial sperm cytoskeleton. Comparisons indicate that the spindle in tobacco GCs falls on a continuum of organization between that of somatic cells and the MA ofTradescantia GCs.
Structures of NAD+- and NADH-bound 1-L-myo-inositol 1-phosphate synthase

1-l-myo-Inositol 1-phosphate synthase catalyzes the conversion of d-glucose 6-phosphate to 1-l-myo-inositol 1-phosphate, the first and rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of all inositol-containing compounds. It involves an oxidation, an intramolecular aldol cyclization and a reduction. Here, the structure of the enzyme in its NAD+-bound, NADH-bound and apo forms is presented. These structures confirm that a significant portion of the active site is disordered in the absence of a small molecule, as none of the NAD+-bound forms of the enzyme have ordered active sites. On the other hand, the NADH-bound form contains two small molecules in the active site: a phosphate and glycerol. The entire active site is ordered in the presence of these two molecules, completely encapsulating them within the interior cavity. Significant changes in the structure of the active site are also seen, including repositioning of the nicotinamide ring and a motion of a loop region to accommodate the bound phosphate. These changes call into question the mechanism previously proposed for the enzyme. A comparison of the yeast and mycobacterial enzymes shows a surprisingly large change in the relative orientation of the catalytic and Rossmann-fold domains in the two enzymes.
Mitiglinide: A Novel Agent for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Objective:To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mitiglinide, a rapid-acting insulin secretion-stimulating agent to determine its potential role in therapy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.Data Sources:A MEDLINE search (1966–May 2010) was conducted for English-language, human studies using the terms mitiglinide, KAD 1229, S 21403, and meglitinide analogs. Abstracts presented at the American Association and European Association for the Study of Diabetes annual meetings from 2005 to 2009 were also evaluated for relevant data.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Articles pertinent to the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, efficacy, and safety of mitiglinide were reviewed.Data Synthesis:Mitiglinide has been shown through small clinical studies (N <400) to modestly decrease hemoglobin A1c, postprandial hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress and inflammatory markers associated with postprandial hyperglycemia. Mitiglinide exerts its hypoglycemic activity by closing adenosine ...
Signal Strength Localization Bounds in Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks when Transmit Powers are Random

Sensor localization bounds have been derived assuming that received signal strength (RSS) measurements are performed with perfectly known sensor transmit powers. In this paper the Bayesian Cramer-Rao bound is derived assuming transmit powers are random with known prior distribution. Further, both directional measurements on each link, from i to j and from j to i, and their correlation, are explicitly considered. Results show that random transmit powers have a small (5-13%) impact on coordinate estimation bounds. However, using only the average of the directional measurements can significantly increase these bounds
Spatial constancy and the brain: insights from neural networks

To form an accurate internal representation of visual space, the brain must accurately account for movements of the eyes, head or body. Updating of internal representations in response to these movements is especially important when remembering spatial information, such as the location of an object, since the brain must rely on non-visual extra-retinal signals to compensate for self-generated movements. We investigated the computations underlying spatial updating by constructing a recurrent neural network model to store and update a spatial location based on a gaze shift signal, and to do so flexibly based on a contextual cue. We observed a striking similarity between the patterns of behaviour produced by the model and monkeys trained to perform the same task, as well as between the hidden units of the model and neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP). In this report, we describe the similarities between the model and single unit physiology to illustrate the usefulness of neural networks as a tool for understanding specific computations performed by the brain.
A validated high-performance liquid chromatographic method for the determination of atenolol in whole blood

Abstract A validated reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure employing fluorescence detection for the analysis of atenolol (Tenormin ®) in human whole blood is reported. The method is rapid and coupled with standard HPLC procedures leads to a sensitive, accurate and reproducible assay. The retention times of atenolol and internal standard, bamethan, are 4.4 and 6.3 min, respectively. The peak height ratio versus plasma concentration is linear over the range of 20.0–800,ng ml −1 , with a detection limit below 10 ng ml −1 . The mean absolute recovery of atenolol using the described assay is 90%. The inter- and intra-day accuracy and precision are within 8% of the actual values for all concentrations investigated. Furthermore, this procedure was applied to the analysis of whole blood samples from healthy subjects receiving a single 100 mg oral dose of Tenormin®.
Influence of temperature on the fretting response between AISI 301 stainless steel and AISI 52100 steel

Abstract Fretting of AISI 301 stainless steel sheet in contact with AISI 52100 steel from 20 °C to 550 °C in air and argon has been studied. Transitions in the mechanical properties of 301SS and oxidative behavior of this pair have been identified as a function of temperature. Strength and ductility of 301SS is reduced from 20 °C to 250 °C, increasing susceptibility to fretting damage. Steady state friction decreases as temperature increases, reducing cyclic stresses. Wear resistance increases in this temperature range, increasing fatigue damage due to the increase in fatigue life associated with increased wear. This study aims to identify the causes of the transitions in behavior and determine the net outcome of the competing effects with regard to fatigue damage.
Effect of supercritical carbon dioxide on the diffusion coefficient of phenol in poly(bisphenol A carbonate)

For some polymers, the rate of solid-state polymerization (SSP) is higher with supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO2) as the sweep gas than with atmospheric N2. One explanation for this higher rate is that the diffusion coefficient of the condensate molecule is higher in the CO2-swollen polymer. To investigate this hypothesis, we measured the diffusion coefficient of phenol in poly(bisphenol A carbonate) (BPA-PC) by carrying out SSP of this polymer under diffusion-limited conditions. Under these conditions, the diffusion coefficient of the condensate molecule could be calculated from the profile of the molecular weight versus time. The phenol diffusivity was determined between 135 and 180 °C in the presence of N2 at about 1 bar and in the presence of scCO2 at about 138, 207, and 345 bar. The diffusion coefficient of phenol was up to 200% higher in scCO2 than in N2, depending on the temperature and CO2 pressure. With both N2 and scCO2, the activation energy for phenol diffusion in BPA-PC was larger than the activation energy for the reaction between hydroxyl and phenyl end groups that occurred during SSP of BPA-PC. As a result, the overall SSP reaction shifted from diffusion control at low temperatures toward chemical-reaction control at high temperatures. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1143–1156, 2003
Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor and its palmitic acid conjugate prevent 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene-induced transformation in cultured mouse mammary glands.

The chemopreventive effects of Bowman-Birk protease inhibitor (BBI), a soybean polypeptide, and its palmitic acid conjugate, Pal-BBI, on 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced transformation were investigated by using an in vitro whole organ culture system of mouse mammary glands. The transformation incidence was measured as the number of glands containing nodule-like alveolar lesions (NLAL). Both BBI and Pal-BBI were effective in preventing DMBA-induced transformation, especially when added to the medium during the developing period after the exposure of mammary glands to DMBA, i.e. 35.9 and 53.4% prevention, respectively. However, when only present in the medium before the promotion period, Pal-BBI was effective in decreasing the transformation incidence (32.2%) while BBI was not (10.3%). This difference could possibly be due to the high lipophilicity and tissue retention of Pal-BBI in mammary gland cultures.
CAN WE PREDICT PEELING PERFORMANCE OF PROCESSING TOMATOES

Tomato processors are increasingly interested in being able to predict whether tomatoes will peel well, and therefore, yield high-value processed tomatoes. We describe two statistical models for peeling applied to multiple years of data. One model is appropriate for perfect or defect-free tomatoes, and the second model is valid for the normal population of tomatoes obtained following mechanical harvesting. The ability to peel perfect tomatoes was significantly affected by exposure of tomatoes to temperatures greater than 100F, by fruit weight and by pericarp wall thickness. The peelability of a normal population of tomatoes was influenced by tomato weight and width as well as degree-days and exposure to temperatures greater than 90F. Thickness of the pericarp walls and red layer positively affected the peelability of normal tomatoes. The ability to predict tomato peelability using statistical models may improve the quality of processed tomatoes and may result in more efficient commercial peeling operations.
Face adaptation to gender: Does adaptation transfer across age categories?

We examined gender adaptation effects for the faces of children and adults and measured the transfer of these effects across age categories. Face gender adaptation is defined by a bias to classify the gender of a gender-neutral face to be opposite to that of an adapting face. An androgynous face, for example, appears male following adaptation to a female face. Participants adapted to male or female faces from the two age categories and classified the gender of morphed adult and child faces from a male–female morph trajectory. Gender adaptation effects were found for children's and adults’ faces and for the transfer between the age categories. The size of these effects was comparable when participants adapted to adult faces and identified the gender of either adult or child faces, and when participants adapted to child faces and identified the gender of child faces. A smaller adaptation effect was found when participants adapted to a child's face but identified the gender of an adult's face. The results in...
Electrical properties and fusion dynamics of in vitro membrane vesicles derived from separate parts of the contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium multimicronucleatum.

The contractile vacuole complex of Paramecium multimicronucleatum transforms into membrane-bound vesicles on excision from the cell. The I – V relationship was linear in a voltage range of– 80 to +80 mV in all vesicles, despite being derived from different parts of the contractile vacuole complex. No voltage-gated unit currents were observed in membrane patches from the vesicles. Vesicles derived from the radial arm showed a membrane potential of >10 mV, positive with reference to the cytosol, while those derived from the contractile vacuole showed a residual (<5 mV) membrane potential. The electrogenic V-ATPases in the decorated spongiome are responsible for the positive potential, and Cl– leakage channels are responsible for the residual potential. The specific resistance of the vesicle membrane (∼6 kΩ cm2) increased, while the membrane potential shifted in a negative direction when the vesicle rounded. An increase in the membrane tension (to∼ 5×10–3 N m–1) is assumed to reduce the Cl– leakage conductance. It is concluded that neither voltage- nor mechano-sensitive ion channels are involved in the control of the fluid segregation and membrane dynamics that govern fluid discharge cycles in the contractile vacuole complex. The membrane vesicles shrank when the external osmolarity was increased, and swelled when the osmolarity was decreased, implying that the contractile vacuole complex membrane is water permeable. The water permeability of the membrane was 4–20×10–7 μm s–1 Pa–1. The vesicles containing radial arm membrane swelled after initially shrinking when exposed to higher external osmolarity, implying that the V-ATPases energize osmolyte transport mechanisms that remain functional in the vesicle membrane. The vesicles showed an abrupt (<30 ms), slight, slackening after rounding to the maximum extent. Similar slackening was also observed in the contractile vacuoles in situ before the opening of the contractile vacuole pore. A slight membrane slackening seems to be an indispensable requirement for the contractile vacuole membrane to fuse with the plasma membrane at the pore. The contractile vacuole complex-derived membrane vesicle is a useful tool for understanding not only the biological significance of the contractile vacuole complex but also the molecular mechanisms of V-ATPase activity.
The AEGIS Movement–An OPNAV Perspective

It is often said that the transformational success of the AEGIS weapon system and AEGIS ships can be attributed in large part to the personal relationship between the top surface warfare leader in the Office of the Chief of Naval Operations and the top Project Manager in the Naval Sea Systems Command rather than the organizational structure or the wiring diagram that existed at the time in either command. Besides RADM Wayne E. Meyer, VADM James H. Doyle, Jr., the Deputy Chief of Naval Operations (CNO) for Surface Warfare (OP-03) from 1975 to 1980, perhaps more than any other Naval officer, is responsible for the success of AEGIS. This article gives some of his personal reflections and memories of his time as OP-03, and an account of the personal relationship that developed between Doyle and Meyer.