cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adaptive, transparent CPU scaling algorithms leveraging inter-node MPI communication regions

Although users of high-performance computing are most interested in raw performance, both energy and power consumption have become critical concerns. Because the CPU is often the major power consumer, some microprocessors allow frequency and voltage scaling, which enables a system to efficiently reduce CPU performance and power. When the CPU is not on the critical path, such dynamic frequency and voltage scaling can produce significant energy savings with little performance penalty. This paper presents an MPI runtime system that dynamically reduces CPU frequency and voltage during communication phases in MPI programs. It dynamically identifies such phases and, without a priori knowledge, selects the CPU frequency in order to minimize energy-delay product. All analysis and subsequent frequency and voltage scaling is within MPI and so is entirely transparent to the application. This means that the large number of existing MPI programs, as well as new ones being developed, can use our system without modification. Results show that the median reduction in energy-delay product for twelve benchmarks is 8%, the median energy reduction is 11%, and the median increase in execution time increase is only 2%.
Nanoprobing of misfolding and interactions of amyloid β 42 protein.

The assembly of amyloid β (Aβ) proteins into nanostructures is currently considered a major pathway of Alzheimer’s disease development, but the molecular mechanisms of this self-assembly process remains unclear. Recently, we showed that single-molecule AFM force spectroscopy (SMFS) is capable of probing the dynamics and interaction between Aβ40 peptides, and these studies allowed us to shed new light on transiently existing Aβ40 misfolding states. In this study, we applied the same SMFS approach to characterize the misfolding of Aβ42 peptide, the most toxic Aβ alloform. The quantitative analysis of SMFS data demonstrated that Aβ interaction leads to the formation of dimers with a lifetime in the range of a second. Interaction via C-terminal segments prevailed at pH 7, but interaction within the peptide center prevailed at acidic pH levels. The difference in the misfolding properties for Aβ40 and Aβ42 peptides and the mechanisms of amyloid nanoassembly are discussed.
Molecular recognition based on low-affinity polyvalent interactions: selective binding of a carboxylated polymer to fibronectin fibrils of live fibroblast cells.

To explore molecular recognition of biomolecules in the complex environment of the extracellular matrix, we utilized two fluorescent poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s bearing either cationic alkylammonium or negatively charged carboyxlate side chains. While incubation of live NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells with the cationic polymer yielded perinuclear punctate staining reminiscent of endocytotic vesicles, the carboxylated polymer revealed a characteristic filamentous staining pattern. Histochemical and immunofluorescence studies demonstrated that the anionic PPE selectively binds to fibronectin fibrils of the extracellular matrix. An in vitro binding study revealed a dissociation constant of approximately 100 nM for the fibronectin−polymer complex. Both polymers showed bright two-photon excited emission as well as low toxicity, rendering them well-suited for live cell imaging studies. The studies demonstrate that selective molecular recognition of biomolecules in the complex environment of the extracellular matrix c...
Endemic Pneumocystis carinii in a marmoset colony.

Abstract Retrospective examination of lungs from 441 marmoset necropsies conducted over a decade disclosed endemic pneumocystosis. Age distribution and colony residence time analysis suggest predisposition in the young and long-term residents. Only 2 cases were judged to have been of possible clinical significance on the basis of histopathological evaluation. Special stains, including PAS and methenamine silver were necessary to demonstrate many infections as the organisms were frequently widely scattered in small clusters. The marmoset may be a useful model for study of the human disease.
Cardiac tamponade in the pediatric oncology population: treatment by percutaneous catheter drainage.

Abstract Purpose : The treatment of pericardial effusion resulting in cardiac tamponade has undergone an evolution in recent years, with the use of less invasive drainage methods in selected cases. To determine optimal therapy for pediatric oncology patients with pericardial effusion and tamponade, the authors reviewed their institutional experience with percutaneous catheter drainage. Methods: Patient records and operative reports were reviewed, and nine patients were identified who met clinical and echocardiographic criteria of cardiac tamponade and were treated with percutaneous pericardial catheter drainage. Results: The median age at time of diagnosis was 14 years (range, 5 months to 19 years), and the male:female ratio was 7:3. Underlying malignancies included acute myeloblastic leukemia in three, acute lymphoblastic leukemia in one, and Hodgkin's disease, B-cell lymphoma, medulloblastoma, desmoplastic small round cell tumor, and rhabdomyosarcoma in one each. Eight patients (89%) were receiving granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (GCSF) during the period when tamponade developed. All patients had a large or moderate-to-large pericardial effusion and right ventricular collapse with hemodynamic compromise on echocardiography, and two patients (22%) also had pericardial thickening. In nine patients, percutaneous catheter drainage was performed intraoperatively and under fluoroscopic or echocardiographic guidance. A median of 300 mL (range, 82 to 500 mL) of fluid was removed from the pericardial sac during the initial drainage, and cytology was positive in one (6%). Complete echocardiographic resolution was observed in eight patients (89%); a small posterior component persisted in one patient but was not significant hemodynamically. The catheters remained in place for a median of 5 days (range, 1 to 35 days) while repeat aspirations were performed. Tamponade resolved in all patients, and one died of overwhelming systemic sepsis. The survival period was 10 to 22 months, and tamponade or the drainage procedure did not contribute to death. Four patients remain alive after 4 months to 7 years of follow-up. Conclusion: Cardiac tamponade was effectively treated in all patients and did not recur with percutaneous catheter drainage alone. There was no evidence of pericardial locultion or infection despite pancytopenia being prevalent with underlying illness and chemotherapy. Percutaneous catheter drainage is an effective treatment for pediatric oncology patients with pericardial tamponade. Because of its simplicity in comparison to more invasive techniques, initial treatment with percutaneous drainage should be considered in this patient population.
A rapid assay for protein kinases phosphorylating small polypeptides and other substrates

A new and rapid method of protein kinase assay is presented which is suitable for low-molecular-weight substrates, irrespective of their electrophoretic or chromatographic mobility. It depends on the phosphorylation of the substrates with [gamma-32P]ATP, hydrolysis of the pyrophosphate bonds by boiling in 1 N HCl, extraction of 32P with isobutanol-benzene, and measurement of the radioactivity of 32P-labeled phosphoesters in the water phase. The method is shown to be suitable for both tyrosine- and serine-phosphorylating protein kinases.
Cognitive Constraints on the Development of Hierarchical Spatial Organization Skills

Abstract This study examines the mechanism behind an observed shift in young children's hierarchical organization skills. By 9 years of age, children, like adults, code the location of an object in a homogeneous space at two levels (fine-grained and categorical) and combine this information when reporting location. For points within a circle, multi-level location coding occurs for both radius and angle. Before age 9 years, children employ hierarchical coding only radially. It was hypothesized that younger children may either be unable to encode and/or process two dimensions simultaneously, or to impose the frame of reference required for angular subdivision. Tasks were designed to test these two hypotheses: one reduced the relevant dimensions required for coding, the other provided the frame of reference. Results indicate that 7-year-olds are able to form angular categories when the number of dimensions for coding is reduced, and that an explicit frame of reference does not facilitate mature angular category division. The acquisition of adult forms of spatial representation appears to be limited by encoding and/or processing capacities, rather than by spatial abilities.
Interconnect Lifetime Prediction for Reliability-Aware Systems

Thermal effects are becoming a limiting factor in high-performance circuit design due to the strong temperature dependence of leakage power, circuit performance, IC package cost, and reliability. While many interconnect reliability models assume a constant temperature, this paper analyzes the effects of temporal and spatial thermal gradients on interconnect lifetime in terms of electromigration, and presents a physics-based dynamic reliability model which returns reliability equivalent temperature and current density that can be used in traditional reliability analysis tools. The model is verified with numerical simulations and reveals that blindly using the maximum temperature leads to too pessimistic lifetime estimation. Therefore, the proposed model not only increases the accuracy of reliability estimates, but also enables designers to reclaim design margin in reliability-aware design. In addition, the model is useful for improving the performance of temperature-aware runtime management by modeling system lifetime as a resource to be consumed at a stress-dependent rate
Infectious poxvirus vectors have capacity for at least 25 000 base pairs of foreign DNA

Abstract To test the capacity of poxviruses for added foreign DNA, a recombinant was constructed that contains 24 700 bp of bacteriophage λ DNA inserted within the vaccinia virus thymidine kinase (TK) gene. The recombinant is stable, infectious and replicates in tissue culture at the same rate and to the same titer as standard vaccinia virus. This size flexibility of the poxvirus genome and the lack of stringent packaging requirements are useful features for an infectious eukaryotic cloning vector.
Implications of COMT long-range interactions on the phenotypic variability of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome.

22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS) results from a hemizygous microdeletion on chromosome 22 and is characterized by extensive phenotypic variability. Penetrance of signs, including congenital heart, craniofacial, and neurobehavioral abnormalities, varies widely and is not well correlated with genotype. The three-dimensional structure of the genome may help explain some of this variability. The physical interaction profile of a given gene locus with other genetic elements, such as enhancers and co-regulated genes, contributes to its regulation. Thus, it is possible that regulatory interactions with elements outside the deletion region are disrupted in the disease state and modulate the resulting spectrum of symptoms. COMT, a gene within the commonly deleted ~3 Mb region has been implicated as a contributor to the neurological features frequently found in 22q11DS patients. We used this locus as bait in a 4C-seq experiment to investigate genome-wide interaction profiles in B lymphocyte and fibroblast cell l...
Effects of the continuous and discrete confidence rating scales in ROC observer studies

We previously conducted an observer study evaluating radiologists' performance for characterization of mammographic masses on serial mammograms with and without CAD. 253 temporal image pairs (138 malignant and 115 benign) from 96 patients containing masses on serial mammograms were used. The interval change characteristics of the masses on each temporal pair were analyzed by our CAD program to differentiate malignant and benign masses. The classifier achieved a test Az value of 0.87 for the data set. Eight MQSA radiologists and 2 fellows assessed the temporal masses and provided estimates of the likelihood of malignancy (LM) and BI-RADS assessment without and then with CAD. The LM estimates were provided on a quasi-continuous confidence-rating scale (CRS) of 1 to 100. In the current study we investigated the effects of using discrete CRS with fewer categories on ROC analysis. We simulated three discrete CRSs containing 5, 10, and 20 categories by binning the radiologists’ LM quasi-continuous ratings. For the ten radiologists, without CAD, the average Az in estimating the LM for the 5, 10, 20 and 100 category CRSs were 0.788, 0.786, 0.785, and 0.787, respectively. With CAD, the observers' Az improved to 0.845, 0.843, 0.844, and 0.843, respectively. The improvement was statistically significant (p<0.011) for each CRS. The partial area index for the four CRSs without CAD was 0.198, 0.204, 0.200, and 0.206, respectively. With CAD the partial area index was also significantly improved to 0.369, 0.365, 0.369, and 0.366, respectively (p<0.006 for all CRSs). The use of continuous and discrete confidence-rating scales in this study had minimal effect on the analysis of observer performance.
Up-converted emission observed from hybrid inorganic:organic composite thin film generated via laser-assisted molecular beam deposition

Laser Assisted Molecular Beam Deposition (LAMBD) is a pulsed laser ablation technique which utilizes a train of gas pulses to precisely control the chemistry and transport of species to be deposited on a substrate. The LAMBD technique has been used to grow films on a variety of substrates and to ablate a variety of target materials including: metals, metal oxides, metal halides, Si, C and SiC. In addition, a variety of more complex composite films such as Cu embedded polymers, Yba2Cu3O7-x and organic doped TiO2 and Al2O3 have also been produced. These films have been analyzed by Raman scattering, SEM, EDX, FTIR, ESCA, NMR, mass spectrometry surface profile measurements to determine film structure and composition. Recently a successful program has been undertaken to show the potential of LAMBD to generate photonic films. Work done on up-conversion of IR light into the visible using LAMBD generated composite TiO2:APSS films will be described. These results demonstrate the potential of using LAMBD sources as a means of depositing a variety of high quality photonic films.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Evaporation residue cross sections for S 32 + Sn 1 1 2 , 1 1 6 , 1 2 0 , 1 2 4 from x-ray and direct recoil-nucleus measurements

Evaporation residue cross sections have been measured for the systems $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ + $^{112,116,120,124}\mathrm{Sn}$ at incident energies between 130 MeV and 247 MeV. Total cross sections were measured by direct detection of recoil nuclei in a particle counter telescope. In addition, total and partial cross sections were determined from $K$-vacancy production cross sections and $K$ x-ray multiplicities of the evaporation residues. The x-ray multiplicities are of the order of \ensuremath{\sim} 1 and vary slowly with target mass and incident energy, indicating that x-ray detection can be reliably used to study fusion cross sections induced by heavy projectiles in this mass region. The total evaporation residue cross sections rise with increasing energy, saturate at \ensuremath{\sim} 190-MeV incident energy, and decrease slightly at higher energies. The saturation value shows distinct differences between systems and ranges from \ensuremath{\sim}600 mb for $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ + $^{112}\mathrm{Sn}$ to \ensuremath{\sim}800 mb for $^{32}\mathrm{S}$ + $^{124}\mathrm{Sn}$. The gross behavior of the partial evaporation residue cross sections is in agreement with statistical model calculations, but there remain deviations in the element distribution of the evaporation residues which might be explained by contributions from incomplete fusion reactions. As a byproduct we have measured $K$-vacancy production cross sections for atomic excitation of the target atoms by the projectiles and compared them with theoretical predictions.
Modulations in the electrophoretic spectrum of newly synthesized protein in early axolotl (ambystoma mexicanum) development.

The electrophoretic spectrum of ‘newly synthesized’ proteins in early developmental stages (2-cell through gastrula) of axolotl development was characterized with acrylamide gradient gels and analyses of 3H/14C ratios. An increased relative rate of synthesis of low molecular weight proteins was detected in blastulae. This apparent increased rate of synthesis of certain proteins was localized in the animal hemisphere of the blastulae. The low molecular weight proteins which displayed increased synthetic rates were tentatively identified as histones.
Fission fragment induced expansion in ceramic materials

Abstract The fission fragment induced expansion of ceramic materials was studied by recoiling fission fragments into one face of thin, flat ceramic specimens and then using interferometry to measure the specimen deflection. Irradiation caused the specimens to become spherically curved and the fission-fragment-induced expansion increased in the order : MgO SiO 2 BeO Graphite Al 2 O 3 ZrO 2 Pyrolytic Carbon SiC No difference in expansion was observed for singlecrystal and polycrystalline specimens. Expansion normal to the surface was measured for single crystal α-Al2O3 by recoiling fission fragments into a portion of the surface and then measuring the expansion step at the boundary between irradiated and unirradiated regions of the surface. The expansion was found to be independent of crystallographic orientation. Radiationinduced expansion normal to the surface was at least three times the expansion in the specimen plane, indicating that fission fragment induced stresses were preferentially relieved by expansion normal to a free surface. Damage annealing during postirradiation heating was measured and approximate values for radiation expansion coefficients and stresses in irradiated specimens were calculated.
Mixed mode fracture of an HSLA-100 steel

Traditionally, mode I instability criteria have marked the conservative fracture toughness limit. However, some high-toughness, particle strengthened materials have been shown to have a lower resistance to the onset of stable crack growth under mixed-mode loading. By testing both standard compact tension specimens and modified mixed-mode compact tension specimens, the authors have determined the pure mode I plain strain fracture toughness and mixed-mode I/III fracture toughness for an HSLA 100 steel. Limited mixed-mode I/II tests of the type described by Kamat were also performed. The steel was provided by E. Czyryca of the Naval Research Laboratory and tested in the as received condition. Czyryca found {sigma}{sub ys} = 780 MPa, {sigma}{sub uts} = 800 MPa, and a two specimen average J{sub Ic} = 490 kJ/m{sup 2} for specimens tested in the T-L orientation. The steel was austenitized at 900 C for 40 minutes, water quenched then aged at 665 C for one hour than air cooled. The hardenability provided by manganese, molybdenum and nickel resulted in a mixed ferrite-bainite microstructure with fine carbonitride and copper precipitates. Such a microstructure gives high strength and toughness, improved weldability, lower DBTT as well as lower cost.
Sonolysis of Albunex-supplemented, 40% hematocrit human erythrocytes by pulsed 1-MHz ultrasound: pulse number, pulse duration and exposure vessel rotation dependence.

The hypotheses tested were that sonolysis of erythrocytes in the presence of a gas-based ultrasound contrast agent in vitro will be related quantitatively to the duration and number of ultrasound pulses applied using a constant pulse repetition period and, at least qualitatively, to the total exposure duration (i.e., the product of pulse number × pulse duration). An objective was to determine the influence of sample rotation during insonation on the amount of hemolysis produced under these conditions. Human erythrocytes, suspended to 40% hematocrit in autologous plasma containing 3.6% (V:V) Albunex®, were exposed/sham-exposed to 1–100 pulses of 1-MHz ultrasound (6.2 MPa peak positive, 3.6 MPa peak negative acoustic pressures; ISPTP ∼ 800 W/cm2) using a 1-s pulse repetition period. Pulse durations ranged from 20–20,000 μs; samples were either stationary or rotated (200 rpm) during insonation. Hemolysis was independent of vessel rotation treatment at all tested pulse durations and pulse numbers. Levels of hemolysis statistically greater than in sham-exposed samples were obtained with ≥50 pulses of 20 μs duration, and ≥1 pulse of 200, 2000 or 20,000 μs duration. Hemolysis increased with increasing pulse number and pulse duration. Approximately equivalent levels of hemolysis were produced by different pulse number × pulse duration combinations, yielding the same total exposure duration.
New studies of the Si-SiO2 interface using auger sputter profiling

Abstract We have made new measurements of the morphology and chemistry of “state of the art” thermally grown Si-SiO 2 interfaces using Auger sputter profiling. With improved experimental technique and theoretical treatment of electron escape depth and ion knock-on effects, we find the width of the interface to be about 2.0 nm. This width is probably due to an undulating interface, the period of which is less than 100 μm. Any SiO x present resides in a connective layer no greater than 0.8 nm thick at any point.
Synthesis and evaluation of N-aryl and N-alkenyl CBI derivatives

The preparation of a novel series of N-aryl CBI derivatives in which an aryl substituent could be used to predictably modulate the reactivity of the resulting CC-1065/duocarmycin alkylation subunit analogue is detailed and its extension to a unique series of N-alkenyl derivatives is reported. The N-aryl derivatives were found to be exceptionally stable and to exhibit well-defined relationships between structure (X-ray), reactivity, and cytotoxic potency. When combined with the results of past investigations, the studies define a fundamental parabolic relationship between reactivity and cytotoxic potency. The parabolic relationship establishes that compounds in the series should possess sufficient stability to reach their biological target (DNA), yet maintain sufficient reactivity to effectively alkylate DNA upon reaching the biological target. Just as importantly, it defined this optimal balance of stability and reactivity that may be used for future design of related analogues. Notably, the duocarmycin SA and yatakemycin alkylation subunit lies at this optimal stability/reactivity position, whereas the CC-1065 and duocarmycin A alkylation subunits lie progressively and significantly to the left of this optimal position (too reactive).
Improving data analysis through diverse data source integration

Daily sensor data volumes are increasing from gigabytes to multiple terabytes. The manpower and resources needed to analyze the increasing amount of data are not growing at the same rate. Current volumes of diverse data, both live streaming and historical, are not fully analyzed. Analysts are left mostly to analyzing the individual data sources manually. This is both time consuming and mentally exhausting. Expanding data collections only exacerbate this problem. Improved data management techniques and analysis methods are required to process the increasing volumes of historical and live streaming data sources simultaneously. Analysts need improved techniques to reduce an decision response time and to enable more intelligent and immediate situation awareness. Faster analysis of disparate information sources may be achieved by providing a system that allows analysts to pose integrated queries on diverse data sources without losing data provenance.
Voting in an officer election: Testing a model in a multi-site local

We test a model based on social exchange theory to explain the patterns of membership voting in a local union officer election. Survey data from members and stewards aggregated by 55 voting units, when combined with the control variable, explained 46 percent of the variance in the incumbent president's re-election. A greater percentage of member votes for the incumbent president were related to higher union loyalty, higher confidence in the grievance procedure, better union-management relations, and more positive perceptions of the union contract, findings that support our model of membership voting.
The morphological distinctiveness of Homo sapiens and its recognition in the fossil record: Clarifying the problem

Species are historically differentiated entities that, osteologically, may be differentiated to inconveniently varying extents. Living Homo sapiens is a distinctive morphological entity that is easily distinguished in both cranial and postcranial morphology from all other living hominoids and from the vast majority of its fossil relatives. In this contribution, we offer several apparent cranial apomorphies of the living species, while recognizing that it is reasonable to expect some degree of overlap in the ranges of variation of individual characters among closely related species such as those within the genus Homo. No one aspect of morphological detail may be considered totally diagnostic within very close-knit groups of this sort or, conversely, be regarded as blurring the identities of their components. Overlap in morphological detail may even be expected in cases where striking Gestalt differences exist between closely related species due to major developmental reorganization. As a result, while the morphological and, by extension, historical distinction between such highly differentiated species pairs as Homo neanderthalensis and Homo sapiens is effectively unequivocal, in a nod to the intrinsic untidiness of biology the hominid fossil record does offer some instances that are much more difficult to interpret. In such cases, most, but not all, of the cranial apomorphies of living Homo sapiens, are present in individual fossil specimens or apparent populations. This is true, for example, of a set of variably dated and archeologically associated, as well as mostly incomplete, South African fossils (for example, Border Cave, Boskop, Fish Hoek, and most Klasies River Mouth specimens). These specimens very closely resemble living Homo sapiens in preserved overall cranial structure, but most conspicuously lack bipartite brows and fully developed human chin configurations. Whatever resolutions hominid systematists may reach in such cases, it is clear that to resort reflexively to such pernicious if convenient devices as “archaic Homo sapiens” only obscures any potential signals of systematic diversity in what is increasingly evidently a highly complex late Pleistocene hominid record.
Repetitive Sequence Families in Alces alces americana

High-resolution derivative melting was used to obtain detailed distributions of local (G + C) contents in a number of ruminant DNAs. Profiles over low (G + C) regions [20–36% (G + C)] are congruent for all ruminants. This region represents 45–50% of the nuclear DNA content and primarily contains intergenic and intron sequences. The high (G + C) region, where most coding sequences are found [38–68% (G + C)], is marked by satellite bands denoting the presence of transcriptionally inert, tandemly repetitive sequence families. These bands can be analyzed for the abundance, base composition, and sequence divergence of satellite families with relatively high precision. Band patterns are unique to each species; even closely related species can be readily distinguished by their base distribution profiles. Variations in nuclear DNA contents in ruminants, determined by flow cytometry, are primarily due to variations in abundances of these repetitive sequence families. Thus, A. alces (moose) is found to have 8.85 ± 0.2 pg DNA/cell, 25% more than the average in ruminants, while the base distribution curve indicates the presence of an unusually abundant satellite of 52.6% (G + C). The size (1 kb) and sequence of this satellite corresponds to satellite-I of other cervids, and in consequence it is designated Alces-I. The sequence of a cloned repeat of Alces-I has a length of 968 bp, a (G + C) content of 52.6%, and contributes 35%, or almost 3 million copies to the nuclear DNA, exceeding by ∼300% the average array size of this repeat family in related cervids. In situ hybridization indicates the repeat is distributed throughout centromeric regions of all 62 acrocentric autosomes. Alces-I has much greater-than-expected numbers of GG, GA, and AG and far fewer numbers of TA and CG duplets, characteristics of all tandem repeats. The sequence is judged to be orthologous with satellite-I sequences from Rangifer tarandus (caribou), Capreolus capreolus (roe deer), Muntiacus muntjac (Chinese muntjac) and Muntiacus reevesi (Indian muntjac), as well as Antilocapra americana (pronghorn), and the bovids Bos taurus and Ovis aries. A tentative tree for the five cervids is in excellent agreement with one proposed on the basis of morphological characteristics. Differences from a consensus sequence indicate transversions exceed transitions by almost twofold, suggesting that substitutions occur randomly, or nearly so.
A velocity-command controller for a VTOL aircraft

A technique is presented for calculating feedback and feedforward gain matrices that enable a VTOL aircraft to track input commands of forward and vertical velocity while maintaining acceptable responses to pilot inputs. Leverrier's algorithm is used for determining a set of state-variable, feedback gains that force the closed-loop poles and zeros of one pilot-input transfer function to pre-selected positions in the s-plane. This set of feedback gains is then used to calculate the feedback and feedforward gains for the velocity-command controller. The method is computationally attractive since the gains are determined by solving systems of linear, simultaneous equations. The method is used in a digital simulation of the CH-47 helicopter to control longitudinal dynamics.
Response to a multi-media system

Several physics classes followed an integrated multi-media, multi-modal teaching-learning system or schedule, and completed a number of evaluation instruments designed to collect data on both affective and cognitive variables, as well as on the resulting behaviors of teachers and students. The data lead to some tentative conclusions about reactions of students to different media in such a system, effects of media on learning, and the impact of the system on teacher self-concept. Conclusions relate to the future of such integrated systems and their effects on motivation and learning.
Improved Healing of Sulfur Mustard-Induced Cutaneous Lesions in the Weanling Pig by Pulsed Co2 Laser Debridement

AbstractThe healing of cutaneous wounds induced by the chemical war-fare agent sulfur mustard [bis(2-chloroethyl)sulfide; HD] following pulsed CO2 laser debridement was examined in weanling pigs. Six animals (7-9 kg) were used to examine the efficacy of a Tru-Pulse CO2 laser in promoting improved healing. Each animal had 24 exposure sites on the dorsum. Eight sites were sham exposed, eight sites were exposed to saturated HD vapor for 5 min, and eight sites were exposed to saturated HD vapor for 15 min. Twelve sites on each pig were debrided using a pulsed CO2 laser. Two pigs were debrided each at 6, 24, and 48 h postexposure. The pigs were monitored during a 14-day healing period for erythema (by reflectance colorimetry), edema (Draize scoring), systemic toxicity (by hematological and clinical chemistry examinations), and lesion size (by video dermatoscopic examination and image analysis). At the end of the 14-day period, animals were euthanized and biopsies taken of all exposure sites for histopathologic...
EPR study of isothermal annealing kinetics of the F center in KCl

KCl F centers isothermal annealing kinetics using EPR, considering electron irradiation levels effects
Mexican peso crisis and its spillover effects to emerging market debt

Abstract This paper examines the spillover effects of the Mexican financial crisis to emerging financial markets. As of November 1994, the financial markets were not anticipating a change in exchange rate regime in Mexico. Coincident with the peso devaluation on 20, December 1994, Mexican Brady bond prices declined significantly and continued to experience significant decline during the subsequent three months. Emerging market assets reacted differently to the Mexican crisis. Latin America as a region was more exposed to the Mexican crisis than emerging markets from other regions. The ratio of liquid monetary assets to international reserves and the ratio of current account to GDP were the most influential variables in explaining variation in CARs across countries. Trade competition with third markets was the most significant transmission channel during the Mexican crisis.
Complexation of Doxorubicin with β and γ-Cyclodextrins:

The binding of β- and γ-cyclodextrins with the anti-cancer drug doxorubicin has been examined with the use of fluorescence and absorbance spectroscopy, circular dichroism measurements, and proton NMR spectroscopy. The stoichiometry of the complexes formed and their apparent formation constants have been estimated with the use of various approaches. The stoichiometries for both the β-cyclodextrin-doxorubicin complex and the γ-cyclodextrin-doxorubicin complex have been determined to be predominantly 1:1. The strength of the interaction of the drug with γ-cyclodextrin is stronger than that with β-cyclodextrin. The effect of varying the pH on the calculated formation constants of the complexes has also been investigated.
Effects of Guanidine Inhibitors on Mung Bean Mitochondria

The effects of phenylethylbiguanidide, decamethylenediguanidide, and octylguanidine have been studied with mung bean hypocotyl mitochondria (Phaseolus aureus var. Jumbo) supplied with malate, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, succinate, or ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine as substrates. The guanidines act as energy transfer inhibitors, all three inhibiting all three phosphorylation sites. Phenylethylbiguanidide causes only partial inhibition even at relatively high concentrations. Decamethylenediguanidide inhibits about 70% of the malate respiration, 55% of the succinate respiration, and 35% of the ascorbate-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine respiration.Octylguanidine inhibits all three phosphorylation sites and the cyanide-insensitive respiration, but to differing extents and at different concentrations. Both states 3 and 4 are inhibited by octylguanidine. Inhibition of state 4 is preceded by an uncoupling action at lower concentrations of inhibitor, while inhibition of state 3 is influenced by the state of the mitochondria when the inhibitor is added. Application of the guanidine to state 4 mitochondria is more effective than application to mitochondria already in state 3.
Child Pedestrian Injury A Review of Behavioral Risks and Preventive Strategies

Pedestrian injury is among the leading causes of pediatric death in the United States and much of the world. This article is divided into 2 sections. First, we review the literature on behavioral risk factors for child injury. Cognitive and perceptual development risks are discussed. The roles of distraction, temperament and personality, and social influences from parents and peers are presented. We conclude the first section with brief reviews of environmental risks, pedestrian safety among special populations, and the role of sleep and fatigue on pediatric pedestrian safety. The second section of the review considers child pedestrian injury prevention strategies. Categorized by mode of presentation, we discuss parent instruction strategies, school-based instruction strategies (including crossing guards), and streetside training techniques. Technology-based training strategies using video, internet, and virtual reality are reviewed. We conclude the section on prevention with discussion of community-based...
The subcellular distribution of histamine, slow-reacting substance and 5-hydroxytryptamine in the brain of the rat

Various extracts of brain were prepared with dilute and concentrated acid, acetone and n-butanol. When the extracts were applied to the guinea-pig isolated ileum, they produced a slow contraction which was not prevented by an antihistamine; in addition, the acid and acetone extracts inhibited the action of histamine. Histamine in extracts of brain was separated from other pharmacologically active substances by chromatography on a carboxylic-acid resin and estimated biologically. The bulk of this histamine was found in small particulate material, whereas slow-reacting substance was found in particulate material of greater density. 5-Hydroxytryptamine was in both the small and large particles. There was no relationship between the distribution of these substances and that of succinic dehydrogenase activity. The measurement of histamine in brain both by biological assay on the guinea-pig ileum and by chemical assay using a fluorimetric procedure gave mean values of 53 and 246 ng/g of wet tissue, respectively. The high values obtained by the chemical assay are attributable in part to substances other than histamine which become fluorescent after reaction with o-phthalaldehyde in this procedure.
Asset-Specific Investment and Unionized Labor

This article investigates the bargaining problem that exists when firms make asset-specific investments and then are subject to excessive union wage demands. In this context, the combination of both large asset specific investment and high union density is important in determining the magnitude of the bargaining problem. Using firm-specific union-density rates and various asset-specificity proxies, evidence is found that the bargaining problem results in substantially lower firm profitability, investment, and employment.
Instant messaging bots: accountability and peripheral participation for textual user interfaces

Over the last several years, studies of instant messaging have observed its increasing role in the workplace[1] and in social situations[2]. We propose that modifying applications to interact with users over Instant Messaging (as IM bots) extends the collaborative benefits of IM into new areas. As IM Bots participating in group chatrooms, applications that had previously been restricted to a single user command line are able to engage in many to many interactions between users and applications. Current command line oriented user interfaces can be made into collaborative interfaces that exhibit (at a basic level) the ethnomethodological property of accountability as well as supporting legitimate peripheral participation.
Representation of visual stimuli in inferior temporal cortex.

In primates, inferior temporal (IT) cortex is crucial for the processing and storage of visual information about form and colour. This article reviews the properties of IT neurons and considers how these properties may underlie the perceptual and mnemonic functions of IT cortex. The available evidence suggests that the processing of the facial image by IT cortex is similar to its processing of other visual patterns. Faces and other complex visual stimuli appear to be represented by the pattern of responses over a population of IT neurons rather than by the responses of specific \`feature detectors' or \`grandmother' cells. IT neurons with adult-like stimulus properties are present in monkeys as young as six weeks old.
Individuality in children, its importance to the pediatrician.

Temperamental individuality is defined, and a methodology for its study is presented.Illustrative examples of temperamental characteristics of reactivity are discussed, and the manner in which our findings may be applied to pediatric practice in handling day-to-day problems is pointed out.
On the choice of a truncation point in fourier series density estimation

A new method of estimating the truncation point which minimizes the mean integrated squared error (MISF) of a Fourier series density estimator is proposed The similarity of the new method to Akaike’s (1974) AIC procedure for estimating the dimension of a statistical model suggests a second method of choosing a truncation point.It is shown that both of the new methods lead to consistent estimation of the underlying density.A simulation study indicates that for certain density functions the new methods are an improvement over the original method of Kronmal and Tarter (1968).
An evaluation of induced extrusion in the repair of a loose tooth.

Abstract The relationship in therapy of induced extrusion, splinting, and periodontal surgery is explored through two clinical examples. These illustrate how the benefits of extrusion for periodontal repair can be acquired by repeated coronal reduction prior to splinting. Support for a concept of periodontal repair through extrusion can be found in the literature. This report presents a further clinical evaluation of this concept. Clinical situations, involving pathologic mobility of one or two teeth, appear most suitable for this treatment. Premature splinting can interfere with periodontal repair in some patients by inhibiting eruption. Splinting should be deferred for some patients to permit realization of the benefits of tooth eruption.
Linking product design in CAD with assembly operations in CAM for virtual product assembly

Purpose – Virtual product design has become a key technology in reducing costly design errors that are often difficult to detect manually. In order to evaluate product assembly in a virtual environment, it is important to link a product's design in CAD with the constrained complexity of assembly operations in CAM so that the design can be evaluated and modified in a virtual environment before production begins. The paper aims to focus on this.Design/methodology/approach – The proposed virtual system includes the following components: a product assembly coding model, named Open Structured Assembly Coding System (OSACS), that codes part‐mating operations for assembling any two parts in CAM; a rule‐based code extractor that identifies OSACS codes for assembling product from the part‐mating information encoded in Standard for the Exchange of Product Model Data AP‐203 CAD data; and an assembly‐sequence generator that generates a binary assembly‐tree for the designed product coded with OSACS assembly codes, rep...
Re-establishability in abstract biology.

It is shown that any (ℳ ℛ) has some component which cannot be re-established after it has been inhibited. If there is only one such component, it must be central, that is, its inhibition stops the whole system. These results hold even when it is not assumed that ℳ is connected.
Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei: 4≤ Z ≤26 and 0.3≤ E ≤2 GeV amu −1

Energy spectra of cosmic ray nuclei in the charge range 5≤Z≤26 have been derived from the response of an acrylic plastic Cerenkov detector. Data were obtained using a balloon-borne detector and cover the energy range 320≲E≲2200 MeV amu−1. Spectra are derived from a formal deconvolution using the method of Lezniak (1975). Relative spectra of different elements are compared by observing the charge ratios. Secondary-primary ratios are observed to decrease with increasing energy, consistent with the effect previously observed at higher energy. Primary-to-primary ratios are constant for 6≤Z≤10 and 14≤Z≤26 but vary for 10≤Z≤14. This data is found to be consistent with existing data, where comparable, and lends strong support to the idea of two separate source populations contributing to the cosmic ray composition.
Intertemporal and intergenerational pareto efficiency revisited

Abstract This paper demonstrates that Bishop's formulation deviates in a fundamental way from our model and, in so doing, Bishop has assumed the problem away. Bishop utilizes a utility function that is too general to discriminate the time pattern of consumption from that of production. Hence, the intertemporal nature of the goods that we analyzed cannot be captured by Bishop's representation. Furthermore, we show that current benefit cost methods that discount the benefit stream of a public asset are Pareto intertemporally inefficient.
USING DIVIDEND POLICY AND MANAGERIAL OWNERSHIP TO REDUCE AGENCY COSTS

In this study we examine dividends and chief executive officer (CEO) stock ownership as interrelated mechanisms that may be used to reduce agency costs. We find a significant nonmonotonic relation between dividend yield and CEO stock ownership. Our evidence shows that until the CEO becomes entrenched, increased executive stock ownership reduces agency costs and decreases dividend yield. Beyond that point, increased stock ownership increases dividend yield. Whether additional stock ownership can reduce agency costs depends upon the CEO's degree of control in the firm.
On Bayesian estimation of the multiple decrement function in the competing risks problem, II: The discrete case

Abstract In an earlier paper, the authors studied the behavior of Bayes estimators of the multiple decrement function in the competing risks problem using a Dirichlet process prior with a continuous prior measure α. Certain applications, including the analysis of life tables based on grouped data, require a complementary analysis with a discrete α. Such an analysis is developed here, and applied to provide Bayes estimators of the multiple decrement function from discrete data on the survival times of multiple myeloma patients.
Effect of Bridge Geometry on Exchange Coupling in Ligand-Bridged Copper(II) Dimers and Chains

Abstract The singlet triplet splitting resulting from exchange coupling in three series of ligand-bridged copper(II) complexes is primarily controlled by the angle at the bridging ligand atom and by the length of the superexchange pathway. Magnetic and structural data exist for chloro-, bromo-, and sulfur-bridged complexes. The smooth correlation between the exchange coupling constant J and the quotient of structural parameters φr 0 (where φ is the angle at the bridging ligand atom and r 0, is the long out-of-plane bond distance) may be explained in terms of extended Huckel molecular-orbital theory, but the theory does not permit an explanation why only complexes which obey the simple correlation exist. It is predicted that a family of such structurally and magnetically related complexes should exist.
Parametric fault diagnosis for analog circuits using a Bayesian framework

In this paper, we present a parametric fault diagnosis approach for analog/RF circuits based on a Bayesian framework. The Bayesian fault diagnosis requires extensive statistical profiling which is enabled by a an efficient hierarchical process variability analysis. Both DC and AC parameters are used as measurements to provide maximum diagnostic resolution. A sensitivity guided test input selection scheme is used to determine the measurement attributes that are most likely to distinguish among the faults. Fault dictionaries are constructed using parametric faults at the transistor level that have both marginal and higher deviations. During the diagnosis step, additional online profiling helps increase the diagnostic resolution. Experiments on a transistor level amplifier circuit confirms that the approach is accurate in terms of statistical attributes and most deviations in layout and process level parameters can be correctly diagnosed.