cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Genetic differentiation of spring-spawning and fall-spawning male Atlantic sturgeon in the James River, Virginia.

Atlantic sturgeon (Acipenser oxyrinchus oxyrinchus, Acipenseridae) populations are currently at severely depleted levels due to historic overfishing, habitat loss, and pollution. The importance of biologically correct stock structure for effective conservation and management efforts is well known. Recent improvements in our understanding of Atlantic sturgeon migrations, movement, and the occurrence of putative dual spawning groups leads to questions regarding the true stock structure of this endangered species. In the James River, VA specifically, captures of spawning Atlantic sturgeon and accompanying telemetry data suggest there are two discrete spawning groups of Atlantic sturgeon. The two putative spawning groups were genetically evaluated using a powerful microsatellite marker suite to determine if they are genetically distinct. Specifically, this study evaluates the genetic structure, characterizes the genetic diversity, estimates effective population size, and measures inbreeding of Atlantic sturgeon in the James River. The results indicate that fall and spring spawning James River Atlantic sturgeon groups are genetically distinct (overall FST = 0.048, F’ST = 0.181) with little admixture between the groups. The observed levels of genetic diversity and effective population sizes along with the lack of detected inbreeding all indicated that the James River has two genetically healthy populations of Atlantic sturgeon. The study also demonstrates that samples from adult Atlantic sturgeon, with proper sample selection criteria, can be informative when creating reference population databases. The presence of two genetically-distinct spawning groups of Atlantic sturgeon within the James River raises concerns about the current genetic assignment used by managers. Other nearby rivers may also have dual spawning groups that either are not accounted for or are pooled in reference databases. Our results represent the second documentation of genetically distinct dual spawning groups of Atlantic sturgeon in river systems along the U.S. Atlantic coast, suggesting that current reference population database should be updated to incorporate both new samples and our increased understanding of Atlantic sturgeon life history.
Measured Horizontal Temperature Gradients Constrain Heat Transfer Mechanisms in Greenland Ice

Ice in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet is known to contain vertical temperature gradients that arise from conduction at the boundaries, the addition of strain and latent heat, and advective heat transport. A three-dimensional array of temperature measurements in a grid of boreholes reveals horizontal ice temperature gradients that challenge the present conceptualization of heat transfer. We measure two distinct types of temperature variability in the horizontal direction, one impacting a confined region where ice temperatures span a range of 5°C, and another with temperatures consistently varying by approximately 2°C across the entire 3-D block. We suggest the first demonstrates the localized and limited nature of latent heat input, and the second demonstrates that vertical heat advection outpaces diffusion. These findings imply that ice flow is highly variable over sub-ice-thickness length scales, which in turn generates contrasts in ice temperature that may impact ice deformation and fracturing.
Making a Better Hematopoietic Stem Cell — Timing Is Everything

Boosting Hematopoietic Stem Cells for Transplantation Ex vivo manipulation of hematopoietic stem cells renders them susceptible to apoptosis. A study using a mouse model demonstrates a strategy to guard against their apoptotic demise.
"So we basically let them struggle": Student perceptions of challenges in intergenerational Service-Learning.

Service-learning is a widely used pedagogical practice that integrates community involvement and civic engagement into the classroom. Benefits of service-learning in gerontology include an increased sense of personal growth, greater knowledge of aging, and enhanced interest in aging-related careers. However, relatively little research has specifically explored the challenges associated with intergenerational service-learning. A focus group documented the experiences of 19 students who were required to participate in at least 20 hours of intergenerational service-learning for an introductory gerontology course. Because an administrative error prevented students from knowing about the service-learning requirement until they were enrolled, these participants were well qualified to discuss the challenges and positive aspects of their experiences. In addition to confirming known benefits of service-learning, three major themes regarding challenges emerged: lack of communication, the need for guidance, and creating meaningful relationships. This study provides suggestions for further development of "best practice" guidelines unique to intergenerational service-learning.
Postsyntactic inflection of the degree phrase in German

Recent treatments of concord contend that adjectival inflection occurs postsyntactically through the insertion of Agr nodes onto individual, concord-bearing heads after Spell-Out (i.a. Norris 2012, 2014). I examine these claims through the lens of degree modification in German, which demonstrates that current formulations of this approach are untenable. I argue however that a postsyntactic treatment of (adjectival) concord can in fact be maintained if Agr node insertion occurs phrasally at DegP, and not at adjectival heads. This account explains i) an observed difference between the inflection of analytic vs. synthetic degree expressions in both simple and complex modifiers, and ii) a puzzle involving across-the-board inflection of coordinated adjectives, which I argue to involve pointwise attachment of Agr.
Deoxycytidine stimulates the in vitro growth of normal CFU-GM and reverses the negative regulatory effects of acidic isoferritin and prostaglandin E1

We have examined the effect of supraphysiologic concentrations of the naturally occurring nucleoside deoxycytidine (dCyd) on the in vitro growth of normal (CFU-GM) and leukemic (L-CFU) myeloid progenitor cells. Bone marrow samples obtained from 34 consecutive patients undergoing routine diagnostic bone marrow aspirations for nonmalignant hematologic disorders exhibited nearly a twofold increment in CFU-GM when continuously cultured in the presence of 10(-4) mol/L dCyd. Higher dCyd concentrations were associated with a smaller degree of enhancement of colony formation. In contrast, the growth of leukemic blast progenitors obtained from patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia were not enhanced by any of the dCyd concentrations tested. Coadministration of 10(-3) mol/L tetrahydrouridine (THU), a cytidine deaminase inhibitor, failed to alter the relative inability of dCyd to enhance L-CFU colony growth. The stimulatory effect of dCyd on normal CFU-GM was not mediated by the adherent mononuclear cell population of the marrow, nor was it restricted to the subpopulation of CFU-GM in S phase at the time of initial exposure. Moreover, treatment of normal bone marrow cells with dCyd at concentrations ranging from 10(-6) to 5 X 10(-3) mol/L for 24 hours had only a minor effect on the fraction of CFU-GM in S phase. Coadministration of 10(-4) mol/L dCyd was able to reverse the inhibitory effects of several putative regulators of normal myelopoiesis, including leukemia inhibitory activity (LIA), acidic isoferritins (AIF), and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1). Leukemic myeloblasts exposed to 10(-4) mol/L dCyd exhibited substantial expansion of intracellular pools of dCyd triphosphate (dCTP), demonstrating that inability to metabolize dCyd could not be solely responsible for the absence of growth potentiation in these cells. These studies suggest that supraphysiologic concentrations of dCyd may confer a selective in vitro growth advantage upon normal v leukemic myeloid progenitor cells, and may free the former from the inhibitory effects of several potential negative regulators of myelopoiesis.
Double Victims: Ending the Incarceration of California's Battered Women

This Comment focuses on the plight of incarcerated survivors of domestic violence—specifically, women who are eligible for habeas corpus relief under California Penal Code section 1473.5. Taking the position that these women should be released from prison, the author examines the range of relief potentially available before focusing on the advantages and shortcomings of the two most common paths to release: (1) parole and (2) habeas corpus under section 1473.5. This Comment illustrates how the politicization of California‘s parole process and the technicalities of the habeas statute have limited survivors‘ access to relief. Ultimately, this Comment concludes that increased resources and appropriate implementation of the habeas statute provide the most appropriate paths forward to guarantee justice for women victimized by both abusers and by California‘s carceral system.
Some Applications of Linear Algebra

This chapter begins with a section on the classification of symmetry groups in three dimensions, continuing the discussion of symmetry groups begun in Section 14. The next two sections are an introduction to analytic methods in matrix theory. In the first, a system of first order linear differential equations with constant coefficients is translated into a single vector differential equation, and solved using the exponential function of a matrix. The second contains a theorem on the eigenvalues and eigen-vectors of a matrix whose entries are positive real numbers. An application to stochastic matrices and Markov chains is outlined. Finally, we take up an approach, using linear algebra, to a problem in classical algebra, on sums of squares.
Nuclear and Optical Bimodal Imaging Probes Using Sequential Assembly: A Perspective.

Abstract New, targeted imaging tracers enable improved diagnosis, staging, and planning of treatment of disease and represent an important step toward personalized medicine applications. The combination of radioisotopes for nuclear imaging with fluorophores for fluorescence imaging provides the possibility to noninvasively assess disease burden in a patient using positron emission tomography/single-photon emission computed tomography, followed by fluorescence imaging-assisted surgical intervention in close succession. Probes enabling imaging with both modalities pose a design, synthesis, and pharmacokinetics challenge. In this study, the authors strive to summarize recent efforts toward optimized, discrete, bimodal probes as well as a perspective on future directions of this burgeoning subfield of targeted imaging probe development.
In Vivo Evidence for ATPase-Dependent DNA Translocation by the Bacillus subtilis SMC Condensin Complex.

Summary Structural maintenance of chromosomes (SMC) complexes shape the genomes of virtually all organisms, but how they function remains incompletely understood. Recent studies in bacteria and eukaryotes have led to a unifying model in which these ring-shaped ATPases act along contiguous DNA segments, processively enlarging DNA loops. In support of this model, single-molecule imaging experiments indicate that Saccharomyces cerevisiae condensin complexes can extrude DNA loops in an ATP-hydrolysis-dependent manner in vitro. Here, using time-resolved high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C), we investigate the interplay between ATPase activity of the Bacillus subtilis SMC complex and loop formation in vivo. We show that point mutants in the SMC nucleotide-binding domain that impair but do not eliminate ATPase activity not only exhibit delays in de novo loop formation but also have reduced rates of processive loop enlargement. These data provide in vivo evidence that SMC complexes function as loop extruders.
Displacement as Significant Collateral Harm in War

Traditionally, in deciding whether some strategy or action in war is proportionate and necessary and thus permissible both international law and just war theory focus exclusively on civilian deaths and the destruction of civilian infrastructure. I argue in this paper that any argument that can explain why we should care about collateral killing and damage to infrastructure can also explain why collateral displacement matters. I argue that displacement is a foreseeable near-proximate cause of lethal harm to civilians and is relevant for proportionality and necessity calculi. Accepting my argument has significant consequences for what we are permitted to do in war and for what obligations we have towards refugees that result from our actions in war.
Knowledge, attitudes, and practices of bedside nursing staff regarding antibiotic stewardship: A cross-sectional study.

Background Nursing engagement in antibiotic stewardship programs (ASPs) remains suboptimal. The purpose of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of nursing staff members regarding ASPs and identify barriers to their participation in such programs. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted at Virginia Commonwealth University Health System, an 860-bed tertiary care academic center located in Richmond, Virginia, where a well-resourced ASP has been in place for 2 decades. A survey consisting of 12 questions was administered to nursing staff via REDCap (Research Electronic Data Capture) in February 2018. Results A total of 159 survey responses were included in the study. The results demonstrated gaps in knowledge regarding antibiotic stewardship (AS) and highlighted the importance of improving communication between nurses and ASPs. Overall, 102 (64.15%) of the study participants indicated familiarity with AS. Time constraints and concerns over physician pushback were identified as major barriers to participation. Conclusions Many nurses were unaware of our center's ASP. Nurses identified activities falling within their daily workflow as potential areas for contribution to ASPs. Key barriers to participation were also identified. These data will inform efforts to engage nursing in AS activities at our medical center.
Alteration of genome folding via contact domain boundary insertion

Animal chromosomes are partitioned into contact domains. Pathogenic domain disruptions can result from chromosomal rearrangements or perturbation of architectural factors. However, such broad-scale alterations are insufficient to define the minimal requirements for domain formation. Moreover, to what extent domains can be engineered is just beginning to be explored. In an attempt to create contact domains, we inserted a 2-kb DNA sequence underlying a tissue-invariant domain boundary-containing a CTCF-binding site (CBS) and a transcription start site (TSS)-into 16 ectopic loci across 11 chromosomes, and characterized its architectural impact. Depending on local constraints, this fragment variably formed new domains, partitioned existing ones, altered compartmentalization and initiated contacts reflecting chromatin loop extrusion. Deletions of the CBS or the TSS individually or in combination within inserts revealed its distinct contributions to genome folding. Altogether, short DNA insertions can suffice to shape the spatial genome in a manner influenced by chromatin context.
Case study of the integration of electronic patient-reported outcomes as standard of care in a head and neck oncology practice: Obstacles and opportunities

Background Patient-reported outcomes (PROs) allow for the direct measurement of functional and psychosocial effects related to treatment. However, technological barriers, survey fatigue, and clinician adoption have hindered the meaningful integration of PROs into clinical care. The objective of the authors was to develop an electronic PROs (ePROs) program that meets a range of clinical needs across a head and neck multidisciplinary disease management team. Methods The authors developed the ePROs module using literature review and stakeholder input in collaboration with health informatics. They designed an ePROs platform that was integrated as the standard of care for personalized survey delivery by diagnosis across the disease management team. Tableau software was used to create dashboards for data visualization and monitoring at the clinical enterprise, disease subsite, and patient levels. All patients who were treated for head and neck cancer were eligible for ePROs assessment as part of the standard of care. A descriptive analysis of ePROs program implementation is presented herein. Results The Head and Neck Service at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center has integrated ePROs into clinical care. Surveys are delivered via the patient portal at the time of diagnosis and longitudinally through care. From August 1, 2018, to February 1, 2020, a total of 4154 patients completed ePROs surveys. The average patient participation rate was 69%, with a median time for completion of 5 minutes. Conclusions Integration of the head and neck ePROs program as part of clinical care is feasible and could be used to assess value and counsel patients in the future. Continued qualitative assessments of stakeholders and workflow will refine content and enhance the health informatics platform. Lay summary Patients with head and neck cancer experience significant changes in their quality of life after treatment. Measuring and integrating patient-reported outcomes as a part of clinical care have been challenging given the multimodal treatment options, vast subsites, and unique domains affected. The authors present a case study of the successful integration of electronic patient-reported outcomes into a high-volume head and neck cancer practice.
Inertial Safety from Structured Light

We present inertial safety maps (ISM), a novel scene representation designed for fast detection of obstacles in scenarios involving camera or scene motion, such as robot navigation and human-robot interaction. ISM is a motion-centric representation that encodes both scene geometry and motion; different camera motion results in different ISMs for the same scene. We show that ISM can be estimated with a two-camera stereo setup without explicitly recovering scene depths, by measuring differential changes in disparity over time. We develop an active, single-shot structured light-based approach for robustly measuring ISM in challenging scenarios with textureless objects and complex geometries. The proposed approach is computationally light-weight, and can detect intricate obstacles (e.g., thin wire fences) by processing high-resolution images at high-speeds with limited computational resources. ISM can be readily integrated with depth and range maps as a complementary scene representation, potentially enabling high-speed navigation and robotic manipulation in extreme environments, with minimal device complexity.
Longitudinal OCT tracking of antibiotic treatment response on experimentally induced otitis media

To non-invasively assess the impact of antibiotic therapy on otitis media (OM), a handheld OCT system was developed to longitudinally monitor in vivo middle ear conditions of OM-induced chinchilla models. The formation of middle ear effusions (MEEs) and biofilm were examined over the course of the infection. Furthermore, the effect of antibiotics on the biofilm as well as the amount and type of MEEs was investigated with low-dose and high-dose antibiotics (ceftriaxone). Quantitative parameters, such as TM thickness and effusion and biofilm scattering/texture, were correlated with histology and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) at the end time point.
The Return on Investment of Pandemic Rental Assistance: Modeling a Rare Win-Win-Win (preprint)

We are facing an eviction crisis. The COVID-19 pandemic, has sent our economy into a tailspin forcing countless Americans to choose between feeding their families or having a roof over their heads. Many low-income people, especially low-income people of color, are facing an unprecedented economic crisis with tremendous rates of wage reductions and job loss. This has resulted in millions of Americans being unable to pay their full rents, creating the legal grounds for their landlords to evict them. As of early December 2020, more than 19 million individuals lived in households behind on rent, and more than 30 million did not believe they could make next month’s rent payments on time. For renters who are facing eviction and their landlords, the unpaid bills are piling up. Scholars, policymakers, and advocates have increasingly focused on a number of solutions to the eviction crisis including eviction moratoria and rental assistance, concluding that these solutions can stabilize households, especially when combined. Yet, the refrain is almost always that investing in national rental assistance programs will be expensive. However, few analysts have emphasized the financial costs of inaction. This paper presents an analysis that estimates the Return on Investment (ROI) of a number of different pandemic-related rental assistance programs by comparing the costs of rental assistance with the social costs of homelessness and displacement. As seen in Figure 1, this piece finds that rental assistance has a positive ROI of between 229%-473%. These ROI values point to the conclusion that failing to invest in rental assistance will cost dramatically more than making the investment now. The ROI analysis finds that rental assistance stabilizes both tenants and landlords, preserves neighborhoods, and protects government budgets over the long-term. More broadly the returns on rental assistance argue for a re-imagination of the eviction system. The conclusion that the estimated benefits of rental assistance eclipse the estimated costs of providing the funds by three or four times, suggests that rental assistance should supplant eviction as the social remedy for the inability to pay rent. In other words, keeping people in their homes during this pandemic and beyond is not only the right thing to do, economically it is the smart thing to do.
Understanding the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic through the lens of innovation

In this article, we explore the Covid-19 crisis through the lens of innovation. We focus on the threat and opportunity drivers of innovation, and some of their product/service and process outcomes....
Leadership Versus Service: What’s the Difference? Is There a Difference?

Service is an important component of academic life that can lend meaning to one’s career and contribute to professional advancement, but these obligations should be actively evaluated and managed. There are many forms of service, and it is important to understand the advantages and disadvantages of participating in various types. Some forms of service may lead to leadership training and opportunities while others may be undervalued by the institution or profession. Leadership ideally includes a component of service to others and often grows from experiences in service work. Leadership should be flexible to meet the needs of contemporary organizations. Leadership style may evolve to meet the needs of specific situations or contexts. Developing a personal leadership style is a gradual process that arises from previous experiences as well as intentional self-development and is unique to each person.
Nonresponse adjustment using clinical and perioperative patient characteristics is critical for understanding post-discharge opioid consumption

Abstract Background Post-discharge opioid consumption is an important source of data in guiding appropriate opioid prescribing guidelines, but its collection is tedious and requires significant resources. Furthermore, the reliability of post-discharge opioid consumption surveys is unclear. Our group developed an automated short messaging service (SMS)-to-web survey for collecting this data from patients. In this study, we assessed its effectiveness in estimating opioid consumption by performing causal adjustment and comparison to a phone-based survey as reference. Methods Patients who underwent surgical procedures at our institution from 2019-2020 were sent an SMS message with a link to a secure web survey to quantify opioids consumed after discharge. Several patient factors extracted from the EHR were tested for association with survey response. Following targeted learning (TL) nonresponse adjustment using these EHR-based factors, opioid consumption survey results were compared to a prior telephone-based survey at our institution as a reference. Results 6,553 patients were included. Opioid consumption was measured in 2,883 (44%), including 1,342 (20.5%) through survey response. Characteristics associated with inability to measure opioid consumption included age, length of stay, race, tobacco use, and missing preoperative assessment. Among the top 10 procedures by volume, EHR-based TL nonresponse bias adjustment corrected the median opioid consumption reported by an average of 57%, and corrected the 75th percentile of reported consumption by an average of 11%. This brought median estimates for 6/10 procedures closer to telephone survey-based consumption estimates, and 75th percentile estimates for 3/10 procedures closer to telephone survey-based consumption estimates. Conclusion We found that applying electronic health record (EHR)-based machine learning nonresponse bias adjustment is essential for debiased opioid consumption estimates from patient surveys. After adjustment, post-discharge surveys can generate reliable opioid consumption estimates. Clinical factors from the EHR combined with TL adjustment appropriately capture differences between responders and nonresponders and should be used prior to generalizing or applying opioid consumption estimates to patient care.
Prevention and Treatment of Down Cows

The point where a down cow is no longer considered to be down temporarily but has become a "real" downer is at best arbitrary. Therefore, the line between prevention and treatment is also arbitrary. This terminology matter is only an academic issue, but it is useful to point out a general principle. That is: many of the measures used to prevent downers are the same ones used to manage downers in order to prevent them from getting worse and thereby provide time for healing. The major management tools1 for both prevention and treatment are:1. Providing a good non-slip surface to make it possible for cows to stand unassisted whenever possible.2. Providing a means to minimize compression damage due to recumbency. The 2 main tools here are comfortable and clean bedding and a variety of lifting or support methods. Prevention and treatment of the primary causes of recumbency per se are beyond the scope of this paper and will be covered in detail by other participants. Much can be done to prevent metabolic problems by good dry cow dietary management, but the more mundane matter of providing a safe environment for calving is often overlooked.
Constructivist or expository instructional approaches: Does instruction have an effect on the accuracy of Judgment of Learning (JOL)?

This study extrapolated from Liberman’s (2004) calibration model and Kimball and Metcalfe’s (2003) conceptualization in order to evaluate students’ judgment of learning (JOL) of material presented in either an expository or a constructivist format. The purpose of this study was to determine if students have differing degrees of JOL based on the format of the instruction, and if JOL is related at all to the level of knowledge obtained.
Multiplicity in cellulases of Schizophyllum commune. Derivation partly from heterogeneity in transcription and glycosylation.

The white-rot fungus, Schizophyllum commune, secretes a member of each of three classes of cellulases: a β-glucosidase, an exoglucanase, and an endoglucanase. Antibodies were developed to members of each of these three enzyme classes. Secretion of these cellulases is induced when a mycelium is ransferred from a glucose to cellulose medium. The maximum level of cellulase transcripts, as indicted by the ability to direct biosynthesis of these cellulases in the rabbit reticulocyte cell-free translation system, occurred when the rate of secretion was maximum. This implied that initial regulation, at least, of cellulase biosynthesis occurs at the transcriptional level. There were two distinct mRNA-directed products for each of the cellulases, with sizes estimated to be, for the β-glucosidase, 95 700 and 93 800, for the exoglucanase, 59 300 and 58 200, and for the carboxymethylcellulase, 40 600 and 39 400. The secreted cellulases are largely glycosylated, as indicated by their binding to concanavalin A and their incorporation of d-[3H]mannose. The labelled protein was fractionated on concanavalin-A–agarose; about 70% of the label was bound. A small amount of each of the cellulases appeared in the unbound fraction; the remainder appeared in fractions eluted with 10 mM methyl glucoside or with 100 mM methyl glucoside plus 500 mM methyl mannoside. These results indicated each of the cellulases had an additional heterogeneity in glycosylation, with the most heavily glycosylated and highest molecular weight from eluting last from the concanavalin-A–agarose. Although tunicamycin (5 μg/ml) blocked glycosylation, there was still some secretion but at a reduced rate which was more pronounced for the β-glucosidase than for the carboxymethylcellulase activity. The size of the tunicamycin-secreted product in each case was, within experimental error, equivalent to that of the mRNA-directed one.
The Western Mediterranean

Unlike many of the other regions covered in this volume, the western Mediterranean is neither an ancient political territory nor topographically distinct and self-contained. Nor does it constitute a region, like that of the Black Sea, which is defined by the complete shoreline of a bounded body of water and the interior behind that shore, or like the Aegean, a conventionally accepted sub-region of the Mediterranean and conceptualized as such in antiquity (Margomenou et al. 2005). Instead, “the western Mediterranean” is a term used in a way similar to “the west” in the modern world. Indeed, a shorthand reference that echoes a contemporary usage of “the west” has been extended into antiquity, where “the west” sometimes refers to the Greek colonial world, and also to the far reaches of the western Mediterranean basin frequented and settled by Greeks. This notion of the ancient west is paralleled by “the East,” “the Near (or Middle) East,” and further refined by “the far west” (like the modern “Far East”) to indicate an even greater degree of remove, unfamiliarity, and exoticism. Yet it can be argued that already in Greek antiquity there was a concept of “the west” or the western Mediterranean, and even notions of a near and far west. The far western Mediterranean – west of Sardinia and Corsica, including modern Spain and coastal France – was certainly not as thickly settled by Greeks as the middle west, i.e. Italy and Sicily. The western Mediterranean is, from the point of view of Greek history, simply the sea and landscapes west of the conventional Greek homeland of the Balkan peninsula, and for the Greeks it was a prime space of travel, trade, and colonization – not the only such space, but the scene of some of the earliest voyages, exchanges, and permanent settlements. One could make a case that parts of the central Mediterranean, or “midwest” (including part of coastal north Africa), should not be considered anything other than part of what we conventionally call “Greece” in the archaic period. The Greek communities of Sicily and southern Italy, for example, were established CHAPTER SIXTEEN
Myth, Memory, Trauma: Rethinking the Stalinist Past in the Soviet Union, 1953–70, by Jones, Polly

In 1956 Nikita Khrushchev addressed a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party and delivered a long speech denouncing his predecessor, Joseph Stalin. Khrushchev listed the many cr...
Is peak height sufficient

The suggestion that more power can be obtained from a genome scan by consideration of “peak width” in addition to “peak height” has been controversial. Regarding this question from the viewpoint of smoothing, one finds that to the extent that smoothing increases the informativeness of individual markers it is possible to obtain increased power; but for markers that are fully informative the value of smoothing is questionable. Genet. Epidemiol. 20:403–408, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Impact of a Life Planning Workshop on Perceived Locus of Control

This study used Rotter's I-E scale to investigate the efficacy of a Life Planning Workshop in facilitating development of an internal locus of control for 5 male and 8 female college students seeking assistance with vocational planning and decision making. Findings showed participants made significantly greater progress (p < .05) than did a control group of 11 nonparticipants in the development of an internal locus of control.
Ontogenesis of the states of sleep in rat, cat, and guinea pig during the first postnatal month

The behavioral and polygraphic characteristics of wakefulness and sleep were studied in 20 infant rats, 26 kittens, and 25 infant guinea pigs during their first month of postnatal life. In the infant guinea pig, the electrocorticographic (ECoG) patterns of sleep were similar to those of the adult, except for the absence of spindles during the first 3 weeks. In the rat and the cat, states of vigilance were not clearly differentiated in ECoG patterns during the first week; near the 8th day a fast, high amplitude ECoG appeared during paradoxical sleep (PS). The first signs of slow-wave sleep (SWS) appeared at 11 to 13 days of age in the rat and at 15 to 21 days in the cat. The greater the immaturity of the animal at birth, the greater was the amount of time spent in PS in the perinatal period. In the rat, which was born the most immature, the decrease in the percent time of PS was very rapid: 70 % at birth, it decreased to 12% on the 30th day. In the cat the decrease was slower. In the guinea pig, despite its relative maturity, the percent time of PS at birth was 7%, approximately double that in the adult. The length of extrauterine life as well as the degree of immaturity at birth, played a role in the development of the sleep-wakefulness cycle.
Furculae in the Late Triassic theropod dinosaur Coelophysis bauri

Furculae have been identified in many dinosaurs and are synapomorphic in some clades (e.g., dromaeosaurids). All coelophysid dinosaurs exceptCoelophysis bauri have been shown to possess furculae. To date, the oldest well-documented furculae have been those of the Early Jurassic coelophysids,Coelophysis kayentakatae andCoelophysis rhodesiensis. The confirmation of furculae in Apachean-agedC. bauri further documents appearance of these elements in the Late Triassic and shows that furculae are synapomorphic in the Coelophysidae. A total of five furculae have been found in New Mexico Museum of Natural History’s (NMMNH) Ghost Ranch, New Mexico Whitaker Quarry block C-8-82. We describe three furculae in articulated juvenile skeletons; two that are missing fragments but are nearly complete, and one apparently complete, a small fragment of a furcula associated with an adultC. bauri, and one complete but isolated furcula. We access the morphology and allometry of the scapulocoracoid and furcula and show that they grow, at least in juveniles, in isometry with the humerus. The furcula ofC. bauri has a widely opened U shape that subtends an angle of ∼ 120°. All the furculae have groove-like epicleidial facets at the distal ends of the rami and some possess a small centrally located hypocleideal process. We reconstruct the complete Shoulder girdle ofC. bauri with proper spacing and angles between the elements and find that the coracoids are very close together under the center of the furcula.
Therapeutic potential of Schisandra chinensis extracts for treatment of hypertension. Introduction to: 'antihypertensive effect of gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via preservation of nitric oxide bioavailability' by Park et al.

Therapeutic potential of Schisandra chinensis extracts for treatment of hypertension. Introduction to: ‘Antihypertensive effect of gomisin A from Schisandra chinensis on angiotensin II-induced hypertension via preservation of nitric oxide bioavailability’ by Park et al .
Orientation dependence of work function: BaO on Ir

Abstract The dependence of work function (φ) on substrate crystal orientation is studied for monolayer BaO films on Ir. The substrate used was a recrystallized Ir sheet with a distribution of crystals exposed. Auger and φ measurements were made on individual crystals by use of a scanning Auger instrument and a thermionic emission microscope. Comparisons are made between the properties of films deposited with a cold substrate (static films), and films produced by allowing the substrate to intercept an incident flux of BaO while at a temperature of 1050°C. In the latter case, the properties are measured after a steady state condition is reached. It was found that BaO which was adsorbed on those planes that one expects to be atomically smooth (e.g., (100), (111), (110)) had higher φ than BaO adsorbed on planes for which an atomically rough surface is expected (e.g., (012)). Possible interpretations of these results are discussed in terms of existing models for the adsorption of alkali metals and alkaline earth oxides deposited (or adsorbed) on Si and other substrates. The dependence of φ on the concentration of a trace impurity of phosphorus in the Ir is measured, and explained in terms of a dipole model.
Attitudes toward Bilingualism in Ireland.

Abstract The Irish Republic has developed and implemented language maintenance and language revival policies since gaining independence from British rule in 1922. At that time, the new Irish government envisioned a bilingual state in which both Irish and English would be used (O Riagain, 1997), and language policies were created to support that goal. Such policies were implemented using schools as the primary vehicle to maintain and revive the Irish language. As a result, two distinct forms of schooling were differentiated for language majority, English-speaking students. The first involves schools in which English is used as the primary medium of instruction, with Irish taught as a compulsory subject in school. Second are immersion schools, known as Gaelscoileanna, in which Irish is used as the medium of instruction apart from the teaching of English. This paper explores students' and parents' attitudes toward bilingualism in Ireland among students who participate in these two different types of schools....
Femtosecond Time-Resolved Observations Of Molecular And Crystalline Vibrations And Rearrangements

Time-resolved spectroscopy of condensed phase rearrangements is discussed and illustrative examples are presented. A femtosecond pulse initiates phase-coherent nuclear motion in nearly any medium through which it passes, through either optical absorption or impulsive stimulated light scattering. Acoustic phonons, optic phonons, molecular vibrations, or other types of motion may be driven. Once initiated, these motions can be monitored in real time with additional short pulses. In some cases the motion underway may lead to chemical or structural rearrangement of the sample. Examples of structural phase transitions, chemical reactions, and molecular dynamics in the liquid state are discussed.
Bison and deer bone mineral densities: Comparisons and implications for the interpretation of archaeological faunas

Abstract Volume bone mineral densities are derived for modern bison skeletal parts using dual energy X-ray densitometry. These density measurements are compared to those published by Lyman (1984) Journal of Anthropological Archaeology3, 259–299, for small cervids; differences that exist can be explained in terms of body size and patterns of locomotion. Density data then are compared to skeletal part frequencies from two Great Plains bison assemblages. Bison bone mineral densities provide a more appropriate model than do cervid densities for examining variability in large bovid bone assemblages, and point to the need for constructing similar data bases for other taxa.
PF-03475952: a potent and neutralizing fully human anti-CD44 antibody for therapeutic applications in inflammatory diseases

Introduction CD44 is a cell adhesion molecule believed to play a critical role in T cell and monocyte infiltration in the inflammatory process. The reduction of CD44 expression or its ability to properly interact with its key ligand, hyaluronic acid (HA), inhibits migration and subsequent activation of cells within sites of inflammation. CD44-deficient mice exhibit decreased disease in a mouse arthritis model.
Toward a Structural Perspective on Gender Bias in the Juvenile Court

A number of hypotheses about the effect of gender on the likelihood of incarceration in the juvenile court are tested. A purposive sample of 3911 delinquent (nonstatus) offending youths from 19 jur...
Warfarin Use in Nursing Home Residents: Results from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey

Abstract Background Practice guidelines recommend anticoagulation therapy with warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Despite this, warfarin is underused in older adults. Objective The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of AF in nursing home (NH) residents and the use of warfarin or other antiplatelet medications in NH residents with AF who have indications for and no contraindications against warfarin use. The secondary objective was to determine the factors associated with warfarin use in NH residents with AF. Methods Cross-sectional analysis of prescription and resident data files from the 2004 National Nursing Home Survey was performed. Residents with a diagnosis of AF were identified using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) codes, and prescriptions of warfarin and antiplatelet medications were identified using Long-Term Care Drug Database System (LTCDDS) codes. Resident characteristics, stroke risk factors, and potential bleeding risk factors significant at P 2 analyses were entered in the final multiple logistic regression model to determine the factors associated with warfarin use. Results From 13,507 NH residents, 1904 (14%) had a diagnosis of AF and 1767 (13%) had a diagnosis of AF with indications for and no contraindications against warfarin use. Of these 1767 residents, 537 (30%) were prescribed warfarin, and of the remaining 1230 residents who were not prescribed warfarin, 283 (23%) received either aspirin or clopidogrel. Thus, of 1767 residents with AF, with indications for and no contraindications to warfarin use, 947 (54%) residents did not receive any antithrombotic therapy in the form of warfarin, aspirin, clopidogrel, or a combination of these medications. Factors that were significantly associated with increased odds of receiving warfarin were congestive heart failure, previous stroke or transient ischemic attack, deep vein thrombosis or peripheral embolus, valvular heart disease, and total number of medications ≥6. Factors that were significantly associated with reduced odds of receiving warfarin were nonwhite race, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, and use of antiplatelets (ie, clopidogrel). Conclusions AF is common in NH residents, and more than half of the residents with AF who had indications for and no contraindications against warfarin use were not prescribed either warfarin or antiplatelets, such as aspirin or clopidogrel, suggesting that antithrombotic therapy may be underused in NH residents with AF.
Comparison of antibody titers after immunization with monovalent or tetravalent KLH conjugate vaccines.

Antigens such as ganglioside GD3, neutral glycolipid Lewis(y) (Le(y)) and mucins MUC1 and MUC2 are over-expressed on the cell surface of many tumors. We have shown previously that conjugation of antigens such as these to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and the use of immunological adjuvant QS-21 is the optimal approach for inducing high titer IgM and IgG antibodies. These antibodies are able to bind with natural antigens on the tumor cell surface and mediate complement dependent cytotoxicity and/or antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity. Immunization of patients with monovalent vaccines containing these and a variety of other antigens have demonstrated both the consistent immunogenicity and the safety of these vaccines. Now, in preparation for the use of polyvalent conjugate vaccines in the clinic, we have addressed for the first time with conjugate vaccines against cancer antigens several questions in the pre-clinical setting, including whether immunogenicity of the individual components is decreased in the polyvalent vaccine and issues relating to vaccine formulation and administration. We have immunized groups of mice with GD3-KLH, Le(y)-KLH, MUC1-KLH and MUC2-KLH conjugates and QS-21 separately or mixed and administered at one or four sites. High titer IgM and IgG antibodies were induced against each of the four antigens whether administered singly in separate mice, at separate sites in the same mice, or mixed and administered at a single site or at four sites, or administered subcutaneously (s.c.) or intraperitoneally (i.p.). These antibodies reacted specifically with the respective antigens and tumor cells expressing these antigens. There was no evidence of suppression of the antibody response against any one of the antigens by the presence of the other conjugates in the vaccine. Immunogenicity of the four individual antigens conjugated to KLH and QS-21 is not affected by mixing the four together and administering them at a single subcutaneous site.
Ovine maternal and fetal circulatory responses to an endoperoxide analog.

AbstractThere are extensive data on the circulatory responses to prostaglandins during pregnancy, but little is known about the precursor endoperoxides. The endoperoxide analog (15S)-hydroxy-9α, 11α-(epoxymethano)prosta-5Z, 13E-dienoic acid (EPA1) was used to evaluate the circulatory effects of endoperoxides in pregnant sheep. Ten near-term ewes and their fetuses were chronically catheterized to permit the measurement of regional blood flows by the radioactive microsphere method. In five sheep a fetal IV bolus injection of 12.5 μg/kg EPA1 produced a significant increase in fetal blood pressure from 43 to 51 mm Hg, vascular resistance of the cotyledons from 0.06 to 0.09 PRU·kg−1, membranes from 0.84 to 3.15 PRU·kg−1, and kidneys from 1.18 to 1.94 PRU·kg−1. In five sheep a 10-min maternal infusion of 0.5 μg/kg/min EPA1 produced a significant increase in blood pressure from 89.0 to 115.0 mm Hg, resistance of the uterus from 0.49 to 1.10 PRU, and kidneys from 0.13 to 0.20 PRU. There was no significant change ...
Morphological variation of the Caloneis schumanniana species complex (Bacillariophyceae) from different environmental conditions in North American streams

Morphological variations of the Caloneis schumanniana (Grunow) Cleve species complex were studied using multivariate analysis. Populations of three species, synonymized in the literature, i.e., C. schumanniana, Caloneis limosa (Kutzing) Patrick and Caloneis lewisii Patrick, were analyzed. Their morphological and ecological characteristics were evaluated and outlined for the sampled streams by US EPA’s Western Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program. Geographic separation among the three taxa was not resolved. This study showed that C. schumanniana has wider ecological tolerance than C. limosa and C. lewisii. Despite the ecological overlap, specific ecological preferences of C. limosa and C. lewisii were described.
An Oxynaspid (Cirripedia, Thoracica) From the Eastern Pacific 1)

Les representants du genre Oxynaspis vivent principalement sur les Anthipathaires dans presque toutes les mers chaudes du monde, mais aucun n'etait connu jusqu'a present du Pacifique oriental. La nouvelle espece, Oxynaspis rossi, appartient au groupe O. celata qui a une large distribution, et elle est connue du sud de la Californie a la Basse Californie.