cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Elasto-Plastic Response of Deep Tunnels with Damaged Zone and Gravity Effects

Analysis of stresses and deformations around circular tunnels and shafts are is critical for evaluation of the interaction between the support system and the ground and, hence, the tunnel support design and stability. The damage induced in the material by the excavation method (i.e., blasting or mechanical excavation) can significantly influence the ground response as the excavation alters the rock mass properties over the damaged zone. When the provided support pressure inside the tunnel falls below a critical value, a zone of plastic (broken) material develops around the tunnel. The self-weight of the broken material is significant at the roof (crown) of the tunnel and may exert higher pressures to the support system at the roof than the sidewalls. This study presents a new analytical–numerical solution for the determination of stresses, strains, and deformations around a circular deep tunnel with the consideration of the gravity effect and the damaged zone. A modified equilibrium equation for the ground is used and the elastic and plastic zones of the tunnel are analyzed. The results indicate that gravity and the damaged zone have significant effects on the tunnel convergence and the distribution of stresses in the rock mass. The presented method in this paper is novel and allows tunnel designers to assess the combined effect of damage induced by excavation and the gravity on tunnel convergence.
Evaluation of a risk-based approach to follow-up care for breast cancer survivors: From oncology specialist to primary care provider (PCP).

6529Background: The number of cancer survivors in the Unites States is expected to exceed 18 million by the year 2020. Predicted care demands coupled with an anticipated shortage of oncologists hav...
Treatments for Poststroke Motor Deficits and Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review for the 2019 U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs and U.S. Department of Defense Guidelines for Stroke Rehabilitation

This review of 19 systematic reviews and 37 randomized trials summarizes evidence about the benefits and harms of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatments for motor deficits and mood disorders...
Amphibian Renal Disease

Amphibians are a remarkably diverse group of vertebrates with lifestyles ranging from fully aquatic to entirely terrestrial. Although some aspects of renal anatomy and physiology are similar among all amphibians, species differences in nitrogenous waste production and broad normal variation in plasma osmolality and composition make definitive antemortem diagnosis of renal disease challenging. Treatment is often empirical and aimed at addressing possible underlying infection, reducing abnormal fluid accumulation, and optimizing husbandry practices to support metabolic and fluid homeostasis. This article reviews amphibian renal anatomy and physiology, provides recommendations for diagnostic and therapeutic options, and discusses etiologies of renal disease.
Turbulent and boundary layer characteristics during VOCALS-REx

Abstract. Stratocumulus clouds have a significant impact on climate due to their large spatial extent, with areas of enhanced coverage termed stratocumulus decks. How turbulence evolves with time and influences the stratocumulus deck properties however, in particular throughout the vertical profile of the boundary layer, is still lacking through model parameterizations of the small-scale flow. Collecting in situ data to better understand the turbulence and physical processes occuring within the stratocumu- lus deck therefore key to better model parameterizations. Boundary layer and turbulent characteristics, along with synoptic scale changes in these properties over time, are examined using data collected from 14 research flights made with the CIR- PAS Twin Otter Aircraft. Data was collected during the VOMOS Ocean-Cloud-Atmosphere-Land Study-Regional Experiment (VOCALS-REx) at Point Alpha in October and November of 2008 off the cost of South America (20°S, 72°W). Findings show that the influence of a synoptic system on Nov 1st and 2nd brings in a moist layer above the boundary layer, leading to a deepening cloud layer and precipitation during passage, and a large increase in boundary layer height and cloud thinning after passage. The maximum value in turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) was measured on Nov. 1st due to precipitation destabilizing the sub-cloud layer while a minimum occurred on Nov. 2nd after precipitation had ceased due to turbulent mixing overturning the boundary layer and depleting the initial turbulent energy produced from the evaporation of precipitation below cloud base. Turbulent properties averaged over all 14 flights reach a maximum near cloud middle (between normalized in- cloud values of 0.25–0.75), with well mixed boundary layers experiencing two peaks in TKE, one near cloud base due to latent heat release and another near cloud top due to evaporational cooling. Overall, it appears that turbulence measured at Point Alpha is weaker than that measured over the open ocean to the west of Point Alpha, and that measured during other scientific campaigns. Synoptic scale analysis suggests that as the geopotential height decreases, the boundary layer height and entrainment zone thickness increases, accompanied by a decrease of in-cloud and below-cloud turbulence, and vice versa.
The role of vortex–vortex interactions in thrust production for a plunging flat plate

Abstract Oscillating plunging motion is one of the fundamental motions which comprise the kinematics used by many flying and swimming organism for locomotion. It is characterized by the frequency and amplitude of oscillation. Past studies have investigated this motion for relatively small amplitudes. In this paper we investigate reduced frequencies 0.25 ≤ k ≤ 16 and plunge amplitudes 0.03125 ≤ h ≤ 8 to give plunge velocities ranging from 0.25 ≤ kh ≤ 4 at Re = 100. It is found that unlike previous investigations for small plunge amplitudes, thrust does not increase monotonically with kh but reaches a maximum and then decreases reverting back to drag for high h values. It is shown that Leading Edge Vortices (LEVs) are responsible for the production of thrust whereas Trailing Edge Vortices (TEVs) induce drag on the plate. In the regime of increasing thrust with kh, the LEVs and TEVs are not strong enough to influence each other’s trajectory and vortex–vortex interactions are minimal. As kh increases to higher values, LEVs and TEVs gain in size and strength such that vortex induced velocities dominate the flow resulting in strong vortex–vortex interactions. Three main mechanisms of vortex–vortex interactions are identified, which either result in LEVs induced away from the plate or TEVs being induced near the plate. The net effect of these interactions result in reducing the residence time of the LEVs near the plate and decreasing thrust production. Finally, a detailed analysis of the wake is provided for the plunging plate. The inter-vortex distance in the wake is found to correlate directly with plunge amplitude and inversely with frequency. On the other hand, vortex strength is found to be a strong function of reduced frequency (k) where the functional relationship is near linear for different plunge velocities (kh).
Continuous models for peristaltic locomotion with application to worms and soft robots

A continuous model for the peristaltic locomotion of compressible and incompressible rod-like bodies is presented. Using Green and Naghdi's theory of a directed rod, incompressibility is enforced as an internal constraint. A discussion on muscle actuation models for a single continuum is included. The resulting theory is demonstrated in a simulation of a soft-robotic device. In addition, a calibration of parameters is performed and the incompressible rod is validated against a biomimetic model of earthworm locomotion.
Investigating cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurogenesis in Capitella teleta sheds light on the ancestor of Annelida

Diverse architectures of nervous systems (NSs) such as a plexus in cnidarians or a more centralized nervous system (CNS) in insects and vertebrates are present across Metazoa, but it is unclear what selection pressures drove evolution and diversification of NSs. One underlying aspect of this diversity lies in the cellular and molecular mechanisms driving neurogenesis, i.e. generation of neurons from neural precursor cells (NPCs). In cnidarians, vertebrates, and arthropods, homologs of SoxB and bHLH proneural genes control different steps of neurogenesis, suggesting that some neurogenic mechanisms may be conserved. However, data are lacking for spiralian taxa. To that end, we characterized NPCs and their daughters at different stages of neurogenesis in the spiralian annelid Capitella teleta. We assessed cellular division patterns in the neuroectoderm using static and pulse-chase labeling with thymidine analogs (EdU and BrdU), which enabled identification of NPCs that underwent multiple rounds of division. Actively-dividing brain NPCs were found to be apically-localized, whereas actively-dividing NPCs for the ventral nerve cord (VNC) were found apically, basally, and closer to the ventral midline. We used lineage tracing to characterize the changing boundary of the trunk neuroectoderm. Finally, to start to generate a genetic hierarchy, we performed double-fluorescent in-situ hybridization (FISH) and single-FISH plus EdU labeling for neurogenic gene homologs. In the brain and VNC, Ct-soxB1 and Ct-neurogenin were expressed in a large proportion of apically-localized, EdU+ NPCs. In contrast, Ct-ash1 was expressed in a small subset of apically-localized, EdU+ NPCs and subsurface, EdU− cells, but not in Ct-neuroD+ or Ct-elav1+ cells, which also were subsurface. Our data suggest a putative genetic hierarchy with Ct-soxB1 and Ct-neurogenin at the top, followed by Ct-ash1, then Ct-neuroD, and finally Ct-elav1. Comparison of our data with that from Platynereis dumerilii revealed expression of neurogenin homologs in proliferating NPCs in annelids, which appears different than the expression of vertebrate neurogenin homologs in cells that are exiting the cell cycle. Furthermore, differences between neurogenesis in the head versus trunk of C. teleta suggest that these two tissues may be independent developmental modules, possibly with differing evolutionary trajectories.
Out-of-pocket spending for oral contraceptives among women with private insurance coverage after the Affordable Care Act.

Abstract Objectives We aimed to identify which types and brands of oral contraceptive pills have the largest shares of oral contraceptive users in large employer plans with out-of-pocket spending and which oral contraceptives have the highest average annual out-of-pocket costs. Study design We analyzed a sample of medical claims obtained from the 2003–2018 IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters Database (MarketScan), which is a database with claims information provided by large employer plans. We only included claims for women between the ages of 15 and 44 years who were enrolled in a plan for more than half a year as covered workers or dependents. To calculate out-of-pocket spending, we summed copayments, coinsurance and deductibles for the oral contraceptive prescriptions. Results We found that 10% of oral contraceptive users in large employer plans still had out-of-pocket costs in 2018. Oral contraceptives with the largest share of users with annual out-of-pocket spending are brand-name contraceptives with generic alternatives. The three contraceptives with the highest average annual out-of-pocket spending were brand-name contraceptives without generic alternatives. Three of the 10 contraceptives with the largest shares of users who have annual out-of-pocket spending and 3 of the 10 contraceptives with the highest average annual out-of-pocket spending contain iron. Conclusions Women with health insurance are still paying out of pocket for oral contraception, and future research should investigate which health plans have fewer fully covered contraceptives and effective modes of educating providers and patients about how to maximize the no-cost coverage benefit that has been extended to women. Implications The Affordable Care Act eliminated out-of-pockets costs for contraception for most insured women. However, some women still pay out of pocket for certain oral contraceptive brands and types that may have covered alternatives. Providers and patients could benefit from more education on how to maximize the no-cost coverage benefit extended to women.
Suicide Assessment and Management Team-Based Learning Module.

Introduction Suicide is a global health problem that health care providers must feel comfortable addressing. Unfortunately, many health care providers are not equipped to assess and treat patients ...
Carlos Zuleta and Lean

This case tells the story of Carlos Zuleta's philosophies toward Lean transformations in the country of Colombia. First, he describes the transformation at Porvenir, a Colombian private pension fund administrator that applied Lean to reduce the lead time from when a customer became eligible for pension payments to the moment they received their first payment. Then he describes his transition to his own boutique consulting firm, Rewire Colombia, focusing on operational excellence based on Lean principles and tools. A number of Lean success stories and Lean methodologies are described. People development is described in particular detail. The case can be used as an example of applying Lean in service settings in a non-US location. Excerpt UVA-OM-1690 Rev. Feb. 11, 2021 Carlos Zuleta and Lean Carlos Zuleta, a Colombian native, earned his undergraduate degree in business administration from the Universidad de los Andes in 1995. In 2000, he earned an MBA from the Darden School of Business at the University of Virginia. After two years in banking and another two in management consulting at top-tier US firms, Zuleta transitioned to working for a Colombian private pension fund administrator, Porvenirone of the largest companies in the countryfirst as a corporate strategic planner and later as chief operating officer. In September 2018, he left to form Rewire, his own Lean-transformation-focused consulting firm. What follows is Zuleta's story in his own words. Origins . . .
Art as Advocacy: Protecting the U.S.-Mexico Border Environment in Amanda Keller Konya's "Specimens"

Amanda Keller-Konya's multilayered photographic image construction in "Specimens" from North America's Most Polluted River" helps the viewer perceive the magnitude of the damage sustained by US-Mexico's border area residents in California's Imperial Valley and the effort necessary to clean the area's New River. The river originates in Mexicali city, capital of Baja California, northwestern Mexico, crosses the border, flows north through California's Imperial Valley, and empties into the Salton Sea, the state's largest and most contaminated lake. A sustainable environment is crucial to the health of the valley's residents and farms that supply most of the nation's winter produce. Recovery of the area's ecosystem requires solving the impact of agricultural runoff and toxic dust as less water flows into the Salton Sea, a body of water vital for the wellbeing of Southern Californians, the fish, and the migratory birds that depend on it for survival.
A Systematic Review of Expressive and Receptive Prosody in People With Dementia

Purpose This review was designed to provide a systematic overview of prosody in people with a primary diagnosis of dementia (PwD) and evaluate the potential use of prosodic features for diagnosis o...
Work-Life Balance and Productivity Among Academic Faculty During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Latent Class Analysis.

Background: For faculty in academic health sciences, the balance between research, education, and patient care has been impeded by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. This study aimed...
Color Tests for Diphenylamine Stabilizer and Related Compounds in Smokeless Gunpowder

Reagents containing sulfuric acid commonly used in forensic science laboratories for drug testing have an application as well for the characterization of smokeless gunpowders. Sulfuric acid, alone or with modifying materials, will react with diphenylamine stabilizer to give a considerable degree of intraclass variation among smokeless gunpowders.
Left-sided pelvic lesions subsequent to appendicitis

Abstract Two cases of chronic left tuboovarian abscess and one case of left tuboovarian inflammatory cyst are reported long subsequent to primary attacks of appendicitis. In young women appendicitis as a source of even left-sided pelvic lesions must be borne in mind.
Microstructure Characterizations in Composite Media Using Ultrasonic Tomography

While tomographic techniques for radiographic image reconstruction are well established, the development of similar methods for ultrasonic data lags far behind. One of the principal reasons for this difference, despite the general similarity of the problems, is the fact that x-rays travel in a straight path even in nonhomogeneous medium and acoustic waves will generally follow a curved ray path. This introduces an additional uncertainty (ray path) into the image reconstruction algorithm. A further complication for acoustic waves is anisotropy. In most conventional image reconstruction algorithms, it is assumed that each ray traversing a given pixel will interact with the material in exactly the same way. In anisotropic media, due to the directional dependence of material properties, this is no longer the case. In this work, we explore possible techniques for overcoming these limitations. In particular, a variational formulation, based on Fermat’s principle, is used to correct for ray bending effects. Further, with the aid of some simplifying assumptions, corrections for directional property variations due to anisotropy can be introduced into the reconstruction algorithm.
Lysosomal Storage Disorders: Gene Therapy

History, therapeutic alternatives and different approaches to gene transfer in lysosomal storage diseases are important for the understanding of this group of inborn errors of metabolism. Recent advances have proved that gene therapy will soon be a part of standard medical practice. Keywords: gene therapy; Gaucher disease; mucopolysaccharidosis, neonatal gene transfer; hematopoietic stem cell gene transfer
Resource management for applications in large-scale systems

Recent years have seen increasing use of large-scale distributed systems such as Grids, Clouds, planetary-scale wide-area systems, large-scale enterprise clusters, and peer-to-peer systems. Such platforms attract applications such as scientific computing, data sharing and dissemination, data analysis and mining, and streaming multimedia. While these platforms scale well and their deployment cost is low, they present several challenges such as heterogeneous machine configurations and workloads, dynamism due to load fluctuations, and varying levels of connectivity based on the network topology. Users who submit distributed applications to be deployed in volunteer grids or loosely-coupled systems desire a reliable deployment. Unfortunately, in these environments there exists uncertainty about the future state of system resources. Nodes chosen for deployment may become overloaded, causing resource requirements to be violated; resource requirements were originally established in applications to ensure high quality of service. Further, the emergence of MapReduce applications in cloud environments has presented several challenges. Managing the allocation of resources in the cloud for virtualized MapReduce clusters in order to optimize for energy savings and performance goals are difficult problems. In this dissertation, we present novel techniques for resource discovery in large-scale systems to facilitate the successful deployment of distributed applications, providing statistical guarantees to applications for their resource requirements. Further, we present novel techniques for the deployment of MapReduce applications in non-traditional environments, optimizing for energy-savings and performance goals.
Resolution of SuperimposedDiffraction Peaks in Texture Analysisof a YBa2Cu3O7 Polycrystal

Texture measurements in polycrystalline 123 oxide superconductors are complicated by the superposition of Bragg reflections in the pole figures due to the near degeneracy of the crystal structure. A method is described, based on an extension of the WIMV algorithm, for resolving these superpositions and determining the crystal orientation distribution (OD). The method is exemplified by OD analysis of a magnetically aligned, strongly textured powder sample of YBa2Cu3O7.
The stellar population of dark clouds

Our present knowledge of stars associated with dark clouds is reviewed with emphasis placed on the observational properties and large-scale behavior of young stars.
Preliminary Results from the NRL/ATM Instruments from Skylab SL/2

The Naval Research Laboratory prepared three instruments for ATM and also a series of rocket payloads for purposes of calibration, under the overall direction of R. Tousey, the Principal Investigator. In this preliminary report a summary of results from operations during the first mission (SL/2) and sample results are presented.
Hypovitaminosis A in Patients with Mucocutaneous Candidiasis

Levels of vitamin A and (3-carotene in serum were studied in twelve patients with mucocutaneous candidiasis. Subnormal levels of vitamin A were found in seven patients. The remaining five patients had normal concentrations (20-70 Etg/100 ml), but they were all in the lower half of the range. All 12 patients had normal levels of (-carotene. One explanation for these findings is that the enzymatic ability to cleave (3-carotene (deficiency of carotenoid 15,15'-dioxygenase) may be impaired in some of these patients. The possible relationship between hypovitaminosis A and abnormal keratinization, which would make these patients' epithelia susceptible to fungal invasion, is discussed.
Parathyromimetic effects of the ionophore, A23187, on bone cells and organ cultures.

The ionophore, A23187, increased calcium uptake by isolated bone cells in a manner similar to parathyroid hormone. Cellular cyclic AMP was increased after a 30 minute incubation with 0.3 μg/ml A23187; at higher ionophore concentrations (1.0 – 10.0 μg/ml) cyclic AMP was decreased. Resorption of cultured fetal rat long bone also exhibited a biphasic response to the ionophore. With doses of 0.1 – 1.0 μg/ml resorption was increased; higher doses decreased resorption. The data suggest that calcium may be the primary initiator of the action of parathyroid hormone on bone.
Microbial succession in subgingival plaque of man.

A model system allowing study of microbial succession on a single tooth root is described. Three levels of the root were studied: the supragingival surface, an area of the root immediately apical to the gingival margin, and the apical one-third of the root. Distinct differences among these three levels were noted with respect to microbial composition and microbial succession. The results were consistent with the hypothesis that environmental factors (oxygen tension, availability of certain growth factors, etc.) were the primary ecological determinants governing the development of plaque beneath the gingival margin.
Microstructural evolution and the thermo-mechanical behavior of UFG Ti processed via equal channel angular pressing

Abstract Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) was applied to grade 1 Ti for up to four passes and the microstructure and thermo-mechanical behavior were determined. ECAP was performed with a channel angle of 90°, at a pressing temperature of 275 °C, and using route BC. Electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) was used to characterize the microstructure. After the first pass of ECAP, { 1 0 1 ¯ 1 } twins were present, but significant slip had also occurred. The microstructure was highly anisotropic, consisting of relatively undeformed grains to grains less than a micrometer. Increasing the number of passes decreased the grain anisotropy, and by the fourth pass a relatively homogeneous microstructure was present. After all numbers of passes, there was evidence for continuous dynamic recrystallization as the mechanism of grain refinement, even when twinning had occurred. This refinement accelerated as the number of passes increased. The response of UFG Ti was determined at −196, 22, 200 and 375 °C, and at strain rates from 10−4 to 1100 s−1. It was found that the ECAP process greatly increases the yield strength versus the as-received condition, and UFG Ti has similar work hardening as the as-received material. The work hardening does not decrease much as the number of passes is increased. Additionally, the strain rate sensitivity tends to increase with the temperature and decrease as the number of passes is increased.
Investigations into the numerical solution of partially saturated, porous‐medium flow

This paper investigates a numerical formulation of the partially saturated, porous-medium flow equation. It is shown that improper meshing of the region of study may result in nonphysical solutions. These include the nonexistence of any steady solution, unstable steady solutions and even multiple steady solutions. If the mesh size is reduced, each well-posed problem has only a single steady solution. A limiting value for the numerical cell size, which prevents these nonphysical results, is given. The analysis presented here will be applicable to both the steady flow equation and the transient equation.
Robust computational analysis of rRNA hypervariable tag datasets.

Next-generation DNA sequencing is increasingly being utilized to probe microbial communities, such as gastrointestinal microbiomes, where it is important to be able to quantify measures of abundance and diversity. The fragmented nature of the 16S rRNA datasets obtained, coupled with their unprecedented size, has led to the recognition that the results of such analyses are potentially contaminated by a variety of artifacts, both experimental and computational. Here we quantify how multiple alignment and clustering errors contribute to overestimates of abundance and diversity, reflected by incorrect OTU assignment, corrupted phylogenies, inaccurate species diversity estimators, and rank abundance distribution functions. We show that straightforward procedural optimizations, combining preexisting tools, are effective in handling large () 16S rRNA datasets, and we describe metrics to measure the effectiveness and quality of the estimators obtained. We introduce two metrics to ascertain the quality of clustering of pyrosequenced rRNA data, and show that complete linkage clustering greatly outperforms other widely used methods.
Longitudinal study of neuropsychological functioning in patients on chronic hemodialysis: A preliminary report☆

This study is part of a five-year project to investigate the long term effect of chronic hemodialysis on patients with end-stage renal failure. Previous research has associated hemodialysis with progressive dialysis encephalopathy (PDE), which is characterized by speech disturbances, cognitive impairment, myoclonus and behavioral changes. Little is known about the cause or the course of this syndrome except that it begins 14-36 months after treatment onset and usually culminates in death. The purpose of this study was to investigate neuropsychological (cognitive and behavioral) functioning in dialysis patients over a period of years. To date, 34 patients have been studied for 22 months utilizing a cross-sectional method comparing patients at different stages of treatment combined with a longitudinal method of repeated evaluations over time. Current findings show improved cognitive functioning during at least the first year of treatment and no evidence of cognitive deterioration in patients on dialysis for more than one year (M = 4.3). These findings offer strong evidence that PDE is not necessarily a general phenomenon among patients on chronic hemodialysis.
Emergence of Streptococcus pneumoniae Serotypes 19A, 6C, and 22F and Serogroup 15 in Cleveland, Ohio, in Relation to Introduction of the Protein-Conjugated Pneumococcal Vaccine

Background A 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in 2000. Methods We determined serotypes and assessed antimicrobial susceptibility of 1235 invasive and noninvasive isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae recovered from children and adults at University Hospitals Case Medical Center (Cleveland, OH) during the period 1999-2007. Results The annual number of cases of S. pneumoniae infection decreased from 218 in 2000 to 86-130 during the period 2002-2007, with the number of cases involving invasive strains decreasing from 96 to 18-35. For 1999 versus 2005-2007, the annual incidence of vaccine serotypes decreased by 92% (95% confidence interval [CI], -96.3% to -87.0%), whereas that of vaccine-related and nonvaccine serotypes increased 207.4% (95% CI, 135.0%-297.7%) and 18.4% (95% CI, -10.0% to 52.3%), respectively. Serotypes 19A, 6C, and 22F and serogroup 15 accounted for most of these increases. For the period 2005-2007, antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that ceftriaxone was the most active parenteral beta-lactam for both meningeal and nonmeningeal infections (72% and 88% of isolates, respectively, were susceptible to this agent); only 52% were susceptible to penicillin G at the meningeal breakpoint, whereas 77% were susceptible at the new nonmeningeal breakpoint of 2 microg/mL. Amoxicillin was the most active oral beta-lactam (72% of isolates were susceptible), whereas 53% of isolates were susceptible to azithromycin, 69% to clindamycin, 63% to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and 100% to levofloxacin. Conclusions This study documents decreases in the incidence of infections involving vaccine serotypes, increases in infections involving other serotypes, and decreases in the activity of macrolides and clindamycin after conjugate vaccine introduction.
The Soviet Retreat from Third World Conflicts: The Importance of Systemic Factors

(1992). The Soviet Retreat from Third World Conflicts: The Importance of Systemic Factors. Security Studies: Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 543-579.
Loss of duplicate gene expression in tetraploid Chenopodium

Abstract Genetic analyses indicate that single-banded leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) phenotypes in tetraploid Chenopodium reflect homozygosity for null alleles at either locus of a polyduplicated pair. Other duplicated isozyme loci show simplification to the diploid phenotype. Loss of duplicate gene expression in the LAP system has occurred independently in putatively specialized taxa occupying the distributional periphery of a New World tetraploid complex. The geographic/taxonomic pattern of genetic variation suggests that fixation of null alleles is mediated by stochastic genetic phenomena associated with migration. Plants homozygous for null alleles at both LAP loci show no detetable activity in assays involving several exopeptidase substrates, although growth and fertility of double-null plants are not markedly reduced. Our data confirm that loss of duplicate gene expression can occur in isozyme systems of polyploid plant taxa. Thus, lack of electrophoretically detectable duplicate gene expression is not a certain indication of diploidy. However, loss of duplicate gene expression in population systems known to be of allopolyploid origin is a clear indication of phyletic derivation.
A preliminary measurement of the surgical personality.

Background: We used the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (Psychological Resources, Inc.) to test for a distinct surgical personality. Methods: The NEO-PI-R is a compilation of 240 statements. Subjects agree or disagree with the statements, generating a score in five personality traits according to the five factor theory: neuroticism (N), extraversion (E), openness (O), agreeableness (A), and conscientiousness (C). Each score is compared with that for the general population. Results: Twenty-four male and 15 female surgical residents voluntarily took the inventory. Compared to the general population, males scored lower in N (p <0.05), higher in E (P <0.001), O (P <0.05) and C (p <0.001), and average in A (no significant difference). Females scored average in N and A (no significant difference), and higher in E (p <0.001), O (P <0.05), and C (P <0.001). Conclusions: The similarity of trait variance from the general population in both male and female surgical residents supports the concept of a surgical personality.
Children's fear reactions to a televised film as a function of perceived immediacy of depicted threat

Before viewing a scary program, children (ages 5 to 8) heard one of four introductions designed to manipulate the perceived likelihood of the events. Because the manipulation was relatively unsuccessful, the design was restructured on the basis of perceived immediacy of threat. Higher levels of fear were reported by children who believed that the threat existed locally than by those who did not. Self‐reported fear correlated with facial and physiological indicators of fear. Implications for understanding media‐induced fear and for selecting effective coping strategies are discussed.
Die Zahl der Mitochondrien im Aortenendothel bei experimenteller Stenose

After inducing experimentally a stenosis of the aorta abdominalis in rabbits, the mitochondria of the aortic endothelium were fluorescence-optically demonstrated, and quantitatively investigated above as well as below the stenosis. The changes in the number of the mitochondria are proportional to the values of blood pressure, and are discussed in relation to changes in the shape of the endothelial cells.
Determination of accurate dosimetric parameters for beveled intraoperative electron beam applicators.

Intraoperative electron beam therapy requires accurate dose maximum/monitor unit (Dmax/MU) values for both flat and beveled ended applicators (cones). Measurement of Dmax/MU values with either solid or nontilting scanning water systems may give rise to inaccuracies due to the difficulty in locating an accurate position for dmax, since the ionization chamber usually cannot be scanned along the central axis of the beveled intraoperative applicator. A linear one-dimensional scanner (which permits ionization measurements to be made as a function of water depth) has been modified to provide scanning along a line up to 30 degrees from the perpendicular to the phantom surface. This modification has proven helpful in improving the accuracy of certain dosimetric parameters (e.g., Dmax/MU) of beveled applicators. For example, we found inaccuracies which arose when we measured Dmax/MU of beveled intraoperative radiation therapy cones in either solid or other scanning water systems were greatly reduced, especially for the lower electron beam energies (e.g., 6 and 9 MeV).
Density of sea surface specular points

An analytical expression is derived for the number density of sea surface specular points, λρ. Unlike previous results, the present result is not limited to small wave slopes and is valid for arbitrary source and receiver location as well as for arbitrary sea surface displacement. When the source is not in the horizon, it is shown that one immediate outcome from this generalization is that the standard method for obtaining the total number of specular points over the entire (flat) sea surface is invalid. Numerical results are also given for λρ as a function of wind speed and sun elevation.
Sex differences in thermal pain sensitivity and sympathetic reactivity for two strains of rat.

Abstract Human females are more sensitive than males to brief nociceptive stimuli such as heat and cold. However, a more pronounced peripheral vasoconstriction by females than by males during prolonged nociceptive stimulation predicts that females would be more sensitive to prolonged cold but not heat stimulation. We tested this possibility with reflex (lick/guard) and operant escape and preference tests of sensitivity to prolonged stimulation of Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats. Escape responses to cold stimulation revealed a greater sensitivity of females. In contrast, males were more sensitive to nociceptive heat stimulation. An operant preference test of relative sensitivity to cold or heat stimulation confirmed these results. Cold was more aversive than heat for females, but heat was more aversive than cold for males. Recordings of skin temperature during nociceptive heat stimulation were consistent with the results of operant testing. A reduction in skin temperature (peripheral vasoconstriction) during nociceptive stimulation should increase cold sensitivity as observed for females relative to males. Lick/guard testing did not confirm the results of operant testing. Lick/guard (L/G) responding to nociceptive heat stimulation was greater for females than for males. Female escape responses to heat were more variable than males, but L/G responding of males to the same stimulus was more variable than for females. Perspective A variety of chronic pain conditions are more prevalent for females, and psychological stress (with attendant sympathetic activation) is implicated in development and maintenance of these conditions. Therefore, understanding relationships between gender differences in pain sensitivity and sympathetic activation could shed light on mechanisms for some varieties of chronic pain.
Functionalization, pH, and ionic strength influenced sorption of sulfamethoxazole on graphene

Abstract This study evaluated the ability of graphene to sorb emerging contaminant sulfamethoxazole (SMX) from aqueous solution as a function of surface property (functionalization), solution pH and ionic strength. Sorption experiment results showed that all the graphene-based sorbents had strong sorption ability to SMX and the Langmuir maximum capacity followed an order: pristine graphene (239.0 mg g −1 ) > graphene–NH 2 (40.6 mg g −1 ) > graphene–COOH (20.5 mg g −1 ) > graphene–OH (11.5 mg g −1 ). The strong adsorptive interaction between SMX and graphene was mainly attributed to the strong π–π electron donor–acceptor interactions. In addition, Columbic attraction was likely an extra important mechanism contributing to SMX sorption, especially on the amine functionalized graphene. When solution pH decreased to 2, sorption of SMX on pristine graphene significantly promoted around 3 times. When pH increased to 9, however, all the tested graphene sorbents lost SMX sorption ability. Furthermore, an increase in ionic strength significantly decreased the graphene–NH 2 sorption ability. Findings of this work may have significant implications for selective removal of emerging contaminants with graphene or other carbonaceous materials containing graphene like structures.
Geminate recombination in carboxy hemoglobin A and its relation to overall carbon monoxide reactivity

Abstract The geminate recombination of CO with carboxy hemoglobin (Hb4(CO)3) following a ten nanosecond laser pulse and the overall combination of the fourth CO with Hb4(CO)3 has been studied as a function of pH in the presence and absence of inositol hexaphosphate. The results indicate that the kinetics of both reactions are independent of pH and phosphate concentration. The results are discussed in terms of a two-step mechanism: a pre-equilibrium step followed by heme—ligand bond formation. The latter is also known as the geminate recombination reaction (Hb + CO α Hb · CO α HbCO).
Career Encounters: Career Decision Making Through On-Site Visits.

Career Encounters, a program of the Career Counseling Office of Memphis State University, provides students with opportunities for on-site visits with professionals in careers of interest to the students.
Amplifiers for Use with P-N Junction Radiation Detectors

The signal on radiation pulse detectors is in the form of a charge on a capacitor. An ionizing particle produces a charge pair for each 3.6 ev dissipated in silicon. The capacitance of a p-n junction is proportional to the area and inversely proportional to the square root of the bias potential. Three similar preamplifier circuits are described. Negative charge feedback is employed so that the output amplitude is essentially independent of the value of the detector capacitance. The amplifiers have a high open loop gain, a fast response, and show little tendency to oscillate. Best overall performance, a noise line width of 5 kv, is achieved using WE417A or equivalent tubes in cascode at the input. RCA 7586 tubes give a line width of 8-10 kv with low capacitance detectors. The line width with transistors is 20-30 kv.
Understanding Transgender Identity Development in Childhood and Adolescence.

Many sexuality educators and professionals, even those involved in program development and planning, are not aware of the biological and social factors involved in gender identity development in youth. As such, this topic is often not as well addressed in whole life educational curricula as better understood topics, such as reproductive anatomy, puberty, and contraception. This review article is intended to provide an overview of gender identity development in childhood and adolescence, in order to encourage better integration of comprehensive understandings of gender identity into new sexuality education curricula through the inclusion of specific information about transgender and other gender nonconforming identities.
Haemodynamics in the Sauropoda.

THE order Sauropoda includes the largest quadrupeds ever known. They were as long as 30 m and weighed as much as 80 t (Brachiosaurus1). To maintain an adequate blood supply to the brain in animals of such enormous size2, physiological adaptation is essential. If pressures similar to those of mammals are required while the animal is erect then high aortic pressures are needed to overcome the hydrostatic pressure presented by the fluid column of the carotid arteries. Special stresses are imposed on the cardiovascular system of tall animals and rapid cardiovascular adjustments are required to compensate for pressure changes occurring, for example, during foraging.
Circling Back: Reconstituting Ethnic Community Networks among Aging Filipino Americans

Although there is an expansive literature on the assimilation and transnational experiences of middle-aged immigrants and their second-generation children, little work examines the experiences of immigrant elderly, particularly Asian Americans. Existing scholarship on segmented assimilation has generally assumed that elderly immigrant experiences continue the trajectories of middle age. Drawing on in-depth interviews with elderly Filipino American immigrants, the author finds a shift from the white middle-class mainstream path to an ethnic networks path of incorporation. Although middle-class immigrants may exhibit patterns and living situations similar to native whites throughout most of their lives, their experiences as racialized Americans may prompt desires to reconnect with ethnic networks in later life. This pattern, in which groups that have ostensibly assimilated throughout their life course recreate ethnic communities near the end of it, is rendered visible through a framework the author terms li...
Effect of insulin-plus-glucose infusion with or without epinephrine on fasting hyperkalemia

Effect of insulin-plus-glucose infusion with and without epinephrine on fasting hyperkalemia. Extrarenal potassium disposal is an important defense against hyperkalemia in patients with end-stage renal disease. Both insulin and epinephrine are important modulators of this process. Hemodialysis patients are prone to developing hyperkalemia during fasting. We tested the hypothesis that the infusion of physiologic doses of insulin prevents fasting hyperkalemia in hemodialysis patients, both by a direct stimulation of extrarenal potassium disposal, as well as by augmenting the potassium-lowering effect of epinephrine. Ten stable, nondiabetic maintenance hemodialysis patients were studied prospectively in a Clinical Research Center. They were fasted for 18 hours, followed by an acute infusion of epinephrine at 0.01 µg/kg/min, in the absence or presence of prior beta-blockade with propranolol. Serial measurements of plasma potassium, insulin and glucose were obtained. The patients were restudied under the same experimental protocols, while receiving a continuous infusion of insulin with dextrose. The plasma potassium increased by 0.58 ± 0.13 mmol/liter (P = 0.002) after 18 hours of fasting. Administration of insulin with dextrose at a dose that doubled the plasma insulin levels within the physiologic range (9.3 ± 1.1 vs. 20.2 ± 2.3 mU/liter, P
Membrane-mediated protein-protein interactions and connection to elastic models: a coarse-grained simulation analysis of gramicidin A association.

To further foster the connection between particle based and continuum mechanics models for membrane mediated biological processes, we carried out coarse-grained (CG) simulations of gramicidin A (gA) dimer association and analyzed the results based on the combination of potential of mean force (PMF) and stress field calculations. Similar to previous studies, we observe that the association of gA dimers depends critically on the degree of hydrophobic mismatch, with the estimated binding free energy of >10 kcal/mol in a distearoylphosphatidylcholine bilayer. Qualitative trends in the computed PMF can be understood based on the stress field distributions near a single gA dimer and between a pair of gA dimers. For example, the small PMF barrier, which is ∼1 kcal/mol independent of lipid type, can be captured nearly quantitatively by considering membrane deformation energy associated with the region confined by two gA dimers. However, the PMF well depth is reproduced poorly by a simple continuum model that only considers membrane deformation energy beyond the annular lipids. Analysis of lipid orientation, configuration entropy, and stress distribution suggests that the annular lipids make a significant contribution to the association of two gA dimers. These results highlight the importance of explicitly considering contributions from annular lipids when constructing approximate models to study processes that involve a significant reorganization of lipids near proteins, such as protein-protein association and protein insertion into biomembranes. Finally, large-scale CG simulations indicate that multiple gA dimers also form clusters, although the preferred topology depends on the protein concentration. Even at high protein concentrations, every gA dimer requires contact to lipid hydrocarbons to some degree, and at most three to four proteins are in contact with each gA dimer; this observation highlights another aspect of the importance of interactions between proteins and annular lipids.
Mechanical Cross-Sectioning of Au/Cu Wire Ball Bond with Underneath Cu/low-k Interconnect Layers

Abstract Standard metallographic cross-sectioning of copper and gold wire bonds with underneath Cu/low-k interconnect layers are difficult, easily they fracture during polishing. It can be overcome...
Fault tolerant control and classification for longitudinal vehicle control

In this paper a new method of analyzing for the performance loss caused by faults in the systems is presented, and applied to the design of a fault tolerant longitudinal controller for a transit bus. Based on the amount of performance loss measured by a quadratic function, fault impact assessment is developed for both single and multiple faults. More specifically, ellipsoidal approximation of the tracking error bounds via dynamic surface control (DSC) is obtained via convex optimization technique for the nonlinear closed-loop system. Relying on the fault impact to the closed loop system and its isolatability on a fault detection and diagnosis system, the fault classification is proposed to provide a switching logic in the framework of a switched hierarchical structure. Finally, simulation results of the fault tolerant controller and corresponding fault classification are shown for multiple multiplicative faults.