cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear mechanism of the self-sustaining process in the buffer and logarithmic layer of wall-bounded flows

The nonlinear mechanism in the self-sustaining process (SSP) of wall-bounded turbulence is investigated. Resolvent analysis is used to identify the principal forcing mode that produces the maximum amplification of the velocities in numerical simulations of the minimal channel for the buffer layer and a modified logarithmic (log) layer. The wavenumbers targeted in this study are those of the fundamental mode, which is infinitely long in the streamwise direction and once-periodic in the spanwise direction. The identified mode is then projected out from the nonlinear term of the Navier–Stokes equations at each time step from the simulation of the corresponding minimal channel. The results show that the removal of the principal forcing mode of the fundamental wavenumber can inhibit turbulence in both the buffer and log layer, with the effect being greater in the buffer layer. Removing other modes instead of the principal mode of the fundamental wavenumber only marginally affects the flow. Closer inspection of the dyadic interactions in the nonlinear term shows that contributions to the principal forcing mode come from a limited set of wavenumber interactions. Using conditional averaging, the flow structures that are responsible for generating the nonlinear interaction to self-sustain turbulence are identified as spanwise rolls interacting with oblique streaks. This method, based on the equations of motion, validates the similarities in the SSP of the buffer and log layer, and characterises the underlying quadratic interactions in the SSP of the minimal channel.
UNC5293, a potent, orally available and highly MERTK-selective inhibitor.

Abstract Inhibition of MER receptor tyrosine kinase (MERTK) causes direct tumor cell killing and stimulation of the innate immune response. Therefore, MERTK has been identified as a therapeutic target in a wide variety of human tumors. Clinical trials targeting MERTK have recently been initiated, however, none of these drugs are MERTK-specific. Herein, we present the discovery of a highly MERTK-selective inhibitor UNC5293 (24). UNC5293 has subnanomolar activity against MERTK with an excellent Ambit selectivity score (S50 (100 nM) = 0.041). It mediated potent and selective inhibition of MERTK in cell-based assays. Furthermore, it has excellent mouse PK properties (7.8 h half-life and 58% oral bioavailability) and was active in bone marrow leukemia cells in a murine model.
Evidence of hippocampal learning in human infants

Summary The hippocampus is essential for human memory. 1 The protracted maturation of memory capacities from infancy through early childhood 2 , 3 , 4 is thus often attributed to hippocampal immaturity. 5 , 6 , 7 The hippocampus of human infants has been characterized in terms of anatomy, 8 , 9 but its function has never been tested directly because of technical challenges. 10 , 11 Here, we use recently developed methods for task-based fMRI in awake human infants 12 to test the hypothesis that the infant hippocampus supports statistical learning. 13 , 14 , 15 Hippocampal activity increased with exposure to visual sequences of objects when the temporal order contained regularities to be learned, compared to when the order was random. Despite the hippocampus doubling in anatomical volume across infancy, learning-related functional activity bore no relationship to age. This suggests that the hippocampus is recruited for statistical learning at the youngest ages in our sample, around 3 months. Within the hippocampus, statistical learning was clearer in anterior than posterior divisions. This is consistent with the theory that statistical learning occurs in the monosynaptic pathway, 16 which is more strongly represented in the anterior hippocampus. 17 , 18 The monosynaptic pathway develops earlier than the trisynaptic pathway, which is linked to episodic memory, 19 , 20 raising the possibility that the infant hippocampus participates in statistical learning before it forms durable memories. Beyond the hippocampus, the medial prefrontal cortex showed statistical learning, consistent with its role in adult memory integration 21 and generalization. 22 These results suggest that the hippocampus supports the vital ability of infants to extract the structure of their environment through experience.
Incorporating concept development activities into a flipped classroom structure: using PhET simulations to put a twist on the flip

Implementation of the flipped classroom approach into STEM courses has been popularized in the last decade and has generally been reported to improve student performance outcomes. In a flipped classroom setting, students typically first encounter course content in the online format and subsequently engage in some form of active learning during the in-person class meetings. Although the flipped classroom approach can promote increased student engagement and provide an opportunity to apply content encountered in the classroom, this structure does not generally give students opportunities for discrete concept development prior to the application phase of learning. In an effort to build concept development activities into a flipped classroom structure, five learning cycle activities were implemented in a large enrollment first-term general chemistry course that has previously implemented the flipped classroom design. Four of these learning cycle activities incorporated PhET simulations as part of the exploration phase of learning, and all five activities were facilitated during the in-person class meetings to initiate the learning cycle. The activities were designed to help students explore models and engage in concept development. The application phase of the learning cycle was facilitated by flipped classroom modules or in-person classroom activities that included whole-class questioning coupled with collaborative think-pair-share discussion. Performance gains in conceptual understanding were evaluated by employing a one-group, pre-post-post research design. Non-parametric Friedman's tests indicate a significant main effect across time for each concept development activity, and post hoc Wilcoxon signed rank tests indicate the post-test and final exam scores are significantly higher than the pre-test scores for each activity (p < 0.001 for each pre-post and pre-final pairwise comparison). The findings reported herein demonstrate that concept development activities can be successfully integrated with flipped classroom modules and the combination of the introductory learning cycle activities and flipped classroom application activities led to knowledge gains that persisted through the end of the course. In total, creating this type of blended learning environment appears to help students achieve understanding of core general chemistry concepts.
Using Team-Based Learning to Promote Engineering Students’ Performance and Self-Efficacy in a Technical Writing Class

Introduction: Technical writing is an essential skill set for engineering students. Many studies have been conducted, but very few have used experimental or quasiexperimental design to identify an optimal instructional method in a technical writing class. Situating the case: Team-based learning (TBL) is a well-structured learning method that prior studies have found to enhance students’ academic performance. TBL includes individual and collaborative learning activities from lower to higher cognitive levels. Peer leadership, as evidenced in other studies, uses appointed student leaders to promote equal and active group participation and shows a potential to solve the gender issue found in engineering class collaborations. About the case: In this case, we infused peer leadership in TBL in three technical writing sessions of an engineering lab class. Appointed student leaders were responsible for initiating and sustaining discussions, asking each group member's input, and seeking collective decisions on solutions. The other class used traditional TBL activities. Methods/approach: Nonparametric analyses were conducted to compare students’ technical writing skills and self-efficacy, as well as gender differences in two classes. Results/discussion: Students in the peer-led TBL class showed better technical writing skill retention than their counterparts in the traditional TBL class. The gender difference was identified in the traditional TBL class. However, we did not find any difference in students’ self-efficacy between the peer-led and traditional TBL sections, though both observed a significant improvement at the end. Conclusions: We suggest studies with large sample sizes and equal distribution of female and male students.
Updated trends in suicidal ideation among U.S. adults, 2005-2012.

Abstract Objective Provide a recent update in the trends of suicidal ideation among adults in the United States from 2005 to 2012. Methods : Data from four 2-year cycles (2005–2012) of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used (analyzed in 2015). Suicidal ideation was assessed via self-report. Results For the entire sample, as well as across age-groups, gender and race-ethnicity, there was no statistically significant change in “any suicidal ideations” from 2005–2006 to 2011–2012 (2.95% in 2005–2006 to 3.24% in 2011–2012; P -trend linear = 0.75). However, significant changes in suicidal ideations occurring nearly every day were observed. A linear trend ( P = 0.03) was present for the entire sample and for men; among the entire sample, the prevalence of having suicidal ideations nearly every day increased from 0.19% in 2005–2006 to 0.52% in 2011–2012. However, a quadratic trend was present for non-Hispanic white women ( P = 0.03) and Mexican American women ( P = 0.001). Conclusion Suicidal ideation occurring nearly every day has increased for men, but recent decreases have been observed for women of non-Hispanic white and Mexican American race-ethnicity. Continued outreach efforts, particularly among men, are needed to help prevent the development of suicidal ideations into suicidal behavior and occurrence.
Branch Retinal Vein Occlusion

Branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO) is a common, visually disabling disease. It was first described by Leber in 1877 [1]. Since then, an enormous amount of literature on its various aspects has been accumulated. A review of that is often confusing, unfortunately, because of one major problem: the majority of the studies have combined all types of retinal vein occlusions into one group, rather than separately describing the findings on BRVO specifically. I will discuss BRVO to provide the latest information on this important disease where available.
Evaluating the impact of process improvements quantitatively using process modeling

The concept of continuous process improvement, although familiar in the manufacturing arena, is just starting to be implemented in the software industry. Currently, software development organizations have identified potential process improvements and are working to implement results from ISO 9000 audits and Capability Maturity Model (CMM) Software Process Assessments. Quantitative methods are needed to prioritize process changes and to justify resources for proposed improvements based on overall process performance. However, these methods have not yet been developed.This work uses software process modeling to predict the impact of potential process changes on quantitative performance measures before a substantial commitment of time and resources is made. The work addresses the performance measures of development cost, source code quality, and project schedule. This analysis can be used to prioritize process improvements based on their potential performance impact and to obtain management support for the proposed change.The proposed modeling approach is applied to a realistic example process and potential process change with assumed task durations and outcomes. This example process and potential process change are analyzed using a stochastic simulation approach which was developed by Marc Kellner et al. at SEI using the STATEMATE modeling tool.
Magic Bullet Gone Astray: Medications and the Internet

Internet pharmacies have become major access points for illegitimate sales and distribution of prescription drugs from sources around the world. In the United States, drug importation from foreign markets has reached record levels. National and international policymakers have identified key issues arising from purchasing medications through the Internet that can threaten patient welfare. The authors of this Policy Forum recommend cooperation among international healthcare organizations and governments to meet these challenges.
An isotopic labeling investigation of the mechanism of the electrooxidation of hydrazine at platinum

Summary The electrooxidation of hydrazine was studied in acid and alkaline supporting electrolytes using mixtures containing 15NH2−15NH2 and 14NH2−14NH2. Platinum and nickel electrodes were used. No significant amount of 14N−15N was found.
Relationship between adenosine deaminase and a human thymus leukemia antigen isolated from MOLT 4 cells.

Abstract The relationship between adenosine deaminase (ADA) and a human membrane thymus leukemia (HTL) antigen detected by an antithymocyte serum was explored. A freeze-thaw extract of the T-cell-derived cell line, MOLT 4, was applied to an immunoabsorbant column of a rabbit antiserum to calf ADA. The bound MOLT 4 ADA was eluted with 6 M urea. The recovered ADA had a specific activity of 490 μmol of adenosine deaminated per min per mg protein, and the yield was 32%. No HTL antigenic activity was detected in the purified ADA. In addition, no ADA activity was detected in the unbound fraction containing the HTL antigenic activity, supporting the conclusion that ADA and HTL antigen are independent molecules. Affinity-purified anti-calf ADA was not cytotoxic for several HTL antigen-positive cells, including thymocytes, MOLT 4, and thymus-derived acute leukemia lymphoblasts.
Incorporating DTI data as a constraint in deformation tensor morphometry between T1 MR Images

Deformation tensor morphometry provides a sensitive approach to detecting and mapping subtle volume changes in the brain from conventional high resolution T1W MRI data. However, it is limited in its ability to localize volume changes within sub-regions of uniform white matter in T1W MRI. In contrast, lower resolution DTI data provides valuable complementary microstructural information within white matter. An approach to incorporating information from DTI data into deformation tensor morphometry of conventional high resolution T1W imaging is described. A novel mutual information (MI) derived criteria is proposed, termed diffusion paired MI, using an approximation to collective many-channel MI between all images. This approximation avoids the evaluation of high dimensional joint probability distributions, but allows a combination of conventional and diffusion data in a single registration criteria. The local gradient of this measure is used to drive a viscous fluid registration between repeated DTI-MRI imaging studies. Results on example data from clinical studies of Alzheimer's disease illustrate the improved localization of tissue loss patterns within regions of white matter.
Infection prevention: 2013 review and update for neurodiagnostic technologists.

ABSTRACT.Since 1995 ASET has published recommendations for infection prevention (Altman 1995, Altman 2000, Sullivan and Altman 2008). In keeping with the desire of providing current updates every five years, this article reviews the aforementioned past publications and incorporates new information from books and Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Knowledge of current infection control practices and recommendations is essential for every neurodiagnostic technologist, no matter if employed in a hospital, an ambulatory setting, an intensive care unit, or the operating room. All technologists who have direct patient contact are responsible for ensuring best practices for infection prevention.
Treatment of acute pancreatitis in the dog

Die Pankreatitis, eine entzundliche Erkrankung des exokrinen Pankreas, kommt beim Hund relativ haufig vor. Sie kann akut oder chronisch verlaufen (35). Diese Differenzierung ist jedoch nur anhand einer histopathologischen Untersuchung von Pankreasgewebe und nicht anhand klinischer Parameter moglich. Eine akute Pankreatitis zeichnet sich durch eine Infiltration des exokrinen Pankreas mit Entzundungszellen aus, wobei hier vor allem neutrophile Granulozyten vorzufinden sind ( Abb. 1) (35). Des Weiteren kann es zur Nekrose der pankreatischen Azini kommen ( Abb. 1), ferner zu Fettgewebsnekrosen in dem das Pankreas umgebenden Fettgewebe. Dagegen fehlen permanente Veranderungen, wie Atrophie oder Fibrose des Pankreasgewebes, die sich bei der chronischen Pankreatitis nachweisen lassen. Eine chroni sche Pankreatitis beim Hund geht auserdem haufig mit einer lymphoplasmazytaren Infiltration des Pankreasgewebes einher. Der subklinische Verlauf einer akuten Pankreatitis tritt wahrscheinlich weitaus haufiger auf, als bisher angenommen (43). Dabei erweist sich der Begriff “subklinisch” vermutlich als nicht optimal, da betroffene Hunde durchaus Krankheitsanzeichen haben konnen, die aber vom Besitzer teilweise nicht als solche erkannt werden. So zeigen Humanpatienten mit leichtgradiger Pankreatitis beispielsweise oft leichtes Unwohlsein oder einen geringfugigen Abdominalschmerz, Symptome also, die der Patient selbst bemerkt, wahrend sie ein Hundebesitzer bei seinem Tier leicht ubersehen wurde. Von solchen leichtgradigen Formen einer akuten Pankreatitis zu schwergradigen, potenziell letalen Krankheitsverlaufen besteht ein fliesender Ubergang. Daher ist es nicht nur
How much bulk energy storage is needed to decarbonize electricity

High cost and technical immaturity of bulk (multi-hour) electricity storage (BES) systems are often cited as major hurdles to increasing the penetration of intermittent renewables. We use a simple model to assess the economics of BES under carbon emissions constraints. Size and dispatch of a green-field generation fleet is optimized to meet a variable load at a 15 minute time resolution. Electricity supply options are wind, gas turbine, BES, and a generic dispatchable-zero-carbon (DZC) source as a proxy for fossil fuel plants with carbon capture or nuclear plants. We review the cost of selected BES technologies and parameterize the performance of storage, focusing on the energy- and power-specific capital costs. We examine sensitivity of the electricity cost to storage performance under a range of emissions constraints. Availability of inexpensive BES systems in general and particularly electrochemical technologies has a small impact on the overall cost of decarbonization. Proportional reductions in capital costs of wind and DZC lower decarbonization costs far more. We find no economic justification for seasonal storage. Intermittent renewables can be used to decarbonize the electricity supply with a proportionally small requirement for BES because gas provides much of the intermittency management even when the carbon emissions intensity is cut to less than 30% of today's U.S. average. Substantial BES is required only when emissions are constrained to nearly zero and DZC is not allowed.
Adaptive sub-MHz magnetic induction-based system for mid-range wireless communication in soil

Wireless communication in the subsurface has many scientific, commercial, disaster management, and security applications. The communications could be between two subsurface nodes, among many nodes of an underground sensor network, or between subsurface and surface nodes. However, no robust method has been practically proven for this application. Recently it has been shown that even at sub-MHz frequencies, the typical variations of the electrical properties of soils, for example due to rain or drydown event, significantly impact the wireless communication channel, particularly for mid-range distances, e.g., in the 15–30 m range. If one considers the trade-offs of a magnetic induction (MI) based system involving energy-efficiency and application bandwidth for two extreme soil conditions of very dry and very wet, it becomes apparent that a balanced solution is very hard to achieve. This is in large part because one of the main design parameters, the wire thickness of the MI node, is fixed and cannot be dynamically optimized for the entire range of dynamic soil dielectric properties. In this work, this problem is theoretically investigated and a solution is proposed based on a dual-wire coil to enable an adaptive front-end magnetic induction-based communication system for mid-range distances. Preliminary simulated and empirical results are discussed and design guidelines are proposed.
DEVELOPING MIDDLE SCHOOL STUDENTS’ READING AND WRITING ABILITIES THROUGH DIRECT INSTRUCTION AND MEANINGFUL AND AUTHENTIC LITERACY EXPERIENCES

A model of integrated middle school literacy instruction that emphasizes direct instruction within the context of meaningful and authentic literacy experiences is presented. Background information on the direct‐instruction and whole‐language approaches and their historical influence on middle school literacy instruction is provided first, and the lack of mingling of these two approaches is cited as a problem with current middle school literacy programs. The integrated model is then presented, the components of which are meaningful and authentic literacy experiences and three instructional actions associated with direct instruction—explanation, modeling, and mediation. Examples of integrated literacy instruction in which the direct instructional actions are thoughtfully and carefully embedded within meaningful and authentic literacy experiences are provided.
Attitudes of the broader hearing, deaf, and hard-of-hearing community toward genetic testing for deafness.

Purpose: To assess attitudes in a nonmedically and nonculturally influenced setting of reproductive-age adults toward genetic testing for deafness in newborns. Methods: Hearing, deaf, and hard-of-hearing individuals at a university completed questionnaires assessing attitudes toward genetic testing. Results: Eighty-five percent of hearing (n = 133) and 62% of deaf/hard-of-hearing (n = 89) individuals would allow genetic testing for deafness in their own newborn. Conclusions: These results indicate an acceptance of newborn genetic testing for deafness by individuals in the broader community, regardless of hearing status.
Evidence for dissociable mechanisms of amphetamine-and stress-induced behavioral sensitization: effects of MK-801 and haloperidol pretreatment

The present study examined the ability of pretreatment with MK-801 or haloperidol to block the induction of behavioral sensitization to amphetamine challenge by repeated immobilization stress in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Fifteen minutes before each of ten 30-min restraint sessions, rats were administered saline, MK-801 (0.01, 0.10 or 0.25 mg/kg IP) or haloperidol (0.10 or 0.25 mg/kg IP). Control rats received the same injection regimen without restraint. An additional experiment examined the ability of MK-801 to block the induction of sensitization by repeatedd-amphetamine. In this experiment, rats were administered saline or MK-801 (0.25 mg/kg IP) 15 min before each of ten amphetamine injections (1.0 mg/kg IP, administered under the same regimen as immobilization stress). Four days after the final immobilization or amphetamine injection, rats were tested for locomotor response to novelty, saline andd-amphetamine (1.5 mg/kg IP). Exposure to repeated immobilization stress significantly enhanced the locomotor response to amphetamine challenge but not to saline challenge whether rats were pretreated with saline, MK-801 or haloperidol. Secondary analysis of dose effects in each pretreatment group revealed that at 0.25 mg/kg, repeated MK-801 in itself induced sensitization to the response to amphetamine in control rats and potentiated stress-induced sensitization in restrained rats. In contrast, the sensitization induced by repeated amphetamine was attenuated by MK-801 pretreatment. Neither dose of haloperidol affected the locomotor response to saline or amphetamine in control or stressed rats. These results indicate that the effects of MK-801 on the induction of sensitization are complex and suggest that amphetamine-and stress-induced behavioral sensitization may arise through different mechanisms.
System design aspects of a simulcast trunked system

Businesses and governmental organizations are researching for means to better manage their resources (energy, labor, equipment, etc.) and thus contribute to operational productivity improvements. Many such organizations are becoming aware of the potentials a radio communication system can afford in the area of assisting resource management. To satisfy the communication needs of major private radio users, an 800 MHz trunked dispatch system offers many system benefits, such as apparent user privacy, simplified radio operation, faster channel access and flexible fleet partitioning. The basic structure of a trunked dispatch system is a co-located configuration; with all the base transmitters, receivers and control equipment resident at a single site. This co-located configuration limits the applications for the user with large radio communication system requirements. The user with communications needs extending beyond the coverage contour of a single base repeater site finds the co-located configuration awkward to implement efficiently to satisfy all the communications needs. Examples of users having large communication needs would include petroleum companies, public utilities, and large municipalities. To address the needs of many such users, a wide area coverage system is developed by merging the concepts of a trunked dispatch system with simulcast transmit techniques. This communication system offers all the features of a co-located trunked dispatch system, but allows the coverage area to greatly extend beyond the single base repeater site to encompass many remote repeater sites. To effectively merge these communication systems, a myriad of technologies is employed. Wide area coverage simulcast communication systems have been previously developed for special applications, thus producing a guide to general areas of concern of a simulcast communication approach. The development of areas of the 800MHz. trunked dispatch simulcast system introduces many areas new to simulcast system development. Previous simulcast systems have dealt predominently with voice communication solely. A trunked system utilizes digital signalling techniques which are affected by the simulcast operation and must be addressed in addition to the expected effects upon the audio voice signalling. The very 800MHz, environment as a host to a simulcast system is an unexplored area. The system concepts and technical issues unique to an 800MHz. simulcast trunked system applications are to be discussed in this paper.
ABINITIO METHODS FOR LARGE SYSTEMS

Methods for calculations on extended systems are proposed, in which long-range Coulombic interactions are treated classically. The basic mode of description for the system is still in a quantum mechanical language, involving wave functions, Hamiltonians, etc. The electron density in a large molecular system is divided into suitable fragments, and the electrostatic potential generated by such a fragment at some distance away from it is then expressed by a generalized multipole expansion relative to a single point in space, conveniently taken as the center of charge distribution for that fragment. The computational effort required for evaluating the interactions involving those multipoles is modest and scales favorably (quadratically) with the size of the system. The remaining interactions, which need to be treated with conventional methods, i.e., with explicit one- and two-electron integrals, scale only linearly with size in extended systems. An important characteristic of the approach is that, while the approximations and shortcuts introduced have a clear physical origin, they can bc justified on strict numerical grounds, such that calculated energies and other properties are identical to those obtained with conventional methods.
Sex differences in mouse models of asthma.

Differences in disease susceptibility and prognosis between men and women are known to occur in the incidence and development of neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and immunological disorders. In the lung there are also sex-based differences in the incidence, prevalence, and pathogenesis of lung cancer, cystic fibrosis, COPD, and asthma. In the general population, sex-based differences in asthma have been shown by epidemiologic studies, but unfortunately these studies are not consistent in their conclusions. This variability in human epidemiological studies justifies the need for more focused studies of the effects of specific hormones. Such specific mechanistic studies can most easily be performed in animal models, and since mouse models have the potential for separating specific genetic factors from environmental and exogenous factors, this species has become increasingly important in the design, analysis, and interpretation of asthma research. This review will document the male and female differences i...
Quantitative determination of griseofulvin and griseofulvin-4'-alcohol in plasma by fluorimetry on thin layer chromatograms.

Abstract A method for quantitatively determining griseofulvin and griseofulvin-4′-alcohol in plasma was developed employing measurement of fluorescence directly on thin layer chromatograms. Chromatograms of plasma extracts were mechanically scanned with a modified Photovolt TLC Densitometer. The areas under the peaks produced by the scan were found to be linear with the amount of fluorescent material on the spots within a useful range. The errors incurred in the assay were 3.2 for the determination of griseofulvin and 4.7 for griseofulvin-4′-alcohol. The results of the TLC fluorimetric assay and the spectrophotofluorometric assay on plasma samples following oral doses of griseofulvin to rabbtis were in good agreement.
The role of central and peripheral temperature changes in the regulation of thermal polypnea in the chicken.

Abstract The temperature of free-flowing blood in the aorta, the skin temperature of the comb, and the temperature of the skin under the feathers, of nine male chickens were measured, before, during and after exposure to a hot environment (45°C). Respiratory frequencies were also recorded, and no evidence was obtained that thermal polypnea occured before the deep-body temperature increased. In some birds, the highest respiratory frequency was noted after the air temperature was lowered. It is suggested that, although an increase in skin temperature is not involved in the initiation of thermal polypnea, changes in skin temperature may modify the respiratory pattern once thermal polypnea is established.
Effects of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) microinjected into various brain areas of conscious and pentobarbital-pretreated rabbits

Abstract Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was administered intracerebrally into various brain regions of conscious and pentobarbitalnarcotized rabbits. In conscious animals tachypnea was observed after TRH administration into all brain regions investigated. Behavioral excitation was most pronounced after TRH administration into the cerebral cortex, caudate nucleus and hypothalamus. Hyperthermia was produced only after hypothalamic injections of TRH. In pentobarbital-narcotized rabbits TRH exerted analeptic activity (shortening of narcosis) regardless of the brain area injected, although some quantitative differences were observed. These results indicate that the analeptic effect of TRH may be initiated from various areas of the brain.
On the sensitivity of the intrinsic growth rate to changes in the age-specific birth and death rates☆

Abstract In this article, we first present a brief elementary exposition of the discrete model of population growth, and some of the results that can be derived from that model. We then use these results to study the sensitivity of the intrinsic growth rate to (a) certain kinds of over-all multiplicative changes in the age-specific birth and death rates, (b) perturbations in the age-specific rates in any given age-interval or in any given set of age-intervals, (c) perturbations in the over-all multiplicative changes in the age-specific rates. We find, among other things, that both the partial derivative of the intrinsic growth rate with respect to the age-specific birth-rate and the corresponding partial derivative with respect to the age-specific death-rate can be calculated directly from the eventual reproductive values (as defined by Goodman [6]) and the stable age-distribution. We illustrate the application of the formulae presented herein using data on the fertility and mortality conditions in the U.S. in 1965.
An Heuristic Method for Solving Time-Sensitive Routeing Problems

Many vehicle scheduling situations require careful monitoring and control of the time a vehicle is on the road. Setting time limits as rigid constraints on a vehicle scheduling problem is usually not appropriate since minor violations of such constraints do not really imply that a solution is infeasible. An heuristic method for solving vehicle scheduling problems in which time is an important factor has been developed. The heuristic creates routes based on a "time density function" which identifies clusters of stops and chooses stops from these clusters to form a route. Important considerations balancing overtime costs, overnight route costs and travel costs to and from far clusters of stops are part of the heuristic. The method has been tested on 10 days of data from a large food distributor in the midwestern United States and found to affect significantly both variable and fixed costs in these commercial problems. The smallest of these problems had 110 stops, while the largest had 223. A modest amount of computer time (under 15 seconds in every case) was required to generate the assignment of stops to trucks and produce routes for the vehicles.
Regulation of Mineral and Trace Elements in Human Milk: Exogenous and Endogenous Factors

Breast-fed infants are dependent on an adequate supply of minerals and trace elements for normal growth and development. For most of these elements, the mammary gland appears to have developed mechanisms to regulate their concentrations, even when the maternal diet varies considerably or maternal conditions are affected by different challenges. For some elements, however, there appears to be little or no such regulation. Increased knowledge about these mechanisms, or their absence, and to what extent they may compensate for adverse maternal conditions, including poor nutrition, will help identify infants and women at risk for deficiencies of these nutrients.
Transition matrix description of dynamic magnetoconductivity

Abstract The contribution to the dynamic magnetoconductivity σ(ω, B ) of one-electron-one-impurity interaction process is found to be described in terms of a generalization of the transition matrices on and off the energy shell.
Synchrotron texture analysis with area detectors

The wide availability of X-ray area detectors provides an opportunity for using synchrotron radiation based X-ray diffraction for the determination of preferred crystallite orientation in polycrystalline materials. These measurements are very fast compared to other techniques. Texture is immediately recognized as intensity variations along Debye rings in diffraction images, yet in many cases this information is not used because the quantitative treatment of texture information has not yet been developed into a standard technique. In special cases it is possible to interpret the texture information contained in these intensity variations intuitively. However, diffraction studies focused on the effects of texture on materials properties often require the full orientation distribution function (ODF) which can be obtained from spherical tomography analysis. In cases of high crystal symmetry (cubic and hexagonal) an approximation to the full ODF can be reconstructed from single diffraction images, as is demonstrated for textures in rolled copper and titanium sheets. Combined with area detectors, the reconstruction methods make the measurements fast enough to study orientation changes during phase transformations, recrystallization and deformation in situ, and even in real time, at a wide range of temperature and pressure conditions. The present work focuses on practical aspects of texture measurement and data processing procedures to make the latter available for the growing community of synchrotron users. It reviews previous applications and highlights some opportunities for synchrotron texture analysis based on case studies on different materials.
Use of reverse-phase chromatography in the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing A step toward automation

Abstract Reverse-phase chromatography has been used for carrying out Maxam-Gilbert sequencing reactions. The DNA loss has been minimized. Time-consuming ethanol precipitation and lyophilization of piperidine have been eliminated. The method has been used successfully in sequencing oligonucleotides as well as large DNA fragments. Based upon these modifications, we have developed a semiautomatic device for carrying out the Maxam-Gilber sequencing reactions. It is also possible to fully automate the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing, and we present the diagram of a fully automated set up. The development of such a machine should expedite the sequencing of the large number of genes being cloned.
Combined time-domain and spectral turbulence analysis of the signal-averaged ECG improves its predictive accuracy in postinfarction patients.

Abstract The predictive accuracy of time-domain (TD) late potential analysis of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram in postmyocardial infarction (MI) is limited by the high incidence of false positives in inferior MI. However, frequency-domain spectral turbulence (ST) analysis suffers from a high incidence of false positives, especially in anterior MI. A prospective study was conducted of 262 patients with acute MI to investigate the hypothesis that combined TD and ST analyses of the signal-averaged electrocardiogram could improve its predictive accuracy for serious arrhythmic events in the post-MI period. Abnormal TD criteria were RMS40 less than 25 μ V at 25 Hz plus RMS40 less than 16 μ V at 40 Hz, and abnormal ST criteria were a turbulence score of 3 or 4. Seventeen patients had arrhythmic events during 10.5 ± 2.4 months of follow-up evaluation (13 sudden cardiac death judged to be due to arrhythmia and 4 nonfatal sustained ventricular tachycardia). The total predictive accuracy of combined TD and ST (92%) was higher than TD (87%), whereas ST had the lowest total predictive accuracy of 78%. The negative predictive accuracy of all three analyses was high (96–97%). However, the positive predictive accuracy of TD (28%) was higher than ST (14%). Combined TD and ST significantly improved the positive predictive accuracy of the test to 35% in the total group and to 40% in patients with first anterior or inferior MI. The best results were obtained in patients with first anterior MI, where the positive predictive accuracy of combined analysis was 50%.
The effects of 2'-deoxycoformycin on the action of cordycepin on nuclear RNA synthesis in regenerating liver.

Abstract The effect of the adenosine deaminase inhibitor, 2′-deoxycoformycin, upon the inhibitory action of cordycepin on nuclear RNA synthesis was tested in regenerating rat liver 18 hr after partial hepatectomy. The 50% inhibitory effect (ID50) of 2′-deoxycoformycin on adenosine deaminase activity was 6–7 μg/kg in both normal and regenerating liver. Cordycepin inhibited nuclear ribosomal RNA, non-poly(A) heterogeneous nuclear RNA, and poly(A) heterogeneous nuclear RNA at ID50 doses of 15, 18, and 17 mg/kg, respectively, 45 min after treatment. Pretreatment for 10 min with 2′-deoxycoformycin results in a 27–53% decrease in the ID50 of cordycepin for all three species of nuclear RNA. Maximum potentiation by 2′-deoxycoformycin was achieved at 4 hr after cordycepin treatment for nuclear ribosomal RNA and non-poly(A) heterogeneous nuclear RNA and at 45 min for poly(A) heterogeneous nuclear RNA. These results suggest that the deamination of cordycepin is not a highly significant factor in regenerating liver.
VLF-emissions associated with ring current electrons: Off-equatorial observations

Simultaneous observations of magnetospheric VLF emissions and the associated enhancement of ring current electrons up to 15 deg geomagnetic latitudes are made by the Explorer 45. Using a 4 deg inclination of orbit with a tilt angle of the earth's magnetic dipole axis of 11 deg, microdensitometer scanning of wideband data indicates that the band of missing emissions in the off-equatorial whistler mode emissions appears at f(H0)/2. Intensities above f(H0)/2 appear very weak in contrast to those of near-equatorial emissions where f(H0) is the equatorial electron gyrofrequency corresponding to the local gyrofrequency at the satellite. Whistler mode waves are reflected from high latitudes to the equator inside the source region, and the intensities of those waves are shown to be insufficient to explain the observed emissions below f(H0)/2 at the equator. Results indicate that the superposition of two types of emissions from the same processes at different locations is not the main mechanism for the formation of the two-band chorus, and the dominant sources of these choruses are located at the + or - 5 deg geomagnetic latitude.
Organizational resources in support of patient education programs: relationship to reported delivery of instruction.

Abstract Two studies of patient education programs tested hypotheses regarding the relationship between structural, attitudinal, and resource variables and reported receipt of instruction by patients and delivery of instruction by providers. Three predictor variables - degree of structure for implementation, provider perception of reinforcement for doing patient education, and perceived payoffs from the program, were significantly related to measures of the dependent variable. Age of the program, administrator support for social change and staff support for the program, did not show significant relationships with receipt/delivery of instruction. Future studies might investigate: how coordinative functions are carried out rather than whether a coordinator for the program has been named, the relationship between financial condition of the hospital and ability to deliver patient education services, and the relationship between patient education resources and outcome variables such as health care services used and cost. Research about resources necessary to ensure adequate delivery of instruction to patients is as important as is research about the design of instruction.
Neural modeling of a visual perceptual task—a case study

Abstract A model connecting psychophysical findings with their putative neurobiological substrate is examined: the attempt to relate the perception of the orientation of a line in visual space to the excitation pattern of orientation-selective neurons in the mammalian visual cortex. The specific problem is whether it is possible to derive the phenomenon of ‘simultaneous orientation contrast’, also known as the tilt illusion, from neurophysiological data by comparing the responses to similar visual patterns obtained from human observers and from visual cortical neurons in anesthetized cats. It was hoped that straight-forward concepts such as lateral inhibition in the domain of line-orientation would lead to a satisfactory model. The neurophysiological findings, however, turn out to be much more complex, particularly as contextual stimulation (non-classical receptive fields) of cortical neurons produces some hitherto unsuspected effects. When constructing neural models of visual psychophysical responses, we clearly need to consider not only non-classical receptive fields but also the fact that neural ‘filtering’ is likely to be active rather than passive.
XML Schema Languages: Beyond DTD.

The flexibility and extensibility of XML have largely contributed to its wide acceptance beyond the traditional realm of SGML. Yet, there is still one more obstacle to be overcome before XML is able to become the evangelized universal data/document format. The obstacle is posed by the limitations of the legacy standard for constraining the contents of an XML document. The traditionally used DTD (document type definition) format does not lend itself to be used in the wide variety of applications XML is capable of handling. The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has charged the XML schema working group with the task of developing a schema language to replace DTD. This XML schema language is evolving based on early drafts of XML schema languages. Each one of these early efforts adopted a slightly different approach, but all of them were moving in the same direction.
The space of almost complex 2-spheres in the 6-sphere

The complex dimension of the space of linearly full almost complex 2-spheres of area 4πd in the round 6-sphere is calculated to be d+ 8. Explicit examples of these objects are constructed for every integer value of the degree, d ≥ 6, d 6= 7. Furthermore, it is shown that when d = 6 this space is isomorphic to the group G2(C), and when d = 7 this space is empty. We also show that the dimension of the space of non-linearly full almost complex 2-spheres of area 4πd in the round 6-sphere is 2d+ 5
Serious Respiratory Tract Illness as a Result of Asian Influenza and Influenza B Infections in Children.

Although not so common as some of the other respiratory tract agents such as parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial and adenoviruses, and the Eaton PPLO agent, influenza viruses A 2 and B can and do cause serious respiratory tract illness in children. Of 40 hospitalized patients with influenza A 2 or B infection, 50 per cent had bronchopneumonia, 27 per cent had croup, and 23 per cent had miscellaneous respiratory tract illnesses, primarily bronchitis. Practically all patients studied in the outpatient clinic with influenza A or B infection had fever, rhinorrhea, pharyngeal erythema, and cough with ronchi present by auscultation. Unfortunately in neither group were the signs and symptoms so distinct as to enable accurate clinical diagnosis of influenza etiology. These findings might lead to reconsideration of the question of routine immunization of children against influenza if the vaccine itself were broader antigenically and the incidence of reactions lower.
Performance, Live Culture and Things of the Heart

Having worked in the Department of Performance Studies, Tisch School of the Arts, New York University, from 1985 to 2002, Peggy Phelan is now the Ann O’Day Maples Chair in the Arts at Stanford Univ...