cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phenomenology and the Modalities

My investigations into the nature of the modalities in Husserl’s philosophy were first undertaken under the influence of the pioneering work of Jaakko Hintikka. I looked into the nature of Husserl’s various concepts of possibility1, and subjected the possible-worlds interpretation of Husserl to the criticism that it involved a naive ontological reification.2 Hintikka and Harvey3, in response to my criticisms, and Seebohm on his own, have supplemented the possible world theory with an account culled from Husserl’s writings — of the constitutive processes of modalization, thereby introducing the needed genetic underpinning, unavoidable from the phenomenological point of view, for the static-descriptive account of the earlier work (of Hintikka). All these have set the framework for study of the other modalities in phenomenology. In this paper, I will retrace some of the steps taken earlier, with regard to ‘possibility’.
NEUROENDOCRINE AND BEHAVIORAL STUDIES WITH FLUOXETINE, AN INHIBITOR OF SEROTONIN UPTAKE IN BRAIN

Abstract 1 When fluoxetine was given to inhibit serotonin uptake, functional changes in experimental animals indicated that activity of serotonin on synaptic receptors was increased despite a compensatory reduction in the formation and release of serotonin. 2 In combination with L-5HTP, fluoxetine stimulated corticosterone, prolactin and luteinizing hormone secretion and blocked ovulation in rats. 3 Fluoxetine alone did not change gross behavior, but in combination with other agents caused certain behavioral changes thought to involve serotonin-mediated synapses in experimental animals. Fluoxetine antagonized behavioral and hyperthermic effects of p-chloroamphetamine by blocking its uptake into serotonin neurons. 4 Fluoxetine suppressed REM sleep in rats and cats, and the effect was enhanced by L-5HTP.
Informed consent for off-label use of prescription medications.

Whether or not to inform patients of off-label drug prescribing has been the subject of heated debate for a long time, with convincing arguments made on both sides of the issue and no consensus reached.
Practical experience implementing supervised exercise therapy for peripheral artery disease in urban and rural Minnesota.

Although numerous studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of treadmill-based supervised exercise therapy (SET) in improving pain-free and total walking distance and quality of life in individuals with peripheral artery disease (PAD), historically this treatment has not been widely available outside of research settings. Last year’s decision by Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) to cover up to 36 sessions of SET over a 12-week period for beneficiaries with symptomatic PAD (1) has enabled greater implementation of this effective treatment in clinical settings. An additional 36 sessions are available over an extended period with a new referral from a health care provider. At the University of Minnesota, we have been implementing SET in both urban and rural clinical settings since 2015. In this column, we provide examples of two patients who have participated in SET through these programs, highlighting their experiences and tips for those considering implementing SET for individuals with PAD at their own institutions.
Immunohistochemistry on cell blocks a method for pre-operative diagnosis of papillary thyroid carcinoma by FNAC

Background: Papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) is the commonest thyroid cancer. Cases in category-5a of Bethesda system (suspicious for papillary carcinoma) are treated by surgical lobectomy followedby total thyroidectomy if histopathology confirms papillary carcinoma. In order to reduce surgicalprocedures to one this was conducted.Objectives: evaluation of role of immunohistochemistry in pre-operative diagnosis of papillary thyroidcarcinoma on cell blocks.Materials and Method: Cell blocks were taken from cases labelled category-5a for histopathology andimmunohistochemistry using three markers (CK-19, Thyro-peroxidase, and BRAFv600E mutation).Results: were highly sensitive, and specific. The use of more than markers increases sensitivity of theprocedure.Conclusion: immunohistochemical stains on cell blocks is a reliable method for pre-operative diagnosisof papillary thyroid carcinoma.
Sizing Up the Adversary: Leader Attributes and Coercion in International Conflict

Leaders negotiate, not states. Yet the extensive body of work on coercive diplomacy in international relations pays little attention to variation among leaders. In contrast, we argue that individua...
Deployment and Trajectory Optimization of UAVs: A Quantization Theory Approach

Optimal deployment and movement of multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are studied. The considered scenario consists of several ground terminals (GTs) communicating with the UAVs using variable transmission power and fixed data rate. First, the static case of a fixed geographical GT density is analyzed. Using a high-resolution quantization theory, the corresponding best achievable performance (measured in terms of the average GT transmission power) is determined in the asymptotic regime of a large number of UAVs. Next, the dynamic case where the GT density is allowed to vary periodically through time is considered. For 1-D networks, an accurate formula for the total UAV movement that guarantees the best time-averaged performance is determined. In general, the tradeoff between the total UAV movement and the achievable performance is obtained through a Lagrangian approach. A corresponding trajectory optimization algorithm is introduced and shown to guarantee a convergent Lagrangian. Numerical simulations confirm the analytical findings. Extensions to different system models and performance measures are also discussed.
Diffusion MR imaging acquisition and analytics for microstructural delineation in preclinical models of TBI.

Significant progress has been made toward improving both the acquisition of clinical diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) data and its analysis in the uninjured brain, through various techniques including a large number of model-based solutions that have been proposed to fit for multiple tissue compartments, and multiple fibers per voxel. While some of these techniques have been applied to clinical traumatic brain injury (TBI) research, the majority of these technological enhancements have yet to be fully implemented in the preclinical arena of TBI animal model-based research. In this review, we describe the requirement for preclinical, MRI-based efforts to provide systematic confirmation of the applicability of some of these models as indicators of tissue pathology within the injured brain. We review how current DWI techniques are currently being used in animal TBI models, and describe how both acquisition and analytic techniques could be extended to leverage the progress made in clinical work. Finally, we highlight remaining gaps in the preclinical pipeline from data acquisition to final analysis that currently have no real, preclinical-based correlate.
Size and density of upside-down jellyfish, Cassiopea sp., and their impact on benthic fluxes in a Caribbean lagoon.

Abstract Anthropogenic disturbances may be increasing jellyfish populations globally. Epibenthic jellyfish are ideal organisms for studying this phenomenon due to their sessile lifestyle, broad geographic distribution, and prevalence in near-shore coastal environments. There are few studies, however, that have documented epibenthic jellyfish abundance and measured their impact on ecological processes in tropical ecosystems. In this study, the density and size of the upside-down jellyfish (Cassiopea spp.) were measured in Codrington Lagoon, Barbuda. A sediment core incubation study, with and without Cassiopea, also was performed to determine their impact on benthic oxygen and nutrient fluxes. Densities of Cassiopea were 24–168 m−2, among the highest reported values in the literature. Under illuminated conditions, Cassiopea increased oxygen production >300% compared to sediment alone, and they changed sediments from net heterotrophy to net autotrophy. Cassiopea increased benthic ammonium uptake, but reduced nitrate uptake, suggesting they can significantly alter nitrogen cycling. Future studies should quantify the abundance of Cassiopea and measure their impacts on ecosystem processes, in order to further determine how anthropogenic-related changes may be altering the function of tropical coastal ecosystems.
Dining out as a performative event

Public events are scripted, staged and choreographed. Dining out is a perception-affect experience, but it is rare that the experience becomes a performative event in which guests are actors in the...
1 – FOCUS MICROCOMPUTER NUMBER SYSTEM

Focus is a number system and supporting computational algorithms especially useful for microcomputer control and other signal processing applications. Focus has the wide ranging character of floating point numbers with a uniformity of state distributions that give focus more than a two-fold accuracy advantage over an equal word length floating-point system. Focus computations are typically five times faster than single precision fixed-point or integer arithmetic for a mixture of operations, comparable with hardware arithmetic in speed for many applications. Algorithms for 8-bit and 16-bit implementations of focus are included.
Characterizing online searches in pediatric dermatology

The use of online medical information is a common trend but little is known about these searches and implications in pediatric dermatology. Through a convenience sample of 95 parents/guardians and patients in pediatric dermatology at the University of Minnesota, 38.9% of participants reported that they had used an online search tool prior to their appointment. Google was the most common tool used (91.4%), and eczematous conditions were the most common patient-suspected diagnosis (32.4%). Of interest, 13.9% of individuals became more concerned and 16.7% made an appointment earlier because of their online findings.
Phosphorous recovery from septic tank liquor: Optimal conditions and effect of tapered velocity gradient

Abstract The growing recognition of the potential of recovery of products from, and recycling of, wastewater is matched by a growing interest in decentralized treatment systems. Sanitation-focused policies and interventions, undertaken by many developing countries, are dominated by septic tanks for septage management. As reserves of phosphate rock continue being depleted, recovery of phosphorus (P) from the waste stream is one of the practical strategies to deal with that depletion. Partial anaerobic digestion of septic tank liquor converts organic P to soluble orthophosphate form, allowing it to be recovered. Factors that influence such recovery, namely pH, the molar ratio of magnesium (Mg) to P, velocity gradient, and mixing duration were tested and optimized for recovering P as struvite. Interactions between the above factors and their possible influence on the efficiency of P recovery were also examined. Under optimal conditions, more than 90% of P could be recovered. The maximum size of struvite crystals was 201 μm. Among the factors that influenced P recovery, pH and the Mg/P ratio affected recovery efficiency whereas the velocity gradient and mixing duration affected the size of struvite crystals. Tapering the velocity gradient not only increased the crystal size significantly, from 280 μm to 371.9 μm, but also reduced energy requirement by 62%. The study showed that new reactors designs can be based on the concept of tapered velocity gradient to improve the properties of struvite crystals.
Ultrasound Probe Selection, Knobology and Optimization of Image Quality

Ultrasound use in daily medical practice is becoming increasingly prevalent. A basic understanding of ultrasound equipment is needed for success in using ultrasound for diagnostic and procedural guidance. Fortunately, appropriate probe selection is not difficult, and optimization of a target and/or needle visualization require only a few maneuvers with adjustments that are easily mastered. This chapter will review the basic equipment, machine settings, image optimization and nomenclature needed for bedside ultrasound use.
George Seldes’ War for the Public Good: Weaponising a Free Press: By Helen Fordham, New York, Palgrave Macmillan, 2019, 166 pp

Helen Fordham’s George Seldes’ War for the Public Good: Weaponising a Free Press provides a concise political biography of this important 20th-century journalist and media critic. Acknowledging the...
Perceived Harm May Be Helpful: Fear of Fluoroquinolone-Associated Adverse Events in Children.

* Abbreviation: AE — : adverse event The concerns about fluoroquinolone-associated adverse events (AEs), including tendon injury, have likely resulted in its limited use in pediatrics. However, reports of fluoroquinolone-induced tendon injury are almost exclusively in adults. In this issue of Pediatrics , Ross et al1 report an active comparator cohort study using US claims data to evaluate outcomes of adolescents prescribed oral fluoroquinolones and other broad-spectrum antibiotics in the outpatient setting from 2000 to 2018. The primary outcome was tendon rupture and the secondary outcome was tendinitis as identified by International Classification of Diseases and Current Procedural Terminology codes.1 The authors did observe a small increase in tendon rupture in adolescents prescribed fluoroquinolone. However, >52 000 adolescents would need to be treated with a fluoroquinolone for one additional tendon rupture to occur. Tendinitis was also observed more frequently in the fluoroquinolone-prescribed teenagers, with a number needed to treat-to-harm >4400. The strengths of the study include its … Address correspondence to Jennifer L. Goldman MD, MSCR, Children’s Mercy Hospital, 2401 Gillham Rd, Kansas City, MO 64108. E-mail: jlgoldman{at}cmh.edu
Nonparametric Identification and Inference of First-Price Auctions with Heterogeneous Bidders

In the auction literature, it is well established that bidders' asymmetry plays an important role in determining auction revenues. In this paper, we propose a nonparametric methodology to analyze first-price auctions with two popularly adopted asymmetries: heterogeneous risk preferences and asymmetric value distributions. We find that the two competing models provide distinct implications for the bid distributions conditional on heterogeneity. By modeling bidders' asymmetry as unobserved heterogeneity, we show that the conditional bid distributions are identified nonparametrically. These results enable researchers to distinguish between the two competing models. The Monte Carlo experiments demonstrate the good performance of the proposed method. In an application using the US Forest Service timber auction data, we find that the data support the model with heterogeneity in risk preference.
The Impact of Social Economics and Cultural Factors on Accessibility and Perception of Rehabilitation in Mainland China

Research Objectives To understand the differences of family backgrounds between the two identified regions. To explore the impact of regional, cultural, and socio-economic differences on accessibility and people's perception of rehabilitation medicine. Design An online survey collected demographic information from parents of children attending two rehabilitation centers in two regions that are distinctively different culturally and socio-economically. Setting The two identified facilities are owned by the government, receive funding from the central and local Disabled People Federations, and serve children from two to fourteen years old with various disabilities. Participants Participants are caregivers of children who were receiving rehabilitation services at the two identified rehabilitation centers. A total of 104 participants from the two identified regions completed the online survey. Interventions The survey questions focused on the patients’ family background, including their ethnicity, regions of residency and social-economic status, as well as the parents’ perception of rehabilitation services. Main Outcome Measures The survey study data was collected, processed, and analyzed in REDCap. Descriptive statistics were generated to provide an overview of the demographic differences and report service barriers. Statistical analysis was performed on R Studio (RStudio Team, 2020) to compare findings between the two respondent groups. Results The survey results demonstrated that there were a few major differences between the two regions including ethnicities, educational levels, household income, and perception of rehabilitation. Participants’ perception of the development of rehabilitation, impact factors, and types of therapies vary between the two regions. Conclusions In comparing the differences between the two regions, the east region that was more culturally open and economically developed had better access to rehabilitation services. Participants from the east region also put their hope of change on a systematic level instead of individual level. The results suggest the need for further conversations and deeper understanding on how regional, cultural, and social-economic differences affect participants' experiences and perceptions. Author(s) Disclosures The authors received no financial support for the research authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Common feeding problems and their solution in dairy herds

Most farm feeding problems are the result of combinations of inefficient feed selection and delivery. Inefficient feed selection results in high input cost while inefficient delivery results in impaired physical conversion of feed. The economic effect of both these factors must be considered during nutritional problem solving.
Bayes, predictive processing, and the cognitive architecture of motor control.

Abstract Despite their popularity, relatively scant attention has been paid to the upshot of Bayesian and predictive processing models of cognition for views of overall cognitive architecture. Many of these models are hierarchical; they posit generative models at multiple distinct “levels,” whose job is to predict the consequences of sensory input at lower levels. I articulate one possible position that could be implied by these models, namely, that there is a continuous hierarchy of perception, cognition, and action control comprising levels of generative models. I argue that this view is not entailed by a general Bayesian/predictive processing outlook. Bayesian approaches are compatible with distinct formats of mental representation. Focusing on Bayesian approaches to motor control, I argue that the junctures between different types of mental representation are places where the transitivity of hierarchical prediction may be broken, and I consider the upshot of this conclusion for broader discussions of cognitive architecture.
Characterization of location error in wireless sensor networks: analysis and applications

One task in which inaccurate measurements are often used is location discovery, a process where the nodes in a network determine their locations. We have focused on location discovery as the primary target of our study since many sensor network tasks are dependent on location information. We demonstrate the benefits of location error analysis for system software and applications in wireless sensor networks. The technical highlight of our work is a statistically validated parameterized model of location errors that can be used to evaluate the impact of a location discovery algorithm on subsequent tasks. We prove that the distribution of location error can be approximated with a family of Weibull distributions. Then, we show that while performing the location discovery task, the nodes in a network can estimate the parameters of the distribution. Finally, we describe how applications can use the estimated statistical parameters to: (i) estimate the confidence intervals for their results, (ii) organize resource consumption to achieve optimal results in presence of estimated magnitude of error.
Transcription of the Influenza Ribonucleic Acid Genome by a Virion Polymerase III. Completeness of the Transcription Process

Abstract The virion ribonucleic acid (RNA) polymerase of influenza strain A0/WS transcribed at least 81% of the viral genome in vitro. The polymerase is shown to be associated with each of the major size classes of the virion RNA-ribonucleoprotein complexes. Under optimal in vitro conditions, at least 45% of the RNA contained in a population of influenza virions was involved in a repetitive transcription process. The detectable proteins associated with enzymatically active complexes containing RNA, ribonucleoprotein, and polymerase have been identified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Regression to the Mean

Regression to the mean describes the tendency for extreme pretest scores to become less extreme on a posttest. Regression to the mean is a threat to internal validity in repeated measures experimental design. Keywords: variability; sample; population; mean; statistical regression
Chapter 8 The Brush Border of Intestinal Epithelium: A Model System for Analysis of Cell-Surface Architecture and Motility

Publisher Summary This chapter examines a model system for analysis of cell-surface architecture and motility of the brush border of intestinal epithelium. The apical surface of absorptive epithelial cells, such as those lining the lumen of the intestine or proximal tubule of the kidney, consists of a tightly packed array of microvilli variously referred to as the striated, microvillus, or brush border. The brush-border membrane contains a variety of membrane proteins, most of which are enzymes involved in the processing and transport of the nutrients absorbed by the small intestine. Brush borders are isolated from dissociated intestinal epithelial cells by homogenization and differential centrifugation. For cytological experiments, one chicken is used, and for biochemical studies, 5–10 animals are used. Microvilli are freed from the brush borders by homogenization in a Dounce homogenizer, fitted with a tight pestle. Homogenization is continued until the brush borders begin to fragment. As is the case for brush-border isolation, it is important to monitor the progress of homogenization by light microscopy. It is suggested that the contraction of the terminal web was caused by sarcomere-like myosin interactions with the basal ends of the microvillar core filaments and the actin filaments extending from the zonula adherens.
Hemispheric comparison of cirrus cloud evolution using in situ measurements in HIAPER Pole‐to‐Pole Observations

Cirrus clouds' radiative forcing is highly sensitive to their microphysical properties and evolution. However, there are very limited data sets with both microscale resolution and global coverage to provide a hemispheric comparison of cirrus cloud microphysical properties and their evolution. Here we use in situ aircraft observations on the ~200 m scale from 87°N to 67°S over North America and the central Pacific Ocean to analyze the hemispheric differences in the evolution of cirrus clouds' horizontal segments—ice supersaturated regions (ISSRs) and ice crystal regions (ICRs). In contrast to previous in situ observations, we show that the clear-sky ice supersaturation frequency, resulting microphysical parameters (ice crystal size and concentration), and relative timescale of the life cycle of ISSRs and ICRs are similar between the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. More studies on hemispheric ice nuclei distributions and dynamical conditions are needed to help explain these observations.
Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Hatteras Outer Ridge and environs of the U.S. Atlantic margin: A view from multibeam bathymetry and backscatter

Abstract Previously unknown features in Hatteras Transverse Canyon and environs were recently mapped during multibeam surveys of almost the entire eastern U.S. Atlantic continental margin. The newly identified features include (1) extensive landslide scarps on the walls of Hatteras Transverse and Hatteras Canyons, (2) an area of multiple landslide deposits that block lower Hatteras Transverse Canyon, (3) a large depositional feature down-canyon from the landslide deposits that rises 100 m above the uppermost Hatteras Fan and has buried the transition from the mouth of Hatteras Transverse Canyon to uppermost Hatteras Fan, (4) a zone of cyclic steps on upper Hatteras Fan that suggests supercritical turbidity currents performed a series of hydraulic jumps and formed large upstream-migrating bedforms, (5) several knickpoints in the channel thalwegs of both Hatteras Transverse Canyon and Hatteras Canyon, one 40 m high, that suggest both canyon channels are out of equilibrium and are in the process of readjusting, either to the channel blockage by the extensive landslide deposits or by a readjustments to increased sedimentation during the last eustatic lowstand, (6) a large area of outcrop on the lower margin between Pamlico and Hatteras Canyons that previously was interpreted as an area of slumps, blocky slide debris and mud waves, (7) headward erosion in the head region of Hatteras Transverse Canyon where it has intercepted the lowest reaches of Albemarle Canyon channel as well as headward erosion in a small side channel that has eroded into Hatteras Outer Ridge and (8) sections of bedforms on Hatteras Outer Ridge that are partially buried by sediment from Washington–Norfolk Canyon channel as well as by sediment transported from Hatteras Abyssal Plain. The newly discovered features add a new level of detail to understand the recent processes that have profoundly affected Hatteras Transverse Canyon, Hatteras Canyon and, to a lesser degree, Hatteras Outer Ridge.
The modular integrated utility system (MIUS) as a potential influence on community development

The Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) is conducting the Modular Integrated Utility System (MIUS) Program devoted to development and demonstration of the technical, economic, and institutional advantages of integrating the systems for providing all or several of the utility services for a community. Possible utility services include the provision of electric power, domestic heating and cooling, potable water, fire protection water, liquid waste treatment, and solid waste management. The objective of the MIUS concept is to provide the desired utility services in a way that is consistent with reduction in the use of critical natural resources, protection of the environment, and minimization of cost. A MIUS might be sized to accommodate several hundred or a few thousand multifamily dwelling units, nearby single-family housing, and associated commercial facilities. The MIUS is modular in that it can be installed near appropriate users in phase with the actual demands of community development or redevelopment. It uses an integrated systems approach whereby some resource requirements of one service are met by utilizing the effluent of another. For example, heat rejected from electrical generation might be used for residential space heating, and the efflluent from liquid waste treatment might be used for fire protection and/or cooling tower water. This paper summarizes the MIUS concept and the type and extent of potential application. Possible interactions between MIUS and the local community are identified from a comparison of technological and physical characteristics of MIUS with alternative conventional utilities. Possible impacts on land use and patterns of community development are emphasized.
Thyroid hormone inhibits ERK phosphorylation in pressure overload-induced hypertrophied mouse hearts through a receptor-mediated mechanism

Pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy results in a pathological type of hypertrophy with activation of signaling cascades like the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, which promotes negative cardiac remodeling and decreased contractile function. In contrast, thyroid hormone mediates a physiological type of hypertrophy resulting in enhanced contractile function. In addition, thyroid hormone action is diminished in pressure overload-induced cardiac hypertrophy. We hypothesized that thyroid hormone status modulates ERK activity and that administration of thyroid hormone could alter the activity of this kinase in cardiac hypertrophy induced by pressure overload. ERK is activated by phosphorylation; accordingly, we investigated phosphorylation of ERK in hearts of control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid mice. In addition, the effect of T3 treatment on ERK phosphorylation in hypertrophied hearts from transverse aortic-constricted (TAC) mice was investigated. Results showed that phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) was decreased by 25% in hyperthyroid mice. In contrast, hypothyroid mice presented increased p-ERK by 80%. TAC mice presented a greater than fourfold increase of p-ERK compared with control mice. Interestingly, T3 administration dramatically canceled TAC-induced ERK phosphorylation (36% lower compared with control). Raf-1 is upstream of the ERK pathway. TAC mice presented a 45% increase in phospho-Raf-1 (Ser338). T3 treatment inhibited this effect of pressure overload and further decreased p-Raf-1 (Ser338) by 37%, compared with control. Overexpression of thyroid hormone receptor-α in cultured cardiomyocytes potentiated the inhibitory effect of T3 on ERK phosphorylation. We concluded that thyroid hormone has an inhibitory effect on the Raf-1/ERK pathway. Furthermore, treatment of TAC mice with T3 inhibited Raf-1/ERK pathway by a thyroid hormone receptor-dependent mechanism.
Snell's laws at the interface between nonlinear dielectrics.

Abstract An equivalent particle theory is developed which is effective in capturing the global behavior of surface waves at the interface between two nonlinear dielectrics.
Feline islands of Calleja complex: I. Cytoarchitectural organization and comparative anatomy.

Cytoarchitectural analyses demonstrated that the islands of Calleja complex (ICC) is highly developed and discretely organized in the cat. The feline complex is clearly divided into morphological units, each containing a granular Callejal island and a population of satellite neurons. These ICC units change progressively in cytoarchitecture from the lateral to the medial edge of the olfactory tubercle. In particular, the islands flatten, sink into the tubercular molecular layer, and increase in cell density, while their satellite neurons increase in number and decrease in size. The lateromedial transformation was judged to take place in five stages, resulting in the successive appearance of lateral, lateral transitional, central, medial transitional, and medial ICC units. The first two unit types display prominently two additional components of the feline ICC-namely, clusters of dwarf cells and small pyramidal-like neurons constituting the densocellular layer cupping the base of lateral Callejal islands. All of the various types of ICC units contact the tubercular molecular layer via their dwarf and/or granule cell components, raising the possibility of direct olfactory input to the entire Callejal complex (apart from the isla magna). Output from the complex is presumed to arise from the satellite neurons, which are distinguished from adjoining cell populations by their close association with Callejal islands, typical chromophilic character, and relatively large size (15-42 pm in soma length). In the tubercular ICC, these neurons are most numerous immediately above Callejal islands in a fiberrich zone continuous with the supratubercular zone and hence with the ventral pallidum. In the accumbal ICC, satellite neurons are most conspicuous in granule-cell-poor spaces within the isla magna, where many nongranular neurons are uncharacteristically small and chromophobic. The isla magna itself is unusual not only for its large size but for lateral extensions encircling a group of accumbal neurons far caudally. Such extensions are one of several indications that the isla magna is intimately associated with the nucleus accumbens. A comparative anatomical survey of the ICC in rats, cats, and macaque monkeys demonstrated a number of species differences. Of particular interest is the finding that the complex is unambiguously divided into discrete island-satellite cell units only in cats and macaques. In these species, the complex is also distinguished by a predominance of superficial islands and an especially prominent isla magna. ICC units, however, were most conspicuous in cats.
The Benthic Community of Stream Riffles in Newfoundland, Canada and its Relationship to Selected Physical and Chemical Parameters

Abstract The benthic macroinvertebrate communities of riffle habitats in 20 streams of Newfoundland, Canada were surveyed for density, biomass and diversity. These measures were compared to physical and chemical parameters of each stream. Population measures showed no patterns with regard to stream acidity with two exceptions. Gastropods and the ephemeropteran Heptagenia were absent from streams where the pH was below 6.1. Macroinvertebrate density and diversity were not significantly related to any of the parameters measured, although diversity was positively correlated with dissolved organic carbon and negatively correlated with nitrate concentration. Macroinvertebrate biomass (B) however, was significantly related to the concentration of organic anions (p = 0.017) and 46% of the variance in biomass was explained by the equation B = −241 + 3.91 (org) + 33.7 (temp). This significant (p = 0.005) relationship suggests that the production of these communities is controlled by the amount of allochthonous mat...
15. Cryosensitization approaches in cryotherapy

Cryoablation for the treatment of prostate cancer (CaP) is increasingly utilized in the clinical arena. Due to the sensitivity of surrounding tissues to freezing, implementation of a positive freeze margin often presents challenges. Co-morbidities coupled with the risk of a zone of incomplete ablation at the periphery of a cryogenic lesion may be reduced by increasing cryotherapy’s total ablative potential via a combinatorial approach. Various agents have been utilized in vitro in an attempt to synergistically increase cancer cell death in conjunction with freezing. Previous studies have shown that chemotherapeutic drugs such as taxotere and 5-FU are effective cryosensitizers. More recently we have shown the combinatorial potential of calcitriol, the active metabolite of vitamin D3. In both human and murine models, 24 h calcitriol exposure prior to freezing to temperatures associated with the periphery (−10 °C through −25 °C) resulted in increased cell death compared to freezing alone. Specifically, in the androgen insensitive human CaP line PC-3, 24 h calcitriol pre-treatment yielded a 36% increase in cell death at the −15 °C isotherm compared to temperature-matched controls (60% viable vs. 96%, respectively). In addition to 2D in vitro modeling, studies were also conducted using a novel 3D prostate tissue engineered model (pTEM) system. CaP cells grown in this 3D matrix were frozen using a novel supercritical nitrogen (SCN) device in the presence or absence of calcitriol as a cryosensitizer. Results indicate that the zone of ablation within the iceball increased by 20% with the addition of calcitriol. These in vitro studies illustrate the potential benefits of calcitriol in combination with a cryosurgical treatment regime in androgen insensitive CaP. Additionally, we also investigated the “long-term” calcitriol cryosensitization potential using an in vitro dose escalation scheme. In order to model an oral VD3 regime we utilized a 1 nM initial dose of calcitriol followed by a 5 nM increase every 2 days, resulting in a 32-day gradual escalation to 80 nM. Calcitriol dose escalation yielded a significant increase in cell death over the 24 h pre-treatment in all temperatures examined. Additionally, maintenance of 80 nM calcitriol for 20 days after the escalation scheme resulted in complete cell death at the −25 °C isotherm with no re-growth after 3 days. Interestingly, when calcitriol treatment was discontinued after the escalation scheme this sensitization benefit was lost. These results suggest that in a prolonged oral treatment regime, vitamin D3 may provide for improved CaP sensitivity to cryoablation thereby increasing cell death while reducing the need for an enlarged positive freeze margin. The results of this study suggest a potential “benchtop to bedside” framework for future clinical translation.
Closed-form shear flow solution for box–girder bridges under torsion

Abstract To provide desired stiffness and strength in torsion, bridge superstructures are often constructed with a cross-section consisting of multiple cells which have thin walls relative to their overall dimensions and resist Saint–Venant torsion through shear flow (force per unit length) that develops around the cell walls. For a single thin-walled cell subject to torsion, shear flow is constant along each of its walls while shear stresses vary around the section based upon changes in wall thickness. When the cross-section contains multiple cells they all contribute resistance to applied torsion and for elastic continuity each cell must twist the same amount. With these considerations, equilibrium and compatibility conditions allow simultaneous equations to be formed and solved to determine the shear flow for each cell. A second approach is a relaxation method that distributes incremental shear flows back and forth between cells, reducing errors with each distribution cycle, until the final shear flows for all cells approximate the correct values. A major advantage to this method is that it does not require setting up and solving simultaneous equations, favoring situations where hand calculation is desired. In this paper, a closed-form approach is introduced to determine, exactly, both the torsional constant and all shear flows for multi-cell cross-sections under torsion; no simultaneous equations are required and there is no need to distribute shear flows back and forth between cells. Simple closed-form equations are derived which give shear flows for cross-sections with any number of cells of arbitrary shape.
Using animation courseware in the teaching of database security

Information security, and particularly, data security, are primary concerns especially as more and more data are shared over mediums such as the Internet and the Web. Traditionally database security focused on user authentication and managing user privileges to database objects. This has proven to be inadequate given the growing number of successful database hacking incidents and the increase in the number of organizations reporting loss of sensitive.
Disk and Peripheral Retinal Neovascularization Secondary to Talc and Cornstarch Emboli

A 30-year-old man was examined because of blurred vision. The symptoms had occurred immediately after the patient had injected himself intravenously with crushed, unfiltered, methylphenidate HCl (Ritalin) tablets. Fine yellow-white crystals were scattered throughout the retin of both eyes. The crystals were presumed to be talc emboli. Disk and peripheral retinal neovascularization were present. Fluorescein angiography revealed widespread retinal capillary nonperfusion. This is the first reported case, to the best of my knowledge, of disk neovascularization occurring after intravenously injected, crushed, unfiltered, methylphenidate HCl tablets.
Psychoacoustic Performance and Music and Speech Perception in Prelingually Deafened Children with Cochlear Implants

The number of pediatric cochlear implant (CI) recipients has increased substantially over the past 10 years, and it has become more important to understand the underlying mechanisms of the variable outcomes in this population. In this study, psychoacoustic measures of spectral-ripple and Schroeder-phase discrimination, the Clinical Assessment of Music Perception, and consonant-nucleus-consonant (CNC) word recognition in quiet and spondee reception threshold (SRT) in noise tests have been presented to 11 prelingually deafened CI users, aged 8–16 years with at least 5 years of CI experience. The children's performance was compared to the previously reported results of postlingually deafened adult CI users. The average spectral-ripple threshold (n = 10) was 2.08 ripples/octave. The average Schroeder-phase discrimination was 67.3% for 50 Hz and 56.5% for 200 Hz (n = 9). The Clinical Assessment of Music Perception test showed that the average complex pitch direction discrimination was 2.98 semitones. The mean melody score was at a chance level, and the mean timbre score was 34.1% correct. The mean CNC word recognition score was 68.6%, and the mean SRT in steady noise was −8.5 dB SNR. The children's spectral-ripple resolution, CNC word recognition, and SRT in noise performances were, within statistical bounds, the same as in a population of postlingually deafened adult CI users. However, Schroeder-phase discrimination and music perception were generally poorer than in the adults. It is possible then that this poorer performance seen in the children might be partly accounted for by the delayed maturation in their temporal processing ability, and because of this, the children's performance may have been driven more by their spectral sensitivity.
Effects of maternal employment and receiving welfare on family outcomes among low-income families

This study investigated how maternal employment and welfare-receipt were associated with family outcomes, using data from the Infant Health and Development Program (IHDP). This study looked at mothers and children among low-income families who received welfare and/or were employed during the first 3 years of the child's life. Mothers whose incomes were from welfare only had lower outcomes than mothers who earned some or all their income from employment. Those in the intervention groups receiving enrichment services had more positive outcomes than those of the group with only follow-up. The findings suggest that maternal employment for low-income families should be encouraged when mothers are ready to participate in employment and when support systems such as quality child care are provided.
EFFECT OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE ON THE LATTICE PARAMETERS OF RHENIUM.

Abstract The effect of pressure on the lattice parameters, hence the molar volume, of the hexagonal close-packed phase of rhenium (Re) was determined at room temperature up to 350 kbar by means of X-ray diffraction employing a diamond-anvil high-pressure cell. The initial bulk modulus of rhenium calculated from the volume data is 3.50 ± 0.15 Mbar. The crystallographic axis ratio, c a , is virtually independent of pressure. No phase transformation was observed within the pressure range studied. The mean coefficients of linear thermal expansion were determined to be (7.03 ± 0.10) × 10−6°C−1 for the a-axis and (4.96 ± 0.07) × 106°C−1 for the c-axis in a temperature range of 12–428°C at a pressure of 1 bar by means of the X-ray diffraction method.
Revenue Structure and Nonprofit Borrowing

The capital structure of nonprofit organizations plays a crucial role in their sustainability and development. This article explores the extent to which revenue diversification is incorporated into the leverage decision. In addition, this study investigates whether government grants have an impact on the long-term liabilities of nonprofit organizations. A model of nonprofit borrowing is proposed and examined with a national sample of arts, culture, and humanities nonprofit organizations. Model estimates show that nonprofit organizations with higher degree of revenue diversification are more likely to issue debt, but do not necessarily have higher debt ratios. Arts organizations with more government financial support are also more likely to issue debt and to have higher leverage ratios.
Collaborative Product Realization of an Innovative Structural Damper and Application

This paper describes an ongoing applied research project directed at producing a marketable viscoelastic structural damper system designed to protect buildings from seismic and wind events. The project is a collaborative effort involving Penn State Erie, Lehigh University, and Corry Rubber Corporation. This paper provides details of the damper realization steps which include product conceptual design and evolution, prototype manufacture and test results, application testing and evaluation plans, and the results of initial product market and commercialization studies. The collaborative efforts of this project demonstrate how the applied research capabilities of a mechanical engineering technology program can complement the pure research capabilities of a leading institution in their field.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Characteristics of emergency medicine program directors.

Objectives: To characterize emergency medicine (EM) program directors (PDs) and compare the data, where possible, with those from other related published studies. Methods: An online survey was e-mailed in 2002 to all EM PDs of programs that were approved by the Accreditation Council of Graduate Medical Education. The survey included questions concerning demographics, work hours, support staff, potential problems and solutions, salary and expenses, and satisfaction. Results: One hundred nine of 124 (88%) PDs (69.7% university, 27.5% community, and 2.8% military) completed the survey; 85.3% were male. Mean age was 43.6 years (95% confidence interval [CI] = 42.6 to 44.7 yr). The mean time as a PD was 5.7 years (95% CI = 4.9 to 6.5 yr), with 56% serving five years or less. The mean time expected to remain as PD is an additional 6.0 years (95% CI = 5.2 to 6.8). A 1995 study noted that 50% of EM PDs had been in the position for less than three years, and 68% anticipated continuing in their position for less than five years. On a scale of 1 to 10 (with 10 as highest), the mean satisfaction with the position of PD was 8.0 (95% CI = 7.2 to 8.3). Those PDs who stated that the previous PD had mentored them planned to stay a mean of 2.0 years longer than did those who were not mentored (95% CI of difference of means = 0.53 to 3.53). Sixty-five percent of PDs had served previously as an associate PD. Most PDs (92%) have an associate or assistant PD, with 54% reporting one; 25%, two; and 9%, three associate or assistant PDs. A 1995 study noted that 62% had an associate PD. Ninety-two percent have a program coordinator, and 35% stated that they have both a residency secretary and a program coordinator. Program directors worked a median of 195 hours per month: clinical, 75 hours; scholarly activity, 20 hours; administrative, 80 hours; and teaching and residency conferences, 20 hours; compared with a median total hours of 220 previously reported. Lack of adequate time to do the job required, career needs interfering with family needs, and lack of adequate faculty help with residency matters were identified as the most important problems (means of 3.5 [95% CI = 3.2 to 3.7], 3.4 [95% CI = 3.2 to 3.6], and 3.1 [95% CI = 2.9 to 3.3], respectively, on a scale of 1 to 5, with 5 as maximum). This study identified multiple resources that were found to be useful by >50% of PDs, including national meetings, lectures, advice from others, and self-study. Conclusions: Emergency medicine PDs generally are very satisfied with the position of PD, perhaps because of increased support and resources. Although PD turnover remains an issue, PDs intend to remain in the position for a longer period of time than noted before this study. This may reflect the overall satisfaction with the position as well as the increased resources and support now available to the PD. PDs have greater satisfaction if they have been mentored for the position.