cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Closed-Captioned Television on the Listening Comprehension of Intermediate English as a Second Language (ESL) Students:

This study investigated the effects of closed-captioned TV (CCTV) on the listening comprehension of intermediate English as a second language (ESL) students. Thirty students with intermediate levels of ESL proficiency participated in this study. Since vocabulary/phrase acquisition and comprehension are main factors that influence the success/failure of listening comprehension, this research also examined the effects of CCTV on these two subscales. The correlations between the listening comprehension and other factors—starting age of ESL instruction, length of time in the United States, length of ESL instruction, length of time in private language schools, length of time with tutors, and length of time traveling in English speaking countries—were inspected as well. Subjects' perceptions of the effects of CCTV on ESL learning were also covered in the study. The results of the research showed that CCTV helped ESL students' general comprehension, vocabulary acquisition, and listening comprehension. However, a...
Participation of the Arabidopsis bHLH Factor GL3 in Trichome Initiation Regulatory Events

The development of trichomes (leaf hairs) from pluripotent epidermal cells in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) provides a powerful system to investigate the regulatory motifs involved in plant cell differentiation. We show here that trichome initiation is triggered within 4 h of the induction of the GLABRA3 (GL3) basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor. Within this developmental window, GL3 binds to the promoters of at least three genes previously implicated in the development and patterning of trichomes (GL2, CAPRICE, and ENHANCER OF TRIPTYCHON AND CAPRICE1) and activates their transcription. The in vivo binding of GL3 to the promoters of these genes requires the presence of the R2R3-MYB factor GL1, supporting a model in which a GL3-GL1 complex is part of the trichome initiation enhanceosome. In contrast, GL3 is recruited to its own promoter in a GL1-independent manner, and this results in decreased GL3 expression, suggesting the presence of a GL3 negative autoregulatory loop. In support of genetic analyses indicating that ENHANCER OF GL3 (EGL3) is partially redundant with GL3, we show that EGL3 shares some direct targets with GL3. However, our results suggest that GL3 and EGL3 work independently of each other. Taken together, our results provide a regulatory framework to understand early events of epidermal cell differentiation.
CORRIDOR AND DISTANCE EFFECTS ON INTERPATCH MOVEMENTS: A LANDSCAPE EXPERIMENT WITH BUTTERFLIES

The hypothesis that corridors increase animal movement between habitat fragments, a central tenet of conservation biology, has been virtually untested. This study demonstrates that corridors increase interpatch movement rates of two butterfly species. The hypothesis was tested in a large-scale, replicated experiment, in which 27 equal-sized (1.64-ha) patches of early successional habitat were created within large areas of pine forest. Patches varied in whether or not they were connected to another patch by a corridor, and in their distance from other patches (64–384 m). The results of mark–release–recapture studies showed that two open-habitat butterfly species, Junonia coenia and Euptoieta claudia, moved more frequently between patches connected by corridors than between unconnected patches. Interpatch movement was significantly, negatively related to interpatch distance. Interpatch movement rates of J. coenia were significantly, positively related to the density of its host and nectar resource, Linaria canadensis. Corridor effects were stronger for males than for females and were most pronounced within three days after butterflies were marked. Pine forest was not a complete barrier to butterfly movement; both species moved between unconnected patches, even at the longest distances. However, the results of this study suggest that corridors will increase long-distance movements of habitat-restricted species.
Lymph node involvement by mycosis fungoides and Sézary syndrome mimicking angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma.

Clinical management of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL) and angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) differs markedly. Diagnostic distinction is critical. Herein, we describe a series of 4 patients with clinically, molecularly, and histopathologically annotated mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome whose nodal disease mimicked AITL. The patients otherwise exhibited classic clinical manifestations of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome preceding the onset of lymphadenopathy by 1 to 5 years. Skin biopsies revealed epidermotropic infiltrates characteristic of CTCL. Lymph node biopsies revealed dense CD4+ T-cell infiltrates that coexpressed follicular helper T-cell markers and were accompanied by proliferations of high endothelial venules and arborizing CD21+ follicular dendritic cell networks. Two patients had T-cell receptor gene rearrangement studies performed on their skin, lymph node, and peripheral blood demonstrating identical polymerase chain reaction clones in all 3 tissues. A small secondary clonal B-cell population was present in 1 patient that mimicked the B-cell proliferations known to accompany AITL and persisted on successive nodal biopsies over several years. This latter phenomenon has not previously been described in CTCL. The potential for patients to be misdiagnosed with AITL for lack of consideration of advanced-stage CTCL with nodal involvement underscores the necessity of information sharing among the various pathologists and clinicians involved in the care of each patient.
Mechanical and structural characterization of atomic layer deposition-based ZnO films

Zinc oxide thin films were deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). The structural and mechanical properties of the thin films were investigated by x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and nanoindentation. Diethyl zinc was used as the chemical precursor for zinc and water vapor was used as the oxidation agent. The samples were deposited at 150 °C and at a pressure of 2.1 × 10−1 Torr in the ALD reactor. A growth rate of 2 A per cycle was calculated in the ALD process window. The Nano Indenter XP was used in conjunction with the continuous stiffness method in depth control mode in order to measure and to analyze the mechanical properties of hardness and modulus of ALD ZnO thin film samples. For comparison, we benchmarked the mechanical properties of single crystal bulk ZnO samples against those of our ALD ZnO thin films.
Demand assignment TDMA satellite schemes: distributed and centralised solutions

This paper presents the performance measurements from a comparison between FIFO ordered demand assignment/information bit energy adapter (FODA/IBEA) and two other TDMA satellite access schemes: faded environments effective distributed engineering redundant signalling (FEEDERS) and distributed allocation with request in fixed slots (DRIFS). The three schemes differ in terms of the scheduling of the channel capacity: i.e. centralised control in FODA/IBEA and distributed in the other two. All these access schemes have been designed at CNUCE, where the simulation tool used for the comparison was also developed. The two distributed control access schemes have been studied and simulated to analyse the behaviour of the capacity assignment algorithm. All the access schemes support an aggregated traffic, and the quality of the data transmission is guaranteed even when the transmitting signal experiences a severe attenuation due to bad atmospheric conditions.
Deadlock avoidance revisited

Several new algorithms which utilise wait-for relations induced by processes are developed for deadlock avoidance in operating systems. One of the algorithms allows more concurrency than Havender's scheme and Habermann's algorithm; nonetheless, it can still be computed in polynomial time. Further, the deadlock-prediction problem for a set of processes using locks is reduced to a new np-complete problem, and the deadlock-avoidance problem for processes with branches is shown to be pspace-complete. Finally, the relative power of various algorithms is compared. 26 references.
Cortical Neuron Loss in Post-Traumatic Higher Brain Dysfunction Using 123 I-Iomazenil SPECT

In patients with higher brain dysfunction (HBD) after mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI), diagnostic imaging of cortical neuron loss in the frontal lobes was studied using SPECT with 123I-iomazenil (IMZ), as a radioligand for central benzodiazepine receptor (BZR). Statistical imaging analysis using three-dimensional stereotactic surface projections (3D-SSP) for 123I-IMZ SPECT was performed in 17 patients. In all patients with HBD defined by neuropsychological tests, cortical neuron loss was indicated in the bilateral medial frontal lobes in 14 patients (83 %). A comparison between the group of 17 patients and the normal database demonstrated common areas of cortical neuron loss in the bilateral medial frontal lobes involving the medial frontal gyrus (MFG) and the anterior cingulate gyrus (ACG). In an assessment of cortical neuron loss in the frontal medial cortex using the stereotactic extraction estimation (SEE) method (level 3), significant cortical neuron loss was observed within bilateral MFG in 9 patients and unilateral MFG in 4, and bilateral ACG in 12 and unilateral ACG in 3. Fourteen patients showed significant cortical neuron loss in bilateral MFG or ACG. In patients with MTBI, HBD seemed to correlate with selective cortical neuron loss within the bilateral MFG or ACG where the responsible lesion could be. 3D-SSP and SEE level 3 analysis for 123I-IMZ SPECT could be valuable for diagnostic imaging of HBD after MTBI.
Systemic lupus erythematosus associated with type 4 renal tubular acidosis: A case report and review of the literature

Type 4 renal tubular acidosis is an uncommon clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus and has been reported to portend a poor prognosis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case report which highlights the successful management of a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus complicated by type 4 renal tubular acidosis who did not do poorly. A 44-year-old Hispanic woman developed a non-anion gap hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis consistent with type 4 renal tubular acidosis while being treated in the hospital for recently diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus with multi-organ involvement. She responded well to treatment with corticosteroids, hydroxychloroquine and mycophenolate mofetil. Normal renal function was achieved prior to discharge and remained normal at the patient's one-month follow-up examination. This case increases awareness of an uncommon association between systemic lupus erythematosus and type 4 renal tubular acidosis and suggests a positive impact of early diagnosis and appropriate immunosuppressive treatment on the patient's outcome.
The 1996 Election: Older Voters and Implications for Policies on Aging

Aggregate national exit poll data from the 1996 presidential election suggest that voters aged 60 and older were not influenced by age-related policy issues, such as Medicare, any more than younger voters were. Yet, state-level data provide a basis for conjecture (although not a conclusion) that such issues may have influenced the voting decisions of some older voters in 14 states. If so, however, the impact was in Clinton's favor in some states and Dole's favor in others. Now that the election is over, the short-term problem of Medicare Part A will be dealt with swiftly, but a bipartisan commission to deal with the program's long-term issues is problematic. The establishment of such a commission on Social Security is more likely. The President's response to the push by governors and congressional Republicans to turn Medicaid into a block grant program will indicate whether he will move at all to the left of the centrist political position that he assumed throughout 1996.
The basin of attraction for running robots: Fractals, multistep trajectories, and the choice of control

If the control authority of a running system is insufficient to reach a target state in a single step, i.e. if deadbeat control is not possible, then a stabilizing controller is faced with the decision on how to plan intermediate steps. In this work, we compare the performance of a simple greedy control policy (that computes deadbeat inputs and simply caps them) with the optimal performance found by an exhaustive search through decision space. The performance criterion used in this study is the basin of attraction: the set of all states from where the target state will be reached in a finite number of steps. Using the planar spring-loaded inverted pendulum (SLIP) as a model for a running robot, we compare the two control schemes and a fully passive behavior. To this end, we extended the passive slip model to include a controllable, yet limited variation of the touchdown angle and of the damping in the leg spring. We quantified the number of steps that it would take for the model to fall or converge from arbitrary initial states. The paper highlights how the passive stabilization, that is inherent to the SLIP model, greatly influences the dynamics of the controlled system. Furthermore, it reveals some new insights into the structure of basins of attractions of SLIP-like running models.
Banks versus Informal Financial Institutions: An Investigation into Financial Services by Households in Ghana

Banks have continued to close their rural branches whiles setting up new urban branches in Ghana. Some studies have concluded this trend is due to reorientation towards serving big businesses in urban areas. Numerous informal financial institutions have also emerged at the same time in rural areas. These changes in the financial market are likely to affect the financial services available to households, their preference and demand for these services. Using the Ghana Living Standard Survey data, estimations from Tobit model show that the sources of financial services significantly affect the financial services obtain by households. Conditional logit model results suggest when alternatives are available, rural households are more likely to obtain their financial services from the informal financial market. Pooled cross-section estimations indicate the demand for financial services by households is changing overtime. These results suggest banks are being competed out of business in the rural areas by informal financial institutions leading to their continued closure of rural branches.
Urinary-derived human chorionic gonadotropin to induce tolerance and promote healing in steroid-refractory GvHD.

Urinary-derived human chorionic gonadotropin to induce tolerance and promote healing in steroid-refractory GvHD
Updating the June, 2005 Utah Disability Law Center Report - A Case Studies Approach: Duchesne County, Utah 2007-2008

The 2005 Utah Disability Law Center Report is summarized. A case study approach is used to examine/determine whether conditions have improved or not for physically handicapped and/or mentally/psychologically impaired individuals involved in Utah's legal system , in general, and Duchesne County's legal system, in particular, since the report was issued in 2005. The main conclusion is that conditions are worse than those reported in 2005 for Duchesne County.
Electrogram Analysis and Pacing Are Complimentary for Recognition of Abnormal Conduction and Far-Field Potentials During Substrate Mapping of Infarct-Related Ventricular Tachycardia

Background— Mapping to identify scar-related ventricular tachycardia re-entry circuits during sinus rhythm focuses on sites with abnormal electrograms or pace-mapping findings of QRS morphology and long stimulus to QRS intervals. We hypothesized that (1) these methods do not necessarily identify the same sites and (2) some electrograms are far-field potentials that can be recognized by pacing. Methods and Results— From 12 patients with coronary disease and recurrent ventricular tachycardia undergoing catheter ablation, we retrospectively analyzed electrograms and pacing at 546 separate low bipolar voltage (<1.5 mV) sites. Electrograms were characterized as showing evidence of slow conduction if late potentials (56%) or fractionated potentials (76%) were present. Neither was present at (13%) sites. Pacing from the ablation catheter captured 70% of all electrograms. Higher bipolar voltage and fractionation were independent predictors for pace capture. There was a linear correlation between the stimulus to QRS duration during pacing and the lateness of a capturing electrogram ( P <0.001), but electrogram and pacing markers of slow conduction were discordant at 40% of sites. Sites with far-field potentials, defined as those that remained visible and not captured by pacing stimuli, were identified at 48% of all pacing sites, especially in areas of low bipolar voltage and late potentials. Initial radiofrequency energy application rendered 74% of targeted sites electrically unexcitable. Conclusions— Far-field potentials are common in scar areas. Combining analysis of electrogram characteristics and assessment of pace capture may refine identification of substrate targets for radiofrequency ablation.
Full-Time Employment and Informal Caregiving in the 1980s

The study examines the extent to which the effect of full-time employment on informal caregiving has changed over time. Such a change could be expected because women, who constitute the majority of unpaid caregivers, have been increasing their commitment to career employment. Full-time market work by an increasing proportion of successive cohorts of women means that proportionally fewer will be available to provide the amount of assistance needed by persons with disabilities that require the constant presence of a caregiver. This study is based on the National Informal Caregiver Surveys that are linked to the National Long-Term Care Surveys of 1982 and 1989. To achieve comparability between the 1982 and 1989 data, the analysis is based on primary caregivers whose care-recipients were disabled in performing the activities of daily living (ADLs): 1,489 in 1982 and 597 in 1989. A simultaneous-equations model estimates the number of weekly hours of unpaid help and the probability of full-time work for pay. The principal finding is that, compared with nonemployment, full-time employment reduced caregiving by 25 hours a week in 1982 and by 22 hours a week in 1989, but the difference of 3 hours is not statistically significant. The proportion of primary caregivers engaged in market work full time increased from 15.8%, in 1982 to 19.3% in 1989, but this difference is not statistically significant. These findings suggest that full-time employment reduces caregiving time substantially but that the effect of full-time employment on informal caregiving by primary caregivers of ADL-disabled elderly did not change during the 1980s. Primary caregivers with full-time jobs were more likely to assist individuals disabled in bathing and dressing, two activities that do not require the constant presence of a caregiver. The primary caregivers of individuals with more than two ADL disabilities frequently were the spouses of the care-recipients, themselves elderly persons who were not expected to be engaged in market work. The data from the 1980s appear to be reassuring in the sense that full-time employment by primary caregivers of ADL-disabled elderly did not further reduce the amount of time that they devoted to caregiving. In 1989, only about one fifth of these caregivers were engaged in market work full time. But this proportion is likely to increase in the future. As these future increases materialize, proportionally fewer caregivers will be available to provide the amount of help needed by persons with ADL disabilities that require the constant presence of a caregiver.
Symmetry-protected mode coupling near normal incidence for narrow-band transmission filtering in a dielectric grating

A narrow-band transmission filter is demonstrated near normal incidence that operates through relaxation of supported-mode selection rules and is explained in the context of group theory. We calculated the transverse magnetic and transverse electric dispersion relations of a dielectric grating in the subwavelength and near-wavelength region using finite element modal analysis and determine the modes' corresponding irreducible representations. Coupling to select transverse magnetic modes at normal incidence is optimized to yield broadband high reflectance that acts as the background for the transmission filter. While some modes couple at normal incidence, others are shown to remain inaccessible due to symmetry mismatch. Away from normal incidence, the reduced symmetry relaxes the selection rules, enabling weak coupling between the incident field and these symmetry-protected modes. This weak coupling produces narrow transmission bands within the opaque background. Furthermore, by choosing the plane of incidence to include or exclude the grating periodicity, we show that orthogonal mode sets can independently be selected to couple to the incident light, yielding separate transmission bands. This spectral filtering is experimentally demonstrated with a suspended silicon grating in the infrared spectrum ($7--14\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$), which agrees well with simulated transmittance spectra and modal analysis.
Effects of Ethnic Match, Gender Match, Acculturation, Cultural Identity, and Face Concern on Self-Disclosure in Counseling for Asian Americans

Client self-disclosure is a fundamental and critical process that must occur if counseling is to be successful. This study determined whether ethnic match and gender match affected various aspects of self-disclosure (disclosure of personal values/feelings, private habits, close relationships, and sexual issues) among Asian Americans in a counseling analogue situation. The study also examined whether individual differences in acculturation, cultural identity, and face concern were related to these four types of self-disclosure. Participants first completed the individual difference measures and then listened to an audio recording of a counselor describing himself/herself and what counseling entailed. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 experimental conditions in which they were either matched or not matched on gender and either matched or not matched on their specific Asian ethnicity (e.g., Chinese female listening to a Chinese male counselor constituted the gender mismatch and ethnic match condition). Gender match between participants and counselors facilitated self-disclosure about one’s sex life. There were no ethnic match effects on the various types of self-disclosure. Face concern was a negative predictor of the self-disclosure of private habits, sex life, close relationships, and personal values/ feelings. Implications for counseling clients from shame-based cultures are discussed.
Bone and Mineral Metabolism in Childhood End-Stage Renal Disease

The kidney provides the major, if not the only, route for the elimination of certain substances that adversely can affect mineral homeostasis and bone when accumulated in high concentrations. Renal osteodystrophy represents a spectrum from high to low turnover lesions of bone, and the specific pattern may change during the evaluation of chronic renal failure and as a consequence of specific therapeutic interventions. This article focuses on the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism, renal bone diseases, and the clinical manifestations of end-stage renal disease. Biochemical features of the disease are discussed, followed by a review of the methods of treatment for renal osteodystrophy.
The Effects of Cultural, Geographical and Religious Factors on Information Seeking: A Contextual Study

This study investigates how contextual factors such as culture, geographical location and religious status may either encourage, determine or prevent information seeking behavior. The study applied both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection as a mixed-method. Fifteen Catholic clergymen from Northern Nigeria were interviewed and 109 participated in a survey. Findings show that geographical location, culture, and religious status may influence these clergy’s information seeking behavior. This paper contributes to research on information seeking in context. It may help in understanding the effects of some contextual factors, especially religious status, on information seeking behavior and, consequently, aid in the planning of library and information systems that meet the needs of the African clergy and theological institutions.
Antiemetic use among pregnant women in the United States: the escalating use of ondansetron.

Purpose To examine ondansetron use in pregnancy in the context of other antiemetic use among a large insured United States population of women delivering live births. Methods We assessed ondansetron and other antiemetic use among pregnant women delivering live births between 2001 and 2015 in 15 data partners contributing data to the Mini-Sentinel Distributed Database. We identified live birth pregnancies using a validated algorithm, and all forms of ondansetron and other available antiemetics were identified using National Drug Codes or procedure codes. We assessed the prevalence of antiemetic use by trimester, calendar year, and formulation. Results In over 2.3 million pregnancies, the prevalence of ondansetron, promethazine, metoclopramide, or doxylamine/pyridoxine use anytime in pregnancy was 15.2, 10.3, 4.0, and 0.4%, respectively. Ondansetron use increased from <1% of pregnancies in 2001 to 22.2% in 2014, with much of the increase attributable to oral ondansetron beginning in 2006. Promethazine and metoclopramide use increased modestly between 2001 (13.8%, 3.2%) and 2006 (16.0%, 6.0%) but decreased annually through 2014 (8.0%, 3.2%). Doxylamine/pyridoxine, approved for management of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy in 2013, was used in 1.8% of pregnancies in 2014. For all antiemetics, use was highest in the first trimester. Conclusions We observed a marked increase in ondansetron use by study year, prescribed to nearly one-quarter of insured pregnant women in 2014, occurring in conjunction with decreased use of promethazine and metoclopramide. Given the widespread use of ondansetron in pregnancy, data establishing product efficacy and methodologically rigorous evaluation of post-marketing safety are needed. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Trends and Characteristics of Emergency Department Visits for Fall-Related Injuries in Older Adults, 2003-2010.

Background: One third of older adults fall each year, and falls are costly to both the patient in terms of morbidity and mortality, and to the health system. With falls being a preventable cause of injury, our objective was to understand the characteristics and trends of ED fall-related visits among older adults. We hypothesize that falls among older adults are increasing and examine potential factors associated with this rise, such as race, ethnicity, gender, insurance and geography. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NHAMCS), to determine fall trends over time by examining changes in ED visit rates for falls in the United States between 2003 to 2010, detailing differences by gender, sociodemographic characteristics and geographic region. Results: Between 2003 and 2010, the visit rate for falls and fall-related injuries among people age ≥ 65 increased from 60.4 (95% CI, 51.9 to 68.8) to 68.8 (95% CI, 57.8 to 79.8) per 1000 population (p=0.03 for annual trend). Among subgroups, visits by patients aged 75-84 years increased from 56.2 to 82.1 per 1000 (P <.01), visits by women increased from 67.4 to 81.3 (p = 0.04), visits by non-Hispanic Whites increased from 63.1 to 73.4 (p < 0.01) and visits in the South increased from 54.4 to 71.1 (p=0.03). Conclusion: ED visit rates for falls are increasing over time. There is a national movement to increase falls awareness and prevention. EDs are in a unique position to engage patients on future fall prevention and should consider ways they can also partake in such initiatives in a manner that is feasible and appropriate for the ED setting.
Philantropic Healthcare: Christian Conceptions of Social Responsibility and Healthcare

Drawing primarily from the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic traditions, this essay will place the Christian tradition in dialogue with global bioethics by discussing the ways in which the ethical ideal of philanthropia speaks to the concept of social responsibility as it is explicated in the UNESCO Declaration on Bioethics and Human Rights (2005). In the Greek Orthodox tradition, God is described as being the great Philanthropos, and Jesus Christ, as a healer of body and soul, is described as the “great physician.” These notions led early Christians to charitably tend to the needs of the sick as a central component of leading a Christian lifestyle. For this reason, philanthropia became part and parcel of paideia, or education, and the gold standard of Christian discipleship. It was under the auspices of philanthropia, or loving-kindness toward needy others, that hospitals and hospices were established as charitable institutions throughout Byzantium and later in the West as well. If we come to think of responsibility as a state of being that requires the cultivation of compassion and benevolence, which results in actively engaging in philanthropy and true physicianship, then it seems that actively fostering the individual’s sense of social responsibility to provide healthcare as a heartfelt response to suffering can play a greater role in medical ethical education. In this way the problems associated with healthcare provision will not simply be reduced to their socioeconomic and political dimensions but can come to bear on our understandings of what it means to be a “good physician” in the moral sense. Hence, the issue of philanthropic healthcare can go beyond discussions of how we ought to redistribute material resources to the redistribution of moral responsibility, with both healthcare providers and those who educate them in medical ethics partaking in the processes of ensuring healthcare justice on both the local and global levels.
Re-Interpreting Gender and Sexuality: Parents of Gender-Nonconforming Children

Given decades-old statistics that link childhood gender nonconformity with adult homosexuality—not to mention wider historical and cultural associations between gender and sexuality—parents’ distinctions between “gay” and “trans” are at the crux of contemporary trans-affirming parenting practices. Drawing on constructionist perspectives of gender and sexuality, as well as qualitative data from interviews with parents of transgender and gender-nonconforming children, this article examines parents’ contrasts between “just gay” and “truly trans” assessments of childhood gender nonconformity. Through these distinctions, parents reiterate that gender and sexuality are separate spheres of identity and experience, echoing mainstream LGBT rights discourses. However, throughout their narratives, “gay” kinds of gender nonconformity were occasionally re-considered as “trans” kinds of gender nonconformity after all, such that these otherwise distinct realms of experience intermittently overlapped and switched along an imagined “spectrum” of LGBTQ possibilities. In the absence of any firm “biological” markers or predictors for such distinctions, I argue that parents’ intellectual, conceptual, and discursive labor in these ways proves a key social process through which (trans)gendered self-conceptions are given increasing intelligibility, and opportunity, in the 21st century, for their children and for others.
Neutral Hydrogen Column Depths in Prominences Using EUV Absorption Features

Observations of prominence regions in hot coronal lines (≳106 K) at wavelengths below the hydrogen Lyman absorption limit show what appear to be absorption features. Other authors have suggested that these observed features may be due to H and He continuum absorption. But there has, as yet, been no conclusive evidence that this is indeed the case. In this paper we present new Solar and Heliospheric Observatory (SOHO) observations that allow us to address this problem in a quantitative manner. We find that continuum absorption is the best explanation for the absorption observed in imaging data from the Coronal Diagnostic Spectrometer (CDS) on board SOHO. Furthermore, we discuss a new technique to measure the column depth of neutral hydrogen in a prominence, and use it to obtain estimates of the prominence filling factors as well. We calculate the column depth of neutral hydrogen, ξH∼1018 cm−2, and the filling factor, f≳0.3.
A History of Addiction in Medical Personnel

The passage of time and the changing perception of societal mores have blurred the lines between legality and the nonprescription ingestion of many drugs. The human race has long sought several goals in life: relief of pain, dominance over others, and discovery of a state distinguished by supreme emotional and intellectual elevation. Under the guise of seeking means to alleviate pain, many health care workers have liberally partaken of drugs in an attempt to determine which agents would be most effi cacious. Physicians, especially in the military, found that strength and endurance came from cocaine ingestion and liberally gave it to themselves and to the soldiers. Others found that prescribing narcotics freely for all types of conditions ensured a stable and satisfi ed clientele. Of course, along the way, there were numerous accounts of the wonders and enhanced states that were to be achieved by using these substances. But, on the other hand, there were doctors who fought hard against universal access to narcotics, alcohol, and tobacco and who advocated strongly for the recognition of addiction as a disease.
The Heterogeneous Machine Simulator

Abstract : The heterogeneous machine simulator is a program which attempts to simulate the proposed hardware for the heterogeneous machine at a high level, along with the low level programming abstractions which have been proposed. This will, hopefully, provide: 1) a reasonable basis for programmers to evaluate application designs in the absence of the actual machine; and 2) a testbed for designers to experiment with various reconfigurations which might be difficult to perform on the machine itself). This document presents a basic description of the system, and presents an example of how a simulation may be run.
Assessing Streamflow Maintenance Functions in Wetlands of the Blackfoot River Subbasin in Montana, United States

Abstract In western Montana, challenging terrain and patchworks of private and public ownership make it difficult to carry out field-based wetland assessments across broad landscapes. However, we are able to achieve our assessment goals with a combination of tools based on geographic information systems (GIS): (1) fine-scale wetland mapping from the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), (2) automated assignment of Landform, Landscape Position, Water Flow Path, and Water Body type (LLWW) descriptors, (3) digital elevation models, and (4) human disturbance models based on land cover/land use maps. In this case study, we combined these tools to complete an assessment of streamflow maintenance functions for wetlands in the Blackfoot River subbasin, a 598,285 ha area at the headwaters of the Columbia River system. From existing literature, we identified mapped wetlands that could be expected to have “high” or “moderate” value for streamflow, based on landscape position, landform, water flow path, and NWI water regimes. We buffered these, and calculated human disturbance in the buffer, using an optimized hotspot analysis to identify clusters of wetlands with high disturbance scores. Our analysis concluded that > 60% of the wetlands in the subbasin had either high (16.8%) or moderate (43.7%) streamflow maintenance potential. Using our human disturbance models, we determined that 60% of high streamflow maintenance wetlands were in areas considered to be at or near reference while only 15.6% of the moderate streamflow maintenance wetlands fell into that category. While data limitations may affect the accuracy of the rankings for any given wetland, we believe that landscape-level assessment can offer baseline information that can be built upon to develop more accurate field-based studies.
Laplace deconvolution with dependent errors: a minimax study

We investigate the problem of estimating a function f based on observations from its noisy convolution when the noise exhibits long-range dependence (LRD). We consider both Gaussian and sub-Gaussia...
American caudillo: Princely performative populism and democracy in the Americas

Populism is on the rise throughout the world and it poses a challenge to democratic theory. Conventional political thought has not dealt seriously with this challenge throughout most of its history...
Markov Transition Functions

Much of the remainder of this book is devoted to Markov processes. A definition of the Markov property was given in Chapter 1, but now we will begin over again in a different spirit. Instead of starting with the general Markov process itself, we will first examine how the transition probability functions of Markov processes can be constructed and studied. While we are doing this in the present chapter and the next one, no probability spaces or random variables will be needed (although the word “probability” will be used informally as a guide to the motivation for the work). Later, in Chapter 8, we will actually construct the processes themselves, and then the connection with the Markov property defined in Chapter 1 will be established.
Single-port robotic surgery: the next generation of minimally invasive urology

The da Vinci Single-Port (SP) platform (Intuitive Surgical Inc, Sunnyvale CA) is a recently approved robotic surgical platform which features several novel modifications from previously available single trocar models including a flexible camera, articulating instruments, and navigator guidance for real-time monitoring of instrument position. We sought to describe our clinical experience with this device as well as to review the current literature related to the use of the SP platform. We provide a narrative review of clinical data related to single-port robotic surgery within the field of urology. In addition, we report our initial clinical experience for surgical procedures performed with the SP platform between December 2018 and April 2019 following installation of the system at our institution. Currently, the presently available literature for single-port robotic urological surgery consists of single-center case reports and series. Most major robotic urologic operations appear technically feasible using the da Vinci SP platform; however, additional multi-center studies and randomized trials are needed to determine what role the SP platform will play. Rather than an iterative step or a niche system, the SP platform provides for a new approach to single-site laparoscopic or robotic techniques and is demonstrated as a feasible approach for several major robotic urological operations. While comparative studies will be required to evaluate perioperative and long-term outcomes between SP and multi-port platforms, further technological advances will continue to push surgeons towards less morbid and more minimally invasive approaches for surgery.
Abstract P1115: Decreased Tubuloglomerular Feedback (TGF) Response in High-Fat Diet Induced Obesity

Obesity is associated with increased renal and glomerular damage and hypertension, but the mechanisms are not clear. Normally, kidneys autoregulate to keep the glomerular capillary pressure (PGC), ...
Introduction to "The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics"

Economics and ethics are both valuable tools for analyzing the behavior and actions of human beings and institutions. Adam Smith, the father of modern economics, considered them two sides of the same coin, but since economics was formalized and mathematicised in the late 1800s and early 1900s, the fields have largely followed separate paths. The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics provides a timely and thorough survey of the various ways ethics can, does, and should inform economic theory and practice. The first part of the book, Foundations, explores how the most prominent schools of moral philosophy relate to economics; asks how morals relevant to economic behavior may have evolved; and explains how various approaches to economics incorporate ethics into their work. The second part, Applications, looks at the ethics of commerce, finance, and markets; uncovers the moral dilemmas involved with making decisions regarding social welfare, risk, and harm to others; and explores how ethics is relevant to major topics within economics, such as health care and the environment. With esteemed contributors from economics and philosophy, The Oxford Handbook of Ethics and Economics is a resource for scholars in both disciplines and those in related fields. It highlights the close relationship between ethics and economics in the past while and lays a foundation for further integration going forward.
Semilunar Granule Cells Maintain Distinct Dendritic Morphology and Inhibition through Postnatal Development and Receive Heightened Inhibition in Adolescence

Semilunar granule cells (SGCs) have been proposed as a morpho-functionally distinct class of hippocampal dentate projection neurons contributing to feedback inhibition and memory processing in juvenile rats. However, whether SGCs retain their unique structural and inhibitory characteristics through postnatal development remains unresolved. Focusing on postnatal days 11-13, 28-42, and >120, corresponding with human infancy, adolescence, and adulthood, we examined whether SGCs differ from granule cells (GCs) in somatodendritic morphology and inhibitory regulation. Unsupervised cluster analysis confirmed that morphological features distinguish SGCs from GCs irrespective of animal age. SGCs maintain higher spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic current (sIPSC) frequency than GCs from infancy through adulthood. While sIPSC frequency peaked during adolescence, and amplitude declined progressively with age in both cell types, sIPSC frequency in SGCs was particularly enhanced during adolescence. Like GABAergic synaptic inputs, extrasynaptic GABA current amplitude in SGCs peaked in adolescence and was greater than in GCs. Consistent with the developmental profile of SGC synaptic and extrasynaptic GABA currents, perforant-path evoked dentate population responses in vivo showed greater paired-pulse depression during adolescence. These findings highlight the distinct morphology and inhibitory regulation of SGCs through development and suggest that the particularly heightened inhibition of SGCs may shape dentate output during adolescence.
Phrenic neuropathy water immersion dyspnea: Clinical findings and need for patient counseling.

Objective To investigate the following among patients with phrenic neuropathy: (1) occurrences of water immersion activity‐induced dyspnea; (2) clinical, electrophysiologic, sonographic, and pulmonary function test abnormalities; and (3) frequency of documented counseling regarding the risks of water immersion activities. Methods We identified all patients with test-confirmed phrenic neuropathy seen from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2018, at Mayo Clinic. Results Of 535 patients with phrenic neuropathy, documentation of dyspnea with water activities was identified in 4% (22/535). The risks of water immersion were only documented in patients having experienced this problem. The majority had isolated phrenic neuritis or neuralgic amyotrophy syndrome (77.3%), mean age was 55 years (range 31–79), and most patients were men (81.9%). Patients had right-sided (45.5%) or bilateral (54.5%) phrenic neuropathy. None had isolated left phrenic involvement. Near-fatal drowning occurred in 18.2% (4/22), with persons needing assistance to be rescued from the water, following diving into water. Dyspnea with water immersion was the only symptom in 4.5% (1/22) and the presenting respiratory symptom in 36.4% (8/22). A range of electrophysiologic, sonographic, and pulmonary function test abnormalities including mild abnormalities were seen and not found to be significantly different from those in patients in whom water-induced dyspnea was not recorded. Conclusion Respiratory distress with water immersion activities is a serious complication of phrenic neuropathies. Physician-documented counseling is lacking. Isolated phrenic neuritis, neuralgic amyotrophy, and right-sided and bilateral phrenic involvement are most commonly implicated, but the range of severity and testing abnormalities suggest that all patients with neuralgic amyotrophy or phrenic neuropathy should be warned especially about diving into water.
Electronic Cigarette Use Among Youth: Understanding Unique Risks in a Vulnerable Population.

This review discusses prevalence rates of electronic (e-)cigarette use among youth and factors that likely contribute to their growing popularity among this population. Trends shaping the e-cigarette landscape, the appeal of e-cigarettes among youth, perceptions contributing to the initiation of e-cigarettes, available assessments capturing the usage of and attitudes towards e-cigarettes, and e-cigarette policies and regulations are reviewed. E-cigarette use among this vulnerable group may relate to factors associated with the promotion of social status, individuality, and enjoyment, along with low perceptions of risk and harm. Measures assessing factors unique to e-cigarette use among youth (e.g., individuality) still need to be developed and validated. Effects of existing regulations to limit youth access to e-cigarettes may be limited, and shortcomings of current policy measures are discussed with recommendations. The rise of e-cigarette use among youth culminated through a perfect storm of clever marketing targeting youth appeal, innovations in more effective nicotine delivery systems, capitalizing on increased susceptibility of the adolescent brain, and regulatory gaps. Understanding risk and protective factors specific to this vulnerable group, which can be gleaned in part by psychometrically valid assessments, could inform regulatory strategies and prevention programming efforts. Yet, few validated measures exist that assess attitudes, behaviors, and patterns of e-cigarette use that are specific to youth. Ultimately, it is incumbent upon policymakers to create comprehensive regulations that prioritize harm reduction and can evolve in lockstep with the constantly changing e-cigarette product landscape.
Cybersecurity Risk and the Cost of Debt

A firm’s failure to protect and control confidential information is posited to affect its cost of debt. Using a sample of 199 cybersecurity breaches from 2005 to 2014, I find a positive association between a cybersecurity breach and a firm’s cost of privately placed debt. Compared with loans initiated before a breach, loans initiated after a breach have significantly higher spreads. This relation is more pronounced for firms with more transparent information environments, suggesting that cybersecurity breaches provide an informed signal to creditors about the firm’s level of cybersecurity risk. Overall, I provide evidence that cybersecurity risk has an economically significant impact on firms’ financing costs. Additionally, these findings inform the ongoing regulatory discussion regarding mandated disclosure of cybersecurity events.