cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Regional Multiple-Stressor Rank-Based Ecological Risk Assessment for the Fjord of Port Valdez, Alaska

We conducted an ecological risk assessment of the marine environment of Port Valdez, a fjord in south-central Alaska. Because the assessment was regional rather than site-specific and contained a large number of different stressors in a variety of environments, we required a nontraditional method to estimate risks. We created a Relative Risk Model to rank and sum individual risks numerically within each subarea, from each source, and to each habitat. Application of this model involved division of Port Valdez into 11 subareas containing specific ecological and anthropogenic structures and activities. Within each subarea, the stressor sources were analyzed to estimate exposure of receptors within habitats leading to effects relevant to the chosen assessment endpoints. The subareas were analyzed and compared to form a Port-wide perspective of ecological risk. Available chemical concentrations from sediment and mussels collected from the Port were compared to various toxicological benchmarks as a partial conf...
Particle size control and dependence on solution pH of carboxylate alumoxane nanoparticles

Abstract A series of water dispersible carboxylate–alumoxane nanoparticles were prepared by the reaction of various carboxylic acids with the mineral boehmite. The acids used were: acetic (A–H), methoxyacetic (MA–H), methoxyethoxyacetic (MEA–H), methoxyethoxyethoxyacetic (MEEA–H), and lysine (L–H). For each of the derived carboxylate–alumoxanes, particle size measurements were obtained by means of photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS) as a function of solution pH. In all cases, at higher pHs, slight increases in solution basicity corresponded to large increases in particle size. At lower pHs, however, changes in solution basicity yielded only slight to moderate increases in particle size. It was also found during these investigations that methoxyacetic–alumoxane (MA–A) had a large buffering capacity, and that this effect could be explained by correlation with the aluminum:carboxylate group ratio for the various carboxylate–alumoxanes.
Mutation of a Shc Binding Site Tyrosine Residue in ErbB3/HER3 Blocks Heregulin-dependent Activation of Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase

The ErbB2 and ErbB3 proteins together constitute a functional coreceptor for heregulin (neuregulin). Heregulin stimulates the phosphorylation of both coreceptor constituents and initiates a variety of other signaling events, which include phosphorylation of the Shc protein. The role of Shc in heregulin-stimulated signal transduction through the ErbB2.ErbB3 coreceptor was investigated here. Heregulin was found to promote ErbB3/Shc association in NIH-3T3 cells expressing endogenous ErbB2 and recombinant ErbB3. A mutant ErbB3 protein was generated in which Tyr-1325 in a consensus Shc phosphotyrosine-binding domain recognition site was mutated to Phe (ErbB3-Y/F). This mutation abolished the association of Shc with ErbB3 and blocked the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase by heregulin. Whereas heregulin induced mitogenesis in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with wild-type ErbB3 cDNA, this mitogenic response was markedly attenuated in NIH-3T3 cells transfected with the ErbB3-Y/F cDNA. These results showed a specific interaction of Shc with the ErbB3 receptor protein and demonstrated the importance of this interaction in the activation of mitogenic responses by the ErbB2. ErbB3 heregulin coreceptor complex.
Incremental vapor sorption in a phase-segregated polyurethane elastomer

Incremental vapor sorption and desorption runs have been carried out with o-dichlorobenzene (ODCB) a strongly swelling solvent, in 2, 6, and 10 mil polyether polyurethane films. Two-stage sorption behavior occurs at intermediate and higher concentrations but is generally absent in the desorption runs. Analysis of the two-stage curves, using the Berens-Hopfenberg model of independent Fickian diffusion and first-order relaxation processes, leads to apparent diffusion coefficients which increase with thickness and show a pronounced maximum with concentration, whereas the relaxation rate constant decreases with concentration. Correction for the pressure drift during the runs, due to the low vapor pressure of ODCB, reduces the thickness dependence. The negative concentration dependence of the relaxation rate constant is related to the distribution of microdomain stabilities. Calculated values of the self-diffusion coefficient show that the maximum in the apparent diffusion constant with concentration can be accounted for largely, but not entirely, by the thermodynamic contributions. It is proposed that the additional factor is relaxation-controlled swelling which arises from the strong coupling between the matrix and hard-segment responses.
NMR in medicine

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) offers a powerful new probe of the body's internal anatomy and function. The technique utilizes a combination of static and radio frequency (RF) magnetic fields to excite a weak resonant magnetic field emission from various selected naturally abundant nuclei in the body such as hydrogen (1H), phosphorus (31P) and carbon (13C). The emissions can be spatially encoded by application of magnetic field gradients, to enable the generation of high resolution anatomical images which reflect the nuclear density distribution, and/or spatial variations in the molecular level and chemical environments of the nuclei as measured by the NMR relaxation times and chemical shifts. 1H NMR relaxation time images are proving useful for the detection of a wide spectrum of disorders, whilst spatially localized 31P and 13C NMR chemical shift spectra measure directly the metabolic status of living tissue. A qualitative explanation of NMR, NMR imaging, relaxation times, and chemical shifts is presented, and the historical development, future of the technology, and its range of applications explored.
Density Dependence in Population Fluctuations

This author and others have previously proposed that causes of population fluctuations can be ascertained by regression analysis in which N t+1 /N t is the dependent variable, and N t is one of the independent variables. This procedure contains a bias, since the expected relationship between N t+1 /N t and N t is hyperbolic when there is no causal relationship. The simplest way of circumventing this difficulty is to use N t+1 , not N t+1 /N t as the dependent variable.
Modeling the erosion process over steep slopes: approximate analytical solutions

Abstract Analytical expressions are developed for the rainfall-runoff-erosion process on steep hillslopes subjected to time-varying rainfall events. The erosion equation is essentially represented as a first-order reaction with the reaction rate being represented by the soil erodibility. The analytical transient solutions are based upon the assumption that the flow and sediment discharge have a constant relationship as during steady-state conditions. The analytical solution for the sediment discharge performs well when compared with numerical and experimental results. The approximate analytical solution for the concentration profile is the asymptotic limit of the transient numerical solutions. An error analysis shows that the analytical solutions improve with increasing slope length and that the solution model presented here is applicable to a wide range of physical situations.
An object oriented architecture

We propose a new machine architecture for high performance execution of late binding object oriented languages. The two principal mechanisms for attaining this goal are a fast context allocation/access scheme and an instruction translation lookaside buffer. New ideas in this paper include the concept and implementation of abstract instructions, using floating point addresses to solve the small object problem, and a novel context allocation/access mechanism.
Inhibition of biofilm formation by T7 bacteriophages producing quorum quenching enzymes

Bacterial growth in biofilms is the major cause of recalcitrant biofouling in industrial processes and of persistent infections in clinical settings. The use of bacteriophage treatment to lyse bacteria in biofilms has attracted growing interest. In particular, many natural or engineered phages produce depolymerases to degrade polysaccharides in the biofilm matrix and allow access to host bacteria. However, the phage-produced depolymerases are highly specific for only the host-derived polysaccharides and may have limited effects on natural multispecies biofilms. In this study, an engineered T7 bacteriophage was constructed to encode a lactonase enzyme with broad-range activity for quenching of quorum sensing, a form of bacterial cell-cell communication via small chemical molecules (acyl homoserine lactones [AHLs]) that is necessary for biofilm formation. Our results demonstrated that the engineered T7 phage expressed the AiiA lactonase to effectively degrade AHLs from many bacteria. Addition of the engineered T7 phage to mixed-species biofilms containing Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli resulted in inhibition of biofilm formation. Such quorum-quenching phages that can lyse host bacteria and express quorum-quenching enzymes to affect diverse bacteria in biofilm communities may become novel antifouling and antibiofilm agents in industrial and clinical settings.
Black death and the silver lining: meaning, continuity, and revolutionary change in histories of medieval plague.

The tension between the advocates of the Black Death as the herald of a new age, and those who see plague as proof of the resiliency of medieval mentalities, is rapidly dissolving. The conflict/resolution model, with its overtones of teleology, progress, and Naturphilosophie, is proving less useful to historians of epidemiology than one emphasizing continuity, gradual change, and the stoicism of the ordinary person. Historians of the plague are gravitating more and more to an intensive study of the local impact of the Black Death. Such local studies reveal diversity — in economic and demographic impact, in the availability of historical sources, and in the interpretation these sources allow. The Black Death still retains its “silver lining,” but even that is changing: from proof of the awesome power of nature to level mankind and transform history, to proof of humanity's ability to endure even the worst crisis, to rebuild, and to start again.
Dynamic modelling of fiscal and exchange rates policy effects in a developing country: A non‐structural approach

A non‐structural model is used to analyze the dynamic effects of fiscal and exchange rate policies on Ghana's economy. In particular, the paper sheds light on how these two key structural adjustment policy variables affect the short‐run and long‐run dynamics of inflation, output and exports. The general conclusion is that exchange rate changes have a moderate dynamic effect on inflation, output and exports. In contrast, government expenditures are less effective in influencing any of the above macroeconomic variables, either in the short‐run or in the long‐run. The impulse response functions derived from the VAR suggest that the impact of devaluation is strongly felt in either the third or the fourth year. The variance decompositions indicate that exchange rate changes account for about 30 percent, 7 percent and 27 percent in the variation of ouput, inflation and exports, respectively, in the ninth year. However, the percentage of the variation in the above variables owing to changes in government expenditures is very small. The implication of these results is that the structural adjustment policies in relation to changes in exchange rate and government expenditures may not be very effective as previously envisaged.
Host Plant Preferences of Lygus Bugs in Alfalfa-interplanted Cotton Fields

Host preference tests were conducted on Lygus hesperus Knight and L. elisus Van Duzee in cotton fields interplanted with 20-ft wide strips of alfalfa at 130- to 540-ft intervals and in various patterns of alfalfa row spacing. The distinct preference of lygus bugs for alfalfa over cotton was significantly demonstrated even when samples were taken in the 2 crops 3 ft apart. These studies demonstrate the efficiency of using alfalfa as a trap crop for lygus bugs in cotton.
A commentary on Indvik and Fitzpatrick's study of relationship defining communication

This commentary argues that Indvik and Fitzpatrick's article, “Perceptions of Inclusion, Affiliation, and Control in Five Interpersonal Relationships,” presents an inappropriate conceptual and methodological approach to the study of relationship defining communication. Problems are most evident in: (1) the domain isolated to represent the themes of inclusion, control, and affection; and (2) the inattention to the interdependence established with communication between relationship partners.
Ofatumumab and high-dose methylprednisolone for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Ofatumumab is a humanized anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody that has been approved by the FDA for the treatment of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. We conducted a phase II single-arm study at a single center. Patients received ofatumumab (300 mg then 1000 mg weekly for 12 weeks) and methylprednisolone (1000 mg/m2 for 3 days of each 28-day cycle). Twenty-one patients enrolled, including 29% with unfavorable cytogenetics (del17p or del11q). Ninety percent of patients received the full course without dose reductions or delays. The overall response rate was 81% (17/21) with 5% complete response, 10% nodular partial response, 67% partial response, 14% stable disease and 5% progressive disease. After a median follow-up of 31 months, the median progression-free survival was 9.9 months and the median time to next treatment was 12.1 months. The median overall survival has not yet been reached. The combination of high-dose methylprednisolone and ofatumumab is an effective and tolerable treatment regimen. This regimen may be useful for patients who are unable to tolerate more aggressive therapies, or have not responded to other treatments.
Nurses' acceptance of Smart IV pump technology.

Background “Smart” intravenous infusion pumps (Smart IV pumps) are increasingly being implemented in hospitals to reduce medication administration errors.
Optimal controllers of the second kind

Abstract An approximate analytical solution to the problem of determining the optimal flow rate through solar collectors so as to maximize the integral of the difference between the useful energy and the pumping costs incurred in collecting the solar energy has been obtained. The solution that is presented is an optimal feedback controller that is based upon measurable states of the system. The solution technique that was employed was that of the Pontryagin maximum principle and an approximate analytical solution to the resulting two-point boundary value problem was obtained by means of a transformation that involved using the heat removal factor as the control. The optimal control (the mass flow rate) is then recoverable from the heat removal factor. The derivation of the optimal control law is presented. Also presented is a discussion of implementation of the optimal control law. Finally, comparisons between these results and those presented in an earlier paper in which a numerical solution was obtained are presented.
Effects of volatile coatings on the laser-induced incandescence of soot

We have measured time-resolved laser-induced incandescence (LII) from combustion-generated mature soot extracted from a burner and (1) coated with oleic acid or (2) coated with oleic acid and then thermally denuded using a thermodenuder. The soot samples were size selected using a differential mobility analyzer and characterized with a scanning mobility particle sizer, centrifugal particle mass analyzer, and transmission electron microscope. The results demonstrate a strong influence of coatings on the magnitude and temporal evolution of the LII signal. For coated particles, higher laser fluences are required to reach signal levels comparable to those of uncoated particles. The peak LII curve is shifted to increasingly higher fluences with increasing coating thickness until this effect saturates at a coating thickness of ~75 % by mass. These effects are predominantly attributable to the additional energy needed to vaporize the coating while heating the particle. LII signals are higher and signal decay rates are significantly slower for thermally denuded particles relative to coated or uncoated particles, particularly at low and intermediate laser fluences. Our results suggest negligible coating enhancement in absorption cross-section for combustion-generated soot at the laser fluences used. Apparent enhancement in absorption with restructuring may be caused by less conductive cooling.
Vascular disease: Vorapaxar prevents progression of peripheral artery disease

The primary goals of antiplatelet therapy in peripheral artery disease are the prevention of cardiovascular ischaemic events and maintenance of revascularization patency. Vorapaxar is a novel agent that has a demonstrated clinical benefit in a broad population of patients, and also decreases the progression of limb ischaemia.
Ac impedance measurements of photo-conductors containing blocking layers analysed by the Maxwell-Wagner theory

Abstract The Maxwell-Wagner theory and the method of the Cole-Cole diagram are applied to the analysis of a.c. impedance measurements on photoconductors containing high resistive layers brought about, for instance, by the grain boundaries of powdered materials. This analysis has advantages over the previous treatment since it derives the conductivity σ of the material from the dependence of the dissipation upon ω. Thus the knowledge of the geometrical distribution of the conducting particles in the insulating matrix does not enter into this determination. Further, one can determine when and why the simple model of describing a conducting element by a capacitor shunted by a photoresistor is not completely correct. The analysis is applied to experimental results obtained from crystalline powdered ZnCdS photoconductors. It is found that single individual grains have not exactly the same conductivity but that a spread of conductivities exists and that for low excitation of the sample the capacity of the conducting portion is not completely constant; its apparent fractional volume decreases with decreasing excitation slightly in one case and by thirty-five per cent in another. This is attributed to the finite thickness of the layers (Debye layers) in which the charge carriers accumulate at the grain boundaries. In spite of these deviations from the simple model of a capacitor with parallel resistor, it is still possible to determine the conductivity of the material. With this method the decay of conductivity is determined for two phosphors; this decay follows a 1 t law over two orders of magnitude of σ.
Influence of oxygen content in phase selection during quenching of Zr80Pt20 melt spun ribbons

Abstract Depending on processing conditions Zr 80 Pt 20 alloys may form meta-stable quasicrystals either during devitrification of an amorphous phase or directly upon cooling from a liquid. This study reveals that oxygen content during melt spinning indeed strongly influences the formation of the as-quenched structure in this alloy system. At a wheel speed of 25 m/s, a critical amount of oxygen was found to be required to form amorphous ribbons. At lower oxygen levels (i.e. 6 Pt 3 O phase (>2500 ppm mass). Details regarding the structural similarity between the QC, β-Zr and Zr 6 Pt 3 O phases are discussed.
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor expression by directionally selective ganglion cells.

Acetylcholine (ACh) enhances the preferred direction responses of directionally selective ganglion cells (DS GCs; Ariel & Daw, 1982; Ariel & Adolph, 1985) through the activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs; Ariel & Daw, 1982; Massey et al., 1997; Kittila & Massey, 1997). DS GCs appear to express at least two types of nAChRs, those that are sensitive to the partially subtype-specific antagonist methyllycaconitine (MLA), and those that are MLA-insensitive (Reed et al., 2002). Our purpose was to confirm the expression of α7 nAChRs by DS GCs and to assess the contributions of other nAChR subtypes to DS GC responses. Using choline as a nAChR partially subtype-specific agonist, we found that the majority of DS GCs demonstrated responses to choline while under synaptic blockade. The blockade or reduction of choline-induced responses by bath application of nanomolar (nM) concentrations of MLA provided direct evidence that the choline responses were mediated by α7 nAChRs. Because choline is a partial agonist for α3β4 nAChRs (Alkondon et al., 1997), the residual choline responses are consistent with mediation by α3β4 nAChRs. Additionally, a subset of DS GCs responded to nicotine but not to choline, indicating the expression of a third nAChR subtype. The pharmacological results were supported by single cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry experiments. The expression of α7 and specific non-α7 nAChR subtypes was correlated with the preferred direction. This indicates the possibility of differential responses to ACh depending on the direction of movement. This is the first description of differential expression of multiple nAChR subtypes by DS GCs.
Critical Role of the Second Stirrup Region of the TATA-binding Protein for Transcriptional Activation Both in Yeast and Human

We previously identified three TATA-binding protein (TBP) point mutations (L114K, L189K, and K211L) that have severe effects on transcriptional activation by acidic activators, but no effect on basal transcription, in a yeast-derived TBP-dependent in vitro transcription system (Kim, T. K., Hashimoto, S., Kelleher, R. J., III, Flanagan, P. M., Kornberg, R. D., Horikoshi, M., and Roeder, R. G. (1994) Nature 369, 252-255). These activation defects were also demonstrated in vivo in yeast cells (Lee, M., and Struhl, K. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 5461-5469). Here, the transcriptional activities of these and other TBP mutations were examined in human by both in vitro and in vivo assays. Mutations L189K and E188K, which lie in the second stirrup region of TBP, show defective activation by acidic activators both in yeast and human. Somewhat surprisingly, mutations L114K and K211L have almost no demonstrable effect on activation by acidic activators in human, in contrast to their severe effects on defective activator responses in yeast. The implications of these results for TBP structure and function are discussed.
Effective field theory for hydrodynamics: Thermodynamics, and the derivative expansion

We consider the low-energy effective field theory describing the infrared dynamics of nondissipative fluids. We extend previous work to accommodate conserved charges, and we clarify the matching between field-theory variables and thermodynamical ones. We discuss the systematics of the derivative expansion, for which field theory offers a conceptually clear and technically neat scheme. As an example, we compute the correction to the sound-wave dispersion relation coming from a sample second-order term. This formalism forms the basis for a study of anomalies in hydrodynamics via effective field theory, which is initiated in a companion paper.
Presupposition Processing and the (Re)activation of Negated Concepts

Negated words take longer to recognize than non-negated words following sentences with negation, suggesting that negated concepts are less active. The present experiments tested the possibility that this reduced activation would not persist beyond immediate testing. Experiment 1 used a probe task and materials similar to those used in previous research but manipulated the timing of the probe. The negation effect was present at 0 ms, replicating previous studies, but not at 500 ms or 1,000 ms, suggesting that unlicensed negated concepts are initially reduced in activation but then reactivated by presuppositional processing. Experiment 2 produced similar results when activation was measured during ongoing comprehension and reading time was controlled, and Experiment 3 demonstrated that these effects occur when negation is unlicensed but not when it is licensed. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that the reduced activation seen from unlicensed negation is short-lived.
Effects of NOM properties on copper release from model solid phases.

Abstract This study examined impacts of concentrations and properties of natural organic matter (NOM) on copper release from characteristic copper solid model phases such as tenorite CuO and malachite Cu 2 (OH) 2 CO 3 . Unaltered Aldrich humic acid (AHA) and standard Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) strongly increased copper release from the model phases but NOM alteration by chlorination or ozonation gradually suppressed or, at higher oxidant doses, eliminated these effects. The nature of NOM changes induced by chlorination and ozonation was examined using differential absorbance spectroscopy (DAS) and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). The data of these methods show that NOM molecules with higher apparent molecular weight (AMW), higher aromaticities and contributions of protonation-active phenolic and carboxylic groups play a key role in adsorption and colloidal dispersion of the model solids. The data also show that metal release from model phases was well correlated with a number of spectroscopic parameters characterizing NOM properties, notably SUVA 254 , spectral slopes of NOM absorbance, and differential absorbance at wavelength of 280 nm and 350 nm that is indicative of the contributions of carboxylic and phenolic functional groups. Changes of ζ-potential of the model solid phases were the strongest predictor of the enhancement of copper release especially in the system controlled by malachite. While effects of NOM on the ζ-potential of tenorite and malachite were prominent for unaltered NOM, its oxidation by chlorine and ozone was accompanied by a gradual decrease and ultimately disappearance of its surface activity.
Single photon photoionization mass spectroscopy via autoionizing resonances

Abstract Laser autoionization mass spectroscopy has been demonstrated to have potential for sensitive and selective analysis of atomic species. Ytterbium samples smaller than 10 ng have been detected using an ArF ∗ excimer laser in conjunction with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Elemental selectivity of greater than 5 : 1 with respect to lutetium has been observed, confirming the utility of autoionizing versus bound-free transitions. source geometry and laser duty cycle currently appear to limit the ultimate sensitivity of this technique.
The Reaction Energies of Light Nuclei from Magnetic Analysis

An extensive survey has been made of the reaction energies of ground-state transitions induced by proton and deuteron bombardment of light nuclei. A total of nineteen stable nuclei from deuterium through sulfur was investigated, and the $Q$-values directly measured for thirty-eight different reactions. From these $Q$-values, the energy releases of a number of other reactions have been computed. The reactions studied include the $p,\ensuremath{\alpha}$, $d,p$, and $d,\ensuremath{\alpha}$; and the individual $Q$-values have been determined to precisions that are between 0.08 and 0.25 percent. The reaction products were analyzed by means of 180-degree focusing in the field of a large annular magnet. The $Q$-values measured include those of a series of nuclear reactions which directly connect the mass of the alpha-particle with the deuteron mass and ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}$. From these measurements, the mass of the alpha-particle has been determined as 4.003865\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.000007 amu.
A Numerical Study of Electro-migration Voiding by Evolving Level Set Functions on a Fixed Cartesian Grid

A numerical method for studying migration of voids driven by surface diffusion and electric current in a metal conducting line is developed. The mathematical model involves moving boundaries governed by a fourth order nonlinear partial differential equation which contains a nonlocal term corresponding to the electrical field and a nonlinear term corresponding to the curvature. Numerical challenges include efficient computation of the electrical field with sufficient accuracy to afford fourth order differentiation along the void boundary and to capture singularities arising in topological changes. We use the modified immersed interface method with a fixed Cartesian grid to solve for the electrical field, and the fast local level set method to update the position of moving voids. Numerical examples are performed to demonstrate the physical mechanisms by which voids interact under electromigration.
Modeling of Reinforced Concrete Assemblies under Column-Removal Scenario

AbstractThis paper presents a computational investigation of two reinforced concrete beam-column assemblies, each comprising three columns and two beams, subjected to monotonically increasing vertical displacement of the unsupported center column simulating a column removal scenario. One assembly was part of an intermediate moment frame and the other was part of a special moment frame. Two types of models were developed: (1) detailed models with highly refined solid and beam elements to represent the nonlinear material behavior of concrete and reinforcement, and (2) reduced-order models with significantly fewer beam and spring elements to represent the nonlinear behavior of structural components. Reduced models are desirable for analysis of complete three-dimensional (3D) structural systems. Modeling approaches for the detailed and reduced models are described, and the computational results are compared with experimental data from full-scale tests. Good agreement is observed, which demonstrates the capabi...
Mechanism of 4-chlorobenzoate:coenzyme a ligase catalysis.

Within the accompanying paper (Reger, A. S, Wu, R., Dunaway-Mariano, D. and Gulick, A. M. (2008) Crystallographic trapping of a 140° domain movement in the two-step reaction catalyzed by 4 chlorobenzoate:CoA ligase. Biochemistry) we reported the X-ray structure of 4-chlorobenzoate: CoA ligase (CBL) bound with 4-chlorobenzoyl-adenylate (4-CB-AMP) and the X-ray structure of CBL bound with 4-chlorophenacyl-CoA (4-CP-CoA) (an inert analog of the product 4-chlorobenzoyl-coenzyme A (4-CB-CoA)) and AMP. These structures defined two CBL conformational states. In conformation 1, CBL is poised to catalyze the adenylation of 4-chlorobenzoate (4-CB) with ATP (partial reaction 1) and in conformation 2, CBL is poised to catalyze the formation of 4-CB-CoA from 4-CB-AMP and CoA (partial reaction 2). These two structures showed that, by switching from conformation 1 to conformation 2, the cap domain rotates about the domain linker and thereby changes its interface with the N-terminal domain. The present work was carried out to determine the contributions made by each of the active site residues in substrate/cofactor binding and catalysis, and also to test the role of domain alternation in catalysis. In this paper, we report the results of steady-state kinetic and transient state kinetic analysis of wild-type CBL and of a series of site-directed CBL active site mutants. The major findings are as follows. First, wild-type CBL is activated by Mg+2 (a 12 to 75-fold increase in activity is observed depending on assay conditions) and its kinetic mechanism (ping-pong) supports the structure-derived prediction that PPi dissociation must precede the switch from conformation 1 to conformation 2 and therefore, CoA binding. Also, transient kinetic analysis of wild-type CBL identified the rate-limiting step of the catalyzed reaction as one that follows the formation of 4-CB-CoA (viz. CBL conformational change and/or product dissociation). The single turnover rate of 4-CB and ATP to form 4-CB-AMP and PPi (k= 300 s−1) is not effected by the presence of CoA, and it is ~3-fold faster than the turnover rate of 4-CB-AMP and CoA to form 4-CB-CoA and AMP (k= 120 s−1). Second, the active site mutants screened via steady-state kinetic analysis, were ranked based on the degree of reduction observed in any one of the substrate kcat/Km values, and those scoring higher than a 50-fold reduction in kcat/Km value were selected for further evaluation via transient state kinetic analysis. The single-turnover time courses, measured for the first partial reaction, and then for the full reaction, were analyzed to define the microscopic rate constants for the adenylation reaction and the thioesterification reaction. Based on our findings we propose a catalytic mechanism that centers on a small group of key residues (some of which serve in more than one role) and that includes several residues that function in domain alternation.
Discriminative stimulus effects of buprenorphine in the rat

Buprenorphine, a potent ”low efficacy” or ”partial” morphine-like opioid agonist, has morphine-like discriminative effects in animals and humans discriminating morphine or a related drug. The purpose of the present study was to characterize further the discriminative effects of buprenorphine in subjects trained to discriminate buprenorphine itself. Rats trained to discriminate between SC injections of saline and either 0.03 or 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine generalized completely to morphine and to other morphine-like agonists. These drugs were approximately 3 times more potent in the rats trained with 0.03 mg/kg buprenorphine than in those trained with 0.1 mg/kg; however, the potency of buprenorphine itself did not differ significantly between groups. Indicative of efficacy differences among mixed-action opioids, rats discriminating 0.03 mg/kg buprenorphine generalized completely to butorphanol and pentazocine and partially to nalbuphine, whereas those discriminating 0.1 mg/kg generalized completely to butorphanol, partially to pentazocine, and little to nalbuphine. Stimulus control of behavior by 0.1 mg/kg buprenorphine was blocked surmountably by low doses of antagonists, stereoselective, and pharmacologically selective. These results are consistent with those of other studies showing that the discriminative effects of buprenorphine are morphine-like and mediated by the mu-opioid receptor, and extend the conditions under which this has been demonstrated to stimulus control maintained by buprenorphine itself.
FACTORIZATION SYSTEMS AND ADJUNCTIONS

Several results on the translation of factorization systems along adjunctions are proved. The Þrst of these results is the answer to the question posed by G.Janelidze.
The Security Implication of Multiple Observers in a Distributed System

Confidentiality is an often overlooked, yet crucial point in the security analysis of a system. infrastructures take for granted that confidentiality is maintained through obfuscation by dissemination of information. This dissemination does indeed maintain the confidentiality of the system when only a small portion of the information can be obtained by an outside observer. However, when multiple observers collaboratively make observations, the confidential information can be revealed or even just partially revealed. If a team of attackers on a system can deduce enough information to successfully perform a crippling attack, the system could not be considered secure. This paper will bring together facets of graph theory, electrical physics, and statistics to illustrate how a team of attackers could compromise a partially deducible system. The infrastructure considered in this paper is a power transmission systems, but these techniques could be applied to any system which could be modeled as a resistance network; including traffic systems, oil and gas pipelines, or even a large scale computer network.
Modeling the Effects of Polishing Pressure and Speed on CMP Rates

In a previous CMP model, the effects of the slurry concentration of chemicals and abrasives on the polishing rate were quantitatively explained, for constant polishing pressure and velocity. That model is extended here to consider specific descriptions of mechanical abrasion, involving polishing pressures and speeds. Predictions of behavior are compared to literature data, leading to an improved understanding of the abrasive process in CMP.
Other Classes of Problems

In this chapter we briefly discuss some possible generalizations of Floquet theory. Section 6.1 deals with equations with deviating arguments. Sections 6.2–6.4 are devoted to generalizations of Ehrenpreis-Malgrange-Palamodov theory [99, 273, 274, 324] and Floquet theory to equations that are invariant with respect to more general transformation groups.
Multi-electron reduction facilitated by a trianionic pyridine(diimine) ligand

Reduction of Cp*2UI(THF) with KC8 in the presence of a pyridine(diimine) ligand (MesPDIMe) results in the formation of Cp*U(PDI)(THF), which features a triply reduced PDI ligand. This species performs four electron cleavage of azobenzene to generate the uranium bis(imido), Cp*(PDI)U(NPh)2.
On the similitude between lifted and burner-stabilized triple flames: a numerical and experimental investigation

Abstract We have investigated lifted triple flames and addressed issues related to flame stabilization. The stabilization of nonpremixed flames has been argued to result due to the existence of a premixing zone of sufficient reactivity, which causes propagating premixed reaction zones to anchor a nonpremixed zone. We first validate our simulations with detailed measurements in more tractable methane–air burner-stabilized flames. Thereafter, we simulate lifted flames without significantly modifying the boundary conditions used for investigating the burner-stabilized flames. The similarities and differences between the structures of lifted and burner-stabilized flames are elucidated, and the role of the laminar flame speed in the stabilization of lifted triple flames is characterized. The reaction zone topography in the flame is as follows. The flame consists of an outer lean premixed reaction zone, an inner rich premixed reaction zone, and a nonpremixed reaction zone where partially oxidized fuel and oxidizer (from the rich and lean premixed reaction zones, respectively) mix in stoichiometric proportion and thereafter burn. The region with the highest temperatures lies between the inner premixed and the central nonpremixed reaction zone. The heat released in the reaction zones is transported both upstream (by diffusion) and downstream to other portions of the flame. Measured and simulated species concentration profiles of reactant (O 2 , CH 4 ) consumption, intermediate (CO, H 2 ) formation followed by intermediate consumption and product (CO 2 , H 2 O) formation are presented. A lifted flame is simulated by conceptualizing a splitter wall of infinitesimal thickness. The flame liftoff increases the height of the inner premixed reaction zone due to the modification of the upstream flow field. However, both the lifted and burner-stabilized flames exhibit remarkable similarity with respect to the shapes and separation distances regarding the three reaction zones. The heat-release distribution and the scalar profiles are also virtually identical for the lifted and burner-stabilized flames in mixture fraction space and attest to the similitude between the burner-stabilized and lifted flames. In the lifted flame, the velocity field diverges upstream of the flame, causing the velocity to reach a minimum value at the triple point. The streamwise velocity at the triple point is ≈0.45 m s −1 (in accord with the propagation speed for stoichiometric methane–air flame), whereas the velocity upstream of the triple point equals 0.7 m s −1 , which is in excess of the unstretched flame propagation speed. This is in agreement with measurements reported by other investigators. In future work we will address the behavior of this velocity as the equivalence ratio, the inlet velocity profile, and inlet mixture fraction are changed.
A Vortex-Based Perspective of Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclone Formation

Tropical cyclone formation over the eastern Pacific during 2005 and 2006 was examined using primarily global operational analyses from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction. This paper represents a “vortex view” of genesis, adding to previous work on tropical cyclone formation associated with tropical waves. Between 1 July and 30 September during 2005 and 2006, vortices at 900 hPa were tracked and vortex-following diagnostic quantities were computed. Vortices were more abundant during periods of an enhanced “Hadley” circulation with monsoon westerlies around 10°N in the lower troposphere. This zonally confined Hadley circulation was significantly stronger during the genesis of developing vortices. Developing vortices were stronger at the outset, with a deeper potential vorticity maximum, compared to nondeveloping vortices. This implies that developing disturbances were selected early on by favorable synoptic-scale features. The characteristic time-mean reversal of the meridional gradient of absolute vorticity in the lower troposphere was found to nearly vanish when the aggregate contribution of strong vortices was removed from the time-mean vorticity. This finding implies that it is difficult to unambiguously attribute development to a preexisting enhancement of vorticity on the synoptic scale. The time-mean enhancement of cyclonic vorticity primarily results from the accumulated effect of vortices. It is suggested that horizontal deformation in the background state helps distinguish developing vortices from nondevelopers, and also biases the latitude of development poleward of the climatological ITCZ axis.
A Low-Latency and Smooth Handover Scheme for Mobile IPv6

The optimization of the handover, which can minimize the handover delay and packet loss rate, is an indispensable technology in MIPv6. In this paper, a low-latency and smooth handover optimization scheme is proposed based on two main factors affecting the handover performance: duplicate address detection and binding update. A mode of duplicate address detection is introduced, in which the access router performs DAD for mobile node by querying the link-list. Besides, the strategy that mobile node sends binding update message to the home agent and the correspondent node in advance is proposed. The experiment to evaluate the performance is provided in this paper. The result shows that this approach can optimize the performance of the handover in mobile IPv6.
More Eyes on the Prize: Variability in White Americans' Perceptions of Progress Toward Racial Equality:

Much recent research suggests that Whites and non-Whites think differently about issues of race in contemporary America. For example, Eibach and Ehrlinger (2006) recently demonstrated that Whites perceive that more progress toward racial equality has been made as compared to non-Whites. The authors of this article sought to extend Eibach and Ehrlinger's analysis. To this end, they found that differences in Whites' and non-Whites' perceptions of racial progress can be explained by the reference points they use for understanding progress toward racial equality (Study 1). Furthermore, they demonstrated that there is variability in White people's perceptions of racial progress that can be explained by self-reported racial prejudice (Studies 1 and 2). Finally, they demonstrated that White people's perceptions of racial progress predict reactions to affirmative action (Study 2). Implications for better understanding intergroup relations and reactions to social policies are discussed.
Does the combined antenatal use of corticosteroids and antibiotics increase late-onset neonatal sepsis in the very low birth weight infant?

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether the combined use of maternal antenatal corticosteroids and antibiotic therapy is associated with an increased risk of late-onset neonatal sepsis among very low birth weight infants. Study Design: The outcomes of infants admitted to the 3 Cincinnati neonatal intensive care units between May 1991 and May 2000 were retrospectively evaluated. Late-onset neonatal sepsis was defined either as the occurrence of a positive blood culture obtained after 72 hours of life with clinical signs of sepsis or as the need for >5 consecutive days of antibiotic therapy for presumed sepsis that initiated after 72 hours of life. Wilcoxon rank sum, chi-square test, and multiple logistic regression were used for analysis. Results: Among the parturients delivering the study infants, 434 women (24%) received corticosteroids only, 175 women (9%) received antibiotics only, 819 women (46%) received both corticosteroids and antibiotics, and 370 women (20%) received neither corticosteroids nor antibiotics. Among 1978 study infants, there were 732 infants (41%) with late-onset neonatal sepsis. By univariate analysis, the odds ratio for late-onset neonatal sepsis caused by combined corticosteroid and antibiotic use was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.89%, 1.04%). Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the risk of combined corticosteroids and antibiotic use after controlling for potential covariates and confounders. After controlling for outborn birth (odds ratio, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0%-1.8%), increasing gestational age at delivery (odds ratio, 0.63; 95% CI, 0.60%-0.66%), interaction between white race and male gender ( P =.01) and interaction between antibiotics and prolonged rupture of membranes ( P =.02), the use of corticosteroids and antibiotics was not associated with an increased risk of late-onset neonatal sepsis ( P =.9). Conclusion: The combined use of maternal corticosteroids and antibiotic therapy is not associated with an increased risk for late-onset neonatal sepsis. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001;185:1081-5.)
Review Essay: Perspective and Balance: Considering Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology

Der von Mary KOPALA und Lisa A. SUZUKI's herausgegebene Band Using qualitative methods in psychology ist mit 237 Seiten ein Muss fur alle, die sich fur dieses Thema interessieren. Die Autor(inn)en der insgesamt 17 Kapitel beschaftigen sich mit Fragen wie: Warum spielen quantitative Verfahren eine so dominante Rolle in der Psychologie? Wie ist es um die Reliabilitat von Befunden aus qualitativen Forschungsarbeiten bestellt? Wie konnen qualitative und quantitative Verfahren kombiniert werden? Welche ethischen Implikationen sind mit einem qualitativen Forschungsansatz verbunden? Was ist notwendig, um qualitative Forschungsarbeiten in renommierten Zeitschriften veroffentlichen zu konnen? Beinahe die Halfte der Kapitel geben zudem ausgezeichnete Beispiele qualitativ-psychologischer Untersuchungen. Und trotz einiger (unumganglicher?) Beschrankungen schliest das von KOPALA und SUZUKI's herausgegebene Buch fur die psychologische Literatur eine Lucke, was Fragen der Anwendung qualitativer Methoden in der Psychologie angeht. URN: urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0201234
“Familial” apical ballooning syndrome (Takotsubo cardiomyopathy)

We present a case of a 44 year-old woman who was diagnosed with apical ballooning syndrome (ABS). She reported that her family history consisted of her mother suffering a myocardial infarction at the age of 49 years. The mother had been told that she had normal coronary arteries and was treated for coronary artery spasm. We reviewed the medical records, coronary angiogram and left ventriculogram of the mother, and concluded that she too had suffered an episode of ABS which had been diagnosed as a myocardial infarction. Our observation of a familial clustering of ABS has two important implications. First, it suggests that there may be a genetic predisposition for the cardiomyopathy which may explain why only a minority of postmenopausal women appear to be susceptible. Second, it illustrates that despite the apparent recent emergence of the syndrome, it did occur in the past.