cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Substitution Models on Divergence Time Estimates: Simulations and an Empirical Study of Model Uncertainty using Cornales

Abstract Phylogenetic divergence time estimates inferred from trees optimized using maximum likelihood apply branch lengths. These branch lengths are influenced by the substitution model applied in the analysis, which can, in turn, affect divergence time estimates. To examine the effects of substitution models on divergence time estimates, we applied an empirical data set for Cornales that had 16 calibration point constraints in maximum likelihood analyses using 19 different substitution models to obtain topologies with branch lengths. Penalized likelihood was then used to obtain divergence time estimates for corresponding nodes of these topologies. Discrepancy in divergence time estimates among corresponding nodes of trees constructed with different models was small in most cases (falling within 95% confidence intervals based on the most supported model); however, we recovered instances of nodes differing by as much as 23.7% from times on corresponding nodes of the phylogeny reconstructed from our best-f...
Importance of wetland landscape structure to shorebirds wintering in an agricultural valley

Only recently has the influence of landscape structure on habitat use been a research focus in wetland systems. During non-breeding periods when food can be locally limited, wetland spatial pattern across a landscape may be of great importance in determining wetland use. We studied the influence of landscape structure on abundances of wintering Dunlin (Calidris alpina) and Killdeer (Charadrius vociferus) observed on wetlands in the agricultural Willamette Valley of Oregon, USA, during two winters (1999–2000, 2000–2001) of differing rainfall. We examined (1) shorebird use within a sample of 100 km2 regions differing in landscape structure (hectares of shorebird habitat [wet, unvegetated]) and (2) use of sites differing in landscape context (area of shorebird habitat within a species-defined radius). For use of sites, we also assessed the influence of two local characteristics: percent of soil exposed and area of wet habitat. We analyzed data using linear regression and information-theoretic modeling. During the dry winter (2000–2001), Dunlin were attracted to regions with more wetland habitat and their abundances at sites increased with greater area of shorebird habitat within both the site and the surrounding landscape. In contrast, Dunlin abundances at sites were related to availability of habitat at only a local scale during the wet winter (1999–2000). Regional habitat availability was of little importance in predicting Killdeer distributions, and Killdeer site use appeared unrelated to habitat distributions at both landscape and local scales. Results suggest prioritizing sites for conservation that are located in areas with high wetland coverage.
HLA-DRw6 antigen linkage in chronic congestive heart failure secondary to coronary artery disease (ischemic cardiomyopathy).

Abstract Considerable effort has been spent over the last several years in identifying risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) and assessing the effectiveness of interventions directed against the risk factors in reducing the prevalence of CAD. It has become evident from epidemiologic studies that differences in morbidity and mortality from CAD between populations, ethnic groups or individuals are not satisfactorily explained solely on the basis of variability in the prevalence and severity of risk factors.1–3 This raises the possibility that genetic influences contribute significantly to the individual susceptibility to coronary arteriosclerosis. It is, of course, well recognized that several risk factors (e.g., systemic hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia) have a strong genetic background. There may, however, be additional genetic influences exerted independently of the known risk factors. In the present study, we present evidence suggesting that HLA-DRw6 may be such a marker for genetic susceptibility to ischemic cardiomyopathy, independently of some major risk factors.
Detecting small debris using a ground-based photon counting detector

We describe a sensitive technique for detecting small space debris that exploits a fast photon- counting imager. Microchannel plate detectors using crossed delay-line readout can achieve a resolution of 2048 X 2048 spatial pixels and a maximum count rate of about 106 photons per second. A baseline debris-tracking system might couple this detector to a 16-cm aperture telescope. The detector yields x, y, and time information for each detected photon. When visualized in (x,y,t) space, photons from a fast-moving orbital object appear on a straight line. They can be distinguished from diffuse background photons, randomly scattered in the space, and star photons, which fall on a line with sidereal velocity. By searching for this unique signature, we can detect and track small debris objects. At dawn and dusk, a spherical object of 1.3 cm diameter at 400 km will reflect sunlight for an apparent magnitude of V approximately equals 16. The baseline system would detect about 16 photons from this object as it crosses a 1 degree field of view in about 1 second. The line in (x,y,t) space will be significant in a diffuse background of approximately 106 photons. We discuss the data processing scheme and line detection algorithm. The advantages of this technique are that one can (1) detect cm-size debris objects with a small telescope, and (2) detect debris moving with any direction and velocity.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
ON CLOSED STRING COUNTERTERMS

A one-loop tadpole and a one-loop two-string counterterms are proposed, capable of restoring BRST invariance to the respective scattering amplitudes of polyhedral closed string field theory.
TIME-DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF ANISOTROPIC VISCOELASTIC COMPOSITE SHELL STRUCTURES

A numerical algorithm for analyzing the dynamic responses of anisotropic viscoelastic composite shell structures has been developed in the real time domain. The approach is based on variational principles and direct time integration by the Newmark average acceleration method. Recursion formulas have been obtained in order to reduce computer storage by requiring only the previous time solution to compute the subsequent one. Using the presently developed procedure, the dynamic responses of the viscoelastic graphite/epoxy composite plate and shell structures subjected to various loads are presented. The influence of temperature on the laminated shells is also examined.
Improving the current carrying capability of the modified betatron

Stability analysis of the macroscopic beam orbits indicates that the current-carrying capability of the modified betatron is substantially improved by adding torsatron windings that carry modest current. An analytic expression has been derived that gives the maximum beam current in a modified betatron as a function of the current in the torsatron windings and other relevant parameters.
Myocardial Infarction Complicated by Ventricular Septal Rupture

Transporting patients with an ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is a fairly common practice for most critical care transport teams. When a STEMI is complicated by ventricular septal rupture, the care can become more challenging, especially if the rupture is not yet diagnosed. This article describes such a transport and reviews the pathophysiology of the process along with treatment options.
The Distribution of the Planktonic Chaetognatha in the Pacific and their Relationship to the Water Masses1

The geographic extents of 27 species of Chaetognatha in the Pacific have been inferred from analyses of 2,900 plankton samples taken at more than 900 stations. Two species of chaetognaths—Sagitta elegans and S. maxima—are found in the Pacific only in the Subarctic Water Mass. Four species—Sagitta enflata, S. hexaptera, S. pacifica, and Pterosagitta draco—occur in the Pacific Equatorial and Central Water Masses. Seven species—Sagitta robusta, S. regularis, S. ferox, Krohnitta pacifica, Sagitta bedoti, S. neglecta, and S. pulchra—occur in the Equatorial and Western Central Water Masses. The latter three species appear to be disjunct equatorial species that are absent from the central equatorial Pacific. Sagitta pseudoserratodentata occupies the North Pacific Central Water Mass. S. californica, essentially a warm-water cosmopolite, is very rare in the Equatorial Water Mass. The Peru and California Currents are inhabited by Sagitta friderici. A close relative, S. crassa, lives in the coastal waters of Japan. Sagitta minima, Sagitta species (serratodentata group), Sagitta decipiens, S. lyra, and Krohnitta subtilis, species which have their maximum abundance at about 200 meters (somewhat deeper than all of the preceding), appear to be limited in the north at about 45° N. Lat. Sagitta planctonis, S. macrocephala, and Eukrohnia fowleri, living primarily at depths of 500 meters and greater, have been taken in the present study as far north as 55° N. Lat., both in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. The very deep living species, Heterokrohnia mirabilis, was taken at a single station in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific. The sharpest chaetognath boundary yet found in the Pacific occurs in the Eastern Pacific at 18° to 20° N. Lat. and is associated with pronounced temperature, oxygen, and probably salinity gradients. Species distributions analogous to those of the Chaetognatha are found in the euphausiids, copepods, and dinoflagellates among other groups of organisms.
Vascular Actions of Brain Natriuretic Peptide: Modulation by Atherosclerosis and Neutral Endopeptidase Inhibition

OBJECTIVES We sought to define the vascular actions of the cardiac hormone brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) on cellular proliferation and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (HAVSMCs). Secondly, we investigated BNP and acetylcholine (ACh) vasorelaxations in aortic rings from normal and atherosclerotic rabbits in the presence and absence of long-term oral inhibition of neutral endopeptidase (NEP). BACKGROUND The vascular actions of BNP are not well defined, despite the presence of its receptor in vascular smooth muscle and the upregulation of NEP, the ectoenzyme that degrades BNP, in the vascular wall in atherosclerosis. METHODS HAVSMCs stimulated with fetal calf serum (FCS) were pulsed with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) with and without BNP. The HAVSMCs were incubated in the presence and absence of BNP to assess cGMP. Vasorelaxations to BNP and ACh were assessed in rings in normal and atherosclerotic rabbits in the presence and absence of long-term oral inhibition of NEP, together with assessment of atheroma formation. RESULTS FCS-stimulated BrdU uptake in HAVSMCs was suppressed with BNP. BNP potentiated cGMP in HAVSMCs. BNP resulted in potent vasorelaxation in normal isolated aortic rings, which were impaired in atherosclerotic versus normal rabbits and preserved with NEP inhibition, which also decreased atheroma formation. Relaxations to ACh, which were also impaired in atherosclerosis, were preserved with inhibition of NEP. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that BNP potently inhibits vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and potentiates the generation of cGMP. BNP potently relaxes the normal rabbit aorta, and this response is impaired in atherosclerosis but preserved with inhibition of NEP, together with a reduction in atheroma formation and preservation of relaxations to ACh.
Identification of prolactin receptors in hepatic nuclei

Prolactin is a trophic hormone which may act directly at the hepatocyte nucleus. In this study, specific prolactin binding sites were sought in purified rat liver nuclei. Saturable and specific, high affinity 125I-prolactin binding sites were demonstrated to be on or within the nucleus. Prolactin binding was competitively inhibited by rat and ovine prolactins but not by rat growth hormone. Using immunogold electron microscopy, we detected prolactin receptors throughout the nucleus, in association with heterochromatin. Furthermore, endogenous immunoreactive prolactin was demonstrated to be within hepatic nuclei. We conclude that rat liver nuclei possess prolactin binding sites which likely participate in hormone-directed growth processes.
A large cylindrical drift chamber for the Mark II detector at spear

Abstract We describe a large cylindrical drift chamber designed for the Mark II magnetic detector at the SLAC e + e − storage ring SPEAR. Details on the mechanical construction, electronics readout, and measurements of chamber efficiencies and precision are presented.
Asymptotic behavior of some stochastic difference equation population models

We consider a general class of Markov population models formulated as stochastic difference equations. The population density is shown to converge either to 0, to +∞, or to a unique stationary distribution concentrated on (0, +∞), depending on the signs of the mean log growth rates near 0 and +∞. These results are applied to the Watkinson-MacDonald “bottleneck” model of annual plants with a seedbank, extended to allow for random environmental fluctuations and competition among co-occurring species. We obtain criteria for long-term persistence of single-species populations, and for coexistence of two competing species, and the biological significance of the criteria is discussed. The lamentably few applications to the problem at hand of classical limit-theory for Markov chains are surveyed.
Generation of internal tides by an oscillating background flow along a corrugated slope

The process of internal wave generation by the interaction of an oscillatory background flow (U0 cos (ω0t), V0 sin (ω0t), W0 sin (ω0t)) over a uniform slope is investigated. The stratification is assumed to be uniform and the fluid of infinite depth. Analytical solutions are obtained which give the energy flux in the radiating internal wave field. Since waves are generated not only at the fundamental frequency ω0, but also at all the harmonic frequencies less than the buoyancy frequency, the energy flux for both low and high frequency waves is considered. The acoustic limit approximation (the limiting case in which the tidal excursion, U0/ω0, is much less than the scale of the topography) gives a reasonable approximation to the energy flux.
Ultrastructural changes in rat palatal epithelium after β‐aminopropionitrile

Beta-Aminopropionitrile (BAPN) retarded or suppressed epithelial changes in the medial edge of the palatal process in later stages of gestation in rats. Programmed cell death did not follow the usual pattern, and only a few lysosomes were observed on day 18 of gestation. The sensitivity of the medial epithelium to BAPN appeared to be different in various areas of the palatal epithelium; the epithelium on the anterior region of the palatal process was hypertrophied and keratinized, while posteriorly the medial or neighboring epithelium was very thin and, in neonatal rats, the covering was absent. A basal lamina was distinct in the anterior region and indistinct or fragmented posteriorly. Collagen fibers did not develop adjacent to the basal lamina, and an amorphous material was scattered throughout the mesenchymal tissue. These findings suggest that BAPN decreases the "connecting capacity" between mesenchyme and epithelium, and results in a modification of epithelial changes.
TGF-α Differentially Regulates GFAP, Vimentin, and Nestin Gene Expression in U-373 MG Glioblastoma Cells: Correlation with Cell Shape and Motility

Abstract To begin understanding the regulation and biological significance of changes in the expression of intermediate filament proteins in astrocytic tumors, we have recently shown that TGF-α alters the protein level of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nestin, and vimentin in U-373 MG glioblastoma cells. Here, we have determined the molecular mechanisms regulating these changes. In addition, to evaluate the significance of these changes we have examined whether TGF-α affects various cellular properties related to differentiation. Our results show that, in U-373 MG cells treated with TGF-α, GFAP gene transcription, mRNA level, and specific protein synthesis decrease by ∼50%. This suggests that, in U-373 MG cells, TGF-α down-regulates the expression of this marker of astrocytic differentiation at the transcriptional level, resulting in decreased GFAP mRNA level and specific protein synthesis. In contrast, TGF-α does not change vimentin gene transcription, but increases by about 50% the transcription of the gene for nestin, a marker for undifferentiated astrocytic precursors. This differential regulation of GFAP, nestin, and vimentin gene expression indicates that TGF-α induces further dedifferentiation of U-373 MG cells. This notion is also supported by our findings that TGF-α increases the motility of U-373 MG cells and induces a less stellate morphology.
Volatile organic compound conversion by ozone, hydroxyl radicals, and nitrate radicals in residential indoor air: Magnitudes and impacts of oxidant sources

Indoor chemistry may be initiated by reactions of ozone (O3), the hydroxyl radical (OH), or the nitrate radical (NO3) with volatile organic compounds (VOC). The principal indoor source of O3 is air exchange, while OH and NO3 formation are considered as primarily from O3 reactions with alkenes and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), respectively. Herein, we used time-averaged models for residences to predict O3, OH, and NO3 concentrations and their impacts on conversion of typical residential VOC profiles, within a Monte Carlo framework that varied inputs probabilistically. We accounted for established oxidant sources, as well as explored the importance of two newly realized indoor sources: (i) the photolysis of nitrous acid (HONO) indoors to generate OH and (ii) the reaction of stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCI) with NO2 to generate NO3. We found total VOC conversion to be dominated by reactions both with O3, which almost solely reacted with d-limonene, and also with OH, which reacted with d-limonene, other terpenes, alcohols, aldehydes, and aromatics. VOC oxidation rates increased with air exchange, outdoor O3, NO2 and d-limonene sources, and indoor photolysis rates; and they decreased with O3 deposition and nitric oxide (NO) sources. Photolysis was a strong OH formation mechanism for high NO, NO2, and HONO settings, but SCI/NO2 reactions weakly generated NO3 except for only a few cases.
Fast-neutron-induced reactions on zinc isotopes

Abstract A model calculation is presented of neutron-induced reaction cross-sections on Zn isotopes in the energy range 1–30 MeV. The theoretical nuclear models and the codes used are described, together with the method employed to obtain the model parameters.
Recoil momentum dynamics for the antiscreening process

Abstract The Iongitudinal momentum transferred to the target nucleus in the electron-loss process is investigated. In particular, we analyze the resulting target recoil momentum when the antiscreening contribution takes place. This contribution is due to the electron-electron interaction and gives a smaller momentum transfer to the target when compared with the screening mode, where the target nucleus is the effective agent in the loss process.
Impact of plastics on fate and transport of organic contaminants in landfills.

Factors controlling organic contaminant sorption to common plastics in municipal solid waste were identified. Consumer plastics [drinking water container, prescription drug bottle, soda bottle, disposable cold cup, computer casing, furniture foam, carpet, vinyl flooring, formica sheet] and model polymers [high-density polyethylene (HDPE), medium-density polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC)] were characterized by X-ray diffractometry, differential scanning calorimetry, and elemental analysis. The material characterization was used to interpret batch isotherm and kinetic data. Kp values describing toluene sorption to rubbery or “soft” polymers could be normalized by the amorphous polymer fraction (famorphous) but not by the organic carbon fraction (foc). Diffusion coefficients (D) describing the uptake rate of toluene by rubbery plastics (HDPE, drinking water container, prescription drug bottle) were similar (D ≈ 10−10 cm2/s), indicating that pure HDPE can be used as a model fo...
LIFE IN A CHILDREN'S DETENTION CENTER: STRATEGIES OF SURVIVAL

Young children and adolescents, held awaiting trial, are cared for by staff of similar origins and character, who often use children to discharge complex, unacknowledged impulses. Survival mechanisms of children and staff, and institutional social structure are explored and related to perpetuation of individual abuses and an ambiguous, chaotic atmosphere.
On optimal arrangements in some social learning situations

The problem of social learning has been studied by psychologists and sociologists in the laboratory and the real world. We first consider the special, somewhat timely, problem of teaching a group of men to be good paratroopers. Some mathematical models are developed for a simple social learning situation, and necessary and sufficient conditions are then given for obtaining the “best” learning results or “most” learning for these models. The results are then generalized to cover other social learning situations; for example, classroom teaching, possibly.
Cardiomyopathy in tyrosinaemia type I is common but usually benign.

Tyrosinaemia type I (TTI) is an inherited multisystemic disorder of tyrosine metabolism. In addition to hepatic and renal involvement, cardiomyopathy is an important clinical manifestation. Objective: To evaluate the incidence and outcome of cardiomyopathy in TTI. Subjects and methods: A retrospective study was performed of 20 consecutive children with TTI (12 male, 8 female) referred to a single centre between 1986 and 2002. All were initially treated with standard dietary therapy and, since 1992, with nitisinone. The indications for orthotopic liver transplantation (LT) changed during the study. Serial echocardiography was undertaken in all subjects. Results: 9/20 (45%) children had an acute hepatic presentation. Five (25%) received dietary treatment followed by LT, and 14 (70%) were treated with nitisinone at presentation. 6/20 (30%) had cardiomyopathy at initial assessment, with interventricular septal hypertrophy being the commonest finding (5/6). Cardiomyopathy was significantly less common in those treated initially with nitisinone. After a median follow-up of 3.6 (0.45–13.5) years, 5/6 (83%) had complete resolution of cardiomyopathy and 1/6 showed significant improvement. No child with a normal initial echocardiography subsequently developed cardiomyopathy. Conclusion: Cardiomyopathy is a common manifestation of TTI and it has a favourable long-term outcome. Children initially treated with nitisinone are less likely to develop this complication.
Overcompensation in response to mammalian herbivory - the advantage of being eaten

Plants of scarlet gilia, Ipomopsis aggregata, are exposed to high levels of mammalian herbivory (by mule deer, Odocoileus hemionus, and elk, Cervus elaphus) early in the season, before flowering. During this period of our study, up to 56% of all individuals experienced a 95% reduction in aboveground biomass. Browsed plants rapidly responded by producing new inflorescences and flowering within 3 wk. Unbrowsed plants produced only single inflorescences, whereas browsed plants produced multiple inflorescences. Field observations and experimental manipulations showed that plants with multiple inflorescences produced significantly greater numbers of flowers and fruits than unbrowsed individuals. Because there were no differences between browsed and unbrowsed individuals in the number of seeds produced per fruit, seed weight, subsequent germination success, and survival, browsed plants enjoyed a 2.4-fold increase in relative fitness. Consequently, there is an immediate reproductive advantage to being eaten. Und...
Excitatory, inhibitory and facilitatory frequency response areas in the inferior colliculus of hearing impaired mice

Abstract Individuals with age-related hearing loss often have difficulty understanding complex sounds such as basic speech. The C57BL/6 mouse suffers from progressive sensorineural hearing loss and thus is an effective tool for dissecting the neural mechanisms underlying changes in complex sound processing observed in humans. Neural mechanisms important for processing complex sounds include multiple tuning and combination sensitivity, and these responses are common in the inferior colliculus (IC) of normal hearing mice. We examined neural responses in the IC of C57Bl/6 mice to single and combinations of tones to examine the extent of spectral integration in the IC after age-related high frequency hearing loss. Ten percent of the neurons were tuned to multiple frequency bands and an additional 10% displayed non-linear facilitation to the combination of two different tones (combination sensitivity). No combination-sensitive inhibition was observed. By comparing these findings to spectral integration properties in the IC of normal hearing CBA/CaJ mice, we suggest that high frequency hearing loss affects some of the neural mechanisms in the IC that underlie the processing of complex sounds. The loss of spectral integration properties in the IC during aging likely impairs the central auditory system’s ability to process complex sounds such as speech.
Marsupial spermatozoa pairing in the epididymis of American forms.

IN 1962 Biggers and Creed1 pointed out that conjugation (henceforth called pairing) of spermatozoa is a normal occurrence in the epididymides of the North American opossum (Didelphis marsupialis virginiana Kerr). Evidence has now been obtained which shows that this phenomenon is found in the majority of, if not all, marsupials in the American continents, and that, if it occurs in Australasian marsupials, it is likely to be exceptional. Also, three morphologically distinct types of spermatozoa have been found to exist in the extant American group, which consists of 69 species2 grouped into 15 genera and two families. Our observations are summarized in this report.
Preparation and ultraviolet absorption spectra of the isomeric naphthobenzothiophenes and naphthobenzofurans

Naphtho[2,1-b]benzothiophene has been synthesized unequivocally by the ring closure of 2-phenylmercapto-1-tetralone, followed by dehydrogenation of the resulting dihydro derivative. The other isomeric naphthobenzothiophenes have been prepared by modifications of known methods and their ultraviolet absorption spectra have been compared. Condensation of α-naphthol with 2-chlorocyclohexanone leads to 7,8,9,10-tetrahydronaphtho-[1,2--6]benzofuran, which can be readily dehydrogenated with selenium to naphtho[1,2-b]-benzofuran. The ultraviolet spectra of the naphthobenzofurans are reported, and compared to their sulfur analogs.
MOTIVATIONAL ASPECTS OF EXERCISE FOR THE ELDERLY

This review presents evidence which indicates that cessation of physical activity as one ages is not solely a function of age. Rather, there is data to support the contention that the elderly refrain from exercise because of environmental and personal as well as motivational conflicts. The director of an exercise program for elderly clients can alleviate said frustrations by reassuring the elderly that exercise can be done safely, making the benefits of exercise conspicuous, adjusting inaccurate perceptions of physical exertion and making opportunities to exercise more available.
Virus association with wastewater solids

The solids produced at an urban wastewater treatment plant, tested semiquantitatively, almost all contained human intestinal viruses. Reoviruses and five or more types of enteroviruses were present. Sludge, digested anaerobically at 30 degrees-32 degrees C, and grit contained measurable levels of viruses. Until reliable means of inactivating the viruses have been developed and implemented, great care should be taken in disposing of these solids.
Drosophila aPKC regulates cell polarity and cell proliferation in neuroblasts and epithelia

Cell polarity is essential for generating cell diversity and for the proper function of most differentiated cell types. In many organisms, cell polarity is regulated by the atypical protein kinase C (aPKC), Bazooka (Baz/Par3), and Par6 proteins. Here, we show that Drosophila aPKC zygotic null mutants survive to mid-larval stages, where they exhibit defects in neuroblast and epithelial cell polarity. Mutant neuroblasts lack apical localization of Par6 and Lgl, and fail to exclude Miranda from the apical cortex; yet, they show normal apical crescents of Baz/Par3, Pins, Inscuteable, and Discs large and normal spindle orientation. Mutant imaginal disc epithelia have defects in apical/basal cell polarity and tissue morphology. In addition, we show that aPKC mutants show reduced cell proliferation in both neuroblasts and epithelia, the opposite of the lethal giant larvae (lgl) tumor suppressor phenotype, and that reduced aPKC levels strongly suppress most lgl cell polarity and overproliferation phenotypes.
Immunoglobulin synthesis by free polysomes of mouse myeloma cells.

Free polyribosomes isolated from mouse myeloma cells in tissue culture synthesize immunoglobulin chains. The presence of these peptide chains in the cytoplasm of intact myeloma cells has been investigated. Some immunoglobulin chains were observed, but it could not be ruled out that these were originally inside cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum, which were broken during hogenization. We have also investigated the transport of the hypothetical cytoplastic immunoglobulins into the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum after incubation with radioactive amino acids and subsequent chase in the absence of protein synthesis. A model to account for synthesis of immunoglobulins on free polysomes is presented. This model assigns specificity for translation on membrane-bound polysomes to the N-terminal region of secretory proteins.
Decohesive Concept of the Interaction of Hydrogen with Metals

We consider some concepts of the interaction of hydrogen with metals (iron and its alloys) under loads in hydrogen-containing media and, in particular, their hydrogen embrittlement. This problem is analyzed in numerous works, where different concepts and models are proposed for the substantiation of the mechanisms of hydrogen embrittlement of metals. However, these concepts do not enable us to understand the dual character of the action of hydrogen on the deformation of metals, i.e., the facilitation of their plastic deformation and embrittlement. We describe the decohesive concept of hydrogen–metal interaction based on which it is possible to explain the processes of plasticization of metals in the initial stage of deformation and their embrittlement in the course of subsequent deformation. We also present a survey of investigations in this direction carried out by researchers of the Karpenko Physicomechanical Institute of the Ukrainian National Academy of Sciences.
Viviparity and Intrauterine Feeding in a New Holocephalan Fish from the Lower Carboniferous of Montana

A new species of Lower Carboniferous holocephalan chondrichthyan , Delphyodontos dacriformes, is described from two fetal specimens. The well-developed slashing and piercing dentition, enlargement of the abdominal region, and fecal material indicate the probable evolution of intrauterine oophagy and viviparity in Paleozoic Chondrichthyes .
Analysis of occupied and empty electronic states of C60

Abstract We calculated the electronic structure of solid C 60 using a first principles pseudopotential local-density method. We present an analysis of the theoretical results and compare them to experimental photoemission and inverse photoemission spectra of solid C 60 . The agreement between theory and experiment is excellent. We give a simple interpretation of the electronic states of C 60 based on its quasi-spherical shape.
Making History in Q Henry V [with illustrations]

AbstractThis essay argues that The Chronicle History of Henry the Fifth (published in quarto in 1600, 1602, and 1619) was an abbreviated version of Shakespeare's play prepared for a readership interested in chronicle abridgments and other genres of history books. Critical consensus now identifies the Quarto, less than half the length of the Folio version we read and see performed today, as a reduced text prepared for the theater. This essay considers a range of materials that contest this performance hypothesis: abridged chronicles, popular histories, news reports, as well as title‐pages and paratextual matter from other books based on British history. By situating the early quartos of Henry V with these lesser known products of the London book market, I show that early modern publishers and authors shaped a variety of play texts as “chronicle histories” in order to introduce them to a broader market of readers. What emerges from analysis of this evidence is a different view of Q Henry V: a playbook that ...
Effect of millimeter waves and cyclophosphamide on cytokine regulation

We have reported previously that millimeter waves (MMWs) protect T-cell functions from the toxic side effects of cyclophosphamide (CPA), an anticancer drug. Since the effect of MMWs has been reported to be mediated by endogenous opioids, the present study was undertaken to investigate the role of endogenous opioids in protection of T-cell functions by MMWs. The effect of MMWs (42.2 GHz, incident power density = 38 mW/cm2) was studied on CPA-induced suppression of cytokine release by T cells in the presence of selective opioid receptor antagonists (ORA). Production of cytokines was measured in CD4 T cells isolated from splenocytes. Treatment of mice with CPA suppressed the formation of Th1 cytokines (TNF-α, IFN-γ, and IL-2), shifting the overall balance toward Th2 (IL-4 and IL-5). MMW irradiation of CPA-treated groups up-regulated the production of Th1 cytokines suppressed by CPA. Treatment of the CPA+MMW group with selective kappa (κ) ORA further potentiated this effect of MMWs on Th1 cytokine production,...
Pragmatic Usage by Autistic Children Under Different Treatment Modes

Sixty autistic children were trained in four treatment modes: speech alone, sign alone, simultaneously, and alternately between speech and sign. The children were also divided between high and low verbal imitators. Data were obtained from spontaneous language samples during the ninety treatment sessions and scored according to Dore's communicative functions. Results indicated three things: (1) the high verbal imitators outperformed the low verbal imitators on all of the communicative functions; (2) no specific treatment approach was superior to the others: however, communicating by sign was preferred over speech by the low verbal imitators while the high verbal imitators preferred speech regardless of the treatment mode: (3) the high verbal imitators performed more like normal children while the low verbal imitators used mostly REQUESTS as their sole communicative function.
Amorphous linear polyethylene: Annealing effects

Abstract The effect of annealing amorphous linear polyethylene films prepared by an improved ultraquenching technique at temperatures just below and above a dynamic mechanical relaxation peak (torsion braid) observed at ∽190K has been characterized by electron microscopy and torsion braid analysis. Based on the results described, this peak is believed related to the lower glass transition temperature Tg(L), the Tg of wholly amorphous linear polyethylene, whereas the β peak at 260K is Tg (upper). Annealing just below Tg (L) results in a growth in size of the nodules observed in the as-quenched samples, whereas annealing above Tg (L) can result in the growth of single crystal-like structures, spherulites, and shish-kebobs. Storage of the crystallized samples at room temperatures results in a decrease in size of the relaxation peak during subsequent torsion braid spectroscopy measurements. The results indicate significant amounts of molecular motion can occur during crystallization even at Tg.
The influence of certain factors on the acidity and sugar content of the Jersey blueberry

Cultivation of blueberries in the United States is of rather recent origin. As production from commercial plantings increases, more attention must be given to quality factors. This study is devoted to such factors as correlation between berry size and seed, acid, and sugar content.
Comparison of the sesquiterpenes from the seaweed Laurencia pacifica and its epiphyte Erythrocystis saccata

Abstract Sesquiterpene natural products have been compared between the red seaweed epiphyte Erythrocystis saccata and its host Laurencia pacifica . Three separate collections of the host-epiphyte pair were investigated and the sesquiterpene components of the epiphyte were exactly parallel to that of the host. The major components varied as a function of collection location as follows: Stillwater Cove, aplysin and debromoaplysin; Stillwater Cove recollection, isolaurinterol and debromo isolaurinterol; Catalina Is, laurenisol and bromolaurenisol. The implications of this parallel secondary metabolite chemistry are briefly discussed.
Large-scale solution-phase production of Bi2Te3 and PbTe nanowires using Te nanowire templates

We report the first demonstration of large scale (>10 g) and high yield (>80%) production of ultrathin (<15 nm) PbTe and Bi2Te3 nanowires in a low-cost solution-based process using Te nanowire templates. The PbTe or Bi2Te3 nanowires can be compressed into high relative density disks with nanoscale grains.
Label-Free Colorimetric Detection of Specific Sequences in Genomic DNA Amplified by the Polymerase Chain Reaction

We document the surprising result that single-stranded DNA adsorbs on negatively charged gold nanoparticles (Au-nps) with a rate that depends on sequence length and temperature. After ss-DNA adsorbs on Au-nps, we find that the particles are stabilized against salt-induced aggregation. These observations can be rationalized on the basis of electrostatics and form the basis for a colorimetric assay to identify specific sequences and single nucleotide polymorphisms on polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-amplified DNA. The assay is label-free, requires no covalent modification of the DNA or Au-np surfaces, and takes on the sensitivity of PCR. Most important, binding of target and probe takes place in solution where hybridization occurs in less than 1 min. As an example, we test PCR-amplified genomic DNA from clinical samples for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with a fatal arrhythmia known as long QT syndrome.
A reusable architectural pattern for auto-generated payload management flight software

Mars Science Laboratory (MSL), NASA's next mission to Mars, will deploy a large Rover carrying a battery of eleven science instruments, representing a wide variety of payload types. The Rover's flight software (FSW) has the task of monitoring, commanding, collecting, managing and in some cases calibrating data from these instruments. Though the instruments represent a large variety of requirements, complexity, data volumes, fault protection, and commanding logic, the FSW is designed to exploit the commonality among the instruments' requirements in order to maximize reuse of software and to minimize design, implementation and testing effort. To achieve this, we developed an architectural pattern in which all of the common features and patterns of behavior required to manage an instrument are supported, and clear adaptation points are identified and provided to allow expression of the unique behaviors needed for each instrument. For each instrument there is a FSW module called an Instrument Manager (IM), and each of these is an instance of the common pattern. The common IM architecture is expressed in the design as a FSW module called the Instrument Manager Framework (IMF), along with a supporting library for handling instrument communications, the Instrument Manager Library (IML). The IMF module includes a code generator that reads specifications of the ground command set for an instrument, their associated behaviors, and other internal behaviors (e.g. fault response behaviors), expressed in spreadsheets, and produces a set of source code files containing implementations of these commands and behaviors, and their supporting types and variables. The IML module also includes a code generator which transforms a spreadsheet specifying the set of commands that the instrument accepts into C code that parameterizes communications with the instruments. We first describe the instrument management requirements on the Rover FSW, and then continue with an exposition of the IM architectural pattern. We conclude with some statistics on the efficiencies gained in the application of this pattern.
Use of x-ray emission spectroscopy in the characterization of thin films of aluminum oxides and hydroxides

Abstract X-ray emission bands (AlK β ) of several aluminum oxides and hydroxides have been compared. The bands from the oxyhydroxides and γ-Al 2 O 3 are single peaks with some variations in peak position from material to material. However, the band from α-Al 2 O 3 is much broader and forms a distinct doublet. The bands from the oxyhydroxides occur at shorter wavelengths than the peaks from α-Al 2 O 3 . These results may be used to aid in the characterization of thin films (crystalline as well as non-crystalline) on aluminum and aluminum alloys.
Gross primary production and ecosystem respiration of irrigated maize and irrigated soybean during a growing season

Abstract Using eddy covariance flux measurements, gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Re) of irrigated maize and soybean fields were quantified and examined in terms of relevant controlling variables. Even though the peak green leaf area index (GLAI) of the maize and soybean canopies was comparable (about 5.8 m2 m−2), the maize GLAI increased more rapidly during the vegetative growth stages and peaked a month earlier compared to the soybean canopy. In both fields, seasonal changes in GLAI explained about 95% of the variability in GPP (at a given incident PAR = 1400–1500 μmol m−2 s−1). On a day-to-day basis, during the peak growth period in both fields, the hourly daytime values of GPP showed a strong hyperbolic relationship with incident photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Peak hourly GPP was 3.2 and 2.0 mg m−2 s−1 for the maize and soybean crops, respectively. At night, within narrow ranges of green leaf area throughout the growing season, exponential relationships using air temperature explained between 39 and 88% of the variability in Re of both crops. The growing season cumulative GPP of maize was 1744 g C m−2, larger than most natural ecosystems except a few very productive forests. Cumulative ecosystem respiration of maize was 1154 g C m−2. The cumulative GPP and Re of soybean were both substantially smaller than maize (966 and 826 g C m−2, respectively). Differences in GPP and Re between the two fields were largely related to greater photosynthetic capacity of the maize crop, which also resulted in a more rapid canopy development compared to soybean.
Bioflavonoids in Experimental Ulceration

Abstract The bioflavonoid compounds—hesperidin methyl chalcone, orange bioflavonoid complex (OBC) D-2742, OBC 291-R-1, and OBC 291-Y-1, administered alone or in combination with ascorbic acid, were evaluated for antiulcer activity according to five different procedures for producing experimental ulcers: (I) depot histamine-induced gastric ulcers in the guinea pig, (II) reserpine-induced gastric ulcers in the seven and one-half hour pylorus ligated rat, (III) thermally induced serosal burn lesions in the rat stomach, (IV) ulcers induced by fifteen-hour pylorus ligation in the rat, and (V) gastric ulceration in the rat induced by repeated injections of reserpine. The combination of OBC 291-R-1 and ascorbic acid exhibited a greater trend than either agent alone in reducing the incidence of ulceration in procedure I. OBC 291-Y-1, ascorbic acid, and combinations of these two factors reduced the incidence of ulceration in procedure II. Neither the bioflavonoid compounds nor ascorbic acid alone or in combination were effective in reducing the degree of ulceration in the other three experimental procedures.
Stabilizing controller design for linear systems with sensor or actuator failures

In this paper, the stability of the standard linear, time-invariant, multi-input multi-output unity-feedback system is investigated in the presence of either sensor or actuator failures. Any diagonal stable perturbation is included in the failure descriptions. Stabilizing controllers are synthesized for two failure classes: the first class allows at most one failure at a time; the second class requires at least one connection without failure. A parameterization of all stabilizing controllers is achieved with prior knowledge of the failure. A controller design method requiring no knowledge of the failure is also presented; this method is restricted to plants for which certain closed-loop transfer functions can be made diagonal. >
Elastic Properties of Polycrystalline Ytterbium Oxide

The sonic resonance technique was used to determine the elastic moduli of polycrystalline Yb2O3 samples of rectangular cross section ranging in pore fraction from 0.058 to 0.27 at temperatures from 25° to 1000°C. The data showed that the Young's and shear moduli are best related to pore fraction by a linear equation and to temperature by the Wachtman equation. The Debye temperature for Yb2O3 was calculated from the Young's and shear moduli to be 385°K.
Are you comfortable enough to reach out

I REMEMBER WHEN I began work on my doctoral degree. I was trying to decide what particular area to focus on for my research. Based on my Phase I PACU experience, my initial thoughts were to focus on pain management because pain management is such an integral part of what we do in Phase I PACU. It eventually became clear that it would be difficult to find a unique and new area to research in pain management. Therefore, I began looking through journals and reading more articles to try and get some new ideas. While searching, I came across an article on “comfort.” I then realized, “that is what we really do in PACU—we provide comfort, and that is so much more than pain management alone.” From that moment on I knew that comfort was going to be my area of research. I was very excited because I actually found an area of research that I could relate to that not only made sense, but would also have a realistic, clinical application in the future for Phase I recovery patients. Once I had my concept area for nursing research, I reviewed the literature for pertinent research already done on the concept of comfort. Much to my surprise, there was very little published research related to comfort. A nurse researcher who had published significantly on comfort was Katherine Kolcaba, PhD, RN. Dr Kolcaba defines comfort as the state of being strengthened by having needs for relief, ease, and transcendence met in 4 contexts of experience (physical, psychospiritual, sociocultural, and, environmental). This definition encompasses much of what the perianesthesia nurse does when caring for the patients in all Linda Wilson, PhD, RN, BC, CPAN, CAPA, is the President of ASPAN from 2002-2003. She was Vice President/ President Elect from 2001-2002; ASPAN Director for Education from 1999-2001; Health Care Products Committee Chair 1999-2000; ASPAN’s 17th National Conference Co-Chair, Philadelphia, 1998; ASPAN Nominating Committee 1994-1997; and Education Independent Studies Committee Chair 1993-1997. Linda was the recipient of the ASPAN Outstanding Achievement Award in 1998 and the ASPAN Recruiter of the Year Award in 1993 and 1994. Linda is also a national commissioner on the American Nurses Credentialing Center’s Commission on Accreditation. Linda has published numerous articles and has lectured extensively on perianesthesia-related topics.