cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
REMOVAL OF OLIGOSACCHARIDES FROM SOYBEAN WATER EXTRACTS BY ULTRAFILTRATION

The feasibility of using ultrafiltration (UF) for removal of oligosaccharides from aqueous extracts of soybeans was investigated. Soybeans were soaked, blanched, ground, prefiltered, and the resulting full-fat extract processed in a hollow fiber UF unit. Initial permeate flux of 43-60 L/m2/hr at 3.5% total solids decreased semi-logarithmically to 13 L/m2/hr at 14% total solids. Low pH resulted in higher flux. Rates of removal of oligosaccharides closely followed theoretical behavior for a nonrejected solute during ultrafiltration and continuous diafiltration, and up to 96% could be removed by a two-stage UF process. Final product assayed 60% protein, 35% fat and 0.6% oligosaccharides (dry basis).
Optical Implementation of Cellular Neural Networks Based on Bias and Joint Correlation

A new bias method for the optical implementation of cellular neural networks is proposed to reduce electronic precalculation and increase processing speed. A multiple-object joint transform correlator is then used to realize the summation of multiple correlations resulting from the bias method. Compared with other optical systems for cellular neural networks, the proposed method offers the advantages of higher processing speed, easy implementation, and robustness. Computer simulations of the optical cellular neural networks for edge detection and corner and horizontal line extraction are also presented.
Special Considerations with the Use of Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Older Persons

There are currently six labelled indications in the US for intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and over 150 unlabelled uses, ranging from some of the most studied indications through to those mentioned only in anecdotal reports. A downstream effect of the varied uses of IVIG is its increased utilization for disease processes that significantly affect the older population. In general, IVIG is considered a safe therapy, and the common adverse events (AEs) associated with IVIG administration are mild and transient. Serious AEs are fortunately uncommon with IVIG infusion. However, most safety data are collated from case reports and case series, with a modest amount of data from well controlled clinical studies that have limited power to detect uncommon AEs. Among the reported serious AEs, older patients appear to be particularly at risk of acute renal failure and arterial and venous thrombosis. The incidence of AEs appears to vary with the IVIG product composition, rate of infusion, the study population’s disease process and underlying co-morbidities. Approaches to minimizing AEs, particularly in the older patient population, include ensuring sufficient hydration prior to infusion of IVIG, using the minimal effective dose possible during infusion, considering use of preparations with lower concentrations of sucrose, and monitoring renal function. Research is expanding to inform possible uses of a subcutaneous formulation of IVIG that, if proven to be effective, offers a potential reduction in AEs and lower cost of administration.
Measurement of parasite-specific antibody responses using a tritiated avidin-solid phase radioimmunoassay

Abstract A solid phase radioimmunoassay (RIA) to measure parasite-specific antibody responses has been developed. The assay utilizes 3 H-labeled avidin as the indicator molecule and represents a marked improvement in detection of specific antibodies to Trypanosoma cruzi over previously used RIA. Avidin is easily labeled to high efficiency (3.6 × 10 5 cpm/ μ g) under very mild conditionds using N-succinimidyl-[2,3- 3 H]propionate, and the high efficiency of avidin-biotin binding coupled with the increased safety and longer half-life of the labeled reagent give this method advantage over currently used 125 I-labeled Ab RIAs.
Challenges in bringing the bench to bedside in drug development for sle

It is now widely accepted that the current standard of care for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients is inadequate. There has not been a new medication approved for this disease in thirty years. Attempts to develop and test new drugs have been ongoing since the mid-1990s, but have encountered formidable obstacles. Current models for lupus pathogenesis have provided a theoretical framework for understanding how heterogeneous genetic defects might combine in various ways to increase susceptibility to SLE in different individuals, and could have important implications for new drug development. With the current burst of drug discovery and increased public awareness of SLE, the impetus to overcome these obstacles has never been greater.
Sub-Torr Chip-Scale Sputter-Ion Pump Based on a Penning Cell Array Architecture

This paper investigates a miniaturized, chip-scale Penning cell array for sputter-ion pumping. In a 2.5 cm3 package, a 0.2 cm3 pump architecture with 1.5 mm diameter cells in a 4 × 2 array reduces pressure from 1 Torr (133.3 Pa) to <; 200 mTorr (26.6 Pa) in about 10 h, and from 115 mTorr (15.3 Pa) to <; 10 mTorr (1.33 Pa) in 4 h. The rate of molecular removal in this range of pressures is 0.09 ×1013 to 1.17 ×1013 molecules/s. Experiments show that the architecture is capable of igniting and sustaining the plasma required for operating at a pressure at least as low as 1.5 μTorr (200 nPa). The advantage of the Penning cell architecture reported here in comparison to other chip-scale ion pump architectures is the drastically reduced operating pressures that can be achieved and maintained. The microdischarge requires 450-600 V applied across the device and consumes 100-250 mW. The Penning cell array architecture shows significant promise for power efficient high-vacuum pumping in chip-scale and smaller systems.
Estimation of semivariograms by the maximum entropy method

A wide variety of semivariograms may be represented in terms of a first- or second-order autoregressive (AR) process, and the nugget effect may be included by use of a moving average (MA) process. The weighting parameters for these models have a simple functional dependence on the value of the sill and the semivariance at the first and second lag. These may be estimated either graphically from the semivariogram or directly from the computed values. Improved spectral estimates of geophysical data have been obtained by the use of the “maximum entropy method,” and the necessary equations were adapted here for the estimation of the weighting parameters of the AR and the MA processes. Comparison among the semivariograms obtained for the ideal case, the observed case, and the estimated case for artificial series show excellent correspondence between the ideal and estimated while the observed semivariogram may show marked divergence.
New channelised coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide post and slot couplers

Two new coplanar waveguide to rectangular waveguide couplers with coupling through a post and a slot are experimentally demonstrated. The couplers operate over the Ku-band transmission and X-band reception frequencies that are designated for satellite communications. The measured insertion loss and return loss are about 1 dB, respectively, for both couplers.
Rabbit IgC heavy chains: Evolutionary divergence of genes coding for constant region☆

Abstract This investigation elaborates further on the question of shared immunoglobin allotypes among the present day lagomorphs. The serum and IgG preparations of cottontial rabbits and hares were tested against various alloantisera bearing specificities for the groups a , b , c , d and e allotypic markers. Indirect radioimmune precipitin techniques were used to identify certain group a and group b markers on hare (Fab′) 2 fragments. Hemagglutination-inhibition tests estabilished the presence of the e 15 marker on cotton tail and hare IgG; the group d ( d 11 and d 14) and e 14 markers were undetected. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that the ancestral lagomorph C H gene coded for e 15 allotypic specificities.
Gas-liquid chromatography of the N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters of fifty biologically interesting amino acids.

Abstract Fifty amino acids are analyzed as their N-heptafluorobutyryl isobutyl esters by gas chromatography on a column of 3% OV-101 on Gas-Chrom Q. The identification and quantification of unusual amino acids, specifically those occurring in the marine environment, in the presence of common protein amino acids is reported. Regular relationships between elution temperatures and amino acid structures are found, thus allowing the estimation of elution temperatures of other amino acids.
Clinical decision making: from theory to practice. Anatomy of a decision.

KIE: Eddy argues that the quality of medical care is determined mainly by the quality of the decisions that determine what that care will be and the quality with which that care is executed. While the medical profession understands the importance of ensuring quality of execution, it has not taken steps to develop and evaluate quality decision making. Eddy describes the two main steps that make up the "anatomy" of a decision, the first a largely fact-based analysis of the estimated outcomes of various care plans, and the second a more personal and subjective comparison of the desirability of the outcome of each option. Eddy also identifies the "pathology" of decisions resulting from misperceptions about outcomes of care options, or about the values that patients place upon those outcomes. He identifies three principles that, if attended to, should enable physicians to achieve the goal of improving patient outcomes.
WATER DEPTH CONTROL OF FUSULINID DISTRIBUTION

Detailed field study of a thin sequence of Middle Pennsylvanian rocks in central Colorado indicates that juvenile fusulinids were occasionally swept into water as shallow as 4 meters, but that few survived to maturity in water with a depth less than 13 meters. These depth figures are based upon: (1) knowledge of the position of the shore of maximum transgression, (2) knowledge of the form of the surface upon which marine beds representing the maximum transgression were deposited, and (3) the conclusion that distribution of many faunal and floral groups in central Colorado was controlled by factors directly affected by depth.
Mechanisms of self-lubrication in patterned TiN coatings containing solid lubricant microreservoirs

Abstract The tribological mechanisms of friction and lubrication have been investigated in TiN coatings patterned to contain microscopic reservoirs for solid lubricant entrapment. Photo-lithography was used to fabricate three sets of samples on silicon wafers, varying the reservoir size (4 and 9 μm) and spacing (11 and 25 μm), which resulted in samples with a nominal reservoir area of either 2 or 10%. Pin-on-disk tests were run using lubricants of graphite and indium and counterfaces of alumina and steel (440C). In most cases, the samples with the 9 μm holes spaced 25 μm apart gave the lowest friction coefficients and longest wear life. Analysis of the wear tracks by SEM/EDS methods showed carbon to be present in the holes of the graphite/steel counterface samples, but TiO2 was found in the holes of the graphite/alumina counterface samples. For the indium/steel counterface samples indium was detected within the microreservoirs, but iron was also found, transferred from the ball. These experiments highlight a variety of tribological mechanisms that can operate in microreservoir-patterned coatings.
Optical Heterodyne Measurement of Cloud Droplet Size Distributions

Optical heterodyne spectra of laser light quasi-elastically scattered by falling water droplets (1–10-μ radius) in a diffusion cloud chamber were used to determine the droplet size distribution. The rate of fall depends on radius in a known way, thus yielding a heterodyne spectrum manifesting a distribution of Doppler shifts. This spectrum, in conjunction with the calculated Mie scattering intensity as a function of droplet radius, provides a direct measure of the droplet size distribution for droplets large enough that Brownian motion is negligible. The experiments described in this paper demonstrate the technique and establish the potential for further more quantitative studies of size distributions.
An inquiry into the economic fundamentals of the Fama and French equity factors

Abstract This study investigates the economic underpinnings of the Fama and French three-factor (FF3) model. We evaluate the impact of surprises in 23 different types of macroeconomic announcements on stock returns in the framework of the CAPM and the FF3 model. The relative merit of the FF3 model is demonstrated whenever macroeconomic surprises have a smaller impact on the returns within an FF3 model versus their impact within the CAPM. In general, there is strong evidence to suggest that the FF3 model outperforms the CAPM. The relative merit of the FF3 model is highlighted by its ability to capture information related to Personal Consumption, Retail Sales, CPI, PPI, Factory Orders, Leading Indicators, Construction Spending, Housing Starts, and New Home Sales. An attribution analysis of the relative performance of SMB and HML equity factors indicate that both factors, in isolation, equally account for macroeconomic surprises. Lastly, there is evidence that the FF3 model can be marginally improved by incorporating credit variables.
Toward a 21st-Century Understanding of Humans' Relation to Nature: Two Hats?

From its inception, environmental education (EE) has shouldered the imposition of impartiality on its methods and practices. Considering the reality of global climate change, the author urges the adoption of the more accurate theory of humans' relation to the natural world. This theory necessitates partiality toward healthy, functioning natural systems and an acknowledgement of the evolutionary aspects of humans' relation with nature. Such an adoption would enable EE to operate under a new worldview requiring partiality toward egalitarian social and ecological principles.
Bringing protein biomarker discovery to the clinic.

This era is a very exciting time to be a life scientist. This opinion is primarily based on the technologies that enable information on hundreds of proteins (or genes, transcripts and metabolites) ...
Synthesis of all of the monomethyl isomers of naphtho[2,1‐b]thiophene

All isomers of the monomethylnaphtho[2,1-b]thiophenes were synthesized by photocyclization of 2-styryl-thiophenes which were either prepared by the Wadsworth-Emmons reaction or by the condensation of 2-lithiothiophene with the corresponding carbonyl compounds.
Delayed onset refractory dystonic movements following propofol anesthesia

Neuroexcitation is an uncommon but well recognized side effect of propofol anesthesia and sedation. We present a patient who, despite an intact mental status and without any preexisting movement disorder, experienced delayed onset of involuntary dystonic movements involving head, neck and shoulder for 11 h following emergence from propofol/nitrous oxide anesthesia.
Ecology of Heteropsylla cubana (Homoptera: Psyllidae): Psyllid Damage, Tree Phenology, Thermal Relations, and Parasitism in the Field

The fast-growing Central American tree Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit (Leguminosae: Mimosoidaeae) has been widely planted in the tropics since the 1970s for agro-forestry, reforestation, and fodder. Since the mid-1980s the tree has suffered serious damage throughout its exotic range from the psyllid Heteropsylla cubana Crawford, which is also native to Central America. This article summarizes field studies on the tree and the psyllid conducted at 2 sites in north Thailand: a cool highland and a warm valley site. In the highlands, mean psyllid densities per shoot were slightly higher, defoliation was greater, and dry matter production losses due to the psyllid were >3 times higher than those at the valley site (62.5 and 18.3% losses, respectively). Using field data, the lower thermal thresholds for tree growth and psyllid development were 11.2 and 9.6°C, respectively. Psyllid abundance was negatively correlated to temperature. When maximum temperatures exceeded 36°C, psyllid abundance fell dramatically, mortality increased, and body size decreased. These data suggest that the tree and the psyllid are climatically mismatched. H. cubana prefers new shoots, and population cycles were related to tree growth cycles. Finally, populations of the introduced parasitoid Psyllaephagus yaseeni Noyes (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), native coccinellids, and spiders showed little correlation to the psyllid population’s intrinsic rate of increase. Percentages of parasitism by P. yaseeni were low (mean = 1.2–1.9%, maximum = 6.0%) and no evidence of density dependent regulation was found.
Difficulty processing temporary syntactic ambiguities in Lewy body spectrum disorder.

While grammatical aspects of language are preserved, executive deficits are prominent in Lewy body spectrum disorder (LBSD), including Parkinson’s disease (PD), Parkinson’s dementia (PDD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). We examined executive control during sentence processing in LBSD by assessing temporary structural ambiguities. Using an on-line word detection procedure, patients heard sentences with a syntactic structure that has high-compatibility or low-compatibility with the main verb’s statistically preferred syntactic structure, and half of the sentences were lengthened strategically between the onset of the ambiguity and its resolution. We found selectively slowed processing of lengthened ambiguous sentences in the PDD/DLB subgroup. This correlated with impairments on measures of executive control. Regression analyses related the working memory deficit during ambiguous sentence processing to significant cortical thinning in frontal and parietal regions. These findings emphasize the role of prefrontal disease in the executive limitations that interfere with processing ambiguous sentences in LBSD.
The role of intimate others in medical decision making.

Individual autonomy has been a fulcrum of bioethical debate since the 1950s and 1960s, and a guiding idea behind a diverse body of bioethics literature. Dominant ideas, such as individual autonomy, pose the risk of creating conventional categories of thought to which society becomes wedded. Such categories may ignore central aspects of moral experience, thereby fostering illusions that become difficult to dispel. Intimate associations are one domain of moral experience that may elude the world of value delimited by a traditional autonomy model.
Late Cretaceous—Paleogene paleogeography and paleocirculation: Evidence of north polar upwelling

Abstract Quantitative determination of biogenic silica in Late Cretaceous and Paleogene deep-sea sediment cores from the central Arctic Ocean provides evidence of open-ocean polar upwelling. The timing of polar upwelling coincides with periods of a weakened meridional thermal gradient, suggesting that heat transport to the poles by oceanic circulation may have been important. The timing of biogenic silica deposition in the Arctic precedes its deposition in both the Norwegian—Greenland Sea of the North Atlantic and he Bering Sea of the North Pacific. Tectonic events may be resposnible for the timingg and sitting of sites of deposition of biogenic silica in high northern latitudes, particularly the tectonic evolution of sites of deep-water exchange between the Arctic and the world ocean. We outline three phases in the post-mid-Cretaceous history of silica deposition in high northern latitudes. During Phase I, the Arctic is a silica sink, with deep-water formation but with no deep-water outflow. The transition to Phase II is brought about by opening of the Svalabard—Greenland Strait to deep-water outflow from the Arctic to the Norwegian—Greenland Sea. The transition to Phase III is initiated by submergence of the Faroe—Iceland Ridge and deep-water outflow from the Arctic to the North Atlantic. Climatic conditions in the Arctic during Late Cretaceous and Paleogene time are predicted to have favored open-ocean upwelling due to a circulation pattern dominated by cyclonic conditions, resulting from the establisment of a semi-permanent atmospheric low over the Alpha Ridge. Bathymetry of the Alpha Ridge may have intensified paleo-upwelling.
Improvements in C/sub pk/ using real-time feedback control

The usual approach to bring the value of the process capability index, C/sub pk/, to an acceptable level is to design equipment and develop a process in which the process variable is robust to external disturbances. However, an alternative approach involves the use of in situ sensors and real-time feedback control. Currently this approach is not widely implemented in the semiconductor industry. In this paper we provide analytic justification to quantify the potential improvement in C/sub pk/ if a real-time feedback control scheme is used instead of the usual open-loop approach. We show that for the case of feedback control the level of C/sub pk/ is only limited by the accuracy and reproducibility of the sensor provided that the target values are indeed achievable by the processing equipment. This result also holds in the presence of disturbances and nonlinearities. C/sub pk/ values for open-loop and real-time feedback control strategies are compared for two experimental applications: single-wafer CVD nitride and polysilicon processes.
Understanding energy level alignment in PCDTBT:PC 70 BM solar cells

Blended heterojunctions continue to improve in overall efficiency, with current power conversion efficiencies (PCE) at >7%, with interfaces being a dominating factor in improving PCE. Charge separation is dictated by energetic alignment between the donor and acceptor. Selective interlayers are used to preferentially harvest one charge via either thermodynamic or kinetic pathways. Energetic level alignment between the blend and the charge collection interfaces can impact the open circuit voltage (V OC ) through both loss mechanisms and poor choice of interlayers can result in less than ideal charge collection efficiencies. Here we report on the surface work function characterization of interlayers and phosphonic acid modifiers using ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and the measured energetic level alignment between the interlayers and PCDTBT:PC 70 BM BHJs. We will address the overall charge extraction from the bulk heterojunction of PCDTBT:PC 70 BM and subsequent impact on V OC , J SC , and PCE.
Involvement of Vacuolar H+-Adenosine Triphosphatase Activity in Multidrug Resistance in HL60 Cells

HL60 cells isolated for resistance to vincristine (HL60/Vinc cells) or doxorubicin (HL60/Adr cells) contain enhanced levels of an energy-dependent drug efflux pump. HL60/Vinc cells contain the drug transporter P-glycoprotein, whereas the HL60/Adr isolate does not. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of vacuolar H(+)-adenosine triphosphatase (H(+)-ATPase) activity in drug resistance in HL60 cells. We utilized bafilomycin A1, an agent which selectively inhibits vacuolar H(+)-ATPase activity at low concentrations. The results showed that bafilomycin A1 induced a major increase in drug accumulation and inhibited drug efflux in both HL60/Adr cells and HL60/Vinc cells. Similar results were obtained with 7-chloro-4-nitrobenz-2-oxa 1,3 diazole, an agent which is also capable of inhibiting vacuolar H(+)-ATPase. Azide, an inhibitor of F1F0 mitochondrial ATPase, and vanadate and ouabain, which are inhibitors of E1E2-type ATPase, did not affect drug levels in resistant cells. We also observed that bafilomycin A1 did not compete with [3H]azidopine binding to P-glycoprotein. Thus, bafilomycin A1 does not appear to function as a substrate for P-glycoprotein. These results suggest an involvement of vacuolar H(+)-ATPase activity in the pathway of drug efflux from HL60/Adr cells and HL60/Vinc cells. The mechanism of this action remains to be determined.
Comparing Antigenicity and Immunogenicity of Engineered gp120

We have engineered monomeric gp120 in such a way as to favorably present the conserved epitope for the broadly neutralizing antibody b12 while lowering the exposure of epitopes recognized by some weakly neutralizing and nonneutralizing antibodies. The work presented here describes the immune response in rabbits immunized with two prototype, engineered gp120s to explore the relationship between antigenicity and immunogenicity for these mutants. The GDMR gp120 mutant (residues 473 to 476 on gp120 altered from GDMR to AAAA) has a series of substitutions on the edge of the CD4 binding site (CD4bs), and the mCHO gp120 mutant has seven extra glycans relative to the wild-type protein. Importantly, serum mapping showed that both mutants did not elicit antibodies against a number of epitopes that had been targeted for dampening. The sera from rabbits immunized with the GDMR gp120 mutant neutralized some primary viruses at levels somewhat better than the wild-type gp120 immune sera as a result of an increased elicitation of anti-V3 antibodies. Unlike wild-type gp120 immune sera, GDMR gp120 immune sera failed to neutralize HXBc2, a T-cell line adapted (TCLA) virus. This was associated with loss of CD4bs/CD4-induced antibodies that neutralize TCLA but not primary viruses. The mCHO gp120 immune sera did not neutralize primary viruses to any significant degree, reflecting the masking of epitopes of even weakly neutralizing antibodies without eliciting b12-like antibodies. These results show that antibody responses to multiple epitopes on gp120 can be dampened. More precise focusing to a neutralizing epitope will likely require several iterations comparing antigenicity and immunogenicity of engineered proteins.
Reconfigurable architecture for ultrasonic signal compression and target detection

We present a reconfigurable ultrasonic processor which can simultaneously employ two different ultrasonic imaging applications: ultrasonic target detection and signal compression. The underlying hardware design makes use of the fact that both applications share the same algorithm fundamentals. A unified architecture implements signal decomposition and reconstruction with forward and inverse DCT and DWT. After the forward transform step, a thresholding operation is applied to discriminate either frequency bands for target detection or coefficient amplitudes for data compression. The flexibility and the modular design make this reconfigurable architecture an effective and practical solution for real-time ultrasonic imaging applications.
The Stable-Chlorine Isotope Compositions of Natural and Anthropogenic Materials

The use of stable-isotopic ratios of a number of elements (e.g., H, Li, B, C, N, O, and S) is well established in the study of a broad spectrum of geological and environmental problems such as alteration of the oceanic crust, magmatic-crustal interactions, global chemical fluxes, the nature of the Precambrian crust and identifying the source and fate of pollutants (e.g., Taylor 1968; Muelenbachs and Clayton 1976; Muelenbachs 1980; Gregroy and Taylor 1981; Poreda et al. 1986; Spivack and Edmond 1986; Tanaka and Rye 1991; Mojzsis et al. 2001; Wilde et al. 2001; Numata et al. 2002). The fractionation of these light stable isotopes is a function of the relative mass differences between isotopes (e.g., Richet et al. 1977; Schauble, et al. 2003; Schauble 2004). The two stable isotopes of chlorine are 35Cl and 37Cl with a natural relative abundances of approximately 76% and 24%, respectively, and a relative mass difference of 5.7%, similar in magnitude to the relative mass differences between the isotopes of C and N. Hence, by analogy with these elements it is expected that stable isotopes of chlorine significantly fractionate and can be similarly exploited to understand and solve geological and environmental problems. Early attempts at reproducibly determining 37Cl/35Cl ratios in natural samples were largely unsuccessful (e.g., Curie 1921; Owen and Schaeffer 1955; Hoering and Parker 1961), primarily, because of the limited effectiveness of the extraction and sample preparation techniques, the relatively poor precision of mass spectrometers at the time, and possibly the 37Cl/35Cl of the samples selected for analyses were inappropriate for the precision possible (e.g., Eggenkamp and Schuiling 1995). Taylor and Grimsrud (1969) developed a method for precisely measuring chlorine isotope ratios by mass spectrometry of methyl …
Transverse masticatory movements, occlusal orientation, and symphyseal fusion in selenodont artiodactyls.

Based on extensive experimental work on primates, two masticatory loading regimes have emerged as the likely determinants of mandibular symphyseal fusion—dorsoventral shear and lateral transverse bending (wishboning) (Ravosa and Hylander, 1994; Hylander et al., 1998, 2000). Recently, however, it has been argued that, rather than functioning to strengthen the symphysis during mastication, fusion serves to stiffen the symphyseal joint so as to facilitate increased transverse jaw movements during occlusion (Lieberman and Crompton, 2000). As part of this transverse stiffness model, it has been suggested that taxa with fused symphyses should also exhibit more horizontally oriented occlusal wear facets. Using a series of univariate and bivariate analyses, we test predictions of these three models in a sample of 44 species of selenodont artiodactyls. Consistent with the wishboning and transverse stiffness models, taxa with fused symphyses (camelids) have more horizontally oriented M2 and M2 occlusal wear facets, anteroposteriorly (AP) elongate symphyses, and relatively wider corpora. Contrary to the dorsoventral shear model, camelids do not have relatively deeper corpora (due to greater parasagittal bending). While taxa with ossified symphyses have relatively larger symphysis cross-sectional areas, this appears to be the byproduct of an increase in AP symphysis length due to greater lateral transverse bending of the mandible. Theoretical consideration of the biomechanics of mastication further suggests that strength, not stiffness, is the critical factor in determining symphyseal ossification. Thus, like anthropoid primates, fusion in selenodont artiodactyls appears to function in resisting increased wishboning stresses arising from an emphasis on transverse occlusal/mandibular movements and loads. J. Morphol. 249:221–241, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
“I Identify with Her,” “I Identify with Him”: Unpacking the Dynamics of Personal Identification in Organizations

Despite recognizing the importance of personal identification in organizations, researchers have rarely explored its dynamics. We define personal identification as perceived oneness with another individual, where one defines oneself in terms of the other. While many scholars have found that personal identification is associated with helpful effects, others have found it harmful. To resolve this contradiction, we distinguish between three paths to personal identification—threat-focused, opportunity-focused, and closeness-focused paths—and articulate a model that includes each. We examine the contextual features, how individuals’ identities are constructed, and the likely outcomes that follow in the three paths. We conclude with a discussion of how the threat-, opportunity-, and closeness-focused personal identification processes potentially blend, as well as implications for future research and practice.
Changes in clinical conversations when providers are informed of asthma patients' beliefs about medication use and integrative medical therapies

Abstract Objectives To explore whether patient's personal beliefs about inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) and integrative medicine (IM) are discussed at routine primary care visits for asthma. Background Negative medication beliefs and preferences for IM can be salient barriers to effective asthma self-management. Method A qualitative analysis of transcripts from 33 audio-recorded primary care visits using conventional content analysis techniques. Results Four themes emerged when providers had knowledge of patient's beliefs: negative ICS beliefs, IM use for asthma, decision-making and healthy lifestyles. Two themes were identified when providers did not have this knowledge: asthma self-management and healthy lifestyles. Conclusion When providers had knowledge of their patient's IM endorsement or negative ICS beliefs, they initiated conversations about these modifiable beliefs. Without training in IM and in effective communication techniques, it is unlikely that providers will be able to effectively engage in shared decision-making aimed at improving asthma self-management.
An efficient design of embedded memories and their testability analysis using Markov chains

A design strategy for efficient and comprehensive random testing of embedded random-access memory (RAM), where the address, read/write, and data input lines are not directly controllable and the data output lines are not externally observable, is presented. Unlike conventional approaches which use a linear feedback shift register (LFSR) to generate a signature and a register to store the reference fault-free signature, this technique uses a testable design which both accelerates the test by a factor of 0.5 square root n in an n-bit RAM and improves the test reliability by eliminating the LFSR. The problem of memory initialization has been elegantly circumvented by using word-line flag registers. An in-depth and comprehensive analysis of the functional faults, such as stuck-at, coupling, and pattern-sensitive, is performed. The analysis shows that, in order to test a 1-Mb RAM for common functional faults, the technique needs only 1 s, as opposed to about an hour needed by the conventional random testing. >
Lowering diastolic blood pressure in non-proteinuric hypertension in pregnancy is not harmful to the fetus and is associated with reduced frequency of severe maternal hypertension

Commentary on : Magee LA, von Dadelszen P, Rey E, et al. Less-tight versus tight control of hypertension in pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2015;372:407–17.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3] Guidelines recommend lowering blood pressure (BP) below 140/90 mm Hg in adults <60 years to prevent cardiovascular complications.1 During pregnancy, lowering BP below 160/110 mm Hg is universally endorsed; however, maternal and fetal benefits of targets below 140/90 mm Hg are not clear. Some meta-analyses suggest a possible reduction in fetal birth weight associated with lowering mildly elevated BP.2 However, other analyses found no evidence of fetal harm and a reduction in severe maternal hypertension.3 This clinical trial compared fetal and maternal outcomes associated with lowering diastolic BP (DBP) to 100 mm Hg compared to 85 mm Hg in non-proteinuric hypertensive pregnant women. This open, multicentre trial included 987 pregnant women with mild to moderate … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D372%26rft.spage%253D407%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1404595%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F25629739%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1404595&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=25629739&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F20%2F4%2F141.atom
Surgical Techniques: Operative Decompression Using the Paraclavicular Approach for VTOS

Venous TOS is distinct from other forms of TOS with respect to pathophysiology, clinical presentation, and functional consequences for the patient. Optimal management of axillary-subclavian vein compression thereby requires different considerations and approaches from those applicable to either neurogenic or arterial TOS. The purpose of this chapter is to describe a comprehensive strategy to the surgical treatment of venous TOS based on paraclavicular thoracic outlet decompression. This approach combines the advantages of supraclavicular exposure with an infraclavicular exposure that permits complete resection of the medial first rib, as well as wide exposure of the subclavian vein to permit direct vascular reconstruction in the same setting. Use of this approach allows definitive surgical treatment to be offered to all patients with symptomatic venous TOS or recent effort thrombosis, regardless of the interval between initial diagnosis and referral, previous treatment, or adverse findings on contrast venography, with excellent early and long-term outcomes. This has led us to conclude that operative procedures based on paraclavicular exposure provide the most versatile, comprehensive, and safe approach to the treatment of venous TOS.
Portable option discovery for automated learning transfer in object-oriented Markov decision processes

We introduce a novel framework for option discovery and learning transfer in complex domains that are represented as object-oriented Markov decision processes (OO-MDPs) [Diuk et al., 2008]. Our framework, Portable Option Discovery (POD), extends existing option discovery methods, and enables transfer across related but different domains by providing an unsupervised method for finding a mapping between object-oriented domains with different state spaces. The framework also includes heuristic approaches for increasing the efficiency of the mapping process. We present the results of applying POD to Pickett and Barto's [2002] Policy-Blocks and MacGlashan's [2013] Option-Based Policy Transfer in two application domains. We show that our approach can discover options effectively, transfer options among different domains, and improve learning performance with low computational overhead.
Lindane and Fenitrothion Reduce Soil and Litter Mesofauna on Piedmont and Appalachian Sites

Lindane applied to pines as an aqueous 0.5% spray for control of the southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann, caused long-term reductions in litter and soil mesofaunal populations in the mountains of North Carolina. Mites, collembolans, and other arthropod fauna did not return to pretreatment numbers for at least 2 yr, and soil mesofauna remained below initial populations even after 963 d. Although lindane remained in the litter and soil for about 3 yr, it did not move downslope in quantities that threatened water quality. In the Piedmont, aqueous 0.5% lindane and 2.0% fenitrothion were applied directly to the forest floor. Although initial fenitrothion residues were 7.5 times greater than those of lindane, the transient nature of these residues and reduced effects on mites and collembolans indicate it has a shorter-term effect on soil and litter fauna.
Tapping Underserved Students to Reshape the Biomedical Workforce

Low-income and underrepresented minority students remain a largely untapped source of new professionals that are increasingly needed to diversify and strengthen the biomedical workforce. Precollege enrichment programs offer a promising strategy to stop the “leak” in the biomedical pipeline. However, in the era of highly competitive science education funding, there is a lack of consensus about the elements that predict the long-term viability of such programs. In this commentary, the authors review the critical elements that contribute to the long-term viability of university-based precollege biomedical pipeline programs. Successful programs are built on a foundation of responding to local community workforce needs, have access to local universities that provide an organizational home, and offer a direct pipeline to strong undergraduate science training and support for graduate or professional training. Such programs have shown that there are substantial pools of diverse students who can thrive academically when given enrichment opportunities. Replication of pipeline programs with long-term viability will be instrumental in reaching the large numbers of talented underserved students who are needed to diversify and strengthen the biomedical workforce over the coming decades.
Use of the Milwaukee brace.

Summary 1. Experience has proved the efficiency of the Milwaukee brace in obtaining adequate improvement of posture and abnormal curvatures of the spines of growing children. 2. The success of nonoperative treatment depends also on correction by the patient's own activity. The brace permits favorable movements but exerts passive holding forces that prevent relapse into deformity. 3. Specific exercises in the brace under the direction of a physical therapist hasten the correction of deformity and obtain more improvement in a growing child than can be achieved without them. 4. The improvement obtained in these children will not be lost after the brace is removed if it is worn until maturity and then after gradual weaning, worn at night only for an additional year or more. 5. Nonoperative management with the brace is not an easy way to treat scoliosis. It should be employed only when really indicated. The method will be discredited if it is used when operative treatment is clearly required. 6. Unless spinal deformities are recognized in the early stages and referred to informed orthopedic surgeons promptly, much of the potential benefit of the method will be lost.
News From the International Council on Women's Health Issues.

We co-chaired a multinational, multidisciplinary, and multiprofessional commission of researchers, activists, educators, clinicians, and policy makers to develop a road map for establishing new glo...
Career Barriers for Chinese Immigrants in the United States

To assist career counselors working with diverse populations, this article examines the career barriers experienced by Chinese immigrants in the United States. It begins with an overview of the history and background of Chinese immigrants. The rest of the article is based on an adapted ecological model for studying career barriers for Chinese immigrants that is an integration of Bogardus's (1933) social distance theory and Bronfenbrenner's (1977, 1979) ecological systems theory of human development. Career barriers are discussed along the multiple nested contexts at the societal, community, schools and colleges, and workplace levels. Within these contexts, career barriers range from ethnic stereotypes to unintended consequences of the model minority myth. Other barriers include language, lack of social support, and workplace discrimination. The article concludes with recommendations for overcoming these career barriers.
Modeling Cold Spray

Particle/substrate interaction during cold spray (CS) deposition and the resultant bonding are of great importance because they affect coating characteristics. Experimental studies and computational modeling have been performed to get a better understanding of the bonding mechanism during CS as well as its mechanical behavior under different loading conditions. This chapter focuses on modeling approaches and is composed of four sections. In the first three sections, different approaches to model the impact of a single particle and the criteria to relate it to the bonding in CS are discussed. Section 3.1 discusses adiabatic shear instability and the Lagrangian approach to study impact phenomena. Section 3.2 is about the hybrid Lagrangian-analytical approach and uses energy criteria to assess bonding in CS. Section 3.3 uses the Eulerian framework to study material jet formation to analyze bonding in CS. These approaches are devoted to the impact phenomenon of particles to the substrate. In Sect. 3.4, the first attempt to model a consolidated coating is proposed. The model is used to understand the effect of defects such as interparticle boundaries and subsequent splat boundary cracking on the mechanical behavior of CS coatings.
Observation of extreme phase transition temperatures of water confined inside isolated carbon nanotubes

Fluid phase transitions inside single, isolated carbon nanotubes are predicted to deviate substantially from classical thermodynamics. This behaviour enables the study of ice nanotubes and the exploration of their potential applications. Here we report measurements of the phase boundaries of water confined within six isolated carbon nanotubes of different diameters (1.05, 1.06, 1.15, 1.24, 1.44 and 1.52 nm) using Raman spectroscopy. The results reveal an exquisite sensitivity to diameter and substantially larger temperature elevations of the freezing transition (by as much as 100 °C) than have been theoretically predicted. Dynamic water filling and reversible freezing transitions were marked by 2–5 cm−1 shifts in the radial breathing mode frequency, revealing reversible melting bracketed to 105–151 °C and 87–117 °C for 1.05 and 1.06 nm single-walled carbon nanotubes, respectively. Near-ambient phase changes were observed for 1.44 and 1.52 nm nanotubes, bracketed between 15–49 °C and 3–30 °C, respectively, whereas the depression of the freezing point was observed for the 1.15 nm nanotube between −35 and 10 °C. We also find that the interior aqueous phase reversibly decreases the axial thermal conductivity of the nanotube by as much as 500%, allowing digital control of the heat flux. A vibrational spectroscopy technique is used to study vapour, liquid and solid water within isolated carbon nanotubes and reveals phase transitions that show an extreme sensitivity to nanotube diameter, with melting temperatures higher than 100 °C for 1.05 and 1.06 nm diameter nanotubes and below 0 °C for 1.24 and 1.44 nm diameter nanotubes.
Mucin1 antibody-conjugated dye-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles for breast cancer detection in vivo

The development of novel methods for tumor detection is a burgeoning area of research. In particular, the use of silica nanoparticles for optical imaging in the near infrared (NIR) represents a valuable tool because their chemical inertness, biocompatibility, and transparency in the ultraviolet-visible and NIR regions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Moreover, silica nanoparticles can be modified with a wide variety of functional groups such as aptamers, small molecules, antibodies and polymers. Here, we report the development of a mucin 1(MUC1)-specific dye-doped NIR emitting mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MUC1-NIR-MSN) platform for the optical detection of breast cancer tissue overexpressing human tumor-associated MUC1. We have characterized the structural properties and the in vitro performance of this system. The MSN-based optical imaging probe is non-cytotoxic and targets efficiently murine mammary epithelial cancer cells overexpressing human MUC1. Finally, the ability of MUC1-NIR-MSN contrast imaging agent to selectively detect breast cancer tumors overexpressing human tumor-associated MUC1 was successfully demonstrated in a transgenic murine mouse model. The NIR imaging experiments on tumor-bearing animals showed specific accumulation of the MSN-based probe in human MUC1-positive tumors and small signal in control tumors. We envision that this MUC1-specific MSN-based optical probe has the potential to greatly aid in screening prospective patients for early breast cancer detection and in monitoring the efficacy of drug therapy.
Superficial Fungal Infections in Children

Superficial fungal infections are among the most common dermatologic diseases seen in children and adolescents. The authors discuss the clinical presentation, methods of diagnosis, differential diagnosis, and treatment of the most frequently occurring infections. Also noted are changes in etiologic agents, particularly for tinea capitis.