cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dyscalculia and Dyslexia After Right Hemisphere Injury in Infancy

Objective: To use the findings from neuropsychological evaluation and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to assess interhemispheric reorganization of function after early unilateral brain injury. Design and Methods: The study focused on one case of early brain injury that resulted in both dyscalculia and dyslexia. Brain injury was studied using both structural and fMRI. Intellectual function was evaluated using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition, while visuospatial skills were assessed using the Block Design subtest of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Third Edition, and Judgment of Line Orientation subtest. The Selective Reminding Test and the Recurring Figures Test were used to evaluate memory and orientation; language and speech skills were evaluated using the Boston Naming Test, Controlled Oral Word Association, Gates-MacGinitie Reading Test, and color naming. Various methods were used to study arithmetic skills, including the Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised and the Peabody Individual Achievement Test. The control group for fMRI consisted of nine normal subjects. Setting: Neuropsychological laboratory in primary care hospital. Patient: A 17-year-old boy who had sustained a closed head injury associated with a partially depressed, right parietal skull fracture, and right temporal hemorrhage in a motor vehicle crash at age 7 months (November 9, 1977). Subsequent social behavior was normal, but the patient had difficulty throughout school in mathematics and spelling and was characterized as having a "short attention span." Intervention: None. Main Outcome Measures: Standardized tests of arithmetic and reading supplemented by an assessment of calculation and quantitative skills. While performing calculations, fMRI disclosed predominantly left hemisphere activation involving the frontal and posterior parietal regions, whereas this task produced bilateral activation of the supramarginal gyrus in seven of nine normal subjects. Results: Neuropsychological findings confirmed the presence of dyscalculia and dyslexia despite normal intellectual functioning. Visuospatial skills ranged from the low normal to average level. The fMRI findings were consistent with early interhemispheric transfer of visuospatial skills normally committed to the right parietal area to the left parietal region. The patient's dyscalculia and reading ability raise a question of acquired left parietal dysfunction as a consequence of the competition between verbal and visuospatial functions for left hemisphere representation. Conclusion: Interhemispheric reorganization of function may be bidirectional rather than a feature unique to the left hemisphere substrate for language.
6.3: Presentation session: Plenary speaker — Neuroanatomy, neuroregeneration, and modeling, BRAiN Injuries and neuro-regeneration panel, and making a difference: Identifying and closing the knowledge gaps discussion/forum: “Implantable brain computer interfaces: The neurotechnology challenge”

I will briefly review three concepts related to implantable brain computer interface (BCI) devices being designed for human use: neural signal extraction primarily for motor commands, signal insertion to restore sensation, and technological challenges that remain. A significant body of literature has occurred over the past four decades regarding motor cortex signal extraction for upper extremity movement or computer interface. However, little is discussed regarding postural or ambulation command signaling. Auditory prosthesis research continues to represent the majority of literature on BCI signal insertion. Significant hurdles continue in the technological translation of BCI implants. These include developing a stable neural interface, significantly increasing signal processing capabilities, and methods of data transfer throughout the human body. The past few years however, have provided extraordinary human examples of BCI implant potential. Despite technological hurdles, proof-of-concept animal and human studies provide significant encouragement that BCI implants may well find their way into mainstream medical practice in the foreseeable future.
Calcium-channel blockers and risk of cancer

Summary Background Previous studies have been interpreted as suggesting an increase in risk of cancer among users of calcium-channel blockers compared with users of β-blockers. To explore this issue further, we studied a large group of hypertensive patients to investigate the relation of calcium-channel blockers and cancer. Methods In cohorts of users of calcium-channel blockers, angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, and β-blockers, we identified all cases of cancer diagnosed in 1995. We used a nested case-control analysis to estimate the risk of cancer among users of calcium-channel blockers and ACE inhibitors, with users of β-blockers as a reference group. The study was based on information taken from the General Practice Research Database, and the study population was restricted to patients with at least 4 years of medical history recorded on computer. Findings The study was based on 446 cases of cancer and 1750 controls. The relative risk estimates for all cancers combined were 1·27 (95% CI 0·98–1·63) and 0·79 (0·58–1·06) for users of calcium-channel blockers and ACE inhibitors, respectively, relative to users of β-blockers. There was little difference in risk estimates with duration of use of calcium-channel blockers of less than 1·0 year (relative risk 1·46), 1·0–3·9 years (1·26), and 4·0 years or more (1·23). Interpretation The small positive association between calcium-channel blockers and risk of cancer is unlikely to be causal since there is no increase in risk with increasing duration of calcium-channel blocker use.
Determination of drug absorption rate in time-variant disposition by direct deconvolution using beta clearance correction and end-constrained non-parametric regression.

A novel numerical deconvolution method is presented that enables the estimation of drug absorption rates under time-variant disposition conditions. The method involves two components. (1) A disposition decomposition-recomposition (DDR) enabling exact changes in the unit impulse response (UIR) to be constructed based on centrally based clearance changes iteratively determined. (2) A non-parametric, end-constrained cubic spline (ECS) input response function estimated by cross-validation. The proposed DDR-ECS method compensates for disposition changes between the test and the reference administrations by using a ‘beta’ clearance correction based on DDR analysis. The representation of the input response by the ECS method takes into consideration the complex absorption process and also ensures physiologically realistic approximations of the response. The stability of the new method to noisy data was evaluated by comprehensive simulations that considered different UIRs, various input functions, clearance changes and a novel scaling of the input function that includes the ‘flip-flop’ absorption phenomena. The simulated input response was also analysed by two other methods and all three methods were compared for their relative performances. The DDR-ECS method provides better estimation of the input profile under significant clearance changes but tends to overestimate the input when there were only small changes in the clearance. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemistry of the bioluminescence of colonial hydroids and other coelenterates.

The biochemical system responsible for the bioluminescent flashing in a number of coelenterates has been isolated and partially characterized. The system involves a molecule termed a “photoprotein,” which emits a brief (1 second) flash of light when reacted with calcium. A chelating agent such as EDTA must be used at all times to maintain the activity intact. The activity of reacted photoprotein is not restored if the calcium is removed by EDTA.
BioCARS: a synchrotron resource for time-resolved X-ray science.

BioCARS, a NIH-supported national user facility for macromolecular time-resolved X-ray crystallography at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), has recently completed commissioning of an upgraded undulator-based beamline optimized for single-shot laser-pump X-ray-probe measurements with time resolution as short as 100 ps. The source consists of two in-line undulators with periods of 23 and 27 mm that together provide high-flux pink-beam capability at 12 keV as well as first-harmonic coverage from 6.8 to 19 keV. A high-heat-load chopper reduces the average power load on downstream components, thereby preserving the surface figure of a Kirkpatrick–Baez mirror system capable of focusing the X-ray beam to a spot size of 90 µm horizontal by 20 µm vertical. A high-speed chopper isolates single X-ray pulses at 1 kHz in both hybrid and 24-bunch modes of the APS storage ring. In hybrid mode each isolated X-ray pulse delivers up to ∼4 × 1010 photons to the sample, thereby achieving a time-averaged flux approaching that of fourth-generation X-FEL sources. A new high-power picosecond laser system delivers pulses tunable over the wavelength range 450–2000 nm. These pulses are synchronized to the storage-ring RF clock with long-term stability better than 10 ps RMS. Monochromatic experimental capability with Biosafety Level 3 certification has been retained.
Solution Assembled and Microcontact Printed Monolayers of Dodecanethiol on Gold: A Multivariate Exploration of Chemistry and Contamination

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of dodecanethiol on gold formed by solution assembly and microcontact printing were compared using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS). Both univariate (ESCA and TOF-SIMS) and multivariate (TOF-SIMS) analysis techniques were employed. Univariate analysis showed that samples stamped with a thiol concentration >10−50 mM produced SAMs comparable to long solution assembly times. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the SIMS spectra provided deeper insight into the two sets of samples. The scores from the first principal component (PC1) showed similarities between the samples prepared by the two methods, though there was more scatter in the microcontact printed samples. The second principal component (PC2) showed that differences exist between the solution assembled and stamped samples due mainly to a relative increase in the presence of oxidized species (SO3-, HSO4-, O-, OH-, (M−H)-oxidized) and silicone...
Relationships between local public health agency functions and agency leadership and staffing: a look at nurses.

UNLABELLED The United States is facing a severe shortage of well-trained public health workers, and public health nursing is the discipline with the greatest shortage. A local public health agency's (LPHA's) staffing and leadership characteristics are critical in determining its programs, performance, and capacity. A better understanding of the relationship between specific staffing and leadership characteristics and public health programs is needed to address this capacity challenge. METHOD Data from the 2005 National Profile of Local Health Departments, were examined to identify associations between an LPHA's nursing workforce and the specific activities performed by LPHAs. RESULTS LPHAs with a nurse as senior executive had a greater breadth of immunization, maternal/child health, and prevention activities than their nonnurse-led counterpart LPHAs, particularly in rural areas. Nurse-led LPHAs were less likely, however, to have a broad level of environmental health and regulation activities or to have recently conducted community assessment and planning activities. CONCLUSIONS Both LPHA nurse leaders and nursing staff play an important role in the provision of LPHA services, and a shortage of LPHA nursing leaders and staff, particularly in rural areas, will likely have a major impact on certain LPHA programs unless steps are taken to address these challenges.
Accurate imaging of complex salt features with narrow azimuth migration

Summary Because of speed and easy availability of common image gathers common-azimuth migration is an attractive alternative to shot profile migration. Its limitations in the presence of strong reflection azimuth migration can be removed by using a narrow-azimuth approximation without sacrificing the speed advantage. Narrow-azimuth migration achieves the same image quality as full DSR or shot-profile migration. We demonstrate base salt and sub salt imaging improvements with narrow azimuth migration on the SEG-EAGE C3 salt model data set. Introduction In mature areas like the North Sea or Gulf of Mexico, getting the most out of old fields requires fast and accurate seismic imaging for reservoir analysis and time-lapse (4-D) monitoring. Whereas shot-profile migration fulfils the requirements of imaging accuracy, it is also computationally expensive, especially if common image gathers are needed for velocity analysis. Survey-sinking (DSR) methods optimized for towed-streamer geometry such as common-azimuth or narrow-azimuth methods (Biondi and Palacharla, 1996; Bevc and Biondi, 2003) are therefore an attractive alternative to SPM. It can be mathematically demonstrated that shot-profile (SPM) and survey sinking downward continuation (DSR) are theoretically equivalent (Wapenaar and Berkhout, 1987, Biondi, 2002; Bevc et al., 2003). This means, that properly implemented, the two methods should yield equivalent accuracy and comparable imaging results. The common azimuth (ComAz) approximation to the full azimuth implementation of survey-sinking or double- square root (DSR) migration takes notice of the fact that most marine data are acquired in streamer geometry that is very nearly zero azimuth, or can be easily corrected to zero azimuth using an azimuth moveout (AMO) operator (Biondi et al., 1998). This results in a 4-D downward continuation that is extremely efficient, and is orders of magnitude faster than the equivalent 5-D downward continuation that does not take into account the streamer geometry and the common azimuth approximation. For areas where the common azimuth (ComAz) approximation may be in question, we use a narrow azimuth (NarAz) formulation by including crossline offset wavenumbers in the downward continuation. The downward continuation propagator applied in ComAz and NarAz is commonly a form of the extended split-step method or the generalized screen propagator. Properly applied, these propagators are capable of imaging steep dips in the presence of strong lateral velocity variations. Aside from the significant (order of magnitude) speed issue, ComAz and NarAz have substantial advantages in terms of the ability to generate angle gathers at almost no additional cost for migration velocity analysis and residual moveout (Liu et al, 2001).
Fuzzy Analysis of Speech Metrics to Estimate Conductor Alertness

A Fuzzy Logic-based algorithm has been developed for processing a series of speech metrics with the ultimate goal of estimating train conductor alertness. The output is a single metric, which directly quantifies the alertness level of the conductor. The metrics were selected based on their correlation to alertness through processed speech, but without any interpretation of the spoken words or phrases. Metrics that are used include: speech duration, silence duration, word production rate and word intensity. The assessment of these metrics is an experience and human knowledge based task, which generates the need for a mathematical model to accommodate this special circumstance. The algorithm developed here uses Fuzzy Logic to cast the human knowledge base into a mathematical framework for the alertness estimation analysis. The core of this fuzzy system is a rule base consisting of fuzzy IF-THEN rules, which are derived from the existing knowledge about the effects of sleep deprivation on alertness such as Furthermore, the rules were inferred from actual voice recordings that were taken on board a train. This data was then used to create a classification scheme to determine which pattern in the speech indicates different levels of alertness from anxiety to fatigue. The simplicity of the underlying mathematical model in this approach enables this system to compute and output an alertness metric in real-time. The nature of this algorithm allows for the use of an arbitrary number of rules to classify the alertness level and therefore provides the ability to continuously develop and extend the rule base as new knowledge emerges. The resulting algorithm is a fast, multi-input, single-output system that is able to quantify the train conductor’s alertness level anytime speech is produced.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Initial development of a computer-aided diagnosis tool for solitary pulmonary nodules

This paper describes the development of a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) tool for solitary pulmonary nodules. This CAD tool is built upon physically meaningful features that were selected because of their relevance to shape and texture. These features included a modified version of the Hotelling statistic (HS), a channelized HS, three measures of fractal properties, two measures of spicularity, and three manually measured shape features. These features were measured from a difficult database consisting of 237 regions of interest (ROIs) extracted from digitized chest radiographs. The center of each 256x256 pixel ROI contained a suspicious lesion which was sent to follow-up by a radiologist and whose nature was later clinically determined. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) was used to search the feature space via sequential forward search using percentage correct as the performance metric. An optimized feature subset, selected for the highest accuracy, was then fed into a three layer artificial neural network (ANN). The ANN's performance was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis. A leave-one-out testing/training methodology was employed for the ROC analysis. The performance of this system is competitive with that of three radiologists on the same database.
Demonstration of the complement regulating protein, beta 1H, in skin biopsies from patients with bullous pemphigoid.

β 1H-globulin is a recently characterized plasma protein which regulates the biologic activities of the major fragment of the third complement component, C3b. The major function of this protein is to act as a co-factor for C3b Inactivator (C3bINA) in the cleavage of C3b to an intermediate molecule, C3b', consisting of an intact β -chain covalently bound by disulfide bridges to 2 α-chain fragments of 40,000 and 67,000 daltons. Final cleavage of C3b' to the C3c and C3d fragments requires an additional protease such as plasmin or elastase. Additionally, β 1H interferes with the activity of the alternative pathway convertases, C 3 bBb ¯ and C 3 bBbP ¯ , by displacing or competing with the binding of factor B. In this study, perilesional skin biopsies from 10 patients with active bullous pemphigoid were examined for the presence of β 1H at the dermal-epidermal junction by immunofluorescent methods. The protein was found in 8 of 9 biopsies in which C3 also was deposited. In a single case where C3 was not found, β 1H was not seen. These findings suggest that β 1H plays a role in the in vivo control of C3b and provides additional evidence for the participation of the complement system in the pathogenesis of bullous pemphigoid.
THE EFFECT OF 5-BROMODEOXYURIDINE ON HERPES SIMPLEX INFECTION OF HELA CELLS.

Abstract At 10 −5 M , bromodeoxyuridine (BUdR) inhibited the production of infectious virus by HeLa cells maintained in suspension or monolayer cultures. The drug-sensitive reaction appeared to begin about 2 hours after infection, preceding the earliest appearance of progeny virus by 2 hours. When added up to 2 hours after exposure of infected cells to BUdR, thymidine restored virus productivity; thereafter, cells progressively lost the capacity to produce infections virus. Infected cells treated with BUdR produced intranuclear DNA-containing inclusions, formed polykaryocytes, and accumulated viral antigen in a pattern of virus-induced cytopathology indistinguishable from that of the normal infection. Infection of BUdR-treated cells which had lost the ability to divide resulted in a normal yield of infectious virus.
Hyperfine Splitting of the Lithium Ground State

The results of calculations of the hyperfine splitting of the lithium atom ground state are reported. These were done by the Hartree-Fock (HF), unrestricted Hartree-Fock (UHF) and projected UHF approximations to the ground-state eigenfunctions. The exchange polarization effect allowed by the UHF method yields a 34.9% increase in the hyperfine splitting compared to the HF method.
Computational Insight to Experimentally Observed Change in Mixing Characteristics of an RBCC Engine in Ejector Mode

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis results and experimental data are presented for the Pennsylvania State University's (PSU) Propulsion Engineering Research Center (PERC) rocket based combined cycle (RBCC) rocket-ejector experiments. The PERC RBCC experimental hardware was tested in direct-connec t configuration operating in diffusion and afterburning (DAB) combustion. Two of the test points had similar experimental hardware but significantly different rocket and air flow rates resulting in significantly different plume-to-air mixing characteristics. At the design point mass flow rates the plume-to-air mixing was diffusion dominated. At a test point with mass flow rate below the design point, the mixing rate was enhanced due to recirculation of plume gases. The objective of this paper is to provide insight into the fluid dynamics responsible for this change in ejector mode mixing characteristics of the RBCC. The plume-to-air mixing of the two test points is measured experimentally with Raman Spectroscopy specie distribution. CFD analysis is used to interpret the experimental data and illustrate the fluid dynamics of the two different mixing processes. Experimental data and CFD analysis of intermediate mass flow rates are used to illustrate the transition from diffusion dominated mixing to recirculation dominated mixing. Nomenclature AR = area ratio d = duct height, 12.7 cm (5 in.) h = horizontal position PC = chamber pressure x = axial position
Genetic and hormonal basis of pain states

Abstract Among the many sources of variability in human pain and analgesic responses are influences intrinsic to the organism—genetic and hormonal factors that contribute to individual differences. This chapter serves as a review of the clinical and experimental evidence that highlights the importance of these factors in effectively understanding clinical pain states and variability in pain and analgesic responses. Epidemiological and linkage studies have been carried out in humans, and observational studies of variability in pain and analgesic responses across genders and within the menstrual cycle provide a much needed human perspective. However, the experimental approach, with its inherent explanatory power, contributes much of the knowledge in this area. Much of the basic experimental work in this area is in its early stages, but it suggests the potential for using these factors to tailor pain treatment to the individual.
Performance Assessment in the Public Sector

Economists, management scientists and public administration scholars have long been interested in the assessment of the performance of the public sector, and in the identification of the likely determinants of performance variation, both across jurisdictions and through time. Their interest is well placed, and motivated by a number of factors.
Home Exercise DVD Promotes Exercise Accuracy by Caregivers of Children and Adolescents With Brachial Plexus Palsy

Objective To evaluate the accuracy of home exercise performance by caregivers of children with neonatal brachial plexus palsy (NBPP) who use digital versatile disc (DVD) guidance. Design Prospective cohort study. Setting Brachial Plexus Clinic at the University of Michigan. Participants Seventy-six adult caregivers of a consecutive cohort of pediatric patients with NBPP. Methods Caregivers received the Home Exercise Program for Brachial Plexus Palsy DVD and an initial demonstration of correct hand placement and movement patterns by 1 of 2 occupational therapists. At times A, B, and C (approximately 3, 6, and 12 months), caregiver accuracy in exercise performance at each joint and standard measurements of arm function were recorded. Main Outcome Measurements Caregiver accuracy in correct hand placement and movement pattern during exercise performance was evaluated with use of a dichotomy scale (yes/no) at each joint. Active and passive range of motion were assessed as indicators of arm function. Results The mean patient age was 38 months, and the median Narakas score was 2. No significant difference in exercise accuracy for all upper extremity joints between the initial evaluation and times A, B, and C or between individual times was observed, except at the shoulder (98.9% initially to 88.3% at time A; P = .0002) and elbow (100% initially to 96.6% at time A; P = .04). Regarding arm function, an increase in active range of motion for shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, forearm supination, wrist extension, and finger flexion was observed during the study period. Conclusions Shoulder and elbow exercises may be more complex, requiring more frequent performance review with the caregiver. However, the home exercise DVD may benefit patients with NBPP and their caregivers and may provide an adjunct to formal therapy sessions.
Reconstructing McTaggart's Argument

(d) and (e) are of necessity incompatible. It is one of McTaggart's basic tenets that 'futurity', 'presentness', and 'pastness' are genuine properties of E and that 'having futurity' implies for instance 'not having presentness' (a) and (b) should be just as inconsistent as (d) and (e). Now there seems to be a way of escaping this difficulty by pointing out that (a), (b), and (c) are equivalent to:
To Know Escherichia coli Is to Know Bacterial Diarrheal Disease

Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001;32:1710-2 ? 2001 by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. All rights reserved. 1058-4838/2001/3212-0008$03.00 in the article by Adachi et al. [1] in this issue of Clinical Infectious Diseases, E. coli is by far the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in diverse populations. The enteroaggregative E. coli, as reported in this issue of the journal, is one of the recently described members of the E. coli family to be associated with diarrheal disease and appears to be associated with a novel group of virulence traits. The virulence traits or presumed virulence traits are distinct for each of the
Nonthermal Chemistry in Diffuse Clouds with Low Molecular Abundances

High-quality archival spectra of interstellar absorption from Ci toward nine stars, taken with the Goddard High Resolution Spectrograph on the Hubble Space Telescope, were analyzed. Our sample was supplemented by two sight lines, 23 Ori and � 1 Sco, for which the C i measurements of Federman, Welty, & Cardelli were used. Directions with known CH + absorption, but only upper limits on absorption from C2 and CN, were considered for our study. This restriction allows us to focus on regions where CH + chemistry dominates the production of carbon-bearing molecules. Profile synthesis of several multiplets yielded column densities and Doppler parameters for the C i fine-structure levels. Equilibrium excitation analyses, using the measured column densities as well as the temperature from H2 excitation, led to values for gas density. These densities, in conjunction with measurements of CH, CH + ,C 2, and CN column densities, provided estimates for the amount of CH associated with CH + production, which in turn set up constraints on the present theories for CH + formation in this environment. We found for our sample of interstellar clouds that on average 30%– 40% of the CH originates from CH + chemistry, and in some cases it can be as high as 90%. A simple chemical model for gas containing nonequilibrium production of CH + was developed for the purpose of predicting column densities for CH, CO, HCO + ,C H þ , and CH þ generated from large abundances of CH + . Again, our results suggest that nonthermal chemistry is necessary to account for the observed abundance of CH and probably that of CO in these clouds. Subject headings: astrochemistry — ISM: abundances — ISM: molecules — ultraviolet: ISM
Maturity status and injury risk in youth soccer players.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association of relative skeletal age and other risk factors with injury in elite schoolboy footballers (soccer players). DESIGN: Prospective cohort study, with players participating for varying numbers of years. SETTING: Manchester United Football Club Academy, 2001 to 2007. PARTICIPANTS: Players were recruited to the club by scouts. At intake, the boys were medically screened to ensure they could be fully involved in the training and games program. Computerized medical records for the boys were maintained for the entire study period. The investigation included boys 9 to 16 years of age. Numbers varied between 98 and 144 per year (mean n/y = 130) over 6 years. Overall, 292 players were represented in the sample. Mean drop out per season was 21%. ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS: Each year consenting players had a radiograph of the left wrist and hand for the assessment of skeletal age (SA), using the Fels method. Eighty-five players had at least 1 radiograph and 12 players had 6 radiographs, 1 in each year of the study. Early and late maturers were those with an SA >1 year older or younger, respectively, than their chronologic age (CA). Information on demographics, height and weight, playing and training times, and position played was collected. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The main outcome measure was the relation of maturity status to the occurrence of injuries. MAIN RESULTS: For the total sample across all the age groups the incidence of injuries was 1.44 per 1000 hours of training (n = 244 injuries), and 10.5 per 1000 match hours (n = 169 injuries). The mean number of injuries per season was 79.3, with a mean loss of 12.5 injury days per player per season. Boys aged <14 years were most vulnerable. Most injuries resulted from overuse rather than from trauma. Most common injury type and location were, respectively, soft tissue and knee joint. Mean SA for the total sample was in advance of mean CA (12.08y vs 11.74y; P < 0.05). Injury incidence did not differ significantly among late, normal, and early maturing players (1.4, 1.5, and 1.8, respectively) when training time, playing time, height, and playing position were statistically controlled as covariates (P = 0.73). However, results of general log linear analysis of mean data over the 6 seasons indicated a relationship between injury occurrence and training time, match-play time, and the CA-SA difference (P < 0.05). The 3 variables together explained 48% of the variance in injury incidence. Position played, foot dominance, and mean height gain were not related to injury occurrence. CONCLUSIONS: Maturity status and time spent in match play and training were significant predictors of injuries in 9- to 16-year-old elite male soccer players.
Evolution of the fruit endocarp: molecular mechanisms underlying adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies.

Plant evolution is largely driven by adaptations in seed protection and dispersal strategies that allow diversification into new niches. This is evident by the tremendous variation in flowering and fruiting structures present both across and within different plant lineages. Within a single plant family a staggering variety of fruit types can be found such as fleshy fruits including berries, pomes, and drupes and dry fruit structures like achenes, capsules and follicles. What are the evolutionary mechanisms that enable such dramatic shifts to occur in a relatively short period of time? This remains a fundamental question of plant biology today. On the surface it seems that these extreme differences in form and function must be the consequence of very different developmental programs that require unique sets of genes. Yet as we begin to decipher the molecular and genetic basis underlying fruit form it is becoming apparent that simple genetic changes in key developmental regulatory genes can have profound anatomical effects. In this review we discuss recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms of fruit endocarp tissue differentiation that have contributed to species diversification within three plant lineages.
The evolution of pollen germination timing in flowering plants: Austrobaileya scandens (Austrobaileyaceae)

Background and aims The pollination to fertilization process (progamic phase) is thought to have become greatly abbreviated with the origin of flowering plants. In order to understand what developmental mechanisms enabled the speeding of fertilization, comparative data are needed from across the group, especially from early-divergent lineages. I studied the pollen germination process of Austrobaileya scandens, a perennial vine endemic to the Wet Tropics area of northeastern Queensland, Australia, and a member of the ancient angiosperm lineage, Austrobaileyales.
The primary structure and properties of thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) from human red blood cells

Thioltransferase (glutaredoxin) was purified from human red blood cells essentially as described previously (Mieyal JJ et al., 1991a, Biochemistry 30:6088-6097). The primary sequence of the HPLC-pure enzyme was determined by tandem mass spectrometry and found to represent a 105-amino acid protein of molecular weight 11,688 Da. The physicochemical and catalytic properties of this enzyme are common to the group of proteins called glutaredoxins among the family of thiol:disulfide oxidoreductases that also includes thioredoxin and protein disulfide isomerase. Although this human red blood cell glutaredoxin (hRBC Grx) is highly homologous to the 3 other mammalian Grx proteins whose sequences are known (calf thymus, rabbit bone marrow, and pig liver), there are a number of significant differences. Most notably an additional cysteine residue (Cys-7) occurs near the N-terminus of the human enzyme in place of a serine residue in the other proteins. In addition, residue 51 of hRBC Grx displayed a mixture of Asp and Asn. This result is consistent with isoelectric focusing analysis, which revealed 2 distinct bands for either the oxidized or reduced forms of the protein. Because the enzyme was prepared from blood combined from a number of individual donors, it is not clear whether this Asp/Asn ambiguity represents inter-individual variation, gene duplication, or a deamidation artifact of purification.
On the frequency scalings of RF guns

A frequency scaling law for RF guns is derived from the normalized Vlasov-Maxwell equations. It shows that higher frequency RF guns can generate higher brightness beams under the assumption that the accelerating gradient and all beam and structure parameters are scaled with the RF frequency. Numerical simulation results using MAGIC confirm the scaling law. The scaling of the wakefield is discussed. A discussion of the range of applicability of the law is presented.
Neuroimaging abnormalities, neurocognitive function, and fatigue in patients with hepatitis C.

Objective: This study examined neurologic abnormalities (as measured by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging and diffusion tensor imaging), neurocognitive performance, and fatigue among a sample of adults with hepatitis C virus (HCV). We hypothesized that HCV1 individuals would demonstrate structural brain abnormalities and neurocognitive compromise consistent with frontostriatal dysfunction as well as increased fatigue compared to controls. Method: Participants were 76 individuals diagnosed with HCV and 20 controls who underwent a comprehensive neurocognitive evaluation and clinical assessments. A subset of the HCV1 participants (n 5 29) and all controls underwent MRI. Results: Individuals diagnosed with chronic HCV infection demonstrated greater fractional anisotropy in the striatum as well as greater mean diffusivity in the fronto-occiptal fasciculus and external capsule compared to HCV2 controls. HCV1 participants also demonstrated lower levels of N-acetylaspartate in bilateral parietal white matter and elevations in myo-inosital (mI) in bilateral frontal white matter compared to HCV2 controls (all p values , 0.05). HCV1 participants also demonstrated significantly poorer neuropsychological performance, particularly in processing speed and verbal fluency. HCV1 patients reported higher levels of fatigue than controls, and fatigue was significantly correlated with diffusivity in the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, elevations in mI in frontal white matter, and overall cognitive performance. Conclusions: Our results suggest that HCV-associated neurologic complications disrupt frontostriatal structures, which may result in increased fatigue and poorer cognitive performance, particularly in those cognitive domains regulated by frontostriatal regions. Neurol Neuroimmunol
Primary Standard of Length

The primary standard of length is defined in terms of the unperturbed 2p10−5d5 radiation of Kr-86. This paper reports new measurements of the perturbations due to the conditions of excitation necessary for its practical realization. The results confirm that the present recommendation of the International Committee of Weights and Measures yields the defined standard to an accuracy of better than 1:108 and they indicate how an improvement by about an order of magnitude may be realized by more exact specifications.
BMP7: A new bone metastases prevention?

Prostate cancer is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in men and a leading cause of cancer death. More than 218,000 cases will occur in 2007, and prostate cancer will lead to more than 27,000 deaths.1 Although the 5-year survival rate is excellent for localized stages (100%), the relative survival rapidly decreases to 33% when prostate cancer metastasizes.1 Cancer cells from prostate primary tumors commonly colonize bones, and postmortem analyses show that 65 to 75% of patients with advanced disease have bone metastases.2 Scientific knowledge of bone metastasis pathophysiology has increased in recent years, but effective therapy for this devastating complication of cancer remains suboptimal. In this issue of The American Journal of Pathology, Buijs and colleagues3 shed more light into pathophysiology of bone metastases. More importantly, they apply this knowledge to develop novel therapy for bone metastases using bone morphogenetic protein 7 (BMP7).
Abundance and microdistribution of freshwater gastropods in three streams of Moorea, French Polynesia

The microdistribution and abundance of freshwater gastropods were studied in lower reaches of three streams on Moorea, French Polynesia, during austral spring (AS) and austral fall (AF) 1994-1996. Seven species were examined: Neritina canalis Lamarck, Neritina turrita Gmelin, Clithon spinosa Budgin, Septaria porcellana Linnaeus, Neritina auriculata Lamarck, Melanoides tuberculata Muller, and Thiara granifera Lamarck ; the first five species are in the Neritidae, the latter two in the Thiaridae. Most gastropod species had higher densities during AF 1996 than AS 1995 (p = 0.0001) with higher densities being found in riffle than in pool habitats (p = 0.0001). No relationship between substrate type and either species presence-abundance or shell size was observed. A stepwise multiple regression indicated that velocity, depth, and substrate roughness were determinants of gastropod abundance for some species within these streams. A distinct microhabitat preference for the bottoms of rocks was observed for C. spinosa and N. canalis. The limited range of N. auriculata's occurrence within streams results from its salinity tolerance and response to hydraulic stress.
PREVALENCE AND CLINICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PSYCHOTIC VERSUS NONPSYCHOTIC MAJOR DEPRESSION IN A GENERAL PSYCHIATRIC OUTPATIENT CLINIC

Background: Psychotic major depression (PMD) is a severe mental disorder characterized by high levels of illness severity, chronicity, impairment, and treatment resistance. However, most past research on PMD has been conducted in inpatient hospital samples, and relatively little is known about PMD patients presenting for treatment in the community specifically. Methods: In this study, we examined the prevalence and clinical characteristics of PMD in a large sample (n=2,500) of treatment-seeking outpatients who were administered structured clinical interviews by trained diagnosticians. Results: Of the patients diagnosed with major depression, 5.3% had psychotic features. PMD patients were more likely to be members of a racial/ethnic minority and to have lower educational attainment compared to those with nonpsychotic major depression. In addition, PMD patients were found to have greater current depression severity, suicidal ideation, and social and work impairment. These patients also were more likely to have histories of suicide attempts and psychiatric hospitalizations, to report an earlier age of illness onset, and to meet criteria for chronic depression. In terms of psychiatric comorbidity, PMD patients had higher rates of certain anxiety disorders as well as more somatoform and cluster A personality disorders. Conclusions: Results indicated that PMD was present in a relatively small percentage of treatment-seeking outpatients but was associated with disproportionately high levels of severity and impairment. Similarities and differences between the current findings and those from past research are discussed, including clinical implications for the identification and treatment of PMD in routine practice settings. Depression and Anxiety, 2009. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Age classification from facial images

The ability to classify age from a facial image has not been pursued in computer vision. This research addresses the limited task of age classification of a facial image into a baby, young adult, and senior adult. This is the first reported work to classify age, and to successfully extract and use natural wrinkles. We present a theory and practical computations for visual age classification from facial images, based on cranio-facial changes in feature-position ratios, and on skin wrinkle analysis. Three age groups are classified. >
A 400 to 500-MHz CMOS Power Amplifier with multi-Watt output

A two-stage P-band (400 MHz) CMOS multi-Watt Power Amplifier (PA) is reported. Four identical 1.25-Watt PA cells are power-combined to generate approximately 5-Watt output. The same PA chip is used for a drive-amplifier, providing a total of 17 dB power gain. In the measurements, the two-stage five-chip PA produces 5.1-Watt with 17 % PAE. The five-chip PA assembly will be merged into a 7×10 mm2 single die amplifier in a future project.
Influence of Cerebrovascular Accident on Elongated and Passively Shortened Muscle Responses After Forward Sway

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a rapid length change in the elongated and shortened ankle muscles of subjects with hemiplegia during forward body sway. The onset and amplitude of electrical activity in the ankle muscles of four standing hemiplegic subjects with mild stretch reflex abnormalities and four healthy subjects were studied. Each subject stood on a platform controlled by a hydraulic servomechanism and experienced an unexpected posterior horizontal platform movement that induced a forward body sway. The activity of the gastrocnemius (agonist) and tibialis anterior (antagonist) muscles were monitored bilaterally using surface electromyography. In comparison with the healthy subjects, the hemiplegic subjects showed a greater disassociation between agonist and antagonist activation, a larger frequency of response defaults in the antagonist, and an increase in nonparetic (left) limb agonist amplitude during the 200-msec electromyographic integration period. We concluded that the sequelae of cerebrovascular disease may hamper the initiation of a passive shortening response in the tibialis anterior muscle during forward sway. This finding is functionally significant because the response deficit described seems to be exaggerated in some cases and reduced in others.
European Universities and Change

This article describes the findings of an exploratory research project conducted in Central and Western Europe during the fall of 2008. The purpose of the research was to identify the role of change that European Universities have faced throughout the 20ᵗʰ Century and to identify how they have responded to these challenges. One surprising outcome of the research was that most European universities were not impacted significantly at all by the several tumultuous events of the Century, but that they are now seeing substantive changes due to the implementation of the Bologna Process, which has been adopted by 46 European countries to improve quality and competitiveness in their universities. This article examines the issues around change that are being played out in European universities and suggests some strategies they may wish to consider as they work to become more competitive with higher education in the United States.
Self-Care Project For Faculty And Staff Of Future Health Care Professionals: Case Report

Self-care among health care providers is an important component of their ability to provide quality health care to patients. Health care institutions have programs in place for students that emphasize health and wellness, but few programs are available for faculty and staff. To address this gap and facilitate modeling health and wellness strategies for students, a New England institution that educates health care practitioners began a pilot self-care project for faculty and staff. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected. The template used for this project could be used as a stepping-stone for future wellness self-care program in higher education for faculty, staff, and students.
Covering 2ω with ω1 Disjoint Closed Sets

It is shown that 2 ω is the ω 1 union of meager sets does not imply 2 ω is the ω 1 , union of disjoint non-empty closed sets and the latter does not imply CH.
Abstract T MP91: Association of Gender-Age Interaction With Outcome After Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Multiple Ethnicities

Introduction: Female sex is associated with better functional outcome in preclinical models of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). However, recovery is impaired after ischemic stroke as women age, relative to men, independent of stroke severity. We sought to define gender-age interactions for long-term neurological outcome after ICH across ethnicities. Methods: Clinical and radiographic data from subjects in the Ethnic/Racial Variations of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ERICH; NS069763) and Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke (GERFHS; [NCT00930280][1]) studies prior to January 2013 were used. Relationships between sex, age, and outcome in 473 black, 437 Hispanic, and 801 white subjects were evaluated after ICH using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Poor outcome was defined as modified Rankin ≥3 at 3 months after ICH. Age was modeled as a quadratic; gender-age interaction was modeled as centered cross-products to reduce collinearity. Results: Evidence of an interaction effect for gender and age on outcome at 3 months was found after ICH (p=0.054). The figure shows overlayed plots of the interaction between gender and age with regard to poor outcome. Women had lower risk of poor outcome at younger ages but higher risk at older ages. When testing this effect in different ethnicities, there was significant evidence of a gender-by-age interaction (p=0.005) within black patients. Conclusion: We found evidence of better outcomes in younger aged women than men, independent of comorbidities and severity of stroke. This trend reversed in elderly women. The gender-age interaction in outcome after ICH, seen especially in black subjects, may result from hormonal changes due to aging. Future studies to evaluate the impact of estrogen and progesterone in age/ethnic groups as a potential mediator of outcome are currently under design. ![][2] [1]: /lookup/external-ref?link_type=CLINTRIALGOV&access_num=NCT00930280&atom=%2Fstrokeaha%2F45%2FSuppl_1%2FATMP91.atom [2]: /embed/graphic-1.gif