cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chronopotentiometric study of diffusion to solid and hollow cylindrical electrode combinations

Abstract Diffusion to hollow platinum electrodes has been studied by chronopotentiometric techniques for the reduction of Ag + Fe(CN) 6 3− and H + . The decrease in the value of the quantity i τ 1 2 / AC with increasing τ, due to the cylindrically contracting diffusion field inside a hollow electrode, has been found to be equal and opposite to the collesponding increase in the value of i τ 1 2 / AC due to the cylindrically expanding diffusion field outside a wire electrode of equal radius. In addition, it has been shown that, because of this equal and opposite effect, solid and hollow electrodes of the same radius and area can be combined to make an electrode which behaves in chronopotentiometric experiments like a planar electrode.
The Bodden Line: A case‐study of wartime technology

(1991). The Bodden Line: A case‐study of wartime technology. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 447-457.
CCD surface photometry of field galaxies. I - Observations

Images of 105 galaxies selected from a larger complete sample of intrinsically luminous galaxies have been obtained for the purpose of computing surface brightness profiles. The intensity profiles along the major and minor axes are computed by a method in which elliptical contours whose position angle and ellipticity are allowed to vary with radius are fitted to the true isophotes of a galaxy. The resulting profiles and ellipse parameters are listed for each object. An extensive comparison of the present photometry with that of other workers is made to assess the reliability of the data. For most objects, additional photometric information is given, including an isophotal radius and magnitude within a limiting isophote of 24.0 mag/sq arcsec, an approximate total magnitude, the effective radius containing one-half the total light, and the mean surface brightness inside this radius. A full analysis of the data is deferred to a second paper where the profiles will be decomposed into bulge and disk components.
Three critical hydrogen bonds determine the catalytic activity of the Diels–Alderase ribozyme

Compared to protein enzymes, our knowledge about how RNA accelerates chemical reactions is rather limited. The crystal structures of a ribozyme that catalyzes Diels-Alder reactions suggest a rich tertiary architecture responsible for catalysis. In this study, we systematically probe the relevance of crystallographically observed ground-state interactions for catalytic function using atomic mutagenesis in combination with various analytical techniques. The largest energetic contribution apparently arises from the precise shape complementarity between transition state and catalytic pocket: A single point mutant that folds correctly into the tertiary structure but lacks one H-bond that normally stabilizes the pocket is completely inactive. In the rate-limiting chemical step, the dienophile is furthermore activated by two weak H-bonds that contribute ∼7-8 kJ/mol to transition state stabilization, as indicated by the 25-fold slower reaction rates of deletion mutants. These H-bonds are also responsible for the tight binding of the Diels-Alder product by the ribozyme that causes product inhibition. For high catalytic activity, the ribozyme requires a fine-tuned balance between rigidity and flexibility that is determined by the combined action of one inter-strand H-bond and one magnesium ion. A sharp 360° turn reminiscent of the T-loop motif observed in tRNA is found to be important for catalytic function.
Performance of Parylene-Packaged Flexible Pentacene Thin-Film Transistors in Saline

A micro-fabricated parylene-packaged flexible pentacene thin film transistor is presented. Different from preceding devices that have been reported, this thin film transistor employs parylene as the substrate, the gate insulator and also the top protection layer. Also, this thin film transistor uses pentacene, an organic semiconductor with high mobility, as the active material. The fresh made thin film transistor shows a hole mobility of 0.022 cm2/V-s. In spite of initial drops, the transistor's hole mobility stays at 0.001 cm2/V-s after over 6-month soaking in saline. We can conclude that drifts in mobility from soaking do exist but they saturate to values still of promise In addition, we believe there's plenty of room to improve the parylene packaging such as by using thicker parylene (this work used only 1 ?m).
Optimization of suspended cell method and comparison with cell monolayer technique for virus assays.

Abstract The suspended cell technique for enumeration of viruses from environmental samples was evaluated in regards to the number of cells necessary per bottle or flask, contact time with virus prior to overlay, and number of viruses per sample for maximum enumeration, using 40-cm 2 (6 oz) glass bottles or 25-cm 2 plastic culture flasks. Optimum cell numbers were determined to be 4 × 10 7 cells for the 40-cm 2 bottles and 2.0 × 10 7 cells for the 25-cm 2 flasks. The optimum exposure time of virus to cells at 37°C was 60 min with significantly higher recoveries with shaken mixtures as opposed to static mixtures. Upon comparing the suspended cell technique with that of the cell monolayer system, using two sets of environmental sewage sample concentrates, 62 of the 67 samples yielded an average of 5–8 times greater viral recoveries with the suspended cell procedure. Based on our data we feel that all environmental samples should be tested using the suspended cell procedure.
Effects of minimal exercise and cognitive behavior modification on adherence, emotion change, self-image, and physical change in obese women.

The present investigation tested a 12-wk. treatment protocol which employed low intensity cardiovascular and resistance exercise as well as cognitive-behavior modification on 13 obese, previously sedentary women. Separate analyses were conducted on program maintenance, emotional change, and physiological change. Although self-motivation was lower in the treatment group than in the control group (n = 35), measures of exercise maintenance were significantly higher. Analyses within the treatment group only indicated significant improvements in measures of State Anxiety, Depression, Anger, Fatigue, Tension, and Vigor, also Health Evaluation, Body Area Satisfaction, and heightened Overweight Preoccupation, over the 12 weeks. Their feelings alter individual bouts of exercise indicated significantly increased Positive Engagement, Revitalization, and Tranquility, and reduced Physical Exhaustion. Maximum volume of oxygen uptake (VO2max) significantly increased (2nd to 10th percentile), but not resting heart rate. ...
STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIP OF TRYPTAMINE ANALOGUES ON THE HEART OF VENUS MERCENARIA

A number of tryptamine analogues and other exciter agents have been tested on the heart of Venus mercenaria. The method of estimation of potency, especially for irreversibly acting compounds, is discussed. Specificity of action with respect to the site of action of 5-hydroxytryptamine is defined experimentally. The specific activity of tyramine and phenethylamine and the non-specific excitatory action of indole and skatole indicate that the indole ring is neither necessary nor sufficient for 5-hydroxytryptamine-like activity. Tryptamine analogues differ in mode of action as well as potency. Congeners without a 5-hydroxyl group tend to act more slowly and irreversibly as well as less strongly than 5-hydroxytryptamine. Methyl substitution also increases the time of action and difficulty of reversal. However, the potency of such compounds may be increased or decreased depending upon the position of substitution and the presence of the 5-hydroxyl group. The relations between structure and potency and mode of action are discussed. Suggestions are made concerning the effective conformation of the 5-hydroxytryptamine molecule and the nature of its receptor.
Generating loss-of-function phenotypes of the fushi tarazu gene with a targeted ribozyme in Drosophila

THE ability to isolate gene sequences and analyse their expression patterns has generated demand for mutations created to assess their biological functions. In Drosophila melanogaster this can be achieved by traditional mutagenesis, but this is time-consuming, labour-intensive and not always successful. Moreover, the functions of genes that are expressed several times during develop-ment are often obscured in the later stages because of disruptions caused by the absence of early gene function. Here we propose a new strategy to create conditional knock-out mutations using a targeted heat-inducible ribozyme. Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules that specifically cleave RNAs1–11 and are potentially useful for studying gene function during animal development because the expression of critical regulatory genes is usually low and their function is often dosage-dependent. The ribozyme can be delivered to a specific region or at a particular developmental stage using a region-specific or inducible promoter. The Drosophila fushi tarazu (ftz) gene is a good candidate for testing this approach12–17. We generated transgenic flies carrying a ribozyme against the ftz gene. The two developmental phases of ftz function can be distinguished by timed induction of the ribozyme. Activation of the ribozyme in the blastoderm disrupts the ftz seven-stripe pattern and produces ftz-like pair-rule defects in larvae. The involvement of ftz in neurogenesis was verified by activation of the ribozyme during the early phase of formation of the central nervous system.
Double minute amplification of mutant PDGF receptor α in a mouse glioma model

In primary brain tumors, oncogenes are frequently amplified and maintained on extrachromosomal DNA as double minutes (DM), but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. We have generated a mouse model of malignant glioma based on knock-in of a mutant PDGF receptor α (PDGFRα) that is expressed in oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) after activation by a Cre recombinase. In the tumor suppressor INK4/Arf−/− background, mutant animals frequently developed brain tumors resembling anaplastic human gliomas (WHO grade III). Besides brain tumors, most animals also developed aggressive fibrosarcomas, likely triggered by Cre activation of mutant PDGFRα in fibroblastic cell lineages. Importantly, in the brain tumors and cell lines derived from brain tumor tissues, we identified a high prevalence of DM Pdgfra gene amplification, suggesting its occurrence as an early mutational event contributing to the malignant transformation of OPCs. Amplicons extended beyond the Pdgfra locus and included in some cases neighboring genes Kit and Kdr. Our genetically defined mouse brain tumor model therefore supports OPC as a cell of origin for malignant glioma and offers an example of a defined temporal sequence of mutational events, thus providing an entry point for a mechanistic understanding of DM gene amplification and its functionality in gliomagenesis.
Asymptotics of the Solutions to Singularly Perturbed Integral Equations

Abstract Asymptotics of solutions to the equations ϵhϵ + Rhϵ = ƒ as ϵ → 0 is studied for a class of integral operators R.
Signal utilization under a discriminated avoidance schedule

Four rats were trained under a temporally defined avoidance schedule composed of time period t†, during which responses had no programmed consequences, and tD, during which responses precluded shock. When a signal was programmed to last throughout tD and was response terminable, responses occurred primarily during the signal. A brief signal at the beginning, middle, or the end of the tD period had little effect on behavior. When the signal was programmed throughout tD, avoidance declined, and the response rate in tD was greater than when the signal was terminable by a response.
Zero-bias anomaly of tunneling into the edge of a two-dimensional electron system.

We investigate the electron tunneling into the edge of a clean weakly interacting two-dimensional electron gas. It is shown that the corresponding differential conductance $G(V)$ has a cusp at zero bias, and is characterized by a universal slope $|dG/dV|$ at $V=0$. This singularity originates from the electron scattering on the Friedel oscillation caused by the boundary of the system.
Rise of deep diapirs

Diapiric ascent is often assumed to occur in a mantle with a viscosity of order 10^(21) P, the value estimated from glacial rebound studies. Segregation of melt from residual crystals en route is then a necessary consequence of the slow ascent velocity. The temperatures and stresses associated with diapirs, however, are much greater than those involved in glacier unloading, and the controlling viscosity is therefore relatively low. High stresses may also result from the volume change associated with the partial-melting process itself. Stress and temperature feedback considerably increase the velocity of ascent of a deep diapir, and this may allow the melt and the residual crystals to rise together without separating. The material delivered to shallow-mantle magma chambers may therefore be similar in composition to the deeper source region. This reopens the possibility that a deep eclogite layer, ≥200 km depth, may be the source region for mid-ocean ridge basalts.
Designing a Multipurpose Menu Driven User Interface to Computer Based Tools

A menu-based interface was designed to provide users with an easy, consistent means for finding and initiating various facilities on a host computer. The interface had to be usable by people of varying levels of skill and experience, using different types of terminals. Three major issues were considered in the design: option selection techniques, display design, and functional organization of the choices within the hierarchy. The ESD-MITRE user system interface (USI) design guidelines on sequence control were applied to the first two issues in this list.The guidelines were helpful during the design process. They were used to guide the basic design, and to help make decisions as the design was refined. Different guidelines can lead to different designs, so designers must be prepared to decide which requirements and which guidelines are of greatest importance in their particular situations.
'Nostratic' and the Factor of Chance

SUMMARYThe distribution of reflexes of 'Nostratic' roots among the first-order subgroups of the proposed family in Illic-Svityc (1971) is not significantly different from a binomial distribution, the type of curve described by random chance similarities of uniform probability. By contrast, Pokorny (1959) shows a very different distribution of Indo-European cognates. This graphically illustrates the fact that the resemblances between recognized language families on which the Nostratic hypothesis is based have never been demonstrated to be greater-than-chance — unlike the resemblances between languages of the Indo-European family, or within any other generally recognized language family.RESUMEParmi les sous-groupes de premier ordre de la famille 'nostratique' telle que proposee par Illic-Svityc (1971), on ne retrouve pas de difference significative entre la distribution des reflexes de racines 'nostratiques' et une distribution binomiale, c'est a dire la courbe qui represente des similarites a probabilite uniforme dues au hasard. En contraste, Pokorny (1959) demontre une distribution tout a fait differente pour les mots apparentes dans les langues indo-europeennes. Cela illustre clairement le fait que contrairement aux ressem-blances entre les langues de la famille indo-europeenne ou de n'importe quelle autre famille linguistique generalement reconnue, on n'a encore jamais etabli un caractere plus qu'arbitraire pour les ressemblances entre les families linguis-tiques reconnues sur lesquelles se base l'hypothese nostratique.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGDie Verteilung der Reflexe 'nostratischer' Wurzeln innerhalb der Unter-gruppen der ersten Odnung der in Illic-Svityc (1971) vorgeschlagenen Sprach-familie unterscheidet sich nur geringfugig von einer binomischen Distribution, einem Kurventyp, der durch zufallige Ahnlichkeiten gleichformiger Wahr-scheinlichkeiten gekennzeichnet ist Im Gegensatz hierzu zeigt Pokorny (1959) eine ganz andersartige Verteilung der untereinander verwandten Wurzelformen des Indoeuropaischen. Graphisch gesehen, illustriert dies die Tatsache, das fur die Ahnlichkeiten zwischen erwiesenen Sprachfamilien, auf die die nostratische Hypothese sich stutzt, bisher keine groBer als zufallige Ahnlichkeiten nachge-wiesen worden sind — ganz anders also als im Falle der indoeuropaischen Familie oder jeder anderen allgemein anerkannten Sprachfamilie.
Conformity and Peer Groups in Remedial Nine-Year-Old Children

Abstract Thiry-two, nine-year-old, remedial summer-school students were tested for conformity with a modified Asch. procedure. Male and female subjects counted metronome clicks in one of two simulated peer group conditions. It was predicted and found that subjects conformed more to simulated camp peers who had made good grades than to simulated remedial summer- school peers. Contrary to predictions, females did not conform significantly more than males. The implications of these results are discussed in terms of ability grouping and adjustment of remedial students.
Multidimensional space: the final frontier

A new approach to analyzing the responses of V4 cortical neurons to objects suggests how the brain could represent a wide variety of shapes with a limited number of components.
Creeping-wave excitation of the eigenvibrations of dielectric resonators

Abstract The electromagnetic eigenvibrations of a dielectric sphere, which manifest themselves e.g. in the form of resonances appearing in the radar cross section of the sphere, can be explained in terms of surface (creeping, circumferential) waves generated in the scattering process, or by more general means. The phase match which occurs at any one of the eigenfrequencies leads to constructive interference in the amplitudes of the circumferential waves, and hence to a resonant build-up, in the course of their repeated circumnavigations of the sphere. Evidence is presented to show that in each partial wave (normal mode), these resonances are superimposed on a non-resonant background which can be described by the perfectly conducting-sphere scattering amplitude.
Autochthony through self-organization: Interactivism and emergence in a virtual environment

Abstract In this paper we take an interactivist perspective on the computer-mediated classroom, and explore the autopoietic teaching approach in the context of emergence of diversity in the classroom. The POPSICLE (Patterns in Orientation: Pattern-Aided Simulated Interaction Context-Learning Experiment) is presented and discussed, as well as its multiple consequences. POPSICLE is a study of learning in human subjects, as well as of interaction and transfer of knowledge between subjects in a collaborative environment.
Immunosuppressive activity of recombinant ILT3.

Abstract Tolerogenic antigen presenting cells (APC) are characterized by high expression of the inhibitory receptors ILT3 and ILT4. We have engineered ILT3 and ILT4 cytoplasmic deletion mutants (ILT3delta and ILT4delta), which were transfected in the dendritic-like cell line KG1, to investigate ILT3 and ILT4's capacity to signal extracellularly. KG1.ILT3delta, similar to untruncated ILT3, inhibits T cell responses such as proliferation and cell-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, KG1.ILT4delta lost the suppressive activity of untruncated ILT4. This indicates that the inhibitory function of ILT4 relies entirely on the cytoplasmic region containing ITIM motifs. We further demonstrated that recombinant soluble ILT3 inhibits T helper and cytotoxic function while inducing the differentiation of CD8 + Ts cells. Hence, Ts modulate APC function inducing inhibitory receptors, which in turn elicit the generation of Ts.
Parasitoid egg shell changes in a suitable and unsuitable host

The egg shell of the braconid, Cardiochiles nigriceps , Viereck consists of two distinct layers: an inner, crystalline, proteinaceous chorion, and microvilluslike projections embedded in an outer fibrous chorion. In a suitable host the fibrous layer and projections are slowly lost during the first 12 hours. A new granular layer appears by 24 hours in place of the projections and fibrous layer. The structure of the fibrous outer layer of the egg shell is lost 2 hours after oviposition in an unsuitable host. The outer fibrous layer either changes to, or is replaced by, a microflocculate or coagulum by 6 hours. The projections persist through the first 12 hours but show signs of degeneration prior to encapsulation. The microflocculate increases in density until encapsulation by the hemocytes in about 24 hours. Hemocytes nearest the egg shell appear to show points of attachment. The possible role of the parasitoid egg and the host hemolymph is discussed with respect to immunity.
Videogames to Promote Physical Activity in Older Adults with Schizophrenia

Older adults with schizophrenia need physical activity interventions to improve their physical health. The purpose of this report is to describe the preliminary acceptability of a videogame-based physical activity program using the Kinect™ for Xbox 360 game system (Microsoft, Redmond, WA) in older adults with schizophrenia.
How can the well be dry when it is filled with water

A review of the text of lectures presented by colleagues previously honored as the Distinguished Economic Botanist, reveals that several different approaches seem to have been taken. Some have given an account of new and as yet unpublished personal research. Others selected important aspects of their published research and presented them in a concise review. This led me to do some soulsearching to identify what my research efforts related to economic botany have produced over the past 25 or more years. Certainly, in terms of sheer weight of paper, the work of my group has been most productive in the area of isolation, identification or structure-elucidation of cytotoxic and/or antitumor agents from plants. We have isolated hundreds of compounds from plants, determined about 200 novel structures and found about 150 of them to be biologically active. This does not leave me much to talk about since these studies can be found in readily available journals. I might describe our efforts to locate biologically-active compounds in plants, other than those in the antitumor area, but since central nervous system stimulants have not contributed much to our total effort, I would run the risk of sedating the audience. Such a risk most likely would be statistically significant at the P < 0.001 level.
Women's rights

Reconceiving Reality: women and international law Studies in Transnational Legal Polity No. 25 Dorinda G. Dallmeyer, Ed., 1993 Washington DC, American Society of International Law 283 pp., ISSN 1057–0551, pb Human Rights of Women: national and international perspectives Rebecca Cook, Ed., 1994 Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press 634 pp., 0 8122 1538 9, pb Women's Rights, Human Rights: international feminist perspectives Julie Peters & Andrea Wolper, Eds., 1995 New York & London, Routledge 372 pp., 0 415 90995 3, pb
Mixed Ionic and Electronic Conducting Polymers

Abstract Both polymeric electrolytes and electronically conducting polymers have been the focus of considerable research during the past decade. Polymeric electronic conductors may find applications as either the anode or cathode in solid state batteries while solid ionic conductors function as the electrolytes in these devices.2 High ionic conductivities have been achieved in salt complexes of2 1) amorphous polymeric hosts with 2) highly flexible chains and correspondingly low Tg values. Finally, salt complex formation is most favorable for 3) polymers with polar groups and salts with low lattice energies such as alkali metal cations with large anions. In this report we describe materials that are similar to the polymer electrolytes but instead of an electrochemically “inert” anion such as [SO3CF3]- these materials contain polyiodides which impart electronic conductivity to the salt complexes.
Chemotatic activity for human PMN generated during ethanol metabolism by rat hepatocytes: Role of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase

Infiltration of the liver by polymorphonuclear leukocytes is a characteristic feature of alcoholic hepatitis. We have previously shown that liver cytosol metabolizing ethanol generates chemoattractant activity for polymorphonuclear leukocytes and that hydroxyl radical scavengers inhibit this process. To investigate the possibility that endogenous glutathione and glutathione peroxidase also inhibit this process, we evaluated chemoattractant activity production by glutathione and glutathione peroxidase deficient rat liver cytosol during ethanol metabolism. Incubation of cytosol deficient in both glutathione and glutathione peroxidase with 10 mM ethanol for 1 hour resulted in a 500-fold increase in chemoattractant activity when compared to cytosol with normal glutathione and glutathione peroxidase content. These findings provide further evidence for a role of oxygen free radicals in the generation of chemotactic activity and they also suggest that the ethanol-induced decrease in hepatic glutathione and glutathione peroxidase reported by others may have a significant potentiating effect on the recruitment of pro-inflammatory cells into the liver.
Embodied Identities: Using Kinesiology Programming Methods to Diminish the Hegemony of the Normal

The concept of embodiment and the reintroduction of the body into the disability movement debate is the focus of this investigation. This paper will include arguments from scholars from philosophy, disability studies, adapted physical education, counseling, nursing, and sociology who recognize that a dualistic approach to dealing with embodied realities is not effective. The philosophies that underlie embodiment, with specific emphasis on Merleau-Ponty and Polanyi, explain how our identities are embedded in our bodies; further, the investigation defines multiple ways in which the “Lebenswelt” of the “dominate normal” does not account for temporal, spatial, and proprioceptive differences for individuals with disabilities. The authors will extend four approaches of inclusion by kinesiology scholars to address societal and professional inclusion issues caused by the dualistic nature of the medical and social models and offer suggestions on how the embodied identities of all who inhabit the lifeworld can cont...
Why Halley-Types Resonate but Long-Period Comets Don't: A Dynamical Distinction between Short- and Long-Period Comets

Abstract Several recent studies have noted that the orbital evolution of many comets is influenced by mean-motion resonances with Jupiter. However, the distribution and relative importance of these resonances and the orbital characteristics of the comets affected have not been addressed to date. Here I show analytically that cometary orbits with periods greater than a critical value, P c , (which depends upon the orbital inclination) are prevented from undergoing librations about a mean-motion resonance. Conversely, numerical integrations indicate that resonances play an important role in the dynamics of comets with P P c . The inclination-averaged value of P c approximately coincides with the traditional and arbitrary dividing line between Halley-type and long-period comets, which explains why many of the former are currently observed to be in resonance, whereas the latter are not. Thus, we now have a dynamical justification for separating comets into those of short and long period.
Stability and electronic properties of isoelectronic heteroatomic analogs of Sn52

Abstract The electronic structure and stability of three gas phase heteroatomic clusters, Ga 2 Bi 3 - , In 2 Bi 3 - , and In 2 Sb 3 - , which are isoelectronic with the Zintl ion Sn 5 2 - , are examined using photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles theoretical investigations. While all the isoelectronic clusters are stable with high adiabatic detachment energies, the HOMO–LUMO gap, absolute stability and the relative stability of the isomers depend on the atomic size and point of substitution. Theoretical analysis reveals the variations are attributable to atomic size differences, which affect covalent bonding within the cluster. The studies offer a strategy for controlling properties of clusters that might be incorporated into cluster-assembled materials.
The association between anger expression and chronic pain intensity: evidence for partial mediation by endogenous opioid dysfunction.

Recent work suggests that an expressive anger management style (anger-out) is associated with elevated acute pain sensitivity due to endogenous opioid antinociceptive dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that this opioid dysfunction mediates the previously reported positive association between anger-out and chronic pain intensity. To assess endogenous opioid antinociception in the laboratory, 71 subjects with chronic low back pain received opioid blockade (8 mg naloxone i.v.) or placebo in counterbalanced order in separate sessions. During each, subjects participated in a 1-min finger pressure pain task followed by an ischemic forearm pain task, providing acute pain ratings on the McGill Pain Questionnaire-Short Form (MPQ) immediately following each task. Subjects also completed a 7-day chronic pain diary based on the MPQ between laboratory sessions. To index opioid antinociceptive function, blockade effects were derived, subtracting placebo from blockade condition pain ratings. Greater anger-out was associated with both smaller blockade effects (suggesting impaired opioid antinociception) and greater chronic pain intensity, and blockade effects were inversely associated with chronic pain intensity. Sequential hierarchical regressions suggested that opioid dysfunction partially mediates the positive association between anger-out and total MPQ chronic pain intensity. Inclusion of blockade effects in the first step of the regression resulted in a decrease from 7 to 3% in chronic pain variance accounted for by anger-out. Opioid dysfunction did not mediate the positive association between anger-in and chronic pain. These results provide preliminary support for the hypothesis that the positive association between anger expression and chronic pain intensity is mediated by opioid antinociceptive system dysfunction.
Least-squares finite elements for first-order hyperbolic systems

Application de la methode des moindres carres a elements finis a l'approximation des systemes hyperboliques du premier ordre. Analyse de la stabilite. Exemples
Antipsychotic use and the risk of diabetes in nursing home residents with dementia.

Background Growing evidence suggests an association between antipsychotic use and diabetes onset in schizophrenia, but little is known about this association among patients with dementia. Objective The aim of this study was to quantify the association between antipsychotic use and the risk of diabetes onset among nursing home residents with dementia. Methods We conducted a nested case-control study in 29,203 long-stay Medicaid-eligible residents living in nursing homes in California, Florida, Illinois, New York, and Ohio between January 2001 and December 2002 who were at least 65 years old with a dementia diagnosis and no record of diabetes within 90 days of nursing home admission. We identified 762 incident cases of diabetes and randomly selected up to 5 controls, matched on nursing home and quarter of minimum data set (MDS) assessment (N = 2646). Cases of incident diabetes were identified from MDS assessments and Medicaid claims, medication use was ascertained from Medicaid pharmacy files, and resident characteristics were obtained from MDS assessments. Results Relative to non-users of antipsychotics, use of atypical antipsychotics was not associated with diabetes onset (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 1.03; 95% CI, 0.84–1.27) and risk of diabetes did not increase with length of time on treatment. Conventional antipsychotic treatment was associated with diabetes onset, particularly when treatment duration was Conclusions Among nursing home residents with dementia, conventional antipsychotic therapy, particularly short-term therapy, increased their risk of developing diabetes. Atypical antipsychotic use was not associated with an increased risk of diabetes onset.
Stressed state of a hollow two-layer cylinder under dynamic loads

The dynamic problem of an elastic two-layer hollow cylinder whose surfaces are loaded by arbitrary forces is solved by the method based on the use of finite differences solely with respect to time. The numerical calculations of the stress concentration on the inner and outer surfaces and the surface of conjugation as functions of times are carried out for cylinders with different thicknesses of the layers under impact loads. The dependences of stresses on the radial variable r and time parameter τ are illustrated for two-layer cylinders subjected to impacts on the inner and outer surfaces.
A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of galantamine to improve cognitive dysfunction in minimally symptomatic bipolar disorder.

Objective:There is increasing evidence that cognitive impairment is common in patients with bipolar disorder. The purpose of this study was to determine whether galantamine augmentation improved cognition in patients with euthymic bipolar disorder. In addition, the effect of galantamine on clinical
Computer-Aided Process Modelling of Hot Forging and Extrusion of Aluminum Alloys

Summary Research on process modeling of hot forging and extrusion of aircraft structural parts has been conducted and powerful and efficient software developed for the analysis of metal flow during forging of complex shapes using the rigid-plastic and rigid-viscoplastic finite-element method. New constitutive equations and flow rules have been developed for fully dense as well as partially dense P/M material and this information integrated into the analysis software through a material data base. A new concept for the design of streamlined dies of arbitrary shape has been developed and used in the manufacture of dies for the extrusion of a complex structure from a newly developed SiC composite aluminum alloy. Visualization and understanding of the complex three-dimensional geometry are enhanced by the use of shaded color graphics.
Prognostic significance of urinary tract involvement by cervical carcinoma.

Ninety-two patients with urinary tract abnormalities related to cervical cancer were studied. Of this group, only 15 are living without disease following treatment. The relative survival of the patients with urinary tract involvement was the same regardless of the stage of disease. It can be concluded that cancer of the cervix with urinary tract involvement carries a grave but not hopeless prognosis.
Fiber deflection probe for small hole metrology

This paper presents the development of a new probing method for coordinate measuring machines (CMM) to inspect the diameter and form of small holes. The technique, referred to as fiber deflection probing (FDP), can be used for holes of approximately 100 μm nominal diameter. The expanded uncertainty obtained using this method is 0.07 μm (k = 2) on diameter. The probing system consists of a transversely illuminated fiber (with a ball mounted on the end) whose shadows are imaged using a camera. We can infer the deflection of the probe from the motion of the image seen by the camera, and we infer the position of the measured surface by adding the fiber deflection along x- and y-directions to the machine scale readings. The advantage of this technique is the large aspect ratio attainable (5 mm deep for a 100 μm diameter hole). Also, by utilizing the fiber as a cylindrical lens, we obtain sharp crisp images of the fiber position, thus enabling high resolution for measured probe deflection. Another potential advantage of the probe is that it exerts an exceptionally low force (ranging from a few micronewtons down to hundreds of nanonewtons). Furthermore, the probe is relatively robust, capable of surviving more than 1 mm over-travel, and the probe should be inexpensive to replace if it is broken. In this paper, we describe the measurement principle and provide an analysis of the imaging process. Subsequently, we discuss data obtained from characterization and validation experiments. Finally, we demonstrate the utility of this technique for small hole metrology by measuring the internal geometry of a 129 μm diameter fiber ferrule and conclude with an uncertainty budget.
Study of high‐field dispersion in micellar electrokinetic chromatography

The anomalous dispersion of hydrophobic, highly retained analytes at high electric field strengths E in micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) is experimentally and theoretically quantified. A simple model for plate number N is proposed, in which only plug size and longitudinal diffusion govern dispersion. This model describes well the dispersion of acetone, 2′-deoxyadenosine, and 2′-deoxyadenosine-5′-monophosphate (dAMP) in MEKC buffers and also dAMP in capillary-electrophoresis buffers. However, the model describes the dispersion of 1-nitropyrene, pyrene, perylene, and the 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzofuran (NBD) derivative of cyclohexylamine only at low E's; for these analytes, a nonequilibrium-like dispersion causes N to decrease rapidly at high E's. Furthermore, the dispersion of NBD-cyclohexylamine has a dependence on capillary diameter. Theoretical arguments are proposed, which show that this additional dispersion cannot be explained quantitatively by mass-transfer kinetics, micellar polydispersity, hydrodynamic flow, Joule heating, or the radial variation of partition coefficient. In addition, experiments are performed suggesting that wall adsorption and sample inhomogeneity are not responsible for the efficiency loss. Other dispersion sources are suggested for future exploration.
The evolution of disputes

What do we know about the process by which militarized interstate disputes evolve? The author explores this subject by reviewing findings from systematic, empirical research on the expansion and escalation of subwar conflicts. A conceptual model is proffered linking contextual attributes, decision processes, bargaining behavior, and dispute evolution. The model serves as an ordering device for the literature review. The survey reveals that much of the research on conflict evolution has focused on the relationship between contextual attributes and conflict evolution, implicitly assuming that decision processes and bargaining behavior do not distort the relationship. Research on conflict decision processes can be divided into two schools—proponents of rational choice models and those who believe that organizational, political, and cognitive influences make such models untenable. Finally, research on bargaining behavior has produced a consensus that reciprocating strategies (particularly a firm‐but‐fair stra...
GABAB receptors: new tricks by an old dog

Our understanding of the molecular, structural and pharmacological properties of the GABA(B) receptor has lagged behind that of the GABA(A) receptor for several decades. This situation has changed with the recent cloning of this receptor, revealing an unexpected and highly intriguing complexity of both structure and function.
Quebrando Fronteras: Trends Among Latino and Latina Undergraduate Engineers:

Engineering, a field that has shaped the world’s industrial and technological base, is ripe for an influx of Latino undergraduate students. Given U.S. Latino population increases, what is the traje...
Use of ion‐molecule reactions for selected reaction monitoring in gas chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric analyses in two model systems

The use of ion-molecule reactions with NH3 for selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in gas chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric analysis is demonstrated for 2-methoxyethanol and chlorobenzene in methanol and urine. In the former, the reaction [CH3OC2H4]+ + NH3----[H2NC2H4]+ + CH3OH was followed; in the latter, the reaction [-C3H5Cl]+. + NH3----[C6H5NH3]+ + Cl.. Increased selectivity and an improvement in sensitivity by factors of up to five were observed when compared to conventional SRM analyses that used collisionally activated decompositions on NH3. SRM analyses with a triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer using ion-molecule reactions rather than collisionally activated decompositions have been found to be more sensitive and more selective in two model systems.
Intraethnic violence in a Hawaii school: A mental health consultation experience

This paper explores the dynamics of a violent confrontation between local-born and immigrant Filipino students in a Hawaii high school. Social and psychological issues underlying the incident are considered, and pragmatic aspects of mental health consultation during a crisis situation in a school setting are discussed.
Effects of Supervisor Age and Subordinate Age on Rating Congruence

Although increasing numbers of older employees are in the workforce, little research has focused on the relationship between age and both self- and supervisory performance ratings. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effects of supervisor and subordinate age on the level of agreement between self- and supervisory ratings. The sample consisted of 35 male and 35 female assemblers and their supervisors. Results across dimensions did not show consistent effects for any of the independent variables. The results suggest that age bias may not apply exclusively to older workers and may only be associated with selected performance dimensions.
Policy impacts on schooling gender gaps in developing countries: The evidence and a framework for interpretation

In many regions of the developing world girls continue to receive less education than boys. This paper reviews the evidence on the effects of policies in the education sector and outside it on household schooling investments in girls and boys, distinguishing between policies that are ostensibly gender neutral and those that explicitly target girls. It is frequently (but certainly not universally) found that the demand for girl's schooling is more responsive than boys' to gender neutral changes in school cost or distance as well as quality. Although these patterns can be interpreted in terms of parental preferences, this paper shows that they can also plausibly be explained within a human capital investment framework through assumptions about the nature of schooling cost and returns functions. Among these policies, increasing the physical accessibility of schools emerges as a measure that may result in disproportionate enrollment gains for girls. Where gender gaps are large or persistent, however, direct targeting of girls is probably necessary. Formal evidence from a number of demand or supply side interventions, including subsidies to households and to schools to enroll girls and the provision of girls-only schools, suggests the potential for targeted measures to yield substantial gains for girls. Many other policies, such as subsidized childcare or flexible school scheduling that address the opportunity costs of girls' time, hold promise but for the most part have yet to be subject to rigorous assessment. The paper discusses methodological problems in such assessments and concludes with suggestions for future research on policies to close schooling gender gaps.
Life at the margins: The social, economic and ecological importance of mangroves

Coastal communities are dependent on the resources available in mangrove ecosystems. Despite their usefulness because of the vital ecological services they provide, mangroves are under heavy stress. The loss of these ecosystems would mean local, national and global welfare losses. Quantifying those losses accurately and using them to make more informed decisions about land use and land conversion, is a challenging task. Economic values associated with healthy mangrove ecosystems can be generated through economic analyses that attempt to measure the use and non-use values of these ecosystems. The values associated with mangroves are positive and have been used to influence policy. An optimal mangrove management strategy should recognize that the products and ecosystem services provided by mangroves can be very significant to human welfare. The creation of markets for forest environmental services allows the values of multiple -use ecosystems such as mangroves to be recognized and utilized in decision making. Taking an ecosystem approach to the management of these resources can help to understand the complexity of ecological and socio-economic processes within mangrove ecosystems. In developing countries, such analyses are essential for promoting equity and poverty alleviation. The value of mangrove ecosystems can best be realized when decision makers make the effort to accurately weigh the costs and benefits of conservation versus conversion. Projects and programs that are judged to be commercially viable must also be socially profitable.
A SUBGRID-SCALE MODEL FOR LARGE-EDDY SIMULATION OF PLANETARY BOUNDARY-LAYER FLOWS

A long-standing problem in large-eddy simulations (LES) of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) is that the mean wind and temperature profiles differ from the Monin-Obukhov similarity forms in the surface layer. This shortcoming of LES has been attributed to poor grid resolution and inadequate sub-grid-scale (SGS) modeling. We study this deficiency in PBL LES solutions calculated over a range of shear and buoyancy forcing conditions. The discrepancy from similarity forms becomes larger with increasing shear and smaller buoyancy forcing, and persists even with substantial horizontal grid refinement. With strong buoyancy forcing, however, the error is negligible. In order to achieve better agreement between LES and similarity forms in the surface layer, a two-part SGS eddy-viscosity model is proposed. The model preserves the usual SGS turbulent kinetic energy formulation for the SGS eddy viscosity, but it explicitly includes a contribution from the mean flow and a reduction of the contributions from the turbulent fluctuations near the surface. Solutions with the new model yield increased fluctuation amplitudes near the surface and better correspondence with similarity forms out to a distance of 0.1-0.2 times the PBL depth, i.e., a typical surface-layer depth. These results are also found to be independent of grid anisotropy. The new model is simple to implement and computationally inexpensive.
Attempts to identify site of production of circulating erythropoietin.

SummaryAcidified boiled filtrates were prepared of plasma, liver, spleen, thymus. lung, brain, skeletal muscle, bone marrow and packed blood cells of rabbits made severely anemic by phenylhydrazine. When tested in normal rats, only the plasma extracts proved to be erythropoietiC., as evidenced by significant elevations in peripheral red cell, hema-tocrit and reticulocyte values as well as by a marked increase in the percentages of marrow nucleated erythrocytes. The site of formation of circulating ‘erythropoietin’ remains unidentified.
History and epidemiology of sleep-related breathing disorders.

Robert D. Vorona, MD*, J. Catesby Ware, PhD Division of Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA Sleep Disorders Center, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, 600 Gresham Drive, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA Departments of Internal Medicine and Psychiatry, and Division of Sleep Medicine, Eastern Virginia Medical School, USA Sleep Disorders Center, Sentara Norfolk General Hospital, 600 Gresham Drive, Norfolk, VA 23507, USA