cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Athlete or Sex Symbol: What Boys Think of Media Representations of Female Athletes

Little research has investigated males’ reactions to non-objectified media images of women, including those that depict women in instrumental activities like playing a sport. Using a survey methodology, this study examined U.S. adolescent boys’ open-ended responses to images of performance athletes, sexualized athletes, and sexualized models. Participants were 104 adolescent boys from California (ages 12–17, primarily European-American). They remarked on the performance athletes’ physical competence and focused on the athletic context depicted in the photograph. In contrast, participants focused on the physical appearance and attractiveness of the sexualized athletes and sexualized models. Overall, findings suggest that performance images of women evoke instrumental evaluations of women from male viewers, while sexualized images induce objectified appraisals.
Application of perturbation theory in large configuration interaction calculations

Abstract Rayleigh-Schrodinger perturbation theory has been applied through fifth order in the energy, to the problem of estimating the roots of the secular equation in large configuration interaction calculations. The NO 2 + , O 3 and H 2 O molecules are used as test cases, with accuracy as good as 0.01 eV, with appropriate choice of zero order problem.
Asymptotic analysis with reduced chemistry for the burning of n-heptane droplets

The method of rate-ratio asymptotics is used with reduced chemistry to analyze the flame structure and extinction of an isolated n-heptane droplet burning under quasisteady, spherically symmetrical conditions. The outer transport zones are described by the classical Burke-Schumann solution. The inner reaction zone consists of a thin layer, on the rich side of the flame, where the fuel is consumed, and on the lean side, a broader but still asymptotically thin oxidation layer, where H2 and CO are consumed. Special attention is given to differences in predictions of extinction conditions, caused by different chemical-kinetic approximations in the reduced chemistry, including fuel-chemistry effects through molecules containing more than one carbon atom. From the analysis, extinction diameters for n-heptane droplets are estimated for different pressures and ambient oxygen concentrations. The results show that extinction diameters are extremely sensitive to the number of radicals consumed in breaking down each fuel molecule.
Cardiac F-Actin has Two Functional States

Previously, in mouse cardiac myofibrils, we showed that (i) strong cross-bridges (XBs) prevent the exchange of cTn within the A-band and (ii) ATP-induced release of strong XB allowed nearly uniform cTn exchange within the thin filament. Here, we examined the mechanism for XB-dependent exchange of cTn. We hypothesized that the affinity of cTn for the thin filament depended on the XB-dependent changes in the structure and/or dynamics of actin. To test this hypothesis, we stained rigor and Mg2+ATP-saturated myofibrils with rhodamine-phalloidin. We found that strong XBs inhibit phalloidin from associating with F-actin. Furthermore, the distribution of rhodamine-phalloidin staining of actin coincided with the distribution of exchanged cTn. Our results suggest the presence of at least two distinct conformations of F-actin--- a phalloidin-binding (relaxed) conformation and phalloidin-nonbinding (strained) conformation. A strongly bound XB places the associated actin in a strained conformation. The strained and relaxed conformations have functional significance: the affinity of cTn for the thin filament is approximately 100-times higher when the associated actin is in the strained conformation. We suggest that dynamic conformational changes in actin may play a role in the activation of the myofilament.
Toxicological review and oral risk assessment of terephthalic acid (TPA) and its esters: A category approach

Polyethylene terephthalate, a copolymer of terephthalic acid (TPA) or dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) with ethylene glycol, has food, beverage, and drinking water contact applications. Di-2-ethylhexyl...
An Unsteady/Flamelet Progress Variable Method for LES of Nonpremixed Turbulent Combustion

An unsteady flamelet/progress variable model has been developed and formulated as an extension of the steady flamelet/progress variable model. For this model, a large number of unsteady laminar flamelet simulations is performed for various conditions, and solutions are recorded as function of time. From this, a flamelet library is generated, which provides the filtered quantities of all scalar values as function of the filtered mixture fraction, the mixture fraction sub-filter variance, the filtered reaction progress variable, and the filtered scalar dissipation rate. The model has been implemented in an LES code. Simulations have been performed for a confined swirl burner using the unsteady flamelet/progress variable model. The results are compared with experimental data for velocities and velocity fluctuations, temperature, CO2, and CO mole fractions. The results agree reasonably well with the experiments for all quantities. In particular, CO is predicted with good accuracy.
Central Nervous System Changes Related to the Reduction of Visual Input in a Naturally Blind Fish (Astyanax hubbsi)

Tectal anatomy and physiology of the blind cave characin, Astyanax hubbsi , have been compared with that of its sighted ancestor Astyanax mexicanus (the river fish) and with goldfish. Normal and experimental neuroanatomic methods have revealed that, with the exception of a greatly reduced retinotectal projection, connectivity and structure of cave fish tecta are similar to those described in sighted species. It appears that the rudimentary retinotectal input is nonfunctional, since no tectal evoked responses could be elicited with electrical or visual stimulation of the optic cyst, and all attempts to visually condition cave fish were unsuccessful. Attempts have also been made to record somatosensory, auditory and lateral line activity in the tecta of the blind and sighted fish. A sparse somatic representation was found in the deeper portion of the sighted fish tecta which contrasts with a dense, well-organized one in the cave fish. No tectal responses were found to auditory or lateral line stimuli. CNS plasticity is discussed in relation to studies of fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals, in which a reduction of sensory input by any one of a number of means has resulted in alterations of structure and function.
RNA silencing: genomic defence with a slice of pi.

In fruit flies, a few very large genes generate the small RNAs that silence parasitic DNA elements. These RNAs might also participate in an amplification circuit that increases their potency.
Liouville-type results and theC 0 t8 -core property for products of elliptic operators

Soit Ω une variete de Riemann C ∞ a n dimensions sans bord, non necessairement compacte, mais paracompacte. Dans l'espace de Hilbert #7B-H=L 2 (Ω,dμ) on considere N operateurs elliptiques d'ordre 2 Hν, ν=1,...,N de domaine: domHν=C 0 ∞ (Ω) de la forme Hν=−Δν+aν. On etudie le produit Z N =H 1 H 2 ,...,H n
One-year outcome of adolescent females referred for conduct disorder and substance abuse/dependence

Abstract We investigated whether substance abuse/dependence, conduct disorder, and other psychiatric disorders improved in adolescent females who were referred to outpatient treatment and which variables were related to 1-year outcome. Forty-six out of 60 conduct-disordered (CD) adolescent females with substance abuse or dependence were re-evaluated approximately 1 year after discharge. Treatment length averaged 16 weeks. Significant improvements were seen in three areas: (1) criminality and CD; (2) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); and (3) educational and vocational status. However, neither substance involvement nor depression improved, regardless of length of stay in treatment, and these females demonstrated significant risky sexual behaviors. In contrast to our previous work with adolescent males (Crowley, T.J., Mikulich, S.K., Macdonald, M., Young, S.E., Zerbe, G.O., 1998. Substance-dependent, conduct-disordered adolescent males: severity of diagnosis predicts 2-year outcome. Drug Alcohol Depend. 49, 225–237), we were not able to identify pre-intake variables, other than performance IQ, that were related to substance use and conduct outcomes. Only two post-treatment factors (peer problems and number of ADHD symptoms at follow-up) were found to be related to CD and substance use disorders outcomes. The overall lack of pre- and post-treatment predictors presents interesting challenges for future research on adolescent females with these disorders.
Ultrasonic fetal gender diagnoses during Months 5 to 11 in mares

Abstract The effect of fetal age on the ability to diagnose gender during the last half of pregnancy was evaluated in 85 mares using a 3.5 MHz linear-array transducer. Diagnosis of fetal gender was completed in 19 of 21 attempts (90%) during Months 5–6 and was independent of fetal presentation; the percentage of cranial, caudal, and transverse presentations was 52, 29 and 19%, respectively. Fetal gender was diagnosed in only 4 of 64 (6%) attempts during Months 7 to 11; fetal presentation was predominantly cranial (95%). Attempts at gender diagnoses were always successful when the fetus was in caudal or transverse presentation. Overall accuracy for fetal gender diagnoses was 89%. Absolute accuracy verified after birth of the foal was 100% when expected accuracy, estimated at the time of the examination, was ≥80%. During Month 5, the penis was a hyperechogenic trilobulated structure located near the fetal umbilical attachment. During Months 6 to 11, the penis was pendulous; it appeared circular in cross section and rectangular in longitudinal section. The anogenital raphe was a narrow hyperechogenic structure between the hind limbs and along the perineum. During Months 5 to 11, the clitoris was hyperechogenic, trilobulated, and located in the perineal region. The labia could be delineated when the entire perineum was imaged. The mammary gland was a triangular hyperechogenic structure between the hind limbs in frontal and cross-sectional planes. In both genders the anus was identified as a hyperechogenic structure located immediately below the tail. Ultrasonic fetal gender diagnosis was readily accomplished and most accurate during Months 5 to 6, but thereafter the diagnostic areas were usually inaccessible.
An Anisotropic Subgrid Model for Large Eddy Simulation of Wall Bounded Turbulent Flows

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) of high-Reynolds-number wall-bounded turbulent flows is prohibitively expensive if the energy-containing eddies in the near-wall region are resolved. This motivates the use of wall-layer models in which an approximate solution of the near wall dynamics is bridged to an LES of the outer flow. The main interest of the present work are wall-modeling strategies based on Detached Eddy Simulation (DES). In these approaches, the near-wall solution is closed using a Reynolds-averaged Navier Stokes model with a subgrid closure applied to the outer flow. As is well known, the original DES formulation applied directly as a wall model results in a shift in the velocity profile, corresponding to an under-estimation of the skin friction. A new formulation is proposed in this contribution in which the wall-parallel components of the modeled stress are reduced in order to lower the influence of the model and increase the resolved stress. The effectiveness of the new model is evaluated via comparison against DES predictions using the original and recently-proposed versions of the method. The effect of grid resolution and model parameters are also assessed using computations of turbulent channel flow at a Reynolds number based on friction velocity and channel halfwidth of 5000. The predictions show that the anisotropic form of the model stress yields an improved prediction of the mean velocity profile in better agreement with the logarithmic law and with larger resolved stress in the near-wall region.
High dispersion spectroscopy of quiescent prominences. II: Vertical structure of the line-of-sight velocity field.

A systematic study of the internal horizontal (line-of-sight) motions of quiescent prominences which were observed at the limb has been made by using fourier techniques to analyse the shift of the Ca ii K line as a function of height above the limb. The results indicate that a characteristic size for the velocity elements is present in ∼70% of the 13 prominences studied. This size of ∼4700 km is attributed to Alfven waves induced by horizontal convective motions in the photosphere as previously suggested by Malville. The qualitative aspects of the observations are described by a simple model which is based on this hypothesis.
Xerographic paper as a transfer medium for western blots : quantification of bovine αS1-casein by western blot

Abstract We have found that xerographic paper (regular photocopy or laser printer paper) can be used as a transfer medium for protein blots for the immunodetection of low concentrations (a few nanograms) of bovine αS1-casein. With paper blotting, we could detect the protein with three times more sensitivity than with polyvinylidene difluoride. Blotting was achieved by transfer from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to the methanol-wet paper. The blot was incubated with chicken anti-casein antibodies, sequentially peroxidase-labeled rabbit anti-chicken antibodies, and diaminobenzidine substrate. The blots were directly scanned and the pixel intensity of the band areas was integrated. An analysis of the scanned blots showed that the log of protein concentration was linearly related with the square root of an integrated pixel intensity ( r 2 > 0.96). This linear relationship was observed in a wide range of protein concentration from 5 ng to 15 μg. The coefficients of variation were 12.4% for intraassay and 15.7% for interassay. This new analytical procedure can be applied to estimate the concentration of proteins by immunological blotting.
Brief report: violence in Asperger syndrome, a critique.

Asperger syndrome was first described by an Austrian physician, Hans Asperger (1944), as "autistic psychopathy." It is an uncommon disorder whose exact prevalence in the general population is not known. Gillberg and Gillberg (1989) estimated that among Swedish children with normal inteUigence, the rates are 10 to 26 per 10,000 while among those with mild mental retardation the rate is about 0.4 per 10,000. It is characterized by social isolation, odd and pedantic speech, poor nonverbal communication, and preoccupation with certain idiosyncratic interests (Wing, 1918). Thus, it shares many features with autism (Kanner, 1943) and also has some overlap with schizoid personality disorder of childhood as described by Wolff and Chick (1980). Although some authorities regard it as a mild variant of autism, others have suggested that the term Asperger syndrome not be used "until and empirically based distinction from higher-level autism can be demonstrated" (Schopler, 1985). While there is still no consensus on its diagnostic features, it is said to differ from autism in its reltively better preserved verbal skills and worse motor development. Although it is proposed to be included in the ICD-10 (World health Organization, 1987), its exact place within the pervasive developmental disorders of childhood is far from clear (Tsai, 1990). Some recent reports have implied that patients with Asperger syndrome may be predisposed to violent behalvor. Thus, Mawson, Grounds, and Tantam (1985) described a 44-year-old man with a long history of violent behavior which led to frequent psychiatric admissions. He got involved in such violent acts as stabbing a girl in the wrist with a screwdriver because he did not like
The political economy of memory: the challenges of representing national conflict at ‘identity-driven’ museums

This article investigates how national histories marred by racial conflict can be translated into narratives of group identity formation. I study the role of “identity-driven” museums in converting American’s racial past into a metanarrative of black identity from subjugation to citizenship. Drawing on a thick description of exhibitions at 15 museums, interviews with curators and directors, museum documents, and newspaper articles, I use the “political economy of memory” as a framework to explain how ideological and material processes intersect in the production of exhibitions. I show that in addition to struggles over the truth and interpretive styles, more prosaic issues of funding, attendance, and institutional capacity-building hve an impact on representational selectivities. I explain how these issues affect black museums operating during the civil rights and post-civil rights eras. I consider the motivations and consequences of “remembering” national histories of violence and intolerance through the prism of group identity formation.
Diverse mechanisms for spliceosome-mediated 3′ end processing of telomerase RNA

The 3' end of Schizosaccharomyces pombe telomerase RNA (SpTER1) is generated by spliceosomal cleavage, a reaction that corresponds to the first step of splicing. The observation that the spliceosome functions in 3' end processing raised questions about the evolutionary origin and conservation of this mechanism. We now present data in support of spliceosomes generating 3' ends of telomerase RNAs in other fungi. Strikingly, the mechanistic basis for restricting spliceosomal splicing to the first transesterification reaction differs substantially among species. Unlike S. pombe, two other fission yeasts rely on hyperstabilization of the U6 snRNA-5' splice site interaction to impede the 2nd step of splicing. In contrast, a non-canonical 5' splice site blocks the second transesterification reaction in Aspergillus species. These results demonstrate a conserved role for spliceosomes functioning in 3' end processing. Divergent mechanisms of uncoupling the two steps of splicing argue for multiple origins of this pathway.
Eye Protective Techniques for Bright Light

There are two principal methods to protect the retina from light damage: filtration, and brightness reduction. Since short-wavelength light and ultraviolet radiation are the most hazardous, filters that strongly attenuate wavelengths less than 500 nm can be quite effective. As infrared radiation may enhance photochemical light damage of the retina, filtration of infrared radiation is also desirable. Finally, since the eye must focus incident light on the retina, the brightness (radiance) of a source plays an important role in determining the degree of hazard of a light source. Diffusing the light source can greatly reduce the risk of injury.
Superconductivity above 100 K in the Ca-free Tl-Pb-Sr-Pr-Cu-O system

Abstract Superconductivity up to 105 K was observed in the Ca-free Tl-Pb-Sr-Pr-Cu-O system. Powder X-ray diffraction analyses showed that a 132 phase was responsible for the observed superconductivity. (Tl0.8Pb0.2) (Sr2.5Pr0.5)Cu2Oz was nearly single 1 32 phase, and had a tetragonal unit cell with a = 3.84091 (38) A and c = 12.1952 (12) A
Online algorithm for early stage fault detection in IGBT switches

The early detection of incipient faults is desirable in mission-critical applications such as shipboard propulsion drives. This paper presents an online condition-monitoring approach for detecting early stage faults in IGBTs. The proposed algorithm extracts important device features (i.e. on-state resistance, gate charge, etc.) and compares them to healthy values recorded over a range of operating conditions. The algorithm is based on principal-components analysis (PCA). An experimental implementation in an IGBT-based drive is described, and results recorded with two different faults over a range of operating conditions are presented. The scheme integrates well with new FPGA-based gate drives and provides a powerful alternative to rules-based fault detection.
Baroreflex sensitivity and heredity in essential hypertension.

BACKGROUNDAbnormalities in baroreflex control of heart rate may be important in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension.METHODS AND RESULTSTo investigate the influence of heredity on baroreflex function, we measured baroreflex sensitivity in 40 untreated patients with essential hypertension grouped by the presence (FH+) or absence (FH-) of a family history of hypertension and in 24 normotensive counterparts. Baroreflex sensitivity was assessed by both high-pressure (phenylephrine bolus) and low-pressure (amyl nitrite inhalation) stimuli. Subject groups were matched for age, blood pressure, body weight, and race. Baroreflex sensitivity (in milliseconds per millimeter of mercury) assessed by amyl nitrite inhalation was 24.3 +/- 2.8 in FH- normotensives, 12.3 +/- 1.7 in FH+ normotensives, 15.4 +/- 3.3 in FH- hypertensives, and 8.1 +/- 1.2 in FH+ hypertensives. Baroreflex sensitivity assessed by phenylephrine bolus was 28.8 +/- 5.6 in FH- normotensives, 19.3 +/- 2.8 in FH+ normotensives, 19.1 +/- 2.0 in FH...
Synthesis of Copper and Lithium Copper Ferrites as High Magnetization Materials

The ferrite with composition Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 was heat treated in air and in reducing atmospheres to different temperatures within the solid solution region confirmed by dynamic high-temperautre x-ray characterization. The samples were quenched in oil and air, and lattice parameter, Curie temperature, and saturation magnetization measurements were completed. The magnetization measurements for these samples showed a maximum 4πMs of 0.7729 and 0.5426 T at 10 and 300 K, respectively. The cationic distribution based on the low-temperature 4πMs measurements is (Cu+0.24Fe3+0.76)A[Cu+0.26Fe3+1.74]BO4 → 4.9 µ B. X-ray-pure Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 samples were also synthesized by slow cooling from the formation temperature to 900 °C in a reducing atmosphere. A temperature–PO2 diagram for the stability of Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 under the conditions of the experiment was determined. Low-temperature 4πMs measurements did not indicate an increase in the Cu+ A site occupancy for the samples cooled to 900 °C in a reducing environment above those samples that were quenched from high temperature. Curie temperatures for all Cu0.5Fe2.5O4 samples ranged from 348 to 369 °C. Lithium additions (0.1 mol/unit formula) to copper ferrite Li0.1Cu0.4Fe2.5O4 decreased the room-temperature 4πMs values to 0.5234 T with a corresponding decrease in the 10 K measurements to 0.7047 T. From the low-temperature magnetization measurements, the distribution was (Cu+0.15Fe3+0.85)A[Cu+0.25Li+0.1Fe3+1.65]BO4 → 4.48 µ B.
Heat transfer and hydrodynamic investigations of a baffled slurry bubble column

Heat transfer and hydrodynamic investigations have been conducted in a 0.108 m internal diameter bubble column at ambient conditions. The column is equipped with seven 19mm diameter tubes arranged in an equilateral triangular pitch of 36.5 mm. A Monsanto synthetic heat transfer fluid, Therminol-66 having a viscosity of 39.8 cP at 303 K, is used as a liquid medium. Magnetite powders, average diameters 27.7 and 36.6 µm, in five concentrations up to 50 weight percent in the slurry, are used. As a gas phase, industrial grade nitrogen of purity 99.6 percent is employed.
Beyond Organizational Rationality: Toward a more Relevant Image of Organizations

A simple and general model of organizations is proposed as the foundation for a course in which the organization is not treated as an all-rational entity. The model defines organizations as probability distributions of decisions along a rational-political continuum, achieving a balance between the simple but inadequate rational metaphor and the rich but complicated multimetaphor approach. The management course on which this model is superimposed, in turn, achieves a balance between convenience and relevance.
Förster transfer based amplified spontaneous emission in conjugated polymer blends

Abstract Low thresholds for Amplified Spontaneous Emission (ASE) have been achieved in blends of PPV based conjugated polymers. These blends use Forster energy transfer from the host polymer to the guest polymer to shift the emission far away from the absorption edge of the blend in order to reduce the losses in the films. ASE thresholds as low as 500 W/cm 2 have been observed in the blends, more than an order of magnitude lower than the ASE thresholds of either of the two components of the blends. Blends have higher photoluminescence efficiencies and lower optical loss at the emission wavelength of the guest polymer.
Instruction set selection for ASIP design

We describe an approach for application-specific processor design based on an extendible microprocessor core. Core-based design allows to derive application-specific instruction processors from a common base architecture with low non-recurring engineering cost. The results of this application-specific customization of a common base architecture are families of related and largely compatible processor families. These families can share support tools and even binary compatible code which has been written for the common base architecture. Critical code portions are customized using the application-specific instruction set extensions. We describe a hardware/software co-design methodology which can be used with this design approach. The presented approach uses the processor core to allow early evaluation of ASIP design options using rapid prototyping techniques. We demonstrate this approach with two case studies, based on the implementation and evaluation of application-specific processor extensions for Prolog program execution, and memory prefetching for vector and matrix operations.
The revisit of QoS routing based on non‐linear Lagrange relaxation

The development of efficient quality of service (QoS) routing algorithms in a high-speed networking or the next generation IP networking environment is a very important and at the same time very difficult task due to the need to provide divergent services with multiple QoS requirements. Recently, a heuristic algorithm H_MCOP, which is based on a non-linear Lagrange relaxation (NLR) technique, has been proposed to resolve the contradiction between the time complexity and the quality of solution. Even though H_MCOP has demonstrated outstanding capability of finding feasible solutions to the multi-path constrained (MCP) problem, it has not exploited the full capability that an NLR-based technique could offer. In this paper, we propose a new NLR-based heuristic called NLR_MCP, in which the search process is interpreted from a probability's perspective. Simulation results indicate that NLR_MCP can achieve a higher probability of finding feasible solutions than H_MCOP. We also verify that the performance improvement of a MCP heuristic has a tremendous impact on the performance of a higher level heuristic that uses a MCP heuristic as the basic step. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
γ‐Irradiation of solid hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane

The effects of gamma rays on the solld phase of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane were investigated to determine if an ionic or a free radical mechanism is obtained for the polymerization. At total doses below 5.0 x l0/sup 5/ rep only soluble polymer forms. The discontinuity with respect to temperature appears related to tbe spatial arrangement of monomer molecules in the crystal. Viscosity measurements indicate that the molecular weight increases with time. The dose rate (2.5 x 10/sup 5/ rep/hr) dependence differs markedly from that reported from electron-initiated polymerization. Aside from the conclusion that the polymerization is complex, it appears that a radical propagation step for the gamma -ray-induced polymerization is unlikely and that ring opening may be initiated by an ionic species. (B.O.G.)
The hydraulics of two flowing layers with different densities

This is a theoretical and experimental study of the basic hydraulics of two flowing layers. Unlike single-layer flows, two-layer flows respond quite differently to bottom depth as opposed to width variations. Bottom-depth changes affect the lower layer directly and the upper layer only indirectly. Changes in width can affect both layers. In fact for flows through a contraction control two distinct flow configurations are possible; which one actually occurs depends on the requirements of matching a downstream flow. Two-layer flows can pass through internally critical conditions at other than the narrowest section. When the two layers are flowing in the same direction, the result is a strong coupling between the two layers in the neighbourhood of the control. For contractions a particularly simple flow then exists upstream in which there is no longer any significant interfacial dynamics; downstream in the divergent section the flow remains internally supercritical, causing one of the layers to be rapidly accelerated with a resulting instability at the interface. A brief discussion of internal hydraulic jumps based upon the energy equations as opposed to the more traditional momentum equations is included. Previous uniqueness problems are thereby avoided.
Fetoscopic approach to amniotic band syndrome

Abstract Background Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) is an uncommon complication of pregnancy that can result in fetal demise. Methods We present our experience with fetoscopic amniotic band release. Results Five patients underwent fetoscopic amniotic band release for preoperatively diagnosed ABS involving at least one extremity. Four of five patients were found to have involvement of the umbilical cord at the time of fetoscopy. One of these four did not have the band released and underwent fetal demise at 24weeks. All four survivors had good functional outcomes of affected limbs. Two patients developed membrane separation and had preterm deliveries at 32weeks gestation whereas the other two carried to term. No maternal complications were noted. Conclusions Fetoscopic amniotic band release is safe. Umbilical cord involvement is difficult to assess preoperatively, but when it is present should be treated to reduce the risk of fetal demise.
Method Matters: An Empirical Study of Impact in Cognitive Neuroscience

A major thrust of cognitive neuroscience is the elucidation of structure–function relationships in the human brain. Over the last several years, functional neuroimaging has risen in prominence relative to the lesion studies that formed the historical core of work in this field. These two methods have different strengths and weaknesses. Among these is a crucial difference in the nature of evidence each can provide. Lesion studies can provide evidence for necessity claims, whereas functional neuroimaging studies do not. We hypothesized that lesion studies will continue to have greater scientific impact even as the relative proportion of such studies in the cognitive neuroscience literature declines. Using methods drawn from systematic literature review, we identified a set of original cognitive neuroscience articles that employed either functional imaging or lesion techniques, published at one of two time points in the 1990s, and assessed the effect of the method used on each article's impact across the decade. Functional neuroimaging studies were cited three times more often than lesion studies throughout the time span we examined. This effect was in large part due to differences in the influence of the journals publishing the two methods; functional neuroimaging studies appeared disproportionately more often in higher impact journals. There were also differences in the degree to which articles using one method cited articles using the other method. Functional neuroimaging articles were less likely to include such cross-method citations.
Antisocial Behavior in Adolescence: A Community Study

In a sample of 404 White adolescents (mean age 14.5 years) from working-class families, striking similarities were found for both genders in levels and correlates of antisocial behavior. Aggressive conduct was most strongly associated with delinquent behavior. Also, both genders reported interpersonal difficulties with intimate relationships and family, including large numbers of breakups with close friends and escalating numbers of arguments with parents. In spite of these interpersonal difficulties, antisocial youth indicated less need for positive feedback. Different, but related, internalizing behaviors were noted for both genders. Antisocial boys had low self-esteem and girls had more depressive symptoms. Additionally, boys perceived their families as lacking cohesion and girls were more affected by parental marital disruption. Only antisocial girls indicated low levels of involvement in school-related activities. Maternal reports also noted girls' unproductivity. Implications of accurate identificat...
The Impact of Computerized Performance Monitoring and Prior Performance Knowledge on Performance Evaluation1

Despite claims that computerized performance monitoring (CPM) systems provide objective performance data and thus foster accurate employee evaluations, few research studies have examined the impact of CPM data on the performance appraisal process. A laboratory experiment was conducted to assess the impact of prior performance level on requests for computerized performance information, and the influence of both prior performance level and requested information on performance evaluation. Forty-four male and female undergraduates electronically monitored four simulated employees whose prior performance was either high or low and whose performance during the monitoring period was either high or low. Results indicated that prior performance level and employee performance during the monitoring period independently influenced both current and future performance ratings. Further, when the simulated employee performed at a level incongruent with her prior performance, subjects requested more data about the employee's performance, were less certain about their ratings of the employee's current and future performance, and rated the employee's current performance as more variable than when the employee performed at a level congruent with prior performance. These results indicate that use of CPM systems that allow on-line access to employee performance and that record requested information may increase performance evaluation accuracy by facilitating the implementation of search strategies best suited to specific appraisal tasks and minimizing memory-related biases. However, such systems may not eliminate the effects of attention/encoding biases.
The move toward setting scientific standards for the content of medical review articles.

In 1987, while Editor of the Annals of Internal Medicine, I wrote and published an editorial with the title ‘Needed: review articles with more scientific rigor’. I was prompted to do this by a paper I had initially rejected but eventually accepted for publication in the Annals with my accompanying editorial commentary. In retrospect, Cynthia Mulrow’s ‘The medical review article: state of the science’ can now be seen as a landmark in medicine’s long road from ‘experience and expertise’ to ‘evidence’ as the justification for particular medical treatments. When and where this road begins will remain a matter for argument: The James Lind Library offers many candidate ‘beginnings’. Despite the growing development during the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries of quantitative data for judgements on treatments, clinicians in these periods continued to rely on ‘expert’ judgements for choices of treatments. The challenge facing doctors who wish to identify evidence relevant to their practice among the plethora of potentially relevant reports was recognized as a problem at least as early as the 18th century. Andrew Duncan’s editorial Introduction to the first issue of Philosophical and Medical Commentaries, published in 1773, has a remarkably familiar ring:
Integrative Reiki for cancer patients: a program evaluation.

Objective. This mixed methods study sought to evaluate the outcomes of an integrative Reiki volunteer program in an academic medical oncology center setting. Method. We used de-identified program e...
Decentralized Feedback Structures of a Vapor Compression Cycle System

In vapor compression cycle systems, it is desirable to effectively control the thermodynamic cycle by controlling the thermodynamic states of the refrigerant. By controlling the thermodynamic states with an inner loop, supervisory algorithms can manage critical functions and objectives such as maintaining superheat and maximizing the coefficient of performance. In practice, it is generally preferred to tune multiple single-input-single-output (SISO) control inner loops rather than a single multiple-input-multiple-output control inner loop. This paper presents a process by which a simplified feedback control structure, amenable to a decoupled SISO control loop design, may be identified. In particular, the many possible candidate input-output (I/O) pairs for decentralized control are sorted via a decoupling metric, called the relative gain array number. From a reduced set of promising candidate I/O pairs, engineering insight is applied to arrive at the most effective pairings successfully verified on an experimental air-conditioning-and-refrigeration test stand.
Soil phosphorus fractions and symbiotic nitrogen fixation across a substrate-age gradient in Hawaii

We evaluated soil phosphorus (P) fractions, other soil characteristics, and rates of symbiotic N2 fixation across a substrate-age gradient in Hawaii that was dominated by the leguminous tree Acacia koa (koa). Patterns of soil P observed on this gradient were compared to those on a slightly wetter gradient dominated by the nonfixer Metrosideros polymorpha (ohia). Along both gradients, concentrations of primary-mineral P fell sharply between the young and intermediate-aged sites, while labile inorganic P declined most steeply between the intermediate-aged and old sites. The most marked difference between the two gradients was that total soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and P, as well as nonoccluded organic P, were more variable across the ohia gradient, increasing to the intermediate-aged sites, then declining sharply at the old site. On the koa gradient, specific nitrogenase activity, measured by the acetylene-reduction (AR) assay, decreased three- to eightfold between the young site and the intermediate-aged and old sites, respectively. Nodule biomass showed no clear pattern. N2 fixation rates, estimated by combining AR activity and nodule biomass measurements, were up to 8 kg N · ha−1 · y−1 at the young site and no more than 2 kg N · ha−1 · y−1 at the older sites, suggesting that koa may be a modest source of N in these Hawaiian forests.
Recoding as a function of chunking and meaningfulness

Trigrams of high or low meaningfulness were paired with 1-chunk or 2-chunk recoding cues in short-term memory. The presence or either 1-chunk or 2-chunk cues reduced but did not eliminate the effects of meaningfulness on trigram recall.
Virtual Reality & Immersive Technology in Education

Virtual reality, also known as VR, is an exciting but ill-defined field of discovery. The question of how technological advances in this field will impact education is difficult to answer at present with any degree of certainty, but is one that must be considered by educational researchers, teachers, and administrators. This position paper presents the foundational definitions and positions of several investigators in this realm, along with thoughts on difficulties and complex issues that currently hinder the application of virtual reality in educational settings. It is recommended that the excitement that VR generates be leveraged into applications research in order to validate both the effectiveness of VR in education and encourage further development of the technology.
Diel and vertical patterns of alkaline phosphatase activity in the oceanic dinoflagellate Pyrocystis noctiluca1

Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) was measured at stations in the Caribbean and Sargasso Seas on batches of loo-150 Pyrocystis noctiluca isolated from double-closing net tows at various depths at 4-6-h intervals. A diel pattern of activity was suggested, with the highest activity during the day and the lowest several hours before sunrise. The APA was highest in the mixed layer and lowest at the base of the euphotic zone. The dissolved N:P ratio declined 2-3-fold when hydrolyzable organic phosphorus was included as part of the phosphorus pool, implying that organic phosphorus could contribute significantly to the phosphorus available to phytoplankton having alkaline phosphatase. In laboratory experiments the activity of the enzyme was depressed at an orthophosphate concentration as low as 0.05 FM, and 3.0 PM completely repressed alkaline phosphatase within 120 min. APA was proportional to the light intensity during preconditioning rather than during incubation. A diel pattern of activity was observed in laboratory cultures of P. noctiluca due to changes in light cycle alone. In the field, daily variations in light, mediated by associated changes in cell metabolism, appear to be the effecters of the observed diel rhythm of APA in P. noctiluca.
Tropical Tropopause Transition Layer Cirrus as Represented by CALIPSO Lidar Observations

The spatial and temporal variability of cirrus cloud fraction within the tropical tropopause transition layer (TTL) is investigated based on three years of data from the Cloud‐Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observations (CALIPSO) mission, analyzed in conjunction with fields from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Re-Analysis (ERA)-Interim and temperature profiles from radiosondes launched at Manus Island, Papua New Guinea (28S, 1478E). TTL cirrus is found to be mainly confined to the rising branch of the Hadley cell within ;158 of the equator, with maximum cloud fraction between 14 and 15 km. The time-varying spatial pattern ofcloud fraction within this beltdoesnot resemble the pattern of cloud fractionin the layer below, aswould be expected ifthe TTL cirruswere formed bythe spreading ofthe anvils of convective clouds. On the contrary, within the stably stratified layer above ;13 km, cirrus cloud fraction and temperaturebothappear tobemodulatedbytheplanetary-scalevertical velocityfield. Thetime-varyingspatial patterns arereminiscentofthevertical-propagatingKelvinwaveresponsetoanequatorialheatsource,withthe coldest, cloudiest air in the TTL centered approximately 308 of longitude to the east of the strongest heating.
Influence of a low-level contractile response from the soleus, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles on viscoelastic stress-relaxation of aged human calf muscle-tendon units

Measuring viscoelastic stress-relaxation (VSR) as the decline in passive tension over time when the skeletal muscle-tendon unit (MTU) is held in a lengthened position may be difficult in older people who may have difficulty relaxing. This study examined the VSR of the aged calf MTUs with a low-level involuntary contractile response from the soleus (S), gastrocnemius (G) and tibialis anterior (TA) muscles. Calf MTUs of 29 men and women (65–90 years) were stretched to maximal dorsiflexion and held for 60 s while torque (Nm) and surface electromyograms (SEMG) were recorded. Subjects with normalized SEMG (% of maximal voluntary contraction SEMG) of the S, G or TA <1% were assigned to Group 1 (n=14) and subjects with SEMG of the S or G ≥1% and <10%, or in the TA ≥1% were assigned to Group 2 (n=15). Although the mean total percent torque decline for Group 1 (17.9%) and Group 2 (16.6%) did not differ statistically, multiple regression analysis within Group 2 indicated that the G and TA SEMG accounted for 58% of its variation (R 2=0.581). The G SEMG from 0–15 s accounted for 56% (r 2=0.563) of the variation in the percent decline normalized to total percent decline (100%). From 15–30 s Group 2 had less percent decline (2%) than Group 1 (14%) (P=0.043) and the S and G SEMG accounted for 67% of its variation (R 2=0.673). The results indicated that a low-level involuntary contractile response from the S, G and TA muscles may be related to the VSR process of aged calf MTUs. Measuring VSR within time intervals normalized to the total percent decline offers a new method to study VSR, which should be measured with SEMG in the muscles <1% MVC SEMG to ensure valid measurements.
Draft genome sequence of Caminibacter mediatlanticus strain TB-2T, an epsilonproteobacterium isolated from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent

Caminibacter mediatlanticus strain TB-2T [1], is a thermophilic, anaerobic, chemolithoautotrophic bacterium, isolated from the walls of an active deep-sea hydrothermal vent chimney on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and the type strain of the species. C. mediatlanticus is a Gram-negative member of the Epsilonproteobacteria (order Nautiliales) that grows chemolithoautotrophically with H2 as the energy source and CO2 as the carbon source. Nitrate or sulfur is used as the terminal electron acceptor, with resulting production of ammonium and hydrogen sulfide, respectively. In view of the widespread distribution, importance and physiological characteristics of thermophilic Epsilonproteobacteria in deep-sea geothermal environments, it is likely that these organisms provide a relevant contribution to both primary productivity and the biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen and sulfur at hydrothermal vents. Here we report the main features of the genome of C. mediatlanticus strain TB-2T.
Dietary fish oil-induced decrease in low density lipoprotein binding to fibroblasts is mediated by apolipoprotein E.

In a previous study we demonstrated that isocaloric substitution of fish oil (FO) for lard in the diet of cynomolgus monkeys resulted in low density lipoproteins (LDL) that were poorer competitors for binding of a standard 125I-labeled LDL and led to less cholesteryl ester accumulation in skin fibroblasts (Linga, V., et al. 1993. J. Lipid Res. 34: 769-778). The decreased binding and cholesteryl ester accumulation by FO LDL appeared related to the LDL apolipoprotein E (apoE) content. We hypothesized that FO LDL had reduced binding to skin fibroblasts due to a decrease in receptor active apoE. To test this hypothesis and determine the relative contribution of apoE versus apolipoprotein B (apoB) in binding of LDL to skin fibroblasts, LDL from cynomolgus monkeys fed lard or FO-containing diets were isolated, characterized, radioiodinated, and tested for binding in the absence or presence of a 10-fold molar excess of monoclonal antibody to the receptor binding domain of apoE (1D7) or apoB-100 (MB47). FO LDL were smaller, contained less apoE (E/B molar ratio = 0.48 +/- 0.03 vs. 1.85 +/- 0.22; P 75% of the LDL particles from both diet groups was precipitated with saturating amounts of MB47, indicating that the proportion of LDL particles expressing this epitope was the same for both diet groups. The same assay using 1D7 showed approximately 4-fold greater precipitation of LDL in the lard versus FO group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
A Physics-Based Emulator for the Simulation of Geophysical Mass Flows

Rare natural hazards such as large volcanic eruptions can cause loss of life and damage to property. With sufficient information, those charged with public safety may issue warnings of impending hazards to mitigate the hazard impact. Recent developments in modeling and simulating large geophysical mass flows can provide useful information in assessing hazard risk. In particular, computer simulations of a model system of PDEs, which determines flow depth and runout, are expensive to run. On the other hand, analysis based on only a few simulations is not sufficiently accurate for hazard analysis. Computational costs can be reduced by constructing a statistical emulator---an approximate response surface for selected output variables derived from several full simulator runs. Whenever the result from a simulation is required in an analysis, the emulator can be queried quickly. A key feature of the emulator is that an estimate of the prediction uncertainty is defined together with the regression estimate. A pop...