cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors: immunohistochemical localization to discrete areas of rat central nervous system.

Abstract The second messenger inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate triggers the release of intracellular Ca 2+ stores upon binding to the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor protein, a calcium channel that has been purified and molecularly cloned. To clarify the roles of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the central nervous system, we have examined in detail the distribution of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in the rat brain and spinal cord using immunohistochemical methods. Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors are present in neuronal cells, fibers and terminals in a wide distribution of areas throughout the central nervous system. These include a number of areas not previously reported, such as the olfactory bulb, thalamic nuclei and dorsal horn of the spinal cord. In addition, we have noted a strikingly high density of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in circumventricular organs and neuroendocrine structures such as the area postrema, choroid plexus, subcommisural organ, pineal gland and pituitary. The distribution of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors in discrete structures throughout the central nervous system, including interconnected neuronal systems and neuroendocrine and circumventricular organ structures, presumably reflects the importance of Ca 2+ release mediated by the phosphoinositide second messenger system in control of diverse physiological processes.
Extracting an entanglement signature from only classical mutual information

We introduce a quantity which is formed using classical notions of mutual information and which is computed using the results of projective measurements. This quantity constitutes a sufficient condition for entanglement and represents the amount of information that can be extracted from a bipartite system for spacelike separated observers. In addition to discussion, we provide simulations as well as experimental results for the singlet and maximally correlated mixed states.
Obstetric outcomes in overweight and obese adolescents.

Objective Obese adult pregnant women have increased rates of maternal and neonatal complications. Our objective was to examine adverse obstetric outcomes in overweight adolescent women. Study design In a retrospective case-control study of 4822 women who were 2 ) and 1498 overweight subjects (body mass index, ≥25 kg/m 2 ) were compared. Frequencies and odds ratios for adverse maternal or neonatal events were computed. Results Compared with appropriate-weight adolescents, primary cesarean delivery (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.4-1.9), failure to progress/cephalopelvic disproportion (odds ratio 1.6; 95% CI, 1.3-1.9), labor induction (odds ratio, 1.4; 95% CI, 1.3-1.7), pregnancy-induced hypertension (odds ratio, 1.8; 95% CI, 1.4-2.3), preeclampsia (odds ratio, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.2-2.4), and gestational diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 3.0, 95% CI, 1.6-5.4) were significantly more common in overweight adolescents. Significant neonatal findings included an increased incidence of macrosomia (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2-2.0) and a decreased incidence of low birth weight infants (odds ratio, 0.6; 95% CI, 0.4-0.8) and small for gestational age infants (odds ratio, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.7-1.0). Conclusion Overweight adolescent women are at increased risk for adverse neonatal and perinatal outcomes. With rates of overweight increasing overall, overweight in the gravid adolescent is a pressing perinatal and public health concern.
The antiarrhythmic effect of potassium and rubidium in strophanthidine toxicity

Abstract The effect of potassium and rubidium on the electrical and mechanical activity of canine Purkinje fibers were studied in vitro in the presence and absence of strophanthidin. High (5.4 mM) K or 2.7 Rb decreased the force of contraction. In the presence of these ions, strophanthidin increased the force of contraction as usual but the onset of antirrythmic was delayed. During the toxic stage of strophanthidin, high K or Rb increased the force of contraction, abolished the antirrythmias and improved markedly the action potential. In the presence of calcium overload induced by exposure to a K-poor of Na-free solution, K and Rb induced an increase in force of contraction. And in ventricular muscle these ions relaxed the contracture induced by strophanthidin. It is concluded that K and Rb (in addition to oter mechanisms) exert an antirrythmic action by increasing potassium conductance and by reducing the calcium overload induced by strophanthidin.
Memory, Quasi-memory, and Pseudo-quasi-memory

Bishop Butler objected to Locke's theory of personal identity on the grounds that memory presupposes personal identity. Most of those sympathetic with Locke's account have accepted Butler's criticism, and have sought to devise a theory of personal identity in the spirit of Locke's that avoids Butler's circularity objection. John McDowell has argued that even the more recent accounts of personal identity are vulnerable to the kind of objection Butler raised against Locke's own account. I criticize McDowell's stance, drawing on a distinction introduced by Annalisa Coliva between two types of immunity to error through misidentification.
Zonal-Wind Oscillations over the Western Hemisphere during Winter: Further Evidence of a Zonal-Eddy Relationship

Abstract The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) 500-mb height analyses and 7-day forecasts are examined during ten winters (1981–90) for oscillations of geostrophic zonal wind over the western hemisphere. A well-defined zonal-wind oscillation is isolated in the first two eigenvectors. This zonal-wind oscillation accounts for about 55% of the total zonal-wind variance over the western hemisphere during this ten-winter period. The oscillation is characterized by zonal-wind anomalies that are in phase between 30° and 70°N and out of phase with zonal-wind anomalies along 50°N. The oscillation clearly displays southward propagation from 85° through 30°N, with standing components along 30°, 50°, and 70°N. The dominant temporal period associated with the oscillation is found to be in the range of 15–35 days with large interannual variability. Composites of 500-mb heights through 25 cycles of zonal-wind oscillations over ten winters were performed for unfiltered and 15–39-day filtered data...
Postreceptoral contributions to the light-adapted ERG of mice lacking b-waves

The purpose of this study was to determine the contributions of postreceptoral neurons to the light-adapted ERG of the Nob mouse, a model for complete-type congenital stationary night blindness (CSNB1) that lacks a b-wave from depolarizing bipolar cells. Ganzfeld ERGs were recorded from anesthetized adult control mice, control mice injected intravitreally with L-2-amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (Control APB mice) to remove On pathway activity, and Nob mice. ERGs also were recorded after PDA (cis-2,3-piperidine-dicarboxylic acid, 3-5mM) was injected to block transmission to hyperpolarizing (Off) bipolar and horizontal cells, and all third-order neurons. Stimuli were brief (<4ms, 0.4-2.5log sc td s) and long (200ms, 2.5-4.6log sc td) LED flashes (lambda(max)=513nm, on a rod suppressing background (2.6log sc td). Sinusoidal modulation of the LEDs (mean, 2.6log sc td; contrast, 100%; 3-36Hz) was used to study flicker ERGs. Brief-flash ERGs of Nob mice presented as long-lasting negative waves with a positive-going intrusion that started about 50ms after the flash and peaked around 120ms. Control APB mice had similar responses, and in both cases, PDA removed the positive-going intrusion. For long flashes, PDA removed a small, slow "d-wave" after light offset. With sinusoidal stimulation, the fundamental (F1) amplitude of control mice ERG peaked at 8Hz ( approximately 70microV). For Nob mice the peak was approximately 20microV at 6Hz before PDA and approximately 10muV at 3Hz or lower after PDA. F1 responses were present up to 21Hz in control and Nob eyes and 15Hz in Nob eyes after PDA. Between 3 and 6Hz, F1 phase was 170-210 degrees more delayed in Nob than control mice; phase was hardly altered by PDA. With vector analysis, a substantial postreceptoral input to the Nob flicker ERG was revealed. In control mice, the second harmonic (F2) response showed peaks of approximately 10mocrpV at 3Hz and 13Hz. Nob mice showed almost no F2. In summary, in this study it was found that in Nob mice, postreceptoral neurons from the Off pathway make a positive-going contribution to the light-adapted flash ERG, and contribute substantially to sinusoidal flicker ERG.
Conduction mechanism in PtSi/Si Schottky diodes.

The conduction mechanism in PtSi/Si Schottky diodes has been studied in the temperature range of 80 to 300 K. Above 100 K the forward current-voltage (I-V) characteristic of the diodes is highly ideal and obeys the thermionic-emission theory including image-force lowering of the barrier. Certain diodes show a deviation from this behavior, which is due to carrier recombination in the depletion region. Factors that contribute to carrier recombination are a small area-to-periphery ratio and a thick silicide layer. Carrier recombination is also responsible for the soft behavior of the reverse I-V characteristic. The temperature dependence of the barrier height and the bias-independent position of the quasi-Fermi-level at the interface are shown to be associated with a high density of interface states. The activation energy found for the current transport at low temperatures suggests that these states are due to substitutional Pt atoms on the Si lattice.
EARLY DETECTION OF RETINAL INVOLVEMENT IN DIABETES BY VITREOUS FLUOROPHOTOMETRY

Vitreous fluorophotometry is a new quantitative method for evaluation of the blood-retinal barrier (BRB). The application of this method to a series of diabetic patients with apparently normal fundi revealed the presence of a significant breakdown of the BRB in the early stages of retinal involvement in diabetes. This alteration of the BRB appears to be the earliest clinically detectable change to occur in the retina in diabetes. Higher vitreous fluorophotometry values, indicating a more marked breakdown of the BRB, occurred in patients who were under worse metabolic control. Higher vitreous fluorophotometry values were also associated with the development of visible retinal lesions.
A comparison of surgery for neurogenic thoracic outlet syndrome between laborers and nonlaborers

Abstract Objective: To determine factors of outcome following surgical intervention for neurologic thoracic outlet syndrome (NTOS). Methods: In a retrospective study of patients surgically treated for NTOS, outcome was evaluated by postoperative symptoms and the ability of patients to return to work. Results: Good, fair, and poor results were obtained in 26 (48%), 21 (39%), and 7 (13%) patients, respectively. The best predictor of a good outcome was occupation. Nonlaborers were more likely to have good outcome (21 of 32, 66%) when compared with laborers (5 of 22, 23%; P = 0.0025). Only 6 of 20 (30%) laborers were able to return to their original occupation compared with 17 of 26 (65%) nonlaborers (P = 0.036). Conclusions: Laborers with NTOS are less likely to have a good result from surgical intervention, are unlikely to return to their original occupation, and may require retraining for a non-labor-intensive occupation if they cannot return to their original work.
Virginia, Rochester, and Bloomington: Twenty-five years of public choice and political science

Although the birth of public choice is frequently identified with the publication of Black's 1948 article on the rationale of group decision-making and Arrow's better-known book of 1951, public choice acquired an identity only with the publication of Downs' An Economic Theory of Democracy (1957) and assurance of continued existence with the printing of Buchanan and Tullock's The Calculus of Consent (1962), and Riker's Theory of Political Coalitions (1962) but a few months later. Black's article might have remained but a little-known curiosity and Arrow's book a technical contribution to welfare economics rather than positive political theory if Buchanan and Tullock and Riker had not solidified the great contribution of Downs. It should also be noted that the Thomas Jefferson Center for Studies in Political Economy at the University of Virginia was founded in 1957 the year in which Downs' book was published. In 1966, Tullock began publication of Papers in Non-Market Decision-Making a journal destined to become better-known when in 1968, it was renamed Public Choice.' Founded but a year later at Virginia Polytechnic Institute, the Center for the Study of Public Choice functioned in Blacksburg, Virginia until 1983 when it moved to its current location at George Mason University in Fairfax, Virginia. Like all intellectual developments public choice has developed a life of its own, given birth to a new generation of theorists, research institutions, approaches and methods, etc., that the 'founding fathers' neither envisaged nor, one suspects, always approve; in any case, like parents they may well wonder how the 'kids' could have turned out as they have. Aside from the family analogy, it seems that three schools of thought have appeared and that they are sufficiently different to warrant distinctive labels. Mine are taken from their geographical locations: Virginia (Charlottesville; Blacksburg; Fairfax), Rochester, and Bloomington. At each of these institutions one or two dominant figures led and continue to lead in the effort to construct theories of collective choice; Riker at Rochester, Buchanan and Tullock at various Virginia universities, and, the Ostroms at Indiana. These highly innovative analysts have also left
The need for understanding the role of spirituality in twelve-step programs.

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and similar Twelve-Step groups are commonly used self-help programs for patients with substance use disorders. Twelve-Step groups are free, confidential, and widely availa...
The Recognition of Strictly Posterior Myocardial Infarction by Conventional Scalar Electrocardiography

This study was undertaken in order to determine whether the standard scalar electrocardiogram contains sufficient information to permit the recognition of strictly posterior myocardial infarction. Sixteen patients were selected on the basis of vectorcardiographic evidence and four on the basis of autopsy evidence. One hundred normal adult electrocardiograms served as controls. The data indicate that strictly posterior infarction causes (1) R waves of 0.04 second in V1 and in contiguous right anterior chest leads with upright T waves and, in the acute phase, ST-segment depressions, (2) Q waves of 0.04 second in an area posteriorly between the spine and the left scapula, (3) R/S ratios equal to or greater than one in V1 and V2, (4) slurring of the descending limb of the R wave in lead V1 due to abrupt change in QRS direction, and (5) no pathologic Q waves in the standard 12 leads unless diaphragmatic or lateral infarction coexists. Extra chest leads derived from the right anterior and left posterior thorax ...
Role of 2-Oxonia Cope Rearrangements in Prins Cyclization Reactions

The 2-oxonia Cope rearrangement is undetectable in typical Prins cyclization reactions. We have investigated the Cope rearrangement in a Prins cyclization reaction using a competitive reduction of the oxocarbenium ion intermediate, and a racemization reaction mediated by the rearrangement. In our unactivated substrate, the 2-oxonia Cope rearrangement was much faster than Prins cyclization. An enantioselective allyl transfer reaction also was developed using a 2-oxonia Cope rearrangement.
Late diagnosis in congenital dislocation of the hip.

In 1966–1975, congenital dislocation of the hip was diagnosed after the neonatal period in 115 children in Uusimaa county in southern Finland; the incidence was 0.76 per thousand liveborns. No decreasing tendency could be seen during the time of the investigation. In most children, the diagnosis was made during the first medical examination at the child welfare clinic at the average age of 3 months. The number of children diagnosed at walking age seemed to be decreasing. The numbers of boys and bilateral affections were smaller in this group than among cases diagnosed during the neonatal period.Dislocation was suspected in 23 per cent of the children even before the diagnosis was made. The reasons for the delay are given and discussed. In 1981, 66 per cent of the children were symptomless and no radiographic signs could be seen. Sixteen per cent of the children had minor residual signs with no need for follow-up, and in 18 per cent the outcome was still unclear.
WICS: A Model of Leadership

This article argues that effective leaders demonstrate in their leadership a synthesis of three elements: creativity, intelligence, and wisdom. Creativity is used to generate novel ideas, intelligence to analyze the quality of these ideas, as well as to implement the ideas and persuade others of their worth, and wisdom to balance the effects of these ideas on all possible stakeholders. This article reviews the proposed "WICS" theory of leadership and compares it to some other theories.
Production scheduling in steel rolling mills with demand substitution: Rolling horizon implementation and approximations

Abstract This paper tackles the challenging task of finding optimal master production schedules in a steel rolling mill operating in a dynamic environment. The problem is formulated as a mixed integer bilinear program that is optimally solvable for small problem instances. Although the production quantities are decided upon in advance taking into account both demand forecasts and confirmed customer orders, the actual demand figures are usually different due to a highly volatile demand. As such, three families of approximate models, which only generate exact schedules for the immediate time periods, are developed. To better capture the dynamic nature of the problem, the models are implemented on a rolling horizon basis in which key complicating aspects of the exact model, such as major setup time and minimum batch size restriction, are relaxed for the unimplemented portion of the production schedule. Upon carrying out numerical experiments for several problem instances having different degrees of capacity tightness and length of forecasting horizon, the approximate models yield reduced problem dimensionality with substantial savings in computational time while still providing practical proxies for the exact model.
Proteomics and Ovarian Cancer: Integrating Proteomics Information Into Clinical Care

The power of proteomics allows unparalleled opportunity to query the molecular mechanisms of a malignant cell and the tumor microenvironment in patients with ovarian cancer and other solid tumors. This information has given us insight into the perturbations of signaling pathways within tumor cells and has aided the discovery of new drug targets for the tumor and possible prognostic indicators of outcome and disease response to therapy. Proteomics analysis of serum and ascites has also given us sources with which to discover possible early markers for the presence of new disease and for the progression of established cancer throughout the course of treatment. Unfortunately, this wealth of information has yielded little to date in changing the clinical care of these patients from a diagnostic, prognostic, or treatment perspective. The rational examination and translation of proteomics data in the context of past clinical trials and the design of future clinical trials must occur before we can march forward into the future of personalized medicine.
Type II codes over F/sub 2/+uF/sub 2/

The alphabet F/sub 2/+uF/sub 2/ is viewed here as a quotient of the Gaussian integers by the ideal (2). Self-dual F/sub 2/+uF/sub 2/ codes with Lee weights a multiple of 4 are called Type II. They give even unimodular Gaussian lattices by Construction A, while Type I codes yield unimodular Gaussian lattices. Construction B makes it possible to realize the Leech lattice as a Gaussian lattice. There is a Gray map which maps Type II codes into Type II binary codes with a fixed point free involution in their automorphism group. Combinatorial constructions use weighing matrices and strongly regular graphs. Gleason-type theorems for the symmetrized weight enumerators of Type II codes are derived. All self-dual codes are classified for length up to 8. The shadow of the Type I codes yields bounds on the highest minimum Hamming and Lee weights.
Effects of methyl mercury on sperm oxygen consumption.

: Oxygen consumption and percent motile spermatozoa were determined for semen samples from healthy male monkeys Macaca fascicularis. Methyl mercury was added to the samples, in the oxygen measurement chamber, at a concentration of 9 p.p.m. for 15 min. and then increased to 15 p.p.m. for 15–30 min. Oxygen consumption and percent motility were determined during each period. Methyl mercury addition resulted in decreased sperm motility, but we did not detect any inhibition in the rate of oxygen consumption accompanying the decreased motility. On the contrary, the rate of oxygen consumption increased at 15 p.p.m. within 15 min., while the sperm motility was close to zero. Antimycin inhibited the increased rate of oxygen consumption demonstrating the mitochondrial source of this increased rate. Oligomycin also inhibited the increased rate of oxygen consumption due to methyl mercury, thus excluding the possibility of uncoupling of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Interference with mitochondrial energy production does not seem to be the primary mechanism of methyl mercury-induced decreased spermatozoal motility. Methyl mercury interference with the dynein/microtubule sliding assembly now seems to us to be a more tenable hypothesis.
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) rates following the implementation of extended duration prophylaxis for patients undergoing surgery for gynecologic malignancies

Objective To compare the incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) before and after the implementation of standardized extended duration prophylaxis guidelines in women undergoing laparotomy for gynecologic cancer.
Spatio-temporal serial performance in children and adults

Abstract Nine geometric forms were exposed succassively along a horizontal spatial array at a 1-sec rate from left-to-right (L-R) or from right-to-left (R-L) to two groups of 20 second-grade children. Similarly, 15 geometric forms were presented from L-R or R-L to two groups of 20 college-age S s. Following each of 10 presentation trials, S attempted to reconstruct the arrangement of stimuli using a randomized deck of replicas of the geometric stimuli. Neither age group's performance was influenced by variation in the spatial location of items, but, in contrast to adults', children's performance was influenced by differences in the temporal sequence of stimulus presentation.
Recent Advances in GaN-on-SiC HEMT Reliability and Microwave Performance within the DARPA WBGS-RF Program

The Wide Band Gap Semiconductor for RF Applications (WBGS-RF) program, supported by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), is developing microwave and millimeter-wave gallium nitride-based devices on silicon carbide substrates. Recent advances within Phase II of the Program include excellent results for both performance and reliability. Significant progress has been made towards developing manufacturable wide-bandgap devices that provide outstanding performance at reliability levels that will allow their use in a wide variety of high frequency, high power applications.
Estimation of Parameters from Incomplete Multivariate Samples

Abstract The problem considered is that of using all of the observations in a sample of multivariate observations when for some of the observations values for certain of the characters are missing. This paper extends results obtained for estimation of the parameters in special cases to the general p-variate case and presents the solution to the problem of what use may be made of data from incomplete multivariate samples when the interest lies in the prediction of one character from a knowledge of the rest. It is concluded that for purposes of prediction no use can be made of incomplete samples. Under certain circumstances all the observations in an incomplete sample can be used to construct improved estimators. Application of the results to multivariate normal distributions truncated on one or more characters is mentioned.
Three promoters near the termini of IS10: pIN, pOUT, and pIII

Abstract We have identified three IS10-encoded promoters, pIN, the promoter for IS10's transposase gene, is intrinsically weak, contributing to the low frequency of IS10 transposition in vivo. Its transcripts begin near the "outside" end of IS10 and extend inward across the element. pOUT, a strong promoter just internal to and opposing pIN, directs transcription outward. Its transcripts are proposed to inhibit translation of the transposase gene in trans (accompanying paper). pOUT may also inhibit transcription from pIN in cis . pIII, a weak promoter near the "inside" end of IS10, is of unknown genetic importance. Many transposable elements activate, by adjacent insertion, silent genes lacking normal promoters. Such IS10-promoted turn-on is mediated by pOUT and results from continuation of pOUT-initiated transcripts past the IS10 terminus, into adjoining chromosomal material. Wild-type and mutant IS10 promoters have been analyzed in vitro. pIN is weaker than pOUT because of inefficient isomerization from closed to open complexes. Despite their proximity, pIN and pOUT do not interact before or during open complex formation.
Regulation of Thyroid Adenylate Cyclase: Guanyl Nucleotide Modulation of Thyrotropin Receptor-Adenylate Cyclase Function

The role of guanyl nucleotides in regulating the hormonal responsiveness of adenylate cyclase was studied in thyroid plasma membranes. Guanyl-5′-yl-imidodiphosphate [Gpp(NH)p] alone stimulated the enzyme. At a low ATP concentration (0.2 mM), TSH alone had little or no effect, but when added with Gpp(NH)p, it resulted in a dose-dependent increase of enzyme activity. Kinetic studies revealed that Gpp(NH)p alone stimulated adenylate cyclase activity only after a 10-min lag. TSH abolished the lag, resulting in an apparent increase in activity and a lowering of the activation constant for Gpp(NH)p. GTP caused an initial increase in activity at 2 min, followed by a gradual decline below basal levels. This inhibition was not prevented by TSH. Further examination revealed that GDP caused inhibition of Gpp(NH)p-stimulated activity in a competitive manner, suggesting that conversion of GTP to GDP may be responsible for the time-dependent decay seen with GTP. To study the effects of guanyl nucleotides on coupling of...
Computer‐Aided Design Using Object‐Oriented Programming Paradigm and Blackboard Architecture

Object-oriented programming characteristics of abstraction, inheritance, and encapsulation of data and operations support three desirable features in the development of complicated engineering software systems: modularity, reusability, and ease of maintenance. This paper presents computer-aided design (CAD) of structures using the object-oriented programming paradigm and a blackboard architecture for management of input/output data as well as intermediate data created during a consultation with the CAD system.
Sufficiency conditions for the development of spiral arms in galaxies

From previously published Markov chain derivations of the coefficients (in terms of transition probabilities) in the collisionless Boltzmann equation it proves possible, with plausible assumptions about the transition probabilities, to reduce to a partial differential equation with spiral characteristics. This is applied to the case of a rotating galaxy which has already become disk-shaped. The contangent of the angle between radial and tangential directions is then given by the ratio of radial velocity to circumferential velocity.
Climatic Warming of Atlantic Intermediate Waters

Abstract Interdecadal temperature variability of the Atlantic Ocean is investigated by differencing hydrographic sections taken from the 1920s through the 1990s. A comprehensive reanalysis of North Atlantic sections and the inclusion of South Atlantic sections show that warming seen previously in the North Atlantic extends to the South Atlantic. The largest statistically significant changes occur on pressure surfaces between 1000 and 2000 decibars (db). Over this pressure range and for latitudes between 32°S and 36°N, temperatures have warmed by ∼0.5°C century−1. At 48°N a cooling of ∼3°C century−1 occurred between the 1950s and 1980s. These isobaric temperature trends are decomposed into ones along surfaces of constant neutral density, and ones due to the vertical movement of neutral surfaces. The two components are associated with different processes. In the southern North Atlantic (8°–36°N) the subthermocline warming between the 1950s and 1980s appears to be due primarily to downward displacements of n...
Voigt spectral profiles in two-photon resonance fluorescence

A recent work on two-photon fluorescence is extended by considering the pump field to be a coherent state, which represents a laser field operating well above threshold. The dynamical conditions are investigated under which the two-photon spectrum gives rise, in addition to a Lorentzian line shape at the pump frequency, to two Voigt spectral sideband profiles. Additional conditions are found under which the Voigt profile behaves like either a Gaussian or a Lorentzian line shape.
Potentiostatic polarization studies of epoxy-coated anodized aluminum surfaces

Abstract Potentiostatic polarization measurements were carried out to determine the reactivity and to elucidate the corrosion behavior of epoxy-coated, anodized aluminum surfaces. Chromic acid anodized surfaces dissolved at slower rates than sulfuric acid anodized surfaces in acidic environments. Corrosion rate in CAA—epoxy joints was about 15 times faster than the corresponding value in SAA—epoxy joints. The epoxy coating passivates the anodized aluminum surfaces prior to pinhole formation and the onset of corrosion. Reaction products trapped in the coating appear to be slightly basic compared to the bulk solution. The implication of these results with regard to the stability of epoxy—aluminum bond joints is discussed.
Commentary on “Capturing the Evasive Passive”

Passives have been the focus of much research in language acquisition since the 1970s (e.g., Horgan 1978; Maratsos, Fox, Becker, & Chalkley 1985; Pinker, Lebeaux, & Frost 1987). It has been clear f...
Facies and Evolution of the Modern Brazos Delta, Texas: Wave Versus Flood Influence

ABSTRACT In order to better define the facies architecture and processes controlling the evolution of wave-dominated deltas, a detailed sedimentary and geomorphologic study was undertaken on the Brazos Delta, Texas. The delta has formed since 1929, when the Brazos River was diverted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Brazos Delta is composed primarily of fine-grained sediments. Prodelta clay constitutes more than half of the sediment volume. Thick sands are restricted to the narrow delta-front environment, whereas back-bar lagoonal clays are a significant component of the delta-plain sequence. The facies architecture is not representative of the classic strandplain model for wave-dominated deltas. This is due to the strong influence of floods on deltaic evolution. In early 1992, statewide flooding gave rise to a major constructional phase of the delta. Significant quantities of fine-grained sediments were deposited in the prodelta. One year after the onset of flooding, a channel mouth bar emerged offshore of the river mouth and enabled progradation of the delta. Similar flood events that occurred during 1941, 1957, and 1965 were recorded as ridge-trough pairs in the delta headland. The Brazos delta is therefore fluvially influenced during floods and wave influenced during intervening periods.
Discovering intergenerativity: an evaluation of learning partnerships between student nurses and older adults

BACKGROUND The benefits of intergenerational contact between older and younger adults have been demonstrated, yet nursing programmes have generally failed to build upon this potential. Nursing students have been deterred from identifying gerontological nursing as a career choice because of poor placement experiences, suggesting a need to develop practicum placements that reveal the potential impact of nursing when working with older adults. This study describes an evaluation of a partnership approach to learning involving nursing students and older adults. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore the ways in which the practicum component of a course in gerontological nursing, incorporating sequential visits with an older adult, contributes to undergraduate nursing students' and older adults' understanding of experiences of ageing. To identify the benefits and challenges of participating in the course from the perspective of student nurses and older adults. DESIGN Illuminative evaluation. METHODS Data were drawn from the experiences of two cohorts of students who completed the programme in 2010/2011. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 32 students and with 22 older adults who participated in the programme. Eighty reflective journals completed by a sample of 59 students following visits with their designated older adult were also analysed. All data were analysed using the 'framework' approach. RESULTS Four shared themes were identified across the data sets: becoming aware of generational experiences, seeing the unique person, valuing the relationship and discovering intergenerativity. These themes illuminated the shared benefits of the practicum experience. CONCLUSIONS Structured conversations between nursing students and older adults within the context of a focused course in gerontological nursing enable the development of mutually beneficial intergenerational relationships. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Involving older adults as education partners in undergraduate nursing programmes has benefits for all participants and could form a valuable component of any undergraduate nursing programme.
Adolescent Psychopathic Traits and Violent Delinquency: Additive and Nonadditive Effects With Key Criminological Variables

Though ties between having psychopathic attributes and criminality are strong, only recently has the criminological community appreciated that the characteristic traits of psychopathy are emergent in youth and are variably distributed in the population. In recognition, this study evaluates the value of psychopathic callous-unemotional (CU) traits in youth alongside key criminological variables in explaining violence. Results show that CU traits remain robust among traditional criminological variables in explaining juvenile violence. Further, CU traits are observed to interact with key criminological covariates such that at higher levels of one construct, the impact of other correlates on violence is weakened. Language: en
Science of Unitary Human Beings An Update on Research

The purpose of this column is to review the published studies conducted within Rogers' science of unitary human beings from 2004 to 2007. The findings from a critical review of 24 research studies (15 quantitative and 9 qualitative) are presented.
Use of shape correspondence analysis to quantify skeletal changes associated with bone-anchored Class III correction

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the three-dimensional (3D) skeletal changes in the mandibles of Class III patients treated with bone-anchored maxillary protraction using shape correspondence analysis. Material and Method: Twenty-five consecutive patients with skeletal Class III who were between the ages of 9 and 13 years (mean age, 11.10 ± 1.1 years) were treated using Class III intermaxillary elastics and bilateral miniplates (two in the infrazygomatic crests of the maxilla and two in the anterior mandible). Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) was performed for each patient before initial loading (T1) and at 1 year out (T2). From the CBCT scans, 3D models were generated, registered on the anterior cranial base, and analyzed using 3D linear distances and vectors between corresponding point-based surfaces. Results: Bone-anchored traction produced anteroposterior and vertical skeletal changes in the mandible. The novel application of Shape correspondence analysis showed vectors of mean (± standard deviatio...
Strategic Environmental Assessment in Action

Environmental impact assessment (EIA) of policies, plans, and programs is required by the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) and implementing regulations, but it is not recognized as a specia...
Automated reconstruction of the cerebral cortex in multiple sclerosis patients

Although cortical atrophy in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been reported in the literature, most cortical reconstruction techniques do not account for lesions. In this work, we propose an automated pipeline for cortical reconstruction from magnetic resonance brain images with MS lesions. The pipeline extends previously well validated methods to allow for the presence of lesions and to accommodate multichannel imaging. We validate this approach on simulated and real images. Application of the pipeline to 103 MS brains produces thickness measurements that agree well with the literature.
Investigating High School Students' Science Experiences and Mechanics Understanding

This research study was designed to provide an introductory examination of how high school students' out-of-school science experiences, particularly those relevant to the physical sciences, relate to their learning of Newtonian mechanics. A factor analysis of the modified Science Experiences Survey (SES; Mason & Kahle, 1988) was performed, leading to three factors: Learning Attributes Related to Science, Physical Science Experiences, Nature Experiences. The students' learning of Newtonian mechanics was measured by their gain score from a pre-instruction/post-instruction administration of the Force Concept Inventory (FCI; Hestenes, Wells, & Swackhamer, 1992). An analysis of variance showed that females and males in honors physics courses demonstrated similar gain scores, while males in non-honors courses demonstrated larger gains (p < 0.05) than the females. When the students' total SES and SES factor scores were correlated with their FCI pretest and gain scores, the SES Physical Science Experience score was found to be significantly related to the FCI pretest score (p = 0.01). No other correlations were significant.
Modeling and simulations of interface properties with first-principles electronic structure computations

We report extensive first-principles electronic structure modeling and calculations for the SiC–SiO2 interface, a solid–solid interface formed during oxidation of silicon carbide (SiC). The interface modeling provides atomic-scale understanding about the nature of the interface defects as well as passivation effects due to the modification of the interface bonding. In particular, simulation results show that incorporation of hydrogen and fluorine decreases the defect density, thus enhancing the performance of SiC-based electronic devices. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Overview Of Tunable Diode Laser Technology

Tunable diode lasers of lead-salt materials have been demonstrated to be a useful tool for trace gas analysis, high resolution spectroscopy and infrared astronomy studies. Only recently, applications such as optogalvanic spectroscopy, spectroscopy of molecules in solids and on surfaces, and industrial process control have been explored. This paper reviews the recent advances in tunable diode laser technology to achieve high temperature, single mode operation for these applications. The use of the molecular beam epitaxy technique for the fabrication of heterojunction structure, stripe geometry diode lasers will be emphasized.
Obstacles to research in residential juvenile justice facilities: recommendations for researchers

Federal, state, and local initiatives to improve the treatment and outcomes for young people in the juvenile justice system prompt the need for additional research. Despite the call for empirical data, researchers encounter numerous obstacles when initiating and conducting studies in detention and post-adjudication facilities. These obstacles are often only briefly mentioned in publications, but they can interfere with researchers' desires and abilities to conduct studies in these settings. This paper reviews legal, ethical, and methodological challenges to successfully conducting research in detention and residential post-adjudication placements, including selecting and accessing appropriate facilities, obtaining institutional review board approval, seeking parental permission and youth assent, reporting child abuse and neglect, responding to participants' threats to harm self or others, working effectively with facilities, juvenile justice system-related attrition, and the dissemination of research findings. Recommendations are presented to help investigators anticipate obstacles when designing and executing research protocols to prevent interference and to encourage ethical responses and successful study completion.
Criteria for selection of osteometric dimensions

Measurements, especially of the cranium, which allows the location of larger numbers of anatomical points, have tended to become bound by tradition. Where simple description of a skull is required, the standard dimensions and indices are familiar and serviceable. For purposes of population comparison and of analysis of the variation of form, however, little thought has been given in the past to the actual importance of one measurement relative to another. Multivariate techniques, such as factor analysis and multiple discriminant functions, now allow much better possibilities of finding the significant aspects of cranial (or other) variation, and of developing further measurements most suitable for analyzing such variation. A study of the author's demonstrates that the greatest differences among modern populations actually lie in the breadths of the cranial base, and in protrusion of the subnasal region, as well as in the prominence of the interorbital region or of the orbital rim relative to the face as a whole. It is suggested that workers broaden their batteries of measurements in the search for more such information.
Application-level survivability: resumable FTP

Internet attacks are moving up the protocol stack to the application layer, effectively blinding lower-layer security prevention and detection techniques. It has been estimated that 40% of unplanned system downtime is due to software application failures. This paper describes a project to demonstrate survivability at the application layer. The goal is to replace a lost essential service by another service that supports mission fulfillment in a different but equivalent way. Application-level survivability, the ability to reconfigure an application to transparently maintain services when part of a system becomes unavailable, is the most flexible and comprehensive approach to supporting mission fulfillment since it can provide assurance over all lower layers within a networked system. We have developed resumable FTP, an application based on RFC 959, which has the ability to resume the download of a file after the download has been interrupted by users or by lower layers (loss of connection). FTP continues to be the most common method for bulk data transfer across networks and as high-performance network infrastructures have become established, default implementations of FTP have not kept pace. More importantly, FTP is similar to a class of future applications that use separate channels for data and control enabling long-lasting sessions. We present the design and use of rFTP and conclude with future architectures for providing application-layer survivability in other domains.
A survey of school psychologists' knowledge and training in child psychopharmacology

A national sample of 320 school-based, practicing members of the National Association of School Psychologists provided information on (a) their caseloads receiving medications, (b) types of school psychopharmacology training opportunities available and perceptions of their current training in child psychopharmacology, and (c) information about consultative efforts in monitoring medication effects on school functioning. Results indicated that almost one of every four cases seen by survey participants were being treated with psychotropic medications; nearly all respondents have engaged in consultation related to medication evaluations. Professional workshops and independent reading were the most utilized training opportunities, and participant responses indicated an overwhelming need for basic educational training to improve knowledge and consultation in this area. Implications of these findings on training in evidence-based interventions and current practice are discussed as school psychologists experience legislative pressure to diminish their collaborative involvement in medication treatment consideration and evaluation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Psychol Schs 43: 623–633, 2006.
Potable Water Quality and Membrane Technology

Requirements for potable water quality have changed dramatically from the late 1970s due to enhanced regulation of pathogens and disinfection by-products. Consequently, new treatment technology and analytic techniques are required to meet this challenge, affecting clinics, laboratories, universities, and other organizations involved in the analysis and treatment of potable water. The changing health effects and regulations affecting potable water treatment and associated applications of membrane technology are discussed.
Gene silencing with siRNA targeting E6/E7 as a therapeutic intervention in a mouse model of cervical cancer.

Abstract Objective Selective silencing of HPV oncogenes using short interfering RNA (siRNA) blocks E6/E7 expression and restores normal p53 and Rb function. Our objective was to determine if siRNA targeting E6/E7 would inhibit the growth of established tumors in a mouse model of cervical cancer. Methods In vitro studies were performed using unique siRNA sequences to confirm their ability to target and reduce E6/E7 mRNA and restore functioning p53. Next, siRNA targeting lamin was injected daily for three days into tumors established from HPV 16 positive CaSki human cervical cancer cells. Immunohistochemistry and branched DNA gene quantification were used to determine distribution and duration of activity of these siRNA. For our therapeutic studies tumors were directly injected with siRNA targeting E6/E7, non-targeting control siRNA, or saline. In preliminary experiments injections were daily or every three days for a total of three doses. A second therapeutic experiment utilized every three day dosing for 35 days. Tumor volume, growth curves and E7 mRNA levels were assessed. Results The two most active siRNA sequences resulted in a 67% and 71% reduction in E6/E7 mRNA. Fluorescent lamin siRNA was visualized up to 120 h after the initial tumor injection and was evenly distributed throughout the tumors. IHC showed lamin expression to be inhibited by 68% and 75% when compared to controls at 54 and 120 h respectively. In our preliminary therapeutic intervention experiments there was no significant difference in tumor growth between the treatment groups when mice were treated with three daily injections ( p =0.41). However, when treated every third day for three injections final tumor volume was less in animals injected with siRNA sequences A (78% reduction; p p =0.005) compared to saline injection. Tumors showed a corresponding decrease in E6/E7 mRNA. Extended treatment with siRNA completely or nearly eradicated tumors in 70% of the animals. Conclusion Therapeutic siRNA targeting E6/E7 significantly inhibits tumor growth in this mouse model of cervical cancer. Further investigation is needed to determine optimal dosing and route of delivery.