cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Budworm, Bollworm, and Boll Weevil: Effectiveness of Newly Developed Experimental Insecticides on Cotton in the Southeast.

In replicated field tests permethrin (FMC-33297) (3-(phenoxyphenyl) methyl cis, trans- (±)-3-(2,2-dichloroethenyl),-2,2-dimethylcyclopane-carboxylate. Shell SD-43775 (cyano (3-phenoxyphenyl) methyl 4-chloro-alpha-(1-methylethyl) (benzeneacetate), and Shell SD-41706 (cyano (3-phenoxy-phenyl) methyl 2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropane-carboxylate) gave outstanding control of the boll weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman, and the bollworm complex. Heliothis zea (Boddie) and H. virescens (F.). Bay NTN-9306 ( O -ethyl[4-methylthio) phenyl]S-propyl phosphorodithioate) plus azinphosmethyl gave control equal to or better than the treated control, toxaphene + methyl parathion + chlordimeform. Rohm and Haas RH-218 ( O -ethyl S -propyl O -2,4.6-trichlorophenyl) phosphorothioate) + toxaphene gave better control of Heliothis spp. than the treated control but produced low yields and was phytotoxic. In all tests, correlation analysis showed that the means for boll weevil and Heliothis spp. infestation were negatively correlated with yield, and the highest yields were obtained when boll weevil infestations were held below the economic threshold level (10%) and when Heliothis spp. larval infestations in squares did not exceed 1.17±0.17 SE larvae/100 squares. Numbers of live Heliothis spp. larvae/100 squares can be used readily to determine a treatment schedule that will give a sound pest management program.
Compact-device model development for the energy-delay analysis of magneto-electric magnetic tunnel junction structures

We discuss the application of a novel class of device, the magneto-electric magnetic tunnel junction (ME-MTJ) to realize a variety of computational functions, including majority logic and the XNOR/XOR gate. We also develop a compact model to describe the operation of these devices, which function by utilizing the phenomenon of 'voltage-controlled magnetism' to switch the operational state of MTJs. The model breaks down the switching process into three key stages of operation: electrical-to-magnetic conversion, magnetization transfer, and final-state readout. Estimates for the switching energy and delay of these devices, obtained from this compact model, reveal significant improvements in both of these parameters when compared to conventional MTJs switched by spin-transfer-torque. In fact, the capacity to use the ME-MTJ to implement complex logical operations within a single device allows its energy costs to even approach those of low-power CMOS. The added benefits of non-volatility and compact circuit footprint, combined with their potential for heterogeneous integration with CMOS, make the ME devices of considerable interest for post-CMOS technology.
Ant Colony Optimization Based Routing and Resources Assignment in Mixed-Line-Rate IP over OTN Network

The problem of routing and resources allocating in mixed-line-rate optical tranport network should be specefied studied.Ant pheromone table was upated according to the current network cost and the network vitual topology was reconstructed.Based on the iterative optimization features of ant colony optimization,the network routing and resource allocation algorithm was proposed.By control the delay of traffic lightpath,network cost and quality of service was balanced.In simulation,by comparing the performance of the algorithm and the kshortest path algorithm,it was found that the algorithm has a better performance(20%)in terms of network cost.By comparing the performance of the algorithm in solid line rate network and mixed line rate network,it was found that the algorithm fits the mixed line rate network well.The algorithm has a exelent performance in the case of mixed line rate optical tranport network.
Ocular Effects and Clearance of Intravitreal 5-Fluorouracil

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) (1) continues to be a major cause of recurrent retinal detachments following scleral buckling procedures. Improved pars plana vitrectomy techniques (2) combined with intravitreal tamponades (3, 4) now permit successful reattachment of many of these cases. Recent studies have found that 5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) markedly reduces the proliferative activity of the fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells which result in recurrent retinal detachment.
The King of Souls

Why does Shakespeare’s Duke attend primarily to the good of individuals? In Tudor–Stuart England (as throughout pre- and early modern Europe), this concern for the individual good was held to be a distinctive feature of ecclesiastical justice.1 As Richard Cosin explains in his 1593 An Apology for … Jurisdiction Ecclesiastical, the typical penalties imposed by the church courts were not, strictly speaking, punishment at all, since, whereas punishment aimed either at compensating the injury, avenging wickedness, or deterring would-be offenders, canon law penalties were ‘a medicine, tending to the reformation of the delinquent.’ If they were punishment, it was of a distinctively non-punitive sort: such punishment as especially aimeth at his bettering upon whom it is inflicted, being a punishment tempered with mercy … [For] the party is indeed punished as an offender, yet the rigor of the penalty is spared, & he commiserated and pitied as a man and therefore apt enough to offend through human frailty.2
Performance of the Versatile Array of Neutron Detectors at Low Energy (VANDLE)

Abstract The Versatile Array of Neutron Detectors at Low Energy (VANDLE) is a new, highly efficient plastic-scintillator array constructed for decay and transfer reaction experimental setups that require neutron detection. The versatile and modular design allows for customizable experimental setups including beta-delayed neutron spectroscopy and (d,n) transfer reactions in normal and inverse kinematics. The neutron energy and prompt-photon discrimination is determined through the time of flight technique. Fully digital data acquisition electronics and integrated triggering logic enables some VANDLE modules to achieve an intrinsic efficiency over 70% for 300-keV neutrons, measured through two different methods. A custom Geant4 simulation models aspects of the detector array and the experimental setups to determine efficiency and detector response. A low detection threshold, due to the trigger logic and digitizing data acquisition, allowed us to measure the light-yield response curve from elastically scattered carbon nuclei inside the scintillating plastic from incident neutrons with kinetic energies below 2 MeV.
Selecting Among High-Powered Incentives: Evidence from Real Estate Agent Careers

This paper examines the impact of high powered incentives (performance- based compensation) in attracting workers of higher ability. It finds that the selection effect of pay for performance is very strong, and that workers also care about firm characteristics other than pay, though much smaller in magnitude than suggested by simple theories in the literature. Embedding worker selection in a framework where firms compete to attract workers, we argue that competition will blunt the sorting of workers to firms. Firms that offer very high powered incentives (incentive contracts with higher sensitivity of pay to performance) are able to capture less of the return to workers from complementary investments. This mechanism will cause high powered incentives to be correlated with less performance- enhancing investments. Thus the competitive forces will weaken the sorting of workers to resources – the best workers will be less likely to sort into firms with the best resources. Finally, we demonstrate that the equi...
Self-diffusion of Pb and Te in lead telluride

Abstract The self-diffusion coefficients of 210Pb and 127Te in PbTe, DPb and DTe, were measured in the temperature range 793–1002°K. The diffusion specimens were single crystals of four different compositions, one Pb rich and the other three of increasing excess Te. The experimental techniques employed insured that diffusion sources and sinks had identical compositions. The following variations of DPb and DTe with composition were observed. DPb showed a minimum at an intermediate composition (close to the stoichiometric composition), whereas DTe increased monotonically with increasing Te content; similar trends were observed for the corresponding frequency factors. The activation energy for DPb was 61 Kcal/mole for the two compositions highest in Te content and 24 Kcal/mole for the other two compositions, whereas the value of 24 Kcal/mole was observed at all compositions for DTe. The interpretation of these results in terms of defect models is discussed; Frenkel disorder on the Pb sublattice and a tellurium interstitial mechanism are consistent with the observations.
Borderland Parentocracy: Mexican Parents and Their "Transfronterizo" Children.

Drawing on data collected during a 31-month critical qualitative study in the MX-US borderlands, the authors elucidate a positive and complex form of parentocracy unique to transfronterizo families...
Stress and self-esteem in adolescence predict physical activity and sedentary behavior in adulthood

Abstract High levels of stress, high levels of sedentary behavior (SB), and low levels of physical activity (PA) contribute to risk for obesity. Cross-sectional studies suggest that youth exposed to more stressors are less likely to be physically active and more likely to be sedentary. However, it is not yet clear whether stressors in adolescence predict activity patterns into adulthood or protective factors mitigate the risk of stress exposure. The current study used data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health to determine whether stressors, self-esteem, and the interaction between them predicted changes in PA and SB trajectories over three waves of data collection. Self-report data from 6504 adolescents (48.40% male; 57.4% European American; mean age = 15.53 years) were analyzed using multi-level modeling. Results showed that stressors significantly predicted PA and SB trajectories, but self-esteem was related only to PA. Self-esteem buffered the effects of stressors on PA over time. Results of the current study demonstrate the importance of stressors on both types of adolescent and adult activity and the unique effect of self-esteem as a protective factor on PA patterns.
Staged ventricular recruitment in patients with borderline ventricles and large ventricular septal defects

Abstract Objectives Patients with borderline ventricles and ventricular septal defects (VSDs) who have previously undergone single ventricle palliation might be candidates for staged ventricular recruitment with the ultimate goal of biventricular conversion. This study aimed to determine the effect of atrial septal defect (ASD) restriction without VSD closure on ventricular growth in patients with borderline right or left ventricles and VSDs. Methods Patients with borderline ventricles and VSD who underwent a staged ventricular recruitment procedure with strategies to increase blood flow through hypoplastic ventricle via ASD restriction without VSD closure after single ventricle palliation were retrospectively reviewed. Pre- and postrecruitment ventricular volumes were compared using Wilcoxon signed rank test. Results A total of 21 patients underwent staged ventricular recruitment via ASD restriction without VSD closure at median age of 20.0 months (interquartile range [IQR], 8.0-52.5 months). At a median of 9.0 months (IQR, 8.0-11.8 months) after the recruitment procedure, there were increases in the median indexed ventricular diastolic volume (31.7 mL/m 2 [IQR, 24.5-37.1] to 48.5 mL/m 2 [IQR, 38.4-58.0; P 2 [IQR, 9.7-18.7] to 19.5 mL/m 2 [IQR, 16.8-29.7]; P 2 [IQR, 14.8-21.1] to 28.1 mL/m 2 [IQR, 21.3-31.8]; P Conclusions Staged ventricular recruitment via ASD restriction without VSD closure is associated with growth of the hypoplastic ventricle. In patients who are deemed high-risk for single ventricle, this approach might facilitate eventual biventricular conversion. Further studies are needed to identify optimal candidates for this approach.
Manipulation: Online Platforms' Inescapable Fate

Online platforms are prone to abuse and manipulation from strategic parties. For example, social media and review websites suffer from the presence of opinion spam and fake reviews. Applying the economic concept of rational expectation equilibrium (REE), we explore the impact of manipulation on consumer welfare in a Twitter-like environment. We argue that the REE outcome can be decomposed into a firm-centric effect and a rational expectation effect, and the relative strength of these effects determines the final level of manipulation. We also examine the effect of competition on firms’ manipulation levels. We find that the combination of a competition effect and a rational expectation effect determines the overall effect of competition on strategic manipulation. This research sheds light on the reliability of opinion mining, and contributes to our understanding of strategic manipulation in the context of sentiment analysis.
The Role of the Electron-Phonon Interaction in Phonon Anomalies in Transition Metals

For some time there has been considerable interest in the phonon anomalies in transition metals. A major stimulus for much of the present activity was the work of Varma and co-authors [1,2]. By a judicious separation of the total crystal energy, they isolated the long and short ranged contributions to the phonon dynamical matrix: $$ {D_{{\alpha \beta }}}\left( {\overrightarrow q } \right) = D_{{\alpha \beta }}^{{(0)}}\left( {\overrightarrow q } \right) + D_{{\alpha \beta }}^{{(1)}}\left( {\overrightarrow q } \right) + D_{{\alpha \beta }}^{{(2)}}\left( {\overrightarrow q } \right) $$ (1) The third term is long ranged in space and is primarily responsible for anomalous phonon behavior. The approach taken here is to calculate this quantity from first principles so as to exhibit the source of the anomalies. The first two terms are essentially short ranged and their sum is modeled using four force constants [3]. These constants are determined by requiring the small \( \overrightarrow q \) dependence of Dαβ to agree with observed elastic constants.
Defective daily temperature regulation in a mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Abstract Current understanding of the pathogenesis of the familial form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been aided by the study of transgenic mice that over-express mutated forms of the human CuZn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1) gene. While mutant SOD1 in motor neurons determines disease onset, other non-cell autonomous factors are critical for disease progression, and altered energy metabolism has been implicated as a contributing factor. Since most energy expended by laboratory mice is utilized to defend body temperature (Tb), we analyzed thermoregulation in transgenic mice carrying the G93A mutation of the human SOD1 gene, using implantable temperature data loggers to continuously record Tb for up to 85 days. At room (22 °C) ambient temperature, G93A mice exhibited a diminished amplitude of the daily Tb rhythm compared to C57BL/6J controls, secondary to decreased Tb values during the dark (behaviorally active) phase of the light-dark cycle. The defect arose at 85–99 days of age, around the age of symptom onset (as assessed by grip strength), well before observable weakness and weight loss, and could not be accounted for by decreased levels of locomotor activity or food consumption. Housing under thermoneutral (29 °C) ambient temperature partially rescued the defect, but age-dependently (only in animals >100 days of age), suggesting that the deficit in older mice was due in part to inadequate thermogenesis by “peripheral” thermogenic organs as the disease progressed. In younger mice, we found that cold-induced thermogenesis and energy expenditure were intact, hinting that an initial “central” defect might localize to the subparaventricular zone, involving neural output pathways from the circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus to forebrain thermoregulatory circuitry.
Selenium supplementation suppresses immunological and serological features of lupus in B6.Sle1b mice.

AbstractSystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a debilitating multi-factorial immunological disorder characterized by increased inflammation and development of anti-nuclear autoantibodies. Selenium ...
IL-17–producing γδ T cells protect against Clostridium difficile infection

Colitis caused by Clostridium difficile infection is a growing cause of human morbidity and mortality, especially after antibiotic use in health care settings. The natural immunity of newborn infants and protective host immune mediators against C. difficile infection are not fully understood, with data suggesting that inflammation can be either protective or pathogenic. Here, we show an essential role for IL-17A produced by γδ T cells in host defense against C. difficile infection. Fecal extracts from children with C. difficile infection showed increased IL-17A and T cell receptor γ chain expression, and IL-17 production by intestinal γδ T cells was efficiently induced after infection in mice. C. difficile-induced tissue inflammation and mortality were markedly increased in mice deficient in IL-17A or γδ T cells. Neonatal mice, with naturally expanded RORγt+ γδ T cells poised for IL-17 production were resistant to C. difficile infection, whereas elimination of γδ T cells or IL-17A each efficiently overturned neonatal resistance against infection. These results reveal an expanded role for IL-17-producing γδ T cells in neonatal host defense against infection and provide a mechanistic explanation for the clinically observed resistance of infants to C. difficile colitis.
Interactional Synchrony and Its Association with Social and Communication Ability in Children With and Without Autism Spectrum Disorder

Social partners tend to coordinate their behaviors in time. This "interactional synchrony" is associated with a host of positive social outcomes, making it ripe for study in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Twenty children with ASD and 17 typically developing (TD) children participated in conversations with familiar and unfamiliar adults. Conversations were rated for movement synchrony and verbal synchrony, and mothers completed measures regarding children's everyday social and communication skills. Children with ASD exhibited less interactional synchrony, with familiar and unfamiliar partners, than TD peers. Beyond group-level differences, interactional synchrony negatively correlated with autism symptom severity, and predicted dimensional scores on established social and communication measures. Results suggest that disrupted interactional synchrony may be associated with impaired social functioning in ASD.
Chapter 51 – Anogenital Adenocarcinoma

Publisher Summary Adenocarcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, and anal glands may be caused by the same underlying factors that result in adenocarcinoma of the endometrium. These include obesity, a few or no pregnancies, and the use of estrogen at menopause. These cancers may also be caused by certain strains of human papillomavirus, suggesting that, as with cervical cancer, past sexual activity may be responsible. One form of adenocarcinoma, clear cell carcinoma of the vagina, has occurred among young women who were still in the uterus of mothers who took diethylstilbestrol (DES) to prevent spontaneous abortion during pregnancy. These malignancies are somewhat more common in Los Angeles County than in other regions of the country, and are five times more common among women as among men, especially among middle-aged adults. Middle-aged Latinas and older African-American women appear to be at especially high risk. Incidence among females has increased slightly over time in Los Angeles County as a whole, but has been relatively constant among the residents of high-risk census tracts.
Regulation of Root Growth at Low Water Potentials

In many species, roots continue to grow at low water potentials that cause complete inhibition of shoot growth. Recent studies show that the differential sensitivity of root and shoot growth to low water potentials is regulated, at least in part, by the hormone abscisic acid (ABA). When ABA accumulation in maize seedlings at low water potential is inhibited using either fluridone or the vp5 mutant to block carotenoid (and ABA) biosynthesis, primary root elongation is severely inhibited, while shoot growth is promoted as compared with untreated or wild-type seedlings growing at the same water potential. Fluridone-induced inhibition of root elongation at low water potential may be reversed by applying exogenous ABA, confirming the requirement for increased endogenous levels of ABA for the maintenance of root growth under dry conditions. In fluridone-treated seedlings, ABA levels at low water potential decreased to a similar extent throughout the root growth zone, while inhibition of elongation increased with distance from the apex. These results suggest a developmental gradient in tissue responsiveness to endogenous ABA. Current studies suggest that ABA may have a number of roles in maintaining root cell elongation at low water potentials. Firstly, proline is a major contributor to osmotic adjustment in the growth zone of maize primary roots, and its accumulation is partially prevented by treatment with fluridone. This effect can be reversed by adding exogenous ABA. Secondly, activity of the enzyme xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET), which is believed to be important for cell wall yielding, is markedly increased in the root growth zone at low water potential, and this response is also inhibited by fluridone, suggesting regulation by ABA.
Congenital Disseminated Pyogenic Granuloma: Characterization of an Aggressive Multisystemic Disorder

Objective To describe the clinical, radiologic, and histopathologic features of “congenital disseminated pyogenic granuloma” involving various organs with high morbidity related to cerebral hemorrhagic involvement. Study design We searched the database of the Vascular Anomalies Center at Boston Children's Hospital from 1999 to 2019 for patients diagnosed as having multiple vascular lesions, visceral vascular tumors, congenital hemangiomatosis, multiple pyogenic granulomas, or multiple vascular lesions without a definite diagnosis. A retrospective review of the medical records, photographs, histopathologic, and imaging studies was performed. Only patients with imaging studies and histopathologic diagnosis of pyogenic granuloma were included. Results Eight children (5 male, 3 female) had congenital multifocal cutaneous vascular tumors. Lesions also were found in the brain (n = 7), liver (n = 4), spleen (n = 3), muscles (n = 4), bone (n = 3), retroperitoneum (n = 3), and intestine/mesentery (n = 2). Less commonly affected were the spinal cord, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, and adrenal gland (n = 1 each). The mean follow-up period was 21.8 months. The cerebral and visceral lesions were hemorrhagic with severe neurologic sequelae. The histopathologic diagnosis was pyogenic granuloma with prominent areas of hemorrhage and necrosis. The endothelial cells had enlarged nuclei, pale cytoplasm and were immunopositive for CD31 and negative for D2-40 and glucose transporter 1. Conclusions Congenital disseminated pyogenic granuloma is a distinct multisystemic aggressive disorder that primarily affects the skin, brain, visceral organs, and musculoskeletal system. Differentiation of this entity from other multiple cutaneous vascular lesions is critical because of possible cerebral hemorrhagic involvement.
Change in Piñon-Juniper Woodland Cover Since Euro-American Settlement: Expansion Versus Contraction Associated with Soil Properties

Abstract Woodland and forest ecosystems across western North America have experienced increased density and expansion since the early 1900s, including in the widely distributed pinon-juniper vegetation type of the western United States. Fire suppression and grazing are often cited as the main drivers of these historic changes and have led to extensive tree-reduction treatments across the region. However, much of the scientific literature on pinon-juniper expansion dates back only to the early 1900s, which is generally half a century after Euro-American settlement. Yet US General Land Office (GLO) surveys provide valuable insight into the historical extent and density of woodland and forest ecosystems as surveyors would note where on the landscape they entered and exited woodlands or forests and provided qualitative estimates of relative tree density. This study uses these GLO surveys to establish pinon-juniper woodland extent in the late 19th century at the incipient stages of Euro-American settlement in southeastern Colorado and compares these data with 2017 aerial imagery of woodland cover. We found substantial amounts of woodland contraction, as well as expansion: ≈61% of historically dense woodland is now savanna or open (treeless), whereas ≈57% of historically open areas are now savannas or woodlands. The highest rates of expansion occurred on shallow, rocky soil types with low soil available water capacity, which support little herbaceous vegetation and were consequently less likely to be affected by fire suppression or grazing. Meanwhile, the significant contractions in woodland extent occurred on deeper, upland soils with higher soil available water capacity, which were likely where early settlement and tree cutting was most prevalent. Our results provide mixed support for the widespread assumption of woodland expansion since Euro-American settlement in southeast Colorado and suggest that the expansion that has occurred in our study area is unlikely a result of past grazing or fire suppression.
Debris cover and the thinning of Kennicott Glacier, Alaska: in situ measurements, automated ice cliff delineation and distributed melt estimates

Abstract. Many glaciers are thinning rapidly beneath melt-reducing debris cover, including Kennicott Glacier in Alaska where glacier-wide maximum thinning also occurs under debris. This contradiction has been explained by melt hotspots, such as ice cliffs, scattered within the debris cover. However, melt hotspots alone cannot account for the rapid thinning at Kennicott Glacier. We consider the significance of ice cliffs, debris, and ice dynamics in addressing this outstanding problem. We collected abundant in situ measurements of debris thickness, sub-debris melt, and ice cliff backwasting, allowing for extrapolation across the debris-covered tongue (the study area and the lower 24.2 km 2 of the 387 km 2 glacier). A newly developed automatic ice cliff delineation method is the first to use only optical satellite imagery. The adaptive binary threshold method accurately estimates ice cliff coverage even where ice cliffs are small and debris color varies. Kennicott Glacier exhibits the highest fractional area of ice cliffs (11.7 %) documented to date. Ice cliffs contribute 26 % of total melt across the glacier tongue. Although the relative importance of ice cliffs to area-average melt is significant, the absolute area-averaged melt is dominated by debris. At Kennicott Glacier, glacier-wide melt rates are not maximized in the zone of maximum thinning. Declining ice discharge through time therefore explains the rapid thinning. There is more debris-covered ice in Alaska than in any other region on Earth. Through this study, Kennicott Glacier is the first glacier in Alaska, and the largest glacier globally, where melt across its debris-covered tongue has been rigorously quantified.
Identification and Characterization of Epivascular Glia Using En Face Optical Coherence Tomography.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to describe the clinical features of epivascular glia (EVG) using en face optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design Retrospective cross-sectional study. Methods Single-institution en face OCT images were reviewed. Eyes displaying EVG were captured with manual internal limiting membrane (ILM) segmentation and analyzed with customized segmentation . A random age- and sex-matched control group was selected to determine relative epiretinal membrane (ERM) prevalence. Results Characteristic hyper-reflective ILM plaques with dendrite-like radiations were identified using en face OCT and displayed vascular predilection. A total of 161 eyes with EVG (the EVG group) and 2,315 eyes without EVG (control group) were identified from a total cohort of 1,298 patients (or 2,476 eyes). The prevalence of EVG was 161 of 2,476 eyes (6.5%) and 119 of 1,298 patients (9.2%) in the cohort. Mean age was 79.3 ± 10.7 years old in the EVG group and 55.9 ± 24.6 years old in the control group (P Conclusions EVG previously described with histopathology and scanning electron microscopy can be identified using en face OCT. In this study, these lesions were associated with older age, pseudophakia, and advanced PVD, supporting the role of Muller cell activation through ILM breaks triggered by PVD, a pathogenic mechanism proposed by previous studies.
Delineating Developmental Periods in Adulthood Suggests Age‐Related Shifts in the Correlates of Alcohol Use and Problems

Background Developmental context is related to the propensity to engage in alcohol use, the rate at which alcohol use changes, and the relevance of different risk factors to alcohol use disorder (AUD). Therefore, studies of change should consider developmental nuances, but change is often modeled to follow a uniform pattern, even across distinct developmental periods. Methods This study implemented a novel analytic approach to delineate developmental periods of alcohol behavior (n = 478, ages 18 to 35). This approach was further leveraged to examine age-related shifts in the association of impulsivity risk factors (lack of planning, general sensation seeking, alcohol enhancement expectancies) with alcohol behavior (alcohol quantity*frequency, heavy drinking, AUD). Results A sequence of exploratory and confirmatory latent growth models (LGMs) suggested modeling separate linear change factors for alcohol behavior during the primary college (ages 18 to 21) and postcollege years (21 to 35). Bivariate LGMs estimated correlations for alcohol behavior changes with lack of planning, sensation seeking, and enhancement expectancies during these periods. The rate at which heavy drinking changed during the college years was positively correlated with general sensation seeking and lack of planning during this period (rs = 0.61 to 0.63). These correlations were significantly weaker during the postcollege years (rs = 0.29 to 0.34). Notably, the rate of change in alcohol behavior was strongly correlated with enhancement expectancies during the college (r = 0.45 to 0.70) and postcollege years (r = 0.45 to 0.61). Conclusions These findings highlight the importance of sensation seeking and lack of planning with regard to adult alcohol use, particularly in a college environment. There was also a strong link between the rates of change in alcohol behavior and enhancement expectancies across all waves. This study supports the utility of exploratory LGMs for delineating developmental periods of alcohol behavior, which are characterized by different processes.
Ritual, Performance, and Cognition

Theories of ritual over time have revolved around a succession of themes, for example, the place of ritual in religion and magic, the social functions of ritual, the concept of ritualization, the efficacy of ritual, ritual in dance or performance, and the embodiment of values in ritual. There is an obvious link between ritual and embodiment because ritual practices are themselves embodied performances in which meanings and purposes are enacted by persons playing special parts that are added to, or replace, their everyday roles and identities (see Stewart and Strathern in Ritual: Key Concepts in Religion. Case Studies. London and Bloomsbury: Continuum Publishing, 2014; Stewart and Strathern in Ritual. London: Routledge Publishing, 2016).
Surveying the Attitudes of Dermatologists Regarding Climate Change.

Anthropogenic climate change affects our environment through higher temperatures, poorer air quality, polluted waters, and increased extreme weather events. These changes in our environment negatively influence the health of the population.1 The integument is not spared by climate change. Higher temperatures, decreased ozone protection, increased airborne pollutants, and decreased ultraviolet (UV) protection can cause flares of atopic dermatitis, pemphigus, lupus, and other inflammatory diseases, and increase rates of skin cancer.2.
NEURAL NETWORK REPRESENTATION OF TYRE CHARACTERISTICS: THE NEURO-TYRE

One of the most difficult aspects of vehicle modelling is the accurate description of tyre characteristics. A considerable amount of work has been done in the area of tyre modeling using a range of approaches, from pure theoretical modelling to fully empirical formulae fined to measured data. In this paper, a new approach to create non–linear mapping between the input and output characteristics of tyre using Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is examined. A comparison is made between the results obtained using ANN's and those obtained using Pacejka's 'Magic Formula', developed in order to characterize a tyre cornering force. The applicability of ANN's to the combined braking and cornering characteristics of a tyre is also investigated, and a relatively simple way to model this complicated phenomenon is offered. In this sense, some basic problems concerning ANN's application are discussed. In addition, in order to demonstrate its useability. the developed neural network–based tyre model is used in a simulation of the directional behaviour of a straight–truck. Because the neural network performed well during the test, the authors conclude that it can be a competitive and accurate way to model a tyre for vehicle simulation purposes. The neural network representation of tyre characteristics is a first step in an ongoing project where the aim is to examine possible applications of the artificial neural network to vehicle system dynamics and control. The author named the first model Neuro–Tyre.
Accelerating WR Convergence

In Chapter 7, several techniques used to improve the efficiency and robustness of the WR algorithm when it is applied to simulating MOS circuits will be described. In this chapter the theoretical background for three of these techniques will be presented. We will first analyze nonuniformity in WR convergence, which explains why breaking the simulation interval into pieces, called windows, can be used to reduce the number of relaxation iterations required to achieve convergence. Then we will consider how to partition large systems into subsystems in such a way that the WR algorithm will converge rapidly. Finally, we will briefly address a well-known issue for Gauss-Seidel relaxation algorithms, that of ordering the equations.
Isolation and Purification of the Amiloride-Sensitive Na + Channel from Renal Epithelia

The nature of alkali metal transport across biological membranes has been extensively investigated in-recent years. This research encompasses perhaps the most central issue of physiology as well as reflecting the most primitive function of the cell membrane, namely, ion homeostasis. Most of our understanding of Na+ transport across epithelial tissues has come from morphological and physiological studies of model systems such as the amphibian skin and urinary bladder preparations. The knowledge obtained from these studies has often been extrapolated to other less accessible epithelia such as the renal distal tubule and collecting duct. About 20 years ago, researchers at the pharmaceutical firm of Merck, Sharp and Dohme, synthesized a new K+ sparing diuretic called amiloride. This drug is a very potent and specific inhibitor of Na+ transport in a variety of cellular and epithelial transport systems ranging from human red blood cells to rat caudal epididymis, rabbit embryos to the body wall of annelid worms (1). Amiloride-sensitive Na+ channels are found in Na+ transporting tissues displaying high transepithelial electrical resistance (2). Although the electrophysiology of the channel has been widely studied, the molecular mechanisms underlying the Na+ transport function as well as the primary structure of the channel are unknown.
Spatiotemporal patterns of transcription factor gene expression accompanying the development and plasticity of cell phenotypes in the neuroendocrine system.

Publisher Summary Molecular biology has provided an exciting and fresh new approach to understand one of the fundamental problems in biology: the nature of the genetic developmental code that allows initially, for the development of specific tissues and organs and then for specific cellular phenotypes within them as well as for the modification or plasticity of cellular phenotypes in the mature animal. This chapter discusses the spatiotemporal sequence of tissue and cell-specific gene expression and the mechanisms responsible for the unfolding of this pattern, which involve both genetic and epigenetic components. The available evidence indicates that spatiotemporal patterns of hormone-specific gene expression in the anterior lobe are considerably more clear-cut than previously thought in mammals at these developmental stages, before the extensive intermingling of cell types, which are characteristic of the adult, takes place. Two transcription factors that appear to play a role in the cell and tissue-specific expression of anterior pituitary hormone gene expression have been identified, and their spatiotemporal patterns of initial expression during embryogenesis correlate well with the subsequent spatiotemporal patterns of expression of the hormone genes they are thought to regulate.
Local wafer temperature non-uniformity correction with laser irradiation

The application of correcting small temperature non-uniformity on Silicon wafers using local irradiation with spatially scanning laser beams was analyzed. The objective of the study was to understand the specifications of such a laser beam to elevate the temperature of a wafer locally by 1 to 5°C. A detailed analytical model has been developed for predicting power level, exposure time, scanning speed, and the beam characteristics. The model has been derived by solving the three dimensional transient heat equation using Green's function approach. Various wafer characteristics, such as the surface reflectivity, material absorption coefficient, and thermal properties have been built into the formulation as parameters, so that several what-if scenarios can be evaluated with ease and accuracy. Existing analytical methods in literature for prediction of laser irradiated substrate temperatures assume infinite thickness of the substrate. In this study, it has been found that this approximation could result in significant errors particularly for the present application of interest, where the wafer thickness is finite and the focus is on relatively small local temperature rise in short exposure durations. Numerical models were also developed to mimic some particular cases using a commercial finite volume method solver. The numerical and analytical results show an excellent agreement. The analytical model allows for a more diverse range of variables than the finite volume numerical models.
Impairment of membrane transport and signal transduction systems by amyloidogenic proteins.

Publisher Summary Proteins located within and associated with the plasma membrane and organellar membranes serve vital functions in essentially all cells. Two important types of membrane-associated proteins in neural cells are those involved in transporting various molecules (e.g., ions, nutrients, and neurotransmitters) across the membrane and those involved in transducing signals from different ligands (e.g., receptors for neurotransmitters, cytokines, and growth factors). Transporters in the plasma membrane include ion-motive ATPases such as Na + , K + –ATPase and Ca 2+ –ATPase, glucose transporters, and amino acid transporters. Membrane-associated proteins involved in signal transduction are remarkably complex, but can be placed into different categories such as receptors, guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins, and effector proteins. Some membrane receptors are linked to GTP-binding proteins (e.g., muscarinic cholinergic receptors), others have intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity (e.g., neurotrophic factor receptors), and others are ion channels (e.g., ionotropic excitatory amino acid receptors). Amyloidogenic peptides can have a variety of adverse effects on cells ranging from modest dysfunction to overt cell death. This chapter describes methods for assessing the effects of amyloidogenic peptides on membrane transport and signal transduction systems and presents data illustrating the kinds of data that have arisen from such approaches. It focuses on the action of amyloid β-peptide (Aβ), a 40–42 amino acid peptide that accumulates as diffuse, and fibrillar deposits in the brains of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. However, available data suggest that the mechanisms described in this chapter also apply to other amyloidogenic proteins and their associated disorders, including amylin in diabetes, β2-microglobulin in systemic amy-loidosis, and prion proteins in Creutzfeld–Jacob disease and related disorders.
Effect of tobacco mosaic virus infection on glucose metabolism in Nicotiana tabacum var. Samsun. III. Investigation of hexosemonophosphate shunt enzymes and steroid concentration and biosynthesis.

Abstract Activity of the enzymes phosphoriboisomerase, glucose-6-phosphate and 6-phosphogluconic acid dehydrogenases were assayed in healthy and TMV-infected roots of Nicotiana tabacum L. var. Samsun plants grown in nutrient culture. The results indicate that all enzymes were equally active in both infected and healthy tissues. Endogenous sterol concentration in TMV-infected and healthy N. tabacum leaves, stems, and roots were investigated. Sterol biosynthesis was studied by infusing mevalonic acid-2- 14 C (MVA- 14 C) into TMV-infected and healthy tissues and isolating the sterol fraction by silicic acid column chromatography. The component sterols of the total sterol fraction were identified by gas-liquid chromatography. Infection with TMV had no effect on the level of sterols in roots, stems or leaves. Healthy and TMV-infected plants were not significantly different in their ability to synthesize sterols from MVA- 14 C. Cholesterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol were identified as the major constituents of the total sterol fraction from stem and leaf tissues.
Inertial confinement fusion with direct electric generation by magnetic flux compression

A high-power-density laser fusion reactor concept is investigated in which directed kinetic energy imparted to a large mass of liquid lithium--in which the fusion target is centrally located--is maximized. In turn, this kinetic energy is converted directly to electricity with, potentially, very high efficiency by work done against a pulsed magnetic field applied exterior to the lithium. Because the concept maximizes the blanket thickness per unit volume of lithium, neutron-induced radioactivities in the reaction chamber wall can be many orders of magnitude less than is typical of D-T fusion reactor concepts.
Deconstituting al-Qa’ida: CCO Theory and the Decline and Dissolution of Hidden Organizations

This study reconceptualizes the decline and dissolution of hidden organizations using the four flows model of constitutive communication. Analyzing internal al-Qa’ida documents captured during the 2011 U.S. raid in Abbottabad, Pakistan, that killed Osama Bin Laden, this study explains how losses of control over the flows of membership negotiation, self-structuring, activity coordination, and institutional positioning have both reflected and reinforced al-Qa’ida’s decline. Interventions inspired by a communicative constitution of organization (CCO) perspective are proposed as a way to accelerate al-Qa’ida’s dissolution. The implications of the four flows model for both counterterrorism strategy and theorizing hidden organizations are discussed.
The Polarization of F(1) strings into D2-branes: 'Aut Caesar aut nihil'

We give matrix and supergravity descriptions of type IIA F strings polarizing into cylindrical D2 branes. When a RR four-form field strength ${F}_{4}$ is turned on in a supersymmetric fashion (with 4 supercharges), a complete analysis of the solutions reveals the existence of a moduli space of $F\stackrel{\ensuremath{\rightarrow}}{1}\mathrm{D}2$ polarizations for some fractional strengths of the perturbation, and of no polarization whatsoever for all other strengths of the perturbation. This is a very intriguing phenomenon, whose physical implications we can only speculate about. In the matrix description of the polarization we use the non-Abelian Born-Infeld action in an extreme regime, where the commutators of the fields are much larger than 1. The validity of the results we obtain provides a direct confirmation of this action, although it does not confirm or disprove the symmetrized trace prescription.
Multivariate tests of uniformity

We present tests of multivariate uniformity using data depth, the normal quantiles and the interpoint distances between the observations. We investigate the properties of the interpoint distances among uniform random vectors. We compare the performance of the proposed tests with two existing statistics under the hypothesis of uniformity and obtain their empirical power under various alternatives in a Monte Carlo study.
Paranoia with a purpose: conspiracy theory and political coalitions in Kyrgyzstan

AbstractThis article considers the political uses of conspiracy theories (CTs). It is widely accepted that post-Soviet citizens are prone to believe CTs, but there has been little research about the conditions under which politicians endorse conspiracy narratives and why those narratives sometimes become hegemonic. I argue that in times of high uncertainty, CTs have properties that are useful in providing political elites with a focal point for coordination in the absence of other bases for coalition formation. I demonstrate this logic by analyzing the politics surrounding the construction and spread of a conspiracy narrative following violence in Kyrgyzstan in 2010. Politicians with different interpretations of the event coalesced around a contrived conspiratorial narrative, and used it to paper over differences as they formed a ruling coalition. This argument has implications for how to understand the appearance and durability of conspiracy claims in states where political formations are fluid.
Empirically derived subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors

Aims To identify and validate homogeneous subtypes of opioid use and related behaviors. Design Family-based and case–control genetic studies of opioid and/or cocaine dependence. Settings Clinical and general community samples from Connecticut, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and South Carolina. Participants A total of 4061 individuals (2003 individuals from 835 families and 2058 unrelated individuals) recruited to participate in genetic studies. Measurements The computer-assisted Semi-Structured Assessment for Drug Dependence and Alcoholism (SSADDA) was used to assess participants' demographics, medical history, substance use behaviors and disorders and other psychiatric disorders. Findings Five homogeneous subtypes were identified, which differed on opioid-related measures, demographics and prevalence rates of substance use and psychiatric disorders. Heritability estimates for the two most severely affected subtypes exceeded 0.60. Conclusions An empirical approach based on opioid use and related behaviors can yield homogeneous subtypes that could be of value in gene finding for opioid dependence.