cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Response to Discussion of “Investigation of Oxide Bifilms in Investment Cast Superalloy IN100 Part I and II”

In his most recent letter (Campbell in Met Trans A, 2017), Professor Campbell provides additional comments on Kaplan and Fuchs papers “Oxides Bifilms in Superalloy: IN100, Parts I and II (Met Trans A 47A:2346-2361, 2016; Met Trans A 47A:2362-2375, 2016) and on their response to his initial comments (Met Trans A 47A:3806-3809, 2016). In this recent submission, Campbell provides some very interesting thoughts on why bifilms were not observed by Kaplan and Fuchs and creates a new theory for the formation of defects referred to as bifilms. However, Campbell again provides no evidence to substantiate the presence of bifilms in Ni-base superalloys or his newly theorized mechanism. The vast majority of Campbell’s comments are based solely on the re-interpretation of the photomicrographs and the data reported in the literature, including those presented by Kaplan and Fuchs (Met Trans A 47A:2346-2361, 2016; Met Trans A 47A:2362-2375, 2016). Campbell claims that bifilms are present throughout Ni-base superalloys, even though no one else has reported the presence of bifilms in Ni-base superalloys. In re-interpreting the data and images, Campbell ignores the extensive surface characterization results reported by Kaplan and Fuchs (Met Trans A 47A:2346-2361, 2016; Met Trans A 47A:2362-2375, 2016) that clearly indicate that there are no oxide films or bifilms on the fracture surfaces examined. Please note that this discussion of Campbell’s most recent letter will be limited to Ni-base superalloys, since that is the subject of the research reported by Kaplan and Fuchs.
How Will the Hematopoietic System Deal with Space Radiation on the Way to Mars

Traveling through deep space raises challenges to biological systems that have not been fully appreciated or addressed. In addition to the lack of gravity, the space environment includes exposure to charged remnants of supernova explosions beyond our solar system that travels with enormous velocities and energies, called HZE (high atomic number Z and energy E) particles and have the potential to disrupt chemical bonds within the human body though ionization. As a process, the collision of charged particles with matter is not new to physicists and biologists on Earth, and we have extensive data on low-linear energy transfer (LET) ionizing radiation from both accidental and deliberate exposures, dating back to the discovery of radioactive isotopes by Madame Curie. One of the primary morbidities associated with radiation exposure is the challenge to the hematopoietic system. The purpose of the current review is to discuss some of the basic tenants of hierarchical tissue systems by elaborating the effects of radiation damage to the hematopoietic stem cell and how terrestrial radiation and space radiation differ. The last few decades of research in the field of space radiation, which consists of high-LET ions of 4He, 12C, 16O, 28Si, 48Ti, and 56Fe, and low-LET protons, have shown that there is a significantly more deleterious impact on the hematopoietic system by the high-LET ions compared to protons, X-rays, and γ-rays. Ground-based high-LET radiation experiments have shown not only in vitro and in vivo adverse effects on hematopoietic stem cells, but also that human leukemia can be induced in humanized mouse models. High-LET space radiation is more lethal to hematopoietic stem cells compared to low-LET radiation, but further research is required in order to understand the impact of high-LET radiation on hematopoietic malignancies. Most of the ground-based studies, because of technical difficulties and cost issues, have been carried out at high dose rates with only one ion species at a time. What remains to be clearly described, however, is the potential damage to the hematopoietic system from exposure to the more complex types of radiation at low dose rates that will occur during space travel and how space agencies can sufficiently protect our astronauts.
Learning Outcomes in a Laboratory Environment vs. Classroom for Statistics Instruction: An Alternative Approach Using Statistical Software

The role of any statistics course is to increase the understanding and comprehension of statistical concepts and those goals can be achieved via both theoretical instruction and statistical software training. However, many introductory courses either forego advanced software usage, or leave its use to the student as a peripheral activity. The purpose of this study was to determine if there was instructional value in replacing classroom time with laboratory time dedicated to statistical software usage. The first approach used classroom lecture presentations, while the second replaced one classroom period per week with statistical software laboratories. It was hypothesized that replacing classroom time with software based laboratories would increase the level of statistics knowledge as compared to an otherwise identical class with no lab based component. Both pre-course and end-of course surveys were used, as well as identical examination questions. Comparisons within a time point, and longitudinal performance over the course were both evaluated. Survey results indicated that students would recommend lab based instruction significantly more than a primarily lecture based instruction (32% more, p=.020). Additionally, the performance improvement over the course of the semester was significantly higher for those students participating in laboratories (19.2% increase, p=.011). These findings indicate that sacrificing classroom time for a laboratory period improves the educational experience in an introductory statistics course and may help with the understanding and retention of difficult topics.
Extension Professionals Preparedness for Demand-Driven Agriculture Extension Services in Nepal

A self-administered survey was conducted among agricultural extension professionals in Nepal in August - September of 2015 to examine their level of competency for demand-driven extension services to estimate the predictors for demand-driven competency, and to identify ways to acquire these competencies. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Data revealed that respondents perceived themselves as having amoderate level of competency. Those with high educational levels perceived themselves as having higher competency. Extension Professionals (ER) viewed preservice, in-service, basic induction, and workshop/seminar/webinar as appropriate ways to acquire competencies. Government professionals leaned much more toward in-service and basic induction training than non-government professionals.
Effects of osmolytes and macromolecular crowders on stable GAAA tetraloops and their preference for a CG closing base pair

Osmolytes and macromolecular crowders have the potential to influence the stability of secondary structure motifs and alter preferences for conserved nucleic acid sequences in vivo. To further understand the cellular function of RNA we observed the effects of a model osmolyte, polyethylene glycol (PEG) 200, and a model macromolecular crowding agent, PEG 8000, on the GAAA tetraloop motif. GAAA tetraloops are conserved, stable tetraloops, and are critical participants in RNA tertiary structure. They also have a thermodynamic preference for a CG closing base pair. The thermal denaturation of model hairpins containing GAAA loops was monitored using UV-Vis spectroscopy in the presence and absence of PEG 200 or PEG 8000. Both of the cosolutes tested influenced the thermodynamic preference for a CG base pair by destabilizing the loop with a CG closing base pair relative to the loop with a GC closing base pair. This result also extended to a related DNA triloop, which provides further evidence that the interactions between the loop and closing base pair are identical for the d(GCA) triloop and the GAAA tetraloop. Our results suggest that in the presence of model PEG molecules, loops with a GC closing base pair may retain some preferential interactions with the cosolutes that are lost in the presence of the CG closing base pair. These results reveal that relatively small structural changes could influence how neutral cosolutes tune the stability and function of secondary structure motifs in vivo.
Impact of the Autonomic Nervous System on the Skeleton.

It is from the discovery of leptin and the central nervous system as a regulator of bone remodeling that the presence of autonomic nerves within the skeleton transitioned from a mere histological o...
Epidemiology of dental diseases in the elderly.

The prevalence of total tooth loss among the elderly is diminishing, despite the growth of the elderly population. Caries is becoming more common among the elderly as tooth retention improves; root caries is a particular hazard. Periodontitis is not a disease of aging, although it is common among the elderly. Measures of oral health are invariably worse in the lower socioeconomic strata.
Does the NCAA's Collegiate Model promote competitive balance? Power-5 conference football versus the NFL.

The disparity between athlete compensation and major sports revenues has produced criticisms of The National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA)’s Collegiate Model of athletic competition. In de...
Detection and classification of coronary artery calcifications in low dose thoracic CT using deep learning.

Deep Learning is expanding in the detection and diagnosis of abnormalities , including coronary artery calcification (CAC), in CT. CACs can also be visualized on low-dose thoracic screening CTs (LDCT), and thus, in this study, deep learning is investigated for the detection of CACs and assessment of their severity on LDCT images. The study dataset included 863 LDCT cases, each assigned a case severity score, which is related to the Agatston score, ranging between 0 and 12 (0 = no CAC present, 12 = severe CACs). Within the cardiac region, 224 × 224 pixel ROIs were extracted from each CT slice and input to a convolutional neural network (CNN). CNN-based features were extracted using a pre-trained VGG19 and merged with a support vector machine (SVM) yielding a slice likelihood score of the presence of CACs . Case prediction scores were obtained by using the maximum and mean scores of all slices belonging to that case. Area under the ROC curve (AUC) was used as a metric to assess the discrimination performance level. Using a randomly selected subset of images containing similar amounts of each severity subtype, the SVM performed better using the max slice score per case (AUC = 0.79, standard error = 0.03). While this AUC value does not reach those found in similar studies for diagnostic CT and cardiac CT angiography, this study demonstrates potential for deep learning use in LDCT screening programs.
I Believe I Am Creative and Therefore Less Exhausted

This study proposes that creative self-efficacy protects individuals from emotional exhaustion through the mediating effects of cognitive reappraisal and positive affect. The results of a pilot stu...
Revisit Rates for Pediatric Tonsillectomy: An Analysis of Admit and Discharge Times.

Objective:To determine the association between intraday timing of outpatient pediatric tonsillectomy and revisit outcomes and complications.Study Design:Cross-sectional analysis of New York databas...
Chapter 10 – Insect Communities

Insects are found in abundance nearly everywhere on Earth and provide services important to both the health of our ecosystems (e.g. decomposition, seed dispersal) and to our economy (e.g. pollination, crop pests). Understanding how climate change affects insects is necessary if we are to predict what insect communities will look like in the future and therefore determine how the services they provide will change. Since insect traits such as growth, reproduction, and activity are heavily shaped by environmental conditions, climate change will affect them in many ways. Here we present evidence that insects cope with climate change in one of three major ways: they move to areas that have a more suitable climate; they emerge earlier and are active longer to take advantage of warmer temperatures; and they adapt to withstand new climatic conditions. These changes can lead them to lose interaction partners (i.e. a host plant), develop new interactions, or even become locally extinct. Climate change will affect insect development time, number of generations per year, foraging behaviour, emergence time, and survivorship. Ultimately, climate change will continue to alter the shape of insect communities, with effects varying with geographic location, time, and type of insect.
How Does Religion Affect Consumer Response to Failure and Recovery by Firms

How might religion influence consumer behavior in the marketplace? The present research proposes that failure and subsequent firm recovery efforts represent a domain that may be particularly sensitive to religion. Specifically, we demonstrate that religion salience promotes a more positive response to failure when accompanied by recovery. This effect is due to heightened forgiveness, a religious value held by many major world religions, which is triggered by signals of firm repentance. In a series of eight studies, theorizing is extended to the moderating roles of both religiosity (with implications for the religion–forgiveness discrepancy) and recovery content (comparing apology vs. compensation) and evidence of generalizability across several major religious affiliations is provided. This research highlights the importance of religion salience to marketers operating in failure–recovery contexts.
Rwanda Case Study

This chapter focuses on Rwanda as a case study and provides a survivor-centered perspective and discussion of the human rights challenges Rwandan genocide survivors face. It discusses both the institutional and individual perspective of Rwandan genocide survivors on how best to respect, protect, and fulfill their human rights and human dignity in partnership with them and with sensitivity to principles of fairness, equity, justice, and freedom. It discusses Rwanda’s national government agency devoted to advancing the welfare of genocide survivors, FARG. It critiques FARG for significant failures to advance the human rights of genocide survivors in a substantive, comprehensive, timely, and inclusive way that reflects survivor rights to participation and reparation and to education, housing, healthcare, and economic support, and vocational training to alleviate poverty and empower survivors to generate income. It provides suggestions on how FARG can improve its respect and fulfillment of the human rights of genocide survivors and how NGOs can play a critical role in contributing to advancing the rights and welfare of Rwanda’s genocide survivors. It illustrates how prominent development NGOs in Rwanda such as CARE, Oxfam, World Vision, and Save the Children are failing to respect and fulfill the human rights of genocide survivors and provides examples of other NGOs, in contrast, such as ActionAid, that show respect for the human rights of genocide survivors and should serve as a model for other development NGOs in Rwanda.
X-ray Detection of SN1994W in NGC 4041?

Optical spectra of SN1994W in NGC 4041 revealed the presence of a dense (N_e > 10^8 cm^-3) circumstellar shell. An observation with the ROSAT HRI detected a source, with a 0.2-2.4 keV luminosity of ~8x10^39 erg/sec, coincident with the position of SN1994W to within 1''.4. The positional coincidence plus the optical evidence for a dense circumstellar shell support the identification of the X-ray source as SN1994W.
Recruitment strategies and geographic representativeness for patient survey studies in rare diseases: Experience from the living with myeloproliferative neoplasms patient survey.

Background Recruitment of individuals with rare diseases for studies of real-world patient-reported outcomes is limited by small base populations. Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare, chronic, hematologic malignancies. In this study, recruitment strategies and geographic representativeness from the Living with MPNs survey are reported. Methods The Living with MPNs online cross-sectional survey was conducted between April and November 2016. Individuals 18 to 70 years of age living in the United States and diagnosed with an MPN were eligible to participate. Recruitment approaches included direct contact via emails and postcards; posts on MPN-focused social media and patient advocacy websites; postcard mailings to doctors' offices; and advertisements on medical websites, Google, and Facebook. Geographic representativeness was assessed based on the number of survey respondents living in each state or the District of Columbia and by the number of survey respondents per 10 million residents. Results A total of 904 respondents with MPNs completed the survey. The recruitment method yielding the greatest number of respondents was advertisements on MPN-focused social media (47.6% of respondents), followed by emails (35.1%) and postcards (13.9%) sent through MPN advocacy groups. Home state information was provided by 775 respondents from 46 states (range of respondents per state, 1-89). The number of respondents per 10 million residents in the 46 states with respondents ranged from 12.1 to 52.7. Conclusions Recruitment using social media and communications through patient groups and advocacy organizations are effective in obtaining geographically representative samples of individuals with MPNs in the United States. These approaches may also be effective in other rare diseases.
Abstract P532: Does Atrial Fibrillation Impact Rate of Symptomatic Intracranial Hemorrhage in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients Treated With rt-PA and/or Endovascular Treatment?

Background: Patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to atrial fibrillation (afib) may have increased complications from intravenous thrombolysis or endovascular treatment (ET) compared to oth...
Cognitive Effects and Depression Associated With Taxane-Based Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Meta-Analysis

Purpose: This meta-analysis provides a longitudinal assessment of depression and cognitive impairment induced by taxane-based chemotherapy in women with breast cancer after 6 months of treatment. We highlighted the incidence and prevalence, the cognitive pattern in neuropsychological studies, and the relationship between chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment and different risk factors. We estimated the effect sizes on each cognitive domain and differentiated effect sizes by each method of comparison of effects (i.e., baseline data, or control groups). Methods: The databases MEDLINE and Embase were searched for publications about taxane-related cognitive changes in patients with breast cancer published from 1980 to 2019. Cross-sectional and self-reported outcomes studies were excluded except for the depression item. Included studies were assessed for risk of bias with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. We estimated effect sizes for each cognitive domain and differentiated effect sizes by each method of comparison of effects. The review is reported in compliance with the PRISMA Statement; it was registered prospectively in PROSPERO as CRD42020163255. Results: Eleven studies meeting the criteria were analyzed, which resulted in a sample of 1,057 patients with breast cancer who received chemotherapy including 820 patients (77%) who received taxane-based chemotherapy. Attention and concentration, depression, and executive function domains had significant chemotherapy-induced impairment across all comparison types. Statistically significant improvement was found in language and verbal memory when comparing chemotherapy patients' test scores with baseline or matched controls. Taxane-based chemotherapy had a non-significant effect on processing speed, visual memory, visuospatial, and motor function domains. Conclusions: The occurrence of chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment 6 months or more after the course of treatment in people with breast cancer is frequent in the domains of attention, executive function, and depression. Other domains appear stable or improve with time after treatment cessation.
Ocular Motor Abnormalities and Reading Difficulties in Different Neuro-Ophthalmic Diseases (S16.002)

Objective: Use a rapid reading test to assess reading difficulties and to perform eye movement recordings in different neuro-ophthalmic diseases. Background: Neurological issues like stroke, cancer, neurodegeneration, and others frequently lead to vision loss, eye movement abnormality, or both, resulting in difficulties with common daily visual functions including saccadic reading. Design/Methods: We recruited and assessed reading and visual disability at a single institution in over 200 controls and patients with different neuro-ophthalmic diseases, including homonymous hemianopia, eye movement disorder, and Parkinson’s disease. Subjects read 120 single digit numbers as fast as they could, which helped assess basic ocular motor and cognitive abilities necessarily during left-to-right saccadic reading without semantic context. Seventy controls and patients underwent 500-Hz binocular 2D infrared oculography (SensoMotoric Instruments) in order to quantify their saccade and fixation parameters during reading. Results: Patients with cerebellar ataxia (n=8; p=0.001) read the slowest, about 35% slower compared with controls (n=122), followed by those with down-beating nystagmus (n=23; p=0.004), Parkinson’s disease (n=54; p= 0.001), and homonymous hemianopia (n=16; p=0.06). Infrared oculography revealed that patients with hemianopia exhibited striking spatial bias toward their visual field defect, during visual tasks and left-to-right reading. In contrast, patients with eye movement abnormality exhibited no spatial bias but had significantly greater total scanpaths while reading 120 numbers (p Conclusions: Single digit number reading test is an easy way to assess reading difficulties in the clinical setting, and eye movement recording reveals a variety of ways that reading can be impacted in different neurological conditions. Disclosure: Dr. Oh has nothing to disclose. Dr. Shariati has nothing to disclose. Dr. Jehangir has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chen has nothing to disclose. Dr. Yu has nothing to disclose. Dr. Liao has nothing to disclose.
Mathematics for Economics - A Refresher

This paper is a short introduction to the essentials in Mathematics for Economic modeling. Analytical modeling frequently uses key mathematical tools and this work is an attempt at summarizing and giving intuitions regarding these basic concepts.
HilbertNet: A Probabilistic Machine Learning Framework for Frequency Response Extrapolation of Electromagnetic Structures

In this article, we propose a probabilistic machine learning framework for extrapolating the frequency response of distributed physical circuits. For the structures where there is hidden dependency between higher and lower frequency features, we propose a method to extrapolate the response while providing confidence intervals harnessing Bayesian recurrent neural networks (RNN) thereby avoiding extensive simulations and saving computational time. To address complex-valued impedance, Hilbert transform is used to relate the real and imaginary parts where a Hilbert-based RNN architecture is proposed called Hilbert Net to extrapolate the frequency response. We apply the technique to four applications: 1) A simple microstrip transmission line circuit for proof of concept, 2) coupled waveguide filter operating in D-band comparing with measured results, 3) fifth-order interdigital bandpass filter for 28 GHz band, and 4) complex stack-up power delivery network (PDN) having a sharply changing response to test the framework limits. Results show that our architecture performs accurate extrapolation with a normalized mean square error of 0.008 squared with 95% confidence for a typical PDN. Using probabilistic networks, we achieve a tight confidence bound on our results. Furthermore, the reliability of Hilbert Net is assessed as to how far the response can be extrapolated.
Social Media Design Requirements for the Collectivist International Students

Major social networking sites (SNSs) are developed in the United States, the country with the highest individualism score. Individualist cultural values are therefore likely to be embedded in social media design. This study aims to understand the consequence of collectivist cultural values on design requirements for social media tools. The study used a co-design activity with the value sensitive action-reflection model. Participants were international students from collectivistic cultures who were enrolled at a large state university in the United States. Inductive thematic analysis was applied to analyze themes from design results. Four main themes emerged: media, cost, user-system interaction, and interpersonal interaction. Then, design requirements informed by collectivist cultural values were derived from the themes using theoretical thematic analysis. Three main design requirements emerged: the need to support strong relationship within group, the need to support narrow relationships, and the need for continuous relationship maintenance.
Lysine 319 interacts with both glutamic acid 269 and aspartic acid 240 in the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli.

Abstract It is believed that there are several charged amino acid residues in membrane-spanning alpha-helices of the lactose carrier of Escherichia coli. Evidence has previously been presented for two different salt bridges in membrane-spanning regions of the lactose carrier. One of these involves an interaction between Asp-237 and Lys-358; another involves interaction between Asp-240 and Lys-319. Additional studies of Lys-319 suggest that it may interact with Glu-269 as well as Asp-240. A cell containing the LacY gene with the mutation Lys-319-->Asn failed to ferment melibiose and after several days melibiose-positive mutants arose on indicator plates. These revertants showed second site mutations which replaced Asp-240 by neutral amino acids (Val or Gly). In addition, a second site mutation showed Glu-269 changed to Asn. Cells containing the mutation Lys-319-->Leu also failed to ferment melibiose and melibiose-positive revertants showed Asp-240-->Ala and Asp-240-->Tyr as well as Tyr-236-->Phe and His-322-->Arg. Second site revertants were also sought from the mutant Glu-269-->Asn which grew poorly on melibiose minimal plates. Melibiose-positive revertants included the double mutant Gln-269/Asn-319. All of the Glu-269-->Asn mutants were extremely defective in transport. It was concluded that Lys-319 interacts with Glu-269 and Asp-240 probably as salt bridges.
Does Cognitively Focused Instruction Improve the Academic Performance of Low-Achieving Students?:

Stakeholders are debating the value of cognitively focused instruction for students who have not benefited from a skills-based approach. Much of the discussion, however, is occurring without recogn...
HAMP: Doomed from the Start

In February 2009, President Obama’s response to the foreclosure crisis was the Home Affordable Mortgage Program (HAMP), designed to help as many as 4 million borrowers avoid foreclosure by the end of 2012. HAMP was the largest part of a broad array of programs called Making Home Affordable (MHA), which itself was part of the $700 billion TARP bailout. $75 billion was set aside to fund HAMP ($50 billion under TARP and $25 billion from Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac). This paper will critique the effectiveness of HAMP and its companion programs, and dissect what went wrong. This will include an analysis of strategic defaults, securitization, and legal liability. Then, I will lay out proposed solutions and advocate what I think would have been the best solution from the start. Lastly, this paper will provide an outlook for the real estate market.
Packet scheduling attacks on shipboard networked control systems

Shipboard networked control systems are based on a distributed control system architecture that provides remote and local control monitoring. In order to allow the network to scale a hierarchical communication network is composed of highspeed Ethernet based network switches. Ethernet is the prevalent medium to transfer control data, such as control signals, alarm signal, and sensor measurements on the network. However, communication capabilities bring new security vulnerabilities and make communication links a potential target for various kinds of cyber/physical attacks. The goal of this work is to implement and demonstrate a network layer attack against networked control systems, by tampering with temporal characteristics of the network, leading to time varying delays and packet scheduling abnormalities
An analysis on transformational analogy: general framework and complexity

In this paper we present TransUCP, a general framework for transformational analogy. Using our framework we demonstrate that transformational analogy does not meet a crucial condition for a well-known worst-case complexity scenario, and therefore the results about plan adaptation being computationally harder than planning from the scratch does not apply to transformational analogy. We prove this by constructing a counter-example that does not meet this condition. Furthermore, we perform experiments that demonstrate that this counter-example is not an exception. Rather, our experiments show that it is unlikely that this condition will be met when performing plan adaptation with transformational analogy.
Charitable Gifts by S Corporations: Opportunities and Challenges

This article examines the tax opportunities and tax hazards when a subchapter S corporation makes a charitable gift. The article demonstrates that usually the shareholders of an S corporation and the charity are both better off when an S corporation makes a charitable gift compared to having a shareholder make a charitable gift of S corporation stock. Either way, the income tax benefit will be on the S corporation shareholder’s personal income tax return. By having the S corporation make the gift, the parties avoid the “three bad things” that happen when a shareholder donates S corporation stock. The problems and solutions for a charitable gift of S corporation stock are analyzed in the companion article: Charitable Gifts by Subchapter S Corporations and Their Shareholders: Two Worlds of Law Collide, 36 ACTEC L.J. 693-768 (Spring 2011).The opportunities include the ability to donate corporate property to a charitable remainder trust (CRT), a temporary enhanced income tax deduction for a gift of appreciated property (such as a conservation easement), the ability to avoid the Section 1374 built-in gains tax (even with a gift to a CRT), and the avoidance of the unrelated business income tax (UBIT). The article also identifies hazards and ways to solve them. For example, an S corporation should avoid making a charitable gift to a charity while the charity is also a shareholder. It could be a prohibited “second class of stock.” Even a charitable gift to an unrelated charity can be a problem: a gift of a substantial portion of the corporation’s assets could be treated as a taxable corporate liquidation. Professor Hoyt identifies ways to reduce or even eliminate the potential tax liability triggered by such a large gift.
Evaluating Reciprocal and Nonreciprocal Prosocial Behavior Developmental Changes

The present study was an investigation of grade school children and college age adults' judgments of story figures. The characters reacted positively or negatively to someone who either did or did not help them. Children made significant distinctions between the four situations and rated them in the following order (most to least favorable): positive reciprocity, altruism, negative reciprocity, ingratitude. In contrast to the children, adults valued altruism more than positive reciprocity. The results are discussed in terms of Piaget's and Kohlberg's theories of moral development and in terms of early child-rearing practices.
A streamlined approach for sediment source fingerprinting in a Southern Piedmont watershed, USA

Purpose Sediment fingerprinting is a relatively recent research technique, capable of determining the origin of suspended sediment. In this study, we investigated sub-basins within a larger watershed we examined previously. The objectives were to determine if there was spatial variation in the origin of the suspended sediments and to test a streamlined fingerprinting approach which would reduce the cost, thereby paving the way for adoption by government agencies.
A Novel LacZ Reporter Mouse Reveals Complex Regulation of the Progesterone Receptor Promoter During Mammary Gland Development

To further our understanding of progesterone (P) as an endocrine mammogen, a PR(lacz) knockin mouse was generated in which the endogenous progesterone receptor (PR) promoter directly regulated lacZ reporter expression. The PR(lacz) mouse revealed PR promoter activity was restricted to the epithelial compartment during the prenatal and postnatal stages of mammary gland development. At puberty, PR promoter activity was unexpectedly robust and restricted to the body cells within the terminal end buds and to the luminal epithelial cells in the subtending ducts. In the adult, the preferential localization of PR(lacz) positive cells to the distal regions of ductal side branches provided a cellular context to the recognized mandatory role of P in ductal side-branching, and segregation of these cells from cells that undergo proliferation supported an intraepithelial paracrine mode of action for P in branching morphogenesis. Toward the end of pregnancy, the PR(lacz) mouse disclosed a progressive attenuation in PR promoter activity, supporting the postulate that the preparturient removal of the proliferative signal of P is a prerequisite for the emergence of a functional lactating mammary gland. The data suggest that PR expression before pregnancy is to ensure the specification and spatial organization of ductal and alveolar progenitor cell lineages, whereas abrogation of PR expression before lactation is required to enable terminal differentiation of the mammary gland.
On the Irrelevance of Mercosur: Evidence From Foreign Direct Investment

ABSTRACT This article utilizes data from more than 100 countries over 30 years to identify the key factors that make a country more attractive to foreign direct investment (FDI). We find evidence that a country's potential marginal returns to capital, available infrastructure, degree of trade openness, labor force qualification, and macroeconomic stability have a positive impact on FDI inflows. Our estimates capture a change in the role played by trade protection and an increase in the importance of human capital as globalization progressed. An application of our models illustrates why Mercosur countries have underperformed their peers in attracting FDI.
Primary hyperparathyroidism in children, adolescents, and young adults.

Primary hyperparathyroidism (HPT) is considered a rare disease in children and an uncommon one in adolescents and young adults. Until 1975, only 60 children under the age of 16 years had been reported with proven HPT. Most had symptoms of weakness, irritability, anorexia, and weight loss. Severe hypercalcemia (serum calcium>15 mg/ 100 ml) and radiologic evidence of bone changes were common findings, and suggested delayed diagnoses.
Bulk modulus of materials containing gas-filled voids

Abstract Voids created during neutron irradiation lead to volume welling and changes in the elastic properties of metals. Present theoretical treatments of the effect of voids on elastic constants do not consider the possible effect of gas pressure or surface stresses within the voids. These corrections have been determined for the change in bulk modulus. Although parameters required for numerical evaluation are not available for materials of technological interest (e.g. stainless steels), values for copper indicate that various correction terms tend to cancel. Thus, gas pressure should not be important in predicting elastic property changes caused by voids, and conversely, experiments involving elastic property measurements are impractical as a method to determine gas pressure within voids.
A new paradigm for trusted systems

The current paradigm for trusted computer syst,ems holds that trust is a property of a system. It is a. property that ca.n be formally modeled, specified, and verified. It can be “designed int,o” a. system using a rigorous design methodology. For high levels of a.ssurante, the design methodology uses forma.1 models sod methods in order to “prove” tha.t trust is present. This paradigm underlies The Department of Defense Trusted Computer System E~valuation Criteria (TCSEC) [3], commonly ca.lled the “Orange Book,” and its companion “rainbow series” rep0rt.s. In this paper, we will refer to these documents a.s the “Crit.eria.” The Criteria specifies a. met.hoclology for modeling, designing, and implement~iug a. syst,em tl1a.t builds trust into a system, and a process for proving t.o an evaluator that the methodology has been followed. For a description of the Criteria, and the eva.lua,tiou process, see Chokhani [l]. Application of the Criteria. 1la.s been fraught wit,11 problems for both developers and eva.lua.tors. Steve Lipner clearly a.rticulated this breakdown in t.he keynote address a,t IFIP-SEC 91 [4]. The problems he identified include:
From Inception to Presentation: The First Annual Distinguished Achievement in Access Services Award

When the first Distinguished Achievement in Access Services Award was presented in November 2014, it was the result of a year's worth of planning between individuals who believed the work within the field of access services should be recognized among its professional community. The following documents the process it took to create the award's criteria, obtain a sponsor, and the selection of the first recipient of the award.
Goals for school mathematics: The Madison project view

This paper is intended to describe the recent, i.e., 1964, activities of the Madison Project, and at the same time to present one view of what is happening—or needs to be happening—to the mathematics curriculum in grades 2 through 9.
Simulation of using background plasma to neutralize charged particle thrusters on nanospacecraft

Summary form only given. There is an emerging class of nanospacecraft thrusters under development that use colloids or nanoparticles that can be charged either positively or negatively to provide thrust. An issue to be examined is how to adequately neutralize both the spacecraft and the emitted beam. We initially focused on the capabilities of the nanoparticle field extraction thruster (NanoFET) to self-neutralize (although it applies to colloidal systems as well). The NanoFET system operates by expelling either positively or negatively charged nanoparticles through a gridded structure. This ability to charge nanoparticles to either polarity offers the flexibility to also use the nanoparticles to neutralize the system, which has been previously examined. Most common electric propulsion systems only emit positively-charged ions, which requires that electrons are also emitted, often through the use of hollow cathodes or other electron emitters. These neutralization techniques all reduce efficiency. If NanoFET did not need a separate system to be neutralized, then there would be no loss of efficiency.
French science policy and the changing role of the university

Abstract The role of university research in France is examined in the light of recent science policy shifts and structural changes at both the national and university levels. The efforts of the government to develop a science policy and to make that policy serve social and economic goals have eroded the traditional conception of the individual university scientist autonomously pursuing his own research on funds routinely channeled through the administrative hierarchy. The growth of contractfunding, the proliferation of public sources of financing, the elevation of higher education affairs to ministerial status, the call for universities to devise distinctive research profiles and policies, the shifting, overlapping responsibilities of national agencies and departments, and the general leveling off of public expenditure in R&D -all these are factors contributing to increased tension in the university research community. The interaction of these developments with persistent patterns of behavior and influence of the university scientific community in local and national decision-making has produced a series of contradictions and conflicts in university research policy which recently announced decisions are unlikely to dispel.
Fabrication and Morphological Stability of Aluminium Nanostructures En Route to Nanopatterned Sapphire

It has recently been demonstrated that it is possible to produce a pristine surface layer on a lapped sapphire substrate by depositing a thin film of aluminum and subjecting it to an appropriate thermal treatment. This process also shows promise for the fabrication of nanopatterned sapphire by pre-patterning the aluminum metal prior to thermal conversion to sapphire. We have explored two distinct patterning processes: a dual layer photoresist e-beam lithography technique for fabricating arbitrarily shaped aluminum structures, and a novel, non-conventional mask-liftoff method involving nanoporous anodized aluminum oxide, useful for patterning very large scale arrays of sub-micron aluminum dots or posts. Our work is focused on refining the fabrication process and investigating the morphological stability of such metal nanostructures during conversion to sapphire.
Factors Affecting Employment in the Arabian Gulf Region, 1975–85

Assesses the main factors affecting employment in the Arab Gulf region. In particular: What are the main determinants of employment in the region? How do these determinants vary between national and foreign workforces? Have these determinants changed over time? The results, particularly for the 1980‐85 period, suggest that labour market mismatches may be increasing in the Arab World. This is essentially the problem of too many PhDs and too few mechanics. The symptom of this would be relatively high levels of disguised unemployment among the highly educated, coupled with a shortage of artisans. The damage arising from these skill mismatches lies in the way the various economic sectors are likely to expand while faced by labour constraints. These findings suggest that reforms of both the educational system and the hiring practices of Government agencies will be critical to restoring increases in productivity and ultimately expanded rates of non‐oil income.
Particle overlap and segregation problems in on-line coarse particle size measurement

Abstract Particle overlap and segregation problems are inherent in on-line coarse particle size measurements using image-based methods. Particle size distributions measured from the exposed layer of a packed particle bed can be seriously baised by these problems and thus, an empirical correction function is commonly employed to transfer measured size data to the actual size data. Although the use of such an empirical correction function might be useful for specific cases, the mechanisms for causing the bias have never been systematically studied. In this regard, studies on particle overlap and segregation problems provide a scientific basis for using image-based methods for particle size measurement and a practical guide for the development of appropriate correction functions. In this research, a Monte Carlo method was used to simulate the phenomenon of particle size percolation at the transfer point of a moving belt conveyor. Important findings from computer simulation were then used for design of the Drop Box Experiment. The results from this research are shown to facilitate the use of image-based methods for on-line coarse particle size measurement.
Fault Tree Analysis Using Bit Manipulation

This paper describes an efficient technique for computerized fault-tree analysis. The technique is based upon binary coding of events and bit manipulation for tree reduction, reducing both computation time and computer storage requirements. The operations include generation of minimal cut sets for trees containing arbitrary AND and OR logic, and determination of top event existence probability for s-independent minimal cut sets composed of s-independent basic events. By the use of an upward algorithm for tree reduction, information is available at each logic gate. The effectiveness in producing minimal cut sets and top event probability has been demonstrated through analysis of fault trees of various sizes. The current implementation accommodates trees containing AND and OR gates, including all logical redundancies.
The effect of internal or external pressure on the free vibrations of conical shells

Abstract Linear shell theory was used to develop an analysis for determining the effect of internal or external pressure on the natural frequencies of simply supported conical shells. An experimental investigation was performed in conjunction with this analysis. In the analysis, the longitudinal and circumferential inertia forces are assumed to be small in comparison with the radial inertia force. The above assumption simplified the uncoupling of the equilibrium equations. A linear Donnell type vibration equation was obtained for an isotropic conical shell which included the effects of internal or external pressure. Application of the Galerkin method reduced the shell equations to the form of a frequency determinant. Digital computer techniques were used to solve the resulting frequency determinant.
Madagascar's Lemurs: Cryptic diversity or taxonomic inflation?

We live in inflationary times. A quarter of a century ago, cigarettes were about $1 a pack in New York City, a bottle of Château Beaucastel set you back $15, and there were 36 different species of lemur alive in Madagascar1 (Table 1). Today the equivalent figures are $7.40, $95, and 83 lemur species2 (Table 1). The increase in dollar prices has a lot to do with the economics of growth, something that obviously cannot be sustained indefinitely on a finite planet. Is the recent inflation in lemur taxonomy any more secure? The question is all the more worth asking because this is no isolated phenomenon: Madagascar's primates have not been alone in multiplying. The same burgeoning of species names has occurred throughout the order Primates3, 4 and beyond,5 provoking both concern and energetic debate.6–9 Interestingly, this debate has largely unfolded among ecologists, conservationists, and other “consumers” of taxonomy; many “producers” seem to be content to generate new taxonomies with a remarkable lack of introspection, as if they were no more than passive consequences of more lofty concerns. And because the same causes underlie taxonomic inflation in Madagascar as elsewhere, this extraordinary island once again presents us with a microcosm of the larger world.
On a difficulty in the formulation of initial and boundary conditions for eigenfunction expansion solutions for the start-up of fluid flow

Abstract Most mathematics and engineering textbooks describe the process of “subtracting off” the steady state of a linear parabolic partial differential equation as a technique for obtaining a boundary-value problem with homogeneous boundary conditions that can be solved by separation of variables (i.e., eigenfunction expansions). While this method produces the correct solution for the start-up of the flow of, e.g., a Newtonian fluid between parallel plates, it can lead to erroneous solutions to the corresponding problem for a class of non-Newtonian fluids. We show that the reason for this is the non-rigorous enforcement of the start-up condition in the textbook approach, which leads to a violation of the principle of causality. Nevertheless, these boundary-value problems can be solved correctly using eigenfunction expansions, and we present the formulation that makes this possible (in essence, an application of Duhamel's principle). The solutions obtained by this new approach are shown to agree identically with those obtained by using the Laplace transform in time only, a technique that enforces the proper start-up condition implicitly (hence, the same error cannot be committed).