cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
3D integration and process effects in superconducting qubit devices

Quantum computers perform calculations using quantum bits, or qubits, which can be made from superconducting circuits. These superconducting qubits allow direct control over device parameters while leveraging conventional Si-based fabrication techniques. MIT Lincoln Laboratory is designing and building high performance superconducting qubit devices with increased connectivity and addressability by utilizing advanced process techniques and 3D integration. Our three-tier stack architecture combines separately fabricated qubit, interposer, and routing chips with indium bump bonding. This stack contains high performance qubits, resonators, and couplers, superconducting air bridge crossovers, hard-stop spacing control, superconducting high aspect-ratio through-Si vias, and planarized superconducting routing layers. I will discuss our most recent accomplishments in the fabrication of three-tier stack devices and the effects of additional processing on the uniformity and integrity of their individual components.
On the future of computer science

Gabriele Kotsis, ACM President and full professor in computer science at Johannes Kepler University, shares her personal experiences and suggestions to shape the future of computer science.
Naturally light Dirac neutrinos from SO(10)×U(1)ψ

Abstract A new solution is presented where the right-handed neutrino ν R in S O ( 10 ) pairs up with ν L to form a naturally light Dirac neutrino. It is based on the framework of E 6 → S O ( 10 ) × U ( 1 ) ψ , then S O ( 10 ) → S U ( 5 ) × U ( 1 ) χ .
Macromolecular crowding effects on electrostatic binding affinity: Fundamental insights from theoretical, idealized models.

The crowded cellular environment can affect biomolecular binding energetics, with specific effects depending on the properties of the binding partners and the local environment. Often, crowding effects on binding are studied on particular complexes, which provide system-specific insights but may not provide comprehensive trends or a generalized framework to better understand how crowding affects energetics involved in molecular recognition. Here, we use theoretical, idealized molecules whose physical properties can be systematically varied along with samplings of crowder placements to understand how electrostatic binding energetics are altered through crowding and how these effects depend on the charge distribution, shape, and size of the binding partners or crowders. We focus on electrostatic binding energetics using a continuum electrostatic framework to understand effects due to depletion of a polar, aqueous solvent in a crowded environment. We find that crowding effects can depend predictably on a system’s charge distribution, with coupling between the crowder size and the geometry of the partners’ binding interface in determining crowder effects. We also explore the effect of crowder charge on binding interactions as a function of the monopoles of the system components. Finally, we find that modeling crowding via a lowered solvent dielectric constant cannot account for certain electrostatic crowding effects due to the finite size, shape, or placement of system components. This study, which comprehensively examines solvent depletion effects due to crowding, complements work focusing on other crowding aspects to help build a holistic understanding of environmental impacts on molecular recognition.
CIB2 and CIB3 are auxiliary subunits of the mechanotransduction channel of hair cells

CIB2 is a Ca2+- and Mg2+-binding protein essential for mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) by cochlear hair cells, but not by vestibular hair cells that co-express CIB2 and CIB3. Here, we show that in cochlear hair cells, CIB3 can functionally substitute for CIB2. Using X-ray crystallography, we demonstrate that CIB2 and CIB3 are structurally similar to KChIP proteins, auxiliary subunits of voltage-gated Kv4 channels. CIB2 and CIB3 bind to TMC1/2 through a domain in TMC1/2 flanked by transmembrane domains 2 and 3. The co-crystal structure of the CIB-binding domain in TMC1 with CIB3 reveals that interactions are mediated through a conserved CIB hydrophobic groove, similar to KChIP1 binding of Kv4. Functional studies in mice show that CIB2 regulates TMC1/2 localization and function in hair cells, processes that are affected by deafness-causing CIB2 mutations. We conclude that CIB2 and CIB3 are MET channel auxiliary subunits with striking similarity to Kv4 channel auxiliary subunits.
Waves and Trajectories

The angular differential-cross section calculations in the previous section were based on a classical model of the collision. This was a classical model in that a well-defined trajectory was used to describe the locations of the colliding particles as a function of time. Such a model could be modified and made statistical by associating a number of trajectories with every impact parameter and by weighting each trajectory, as in Eq. (2.32); nevertheless the model remains classical. In the first half of this century it became clear that beams of atoms and molecules do exhibit statistical behavior. However, the statistical properties exhibited were those associated with wave-like phenomenon, e.g., interference and diffraction. It is well established now that the wave-mechanical description of atomic interactions is the more fundamental description. The particle or trajectory (i.e., classical) model of atomic interactions bears roughly the same relationship to the wave-mechanical description of atomic collisions that geometric optics (ray description of light) bears to the wave description of the interaction of light with matter. The criteria for the validity of trajectory and ray approximations to their respective wave-mechanical phenomena are analogous. If the wavelength of light is small compared to the distances over which changes in the material occur, then the passage of light through the material can be described quite accurately using rays. On the other hand, when the changes in the material are abrupt, connection formulas, like Snell’s law in geometric optics, can be developed between rays in adjacent regions. The ray description is also useful if the source of light is very incoherent and/or the detectors (e.g., the eye) are insensitive to small spatial or time differences, that is, significant averaging occurs.
Experimental Investigation of Fin Enhancement for Gas-Cooled Divertor Concepts

The addition of fins to the cooled surface of gas-cooled divertor modules has been proposed as a means to enhance their thermal performance, in the HEMP concept, for example. Such fins enhance heat...
Classical Banach Spaces and Their Duals

In the next two sections, we will consider the classical sequence and function spaces. The main purpose of these sections is to make the necessary definitions and to identify the dual spaces for these classical spaces.
Covalent Nitrides: Composition and Structure

This chapter reviews the composition and structure of covalent nitrides including boron nitride, aluminum nitride, and silicon nitride. The three covalent nitrides have some common features like they fully meet the refractory criteria of high melting point and thermal and chemical stability; they have similar cubic structures; their electronic bonding is mainly covalent; they have low density; their elemental constituents have low atomic weight; they are good electrical insulators; they are hard and strong materials and exhibit typical ceramic characteristics; and they are produced industrially with important applications. Covalent nitrides have a relatively simple crystal structure and an atomic bonding that is less complex than the interstitial nitrides. The bonding is mostly covalent by the sharing of electrons and is achieved by the hybridization of the respective electron orbitals. Boron nitride (BN) is the only major compound known in the boron-nitrogen system and aluminum nitride (AlN) is the only major compound known in the aluminum-nitrogen system.
Role of the immune response during neuro-attenuated herpes simplex virus-mediated tumor destruction in a murine intracranial melanoma model.

Neuro-attenuated herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) γ34.5 mutants can slow progression of preformed tumors and lead to complete regression of some tumors. However, the role of the immune response in this process is poorly understood. Syngenic DBA/2 tumor-bearing mice treated with HSV-1 1716 fourteen days after tumor implantation had significant prolongation in survival when compared with mice treated with viral growth sera (mock; 38.9 ± 2.3 versus 24.9 ± 0.6, respectively; P < 0.0001). Additionally, 60% of the animals treated on day 7 had complete regression of the tumors. However, no difference was observed in the mean survival rates of viral- or mock-treated tumor-bearing SCID mice (15 ± 1.7 versus 14.8 ± 2.2, respectively). When DBA/2 mice syngenic for the tumor were depleted of leukocytes by cyclophosphamide administration (before and during viral administration), there was again no significant difference observed in the survival times (19.0 ± 1.9 versus 19.5 ± 2.7, respectively). These data demonstrate that the immune response contributes to the viral-mediated tumor destruction and the increase in survival. Immune cell infiltration was up-regulated, specifically CD4+ T cells and macrophages (which are found early after viral administration). Prior immunity to HSV-1 increased survival times of treated mice over those of naive mice, an important consideration because 50–95% of the adult human population is sero-positive for HSV-1. Our results imply that the timing of viral administration and the immune status of the animals will be an important consideration in determining the effectiveness of viral therapies.
Inferences About Robust Measures of Location

For most purposes, simply estimating a measure of location is not sufficient. There is the issue of assessing the precision of an estimate, and of course there is the related problem of testing hypotheses. How do we test hypotheses or compute confidence intervals with a trimmed mean or an M-estimator of location? To what extent do such methods address the problems with Student’s T listed in Chapter 5? These issues are discussed in this chapter.
Compounds of molybdenum and tungsten with high specific surface area I. Nitrides

Temperature-programmed reaction between MoO3 or WO3 with NH3 provides a new way to prepare Mo2N and W2N powders with specific surface areas as high as 220 and 91 m2 g−1, respectively, corresponding to 3- to 4-nm crystallites. The transformation of MoO3 platelets is topotactic in the sense that {100} planes of Mo2N are parallel to {010} planes of MoO3. As the MoO3 reacts with NH3, it passes through an oxynitride intermediate with changing bulk structure, increasing surface area, and decreasing oxidation state of the metal. The product consists of highly porous nitride platelets, pseudomorphous with the original MoO3.
Reflect on the Past, Plan for the Future.

We must develop better tests, apply them appropriately, interpret them accurately, and do so in a timely fashion.
Commentary: Evidence-based pharmacotherapy of bipolar disorder

This Commentary summarizes findings from three other papers in this issue with recommendations for evidence-based treatment with lithium, anticonvulsants, antipsychotics, and antidepressants in bipolar disorder. We will also provide a summary of levels of evidence and examine two important methodological issues in assessing drug-induced mania: reliance on significance testing for assessment of side-effects, and limitations of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for assessing frequency of side-effects. If a study is not specifically powered and designed to assess a side-effect, then no significance testing should be conducted, and side-effects should simply be reported as effect estimates and confidence intervals. Further, RCTs only establish a categorical response to a research question, i.e. whether or not something happens. The frequency of an event (treatment response, side-effects) is often more accurately assessed with observational studies.
Low-cost thin-film deposition apparatus for solar applications

Widespread adoption of solar energy technologies, such as solar photovoltaics (PV) and/or photoelectrochemical (PEC) hydrogen fuel production cells, requires low-cost fabrication methods to produce large area devices for solar energy harvesting. Novel thin-film semiconductor materials produced from chemical solution deposition have significant potential to reduce production and manufacturing costs. Ongoing research at James Madison University is focused on the development and fabrication of thin-film semiconductor materials for PV and PEC applications. Thin-film semiconductors, such as BiVO 4 and Cu 2 ZnSnS 4 , are fabricated by depositing a liquid precursor solution onto a heated substrate using ultrasonic spray pyrolysis, pneumatic spraying, or liquid drop casting. To enable thin-film depositions over larger sample areas, an automated deposition system is being developed. This coating system is comprised of two primary and interacting subsystems: motion and heating control. The motion system controls the path and travel speed of the precursor deposition device, such as the ultrasonic spray nozzle, during the deposition process. During the deposition procedure, the substrates rest on a heated surface, which provides the energy necessary to induce the desired chemical reactions on the substrate and remove unwanted compounds. This surface have a uniform spatial temperature distribution and must be controlled to a constant temperature ranging from 40 °C to 500 °C with a variability of ±4 °C. A specially designed heating plate was designed to meet these requirements. The focus of this work is to design an integrated system that allows a deposition area of 16 in2 to be completed at James Madison University.
Psychosocial predictors of sleep dysfunction: the role of anxiety sensitivity, dysfunctional beliefs, and neuroticism.

The present study examined the relationship of anxiety sensitivity, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep and neuroticism on sleep disturbance. Previous research of these three related concepts—each describing a different kind of reactivity to interoceptive or environmental events—have served as predictors of insomnia and insomnia-related distress; however, it is not known how these concepts have distinctive prediction of sleep outcomes. We completed an Internet survey of 149 undergraduate student participants, a population with elevated risk for disturbed sleep. Participants completed a demographics questionnaire, the Anxiety Sensitivity Index (ASI), the Dysfunctional Beliefs and Attitudes about Sleep Scale (DBAS-16), the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). Results revealed a significant association between PSQI total score and the three variables of interest, ASI, DBAS, and neuroticism. However, in a stepwise regression, neuroticism was the statistically most important ...
Vascular and nerve supply to the molar teeth of guinea pigs.

SYNOPSIS IN INTERLINGUAPROVISION VASCULAR E NEURAL DEL DENTES MOLAR DE PORCOS DE INDIA.—PORCOS de India de varie etates esseva usate pro studiar le provision vascular e neural del dentes molar. Le vasos sanguinee esseva demonstrate per le methodo a perfusion de tinta de China e gelatina, durante que le nervos esseva demonstrate per le methodo de Pearson a gelatina argentee. In le tertio apical del dentes, le vasos sanguinee se trovava in adjacentia al predentina, durante que in le tertio occlusal, le vasos se trovava exclusivemente in le pulpa in senso restringite. Le vasos sanguinee esseva incontrate in adjacentia al ameloblastos. Nonmedullate fibras associate con vasos de sanguine esseva trovate in le pulpa. Libere terminos neural e incapsulate structuras fusiforme esseva incontrate in le ligamento periodontal.
Productivity of western and domestic capital in polish industry

Abstract The efficiency of Western capital in Polish industry during 1961–1983 is estimated within a production function framework using a new time series on Western and domestic capital. Analysis of changes in total factor productivity, output elasticities, and marginal products suggests Gierek's New Development Strategy failed to raise industrial productivity and that investment in Western capital was often wasted. For many industries, the strategy's premise of increasing efficiency through Western capital imports appears to have been misguided, since the marginal product of Western capital was lower than that of domestic capital already during the 1960s. Importation of Western capital exacerbated these differentials.
Studies in Conformity Behavior: A Methodological Note

(1960). Studies in Conformity Behavior: A Methodological Note. The Journal of Psychology: Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 39-41.
Self-energy correction to the hyperfine splitting for excited states

The self-energy corrections to the hyperfine splitting is evaluated for higher excited states in hydrogenlike ions using an expansion in the binding parameter $Z\ensuremath{\alpha}$, where $Z$ is the nuclear-charge number and $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ is the fine-structure constant. We present analytic results for $D$, $F$, and $G$ states, and for a number of highly excited Rydberg states, with principal quantum numbers in the range $13\ensuremath{\leqslant}n\ensuremath{\leqslant}16$, and orbital angular momenta $\ensuremath{\ell}=n\ensuremath{-}2$ and $\ensuremath{\ell}=n\ensuremath{-}1$. A closed-form analytic expression is derived for the contribution of high-energy photons, valid for any state with $\ensuremath{\ell}\ensuremath{\geqslant}2$ and arbitrary $n$, $\ensuremath{\ell}$, and total angular momentum $j$. The low-energy contributions are written in the form of generalized Bethe logarithms and evaluated for selected states.
Equilibrium and Nonequilibrium Models in Ecological Anthropology: An Evaluation of “Stability” in Maring Ecosystems in New Guinea

Three models pertaining to the stability of Maring ecosystems have been proposed. The first is the local stability model, in which a population seeks its own equilibrium state; the second is the regional stability model, in which each population is ultimately unstable, but populations persist somewhere in space; and the third is the disequilibrium model, in which neither stability nor population regulation is attained. In the disequilibrium model, exogenous factors prevent a population, which is moving toward some equilibrium state, from reaching it. The large number of quantitative anthropological and ecological studies in Highlands New Guinea has not shown clearly which of these three models best describes reality. Simulation of shifting agriculture in New Guinea shows that the Highlands systems are equilibrium-seeking, but have such limited recovery rates from disturbance that even small perturbations are sufficient to keep them from reaching equilibrium. When the influences of technological innovation, environmental change, and social-cultural evolution are taken into account, the disequilibrium model is the model of choice. These systems remain away from their stable equilibrium points most of the time, if those exist at all. Thus, New Guinea agroecosystems can be stable or unstable depending upon how stability is defined.
Simulated demand response of a residential energy management system

A residential energy management system (REMS) is an amalgamation of hardware and software that performs monitoring, planning, and control functions of the energy utilization within a residence. The REMS system is designed to provide desirable demand response (DR) to price or system condition utility signals. This paper presents simulated results of a proposed REMS system to provide automated DR. The simulation test bed is structured as a discrete event simulation of a single household for a full day. Four scenarios with varying levels of automation are compared. The application of the proposed REMS results in reduced average power and energy use during the DR service time. These services are achieved by delaying the use of controllable electric appliances (clothes dryer, clothes washer, dishwasher, and plug-in electric vehicle) prior to and during the DR service time. Finally, simple payback time computations for the considered scenarios are presented.
Fate of HL-A antigens in aging cultured human diploid cell strains.

Abstract The expression of HL-A antigens was found to remain unchanged throughout the finite in vitro lifetime of three human embryonic diploid cell strains (WI-38, WI-26 and MRC-5) and twelve adult skin fibroblast cultures. It is unlikely, therefore, that any immunological theory of senescence would be tenable if it depends on in vitro changes in HL-A specificities with age. One practical result of this finding is the possibility of distinguishing between human diploid cell populations derived from normal individuals of the same sex.
Towards static type checking for XSLT

We are concerned about the static type checking problem for XSLT. In the context of XSLT and other XML programming, types are DTDs or schemas, and static type checking is to verify that a program always converts valid source documents into also valid output documents. To achieve static type checking for XSLT, we introduce a subset of XSLT, and an efficient algorithm of backward type inference for that subset. Although our XSLT subset lacks XPath, it includes recursive calls of templates and is powerful enough to capture basic XSLT transformations. Our method is based on Finite Tree Automata (FTA) which provide a rigorous representation of types in XML. Given types of output documents, backward type inference computes types of source documents. The idea of backward type inference is borrowed from Milo et al's work, while we reduce the computational complexity in their framework.
Recurrence and bleeding in hibernomas.

UNLABELLED Hibernomas are rare, benign, soft tissue tumors of brown fat. Despite being benign, we have experienced recurrent hibernomas and cases of significant bleeding at our institution. The current literature contains case reports of recurrence, and one large series that describes pathologic variants but contains little clinical data. We could not find data on bleeding. We hypothesized that recurrence is related to the resection type and/or the pathologic variant. We also postulated that atypical histologic findings correlate with excessive bleeding during excision. We sought to confirm that the MRI features of hibernomas could distinguish them from lipomas yet place them among lipomatous tumors. We retrospectively reviewed all hibernomas at our institution over 10 years. There were six hibernomas. Two were removed with a marginal excision and four with an intralesional excision. Two recurred after intralesional surgery. Histologic findings were typical for all patients. An MRI was available on only one patient and showed a fatty tumor that was distinguishable from a lipoma. Recurrences occurred after intralesional but not after marginal excisions. Histology could not predict recurrence. Hibernomas have the potential for significant bleeding during surgical excision, as seen in two of our cases. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Prognostic study, Level IV (case series). See the Guidelines for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
A Tripartite Synapse Model in Drosophila

Tripartite (three-part) synapses are defined by physical and functional interactions of glia with pre- and post-synaptic elements. Although tripartite synapses are thought to be of widespread importance in neurological health and disease, we are only beginning to develop an understanding of glial contributions to synaptic function. In contrast to studies of neuronal mechanisms, a significant limitation has been the lack of an invertebrate genetic model system in which conserved mechanisms of tripartite synapse function may be examined through large-scale application of forward genetics and genome-wide genetic tools. Here we report a Drosophila tripartite synapse model which exhibits morphological and functional properties similar to those of mammalian synapses, including glial regulation of extracellular glutamate, synaptically-induced glial calcium transients and glial coupling of synapses with tracheal structures mediating gas exchange. In combination with classical and cell-type specific genetic approaches in Drosophila, this model is expected to provide new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of tripartite synapse function.
Large-scale synthesis and functionalization of hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets

A simple and inexpensive method to functionalize hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) was achieved by using an acid mixture of phosphoric and sulphuric acid. This functionalization induced the exfoliation of the layered structure of hBN into monolayer to few-layer sheets where the sizes of the sheets were dependent on the parent hBN powder used. Exfoliated hBN was shown to be stable in solvents such as ethanol, acetone, deionized water and isopropyl alcohol, and this stability was linked to sulfur functionalization that was induced during the exfoliation process. Further evidence of the functionalization was observed using transmission electron spectroscopy (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). By deconvoluting the high resolution peaks for B 1s, the bonding of boron to oxygen and sulfur was confirmed. The exfoliated hBN nanosheets were crystalline as confirmed from X-ray diffraction and they also exhibited an optically active defect related to sulfur functionalization at 320 nm (3.9 ± 0.1 eV).
The absorption of inorganic phosphate from 32P-labeled inositol hexaphosphate by Eriophorum vaginatum.

A scarcity of available phosphorus often limits plant growth, and organic forms of phosphorus are not generally thought to be important direct sources of phosphate for plants. A dominant arctic tundra plant, Eriophorum vaginatum, is able to hydrolyze and absorb phosphate from a naturally occurring organic phosphorus compound at concentrations as low as those found in soil solution and at rates comparable to its ability to absorb inorganic phosphate. Calculations show that in tundra soils, where organic phosphorus is typically the predominant form of phosphorus in soil solution, E. vaginatum's root surface phosphatases may be capable of providing from organic phosphorus up to 69% of the plant's annual phosphorus demand.
Listeria monocytogenes adapts to long-term stationary phase survival without compromising bacterial virulence

Bacteria withstand starvation during long-term stationary phase through the acquisition of mutations that increase bacterial fitness. The evolution of the growth advantage in stationary phase (GASP) phenotype results in the ability of bacteria from an aged culture to outcompete bacteria from a younger culture when the two are mixed together. The GASP phenotype was first described for Escherichia coli, but has not been examined for an environmental bacterial pathogen, which must balance long-term survival strategies that promote fitness in the outside environment with those that promote fitness within the host. Listeria monocytogenes is an environmental bacterium that lives as a saprophyte in soil, but is capable of replicating within the cytosol of mammalian cells. Herein, we demonstrate the ability of L. monocytogenes to express GASP via the acquisition of mutations during long-term stationary growth. Listeria monocytogenes GASP occurred through mechanisms that were both dependent and independent of the stress-responsive alternative sigma factor SigB. Constitutive activation of the central virulence transcriptional regulator PrfA interfered with the development of GASP; however, L. monocytogenes GASP cultures retained full virulence in mice. These results indicate that L. monocytogenes can accrue mutations that optimize fitness during long-term stationary growth without negatively impacting virulence.
Chemical composition of magnetite in Martian meteorite ALH 84001: Revised appraisal from thermochemistry of phases in Fe–Mg–C–O

Abstract Martian meteorite Allan Hills (ALH) 84001 contains sub-micron magnetite grains, suggested to be of biogenic origin, in its globules of Fe–Mg carbonate mineral. There is disagreement on whether the low Mg content of the magnetite could only arise from biological metabolism ( Treiman, 2003 , Thomas-Keprta et al., 2009 ). However, constraints on the magnetite’s biogenicity are far less certain than had been inferred. The thermochemical bases for the equilibrium calculations are reviewed in detail; there are inconsistencies and gaps in fundamental data for siderite, macromolecular carbons, and magnesioferrite. The calculations of Treiman (2003) , assuming formation of magnetite via “siderite = magnetite + CO2 + CO”, are incorrect because of a flaw in the computer code used. The corrected location of this equilibrium ( Thomas-Keprta et al., 2009 ) is no longer crucial, because of recent finds that the magnetite grains are associated with macromolecular carbon; this implies that the dominant magnetite-forming reaction was “siderite = magnetite + CO2 + C”. From the location of this equilibrium, using the corrected computer code and best available thermochemical data, the Mg-poor magnetite grains (and macromolecular carbon) in carbonates in ALH 84001 could have formed by decomposition of the carbonates at geologically reasonable pressures and temperatures. The low-Mg compositions of the magnetite grains remain consistent with an abiotic origin within the known geological history of ALH 84001.
Incubators Versus Mothers’ Arms: Body Temperature Conservation in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Premature Infants

Objective To determine whether there is a significant difference between the temperatures of very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) premature infants in the incubator and in the mothers’ arms. Design Repeated measures, with random assignment to treatment order and the infants serving as their own controls. Setting A 40-bed tertiary-level nursery in a university teaching hospital. Participants A convenience sample of 20 preterm infants weighing 1,095 to 1,500 g and from 30 to 37 weeks postconceptional age. The infants were screened for factors that would interfere with temperature maintenance. Main Outcome Measures Axillary temperatures were measured with an electronic thermometer for equal periods of time in incubators and mothers’ arms. The mean temperature differences between the two study conditions were compared using two-tailed t tests and repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA). Weight was monitored and analyzed for evidence of increased metabolic activity. Results No significant variations were found in the infants’ mean temperatures in the incubator, but the infants were significantly warmer while in their mothers’ arms. Conclusion VLBW premature infants can maintain a stable temperature in their mothers’ arms without evidence of increased metabolic activity. Nurses can encourage mothers to hold their infants without fear of cold stress or weight loss.
Inflation at the electroweak scale.

We present a model for slow-rollover inflation where the vacuum energy that drives inflation is of the order of ${\mathit{G}}_{\mathit{F}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$; unlike most models, the conversion of vacuum energy to radiation (``reheating'') is moderately efficient. The scalar field responsible for inflation is a standard-model singlet, develops a vacuum expectation value of 4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{6}$ GeV, has a mass of about 1 GeV, and can play a role in electroweak phenomena. We also discuss models where the energy scale of inflation is somewhat larger, but still well below the unification scale.
Beyond Cognitions: A Longitudinal Study of Online Search Salience and Media Coverage of the President

In an effort to advance agenda-setting theory in the web environment, this study examined shifts in newswire coverage and search interest among Internet users in President Obama during the first tw...
Statistical Mechanics of the Anisotropic Linear Heisenberg Model

The anisotropic Hamiltonian, $H=\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{2}\ensuremath{\Sigma}({J}_{x}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}}^{x}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l+1}}^{x}+{J}_{y}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}}^{y}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l+1}}^{y}+{J}_{z}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}}^{z}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l+1}}^{z})\ensuremath{-}m\mathcal{H}\ensuremath{\Sigma}{{\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{l}}^{z},$ of the linear spin array in the Heisenberg model of magnetism is examined. The eigenstate and the partition function for the case ${J}_{z}=0$ are obtained exactly for a finite system and for an infinite system with the aid of annihilation and creation operators, and the free energy $F$ of the latter is given by $\ensuremath{-}\frac{F}{\mathrm{NkT}}=(\frac{1}{\ensuremath{\pi}})\ensuremath{\int}{0}^{\ensuremath{\pi}}\mathrm{ln}{2cosh{[{{K}_{x}}^{2}+{{K}_{y}}^{2}+2{K}_{x}{K}_{y}cos2\ensuremath{\omega}\ensuremath{-}2C({K}_{x}+{K}_{y})cos\ensuremath{\omega}+{C}^{2}]}^{\frac{1}{2}}}d\ensuremath{\omega},$ where ${K}_{x}=\frac{{J}_{x}}{2kT}$, ${K}_{y}=\frac{{J}_{y}}{2kT}$, $C=\frac{m\mathcal{H}}{\mathrm{kT}}$. The case ${J}_{x}={J}_{y}={J}_{z}=J$ is discussed with the aid of a high-temperature expansion and of analysis of small systems. Specific heats and susceptibilities in special cases: (i) ${J}_{x}={J}_{y}=J$, ${J}_{z}=0$, (ii) ${J}_{x}=J$, ${J}_{y}={J}_{z}=0$, (${\mathrm{iii}}_{\mathrm{f}}$) ${J}_{x}={J}_{y}=0$, ${J}_{z}=Jg0$, (${\mathrm{iii}}_{\mathrm{a}}$) ${J}_{x}={J}_{y}=0$, ${J}_{z}=Jl0$, (${\mathrm{iv}}_{\mathrm{f}}$) ${J}_{x}={J}_{y}={J}_{z}=Jg0$, (${\mathrm{iv}}_{\mathrm{a}}$) ${J}_{x}={J}_{y}={J}_{z}=Jl0$ are compared and it is shown that (i), (${\mathrm{iii}}_{\mathrm{a}}$), and (${\mathrm{iv}}_{\mathrm{a}}$) have the characteristic features of the observed parallel susceptibility of an antiferromagnetic substance, (ii) those of perpendicular susceptibility, and (${\mathrm{iii}}_{\mathrm{f}}$) and (${\mathrm{iv}}_{\mathrm{f}}$) those of paramagnetic susceptibility, even though they have no singularities. The distribution of the zeros of the partition function is also discussed.
Some (but still insufficient) evidence exists for language interventions for school-age children with developmental speech and language impairments

Since 1985, have there been any high-quality studies, using valid and reliable experimental designs, to support language intervention for school-age children with receptive and expressive language ...
Infrasonic calls of the asian elephant (Elephas maximus)

Calls at frequencies below the range of human hearing were recorded from two groups of captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Most of the calls ranged in frequency from 14 to 24 Hz, with durations of 10–15 s (Fig. 1). With the nearest elephant 5 m from the microphone, sound pressure levels were 85 to 90 dB (re 20 μPa). These calls occurred in a variety of circumstances. Elephants are the first terrestrial mammals reported to produce infrasound. These calls may be important in the coordination of behavior in thick vegetation or among separated groups of elephants.
Chain-Type Wireless Sensor Network for Monitoring Long Range Infrastructures: Architecture and Protocols

We present in this paper an investigation of a special class of wireless sensor networks for monitoring critical infrastructures that may extend for hundreds of miles in distances. Such networks are fundamentally different from traditional sensor networks in that the sensor nodes in this class of networks are deployed along narrowly elongated geographical areas and form a chain-type topology. Based on careful analysis of existing sensor network architectures, we first demonstrate the need to develop new architecture and networking protocols to match the unique topology of chain-type sensor networks. We then propose hierarchical network architecture that consists of clusters of sensor nodes to enable the chain-type sensor networks to be scalable to cover typically long range infrastructures with tolerable delay in network-wide data collection. To maintain energy efficient operations and maximize the lifetime for such a chain-type sensor network, we devise a smart strategy for the deployment of cluster heads. Protocols for network initialization and seamless operations of the chain-type sensor networks are also developed to match the proposed hierarchical architecture and cluster head deployment strategy. Simulations have been carried out to verify the performance of the hierarchical architecture, the smart node deployment strategy, and the corresponding network initialization and operation protocols.
Proton spectroscopy of suprasellar tumors in pediatric patients

Objective Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography provide good anatomic detail of suprasellar tumors in pediatric patients but are not able to predict histology in many cases. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy provides metabolic data that may add to diagnostic specificity. We preoperatively performed localized proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy on pediatric patients with suprasellar tumors and correlated the results with the histological findings. Cyst fluid obtained from patients with craniopharyngiomas was studied with high-resolution magnetic resonance spectroscopy to better understand the in vivo data. Methods Nineteen patients aged 1 to 21 years underwent spectroscopy. Surgical pathological samples were obtained from 14 patients. In each of five patients, the presence of a solid chiasmatic mass in addition to clinical evidence of neurofibromatosis Type I allowed the presumptive diagnosis of chiasmatic astrocytoma. Thus, the study population included 6 patients with craniopharyngiomas, 10 with chiasmatic/hypothalamic astrocytomas, and 3 with pituitary adenomas. The data obtained were compared with those of healthy brain from age-matched participants. Results Spectroscopy was specific for the diagnosis. All craniopharyngiomas showed a dominant peak at 1 to 2 ppm, consistent with lactate or lipids, with trace amounts of other metabolites. This was confirmed using high-resolution spectroscopy. Chiasmatic gliomas showed a profile of choline, N-acetylaspartate, and creatine, and the choline:N-acetylaspartate ratio was 2.6 +/- 1.3, compared with 0.7 +/- 0.3 for samples of healthy brain (t test, P = 0.0003). Pituitary adenomas showed only a choline peak or no metabolites at all. Conclusion Proton spectroscopy may be helpful in supplementing standard imaging for the preoperative diagnosis of three types of suprasellar tumors that are common in pediatric patients.
Participation of the cortex in experimental reflex myoclonus.

Abstract 1. 1. In the nembutalized or curarized cat, the injection of subconvulsant doses of Metrazol produces a state in which single acoustic or visual stimuli evoke bilateral myoclonic twitches. 2. 2. After ablation of the motor cortex on one side, the myoclonic response becomes asymmetrical, being completely or partially suppressed on the side contralateral to the ablation. 3. 3. After ablation of the motor cortex bilaterally, the myoclonic response is suppressed, but reappears bilaterally after increasing the Metrazol dosage. 4. 4. Ablation of specific sensory cortex (acoustic or visual) on one or both sides does not abolish the bilateral myoclonic response. 5. 5. Complete decortication does not abolish the bilateral myoclonic response, although the Metrazol threshold is raised. 6. 6. It is concluded that the motor cortex contributes to, but is not essential for the reflex myoclonic response, and that no part of the cortex is essential for this response.
Identification of cantharidin in false blister beetles (Coleoptera, Oedemeridae) from florida

Cantharidin, a potent vesicant and antifeedant, is identified for the first time in two oedemerid beetles from the western hemisphere. Amounts of the substance per beetle were found to range from 2 to 7 μg inHeliocis repanda and from 15 to 35 μg inOxycopis thoracica. Females had two to three times more cantharidin than males of the same species. Cantharidin loads of these beetles are sufficient to irritate human skin.
Prediction of ulnar resonant frequency.

Abstract As an extension of a previously reported study, 3 models were evaluated for prediction of ulnar resonant frequency given length, mineral content, and width in 210 subjects. The ulna was modeled as a homogeneous, isotropic cylindrical tube. For 2 of the models, the ulna was attached to rigid supports at each end—one by hinges (Model I) and the other by springs. The latter model (Model III in the previous study) had an additional spring-mass system to simulate a recording accelerometer strapped to the wrist. Another model (Model IV) considered the ulna to be vibrating in a rigid body mode. Unlike the previous study, the present study also evaluated the effects of mass loading by bone marrow. Model I (with marrow) was the most useful combination studied. It yielded a correlation coefficient of 0·78 between the actual resonant frequency and that predicted by the model when a nominal value of Young's Modulus was used. Correction of Young's Modulus for subject age and sex did not significantly improve this correlation. The rigid body model yielded realistic frequencies for
The evaluation of the parabolic rate constant for the growth of NiO on the (100), (110) and (111) faces of pure Ni using the Pieraggi method

La croissance de NiO sur des plans (100), (110) et (111) de Ni pur a 500-800°C ne peut etre decrite pour un modele de diffusion aux joints de grains. Superiorite de la methode de Pierragi pour obtenir les constantes de vitesse paraboliques et interpreter les donnees d'oxydation. Analyses plus precises de ces donnees
The role of genetic factors in conduct disorder based on studies of Tourette syndrome and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder probands and their relatives.

ABSTRACT.To examine the role of genetic factors in oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD), 38 variables realating to the relevant DSM-III-R criteria, as well as other angry and aggressive behaviors, were examined in 1177 Tourette syndrome (TS) and attention-deficit hyperactivi
A phyletically rare gene promotes the niche-specific fitness of an E. coli pathogen during bacteremia.

In bacteria, laterally acquired genes are often concentrated within chromosomal regions known as genomic islands. Using a recently developed zebrafish infection model, we set out to identify unique factors encoded within genomic islands that contribute to the fitness and virulence of a reference urosepsis isolate—extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli strain CFT073. By screening a series of deletion mutants, we discovered a previously uncharacterized gene, neaT, that is conditionally required by the pathogen during systemic infections. In vitro assays indicate that neaT can limit bacterial interactions with host phagocytes and alter the aggregative properties of CFT073. The neaT gene is localized within an integrated P2-like bacteriophage in CFT073, but was rarely found within other proteobacterial genomes. Sequence-based analyses revealed that neaT homologues are present, but discordantly conserved, within a phyletically diverse set of bacterial species. In CFT073, neaT appears to be unameliorated, having an exceptionally A+T-rich composition along with a notably altered codon bias. These data suggest that neaT was recently brought into the proteobacterial pan-genome from an extra-phyletic source. Interestingly, even in G+C-poor genomes, as found within the Firmicutes lineage, neaT-like genes are often unameliorated. Sequence-level features of neaT homologues challenge the common supposition that the A+T-rich nature of many recently acquired genes reflects the nucleotide composition of their genomes of origin. In total, these findings highlight the complexity of the evolutionary forces that can affect the acquisition, utilization, and assimilation of rare genes that promote the niche-dependent fitness and virulence of a bacterial pathogen.
A cretaceous (Turonian) core from the Naturaliste Plateau southeast indian ocean

Abstract An Upper Cretaceous (Turonian) sediment core was recovered from the northeastern s slope of the Naturaliste Plateau, eastern Indian Ocean. At the core site, coarse grained foraminiferal sand of Recent-Pleistocene age disconformably overlies a white Cretaceous chalk consisting largely of planktonic organisms. The pelagic nature of the sediment suggests that the water depth at this core site was approximately the same in both Cretaceous and Pleistocene time. Bottom photographs and seismic profile records were also taken across this feature. The seismic profile records show a rather thin sediment layer with some thicker sedimentary pockets, possibly due to faulting. The south side of the Plateau is marked by a steep scarp with a well developed sediment “ramp” at its base. This sediment “ramp” probably owes its origin to longshore currents which sweep around the southwest tip of Australia. The Naturaliste Plateau is similar to other plateaus marginal to continents in that: (a) they have more or less flat summits, (b) Pleistocene overburden is thin or lacking, and (c) steep scarps are present on at least one side.
Macroeconomic effects of the Ethanol Biofuel Sector in Canada

Abstract The Government of Canada, like many others around the world, has given much importance to biofuels to address some of its policy challenges: climate change and diversification of energy supply. To deal with the emissions, the Government plans to increase production and use of ethanol. This will have impacts on the Canadian economy. An input–output model of the Canadian economy is developed to estimate the macroeconomic impacts of the Ethanol production in Canada. Several modifications have been made in the Use and Make matrix of Canada, 2003. To consider biofuel sector in the Make and Use table of Canada 2003 we have included two new industries – biofuel and E10. The four new commodities have been entered in the list – ethanol, E10, DDG and CO2. The impact matrix is estimated from an input–output model that computes the direct plus indirect impacts on the Canadian economy, 2003. This model has been closed to the household sector in the economy by endogenizing this sector into the model. Various multipliers have also been estimated. A number of simulation exercises have also been attempted to study the implications of policies to reach the Kyoto target of Canada. Results show that the macroeconomic impact of ethanol sector leads to increase in industrial output and employment. The agriculture sector makes necessary adjustments to meet the demand for ethanol product. The petroleum industry is also going to be affected. The paper concludes with several policy suggestions.
Influence of fuel sulfur on fuel nitrogen oxidation mechanisms

Laboratory premixed flat flame studies showed that under fuel rich conditions, the presence of fuel sulfur could have a radical influence on fuel NO formation mechanisms. Both enhancement and apparent inhibition of fuel NO were observed, depending on the equivalence ratio, and the residence time at which the measurement was made. The effect of sulfur on “prompt” NO was similar. This first order effect was shown to manifest itself in a significant increase in NO x emissions when a fuel containing chemically bound nitrogen is burned with sulfur, in an axial (low swirl) turbulent diffusion flame. Under these conditions, in which local hot fuel environments dominate, fuel oils containing both nitrogen and sulfur are likely to give higher NO emissions than those containing little sulfur. Likewise, “prompt” NO mechanisms can be significant for Thermal NO, and enhancement thereof by SO 2 in the fuel can greatly influence resultant Thermal NO emissions.