cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Social Capital and Employment Outcomes of Zimbabwean Immigrants in the United States

Understanding of cultural and contextual factors that may influence settlement is vital for successful immigrant integration. This study explored the effect of social capital on employment outcomes of Zimbabwean immigrants (N = 103) in the USA using a triangulation mixed methods design. Participants completed a survey that assessed their social capital and employment outcomes. Twelve participants were selected from those who had completed the survey to participate in in-depth interviews that asked about their life experiences. The results of a multiple logistic regression analysis identified network diversity as a significant inverse predictor of underemployment (p = 0.04) controlling for educational attainment. Qualitative results elaborated on how social capital contributed to or minimized underemployment. Implications for practice are also suggested.
Facilitating growth and development: a paradigm case for modeling and role-modeling

This article describes an example of a paradigm case for the nursing theory of modeling and role-modeling. A synthesis of the mid-range theoretical linkages of basic need satisfaction, object attachment, and growth and developmental processes derived from the theory and paradigm are described. These theoretical linkages guide the assessment, implementation, and evaluation of the nursing care and provide the basis for describing the dynamic nurse-client relationship.
Measuring the surface area of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant

The traditional method of determining surface area, nitrogen gas sorption, requires complete drying of the sample prior to analysis. This technique is not suitable for aluminum hydroxide adjuvant because it is composed of submicron, fibrous particles that agglomerate irreversibly upon complete removal of water. In this study, the surface area of a commercial aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was determined by a gravimetric/FTIR method that measures the water adsorption capacity. This technique does not require complete drying of the adjuvant. Five replicate determinations gave a mean surface area of 514 m(2)/g and a 95% confidence interval of 36 m(2)/g for a commercial aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The X-ray diffraction pattern and the Scherrer equation were used to calculate the dimensions of the primary crystallites. The average calculated dimensions were 4.5 x 2.2 x 10 nm. Based on these dimensions, the mean calculated surface area of the commercial aluminum hydroxide adjuvant was 509 m(2)/g, and the 95% confidential interval was 30 m(2)/g. The close agreement between the two surface area values indicates that either method may be used to determine the surface area of aluminum hydroxide adjuvant. The high surface area, which was determined by two methods, is an important property of aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, and is the basis for the intrinsically high protein adsorption capacity.
Epithelium, Cilia, and Mucus: Their Importance in Chronic Rhinosinusitis

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common disease resulting from inflammation of the sinonasal mucosa. It has long been recognized that patients with chronic rhinosinusitis have impaired capacity to clear sinonasal secretions. However, the cause of this pathologic process is not well understood. In this article the components of mucociliary clearance, including cilia, mucus production, and cilia beat frequency, are reviewed and alterations of the system discussed regarding contribution to the disease process.
Novel delivery system based on complexation hydrogels as delivery vehicles for insulin-transferrin conjugates

A variety of approaches have been investigated to address the problems associated with oral insulin delivery, but the bioavailability of oral insulin is still low. Insulin is rapidly degraded by the enzymes in the GI tract and is not transported across the epithelial barrier easily. The oral insulin formulation developed in this work makes use of complexation hydrogels for oral delivery of insulin bioconjugates. The insulin bioconjugates synthesized in this work consist of insulin bound to transferrin molecule which can be uptaken by the epithelial cells. The conjugates can increase the permeability of insulin across the epithelial barrier by receptor-mediated transcytosis. The transferrin in the conjugate is also shown to stabilize insulin in the presence of intestinal enzymes. Use of complexation hydrogels for delivery of insulin-transferrin conjugate may greatly increase the bioavailability of oral insulin. This is because, the complexation hydrogels are known to exhibit characteristics that make them ideal candidates for oral protein delivery. They can also inhibit the degradation of insulin in the GI tract. Thus, combination of these two approaches may provide an innovative platform for oral insulin delivery.
Studies on dried Bombay duck (Harpoden nehereus). I.—denaturation of proteins and texture changes during drying

The effect of drying of Bombay duck under and without vacuum was studied as regards the denaturation of the proteins and the texture changes. Denaturation of proteins during drying was not only restricted to the actomyosin fraction but it was also extended to the sarcoplasmic fraction of the proteins. Decrease in apyrase activity and contractility of muscle fibre was observed after drying but such decrease was not related to the protein denaturation. The solubility behaviour of the dried product in urea solvents suggested the formation of hydrogen-bond and disulphide cross-linkages during drying. Rehydration and microstructural studies revealed that a compact and less fibrous product was formed after drying.
Systematic desensitization of an oral examination phobia

Abstract The systematic desensitization program is described of a graduate student with a fear of oral examinations. The client was first thematically desensitized to the examination material and then to the spatio-temporal cues involved in the physical approach to the examination itself.
The effect of carbon tetrachloride, administered in vivo, on the hemodynamics of the isolated perfused rat liver.

Abstract The isolated perfused rat liver was employed to evaluate the effects of CCl4 on hepatic hemodynamics. It was found that a single dose of CCl4 (1 ml/kg, ip), administered in vivo, caused an increase in hepatic resistance to flow in the subsequently perfused liver. This effect was first noted 3 hours after treatment. Histopathologic examination indicated that the first evidence of morphologic damage was also seen at 3 hours. There was no observable effect 6 hours after treatment, but by 12 hours there was, again, a marked increase in hepatic resistance. This maximal response persisted until 24 hours after administration. After 24 hours the flow gradually approached control values; by 5 days after treatment it was normal. The responses were shown to be dose-related. A related halogenated hydrocarbon, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, was found to have no effect on hepatic blood flow or on the morphology of the hepatic parenchymal cells. Livers from rats treated with CCl4 appeared to be more responsive to norepinephrine. The data suggest that the circulatory changes induced by CCl4 are not the cause of the morphologic alterations, since the latter are already evident when the first signs of the circulatory changes are manifested.
Basic Data Related to Endovascular Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease in Critical Limb Ischemia

Chronic critical limb ischemia occurs in the setting of severe peripheral arterial disease that is often characterized by advanced atherosclerosis at multiple levels in the lower extremity. Despite the challenges posed by the complexity of arterial disease in such patients, endovascular intervention is a less invasive alternative to infrainguinal bypass graft surgery in most patients, with low procedural morbidity and mortality. Continual advances in percutaneous techniques have made it possible to revascularize lesions considered nonamenable for endovascular intervention. For example, the development of dedicated peripheral wires, balloons, stents, and catheters allows the recanalization and revascularization of almost any anatomy. Pharmaceutical advances in risk factor modification for recurrent stenosis impact results. Such evolution makes data comparison difficult. This review aims to present the available data on endovascular therapy in critical limb ischemia patients reported over the past 2 decades.
Review of progress in sterol oxidations: 1987–1995

Material dealing with the chemistry, biochemistry, and biological activities of oxysterols is reviewed for the period 1987-1995. Particular attention is paid to the presence of oxysterols in tissues and foods and to their physiological relevance.
Regeneration ofScirpus americanus in a Texas coastal marsh following lesser snow goose herbivory

Interaction of herbivory by wintering lesser snow geese (Anser caerulescens caerulescens), environmental conditions, and burning were investigated in a mid-Texas coastal marsh dominated byScirpus americanus (Olney bulrush). Goose grubbing and use ofS. americanus rhizomes and roots initially produced a patchwork of denuded and vegetated areas on a recently burned area. Regrowth occurred by reestablishment of uprooted shoot complexes; regeneration from seed was not observed. Regrowth was dependent on intensity of use and post-herbivory environmental conditions. After three years of varying levels of goose use and environmental conditions, lowest foliar cover and standing crop occurred in areas with a high frequency and intensity of goose use followed by spring drought and high salinities. Greatest growth was associated with low frequency and intensity of use followed by normal spring freshwater inflows and low salinities. Burning did not significantly affect the response ofS. americanus. Continued frequent and intense snow goose use, coupled with high salinity and extended periods with water levels below the marsh surface, can produce denuded mudflats subject to accelerated soil erosion. Management strategies to reduce the impact of these combined events could be implemented. Hydroperiod and salinity conditions should be routinely monitored, and goose populations should be temporally and spatially directed to reduce the potential for conversion of marsh to permanent mudflats.
Inequality and the Politics of Social Policy Implementation: Gender, Age and Chile’s 2004 Health Reforms

Summary Regarding scholarship on the political determinants of inequality, little attention has been paid to policy implementation. We examine the 2004 Chilean health reforms that sought to regulate private insurers, and measure their effects on gender and age inequality. We find that reforms intended to decrease these inequalities largely failed. Analysis of this failure demonstrates the importance of the politics of implementation. When reforms threaten profits, private providers may act to undermine reforms in the implementation process. Given the widespread emergence of private providers in social policy systems, understanding their stakes in implementation is key to more effective, equality-enhancing reforms.
Constitutive structure of rate theory of damage in brittle elastic solids

Abstract This paper presents a rate-type constitutive analysis applicable to brittle elastic materials whose elastic properties degrade in the course of deformation due to evolution of many microcracks. Thermodynamic analysis is used to identify the appropriate damage tensors and their conjugate forces (affinities). It is shown that the introduced damage potentials are dual: for the damage fluxes in the space of affinities, and for the damage strain and stress rates in the corresponding stress and strain spaces. Rate constitutive equations are derived, providing explicit representations of the tangent stiffness and compliance tensors. General results are specialized in the case of some simple, physically appealing choices of damage functions, analogous to those used in other damage and pressure-dependent plasticity models.
The effect of bioreactor induced vibrational stimulation on extracellular matrix production from human derived fibroblasts.

Abstract To study the affect of mechanical stimuli on human laryngeal fibroblasts, we developed bioreactors capable of vibrating cell seeded substrates at frequencies and displacements comparable to measured phonation values in human subjects. In addition, we developed a means of harvesting the secreted matrix as a bulk biomaterial by removing the polymer foam using an organic solvent. Using the system human derived laryngeal fibroblasts were subjected to vibrational stimuli (100 Hz) for 1–21 days. Following mechanical conditioning, extracellular matrix and matrix related gene expression, cytokine production, matrix protein accumulation, and construct material properties were assessed with DNA microarray, enzyme linked immunosorbent, indirect immunofluorescent, and uni-axial tensile assays respectively. The results show that vocal fold-like vibrational stimuli is sufficient to influence the expression of several key matrix and matrix related genes, enhance the secretion of the profibrotic cytokine TGFβ1, increase the accumulation of the extracellular matrix proteins, fibronectin and collagen type 1, as well as enhance construct stiffness compared to non-stimulated controls. Our results demonstrate that high frequency substrate vibration, like cyclic strain, can accelerate matrix deposition from human derived laryngeal fibroblasts. The study supports the notion that preconditioning regimens using human cells may be useful for producing cell derived biomaterials for therapeutic application.
Effect of Mid- and High-Spatial Frequencies on Optical Performance

In many of today's telescopes the effects of surface errors on image quality and scattered light are very important. The influence of optical fabrication surface errors on the performance of an optical system is discussed. The methods developed by Hopkins (1957) for aberration tolerancing and Barakat (1972) for random wavefront errors are extended to the examination of mid- and high-spatial frequency surface errors. The discussion covers a review of the basic concepts of image quality, an examination of manufacturing errors as a function of image quality performance, a demonstration of mirror scattering effects in relation to surface errors, and some comments on the nature of the correlation functions. Illustrative examples are included.
Hydrogen ion exchange on amorphous silica in seawater

Abstract The amount of hydrogen ion exchange on the surface of amorphous silica in seawater was measured as a function of pH at 2 and 25°C. Hydrogen ion exchange with the cations present in seawater is pH dependent and at 25°C the fraction of the surface in the cation form increases from 9% at pH 7 to 22% at pH 8. The exchange is temperature dependent and at 2°C and pH 8, 14% of the exchange sites are occupied by cations, as opposed to 22% of the exchange sites at 25°C. These results were used to calculate the buffer capacity of a model sediment consisting of pore water and amorphous silica. For a sediment of 70% porosity, pH 7.7, and 25°C, the buffer capacity of sediment plus pore water is 67 times the buffer capacity of pure seawater.
AGU index terms updated

AGU has just completed a major revision of its Index Terms. The last major revision of the Index Terms was conducted in 1995. AGU Index Terms are used for classification of both AGU publications and meetings programs. The new Index Terms will be available for use by the AGU community on 17 December (http://www.agu.org/pubs/indexterms). A 15-person working group, representing various disciplinary groups across the AGU, was established by, and reports to, the Publications Committee. The Index Committee members consulted with their constituencies and considered term-by-term usage of the old Index Term list in creating the new list.
Learning, memory, and executive control in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

A range of neuropsychological deficits have been identified in individuals with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) and have been related to disruptions in function of the frontal cortex of the brain. We hypothesized that impairments in the use of strategic, frontally-mediated processes that facilitate learning and memory would be associated with deficits in the long-term episodic memory of verbal material (i.e., word lists). We evaluated 28 adults with OSAS and 24 controls (ranging from 28 to 60 years of age) using the California Verbal Learning Test. General executive abilities were assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Letter fluency, and Category fluency. Individuals with OSAS exhibited poorer recall across learning trials, less efficient use of semantic clustering, and poorer use of semantic cues. Retention of previously encoded information and recognition, however, were intact. With the exception of letter fluency, deficits were not observed in general executive control. Results are di...
Potential of Contact Insecticides to Control Xyleborus glabratus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), A Vector of Laurel Wilt Disease in Avocados

ABSTRACT Xyleborus glabratus Eichhoff (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is an invasive ambrosia beetle that vectors laurel wilt, a new disease that threatens avocado and other species in the Lauraceae Family. The lethal concentrations (LC50 & 90) of nine commercial insecticides to X. glabratus were determined by using a bolt-dip bioassay. Different formulations of bifenthrin, permethrin, fenpropathrin, z-cypermethrin + bifenthrin, l-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam, malathion, chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and methomyl were tested. Four concentrations of each insecticide were tested (0.5, 0.1, 0.03, and 0.01 of the label rate) and with water as a control. Beetles were exposed to treated bolts and mortality registered 48 h later. After 2 wk, bolts were destructively sampled to determine the number of beetles that constructed galleries and were alive inside the wood. Probit analysis was used to determine the LC50 & 90. Six pesticides were applied directly to the trunk and limbs of avocado trees in a commercial gr...
Colourachal fistula in an adult presenting with feculent umbilical drainage.

A 26-year-old female presented with a 2-week history of fever, left lower abdominal pain and feculent drainage from the umbilicus. During the previous month the patient had also noticed increased urinary frequency but denied any hematuria, dysuria or pneumaturia. She had no significant changes in bowel movements. She denied any previous medical conditions or surgeries. Aside from abdominal tenderness and umbilical drainage, the examination was unremarkable. Urine culture and microscopic analysis were negative, while cultures taken of the umbilical fluid grew Escherichia coli. Abdominal computerized tomography (CT) revealed a urachal remnant containing gas and an adjacent inflammatory mass from sigmoid diverticulitis (see figure). Cystoscopy demonstrated edematous changes at the bladder dome with no obvious fistula. The patient was placed on a 6-week course of levofloxacin and metronidazole with resolution of the abdominal pain, although the umbilical drainage persisted. The patient underwent elective excision of the urachal remnant with bladder cuff and en bloc sigmoid colectomy with primary end-to-end colonic anastomosis. Intraoperatively, the patient had an abscess from perforated sigmoid diverticulitis and fistulization to the urachus. Pathological examination showed a patent urachal remnant measuring 3 cm in diameter, cystitis glandularis of the bladder dome, sigmoid diverticulitis and a colourachal fistula. Postoperative course was uneventful with removal of the urinary catheter on day 11 and complete resolution of symptoms.
Bovine herpesvirus 1 immediate-early protein (bICP0) interacts with the histone acetyltransferase p300, which stimulates productive infection and gC promoter activity

The immediate-early protein, bICP0, of Bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) transactivates viral promoters and stimulates productive infection. bICP0 is expressed constitutively during productive infection, as its gene contains an immediate-early and an early promoter. Like other ICP0 homologues encoded by members of the subfamily Alphaherpesvirinae, bICP0 contains a zinc RING finger located near its N terminus. Mutations that disrupt the bICP0 zinc RING finger impair its ability to activate transcription, stimulate productive infection, inhibit interferon-dependent transcription in certain cell types and regulate subnuclear localization. bICP0 also interacts with a cellular chromatin-remodelling enzyme, histone deacetylase 1 (HDAC1), and can relieve HDAC1-mediated transcriptional repression, suggesting that bICP0 inhibits silencing of the viral genome. In this study, it was shown that bICP0 interacted with the histone acetyltransferase p300 during productive infection and in transiently transfected cells. In addition, p300 enhanced BHV-1 productive infection and transactivated a late viral promoter (gC). In contrast, a CH3-domain deletion mutant of p300, which is a dominant-negative mutant, did not activate the gC promoter. bICP0 and p300 cooperated to activate the gC promoter, suggesting that there is a synergistic effect on promoter activation. As p300 can activate certain antiviral signalling pathways (for example, interferon), it was hypothesized that interactions between p300 and bICP0 may dampen the antiviral response following infection.
An 8‐liter continuous flow culture apparatus for laboratory production of microorganisms

The construction of a “Porton type” chemostat of 8-l. working volume, based on the New Brunswick Scientific Co., Inc., Model F-14 Fermentor, is detailed. Instrumentation for temperature, pH, and foam control, and for medium supply are described and operational problems discussed.
Hierarchical Bayesian Domain Adaptation

Multi-task learning is the problem of maximizing the performance of a system across a number of related tasks. When applied to multiple domains for the same task, it is similar to domain adaptation, but symmetric, rather than limited to improving performance on a target domain. We present a more principled, better performing model for this problem, based on the use of a hierarchical Bayesian prior. Each domain has its own domain-specific parameter for each feature but, rather than a constant prior over these parameters, the model instead links them via a hierarchical Bayesian global prior. This prior encourages the features to have similar weights across domains, unless there is good evidence to the contrary. We show that the method of (Daume III, 2007), which was presented as a simple "preprocessing step," is actually equivalent, except our representation explicitly separates hyperparameters which were tied in his work. We demonstrate that allowing different values for these hyperparameters significantly improves performance over both a strong baseline and (Daume III, 2007) within both a conditional random field sequence model for named entity recognition and a discriminatively trained dependency parser.
The real limits to marine life: a further critique of the Respiration Index

The recently proposed "Respiration Index" (RI = log P O 2 / P CO 2 ) suggests that aerobic metabolism is limited by the ratio of reactants (oxygen) to products (carbon dioxide) according to the thermodynamics of cellular respiration. Here, we demonstrate further that, because of the large standard free energy change for organic carbon oxidation (Δ G ° = −686 kcal mol −1 ), carbon dioxide can never reach concentrations that would limit the thermodynamics of this reaction. A P CO 2 to P O 2 ratio of 10 503 would be required to reach equilibrium (equilibrium constant, K eq = 10 503 ), where Δ G = 0. Thus, a Respiration Index of −503 would be the real thermodynamic limit to aerobic life. Such a Respiration Index is never reached, either in the cell or in the environment. Moreover, cellular respiration and oxygen provision are kinetically controlled such that, within limits, environmental oxygen and CO 2 concentrations have little to do with intracellular concentrations. The RI is fundamentally different from the aragonite saturation state, a thermodynamic index used to quantify the potential effect of CO 2 on calcification rates, because of its failure to incorporate the equilibrium constant of the reaction. Not only is the RI invalid, but its use leads to incorrect and misleading predictions of the threat of changing oxygen and carbon dioxide to marine life. We provide a physiological framework that identifies oxygen thresholds and allows for synergistic effects of ocean acidification and global warming.
Adaptive energy scheme for wireless network systems

In this work, we use an analytical method developed in S.Y. Chang et al (2004) to determine the joint distribution of the energy and delay of a transmitted data packet for wireless networks utilizing the IEEE 802.11 standard for medium access control. Our analysis takes into account the effect of the channel noise on the transmission of the RTS, CTS, data, and ACK packets. Furthermore, by increasing the energy level per coded bit due to previous failure transmission attempts, both throughput and energy efficiency are improved significantly. Finally, channel coding is incorporated in the numerical results by using Reed-Solomon codes and convolutional codes.
Identifying Robust and Sensitive Frequency Bands for Interrogating Neural Oscillations

Abstract Recent years have seen an explosion of interest in using neural oscillations to characterize the mechanisms supporting cognition and emotion. Oftentimes, oscillatory activity is indexed by mean power density in predefined frequency bands. Some investigators use broad bands originally defined by prominent surface features of the spectrum. Others rely on narrower bands originally defined by spectral factor analysis (SFA). Presently, the robustness and sensitivity of these competing band definitions remains unclear. Here, a Monte Carlo-based SFA strategy was used to decompose the tonic (“resting” or “spontaneous”) electroencephalogram (EEG) into five bands: delta (1–5 Hz), alpha-low (6–9 Hz), alpha-high (10–11 Hz), beta (12–19 Hz), and gamma (> 21 Hz). This pattern was consistent across SFA methods, artifact correction/rejection procedures, scalp regions, and samples. Subsequent analyses revealed that SFA failed to deliver enhanced sensitivity; narrow alpha sub-bands proved no more sensitive than the classical broadband to individual differences in temperament or mean differences in task-induced activation. Other analyses suggested that residual ocular and muscular artifact was the dominant source of activity during quiescence in the delta and gamma bands. This was observed following threshold-based artifact rejection or independent component analysis (ICA)-based artifact correction, indicating that such procedures do not necessarily confer adequate protection. Collectively, these findings highlight the limitations of several commonly used EEG procedures and underscore the necessity of routinely performing exploratory data analyses, particularly data visualization, prior to hypothesis testing. They also suggest the potential benefits of using techniques other than SFA for interrogating high-dimensional EEG datasets in the frequency or time–frequency (event-related spectral perturbation, event-related synchronization/desynchronization) domains.
SEARCH FOR MITOGENETIC RADIATION BY MEANS OF THE PHOTOELECTRIC METHOD

The intensity of mitogenetic radiation was estimated from data given by Gurwitsch. The sensitivity of the biological method and of the physical methods were compared. With onion-base pulp and onion roots as mitogenetic inductors, the photographic method gave no perceptible blackening for exposures up to 184 hours. A photoelectric counter tube was described with cadmium as photoelectric metal. Its sensitivity was such that a radiation intensity of 10 to 15 quanta per cm.2 per second of the Hg line 2536 A was detectable. Spurious effects produced by the counter tube were described and means for their avoidance given. A number of different biological materials, all supposed to be excellent mitogenetic radiators, were investigated by means of the counter tube. No mitogenetic radiation could be detected.
Density functional theory and quantum computation

This paper establishes the applicability of density functional theory methods to quantum computing systems. We show that ground state and time-dependent density functional theory can be applied to quantum computing systems by proving the Hohenberg-Kohn and Runge-Gross theorems for a fermionic representation of an $N$ qubit system. As a first demonstration of this approach, time-dependent density functional theory is used to determine the minimum energy gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}(N)$ arising when the quantum adiabatic evolution algorithm is used to solve instances of the nondeterministic-polynomial-complete problem MAXCUT. It is known that the computational efficiency of this algorithm is largely determined by the large-$N$ scaling behavior of $\ensuremath{\Delta}(N)$, and so determining this behavior is of fundamental significance. As density functional theory has been used to study quantum systems with $N\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3}$ interacting degrees of freedom, the approach introduced in this paper raises the realistic prospect of evaluating the gap $\ensuremath{\Delta}(N)$ for systems with $N\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{3}$ qubits. Although the calculation of $\ensuremath{\Delta}(N)$ serves to illustrate how density functional theory methods can be applied to problems in quantum computing, the approach has a much broader range and shows promise as a means for determining the properties of very large quantum computing systems.
Nursing: administrative applications

The assessment of the quality of nursing care is unequivocably the single most important challenge facing professional nursing today with prospective reimbursement. As we move toward a prospective reimbursement structure, our quality of decision making will rely heavily on the data banks which computers can assist us in making administrative decisions. It is not surprising that each paper presented here discusses the use of how computers can assist us in decision making for the nurse manager.
Fault injection testing for distributed object systems

Interface based fault injection testing (IFIT) is proposed as a technique to assess the fault tolerance of distributed object systems. IFIT uses the description of an object's interface to generate application dependent faults. A set of application independent faults is also proposed. IFIT reveals inadequacies of the fault recovery mechanisms present in the application. The application of IFIT to different distributed object systems is described.
Characterizing the conformational ensemble of monomeric polyglutamine

Studies of synthetic polyglutamine peptides in vitro have established that polyglutamine peptides aggregate via a classic nucleation and growth mechanism. Chen and colleagues [Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002;99:11884–11889] have found that monomeric polyglutamine, which is a disordered statistical coil in solution, is the critical nucleus for aggregation. Therefore, nucleation of β-sheet–rich aggregates requires an initial disorder to order transition, which is a highly unfavorable thermodynamic reaction. The questions of interest to us are as follows: What are the statistical fluctuations that drive β-sheet formation in monomeric polyglutamine? How do these fluctuations vary with chain length? And why is this process thermodynamically unfavorable, that is, why is monomeric polyglutamine disordered? To answer these questions we use multiple molecular dynamics simulations to provide quantitative characterization of conformational ensembles for two short polyglutamine peptides. We find that the ensemble for polyglutamine is indeed disordered. However, the disorder is inherently different from that of denatured proteins and the average compactness and magnitude of conformational fluctuations increase with chain length. Most importantly, the effective concentration of sidechain primary amides around backbone units is inherently high and peptide units are solvated either by hydrogen bonds to sidechains or surrounding water molecules. Due to the multiplicity of backbone solvation modes the probability associated with any specific backbone conformation is small, resulting in a conformational entropy bottleneck which makes β-sheet formation in monomeric polyglutamine thermodynamically unfavorable. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Research Gaps on Methadone Harms and Comparative Harms: Findings From a Review of the Evidence for an American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline

Abstract Methadone-associated overdose deaths have dramatically increased. In order to inform an evidence-based clinical practice guideline to improve safety of methadone prescribing, the American Pain Society commissioned a systematic review on various aspects related to methadone safety. We searched Ovid MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO databases through July 2012 to identify studies that addressed 1 or more of 17 Key Questions related to methadone safety; an update search was performed in 2014 for new studies related to methadone-related overdose and risks related to cardiac arrhythmias. A total of 168 studies met inclusion criteria for the review. The purpose of this article is to highlight critical research gaps in the literature related to methadone safety. These include lack of evidence on risk factors associated with methadone-overdose deaths and adverse events, limited evidence to evaluate the comparative mortality of methadone versus other opioids, insufficient evidence to fully understand the harms associated with methadone use during pregnancy, and insufficient evidence to determine effects of risk mitigation strategies such as electrocardiogram monitoring, strategies for managing patients with prolonged QTc intervals on screening, urine drug testing, alternative dosing regimens for initiation and titration of therapy, and timing of follow-up. Therefore, most guideline recommendations are based on weak evidence. More research is needed to guide safe methadone prescribing practices and decrease the adverse events associated with methadone. Perspective This article summarizes critical research gaps in the literature related to methadone safety, based on a systematic review commissioned by the American Pain Society. Critical research gaps were identified in a number of areas, highlighting the need for additional research to guide safer prescribing and risk mitigation strategies.
Ontogeny of tracheal system structure: a light and electron-microscopy study of the metathoracic femur of the American locust, Schistocerca americana

Does oxygen delivery become more challenging for insects as they increase in size? To partially test this hypothesis, we used quantitative light and electron microscopy to estimate the oxygen delivery capacity for two steps of tracheal oxygen delivery within the metathoracic femur (jumping leg) for 2nd instar (about 47 mg) and adult (about 1.7 g) locusts, Schistocerca americana. The fractional cross-sectional areas of the major tracheae running longitudinally along the leg were similar in adults and 2nd instars; however, since the legs of adults are longer, the mass-specific diffusive conductances of these tracheae were 4-fold greater in 2nd instars. Diffusive gas exchange longitudinally along the leg is easily possible for 2nd instars but not adults, who have many air sacs within the femur. Mitochondrial content fell proximally to distally within the femur in 2nd instars but not adults, supporting the hypothesis that diffusion was more important for the former. Lateral diffusing capacities of the tracheal walls were 12-fold greater in adults than 2nd instars. This was primarily due to differences in the smallest tracheal class (tracheoles), which had thinner epidermal and cuticular layers, greater surface to volume ratios, and greater mass-specific surface areas in adults. Adults also had greater mitochondrial contents, larger cell sizes and more intracellular tracheae. Thus, larger insects do not necessarily face greater problems with oxygen delivery; adult grasshoppers have superior oxygen delivery systems and greater mass-specific aerobic capacities in their legs than smaller/younger insects.
Inter-channel decorrelation by sub-band resampling in frequency domain

This paper presents a novel decorrelation procedure by frequency-domain resampling in sub-bands. The new procedure expands on the idea of resampling in the frequency domain that efficiently and effectively alleviates the non-uniqueness problem for a multi-channel acoustic echo cancellation system while introducing minimal distortion to the signal. We show in theory and verify experimentally that the amount of decorrelation in each sub-band, measured in terms of the coherence, can be controlled arbitrarily by varying the resampling ratio per frequency bin. For perceptual evaluation, we adjust the sub-band resampling ratios to match the coherence given by other decorrelation procedures. The speech quality (PESQ) score from the proposed decorrelation procedure remains high at around 4.5, which is about the highest possible PESQ score after signal modification.
The role of trust in restoration success: public engagement and temporal and spatial scale in a complex social‐ecological system

The social dimensions of river restoration are not well understood especially in the context of large-scale restoration projects embedded in a complex social-ecological system. This study used in-depth interviews with diverse stakeholders to examine perceptions of restoration success on the Clark Fork River Superfund project in Western Montana. Trust emerged as critical to restoration success and was influenced by public engagement, and by spatial and temporal scale. At this large scale, multiple relationships between agencies, NGOs, businesses, landowners, and other stakeholders meant that building trust was a complicated endeavor. The large spatial scale and long time frame made public engagement challenging, and landowners in particular were critical of the project, expressing mistrust in both agencies and the project as a whole. However, projects focused on smaller spatial scales, such as particular stream reaches, appeared to inspire more effective collaboration. Relationships between organizations were important at this large scale, but inter-organizational conflict affected trust across the project. Further, because trust requires accepting vulnerability, recognizing the differential vulnerability that particular groups and communities experience, based on the risks and benefits they accrue relative to the project, is important.
Demoralization as a Precursor to Serious Depression

Abstract This article explores manifestations of demoralization, addresses the issue of demoralization in relation to depression, and proposes a theoretical definition and model of demoralization as part of a continuum of depressogenic responses. The proposed model links selected person-environment factors, such as negative life events and perceived stress, with deficit coping and selected cognitive-attributional, affective, and social responses. In addition, pertinent psychotherapeutic nursing interventions to assist clients in combating demoralization and implications for research are discussed. With an understanding of the manifestations of demoralization, nurses can better recognize it in their clients and implement interventions to prevent the development of serious depression. (J Am Psychiatr Nurses Assoc [2002]. 8, 9-17.)
Exertion Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Are Two Distinct Constructs in People Post-Stroke

Background and Purpose—Post-stroke fatigue is a common and neglected issue despite the fact that it impacts daily functions, quality of life, and has been linked with a higher mortality rate because of its association with a sedentary lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to identify the contributing factors of exertion fatigue and chronic fatigue in people post-stroke. Methods—Twenty-one post-stroke people (12 males, 9 females; 59.510.3 years of age; time after stroke 4.13.5 years) participated in the study. The response variables included exertion fatigue and chronic fatigue. Participants underwent a standardized fatigue-inducing exercise on a recumbent stepper. Exertion fatigue level was assessed at rest and immediately after exercise using the Visual Analog Fatigue Scale. Chronic fatigue was measured by the Fatigue Severity Scale. The explanatory variables included aerobic fitness, motor control, and depressive symptoms measured by peak oxygen uptake, Fugl-Meyer motor score, and the Geriatric Depression Scale, respectively. Results—Using forward stepwise regression, we found that peak oxygen uptake was an independent predictor of exertion fatigue (P0.006), whereas depression was an independent predictor of chronic fatigue (P0.002). Conclusion—Exertion fatigue and chronic fatigue are 2 distinct fatigue constructs, as identified by 2 different contributing factors. (Stroke. 2010;41:2908-2912.)
Simultaneous Identification and Quantitation of Fluoxetine and its Metabolite, Norfluoxetine, in Biological Samples by GC-MS

A sensitive method for the quantitation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine in biological samples was developed. Blood, urine, and tissue samples were alkalinized and extracted with N-butyl chloride. The extracts were derivatized with pentafluoropropionic anhydride before gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Selected ions were monitored at m/z 117 and 294 for fluoxetine; m/z 117, 176, and 280 for norfluoxetine; and m/z 122 and 299 for the internal standard fluoxetine-d5. The within-run and between-run precision as well as recovery were determined for both analytes. The empirical limit of detection was determined to be 12.5 micrograms/L for both fluoxetine and norfluoxetine, whereas the empirical limit of quantitation was 25 micrograms/L for both drugs. Calibration curves were linear in the range of 50-1000 micrograms/L for both analytes. Some drugs that were known or suspected of interfering with high-performance liquid chromatography and GC methods for fluoxetine and norfluoxetine were tested for interference. This is the only reported method that combines the use of a deuterated internal standard, selected ion monitoring by GC-MS, and derivatization for the identification and quantitation of fluoxetine and norfluoxetine.
Organizing Documented Processes

A frequent hurdle in applying Business Process Management(BPM) to large enterprises is that, since business processes are not only numerous but also documented in an engagement in multiple representations,it is difficult to work with the documented 'as-is' or 'to-be' state of the business, leave aside make accurate transformation decisions. In this paper, we consider the problem of how to reconcile and organize documented information about processes into groups that convey inter-process similarity. The discovered knowledge can be used for many applications like search, e.g., find all requirements across all available processes that are similar to those of the "Account Receivable" process. The method has been tested on a dataset consisting of hundreds of processes documented in Word and Visio, wherefrom it could find process clusters that significantly boosted search performance.
The Heteropteran "pronotal gland" re-examined.

Abstract Re-examination of the “pronotal gland,” which is possibly synapomorphic for Saicinae and part of Emesinae (Reduviidae), showed that this structure comprises a pronotal depression and an interior process, but lacks glandular units. Observation of Reduviidae other than Emesinae and Saicinae, and non-reduviid Cimicomorpha demonstrated the presence of a homologous structure in a wide range of taxa. Dissections of prothoracic muscles in Panstrongylus herreri (Triatominae, Reduviidae) established the relationship of three thoracic muscles with the interior process, which represents an apophysis, and not a gland. Based on those observations, the hypothesis of a closer relationship of only part of Emesinae with Saicinae due to the presence of a “pronotal gland” seems unjustified.
History of Medical and Surgical Treatment of Varicose Veins

Among the first to recommend surgical treatment was Hippocrates, earlier than 300 BC. He suggested puncturing the varicosities at multiple points. Since that time, as Mercer points out so succinctly, “Varicosities have been cauterized, twisted, poked, avulsed, ligated, divided and stripped”.
Abstract 3125: KAP1 promotes malignant properties of breast cancer cells and regulates the expression of multiple KRAB-ZNFs.

Background and Objective: Chromatin remodeling is fundamental for normal development and is universally affected in cancer cells. The largest family of human transcription factors, KRAB-ZNF repressors, and their essential cofactor KAP1 play important roles in chromatin organization and regulate multiple cellular processes such as cell differentiation, pluripotency, apoptosis, DNA repair and imprinting. Here, we explored the role of KAP1 and KRAB-ZNFs in breast cancer. Methods: Using cancer patient samples, in vitro and animal xenograft model we analyzed KAP1 role in cancer cell proliferation and primary tumor formation. Results: Patient sample analysis showed KAP1 and KRAB-ZNFs overexpression in significant proportion of breast tumors. KAP1 depletion in a panel of breast cancer cell lines inhibited cancer cell proliferation, while KAP1 overexpression stimulated cell growth. Concordantly, KAP1 knockdown in MDA-MB-231LN human breast cancer cells inhibited primary tumor growth in orthotopic xenograft mouse model, while KAP1 overexpression had an opposite, growth stimulatory effect. KAP1 depletion resulted in decreased expression of a number of cancer-associated genes. Functional in vitro studies provided evidence that KAP1 positively regulates expression of multiple KRAB-ZNFs. Discussion and Conclusions: These results thus establish KAP1 as an oncogenic factor in breast cancer. Grant support: NIH NCRR grant P20 RR16440 and Susan G. Komen for the Cure grant KG110350. Citation Format: Joseph B. Addison, Renata Galeeva, Dongquan Chen, Elena N. Pugacheva, Alexey V. Ivanov. KAP1 promotes malignant properties of breast cancer cells and regulates the expression of multiple KRAB-ZNFs. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3125. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3125
Benzene-inactivated rabies vaccine.

Discussion and SummaryThe use of benzene-ether extraction as a preliminary step in eventual purification of rabies vaccines has been made a more practical procedure by the demonstration that inactivation of the virus by heating in benzene results in a highly potent vaccine. Thus the necessity for preliminary ultraviolet irradiation has been eliminated.
Selective Area Epitaxy of InGaN/GaN Stripes, Hexagonal Rings, and Triangular Rings for Achieving Green Emission

We report selective area epitaxy of InGaN/GaN micron-scale stripes and rings on patterned (0001) AlN/sapphire. The objective is to elevate indium incorporation for achieving blue and green emission on semi-polar crystal facets. In each case, GaN structures were first produced, and the InGaN quantum wells (QWs) were subsequently grown. The pyramidal InGaN/GaN stripe along the direction has uniform CL emission at 500 nm on the smooth {1-101} sidewall and at 550 nm on the narrow ridge. In InGaN/GaN triangular rings, the structures reveal smooth inner and outer sidewall facets falling into a single type of {1-101} planes. All these {1-101} sidewall facets demonstrate similar CL spectra which appear to be the superposition of two peaks at positions 500 nm and 460 nm. Spatially matched striations are observed in the CL intensity images and surface morphologies of the {1-101} sidewall facets. InGaN/GaN hexagonal rings are comprised of {11-22} and {21-33} facets on inner sidewalls, and {1-101} facets on outer sidewalls. Distinct CL spectra with peak wavelengths as long as 500 nm are observed for these diverse sidewall facets of the hexagonal rings.