cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Rule of Law in Ancient Greek Thought

The rule of law is a normative principle that political power may not be exercised except according to procedures and constraints prescribed by laws which are publicly known. The rule of law requires all persons, including governmental officials, to obey the laws and be held accountable if they do not. Moreover, the laws can be changed only through constitutional procedures and may not be nullified or overridden by individual fiat. The concept of the rule of law can be found in ancient Greek theories of law (nomos), and it is implicit in many other Greek legal ideas. Greek legal practice encouraged the rule of law, and its theoretical underpinnings were examined in the writings of Plato and Aristotle.
Accessing and producing tissue cultured banana plantlets in Costa Rica and Jamaica: Insights on the distributive consequences of emerging technologies

This paper analyzes the distributive dynamics associated with production, access to, and use of tissue-cultured banana plantlets in Costa Rica and Jamaica. In particular, it studies the research, commercialization, and production strategies undertaken in these two countries. It identifies the actors involved, the mechanisms implemented to produce and improve access to tissue cultured plants, as well as barriers to broad-based adoption. The discussion is framed by the concept of absorptive capacities and more particularly, by a revised perspective that differentiates between potential and realized capacities. In so doing, it emphasizes the dynamic aspects behind the process of moving from potential to realized capacities. Inherent aspects of tissue culture technology overlap and interact with socio-economic conditions; and become key to the dynamics of knowledge advancement, production, and distribution of benefits. In this context, policy choices play a major role in directing the dynamics towards a more distributed technological development.
High frequency of HLA-DQB1*0301 allele in patients with pure ocular cicatricial pemphigoid

Two factors, is classification and its immunogenetics, may have contributed to an incomplete understanding of the pathogenic mechanism in the disease group commonly termed 'cicatricial pemphigoid'. We have previously demonstrated that pure ocular cicatricial pemphigoid (OCP) is a unique clinical and immunopathological entity. In an effort to better define the immunogenetic characteristics for patients with pure OCP, we performed HLA typing for the class II MHC gene HLA-DQB1*0301 allele, by amplifying genomic DNA extracted from patients with polymerase chain reaction, followed by hybridization with a sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe on dot-blotted and Southern-blotted amplified DNA samples. Ninety percent (9/10) of patients with pure OCP had the DQB1*0301 allele, in contrast to 52% (17/33) of normal individuals who had the DQB1*0301 allele. The high frequency of the HLA-DQB1*0301 allele in patients with pure OCP may point to a distinct immunogenetic pattern and possibly a distinct pathomechanism for the disease.
Evaluation of post-exercise magnetic resonance images of the rotator cuff.

Objective. To examine the effect of strenuous exercise on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of the rotator cuff tendon. A second objective was to define an optimal time to image the rotator cuff and possibly eliminate exercise-induced false positives. Design and patients. Five male subjects from 24 to 38 years old with normal rotator cuffs by history, physical examination, and screening MRI underwent a rotator cuff exercise session on the Biodex System 2 (Biodex, Shirley, New York). The exercise sessions were followed by sequential MRI scans of the exercised shoulder. These were performed immediately and at 8 h and 24 h after exercise. Results and conclusions. The rotator cuff tendon and subacromial-subdeltoid bursal signal remained unchanged from the pre-exercise through the 24-h post-exercise scans. The rotator cuff muscle signal was increased in five of five subjects on the immediate post-exercise fat-suppressed T2-weighted images. This signal returned to baseline by the 8-h scan. Positive findings of rotator cuff pathology on MRI after strenuous athletic activity should not be discounted as normal exercise-induced changes. Also, diagnostic MRI scanning may take place after a practice session without an increased risk of false positives.
Traveling ionospheric disturbance as a diagnostic tool for thermospheric dynamics

Evaluation of observational results of traveling ionospheric disturbances. The experiment continuously monitors the wave polarization of signals transmitted by the geostationary satellite ATS 3. One year of single-station data has been compiled for synoptic study. When observed at three stations, in addition to the period of the wave, the horizontal phase velocity can be determined. An attempt has been made to link the experimentally determined ionospheric parameters with the neutral atmospheric parameters by using a crude theory. The result suggests that a better theory should be developed, so that the diagnosis of these thermospheric parameters can be made by making traveling disturbance observations. In doing so, many previously ignored factors should be reexamined, especially the effect produced by high thermospheric winds.
Technology-based training in cognitive behavioral therapy for substance abuse counselors.

Abstract This study compared the learning outcomes achieved by 166 practicing substance abuse counselors who were randomized to one of three conditions: (1) a Web-Based Training (WBT) module designed to familiarize practitioners with the “Coping with Craving” module from the NIDA treatment manual, “A Cognitive-Behavioral Approach: Treating Cocaine Addiction” (www.nidatoolbox.org), (2) a face-to-face training workshop covering the identical content, or (3) a delayed training control condition. Participants in all three conditions completed an identical test of knowledge before and after the session. Results indicated that participants in both the WBT and face-to-face workshop conditions showed improvement in mean test scores, while participants in the delayed training control condition did not. Improvements in test scores for participants in both the WBT and face-to-face conditions were statistically significant and equally modest in magnitude. The finding of equivalent rates of knowledge transfer across t...
Distributed autonomous mapping of indoor environments

This paper describes the results of a Joint Experiment performed on behalf of the MAST CTA. The system developed for the Joint Experiment makes use of three robots which work together to explore and map an unknown environment. Each of the robots used in this experiment is equipped with a laser scanner for measuring walls and a camera for locating doorways. Information from both of these types of structures is concurrently incorporated into each robot's local map using a graph based SLAM technique. A Distributed-Data-Fusion algorithm is used to efficiently combine local maps from each robot into a shared global map. Each robot computes a compressed local feature map and transmits it to neighboring robots, which allows each robot to merge its map with the maps of its neighbors. Each robot caches the compressed maps from its neighbors, allowing it to maintain a coherent map with a common frame of reference. The robots utilize an exploration strategy to efficiently cover the unknown environment which allows collaboration on an unreliable communications channel. As each new branching point is discovered by a robot, it broadcasts the information about where this point is along with the robot's path from a known landmark to the other robots. When the next robot reaches a dead-end, new branching points are allocated by auction. In the event of communication interruption, the robot which observed the branching point will eventually explore it; therefore, the exploration is complete in the face of communication failure.
Mechanisms of production of fast particles with Z=1,2 in /sup 6/Li-induced reactions far above the Coulomb barrier

Various mechanisms for the production of fast, beam-velocity particles have been explored using a 12.5 MeV/nucleon /sup 6/Li beam, with special emphasis on results from a /sup 197/Au target. Energy spectra and angular distributions of fast, Z=1,2 products revealed an A/sup 1/3/ target mass dependence of the individual total yields which is characteristic of the surface mechanisms. Relative fragment yields were essentially independent of the target mass and appear to depend upon the momentum distributions of the different cluster substructures of /sup 6/Li. Particle-..gamma.. coincidences reflected the Q-optimum transfer of a beam-velocity ..cap alpha.. or d fragment, initiating a (fragment, xn..gamma..) -like reaction, and which accounts for approximately 13% of the singles beam-velocity particle production. In-plane ..cap alpha..-d coincidences could be divided roughly equally between two-step (sequential) and one-step projectile breakup. Alpha-proton coincidences suggested the strong presence of neutron transfer, forming unstable /sup 5/Li which subsequently breaks up into ..cap alpha..+p. The cross section from correlated ..cap alpha..+d and ..cap alpha..+p production accounts for at least 50% of the singles fast-particle production. Other possible mechanisms are also discussed.
The synthesis and properties of iron, ruthenium, and osmium octabutoxynaphthalocyanine

New series of iron, ruthenium, and osmium octabutoxynaphthalocyanines were synthesized by inserting corresponding metals into the metal-free octabutoxynaphthalocyanine. Although preparation of axial ligand-free iron octabutoxynaphthalocyanines was reported before, we could not reproduce the synthesis by following the reported method. We attributed the failure to the instability of the iron octabutoxynaphthalocyanines. Bis-ligation increased the stability of the iron complex but only sufficiently for characterization. The application of iron complexes will be limited by their instability. However, ruthenium and osmium formed stable complexes with this macrocycle ring but with significantly lower reaction yields. These new complexes were characterized by NMR, UV-vis, and mass spectrometry.
Development of durable spray-applied fire-resistive Engineered Cementitious Composites (SFR-ECC)

Abstract A new spray-applied fire-resistive material (SFRM) that combines the desirable thermal insulation property, sprayability, lightweightness and enhanced mechanical property is developed adopting Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) technology, overcoming the lack of durability issue of conventional brittle SFRM. The newly developed spray-applied fire-resistive ECC (SFR-ECC) exhibits density as low as 550 kg/m 3 yet with tensile strength of 0.87 MPa and tensile strain capacity of 1% when spray-applied, significantly higher than those of conventional SFRM with tensile strength of less than 0.1 MPa and no inelastic tensile strain. The newly developed material also exhibit significantly higher adhesion to steel than conventional SFRM. The thermal conductivity and sprayability of SFR-ECC are measured to be comparable to conventional SFRM, which ensures the proper functioning of SFR-ECC. SFR-ECC with enhanced mechanical performance is expected to improve the overall fire safety of steel structure under both service and extreme loads.
The myth of sexual permissiveness

There exists a current of thought which accepts the belief that most Americans increasingly hold more permissive values in relation to premarital sexual behavior. Similarly, there is the popular idea that the attitudes of males and females toward premarital sex are becoming more congruent, thus gradually eliminating the double standard in terms of both sexual behavior and attitudes held by the general population. However, much of the research dealing with attitudes toward premarital sex has been limited to local samples, generally using respondents from a college population (Cannon and Long, 1971 and Rubin, 1965). As a result, many of the findings cannot be generalized especially to the adult population even though some authors have suggested that the college populations in various regions differ little in their attitudes from other more normal social groups (Kinsey et al., 1953; Robinson et al., 1968). The main objective of this paper is to examine the attitudes towards sexual permissiveness before marriage, using a recent (1969) representative sample of white American adults. This will enable us to determine whether adults equally acceptand to what degreethe value of premarital sex. The major independent variables used are age, sex, education, occupation, and region of residence. As a consequence, we will be able to measure the extent of premarital permissive values among the total adult white population rather than among a more limited and probably less representative sample. We then present data on which categoriest of adults tend to be more or less permissive. This presentation is limited to the white popula-
Constant unfoldings of saddle connections in planar flows

On etudie l'effet de perturbations constantes sur les separatrices col-a-col ou connexions col, engendrees par des champs vectoriels sur le plan
On the approximation of curves by line segments using dynamic programming

Abstract : The technique of dynamic programming is applied to approximate a given continuous function g(x) by a finite number of line segments over the interval a,b . The problem is to determine the constants a sub k, b sub k, k equals 0,..., N - 1 and the points of division u sub 1,..., u sub N-1 in the interval a,b that minimize the function J = N-1k=0 uk+1 (g(x) - a - b x)2dx.k kku Results are calculated for g equals e-x by means of a FORTRAN program for the IBM-7090. An analytic treatment is given of the functions g(x) equals x squared and g(x) equals 1/e to the cx power that is easily derived by utilizing the functional equation technique of dynamic programming. (Author)
Plasma-sprayed cordierite: Dielectric and electrical properties

Abstract The dielectric and electrical properties of plasma-sprayed deposits of cordierite were studied. It was found that both the dielectric constant and the electrical conductivity increase with temperature. The dielectric constant of the as-sprayed deposit is less temperature dependent than that of the annealed deposit. The activation energies for the conductivity measured at different frequencies were found to be higher for the as-sprayed deposit.
A fast algorithm for the discrete Laplace transformation

Abstract An algorithm is presented for the rapid evaluation of expressions of the form ∑ j=1 m α j ·e −β j ·x at multiple points. In order to evaluate the above sum for n different values of the variable x, the algorithm requires order O(n + m) operations, and a simple modification of the scheme provides an order O(n procedure for the evaluation of an order n polynomial at n arbitrary real points. The algorithm is numerically stable, and its performance is demonstrated by numerical examples.
Heterogeneous integrated systems for future computing and networking

We will discuss throughput, power, latency, and parallelism needs in computing and networking systems that drive micro/nano-scale integration of various processing, storage, and interconnection components. Heterogeneous integrated systems will be covered in detail.
Femtosecond pulse amplification by coherent addition in a passive optical cavity

By simultaneously controlling repetition and carrier frequencies, one can achieve the phase coherent superposition of a collection of successive pulses from a mode-locked laser. An optical cavity can be used for coherent delay and constructive interference of sequential pulses until a cavity dump is enabled to switch out the amplified pulse. This approach will lead to an effective amplification process through decimation of the original pulse rate while the overall coherence from the oscillator is preserved. Detailed calculations show the limiting effects of intracavity dispersion and indicate that enhancement of sub-100-fs pulses to microjoule energies is experimentally feasible.
Implications of injection current and optical input power on the performance of reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers

A time domain model for reflective semiconductor optical amplifiers (RSOAs) is developed based on the carrier rate equation and wave propagation equation. In this model, the gain saturation effect and the dependence of spontaneous carrier lifetime on carrier density are explicitly included, and the evolution of carrier density and the optical power in time and space under current modulation is considered in detail. Using the time domain model, the performance of RSOAs with different active layer lengths is investigated under different inject current densities and input optical powers. Numerical simulations reveal that the carrier spontaneous lifetime is the foremost limiting factor of RSOA modulation speed, but increasing photon density improves RSOA performance. With increased bias currents or optical input powers, the small signal frequency response is improved and the eye closure penalty under large signal on-off key modulation is reduced, but the extinction ratio of the optical output signal is decreased. Under the same bias current density and optical input power, RSOAs with longer active layers exhibit improved frequency response and smaller eye closure penalty.
Evaluation of Patients with Photodermatoses

The systematic evaluation of photosensitive patients involves a comprehensive history, physical examination, phototesting, and, if necessary, photopatch testing and laboratory evaluation. Polymorphous light eruption, chronic actinic dermatitis, solar urticaria, and photosensitivity secondary to systemic medications are the most commonly encountered photodermatoses in dermatology clinics worldwide.
The Nurse Liaison in Perioperative Services: A Family-Centered Approach

Surgery is a stressful time for patients, their family members, and their significant others. A perioperative nurse liaison can offer support, reinforce preoperative teaching, answer questions, and provide information during the surgical procedure that may help family members manage stress and view the process more positively. To provide the best possible care to patients and their family members, perioperative leaders at the Exempla Good Samaritan Hospital, Lafayette, Colorado, started a nurse liaison program when the facility opened in 2004. Although OR nurses were the first choice for the position, the director of perioperative services soon found that postanesthesia care unit nurses were the best candidates for this role. Positive outcomes of the program have included letters from patients praising the nurse liaison, better informed patients, and less anxious family members. As a result of this program, the facility's patient satisfaction survey scores related to communication had a marked improvement by June 2009.
Eicosapentaenoic acid alters vascular reactivity and platelet adhesion in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.

Abstract Feeding a diet rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) to Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits resulted in an attenuated aortic contractile response to the vasoconstrictor agent serotonin when compared to responses from WHHL rabbits fed normal rabbits chow. In contrast, only the maximak contractile response to norepinephrine was reduced in EPA-fed rabbit aortas. Additionally, methacholine-induced relaxations were potentiated in aortas obtained from the EPA-fed rabbits. When platelets ontained from EPA-fed rabbits were incubated with arachidonic acid, there was a reduced ability of the platelets to adhere to albumin-coated dics in comparison to control rabbit platelets. These data indicate a potentially beneficial effect of EPA in atherosclerotic WHHL rabbits.
Mitochondrial uncoupling protein-4 regulates calcium homeostasis and sensitivity to store depletion-induced apoptosis in neural cells.

Abstract An increase in the cytoplasmic-free Ca2+ concentration mediates cellular responses to environmental signals that influence a range of processes, including gene expression, motility, secretion of hormones and neurotransmitters, changes in energy metabolism, and apoptosis. Mitochondria play important roles in cellular Ca2+ homeostasis and signaling, but the roles of specific mitochondrial proteins in these processes are unknown. Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are a family of proteins located in the inner mitochondrial membrane that can dissociate oxidative phosphorylation from respiration, thereby promoting heat production and decreasing oxyradical production. Here we show that UCP4, a neuronal UCP, influences store-operated Ca2+ entry, a process in which depletion of endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ stores triggers Ca2+ influx through plasma membrane “store-operated” channels. PC12 neural cells expressing human UCP4 exhibit reduced Ca2+ entry in response to thapsigargin-induced endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ store depletion. The elevations of cytoplasmic and intramitochondrial Ca2+ concentrations and mitochondrial oxidative stress induced by thapsigargin were attenuated in cells expressing UCP4. The stabilization of Ca2+ homeostasis and preservation of mitochondrial function by UCP4 was correlated with reduced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species generation, oxidative stress, and Gadd153 up-regulation and increased resistance of the cells to death. Reduced Ca2+-dependent cytosolic phospholipase A2 activation and oxidative metabolism of arachidonic acid also contributed to the stabilization of mitochondrial function in cells expressing human UCP4. These findings demonstrate that UCP4 can regulate cellular Ca2+ homeostasis, suggesting that UCPs may play roles in modulating Ca2+ signaling in physiological and pathological conditions.
Shaft Currents in Electric Machines

This paper describes the causes of, and remedies for, the existence of “shaft currents” or “bearing currents” which sometimes flow across the rubbing surfaces of the bearings of electric machinery, thereby gradually damaging the shaft and bearings. Up to the present time the only cause of shaft currents that has attracted any particular attention has been the use of sectionalized stators, and the published discussions have been chiefly confined to synchronous alternators. Fleischman1 and others have shown that sectionalizing causes shaft currents for the reason that the extra reluctance of the joints causes an unequal division of the flux between the clockwise and counter-clockwise paths in the yoke, thus giving a resultant flux linking the shaft. Applying the same method of reasoning used in the case of sectionalizing to the general case of any machine with segmental punchings, the following facts are shown: 1. A principal cause of shaft currents in revolving electric machines is the use of poles and segments in certain ratios. 2. The frequency of the shaft current due to joints in the stator yoke is an odd multiple of the frequency of the stator flux, the frequency of the shaft currents due to rotor joints is an odd multiple of the rotor frequency, and these frequency multiples are determined by the ratios of poles to segments. 3. Machines with 4, 8, 16, 24, 32, etc., poles are especially likely to have shaft currents, and machines with 6, 10, 14, 22, etc., poles are relatively immune. 4. By the proper choice of the number of segments for use with any machine, or by the use of segments with offset dovetails, or both, shaft currents can be effectively eliminated in most cases. The possibilities of shaft currents being caused by homopolar action as the result of magnetic flux flowing in the shaft, or by other means, are discussed, and it is concluded that such causes are seldom important. A possible useful application for the theory of shaft currents in the design of a high-current transformer is mentioned, and the possibility of obtaining multiple frequencies from a stationary transformer in this way is shown to be dependent upon the presence of magnetic saturation. A table of combinations of poles and segments that will cause shaft currents is given, and a bibliography of the subject is appended.
Digenic inheritance and Mendelian disease

Powerful genomic technologies, such as exome sequencing, are providing new insights into the genetics underlying Mendelian traits. A new study identifies a role for digenic inheritance and an epigenetic modifier in facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 2.
Effects of Semantic Priming on Visual Encoding of Pictures

We investigated the effects of semantic priming on initial encoding of briefly presented pictures of objects and scenes. Pictures in four experiments were presented for varying durations and were followed immediately by a mask. In Experiments 1 and 2, pictures of simple objects were either preceded or not preceded by the object's category name (e.g., dog). In Experiment 1 we measured immediate object identification; in Experiment 2 we measured delayed old/new recognition in which targets and distractors were from the same categories. In Experiment 3 naturalistic scenes were either preceded or not preceded by the scene's category name (e.g., supermarket). We measured delayed recognition in which targets and distractors were described by the same category names. In Experiments 1-3, performance was better for primed than for unprimed pictures. Experiment 4 was similar to Experiment 2 in that we measured delayed recognition for simple objects. As in Experiments 1-3, a prime that preceded the object improved subsequent memory performance for the object. However, a prime that followed the object did not affect subsequent performance. Together, these results imply that priming leads to more efficient information acquisition. We offer a picture-processing model that accounts for these results. The model's central assumption is that knowledge of a picture's category (gist) increases the rate at which visual information is acquired from the picture.
Short-Term Investor Wealth Effects Associated with NASDAQ-Traded ADRs: The Cases of Emerging, Developed, and Regional Issues

This study examines the initial excess performance of the 100 American depository receipts (ADRs) listed on the NASDAQ from January 1985 through December 2001. The entire sample of ADRs shows significant positive excess performance on average for the first day of trading and the first month (21 days). Emerging market ADRs underperformed the NASDAQ Index by nearly 9%, whereas developed market ADRs outperformed the index by 7.6% in the first 21 days of trading. During the first month of trading, European ADRs significantly beat the market by more than 8.5%, and Asia-Pacific ADRs outperformed the index by more than 2%.
B-cell antigen-receptor signalling in lymphocyte development

Signalling through the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) is required throughout B-cell development and peripheral maturation. Targeted disruption of BCR components or downstream effectors indicates that specific signalling mechanisms are preferentially required for central B-cell development, peripheral maturation and repertoire selection. Additionally, the avidity and the context in which antigen is encountered determine both cell fate and differentiation in the periphery. Although the signalling and receptor components required at each stage have been largely elucidated, the molecular mechanisms through which specific signalling are evoked at each stage are still obscure. In particular, it is not known how the pre-BCR initiates the signals required for normal development or how immature B cells regulate the signalling pathways that determine cell fate. In this review, we will summarize the recent studies that have defined the molecules required for B-cell development and maturation as well as the theories on how signals may be regulated at each stage.
The Influence of the Anglo-French Treaty of Commerce of 1860 on the Development of the Iron Industry in France

Concentration of French iron industry delayed by use of charcoal and inadequate means of transportation, 318. — Construction of railroads stimulates iron industry, 320. — Regions where iron industry developed most: Lorraine; Nord and Pas de Calais; Centre; Upper Marne — its transportation and fuel problems, 321. — Comments of Inspector General of Mines on cutlery industry of Upper Marne, 327. — His comments on iron tariff for Upper Marne, 328. — Development of iron industry of Upper Marne after 1860, 330. — Its resources in 1912, 332. — Duties in tariff of 1860 on iron, 333. — French imports of iron 1827–75, 334. — Chevalier-Cobden Treaty of 1860 was not chief cause of reorganization of French iron industry, 335. — Objects Chevalier hoped to achieve through this treaty, 337. — His success, 337.
Practical methods to estimate whole body leucine oxidation in maple syrup urine disease.

ABSTRACT: We report the comparison of noninvasive methods to estimate whole body leucine oxidation in patients who have maple syrup urine disease. We used both an i.v. and an oral bolus of L-[1-13C]leucine and quantitated 13CO2 in expired air. Both methods differentiated patients with maple syrup urine disease from heterozygous and control subjects. Eight patients, whose disease differed in clinical severity, were selected for study and had a range of impaired values for whole body leucine oxidation. Six h after an i.v. bolus dose of L-[1-13C]-L-leucine, 13CO2 recoveries ranged from 0.8 to 19.7%. Three of the eight patients had significant increases in 13CO2 production after supraphysiologic thiamine therapy. After the oral dose of L-[1-13C]leucine, homozygous affected children produced less 13CO2 than normal, age-matched, childhood controls. In addition, the oxidation of orally administered L-[1-13C] leucine was reduced significantly in adult heterozygotes compared with adult controls. The proportion of whole body leucine oxidation by affected children was comparatively greater than that by their cultured cells, but cellular oxidation correlated significantly with whole body oxidation of leucine among affected patients. We conclude that these simplified analyses of whole body leucine oxidation define the degree of impaired branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity in patients with differing types of maple syrup urine disease and distinguish the subpopulation who might benefit from thiamine supplementation.
TU-EE-A4-02: Radiation Dose to the Female Breast in 64-Slice Computed Tomography

Purpose: To evaluate in a phantom study the dose to adult female breast tissue using current clinical body CT protocols on 64‐slice systems. Method and Materials: An anthropomorphic phantom with breast modules (Rando‐ Alderson) was scanned on a variety of 64‐slice CTscanners(GE LightSpeed VCT; Toshiba Aquilion; Siemens Sensation64; Philips Brilliance — in progress). Standard clinical protocols which either directly expose the breast or have scatter/edge‐of‐field dose were evaluated: (1) lung screening (smoker); (2) chest‐abdomen‐pelvis (CAP ‐oncology follow‐up); (3) cardiac calcium scoring (60bpm); and (4) virtual colonoscopy (supine & prone). Protocols were similar, but not identical, between systems. Scan coverage was matched; no breast shields. Absorbed dose to the breast tissue was measured by loading 10 TLDs into each breast module. LiF TLDs were calibrated individually for 9mm Al HVL (120 kVp), with an NIST traceable ion chamber, and a correction applied for the CT HVL. Imagenoise was also measured. Results: Standard clinical protocols for an adult female, including adaptive mA methods for the CAP exam, were utilized on each scanner. Averages of the TLDdose to the breast ranged from: (1) 0.56–1.36 cGy lung exam; (2) 1.27–2.98 cGy CAP; (3) 1.01–2.98 cGy calcium scoring; (4) 0.67–1.35 cGy virtual colonoscopy. Conclusion: The expected broad range of breast tissue dose for various CT exams was seen, but also indicate a possible reduction in dose compared to earlier reports from 4‐slice (Mahoney et al, RSNA 2005) and 16‐slice systems (Hurwitz et al, 2006 — extrapolated estimate). Variation between manufacturers was observed, but note that the protocols tested were those currently in clinical use. Further optimization of protocols for the given system design is/may be possible, especially given the significant interest from the entire radiological community to improve awareness of dose issues and to minimize exposures.
Raising the bar for breast health care in the United States.

Annually, nearly 39 million women undergo mammography in the United States (U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, 2011), approximately 200,000 women are diagnosed with breast cancer, and 40,000 women die of the disease (Jemal et al., 2009). As such, breast health remains a critical area focus not only for clinicians, but also for health care policy analysts, researchers, and payers. There has been a recent evolution to standardize the delivery of breast health care (BHC) across the nation, with defined guidelines, quality indicators (QI), and expectations for treating physicians. Why is the dissemination of this information important? As these initiatives in BHC gain acceptance and provide standards for practice and benchmarks for QI, the value of breast physician-specialists and breast programs meeting national standards and striving to deliver quality care will be realized, with the hope that participants in these initiatives will be identified (and distinguished) for their continued participation in these national “validation” processes, and ultimately, will improve upon the multidisciplinary care/ outcomes for breast cancer.
Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with high detection sensitivity

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with spatial confinement and LIBS combined with laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) have been investigated to improve the detection sensitivity and selectivity of LIBS. An obvious enhancement in the emission intensity of Al atomic lines was observed when a cylindrical wall was placed to spatially confine the plasma plumes. The maximum enhancement factor for the emission intensity of Al atomic lines was measured to be around 10. Assuming local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions, the plasma temperatures are estimated to be in the range from 4000 to 5800 K. It shows that the plasma temperature increased by around 1000 K when the cylindrical confinement was applied. Fast imaging of the laser-induced Al plasmas shows that the plasmas were compressed into a smaller volume with a pipe presented. LIBS-LIF has been investigated to overcome the matrix effects in LIBS for the detection of trace uranium in solids. A wavelength-tunable laser with an optical parametric oscillator was used to resonantly excite the uranium atoms and ions within the plasma plumes generated by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. Both atomic and ionic lines can be selected to detect their fluorescence lines. A uranium concentration of 462 ppm in a glass sample can be detected using this technique at an excitation wavelength of 385.96 nm for resonant excitation of U II and a fluorescence line wavelength of 409.01 nm from U II. The mechanism of spatial confinement effects and the influence of relevant operational parameters of LIBS-LIF are discussed.
The subjective effects of nicotine: methodological issues, a review of experimental studies, and recommendations for future research

This paper reviews findings from placebo-controlled human experimental studies of the effects of nicotine on subjective experience. Studies are grouped according to whether participants were smokers (significantly nicotine deprived, minimally nicotine deprived) or non-smokers. Within each category, studies are also grouped according to method of nicotine administration (e.g., smoked tobacco, nasal spray) and nicotine dose. This review of studies is preceded by a discussion of several methodological issues in studies of nicotine and mood. The principal findings of this review are: (1) there is a linear relationship between nicotine dose and measures of drug high (e.g., head rush, euphoria) in significantly nicotine-deprived smokers; (2) there appear to be few positive or negative main effects of nicotine on mood in minimally nicotine-deprived smokers; (3) nicotine has positive effects (e.g., increases head rush) and negative effects (e.g., increases tension) in non-smokers; (4) stronger effects of nicotine on mood emerge when individual difference variables (e.g., neuroticism) and situational contingencies (e.g., exposure to stressful stimuli) are examined. Additional studies with minimally nicotine-deprived smokers and non-smokers are needed to further specify the conditions under which nicotine affects mood and other subjective experience. The review concludes with a discussion of putative mechanisms that may mediate the interaction between nicotine and moderating variables on affect and with suggestions for future research.
Finite-Element Solution of Added Mass and Damping of Oscillation Rods in Viscous Fluids

This paper presents a finite-element analysis for the cylindrical rods oscillating periodically in an incompressible viscous fluid. A system of discretized equation is obtained from the appropriate Navier-Stokes and continuity equations through Galerkin’s process. The basic unknowns are velocity and pressure. A mixed interpolation method is used. The added mass and viscous damping coefficients which characterize the fluid reaction force due to the rods oscillation can be obtained through a line integration of stress and pressure around the circumference of the rods. For the special case of a cylindrical rod oscillating in a viscous fluid enclosed by a rigid, concentric cylindrical shell, the finite-element solution agrees well with the analytical closed-form solution, which, in turn, has been verified experimentally [1].
Packings of a charged line on a sphere.

We find equilibrium configurations of open and closed lines of charge on a sphere, and track them with respect to varying sphere radius. Closed lines transition from a circle to a spiral-like shape through two low-wave-number bifurcations---``baseball seam'' and ``twist''---which minimize Coulomb energy. The spiral shape is the unique stable equilibrium of the closed line. Other unstable equilibria arise through tip-splitting events. An open line transitions smoothly from an arc of a great circle to a spiral as the sphere radius decreases. Under repulsive potentials with faster-than-Coulomb power-law decay, the spiral is tighter in initial stages of sphere shrinkage, but at later stages of shrinkage the equilibria for all repulsive potentials converge on a spiral with uniform spacing between turns. Multiple stable equilibria of the open line are observed.
Vertical position as a cue to pictorial depth: Height in the picture plane versus distance to the horizon

Two often cited but frequently confused pictorial cues to perceived depth are height in the picture plane (HPP) and distance to the horizon (DH). We report two psychophysical experiments that disentangled their influence on perception of relative depth in pictures of the interior of a schematic room. Experiment 1 showed that when HPP and DH varied independently with both a ceiling and a floor plane visible in the picture, DH alone determined judgments of relative depth; HPP was irrelevant. Experiment 2 studied relative depth perception in single-plane displays (floor only or ceiling only) in which the horizon either was not visible or was always at the midpoint of the target object. When the target object was viewed against either a floor or a ceiling plane, some observers used DH, but others (erroneously) used HPP. In general, when DH is defined and unambiguous, observers use it to determine the relative distance to objects, but when DH is undefined and/or ambiguous, at least some observers use HPP.
Aflatoxin Accumulation of White and Yellow Maize Inbreds in Diallel Crosses

Preharvest aflatoxin (AF) contamination is one of the main limitations for corn (Zea mays L.) production in the southern USA causing enormous economic losses and posing a risk to animal and human health. The objectives of this study were (i) to evaluate and compare hybrids of new and selected potential sources of AF resistance for AF accumulation under field conditions, (ii) to identify the inbreds with the most consistent expression of resistance under different hybrid combinations and growing conditions; and (iii) to estimate combining abilities of white and yellow inbreds for aflatoxin accumulation and secondary traits. Two diallels among six local and exotic white and six yellow maize inbreds were evaluated at three locations in Texas. Inoculation with Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. isolate NRRL 3357, either directly through the silk channel or as infested kernels on the soil surface, was effective in promoting AF accumulation in hybrids. White hybrids with low aflatoxin were CML269 X TxX24 and CML269 X CML176. CML269, CML176, and CML322 were the white inbreds with the lowest most consistent AF in hybrids and had the best GCA for aflatoxin resistance. Yellow hybrids with low AF were FR2128 × Mp715, Tx772 × Mp715, and Tx772 × CML326. Tx772 and FR2128 had the best GCA for reduced AF across locations or at specific locations. Inbreds CML326 and Tx772 had consistently low aflatoxin accumulation in hybrids across environments. AF content was correlated with husk cover, ear rot ratings, and insect damage. Exotic inbreds have genetic factors that can contribute to the reduction of aflatoxin contamination.
The scattering cross section of a composite cylinder, geometric optics

The optical analogue of the scattering cross section of a composite cylinder is developed from a representation of the forward scattered amplitude as a continuous spectrum of radial eigenfunctions. The Debye approximation for the Hankel functions, which is valid when their arguments are large compared to the order, leads to a series of integrals which can be evaluated asymptotically by the method of stationary phase. The final result, for a certain range of parameters, is a diffraction correction plus a double sum of terms, each of which can be interpreted as an optical ray. It is shown that if the angular displacement between the incoming and scattered ray directions is (2m + 1)\pi , the ray must have been reflected at the conducting core of the cylinder at least 2m + 1 times. After the parameter ranges to which these results apply were determined, the nonlinear equations for the ray angles were solved on a large-scale digital computer and the scattering cross section of a number of composite cylinders was calculated as a function of frequency. The results are presented graphically.
A new determination of Avogadro’s number from lattice constant and density of single crystals

The previous values of Avogadro's number determined from the lattice constant and density of single crystals are listed. The differences in these values are noted, and possible errors are discussed. Among these are lattice- constants error, diffraction-angle error, material error, systematic errors, and density error. In this new determination, these crystals were used: Al, CaF₂, CsI, Ge, Si, SiO₂, TlCl, and TlBr. When the most unreliable values are disregarded, this value agrees with that of Birge within
Protonation of 15N-Nitrosamines. The Structure of the Conjugate Acid

Abstract Dialkylnitrosamines are weak bases which in the presence of a stronq proton donor are converted to their conjugate acids. From their ultraviolet studies of nitrosamines in aqueous sulfuric acid and the isolation of crude crystalline salts in the presence of perchloric acid, Layne, Jaffe, and Zimmer1 have suqqested the formation of 1:1 molar adducts.
Interior motion of an elastic half-space due to a normal finite moving line load on its surface☆

Abstract The response of an elastic half-space to a normal impulsive semi-infinite line load moving parallel to its initial position is considered. The solution is found to be a superposition of cylindrical, spherical and conical waves, and is found by Cagniard's technique and by extending the real transformation of de Hoop to double Fourier integrals with singularities on the real axis of the transform variables. Velocities in the interior of the half-space are given for arbitrary values of Poisson's ratio in terms of single integrals and algebraic expressions. The case of a stationary load acting over one-quadrant of the bounding surface is obtained as the infinite velocity limit of the parallel motion. By a simple superposition the solution is obtained for a half-space acted upon by a finite line load or loaded on a finite rectangular region.
The Effect of Cimetidine on the Formation of Sulfamethoxazole Hydroxylamine in Patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus

Hypersensitivity reactions from trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole are likely caused by a reactive nitroso intermediate formed from sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine. This pilot study tested whether cimetidine inhibits the urinary excretion of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine. Ten outpatients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and currently receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis were randomly selected from 59 eligible patients. Five received cimetidine 800 mg twice daily for 1 week and five served as controls. Two spot urine samples one week apart were obtained after a trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole dose for all patients. Patients taking cimetidine had a significant decrease in excretion of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine relative to total excreted drug in the two urine samples compared with control patients. Cimetidine likely caused this decrease in sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine excretion through inhibition of CYP3A4. Because of potential differences between HIV-infected patients and healthy subjects in oxidative metabolism, future studies of inhibitors of sulfamethoxazole hydroxylamine formation should be conducted in the HIV population.
Guilty of Sin: African-American Denominational Churches and their Exclusion of SGL Sisters and Brothers

Same gender loving (SGL) brothers and sisters continue to experience marginalization because of the exclusion perpetuated by African-American denominational churches. Many churches continue to proclaim SGL sexual identities and partnerships as sinful. The author argues that many churches base this claim on androcentric-oriented conceptualizations of sin and human sexuality. As a result, the paper will explore Womanist/Feminist reconstructions of sin and sexuality as a means to locate a theological perspective that confronts androcentrism and affirms SGL identities and partnerships.
Exchange-correlation in inhomogeneous systems— a comment on the surface energy problem

Abstract The local-density approximation is more accurate for the sum of exchange and correlation energy than for either alone. For the exchange and the correlation energy separately, a power series in density gradients does not exist, and from this behavior we infer that the error in the local-density approximation to either is larger than it is for the sum of the two, for which the density-gradient power series does exist. This is confirmed here for the widely discussed test case of the surface energy in the infinite-barrier model of a bounded metal, by showing that the error in the local-density approximation to the exchange part of the surface energy is sharply reduced by using a short-ranged (Yukawa) interaction, for which the density-gradient power series exists.
Descriptions and Records of Bees - LXVIII

(1915). I.—Descriptions and records of bees.—LXVIII. Annals and Magazine of Natural History: Vol. 16, No. 91, pp. 1-9.
Brainput: enhancing interactive systems with streaming fnirs brain input

This paper describes the Brainput system, which learns to identify brain activity patterns occurring during multitasking. It provides a continuous, supplemental input stream to an interactive human-robot system, which uses this information to modify its behavior to better support multitasking. This paper demonstrates that we can use non-invasive methods to detect signals coming from the brain that users naturally and effortlessly generate while using a computer system. If used with care, this additional information can lead to systems that respond appropriately to changes in the user's state. Our experimental study shows that Brainput significantly improves several performance metrics, as well as the subjective NASA-Task Load Index scores in a dual-task human-robot activity.