cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Alveolar macrophage release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in chronic alcoholics without liver disease.

Alcohol is an immunosuppressive drug, and chronic abuse has been associated with increased susceptibility to a variety of infections, including bacterial pneumonia and tuberculosis. Alveolar macrophages are the resident phagocytes of the lung and play a central role in lung host defenses against infection ranging from direct antibacterial activity to the release of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα). TNFα, in particular, plays a key role in the development of the early inflammatory response. In this study, we investigated the effects of chronic alcohol consumption on alveolar macrophage release of TNFα in vitro. We prospectively studied lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated release of TNFα from alveolar macrophages obtained from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) in 22 alcoholic (18 smokers, 4 nonsmokers) and 7 nondrinking healthy volunteers (3 smokers, 4 nonsmokers). The total number of cells recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and their differential distribution were not significantly different in alcoholics versus controls (43 ± 8 x 106 and 39 ± 13 x 10 6 , respectively). However, the total number of cells recovered from BALF was significantly higher in smokers (51 ± 8 x 10 6 ) than in nonsmokers (19 ± 5 x 10 6 ). Spontaneous (basal) release of TNFα by alveolar macrophages was the same in alcoholics and controls. In contrast, LPS-stimulated release of TNFα was significantly suppressed in alcoholics compared with that of controls (1343 ± 271 vs. 3806 ± 926 U TNF/mJ/10 6 cells, respectively, < 0.015). When controlled for smoking, LPS-stimulated TNFA production was suppressed in alcoholic nonsmokers (563 ± 413 U TNF/mJ/10 5 ) compared with control nonsmokers (5113 ± 1264 U TNF/mJ/10 6 ). LPS-stimulated TNFA production was also less in control smokers (2063 ± 386 U TNF/mJ/10 6 cells) than in control nonsmokers (5113 ± 1264 U TNF/ml/10 6 cells). There was no difference in TNFα production between smoking alcoholics and smoking control subjects. We conclude that chronic alcohol consumption significantly suppresses LPS-stimulated alveolar macrophage production of TNFα. This effect is obscured if the subject also smokes. Because TNFα production is an Important element in host defense, this may explain, in part, the susceptibility of chronic alcohol abusers to a variety of infections.
Hybrid Power Control Algorithms for Streaming and Data Traffic in Wireless Networks

In this paper, we present a new hybrid class of transmitter power control algorithms which couples two separate previous schemes, specifically: 1) the Foschini-Miljanic [1] algorithm for delay-sensitive streaming traffic, and 2) the power controlled multiple access (PCMA) [2] approach for delay-tolerant data traffic. We develop a unified dynamic programming framework to reveal the underlying connection between these two seemingly disparate approaches. We then leverage this framework to design hybrid algorithms exhibiting key performance benefits. Finally, we demonstrate through simulations substantial performance gains over the traditional approaches, that is, lower power consumption and higher throughput.
Combination Frequencies of the Infra-Red Bands of Quartz

Many observers have studied the infra-red absorption bands of quartz and have found regions of intense absorption at 9\ensuremath{\mu}, 12.5\ensuremath{\mu}, 20\ensuremath{\mu} and 26\ensuremath{\mu}. These regions of absorption are assumed to be the fundamental frequencies of quartz. By combining these assumed fundamental frequencies six bands in the region from 3\ensuremath{\mu} to 9\ensuremath{\mu} are accounted for. Also the writer has experimentally located two bands at 2.72\ensuremath{\mu} and 3.18\ensuremath{\mu} which have not been previously observed. The frequencies of these two bands agree with two combinations of the fundamental frequencies. This gives a total of eleven absorption bands for the ordinary ray of quartz, extending from 2.72\ensuremath{\mu} to 26\ensuremath{\mu} whose frequencies agree, with only small differences, with the calculated values.
The Cygnus Loop: a detailed comparison of X-ray and optical emission

A comparison at a resolution of 17 arcsec is presented between optical emission from forbidden O III and forbidden S II and the thermal X-ray emission for a field on the southeast edge of the Cygnus Loop SNR. The relationship between optical and X-ray emission in the field is described, generalizing to the Loop as a whole when possible. Several possible explanations for the presence of bright X-ray emission in the vicinity of optical emission are presented and evaluated based on the data. These mechanisms involve evaporation, gradual variations and gradients in the density of the preshock intercloud medium, and additional compression of material which has already been heated to X-ray temperatures by the adiabatic blast wave. The additional compression could result from rapid deceleration of the blast wave itself or from reshocking by reflected or bow shocks around dense clouds. Implications of the observations for models of SNR evolution and the interstellar medium are discussed.
Identification by chimera formation and site-selected mutagenesis of a key amino acid residue involved in determining stereospecificity of guinea pig 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase isoforms.

The 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases that have been isolated and cloned from humans and rodents appear to have broad substrate specificities. In the guinea pig, however, two 3-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferases have been isolated that function according to an innate stereospecificity: the α-isoform acts on steroids with a 3-hydroxyl group oriented in the α position, whereas the β-isoform acts on steroids where the 3-hydroxyl group is in a β orientation. To examine the structural basis for this remarkable stereoselectivity, chimeras of the two enzymes, which are 87% identical, were constructed. A chimera consisting of the NH2-terminal 91 amino acids of the α-isoform and the COOH-terminal 196 amino acids of the β-isoform displayed activity similar to that of the α-isoform. Site-selected mutagenesis of this 3α/β-hydroxysteroid sulfotransferase chimera involving the 12 amino acid differences that exist between the two isoforms within the 91 amino acid NH2-terminal region revealed that the amino acid residue at position 51 plays a fundamental role in determining the stereospecificity exhibited by the α- and β-isoforms,i.e. if residue 51 is an asparagine, α activity predominates, whereas if an isoleucine is in that position, β activity prevails.
Differential sensitivity of suspension cultures of maize, several soybean genotypes and glycine canescens to the herbicide DPX-F6025, 2-(([(4-chloro-6-methoxypyrimidine-2-yl)amino carbonyl]amino sulfonyl)) benzoic acid, ethyl ester

Previous field observations and greenhouse studies described here involving DPX-F6025, a soybean herbicide, show that soybean cultivars and maize have different sensitivities to the herbicide. The sensitivity of suspension cultures of the soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars A3127, Earlyana and Old Dominion, and G. canescens F.J. Herm and maize (Zea mays L.) were tested against varying concentrations of DPX-F6025. The response of the cells in vitro correlates well with the whole plant response since maize and Old Dominion are much more sensitive than G. canescens and A3127, and Earlyana is more tolerant yet. The respective I50 values were about 1, 5, 60, 75 and 800 nM. The inhibitory effect of 1 μM DPX-F6025 was at least partially reversed by exogenous valine and/or isoleucine. Levels of free isoleucine, leucine and valine in the cultured cells did not correlate with herbicide sensitivity.
Natural Frequencies of Composite Cylindrical Helical Springs Manufactured Using Filament Winding

We devised a novel technique to fabricate composite cylindrical helical springs using glass, and carbon fibers and in hybrid form, embedded in a matrix of epoxy resin, thus introducing a novel approach to spring making by incorporating the versatility of the filament winder. Our method allows us to vary the dimensions of the spring with considerable ease. This is accomplished in three stages. The first stage involves the proper selection of the resin and hardener. In the next stage, the glass and carbon fibers are completely soaked in a resin bath and encased in PVC tubing of three different inner diameters, which determine the wire diameter of the composite spring. Using a filament winding technique, these fiber filled tubes are wound on PVC mandrels of three different diameters. The natural frequencies of the manufactured composite springs were measured experimentally to study the influence of dimensional parameters, i.e., diameter ratios (D/d) and number of active turns (N = 6 and 7) on the free vibration frequencies. The natural frequencies for glass and carbon fiber and hybrid springs were measured using an MTS fatigue tester, and the resonance of the springs were captured using a digital camera.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Robust empirical modeling of dissolved oxygen in small rivers and streams: Scaling by a single reference observation

Summary A scaling-based, data-driven empirical model was developed for robust predictions of the diurnal cycle of stream dissolved oxygen (DO) by utilizing a single reference observation as the scaling parameter. The scaling concept was investigated by predicting hourly DO time-series of May to August from different streams representing four distinct US EPA Level III Ecoregions of Minnesota. Absence of any clear temporal trends or site-specific groupings of model parameters suggested a useful generalization and robustness of the scaled, dimensionless DO model over time and space. DO predicted using seasonal (May–August) averages of site-specific parameters simulated the observed diurnal DO cycles with high accuracy (root-mean-square error based coefficient of variation, CV(RMSE) = 0.07–0.11), superior linear correspondence (correlation coefficient, r = 0.87–0.96), and acceptable efficiency (Nash–Sutcliffe Efficiency, NSE = 0.58–0.74); the high accuracy predictions of hourly DO for different days with a single set of dimensionless parameters for the entire season underscore the temporal robustness of the scaled DO model. Nearly equivalent predictions were obtained using monthly averages of parameters, reaffirming the temporal robustness of the dimensionless model. Impressive predictions using parameters of independent sites, as well as a set of spatially averaged (i.e., quasi-regional) seasonal parameters, demonstrated spatiotemporally robust model performance. Model robustness was further demonstrated by deriving and quantifying analytical, dynamic sensitivity and uncertainty measures. The research is an example of useful scaling applications in ecohydrological engineering. The relatively robust, empirical DO model can be applied for simulating continuous (e.g., hourly) DO time-series from a single observation (or a set of limited observations) at different stream sites of comparable watershed sizes. The method can also be used to fill-in missing data in observed sub-daily time-series of periodic water quality variables. High resolution, continuous DO time-series will facilitate a dynamic assessment of the general health of streams and river ecosystems.
Gas-phase reactivity of the Ti8C12+ met-car with triatomic sulfur-containing molecules: CS2, SCO, and SO2.

Gas-phase TixCy+ clusters (x/y = 3/5, 4/7, 5/9, 6/9, 7/12, 8/12, 9/12) including the magic Ti8C12+ (met-car) have been produced by reactive sputtering with a magnetron cluster source. The gas-phase reactivity of the met-car with SCO, CS2, and SO2 was investigated in a hexapole collision cell by way of tandem mass spectrometry. Results indicate an increase in activity as the oxygen-to-sulfur ratio increases (SO2 > SCO > CS2) with products ranging from association to break down of the met-car cluster. Trends in the mass spectra also indicate SCO and CS2 may bond to the met-car in a unique way not observed in previous reactivity studies on Ti8C12+. To investigate this, several possible single molecule−cluster bonding configurations were calculated with density functional theory. The results indicate that bridge bonding of the intact molecules is energetically preferred. In addition, the energy barriers and transition states leading to dissociation products were calculated and the trends are found to be in qu...
Advertising investments, information asymmetry, and insider gains

Abstract Extant research has documented various sources of informational advantages enjoyed by company insiders including firm size, analyst following, dividend payout policy, book-to-market ratio, and the presence or absence of R&D investments. Surprisingly, despite this large body of work, virtually no research has investigated the contribution of advertising investments to information asymmetry. This omission is particularly glaring since: (a) advertising investments constitute a significant fraction of many firms' ongoing expenditures, and (b) the received literature provides strong theoretical arguments relating advertising investments and information asymmetry. Accordingly, the primary objective in this study is to empirically address this gap. Using advertising and insider transaction data at over 12,000 firms from 1986 to 2011, we find that insider gains are significantly greater at firms characterized by advertising investments. Specifically, a zero cost portfolio that is long on firms with net insider purchases and advertising investments, and short on firms with net insider purchases and devoid of advertising investments, garners annual abnormal returns of 5.5%. In addition, we find that investors' reaction to news of insider purchasing is significantly more pronounced at firms characterized by advertising investments — investors rationally recognize the greater information content associated with insider purchases at these firms.
Fusion rings with few degrees

Abstract The main result characterizes fusion rings whose degree set consists of 1 and a fixed prime p. A well known theorem of Isaacs and Passman on finite groups whose irreducible character degrees are 1 and p follows as a corollary. Numerically compatible (NC) fusion rings are defined as a potential generalization of the Grothendieck rings of fusion categories; and the NC fusion rings of order p, p 2 , p 3 , pq, and p q 2 (where p, q are primes) are classified in terms of certain standard table algebras, as another application of the main theorem.
Uncovering poiesis: the role of production in technical communication, work, and public life

This dissertation is a report on a collaborative project between the Computer Science and the Humanities Departments to develop case studies that focus on issues of communication in the workplace, and the results of their use in the classroom. My argument is that case study teaching simulates real-world experience in a meaningful way, essentially developing a teachable way of developing phronesis, the reasoned capacity to act for the good in public. In addition, it can be read as a "how-to" guide for educators who may wish to construct their own case studies. To that end, I have included a discussion of the ethnographic methodologies employed, and how it was adapted to our more pragmatic ends. Finally, I present my overarching argument for a new appraisal of the concept oftechne. This reappraisal emphasizes its productive activity, poiesis, rather than focusing on its knowledge as has been the case in the past. I propose that focusing on the telos, the end outside the production, contributes to the diminishment, if not complete foreclosure, of a rich concept of techne.
Study Of Alternate Surface Finishes For Quad Flat Packs

The purpose of this study is to evaluate three different QFP lead finishes using steam age preconditioning. This evaluation is based on solder joint strength measured by lead pull test. The effects of steam age preconditioning on solder voiding, wetting, fillet formation, and solder joint strength is included. This paper also summarizes the details of the QFP assembly build and process characterization using visual inspection, X-ray, and cross-sectional analysis. Furthermore, microscopic examination of the fracture surfaces following the lead pull tests was performed.Copyright © 2003 by ASME
A 0.9ns random cycle 36Mb network SRAM with 33mW standby power

This paper describes a 36Mb SRAM with an internal random cycle of 0.9ns and is capable of driving and receiving data at 1.1Gb/s/pin on input and output pins simultaneously. The 115mm/sup 2/ die is fabricated in a 0.13 /spl mu/m process. High-VT array devices are used to reduce array sub-threshold leakage by 22/spl times/. The SRAM features include an improved architecture that segments the 36Mb array into six equal 6Mb sextants. Each sextant supports 1/6th of the 36b I/O width. All sextants of the array are equally timed to reduce the fastest-to-slowest access skew from the previous architecture. Separate input and output pins provide concurrent read and write operations for two random addresses per cycle. The cycle-time is achieved using the improved architecture and a self-timed read to write (STRW) protocol. The STRW protocol improves cycle time by over 20%.
Surface-tethered conjugated polymers created via the grafting-from approach

Polyacrylate brushes with pendent terthiophenes [poly(terthiophene methyl methacrylate) (PTTMM)] were successfully grown from indium tin oxide and gold with surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. The films formed on both substrates were characterized by ellipsometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Using cyclic voltammetry, we electrochemically crosslinked the PTTMM brush to form a conjugated polymer network. The conjugation lengths in the film were increased as evidenced by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy. Additionally, an atomic force microscopy study on the surface-modified solid substrate revealed the formation of a smooth and uniform polymer brush with a low surface roughness, even after electrochemical crosslinking. These uniformly grafted conducting polymer brushes may find use in photovoltaic devices. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41363.
Direct detection of a single evoked action potential with MRS in Lumbricus terrestris

Functional MRI (fMRI) measures neural activity indirectly by detecting the signal change associated with the hemodynamic response following brain activation. In order to alleviate the temporal and spatial specificity problems associated with fMRI, a number of attempts have been made to detect neural magnetic fields (NMFs) with MRI directly, but have thus far provided conflicting results. In this study, we used MR to detect axonal NMFs in the median giant fiber of the earthworm, Lumbricus terrestris, by examining the free induction decay (FID) with a sampling interval of 0.32 ms. The earthworm nerve cords were isolated from the vasculature and stimulated at the threshold of action potential generation. FIDs were acquired shortly after the stimulation, and simultaneous field potential recordings identified the presence or absence of single evoked action potentials. FIDs acquired when the stimulus did not evoke an action potential were summed as background. The phase of the background-subtracted FID exhibited a systematic change, with a peak phase difference of (-1.2 ± 0.3) × 10(-5) radians occurring at a time corresponding to the timing of the action potential. In addition, we calculated the possible changes in the FID magnitude and phase caused by a simulated action potential using a volume conductor model. The measured phase difference matched the theoretical prediction well in both amplitude and temporal characteristics. This study provides the first evidence for the direct detection of a magnetic field from an evoked action potential using MR.
Paul von Ragué Schleyer (1930-2014).

Paul von Rague Schleyer, Graham Perdue Professor at the University of Georgia passed away on November 21, 2014. Schleyer was an eminent and prolific physical organic chemist, whose pioneering contributions included the application of computational chemistry to broad fields of physical organic, inorganic, organometallic, and mechanistic chemistry concepts.
The β3 Nicotinic Receptor Subunit: A Component of α-Conotoxin MII-Binding Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors that Modulate Dopamine Release and Related Behaviors

Nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons express many nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subunits capable of forming multiple nAChR subtypes. These subtypes are expressed differentially along the neuron and presumably mediate diverse responses.3 subunit mRNA has restricted expression but is abundant in the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental areas. To investigate the potential role(s) of nicotinic receptors containing the3 subunit in dopaminergic tracts, we generated mice with a null mutation in the3 gene. We were thereby able to identify a population of 3-dependent -conotoxin MII-binding nAChRs that modulate striatal dopamine release. Changes were also observed in locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle, behaviors that are controlled, in part, by nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic activity, respectively, suggesting that3-containing nAChRs modulate these behaviors.
It's Happening Again—Another Diethylene Glycol Mass Poisoning

What lessons have we learned? Certainly, the similarities among these DEG poisoning tragedies are striking. Their raison d'erre, especially in the last few poisoning epidemics, appears to be financially driven. DEG, an inexpensive solvent, is more profitable to use than the more expensive propylene glycol or glycerin. Despite the world wide proliferation of chemicals, pharmaceutical regulation is carried out at a national level. Certainly this sort of poisoning is bound to occur again unless much stricter pharmaceutical manufacturing oversight is employed and enforced throughout the world. Developing countries with fewer resources to implement such quality control monitoring will continue to be at higher risk for such poisoning epidemics. For now, we need to remain vigilant or such history will continue to repeat itself.
Selection of nonmotile Tetrahymena with Ficoll underlayers.

SYNOPSIS The mechanisms regulating the development of cilia in Tetrahymena are poorly understood but might be revealed through the study of ciliogenesis mutants. Failure to regenerate cilia after dibucaine deciliation results in continued absence of motility. Therefore, to isolate ciliogenesis mutants efficiently, methods for separating motile and nonmotile cells are essential. We examined the efficacy of Ficoll underlayers for these separations. Ciliates of T. thermophila strain mpr-/mpr (6 mp sens IV) (6-methyl purine-sensitive; mating type IV) were mixed with Ficoll and added as underlayers to separatory funnels containing growth medium. At 27 C most of the cells remained motile and were found in the top layer; at 37 C, there was a time-dependent increase in the number of nonmotile cells and the number of cells in the Ficoll layer. After 150 min at 37 C, most of the cells became nonmotile and were found in the Ficoll layer. Other studies indicated that at 37 C, the cells remained alive and capable of regenerating cilia when deciliated. Thus, it is clear that the Ficoll underlayer effectively separates the majority of nonmotile cells from the majority of motile cells. Evidently, however, at 37 C wild-type T. thermophila exhibit temperature-sensitive phenotypic variability with regard to motility which should be minimized when selecting for mutations affecting motility and ciliogenesis.
The oral microbiome: Its role in health and in oral and systemic infections

The oral cavity harbors a rich and diverse microflora, which is mostly found within biofilms attached to the various soft- and hard-tissue surfaces. Recent studies using molecular methods have revealed pre- viously unrecognized species within biofilms associated with health and several common oral diseases. These unrecognized species established an under-appreciated diversity within the flora, with new questions to be answered. Information regarding the composition of the oral microbiome associated with oral health, dental caries, periodontal disease, and endodontic infection is briefly reviewed. Recent con- cepts regarding the potential role of the oral microbiome in several common systemic diseases are also briefly discussed.
Improved survival of patients with pseudomyxoma peritonei receiving intraperitoneal chemotherapy with cytoreductive surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Abstract Background Pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP) is an uncommon but lethal variant of adenocarcinoma. Many recent case series have reported improved survival with the combination of cytoreductive surgery and intraperitoneal chemotherapy (IPEC) in treating PMP. The aim of this study was to analyze the published studies for improved survival with this treatment strategy. Methods Data from all studies using IPEC in treating PMP were analyzed. We searched PubMed, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library (through September 2011). Studies were limited to English and PMP with appendiceal origin. Twenty-nine studies were identified, with 15 studies from different treatment centers that were specifically analyzed for differences in 5-y mortality and morbidity. Observed to expected (OE) ratios were calculated for both mortality and morbidity. Results Mean and median 3-y, 5-y, and 10-y survival rates were 77.18%/77.85%, 76.63%/79.5%, and 57.3%/55.9%, respectively. Of the 10 studies that had sufficient data to calculate OE ratios from the 5-year mortality data, two had OE ratios lower than 1. Of the 11 studies that had data sufficient to calculate OE ratios from the morbidity data, four had OE ratios that were less than 1. Conclusions Combining cytoreductive surgery and IPEC improves the survival of patients with PMP, regardless of treatment modality. Although this treatment strategy is associated with an increased risk of morbidity, the increase in survival may be acceptable in proposing an alternative to debulking procedures alone.
Phosphorylation Events in the Multiple Gene Regulator of Group A Streptococcus Significantly Influence Global Gene Expression and Virulence

Whole-genome sequencing analysis of ∼800 strains of group A Streptococcus (GAS) found that the gene encoding the multiple virulence gene regulator of GAS (mga) is highly polymorphic in serotype M59 strains but not in strains of other serotypes. To help understand the molecular mechanism of gene regulation by Mga and its contribution to GAS pathogenesis in serotype M59 GAS, we constructed an isogenic mga mutant strain. Transcriptome studies indicated a significant regulatory influence of Mga and altered metabolic capabilities conferred by Mga-regulated genes. We assessed the phosphorylation status of Mga in GAS cell lysates with Phos-tag gels. The results revealed that Mga is phosphorylated at histidines in vivo. Using phosphomimetic and nonphosphomimetic substitutions at conserved phosphoenolpyruvate:carbohydrate phosphotransferase regulation domain (PRD) histidines of Mga, we demonstrated that phosphorylation-mimicking aspartate replacements at H207 and H273 of PRD-1 and at H327 of PRD-2 are inhibitory to Mga-dependent gene expression. Conversely, non-phosphorylation-mimicking alanine substitutions at H273 and H327 relieved inhibition, and the mutant strains exhibited a wild-type phenotype. The opposing regulatory profiles observed for phosphorylation- and non-phosphorylation-mimicking substitutions at H273 extended to global gene regulation by Mga. Consistent with these observations, the H273D mutant strain attenuated GAS virulence, whereas the H273A strain exhibited a wild-type virulence phenotype in a mouse model of necrotizing fasciitis. Together, our results demonstrate phosphoregulation of Mga and its direct link to virulence in M59 GAS strains. These data also lay a foundation toward understanding how naturally occurring gain-of-function variations in mga, such as H201R, may confer an advantage to the pathogen and contribute to M59 GAS pathogenesis.
Evaluation of MVA-5T4 as a novel immunotherapeutic vaccine in colorectal, renal and prostate cancer.

This paper reviews the development of the combination of modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) to deliver the tumor-associated antigen 5T4 as a novel immunotherapeutic vaccine. The oncofetal antigen 5T4 is highly expressed in 80% of breast, kidney, colorectal, prostate and ovarian carcinomas, making it an ideal antigen for vaccine therapy. To date, more than 3000 doses of MVA-5T4 have been administered to colorectal, renal and prostate cancer patients, with rare occurrences of grade 3 or 4 vaccination-related adverse events being observed. Studies have demonstrated that MVA-5T4 is safe and highly immunogenic, both as monotherapy and in combination with other standard of care therapies. Although an immune response has been observed, antitumor activity has been modest or absent in clinical trials. A Phase III trial resulted in the development of an immune response surrogate that is to be applied to all future MVA-5T4 clinical trials. With minimal side effects and the ability to produce a strong immunogenic respons...
Alternative Mutational Pathways to Intermediate Resistance to Vancomycin in Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Background. We used 2 in vitro experimental systems to compare phenotypic and genotypic changes that accompany selection of mutants of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strain JH1 with low-level vancomycin resistance similar to the type found in vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). Methods. The previously described MRSA strain JH1 and its vancomycin-intermediate mutant derivative JH2, both of which were recovered from a patient undergoing vancomycin chemotherapy, were used in this study. Mutants of JH1 were selected in vitro by means of a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) model of simulated endocardial vegetations (SEVs) and by exposure to vancomycin in laboratory growth medium. Phenotypic abnormalities of JH1 mutants generated by each in vitro experimental system were compared to those of JH2, and whole genomes of 2 in vitro JH1 mutants were sequenced to identify mutations that may be associated with an increased vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration. Results. JH1R1 was selected from the PK/PD model, and JH1R2 was selected in laboratory growth medium. Both mutants displayed reduced vancomycin and daptomycin susceptibility and phenotypic alterations (eg, thicker cell walls and abnormal autolysis) that are typical of in vivo VISA mutants. Genome sequencing of JH1R1 identified point mutations in 4 genes, all of which were different from the mutations described in JH2, including 1 mutation in yycG, a component of the WalKR sensory regulatory system. Sequencing of the JH1R2 genome identified mutations in 7 genes, including 2 in rpoB. Conclusion. Our findings indicate that JH1 is able to develop VISA-type resistance through several alternative genetic pathways.
Evidence for operation of nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-dependent survival pathways in human coronary artery endothelial cells.

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have recently emerged as critical players in modulation of endothelial function. In particular, studies on endothelial cells from different vascular beds have shown anti-apoptotic actions of nicotinic stimulation, but whether there is actually activation of survival signaling downstream nAChR function has not been explored. In the present work we used human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) and a pharmacological approach to examine the impact of cholinergic stimulation on survival signaling pathways. Our findings show that cholinergic receptors promote activation of three typical survival routes: the phosphatidyl-inositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT axis, activated downstream muscarinic and nAChRs; the JAK2/STAT3 axis, activated downstream nAChR; and ERK1/2 MAP kinases, activated by both muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) and nAChR. Based on their sensitivity to α-bungarotoxin, nicotinic regulation of JAK2/STAT3 and ERK1/2 occurs downstream α7-nAChRs. The present findings suggest that in HCAECs the two cholinergic receptors may act concertedly to induce an efficient survival response of coronary cells when exposed to pro-apoptotic stimuli. J. Cell. Biochem. 112: 1978–1984, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Writing correct and usable specifications for board and test: a case study

The author notes that current board test system specifications are not adequate for a complete analysis of tester capability. He examines the error sources in timing specification; defines overall edge placement accuracy; discusses automatic compensation techniques for a distributed architecture tester; shows the effect of load, slew rate, and level variations on specifications; and gives techniques to verify manufacturer's claims. He demonstrates that, in order to be meaningful, a driver or receiver must be referenced to other drivers and receivers, to an internal tester clock, and, ideally, to a user-supplied reference clock. It is concluded that, although the overall edge placement accuracy specification is extremely useful, the user needs to recognize how limitations, such as variations in loads, programmed levels, and programmed slew rates, will affect the edge placement accuracy of the tester. >
Technology Integration: Connections to Educational Theories

The Ohio State University at Mansfield (OSU-M), like many institutions, has made technology integration across the curriculum an instructional focus. This article will provide insight into ways in which the education department at OSU-M integrates technology and the educational theories that provide reasons for that integration. As with many new practices, the integration of technology into the elementary education licensure program at OSU-M is a work in progress. The faculty members are constantly revising and adjusting our uses of technology to better meet the needs of the program and our students.
A collision strategy for particles in particulate flow simulations

Abstract A novel collision strategy has been implemented for simulation of particulate flows using a Lagrange multiplier/fictitious domain method. In this Note, we present this new collision strategy that is based on Newton's principle of transfer of momentum. With this method, we have simulated motion of two discs under the influence of gravity in a viscous fluid, and the motion of 1008 discs under the effect of gravity. To cite this article: P. Parthasarathy, C. R. Mecanique 330 (2002) 77–81.
Glottic Cancer: A Metamorphosing Disease.

Objective:Conventional wisdom is that the overwhelming majority of glottic cancer patients have a smoking history. However, in recent years observations suggested that an increasing number of glott...
Engineering Small Animal Conformal Radiotherapy Systems

Small animal conformal radiotherapy platforms are important tools for translational research in the field of radiation oncology. It is crucial that the effects of radiotherapy on small animals are studied under the same conditions under which clinical radiotherapy is delivered. In this chapter, the engineering aspects of small animal radiotherapy systems, including the sources of radiation, beam collimation, and imaging techniques are described. An overview of the principal existing systems is given, and their current and future applications are discussed.
Restoring Opportunity by Expanding Apprenticeship

Restoring opportunity requires jobs that can generate middle class incomes. Notwithstanding concerns about the declining share of middle-wage jobs, this chapter argues that building a robust apprenticeship system in the U.S. can sharply increase earnings and the share of American workers entering rewarding careers. By emphasizing “learning by doing” as a paid employee, apprenticeships are especially effective in preparing workers to gain a valued occupational qualification. They enhance youth development by providing a more engaging experience than schooling does and by linking young people to mentors. They encourage employers to upgrade jobs and develop job ladders. Apprenticeships currently represent a much smaller share of the workforce in the U.S. than in most other advanced countries. This chapter contends that expanding apprenticeship is feasible and a highly cost-effective strategy for restoring opportunity.
On the integrality gap of degree-4 sum of squares for planted clique

The problem of finding large cliques in random graphs and its "planted" variant, where one wants to recover a clique of size ω > log (n) added to an Erdo's-Renyi graph G ~ G(n, 1/2), have been intensely studied. Nevertheless, existing polynomial time algorithms can only recover planted cliques of size ω = Ω([EQUATION]). By contrast, information theoretically, one can recover planted cliques so long as ω > log (n).In this work, we continue the investigation of algorithms from the sum of squares hierarchy for solving the planted clique problem begun by Meka, Potechin, and Wigderson [MPW15] and Deshpande and Montanari [DM15b]. Our main results improve upon both these previous works by showing:1. Degree four SoS does not recover the planted clique unless ω >[EQUATION] polylog n, improving upon the bound ω > n1/3 due to [DM15b].2. For [EQUATION], degree 2d SoS does not recover the planted clique unless ω > n1/(d+1)/(2d polylog n), improving upon the bound due to [MPW15].Our proof for the second result is based on a fine spectral analysis of the certificate used in the prior works [MPW15, DM15b, FK03] by decomposing it along an appropriately chosen basis. Along the way, we develop combinatorial tools to analyze the spectrum of random matrices with dependent entries and to understand the symmetries in the eigenspaces of the set symmetric matrices inspired by work of Grigoriev [Gri01a].An argument of Kelner shows that the first result cannot be proved using the same certificate. Rather, our proof involves constructing and analyzing a new certificate that yields the nearly tight lower bound by "correcting" the certificate of [MPW15, DM15b, FK03].
Some Responses of Rice Farmers to the Package Program in Tanjore District, India

This study reports on the participation of Tanjore district rice farmers in India's Package Program and the extent to which they are adopting the recommended “package of improved production practices” in moving toward the use of modern farming methods. Participation in the program by size of farm is about normally distributed among the farm population and is not limited to the larger and more progressive farmers. The smaller as well as the larger farmer contributes to the market supply of rice. Progress in increasing yields and production is substantial but there is little evidence that the doubling of crop yields in a short time is a logical expectation under Tanjore conditions.
In Vitro Cytotoxicity, Adhesion, and Proliferation of Human Vascular Cells Exposed to Zinc.

Zinc (Zn) and its alloys have recently been introduced as a new class of biodegradable metals with potential application in biodegradable vascular stents. Although an in vivo feasibility study pointed to outstanding biocompatibility of Zn-based implants in vascular environments, a thorough understanding of how Zn and Zn2+ affect surrounding cells is lacking. In this comparative study, three vascular cell types—human endothelial cells (HAEC), human aortic smooth muscle cells (AoSMC), and human dermal fibroblasts (hDF)—were studied to advance the understanding of Zn/Zn2+-cell interactions. Aqueous cytotoxicity using a Zn2+ insult assay resulted in LD50 values of 50 μM for hDF, 70 μM for AoSMC, and 265 μM for HAEC. Direct cell contact with the metallic Zn surface resulted initially in cell attachment, but was quickly followed by cell death. After modification of the Zn surface using a layer of gelatin—intended to mimic a protein layer seen in vivo—the cells were able to attach and proliferate on the Zn surfa...
Serum Non-Esterified Fatty Acids in Patients with Recent Myocardial Infarctions.

SummaryBy a slight modification of Dole's method serum NEFA of 4 patients were measured at 24 hour intervals 10 to 29 days after myocardial infarction. These subjects were in a post-absorptive state. Values varied within a narrow, normal range from 0.203 to 0.592 meq/1. Serum NEFA concentrations were not correlated with serum triglycerides; the latter increased above the maximum for normal males.
Estimation of Launch Vehicle Propellant Tank Structural Weight Using Simplified Beam Approximation

40th IAA/ASME/SAE/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference and Exhibit Fort Lauderdale, FL, July 11-14, 2004.
Role of Water Oxidation Catalyst IrO2 in Shuttling Photogenerated Holes Across TiO2 Interface

Iridium oxide, a water oxidation cocatalyst, plays an important role in mediating the hole transfer process of a UV-irradiated TiO2 system. Spectroscopic identification of trapped holes has enabled their characterization in colloidal TiO2 suspension and monitoring of the transfer of trapped holes to IrO2. Titration of trapped holes with potassium iodide yields an estimate of three holes per particle during 7 min of UV irradiation of TiO2 suspension in ethanol containing 5% acetic acid. The hole transfer to IrO2 occurs with a rate constant of 6 × 105 s–1. Interestingly, IrO2 also catalyzes the recombination of trapped holes with reduced oxygen species. The results discussed here provide a mechanistic and kinetic insight into the catalytic role of IrO2 in the photogenerated hole transfer process.
Dynamics of prebiotic RNA reproduction illuminated by chemical game theory

Many origins-of-life scenarios depict a situation in which there are common and potentially scarce resources needed by molecules that compete for survival and reproduction. The dynamics of RNA assembly in a complex mixture of sequences is a frequency-dependent process and mimics such scenarios. By synthesizing Azoarcus ribozyme genotypes that differ in their single-nucleotide interactions with other genotypes, we can create molecules that interact among each other to reproduce. Pairwise interplays between RNAs involve both cooperation and selfishness, quantifiable in a 2 × 2 payoff matrix. We show that a simple model of differential equations based on chemical kinetics accurately predicts the outcomes of these molecular competitions using simple rate inputs into these matrices. In some cases, we find that mixtures of different RNAs reproduce much better than each RNA type alone, reflecting a molecular form of reciprocal cooperation. We also demonstrate that three RNA genotypes can stably coexist in a rock–paper–scissors analog. Our experiments suggest a new type of evolutionary game dynamics, called prelife game dynamics or chemical game dynamics. These operate without template-directed replication, illustrating how small networks of RNAs could have developed and evolved in an RNA world.
Platelet-activating factor modulates microvascular transport by stimulation of protein kinase C.

To investigate the possible involvement of protein kinase C (PKC) in platelet-activating factor (PAF)-stimulated microvascular responses, PKC inhibitors, sphingosine (SPH), 1-(5-isoquino-linylsulfonyl)-3-methylpiperazine (iso H-7), and calphostin C, were applied topically to the hamster cheek pouch, and PAF-elicited changes in microvascular permselectivity and arteriolar constriction were evaluated. Pretreatment with 10(-6) M SPH, 10(-5) M SPH, or 10(-10) M iso H-7 significantly reduced 10(-7) M PAF-induced increase in fluorescein isothiocyanate-Dextran 150 clearance (2,677.3 +/- 397.3, 2,985.3 +/- 350.7, and 2,689.3 +/- 256.0 vs. 4,784.0 +/- 474.7 nl.60 min-1.g-1, respectively). Calphostin C at 10(-7) M attenuated 10(-8) M PAF-induced increase in clearance (2,156.9 +/- 353.3 vs. 3,841.6 +/- 260.9 nl.60 min-1.g-1). Permeability changes were also measured by integrated optical intensity (IOI). Pretreatment with 10(-6) M SPH, 10(-5) M SPH, or 10(-10) M iso H-7 attenuated the maximal increment in IOI induced by 10(-7) M PAF (2,024.0 +/- 364.4, 1,690.0 +/- 525.2, and 2,432.8 +/- 655.3 vs. 4,255.9 +/- 695.6 U, respectively). Direct stimulation of PKC by phorbol dibutyrate increased clearance in dose-dependent fashion. Similarly, activation of PKC with phorbol myristate acetate increased IOI values. The PAF-induced arteriolar constriction was not blocked by the PKC inhibitors. Our results suggest that PKC represents a biochemical pathway involved in the PAF modulation of microvascular permeability but not of arteriolar constriction.
Clinical trials in transcatheter aortic valve replacement.

Purpose of review Clinical trials in transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) have been essential in establishing the effectiveness as well as the limitations of this exciting and disruptive technology. This review will focus on clinical trials related to TAVR that have been presented in the past year or are currently enrolling, as well as future trials that are in the planning stages. Recent findings The currently available devices have gone through iterations to improve safety and outcomes, including lower profiles to reduce bleeding complications as well as adding a sealing skirt or allowing for re-positioning in order to decrease para-valvular regurgitation and need for a permanent pacemaker. The intermediate-risk clinical trials will be finishing soon and will be followed by low-risk trials. Ancillary devices will likely continue to expand the access to this therapy. One of the main challenges moving forward will be the post-TAVR pharmacotherapy. Summary Recently, improvements in first-generation devices have led to improved outcomes. Current trials evaluating novel TAVR platforms and lower risk patients as well as ancillary devices will likely continue to expand the access to this therapy.
Coverage strategies in total joint replacement

The strategy for soft-tissue management following total joint arthroplasty begins with prevention. The medical status of the patient is optimized preoperatively. Meticulous surgical technique with liberalized indication for flap closure primarily will reduce soft-tissue failures. Early identification and aggressive team management of complications are critical to decrease long-term morbidity and to obtain a good functional result.
Mirroring Facial Expressions: Evidence from Visual Analysis of Dyadic Interactions

We present results from a pilot study that explored evidence of non-conscious facial expression mirroring exhibited by human dyads in face-to-face interactions. We captured video data of study participants engaged in an online collaborative activity on science topics. The data was sub-sampled and organized into two sets: one consisting of time-synchronized video clips from dyad pairs and the other from unrelated nominal-dyads (or non-dyads). The videos were analyzed with an automated facial expression approach and distance between two video clips of each pair (from both two sets) was computed using a temporal pyramid matching strategy. By employing a two-sample t-test on these two populations, our results demonstrate a statistically significant convergence or mirroring of facial expressions between dyad pairs, which holds over a wide range of model parameter settings and extensive experimentation.