cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
America in war and cold war, 1945–1970

Since the United States was the leading superpower, its domestic economy and politics became of great significance for the world. Since my general method in these volumes is to focus on the “leading edge” of power in any period, I give most attention now to the United States. In the postwar period, compared to other Western countries, the United States became much more conservative at home in terms of class politics, while becoming more liberal in terms of protecting personal identities. Neither process was steady or continuous. Class politics were closely contested both in the immediate postwar period and in the 1960s, after which conservatism racheted upward. But identity liberalism tended to surge later. In this chapter I will take both stories up to about 1970. The impact of World War II To explain postwar developments we must start during the war. The United States did not declare war until the end of 1941 and for two full years before then had profited from selling war material to Britain and mobilizing for a possible war amid a recovering economy. There was military-led growth. Unused industrial capacity and unexploited technological improvements were brought onstream, aided by an increased labor supply (especially women), a decline in low-productivity sectors, and a modest increase in hours worked. Manufacturing production continued to rise as the United States fought across the Pacific and Europe. The share of military expenses in gross national product (GNP) rose from 1.4 percent in 1939 to an astonishing 45 percent in 1944, shattering conceptions of fiscal rectitude. Neither balancing the books nor encouraging private investment mattered anymore. Since the United States was receiving the world’s gold to pay for supplies sent to its allies, it could also run large deficits without adverse monetary effects. Real GNP rose a phenomenal 55 percent during 1939–44, due to an across-the-board mobilization of resources (Rockoff, 1998: 82). Economically, it was a very good war for Americans. For everyone else it was bad. The difference meant the United States dominated the world economy afterward.
Startup and shutdown thermal modeling of a pressurized water reactor simulator

The field of nuclear engineering is being revitalized after several decades of decreased activity. This new development has resulted in nearly a factor of three increase in enrollment in nuclear engineering programs throughout the Unites States. It is important that this new group of engineers has an opportunity to acquire fundamental reactor operation skills and to have advanced tools that facilitate this component of their education. The capability for use of this pressurized water reactor (PWR) simulator in nuclear engineering education is being implemented as a developmental tool, and initial tests for data acquisition are completed. The first of these experiments involves the startup and shutdown procedures of for a PWR simulator. Subsequent student experiments will involve validation of static and dynamic system models based on data obtained from over twenty measurements of temperature, pressure and flow in the system. Several experiments that use this system will be implemented in the fall 2008 lab curriculum of the University of Tennessee - Nuclear Engineering department.
Building a Secure Hacking Lab in a Small University

Ethical Hacking is an important course in any cyber security program. The objective of ethical hacking is to test a given network for possible vulnerabilities through authorized hacking and report the findings. The course requires a hacking lab where students can learn through hands on experience various tools and techniques used for hacking and gain insight into security fundamentals. The challenge is to ensure that the students have access to Internet in some stages of hacking but are prevented from accidentally hacking into unauthorized systems. In a small university like ours, the lab must also be cost-effective. We present here our approach to setting up such a lab.
Structural basis for human respiratory syncytial virus NS1-mediated modulation of host responses

Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the paediatric, elderly and immune-compromised populations1,2. A gap in our understanding of hRSV disease pathology is the interplay between virally encoded immune antagonists and host components that limit hRSV replication. hRSV encodes for non-structural (NS) proteins that are important immune antagonists3-6; however, the role of these proteins in viral pathogenesis is incompletely understood. Here, we report the crystal structure of hRSV NS1 protein, which suggests that NS1 is a structural paralogue of hRSV matrix (M) protein. Comparative analysis of the shared structural fold with M revealed regions unique to NS1. Studies on NS1 wild type or mutant alone or in recombinant RSVs demonstrate that structural regions unique to NS1 contribute to modulation of host responses, including inhibition of type I interferon responses, suppression of dendritic cell maturation and promotion of inflammatory responses. Transcriptional profiles of A549 cells infected with recombinant RSVs show significant differences in multiple host pathways, suggesting that NS1 may have a greater role in regulating host responses than previously appreciated. These results provide a framework to target NS1 for therapeutic development to limit hRSV-associated morbidity and mortality.
All the World’s a Stage: The Street Fighter and the Boxer

In this chapter Taylor Porter studies women’s violence outside the home in two contiguous arenas. Street fighting begins the chapter, partly because it is likely to be one of the first encounters girls have with public violence. It also points up how violence is not only gendered but also how its value changes according to class and community. Women’s boxing formalizes this practice into a sport, but this most masculine of athletic arenas forces performers to employ strategies of impression management regarding their identities. For dramatic literature on street fighting, she examines Rob Urbanti’s Hazelwood Jr. High (2009), based on the murder of Shanda Sharer, and Marsha Norman’s Getting Out (1977). Prior abuse is evidently an impetus behind these girls’ violence, but particularly in Hazelwood Jr. High, the most common psychological and sociological explanations prove inadequate. Kia Corthron’s Breath, Boom (2000) shows the devastation wrought by structural violence in the Bronx. Urbanvessel’s Voice-Box (2010) creates an unexpected and culturally playful combination of boxing and opera while still offering an insightful critique on our cultural discomfort with this violent sport when practiced by women.
Fostering Student Metacognition and Motivation in STEM through Citizen Science Programs

Current educational trends center on enhancing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) programs within formal and informal learning settings to motivate students to enter science related careers. The purpose of the chapter is to examine the role of informal learning setting activities, namely citizen science programs, in promoting student metacognition and STEM career motivation from a social cognitive career perspective. Citizen science programs involve data collection on the part of hobbyists to contribute to the work of professional scientists on large scale natural studies. In order to assemble data that is scientifically rigorous, hobbyists receive training on data collection. According to research studies, the interaction with field experts in developing scientific observation skills has far reaching benefits in terms of student development of metacognitive skills, motivation, achievement, and STEM career pathways. In this chapter, we describe citizen science programs as a type of informal science learning approach that offers significant contributions in enhancing student metacognition and STEM career paths. We also provide information on essential characteristics of effective citizen science programs. Third, we focus on metacognition and its role on student achievement in science from a social cognitive perspective. Specifically, we address the development of scientific observation skills as a metacognitive process of student self-regulation, an integral component of citizen science programs. Fourth, we review research on the impact of citizen science programs on metacognition, motivational processes, and career planning. Fifth, we describe the design of effective citizen science programs within an educational context. Finally, we will discuss implications for educators, students, parents, and policymakers as citizen science programs are pertinent pedagogical activities which reinforce student metacognition, science achievement, and STEM career motivation. Future directions and recommendations of research are also discussed.
Does Southern Ocean Surface Forcing Shape the Global Ocean Overturning Circulation

Author(s): Sun, S; Eisenman, I; Stewart, AL | Abstract: Paleoclimate proxy data suggest that the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) was shallower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) than its preindustrial (PI) depth. Previous studies have suggested that this shoaling necessarily accompanies Antarctic sea ice expansion at the LGM. Here the influence of Southern Ocean surface forcing on the AMOC depth is investigated using ocean-only simulations from a state-of-the-art climate model with surface forcing specified from the output of previous coupled PI and LGM simulations. In contrast to previous expectations, we find that applying LGM surface forcing in the Southern Ocean and PI surface forcing elsewhere causes the AMOC to shoal only about half as much as when LGM surface forcing is applied globally. We show that this occurs because diapycnal mixing renders the Southern Ocean overturning circulation more diabatic than previously assumed, which diminishes the influence of Southern Ocean surface buoyancy forcing on the depth of the AMOC.
Same-Sex Couples in Advertisements: An Investigation of the Role of Implicit Attitudes on Cognitive Processing and Evaluation

This research examined how implicit attitudes are associated with cognitive processing and self-reported evaluation of advertisements featuring same-sex couples. Hypotheses were posited using the t...
Ubiquitin in Alzheimer and other Neurodegenerative Diseases

The majority of efforts in understanding the abnormal neuronal inclusions found in some neurodegenerative diseases are directed toward analyzing their chemical nature. As discussed in other chapters, this analysis has depended primarily on indirect techniques e.g. immunocytochemistry and structural studies, which lack the quantitation and rigor that direct biochemical analysis can provide. Although these studies have demonstrated the presence of cytoskeletal elements in several inclusions, they have not provided an answer regarding their major constituent. Another approach in the study of these inclusions is the elucidation of the mechanism underlying the formation of abnormal polymers; that is, the processes responsible for transformation of components, probably normally present in neurons, into structures unique to these diseases.
The Limits of Amour-Propre: Rousseau and the Minimal Self

Over the past few decades, scholars have reassessed the role of amour propre in Rousseau’s thought. While it was once believed that he had an entirely negative valuation of the emotion, it is now widely held that he finds it useful and employs it to strengthen moral attachments, conjugal love, civic virtue, moral heroism. At the same time, scholars are divided as to whether this positive amour-propre is an antidote to the negative sort of which Rousseau is most famous. Some scholars are confident that “inflamed” amour-propre can be overcome while others adopt a more fatalistic view. Neuhouser, for example, asserts that “the highly unusual and demanding conditions that these solutions to the problem of evil presuppose…must make us wonder exactly what kind of possibility Rousseau takes himself to be demonstrating.”This essay seeks to identify a middle position. By contending Rousseau’s discussion of amour-propre is largely concerned with the problems surrounding identity construction in commercial, urban societies, it will be argued that amour-propre can be lessened to manageable levels in less developed modern cultures, i.e. agrarian provincial life.
Design and implementation of a wide area network: technological and managerial issues

This case deals with the experience of a school district in the design and implementation of a wide area network. The problems faced by the school district that made the WAN a necessity are enumerated. The choice of hardware and the software is explained within the context of the needs of the school district. Finally the benefits accruing to the school district are identified, and the cost of the overall system is determined.
The Logic and Limits of Municipal Bankruptcy Law

Municipal bankruptcy’s recent prominence has stimulated academic interest in the workings of Chapter 9, much of it critical, but no general framework has been developed against which scholars and policymakers can evaluate the law’s performance. This article offers a normative, economic account of municipal bankruptcy and uses that account to assess current law and suggest changes. It contends that bankruptcy’s singular aim should be to preserve spatial economies—the advantages to locating within a municipality’s unique geographic boundaries—where large public debts, by discouraging investment, threaten to dissipate them. Judged with this end in view, it is argued, Chapter 9 is a marked failure. The law’s compass is so narrow that intervention comes, if at all, only when spatial economies are likely to have been squandered and economic dysfunction taken hold. Municipal bankruptcy, as it now exists, serves mainly as an ad hoc and ill-conceived subsidy program. This article outlines changes to the law that could hasten debt relief, while acknowledging potential objections.
Morphing to the Mean Approach of Anticipated Electricity Demand in Smart City Partitions Using Citizen Elasticities

This paper frames itself in the information rich environment of a smart city where residents can form groups to pursue a common goal. Those groups that consist of partitions of the smart city, have as a goal, among others, to smooth the aggregated electricity demand of the residents, thus, contributing to the stability of the power grid. In the current work, a new approach called morphing to the mean is presented that aims at morphing the overall electricity demand curve associated with the partition; morphing refers to smoothing out the anticipated demand curve and minimizing the demand fluctuation using as a baseline the mean demand value. To that end, the proposed methodology engages the cascading use of individual resident demand elasticities and genetic algorithms to attain an acceptable solution. Obtained results demonstrate the efficiency of the methodology in smoothing demand curve of a smart city partition.
When Indulgence Gets the Best of You: The Unexpected Consequences of Prepayment: An Abstract

Consumers often pay for consumption events up front. For example, consumers may pay an entrance fee for a food festival. However, research has yet to investigate how this prepayment affects consumers’ subsequent consumption decisions. We investigate the effect of prepayment in the form of money or time on escalation of commitment and consumers’ inclination to indulge and spend.
Luminescent, Redox-Active Dithiolatobis(imine)platinum(II) Divergent Complexes with Exchangeable Imine Ligands: An Experimental/Computational Study Versus Their Diiminedithiolatoplatinum(II) Convergent Congeners

This article provides a third manifestation of a new tradition by which the editors of Comments on Inorganic Chemistry wish to lead by example, whereby we start publishing original research content...
Lee monoids are nonfinitely based while the sets of their isoterms are finitely based

We establish a new sufficient condition under which a monoid is nonfinitely based and apply this condition to Lee monoids , obtained by adjoining an identity element to the semigroup generated by two idempotents and with the relation (length ). We show that every monoid which generates a variety containing and is contained in the variety generated by for some is nonfinitely based. We establish this result by analysing -terms for , where is a certain nontrivial congruence on the free semigroup. We also show that if is the trivial congruence on the free semigroup and , then the -terms (isoterms) for carry no information about the nonfinite basis property of .
Extended Abstract: From User Experience to Engagement - A New Direction in Professional Communication and HCI

Engagement is a critical requirement for any successful sociotechnical designs. This panel looks at what strategic moves professional communicators and UX researchers need to make for achieving engagement between humans and technologies at the new stage of user experience design.
Optimization of random phase diversity for adaptive optics using an LCoS spatial light modulator

Phase retrieval is an attractive approach for sensor-less adaptive optics (AO) because of its relatively simple implementation. Recently, random phase diversity has shown fast convergence for phase retrieval algorithms. In this study, design optimization using random phase diversity is discussed with respect to a sensor-less AO system using a liquid-crystal-on-silicon (LCoS) spatial light modulator. The extrinsic phase disturbances studied are due to Kolmogorov turbulence. Simulation analysis shows that the size of super-pixel segments of the random phase patterns on the LCoS and the cropped image area of the phasorgrams are determined by Fried’s parameter for high-Strehl-ratio and low-iteration-number reconstruction. AO experiments with an LCoS spatial light modulator confirm the simulation results.
Trends in Distribution of Plains Minnow (Hybognathus placitus) in Kansas from 1964 to 2017

Streams of North America have been degraded by over a century of anthropogenic stressors, including channelization, fragmentation, impoundment, dewatering, and the modification of the natural flow regime. These stressors have contributed to the decline of many freshwater fish species and are particularly detrimental to the pelagic-broadcast spawning reproductive guild of cyprinids. Members of this guild require an unfragmented river section of 458 (±137) river kilometers (rkm) in length to persist. The Plains Minnow is a member of this reproductive guild and is listed within Kansas as a threatened species. Plains Minnow were once common throughout Kansas, but have experienced declines in abundance and distribution. Using historical data and 14 y of new data, we analyzed the proportion of sites occupied by Plains Minnow over time within Kansas as a whole and within specific river basins using parametric linear regression models and nonparametric localized regression models. We found Plains Minnow to be declining within the historical range of the species across the state as a whole and specifically within the Smoky Hill-Saline and Lower Arkansas river basins. We found Plains Minnow distributions to be unchanging within the Kansas-Lower Republican and the Cimarron river basins. Within the Smoky Hill-Saline and the Kansas-Lower Republican river basins, the proportion of sites occupied by Plains Minnow has been at or near zero for the majority of the time period studied. Our findings support previously published studies and contribute to the growing body of evidence that Plains Minnow continue to decline within Kansas. If the species is to recover within the state, anthropogenic stressors will have to be mitigated, and repatriation efforts will need to be conducted.
Active Self-Tuning Metasurface With Enhanced Absorbing Frequency Range for Suppression of High-Power Surface Currents

We demonstrate a unique metamaterial surface that actively tunes its resonance frequency to match the frequency of incident electromagnetic waves, providing a broadband self-tuning absorber. The metasurface is constructed with nonlinear circuit components and is capable of detecting the incoming signals and adapting its resonant frequency without any external control. The fabricated prototype achieves 70% of −3 dB fractional frequency range compared with the intrinsic limit of around 5% for a passive absorbing surface of the same thickness. Its performance is experimentally verified by measuring absorption as a function of frequency with the self-tuning circuits turned on or off to demonstrate the self-tuning capability and the increase in the absorption frequency range. The measurements were performed for both TM and TE polarizations and various oblique incident angles. The proposed metasurface has a threshold power level for the absorption of incident waves and only absorbs high-power interfering signals while allowing small signals, such as for communications.
Jesmyn Ward’s Dog Bite: Mississippi Love and Death Stories

This chapter examines dogs and dog bites as a memory trigger for individual and collective traumas in the American afterlife of slavery. It looks specifically at Jesmyn Ward’s novel Salvage the Bones (2011) and her memoir Men We Reaped (2013) as literary platforms to investigate entangled forms of devalued black and animal lives. Through a rhetoric of the abattoir, it investigates the debilitating effects of the mass production of death in our Black Lives Matter and industrial farming era. Boisseron ultimately addresses the complexity of interspecies love in stories of violence and death, but also of care, empathy, and mourning.
Benefits of biologic therapy administered for asthma on co-existent chronic rhinosinusitis: A real-world study.

Background Asthma and some chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) subtypes are mediated by similar pathophysiologic mechanisms. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of biologic therapy for asthma on co-existent CRS in the "real-world" setting. Methods A review of electronic health records (2016-2019) at Mayo Clinic was conducted to identify asthma patients treated with biologics who had co-existent CRS. Matched-pair analyses compared pretherapy and posttherapy Lund-Mackay computed tomography (CT) scores and 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) scores. Performance of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) after initiating biologics was studied. Results We identified 247 patients who received anti-asthma biologic therapy and had co-existent CRS. Of these, 181 patients (73.3%) had CRS with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP) and 66 (26.7%) had CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP). The biologics utilized were omalizumab (51.0%), mepolizumab (46.6%), benralizumab (10.5%), reslizumab (1.6%), and dupilumab (2.4%). Anti-interleukin-5 (anti-IL-5) intervention was associated with significant improvement in CT scores (CRS overall, CRSwNP subgroup, CRSsNP subgroup) and SNOT-22 scores (CRS overall, CRSwNP subgroup). Patients on omalizumab had a decrease in CT scores, but not SNOT-22 scores. ESS was performed in 206 patients (84.1%); 55 (22.3%) underwent surgery post-biologic intervention (anti-IL-5: 16.5%; omalizumab 27.8% of patients). Conclusion Anti-IL-5 agents were associated with improved CT and SNOT-22 scores in the overall CRS group and in CRSwNP subgroup; CRSsNP patients showed improved CT scores only. Omalizumab improved CT but not SNOT-22 scores. ESS was performed in 22% of patients after initiating biologics. These real-world results may influence future trial designs and clinical applications of biologics for CRS. ©2021 ARSAAOA, LLC.
Trigger-Site Deactivation Surgery for Nerve Compression Headaches.

LEARNING OBJECTIVES After studying this article, the participant should be able to: 1. Identify patients who are candidates for headache surgery. 2. Counsel the patient preoperatively with regard to success rates, recovery, and complications. 3. Develop a surgical plan for primary and secondary nerve decompression. 4. Understand the surgical anatomy at all trigger sites. 5. Select appropriate International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and CPT codes. SUMMARY Headache surgery encompasses release of extracranial peripheral sensory nerves at seven sites. Keys to successful surgery include correct patient selection, detailed patient counseling, and meticulous surgical technique. This article is a practical step-by-step guide, from preoperative assessment to surgery and postoperative recovery. International Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, and CPT codes, in addition to complications and salvage procedures, are discussed. Intraoperative photographs, videos, and screening questionnaires are provided.
Local dynamic stability of the lower-limb as a means of post-hoc injury classification

Since most sporting injuries occur at the lower extremity (50% to 66%) and many of those injuries occur at the knee (30% to 45%), it is important to have robust metrics to measure risk of knee injury. Dynamic measures of knee stability are not commonly used in existing metrics but could provide important context to knee health and improve injury screening effectiveness. This study used the Local Dynamic Stability (LDS) of knee kinematics during a repetitive vertical jump to perform a post-hoc previous injury classification of participants. This study analyzed the kinematics from twenty-seven female collegiate division 1 (D1) soccer, D1 basketball, and club soccer athletes from Auburn University (height = 171 ± 8.9cm, weight = 66.3 ± 8.6kg, age = 19.8 ± 1.9yr), with 7 subjects having sustained previous knee injury requiring surgery and 20 subjects with no history of injury. This study showed that LDS correctly identified 84% of previously injured and uninjured subjects using a multivariate logistic regression during a fatigue jump task. Findings showed no statistical difference in kinematic position at maximum knee flexion during all jumps between previously injured and uninjured subjects. Additionally, kinematic positioning at maximum knee flexion was not indicative of LDS values, which would indicate that future studies should look specifically at LDS with respect to injury prevention as it cannot be effectively inferred from kinematics. These points suggest that the LDS preserves information about subtle changes in movement patterns that traditional screening methods do not, and this information could allow for more effective injury screening tests in the future.
Calcineurin Inhibitor-Based Maintenance Immunosuppression in Lung Transplant Recipients: Optimal Serum Levels for Managing Acute Rejection and Renal Function.

ABSTRACT Background Although effective for curtailing alloimmune responses, calcineurin inhibitors (CNIs) have an adverse-effect profile that includes nephrotoxicity. In lung transplant (LTx) recipients, the optimal serum levels of the CNI tacrolimus necessary to control alloimmune responses and minimize nephrotoxicity are unknown. Methods This retrospective, single-center study reviewed tacrolimus whole blood trough levels (BTLs), grades of acute cellular rejection (ACR), acute rejection scores, and creatinine clearance (CrCl) obtained in LTx recipients within the first year after their transplant procedure. Comparisons were made between the first 90 days post LTx (when tacrolimus BTLs were maintained >10 µg/L) and the remainder of the post-LTX year (when BTLs were Results Despite tacrolimus mean BTLs being higher during the first 90 days post LTx compared with the remainder of the first post-LTx year (10.4 ± 0.3 µg/L vs 9.5 ± 0.3 µg/L, P Conclusions In LTx recipients, maintaining BTLs of the CNI tacrolimus >10µg/L did not result in superior control of acute rejection responses but was associated with declining renal function.
Placental uterine artery embolization followed by delayed hysterectomy for placenta percreta: A case series.

We describe outcomes of patients with suspected placenta percreta treated with placental uterine artery embolization (P-UAE) followed by delayed hysterectomy. This is a prospective case series of subjects from 2005 to 2018 with suspected placenta percreta who underwent P-UAE at the time of cesarean delivery followed by delayed hysterectomy. Both scheduled and unscheduled surgical cases were included. Maternal characteristics, surgical approaches, intra- and postoperative outcomes were abstracted from medical records. In total, twenty-two subjects were included. Median (interquartile range, IQR) delivery gestational age was 34.6 (31.9, 35.7) weeks, occurring as scheduled in 17 (77.3%) subjects and unscheduled in 5 (22.7%). Delayed hysterectomy was performed as scheduled in 17 (77.3%) subjects at a median (IQR) 40.5 (38.0, 44.0) days after delivery, and 5 (22.7%) subjects had a hysterectomy prior to scheduled date, median (IQR) 27.0 (17.0, 35.0) days after delivery. Indications for the 5 unscheduled hysterectomies included bleeding (n = 3) and suspected endometritis (n = 2). Three subjects (13.6%) received a blood transfusion (1, 3, 3 units) during delivery, and 7 (31.8%) were transfused during delayed hysterectomy (median [IQR] 2 [1,3] units). Three (13.6%) subjects had bladder resection at the time of hysterectomy; 1 (4.5%) had an unintentional cystotomy and 1 (4.5%) had a ureteral injury. P-UAE followed by delayed hysterectomy appears to be a safe and feasible, although appropriate patient selection and close surveillance are imperative, as 22.7% of patients underwent unscheduled hysterectomy.
New evidence for adult beta cell neogenesis

In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Gribben et al. (2021), using improved lineage-tracing mice and longer chase times, have provided clear evidence of new islet cells forming from the pancreatic ducts in adult mice. Perhaps these data will finally put to rest the controversy over beta cell neogenesis in the adult.
Organ Donation and Palliative Care: Can Palliative Care Make a Difference?

Donation after cardiac death (DCD) is technique of organ donation that has increased the number of available organs for transplant. This process allows organ donation after declaring death using cardiopulmonary criteria. Concerns exist with quality of symptom control and family support during this process. The case presented illustrates a specific example of how palliative care integrates with organ donation at Mayo Clinic Hospital in Phoenix, Arizona. This hospital has a DCD protocol established. The article reviews basic concepts of DCD. It reviews how a palliative care team interacts with other hospital teams to provide expert symptom control and emotional support for families during the DCD process.
A Model of Creativity in Organizations: John Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice (1973) at Multiple Levels of Analysis

This conceptual paper serves to create a model of creativity and innovation at different organizational levels. It draws on John Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice (1973) as the basis for its structure by incorporating the six different personality types from his theory: conventional, enterprising, realistic, social, investigative, and artistic, as working together with each other within and between teams in organizations. The model begins with opposite personalities working together in two-person groups to generate creative ideas and then expands to all six personalities working together as one team to implement innovative products and services. It is the underlying contrast of personalities in Holland's (1973) theory, where each personality contributes diverse ideas and skills, that when combined, produce new products and services that are financially beneficial, useful, and enhancing of well-being for organizations and society.
Observations of Suspended Sediment Flux over a Tidal Cycle in the Region of the Turbidity Maximum of the Upper St. Lawrence River Estuary

A series of four 36-hour anchor stations was occupied along the axis of the upper St. Lawrence Estuary from the freshwater zone near Quebec, across the turbidity maximum to near sea water salinities at the mouth of the Saguenay Fjord. The anchor stations reveal that in the region of the turbidity maximum near surface suspended sediment concentrations are maximum during and just following the ebb phase of the tidal cycle while near the bottom sediment concentrations are greatest shortly after the occurrence of maximum current speeds. The intense near-surface maximum in turbidity coincides with the reduced vertical stratification during the ebb which is considered to increase the upward vertical diffusion of suspended sediment from lower depths. It appears that the turbidity maximum is not maintained by residual advection according to the classical two-layer estuarine circulation but by upstream Reynolds transport arising from higher suspended sediment concentrations on the flood than on the ebb in the lower portion of the water column. Thus contaminants may be recycled through the turbidity maximum by means of this tidal pumping. A bulk vertical settling velocity of 0.3 mm/s was estimated at one station near the turbidity maximum from a simple vertical transport model which is in close correspondence with the settling velocity of the average particle size observed in several studies in the area.
A Mystery Statute Approach: How to Teach and Test the Legal Skill of Statutory Interpretation

Do you teach a class that focuses on statutes, rules, or code? Are you frustrated that students seem resistant to deciphering such language without study aids, even though this is what they need to do as attorneys? If so, I have a teaching and testing method to help focus on the lawyering skill of statutory interpretation. Helping students better learn and apply this skill is consistent with recent literature concerning not only the need for increasing active learning, but also providing students more lawyering skills. The method discussed here can be used to promote statutory interpretation skills in a completely ungraded formative assessment, graded formative assessment, or a combination of the two.
Properties of the solution map

In the study of retarded functional differential equations, the space of initial functions is preassigned, but the space in which one considers the trajectories is not. To be more specific, if x(σ, ϕ, f) is a solution of a RFDE(f) through (σ, ϕ) should the solution map be considered as the map x(σ, •‚ f)(t): C → ℝ n or the map T(t, σ):C → C defined in Section 2.5 as T(t, σ)ϕ = x t (σ,ϕ, f)?
Predicate Abstraction with Minimum Predicates.

Predicate abstraction is a popular abstraction technique employed in formal software verification. A crucial requirement to make predicate abstraction effective is to use as few predicates as possible, since the abstraction process is in the worst case exponential (in both time and memory requirements) in the number of predicates involved. If a property can be proven to hold or not hold based on a given finite set of predicates \(\mathcal{P}\), the procedure we propose in this paper finds automatically a minimal subset of \(\mathcal{P}\) that is sufficient for the proof. We explain how our technique can be used for more efficient verification of C programs. Our experiments show that predicate minimization can result in a significant reduction of both verification time and memory usage compared to earlier methods.
Peptide and Protein Secondary Structural Elements

The sections in this article are 1 Introduction 2 β-Turns 3 α-Helices 4 β-Sheets 5 Biographical Sketches Related Articles
Cluster Approach to Order-Disorder Transformations in Alloys

Publisher Summary This chapter presents the formalism and applications of cluster expansions to the problem of ab initio calculations of thermodynamic properties of crystalline alloys. The success of the method owes much to the parallel developments of statistical and quantum mechanical methods and, of course, to the availability of powerful computational hardware and software. The technique of orthogonal expansions in cluster functions has revolutionized the treatment of configurationally disordered systems. In addition to offering the most rational and general state-of-order description of alloys, cluster methods provide the rigorous and essential link between quantum and statistical mechanical aspects of first-principles thermodynamic calculations. Cluster functions constitute a complete orthonormal set. This basis set produces a rigorous cluster algebra that is used for systems containing an arbitrary degree of configurational order (or disorder). Cluster methods are, in principle, ideally suited for calculating alloy phase equilibria.
The effect of ocular blinkers on the horses' reactions to four different visual and audible stimuli: results of a crossover trial.

Objective To determine the effect of ocular blinkers on driving horses’ reactions to visual and audible stimuli. Design Balanced crossover trial with horses randomly assigned to either wear blinkers or not wear blinkers first or second, then subjected to repeated sequences of four distinct stimuli (chain rattle, cap gun, umbrella opening, and shaking of an aluminum can containing coins). Two weeks later, this process was repeated with the ordering of wearing blinkers reversed. Animal studied Eight driving horses of various breeds. Procedures Responses were recorded quantitatively as inter-beat times (the time between each heart beat in msec) and qualitatively via video recording. Statistical analysis of the first 10 s of inter-beat times poststimulus assessed the effect of the presence of blinkers, order of blinker application and stimulus type using a linear regression model with a random effect for horse. Results Wearing blinkers is significantly associated with a decrease in the inter-beat times (increase in heart rate) when they are worn by horses experiencing an unfamiliar sound. However, wearing blinkers is significantly associated with an increase in the inter-beat times (decrease in heart rate) when worn by horses experiencing a primarily visual, familiar stimulus. Conclusions and Clinical Relevance Trained driving horses, when they wear blinkers, have a decrease in inter-beat time (an increase in heart rate) when there is an unfamiliar sound. This may have relevance to horses who have limited vision caused by trauma or disease.
Making the Very Most of Classroom Read-Alouds to Promote Comprehension and Vocabulary

Integrating comprehension and vocabulary instruction in read-alouds can help teachers make the very most of class time. The curriculum described illustrates how read-alouds, when implemented with strategic purpose, can boost learners' vocabulary knowledge and reading comprehension. Specifically, the author presents guidelines for: selecting texts to encourage “text-to-text” and “text-to-self” connections selecting target vocabulary words promoting text-based discussions incorporating comprehension instruction before, during, and after the reading process
Palm wood. I. Anatomical aspects.

The “wood” of palms consists of primary vascular bundles imbedded in a parenchymatous ground tissue. The texture and hardness of a palm stem or petiole depend largely upon the distribution of vascular bundles and the amount of sclerenchyma present. The sieve elements are structurally similar to those in other angiosperms. However, in palms the sieve elements are long-lived, unlike those in most dicotyledons and gymnosperms. Metaxylem tracheary elements vary in their morphology depending on the organ and/or species in which they occur. Scanning electron microscopy observations indicate that the distinction between tracheids and vessels is not sharp but is a matter of degree. The fibers usually have a well developed secondary wall with a characteristically mulilayered appearance. There are indications that the protoplast of these cells continues to lay down secondary walls over a long period. Fibers are commonly associated with silica-containing cells, the stegmata.
Organizing the vision for web 2.0: a study of the evolution of the concept in Wikipedia

Information Systems (IS) innovations are often characterized by buzzwords, reflecting organizing visions that structure and express the images and ideas formed by a wide community of users about their meaning and purpose. In this paper, we examine the evolution of Web 2.0, a buzzword that is now part of the discourse of a broad community, and look at its entry in Wikipedia over the three years since its inception in March 2005. We imported the revision history from Wikipedia, and analyzed and categorized the edits that were performed and the users that contributed to the article. The patterns of evolution of the types and numbers of contributors and edits lead us to propose four major periods in the evolution of the Web 2.0 article: Seeding, Germination, Growth and Maturity. During the Seeding period, the article evolved mostly underground, with few edits and few contributors active. The article growth took off during the Germination period, receiving increasing attention. Growth was the most active period of development, but also the most controversial. During the last period, Maturity, the article received a decreasing level of attention, current and potential contributors losing interest, as a consensus about what the concept of Web 2.0 means seemed to have been reached.
Earthquake Potential Along the Northern Hayward Fault, California

The Hayward fault slips in large earthquakes and by aseismic creep observed along its surface trace. Dislocation models of the surface deformation adjacent to the Hayward fault measured with the global positioning system and interferometric synthetic aperture radar favor creep at ∼7 millimeters per year to the bottom of the seismogenic zone along a ∼20-kilometer-long northern fault segment. Microearthquakes with the same waveform repeatedly occur at 4- to 10-kilometer depths and indicate deep creep at 5 to 7 millimeters per year. The difference between current creep rates and the long-term slip rate of ∼10 millimeters per year can be reconciled in a mechanical model of a freely slipping northern Hayward fault adjacent to the locked 1868 earthquake rupture, which broke the southern 40 to 50 kilometers of the fault. The potential for a major independent earthquake of the northern Hayward fault might be less than previously thought.
Beyond “front door” access: Attaining the bachelor's degree

Among students with similar characteristics who entered either a two- or four-year institution after high school graduation, factors that appear related to achieving the B.A. among those who begin at a two-year college are (1) clear goals and direction, (2) high motivation to achieve the B.A., (3) early contact with the four-year transfer institution, and (4) rigorous high school course preparation. Quantitative data were used to identify the empirical reality of attaining the bachelor's degree while qualitative data were employed to understand the meaning behind the outcomes. While most research on B.A. attainment measures quantitative outcomes in a causal manner, this study focuses on understanding the human meaning behind the numbers. The authors call for more qualitative research focused on the nature of the community college experience for particular student subgroups and for a multifaceted, all-out effort to change the potency of the community college experience for those planning to transfer.
Limits to the Use of Contemporary Genetic Analyses in Delineating Biological Populations for Restocking and Stock Enhancement

Managers of restocking and stock enhancement programs have dual needs with respect to unit-stock identification: (1) identifying boundaries of genetically discrete stocks for responsible genetic management, and (2) delineating demographically discrete stocks. The reality, however, is that the temporal/spatial boundaries of genetic and demographic stocks may be discordant. Tagging data for the common snook, Centropomus undecimalis, show that there is little movement between Florida (FL) Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic waters. Nearly all snook from the Gulf inhabit a single estuary for their entire lives, whereas most Atlantic snook stray or emigrate much greater distances. A robust microsatellite DNA analysis of > 1,300 specimens confirmed the genetic distinctiveness of Gulf and Atlantic stocks. Curiously, there was no evidence of genetic structure within the Gulf stock. Inferring demographic stock boundaries using genetic data alone could lead to the erroneous conclusion that releases in a single Gulf estuary...
Far-field auditory evoked potentials in near-miss sudden infant death syndrome

• Auditory evoked potentials (AEPs) were determined in 16 patients with nearmiss sudden infant death syndrome. The AEPs were normal in all patients except one with prolonged I to V interpeak latency (bilaterally) and another with an asymmetry of interear I to V interpeak latency difference. These results indicate that AEPs do not permit detection of infants at high risk for crib death.
Risk factors for perineal injury during delivery.

Abstract Objective: We sought to identify risk factors for anal sphincter injury during vaginal delivery. Study Design: This was a retrospective, case-control study. We reviewed 2078 records of vaginal deliveries within a 2-year period from May 1, 1999, through April 30, 2001. Cases (n = 91) during the study period were defined as parturients who had documentation of greater than a second-degree perineal injury. Control subjects (n = 176), who were identified with the use of a blinded protocol, included women who were delivered vaginally with less than or equal to a second-degree perineal injury. For each patient, we reviewed medical and obstetrics records for the following characteristics: maternal age, race, weight, gestational age, parity, tobacco use, duration of first and second stages of labor, use of oxytocin, use of forceps or vacuum, infant birth weight, epidural use, and episiotomy use. Results: Of the 2078 deliveries that were reviewed, we discovered 91 cases (4.4%) of documented anal sphincter injury. The mean maternal age of our sample was 24.9 ± 5.9 years). Nearly two thirds (63.2%) were white; 26.7% were black, and 10.1% were of other racial backgrounds. Forceps were used in 51.6% of deliveries that resulted in tears (cases), compared to 8.6% of deliveries without significant tears (control subjects, P Conclusion: Our results are consistent with recent reports that identify forceps delivery and nulliparity as risk factors for recognized anal sphincter injury at the time of vaginal delivery. Further investigation should focus on the determination of whether the association of injury to instrumentation is causal or, in fact, modifiable. Because of the established association between sphincteric muscular damage and anal incontinence, patients should be counseled about the risk of anal sphincter injury when operative vaginal delivery is contemplated. Such patients should be followed closely in the postpartum setting to assess for the development of potential anorectal complaints. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;189:255-60.)
The effect of information costs on regulatory outcomes

Abstract Computer technology has lowered the costs of identifying and organizing large and previously disparate constituencies. The basic median-voter model is used to analyze the impact of a change in information technology on regulatory outcomes. For example, a change in information costs, shifting the knowledge levels of previously disorganized, rationally ignorant, consumer groups relative to special-interest groups, can shift political influence in favor of consumers. The model is also used to identify group characteristics that are likely to affect public policies. 1 The analysis helps to explain the advent of “social” or public interest regulation.