cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Characterization of HIV gp41 with the Membrane-proximal External Region

Human immunodeficiency virus, type 1 (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (gp120/gp41) plays a critical role in virus infection and pathogenesis. Three of the six monoclonal antibodies considered to have broadly neutralizing activities (2F5, 4E10, and Z13e1) bind to the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of gp41. This makes the MPER a desirable template for developing immunogens that can elicit antibodies with properties similar to these monoclonal antibodies, with a long term goal of developing antigens that could serve as novel HIV vaccines. In order to provide a structural basis for rational antigen design, an MPER construct, HR1-54Q, was generated for x-ray crystallographic and x-ray footprinting studies to provide both high resolution atomic coordinates and verification of the solution state of the antigen, respectively. The crystal structure of HR1-54Q reveals a trimeric, coiled-coil six-helical bundle, which probably represents a postfusion form of gp41. The MPER portion extends from HR2 in continuation of a slightly bent long helix and is relatively flexible. The structures observed for the 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes agree well with existing structural data, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays indicate that the antigen binds well to antibodies that recognize the above epitopes. Hydroxyl radical-mediated protein footprinting of the antigen in solution reveals specifically protected and accessible regions consistent with the predictions based on the trimeric structure from the crystallographic data. Overall, the HR1-54Q antigen, as characterized by crystallography and footprinting, represents a postfusion, trimeric form of HIV gp41, and its structure provides a rational basis for gp41 antigen design suitable for HIV vaccine development.
Firing pattern modulation by oscillatory input in supragranular pyramidal neurons.

Neocortical neurons in vivo receive periodic stimuli due to feedforward input from the periphery as well as local cellular and circuit properties. In order to understand how neurons process such information, the responses of neurons to periodic sine wave current stimuli of varying frequencies and amplitudes were investigated. Sine wave stimuli were injected into pyramidal cells of young adult ferret visual cortical slices in vitro using sharp microelectrodes. To simulate higher resting membrane potentials observed in vivo a slight depolarizing current was injected to bring the neuron just to threshold. Initially, neurons discharged at least one action potential per sine wave cycle, but as the frequency was increased, a point was reached where this one-to-one responsiveness was lost. This critical frequency was dependent upon the injected sine wave amplitude and the magnitude of the underlying steady-state depolarization, and was correlated with spike width. Larger steady-state depolarizations and thinner action potentials corresponded to higher critical frequencies. Thus, when a neuron was very active it could respond in a one-to-one fashion over a greater range of frequencies than with the smallest DC offset. The results suggest that the frequency-following characteristics of individual cortical neurons can be modulated by the activity state of the neuron itself.
Erratum to: Algebra and logic for access control

1. Replace the words ‘a congruence’ by ‘an equivalence’ in Proposition 4.1 and the sentence immediately preceeding it. 2. In Proposition 4.1 delete the second enumerated point and the sentence immediately following the proof. 3. Replace the proof of Proposition 4.1 by the following sentence: ‘The proofs of all parts of this follow from the definition of ≈ and by applying the standard methods for bisimulation relations.’ 4. Delete the third, fifth, sixth, seventh and eighth enumerated points from Proposition 4.2 and replace the proof of 4.2 with: ‘Again, the proofs of these points are direct uses of the definition of simulation.’ 5. The sentence immediately following the proof of Proposition 4.2 should be replaced by: ‘The above results tell us that we have a system that formally reconstructs the following natural properties of roles: any agent acting in one of its roles is less powerful (has fewer or equal capabilities) than the original agent; an agent E in the role E is as powerful as the agent E ; if E is less powerful than F then every role of E is less powerful than the corresponding role of F .’ 6. Delete the fifth points from both Proposition 5.1 and its proof. 7. In Sect. 8 (lines 9, 10) replace ≈ by ∼ in the unit property for × and the associativity property for ∝.
Antidepressant-Induced Liver Injury

Objective:To review principles of drug-induced liver injury (DILI), summarize characteristics of antidepressant-mediated liver Injury, and provide recommendations for monitoring and management.Data Sources:A search relating to antidepressant-induced liver injury was performed using MEDLINE (1966–March 2007). Search terms included antidepressant, cholestasis, hepatotoxicity, jaundice, liver injury, toxic hepatitis, and transaminases. Reference citations not Identified in the initial database search were also utilized.Study Selection and Data Extraction:All English-language case reports, letters, and review articles identified from the data sources were used. Case reports and letters relating to hepatotoxicity from antidepressant overdose were excluded.Data Synthesis:Antidepressant-induced liver injury described in published cases were of the idiopathic type and, by definition, cannot be predicted based on dose or specific risk factors. Paroxetine had the largest number of cases within the selective seroton...
Metabolic Disposition of 14C‐Bromfenac in Healthy Male Volunteers

The metabolic disposition of 14C-bromfenac, an orally active, potent, nonsteroidal, nonnarcotic, analgesic agent was investigated in six healthy male subjects after a single oral 50-mg dose. The absorption of radioactivity was rapid, producing a mean maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) of 4.9 +/- 1.8 microg x equiv/mL, which was reached 1.0 +/- 0.5 hours after administration. Unchanged drug was the major component found in plasma, and no major metabolites were detected in the plasma. Total radioactivity recovered over a 4-day period from four of the six subjects averaged 82.5% and 13.2% of the dose in the urine and feces, respectively. Excretion into urine was rapid; most of the radioactivity was excreted during the first 8 hours. Five radioactive chromatographic peaks, a cyclic amide and four polar metabolites, were detected in 0- to 24-hour urine samples. Similarity of metabolite profiles between humans and cynomolgus monkeys permitted use of this animal model to generate samples after a high dose for structure elucidation. Liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analysis of monkey urine samples indicated that the four polar metabolites were two pairs of diastereoisomeric glucuronides whose molecular weight differed by two daltons. Enzyme hydrolysis, cochromatography, and LC/MS experiments resulted in the identification of a hydroxylated cyclic amide as one of the aglycones, which formed a pair of diastereoisomeric glucuronides after conjugation. Data also suggested that a dihydroxycyclic amide formed by the reduction of the ketone group that joins the phenyl rings formed the second pair of diastereoisomeric glucuronides. Further, incubation of various reference standards in control (blank) urine and buffer with and without creatinine indicated that the hydroxy cyclic amide released from enzyme hydrolysis can undergo ex vivo transformations to a condensation product between creatinine and an alpha-keto acid derivative of the hydroxy cyclic amide that is formed by oxidation and ring opening. Further experiments with a dihydroxylated cyclic amide after reduction of the keto function indicated that it too can form a creatinine conjugate.
Relaxation techniques in children with cancer: the nurse's role.

Relaxation techniques used to decrease the deleterious side effects of cancer therapy are now accepted approaches at most institutions. Utilization of these methods by nurses can offer effective co...
Sequence-dependent mutations in a shuttle vector plasmid replicated in a mismatch repair deficient human cell line.

We utilized a shuttle vector plasmid (pLSC) to assess the role of DNA sequence and mismatch repair on mutagenesis in human cells, pLSC contains an interrupted 29 bp mononucleotide poly(G) run within a bacterial suppressor tRNA gene, which acts as a highly sensitive mutagenic target for detection of base substitution and frameshift mutations. The frequency of spontaneous mutations in pLSC was found to be similar after replication in either the hMSH6 (GT binding protein) mismatch repair-deficient MT1 line or its parental, mismatch repair-proficient line, TK6. However, the classes of plasmid mutations showed distinct differences in the two cell lines. Single base deletions comprised 48% of the mutations in the 56 independent pLSC plasmids sequenced from MT1 cells while these represented only 18% of the 40 independent pLSC mutants sequenced from the wild-type TK6 cells (P = 0.001). Virtually all the deletions included the mononucleotide run. In contrast, in pSP189, which contains the unmodified supF tRNA without the mononucleotide sequence, no single base deletions were observed for either cell line (P < 0.001). UV treatment of pLSC and pSP189 resulted in a 12-140-fold increase in mutations in TK6 and MT1 cells. These were predominately single base substitution mutations without a large increase in deletion mutations in the mononucleotide run in pLSC. These data indicate that a mononucleotide poly(G) run promotes single base deletion mutations. This effect is enhanced in a hMSH6 mismatch repair-deficient cell line and is independent of UV-induced mutagenesis.
The Impact of Entrepreneurial Leadership on EU High Politics: A Case Study of Jacques Delors and the Creation of EMU:

This article argues that entrepreneurial leadership (Young, 1991) of European Commission president Jacques Delors was a necessary factor in the creation of an Economic and Monetary Union (EMU). More specifically, it examines Delors’s role during the creation and duration of the Delors Committee in which a group of member state central bank governors and experts met to examine how an EMU could be accomplished. The Delors Report led to a change in the German position and a weakening of the British position. This article contributes to the growing literature on leadership in international bargaining, as well as the role of the Commission in European integration.
SWARMS: A Sensornet Wide Area Remote Management System

Our experiences deploying a wide area wireless sensor network (WSN) in the wildfires of Idaho motivate the need for a software middleware system capable of remotely managing many sensor nodes deployed in widely disparate geographic regions. This requirement is unlike the localized focus of many traditional WSN middleware systems, which manage a group of sensor nodes deployed in a single small region, e.g. a warehouse or lab. We describe in this paper SWARMS, a wide area sensor network management system. The SWARMS architecture is designed for scalability and flexibility, while providing an infrastructure to manage in situ sensor nodes, e.g. upload code images, retrieve diagnostics, etc. To demonstrate its flexibility, we present two deployments of SWARMS, the first in a wide area weather sensor network, and the second in a local area testbed that was used by a class of graduate students. To demonstrate its scalability, we analyze the performance of SWARMS when the middleware is subject to sensor data loads of thousands of packets per second.
A planar InP/InGaAs avalanche photodiode with floating guard ring and double diffused junction

The authors discuss the fabrication, performance, and design of a novel, planar In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/ As/InP separate absorption and multiplication region avalanche photodiode (SAM-APD) with floating guard rings and a double Zn diffused junction. The APD, grown by both vapor phase epitaxy and metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy, is observed to have a uniform gain of 85, a minimum primary dark current density of 5*10/sup -6/ A/cm/sup 2/ at 90% of breakdown, and a capacitance of 0.4 pF for a front-side illuminated device. Both experimental and analytical results show that the double-diffused floating guard ring structure prevents edge breakdown, and also greatly reduces the electric field along the semiconductor/insulator surface. The operation mechanisms and the optimum design of the planar APD based on a two-dimensional device model are discussed. >
The Divine Pedagogy as a Model for Online Education

. In addition to the pragmatic concerns that often drive the use of technology in theological education, there is a need to develop theological justification and direction for online education. Several Roman Catholic Church documents propose the “divine pedagogy,” the manner in which God teaches the human race, as a model for catechesis or religious education. This can provide a rich resource for developing a theological pedagogy for online education. This is especially relevant to the justification for online education, because critics sometimes refer to the incarnational character of the divine pedagogy to argue against the disembodied nature of virtual education. This article addresses such criticisms and more constructively, relates several aspects of the divine pedagogy such as adaptation, community, and participation to teaching and learning in the online environment. (This paper was presented at Theology and Pedagogy in Cyberspace II conference in Evanston, Ill. on April 17, 2004.)
Molecular Organization of Glycosphingolipids in Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers and Biological Membranes

Glycosphingolipids, in contrast to glycerol-based lipids, are relatively minor components of mammalian cell membranes. They are, however, confined to the external surface of the plasma membrane and in this surface may collectively be a major component (1–4). In some cell types very small amounts of these lipids have been found associated with Golgi membranes, their probable site of biosynthesis (1). Their location on the trans-cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane causes them, together with glycosylated membrane proteins, to be the primary components of the cell to interact with the molecules and other cells of the immediate environment. Thus specific glycosphingolipids have been shown to serve as receptors for toxins, viruses and some hormones (2,5–11). They have long been known to act as antigenic determinants and to mediate immune responses (11–13). There is much evidence to suggest that glycosphingolipids play a role in cell-cell interaction and recognition (7). Alterations in the amounts and types of these lipids on the cell surface are very often associated with growth, differentiation, development, aging (7,14,15), and with oncogenic transformation (11,16). Although there is considerable information about the molecular structure of many glycosphingolipids, relatively little is known about the organization of molecules of this class in phospholipid bilayers and in the bilayers of biological membranes. It seems certain that their molecular organization is a critical parameter underlying many of the functions of glycosphingolipids (17).
Endothelial cells enhance human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in macrophages through a C/EBP-dependent mechanism.

Macrophages are early targets of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection and serve as potential reservoirs for long-term infection. Through inflammatory mediators and direct cell contact, infected macrophages interact with neighboring cell populations, such as the endothelium, which create a microenvironment favorable for HIV-1 replication. We hypothesize that the transcriptional activator C/EBPβ is critical for macrophages to respond to endothelial cell-derived signals. We show that endothelial cells significantly enhance C/EBPβ binding activity and HIV-1 replication in macrophages. This increase in HIV-1 transcription is due to cell-cell contact as well as the production of soluble factors, mediated in part by ICAM-1 and interleukin 6, respectively. Furthermore, C/EBP factors are necessary for endothelial cell-dependent activation of HIV-1 transcription in macrophages, and HIV-1 induction can be inhibited by a C/EBP dominant-negative protein. In addition, C/EBP binding sites are necessary for efficient LTR activity and HIV-1 replication in the presence of endothelial cells. Taken together, these results indicate that endothelial cells, through the activation of C/EBPβ, provide a microenvironment that supports HIV-1 replication in monocytes/macrophages.
A framework to develop symbolic performance models of parallel applications

Performance and workload modeling has numerous uses at every stage of the high-end computing lifecycle: design, integration, procurement, installation and tuning. Despite the tremendous usefulness of performance models, their construction remains largely a manual, complex, and time-consuming exercise. We propose a new approach to the model construction, called modeling assertions (MA), which borrows advantages from both the empirical and analytical modeling techniques. This strategy has many advantages over traditional methods: incremental construction of realistic performance models, straightforward model validation against empirical data, and intuitive error bounding on individual model terms. We demonstrate this new technique on the NAS parallel CG and SP benchmarks by constructing high fidelity models for the floating-point operation cost, memory requirements, and MPI message volume. These models are driven by a small number of key input parameters thereby allowing efficient design space exploration of future problem sizes and architectures.
Trophic variation with length in two ommastrephid squids, Ommastrephes bartramii and Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis

From 1998 to 2001 a total of 200 Ommastrephes bartramii (27 paralarvae) and 170 Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis (14 paralarvae) were sampled from the Central North Pacific. One group of non-paralarval O. bartramii (n = 30) was sampled from farther northwest in 1996. The δ15N of mantle muscle of non-paralarval O. bartramii ( $$ \overline{x} $$ = 12.4‰) was significantly greater than that of non-parlarval S. oualaniensis ( $$ \overline{x} $$ = 8.1‰) (P < 0.001). The δ15N of whole paralarvae of O. bartramii ( $$ \overline{x} $$ = 6.4‰) was not significantly different than parlarvalae of S. oualaniensis ( $$ \overline{x} $$ = 6.1‰) (P = 0.528). There was no significant difference between the mantle muscle δ15N values of male (n = 95, $$ \overline{x} $$ = 13.3‰) and female (n = 18, $$ \overline{x} $$ = 12.9 ‰) O. bartramii greater than 300 mm mantle length (ML) (P = 0.15). There was also no significant difference between the mantle muscle δ15N values of male (n = 15, $$ \overline{x} $$ = 7.2‰) and female (n = 26, $$ \overline{x} $$ = 7.3 ‰) S. oualaniensis in the same size range (P = 0.41). Overall there was a distinct logistic increase in δ15N with mantle length for O. bartramii, whereas S. oualaniensis showed an exponential increase in δ15N with mantle length that was stronger within individual years than with all samples combined. In general, adult O. bartramii are more than a trophic level above S. oualaniensis (4.3‰, 1.3 TLs). Because of the nature of the sampling protocol, this study could not separate spatial and temporal effects on the δ15N signals from each squid species. This study demonstrates the ability of stable isotope analyses to differentiate trophic levels between squid species as well as track trophic changes across size ranges from paralarvae to adults. Additional research is needed to validate these trophic changes across size within individuals.
Evolutionary conservation, diversity and specificity of LTR-retrotransposons in flowering plants: insights from genome-wide analysis and multi-specific comparison.

*SUMMARY The availability of complete or nearly complete genome sequences from several plant species permits detailed discovery and cross-species comparison of transposable elements (TEs) at the whole genome level. We initially investigated 510 long terminal repeat-retrotransposon (LTR-RT) families comprising 32 370 elements in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.). Approximately 87% of these elements were located in recombinationsuppressed pericentromeric regions, where the ratio (1.26) of solo LTRs to intact elements (S/I) is significantly lower than that of chromosome arms (1.62). Further analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between S/I and LTR sizes, indicating that larger LTRs facilitate solo LTR formation. Phylogenetic analysis revealed seven Copia and five Gypsy evolutionary lineages that were present before the divergence of eudicot and monocot species, but the scales and timeframes within which they proliferated vary dramatically across families, lineages and species, and notably, a Copia lineage has been lost in soybean. Analysis of the physical association of LTR-RTs with centromere satellite repeats identified two putative centromere retrotransposon (CR) families of soybean, which were grouped into the CR (e.g. CRR and CRM) lineage found in grasses, indicating that the ‘functional specification’ of CR pre-dates the bifurcation of eudicots and monocots. However, a number of families of the CR lineage are not concentrated in centromeres, suggesting that their CR roles may now be defunct. Our data also suggest that the envelope-like genes in the putative Copia retroviruslike family are probably derived from the Gypsy retrovirus-like lineage, and thus we propose the hypothesis of a single ancient origin of envelope-like genes in flowering plants.
Induction of aberrant crypt foci in DNA mismatch repair-deficient mice by the food-borne carcinogen 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo [4,5-b] pyridine (PhIP).

Biomarkers of exposure & effect:: validationBiomarker: PhIPExposure/effect represented: PhIP/ G/C-T/A transversions Study type (in vitro, animals, humans): C57B1/6 miceMode of exposure (if in vivo) (acute, chronic, root of exposure): i.p. injectionsTissue/biological material/sample size: 4μm of tissuesDose-response: In Mlh1K/K mice, PhIP exposure increased the incidence of ACF from 31% (5/16) to 87% (13/15) (PZ0.003) and the average frequency of ACF from 0.4G0.2 to 2.7G0.6 (P! 0.0001)The PhIP-induced frequency of ACF in wild-type littermates was 0.6 per mouse (0.7G0.3-0.1G0.07; PZ0.04), associated with a corresponding increase in incidence from 7% (1/15) to 45% (5/11) (PZ0.05)The vehicle-treated Mlh1K/K mice also had an observed higher incidence (31 versus 7%; PZ0.17) and average frequency of ACF (0.4G0.2 versus 0.1G0.07; P! 0.08) than vehicle-treated. KEYWORDS CLASSIFICATION: Animals;chemically induced;Carcinogens;Carrier Proteins;Colon;Colonic Neoplasms;drug effects;dietary modulation of cancer & cancer biomarkers;DNA Mismatch Repair;DNA,Neoplasm;genetics;Hematologic Neoplasms;Imidazoles;Incidence;mechanisms of carcinogenesis;Mice;Mice,Knockout;Nuclear Proteins;pathology;physiology;Precancerous Conditions;Proteins;Research;Survival Rate;toxicity;Toxicology.
How important to India's poor is the sectoral composition of economic growth?

Using a new series of consistent, consumption-based poverty measures spanning forty years, the author assess how much India's poor shared in the country's economic growth, taking into account its urban-rural and output composition. Rural consumption growth reduced poverty in both rural and urban areas. Urban growth brought some benefits to the urban poor, but had no impact on rural poverty. And rural-to-urban population shifts had no significant impact on poverty. Decomposing growth by output sectors, we found that output growth in the primary and tertiary sectors reduced poverty in both urban and rural areas but that secondary sector growth did not reduce poverty in either.
The Actions of BDNF on Dendritic Spine Density and Morphology in Organotypic Slice Cultures Depend on the Presence of Serum in Culture Media

We have previously shown that brain-derived neurotrophin factor (BDNF) increases dendritic spine density and the proportion of stubby spines in apical dendrites of CA1 pyramidal neurons of hippocampal slice cultures maintained in serum-free media. We show here that serum withdrawal causes an increase in the proportion of thin spines and a decrease in the fraction of stubby spines, without changing the overall density of dendritic spines. When slices are maintained in serum-containing media, BDNF also increased spine density but had the opposite effect on spine morphology: it increased the proportion of mushroom and thin spines and decreased the proportion of stubby spines. Intriguingly, slices maintained in serum media showed a lower p75NTR-to-TrkB expression level than serum-free slices, even after BDNF exposure. The differential actions of BDNF on spine morphology depending on the presence of serum in culture media, together with the difference in neurotrophin receptor expression are reminiscent of opposing functional signaling by p75NTR and Trk receptors, and reveal a complex modulation of dendritic morphology by BDNF signaling.
MENTAL & SOCIAL DIMENSIONS IN GERIATRIC POPULATION: NEED OF THE HOUR

Ageing is inevitable; it is a natural phenomenon and has its own dynamics, which is beyond human control. Sir James Sterling Ross commented that “you don’t heal old age, you protect it and you promote it” these are the principles of Preventive Medicine1.The Indian elderly population is currently the second largest in the world2. The proportion of elderly population in India rose from 5.6% in 1961 to 7.5% in 20013 & it will rise to 9% by 20164.
Anti-windup compensator synthesis for systems with saturation actuators

In this paper we synthesize linear and nonlinear output feedback dynamic compensators for plants with saturating actuators. Our approach is direct in the sense that it accounts for the saturation nonlinearity throughout the design procedure as distinct from traditional design techniques that first obtain a linear controller for the ‘unsaturated’ plant and then employ controller modification. We utilize fixed-structure techniques for output feedback compensation while specifying the structure and order of the controller. In the full-order case the controller gains are given by LQG-type Riccati equations that account for the saturation nonlinearity.
Predicting and optimizing the territory of blood–brain barrier opening by superselective intra-arterial cerebral infusion under dynamic susceptibility contrast MRI guidance

Interventional neuroradiology techniques are minimally invasive and allow for superselective drug delivery to specific brain regions. The passage of most agents, however, is impaired by the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Despite its discovery over 40 years ago, hyperosmotic BBB opening (BBBO) remains highly variable, preventing its widespread implementation. Here, we report on a technique that enables the prediction and optimization of the BBBO territory. We found that the microcatheter tip position and the speed of hyperosmolar mannitol injection, both major determinants of the targeted territory, can be modulated in real-time as guided by trans-catheter perfusion MRI.
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm: How do You Distinguish It from Acute Myeloid Leukemia?

BPDCN is a recently elucidated clinicopathologic entity. This disease typically involves the skin, with 30% to 40% of patients showing an additional concurrent leukemic component. Although BPDCN often exhibits cytologic features akin to acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the main differential diagnostic challenge, in the skin and in the bone marrow, is distinction from AML, in particular AML with monocytic differentiation.
Optimization of crenellation patterns for fatigue crack retardation via genetic algorithm and the reduction in computational cost

Abstract Crenellation is a promising technique to effectively improve the fatigue life of metallic airframe structures. It systematically varies the thickness of the fuselage skin at constant structural weight. In order to optimize the geometric designs of crenellation patterns for the maximum fatigue crack retardation, we apply an approach coupling genetic algorithm with FEM simulations to examine the vast candidate designs. Additionally, a progressively refined searching strategy and an old-individual-filtering technique were also used to minimize the computational cost. It was found that the crenellation patterns with nonlinear monotonous increase and decrease of skin thickness showed the best fatigue performance, which is expected to extend the fatigue life by 10% compared to the existing design based on experience. The applied strategies for reducing computational cost not only shortened the solving time but also improved the solution quality.
Board Diversity and Proxy Disclosure

In Part I, this Article describes some of the different approaches to the lack of representation of women and minorities on corporate boards. Part II explores two aspects of proxy statement regulation -- shareholder proposals related to corporate diversity and the recent amendments to the proxy regulations which require that companies disclose how they consider diversity in nominating board members. Part III presents the results of our analysis of the proxy statements of Fortune 100 companies in the proxy year immediately preceding the effective date of the new proxy disclosure rule and in the year following the rule’s effective date to catalog the initial effects of the rule on how companies discussed diversity in nominating board members.
Postsplenectomy Cytomegaloviral Mononucleosis

People who have undergone splenectomy mount a poor IgM response to bacterial polysaccharide vaccines. Whether this defect is true during natural bacterial and viral infections is unknown. We present 2 cases of postsplenectomy cytomegalovirus (CMV)-induced mononucleosis with impaired IgM but normal to augmented IgG response. The cases presented initial diagnostic challenges owing to a prolonged course of infection, marked lymphocytosis (peak lymphocyte count, 27,900/μL [27.9 × 109/L]), clonal T-cell proliferation with T-cell receptor γ gene rearrangements, and remote history of splenectomy. However, the acute nature of the infections, serial determinations of the anti-CMV IgM and IgG, exclusion of other causes, and detection of CMV in the blood established the diagnosis and revealed the deranged antibody response. The infections resolved without specific treatment. These cases suggest that the spleen might be a primary site for specific anti-CMV IgM response.
Iridium PCsp3P-type Complexes with a Hemilabile Anisole Tether

A series of iridium PCsp3P complexes based on bis(2-diisopropylphosphinophenyl)-2-anisoylmethane (PCanisHP) is reported. (PCanisP)Ir(H)Cl was generated from the C–H activation of the backbone by [Ir(COD)Cl]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene), while the dihydride (PCanisP)Ir(H)2 was generated by hydride metathesis from (PCanisP)Ir(H)Cl. Both complexes are 18e octahedral complexes and water stable. The hemilability of the anisole tether was probed using CO and PMe3; multiple isomers, in which the anisole substituent was displaced, were generated, showing the flexibility of the ligand backbone. (PCanisP)Ir(H)2 showed deuterium incorporation in the hydride, backbone, and anisole positions upon moderate heating in C6D6. Both (PCanisP)Ir(H)Cl and (PCanisP)Ir(H)2 were precatalysts for transfer dehydrogenation of cyclooctane under moderate conditions.
Normal and Experimental Growth of Rat Mammary Gland.

Summary1) Daily administration of 1 μg estradiol benzoate (EB) and 2 mg progesterone (P) to mature ovariectomized rats for 19 days resulted in mammary gland growth (mean total DNA/100 g) comparable...
Brain Radiation-Related Black Dots on Susceptibility-Weighted Imaging:

Small blood vessel injury is a feature of post irradiation brain. Susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) is a technique that exploits the magnetic properties of tissues, such as blood and iron content and is thus sensitive to hemorrhage as a marker of small vessel injury. Our purpose was to assess post irradiation brain findings using SWI. We evaluated 12 patients with follow-up MRI studies who underwent cranial irradiation for primary or metastatic tumors. From their clinical records, the latency interval, type of radiation, and total dose were established. The number and the distribution of "black dots" on SWI were analyzed. We also compared the findings on SWI with those seen on other MRI sequences. In all patients, black dots were clearly identified on SWI, while on conventional MRI (T2 and FLAIR) none were visible. Two patients with glial tumors received radiation with fields conforming to tumor beds, while all other patients received whole brain irradiation or craniospinal radiation. The total radiation doses ranged from 45-54 Gy. Latency interval between the time of irradiation and time of detection of the black dots was four to 60 months (mean, 31 months). In ten patients diffuse black dots were observed and in two patients these were located in the irradiated field. Black dots occurred in the cerebrum, cerebellum, and choroid plexuses. None of these dots showed enhancement. Follow-up in four patients showed that the numbers of these black dots had increased. Black dots were not present before radiation in any patient. Radiation-related black dots are an effect of cranial irradiation and may be related to small vessel damage. SWI is a sensitive technique for evaluation of these black dots.
Pain-Related Suppression of Beta Oscillations Facilitates Voluntary Movement

Increased beta oscillations over sensorimotor cortex are antikinetic. Motor- and pain-related processes separately suppress beta oscillations over sensorimotor cortex leading to the prediction that ongoing pain should facilitate movement. In the current study, we used a paradigm in which voluntary movements were executed during an ongoing pain-eliciting stimulus to test the hypothesis that a pain-related suppression of beta oscillations would facilitate the initiation of a subsequent voluntary movement. Using kinematic measures, electromyography, and high-density electroencephalography, we demonstrate that ongoing pain leads to shorter reaction times without affecting the kinematics or accuracy of movement. Reaction time was positively correlated with beta power prior to movement in contralateral premotor areas. Our findings corroborate the view that beta-band oscillations are antikinetic and provide new evidence that pain primes the motor system for action. Our observations provide the first evidence that a pain-related suppression of beta oscillations over contralateral premotor areas leads to shorter reaction times for voluntary movement.
Differential Cross Sections for the Reaction B 11 ( d , p ) B 12 for E D = 1 − 2.6 MeV

The angular distributions of the protons from the nuclear reaction ${\mathrm{B}}^{11}(d, p){\mathrm{B}}^{12}$ leading to the ground state of the residual nucleus were measured at bombarding energies of 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.6 MeV. Self-supporting boron films were used as targets, and the outgoing particles were detected with surface-barrier solid-state detectors. Protons from the reaction ${\mathrm{O}}^{16}(d, p){\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ leading to the first excited state of ${\mathrm{O}}^{17}$ are practically indistinguishable from the protons under investigation, and were subtracted from the data during the analysis. The resulting absolute differential cross sections were fitted using the deuteron-heavy-particle stripping theory.
The Production Function or Agricultural Products Wholesale Market in Place of Origin

Under the special circumstances of China,especially the characteristics of agricultural production conditions,agricultural products wholesale market in place of origin does not only plays the roles of goods distribution,commodity transaction,price formation and information centralization and spreading,but also the roles of important potential social economical organization that needs continuous innovation,with the ontstanding production organization role.This paper finds out the major roles and of them points out the significance of exerting them in the rural social economic development.
Transformation Optics Relay Lens Design for Imaging from a Curved to a Flat Surface

Monocentric lenses are excellent candidates for compact, broadband, high resolution, wide-field imaging. Traditional monocentric designs produce a curved image surface and have therefore found limited utility. The use of an appropriately machined fiber bundle to relay the curved image plane onto a flat focal plane array (FPA) has recently emerged as a potential solution. Unfortunately the spatial sampling that is intrinsic to the fiber bundle relay can have a negative effect on image resolution, and vignetting has been identified as another potential shortcoming of this solution. In this paper we describe a metamaterial optical element that avoids the deleterious effects of sampling and can provide a high-quality image relay from the curved monocentric image surface to a flat FPA. Using quasi-conformal transformation optics (TO) a classical Maxwell’s “fish-eye” lens is transformed into a shape with a concave front surface and flat back surface. We quantify image quality metrics such as spot size, field of view, and light efficiency along with manufacturing cost metrics such as index contrast and anisotropy. Based on this analysis we identify and fully optimize a monocentric lens in combination with a TO-designed GRIN image relay optic.
Volatilisation and transformation behavior of sodium species at high temperature and its influence on ash fusion temperatures

Abstract Zhundong coalfield is one of the superhuge coalfields newly mined in the Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China. However, operational practices have shown that power plants frequently encounter ash deposition problems during combustion of Zhundong coals because of the volatilisation of sodium species. To address such an issue, in this paper, volatilisation levels of sodium species of different coal ash samples in different conditions were studied. The effects of atmosphere and ratio between the major elements in coal ash were also studied to find the resolvent for prohibiting volatilisation. The results show that two Zhundong coals both with a higher sodium content but different calcium and silicon content induce different ash fusion temperatures (AFTs). The volatilisation levels of Wucaiwan (WCW) coal ashes which have higher calcium but lower silicon content were much higher than XHS coal ashes during ashing and AFTs test process. Further studies found that most of the sodium species in XHS coal ash which have a higher silica content transform to Na 6 Ca 2 Al 6 Si 6 O 24 (SO 4 ) 2 at high temperature. However, fewer sodium aluminosilicate but greater amount of Ca 3 Al 2 Si 3 O 12 was found in WCW coal ash of 1200 °C. By analyzing the coal ash compositions, it was found that the volatilisation of sodium species was insignificant for the samples with a SiO 2 /Na 2 O ratio of more than 20 or with a (SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3 )/Na 2 O ratio of more than 25. Calcium species promoted the volatilisation of sodium species, and the volatilisation was insignificant for the samples with a SiO 2 /CaO ratio of more than 4.
Redox condition in molten fluoride salts: Definition and control

Abstract The loosely-used term `redox condition' as applied to molten fluoride salts such as flibe is defined quantitatively as the fluorine potential. Several methods of controlling the property of the melt are discussed.
Cosmological Theories of Value: Relationalism and Connectedness as Foundations for Cosmic Creativity

Drawing largely from 20th century science and value theory, this essay will briefly develop several “cosmological theories of value” within a broader pluralistic relational framework. We will look to cosmology, relativity, quantum theory, complexity , and cultural evolution , as well as to process philosophy and “relationalism” more generally, to develop a relational framework that will help support three theories of value related to cosmic evolution. This essay is an overview of a forthcoming book that develops these ideas further and attempts more practical applications.
Effect of column properties and CGA assembly reliability by testing and analysis

Package manufacturers are now offering commercial-off-the-shelf column grid array (COTS CGA) packaging technologies in high-reliability versions. Understanding the process and quality assurance (QA) indicators for reliability are important for low-risk insertion of these advanced electronics packages for high-reliability applications. For CGA, the key critical elements of assembly reliability are the integrity of the columns and interconnections at the package and printed circuit board (PCB) pads.
Pragmatism in Transition

A sophisticated pragmatism does not view practice and theory as being in confrontational opposition. Rather, it sees theorizing as itself a mode of practice—a cognitive practice, that practices for methods of problem resolution. And it insists that this practice, like any other, must be established in terms of its functional efficacy.
Performance Management: Appraising Performance, Providing Feedback, and Developing for Creativity

Publisher Summary Appraising and developing, both integral components of performance management are complicated endeavors for innovation. At all levels of the organization, employees face some type of performance evaluation. There are three related processes to describe activities associated with these formal evaluations. Performance appraisal is the process of assessing or evaluating performance to make decisions (e.g., about promotions). Performance development refers to the evaluation of performance with the goal of providing feedback and suggesting developmental activities to improve that performance. Performance management (PM) is the integration of the two in order to make performance-based decisions and improve organizational performance. Performance management consists of two central purposes (Murphy & Cleveland, 1995), and each has potential to enhance (or lessen) innovation. One PM objective is to align employee behaviors with the overarching goals of the organization. Since a key step in performance management involves the setting and evaluation of work goals, one would expect that organizations with more innovative missions would also have PM systems that encourage individual behavior toward this high-level objective.
Evaluating Bluetooth Low Energy in realistic wireless environments

The 2.4 GHz ISM band is crowded with a wide variety of wireless devices operating under various access protocols, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) among them. Low power requirements, low cost, and ease of integration have promoted BLE's rapidly growing popularity. BLE applications range from providing wireless interface for monitoring household equipment status to reporting critical information from medical devices that might have less tolerance for transmission errors to function properly. In this paper, we identify risks in a real world wireless environment that adversely affect BLE system functionality. We also propose a methodology utilizing spectrum surveys to quantify probability of transmission failure relative to the system's interference detection threshold. Spectrum surveys were conducted in a basketball sport facility, a university student union and a hospital intensive care unit (ICU). Results demonstrate how a BLE system selects data transmission channels in the presence of interference. Moreover, findings of this study confirm that a BLE system is able to maintain a low probability of failed transmission while operating in the presence of high interference unless the environment noise floor is close to the employed interference detection threshold.
Planck constraint on relic primordial black holes

We investigate constraints on the abundance of primordial black holes (PBHs) in the mass range ${10}^{15}--{10}^{17}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$ using data from the cosmic microwave background (CMB) and MeV extragalactic gamma-ray background (EGB). Hawking radiation from PBHs with lifetime greater than the age of the Universe leaves an imprint on the CMB through modification of the ionization history and the damping of CMB anisotropies. Using a model for redshift-dependent energy injection efficiencies, we show that a combination of temperature and polarization data from Planck provides the strongest constraint on the abundance of PBHs for masses $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{15}--{10}^{16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$, while the EGB dominates for masses $\ensuremath{\gtrsim}{10}^{16}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$. Both the CMB and EGB now rule out PBHs as the dominant component of dark matter for masses $\ensuremath{\sim}{10}^{16}--{10}^{17}\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{g}$. Planned MeV gamma-ray observatories are ideal for further improving constraints on PBHs in this mass range.
Analysis of Variance, One-Way, Fixed Effects

In the simplest version of the t test, the means of two independent groups of scores are compared. The simplest form of the F test, or analysis of variance, is an extension of the t test to the comparison of more than two groups. For example, consider the data in Table 2.1.
Seismic site effect analysis for the city of Tehran using equivalent linear ground response analysis

Equivalent linear ground response analysis is conducted to evaluate seismic site effects in Tehran, Iran. Recorded bedrock motions in acceleration stations within Tehran are scaled based on the pea...
Using OCLC WorldCat Language Indexes to Quantify Slavic and Eurasian Language Collections and Answer Complex Bibliographic Questions

The author presents strategies any librarian or researcher with access to OCLC WorldCat may use to answer many kinds of questions concerning foreign-language materials in their own or other librari...
Accurate pedestrian path prediction using neural networks

This paper presents a study on predicting pedestrian path in a short time horizon, e.g. less than 5 seconds. Our study is conducted within the context of pre-collision detection and avoidance between vehicle and pedestrian using only the positioning data transmitted through V2P communications. An important component in a pre-collision detection system is to accurately predict pedestrian positions in a very short future time period. Three methods are presented, a dead reckoning prediction method, a pattern recognition neural network and a time series neural network, both are designed to predict the future position of a pedestrian based on recent movements. An innovative feature extraction method has been developed for generating feature vectors that are invariant to trip location and prediction time, which are important for training a pattern recognition neural network. All three methods are evaluated on trip data recorded from two pedestrians using a Smartphone application software.
Intergenerational Transmission of Traditional and Contemporary Gender Ideologies via Father-Son Memorable Messages

The purpose of this study was to investigate the memorable messages (N = 198) fathers transmit to sons about “being a man.” Five dominant themes emerged from fathers’ messages: work ethic, morality, strength, family provider, and other. Overall, our results suggest that fathers’ messages promote both traditional and contemporary gender ideologies. The prevalence of the work ethic and morality themes demonstrate fathers’ role in teaching sons about integrity, commitment, and fair treatment of others. Based on our findings, we suggest future researchers explore mothers’ gendered messages, fathers’ generativity, and father-son relational quality.