cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhythmic E-Box Binding by CLK-CYC Controls Daily Cycles in per and tim Transcription and Chromatin Modifications

The Drosophila melanogaster circadian oscillator comprises interlocked per/tim and Clk transcriptional feedback loops. In the per/tim loop, CLK-CYC-dependent transcriptional activation is rhythmically repressed by PER or PER-TIM to control circadian gene expression that peaks around dusk. Here we show that rhythmic transcription of per and tim involves time-of-day-specific binding of CLK-CYC and associated cycles in chromatin modifications. Activation of per and tim transcription occurs in concert with CLK-CYC binding to upstream and/or intronic E-boxes, acetylation of histone H3-K9, and trimethylation of histone H3-K4. These events are associated with RNA polymerase II (Pol II) binding to the tim promoter and transcriptional elongation by Pol II that is constitutively bound to the per promoter. Repression of per and tim transcription is associated with PER-dependent reversal of these events. Rhythms in H3-K9 acetylation and H3-K4 trimethylation are also associated with CLOCK-BMAL1-dependent transcription in mammals, indicating that the mechanism that controls rhythmic transcription is a conserved feature of the circadian clock even though feedback repression is mediated by different proteins.
Rehabilitation Following Cardiac Surgery

Of 120 vocational rehabilitation clients having cardiac surgery between July, 1966 and December, 1968, seven were lost to follow-up, and the operative and late mortality totaled 14%. Ninety-six patients were seen for voluntary outpatient evaluation with a mean postoperative evaluation time of 22 months. Two-thirds of the patients had acquired heart disease and were in functional class III or IV preoperatively. After surgery 76 were in functional class I or II with 20 in functional class III. The electrocardiogram and radiographic heart size had returned toward normal in over 50%, and 76% of those having preoperative exercise tests demonstrated improved exercise capacity postoperatively. The rehabilitation effort was successful in 83% of those surviving surgery and 77% of the entire series. Medical and surgical physical factors were found to be more important than psychosocial factors in determining the vocational outcome after surgery. The duration of unemployment was the most important preoperative varia...
Synthetic peptides of the effector-binding domain of rab enhance secretion from digitonin-permeabilized chromaffin cells.

There is evidence that the rab class of low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins is involved in vesicular transfer from endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi and between Golgi cisternae. To determine whether similar proteins play a role in regulated exocytosis, the effects of synthetic peptides derived from low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins on catecholamine secretion from digitonin-permeabilized chromaffin cells were investigated. The synthetic peptides represent the putative effector-binding domains of the rab, ras and ral classes of low molecular weight GTP-binding proteins and correspond to ras(33–48). Two rab peptides but neither a ras nor a ral peptide enhanced Ca2+-dependent secretion by approximately 30%. Maximal secretion in response to Ca2+ was increased. The enhancement was not blocked by the pseudosubstrate inhibitor of protein kinase C, PKC(19–31), thus indicating that activation of protein kinase C was not responsible for the enhancement of secretion. Similarly a rab peptide but neither a ras nor a ral peptide enhanced CppNHp-induced secretion 30–70%. The peptides had little or no effet in the absence of Ca2+ or GppNHp. The data are consistent with a protein of the rab class playing a role in regulated exocytosis.
Na and K Transport in Red Blood Cells

This chapter on active transport is intended to be a rather practical treatment of the subject in terms of what active transport is, how it can be distinguished from other types of membrane transport, and a survey of its characteristics in some depth. The idea of active transport stems from the fact that cells are able to accumulate and maintain large concentration gradients of permeant substances across their plasma membranes. Because of the ubiquitous occurrence of such processes in living cells and tissues, our purpose can best be served by limiting our discussion to the active transport of the cations, Na and K, and using information derived mainly from studies on red blood cells. Thus, it is hoped that our considerations of basic principles in one cell type will emphasize those features common to all cell types rather than those differences which distinguish one cell type from another.
A simple retinal mechanism contributes to perceptual interactions between rod- and cone-mediated responses in primates

Visual perception across a broad range of light levels is shaped by interactions between rod- and cone-mediated signals. Because responses of retinal ganglion cells, the output cells of the retina, depend on signals from both rod and cone photoreceptors, interactions occurring in retinal circuits provide an opportunity to link the mechanistic operation of parallel pathways and perception. Here we show that rod- and cone-mediated responses interact nonlinearly to control the responses of primate retinal ganglion cells; these nonlinear interactions, surprisingly, were asymmetric, with rod responses strongly suppressing subsequent cone responses but not vice-versa. Human psychophysical experiments revealed a similar perceptual asymmetry. Nonlinear interactions in the retinal output cells were well-predicted by linear summation of kinetically-distinct rod- and cone-mediated signals followed by a synaptic nonlinearity. These experiments thus reveal how a simple mechanism controlling interactions between parallel pathways shapes circuit output and perception.
Rates and routes of trace element uptake in zebra mussels

The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, a nonindigenous invasive species, is now widespread throughout the eastern half of North America. Because zebra mussels are ubiquitous and because they effectively filter particulate matter out of suspension, the cycling and residence times of particle-reactive metals will likely be affected in waters with zebra mussels. This study describes experiments designed to assess the possibility of using this species as a bioindicator of metals in ambient freshwater environments. Laboratory exposures of zebra mussels to 110m Ag, 109 Cd, 51 Cr, 14 C, 203 Hg, and 75 Se were employed to measure their assimilation efficiencies (percentage of ingested element that crosses gut lining) from eight food types (four algal species and bacteria, seston, and mineral assemblages), absorption efficiencies from water (percentage of element pumped by the mussel that is absorbed by the animal), and rates of depuration of these elements from mussels following long-term exposures to food and water. Assimilation efficiencies of elements from foods ranged from 4 to 29% for silver (Ag), 19 to 72% for cadmium (Cd), 42 to 85% for carbon (C), 2 to 19% for chromium (Cr), 4 to 40% for mercury (Hg), and 8 to 46% for selenium (Se). Absorption efficiencies from the dissolved phase were 1.87% for Ag, 1.02% for Cd, 0.47% for Cr(III), 0.27% for Cr(VI), 1.17% for Hg, and 0.03% for Se. Efflux rate constants (d 21 ) following long-term exposure to food and water were 0.067 and 0.084 for Ag, 0.013 and 0.011 for Cd, 0.019 and 0.011 for Cr, 0.050 for Hg (food only), and 0.026 and 0.035 for Se. These loss rates corresponded to biological half-lives ranging fro m 8 d for Ag to 76 d for Se. Loss rates of trace elements from zebra mussel feces followed the following sequence: Cr , Ag , Se , Hg # Cd, with average retention half-times being 59, 43, 11, 6.7, and 5.1 d, respectively, which indicates that geochemical cycling rates from zebra mussel biodeposits are element specific. Egestion patterns of the radioisotopes indicated two digestive phases, extracellular and intracellular digestion. The extent of intracellular digestion ranged from 7 to 40%, depending on the food source, and correlated with assimilation efficiency for Ag, Cd, and Hg. The bioaccumulation parameters measured for D. polymorpha can be used in kinetic models to quantify the relative importance of food and water as sources of metals and to predict on a site-specific basis the tissue concentrations of metals in these mussels, as shown for Cd. Because D. polymorpha accumulates metals from dissolved and particulate sources in proportion to ambient concentrations, this species can be an effective bioindicator of freshwater metal contamination.
On the credibility of manet simulations

Simulation is useful for evaluating protocol performance and operation. However, the lack of rigor with which it's applied threatens the credibility of the published research within the manet research community. Mobile ad hoc networks (manets) allow rapid deployment because they don't depend on a fixed infrastructure. Manet nodes can participate as the source, the destination, or an intermediate router. This flexibility is attractive for military applications, disaster-response situations, and academic environments where fixed net working infrastructures might not be available
Physico-Chemical Factors Underlying Membrane Adhesion and Fusion

Membrane fusion is an essential event in many cellular processes, such as exocytosis, endocytosis, cell membrane assembly, fertilization, and virus infection(1–6). In spite of extensive studies of membrane fusion, its basic molecular mechanism is not well understood in biological systems, probably because there may be several molecular pathways possible for fusion of biological membranes(7,8). However, two distinctly different pathways have been described by which two cell membranes fuse(3,4,9,10) These involve mechanisms active through lipid membrane fusion, and those active through a protein which interacts directly with two membranes.
Effects of Ceramic Ball-Grid-Array Package's Manufacturing Variations on Solder Joint Reliability

The effects of manufacturing variations on the reliability of solder joints between a ceramic ball grid array (BGA) package and a printed wiring board (PWB) are investigated. Three manufacturing parameters tinder consideration are 1) solder volume, 2) solder height, and 3) solder pad size. To study the manufacturing effects, a solder joint profile model is derived. Then the maximum strain is calculated, and the fatigue life of the solder joint is predicted. The accuracy of the solder profile model is verified by comparing its predicted profiles with experimental results. The fatigue life of a solder joint is estimated by the Coffin-Manson's relation. The calculations show that the manufacturing variations change the joint profile, and subsequently affect the fatigue life. The solder joints formed may have convex, cylindrical and concave profiles. The concave solder joints are preferred, which have long fatigue lives and are less sensitive to the manufacturing variations. For the convex solder joints, their fatigue lives are strongly affected by the joint height variation and by the combined effects of solder volume and pad size.
The Enduring Evolution of the P Value

Mathematics and statistical analyses contribute to the language of science and to every scientific discipline. Clinical trials and epidemiologic studies published in biomedical journals are essentially exercises in mathematical measurement.1 With the extensive contribution of statisticians to the methodological development of clinical trials and epidemiologic theory, it is not surprising that many statistical concepts have dominated scientific inferential processes, especially in research investigating biomedical cause-and-effect relations.1- 6 For example, the comparative point estimate of a risk factor (eg, a risk ratio) is used to mathematically express the strength of the association between the presumed exposure and the outcome of interest.7- 9 Mathematics is also used to express random variation inherent around the point estimate as a range that is termed a confidence interval.1 However, despite the greater degree of information provided by point estimates and confidence intervals, the statistic most frequently used in biomedical research for conveying association is the P value.1
Catatonia in birds: Experimental studies with bulbocapnine

A state of intoxication resembling in many respects that of catatonia can be induced in birds by injections of bulbocapnine in doses varying from five to ten per cent of the body weight of the animal. Compared with the catatonic state likewise induced in higher animals such as the mouse, the cat and the monkey, the catatonic manifestations in birds are somewhat imperfectly developed. In the presence of external stimuli they tend to disappear. These observations tend to show that birds occupy in this respect an intermediate position between the mammals and those animals devoid of a neo-cortex.
Dynamics of Conserved Scalar Mixing and Transport in Gas-Phase Turbulent Jets

Using a next generation pulse-burst laser system mixture fraction data of an axisymmetric propane jet issuing into air was collected at 10 kHz. Planar Rayleigh scattering measurements were taken for Red = 10,000; 20,000; 30,000 at axial locations ranging from x/d = 10 40. The objective of the current work focuses on validation of the kHz-rate measurements and introduction of temporally based data. To validate the mixture fraction measurements, mean values and RMS fluctuations data are compared to previously published literature. Temporal dynamics are examined using qualitative and quantitative means to develope the fullest picture possible. Image sets and point based mixture fraction traces are used to gain qualitative The integral time scale and unmixedness parameter are plotted for a large range of axial, radial and Reynolds number cases. The functional form of integral time scale dependence on Reynolds number, axial location and radial location is discussed.
Mutational landscape of lacrimal gland carcinomas and implications for treatment

Importance Lacrimal gland carcinomas are rare. Identification of molecular abnormalities underlying lacrimal gland carcinogenesis is critical to the development of new targeted therapies for lacrimal gland carcinomas. Objective To elucidate the molecular profile of lacrimal gland carcinomas. Design Experimental study with clinical correlates. Setting Tertiary cancer center. Participants 24 patients with lacrimal gland epithelial neoplasms. Main outcome measures Genomic DNA was isolated from tumor tissue, and the Sequenom MALDI TOF mass ARRAY platform was used to profile 168 common oncogenic point mutations in 40 genes. Mutation frequency was assessed overall and by histologic diagnosis. Results The study included 14 males and 10 females with a median age of 45 years (range 17–75 years). The histologic diagnoses were as follows: adenoid cystic carcinoma (n = 16), low-grade carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (n = 2), high-grade carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (n = 2), squamous carcinoma (n = 1), and pleomorphic adenoma (n = 3). Analysis revealed 18 oncogenic mutations in 13 patients: KRAS mutations in 10 patients (46%), NRAS mutations in 2 patients (8%), MET mutations in 3 patients (13%), PIK3CA mutation in 1 patient (4%), and BRAF mutation innopatients. About half of the patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma had oncogenic mutations (7 of 16, 44%). Of the 16 patients with adenoid cystic carcinoma, 5 had KRAS mutations, 1 had MET mutations, and 1 had an NRAS mutation. A KRAS mutation coexisted with NRAS and PIK3CA mutations in 1 pleomorphic adenoma; 2 KRAS mutations coexisted in a second pleomorphic adenoma. One carcinoma had concurrent KRAS and MET mutations. Conclusions and relevance KRAS, NRAS, and MET mutations are frequent in epithelial neoplasms of the lacrimal gland, with the highest rate of mutations found in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Therapies targeting these genes may be effective treatments for lacrimal gland carcinomas.
Negative plant‐soil feedbacks increase with plant abundance, and are unchanged by competition

Plant-soil feedbacks and interspecific competition are ubiquitous interactions that strongly influence the performance of plants. Yet few studies have examined whether the strength of these interactions corresponds with the abundance of plant species in the field, or whether feedbacks and competition interact in ways that either ameliorate or exacerbate their effects in isolation. We sampled soil from two intermountain grassland communities where we also measured the relative abundance of plant species. In greenhouse experiments, we quantified the direction and magnitude of plant-soil feedbacks for 10 target species that spanned a range of abundances in the field. In soil from both sites, plant-soil feedbacks were mostly negative, with more abundant species suffering greater negative feedbacks than rare species. In contrast, the average response to competition for each species was unrelated with its abundance in the field. We also determined how competitive response varied among our target species when plants competed in live vs. sterile soil. Interspecific competition reduced plant size, but the strength of this negative effect was unchanged by plant-soil feedbacks. Finally, when plants competed interspecifically, we asked how conspecific-trained, heterospecific-trained, and sterile soil influenced the competitive responses of our target species and how this varied depending on whether target species were abundant or rare in the field. Here, we found that both abundant and rare species were not as harmed by competition when they grew in heterospecific-trained soil compared to when they grew in conspecific-cultured soil. Abundant species were also not as harmed by competition when growing in sterile vs. conspecific-trained soil, but this was not the case for rare species. Our results suggest that abundant plants accrue species-specific soil pathogens to a greater extent than rare species. Thus, negative feedbacks may be critical for preventing abundant species from becoming even more abundant than rare species.
Outcomes of an Advanced Ultrasound Elective: Preparing Medical Students for Residency and Practice.

OBJECTIVES Many medical specialties have adopted the use of ultrasound, creating demands for higher-quality ultrasound training at all levels of medical education. Little is known about the long-term benefit of integrating ultrasound training during undergraduate medical education. This study evaluated the effect of a longitudinal fourth-year undergraduate medical education elective in ultrasound and its impact on the future use of ultrasound in clinical practice. METHODS A cross-sectional survey of medical graduates from The Ohio State University College of Medicine (2006-2011) was done, comparing those who participated and those who did not participate in a rigorous ultrasound program for fourth-year medical students. A 38-item questionnaire queried graduates concerning ultrasound education in residency, their proficiency, and their current use of ultrasound in clinical practice. RESULTS Surveys were completed by 116 respondents, for a return rate of 40.8% (116 of 284). The participants of the undergraduate medical education ultrasound elective (n = 61) reported more hours of ultrasound training after graduation (hands-on training, bedside scanning, and number of scans performed; P < .001), higher ultrasound proficiency (proficiency in using ultrasound for clinical decision making, use in emergency settings, and use of novel techniques; P< .001), and higher rates of ultrasound use in clinical practice (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS The longitudinal undergraduate medical education ultrasound elective produced physicians who were more likely to seek additional training in residency, evaluate themselves as more proficient, and use ultrasound in their clinical practice. Early training in bedside ultrasound during undergraduate medical education yields physicians who are better prepared for integration of ultrasound into clinical practice.
Determination of sulphonamides residues in fish by liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer

Objective: To establish a method for the determination of seven sulphonamides(Sulfadoxine,Sulphadimethoxine,Sulfameter,Sulfamethazine,Sulfaquinoxaline,Sulfadiazine,Sulfamethoxazole) residues in fish tissue.Methods:The sample was extracted by acetonitrile and detected by Liquid Chromatography-Triple quadrupole mass spectrometer.Results:The correlation coefficients of linear calibration curves were over 0.998 within the sulphonamides concentration range of 5~100 μg/L.The detection limits was 0.4 μg/L.Conclusion:The method can be routinely used for the determination of seven sulphonamides in fish tissue.
Transferring the C-terminus of the chemokine CCL21 to CCL19 confers enhanced heparin binding.

Chemokines direct the migration of cells during various immune processes and are involved in many disease states. For example, CCL19 and CCL21, through activation of the CCR7 receptor, recruit dendritic cells and naive T-cells to the secondary lymphoid organs aiding in balancing immune response and tolerance. However, CCL19 and CCL21 can also direct the metastasis of CCR7 expressing cancers. Chemokine binding to glycosaminoglycans, such as heparin, is as important to chemokine function as receptor activation. CCL21 is unique in that it contains an extended C-terminus not found in other chemokines like CCL19. Deletion of this extended C-terminus reduces CCL21's affinity for heparin and transferring the CCL21 C-terminus to CCL19 enhances heparin binding mainly through non-specific, electrostatic interactions.
Introduction: Part 1

The French and the Americans have been interacting since the seventeenth century. In the last half-century, with the advent of a new world order, a number of pundits have rather crudely come to distinguish the two national cultures in terms of political and cultural vitality: Americans act and the French react; Americans are a people of action while the French are a people of resistance. Until now, a vigorous – even aggressive – form of French resistance has seemed to escape our detection. It comes in a very lively genre of artistic representation. So I might begin this discussion with a dramatic warning: Self respecting Americans, beware! The French are taking over your bodies, your minds, your territorial space. They are fabricating American places and masquerading as American citizens on the stages of their theatres, imposing their interpretations of your world. They are writing plays about American people and American places, performing America their own way and as they see it. Since the 1960s, prominent French dramatists have written an extraordinary number of plays about the American West, about American war and violence, American business, and about America’s crusade to establish a new world order.
Inhibition Of Wnt Signaling In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Has Synergistic Cytotoxicity With Ibrutinib

The Wnt pathway plays a major role in early embryonic development and in various cancers. We found that CLL cells have activated Wnt-signaling ( Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, PMID: 14973184) and express genes commonly associated with B-cell progenitors or stem cells, especially the Wnt factor-related genes such as LEF1, Wnt16, and Frizzled3 (FZD3). Also, compared to normal B lymphocytes, CLL cells express high levels of the putative cancer stem cell marker Aldehyde Dehydrogenase (ALDH), especially those CLL cells with high-risk prognostic features (Leuk and Lymph, 2013, PMID 22784365) and are highly sensitive to inhibitors of Wnt signaling ( Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004, PMID: 3156152). Finally, next generation DNA sequencing studies have identified mutations in 12 different Wnt pathway genes in 15-20% of CLL patients. Collectively, the results of these studies imply that Wnt-signaling may be an excellent target for developing effective novel therapies for patients with CLL ( Oncotarget 2011, PMID: 21860066). We compared different classes of Wnt inhibitors identified by screening of natural compound and small molecule libraries for cytotoxicity in primary leukemic cells from patients with CLL. Among all the Wnt inhibitors tested, Salinomycin and Agelastatin (naturally occurring compounds targeting LRP5/6 degradation or LEF1 down-regulation as previously reported by our groups) consistently showed dose dependent cytotoxicity at concentrations lower than 1 µM. In contrast, small molecule Wnt inhibitors targeting more proximal elements of the Wnt pathway, porcupine (Wnt-C59) and tankyrase, (XAV-939) had little direct effect on in vitro CLL cell viability even at 10 µM. The Wnt inhibitors were also utilized as tool compounds to evaluate the effect of combined inhibition of the Wnt pathway and other pathways. Interestingly, we identified synergistic activity between Wnt inhibitors and other inhibitors, including Ibrutinib and Idelalisib. By colorimetric and flow cytometry assays, we demonstrated that significant cell death was induced with combinations of the agents at concentrations at which little or no cytotoxicity was seen with either agent alone. The studies further demonstrate that the Wnt pathway is a viable target for the treatment of CLL and may potentiate other emerging CLL therapies. Disclosures: Kipps: Pharmacyclics: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees; Janssen Pharmaceuticals: Speakers Bureau; Abbvie: Membership on an entity’s Board of Directors or advisory committees, Research Funding.
Gender and Feminist Studies in Psychology

Along with facilitating the recognition of women's presence in psychology, the women's movement gave rise to a feminist critique of psychological theory, research, and practice and to the development of new approaches in these areas. Feminist psychology is a form of critical psychology: it interrogates the moral, political, and scientific claims of psychology and attempts to influence the directions of the discipline. Its goal is the systematic analysis of women's psychology and of the impact of gender on human subjectivity and experience. Perhaps the most important contribution of feminist and gender studies in psychology is the wealth of new research generated. Uniquely female experiences have become legitimate topics of study and new feminist perspectives have been applied to them. As the field has matured, there has been an increasing interest in gender processes rather than gendered traits. In other words, gender currently is conceived not only as a phenomenon inside individuals but a system of agreed-upon meanings used in social interaction. Methodological and theoretical developments within the discipline are considered.
Effect of Percutaneous Edge-to-Edge Repair on Mitral Valve Area and Its Association With Pulmonary Hypertension and Outcomes.

Percutaneous edge-to-edge repair using the MitraClip system causes reduction in mitral valve area (MVA). However, its clinical impact is not fully elucidated. This study assessed the impact of postprocedural MVA reduction on pulmonary hypertension and outcomes. A total of 92 patients with grades 3 to 4 + mitral regurgitation (MR) who underwent MitraClip therapy were retrospectively reviewed. Using intraprocedural, 3-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, postprocedural MVA was obtained by 2 optimized planes through the medial and lateral orifices of the repaired valve. MVA was reduced by 60.1% immediately after MitraClip procedure (p
Social Skills and Physical Disability

Medical and physical rehabilitation of persons with major medical disorders such as spinal cord injury has progressed to the point where normal life spans are expected and physical mobility problems no longer interfere with leading a full life (Mesard, Carmody, Mannarino, & Ruge, 1978). Such advances in medical andhysical rehabilitation may be insufficient however, unless accompanied by efforts to facilitate patients’ psychosocial rehabilitation.One study (cited by Morgan, 1972, p. 37) has shown that in a comparison of two very similar spinal cord injury rehabilitation programs, the one that offered an augmented psychosocial program in addition to medical treatment resulted in patients who maintained their hospital-learned physical gains in the first 90 days after discharge. Of the group that received medical treatment only, 50% deteriorated in the same time period.
Associations Between Peer Harassment and School Risk and Protection Profiles.

BACKGROUND Peer harassment can have serious implications for students' success and well-being, and prevention programs need to consider the school context. This study aimed to: (1) identify groups of similar schools based on their risk and protective factors and demographic characteristics and (2) examine associations between school profiles and students' bullying involvement. METHODS Data came from 505 schools and 122,106 students who completed the 2013 Minnesota Student Survey. School-level risk and protective factors and demographic characteristics were included in a latent profile analysis (LPA) to identify profiles of schools. Multilevel logistic regression was used to assess associations between school profiles and peer harassment. RESULTS Six qualitatively different school profiles were identified. Unadjusted models showed that schools with higher levels of risk had greater odds of peer harassment. However, after controlling for student-level risk and protection, regardless of school-level risk, students in metro-area schools with a more diverse student body reported lower odds of bullying involvement. CONCLUSIONS These findings highlight the importance of the social environment into peer harassment. In addition to addressing student-level risk and protection, larger community factors and norms also need to be taken into account for developing, selecting, and implementing the most effective approaches to bullying prevention.
Mechanisms to Evade the Phagocyte Respiratory Burst Arose by Convergent Evolution in Typhoidal Salmonella Serovars

Typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar (S.) Typhi differs in its clinical presentation from gastroenteritis caused by S. Typhimurium and other non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars. The different clinical presentations are attributed in part to the virulence-associated capsular polysaccharide (Vi antigen) of S. Typhi, which prevents phagocytes from triggering a respiratory burst by preventing antibody-mediated complement activation. Paradoxically, the Vi antigen is absent from S. Paratyphi A, which causes a disease that is indistinguishable from typhoid fever. Here, we show that evasion of the phagocyte respiratory burst by S. Paratyphi A required very long O antigen chains containing the O2 antigen to inhibit antibody binding. We conclude that the ability to avoid the phagocyte respiratory burst is a property distinguishing typhoidal from non-typhoidal Salmonella serovars that was acquired by S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A independently through convergent evolution.
The Evolution of Galápagos Volcanoes: An Alternative Perspective

The older eastern Galapagos are different in almost every way from the historically active western Galapagos volcanoes. The western Galapagos volcanoes have steep upper slopes and are topped by large calderas, whereas none of the older islands has a caldera, an observation that is supported by recent gravity measurements. Moreover, the eastern islands tend to have been constructed by linear fissure systems and many are cut by faults. Most of the western volcanoes erupt evolved basalts with an exceedingly small range of Mg#, Lan/Smn, and Smn/Ybn. This is attributed to homogenization in a crustal-scale magmatic mush column, which is maintained in a thermochemical steady state, owing to high magma supply directly over the Galapagos mantle plume. The exceptions are volcanoes at the leading edge of the hotspot, which have yet to develop mush columns, and volcanoes that are waning in activity, because they are being carried away from the plume. In contrast, the eastern volcanoes erupt relatively primitive magmas, with a large range in Mg#, Lan/Smn, and Smn/Ybn. This is attributed to isolated, ephemeral magmatic plumbing systems supplied by smaller magmatic fluxes throughout their histories. Consequently, each batch of magma follows an independent course of evolution, owing to the low volume of hypersolidus material beneath these volcanoes. The magmatic flux to Galapagos volcanoes negatively correlates with the distance to the Galapagos Spreading Center (GSC). When the ridge was close to the plume, most of the plume-derived magma was directed to the ridge. Currently, the active volcanoes are much farther from the GSC, thus most of the plume-derived magma erupts on the Nazca Plate and can be focused beneath the large young shields. We define an intermediate sub-province comprising Rabida, Santiago and Pinzon volcanoes, which were most active about 1 Ma. They have all erupted dacites, rhyolites, and trachytes, similar to the dying stage of the western volcanoes, indicating that there was a relatively large volume of mush beneath them. Morphologically, however, they are more like the eastern volcanoes, and have erupted lavas with a large range in composition.
High-Performance Computing (HPC) and Machine Learning Demonstrated in Flight Using Agile Condor ®

For the first time ever, advanced machine learning (ML) compute architectures, techniques, and methods were demonstrated in flight (in June-August 2017 and May 2018) on the recently invented high-performance computing (HPC) architecture called Agile Condor (U.S. Patent Pending #5497944). The Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) Information Directorate Advanced Computing and Communications Division continues to develop and demonstrate new computing architectures, designed to provide HPC ground and airborne (pod-based) solutions to meet operational and tactical, real-time processing for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance (ISR) mission needs. Agile Condor is a scalable system based on open industry standards that continues to demonstrate the ability to increase, far beyond the current state-of-the-art, computational capability within the restrictive size, weight and power (SWaP) constraints of unmanned aircraft systems' external “pod” payloads. This system is enabling the exploration and development of innovative system solutions to meet future Air Force real-time HPC needs; e.g., multi-mission and multifunction ISR processing and exploitation. The Agile Condor system innovations include: (1) a cost-effective and flexible compute architecture, (2) support for multiple missions, (3) facilitating realistic, repeatable experimentation, and (4) enabling related experimentation and applications for operational exploitation of a wide range of information products. On the recent collection, demonstration and data collection efforts, information was simultaneously processed in a parallelized approach using two distinct ML approaches. This approach enabled real-time trade-space analyses and the ability to immediately contrast and compare the approaches. The data processing also included the exploitation of data from multiple sensors, such as optical, full-motion video (FMV), and radar. Thereby, Agile Condor's heterogenous computing architecture continues to accelerate the development of computing technologies and ML algorithms necessary to exploit large quantities of data on a platform upstream, closer to the sensors. The prototype ML techniques that can be utilized include, but are not limited to, specialized deep neural networks (DNN), convolutional neural networks (CNN), and recurrent neural networks (RNN) that support sequential/temporal data products and applications for exploitation, pattern recognition, and autonomous operation.
Challenging neoliberal justification for labor exploitation through the application of critical communication pedagogy

This activity elucidates a critical and pragmatic means by which students and instructors can examine the practice of labor exploitation by neoliberal corporations. By employing critical communicat...
Photophosphorylation in cell envelope vesicles from Halobacteriumhalobium

Abstract We have prepared vesicles from cell envelope membranes of Halobacterium halobium strains R1 and ET-15 which are able to synthesize ATP in response to illumination. This photophosphorylation is inhibited by dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) and by phloretin. ATP synthesis in L vesicles from the R1 strain (which contain bacteriorhodopsin) is inhibited by the protonophore 1799 but not by valinomycin. In M vesicles from the R1 strain and in ET-15 vesicles (both contain halorhodopsin) photophosphorylation is inhibited by both 1799 and valinomycin. These data are consistent with the idea that light-driven ATP synthesis can be coupled to the electrochemical H+ gradient generated by bacteriorhodopsin or by halorhodopsin through the membrane potential component of protonmotive force.
A Constructional Approach to as far as NP is concerned

The construction as far as NP is concerned has two functions in English: as a marker of contrastive topic and as an evidential. Due to its homophonous nature, this construction illustrates how meaning is not always a function of semantic compositionality. Thus, it is problematic for syntactic theories that have only compositional means to account for semantic and syntactic relationships. However, a constructional approach, viz. Construction Grammar, is useful for analyzing ambiguous constructions because it makes use of conventions which distinguish pragmatic functions and allows meaning to be attached to syntactic forms.
Suicide Prevention in the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs: Using the Evidence Without Losing the Narrative

The rate of suicide among veterans continues to be highly problematic. The widespread adoption and mandated implementation of thinly validated and scripted assessment tools have the potential to in...
What Atomic Liquids Can Teach Us about Quark Liquids

We discuss some aspects of cold atomic Fermi gases in the unitarity limit that are of interest in connection with the physics of quark matter and the quark gluon plasma. We consider, in particular, the equation of state, transport properties, the critical temperature for pair condensation, and the response to a pair breaking stress.
Rebuttal for: Postoperative complications of epidural analgesia at hysterectomy for gynecologic malignancies: an analysis of the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Ackroyd and colleagues’ study[1][1] links epidural analgesia with negative postoperative outcomes based on a propensity matching model intended to remove the bias present in observational datasets. We question their approach for several reasons. First, covariates used to create their model are not
Unfulfilled Expectations After Surgery for Adult Lumbar Scoliosis Compared with Other Degenerative Conditions

Patients’ expectations influence their decisions to undergo surgery for scoliosis, and fulfillment of expectations is an important patient-centered outcome. In a 2-year cohort study, we compared the proportion of expectations fulfilled based on the number of vertebrae involved in surgery between adult lumbar scoliosis patients and controls with other degenerative conditions. Patients pre-operatively completed a valid lumbar surgery expectations survey addressing expected improvements for symptoms, function, and psychosocial well-being (scores from 0 to 100; higher score indicates more expectations). Two years post-operatively, the patients completed another survey, this one recording how much improvement they actually experienced; fulfillment was defined as a proportion (i.e., received improvement/expected improvement). The range was 0 (none fulfilled) to > 1 (expectations surpassed). We further analyzed data according to the number of vertebrae involved in the surgery. We included 42 scoliosis patients and 134 controls with similar mean ages (66 vs 64 years, respectively) and pre-operative expectations survey scores (72 vs 70, respectively). When we stratified by < 3 or ≥ 3 vertebrae, we found that the proportion of expectations fulfilled differed for scoliosis patients but not for controls. In multivariable analysis, lower proportion of expectations fulfilled was associated with greater pre-operative expectations, less improvement in pre- to post-operative disability, and the composite interaction of scoliosis and number of vertebrae. Compared with controls, scoliosis patients who required surgery to a greater number of vertebrae were more likely to have unfulfilled expectations 2 years post-operatively. Our findings support the importance of addressing expectations pre-operatively with all patients, especially those with scoliosis who require surgery to ≥ 3 vertebrae.
Making the Midcentury, Modern

Bernard Malamud’s novel A New Life and its attention to midcentury writing instruction illuminates the emergence of rhetoric and composition. Malamud’s novel is what microhistorians describe as “ex...
Do Poor Countries Really Need More IT

Productivity differences across countries are often attributed to differences in technological capabilities. This paper asks whether there are systematic cross-country differences in the adoption o...
Restructuring the Labor Market to Democratize the Public Forum

Restructuring the Labor Market to Democratize the Public Forum makes the provocative argument that the identities we construct in the labor market prevent us from creating a democratic public forum. The labor market, where we spend most of our time as adults, wields tremendous influence over our identities, yet its influence is deeply undemocratic. Employers promote hierarchy and ideological conformity through a variety of mechanisms, including sex-based pay scales and stereotypes, rather than promoting the equality and ideological diversity that are crucial to a democratic public forum. Employees inevitably internalize the hierarchies and ideologies to which they are exposed in the labor market, and reproduce them in the public forum – thereby destroying the possibility of democratic debate. When we inhabit rigid hierarchies and embrace a narrow set of ideologies over long periods of time in the labor market, we become ill-equipped to interact as equals and express unique ideologies in the public forum. If we want to create a truly democratic public forum, we need to create a labor market that is either more democratic or less relevant to identity construction. The labor market could be “democratized” by requiring employers to flatten existing hierarchies and involve employees in workplace governance; it could alternatively be rendered less relevant to identity construction by diminishing the number of hours we spend at work.
The implicit ideological function of the global health field and its role in maintaining relations of power.

### Summary box One formidable barrier to equity in the global health field is its implicit function of legitimising and reproducing the existing power structure in addition to its explicit goal of improving population health and health equity. In October 2019, the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Nuclear Threat Initiative, and the Economist Intelligence Unit published the Global Health Security Index.1 An international advisory panel of ‘21 experts from 13 countries ranked 195 countries based on a comprehensive framework of 140 questions, organized across 6 categories, 34 indicators, and 85 subindicators to assess a country’s capability to prevent and mitigate epidemics and pandemics’.1 The USA, the UK and the Netherlands were ranked top 3 countries on the overall score, with the USA ranked first in four out of …
“Some people like…”: Misapprehension and Effacement of Jouissance in Climate Hostile Advertising

The deployment of psychoanalytic insights in service of modern advertising techniques is a matter of historical fact. For precisely that reason, psychoanalytic theory offers a means to understand and expose what advertisements try to obscure as they influence individuals’ habits. This is particularly important when it comes to the corporations that egregiously harm the environment whilst deploying images of nature in television commercials. I argue that an understanding of Jacques Lacan’s clinical structure of perversion and Lacanian jouissance can serve to demystify and subvert modern advertising techniques. To support this claim, I examine both fictional examples of the advertising industry as well as various U.S. advertising campaigns.
An Alignment Chart for the Allowable Stresses for Spruce Beams in Bending and Compression

A for the determination of the allowable stresses in wood beams under bending and compression is given in Aeronautics Bulletin No. 26, Fig. 18. This chart is complicated and somewhat difficult to use, especially for one unfamiliar with its operation. Problems may be solved more simply with the use of the accompanying alignment chart, Fig. 1, developed by the author. I t is believed that this new chart will give a quicker and more accurate solution than the nomogram referred to above.
New methods shed light on age of onset as a risk factor for nicotine dependence.

Introduction Early onset of substance use is a risk factor for later drug use, abuse, and dependence. This study examines how the rate of nicotine dependence differs as a function of age of onset of regular smoking in continuous time, in order to identify critical age periods that are most predictive of later dependence for males and females.
Early European star maps

In previous chapters we discussed the cosmologies and constellation developments of both non-European and European countries. We have considered ancient ways of mapping the heavens using such media as paintings on the walls and ceilings of temples, markings on oracle bones or clay tablets, and representations on unusual flat surfaces, such as papyrus. We now are in a position to begin our journey of describing and illustrating how the heavens were depicted on flat surfaces that we usually associate with such activities in Europe, such as vellum or paper. In fact, it was in Europe that star maps reached their zenith in terms of accuracy and beauty, especially during the Golden Age of celestial cartography in the 17th and 18th Centuries. But prior to this time, especially in the 16th Century, there were a number of ‘‘firsts’’ that set the stage for the Golden Age, and this will form the subject of this chapter.
Microbes in fuel: An overview with a naval perspective

A brief review of the history of microbial contamination of distillate hydrocarbon fuels is followed by a discussion of the major fungal and bacterial genera responsible and the conditions necessary for their proliferation. Microorganisms cause problems because they promote corrosion, and their physical presence leads to plugging of coalescers, filters, and orifices and the malfunction of fuel system gages. Interactions among different microbial fuel contaminants may enhance or inhibit their growth, and simple changes in conditions in the aqueous medium, such as pH, might be exploited as a means of controlling microbial growth. New biocides are available that promise to control microbial fuel contaminants at very low concentrations and in the presence of fuel tank sludge.