cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Integrating Viral Hepatitis Prevention into Public Health Programs Serving People at High Risk for Infection: Good Public Health

Viral hepatitis caused by infection with hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major public health problem in the United States. In 2005, there were an estimated 19,000 new cases of hepatitis A, 15,000 new cases of hepatitis B, and 20,000 new HCV infections.1 In addition, at least 1.25 million people have chronic HBV infection and 3.2 to 4 million people are estimated to have chronic HCV infection, which can cause liver cirrhosis, liver cancer, liver failure, and death.1–3 By comparison, about 1 million people in the United States have human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection.4
Combination of Thrombolytic Therapy With Neuroprotectants

Thrombolysis is the first scientifically established treatment for acute ischemic stroke, but we now need to build on that success. One possible way this might be accomplished is by combining thrombolysis with neuroprotection (see Chapter 3). Such combination therapy might reduce complications of thrombolysis, especially hemorrhage, by protecting damaged endothelium or reducing the volume of tissue necrosis. It might also prevent secondary injury associated with reperfusion. Finally, it might augment the benefit of thrombolysis by extending the time window before irreversible damage occurs. This chapter explores the rationale behind combination therapy and describe laboratory and clinical results to date.
Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Cider by Flash Pasteurization

Cryptosporidium parvum is a well-recognized pathogen of significant medical importance, and cider (apple juice) has been associated with foodborne cryptosporidiosis. This study investigated the effect of flash pasteurization on the viability of contaminant C. parvum oocysts. Cider inoculated with oocysts was heated at 70 or 71.7 degrees C for 5, 10, or 20 s, and oocyst viability was measured by a semiquantitative in vitro infectivity assay. By infecting multiple wells of confluent Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells with serial dilutions of heat-treated oocysts and examining infected cells by indirect fluorescent antibody staining, the most probable number technique was applied to quantify log reduction of oocyst viability. Heating for 10 or 20 s at either temperature caused oocyst killing of at least 4.9 log (or 99.999%), whereas oocyst inactivation after pasteurization for 5 s at 70 and 71.7 degrees C was 3.0 log (99.9%) and 4.8 log (99.998%), respectively. Our results suggested that current practices of flash pasteurization in the juice industry are sufficient in inactivating contaminant oocysts.
Critical appraisal. Reversal of compromised bonding after bleaching

Bleaching with peroxide agents compromises the adhesion of resin-based materials to enamel and dentin. The problem is likely caused by delayed release of oxygen from the teeth that inhibits resin polymerization at the interface. The typical method for avoiding problems with bonding to bleached teeth is simply to delay the bonding procedure for a week or two after bleaching. However, there is evidence that bonding can be done immediately if bleaching is followed by the application of an antioxidant. This Critical Appraisal reviews some of the published reports on the reversal of compromised bonding after bleaching via the use of antioxidants such as sodium ascorbate.
Characteristics of the structural components of the mouse mammary tumor virus. I. Morphological and biochemical studies.

Abstract Tween 80-ether treatment of mouse mammary tumor virus results in disruption of the viral membrane and release of three structural components: the nucleoid, large fragments of membranes, and short pieces of membranes that appear as rosettes. These structural components have been isolated by density-gradient centrifugation. The buoyant density of the nucleoid in potassium citrate or tartrate is 1.24 g/cm3 as compared to 1.16–1.18 g/cm3 for the untreated virus. The nucleoids are mostly pleomorphic and show two distinctive structures: a nucleoid capsule and filamentous nucleoprotein strands (30–40 A in diameter) within it. In some preparations the nucleoprotein strands are observed in helical form, making up short segments of the nucleocapsid (80–90 A in diameter). The isolated nucleoids contain 4.4% RNA as compared to 1.9% for the whole virion. RNase treatment of the nucleoid causes no structural alteration, while trypsin treatment results in solubilization of the nucleoprotein. The nucleoid capsules are resistant to protease, and can be isolated from trypsinized nucleoids at a density of 1.14 g/cm3. Trypsin treatment of the intact virus results in a loss of spikes from some, but not all virions. Tween 80-ether treatment does not effectively remove the spikes from the viral membrane, but occasionally structures resembling free spikes are observed. Membrane fragments form two types of aggregates: rosettelike structures as a consequence of end-to-end fusion, and bandlike structures resulting from spike-to-spike adhesion. The isolated nucleoids are not infective when inoculated into susceptible mice.
Simulation Study of Beam‐Plasma Interaction and Associated Acceleration of Background Ions

Wave evolution and ion heating in ion beam-plasma interaction are studied by one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) hybrid simulations for cases with a relatively strong field-aligned ion beam (e.g., the ratio of beam ion density to background ion density >0.06 for beam velocity = 10V A , where V A is the Alfven speed). It is found that the wave evolution possesses four different phases. In the final phase, nonlinear shear Alfven waves with right-hand polarization in magnetic field are generated. These Alfven waves propagate mainly with k.B 0 > 0, and the dispersion relation ω = kv A cosα is satisfied, where a is the angle between k and B 0 . The shear Alfven waves are excited through a parametric process via beam-ion cyclotron instability. In addition, the background plasma is accelerated and heated significantly. The ratio of the final to initial temperature, varying almost linearly with beam energy density n b V b 2 , can reach 80-100 for typical plasmas in space. It is found that the ion heating in obliquely propagating waves (α ¬= 0) is more effective than that in the case with (a = 0).
Bradykinin-mediated diseases

Diseases which have been demonstrated to be caused by increased plasma levels of bradykinin all have angioedema as the common major clinical manifestation. Angioedema due to therapy with angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors is caused by suppressed bradykinin degradation so that it accumulates. This occurs because ACE metabolizes bradykinin by removal of Phe-Arg from the C-terminus, which inactivates it. By contrast, angioedema due to C1 inhibitor deficiency (either hereditary types I and II, or acquired) is caused by bradykinin overproduction. C1 inhibitor inhibits factor XIIa, kallikrein and activity associated with the prekallikrein-HK (high-molecular-weight kininogen) complex. In its absence, uncontrolled activation of the plasma bradykinin cascade is seen once there has been an initiating stimulus. C4 levels are low in all types of C1 inhibitor deficiency due to the instability of C1 (C1r, in particular) such that some activated C1 always circulates and depletes C4. In the hereditary disorder, formation of factor XIIf (factor XII fragment) during attacks of swelling causes C4 levels to drop toward zero, and C2 levels decline. A kinin-like molecule, once thought to be a cleavage product derived from C2 that contributes to the increased vascular permeability seen in hereditary angioedema (HAE), is now thought to be an artifact, i.e. no such molecule is demonstrable. The acquired C1 inhibitor deficiency is associated with clonal disorders of B cell hyperreactivity, including lymphoma and monoclonal gammopathy. Most cases have an IgG autoantibody to C1 inhibitor which inactivates it so that the presentation is strikingly similar to type I HAE. New therapies for types I and II HAE include C1 inhibitor replacement therapy, ecallantide, a kallikrein antagonist, and icatibant, a B2 receptor antagonist. A newly described type III HAE has normal C1 inhibitor, although it is thought to be mediated by bradykinin, as is an antihistamine-resistant subpopulation of patients with 'idiopathic' angioedema. The mechanism(s) for the formation of bradykinin in these disorders is unknown.
A new yeast mutation in the glucosylation steps of the asparagine-linked glycosylation pathway: formation of a novel asparagine-linked oligosaccharide containing two glucose residues

We have isolated and characterized a new yeast mutation in the glucosylation steps of lipid-linked oligosaccharide biosynthesis, alg8-1. Cells carrying the alg8-1 mutation accumulate Glc1Man9GlcNAc2-lipid both in vivo and in vitro. We present evidence showing that the alg8-1 mutation blocks addition of the second alpha 1,3-linked glucose. alg8-1 cells transfer Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 to protein instead of the wild type oligosaccharide, Glc3Man9GlcNAc2. Pulse-chase studies indicate that the Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 transferred is processed more slowly than the wild type oligosaccharide. The yeast mutation gls1-1 lacks glucosidase I activity (Esmon, B., Esmon, P.C., and Schekman, R. (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 10322-10327), the enzyme responsible for removing the alpha 1,2-linked glucose residues from protein-linked oligosaccharides. We demonstrate that gls1-1 cells contain glucosidase II activity (which removes alpha 1,3-linked glucose residues) and have constructed the alg8-1 gls1-1 haploid double mutant. The Glc1Man9GlcNAc2 oligosaccharide was trimmed normally in these cells, demonstrating that the alg8-1 oligosaccharide contained an alpha 1,3-linked glucose residue. A novel Glc2 compound was probably produced by the action of the biosynthetic enzyme that normally adds the alpha 1,2-linked glucose to lipid-linked Glc2Man9GlcNAc2. This enzyme may be able to slowly add alpha 1,2-linked glucose residue to protein-bound Glc1Man9GlcNAc2. The relevance of these findings to similar observations in other systems where glucose residues are added to asparagine-linked oligosaccharides and the possible significance of the reduced rate of oligosaccharide trimming in the alg mutants are discussed.
The mechanical properties of fluoride salts at elevated temperatures

The deformation behavior of CaF2 and LiF single crystals compressed in the 111 and the 100 line directions, respectively, are compared with the mechanical properties of polycrystalline LiF-22 (mol pct) CaF2 eutectic mixture in the temperature range 300 to 1275 K for strain rates varying between 7 x 10 to the -7th and 0.2/s. The true stress-strain curves for the single crystals were found to exhibit three stages in an intermediate range of temperatures and strain rates, whereas those for the eutectic showed negative work-hardening rates after a maximum stress. The true stress-strain rate data for CaF2 and LiF-22 CaF2 could be represented by a power-law relation with the strain rate sensitivities lying between 0.05 and 0.2 for both materials. A similar relation was found to be unsatisfactory in the case of LiF.
Renal Homotransplantation in Pediatric Patients

Fifty-seven patients were treated with renal homotransplantation from 1½ to 7⅔ years ago; 23 patients were 12 years or younger and the other 34 patients were 13 to 18. Family members (usually parents) were the primary donors in 45 cases. Unrelated volunteers or cadavers donated the other 12 homografts. Immunosuppression was with azathioprine and prednisone, and in some cases also with ALG. Forty-two of the 57 recipients survived for at least 1 year. Additional deaths occurred at 17½ and 19 months leaving 40 recipients (70.2%) alive. Six survivors had successful retransplantation following late failure of their original homografts. Control of rejection was not particularly different than in adult cases. “Homograft glomerulonephritis” was found in chronically tolerated transplants, but no more frequently than in older patients. Many postoperative problems in the pediatric age group were the consequence of retardation of growth caused either by pre-existing uremia or by the need for high dose postoperative steroid therapy, orthopedic accidents such as femoral and vertebral fractures, and psychiatric complications which led to two suicides. In spite of these difficulties, the meaningful rehabilitation that was obtained in the chronic survivors makes us regard pediatric patients as favorable candidates for therapy with renal transplantation.
Psychotherapy for Children and Adolescents: Directions for Research and Practice

What do we wish to know about psychotherapy and its effects? What do we already know? And what needs to be accomplished to fill the gap? These questions and more are explored in this thoroughly updated book about the current status and future directions of psychotherapy for children and adolescents. It retains a balance between practical concerns and research, reflecting many of the new approaches to children that have appeared in the past ten years. Designed to change the direction of current work, this book outlines a blueprint or model to guide future research and elaborates the ways in which therapy needs to be studied. By focusing on clinical practice and what can be changed, it offers suggestions for improvement of patient care and advises how clinical work can contribute directly and in new ways to the accumulation of knowledge. Although it discusses in detail present psychotherapy research, this book is squarely aimed at progress in the future, making it ideal for psychologists, psychiatrists, and all mental health care practitioners.
Chapter 1 Contract Law

Abstract This chapter surveys major issues arising in the economic analysis of contract law. It begins with an introductory discussion of scope and methodology, and then addresses four main topics that correspond to the major doctrinal divisions of the law of contracts. These divisions include freedom of contract (the extent of private power to create binding obligations), formation of contracts (the procedural mechanics of exchange, and the rules that govern pre-contractual behavior), contract interpretation (the consequences that follow when agreements are ambiguous or incomplete), and enforcement of contractual obligations (the choice between private and public enforcement, and the legal remedies that follow from breach of contract). In each of these sections, we provide an economic analysis of relevant legal rules and institutions, and of the connections between legal arrangements and corresponding topics in microeconomic theory, such as welfare economics and the theory of contracts.
A comparison study of the coprecipitation of cations by organic and inorganic precipitants

Abstract Studies were made on typical classes of organic-inorganic precipitation reactions concerning their tendencies to coprecipitate extraneous cations. In the case of cation precipitants, simple normal salts, normal chelate salts, inner complex salts and polynuclear complex formations were studied. The findings indicate that organic precipitants tend to coprecipitate cations to a greater extent than inorganic precipitants. The probable mechanism in such coprecipitation involves the formation of colloidal particles which flocculate under the influence of the electrolytes present in the immediate zone of reaction. Trivalent cations have very favorable flocculation values and as a consequence would be most liable to be carried down with the precipitate. The experimental data substantiate this as trivalent chromium and aluminum were found to be coprecipitated to the greatest extent.
Risk assessment: the perspective and experience of U.S. environmentalists.

Abstract Risk assessment is a set of decision rules widely used in the United States for identifying and quantifying the risks of chemicals and other events for adverse effects to human health, usually cancer. Scientific criticism has been directed toward the default assumptions and test methods used in risk assessment by regulatory agencies. This paper evaluates the contribution of risk assessment as an instrument of public policy toward the timely and efficient resolution of controversial issues in environmental and occupational health. Experience with risk assessment during the past decade does not support its utility in this regard. Alternatives to risk assessment in its current formulation are discussed.
Residence times in compartmental systems and the moments of a certain distribution

Abstract A general formulation is given for the moments of the distribution of residence times in a compartmental system. For the particular case of a system such that the matrix of the system is upper Hessenberg, the moments are explicitly expressed in terms of the roots of the system matrix.
Correlates of poor health among Orphans and abandoned children in less wealthy countries: The importance of Caregiver health.

Background: More than 153 million children worldwide have been orphaned by the loss of one or both parents and millions more have been abandoned. We investigated relationships between the health of orphaned and abandoned children (OAC) and child caregiver and household characteristics among randomly selected OAC in five countries. Methodology: Using a two-stage random sampling strategy in 6 study areas in Cambodia Ethiopia India Kenya and Tanzania the Positive Outcomes for Orphans (POFO) study identified 1480 community-living OAC ages 6 to 12. Detailed interviews were conducted with 1305 primary caregivers at baseline and after 6 and 12 months. Multivariable logistic regression models describe associations between the characteristics of children caregivers and households and child health outcomes: fair or poor child health; fever cough or diarrhea within the past two weeks; illness in the past 6 months; and fair or poor health on at least two assessments. Principal Findings: Across the six study areas 23% of OAC were reported to be in fair or poor health; 19% 18% and 2% had fever cough or diarrhea respectively within the past two weeks; 55% had illnesses within the past 6 months; and 23% were in fair or poor health on at least two assessments. Female gender suspected HIV infection experiences of potentially traumatic events including the loss of both parents urban residence eating fewer than 3 meals per day and low caregiver involvement were associated with poorer child health outcomes. Particularly strong associations were observed between child health measures and the health of their primary caregivers. Conclusions: Poor caregiver health is a strong signal for poor health of OAC. Strategies to support OAC should target the caregiver-child dyad. Steps to ensure food security foster gender equality and prevent and treat traumatic events are needed.
Temporary management of selected pharyngocutaneous fistulas with a silicone septal button.

Management of a pharyngocutaneous (PC) fistula following laryngopharyngectomy with or without neck dissection is a difficult problem, particularly in cases where repair cannot be accomplished in a reasonable period of time. Use of a silicone septal button is described in the temporary management of selected PC fistulas (i.e., fistula size not more than 1 cm). This technique has been used successfully to date in three patients whose salivary fistulas were located directly above their stomas. The silicone septal button worked as a useful temporary measure in preventing salivary spillage into the stoma and was well tolerated by the patients treated until definitive closure was possible.
Highlighting the STAR Collaboration

The members of the STAR Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) were disappointed by the article “Dueling experiments close in on source of proton's spin” (A. Cho, News of the Week, 4 Nov., p. [757][1]). The article provides a description of the recent results from the PHENIX and COMPASS experiments on the contribution that gluons make to the spin of the proton but does not mention that the STAR experiment has yielded important, complementary new results that bear directly on this question as well. STAR, like PHENIX, measures asymmetries in high-energy polarized proton collisions. The STAR results, like the PHENIX and COMPASS results, argue against the extreme model that the gluons in the proton are fully polarized. In the language of perturbative quantum chromodynamics (pQCD), the STAR and PHENIX measurements involve the same initial states—a mixture of quark+quark, quark+gluon, and gluon+gluon collisions—but different final states. Interpreting jet asymmetries such as those measured by STAR introduces less theoretical uncertainty regarding final-state effects. Furthermore, the STAR results extend to considerably higher transverse momentum, where the applicability of pQCD for interpreting the observed spin asymmetries is believed to be quite reliable. In contrast, the reported PHENIX and COMPASS measurements that provide the greatest discriminating power among competing models of the proton involve rather low transverse momentum pions and quite low momentum transfer di-hadrons, respectively, where questions still remain regarding the reliability of the corresponding pQCD calculations that have been performed to date. All three experiments are complementary. Each involves a unique mix of theoretical uncertainties, so the fact that they lead to a consistent conclusion is far more convincing than is the case for any subset of them. [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.310.5749.757a
A mechanistic critical heat flux model for subcooled flow boiling based on local bulk flow conditions

Abstract The critical heat flux (CHF) mechanisms for subcooled flow boiling are reviewed. Based on experimental observations reported by previous investigators, the authors have developed a new mechanistic CHF model for vertical subcooled flow at high pressure and high mass velocity. This model is based on the dryout of a thin liquid layer (sublayer) beneath an intermittent vapor blanket due to a Helmholtz instability at the sublayer-vapor interface. The parametric trends of CHF have been explored qualitatively and quantitatively with respect to variations in pressure, mass velocity, subcooling and tube diameter. Comparisons of the model predictions with experimental data for water show good agreement in the simulation of subcooled flow conditions of pressurized water reactors (PWRs).
The emergency cardiac arrest response team (eCART): A novel strategy for improving therapeutic hypothermia utilization following out-of-hospital cardiac arrest☆

Abstract Background Out-of hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) is associated with significant mortality. Therapeutic hypothermia is one of the few interventions that have been shown to increase post-arrest survival as well as enhance neurologic recovery. Despite clinical guidelines recommending the use of therapeutic hypothermia (TH) following cardiac arrest, utilization rates by physicians remain low. We hypothesized that the development of a multi-disciplinary emergency cardiac arrest response team (eCART) would enhance therapeutic hypothermia utilization in the emergency department for OHCA. Methods and results An eCART (emergency department cardiac arrest response team) was created at a single site academic urban emergency department. The eCART team consisted of a physician hypothermia consultant, a cardiologist, a clinical pharmacist, a respiratory therapist and a chaplain. These providers were notified by page prior to the arrival of an OHCA patient and responded to the ED in person or by phone to support the resuscitation. Analysis of pre- and post-intervention data demonstrated a significant increase in the rate of TH utilization (64% to 96%). There was a non-significant decrease in the time to target temperature. Conclusions The creation of a coordinated, multi-disciplinary care team, providing real-time support for OHCA patients increased TH utilization in an emergency department.
Vascularized bone grafting from the dorsal distal radius for Kienböck's disease: technique, indications and review of the literature.

The goals of surgical procedures in Kienbock's disease are to preserve wrist function, revascularize the necrotic lunate and maintain normal wrist kinematics when possible. Of the various treatment options, pedicled vascularized bone grafts from the dorsal distal radius permit the transfer of vascularized osseous tissue to the necrotic lunate in order to revascularize it. Vascularized bone grafting is an attractive alternative to conventional bone grafting by improving the local biological environment and thereby promoting revascularization. Recent advances in the anatomy and physiology of vascularized pedicled bone grafts have increased our ability to apply them to the treatment of Kienbock's disease. The purpose of this article is to describe the detailed vascular anatomy of the dorsal distal radius, the surgical technique, indications as well as contraindications of our preferred method of pedicled vascularized bone grafts of Kienbock's disease.
Tidal force from cosmic strings

We find the tidal force from the class of cosmic-string traveling waves of Vachaspati. The tidal force from a straight string vanishes. In contrast the tidal force from the curved strings treated here actually diverges as the string is approached. This tends to change the implications of a recent paper by Clarke, Ellis, and Vickers on the relation between string curvature and tidal force.
Observation of a Difference between Polarization and Analyzing Power in Λ 0 Production with 6-GeV/ c Polarized Protons

We have measured the polarization, analyzing power, and depolarization parameter for forward ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}'\mathrm{s}$ produced with a 6-GeV/c polarized-proton beam at the Argonne National Laboratory zero-gradient synchrotron. We collected a sample of 15 281 ${\ensuremath{\Lambda}}^{0}$ production events with subsequent $p{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ decays. There is a clear difference between the polarization and analyzing power for events with Feynman scaling variable $x$ greater than 0.8. This is the first observation of this phenomenon at high energy.
Hydrogen peroxide decreases effective refractory period in the isolated heart

Abstract Although previous investigations have concluded that reactive oxygen metabolites contribute to reperfusion arrhythmias, the experimental models employed also had a significant amount of tissue injury, which may have contributed to the observed electrophysiologic effects. We studied whether exposure of the intact heart to a reactive oxygen metabolite at doses that are not associated with histologic evidence of cell necrosis would alter myocardial refractoriness, suggesting that subtle and reversible oxidative stress could alter myocardial electrophysiologic properties and perhaps contribute to ventricular arrhythmias. Isolated rabbit hearts were perfused for 30 min with low doses of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), either 10−5, 5 × 10−6, or 10−6-M H2O2 versus vehicle alone; followed by a 30-min washout period without H2O2. Infusion of H2O2 for 30 min decreased ventricular epicardial effective refractory period (ERP) in a dose-dependent manner compared to saline controls (ΔERP). The ΔERP versus time curves during the last 10 min of H2O2 infusion were different (p
SIGMA-SAFE: A phase diagram approach to the sigma phase problem in ni base superalloys

A new procedure for evaluating the sigma phase precipitation tendency of superalloys has been developed. It is called SIGMA-SAFE. Phase diagrams are used to determine the degree of super saturation with respect to precipitation of the sigma phase as a function of temperature and alloy compositions. It is found that this supersaturation number, Δ, distinguishes between 24 superalloys according to their known tendency to precipitate or not to precipitate the sigma phase, except for one superalloy. This capability of predicting the sigma phase precipitation tendency of an arbitrary new superalloy composition is not shared by PHACOMP. It is shown that Δ correlates quantitatively to wt pct sigma precipitated in a specific alloy. SIGMA-SAFE also yields the multicomponent phase diagram applicable to each superalloy. The usefulness of this information in alloy design is illustrated.
Space Charge Sheaths in Positive Ray Analysis

It is shown that in the usual ionizing chambers used in the positive ray analysis of secondary ion products a positive ion sheath is formed, which concentrates the field applied across the chamber into the portion of the chamber next to the slit, leaving the rest of the space field-free. A modification of the usual apparatus was used to check this fact. The sheath thickness varies with the voltage applied across the chamber, the electron current, and the pressure, and, inasmuch as some ions are formed best in a field-free space, and some best in a field, by varying any of the three variables, we change the relative proportions of the various secondary and net primary ions reaching the analyser collector. Curves are given for the sheath thickness, and for the various ionic currents through the slit for several conditions in the chamber, and these curves are checked with data given by several observers. This analysis shows the complexity of the phenomenon and indicates modifications in the experimental procedure which may help to clarify the interpretation of experimental results.
Reflections on Garfinkel and Ethnomethodology’s Program

Ethnomethodology’s Program, published in 2002, presents Garfinkel’s most recent statements on ethnomethodology and its central concerns, assumptions and procedures. This article reflects on biographical influences that have shaped Garfinkel’s thinking, differences between this work and his earlier statements of ethnomethodology, the deliberate elusiveness of his writings, the connections between ethnomethodology and classical sociology, and under-appreciated parallels between ethnomethodogy and current critiques of rationalization and modernity.
Reflux nephropathy in the 1st year of life — the role of infection

The importance of infection and vesico-ureteric reflux in the development of reflux nephropathy is generally accepted. Widespread use of antenatal ultrasound scanning has identified dilated fetal urinary tracts, allowing prompt investigation and treatment in the early post-natal period; some of these children have vesico-ureteric reflux. This study compares renal parenchymal damage, demonstrated by uptake of technetium 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) in two groups. The first included babies less than 6 months old who had presented with their first urinary tract infection and had vesico-ureteric reflux. The second included those in whom a dilated urinary tract had been identified at antenatal ultrasound and post-natal investigation revealed vesico-ureteric reflux, but who had no evidence of urinary tract infection. Renal damage was present in 68% of group 1 and 29% of group 2 when DMSA scanning was used to detect scarring (P = <0.05). Our results support the proposal that infection is a major factor in development of renal damage in patients with vesico-ureteric reflux. Identification by antenatal ultrasound scanning allows early therapeutic intervention before renal damage occurs.
Time-Resolved Fluorescence Depolarization Study Of Lamellar To Inverted Cylindrical Micellar Phase

The orientational order and rotational dynamics of 2-(3-(diphenyl-hexatrienyl) propanoy11-3-palmitoyl-L-a-phosphatidylcholine (DPH-PC) embedded in dioleoplphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) were studied by time-resolved fluorescence depolarization technique. Upon increasing the temperature, the wobbling diffusion constant D⊥ of DPH-PC was found to decrease at the lamellar (Lα) to inverted cylindrical (HII) phase transition (12°C). The calculated ratio of order parameter in the La phase to that in the HII phase was close to the theoretical value of 2.0 as predicted from the change in packing symmetry. The effects of butylated hydroxytoluene, cholesterol and phosphatidylchollne on this phase transition were also examined.
The solvent action of sodium hypochlorite on pulp tissue of extracted teeth.

Abstract In a study involving the mesial root canals of extracted human molars, sodium hypochlorite was found to be more effective than normal saline solution in dissolving pulp tissue and in cleaning the wider areas of the canals.
Calcium antagonists and beta blockers in the control of mild to moderate systemic hypertension, with particular reference to verapamil and propranolol.

Abstract The antianginal and antiarrhythmic role of calcium antagonists is well established. Recent preliminary studies have indicated that, like β blockers, calcium antagonists may produce short- and long-term hypotensive effects in patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension. The pharmacologic properties of calcium antagonists provide a clear rationale for their use in the control of essential hypertension. The comparative hypotensive effects of verapamil (80 to 160 mg 3 times a day) and propranolol (40 to 120 mg 3 times a day) were evaluated over 4 weeks, preceded by a 4-week placebo phase, in a double-blind protocol in 17 patients with mild to moderate hypertension. Verapamil (n = 10) reduced the mean sitting systolic blood pressure by 10.7% (p
Donor-recipient combinations of group A and B KIR haplotypes and HLA class I ligand affect the outcome of HLA-matched, sibling donor hematopoietic cell transplantation.

The influence of donor and recipient KIR genotype on the outcome of hematopoietic cell transplantation between HLA-matched siblings was investigated. Transplants were divided into four groups according to the combination of group A and B KIR haplotypes in the transplant donor and recipient. Overall survival of myeloid patients varied with KIR genotype combination. Best survival was associated with the donor lacking and the recipient having group B KIR haplotypes; poorest survival was associated with the donor having and the recipient lacking group B KIR haplotypes. The latter combination was also associated with increased relapse and acute GVHD. However, its detrimental effects were seen only for transplants where the recipient and donor were homozygous for the C1 KIR ligand and therefore lacked the C2 ligand. Presence of the Bw4 ligand was also associated with increased acute GVHD. In contrast presence of both KIR3DL1 and its cognate Bw4 ligand was associated with decreased non-relapse mortality. Analysis of the KIR genes individually revealed KIR2DS3 as a protective factor for chronic GVHD. The results suggest how simple assessments of KIR genotype might inform the selection of donors for hematopoietic cell transplantation.
Effect of parallel segmented flow chromatography on the height equivalent to a theoretical plate II - performances of 4.6mm×30mm columns packed with 2.6μm Accucore-C18 superficially porous particles.

Abstract The reduced trans-column (or long-range eddy dispersion) height equivalent to a theoretical plate (HETP) of short and wide 4.6 mm × 30 mm columns packed with 2.6 μm Accucore-C 18 superficially porous particles was measured under conventional (no split flow) and parallel segmented (outlet and inlet) flow chromatography. The overall reduced HETP was derived from the true moments of the recorded concentration profiles. The longitudinal diffusion HETP term was measured at a very small flow rate (0.05 mL/min). The solid–liquid mass transfer resistance was derived from the shell diffusivity, using the composite Garnett–Torquato model of effective diffusion in a heterogeneous system made of a dense packing of core–shell particles immersed in a continuous matrix (the eluent). The trans-channel and short-range interchannel eddy dispersion HETP terms were assumed to be equal to the calculated h data after solving the Navier–Stokes equation and simulating the advection–diffusion transport process. Experimental results confirmed that the optimum efficiency of these short columns was increased by a factor of about two. The ratio of the detection sensitivities on the PSFC stream and on a regular stream increased from 1 to 1.45 when the retention factor decreases from about 10 to 0.5. These phenomena are due to a strong reduction of the trans-column eddy dispersion HETP term. The system loses about 60% of the sample mass when only outlet skimming is carried out when the flow rate ratio of 55% is applied, as was done in this work. It loses about 50% of the sample when inlet/outlet segmentation is applied. In gradient elution, the peak capacity is increased by only 15%, due to post-column band spreading, which should imperatively be minimized when the outlet flow is split.
Unusual osseous metastases from rectal adenocarcinoma: a case report and review of the literature.

Introduction Rectal adenocarcinoma typically metastasizes to the liver. When osseous spread occurs, it is most commonly detected in the vertebrae and pelvis. Distal osseous spread is unusual and may be the first presentation of the carcinoma. We present a review of the current literature on unusual osseous rectal adenocarcinoma metastases and highlight a case of a scapular lesion as the first presentation of rectal carcinoma from our institution.
Protocol for assessing bone health in humans by tracing long-lived 41Ca isotope in urine, serum, and saliva samples.

2 Slow bone turnover rate and large day-to-day variation in excreted bone biomarkers create a challenge in assessing bone health in humans [1]. The use of the longlived radioisotope 41-calcium (41Ca; t1/2D»10 years), which has a rare natural abundance (41Ca/CaD»10i15), and accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS)1, which is able to detect 41Ca tracer, show great promise in resolving bone health issues [2–4]. However, sample processing for AMS measurements is a barrier to widespread Ca– AMS applications [5]. This communication summarizes an improved protocol for quantifying 41Ca concentrations in biological specimens. Calcium isotope tracers are present in multiple body pools. Saliva sampling is proposed as a noninvasive alternative to blood sampling in a week-long study of two subjects using stable Ca isotopes [6]. Urine is the ultimate noninvasive sample and is known to reXect average plasma levels [4], but high temporal resolution requires direct blood sampling. The previous AMS preparation protocol [4] did not address measurements of either saliva or serum specimens. Our protocol increases sample throughput at a reduced cost and expands routine 41Ca tracer determinations to a wider range of biological specimens including urine, serum, and saliva samples. Urine, fasting blood, and fasting saliva samples were collected at diVerent time points from a healthy post-
Influence of Cephalaria Syriaca Addition on Physical and Sensorial Properties of Wheat Bran Bread

The effect of different Cephalaria syriaca products (CSP) (whole Cephalaria syriaca flour (WCSF) and defatted Cephalaria syriaca flour (DCSF)) on the final quality of bran breads was investigated. Five levels of Cephalaria syriaca products (0.16, 0.50, 0.84, 1.17, and 1.51 g/100 g bread) were used in this study. Results of this study showed that addition of CSP (WCSF and DCSF) to wheat bran bread had significant positive impact on bread specific volumes, crumb firmness and bread sensory characteristics, although addition levels (0.16, 0.50, 0.84, 1.17, and 1.51 g/100 g bread) were very low. In general, specific volume, yield of volume, and some sensory characteristics of the bran bread increased when the addition levels of WCSF and DCSF increased, except for the level of 1.51 g/100 g bread CSP addition, in which a slight decrease was observed. Bran breads containing WCSF had significantly higher loaf specific volume, softness of breadcrumb and sensory characteristics than those of breads containing DCSF a...
Adenocarcinoma of the stomach with invasion limited to the muscularis propria

Abstract Adenocarcinoma of the stomach having invasion limited to the muscularis propria with or without lymph node metastasis, termed PM (proper muscle) gastric cancer by Japanese investigators, has a prognosis superior to that of carcinoma extending to the serosa and approaching that of early gastric cancer in Japan. To evaluate the occurrence and significance of PM gastric cancer in the United States, we analyzed 272 gastric carcinomas resected at our institution between 1964 and 1983. Forty-two PM cancers (15%) were identified. Improved 5-year survival rate was noted for PM cancer when compared with survival rate for 215 neoplasms exhibiting serosal invasion (29% versus 7%, P
Female Genital Cutting

Female Genital Cutting (FGC) also known as female genital mutilation and female circumcision is a medical issue that has been exported to the West by the migration to the West of people from the countries where it has been traditionally practiced. It is practiced predominantly in 28 African countries and also some Middle Eastern countries such as Egypt the Republic of Yemen Oman Saudi Arabia and Israel and is found in some Muslim groups in Indonesia Malaysia Pakistan and India. A definitive origin of FGC is unknown but it has been found throughout history in many cultures. The practice of FGC is not confined to a particular religion and in fact predates Islam. It is a strongly rooted and community-maintained practice for which a variety of reasons are given by families. (excerpt)
Localized collapse of shells of revolution using a local‐global strategy

The mode of collapse in many metallic shells is, oftentimes, one of localized collapse, wherein severe plastic deformation and high displacement gradients are localized within some region. The combined material and geometric non-linearity emanating from this local region is the predominant cause of instability in shells of revolution. In such a situation a local-global strategy is very useful for an efficient analysis. This strategy consists of employing two dimensional degenerated isoparametric shell elements with non-linear capability in a well defined 'local' zone where all the non-linearities are expected to be localized and which also contains some form of local deviation from axisymmetry such as a circumferential imperfection, cutouts, cracks, etc. Linear elastic ring type elements are employed in the remaining axisymmetric zone and the two zones are linked through a transformation between the degrees of freedom involved. The solution of the non-linear problem is achieved by appropriate condensation procedures to reduce the number of active degrees of freedom and the load incrementation is achieved by the well known 'arc length' iterative procedure. Numerical exampies are presented to demonstrate that this strategy is very efficient and accurate for problems with well defined non-linear local zones. The capability of this strategy for treating problems with local material discontinuities such as cracks, cutouts, etc. as an efficient alternative to a complete two dimensional discretization is pointed out.
Preparation and properties of superconducting Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O thin films on polycristalline silver substrates by organometallic chemical vapor deposition

Abstract High- T c superconducting Bi–Sr–Ca–Cu–O thin films have been successfully prepared by low-pressure organometallic chemical vapor deposition using metallic silver as a substrate. N 2 O is employed as an efficient reactant gas in combination with the volatile metal-organic complexes Cu(acetylacetonate) 2 , Sr(dipivaloymethanate) 2 , Ca(dipivaloymethanate) 2 , and triphenyl bismuth (Bi(C 6 H 5 ) 3 ) as sources. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal that the as-deposited films deposited at 625–650°C contain a mixture of the Bi 2 (Sr,Ca) 2 CuO x and Bi 2 (Sr,Ca) 3 Cu 2 O x phases, and that the proportion of the high- T c phase increases with increasing deposition temperature. The post-annealed films are composed predominantly of the Bi 2 (Sr,Ca) 3 Cu 2 O x phase with high preferential orientation of the crystallite c axes perpendicular to the substrate surface. Deposition on polycrystalline Ag substrates significantly improves the texture and morphology of BSCCO films as compared with films deposited on MgO. Possible mechanisms for the improvement of BSCCO films when using Ag as a substrate are discussed.
Dressing Up the Palmaz-Schatz Stent

We are approaching the 20th anniversary of the first use of coronary balloon angioplasty in humans. This nonsurgical treatment of obstructive coronary atherosclerosis has proved effective in relieving subjective and objective manifestations of myocardial ischemia, with recent clinical trials demonstrating comparability with coronary artery bypass surgery in selected patients with advanced multivessel disease (References 1 through 5 and personal observations). Despite impressive technical refinements of equipment and technique, balloon angioplasty continues to be plagued by three major limitations: (1) inability to treat certain types of coronary lesions, particularly those presenting as chronic total occlusion; (2) the potential of acutely aggravating coronary obstruction by means of coronary dissection, spasm, or thrombosis necessitating emergency coronary bypass surgery or causing myocardial infarction; and (3) recurrence of coronary narrowing 3 to 6 months after initial treatment. New devices have been developed in response to these shortcomings. Directional atherectomy can remove a component of the obstructive atherosclerotic plaque, but clinical superiority over conventional balloon angioplasty has been questioned.6 7 8 High-speed rotational atherectomy drills plaque and allows treatment of certain coronary narrowings that cannot be treated with a balloon catheter and appears to enhance the effectiveness and safety of conventional angioplasty for patients with complex lesions.9 10 11 Efforts are ongoing to determine whether debulking lesions alone or in conjunction with balloon angioplasty will reduce the chance of lesion recurrence.12 Devices such as direct laser angioplasty, laser-heated balloon angioplasty, and extraction atherectomy have been shown to be feasible techniques, but their marginal utility has been null or minimal. Coronary stents, percutaneously deployed metallic endovascular prostheses, have had a substantial impact on improving the immediate and late outcomes of patients treated with balloon angioplasty. The first evidence of efficacy was demonstrated by the Gianturco-Roubin stent that is based on a continuous-coil design. This …
How charismatic trainers inspire others to learn through positive affectivity

Do charismatic trainer behaviors influence training outcomes?Participants who viewed a charismatic trainer had positive reactions to the trainer.Positive reactions were related to trainee positive affectivity.Trainee positive affectivity was related to recall one week after training.Trainee recall was related to skill transfer one week after training. We focus on how charismatic trainer behaviors, such as visionary content, intellectual stimulation and individual attention, influence affective, cognitive and skill-based learning outcomes during computer-based training. Using an experimental design, 92 undergraduates were presented with an on-line Excel training program that contained narration that was either charismatic or non-charismatic. Path analysis results indicate that participants who viewed videos narrated by a charismatic trainer (as opposed to a non-charismatic trainer) had positive reactions to the trainer, which was related to positive affectivity. Trainee positive affectivity was subsequently related to recall one week after training, and this recall was related to skill transfer one week after training. The results confirmed that charismatic trainers influence skills acquisition through boosting positive affect.