cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of homologous follicular fluid from medium-sized and large follicles on in vitro maturation of equine cumulus-oocyte complexes.

The in vitro maturation (IVM) of equine oocytes is typically performed using various synthetic media; however, an optimal IVM system for equine oocytes has not been developed. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two types of follicular fluid (FF) obtained from cyclic mares and two incubation intervals for the IVM of equine cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs). Follicular fluid was collected from medium-sized (20–29 mm diameter) and large (≥30 mm; post-human chorionic gonadotrophin administration) follicles using transvaginal ultrasound-guided follicle aspiration. Compact (n = 232) and non-compact (n = 183) COCs obtained from a slaughterhouse were incubated separately in the following groups: (1) FF from medium follicles for 24 h; (2) FF from large follicles for 24 h; (3) control (synthetic) medium for 24 h; (4) FF from medium follicles for 24 h then FF from large follicles for an additional 24 h; (5) FF from large follicles for 48 h; and (6) control medium for 48 h. For compact COCs, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for more COCs incubated in FF from large follicles for 24 h to reach metaphase II compared with those incubated in control medium for 24 h (58% v. 35%, respectively). More (P 24 h) incubation intervals.
Commodity Programs and Beyond in the 2008 Farm Bill

Not since 1985 have the words agriculture, farm or some recognition of production agriculture been omitted from the title of a farm bill. Some see this as a sign of the decline in Congressional support for agricultural programs. In the Food, Conservation and Energy Act of 2008 (FCEA), commodity funding was cut by an estimated $12 billion from the 2002 Farm Bill. Despite cuts in programs affecting pro duction agriculture, the FCEA still contains authorization for substantial spending on commodities, conservation, and specialty crops, and contains sufficient implications for trade agreements, to be properly called a farm bill. The articles in this theme discuss major new and re newed provisions of the 2008 FCEA affecting traditional and specialty agricultural production and trade. ACRE a new commodity program based on state and farm revenue shortfalls, and increased spending on conservation programs are discussed in two separate articles. Provisions for specialty crops, which for the first time gained their own farm bill title, are also highlighted. A final article discusses commodity program implications for U.S. trade and trade agreements. A state revenue based commodity program included in the farm bill provides a new and untested program for producer consideration. In this issue Carl Zulauf, Michael Dicks and Jeffrey Vitale describe “ACRE” and what it means in comparison to more traditional farm support programs.
Password-based mobile access, alternatives and experiences

In current networked organizations, the rise of mobile devices has become not just a nice-to-have, but is now necessary and expected by users. It is no longer feasible for most organizations to simply reject access to mobile devices; instead, they must now look towards crafting policies and technologies to manage their presence and also protect internal resources. Commonly, most network resource actions are controlled largely via the username and password pair. This may suffice in closed, relatively limited environments. However, this paradigm is largely incompatible with mobile technologies, with issues such as user friendliness problems, bleeding of security mechanisms into personally owned equipment, and an all-or-nothing access model. In this paper we discuss the shortcomings of the user/password access model, and describe our experiences in alternative access systems with an eye to mobile device presence. We describe methods for a passwordless activation and authorization systems, application design patterns that account for mobile-specific security concerns, and a more nuanced, fine-grained trust system to ensure badly behaved mobile devices are limited in the damage they can cause.
Monitoring stratospheric ozone and aerosols using orbiting photoelectric detectors

Application of slightly modified off-the-shelf automatic celestial navigation systems ('star trackers') is considered for the purposes of monitoring variations in the optical depth of the stratospheric aerosol and ozone layers. The basic principle of the technique is to observe stars from an orbiting station as they are occulted by the stratospheric aerosol layer. Since molecular and refraction extinction are directly calculable, total extinction measurements using a dual-sensor (S4 and S20) approach allows us to directly solve for ozone and aerosol extinction and look for correlations between these two parameters. The technique appears promising for remotely monitoring aerosol and ozone optical depth in the 15-25 km region over selected locations and is independently accurate if aerosol composition and relative size distribution are invariant.
Evaluation of Performability for Degradable Computer Systems

The performability of degradable heterogeneous computer systems containing k > 1 types of components is considered. Previous analyses of such systems have been numerical in nature and yielded algorithms with either exponential complexity in the number of system states n, or polynomial in n with approximate truncations of infinite series. In this paper, a closed form expression for the performability of degradable heterogeneous systems is derived. Furthermore, an algorithm with polynomial complexity, O(kn3), is presented and applied to study the performability of a multiprocessor computer system.
Simultaneous observations of X-band polarimetric SAR and ground-based weather radar during a tropical storm to characterize the propagation effects

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is a well established surface imaging technology with recent launches of SAR systems at smaller wavelengths for increased resolution observations. However, these higher frequency systems have to deal with the impact of precipitation modifying the observations. In particular, the X-band, multi-polarization TerraSAR-X launched by German Aerospace Center (DLR) in 2007 has acquired data with distinct storm signatures in the resulting images. These signatures usually appear as dark cloud-like features and occasionally are brighter on the near range side if significant backscatter from the melting layer is received. The dark feature is due to attenuation as the electromagnetic wave passes through the heavy precipitation and can have a polarization dependent effect. Together with ground based weather radar, the attenuation due to the storm can be further studied and quantified. This paper presents results from a storm case over Florida, USA from dual-polarization TerraSAR-X with simultaneous observations from a National Weather Service WSR-88D radar during a cyclone. In addition, since the primary SAR data is from surface backscatter which can change for a variety of reasons, images acquired 11 days prior to and after the storm are used to provide additional insight into the propagation component.
Presumptive Collection: A Prospect Theory Approach to Increasing Small Business Tax Compliance

The lack of progress over the past decade in reducing the tax gap, particularly the failure to reduce the rate of noncompliance among the self-employed, demonstrates the need for innovative approaches. Recent increases in information reporting likely will have an impact in some areas, but the elephant in the room is the cash economy. Given the limitations of standard deterrence techniques, prospect theory has much to offer in improving tax compliance among small business owners for whom information reporting or withholding is not feasible.A number of economists and psychologists have found that prospect theory is a relevant predictor of taxpayer behavior. In the context of framing, the theory predicts that taxpayers claiming a refund tend to view the outcome as a gain, and thus will demonstrate risk aversion, making them more likely to comply. On the other hand, taxpayers facing a balance due, generally framed as a loss, tend to be risk-seeking, making them more likely to evade. This behavior has been confirmed by numerous empirical studies involving laboratory subjects, and by studies of IRS compliance data covering hundreds of thousands of actual taxpayers.Thus far, the legal community has made little use of this empirical evidence. To fill this gap, this Article proposes a novel approach to target small business noncompliance that relies on the demonstrated connection between tax compliance and the presence of a tax refund. I propose that tax for small business owners be collected on a presumptive basis (what I call "presumptive collection") throughout the year based on principles used in presumptive tax regimes employed by other countries, which impute income based on external factors rather than relying on self-reporting. However, unlike true presumptive taxes, presumptive collection would collect tax on a presumptive basis, but the regular income tax would ultimately apply to determine a small business owner’s final tax liability at year-end, analogous to withholding. Because individuals are more likely to comply if they find themselves facing a refund at the time of filing, the goal of presumptive collection would be to increase the number of small business owners that will face such a frame at year-end.Although not every type of small business would be amenable to presumptive collection, it could be an important additional tool for reducing tax evasion that is targeted at specific industries. If presumptive collection could be applied to groups of identifiable cash businesses that are currently able to avoid information reporting, then policymakers could make significant gains in reducing small business tax evasion.
Topology and weights in a protein domain interaction network – a novel way to predict protein interactions

While the analysis of unweighted biological webs as diverse as genetic, protein and metabolic networks allowed spectacular insights in the inner workings of a cell, biological networks are not only determined by their static grid of links. In fact, we expect that the heterogeneity in the utilization of connections has a major impact on the organization of cellular activities as well.
Cooling Methods in Heat Stroke

Abstract Background Heat stroke is an illness with a high risk of mortality or morbidity, which can occur in the young and fit (exertional heat stroke) as well as the elderly and infirm (nonexertional heat stroke). In the United States, from 2006 to 2010, there were at least 3332 deaths attributed to heat stroke. Objective To summarize the available evidence on the principal cooling methods used in the treatment of heat stroke. Discussion Although it is generally agreed that rapid, effective cooling increases survival in heat stroke, there continues to be debate on the optimal cooling method. Large, controlled clinical trials on heat stroke are lacking. Cooling techniques applied to healthy volunteers in experimental models of heat stroke have not worked as rapidly in actual patients with heat stroke. The best available evidence has come from large case series using ice-water immersion or evaporation plus convection to cool heat-stroke patients. Conclusions Ice-water immersion has been shown to be highly effective in exertional heat stroke, with a zero fatality rate in large case series of younger, fit patients. In older patients with nonexertional heat stroke, studies have more often promoted evaporative plus convective cooling. Evaporative plus convective cooling may be augmented by crushed ice or ice packs applied diffusely to the body. Chilled intravenous fluids may also supplement primary cooling. Based on current evidence, ice packs applied strategically to the neck, axilla, and groin; cooling blankets; and intravascular or external cooling devices are not recommended as primary cooling methods in heat stroke.
Cyanoacrylate bonding of thick resists for LIGA

The MicroSystems Engineering Team ((mu) SET) at Louisiana State University, in close collaboration with the Center for Advanced Microstructures and Devices, has successfully completed the lithography and electroplating steps of the LIGA process sequence using cyanoacrylate to bond a PMMA resist layer to a nickel surface. Nickel microstructures 300 micrometers in height have been electroplated. Tests were performed which indicate that the bond between cyanoacrylate and nickel is much stronger than the bond between PMMA and nickel.
A Biographical Sketch of Henry Hofstetter

ABSTRACT This paper describes Dr. Hofstetter's early family life and the influences which shaped his attitudes to his friends, his work, and his profession. It chronicles his early experiences as a young professor of optometry and later as a highly successful administrator.
Reaction symmetries for multiplet production

Abstract A theorem concerning nuclear reaction symmetries for isospin multiplet production involving complex nuclei is proved and generalized. The general formalism of possible symmetry violations is presented. Elastic scattering, multiparticle production in the final state, symmetry relations for polarizations, and substructure symmetries are discussed within the framework of the theorem. It is shown that the theorem has an extension in the case of multiplet production involving elementary particles. It is studied briefly in the case of SU (3) and SU ( n ) multiplets. Finally, some general remarks are made about approximate symmetries for multiplet production.
Monopole element at the center of a circular ground plane whose radius is small or comparable to a wavelength

The input impedance and directive gain of a monopole element at the center of a circular ground plane in free space are summarized for arbitrary element length and element radius with ground plane radii of zero to more than two wavelengths. Numerical results are obtained by utilizing various models and are compared with measurements. The models include a ground plane of zero extent, the integral equation method, method of moments, oblate spheroidal wave functions, and the method of moments combined with the geometric theory of diffraction (GTD).
The caudal ganglion of the leech, with particular reference to homologues of segmental touch receptors

The caudal ganglion of the leech, which provides sensory and motor innervation to the posterior sucker, represents the fusion of seven embryonic segmental ganglia. Although fused, each of the seven contributing ganglia ("subganglia") of the caudal ganglion can be distinguished morphologically and functionally. The roots from each subganglion carry the axons of mechanoreceptors homologous to "touch" cells found in the segmental ganglia and the subesophageal compound ganglion. The receptive fields supplied by the touch cells of the caudal ganglion are uniquely arranged and reveal the modified segmentation of the circular posterior sucker. Extensive overlap of sensory innervation occurs between adjacent segments of the sucker, beyond the overlap characteristic of the homologous cells of body segments. It thus appears that the touch receptors of the caudal ganglion are less restricted than receptors of the segmental ganglia with regard to their territories of innervation. The caudal ganglion has additional unique properties that establish it as a distinct integrative center of the leech CNS.
α-Synuclein and neuronal cell death

α-Synuclein is a small protein that has special relevance for understanding Parkinson disease and related disorders. Not only is α-synuclein found in Lewy bodies characteristic of Parkinson disease, but also mutations in the gene for α-synuclein can cause an inherited form of Parkinson disease and expression of normal α-synuclein can increase the risk of developing Parkinson disease in sporadic, or non-familial, cases. Both sporadic and familial Parkinson disease are characterized by substantial loss of several groups of neurons, including the dopaminergic cells of the substantia nigra that are the target of most current symptomatic therapies. Therefore, it is predicted that α-synuclein, especially in its mutant forms or under conditions where its expression levels are increased, is a toxic protein in the sense that it is associated with an increased rate of neuronal cell death. This review will discuss the experimental contexts in which α-synuclein has been demonstrated to be toxic. I will also outline what is known about the mechanisms by which α-synuclein triggers neuronal damage, and identify some of the current gaps in our knowledge about this subject. Finally, the therapeutic implications of toxicity of α-synuclein will be discussed.
The Unit Symbol for the Logarithmic Scale of Radar Reflectivity Factors

Abstract This note argues that the proper symbol for the logarithmic unit of radar reflectivity factor is dBz. The basis for this contention lies in both customary engineering practice and the international standard for unit symbols.
Mechanistic study of droplets coalescence in Pickering emulsions

Dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations were performed to study the stability of Pickering emulsions. Two droplets covered by nanoparticles were forced to coalesce. The simulated experiment was systematically repeated for a number of conditions. Decane droplets in water as well as water droplets in decane were considered. The density of the nanoparticles on the droplets surface was varied. Homogeneous and Janus nanoparticles with contact angles ranging from ∼40° to ∼130° were considered. The maximum force experienced by the droplet during collision was recorded to qualitatively discriminate the ability of the nanoparticles to stabilize Pickering emulsions. The nanoparticles density on the droplets surface is found to be the most important parameter. When the density is large enough, the three-phase contact angle discriminates between nanoparticles that are effective at stabilizing emulsions and those that are not. At comparable coverage and contact angles, Janus nanoparticles can be more effective than homogeneous nanoparticles. By examining the simulation snapshots, the stabilization mechanism is discussed. Our analysis confirms that the steric interactions between nanoparticles adsorbed onto the coalescing droplets, the ability of the nanoparticles to adsorb simultaneously on two interfaces, and the stability of the film formed in between the coalescing droplets are all important phenomena that can be employed to stabilize Pickering emulsions.
Zur Prüfung der photometrischen Genauigkeit mittels zweier Filter

Zusammenfassung In der Literatur findet man mitunter folgende Methode zur Prufung der photometrischen Genauigkeit eines Spektrophotometers:
Cultures of cells from fetal rat brain: methods to control composition, morphology, and biochemical activity.

Fetal tissue transplantation is a promising new approach for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, but the optimal conditions for preparing cells for transplantation have not been defined. The growth of a population of septal brain cells, primarily containing cholinergic neurons and glia, was characterized after seeding at densities from 5 x 10 4 to 6 x 10 5 cells/cm 2 , on polystyrene-, collagen-, laminin-, and fibronectin-coated surfaces, in the presence of serum and/or serum-free medium. Differentiated glial cells were selected by culture on fibronectin or laminin surfaces, in the presence of low amounts of serum (2.5% FBS) and G5, a soluble factor containing EGF and insulin. Differentiated neuronal cells were selected by culture on laminin, in the presence of low amounts of serum (2.5% FBS) and N2, a soluble factor containing supplemental hormones. In each case, a minimum seeding density of 1 x 10 5 cells/cm 2 was required. Neuronal growth could be maintained long term (21 days) with high levels of neuronal activity (ChAT activity).
On the Field Evaporation Behavior of a Model Ni-Al-Cr Superalloy Studied by Picosecond Pulsed-Laser Atom-Probe Tomography

The effects of varying the pulse energy of a picosecond laser used in the pulsed-laser atom-probe (PLAP) tomography of an as-quenched Ni-6.5 Al-9.5 Cr at.% alloy are assessed based on the quality of the mass spectra and the compositional accuracy of the technique. Compared to pulsed-voltage atom-probe tomography, PLAP tomography improves mass resolving power, decreases noise levels, and improves compositional accuracy. Experimental evidence suggests that Ni2+, Al2+, and Cr2+ ions are formed primarily by a thermally activated evaporation process, and not by post-ionization of the ions in the 1+ charge state. An analysis of the detected noise levels reveals that for properly chosen instrument parameters, there is no significant steady-state heating of the Ni-6.5 Al-9.5 Cr at.% tips during PLAP tomography.
Extraction of coronary angiographic information from low tube current HYPR-CT myocardial perfusion scans

Low tube current scanning in combination with HYPR (HighlY constrained backPRojection) noise reduction is a proposed method for low-dose time-resolved CT myocardial perfusion imaging. We report animal studies and simulations investigating the coronary angiographic information available in these scans. Four pigs were scanned at 100 rnA and 500 rnA. A HYPR coronary angiographic image was formed from each 100 rnA scan by producing a time-averaged composite image from cardiac cycles centered on the time of peak left ventricular intensity and then multiplying the composite by a weighting image to restore image intensities. Image noise, coronary artery cross sectional area, and coronary artery intensity were measured as a function of the number of beats in the composite, weighting image filtration, and coronary artery size. HYPR images maintained coronary artery area and intensity to within 6-8% of of filtered back projection (FBP) image values, on average, for vessels with cross sectional area greater than 2 mm 2 . Vessel visibility in 100-mA HYPR images was improved relative to 100-mA FBP, in cross sectional and multiplanar reformatted images.
Study of the Electro-Erosion Phenomenon of Fe and Zn

Single electrical discharges were produced on Fe and Zn electrodes under conditions similar to Electro-Discharge Machining (EDM). Crater morphology and surface texture were studied by means of Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and a method was developed to measure the volume of metal removed per unit of applied energy. In all cases the volume of metal removed from the cathode was found to be larger than that from the anode. The efficiency of metal removal was also obtained and shown to decrease as the applied electrical energy of the discharge is increased. In addition, Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) studies indicate that the existence of cross metal deposition from dissimilar electrodes is independent of the energy of the discharge, of the polarity, and of the electrode material (Fe or Zn). The combination of observations from SEM and EDS provided information on the mechanism of electro-erosion.
Cellular glutathione and the response of adult rat heart myocytes to oxidant stress

Freshly isolated adult rat heart myocytes contain total glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSH) at levels quite comparable to those in intact rat heart. Total glutathione can be depleted from 11 to 1 nmol/mg protein or less by treatment with cyclohex-2-ene-1-one without effect on either cellular ATP, rod-cell morphology or the integrity of the sarcolemma. Glutathione levels and redox state are not altered significantly when the Ca-tolerant, quiescent cells are subjected to a period of anoxia followed by reoxygenation. This oxygen paradox protocol results in irreversible hypercontracture of the contractile elements into an amorphous mass in the bulk of the cells, but little loss of sarcolemmal integrity. When the myocytes are subjected to an externally applied oxidant stress by the addition of either diamide or t-butylhydroperoxide, GSH is rapidly depleted with accumulation of oxidized glutathione (GSSG. On continued aerobic incubation both of these reagents promote a slower depletion of cellular ATP and a parallel hypercontracture. Cells treated with t-butylhydroperoxide, but not those with diamide, also generate increasing amounts of thiobarbituric acid reactive species as an indication of lipid peroxidation and show a parallel loss of sarcolemmal integrity. It is concluded that respiring myocytes and those subjected to the oxygen paradox do not produce oxygen radicals in sufficient amounts to displace the GSH/GSSG redox poise and depletion of myocyte glutathione per se is not detrimental to the short term survival of the cells. In addition, aerobic myocytes subjected to external oxidant stress can be damaged irreversibly by two pathways, a hypercontracture that correlates with depletion of ATP and a loss of sarcolemmal integrity that correlates with lipid peroxidation.
dim-2 encodes a DNA methyltransferase responsible for all known cytosine methylation in Neurospora

To understand better the control of DNA methylation, we cloned and characterized the dim-2 gene of Neurospora crassa, the only eukaryotic gene currently known in which mutations appear to eliminate DNA methylation. The dim-2 gene is responsible for methylation in both symmetrical and asymmetrical sites. We mapped dim-2 between wc-1 and un-10 on linkage group (LG) VIIR and identified the gene by RFLP mapping and genetic complementation. Dim-2 encodes a 1454 amino acid protein including a C-terminal domain homologous to known DNA methyltransferases (MTases) and a novel N-terminal domain. Neither a deletion that removed the first 186 amino acids of the protein nor a mutation in a putative nucleotide binding site abolished function, but a single amino acid substitution in the predicted catalytic site did. Tests for repeat-induced point mutation (RIP) indicated that dim-2 does not play a role in this process, i.e. duplicated sequences are mutated in dim-2 strains, as usual, but the mutated sequences are not methylated, unlike the situation in dim-2+ strains. We conclude that dim-2 encodes an MTase that is responsible for all DNA methylation in vegetative tissues of Neurospora.
Prevalence of adequate and of optimal control of serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in an academic nursing home.

Objective To determine the prevalence of adequate control of serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in older persons who were not terminally ill in an academic nursing home. Design An increased LDL cholesterol was 100 mg/dL or higher in very high-risk persons with coronary artery disease (CAD), ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, diabetes mellitus, or 2+ risk factors and a 10-year risk for CAD greater than 20%; 130 mg/dL or higher in moderately high-risk persons with 2+ risk factors and a 10-year risk for CAD of 10% to 20%; and 160 mg/dL or higher in low risk persons with 0 to 1 risk factor. Setting An academic nursing home. Participants Two hundred and two persons (104 women and 98 men), mean age 73 years (range 50 to 98 years) residing in an academic nursing home. Measurements Prevalence of use of lipid-lowering drugs and of serum LDL cholesterol less than 100 mg/dL and less than 70 mg/dL in very high-risk persons and less than 130 mg/dL and less than 100 mg/dL in moderately high-risk persons. Results Measurements of serum LDL cholesterol were obtained in 135 of 135 very high-risk persons (100%), in 57 of 61 moderately high-risk persons (93%), and in none of 6 low-risk persons (0%). Statins were used in 115 of 135 very high-risk persons (85%) and in 24 of 57 moderately high-risk persons (42%). Ezetimide was used to treat 3 of 135 very high-risk persons (2%). The last serum LDL cholesterol reported was less than100 mg/dL in 119 of 135 very high-risk persons (93%), less than 70 mg/dL in 108 of 135 very high-risk persons (80%), less than 130 mg/dL in 40 of 57 moderately high-risk persons (70%), and less than 100 mg/dL in 35 of 57 moderately high-risk persons (61%). Conclusion Serum LDL cholesterol was measured in 192 of 202 older persons (95%) in an academic nursing home. Serum LDL cholesterol was adequately controlled in 93% of very high-risk persons and in 70% of moderately high-risk persons. Serum LDL cholesterol was optimally controlled in 80% of very high-risk persons and in 61% of moderately high-risk persons.
Sediment incorporation in island-arc magmas: Inferences from 10Be

Abstract The radioisotope 10Be has been used as a tracer to evaluate subduction and recycling of sediments in island arcs. As a cosmogenic isotope strongly enriched in oceanic sediments, it is especially suitable for monitoring sediment subduction. We report here 10Be results for 106 arc volcanic rocks and 33 basalts from mid-ocean ridges, oceanic islands, continental rifts, and continental flood basalt provinces. The 33 basalts from non-arc environments all contain Conceptually, four models may be used to explain the incorporation of 10Be in island arcs. Model 1 is the limiting case calculation presented in Brown et al. (1982). Physically, it corresponds to an assumption that all 10Be in the uppermost sediment layers is carried to depth, the 10Be is mechanically decoupled from the sediment pile and is added to the arc magma source region. This model results in the highest calculated 10Be contents in arc lavas. In the more physically reasonable Model 2, the 10Be-rich upper sediments are assumed to mix with the deeper, 10Be-poor, sediments and the sediments are subsequently incorporated into the source region. Model 3 assumes 10Be to be incorporated from sedimentary layers encountered during magma ascent. In Model 4 only sediments contained within grabens in the downgoing slab may be subducted. As yet insufficient data exist to permit conclusive evaluation of these models, but correlations between 10Be contents in arc volcanic rocks and recent sedimentation rates and sediment thickness, measured outboard of the trench, suggest that Model 2 may be the most important mechanism for 10Be incorporation in many island arcs.
The value of meat as an antiscorbutic

Meat exclusive of such visceral organ as the liver has been regarded as a food playing no role or at least a very insignificant role as an antiscorbutic. The inability of muscle meat to prevent and to cure scurvy is an idea which has taken root because of the experiments of the earlier investigators. These workers did not appreciate the importance of freshly killed meat in contradistinction to fresh market meat. Furthermore, they used the guinea pig as a test animal. This animal has a limited gastro-intestinal capacity. It can, therefore, be fed only a small quantity of a food biologically assayed for Vitamin C content. If this small quantity possessed sufficient Vitamin C to cure or prevent scurvy, the food was said to possess antiscorbutic potency. If, however, this small quantity did not contain sufficient Vitamin C to cure or prevent scurvy, the food was regarded as one devoid of antiscorbutic potency. More recent experiments with freshly killed meat indicate that quantities fed within the physical capacity of the guinea pig possessed decided antiscorbutic value. The chemical method for Vitamin C does not have the disadvantages of the guinea pig bio-assay method.
Marriage, remarriage, suicide and homicide in America.

In time-series regressions, remarriage and divorce rates for the USA from 1933–1935 to 1969–1971 predicted suicide rates while first marriage, remarriage, and divorce rates predicted homicide rates.
Theory, modeling and experiment in reactive transport in porous media

Abstract We review selected recent developments in reactive flow and transport in porous media, with emphasis on strongly coupled flows, interphase mass transfer, solute transport via dispersion and adsorption and modeling. On the one hand, modeling, theory and experiment continue to provide useful insights into the behavior of natural and engineered systems. On the other hand, real systems continue to reveal instances of non-classical behavior that is not explainable by traditional approaches. This is the sign of a healthy area of science, but it is accompanied by certain challenges. In some applications, it establishes the necessity of multiscale modeling, in particular upscaling from the pore level, though predictive work is especially difficult at that scale. In other applications, however, the central question may be not how to model a particular system, but whether it can be modeled in a meaningful way. Continued progress will require renewed focus on elements of the scientific method: testable predictions, crucial experiments and falsification of hypotheses (Popper K. All life is problem-solving, Routledge, London, 1999•).
Euphonium Recitals and Library Instruction: Recitals as an Alternative Library Instruction Method

Chapman University's Performing Arts Librarian Scott Stone presented solo euphonium lectures recitals in February 2010 and March 2011. During these recitals Stone, the present author, briefly talked about what library resources he utilized to obtain scores, sound recordings, and basic reference sources to study each piece in a proper historical context (2010) and basic resources for writing program notes (2011). During the months after the first recital, Stone saw a marked increase in interaction with music students and faculty members as shown by an increase in reference consultations and other informal relations. [Supplementary materials are available for this article. Go to the publisher's online edition of Music Reference Services Quarterly for the following free supplemental resources: a handout from the 2010 recital which provides information on the resources discussed during the program, and a recital program from the 2011 recital which provides information on using music library resources to write...
Molecular composites of poly(p‐phenylene terephthalamide) anion and poly(ethylene oxide): Mechanical properties

Molecular composites were prepared by the solution blending of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) of three different molecular weights with low concentrations of poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA) anion serving as a rigid-rod reinforcement. For all of the composites, the tensile strength, stiffness, and fracture energy were enhanced relative to values for the three PEO homopolymers. Composites made with PEO of high molecular weight (∼106 or higher) exhibited good extensibility and improved resistance to stress relaxation and attained maximum values of strength and toughness at a PPTA-anion content of about 6 wt %. The enhancement in mechanical properties is primarily attributed to good miscibility between the components arising from the presence of intermolecular, ion–dipole interactions between the ionic units of the PPTA anion and the dipole units of the PEO. Some consideration is also given to possible effects of a nucleating agent and an annealing treatment, both of which lead to additional increases in the tensile strength of the composites. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 38: 1377–1385, 2000
Evaluation of holographic associative searching

Angularly multiplexed volume holography is considered for use in optical memory systems because of its compactness, capacity, fast parallel access, and associative readout capability. The associative nature makes holographic memories especially attractive to database applications. We define three characteristics, recall, precision, and fallout, and propose a figure of merit to measure the accuracy of associative recall and evaluate the performance of holographic memory systems with different types of data. The effect of a post-processing technique on the quality of the system's response is presented as well. This technique can significantly improve the performance of associative searches involving analog data.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Fully automated production of 11C-doxepin for PET imaging histamine H1 receptor.

11C-Doxepin is an established positron emission tomography (PET) probe for imaging the histamine H1 receptor, which is associated with various neurological disorders and allergic diseases. A fully automated current Good Manufacturing Practices (cGMP)-compliant radiosynthesis is therefore desirable in order to facilitate clinical PET studies. We report here a fully automated production method for 11C-doxepin using a multipurpose PET module for clinical use. 11C-Doxepin was radiosynthesized by N-[11C]methylation of nordoxepin using [11C]methyl iodide in DMF solvent, and then purified by HPLC, and finally reformulated with solid phase extraction (SPE) using a cGMP-compliant automated multipurpose PET module developed in house. The final product was analyzed and subjected to quality control according to current US Pharmacopeia requirements. The radiochemical yield (decay corrected) of 11C-doxepin for clinical use was 47.0 ± 5.2% (n = 12) based on [11C]methyl iodide, moreover the radiochemical purity of 11C-doxepin was more than 97.5% with 1,200 ± 500 Ci/mmol specific activity(end of production). The total production time of 11C-doxepin was 37 min from end of bombardment (EOB) with the final product passing all tests under cGMP requirements for clinical use. A simplified and reliable fully automated production of 11 C-doxepin for clinical use was developed, allowing the synthesis of the tracer with high yield using a cGMP-compliant module and procedure. The success of this approach could make the PET tracer 11 C-doxepin more accessible for clinical studies.
Morse Function and Velocity-Dependent Nucleon-Nucleon Potentials

We investigate a static soft-core potential (the Morse potential) and three representative velocity-dependent $N\ensuremath{-}N$ potentials. First we study the problem of adjusting potentials to maintain the $1S$ state bound near zero energy, and we test two integral criteria. For the Morse potential we derive a convenient analytical expression for the $S$-wave phase shifts. By fitting experimental phase shifts in the energy range ${E}_{\mathrm{lab}}\ensuremath{\le}400$ MeV for elastic nucleon-nucleon scattering, we evaluate the potential parameters for the $^{1}S_{0}$ and $^{3}S_{1}$ states. We then examine and compare a phenomenological and two-meson-theoretic one-boson-exchange potentials in $S$ states which are representative of a number of $N\ensuremath{-}N$ potentials in current use. We point to ways of characterizing these potentials which are helpful in assessing their scattering consequences. We show that different mechanisms embodied in such potentials can account equally well for the negative $S$-wave phase shifts observed at higher energies.
Vocabulary Gain Among Children With Language Disorders: Contributions of Children’s Behavior Regulation and Emotionally Supportive Environments

Purpose Behavior regulation is a positive predictor of language outcomes for children with typically developing language skills, and children with language disorders are at greater risk for difficu...
Transient transport and transferred electron behavior in gallium arsenide under the condition of high-energy electron injection

Abstract The dynamics of transient transport and transferred electron behavior are studied under the condition of high-energy electron injection. This study makes use of a Monte Carlo simulation with the unique inclusion of realistic band-structure as derived from an empirical pseudopotential method. The Γ-L-X valleys are implicitly coupled, thereby permitting the study of transferred electron behavior in a natural way. The details of the Γ-L-X intervalley electron transfer characteristics are presented showing, for the first time, the dynamical interplay between the X and L valleys. It is readily seen from our results that electron transport in gallium arsenide requires a multivalley description; in addition, the onset of intervalley electron transfer is shown to depend strongly upon the electron injection energy.
Indications of low dimensionality in magnetospheric dynamics

Using three separate but related approaches, the question of whether the dynamic response of the magnetosphere to the solar wind input may be described by a low-order system of equations is examined. First, it is determined that the dimension of the subset (the attractor) in the high-dimensional magnetospheric phase space associated with the westward auroral electrojet (AL) index for some of the data sets compiled by Bargatze et al. (1985) is 4.0 + or - 0.2, seemingly independent of activity level. Second, direct modeling of the magnetosphere, considering the bulk properties of the tail plasma, leads to a system of equations that is similar to those previously reported as a dripping faucet model; here, the focus is specifically on the prediction of a natural frequency in this model. Finally, a peak is identified with the predicted frequency in power spectra of AL computed for intervals with both low and high activity. Peaks at other frequencies also appear in the spectra, and such resonances would be expected for a chaotic nonlinear oscillator. Combining these approaches it is concluded that at least some aspects of magnetospheric dynamics may be meaningfully modeled by low-dimensional sets of equations.
Therapy of focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis with methylprednisolone, cyclosporine A, and prednisone.

Patients with steroid-resistant focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) have a poor prognosis but may benefit from high-dose methylprednisolone or cyclosporine A therapy. Ten patients were treated with a protocol of methylprednisolone infusions for 8 weeks followed by a combination of cyclosporine A and alternate-day prednisone for maintenance of remission for 2 weeks. Eight of ten patients remitted the nephrotic syndrome within 8 weeks of beginning treatment. One patient remitted edema but remained proteinuric, and one did not respond. After observation for 12 – 24 months, seven patients maintained remission with normal glomerular filtration rate. One non-responder had renal insufficiency and one patient had secondary non-response and end-stage renal disease. No patients developed hypertension. One patient had the diagnosis of Hodgkin disease made after 10 months of therapy. Follow-up renal biopsy in four patients showed no evidence of progressive interstitial disease. There were no other major side effects. Steroid-resistant FSGS may be successfully treated with the described protocol. Additional studies will be needed to determine if this approach prevents progression of renal disease.
On the role of gas-phase and surface chemistry in the production of titania nanoparticles in turbulent flames

Abstract Combustion-based synthesis is the prominent technique for large-scale production of commercial-grade nanoparticles, such as titanium dioxide (titania or TiO 2 ). Both time and economic constraints have led to an increase in the sophistication of the models for such chemical processes. State-of-the-art models for combustion-based nanoparticle synthesis incorporate highly detailed gas-phase kinetic models to describe the effects of the complex chemical reactions on particle formation and growth. Accurate models for particle evolution must be coupled with the detailed gas-phase kinetics in order to predict the particle properties. In this work, a bivariate population balance model for titania nanoparticle produced in flame reactors is used to investigate the role of gas-phase and surface chemistry in the determination of particle properties. The model considers all relevant particle evolution events including nucleation, surface growth, aggregation and sintering. In order to focus on the relative importance of the gas-phase mechanism, the flow field is modeled using a simple multi-environment plug-flow reactor model. Both one-step and detailed chemistry for Ti oxidation from the precursor, TiCl 4 , are compared for two different flame configurations. The simulation results demonstrate the importance of the location of nuclei formation in the flame, which depends strongly on the gas-phase and surface growth kinetic models, and their effect on the final product properties. These results suggest that detailed gas-phase chemical kinetics combined with a detailed surface growth model are required to accurately describe the combustion-based synthesis of nanoparticles.
A double staining method for differentiating between two classes of mycobacterial catalase in polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels.

Abstract Mycobacteria produce two classes of catalase, designated T and M. Only the T-catalase also has a peroxidase-like function. When a 3,3′-diaminobenzidine (DAB) peroxidase stain was applied to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis gels, followed by a ferricyanide negative stain for catalase, isoenzymes of T-catalase appeared as dark bands within a zone of clearing in the green background; the M-catalase appeared only as a clear zone. Heated and unheated preparations could be used to demonstrate the presence of comigrating bands of M and T. The application of the ferricyanide stain after the DAB stain of T-catalase resulted in marked intensification of the positive bands of T-catalase due to nonenzymatic, peroxide-independent reduction of the ferricyanide by the ADB product.
Distortion of perception and recall of neutral feedback in depression

The present study evaluated four hypotheses derived from prior research and Beck's cognitive model of depression. It was predicted that depressedanxious subjects, relative to nondepressed-nonanxious and nondepressedanxious controls, would distort their immediate perception and their recall of neutrally valenced feedback, would show greater negative mood shifts because of this distortion, and would predict they would do more poorly if they were to complete the experimental task again. None of the hypotheses were supported by the data. The obtained data were discussed in relationship to the cognitive model of depression and prior findings with similar subjects on the same experimental tasks.
Shape from shading using the facet model

Abstract In this paper, the facet model is used in the recovery of surface orientation from single and multiple images. Two methods for determining surface orientation from image shading are presented. The first method works in the single image domain and is formulated as a non-linear optimization problem. Since three-dimensional scene information available in a single image is usually ambiguous, the optimization procedure can result in multiple solutions. The possibility of adding boundary constraints to the optimization process is also investigated. In the second method, additional images are obtained from the same viewing position, but with changing illumination direction. With these additional images, local surface orientation is determined uniquely by a linear optimization procedure. Experimental results of the shape-from-shading methods are also described.