cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Prospective Associations of Internalizing and Externalizing Problems and Their Co-Occurrence with Early Adolescent Substance Use

The literature is equivocal regarding the role of internalizing problems in the etiology of adolescent substance use. In this study, we examined the association of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and their co-occurrence with early adolescent substance use to help clarify whether internalizing problems operate as a risk or protective factor. A large community sample (N = 387; mean age at the first assessment 12 years old; 83 % White/non-Hispanic) was assessed annually for 3 years. Externalizing problem behavior in the absence of internalizing problems showed the strongest prospective association with alcohol, cigarette, and marijuana use. A weaker, albeit statistically significant prospective positive association was found between co-occurring internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and substance use. Internalizing problems in the absence of externalizing problems protected adolescents against cigarette and marijuana use. Clarifying the role of internalizing problems in the etiology of adolescent substance use can inform the development of early intervention and prevention efforts. Our results highlight the importance of further considering the co-occurrence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems in developmental pathways to substance use.
Buckminster Fuller: Experience and experiencing

My father was a warm, concerned, and sharing father. As focused as he was on his own work, he nevertheless included me in his experiences and experiencing. I remember with great clarity when I was about four years old, I was sick in bed and he was taking care of me. He sat down on the bed beside me, with his pencil in hand, and told me, through wonderful freehand drawings, a Goldilocks story. I was Goldilocks and with his pencil he transported me, not to the Bears' house, but to universe, to help me understand something of Einstein's Theory of Relativity. What he was telling me was neither remote nor abstract. I was in a newly perceived universe. I was experiencing my father's thoughts and he was experiencing his own thinking as he communicated with me. It was exciting. We were sharing something together and I felt very warm and close to him in that experience. Something of this episode was later remembered in a book of his called Tetrascroll.' I shared very participatorily in the emergence of the Dymaxion Car, visiting the plant in Bridgeport, Connecticut, as his vision came to
THE QUR'ĀN AS SACRED SCRIPTURE: AN ASSESSMENT OF CONTEMPORARY CHRISTIAN PERSPECTIVES

L'appreciation du Coran en tant que texte sacre par les chretiens s'est faite dans le contexte des vicissitudes de leurs relations. Le plus souvent, les chretiens rejetaient tout statut sacre au Coran, mais parfois des passages etaient consideres comme valables et utilises dans des disputes doctrinales. Ce n'est qu'au 20 e siecle que quelques chretiens ont adopte une demarche plus ireniste explorant la possibilite d'un authentique statut sacre pour le Coran
Cushing's syndrome in children and adolescents: current diagnostic and therapeutic strategies

Endogenous Cushing syndrome (endogenous hypercortisolemia) is a rare condition in children and adolescents. Its general incidence is 2–5 new cases per million of population per yr with a female to male preponderance of 9 to 1, and approximately 10% of these cases occur during childhood and adolescence. The clinical manifestations of the syndrome are different from those in adults, with generalized obesity and growth retardation being the prevailing signs. It is important to suspect the diagnosis, since, in many cases, the signs and symptoms are subtle, and it may take several months or years for the full clinical picture to develop. The diagnostic evaluation of the syndrome is complicated and still challenges the skills of physicians. Correct differential diagnosis, which is achieved by biochemical, imaging and catheterization studies, usually leads to successful treatment and cure. Early diagnosis is significant for prevention of the chronic deleterious effects of hypercortisolism especially on growth.
RATIONAL THICKNESS DESIGN OF AN AIRPORT RUNWAY FOR BOEING 777 AIRCRAFT LOADING

A rational method of design for the thickness of concrete runways and taxiways against the fatigue mode of distress is presented. The material properties used for design are the tensile strength, the fracture toughness, the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio and the lower threshold stress intensity factor corresponding to the endurance limit. A new method of stress analysis comprising the use of mutilayered Elastic theory combined with Fracture Mechanics (EFM) is used to determine the stresses in the jointed pavements caused by the gear loads and by thermal curl stress. The effect of the combined thermal and aircraft gear load stresses including the lateral wander of the gear loads is handled rationally. The stresses are then used to compute the fatigue life, using fracture mechanics, for several concrete thicknesses, from which the final design for 500,000 applications of Boeing 777 loading is selected.
Localized retinal dysfunction in central serous chorioretinopathy as measured using the multifocal electroretinogram

Abstract Purpose To determine the extent of electrophysiologic dysfunction in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Design Prospective observational case series. Participants Six patients with unilateral CSC (mean age, 40 years) were recruited into the study. Methods Six patients with CSC underwent multifocal electroretinogram (mfERG) testing on both their clinically affected and opposite uninvolved eyes using the VERIS System, with a stimulus array of 103 scaled hexagons. The first positive peak responses were analyzed within six concentric ring annuli centered on the fovea. Amplitudes and implicit times were compared with those of an age-similar control group. Main outcome measures Local electroretinographic response amplitudes and implicit times within the central 40° with the mfERG. Results All the clinically uninvolved eyes showed mfERG amplitudes and implicit times within the normal range throughout the central 40° of the retina. All six eyes with CSC showed reduced amplitudes and/or delayed implicit times that were limited to the regions of the macula in which clinical changes associated with CSC were apparent. Conclusions We observed electroretinographic changes only in the clinically affected eyes, and these were limited to regions with ophthalmoscopically apparent fundus changes. Our findings do not support the conclusion that functional impairment, as measured by the mfERG, in eyes with CSC extends beyond clinically observed fundus changes. We did not observe abnormal mfERG responses in the clinically normal eyes of such patients.
Using Quantile Regression to Understand Visitor Spending

A common approach to assessing visitor expenditures is to use least squares regression analysis to determine statistically significant variables on which key market segments are identified for marketing purposes. This was earlier done by Wang for survey data based on expenditures by Mainland Chinese visitors to Hong Kong. In this research note, this same data set was used to demonstrate the benefits of using quantile regression analysis to better identify tourist spending patterns and market segments. The quantile regression method measures tourist spending in different categories against a fixed range of dependent variables, which distinguishes between lower, medium, and higher spenders. The results show that quantile regression is less susceptible to influence by outlier values and is better able to target finer tourist spending market segments.
Paracrine Activation of Chemokine Receptor CCR9 Enhances The Invasiveness of Pancreatic Cancer Cells

Chemokine receptors mediate cancer progression and metastasis. We have previously examined chemokine receptor CCR9 expression in pancreatic cancer. Here, our objective was to evaluate pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) as a source of CCL25, the CCR9 ligand, and as an activator of CCL25-CCR9 signaling in pancreatic cancer cells. CCL25 and CCR9 expression levels in human pancreatic cancer tissues and normal human pancreas were assessed by immunohistochemsitry. In vitro secretion of CCL25 in PSCs and PANC-1 cells was verified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pancreatic cancer cell invasion was measured using a modified Boyden chamber assay with CCL25, PSC secreted proteins, and PANC-1 secreted proteins as the chemoattractant. There was immunostaining for CCR9 expression in human pancreatic tumor tissues, but not in normal pancreatic tissue. CCL25 expression was absent in the normal pancreatic tissue sample, but was observed in cancer cells and in the stromal cells surrounding the tumor. In vitro, both PANC-1 cells and PSCs secreted CCL25. In an invasion assay, exposure to CCL25, PSC- and PANC-1-conditioned media significantly increased the invasiveness of PANC-1 cells. Inclusion of a CCR9-neutralizing antibody in the invasion assay blocked the increase in invading cells elicited by the chemoattractants. Our studies show that pancreatic cancer invasiveness is enhanced by autocrine and paracrine stimulation of CCR9. PSCs in the tumor microenvironment appear to contribute to paracrine activation of CCR9. Investigations into CCR9 as a potential therapeutic target in pancreatic cancer must consider cancer cell autocrine signaling and also paracrine signaling from interactions in the tumor microenvironment.
The developmental transcriptome of the mosquito Aedes aegypti, an invasive species and major arbovirus vector

Mosquitoes are vectors of a number of important human and animal diseases. The development of novel vector control strategies requires a thorough understanding of mosquito biology. To facilitate this, we used RNA-seq to identify novel genes and provide the first high-resolution view of the transcriptome throughout development and in response to blood feeding in a mosquito vector of human disease, Aedes aegypti, the primary vector for Dengue and yellow fever. We characterized mRNA expression at 34 distinct time points throughout Aedes development, including adult somatic and germline tissues, by using polyA+ RNA-seq. We identify a total of 14,238 novel new transcribed regions corresponding to 12,597 new loci, as well as many novel transcript isoforms of previously annotated genes. Altogether these results increase the annotated fraction of the transcribed genome into long polyA+ RNAs by more than twofold. We also identified a number of patterns of shared gene expression, as well as genes and/or exons expressed sex-specifically or sex-differentially. Expression profiles of small RNAs in ovaries, early embryos, testes, and adult male and female somatic tissues also were determined, resulting in the identification of 38 new Aedes-specific miRNAs, and ~291,000 small RNA new transcribed regions, many of which are likely to be endogenous small-interfering RNAs and Piwi-interacting RNAs. Genes of potential interest for transgene-based vector control strategies also are highlighted. Our data have been incorporated into a user-friendly genome browser located at www.Aedes.caltech.edu, with relevant links to Vectorbase (www.vectorbase.org)
Substrate-Induced Respiration for Phosphorus- Enriched and Oligotrophic Peat Soils in an Everglades Wetland

Nutrient enrichment may alter patterns of heterotrophic microbial activity (HMA) in wetland soils and influence organic matter decomposition dynamics. The response of the heterotrophic microbial community to C substrates (alcohols, amides, amino acids, aromatics, plant residues, and polysaccharides) was measured as CO 2 and CH 4 production in detritus and soil (0-10 cm) collected from P-enriched and oligotrophic areas of Water Conservation Area 2a (WCA-2a) of the Everglades. The wedand was characterized by decreasing P levels from peripheral to interior, oligotrophic areas. Denitrification and SO 4 reduction appeared to be the primary metabolic pathways at the P-enriched site, whereas the contribution of methanogenesis to organic matter decomposition was greater in the oligotrophic interior of the wetland. Methane production averaged 38 and 48% of the total CO 2 + CH 4 production for P-enriched and oligotrophic detritus, respectively. Basal CO 2 production of detritus was 36% higher at the P-enriched than the oligotrophic site, but CH 4 production was 43% greater at the oligotrophic site. All C substrates enhanced CO 2 and CH 4 production, indicating that labile organic C may be limiting in this wedand, and the types of C substrates used by the heterotrophic microbial community varied between P-enriched and oligotrophic sites. Substrate-induced respiration was 71 and 48% greater at the P-enriched than the oligotrophic site for detritus and soil, respectively. Nutrient loading, particularly P, promoted the development of a N-limited system near the periphery of the wedand, while the oligotrophic interior was characterized by P-limited conditions. Continued nutrient loading into oligotrophic areas of WCA-2a may enhance HMA and stimulate organic matter decomposition and nutrient regeneration, and further contribute to undesirable changes to the Everglades ecosystem.
Feminism and Sexuality in Ellen Wilkinson's Fiction

The Labour MP Ellen Wilkinson is remembered for numerous achievements, chief of which is her leadership of the Jarrow Crusade in October 1936. Wilkinson was the only woman to march in the 280-mile protest against unemployment, and her compatriots were said to have looked upon her as one of them. But Wilkinson remained in many ways an outsider, both in politics and in industrial relations. Wilkinsons fiction provided her with a forum to discuss the difficulties faced by women such as herself who sought to succeed in a world dominated by men.
THE DECLARATORY JUDGMENT-A NEEDED PROCEDURAL REFORM

Follow this and additional works at: http://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/fss_papers Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, Conflicts of Law Commons, Constitutional Law Commons, Contracts Commons, Corporation and Enterprise Law Commons, Courts Commons, Ethics and Professional Responsibility Commons, Foreign Law Commons, Judges Commons, Jurisprudence Commons, Litigation Commons, and the Remedies Commons
Test scheduling for high performance VLSI system implementations

A powerful suboptimum heuristic for scheduling tests on general-purpose high-performance VLSI system implementations is presented. A simple model that represents a system and its organization, at any level, by a labeled resource allocation graph between test functions and test and system resources was introduced. The resource allocation graph was utilized to produce a scheduling model and a simple schedulability condition. An algorithm based on mechanisms for generating optimum schedules was presented. The algorithm performs a preliminary greedy scan for valid scheduling cycles. The partial scan seeds an iterative improvement procedure which utilizes a controlled incremental departure from local optima to schedule functions that require an equal number of tests. Methods to utilize the algorithm for a general number of tests per function were also outlined. The implementation of an experimental version of the algorithm showed good performance. >
Prefrontal mechanisms of behavioral flexibility, emotion regulation and value updating

Two ideas have dominated neuropsychology concerning the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). One holds that OFC regulates emotion and enhances behavioral flexibility through inhibitory control. The other ascribes to OFC a role in updating valuations on the basis of current motivational states. Neuroimaging, neurophysiological and clinical observations are consistent with either or both hypotheses. Although these hypotheses are compatible in principle, we present results supporting the latter view of OFC function and arguing against the former. We found that excitotoxic, fiber-sparing lesions confined to OFC in monkeys did not alter either behavioral flexibility, as measured by object reversal learning, or emotion regulation, as assessed by fear of snakes. A follow-up experiment indicated that a previously reported loss of inhibitory control resulted from damage to nearby fiber tracts and not from OFC dysfunction. Thus, OFC has a more specialized role in reward-guided behavior and emotion than has been thought, a function that includes value updating.
The molecular epidemiology of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase producing organisms

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing organisms have fascinated scientists and frustrated clinicians and microbiologists for more than 20 years. Much insight has been gained with respect to the beta-lactamases themselves. In many cases their crystal structure has been deduced and tremendous insights have been gained into the structure-function relationships of these enzymes. Yet, from a clinical perspective, we may still see outbreaks of infection within hospitals or other healthcare facilities. As is widely reported, there are also significant issues with respect to acquisition of ESBL-producing organisms in the community. This is a tremendously important problem from a global perspective as it threatens use of many common antibiotics when patients present from the community to the emergency department.
Winning Coalition Formation in the U.S. Senate: The Effects of Legislative Decision Rules and Agenda Change

Recent empirical work has brought a renewed attention to the effect congressional rules of procedure have on the size of winning coalitions. Specifically, scholars have posited that legislative success hinges on the support of legislators identified by institutionally defined decision rules. Under these theories, supermajority decision rules in the U.S. Senate lead to larger, more inclusive coalitions on final passage. In this article, I reevaluate these claims by controlling for changes in the legislative agenda and the roll-call voting record. I find that the aggregate size of winning coalitions is highly responsive to the underlying legislative agenda, the size of the Senate's majority party, and the manner in which researchers treat unrecorded votes. Further, my findings suggest that any connection between changes in the Senate's voting rules and the size of winning coalitions is spurious. Eric Schickler and Gregory J. Wawro have authored a response to this article, and Anthony J. Madonna has authored a rejoinder to this response. Both are available as Supporting Information.
A hot-deck multiple imputation procedure for gaps in longitudinal recurrent event histories.

Summary. We propose a regression-based hot-deck multiple imputation method for gaps of missing data in longitudinal studies, where subjects experience a recurrent event process and a terminal event. Examples are repeated asthma episodes and death, or menstrual periods and menopause, as in our motivating application. Research interest concerns the onset time of a marker event, defined by the recurrent event process, or the duration from this marker event to the final event. Gaps in the recorded event history make it difficult to determine the onset time of the marker event, and hence, the duration from onset to the final event. Simple approaches such as jumping gap times or dropping cases with gaps have obvious limitations. We propose a procedure for imputing information in the gaps by substituting information in the gap from a matched individual with a completely recorded history in the corresponding interval. Predictive mean matching is used to incorporate information on longitudinal characteristics of the repeated process and the final event time. Multiple imputation is used to propagate imputation uncertainty. The procedure is applied to an important data set for assessing the timing and duration of the menopausal transition. The performance of the proposed method is assessed by a simulation study.
Evidence-Based Psychosocial Treatments for Pediatric Body-Focused Repetitive Behavior Disorders

Habits, such as hair pulling and thumb sucking, have recently been grouped into a category of clinical conditions called body-focused repetitive behavior disorders (BFRBDs). These behaviors are common in children and, at extreme levels, can cause physical and psychological damage. This article reviews the evidence base for psychosocial treatment of pediatric BFRBDs. A review of academic databases and published reviews revealed 60 studies on psychosocial treatments for pediatric BFRBDs, 23 of which were deemed suitable for review. Based on stringent methodological and evidence base criteria, we provided recommendations for each specific BFRBD. Individual behavior therapy proved probably efficacious for thumb sucking, possibly efficacious for several conditions, and experimental for nail biting. Individual and multicomponent cognitive-behavioral therapy was named experimental for trichotillomania and nail biting, respectively. No treatment met criteria for well-established status in the treatment of any BFRBD. Recommendations for clinicians are discussed. Reasons for the limitations of existing research in children and adolescents are explored. Several recommendations are presented for future pediatric treatment research on BFRBDs.
Azimuth moveout for 3-D prestack imaging

We introduce a new partial prestack‐migration operator called “azimuth moveout” (AMO) that rotates the azimuth and modifies the offset of 3-D prestack data. Followed by partial stacking, AMO can reduce the computational cost of 3-D prestack imaging. We have successfully applied AMO to the partial stacking of a 3-D marine data set over a range of offsets and azimuths. When AMO is included in the partial‐stacking procedure, high‐frequency steeply dipping energy is better preserved than when conventional partial‐stacking methodologies are used. Because the test data set requires 3-D prestack depth migration to handle strong lateral variations in velocity, the results of our tests support the applicability of AMO to prestack depth‐imaging problems. AMO is a partial prestack‐migration operator defined by chaining a 3-D prestack imaging operator with a 3-D prestack modeling operator. The analytical expression for the AMO impulse response is derived by chaining constant‐velocity DMO with its inverse. Equivalentl...
Work in progress - improving the freshman engineering experience

In an effort to improve retention of engineering students, the College of Engineering at Utah State University piloted an effort to strengthen the freshman experience. Four different experiences were provided fall semester, 2003, and data was collected to determine which combination of experiences or factors were critical in retaining students. The first experience was a class targeted at electrical and computer engineering (ECE) majors. This class required concurrent enrollment in calculus I and focused on key concepts relevant to ECE majors. The next two experiences were offered in a second class to freshmen less certain of their major and requiring no mathematics prerequisite. This class was randomly divided into two laboratory groups - the first representing teams working on "paper designs" and the second representing cooperative teams in a hands-on laboratory approach. The fourth experience was essentially no experience. Those majoring in mechanical engineering took the required math, science, and general education courses.
Building Civic Capacity to Resolve Environmental Conflicts

imagine two cities similar in many respects—size, socio–economic status, location—faced with an environmental challenge. in one city, a fractious battle is observed among interest groups, while in the other, parties seem very effective at engaging in deliberations that yield possible solutions to the challenge. all else being similar, the difference might be the level of civic capacity in the two cities. this civic capacity is the focus of this article.
Archipelago: A polymorphic cache design for enabling robust near-threshold operation

Extreme technology integration in the sub-micron regime comes with a rapid rise in heat dissipation and power density for modern processors. Dynamic voltage scaling is a widely used technique to tackle this problem when high performance is not the main concern. However, the minimum achievable supply voltage for the processor is often bounded by the large on-chip caches since SRAM cells fail at a significantly faster rate than logic cells when reducing supply voltage. This is mainly due to the higher susceptibility of the SRAM structures to process-induced parameter variations. In this work, we propose a highly flexible fault-tolerant cache design, Archipelago, that by reconfiguring its internal organization can efficiently tolerate the large number of SRAM failures that arise when operating in the near-threshold region. Archipelago partitions the cache to multiple autonomous islands with various sizes which can operate correctly without borrowing redundancy from each other. Our configuration algorithm — an adapted version of minimum clique covering — exploits the high degree of flexibility in the Archipelago architecture to reduce the granularity of redundancy replacement and minimize the amount of space lost in the cache when operating in near-threshold region. Using our approach, the operational voltage of a processor can be reduced to 375mV, which translates to 79% dynamic and 51% leakage power savings (in 90nm) for a microprocessor similar to the Alpha 21364. These power savings come with a 4.6% performance drop-off when operating in low power mode and 2% area overhead for the microprocessor.
Intrinsically linked signed graphs in projective space

Abstract We define a signed embedding of a signed graph into real projective space to be an embedding such that an embedded cycle is 0-homologous if and only if it is balanced. We characterize signed graphs that have a linkless signed embedding. In particular, we exhibit 46 graphs that form the complete minor-minimal set of signed graphs that contain a non-split link for every signed embedding. With one trivial exception, these graphs are derived from different signings of the seven Petersen family graphs.
mPHASiS: Mobile patient healthcare and sensor information system

Pervasive care and chronic disease management to reduce institutionalization is a priority for most western countries. The realization of next generation ubiquitous and pervasive healthcare systems will be a challenging task, as these systems are likely to involve a complex structure. Such systems will consist of various devices, ranging from resource-constrained sensors and actuators to complex multimedia devices, supporting time critical applications. This is further compounded by cultural and socio-economical factors that must be addressed for next generation healthcare systems to be widely diffused and used. In this study, the requirements for a vital sign monitoring solution space is derived and mPHASiS is developed based on these requirements. mPHASiS is an end to end solution not only providing sensor networking and vital sign monitoring but also closing the loop by signaling alert messages to the caregiver and allowing pervasive access to vital signs of a patient using smartphones over a heterogeneous network. A role based access control mechanism is developed to limit access to sensitive data. The end to end delay and delay variations for both vital sign data collection and pervasive access are analyzed. mPHASiS is developed as a complementary solution augmenting functionality of a hospital information system and can be loosely couple with the hospital information system using webservices.
Fast sub-voxel re-initialization of the distance map for level set methods

When segmenting three-dimensional medical data using level sets, re-distancing the implicit surface is time-consuming. We propose a fast implementation, based on Chamfer distance, which preserves the interface location. Experiments using synthetic and real data show reasonable accuracy and considerable speed-up.
Unfalsified nonlinear adaptive control

Pursues the idea that adaptive linear control can be used to nullify deleterious effects of unknown nonlinearities. A direct adaptive algorithm based on unfalsified control ideas are shown to correctly adjust a control parameter without any knowledge of the plant, which in this case is bilinear and with a linear feedback controller is easily coaxed into multi-periodic and chaotic behavior. At present no method of analysis is apparent from which one can predict the (nonlinear) systems for which this method of adaptation will likely be successful. As mentioned, averaging analysis of slowly adapting systems can be used to draw some inferences, provided the method presented is analogous to slow adaptation. It may be so, because the parameters are iteratively adjusted after accumulating a reasonable amount of data which most likely has an averaging effect.
The Human Being in Culture Theory

I HAVE recently been editing a life story of an American Indian which I recorded in the field. I have hoped that this could be an introduction to the culture as well as to the events of an individual's life, and so I was prepared to furnish explanatory notes to fill in gaps and to clarify statements and references that might be obscure to the reader who was not a specialist. This exercise, which turned out to be much more extensive and demanding than I had anticipated, forced me to do a good deal of thinking about the relation of the narrator of the life story to his culture and, by extension, about the relation of the human being and culture in general. I knew that a good many able scholars had concerned themselves with this problem area before me, and so I turned to the literature for stimulation and information. I became very much interested in a set of premises about the matter which I believe had its earliest full expression in the works of William Sumner and soon thereafter entered the anthropological literature. These publications are too voluminous to review exhaustively, but I would like to summarize enough of the material to give a clear indication of the direction of thought it represents, and then I should like to offer a few reflections of my own. Although his book Folkways was published in 1906, William Graham Sumner tells us in his preface that he used its concepts and data for lecture material as early as 1885. If this is the case, the tenets advanced by this prominent cultural sociologist are now nearly 80 years old. Yet they must seem remarkably current to the contemporary cultural anthropologist, for they anticipate and parallel much that he is asked to accept today. Sumner begins his book with these ringing words: "If we put together all that we have learned from anthropology and ethnography about primitive men and primitive society, we perceive that the first task of life is to live. Men begin with acts, not with thoughts. Every moment brings necessities which must be satisfied at once. Need was the first experience, and it was followed at once by a blundering effort to satisfy it" (1906:2). I call attention to the haste and complete confidence with which Sumner subordinates the intellectual to the practical and behavioral. How then did man move to satisfy his needs? How, indeed, did he recognize his needs? In answer Sumner leans heavily on social or cultural Darwinism. I quote: "Pleasure and pain, on the one side and the other, were the rude constraints which defined the line on which efforts must proceed. The ability to distinguish between pleasure and pain is the only psychical power which is to be assumed. Thus ways of doing things were selected, which were expedient. They answered the purpose better than other ways, or with less toil and pain. Along the course on which efforts were compelled to go, habit, routine, and skill
Views from the Trenches: Teacher and Student Supports Needed for Full Inclusion of Students with ASD.

The current prevalence rates for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) coupled with the mandate to provide services to students with disabilities in inclusive classrooms warrants the need to examine the dynamics of inclusion for students with ASD. Focus groups were conducted with special and general educators at the elementary, middle, and high school levels to determine the needs of students with ASD in fully inclusive settings as well as teachers’ needs in facilitating their students’ success. The study was translational in nature by focusing on the practice and daily experiences of teachers for informing professional development. Teachers highlighted the knowledge and skills teachers need for students with ASD to fully benefit from inclusive educational placements. Those included the need to fully understand ASD, differentiation, and social support strategies for students with autism as well as the strong need for increased collaboration between general and special educators.
Distributed estimation of channel gains in sensor networks

Channel estimation algorithms are proposed for the initialization phase of a wireless sensor network, during which the nodes are still unaware of their neighbors or channel qualities. Both expectation propagation (EP) and diffusion least mean squares (LMS) algorithms are applied to this problem of channel estimation while the network employs a random duty cycling strategy to conserve power. Simulations results which show EP giving better performance are given for both algorithms for a small network.
Measuring systems security

Security metrics have evolved side by side with the advent of security tools and techniques. They have been derived from the techniques rather than specified as system requirements. This paper surveys the evolution and state of the practice of security metrics from both a technical and historical perspective. It describes the evolution of currently popular security metrics, and classifies them to illustrate their utility in systems engineering verification and validation activities. It provides criteria with which to evaluate security metrics based on system purpose and architecture. The criteria are illustrated using a case study of Cloud System security. ©2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 16:
Nectin-Like Interactions between Poliovirus and Its Receptor Trigger Conformational Changes Associated with Cell Entry

Poliovirus infection is initiated by attachment to a receptor on the cell surface called Pvr or CD155. At physiological temperatures, the receptor catalyzes an irreversible expansion of the virus to form an expanded form of the capsid called the 135S particle. This expansion results in the externalization of the myristoylated capsid protein VP4 and the N-terminal extension of the capsid protein VP1, both of which become inserted into the cell membrane. Structures of the expanded forms of poliovirus and of several related viruses have recently been reported. However, until now, it has been unclear how receptor binding triggers viral expansion at physiological temperature. Here, we report poliovirus in complex with an enzymatically partially deglycosylated form of the 3-domain ectodomain of Pvr at a 4-Å resolution, as determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The interaction of the receptor with the virus in this structure is reminiscent of the interactions of Pvr with its natural ligands. At a low temperature, the receptor induces very few changes in the structure of the virus, with the largest changes occurring within the footprint of the receptor, and in a loop of the internal protein VP4. Changes in the vicinity of the receptor include the displacement of a natural lipid ligand (called “pocket factor”), demonstrating that the loss of this ligand, alone, is not sufficient to induce particle expansion. Finally, analogies with naturally occurring ligand binding in the nectin family suggest which specific structural rearrangements in the virus-receptor complex could help to trigger the irreversible expansion of the capsid. IMPORTANCE The cell-surface receptor (Pvr) catalyzes a large structural change in the virus that exposes membrane-binding protein chains. We fitted known atomic models of the virus and Pvr into three-dimensional experimental maps of the receptor-virus complex. The molecular interactions we see between poliovirus and its receptor are reminiscent of the nectin family, by involving the burying of otherwise-exposed hydrophobic groups. Importantly, poliovirus expansion is regulated by the binding of a lipid molecule within the viral capsid. We show that receptor binding either causes this molecule to be expelled or requires it, but that its loss is not sufficient to trigger irreversible expansion. Based on our model, we propose testable hypotheses to explain how the viral shell becomes destabilized, leading to RNA uncoating. These findings give us a better understanding of how poliovirus has evolved to exploit a natural process of its host to penetrate the membrane barrier.
Functional Status and Postoperative Morbidity in Older Women with Prolapse

Purpose: We determined the relationship of preoperative functional status to postoperative morbidity after pelvic organ prolapse surgery in women older than 60 years.Materials and Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of 223 women older than 60 years who underwent surgery for stage II or greater pelvic organ prolapse. Our exposure was preoperative functional status, defined as American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status class. We compared postoperative outcomes (length of stay in a medical facility, and number and severity of postoperative complications) in women with low functional status (ASA class III) to those in women with high functional status (ASA classes I and II). We determined the association of preoperative functional status with postoperative outcomes on multivariate analysis.Results: Women in ASA class III were significantly likely to be older (mean ± SD age 72.7 ± 7.3 vs 68.3 ± 6.5 years) and of nonwhite ethnicity (36.1% vs 20.1%), have a higher body mass index ...
Variation in Rates of Molecular Evolution in Plants and Implications for Estimating Divergence Times

For nearly as long as molecular sequence data have been available for plants, they have been used to construct phylogenetic hypotheses and date the origin and diversification of clades (e.g., Boulter et al. 1972; Ramshaw et al. 1972). These studies infer evolutionary history of plants from patterns of molecular variation, and consequently, they rely in part on assumptions about the processes that create this variation. The availability of more and more molecular data have revealed increasingly complex patterns of evolution, resulting largely from the pervasive and highly nuanced effects of selection at the molecular level. Methods of evolutionary inference now must confront this molecular complexity. In this chapter, I review some of the factors associated with molecular rate variation in plants and discuss how insights into molecular evolution both inform and confound our ability to infer divergence times from molecular data.
Genetic control of alpha chains of rabbit IgA: allotypic specificities on the variable and the constant regions.

One approach to understanding the control of immunoglobulin (Ig) synthesis is to examine the inherited differences of the immunoglobulins, namely allotypes, among individuals of a species. The identification and quantitation of these allotypes provides some insight into the complexity of the Ig genome with respect to gene interaction, selected gene expression, and the regulation thereof. Allotypes of rabbit Ig were discovered by Oudin (1956) with precipitating antisera which had been prepared by cross-immunizing rabbits with IgG obtained from other rabbits. Each alloantiserum prepared in this manner reacts with Ig molecules from some but not all rabbits (Oudin, 1960a, b; Dray et al., 1963a). The antigenic property identified by each antiserum is designated the allotypic specificity.
Somatostatin Increases a Voltage-Insensitive K+ Conductance in Rat CA1 Hippocampal Neurons

Schweitzer, Paul, Samuel G. Madamba, and George R. Siggins. Somatostatin increases a voltage-insensitive K+ conductance in rat CA1 hippocampal neurons. J. Neurophysiol. 79: 1230–1238, 1998. Somatos...
Abstract 1121: LKB1 mutation correlates with a unique gene expression profile in NSCLC

Background: Germline mutations in LKB1 gene cause the Peutz-Jegher syndrome, an elevated cancer risk condition. LKB1 somatic mutations are present in ∼30% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC). LKB1 encodes a serine-threonine kinase involved in the regulation of cell growth, metabolism and epithelial cell polarity. Importantly, downstream proteins and events in LKB1 pathway remain to be determined in NSCLC. Aims: 1) Characterize the mutational status of LKB1 in a panel of NSCLC cell lines; 2) Correlate mutations of LKB1, EGFR and KRAS, and 3) Identify differentially expressed genes in NSCLC cell lines harboring LKB1 inactivating mutations. Methods: 42 lung adenocarcinoma cell lines derived from never or light smokers with or without EGFR mutations (n=20) and from smokers with or without KRAS mutations (n=22), were screened for LKB1: 1) gene mutations (by exon sequencing); 2) gene copy number variations (by qPCR) and 3) promoter hypermethylation (by methylation-specific PCR). Gene expression profiling (Illumina microarray) was performed in LKB1 mutant cell lines. NSCLC cell lines wild-types for LKB1 gene were selected for comparison. Candidate gene expression levels were verified by qRT-PCR. Protein levels were determined by immunobloting. Results: LKB1 gene mutations were present in 33% of the cell lines. Specifically, frameshift (7/14), nonsense (4/14), and missense (2/14) mutations were detected. Homozygous deletion was found in only one cell line. EGFR activating mutation and LKB1 inactivating mutations were mutually exclusive, whereas LKB1 mutational status was not associated with KRAS mutations nor smoker status. LKB1 protein was undetectable in all the cell lines with LKB1 gene inactivating mutations (12/14). No gain in LKB1 gene copy number was found and gene promoter hypermethylation was detected in only five cell lines. Importantly, no correlations between LKB1 promoter hypermethylation and LKB1 mRNA and protein levels were found. Significance Analysis of Microarrays and False Discovery Rate (FDR) analysis identified differentially expressed genes in the LKB1 mutant versus LKB1 wild type NSCLC cell lines. With a FDR tolerance of Conclusion: 1) LKB1 mutations are a frequent finding in NSCLC cell lines and they are mutually exclusive with EGFR mutations; 2) there is a good concordance between LKB1 inactivating mutations and absence of LKB1 protein expression, suggesting that LKB1 protein expression is a good proxy for LKB1 mutational status in NSCLC and 3) LKB1 mutations correlates with a unique gene expression profile in NSCLC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 1121.
CW tunable midwave infrared generation near 4.5 μm

Tunable output from 4.25 to 4.65-μm was demonstrated by using difference frequency generation in a PPLN OPO cavity. Up to 90-mW of cw power at 4.5-μm was achieved using a 1-μm Nd:YAG pump laser.
Comparative study of postlarval life-history schedules in four sympatric: species of Cancer (Decapoda: Brachyura×Cancridae)

Size-at-instar, growth-per-molt, reproductive schedules, and morphometric allometries were investigated in four sympatric species of Cancer (magister, the Dungeness crab, gracilis, productus, and oregonensis) in Garrison Bay, North Puget Sound. Complementary observations were made on mating systems, mortality, habitat utilization patterns, and feeding. Numerical methods were successfully employed to discriminate instars in size-frequency distributions. Growth pattern, contrary to our expectation, was determinate in the four species. Geographic variation in prereproductive growth rate of C. magister is attributed to environmental factors. It is suggested that an independent stock may inhabit the Strait of Georgia-North Puget Sound area. Observations on mating behavior suggest that these polygynic species have different types of mating systems, leaning towards resource defense in C. oregonensis, female defense in C. gracilis (and perhaps also in C. productus), and explosive breeding assemblages in C. magister. Degree of sexual dimorphism is consistent with this hypothesis. Adult males of C. gracilis, C. productus, and C. oregonensis have proportionally larger chelae than females; no significant dimorphism was detected in C. magister. Male C. gracilis and C. productus show two clear allometric phases in the chela-carapace size relation. Contemporary studies of diversity within decapod guilds have frequently been done with food-resource partitioning as an explicit or implicit hypothesis. In contrast, we stress the importance of habitat, mating systems, and sexual selection as primary mechanisms underlying the diversification of this genus. the genus Cancer originated during the Eocene, presumably in the Northeast Pacific, and was well diversified in the Miocene (about 15 million years ago) (Nations, 1975). Nations (1975, 1979) postulated a radiation from this area (center of origin) into the Northwest Pacific, the North Atlantic, the Southeast Pacific, and then to New Zealand. The genus is at present restricted to cold temperate waters, and is maximally diversified in the Northeast Pacific, where we conducted our studies. Four species coexist in Garrison Bay (the study area), a small, shallow embayment in North Puget Sound. There are many publications dealing with one of them, Cancer magister (the Dungeness crab), but little is known about the other three (C. productus, C. gracilis, and C. oregonensis). Nevertheless, even for C. magister there are unexplained discrepancies between the life-history schedules reported for different geographic areas. One goal of the present study was to assemble and compare (within and between species) such schedules for the four species. Whenever possible we tried to
Rapid staining and imaging of subnuclear features to differentiate between malignant and benign breast tissues at a point-of-care setting

Histopathology is the clinical standard for tissue diagnosis; however, it requires tissue processing, laboratory personnel and infrastructure, and a highly trained pathologist to diagnose the tissue. Optical microscopy can provide real-time diagnosis, which could be used to inform the management of breast cancer. The goal of this work is to obtain images of tissue morphology through fluorescence microscopy and vital fluorescent stains and to develop a strategy to segment and quantify breast tissue features in order to enable automated tissue diagnosis. We combined acriflavine staining, fluorescence microscopy, and a technique called sparse component analysis to segment nuclei and nucleoli, which are collectively referred to as acriflavine positive features (APFs). A series of variables, which included the density, area fraction, diameter, and spacing of APFs, were quantified from images taken from clinical core needle breast biopsies and used to create a multivariate classification model. The model was developed using a training data set and validated using an independent testing data set. The top performing classification model included the density and area fraction of smaller APFs (those less than 7 µm in diameter, which likely correspond to stained nucleoli).When applied to the independent testing set composed of 25 biopsy panels, the model achieved a sensitivity of 82 %, a specificity of 79 %, and an overall accuracy of 80 %. These results indicate that our quantitative microscopy toolbox is a potentially viable approach for detecting the presence of malignancy in clinical core needle breast biopsies.