cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Race, Trust, Altruism and Reciprocity

Trust, altruism and reciprocity are attracting growing attention from scholars. Interest began with psychological experiments showing that people often are altruistic, trust others, and reciprocate the benevolence of others far more than economic models of "rational" human selfishness predict. These findings inspired social scientists to discover what factors promote or hinder cooperation. Legal scholars have employed this learning to determine how the law does or could facilitate or discourage cooperation in many contexts, including business transactions and the workplace. The influence of race on cooperation has been studied in specific areas, but so far no one has considered how the new learning might improve race relations and racial equality. This article makes an initial effort to do so. Trust in others is essential to human interaction, especially in dealings too complex for the parties' rights and duties to be detailed in writing. Trust grows when each side's contribution is reciprocated by the other's, but not if reciprocity is withheld, and trust shrinks rapidly if one party abuses the other's trust by acting opportunistically. People often eschew gain and help the needy, but altruism also dwindles if the recipients do not seem truly needy, or do not try to help themselves, or if others who could help refuse to do so and "free ride" on those who are altruistic. The dearth of racial trust in America is dramatically manifested in the separation so often chosen by both blacks and whites. Distrust blocks cooperation and altruism between the races and obstructs efforts to solve virtually every social problem. Part I of this article reviews the learning about trust, altruism and reciprocity. Part II applies this knowledge to better understand racial division and inequality in America and why many policies and positions do not ameliorate these ills and indeed may exacerbate them. Part III discusses our goals in race relations. Part IV prescribes principles to foster interracial trust. Part V proposes some specific steps to reduce racial inequality while building trust.
On Reinforcement Learning with Variable Increments

This paper considers Erev and Roth’s model of reinforcement learning with either asymptotically small or large learning increments. It is shown that in the case of vanishing learning increments, this model of learning is translated to the model of learning proposed in (B¨orgers and Sarin 1997). Therefore, a connection with the replicator dynamics is established. Also it is shown that large learning increments result in a lock-in effect.
Use of Viral Cultures and Serologic Tests for Cytomegalovirus Infection: Rational or Random?

To assess their applied clinical utility, viral cultures and serological tests for cytomegalovirus (CMV) were reviewed at Duke University Medical Center (DUMC), a 1,125-bed tertiary-care hospital. Less than 1% (3 of 1,216) of CMV cultures were positive, and 8% of serum samples (45 of 587) were positive by single sera IgM ELISA. Sixteen percent (32 of 199) of IgG acute to convalescent sera pairs were positive. Four hundred five of 588 (69%) serum samples were positive for the IgM/IgG passive latex agglutination test, consistent with the results for random blood donors. Review of hospital records showed that fewer than 1% of the positive-test patients (excluding the latex test) received treatment for CMV. Comparisons of tests ordered on individual patients did not disclose a coherent diagnostic strategy. The authors conclude that the majority of testing for CMV in their medical center does not yield useful clinical information, but carries a substantial financial burden. A new diagnostic strategy to attempt to diagnose CMV disease is needed.
Susceptibility of field populations of beet armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) to cyfluthrin, methomyl, and profenofos, and selection for resistance to cyfluthrin

The tolerance of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua (Hubner), to 3 insecticides-cyfluthrin, methomyl, and profenofos-was investigated in 2 field strains collected from Marana and Yuma, AZ. The susceptible laboratory strain was obtained in California. Dose-mortality data were obtained by topical application on 3rd instars. Compared with the susceptible strain, the Marana and Yuma strains exhibited resistance ratios of 5.5 and 15.7 to cyfluthrin, 8.1 and 3.0 to methomyl, and 17.8 and 14.1 to profenofos, respectively. Selection of the Marana strain for resistance to cyfluthrin for 8 generations resulted in a 54.1-fold increase in the LD 50 . The selected strain was then tested for cross resistance to methomyl and profenofos. Resistance to methomyl increased by 24.7-fold, whereas resistance to profenofos increased only 3.3-fold in the cyfluthrin-selected strain.
Gold(I) complexes of brominated azadipyrromethene ligands.

Azadipyrromethenes are luminescent, red-light absorbing dyes that readily bind BF2+ and metals. Their framework allows for structural modification at the phenyl arms and the two pyrrolic carbon positions. Here we report five new gold(I) complexes with azadipyrromethene ligands brominated at the pyrrolic carbons and/or the four phenyl substituents. New complexes are characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, X-ray crystallography, optical absorption and emission spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The new compounds have a perturbed two-coordinate geometry in the crystalline state, with gold(I) binding one dimethylphenylphosphine ancillary ligand and one pyrrole nitrogen of the azadipyrromethene. The second azadipyrromethene pyrrole nitrogen perturbs the linear coordination. These complexes maintain the absorption features of the free ligands. Excitation in the near-ultraviolet generates emission in the near-UV and visible regions. Density-functional theory calculations indicate that the photopropert...
Development and Validation of a Turbulence Wall Model for Compressible Flows with Heat Transfer

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. August 2016. Major: Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics. Advisor: Graham Candler. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 118 pages.
Thermosetting Allyl Resins Derived from Soybean Oil

A new class of biopolymers based on plant oils with allylic double bonds was prepared from vegetable oils by oxirane ring-opening. Investigation of model systems revealed that the main side reactions during ring-opening were formation of intramolecular cyclic ethers in epoxidized linoleic fatty ester and oligomerization. Side reactions in the epoxidized oleic fatty ester were insignificant. Allyl alcohol ring-opened epoxidized soybean oil (AESBO) was then copolymerized with maleic anhydride (MA) to prepare thermosetting resins by free radical polymerization and esterification. In the best case, high gel content (99%), low water absorption (∼1%), and low swelling ration in toluene (∼4%) were achieved. Glass transition temperatures of these resins ranged from below room temperature to about 123 °C depending on the loading of MA. Tensile modulus varied from few MPa to 1.1 GPa, with the highest tensile strength of 29 MPa.
Distinguishing among Competing Theories of the Market Share Effect

Empirical studies assessing the role of market share in influencing profitability have been challenged because of their inability to distinguish among competing hypotheses. The author addresses thi...
Interpreting digoxin concentrations.

Abstract Clinical assessment of the patient is critical in interpreting concentrations and determining dose.
Logic, Critical Thinking, and the Local Clinical Scientist

Sherlock Holmes would have a bewildering time were he to pursue training in scientific professional psychology. He might wish to apply his celebrated method to the investigation of mind, but he would find our scientific ways frustrating. In his training, he would learn a great deal about psychopathology, psychotherapy, developmental and social issues across the life span, and perhaps a bit about himself. He would learn about research methods and statistics. He would find that there are more journal articles than any one investigator could ever read, and theory abounds. But in the end, he would find that methods he perfected for his criminal investigations are largely absent in our training.
Wall, Membrane, Vacuole, and Microtubules

Plant cells, with few exceptions, possess walls. These walls are an outstanding characteristic of the plant cell and determine many features of the plant, including the mode of cell division and growth.
Effect of pH, NaCl content, and temperature on growth and survival of Arcobacter spp.

Growth and survival of six human isolates of the pathogenic Arcobacter spp. in the presence of selected environmental factors were studied. Four strains of Arcobacter butzleri and two strains of Arcobacter cryaerophilus were exposed to pH levels of 3.5 to 8.0. Most strains grew between pH 5.5 and 8.0, with optimal growth of most A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus strains at pH 6.0 to 7.0 and 7.0 to 7.5, respectively. The 24-h optimal growth range in the presence of NaCl was 0.5 to 1.0% for A. cryaerophilus. However, after 96 h, the optimum was between 0.5 and 2.0% NaCl. The optimum range for growth of A. butzleri strains was 0.09 to 0.5% NaCl after 96 h. The upper growth limits were 3.5 and 3.0% NaCl for A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus, respectively. Survival at 25°C in up to 5% NaCl was noted for A. butzleri 3556 and 3539 and A. cryaerophilus 3256. Decimal reduction times (D-values) at pH 7.3 in phosphate-buffered saline for three A. butzleri strains were 0.07 to 0.12 min at 60°C, 0.38 to 0.76 min at 55°C...
Effects of Radiation Damage on Polyimide Resistivity

How dielectric materials collect and store electrical charge is critical to spacecraft construction and operational anomaly resolution. Electrical conduction, and thus spacecraft potential, is known to change as materials are damaged by the space environment. However, the exact extent and nature of the aging is unknown and this dynamic aging is a major impediment to the modeling of a spacecraft’s behavior over its mission life. Here, an investigation is presented of the alteration of electrical conduction and chemistry composition of polyimide films after controlled radiation damage caused by exposure to 90 keV electrons. The conductivity of polyimide is found to increase dramatically (several orders of magnitude) with increased electron exposure. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy suggests emission of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide from the polymer at a low electron dose and loss of unsaturated hydrocarbons as the dose increases. No correlation is found between the composition of the surface and the el...
Intra-arterial therapies for liver cancer: assessing tumor response.

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Intra-arterial therapies (IATs) play an integral role in the management of unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma and liver metastases. The ability to accurately assess tumor response to intra-arterial therapies is crucial for clinical management. Several one- and two-dimensional manual imaging-based response assessment techniques, based both on tumor size or enhancement, have shown to be highly subjective and merely surrogate for the actual tumor as a whole.Areas covered: Given the currently existing literature, we will discuss all available tumor assessment techniques and criteria for liver cancer with a strong emphasis on 3D quantitative imaging biomarkers of tumor response in this review.Expert commentary: The growing role of information technology in medicine has brought about the advent of software-assisted, segmentation-based assessment techniques that address the outstanding issues of a subjective reader and provide for more accurate assessment techniques for the locally treat...
Aortic Arch and Great Vessel Origin Arterial Variants

Aortic arch variants are commonly encountered on neck CT or MR images and CTA/MRA, and this chapter illustrates a few of the more common or readily identifiable variants. Briefly, the normal configuration of the arch (in about 70 % of persons) gives rise to three vessels: the innominate, the left common carotid, and the left subclavian artery (Figs. 32.1, 32.2, and 32.3). The most common variations (which typically are asymptomatic) include a common origin of the innominate and the left common carotid artery (10–25 %, the so called “bovine arch” misnomer); arch origin of the left vertebral artery (about 5 %, between the origins of the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries); left arch with retroesophageal right subclavian artery (0.5–1 % of population, 10 % of which are associated with congenital cardiac anomalies); a right-sided arch with a retroesophageal left subclavian artery (about 0.1 %, a “true ring”, of which 10 % are associated with cardiac anomalies); and a right-sided arch without a retroesophageal left subclavian artery (i.e., “mirror image” right arch). The right and left arches with retroesophageal subclavian arteries are considered aberrant, but are usually asymptomatic variations unless there is esophageal compression from posteriorly by a “diverticulum of Kommerell.”
Feasibility of Wearable Fitness Trackers for Adapting Multimodal Communication

In addition to efforts to increase the intelligence and perception capabilities of robots to enable collaboration with human counterparts, there is also a focus towards improving interaction mechanics. Multimodal communication is one such tool under investigation due to its dynamic ability to select explicit and implicit communication modalities with the aim of facilitating robust exchanges of information. Although there is extensive research in the domain of explicit communication using auditory, visual, and tactile interfaces, investigations into systems that incorporate implicit methods, or actually adapt and select appropriate modalities for reporting data from a robot to human is limited. Furthermore, a missing piece is identifying how and when to trigger these changes. A novel strategy to accomplish adaptation is through identification of teammate’s physiological state. From the literature, one can find examples of researchers using high fidelity systems to measure physiological response and predict user workload, but many of these technologies are prohibitively expensive or not suitable for use in many domains of interest for human robot interaction such as dismounted infantry operations. Recent advancements in wearable consumer technologies, specifically fitness trackers supporting integration with third party software, are making it possible for incorporation of low cost systems in a variety of novel applications. A logical extension of these applications being physiological state measurement to drive adaptive automation in the form of multimodal interfaces. This paper describes the results of a study to assess the feasibility of using data from a wearable fitness tracker in an adaptive multimodal interface for squad-level human-robot interaction.
The Conditions and Contradictions of Legitimation and Will-Formation Under Global Neoliberalism

This chapter analyzes the conditions that created the early legitimation of global neoliberalism and later engendered its legitimation crisis. While the claim of impartiality of market relations legitimized neoliberalism, subsequent events engendered not only a crisis of system integration but also a crisis of social integration. The crisis of social integration is made explicit by the rampant dissatisfaction with the corporate domination of society that invalidates new forms of “civic privatism.” These conditions, the chapter concludes, delegitimize the message of desirability of an economy and society based on the free functioning of the market and its ideology.
How Interdisciplinary Teams Elicit Collaborative Communication

Although interdisciplinary teams are growing in importance, not much research has been conducted to understand the mechanism of collaboration in interdisciplinary teams. In this paper, I investigat...
A multiple level set method for three-dimensional inversion of magnetic data

We propose a multiple level set method for inverting three-dimensional magnetic data induced by magnetization only. To alleviate inherent non-uniqueness of the inverse magnetic problem, we assume that the subsurface geological structure consists of several uniform magnetic mass distributions surrounded by homogeneous non-magnetic background such as soil, where each magnetic mass distribution has a known constant susceptibility and is supported on an unknown sub-domain. This assumption enables us to reformulate the original inverse magnetic problem into a domain inverse problem for those unknown domains defining the supports of those magnetic mass distributions. Since each uniform mass distribution may take a variety of shapes, we use multiple level-set functions to parameterize these domains so that the domain inverse problem can be further reduced to an optimization problem for multiple level-set functions. To compute rapidly gradients of the nonlinear functional arising in the multiple-level-set formulation, we utilize the fact that the kernel function in the field-susceptibility relation decays rapidly off the diagonal so that matrix-vector multiplications for evaluating the gradients can be speeded up significantly. Numerical experiments are carried out to illustrate the effectiveness of the new method.
Coping with chronic pain, illness and incarceration: what patients and prisoners have to teach each other (and all of us).

This article proposes the benefits to be had from an unusual conversation: that between those suffering from chronic pain/illness and from long-term incarceration. Taking a phenomenological approach, a series of experiential commonalities are outlined: pain and illness, like incarceration, can cause (1) a constriction of lived space and the range of possible action; (2) a disruption of lived time, such that one is trapped in an aversive ‘now’, or ever trying to escape it; (3) isolation, as meaningful social contacts diminish or are ripped away; and (4) disempowerment and depersonalisation, especially when the ill person feels caught within a medical system that can be dehumanising in ways that echo prison life. Drawing on pathographies, and my published conversations from teaching philosophy classes in prison, I outline some of the strategies whereby creative individuals help relieve these modes of disruption. These include (1) adaptability, as individuals learn to live differently, but well, within the limits imposed by pain/illness or incarceration; (2) appreciative presence, the ability to find joy in, and richly utilise, the ‘now’; (3) mental freedom, which includes the capacity to choose emotional responses, and to expand the intellect and spirit even when the body is confined; and (4) community, surmounting isolation through empathic relation with others. I suggest a conversation between these groups can bring mutual benefit, and teach us all how to live well in extreme circumstances, which we may encounter some time in our life.
Variable Importance in Nonlinear Kernels (VINK): Classification of Digitized Histopathology

Quantitative histomorphometry is the process of modeling appearance of disease morphology on digitized histopathology images via image–based features (e.g., texture, graphs). Due to the curse of dimensionality, building classifiers with large numbers of features requires feature selection (which may require a large training set) or dimensionality reduction (DR). DR methods map the original high–dimensional features in terms of eigenvectors and eigenvalues, which limits the potential for feature transparency or interpretability. Although methods exist for variable selection and ranking on embeddings obtained via linear DR schemes (e.g., principal components analysis (PCA)), similar methods do not yet exist for nonlinear DR (NLDR) methods. In this work we present a simple yet elegant method for approximating the mapping between the data in the original feature space and the transformed data in the kernel PCA (KPCA) embedding space; this mapping provides the basis for quantification of variable importance in nonlinear kernels (VINK). We show how VINK can be implemented in conjunction with the popular Isomap and Laplacian eigenmap algorithms. VINK is evaluated in the contexts of three different problems in digital pathology: (1) predicting five year PSA failure following radical prostatectomy, (2) predicting Oncotype DX recurrence risk scores for ER+ breast cancers, and (3) distinguishing good and poor outcome p16+ oropharyngeal tumors. We demonstrate that subsets of features identified by VINK provide similar or better classification or regression performance compared to the original high dimensional feature sets.
Fatty acid composition of the human macula and peripheral retina

The fatty acids in the human retina and the macular region were measured quantitatively (mole percent) by gas chromatography. The major fatty acids of the human retina and macula were palmitic, stearic, oleic, arachidonic, and docosahexaenoic. Surprisingly, there was much less docosahexaenoic acid in the macular region (15.9% of total) than in the peripheral retina (22.3% of total). There was a group of "other fatty acids," not any of the five major fatty acids, that were relatively more abundant in the macula (21.0% of total) than in the peripheral retina (10.7% of total). These results indicate that the human macula has a unique biochemical composition, which differs substantially from the peripheral retina. Establishment of the biochemical composition of the macula may be important for helping recognize possible changes associated with diseases such as age-related macular degeneration.
UsenetDHT: a low overhead usenet server

UsenetDHT is a system that reduces the storage and bandwidth resources required to run a Usenet server by spreading the burden of data storage across participants. UsenetDHT distributes data using a distributed hash table. The amount of data that must be stored on each node participating in UsenetDHT scales inversely with the number of participating nodes. Each node’s bandwidth requirements are proportional to the fraction of articles read rather than to the total number posted.
Returns to education in developing countries

The empirical returns to schooling literature has proven to be a useful standard. The global average rate of return to schooling, estimated at 10 per cent, is used as a global benchmark. Empirical evidence on returns on investment in education is a useful indicator of the productivity of education, and it serves as an incentive for individuals to invest in their own human capital. Recent research shows that skills - ability and learning outcomes - matter for earnings attainment. Overall, in several countries, a one standard deviation increase in school performance results in about a 12-15 times corresponding increase in earnings. More research is needed, however, on estimating the social benefits of schooling.
Safety Aspects of Lithium Primary Batteries

Abstract This chapter provides an overview of existing primary lithium metal cells classified based on cell voltage, size, and application. Risks associated with different aspects of primary lithium cells including components, potential parasitic reactions, cell design, process considerations, and intended use or unintentional misuse are discussed for lithium primary cells available in retail distribution. In addition, an approach to cell thermal balance calculations and modeling is provided. Potential safety issues are discussed and key international standards and relevant tests identified. This chapter can be used by cell designers, manufacturers, developers of battery operated devices, OEMs, end users, and Environmental Health and Safety professionals, as well as professionals working on the design and modifications of safety standards, tests, and regulations.
Testing for funnel plot asymmetry of standardized mean differences

Publication bias and other forms of outcome reporting bias are critical threats to the validity of findings from research syntheses. A variety of methods have been proposed for detecting selective outcome reporting in a collection of effect size estimates, including several methods based on assessment of asymmetry of funnel plots, such as the Egger's regression test, the rank correlation test, and the Trim-and-Fill test. Previous research has demonstated that the Egger's regression test is miscalibrated when applied to log-odds ratio effect size estimates, because of artifactual correlation between the effect size estimate and its standard error. This study examines similar problems that occur in meta-analyses of the standardized mean difference, a ubiquitous effect size measure in educational and psychological research. In a simulation study of standardized mean difference effect sizes, we assess the Type I error rates of conventional tests of funnel plot asymmetry, as well as the likelihood ratio test from a three-parameter selection model. Results demonstrate that the conventional tests have inflated Type I error due to the correlation between the effect size estimate and its standard error, while tests based on either a simple modification to the conventional standard error formula or a variance-stabilizing transformation both maintain close-to-nominal Type I error.
Effect of the Hydroxyl Group on Yields and Composition of Organic Aerosol Formed from OH Radical-Initiated Reactions of Alcohols in the Presence of NOx

The effect of a hydroxyl group and its position on the yields of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from OH radical-initiated reactions of the 1- to 5-decanol isomers, 1- and 2-undecanol isomer...
Survival Outcomes for Advanced Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

Objectives:Survival outcomes for advanced non-melanoma skin cancers of the head and neck treated with surgical resection are not well described in the literature. We aimed to describe outcomes for ...
Reduction of Punch-Sticking Propensity of Celecoxib by Spherical Crystallization via Polymer Assisted Quasi-Emulsion Solvent Diffusion.

Punch-sticking during tablet compression is a common problem for many active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), which renders tablet formulation development challenging. Herein, we demonstrate that...
Cognitive reserve and midlife vascular risk: Cognitive and clinical outcomes.

Objective Examine whether cognitive reserve moderates the association of 1) vascular risk factors and 2) white matter hyperintensity burden with risk of clinical progression and longitudinal cognitive decline. Methods BIOCARD Study participants were cognitively normal and primarily middle-aged (M = 57 years) at baseline and have been followed with annual cognitive and clinical assessments (M = 13 years). Baseline cognitive reserve was indexed with a composite score combining education with reading and vocabulary scores. Baseline vascular risk (N = 229) was assessed with a composite risk score reflecting five vascular risk factors. Baseline white matter hyperintensity load (N = 271) was measured with FLAIR magnetic resonance imaging. Cox regression models assessed risk of progression from normal cognition to onset of clinical symptoms of Mild Cognitive Impairment. Longitudinal mixed effects models measured the relationship of these variables to cognitive decline, using a global composite score, and executive function and episodic memory sub-scores. Results Both vascular risk and white matter hyperintensities were associated with cognitive decline, particularly in executive function. Higher vascular risk, but not white matter hyperintensity burden, was associated with an increased risk of progression to Mild Cognitive Impairment. Higher cognitive reserve was associated with a reduced risk of symptom onset and higher levels of baseline cognition but did not modify the associations between the vascular risk score and white matter hyperintensities with clinical progression or cognitive decline. Interpretation Although cognitive reserve has protective effects on clinical and cognitive outcomes, it does not mitigate the negative impact of vascular risk and small vessel cerebrovascular disease on these same outcomes.
The lymphatic system in alcohol-associated liver disease

The lymphatic system plays vital roles in interstitial fluid balance and immune cell surveillance. The effect of alcohol on the lymphatic system is poorly understood. This review article explores the role of the lymphatic system in the pathogenesis of alcohol-related disease including alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and the therapeutic potential of targeting hepatic lymphatics for the treatment of ALD.
Hometown Associations and Parties as Vehicles for Mexican Electoral Campaigns in the US

Despite accounting for a tenth of Mexico’s population, the Mexican diaspora has relatively little impact in Mexican elections, with single digit voter turnout and legal restrictions to campaigning....
Brief of Court-Appointed Amicus Curiae in Collins v. Mnuchin in Support of the Position that the Federal Housing Finance Agency's Structure Does Not Violate the Separation of Powers

The Federal Housing Finance Agency is headed by a single director whom the President can remove "for cause." The U.S. Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, sitting en banc, determined that this structure is unconstitutional. Because the U.S. Department of Justice declined to defend the agency's constitutionality, the Supreme Court appointed an amicus curiae to do so. This brief offers a number of arguments why the FHFA's structure does not violate the separation of powers, including that: (i) the challenged action was performed by an FHFA Acting Director, not the Senate-confirmed Director, and acting directors are removable at will by the President in the absence of a legislation providing for removal protection; (ii) the President's removal power does not apply because the FHFA does not exercise significant executive authority; (iii) conservatorship does not implicate executive power; (iv) Congress has a freer hand to create removal restrictions for agencies that do not regulate purely private entities; and (5) "for cause" provisions offer the weakest tenure protection and, importantly, allows removal based on policy disagreement with the President.
Cost-Benefit Analysis: Not a Suitable Approach For Evaluating Climate Regulation Policies

Cost-benefit analysis is a widely used approach for guiding public sector policy decisions. Given the impetus provided by strong evidence of global warming, numerous scholars are now considering the role that cost-benefit analysis should play, if any, in assessing climate regulation policies, and are offering recommendations as to how this methodology can be better utilized in that context. However, that scholarship invariably overlooks the fact that conventional cost-benefit analyses implicitly embrace the untenable assumption that the genetic identities of future persons are exogenous with regard to the policies being evaluated. The conclusions of such cost-benefit analyses are therefore irrelevant to the real choices at hand, since genetic identity is in fact endogenous relative to the policies that we pursue. In other words, our current policies will not only have long-term impacts upon the wealth of future persons, they will also determine who those persons are, and that important consequence should not be overlooked.The various recommendations that these scholars offer with regard to improving cost-benefit valuation techniques for measuring the social cost of carbon emissions, or with regard to properly discounting future policy effects, are somewhat beside the point given the fundamentally inapt valuation comparisons that most cost-benefit analysts are making. This scholarship would perhaps be better directed at first of all developing some suitable means for incorporating the endogeneity of identity into cost-benefit analysis.In this short article I draw upon the work of Derek Parfit to demonstrate the devastating implications that recognition of the endogeneity of identity has for the relevance of conventional cost-benefit analysis for climate regulation policy. I also discuss and criticize for their failure to address this problem several recent efforts by leading scholars to critique and improve the application of cost-benefit analysis to climate regulation policy.
Global POD-Galerkin ROMs for Fluid Flows with Moving Solid Structures

Traditional proper orthogonal decomposition (POD)-Galerkin projection for reduced-order models (ROMs) of fluid flows is based on a fixed domain. The current method removes this limitation by consid...
Culpability in Creating the Choice of Evils

Can an actor justify criminal conduct when he was criminally culpable in creating the conditions making it necessary? Virtually every American jurisdiction that has addressed the question answers that he cannot and bars the necessity defense under those circumstances. Whereas scholars have uniformly condemned that response, this Article takes the very different view that the exclusion of the defense for purposeful, knowing, and reckless criminal conduct that directly causes the allegedly justified act represents a sound retributivist check on what is an otherwise cruder evaluation of whether conduct is socially valuable, worthy of praise or, in a word, justified. Criminal "created culpability" is circumstantial data that bears crucially on the criminal law's retributivist function - that wrongful conduct deserves punishment, not praise - and its inverse relationship to justification. Failing to account for criminal created culpability renders the concept of justification itself defective because it ignores precisely what is at the heart of any plausible theory of justification: that under certain circumstances an otherwise criminal act is not wrongful and should not be punished. This Article explains the relationship between criminal created culpability and justification, and suggests a rebuttable presumption procedure to ensure that the retributivist concerns animating created culpability are incorporated and weighed appropriately in assessing whether conduct is justified.
An Investigation of the Potential Human and Environmental Impacts Associated With Motor Vehicle Air Bag Restraint Systems

The motor vehicle manufacturers are required under the provisions of Motor Vehicle Safety Standard 208 to provide passive restraint systems in their large 1982 model year passenger vehicles. Air bag restraint systems based upon either a hybrid or pyrotechnic design can provide the necessary restraining provisions required by MVSS 208. However, there are many questions which remain to be answered regarding the potential risks which these air bag systems may pose. The air bag life cycle, including intended use, abandonment, scrapyards, junkyards, and metal melting operations, is evaluated to assess the various risks which air bag systems pose to humans, the biological environment, and the flora and fauna inhabiting these areas. These risks are estimated through the application of traditional risk analysis and fault-tree analysis.
Misspecification of capital asset pricing

This study documents empirical anomalies which suggest that either the simple one-period capital asset pricing model (CAPM) is misspecified or that capital markets are inefficient. In particular, portfolios based on firm size or earnings/price (E/P) ratios experience average returns systematically different from those predicted by the CAPM. Furthermore, the ‘abnormal’ returns persist for at least two years. This persistence reduces the likelihood that these results are being generated by a market inefficiency. Rather, the evidence seems to indicate that the equilibrium pricing model is misspecified. However, the data also reveals that an E/P effect does not emerge after returns are controlled for the firm size effect; the firm size effect largely subsumes the E/P effect. Thus, while the E/P anomaly and value anomaly exist when each variable is considered separately, the two anomalies seem to be related to the same set of missing factors, and these factors appear to be more closely associated with firm size than E/P ratios.
Deafness and Hearing Loss

Estimates of the prevalence of hearing loss vary widely within and across countries. As one indicator, over 30 million Americans (10% of the population) have significant, chronic hearing losses, and almost 2 million are deaf in both ears. Variation in the degree of hearing loss, age of hearing loss onset, and the etiologies of the losses influence the way and extent to which deafness affects psychological functioning. Keywords: audition; cultural identity; education; language; literacy; visual processing
Automatic construction of a hierarchical generate-and-test algorithm

Publisher Summary This chapter describes research on automating the construction of such hierarchical solvers. Hierarchical problem solvers prune out large chunks of the search space by first constructing an abstract solution and then refining this into a concrete solution to the given problem. The chapter presents a procedure called HiT that builds a hierarchical Generate and Test (G&T) problem solver by constructing an abstract search space and problem space, related to the corresponding spaces of the given problem domain through an abstraction function. The resulting system is guaranteed to be complete and satisfies Tenenberg's upward solution property. HiT builds a new abstract CSP domain on top of the provided (base level) problem domain. The hierarchical system constructed by HiT achieves improved performance by reducing the cost of solving some of the tests of the base level problem. HiT creates an abstract space by clustering the base search space objects.
Chapter 15 Cholesterol biosynthesis

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the cholesterol biosynthetic pathway, enzyme compartmentalization, regulation of cholesterol synthesis, and metabolism of cholesterol. Cholesterol is synthesized from acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) via the isoprenoid pathway, and at least four enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway are regulated by cellular cholesterol levels. Regulation of cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes takes place at the level of gene transcription, messenger RNA (mRNA) stability, translation, enzyme phosphorylation, and enzyme degradation. The mechanisms of regulation reveal that rising cholesterol levels cause 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase to be ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteosome. Immunocytochemistry and immunoblotting have localized HMG-CoA reductase to both the endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes; however, no peroxisomal targeting motif has been found in the HMG-CoA reductase protein sequence. They cause SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP) to remain localized to the endoplasmic reticulum rather than translocating to the Golgi.
Consensus design of a NOD receptor leucine rich repeat domain with binding affinity for a muramyl dipeptide, a bacterial cell wall fragment.

Repeat proteins have recently emerged as especially well-suited alternative binding scaffolds due to their modular architecture and biophysical properties. Here we present the design of a scaffold based on the consensus sequence of the leucine rich repeat (LRR) domain of the NOD family of cytoplasmic innate immune system receptors. Consensus sequence design has emerged as a protein design tool to create de novo proteins that capture sequence-structure relationships and interactions present in nature. The multiple sequence alignment of 311 individual LRRs, which are the putative ligand-recognition domain in NOD proteins, resulted in a consensus sequence protein containing two internal and N- and C-capping repeats named CLRR2. CLRR2 protein is a stable, monomeric, and cysteine free scaffold that without any affinity maturation displays micromolar binding to muramyl dipeptide, a bacterial cell wall fragment. To our knowledge, this is the first report of direct interaction of a NOD LRR with a physiologically relevant ligand.
Export-share requirements and technology diffusion

Export-share requirements have emerged as one of the most contentious issues in recent international trade policy debate between industrial and developing countries. In this paper we attempt to shed light on this debate by examining whether export-share requirements facilitate technology diffusion and entry promotion in developing countries. To that end, we utilize dynamic models of duopoly, in which a foreign multinational and a local firm choose technologies sequentially and outputs simultaneously. An export-share requirement promotes technology diffusion if it is stringent but can discourage it in other cases. While always beneficial to the local firm, an export-share requirement, paradoxically, can also benefit the foreign firm if set close to the free trade level. We find an export-share requirement to be a particularly effective tool in foiling the multinational’s attempt to deter entry by local firms. JEL code: F1, O3
Some effects of lumbar support contour on driver seated posture

An appropriately contoured lumbar support is widely regarded as an essential component of a comforatble auto seat. A frequently stated objective for a lumbar support is to maintain the sitter's lumbar spine in a slightly extended, or lordotic, posture. Although sitters have been observed to sit with substantial lordosis in some short-duration testing, long-term postural interaction with a lumbar support has not been documented quantitatively in the automotive environment. A laboratory study was conducted to investigate driver posture with three seatback contours. Subjects from four anthropometric groups operated an interactive laboratory driving simulator for one-hour trials. Posture data were collected by means of a sonic digitizing system. The data identify driver-selected postures over time for three lumbar support contours. An increase of 25 mm in the lumbar support prominence from a flat contour did not substantially change lumbar spine posture. (A) For the covering abstract of the conference see IRRD 875189.
(−) Mating Type-Specific Mutants ofPhycomycesDefective in Sex Pheromone Biosynthesis

Abstract Sutter, R. P., Grandin, A. B., Dye, B. D., and Moore, W. R. 1996. (−) Mating type-specific mutants of Phycomyces defective in sex pheromone biosynthesis. Fungal Genetics and Biology 20, 268–279. We have isolated the first mating type-specific mutants in mucoraceous fungi. Both mutants in Phycomyces blakesleeanus appear to be defective in the same gene. The gene, present in both mating types, is necessary only in cultures of the (−) mating type. The gene codes for an enzyme in sex pheromone biosynthesis. The pheromone precursor made by the mutants is detectable only in cross-feeding experiments. The biological and solubility properties of the precursor suggest the precursor is 4-dihydrotrisporin, a metabolite of β-carotene. Separate studies with β-carotene-deficient mutants and Compound-P, a new chemically synthesized precursor of the pheromones, imply the constitutive level of enzymes for pheromone biosynthesis in Phycomyces is extremely low. In comparison, the level of enzymes for pheromone conversion to trisporic acid is higher. The mating type-specific mutants also catalyze the conversion of (+) pheromone to trisporic acid. This finding was unexpected because literature models predicted this reaction was catalyzed by the same enzyme which catalyzed the conversion of 4-dihydrotrisporin to (−) pheromone—a reaction missing in the (−) mating type-specific mutants. Thus, we propose a revised model for trisporic acid biosynthesis.
In vivo regulation of the assembly and intracellular transport of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules.

Abstract Using H-2Kb-transfected Balb/c 3T3 cells which generate "empty" H-2Kb molecules devoid of antigenic peptides, we show that peptide availability determines the stability of class I molecules and dictates the overall intracellular transport rate of the class I complexes. Our data also indicate that chaperonin-like proteins are involved in class I assembly. Using Drosophila cells transfected with H-2Kb and murine beta 2-microglobulin, we show that one possible candidate, calnexin, associates with class I molecules prior to peptide acquisition. These data suggest that both peptide supply and assembly proteins dictate cell surface expression of class I major histocompatibility complex molecules and ultimately influence T cell recognition. The role of beta 2-microglobulin in class I assembly is also discussed.
Effect of dietary fiber on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of the laying hen.

Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary fiber source and level on egg yolk, liver, and plasma cholesterol concentrations of White Leghorn laying hens. Initially, dietary fiber levels of 2.05, 4.41, 6.68, and 8.79% furnished mainly by sunflower meal were fed to laying hens for 140 days. In the second experiment, alfalfa meal, ground whole oats, sunflower meal, rice mill feed, or wood shavings was added to a corn-soybean meal basal diet to furnish 2.00% added crude fiber and fed to laying hens for 84 days. Yolk cholesterol decreased 4.39, 10.38, and 13.29% by feeding crude dietary fiber levels of 4.41, 6.68, and 8.79%, respectively, to hens as compared to a corn-soybean meal basal diet con taining 2.05% crude fiber. Egg yolk cholesterol was significantly decreased by feeding alfalfa meal, oats, sunflower meal, rice mill feed, or wood shavings to laying hens when compared to yolk cholesterol of hens fed the basal diet. The greatest reduction in egg yolk cholesterol was found by feeding either oats or wood shavings. No significant differences were found in plasma cholesterol due to dietary fiber level. Plasma triglycA©rides de creased and liver cholesterol increased as dietary fiber level increased in diets fed to laying hens. When laying hens were fed alfalfa meal, oats, rice mill feed, or wood shavings, plasma cholesterol significantly decreased. Liver cholesterol increased when hens were fed either alfalfa meal or rice mill feed as the primary fiber source. J. Nutr. 108: 1842-1848, 1978.
Increased Lateral Tibial Slope is a Risk Factor for Pediatric ACL Injury: An MRI-based Case-Control Study of 152 Patients

Objectives:Recent research has asserted that increased posterior tibial slope measured on plain radiographs is associated with elevated risk of ACL rupture in adults. It is unclear, however, if tib...
Gem: An induced, immediate early protein belonging to the Ras family

A gene encoding a 35-kilodalton guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein, Gem, was cloned from mitogen-induced human peripheral blood T cells. Gem and Rad, the product of a gene overexpressed in skeletal muscle in individuals with Type II diabetes, constitute a new family of Ras-related GTP-binding proteins. The distinct structural features of this family include the G3 GTP-binding motif, extensive amino- and carboxyl-terminal extensions beyond the Ras-related domain, and a motif that determines membrane association. Gem was transiently expressed in human peripheral blood T cells in response to mitogenic stimulation; the protein was phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and localized to the cytosolic face of the plasma membrane. Deregulated Gem expression prevented proliferation of normal and transformed 3T3 cells. These results suggest that Gem is a regulatory protein, possibly participating in receptor-mediated signal transduction at the plasma membrane.
On the Marxian Theory of Social Control: A Reply to Horwitz

Alan Horwitz 's criticism of my essay rests on a partial, and therefore distorted characterization of the causal structure underlying the "theory."' Specifically, he chooses to isolate one component in the process of deviance production (the self-generated "needs" of the controllers) and argue as if that component comprised the whole of the theoretical system. By truncating and telescoping the theory, Horwitz not only removes the decisive causal element from the explanation (the historically-based development of contradictions in class society), he also creates an impression of tautology where none exists. There is a functional proposition within the theory: within class societies the system of social control will tend to take the form which best insures the maintenance and extension