cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Distribution of guanylate cyclase in rat cerebral cortex: neuronal, glial, capillary, pia-arachnoid and synaptosomal fractions plus choroid plexus.

Abstract Guanylate cyclase activity was examined in the choroid plexus and isolated cellular fractions including crude synaptosomes of the rat cerebral cortex. Under conditions of low Mn 2+ (0.5 mM) the enzyme activity was depressed in preparations (homogenates, 100,000 g soluble and paniculate fractions) of cerebral cortex, pia-arachnoid, choroid plexus and cerebral neuronal (perikaryal or capillary fractions. With the homogenate and soluble enzyme forms, addition of Ca 2+ elicited an activation of guanylate cyclase in all preparations except glia. Moreover, the neuronal and cortical paniculate fractions were responsive to Ca 2+ . The calcium-dependent regulator protein (calmodulin) and carbamyl choline were without stimulatory actions on any guanylate cyclase preparation. The preparations most sensitive to activation by sodium azide consisted of those containing neuronal elements, i.e. the crude synaptosomal homogenate, the paniculate neuronal fraction, and the total cortex (homogenate and particulate). Using the homogenates as a basis for comparing basal enzyme activities, the highest guanylate cyclase activity was observed in the pia-arachnoid > total cortex > choroid plexus > synaptosomes, glia > neurons >capillaries. Thus guanylate cyclase is widely distributed among the different cellular types in the brain and individual cells vary in their sensitivities to Ca 2+ , azide and hydroxylamine.
Educational Philosophy in Pharmacy Education: Starting the Dialogue

Education is a changing environment driven by the goals to improve the learner's educational ecperience. Pharmacy education has demonstrated this vast number of publications and presentations at various meetings on issues related to teaching and learning. These scholarly contributions all suggest the personally held philosophical beliefs about education but from various philosophical perspectives ranging from K-12 models to adult education. The intent of this manuscript is to provide a primer on educational philosophy using one particular model, the three philosophy using one particular model, the three philosophical orientations of Juergen Habermas, in the hopes of fostering a dialogue within pharmaceutical education about education. This will be accomplished by defining a common language whereby pharmacy educators can discuss their beliefs, values and assumptions about education with clarity and in a common language.
"R&D-Marketing Relational Forms, Knowledge Integration, and New Product Performance"

Do social relations between departments help or hinder integration across their knowledge domains? Does knowledge integration benefit innovation performance even though knowledge is both a source and a barrier to innovation? This study aims to address these questions and the associated controversy in the literature in the context of R&D and marketing relationships. We focus on two fundamental relational forms and the interaction between them: cooperation and competition, and incorporate two fundamental types of knowledge into the construct of knowledge integration: declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Research findings based on a survey of IT companies provide strong support to the hypotheses. Specifically, this study indicates that the effects of social relations on knowledge integration depend on the relational forms and knowledge integration generates positive innovation performance despite the drawbacks of either declarative or procedural knowledge. This study offers important theoretical c...
Interferometric detection of near-infrared nonmetal atomic emission from a microwave-induced plasma

A feasibility study has coupled a helium microwave-induced plasma (MIP) and a commercial Fourier transform infrared spectrometer for nonmetal determination. In the He MIP, compounds containing nonmetal atoms are fragmented and the resulting atoms excited. Strong nonmetal emission from such elements as C, N, and O then appears on a weak, relatively unstructured plasma background in the near-infrared region (800-2000 nm). Results are sufficiently promising that continuing studies are suggested, involving both dispersive and multiplex spectrometers.
Spectral efficiency of the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis

Abstract Western flower thrips have sexually-dimorphic swarming behaviour in which many males (but not females) aggregate on flowers and artificial substrates of only certain colours. To test whether this behavioural dimorphism has a physiological basis involving gender differences in the peripheral visual system, we recorded the thrips' electroretinogram from 365 to 620 nm and determined spectral efficiency. The thrips' electroretinogram is a phasic-tonic cornea-negative potential with no OFF potential change. With both male and female thrips, our results demonstrated two peaks of spectral efficiency, one in the ultraviolet range and one in the visible with λ max around 540 nm. Differences between the sexes were minimal with females having a greater efficiency than males in the ultraviolet. Thus the gender differences in attractiveness of certain colours for the western flower thrips is not solely due to differences in spectral properties of the photoreceptors, but results from higher order processing mediating the behavioural choices of males.
NIH policies on hybridomas.

partnership. Just as this new facility symbolizes the vigor of the ATCC, so this conference symbolizes the communal interest that must be accorded the preservation and distribution of microorganisms and other cell lines. The ATCC and other repositories are not simply means to facilitate the sharing of cells of contemporary interest. These facilities allow passage of the germ plasm between generations of scientists and are thus an indispensible part of the wick that sustains the flame of scientific inquiry. This conference is as timely as it is important. As the tidal wave of the "new biology" continues its inexorable course, scientists and administrators alike are finding that business as usual is not among their options. There are at least five reasons for this:
Review of the hemodynamic profile of doxacurium chloride in healthy patients

1 1’4 n I xr I T\l-nT-.. 2 TI!._ _..-___A_> LL.-A IY 13, 3AVAKC3C aIla IUIZ SU~CSKU lndl there was need for new and different muscle relaxants that would provide clinicians with additional pharmacological options and expand their ability to safely care for patients. The “perfect” muscle relaxant was characterized as a noncumulative, nondepolarizing neuromuscular blocker with a rapid onset and a prompt recovery. In addition, this perfect relaxant would lack the clinically significant cardiovascular side effects that are commonly associated with many of the other relaxants. Cardiovascular side effects associated with the use of neuromuscular blocking agents occur because the actions of these drugs are not specific to the neuromuscular junction. In addition to blocking the nicotinic, postsynaptic receptors at the neuromuscular junction, muscle reiaxants may also block nicotinic receptors in the autonomic ganglia causing hypotension, and block muscarinic receptors in the heart leading to tachycardia. They may also disrupt mast cells causing the release of histamine or other vasoactive substances into the circulation, which can also contribute to hypotension. If the release of hictamine CMthe hlnrlrad~ nf the nlltnnnmir nir~IIYCUIIIIIIV “I Llll Y..,I...s.aI .,_ ._.I_.y_.v----_ ---_ otinic and muscarinic receptors occur with a dose of muscle relaxant similar to the dose required to produce neuromuscular blockade, the hemodynamic side effects that follow administration of the drug may limit its clinical usefulness. Relatively minor changes in the molecular structure of a muscle relaxant can result in considerable changes in its propensity to release histamine or produce autonomic blockade. Therefore, by careful molecular design, effective new muscle relaxants can be developed that do not elicit the unwanted side effects of hypotension or
Assembly and Distribution System Management: An Application of Lockset

The "lockset" routing technique can be used to answer policy questions concerning assembly or distribution systems as well as to design routes for assembly or distribution systems. The procedure was illustrated utilizing a problem in wholesale food distribution. Routing systems were developed for seven different cases, each designed to evaluate a specific policy question.
Alterations in the Golgi apparatus of amebae in the presence of an inhibitor of protein synthesis.

Abstract Amebae were exposed to emetine, an inhibitor of protein synthesis, for periods of up to 5 days. The first change in the Golgi apparatus of cells treated with emetine for 1 to 3 days was the transient appearance of unusually large Golgi bodies that contained more than the normal number of cisternae in a stack. After more prolonged exposure to emetine, Golgi bodies decreased to about one-half the normal size as a result of reduction in the diameter of Golgi cisternae, and the number of Golgi bodies present may have declined as well. These results are discussed in terms of a possible role of protein synthesis in the normal turnover of the Golgi apparatus.
Low-Head Weirs for Enhancing Infiltration: Central Pennsylvania Case Study

This case study describes the installation and performance of two experimental low-head weirs and infiltration areas (Weir Facility) located in the 183 ha Fox Hollow Watershed, an urbanizing watershed underlain by karst bedrock in central Pennsylvania. Soil/rock corings and infiltration tests conducted prior to installation indicated that the area was suitable for development as an infiltration field. Low-head weirs were constructed to cause temporary, shallow water retention to promote infiltration and groundwater recharge. A monitoring program assessed the performance of the weirs and allowed mass balance calculations. During 2003 through 2008, which included two of the wettest years on record, few events (less than 30%) resulted in significant outflow from the weirs and associated infiltration areas. For smaller rainfall events ( <1.9 cm of rain) almost all (89–100%) of the runoff delivered to the Weir Facility infiltrated; whereas for larger events ( ⩾1.9 cm rain) generally over 50% of the runoff volu...
The he(I) photoelectron spectrum of atomic iodine by photodissociation of molecular iodine

Abstract The photoelectron spectrum of atomic iodine has been observed by photodissociation of molecular iodine with an argon ion laser. The relative intensity of the iodine atom signal is strongly dependent on the pressure of added nitrogen. The results suggest that photolysis is a feasible alternative means of study ing other transients which is yet to be utilized.
Fiber alignment directs cell motility over chemotactic gradients

The ability of tissue engineered scaffolds to direct cell behavior is paramount for scaffold design. Cell migration can be directed by various methods including chemical, adhesive, mechanical, and topographical cues. Electrospinning has emerged as a popular method to control topography and create fibrous scaffolds similar to that found in extracellular matrix. One major hurdle is limited cell infiltration and several studies have explored methods to alter electrospun materials to increase scaffold porosity; however, uniform cell distributions within scaffolds is still limited. Towards this, we investigated the motility of HUVECs on a model system of electrospun hyaluronic acid fibers under a gradient of VEGF and found that topographical cues dominate cell motility direction. Using time-lapse microscopy, cell aspect ratio, and migration angle were measured; cells were directed in a chemical gradient and/or on aligned electrospun fibers. Measurements of the persistence time demonstrated an additive effect of the chemical gradient and fiber alignment. However, when fibers were aligned perpendicular to a chemical gradient, cells were directed by fiber alignment and there was no effect of the chemical gradient. These results suggest that topographical cues may be more influential than chemical cues in directing cell motility and should be considered in material design. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2013; 110: 1249–1254. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Six-body calculations for hyperhydrogen Λ6H

The binding energy and the structure of superheavy hydrogen-Λ are studied within the method of hyperspherical harmonics. The Λ 6 H hypernucleus is considered as a six body system consisting of Λ particle and five nucleons.
Keeping secret keys secret in open systems

Security of cryptographic keys stored on an untrusted host is a challenging task. Casual storage of keys could lead to an unauthorized access using physical means. If an adversary can access the binary code, the key material can be easily extracted using well-known key-finding techniques. This paper proposes a new technique for securing keys within software. In our proposed technique, we transform keys (randomly generated bit-strings) to a set of randomized functions, which are then compiled and obfuscated together to form a secure application. When the keys are required at the run-time, an inverse transform is computed by the application dynamically to yield the original bit-strings. We demonstrate that our technique resists attacks by many entropy based key finding algorithms that scan the host's RAM at run-time.
The Master Regulator of the Cellular Stress Response (HSF1) Is Critical for Orthopoxvirus Infection

The genus Orthopoxviridae contains a diverse group of human pathogens including monkeypox, smallpox and vaccinia. These viruses are presumed to be less dependent on host functions than other DNA viruses because they have large genomes and replicate in the cytoplasm, but a detailed understanding of the host factors required by orthopoxviruses is lacking. To address this topic, we performed an unbiased, genome-wide pooled RNAi screen targeting over 17,000 human genes to identify the host factors that support orthopoxvirus infection. We used secondary and tertiary assays to validate our screen results. One of the strongest hits was heat shock factor 1 (HSF1), the ancient master regulator of the cytoprotective heat-shock response. In investigating the behavior of HSF1 during vaccinia infection, we found that HSF1 was phosphorylated, translocated to the nucleus, and increased transcription of HSF1 target genes. Activation of HSF1 was supportive for virus replication, as RNAi knockdown and HSF1 small molecule inhibition prevented orthopoxvirus infection. Consistent with its role as a transcriptional activator, inhibition of several HSF1 targets also blocked vaccinia virus replication. These data show that orthopoxviruses co-opt host transcriptional responses for their own benefit, thereby effectively extending their functional genome to include genes residing within the host DNA. The dependence on HSF1 and its chaperone network offers multiple opportunities for antiviral drug development.
Noninferior Nash Strategies for Multi-Team Systems

This paper is concerned with the optimization of systems that are controlled by several teams of decision makers. The decision makers within each team cooperate for the benefit of their team. On the other hand, the teams compete among themselves in order to achieve an objective that relates to the overall performance of the system. An approach that merges concepts from team theory and game theory for dealing with such systems and a solution called the noninferior Nash strategy are introduced. This multi-team solution provides a new framework for analyzing hierarchically controlled systems so as to address complicated coordination problems among the decision makers. The properties of the noninferior Nash solution in static multi-team systems are investigated and necessary conditions for its existence are derived. Analytical expressions for the noninferior Nash strategies are derived for a class of linear-quadratic static multi-team games. In order to deal with the issue of nonuniqueness of the solution, the concept of a noninferior Nash strategy with a team leader is introduced. Several examples are presented to illustrate the results.
Biology: Uncertain future for ocean algae

Warming of the upper ocean may stimulate plankton metabolism, enhancing photosynthesis. This effect has received little attention, but new research suggests that it could be important enough to spur a net increase in global ocean productivity.
Using Urinary Biomarkers to Evaluate Renal Effects of a Cox-2 NSAID in Volunteers

We explored urinary biomarkers as an alternative for measuring the effect of an experimental COX-2 inhibitor on renal function in volunteers. Thirty male volunteers between the ages of 20–40 were enrolled and a COX-2 NSAID was given in a blinded design. The acute administration of an oral COX-2 NSAID resulted in a consistent increase in the urinary enzyme AAP at 2 hours. At 24 hours after COX-2 NSAID administration values for most of the urinary biomarkers had returned to baseline suggesting that such effects are transient and without clinical significance in situations of acute administration.
A Discrete Gust Model for Use in the Design of Wind Energy Conversion Systems

A discrete gust model has been designed which includes an expression for the number of times per unit time thy wind exceeds a specific value. This expression, based on Rice's (1944, 1945) number-of-crossings model, assumes that the yearly mean wind speed is averaged over a period of 10 minutes to 1 (one) hour. Vertical and lateral coherence functions are the basis for a mathematical filter which isolates atmospheric disturbances of a characteristic size (e. g., those which would completely engulf a rotor). Predictions are calculated usising the given definition of cut-off frequency, then they are compared with actual data, showing that the model is reliable. The expression is provided in a format such that it may be used for engineering design calculations.
ILP-based maximum likelihood genome scaffolding

Background Interest in de novo genome assembly has been renewed in the past decade due to rapid advances in high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies which generate relatively short reads resulting in highly fragmented assemblies consisting of contigs. Additional long-range linkage information is typically used to orient, order, and link contigs into larger structures referred to as scaffolds. Due to library preparation artifacts and erroneous mapping of reads originating from repeats, scaffolding remains a challenging problem. In this paper, we provide a scalable scaffolding algorithm (SILP2) employing a maximum likelihood model capturing read mapping uncertainty and/or non-uniformity of contig coverage which is solved using integer linear programming. A Non-Serial Dynamic Programming (NSDP) paradigm is applied to render our algorithm useful in the processing of larger mammalian genomes. To compare scaffolding tools, we employ novel quantitative metrics in addition to the extant metrics in the field. We have also expanded the set of experiments to include scaffolding of low-complexity metagenomic samples.
409: Effect of thrombin on GnRH-I and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) gene expression in human cytotrophoblast cells

EXPRESSION IN HUMAN CYTOTROPHOBLAST CELLS GUOYANG LUO, VICTORIA SNEGOVSKIKH, SETH GULLER, MIZANUR RAHMAN, EDMUND FUNAI, YUEHONG MA, STEPHEN THUNG, ERROL NORWITZ, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut OBJECTIVE: GnRH is critical in regulating mammalian reproduction. In addition to its action in the pituitary, GnRH acts through its receptor (GnRHR) on the cell surface of extra-pituitary tissues, including placenta and decidua, where it exerts local autocrine/paracrine functions. The function of GnRH signaling at the maternal-fetal interface is not well understood, but it has been implicated in decidualization, trophoblast invasion and angiogenesis, and regulation of hCG production. Placental abruption is associated with adverse pregnancy outcome, but the mechanism is poorly defined. This study investigates the effects of thrombin on GnRH-I and GnRHR gene expression in freshly isolated human cytotrophoblast cells. STUDY DESIGN: Term placentae were collected from elective cesarean deliveries and cytotrophoblast cells isolated and purified as previously described. Cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s medium containing 5% fetal calf serum for 24h. After incubation in serum-free medium for 24h, cells were incubated with or without thrombin (2.5 IU/mL) for 6h. mRNA was extracted and RTq-PCR performed for GnRH-I and GnRHR gene expression using established primers. Measurements were corrected for B-actin mRNA content. Data were expressed as mean SEM and analyzed by ANOVA and Chi Square tests. RESULTS: Cytotrophoblast cells express GnRH-I mRNA under basal conditions, and these levels were not significantly altered by thrombin (0.89 0.12 without and 0.70 0.10 mRNA/B-actin mRNA with thrombin; 0.81 1.4-fold; n 9; p 0.234). Levels of GnRHR mRNA were below the level of detection by RT-q-PCR. CONCLUSION: In contrast with prior reports demonstrating a downregulation of GnRHR (but not GnRH-I) gene expression by thrombin in first trimester decidual stromal cells (Norwitz et al. SMFM #499, 2007), this study failed to identify GnRHR mRNA in cytotrophoblast cells. These cells do express GnRH-I mRNA, which is not altered by thrombin. Further studies are required to better define the biologic function and regulation of GnRH at the maternal-fetal interface, especially in the setting of hemorrhage.
Enhanced in vitro activity of dihydrofolate reductase and dihydropteroase synthase inhibitors in combination against Nocardia spp.

Common treatments for nocardial infections include the sulfonamides used alone or in combination, e.g., trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, with amikacin, imipenem, or ceftriaxone. Treatment is especially difficult in cases involving the central nervous system or disseminated disease or with drug-resistant species such as Nocardia farcinica and Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (5). Sulfamethoxazole and dapsone inhibit dihydropteroate synthase and hence prevent the conversion of bacterial para-aminobenzoic acid to dihydrofolic acid. The active putative metabolite of PS-22 is a dihydrotriazine, a sister compound of WR99210 (1). WR99210 is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor that has demonstrated in vitro activity against Nocardia species (3). Theoretically, the combination of a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor with a dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor should lead to enhanced activity, as both these enzymes lie on the folate biosynthesis pathway. This was evaluated in vitro. The active putative metabolite of PS-22 and dapsone was provided by Jacobus Pharmaceutical Co., Princeton, N.J.; sulfamethoxazole was purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Mo. Twenty strains of Nocardia spp. from the American Type Culture Collection and clinical isolates provided by the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory, Upstate Medical University (Betty Ann Forbes), Syracuse, N.Y., were used in this study. Experimental in vitro procedures were modeled after those listed in the paper of Meyer et al. (4). Varying concentrations of the active putative metabolite of PS-22 were tested against fixed concentrations of sulfamethoxazole and dapsone. The concentration of sulfamethoxazole at 10 μg/ml was physiologically achievable. The concentration of dapsone was fixed at 1 μg/ml, as following the administration of 100 mg of the drug orally serum drug concentrations range from 0.4 to 1.2 μg/ml (2). Table ​Table11 shows the results of the drug combinations against various Nocardia species. The in vitro activity of the active putative metabolite of PS-22 was generally enhanced by combination with dapsone or sulfamethoxazole. These results agree with the findings of McNeil et al. (3) and demonstrate that the rational drug combination of a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor combined with a dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor provides good targets for the evaluation of agents that work at these sites. TABLE 1. MICs (μg/ml) of a WR99210 analogue alone and in combination with dapsone or sulfamethoxazole against various strains of Nocardia spp.
Chronic cocaine exposure in Drosophila: Life, cell death and oogenesis

Developmental signaling cascades that can be perturbed by cocaine and other drugs of abuse have been difficult to study in humans and vertebrate models. Although numerous direct neural targets of cocaine have been elucidated at the molecular level, little is known about the specific cellular events that are impacted indirectly as a result of the drug's perturbation of neural circuits. We have developed oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster as a model in which to identify downstream biochemical and/or cellular processes that are disrupted by chronic cocaine exposure. In this model, cocaine feeding resulted not only in expected reductions in viability, but also in unanticipated developmental defects during oogenesis, including aberrant follicle morphogenesis and vitellogenic follicle degeneration. To identify mechanisms through which cocaine exerted its deleterious effects on oogenesis, we examined candidate components of neural and hormonal signaling pathways. Cocaine-induced disruptions in follicle formation were enhanced by juvenile hormone exposure and phenocopied by serotonin feeding, while cocaine-activated follicle apoptosis was enhanced by concomitant dopamine feeding. HPLC analysis of dopamine and serotonin in the ovary suggests that these neurotransmitters could variably mediate cocaine's effects on oogenesis indirectly in the brain and/or directly in the ovary itself. We confirmed the involvement of hormone signaling by measuring ecdysteroids, which increase following cocaine exposure, and by demonstrating suppression of cocaine-induced follicle loss by hormone receptor mutants. Cocaine-induced ovarian follicle apoptosis and adult lethality appear to be caused by modulation of dopamine levels, while morphological defects during follicle formation likely result from perturbing serotonin signaling during cocaine exposure. Our work suggests not only a new role for juvenile hormone and/or serotonin in Drosophila ovarian follicle formation, but also a cocaine-sensitive role for dopamine in modulating hormone levels in the female fly.
The chemisorption of N2 on the (110) surface of iridium

The molecular chemisorption of N2 on the reconstructed Ir(110)-(1 × 2) surface has been studied with thermal desorption mass spectrometry, XPS, UPS, AES, LEED and the co-adsorption of N2 with hydrogen. Photoelectron spectroscopy shows molecular levels of N2 at 8.0 (5σ + 1π) and 11.8 (4σ) eV in the valence band and at 399.2 eV with a satellite at 404.2 eV in the N(1s) region, where the binding energies are referenced to the Ir Fermi level. The kinetics of adsorption and desorption show that both precursor kinetics and interadsorbate interactions are important for this chemisorption system. Adsorption occurs with a constant probability of adsorption of unity up to saturation coverage (4.8 × 1014 cm−2), and the thermal desorption spectra give rise to two peaks. The activation energy for desorption varies between 8.5 and 6.0 kcal mole−1 at low and high coverages, respectively. Results of the co-adsorption of N2 and hydrogen indicate that adsorbed N2 resides in the missing-row troughs on the reconstructed surface. Nitrogen is displaced by hydrogen, and the most tightly bound state of hydrogen blocks virtually all N2 adsorption. A p1g1(2 × 2) LEED pattern is associated with a saturated overlayer of adsorbed N2 on Ir(110)-(1 × 2).
Heat induced liver cell proliferation in the livebearing fish Poeciliopsis

Liver regeneration is induced by heat stress in the small viviparous fish, Poeciliopsis. Acute exposure to sublethal temperatures, one to two degrees below their killing temperature, damages tissue and initiates liver cell proliferation in P. lucida, P. monacha, and P. monacha-lucida hybrid clones, SYN-4 and SYN-5. Regeneration of liver cells began within 1–2 days following heat stress and proceeded over 5 days. Peak cell proliferation occurred 2–3 days after treatment in fish of all four genotypes. Cell proliferation was induced in the two all-female clones, SYN-4 and SYN-5, by exposure to 40.5° C for 60 minutes. This treatment imposed mortalities of 17.9% and 16.7%, respectively, whereas reduction of the temperature to 39.5°C and reduction of the time to 30 minutes resulted in no mortalities without significantly lowering the level of cell proliferation (p > 0.05). Liver cell proliferation induced by both heat treatments was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the SYN-5 hybrids than in SYN-4. The induction of liver cell proliferation with sublethal temperature exposures is discussed as it may relate to chemical carcinogenesis in both feral and laboratory fish. Acute heat exposure may be used experimentally in fish as an independent stimulus for liver cell proliferation in carcinogenesis studies. In poikilothermic animals-heat exposure offers an alternative to surgical removal of approximately two-thirds of the liver, the method most frequently used in rodents to study the process of liver regeneration.
The relationship between parental depressive mood states and child functioning

Abstract The purpose of the present paper is to review the existing literature on the relationship between parental depressive mood state and child functioning. Three samples (clinically depressed parents, clinic-referred children, and non-problem parents and children) and four types of child behavior (externalizing problems, internalizing problems, prosocial, and cognitive) were examined. In 55% of the measures examined across 34 studies, there was a negative relationship between parental depressive state and child functioning. This negative relationship occurred more often in clinically depressed parents than in the other two samples, particularly when externalizing and internalizing problems were examined. The relationship between the two variables is discussed with special reference to causal inferences, the need for within-family research, and the need to identify factors which place children at-risk or, alternately, buffer them from the deleterious influence of parental depressive mood states.
Ligand substitution in the mixed-metal cluster PhCCo2Ni(CO)6Cp by 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma): An intimate picture involving the stepwise conversion of the trinuclear cluster PhCCo2Ni(CO)4(η2-bma)Cp to the mononuclear compound CpNi[PPh2CPhCC(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)] ☆

Abstract Heating the mixed-metal cluster PhCCo2Ni(CO)6Cp with the diphosphine ligand 2,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)maleic anhydride (bma) in 1,2-dichloroethane proceeds by CO loss and formation of the cobalt-bridged cluster PhCCo2Ni(CO)4(η2-bma)Cp (2). The bma ligand is fluxional in solution and is in equilibrium with the cobalt-chelated isomer, as demonstrated by VT IR and 31P NMR measurements. The van’t Hoff parameters (ΔH = 1.49 ± 0.02 kcal/mol; ΔS = 12.0 ± 0.1 eu) for the chelate-to-bridge equilibrium have been evaluated from IR band-shape analyses of the in-phase anhydride carbonyl stretching band over the temperature range 173–116 K. Cluster 2 readily loses CO to furnish the cluster PhCCo2Ni(CO)3(μ,η2-bma)Cp (3), where the 6e− donor bma ligand chelates one of the cobalt centers via the phosphine groups and is tethered to the second cobalt center by the maleic anhydride π bond. Continued heating of cluster 3 is followed by the formation of 50e− cluster Co2Ni(CO)4Cp[μ2,η2,η1-C(Ph)C C(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)](μ2-PPh2) (4), which in turn gives the mononuclear complex CpNi[PPh2CPhC C(PPh2)C(O)OC(O)] (5) as the end-product of the thermolysis reaction. Each of these new compounds has been isolated and their thermolysis reactivity independently examined, allowing for the unequivocal sequence associated with the decomposition of PhCCo2Ni(CO)4(η2-bma)Cp to be established. Compounds 2–5 have been fully characterized in solution by IR and NMR(1H, 13C, 31P) spectroscopies, and the solid-state structures of all four products have been determined by X-ray crystallography. The solution spectroscopic data of the new products are compared with the X-ray diffraction structures and the structural highlights of each compound are discussed. The coordination of the maleic anhydride π bond in PhCCo2Ni(CO)3(μ,η2-bma)Cp (3) provides crucial insight into one of the necessary requirements for P–C bond cleavage of the bma ligand at a tetrahedral cluster. The reactivity of the heterometallic cluster PhCCo2Ni(CO)4(η2-bma)Cp is contrasted with its homometallic analogue PhCCo3(CO)7(η2-bma).
Body size, temperature, and seasonal differences in size structure influence the occurrence of cannibalism in larvae of the migratory dragonfly, Anax junius

The aim of this study was to test the hypotheses that body size and seasonal differences in temperature and size structure influence cannibalism in larval dragonflies. In the first two experiments, larvae that were either similar or different in size were paired to examine the potential for intra- and intercohort cannibalism. In the third experiment, size structure of an assemblage of larvae and water temperature were manipulated to explore the seasonal dynamics of cannibalism. Cannibalism was common between individuals that differed in body size by one or more instars. Cannibalism also occurred between individuals similar in size but the rate varied across developmental stages. Results suggest that cannibalism may be most common when water temperatures are warm and late-instar larvae are present at high densities. These results highlight the importance of intra- and intercohort cannibalism as factors that can influence the population dynamics of generalist predators.
Exterior spacecraft subsystem protective shielding analysis and design

All spacecraft are susceptible to impacts by meteoroids and pieces of orbiting space debris. An effective mechanism is developed to protect external spacecraft subsystems against damage by ricochet particles formed during such impacts. Equations and design procedures for protective shield panels are developed based on observed ricochet phenomena and calculated ricochet particle sizes and speeds. It is found that the diameter of the most damaging ricochet debris particle can be as large as 40 percent of the original project tile diameter, and can travel at speeds between 24 and 36 percent of the original projectile impact velocity. Panel dimensions are shown to be strongly dependent on their inclination to the impact velocity vector and on their distribution around a spacecraft module. It is concluded that obliquity effects of high-speed impacts must be considered in the design of any structure exposed to the meteoroid and space debris environment.
A model for garnet and plagioclase growth in pelitic schists: implications for thermobarometry and P‐T path determinations

Numerical models of the progressive evolution of pelitic schists in the NCMnKFMASH system with the assemblage garnet + biotite + chlorite ± staurolite + plagioclase + muscovite + quartz + H2O are presented with the goal of predicting compositional changes in garnet and plagioclase along different P-T paths. The numerical models support several conclusions that should prove useful for interpreting the P-T paths of natural parageneses: (i) Garnet may grow along P-T vectors ranging from heating with decompression to cooling with compression. P-T paths deduced from garnet zoning that are inconsistent with these growth vectors are self-contradictory. (ii) There is a systematic relation between garnet and plagioclase composition and growth such that for most P-T paths, garnet growth requires plagioclase consumption. Furthermore, mass balance in a closed system requires that as plagioclase is consumed the remaining plagioclase becomes increasingly albitic. Inclusions of plagioclase in the core of garnet should be more anorthitic than those near the rim and zoned matrix plagioclase should have rims that are more albitic than the cores. Complex plagioclase textures may arise from the local variability of growth and precipitation kinetics. (iii) A decrease of Fe/(Fe + Mg) in a garnet zoning profile is a reliable indicator of increasing temperature for the assemblage modelled. However, there is no single reliable ΔP monitor and inferences about ΔP can only be made by considering plagioclase and garnet together. (iv) Consumption of garnet during the production of staurolite removes material from the outer shell of a garnet and may make recovery of peak metamorphic compositions and P-T conditions impossible. Low ‘peak’temperatures typically recorded by staurolite-bearing assemblages may reflect this phenomenon. (v) Diffusional homogenization of garnet affects the computed P-T path and results in a clockwise rotation of the computed P-T vector relative to the true P-T path.
Sputter shadowing improved by using a tungsten target.

This work builds upon a previous paper (W. Colquhoun, 1984,J. Ultrastruct. Res.87, 97) in which a sputter shadowing device was briefly described. The device allowed TEM specimens to be shadowed in a conventional sputter coater. Images obtained by sputter shadowing with a standard Au/Pd target were of good quality but were slightly inferior to the best that could be obtained by e−-beam evaporation of tungsten. Here we show that construction and use of a tungsten target greatly improves the quality of the sputter shadowed deposit. Images of DNA and ribosomal subunits contrasted by sputter shadowing with tungsten are shown. The DNA images indicate that sputter shadowing with tungsten is a gentle contrasting technique. The sputter shadowed images of the 30 S ribosomal subunits show the major features of the particle revealed by evaporation shadowing using the most sophisticated of methods in that technology. Advantages of sputter shadowing are discussed and a rationale for the improved grain obtained by sputtering tungsten is suggested.
Resonantly diode laser pumped 1.6-μm Er:YAG laser

We report what is believed to be the first demonstration of direct resonant diode pumping of a 1.6-mm Er3+-doped bulk solid-state laser (DPSSL). The most of the results is obtained with pumping Er:YAG by the single mode diode laser packaged in fibered modules. The fibered modules, emitting at 1470 nm and 1530 nm wavelength with and without fiber grating (FBG) stabilization, have been used in pumping experiments. The very first results on high power DPSSL operation achieved with diode array pumping also will be presented. The highest absorbed photon conversion efficiency of 26% has been obtained for Er:YAG DPSSL using the 1470-nm single-mode module. Analysis of the DPSSL input-output characteristics suggests that the obtained slope efficiency can be increased at least up to 40% through the reduction of intracavity losses and pumping efficiency improvement. Diode pumped SSL (DPSSL) operates at a wavelength of 1617 nm and 1645 nm.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Structure of Cu on Ir(111): a case study in photoelectron holography and quantitative photoelectron diffraction

Abstract Angle-dependent X-ray photoelectron diffraction is used to determine the structure of epitaxial copper films on Ir(111), for coverages below six monolayers in thickness. Diffraction patterns are analyzed using the methods of photoelectron holography to provide a qualitative picture of the near-neighbor structure. Two theoretical models are used for quantitative analysis of interatomic bond-lengths. The complementarity of the two approaches is illustrated by this case study comparison of holography and quantitative photoelectron diffraction.
Probability distribution of vertical longitudinal shear fluctuations.

This paper discusses some recent measurements of third and fourth moments of vertical differences (shears) of longitudinal velocity fluctuations obtained in unstable air at the NASA 150 m meteorological tower site at Cape Kennedy, Fla. Each set of measurements consisted of longitudinal velocity fluctuation time histories obtained at the 18, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 150 m levels, so that 15 wind-shear time histories were obtained from each set of measurements. It appears that the distribution function of the longitudinal wind fluctuations at two levels is not bivariate Gaussian. The implications of the results relative to the design and operation of aerospace vehicles are discussed.-
Landmine classification using possibilistic K-nearest neighbors with wideband electromagnetic induction data

A possibilistic K-Nearest Neighbors classifier is presented to classify mine and non-mine objects using data collected from a wideband electromagnetic induction (WEMI) sensor. The proposed classifier is motivated by the observation that buried objects often have consistent signatures depending on their metal content, size, shape, and depth. Given a joint orthogonal matching pursuits (JOMP) sparse representation, particular target types consistently selected the same dictionary elements. The proposed classifier distinguishes between target types using the frequency of dictionary elements selected by potential landmine alarms. Results are shown on data containing sixteen landmine types and several non-mine examples.
Use of Evaporative Cooling for Broiler Chicken Production in Areas of High Relative Humidity

Abstract ALTHOUGH evaporative cooling to reduce high summer temperatures in poultry houses is widely used in the arid West and Southwest, the practice has not been used extensively in the more humid Southeast. With the trend to more tightly enclosed houses in the South and to more mechanical ventilation, there is increased interest in the use of evaporative cooling in humid areas, even though it is known that the potential cooling effect is less in humid areas. The reluctance to use evaporative cooling in high-humidity areas may be because it is generally recognized that excessive humidity in poultry houses may result in decreased performance of the chickens. Winn and Godfrey (1967) classify humidities above 80% as "too wet," and found that as temperature goes above 26.7°C, high relative humidities have an adverse effect on productive performance. Drury et al. (1968) got significantly better weight gains in two of three…
Relative sputtering yields from close-packed directions in nickel under low-energy Ar+ bombardment

A new approach to low-energy sputtering was developed wherein a monoenergetic Ar+ ion beam of the order of 10−9 A impinged onto a crystalline nickel target. Target preparation consisted of plating about 100 monolayers of high specific activity Ni-63 onto a coldrolled nickel substrate and then heating the target above its recrystallization temperature under ultra-high vacuum. The result was a highly ordered polycrystalline structure which, when sputtered, behaved like the (100) surface of a nickel single crystal. Approximately 25 percent of the surface atoms were Ni-63. Sputtered material was collected on a molybdenum foil which was subsequently analyzed by radiotracer techniques. Experimental results concerning sputtering from [110] and [100] close-packed directions in nickel under bombardment by Ar+ ions of energy 25 eV to 600 eV are reported. The relative sputtering yields from [110] directions are presented as a function of incident ion energy for 75° and 15° ion incidence measured with respect to the [110] directions, and the extrapolated thresholds are compared with theoretical predictions. In addition to the expected deposits on the foil due to sputtering from individual closepacked directions, secondary deposits occurred which are attributed to specular reflection of sputtered nickel atoms from the molybdenum foil.
Production of autoantibodies by immunization with rabbit myoglobin

Abstract Three rabbits were immunized with rabbit myoglobin. Each rabbit responded by producing precipitating or non-precipitating antibodies to this protein. The implications of these findings regarding the antigenic structure of myoglobin are discussed.
State correctional policy survey: what state correctional departments say they do

Contemporary discussions of correctional systems have been based on an assumption concerning the goals of those systems. These assumptions, which have been drawn from philosophical perspectives and unstructured observations of correctional practices, suggest that correctional practices follow specific policy goals such as protecting the public. Actual state correctional policies related to correctional goals have not, surprisingly, been assessed to ascertain the validity of these theoretical assumptions about correctional policy. This research investigates correctional goals' alignment with accepted penal philosophies by examining the mission statements of each US department of corrections. Using qualitative content analysis key words and phrases were extracted from each mission statement (N = 50) and categorized to provide a count of correctional goals and an examination of patterns across state correctional systems and across various missions. Results indicate 16 different correctional goals identified ...
Inhibition of growth and mycotoxin production of Penicillium by Lactobacillus species

Abstract Lactic acid bacteria isolated from dairy products, vegetables and fruits were screened for their antifungal and antimycotoxigenic activities. From 420 isolates tested, four isolates were found to be inhibitory to four Penicillium species. Two of the lactic acid bacteria isolates showed the largest inhibitory activity against Penicillum citrinum and Penicillium expansum . The two isolates were identified as Lactobacillus casei species. Production of patulin and citrinin was also inhibited in the presence of the Lactobacilli supernatants. The inhibitory activity in the two Lactobacilli cell-free supernatants was shown to be unrelated to the production of lactic acid or hydrogen peroxide, and was found to be sensitive to proteolytic enzymes and to high temperature (100 °C). The antimycotoxigenic activity was not affected by the addition of glucose used by Lactobacilli species during incubation.
Why do women have more children than they want? Understanding differences in women's ideal and actual family size in a natural fertility population.

Objectives: We develop and test a conceptual model of factors influencing women’s ideal family size (IFS) in a natural fertility population, the Tsimane of Bolivia. The model posits affects of socioecology, reproductive history, maternal condition, and men’s IFS. We test three hypotheses for why women may exceed their IFS despite experiencing socioeconomic development: (H1) limited autonomy; (H2) improved maternal condition; and (H3) low returns on investments in embodied capital. Methods: Women’s reproductive histories and prospective fertility data were collected from 2002 to 2008 (n 5 305 women). Semistructured interviews were conducted with Tsimane women to study the perceived value of parental investment (n 5 76). Multiple regression, t-tests, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) are used to test model predictions. Results: Women’s IFS is predicted by their socioecology, reproductive history, maternal condition, and husband’s IFS. Hypotheses 2 and 3 are supported. Couples residing near town have smaller IFS (women 5 3.75 6 1.64; men 5 3.87 6 2.64) and less variance in IFS. However, the degree fertility exceeds IFS is inversely correlated with distance to town (Partial r 52 0.189, df 5 156, P 5 0.018). Women living near town have greater maternal condition but 64% value traditional skills over formal schooling and 88% believe living in town is unfeasible. Conclusions: While reduced IFS is evident with socioeconomic development, fertility decline may not immediately follow. When perceived benefits of investment in novel forms of embodied capital are low, and somatic wealth and large kin networks persist as important components of fitness, fertility may remain high and increase if maternal condition improves. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 24:786‐799, 2012. ' 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Deliberate Low-Wage, High-Insecurity Economic Model

In contrast to the general biases of orthodox economists, the jobs crisis in America is not inevitable or natural—and more important, does not contribute to more economic efficiency through lower w...