cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Histological regression of epidermal atypia after sequential topical 5-fluorouracil and tretinoin in early photodamage of the face

BACKGROUND: Intense sun exposure in the first decades of life leads to serious actinic damage. Early therapeutic intervention may prevent progression to more advanced solar damage and cutaneous carcinoma. Topical 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) is commonly used to treat actinic keratoses, during which time reddened “flares’ develop on apparently uninvolved facial skin after 2 to 3 weeks of daily applications. OBJECTIVE: Our strategy was to identify young adults who developed an inflammatory reaction to 5-FU, and then to treat them with topical tretinoin to reverse epidermal dysplasia. METHODS: A group of 16 fair-skinned subjects aged 18-30 years were treated for 3 weeks with 5% 5-FU cream. Of these subjects, 13 exhibited flares, which on biopsy were found to be actinic keratoses. These persons were then treated for 6 months with topical tretinoin. Another biopsy was obtained next to the original one. The face was then challenged with 5-FU for 2 weeks to determine whether the actinic keratoses had been eradicated. R...
Can College Outreach Programs Improve College Readiness? The Case of the College Bound, St. Louis Program

In the past decade, there has been a proliferation of community- and school-based college readiness programs designed to increase the participation of students who have traditionally been underrepresented in higher education. However, few of these college readiness programs have been empirically evaluated. This study examines the impact of one such intervention, the College Bound, St. Louis (CB) program. Using propensity weighting and doubly robust modeling, we found CB participants were more likely to reach proficiency on the End of Course exams, to obtain at least a B grade in a number of foundational college courses, to take more AP or honors courses, and to attend a 4-year postsecondary institution than similarly situated non-participants. Future directions for evaluating similar college readiness programs are discussed.
Students as catalysts to increase community pharmacy-led direct patient care services

Abstract Objective To describe the impact on community pharmacy service development of a faculty–student–pharmacist collaborative program offered by five U.S. colleges. Setting Colleges of pharmacy and community pharmacies in Arizona, Illinois, Ohio, Utah, and West Virginia. Practice description Partner for Promotion (PFP) is an elective, longitudinal advanced pharmacy practice experience (APPE) focused on enhancement of community pharmacy management skills, specifically the development and implementation of direct patient care services. This faculty–student–pharmacist collaborative model has been implemented in five U.S. colleges of pharmacy beyond the originating institution. Evaluation Data on pharmacy demographics and the impact of PFP on service creation and longevity at these partnering schools were reported via annual online surveys completed by faculty directors at each partnering college of pharmacy. Results Over a 3-year period, 19 pharmacy teams across five states worked to create a total of 15 direct patient care services, 12 of which were still being offered to patients at the time of data collection (80% longevity). The PFP program guided 38 students through the process of developing and implementing a sustainable service at a community pharmacy. All participating faculty from partnering colleges of pharmacy (100%) indicated that PFP model materials were "very useful" (4-point Likert scale; 1, not useful, to 4, very useful), and all five colleges plan to continue offering the program moving forward. Conclusion The PFP model of training and service development can have a positive impact on the pharmacy profession, serve as an avenue for training students in the development of clinical services, and be a catalyst for establishing the growth of community pharmacy as a patient-centered, service-oriented partner in the health care system.
Studies in Growth and Development in the Genus Fragaria I. Factors Affecting the Rate of Leaf Production in Royal Sovereign Strawberry

(1953). Studies in Growth and Development in the Genus Fragaria I. Factors Affecting the Rate of Leaf Production in Royal Sovereign Strawberry. Journal of Horticultural Science: Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 73-84.
Characterizing Online Discussions in Microblogs Using Network Analysis

Online discussions of a specific topic in microblogs may vary widely in their content, locality, and participants. We describe a method for analyzing microblog discussions in Twitter, using a network model in order to characterize discussions by their network properties. Building the network from participants, their messages, their locations, and shared message content, we present an analysis of six network features over four types of discussions. Our analysis reveals that the diameter of the discussion network, when normalized for size, provides a strong indicator for the level of concentration around a few items. In addition, we show that different discussion types show clear patterns in how their entities (e.g., participants, locations) vary over time in importance to the discussion. Our analysis identifies clear measures for quantifying and categorizing novel discussions in terms of their important features and expected dynamics.
Abstract 15090: AMP-Activated Protein Kinase Upregulates Sodium-Dependent Glucose Transporter SGLT1, Which Contributes to Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury

INTRODUCTION: AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is cardioprotective during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We have identified a novel cardiac sodium glucose cotransporter, SGLT1, and determined that it is upregulated in transgenic mice with a mutation leading to AMPK hyperactivation. Therefore, we hypothesized that SGLT1 is a downstream target of AMPK and is involved in the cardiac response to I/R. METHODS AND RESULTS: HL-1 cells treated in vitro with the AMPK activator AICAR (1mM) for 24 h had a 2.89±0.6 fold increase in SGLT1 mRNA (vs. vehicle, N=3, P CONCLUSIONS: AMPK is an upstream regulator of cardiac SGLT1. Although AMPK generally mediates cardioprotection in I/R, transgenic knockdown of SGLT1 in mice improved post-I/R functional recovery, decreased infarction size, and decreased oxidative stress. These effects may be related to decreased oxidative stress. SGLT1 may be a novel therapeutic interventional target for ischemic heart disease.
A Four-FET Method for Extracting Mobility in FETs Without Field Oxide

Many fabricated III-V MOSFETs have electrically thin field oxide (FOX) that leads to parasitic currents and parasitic capacitances. When extracting long-channel mobility of such devices using the conventional two-FET method, some of these parasitic components are not subtracted out. In this paper, we present a simple four-FET method for extracting long-channel mobility that works well even when the equivalent oxide thickness (EOT) of the FOX is equal to the EOT of the FET gate oxide.
Mechanism of Ag Doping in ZnO Nanowires by Electrodeposition: Experimental and Theoretical Insights

A range of complementary techniques was used to explore the physical mechanisms of Ag doping in ZnO nanowires obtained by a low-temperature electrochemical process. Cyclic voltammetry analysis was employed to demonstrate the ability of Ag to modify the electrochemistry and in turn the ZnO growth environment generating amenable conditions for p-type doping. Both X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and calculations using density functional theory (DFT) showcase that the principal Ag impurity in the nanowires is Ag substitution for Zn (AgZn). The calculations also indicate that AgZn doping forms an impurity band because of Ag 4d and O 2p orbital interactions shifting the Fermi level toward the valence band. Electrical characterization of the Ag-doped nanowires confirms the observations in the DFT calculations. It was also found that the formation of Ag acceptors is favorable under O rich growth conditions which can be experimentally tuned. The combination of experimental and theoretical studies performed in thi...
Moments of randomly stopped sums-revisited

Conditions are obtained for (*)E|S T |γ 2 whereT is a stopping time and {S n=∑ 1 ,X j ℱ n ,n⩾1} is a martingale and these ensure when (**)X n ,n≥1 are independent, mean zero random variables that (*) holds wheneverET γ/2<∞, sup n≥1 E|X n |γ<∞. This, in turn, is applied to obtain conditions for the validity ofE|S k,T |γ<∞ and of the second moment equationES 2 =σ 2 EΣ S 2 where $$S_{k,n} = \sum\nolimits_{1 \leqslant i_t< \cdots< i_k \leqslant n} {X_{i_1 } ,...,X_{i_k } ,n \geqslant k \geqslant 2} $$ and {X n , n≥1} satisfies (**) and $$EX_n^2 = \sigma ^2< \infty $$ ,n≥1. The latter is utilized to elicit information about a moment of a stopping rule. It is also shown for i.i.d. {X n , n≥1} withEX=0,EX 2=1 that the a.s. limit set of {(n log logn)−k/2 S k,n ,n≥k} is [0,2 k/2/k!] or [−2 k/2/k!] according ask is even or odd and this can readily be reformulated in terms of the corresponding (degenerate kernel)U-statistic $$U_{k,n} = S_{_{_{k,n} } } /(_k^n )$$ .
Examination of racial differences in assessment of OCD symptoms and obsessive beliefs

Abstract The study of diversity issues within psychopathology is challenging, yet essential. Regarding Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), research has demonstrated elevations in symptom endorsement across specific racial and ethnic groups. However, these differences do not consistently reflect increased distress or impairment. A limitation is that the majority of research in this area compares only Black and White participants; the present study sought to extend this literature by examining a large, broadly diverse student sample consisting of 205 Asian, 669 Black, 318 Hispanic, and 1247 White participants. We targeted three OCD symptom questionnaires and a measure of OC beliefs; we also examined the associations among OCD symptoms, OC beliefs, and general distress. Results were that both Asian and Black participants scored significantly higher than White participants on most OCD-relevant measures; however, Asian participants scored significantly higher than Black participants on several measures. In contrast with some prior research, OCD symptoms correlated moderately positively with general distress across all groups studied. These findings highlight the limitation of comparing only Black and White individuals, and underscore the importance of broad inclusion in such research.
Phytobezoars following gastric surgery for duodenal ulcer.

Small bowel obstruction by a phytobezoar in the patient who has previously undergone partial gastric resection, and gastric outlet obstruction by phytobezoars following antrectomy-vagotomy and pyloroplasty-vagotomy are being reported with increasing frequency. The authors review their experience with this entity and offer guidelines for its prevention.
An Exact Solution of the Term Structure of Interest Rate Under Regime-Switching Risk

Regime-switching risk has been recently studied in an general equilibrium setting and empirically documented as an significant factor in bond premium. In this paper we apply no arbitrage approach to derive an exact solution of the term structure of interest rates in an essentially-affine-type model under regime-switching risk.
FAST VERTEX RADIOSITY UPDATE

Publisher Summary This chapter elaborates the fast vertex radiosity update. A simple method for fast progressive refinement radiosity using ray-traced form factors that, at each iteration of the algorithm, reduces the number of surfaces whose radiosity needs to be updated is presented. At each iteration of progressive refinement radiosity, a shooting patch is selected and the radiosity of all the mesh vertices in the environment must be updated with its contribution. A simple approach consists of traversing sequentially a list of these vertices and updating each one in turn. The update involves tracing one or more shadow rays to determine occlusions for the computation of the vertex-to-shooting patch form factor and can be pretty expensive. It is found that if the vertex is behind the shooting patch, though, the entire computation can be avoided, since, in this case, there can be no energy reaching the vertex.
Characterization of the OCO-2 instrument line shape functions using on-orbit solar measurements

Abstract. Accurately characterizing the instrument line shape (ILS) of the Orbiting Carbon Observatory-2 (OCO-2) is challenging and highly important due to its high spectral resolution and requirement for retrieval accuracy (0. 25 %) compared to previous spaceborne grating spectrometers. On-orbit ILS functions for all three bands of the OCO-2 instrument have been derived using its frequent solar measurements and high-resolution solar reference spectra. The solar reference spectrum generated from the 2016 version of the Total Carbon Column Observing Network (TCCON) solar line list shows significant improvements in the fitting residual compared to the solar reference spectrum currently used in the version 7 Level 2 algorithm in the O2 A band. The analytical functions used to represent the ILS of previous grating spectrometers are found to be inadequate for the OCO-2 ILS. Particularly, the hybrid Gaussian and super-Gaussian functions may introduce spurious variations, up to 5 % of the ILS width, depending on the spectral sampling position, when there is a spectral undersampling. Fitting a homogeneous stretch of the preflight ILS together with the relative widening of the wings of the ILS is insensitive to the sampling grid position and accurately captures the variation of ILS in the O2 A band between decontamination events. These temporal changes of ILS may explain the spurious signals observed in the solar-induced fluorescence retrieval in barren areas.
DE-LOC: Design validation and debugging under limited observation and control, pre- and post-silicon for mixed-signal systems

In the modern mixed-signal SoC design cycle, designers are frequently tasked with detecting and diagnosing behavioral discrepancies between design descriptions given at different levels of hierarchy, e.g. behavioral vs. transistor level descriptions or behavioral/transistor level descriptions vs. fabricated silicon. One problem is detection, to determine if behavioral differences between design descriptions exist. If such differences (anomalies) are detected, then diagnosis is concerned with identifying the module in a hierarchical design description of the system that is most likely the root cause of the anomaly (typically under the constraint that only the primary outputs of the top-level hierarchies are observed. Previously proposed machine-learning classifiers require prior knowledge about the kinds of likely design errors typically encountered. In this work, we present a novel technique for the algorithmic foundation of circuit diagnosis predictions which does not require any assumptions about the nature of design errors. Our method employs iterative and alternate on-the-fly test generation and least-squares fitting of embedded low-order nonlinear filters to produce a best-guess estimate of the root cause of the anomaly. Experiments are conducted on two test vehicles, an RF transceiver and a phase-locked loop, several bug models are implemented, and the system's diagnosis predictions are analyzed.
STR Population Data Analysis

A DNA profile rarity estimate, commonly called a random match probability, is based on (1) the alleles/genotypes present in a DNA profile, (2) population frequency estimates of the alleles/genotypes, and (3) genetic formulas used to account for population substructure or degree of relatedness. This chapter addresses the second two points – how population allele frequency estimates are determined and how genetic formulas are used to address population substructure or potential relatives.
Integrating Interventional Cardiology and Heart Failure Management for Cardiogenic Shock

Cardiogenic shock remains one of the most common causes of in-hospital death. Recent data have identified an overall increase in patient complexity, with cardiogenic shock in the setting of acute myocardial infarction. The use of percutaneous acute mechanical circulatory support (AMCS) has steadily grown in the past decade. Guidelines and consensus statements addressing proper patient selection, timing of AMCS implantation, device choice, and postimplantation protocol are appearing. The emerging role of interventional heart failure specialists within the heart team includes integration and understanding of advanced hemodynamic and cathether-based therapies, with the goal of improving outcomes.
The use of cable bolts or ground control—current applications and future innovation

Abstract Current cable bolt technology was developed to a large extent in the 1990s. Incremental improvements in fabrication, design, and application continue to make mining and construction safer and cost effective. The brief history of cable bolts, design and manufacturing, characteristics and properties begin to describe the success that these support systems have realized globally in all types of underground uses. Design concepts, that include lengths and densities, have evolved from basic dead load calculations to complex interactions with pillar yielding, effective roof spans, and lateral shifting of immediate roof strata. The differences between tension and nontensioned systems are explored and the recent innovations of indented PC-strand, tensioned systems and high-capacity hollow cables discussed.
Risk-averse capacity planning for renewable energy production

This paper considers the problem of capacity planning and operation of energy grids where the power demands are served from renewable energy sources, such as wind farms, and the transmission network is represented by the high-voltage direct current (HVDC) lines. The principal question considered in this work is whether a risk-averse design of the grid, including the selection of wind farm locations and assignment of power delivery from wind farms to customers, would allow for effective hedging of the risks associated with uncertainties in power demand and production of energy from renewable sources. To this end, the problem is formulated in the general context of supply chain/facility location, with both the supply and the demand being stochastic variates. Several stochastic optimization models are presented and analyzed, including the traditional risk-neutral, or expectation-based model and risk-averse models based on linear and nonlinear coherent measures of risk. Exact solutions algorithms that employ Benders decomposition and polyhedral approximations of nonlinear constraints have been proposed for the obtained linear and nonlinear mixed-integer programming problems. The conducted numerical experiments illustrate the properties of the constructed models, as well as the efficiency of the developed algorithms.
Rapid depuration of mercury in songbirds accelerated by feather molt.

Mercury (Hg) is a ubiquitous environmental contaminant that affects avian reproduction and condition, in both aquatic and terrestrial species. Because Hg binds strongly to the keratin of growing feathers, molt is an important avenue for Hg elimination. We investigated the rate of depuration of Hg from songbird blood and organs (brain, kidney, liver, muscle) as a function of molt. We exposed 2 species of captive songbirds, European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) and zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata), to environmentally relevant dietary Hg (1.2-1.5 mg/kg wet wt) for extended periods of time and then allowed them to depurate on a Hg-free diet for 20 wk. Depuration occurred either while birds were regrowing new feathers or when there was little to no molt occurring. Both species quickly eliminated Hg from blood and reduced Hg concentrations in other tissues by more than 90% over 20 wk. The rate of depuration was more rapid than previously reported in the literature, but depuration in small-bodied songbirds has rarely been studied. Molting birds depurated Hg from their blood more rapidly than nonmolting birds. The effect of molt on Hg retention in other tissues was more difficult to resolve, because by the time we sampled organ tissue, depuration was nearly complete. Our results confirm that molting expedites depuration and raises mechanistic questions about how songbirds depurate Hg stored in their tissues. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:3120-3126. © 2017 SETAC.
Portopulmonary hypertension in children: a rare but potentially lethal and under-recognized disease.

Portopulmonary hypertension (PoPH) is defined by the combination of portal hypertension and precapillary pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Very little is known about this process in pediatric patients but prognosis is generally poor. We review our institutional experience and report on five patients with pediatric PoPH. The median age of PoPH diagnosis was six years and PAH was 14 years. PAH diagnosis was made by echocardiogram in all patients, four of whom also had cardiac catheterization. The median mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) was 48.5 mmHg (interquartile range [IQR] = 46-60) with a median pulmonary vascular resistance index (PVRi) of 9 WU*M2 (IQR = 8-22). All were acute pulmonary vasodilator testing non-responsive. All patients received targeted therapies. Three of five patients (60%) died despite an evidence-based approach to care. Of those who died, timing from the PoPH diagnosis to death ranged from three days to three years. Based upon our limited experience, PoPH is a disorder with significant mortality in childhood and challenges in treatment. Future research, focused on screening and early targeted treatment strategies, may alter the current dismal prognosis for these children.
Classy behavior: the big political role of small business owners

Many theories assign important political roles to small business owners as part of the middle and upper middle class. Despite this, we have surprisingly little empirical work on the political behavior of small business owners. Using the European Social Survey covering 28 countries over six waves from 2002 to 2012, we find that small business owners are indeed more politically active despite their diversity across sectors and countries. This counters a great deal of existing work which emphasizes the wide divergence in small business owners’ political behavior within and across countries. Rather, we find that owning a small business does have a distinct effect on political behavior in many different contexts.
On-Site Ultrasonic Inspection of Highway Culverts

Thin galvanized steel culverts, 2.6 mm (0.1 in) thick, are used when constant or intense water flow from one side of the highway or road to the other has to be facilitated. The New York State Department of Transportation has long considered NDT detection of corrosion in culverts necessary for the realistic evaluation of their remaining safe life. This is a problem with immense economic consequences, because the potential of safe life extension of the vast number of culverts in New York State and their replacement cost. In this paper the development of a non-contacting NDT method for on-site inspection of culverts is presented. The culvert is accessible only on the inside and the measurement is complicated by the fact that this is in contact with water and air, and is covered with rust and dirt. It corrodes down to less than 0.5 mm (0.020 in) giving the surface an orange rind appearance. Contact or delay transducers could not be used due to the extreme conditions of the surface, which in many cases does not guarantee the parallelism necessary for the measurement. Of another concern was the indication in some critical cases of false readings which commonly result in the overestimation of the real thickness. The system developed utilizes commercial off-the-shelf ultrasonic equipment and piezoelectric transducers in a bubbler configuration. In order to optimize the transmission of the sound through the water stream and the culvert, a rubber shoe was utilized. A detailed description of the problem and of the solution is given.
Leisure Identities and Interactions. John R. Kelly.

(1984). Leisure Identities and Interactions. John R. Kelly. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 259-261.
Provider Information Provision and Breast Cancer Patient Well-Being.

Research continues to delineate and clarify specific communication behaviors associated with improved patient outcomes. In the context of breast cancer surgery, this exploratory study examined the ...
Hymenoptera Genome Database: Using HymenopteraMine to Enhance Genomic Studies of Hymenopteran Insects

The Hymenoptera Genome Database (HGD; http://hymenopteragenome.org ) is a genome informatics resource for insects of the order Hymenoptera, which includes bees, ants and wasps. HGD provides genome browsers with manual annotation tools (JBrowse/Apollo), BLAST, bulk data download, and a data mining warehouse (HymenopteraMine). This chapter focuses on the use of HymenopteraMine to create annotation data sets that can be exported for use in downstream analyses. HymenopteraMine leverages the InterMine platform to combine genome assemblies and official gene sets with data from OrthoDB, RefSeq, FlyBase, Gene Ontology, UniProt, InterPro, KEGG, Reactome, dbSNP, PubMed, and BioGrid, as well as precomputed gene expression information based on publicly available RNAseq. Built-in template queries provide starting points for data exploration, while the QueryBuilder tool supports construction of complex custom queries. The List Analysis and Genomic Regions search tools execute queries based on uploaded lists of identifiers and genome coordinates, respectively. HymenopteraMine facilitates cross-species data mining based on orthology and supports meta-analyses by tracking identifiers across gene sets and genome assemblies.
A Challenging Case of Retroperitoneal Abscess in a Post-Partum Crohn’s Disease Patient

BACKGROUND Crohn's disease (CD) is an inflammatory bowel disease affecting approximately 1 in 3000 people in the United States. Since the inflammation of CD is transmural, patients are at risk for fistula and abscess formation. Retroperitoneal abscesses are one type of which physicians must be aware. CASE REPORT We present the case of a 29-year-old woman with CD who complained of right hip and flank pain that began when she was 6-months pregnant. After delivery, she continued to complain of severe right flank pain and was admitted to the hospital 1 month later. CT scan imaging revealed a complicated retroperitoneal and right flank abscess, possibly due to a colonic intramural fistula. She developed severe acute necrotizing soft-tissue infection requiring 13 days of intensive care. She required debridement of the necrotizing infection of the right flank, drainage of the abscess, and washout for intraperitoneal sepsis. The patient tolerated the procedures well and was discharged 1 month later. CONCLUSIONS Given that the clinical manifestation of retroperitoneal fistula with abscess is insidious and its formation is less common than intraperitoneal abscesses, we hope healthcare providers learn from this case to avoid morbidity and mortality. When presented with a pregnant CD patient complaining of nonspecific abdominal symptoms, providers should consider fistulization and/or abscess formation. The option to evaluate pregnant patients using noninvasive methods, such as ultrasound or low-dose CT scan, can decrease radiation exposure to the fetus and prevent delays in diagnosis and treatment.
Light and the New Chemistry

Sun light has been providing clean energy on the Earth since the mythical age. Almost all livings on the Earth have been benefiting from the solar energy through photochemical and biochemical processes in nature. So, photochemistry is fundamentally an eco-and human-friendly technology. However, it took us a long time to utilize the photochemical reaction practically. Table 1 shows the epoch-making discoveries at the dawn of photochemistry.
Numerical quantifiers and their use in reasoning with negative information

Numerical quantifiers provide simple means of formalizing such statements as, "at least three people are in that room", "at most fifteen people are in the elevator", and "everybody has exactly two parents". Although numerical quantifiers generalize the existential quantifier, they have different uses in reasoning. The existential quantifier is most useful for supplying referents for designating phrases with no previously explicitly mentioned referent. Numerical quantifiers are most useful for reasoning by the process of elimination. Numerical quantifiers would, therefore, be a useful addition to the operators of a reasoning program or deductive question-answering system. They have been added to SNePS, the Semantic Network Processing System, to further enhance its inference capabilities.
Surfactant And Cosolvent Flushing

When properly implemented, surfactant and cosolvent flushing technologies can recover substantial quantities of contaminant mass from chlorinated solvent source zones in relatively short time periods. As with most in situ remediation technologies, surfactant and cosolvent flushing are most effective in relatively homogeneous subsurface systems with sufficient permeability to allow for delivery of injected fluid and subsequent recovery of the contaminant. Under ideal conditions, surfactant and cosolvent flushing field trials have consistently resulted in contaminant mass recoveries of greater than 80 to 90% of the contaminant mass, although recoveries on the order of 50 to 70% are more likely at complex sites. Nevertheless, such reductions in contaminant mass hold the potential to reduce source zone longevity and downgradient contaminant mass flux, thereby reducing potential risks to the environment and public health. Recent advances in these technologies have focused on combining aggressive, short-term surfactant flushing technologies with lower impact, long-term strategies such as bioremediation, which hold promise as a means to more effectively achieve remediation goals and reduce overall treatment costs.
Measuring and Monitoring Technical Debt

Abstract Technical debt is a metaphor for immature, incomplete, or inadequate artifacts in the software development lifecycle that cause higher costs and lower quality in the long run. These artifacts remaining in a system affect subsequent development and maintenance activities, and so can be seen as a type of debt that the system developers owe the system. Incurring technical debt may speed up software development in the short run, but such benefit is achieved at the cost of extra work in the future, as if paying interest on the debt. In this sense, the technical debt metaphor characterizes the relationship between the short-term benefits of delaying certain software maintenance tasks or doing them quickly and less carefully, and the long-term cost of those delays. However, managing technical debt is more complicated than managing financial debt because of the uncertainty involved. In this chapter, the authors review the main issues associated with technical debt, and propose a technical debt management framework and a research plan for validation. The objective of our research agenda is to develop and validate a comprehensive technical debt theory that formalizes the relationship between the cost and benefit sides of the concept. Further, we propose to use the theory to propose mechanisms (processes and tools) for measuring and managing technical debt in software product maintenance. The theory and management mechanisms are intended ultimately to contribute to the improved quality of software and facilitate decision making in software maintenance.
Sampling Patterns Optimized for Uniform Distribution of Edges

Publisher Summary This chapter examines the results of an automated gradient search of optimized sampling patterns. The intent is to find a set of samples that perform better than other sampling patterns and yet require no evaluation as they are pre-computed. In the experiment performed, the test images are a set of uniformly distributed anti-aliased lines produced by exhaustive oversampling to produce an “exact” image. It is assumed that any sampling pattern that performs well on this test image will perform well on any pixels with a uniform edge orientation distribution. The optimal sampling patterns will then exhibit minimal mean-squared error relative to the test image. For each sample, the viewpoint from the origin is translated by the specified fraction of a screen pixel and line distribution is scan-converted; the resulting image is added into the accumulation buffer. The contents of the accumulation buffer represent the final image scaled up by N s (the number of samples).
Rethinking stable ischemic heart disease: is this the beginning of a new era?

Thomas Kuhn's landmark book, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions , postulated that scientific progress proceeds linearly until the accumulation of a sufficient weight of evidence that the current paradigm is unable to accommodate forces the reexamination of underlying assumptions, and a new
A decomposable model for the detection of prostate cancer in multi-parametric MRI

Institutions that specialize in prostate MRI acquire different MR sequences owing to variability in scanning procedure and scanner hardware. We propose a novel prostate cancer detector that can operate in the absence of MR imaging sequences. Our novel prostate cancer detector first trains a forest of random ferns on all MR sequences and then decomposes these random ferns into a sum of MR sequence-specific random ferns enabling predictions to be made in the absence of one or more of these MR sequences. To accomplish this, we first show that a sum of random ferns can be exactly represented by another random fern and then we propose a method to approximately decompose an arbitrary random fern into a sum of random ferns. We show that our decomposed detector can maintain good performance when some MR sequences are omitted.
Self-compassion and verbal performance: Evidence for threat-buffering and implicit self-related thoughts

Threats to self-esteem can impair well-being directly, e.g., via negative affect, but also indirectly, by impacting performance in valued domains. The present study examined whether self-compassion...
Integration of Mouse and Human Single-cell RNA Sequencing Infers Spatial Cell-type Composition in Human Brains

Technical advances have enabled the identification of high-resolution cell types within tissues based on single-cell transcriptomics. However, such analyses are restricted in human brain tissue due to the limited number of brain donors. In this study, we integrate mouse and human data to predict cell-type proportions in human brain tissue, and spatially map the resulting cellular composition. By applying feature selection and linear modeling, combinations of human and mouse brain single-cell transcriptomics profiles can be integrated to "fill in" missing information. These combined "in silico chimeric" datasets are used to model the composition of nine cell types in 3,702 human brain samples in six Allen Human Brain Atlas (AHBA) donors. Cell types were spatially consistent regardless of the scRNA-Seq dataset (91% significantly correlated) or AHBA donor (p-value = 4.43E-20 by t-test) used in the model. Importantly, neuron nuclei location and neuron mRNA location were correlated only after accounting for neural connectivity (p-value = 1.26E-10), which supports the notion that gene expression is a better indicator than nuclei location of cellular localization for cells with large and irregularly shaped cell bodies, such as neurons. These results advocate for the integration of mouse and human data in models of brain tissue heterogeneity.
ACL Tears Contributing Factors and Preventive Strategies for the Home Health Care Professional—Part 2

This article is the second in a two-part series that addresses the scientific literature on the contributing factors and preventive strategies for anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. Part 1,...
Computed Tomography–Based Score Indicative of Lung Cancer Aggression (SILA) Predicts the Degree of Histologic Tissue Invasion and Patient Survival in Lung Adenocarcinoma Spectrum

Abstract Objective Most computed tomography (CT)-detected lung cancers are adenocarcinomas (ACs), representing lesions with variable tissue invasion, aggressiveness, and clinical outcome. Visual radiologic characterization of AC pulmonary nodules is both inconsistent and inadequate to confidently predict histopathologic classification or prognosis. Comprehensive pathologic interpretation requires full nodule resection. We have described a computerized scoring system for AC detected on CT scans that can noninvasively estimate the degree of histologic invasion and simultaneously predict patient survival. Methods The Computer-Aided Nodule Assessment and Risk Yield has been validated to characterize CT-detected nodules across the spectrum of AC. With the use of unsupervised clustering, nine natural exemplars were identified as basic radiographic features of AC nodules. We now introduce the Score Indicative of Lung Cancer Aggression (SILA), which is a cumulative aggregate of normalized distributions of ordered Computer-Aided Nodule Assessment and Risk Yield exemplars. The SILA values for each of 237 unique nodules in AC were compared with the histopathologically defined maximum linear extent of tumor invasion. With use of the SILA, Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox proportionality analysis were performed on patients with stage I AC, who comprised a subset of our cohort. Results The SILA discriminated between indolent and invasive AC (p Conclusions The SILA is a computer-based analytic measure allowing noninvasive approximation of histologic invasion and prediction of patient survival in CT-detected AC nodules.
A Novel Mu-Delta Opioid Agonist Demonstrates Enhanced Efficacy With Reduced Tolerance and Dependence in Mouse Neuropathic Pain Models

Numerous studies have demonstrated a physiological interaction between the mu opioid receptor (MOR) and delta opioid receptor (DOR) systems. A few studies have shown that dual MOR-DOR agonists could be beneficial, with reduced tolerance and addiction liability, but are nearly untested in chronic pain models, particularly neuropathic pain. In this study, we tested the MOR-DOR agonist SRI-22141 in mice in the clinically relevant models of HIV Neuropathy and Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy (CIPN). SRI-22141 was more potent than morphine in the tail flick pain test and had equal or enhanced efficacy versus morphine in both neuropathic pain models, with significantly reduced tolerance. SRI-22141 also produced no jumping behavior during naloxone-precipitated withdrawal in CIPN or naive mice, suggesting that SRI-22141 produces little to no dependence. SRI-22141 also reduced tumor necrosis factor-α and cyclooxygenase-2 in CIPN in the spinal cord, suggesting an anti-inflammatory mechanism of action. The DOR-selective antagonist naltrindole strongly reduced CIPN efficacy and anti-inflammatory activity in the spinal cord, without affecting tail flick antinociception, suggesting the importance of DOR activity in these models. Overall, these results provide compelling evidence that MOR-DOR agonists could have strong efficacy with reduced side effects and an anti-inflammatory mechanism in the treatment of neuropathic pain. PERSPECTIVE: This study demonstrates that a MOR-DOR dual agonist given chronically in chronic neuropathic pain models has enhanced efficacy with strongly reduced tolerance and dependence, with a further anti-inflammatory effect in the spinal cord. This suggests that MOR-DOR dual agonists could be effective treatments for neuropathic pain with reduced side effects.
Milli-Hertz Surface Spectroscopy

Publisher Summary This chapter describes Milli-Hertz surface spectroscopy. It presents a simple heterodyne technique with ultrahigh resolution. In heterodyne spectroscopy, the beating of the scattered light—with itself or with part of the incident light—can be detected and then, the spectrum of the detector signal with a spectrum analyzer or autocorrelator can be analyzed. Besides spectrally separating the up-shifted and down-shifted scattered light, the technique also allows to obtain undistorted data at the low frequency end of the spectrum. This is essential in low-frequency work as well as in the cases where directional separation is called for, such as the study of non-equilibrium liquid interfaces. The ultrahigh resolution makes the technique suitable to measure extremely small Doppler shifts.
Carcinoid Heart Disease

Carcinoid heart disease is seen in 50% of patients with carcinoid syndrome and is the main cause of morbidity and mortality. The pathophysiology of carcinoid heart disease is still poorly understoo...
Evaluating the Impact of Infrastructure Interdependencies on the Emergency Services Sector and Critical Support Functions Using an Expert Opinion Survey

AbstractThe vulnerability of critical infrastructure systems and their interdependencies have long-standing implications for community recovery and resilience. Extant research on critical infrastru...
Low-Dose CT Image Denoising Using Parallel-Clone Networks

Deep neural networks have a great potential to improve image denoising in low-dose computed tomography (LDCT). Popular ways to increase the network capacity include adding more layers or repeating a modularized clone model in a sequence. In such sequential architectures, the noisy input image and end output image are commonly used only once in the training model, which however limits the overall learning performance. In this paper, we propose a parallel-clone neural network method that utilizes a modularized network model and exploits the benefit of parallel input, parallel-output loss, and clone-toclone feature transfer. The proposed model keeps a similar or less number of unknown network weights as compared to conventional models but can accelerate the learning process significantly. The method was evaluated using the Mayo LDCT dataset and compared with existing deep learning models. The results show that the use of parallel input, parallel-output loss, and clone-to-clone feature transfer all can contribute to an accelerated convergence of deep learning and lead to improved image quality in testing. The parallel-clone network has been demonstrated promising for LDCT image denoising.
Communication effectiveness: examining interactions between college health professionals and students on university campuses.

Objective: To examine how students would describe their communication exchanges with college health professionals on a university campus and also how students perceived those exchanges to be effect...
Multi-label classification and label dependence in in silico toxicity prediction.

Abstract Most computational predictive models are specifically trained for a single toxicity endpoint and lack the ability to learn dependencies between endpoints, such as those targeting similar biological pathways. In this study, we compare the performance of 3 multi-label classification (MLC) models, namely Classifier Chains (CC), Label Powersets (LP) and Stacking (SBR), against independent classifiers (Binary Relevance) on Tox21 challenge data. Also, we develop a novel label dependence measure that shows full range of values, even at low prior probabilities, for the purpose of data-driven label partitioning. Using Logistic Regression as the base classifier and random label partitioning (k = 3), CC show statistically significant improvements in model performance using Hamming and multi-label accuracy scores (p An original quantitative measure of label dependency is combined with the Louvain community detection method to learn label partitioning using a data-driven process. The resulting MLCs with learned label partitioning were generally found to be non-inferior to their corresponding random or no label partitioning counterparts. Additionally, using the Random Forest classifier in a 10-fold stratified cross validation Stacking model, we find that the top-performing stacking model out-performs the corresponding base model in 11 out of 12 Tox21 labels. Taken together, these results suggest that MLC models could potentially boost the performance of current single-endpoint predictive models and that label partitioning learning may be used in place of random label partitionings.
Prediction of aerodynamically-triggered condensation: Application to the Dragonfly rotorcraft in Titan's atmosphere

Abstract Expansion of the airflow over a wing or rotor causes adiabatic cooling, and in terrestrial aviation a localized condensation cloud can form in moist air. The cold methane-nitrogen atmosphere of Titan is, in relative terms, rather close to the condensation point and the possibility of analogous condensation on the NASA Dragonfly rotorcraft mission is examined using simple first-principles models and Computational Fluid Dynamics. It is found that nominal near-ground flight will not trigger condensation, but fog formation may be expected on rotor upper surfaces and in tip vortices in some extremes of the flight envelope, notably during high-altitude meteorological profiling flights. Evaluation of droplet re-evaporation and tip vortex decay timescales suggests, however, that obscuration of navigation sensors is not likely to occur from the vehicle body or rotor wake, even in cross-wind hover.
Left Ventricular Gunshot Injury With Migration to the Aorta Causing Severe Aortic Insufficiency.

Abstract Penetrating cardiac trauma is one of the most critically challenging injuries with a devastating mortality if there is a delay in treatment or recognition. Despite a myriad of case reports of gunshot wounds to the left ventricle in trauma annals, there is a scarcity of reports in echocardiographic literature. We would like to describe a case report of a 35-year-old who presented after multiple gunshot wounds to the chest. He was taken emergently to the operating room for a pericardiotomy and repair of a laceration of the left ventricle, however no bullet fragment was found. On postoperative day six, the bullet was discovered via echocardiography to have migrated into the aortic root causing severe aortic insufficiency requiring return to the operating room, removal of the bullet, repair of the aorta and aortic valve, and was successfully discharged from the hospital on hospital day 14.
Economic Recovery and Accelerated COVID-19 Spread in Florida

Objectives: To determine whether rebounds in Florida business revenues following initial COVID-19 quarantines were associated with increasing infection rates, and whether those associations were more strongly related to certain industries. Methods: Florida business gross revenues and tax collections for April 2020 through March 2021 were accumulated by industry and month. Measured relative to the same month in the prior year, economic rebounds are correlated with statewide monthly COVID-19 infections to measure the strength of relationship. Results: Florida's overall tax collections dropped $2.8 billion below prior year levels during the April 2020 to March 2021 COVID-19 pandemic era; over two-thirds from declining revenues for hotels, theme parks, restaurants, and bars. Although tourism has been rebounding slowly, restaurant and bar business has returned to pre-pandemic levels, with infection rates matching pace. Conclusions: Florida loosened restaurant and bar restrictions faster than most states, only to see rebounding revenues parallel rising infection rates. The states' heavy financial dependence on this industry challenges the objectivity of choices between economic recovery and population health.