cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical pancaking: why the Zel’dovich approximation describes coherent large-scale structure in N-body simulations of gravitational clustering

To explain the rich structure of voids, clusters, sheets, and filaments apparent in the Universe, we present evidence for the convergence of the two classic approaches to gravitational clustering, the ``pancake'' and ``hierarchical'' pictures. We compare these two models by looking at agreement between individual structures -- the ``pancakes'' which are characteristic of the Zel'dovich Approximation (ZA) and also appear in hierarchical N-body simulations. We find that we can predict the orientation and position of N-body simulation objects rather well, with decreasing accuracy for increasing large-$k$ (small scale) power in the initial conditions. We examined an N-body simulation with initial power spectrum $P(k) \propto k^3$, and found that a modified version of ZA based on the smoothed initial potential worked well in this extreme hierarchical case, implying that even here very low-amplitude long waves dominate over local clumps (although we can see the beginning of the breakdown expected for $k^4$). In this case the correlation length of the initial potential is extremely small initially, but grows considerably as the simulation evolves. We show that the nonlinear gravitational potential strongly resembles the smoothed initial potential. This explains why ZA with smoothed initial conditions reproduces large-scale structure so well, and probably why our Universe has a coherent large-scale structure.
Postural modulation of the soleus H reflex in young and old subjects

The influence of different static postures on the soleus H reflex was assessed in 15 old (mean age = 76.3 years) and 10 young (mean age = 24.2 years) subjects. H reflex and M wave recruitment curves were obtained under 2 randomly administered conditions: (1) standing; and (2) prone. Once in place, the recording and stimulating electrodes were not removed until the completion of testing, to ensure that exact placement was maintained. A 1 msec current pulse was given transcutaneously to elicit the H reflex and M response. Static postural sway area (cm2) was assessed on a Kistler force platform using custom software (sample rate = 50 Hz/15 sec trials). Results demonstrated that the young subjects reduced the amplitude of the H reflex from the prone (Hmax/Mmax = 73.6%) to the standing (Hmax/Mmax = 59.9%) condition, whereas the old subjects did not (prone = 32.4%, standing = 38.2%). However, within the old group, 2 subgroups emerged--those who depressed the reflex similar to the young subjects (O-D, n = 6) and those who did not depress the reflex (O-ND, n = 9). Furthermore, there were significant differences in postural sway scores between the young and old, between the O-D and O-ND, but not between the O-D and young groups. These results suggest differences in the manner in which young and old subjects modulate the soleus H reflex when standing, and support the view that modulation of the stretch reflex may be important in the control of static posture.
Arachidonic acid metabolism by dioxin-induced cytochrome P-450: A new hypothesis on the role of P-450 in dioxin toxicity

Dioxin (2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, TCDD) is a highly potent inducer of cytochrome P-450. The role of the induced P-450 in TCDD toxicity has been obscure as P-450 neither detoxifies TCDD nor activates it to genotoxic or cytotoxic metabolites. We show, using a chick embryo model, that TCDD causes major increases in the NADPH dependent metabolism of arachidonic acid (AA), a predominant cell membrane fatty acid, that it does so with extremely high potency (ED50, 6.3 pmol per egg) and that this metabolism is catalyzed by TCDD-induced cytochrome P-450 species. Thus, TCDD treatment increased by six to ten fold the P-450 mediated hepatic microsomal metabolism of AA to epoxides and monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids, products whose diverse biological activities suggest links to TCDD's toxic effects. In contrast only x and x-1 hydroxy AA, inactive products, were significantly formed by the controls. These findings open a new perspective on how P-450 induction could be related to the diverse toxic effects of TCDD. They lead to the novel hypothesis that TCDD-induced cytochrome P-450 metabolizes an endogenous fatty acid to reactive products that in turn mediate or modulate varied manifestations of TCDD toxicity.
Inducing long-shoot growth for vegetative propagation of western larch

This study evaluated methods to release from suppression both short shoots on lower stems and developing buds on leaders of western larch (Larix occidentalis Nutt.) seedlings, in order to increase the number of long shoots suitable for stem-tip cuttings. Treatments included application of the cytokinin N-6-benzyladenine (BA), horizontal stem bending, and decapitation on container-grown 1.5-year-old seedling ortets. The rate of release of suppressed growth of short shoots on the basal stem segments increased from 15% to 83% after spraying with 200 ppm BA and doubled on unsprayed horizontally-bent stems. Syllepsis on the upper stems increased by 19% following decapitation and by 32% after a combination of decapitation and BA treatments. Although these treatments resulted in large increases in the numbers of long shoots available for stem cuttings, the rootability of BA-treated shoots needs assessing before use in operational programs.
Beware of notarios: Neoliberal governance of immigrants as crime victims

Drawing on David Garland's (1996, 2001) observations about the 'limits of the sovereign state', we seek in this article to develop a critical understanding of the recent response in the USA to 'notario fraud'--an unlawful act committed when a non-lawyer poses as an immigration attorney. While efforts to protect immigrants from fraud on their surface represent a counter to recent anti-immigrant policies, our analysis of materials distributed by what we term an anti-notario fraud apparatus suggests that such activity amounts to neoliberal governance. Specifically, we study immigrant advocacy groups' discourse around the issue and argue that anti-notario efforts are akin to responsibilization. We also study how law enforcement officials discuss the issue and theorize how a one-dimensional framing of notarios as villains supports the neoliberal regime by protecting the state's sovereignty to manufacture what Nicholas De Genova (2002) has called 'deportability'. Language: en
Human homolog of the mouse sperm receptor

Abstract The human zona pellucida, composed of three glycoproteins (ZP1, ZP2, and ZP3), forms an extracellular matrix that surrounds ovulated eggs and mediates species-specific fertilization. The genes that code for at least two of the zona proteins (ZP2 and ZP3) cross-hybridize with other mammalian DNA. The recently characterized mouse sperm receptor gene (Zp-3) was used to isolate its human homolog. The human homolog spans approximately 18.3 kilobase pairs (kbp) (compared to 8.6 kbp for the mouse gene) and contains eight exons, the sizes of which are strictly conserved between the two species. Four short (8-15 bp) sequences within the first 250 bp of the 5' flanking region in the human Zp-3 homolog are also present upstream of mouse Zp-3. These elements may modulate oocyte-specific gene expression. By using the polymerase chain reaction, a full-length cDNA of human ZP3 was isolated from human ovarian poly(A)+ RNA and used to deduce the structure of human ZP3 mRNA. Certain features of the human and mouse ZP3 transcripts are conserved. Both have unusually short 5' and 3' untranslated regions, both contain a single open reading frame that is 74% identical, and both code for 424 amino acid polypeptides that are 67% the same. The similarity between the two proteins may define domains that are important in maintaining the structural integrity of the zona pellucida, while the differences may play a role in mediating the species-specific events of mammalian fertilization.
Causes and effects of a changed gender ratio in medicine.

(2004). Causes and effects of a changed gender ratio in medicine. Medical Teacher: Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 506-509.
Exploratory Assessment of Corrosion Behavior of Stainless Steel Clad Rebar: Part 1—Experimental

Abstract Corrosion behavior of stainless steel clad rebar (SCR) was investigated in both model solutions (initial pH: 10, 12.6, and 13.6, respectively, Cl− up to 15%, ˜5 M) and concrete (up to 8% admixed Cl− by weight of cement). The unblemished acid-pickled Type 316L (UNS S31603) stainless steel (SS) lateral surface of SCR (in both solutions and concrete) was found to have high corrosion resistance comparable to that observed for solid SS bars in concrete. Limited evaluations conducted at 40°C showed some tendency for incipient corrosion of the sound lateral SCR surface under the most severe test conditions. Cut-end rebar termination by a proprietary SS cap attached with organic adhesive or a weld overlay showed no failures in limited yearlong experiments at room temperature. However, there was one cap adhesive failure when tested at 40°C, uderscoring the need for extended evaluation of cut-end terminations. SCR specimens with small cladding breaks (1-mm or 4-mm ϕ drilled holes), as expected, developed c...
Provisioning multilayer resilience in multiservice optical networks

Protection switching interactions in wide-area networks need to interoperate with each other in order to restore a wide variety of services, provide survivability to mission-critical applications and accommodate an evolving network infrastructure. Without some coordination between restoration mechanisms, an outage duration would be lengthened as methods assigned to each layer interfere with each other or the network would be locked up in a deadlocked state that never converges to a new topology. A set of control policies can be specified to coordinate between restoration mechanisms in a network that spans multiple layers and regions. These control policies are expressed as rules, and are collectively denoted as the escalation strategy. The escalation strategy can be provisioned by a network manager and is implemented as a distributed coordination protocol between peer recovery agents in the nodes. As rules for coordinating between restoration mechanisms are formalized, a mathematical proof could be provided to prove that the network does indeed converge to a new topology.
Retinoic acid metabolism by a system reconstituted with cytochrome P-450☆

Feeding rats with a diet containing a hundred times the normal amount of vitamin A resulted, within 2 to 3 weeks, in an increase in total hepatic microsomal cytochrome P-450 content. This was associated, in isolated microsomes, with an enhanced conversion of all-trans-retinoic acid to polar metabolites, including a two- to threefold increased production of 4-hydroxy- and 4-oxo-retinoic acid, whether expressed per microsomal protein or per cytochrome P-450. Unlike effects of other inducers (e.g., phenobarbital or methylcholanthrene), activities of benzphetamine, aminopyrine, and ethylmorphine demethylases or benzopyrene hydroxylase were not increased. Furthermore, the CO-reduced difference spectral peak was shifted towards 449 nm. On sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis, one band was increased with electrophoretic mobility identical to that of cytochrome P-450f, a recently isolated new form which has a CO-reduced difference spectral peak at 448 nm. In a system reconstituted with NADPH-cytochrome P-450 reductase, NADPH, and phospholipid, purified cytochromes P-450f and b were discovered to promote conversion of retinoic acid to polar metabolites, including 4-hydroxy-retinoic acid.
Anomalous lewis number effects in tribrachial flames

Tribrachial (three-armed) flames are generated when a premixed flame propagates into a nonuniform mixture, and consist of a fuel-rich branch joined to a fuel-lean branch, with a diffusion flame trailing from the junction (the stoichiometric point). They are important in the context of ‘laminar flamelet’ models of turbulent non-premixed flames. We provide a theoretical description of these flames, valid when the upstream concentration gradient is small. In addition, we assume that the Lewis number of the oxidizer is 1, but that of the fuel (Le f ) is greater than 1. Solutions are sought corresponding to steady, unbounded propagation into unburnt mixture, where we would expect—nominally—that all three arms of the flame trail behind the junction, so that to the left of some plane perpendicular to the oncoming flow there is everywhere no reaction. Instead, we find that the fuel-rich branch necessarily extends ahead of any plane, penetrating to upstream infinity. This corresponds to an anchored flame rather than one that is freely propagating, and appears to be a consequence of the stretch effects that are possible when Le f >1; a decrease in the mixture strength does not necessarily lead to a decrease in the local flame speed if flame curvature generates negative stretch. If we assume that extinction occurs at sufficiently low flame temperatures, the flame is bounded and our solution can be reinterpreted as a freely-propagating flame, albeit with unexpected shape.
Transfer Design Exploiting Resonant Orbits and Manifolds in the Saturn-Titan System

The application of dynamical systems techniques to trajectory design has demonstrated that employing invariant manifolds and resonant flybys expands the trajectory options and potentially reduces the ΔV requirements. Low-cost transfer trajectories from two- and three-dimensional resonant orbits are explored in the Saturn–Titan system via Poincare mapping techniques and the application of dynamical systems theory. Natural maneuver-free transfers between resonant orbits and libration point orbits are constructed with the aid of a trajectory design tool that blends manifold arcs associated with unstable resonant orbits. Homoclinic-type resonant connections exist in two and three dimensions and are computed employing the transfer design tool. As an application of resonant transitions to preliminary mission design, the accessibility of Hyperion from orbits that are resonant with Titan is examined, and two transfer trajectories to the orbit of Hyperion are constructed by exploiting the invariant manifolds assoc...
High phytoplankton growth and production rates in the North Pacific subtropical gyre1,2

Rates of phytoplankton growth and production were measured with 14C techniques at stations near the Hawaiian Islands and at about 28°N, 155°W in the North Pacific subtropical gyre during August and September 1985. Ratios of light-saturated assimilation averaged 9.5 ± 1.4 g C (g Chl a)−1 h−1 during the photoperiod. Doubling times in the upper 30 m of the water column averaged 14±3 h. Relative growth rates were estimated to be 85–90% of nutrient-saturated values. Over the upper 200 m of the water column photosynthetic rates uncorrected and corrected for grazing and phytoplankton respiration losses were 315 ± 26 and 450±37 mg C m−2 d−1, respectively. The former figure is comparable to the highest daily photosynthetic rates inferred from 14C studies at this station during 1968–1980 and is about twice the mean of those historical productivity numbers. These results contradict the paradigm of subtropical gyres as vast biological deserts characterized by constantly low biomass and low turnover rates limited by the supply of nutrients. However, further studies will be needed to determine whether these high growth and production rates are typical or atypical of the central regions of the oceans.
Nonpositive elements in whitehead groups

If G is a group, then ZG is its integral group ring, GL(ZG) is the direct limit l& GL,(ZG), Ki(ZG) is the abelianization of GL(ZG) and Wh(G) is the quotient Ki(ZG)/z. These algebraic definitions are motivated by topology. If K is a finite CW-complex which deformation retracts to a subcomplex L, write K-+L. For such a pair (K, L), there is an associated element T(K, L) of Wh(sriL) which determines the simple homotopy type of K relative to L. M.M. Cohen has defined the dimension of an element 7. of Wh(rriL) to be:
Effect of Milk Age, Storage, and Testing Temperatures upon the Wisconsin Mastitis Test Score

Abstract Wisconsin Mastitis Test (WMT) scores were determined on milk samples of varying cell counts for five days. The samples were subjected to different conditions of storage and testing, and irrespective of these conditions, the daily decrease of WMT score was, with one exception, significant (p≤.05). After a 29-hr storage period, there was no significant (p≤.05) difference between three storage and testing conditions. For samples stored longer than 29 hr, best results were obtained with those refrigerated until shortly before testing, when they were equilibrated to room temperature (about 25C), then tested with the reagent, also at room temperature. This method of storing and testing resulted in a significantly (p≤.05) slower decrease in WMT score with increasing age of milk than did the two other methods evaluated.
Ultralow dose effects in ion-beam induced grafting of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)

We have investigated the process of image enhancement in high resolution lithography through polymer grafting techniques. Sensitivity gains of 10 3 –10 4 were obtained for H + , X-ray, e-beam and deep-UV irradiations. Ultralow dose effects in 60 keV H + irradiated PMMA have been observed through the use of the acrylic acid (AA) monomer grafting with irradiated PMMA. At conventional doses of 10 10 cm −2 an inner structure of each feature is revealed. At doses of (1–2) X 10 9 cm −2 , discrete events within the exposed regions are observable. This is the first time that individual events have been observable in a lithography process and sets the upper limit in the useful sensitivity of the resist and ion lithography process. This effect is directly observable only with ions, because of their higher efficiency per particle than either photons or electrons.
Unconventional oxygen doping behavior in HgBa2Ca2Cu3O8+ delta.

Local density approximation supercell calculations for ${(\mathrm{H}\mathrm{g}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{8})}_{2}$O are used to elucidate the effects of oxygen doping on Hg${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{8}$. The Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ planes are found to be hole doped by the addition of O in the O(4) site. The doping level is considerably lower than would be predicted assuming that O enters as ${\mathrm{O}}^{2\ensuremath{-}}$ ions. Rather, strong covalency is found between the dopant O(4) and Hg atoms. States associated with the neighboring Hg atoms are pushed up in energy by occupation of the O(4) site to the extent that some antibonding $\mathrm{O}(4)\ensuremath{-}p$ $\mathrm{H}\mathrm{g}\ensuremath{-}d$ states occur above the Fermi energy. Thus the hole doping of the Cu${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ layers is reduced by nearly half from that expected from ionic considerations, and this is accompanied by a coalescence of the three plane derived Fermi surfaces.
Bringing the State Back In to Civic Engagement: Policy Feedback Effects of the G.I. Bill for World War II Veterans

American civic engagement soared in the mid-twentieth century, succeeding an era in which national government had become more involved in citizens' lives than ever before. I examine the effects of the G.I. Bill's educational provisions for veterans' subsequent memberships in civic organizations and political activity. I consider theoretical arguments about how public social programs might affect civic involvement and advance a policy feedback approach that assesses both resource and interpretive effects of policy design. Newly collected survey and interview data permit the examination of several hypotheses. The analysis reveals that the G.I. Bill produced increased levels of participation—by more fully incorporating citizens, especially those from less privileged backgrounds, through enhancement of their civic capacity and predisposition for involvement. The theoretical framework offered here can be used to evaluate how other public programs affect citizens' participation in public life.
The changing role of trade unions in the sustainable development agenda

Managing the large-scale restructuring away from the previously established resource-wasting industrial mass production and consumption model towards a socially balanced and resource-efficient economy requires an adaptation of interest reconciliation mechanisms, including also new strategic approaches by the main actors. As we are speaking of a transition towards a new model, the role of actors is essential, even if, in most of the climate-change literature, there is scant consideration or analysis of the actors, their interests, and their ideas. The basic question is not simply how ‘civil issues’ can be integrated into the established forms of social dialogue and how trade unions will need to adapt their agenda accordingly, but, more fundamentally, whether these structures are capable of giving a boost to a true paradigm shift in overcoming the unsustainable production model. In other words, are trade unions and social dialogue structures indeed ‘locked into’ this production model, and, if not, what is t...
On the alignment of interstellar dust

Abstract Two alignment mechanisms have been investigated by means of a Monte Carlo model. In the mechanism suggested by Gold, needles or flakes which have a sufficiently high velocity with respect to the gas around them are aligned in consequence of the anisotropy of the angular momentum acquired by a grain in collision with gas atoms. Spheroids exhibited, in the Monte Carlo runs, the expected alignment. The quantitative dependence of both angular momentum alignment and axis alignment on grain shape and velocity has been established with an accuracy of 5 to 10 percent. The maintenance of grain velocity by radiation pressure and the effect of a magnetic constraint on the trajectory of a charged grain are discussed. With paramagnetic relaxation incorporated, the Monte Carlo model exhibits Davis-Greenstein alignment. The results for different grain shapes, grain temperatures, and magnetic viscosities are compared with the theoretical predictions of Jones and Spitzer. Because the lowfrequency magnetic viscosity in any paramagnetic system with dipole-dipole coupling only is independent of the dipole strength and concentration, protons are as effectives as electrons. The viscosity arising from diamagnetic relaxation in graphite is estimated to be much too small for effective alignment of graphite flakes.
Startup of a horizontal lithium–molybdenum heat pipe from a frozen state

Results of the simulation of the startup from a frozen state of a molybdenum heat pipe with lithium working fluid are presented and discussed. The 1.8-m-long heat pipe was tested in the horizontal position and had a liquid annular space between the porous wick and the wall. The 30-cm-long evaporator section was inductively heated and the 147-cm-long condenser was cooled by thermal radiation to the quartz tube enclosing the heat pipe and to the ambient. The space between the quartz tube and the heat pipe was evacuated in order to minimize heat losses by convection and conduction. Model results on the progression of the thaw front, liquid pooling at the end of the condenser, and the wall temperature along the heat pipe were found to be in good agreement with experimental measurements. Results showed that, as the heat pipe reached quasi-steady state operation at an evaporator wall temperature of 1550 K, the wall temperature near the end of the condenser dropped precipitously by 450 K, because of the formation of a 8.3-cm-long liquid plug and the end heat losses in the condenser.
Electron mobility in liquid isomeric pentanes: Rationalization based on Anderson localization

Abstract The vast difference between electron mobilities in isomeric pentane liquids is explained on the basis of Anderson localization followed by trapping. Random site energy fluctuation is modeled on electron-anisotropic polarizability interaction with the molecules. Connectivity and intermolecular separation are obtained from X-ray scattering data. Together, these parameters determine the fraction of initially delocalized states, computed to be 0%, 61.4%, and 100%, respectively, for n-, iso-, and neo-pentane. Trap depths and densities are phenomenologically rationalized with observed mobilities. The values for trap depths are 0.17, 0.11, and 0.02 eV for n-, iso-, and neo-pentane, while the corresponding trap densities are 0.45 × 10 19 , 0.70 × 10 19 , and 0.23 × 10 19 cm −3 , respectively.
The dielectric behavior of poly(vinyl acetate) as a function of molecular weight

Abstract The dielectric behavior of four poly(vinyl acetate) samples having weight-average molecular weights M w of 11,000, 140,000, 500,000, and 1,500,000 was measured over the frequency range of 22 Hz to 150 KHz from near room temperature to about 100°C. The experimental results were interpreted in terms of the skewed circular arc equation (SCAE). As the molecular weight (MW) increased, the parameter A of the SCAE underwent an initial increase (signifying a broadening of the relaxation time distribution) while the parameter B (governing short-range local structure) was virtually constant. In this same MW range the relaxation time underwent an initial increase with MW and then remained constant, characteristic of segmeptal motion in polymers. Calculation of the effective dipole moments resulted in values in excess of those for monomeric species, signifying an orientation of ester side chains by the polymer backbone. These moments decreased with increased temperature because the orientation was disrupted by increased Brownian movement. The dynamic relaxation range brackets a temperature which lies about ten degrees per decade of frequency above the statically determined glass transition temperature.
3-[(2-Methyl-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)ethynyl]- pyridine: A Potent and Highly Selective Metabotropic Glutamate Subtype 5 Receptor Antagonist with Anxiolytic Activity

2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (3), a potent noncompetitive mGlu5 receptor antagonist widely used to characterize the pharmacology of mGlu5 receptors, suffers from a number of shortcomings as a therapeutic agent, including off-target activity and poor aqueous solubility. Seeking to improve the properties of 3 led to the synthesis of compound 9, a highly selective mGlu5 receptor antagonist that is 5-fold more potent than 3 in the rat fear-potentiated startle model of anxiety.
COEXISTENCE OF MUTUALISTS AND EXPLOITERS ON SPATIAL LANDSCAPES

Mutualisms are almost ubiquitously exploited by species that gain the ben- efits that mutualists offer to each other, but that offer nothing in return. This paper inves- tigates the possible dynamical outcomes of a mechanistically formulated model system, involving two obligate mutualists and one exploiter. The model is based conceptually on a mutualism between a plant species and its pollinating seed parasite, in the presence of an obligate, nonpollinating seed parasite. Of particular interest are the conditions under which the exploiter species can invade and coexist with a mutualism that, by itself, possesses an equilibrium stabilized by other density-dependent regulating factors. Two types of models are used in the analyses: a deterministic, nonspatial model described by a set of discrete time equations, and an individual-based simulation incorporating stochastic interactions and spatial structure. Comparing the results of these two models uncovers the temporal dynamics of both well-mixed local systems and spatially distributed populations. Using these two situations, we examine how the predictions of the nonspatial model are affected by habitat structure. In the nonspatial case, and without the exploiters, there are typically two stable equi- libria: one having zero densities for both mutualist species, and the other having nonzero densities. This bi-stability is a characteristic feature of obligate mutualisms. When the exploiter species is included, the system always retains the stability of the zero-density equilibrium, but the dynamics of the upper equilibrium can be more complicated, including limit cycle and extinction dynamics. Simulation results demonstrate that spatial structure is a highly stabilizing influence on the three-species system as long as the exploiter's dispersal distance is large relative to the seed dispersal distance of the plant species. Given this condition, the model predicts spatial distributions that are marked by a patchy distri- bution of plants, with mutualists and exploiters situated about these patches.
No less vulnerable: the internally displaced in humanitarian emergencies.

In 1999 the US Committee for Refugees estimated that there were 14 million refugees and 21 million internally displaced persons (IDPs) worldwide. The distinction between refugees and IDPs has important public health implications. It is noted that unlike refugees IDPs cannot invoke the same legal protections as refugees. Additionally no specific international humanitarian agency is responsible for providing them with protection and humanitarian assistance. To address the shortfalls in the protection of the rights of IDPs non-binding legal principles on internal displacement which draw on existing humanitarian and human rights as well as on analogous refugee law have been developed and disseminated. These principles list the important essential services that IDPs are entitled to: food potable water sanitation shelter and medical services. However responsibility for the protection of and provision of basic services to IDPs still rests with national governments. There is an urgent need for a specific international humanitarian agency to be given the mandate for providing such services so that tangible improvements in the health and welfare of IDPs to be attained.
Pretest analysis of a 1:6-scale reinforced concrete containment model subject to pressurization

Abstract Pretest predictions were made by the Reactor Analysis and Safety Division of Argonne National Laboratory for the response of the 1 :6-scale reinforced concrete model to be tested by Sandia National Laboratories. For this purpose a series of axisymmetric models were studied with the two-dimensional computer program TEMP-STRESS and a three-dimensional circumferential segment model with the program NEPTUNE. The two-dimensional models predicted failure at 175–190 psig (1.207–1.310 MPa). However, two different failure mechanisms were indicated: (1) hoop failure of the vessel at midheight following failure of a splice in this area, (2) failure of a weld in the liner near the basemat due to excessive strains. The three-dimensional model predicted failure at an internal pressure of 180–185 psig (1.241–1.276 MPa) by failure of the splices of the hoop rebars just above cylinder midheight in a region away from the equipment hatch opening.
The “SWOT” of BRAF Inhibition in Melanoma: RAF Inhibitors, MEK Inhibitors or Both?

Activating mutations in the BRAF gene are among the most prevalent kinase mutations in human cancer. BRAF mutations are most frequent in patients with melanoma where they occur in approximately 50% of patients with advanced disease. Remarkable clinical activity has recently been reported with highly selective RAF inhibitors in melanoma patients whose tumors harbor V600E BRAF mutations. The response rates of RAF inhibitors in patients with BRAF-mutant melanomas far exceed the activity level of any prior therapy studied in this disease. The results suggest that we have entered an era of personalized therapy for patients with metastatic melanoma in which treatment selection will be guided by BRAF mutational status. This review will discuss the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats ("SWOT") of developing RAF and MEK selective inhibitors as anti-cancer therapies, recent insights into the mechanisms of intrinsic and acquired resistance to these agents, and current efforts to develop mechanism-based combination therapies.
Thermal acclimation of activity metabolism in desert lizards (Urosaurus graciosus and U. ornatus)

Abstract 1. 1.|We acclimated specimens of Urosaurus graciosus , a hibernator, and U. ornotus , a winter-active species, to 5°C in winter and 25°C in summer. 2. 2.|Acclimation had no effect on the ability of either species to utilize glycolysis during 30 s of intense exercise at either 15 or 35°C. 3. 3.|Cold acclimated individuals of U. ornatus will apparently return to resting lactate levels more quickly following the end of exercise at 15°C than will warm acclimated ones. 4. 4.|Cold acclimated specimens of U. graciosus have a lower resting oxygen consumption at 5°C than warm acclimated ones. However, acclimation had no effect on the resting oxygen uptake of individuals of U. ornatus at either 5 or 35°C.
Immunohistochemistry for cell polarity protein lethal giant larvae 2 differentiates pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–3 and ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas from lower-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias

Summary Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia is a precursor to ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreas that shows gastric differentiation. Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–3 has the highest potential to progress to adenocarcinoma, and its distinction from lower-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias is important for clinical management. However, morphologic grading of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia suffers from significant interobserver variability. A product of cell polarity gene lethal giant larvae 2 is a marker of gastric foveolar epithelium expressed in a basolateral fashion, which is lost or mislocalized in gastric epithelial dysplasia and adenocarcinoma. In this study, we investigated a role of lethal giant larvae 2 expression in differentiating low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias, that is, pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–1 and pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–2, from pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–3 and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. The immunohistochemical patterns of lethal giant larvae 2 expression were examined in normal pancreatic ducts, 48 pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia lesions of all histologic grades, and 91 adenocarcinomas on a tissue microarray or conventional sections. The expression pattern was recorded as basolateral, cytoplasmic, negative, or combinations of any of them. Whereas normal duct epithelia did not exhibit lethal giant larvae immunoreactivity, all but one lesion of low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia showed basolateral lethal giant larvae staining. Conversely, all lesions of pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–3 and adenocarcinoma showed loss of lethal giant larvae 2 staining and/or its cytoplasmic localization. Interestingly, a basolateral expression was focally seen in 4 adenocarcinomas with a foamy gland pattern and was always admixed with negatively stained areas. In conclusion, our results show that low-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias express lethal giant larvae 2 in a basolateral fashion recapitulating expression in normal gastric epithelium. Loss or abnormal lethal giant larvae 2 expression is seen in pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia–3 and adenocarcinoma and might be useful in separating them from lower-grade pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias.
Comment on a Monte Carlo test of theories for the planar model, the F model, and related systems

The numerical method of Shugard, Weeks, and Gilmer is shown to contain systematic errors that prevent it from testing theories of planar and roughening models.
Growth and nutrient uptake of peach seedlings with varying magnesium concentrations at low pH1

Abstract Soils of the peach growing region of the Southeastern Coastal Plain are highly leached and excessively acid, with inherently low concentrations of subsoil magnesium (Mg). A greenhouse experiment was conducted to determine the effects of varying Mg concentrations at low pH on growth and Mg uptake of three peach seedling cultivars commonly used as rootstock in the region. Seedlings of ‘Lovell’, ‘Elberta’, [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] and ‘Nemaguard’ [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch X Prunus davidiana Carriere] were grown for 36 days in nutrient solution containing 9, 21, 42, 84, 167, 333, and 667 μM Mg. Magnesium concentration in solution did not increase lateral length, number of laterals, trunk cross‐sectional area, or root volume. All terminal growth responses were cultivar related. Magnesium concentration in the leaves, stems, and roots were increased either by quadratic or cubic relationship with solution Mg concentration while Mg uptake rate was increased linearly with solution Mg concentration wi...
Epidermal growth factor and human growth hormone induce two sodium-dependent arginine transport systems after massive enterectomy

Background: A combination of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and human growth hormone (hGH) after massive enterectomy induces a 400% increase in arginine transport in the remnant distal small intestine. The kinetic mechanism (s) responsible for enhanced arginine transport under these conditions is unknown. Methods: New Zealand White rabbits underwent 70% midjejunoileal resection. After a 1-week recovery period, animals received hGH (0.2 mg/kg/d IM), EGF (1.5 μg/kg/h SC), hGH + EGF, or vehicle (equal volume) for 7 days. Transport of tritiated arginine into brush border membrane vesicles prepared from distal remnant small intestinal mucosa was quantified in the presence and absence of a sodium gradient over a range of arginine concentrations (25 to 5000 μmol/L). Results: Eadie-Hofstee transformation of the kinetic data demonstrates two sodium-dependent arginine transport systems, comprising a high-capacity, low-affinity system and a low-capacity, high-affinity system. A combination of EGF and hGH significantl...
Premigration Exposure to Political Violence and Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence Among Immigrant Men in Boston

Objectives. We examined associations between premigration political violence exposure and past-year intimate partner violence (IPV) perpetration among immigrant men attending community health centers in Boston.Methods. A convenience sample of immigrant men (N = 379; aged 18–35 years), largely from the Caribbean and Cape Verde, who attend community health centers, completed an anonymous, cross-sectional survey on risk and protective factors for male-perpetrated IPV and respondents’ exposure to political violence.Results. One in 5 (20.1%) immigrant men reported that they were exposed to political violence before arrival in the United States. Men reporting political violence exposure were significantly more likely to report IPV perpetration than were men not reporting such exposure (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.84; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.41, 5.74). Significant associations with political violence exposure were observed for both physical (AOR = 2.69; 95% CI = 1.11, 6.54) and sexual (AOR = 2.37; 95%...
Minimal Three-Variable NOR and NAND Logic Circuits

Cantor, Estrin and Turn have described a special-purpose structure to implement sequential table look-up (STL) algorithms for the evaluation of ln x and exp x.1 Tables of precomputed constants are used to transform the argument into a range where the function may be approximated by a simple polynomial. The transformation for ln x, originally proposed by Bemer,2 is where the set of constants ai are precomputed. A power series expansion for ln x is
Diaminotoluenes induce intrachromosomal recombination and free radicals in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Abstract The carcinogenicity of aniline-based aromatic amines is poorly reflected by their activity in short-term mutagenicity assays such as the Salmonella typhimurium reverse mutation (Ames) assay. More information about the mechanism of action of such carcinogens is needed. Here we report the effects on DEL recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the carcinogen 2,4-diaminotoluene and its structural isomer 2,6-diaminotoluene, which is reported to be non-carcinogenic. Both compounds are detected as equally mutagenic in the Salmonella assay. In the absence of any external metabolizing system both compounds were recombinagenic in the DEL assay, with the carcinogen being a more potent inducer of deletions than the non-carcinogen. In the presence of Aroclor-induced rat liver S9, however, the carcinogen 2,4-diaminotoluene became a 2-fold more potent inducer of deletions, and the non-carcinogen 2,6-diaminotoluene was rendered less toxic and no induced recombination was observed. 2,4-Diaminotoluene is distinguished from its non-carcinogen analog in the DEL assay, therefore, on the basis of a preferential activation of the carcinogen in the presence of a rat liver microsomal metabolizing system. Free radical species are produced by several carcinogens and have been implicated in carcinogenesis. We further investigated whether exposure of yeast to either 2,4-diaminotoluene or 2,6-diaminotoluene resulted in a rise in intracellular free radical species. The effects of the free radical scavenger N -acetylcysteine on toxicity and recombination induced by the two compounds and intracellular oxidation of the free radical-sensitive reporter compound dichlorofluorescin diacetate were studied. Both 2,4- and 2,6-diaminotoluene produced free radical species in yeast, indicating that the reason for the differential activity of the compounds for induced deletions is not reflected in any difference in the production of free radical species.
Developmental control of the orientation of cuticular structures inDrosophila

A scanning electron microscope study of bristle mutations inDrosophila melanogaster has shown that the cell hairs (trichomes) can be altered in predictable ways. The trichomes appear to act as markers of a diffusion gradient dttermining the orientation of cuticular structures in the thorax.
Genetic transformation studies. II. Radiation sensitivity of halogen labeled DNA.

The replacement of the methyl group in the 5-position of the thymine molecule by halogen atoms produces a biologically functional analog which can be substituted for thymine in the desoxyribonucleic acid molecule. Tests were made of the sensitivity of this labeled desoxyribonucleic acid to ultraviolet light and x radiation, and the results were compared to the sensitivity of intact cells. Finally, results indicate that desoxyribonucleic acid is the most radiosensitive cell component and thus the principal target of lethal radiation effects.
The dielectric properties of granular media saturated with DNAPL/water mixtures

[1] We present the results of five experiments investigating the dielectric properties of granular materials partially saturated with trichloroethylene (TCE), a common dense non-aqueous contaminant. Previous research has investigated the radar signatures of similar solvents in controlled field experiments but no core-scale measurements have verified the appropriate petrophysical model. Broadband dielectric measurements were performed using a time domain reflectometry (TDR) system coupled to a solvent-compatible coaxial transmission line. Two synthetic samples and three natural aquifer samples were fully saturated with water and then subjected to an axial TCE injection until breakthrough was observed. The resulting dielectric measurements show good agreement with the empirical complex refractive index model (CRIM) allowing a reasonable prediction of the radar reflectivities and transmission velocities expected in field surveys targeting pools of similar non-aqueous contaminants.
Control-theoretic techniques and thermal-RC modeling for accurate and localized dynamic thermal management

This paper proposes the use of formal feedback control theory as a way to implement adaptive techniques in the processor architecture. Dynamic thermal management (DTM) is used as a test vehicle, and variations of a PID controller (Proportional-Integral-Differential) are developed and tested for adaptive control of fetch "toggling." To accurately test the DTM mechanism being proposed, this paper also develops a thermal model based on lumped thermal resistances and thermal capacitances. This model is computationally efficient and tracks temperature at the granularity of individual functional blocks within the processor. Because localized heating occurs much faster than chip-wide heating, some parts of the processor are more likely, to be "hot spots" than others. Experiments using Wattch and the SPEC2000 benchmarks show that the thermal trigger threshold can be set within 0.2/spl deg/ of the maximum temperature and yet never enter thermal emergency. This cuts the performance loss of DTM by 65% compared to the previously described fetch toggling technique that uses a response of fixed magnitude.
Educating the Hospitality Student: Successful Teaching Techniques and New Teaching Methods:

Hospitality education, traditionally oriented to the attainment of necessary survival skills in the industry, has exemplified dated instruction techniques and methodologies. Present hospitality educators are often technically qualified yet educationally (teaching ability and methodology) unqualified. Changing societal trends coupled with wide varieties of experiencial learning and the technological revolution force the need for today's hospitality educator to address teaching in a highly organized, behaviorally objective, yet personal and sensitive manner. The techniques to be discussed are designed to enhance the hospitality educator's ability in this area.Teaching techniques of advance organizers and a think, act, feel approach force the student to become actively involved in his/her own educational development. Although highly teacher structured, the learning becomes a shared experience between the student and the teacher.Two specific teaching/methods, the concept map and the "Vee" -the integrated stru...
Presenting Numeric Information with Percentages and Descriptive Risk Labels: A Randomized Trial

Background. Previous research demonstrated that providing (v. not providing) numeric information about the adverse effects (AEs) of medications increased comprehension and willingness to use medication but left open the question about which numeric format is best. The objective was to determine which of 4 tested formats (percentage, frequency, percentage + risk label, frequency + risk label) maximizes comprehension and willingness to use medication across age and numeracy levels. Methods. In a cross-sectional internet survey (N = 368; American Life Panel, 15 May 2008 to 18 June 2008), respondents were presented with a hypothetical prescription medication for high cholesterol. AE likelihoods were described using 1 of 4 tested formats. Main outcome measures were risk comprehension (ability to identify AE likelihood from a table) and willingness to use the medication (7-point scale; not likely = 0, very likely = 6). Results. The percentage + risk label format resulted in the highest comprehension and willing...