cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive prenatal testing: need for informed enthusiasm

ells trafficking between the maternal and fetal com1 prenatal panel.” Recent studies are supportive of this 11,12 C partments was first noted in 1893 by Schmorl. The ability to quantify and analyze these fetal cells using cell sorting and polymerase chain reaction was not developed until approximately 1 century later. Clinical applications and commercial availability of advanced technologies, now commonly known as noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) or cell-free fetal DNA testing, then followed in October 2011. The advent of NIPT just a few years ago has changed the landscape of prenatal diagnosis significantly for genetic abnormalities. In this issue, Larion et al report the effect of NIPT on traditional aneuploidy screening and diagnostic testing by evaluating a 51-month study period that bracketed the introduction of NIPT (35 months before and 16 months after). Uptake of NIPT increased by 55% over the course of the study period, with a shift from first-trimester screening to NIPT. A concomitant decrease was noted in average monthly chronic villus sampling and amniocentesis procedures by 77.2% and 52.5%, respectively. Although NIPT uptake varies by region and patient personal demographics, it is abundantly clear that there is a substantial paradigm shift in prenatal aneuploidy screening. NIPT is attractive to both the patient and practitioner in many ways. Earlier and improved detection of aneuploidy at 10 weeks’ gestational age surpasses the 85-90% detection rate of traditional first-trimester screening with nuchal translucency and serum analytes from 11-14 weeks of gestation. Cell-free fetal DNA screening results in lower screen positive rates and subsequent decrease in invasive procedures and patient anxiety, as Larion et al described. In addition to the detection of the common fetal trisomies, NIPT can offer information on sex chromosome disorders and fetal sex in atrisk disorders, such as congenital adrenal hyperplasia. In addition, fetal Rhesus status can also be effectively evaluated to avoid the need for anti-D immunoglobulin. Although the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists currently recommends NIPT only in high-risk patients, its widespread roll-out and aggressive marketing has led to NIPT becoming almost a part of the “routine first-trimester
Developmental changes in reading do not alter the development of visual processing skills: an application of explanatory item response models in grades K-2.

Visual processing has been widely studied in regard to its impact on a students’ ability to read. A less researched area is the role of reading in the development of visual processing skills. A cohort-sequential, accelerated-longitudinal design was utilized with 932 kindergarten, first, and second grade students to examine the impact of reading acquisition on the processing of various types of visual discrimination and visual motor test items. Students were assessed four times per year on a variety of reading measures and reading precursors and two popular measures of visual processing over a three-year period. Explanatory item response models were used to examine the roles of person and item characteristics on changes in visual processing abilities and changes in item difficulties over time. Results showed different developmental patterns for five types of visual processing test items, but most importantly failed to show consistent effects of learning to read on changes in item difficulty. Thus, the present study failed to find support for the hypothesis that learning to read alters performance on measures of visual processing. Rather, visual processing and reading ability improved together over time with no evidence to suggest cross-domain influences from reading to visual processing. Results are discussed in the context of developmental theories of visual processing and brain-based research on the role of visual skills in learning to read.
Inhibition of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone-Stimulated Luteinizing Hormone Release by Pimozide: Evidence for a Site of Action after Calcium Mobilization*

In the present work, we show that pimozide is a noncompetitive antagonist of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)-stimulated LH release from pituitary cell cultures. For several other neurotropic agents, the concentration needed to inhibit 50% of LH release in response to GnRH correlates well with the ability to inhibit enzyme activation by calmodulin in vitro. Pimozide does not alter the affinity or amount of releasing hormone binding by the GnRH receptor. The additional observation that pimozide inhibits Ca2+ ionophore (A23187 and ionomycin)- stimulated LH release suggests that the locus of pimozide action is after Ca2+ mobilization. Pimozide is known to bind and inactivate the Ca2+-calmodulin complex, and as Ca2+ is a second messenger for GnRH, it is possible that calmodulin is the target of pimozide in this system.
Full Scale Models for Person-Environment Interaction Case Study of a Bathroom

Full scale models are representational systems that can be experienced through touch, movement and operation. For designers and researchers, they are simulated designs to observe, interact, experience and study future systems. An important research tool, full scale models offer an efficient means to examine early design assumptions, evaluate problem definition and develop designed systems. This paper will provide an overview of using full-scale models by product and environmental designers for research, design and development. A bathroom case study that employs full scale models conduct accessibility research and validated design assumptions is presented. The findings of the research indicate that accessible bathrooms do not offer functional benefits to all users, mostly to users with disabilities. And yet, everyone likes accessible features and they want to have them. The results of the research were used to develop a universal bathroom. The paper concludes with recommendations for a new modeling system.
Endocrinology: Inhibition of ovarian-derived prorenin to angiotensin cascade in the treatment of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome

The purpose of this experiment was to determine whether use of the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor, enalapril, would prevent the occurrence of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS) in the rabbit model. A total of 20 adult female New Zealand white rabbits were studied. All rabbits received 75 IU of human menopausal gonadotrophin s.c. each day for 7 days. On day 8, all rabbits received 2500 IU of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). Ten rabbits were randomly chosen to receive enalapril orally. Five received 1 mg/kg of enalapril and five received 2 mg/kg of enalapril twice daily. The remainder received placebo orally twice daily. On day 10, all rabbits underwent surgical exploration. Total body weight was found to increase significantly in the placebo group (by 293 g, P < 0.001) but not in either group receiving enalapril. Haematocrit also increased significantly in the placebo group (by 3%, P < 0.013) but not in the enalapril groups. Ovarian weights were highest for the 2 mg/kg enalapril group (5.80 +/- 0.52 g), followed by the 1 mg/kg enalapril group (3.64 +/- 0.45), and least for the placebo group (2.69 +/- 0.17). All 10 placebo rabbits met criteria for severe OHSS whereas only six in the enalapril groups did. We concluded that angiotensin II may play a significant role in the development of weight gain, third space fluid accumulation and intravascular fluid depletion in OHSS. ACE inhibition resulted in a 40% decrease in the incidence of OHSS in the rabbit model.
A Historical Sketch on the Concepts of Archaeological Association, Context, and Provenience

The archaeological concepts of association, context, and provenience have been known by archaeologists since the early nineteenth century, but the terms have not been used. Provenience is empirical and absolute; an association and a context are inferential and relative. These fundamental concepts have seldom been the subject of thoughtful discussion except when a particular association or context has implications far beyond the particular instance under study, such as in the context of considerations of claims for a pre-Clovis occupation of North America. Introductory archaeology textbooks published over the past 100 years do not always introduce the terms and sometimes fail to define them. Future discussion of the concepts should include several examples of what qualifies as evidence of an association or context, how the inference of an association or context was derived, and descriptions of analytical techniques used to determine if an inferred temporal association is valid.
Water‐swollen highly oxygen permeable membranes: Analytical technique and syntheses

A generally accepted method for the determination of high oxygen permeabilities (Dk >100 barrers) of water-immersed membranes is unavailable. We designed and developed a generally applicable method, together with simple equipment, to measure the oxygen permeability up to Dk ∼800 barrers of highly oxygen permeable membranes in contact with water. A theory of the methodology is also presented, giving particular attention to the boundary layer effect and the edge effect. The practical applicability of our technique is demonstrated by preparing and using highly oxygen permeable water-logged membranes, such as polydimethylsiloxane and polysiloxane copolymers important for medicine. According to our measurements, the Dk's of polydimethylsiloxane, poly(dimethylsiloxane0.80-co-diethylsiloxane0.20), and poly(dimethylsiloxane0.84-co-diphenylsiloxane0.16) are 792 ± 26, 505 ± 10, and 249 ± 10 barrers, respectively. Evidently, the oxygen permeabilities of polysiloxanes are strongly reduced by substituting the OSiMe2 repeat unit with the structurally similar OSiEt2 and OSiPh2 repeats. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 3491–3501, 2005
Molded Foodstuffs I. Supplementary Value in Chick Starting Rations

Abstract INTRODUCTION Supplementary foodstuffs for farm animals have been intensively investigated during the past few years. During this time, however, little attention has been given to the possible contributions that might be made by molds. It is generally known that molds are able to grow on relatively simple substrates as well as on natural organic materials. Such materials, after supporting mold growth, have not been extensively studied for their nutritional properties. Skinner (1934) fed the mycelia of Penicillium flavoglaucum to young rats as a source of nine percent of the protein in the ration. Very poor growth resulted. The addition of nine percent protein either as casein or corn gluten resulted in normal, rapid growth. Gorcica, et al., (1935) investigated the nutritional value of the proteins of Aspergillus sydowi mycelia grown on an inorganic salt-glucose medium. The mold mycelia failed to support growth in rats when fed at a level of . . .
Pediatric Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome

The data available to guide clinical management of acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome are much more limited for infants and children than for adult patients. This paper reviews the available medical data and the pertinent physiology on the management of pediatric patients with acute lung injury. With the collaboration of multicenter investigation networks, definitive pediatric data may be on the horizon to better guide our clinical practice.
Transformative Learning in Extension Staff Partnerships: Facilitating Personal, Joint, and Organizational Change

Partnerships can enhance individual and organizational success through more effective problem solving and improved adaptation to change. Learning is often required for successful collaboration that may transform the partners. This article discusses a study that explored learning in Extension staff partnerships that transform the individual, the partnership, and the organization. Three types of learning and eight types of transformative learning are identified. Conditions that promoted transformative learning in successful partnerships included strong partner facilitation, critical reflection, critical events, partner difference bridged by common purpose, and independence with interdependence. Recommendations for nurturing transforming Extension staff partnerships are shared.
An Expanded Look at German Culture Courses

The foreign language field is experiencing a renewed interest in culture and civilization. Language competence and a mere acquaintance with literature are no longer the only desired goals of future foreign language teachers. Culture and civilization meaningfully taught to students at all levels do not only enhance the study of foreign languages but become an important factor of attraction. Careful consideration must be given to three prerequisites for good instruction in culture and civilization: highly competent teachers, either natives or those thoroughly familiar through travel and experience with the native culture; appropriate audiovisual materials; and provisions for exposing students to specific cultural experiences. The strong desire on the part of the future language teacher to be well informed is the ultimate reason for the very existence of culture courses in every foreign language curriculum. This article seeks to examine and reassess the influence of the close relationships of language to social patterns of behavior and the thought processes that influence these patterns. It will provide the rationale for cultural instructions, an overview of the educational needs of language students, and implementation suggestions including a syllabus that can be used in teaching students about German culture.
Comparative performance of invasive and native Celastrus species across environmental gradients

The ability to understand and predict the success of invasive plant species in their new ranges is increased when there is a sympatric native congener available for comparison. Celastrus orbiculatus (oriental bittersweet) is a liana introduced into the United States in the mid-1800s from East Asia as an ornamental plant. Its native congener, Celastrus scandens (American bittersweet), ranges from the east coast of the United States as far west as Wyoming. In the Northeastern United States, C. orbiculatus is continuing to expand its range while C. scandens appears to be in serious decline. One hypothesis for this decline is that C. scandens does not have such a wide range of ecological tolerances in the current landscape as C. orbiculatus, which seems to tolerate a greater range of resource conditions. To investigate this hypothesis, we transplanted these two species into ten sites that spanned a full range of light and soil moisture conditions to compare their establishment and performance in terms of aboveground growth (biomass and height) and mortality. After two years, C. orbiculatus showed significantly lower mortality and greater biomass across all resource conditions compared to C. scandens. In addition, C. orbiculatus preferred more mesic soil moisture conditions, while C. scandens performed better in drier soil moisture conditions. Since much of the Northeastern United States is now forested, this preference for mesic soil conditions could make it more successful than C. scandens in the region. This study shows the utility of manipulative experiments, particularly those using congeneric native species as benchmarks, for assessing the causes and predicting the course of invasions.
Classification of Psychopathology: Goals and Methods in an Empirical Approach

Many have criticized the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV), and few regard it as a vehicle of truth, yet its most serious limitation is that its frank operationism in defining manifest categories has distracted attention from theories about what is going on at the latent level. We sketch a Generalized Interpersonal Theory of Person- ality and Psychopathology and apply it to interpersonal aspects of depres- sion to illustrate how structural individual differences combine with functional dynamic processes to cause interpersonal behavior and affect. Such a causal account relies on a realist ontology in which manifest diagnoses are only a means to learning about the latent distribution, whether categorical or dimensional. Comorbidity of DSM diagnoses sug- gests that dimensionality will be the rule, not the exception, with internal- ization and externalization describing common diagnoses.
Developing Ethical Skills: From Sensitivity to Action

Acute and critical care nurses routinely encounter ethical "quandaries" such as providing perceived futile care. Other everyday ethically important occurrences may go unrecognized, however, thus diminishing their importance to moral nursing practice. This column presents a framework that may assist in developing specific skills to recognize and engage in both critical and everyday ethical situations with confidence. James Rest's Four Component Model addresses the role of the moral practitioner from initial recognition that an ethical situation exists to implementation of a justifiable action. Patient/provider scenarios are used to illustrate components of Rest's model followed by an approach to distinguish ethical from nonethical situations. Practical strategies to enhance ethical skills such as development of nursing ethics groups and providing continuing ethics education also are presented.
Anatomy-Guided Lung Lobe Segmentation in X-Ray CT Images

The human lungs are divided into five distinct anatomic compartments called the lobes, which are separated by the pulmonary fissures. The accurate identification of the fissures is of increasing importance in the early detection of pathologies, and in the regional functional analysis of the lungs. We have developed an automatic method for the segmentation and analysis of the fissures, based on the information provided by the segmentation and analysis of the airway and vascular trees. This information is used to provide a close initial approximation to the fissures, using a watershed transform on a distance map of the vasculature. In a further refinement step, this estimate is used to construct a region of interest (ROI) encompassing the fissures. The ROI is enhanced using a ridgeness measure, which is followed by a 3-D graph search to find the optimal surface within the ROI. We have also developed an automatic method to detect incomplete fissures, using a fast-marching based segmentation of a projection of the optimal surface. The detected incomplete fissure is used to extrapolate and smoothly complete the fissure. We evaluate the method by testing on data sets from normal subjects and subjects with mild to moderate emphysema.
Computational fluid dynamics models of conifer bordered pits show how pit structure affects flow

Summary •The flow of xylem sap through conifer bordered pits, particularly through the pores in the pit membrane, is not well understood, but is critical for an understanding of water transport through trees. •Models solving the Navier–Stokes equation governing fluid flow were based on the geometry of bordered pits in black spruce (Picea mariana) and scanning electron microscopy images showing details of the pores in the margo of the pit membrane. •Solutions showed that the pit canals contributed a relatively small fraction of resistance to flow, whereas the torus and margo pores formed a large fraction, which depended on the structure of the individual pit. The flow through individual pores in the margo was strongly dependent on pore area, but also on the radial location of the pore with respect to the edge of the torus. •Model results suggest that only a few per cent of the pores in the margo account for nearly half of the flow and these pores tend to be located in the inner region of the margo where their contribution will be maximized. A high density of strands in outer portions of the margo (hence narrower pores) may be more significant for mechanical support of the torus.
Measurement-based performance analysis of e-commerce applications with Web services components

Web services are increasingly used to enable interoperability and flexible integration of e-business systems. In this paper we focus on measurement-based performance analysis of an e-commerce application which uses Web services components to execute business operations. In our experiments we use a session-oriented workload generated by a tool developed accordingly to the TPC-W specification. The empirical results are obtained for two different user profiles, Browsing and Ordering, under different workload intensities. Unlike the previous work which was focused on the overall server response time and throughput, we present Web interaction, software architecture, and hardware resource level analysis of the system performance. In particular, we propose a method for extracting component level response times from the application server logs and study the impact of Web services and other components on the server performance. The results show that the response times of Web services components increase significantly under higher workload intensities when compared to other components. From the hardware resource measurements it is obvious that the higher response times of Web services components are due to parsing XML messages and contention for database resources. The results of our study identify software components and hardware resources which are potential bottlenecks in the system and thus provide valuable information for capacity planning of e-commerce applications
Genetics of Arterial Prothrombotic Risk States

Coronary artery disease is a leading cause of death worldwide and the largest killer of men and women in the United States. The pathophysiology of myocardial infarction is multifactorial, and numer...
Job scheduling that minimizes network contention due to both communication and I/O

As communication and I/O traffic increase on the interconnection network of high-performance systems, network contention becomes a critical problem drastically reducing performance. Whereas earlier allocation strategies were either sensitive to communication alone or sensitive to I/O alone, we present a new strategy that is sensitive to both communication and I/O. Our new strategy MC-Elongated, strives to achieve (1) the compactness needed to minimize communication-based contention as well as (2) the balance and orientation relative to I/O nodes needed to minimize I/O-based contention. We tested our new strategy using synthetic workloads and a real workload trace of 6087 jobs captured from a 400 node Intel Paragon. Our results show that with respect to system throughput and average job turnaround time, in environments with varying degree of communication and I/O traffic, MC-Elongated outperforms previous allocation strategies that are in use today. Regarding the tension between communication and I/O, our results show that spatial layout is more critical for I/O intensive jobs at lower utilization levels and more critical for communication-intensive jobs at higher utilization levels; and that in general, the impact of I/O traffic is dominant.
The cytopathology of serous effusions: the cavalry has arrived—with reinforcements

Abstract This paper addresses well-known problem areas in the cytodiagnosis of serous effusions, relating to the distinction between adenocarcinoma, malignant mesothelioma and highly reactive mesothelial cells. The cytomorphology of these three entities has been scrutinized extensively by light microscopy; the majority of serous effusions are readily placed in one of the three categories based on astute assessment of cytological features and architecture of cell groupings. Nevertheless, a small, apparently irreducible number of cases remains in which overlapping cytological details make definitive diagnosis impossible. This occurs both histologically and cytologically. Adjunctive techniques such as histochemistry and electron microscopy were used in the past; however, it was not until the introduction of immunochemical analysis that diagnosis of exuberant serous lesions became more objective. The early generation of markers was directed primarily at the identification of adenocarcinoma, negative staining of both malignant mesothelioma and reactive mesothelial cells being accepted by exclusion. It is only in the last 4–5 years that positive markers of mesothelium have become commercially available and widely used. Chief amongst these agents are Calretinin and the Cadherins, which have brought a clarity, not previously anticipated, to bear on diagnosis in serous lesions, both histologically and cytologically. Future techniques such as measurement of ploidy and proliferation markers are addressed. It can now be stated that, with judicious use, definitive diagnosis of serous effusions can be accomplished cytopathologically in the majority of cases.
IRS1 Genotype Modulates Metabolic Syndrome Reversion in Response to 2-Year Weight-Loss Diet Intervention: The POUNDS LOST trial

OBJECTIVE Genetic variants near IRS1 are associated with features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). We examined whether genetic variants near IRS1 might modulate the effects of diets varying in fat content on the MetS status in a 2-year weight-loss trial. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Two variants near IRS1 , rs1522813 and rs2943641, were genotyped in 738 overweight/obese adults (age 60 ± 9 years; BMI 32.7 ± 3.9 kg/m2) randomly assigned to one of four weight-loss diets (a deficit of 750 kcal/day of caloric intake from baseline) varying in macronutrient contents for 2 years. We compared MetS status of high-fat (40% of caloric intake; n = 370) and low-fat (20% caloric intake; n = 368) diet groups differentiated by genotypes (rs1522813 A-allele carriers and noncarriers; rs2943641T-allele carriers and noncarriers). RESULTS Among rs1522813 A-allele carriers, the reversion rates of the MetS were higher in high-fat diet group than those in low-fat diet group over the 2-year intervention ( P = 0.002), while no significant difference between diet groups was observed among noncarriers ( P = 0.27). The genetic modulation on dietary effect was independent of weight changes. The odds ratio (OR) for the 2-year reversion of the MetS was 2.88 (95% CI 1.25–6.67) comparing the high-fat and low-fat diets among rs1522813 A-allele carriers, while the corresponding OR was 0.83 (0.36–1.92) in noncarriers. The variant rs2943641 was not observed to modulate dietary effects on the MetS status. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that high-fat weight-loss diets might be more effective in the management of the MetS compared with low-fat diets among individuals with A-allele of the rs1522813 variant near IRS1 .
Nephrotoxic Effects of Common and Emerging Drugs of Abuse

The kidneys can be injured in diverse ways by many drugs, both legal and illegal. Novel associations and descriptions of nephrotoxic effects of common and emerging drugs of abuse have appeared over the past several years. Anabolic androgenic steroids, illicitly used by athletes and others for decades to increase muscle mass and decrease body fat, are emerging as podocyte toxins given recent descriptions of severe forms of FSGS in long-term abusers. Synthetic cannabinoids, a new group of compounds with marijuana-like effects, recently became popular as recreational drugs and have been associated with an atypical form of AKI. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy, is a widely used synthetic recreational drug with mood-enhancing properties and a constellation of toxicities that can result in death. These toxic effects include hyperthermia, hypotonic hyponatremia due to its arginine vasopressin secretagogue–like effects, rhabdomyolysis, and cardiovascular collapse. Cocaine, a serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor that serves as an illegal stimulant, appetite suppressant, and anesthetic, also causes vasoconstriction and rhabdomyolysis. Recent adulteration of much of the world’s supply of cocaine with levamisole, an antihelminthic agent with attributes similar to but distinct from those of cocaine, appears to have spawned a new type of ANCA-associated systemic vasculitis. This review discusses the nephrotoxic effects of these common and emerging drugs of abuse, of which both community and health care providers should become aware given their widespread abuse. Future investigation into pathogenetic mechanisms associated with these drugs is critical and may provide a window into ways to lessen and even prevent the nephrotoxic effects of these drugs of abuse and perhaps allow a deeper understanding of the nephrotoxicities themselves.
Does the web extend the mind

Under what conditions does the Web count as a part of your own mind? We iterate the conditions upon which cognitive extension and integration can be upheld, and inspect these in light of the Web. We also argue that this ability to integrate the mind into media such as the Web is inherently social, insofar as it involves interaction. Also, there are many cases where external media like the Web are not actually cognitively integrated, but simply serve as a way to co-ordinate intelligent problem-solving via distributed cognition. Yet distributed cognition should not be underestimated, as it is precisely distributed cognition that can solve problems that an individual human may be unable to solve by themselves, and can serve as a stepping stone to a wider kind of cognitive integration: collective intelligence. Finally, we define collective intelligence as cognitive integration combined with distributed cognition.
Robust identification of switched affine systems via moments-based convex optimization

This paper addresses the problem of robust identification of a class of discrete-time affine hybrid systems, switched affine models, in a set membership framework. Given a finite collection of noisy input/output data and a bound on the number of subsystems, the objective is to identify a suitable set of affine models along with a switching sequence that can explain the available experimental information. Our method builds upon an algebraic procedure proposed by Vidal et al. for noise free measurements. In the presence of norm bounded noise, this algebraic procedure leads to a very challenging nonconvex polynomial optimization problem. Our main result shows that this problem can be reduced to minimizing the rank of a matrix whose entries are affine in the optimization variables, subject to a convex constraint imposing that these variables are the moments of an (unknown) probability distribution function with finite support. Appealing to well known convex relaxations of rank leads to an overall semi-definite optimization problem that can be efficiently solved. These results are illustrated with two examples showing substantially improved identification performance in the presence of noise.
Surface potential measurements of 2 × 1 reconstructed Si(001) using UHV Kelvin probe force microscopy

Abstract The surface potential of p- and n-type 2 × 1 reconstructed Si(001) has been measured using an ultrahigh vacuum Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM). The work function of DySi2 -x nanoisland epitaxially grown on Si(001) was used as a reference point to calibrate the work function of tip used for the KPFM measurement. To validate the accuracy of the measurement, the amounts of band bending on both p- and n-type Si(001) surfaces were calculated from the difference between the measured surface potential and the bulk work function, and the calculated amounts were in good agreement with reported photoemission spectroscopy and surface photovoltage spectroscopy data. This measurement confirms that KPFM can be an accurate tool to measure a local surface potential, since the measured local work function of DySi2 -x nanoisland could serve as a good reference point to calculate the surface potential of 2 × 1 reconstructed Si(001).
Inelastic Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Members

An experimentally determined stress-strain relationship for concrete in compression (as a result of flexure) is developed herein. A theory of inelastic flexure based on this relationship is formula...
Museums' Role: Increasing Knowledge

Great natural history museums are among the world's premier institutions of scientific research, training, and education. The research produced by these museums, based on their collections of biological, geological, and anthropological specimens, has been of incalculable importance in formulating and testing the most fundamental theories and principles of these and related disciplines. In the biological sciences, for instance, contributions from past curators of these collections form the pillars of modern evolutionary biology [e.g., ([ 1 ][1]–[ 3 ][2])]. We therefore read with deep concern of plans to drastically reduce the role of scientific research at one of the world's greatest museums of natural history, Chicago's Field Museum ("Budget crunch to shrink science programs at Chicago's Field Museum," V. Morell, News & Analysis, 4 January, p. [19][3]). The collections of the Field Museum are an irreplaceable scientific resource, and the scientists who care for, augment, and make them available for study by others are also renowned contributors to science in their own right. Their loss would be a blow not just to the Museum, but to the scientific enterprise as a whole. In making the bequest that endowed the Smithsonian, James Smithson epitomized what has become the mission of modern natural history museums: They are institutions for "the increase and diffusion of knowledge" ([ 4 ][4]). Many science museums can mount exhibits for the diffusion of knowledge, but only museums such as the Field, with its collections and scientists, can contribute so much to its increase. For the Field Museum to abandon this duty would be unconscionable. We urge the Museum's authorities and supporters to find a way to prevent such a calamity. 1. [↵][5]1. E. Mayr , Systematics and the Origin of Species (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1942). 2. 1. G. G. Simpson , Tempo and Mode in Evolution (Columbia Univ. Press, New York, 1944). 3. [↵][6]1. B. Rensch , Neuere Probleme der Abstammungslehre (Enke, Stuttgart, 1947). 4. [↵][7]1. J. Smithson , "James Smithson makes his will" (1826); [http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris\_sic\_638][8]. [1]: #ref-1 [2]: #ref-3 [3]: http://www.sciencemag.org/content/339/6115/19.full [4]: #ref-4 [5]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1 in text" [6]: #xref-ref-3-1 "View reference 3 in text" [7]: #xref-ref-4-1 "View reference 4 in text" [8]: http://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_638
Transgressive Female Roles and the Embodiment of Actresses in 1910s Beijing

New to Beijing in the 1910s, actresses, especially opera stars and members of large all-female troupes, were active agents of theatrical innovation. Competing with actors in a rapidly commercializing theater business, certain privileged actresses developed a different repertoire and performance style for female roles by adapting regional opera traditions. As the characters they played onstage boldly sought the thrills of courtship and pursued their personal desires, these actresses fashioned a new flirtatious female subjectivity, different from that associated with heroines in the cult of qing in Ming literature, the sentimentalism of Butterfly fiction, and the May Fourth ideal of free love. However, as they assumed female roles that transgressed traditional expectations and catered to a male-dominated audience, actresses found their own commodification as sexual objects was inevitable.
Confirmation of presence of a gastric secretory depressant in gastric juice of humans.

SummaryBy use of a quantitative method for the determination of gastric secretory inhibitors the observation of Brunschwig and co-workers that the intravenous injection of alcoholic precipitates of achlorhydric gastric juice from patients with pernicious anemia depresses gastric secretion in dogs has been confirmed. The secretory depressant activity in such juice was shown by Brunschwig and his collaborators to reduce the secretion induced by feeding a meal. In this study it was found to be effective in inhibiting secretion provoked by histamine. The gastric secretory inhibitor was found in high concentration in achlorhydric gastric juice of persons without other demonstrable abnormalities in the gastro-intestinal tract or disease of the hemopoietic system. The gastric secretory inhibitor was absent or present in lower concentrations in gastric juice from normal individuals.
Mechanism of p-nitrobenzoate reduction in liver: the possible role oc cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes.

The following evidence suggests that the reduction of p -nitrobenzoate to p -aminobenzoate by liver microsomes is mediated by cytochrome P-450: (a) carbon monoxide blocks nitroreduction, and the degree of inhibition is proportional to the amount of cytochrome P-450 bound as the carbon monoxide complex; (b) the rate of nitroreduction is proportional to the amount of cytochrome P-450 in liver microsomes from animals previously treated with either phenobarbital or carbon tetrachloride.
Kant's Ethical Thought: The formula of autonomy and the realm of ends

The ground of obligation Autonomy of the will as the ground of moral obligation is arguably Kant's most original ethical discovery (or invention). But it is also easy to regard Kant's conception of autonomy as either incoherent or fraudulent. To make my own will the author of my obligations seems to leave both their content and their bindingness at my discretion, which contradicts the idea that I am obligatedhy them. If we reply to this objection by emphasizing the rationality of these laws as what binds me, then we seem to be transferring the source of obligation from my will to the canons of rationality. The notion of self -legislation becomes a deception or at best a euphemism. One way of responding to this dilemma would be to trace the prehistory of autonomy in early modern ethical thinking, as has been done in two excellent recent studies by Stephen Darwall and Jerome B. Schneewind. They describe the process involved in the transformation of “self-government” from a political metaphor applied to individual conduct into a fundamental conception relating to individual persons, which is then capable of making revolutionary demands on political institutions themselves. Once we understand this movement of thought in historical context, we see that the paradoxes about obligation based on self-legislation arise only insofar as we fail to recognize (or try to resist) the change in moral conceptions underlying the best thinking modern moral philosophy has to offer us.
Sudden Cardiac Death: Magnitude of the Problem, Substrate/Trigger Interaction, and Populations at High Risk

Despite major advances in the understanding of cardiac pathophysiology and the development of sophisticated diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, sudden cardiac death remains a major clinical and public health problem. More than 300,000 sudden cardiac deaths occur each year in the United States, accounting for approximately 50% of all cardiovascular deaths. Prospective identification of patients at high risk for cardiac arrest is difficult. Progress measured in terms of prevention of large numbers of sudden cardiac deaths remains limited until it is possible to identify higher risk individuals within the currently less focused subgroups.
Analytical surrogate model for the aberrations of an arbitrary GRIN lens

Current analytical expressions between Gradient-Index (GRIN) lens parameters and optical aberrations are limited to paraxial approximations, which are not suitable for realizing GRIN lenses with wide fields of view or small f-numbers. Here, an analytical surrogate model of an arbitrary GRIN lens ray-trace evaluation is formulated using multivariate polynomial regressions to correlate input GRIN lens parameters with output Zernike coefficients, without the need for approximations. The time needed to compute the resulting surrogate model is over one order-of-magnitude faster than traditional ray trace simulations with very little losses in accuracy, which can enable previously infeasible design studies to be completed.
Initial Diagnosis and Management of Coma

Coma represents a true medical emergency. Drug intoxications are a leading cause of coma; however, other metabolic disturbances and traumatic brain injury are also common causes. The general emergency department approach begins with stabilization of airway, breathing, and circulation, followed by a thorough physical examination to generate a limited differential diagnosis that is then refined by focused testing. Definitive treatment is ultimately disease-specific. This article presents an overview of the pathophysiology, causes, examination, and treatment of coma.
Leaf and canopy scale drivers of genotypic variation in soybean response to elevated carbon dioxide concentration.

The atmospheric [CO2 ] in which crops grow today is greater than at any point in their domestication history and represents an opportunity for positive effects on seed yield that can counteract the negative effects of greater heat and drought this century. In order to maximize yields under future atmospheric [CO2 ], we need to identify and study crop cultivars that respond most favorably to elevated [CO2 ] and understand the mechanisms contributing to their responsiveness. Soybean (Glycine max Merr.) is a widely grown oilseed crop and shows genetic variation in response to elevated [CO2 ]. However, few studies have studied the physiological basis for this variation. Here, we examined canopy light interception, photosynthesis, respiration and radiation use efficiency along with yield and yield parameters in two cultivars of soybean (Loda and HS93-4118) previously reported to have similar seed yield at ambient [CO2 ], but contrasting responses to elevated [CO2 ]. Seed yield increased by 26% at elevated [CO2 ] (600 μmol/mol) in the responsive cultivar Loda, but only by 11% in HS93-4118. Canopy light interception and leaf area index were greater in HS93-4118 in ambient [CO2 ], but increased more in response to elevated [CO2 ] in Loda. Radiation use efficiency and harvest index were also greater in Loda than HS93-4118 at both ambient and elevated [CO2 ]. Daily C assimilation was greater at elevated [CO2 ] in both cultivars, while stomatal conductance was lower. Electron transport capacity was also greater in Loda than HS93-4118, but there was no difference in the response of photosynthetic traits to elevated [CO2 ] in the two cultivars. Overall, this greater understanding of leaf- and canopy-level photosynthetic traits provides a strong conceptual basis for modeling genotypic variation in response to elevated [CO2 ].
Deep Learning in the Enhanced Cloud

Deep Learning has emerged as a singularly critical technology for enabling human-like intelligence in online services such as Azure, Office 365, Bing, Cortana, Skype, and other high-valued scenarios at Microsoft. While Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have enabled state-of-the-art accuracy in many intelligence tasks, they are notoriously expensive and difficult to deploy in hyperscale datacenters constrained by power, cost, and latency. Furthermore, the escalating (and insatiable) demand for DNNs comes at an inopportune time as ideal silicon scaling (Moore's Law) comes to a diminishing end. At Microsoft, we have developed a new cloud architecture that's enhanced using FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array). FPGAs can be viewed as programmable silicon and are being deployed into each and every new server in Microsoft's hyperscale infrastructure. The flexibility of FPGAs combined with a novel Hardware-as-a-Service (HaaS) architecture unlocks the full potential of a completely programmable hardware and software acceleration plane. In this talk, I'll give a history and overview of the project, discuss the key enabling technologies behind our enhanced cloud, present opportunities to harness this technology for accelerated deep learning, and conclude with directions for future work.
Relationship of Social Capital with Career Success and Individual Well-Being

In this two-wave study of 367 full-time employees, we investigated the relations of internal and external social capital with career success and individual well-being, suggesting career success as ...
Impact of Power Distribution Network on Power Analysis Attacks in Three-Dimensional Integrated Circuits

Correlation power analysis (CPA) attacks on the hardware implementation of cryptographic algorithms can retrieve the cipher key by analyzing the correlation between hypothesized keys and the power measurement of that crypto hardware. The existing CPA attacks and the countermeasures are mainly for two-dimensional (2D) integrated circuits (ICs). There is a lack of study on CPA in the context of three dimensional(3D) ICs. To fill in this gap, this work investigates the impact of a 3D power distribution network (PDN) on the efficiency of CPA mounted on a cryptographic module, which is in one of the 3D planes. The Pearson correlation coefficient is used as a metric to assess the impact of different PDN types, circuit loads, and switching activities of the neighboring planes on the CPA efficiency.
Genes, Personality Traits, and the Sense of Civic Duty

Political scientists have long known that the sense of civic duty is one of the strongest predictors of individual voter turnout, yet scholars are only just starting to study and understand the origins of this orientation. Recent genopolitics research has indicated that the sense of civic duty is heritable, and recent research in political psychology has illustrated that individual personality traits, many of which have a heritable component, shape feelings of civic obligation. In this article, we link these two lines of inquiry to better understand how individual differences shape the sense of civic duty. More specifically, we explore the relationship between personality traits, measured using the Big Five model; genes; and the sense of civic duty. We show that genetic factors account for between 70% and 87% of the correlation between civic duty and four of the Big Five personality traits. Overall, the results presented here expand our understanding of the process through which prosocial orientations, su...
Effects of emotional content on working memory capacity.

Emotional events tend to be remembered better than neutral events, but emotional states and stimuli may also interfere with cognitive processes that underlie memory performance. The current study i...
CHAOS: SOLVING THE UNSOLVABLE, PREDICTING THE UNPREDICTABLE!

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on chaos. Chaos means exponentially sensitive dependence of final state upon initial state, positive Liapunov exponents, positive topological or metric entropy, and fractal attractors. Chaos means deterministic randomness —deterministic because of existence–uniqueness and randomness. Chaos is a synonym for randomness. Almost all infinite binary sequences, having positive complexity, pass every computable test for randomness, where a computable test is one expressible as a finite algorithm. A-integrable systems can approximate randomness in the same sense that rationals can approximate irrationals. The virtue of plane billiards, as a class, is that they are the simplest systems that exhibit almost all possible dynamical behavior.