cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fundamental lattice vibrations in quartz

The fundamental lattice vibrations in quartz (normal modes) were examined in an attempt to find better test methods to characterize impurities. A computer model of alpha quartz was constructed using the atomic positions in the quartz unit cell and a Keating-type interatomic potential. Using this model, the infrared (IR) absorption was calculated for the fundamental modes. This perfect (no defect) model was compared with experimental IR absorption results and with experimental data taken from the literature, and was found to be in qualitative agreement with both. Another model was also constructed which simulated an aluminum substantial defect by changing the mass of one of the three silicon atoms in the unit cell to the mass of aluminium. This represents an Al to Si concentration of 33%. The IR absorption results of the 'defect' model showed very little change in the absorption peaks. Even though this method was found to be impractical for aluminum detection, it did result in the construction of a relatively good numerical model for studying the fundamental atomic vibrations in quartz. >
Perspectives on: SGP Symposium on Mitochondrial Physiology and Medicine Metabolic homeostasis of the heart

The heart is nearly unique in the body in that it has a constant workload well beyond the normal maintenance of cellular integrity. In addition, the heart of a large animal such as man also has the capacity to increase its workload by nearly 10-fold for considerable amounts of time. A high steady
Regulation of Collagen I Gene Expression by ras

Although transformation of rodent fibroblasts can lead to dramatic changes in expression of extracellular matrix genes, the molecular basis and physiological significance of these changes remain poorly understood. In this study, we have investigated the mechanism(s) by which ras affects expression of the genes encoding type I collagen. Levels of both alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) collagen mRNAs were markedly reduced in Rat 1 fibroblasts overexpressing either the N-rasLys-61 or the Ha-rasVal-12 oncogene. In fibroblasts conditionally transformed with N-rasLys-61, alpha 1(I) transcript levels began to decline within 8 h of ras induction and reached 1 to 5% of control levels after 96 h. In contrast, overexpression of normal ras p21 had no effect on alpha 1(I) or alpha 2(I) mRNA levels. Nuclear run-on experiments demonstrated that the transcription rates of both the alpha 1(I) and alpha 2(I) genes were significantly reduced in ras-transformed cells compared with those in parental cells. In addition, the alpha 1(I) transcript was less stable in transformed cells. Chimeric plasmids containing up to 3.6 kb of alpha 1(I) 5'-flanking DNA and up to 2.3 kb of the 3'-flanking region were expressed at equivalent levels in both normal and ras-transformed fibroblasts. However, a cosmid clone containing the entire mouse alpha 1(I) gene, including 3.7 kb of 5'- and 4 kb of 3'-flanking DNA, was expressed at reduced levels in fibroblasts overexpressing oncogenic ras. We conclude that oncogenic ras regulates the type I collagen genes at both transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels and that this effect, at least for the alpha 1(I) gene, may be mediated by sequences located either within the body of the gene itself or in the distal 3'-flanking region.
Floating-Point Analog-to-Digital Converters with predictive auto-ranging

Floating-Point Analog-to-Digital Converters (FPADC) acquire both the mantissa and the exponent of sampled signals. Most of the FP-ADCs implement, either non-uniform quantization structures, or two step conversion techniques (firstly the exponent is gotten and then the mantissa is acquired). The first FP-ADC solution presents high conversion rates and reduced precision, while the second one preserves the precision of uniform ADCs but the conversion time is doubled. To minimize the acquisition time, an FP-ADC architecture was conceived (1999); it consists of two uniform converters that operate in parallel: one gets the exponent, while the other one, equipped with a programmable input amplifier acquires the mantissa. The current gain of the programmable input amplifier is based on the last exponent acquisition. This paper presents several techniques designed to improve the FP-ADC range prediction, to further minimize the conversion time, while increasing the SNR of the quantized signals. A polynomial extrapolation method for short term forecasting is considered. The SNR of a quantized signal that is acquired with the proposed FP-ADC is several orders of magnitude higher than that provided by a fix-point ADC, while the conversion time is shorter then those of other FP-ADCs.
Plasma Glucose Regulation and Mortality in Pima Indians

OBJECTIVE —To evaluate whether impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and/or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) are associated with increased risk of mortality and prevalent ischemic heart disease (IHD) and to analyze if the increased risk of death is dependent on subsequent development of diabetes in Pima Indians. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —A total of 2,993 Pima Indians aged ≥35 years were included. Prevalent IHD, defined by major ischemic electrocardiogram changes, was evaluated according to the following glucose/diabetes categories: normal glucose regulation (NGR), IFG and/or IGT, and diabetic groups by duration. During a median follow-up of 10.4 years, 780 subjects died from natural causes and 156 of these died from IHD. Mortality was analyzed according to the same glucose/diabetes categories at baseline and then as time-dependent variables. RESULTS —Only subjects with diabetes ≥15 years of duration have a higher prevalence of IHD (odds ratio 1.9 [95% CI 1.4–2.5]) relative to NGR. In baseline and time-dependent models, age- and sex-adjusted death rates from natural causes and from IHD were similar among the nondiabetic groups. Among diabetic subjects, natural mortality was higher in those with ≥15 years diabetes duration (death rate ratio [DRR] relative to NGR = 2.6 [95% CI 2.1–3.3]). IHD mortality was higher in subjects with long diabetes duration (DRR for diabetes 10–15 years = 3.8 [1.5–9.5]; DRR for diabetes ≥15 years = 8.6 [3.8–19.4]) in the time-dependent model. CONCLUSIONS —Natural and IHD mortality are not increased in Pima Indians with IFG and/or IGT. Only after the onset of diabetes do the rates of these events increase relative to NGR.
Petrographic and Geochemical Constraints on the Formation and Diagenesis of Anhydrite Cements, Smackover Sandstones, Gulf of Mexico

ABSTRACT Anhydrite cement is common in sedimentary rocks, yet its origin is poorly understood. The high concentration of sulfate in sea water and the lack of appreciable sulfate in most other natural waters suggests that anhydrite cement may have a marine origin, but the relatively late timing of most anhydride cement tends to preclude sea water as the source of sulfate. Anhydrite cement is present in Upper Jurassic sandstones in the Gulf of Mexico as poikilotopic masses in which detrital grains are replaced and as smaller patches that have replaced single detrital grains. Anhydrite is a relatively late cement and postdates all other volumetrically significant authigenic phases, including K-feldspar, dolomite, quartz, and most calcite cements. The expected isotopic composition and trace-element concentration of marine-derived Late Jurassic anhydrite cement is predicted based on analyses of bedded anhydrite and on analyses found in the literature. The expected chemical signature is: 34S ( CDT) = +16, 18O ( SMOW) = +14, 87Sr/86Sr = 0.7069, Sr = 1500-2500 ppm, Ba 200 ppm. When geochemical analyses of Smackover anhydrite cements are compared to the predicted composition, it is apparent that most of the cement is not of marine origin. Two generations of anhydrite cement have been identified in the East Texas basin on the basis of their strontium isotopic compositions and their strontium concentrations. An early cement may have been derived from slightly modified Late Jurassic sea water, whereas a second group of cements may have precipitated later in the burial history or may represent recrystallization of the first cement. The chemistry of Louisiana and Mississippi basin anhydrite cements indicates that the sulfate was derived from dissolved bedded anhydrite and was reprecipitated in the sandstones from fluids that had undergone extensive water-rock interaction after considerable burial. This study suggests that late anhydrite cements in sedimentary rocks are most likely derived from remobilized calcium sulfate de osits.
Reproducibilities of I/O systems with linear multivalued evaluation spaces

In this paper, some results of the reproducibilities of I/O systems with respect to linear evaluation spaces are provided under the Lin's model of general systems (cf [5]).
Load balancing on speed

To fully exploit multicore processors, applications are expected to provide a large degree of thread-level parallelism. While adequate for low core counts and their typical workloads, the current load balancing support in operating systems may not be able to achieve efficient hardware utilization for parallel workloads. Balancing run queue length globally ignores the needs of parallel applications where threads are required to make equal progress. In this paper we present a load balancing technique designed specifically for parallel applications running on multicore systems. Instead of balancing run queue length, our algorithm balances the time a thread has executed on ``faster'' and ``slower'' cores. We provide a user level implementation of speed balancing on UMA and NUMA multi-socket architectures running Linux and discuss behavior across a variety of workloads, usage scenarios and programming models. Our results indicate that speed balancing when compared to the native Linux load balancing improves performance and provides good performance isolation in all cases considered. Speed balancing is also able to provide comparable or better performance than DWRR, a fair multi-processor scheduling implementation inside the Linux kernel. Furthermore, parallel application performance is often determined by the implementation of synchronization operations and speed balancing alleviates the need for tuning the implementations of such primitives.
Analysis of Grain Boundaries, Twin Boundaries and Te Precipitates in Cd1−xZnxTe Grown by High-Pressure Bridgman Method

Grain boundaries and twin boundaries in commercial Cd{sub 1{minus}x}Zn{sub x}Te, which is prepared by a high pressure Bridgeman technique, have been investigated with transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, infrared light microscopy and visible light microscopy. Boundaries inside these materials were found to be decorated with Te precipitates. The shape and local density of the precipitates were found to depend on the particular boundary. For precipitates that decorate grain boundaries, their microstructure was found to consist of a single, saucer shaped grain of hexagonal Te (space group P3{sub 1}21). Analysis of a Te precipitate precipitates by selected area diffraction revealed the Te to be aligned with the surrounding Cd{sub 1{minus}x}Zn{sub x}Te grains. This alignment was found to match the (111) Cd{sub 1{minus}x}Z{sub x}Te planes with the (1{bar 1}01) planes of hexagonal Te. Crystallographic alignments between the Cd{sub 1{minus}x}Zn{sub x}Te grains were also observed for a high angle grain boundary. The structure of the grain boundaries and the Te/Cd{sub 1{minus}x}Zn{sub x}Te interface are discussed.
Does the US Media Have a Liberal Bias

In Left Turn: How Liberal Bias Distorts The American Mind, Tim Groseclose argues that media effects play a crucial role in American politics. His case rests on three arguments: (1) that journalists tend overwhelmingly to be liberal rather than conservative; (2) that their innate political bias slants their views in empirically measurable ways; and (3) that this bias fundamentally shapes American politics, by bringing US citizens further to the left than they would naturally be. According to Groseclose, in a world where media bias did not exist, American citizens would on average hold views close to those of Ben Stein or Bill O'Reilly. In such a world, John McCain would have defeated Barack Obama by a popular vote margin of 56%—42% in the 2008 presidential election.In making these claims, Groseclose draws on his own research, and on recent media scholarship by both political scientists and economists, making the broader claim that peer-reviewed social science—which seeks to deal with problems such as endogeneity and selection bias—should be the starting point for public arguments about the role of the media. His book, then, is clearly an effort to bring social scientific arguments into mainstream debates. Groseclose makes no secret of his conservative political leanings—but recent books from left-leaning political scientists such as Jacob Hacker and Paul Pierson are equally unapologetic. It is at least plausible that political scientists' typical unwillingness to engage directly in political arguments has weakened the discipline's capacity for public engagement.In this symposium a diverse group of contributors have been invited to engage with Groseclose's arguments in ways that bring together specific empirical and/or theoretical points and arguments aimed at the broader “political science public sphere” that Perspectives on Politics seeks to nurture. Contributors were asked to consider these five questions: (1): How do we best measure media effects? (2): If media bias exists, what are its plausible sources? (3): Can one use work on media effects to determine what people's views would be in the absence of such bias? (4): Do you agree that American politics is insufficiently representative, and if so what do you consider the primary sources of this problem? (5): What kinds of political and/or media institutions or practices might enhance democratic discourse?—Henry Farrell, Associate Editor
Integration of Intestinal Structure, Function, and Microvascular Regulation

Without an increase in blood flow to provide additional oxygen, intestinal absorption of nutrients cannot proceed. Studies of the intestinal microvascular structure and distribution of resistances indicated that most of the microvascular regulation must occur outside the mucosal tissues. This requires a communication system from the mucosa to resistance vessels unlike that of any other organ. The various mechanisms involved and their communication from mucosal to arteriolar cells has required an integrated study of intestinal structure, physiology, and microvascular regulation. The results of this analysis using diverse approaches have revealed some of the major physical and cellular mechanisms that couple intestinal absorption and microvascular function.
How our view of animal phylogeny was reshaped by molecular approaches: lessons learned

In the late 1980s, researchers began applying molecular sequencing tools to questions of deep animal phylogeny. These advances in sequencing were accompanied with improvements in computation and phylogenetic methods, and served to significantly reshape our understanding of metazoan evolution. Prior to this time, researchers asserted phylogenetic hypotheses based on their experience with taxa and to some degree, their authority. Molecular phylogenetic tools provided discrete methods and objective characters for reconstructing phylogeny. Nonetheless, major changes to widely accepted views, such as animal phylogeny, take time to be accepted. Development and acceptance of our current understanding of animal evolution occurred in three main phases: initial hypotheses based on 18S data, confirmation with additional molecular markers, and continued refinement with phylogenomics. With the advent of ideas such as Lophotrochozoa and Ecdysozoa, flaws in the traditional view became apparent. We now understand that complex morphological and embryological features (e.g., segmentation, coelom formation, development of body cavities) are much more evolutionarily plastic than previously recognized. Here, I explore how the transition from the traditional to the modern phylogenetic understanding of animal phylogeny occurred and examine some implications of this change in understanding. As the field moves forward, the utility of morphological and embryological characters for reconstruction of deep animal phylogeny should be discouraged. Instead, these characters should be interpreted in the light of independent phylogeny.
Multi-layered chalcogenides with potential for magnetism and superconductivity

Abstract Layered thallium copper chalcogenides can form single, double, or triple layers of Cu–Ch separated by Tl sheets. Here we report on the preparation and properties of Tl-based materials of TlCu2Se2, TlCu4S3, TlCu4Se3 and TlCu6S4. Having no long-range magnetism for these materials is quite surprising considering the possibilities of inter- and intra-layer exchange interactions through Cu 3d, and we measure by magnetic susceptibility and confirm by neutron diffraction. First principles density-functional theory calculations for both the single-layer TlCu2Se2 (isostructural to the ‘122’ iron-based superconductors) and the double-layer TlCu4Se3 suggest a lack of Fermi-level spectral weight that is needed to drive a magnetic or superconducting instability. However, for multiple structural layers with Fe, there is much greater likelihood for magnetism and superconductivity.
More Room of Her Own: Sandra Cisneros’s The House on Mango Street

"Books continue each other," Virginia Woolf told an audience of young women some sixty years ago, "in spite of our habit of judging them separately" (Room 84). Books such as Ellen Moers's Literary Women, Elaine Showalter's A Literature of Their Own, Patricia Meyer Spacks's The Female Imagination, Tillie Olsen's Silences, and Alice Walker's In Search of Our Mothers' Gardens continue Virginia Woolf's own book, A Room of One's Own, extending her fertile meditations on the effects of economic deprivation on women's literature, and her pioneering efforts to reconstruct a female literary tradition. Tillie Olsen has uncovered a rich vein of writing by American working class women, and has offered poignant personal testimony to the obstacles to writing posed by gender and class. Alice Walker has explored the silences created by gender and race in America: "What did it mean for a black woman to be an artist in our grandmothers' time? In our great-grandmothers' day? It is a question with an answer cruel enough to stop the blood" (233). While feminists following Woolf's advice to "think back through our mothers" have expanded the literary canon in the past two decades, too many have ignored the questions of race, ethnicity, and class in women's literature. Adrienne Rich laments the "white solipsism" of white feminists-"not the consciously held belief that one race is inherently superior to all others, but a tunnel-vision which simply does not see nonwhite experience or existence as precious or significant" ("Disloyal" 306). Barbara Smith, Alice Walker, and Toni Morrison have angrily denounced the canon implicit in early studies of women's literature such as Moers's and Spacks's.1 To Spacks's tepid defense that she preferred to dwell on authors depicting "familiar experience" and a "familiar cultural setting" (5), Walker counters: "Why only these? Because they are white, and middle class, and because to Spacks, female imagination is only that-a limitation that even white women must find restrictive" (372).
Neurofibrosarcoma of the palate associated with neurofibromatosis—primary or metastatic?

Abstract Intraoral neurofibrosarcoma associated with Von Recklinghausen's neurofibromatosis is extremely rare, whether it be primary or metastatic. It has been shown to be a very cellular, anaplastic, fast-growing, rapidly metastasizing, fatal neoplasm, and its rate of growth is greatly intensified in the wake of operative trauma or if teeth are extracted from the area. The tumor is relatively radioresistant, and chemotherapy and radiation therapy offer only palliative results. Early and radical surgery offers the most likely chance for a cure. The case presented in this article is typical of such neoplasia.
New Agency Problems, New Legal Rules: Rethinking Takeover Regulation in the US and Europe

The main agency problem traditionally existing in the US corporation has been the risk of opportunism of managers vis-a-vis shareholders. In Continental Europe, however, the primary concern in corporate law has been the opportunism of controlling shareholders vis-a-vis minority shareholders. These divergences in agency problems and the design of corporate law in the US and Europe has been mainly explained or, at least, justified by the different corporate ownership structures in both regions. On the one hand, the US has been traditionally classified as a jurisdiction with dispersed shareholders where collective action problems, asymmetric information and rational apathy were considered crucial problems in corporate law. On the other hand, European countries have been more concerned with the protection of minority shareholders from the expropriation of controlling shareholders. However, the rise of shareholder activism, the reconcentration of corporate ownership structures in the hands of institutional investors, and the use of dual-class shares have changed those agency problems traditionally existing in US corporations. Likewise, the development of capital markets, the improvement of corporate governance practices and the rise of shareholder activism have also modified, though to a lesser extent, those agency problems existing in European corporations. Therefore, these new agency problems should lead to rethink European and US corporate law, especially in the context of hostile takeovers, where weighted agency problems may arise among corporate actors. On the basis of this exercise, we draw conclusions about those rules governing hostile takeovers that should be amended in order to effectively address the agency problems existing in the European and US corporation of the 21st century.
The Influence of Financial Development on Capital Disposition in China

It is one of the important functions that financial development can improve capital disposition efficiency.After the Reform and Open-up,finance has rapidly develop in China,even-though,with rather lower lower.Capital disposition,which is mainlycaused by distorted.Credit capital deposition structure and the improper governmental intervening.Therefore,it is necessary to take some measures to improve capital disposition efficiency by further financial development.
Film Reviews: Franco’s Forgotten Children and Give Me Back My Child!

This Film Review is brought to you for free and open access by the Tampa Library at Scholar Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal by an authorized administrator of Scholar Commons. For more information, please contact scholarcommons@usf.edu. Recommended Citation Amir, Ruth (2016) "Film Reviews: Franco’s Forgotten Children and Give Me Back My Child!," Genocide Studies and Prevention: An International Journal: Vol. 10: Iss. 1: 124-128. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/1911-9933.10.1.1421
AANA journal course: update for nurse anesthetists--Part3--Tobacco smoking using a waterpipe (hookah): what you need to know.

Smoking tobacco using a waterpipe (hookah) is increasing worldwide and is remarkably common among adolescents and young adults in the United States. Contrary to misperceptions that waterpipe tobacco smoking presents fewer health risks than cigarette smoking, recent data demonstrate clearly that the smoke from a waterpipe contains many of the same toxicants that are in cigarettes, including the dependence-producing drug nicotine, cancer-causing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pulmonary disease–causing volatile aldehydes, and cardiovascular disease–causing carbon monoxide that can also lead to acute intoxication in waterpipe users. Because many anesthesia providers are likely treating waterpipe tobacco smokers, the goal of this AANA Journal Course is to describe a waterpipe, who uses a waterpipe to smoke tobacco, and the toxicants found in waterpipe smoke and waterpipe smokers. Based on available evidence, there is no indication that waterpipe tobacco smoking is any less risky to patient health than cigarette smoking. Anesthesia providers should begin to assess patients for this form of tobacco use explicitly and should consider addressing it as they do cigarette smoking, with the additional precaution of presurgery carboxyhemoglobin measurement.
Research on Household Behaviour

The purpose of this article is to survey the main empirical research of recent years on household behaviour. Although the emphasis is on empirical work, principal theoretical developments are also reviewed, partly because of their relevance to an understanding of current thinking in the field and partly to place the empirical studies in proper perspective.
Tough and strong bioinspired nanocomposites with interfacial cross-links

Strength and toughness are two mechanical properties that are generally mutually exclusive but highly sought-after in the design of advanced composite materials. There has only been limited progress in achieving both high strength and toughness in composite materials. However, the fundamental underlying mechanics remain largely unexplored, especially at the nanoscale. Inspired by the lamellar structure of nacre, here a layered graphene and polyethylene nanocomposite with tunable interfacial cross-links is studied via coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations in order to achieve both high strength and toughness. Our simulations indicate that, as the cross-link density increases from 0 to about 25%, strength and toughness of the nanocomposite experience a surprising 91% and 76% increase respectively. This strengthening mechanism can be well explained by the extent of increased nonbonded contacts between polymer chains (van der Waals interaction) during the stretch and exceptional stretchability of each polymer chain (dihedral interaction) due to interfacial cross-links by comparing nanocomposites with and without cross-links. As the strength of cross-links increases, both mechanical strength and toughness of graphene-based polymer nanocomposite increase as expected. This may be attributed to the intra-chain bond and angle interactions among polymer chains, which may be negligible for nanocomposites with weak cross-links but play a key role in enhancing both strength and toughness for nanocomposites with strong cross-links. Overall, our findings unveil the fundamental mechanism at the nanoscale for tough-and-strong polymer composites via interfacial cross-linking as well as offer a novel way to design bioinspired nanocomposites with targeted properties via tunable interfacial cross-linking.
Differential membrane interactions of calcium channel blockers: Implications for antioxidant activity☆

Lipid peroxidation causes cellular damage during aging and various diseases, including atherosclerosis. Chronic administration of highly lipophilic calcium channel blockers (CCB) may reduce lipid peroxidation as a result of concentration in cell membranes and altering physico-chemical properties of the lipid bilayer. In the study, small angle X-ray scattering was used to examine reconstituted cardiac membrane lipid bilayers in the presence of CCB with various antioxidant activities, including nisoldipine, nifedipine, and diltiazem. Analysis of one-dimensional electron density profiles demonstrated that these compounds have different molecular distributions relative to the center of the membrane: diltiazem (+/- 14-22 A), nifedipine (+/- 12-22 A), and nisoldipine (+/- 7-22 A). The overall hydrocarbon core width for control samples was 44 A and was unaffected by the addition of drugs at these concentrations (< 1% by mass). High resolution differential scanning calorimetry indicated that CCB markedly perturbed the thermotropic properties of liposomes, including thermal phase transition temperature and enthalpy, relative to control samples. The effects of these compounds on membrane thermotropic properties correlate with their reported antioxidant activities. These data support the hypothesis that calcium channel blockers have potent physico-chemical interactions with the membrane lipid bilayer, which may underlie their antioxidant activity.
Multiconfiguration Pair-Density Functional Theory: A New Way To Treat Strongly Correlated Systems

ConspectusThe electronic energy of a system provides the Born–Oppenheimer potential energy for internuclear motion and thus determines molecular structure and spectra, bond energies, conformational energies, reaction barrier heights, and vibrational frequencies. The development of more efficient and more accurate ways to calculate the electronic energy of systems with inherently multiconfigurational electronic structure is essential for many applications, including transition metal and actinide chemistry, systems with partially broken bonds, many transition states, and most electronically excited states. Inherently multiconfigurational systems are called strongly correlated systems or multireference systems, where the latter name refers to the need for using more than one (“multiple”) configuration state function to provide a good zero-order reference wave function.This Account describes multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT), which was developed as a way to combine the advantages of ...
Bridge Over the River Qua: Using Simulations to Span the Divide Between Prelaw and Political Science Students

Undergraduate public law courses often attract students with competing expectations. Some students enroll in these courses to prepare for law school, while others enroll in the courses to gain a br...
Women in surgery: A longer term follow-up.

Abstract Background There are an increasing number of women in surgery. Previously, many questions focused upon their ability to complete surgical training and contribute fully to the surgical workforce. More meaningful information lies in identifying the long-term follow-up of where, and in what specialty, women residents eventually practice. Methods All residents entering general surgery training at the University of Louisville between 1996 and 2009 were studied. Comparison between men and women was performed for program completion, length of residency training, and eventual specialty practice. Results One hundred and eight residents entered general surgery residency. Twenty-three (21%) did not complete training. There was no difference in attrition rates between men or women (22% vs. 19%, p = 0.77). Women completing residency were just as likely to practice general surgery (either private or academic practice) as their male counterparts (67% vs. 67% p = 0.96). Conclusions Women are a valuable resource in surgery and are able to complete a vigorous residency. Long-term follow-up is crucial and permits us to evaluate this important group of trainees practicing surgery today.
The High Redshift Population of Field Galaxies

In principle, observations of the high redshift population of field galaxies should provide powerful probes of interactions, and mergers. As initial examples of such explorations, we highlight recent results from the DEEP program that take advantage of Keck and HST, including median redshifts for samples fainter than I ∼ 22, morphologies and colors to z ∼ 1, and especially the nature of z ∼ 3 galaxies in the Hubble Deep Field. Although tantalizing, the results will need much larger samples to be confirmed and better quantified.
Prevalence of Hepatitis C Screening, Testing, and Care Experience Among Young Adults Who Use Prescription Opioids Nonmedically.

Purpose Examine the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) screening, confirmatory testing, and care experiences among young adult nonmedical prescription opioid (NMPO) users.
Exceptional Professional Learning for RtI Implementation in Early Childhood Settings.

Response to Intervention (RtI) is a multi-tiered problem-solving approach that has been used to help struggling school-aged children and is now proposed as a promising evidence-based model for early childhood settings. Successful implementation of RtI may require early childhood practitioners to develop new skills in assessment, intervention, and data-based decision making. Since these individuals may not receive formal training in the aforementioned areas, providing effective professional development may be a critical element needed to address these challenges. Unfortunately, there continues to be little emphasis on professional development for early childhood RtI implementation despite the clear need for such services. This article proposes a professional development framework to address RtI implementation in early childhood settings.
Letter by Mojadidi et al Regarding Article, "Closure of Patent Foramen Ovale Versus Medical Therapy in Patients With Cryptogenic Stroke or Transient Ischemic Attack: Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"

We read with interest the recent article by Ntaios et al.1 In a meta-analysis of randomized trials, the authors reported the efficacy and safety of transcatheter patent foramen ovale (PFO) closure for prevention of recurrent stroke, in patients with an index cryptogenic stroke/transient ischemic attack. Among 3627 patients (5 trials), there was a significantly lower rate of recurrent stroke in patients randomized to a PFO-occluding device compared with medical therapy (0.53 versus 1.1 per 100 patient-years; odds ratio, 0.43; 95% confidence interval, 0.21–0.90) at a mean follow-up of 3.7 years. In the discussion, the authors mention the important role of non-vitamin K antagonists in the prevention of venous thromboembolism, given venous thromboembolism seems to be the main issue in PFO-mediated stroke. …
Women of Color and Work–Life Balance in an Urban Environment: What Is Reality?

Background: Work–life balance is a significant issue for women of color in an urban environment whether one is engaged in academia, traditional work, remote/dispersed work, or entrepreneurial work. As women of color attempt to address the tangible and intangible aspects of the “life” portion associated with the work–life balance discussion, elements such as race, ethnicity, religion, spirituality, and caregiver demands toward primary and extended family are often ignored. Objective: This article expands the work–life balance discussion to include urban women of color. Methods: Uses the lens of a womanist epistemology that incorporates critical race feminist theory while capturing viewpoints of four urban women of color who are social workers in the academy. Findings: reflect a nuanced voice challenging the work-life balance discussion to work life management.
Computerized Tests Sensitive to Individual Needs

The presence of computers in our schools creates valuable opportunities to enhance educational testing. The number of computers in schools has changed dramatically over the last three decades. In 1983, schools had, on average, only one computer for every 125 students. Today, that ratio has dropped to one computer for every 3.8 students and nearly every school across the nation has a high-speed Internet connection (Bausel, 2008). In addition, an increasing number of schools are adopting 1:1 computing programs that provide a laptop for every student.
Lectin Microarrays for Glycoprotein Analysis

Glycosylation is one of the most common posttranslational modifications, with more than half of all known proteins thought to be glycoproteins. Alterations in glycosylation play a role in a diverse set of biological phenomena including tumor cell metastasis, intracellular communication, and inflammation. The complexity of glycosylation at the molecular level and the lack of rapid analytical tools complicate the study of glycan function. We have recently developed a lectin microarray for the high-throughput analysis of glycosylation. Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that have been used for decades as a detection method for glycans. By placing the lectins in a microarray format and using standard microarray printing and scanning technology, we have created a simple yet powerful technique for glycan profiling.
Developmental Disabilities: A Pediatrician’s Perspective

During the past two decades, major changes have occurred in the care and treatment of children with developmental disabilities. These changes have altered the role of the pediatrician considerably in the management of children with disabilities.
Visual pigment gene changes in adrenoleukodystrophy.

Purpose. The gene for X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy, a neurodegenerative disorder, is closely linked to the red/green color pigment genes on the distal X-chromosome Xq28 and one kindred is known to have a genetic change affecting both loci. The purpose of this article is to perform a systematic assessment of the frequency of this situation in many affected kindreds. Methods. Recombinant DNA probes were used in blot hybridization studies to determine the structure of the color pigment genes in affected males from 59 different adrenoleukodystrophy kindreds. Whenever possible, color vision was measured using the Farnsworth 100-Hue test. Results. Eleven of the 59 kindreds had abnormal color pigment gene clusters; these included fusion genes and changes in gene number. Only one kindred had a deletion of sequences immediately 5' to the color pigment genes. Conclusions. The incidence of color pigment gene changes in our 59 adrenoleukodystrophy kindreds is approximately twice the frequency of defective color vision reported in historic studies but is about the same as that found in studies of the actual genes in large populations. However, the range of changes in the color pigment genes in adrenoleukodystrophy is broader than encountered in most populations. Changes in the highly conserved color pigment genes reflect reorganizations in the Xq28 chromosomal region, some of which involve the contiguous gene for adrenoleukodystrophy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1993;34:2634-2637
Remarks on the Architecture of Language Processing Systems

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the remarks on the architecture of language processing systems. The chapter highlights some of the recurrent conflicts among experimental outcomes that rely on behavioral indices of parsing. These controversies can be understood in terms of two additional data classes: a recent series of eye-movement studies that supports strong interactive claims on re parsing and an equally recent series of event related potential (ERP) studies that supports modular systems. The chapter analyzes the argument that the various conflicts between empirical findings require a resolution in terms of a filtering model, and sketches the outline of such a proposal. The essential feature of the resolution relies on using the language production system as the source of the apparent conceptual and discourse level constraints on parsing. Any general evaluation of the architecture of language processing systems must address not only the character of language comprehension, but also that of language generation. Language production models must account for the real-time integration of utterance form—in the service of the specific force—of the meaning that a speaker wishes to convey on a given occasion of utterance.
Accuracy of self-reported smoking status in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from St. Jude Lifetime Cohort study.

10570Background: Although clinicians often evaluate smoking behavior in cancer survivors via self-report, the validity of this approach is unknown. We validated self-reported smoking status by seru...
Gay Midlife Men's Intergenerational and Interpersonal (Non)Accommodation in the Negotiation of HIV Infection Risk: Implications for Sexual Vitality, Generational Distinctiveness, and Self-Preservation.

This study utilizes interview data and a communication accommodation framework to explore how early midlife gay men negotiate HIV infection risk vis-a-vis a younger gay male sexual culture that has...
Connecting poverty to purchase decisions: Creating value with the base-of-the-pyramid

The base of the pyramid (BoP) literature on mutual value creation suggests theoretical reasons for why the BoP should be customers, but has not yet empirically explored why some would choose not to...
AI Ethics in Predictive Policing: From Models of Threat to an Ethics of Care

The adoption of data-driven organizational management - which includes big data, machine learning, and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques - is growing rapidly across all sectors of the knowledge economy. There is little doubt that the collection, dissemination, analysis, and use of data in government policy formation, strategic planning, decision execution, and the daily performance of duties can improve the functioning of government and the performance of public services. This is as true for law enforcement as any other government service.
Sexual Minority People’s Perspectives of Sexual Health Care: Understanding Minority Stress in Sexual Health Settings

Sexual minority individuals (e.g., lesbian, gay, bisexual people) face sexual health inequalities related to their experiences with providers in sexual health care settings, yet few prior studies have focused on these experiences. Thematic content analysis was used to analyze qualitative interviews with a diverse sample of 58 sexual minority individuals from three cohorts in the USA to explore sexual minority people’s perspectives of sexual health care. Subgroup differences in themes across gender, sexual identity, race/ethnicity, and cohort were also assessed. Our analysis revealed four key themes: erasure, enacted stigma, felt stigma, and affirmative care. Women and genderqueer participants reported erasure in the context of identity dismissal in family planning conversations, and men reported felt stigma in the context of hyperawareness of sexual minority identity. Some sexual minority people of color also reported intersectional felt stigma as a result of multiple marginalized identities. Additionally, fewer men reported erasure compared with women or genderqueer people and fewer gay and lesbian participants reported erasure than bisexual or queer people. The sexual health care experiences of sexual minority people are characterized by erasure, stigma, and affirmative care, with important differences in erasure and stigma across subpopulations of sexual minority people. Implications of these findings include the need for more sexual minority health initiatives and training and the development of affirmative care practices for sexual minority populations, including those with multiple marginalized identities.
Change in matrix metalloproteinase 2, 3, and 9 levels at the time of and after acute atherothrombotic myocardial infarction.

Elevated measures of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are associated with acute myocardial infarction (MI), but it is not known how long these changes persist post-MI or if these measures differ between atherothrombotic versus non-atherothrombotic MI. MMPs-2, 3, and 9 were measured in 80 subjects with acute MI (atherothrombotic and non-atherothrombotic MI) or stable coronary artery disease (CAD). Measurements were made at, the time of acute MI, and > 3-month following acute MI (quiescent phase). Outcome measures were compared between groups and between time of acute MI and quiescent post-MI follow-up using Wilcoxon’s and repeated measures analysis of variance. Forty-nine subjects met the criteria for acute MI with clearly defined atherothrombotic (n = 22) and non-atherothrombotic (n = 12) subsets. Fifteen subjects met criteria for stable CAD. MMP-3 was higher in acute MI versus stable CAD subjects at the time of acute MI: (453 vs. 217 pg/mL, p = 0.010) but not at quiescent phase follow-up (p > 0.05). MMP-9 was higher in acute MI versus stable CAD subjects at the time of acute MI: (412 vs. 168 pg/mL, p = 0.002) but not at the quiescent phase follow-up (p > 0.05). MMP-9 was higher at the time of acute MI versus quiescent phase follow-up in acute MI (412 vs. 213 pg/mL, p = 0.001) and atherothrombotic MI specifically (458 vs. 212 pg/mL, p = 0.001). No difference in MMP-2, 3, or 9 was observed between atherothrombotic versus non-atherothrombotic MI subgroups. MMPs-3 and 9 are significantly elevated in acute MI verses stable CAD subjects at time of acute MI but not different at quiescent phase follow-up. MMP-9 is elevated at the time of acute MI and specifically in acute atherothrombotic MI at time of MI versus quiescent phase follow-up.
Inclusion of Patient-Reported Outcomes in Clinical Trials

When evaluating the outcome of an operation, surgeons are traditionally focused on issues of morbidity and mortality. Although it is extremely important to know metrics such as the occurrence of a surgical site infection or death after surgery, measuring the patient perspective is also necessary for determining the success of an operation. A patient-reported outcome (PRO) is defined by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration as “any report of the status of a patient’s health condition that comes directly from the patient, without interpretation of the patient’s response by a clinician or anyone else.” [1] An example of a PRO might include a patient’s characterization of postoperative fatigue or their physical function satisfaction after an operation, as both determinations are made by the patients themselves and cannot be directly measured or observed. Studies have shown that clinical or physical assessments are not always reflective of how the patient actually functions or feels, highlighting the importance of incorporating PROs into surgical practice [2].
Empire by invitation: William Walker and manifest destiny in Central America: by Michel Gobat, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press, 2018, 367 pp., £28.95 (hardback), ISBN: 13978067473749-5

Definitions of empire tend frequently to emphasize large states that conquer smaller ones. Michel Gobat’s lucid, beautifully illustrated, and well-argued narrative makes the case for other models, ...
A Bayesian hierarchical approach to integrating historical and in-season genetic data for real-time assessment of a mixed stock fishery

With advances in molecular genetics, it is becoming increasingly feasible to conduct genetic stock identification (GSI) to inform management actions that occur within a fishing season. While applic...
Anticoagulation in a Patient With Mechanical Prosthetic Valves and Calcific Uremic Arteriolopathy on Warfarin.

Calciphylaxis, or calcific uremic arteriolopathy (CUA), is a rare vascular calcific disease that is most often associated with renal dysfunction and warfarin, particularly end-stage renal disease (ESRD). This condition causes debilitatingly painful skin lesions, oftentimes plaques, throughout areas of cutaneous and subcutaneous adiposity. The progression of these lesions to black eschar with ulceration is the hallmark of CUA. In this report, we present the case of a Caucasian female with a past medical history of nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), ESRD, and mechanical aortic and mitral valves, anticoagulated with warfarin, who developed CUA. In the setting of mechanical prosthetic valves, vitamin K antagonists (VKA) and aspirin are the only evidence-based antithrombotic therapies. This case presents challenging decision-making when managing anticoagulant therapy in the absence of applicable guidelines.
Pre-training a BERT with Curriculum Learning by Increasing Block-Size of Input Text

Recently, pre-trained language representation models such as BERT and RoBERTa have achieved significant results in a wide range of natural language processing (NLP) tasks, however, it requires extremely high computational cost. Curriculum Learning (CL) is one of the potential solutions to alleviate this problem. CL is a training strategy where training samples are given to models in a meaningful order instead of random sampling. In this work, we propose a new CL method which gradually increases the block-size of input text for training the self-attention mechanism of BERT and its variants using the maximum available batch-size. Experiments in low-resource settings show that our approach outperforms the baseline in terms of convergence speed and final performance on downstream tasks.