cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Decision Support System of Truck Routing and Refueling: A Dual‐Objective Approach

The variable-route vehicle-refueling problem (VRVRP) is a variant of the network-flow problem which seeks, for a vehicle traveling from origin s to destination d, both the route and the refueling policy (sequence of fuel stations to use between s and d) that jointly minimize the fuel cost of operating the vehicle. Commercial-grade decision support systems that solve the VRVRP are widely used by motor carriers, but they provide heuristic solutions only. Exact methods are available from the academic side, but because they focus on minimizing costs, they tend to cut fuel costs in exchange for increased vehicle miles (which can increase fuel consumptions and pollutants emission). We propose a new approach to the VRVRP that allows carriers to jointly seek the two possibly conflicting goals; minimizing fuel cost and vehicle miles. Computational testing shows that our approach (i) outperforms the commercial software products in both goals, and (ii) finds solutions that require significantly less vehicle miles than those given by the exact method proposed in the academic literature, without incurring unacceptable increases in fuel cost.
Fiber metal thermal barrier systems for advanced engines

Combustion chamber insulation techniques are being developed to improve the thermal efficiency of the internal combustion engine. Strain isolated ceramic coating systems are being evaluated to apply ceramic thermal barriers to metal engine components. A thorough understanding of the engine environment and the response of the coating system to that environment is needed to design durable coatings for engine use.
Cell Mechanics on Surfaces

Cells have the amazing ability not only to sense how stiff their surrounding is but also to physically respond to changes in stiffness. Examples of this cellular response include migration following a stiffness gradient [1–3] and differentiation toward different lineages depending on the substrate stiffness [4]. Historically, cell culture in vitro is performed in a Petri dish made of tissue culture plastic, a material that is extremely stiff compared to native tissue stiffness in vivo. Only in recent years has it been shown that the use of tissue culture plastic neglects the significant influence substrate mechanics or elasticity (more commonly referred to as stiffness – albeit incorrectly – in a biological context) can have on cell behavior. This chapter provides information on how to fabricate more in vivo-like materials by carefully controlling substrate stiffness. Before doing so, the terms stiffness and elasticity need to be defined.
Student-authored Wiki textbook in CS1

This paper describes an experimental use of Wiki software in an introductory computer science course motivated by a need for an appropriate introductory text, a desire to introduce more writing and group work in the course, and the rising costs of textbooks in general. Students authored the programming text for the course based on their own notes and research, and subsequent semesters' students edited and augmented the existing content. Students are entirely responsible for its contents while the instructor manages the site administration and provides guidance. The textbook remains free and in use, and students have responded very well to it with respect to readability, ease of use, quality, and cost.
Virtual Teams: What Do We Know and Where Do We Go From Here?

In this paper, we review the research on virtual teams in an effort to assess the state of the literature. We start with an examination of the definitions of virtual teams used and propose an integrative definition that suggests that all teams may be defined in terms of their extent of virtualness. Next, we review findings related to team inputs, processes, and outcomes, and identify areas of agreement and inconsistency in the literature on virtual teams. Based on this review, we suggest avenues for future research, including methodological and theoretical considerations that are important to advancing our understanding of virtual teams.
Lake Superior: Nearshore variability and a landscape driver concept

Spatial variation is well known to exist in water quality parameters of the Great Lakes nearshore; however, strong patterns for extended reaches also have been observed and found to be robust across seasonal time frames. Less is known about robustness of inter-annual variation within parameters for water quality in the nearshore. We have conducted high-resolution surveys with towed electronic instrumentation in nearshore areas of Lake Superior and have combined several seasons (2001–2005) of measurements from multiple research efforts to investigate how spatial variation compares across years. The combined survey tows ranged across approximately 1200 km of Lake Superior's south shore. In addition to the survey tracks, we also sampled fixed stations to collect calibration data and other parameters not observed by the in situ electronic sensors. The towed sensor data provided information on the spatial and temporal variability of water quality parameters along the nearshore. We found a consistent spatial pa...
A preparative column for the ion exchange isolation of amino compounds

Abstract A preparative column is described, which gave a resolution equal to that of an analytical column run under the same conditions.
Angiopoietin-1 induces neurite outgrowth of PC12 cells in a Tie2-independent, β1-integrin-dependent manner

Overexpression of angiopoietin (Ang) 1 in the brain results in increased vascularization and altered neuronal dendrite configuration. We hypothesized that Ang1 acts directly on neurons inducing neurite outgrowth. We stimulated PC12 cells with Ang1 and observed outgrowth levels comparable to nerve growth factor (NGF). Western blotting and RT-PCR demonstrated the absence of the Ang1 receptor, Tie2 and the presence of β1-integrin. Downstream of β1-integrin, Ang1 stimulation led to a ∼2.6 fold increase in focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation and no change in the activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) nor c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conversely, NGF stimulation had no effect on FAK phosphorylation but led to a ∼3.1 and ∼2 fold increase in phosphorylation of MAPK and JNK. Ang1, but not NGF-mediated outgrowth was attenuated following functional inhibition of β1-integrin and FAK, and Wortmannin inhibited neurite outgrowth mediated by both. Our results suggest that Ang1 induces neurite outgrowth in PC12 cells in a Tie2-independent, β1-integrin-FAK-PI3K-Akt-dependent manner and that NGF and Ang1 mediate neurite outgrowth via two independent signaling mechanisms.
Extracellular space of the cerebral cortex of normothermic and hypothermic cats.

Abstract The extracellular space (ECS) of the cerebral cortex in the cat was estimated by methods of electrical impedance measurements and concentration profiles of radioactively labeled compounds following subarchnoid (SA) perfusion. Taking various factors into consideration the space was found to be between 15 and 20% and unchanged when the temperature of the cortex was decreased from 37 to 15C. However, the rate of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) formation, as determined by SA and ventriculocisternal (VC) perfusion, was found to be markedly reduced by hypothermia.
From PIM to GIM: personal information management in group contexts

Sharing personal information with networked groups and institutions raises questions about privacy and control best addressed through a new field of inquiry: group information management.
Direct-View Multi-Point Two-Component Interferometric Rayleigh Scattering Velocimeter

This paper describes an instantaneous velocity measurement system based on the Doppler shift of elastically scattered laser light from gas molecules (Rayleigh scattering) relative to an incident laser. The system uses a pulsed laser as the light source, direct-viewing optics to collect the scattered light, an interferometer to analyze spectrally the scattered light mixed with the incident laser light, and a CCD camera to capture the resulting interferogram. The system is capable of simultaneous, spatially (approximately 0.2 mm(exp 3)) and temporally (approximately 40 ns) resolved, multiple point measurements of two orthogonal components of flow velocity in the presence of background scattered light, acoustic noise and vibrations, and flow particulates. Measurements in a large-scale axi-symmetric Mach 1.6 H2-air combustion-heated jet running at a flow sensible enthalpy specific to Mach 5.5 hypersonic flight are performed to demonstrate the technique. The measurements are compared with CFD calculations using a finite-volume discretization of the Favre-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (VULCAN code).
Behavioral and adrenocortical responses of male cynomolgus and lion-tailed macaques to social stimulation and group formation

Several recent studies indicate that primate species may differ in behavioral, and in some instances physiological, responses to social manipulations. These differences in response dispositions have been interpreted as being based on temperamental differences among species. This report extends previous comparative studies of macaques by describing behavioral contrasts observed between males of two macaque species, lion-tailed and cynomolgus macaques, in response to social manipulations. Males were exposed to a mirror, then visually exposed to conspecific neighbors in all pairwise combinations, and then formed into conspecific social groups. Urine samples were collected in the pairing and group formation conditions for cortisol assay. The cynomolgus demonstrated more affiliative behavior than the lion-tails in all conditions, while the lion-tails tended to exhibit more aggressive behavior. Following group formation cortisol values showed a decreasing trend in the cynomolgus, but not in the lion-tails. The cynomolgus rapidly adapted to group living and relations between them were primarily affiliative. In contrast, no affiliative behavior was ever observed in the lion-tail group, which appeared to be highly stressed by group living and was eventually disbanded.
Observational consequences of synchrotron self-Compton models of compact extragalactic X-ray sources

RECENT measurements1–6 have confirmed the existence of a class of extragalactic X-ray sources quite different from those associated with clusters of galaxies. These sources (Cen A, NGC4151, NGC1275, 3C390.3 and 3C273) are characterised by flat X-ray spectra, low-energy X-ray absorption, strong optical emission-line spectra and a compact radio or millimetre component4. These observations give strong impetus to the construction of models7,8 in which these phenomena are related. We report here some of the results of a synchrotron self-Compton model9 (SSC) which we feel can account for many of these observational properties. This model includes the effects of adiabatic expansion and synchrotron losses. We concentrate here on two of the three most studied sources—NGC4151 and NGC1275—and report our results on Cen A elsewhere. We use the results of this analysis to make tentative observational predictions about the colours of the nuclei of potential X-ray sources.
CONDITION AND DAMAGE ASSESSMENT: ISSUES AND SOME PROMISING INDICES

Critical issues related to damage and condition assessment are discussed. The distinction between global and local state properties, linearized and nonlinear condition indices and experimental constraints are discussed along with a classification of condition assessment techniques. Brief examples from research results on steel stringer highway bridges and a long span bridge are presented in order to exemplify the interrelation between structural condition, damage, and some of the promising damage indices. The indices that are discussed in this paper are influence coefficients for displacement and strain, and redistribution of intrinsic strains measured by continuous long-term monitoring. A discussion of these indices is introduced with application examples from the bridges, which were utilized as a test bed to evaluate the applicability of the indices. Tools and technologies for successful measurement of influence coefficients are presented. It is shown that if a spectrum of appropriate experiments and indices are integrated within a structural identification framework, and the structure is monitored for a sufficiently long time, it is possible to accomplish successful condition and damage assessment.
Validation and Verification of MCNP6 Against Intermediate and High-Energy Experimental Data and Results by Other Codes

MCNP6, the latest and most advanced LANL transport code representing a recent merger of MCNP5 and MCNPX, has been Validated and Verified (VV we continue our work to solve all the known problems before MCNP6 is distributed to the public.
Oxygen in coal ash: a simplified approach to the analysis of ash and mineral matter in coal

Abstract Oxygen was determined accurately in eight U.S. Bureau of Mines coal ash samples A, B, D, F, G, I, and J, NBS coal fly ash 1633 reference material, and two low-temperature ashes (LTA) from lllinois State Geological Survey. The method uses fast-neutron activation (FNA) analysis employing a dual counting and irradiation system which is essentially free from interferences. The stoichiometric balance based on analyses of the ashes performed by the USBM is calculated and summations given in oxide and element percent. Excellent agreement is found with the chemical data obtained by classical silicate analysis methods. Accurate oxygen determination for coal ash and LT-ash (or mineral matter) is important for calculation of data in the ultimate analysis of coal as such. Knowledge is required for recalculation of the data on a dry and dry-ash-free basis. The routinely used ‘oxygen by difference’ values are inadequate for accurate work. In order to determine the organic oxygen in coal one also has to correct for oxygen in mineral matter and oxygen in the water removed as moisture. The Parr formula and other methods of empirical estimation are inadequate and may be replaced in some cases by the oxygen determination. The complete data provide a quantitative basis for stoichiometric interpretation of coal analyses. It was found that the eight coal-ash samples analysed contained 45.5 ± 3% oxygen. Since these ashes represent a large variety of U.S. coals, this figure can be used as an estimate for recalculation and evaluation of the proximate and ultimate coal analyses. It is better, however, to use values actually determined in ash by the rapid fast-neutron activation method. This permits a better estimation of the sum of cations plus sulphates in the ash.
Amino acid substitutions in the intracellular part of the growth hormone receptor in a patient with the Laron syndrome.

By complementary DNA cloning we have identified two amino acid substitutions in the intracellular region of the human GH receptor in a child with growth failure and clinical features of the Laron syndrome. At the second position of codon 422 a G to T transversion changes a cysteine residue to phenylalanine, whereas at the first nucleotide of codon 561 an alteration from C to A leads to the substitution of threonine for proline. Direct analysis of exon 10 of the GH receptor gene showed that both nucleotide substitutions reside on the same chromosome and were inherited from the patient's mother. Evaluation of DNA from 10 additional prospectively recruited children with growth failure and a clinical picture similar to the index case did not reveal any nucleotide alterations in codons 422, 560, or 561. These observations represent the first demonstration of variation within the intracytoplasmic part of the human GH receptor and indicate that mutations occurring at multiple locations within the receptor gene m...
A resource‐based view of organizational knowledge management systems

With the advent of knowledge management, intellectual capital is gaining increasing recognition as the only true strategic asset. This has led to a proliferation of organizational knowledge management systems (OKMS), for managing intellectual capital. This article addresses the question: “Are OKMS strategic assets within the context of the resource‐based view?” Two views of OKMS emerge – the technical and the socio‐technical view. An analysis of OKMS from each perspective is presented and their resultant implications on the competitive position of the firm explained. The findings indicate that, for a firm to reap long‐term strategic benefit from OKMS, it should adapt the broader socio‐technical view when developing, implementing and managing its OKMS. This suggests that firms need to consider not only the technology but also the organizational infrastructure, the organizational culture and the people who form the OKMS, and the knowledge that is to be processed by these OKMS.
Prolonged myocardial disease due to beriberi, with necropsy after 18 years.

Abstract A case of beriberi heart disease is presented in which the acute episode was followed by chronic and recurrent congestive heart failure over a period of 18 years. At autopsy, the histologic changes in the heart were those of myocardosis, without other apparent cause for the heart disease. It seems most likely that these changes represent residua of beriberi. The number and variety of the clinical diagnoses well illustrate the confusion which results from such primary myocardial disease.
Comprehending ambiguity in the sentence-verification paradigm: Basic process or problem solving?

A linguistic ambiguity experiment using a sentence-verification procedure was performed to determine whether and how subject awareness of ambiguity affects response latency and error. Results showed a decline first in errors and then in latencies for the one sentence pair type most likely to fool subjects (the “ambiguous-unexpected” type), thus supporting the hypothesis that subjects who are aware of ambiguity attempt to jointly minimize latency and error (Pachella, 1974). The findings suggest that research in this area, instead of revealing “basic” information-processing mechanisms, may instead reflect conscious subject strategies adapted to an idiosyncratic context.
Moderate, Long‐Term, Alcohol Consumption Potentiates Normal, Age‐Related Spatial Memory Deficits in Rats

A modified "Samson" sucrose fading procedure was used to establish voluntary consumption of a 20% ethanol (EtOH) solution in male Sprague-Dawley rats for 18 consecutive months. Intakes were stable over the life span, and corresponded to the moderate to high levels of intake typically observed in human "social" drinkers and alcoholics. The Morris Water Maze (WM), Olton Radial Arm Maze (RM), and a "balance beam" test were used to assess the effects of alcohol and aging on spatial memory and motor function. Aged EtOH-consuming rats (AGED/ALC) demonstrated impaired task acquisition, relative to aged controls (AGED), not reaching criterion performance in either spatial memory task even when given four additional days of training. AGED/ALC rats scored significantly lower on percent correct out of the first eight arm entries, and committed more perseverative errors in the RM. There were no significant performance differences between AGED and AGED/ALC rats on a balance beam test of fine motor coordination and equilibrium, suggesting that deficits observed in the RM and WM were not related to differential motor functioning. These results demonstrated that long-term, moderate, oral self-administration of EtOH, within the range typically consumed by humans, had adverse effects on spatial memory in rats, and that such a pattern of EtOH consumption seemed to exacerbate the decline in cognitive functioning associated with normal aging.
Focusing on the Future: Experience From a Career-Related Program for High-Ability Students and Their Parents

Career development serves as a lifelong process requiring constant personal development of skills and knowledge. This article introduces a career development program, Focusing on the Future, designed for high-ability middle and high school students and their parents, and examines responses to open-ended questions related to the perceived benefits and effects of the program. Focusing on the Future is an annual career-related conference held by the Center for Gifted Education at the College of William and Mary. The program was designed to help gifted students and their parents engage in career planning and develop specific career plans. This study found different needs for career development for middle and high school students, and recommendations from the responses of participants are provided separately for middle school students, high school students, and their parents.
Antitumor efficacy of tumor-antigen-encoding recombinant poxvirus immunization in Dunning rat prostate cancer: implications for clinical genetic vaccine development.

One potential use for prostate-cancer-associated genes discovered through ongoing genetics studies entails the construction of virus- or plasmid-based recombinant vector vaccines encoding these new tumor-associated antigens (TAA) to induce TAA-specific immune responses for the prevention or therapy of prostate cancer. Clinical trials evaluating prototypes of such recombinant vaccines are under way. TAA-encoding recombinant vector vaccines, however, have not previously been evaluated in a prostate-cancer animal model. For assessment of the potential susceptibility of prostate cancer to genetic immunization strategies using TAA-encoding recombinant vectors, the antitumor efficacy of a model recombinant viral vector encoding a TAA was evaluated in rat Dunning prostate cancer. Recombinant vaccinia was chosen as a prototype virus vector encoding a TAA for these studies, and β-galactosidase was chosen as a model target TAA. Dunning AT-2 cells were transduced with a retroviral vector to express β-galactosidase, and the susceptibility of tumorigenic AT-2-lacZ cells to immunization with vaccinia-lacZ was measured using protection studies in Copenhagen and nu/nu rats. Stably transduced AT-2-lacZ cells expressing β-galactosidase as measured by enzymatic substrate-based assays were found to retain their tumorigenicity in vivo despite abundant expression of rat major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I. Immunization with model TAA-encoding recombinant vaccinia-lacZ conferred significant protection against subsequent growth of AT-2-lacZ cells in vivo (P=0.01); however, the efficacy of such immunization was markedly dependent on the volume of tumor challenge. The antitumor efficacy of TAA-encoding recombinant vaccinia immunization was abrogated in nu/nu rats, suggesting a T-cell-dependent mechanism of activity. These studies suggest that prostate cancer may be a suitable target for immunization strategies using TAA-encoding recombinant vectors. Such immunization strategies may be more effective in settings of minimal cancer burden.
Chronic intractable epilepsy as the only symptom of primary brain tumor

We identified 39 patients with chronic epilepsy (seizures > or = 2 years) proven to have primary brain tumors. These cases represent approximately 12% of the surgery cases for epilepsy in the same period. Mean age of seizure onset was 13.2 years: mean duration before operation was 10.5 years. Thirty-eight of 39 had normal neurologic examination. Twenty-six tumors were temporal, 7 were frontal, 4 were parietal, and 2 were occipital. Nine of 26 (34.6%) of the temporal group had contralateral interictal EEG spikes. Pathology was 15 ganglioglioma, 13 low-grade astroctoma, 4 oligodendroglioma, 2 low-grade mixed glioma, 1 pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, 2 dysembryoplastic neuroepithelial tumor, and 1 ependymoma. Postoperative seizure frequency (minimum follow-up 6 months) ranged from 15 to 16 seizure-free auras only in patients with temporal tumors and total gross tumor removal (mean follow-up 28 months) to 0 of 6 seizure-free in patients with extratemporal tumors who underwent subtotal resection or biopsy.
Inactivation of Escherichia coli glutamine synthetase by xanthine oxidase, nicotinate hydroxylase, horseradish peroxidase, or glucose oxidase: Effects of ferredoxin, putidaredoxin, and menadione

Previous studies have shown that several mixed-function oxidation (MFO) systems are capable of catalyzing the inactivation of glutamine synthetase (GS) [R.L. Levine, C. N. Oliver, R. M. Fulks, and E. R. Stadtman (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 2120-2124] and a number of the other enzymes [L. Fucci, C. N. Oliver, M. J. Coon, and E. R. Stadtman (1983) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80, 1521-1525]. It has now been found that in the presence of Fe(III), O2, and an appropriate electron donor (hypoxanthine or NADPH, respectively) glutamine synthetase is also inactivated by either milk xanthine oxidase or Clostridial nicotinate hydroxylase. Inactivation of glutamine synthetase by either of these flavoproteins is greatly stimulated by the presence of electron carrier proteins possessing nonheme-iron-sulfur (NHIS) clusters (i.e., ferredoxin or putidaredoxin) or by the presence of menadione. The inactivation reactions are partially inhibited by free radical scavengers, superoxide dismutase, (SOD), histidine, mannitol, dimethyl sulfoxide, and dimethylthiourea, and are inhibited completely by either Mn(II), EDTA, or catalase. The sensitivity to SOD inhibition is greatly suppressed when the xanthine oxidase system is supplemented with either ferredoxin or redoxin. In the presence of the latter NHIS-proteins (and only when they are present), MFO systems, comprised of either horseradish peroxidase and H2O2 or glucose oxidase, O2, and glucose, can also catalyze the inactivation of GS. The ability of ferredoxin and putidaredoxin to promote oxidation modification of GS by any one of these MFO systems suggests that proteins with NHIS centers may mediate the generation (or stabilization) of highly reactive radical intermediates.
Discovery of a novel bicycloproline P2 bearing peptidyl α-ketoamide LY514962 as HCV protease inhibitor

We describe herein the design, syntheses and evaluation of a number of bicycloproline P2 bearing HCV protease inhibitors endowed with impressive enzyme potency, enzyme selectivity, cellular activity and favorable ADME profiles.
Irradiation of Bacterial Spores in Water: Three Classes of Oxygen-Dependent Damage

Studies of irradiated bacterial spores in aqueous suspension indicate that the sensitization of spores by oxygen can depend on three chemical processes. One of these processes involves reactions of hydroxyl radicals; the other two apparently do not.
Factors affecting growth of cell suspension cultures of hypericum perforatum L. (St. John's wort) and production of hypericin

Use of Hypericum perforatum L., commonly known as St. John's wort, has increased recently due to the pharmaceutical potential of hypericin, found in its leaves. Hypericin has been reported to effect a natural treatment for mild and moderate depression by increasing the concentration of neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. We have developed a novel cell culture system for in vitro growth and production of this species, suggesting a possible technology for large-scale production of hypericin. Leaf explants grown in Murashige and Skoog salts supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (0.90 μM) and kinetin (0.11 μM) gave maximum percentage callus formation compared to other medium treatments evaluated. Hypericin localization in cell phase and leaves was found to vary, with cell phase accumulating hypericin in special organelles and leaves accumulating it in vacuoles. Light and dark conditions, with cell aggregate size, played important roles in growth and hypericin production in cell suspension cultures.
Improved synthesis and purification of methylated amanitins using diazomethane.

We have examined the conditions of methylating alpha-amanitin with diazomethane with the intent of producing 6'-O-methyl-alpha-amanitin (meAMA). Under the appropriate conditions meAMA was afforded as the sole product in nearly quantitative yield. By exceeding the stoichiometries designed for optimal meAMA synthesis, a dimethylated amanitin, 1'-N-, 6'-O-dimethyl-alpha-amanitin (dimeAMA), was also produced. Both products were characterized, following HPLC, by ultraviolet and n.m.r. spectroscopy. Based upon their inhibitory potential against wheat germ RNA polymerase II, apparent dissociation constants of 4.3 nM and 5.4 nM were estimated for meAMA and dimeAMA, respectively.
Oral radiation in prosthodontics

Patients scheduled for head and neck cancer surgery first receive a comprehensive oral examination and completion of dental treatment. Radiation in doses sufficient to be therapeutically effective may produce secondary changes which must be prevented whenever possible. Communication between radiologist and dentist is an important element in the care of the cancer patient.
Direct, high resolution, four‐dimensional measurements of the fine scale structure of Sc≫1 molecular mixing in turbulent flows

Results from highly resolved, four‐dimensional measurements of the fine structure of the fully space‐ and time‐varying Sc≫1 conserved scalar field and the associated scalar energy dissipation rate field in a turbulent flow are presented. The resolution achieved in all three spatial dimensions and in time reaches down to the local strain‐limited molecular diffusion scale in the flow, allowing all three components of the instantaneous scalar gradient vector field ∇ζ(x,t) and their time evolution at every point in the data space to be directly evaluated. Results are presented in the form of fine structure maps of the instantaneous dissipation field loge ∇ζ⋅∇ζ(x,t) in several spatially adjacent data planes within an individual three‐dimensional spatial data volume, as well as in several temporally successive data planes from a sequence of such three‐dimensional data volumes. The degree of anisotopy in the underlying scalar gradient field is characterized in terms of the joint distribution β(ϑ,φ) of spherical ...
Psychostimulant self-administration by beagle dogs in a progressive-ratio paradigm

The relative reinforcing efficacy of cocaine, amphetamine, mazindol, and fenfluramine was quantified using a progressive-ratio paradigm. Catheterized beagle dogs (N=6) were given access to response-contingent drug infusions during three 1-h trials each day. According to a predetermined schedule, the response requirement to obtain one infusion each trial was increased daily until the dogs failed to complete the necessary fixed-ratio (FR); i. e., until they reached a “break-point” in their ratio behavior. Fenfluramine (in doses ranging from 0.0625–4.0 mg/kg/infusion) did not maintain self-administration behavior at or above the minimum requirement (FR 30). In contrast, all doses of cocaine (0.2–1.6 mg/kg/infusion), d-amphetamine (0.035–0.28 mg/kg/infusion), and mazindol (0.0225–0.18 mg/kg/infusion) sustained responding at large FR values. The highest FR values were maintained by cocaine, followed by d-amphetamine, then mazindol. Generally the dogs completed higher FRs for higher doses of a drug.
New simple feed network for an array module of four microstrip elements

A simple microstripline feed network for an array module comprising four microstrip elements is described. The advantages and disadvantages of the network are discussed as well as a theoretical explanation for the radiation characteristics of array modules using the network.
Outcomes in a consecutive series of 111 surgically treated plexal tumors: a review of the experience at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center

Object. The authors conducted a retrospective study of 107 consecutive patients with 111 brachial plexus tumors surgically treated at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center (LSUHSC). Methods. During a 12-year period, from 1986 to 1998, 371 patients with lesions of the brachial plexus underwent surgery at LSUHSC. Among this group, 107 patients harbored 111 tumors of the brachial plexus. Neural sheath tumors were the most commonly found and included 33 neurofibromas (20 of which were associated with von Recklinghausen disease), 36 schwannomas, and 12 malignant neural sheath tumors. Of the non—neural sheath tumors, 13 were benign and 17 were malignant. Presenting symptoms included pain (59%), palpable mass (52%), paresthesias (30%), and paresis (29%). Anterior supraclavicular (82%) or posterior subscapular (18%) approaches were used to achieve gross-total (79%) or subtotal (21%) resection of tumor. The average follow-up period was 38.3 months or 3.2 years. Seventy percent of patients with beni...
Temperature coefficients of elastic constants of single crystal MgO between 80 and 1,300 K

Elastic constants of single crystal MgO have been measured by the rectangular parallelepiped resonance (RPR) method at temperatures between 80 and 1,300 K. Elastic constants C ij (Mbar=103 kbar) and their temperature coefficients (kbar/K) are: $$\begin{gathered} {\text{ }}C_{{\text{11}}} {\text{ }}C_{{\text{12}}} {\text{ }}C_{{\text{44}}} {\text{ }}K_s {\text{ }}C_s \hfill \\ C_{ij} {\text{ 300 K 2}}{\text{.966 0}}{\text{.959 1}}{\text{.562 1}}{\text{.628 1}}{\text{.004}} \hfill \\ \partial C_{ij} {\text{/}}\partial T{\text{100 K }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.259 0}}{\text{.013 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.072 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.078 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.136}} \hfill \\ {\text{ 300K }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.596 0}}{\text{.068 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.122 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.153 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.332}} \hfill \\ {\text{ 800 K }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.619 0}}{\text{.009 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.152 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.200 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.314}} \hfill \\ {\text{ 1,300 K }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.598 0}}{\text{.036 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.130 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.223 }} - {\text{0}}{\text{.218}} \hfill \\ \end{gathered} $$ By combining the present results with the previous data on the thermal expansivity and specific heat, the thermodynamic properties of magnesium oxide are presented and discussed. The elastic parameters of MgO at very high temperatures in the earth's lower mantle are also clarified.
Polyglutamine Flanking Regions in Huntingtin Highlight Key Structural Intermediates Relevant for Molecular Chaperone Interaction and Huntington's Disease Pathogenesis

Huntington's Disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by an expansion in the polyglutamine (polyQ) tract of the Huntingtin (Htt) protein. The clinical hallmark of this mutation is the accumulation of amyloid Htt aggregates in neurons. While Htt aggregation is highly correlated with the length of this polyQ tract both in vitro and in vivo, recent studies suggest that the regions flanking the polyQ tract can influence Htt aggregation and toxicity independent of polyQ length. In addition, it is well established that two polyQ flanking regions in exon1 of Htt, the N-terminal first 17 amino acids (N17) and a proline-rich region (PolyPro), influence Htt aggregation propensity. Here, we show that the N17 and PolyPro regions of Htt dramatically influence the rate of the Htt aggregation pathway. We also show that mutations within these polyQ-flanking regions alter Htt toxicity in a brain slice model. The influence of these flanking regions on the heterogeneous distribution of the aggregate species may account for these differences in toxicity. This theory is increasingly relevant in light of recent thought that Htt toxicity may derive from a species other than the amyloid fibril itself. Finally, previous work has shown that the N17 region of Htt interacts with the molecular chaperonin TRiC, and this interaction exerts a protective effect against both Htt aggregation and toxicity. An understanding how these flanking regions influence Htt aggregation will inform how TRiC works through the N17 element. Together, this information can provide the basis to design HD therapeutics that exploit these flanking regions to suppress HD pathogenesis.
Linkage Variation and Chromosome Maps.

A recent paper in this journal by Detlefsen(1) is introduced as follows: "There is a well intrenched concept of recent genetics that hereditary factors or genes may be given fairly definite loci on chromosome maps and that these maps correspond to or represent, roughly perhaps, the actual conditions in the chromosome. The basis for this attractive and suggestive view is the premise that the distance between two genes is necessarily proportional to the percentage of crossing over which these two genes show, other things being equal. If the distance which gives one per cent of crossovers is used as an arbitrary unit of measurement, then it follows that distances on the chromosome may be calculated in terms of this unit. It has seemed to me for some time that the antecedent in this hypothetical proposition contains a more or less gratuitous assumption. We do not know that the distance which gives 1% (or n%) of crossovers is a fixed unit. Stated differently we do not know how constant the percentage of crossing over may be between two genes to which we give a fixed distance, i.e., our arbitrary unit of measurement may itself prove to be a variable. It may be possible for the distance which gives 1% of crossing over to differ in different females of the same population, or differ between stocks. In order to throw some light on these questions I began a set of experiments in 1916 "
The tetranucleotide UCAY directs the specific recognition of RNA by the Nova K-homology 3 domain

The Nova family of proteins are target antigens in the autoimmune disorder paraneoplastic opsoclonus-myoclonus ataxia and contain K-homology (KH)-type RNA binding domains. The Nova-1 protein has recently been shown to regulate alternative splicing of the α2 glycine receptor subunit pre-mRNA by binding to an intronic element containing repeats of the tetranucleotide UCAU. Here, we have used selection-amplification to demonstrate that the KH3 domain of Nova recognizes a single UCAY element in the context of a 20-base hairpin RNA; the UCAY tetranucleotide is optimally presented as a loop element of the hairpin scaffold and requires protein residues C-terminal to the previously defined KH domain. These results suggest that KH domains in general recognize tetranucleotide motifs and that biological RNA targets of KH domains may use either RNA secondary structure or repeated sequence elements to achieve high affinity and specificity of protein binding.
Maximal dissipation in equations of evolution

Abstract The subject of this paper is evolutionary equations, such as the Hunter–Saxton equation or hyperbolic conservation laws, with the property that the initial value problem admits a multitude of solutions along which a certain “energy” functional decays at different rates. The aim is to examine whether solutions that dissipate the energy at maximal rate command special status.
Lunar transportation - Far-term options.

Reuseable shuttle transportation system for lunar base logistics, estimating cost and performance
Workshop on transitioning to multicore: (TMC 2011)

Multicore programming is both prevalent and difficult. Industry programmers deal with large amounts of legacy code and are increasingly relying on multithreading to provide scalability. For legacy systems, it may not be possible to change this programming model. The Transitioning to MultiCore (TMC) workshop is focused on tools and systems for parallel programming that are interoperable with legacy code, that minimize the annotation burden for developers, and match well with current industry practice. We solicit industry experience reports about working or unworkable examples of such tools or systems, as well as research reports.
Rhetorical Counterinsurgency: The FBI and the American Indian Movement

(2007). Rhetorical Counterinsurgency: The FBI and the American Indian Movement. Advances in the History of Rhetoric: Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 223-258.
Oxide ion speciation in potassium silicate glasses: New limits from 17O NMR

Abstract In silicate glasses and liquids, “free” oxide ions (O2 − ions not bonded to any network-forming cations such as Si) are required by stoichiometry for ratios of O/Si > 4, for example in “sub-orthosilicate” compositions (
Flap endonuclease 1 mechanism analysis indicates flap base binding prior to threading.

FEN1 cleaves 5′ flaps at their base to create a nicked product for ligation. FEN1 has been reported to enter the flap from the 5′-end and track to the base. Current binding analyses support a very different mechanism of interaction with the flap substrate. Measurements of FEN1 binding to a flap substrate show that the nuclease binds with similar high affinity to the base of a long flap even when the 5′-end is blocked with biotin/streptavidin. However, FEN1 bound to a blocked flap is more sensitive to sequestration by a competing substrate. These results are consistent with a substrate interaction mechanism in which FEN1 first binds the flap base and then threads the flap through an opening in the protein from the 5′-end to the base for cleavage. Significantly, when the unblocked flap length is reduced from five to two nucleotides, FEN1 can be sequestered from the substrate to a similar extent as a blocked, long flap substrate. Apparently, interactions related to threading occur only when the flap is greater than two to four nucleotides long, implying that short flaps are cleaved without a threading requirement.
Preferences of Angora goats for eight selections of grasses used for reclamation of Great Basin rangelands

Abstract Mature Angora goats were pastured in plots supporting eight selections of grasses used for rangeland reclamation in the northern Great Basin. The objectives were to establish the relative preferences of goats for these forages at two stages of phenology (late-boot and dormant) and relate selective preferences to forage production and quality attributes. Numbers of each selection visited, total bites harvested, and percent plant weight utilized characterized diets of goats. Forage attributes included herbage production, CP, and IVOMD. Crested wheatgrass selections (cultivars ‘Nordan’ and ‘Hycrest II’) were consistently ranked as preferred forages at both stages of phenology, with the two receiving 80 + % of the grazing activity. Cultivars ‘Magnar’ and ‘Trailhead’ basin wildrye, ‘Goldar’ bluebunch wheatgrass, and ‘Bozoisky’ Russian wildrye were ranked as indifferently foraged upon, and a numbered selection (No. 9021076) of thick-spiked wheatgrass and the closely related cultivar ‘Secar’ Snake River wheatgrass ranked as avoided. Variation in herbage production among selections was significantly and positively correlated with visits to selections and total bites but not well enough to be an accurate predictor of selectivity. Indices of forage quality (CP and IVOMD) were not significantly correlated with selectivity. Adequate livestock performance can probably be attained on the preferred and indifferently ranked forages through mid-summer without supplementation. The two thick-spiked wheat-grasses, No. 9021076 and ‘Secar’ Snake River wheatgrass, are not recommended as forages for Angora goats.
The correct triammonium trisulfimide (triammonium 1,3,5,2,4,6-trithiatriazine-1,1,3,3,5,5-hexoxide), (NH4)3N3S3O6

Abstract The main product formed in the thermal trimerization of sulfamide, H2NSO2NH2, at about 200 °C with subsequent rapid re-crystallization from aqueous solution is [(NH4)3N3S3O6]x[HN(SO3NH4)2] (where x≈8); whereas with slow re-crystallization, triammonium trisulfimide, (NH4)3N3S3O6, is formed. The thermal and crystallization conversions between the two compounds and their structures were determined.
Role of in-situ produced methanol on the catalyst deactivation in the liquid phase methanol synthesis process

ABSTRACT The role of methanol produced in-situ in the liquid phase methanol synthesis process has been experimentally examined. The catalyst crystallite size is found to be more stable when the produced water and methanol are consistently removed from the catalyst active sites. The experimental evidence shows that in-situ produced water is not the only culprit for the catalyst crystallite size growth, rather, methanol is also responsible for contributing to crystallite growth and therefore catalyst deactivation Hydrothermal leaching of the catalyst was also determined to be an active participant in catalyst deactivation. Two experimental designs were run to assess the influence of temperature, leaching solution concentration and pretreatment conditions on the extent of leaching of the methanol synthesis catalyst. Water and methanol were found to be active participants in the reduction of catalyst activity. Hence, the methanol/water solutions serve as potentially harmful agents in the leaching of aluminum ...
Inferno: A better model of atoms in dense plasmas

A self-consistent field model of atoms in dense plasmas has been devised and incorporated in a computer program. In the model there is a uniform positive charge distribution with a hole in it and at the center of the hole an atomic nucleus. There are electrons, in both bound and continuum states, in sufficient number to form an electrically neutral system. The Dirac equation is used so that high Z atoms can be dealt with. A finite temperature is assumed, and a mean field (average atom) approximation is used in statistical averages. Applications have been made to equations of states and to photoabsorption.
Star formation in the M17 SW giant molecular cloud

The first high-sensitivity, high-resolution far-IR survey of an entire molecular cloud complex is presented. The 20 km/s M17 SW complex, in addition to the three luminous M17 sources, contains 10 sources spread over 110 pc. The 10 lower luminosity sources divide into two groups: small blister sources powered by late O stars and compact sources powered by clusters of early B stars. No compact far-IR sources with luminosities between the detection limit and 10,000 solar luminosities were detected. Three possible formation mechanisms for the stars that power the far-IR sources in the M17 SW complex are examined. Sequential formation cannot explain the sources seen throughout the complex. Some type of stochastic formation mechanism or collapse induced by a spiral density wave could explain the observations.
A Yeast Intronic Splicing Enhancer and Nam8p Are Required for Mer1p-Activated Splicing

Abstract Three introns whose splicing is activated during meiosis in S. cerevisiae contain a Mer1p-dependent splicing enhancer. The enhancer can impose Mer1p-activated splicing upon the constitutively spliced actin intron provided the basal splicing efficiency of actin is first reduced. Of several nonessential splicing factors tested, only the U1 snRNP protein Nam8p is indispensable for Mer1p-activated splicing. We show that Mer1p associates with the U1 snRNP even in the absence of Nam8p or pre-mRNA. This work defines a yeast splicing enhancer and shows that constitutively expressed and cell type-specific factors combine to regulate splicing of a specific subset of pre-mRNAs including SPO70 , MER2 , and MER3 .
Muscle volume changes.

Measurements have been made of the volume changes accompanying single isometric and isotonic twitches of frog sartorius muscle. The volume change consists of a rapid increase, a subsequent decrease, and a return to the initial volume; the order of magnitude of increase and decrease is 10-5 cc/g of muscle. This volume change is length-dependent: the initial increase becomes more pronounced as the initial length of the muscle is decreased, while the volume decrease is greatest at reference length and is diminished for longer and shorter initial lengths. Muscle volume changes are also dependent upon temperature and amount of shortening: the return phase is prolonged as the temperature is lowered; and, in an isotonic twitch, a volume increase accompanying muscle shortening is superimposed upon the volume change described for an isometric twitch. These "shortening volume changes" may correspond to the volume decrease observed in frog muscle under a passive stretch. If the active state is prolonged by the use of a frog Ringer solution in which iodide ions have been substituted for chloride ions, the time course of the volume decrease is likewise prolonged; this suggests a relationship between the volume decrease and the active state of the muscle.