cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A stochastic crystal plasticity framework for deformation of micro-scale polycrystalline materials

Abstract In this paper we investigate the stochastic behavior in the mechanical response of polycrystalline materials consisting of few grains to hundreds of grains at micron size scales. We study the transition from stochastic (at small scale) to deterministic (at large scale) deformation behavior in polycrystalline samples using both simulation and nanoindentation experiments. Specifically, we develop a stochastic crystal plasticity model combining a Monte Carlo method with a polycrystal continuum dislocation dynamics model in a self-consistent viscoplasticity framework. Using this framework, we numerically calculate the mechanical properties of the polycrystal and gather randomized sampling data of the flow stress. The numerical results are compared to nanoindentation experimental data from three samples with ultra-fine grain structures manufactured via the severe plastic deformation method. The controlling mechanisms of the observed stochastic yield behavior of polycrystals are then discussed using simulations and experimental results. Our results suggest that it is the combination of stochastic plasticity at small scales (where the strength may vary from grain to grain) coupled with the effects of microstructural features such as grain size distribution and crystallite orientations that govern the uncertainty in the mechanical response of the polycrystalline materials. The extent of the uncertainty is correlated to the “effective cell size” in the sampling procedure of the simulations and experiments. The simulations and experimental results demonstrate similar quantitative behavior in terms of coefficient of variation within the same effective cell size.
Bifurcations caused by perturbing the domain in an elliptic equation

We consider the Neumann problem −Δu = λu − up on a continuous family of bounded domains Ωϵ which approach (as ϵ → 0) a set Ω0 with two connected components, and analyze it as a bifurcation problem with two parameters, λ and ϵ. The bifurcation diagrams and the qualitative properties of the bifurcation sets for p odd and p even are obtained, and the relations between them are studied by considering the problem −Δu = λu − au2 − u3 for different values of a.
Fluorescent detection of nitroaromatics and 2,3-dimethyl 2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB) by a zinc complex: (salophen)Zn.

Fluorescent sensors for the detection of chemical explosives are in great demand. It is shown herein that the fluorescence of ZnL* (H2L = N,N‘-phenylene-bis-(3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylideneimine)) is quenched in solution by nitroaromatics and 2,3-dimethyl-2,3-dinitrobutane (DMNB), chemical signatures of explosives. The relationship between the structure and fluorescence of ZnL is explored, and crystal structures of three forms of ZnL(base), (base = ethanol, tetrahydrofuran, pyridine) are reported, with the base = ethanol structure exhibiting a four-centered hydrogen bonding array. Solution structures are monitored by 1H NMR and molecular weight determination, revealing a dimeric structure in poor donor solvents which converts to a monomeric structure in the presence of good donor solvents or added Lewis bases to form five-coordinate ZnL(base). Fluorescence wavelengths and quantum yields in solution are nearly insensitive to monomer−dimer interconversion, as well as to the identity of the Lewis base; in cont...
The Participant as Ally and Essentialist Portraiture

This article describes some of the essential features of a methodological approach to studying individuals’ deeper motivations and experiences. The overall approach consists of “interviewing for feeling” with “the participant as ally and co-contemplator,” “conceptually developed essentialist portraiture,” and cross-case discussion, with an epistemology based on C. H. Cooley’s principle of “sympathetic introspection.” The heart of the article is an example of an analysis of excerpts from an interview with an English as a second language teacher regarding her interest in language. The analysis illustrates how to see and conceptualize the manner in which certain essential aspects in the participant’s consciousness and overall orientation evolve in time. This example is then used to illustrate several concerns of portraiture and the epistemological presuppositions of the approach.
The impacts of burning on Thomson's gazelles', Gazella thomsonii, vigilance in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania

Alterations to habitats that increase the distance at which prey can detect predators can decrease the risk of predation. In grasslands, burning may have this effect for mammalian herbivores by decreasing vegetation height, potentially making burned areas safer habitats. However, few studies have tested the impacts of burning on the perceived predation risk of herbivores. Vigilance can be used as a measure of habitat safety and therefore should be lower in burned areas than unburned areas. We tested the impacts of prescribed burning on vigilance by Thomson's gazelles in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Both individual vigilance, proportion of time an individual spends looking, and group vigilance, proportion of a group looking, of Thomson's gazelles was observed in burned and unburned areas before and after presenting a model cheetah to each group. Surprisingly, both individual and group vigilance was the same in both habitats pre- and post-cheetah addition and removal. This is despite the fact that both vegetation height and biomass were lower in burned areas than unburned areas. Thus, it does not appear that Thomson's gazelles perceive burned areas to be safer habitats than unburned areas. Resume Des modifications de l'habitat qui augmentent la distance a laquelle les proies peuvent deceler leurs predateurs peuvent aussi diminuer le risque de predation. Dans les prairies, les feux peuvent avoir cet effet pour les mammiferes herbivores en diminuant la hauteur de la vegetation, ce qui fait eventuellement des zones brulees des habitats plus surs. Cependant, peu d'etudes ont teste les impacts des feux sur la perception du risque de predation chez les herbivores. L'etat de vigilance peut servir de mesure de la securite de l'habitat et il devrait donc etre moindre dans les zones brulees que dans celles qui ne le sont pas. Nous avons teste les impacts des feux prescrits sur la vigilance de gazelles de Thomson dans le Parc National de Serengeti, en Tanzanie. Nous avons observe la vigilance individuelle, la proportion de temps qu'un individu passe a surveiller, et la vigilance du groupe, la proportion des membres du groupe qui sont en train de regarder, dans des aires brulees et non brulees, avant et apres avoir presente a chaque groupe une silhouette de guepard. Curieusement, la vigilance individuelle et la vigilance de groupe etaient les memes dans les deux habitats avant et apres avoir introduit puis enleve le guepard factice alors que et la hauteur de la vegetation et la biomasse etaient plus faibles dans les zones brulees que dans les zones non brulees. Il semble donc que les gazelles de Thomson ne percoivent pas les zones brulees comme des habitats plus surs que les zones non brulees.
A Practical Approach to Occlusion Therapy for Amblyopia

Amblyopia, a common cause of visual deficit in children, can be conveniently divided into strabismic, anisometropic, ametropic, deprivation, and organic amblyopias. Keys to accurate diagnosis and a practical rationale for treatment are presented. Full-time occlusion, defined as 24 hr/d, 7 d/wk, is emphasized as the best way to gain vision, while part-time occlusion is best used to maintain what has been gained. Careful follow-up of therapy by age-related intervals, defined as 1 week for every year of life up to a maximum of 4 weeks, helps insure the prompt identification and reversal of complications of therapy. Treatment guidelines specific to each type of amblyopia are also presented, with a brief summary of outcomes obtained.
Human fetal extremity lengths in the interval from 9 to 21 menstrual weeks of pregnancy

Abstract Fetal arm, leg, and foot lengths were freshly measured with vernier calipers on all fetuses aborted by me from 1975 to 1983. With the use of these measurements from the 575 patients with reliable menstrual or conception dates and uterine size in agreement (±2 weeks) with dates, statistical analyses were performed to determine the polynomial regressions of menstrual weeks of pregnancy for each extremity length. The data best fit the following formulas, where W represents weeks and F, L, and A are foot, leg, and arm lengths in centimeters: W=3.03 + 17.4(F) − 10.8 (F 2 ) + 3.36(F 3 ) − 0.367(F 4 ); W=5.74 + 6.49(L) − 1.90(L 2 ) + 0.305(L 3 ) − 0.0161(L 4 ); W=5.19 + 5.65(A) − 1.45(A 2 ) + 0.203(A 3 ) − 0.00934(A 4 ). Mean foot lengths at each week agreed well with those of Streeter, and when corrected for bias, all foot lengths were in near perfect agreement with his data.
Effect of the continuous medium on the color of discontinuous substrates. IV. The effect of the refractive index of the continuous medium

It is known from experience that light scattering–absorbing substrates are darker when the continuous medium is water instead of air. This is due to the decrease in scattering efficiency of the scattering particles caused by the smaller value of the ratio n1/n2 of the refractive indices of the scattering particles (n1 = 1.5 to 1.7) to that of water (n2 = 1.33) as compared to that ratio when the continuous medium is air (n2 = 1). Experimental evidence for this phenomenon is presented for polyester fabric viewed in air, water, and a concentrated sucrose solution. The wavelength range from 0.4 to 0.7 microns, and absolute “dry” reflectances from 0.02 to 0.7 were covered. The phenomenon cannot be adequately described with the Kubelka-Munk theory of the color of scattering–absorbing substrates.1 Evidence is presented that at high reflectance values (0.4–0.7), the theory describes the color adequately and the results are consistent with a prediction based on a modified Mie equation for the scattering efficiency of “large” particles.2,3 At low reflectance values (<0.05), the Kubelka-Munk theory breaks down completely. This is consistent with the observation that this theory is not capable of predicting precisely high dye concentrations on textiles but is quite adequate for low concentrations.
Specificity of the generation and expression of enhanced anti-plasmacytoma immunity by spleen cells from melphalan-treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers

We have shown previously that low-dose melphalan (L-PAM) therapy of mice bearing a large MOPC-315 plasmacytoma enables their hitherto immunosuppressed spleen cells to exert potent anti-MOPC-315 cytotoxicity following in vitro immunization with MOPC-315 tumor cells [3]. Here we show that, following in vitro immunization with MOPC-315 tumor cells, spleen cells from such L-PAM-treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers exhibited enhanced T-cell-mediated cytotoxicity not only against the MOPC-315 tumor, but also against another plasmacytoma (MOPC-104E) possessing surface immunoglobulin (SIg) of a different idiotype than the MOPC-315 cells, as well as against a variant of the MOPC-315 tumor which does not produce nor possess SIg (SIg−MOPC-315). The enhanced cytotoxicity was directed against target antigens which are not expressed on the surface of the syngeneic WEHI 22.1 thymoma or the natural killer-sensitive YAC-1 cells. Plasmacytoma shared antigens, other than immunoglobulins, were able to stimulate spleen cells from L-PAM-cured MOPC-315 tumor bearers to generate in vitro a secondary type anti-plasmacytoma cytotoxic response. L-PAM-cured MOPC-315 tumor bearers exhibited in vivo immunity against SIg−MOPC-315 tumor cells, which was sufficiently triggered by the SIg− cells to bring about the rejection of a challenge of at least 100-fold the minimal lethal tumor dose of the SIg−MOPC-315 cells. Thus, SIg− MOPC-315 tumor cells present among SIg+ tumor cells in the parental MOPC-315 tumor inoculum [9, 26] can be eradicated in the L-PAM-treated MOPC-315 tumor bearers by the immune response to SIg+ tumor cells as well as by the immune response to SIg− tumor cells themselves.
On the prediction of topology and local properties for optimal trussed structures

A new formulation is presented for mathematical modelling to predict the distribution of material, material prop- erties, and topology for the optimal design of trussed structures. The design problem is cast in a form to minimize a measure of gen- eralized compliance, which is calculated as a sum over the structure of weighted displacement. Member stiffnesses appear as design variables and, starting with a given ground structure, the solu- tion predicts the optimal layout and distribution of stiffness. The isoperimetric constraint in the reformulated problem measures to- tal cost in generalized form, based on independently specified unit relative cost factors for each truss element. One or another form of optimal design is generated via a process where designated el- ements in the unit relative cost field are adjusted systematically at each cycle. The generalized cost feature provides as well for the introduction of certain technical constraints into the design problem, e.g. the facility to design around obstacles. Results for each cycle of an algorithm for computational treatment are iden- tified as the solution to a properly posed optimization problem. Computational procedures are demonstrated by the prediction of optimal designs for a variety of truss problems in 2D.
Passive Fault Tolerance for a Magnetic Bearing Under PID Control

NASA Glenn Research Center (GRC) has developed a Fault-Tolerant Magnetic Bearing Suspension rig to enhance the safety of the bearing system for multiple component failures. A simple proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller with no fault detection mechanisms was tested in a passive way where the initial bias current and control gains for all the eight heteropolar poles were not changed for the remaining active poles in the fault situations. The action of the integral term in the controller generated autonomous corrective actions for the pole failures to return the rotor to the set point (middle position) after the failure transient. The system stability and control of the rotor position were maintained over the entire speed range, where the rotor passes through the rigid body critical speeds and other rotor disturbances, provided that there was sufficient position stiffness and damping at low speeds. As far as the summation of force vectors of two attracting forces and rotor weight is zero, the passive fault tolerance was successfully demonstrated by using as few as two active poles out of the eight independent poles from each radial bearing (that is simply, 12 out of 16 poles dead). The rotor was spun without losing stability or desired position up to the rig’s maximum allowable speed of 20,000 rpm.Copyright © 2001 by ASME
Diabetes self-management support using mHealth and enhanced informal caregiving

Abstract Objective To characterize diabetes patient engagement and clinician notifications for an mHealth interactive voice response (IVR) service. Design Observational study. Methods For three to six months, VA patients with diabetes received weekly IVR calls assessing health status and self-care along with tailored education. Patients could enroll with an informal caregiver who received suggestions on self-management support. Notifications were issued to clinicians when patients reported significant problems. Results Patients (n = 303) participated for a total of 5684 patient-weeks, during which 84% of calls were completed. The odds of call completion decreased over time (AOR = 0.96, p Conclusions By providing information that is reliable, valid, and actionable, IVR-based mHealth services may increase access to between-visit monitoring and diabetes self-management support. The system detects abnormal glycemia and blood pressure levels that might otherwise go unreported, although thresholds for clinician notifications might require adjustment to avoid overloading clinicians. Patient engagement might be enhanced by addressing health literacy and psychological distress.
Surface relaxation as a mechanism of static fatigue of pristine silica glass fibers

Mechanical strength degradation of glass under static stress, or static fatigue, is usually attributed to the slow growth of a surface flaw. But some glasses, such as pristine silica optical fibers, can be made free from any surface flaw and yet they exhibit static fatigue. Since pristine glass possesses no crack to grow, an alternative mechanism is needed to explain the static fatigue. Surface structural relaxation is proposed as a fatigue mechanism of such materials. Tensile stress-accelerated surface relaxation kinetics in moist atmosphere were analyzed to obtain the activation volume and the proposed surface relaxation mechanism was shown to be plausible.
Necessary and sufficient conditions for quadratic minimality

We provide necessary and sufficient conditions for a (non-convex) quadratic function to take a local minimum over a convex set. Various limiting examples are given.
Denigration and sensorimotor disability induced by ventral tegmental injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine in the cat.

Abstract Selective total destruction of the feline substantia nigra (SN) is virtually impossible. Fulgurative lesions producing partial nigral destruction, with or without encroachment on neighboring structures, have been ineffective in producing lasting abnormalities of the sensorimotor activities of the cat. Ventral tegmental injection of 6-hydroxy-dopamine (6-OH DA) destroyed up to 70% of neurons within the SN without involving outside tissue. Such 6-OH DA-induced chemonigrectomy was associated with a persisting sensorimotor impediment characterized by compulsive circling, truncal ataxia, and, when moving from a higher to a lower place, “somersaulting” and “nosediving”. These abnormalities are similar to those produced by large lesions to the head of the caudate nucleus. These data provide additional indication that caudate effects on the sensorimotor organization are largely relayed through SN.
Mathematical and statistical strategies for biomarker research of aging

The continuing revolution in personal computers has placed computing power rivaling that of some computational laboratories on the desktops of many investigators. Contained in this article are some suggestions for taking advantage of this enhanced computing power in analyzing data in which an investigator does not have control over his sample. Sample reuse methods, called the jackknife and the bootstrap, are discussed, along with possible applications of time-series methods. Some suggestions for getting help from mathematical scientists are also included.
Practical screening of mercury contamination in fish tissue

The increased release of heavy metals over the last century poses an unknown detriment to our ecosystem. Already. poisoning by toxic heavy metals has been documented in a number of species, including man. Estimation of the toxicological context of this release requires screening methods that rapidly process large numbers of samples with minimal cost, effort and ecological impact. We now describe a practical colorimetric kit to quantify mercuric ion in tissue, and demonstrate its application to screen fish. Advantageously, this test can easily be amended for field use and catch-and-release programs.
Removal of lipid from surfaces of roasted peanuts by sonication as assessed by fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy.

Peanut oil migrates to the outer surface during roasting, where it comes into contact with oxygen, leading to the oxidation reactions. Because of its cleaning effect, power ultrasound (sonication) was used for removing surface lipid of roasted peanuts. Georgia green runner-type peanuts were roasted at 178C for 15 min. Roasted peanuts were subjected to lipid extraction in n-hexane by sonication. Fluorescent and electron scanning micrographs revealed that the surface of sonicated peanuts was free of oil stains, as opposed to that of freshly roasted peanuts. These results showed that power ultrasound could remove the lipids from peanut surfaces very effectively. Details of microstructure of sonicated peanuts as was observed using scanning electron microscope reveal that 10 min sonication was sufficient to extract most of the lipids on the roasted peanut surfaces. Fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy are useful in peanut analysis because they can detect lipids in low concentration. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS There is increasing interest of quick procedures to examine the surfaces of roasted peanut samples after undergoing treatments, such as removal of lipids. This research demonstrated the significant use of fluorescent and scanning electron microscopes to quickly study the extent of lipid removal from the surface of roasted peanuts after power ultrasound treatment (sonication).
Recidivism in Child Protective Services

Abstract Recurrent maltreatment of children previously discharged from child protective services is an indicator of how well the child welfare system is performing. Using administrative data from the California Social Services, this study examines trends in child protective case openings in California to identify patterns of service provision and factors associated with recidivism. Prior protective service case openings were found in nearly 50 percent of cases in 1993, representing a 55 percent increase from 1985 to 1993. Nearly two-thirds of cases investigated in 1993 by the Emergency Response component of California's child protective service system were discharged after the assessment process, despite frequent substantiation of maltreatment and previous case openings for maltreatment. Few children discharged from the system received medical or social services or referral to services. Repeated case openings may indicate that potentially vulnerable children are returned to high risk environments without sufficient services to reduce risk; that risks are overestimated; or that a growing number of children hover at a risk level that is just above the threshold for intervention. Recidivism may be reduced through improved risk assessment, provision of appropriate services targeted to children and families in need, and post-termination follow-up with families. The data for this study were obtained from the California Department of Social Services Information Services Bureau. The authors thank Neal Kaufman, M.D., M.P.H. for thoughtful comments and Connie Hudson and Carl Laya of the California Department of Social Services Information Services Bureau for their helpful review of this paper. This study was supported in part by the Bureau of Maternal and Child Health and Resources Development (MCJ-069500). The interpretations and conclusions are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the data collection agency or the funding institutions.
Glutathiolated Ras: Characterization and implications for Ras activation

Ras GTPases cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound forms to regulate a multitude of cellular processes, including cell growth, differentiation, and apoptosis. The activation state of Ras is regulated by protein modulatory agents that accelerate the slow intrinsic rates of GDP dissociation and GTP hydrolysis. Similar to the action of guanine-nucleotide exchange factors, the rate of GDP dissociation can be greatly enhanced by the reaction of Ras with small-molecule redox agents, such as nitrogen dioxide, which can promote Ras activation. Nitrogen dioxide is an autoxidation product of nitric oxide and can react with an accessible cysteine of Ras to cause oxidation of the bound guanine nucleotide to facilitate Ras guanine nucleotide dissociation. Glutathione has also been reported to modify Ras and alter its activity. To elucidate the mechanism by which glutathione alters Ras guanine nucleotide binding properties, we performed NMR, top-down and bottom-up mass spectrometry, and biochemical analyses of glutathiolated Ras. We determined that treatment of H-Ras, lacking the nonconserved hypervariable region, with oxidized glutathione results in glutathiolation specifically at cysteine 118. However, glutathiolation does not alter Ras structure or biochemical properties. Rather, changes in guanine nucleotide binding properties and Ras activity occur upon exposure of Ras to free radicals, presumably through the generation of a cysteine 118 thiyl radical. Interestingly, Ras glutathiolation protects Ras from further free radical-mediated activation events. Therefore, glutathiolation does not affect Ras activity unless Ras is modified by glutathione through a radical-mediated mechanism.
Modeling and allometric scaling of s(+)-ketoprofen pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics: a retrospective analysis

Interspecies scaling of pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters is commonplace in drug development. However, information about proportionality of pharmacodynamic (PD) parameters in different species is scarce. We investigated the feasibility of allometric scaling of PK and PD parameters of s(+)-ketoprofen (sKTP) using the literature data from several animal species. Two different indirect response models were proposed to characterize sKTP inhibitory effects on synthesis of thromboxane B(2) (TXB(2)) and prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)). Using the traditional allometric approach, the obtained PK and PD parameters were plotted against body weights (BW) on a log-log scale. For all species, values of systemic clearance (Cl), distribution clearance (Cl(D)), central volume of distribution (V(c)), and volume of distribution at steady-state (V(ss)) were highly correlated (r(2) = 0.89-0.99) with BW. The PD parameters for inhibition of TXB(2) synthesis were poorly correlated with BW (r(2) = 0.25-0.54) while most of the parameters for inhibition of PGE(2) synthesis lacked any correlation (r(2) approximately 0.05). In conclusion, indirect response models adequately described the time course of sKTP inhibitory effects on synthesis of TXB(2) and PGE(2). Allometrical scaling showed PK parameters to change proportionally to BW, whereas PD parameters had limited ranges and were essentially weight independent.
Inhibition of the polyclonal antibody plaque-forming cell: response of human B lymphocytes by C-reactive protein (CRP) and CRP complexes.

Abstract The pokeweed mitogen (PWM)-induced generation of polyclonal immunoglobulin-secreting cells (ISC), as measured by reverse hemolytic plaque formation of protein A-coated sheep E by human blood mononuclear cells, was inhibited by both purified human C-reactive protein (CRP) and CRP-C-polysaccharide (CRP-CPS) complexes. CRP and CRP-CPS mediated the suppression by binding and activating monocytes and T cells with IgG Fc receptors. The extent of suppression was dependent on CRP concentration and the CRP/CPS ratio and was similar to that obtained with IgG immune complexes. In contrast, CRP did not alter the number of ISC formed in response to the relatively T-independent polyclonal activator, protein A-bearing staphylococci. Suppression of ISC formation was most likely confined to events associated with the terminal stages of B-cell differentiation since no effect of CRP or CRP-CPS on the blastogenic response to polyclonal B-cell activators (PBA) was detected. These findings indicate that the acute phase reactant CRP has the potential to modulate antibody responses during the course of an inflammatory response.
Mitochondrial DNA damage by bleomycin

We have modified a specific and sensitive method of detecting different forms of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and utilized it to study bleomycin (BLM)-induced mtDNA damage. Intact, nicked circular, and linear forms of mtDNA were separated by gel electrophoresis, detected by Southern blot hybridization, and characterized by size markers and alkali treatment. DNA from BLM-treated mitochondria from liver, lung, and L1210 tumors were all equally sensitive to damage by BLM. The extent of BLM-induced mtDNA damage was dependent on experimental conditions. In vitro incubation of isolated mitochondria with BLM showed that 100 microM BLM caused complete conversion of intact to nicked and linear forms. Scission of mtDNA was more extensive if mitochondria were lysed in the presence of BLM than after several washings to remove the drug from the incubation media. Isolated mtDNA was extremely sensitive to BLM such that 10 nM BLM caused loss of intact form. The extent of mtDNA damage by BLM was decreased by the addition of EDTA.
Ontogeny of an anchialine ostracod from Western Australia and comments on the origin and distribution of Halocyprididae

Juvenile instars II, IV, and V of the anchialine halocyprid ostracod Danielopolina kornickeri Danielopol, Baltanas & Humphreys, 2000 (Thaumatocyprididae) are described and illustrated. In addition, a supplementary description of the adult male is presented. Specimens had been collected in Bundera Sinkhole, the type locality of the species in Western Australia. Also, juvenile instars I and II of the deep-sea species Thaumatoconcha radiata Kornicker & Sohn, 1976, which is in the same family as members of the genus Danielopolina , are described and illustrated. It is tentatively concluded that during its ontogeny, D. kornickeri has 6 growth stages; morphological characters useful in identifying the stage and sex of juveniles of D. kornickeri are presented. Finally, the hypothesis is proposed for an anchialine cave ancestor to the present-day planktonic Halocyprididae, now widely spread in the oceans. Les stades juveniles II, IV et V de l'ostracode anchihalin de la famille des Halocyprididae, Danielopolina kornickeri Danielopol, Baltanas & Humphreys, 2000 sont decrits et illustres. Une description complementaire du mâle adulte est egalement presentee. Les specimens ont ete collectes a Bundera Sinkhole, la localite-type de l'espece en Australie occidentale. De meme, les stades juveniles I et II de l'espece d'eaux profondes Thaumatoconcha radiata Kornicker & Sohn, 1976, taxon attribue a la meme famille comme membres du genre Danielopolina sont decrits et illustres. La conclusion provisoire est que, au cours de son ontogenie, D. kornickeri montre 6 stades de croissance; les caracteres morphologiques utiles pour l'identification du stade et du sexe des stades juveniles de D. kornickeri sont presentes. Enfin, l'hypothese d'un ancetre vivant dans des grottes anchihalines est proposee pour les Halocyprididae, aujourd'hui planctoniques et largement repandus dans les oceans.
The improvisational problem

L'A. analyse la notion d'improvisation dans les arts de representation, en particulier dans le theâtre, et souligne les exigences de cette introduction active de nouveaute
ELECTRONIC PROCESSES AND PHOTOELECTRIC ASPECTS OF BILAYER LIPID MEMBRANES

— Owing to the complexity of biological membranes, many model systems have been studied in order to gain insight into the molecular mechanism of specific functions. One such model membrane extensively investigated in the past decade is the so-called bilayer lipid membrane (BLM). With suitable modifications, a BLM less than 100 A thick separating two aqueous solutions has been used as a model for a variety of biological membranes. This paper is devoted to a review of the properties and electronic processes of modified BLM. Recent experiments using these membranes which contain photosynthetic pigments or dyes have demonstrated that, upon illumination, an EMF and a current can be generated. The connection between the photoelectric BLM and light-sensitive biological membranes and the rationale for this work are described. Additionally, the effects of physical chemical parameters such as electric field, temperature, light intensity, duration of illumination and chemical agents (electron acceptors, donors, uncouplers, etc.) on the photoresponses of BLM are discussed. Other results indicate that BLM containing photoactive compounds behave similar to that of a silicon solar cell with one side of the membrane reducing and the other side oxidizing. The transverse pathway for the electron across the BLM could be provided by carotenoids such as β-carotene. Photoelectric BLM of this type represents a unique kind of energy transducing system and may well be useful in the conversion of solar energy into electricity and/or other forms of energy.
Long-term effects of chinch bug (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Lygaeidae) feeding on corn.

Field studies were done during 1986 and 1987 to evaluate effects of Blissus leucopterus leucopterus (Say) feeding in field corn, Zea mays L. Corn plants were infested with adult chinch bugs at two stages of plant development. Plants damaged by natural infestations of chinch bugs were assigned to one of four damage categories (no damage, slight, moderate, and heavy damage) and allowed to mature. Results from plants artificially Infested with chinch bugs at the V2 and V5 stages of development indicated that V2 plants suffered a greater reduction in ear weight and length than did V5 plants. In plants naturally infested with chinch bugs, reductions in ear weight, and length increased in each damage category.
Meconium Impaction in Newborn Foals

Meconium comprises digested amnionic fluid, gastrointestinal secretions, bile, and cellular debris that accumulate in the intestinal tract of the late-term fetus.1 It is usually dark greenish brown or black, firm pellets to pasty in consistency and is generally passed within the first 3 to 4 hours after birth.2,3 The average time to initial passage of meconium in 22 foals born at Colorado State University was 53 ± 35 minutes. Two additional foals did not begin to pass meconium for 5 hours 33 minutes and 7 hours 20 minutes, respectively. Once the meconium has completely passed, the feces of a newborn foal should change in character to a softer consistency and a lighter yellow-orange color of “milk stool.” Colt foals reportedly have a higher incidence of meconium impactions than filly foals, possibly because of a narrower pelvic canal.4,5 Meconium impaction has been reported to be the most common cause of colic or abdominal discomfort in the newborn foal, with 1.5% of all foals being affected.6 A foal is considered to have a meconium impaction or retained meconium if frequent failed attempts to pass meconium occur within the first 12 to 36 hours of life. Failure to pass the first feces typically results in significant abdominal pain.7 A foal also may pass a small amount of meconium and still develop a meconium impaction. Therefore, continued monitoring of bowel movements over the first 24 to 36 hours of life is warranted. Retention of fecal material may be within the small colon at the pelvic inlet (low impaction) or higher up within the transverse or right dorsal colon (high impaction).2,3 Predisposing factors for meconium impaction include maternal malnutrition, delayed colostrum intake and subsequent loss of the laxative effect of colostrum, dystocia, prematurity, prolonged gestation, low birth weight, intestinal disease, dehydration, and hypomotility of the colon.6
Spontaneous heterotopic pregnancy and acute appendicitis treated by laparoscopy.

The occurrence of concurrent intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies, or heterotopic pregnancy (HP), has been estimated at 1 in 30,000 spontaneous pregnancies [1,2]. On the other hand the incidence of acute appendicitis, a condition that may increase the risk of maternal death, is estimated at 1 per 1500 pregnancies [3]. To these authors' knowledge, no case of combined spontaneous HP and appendicitis treated by laparoscopy has been reported on so far. A 35-year-old woman (gravida 4, para 0) was admitted to the Department of Operative and Endoscopic Gynecology, Polish Mothers' Memorial Hospital and Research Institute, Lodz, Poland, for lower abdominal pain 7 weeks and 4 days after her last menstruation. A transvaginal ultrasonographic scan revealed a live intrauterine pregnancy of 8 weeks' duration as well as a 42mm mass in the right adnexa. Heterotopic pregnancy was suspected, and the patient was qualified for laparoscopic exploration. The exploration revealed an enlarged fallopian tube and a visibly inflamed appendix. Appendectomy and a right salpingectomy were performed. No intraoperative complications occurred. The patient was discharged from the hospital with a live intrauterine pregnancy following an uneventful postoperative course. Histologic studies revealed the presence of decidua with immature and necrotic chorionic villi in the resected fallopian tube as well as acute appendicitis, with inflammation of the entire wall of the appendix. At 39 weeks of pregnancy, the patient was delivered of a healthy female infant. Eleven months later she reported to the department with a 14-week amenorrhea, and a live 14-week intrauterine pregnancy was detected. Until now, only Barnett and colleagues [4] have reported on a case of HP concomitant with acute appendicitis. This case occurred following in-vitro fertilization and entailed a ruptured appendix. The main task in the treatment of HP is to preserve the developing intrauterine pregnancy. In the surgical management of ectopic pregnancy, the benefits of salpingectomy over salpingotomy are uncertain. Salpingectomy may be easier and safer, especially in the presence of a live intrauterine pregnancy. It reduces the risk of complications such as the persistent bleeding or retention of trophoblastic tissue that can occur after salpingotomy [1]. In the present case, laparoscopy led to the surprising finding of appendicitis concomitant with HP. It has been suggested that ectopic pregnancies may induce periappendicitis, but the histopathologic findings ruled out periappendicitis as well as inflammation in the fallopian tube. In conclusion, laparoscopy provides good outcomes in the diagnosis and treatment of HP and appendicitis, and laparotomy should be reserved for life-threatening conditions. In the case of HP, salpingectomy should be considered when the contralateral fallopian tube is healthy as this treatment does not preclude future fertility.
Lexical semantic constraints on noun roots and noun borrowability

While nouns are thought to be more easily borrowed than verbs, this investigation demonstrates that there may be limitations on noun borrowing into certain languages. The case of Zuni is examined, in which conditions of contact similar to that of neighboring languages nevertheless result in a different treatment of the noun lexicon. The possibility of borrowing natural kind nouns into Zuni exists alongside a tendency against borrowing nouns of the artifact type. It is argued that the source of this tendency against artifact noun borrowing in Zuni is the grammatical complexity of the lexical semantic representation for these nouns: grammatical complexity in Zuni noun roots appears to be dispreferred. These findings belie the claim of Thomason and Kaufman (1988) that “any linguistic feature can be transferred to any other language” given an appropriate degree of contact.
Understanding the Role of Nonresonant Sum-Frequency Generation from Polystyrene Thin Films

The nonresonant (NR) portion of sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectra of polystyrene (PS) thin films is shown to contain physical information and affect the analysis of the surface structure. When...
Surface coats on human lymphocytes: freeze-drying and staining with cations.

Surface coats can be demonstrated on human peripheral blood lymphocytes by staining with ruthenium red, alcian blue, Thorotrast, and cationized ferritin, which are similar in distribution to a 40- to 65-nm layer of amorphous extracellular material recently reported on fixed, freeze-dried lymphocytes. Several additional lines of evidence, including X-ray micro-analysis, suggest that the latter is not a contaminant added by freeze-drying. Freeze-drying may provide the means for a morphological assessment of the lymphocyte surface, including the extracellular coat, which may give additional insight into the immune response.
Development and Experimental Validation of an Exergy-Based Computational Tool for Data Center Thermal Management

The recent miniaturization of electronic devices and compaction of computer systems will soon lead to data centers with power densities of the order of 300 W/ft2 . At these levels, traditional thermal management techniques are unlikely to suffice. To enable the dynamic smart cooling systems necessary for future data centers, an exergetic approach based on the second law of thermodynamics has recently been proposed. However, no experimental data related to this concept is currently available. This paper discusses the development and subsequent validation of an exergy-based computer model at an instrumented data center in Palo Alto, California. The study finds that when appropriately calibrated, such a computational tool can successfully predict information about local and global thermal performance that cannot be perceived intuitively from traditional design methods. Further development of the concept has promising potential for efficient data center thermal management.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
A regular scalable fault tolerant interconnection network for distributed processing

Abstract Bounded degree networks like deBruijn graphs or wrapped butterfly networks are very important from VLSI implementation point of view as well as for applications where the computing nodes in the interconnection networks can have only a fixed number of I/O ports. One basic drawback of these networks is that they cannot provide a desired level of fault tolerance because of the bounded degree of the nodes. On the other hand, networks like hypercube (where degree of a node grows with the size of a network) can provide the desired fault tolerance but the design of a node becomes problematic for large networks. In their attempt to combine the best of the both worlds, authors in [IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems 4(9) (1993) 962] proposed hyper-deBruijn (HD) networks that have many additional features of logarithmic diameter, partitionability, embedding, etc. But, HD networks are not regular, are not optimally fault tolerant and the optimal routing is relatively complex. Our purpose in the present paper is to extend the concepts used in the above-mentioned reference to propose a new family of scalable network graphs that retain all the good features of HD networks and at the same time are regular and maximally fault tolerant; the optimal point to point routing algorithm is significantly simpler than that of the HD networks. We have developed some new interesting results on wrapped butterfly networks in the process.
Fish assemblages across a complex, tropical freshwater/marine ecotone

Riverine fish assemblages in the temperate zone generally show strong longitudinal patterns of faunal turnover and increases in species richness with increasing stream order. We examined the composition and structure of tropical fish assemblages across a complex freshwater/marine ecotone in Tortuguero National Park on the Caribbean coast of Central America. Species turnover was high between four characteristic habitats that largely corresponded with a longitudinal gradient of stream order over distances of less than 30 km. Suites of common fish species characterized each habitat: creeks, rivers, lagoons, and the sea. In addition to the habitat endemics, several species spanned two habitat types, but only three species were collected in more than two habitats. Multivariate gradient analysis of fish assemblages reflected a gradient of habitats that to some extent corresponded to fluvial distances. Due to the unusual configuration of coastal lagoons lying parallel to the coast, the ordination gradient showed little correlation with linear distance to the coast. Environmental variables related to habitat size and salinity showed greatest correspondence with the fish assemblage ordination gradient. Invertebrate-feeding fishes were the predominant trophic group in 15 of 16 fish assemblages, and inland creek sites contained a greater proportion of herbivores and omnivores than other sites. The relative fraction of herbivorous and detritivorous fishes showed a monotonic decline along the longitudinal habitat gradient from inland to coast. Patterns of species composition and richness at Tortuguero Park appeared to agree well with earlier models of factors influencing temperate zone stream fishes. Headwaters have low aquatic primary productivity and contain small colonizing fish species subject to large fluctuations in local densities and intermittent competition. Lagoons contain both large and small species, the latter being restricted largely to shallow edge habitats by predation. Lagoons exhibit more lentic environmental conditions, experience relatively fewer periodic disturbances than headwaters, and their assemblages are inferred to be under relatively greater influence of biotic factors. Fish assemblages of rivers and canos (swampy side channels and braids) appear to be under less abiotic control than headwaters and influenced less by biotic factors than lagoons.
A protocol for mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) in Drosophila

Mosaic analysis with a repressible cell marker (MARCM) is a genetic technique used in Drosophila to label single cells or multiple cells sharing a single progenitor. Labeled homozygous mutant cells can be generated in an otherwise unlabeled heterozygous animal. Mutant or wild-type labeled cells can also be made to express one or more transgenes. Major applications of MARCM include (i) lineage analysis, (ii) investigating gene function in single or small populations of cells and (iii) neuronal circuit tracing. Our laboratory uses MARCM primarily to label and genetically manipulate neurons; however, this protocol can be adapted to any cell of interest. The protocol involves generating two fly stocks with the necessary genetic elements for MARCM analysis and subsequently generating MARCM clones. Labeled clones can be followed in live and fixed tissues for high-resolution analysis of wild-type or genetically manipulated cells. NOTE: In the PDF version of this article initially published online, the first “FRT” and the “Mutation” labels in Figure 1b were transposed. In both the PDF and HTML versions, “mutant” was omitted from the label on the right, which should read “Labeled homozygous mutant daughter cell”. The figure has been corrected in all versions of the article.
The amino-terminal peptide of Bax perturbs intracellular Ca2+ homeostasis to enhance apoptosis in prostate cancer cells

During apoptosis, proteolytic cleavage of Bax at the amino terminus generates a truncated Bax of approximately 18 kDa (p18Bax) and an amino-terminal peptide of approximately 3 kDa (p3Bax). Whereas extensive studies have shown that p18Bax behaves like a BH3 protein with enhanced pro-apoptotic function over that of the full-length Bax (p21Bax), little is known about the function of p3Bax in apoptosis. We have previously shown that Bax and Ca2+ play a synergistic role in amplifying apoptosis signaling and that store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) contributes to Bax-mediated apoptosis in prostate cancer cells. Here we test whether p3Bax can contribute to regulation of Ca2+ signaling during apoptosis through use of a membrane-penetrating peptide to facilitate delivery of recombinant p3Bax into NRP-154 cells, a prostate epithelial cell line with tumorigenic capacity. We find that human immunodefficiency virus transactivator of transcription protein (TAT)-p3Bax fusion peptide can enhance thapsigargin-induced apoptosis in NRP-154 cells, elevate SOCE activity, and increase inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive intracellular Ca2+ stores. Our data indicates that p3Bax can modulate the entry of extracellular Ca2+ and thus regulate the amplification of apoptosis in prostate cancer cells.
Novel Lanthanocene Analogues of “Carbons Apart” Erba- and Dysprosacarboranes: Synthetic and Structural Investigation

The reaction of closo-exo-5,6-Na(THF) 2 -1-Nα-(THF) 2 -2,4-(SiMe 3 ) 2 -2,4-C 2 B 4 H 4 (1) and anhydrous LnCl 3 , in a molar ratio of 3:1, in dry benzene at 60 °C produced novel lanthanocene analogues of metallacarborane complexes of the formula [Na 3 ][1,1'-[5,6-(μ-H) 2 -nido-2,4-(SiMe 3 ) 2 -2,4-C 2 B 4 H 4 ]-2,2',4,4'-(SiMe 3 ) 4 -1,1'-commo-Ln-(2,4-C 2 B 4 H 4 ) 2 ] (Ln = Er (2), Dy (3)) as yellow crystalline solids in 82% and 78% yields, respectively, thus establishing a new structural pattern for lanthanacarboranes.