cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The William J. Davis Award An Analysis of Trends From 1980 to 2007

Purpose: This article provides an analysis of articles winning the William J. Davis Award in Educational Administration Quarterly (EAQ) from its start in 1980 through 2007. Findings: Information is presented on data relating to two guiding questions: (a) What themes or trends have emerged over time in Davis Award–winning articles? (b) What impact have Davis Award–winning articles had on the field relative to other EAQ articles? Conclusions: Based on patterns that emerged from the data, ideas for continued changes in EAQ’s editorial policies relating to the award are explored.
Several new species of Amphora and Halamphora from the western USA

Amphora Ehrenberg ex Kutzing sensu lato incorporates a large and diverse group of diatoms. Although having its greatest taxonomic diversity in marine environments, inland waters of the USA appear to hold a large amount of undescribed taxa diversity requiring thorough taxonomic investigation. Presented here are descriptions and illustrations of seven new species collected from inland waters of the western USA, based on light and scanning electron microscope observations. Species described include A. copulatoides, A. manifesta and A. waldeniana from the genus Amphora subgenus Amphora and H. coloradiana, H. latecostata, H. punctata and H. subtilis from the genus Halamphora (Cleve) Levkov. This work represents the first steps in a larger taxonomic and systematic investigation into Amphora sensu lato from inland waters of the USA.
Correlation of Exercise Response in Repaired Coarctation of the Aorta to Left Ventricular Mass and Geometry

The role of exercise testing to risk stratify patients with repaired coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is controversial. Concentric left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, defined as an increase in the LV mass-to-volume ratio (MVR), is associated with a greater incidence of adverse cardiovascular events. The objective of the present study was to determine whether a hypertensive response to exercise (HRE) is associated with increased LVMVR in patients with repaired CoA. Adults with repaired CoA who had a symptom-limited exercise test and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging examination within 2 years were identified. A hypertensive response to exercise was defined as a peak systolic blood pressure >220 mm Hg during a symptom-limited exercise test. The LV mass and volume were measured using cardiac magnetic resonance by an investigator who was unaware of patient status. We included 47 patients (median age 27.3 years, interquartile range 19.8 to 37.3), who had undergone CoA repair at a median age of 4.6 years (interquartile range 0.4 to 15.7). Those with (n = 11) and without (n = 36) HRE did not differ in age, age at repair, body surface area, arm-to-leg systolic blood pressure gradient, gender, or peak oxygen uptake with exercise. Those with a HRE had a greater mean systolic blood pressure at rest (146 ± 18 vs 137 ± 18 mm Hg, p = 0.04) and greater median LVMVR (0.85, interquartile range 0.7 to 1, vs 0.66, interquartile range 0.6 to 0.7; p = 0.04) than those without HRE. Adjusting for systolic blood pressure at rest, age, age at repair, and gender, the relation between HRE and LVMVR remained significant (p = 0.001). In conclusion, HRE was associated with increased LVMVR, even after adjusting for multiple covariates.
Optimal Design of Grid-Stiffened Composite Panels

A design strategy for optimal design of composite grid-stiffened panels subjected to global and local buckling constraints is developed using a discrete optimizer. An improved smeared stiffener theory is used for the global buckling analysis. Local buckling of skin segments is assessed using a Rayleigh-Ritz method that accounts for material anisotropy and transverse shear flexibility. The local buckling of stiffener segments is also assessed. Design variables are the axial and transverse stiffener spacing, stiffener height and thickness, skin laminate, and stiffening configuration, where the stiffening configuration is herein defined as a design variable that indicates the combination of axial, transverse, and diagonal stiffeners in the stiffened panel. The design optimization process is adapted to identify the lightest-weight stiffening configuration and stiffener spacing for grid-stiffened composite panels given the overall panel dimensions, in-plane design loads, material properties, and boundary conditions of the grid-stiffened panel.
Molecular genetic biomarkers in hematological malignancies

Most hematopoietic malignancies are widely disseminated even in their "early" stages and often do not have a well-defined localized phase. This makes them less amenable to conventional early screening methods such as imaging and observation. Furthermore, the staging systems for lymphomas are not particularly useful prognostically, with the possible exception of Hodgkin's disease. However, as currently compared with solid tumors, the extensively detailed understanding of the acquired (somatic) genetic lesions in leukemias and lymphomas provide useful molecular biomarkers for early detection. Moreover, well described high risk groups have been identified. These include individuals who are immunosuppressed, for example, iatrogenically following organ transplantation or those with AIDS. Also at high risk are patients treated with certain chemotherapeutic agents who are at risk for the development of acute non-lymphoblastic leukemia. Accordingly, these clinical settings might prove to be good models for evaluating molecular cancer risk markers and the possible introduction of chemoprevention. Here, we outline the biological basis for the application of biomarkers for the early detection of hematological neoplasia. These concepts may provide the stage for the creation of chemoprevention studies in leukemia and lymphoma.
Meeting basic needs in Asia, Part II: Improving the performance of government and local communities

In nearly all Asian countries services available to rural populations are inadequate and inappropriate. Improvement is crucial not only to fulfilling basic human needs, but for raising productivity and generating more broadly based economic development. This article reviews the types of obstacles in the way of improving service delivery, and assesses the strengths and weaknesses of the major institutional arrangements for delivering services. In the light of this review the article identifies four issues of major importance, first, the priority to be given to providing social and productive services; second, the most appropriate approach to delivering social and productive services; third, how to finance social services more effectively; and finally what alternative means there are of improving the administration of services. This article follows on from Part I which presented a comparative review of service needs in Asian countries.
Less visible and wireless: two experiments on the effects of microphone type on users' performance and perception

When devices become less visible and recede to the background, what kinds of influences would they have on users'? This paper presents two experiments (N=48 and N=96) that examine the effects of four different types of microphones (and voice vs. text output) on user's behaviors and attitudes. The microphones differ with respect to their visibility and users' mobility. Participants performed two different tasks: a standard creativity task and a standard disclosure task. Mobility facilitated creativity and disclosure of personal information. Recording reminder discouraged creativity and disclosure. Output modality had no significant effect. Implications for ubiquitous computing and voice user interfaces are discussed.
Timing, route, and dose of administration of heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor in protection against intestinal ischemia-reperfusion injury

Abstract Purpose We have previously demonstrated that heparin-binding epidermal growth factor–like growth factor (HB-EGF) is an intestinal cytoprotective agent. The current study examined whether HB-EGF is effective as salvage therapy as well as prophylactic therapy for intestinal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury, whether intravenous administration is as effective as intraluminal administration, and whether increased benefits are seen with increasing dose. Methods Total midgut I/R injury in rats was achieved by occlusion of a first-order branch of the superior mesenteric artery for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 6 hours. Rats were treated with HB-EGF 5 minutes before ischemia, halfway through the ischemic event, or 5 minutes after ischemia. Route of administration was tested by administering HB-EGF either intraluminally or intravenously. Seven different doses of HB-EGF were tested. Results Heparin-binding, EGF-like growth factor protected the intestine from injury when administered before injury and was also effective when administered during ischemia or even after injury. Intraluminal administration of HB-EGF was superior to intravenous administration. Increasing doses of HB-EGF resulted in a greater cytoprotective effect. Conclusion These data demonstrate that HB-EGF acts as an effective intestinal cytoprotective agent when administered intraluminally not only before injury, but also during injury and, most importantly, even after intestinal injury has already occurred. These findings support a basis for the prophylactic use of intraluminal HB-EGF in high-risk patients, as well as for the administration of HB-EGF to salvage patients in whom an intestinal insult has already occurred.
Fabrication and characterization of micro dent arrays produced by laser shock peening on titanium Ti–6Al–4V surfaces

Abstract Surface micro dents may act as lubricant reservoirs to reduce friction and wear in sliding and rolling contact applications. Surface patterning has become a valuable technique for fabricating micro dents. Alternative methods such as micromachining present obvious limitations in comparison with laser shock peening (LSP). In this paper, the use of micro LSP along with an automatic XY table proves to be an attractive and reliable method for producing micro dent arrays with enhanced surface integrity. Surface topography, residual stress, and microhardness of the fabricated micro dent arrays on polished Ti–6Al–4V surfaces have been characterized. It has been shown that LSP is capable of efficiently fabricating mass micro dent arrays with controllable size via adjusting laser power. The center area of the peened dents has the highest hardness. In addition, high compressive residual stress can also be produced.
Advanced code coverage analysis using substring holes

Code coverage is a common aid in the testing process. It is generally used for marking the source code segments that were executed and, more importantly, those that were not executed.Many code coverage tools exist, supporting a variety of languages and operating systems. Unfortunately, these tools provide little or no assistance when code coverage data is voluminous. Such quantities are typical of system tests and even for earlier testing phases. Drill-down capabilities that look at different granularities of the data, starting with directories and going through files to functions and lines of source code, are insufficient. Such capabilities make the assumption that the coverage issues themselves follow the code hierarchy. We argue that this is not the case for much of the uncovered code. Two notable examples are error handling code and platform-specific constructs. Both tend to be spread throughout the source in many files, even though the related coverage, or lack thereof, is highly dependent.To make the task more manageable, and therefore more likely to be performed by users, we developed a hole analysis algorithm and tool that is based on common substrings in the names of functions. We tested its effectiveness using two large IBM software systems. In both of them, we asked domain experts to judge the results of several hole-ranking heuristics. They found that 57% - 87% of the 30 top-ranked holes identified by the effective heuristics are relevant. Moreover, these holes are often unexpected. This is especially impressive because substring hole analysis relies only on the names of functions, whereas domain experts have a broad and deep understanding of the system.We grounded our results in a theoretical framework that states desirable mathematical properties of hole ranking heuristics. The empirical results show that heuristics with these properties tend to perform better, and do so more consistently, than heuristics lacking them.
Design principles for ecological engineering

Abstract The emerging discipline of ecological engineering is a response to the growing need for engineering practice to provide for human welfare while at the same time protecting the natural environment from which goods and services are drawn. It recognizes that humanity is inseparable from and dependent on natural systems, and that the growing worldwide population and consumption have damaged, and will increasingly stress, global ecosystems. Ecological engineering is the design of sustainable systems, consistent with ecological principles, which integrate human society with its natural environment for the benefit of both. It recognizes the relationship of organisms (including humans) with their environment and the constraints on design imposed by the complexity, variability and uncertainty inherent to natural systems. Successful ecological engineering will require a design methodology consistent with, if not based on, ecological principles. We identify five design principles to guide those practicing ecological engineering. The principles are: (1) design consistent with ecological principles, (2) design for site-specific context, (3) maintain the independence of design functional requirements, (4) design for efficiency in energy and information, and (5) acknowledge the values and purposes that motivate design.
Paternal RLIM/Rnf12 Is a Survival Factor for Milk-Producing Alveolar Cells

In female mouse embryos, somatic cells undergo a random form of X chromosome inactivation (XCI), whereas extraembryonic trophoblast cells in the placenta undergo imprinted XCI, silencing exclusively the paternal X chromosome. Initiation of imprinted XCI requires a functional maternal allele of the X-linked gene Rnf12, which encodes the ubiquitin ligase Rnf12/RLIM. We find that knockout (KO) of Rnf12 in female mammary glands inhibits alveolar differentiation and milk production upon pregnancy, with alveolar cells that lack RLIM undergoing apoptosis as they begin to differentiate. Genetic analyses demonstrate that these functions are mediated primarily by the paternal Rnf12 allele due to nonrandom maternal XCI in mammary epithelial cells. These results identify paternal Rnf12/RLIM as a critical survival factor for milk-producing alveolar cells and, together with population models, reveal implications of transgenerational epigenetic inheritance.
Toward a Model of Social Influence that Explains Minority Student Integration into the Scientific Community

Students from several ethnic minority groups are underrepresented in the sciences, such that minority students more frequently drop out of the scientific career path than non-minority students. Viewed from a perspective of social influence, this pattern suggests that minority students do not integrate into the scientific community at the same rate as non-minority students. Kelman (1958, 2006) describes a tripartite integration model of social influence (TIMSI) by which a person orients to a social system. To test if this model predicts integration into the scientific community, we conducted analyses of data from a national panel of minority science students. A structural equation model framework showed that self-efficacy (operationalized consistent with Kelman’s ‘rule-orientation’) predicted student intentions to pursue a scientific career. However, when identification as a scientist and internalization of values are added to the model, self-efficacy becomes a poorer predictor of intention. Additional mediation analyses support the conclusion that while having scientific self-efficacy is important, identifying with and endorsing the values of the social system reflect a deeper integration and more durable motivation to persist as a scientist.
The art of conversing: Informal speech education, 1828–1860

(1964). The art of conversing: Informal speech education, 1828–1860. Today's Speech: Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 7-36.
Thermography in detection of early breast cancer.

Thermography has been regarded chiefly as an adjunct to physical examination and mammography in suspected breast cancers. the possibility that elevated skin temperatures of themselves may have significance has been regarded with little enthusiasm or frank skepticism. Four cancers that came to biopsy solely on the basis of elevated skin temperatures are presented. in each case, physical examination and mammographic studies were negative or equivocal. All four cancers were Stage I, with no axillary lymph node metastasis. the reports of other thermographers, who have found breast cancers entirely on the basis of elevated skin temperatures, are cited.
Physiology of Helping in Florida Scrub-Jays

If you are in the right habitat in south central Florida, you can frequently watch groups of Florida scrub-jays. If you make a hissing sound?a tech nique that birders call pishing?you might attract half a dozen of these birds, which resemble the common blue jay in size and shape, minus the crest. The blue wings and tail combined with a mostly blue head, a gray-brown triangular "cape" on a blue-gray back and a streaked blue-gray "necklace," or breast band, identify the scrub-jay The pishing calls in the birds from the local territory, where they work together to raise offspring, an approach called co operative breeding. In cooperatively breeding species, one or more helpers assist a breeding pair in rearing young. Alexander Skutch, an American who has observed birds in Costa Rica for more than 50 years, first described cooperative breeding in 1935. Since then, the overwhelming majority of research in this field has examined
Vibrational/HREELS, UV/HREELS, and temperature-programmed desorption of benzene and hydrogen on (2×1)Pt(1 1 0)

Abstract In the previous literature, there has been controversy about the nature of adsorbed benzene on platinum. Some workers say that the benzene is undistorted upon adsorption, while others say it is highly distorted. In this paper, the interaction of benzene with (2×1)Pt(1 1 0) was studied with vibrational/HREELS, UV/EELS, and temperature-programmed desorption. It is found that two different forms of benzene can be formed upon adsorption on Pt(1 1 0): an undistorted form and a highly distorted form. The distorted form is produced at low coverages and has a HREELS and UV/EELS structure consistent with that for a dienyl species. The high coverage has a spectrum which matches the expected spectrum for benzene. Temperature-programmed desorption shows that the distorted form mostly decomposes to carbon and hydrogen upon heating, with a fraction desorbing. In contrast, the molecular form simply desorbs upon heating. The distorted form can also be hydrogenated to cyclohexene while the undistorted form is unreactive. This work provides clear evidence that two different forms of benzene can be produced on Pt(1 1 0), which explains why different investigators have come to different conclusions about the nature of adsorbed benzene.
Metal Cation/Anion Speciation Via Paired-Ion, Reversed Phase HPLC With Refractive Index and/or Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectroscopic Detection Methods

Abstract Conventional high performance liquid chromatography instrumentation and packing materials can be inexpensively and rapidly utilized for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of various metal cations or anions. The final approaches utilize reversed phase HPLC in the form of paired-ion separations. The detection of individually eluted, fully resolved metal cations or anions is possible via conventional refractive index or inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopic detection. In many cases, unresolved mixtures of metal cations, eluted as a single peak on HPLC, can be resolved and identified via the use of ICP detection. Both metal cations and anions can be easily resolved, according to oxidation states, using paired-ion techniques, in combination with ICP detection. Final data representation can be in the form of conventional, continuous RI and/or ICP chromatograms, via pulsed data ICP presentations, and/or via tabular ICP data presentation.
Landslide Erosion Rate in the Eastern Cordillera of Northern Bolivia

Abstract The northeastern edge of the Bolivian Eastern Cordillera is an example of a tectonically active plateau margin where orographically enhanced precipitation facilitates very high rates of erosion. The topography of the steepest part of the margin exhibits the classic signature of high erosion rates consisting of high-relief V-shaped valleys where landsliding is the dominant process of hillslope erosion and bedrock rivers are incising into the landscape. The authors mapped landslide scars on multitemporal aerial photographs to estimate hillslope erosion rates. Field surveys of landslide scars are used to calibrate a landslide volume versus area relationship. The mapped area of landsliding, in combination with an estimate of the time for landslide scars to revegetate, leads to an erosion rate estimate. The estimated revegetation time, 10–35 yr, is based on analysis of multitemporal aerial photographs and tree rings. About 4%–6% of two watersheds in the region considered were affected by landslides ov...
The role of knowledge structures in the ability of preservice elementary teachers to diagnose a child's understanding of molecular kinetics

This study explored preservice teachers' (n = 25) knowledge structures and their mastery of content knowledge in relation to their ability to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of a fourth grader's videotaped explanations of a scientific phenomenon, i.e., molecular kinetic properties of air. Participants' knowledge structures were analyzed using flow maps before and following a unit of instruction on molecular kinetic properties of air. Participants' diagnostic scores were obtained before and after instruction. An additional diagnostic score used to explore relationships between knowledge structures and participants' abilities to apply understandings in a novel task was obtained following instruction. Findings include a significant increase in the mean number of diagnostic scores following instruction (t = 5.6; p ≤ 0.00) and a positive correlation (r = 0.58; p ≤ 0.02) between knowledge structure complexity and participants' ability to diagnose the child's thinking on a novel molecular kinetics task. Implications for teacher education programs are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed90:936–951, 2006
Magnetosome formation in prokaryotes

Magnetotactic bacteria were discovered almost 30 years ago, and for many years and many different reasons, the number of researchers working in this field was few and progress was slow. Recently, however, thanks to the isolation of new strains and the development of new techniques for manipulating these strains, researchers from several laboratories have made significant progress in elucidating the molecular, biochemical, chemical and genetic bases of magnetosome formation and understanding how these unique intracellular organelles function. We focus here on this progress.
The reaction of peroxydisulphuryl difluoride with antimony pentachloride

Abstract : The reaction of S2O6F2 with SbCl5 proceeded readily in the vicinity of 3C. In reactions involving a mole ratio of S2O6F2:SbCl5 slightly in excess of 2.5:1, an unstable antimony fluorosulfate was formed. This viscous orange liquid contained at least 4 fluorosulfate groups per atom of Sb. The substance slowly decomposed at 25C in vacuo liberating S2O5F2 and SO3. The orange oil was pumped to constant weight at 25C, and the non-volatile material which remained was a pale yellow solid. The pale yellow solid was found to contain a small amound of chlorine present in a positive oxidation state. In the case of reactions involving a large excess of S2O6F2, the results indicated that a stable antimony compound containing close to 3.5 fluorosulfate groups per atom of antimony was formed. Again chlorine was found to be present in a positive oxidation state, and it is possible that stabilization of the antimony compound occurred through partial formation of a complex R(+)(Sb(SO3F)6-xFx)(-) where R = Cl, ClO, or ClO2. (Author)
Quantifying hydroxyl functionality of telechelic poly(ethylene ether carbonate) diols

A Fourier transform infrared-based method for quantification of hydroxyl functionality was developed and applied to several commercial poly(ethylene oxide) samples of known difunctionality and several experimental poly(ethylene ether carbonate) (PEEC) samples. The PEEC prepolymers were synthesized by ring-opening bulk polymerization of ethylene carbonate using dibutyltin diacetate, dibutyltin dilaurate or dibutyltin dimethoxide as catalysts. Absorption measurements were made of a sterically favored five-membered hydrogen-bonded ring, containing the terminal hydroxyl group, which forms under dilute solution conditions in methylene chloride. Calibration of the method was obtained by measuring the absorption of known concentrations of a model compound. The purified polymers were shown to be hydroxy-terminated using the infrared method in conjunction with measurements of number average molecular weight.
Investigating Magnetically Aligned Phospholipid Bilayers with EPR Spectroscopy at 94 GHz

Abstract In this paper, we report our initial results on studying magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers (bicelles) at high magnetic fields (∼3.4 T) with electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy at 95 GHz (W-band). In order to characterize this system for W-band EPR studies, we have utilized the nitroxide spin probe 3β-doxyl-5α-cholestane to demonstrate the effects of macroscopic bilayer alignment. At W-band due to the increase in magnetic field strength (when compared to X-band studies at 9.5 GHz) (S. M. Garber et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc.121, 3240–3241 (1999)), we were able to examine magnetically aligned phospholipid bilayers at two orientations with the bilayer normal oriented either perpendicular or parallel (upon addition of YbCl3) with respect to the direction of the static magnetic field. Additionally, at a magnetic field of 3.4 T (g=2 resonance at W-band), we were able to study the parallel alignment with a lower concentration of Yb3+, thereby eliminating the possible unwanted effects associated with lanthanide–protein interactions and paramagnetic shifts and/or line broadening induced by the lanthanide ions. The development of this new spin label alignment technique will open up a whole new area of investigation for phospholipid bilayer systems and membrane protein EPR studies at high magnetic fields.
Optimizations in a private nursery-based garbage collector

This paper describes a garbage collector designed around the use of permanent, private, thread-local nurseries and is principally oriented towards functional languages. We try to maximize the cache hit rate by having threads continually reuse their individual private nurseries. These private nurseries operate in such a way that they can be garbage collected independently of other threads, which creates low collection pause times. Objects which survive thread-local collections are moved to a mature generation that can be collected either concurrently or in a stop-the-world fashion. We describe several optimizations (including two dynamic control parameter adaptation schemes) related to garbage collecting the private nurseries and to our concurrent collector, some of which are made possible when the language provides mutability information. We tested our collector against six benchmarks and saw single-threaded performance improvements in the range of 5-74%. We also saw a 10x increase (for 24 processors) in scalability for one parallel benchmark that had previously been memory-bound.
Enhanced corticosterone concentrations and attenuated Fos expression in the medial amygdala of female oxytocin knockout mice exposed to psychogenic stress

Centrally released oxytocin (OT) is believed to attenuate the response of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis to psychogenic stress. To test this hypothesis, we measured plasma corticosterone concentrations and Fos-immunoreactive protein in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and limbic brain areas of female wild-type and OT knockout mice that were exposed to a shaker platform, a predominantly psychogenic stress. Plasma corticosterone concentrations after shaker stress were higher in female OT knockout mice than wild-type mice. Genotypic differences in the corticosterone response after shaker stress persisted across all stages of the estrous cycle and when mice were conditioned to repeated shaker stress. Shaker stress activated Fos in OT-positive neurons of wild-type mice and corticotropin-releasing hormone-positive, but not vasopressin-positive, neurons within the PVN of wild-type and OT knockout mice. Fos expression was also increased after shaker stress in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, medial and central nuclei of the amygdala, medial preoptic area, and the paraventricular nucleus of the thalamus of wild-type and OT knockout mice. However, Fos expression in the medial amygdala was significantly lower in female OT knockout mice than wild-type mice. Our findings indicate heightened stress-induced corticosterone release in female OT knockout mice. Therefore, the results suggest that OT pathways play a role in attenuating the HPA axis response to psychogenic stress in female mice.
Neuroimaging findings in pediatric propofol infusion syndrome.

A 3-year-old girl with a large venous malformation involving tongue, lips, and masticator space underwent sclerotherapy during propofol anesthesia. After the procedure, she developed metabolic acidosis with acute renal failure, rhabdomyolysis, and transient neurological deficits including encephalopathy and weakness of arms and legs. This constellation of findings in a child with propofol anesthesia suggests propofol-related infusion syndrome (PRIS). 1,2 Acute brain magnetic resonance imaging showed T2-hyperintensity and reduced diffusion on apparent diffusion coefficient maps within the supra- and infratentorial white matter (Figure); these changes had completely resolved at follow-up. Three months after the acute event, all symptoms and clinical findings completely resolved. Discussion
Invasion of human retinal vascular endothelial cells by Toxoplasma gondii tachyzoites

Background: Toxoplasma gondii infection is a leading cause of posterior uveitis. Human retinal endothelial cells (HREC) are more susceptible to infection with T gondii tachyzoites than other subpopulations of endothelial cells. It is hypothesised that this phenomenon reflects differences in invasion efficiency. Methods: YFP-expressing RH strain T gondii tachyzoites were added to confluent HREC or human dermal endothelial cells (HDEC) (MOI = 50:1). Tachyzoite invasion after 1 h was determined by microplate reading of fluorescence intensity or parasite counts obtained using image analysis software. Selected cultures were incubated for three subsequent days, at which time fluorescence intensity indicated intracellular tachyzoite proliferation. Results: HREC-tachyzoite cultures were more fluorescent than HDEC-tachyzoite cultures after 1 h (p = 0.020, paired t test, 3 experiments). Parasite counts also indicated that more tachyzoites invaded HREC than HDEC (p = 0.042, paired t test, 5 experiments). At 3 days, fluorescence intensity remained higher in HREC-tachyzoite cultures (p⩽0.002, t test, 3 experiments). Conclusion: In culture, T gondii tachyzoites invade HREC with greater efficiency than they invade HDEC. This observation suggests that the relative susceptibility of HREC to infection may reflect a high efficiency of tachyzoite invasion which may be relevant to understanding how T gondii infects human retina.
Total electron-ion recombination of Fe III

It is shown that a method for calculating unified total electron-ion recombination rates, incorporating both the radiative and dielectronic recombination processes, can be applied to substantially complex atomic systems where a large number of recombination channels need to be coupled in an ab initio manner. Calculations are carried out for the astrophysically important ion Fe III, and total and state-specific recombination rate coefficients are obtained for e+ Fe IV \ensuremath{\rightarrow} Fe III, in the close coupling approximation employing the R-matrix method. The calculations correspond to a 49-state eigenfunction expansion for the Fe IV core that includes states from the ground configuration 3${\mathit{d}}^{5}$ and the excited configurations 3${\mathit{d}}^{4}$4s and 3${\mathit{d}}^{4}$4p for proper treatment of the electron correlation effects. This is an accurate and detailed atomic calculation for the recombination rates for Fe III. The present rates are up to an order of magnitude lower than the previous values obtained through the Burgess general formula at electron temperatures where dielectronic recombination dominates. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Structural analysis of proteins by isotope-edited FTIR spectroscopy

Structure determination of multidomain proteins or protein–membrane complexes is one of the most challenging tasks in modern structural biology. High-resolution techniques, like NMR or X-ray crystallography, are limited to molecules of moderate size or those that can be crystallized easily. Both methods encounter serious technical obstacles in structural analysis of protein–membrane systems. This work describes an emerging biophysical technique that combines segmental isotope labeling of proteins with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which provides site-specific structural information on proteins and allows structural characterization of protein–membrane complexes. Labeling of a segment of the protein with 13C results in infrared spectral resolution of the labeled and unlabeled parts and thus allows identification of structural changes in specific domains/segments of the protein that accompany functional transitions. Segmental isotope labeling also allows determination of the precise configuration of protein–membrane complexes by polarized attenuated total reflection FTIR (ATR–FTIR) spectroscopy. These new developments offer solutions to functionally important site-specific structural changes in proteins and protein–membrane complexes that are hard to approach using conventional methods.
Using unsupervised link discovery methods to find interesting facts and connections in a bibliography dataset

This paper describes a submission to the Open Task of the 2003 KDD Cup. For this task contestants were asked to devise their own questions about the HEP-Th bibliography dataset, and the most interesting result would be selected as the winner. Instead of taking a more traditional approach such as starting with a inspection of the data, formulating questions or hypotheses interesting to us and then devising an analysis and approach to answer these questions, we tried to go a different route: can we develop a program that automatically finds interesting facts and connections in the data?To do this we developed a set of unsupervised link discovery methods that compute interestingness based on a notion of "rarity" and "abnormality". The experiments performed on the HEP-Th dataset show that our approaches are able to automatically uncover interesting hidden connections (e.g. significant relationships between people) and unexpected facts (e.g. citation loops) without the support of any prerequisite knowledge or training examples. The interestingness of some of our results is self-evident. For others we were able to verify them by looking for supporting evidence on the World-Wide-Web, which shows that our methods can find connections between entities that actually are interestingly connected in the real world in an unsupervised way.
Influence of Feeding Milk Replacer Once Versus Twice Daily on Growth, Organ Measurements, and Mineral Content of Tissues

Abstract During the 39-day milk feeding, 50 calves representing five dairy breeds were fed milk replacer either once or twice daily to determine effects on growth, feed efficiency, health, organ measurements, mineral content of tissues, and labor required. Average daily gain from birth to 6 wk and 6 to 12 wk for calves fed once daily was .29 and .52 kg compared to .28 and .61 kg for those fed twice daily. At 6 wk of age, the weight gain per kilogram of metabolic size at birth was .80 and .93 kg for calves fed once and twice daily. For 4 through 42 days of age, the average daily consumption of calf starter, roughage pellet, supplemental water, and total water consumption (supplemental water plus water in the reconstituted milk replacer) for calves fed once daily was .12, .28, 1.95, and 3.26; and for twice daily fed calves .13, .22, .96, and 3.57. Calves fed once daily consumed 2.27 kg dry matter per kilogram gained compared to 2.04 kg for calves fed twice daily. No treatment or breed interactions were significant for growth, health, feed efficiency, total water consumption, organ measurements, and mineral content of tissues. Calves fed once daily required 39% less labor in milk feeding than calves fed twice daily.
The role of the inositol phosphate cascade in visual excitation of invertebrate microvillar photoreceptors

The identity of the transmitter(s) involved in visual transduction in invertebrate microvillar photoreceptors remains unresolved. In this study, the role of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) was examined in Limulus ventral photoreceptors by studying the effects on the light response of heparin and neomycin, agents that inhibit the production or action of IP3. Both heparin and neomycin reduce responses to brief flashes of light and the transient component of responses to steps of light, and also inhibit IP3-induced calcium release, indicating that IP3 plays a direct role in invertebrate visual excitation. The effects of BAPTA, a calcium buffer, were also examined and shown to be consistent with a role for IP3-mediated calcium release in visual excitation. However, all three agents fail to block the plateau component of the response to a step of light, indicating that a single pathway involving IP3 and calcium cannot solely be responsible for visual excitation in invertebrates. We suggest that the inositol phosphate cascade and a second parallel process that is not dependent on IP3 are involved in the production of the light response.
Program verification as probabilistic inference

In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for proving the validity or invalidity of a pre/postcondition pair for a program. The algorithm is motivated by the success of the algorithms for probabilistic inference developed in the machine learning community for reasoning in graphical models. The validity or invalidity proof consists of providing an invariant at each program point that can be locally verified. The algorithm works by iteratively randomly selecting a program point and updating the current abstract state representation to make it more locally consistent (with respect to the abstractions at the neighboring points). We show that this simple algorithm has some interesting aspects: (a) It brings together the complementary powers of forward and backward analyses; (b) The algorithm has the ability to recover itself from excessive under-approximation or over-approximation that it may make. (Because the algorithm does not distinguish between the forward and backward information, the information could get both under-approximated and over-approximated at any step.) (c) The randomness in the algorithm ensures that the correct choice of updates is eventually made as there is no single deterministic strategy that would provably work for any interesting class of programs. In our experiments we use this algorithm to produce the proof of correctness of a small (but non-trivial) example. In addition, we empirically illustrate several important properties of the algorithm.
Approximate Evaluation of Range Nearest Neighbor Queries with Quality Guarantee

The range nearest-neighbor (NN) query is an important query type in location-based services, as it can be applied to the case that an NN query has a spatial region, instead of a location point, as the query location. Examples of the applications of range NN queries include uncertain locations and privacy-preserving queries. Given a set of objects, the range NN answer is a set of objects that includes the nearest object(s) to every point in a given spatial region. The answer set size would significantly increase as the spatial region gets larger. Unfortunately, mobile users in wireless environments suffer from scarce bandwidth and low-quality communication, transmitting a large answer set from a database server to the user would pose very high response time. To this end, we propose an approximate range NN query processing algorithm to balance a performance tradeoff between query response time and the quality of answers. The distinct features of our algorithm are that (1) it allows the user to specify an approximation tolerance level k , so that we guarantee to provide an answer set ${\cal A}$ such that each object in ${\cal A}$ is one of the k nearest objects to every point in a given query region; and (2) it minimizes the number of objects returned in an answer set, in order to minimize the transmission time of sending the answer set to the user. Extensive experimental results show that our proposed algorithm is scalable and effectively reduces query response time while providing approximate query answers that satisfy the user specified approximation tolerance level.
Potential benefits of vitamin D for patients with systemic lupus erythematosus

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex multi-system autoimmune disease. Vitamin D deficiency has been proposed as an environmental trigger of disease onset and as a contributor to increased SLE activity. SLE patients are prone to develop vitamin D deficiency because of photosensitivity leading to sun avoidance and other sun protective measures. The impact of vitamin D on immune function previously seen in vitro and in cross-sectional studies has now been shown in prospective human studies, strengthening the evidence that there is a connection between SLE and vitamin D status. This review describes the role of vitamin D on immune function, prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients with SLE, identify risk factors for deficiency, describe the consequences of deficiency in SLE patients, and review current vitamin D recommendations for patients with SLE.
Multi-channel Wireless Sensor Networks

In this chapter, we discuss some issues and challenges related to multi-channel and multi-radio networks. We classify channel assignment (CA) schemes into static, semi-dynamic, and dynamic and discuss methods proposed in each category. Other aspects presented are related to primary users (PUs), network capacity, interference, topology control, and power- and traffic-aware protocols. For a better understanding, some basic concepts related to wireless communication are explained. An understanding of multi-channel algorithms in general could help in designing additional algorithms for wireless sensor networks (WSNs).
“There's intentionality behind it …”: A genre analysis of EAP classroom lessons

Abstract This genre-oriented analysis explores the rhetorical structure and linguistic features of EAP classroom lessons. The analysis is based on a corpus of 24 EAP classroom lessons taught by highly experienced IEP teachers. Using a focused Swalesian move analysis combined with corpus-based methods, the study examines the rhetorical moves in different phases of EAP lessons and frequent lexical phrases used to signal discourse organization in each phase. In addition, four EAP teachers were interviewed in order to gain insider perspectives into their discursive practices. The analysis reveals that EAP lessons consist of three major phases, each with three distinct moves, and with varying linguistic realizations. Findings suggest that these experienced EAP teachers have generated and internalized a stable lesson frame in response to the recurrent situation of providing meaningful, activity-driven, and logically organized EAP lessons. The paper concludes with a discussion of the power of Swales's move analysis in studying classroom lessons as well as implications for EAP teacher education.
Flight Phenology of Parasitic Wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) in Georgia's Piedmont

We present monthly catches for the 22 subfamilies of Ichneumonidae ( n = 16,584) collected in 5 Malaise traps at the Hitchiti Experimental Forest, GA (33° 03′ N, 83° 43′ W) in 1993 and 1994. Although average peaks of trap catches for koinobionts and idiobionts coincided, the phenological peaks of individual taxa within these parasitic groups often differed. The nocturnal parasitoid subfamily Ophioninae peaked in July 1993 and June 1994, whereas the nocturnal genus Netelia (Tryphoninae) peaked in April of both years. The most frequently caught subfamilies with hosts in the Lepidoptera and Symphyta peaked in late April–early May of both years (Campopleginae, Cryptinae, Ichneumoninae, Ctenopelmatinae, and Tryphoninae). In contrast, subfamilies with hosts in the Coleoptera had unsynchronized peaks in April (Tersilochinae) and June (Acaenitinae) 1993 and in September (Tersilochinae) and June (Acaenitinae) 1994. The subfamily Orthocentrinae, which attacks dipteran hosts, peaked in April 1993 and November 1994. The hyperparasitic subfamily Mesochorinae peaked in May 1993 and April and October 1994, corresponding in time to trap catches of their potential host subfamilies that attack Lepidoptera and Symphyta. We hypothesize that host seasonality is more important than other environmental factors and life history parameters in determining peak flight activity.
Solution-Based Synthesis of Crystalline Silicon from Liquid Silane through Laser and Chemical Annealing

We report a solution process for the synthesis of crystalline silicon from the liquid silane precursor cyclohexasilane (Si6H12). Polysilane films were crystallized through thermal and laser annealing, with plasma hydrogenation at atmospheric pressure generating further structural changes in the films. The evolution from amorphous to microcrystalline is characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), Raman spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy. A four-decade enhancement in the electrical conductivity is attributed to a disorder–order transition in a bonded Si network. Our results demonstrate a potentially attractive approach that employs a solution process coupled with ambient postprocessing to produce crystalline silicon thin films.