cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Infant sugar sweetened beverage and 100% juice consumption: Racial/ethnic differences and links with fathers' consumption in a longitudinal cohort.

Abstract The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB) and 100% juice before age 12 months is discouraged. We examine racial/ethnic differences in SSB and 100% juice consumption when infants were 6- and 12-months old and examine links between fathers’ and infants’ beverage consumption. Participants were from a longitudinal cohort of infants and their parents (recruited 2016–2018), followed from birth until the child was 24 months. In 2020, we analyzed data collected when infants were 6- (N = 352 infants and 168 fathers) and 12-months (N = 340 infants and 152 fathers) old. Based on maternal report, 13% of infants consumed 100% juice at 6 months and 31% at 12 months. Two percent of infants consumed SSB at 6 months and 7% at 12 months. In models adjusting for income and education, Black/African American (Black/AA) and Hispanic infants were 5–6 times as likely at 6 months and 3 times as likely at 12 months to consume 100% juice compared with non-Hispanic white and Asian infants. At 12 months, Black/AA and Hispanic infants were 6–7 times as likely to consume SSB than non-Hispanic white and Asian infants after adjusting for covariates. In unadjusted models, infants were more likely to consume 100% juice and SSB at 12 months when their fathers were high consumers (>12times/month) of the beverage; effects were no longer significant after adjusting for income, race/ethnicity, education and maternal beverage consumption. Results highlight the need to implement culturally responsive interventions promoting healthy beverage consumption in infants prior to birth and should concurrently target fathers, in addition to mothers.
Recent advances in the use of ultrasound and related techniques in diagnosing and predicting outcomes in biliary atresia.

Purpose of review Biliary atresia (BA) is the leading cause of chronic liver disease and the most common indication for pediatric liver transplantation. The use of ultrasound (US) and related techniques continues to evolve to help diagnose BA as well as potentially to help predict outcomes after treatment with the Kasai portoenterostomy (KP). Recent findings There are no US findings that are definitive for BA; however, signs which are consistent with BA include gallbladder abnormalities, the triangular cord sign, presence of hepatic subcapsular flow, and hilar lymphadenopathy. Elastography techniques to measure liver stiffness may also increase the diagnostic accuracy of detecting BA, particularly in older infants or without other US findings. In addition, both US and elastography are still being studied as potential methods to predict outcomes after KP such as the development of portal hypertension and the need for liver transplant. Summary US findings in the diagnosis of BA are well characterized. Future studies will help determine the utility of elastography in diagnosing BA, as well as both US and elastography in monitoring and predicting disease outcomes after KP.
Two Metaphysicians: D.H. Lawrence and Martin Heidegger Compared

This paper will proceed from the assumption of scholars like Anne Fernihough, Peter Fjagsund, Michael Black, and Michael Bell that there are sufficient connecting links between the literary oeuvre of D.H. Lawrence and the philosophizing of Martin Heidegger that they warrant consideration in each other's company. The paper will attempt to provide more evidence for what these scholars have been contending. It seeks to make the case that although D.H. Lawrence and Martin Heidegger start from very different beginning points, the one literary, the other epistemological (so to speak), they arrive at surprisingly similar conclusions about the deficiencies in the specifically modern way of viewing human existence and the world. The paper isolates certain of Lawrence and Heidegger's key passages relevant to the themes of science, humanism, art and death and reveals them as looking at these fundamental issues from a remarkably similar standpoint. These two metaphysicians were groping for the right path forward from the intellectual and social crises of the twentieth century and the evidence suggests they saw it as lying in the same direction.
Teacher Candidates as Innovative Change Agents

Confronting the educational directives of high-stakes testing and accountability is achievable through inference and implementation of innovative change. Using the lens of learners as inquirers, teacher candidates designed and implemented action research projects to create alternate instructional strategies, management systems, and methods to reach disenfranchised students. The primary investigators challenged their teacher candidates to exercise inference for innovation — expanding their potential for critical thinking in a society of transition, and manage transformational skills — allowing them to be ongoing change agents.
The Positive Association of Cough with Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme Inhibitors

Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril, ramipril, cilazipril, and quinipril have all been documented to induce cough with an estimated frequency of at least 15% of treated patients. Common descriptors include tickling, dry, nonproductive, and persistent. Onset usually occurs during the first week of therapy and lasts as long as the drug is taken, remitting within a few days after the agent is discontinued. Alternative angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors replicate the cough. The mechanism seems related to stimulation of lung afferent C fibers, perhaps by prostaglandin E2. It may also be related to decreased breakdown of substance P, the neurochemical mediator of the cough reflex released in response to stimulation of C fibers and metabolized by ACE. The possible role of prostaglandins is supported by two anecdotal reports of cough disappearing in patients receiving nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents. Future trials should recognize cough as a side effect of ACE inhibitor therapy, and prospective determination of its true frequency and cross-occurrence are necessary.
Aperture size effects in wideband attenuation measurements (ultrasonics)

In wideband ultrasonic measurements of attenuation and dispersion of samples, transducers of different diameters are often used. A new, simple, computationally efficient expression for the diffraction loss and phase of unequal coaxial circular apertures is presented to estimate the extent of these effects or to correct for them in measurements. Calculations indicate that considerable diffraction artifacts can result from the use of small-diameter hydrophones or receivers. Conditions where large-area hydrophones or receivers reduce these effects are also discussed. The influence of diffraction can be minimized in the wideband insertion measurement method in which signals with the sample inserted are compared to those with the sample removed. Diffraction loss and phase ratio curves for the insertion method are introduced, along with guidelines for determining tradeoffs among aperture sizes and the extent of diffraction error over the measured bandwidth. >
Late-glacial fossil midge stratigraphies (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) from the Swiss Alps

Abstract Chironomid midges (Insecta: Diptera: Chironomidae) are sensitive indicators of environmental change, but relatively few studies have been made of the response of European midge faunas to the high amplitude climatic oscillations of the late-glacial. In this study, late-glacial assemblages of chironomid midges from four Swiss lakes, or former lakes, [Gerzensee (603 m), Leysin (1230 m), Regenmoos (1260 m) and Heremence (2300 m)] were compared and contrasted. The study focused on the response of chironomid assemblages to the beginning and end of the Younger Dryas cold interval (c. 12 690–11 485 cal. yr BP) and to minor cold climatic fluctuations (Gerzensee Oscillation, c.13200–12800 cal. yr BP, and Preboreal Oscillation, c. 113 65–11 100 cal. yr BP). The durations of these climatic fluctuations were defined climato-stratigraphically based on oxygen isotope boundaries and the chronology was derived by correlation with GRIP oxygen isotope records. Major differences in the composition of the four lakes' chironomid assemblages reflected differences in altitude and local environmental conditions. Nevertheless, each lake fauna showed a marked response to the major and minor climatic oscillations, demonstrating that large-scale temperature change had an overriding influence on the distribution of chironomid midges.
Acute toxicity in the rat following either oral or inhalation exposure

A survey of 108 chemicals was conducted to determine the relationship between acute oral and acute inhalation toxicity data in the rat. LD50 or LC50 values were compared after classification of each chemical in terms of relative toxicity. A positive correlation (0.53, P < 0.001) between the classification of toxicity for the oral and inhalation routes was determined. However, the magnitude of this correlation was such that the predictive value of one for the other was limited. For a complete acute toxicity profile, it does not appear as if the determination of acute toxicity by one of those routes would yield a reliable estimate of toxicity by the other route.
MEDICAL AND SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PEDIATRIC DYSPHONIA

DYSPHONIA Although dysphonic children and adults often exhibit similar voice qualities, the pathologic conditions may differ. The approach for diagnosis and treatment of dysphonia in children must be multidisciplinary. This article reviews the common causes for pediatric dysphonia and outlines medical and surgical management. Pediatric dysphonia, characterized by common descriptions such as hoarseness, huskiness, frog in the throat, or raspiness, can derive from pathologic or behavioral conditions. The causes of pediatric dysphonia may be classified as infectious, anatomic, congenital, inflammatory, neoplastic, neurologic, and iatrogenic. When a child presents with hoarseness, a complete assessment is necessary. Fine points noted during the history and physical examination may help distinguish among the pathologic conditions found within these general categories. Many congenital conditions causing dysphonia are apparent at birth or shortly thereafter. Neurologic causes may be present at birth but may also develop later. Iatrogenic causes usually have an antecedent event but may develop months after the inciting intervention (e.g., acquired subglottic stenosis after endotracheal intubation). Infectious causes
3,3′,5,5′-Tetramethylbiphenyl-4,4′-Dicarbonitrile

The title compound, C18H16N2, crystallizes with Z′ = {1 \over 4}. The mol­ecule exhibits 222 symmetry, with its centre at the inter­section of three twofold axes, one of which traverses the mol­ecule through the nitrile groups and the ipso and para ring atoms. The torsion angle between the rings is 50.3 (1)°. Adjacent mol­ecules are involved in anti­parallel CN⋯CN inter­actions and weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds.
Hispanic Culture and Relational Cultural Theory

Traditional personality theories do not consider the impact of culture on personality development. Yet, to provide culturally relevant services to the increasing Hispanic population in the U.S., mo...
Surgical exposure of impacted teeth.

One of the more complicated aspects of orthodontic dentoalveolar surgery is the surgical exposure and orthodontic management of impacted teeth. While this can be a relatively simple procedure, it also can challenge the surgeon and orthodontist who are trying to preserve or retain a tooth that is key to the integrity of the arch or stability of the treatment for a patient. This chapter will explore the rationale for treatment, some historical concepts, and current techniques. While it is clear that the canine teeth are the second most frequently impacted (after the third molars), oral and maxillofacial surgeons and orthodontists have to deal with other impacted teeth on a regular basis. These other impactions include maxillary central incisors, mandibular second premolars, and mandibular second molars [1]. For the purposes of this chapter, the discussion will center on the maxillary canine teeth, but the techniques and problems presented are applicable to all impacted teeth that are to be salvaged. The treatment planning decision to be made conjointly between the oral and maxillofacial surgeon and the orthodontist is how to manage impacted teeth. In selected cases, extraction is indicated, which will facilitate treatment and minimize risk. Unfortunately, canine extraction can compromise the esthetics, function, and occlusion of the finished case. Other surgical options include transposition or surgical repositioning of the tooth. In this autotransplantation technique, the surgeon creates a socket where the tooth should be and the impacted tooth is extracted and transplanted into the socket. The procedure may be indicated when more conventional means of surgical exposure and orthodontic eruption are unable to move the tooth into the intended position. While this method of treatment is expedient, it is not commonly performed because there are significant risks to the extraction and replantation of the tooth [2,3]. The use of an osteotomy to move the entire segment of tooth and surrounding bone has been reported [4]. This technique presumes that the tooth is not ankylosed and will be orthodontically moveable once the osteotomy has healed. It is clear that the risks and complications of these small segmental osteotomies should be considered carefully in treatment planning for this type of procedure. More recently there has been an increase in the number of extractions of impacted teeth and the use of dental implants [5]. With the techniques and implant systems available today, this becomes a more predictable manner to restore the integrity of the arch and solve a complex problem where the likelihood of orthodontic success is decreased.
Aggression of breeding eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) toward their mates and models of intra- and interspecific intruders.

Hypotheses regarding the evolution of aggressive patterns during the breeding season in eastern bluebirds (Sialia sialis) were tested by placing models of eastern bluebirds and house sparrows (Passer domesticus) into territories of experimentally naive breeding pairs of eastern bluebirds during three stages of the nesting cycle. The responses of the resident males to models of male bluebirds decreased from the egg-laying to the nestling stage, and this response pattern can be interpreted as support for the protection-of-parentage hypothesis or the nest-site-defence hypothesis. The aggression of resident males to resident females during trials with models of male bluebirds weakly conforms to the pattern predicted by the protection-of-parentage hypothesis. The aggressive response to models of house sparrows also decreased from the egg-laying to the nestling phase in a manner consistent with the nest-site-defence explanation. No aggression toward mates by males or females was observed during trials with house sparrow models, an observation consistent with the predictions of the protection-of-parentage hypothesis.
Outbreak of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus skin infections among health care workers in a cancer center.

Background The incidence of community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) soft tissue infections is rising. However, CA-MRSA outbreaks among health care workers (HCWs) are rarely reported. We describe 3 clusters of CA-MRSA soft tissue infections among HCWs and the subsequent transmission to a patient. Methods The first cluster of boils occurred in 4 employees who worked in the ambulatory treatment clinic (area A) and 1 patient (PA1) who frequently visited area A. Three employees (EA1, EA2, and EA3) and PA1 had positive cultures. Twelve employees in 2 geographically separate diagnostic imaging areas (areas B and C) reported recent or current boils of whom EB1, EB2, EB3, and EC1 had positive cultures. Molecular subtyping using pulse-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was performed on all 8 isolates and confirmed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention laboratory. Results Relatedness of the MRSA strain was confirmed by PFGE in 7 of 8 isolates. Only EB3 was not related to the prototype CA-MRSA strain. All 7 related MRSA strains contained the typical genetic organization of staphylococcal cassette chromosome (SCC)- mec type IVa plus genes encoding Panton-Valentine Leukocidin. EB3’s strain contained SCC- mec type II and was Panton-Valentine Leukocidin negative. A total of 171 questionnaires was sent. Nine of the 85 HCWs who responded reported a recent or current history of boils. Infection control conducted an education program for employees in areas A, B, and C. Conclusion Early identification and control of CA-MRSA infections among HCWs is important to limit horizontal transmission to patients. Future efforts should include educational programs and guidelines for reporting and treating HCWs with MRSA infections.
Abstract 4760: Molecular classification and risk-stratification in medulloblastoma using an integrative genomic approach

Proceedings: AACR 102nd Annual Meeting 2011‐‐ Apr 2‐6, 2011; Orlando, FL Purpose. Medulloblastomas are heterogeneous tumors that collectively represent the most common malignant brain tumor in children. To understand the molecular characteristics underlying their heterogeneity and to identify whether such characteristics represent risk factors for patients with this disease, we performed an integrated genomic analysis of a large series of primary tumors. Patients and Methods. We profiled the mRNA transcriptome of 194 medulloblastomas and performed high-density SNP array and miRNA analysis on 115 and 98 of these, respectively. Unsupervised clustering analysis of mRNA expression data was used to identify molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma and DNA copy number, miRNA profiles, and clinical outcomes were analyzed for each. We then developed a Bayesian cumulative log odds model for predicting outcome, starting with ‘evidence’ provided by clinical features (metastasis and histology), then incrementally adding genomic evidence representing disease-subtype independent and dependent features. We then validated our results on independent test cohorts. Results. We identify 6 molecular subgroups of medulloblastoma, each with a unique combination of numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations that globally influence mRNA and miRNA expression. We reveal the relative contribution of each subgroup to clinical outcome as a whole and show that a previously unidentified molecular subgroup, characterized genetically by c-MYC copy number gains and transcriptionally by enrichment of photoreceptor pathways and increased miR-183∼96∼182 expression, is associated with significantly lower rates of event free and overall survival. Moreover, we show that integration of high-level clinical and genomic risk factors, including molecular subtype, can yield more comprehensive, accurate and biologically interpretable prediction models for outcome in medulloblastoma. We introduce a novel Bayesian nomogram indicating the amount of evidence that each feature contributes on a patient-by-patient basis. Conclusion. Our results detail the complex genomic heterogeneity of medulloblastomas, identify a previously unrecognized molecular subgroup with particularly poor clinical outcome and propose a Bayesian outcomes prediction model that outperforms the current clinical classification schema and previously published molecular markers proposed for medulloblastoma risk stratification. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 4760. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-4760
Disinfection by-product dynamics in a chlorinated, indoor swimming pool under conditions of heavy use: national swimming competition.

Abstract Anecdotal evidence suggests that water quality in chlorinated, indoor pools deteriorates under conditions of heavy use. However, data to define these dynamics have not been reported. To address this issue, a study was performed in which water chemistry was monitored in a chlorinated, indoor pool before and during a national swimming competition, a period of heavy, intense use. NCl3 concentration was observed to double after the first day, and increased by a factor of 3–4 over the 4 days of competition. CNCHCl2 and CH3NCl2 concentrations both increased by a factor of 2–3 during the course of the meet, while CHCl3 concentration showed only a modest increase during this same period. Diurnal patterns of NCl3, CH3NCl2 and CHCl3 concentrations were observed, and these patterns appeared to depend on the Henry’s law constant of the compound. Urea concentration showed a diurnal pattern, superimposed on a trend of steady increase during each day of the competition; however, the diurnal pattern of urea behavior could not be explained by reactions with chlorine, as the urea-free chlorine reaction is relatively slow. It is more likely that the overnight decrease in urea concentration was attributable to mixing of surface water with water in the deeper parts of the pool. The findings of this study provide an indication of the changes in pool water chemistry that take place in a chlorinated, indoor pool under heavy use conditions.
Mapping Greenland’s mass loss in space and time

The melting of polar ice sheets is a major contributor to global sea-level rise. Early estimates of the mass lost from the Greenland ice cap, based on satellite gravity data collected by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, have widely varied. Although the continentally and decadally averaged estimated trends have now more or less converged, to this date, there has been little clarity on the detailed spatial distribution of Greenland’s mass loss and how the geographical pattern has varied on relatively shorter time scales. Here, we present a spatially and temporally resolved estimation of the ice mass change over Greenland between April of 2002 and August of 2011. Although the total mass loss trend has remained linear, actively changing areas of mass loss were concentrated on the southeastern and northwestern coasts, with ice mass in the center of Greenland steadily increasing over the decade.
Standing capillary-gravity waves of finite amplitude: Corrigendum

The uniqueness condition that was utilized by the author (Concus 1962) is considered. The condition, which excludes certain fluid depths, is shown to be physically unacceptable because it is essentially impossible to satisfy in practice. The resulting in validation of the perturbation method is discussed, and a revision is presented, which invokes the presence of viscosity and allows retention of the previously obtained solutions. The revision may also be applied to the work of other authors who utilized the same method to solve other standing-wave problems.
Transmembrane topography of the 100-kDa a subunit (Vph1p) of the yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase.

The membrane topography of the yeast vacuolar proton-translocating ATPase a subunit (Vph1p) has been investigated using cysteine-scanning mutagenesis. A Cys-less form of Vph1p lacking the seven endogenous cysteines was constructed and shown to have 80% of wild type activity. Single cysteine residues were introduced at 13 sites within the Cys-less mutant, with 12 mutants showing greater than 70% of wild type activity. To evaluate their disposition with respect to the membrane, vacuoles were treated in the presence or absence of the impermeant sulfhydryl reagent 4-acetamido-4′-maleimidylstilbene-2,2′-disulfonic acid (AMS) followed by the membrane permeable sulfhydryl reagent 3-(N-maleimidylpropionyl) biocytin (MPB). Three of the 12 active cysteine mutants were not labeled by MPB. The mutants E3C, D89C, T161C, S266C, N447C, K450C, and S703C were labeled by MPB in an AMS-protectable manner, suggesting a cytoplasmic orientation, whereas G602C and S840C showed minimal protection by AMS, suggesting a lumenal orientation. Factor Xa cleavage sites were introduced at His-499, Leu-560, and Pro-606. Cleavage at 560 was observed in the absence of detergent, suggesting a cytoplasmic orientation for this site. Based on these results, we propose a model of the a subunit containing nine transmembrane segments, with the amino terminus facing the cytoplasm and the carboxyl terminus facing the lumen.
Nursing students' stereotypes of married and unmarried pregnant clients

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of information about a pregnant client's marital status on nursing students' initial perceptions of the client, attributions of group stereotypes to the client, predictions of client behavior, data sought, and verbal responses toward the client. Forty-three undergraduate nursing students from a large Midwestern university volunteered to participate. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of two experimental groups, the “married client” or “unmarried client.” Subjects viewed a videotape of a nurse interviewing a pregnant client and were administered a series of questionnaires. Following this, they were asked to respond in writing to five statements made by the videotaped client. Videotapes were identical except that one group was told they were viewing an unmarried woman and the other group was told the client was married. Results indicated that students evaluated the married client more positively than the unmmarried client. Students' perceptions were consistent with several cultural stereotypes. In addition, students predicted that, if hospitalized, the unmarried client would have greater difficulty than the married client. There were no differences between groups in the information they would seek from the client or in responses towards the client.
Molecular Imaging: Looking at Problems, Seeing Solutions

Noninvasive molecular-imaging technologies are providing researchers with exciting new opportunities to study small-animal models of human disease. With continued improvements in instrumentation, identification of better imaging targets by genome-based approaches, and design of better imaging probes by innovative chemistry, these technologies promise to play increasingly important roles in disease diagnosis and therapy.
Kindergarten Teachers' Professional Training and Their Social Status in Korea

This article describes kindergarten teachers' professional training and their social status in Korea. It includes discussions of the historical development of Korea's kindergarten teacher training system and pedagogical methods, the unequal social status of kindergarten teachers, and the implementation of innovative pedagogical practices modeled after America's current kindergarten teacher training programs. In addition, the article describes differences between private versus public kindergarten teachers, discusses issues in how teachers are licensed, and suggests how some of the concerns raised in the article can be addressed.
Family Involvement: Impacts on Postsecondary Educational Success for First-Generation Appalachian College Students.

First-generation college students face a number of barriers to academic success and completion of their degrees. Using Bronfenbrenner’s (1989) ecological theory as a framework, qualitative research was used to examine the experiences of 10 first-generation Appalachian Kentucky university students (mean age = 21 years) and factors they attributed to their educational success. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Seven themes representing participants’ experiences in a university setting were identified: (a) close-knit families and communities, (b) separate identities, (c) knowledge of college procedures, (d) pressure to succeed, (e) returning home, (f ) the pervasiveness of poverty, and (g) the importance of early intervention programming. Additional areas for research and potential policy adjustments for universities serving this population are presented.
Operators In a General Geologic Modeling System

A modeling system under development is intended for a broad and extendable range of geologic applications. Its database is designed starting from a wide perspective of the term ‘geologic model”, and utilizing topologic, geometric, and computational concepts. At its highest level, system design may be analoged to file directories, enabling manipulation of spaces and models as though they were entities of such directories. Within 2D and 3D spaces deformational and faulting operators can emulate geologic processes on models. Some operators of this type are sketched out analytically and illustrated with outputs from a preliminary system implementation. Other operators relevant to model building and change of model representation are briefly discussed. It is concluded that truly general geologic modeling systems are feasible now.
Carcinoma of the tonsil: Treatment by a planned combination of radiation and surgery

Abstract Thirty-seven patients with advanced carcinoma of the tonsil were treated by a planned combination of radiation and surgery, utilizing 4500 rad preoperative radiation followed in 4–6 weeks by surgical excision of the primary tumor and in continuity neck dissection(s). Factors analyzed in this cooperative study include anatomic extent of the tumor, technique of radiation therapy and surgery, significance of residual tumor, and complications of the combined treatment. Our results reveal a 2 year disease-free rate of 71%.
Adoptive transfer of apoptotic splenocytes worsens survival, whereas adoptive transfer of necrotic splenocytes improves survival in sepsis.

In sepsis, both necrotic and apoptotic cell death can occur. Apoptotic cells induce anergy that could impair the host response, whereas necrotic cells cause immune activation that might result in enhanced antimicrobial defenses. We determined whether adoptive transfer of apoptotic or necrotic cells impacted survival in a clinically relevant sepsis model. We also evaluated the effects of adoptive transfer of apoptotic or necrotic cells on the prototypical TH1 and TH2 cytokines IFN-γ and IL-4, respectively. C57BL6/J mice had adoptive transfer of apoptotic (irradiated) or necrotic (freeze thaw) splenocytes. Controls received saline. Apoptotic cells greatly increased mortality, whereas necrotic splenocytes markedly improved survival, P ≤ 0.05. The contrasting effects that apoptotic or necrotic cells exerted on survival were mirrored by opposite effects on splenocyte IFN-γ production with greatly decreased and increased production, respectively. Importantly, either administration of anti-IFN-γ antibodies or use of IFN-γ knockout mice prevented the survival benefit occurring with necrotic cells. This study demonstrates that the type of cell death impacts survival in a clinically relevant model and identifies a mechanism for the immune suppression that is a hallmark of sepsis. Necrotic cells (and likely apoptotic cells) exert their effects via modulation of IFN-γ
Pressure effects and fracture of a rubbery particulate composite

The effects of pressure on the fracture properties of a rubbery particulate composite are studied. The results indicate elevated fracture toughness values and lower crack growth rates relative to ambient pressure conditions. The regression method employed for determining toughness establishes a minimum thickness requirement for application of linear elastic fracture mechanics concepts. Also, it is demonstrated that single edge notched tension specimens can be successfully used to predict the fracture initiation of specimens with semielliptical surface cracks.
Comparison of cholinergic and neuromuscular toxicity following acute exposure to sarin and VX in rat.

Abstract Male Sprague-Dawley rats injected with a sublethal sc dosage of 110 μg/kg of sarin (isopropyl methylphosphonofluoridate), or 12 μg/kg of VX (S-(2-diisopropylaminoethyl) O-ethyl methylphosphonothioate), developed severe toxic signs within 5–15 min after sarin and 20–50 min after VX lasting for 5 to 7 hr. Myonecrotic lesions were seen in soleus and diaphragm muscles within 1 hr. A maximum number of lesions had developed after 24 hr, and lesions were also present in extensor digitorum longus (EDL) at this time. Regeneration of muscle fibers was slow since lesions were still evident past 7 days of treatment. Within 1 hr following VX, AChE activity was reduced to 8, 12, and 17% of control activity in soleus, diaphragm, and EDL, respectively, whereas with sarin the enzyme activity was reduced to 23, 48, and 82% of control. A still greater inhibition was seen 24 hr after sarin when AChE activity was reduced to 19, 13, and 43% in these muscles. In skeletal muscles the different molecular forms of AChE, such as 16 S, 12 S, 10 S, and 4 S vary in location and functional importance with the 16 S form highly concentrated at the neuromuscular junction. All forms in a given muscle were equally sensitive to the inhibitors. In EDL, sarin was the least effective in reducing AChE or its molecular forms. In the brain structures (cortex, brain stem, striatum, and hippocampus), AChE activity was reduced to 1–6% of control by sarin and VX with the exception that following VX striatal AChE was reduced to only 41% of control activity. AChE activity in the brain cortex following either of the agents was maximally affected (1%). A slow but significant recovery of brain AChE was evident after 24 hr and more so after Day 7. Butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE) activity was less sensitive to inhibition by both inhibitors compared to AChE activity and showed a rapid recovery. Based on the equitoxic doses (toxic signs of similar magnitude), VX was found to be 10 times more toxic than sarin. The mechanisms of this disparity may be due to differences in rate of uptake, circulation, susceptibility to hydrolysis, and reactivity with nonspecific binding sites.
Iron sources and management practices for correcting iron chlorosis problems

Abstract Many Fe sources have been tested to correct Fe chlorosis over the past 35 years, and no single Fe source has been found that is both effective and economical for most crops. Results from many Fe experiments are discussed. Variable results are reported from Fe source studies related to differences in Fe placement, rate, time of application, and weather and soil conditions. While controlling Fe chlorosis by developing more Fe‐efficient cultivars appears more promising, work to develop effective Fe fertilizers should continue. Perhaps the best method to control Fe chlorosis will be a combination of Fe‐efflcient cultivars with the best management practices, and reasonably effective Fe fertilizers.
Integration of code diversity and long-range channel prediction in wireless communication

Code diversity integrates space-time coding with beamforming by using a small number of feedback bits to select from a family of space-time codes. Different codes lead to different induced channels at the receiver, where Channel State Information (CSI) is used to instruct the transmitter how to choose the code. Feedback can be combined with sub-optimal low complexity decoding of the component codes to match Maximum-Likelihood (ML) decoding performance of any individual code in the family. It can also be combined with ML decoding of the component codes to improve performance beyond ML decoding performance of any individual code. Prior analysis of code diversity did not take into account the effect of the mobile speed and the delay in the feedback channel. This paper demonstrates the practicality of code diversity in space-time coded systems by showing that predicted performance gains based on instantaneous feedback are largely preserved when the feedback is based on long-range prediction of rapidly time-varying correlated fading channels. Simulations are presented for two channel models; the first is the Jakes model where angles of arrival are uniformly distributed and the arrival rays have equal strengths, and the second is a model derived from a physical scattering environment where the parameters associated with the reflectors vary in time and the arrival rays have different strengths and non-symmetric arrival angles.
Synaptotagmin 1 modulates lipid acyl chain order in lipid bilayers by demixing phosphatidylserine.

Synaptotagmin 1 (syt1) functions as the Ca2+ sensor in neuronal exocytosis, and it has been proposed to act by modulating lipid bilayer curvature. Here we examine the effect of the two C2 domains (C2A and C2B) of syt1 on membrane lipid order and lateral organization. In mixtures of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine (PS), attenuated total internal reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy indicates that a fragment containing both domains (C2AB) or C2B alone disorders the lipid acyl chains, whereas the C2A domain has little effect upon chain order. Two observations suggest that these changes reflect a demixing of PS. First, the changes in acyl chain order are reversed at higher protein concentration; second, selective lipid deuteration demonstrates that the changes in lipid order are associated only with the PS component of the bilayer. Independent evidence for lipid demixing is obtained from fluorescence self-quenching of labeled lipid and from natural abundance 13C NMR, where heteronuclear single quantum correlation spectra reveal Ca2+-dependent chemical shift changes for PS, but not for phosphatidylcholine, in the presence of the syt1 C2 domains. The ability of syt1 to demix PS is observed in a range of lipid mixtures that includes cholesterol, phosphatidylethanolamine, and varied PS content. These data suggest that syt1 might facilitate SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors)-mediated membrane fusion by phase separating PS, a process that is expected to locally buckle bilayers and disorder lipids due to the curvature tendencies of PS.
Dopamine transporter binding without cocaine-like behavioral effects: synthesis and evaluation of benztropine analogs alone and in combination with cocaine in rodents.

Rationale: Previous SAR studies demonstrated that small halogen substitutions on the diphenylether system of benztropine (BZT), such as a para-Cl group, retained high affinity at the cocaine binding site on the dopamine transporter. Despite this high affinity, the compounds generally had behavioral effects different from those of cocaine. However, compounds with meta-Cl substitutions had effects more similar to those of cocaine. Objectives: A series of phenyl-ring analogs of benztropine (BZT) substituted with 3′-, 4′-, 3′,4′′- and 4′,4′′-position Cl-groups were synthesized and their pharmacology was evaluated in order to assess more fully the contributions to pharmacological activity of substituents in these positions. Methods: Compounds were synthesized and their pharmacological activity was assessed by examining radioligand binding and behavioral techniques. Results: All of the compounds displaced [3H]WIN 35,428 binding with affinities ranging from 20 to 32.5 nM. Affinities at norepinephrine ([3H]nisoxetine) and serotonin ([3H]citalopram) transporters, respectively, ranged from 259 to 5120 and 451 to 2980 nM. Each of the compounds also inhibited [3H]pirenzepine binding to muscarinic M1 receptors, with affinities ranging from 0.98 to 47.9 nM. Cocaine and the BZT analogs produced dose-related increases in locomotor activity in mice. However, maximal effects of the BZT analogs were uniformly less than those produced by cocaine, and were obtained 2–3 h after injection compared to the relatively rapid onset (within 30 min) of cocaine effects. In rats trained to discriminate IP saline from 29 µmol/kg cocaine (10 mg/kg), cocaine produced a dose-related increase in responding on the cocaine lever, reaching 100% at the training dose; however, none of the BZT analogs fully substituted for cocaine, with maximum cocaine responding from 20 to 69%. Despite their reduced efficacy compared to cocaine in cocaine discrimination, none of the analogs antagonized the effects of cocaine. As has been reported previously for 4′-Cl-BZT, the cocaine discriminative-stimulus effects were shifted leftward by co-administration of the present BZT analogs. Conclusions: The present results indicate that although the BZT analogs bind with relatively high affinity and selectivity at the dopamine transporter, their behavioral profile is distinct from that of cocaine. The present results suggest that analogs of BZT may be useful as treatments for cocaine abuse in situations in which an agonist treatment is indicated. These compounds possess features such as reduced efficacy compared to cocaine and a long duration of action that may render them particularly useful leads for the development of therapeutics for cocaine abusers.
Long head biceps tenotomy versus tenodesis: a cadaveric biomechanical analysis.

Purpose: Treatment of pathology of the long head biceps (LHB) tendon has become an area of renewed interest among orthopaedic surgeons in recent years. Numerous authors have recommended tenotomy, whereas others have recommended tenodesis to avoid distal migration of the LHB tendon stump and the associated cosmetic deformity that may develop. The purpose of the present study was to determine the likelihood of distal migration from the bicipital groove of the long head biceps tendon after tenotomy under physiologic loading conditions and the ultimate load to failure for tenotomized LHB tendons, and to compare these values with those present after tenodesis with an interference screw in a cadaveric model. Type of Study: Anatomic cadaveric biomechanical study. Methods: Cyclic loading was performed on 10 cadaveric shoulders through the LHB tendon on an MTS machine (Materials Testing System; MTS Systems Corp, Minneapolis, MN) at a peak force of 50 N (loading rate of 100 N/second) for 200 cycles. After cyclic loading, the specimens were tested to failure at a loading rate of 100 N/second. Failure was defined as migration of the biceps stump distal to the bicipital groove on the proximal humerus. The LHB tendon was then passed back up the bicipital groove and tenodesis was performed in the groove with a bioabsorbable interference screw according to a previously described technique (Arthrex, Naples, FL). Cyclic and load to failure testing were then repeated in similar fashion and the values were recorded and compared with those of the tenotomized subjects (n = 10 in each group). Results: Four of 10 tenotomized specimens (40%) failed during cyclic loading, with the average number of cycles to failure being 35. The other 6 specimens passed the cyclic test. The average ultimate load to failure in these specimens was 110.7 N. After biceps tenodesis, all specimens passed the cyclic loading test. The average ultimate load to failure in these 10 specimens was 310.8 N. Compared with the 6 tenotomized specimens that passed the cyclic test, the specimens that underwent tenodesis had a significantly higher pullout strength (ultimate strength) with P = .001. Conclusions: These results show that, compared with tenodesis, biceps tenotomy results in a significant risk of distal LHB tendon migration and significantly lower load to failure. Cyclic loads similar to those produced by gentle active range of motion without resistance resulted in failure in 40% of specimens tested after an average of 35 cycles. Based on these results, the authors recommend that LHB tenodesis be considered in any patient who may object to the cosmetic deformity and associated dysfunction produced by distal LHB tendon migration after tenotomy. Clinical Relevance: The findings of this study help determine whether to perform long head biceps tenotomy or tenodesis when dealing with long head biceps tendon pathology.
Do blacks get bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation as often as whites

Study objective: To determine whether there is an associationbetween the race of a victim of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and the provision of bystander-initiated CPR. Design: Record review of 1,068 consecutive cases of nontraumatic out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Setting: Memphis, Tennessee, a city of more than 600,000 withroughly equal numbers of white and black residents. Participants: Every adult who was seen by municipal emergencymedical services personnel for nontraumatic cardiac arrest between March 1, 1989, and June 5, 1992. Intervention: None. Results: Although black and white cardiac arrest victims weresimilar in many respects, black victims received bystander CPR substantially less frequently than whites (9.8% versus 21.4%; odds ratio, 0.46; 95% confidence interval, 0.34 to 0.61). This difference was slightly more pronounced when the victim collapsed in a public place. In addition to race of the victim, location of the arrest outside the home and having the arrest witnessed were independent determinants of whether a victim was given bystander CPR. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the effect of race was independent of the other variables studied. Conclusion: Black victims of out-of-hospital cardiac arrestreceive bystander CPR less frequently than white victims. Targeted training programs may be needed to improve the rates of bystander CPR among certain groups.
Short Recovery Time After Percutaneous Liver Biopsy: Should We Change Our Current Practices?

Background & Aims: Percutaneous liver biopsy is the gold standard in the diagnosis and staging of a wide variety of hepatic disorders. Complications, post-procedure monitoring, and recovery time have limited the ability for liver biopsies to be performed in a busy gastroenterology community practice. The aim of this study was to determine whether ambulatory patients requiring percutaneous liver biopsy can be safely discharged after a short recovery time period. Methods: All ambulatory patients undergoing a percutaneous liver biopsy at the University of Florida between February 1995 and June 2004 were evaluated in this study. A 15-gauge Jamshidi needle was used after percussion (before February 2002) or ultrasound guidance (starting February 2002). Major complications were defined as those events that required either immediate or delayed hospitalization or resulted in death within 2 weeks after the liver biopsy. Results: Three thousand two hundred fourteen outpatient liver biopsies were performed at our institution from March 1995 to June 2004. During this time, our recovery time was gradually decreased from 6 hours before 1997 to 1 hour in 2002. The majority of the complications occurred within 1 hour of the observation period or within 24 hours after discharge. The major complication rate was ≤1.7%, regardless of the observation period. Conclusions: A shorter observation time after ambulatory percutaneous liver biopsy is safe and might facilitate the physician's ability to optimally utilize procedural space and ancillary staff in a busy ambulatory care unit.
Giant Impact and Fission Hypotheses for the Origin of the Moon: A Critical Review of Some Geochemical Evidence

Geochemical data for Ni, Co, Cr, V, and Mn have played an important role in theories for the Moon's origin. It has been argued that the data for these elements strongly support formation of the Moon as ejecta from the Earth, either as a result of one giant or numerous smaller impacts on the proto-Earth. These theories have come to be known as the “Giant Impact” and “Impact-triggered Fission” hypotheses, respectively, and the first of these has been the leading explanation for the origin of the Moon over the past decade. Data for these same “diagnostic” elements also have been used to argue for significant distinctions between the bulk compositions of the Moon and a eucrite (HED) parent body, which otherwise appear to be remarkably similar in their compositions. We review geochemical evidence pertaining to the origin of the Moon, focusing on the diagnostic elements, and find that there is no strong geochemical support for either the Giant Impact or Impact-triggered Fission hypotheses. We show that basalts ...