cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Excited-State Proton Transfer Reactions in 1-Naphthol

Proton-transfer reactions provide the fundamental basis for acid-base chemistry in protic solvents. Literally hundreds of examples of excited-state proton- transfer reactions are known[1]. Picosecond, time-resolved measurements on spectrally distinct acid-base pairs yield direct kinetic information and provide insight into the effect of molecular structure on excited-state proton-transfer dynamics[2,3]. One particularly interesting and seemingly paradoxical system is 1-naphthol. From a Fllrster cycle calculation, 1-naphthol is predicted to have an excited state pK similar to 2-naphthol[4], for which steady-state emission from both the neutral (acidic) and anionic (basic) excited-state species is clearly observed. In contrast, the neutral form of excited 1-naphthol shows “very weak” fluorescence which is “extremely difficult” to measure[5]. Detailed studies of the mechanism and kinetics of excited-state proton transfer in 1-naphthol are needed to elucidate how the differences in molecular structure between these molecules affect excited-state proton-transfer processes.
Lethal autonomous weapon systems: Translating legal jargon for engineers

This article provides an overview of international law governing the use of autonomous weapon systems (AWS) in an armed conflict. Using the lens of autonomous systems, the article introduces basic international humanitarian law concepts, explains the legal framework behind what makes a weapon legal, and discusses the legal parameters surrounding employment of weapon systems. It also suggests a number of questions that engineers should ask attorneys during the design process in order to design autonomous systems that comply with the laws of armed conflict.
Medical management of ectopic pregnancy with single-dose and 2-dose methotrexate protocols: human chorionic gonadotropin trends and patient outcomes

Background Ectopic pregnancy, although rare, is an important cause of female morbidity and mortality and early, effective treatment is critical. Systemic methotrexate has become widely accepted as a safe and effective alternative to surgery in the stable patient. As the number and timing of methotrexate doses differ in the 3 main medical treatment regimens, one might expect trends in serum human chorionic gonadotropin and time to resolution to vary depending on protocol. Furthermore, human chorionic gonadotropin trends and time to resolution may predict ultimate treatment success. Objective This study hypothesized that the 2-dose methotrexate protocol would be associated with a faster initial decline in serum human chorionic gonadotropin levels and a shorter time to resolution compared to the single-dose protocol. Study Design A prospective multicenter cohort study included clinical data from women who received medical management for ectopic pregnancy. Rates of human chorionic gonadotropin change and successful pregnancy resolution were assessed. Propensity score modeling addressed confounding by indication, the potential for differential assignment of patients with better prognosis to the single-dose methotrexate protocol. Results In all, 162 ectopic pregnancies were in the final analysis; 114 (70%) were treated with the single-dose methotrexate and 48 (30%) with the 2-dose protocol. Site, race, ethnicity, and reported pain level were associated with differential protocol allocation ( P P = .011, P P = .035, respectively). Women had similar initial human chorionic gonadotropin levels in either protocol but the mean rate of decline of human chorionic gonadotropin from day 0 (day of administration of first dose of methotrexate) to day 7 was significantly more rapid in women who received the single-dose protocol compared to those treated with the 2-dose protocol (mean change –31.3% vs –10.4%, P = .037, adjusted for propensity score and site). The 2 protocols had no significant differences in success rate or time to resolution. Conclusion In a racially and geographically diverse group of women, the single- and double-dose methotrexate protocols had comparable outcomes. The more rapid human chorionic gonadotropin initial decline in the single-dose group suggested these patients were probably at lower risk for ectopic rupture than those getting the 2-dose protocol. A prospective randomized controlled design is needed to remove confounding by indication.
Raman spectroscopy: Tipping point

Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy can be used to characterize the relationship between the topography and the chemical activity of individual surface sites.
Victorian Pearl: Tennysonian Elegy and the Return of a Medieval Poem

In 1904, medievalist critic William Henry Schofield declared that the fourteenth-century poem Pearl was not an elegy, overturning an assumption that had persisted since the poem's first publication in 1864. This article focuses on the question of Pearl's genre and its relation to the Victorian literary culture into which the poem was reborn. I argue that Victorian critics did not read Pearl simply as an elegy, but as a Victorian elegy, a genre with a very particular cluster of thematic and formal attributes – and, indeed, a heightened sensitivity to the fit between theme and form. Although Pearl is five centuries older than In Memoriam, its long latency as a manuscript and its subsequent revival fourteen years into the In Memoriam craze created the impression that the medieval poem followed and was somehow derived from the Victorian one. This article proposes that Victorian models of form and genre were powerful enough to work backward. Pearl's late-century reception demonstrates how thoroughly In Memoria...
Estimation Theory for Peak Ground Motion

The application of estimation theory for predicting peak ground motion is critically examined in order to be more precise in its application. Estimation theory relates peak ground motion to the duration and spectrum of the signal. Using vertical component data from the Eastern Canada Telemetered Network, at distance range of 100–1000 km, we find that a duration must be defined by the interval where the cumulative energy of the main signal increases linearly, here between 5% and 75% of the cumulative power. This duration, when used with the spectra within this window, adequately replicates observed peak motions. This duration used differs significantly from that used by Herrmann (1985) and Toro and McGuire (1987) beyond 500 km. The estimation theory is extended to estimate confidence limits on the peak motion. Finally, the relation between various spectral level estimators, linear, logarithmic, and RMS, is considered to point out the need for consistency in spectral level estimation using smooth models.
Chapter 6 Principal Bundles and Characteristic Classes

In this chapter we will first give several equivalent constructions of a connection on a principal bundle, and then generalize the notion curvature to a principal bundle, paving the way to a generalization of characteristic classes to principal bundles. Along the way, we also generalize covariant derivatives to principal bundles.
Effect of mutant ras on gene expression patterns in pre-neoplastic mouse epidermal stem cells

5421 The mouse model of experimental skin carcinogenesis has demonstrated that epidermal stem cells located in the hair follicle are a major target for carcinogens. In the mouse, hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs) uniquely express the cell surface marker CD34, allowing specific enrichment of this population using fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). Here, we have utilized this enrichment methodology to study the effect of oncogenic ras on gene expression and signaling pathways in HFSCs. To do this, we used the v-Ha-ras transgenic Tg.AC mouse model, which has been shown to develop skin tumors of hair follicle origin upon induction of v-Ha-ras expression. Basal (alpha6+CD34-) and HFSC (alpha6+CD34+) keratinocytes from either TPA (4X5 μg) or acetone-treated (4X200 μl) Tg.AC and control FVB/N mice were sorted using FACS, and gene expression analyzed using the Agilent 2-color microarray platform. The microarray data indicated relatively minor changes in the core gene expression patterns that have previously been shown to define HFSCs (e.g. quiescence; development; suppression of Wnt signaling), regardless of treatment. Although the overall profile was consistent with quiescence in the HFSCs from TPA-treated mice, there was a relative increase in expression of some cell cycle-related genes. This was supported by direct measurement of DNA content in isolated HFSCs, which showed an increased number of cells in S phase relative to acetone controls. However, two distinct patterns did emerge that correlated with treatment-induced changes in HFSCs. One pattern was specific to TPA in that both genotypes behaved similarly, and was characterized by a high proportion of genes related to defense response and antigen presentation. This pattern suggested a general response to wounding enriched in HFSCs following TPA exposure. Interestingly, the second pattern was specific to HFSCs isolated from TPA-treated Tg.AC mice. This pattern involved suppression of genes associated with apoptosis, suggesting that HFSCs harboring oncogenic ras have a cell survival advantage that manifests very early in the neoplastic process. Therefore, the combination of TPA-induced proliferation and oncogenic ras-mediated cell survival in HFSCs provides a mechanism through which these cells can persist and expand into papillomas. These data demonstrate further that significant molecular changes occur in HFSCs before overt neoplastic changes are evident. In addition, this model provides a mechanism for discriminating potentially reversible responses to environmental insults from oncogene-specific changes that commit the stem cell to a transformed phenotype.
Nitroglycerin-Mediated S-Nitrosylation of Proteins: A Field Comes Full Cycle

See related article, pages 606–614 Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate) (GTN) has been an important part of the management of patients with angina or heart failure for over 135 years. GTN works through a combined action on the venous circulation and coronary vasculature to reduce preload and improve myocardial blood flow.1 Its attributes include a potent vasodilatory action on diseased coronary vessels as well as antiischemic effects elicited in the microcirculation.1,2 Dilation of conduit vessels by GTN is mediated in large part through nitric oxide (NO) binding to heme within, and activation of, soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) in vascular smooth muscle, thereby leading to induction of the second messenger, cyclic GMP. The microvascular action of GTN involves additional effects on red blood cells (RBCs) to improve rheology and oxygen delivery.2 GTN is an exceptionally potent vasodilator compared to other organic nitrates (isosorbide di- or mononitrates) but loses efficacy over time. Tachyphylaxis to GTN is initially specific to GTN (mechanism-based tolerance), but is ultimately associated with diminished responsiveness to other nitro(so)vasodilators (cross-tolerance) and even other classes of drugs (as a result of fluid retention and perhaps cellular injury).1,3,4 Tolerance and cross-tolerance have generally been thought of in terms of an NO deficiency, resulting in attenuated sGC activity.5,6 Sayed et al had found recently that S -nitrosylation of sGC (the addition of an NO group to a cysteine thiol) by endothelium-derived NO inhibits sGC activity,7 and they now report that exposure to GTN can …
Erectile Dysfunction Following Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury

Abstract Introduction Although pelvic fracture urethral injuries (PFUIs) are rare, approximately half these patients will report erectile dysfunction (ED) after their injuries. The anatomic relations of the cavernosal nerves and arteries to the bones of the pelvis and the urethra put these structures at significant risk at the time of PFUI. This review examines the epidemiology, evaluation, and management of ED in this patient population. Aim To evaluate the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of patients with ED after PFUI. Methods A literature review was performed to identify articles on PubMed published before May 2017 addressing PFUI and ED. Main Outcome Measures Incidence, mechanisms, risk factors, evaluation, and management strategies of ED after PFUI were analyzed. Results Patients with pelvic fractures are at risk of post-injury ED, whereas those with PFUI appear to be at even higher risk. Different potential mechanisms contributing to the pathophysiology of ED in this setting have been described in the literature, including damage to the nervous supply to the penis, arterial insufficiency, and veno-occlusive dysfunction. However, there is a lack of consensus on the predominant etiology. Appropriate diagnostic evaluation can help to elucidate the underlying pathophysiology on an individual basis and can help guide management. Oral therapies, intracavernosal injections, and inflatable penile prostheses have shown great success. Furthermore, unlike patients with ED from other causes, select patients with isolated arteriogenic ED are potentially eligible for penile revascularization procedures. Conclusion Because most patients with pelvic trauma are younger than 40 years with a significant life expectancy, appropriate diagnosis and management of ED after PFUI can greatly improve quality of life and allow resumption of post-injury sexual function. Identification of the causative pathology can help tailor treatment on an individual basis. Johnsen NV, Kaufman MR, Dmochowski RR, Milam DF. Erectile Dysfunction Following Pelvic Fracture Urethral Injury. Sex Med Rev 2018;6;114–123.
Abstract 83: Autophagy Protects the Heart Against Pressure Overload Induced Heart Failure

Autophagy is an important mechanism for the degradation of cytosolic proteins and organelles. We investigated how autophagy is regulated in the heart in response to pressure overload (PO). Mice wer...
Determination of L-AP4-bound human mGlu8 receptor amino terminal domain structure and the molecular basis for L-AP4's group III mGlu receptor functional potency and selectivity.

Abstract L-2-Amino-4-phosphonobutyric acid (L-AP4) is a known potent and selective agonist for the Group III mGlu receptors. However, it does not show any selectivity among the individual group III mGlu subtypes. In order to understand the molecular basis for this group selectivity, we solved the first human mGlu8 amino terminal domain (ATD) crystal structures in complex with L-glu and L-AP4. In comparison with other published L-glu-bound mGlu ATD structures, we have observed L-glu binds in a significantly different manner in mGlu1. Furthermore, these new structures provided evidence that both the electronic and steric nature of the distal phosphate of L-AP4 contribute to its exquisite Group III functional agonist potency and selectivity.
Role of the MAPK/cJun NH2-terminal kinase signaling pathway in starvation-induced autophagy.

Autophagy is required for cellular homeostasis and can determine cell viability in response to stress. It is established that MTOR is a master regulator of starvation-induced macroautophagy/autopha...
Molecular Mechanisms of Cytokinin Signaling

Cytokinins regulate a myriad of plant growth and developmental processes. Recent molecular genetic studies in Arabidopsis have begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms underlying cytokinin perception and signal transduction. A family of cytokinin receptors has been identified, and these are homologous to bacterial two-component sensor kinases. Events immediately downstream of cytokinin binding are similar to the classic phosphorelay paradigm. The cytokinin signal appears to be transduced from the membrane-localized histidine kinase-like receptors into the nucleus via a transient translocation of the AHP proteins, which are Arabidopsis homologs of histidine phosphotransfer proteins. Once in the nucleus, the AHPs activate the type-B class of Arabidopsis response regulators (ARRs), which in turn activate the transcription of a second class of Arabidopsis response regulators, the type-A ARRs. A model of cytokinin signaling from perception at the plasma membrane to activation of gene expression in the nucleus is beginning to emerge.
An Error within a Mistake

In recent years much work has been done on the system of electrodynamics that was developed by the German polymath Hermann Helmholtz in the late 1860s and throughout the 1870s. In 1874 Helmholtz used this new electrodynamics briefly to examine a situation that seems to be quite similar to one analyzed half a decade later by his student Heinrich Hertz in a manuscript written for Helmholtz’s eyes. Though Hertz did not refer explicitly to Helmholtz’s previous considerations of 1874, his analysis was based unequivocally on equations that were unique to Helmholtz. Yet in this particular application of the master’s system, its creator in 1874 and his student in 1879 seem to have arrived at markedly different, indeed at conflicting, results.
An Introduction to Dimorphism among Zoopathogenic Fungi

Many fungi have a remarkable ability to alter normal vegetative developmental sequences in response to environmental change. This ability is common among the fungi responsible for the majority of different human mycoses. With the invasion of tissue and the establishment of infection, certain fungi that are pathogenic for humans differentiate into morphologically distinct growth forms. These forms are usually budding yeasts, related blastically derived forms such as pseudohyphae, or isotropically enlarged entities known as adiaspores, sclerotic bodies, or spherules. The relatively simple in vivo phenotypes appear to have qualities that enhance their survival and facilitate their dissemination in host tissue. In contrast, most of the same fungi growing saprophytically in nature or under standard in vitro culture conditions tend to produce extensive hyphae with well-differentiated sporulation structures.
ASIA, WEST | Archaeology of the Near East: The Levant

The Levant is a region of the Near East whose ancient civilization both parallels, and is distinct from, that of Egypt and Mesopotamia. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea, at the western end of the Fertile Crescent, the Levant in its present geopolitical landscape comprises Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Jordan, and Palestine. Though the survey attempts to highlight variability in regional trajectories, the objective is to synthesize broad cultural and historical trends in the development of civilization in this part of the ancient Near East. To that end, there will be a summary of select archaeological remains considered to be the essential building blocks of current scholarly interpretation and/or debate. The time span is broad: the Palaeolithic through the Greco-Roman/Byzantine eras, ca. 1.4 million years ago through the 6th century of the Common Era. Critical prehistoric developments are discussed, such as the evolution from hunter-gatherer strategies to sedentary lifeways and the Neolithic agricultural revolution. Early village settlements ultimately laid the foundation for the growth in cultural complexity out of which emerged the first urban civilizations and writing in the 4th millennium, BCE. Major issues of the succeeding 2000-year Bronze Age include the rise and collapse of urban life, the growing connectivity of regional states, and empire-vassal relationships. About 1200 BCE, widespread upheaval throughout the Mediterranean Basin ushered in the Iron Age Kingdoms, whose diverse ethnic groups, e.g., Phoenicians, Arameans, Israelites, played such a pivotal role in the foundations of western civilization. The impact of empire (Assyria, Babylon, Persia) on Iron Age peoples is a topic of consideration. Finally, the survey views the Levant through the lens of westernization and acculturation, phenomena of the Greco-Roman and Byzantine (Christian) eras.
More Than a Commodity: The Right to Adequate Housing

Like rights-based claims to health and food, recognizing housing as a human right in the United States is a contested process marked by a number of promising local campaigns. This chapter outlines a nascent movement to assure decent and affordable housing based on a human rights perspective. Community organizations and legal advocacy groups are increasingly using human rights standards and monitoring processes to help reframe access to housing in the United States. This chapter provides an outline of what the human right to adequate housing means in international law, provides background on US housing policy, and describes the country’s stance on human rights obligations regarding the right to housing. The chapter also addresses the role of community practice in transforming ideas about housing as a human right into action. Through examples of rights-based campaigns for housing at the national level led by the National Law Center on Homelessness and Poverty (NLCHP) and local organizing in Chicago, Los Angeles, and New Orleans, the authors highlight ways that community-based social workers can participate in the realization of such a right.
Colloidal growth, characterization and optoelectronic study of strong light absorbent inexpensive iron pyrite nanomaterials by using amine ligands for photovoltaic application

Highly pure iron pyrites (FeS2) cubic phased nanocrystals of diameter ∼ 20 nm were synthesized by colloidal method using only amines acting both as a coordinating and surfactant ligands. The details of synthetic condition at temperature 175 °C, 215 °C, 230 °C, 245 °C were compared and elucidated. The best synthetic conditions using an octylamine as a ligand at 230 °C for 2h have been optimized in an inert atmosphere. The XRD measurement shows diffraction peaks of pure cubic iron pyrite crystal structure without any detectable presence of marcasite, pyrrotite, greigyte and other impurity structures. The UV-Vis spectra depict clear absorption onset at 1200 nm in best sample with estimated band gap of ∼1.03 eV. These high pure and nanostructures based iron pyrite processed from solution route may offer excellent manufacturing scalability at very low cost since it can be used as inks for large scale fabrication. The morphological and optical characterizations are carried out by using XRD, UV-Vis, and SEM techniques.
Phylogenomic Analyses Clarify True Species within the Butterfly Genus Speyeria despite Evidence of a Recent Adaptive Radiation

When confronted with an adaptive radiation, considerable evidence is needed to resolve the evolutionary relationships of these closely related lineages. The North American genus Speyeria is one especially challenging radiation of butterflies due to potential signs of incomplete lineage sorting, ongoing hybridization, and similar morphological characters between species. Previous studies have found species to be paraphyletic and have been unable to disentangle taxa, often due to a lack of data and/or incomplete sampling. As a result, Speyeria remains unresolved. To achieve phylogenetic resolution of the genus, we conducted phylogenomic and population genomic analyses of all currently recognized North American Speyeria species, as well as several subspecies, using restriction-site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). Together, these analyses confirm the 16 canonical species, and clarify many internal relationships. However, a few relationships within Speyeria were poorly supported depending on the evolutionary model applied. This lack of resolution among certain taxa corroborates Speyeria is experiencing an ongoing adaptive radiation, with incomplete lineage sorting and lack of postzygotic reproductive barriers contributing to hybridization and further ambiguity. Given that many Speyeria taxa are under duress from anthropogenic factors, their legal protection must be viewed cautiously and on a case by case basis in order to properly conserve the diversity being generated.
A brief version of the questionnaire of olfactory disorders in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis

Background The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders-Negative Statements (QOD-NS) is a valuable instrument in the measurement of olfactory-specific quality of life (QOL). In the clinical setting, patients can be overwhelmed with the time required to complete questionnaires. Our objective was to develop a brief version of the QOD-NS to streamline clinical care and research. Methods QOD-NS scores from 221 subjects were used to determine which subset of the 17 QOD-NS questions best correlated with total and subdomain QOD-NS scores. An initial pool of 11 questions was made by removing items with ρ Results All of our top subsets had excellent correlation with total and subdomain QOD-NS scores (mean r2 > 0.90). Our top choice has 7 total questions, is representative of all subdomains, has a mean r2 = 0.92, and was represented in 323 of our 500 bootstrapped samples. The worst-performing subset has 5 items, mean r2 = 0.81, and was represented in only 1 bootstrapped sample. Conclusions Using less than half of the questions in the QOD-NS, excellent correlations with both total and domain-specific scores are achieved. A brief version of the QOD-NS may prove useful in future clinical and research settings.
Electrochemical CO2 capture thermodynamics

Abstract We analyze four general architectures for electrochemically mediated carbon dioxide capture systems, in each of which the electrophilicity of a redox active absorbent or absorbent blocking species is manipulated to influence the system's affinity for CO2. It is shown that the open circuit potentials of these architectures converge given the appropriate reference - namely a state in which no CO2 is present in the stream. The resulting difference between the open circuit potential of a stream and of that same stream lacking CO2 is referred to as the deviation potential. In the context of this deviation potential, four system process configurations are analyzed. The most efficient process configuration for all four electrochemical architectures is one that employs both a cathodic absorption taking place simultaneously with the reduction process and an anodic desorption that occurs along with the oxidation of the redox active species; decoupled electrochemical reactions and absorption/desorption steps incur significant energetic penalties.
Cycles of aberrant synaptic sprouting and neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's and dementia with Lewy bodies.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) are the most common neuro-degenerative disorders affecting the elderly. The cognitive and motor deficits in these diseases are associated with the disruption of neuritic substructure, loss of synaptic contacts in selectively vulnerable circuitries, and aberrant sprouting. Where as in AD, accumulation of misfolded forms of Aβtriggers neurodegeneration, in DLB accumulation of α-synuclein might play a central role. The mechanisms by which oligomeric forms of these proteins might lead to cycles of synapse loss and aberrant sprouting are currently under investigation. Several possibilities are being considered, including mitochondrial damage, caspase activation, lysosomal leakage, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus, interference with synaptic vesicle transport and function, and interference with gene transcription and signaling. Among them, recent lines of research support the possibility that alterations in signaling pathways such extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 relevant to synaptic plasticity and cell survival might play a pivotal role. A wide range of cellular functions are affected by the accumulation of misfolded Aβ and α-synuclein; thus it is possible that a more fundamental cellular alteration may underlie the mechanisms of synaptic pathology in these disorders. Among them, one possibility is that scaffold proteins, such as caveolin and JNK-interacting protein (JIP), which are necessary to integrate signaling pathways, are affected, leading to cycles of synapse loss and aberrant sprouting. This is significant because both caveolar dysfunction and altered axonal plasticity might be universally important in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative disorders, and therefore these signaling pathways might be common therapeutic targets for these devastating diseases.
18 – Couplings and Alignment

Publisher Summary This chapter focuses on couplings and alignments used in turbomachineries. Couplings in most turbomachines attach the driver to the driven piece of machinery. High-performance flexible couplings used in turbomachines perform three major functions that include: efficiently transmitting mechanical power directly from one shaft to another with constant velocity, compensating for misalignment without inducing high stress and with minimum power loss, and allowing for axial movement of either shaft without creating excessive thrust on the other. There are three basic types of flexible couplings that satisfy these requirements. The first type is the mechanical-joint coupling, in which flexibility is accomplished by a sliding and rolling action. Mechanical-joint couplings include gear tooth couplings, chain and sprocket couplings, and slider or Oldham couplings. The second type is the resilient-material coupling, in which flexibility is a function of flexing of material. Resilient-material couplings include those that use elastomer in compression, elastomer in shear, steel springs and steel-disc, and diaphragm couplings. The third type is the combined mechanical and material couplings where flexibility is provided by sliding, or rolling and flexing. Combination couplings include continuous and interrupted metallic-spring grid couplings, nonmetallic gear couplings, nonmetallic chain couplings, and slider couplings that have nonmetallic sliding elements. The alignment procedures consist of three steps that include prealignment survey, cold alignment, and the hot alignment check. In prealignment survey, piping, grouting, foundation bolts, and shim packs are studied and ascertained to be appropriately done and of good quality. The two predominant techniques used for cold alignment are the face-OD method and the reverse-dial indicator method.
Measures of Real Estate Market Sentiment and Their Relationship With U.S. Home Prices

There are a wide variety of sentiment, or confidence, measures in the marketplace. The most well-known and publicized sentiment measure is the monthly consumer confidence index. The idea behind mon...
LEVELS OF FAMILY DYSFUNCTION IN FAMILIES OF CHILDREN WITH ATTENTION DEFICIT HYPERACTIVITY DISORDER

Objective The past two decades have witnessed a growing interest in the importance of assessing multiple domains of children’s environments as indicators of risk for a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The most salient indicator of family adversity associated with a diagnosis of ADHD is family dysfunction (Cunningham and Boyle, 2002). This study examined the level of family dysfunction in 32 families with children who screened positive for ADHD, ranging in age from 6 to 11 years and a comparison group of 23 families without a child with ADHD with similar sociodemographic characteristics. Method A descriptive study design was used to assess ADHD and family dysfunction. Results Family dysfunction was calculated using the general functioning subscale of the McMaster family assessment device (Byles et al, 1988). Unhealthy families represented 30.4% (n = 7) of the comparison group and 43.8% (n = 14) of the ADHD group. t-Test results indicated family functioning to be significantly different between the comparison families (M 1.96, SD 0.23), t (53) 3.43, p = 0.001 and the ADHD families (M 2.23, SD 0.35). Families with children who screened positive for ADHD had higher levels of family dysfunction. Conclusion Children identified with behavioural characteristics that put them at risk of a diagnosis of ADHD should be targeted for early assessment and preventive intervention in an attempt to prevent further family decline. Earlier identification and intervention with these families may result in healthier family functioning and better child outcomes.
SGLT2 Inhibitors across the Spectrum of Severity of CKD.

The role of the proximal tubule and the sodium glucose cotransporter 2 (SLC5A2) in glucose homeostasis was discovered by exploring the antiglycemic effect of phlorizin (a natural compound in unripe apples) and the molecular basis of familial renal glucosuria. Inhibitor of the sodium glucose
On the mechanics of metal imprinting by nominally flat and patterned rigid surfaces

Abstract Basic knowledge of the deformation behavior of fabricated components is of paramount importance in materials processing. Compared to other process methods, the mechanics of metal imprinting, especially at small scales, have received relatively less research attention. However, recent demands for tuning the properties of metal surfaces by forming undulated micropatterns have spurred interest in gaining additional insight into metal imprinting. The aim of this study, therefore, was to develop effective modeling capabilities that establish a ground base for exploring the mechanics of this process. Accordingly, a finite element analysis was performed to analyze the deformation of an elastic–plastic material exhibiting isotropic strain hardening imprinted by a rigid template with a nominally flat or patterned surface. Simulation results were obtained in the form of dimensionless quantities to elucidate the effects of pattern geometry, depth of imprinting, and friction on the evolution of plasticity in the deformed material and its plastic flow behavior into the pattern cavities. In addition to insight into the mechanics of the process, this study provides a computational methodology for adjusting key design and process parameters so as to enhance the efficiency of metal imprinting.
The Association Between Analgesic Treatment Beliefs and Electronically Monitored Adherence for Cancer Pain.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether clusters based on analgesic treatment beliefs among patients with cancer predict objective analgesic adherence. SAMPLE & SETTING: 207 patients with cancer in the outpatient setting who were aged 18 years or older, self-identified as White or African American, were diagnosed with solid tumor or multiple myeloma, and were prescribed at least one around-the-clock analgesic prescription for reported cancer pain. METHODS & VARIABLES: This study is a secondary analysis of an existing dataset. General linear modeling with a backward elimination approach was applied to determine whether previously identified analgesic treatment belief clusters, as well as sociodemographic, clinical, and pain variables, were associated with adherence behaviors. RESULTS: Significant explanatory factors were experiential in nature and included sociodemographic, clinical, and pain-related variables, explaining 21% of the variance in analgesic adherence. Analgesic belief clusters were not predictive of adherence. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING: Future research should examine sociodemographic and other clinical factors, as well as the influence of analgesic treatment beliefs, to better understand adherence behaviors among patients with cancer.
Sex Differences in Adaptive Immunity in Chronic Lung Disease

Asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary lung disease (COPD), pulmonary hypertension, and fibrotic lung diseases have increased airway inflammation and remodeling that are regulated by the host’s innate and adaptive immune responses. A sex bias is well-established in these diseases, as females have an increased prevalence of asthma, pulmonary hypertension, and sarcoidosis compared to males. However, males have an increased prevalence of COPD and interstitial pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) compared to females. Sex hormones are important in increasing or decreasing innate and adaptive immune responses by regulating immune cell proliferation, cytokine expression, and antibody production. In this chapter, we will discuss how sex hormones regulate adaptive immune mechanisms driving airway inflammation and/or pulmonary fibrosis using both human epidemiology data and mouse models. We will also discuss how estrogen signaling increased and androgen signaling decreased T and B cell proliferation and cytokine production in culture as well as discuss future directions for research. Overall, this chapter will provide insight into how sex hormones regulate adaptive immune responses important in the pathogenesis of asthma and fibrotic lung diseases.
Deep Learning and Behavioral Theory: An Improved Analytic Method to Understand HPV Vaccination Intentions from Twitter Discussion

Background: HPV vaccine refusal or hesitancy is common among parents of adolescents, which poses a public health threat to communities. An understanding of public perception of the HPV vaccine from the perspective of behavior change theories (e.g., Health Belief Model [HBM], Theory of Planned Behavior [TPB]) can facilitate effective and targeted vaccine promotion strategies. In this regard, social media is considered a major and credible source to access public perception. Methods: We performed an evaluation of various machine learning and deep learning algorithms in mapping HPV vaccine-related Twitter discussions to major theoretical constructs of HBM and TPB. Deep learning models were then applied to map the sampled Twitter discussions (collected from January 2014 to October 2018) to the theoretical constructs. Locally estimated scatterplot smoothing (LOESS) was then adopted to reveal trends of constructs. Findings: Deep-learning algorithms achieved better performance compared with machine-learning algorithms on mapping Twitter discussion to the constructs of behavior change theories. The use of pre-trained word embedding can further improve the performance of deep-learning models. LOESS has revealed trends of constructs: for example, in the recent two years Positive attitude toward the HPV vaccine shows an increasing trend, while Negative attitude shows a decreasing trend. Interpretation: The retrospective analysis of theoretical constructs toward HPV vaccine provides a better understanding of public perception and its evolving trends in terms of multiple dimensions. The increasing prevalence in Positive attitude toward the HPV vaccine benefits from the significant efforts of public health professionals on HPV vaccine promotion; the increase in Perceived severity could result from the promotion strategy that the HPV vaccine has been more associated with cancer prevention than with genital warts. Funding Statement: Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas, National Institutes of Health, National Science Foundation. Declaration of Interests: JD received funding from the UTHealth Innovation for Cancer Prevention Research Training Program Predoctoral Fellowship (Cancer Prevention and Research Institute of Texas Grant No. RP160015); JB received funding from the National Science Foundation under Award Number No. 1734134; RS received funding from the CPRIT Dissemination Grant PP190041. CT and YC received funding from the National Institutes of Health under Award Nos. R01LM011829 and R01AI130460. Ethical Approval Statement: Not required.
Anatomic variations of aortic arch branching pattern (543.11)

The aortic arch branching pattern was examined in 39 cadaver specimens. The classic branching pattern of the aortic arch consists of the brachiocephalic trunk, left common carotid, and left subclavian arteries.The left and right vertebral arteries are normally branches of the left and right subclavian arteries, respectively.The present study demonstrates variant occurrence of the left common carotid and the left vertebral arteries. The left common carotid in one cadaver originated from the base of the brachiocephalic artery, crossed to the left side anterior to the trachea and then ascended on the left side of the cervical region. This anomaly can have various effects on the hemodynamics of the cerebral circulation and should be identified before performing any surgical procedures involving the aortic arch. In a separate cadaver, the left vertebral artery originated from the aortic arch, approximately 5mm posterior to the origin of the left subclavian artery. The anomalous left vertebral artery measured 7...
Darts (Digital Automated Radar Tracking System): Application to Tidal Inlet Hydrodynamic Studies

The mapping of strong tidally driven currents and waves through navigable inlets and restricted channels has proven to be both difficult and costly. The placement of semipermanent moored current meters and directional wave gauges is often logistically difficult, and, if measurement of surface currents is desired, poses an additional hazard to navigation. In addition, analysis of post-experimental current and wave records often requires substantial time and effort. Recent advances in digital radar technology have made possible the development of a remote ocean probe specifically designed to acquire high quality wave and current data in realtime: the Digital Automated Radar Tracking System (DARTS). DARTS was developed to provide coverage of relatively large ocean and inlet regions from a single shore monitoring station. In the wave measuring mode, DARTS acquires a spatial mapping of radar return intensities from the steep faces of approaching ocean surface waves. From this matrix of sea surface return intensities, a spatial Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied to obtain an estimate of the directional wavenumber spectrum for the incident sea surface. In the current measuring mode, passive drogue floats equipped with radar reflectors are used to produce automatically Lagrangian trajectories and velocities. Remote current mapping of inlet regions up to 30 km has been completed successfully with the DARTS system. DARTS has been deployed successfully in the wave measuring mode as part of the SUPERDUCK 86 Field Experiment at the Coastal Engineering Research Center’s Field Research Facility at Duck, NC, and in the current monitoring mode in Upper Cook Inlet, AK, to map the strong tidally driven circulation in that region.
Duplicating Dangerously: Linking Centrosome Duplication and Aneuploidy

Centrosomes are far more fascinating than the first explorers of this organelle a century ago could ever have imagined. Recent evidence indicates that deregulation of centrosome duplication affects centrosome number and promotes aneuploidy, features characteristic of human tumors.
Effects of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor positive allosteric modulator in a neuropathic pain model (661.10)

Neuropathic pain is a chronic neurological disorder characterized by hyperalgesia and allodynia. Recent evidence indicates that activation of immune system plays a critical role in the pathophysiol...
Tiene sangre in su caca

6:50 am Radio jingle blaring. So tired. On call last night, admitted 4 oncology and 5 cardiology patients, but managed miraculously to sleep in own bed for 3 hours. Husband asleep. Must snooze. So cozy. 6:57 am “. . . and New York residents choose the First Lady as their senator . . .” Yahoo
Digital micromirror device-based laser-illumination Fourier ptychographic microscopy

We report a novel approach to Fourier ptychographic microscopy (FPM) by using a digital micromirror device (DMD) and a coherent laser source (532 nm) for generating spatially modulated sample illumination. Previously demonstrated FPM systems are all based on partially-coherent illumination, which offers limited throughput due to insufficient brightness. Our FPM employs a high power coherent laser source to enable shot-noise limited high-speed imaging. For the first time, a digital micromirror device (DMD), imaged onto the back focal plane of the illumination objective, is used to generate spatially modulated sample illumination field for ptychography. By coding the on/off states of the micromirrors, the illumination plane wave angle can be varied at speeds more than 4 kHz. A set of intensity images, resulting from different oblique illuminations, are used to numerically reconstruct one high-resolution image without obvious laser speckle. Experiments were conducted using a USAF resolution target and a fiber sample, demonstrating high-resolution imaging capability of our system. We envision that our approach, if combined with a coded-aperture compressive-sensing algorithm, will further improve the imaging speed in DMD-based FPM systems.
Terminal sedation in palliative medicine--definition and review of the literature.

This paper reviews the reported use of nonopioid medications for terminal sedation. To provide a summary of the available literature, an electronic database search was performed. Thirteen series and 14 case reports were identified. Various symptoms, including agitation, pain, and confusion, required terminal sedation. Eleven drugs were used in 342 patients. Most patients were also treated with concurrent opioids and received terminal sedation in an inpatient hospice unit. Midazolam was the most common sedative employed. A good response – defined as adequate sedation – ranged between 75% and 100%. The median time to death following the introduction of terminal sedation was greater than 1 day. No agent appears to have superior efficacy or limiting toxicity.
Low-density lipoprotein in the setting of congestive heart failure: Is lower really better?

Hypercholesterolemia is a risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD), CAD mortality, and incident heart failure (HF). Lipid-lowering therapy with 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitors (statins) has been shown to reduce the risk of developing HF in patients with CAD. However, in patients with chronic established HF, hypercholesterolemia has not been associated with an increased risk of mortality. Several studies have demonstrated that higher lipid and lipoprotein levels, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein, and triglycerides, are associated with significantly improved outcomes in HF of both ischemic and nonischemic etiologies. In light of the association between high cholesterol levels and improved survival in HF, statin or other lipid-lowering therapy in HF remains controversial. To date, large outcome trials of statin therapy in HF of multiple etiologies have not demonstrated mortality benefit.
Accelerated isotropic resolution 3D image-based navigators for coronary MR angiography

Background Motion remains a primary challenge for MR coronary angiography. In our previous protocol, we performed retrospective 3D motion correction based on a set of orthogonal 2D image-based navigators (iNAV) [1]. Recent work examined the use of anisotropic-resolution 3D Cartesian iNAVs every heartbeat [2]. Capitalizing on the efficiency of non-Cartesian imaging and iterative reconstruction, we sought an improved 3D iNAVs acquisition with isotropic resolution, to facilitate wholeheart motion correction with translational or more advanced models. In this work, we propose a method providing 3D motion correction on a per-heartbeat basis using a variable-density 3D cones iNAV acquisition [3].
Selective activation of human beta-but not gamma-globin gene in human fibroblast x mouse erythroleukaemia cell hybrids.

The human α- and β-globin genes have been activated in MEL × human fibroblast cell hybrids. However, even though the human γ- and β-globin genes are closely linked and were shown in these hybrid clones to be present in approximately equal numbers, no human γ-globin mRNA was produced. Thus, the human β- and γ-globin genes in these cells are differentially regulated apparently by a positive regulatory factor(s) specific for individual globin genes.