cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aerological studies on Mount Washington

The Mount Washington Observatory, established in 1932 by Joseph B. Dodge of the Appalachian Mountain Club as a contribution to the International Polar Year Program 1932–1933, has afforded an excellent opportunity for the extension of a study of the influence of mountains upon meteorological phenomena conducted during the summer seasons of 1905, 1906, and 1907. The data are simultaneous records of the principal meteorological elements on the summit and in the free atmosphere at the same height.
Drag on modified rectangular prisms

Abstract Numerous researchers have attempted to develop a general expression to predict drag forces on orthotropic shapes. In this study, Johnson's equation for a resistance shape factor, K, was tested using orthotropic shapes different from those Johnson used. Prisms with truncated corners, perforated prisms, and prisms with length-to-width ratios > 5 were settled in viscous oil to obtain K values for comparison with values estimated by the equation. For the prisms with truncated corners and perforated prisms, the estimated K values were within 9% of observed values. Experiments using elongated prisms showed that differences between observed and estimated K values increased proportionally to a shape number, [A2/(BC)]2, where A is the vertical dimension, and B and C are horizontal dimensions of the prism. The shape number was used to develop a correction factor which improved the accuracy of Johnson's equation for prisms having large length-to-width ratios.
Teaching a Cognitive Behavioral Strategy to Manage Emotions Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy in an Educational Setting

307 The academic and social challenges facing public schools are enormous. For example, the pressure to meet the demands of the current high-stakes testing environment and reach adequate yearly progress (AYP) goals has arguably never been greater (Luna & Turner, 2001; Sanders, 2003). The energy devoted to academics has supplanted the little time spent on the social, behavioral, and emotional needs of students. Yet, the need to create classroom environments that are safe for all students persists. Abelson and Taylor (2000) addressed this problem when they wrote that many students are not receiving the mental health programs that they desperately need:
Are Two Antidepressant Mechanisms Better Than One

338 J Clin Psychiatry 58:8, August 1997 © Coyright 997 Phsicians Poraduate Pess, nc. ne pesonal opy ay be pinted New drugs with multiple mechanisms may not only be able to reduce side effects, they might even improve antidepressant efficacy. There is a troubling clinical notion, especially among some investigators, that the SSRIs are not as powerful as the TCAs for treating patients who have severe depression or who are resistant to prior trials of antidepressants. Looking at the pharmacology of the favorite Europe TCA clomipramine, we see that it is both a serotonin and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor. Is it possible that the SSRIs went too far by removing he classical antidepressants, namely tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) and monoamIssue: A drug that combines two or more synergistic mechanisms of action may yield superior therapeutic efficacy or tolerability compared to a single therapeutic mechanism of highly selective agents. Are Two Antidepressant Mechanisms Better Than One?
Quantification Theory in *8 of Principia Mathematica and the Empty Domain

The second printing of Principia Mathematica in 1925 offered Russell an occasion to assess some criticisms of the Principia and make some suggestions for possible improvements. In Appendix A, Russell offered *8 as a new quantification theory to replace *9 of the original text. As Russell explained in the new introduction to the second edition, the system of *8 sets out quantification theory without free variables. Unfortunately, the system has not been well understood. This paper shows that Russell successfully antedates Quine's system of quantification theory without free variables. It is shown as well, that as with Quine's system, a slight modification yields a quantification theory inclusive of the empty domain.
Design of a balanced multiple-valued file-organization scheme with the least redundancy

A new balanced file-organization scheme of order two for multiple-valued records is presented. This scheme is called HUBMFS2 (Hiroshima University Balanced Multiple-valued File-organization Scheme of order two). It is assumed that records are characterized by m attributes having n possible values each, and the query set consists of queries which specify values of two attributes. It is shown that the redundancy of the bucket (the probability of storing a record in the bucket) is minimized if and only if the structure of the bucket is a partite-claw. A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of an HUBMFS2, which is composed exclusively of partite-claw buckets, is given. A construction algorithm is also given. The proposed HUBMFS2 is superior to existing BMFS2 (Balanced Multiple-valued File-organization Schemes of order two) in that it has the least redundancy among all possible BMFS2's having the same parameters and that it can be constructed for a less restrictive set of parameters.
An 18O2-target for the high yield production of 18F-fluoride

Abstract A high-pressure target for the production of 18 F-fluoride via 18 O(p,n) 18 F is described. A small-volume chamber receives a standard 10 mL, glass test tube with a silvered interior. The 18 O 2 target gas is admitted, irradiated, then retrieved without losses into a reservoir by cryogenic pumping. At 10-MeV proton energy, 150 mCi/μA end-of-saturated-bombardment (EOSB) activities of 18 F are conveniently deposited on the inner surface of the target liner. This liner is removed and serves as the reaction flask for various syntheses needing precursor 18 F-fluoride. Production of the simple fluoralkane CH 3 18 F has been chosen as the standard reaction, due to its clinical demand in the assessment of regional cerebral blood flow.
The PN method for radiative transfer problems with reflective boundary conditions

Abstract The PN method is used to compute the partial heat fluxes relevant to radiative transfer in an anisotropically scattering, plane-parallel medium with specularly and diffusely reflecting boundaries.
Effect of Thin Film Heat Transfer on Meniscus Profile and Capillary Pressure

Viscous flow in a thin film in the immediate vicinity of the interline (junction of solid-liquid-vapor) significantly affects the complete profile of an evaporating meniscus. An analysis based on the premise that fluid flow results from the London-van der Waals dispersion force is used to evaluate this change as a function of heat flux. The useful capillary pressure of the meniscus is significantly reduced as the interline heat flux is increased. The dispersion model predicts measurable changes in the meniscus heat-transfer characteristics which are related to the macroscopic optical properties of the solid and liquid.
Bonjour's 'basic antifoundationalist argument' and the doctrine of the given

Soulignant l'inefficacite des critiques du fondationnalisme qui consistent a denoncer l'existence de versions idiosyncratiques et relative de la these fondationnaliste, l'A. examine le concept de croyance empirique elementaire que L. BonJour repere au centre de la fondation du reseau de croyances de la personne, meme si cette strategie s'avere fausse par la suite. Soulevant le probleme de la possession cognitive d'une raison de croire chez la personne dans les premisses 3 et 4 de l'argument de BonJour, l'A. etudie la reponse deontologique apportee par BonJour a l'objection du scepticisme global, d'une part, et analyse la doctrine du donne sur laquelle repose la justification de la croyance dans la these fondationnaliste. En derniere analyse, il apparait que la demonstration de Bonjour, fondee sur le caractere experimental de la croyance, ne parvient a refuter le fondationnalisme
Mineral–water interfacial structures revealed by synchrotron X-ray scattering

Abstract Chemical reactions occurring at the mineral–water interface are controlled by an interfacial layer, nanometers thick, whose properties may deviate from those of the respective bulk mineral and water phases. The molecular-scale structure of this interfacial layer, however, is poorly constrained, and correlations between macroscopic phenomena and molecular-scale processes remain speculative. The application of high-resolution X-ray scattering techniques has begun to provide substantial new insights into the molecular-scale structure of the mineral–water interface. In this review, we describe the characteristics of synchrotron-based X-ray scattering techniques that make them uniquely powerful probes of mineral–water interfacial structures and discuss the new insights that have been derived from their application. In particular, we focus on efforts to understand the structure and distribution of interfacial water as well as their dependence on substrate properties for major mineral classes including oxides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, silicates, halides and chromates. We compare these X-ray scattering results with those from other structural and spectroscopic techniques and integrate these to provide a conceptual framework upon which to base an understanding of the systematic variation of mineral–water interfacial structures.
SELF-REPORTED MARITAL INSTABILITY AS CORRELATED WITH THE KANSAS MARITAL SATISFACTION SCALE FOR A SAMPLE OF MIDWESTERN WIVES '

Family theory predicts a strong relationship between marital quality and marital stability; however, relatively little research with the Kansas Marital Satisfaction Scale has concerned marital stab...
Instability of vortex streets with small cores

Abstract There exists exactly one aspect ratio close to 0.281 for the desingularization of Karman's street, in which the modified system is neutrally stable. This fact is verified by calculations while utilizing the hamiltonian structure and symmetry of this modified system.
Dehydro‐enkephalins. III. Synthesis and biological activity of [ΔAla2, Leu5]‐enkephalin

[delta Ala2, Leu5]-enkephalin has been prepared and shown to be more active than the parent saturated enkephalin in a binding assay using rat brain membranes and [3H]dihydromorphine as a tracer. In a comparison of potencies against [3H]dihydromorphine and [3H]-[D-Ala2, D-Leu5]-enkephalin as tracers, [delta Ala2, Leu5]-enkephalin showed preference for micro opiate receptors, possibly due to the hydrophobicity of the delta Ala2 residue. A synthetic tetrapeptide enkephalin [delta Ala2]-desLeu5-enkephalin had weak activity and high selectivity for the micro receptors. O-Acylation of a serine residue in the peptide was achieved by coupling between the peptide and a carboxylic acid using DCC and a catalytic amount of 4-dimethylaminopyridine.
Model-based image reconstruction for four-dimensional PET

Positron emission tonography (PET) is useful in diagnosis and radiation treatment planning for a variety of cancers. For patients with cancers in thoracic or upper abdominal region, the respiratory motion produces large distortions in the tumor shape and size, affecting the accuracy in both diagnosis and treatment. Four-dimensional (4D) (gated) PET aims to reduce the motion artifacts and to provide accurate measurement of the tumor volume and the tracer concentration. A major issue in 4D PET is the lack of statistics. Since the collected photons are divided into several frames in the 4D PET scan, the quality of each reconstructed frame degrades as the number of frames increases. The increased noise in each frame heavily degrades the quantitative accuracy of the PET imaging. In this work, we propose a method to enhance the performance of 4D PET by developing a new technique of 4D PET reconstruction with incorporation of an organ motion model derived from 4D-CT images. The method is based on the well-known maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) algorithm. During the processes of forward- and backward-projection in the ML-EM iterations, all projection data acquired at different phases are combined together to update the emission map with the aid of deformable model, the statistics is therefore greatly improved. The proposed algorithm was first evaluated with computer simulations using a mathematical dynamic phantom. Experiment with a moving physical phantom was then carried out to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed method and the increase of signal-to-noise ratio over three-dimensional PET. Finally, the 4D PET reconstruction was applied to a patient case.
Neurochemistry and child and adolescent psychiatry.

Abstract This article reviews some of the neurochemistry and neurophysiology of three neurotransmitters: dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin. These neurotransmitters are selected because they appear to be involved in the regulation of several important behavioral systems that help regulate the interaction of the organism with its external environment, because many of the psychotropic drugs' modes of action may be result from their effects on these neurotransmitter systems, and because the majority of neurochemical studies in child psychiatry have focused on these three neurotransmitters. After the review of the neurotransmitter systems, neurochemical studies in several child psychiatric disorders are reviewed to illustrate possible biochemical/behavioral relationships in child psychiatry.
Subcellular immunolocalization of NMDA receptor subunit NR-1 in the chinchilla vestibular periphery

The immunohistochemical localization of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor subunit, NR-1 was investigated in the chinchilla cristae ampullaris and utricular maculae at the light and electron microscopy level with the use of specific antipeptide antibodies. The afferent calyces that innervate type I hair cell, and the basolateral type I vestibular hair cell is NR-1 immunoreactive. The afferent boutons innervating type II hair cells and the basal portion of type II hair cell are NR-1 non-immunoreactive. These findings are consistent with NMDA receptor mediation of afferent excitatory neurotransmission from type I, but not type II hair cells to the primary afferent vestibular nerve. The NMDA receptors on the type I hair cell are located in areas of synaptic specialization, and may play a role in autoregulation. The localization of the NMDA receptor subunit in type I but not type II hair cells is intriguing.
Simulation and Theory of Self-Assembled Networks: Ends, Junctions, and Loops†

The equilibrium assembly of chains capable of forming 3-fold junctions, a phenomenon observed in wormlike micelles, microemulsions, and ferromagnetic colloids, is studied by mean-field theory and Monte Carlo simulation. First, the theoretical description formulated by Tlusty and Safran (Science 2000, 290, 1328) is revisited by treating junctions as the product of end-interior binary interactions rather than the ternary association of chain ends. Although the final results are equivalent, a new perspective is gained in which the gas−liquid transition is easily interpreted as a conventional condensation driven by explicit attractions. Grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation results on a model of hard spheres self-assembling into semiflexible chains with 3-fold junctions are in qualitative agreement with mean-field theory. In contrast, in a flexible model with equivalent chaining and junction association constants, the expected gas−liquid transition is apparently suppressed by the presence of loops, the produ...
Spatial-frequency correlation in an inhomogeneous line

Abstract The variation of T 2 across the main 19 F resonance line in Mn:FeF 2 has been measured and shows strong correlation of the nuclei's spatial and frequency positions.
Alterations in glomerular dynamics in congenital, unilateral hydronephrosis.

Alterations in glomerular dynamics in congenital, unilateral hydronephrosis. We have previously shown that rats with congenital, unilateral hydronephrosis exhibit a reduction in GFR that returns to normal when either the renin angiotensin system or thromboxane A 2 (TxA 2 ) is blocked. The current study defines the single nephron defect in congenital, unilateral hydronephrosis and evaluates the roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) and TxA 2 in this renal derangement. Renal micropuncture experiments were performed on the right kidney of rats from an inbred colony with unilateral right-sided hydronephrosis (HYDRO), or non-affected litter mates (CONTROL). In addition, four separate groups of hydronephrotic animals were treated with either the TxA 2 receptor antagonist SQ-29548 (SQ), one of two Ang II receptor antagonists [saralasin (SAR) or DuP-753 (DUP)], or combined treatment with DuP-753 and SQ-29,548 (S&D). SNGFR was significantly reduced (P f ) was reduced (P 0.05) in hydrostatic or oncotic pressures across the glomerular capillary between any of the groups studied. The observation that K f increases above CONTROL with combined blockade of TxA 2 and Ang II suggests that these regulatory hormones decrease K f via independent mechanisms. These data indicate that the reduction in SNGFR in congenital, unilateral hydronephrosis is a result of a marked fall in K f that is mediated by both Ang II and TxA 2 .
Can there be a Pragmatist Philosophy of Social Science

Many, and perhaps most, American philosophers will, if pressed, say that they are pragmatists. What they typically mean by this is that they think there is some class of philosophical questions that can't be answered philosophically. If you don't think that in the end philosophical arguments can possibly settle metaphysical questions, pragmatism is an appealing response. Pragmatism becomes a kind of default position which one reverts to when one removes a topic from the list of topics that can be reasonably addressed using philosophical methods. When Richard Rorty characterized himself as a pragmatist, he meant that he was in favor of removing topics from philosophy on a wholesale basis, which implied for him the end of philosophy at least as traditionally conceived. Philosophical students of pragmatism weren't very happy with this formulation, not so much for its conclusions, but because it omitted the content of the default that John Dewey himself had in mind, namely something like the scientific method, or the scientific method understood and generalized as something like an experimental approach (Dewey 1946, p. 179). The people who thought Rorty had travestied pragmatism focused, correctly, on the difference in their attitudes toward science. Patrick Baert has written a very interesting textbook on the philosophy of social science which winds up embracing at least the term pragmatism and reflecting on Rorty in a way that arrives at a novel position. As his concluding argument is the most original part of the book and the one that is most relevant in this setting, I shall confine my comments to the question of what both a pragmatist approach to social science and to a "philosophy" of social science might be, and further confine it to the Deweyan and Rortyian variations on this general theme.
Thermal Expansion of Composites as Affected by the Matrix

Summary and Conclusions Thermal expansion measurements of composite systems containing hard dispersions embedded in brittle and semibrittle matrices indicate the importance of (1) the magnitude of the stress developed in the matrix and (2) the crack propagation behavior of the matrix. The thermal expansion of these composites can be predicted if the residual stress developed as a result of the difference in the expansions of the components does not exceed a critical value defined by the modified Griffith equation. This critical stress varied considerably with the nature (brittle, semibrittle, or ductile) of the matrix.
Josephson tunneling devices: a new technology with potential for high-performance computers

Superconducting thin film devices which exploit the Josephson effect and Giaever type tunneling have been observed to switch very fast while dissipating extremely little power. They show, therefore, good promise for high-performance computer circuits since the low power dissipation permits dense packaging with attendant short intercircuit signal delays, a prerequisite for effective utilization of fast switching circuits.
Heterogeneous atmospheric chemistry of lead oxide particles with nitrogen dioxide increases lead solubility: environmental and health implications.

Heterogeneous chemistry of nitrogen dioxide with lead-containing particles is investigated to better understand lead metal mobilization in the environment. In particular, PbO particles, a model lead-containing compound due to its widespread presence as a component of lead paint and as naturally occurring minerals, massicot, and litharge, are exposed to nitrogen dioxide at different relative humidity. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows that upon exposure to nitrogen dioxide the surface of PbO particles reacts to form adsorbed nitrates and lead nitrate thin films with the extent of nitrate formation relative humidity dependent. NO2-exposed PbO particles are found to have an increase in the amount of lead that dissolves in aqueous suspensions at circumneutral pH compared to particles not exposed. These results point to the potential importance and impact that heterogeneous chemistry with trace atmospheric gases can have on increasing solubility and therefore the mobilization of heavy metals, such a...
Overproduction of non-translatable mRNA silences. The transcription of Ty1 retrotransposons in S. cerevisiae via functional inactivation of the nuclear cap-binding complex and subsequent hyperstimulation of the TORC1 pathway.

Co-suppression is high gene copy number-triggered homology-dependent gene silencing, and co-suppression may have evolved in eukaryotes to counter invasive molecular parasites, such as viruses and transposons. We previously reported ‘Ty1 transcriptional co-suppression’—high Ty1 copy number-triggered transient transcriptional silencing of Ty1 retrotransposons in S. cerevisiae. We report here that this phenomenon is unlikely to be homology-dependent, despite the copy number dependence. The Ty1 mRNA is an extremely poor template for translation, and overproduction of non-translatable mRNA without Ty1 homology is sufficient to initiate the transient Ty1 transcriptional silencing. We present genetic evidence that overproduction of non-translatable mRNA may functionally inactivate the nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), and inactivation of CBC may then hyperstimulate the TORC1 pathway to mediate Ty1 transcriptional silencing. Our results point to a potent regulatory function of non-translatable mRNA in vivo (via CBC and TORC1) to potentially modulate a variety of intracellular activities, such as Ty1 transcription. Although overproduction of non-translatable mRNA causes transient Ty1 transcriptional silencing, it does not play a detectable role in controlling Ty1 retrotransposition. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inelastic Scattering Based on a Microscopic Description of Nuclei

The inelastic scattering of nucleons and light nuclides from nuclei is formulated in terms of a general central two-body interaction between the scattered particle and the nucleons of the nucleus, whose motions are described by detailed shell-model wave functions. Form factors based on this microscopic description are obtained as closed expressions. The theory is applied to proton scattering from the even nickel isotopes. The constructive coherence in the transition to the collective ${2}^{+}$ state leads to a form factor having the general shape of that used in the macroscopic description of collective motion. Unenhanced transitions, in contrast, are characterized by a variety not present in the macroscopic description. Nucleon scattering as here calculated is sensitive to the details constituting this variety, and therefore provides a means of subjecting microscopic descriptions of nuclei to detailed tests.
An Assessment of the Fate of Metal Oxide Nanomaterials in Porous Media

Developing procedures for assessing the potential environmental fate and transport of nanomaterials is an active endeavor of the environmental technical research community. Insufficient information exists for estimating the likelihood of nanomaterial deposition on natural surfaces in aquatic environments. This work develops a framework for estimating potential metal oxide nanomaterial self-aggregation through the combined application of recent developments in diffuse layer model surface complexation theory with historical Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) procedures. Findings from the work include: 1) the surface, diffuse layer, and/or zeta potentials of nanomaterials in environmental aqueous systems are likely to have an absolute value less than 25 mV, 2) only nanomaterials with a Hamaker constant as large as 1E-19 J (and an absolute surface potential < 25 mV) will likely aggregate in most environmental aquatic media, 3) natural organic matter coatings may render metal oxide nanomaterials less likely to aggregate in aquatic systems, 4) nanomaterials in aqueous suspension will likely have an absolute surface potential less than their micron-sized counterparts of the same composition, and 5) robust diffuse layer model databases of intrinsic surface site reactivity constants with multivalent aqueous environmental ions will need to be developed in order to provide accurate mechanistic estimates of the surface potential of nanoparticles suspended in aqueous environmental systems.
Microscopic observations of the wear sheet formation by delamination

Abstract A series of experimental results showing the process of wear sheet formation has been obtained by observing the wear tracks and the deformed subsurface of ductile metals using a scanning electron microscope. These results substantiate the delamination theory of wear. The experimentally observed delamination process initiates when the extensive sub-surface plastic deformation causes the nucleation of voids. With further deformation these voids elongate and link up to form long cracks in a direction nearly parallel to the wear surface. At a “critical” length, these cracks shear to the surface, yielding a wear particle in the form of a long thin sheet. The top surface of the wear sheet is generally smooth, while the fractured surface is rough, often showing dimples and ruptured needle points of typical ductile fracture. When the delamination process is slow, the wear track has a very cratered appearance. The process of delamination and the morphology of the wear surface and sheets are markedly influenced by the structure and microstructure of the material.
Peptides isolated from cell walls of Medicago truncatula nodules and uninfected root

Abstract The hydroxyproline-rich root nodules of legumes provide a microaerobic niche for symbiotic nitrogen-fixing Rhizobacteria. The contributions of the cell wall and associated structural proteins, particularly the hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins (HRGPs), are therefore of interest. Our approach involved identification of the protein components by direct chemical analysis of the insoluble wall. Chymotryptic peptide mapping showed a “P3-type” extensin containing the highly arabinosylated Ser-Hyp 4 -Ser-Hyp-Ser-Hyp 4 -Tyr 3 -Lys motif as a major component. Cell wall amino acid analyses and quantitative hydroxyproline arabinoside profiles, predominantly of tri- and tetraarabinosides, confirmed this extensin as the major structural protein in the cell walls of both root nodules and uninfected roots. On the other hand, judging from the Pro, Glu and non-glycosylated Hyp content, the nodule-specific proline-rich glycoproteins, such as the early nodulins (ENOD-PRPs), are present in much lesser amounts. Although we isolated no PRP peptides from nodule cell walls, a single PRP peptide from root cell walls confirmed the presence of a PRP in roots and represented the first direct evidence for a crosslinked PRP in muro. Compared with root cell walls (∼7% protein dry weight) nodule cell walls contained significantly more protein (∼13% dry weight) with an overall amino acid and peptide composition indicating the presence of structural protein unrelated to the HRGPs.
The inherent quantitative capacity of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Abstract The quantitative capacity of the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is generally underestimated. In this study, PCR and RT-PCR products were amplified from serially diluted DNA and RNA templates, respectively, using a 35-cycle PCR. In the approximate 30- to 100-fold range of template input above the lower limit of detection, herpes simplex virus ICP27 RT-PCR product yield was dependent on the logarithm of template mRNA input (r2= 0.99). Likewise, regression analysis indicated that yields of interleukin-12 p40, herpes simplex virus DNA polymerase, and interferon-γ PCR products were dependent on the logarithm of template DNA input over 40- (r2= 0.98), 60- (r2= 0.96), and 100-fold (r2= 0.99) ranges, respectively. This quantitative relationship appears to derive from the competition for reactants between specific PCR products and nonspecific primer–dimers that occurs at limiting concentrations of template. Although primer–dimers are not generally considered a common feature of PCR, 30 of 32 primer pairs tested in this study produced primer–dimer amplification in the absence of template. Because the coefficient of variation in replicate PCRs was typically 10–20% in the linear range, the precision of PCR was sufficient to measure 4-fold differences in template concentration. Thus, with statistically adequate sample numbers, an appropriate standard curve, and the inherent quantitative capacity of the method, differences in the abundance of a mRNA species are measurable by 35-cycle RT-PCR.
Reimbursement for Living Kidney Donor Follow-Up Care: How Often Does Donor Insurance Pay?

Recent reports suggest that long-term outcomes for living kidney donors are generally good (1, 2). However, these studies were limited to young, white donors, and current donors are increasingly older, obese, and hypertensive (3). Medically complex donors (defined as those with hypertension, obesity, or an estimated glomerular filtration rate <60) now form a significant proportion (24%) of current donors (4). There are few data on the long-term effects of donation in this population, and therefore, many have called for a widespread and long-term follow-up of donors (5–7). However, most U.S. transplantation centers currently do not perform long-term donor follow-up beyond the immediate postoperative period (6). Notably, many barriers have been reported for this limited follow-up, including cost issues such as reimbursement to care providers and lack of insurance in donors (6). Because of an assumption that insurance companies will not reimburse living donor follow-up care such as physician visits, many centers currently use research or hospital fund to pay for this care or have donors pay out of pocket. Here, we document how commonly physician visit bills submitted by our center for yearly postdonation care were paid by donor insurance.
Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma

Nonmelanoma skin cancer is the most common cancer in the United States, with over 1.3 million cases expected to occur in the year 2001. Approximately 80 percent of nonmelanoma skin cancers are basal-cell carcinomas, and 20 percent are squamous-cell carcinomas.1 Squamous-cell carcinoma is the second most common cancer among whites.2 Unlike almost all basal-cell carcinomas, cutaneous squamous-cell carcinomas are associated with a substantial risk of metastasis. Incidence In 1994 in the United States, the lifetime risk of squamous-cell carcinoma was 9 to 14 percent among men and 4 to 9 percent among women.3 Although it is known that this neoplasm . . .
Depression of viral interferon induction in cell monolayers by asbestos fibers.

Abstract Studies on the induction of interferon by influenza virus revealed that this adaptive cellular response was depressed, completely or partially, in either amosite, crocidolite, anthophyllite, Canadian or Rhodesian chrysotile-treated monkey kidney (LLC-MK 2 ) cell monolayers. Asbestos fiber concentrations of 1 mg/1.0 × 10 7 cells, which minimally affected cell viability, depressed interferon production by almost 90%. Increases in the virus-cell multiplicity of infection did not significantly increase interferon yields in asbestos fiber-treated cells. Chrysotile B fibers of lengths ranging from 10 to 5 μm were more effective in reducing interferon yields than those ranging from 75 to 625 μm. Maximal depression of interferon production was dependent on prior treatment of cell monolayers with asbestos fibers before the addition of viral inducer. The processes of virus integration (attachment and penetration) into and virus multiplication in cells were unaffected by the presence of asbestos fibers, however, a slightly higher level of virus replication was noted in asbestos fiber-treated cells. When cells were primed with interferon, the presence of asbestos fibers did not interfere with the ability of the primer to enhance interferon production. Neither interferon antagonists, interference with virus-cell interactions, nor adsorption by asbestos fibers accounted for the depression of interferon yields. These findings suggest that asbestos fibers act on cell membranes in a manner, as yet undetermined, to interpose in the viral inductive process of interferon synthesis.
Bayes estimation of dynamic and fixed aberrations and object from phase-diverse speckle data

In phase diverse speckle imaging, one collects a time series of phase-diversity image sets. From these data it is possible to jointly estimate the object and each realization of the aberrations. Current approaches model the total aberration phase screen in some deterministic, parametric fashion. For a typical scenario, however, one has more information than this. Specifically, the total aberration phase screen is caused by fixed aberrations combined with dynamic (time-varying), turbulence-induced aberrations for which we have some knowledge about the stochastic behavior. One important example is where the dynamic aberrations derive from Kolmogorov turbulence. In this context, utilizing this extra information has the potential for being a powerful aid in the joint aberration/object estimation. In addition, such a framework would provide a relatively simple method for calibrating fixed aberrations in an imaging system. The natural framework for utilizing the stochastic nature of the wavefronts is that of Bayesian statistical inference, where one imposes an a priori probability distribution on the turbulence-induced wavefronts. In this paper, we present the general Bayesian approach for this joint-estimation problem of the fixed aberrations, the dynamic aberrations, and the object from phase-diverse speckle data. We then discuss issues related to theoretical performance, numerical implementation, and applications. Finally we provide simulation results which demonstrate improvement in PDS image reconstructions resulting from the Bayesian estimation approach.
Immune response gene control of the mouse antibody responses to human creatine kinase-MM and the lactate dehydrogenase-1 enzymes.

We therefore investigated the genetic regulation of the immune response to human CK•MM and LDH-1, using intra-H-2 recombinant mice
Numerical studies of nonuniform deformation, stress state evolution, and subgrain formation in bicrystals in (110) channel die compression

Abstract An elastoplastic numerical model for f.c.c. bicrystals in (110) channel die compression is investigated to a logarithmic strain of 10% and compared with the analytical rigid-plastic solution at the yield point. Three lattice orientations of an aluminum bicrystal are calculated between constraint directions [00 1 ] and [1 1 2 ] . It is found that the elastoplastic results for each of stress state, velocity field and lattice-rotation rate (indicating subgrain formation) pass very close to the analytical solution at 0.2% strain for two of the orientations. This is in spite of small tangential velocity discontinuities along characteristic directions of that solution which are not permitted in the numerical (finite element) modeling. The results are never as close in the third orientation, for which there are much greater tangential velocity discontinuities in the rigid-plastic model. It is suggested that the elastoplastic comparisons with the rigid-plastic model may provide insight into realistic strain levels at the beginning of fully plastic response. However, it also is concluded that a deeper analytical representation of the tangential velocity discontinuities is needed.
ABIOTIC FORMATION OF CARBOXYLIC ACIDS (RCOOH) IN INTERSTELLAR AND SOLAR SYSTEM MODEL ICES

The present laboratory study simulated the abiotic formation of carboxylic acids (RCOOH) in interstellar and solar system model ices of carbon dioxide (CO{sub 2})-hydrocarbon mix C{sub n} H{sub 2n+2} (n = 1-6). The pristine model ices were irradiated at 10 K under contamination-free, ultrahigh vacuum conditions with energetic electrons generated in the track of galactic cosmic-ray particles. The chemical processing of the ices was monitored by a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and a quadrupole mass spectrometer during the irradiation phase and subsequent warm-up phases on line and in situ in order to extract qualitative (carriers) and quantitative (rate constants and yields) information on the newly synthesized species. Carboxylic acids were identified to be the main carrier, together with carbon monoxide (CO) and a trace of formyl (HCO) and hydroxycarbonyl (HOCO) radicals at 10 K. The upper limit of acid column density at 10 K was estimated as much as (1.2 {+-} 0.1) x 10{sup 17} molecules cm{sup -2} at doses of 17 {+-} 2 eV molecule{sup -1}, or the yield of 39% {+-} 4% from the initial column density of carbon dioxide. The temporal column density profiles of the products were then numerically fit using two independent kinetic schemes ofmore » reaction mechanisms. Finally, we transfer this laboratory simulation to star-forming regions of the interstellar medium, wherein cosmic-ray-induced processing of icy grains at temperatures as low as 10 K could contribute to the current level of chemical complexity as evidenced in astronomical observations and in extracts of carbonaceous meteorites.« less
MOVES and AERMOD Used for PM2.5 Conformity Hot Spot Air Quality Modeling

On March 10, 2006, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency published a final rule requiring transportation conformity analysis of project-level particulate matter (PM) in nonattainment and maintenance areas for projects of air quality concern. Since then the agency has released a public draft on transportation conformity guidance for quantitative hot spot analyses in PM2.5 and PM10 nonattainment and maintenance areas in which MOVES and EMFAC in California are designated as the official mobile emission models. The official air quality models are AERMOD and CAL3QHCR. The public draft requires detailed handling of emission and air quality data, which is a new requirement for state departments of transportation and metropolitan planning organizations. The use of MOVES and AERMOD for transportation conformity analysis is showcased with priority given to the setup and running of the models with their respective data inputs in accordance with the transportation conformity guidance. Details of the input data pre...
Immersion education for orthopaedic pathology: A review of the orthopaedic in-training examination and American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery certification

Residency programs have the task of training future orthopaedic surgeons and providing them with a solid knowledge base. This knowledge base, which ultimately guides the surgeon in decision-making and patient care, also figures prominently in how the resident performs on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination and the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery certification examination. The purposes of the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination, which was first administered in 1963, are to measure resident knowledge against a national standard, determine minimal standards for trainees, and measure the quality of teaching at the different residency programs1. Studies have correlated performance on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination with performance on Part I of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery examination2,3. Residents with average scores in the 27th percentile or lower on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination during postgraduate years two through five have a 57% chance of failing Part I of the American Board of Orthopaedic Surgery examination2. Investigators have analyzed the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination with regard to the various subspecialties and orthopaedic topics, including orthopaedic pathology4, hand5, sports medicine6, foot and ankle7, and osteonecrosis8. The purpose of these analyses was to determine the topics most likely to be included on the test and thereby facilitate the design of lesson plans and study aids for more focused preparation for the examination. The analysis by Frassica et al.4 of the content, question types, and types of images appearing on the orthopaedic pathology section of the test can be used to develop a curriculum for educating residents. As an example, the most common malignant bone tumors addressed by questions on the Orthopaedic In-Training Examination were metastatic bone lesions, osteosarcomas, and Ewing tumors. Other common benign bone lesions included osteomyelitis, giant cell …
Ionospheric Absorption in Conjugate Regions and Possible Oscillation of the Exosphere

SINCE early 1963, observations of ionospheric absorption have been conducted at three pairs of magnetically conjugate stations situated at high magnetic latitude. The positions of the stations are given in Table 1, the three northern stations being in Canada and the three southern stations in Antarctica. According to computations using an expansion of the geomagnetic field1, the pairs of stations are within 100 km of magnetic conjugacy. Great Whale River and Byrd lie near the maxima of the auroral zones, the other pairs of stations being respectively inside and outside the auroral zones.
The Myth of Japanese Buyer‐Supplier Relationships

The purpose of this research is to further examine the relationship between organizational culture and a strategic approach to quality, as embodied in Malcolm Baldrige Quality award criteria. To accomplish this, a questionnaire was developed for a postal survey. The questionnaire was based upon the Competing Values Model of Culture and the Baldrige Award criteria to define the position of the company in their strategic quality approach. This questionnaire was then sent to 1000 members of the American Society for Quality. A total of 219 usable responses were received and analyzed. The results indicate that higher Baldrige scores tend to be significantly related to the Adhocracy and Group cultural types.
Endothelial cell survival on transplanted human corneas preserved at 4 C in 2.5% chondroitin sulfate for one to 13 days.

A comparison of transplantation of 37 corneas preserved in 2.5% chondroitin sulfate (K-Sol) at 4 C for one to 13 days (mean, 6.8 days) with those of 37 corneas preserved in McCarey-Kaufman medium at 40 C for one to 81 hours (mean, 39 hours) yielded the following results. The mean endothelial cell loss noted two months after keratoplasty was 6% in each group. The grafts preserved in K-Sol were significantly thinner two months postoperatively. Within the K-Sol group, there was a significant positive correlation between preservation time and both epithelialization time and corneal thickness three weeks after keratoplasty. There was also a significant positive correlation between preservation time and endothelial cell loss in both groups, with the highest cell losses (≥30%) all occurring after two days of storage in the McCarey-Kaufman group and after ten days of storage in the K-Sol group. These results appear to justify the use of chondroitin-sulfate-based preservation media to extend donor storage time; they also indicate that donor corneas should be used as early as feasible.
Nuclear Histones and Early Embryogenesis of the Chick

THE biological processes of differentiation and development must involve a differential expression of the genome. The mechanisms for control of such expression are as yet unknown. A genetic regulatory function has been postulated, however, for certain basic cellular proteins, the histones1–3. The presence of histones within the cell nucleus, their association with DNA and UNA, and their molecular heterogeneity give support to this concept4. Furthermore, interactions between histones and in vitro DNA-dependent RNA synthesis systems have been reported5–8. In a developing embryo, differentiation might be reflected by changes in the nuclear histone complement as new and differentiated tissues are formed, especially during the early stages of embryogenesis, such as gastrulation, when the primary organ rudiments are first formed. For these reasons, an investigation was made of the electrophoretic patterns and amino-acid compositions of histones extracted from nuclei of the chick embryo from gastrulation to 7 days of age.
Paediatric Crohn's disease: a radiological review.

Paediatric Crohn's disease can be a serious and complex condition which is not always easy to diagnose if it presents in an atypical manner. Although the pathological processes are the same in adults and children, the clinical presentation and disease distribution can be different in children. The impact of the disease can also be much more significant in a growing and developing child than in an adult. Numerous investigations are available to establish the diagnosis, define the complications and to demonstrate the extra-intestinal manifestations. Close co-operation is required between the clinician and radiologist when investigating a child suspected of having Crohn's disease or its symptoms to minimise the radiation dose and the psychological and physical trauma. We review the clinical and radiological aspects of Crohn's disease and discuss the imaging modalities available in diagnosing Crohn's disease and its complications and suggest an investigation pathway as used in our institution.
Null effect of adenosine on cyclic nucleotides of the corneal endothelium: possible implications for adenosine-stimulated corneal deturgescence

Adenosine has been reported by several investigators to stimulate corneal deturgescence, but the actual biochemical mechanism of this effect remains unknown. Effects observed include increased magnitude and rate of corneal thinning, increased endothelial fluid transport rate, support of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels, stimulation of magnesium activated ATPase (Mg+ ATPase) and sodium-potassium activated ATPase (Na K ATPase) activities in endothelial whole cell preparations+ but a lack of stimulation of Mg ATPase and Na K ATPase activities in endothelial plasma membrane preparations. This study examined the possibility that adenosine alters the corneal endothelial levels of two biochemical effectors: adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3′, 5′-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP). Bovine corneal endothelium was studied as fresh tissue and after growth in tissue culture. The samples were processed both at room temperature and in liquid nitrogen. Incubation of fresh and cultured endothelia in...