cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
H2O diffusion models in rhyolitic melt with new high pressure data

Abstract Water diffusion in silicate melts is important for understanding bubble growth in magma, magma degassing and eruption dynamics of volcanos. Previous studies have made significant progress on water diffusion in silicate melts, especially rhyolitic melt. However, the pressure dependence of H2O diffusion is not constrained satisfactorily. We investigated H2O diffusion in rhyolitic melt at 0.95–1.9 GPa and 407–1629 °C, and 0.2–5.2 wt.% total water (H2Ot) content with the diffusion-couple method in a piston-cylinder apparatus. Compared to previous data at 0.1–500 MPa, H2O diffusivity is smaller at higher pressures, indicating a negative pressure effect. This pressure effect is more pronounced at low temperatures. Assuming H2O diffusion in rhyolitic melt is controlled by the mobility of molecular H2O (H2Om), the diffusivity of H2Om (DH2Om) at H2Ot ≤ 7.7 wt.%, 403–1629 °C, and ≤ 1.9 GPa is given by D H 2 O m = D 0 e x p ( a X ) , with D 0 = e x p ( 13.375 + 1.8875 P − 12939 + 3625.6 P T ) , and a = − 37.256 + 75884 T , where D0 is in µm2/s, X is mole fraction of H2Ot on a single oxygen basis, T is temperature in K, and P is pressure in GPa. H2Ot diffusivities (DH2Ot, in µm2/s) can be calculated from H2Om diffusivity, or directly from the following expression: l n ( D H 2 O t / X ) = 13.47 − 49.996 X + 7.0827 X + 1.8875 P − 9532.3 − 91933 X + 13403 X + 3625.6 P T . At low H2Ot content (up to 2 wt.% if an error of a factor of 2 is allowed), H2Ot diffusivity is approximately proportional to H2Ot content: D H 2 O t = C C 0 e x p ( 9.5279 + 1.8875 P − 9698.5 + 3625.6 P T ) , where C is H2Ot content in wt.% and C0 is 1 wt.%. The new expressions for H2O diffusion not only reproduce our own data, but also match data in literature from different laboratories and using different methods, indicating good inter-laboratory and multi-method consistency. The new expressions cover a wide range of geological conditions, and can be applied to H2O diffusion in rhyolitic melts in various volcanic and magmatic processes.
Kallmann's syndrome with diabetes insipidus.

A case is presented of a male with Kallmann's syndrome who at the age of 27 developed central diabetes insipidus. Previously, Kallmann's syndrome has been found to be associated with an altered osm...
Effect of bovine follicular fluid on gonadotropin secretion and ovulation rate in the cycling ewe with subsequent passive immunization of prepuberal mice with bovine follicular fluid antisera

Abstract The response to administration of charcoal-extracted bovine follicular fluid on gonadotropin secretion, ovulation rate, and antibody formation in the cycling ewe was investigated. Twelve ewes were randomly assigned to three treatment groups of four ewes each, and received injections twice daily (10 ml, intradermal) from Day 1 to Day 11 (the first day of estrus, following synchronization, was designated Day 0) (with Freund's complete adjuvant on Days 3, 6 and 9). Group 1 received whole charcoal-extracted bovine follicular fluid (bFF), Group 2 received heat-inactivated charcoal-extracted bovine follicular fluid (IFF), and Group 3 received saline (SAL). Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were assayed from serum on Days 1–17. Follicle stimulating hormone levels were significantly reduced from Day 2 to Day 12, as compared with controls, in both the bFF and IFF groups and, from the bFF-treated group only, a post-treatment rebound in FSH levels was observed between Days 13 and 14. While LH levels in bFF- and IFF-treated animals were significantly lower than in controls on Day 3, overall LH levels were not substantially affected by these treatments. Laparoscopies performed after Day 21 showed a trend toward increased ovulation rates for bFF-treated animals and significantly increased ovulation rates for IFF-treated animals as compared with controls. The presence of bFF-reactive antibodies was detected from both bFF- and IFF-treated animals using an immunodiffusion assay after Day 17, and again after the subsequent estrous cycle. To further investigate possible effects of endogenous antibody production on ovulation rate, immature female mice were given a single, 0.1 ml intraperitoneal injection of antiserum collected from bFF-treated ewes. This treatment resulted in significantly higher ovulation rates compared with controls given normal ovine serum. These results indicate that treatment of ewes with bFF initially suppresses FSH levels and results in a post-treatment rebound to higher than normal FSH levels. Moreover, these findings also indicate that whole bFF or bFF antisera (produced in the ewe), will increase ovulation rate. Under these conditions, the inhibin control on FSH secretion may have been relieved, thus resulting in an elevated ovulatory rate.
Sediment porewater exchange and solute release during ebullition

Abstract The ebullitive exchange of porewater between low-permeability methanogenic sediment and overlying water was measured in the laboratory using fluoride as a tracer. Sediment was equilibrated with fluoride at 3.1 mM, followed by purging with fluoride-free water for 4.5 h to decrease the porewater concentration gradient and diffusive flux. Bubbles with an average volume of about 0.23 ml were injected 4.6 cm below the sediment–water interface at a constant rate of 42 ml/m2/min for 3 h in the test chambers, while no bubbles were injected in the control chambers. Fluoride concentrations in the overlying water of both test and control chambers increased linearly with time, due to a combination of ebullition and molecular diffusion in the test chambers and molecular diffusion only in the control chambers. The fluoride fluxes in test chambers were about 50% greater than in the controls and the differences are attributed to ebullitive exchange of porewater. The flux in the test chambers correlated strongly (r2 = 0.99) with the volumetric rate of bubble release. On a bubble volume basis, the volume of porewater corresponding to the fluoride released was 0.069 ± 0.006 ml porewater/ml bubbles. The volume released per bubble was 0.016 ± 0.003 ml. When ebullition was stopped, flux in the test chamber decreased to a rate that was slightly less than in the control chamber. After accounting for slight differences in concentration gradients, the post-ebullition fluxes in the test and control chambers were nearly identical, indicating that the bubble tube and vent structures do not enhance diffusion in the absence of ebullition. Calculations suggest that molecular diffusive fluxes for near surface solutes are greater than ebullitive fluxes in all but highly methanogenic and ebullitive sediments.
Effects of differential spatial orientation on tactual pattern recognition.

This study assessed the effects of variation in the relative spatial orientation of figures on tactual pattern recognition. Metric figures at two levels of complexity, 4 × 4 and 6 × 6, were used. Ss were required to determine which of two choice figures was identical to a previously presented target (identity indicator response) or, if neither of the two choice figures was identical to the target (non-identity indicator response). Two orientation conditions were employed: (1) all figures were oriented in the same direction and (2) choice figures were oriented in different directions relative to the target and to each other. In general, differential orientation degraded both the accuracy and speed of recognition. The negative effects of differential orientation were dependent upon figure complexity and the type of indicator response when perceptual performance was measured in terms of accuracy but not when a speed index was used. Patterns at the low level of complexity were recognized more rapidly than hig...
On the automorphism groups of certain hypersurfaces II

In this article, we determine the automorphism groups of a family of cubic hypersurfaces generalizing those introduced in part I. Along the way, we determine all algebraic groups which contain PSL 2(Fq) and which lie in PGLn (C), where q=2 n ± 1. This is accomplished using the classification of finite simple groups, information from the ATLAS of finite simple groups, the degrees of some complex representations of reductive groups over a finite field and techniques from Part I of this article needed to prove that the automorphism groups in question are finite.
Does Thoracoscopic Surgery Decrease the Morbidity of Combined Lung and Chest Wall Resection

Background Because the traditional open lung approach with en bloc chest wall resection carries substantial risk for complications and death, we studied our thoracoscopic approach for this operation. Methods From 2007 to 2013, all consecutive video-assisted thoracoscopic (VATS) and open chest wall resections at a comprehensive cancer center were tabulated retrospectively. Data were analyzed by approach, type, and cause of early major morbidity and mortality. Lung cancer cases (the largest subset, T3) were analyzed separately. Statistical tests included the Kruskal-Wallis test for continuous variables and the χ 2 for categoric variables. Survival data were analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank tests. Results Of 47 chest wall resections performed, 17 (36%) were performed by VATS with no conversions. Resections were performed for primary non-small cell lung cancer (15 VATS and 16 thoracotomy), sarcoma (11), metastatic disease from a separate primary (2), and benign conditions (3). Patients undergoing a VATS approach were older (76 vs 56 years, p = 0.003), and the operative times, blood loss, and ribs resected were similar between groups. Patients undergoing VATS had shorter intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay, but both groups had high hospital morbidity and mortality, largely resulting from postoperative pneumonia or respiratory systemic inflammatory response syndrome (n = 5), stroke (n = 2), and postoperative colon ischemia (n = 1). Groups had a 90-day mortality of 26.7% and 25% respectively. Stage-matched survival curves for both approaches were superimposable ( p =0.88). Conclusions Thoracoscopic chest wall resection was feasible, expanded our case selection, and reduced prosthetic reconstruction. It did not, however, protect frail, elderly patients reliably. Briefer, less traumatic operations may be needed for this cohort.
Another look at whether private schools influence public school quality: Comment

Couch, Shughart, and Williams (1993) report that private school enrollments are positively correlated with scores on a standard algebra test taken by North Carolina public school students. In this paper I show that if any one of five reasonable changes is made to the specification of their model, this correlation disappears.
Temperature dependence of the electronic factor in the nonadiabatic electron transfer at metal and semiconductor electrodes

The temperature dependence of the electronic contribution to the nonadiabatic electron transfer rate constant (k_(ET)) at metal electrodes is discussed. It is found in these calculations that this contribution is proportional to the absolute temperature T. A simple interpretation is given. We also consider the nonadiabatic rate constant for electron transfer at a semiconductor electrode. Under conditions for the maximum rate constant, the electronic contribution is also estimated to be proportional to T, but for different reasons than in the case of metals (Boltzmann statistics and transfer at the conduction band edge for the semiconductor versus Fermi–Dirac statistics and transfer at the Fermi level, which is far from the band edge, of the metal).
Did Wolff, Parkinson and White mind their Ps and Qs?

This paper is dedicated to the postdoctoral fellows and graduate students in our electrophysiology journal club, whose insightful and humorous discussion of these and other papers have been an inspiration to their so called mentor.
The Origins of Southern Evangelicalism: Religious Revivalism in the South Carolina Lowcountry, 1670–1760, by Thomas J. Little, Columbia, South Carolina: The University of South Carolina Press, 2013, xv + 280 pp. ISBN 978-1 61117 274 4, US$49.95 (hardback); ISBN 978 1 61117 275 1, US$49.95 (e-book)

With a promising farewell, George Whitefield assured his Charleston audience in 1740, ‘the fields here … are white, ready to harvest’ (p. 143). In The Origins of Southern Evangelicalism, Thomas J. ...
FOUR NEW YEASTS FOUND IN JAPAN

Four new yeasts, Pichia nonfermentans, Candida boleticola, Candida butyri, and Candida quercuum, were described on the basis of taxonomic characteristics commonly employed and the base composition in DNA.
The Disposition of AIDS Imagery in "New York Times" Obituaries.

Analysis of 100 AIDS death obituaries published in the New York Times indicates that the imageries in these obituaries reflect much about the American society: about attitudes toward homosexuality,...
Flat versus spatially variable tolling: A case study in Fresno, California

Abstract A number of studies have examined the feasibility of temporal variations in tolls. However, spatial variation in tolls has not received much attention, especially in practice. Spatial variation could effectively reduce congestion and increase profits. To fill this gap, we conduct an empirical application on 3 different road segments using the Fresno, California's transportation planning model. Our modeling results in a number of interesting insights. First, the derived optimal flat toll values are very close to the average variable tolls, but the effects of applying spatially variable tolls on improving total revenues (from 4% to 24%) and total improved travel time (from 18% to 1083%) measures are significant. Second, spatially variable tolls are more effective, but more costly, particularly for arterials, which can be attributed to the higher number of access points for arterials. Third, spatial variations in tolls are more effective for peak hours than for off-peak hours and for social optimization than for profit maximization. Fourth, to improve throughputs for both profit maximization and social optimization, the prevalent tolling pattern along a corridor induces lower final volumes per capacity (V/Cs) (after pricing) at the mainline flow sections and relatively higher final V/Cs at the entrance and exit (boundary) points. Finally, optimal toll patterns are not dependent on vehicle miles traveled (VMTs) or volumes but, rather, are related to targeted V/Cs. Therefore, flow-dependent charges along a corridor should be based on V/Cs rather than on volumes or VMTs.
Results from a new search for proton decay

The authors have searched for the decay of protons and neutrons bound in nuclei using Soudan 1, a 31.5-metric-ton iron-loaded concrete tracking calorimeter, instrumented with 3456 proportional tubes. During a live time of 0.38 yr, the authors have observed one candidate event wholly contained within the detector. If this event is attributed to a background source, a lower bound (90% confidence level) can be established on the lifetime for nucleon decay through any of a wide range of modes of 1 x 10/sup 30/ yr.
Macroscopic Quantum Fluctuations and First-Order Phase Transition in a Laser

A homogeneously broadened two-mode ring laser has two metastable states in which one or the other mode intensity is zero. Quantum fluctuations cause the system to switch spontaneously, and at random times, between these states. The probability distribution of the light intensity of one laser mode has been measured, and found to exhibit two completely resolved peaks at zero and nonzero intensities, as predicted. This confirms the existence of a first-order laser phase transition.
Identifying extreme hottest days from large scale upper air data: a pilot scheme to find California Central Valley summertime maximum surface temperatures

A pilot scheme uses upper air data from a few extreme hottest days to identify those and other extreme hottest days measured by 3 stations sampling the California Central Valley (CV). Prior work showed that CV extreme heat wave onsets have characteristic large scale patterns in many upper-air variables; those patterns also occur for the hottest days. A pilot scheme uses areas of two upper-air variables with high significance and consistency to forecast extreme surface temperatures. The scheme projects key parts of composite patterns for one or more variables onto daily weather maps of the corresponding variables resulting in a ‘circulation index’ for each day. The circulation index measures how similar the pattern on that day is to the composite patterns in areas dynamically relevant to a CV extremely hot day, with a larger value for a stronger match and larger amplitude. The scheme is tested on the development period (1979–1988) and on the subsequent 18 year ‘independent’ period (1989–2006). The pilot scheme captures about half of the rare events in the development period, with similar skill for the independent period. Based only on 16 days of extreme heat in the first 10 years, the scheme is not intended to represent the general distribution; however the circulation index has similar kurtosis, variance, and skewness as the observed maximum temperatures. Properties of the high end tail of the distribution are notably improved by adding the second predictor. The scheme outperforms simply using 850 hPa temperature above the CV.
POTENTIAL FACTORS AFFECTING FLOW CONSISTENCY TEST METHOD FOR CONTROLLED LOW-STRENGTH MATERIALS

Controlled low-strength material (CLSM) is a mixture of portland cement, fly ash, sand, and water. A provisional standard for evaluating the flow consistency of this material has been recently developed by ASTM (PS 28-95). The procedure consists of filling a standardized cylinder with CLSM and lifting the cylinder by a steady upward motion, thereby allowing the CLSM to flow out and form a conical pile. The spread diameter is the average of two manually taken measurements of the base of the pile in orthogonal directions. The authors are developing a flow index test (FIT) for granular materials based on the CLSM flow test. During development of this index test, a number of parametric studies have been done to investigate the influence of material- and procedure-related factors on the test results. These studies indicate that the results obtained with the FIT procedure depend on a number of factors. Because inertia forces and surface friction coefficients are important factors for both wet and dry granular f...
Destructive Adsorption of Carbon Tetrachloride on Alkaline Earth Metal Oxides

The destructive adsorption of CCl4 on MgO, CaO, SrO, and BaO has been studied as a function of the reaction temperature and the amount of CCl4 injected. The reaction was followed using in situ Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 13C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It was found that the activity toward CCl4 parallels the basicity of the alkaline earth metal oxide; i.e., the activity decreased in the order BaO > SrO > CaO > MgO. Barium oxide readily reacted with CCl4 at 200−300 °C, and, at these low temperatures, CO2 was the only gas-phase product that evolved from the surface. At higher reaction temperatures, other alkaline earth metal oxides, such as CaO and MgO, also became active, and COCl2 was found to be a reaction intermediate in the destruction of CCl4. Although the destruction process is initiated at the surface, the continuous O2-/Cl- exchange results in the bulk transformation of the metal oxide to the me...
Tumor-derived death receptor 6 modulates dendritic cell development

Studies in murine models of cancer as well as in cancer patients have demonstrated that the immune response to cancer is often compromised. This paradigm is viewed as one of the major mechanisms of tumor escape. Many therapies focus on employing the professional antigen presenting dendritic cells (DC) as a strategy to overcome immune inhibition in cancer patients. Death receptor 6 (DR6) is an orphan member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily (TNFRSF21). It is overexpressed on many tumor cells and DR6−/− mice display altered immunity. We investigated whether DR6 plays a role in tumorigenesis by negatively affecting the generation of anti-tumor activity. We show that DR6 is uniquely cleaved from the cell surface of tumor cell lines by the membrane-associated matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-14, which is often overexpressed on tumor cells and is associated with malignancy. We also demonstrate that >50% of monocytes differentiating into DC die when the extracellular domain of DR6 is present. In addition, DR6 affects the cell surface phenotype of the resulting immature DC and changes their cytokine production upon stimulation with LPS/IFN-γ. The effects of DR6 are mostly amended when these immature DC are matured with IL-1β/TNF-α, as measured by cell surface phenotype and their ability to present antigen. These results implicate MMP-14 and DR6 as a mechanism tumor cells can employ to actively escape detection by the immune system by affecting the generation of antigen presenting cells.
We Meant No Harm, Yet We Made a Mistake; Why Not Apologize for it? A Student’s View

This essay explores the unique perspective of medical students regarding the ethical challenges of providing full disclosure to patients and their families when medical mistakes are made, especially when such mistakes lead to tragic outcomes. This narrative underscores core precepts of the healing profession, challenging the health care team to be open and truthful, even when doing so is uncomfortable. This account also reminds us that nonabandonment is an obligation that assumes accountability for one’s actions in the healing relationship and that apologizing for mistakes can serve to heal. It argues that even medical students have an obligation to speak up when actions violate their moral beliefs, even if this means confronting a superior. Ethical principles cannot be abandoned in fear of adverse evaluation or failure to conform. Healthcare workers have an obligation to address mistakes made around the time of a patient’s death with the patient’s family. This responsibility trumps any selfish desire to avoid unpleasant feelings of guilt or regret. Such events often bring closure to already anguished relatives and spouses, and may help to facilitate the grieving process. This includes pressing forward the need to apologize to patients and/or their families when mistakes are made and when decisions are made that lead to poor outcomes for the patient, even when benevolently intended.
The molecular complexes in Orion

Line emission from CO at 2.6 mm is observed over an area of 28 square degrees in the Orion region. Most of the emission comes from two giant molecular complexes, roughly associated with Ori B and Ori A. The latter provides the best example of a giant molecular complex at the end of a sequence of OB association subgroups of decreasing age. This complex is apparently rotating with an angular velocity 4.5 by 10 to the -15th power per sec, but in a direction opposed to the Galactic rotation. The apparently denser parts of the cloud are rotating at a somewhat greater angular velocity. The total mass of the molecular gas derived from the observations is 200,000 solar masses, implying that roughly half the matter in this region is in the form of molecular hydrogen.
Adaptive vergence for stereo matching

Using oblique imagery in the cartographic extraction of man-made features introduces several problems to the process of stereo matching that are not found with near-nadir imagery. Even after the images are brought into a collinear epipolar alignment, the ground-plane is not perpendicular to camera axis and the assumption that building roofs are similarly perpendicular to the camera axis is even less valid than with near-nadir imagery. In addition, walls are now commonly visible rather than being exceptional features. These problems require changes to the processing of the imagery and in the operation of the stereo matching. The obliquity of the ground-plane causes the most problem for stereo matchers. To accommodate the larger range of disparity, the stereo process must either increase its search window, or utilize an adaptive vergence mechanism to control the search window on a pixel- by-pixel basis. Increasing the search window increases both the search time and the chance for aliasing to occur. We show that adding an adaptive vergence mechanism to an existing stereo system provides a substantial improvement in its ability to process oblique imagery.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Micrometer-sized iron oxide particle labeling of mesenchymal stem cells for magnetic resonance imaging-based monitoring of cartilage tissue engineering.

Purpose To examine mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) labeling with micrometer-sized iron oxide particles (MPIOs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based tracking and its application to monitoring articular cartilage regeneration.
Active control of sound fields in elastic cylinders by multicontrol forces

An unstiffened cylindrical model was used to study the control of sound transmission into aircraft cabins by the use of multi-control forces applied directly to the cylinder wall. External acoustic monopoles were located on each side of the cylinder to approximate the propeller noise source. This allowed the study of a dual control system utilizing multi-control forces in conjunction with synchrophasing of the twin acoustic monopole sources. For acoustic resonant conditions within the cavity, a spatially averaged noise reduction of approximately 30 dB was achieved using the active control system for both in-phase and out-of-phase monopoles; however, effective reduction of the sound field was dependent upon judiciously positioning the control forces for optimal control of the sound field.
Stabilization of Heavy Metal Containing Hazardous Wastes with Byproducts from Advanced Clean Coal Technology Systems.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the success of residues from advanced Clean Coal Technology (CCT) systems as stabilization agents for heavy metal containing hazardous wastes. In t...
The effect of weathering on the distribution of strontium isotopes in weathering profiles

Abstract The strontium isotope ratio in sea water has varied through geologic time owing to the input of strontium from rock weathering. To evaluate the possibility that Sr 87 Sr 86 ratios might be altered during weathering, seven weathering profiles developed on Mesozoic arkoses located along the length of New Zealand were investigated. The rubidium-strontium-strontium isotope relations in these profiles give ‘isochron’ ages less than the ages of deposition of the arkoses. These ages appear to result from the weathering of a homogeneous source rock. The age calculated from the rubidium-strontium system (t′) is related to the original age (t) by the equation t′/t = (n − 1)/n, where n is the ratio of the amounts of common and radiogenic strontium leached from the rock. Shales formed by the accumulation of these residual solids may inherit misleading isochron relationships which may not be erased during deposition or early diagenesis. The strontium which goes into solution and is transported to the sea is slightly less radiogenic than the strontium in the unweathered rock, while the residual clays may be much more radiogenic.
Surgical Repair of Dissection of the Upper Descending Thoracic Aorta and Discrete Ascending Aortic Aneurysm

Abstract This report describes successful staged surgical repair in 2 patients with dissection of the upper descending thoracic aorta (DeBakey type III) with coexisting discrete Marfan's aneurysms of the ascending aorta. Initial repair of the descending aortic dissection was done through a left thoracotomy using a transverse aorta–femoral artery shunt in 1 patient and a left ventricular apex–femoral artery shunt without systemic heparinization in the other. Emphasis is placed on the need for pharmacological reduction of blood pressure during aortic cross-clamping as well as the use of a shunt to prevent dissection of the ascending aortic aneurysm. In both patients, subsequent repair of the ascending aortic aneurysm was accomplished using composite graft replacement of the aortic valve and ascending aorta. This operation is advised for such patients even in the absence of notable aortic valve incompetence.
In Situ Staining for Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase Activity Using an NAD Analogue:

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is a highly abundant nuclear enzyme which metabolizes NAD, in response to DNA strand breakage, to produce chains of poly(ADP-ribose) attached to nuclear proteins. PARP activation has been implicated in ischemia/reperfusion injury, but its biological significance is not fully understood. We have modified an existing in situ method for detection of PARP activity by using an NAD analogue in which adenine is modified by an "etheno" (vinyl) bridge. Etheno-NAD serves as a PARP substrate in an initial enzymatic reaction; a specific antibody to ethenoadenosine is then used in an immunohistochemical reaction to detect the production of modified poly(ADP-ribose). The method produces strong and specific labeling of nuclei in which PARP has been activated, i.e., those in which DNA strand breaks have been produced, and the results can be analyzed by microscopy, flow cytometry, or colorimetry. The method is applicable to cultured cells in several formats and to frozen tissue sections. The particular characteristics of the new method may assist in future in situ studies of PARP activation.
Exercise-induced breathing patterns of youth are related to age and intensity

The influences of sex, age, exercise intensity, and end-tidal CO(2) on the inspiratory drive ([V(T) kg(-1)] x T(i)(-1)) and respiratory timing (T(i) x T(tot)(-1)) components of ventilation were examined in 295 youth (138 females, 157 males); similarly distributed 8-18 years of age. Ventilatory and metabolic measures were collected breath-by-breath at rest and during a slow walk (4.0 km h(-1)), fast walk (5.6 km h(-1)) and run (8.0 km h(-1)). Regression modeling for drive (age, sex, and P(ET)CO(2)) found that sex was significant (R (2) < 0.017; P < 0.05) for rest and running, but not walking. Compared to rest, drive increased by 120% for the slow walk, 217% for the fast walk and 258% for the run (P < 0.0001). Drive decreased with age (P < 0.0001): rest = 0.41 ml kg(-1) s(-1) year(-1); slow walk = 0.90 ml kg(-1) s(-1) year(-1); fast walk = 1.30 ml kg(-1) s(-1) year(-1); and run = 1.47 ml kg(-1) s(-1) year(-1). In the regression models for timing, sex provided approximately 1% of the variance during the run, but was not significant during rest or walking. Timing increased with exercise intensity by approximately 0.02 units (P < 0.001), but decreased by approximately 0.002 units year(-1) with age for all conditions (P < 0.003). Changes in drive and timing were marginally related to end-tidal CO(2) (exercise R(2) < 0.063 for all models). These results suggest that in the control of inspiratory drive and timing during exercise in youth, sex is of minor importance but there are age-related changes which are marginally associated with CO(2).
History of echocardiographic contrast agents

Since its experimental introduction over 30 years ago, the use of cardiac ultrasound has expanded expeditiously, particularly in the last decade. The inception of managed care has fueled this expansion because ultrasound technology has the potential to enhance cost-effective diagnosis and medical care. Another important factor driving the growth of cardiac ultrasound has been the recent and rapid development of contrast echocardiography (CE). This diagnostic technique, involving the injection of a contrast agent to enhance ultrasound imaging, provides a safe, noninvasive means of directly assessing myocardial perfusion and a host of other aspects of cardiovascular health and integrity.
Sensorineural hearing loss amplifies neural coding of envelope information in the central auditory system of chinchillas.

People with sensorineural hearing loss often have substantial difficulty understanding speech under challenging listening conditions. Behavioral studies suggest that reduced sensitivity to the temporal structure of sound may be responsible, but underlying neurophysiological pathologies are incompletely understood. Here, we investigate the effects of noise-induced hearing loss on coding of envelope (ENV) structure in the central auditory system of anesthetized chinchillas. ENV coding was evaluated noninvasively using auditory evoked potentials recorded from the scalp surface in response to sinusoidally amplitude modulated tones with carrier frequencies of 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz and a modulation frequency of 140 Hz. Stimuli were presented in quiet and in three levels of white background noise. The latency of scalp-recorded ENV responses was consistent with generation in the auditory midbrain. Hearing loss amplified neural coding of ENV at carrier frequencies of 2 kHz and above. This result may reflect enhanced ENV coding from the periphery and/or an increase in the gain of central auditory neurons. In contrast to expectations, hearing loss was not associated with a stronger adverse effect of increasing masker intensity on ENV coding. The exaggerated neural representation of ENV information shown here at the level of the auditory midbrain helps to explain previous findings of enhanced sensitivity to amplitude modulation in people with hearing loss under some conditions. Furthermore, amplified ENV coding may potentially contribute to speech perception problems in people with cochlear hearing loss by acting as a distraction from more salient acoustic cues, particularly in fluctuating backgrounds.
One-dimensionally disordered structure and polytypism in SiC

Abstract Almost perfect, one-dimensionally disordered structures in SiC are found by transmission electron microscopy in a CVD material and in an annealed reaction-sintered material at 1900°C. The observed common existence of one-dimensionally disordered structure in SiC supports the concept that the structure of SiC can be conveniently represented by a close packing of spheres with nearest neighbor interactions.
The relationship between lightning activity and ice fluxes in thunderstorms

[1] It is generally believed that a strong updraft in the mixed-phase region of thunderstorms is required to produce lightning. This is the region where the noninductive charging process is thought to generate most of the storm electrification. Analytic calculations and model results predict that the total lightning frequency is roughly proportional to the product of the downward mass flux of solid precipitation (graupel) and the upward mass flux of ice crystals. Thus far this flux hypothesis has only been tested in a very limited way. Herein we use dual-polarimetric and dual-Doppler radar observations in conjunction with total lightning data collected in Northern Alabama and also Colorado/Kansas during two field campaigns. These data are utilized to investigate total lightning activity as a function of precipitation and nonprecipitation ice masses and estimates of their fluxes for different storm types in different climate regions. A total of 11 storms, including single cell, multicell, and supercell storms, was analyzed in the two climatologically different regions. Time series of both precipitation and nonprecipitation ice mass estimates above the melting level show a good relationship with total lightning activity for the 11 storms analyzed (correlation coefficients exceed 0.9 and 0.8, respectively). Furthermore, the relationships are relatively invariant between the two climate regions. The correlations between total lightning and the associated product of ice mass fluxes are even higher. These observations provide strong support for the flux hypothesis.
An assessment of the erodibility of Holocene lithounits comprising streambanks in northeastern Kansas, USA

Abstract Streambanks are the primary source of sediment for watersheds in the Midwestern USA. In much of this region, deposits of fine-grained Holocene alluvium comprising streambanks have been assigned to a single lithostratigraphic unit, the DeForest Formation. This study examines the stratigraphic relationships and measures the erodibility of the different members of the DeForest Formation in three watersheds in northeastern Kansas. Distinct differences in erodibility, measured in terms of critical shear stress (τc) by a submerged jet-test device, were observed between the different members of the DeForest Formation. The most erodible member is the Camp Creek Member (average τc = 1.0 Pa) while the most resistant is the Gunder Member (average τc = 10.4 Pa). Variability in erodibility between and within the members of the DeForest Formation is attributed to the magnitude of post-depositional soil-forming processes, including the presence of buried soils, as well as the inherent natural variability in the different parent materials. A weak positive correlation was found between percent clay and τc. Resistance to erosion by fluid flow was found to be significantly greater where clay contents exceed 28%. Although the Camp Creek Member was found to be the most erodible, it always occurs, stratigraphically, as the uppermost member. Available bankfull stage indicators suggest that bankfull discharges rarely attain elevations sufficient to erode Camp Creek Member deposits. Therefore, other members of the DeForest Formation are able to exert some control on the rate of bank erosion by hydraulic flow. Furthermore, given the observed differences in lithology, soil development and erodibility, the susceptibility to mass wasting processes is also likely to vary between the different members. Therefore, lithostratigraphic and soil-stratigraphic relationships have important implications for streambank erodibility and are crucial for accurately determining areas prone to streambank erosion in alluvial settings.
The feeding habits of a group of herbivorous rock-dwelling cichlid fishes (Cichlidae: Perciformes) from Lake Malawi, Africa

The feeding; habits of a group of tropical herbivorous rock-dwelling cichlid fishes from Lake Malawi, Africa, are investigated using stomach content analyses. The various species fed selectively on the periphyton of the rocky shores. Blue-green alga of the genus Calothrix was the most common item ingested by the group. Diatoms (Chrysophyta) also were abundant food items. Discriminant analysis showed that dietary items were good variables to identify species. Interspecific dietary differences showed a continuum from those species feeding primarily on Calothrix to those feeding primarily on diatoms. Algal resources exhibit distinct patterns of spatial variation. Diet was correlated with foraging behavior and trophic morphology. Interspecific differences in diet could possibly facilitate ecological coexistence among various species. Such coexistence would contribute to the maintenance of the high diversity fish faunas characteristic of the Great Rift Lakes of Africa.
Mössbauer spectroscopy used to study the removal of iron from clay

Recherches en vue de l'utilisation d'argile kaolinique americaine comme matiere premiere pour l'aluminium par la methode de chloruration, necessitant une elimination tres poussee du fer. La spectroscopie Mossbauer permet de montrer l'etat chimique du fer avant et apres le traitement du kaolin, et ainsi de determiner sa possibilite d'elimination
Scalings and relative scalings in the Navier-Stokes turbulence.

High-resolution direct numerical simulations of 3D Navier-Stokes turbulence with normal viscosity and hyperviscosity are carried out. It is found that the inertial-range statistics, both the scalings and the probability density functions, are independent of the dissipation mechanism, while the near-dissipation-range fluctuations show significant structural differences. Nevertheless, the relative scalings expressing the dependence of the moments at different orders are universal, and show unambiguous departure from the Kolmogorov 1941 description, including the $2/3$ law for the kinetic energy. Implications for numerical modeling of turbulence are discussed.
Expression of initiation factor genes in mammalian cells

This review focuses on how cells establish the levels of initiation factors, within the broader context of determining levels of the translational machinery. Most initiation factor polypeptides are moderately abundant proteins with concentrations approaching those of ribosomes. eIF4A and eIF5A are more abundant than ribosomes, whereas eIF4F alpha and eIF2B are considerably less abundant than the other factors. The cloning of cDNAs generates hybridization probes for monitoring the levels and activities of factor mRNAs, and the cloning of their genes is just beginning to provide insight into promoter structures and regulation. Initiation factor gene expression appears to be coordinately regulated in many cases, and preferential synthesis is seen in mitogen-activated T-cells. The gene for eIF2 alpha has been best characterized, and mechanisms that provide for the coordinated synthesis of eIF2 subunits are emerging. Recombinant DNA methods also allow investigators to manipulate the levels of expression of specific factor genes by overexpression or antisense repression. Such approaches provide a means to investigate in vivo the mechanisms of action of the initiation factors and their roles in regulating translation rates.
Breaking Free of a Stereotype: Should a Domestic Brand Pretend to Be a Foreign One?

Consumers in many emerging markets exhibit a pronounced preference for western and global brands, while domestic brands are often associated with a cheap but low quality image. Frustrated with the negative country-of-origin COO stereotype imposed on them, many domestic brands from emerging markets follow a variety of approaches to disguise their COO and pretend to be foreign. This paper studies the strategic aspects of this phenomenon. We consider an experience good market where consumers learn about each brand's quality, using its COO as a prior. Each firm can invest in product quality or COO dissociation; the former generates better quality signals while the latter simply masks the firm's COO identity. The analysis reveals a few main insights. Sharing a reputation leads to a common good problem where firms free-ride on each other's quality investments. As a high quality firm dissociates itself from the stereotype, it ceases to contribute to the COO image but also prevents its low quality peers from free-riding on it. This incurs a negative direct effect but a positive strategic effect on the group image. Consequently, a country's COO image may actually improve when more high quality brands shun their identities and pretend to be foreign. In equilibrium, COO image improves monotonically as firms become more efficient in providing quality. However, the prevalence of COO dissociation may first increase then decrease. We discuss the implications of these results for emerging market brands as well as policy makers.
Design of large counters for medium energy neutrons

Abstract The design of efficient, large neutron detectors with excellent timing resolution is presented. Each detector consists of three contiguous scintillator blocks totalling 27 × 25 × 25 cm 3 viewed by six 2 in. photomultiplier tubes. Design considerations are given, and the optimization calculations for the light pipe design are described. Eight counters have been constructed and calibrated. The detection efficiency η varies between 16% and 26% depending on the neutron energy and threshold setting. The time-of-flight resolution ranges from ∼ 1.2 ns (FWHM) to ∼ 1.0 ns (FWHM) for neutron energies from 80 to 290 MeV.
Induction of duodenal serotonin production by dietary sodium selenite and aflatoxin B1

Summary Groups of Mongolian gerbils were fed diets supplemented with 5 ppm sodium selenite, 12·8 ppm aflatoxin B1 or both. All groups receiving supplemented diets showed increased duodenal serotonin levels relative to the controls, indicating interference with serotonin metabolism by these agents both individually and combined. Aflatoxin B1 alone had the greatest effect and sodium selenite alone, the least; the mixture had an intermediate effect. The possible mechanisms of this interference are discussed.
Coordinate Regulation of IL-1β and MMP-13 in Rat Tendons Following Subrupture Fatigue Damage

Mechanical overloading is a major causative factor of tendinopathy; however, its underlying mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized mechanical overloading would damage tendons and alter genes associated with tendinopathy in a load-dependent manner. To test this hypothesis, we fatigue loaded rat patellar tendons in vivo and measured expression of the matrix-degrading enzyme MMP-13 and the inflammatory cytokine IL-1β. We also examined these responses in cultured tenocytes exposed to intermittent hydrostatic pressure in vitro. Additionally, we hypothesized load-induced changes in tenocyte MMP-13 expression would be dependent on expression of IL-1β. In vivo fatigue loading at 1.7% strain caused overt microstructural damage and upregulated expression of MMP-13 and IL-1β, while 0.6% strain produced only minor changes in matrix microstructure and downregulated expression of both MMP-13 and IL-1β. Loading of cultured tenocytes at 2.5 and 7.5 MPa produced comparable changes in expression to those of in vivo tendon loading. Blocking IL-1β expression with siRNA suppressed load-induced both MMP-13 mRNA expression and activity. The data suggest fatigue loading alters expression of MMP-13 and IL-1β in tendons in vivo and tenocytes in vitro in a load-dependent manner. The data also suggest MMP-13 is regulated by both IL-1β-dependent and IL-1β-independent pathways.
Long-Acting Lanreotide Induces Clinical and Biochemical Remission of Acromegaly Caused by Disseminated Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone-Secreting Carcinoid

Ectopic GHRH-secreting tumors, such as carcinoid, rarely cause acromegaly. As protracted exposure to high levels of GH is associated with considerable morbidity and mortality, these patients require early and effective medical therapy to control hormonal hypersecretion. We employed a prolonged release somatostatin analog, lanreotide, to treat a patient with disseminated GHRH-producing carcinoid. Before treatment, the patient had a biochemical profile characteristic of active acromegaly. Plasma GHRH levels were markedly elevated (200-fold), and urinary 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA) levels were increased (4-fold). Magnetic resonance imaging revealed a large asymmetrical pituitary mass consistent with somatotroph hyperplasia. Somatostatin receptor scintigraphy revealed multiple bony and soft tissue lesions as well as striking pituitary uptake. Lanreotide (30 mg) was administered weekly by im injection for 12 weeks. Rapid and sustained symptomatic clinical improvement with diminished soft tissue swelling...