cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Thermal stability and decomposition of diesel fuel under subcritical and supercritical conditions

Abstract A novel concept of clean diesel combustion using supercritical fluids is proposed and being investigated to address some key challenges encountered in the fuel and transportation sector. The core of this concept is to inject diesel fuel (DF) in the supercritical state to achieve clean, high-efficiency combustion in diesel engines. Among other challenging issues that must be addressed for the implementation of this new concept is the thermal stability of DF and the potential decomposition and solid deposit formation under engine conditions. In this work, thermal stability of DF was experimentally evaluated under subcritical and supercritical conditions in both static (batch system) and dynamic (continuous flow system) thermal stressing systems. The effects of thermal stressing temperature (200–440 °C) and duration (10–600 min) and CO2 concentration (∼10 wt%) were examined. DF decomposition is characterized by the average absolute deviation (AAD) of GC peak area percentages of all individual components. A temperature–time window (400–420 °C, 0–60 min) where supercritical DF combustion in diesel engines may be possible was determined. CO2 as a diluent could prevent or reduce accumulation of solid deposits inside fuel pipes mainly due to an increased solubilization capacity of DF. Finally, different structures and morphologies of solid deposits observed under different batch thermal stressing conditions were discussed.
Techniques for efficient inline tracing on a shared-memory multiprocessor

While much current research concerns multiprocessor design, few traces of parallel programs are available for analyzing the effect of design trade-offs. Existing trace collection methods have serious drawbacks: trap-driven methods often slow down program execution by more than 1000 times, significantly perturbing program behavior; microcode modification is faster, but the technique is neither general nor portable.This paper describes a new tool, called MPTRACE, for collecting traces of multithreaded parallel programs executing on shared-memory multiprocessors. MPTRACE requires no hardware or microcode modification; it collects complete program traces; it is portable; and it reduces execution-time dilation to less than a factor 3. MPTRACE is based on inline tracing, in which a program is automatically modified to produce trace information as it executes. We show how the use of compiler flow analysis techniques can reduce the amount of data collected and therefore the runtime dilation of the traced program. We also discuss problematic issues concerning buffering and writing of trace data on a multiprocessor.
Ligand Binding Is a Critical Requirement for Plasma Membrane Expression of Heteromeric Kainate Receptors

Intracellular trafficking of ionotropic glutamate receptors is controlled by multiple discrete determinants in receptor subunits. Most such determinants have been localized to the cytoplasmic carboxyl-terminal domain, but other domains in the subunit proteins can play roles in modulating receptor surface expression. Here we demonstrate that formation of an intact glutamate binding site also acts as an additional quality-control check for surface expression of homomeric and heteromeric kainate receptors. A key ligand-binding residue in the KA2 subunit, threonine 675, was mutated to either alanine or glutamate, which eliminated affinity for the receptor ligands kainate and glutamate. We found that plasma membrane expression of heteromeric GluR6/KA2(T675A) or GluR6/KA2(T675E) kainate receptors was markedly reduced compared with wild-type GluR6/KA2 receptors in transfected HEK 293 and COS-7 cells and in cultured neurons. Surface expression of homomeric KA2 receptors lacking a retention/retrieval determinant (KA2-R/A) was also reduced upon mutation of Thr-675 and elimination of the ligand binding site. KA2 Thr-675 mutant subunits were able to co-assemble with GluR5 and GluR6 subunits and were degraded at the same rate as wild-type KA2 subunit protein. These results suggest that glutamate binding and associated conformational changes are prerequisites for forward trafficking of intracellular kainate receptors following multimeric assembly.
Negative effects from psychological treatments: a perspective.

The author offers a 40-year perspective on the observation and study of negative effects from psychotherapy or psychological treatments. This perspective is placed in the context of the enormous progress in refining methodologies for psychotherapy research over that period of time, resulting in the clear demonstration of positive effects from psychological treatments for many disorders and problems. The study of negative effects--whether due to techniques, client variables, therapist variables, or some combination of these--has not been accorded the same degree of attention. Indeed, methodologies suitable for ascertaining positive effects often obscure negative effects in the absence of specific strategies for explicating these outcomes. Greater emphasis on more individual idiographic approaches to studying the effects of psychological interventions would seem necessary if psychologists are to avoid harming their patients and if they are to better understand the causes of negative or iatrogenic effects from their treatment efforts. This would be best carried out in the context of a strong collaboration among frontline clinicians and clinical scientists. (Contains 2 figures and 1 footnote.) Language: en
Algorithms for computerized inspection of rectangular and square shapes

Abstract Vision systems are increasingly being considered and implemented as an alternative to manual inspection and manual gauging in manufacturing systems. Inspection for geometric shape and size is essential in automated quality monitoring. The techniques used to perform this inspection need to be practical to satisfy time and equipment constraints, and make the system cost-effective. This paper presents practical and useful techniques based on the Euclidean least-squares method to inspect production parts with rectangular and square shapes. The techniques determine the optimal parameters of the straight lines that define the four edges of the object being inspected.
Feedback in Very-High-Frequency and Ultra-High-Frequency Oscillators

This paper covers a study of feedback considerations in low-power negative-gnrd triode oscillators for the frequency range of 100 to 1,000 Mc. Discussion is mainly confined to oscillators using a single tuned circuit between grid and plate in the modified Colpitts circuit wherein the feedback is provided by the internal tube capacitances. The optimum feedback conditions are derived, and the analysis is applied to several typical oscillators.
Effects of positive attitude on happiness and wage: Evidence from the US data

Abstract Using samples from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (1979), a longitudinal data set from the United States, this study demonstrates that the worker’s positive attitude affects his/her wage not only directly, but also indirectly through its effects on happiness. Assuming endogeneity of the positive attitude variable and estimating happiness and attitude equations simultaneously by a two-step procedure, the study further finds the evidence that happiness also affects the worker’s earnings both directly and indirectly. These findings suggest that any attempt to raise workers’ earnings potentials should focus not only on the development of their human capital endowments, but also on improvement of their attitudes.
Reaction of polynuclear platinum antitumor compounds with reduced glutathione studied by multinuclear (1H, 1H-15N gradient heteronuclear single-quantum coherence, and 195Pt) NMR spectroscopy.

A possible explanation for the low bioavailability of platinum antitumor compounds is their high reactivity with the sulfur-containing tripeptide glutathione (GSH; deprotonated GSH = SG). GSH is located in the intracellular matrix of the cell with a normal concentration of 5−10 mM. In vivo, only a small fraction of the administered drug will migrate into the cell, resulting in relatively high concentrations of GSH compared to that of the drug. The products of the reactions of [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2-μ-{trans-Pt(NH3)2(NH2(CH2)6NH2)2}](NO3)4 (BBR3464; 1,0,1/t,t,t, n = 6), [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2-μ-(H2N(CH2)6NH2)](NO3)2 (BBR3005; 1,1/t,t, n = 6), [{trans-PtCl(NH3)2}2-μ-(H2N(CH2)3NH2(CH2)4NH2)]Cl3 (BBR3571; 1,1/t,t-spermidine, n = 3, 4), and trans-[PtCl2(NH3)2] (t-DDP) with reduced GSH in phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.35) have been characterized by 1H, 195Pt, and 1H-15N gradient heteronuclear single-quantum coherence NMR spectroscopy and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with electrospray ioni...
The pelvic plexus: Innervation of pelvic and extrapelvic visceral tissues

The pelvic plexus is an association of neurons that govern visceral tissues involved in eliminative and reproductive functions. It is the singular site in the autonomic nervous system where sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons occur in the same ganglia. Within the plexus, ganglia are not randomly positioned; sympathetic neurons tend to occur more ventrally while parasympathetic neurons are located more dorsally, both in accordance with the location of their target tissues and the entry point of their corresponding preganglionic nerve tracts. For example, the vas deferens and seminal vesicle are ventral in position and thus are innervated by more ventrally located pelvic neurons. Neurochemical studies of pelvic ganglia indicate that there are some characteristic associations of putative neurotransmitters which are based on target organ distribution and in part, dictated by the variety of target tissues within each organ. Penile neurons comprise a uniform population in that they are cholinergic and also may release vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and nitric oxide. In contrast, target tissues of the internal genitalia are more diverse, requiring adrenergic and nonadrenergic innervation and a complementary neuropeptide. Preganglionic innervation may also be coded and although sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers are cholinergic, they may differ in respect to neuropeptides and nitric oxide. Sensory neuron collaterals may also influence principal neurons as do intrinsic neurons such as small intensely fluorescent cells. Transmission through pelvic ganglia may be simple as is apparent in penile innervation, or shows a greater integrative capacity, as exemplified by the innervation of the urinary bladder. The extent of interaction of sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways at the level of the pelvic plexus remains largely unknown.
PAIN ELICITED BY CONSENSUAL PUPILLARY REFLEX: A DIAGNOSTIC TEST FOR ACUTE IRITIS

Abstract In a survey of 78 patients with red eyes all 19 patients with acute monocular iritis had pain in the covered eye when a bright penlight was shone into the good eye. With the exception of a patient with a corneal foreign body, none of the remaining patients with corneal disorders or conjunctivitis had pain elicited by the consensual pupillary reflex.
How and Why to Support Common Schooling and Educational Choice at the Same Time

The common school ideal is the source of one of the oldest educational debates in liberal democratic societies. The movement in favour of greater educational choice is the source of one of the most recent. Each has been the cause of major and enduring controversy, not only within philosophical thought but also within political, legal and social arenas. Echoing conclusions reached by Terry McLaughlin, but taking the historical and legal context of the United States as my backdrop, I argue that the ideal of common schooling and the existence of separate schools, which is to say, the existence of educational choice, are not merely compatible but necessarily co-exist in a liberal democratic society. In other words, we need both common schooling and educational choice. The essay proceeds in four parts. First, I explain why we need to understand something about pluralism in order to understand common schooling and school choice. In the second and third parts, I explore the normative significance of pluralism for common schooling and educational choice, respectively. In the fourth part, I show how the two can be reconciled, given a certain understanding of what pluralism demands.
Biological variability dominates and influences analytical variance in HPLC-ECD studies of the human plasma metabolome

Background: Biomarker-based assessments of biological samples are widespread in clinical, preclinical, and epidemiological investigations. We previously developed serum metabolomic profiles assessed by HPLC-separations coupled with coulometric array detection that can accurately identify ad libitum fed and caloric-restricted rats. These profiles are being adapted for human epidemiology studies, given the importance of energy balance in human disease. Methods: Human plasma samples were biochemically analyzed using HPLC separations coupled with coulometric electrode array detection. Results: We identified these markers/metabolites in human plasma, and then used them to determine which human samples represent blinded duplicates with 100% accuracy (N = 30 of 30). At least 47 of 61 metabolites tested were sufficiently stable for use even after 48 hours of exposure to shipping conditions. Stability of some metabolites differed between individuals (N = 10 at 0, 24, and 48 hours), suggesting the influence of some biological factors on parameters normally considered as analytical. Conclusion: Overall analytical precision (mean median CV, ~9%) and total between-person variation (median CV, ~50–70%) appear well suited to enable use of metabolomics markers in human clinical trials and epidemiological studies, including studies of the effect of caloric intake and balance on long-term cancer risk.
Effects of Cloud Vertical Structure on Atmospheric Circulation in the GISS GCM

Abstract Thirteen experiments have been performed using the Goddard Institute for Space Studies General Circulation Model (GISS GCM) to investigate the response of the large-scale circulation to different macroscale cloud vertical structures (CVS). The overall effect of clouds, the role of their geographic variations, and difference between the transient and equilibrium responses of the atmospheric circulation are also studied. Clouds act to suppress the Hadley circulation in the transient response, but intensify it in the equilibrium state. Changing CVS affects the atmospheric circulation directly by modifying the radiative cooling profile and atmospheric static stability, but the effect is opposed, on average, by an indirect effect on the latent heating profile produced by deep (moist) convection. Different interactions of radiation and convection with land and ocean surfaces mean that this cancellation of CVS effects on radiative and latent heating is not the same at all locations. All three parameters...
hCG Binding and Stimulation of Testosterone Biosynthesis in the Human Fetal Testis

The role of hCG in the regulation of testicular steroid production in human fetuses from 14 to 20 weeks gestational age was studied. Saturable binding of 125I-hCG to testicular homogenates was demonstrated, and physiologic concentrations of hCG were able to stimulate testosterone formation in testicular minces without the addition of exogenous precursors. In five fetses of 16-20 weeks gestational age, the capacity to bind hCG varied from 25.6 to 42.2 pg/mg wet tissue. The association constant of binding was 1.07+/-0.12 X 10(10) M-1. Testicular minces from six other fetuses (gestational age 14-19 weeks) were incubated in the presence of concentrations of 0, 0.5, 5 or 50 ng/ml NIH-hCG (1 mg=10,000 IU), which are within the physiologic range. Preincubation of 30 min in excess buffer was necessary to observe clear differences in testosterone production rates between controls and hCG stimulated testicular tissues. The greatest increase in testosterone production occurred when the hCG concentration was increased from 0.5 to 5 ng/ml. Little additional stimulation was observed at a concentration of 50 ng/ml. Maximal production rates of up to 12 ng/mg tissue/h were seen. It is concluded that human fetal testes bind hCG, and that physiologic levels of hCG stimulate fetal testicular testosterone formation in vitro at this stage of gestation.
Comments on Neural Networks

Although neural networks do offer a few advantages over some other nonlinear methods, in certain situations these advantages are difficult to utilize. However, many neural network applications in the social sciences are flawed in ways that obfuscate such effects. In this article, the neural network methodology is reviewed, some common flaws are pointed out, and a rather commonplace data set—dealing with school delinquency—is analyzed for illustrative purposes.
Relational Structures for the Analysis of Decision Information in an Electronic Market

Electronic markets are web-based information systems that provide communication and decision support for online business activities of buyers and sellers. This paper focuses on a relatively small but active electronic job market for students (the buyers) and companies (the sellers) who had registered for a forthcoming university career fair. In advance to the career fair, registered students and companies were invited to log on to the job market, provide personal contact information, and create personalized software agents. The purpose of a software agent is twofold: to supply information to the other agents and, simultaneously, to demand information from these same agents. The information supplied or requested by an agent consists of actual values on pre-defined decision criteria. Every software agent is equipped with a multi-criteria decision model to process the information it has obtained from the other agents and produce a rank-ordered list of students or job offers. The purpose of this paper is to present a technique to analyze and synthesize the decision information available in the market, based on fuzzy relational compositions first proposed by Bandler and Kohout. We derive new relational structures among the decision information from the participants’ use and exchange of the information in the market. We motivate the strategic importance of these compositions to achieve a better understanding of the marketplace, and develop a practical case to illustrate the analytical power of the relational compositions and the rich semantics they embed.
Vascularized Patellar Tendon Graft Technique for Cranial Cruciate Ligament Substitution in the Dog—Vascular Evaluation

A method of repair of the dog's cranial cruciate ligament, using a vascular patellar tendon* graft (VPT), is described. The vascular anatomy of the graft was evaluated in an experimental study in 18 dogs. The blood supply to the VPTs was evaluated at various intervals from 0 to 16 weeks and was found to be preserved in all but two of the specimens examined. It was concluded that the VPT technique could maintain vascularity to the graft from the onset.
Attenuation of the Obesity Syndrome of ob/ob Mice by the Loss of Neuropeptide Y

The obesity syndrome of ob/ob mice results from lack of leptin, a hormone released by fat cells that acts in the brain to suppress feeding and stimulate metabolism. Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a neuromodulator implicated in the control of energy balance and is overproduced in the hypothalamus of ob/ob mice. To determine the role of NPY in the response to leptin deficiency, ob/ob mice deficient for NPY were generated. In the absence of NPY, ob/ob mice are less obese because of reduced food intake and increased energy expenditure, and are less severely affected by diabetes, sterility, and somatotropic defects. These results suggest that NPY is a central effector of leptin deficiency.
Semi-supervised Clustering and Aggregation of Relational Data

We introduce a new semi-supervised approach for clustering and aggregating relational data (SS-CARD). We assume that data is available in a relational form, where we only have information about the degrees to which pairs of objects in the data are related. Moreover, we assume that the relational information is represented by multiple dissimilarity matrices. These matrices could have been generated using different sensors, features, or mappings. The SS-CARD uses partial supervision information that consists of a small set of must-link and cannot-link constraints. The performance of the proposed algorithm is illustrated by using it to categorize a collection of 500 color images. The results are compared with those obtained by 3 other relational clustering methods.
Simple Method To Detect β-Galactosidase

Abstract A simple and rapid method was developed to detect β-galactosidase by using α- or β-naphthyl-β-d-galactopyranoside as substrate and fast garnet GBC as a dye coupler following polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This method was specific for β-galactosidase but not for phospho-β-galactosidase.
The Kynurenine Pathway in Adolescent Depression: Preliminary Findings from a Proton MR Spectroscopy Study

article Background: Cytokine induction of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) has been implicated in the development of major depressive disorder (MDD). IDO metabolizes tryptophan (TRP) into kynurenine (KYN), thereby decreasing TRP availability to the brain. KYN is further metabolized into several neurotoxins. The aims of this pilot were to examine possible relationships between plasma TRP, KYN, and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3-HAA, neurotoxic metabolite) and striatal total choline (tCho, cell membrane turnover biomarker) in adolescents with MDD. We hypothesized that MDD adolescents would exhibit: i) positive correlations betweenKYNand3-HAAandstriataltChoandanegativecorrelationbetweenTRPandstriataltCho;and,ii)the anticipated correlations would be more pronounced in the melancholic subtype group. Methods: Fourteen adolescents with MDD (seven with melancholic features) and six healthy controls were enrolled. Minimums of 6 weeks MDD duration and a severity score of 40 on the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised were required. All were scanned at 3 T with MRI, multi-voxel 3-dimensional, high, 0.75 cm 3 , spatial resolution proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Striatal tCho concentrations were assessed using phantom replacement. Spearman correlation coefficients were Bonferroni-corrected. Results: Positive correlations were found only in the melancholic group, between KYN and 3-HAA and tCho in the right caudate (r=0.93, p=0.03) and the left putamen (r=0.96, p=.006), respectively. Conclusions: These preliminary findings suggest a possible role of the KYN pathway in adolescent melancholic MDD. Larger studies should follow.
Isoform and Splice-Variant Specific Functions of Dynamin-2 Revealed by Analysis of Conditional Knock-Out Cells

Dynamin (Dyn) is a multifunctional GTPase implicated in several cellular events, including endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, cell signaling, and cytokinesis. The mammalian genome encodes three isoforms, Dyn1, Dyn2, and Dyn3, and several splice variants of each, leading to the suggestion that distinct isoforms and/or distinct splice variants might mediate distinct cellular functions. We generated a conditional Dyn2 KO cell line and performed knockout and reconstitution experiments to explore the isoform- and splice variant specific cellular functions of ubiquitously expressed Dyn2. We find that Dyn2 is required for clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME), p75 export from the Golgi, and PDGF-stimulated macropinocytosis and cytokinesis, but not for other endocytic pathways. Surprisingly, CME and p75 exocytosis were efficiently rescued by reintroduction of Dyn2, but not Dyn1, suggesting that these two isoforms function differentially in vesicular trafficking in nonneuronal cells. Both isoforms rescued macropinocytosis and cytokinesis, suggesting that dynamin function in these processes might be mechanistically distinct from its role in CME. Although all four Dyn2 splice variants could equally restore CME, Dyn2ba and -bb were more effective at restoring p75 exocytosis. This splice variant specificity correlated with their differential targeting to the Golgi. These studies reveal isoform and splice-variant specific functions for Dyn2.
EBNA3C Can Modulate the Activities of the Transcription Factor Necdin in Association with Metastasis Suppressor Protein Nm23-H1

Previous studies have demonstrated the interaction between the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) nuclear antigen 3C (EBNA3C) and the metastatic suppressor Nm23-H1 both in vitro and in vivo (C. Subramanian, M. A. Cotter II, and E. S. Robertson, Nat. Med. 7:350-355, 2001). Importantly EBNA3C can reverse the ability of Nm23-H1 to suppress migration of human cells in vitro. EBNA3C contributes to EBV-associated human cancers by regulating transcription of a number of cellular and viral promoters as well as targeting and altering the transcription activities of the metastasis suppressor Nm23-H1. Furthermore, Necdin is a cellular protein which is highly induced in terminally differentiated cells; it contributes to the regulation of cell growth and is also known to interact with viral oncoproteins. In this report, we show that Nm23-H1 and EBNA3C can modulate the biological functions of Necdin in the context of EBV infection and transformation. The levels of Necdin were consistently lower in EBV-positive cells, and EBNA3C could change the subcellular localization of Necdin as well as rescue cells from the antiangiogenic and antiproliferative effects mediated by Necdin. We also show that Necdin directly interacts with Nm23-H1, resulting in modulation of the biochemical function of Nm23-H1 as well as the biological function of Necdin. Both EBNA3C and Nm23-H1 were able to rescue not only Necdin-mediated transcriptional repression of the downstream vascular endothelial growth factor promoter but also Necdin-mediated growth suppression and antiangiogenic effects on cancer cells. The majority of this response was mediated through amino acid residues 191 to 222 of Necdin, which are also known to be important for nuclear matrix targeting. These studies suggest a role for Necdin in the regulation of downstream cellular targets in a hypoxic environment in virus-associated human cancers.
THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE OUT OF PRE-LANGUAGE

THE EVOLUTION OF LANGUAGE OUT OF PRE-LANGUAGE. Talmy Givon and Bertram F. Malle (Eds.). Amsterdam: Benjamins, 2002. Pp. 394. $57.95 paper. The notion that ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny has a long tradition, with the collection here being a recent and cogent revisit of the idea. Among the possibly relevant data are, as the back cover states, “aspects of language learning that may serve as models of evolutionary change.”
Controls on the recent speed-up of Jakobshavn Isbrae, West Greenland

This is the publisher's version, also available electronically from "http://www.ingentaconnect.com/".
Nonsurgical management of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction with orthoses and resistive exercise: A randomized controlled trial

Background and Purpose: Tibialis posterior tendinopathy can lead to debilitating dysfunction. This study examined the effectiveness of orthoses and resistance exercise in the early management of tibialis posterior tendinopathy. Subjects: Thirty-six adults with stage I or II tibialis posterior tendinopathy participated in this study. Methods: Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups to complete a 12-week program of: (1) orthoses wear and stretching (O group); (2) orthoses wear, stretching, and concentric progressive resistive exercise (OC group); or (3) orthoses wear, stretching, and eccentric progressive resistive exercise (OE group). Pre-intervention and post-intervention data (Foot Functional Index, distance traveled in the 5-Minute Walk Test, and pain immediately after the 5-Minute Walk Test) were collected. Results: Foot Functional Index scores (total, pain, and disability) decreased in all groups after the intervention. The OE group demonstrated the most improvement in each subcategory, and the O group demonstrated the least improvement. Pain immediately after the 5-Minute Walk Test was significantly reduced across all groups after the intervention. Discussion and Conclusion: People with early stages of tibialis posterior tendinopathy benefited from a program of orthoses wear and stretching. Eccentric and concentric progressive resistive exercises further reduced pain and improved perceptions of function.
Spirituality: A Road to Mental Health or Mental Illness

The first‐person reports of mental health consumers and recent research suggest that religion/spirituality is an important ingredient to client well‐being and aids the recovery process. These findings have spurred increased interest in the role of religion/spirituality in mental health practice. This paper explores the state of research in this area, outlines the most prominent debates and dilemmas surrounding professional practice in this emotionally charged area, and offers some simple suggestions to guide clinicians until more fully developed practice guidelines emerge.
Solving Rule-Consequentialism's Acceptance Rate Problem

Recent formulations of rule-consequentialism (RC) have attempted to select the ideal moral code based on realistic assumptions of imperfect acceptance. But this introduces further problems. What assumptions about acceptance would be realistic? And what criterion should we use to identify the ideal code? The solutions suggested in the recent literature – Fixed Rate RC, Variable Rate RC, Optimum Rate RC and Maximizing Expectation Rate RC – all calculate a code's value using formulas that stipulate some uniform rate(s) of acceptance. After pointing out a number of difficulties with these approaches, I introduce a formulation of RC on which non-uniform acceptance rates are calculated rather than stipulated . In addition to making more realistic assumptions about acceptance rates, Calculated Rates RC has several other advantages: it gives equal consideration to both acceptance and compliance rates and it brings RC more in line with our intuitive ways of thinking about rules and their consequences.
An external sodium ion binding site controls allosteric gating in TRPV1 channels

TRPV1 channels in sensory neurons are integrators of painful stimuli and heat, yet how they integrate diverse stimuli and sense temperature remains elusive. Here, we show that external sodium ions stabilize the TRPV1 channel in a closed state, such that removing the external ion leads to channel activation. In studying the underlying mechanism, we find that the temperature sensors in TRPV1 activate in two steps to favor opening, and that the binding of sodium to an extracellular site exerts allosteric control over temperature-sensor activation and opening of the pore. The binding of a tarantula toxin to the external pore also exerts control over temperature-sensor activation, whereas binding of vanilloids influences temperature-sensitivity by largely affecting the open/closed equilibrium. Our results reveal a fundamental role of the external pore in the allosteric control of TRPV1 channel gating and provide essential constraints for understanding how these channels can be tuned by diverse stimuli.
Surface Plasmon Polariton Propagation and Coupling in Gold Nanostructures

Surface plasmon polariton (SPP) propagation in chemically synthesized gold nanobars was investigated using scanning transient absorption microscopy. The SPP propagation lengths were correlated to the size and shape of the nanobars, which were determined by atomic force microscopy. The average propagation length was found to be 12 ± 4 μm, and the measured values were independent of the excitation polarization. Finite element calculations were performed for gold nanobars in the presence of a glass substrate to model the experimental results. Comparison between the experimental and theoretical results shows that both bound and leaky SPP modes can be excited. The leaky mode is detected in the larger nanobars (widths greater than 500 nm), and the bound mode is detected in smaller nanobars. Highly directional and efficient plasmon coupling between a gold nanobar and a nearby gold nanoplate was also observed in the experiments.
μ-1,4-Bis(pyridin-4-ylmeth-yl)piperazine-κN:N'-bis-[aqua-bis-(3-bromo-5-carb-oxy-benzoato-κO)copper(II)].

In the title compound, [Cu2(C8H4BrO4)4(C16H20N4)(H2O)2], slightly distorted square-planar-coordinated CuII ions are bound by one aqua ligand and two monodentate 3-bromo-5-carb­oxy­benzoate anions, and linked into a centrosymmetric dinuclear mol­ecule by a bridging 1,4-bis­(pyridin-4-ylmeth­yl)piperazine (4-bpmp) ligand. In the crystal, mol­ecules are connected into a supra­molecular two-dimensional network parallel to (131) via O—H⋯O hydrogen bonds involving the aqua ligands and 3-bromo-5-carb­oxy­benzoate carboxyl­ate groups.
Collaborative Learning using Fuzzy Logic (CLIFF): Part 1

There are a growing number of aerospace applications demonstrating the effectiveness of emulating human decision making with fuzzy logic. This overall project has three main parts: an investigation of the benefits of type-1 and type-2 fuzzy logic, creation of a fuzzy system that can adapt to a situation using one of the two aforementioned fuzzy logic types, and creation of a fuzzy robotic coach who has the ability to better its team in a previously created fuzzy MATLAB game of PONG based upon its ability to adapt and learn from its opponent. In this effort, part one was attempted, and, through extensive studying and understanding of type-2 fuzzy theory, the beginning of a type-2 fuzzy logic system was developed in the MATLAB environment. This system was compared to a benchmark problem, which raised the question of type-2 logic effectiveness, however, as a created type-1 system showed better results than any results in the paper. Therefore due to type-2 systems being more computationally heavy, and difficult to program, it was concluded that cascading type-1 logic may be more suitable than type-2 logic in control applications. Overall, the developments of intelligence and learning within this project should prove to be an interesting stepping stone towards highly capable robots with the ability to learn from their environment; something that would be extremely helpful in disaster recovery, space exploration and military applications. Nomenclature
Minimum Stem Solidness Required in Wheat for Resistance to the Wheat Stem Sawfly

The effect of stem solidness of 4 wheat varieties and 10 selections on populations of Cephus cinctus Norton, was evaluated by rating the respective amounts of cutting for 5 consecutive years. These 4 varieties and 5 of the selections were tested again for 4 consecutive years. These ratings showed a range in stem solidness of 8 to 19.4, that gave a range of control of 0-89%. An average stem solidness index of 14.6 and a level of sawfly control of 65% then are the lowest values that will produce some reduction in a population of sawflies. This level of stem solidness allows the wheat breeder to retain more selections as resistant, and it also provides a broader base for retaining plants with other desirable characteristics.
In Vitro and In Vivo Activity of AMG 337, a Potent and Selective MET Kinase Inhibitor, in MET-Dependent Cancer Models

The MET receptor tyrosine kinase is involved in cell growth, survival, and invasion. Clinical studies with small molecule MET inhibitors have shown the role of biomarkers in identifying patients most likely to benefit from MET-targeted therapy. AMG 337 is an oral, small molecule, ATP-competitive, highly selective inhibitor of the MET receptor. Herein, we describe AMG 337 preclinical activity and mechanism of action in MET-dependent tumor models. These studies suggest MET is the only therapeutic target for AMG 337. In an unbiased tumor cell line proliferation screen (260 cell lines), a closely related analogue of AMG 337, Compound 5, exhibited activity in 2 of 260 cell lines; both were MET-amplified. Additional studies examining the effects of AMG 337 on the proliferation of a limited panel of cell lines with varying MET copy numbers revealed that high-level focal MET amplification (>12 copies) was required to confer MET oncogene addiction and AMG 337 sensitivity. One MET-amplified cell line, H1573 (>12 copies), was AMG 337 insensitive, possibly because of a downstream G12A KRAS mutation. Mechanism-of-action studies in sensitive MET-amplified cell lines demonstrated that AMG 337 inhibited MET and adaptor protein Gab-1 phosphorylation, subsequently blocking the downstream PI3K and MAPK pathways. AMG 337 exhibited potency in pharmacodynamic assays evaluating MET signaling in tumor xenograft models; >90% inhibition of Gab-1 phosphorylation was observed at 0.75 mg/kg. These findings describe the preclinical activity and mechanism of action of AMG 337 in MET-dependent tumor models and indicate its potential as a novel therapeutic for the treatment of MET-dependent tumors. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(7); 1568-79. ©2016 AACR.
Applications and limitations of electron correlation microscopy to study relaxation dynamics in supercooled liquids.

Abstract Electron correlation microscopy (ECM) is a way to measure structural relaxation times, τ, of liquids with nanometer-scale spatial resolution using coherent electron scattering equivalent of photon correlation spectroscopy. We have applied ECM with a 3.5 nm diameter probe to Pt57.5Cu14.7Ni5.3P22.5 amorphous nanorods and Pd40Ni40P20 bulk metallic glass (BMG) heated inside the STEM into the supercooled liquid region. These data demonstrate that the ECM technique is limited by the characteristics of the time series, which must be at least 40τ to obtain a well-converged correlation function g2(t), and the time per frame, which must be less than 0.1τ to obtain sufficient sampling. A high-speed direct electron camera enables fast acquisition and affords reliable g2(t) data even with low signal per frame.
Design and testing of microfabricated surgical tools for large animal probe insertion

Neural probes provide therapeutic stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders or record neural activity to investigate the workings of the brain. Researchers utilize 6 mm long temporary silicon stiffeners attached with biodissolvable adhesive to insert flexible neural probes into rat brains, but increasing the probe length fivefold makes inserting large animal probes a significant challenge because of an increased potential for buckling. This study compared the insertion success rates of 6 mm and 30 mm long silicon stiffeners that were 80 μm wide and 30 μm thick, and ascertained the material thickness and modulus of elasticity that would provide successful insertion for a 30 mm probe. Using a microdrive, stiffeners were inserted into an agarose brain phantom at controlled insertion speeds while being video-recorded. Twenty-five percent of the 30 mm silicon stiffeners fully inserted at speeds approximately four times higher than the target rate of 0.13 mm/s, while 100 percent of the 6 mm silicon stiffeners inserted successfully at target speed. Critical buckling loads (Pcr) were calculated for the 6 mm and 30 mm silicon stiffeners, and for 30 mm diamond and tungsten stiffeners, with thicknesses varying from 30-80 μm. Increasing the thickness of the material by 10 μm, 20 μm andmore » 30 μm improved the Pcr by 2.4, 4.7 and 8.2 times, respectively, independent of the material, and substituting diamond for silicon multiplied the buckling capacity by 5.0 times. Stiffeners made of silicon for large animal probe insertion are not strong enough to withstand buckling upon insertion without a significant increase in thickness. Replacing silicon with diamond and increasing the thickness of the stiffener to 50 μm would afford a stiffener with the same Pcr capacity as the 6 mm silicon stiffener that had a 100 percent insertion success rate. Experiments should continue with diamond to determine a minimum thickness that will ensure successful insertions and provide an adequate margin of safety.« less
Adulthood: New Frontier for Vocational School Psychology

(1979). Adulthood: New Frontier for Vocational School Psychology. School Psychology Review: Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 193-198.
Integrated Photonic Arrays as a Platform for Infrared Neural Stimulation

We demonstrate the potential of an end-fire silicon photonic waveguide array for temperature-dependent infrared neural stimulation. Temperature change of up to 1.4° C is observed in biological phantoms, sufficient for triggering biological responses.
Metrics for the comparison of coils used in electromagnetic induction systems

Many different coil head configurations are currently used in electromagnetic induction (EMI) systems for sensing buried targets. It is difficult to compare the performance of different coil head designs to one another. Comparing two particular implementations is not particularly challenging, but fairly comparing general coil head designs is nontrivial. This work details both a target sensitivity metric and soil sensitivity metric that account for differences such as overall coil size, length, and wire diameter. The metrics are then used to compare the performance of a range of concentric EMI coil head designs.
What explains the resolution of property tax delinquency prior to forfeiture? Evidence from Hennepin County, Minnesota

ABSTRACTThis article focuses on the rate of redemption for tax delinquent properties in suburban and central city contexts of Hennepin County, Minnesota. Using a county-wide data set of properties that became tax delinquent in 2004, time-to-event (survival) models assess how the rate of redemption for tax-delinquent properties differs for properties subject to different redemption periods determined by property type and location. After controlling for a variety of other property and neighborhood-level characteristics, results indicate that the rate of redemption for tax-delinquent properties differs by location in ways that are not completely explained by different redemption policies associated with location and property type. These results suggest that in areas with healthy economies and minor tax delinquency problems government redemption policies may play less of a role in shaping redemption behavior than the characteristics of the property, neighborhood conditions, and regional factors that influence...
EXPLORATION OF STUDENTS KNOWLEDGE CONSTRUCTION PROCESS ON GEOMETRY THROUGT RANDOM THINKING STYLE AND SPATIAL ABILITY OF MENTAL ROTATION LEVEL

The purpose of the study was to determine students’ knowledge construction process in random thinking style including concrete random (CR) and abstract random (AR) where spatial ability was at the mental rotation level in resolving non-routine issues related to the block geometry. This was an exploratory study with a qualitative approach, in which the researcher himself was the main instrument. Data ware collected through the provision of math construction tes (MCT) and unstructured interviews. The subjects of the study consisted of two students, one concrete random (CR) and one abstract random (AR). The subjects were chosen by testing the thinking style and spatial ability tests. The results of the study showed that (1) CR in problem identification indicator was able to understand the problem well and gave clear verbal response and had a process of assimilation for a long time in understanding the information, relations, and brought the situation of the problem in the form of images; whereas, the indicator of the problem solving process could be completed well but it had accommodation when determining the completion and fnding the value of unknown variable. This accommodation process lasted longer and let to the completion and the right answers as well as using procedural and meta-cognition knowledge to solve the problem; (2) AR in problem identification indicator was able to understand the problem well and gave clear verbal response and had a process of assimilation in understanding the information, relations, and brought the situation of the problem into a more complex form; whereas, the indicator of the problem solving process could be complete well in number 1 question and different assimilation process occurs in number 2 question. The accommodation process occurred on the phases of information simplification into the form of equations and finding the variable value by means of substitution between exsisting equations. This accommodation process lasted longer and led to the completion and the right answers as well as used factual and conceptual knowledge to solve the problem
The Emergence of Local Practices in a Devolved Workforce Investment System: Barriers and Possibilities for Enhancing Degree Completion:

Former President Obama’s 2020 Goal for the United States to have the highest proportion of college graduates in the world required that both new and disengaged college students attain degrees. The ...
Carrier- and Element-Specific Femtosecond XUV Transient Absorption of Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskites

Extreme ultraviolet transient absorption spectroscopy is used to measure carrier dynamics in hybrid lead halide perovskites such as CH3NH3PbI3. Distinct signals are observed for photoinduced electrons and holes, allowing the dynamics of each carrier to be tracked independently.
A microwatt front end and asynchronous ADC for sparse biopotential acquisition

We present the design and implementation of a monolithic microwatt analog front end and asynchronous level-crossing ADC for efficient capture of sparse biopotentials. The low-noise differential AC-coupled front-end provides +40 dB gain, and the signal is digitized by an asynchronous level-crossing ADC which encodes the signal slope into a stream of pulses. For temporally-sparse signals such as single-unit extracellular neural spike recordings, this pulse encoding system provides both power savings and intrinsic data compression as compared to traditional Nyquist sampling. The circuit occupies 0.0088 mm2 in 0.18 μm CMOS and consumes 750 nA from a 1.8 V supply.
Unusual disease characteristics of multiple myeloma in eastern North Carolina.

e19512Background:Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a relatively common malignancy in Eastern NC, especially in African American population. There have been several advances in treatment of MM but it is uncl...
Nascent Lung Organoids Reveal Epithelium- and Bone Morphogenetic Protein–mediated Suppression of Fibroblast Activation

Reciprocal epithelial-mesenchymal interactions are pivotal in lung development, homeostasis, injury, and repair. Organoids have been used to investigate such interactions, but with a major focus on epithelial responses to mesenchyme and less attention to epithelial effects on mesenchyme. In the present study, we used nascent organoids composed of human and mouse lung epithelial and mesenchymal cells to demonstrate that healthy lung epithelium dramatically represses transcriptional, contractile, and matrix synthetic functions of lung fibroblasts. Repression of fibroblast activation requires signaling via the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. BMP signaling is diminished after epithelial injury in vitro and in vivo, and exogenous BMP4 restores fibroblast repression in injured organoids. In contrast, inhibition of BMP signaling in healthy organoids is sufficient to derepress fibroblast matrix synthetic function. Our results reveal potent repression of fibroblast activation by healthy lung epithelium and a novel mechanism by which epithelial loss or injury is intrinsically coupled to mesenchymal activation via loss of repressive BMP signaling.