cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Marketing Research from the Standpoint of the Industrial Buyer

M ARKETING research is usually discussed from the viewpoint of the seller; this article deals with it from the standpoint of industrial buyers, the men who spend their company's money for materials, fabricated parts, supplies, equipment, and repair parts and small tools, and who buy these things not for re-sale but in order to assure the continued operation of the factory These various types of industrial goods are not bought by the same procedures, decisions regarding their purchase are not participated in by the same people, and the problems regarding their acquisition vary considerably. This complicates any analysis made by a research organization, just as it limits to some degree any generalizations regarding the procurement pattern as between various companies. Yet there is an emerging over-all pattern, and the basic principles are much the same in spite of necessary and inevitable modification of their application to specific situations. As an industrial purchaser, I am fully convinced that intelligently conducted marketing research by suppliers benefits me as a buyer. It should reduce the waste and the cost of their distribution and hence the prices I have to pay; it should increase the efficiency of their marketing program; it should bring to my attention new products or materials that might otherwise escape my attention, and show me new and better uses for those materials I am already buying.
Tumors of the Shoulder Girdle: Technique of Resection and Description of a Surgical Classification

Limb-sparing surgery is safe and reliable for most bone and soft-tissue tumors of the shoulder girdle. Eighty to ninety percent of patients with high-grade sarcomas of the shoulder can be safely treated by the various surgical techniques described. Attention must be paid to appropriate patient selection, preoperative staging, and planning. In addition, careful skeletal and muscular reconstruction of the surgical defect is necessary for a successful outcome. A new, universal, classification schemata (types I-VI) of shoulder girdle resections has been developed. This classification system is based on the bones resected, the status of the abductor mechanism, and the relationship to the glenohumeral joint. This system permits easy description and comparison of the various limb-sparing procedures performed.
Endothelium regulates skeletal muscle microcirculation by a blood flow velocity-sensing mechanism

In rat cremaster muscle, utilizing parallel arteriolar occlusion, we found that an increase in red blood cell (RBC) velocity (3.5-26.5 mm/s) per se induced an increase in diameter (1.5-9.4 microns) of arterioles (mean control diam 21.5 +/- 0.6 microns; n = 25). The dilation of arterioles appeared only when RBC velocity increased and started always with a delay (mean 8.4 +/- 0.5 s) after the increase in flow velocity. A positive linear correlation was found between peak changes in RBC velocity and diameter (r = 0.87, P less than 0.05). The velocity sensor as well as the mechanism(s) that mediates this response is likely to be located in endothelial cells, because the dilation to increased RBC velocity was completely eliminated after impairment of arteriolar endothelium with light-dye (L-D) treatment. The in vivo demonstration of this phenomenon in arterioles suggests the existence of a new endothelium-dependent, flow velocity-sensitive mechanism for the regulation of blood flow in the microcirculation.
Papillary Lesions of the Breast: An Update.

Context.—Papillary lesions of the breast, characterized by the presence of arborescent fibrovascular cores that support epithelial proliferation, constitute a heterogeneous group of neoplasms with ...
Mechanisms of beer colloidal stabilization

The effects of treatments that influence beer colloidal stability on foam-active protein and haze-active protein and polyphenols were studied. Unchillproofed beer was treated with bentonite, silica...
Modification of claims-based measures improves identification of comorbidities in non-elderly women undergoing mastectomy for breast cancer: A retrospective cohort study

Accurate identification of underlying health conditions is important to fully adjust for confounders in studies using insurer claims data. Our objective was to evaluate the ability of four modifications to a standard claims-based measure to estimate the prevalence of select comorbid conditions compared with national prevalence estimates. In a cohort of 11,973 privately insured women aged 18–64 years with mastectomy from 1/04–12/11 in the HealthCore Integrated Research Database, we identified diabetes, hypertension, deficiency anemia, smoking, and obesity from inpatient and outpatient claims for the year prior to surgery using four different algorithms. The standard comorbidity measure was compared to revised algorithms which included outpatient medications for diabetes, hypertension and smoking; an expanded timeframe encompassing the mastectomy admission; and an adjusted time interval and number of required outpatient claims. A χ2 test of proportions was used to compare prevalence estimates for 5 conditions in the mastectomy population to national health survey datasets (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey). Medical record review was conducted for a sample of women to validate the identification of smoking and obesity. Compared to the standard claims algorithm, use of the modified algorithms increased prevalence from 4.79 to 6.79 % for diabetes, 14.75 to 24.87 % for hypertension, 4.23 to 6.65 % for deficiency anemia, 1.78 to 12.87 % for smoking, and 1.14 to 6.31 % for obesity. The revised estimates were more similar, but not statistically equivalent, to nationally reported prevalence estimates. Medical record review revealed low sensitivity (17.86 %) to capture obesity in the claims, moderate negative predictive value (NPV, 71.78 %) and high specificity (99.15 %) and positive predictive value (PPV, 90.91 %); the claims algorithm for current smoking had relatively low sensitivity (62.50 %) and PPV (50.00 %), but high specificity (92.19 %) and NPV (95.16 %). Modifications to a standard comorbidity measure resulted in prevalence estimates that were closer to expected estimates for non-elderly women than the standard measure. Adjustment of the standard claims algorithm to identify underlying comorbid conditions should be considered depending on the specific conditions and the patient population studied.
Free Versus Pedicled TRAM Flaps: Cost Utilization and Complications

Conventionally, free transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (fTRAM) flap breast reconstruction has been associated with decreased donor site morbidity and improved flap inset. However, clinical success depends upon more sophisticated technical expertise and facilities. This study aims to characterize postoperative outcomes undergoing free versus pedicled TRAM (pTRAM) flap breast reconstruction. Nationwide inpatient sample database (2008–2011) was reviewed for cases of fTRAM (ICD-9-CM 85.73) and pTRAM (85.72) breast reconstruction. Inclusion criteria were females undergoing pTRAM or fTRAM breast reconstruction; males were excluded. We examined demographics, hospital setting, insurance information, patient income, and comorbidities. Clinical endpoints included postoperative complications, length-of-stay (LOS), and total charges (TC). Bivariate/multivariate analyses were performed to identify independent risk factors associated with increased complications and resource utilization. Overall, 21,655 cases were captured. Seventy-percent were Caucasian, 95 % insured, and 72 % treated in an urban teaching hospital. There were 9 pTRAM and 6 fTRAM in-hospital mortalities. On bivariate analysis, the fTRAM cohort was more likely to be obese (OR 1.2), undergo revision (OR 5.9), require hemorrhage control (OR 5.7), suffer hematoma complications (OR 1.9), or wound infection (OR 1.8) (p < 0.003). The pTRAM cohort was more likely to suffer pneumonia (OR 1.6) and pulmonary embolism (OR 2.0) (p < 0.004). Reconstruction type did not affect risk of flap loss or seroma occurrence. TC were higher with fTRAM (p < 0.001). LOS was not affected by procedure type. On risk-adjusted multivariate analysis, fTRAM was an independent risk factor for increased LOS (OR 1.6), TC (OR 1.8), and postoperative complications (OR 1.3) (p < 0.001). Free TRAM has an increased risk of postoperative complications and resource utilization versus pTRAM on the current largest risk-adjusted analysis. Further analyses are required to elucidate additional factors influencing outcomes following these procedures. This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the A3 online Instructions to Authors. www.springer.com/00266 .
RNA-Folding - From Hardness to Algorithms (Invited Talk)

This is an overview of the invited talk delivered at the 41st International Symposium on Mathematical Foundations of Computer Science (MFCS-2016).
Loss of PTEN Expression Induces NF-kB Via PI3K/Akt Pathway Involving Resistance to Chemotherapy in Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Cell Lines.

Abstract PTEN is a tumor suppressor gene responsible for downregulating the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3k)/Akt pathway. Loss of PTEN expression frequently occurs in human cancer leading to high Akt activation, which consequently confers neoplastic cell survival and resistance to chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Here we report a mechanism by which loss of PTEN expression activates the transcription factor NF-kB through the PI3k/Akt pathway that induces activation of the IkBa kinase (IKK). Activation of NF-kB by loss of PTEN expression results in resistance to doxorubicin in acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cells. Initially, we examined 27 leukemia cell lines derived from children with ALL for the expression of PTEN and constitutive activation of NF-kB to evaluate whether there is a correlation between these two events. We found that 12 of the 27 lines lacked PTEN expression (PTEN-). Of 12 PTEN- ALL lines, 10 lines expressed constitutive NF-kB activation. In contrast, 11 of the 15 PTEN positive (PTEN+) lines were defect of NF-kB activation. Treatment of PTEN- line with PI3k kinase inhibitor Ly294002 caused downregulation of Akt activity accompanied by reduced activation of IKK and inhibition of constitutive NF-kB activation, resulting in increased sensitivity to doxorubicin-induced apoptosis. Similar to treatment with Ly294002, transfection of the PTEN expression plasmid into the PTEN- lines attenuated constitutive activation of both Akt and NF-kB, thereby sensitizing these cells to doxorubicin. These results suggest that both constitutive and inducible activation of NF-kB play an important role in chemotherapy resistance, and that loss of PTEN expression is at least one reason for the constitutive activation of NF-kB in ALL cells.
Wild-Type Kras Inhibits NrasQ61R/+-Induced Leukemias

Ras proteins belong to the super family of small GTPases. Although RAS mutations are oncogenic, it remains highly controversial whether wild-type (WT) RAS facilitates or inhibits tumorigenesis in the presence of oncogenic RAS. Previous studies suggest that this might depend on cell type, specific RAS isoforms, and/or stage of tumorigenesis (e.g. tumor initiation versus tumor progression). Recently, we found that deletion of WT Kras in oncogenic Kras mice promotes myeloidproliferative neoplasm (MPN) in a cell-autonomous manner. This is through promoting activation of all Ras isoforms and thus enhancing cytokine signaling in vivo. However, it remains unknown whether WT Kras plays a similar role in oncogenic Nras-induced leukemogenesis. To address this issue, we conditionally down-regulated WT Kras expression in a novel leukemia model induced by endogenous NrasQ61R/+. Detailed characterization of NrasQ61R allele reveals that NrasQ61R/+ displays an intermediate leukemogenic activity between NrasG12D/+ and NrasG12D/G12D. NrasQ61R/+ mice developed MPN (100%) and acute T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma (T-ALL) (~10%) at the moribund stage with a median survival of 197 days. Therefore, NrasQ61R/+ mice provide an excellent experimental system to test genetic lesions promoting or inhibiting oncogenic Nras-induced leukemogenesis. We observed that 3-weeks after activation of NrasQ61R/+ and deletion of WT Kras, the double mutant mice displayed more severe MPN phenotypes than NrasQ61R/+ mice, as demonstrated by more prominent hepatosplenomegaly and further expanded myeloid compartment in bone marrow and spleen. Consistent with these MPN phenotypes, NrasQ61R/+; Kras-/- myeloid progenitor and precursor cells showed prolonged and hyperactivated GM-CSF signaling compared to NrasQ61R/+ cells. In addition, NrasQ61R/+; Kras-/- mice displayed further expanded common lymphoid progenitor compartment and a less differentiated phenotype in thymic T-cells than NrasQ61R/+ mice. In NrasQ61R/+; Kras-/- mice, early thymic T cell progenitors demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation and stronger ERK1/2 signaling compared to NrasQ61R/+ cells. Consequently, NrasQ61R/+; Kras-/- mice survived significantly shorter than NrasQ61R/+ mice (median survival: 97 days; P Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Apatite–wollastonite glass-ceramics part I Crystallization kinetics by differential thermal analysis

Apatite crystallization in the apatite–wollastonite glass exhibits a three-dimensional bulk mechanism with an Avrami parameter (n)≈3, while that of the second phase (wollastonite) shows a two-dimensional surface mechanism (planar growth) with n≈2. A strong effect of glass particle size on the wollastonite crystallization temperature is observed. The peak temperature is lower when the particle size is smaller.
Adrenal Gland Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology

Surgeons who treat patients with adrenal gland disorders need to understand basic adrenal gland embryology, physiology, and anatomy. The adrenal gland is made up of two parts—the cortex and the medulla—that have different embryologic origins and functions. The outer cortex produces steroid hormones and the inner medulla arises from the neural crest and produces catecholamines. The unregulated secretion of steroids or catecholamines results in the specific clinical manifestations of medullary and cortical tumors. The adrenal glands are paired retroperitoneal structures above the kidney with variable blood supply and knowing their relationship to the aorta, inferior vena cava, and other retroperitoneal structures is critical to understanding the conduct of adrenal operations. Surgical intervention may be required for definitive treatment of adrenal gland disorders; therefore, every surgeon involved in treating children with adrenal pathology needs a thorough understanding of adrenal gland embryology, physiology, and anatomy. This chapter reviews these topics with special emphasis on how they relate to diseases of the adrenal gland and especially their surgical treatment. Adrenal gland embryology is reviewed first as it explains many unique aspects of adrenal anatomy, histology, and physiology. Adrenal physiology is then reviewed as it forms the basis to understand problems of deranged adrenal function, especially the unregulated secretion of steroids or catecholamines that are common manifestations of adrenal tumors. Finally, the anatomy of the adrenal glands and surrounding structures is considered as this explains the clinical findings of mass effects on adjacent organs of functional and nonfunctional adrenal tumors and, most importantly, forms the basis to understand the conduct of adrenal operations.
Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy

▶ Prostate cancer is the leading type of cancer and second leading cause of cancer related death among men in Western world. Initially, the conventional treatment involving androgen deprivation therapy alleviates the disease temporarily but eventually results in recurrence of highly aggressive and castration-resistant metastatic cancer, for which no curative therapy exists currently. Thus, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic approaches to be developed for patients with castration-resistant prostate cancer. In the last decade, much has been learned about molecular pathways and biological mechanisms of prostate cancer progression and this provides a number of options for potential therapeutic targets, such as those directed against the cancer cell itself, or against tumor ▶ angiogenesis, cell signal pathways, and bone metastasis. Increasing evidence has emerged indicating that targeted therapy holds promise of providing novel and effective treatments to advanced prostate cancers.
Integrating real-time subsurface hydrologic monitoring with empirical rainfall thresholds to improve landslide early warning

Early warning for rainfall-induced shallow landsliding can help reduce fatalities and economic losses. Although these commonly occurring landslides are typically triggered by subsurface hydrological processes, most early warning criteria rely exclusively on empirical rainfall thresholds and other indirect proxies for subsurface wetness. We explore the utility of explicitly accounting for antecedent wetness by integrating real-time subsurface hydrologic measurements into landslide early warning criteria. Our efforts build on previous progress with rainfall thresholds, monitoring, and numerical modeling along the landslide-prone railway corridor between Everett and Seattle, Washington, USA. We propose a modification to a previously established recent versus antecedent (RA) cumulative rainfall thresholds by replacing the antecedent 15-day rainfall component with an average saturation observed over the same timeframe. We calculate this antecedent saturation with real-time telemetered measurements from five volumetric water content probes installed in the shallow subsurface within a steep vegetated hillslope. Our hybrid rainfall versus saturation (RS) threshold still relies on the same recent 3-day rainfall component as the existing RA thresholds, to facilitate ready integration with quantitative precipitation forecasts. During the 2015–2017 monitoring period, this RS hybrid approach has an increase of true positives and a decrease of false positives and false negatives relative to the previous RA rainfall-only thresholds. We also demonstrate that alternative hybrid threshold formats could be even more accurate, which suggests that further development and testing during future landslide seasons is needed. The positive results confirm that accounting for antecedent wetness conditions with direct subsurface hydrologic measurements can improve thresholds for alert systems and early warning of rainfall-induced shallow landsliding.
Surgical smoke: Risk assessment and mitigation strategies

Background Although many dermatologic surgeons are aware of the risks of surgical smoke, many do not use hazard reduction strategies. Objective To identify the infectious, inhalational, chemical, and mutagenic risks of surgical smoke in dermatologic procedures and suggest evidence-based hazard reduction strategies. Methods A review of articles indexed for MEDLINE on PubMed using the keywords surgical smoke, dermatology, surgical mask, respirator, smoke evacuator, and guidelines in 13 combinations was performed by using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocols. The review included data from 45 articles from the dermatology, surgery, infectious disease, obstetrics, and cancer biology literature. Results There are risks associated with surgical smoke, and although some dermatologists are aware of these risks, many are not using hazard reduction strategies such as smoke evacuators and surgical masks. Limitations Most of the data regarding the hazards of surgical smoke and methods for smoke safety are derived from in vitro and in vivo studies in nonhumans, as well as from resources outside of the dermatology literature. Conclusion Standardized guidelines for surgical smoke safety should be implemented in the dermatology community and residency curriculum.
Lightning and Forest Fires

Publisher Summary Lightning ignition of wildland fuels plays a major role in the maintenance and evolution of ecosystems. This chapter discusses the predominant mechanism for lightning ignition and how this knowledge can be used in fire management. There is little doubt; based on theoretical approaches, laboratory experiments, and global fire and lightning data; that the fuel type and fuel state play a much larger role than the lightning density in lightning fire ignitions. The efficiency of lightning fires seems to be in the range of 0.01–0.04 fires/CG flash in much of North America— that is, only about one to four flashes in 100 start fires. It remains to be seen whether these efficiencies are larger in other places. Certainly, in Central Africa and South America, efficiencies are much lower; although there is no way at present of knowing how much lower. Lightning fires can act upon the lightning environment through smoke, even inverting the charge structure of thunderstorms. Again, the exact mechanism remains a mystery, and there may be more than one mechanism at work. Charge separation occurs due to flaming in the presence of electric fields, and the smoke carrying that charge is carried into local pyrocumulus. That charge may not remain on the smoke particles for long, however, and inverted storms in regions far from the smoke origin in space and time may be due only to the presence of smoke particles and their interaction with thunderstorm-charging mechanisms. Finally, lightning ignition of fires may or may not have a role in ecosystems altered by climate change.
Optical Recording of Cellular Zinc Dynamics with Zinc-Finger-Based Biosensors

In addition to serving as an essential structural component, zinc is also involved in intracellular and intercellular signaling pathways to impact a number of cellular functions. Genetically encoded zinc sensors that are specifically targeted to various subcellular compartments (ER, mitochondria, nucleus, plasma membrane, and vesicles) have been proven to provide accurate and sensitive visualization and quantification of zinc. Here we describe the methods to utilize both ratiometric and intensiometric genetically encoded zinc sensors designed based on zinc fingers for imaging and quantification of cellular free, labile zinc concentrations, [Zn2+]free. This chapter explains in detail how to quantify [Zn2+]free in live cells as well as how to monitor zinc influx in INS-1 cells stimulated with high glucose.
Effect of combination immunotherapy on tumor growth, survival, and intratumoral immune infiltration in transgenic murine model of melanoma.

e21610Background: Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-Vec), a modified Herpes Simplex Type I (HSV I) virus, is the first oncolytic virus to be FDA approved for the treatment of cancer. T-Vec has two propos...
Mortar: an open testbed for portable building analytics

Access to large amounts of real-world data has long been a barrier to the development and evaluation of analytics applications for the built environment. Open data sets exist, but they are limited in their span (how much data is available) and context (what kind of data is available and how it is described). Evaluation of such analytics is also limited by how the analytics themselves are implemented, often using hard-coded names of building components, points and locations, or unique input data formats.To advance the methodology for how such analytics are implemented and evaluated, we present Mortar: an open testbed for portable building analytics, currently spanning 90 buildings and containing over 9.1 billion data points. All buildings in the testbed are described using Brick, a recently developed metadata schema, providing rich functional descriptions of building assets and subsystems. We also propose a simple architecture for writing portable analytics applications that are robust to the diversity of buildings and can configure themselves based on context. We demonstrate the utility of Mortar by implementing 11 applications from the literature.
Does the Exposure to Routinization Explain the Evolution of the Labor Share of Income? Evidence from Asia

This paper analyzes the evolution of the labor share of income in Asia, a region where countries have experienced steep declines and increases as well as stable labor income shares in the quarter-century since 1990. An innovation of this study is to expand the standard drivers of labor shares—technological advance, trade, institutions, and policies—by considering whether the exposure to routine jobs has also played a role in the evolution of the labor share of income. The more exposed a country is to routinization, the greater is the probability that ICT capital substitutes mid-skilled jobs, lowering the overall wage share of workers. Using a new dataset on the exposure to routinization, the study finds that it is an important determinant of the evolution of labor shares in developed Asian economies, where the initial exposure was high, but not in developing Asian economies where the share of routine jobs was small.
Framework + digital badges = online instruction for today

This case study evaluates the process of developing modules for inclusion in a learning management system that are informed by the Association of College and Research Libraries Framework for Inform...
Race–ethnic differences in the associations of maternal lipid trait genetic risk scores with longitudinal fetal growth

Background Fetal growth, an important predictor of cardiometabolic diseases in adults, is influenced by maternal and fetal genetic and environmental factors. Objective We investigated the association between maternal lipid genetic risk score (GRS) and fetal growth among 4 US racial–ethnic populations (Whites, Blacks, Hispanics, and Asians). Methods We extracted genotype data for 2008 pregnant women recruited in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Fetal Growth Studies—Singleton cohort with up to 6 standardized ultrasound examinations. GRS was calculated using 240 single-nucleotide polymorphisms previously associated with higher total cholesterol (GRSTChol), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (GRSLDLc), and triglycerides (GRSTG) and lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (GRSHDLc). Results At 40 weeks’ gestation, a unit increase in GRSTG was associated with 11.4 g higher fetal weight (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.8–20.0 g) among normal-weight Whites, 26.3 g (95% CI 6.0–46.6 g) among obese Blacks, and 30.8 g (95% CI 6.3–55.3 g) among obese Hispanics. Higher GRSHDLc was associated with increased fetal weight across 36 to 40 weeks among normal-weight Whites and across 13 to 20 weeks among normal-weight Asians, but with decreased fetal weight across 26 to 40 weeks among normal-weight Hispanics. Higher GRSTChol was suggestively associated with increased fetal weight in males and decreased in females. Associations remained consistent after adjustment for serum lipids. Conclusion Associations between fetal weight and maternal lipid GRS appear to vary by maternal race–ethnic group, obesity status, and offspring sex. Genetic susceptibility to unfavorable lipid profiles contributes to fetal growth differences even among normal-weight women suggesting a potential future application in predicting aberrant fetal growth.
The Security of Latent Dirichlet Allocation

Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) is an increasingly popular tool for data analysis in many domains. If LDA output aects decision making (especially when money is involved), there is an incentive for attackers to compromise it. We ask the question: how can an attacker minimally poison the corpus so that LDA produces topics that the attacker wants the LDA user to see? Answering this question is important to characterize such attacks, and to develop defenses in the future. We give a novel bilevel optimization formulation to identify the optimal poisoning attack. We present an ecient solution (up to local optima) using descent method and implicit functions. We demonstrate poisoning attacks on LDA with extensive experiments, and discuss possible defenses.
Determining whether a given cryptographic function is a permutation of another given cryptographic function—A problem in intellectual property

Abstract Imagine that, in order to avoid patent fees, licensing agreements, or export restrictions, someone permutes the plaintext bits, ciphertext bits, or key bits of a block cipher. All security properties of the block cipher would be preserved. There are many possible such permutations (e.g. 23116.32 for the Advanced Encryption Standard, AES-256). It might seem infeasible to detect this fraud, and even harder to determine the permutation matrices used. Instead of a block cipher, it could be the compression function of a cryptographic hash, or any other cryptographic function. This paper presents an algorithm whereby this fraud could be easily detected, by means of a SAT-Solver—a standard off-the-shelf software package that solves small-to-medium sized instances of the logical satisfiability problem. This paper also presents how this problem can be modeled in a system of polynomial equations (e.g. in the context of algebraic cryptanalysis). Moreover, this problem is related to the “isomorphism of polynomials” problem and that connection is explored at length.
Comment on Segar et al. Machine Learning to Predict the Risk of Incident Heart Failure Hospitalization Among Patients With Diabetes: The WATCH-DM Risk Score. Diabetes Care 2019;42:2298–2306

We congratulate Segar et al. (1) on their prediction of hospitalization for heart failure (HHF) in type 2 diabetes, which confirms our previously published finding (2). Indeed, we have used a more sophisticated approach (machine learning, left truncation, time-varying risk factors, parametric proportional hazard) with a superior predictive capability (5-year c-statistic >0.80) for Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) patients without heart failure at baseline. We have risk equations not just for HHF and other cardiovascular events, but for a wide range of complications of diabetes, including microvascular complications. …
Assessing Rural Health Coalitions Using the Public Health Logic Model: A Systematic Review.

Context Rural communities face unique challenges including fewer healthcare providers and restricted access to nutritious foods, likely leading to poor health outcomes. Community health coalitions are groups of local organizations partnering to address local health needs. Employing such coalitions is one strategy for implementing policy–system–environment changes for improving rural health. However, their success is variable without standardized evaluation. In this review, rural community health coalitions were retrospectively assessed using the W.K. Kellogg Foundation Logic Model. Community health coalition–reported pathways through this model were explored using market basket analysis. Evidence acquisition During Spring 2018, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, CINAHL, and PsycINFO were searched for (coalition) AND (rural) AND (health) AND (effectiveness OR impact OR outcome OR logic model). Full-text, peer-reviewed, English articles meeting PICOS criteria (Population, rural communities; Intervention, presence of a community health coalition; Comparator, the coalition over time; Outcomes, logic model pathways) were reviewed. During Summer and Fall 2018, coalition-reported pathways were categorized according to logic model inputs and resources; internal and external activities; outputs; short-, medium-, and long-term outcomes; and impact. Market basket analysis was conducted during Winter 2018. Evidence synthesis The 10 most frequently reported pathway items were partner diversity; organizational structures; implementing pilot studies, programs, and interventions; funding; community engagement and outreach; university partners; holding regular meetings; having working groups and subcommittees; operating under or partnering with a regional research initiative; and conducting a community health and needs assessment. Half of community health coalitions reported 4 or more of the following: funding; partner diversity; university partners; organizational structures; community engagement and outreach; and implementing pilot studies, programs, and interventions. Conclusions Many rural community health coalitions reported inputs and capacity building; few impacted health. Recommending common early phase logic model pathways may facilitate downstream success.
Using Electronic Medical Records and Health Claim Data to Develop a Patient Engagement Score for Patients With Multiple Chronic Conditions: An Exploratory Study

The study objective was to (1) develop a statistical model that creates a novel patient engagement score (PES) from electronic medical records (EMR) and health claim data, and (2) validate this developed score using health-related outcomes and charges of patients with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). This study used 2014-16 EMR and health claim data of patients with MCCs from Sanford Health. Patient engagement score was created based on selected patients' engagement behaviors using Gaussian finite mixture model. The PES was validated using multiple logistic and linear regression analyses to examine the associations between the PES and health-related outcomes, and hospital charges, respectively. Patient engagement score was generated from 5095 patient records and included low, medium, and high levels of patient engagement. The PES was a significant predictor for low-density lipoprotein, emergency department visit, hemoglobin A1c, estimated glomerular filtration rate, hospitalization, and hospital charge. The PES derived from patient behaviors recorded in EMR and health claim data can potentially serve as a patient engagement measure. Further study is needed to refine and validate the newly developed score.
Estimating transition path times and shapes from single-molecule photon trajectories: A simulation analysis.

In a two-state molecular system, transition paths comprise the portions of trajectories during which the system transits from one stable state to the other. Because of their low population, it is essentially impossible to obtain information on transition paths from experiments on a large sample of molecules. However, single-molecule experiments such as laser optical tweezers or Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) spectroscopy have allowed transition-path durations to be estimated. Here, we use molecular simulations to test the methodology for obtaining information on transition paths in single-molecule FRET by generating photon trajectories from the distance trajectories obtained in the simulation. Encouragingly, we find that this maximum likelihood analysis yields transition-path times within a factor of 2-4 of the values estimated using a good coordinate for folding, but tends to systematically underestimate them. The underestimation can be attributed partly to the fact that the large changes in the end-end distance occur mostly early in a folding trajectory. However, even if the transfer efficiency is a good reaction coordinate for folding, the assumption that the transition-path shape is a step function still leads to an underestimation of the transition-path time as defined here. We find that allowing more flexibility in the form of the transition path model allows more accurate transition-path times to be extracted and points the way toward further improvements in methods for estimating transition-path time and transition-path shape.
Predictors of Neurodevelopmental Impairment After Neonatal Bacterial Meningitis

Background:Neonatal bacterial meningitis has high rates of morbidity and mortality. Early clinical signs and neuroimaging suggest adverse outcomes, but little is known about their combined predicti...
Book Review: Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives

This article reviews the book, Climate Change and Displacement: Multidisciplinary Perspectives, edited by Jane McAdam . To address the complex issues surrounding climate migration, Jane McAdam has taken a new approach to the exploration of climate-induced migration. She brings together the work of various researchers across a wide-range of disciplines to holistically analyze the issue, while recognizing that no single field can address all of the issues involved with climate migration. The disciplines of geography (political, economic, and human), sociology, law, political economy, moral philosophy, public health, medical anthropology, epidemiology, psychiatric epidemiology, international relations, and psychology are weaved throughout the collective chapters to answer the question of how climate change and displacement is considered and managed.
Estimation of maximum switching activity in digital VLSI circuits

Power dissipation and reliability are important issues in the design of high performance digital VLSI circuits. Power dissipation and reliability are strongly related to switching activity in the circuit. An estimate of maximum switching activity is necessary for the design of reliable circuits. The problem of estimating maximum switching activity even under a zero gate delay model is intractable. In this paper, we present an algorithm to obtain an upper bound on the maximum transition count over all possible input vectors under a zero gate delay model.
Domains of concern in software architectures and architecture description languages

Software architectures shift the focus of developers from lines-of-code to coarser-grained elements and their interconnection structure. Architecture description languages (ADLs) have been proposed as domain-specific languages for the domain of software architecture. There is still little consensus in the research community on what problems are most important to address in a study of software architecture, what aspects of an architecture should be modeled in an ADL, or even what an ADL is. To shed light on these issues, we provide a framework of architectural domains, or areas of concern in the study of software architectures. We evaluate existing ADLs with respect to the framework and study the relationship between architectural and application domains. One conclusion is that, while the architectural domains perspective enables one to approach architectures and ADLs in a new, more structured manner, further understanding of architectural domains, their tie to application domains, and their specific influence on ADLs is needed.
An identified histaminergic neuron can modulate the outputs of buccal- cerebral interneurons in Aplysia via presynaptic inhibition

We have identified 2 buccal-cerebral interneurons (BCIs), B17 and B18, that appear to be involved in the coordination of feeding behavior in Aplysia. The BCIs have their cell bodies in the buccal ganglion, but send axons to the cerebral ganglion via the cerebral-buccal connectives. The BCIs appear to make monosynaptic connections with neurons in the cerebral ganglion that modulate extrinsic muscles involved in feeding behavior. B17 and B18 are activated antiphasically during a motor program induced by stimulating the esophageal nerve and appear to “read out” different phases of the buccal program to different cells in the cerebral ganglion. B17 and B18 are not necessary, and probably not sufficient, to generate the buccal program. These BCIs, and other cells like them in the buccal ganglion, may be capable of coordinating the activity of the intrinsic muscles of the buccal mass with the activity of its extrinsic muscles, and perhaps with those of the lips, mouth, and tentacles. Identified histaminergic neuron, C2, can modulate the outputs of the BCIs onto their synaptic followers in the cerebral ganglion. Firing of C2 inhibits spiking of the BCIs, probably via cerebral-buccal interneurons. C2 also decreases the size of the EPSP that B17 and B18 evoke in cerebral neuron C4. C2 appears to do so monosynaptically, and it decreases the conductance of C4, ruling out one possible postsynaptic mechanism of action. Variance analysis of the EPSPs evoked by B18 supports the hypothesis that C2 acts presynaptically to decrease the release of transmitter. Applications of histamine to the solution bathing the neuron mimic the effect of firing C2 and reduce the size of the EPSPs B18 induces in C4. The bath-applied histamine appears to act directly on B18, since it elicits a voltage-dependent increased conductance hyperpolarization recorded in the soma of B18, and the hyperpolarization persists in a solution in which synaptic transmission has been blocked. Histamine did not produce any marked changes of the duration of a TEA-broadened somatic action potential of B18. To the extent that the soma of B18 reflects the membrane properties of its synaptic terminal region, the data suggest that histamine may produce presynaptic inhibition by hyperpolarizing the synaptic terminal region.
Physiology of an Infrared Receptor: The Facial Pit of Pit Vipers

Noble and Schmidt (1) in 1937 showed that the sense organ in the facial pit of blindfolded crotalidsrattlesnakes, copperheads, and moccasins—mediates the ability to strike correctly at moving objects such as a dead rat or a cloth-wrapped light bulb and to distinguish between warm and cold ones. They attempted to describe its sensitivity in terms of the reading of a mercury thermometer in the air at the position of the snake's head. However, it seems indicated by their conditions that radiant energy was the effective stimulus. We have undertaken to find out what can be learned of the function of this organ by recording activity from its nerves. The present paper is a preliminary report based on multi-unit analysis.
Physiognomics in Imperial Latin Biography

A distinctive feature of the biographies of Suetonius is his methodical and detailed description of the physical appearances of the emperors. This feature was adopted by two fourth-century Latin writers, Ammianus Marcellinus and the anonymous author of the Historia Augusta . This study will explore how ancient theories of the relationship between appearance and character intersect with the physical descriptions of emperors the authors provide. These authors reveal themselves to be engaged with contemporary approaches to the question without being bound by any one theory, and thus presuppose a readership for whom physiognomic questions were both interesting and debatable. The approaches of the authors to this minor feature in their work also offer broader insight into their biographical style and purpose.
Evaluation of hallux valgus surgery using computer-assisted radiographic measurements and two direct forefoot parameters

Abstract Computer-assisted measurements on radiographs were used to evaluate hallux valgus surgery in 11ft in eight patients undergoing scarf osteotomy. Hallux valgus angle and intermetatarsal angles give an indirect measure of reduction of forefoot dimensions. In this study, the dimensions at forefoot before and after surgery were quantified using two direct linear parameters and these were correlated with angular measurements. With the patient standing the maximum circumference at the forefoot was measured before and at 3 months after surgery. An average reduction of 14.2 mm was noted. On weight bearing anteroposterior radiographs of the foot, the distance between the most prominent points on the outer cortex of heads of first and fifth metatarsals was measured on preoperative radiographs and those obtained at final follow up. This measurement termed by author VKP the ‘metatarsal span' showed an average reduction of 7.26 mm. Average reduction of hallux valgus angle was from 41.35 to 15.71°, intermetatarsal angle from 14.81 to 7.67° and distal metatarsal articular angle from 28.82 to 8.69°. The computer-assisted measurements evaluate radiographic parameters in hallux valgus surgery with digital accuracy. The reduction in metatarsal span correlates best with reduction in intermetatarsal angle. These direct linear forefoot parameters help in addition to the usual parameters to evaluate the reduction of forefoot dimensions objectively, assisting comparison between different surgical techniques.
Fear, Loathing and the Everyday Geopolitics of Encounter in the Arizona Borderlands

This paper argues for the importance of attending to both affective and emotional experience in analysing the origins and effects of border and immigration efforts in the US/Mexico border region. We do so by engaging with theoretical understands of the politics of affect and emotion among cultural and feminist geographers and social scientists. We then examine Arizona's SB 1070 and its connection to a larger history of border and immigration enforcement in Arizona. Drawing from ethnographic work, interviews, and media and policy analysis, we engage with narratives provided by border area ranchers to unpack how these ranchers' encounters with unauthorised migrants have changed over time. We then examine how the everyday fear and anxiety associated with these encounters drive political activism and state intervention in the region. We conclude by discussing how this intervention, in turn, reproduces racial and gender hierarchies, hierarchies that are themselves affectively mediated.
Low-temperature magnetization of FeCl3 intercalated graphite

Abstract We report magnetization measurements on ferric chloride intercalated graphite in the temperature range 1 K K for stages of index n=1–6 and 8. All stages exhibit a sharp increase in M(T) at T=1.7 K as the temperature decreases and a subsequent saturation below 1.4 K. The saturation magnetization, when normalized to the iron contents, exhibits a strong stage dependence (M(1 K )∼e n ), up to stage 5 and then deviates for higher stages. For the stage 6 sample M(1 K ) has a linear dependence on the trapped applied field (H G ) and long relaxation times ranging from under one to more than 4 min. The relaxation time τ(T) has a lambda shape with a peak temperature of 1.45 K, with similar results for stage 3.
Phase separation in colloidal dispersions with nonadsorbing polymer

The influence of the volume restriction effect on phase separation in colloidal dispersions consisting of a nonadsorbing polymer has been studied using statistical mechanical cell models and perturbation theories in combination with Monte Carlo experiments. The attractive interparticle potential proposed by Asakura and Oosawa is used to represent the effect of polymer depletion between the particles. The equilibrium properties are determined using the cell model for the “solid-like” phase (with Monte Carlo simulations for the structure of the solid phase) and a perturbation theory for the “liquid-like” phase. Both aqueous and nonaqueous dispersions are considered, and the phase separation behavior predicted is compared with available experimental and theoretical results.
Dietary restraint of bulimic subjects following cognitive-behavioral or pharmacological treatment

Abstract The pre and posttreatment self-monitored caloric intake of bulimic subjects treated with either cognitive-behavioral therapy or imipramine was compared. Results indicated that both groups equally and successfully reduced purged calories but that only cognitive-behaviorally treated subjects increased non-purged caloric intake. These results show that cognitive-behavioral treatment lessens dietary restraint whereas imipramine treatment of bulimia nervosa does not. These findings are discussed and it is suggested that they may account for the superior therapeutic maintenance following cognitive-behavioral treatment when compared with pharmacological treatment of bulimia nervosa.