cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Mental health and access to care among refugee mothers relocated to San Diego: a comparative study of Iraqi and Somali refugee communities

Mental illness is common amongst refugees and can differ depending on cultural background, experiences, and access to care. Given significant risk factors including high rates of exposure to sexual violence and different barriers to seeking adequate health care, refugee mothers are uniquely at risk. In 2012–2013, surveys were administered to a convenience sample of Somali and systematic random sample of Iraqi refugee mothers to identify differences in mental health between the populations. The Hopkins Symptom Checklist (HSCL-25) identified respondents with major depression and emotional distress. We used multivariable logistic regression to compare these populations and identify variables associated with mental illness. 198 Somali and 219 Iraqi women were included. Most Iraqis (60.27%) had not seen a mental health provider while most Somalis (62.63%) had. On average, Iraqis scored 0.34 points higher (worse) on the HSCL-25 compared to Somalis (95% CI, 0.22–0.46; P < 0.001). Iraqis were more likely to have major depression (OR = 2.62, 95% CI 1.50–4.57, P = 0.001). On multivariable analysis accounting for the country of origin, those who saw a mental health provider were less likely to have major depression or emotional distress (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.22–0.82, P = 0.011; OR 0.43, 95% CI 0.22–0.85, P = 0.015, respectively). Iraqi refugee mothers were more likely to have depression compared to Somalis. Refugee mothers who saw a mental health provider were less likely to have depression or emotional distress. These results suggest the cultural background and access to health services among refugee mothers’ impact on mental health.
Initiation of an Intraoperative Radiotherapy Program at a Safety net Hospital: What Is the Impact of an Intraoperative Radiotherapy Program in Underserved Patients With Early Breast Cancer?

BackgroundIntraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) can allow for single-dose radiation treatment following breast conservation therapy in low-risk patients with early breast cancer, in lieu of a traditio...
Funds of Knowledge in STEM Education: A Scoping Review

Background: Assets-based research is becoming more widespread and may be particularly important as we continue to work towards equity within engineering education. It is important to understand how assets-based theoretical frameworks have been taken up in STEM education research in recent years. Purpose: We examine how funds of knowledge (Moll et al., 1992), an assets-based framework, is applied in STEM education and can be used to advance engineering education research. Funds of knowledge was created to help K–12 teachers adapt their classroom teaching and curriculum to better serve their students. Scope/Method: Scoping review procedures resulted in 42 qualifying studies. We analyzed characteristics of the qualifying studies and qualitatively coded the use of the funds of knowledge framework. Codes included the following categories: identification, curriculum, teaching, and learning. Conclusions: Funds of knowledge is prevalent in the STEM education literature. Studies tended to be qualitative, with observations and interviews as the most common research methods. Research often took place both in the classroom and at after-school programs. Most studies centered on K–12 students and teachers, often focusing on how to improve teaching, curriculum and lesson plans, or the connection between the community and schools. Funds of knowledge may assist curriculum change in K–16 if used more widely in engineering education, which could have important implications for equity in engineering. Gaps and opportunities in the application of funds of knowledge in STEM education include assessing the efficacy of funds of knowledge interventions on students by connecting to student learning outcomes or theories of identity, self-efficacy, and belonging.
A note on explicit constructions of designs

An $(n,r,s)$-system is an $r$-uniform hypergraph on $n$ vertices such that every pair of edges has an intersection of size less than $s$. Using probabilistic arguments, Rodl and Siňajova showed that for all fixed integers $r> s \ge 2$, there exists an $(n,r,s)$-system with independence number $O\left(n^{1-\delta+o(1)}\right)$ for some optimal constant $\delta >0$ only related to $r$ and $s$. We show that for certain pairs $(r,s)$ with $s\le r/2$ there exists an explicit construction of an $(n,r,s)$-system with independence number $O\left(n^{1-\epsilon}\right)$, where $\epsilon > 0$ is an absolute constant only related to $r$ and $s$. Previously this was known only for $s>r/2$ by results of Chattopadhyay and Goodman
COVID-19 Coverage By Cable and Broadcast Networks

In this paper, we present a dataset of COVID-19 coverage by cable and broadcast news networks. Our dataset, which spans the time period between January 21, 2020 and June 12, 2020, includes 44,643 transcript paragraphs that are manually labeled according to their relevance to COVID-19 and 486,068 paragraphs that are further labeled using supervised classifiers. We further provide descriptive analysis that shows differences in the degree to which networks covered the pandemic and how the content of this coverage varied. Our distinctive phrase analysis also suggests that cable news networks, particularly Fox News and MSNBC, are politicizing COVID-19. This dataset can be leveraged to model and characterize the role cable and broadcast news networks play in shaping COVID-19 attitudes and behaviors, as well as how the coverage was related to external events (e.g. the number of COVID-19 cases), coverage in other media (e.g. newspapers), and COVID-19 conversations on social media (e.g. Twitter). The COVID-19 cable and broadcast news dataset is publicly available to the research community, and can be accessed at https://doi.org/10.7910/DVN/LWMYAD.
The Impact of Agile Methods and “DevOps” on Day 2+ Operations for Large Enterprises

Agile and Development & Operations (DevOps) methodologies are changing the way software is developed and delivered. In DevOps, Day 1 represents when capabilities are delivered and operational demands of the delivered software begin to exist. On Day 2 (and the days following), organizations begin to stress application resilience, scale, agility, security, and more. For large enterprises, operations can be very complex and costly, making it more important for Operational Users and Administrators to be prepared for the agile engagement with developers. Based on experience and lessons learned working with several public sector large organizations, this paper focuses on the “Ops” of DevOps discussing key findings and challenges that operations organizations face in the era of continuous engineering. It offers specific recommendations to empower operators in managing the effective transition and execution of capabilities into operations. The first recommendation is the creation of an Operations Architect to represent the important mission context for operations to developers, focusing on key cross-cutting enablers required to support those operations. A second recommendation is to integrate DevOps into existing IT Service Management processes and systems for the target operational environments. A third recommendation discussed the establishment of Minimal Viable Users with appropriate operational experience to adequately represent users to the development community. A fourth recommendation is to encourage community-based operations collaboration across user groups. A final recommendation discusses empowering operators and end users as “Citizen Coders” to be able to rapidly develop application features and as a way to document requirements and designs used in discussions with full development teams.
PyProD: A Machine Learning-Friendly Platform for Protection Analytics in Distribution Systems.

This paper introduces PyProD, a Python-based machine learning (ML)-compatible test-bed for evaluating the efficacy of protection schemes in electric distribution grids. This testbed is designed to bridge the gap between conventional power distribution grid analysis and growing capability of ML-based decision making algorithms, in particular in the context of protection system design and configuration. PyProD is shown to be capable of facilitating efficient design and evaluation of ML-based decision making algorithms for protection devices in the future electric distribution grid, in which many distributed energy resources and pro-sumers permeate the system.
WILLS, TRUSTS AND ADMINISTRATION OF ESTATES Changes in the Law of Wills

The Acts provide for changes to the Georgia law of wills. HB 157 provides that the residence of decedents in the care of nursing homes at the time of death shall normally be the county of residence before the entry of the decedent into the facility. HB 257 defines uniform procedures governing appointment of a guardian over an incapacitated adult who owns real property. HB 258 permits lawfully admitted aliens to perform as executors of estates. HB 259 expands the concurrent jurisdiction of probate courts with superior courts to include the acceptance of the resignation of a trustee.
BRCA1 16 years later: nuclear import and export processes

Over the past several years, the importance of regulated nuclear transport processes for tumor suppressors has become evident. Proteins with a molecular mass greater than 40 kDa can enter the nucleus only by active transport across the nuclear membrane. The most common pathway by which this occurs is via the importin alpha/beta pathway, whereby the cargo protein binds importin alpha. This heterodimer binds importin beta and the heterotrimer passes through nuclear pores at the expense of GTP. Breast cancer susceptibility gene 1 (BRCA1) is one such protein. As a mediator of transcription and DNA repair, two exclusively nuclear functions, BRCA1, at 220 kDa, can enter the nucleus only via active transport mechanisms. In addition to the classical importin alpha/beta pathway, BRCA1 can also enter the nucleus in a piggyback mechanism with BRCA1-associated RING domain protein 1 (BARD1). The interaction between BRCA1 and BARD1 is also important in the retention of BRCA1 in the nucleus. This is important because BRCA1 also undergoes active nuclear export. BRCA1 is also involved in apoptotic processes. Whether this occurs within the nucleus or cytoplasm is still unclear; thus, the consequences of BRCA1 nuclear export have not been clearly elucidated. This review will discuss the literature regarding the subcellular localization of BRCA1, with particular emphasis on its nuclear import and export processes.
MACROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF TRAFFIC FLOW OF AUTOMATED VEHICLES

This paper first presents an analysis of the equilibrium states of the automated traffic flow by using a macroscopic traffic flow model of automated vehicles. The model is used to analyze the steady state behavior of automated traffic flow for different operating conditions. The model also predicts the existence of shock waves in extreme cases for some modes of Automated Highway Systems (AHS). Results of the analysis can be used as guidelines for designing macroscopic and microscopic control laws.
Children's spirit

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to increase awareness of the interactions among school leadership standards, cultural competence, and decision‐making practices for chief school executives.Design/methodology/approach – To achieve this objective, 1,087 chief school executives, who were members of the American Association of School Administrators (AASA) in 2006, completed an electronic survey. Respondents rank‐ordered eight leadership standards, from most to least important. These standards focused specifically on diversity issues promoted through school leadership programs within the USA (American Association of School Administrators, National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education and Interstate School Leaders Licensure Consortium). Chief school executives also completed a 12‐item survey identifying what training they received during their graduate studies to help them meet the needs of diverse student populations.Findings – Respondents ranked the three most important diversity standards tha...
Nonlinear Theory and Simulation of Void Formation in Dusty Plasmas

We present new developments in the theory and simulation of a recent nonlinear time‐dependent model for void formation. For experimentally representative initial parameters, the model describes the nonlinear evolution of a zero‐frequency linear instability that grows exponentially in the linear regime, near‐explosively in the nonlinear regime, and eventually saturates to form a stable void. The model has been extended to two dimensions using a more complete set of dynamical equations, and qualitative features of void formation are shown to be robust with respect to different functional forms of the nonlinear ion drag operator.
Flow-injection analysis utilizing a spectrally segmented photodiode-array inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer—I: Microcolumn preconcentration for the determination of molybdenum

Abstract A flow-injection analysis (FIA) system incorporating a microcolumn of activated alumina was used for the determination of molybdenum by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The transient signal resulting from the injection of molybdenum was determined by a spectrally segmented photodiode-array spectrometer. Linear calibration was established for molybdenum over a concentration range 0–1000 ng ml −1 . The detection capability was approximately 50 times better than that offered by comparable continuous-nebulization systems. The detection limit for molybdenum was 0.2 ng ml −1 , and the relative standard deviations at 500 and 10 ng ml −1 were about 2 and 5%, respectively. The ability of the multichannel photodiode-array spectrometer to correct for background shifts which occur during the signal integration period provided improved precision and accuracy. Application to the determination of molybdenum in standard sea water (NASS-2) was demonstrated.
Electron-Ion Recombination Processes in Plasmas

As an initially disturbed plasma proceeds toward steady state, recombination processes, together with collisional excitation and ionization, play an important role in determining the relaxation time and final-state ionization balance of the plasma. Recombination of free electrons1 with ions results in the emission of radiation that carries information about the radiating system. This recombination radiation and radiative decay X rays of excited states provide important tools with which the structure of the radiating system and its environment can be examined. Modeling and diagnostics of laboratory and astrophysical plasmas have relied heavily on the information carried by these radiations.
A Descriptive Study of Adolescent Fathers and Their Mothers

This study explroed the involvement of paternal grandmothers and their grandchildren in teenage parenting. The sample included 44 paternal grandmothers and information was obtained through teenage fathers. The findings suggest that paternal grandmothers are involve in the lives of their grandchildren. They provide some level of financial assistance. School attendance, living arrangements, and the teen fathers' involvement with their children effected paternal grandmothers' involvement.
Input and Output Characteristics

This chapter deals exclusively with interactions between static and dynamic subsystems intended to function together in a task and with how best to configure and characterize those ideal subsystems. The study demonstrates an alternate viewpoint for the interaction of systems with each other. The key issue in this chapter is this: whenever two dynamic systems are connected, an interaction occurs. If the connection is to meet its objectives, the nature of this interaction must be explored and controlled. Keywords: admittances; energy exchange; impedance; machine displacement; transfer kinetic
CAD-CAM Ceramic Inlays and Onlays: Using an Indirect Technique

The benefits of using CAD-CAM technology when preparing inlays and onlays are reviewed. A time-sharing technique for a CAD-CAM unit can avoid scheduling difficulties and lengthy appointments. Dentists can also share the cost of expensive equipment and involve staff in learning the steps of this computer-aided design and manufacture.
A conceptual framework for understanding chronic pain in patients with HIV

Chronic pain is common in persons with HIV and is often associated with psychiatric illness and substance abuse. Current literature links psychiatric illness and substance abuse with worse HIV outcomes; however, the relationship of chronic pain, alone and in the context of psychiatric illness and substance abuse, to outcomes in HIV has not been described. To develop this new area of inquiry, we propose an adapted biopsychosocial framework specifically for chronic pain in HIV. This framework will describe these relationships and serve as a conceptual framework for future investigations.
Functional bowel disorders in the geriatric patient: constipation, fecal impaction, and fecal incontinence

Functional bowel disorders, including constipation, fecal impaction, and fecal incontinence, are common gastrointestinal diseases in the elderly and a major source of morbidity. Often the etiology is multifactorial. Evaluation should investigate presenting symptoms and important historical clues. An appropriate workup, including radiological studies, endoscopy, and physiological testing should be individualized. Therapy should be directed against relieving the major complaint and treating the underlying pathophysiological mechanism.
Potential biological hazards of commercially available cleansers for dentures

Thirteen representative denture cleansers were selected from among more than 32 retail products to be tested for potential hazard and toxicity to humans. Products were subjected to toxicological analyses by using the biological tests (acute oral toxicity in rats, eye and skin irritation in rabbits) specified in the Federal Hazardous Substances Act Regulations. All products were eye irritants with ranges from slight to severe. Three products produced a primary skin irritation response (one was corrosive), while five of the denture cleansers produced oral LD50 values below 5 g/kg. Furthermore, a provisional upper gastrointestinal irritancy test used in rabbits indicated that eight of the denture cleansers produced upper gastrointestinal irritation, which was, in general, dose‐related.
Subgroup analysis in obstetrics clinical trials

Although clinical trials report results in the aggregate, clinicians often wish to tailor treatments that are based on demographic, historic, clinical, or laboratory characteristics of their patients and are interested therefore in trial results that are presented separately according to such characteristics. Unfortunately, such subgroup analysis often are done incorrectly and often are misinterpreted, even when done correctly. Only subgroups that are defined by characteristics that are determined at or before the moment of randomization are valid. It is incorrect to determine whether treatment is effective among a subgroup of patients according to the probability value in that particular subgroup. The correct method uses a formal test for interaction. However, even when done correctly, most subgroup differences in treatment effectiveness prove to be spurious. A priori definition of the subgroup, strong supporting rationale, and, ultimately, replication in other studies increase confidence that subgroup differences are valid.
Evaluation of a standardized method for determining soluble silver in workplace air samples

Several occupational exposure limits and guidelines exist for silver, but the values for each depend on the chemical form of the silver compound in question. In the past, it generally was not possible, without prior knowledge of the work process, to distinguish soluble silver from insoluble silver compounds collected in workplace air samples. Therefore, analytical results were historically reported as total silver. In this study, work was conducted to evaluate a method to differentiate between the quantities of water-soluble silver compounds and total silver collected on filters. The investigation entailed an evaluation of an International Organization for Standardization method to determine soluble silver in airborne particulate matter. The study design incorporated laboratory experiments to evaluate analytical figures of merit, such as selection of appropriate filter media and extraction solution, analytical recovery, and sample stability during storage. Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) filters (2 μm, 37 mm) in opaque cassettes were either spiked with known amounts of silver nitrate or contained a known mass of solid silver nitrate. Results showed that over 90% of the silver was recovered from PTFE filters. Also, field studies were conducted in which workplace air samples were collected in two silver refineries. Some of these samples were analyzed only for soluble silver while others were sequentially extracted and analyzed, first, for soluble silver, then for total silver. The mass fractions of soluble silver, as compared to total silver, were approximately 2% or less. This investigation served to validate an international standard procedure for the determination of soluble silver in workplace air samples.
Non-operative treatment of scoliosis in cerebral palsy: preliminary report on the use of a plastic jacket.

UMMARY The use of a removable orthoplast jacket to treat scoliosis in 48 patients with cerebral palsy is described. Because of the short follow-up period—nine to 60 months—this paper reports preliminary findings only, but it is felt that the feasibility of conservative treatment of scoliosis in such patients has been demonstrated by the low incidence of complications and patient rejection, and its effectiveness has been shown by halting the progression of curvature in 38 of 41 patients followed for an average of 26 months. RESUME Traitement non chirurgical de la scoliose dans l'infirmite motrice cerebrale L'emploi, chez 48 sujets atteints d'I.M.C. d'un corset orthopedique amovible pour traiter une scoliose est decrit. En raison de la courte periode de surveillance, neuf a 60 mois, cet article ne rapporte que des resultats preliminaires mais il semble que la possibilite d'un traitement conservateur de la scoliose chez de tels sujets a ete demontree par la faible frequence des complications et du refus des sujets; l'efficience a ete montree par l'arrět de la progression des courbures chez 38 des 41 malades suivis sur une periode moyenne de 26 mois. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Die konservative Therapie der Skoliose bei Cerebralparese: ein vorlaufiger Bericht uber die Anwendung eines plastischen Korsetts Es wird die Anwendung eines auswechselbaren orthoplastischen Korsetts zur Skoliose-behandlung bei 48 Patienten mit Cerebralparese beschrieben. Wegen der kurzen Beobachtungszeit—neun bis 60 Monate—konnen nur vorlaufige Befunde mitgeteilt werden. Die Durchfuhrbarkeit einer konservativen Skoliosetherapie konnte anhand der geringen Komplikationsrate und an der vorwiegend positiven Einstellung der Patienten zu der Behandlung gezeigt werden. Die Effektivitat der Behandlung zeigte sich daran, das eine Verstarkung der Skoliose in 38 von 41 Patienten verhindert werden konnte bei einer durchschnittlichen Beobachtungszeit von 26 Monaten. RESUMEN Tralamiento no operatorio de la escoliosis en la paralisis cerebral: comunicacion previa sobre la utilizacion de una chaqueta de plastico Se describe la utilizacion de una chaqueta ortoplastica quitable para tratar la escoliosis en 48 pacientes con paralisis cerebral. Debido al corto tiempo de observacion, esta comunicacion se refiere solo a los hallazgos preliminares, pero se tiene la impresion de que la posibilidad de un tratamiento conservador de la escoliosis en tales pacientes, ha quedado demostratado por la baja incidencia de complicaciones y de rechazo por parte de los pacientes, y su eficacia ha sido puesta de manifiesto por la interrupcion en la progresion de la curvatura en 38 de 41 pacientes seguidos durante un promedio de 26 meses.
Another Look at the Helpfulness of Occupational Groups in the Discovery of Elder Abuse and Neglect

This paper summarizes the results of a 1997 survey of 395 adult protective services workers in 43 states that produced ratings of the helpfulness of 17 occupational groups in the detection of cases of elder abuse and neglect, respectively. Data are also presented on ratings of the overall awareness of the public and professional workers about elder abuse and neglect and on efforts to improve awareness of these forms of elder mistreatment. Findings suggest that many occupational groups were more helpful in detecting elder abuse and neglect in the late 1990s than was the case at earlier points in time.
Biochemical and structural features of chick lens gap junctions.

Deoxycholate treatment of isolated chick lens fiber cell plasma membranes yields a fraction rich in gap junctions. Analysis by SDS-PAGE revealed the preponderance of a 26k dalton (MP 26k) component and a minor 43k dalton (MP 43k) component in the membranes with further specific enrichment of the MP 26k component in the gap junction rich fraction. Analysis of the isolated chick lens gap junctions by freeze-fracture and negative staining revealed aggregates of 9·0 nm intramembrane particles (connexons) arranged in a non-crystalline pleomorphic pattern. The results imply that MP 26k is the principal component of lens fiber cell gap junction connexons.
THE NEED FOR MORE INFLUENTIAL INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT MANAGEMENT RESEARCH

Is there a need for more influential international conflict management research? This question takes on two dimensions. The first is whether there is a need for more influential conflict management research. The second is whether there is a need for more international conflict management research. Both questions can be answered in the affirmative. Research should be influential so that it will help to guide and shape future research efforts. If it is not influential, it is an unfortunate waste of intellectual and other resources. Research should also be more international because business is becoming more international and there are an increasing number of international influences in many areas of everyday life. Thus, it is important for journals to encourage the publication of influential international conflict management research. The extent to which this journal has disseminated influential international conflict management research is addressed in this note.
Sensitivity analysis and design optimization through automatic differentiation

Automatic differentiation is a technique for transforming a program or subprogram that computes a function, including arbitrarily complex simulation codes, into one that computes the derivatives of that function. We describe the implementation and application of automatic differentiation tools. We highlight recent advances in the combinatorial algorithms and compiler technology that underlie successful implementation of automatic differentiation tools. We discuss applications of automatic differentiation in design optimization and sensitivity analysis. We also describe ongoing research in the design of language-independent source transformation infrastructures for automatic differentiation algorithms.
ADHD Combined Type and ADHD Predominantly Inattentive Type Are Distinct and Unrelated Disorders

We comprehensively reviewed research assessing differences in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) subtypes to examine the possibility that ADHD/ combined type (ADHD/C) and ADHD/predominantly inattentive type (ADHD/I) are distinct and unrelated disorders. Differences among subtypes were examined along dimensions identified as being important in documenting the distinctiveness of two disorders. These include essential and associated features, demographics, measures of cognitive and neuropsychological functioning, family history, treatment response, and prognosis. Important differences among subtypes were found in several areas of study, supporting the conclusion that ADHD/C and ADHD/I may best be characterized as distinct disorders. We identify major limitations of the available research and present future directions for research.
Outside the brick: exploring prototyping for the elderly

We report on the necessity, design, proof of concept implementation, and initial evaluation of a basic prototyping kit for senior citizens. Even though elderly users have a rich level of experience and are increasingly computer literate, the maker culture largely ignores them as a productive group. This study presents the development of an explorative prototyping kit especially for senior citizens. Its qualitative evaluation was conducted in multiple small workshops with 15 participants in total. The results indicate positive acceptance of the developed tool overall but also show challenges in the design and a lower-than-expected connection to pre-existing work experiences in the participants. It calls for a review of a purely constructivist approach and a necessary re-framing of computing classes in senior education.
Metastable Polymerization of Sickle Hemoglobin in Droplets

Sickle cell disease arises from a genetic mutation of one amino acid in each of the two hemoglobin β chains, leading to the polymerization of hemoglobin in the red cell upon deoxygenation, and is characterized by vascular crises and tissue damage due to the obstruction of small vessels by sickled cells. It has been an untested assumption that, in red cells that sickle, the growing polymer mass would consume monomers until the thermodynamically well-described monomer solubility was reached. By photolysing droplets of sickle hemoglobin suspended in oil we find that polymerization does not exhaust the available store of monomers, but stops prematurely, leaving the solutions in a supersaturated, metastable state typically 20% above solubility at 37 °C, though the particular values depend on the details of the experiment. We propose that polymer growth stops because the growing ends reach the droplet edge, whereas new polymer formation is thwarted by long nucleation times, since the concentration of hemoglobin is lowered by depletion of monomers into the polymers that have formed. This finding suggests a new aspect to the pathophysiology of sickle cell disease; namely, that cells deoxygenated in the microcirculation are not merely undeformable, but will actively wedge themselves tightly against the walls of the microvasculature by a ratchet-like mechanism driven by the supersaturated solution.
Determination of the proximity potential from sub-barrier fusion data

Sub-barrier fusion cross sections for 12 systems involving p-shell nuclei are analyzed in an attempt to determine directly the universal form of the internucleus potential. We use a previously developed inversion procedure based on the Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin approximation, which new model calculations presented here show to be highly accurate. The scaling implied by the proximity formulation is found to be roughly consistent with the data, with the structure of the colliding nuclei having little effect. The proximity function Φ determined from the data is consistent with the original function of Blocki et al. at intermediate separations, subject to the use of a different formula for the nuclear radii. Data for selected systems involving sd-shell nuclei lead to a more attractive potential than that found for the p-shell systems, while data for systems involving Ca isotopes exhibit "reentrant" barriers characteristic of a breakdown of the basic assumptions of the inversion procedure.
Towards the optimal energy of the proton driver for a neutrino factory and muon collider

Cross section data from the HARP experiment for pion production by protons from a tantalum target have been convoluted with the acceptance of the front-end channel for the proposed neutrino factory or muon collider and integrated over the full phase space measured by HARP, to determine the beam-energy dependence of the muon yield. This permits a determination of the optimal beam energy for the proton driver for these projects. The cross section data are corrected for the beam-energy dependent amplification due to the development of hadronic showers in a thick target. The conclusion is that, for constant beam power, the yield is maximum for a beam energy of about 7 GeV, but it is within 10% of this maximum for $4l{T}_{\mathrm{beam}}l11\text{ }\text{ }\mathrm{GeV}$, and within 20% of the maximum for ${T}_{\mathrm{beam}}$ as low as 2 GeV. This result is insensitive to which of the two HARP groups' results are used, and to which pion generator is used to compute the thick target effects.
The structural distortion of the anti-perovskite nitride Ca3AsN

The structure of the distorted anti-perovskite nitride Ca 3 AsN has been studied both by neutron powder diffraction at 305 and 15 K and by X-ray powder diffraction at room temperature. Ca 3 AsN is distorted to an orthorhombic cell with a and b ‡ a′ and c ∼ 2 a′ , where a′ is the lattice constant of the ideal undistorted cubic anti-perovskite. The distortion is produced by tilting of octahedra of Ca 6 N and results in six short and six long bond distances of the twelvefold coordinated As atom by Ca atoms.
Punishment and resistance to extinction

Forty-eight naive male albino rats were trained to leverpress for sucrose on a continuous reinforcement schedule. Experimental groups received different intensities of footshock on a VR-2 schedule during acquisition. Extinction results suggested that the function relating intermittent punishment during acquisition to resistance to extinction may be quadratic.
Repetition Learning of Vibrotactile Temporal Sequences: An fMRI Study in Blind and Sighted Individuals

The present fMRI study examined cortical activity to repeated vibrotactile sequences in 11 early blind and 11 sighted participants. All participants performed with >90% accuracy and showed practice induced improvement with faster reaction times in identifying matched and unmatched vibrotactile sequences. In blind only, occipital/temporal and parietal/somatosensory cortices showed practice induced reductions in positive BOLD amplitudes that possibly reflected repetition induced learning effects. The significant findings in occipital cortex of the blind indicated that perceptual processing of tactile inputs in visually deprived cortex is dynamic as response amplitudes changed with practice. Thus, stimulus processing became more efficient. It was hypothesized that the changes in occipital cortex of the blind reflected life-long skill in processing somatosensory inputs. Both groups showed activity reductions with practice in mid/posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. These activity reductions suggested common stimulus-response learning associations for vibrotactile sequences in mid/posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex.
Characterization of strain-induced damage in composites based on the dissipated energy density part I. Basic scheme and formulation

Abstract An approach to characterizing failure behavior and degree of load induced internal damage in composite materials and structures is formulated in Part I of this work. It is based on a systematic experimental procedure to observe the response of composite materials subjected to multiaxial load environment. The energy dissipated by internal failure mechanisms is employed as a measure of internal damage and is characterized by an energy dissipation function, which is identified by means of a deconvolution procedure using data provided by NRL's automated in-plane loader testing machine. Part II of this work will display the dissipated energy density distributions in composite specimens that are used for the in-plane loader machine and naval structures, while Part III presents a general theory that includes the derivation for the constitutive behavior of the damaged composites.
Doped LaFeO3 as SOFC catalysts: Control of oxygen mobility and oxidation activity

Abstract The bulk structure and surface properties of Fe-based perovskite-type oxides with the formula La 0.6 Sr 0.4 Co y Fe 1− y O 3− δ for y = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 have been investigated. The properties were found to strongly depend upon Co content, temperature, and environment. The materials were selected due to their potential use as solid oxide fuel cell cathodes. The intermediate Co loading formed oxygen vacancies most easily and several other properties including oxidation activity and surface sites showed a similar non-linear trend. Trends are related to a possible transition in electronic structure. Activity for oxidation of methane, oxygen storage and chemical compatibility was shown to be superior to that of the La 0.6 Sr 0.4 MnO 3 .
Indiscretion enteritis. A rabelaisian syndrome

A 76-year-old man had small bowel obstruction and organic small bowel disease following a series of bizarre massive gustatory insults that involved food, medications, and mega-mineral-vitamin supplements. Intestinal obstruction required partial small bowel resection. The dietary indiscretions resulted in severe enteritis (indiscretion enteritis). The sequence has been termed a Rabelaisian syndrome after the great French writer and physician, Francois Rabelais, who vividly described bizarre gustatory habits. Gut injury may result from unwise oral intake of various foods and mineral supplements.
Superficial Indolent Ulcer of the Cornea in Boxer Dogs

Abstract— The characteristic appearance of superficial corneal ulcer as seen in twenty-nine Boxer dogs (thirty-seven ulcers) is described, together with a graphic table showing age of onset, sex distribution and duration of clinical course. Our findings would suggest that this is a specific disease of the Boxer. The histopathology and treatment is discussed. Resume— Les auteurs decrivent l'aspect caracteristique de l'ulcere superficiel de la cornee tels qu'ils l'ont observe chez vingt-neuf chiens boxers (trente-sept ulceres), et presentent un tableay graphique ou sont inscrits l'âge du debut de la maladie, sa distribution selon le sexe et la duree de son evolution clinique. Leurs constatations tendraient a prouver qu'il s'agit la d'une maladie specifique du boxer. Ils en discutent lihistopathologie et le traitement. Zusammenfassung— Die charakteristische Erscheinungsform des overflachlichen Ulcus corneae, beobachtet an neunundzwanzig Boxerhunden (siebenunddreissig Ulcera) wird beschrieben und in einer graphischen Darstellung das Lebensalter beim Auftreten, die Verteilung auf die Geschlechter und die Dauer der klinischen Behandlung gezeigt. Ihre Ergebnisse lassen darauf schliessen, dass es sich um eine spezifische Krankheit der Boxerhunde handelt. Die Histopathologie und die Behandlung werden besprochen.
Parents' estimation of psychomotor development in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants

Abstract Background: Within a longitudinal developmental surveillance project we tested the accuracy of the Revised Prescreening Developmental Questionnaire (R-PDQ) to detect developmental retardation in very low birthweight (VLBW) infants. Methods: Seventy surviving VLBW-infants born between July 1992 and December 1993 were re-examined at 6 months corrected age. The parent-completed questionnaires (n = 67) were compared with developmental assessment using the Griffiths Developmental Scale. Results: At 6 months corrected age, normal results on the Griffiths Developmental Scale (developmental quotient ≥ 81) were found in 61 67 (91%) VLBW-infants and in 45 67 (67%) questionnaires (no or one ‘delay’). The parents identified all six infants with psychomotor retardation on the Griffiths Developmental Scale (co-positivity 100%). However, only 45 61 infants with normal development were so identified with the R-PDQ (co-negativity 74%, positive predictive value 27%). Conclusions: The R-PDQ discovered all infants whose developmental quotient was two standard deviations below the mean on the Griffiths Developmental Scale. The relatively high proportion of false positive R-PDQ results corresponded to lower developmental quotients within the normal range. Therefore, the R-PDQ provides a useful screening instrument for VLBW-infants.
Differential scanning calorimetry of bovine rhodopsin in rod-outer-segment disk membranes.

Rhodopsin-containing retinal rod disk membranes from cattle have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry. Under conditions of 67 mM phosphate pH 7.0, unbleached rod outer segment disk membranes gave a single major endotherm with a temperature of denaturation (Tm) of 71.9 ± 0.4°C and a thermal unfolding calorimetric enthalpy change (ΔHcal) of 700±17 kJ/mol rhodopsin. Bleached rod outer segment disk membranes (membranes that had lost their absorbance at 498 nm after exposure to orange light) gave a single major endotherm with a Tm of 55.9±0.3°C and a ΔHcal of 520±17 kJ/mol opsin. Neither bleached nor unbleached rod outer segment disk membranes gave endotherms upon thermal rescans. When thermal stability is examined over the pH range of 4–9, the major endotherms of both bleached and unbleached rod outer segment disk membranes were found to show maximum stability at pH 6.1. The observed ΔHcal values for bleached and unbleached rod outer segment disk membranes exhibit membrane concentration dependences which plateau at protein concentrations beyond 1.5 mg/mL. For partially bleached samples of rod outer segment disk membranes, the calorimetric enthalpy change for opsin appears to be somewhat dependent on the degree of bleaching, indicating intramembrane nearest neighbor interactions which affect the unfolding of opsin. ΔHcal and Tm are particularly useful for assessing stability and testing for completeness of regeneration of rhodopsin from opsin. Other factors such as sample preparation and the presence of low concentrations of ethanol also affect the ΔHcal values while the Tm values remain fairly constant. This shows that the ΔHcal is a sensitive parameter for monitoring environmental changes of rhodopsin and opsin.
EARLY METAZOAN DIVERGENCE WAS ABOUT 830 MILLION YEARS AGO

From a total of 22 nuclear genes, we estimate that the divergence time between Drosophila and vertebrates was about 830 million years ago (mya), which is significantly (1% level) earlier than the Cambrian explosion indicated by the early triploblastic fossils (<600 mya).
Implementation of time lenses and optical temporal processors

Abstract The concept of time lens is based on the analogy between optical spatial diffraction and temporal dispersion. It extends our knowledge of optics in the space-domain into the time-domain. Novel temporal imaging and signal processing systems can be constructed that mimic the operation of their spatial counterparts in the space-domain. We are currently implementing time lenses with off-the-shelf optoelectronic devices. In this paper, a theoretical model for general temporal imaging systems is established based on the space-time duality. Design criteria as well as specifications of the time lenses presently under development are described. Applications of temporal imaging and processing systems based on novel time lenses are discussed.
Mechanistic Evaluation of Modifications of Distribution Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Model Organic Anions in Presence of a Model Renal Tubular Secretion Inhibitor in Rats

Abstract The effects of DL-tropic acid (VIII) on the distribution pharmacokinetic parameters of the model compounds benzoylformic acid (I), p -methylbenzoylformic acid (II), p -ethylbenzoylformic acid (III), D -(–)-mandelic acid (IV), D -(–)- p -methylmandelic acid (V), D -(–)- p -ethylmandelic acid (VI), and D -(–)- p -isopropylmandelic acid (VII) were studied in rats. Since VIII is a competitive inhibitor of renal tubular secretion of I-VII and since all of these compounds (I-VIII) are negligibly bound to plasma proteins and are neither metabolized nor reabsorbed from the renal tubules, they were considered as model compounds. Therefore, changes observed in the values of the distribution pharmacokinetic parameters of I-VII were attributed to the influence of VIII on the transmembrane transport of the compounds between body compartments in rats. The decrease in the apparent volumes of the central compartments for I, IV, and VII, the increase in the apparent volumes of the peripheral compartments for IV-VII, the absence of change in the volumes of the central or peripheral compartments for the other compounds, and the increase in the ratios of the rate constants of the transfer of compounds from one compartment into another for I and IV-VII were explained in terms of the “aqueous pore” mechanism for the transmembrane transport of the anions of the compounds as well as the heteroporosity of the tissue membranes.
DSCL: a Data Specification and Conversion Language for networks

The rapid growth of large, heterogeneous, resource-sharing computer networks has created a serious problem in the sharing of information between incompatible systems. These incompatibilities can be categorized as either physical or logical in nature. Physical incompatibilities are problems caused by the way that the individual binary digits, regardless of what information they represent, are generated or stored internally. This would include character, word, and record size differences, blocking factors, and parity checking. Logical incompatibilities are differences in the way the meaning of information itself is represented. This could include internal code set, numeric data type representation, text compression, the addition or deletion of fields, resequencing and specially assigned bit patterns. This paper describes the initial work on a processor for supporting the real-time translation and transmission of data streams between nodes of a computer network. The processor, which will address itself to all the problem areas mentioned above, will contain as its primary component a Data Specification and Conversion Language (DSCL) for 1) specifying the physical and logical structure of the data streams at the sending and receiving sites and 2) describing and implementing the translation processes required for conversion of the source stream into the desired target stream. DSCL is implemented in the framework of a very high-level, special-purpose language with a wide range of automatic (i.e. transparent) services performed on behalf of a user. The execution of the resulting DSCL program by the DSCL processor will actually effect the transmission and translation of a specified data stream between network nodes.
Water distribution within immersed polymer films

The emergence of immersion lithography for the extension of current lithography tools requires a fundamental understanding of the interactions between the photoresist and the immersion liquid such as water. Neutron reflectometry was used to measure the water concentration depth profile within immersed photoresist films. The bulk of the films swelled to the equilibrium water concentration. However a gradient in water concentration was observed near the polymer/substrate interface. Dependent on the relative hydrophilicity of the polymer and the substrate, either a depletion or excess of water was observed at the interface. Using HMDS treated silicon wafers as the substrate results in approximately 17% water by volume at the interface. The interfacial concentration decreases (or increases) to the bulk water solubility limit approximately 40 a from the substrate. As the total film thickness approaches this length scale, the substrate induced concentration gradients lead to a film thickness dependent swelling; enhanced or suppressed swelling is witnessed for the excess or depleted interfacial concentrations, respectively. Variation of the substrate surface energy allows for tuning of the interfacial water concentration, ranging from 30% to less than 1% water by volume.