cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Threatened fishes of the world: Elassoma okatie Rohde and Arndt 1987 (Elassomatidae)

Conservation status: Threatened and protected by state law in North Carolina (NWRC 2004). State threatened in South Carolina (SCDNR 2003). Listed by the Federal Endangered Species Act as a species of concern, as followed by the American Fisheries Society (Williams et al. 1989; NWRC 2004). Internationally recognized as nearly threatened (Gimenez Dixon 1996). Identification: D IV/8-12; A III/5-8; C 14; P1 14-17; P2 I/5; L1 2430; mouth terminal and upturned. Lateral line absent. Sympatric species of pygmy sunfishes have head scales or humeral spots and ocular bars. Elassoma boehlkei normally has 12–14 vertical bars along the body, alternating with iridescent interbars of approximately equal width (Rohde and Arndt 1987). In the spawning season males become dark brown to black, with bright blue-green interbars. Interbars are brown and indistinct in females. Lacks humeral spots and preocular and postocular bars as seen in E. zonatum. Grows to 3.3 cm (Rohde et al. 1994). Illustration by Ellen S. Strack-Heiler. Distribution: Lumber and Cape Fear drainages of North Carolina. E. boehlkei is an associate of the evolutionarily distinct Lake Waccamaw fauna, endemic to the lake and surrounding areas (Hubbs and Raney 1946). In northeastern South Carolina a population is found in old ricefield ditches near Georgetown. Several populations occur in tributary ditches of the Waccamaw River near Conway. A genetically distinct, disjunct population occurs in the Santee drainage. Further sampling is necessary to determine distributional limits within the Santee (Quattro et al. 2001). Abundance: Irregular and localized. South Carolina populations seem stable. Populations near Lake Waccamaw (Brunswick and Columbus co., NC) seem to be in decline. At times relatively common in known habitat patches. Populations either use alternate habitats or fluctuate substantially with the seasons. Habitat and ecology: Pygmy sunfishes are generally cryptic, solitary animals. Elassoma boehlkei feeds on microcrustaceans and other small invertebrates. This species is not limited by water chemistry, as specimens are collected from M. Sandel (&) AE P. M. Harris Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA e-mail: kwksand@yahoo.com Environ Biol Fish (2007) 78:289–290 DOI 10.1007/s10641-006-9100-x
Review: Some TNF inhibitors increase adverse events in patients with rheumatoid arthritis

Source Citation Michaud TL, Rho YH, Shamliyan T, Kuntz KM, Choi HK. The comparative safety of tumor necrosis factor inhibitors in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis update of 44 trials. Am J Med...
Multifunction solar panel antenna for cube satellites

A multiport multifunction antenna that could be integrated with a solar panel is presented. The antenna could achieve right-handed circular polarization, left-handed circular polarization, or linear polarizations by selectively excitation of the antenna ports. This antenna design is an extension and a harmonization of previous works on cavity-backed slot antennas. This design could be further developed into a reconfigurable solar antenna by adding appropriate switching mechanism.
Synthesis of Fatty Acids by Rat Intestine in vitro.

SummarySlices of rat intestine have been shown to incorporate acetate-1-C14 into fatty acids. Stearic acid was the predominant fatty acid which was synthesized and it was found primarily in the phospholipid fraction. Addition of carnitine in vitro stimulated fatty acid synthesis but did not alter the distribution of C14 in the fatty acids or lipid classes. The intestine was also able to convert C14-palmitate into labeled stearate.
Rapid characterization of mutagenic aromatic amines in energy-related materials by short column liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

A liquid Chromatograph equipped with a short (3 cm) reverse phase column and electrochemical detector was used to characterize aromatic amines in shale oil, synthetic oil, and coal gasification streams. Five major peaks were produced from each sample mixture. The composition of the peaks was determined by high performance liquid chromatography with a long (25 cm) reverse phase column and by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Amines in the various peaks included aminonaphthalenes, aminobiphenyls, aminofluorenes, and aminophenanthrenes plus aminoanthracenes. The concentration of aminofluorenes, and aminophenanthrenes plus aminoanthracenes correlated with relative mutagenicity of the base fraction from the oils or tars. The levels of 2- and 3-ringed aromatic amines from shale oil and oil from the Great Plains commercial coal gasification plan were 24 and 184 μg/g tar, respectively, while the respective mutagenicities were 8 and 214 revertants/μg base fraction. This technique has the advantages of high sensitivity and rapid analysis, and could be used to screen for the presence of mutagens in synthetic fuel samples.
Geometric output tracking of nonlinear distributed parameter systems via adaptive model reduction

Abstract We focus on the output tracking problem of distributed parameter systems (DPSs) which can be described by a set of nonlinear dissipative partial differential equations (PDEs). The infinite-dimensional modal representation of such systems in appropriate subspaces can be decomposed to finite-dimensional slow and probably unstable, and infinite-dimensional fast and stable subsystems. Taking advantage of this decomposition, adaptive model reduction techniques and specifically adaptive proper orthogonal decomposition (APOD) can be used for the recursive construction of locally accurate low dimensional reduced order models (ROMs). The proposed geometric APOD-based control structure is the combination of a nonlinear Luenberger-like geometric dynamic observer and a globally linearizing controller (GLC) designed for tracking the desired output. The proposed geometric control approach is successfully illustrated on the output tracking of target thermal dynamics for a catalytic reactor. Specifically, the geometric output tracking strategy is used to reduce the hot spot temperature and manage the thermal energy distribution through reactor length during process evolution with limited number of actuators and sensors.
Responses to paired transcranial magnetic stimuli in resting, active, and recently activated muscles

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) causes the corticospinal system to become refractory to subsequent stimuli for up to 200 ms. We examined the phenomenon of paired pulse inhibition with TMS under conditions of rest, ongoing voluntary activation (isometric force generation), and at variable delays following activation (postactivation) of the wrist extensors of seven normal subjects. Paired stimuli were delivered to the motor cortex with a circular coil at 1.1 times motor evoked potential (MEP) threshold, with various interstimulus intervals. Voluntary activation caused a marked decrease in the variability of the ratio of the amplitude of the MEP evoked by the test pulse to that of the MEP evoked by the conditioning pulse. Marked inhibition of the MEP evoked by the test pulse was still present. Postactivation, however, caused a dramatic reversal of the inhibitory effect of the conditioning pulse in all subjects at interstimulus intervals ranging from 40 to 120 ms. This effect lasted for up to 10 s following the cessation of activation. MEPs to transcranial electrical stimulation were also inhibited by conditioning TMS, but postactivation did not reverse this inhibition, indicating that the reversal of paired pulse inhibition is intracortical. We conjecture that paired pulse inhibition reflects activity of inhibitory interneurons or inhibitory connections between cortical output cells that are inactivated in the postactivation state.
Subtypes of developmental dyslexia: Testing the predictions of the dual-route and connectionist frameworks

We investigated the phonological and surface subtypes of developmental dyslexia in light of competing predictions made by two computational models of single word reading, the Dual-Route Cascaded Model (DRC; Coltheart, Rastle, Perry, Langdon, & Ziegler, 2001) and Harm and Seidenberg's connectionist model (HS model; Harm & Seidenberg, 1999). The regression-outlier procedure was applied to a large sample to identify children with disproportionately poor phonological coding skills (phonological dyslexia) or disproportionately poor orthographic coding skills (surface dyslexia). Consistent with the predictions of the HS model, children with "pure" phonological dyslexia, who did not have orthographic deficits, had milder phonological impairments than children with "relative" phonological dyslexia, who did have secondary orthographic deficits. In addition, pure cases of dyslexia were more common among older children. Consistent with the predictions of the DRC model, surface dyslexia was not well conceptualized as a reading delay; both phonological and surface dyslexia were associated with patterns of developmental deviance. In addition, some results were problematic for both models. We identified a small number of individuals with severe phonological dyslexia, relatively intact orthographic coding skills, and very poor real word reading. Further, a subset of controls could read normally despite impaired orthographic coding. The findings are discussed in terms of improvements to both models that might help better account for all cases of developmental dyslexia.
Correlation between the Hall coefficient, penetration depth, transition temperature, gap anisotropy and hole concentration in layered high-temperature superconductors

We explore the correlation between the Hall coefficient, penetration depth, transition temperature, gap anisotropy and hole concentration in a tight binding model for layered high-temperature superconductors. By adopting the BCS strategy, nearest neighbor intralayer singlet and extendeds-wave pairing cut off at the hole Fermi energy, remarkable agreement with generic experimental facts is obtained. Thus, a cylindrical hole Fermi surface and intralayer extendeds-wave singlet pairing appear to be generic features of the cuprate semiconductors. For high doping levels, however, intralayerd-wave singlet pairing appears to be the stable phase.
Ascorbic acid deficiency and induction of hepatic microsomal hydroxylative enzymes by organochlorine pesticides.

Abstract Hepatic microsomal hydroxylative enzyme systems, O -demethylation of p -nitroanisole and hydroxylation of aniline, were induced by dietary dieldrin and to a lesser extent by DDT and lindane in guinea pigs. However, liver weights were not consistently increased nor were microsomal protein concentrations elevated. Ascorbic acid deficiency impaired the induction by dieldrin as early as 2 days on deficient diet. As scurvy developed through stages of normal weight gains, depressed gains and finally hemorrhagic lesions, the impairment became consistently lower during the period of depressed weight gains due to the accompanying decline in basal enzyme activity. Sex had no effect on either induction by dieldrin or its impairment in ascorbic acid deficiency. Maintenance of induction was related to dietary levels rather than hepatic concentrations of the vitamin and required higher dietary levels of ascorbic acid than scurvy prevention.
Microdetermination of estane in explosive mixtures

Abstract A microanalytical method based on pyrolytic gas chromatography is described for the determination of Estane 5740 X2 in explosive mixtures. The explosive, octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-s-tetrazine, is separated from Estane in chloroform solution, and an aliquot is taken as a sample. The polymer is converted to cyclopentanone by controlled pyrolysis for gas chromatographic analysis. The peak area of the cyclic ketone is measured and related to Estane concentration by means of a calibration curve. Several PBX and synthetic samples were successfully analyzed by this method.
Predicting Social Networking Site Use and Online Communication Practices among Adolescents: The Role of Access and Device Ownership

Given adolescents' heavy social media use, this study examined a number of predictors of adolescent social media use, as well as predictors of online communication practices. Using data collected from a national sample of 467 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 17, results indicate that demographics, technology access, and technology ownership are related to social media use and communication practices. Specifically, females log onto and use more constructive communication practices on Facebook compared to males. Additionally, adolescents who own smartphones engage in more constructive online communication practices than those who share regular cell phones or those who do not have access to a cell phone. Overall, results imply that ownership of mobile technologies, such as smartphones and iPads, may be more predictive of social networking site use and online communication practices than general ownership of technology.
Resolving inherent planning and scheduling conflicts in HST's cycle 12

Introduction of the Large Proposal category for HST observing in Cycle 11 resulted in a significant migration toward multiple observing programs requiring 100 or more orbits on single target areas. While relatively benign in the inaugural Cycle, this policy created a formidable planning problem in Cycle 12 due to acceptance of several large programs with identical or closely located targets. The nature of this observing pool revealed shortcomings in the established processes for building an integrated HST science plan. Historically it has not been difficult to normalize individual programs within the overall HST observing plan. However, conflicts arising from competing demands and overlapping time windows in Cycle 12 necessitated compromises between programs at a more significant scale than experienced ever before. The planning tools and techniques needed to change rapidly in response, and communication both within the STScI and between the STScI and the affected observers was more crucial than ever before. Large and small-scale changes to major observing programs were necessary to create a viable integrated observing plan. This paper describes the major features of the Cycle 12 observing pool, the impact it had on the STScI front-end operations processes and how an executable Cycle 12 HST observing program was achieved.
Surgical Treatment of Tricuspid Atresia

Despite increasing experience with the surgical treatment of tricuspid atresia, controversy exists regarding the early and late results of the various surgical options. Between January 1, 1967, and September 1, 1982, 92 patients underwent 147 operations for tricuspid atresia. Eighty-five patients underwent 1 or more palliative operations (108 procedures), with 8 hospital deaths (9%; confidence limits [CL], 6 to 14%). Thirty-eight patients underwent 44 classic (Blalock-Taussig or Gore-Tex) shunts, with 3 early (7%; CL, 3 to 13%) and 3 late deaths. Actuarial survival at 5 years was 78%, but only 56% were alive and free from having to undergo further operation at 5 years. Thirty-seven patients underwent a Fontan procedure, with 5 hospital deaths (14%; CL, 8 to 22%). Of these 37 patients, 34 (92%) had a nonvalved connection between the right atrium and the right ventricular infundibulum or the pulmonary artery. Incremental risk factors for hospital mortality after the Fontan procedure in patients with tricuspid atresia as well as other cardiac anomalies include young age (p = 0.0003), diagnosis other than tricuspid atresia (p = 0.03), and complex associated procedures (p = 0.02). During the year 1983, hospital mortality was 7% (1 out of 14; CL, 1 to 22%) for the Fontan procedure without complex additional procedures. Actuarial survival after a Fontan procedure was 71% at 5 years, with 3 patients requiring late reoperation. Of the survivors, 96% are in New York Heart Association Functional Class I or II. The Fontan procedure without a valve offers good intermediate survival, good functional results, and few reoperations. In patients with diminished pulmonary blood flow, a classic shunt also provides good palliation and good intermediate survival, but there is a necessity for additional operations in many patients within 5 years.
Solving Complex Puzzles: Automated Protein Complex Assembly From Cryo-Electron Microscopy Data Via Multi-Resolution Modeling

Currently, one of the central problems in structural biology is the better understanding of large protein complexes. Cryo-electron microscopy has made a significant impact in this area due to its ability to image proteins in a near-native environment. Multi-resolution docking approaches then allow atomic models of the whole complex to be built. However, all existing tools only dock one subunit at a time, leaving the user to sift through dozens or hundreds of possible solution candidates to assemble the complete protein complex.Essentially, choosing the correct solutions from the candidate solution list is equivalent to solving the Knapsack problem (KP). The general case of the KP has been extensively studied in the field of computer science and is extremely compute intensive to solve. In the present case, we are interested in a set of candidate solutions without any steric clashes and maximal overall agreement with the experimental volumetric map of the protein complex.We developed a Knapsack solver targeted specifically at the assembly of protein complexes, exploiting knowledge of this problem domain to reduce the overall computational load. The solver first clusters the raw docking data to locate possible subunit neighborhoods, significantly cutting down the overall search space. Sets of candidates, consisting of one possible solution from each region, are then screened for steric clashes using a fast, octree based, clashing detector. Sets with large amounts of steric hindrance between subunits are discarded. The remaining sets are ranked by the sum of all CC scores of the contained candidates. Finally, the best complete docking solution is output.Besides details about our novel assembly algorithm, the present report examines its performance on both simulated and experimental data sets.
Role of methyl nitrate in plasma exhaust treatment

There is growing interest in the use of a nonthermal plasma combined with a catalyst for NO x removal from diesel engine exhaust streams. Such exhaust streams contain excess oxygen (typically 6-10%), low concentrations of hydrocarbons (typically 100-1000 ppm), and significant concentrations of water (typically 5-12%). Conversion of NO x to environmentally acceptable compounds, without requiring a scrubber or an added reductant, is the desired end result. In our research we observe the formation of substantial amounts of methyl nitrate (CH 3 ONO 2 ) by the plasma discharge. Since similar compounds have been proposed as reaction intermediates in NO x removal, tests were performed to elucidate the effect of CH 3 ONO 2 in the plasma-catalyst system. CH 3 ONO 2 was prepared and added to the gas blend on test equipment simulating a diesel exhaust gas. A dielectric barrier plasma discharge was followed by a zeolite-based catalyst. Methyl nitrate introduced upstream of the plasma discharge is largely unreacted upon passing through the plasma. CH 3 ONO 2 arriving at the catalyst is converted to methanol and NO 2 . While methyl nitrate was shown to be formed in this system, it is not a significant intermediate in the mechanism of conversion of NO x to nitrogen.
Isolation and purification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from H37Rv infected guinea pig lungs

Evidence suggests that Mycobacterium tuberculosis grown in vivo may have a different phenotypic structure from its in vitro counterpart. In order to study the differences between in vivo and in vitro grown bacilli, it is important to establish a reliable method for isolating and purifying M. tuberculosis from infected tissue. In this study, we developed an optimal method to isolate bacilli from the lungs of infected guinea pigs, which was also shown to be applicable to the interferon-γ gene knockout mouse model. Briefly, 1) the infected lungs were thoroughly homogenized; 2) a four step enzymatic digestion was utilized to reduce the bulk of the host tissue using collagenase, DNase I and pronase E; 3) residual contamination by the host tissue debris was successfully reduced using percoll density gradient centrifugation. These steps resulted in a protocol such that relatively clean, viable bacilli can be isolated from the digested host tissue homogenate in about 50% yield. These bacilli can further be used for analytical studies of the more stable cellular components such as lipid, peptidoglycan and mycolic acid.
Cell killing by various monofunctional alkylating agents in Chinese hamster ovary cells

Abstract Cell killing by N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU), and methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) was measured in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells using the colony-formation assay. Cell killing by these agents was determined in exponentially growing asynchronous cells, in synchronous cells as a function of cell-cycle position and in nondividing cells. Distinct differences in the cytotoxic effect of the 4 alkylating agents were found in respect to dose-response, cell cycle phase-sensitivity and growth state. MNNG and MNU showed the same biphasic dose-survival relationship in exponentially growing cells, with an initial steep decline followed by a shallow component. The shallow component disappeared in growth-arrested cells. MNNG and MNU differed, however, in the cell-cycle age response. No cell-cycle phase difference was seen with MNNG, whereas cells in G1 seemed more sensitive to MNU than cells in S phase. MMS and ENU both showed shouldered dose-response curves for exponentially growing asynchronous cells, and the same cell-cycle pattern for synchronous cultures with cells in early S phase being the most sensitive. However, survival of nondividing cells versus dividing cells was reduced much more by MMS than by ENU. Caffeine, which interferes with the regulation of DNA synthesis and is known to modify cell killing by DNA-damaging agents, enhanced cell killing by all agents. It is concluded that there must be a number of factors which contribute to cell killing by monofunctional alkylating agents, and that besides alkylation of DNA reaction with other cellular macromolecules should be considered.
Exploring the costs of horizontal gene transfer

Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is one of the most important evolutionary forces within microbial populations. Although evidence for beneficial fitness effects of HGT is overwhelming, recently acquired regions often function inefficiently within new genomic backgrounds so that each transfer event has the potential to disrupt existing regulatory and physiological networks. Identifying and exploring costs is essential for guiding general discussions about the interplay between selection and HGT, as well as generating hypotheses to explain how HGT affects evolutionary potential through, for example, changing adaptive trajectories. Focusing on costs of HGT as foundations for future studies will enhance exploration at the interface between acquired regions and recipient genomes, including the process of amelioration, and enable experimental evaluation of the role of HGT in structuring genetic diversity across populations.
Insular carcinoma of the thyroid: report of a case with intact insulae and microfollicular structures.

A case of insular carcinoma of the thyroid is presented, in which a prominence of microfollicular structures resulted in difficulty in distinguishing it from a follicular neoplasm of the thyroid. The patient presented with a single discrete thyroid nodule, aspiration of which yielded markedly cellular smears containing cells lying singly, in tight clusters and microfollicles. Criteria for separation of insular carcinoma of the thyroid from follicular neoplasms include the presence of intact insulae, high cellularity, and the presence of small amounts of necrotic debris.
Src family kinases as mediators of endothelial permeability: effects on inflammation and metastasis

Src family kinases (SFKs) are signaling enzymes that have long been recognized to regulate critical cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, migration, and metastasis. Recently, considerable work has elucidated mechanisms by which SFKs regulate normal and pathologic processes in vascular biology, including endothelial cell proliferation and permeability. Further, when inappropriately activated, SFKs promote pathologic inflammatory processes and tumor metastasis, in part through their effects on the regulation of endothelial monolayer permeability. In this review, we discuss the roles of aberrantly activated SFKs in mediating endothelial permeability in the context of inflammatory states and tumor cell metastasis. We further summarize recent efforts to translate Src-specific inhibitors into therapy for systemic inflammatory conditions and numerous solid organ cancers.
Synthesis and Liquid Crystal Properties of some Acetylene Derivatives

Abstract A series of p-alkoxyphenyl acetylenedicarboxylates has been prepared which allows a direct comparison to be made between the triple bond and the para-phenylene ring as central groups. The acetylene derivatives are found to have phase transitions some 60–100° below those of the corresponding para-phenylene compounds; however, they also exhibit much lower nematic stability. Since both central groups are rigid and linear with respect to substituents, effects due to the electronic and geometric structure of the triple bond are discussed as contributing factors to mesophase instability. Several acetylene derivatives containing one or more methylene groups near the center of the molecule were also prepared but none exhibited mesomorphic behavior.
Woodrow Wilson: British Perspectives, 1912–21

Preface - Acknowledgements - Introduction - Before the War, 1912-1914 - Neutrality - The War in 1917 - 1918: Danger, Victory, and Confusions - Face to Face at Paris - After Versailles: The Rapid End - Conclusions - Appendix - Bibliography - Index
Construction-Associated Solids Loads with a Temporary Sediment Control BMP

A highway construction site was monitored to determine the effectiveness of a temporary sediment control (rock-filter dam) that was part of the pollution prevention plan that protected storm water from leaving the site. Selected water quality parameters were monitored along with solids-specific parameters. The results were compared in a before-during-after approach and an upstream-downstream approach using a two-sample t test for differences in the mean values during the different construction phases or locations. Construction activity caused a six-fold increase in total solids leaving the construction site during construction, as compared to preconstruction values. Construction activity had an effect on the distribution of particles in a suspension leaving the construction site. The solids control device, a rock-filter dam, had an effect on the particle-size distribution of suspended particles, but—in upstream-downstream analysis—did not produce a significant difference in solids leaving the construction...
Hippocampal Spreading Depression Bilaterally Activates the Caudal Trigeminal Nucleus in Rodents

Spreading depression (SD) and migraine aura involve transiently altered (i.e., increased followed by decreased) electrophysiological activity that propagates at the distinctive rate of millimeters per minute (mm/min), leading to the suggestion that they (and perhaps pain from migraine) are causally related via changes in the same brain structure. Neocortex is considered the anatomical zone associated with migraine aura and is the sole area known to induce caudal trigeminal nucleus (TNC) activation from SD in rodents. However, classical evidence of SD in human neocortex is reported only with severe brain disease, while migraine is a common and comparatively benign disorder. Because SD occurs in human hippocampus, and memory dysfunction referable to hippocampus is seen in migraineurs, we determined whether recurrent SD confined to hippocampus in rat could induce TNC activation. Our work shows that recurrent hippocampal SD evoked a significant (P < 0.05–0.001) increase in bilateral c-fos immunostaining within TNC superficial laminae compared with sham controls. Furthermore, hippocampal SD occurred with a correlated and transient change in spontaneous activity and blood flow in the ipsilateral neocortex without spread of SD to that area. Thus, hippocampal SD may be a previously unrecognized, potential trigger for nociceptive activation of TNC perhaps associated with migraine. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of cyanide and carbonyls in cyanogenic plants by gas chromatography-electron capture/photoionization detection

A new method to simultaneously detect cyanide and carbonyl compounds arising from cyanogenic glycosides in plants is described. A portable gas chromatograph housing two detectors using a single carrier gas is employed to measure the carbonyl compounds (photoionization detector) and cyanide as its cyanogen chloride derivative (electron capture detector) from the headspace of a plant sample. This method affords in-field, rapid screening of plants to determine cyanogenicity. Good agreement was seen between this method for cyanide determination and two traditional field cyanide test kits. Detection of both the cyanide and the carbonyl compound(s) allows for confirmation of the presence of cyanogenic glycosides and eliminates the problem of false positives often seen in traditional cyanide test kits. Gas phase limits of detection for cyanide, acetone, butanone, and benzaldehyde were 69, 41, 105, and 0.39 parts per billion by volume (ppbv), respectively, allowing sensitive detection of cyanogenic glycoside breakdown products. The method’s utility for screening cyanogenic plants is demonstrated, and it should be useful for screening cyanogenic foodstuffs to determine suitability for consumption.
Non-Self-Similar Fiber Fracture in Unidirectional Composites

Abstract In unidirectional composites containing an initial notch or crack, the maximum stress concentration occurs at the notch along the notch plane. If the fiber failure is governed by maximum tensile stress, the fiber breaks and hence the notch extension should occur in a self-similar fashion. However, experiments show that the fibers break ahead of the notch tip, in many cases away from the original notch plane. An analytical model is developed for the determination of the stresses and displacements in a unidirectional composite containing a rectilinear notch along with some notch tip off-axis fiber breaks. The model is based on the so-called classical shear-lag theory in which the axial load carrying capacity of the matrix is neglected. The results show that the off-axis fiber fracture generally reduces the stress concentration along the original notch plane, and has a stabilizing effect on notch extension.
Error feedback and a servomechanism problem for uncertain nonlinear systems

The robust servomechanism problem, also known as the problem of robust output regulation, is considered for a family of uncertain triangular systems. In contrast to the previous work where the uncertain vector field of the controlled plant was assumed to be bounded by a linear growth of the unmeasurable states multiplied by a polynomial function of the system output, we show that the polynomial growth condition can be relaxed and robust output regulation by error feedback is still possible, as long as the uncertain system is dominated by a continuous function of the system output multiplied by a linear growth of the unmeasurable states.
The primary empty-sella syndrome and diabetes insipidus in a child

The empty-sella syndrome is uncommon in pediatric patients. Hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction is common in these patients but involvement of the posterior pituitary gland is very rare. We report a seven-year-old girl with empty-sella syndrome who first developed arginine-vasopressin deficient diabetes insipidus and then anterior pituitary gland deficiency. The empty-sella syndrome should be included among the causes of arginine-vasopressin deficient diabetes insipidus in pediatric patients.
Autometrized unary algebras

An autometrized distance is defined for a class of unary algebras. Free mobility, metric bases, and convexity in the resulting distance spaces are investigated, inter alia.
Scanning probe lithography of self-assembled monolayers

Systematic studies on scanning probe lithography (SPL) methodologies have been performed using self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on Au as examples. The key to achieving high spatial precision is to keep the tip-surface interactions strong and local. Approaches include three atomic force microscopy (AFM) based methods, nanoshaving, nanografting, and nanopen reader and writer (NPRW), which rely on the local force, and two scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) based techniques, field-induced desorption and electron-induced desorption, which use electric field and tunneling electrons, respectively, for nanofabrication. The principle of these procedures, the critical steps in controlling local tip-surface interactions, and nanofabrication media will be discussed. The advantages of SPL will be illustrated through various examples of production and modification of SAM nanopatterns.
The Problem Is the Solution: Creating Original Problems in Gifted Mathematics Classes.

The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess the effect of a novel approach to mathematics instruction on gifted high school students’ engagement, motivation, and metacognition. Participants...
Postville: The Effects of an Immigration Raid

Many unauthorized immigrants regularly enter the United States in search of employment. A substantial number of these individuals come from impoverished countries and look to the United States as a path toward prosperity. Unfortunately, many unauthorized immigrant workers suffer exploitation from their employers and are at risk of becoming victims of worksite raids. This exploratory study examines the effects of a raid of an unauthorized immigrant worksite in Postville, Iowa. Interviews with key informants provide an inside perspective of the effects of the raid on children, adults, and the community. Participants offered suggestions on how to improve current policies that may violate immigrants’ human rights. The results advance the knowledge base for social work in provision of services and advocacy for immigrant populations.
Transient and isotopic studies of the oxygen transport and exchange during oxidative coupling of methane on Sr promoted La2O3

Isotopic transient techniques were applied to study oxidative coupling of methane over lanthanum oxide and strontium promoted La2O3 catalysts. Results of the18O2/16O2 isotopic exchange experiments indicate that Sr promotion increases oxygen uptake from the lattice of the catalyst. Oxygen self diffusion coefficients, which were determined for the series of lanthana catalysts, reach a maximum for the 1% Sr/La2O3. Steps of18O2 in the presence of a steady flow of methane over Sr/La2O3 catalysts, indicate that surface and bulk oxygen appear in the reaction products before gas-phase18O2. Steps of CO2 over catalysts in which lattice oxygen has been exchanged with18O2, show that gas/solid exchange involves over 50% of the lattice oxygen. Under reaction conditions, methane pulses with no gas-phase oxygen yield negligible amounts of products which indicates that methane interacts with lattice oxygen only in the presence of the gas-phase oxygen.
Theory of nonlinear standing waves in a two-dimensional system of charged particles.

We calculate the amplitude dependence of the frequency, as well as the second and third harmonics, of free resonances in a two-dimensional charged plasma in the continuum approximation. Whereas experiments in helium-4 show a strong decrease in the resonance frequency as the amplitude is increased, our theory predicts a weak increase. Causes for the discrepancy, as well as further experiments, are suggested.
A rho GDP dissociation inhibitor produced by apoptotic T-cells inhibits growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In this study, we found that a subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells from persons with latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) inhibits growth of M. tuberculosis (M. tb) in human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). A soluble factor, Rho GDP dissociation inhibitor (D4GDI), produced by apoptotic CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells is responsible for this inhibition of M. tb growth in human macrophages and in mice. M. tb-expanded CD4+CD25+Foxp3+D4GDI+ cells do not produce IL-10, TGF-β and IFN-γ. D4GDI inhibited growth of M. tb in MDMs by enhancing production of IL-1β, TNF-α and ROS, and by increasing apoptosis of M. tb-infected MDMs. D4GDI was concentrated at the site of disease in tuberculosis patients, with higher levels detected in pleural fluid than in serum. However, in response to M. tb, PBMC from tuberculosis patients produced less D4GDI than PBMC from persons with LTBI. M. tb-expanded CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells and D4GDI induced intracellular M. tb to express the dormancy survival regulator DosR and DosR-dependent genes, suggesting that D4GDI induces a non-replicating state in the pathogen. Our study provides the first evidence that a subpopulation of CD4+CD25+ (85% Foxp3+) cells enhances immunity to M. tb, and that production of D4GDI by this subpopulation inhibits M. tb growth.
Testing the Feasibility and Acceptability of a Chaplaincy Intervention to Improving Treatment Attitudes and Self-Efficacy of Adolescents With Cystic Fibrosis: A Pilot Study

Religious factors are known to contribute to treatment adherence in different patient populations, and religious coping has been found to be particularly important to adolescents dealing with chronic diseases. Adherence to prescribed treatments slows disease progression and contributes to desirable outcomes in most patients, and, therefore, adherence-promoting interventions provided by chaplains could be beneficial to various patient populations. The current article describes a pilot study to test the feasibility of a theoretically and empirically based chaplain intervention to promote treatment adherence for adolescents with CF. Cognitive interviews were conducted 24 with adolescents with CF, and content analysis was used to identify themes, which informed revision of the intervention protocol. The authors thought that presenting the methods and results of this pilot study would be helpful for chaplains who want to conduct intervention research. The results indicated that the proposed intervention was acceptable and feasible to deliver in hard copy or an electronic platform.
Enhanced Growth of Mice Lacking the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Function of p27Kip1

Abstract Disruption of the cyclin-dependent kinase–inhibitory domain of p27 enhances growth of mice. Growth is attributed to an increase in cell number, due to increased cell proliferation, most obviously in tissues that ordinarily express p27 at the highest levels. Disruption of p27 function leads to nodular hyperplasia in the intermediate lobe of the pituitary. However, increased growth occurs without an increase in the amounts of either growth hormone or IGF-I. In addition, female mice were infertile. Luteal cell differentiation is impaired, and a disordered estrus cycle is detected. These results reflect a disturbance of the hypothalamic–pituitary–ovarian axis. The phenotypes of these mice suggest that loss of p27 causes an alteration in cell proliferation that can lead to specific endocrine dysfunction.
Quantitative Analysis of Latently Infected Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Children with Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection ♦ 888

Quantitative Analysis of Latently Infected Resting CD4+ T Lymphocytes in Children with Perinatally Acquired Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Infection ♦ 888
Advances in multilayer reflective coatings for extreme ultraviolet lithography

Multilayer mirror coatings which reflect extreme UV (EUV) radiation are a key enabling technology for EUV lithography but must meet stringent requirements in terms of film quality, stability, and thickness control across multi optical elements up to 300 nm in diameter. Deposition technology has been dramatically improved to meet those specifications for thickness control and repeatability over large curved optical substrates. Coating uniformity was improved to +/- 0.055 percent peak-to-valley (P-V) on 140- mm flats and +/- 0.1 percent P-V across 160 mm curved substrates. the run-to-run reproducibility of the reflectance peak wavelength was improved to 0.13 percent on flats to enable fabrication of wavelength-matched sets of optics. Multilayers with reflectances of 67.5 percent at 13.42 nm and 70.2 percent at 11.34 nm are typically achieved for Mo/Si and Mo/Be multilayers, respectively. Also, we have recently achieved a reflectance of 70.1 percent at 13.5 nm for a Mo/Si multilayer deposited with a modified process. The reflectance and stress of these multilayers appear to be stable relative to the requirements for application to EUV lithography. These improvements in EUV multilayer mirror technology enable us to meet the stringent specifications for coating the large optical substrates for our next- generation EUV lithography system. The primary remaining issues are improving the run-to-run wavelength repeatability on curved optics to realize the maximum optical throughput, and verifying long-term stability of the multilayers within the environment of a production EUV lithographic system.
Alkylation of organoiron thiolate complexes

Abstract The iron thiolate complexes Fe(SPh)(CO)(L)(η-C 5 H 5 (L  PMe 3 , PPh 2 Me, PPh 3 , PPh 2 OMe, PPh(OMe) 2 , P(OMe) 3 , P(OPh) 3 ) react with EtBr in CHCl 3 (21°C) to produce the cationic sulfide complexes, [Fe(PhSEt)(CO)(L)(η-C 5 H 5 )]Br. A study of the kinetics of these reactions shows that these reactions are first order in complex and in EtBr; however the rates are largely insensitive to the nature of L in the precursor. After prolonged periods of time, or upon heating, a further reaction ensues in which bromide ion displaces the sulfide ligand to yield FeBr(CO)(L)(η-C 5 H 5 ). Reactions between Fe(SPh)(CO) 2 (η-C 5 H 5 ) and EtBr, and between Fe(SPh)(CO)(PMe 3 )(η-C 5 Me 5 ) and EtBr, give FeBr(CO) 2 (η-C 5 H 5 ) and FeBr(CO)(PMe 3 )(η-C 5 Me 5 ) directly. These reactions presumably also occur via facile ligand loss from the intermediate sulfide complexes.
Evaluating Fisher Information From Data for Task-Driven Data Compression

Sensor networks and other multi-sensor systems collect data upon which estimations are based. How a particular sensor's data is to be used within the sensor system depends on the quality of that sensor's data relative to the other sensor's data. Because Fisher information (FI) is a natural way to assess the quality of a sensor's data, it is desirable to be able to numerically compute the FI for a collected set of data for a specific estimation task. We explore this issue for the specific scenario of FI-driven data compression for a sensor system tasked with estimating an RF emitter's location. The data compression scheme uses sub-band coding and therefore for FI-driven data compression it is important to numerically assess the FI of each filter bank output sample. However, as we demonstrate, an orthogonal filter bank well-suited to the compression task seems ill-suited to the FI-assessment task. Alternatively we demonstrate that the STFT is well-suited to FI-assessment but - as is well known - is ill-suited to the compression task. This leads to a hybrid structure for the sub-band coding scheme that uses the STFT for time-frequency domain assessment of the FI but retains the orthogonal filter bank for the compression processing.
Separating item and order information through process dissociation

Abstract In the present paper, we develop and apply a technique, based on the logic of process dissociation, for obtaining numerical estimates of item and order information. Certain variables, such as phonological similarity, are widely believed to produce dissociative effects on item and order retention. However, such beliefs rest on the questionable assumption that item and order memory can be measured through performance on a particular kind of retention test (e.g., order can be measured through a reconstruction test). Retention measures are probably not process pure, but instead recruit multiple kinds of information and memory processing. Across four experiments, we show that our derived estimates conform generally to expected trends, although surprising results emerged in some instances. We discuss the implications of our analysis for traditional beliefs about the item–order distinction, and we show that a popular immediate memory model—the perturbation model—is capable of handling most of the empirical trends.
Growth hormone and cardiovascular risk markers.

Abstract The association of hypopituitarism and growth hormone (GH) deficiency with increased cardiovascular mortality has become increasingly well established [1,2]. In GH-deficient adults, whether the onset of disease is in childhood or in adult life, a higher prevalence of atherosclerotic plaques and endothelial dysfunction has been described [3–5]. Of note, high-resolution ultrasonography has shown that patients with hypopituitarism have a higher prevalence of premature atherosclerosis even in the absence of clinical symptoms [6]. Specific anatomic abnormalities also have been described in adults with GH deficiency, including an increase in intimal-medial wall thickness [3]. The contribution of specific hormonal factors and prior irradiation to the development of vascular disease remains controversial [7].
Caveolin-1 expression negatively regulates cell cycle progression by inducing G(0)/G(1) arrest via a p53/p21(WAF1/Cip1)-dependent mechanism.

Caveolin-1 is a principal component of caveolae membranes in vivo. Caveolin-1 mRNA and protein expression are lost or reduced during cell transformation by activated oncogenes. Interestingly, the human caveolin-1 gene is localized to a suspected tumor suppressor locus (7q31.1). However, it remains unknown whether caveolin-1 plays any role in regulating cell cycle progression. Here, we directly demonstrate that caveolin-1 expression arrests cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. We show that serum starvation induces up-regulation of endogenous caveolin-1 and arrests cells in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, targeted down-regulation of caveolin-1 induces cells to exit the G0/G1 phase. Next, we constructed a green fluorescent protein-tagged caveolin-1 (Cav-1-GFP) to examine the effect of caveolin-1 expression on cell cycle regulation. We directly demonstrate that recombinant expression of Cav-1-GFP induces arrest in the G0/G1 phase of the cell cycle. To examine whether caveolin-1 expression is important for modulating cell cycle progression in vivo, we expressed wild-type caveolin-1 as a transgene in mice. Analysis of primary cultures of mouse embryonic fibroblasts from caveolin-1 transgenic mice reveals that caveolin-1 induces 1) cells to exit the S phase of the cell cycle with a concomitant increase in the G0/G1 population, 2) a reduction in cellular proliferation, and 3) a reduction in the DNA replication rate. Finally, we demonstrate that caveolin-1-mediated cell cycle arrest occurs through a p53/p21-dependent pathway. Taken together, our results provide the first evidence that caveolin-1 expression plays a critical role in the modulation of cell cycle progression in vivo.