cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Consequences of Conflict

This research addresses a relatively unexplored but vitally important issue: How and why do nations recover after wars? Our goal is to identify the elements that systematically accelerate postwar recovery. We want to formally assess the impact of foreign aid and investment, human capital, demographic changes, and most importantly the political capacity of governments on post war recovery rates. This inquiry is motivated by inconsistencies emerging from past empirical and theoretical works. Previous empirical work identified the existence of a Phoenix Factor among the most developed nations traumatized by major war (Germany, Japan, Italy, or France). Despite massive economic and demographic losses, these societies recovered their previous economic standing and productivity within one generation after both World War I and II. Yet, these uniform patterns of recovery seemingly do not apply to developing nations. Recent empirical assessments of postwar recovery that combine civil and international wars suggest that the Phoenix Factor pattern applies to developed societies and some developing societies, but does not hold in most developing societies. The open question is why?Consistent with the Phoenix Factor, the Neoclassical Growth model anticipates fast recovery following wars but does not account for the possibility of protracted losses. Given the mixed empirical record we seek a possible explanation by modifying the Overlapping Generation (OLG) Model that allows multiple steady states during recovery. At one extreme OLG anticipate rapid recovery, and at the other extreme permit postwar collapse leading to a poverty trap. The intellectual objective is to identify and explain why some developing societies encounter great difficulties in their postwar recovery efforts, while others recover within a generation their previous productivity.
In memoriam. Ángel de Lucas, mestre de sociòlegs

Angel de Lucas Matilla va morir el dia 27 de juny de 2012. Aquestes ratlles tenen com a objectiu recordar i retre un breu homenatge a qui, sense cap mena de dubte, forma part de les grans figures de la sociologia critica espanyola.
Lysosomal degradation of cell organelles. IV. Heterophagocytosis and acute inflammation in liver after intravenous injection of isolated liver-cell plasma membranes.

Abstract Isolated liver-cell plasma membranes were injected intravenously into a series of highly inbred rats. The uptake and digestion by Kupffer cells were followed by ultrastructural analysis in order to evaluate the capacity of lysosomes to degrade cellular membranes. By 1 to 5 min following administration, clusters of plasma membranes appeared in the sinusoidal lumens. Invaginations of the Kupffer-cell surfaces in combination with flap-like processes embraced the aggregates and formed endocytic vacuoles. Fibrinous deposits and platelet accumulation were sometimes observed at the surface of the Kupffer cells. At later time points (10 min to 2 hr) an increased number of plasma-membrane derivatives with trilaminar structures still recognizable was observed in large digestive vacuoles. In some focal areas, an acute inflammatory response was noted in the sinusoids often surrounding clusters of fibrin deposits, trapped erythrocytes, and aggregates of plasma membranes and platelets. At 8 hr there was a clearance from some digestive vacuoles of identifiable membranes with the appearance of dense homogeneous material; plasma membranes were still present in the sinusoids together with degranulating and degenerating leukocytes also phagocytizing plasma membranes. By 24 hr most of the inflammatory response had subsided. Many Kupffer cells resembled those in control animals although the digestive vacuoles or residual bodies contained numerous lipid-like droplets presumed to be remnants of membrane lipid digestion. By 2–5 days the Kupffer cells gradually became indistinguishable from the controls and the micropinocytosis vermiformis reappeared. It is concluded that plasma membranes after being phagocytized are digested within lysosomes. In contrast to mitochondria and microsomes ( Glaumann et al. , 1975a b ; Glaumann and Trump, 1975 ), intravenous injections of plasma membranes gave rise to focally occurring thrombi which were surrounded by an acute transient inflammatory response.
Object Pleasures and Job Segregation: Barbers, hairstylists, and the material (be)longings of work

Increasingly, organization and communication scholars are paying critical attention to the materiality work/life. In this vein, this paper explores the connections between job segregation, object relations, and the performance of work belongings. In particular, it speaks into the question: how do object relations constitute segregated job belongings? Drawing on data from a year-long, comparative ethnography of barbers and hairstylists, the analysis focuses on barbershop and hair salon mirrors and the complex relations produced by barbers’ avoidance and hairstylists’ engagement of this common object. Specifically, these object relations were found to not only differentiate job belongings, but also materialize erotics (pains and/or pleasures) in the constitution of job segregation. The paper closes with implications of these findings for studies of materiality, especially in terms of how object relations and pleasures summon and segregate working bodies and jobs.
Color-correcting Gradient-index infrared singlet based on silicon and germanium mixing

Gradient-index (GRIN) lenses are predicted by many to have superior performance compared with lens systems using conventional homogeneous material compositions. Namely, the complexity of classic (i.e. homogeneous) multi-lens sequences required for high performance optical systems can be instead manifested into GRIN profile complexity, allowing for refraction throughout the volume of a lens and not just at the hard surface boundaries. As GRIN material technologies continue to evolve, facilitating more practical GRIN lens implementations, the knowledgebase and design tools to optimize GRIN lens systems must be simultaneously built. In this paper, one of the more unknown, yet crucially important, challenges of GRIN lens design is considered: dispersion. Dispersion and its effects on GRIN lenses are considered and a method to minimize its impact on the performance of GRIN lenses is outlined. Finally, a GRIN focusing lens based on the mixing of Germanium (Ge) and Silicon (Si) is proposed and designed to have minimal focal drift.
Endothelial cell membrane: Differences in the density of intramembranous particles between tissue‐ and blood‐fronts revealed by freeze‐fracture

Significantly higher density of intramembranous particles (IMP) was noted in the endothelial plasma membrane facing the blood-front compared to the tissue-front. The difference may be related to the function of the vascular endothelium as an active barrier between the blood and the tissue.
Pyridine substituted N-heterocyclic carbene ligands as supports for Au(I)-Ag(I) interactions: formation of a chiral coordination polymer.

Reaction of 1,3-bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-1H-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [H(pyCH2)2im]BF4, with silver oxide in dichloromethane readily yields [Ag((pyCH2)2im)2]BF4, 1·BF4. 1·BF4 is converted to the analogous Au(I)-containing species, [Au((pyCH2)2im)2]BF4, 3, by a simple carbene transfer reaction in dichloromethane. Further treatment with two equivalents of AgBF4 produces the trimetallic species [AuAg2((pyCH2)2im)2(NCCH3)2](BF4)3, 4, which contains two silver ions each coordinated to the pyridine moieties on one carbene ligand and to an acetonitrile molecule in a T-shaped fashion. Monometallic [Ag((py)2im)2]BF4, 5, and [Au((py)2im)2]BF4, 6, are made analogously to 1·BF4 and 3 starting from 1,3-bis(2-pyridyl)-imidazol-2-ylidene tetrafluoroborate, [H(py)2im]BF4. Addition of excess AgBF4 to 6 yields the helical mixed-metal polymer, {[AuAg((py)2im)2(NCCH3)](BF4)2}n, 7 which contains an extended Au(I)−Ag(I) chain with short metal−metal separations of 2.8359(4) and 2.9042(4) A. Colorless, monometallic [Hg((pyCH2...
Antibody to hepatitis A antigen in children

The electroretinogram was normal in the second patient, but the visual evoked responses were diminished. As vision returned, the VERs returned to a slightly more normal amplitude and wave pattern. Cortical blindness can occur in bacterial meningitis associated with acute transient hydrocephalus. It can also result from occipital lobe infarction following basilar artery thrombosis or compression of the posterior cerebral arteries, in which case the loss of vision would usually be permanent. In the subjects of this report the transiently abnormal brain scan (not usually seen in hydrocephalus) normal electroencephalograms, improved visual evoked responses, and improving vision all suggest the alternate possibility of occlusive vasospasm. This could result from involvement of blood vessels as they traverse the inflamed meninges? If the spasm was relieved or if sufficient collateral circulation remained, the process might be reversible with a good prognosis for return of vision.
Generalized Ornstein-Uhlenbeck Processes and Infinite Particle Branching Brownian Motions

The origins of this paper lie in a question posed to us by Frank Spitzer who, in fact, ended up solving most of his problem on his own. His problem is the following. Consider an infinite system of independent (^-dimensional branching Brownian motions which at their branching times disappear or double with equal probabilities, and assume that the initial distribution of the system is a Poisson point process. Denote by 5?,(-O, *^0 and r^ oo. The answer is yes if d>3 and no if d — \ or 2 (cf. [2], [4], [6] and for a related situation [3]). The question in which Spitzer was interested is what happens if (when d>3) one appropriately rescales the limiting random variable 5700. To be precise, given tf^>0, define for bounded
Finger localization and reading ability in three groups of children ages three through twelve

Developmental norms for eight finger-localization (FL) tasks similar to those used by Lindgren are extended to include 140 children ages 3 through 12. The strength of the relationship between these scores and two specific reading tasks is explored. Regression analyses reveal statistically significant correlations between FL ability and the ability to match spoken with printed words, as well as between FL scores and scores for silent reading and retelling of a paragraph. Three groups of children are used: children with normal language, those with dysphasia, and those with language impairments other than dysphasia. Performance scores of these three groups on other language tasks are compared.
Inference in wireless sensor networks based on information structure optimization

Distributed in-network inference plays a significant role in large-scale wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in applications for distributed detection and estimation. Belief propagation (BP) holds great potential for forming an essential and powerful underlying mechanism for such distributed inferences in WSNs. However, it has been recognized that many challenges exist in the context of WSN distributed inference. One such challenge is how to systematically develop a graphical model of WSN, upon which BP-based distributed inference can be effectively and efficiently performed, rather than ad hoc. This paper investigates this challenge and proposes a general and rigorous data-driven approach to building a solid and practical graphical model of WSN, given prior observations, based on graphical model optimization. The proposed approach is empirically evaluated using real-world sensor network data. We show that our approach can significantly reduce the energy consumption in BP-based distributed inference in WSNs and also improve the inference accuracy, when compared to the current practice of distributed inference in WSNs.
A Choice Model of Occupational Status and Fertility

We use a few assumptions based on evolutionary reasoning to create a simple mathematical model of the relationships between a person's background status, investment in personal occupational status, personal occupational status, and fertility. The model generates seven predictions concerning these relationships and how they differ for men and women. For example, it predicts that background status will have a greater effect on personal occupational status for men than for women. We test these predictions empirically and find them mostly supported. This study shows, therefore, the promise of both formal theory and evolutionary reasoning for understanding these fundamental human social phenomena.
Simulation and Design of JFET-Controlled Carbon Nanotube Field Emitter Arrays

Summary form only given. The introduction of Spindt microtip cold cathodes has led to interest in the pursuit of electron beam sources for flat panel displays and vacuum microelectronics devices. Mo, Si, SiC, GaN, and carbon nanotubes (CNTs), have been proposed as cathode materials to achieve high current density and low-voltage operation. Among those materials, carbon nanotubes are important candidates because they are stable at high temperatures, can have high electrical and thermal conductivity, a high aspect ratio and they exhibit ballistic electron transport. A corresponding key issue is how to improve emission stability and controllability. Active devices, such as MOSFETs and JFETs, integrated with Si or metal microtips, were experimentally proven effective in the improvement of emission current stability when the active device operates in the saturation region. In this paper, a novel structure design - JFET-controlled CNTs - is proposed and is being fabricated. JFETs will be used to control the stability of the emission current, which is extremely sensitive to the local surface's electrical field and work function, as well as to prevent disruptively excessive emission current. Two main issues for the design are: (1) JFET fabrication must be compatible with the last high-temperature step of CNT growth by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) at 700degC; (2) JFETs should have a high breakdown voltage. The standard 2-D semiconductor device simulator ATLAS was used to simulate and analyze the avalanche breakdown of JFETs at different ion implantation energies (150 keV and 200 keV, respectively) and of different JFET structures. Our simulation results show that a 200 keV ion implantation energy and a tall post JFET structure will give optimal voltage performance. We will also present detailed process steps and important considerations for the planned fabrication and testing of these devices
Defect state assisted tunneling in intermediate temperature molecular beam epitaxy grown GaAs

Current transport in molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) GaAs grown at low and intermediate growth temperatures is strongly affected by defects. A model is developed here that shows that tunneling assisted by defect states can dominate, at some bias ranges, current transport in Schottky contacts to unannealed GaAs material grown at the intermediate temperature range of about 400°C. The deep defect states are modeled by quantum wells which trap electrons emitted from the cathode before re-emission to semiconductor. Comparison of theory with experimental data shows defect states of energies about 0.5 eVbelow conduction band to provide the best fit to data. This suggests that arsenic interstitials are likely to mediate this conduction. Comparison is also made between as-grown material and GaAs grown at the same temperature but annealed at 600°C. It is suggested that reduction of these defects by thermal annealing can explain lower current conduction at high biases in the annealed device as well as higher current conduction at low biases due to higher lifetime. Quenching of current by light in the as-grown material can also be explained based on occupancy of trap states. Identification of this mechanism can lead to its utilization in making ohmic contacts, or its elimination by growing tunneling barrier layers.
INTERTEACHING: THE IMPACT OF LECTURES ON STUDENT PERFORMANCE

Several studies suggest that interteaching improves student learning more than traditional lectures, but few have examined which components of interteaching contribute to its efficacy. We examined whether the lecture component of interteaching affected students' exam grades and cumulative point totals in a research methods course. Although students who received lectures had consistently higher exam scores than students who did not, the differences were statistically significant on only 2 of 5 exams. Students who received lectures, however, earned significantly more points during the semester.
Ovarian cancer: Part I.

Early diagnosis is the most effective means of reducing the currently high mortality rate associated with ovarian cancer. The palpation of what appears to be a normal size ovary in a premenopausal woman suggests an ovarian tumor in a postmenopausal woman. Also, rule out ovarian cancer in any 40-year or older woman who presents with persistent, unexplained gastrointestinal symptoms. Ninety percent of all ovarian tumors are of epithelial origin. Treatment consists of total hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, omentectomy and appendectomy. P32 instillation is optional. In Stages IIb, III and IV chemotherapy is advised, while in Stages I and IIa the use of prophylactic chemotherapy must be judged on an individual basis. Ovarian cancer in children that is beyond the localized stage is one of the most frustrating of all gynecologic diseases. Total surgical extirpation of localized disease is the only hope for cure and, as yet, early diagnosis is more chance than scientific method.
The ontogeny and growth of the human tentorium cerebelli.

The ontogenetic pattern of the human tentorium cerebelli was reconstructed by analyzing the series of stages through which the tentorium passes in the attainment of maturity. The absolute and relative growth rates were calculated for the maximum cranial breadth, maximum cranial length, and various tentorial dimensions. The relationship between the growth of different parameters was established and expressed mathematically according to Huxley's formula (y = bxk). The growth ratios (k) and constants (b) for different combinations of tentorial and cranial parameters were elicited from logarithmic graphs.
Parallel execution of logic programs by load sharing

Abstract Execution of a logic program can be sped up by load sharing among a group of interconnected processors. Network contention and load imbalance are two potentially limiting factors that must be dealt with carefully. In this paper, we discuss a task scheduling scheme in which processors share the workload by voluntarily following a universal task distribution rule. Communication is reduced by having processors cooperate without frequent exchange of information. However, load balancing is rendered more difficult. We propose solutions to the problem by altering the shape of a search space to remove the so-called structural imbalance, and by following a statistically even task distribution rule. Simulation and experimental data indicate that the method is effective for a number of programs for which existing scheduling methods tend to generate overly fine-grained tasks that lead to heavy traffic in the network. Speed-up factors by the proposed technique are comparable to, or better than, that by a typical system which relies solely on dynamic task migration to balance the workload. The scheme appears to be particularly suitable for implementation on loosely coupled parallel platforms.
A greener transportation mode: flexible routes discovery from GPS trajectory data

We propose a flexible mini-shuttle like transportation system called flexi, with routes formed by analyzing passenger trip data from a large set of taxi trajectories. The usage of public transportation is declining as often it no longer matches with individual needs. Thus, the flexi system provides a transportation mode in between buses and taxis so that inconvenience in switching to the system can be minimized overall. To generate flexi routes, we propose a two-phase approach. In the first phase, a fast diameter-constrained agglomerative clustering algorithm is developed and applied to the set of trips derived from the GPS data. This phase identifies a set of heavily traveled spatio-temporal trip clusters called hot lines. In the second phase, a directed acyclic graph is constructed from the hot lines. Then, an optimal single flexi route discovery algorithm on graph searching is proposed. Multiple routes are discovered by iteratively applying the single routing algorithm. Extensive experiments using a large set of real taxi trajectory data show that the flexi system can save a large percentage of trip mileage.
On trees with perfect matchings

A tree is said to have a perfect matching if it has a spanning forest whose components are paths on two vertices only. In this paper we develop upper bounds on the algebraic connectivity of such trees and we consider other eigenvalue properties of its Laplacian matrix. Furthermore, for trees with perfect matchings, we refine a result, due to Kirkland, Neumann, and Shader, concerning the connection between the maximal diagonal entry of the group inverse of the Laplacian matrix of a (general) tree and the pendant vertices of the tree, and use this refinement to narrow down the set of the pendant vertices of a tree with a perfect matching which can correspond to the maximal diagonal entry in the group inverse of its Laplacian matrix.
Galanin Expression in the Mouse Major Pelvic Ganglia During Explant Culture and Following Cavernous Nerve Transection

Autonomic neurons commonly respond to injury/axotomy with an increased expression of neuropeptides including galanin and pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). The increased peptide expression may enhance neuronal survival and axonal regeneration. Using quantitative (Q) PCR and immunocytochemistry, the present study tested whether galanin expression increased in male mouse major pelvic ganglia (MPG) neurons in response to injury. Galanin transcript expression increased significantly in MPG neurons following 72 h in explant culture and 72 h after unilateral transection of the cavernous nerve. Under both conditions, the increase in galanin transcript levels was greater than the increase in PACAP transcript levels. In control MPG, galanin-IR nerve fibers formed pericellular arrangements around MPG neurons although few galanin-IR cells were evident and many of the galanin-IR cells may be small intensely fluorescent (SIF) cells. In 3-day-cultured MPGs, many more galanin-IR cells and nerve fibers were noted. The increased galanin expression was most apparent in neurons that were also immunoreactive for neuronal nitric oxide synthase, rather than tyrosine hydroxylase. Some explant-cultured MPG neurons exhibited immunoreactivity to galanin and PACAP. As reported previously for PACAP, there is an injury-induced increase in MPG galanin expression, which occurs preferentially in the parasympathetic postganglionic neurons.
Selective Broadcasting in Multi-Hop Cognitive Radio Networks

Cognitive networks enable efficient sharing of the radio spectrum. Control signals used to setup a communication are broadcast to the neighbors in their respective channels of operation. But since the number of channels in a cognitive network is potentially large, broadcasting control information over all channels will cause a large delay in setting up the communication. Thus, exchanging control information is a critical issue in cognitive radio networks. This paper deals with selective broadcasting in multi-hop cognitive radio networks in which, control information is transmitted over pre-selected set of channels. We introduce the concept of neighbor graphs and minimal neighbor graphs to derive the essential set of channels for transmission. It is shown through simulations that selective broadcasting reduces the delay in disseminating control information and yet assures successful transmission of information to all its neighbors. It is also demonstrated that selective broadcasting reduces redundancy in control information and hence reduces network traffic.
Simplified Approach to HPLC Precolumn Fluorescent Labeling of Carbohydrates: N-(2-Pyridinyl)-glycosylamnes

Abstract Reducing sugars were fluorescently labeled by condensation with 2-aminopyridine. The reaction was quantitative and the product was sufficiently stable so that a subsequent reduction step (as in reductive amination) proved unnecessary. The products have been characterized as N-(2-pyridinyl)-glycosylamines. Oligosaccharides labeled in this manner exhibit important analytical characteristics. They: a) are stable under both HPLC separation and prolonged storage; b) have improved chromatographic resolution; c) regenerate original material by weak acid hydrolysis.
Improved hyperfine measurements of the Na 5p excited state through frequency-controlled Dopplerless spectroscopy in a Zeeman magneto-optic laser trap

We report what is to our knowledge the first Dopplerless high-resolution optical spectroscopy based on unperturbed atoms left nearly at rest when a vapor cell magneto-optic trap is switched off. A λ = 285 nm beam excited the 3s → 5p transition in our sample of laser trapped/cooled Na atoms from which we collected fluorescence. Excited-state 52P3/2 and 52P1/2 hyperfine interaction constants are derived with 4- and 47-fold increases, respectively, in accuracy. Future prospects for vapor-cell-based optical spectroscopy and frequency standards are considered.
Educational Perspectives: Simulation-based Training in Neonatal Resuscitation

Some 100 million babies are born worldwide each year; 4 million in the United States alone. Approximately 10% of all newborns need some assistance to begin breathing at birth, and 1% require intensive resuscitative efforts such as endotracheal intubation and chest compressions. (1) Babies not receiving such timely help can die or suffer lifelong morbidity. Historically, training in neonatal resuscitation, as in most of medicine, has been accomplished by assuming graduated responsibility in the care of real patients. This apprenticeship model of medical education places a trainee in a supervised environment for a set period of time, with the expectation that guided experience will lead to acquisition of skills adequate enough for independent, competent practice in the community. Underlying this model is an assumption that the number and variety of cases experienced will be of sufficient depth and breadth to ensure competence at the close of the training period. Often, this is not the case. Thomas Krummel, MD, Chair, Department of Surgery, Stanford University, has termed this type of training “education by random opportunity.” The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education, the body responsible for the accreditation of post-MD medical training programs in the United States, establishes program requirements for pediatric residency education. The program requirements state that the neonatal intensive care curriculum must be designed to teach resuscitation and care of newborns in the delivery room. These same guidelines, however, limit the time that pediatric residents can spend in a neonatal intensive care unit. (2) Investigations in anesthesia have shown that 40 to 60 intubation attempts …
Etched base-metal alloys: comparison of relief patterns, bond strengths and fracture modes

Abstract The relief patterns, the bond strength and the fracture modes of 8 base-metal alloys were evaluated. Resin-etched metal bonds were established between a pair of etched metal surfaces. The bonds were tested under tension. The relief patterns and the fracture modes were evaluated by SEM. The relief patterns were related to the composition, microstructure and the preferential dissolution of the various phases. The relief patterns appeared retentive for 7 of the eight alloys evaluated. The differences in the bond were statistically significant. Four modes of fracture were identified. The fracture was mainly located in the resin among the alloys with high bond strength. Interfacial debonding occurred in areas lacking three-dimensional relief.
Hierarchical dynamic optimization for induction motors regulation

A hierarchical dynamic optimization technique is developed to tentatively regulate the performance of non-linear induction motor systems. The decomposition process of the non-linear model is achieved using a new method called the parameters-transformation method. Manipulation of the interaction patterns is performed via a predictive-type algorithmic procedure. The developed computation structure has the features of relatively simple calculations at the lower level, minimal storage requirements at the higher level, moderate information processing between hierarchical levels and guaranteed convergence properties.
Further Observations on the Effects of Autonomic Blocking Agents in Patients with Hypertension: II. Hemodynamic, Ballistocardiographic and Electrocardiographic Effects of Hexamethonium and Pentamethonium

Moderate reduction in blood pressure by intravenous hexamethonium or pentamethonium was accompanied by a decrease in stroke volume, cardiac output, and left ventricular work, and no change or an increase in peripheral resistance. Renal blood flow, filtration rate, and potassium clearance fell promptly, but returned to the original levels within one to two hours despite continued reduction in blood pressure. Sodium clearance and urine flow were reduced to a greater extent and returned more slowly. Oral hexamethonium produced some reduction in renal blood flow, and improvement in the ballistocardiogram. Oral hydrazinophthalazine diminished the effect of hexamethonium on renal blood flow.
Modified Hartree-Fock Method for the Finite Nucleus

A procedure is given for including the rearrangement energy term in the Brueckner-Gammel method for evaluating the structure of finite nuclei. A variational technique is used to derive the single-particle energy from the total binding energy of the nucleus.It is seen that although a rearrangement energy term does not appear explicitly in the total nuclear binding energy, it is derivable from the binding energy and influences the eigenfunctions of the total nuclear system, and thus its energy eigenvalues. The rearrangement energy has a noticeable effect on the single-particle wave equation and must be included in finite nucleus calculations. To a good approximation, it is shown that it is possible to evaluate the rearrangement potential and to express it as a simple function of the mean nuclear density, i.e., ${V}_{R}=(240 \mathrm{Mev}){\ensuremath{\rho}}^{2}\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{({10}^{\ensuremath{-}13} \mathrm{cm})}^{6}.$
Importance of Nuclear-Spin Effects in Extracting Alkali Spin-Exchange Cross Sections from Zeeman Optical-Pumping Signals

The importance of the nuclear spins in the analysis of alkali spin-exchange experiments employing optical pumping by circularly polarized light and performed in low magnetic fields is demonstrated. Since the exchange interaction is an electronic process, the spin-exchange cross section is expected to be essentially independent of the nuclear spins. However, the hyperfine coupling is sufficient to make the expressions for the signals depend upon the nuclear spins. Failure to include the nuclear-spin effects in the analysis can lead to errors as large as several hundred percent in the deduced cross sections. The signal for general nuclear spin is found for the Franzen-type transient experiment and for the Dehmelt-type steady-state experiment in the limit of low light intensity. The results are quite sensitive to the process assumed for the relaxation of the ground-state populations. The solutions are given for a general process in which randomly oriented disorientation fields interact with the spins of the alkali atom only through the electron spin. The steady-state-signal expression includes the effects of self spin exchange and partial disorientation in the excited state. Only the diagonal elements of the density matrix are included.
Direct Extraction of Work of Adhesion from Contact Experiments: Generalization of JKR Theory to Flexible Structures and Large Deformation

Contact experiments using flexible structures have been devised to enhance the sensitivity of adhesion measurements. Evaluation of the work of adhesion often requires specific mechanical models of the flexible structures, which invariably make approximate assumptions on the deformation and material properties. In this paper, we extend a previous method that can extract work of adhesion directly from the data of indentation experiments. The extended method is applicable to a wide variety of contact-mechanics-based tests including adhesive contact of flexible structures. Furthermore, it is valid for small deformation as well as large deformation where geomatical and material nonlinearities are not negligible. We also establish a general expression of the energy release rate in terms of the compliance of the contacting structures. For the case of a spherical indenter in contact with a half space and assuming linear elasticity, the Johnson-Kendall-Roberts theory is recovered.
How file systems differ, why this affects application-level consistency, and what we can do about it

Many applications have consistency mechanisms that allow them to recover after a power failure or a system crash. Such mechanisms inherently depend on some behaviors of the underlying file system. These file system behaviors are often misunderstood, and more importantly, differ between file systems.In our research, we studied six (single-node) Linux file systems, so as to understand their behavior. We also studied eleven widely-used applications (including key-value stores and virtualization software) to understand whether their consistency mechanisms were correct. The tool we developed for studying applications (named ALICE) finds crash vulnerabilities, i.e., places where an application's consistency mechanism depends on behaviors obeyed by only some file systems. We found 60 vulnerabilities in the applications, by assuming a file system that has particularly bad behavior (from the perspective of the applications); 30 of those vulnerabilities are exposed when assuming popular, widely-used file systems. We are now focusing our efforts on making application-level consistency work, without affecting performance, and without requiring an application programmer to change much of the existing code.
Stress, Glucocorticoids, and Memory: A Meta-analytic Review

Although a strong psychoneuroendocrine linkage exists between stress, glucocorticoids and memory, the relationship is not always straightforward. Eighty-eight effect sizes and 1642 participants from 28 studies were meta-analyzed for the effects of stress on memory performance and glucocorticoid activation. Analyses showed that stress was associated with glucocorticoid activation and declarative memory decline. In animal studies, predator stress affected memory performance more than physical stress. In human studies, males showed higher cortisol levels than females in response to stress. Further, the correlation between cortisol levels and memory deficits was stronger in studies using laboratory stressors than those examining long term effects of chronic exposure to rising basal levels of glucocorticoids and chronic life stressors. It was concluded that, although the relationship between stress, glucocorticoids, and memory loss was empirically supported, there were other factors, such as stress condition and gender, as well as individual differences within groups, that influenced the association between these variables, and warrant further examination.
The formal implication of solar rights

Abstract A hand method to determine the vertical limits of construction when solar rights criteria are specified for neighboring structures is demonstrated and compared with a computer based method. The emphasis is placed on the methodology and it includes an appendix showing the logic and the listing of the computer programs.
Nature and distribution of large sequence polymorphisms in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

To obtain a better understanding of the genome-wide distribution and the nature of large sequence polymorphisms (LSPs) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we hybridized genomic DNA of 88 haploid or homozygous diploid S. cerevisiae strains of diverse geographic origins and source substrates onto high-density tiling arrays. Based on loss of hybridization, we identified 384 LSPs larger than 500 bp that were located in 188 non-overlapping regions of the genome. Validation by polymerase chain reaction-amplification and/or DNA sequencing revealed that 39 LSPs were due to deletions, while 74 LSPs involved sequences diverged far enough from the S288c reference genome sequence as to prevent hybridization to the microarray features. The LSP locations were biased towards the subtelomeric regions of chromosomes, where high genetic variation in genes involved in transport or fermentation is thought to facilitate rapid adaptation of S. cerevisiae to new environments. The diverged LSP sequences appear to have different allelic ancestries and were in many cases identified as S. paradoxus introgressions.
Achieving goal glycosylated hemoglobin levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus: Practical strategies for success with insulin therapy

Abstract Background: As the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase at an alarming rate, achieving glycosylated hemoglobin (AIC) target levels is crucial to prevent microvascular and macrovascular complications and to reduce the impact this disease has on individuals and society as a whole. Objective: This article discusses various approaches to intensive therapy, focusing on insulin regimens designed to mimic physiologic basal-bolus insulin secretion in type 2 DM, with the goal of helping patients with type 2 DM achieve normal glycemic control. Methods: Relevant articles were identified through a search of the English-language literature indexed on MEDLINE (1966-present) using the terms type 2 diabetes mellitus, glycemic control, glycosylated hemoglobin, postprandial hyperglycemia, insulin analogues, and continuous subcutaneous insulin pump therapy. Results: Patients with type 2 DM are often initially managed with diet modification, exercise, and oral antidiabetic agents; however, as β-cell function continues to decline, many of these individuals will require exogenous insulin supplementation. Because of the time-action profiles and large variability of the conventional insulins, including regular human and neutral protamine Hagedorn, their use makes it difficult to provide intensive treatment without significant risk of hypoglycemia, especially nocturnal hypoglycemia. The advent of recombinant DNA technology has allowed modification of the insulin molecule to produce insulin analogues with improved pharmacokinetic parameters. These new insulins that can more accurately simulate endogenous insulin secretion—along with advances in insulin pump technology, improved delivery devices, and frequent glucose monitoring—make intensive treatment regimens feasible for more patients than ever before. The mealtime insulin requirement can best be met through administration of a rapid-acting insulin analogue (such as insulin lispro, aspart, or glulisine) either by SC injection or as a bolus from an insulin pump. Basal insulin supplementation can best be achieved using injections of insulin glargine or detemir or through the use of a rapid-acting insulin analogue in an infusion pump. Conclusions: For patients with type 2 DM, every effort must be made to continue achieving target A1C goals, with frequent blood glucose monitoring in conjunction with oral therapy plus basal and bolus multiple daily injection regimens, BID mixed insulins, or the use of an insulin pump.
Microfluidic devices for studying growth and detachment of Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilms.

Microfluidic devices were used to study the influences of hydrodynamics of local microenvironments on Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) biofilm formation and the effects of a poly(β-1,6-N-acetyl glucosamine)-hydrolyzing enzyme (dispersin B) and/or an antibiotic (rifampicin) on the detachment of the biofilm. Elongated, monolayered biofilm morphologies were observed at high flow velocity and fluid shear locations whereas large clump-like, multilayered biofilm structures were produced at low flow velocity and fluid shear locations. Upon dispersin B treatment, most of the biofilm was detached from the microchannel surface. However, a trace amount of bacterial cells could not be removed from corner locations most likely due to the insufficient wall shear stress of the fluid at these locations. Dispersin B or rifampicin treatment was effective in delaying the dispersal behavior of bacterial cells, but could not completely remove the biofilm. Combined dynamic delivery of dispersin B and rifampicin was found to be effective for complete removal of the S. epidermidis biofilm.
Mobile service overlays: reconfigurable middleware for MANETs

Distributed applications running on Mobile Adhoc NET- works (MANETs) can benefit from underlying middleware that provides services for self-management. Such services can address the dynamic conditions associated with a MANET's operational environment and changes in end user needs. This paper describes Mobile Service Overlays (MSOs), an overlay network-based decentralized middleware that provides basic support for online management, shown useful for services like online reconfiguration for managing energy consumption and failure resilience. Decentralization is achieved by partitioning the application's overlay network into smaller units termed chains, and implementing decentralized reconfigurations involving specific chains, triggered by monitoring events. The paper also presents the overheads of these services in a lightweight, non-Java implementation of MSOs targeted at an example MANET application in cooperative robotics.
Remote sensing and global competitiveness

These remarks were given at the First Annual Symposium on Coupling Technology to National Needs as part of a panel on `Visualization and Communication: Overhead Imagery.' Based on the author's involvement with remote sensing policy while at the Department of Commerce from 1990 to 1993, the paper provides a brief overview of U.S. policy and legislation affecting remote sensing, discusses recent developments, and identifies continuing issues for commercial ventures. Example issues include operating licenses, export controls, government as a customer, and strategic partnerships.
Theoretical studies of valence-shell photoexcitation and ionization cross sections in nitric oxide

Abstract Theoretical studies in static-exchange approximation are reported of photoexcitation and partial-channel photoionization cross sections of the outer-valence-shell 2π, 1π, 5σ, and 4σ electrons in nitric oxide. The calculations account satisfactorily for observed Rydberg series and for the spectral shapes of corresponding experimental photoionization cross sections. Multiplet-specific static-exchange potentials are employed for construction of 2π −1 , 5σ −1 , and 4σ −1 excitation series and partial cross sections. These are required particularly for (5σ −1 )b 3 Π and (5σ −1 )A 1 Π partials in order to obtain values in agreement with recent synchrotron-radiation studies, which exhibit resonance maxima having different kinetic energies in the two channels. Additionally, the multiplet-specific calculations predict triplet-singlet cross sectional maxima in the 5σ −1 channels that differ noticeably from a statistical 3:1 ratio, also in good accord with measured values. Slater-average potentials are employed for the many channels that arise from 1π ionization, providing results in generally good agreement with dipole (e, 2e) measurements. Good agreement also obtains between measured values and the calculated 2π and 4σ cross sections, the present results thereby providing an overall clarification of the partial-channel photoionization cross sections of NO. Stieltjes orbitals in body-frame point-group symmetry provide three-dimensional graphical diagnostics of various resonance features present in the photoionization cross sections. The 6σ(σ*) antibonding orbital is found merged in k σ final-state continua, accounting for the presence of strong photoionization resonance features, and for the absence of corresponding discrete excitations. Computational aspects of the construction of Stieltjes cross sections and orbitals are discussed, and the origins of apparent discrepancies among calculated NO partials in the literature are clarified.
Stealing Home: Political, Economic, and Media Power and a Publicly-Funded Baseball Stadium in Denver

In 1990, the Major League Baseball owners announced that the National League would add two new franchises in 1993. Two issues immediately confronted the various groups attempting to secure a baseball franchise for Denver. One was finding an owner for the franchise, the other was providing a stadium for the team. This study focuses on the events and social processes involved in the baseball stadium issue in Denver's bid to secure a major league baseball franchise. The taxpayers of metropolitan Denver were asked to vote on a sales tax initiative that would finance the construction and operation of a new baseball stadium ifaMajorLeagueBaseballfranchisewasultimatelyawardedtoDenver. This study centers on how various forms of power were used to persuade taxpayers that they should pay the costs of constructing a baseball stadium and how the same forms of power were later used to obtain a stadium lease agreement. Other issues addressed by this study include why citizens were not more active in questioning either ...
The structure of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane as determined by electron diffraction and microwave spectroscopy. Reinvestigation with ab initio calculations. Calculated structure of bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane

Abstract The molecular structure of bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane determined in 1977 by one of us, is now reinvestigated in view of critical comments which appeared in 1982 by Skancke 1 , in 1984 by Traetteberg et al. 2 and in 1987 by Siam et al. 3 Original experimental data were used in a combined analysis augmented by our ab initio calculations made with the 6-31G∗ basis set. As a result of this study, the previously determined very short intra-annular CC bond distance of 1.454(9)A became 1.510(2)A, in accordance with ab initio calculations. In order to extend the series of bicyclo[ n .1.0]alkanes ( n = 1, 2 and 3) studied theoretically by Skancke, ab initio calculations were also performed for bicyclo[4.1.0]heptane using the STO-3G, 3-21G∗, 4-31G, 6-31G and 6-31G∗ basis sets.