cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of short-term medroxyprogesterone acetate on left ventricular mass: role of insulin-like growth factor-1.

Abstract Previous studies using β-estradiol and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) have shown that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) increases left ventricular mass (LVM). To determine if insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is associated with the increase in LVM, we measured IGF-1 and IGF-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) levels in 19 postmenopausal women before and after 8 weeks of oral treatment with MPA 5 mg/d. LVM was measured by two-dimensional echocardiography. Changes in IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and LVM from baseline were analyzed by paired t test. Regression analysis was used to determine if changes in the IGF-1 axis with MPA treatment affect the increase in LVM. LVM increased 4.4% during the study (P = .006 v baseline). IGF-1 increased 17% with MPA (P = .008), whereas IGFBP-3 did not change. The IGF-1 IGFBP-3 ratio increased 16.8% (P = .0003). Regression analysis of LVM with IGF-1, IGFBP-3, and the IGF-1 IGFBP-3 ratio suggested that IGF-1 during MPA therapy explains 2.4% and the IGF-1 IGFBP-3 ratio explains 3.2% of the variation in LVM. There was no effect of IGFBP-3 on LVM. Most of the variation in LVM with MPA (90.5%) was explained by baseline LVM. The IGF-1 IGFBP-3 ratio on MPA treatment was inversely related to the change in LVM: women with a lower LVM at baseline had the greatest increase in LVM with MPA. These findings suggest that MPA increases IGF-1 and LVM. Because the increase in IGF-1 with MPA treatment explains a fraction of the increase in LVM, other mechanisms must also be operative.
When does algorithmic decomposition help? commentary

Algorithmic decomposition is a way of extending thinking. It will help when thinking is otherwise poor, and it may hinder when thinking is otherwise adequate. It may help decision making more than it helps numerical estimation.
Wear of CBN tool in turning of silicon nitride with cryogenic cooling

This paper reports the wear characteristics of a CBN tool in the turning of an advanced structural ceramic (silicon nitride) under dry cutting and cryogenic cooling conditions. A cooling system is designed to control the cutting temperatures on the tool by circulating cryogenic coolant through a reservoir built on the top of the cutting tool. This arrangement maintains the tool's hot-strength at its desirable range to resist tool wear in the cutting process. Experiments show that the tool wear significantly reduces with cryogenic cooling. Finite element analysis is used to estimate cutting temperatures on the tool and to reveal the reasons for different wear characteristics in the two cases. The analysis shows that the maximum temperature on the tool falls from 1153°C (without liquid nitrogen cooling) to 829°C (with liquid nitrogen cooling).
Appetitive behavior of rats in a T-maze following unilateral hypothalamic lesions.

Abstract Reacquisition of position responses in a T-maze are significantly disrupted following unilateral lateral hypothalamic lesions if a response is required contralateral to the side of the lesion. This disruption is more severe in animals trained on a shock motivated task than in those trained on a water acquisition task. Animals trained to turn ipsilateral to the lesioned side on water acquisition showed no such deficits, suggesting disruption of sensory-motor mechanisms rather than specific interference with memory or relearning. Evidence indicates that the differential responding of thirst and shock motivated animals was not due to differences in response strategies.
Power macro-models for DSP blocks with application to high-level synthesis

In this paper, we propose a modeling approach for the average power consumption of macro-blocks that are typically used in digital signal processing (DSP) systems, such as adders, multipliers and delay elements, in terms of their input/output signal switching statistics. The resulting power macromodel, consisting of a quadratic or cubic equation in four variables, can be used to estimate the average power consumed in the macro-block for any given input/output signal statistics. This enables high-level power estimation and allows one to compare the power performance of different competing DSP systems during high-level synthesis. This approach has been implemented and models have been built and tested for many macro-blocks.
The grader in ProgrammingLand

In this paper, we describe a customized instructional content delivery system named ProgrammingLand with special emphasis on a program evaluation module named TorqueMOODa. The system is fully online and is used as a component of several classroom courses, as well the foundation of comparable distance education classes. The context of these systems is the early programming classes often taken by introductory Computer Science students, among others.
Common genetic variation in eight genes of the GH/IGF1 axis does not contribute to adult height variation.

Stature (adult height) is one of the most heritable human traits, yet few genes, if any, have been convincingly associated with adult height variation in the general population. Here, we selected 150 tag SNPs from eight candidate genes in the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF1) axis (GHR, GHRH, GHRHR, IGF1, IGFALS, IGFBP3, JAK2, STAT5B), and genotyped them in ∼2,200 individuals ascertained for short or tall stature. Nominally significant tag SNPs were then tested in three additional replication cohorts, including a family-based panel to rule out spurious associations owing to population stratification. Across the four height cohorts (N = 6,075 individuals), we did not observe any consistent associations between stature and common variants (≥5% minor allele frequency) in these eight genes, including a common deletion of the growth hormone receptor gene exon 3. Tests of epistatic interactions between these genes did not yield any results beyond those expected by chance. Although we have not tested all genes in the GH/IGF1 axis, our results indicate that common variation in these GH/IGF1 axis genes is not a major determinant of stature, and suggest that if common variation contributes to adult height variation in the general population, the variants are in other, possibly unanticipated genes.
Current Hematologic Issues in Cardiac Surgery and Cardiopulmonary Bypass

Recently, new attempts have been made to fight old problems of coagulation and hemostasis as they relate to cardiac surgery. These discoveries are timely because the practice of both internists and surgeons has begun to change. Newer and more potent medications are being used by cardiologists in an effort to exert better control over hemostatic mechanisms with the hope that this may eventually improve the chances for sur vival of patients with coronary artery disease. In addi tion, cardiac surgeons have been more aggressive in voicing their concerns that cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is nothing more than a necessary evil. More and more surgeons are performing coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) without the use of a CPB machine when possible. Cardiac anesthesiologists are expected to take patients from the emergency room (where they may have received thrombolytics), from the catheterization laboratory (where they may have received antiplatelet agents), and from the intensive care unit (where they may have...
What can dolphins tell us about primate evolution

Fifty-five million years ago, a furry, hoofed mammal about the size of a dog ventured into the shallow brackish remnant of the Tethys Sea and set its descendants on a path that would lead to their complete abandonment of the land. These early ancestors of cetaceans (dolphins, porpoises, and whales) thereafter set on an evolutionary course that is arguably the most unusual of any mammal that ever lived. Primates and cetaceans, because of their adaptation to exclusively different physical environments, have had essentially nothing to do with each other throughout their evolution as distinct orders. In fact, the closest phylogenetic relatives of cetaceans are even-toed ungulates.
Parenting Influences on Latino Children’s Social Competence in the First Grade: Parental Depression and Parent Involvement at Home and School

Although it is widely accepted that parental depression is associated with problems with children’s socioemotional adjustment, the pathways by which parental depression influences children’s adjustment, particularly in low-income Latino children are not fully understood. In our investigation of 1,462 low-income Latino children in the first grade and their Spanish- and English-dominant parents, a factor analysis revealed three main pathways of possible influence of parent involvement in children’s social development: emotional involvement and educational involvement at home and at school. The findings from multigroup structural equation modeling revealed that whereas the first two pathways mediated the effect of parental depression on child social competence for Spanish-dominant parents, only emotional involvement explained parental depression effects for English-dominant parents. Parent educational involvement at school did not mediate parental depression effects for either Spanish- or English-dominant Latino parents. Discussion and implications of findings with respect to research, practice, and policy with Latinos follow.
Identification of Basic Residues in the Heparin-binding Exosite of Factor Xa Critical for Heparin and Factor Va Binding

We recently demonstrated that a template mechanism makes a significant contribution to the heparin-accelerated inactivation of factor Xa (FXa) by antithrombin at physiologic Ca(2+), suggesting that FXa has a potential heparin-binding site. Structural data indicate that 7 of the 11 basic residues of the heparin-binding exosite of thrombin are conserved at similar three-dimensional locations in FXa. These residues, Arg(93), Lys(96), Arg(125), Arg(165), Lys(169), Lys(236), and Arg(240) were substituted with Ala in separate constructs in Gla domainless forms. It was found that all derivatives cleave Spectrozyme FXa with similar catalytic efficiencies. Antithrombin inactivated FXa derivatives with a similar second-order association rate constant (k(2)) in both the absence and presence of pentasaccharide. In the presence of heparin, however, k(2) with certain mutants were impaired up to 25-fold. Moreover, these mutants bound to heparin-Sepharose with lower affinities. Heparin concentration dependence of the inactivation revealed that only the template portion of the cofactor effect of heparin was affected by the mutagenesis. The order of importance of these residues for binding heparin was as follows: Arg(240) > Lys(236) > Lys(169) > Arg(165) > Lys(96) > Arg(93) >/= Arg(125). Interestingly, further study suggested that certain basic residues of this site, particularly Arg(165) and Lys(169), play key roles in factor Va and/or prothrombin recognition by FXa in prothrombinase.
Information Transmission When the Informed Party Is Confused

It is generally accepted within the literature on information transmission that in sender–receiver games little or no information will be revealed by the sender as long as the parties have divergent preferences and certifiable claims cannot be made. I show that this conclusion doesnothold when there is two-sided incomplete information. In fact, fully revealing equilibria often exist. I motivate the study of two-sided incomplete information by considering that the sender is confused about the meaning of his private information and I discuss the implications for firms, one of which is that some decisions are optimally delayed.Journal of Economic LiteratureClassification Numbers: C72, L20.
Targeting Mechanisms of High Voltage-Activated Ca2+ Channels

Functional voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel complexes are assembled by three to four subunits: α1, β, α2δ subunits (C. Leveque et al., 1994, J. Biol Chem.269, 6306–6312; M. W. McEnery et al., 1991, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.88, 11095–11099) and at least in muscle cells also γ subunits (B. M. Curtis and W. A. Catterall, 1984, Biochemistry23, 2113–2118). Ca2+ channels mediate the voltage-dependent Ca2+ influx in subcellular compartments, triggering such diverse processes as neurotransmitter release, dendritic action potentials, excitation–contraction, and excitation–transcription coupling. The targeting of biophysically defined Ca2+ channel complexes to the correct subcellular structures is, thus, critical to proper cell and physiological functioning. Despite their importance, surprisingly little is known about the targeting mechanisms by which Ca2+ channel complexes are trausported to their site of function. Here we summarize what we know about the targeting of Ca2+ channel complexes through the cell to the plasma membrane and subcellular structures.
Recent changes in sea level and their possible causes

A new analysis of ‘global’ sea level has been made that largely avoids space/time bias of previous works. A coherent pattern of increasing relative sea level (RSL) was found to exist on average at all stations analyzed between 1903–1969. Subject to considerable assumption, the rate of RSL increase associated with this pattern was 15 cm/century. A similar analysis of the period 1930–1975 again showed RSL increasing on average everywhere but in the western half of the North Pacific Ocean. Decrease of RSL in this area was substantiated by hydrographic data. Thus in recent years the concept of a ‘global’ sea level rise is not supported. The temporal behavior of thenear global signals from both time periods was well approximated by a simple linear trend. There was no evidence of a more rapid rise in RSL in recent years. Potential causes of the above RSL change were investigated. Changes in the position of the earth's axis of rotation support the idea that the RSL change was due to approximately equal melting of Greenland/Antarctica. Changes in the length of day only marginally support this idea. However, other attractive geophysical explanations for variations in both these astronomical parameters exist. Observed change in sea surface temperature (SST), if representative of reasonable changes in vertical thermal structure, could give the observed RSL change. However, the SST data are likely biased instrumentally toward increasing trend. Also, thermal expansion of the oceans would not significantly affect the rotational parameters although changes in these parameters could be due to non-RSL related processes. Changes in ocean circulation and/or subsidence along all the coastal margins simultaneously seem unlikely causes of the observed change in RSL. In summary, it is not possible at this time to explain reliably the apparent increase in RSL.
Changes in cell adhesiveness associated with the development ofRana pipiens pronephros

In the attempt to establish a correlation between the magnitude of cell surface potential and cell adhesiveness, the cell surface properties of pronephricRana pipiens cells at Shumway stages 17–23 were examined in cell electrophoretic and reaggregation experiments. The data presented suggest that pronephric cells change their adhesiveness during the course of pronephros construction. At times when cell surfaces are relatively undifferentiated, greater cell adhesiveness may be achieved by lowering the surface potential and increasing the calcium ion binding capacity.
Renal and cardiovascular effects of hibernation and hypothermia

The hibernator demonstrates behavior to cold that is at times similar and at others different from the behavior of nonhibernating mammals. Induced hypothermia leads to the increased urine flow seen in mammalian species; during hibernation the urine flow of hibernators diminishes and in some cases ceases. Hibernators demonstrate a cardiovascular resistance to induced hypothermia but during entry into hibernation, heart rate and blood pressure are decreased more at any reduced temperature than in nonhibernating species. Although the mechanisms of these opposing actions are not clearly understood, examination of the responses is necessary to obtain some notion of the physiological alterations governing them. We are still in the descriptive stage of the examination of hibernation, and in many respects this holds for hypothermia as well.
Central sensitization in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis produced by a conjugate of substance P and the A subunit of cholera toxin.

Abstract Individuals with chronic craniofacial pain experience symptoms that are consistent with central sensitization. In fact, central sensitization may constitute the major disease process in these conditions, particularly if the original injury has healed or the condition is idiopathic. To understand central sensitization we have developed a conjugate of substance P and cholera toxin (SP-CTA). SP-CTA is selectively taken up by cells that express neurokinin receptors. Twenty-four hours following intracisternal administration of SP-CTA, wild-type rats and mice demonstrated signs of persistent background nociception, but when tested for facial cold sensitivity, they did not differ from controls. However, treating the SP-CTA–injected animals with naloxone exposed cold hypersensitivity in the face. Mu-opioid receptor knockout mice treated with SP-CTA demonstrated hypersensitivity without naloxone treatment. These findings suggest that central sensitization leads to activation of an endogenous opioid system. The data also demonstrate that the intracisternal administration of SP-CTA in rodents is a useful model for studying central sensitization as a disease process without having to induce a peripheral injury. Perspective Central sensitization is a concern in many craniofacial pain conditions. In this project, we utilize a conjugate of substance P and the catalytic subunit of cholera toxin to induce central sensitization in the nucleus caudalis of rodents. The data indicate that the injected animals become hypersensitive in the face.
The word problem in free normal valued lattice-ordered groups: a solution and practical shortcuts

In any lattice-ordered group (l-group) generated by a setX, every element can be written (not uniquely) in the form w(x)=⋁i⋀jwij(x), where eachwij(x) is a group word in the elements ofX. An algorithm will be given for deciding whetherw(x) is the identitye in the free normal valuedl-group onX, or equivalently, whether the statement “∀x,w(x)=e” holds in all normal valuedl-groups. The algorithm is quite different from the one given recently by Holland and McCleary for the freel-group, and indeed the solvability of the word problem was established first for the normal valued case. The present algorithm makes crucial use of the fact (due to Glass, Holland, and McCleary) that the variety of normal valuedl-groups is generated by the finite wreath powersZWrZWr...WrZ of the integersZ. In general, use of the algorithm requires a fairly large amount of work, but in several important special cases shortcuts are obtained which make the algorithm very quick.
Intraokulare Linsenimplantation in subkonjunktivaler Lokalanaesthesie

Seit April 1988 werden die Kataraktoperationen mit intraokularer Linsenimplantation in ausschlieslich subkonjunktivaler Lokalanasthesie (1,5 ml Lidocain/ Carbostesin mit Adrenalin) vorgenommen. Die damit erreichte Anasthesie ist ausgezeichnet, die fehlende Akinesie der Lider und es Bulbus storen in der Regel wenig. Die Gefahren und die Unannehmlichkeiten der Orbitaanasthesie entfallen, moglicherweise ist das Risiko fur eine intraokulare Blutung erhoht.
Multimodal and birefringence effects in magnetic photonic crystals

Photon trapping in magnetic photonic crystals leads to an enhanced Faraday rotation by increasing the optical path-length of the transmitted beam. The integration of these structures into on-chip photonic circuits, while advantageous from the point of view of component connectivity in multifunctional systems, faces several challenges. Photonic waveguide structures in magnetic films may support more than one mode depending on the waveguide thickness and refractive index. Differences in effective refractive indices between TE and TM modes engender phase disparities, thus hindering the Faraday response of the material. The effects of birefringence and multimodality on the performance of waveguide magnetic photonic crystals in magnetic garnets are addressed in paper. In particular, Faraday rotation enhancement in magnetophotonic crystals in the presence of waveguide birefringence and modal multiplicity on the photonic bandgap spectral response are discussed. Multiple stopbands and significant polarization rotation are observed in multimode Bi-substituted iron garnet film waveguides with single-defect photonic crystal structures. The photonic crystals for this study are patterned on ridge waveguide films by focused-ion-beam (FIB) milling.
Numerical solutions for jump-diffusions with regime switching

This paper is devoted to numerical solutions for a class of jump-diffusions with regime switching. After briefly reviewing the notion of jump-diffusions with regime switching, finite-difference procedures are constructed. Under simple conditions, it is proved that the algorithm converges to the desired limit by means of a martingale problem formulation. Numerical experiments are carried out to demonstrate the performance of the algorithm. Research of this author was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-0304928, and in part by Wayne State University Research Enhancement Program. Research of this author was supported in part by Wayne State University Graduate Research Assistantshipsong@math.wayne.edu Research of this author was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under grant DMS-0311807, and in part by Michigan Life Science Corridorzzhang@math.wayne.edu
Animal category-preferential gamma-band responses in the lower- and higher-order visual areas: intracranial recording in children.

Objective We determined where and when category-preferential augmentation of gamma activity took place during naming of animal or non-animal pictures.
The David Livingstone spectral imaging project

The David Livingstone Spectral Imaging Project is a collaborative, international effort to use spectral imaging technology and digital publishing to make available a series of faded, illegible texts produced by the famous Victorian explorer when he was stranded without ink or writing paper in Central Africa. The poster describes existing achievements of the project, plans for an innovative portal providing access to images and data, and preservation challenges.
Spectroscopic determination of ground configuration energy levels in LiYF4 : Pr3+

Abstract High-resolution polarized absorption and fluorescence spectra of Pr3+ in LiYF4 were measured at temperatures between 10 and 300 K. Energy level assignments were made assuming electric-dipole transition selection rules for S4 site symmetry. Forty-four energy levels in the lowest nine multiplets of the 4f2 ground configuration were established.
Retail Activity Allocation Modeling with Endogenous Retail Prices and Shopping Travel Costs

A model of retail activity allocation and shopping trip assignment, with endogenous zonal commodity prices and costs of travel, is developed, based on three main assumptions. First, the revenues from sales of retail goods in each zone are assumed to be in balance with the costs of supplying such goods. Second, shoppers in each zone of residence are distributed to shopping zones according to a logit function of a generalized cost of shopping and traveling. Third, shoppers choose a travel route to the store such that their cost of travel is minimized. The model solution thus represents an economic, market-clearing equilibrium and a transportation network equilibrium.The model is then applied to assess the impacts, on a hypothetical commercial activity and travel system, of various changes in physical and economic conditions, as well as the result of the imposition of constraints on zonal retail activity and/or prices. The results provide some insight into the sometimes counterintuitive interactions between ...
Comparison of Coronary Calcium in Firefighters With Abnormal Stress Test Findings and in Asymptomatic Nonfirefighters With Abnormal Stress Test Findings

Firefighters are known to have an elevated rate of sudden cardiac death compared to the general population. It is unclear whether this finding is related to underlying cardiovascular risk factors or whether firefighting inherently carries additional risk. Our objective was to determine whether Los Angeles county firefighters have higher coronary artery calcium (CAC) scores and increased atherosclerosis as determined using 64-slice cardiac, multidetector computed tomography. A total of 647 asymptomatic firefighters evaluated as a part of a wellness protocol were referred for cardiac multidetector computed tomography to evaluate abnormal exercise treadmill test findings. They were matched by age and cardiovascular risk factors, with 2,533 asymptomatic subjects undergoing cardiac computed tomography because of abnormal electrocardiographic or exercise treadmill test findings. CAC and the prevalence of obstructive coronary artery disease by vessel were derived. Finally, the predictors of CAC were analyzed using regression analysis. Of the firefighters, 49% had detectable CAC compared to 43% of controls (p = 0.015). Although the lesions were most prevalent in the left anterior descending artery in both groups, more firefighters had any left anterior descending artery stenosis compared to the controls (p <0.0001). The firefighters also had more left main coronary artery lesions than did the controls (p <0.0001). The firefighters had significantly greater CAC scores than did with the controls (p <0.001). Furthermore, the firefighters had significantly greater mean CAC scores (66 ± 8 in firefighters vs 33 ± 4 for controls, p <0.001). Firefighter status was independently associated with a 41-point increase in the CAC score (p <0.001). In conclusion, asymptomatic firefighters had more atherosclerosis and CAC than the matched controls.
An Alternate Approach to Axiomatizations of the Von Neumann/Morgenstern Characteristic Function.

Abstract : The concept of the characteristic function of a game- that gives us an intuitive idea of the value of a coalition - is of central importance in the theory of N-person cooperative games. In those cases where the players have full knowledge of the structure of a game, in the sense of knowing not only the various parameters but also the payoff functions of the other players, the value of a coalition S, denoted v(S), is defined to be the unique value of the two-person zero-sum game between S and N-S. The function thus defined satisfies two properties. The first property states that no gain will be forthcoming from non-participation. The second asserts that anything two disjoint coalitions can achieve can be achieved can be achieved by the union of the two, and possibly even more could be achieved by the latter. The characteristic function, however, does not tell us anything about the behavior of the players involved. The situation gets even more complicated if we drop the assumption that every player knows every other player's payoff function, and assume merely that he has some, not necessarily correct, perception of these. In this case, we have in addition to the true game parametrized by the true payoff functions, the game that different players perceive to exit. In the extreme case, where no player knows anybody's else's payoff function, there are new games defined, one for each of the players.
Raman scattering and electron-phonon coupling in A3C60

Abstract Raman scattering measurements performed in situ in UHV on thin and ultrathin films of doped C60 are reported for variations in alkali-metal type, composition and temperature. The results emphasize the important role of disorder on Raman processes and the probing of electron-phonon coupling relevant to superconductivity. Detailed comparisons of free carrier phonon damping effects on selected radial and tangential intramolecular phonons are discussed in Rb3C60 and K3C60, using nonmetallic Na3Ca60 as a reference. Elevated temperature studies of Na3C60 suggest a transition to a more metallic state. Intennolecular Raman scattering associated with alkali-metal motion, weakly coupled to C60, clusters is reported. The effects of alkali size, lattice thermal expansion and disorder are discussed.
Chemical imaging system: current status and challenges

The Chemical Imaging System (CIS) is a small, high-speed long-wave infrared (8-12 micrometers ) imaging spectrometer which is currently under development by the United States Army. The fielded system will operate at 360 scans per second with a large format focal-plane-array. The CIS, which is currently at the exploratory development stage, is scheduled for transition to engineering development in 2005. Currently, the CIS uses the TurboFT FTS in conjunction with a 16-pixel direct-wired HgCdTe detector array. The TurboFT spectrometer provides high-speed operation in a small, lightweight package. In parallel to the hardware development, an algorithm and software development effort is underway to address some unique features of the CIS. The TurboFT-based system requires a non-uniform sampling Fourier transform algorithm in order to preserve signal fidelity. Also, the availability of multiple pixels can be exploited in order to improve the interference suppression capabilities of the system by allowing the detection and identification algorithm to adapt its parameters to the changing background. Due to the enormous amount of data generated, the signal processing must proceed at very high rate. High-speed computers operating with a parallel architecture are required to process the data in real time. This paper describes the current CIS bread box system. It includes some field measurement results followed by a discussion of the issues and challenges associated with meeting the design goals set for the program.
Spantide II, an effective tachykinin antagonist having high potency and negligible neurotoxicity.

Abstract Spantide (D-Arg1-Pro2-Lys3-Pro4-Gln5-Gln6-D-Trp7-Phe8-D-Trp9-++ +Leu10-Leu11-NH2) was introduced as a tachykinin antagonist in 1984 and has served as a starting point in the design of new antagonists that have proven to be more effective and have exhibited no neurological side effects. The most remarkable and unpredictable structural change that significantly increased potency was deletion of a methylene group by changing Gln6 to Asn6. On the basis that D-Arg1 and Lys3 of spantide contribute to neurological side effects, many new designs led to D-Lys(Nic)1-Pro2-Pal(3)3-Pro4-D-Phe(Cl2)5-Asn6-D-Trp7-Phe8-D-Trp9- Leu10-Nle11- NH2 [spantide II, where D-Lys(Nic) is N epsilon-nicotinoyllysine, Pal(3) is 3-(3-pyridyl)alanine, D-Phe(Cl2) is 3,4-dichloro-D-phenylalanine, and Nle is norleucine], which is a potent antagonist without neurotoxicity. Spantide II, an undecapeptide, has a total of seven substitutions in the sequence of substance P, consisting of two natural L amino acids, and one unnatural L amino acid, and four unnatural D amino acids. The pi- and sigma-bond amino acid substituents of substance P and spantide II are compared toward a future understanding of the essential substituents for mechanism and inhibition binding. Spantide II has five pi-bond and six sigma-bond amino acid moieties, and substance P has two pi-bond and nine sigma-bond moieties.
THE HALF-LIFE OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN MATURE RAT BRAIN

—The rate of degradation of acetylcholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.7] in mature rat cerebral cortex was determined from the time course of the label introduced into the protein by one intraventricular injection of l-leucine-l-14C. The half life of the enzyme was 2.84 ± 013 days.
Target Motion and High Range Resolution Profile Generation

The problem of forming high range resolution (HRR) profiles from radar data of moving targetsis considered. HRR profiles can result from processing range-Doppler images of targets, whereby the 2-D range-Doppler image is collapsed into a 1-D range profile. The interest in HRR profiles can partly be explained by the hypothesis that they can be used to characterize and discriminate targets. HRR profiles are also of interest because of their potential to be less sensitive than range-Doppler images to target motion. Two different approaches to forming an HRR profile from a range-Doppler image of a moving target are examined. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed. Results are obtained through analysis, simulation, and an example with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data.
Metabolism of biochanin A and formononetin by human liver microsomes in vitro.

Biochanin A and formononetin are abundant in legumes. These proestrogenic isoflavones can be converted by 4‘-O-demethylation to the more potent phytoestrogens genistein and daidzein. Incubation of biochanin A or formononetin with human liver microsomes resulted in 4‘-O-demethylation and the production of additional metabolites. Three new hydroxylated formononetin derivatives, 6,7-dihydroxy-4‘-methoxyisoflavone, 7,8-dihydroxy-4‘-methoxyisoflavone, and 7,3‘-dihydroxy-4‘-methoxyisoflavone, were isolated and characterized. We surveyed the O-demethylase competence of cytochrome P450 isoforms found in human liver. Human cytochrome P450 isoforms 1A2, 2E1, 2C9*1, 2C19, and 2D6*1 catalyzed biochanin A consumption and genistein production. Human cytochrome P450 isoforms 1A2, 2C9*1, 2A6, 2D6*1, and 2C19 catalyzed formononetin consumption and daidzein production. These isoforms also generated other hydroxylated metabolites. Although O-demethylation of isoflavones has been attributed to metabolism by gut microflora, o...
Earthworm bioassays and seedling emergence for monitoring toxicity, aging and bioaccumulation of anthropogenic waste indicator compounds in biosolids-amended soil.

Abstract Land application of biosolids (treated sewage sludge) can be an important route for introducing xenobiotic compounds into terrestrial environments. There is a paucity of available information on the effects of biosolids amendment on terrestrial organisms. In this study, the influence of biosolids and biosolids aging on earthworm (Eisenia fetida) reproduction and survival and lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seedling emergence was investigated. Earthworms were exposed to soils amended with varying quantities of biosolids (0, 1, 2, 3, or 4% dry mass). To investigate the influence of biosolids aging, the biosolids used in the study were aged for differing lengths of time (2 or 8 weeks) prior to exposure. All of the adult earthworms survived in the biosolids–amended soils at all concentrations that were aged for 2 weeks; however, only 20% of the adults survived in the soil amended with the highest concentration of biosolids and aged for 8 weeks. Reproduction as measured by mean number of juveniles and unhatched cocoons produced per treatment correlated inversely with biosolids concentration, although the effects were generally more pronounced in the 8-week aged biosolids–soil samples. Latent seedling emergence and reduced seedling fitness correlated inversely with biosolids concentration, but these effects were tempered in the 8-week aged versus the 2-week aged soil–biosolids mixtures. Anthropogenic waste indicator compounds (AWIs) were measured in the biosolids, biosolids–soil mixtures, and earthworm samples. Where possible, bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) were calculated or estimated. A wide variety of AWIs were detected in the biosolids (51 AWIs) and earthworm samples (≤ 19 AWI). The earthworms exposed to the 8-week aged biosolids–soil mixtures tended to accumulate greater quantities of AWIs compared to the 2-week aged mixture, suggesting that the bioavailability of some AWIs was enhanced with aging. The BAFs for a given AWI varied with treatment. Notably large BAFs were determined for some AWIs. For example, the maximum BAF determined for para-cresol, methyl salicylate, bisphenol-A, and cholesterol was greater than 100 in some treatments.
The significance of shigella alkalescens (andrewes)

Summary A description of Shigella alkalescens has been presented, with anoutline for its detection and differentiation. In comparison to the remainder of the paradysentery group this form has a predilection for the urinary tract rather than being the cause of clinical dysentery. Its presence should be considered in any case of urinary infection due to a mannite-fermenting member of the dysentery group. Occasional cases of mild dysentery are attributable to the species. The organism was recovered from the stools of three children withabdominal pain and severe vomiting. Gastroenteric symptoms are infrequent, and an appreciable portionof the population harbor the organism. It would therefore seem unnecessary to isolate the individual carrier except in the rare instance of an epidemic or during hospitalization.
Does the “Compare-and-Contrast” Essay Test Measure the Same Mental Functions as the True-False Test?

Resume Le titre indique le but de l'etude. Pendant un semestre, sept tests ont ete donnes a 179 etudiants divises en quatre sections du měme cours fait par le měme professeur (Newens). On a employe toujours les měmes methodes generales d'enseigner et de noter les resultats. Chaque test d'essai s'est compose de 4 questions; chaque test vrai-faux, de 80 parties. Les donees n'indiquent aucun accroissement de l'habilete moyenne a repondre a l'un ou a l'autre type des tests entre la quatrieme periode d'epreuve et la septieme y compris. L'accroissement est signifiant entre la premiere periode et la troisieme. Les conclusions limitees a l'etude suivent: 1. La constance des deux types de test est environ la měme. 2. Les deux types de test montrent dans les fonctions mentales mesurees un empietement de soixante a soixante-dix pour cent. 3. Trente a quarante pour cent des fonctions mentales mesurees par les tests d'essai ne sont pas mesurees par les tests vrai-faux. 4. Trente a quarante pour cent des fonctions ment...
The Effects of Computer-Mediated Communication on Inter-departmental Relationships: Propositions for Research

This paper examines the current research in computer-mediated communication and interdepartmental relationships. It uses these two areas to develop several propositions about the effects computermediated communication systems have on interdepartmental relationships in organizations. Generally, an examination of these two research areas leads to the conclusions that computer-mediated communication systems will increase communication links inside and outside organizations and also will increase the number of messages transmitted. In addition, communication flows between departments facing a high degree of task variety and task interdependence will show comparatively greater increases. Finally, these systems will be most useful in situations which do not require a high degree of personal interaction.
Multidimensional Locus of Control in Prison Inmates1

This study examined public offenders' generalized expectancies of control as they relate to length of time in prison and behavior within the institution, in order to demonstrate the usefulness of a multidimensional modification of Rotter's locus of control scale with a prison sample. Inmates (N= 145) serving sentences in a large, state prison responded to three locus of control scales designed to measure separately expectancies of internality, of control by powerful others, and of control by chance forces. It was reasoned that if the separation of control into these three orientations is meaningful, then changes in perceptions of control by powerful others should be particularly relevant to the prison experience. As predicted, scores on the Powerful Others scale were significantly related to length of time in prison and number of times punished by solitary confinement.
Through-focus scanning optical microscopy

Through-focus scanning optical microscopy (TSOM) is another 'scanning' based method that provides threedimensional information (i.e. the size, shape and location) about micro- and nanometer-scale structures. TSOM, based on a conventional optical microscope, achieves this by acquiring and analyzing a set of optical images collected at various focus positions going through focus (from above-focus to under-focus). The measurement sensitivity is comparable to what is possible with typical light scatterometry, SEM and AFM. One of the unique characteristics of the TSOM method is its ability to separate different dimensional differences (i.e. ability to distinguish, for example, linewidth difference from line height difference), and hence is expected to reduce measurement uncertainty. TSOM holds the promise of high-throughput, through comparative measurement applications for wide variety of application areas with potentially significant savings and yield improvements.
Increasing Engagement in Groups: A Measurement Based Approach

ABSTRACT Recent advances in measurement have provided group workers with the ability to assess engagement in groups. The Group Engagement Measure (GEM) includes items related to seven areas: attendance, contributing, relating (to worker and with members), contracting, and working (on own problems, on others' problems). Several studies involving adults have demonstrated the measure's reliability and validity. There remains the important need to identify strategies for increasing engagement. Derived from the group work literature, this paper offers ideas for increasing engagement in groups across the seven areas of the GEM. An illustration provides an application of the strategies in practice.
Soft lithography based micron-scale electrophoretic patterning of purple membrane

Soft lithography and thermal evaporation of gold were used to create microfluidic channels with metal only on the bottom surface of each channel, in a process similar to nanotransfer printing (nTP). Micron-scale patterns of the bioelectronic material purple membrane (PM) were fabricated by combining standard soft lithography with electrophoretic deposition. Each metallized microfluidic channel is converted into a micron-scale electrophoresis cell by filling with a PM solution and applying a small voltage. Any number of patterns can be created for a variety of bioelectronic device applications. While this study focuses exclusively on the patterning of PM, micro-electrophoretic sedimentation is applicable to a wide range of biological and organic macromolecules.
Modulation of NMDA and AMPA-Mediated Synaptic Transmission by CB1 Receptors in Frontal Cortical Pyramidal Cells

Although the endogenous cannabinoid system modulates a variety of physiological and pharmacological processes, the specific role of cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the modulation of glutamatergic neurotransmission and neural plasticity is not well understood. Using whole-cell patch clamp recording techniques, evoked or spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (eEPSCs or sEPSCs) were recorded from visualized, layer II/III pyramidal cells in frontal cortical slices from rat brain. Bath application of the CB1 receptor agonist, WIN 55212-2 (WIN), reduced the amplitude of NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs in a concentration-dependent manner. When co-applied with the specific CB1 antagonists, AM251 or AM281, WIN did not suppress NMDA receptor-mediated EPSCs. WIN also reduced the amplitude of evoked AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs, an effect that was also reversed by AM251. Both the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous AMPA receptor-mediated EPSCs were significantly reduced by WIN. In contrast, WIN reduced the frequency, but not the amplitude of miniature EPSCs, suggesting that the suppression of glutamatergic activity by CB1 receptors in the frontal neocortex is mediated by a presynaptic mechanism. Taken together, these data indicate a critical role for endocannabinoid signaling in the regulation of excitatory synaptic transmission in frontal neocortex, and suggest a possible neuronal mechanism whereby THC regulates cortical function.
The Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center

Abstract The Los Alamos Neutron Scattering Center (LANSCE) is a new high intensity pulsed spallation neutron source for research in the structure and dynamics of condensed matter. With first operation in 1985, LANSCE is expected to produce the world's highest peak thermal flux of 1.7 × 10 16 n⧸cm 2 · s by 1987. A description of the LANSCE facility and source characteristics is presented. Some experimental highlights of research at the low intensity (peak thermal flux of 6 × 10 13 n⧸cm 2 · s) WNR predecessor to LANSCE are described which illustrate the scientific potential and instrumentation of LANSCE. Future plans for the LANSCE facility and research program are discussed.
An in situ measurement of sperm dispersal in a colonial marine hydroid

Because gamete dispersal in the water column is an essential feature of sexual reproduction in most sessile invertebrates, an analysis of gamete dispersal patterns in the field is vital to an understanding of gene flow in these organisms. This paper presents the results of an in situ measurement of sperm dispersal in the colonial hydroid Hydractinia echinata conducted in calm water. The environmental cue mediating gamete release (exposure to light) was manipulated to temporally isolate experimental animals from the natural population. As assayed by the development of eggs collected at various distances from a male colony, the fertilization rate was very high within 3 m but dropped off rapidly with no fertilization observed beyond 7 m. The short sperm dispersal distances reported here, combined with a general trend toward larval dispersal distances on a similar spatial scale, suggest that gene flow in colonial invertebrates occurs on a relatively small spatial scale.
Bicalutamide in the Treatment of Advanced Prostatic Carcinoma: A Phase II Noncomparative Multicenter Trial Evaluating Safety, Efficacy and Long-Term Endocrine Effects of Monotherapy

AbstractPurpose: The safety, efficacy and pharmacokinetics of bicalutamide were investigated in 150 patients with stage D2 prostate cancer.Materials and Methods: Patients received 50 mg. bicalutamide daily in an open label multicenter North American trial.Results: The objective response rate (modified European Organization for Research in Cancer Therapy criteria) was 70 percent. Of 150 patients 59 (39 percent) met prostate specific antigen criteria for partial response, and 88 (59 percent) reached treatment failure end points and withdrew. Extent of disease was a significant predictor of response but baseline testosterone was not. Breast pain and gynecomastia developed in 76 percent and 60 percent of patients, respectively. Mean drug plasma concentration was 8,528 plus/minus 2,928 ng./ml.Conclusions: Bicalutamide (50 mg.) daily was well tolerated and efficacious. However, suboptimal effects on prostate specific antigen have led to additional trials to evaluate monotherapy at higher doses.
Ten Years of Activity in Active Database Systems: What Have We Accomplished?

Over the last few years, active database systems have become a rather active area of research. This paper traces the history of research and development in this important area, highlighting the key paradigms and concepts. We examine the state of research today and its impact on commercial practice. We conclude with suggestions to researchers as to how they can increase the relevance of their work to commercial products, and hence the extent to which active database concepts will be widely used in practice.
Home shopping channel customer segments: A cross-cultural perspective

This article describes a cross-cultural study of customer segments in the home shopping channel market. The data for this analysis come from 274 personal interviews conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Mexico. The findings reveal shopper motivation segments that do not differ significantly by country, providing a basis for common marketing approaches across national boundaries. These motivations include interests in product value, merchandise variety, demonstrations, confidence in merchandise recommendations, the recreational or entertainment experience, enjoyment of conversations in the shows, the convenience of item ordering, and enjoyment of the personalities who host the programming.