cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nanophase Fe0 in lunar soils

Back scattered electron and transmission electron imaging of lunar soil grains reveal an abundance of submicrometer-sized pure Fe0 globules that occur in the rinds of many soil grains and in the submillimeter sized vesicular glass-cemented grains called agglutinates. Grain rinds are amorphous silicates that were deposited on grains exposed at the lunar surface from transient vapors produced by hypervelocity micrometeorite impacts. Fe0 may have dissociated from Fe-compounds in a high temperature (>3000°C) vapor phase and then condensed as globules on grain surfaces. The agglutinitic glass is a quenched product of silicate melts, also produced by micrometeorite impacts on lunar soils. Reduction by solar wind hydrogen in agglutinitic melts may have produced immiscible droplets that solidified as globules. The exact mechanism of formation of such Fe0 globules in lunar soils remains unresolved.
Inhibition by styrylpyridines of purified rat and bovine brain choline acetyltransferase

Nine styrylpyridine analogs were tested as inhibitors of choline acetyltransferase which had been highly purified from rat cerebrum and bovine caudate nuclei. In general, concentrations required to achieve 50% inhibition (I50 values) were in the micromolar range. For some analogs, I50 values were similar to those obtained previously by other investigators who used less purified enzyme preparations. With certain analogs, however, the measured values of I50 changed as the transferase became more purified, which may indicate the presence in the extract of other molecules which can interact with the enzyme. The methods used in purification of the enzyme suggest that the molecule which modifies the activity of CAT is probably a protein. The mode of inhibition by naphthylvinylpyridinium was found to be uncompetitive with respect to both choline and acetyl coenzyme A for both the rat and bovine transferases.
Choice of antibiotics and length of therapy in the treatment of acute salpingitis

Abstract This article reviews the rationale for the therapy of acute salpingitis and the conceptual basis for the length of therapy. The key to therapy of acute salpingitis is the need to accommodate polymicrobial etiology, polymicrobial bacterial superinfection, and the potential presence of penicillinase-producing strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae into a therapeutic equation that has been determined by the appropriate staging of disease. The anticipated therapeutic response identified for monomicrobial disease due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae constitutes the end titration point for drug administration. Duration of continued therapy beyond this point Is governed by the need to complete therapy for Chlamydla trachomatis or to assure resolution of advanced disease.
The First Examples of Alkali Metal/Cu/Ce/Chalcogenides: The Layered Heterometallic Compounds KCuCe2S6 and K2Cu2CeS4

From the reaction of the metallic elements in molten alkali metal/polychalcogenide fluxes, we have synthesized KCuCe{sub 2}S{sub 6} (I) and K{sub 2}Cu{sub 2}CeS{sub 4} (II). Isolated from a 2/0.5/1/8 mixture of K{sub 2}S/Cu/Ce/S heated at 270{degree}C for 6 d, I crystallizes in the space group C2/c (no. 15) with a = 6.859(2) A, b = 21.154(2) A, c = 6.8599(8) A, {beta} = 105.41(2){degree}, and Z = 4. The structure of I features (CuCe{sub 2}S{sub 6}){sub n}{sup n-} anionic layers composed of [CeS{sub 8}] bicapped trigonal prisms connected in the ZrSe{sub 3} fashion with Cu{sup +} residing in tetrahedral sites within the layers and K{sup +} cations in the interlayer gallery. Diffuse reflectance measurements have shown an approximated band gap of 1.8 eV for I, and magnetic studies exhibit Curie-Weiss paramagnetic behavior at temperatures above 160 K with {mu}{sub eff} = 3.08 {mu}{sub 8}/formula. Isolated from a 4.2/0.5/0.25/8 mixture of the above reagents heated at 260{degree}C for 5d, II crystallizes in the C2/m space group (no. 12) with a = 14.320(3) A, b = 3.961(1) A, c = 7.496(2) A, {beta} = 109.77(2){degree}, and Z = 2. Compound II is also a layered structure in which Ce atoms, octahedrally coordinatedmore » by S, and Cu, tetrahedrally coordinated by S, form anionic layers related to Mg{sub 2}SiO{sub 4} (olivine) with K{sup +} in the interlayer gallery. 38 refs., 10 figs., 3 tabs.« less
Evaluation of three commercial metal artifact reduction methods for CT simulations in radiation therapy

Purpose: To evaluate the success of three commercial metal artifact reduction methods (MAR) in the context of radiation therapy treatment planning. Methods : Three MAR strategies were evaluated: Philips O-MAR, monochromatic imaging using Gemstone Spectral Imaging (GSI) dual energy CT, and monochromatic imaging with metal artifact reduction software (GSI-MARs). The Gammex RMI 467 tissue characterization phantom with several metal rods and two anthropomorphic phantoms (pelvic phantom with hip prosthesis and head phantom with dental fillings), were scanned with and without metals (baseline). Each MAR method was evaluated based on CT number accuracy, metal size accuracy, and reduction in the severity of streak artifacts. CT number difference maps between the baseline and metal scan images were calculated, and the severity of streak artifacts was quantified using the percentage of pixels with > 40 HU error (“bad pixels”). Results: Philips O-MAR generally reduced HU errors in the RMI phantom. However, increased errors and induced artifacts were observed for lung materials. GSI monochromatic 70keV images generally showed similar HU errors as conventional 120kVp imaging, while 140keV images reduced HU errors. All the imaging techniques represented the diameter of a stainless steel rod to within ±1.6mm (2 pixels). For the hip prosthesis, O-MAR reduced the average % bad pixels from 47% to 32%. For GSI 140keV imaging, the % bad pixels was reduced from 37% to 29% compared to 120kVp imaging, and GSI-MARs further reduced it to 12%. For the head phantom, none of the MAR methods was particularly successful. Conclusion : O-MAR resulted in consistent artifact reduction but exhibited induced artifacts for metals located near lung tissue. GSI imaging at 140keV gave consistent reduction in HU errors and severity of artifacts. GSI-MARs at 140keV was the most successful MAR method for the hip prosthesis but exhibited induced artifacts at the edges of metals in some cases. --------------------------------- Cite this article as : Huang JY, Kerns JR, Nute JL, Liu X, Stingo FC, Followill DS, Mirkovic D, Howell RM, Kry SF. Evaluation of three commercial metal artifact reduction methods for CT simulations in radiation therapy. Int J Cancer Ther Oncol 2014; 2(2):020224. DOI: 10.14319/ijcto.0202.24
Statin use and risk of colorectal cancer in a cohort of middle-aged men in the US: a prospective cohort study.

Background: Numerous modifiable factors have been associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer, including the chronic use of NSAIDs. Thus, it is biologically plausible that HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins), therapeutic agents that also possess anti-inflammatory effects, are also associated with a lowered risk of colorectal cancer. Objective: To examine the association between statin use and the risk of colorectal cancer in a large cohort of middle-aged men enrolled in a prepaid, integrated health maintenance organization. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study of 69 115 Northern and Southern California Kaiser Permanente (KP) members aged 45–69 years who enrolled in the California Men’s Health Study in 2002–3. Colorectal cancer cases were identified by linkage to the KP California Cancer Registries. Statin exposure, estimated from automated KP outpatient pharmacy records (available since 1991 in Southern California and 1994 in Northern California), was treated as time-varying. Cox proportional hazards regression analyses were used to estimate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CIs), while controlling for potential confounders. Results: During a maximum of 3.5 years of follow-up, 171 colorectal cancer cases were identified. Compared with nonuse, the adjusted hazard ratio for ever use of statins was 0.89 (95% CI 0.61, 1.30). The hazard ratio for statin use of ≥5 years was 0.83 (95% CI 0.43, 1.63). The results did not differ markedly by type or severity of disease. There was also no evidence of effect modification by regular NSAID use. However, the stratified analyses were limited by small numbers. Conclusion: These findings provide little support for an association between the use of statins and the risk of colorectal cancer in men. There was some suggestion of a modest inverse association between statin use for ≥5 years and risk of colorectal cancer; however, the possibility that this observation may be related to regular NSAID use cannot be ruled out.
Up from Theory: Or I Fought the Topoi and the Topoi Won

Early in my career I studied the history of topical invention in order to discover the basis for a distinctive, substantive, and coherent theory of rhetorical argumentation. The effort reflected the dominant academic assumptions of the time, and it proved both frustrating and instructive. Eventually, I concluded that my objective was misdirected. When theoretical coherence became the goal of topical invention (as in Boethius), the topics lost connection with rhetorical interests and applications and became part of a self-contained scholastic enterprise. But when treated more loosely as precepts that helped develop a capacity for action and performance in a particular case (as in Quintilian), the topics emerged not only as more useful but as more directly connected to the distinctive characteristics of rhetorical art. This shift in emphasis for “substance” and “theory” to “action” and “performance” corresponds to a general change in attitudes toward rhetoric that has occurred during the last three decades....
Velocity and temperature decay characteristics of inverted-profile jets

In order to design efficient, lightweight flap systems for future engine under-the-wing STOL aircraft, the velocity and temperature decay rate of the jet plume must be increased relative to that for single-stream nozzles in order to provide local flap loads and structural temperatures within acceptable limits. The jet plume decay rate of dual flow engines can be increased by resorting to inverted-profile velocity and temperature nozzle concepts. The peak axial decay characteristics of model-scale, two-stream inverted-profile nozzle flows are empirically correlated. Also discussed are the radial and spreading characteristics of inverted-profile nozzle flows.
The Fundamentals of Uveal Melanoma

Although rare, uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Over the past 50 years, the incidence in North America has been stable, with 4.3 per million (or about 1,500 cases per year) being newly diagnosed (Sato, Han, & Yamamoto, 2008). Uveal melanoma differs from cutaneous melanoma in a variety of ways, such as primary treatment, metastatic pattern, and overall chemoresistance. Many of the classic chemotherapy regimens used in metastatic skin melanoma, such as dacarbazine or high-dose bolus interleukin-2, are ineffective when used in metastatic uveal melanoma. This article will review primary uveal melanoma.
Factors Associated with Succession of Abandoned Agricultural Lands along the Lower Missouri River, U.S.A.

The 1993 flood of the Missouri River led to the abandonment of agriculture on considerable land in the floodplain. This abandonment led to a restoration opportunity for the U.S. Federal Government, purchasing those lands being sold by farmers. Restoration of this floodplain is complicated, however, by an imperfect understanding of its past environmental and vegetative conditions. We examined environmental conditions associated with the current placement of young forests and wet prairies as a guide to the potential successional trajectory for abandoned agricultural land subject to flooding. We used Bayesian mixed-effects logistic regression to examine the effects of flood frequency, soil drainage, distance from the main channel, and elevation on whether a site was in wet prairie or in forest. Study site was included as a random effect, controlling for site-specific differences not measured in our study. We found, after controlling for the effect of site, that early-successional forest sites were closer to the river and at a lower elevation but occurred on drier soils than wet prairie. In a regulated river such as the lower Missouri River, wet prairie sites are relatively isolated from the main channel compared to early-successional forest, despite occurring on relatively moister soils. The modeled results from this study may be used to predict the potential successional fate of the acquired agricultural lands, and along with information on wildlife assemblages associated with wet prairie and forest can be used to predict potential benefit of these acquisitions to wildlife conservation.
Women and Children Exposed to Domestic Violence: Themes in Maternal Interviews about Their Children’s Psychiatric Diagnoses

Twelve mothers who had experienced domestic violence and whose children had received psychiatric diagnoses before school age were interviewed. An attachment based tool, the Reaction to Diagnosis Interview, was employed as it accesses maternal representational content. Using psychodynamic and attachment based models as a theoretical framework, content analysis was performed and four thematic categories emerged from the data: intense negative emotionality and suffering; diminished cognitive coping and dysregulation; preoccupation with trauma related material; and constricted causal attributions. Thematic categories as well as inter-relationships among themes are described and discussed in terms of current literature.
A real-time structural parameter modification (RSPM) approach for random vibration reduction : Part I. Principle

Earthquake-induced structural vibrations are stochastic in nature. Part I of this study presents a novel structural control methodology for earthquake vibration reductions. It summarizes the efforts of the authors toward the development of RSPM control between 1993 and 1996. The operating control principle is minimization of conservative energy. The control hierarchy is realized by low-power-consuming devices (functional switches) with multiple ranked loops. The control method is to adjust optimally the physical parameters (mass, damping and stiffness) of the structure in real time. This method is therefore described as real-time structural parameter modification (RSPM). It may be called variable passive control or parametric control. The basic thesis of RSPM is presented, together with a discussion of the minimal principle of conservative energy of a vibrating system and the RSPM control hierarchy which contains four ranked loops. Variable passive control is capable of handling the stochastic nature of earthquake ground motion and it does not have certain major drawbacks of conventional active control methods. Part II of this study will describe the experimental verifications of RSPM. It will be shown that RSPM can dissipate considerably more energy than existing passive energy dissipation devices. In addition, RSPM can reduce vibrations resulting from multi-directional excitations.
Identification of diminished tissue culture invasiveness among multiple antibiotic resistant Salmonella typhimurium DT104.

Abstract Salmonella infections continue to cause gastrointestinal and systemic disease throughout the world. Salmonella typhimurium further poses a major health concern due to its apparent enhanced ability to acquire multiple antibiotic resistance genes. Currently it is unclear if multiresistant S. typhimurium are more or less pathogenic than non-resistant counterparts. Using an in vitro invasion assay, we evaluated the relative pathogenicity of over 400 multiresistant S. typhimurium isolates. Our studies failed to identify any ««hyperinvasive»» isolates. However, we identified 12 isolates exhibiting invasive phenotypes that were constrained relative to controls. These ««hypoinvasive»» strains were found in a variety of phagetypes all possessing at least a hexaresistant profile. Further studies revealed that the alterations in invasion were not due to changes in adherence. Limited studies exploring in vivo virulence revealed a mildly decreased ability to cause murine lethality for the hypoinvasive strain examined. These results indicate that the ability to cause disease is not increased but is rather mildly attenuated for certain isolates of multiresistant S. typhimurium.
Influence of plasma protein on the inhibitory effects of indocyanine green and bromcresol green on pulmonary prostaglandin E1 extraction

The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of plasma protein on the inhibitory effects of the anionic dyes indocyanine green and bromcresol green on prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) uptake by the lungs. Dog lung lobes were isolated and perfused with either autologous plasma or Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate solution (KRB) containing no protein but with dextran used as a colloid. PGE1 uptake was determined by injecting a bolus, containing radiolabelled PGE1 into the lobar artery and then analysing ethanolic extracts of the venous effluent for radioactivity in PGE1 and PGE1 metabolites by thin layer chromatography and scintillation counting. When the lobes were perfused with KRB, bromcresol green at an average initial concentration of 28.5 microM, reduced PGE1 by an average of 56%. When the lobes were perfused with plasma, similar concentrations of bromcresol green reduced the uptake by less than 2%. A similar result was obtained with indocyanine green, which at an average initial concentration of 17.5 microM reduced uptake by about 70% when the lobes were perfused with KRB, but when the lobes were perfused with plasma similar concentrations of the dye reduced uptake by less than 3.5%. The results suggest that plasma protein binding interferes with the inhibitory effects of these dyes on PGE1 uptake in the lungs.
MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY : MOLECULAR WINDOWS ON A COMPLEX ETIOLOGY

Myotonic dystrophy (DM) is the most common form of adult onset muscular dystrophy, with an incidence of approximately 1 in 8500 adults. DM is caused by an expanded number of trinucleotide repeats in the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of a cAMP-dependent protein kinase (DM protein kinase, DMPK). Although a large number of transgenic animals have been generated with different gene constructions and knock-outs, none of them faithfully recapitulates the multisystemic and often severe phenotype seen in human patients. The transgenic data suggest that myotonic dystrophy is not caused simply by a biochemical deficiency or abnormality in the DM kinase gene product. Emerging studies suggest that two novel pathogenetic mechanisms may play a role in the disease: the expanded repeats appear to cause haploinsufficiency of a neighboring homeobox gene and also abnormal DMPK RNA appears to have a detrimental effect on RNA homeostasis. The complex, multisystemic phenotype may reflect an underlying multifaceted molecular pathophysiology: the facial dysmorphology may be due to pattern defects caused by haploinsufficiency of the homeobox gene, while the muscle disease and endocrine abnormalities may be due to both altered RNA metabolism and deficiency of the cAMP DMPK protein.
A highly efficient multi-carrier transmission scheme with message-driven idle subcarriers

This paper develops a highly efficient multi-carrier transmission scheme by using message-driven idle subcarrier identification. The basic idea is to carry part of the information, named carrier bits, through idle subcarrier selection while transmitting ordinary bits regularly on all the other subcarriers. When the number of subcarriers is much larger than the adopted constellation size (e.g., in most OFDM systems), a high spectral efficiency as well as power efficiency can be achieved. This is because that the number of carrier bits transmitted through each idle subcarrier is larger than the number of ordinary bits carried by a regular symbol, and all the carrier bits are transmitted with no power consumption through idle subcarrier selection. When applied to the OFDM framework, the proposed scheme can achieve an even higher spectral efficiency than OFDM, while keeping a higher power efficiency.We further enhance its security and error-tolerance using secure subcarrier assignment, secure symbol mapping and bit vector rearrangement. Both theoretical analysis and numerical results are provided to demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme.
North American Birds and West Nile Virus

Suggested citation for this article: Potter P. North American birds and West Nile virus [about the cover]. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2004 Aug [date cited]. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1008.AC1008
Corona discharge neutralizer for electrospray aerosols used with condensation nucleation light-scattering detection.

To obviate the use of radioactive materials, a simple unipolar electrical neutralizer based on a corona discharge was developed to neutralize electrospray aerosols used when coupling capillary liquid chromatography (CLC) and capillary electrophoresis (CE) to condensation nucleation light-scattering detection (CNLSD). The electrical neutralizer could be operated with either a positive or negative corona to generate ions to neutralize oppositely charged aerosols generated by electrospray and allow sensitive detection with CNLSD. The device could further be operated with organic solvents as well as aqueous buffer. The parameters affecting the corona discharge and neutralization process were studied and optimized. Compared to a CNLSD system using a radioactive neutralizer, the system with the electrical neutralizer showed higher signal and signal-to-noise ratio for test compounds, which indicated better neutralization efficiency of the charged aerosol. Highly reproducible results were obtained with the robust...
Far-Field Analysis of A Ka-band Patch Antenna Array Using High-Resolution Electro-Optic Field Mapping

High-resolution electro-optic near-field mapping has been performed on a Ka-band 2×2 patch antenna array. The far-field patterns for the array have been calculated from extreme-near-field amplitude and phase data using a near-to far-field transformation process. The transformed field patterns display outstanding agreement with theoretically predicted results and independent far-field measurements. Also, various filtering processes were introduced to investigate the contributions to the far-field formation of individual radiating elements in the array.
Photochemical electrocyclization of perfluoro-E,Z,E-4,5-dimethyl-2,4,6-octatriene

Abstract Photolysis of the title compound leads to a clean 6-π conrotatory electrocyclic reaction followed by a less-efficient 4-π disrotatory electrocyclic process.
Evidence for a factor in liver cytosol which controls the competition between progesterone and triamcinolone acetonide for the glucocorticoid receptor.

Abstract There is an inhibitory factor in rat liver which prevents progesterone and certain of its analogues from competing with triamcinolone acetonide for binding to the blucocorticoid receptor. The effects of this inhibitor can be eliminated by dilution of the cytosol or by gel filtration. Neither rat thymus nor serum contain this factor.
AUDITORY TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN SPECIFICALLY LANGUAGE-IMPAIRED AND AGE-MATCHED CHILDREN

Recently there has been renewed interest in the auditory processing capabilities of children with specific language impairment. In this study, eight children with specific language impairment and eight nonimpaired, age-matched peers completed a task to assess temporal resolution abilities. Children were asked to detect a tone in three masking conditions wherein the masker contained silent gaps of 0 msec., 40 msec., or 64 msec. in duration. Thresholds were measured in each masking condition at 500 Hz and 2000 Hz. Across the groups, thresholds decreased (improved) significantly as a function of increases in the duration of the gaps. Children in the two groups exhibited remarkably similar thresholds for the three masking conditions. However, children with specific language impairment required a significantly greater number of ascending trials to achieve the threshold criterion than did age-matched children. Results suggest that language-impaired children perceive temporal aspects of acoustic stimuli as well as their normally developing peers. Attentional mechanisms may play an important role in the difficulties they exhibit in auditory processing.
Early detection of occult atrial fibrillation and stroke prevention

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a very common arrhythmia and significantly increases stroke risk. This risk can be mitigated with oral anticoagulation, but AF is often asymptomatic, or occult, preventing timely detection and treatment. Accordingly, occult AF may cause stroke before it is clinically diagnosed. Currently, guidelines for the early detection and treatment of occult AF are limited. This review addresses recent advancements in occult AF detection methods, identification of populations at high risk for occult AF, the treatment of occult AF with oral anticoagulation, as well as ongoing trials that may answer critically important questions regarding occult AF screening.
Genetics and Twins

The phenomenon of twinning has fascinated scientists and others over the centuries. A twin pregnancy has a higher risk of fetal morbidity and mortality than a singleton pregnancy depending on the zygosity and chorionicity of the fetuses. Dizygotic twins originate from two separate ova that are fertilized by two different sperm and are no more alike than any two siblings, and monozygotic twins develop from a single fertilized ovum, develop from one zygote, and are genetically “identical.” Recent evidence has shown that “identical twins” are more genetically discordant than originally thought because of epigenetic factors. In addition, twins are more at risk for chromosomal abnormalities and congenital anomalies. In the last century, twins played and continue to play an important role in genetics research. Twin studies are the criterion standard for research on the importance of heritability and environmental influences on behavior and disease.
Revised Funnel Calculations for Heavy Particles with High dE/dx

A modification to the effective funnel length model is presented. This modification is based on the assumption that for high dE/dx particles with short track lengths, most of the potential is dropped beyond the end of the track. The revised model then calculates an average field along the track which is smaller than the field calculated by the original model. The revised model results are compared with experimental results for several ions incident on n-type and p-type Si and n-type GaAs. Agreement with experiment for heavy ions is generally much better for the revised model than for the original model. For alpha particles and Be ions, where the original model worked well, the original result is recovered.
Developing an Arabic treebank: methods, guidelines, procedures, and tools

In this paper we address the following questions from our experience of the last two and a half years in developing a large-scale corpus of Arabic text annotated for morphological information, part-of-speech, English gloss, and syntactic structure: (a) How did we 'leapfrog' through the stumbling blocks of both methodology and training in setting up the Penn Arabic Treebank (ATB) annotation? (b) How did we reconcile the Penn Treebank annotation principles and practices with the Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) traditional and more recent grammatical concepts? (c) What are the current issues and nagging problems? (d) What has been achieved and what are our future expectations?
When does green advertising work? The moderating role of product type

Using environmental appeals to promote products is a popular marketing technique. However, little is known about how the effectiveness of green appeals varies across different product categories. The purpose of this study is to examine whether and to what extent green appeals in advertising are effective and how that effectiveness differs between products with more versus less environmental impact. Using the theoretical frameworks of ad-product fit hypothesis, our two product types (more harmful vs. less harmful) × two appeal types (green appeal vs. non-green appeal) experiment shows that ads with a green appeal are more effective for more-harmful products, whereas for less-harmful products, there is no significant difference between a green and a non-green appeal. Furthermore, cognitive response was found to mediate the interaction effect of green appeal and product type on ad persuasiveness. Theoretical and practical implications of the findings are discussed.
The Incidence of Pelvic Phleboliths in Pediatric Patients

During a seven year period in a pediatric x-ray department 15 patients with pelvic phleboliths were encountered in a total of an estimated 12,000 pelvic roentgenograms, an incidence of 1 case per 800. The age range was from 9 to 17 years (average age 13 years), there were 10 girls and 5 boys, and 6 patients had more than 1 phlebolith.
Stop-Flow Studies on Ion and Water Reabsorption in the Dog

The stop-flow method has been used to study various aspects of renal tubular transport mechanisms. According to this method, aldosterone promotes the tubular reabsorption of sodium in the distal tubule. The method also indicates that the secretion of potassium, hydrogen and ammonium occurs in a very distal portion of the nephron. The substitution of anions such as ferrocyanide, sulfate and phosphate for chloride apparently increases the area of the nephron involved in the secretion of hydrogen and potassium. The stop-flow experiments support other evidence that the rate of flow of urine through the loops of Henle affects the countercurrent multiplier system which, in turn, determines the ability of the kidneys to elaborate a concentrated urine.
Detection of interfacial strain and phase separation in MBa2Cu3O7 x thin films using Raman spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction space mapping

Abstract Phase stoichiometry, texture, and the presence of microdomains in high quality MBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (M-123, M=Y or a rare earth metal) thin film specimens were investigated using Raman microspectroscopy methods. Complementary diffraction space mapping (DSM) measurements on the same specimens (using 17 keV X-rays from a synchrotron radiation source in symmetric and asymmetric reflection geometries) provided information on their state of epitaxy, interplanar tilt, strain, crystallite twinning, and orthorhombicity. The effects of substrate crystallography and the presence of a buffer layer on the epitaxial quality of the overlying M-123 film were also studied using DSM. A correlation between the interfacial strain present in each thin film specimen and the degree of twinning detected in the M-123 film microstructure was observed. The observed strain relief (complementing crystallite twinning) is consistent with a mechanism based on microdomain formation due to the oxygen atom reordering accompanying the transition of the tetragonal phase of MBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x to the orthorhombic phase during the M-123 film deposition/oxygenation process.
The Impact of Organizational Memory on New Product Performance and Creativity

Arguing that organizational memory affects key new product development processes by influencing the (1) interpretation of incoming information and (2) the performance of new product action routines...
Reliability in coding social interaction: A study of confirmation

This study sought (a) to determine, under relatively ideal conditions, whether confirmation and disconfirmation can be coded reliably by trained observers, and (b) to provide a tutorial on coding reliability using data from the study of reliability in confirmation. After discussing five problems in determining and reporting the reliability of systems for coding social interaction, including confirmation and disconfirmation, the findings from the analysis of ten videotaped interviews are reported. The tapes were scored by two experienced and trained coders, using the Confirmation Disconfirmation Rating Instrument. Unitizing reliability was good, and global reliability was excellent. Category‐by‐category reliability, both inter‐rater and test‐retest, was acceptable for the two major categories of confirmation and disconfirmation, but unacceptable for the six subcategories. The implications section draws attention particularly to the necessity in all studies involving the coding of social interaction (a) of ...
Effects of γ-irradiation on the enzymatic properties of lysozyme

Abstract Dry irradiated lysozyme (mucopeptide N- acetylmuramylhydrolase , EC 3.2.1.17) and its fractions have been subjected to kinetic studies. The aggregation of heavily damaged products is delayed by substrates, indicating a possible involvement of the active site in the aggregation process. The activation energy, E a,app , for γ-irradiated lysozyme, and the apparent affinity constant ( K a,app for irradiated lysozyme and its salt-soluble fraction, F-II, are the same as the observed with native enzyme. However, the maximum velocity ( V ) decreases with irradiation. Heavily damaged fraction, F-I, or salt-insoluble products are almost inactive. Difference spectra of losyzyme-glycol chitin complex show simlar characteristics for native, irradiated lysozyme and its F-II fraction. However, F-I fraction spectra present abnormal characteristics, indicating alterations in or around a tryptophan moiety. It is proposed that unstable damaged enzyme molecules suffer further modifications during fractionation resulting in enzyme inactivation.
Evaluating special services using a program evaluation team

A strategy for evaluating public school special service programs is presented. The process allows selected practitioners to coordinate, design, and conduct program evaluations. The nature and scope of a “Program Evaluation Team” is described, and the team process is delineated.
D-Q Current Signature-Based Faulted Phase Localization for SM-PMAC Machine Drives

Fault diagnostic algorithms in motor drives prevent damage to the motor, drive, and overall system by providing an additional level of safety. A single phase open (SPO) fault in a field-oriented controlled drive is one of the perilous faults that require immediate detection due to resulting oscillatory electromagnetic torque. SPO fault results in a significantly high electromagnetic torque ripple. The rapid mechanical vibration caused by the torque ripple exposes the system to failure modes. The single open phase fault detection algorithm proposed in this paper enables the rapid detection of the fault, with minimal system resources, compared to existing methods. Proof of accurate fault detection capability for a wide speed range is presented through simulation and experimental results. The proposed method is also capable of localizing the faulted phase via a novel time domain rotor reference frame current signature analysis.
A computer program for multiple decrement life table analyses

Abstract Life table analysis has traditionally been the tool of choice in analyzing distribution of “survival” times when a parametric form for the survival curve could not be reasonably assumed. Chiang, in two papers [1,2] formalized the theory of life table analyses in a Markov chain framework and derived maximum likelihood estimates of the relevant parameters for the analyses. He also discussed how the techniques could be generalized to consider competing risks and follow-up studies. Although various computer programs exist for doing different types of life table analysis [3] to date, there has not been a generally available, well documented computer program to carry out multiple decrement analyses, either by Chiang's or any other method. This paper describes such a program developed by Research Triangle Institute. A user's manual is available at printing costs which supplements the contents of this paper with a discussion of the formula used in the program listing.
High harmonic generation with fs frequency combs and limitations due to intracavity plasma dynamics

The dynamic intracavity ionization of a dilute gas target can substantially alter the pulse formation inside resonant fs enhancement cavities. We numerically and experimentally study these effects and how they affect intracavity high harmonic generation.
Asymptotic inference from multi-stage samples

I develop a GMM-based framework for asymptotic inference to analyze data from surveys whose designs involve stratification and clustering. I set up the estimation problem, derive the appropriate asymptotic distribution theory as the number of clusters per stratum tends to infinity and compute asymptotic standard errors that are robust to sample-design effects. The analysis is then extended to nonparametric regression and to semiparametric estimation based on U-processes. Empirical illustrations are provided using consumption expenditure data from the complexly designed Indian national household survey.
The selection of wet grinding chemical additives based on slurry rheology control

Abstract The wet grinding of materials in most industrial grinding devices can be significantly influenced by controlled changes in slurry rheology. Thus, pulp density, the level of fines present, and the pulp chemistry conditions are all very important to maximizing throughput. This paper will present a brief summary of what grinding studies involving slurry rheology control have shown industrially followed by a summary of the nature of dispersant chemical adsorption behavior for different materials. Finally, a summary of the attributes of various chemical families used industrially as wet grinding additives is given to assist industrial practitioners.
Mapping of the microcirculation in the chick chorioallantoic membrane during normal angiogenesis.

Abstract The microcirculation within the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) of the chick is particularly well suited for in vivo observation and has been used extensively as an assay to detect angiogenic activity. Although progressive chronological expansion of the CAM capillary network occurs normally during embryogenesis, descriptions of the branching patterns of CAM pre- and postcapillary microvessels during embryonic development have not been recorded. In the present study chick embryos were incubated, using an established shell-less culture technique, and observed in vivo at Days 6, 10, and 14 of embryonic development. Morphometric analyses of photomicrographs of CAM microvessels were based upon the centripetal ordering method of microvascular mapping of the first three orders of pre- and postcapillary microvessels with the capillaries serving as the initial point of reference. For both pre- and postcapillary vessels, the number of first-order vessels exceeded the number of second-order vessels which, in turn, outnumbered third-order vessels during each observation period. First- and second-order vessels progressively increased in number from Day 6 to Day 14; however, the number of third-order vessels remained essentially constant during this period. Further, the number of precapillary vessels was greater than postcapillary vessels in their respective orders at Days 6 and 10; however, by Day 14 the numbers were comparable. Average diameters and lengths of the third-order vessels were greater than the second-order vessels which, in turn, were greater than the first-order vessels in both the pre- and postcapillary compartments. Further, mean lengths of each of the three vessel orders in both compartments decreased progressively and by Day 14 were significantly less than at Day 6. Average diameters of each vessel order, on the other hand, remained unchanged from Day 6 to Day 14. Finally, intercapillary distances, based on measurements from fluorescent micrographs obtained after microinjections of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran, were substantially less at Days 10 and 14 than at Day 6. Based on these morphometric data, the endothelial precursor responsible for continuous neoformation of first- and second-order microvessels during embryogenesis remains uncertain. Whether existing first-, second-, or third-order vessel endothelia serve as this precursor or histodifferentiation of existing capillaries enables continuous expansion of the first- and second-order microvessels remains to be tested.
Reappraising the Structures and Distribution of Metabolites from Black Aspergilli Containing Uncommon 2-Benzyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2-Benzylpyridin-4(1H)-one Systems

To date, natural products containing 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-one and 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-one substructures have been encountered in relatively few fungi outside of the black aspergilli clade. While exploring the occurrence of these compounds among Aspergillus spp., it was determined that the structures of the unusual furopyrrols tensidols A and B (5 and 6) and JBIR-86 and JBIR-87 (9 and 10) were incorrect and should be reassigned as 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-ones (7, 8, 11e, and 12, respectively). The origin of the unique N-phenyl groups in the 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-ones nygerones A and B (1 and 2) were also examined, and it was established that N-phenylamides added to the culture medium were suitable substrates for generating these metabolites; however, this phenomenon remained limited to a single fungus in our collection (Aspergillus niger ATCC 1015). A variety of 2-benzyl-4H-pyran-4-ones and 2-benzylpyridin-4(1H)-ones were detected among the black aspergilli, but only pestalamide B (13) was found in all 11 of ...
Caring relationships in science classrooms: A symbolic interaction study

This symbolic interaction study was designed to identify and discover key components about caring science teachers. Grounded theory was generated that emphasizes the notion that caring is important in today's schools and provides insight into what happens in science classrooms. A key pattern that emerged regarding science teachers who are perceived to be caring is that they build a variety of relationships. The kinds of relationships described as caring by the teachers in this study include teacher-student, student-student, and teacher-content. The interaction and integration of these three kinds of relationships results in teacher-student-content relationships. The emergence of relationships and illustrations of the importance of these relationships is described herein. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Development of a Headlamp Dimming Request Prediction Model

This paper presents results of field studies conducted to predict headlamp beam usage and drivers' dimming request responses as a function of glare headlamp photometry, road background brightness and topography. An instrumented vehicle equipped with a variable intensity headlighting system was driven on two-lane public roads. Dimming distances were computed from separation time and closing rate measured by a radar. A long exposure photograph of each opposing vehicle was taken to determine the trajectory of the driver's eye point through the test car's beam pattern. Subsequent analysis of the film yielded an accurate time history of the glare illumination experienced by opposing drivers. The results show that the driver's dimming request behavior is dependent upon the level of discomfort glare experienced by the driver when the approaching vehicle first appears in his view and the potential glare exposure, i.e., the time-distance during which the glare could be experienced by the driver. On the basis of th...
Physiologically based demographics of Bt cotton-pest interactions I. Pink bollworm resistance, refuge and risk

Abstract Transgenic cotton expressing the genes for the production of protoxin of the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is used to control lepidopterous pests. Among the most successful applications is for control pink bollworm (Pectinophora gossypiella Saunders (i.e. PBW)) in irrigated cotton of the southwestern United States. A major threat to this technology is the development of resistance commonly assumed recessive, autosomal and controlled by a single diallelic gene. A physiologically based, distributed maturation time demographic model of Bt cotton and 10 of its major pests is developed. Here we used the model to examine the population dynamics and resistance development in pink bollworm as modified by weather and spatial and temporal refuges. The dynamics of the other pest species are reviewed in the second paper of this series. The economics of Bt cotton for control of PBW in southern California is put in the context of the historical overuse of pesticides and the alternative short season cotton technology. The analysis posits that in the short run, the Bt cotton may be risk reducing and economic, but in the longer term it may be risk increasing.
Directed Differentiation of Pluripotent Stem Cells to Kidney Cells

Regenerative medicine affords a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of patients with chronic kidney disease. Nephron progenitor cell populations exist only during embryonic kidney development. Understanding the mechanisms by which these populations arise and differentiate is integral to the challenge of generating new nephrons for therapeutic purposes. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), comprising embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from adults, have the potential to generate functional kidney cells and tissue. Studies in mouse and human PSCs have identified specific approaches to the addition of growth factors, including Wnt and fibroblast growth factor, that can induce PSC differentiation into cells with phenotypic characteristics of nephron progenitor populations with the capacity to form kidney-like structures. Although significant progress has been made, further studies are necessary to confirm the production of functional kidney cells and to promote their three-dimensional organization into bona fide kidney tissue. Human PSCs have been generated from patients with kidney diseases, including polycystic kidney disease, Alport syndrome, and Wilms tumor, and may be used to better understand phenotypic consequences of naturally occurring genetic mutations and to conduct “clinical trials in a dish”. The capability to generate human kidney cells from PSCs has significant translational applications, including the bioengineering of functional kidney tissue, use in drug development to test compounds for efficacy and toxicity, and in vitro disease modeling.
The Rejection of Nonscientific Beliefs about Life: Effects of Instruction and Reasoning Skills.

Nine hundred fifty-four students in a large university nonmajors biology course were pretested to determine the extent to which they held nonscientific beliefs in creationism, orthogenesis, the soul, nonreductionism, vitalism, teleology, and nonemergentism. To test the hypothesis that hypothetico-deductive reasoning skills facilitate movement away from nonscientific beliefs, the degree to which those nonscientific beliefs were initially held and the degree to which they were modified during instruction were compared to student reasoning level (intuitive, transitional, reflective). As predicted, the results showed that the less skilled reasoners were more likely to initially hold the nonscientific beliefs and were less likely to change those beliefs during instruction. It was also discovered that less skilled reasoners were less likely to be strongly committed to the scientific beliefs.
Linear convolutional codes for compound channels

A class of linear convolutional codes for compound channels (i.e., channels on which burst and random errors occur) is given. It is shown that for any rate and burst length there exists a linear convolutional code of that rate that can correct almost all bursts of errors of that length and that requires a much smaller guard space than any code that can correct all possible bursts of errors less than or equal to that length. Protection against random errors can be obtained at the expense of the burst-error-correction capability. Explicit formulas are given for the number of bursts and random errors that can be corrected. A particular scheme to construct some codes is given. It is noted that these codes exhibit limited error propagation. A technique for constructing codes that can correct random errors within the guard space is also given.