cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Changes in community composition of riverine mussels after a severe drought depend on local conditions: a comparative study in four tributaries of a subtropical river

The frequency and intensity of droughts are predicted to increase over the next few decades and understanding the impacts of drought on mussels is imperative for species conservation. Our objective was to examine the impacts of an exceptional drought in 2011 on mussel communities in four tributaries of the Colorado River basin in central Texas by testing hypotheses that post-drought community composition depends on (1) relative abundances pre-drought, (2) life history strategy of the mussels, (3) ability of sites to retain water, (4) changes in temperature and discharge. Surveys were conducted pre- (2005–2011) and post-drought (2017) and environmental conditions during the drought were examined using discharge data, satellite imagery, and water temperature estimations. No mussels were found at 9 out of 30 sites where mussel populations were present pre-drought. The most abundant species pre-drought tended to be the most abundant species post-drought and no significant difference between life history strategies was found. No clear effect of the ability of a site to retain water was detected, but the largest declines in species richness occurred in the tributaries with the lowest mean discharge and highest water temperatures, suggesting that mussels may be especially at risk in rivers with lower discharge.
Classification of Ecological Data by Deep Learning

Ecologists have been studying different computational models in the classification of ecological species. In this paper, we intend to take advantages of variant deep-learning models, including LeNe...
Energy Harvesting across Temporal Temperature Gradients using Vaporization

Energy harvesting is an attractive alternative to carrying onboard power for mobile robots, especially for long duration missions. While solar is a powerful option, alternatives are needed for situations where direct sunlight is unavailable. One intriguing concept was proposed in the 17th century to power clocks: energy harvesting based on temporal, rather than spatial, temperature gradients, using a low boiling point fluid that vaporizes at ambient temperatures. This concept has many strengths: it offers all-in-one energy harvesting and storage; direct high-force and large displacement mechanical output, eliminating the need for a motor; and temporal gradients are ubiquitous, due to diurnal thermal fluctuations. The challenge for robotic applications, however, is to create large enough amounts of work in a small enough package to power a mobile device while using a non-toxic and readily available working fluid. Here we present a simple, low-cost energy harvesting actuator, powered by the vaporization of butane and isobutane, with an isobaric energy density of up to $38000J/m^{3}$ (i.e. energy extracted per total volume expansion) each time the temperature fluctuates 13.1°C, enough to power a small car to drive 10m. Two principles enable this: i) precompression of the working fluid, allowing us to tune the boiling point and choose among many non-toxic fluids that do more work than non-compressed fluids; and ii) a constant force profile of the return springs, allowing more work than a linear spring. We present a simple model of the actuator and experimental results characterizing its behavior. Our work lays the foundation for energy harvesting across temporal temperature gradients using vaporization as a viable option for powering mobile robots.
Case series of chronic myeloid leukemia patients who maintained deep molecular response (DMR) with very low-dose ponatinib: experience in discontinuing low-dose ponatinib and treatment-free remission (TFR) outcomes

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is a myeloproliferative disease caused by the BCR-ABL1 fusion protein resulting from chromosomal translocation, most classically the 9;22 translocation [1]. Tyrosine ...
Risk Considerations for Autonomy Software

The application of increasingly higher level of autonomy for safety critical systems is inevitable. Ensuring the reliability of such systems requires managing the uncertainties that occur due to the increased autonomy. Our research indicates the increased uncertainty in autonomous software is due to increased discontinuities in the state space and inadequate situational awareness.
Identifying a Facial Expression of Flirtation and Its Effect on Men

Internal states may be conveyed to others nonverbally through facial expression. We investigated the existence of a particular facial cue that may be effectively used by women to indicate interest in a man. Across six studies, men generally recognized a female facial expression as representing flirting. Flirtatious expressions receiving low recognition by men differed in morphology from the highly recognized flirting expressions. The discrepancies are indicative of individual differences among women in effectively conveying a flirtatious facial cue and among men in recognizing this cue. The morphology of the highly recognized flirtatious facial expressions, coded using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS), included: a head turned to one side and tilted down slightly, a slight smile, and eyes turned forward (toward the implied target). Results from experimental studies showed that flirtatious facial expressions, as compared with happy or neutral expressions, led to faster identification of sex words by men. These findings support the role of flirtatious expression in communication and mating initiation.
Measuring the impact of spatial perturbations on the relationship between data privacy and validity of descriptive statistics.

Like many scientific fields, epidemiology is addressing issues of research reproducibility. Spatial epidemiology, which often uses the inherently identifiable variable of participant address, must balance reproducibility with participant privacy. In this study, we assess the impact of several different data perturbation methods on key spatial statistics and patient privacy. We analyzed the impact of perturbation on spatial patterns in the full set of address-level mortality data from Lawrence, MA during the period from 1911 to 1913. The original death locations were perturbed using seven different published approaches to stochastic and deterministic spatial data anonymization. Key spatial descriptive statistics were calculated for each perturbation, including changes in spatial pattern center, Global Moran’s I, Local Moran’s I, distance to the k-th nearest neighbors, and the L-function (a normalized form of Ripley’s K). A spatially adapted form of k-anonymity was used to measure the privacy protection conferred by each method, and its compliance with HIPAA and GDPR privacy standards. Random perturbation at 50 m, donut masking between 5 and 50 m, and Voronoi masking maintain the validity of descriptive spatial statistics better than other perturbations. Grid center masking with both 100 × 100 and 250 × 250 m cells led to large changes in descriptive spatial statistics. None of the perturbation methods adhered to the HIPAA standard that all points have a k-anonymity > 10. All other perturbation methods employed had at least 265 points, or over 6%, not adhering to the HIPAA standard. Using the set of published perturbation methods applied in this analysis, HIPAA and GDPR compliant de-identification was not compatible with maintaining key spatial patterns as measured by our chosen summary statistics. Further research should investigate alternate methods to balancing tradeoffs between spatial data privacy and preservation of key patterns in public health data that are of scientific and medical importance.
Recent Dynamical Relaxation of Galaxy Clusters: Evidence for a Low-Ωm Universe

We argue that there has been substantial evolution in the ellipticity of rich galaxy clusters between 0 < z < 0.1 and suggest that this is additional evidence for a low matter density universe.
Intrapersonal Emotion Regulation Difficulties and Maladaptive Interpersonal Behavior in Adolescence.

Although most research conceptualizes emotion regulation as an internal process (i.e., intrapersonal), emotions are frequently regulated in an interpersonal context. Adolescents may be particularly prone to turn to peers for assistance, given that honing emotion regulation abilities is a key task and peers become increasingly important at this stage. Adolescents each participated with a self-nominated same-gender friend (total N = 186; M age = 15.68 years). All participants provided self-reports of their own emotion regulation difficulties and their engagement in interpersonal behaviors (excessive reassurance seeking, negative feedback seeking, conversational self-focus, self-disclosure) as well as their perceptions of their friends’ engagement in excessive reassurance seeking and conversational self-focus. Using a cross-lagged panel model design, the current study tested associations between adolescents’ intrapersonal emotion regulation difficulties and engagement in self- and friend-reported interpersonal emotion regulation behaviors at 3 time points over 6 months. Gender and age group differences were considered. Results evidenced concurrent and longitudinal associations between emotion regulation difficulties and self-reported maladaptive (excessive reassurance seeking, conversational self-focus, negative feedback seeking), but not adaptive (self-disclosure), interpersonal regulatory behaviors. Friends’ reports of adolescents’ excessive reassurance seeking and conversational self-focus were associated concurrently, but not longitudinally, with self-reported emotion regulation difficulties. Implications for clinical intervention with adolescents struggling to regulate emotions are discussed.
Test of Hypotheses with Panel Data

The question of whether to pool the data or not naturally arises with panel data. The restricted model is the pooled model given by (2.3) representing a behavioral equation with the same parameters over time and across regions. The unrestricted model, however, is the same behavioral equation but with different parameters across time or across regions. For example, estimate a mincer wage equation based on a panel of 595 individuals drawn from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) and observed over the period 1976–82. In this case, the question of whether to pool or not boils down to the question of whether the parameters of this mincer wage equation vary from one year to the other over the seven years of available data. One can have a behavioral equation whose parameters may vary across countries. For example, considered panel data on motor gasoline demand for 18 OECD countries. In this case, one is interested in testing whether the behavioral relationship predicting demand is the same across the 18 OECD countries, i.e., the parameters of the prediction equation do not vary from one country to the other.
Eating invasives: chefs as an avenue to control through consumption

Invasive alien species (IAS) are both present and progressively invading environments worldwide causing an array of negative ecological, social, and economic impacts. Control through consumption, o...
Postwar Expansion (1946–1968)

The years after WWII were marked by expansion of nuclear capabilities as the United States began to establish a national nuclear force and other nations, including the Soviet Union, sought to develop or obtain the secrets of developing weapons of their own. The United States began development of smaller, more efficient nuclear weapons (including thermonuclear weapons) and more effective delivery systems. It established efforts to protect against nuclear spying and espionage and methods to protect sensitive nuclear information. Ultimately, as the modern nuclear stockpile emerged in the United States (with all the necessary features of a large, sustained military deterrent force), the Soviet Union obtained a nuclear capability of its own, testing a weapon similar to the Manhattan Project plutonium device. As the post-war superpowers each tested and deployed nuclear devices, new international security alliances were forged, and a bipolar Cold War was established. Technical portions of the chapter present concepts of modern stockpile weapons, including thermonuclear weapons, boosting, and the need for increased incorporation of safety and security features in modern design concepts.
Overview of the World Broiler Industry: Implications for the Philippines

Global production of broiler meat has been growing since the 1960s, faster than that of any other meat. In recent years, this growth has occurred in developing countries. Broiler meat is popular because it is cheaper, more versatile, and is perceived to give more health benefits than red meat. In spite of these advantages, the world broiler industry increasingly faces pressure to improve its production methods, with consumers and government citing health, environment, and animal welfare as the areas for improvement. Demand outlook is positive for the Philippine broiler industry because of the continuing growth in population and household incomes in the country. However, it faces threats from cheaper imports as a result of its higher cost of production and its less efficient marketing system. To compete, the Philippine broiler industry must aim for more efficient systems of production and marketing, and the government must provide an environment conducive to productivity improvement.
Number of natural and prosthetic teeth impact nutrient intakes of older adults in the United States.

doi: 10.1111/j.1741-2358.2011.00546.x Number of natural and prosthetic teeth impact nutrient intakes of older adults in the United States Objective: To examine the relationship between the number and type of teeth and nutrient intakes in adults, aged 60 years and above, in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004 using linear regression. Methods: Four discrete dental status groups were created: complete natural dentition (reference group), incomplete natural dentition, complete mixed (natural and restored) dentition and incomplete mixed dentition. We ran both unadjusted and adjusted models, controlling for age, race/ethnicity, education and smoking status to examine the effect of these covariates on the association between dentition status and nutrient intakes. Separate models were run for men and women. Results: There were significant associations between dental status and all the examined nutrients for men and for the carotenes and folate for women in the unadjusted model. Only caloric and vitamin C intakes were significant for men, and β-carotene was significant for women in the adjusted model. For men for kilocalories and women for β-carotene, those with a complete dentition had higher mean intakes than those with an incomplete dentition, regardless of the tooth type. Among men with an incomplete dentition, those with a mixed dentition had a significantly lower vitamin C intake than those with a natural dentition; there were no significant differences between the natural and mixed complete dentition groups. Conclusions: Demographic and behavioural variables explained many of the differences seen in nutrient intakes. After controlling for these variables, we found that a numeric threshold of teeth (i.e. a functional dentition) influenced some nutrient intakes while the number and type of teeth present affected other nutrient intakes.
Spiritual Values and Public Education: A Case for Reductionism

INTRODUCTION Broadly conceived, spiritual values are concerned with those attributes or conditions which foster an individual’s — or communities’ — reconciliation with life’s complexities, tragedies, and mysteries. Until recently, it has been widely accepted that authoritative insights into “spiritual values” were the exclusive jurisdiction of religion; its institutions and/or individuals. However, as John Dewey predicted in A Common Faith, it was only a matter of time before scientific inquiry shed new light on those conditions which effect a “deeper and enduring adjustment in life” — a fundamental goal of spiritual values. Research on biological stress and epidemiology alone has provided many of these insights and, consequently, may have changed the terms and conditions for any attempt at a recurring endeavor in American culture: widespread, spiritual renewal or regeneration.
Learning and Collaboration in Professional Development for Career and Technical Education Teachers: A Qualitative Multi-Case Study.

This multi-case study explored the learning and collaboration of six Career and Technical Education (CTE) teachers in two different types of professional development experiences: (a) a course on integrating reading, writing, and mathematics skills into CTE curricula, delivered by a master teacher; and (b) a small teacher study group that met regularly for the purpose of improving teaching practice. Both professional development experiences occurred at a comprehensive senior high school and involved CTE and academic teachers. The study found that different types of teacher learning and collaboration occurred, depending on the context, process, content and structure of the professional development experience. While the integration course emphasized building knowledge and pedagogical expertise about integration, the study group focused on building professional knowledge and community through sharing and support. Both professional development activities provided teachers with opportunities to collaborate and to grow as professionals.
Building Nonprofit Capacity: A Guide to Managing Change Through Organizational Lifecycles, by John Brothers and Anne Sherman

There are few topics more worthy of a book these days than the management of change in the nonprofit sector. Given the ever-increasing challenges faced by nonprofits, change is inevitable and capac...
Combining quantitative trait loci analysis with physiological models to predict genotype‐specific transpiration rates

Transpiration is controlled by evaporative demand and stomatal conductance (gs), and there can be substantial genetic variation in gs. A key parameter in empirical models of transpiration is minimum stomatal conductance (g0), a trait that can be measured and has a large effect on gs and transpiration. In Arabidopsis thaliana, g0 exhibits both environmental and genetic variation, and quantitative trait loci (QTL) have been mapped. We used this information to create a genetically parameterized empirical model to predict transpiration of genotypes. For the parental lines, this worked well. However, in a recombinant inbred population, the predictions proved less accurate. When based only upon their genotype at a single g0 QTL, genotypes were less distinct than our model predicted. Follow-up experiments indicated that both genotype by environment interaction and a polygenic inheritance complicate the application of genetic effects into physiological models. The use of ecophysiological or ‘crop’ models for predicting transpiration of novel genetic lines will benefit from incorporating further knowledge of the genetic control and degree of independence of core traits/parameters underlying gs variation.
Coordinate Variation in Lengths of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Molecules and Head Lengths in Morphological Variants of Bacteriophage T4

Abstract We have investigated three classes of small bacteriophage T4 particles which differ from normal T4 particles in length of their deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), in head length, in protein content, and in density. The different particles contain DNA molecules measuring 0.90, 0.77, or 0.67, respectively, of the normal T4 length. An additional class of viable particles contains DNA molecules of 1.1 unit length. These discrete differences in DNA length correspond to discrete differences in length (but not width) of the respective heads and are roughly proportional to the resulting differences in head volumes. The measured relative dimensions of the different heads fit best the relative dimensions predicted by a quasi-icosahedral model in which the smallest T4 head corresponds to an icosahedron with a triangulation number T = 21. The mid-portion of this structure is thought to be elongated by adding successive rows of gene 23 protein hexamers, the normal T4 head having three added rows. Different mutants produce small particles of the three classes in varying proportions, but no mutant produces exclusively particles of a single class. Particles of each class, with indistinguishable DNA content, show additional minor differences in protein content, as measured by differences in buoyant density and in the relative ratio of 32P to 35S.
Forgiveness in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Quasi-Experimental Study.

Objective This pilot study evaluated a manualized group forgiveness module within dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). Method The study utilized a quasi-experimental double pretest design with adults (N = 40; 88.1% female, 11.9% male) diagnosed with borderline personality disorder in outpatient DBT. Measures of forgiveness, attachment, and psychiatric symptoms were completed at 4 time points. Results Participants showed increases in all measures of forgiveness and decreases in attachment insecurity and psychiatric symptoms during the forgiveness module and maintained to the 6-week follow-up. These effects were not observed during the prior distress tolerance module. Latent change score modeling showed reductions in anxious attachment mediated the effect of changes in benevolent motivations to forgive and trait forgiveness scores on reductions in psychiatric symptoms. Conclusions Effect sizes were similar to meta-analytic findings on (a) forgiveness interventions and (b) reductions in psychiatric symptoms in DBT. Participant feedback suggested elements for further development. A randomized controlled trial is needed.
To the point: medical education review of the role of simulators in surgical training

Simulation-based training (SBT) is becoming widely used in medical education to help residents and medical students develop good technical skills before they practice on real patients. SBT seems ideal because it provides a nonthreatening controlled environment for practice with immediate feedback and can include objective performance assessment. However, various forms of SBT and assessment often are being used with limited evidence-based data to support their validity and reliability. In addition, although SBT with high-tech simulators is more sophisticated and attractive, this is not necessarily superior to SBT with low-tech (and lower cost) simulators. Therefore, understanding the types of surgical simulators and appropriate applications can help to ensure that this teaching and assessment modality is applied most effectively. This article summarizes the key concepts that are needed to use surgical simulators effectively for teaching and assessment.
Prey transport in "palatine-erecting" elapid snakes.

Cobras and mambas are members of a group of elapid snakes supposedly united by the morphol- ogy and inferred behavior of their palatine bone during prey transport (palatine erectors). The palatine erectors investigated (Dendroaspis polylepis, Naja pallida, Ophiophagus hannah, Aspidelaps scutatus, A. lubricus) show differences in the morphology of their feeding appa- ratus that do not affect the overall behavior of the system. We delineated the structures directly involved in produc- ing palatine erection during prey transport. Palatine erec- tion can be achieved by a colubroid muscle contraction pattern acting on a palato-pterygoid bar with a movable palato-pterygoid joint and a palatine that is stabilized against the snout. The palatine characters originally pro- posed to cause palatine erection are not required to pro- duce the behavior and actually impede it in Naja pallida. Palatine-erecting elapids share a fundamental design of the palato-maxillary apparatus with all higher snakes. A set of plesiomorphic core characters is functionally inte- grated to function in prey transport using the pterygoid walk. Variant characters are either part of a structural periphery unrelated to the core structures that define function or patterns of variation are subordinate charac- ter sets operating within functional thresholds of a single system. J. Morphol. 258:358 -375, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Function‐oriented and functionally indirect expansion as bureaucratic responses to modernization: Yhe case of the Royal Hong Kong police

Using the Hong Kong police as an empirical case, this paper explains how a public bureaucracy attempts to respond to the pressures of modernization through two types of expansion, one direct, the other indirect. In this case, functionally indirect expansion is represented by an overconcentration of control through excessive hierarchic layers and by an incommensurate relationship between ranks and functions. Function-oriented expansion- aside from regular bureaucratic expansion in size that corresponds to increased functions and tasks resulting from population growth and modernization-also takes the forms of inspection, professionalization, and externalization. Functionally indirect expansion may be potentially beneficial but also wasteful. To the extent that social prosperity, which renders bureaucratic waste affordable and tolerable, may not last forever, the rationalization of functionally indirect expansion and the promotion of function-oriented expansion are in order.
Juvenile hormone regulation of phospholipid synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum of vitellogenic fat body cells from Leucophaea maderae

Abstract The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) from fat body cells of Leucophaea maderae was isolated as a purified population of rough and smooth-surfaced microsomal vesicles which was highly enriched in NADH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) was the major structural-phospholipid of the ER membrane and it accounted for 58% of the total lipid phosphorus. Juvenile hormone (JH) treatment of allatectomized adult females caused a 5-fold increase in the rate of [14C]choline incorporation into microsomal PC, and this was temporally coupled to the induction of vitellogenin synthesis and secretion by the fat body. Turnover experiments suggested that the proliferation of ER membranes in response to JH was due to an increase in de novo PC synthesis rather than a decrease in its rate of catabolism. We also measured microsomal phospholipid synthesis by [ 32 P ]-o- phosphate incorporation and showed that endogenous JH secretion from the corpora allata supported an enhanced rate of ER biosynthesis in the fat body during vitellogenesis. We conclude that JH augments vitellogenin synthesis and secretion in the fat body by co-ordinately regulating the rate of ER membrane proliferation.
The California Storm of January 1862

The greatest storm in the written history of California struck the region in the winter of 1861–1862. The unusual weather began on Christmas Eve, 1861, and persisted for some 45 days as a series of middle-latitude cyclones made landfall along the California coast. Episodes of very cold and very warm temperatures occurred both during the storm and in the spring of 1862 as meridional flow prevailed. Heavy precipitation swelled the Santa Ana River to more than triple the highest estimated discharge in this century. High water levels in coastal streams between Los Angeles and San Diego persisted into the spring. Lakes were created in the Los Angeles Basin and the Mojave Desert. Arroyos were cut. Sediments from the flood may be preserved in offshore basins.
Ultrasonic diagnosis of tumor thrombosis of righ renal vein

Ultrasonography was employeed to diagnose tumor thrombosis of the renal vein and inferior vena cava in a patient with an infiltrating renal cell carcinoma of the right kidney.
The long-period binary AL Velorum - The atmospheric eclipse of a bright K0 giant

The properties of the AL Vel binary system, a Zeta Aur system containing a B dwarf and a bright K0 giant, are reviewed with reference to IUE observations of its atmospheric eclipse and eclipse of the accretion disk around the B-dwarf component. It is found that the conditions in the chromosphere are rather similar to those in the Zeta Aur supergiants, once allowance is made for the different sizes and scale heights involved. The conditions for Mg II suppression in the wind through ionization by the B star is discussed, and it is found that radiative excitation and subsequent ionization will suffice for the conditions encountered in the AL Vel system.
Inhibition of the Human Sodium/Bile Acid Cotransporters by Side-Specific Methanethiosulfonate Sulfhydryl Reagents: Substrate-Controlled Accessibility of Site of Inactivation

Mammalian sodium/bile acid cotransporters (SBATs) constitute a subgroup of the sodium cotransporter superfamily and function in the enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. They are glycoproteins with an exoplasmic N-terminus, seven or nine transmembrane segments, and a cytoplasmic C-terminus. They exhibit no significant homology with other members of the sodium cotransporter family and there is limited structure/function information available for the SBATs. Membrane-impermeant methanethiosulfonates (MTS) inhibited bile acid transport by alkylation of cysteine 270 (apical SBAT)/266 (basolateral SBAT) that is fully conserved among the sodium/bile acid cotransporters. The accessibility of this residue to MTS reagent is regulated by the natural substrates, sodium and bile acid. In experiments with the apical SBAT, sodium alone increases the reactivity with the thiol reagents as compared to sodium-free medium. In contrast, bile acids protect the SBATs from inactivation, although only in the presence of sodium. The inhibition and protection data suggest that cysteine 270/266 lies in a sodium-sensitive region of the SBATs that is implicated in bile acid transport.
Developmental Biology Is “Cruzing”

Abstract The 2004 Santa Cruz Developmental Biology Meeting took place August 5 th –8 th and covered a diverse range of current topics in developmental biology. This report discusses some of the highlights.
The influence of high R ratio on mild and sharp notched and unnotched fatigue behavior of 1045 steel with three different heat treatments

Abstract The objective of this research was to determine fatigue behavior of SAE 1045 steel subjected to very high tensile mean stress for unnotched, mildly notched, and sharply notched test specimens, and to determine if common S – N f and e – N f mean stress fatigue life models are applicable. High tensile mean stress fatigue tests for R ratios of 0.8 and 0.9 were conducted using unnotched and notched, K t =1.65 and 3.65, axially loaded SAE 1045 steel specimens with hardness levels of Rc=10, 37, and 50. The monotonic notch strength ratio, NSR, for 5 of 6 test conditions was greater than 1, which allowed many notched cyclic test values of S max or S m to exceed the unnotched ultimate tensile strength. Much notched specimen fatigue resistance at these high R ratios was superior to that of unnotched specimens. However, cyclic creep/ratcheting, particularly for Rc=10 and 37, was a predominant cause of failure. Scanning electron microscopy examination revealed many cyclic failures were similar to monotonic failures consistent with cyclic creep/ratcheting measurements. Specimens failed due to either cyclic creep/ratcheting, to an interaction between cyclic creep/ratcheting and fatigue, or to surface fatigue crack nucleation and growth only. Fatigue life calculations based on S – N f and e – N f models were up to 5 orders of magnitude in error, and thus completely unreasonable at these high R ratios. For a given test condition, this inaccuracy was due to cyclic creep/ratcheting, scatter, notch strengthening, material properties used, inherent inaccuracy of S – N f constant life diagrams at high R ratios, and/or extrapolation of the Ramberg–Osgood equation beyond S u and σ f .
Predicting live and carcass lean using bioelectrical impedance technology in pigs

Abstract Bioelectrical impedance technology was used to evaluate 36 pigs (103±1.5 kg) and their cold carcasses (75.5±1.9 kg) with a four-terminal plethysmograph. Pigs were transported to the abattoir, weighed, and live impedance measurements recorded. The whole carcass and right side were weighed and cold carcass resistance and reactance measurements were obtained on the right half. Length (cm) was measured as the distance between the detector terminals. The right carcass half was separated into lean, fat, bone, skin and inseparable (inseparable lean and fat) portions and individually weighed. Lean and inseparable components were each ground three times and two samples from each component were collected and stored at −20°C until analyzed. The right carcass sides averaged 38.2 kg (S.D.=1.1). Live and carcass resistance, reactance, and lengths were 38 Ω, 5.4 Ω, 87.5 cm, and 221 Ω, 60 Ω, 76 cm, respectively. Total carcass lean and percent lean averaged 40 kg and 53%, respectively. Carcass impedance measurements (weight, resistance, carcass reactance, and carcass length) accounted for 88.4% of the variation with a RMSE=1.26 kg for total carcass lean. However, live resistance, reactance and length explained only 62.6% of the variation (RMSE=2.04 kg) of the total carcass lean. Bioelectrical impedance has potential as a robotized procedure in an online system in a commercial plant with a minimum of perturbation for estimation of total lean of pork carcasses.
Genome of a Low-Salinity Ammonia-Oxidizing Archaeon Determined by Single-Cell and Metagenomic Analysis

Ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) are thought to be among the most abundant microorganisms on Earth and may significantly impact the global nitrogen and carbon cycles. We sequenced the genome of AOA in an enrichment culture from low-salinity sediments in San Francisco Bay using single-cell and metagenomic genome sequence data. Five single cells were isolated inside an integrated microfluidic device using laser tweezers, the cells' genomic DNA was amplified by multiple displacement amplification (MDA) in 50 nL volumes and then sequenced by high-throughput DNA pyrosequencing. This microscopy-based approach to single-cell genomics minimizes contamination and allows correlation of high-resolution cell images with genomic sequences. Statistical properties of coverage across the five single cells, in combination with the contrasting properties of the metagenomic dataset allowed the assembly of a high-quality draft genome. The genome of this AOA, which we designate Candidatus Nitrosoarchaeum limnia SFB1, is ∼1.77 Mb with >2100 genes and a G+C content of 32%. Across the entire genome, the average nucleotide identity to Nitrosopumilus maritimus, the only AOA in pure culture, is ∼70%, suggesting this AOA represents a new genus of Crenarchaeota. Phylogenetically, the 16S rRNA and ammonia monooxygenase subunit A (amoA) genes of this AOA are most closely related to sequences reported from a wide variety of freshwater ecosystems. Like N. maritimus, the low-salinity AOA genome appears to have an ammonia oxidation pathway distinct from ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB). In contrast to other described AOA, these low-salinity AOA appear to be motile, based on the presence of numerous motility- and chemotaxis-associated genes in the genome. This genome data will be used to inform targeted physiological and metabolic studies of this novel group of AOA, which may ultimately advance our understanding of AOA metabolism and their impacts on the global carbon and nitrogen cycles.
A laser beam quality definition based on induced temperature rise

Laser beam quality metrics like M(2) can be used to describe the spot sizes and propagation behavior of a wide variety of non-ideal laser beams. However, for beams that have been diffracted by limiting apertures in the near-field, or those with unusual near-field profiles, the conventional metrics can lead to an inconsistent or incomplete description of far-field performance. This paper motivates an alternative laser beam quality definition that can be used with any beam. The approach uses a consideration of the intrinsic ability of a laser beam profile to heat a material. Comparisons are made with conventional beam quality metrics. An analysis on an asymmetric Gaussian beam is used to establish a connection with the invariant beam propagation ratio.
Application of Method Suitability for Drug Permeability Classification

Experimental models of permeability in animals, excised tissues, cell monolayers, and artificial membranes are important during drug discovery and development as permeability is one of several factors affecting the intestinal absorption of oral drug products. The utility of these models is demonstrated by their ability to predict a drug’s in vivo intestinal absorption. Within the various permeability models, there are differences in the performance of the assays, along with variability in animal species, tissue sources, and cell types, resulting in a variety of experimental permeability values for the same drug among laboratories. This has led to a need for assay standardization within laboratories to ensure applicability in the drug development process. Method suitability provides a generalized approach to standardize and validate a permeability model within a laboratory. First, assay methodology is optimized and validated for its various experimental parameters along with acceptance criteria for the assay. Second, the suitability of the model is demonstrated by a rank order relationship between experimental permeability values and human extent of absorption of known model compounds. Lastly, standard compounds are employed to classify a test drug’s intestinal permeability and ensure assay reproducibility and quality. This review will provide examples of the different aspects method suitability for in situ (intestinal perfusions), ex vivo (everted intestinal sacs, diffusion chambers), and in vitro (cell monolayers, artificial membranes) experimental permeability models. Through assay standardization, reference standards, and acceptance criteria, method suitability assures the dependability of experimental data to predict a drug’s intestinal permeability during discovery, development, and regulatory application.
Examining the Relationship Between Intentionality for Child Well-Being (CWB) and Program Outcomes in a Meta-Evaluation

We analyzed data collated in a review of 92 programs (designs and evaluations) and examined the extent to which programs were intentional for CWB. We also examined program outcomes reported in evaluation reports and assessed the relationship between different levels of CWB intentionality and program outcomes. Most programs mention CWB in their goals and measurement indicators; but fall short of elaborating a theory of change for achieving sustained well-being of children. Greater CWB intentionality is associated with higher levels of program quality and outcomes both for children and communities at large.
The Post‐Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe after Socialism – Edited by Kiril Stanilov

The article reviews the book "The Post-Socialist City: Urban Form and Space Transformations in Central and Eastern Europe After Socialism," edited by Kiril Stanilov.
5-Hz stimulation of CA3 pyramidal cell axons induces a β-adrenergic modulated potentiation at synapses on CA1, but not CA3, pyramidal cells

Abstract In mouse hippocampal slices, long-term potentiation (LTP) at Schaffer collateral fiber synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells could be induced by brief trains of 5-Hz synaptic stimulation (30 s) or by longer trains of 5-Hz stimulation (3 min) delivered during β-adrenergic receptor activation. In contrast, 5-Hz stimulation, either alone or in the presence of the β-adrenergic receptor agonist isoproterenol, failed to induce LTP at associational–commissural (assoc–com) fiber synapses onto CA3 pyramidal cells. Our results suggest that although CA3 pyramidal cells give rise to both the Schaffer collateral fiber synapses in CA1 and the assoc–com fiber synapses in CA3, the induction of LTP at these synapses may be regulated by different activity- and modulatory neurotransmitter-dependent processes.
Understanding the routinised inclusion of race, socioeconomic status and sex in epidemiology: the utility of concepts from technoscience studies

Abstract The multifactorial model of disease causation constitutes the dominant conceptual framework underwriting the epidemiology of chronic illness. Under this rubric, factors correlated with disease are analysed at the individual level; accordingly, race, social class and gender are routinely conceptualised and incorporated into epidemiological research as individualised measures of racial category, socioeconomic status and sex. This paper employs three concepts from the field of technoscience studies to elucidate how epidemiological constructions about bodily ‘differences’ are infused with authority and legitimacy. The multifactorial model and accompanying representations of race, class and gender can be usefully conceptualised as a black box (Latour 1987, Latour and Woolgar 1986), in which individualised inputs to epidemiological studies are routinised while the interior workings of the black box – how exactly ‘differences’ come to affect health – are taken for granted. Second, processes of triangulation (Star 1985, 1986) are evident, as results from multiple lines of research on an array of different diseases are used to enhance the stability of the multifactorial model and associated constructions of ‘difference’. A final illuminating technoscience concept is that of the boundary object (Star and Griesemer 1989), whose dual properties of conceptual flexibility and integrity help in understanding the proliferation and institutionalisation of epidemiological methods of studying race, class and sex/gender in chronic disease.
ALGAL DISTRIBUTION IN A SMALL, INTERMITTENT STREAM RECEIVING ACID MINE‐DRAINAGE1

Lynx Creek, a small intermittent creek in the Bradshaw Mountains of Arizona, is subjected to drainage from an abandoned copper mine. The mine-drainage decreases the pH of the Creek about three units and greatly increases sulfate and heavy metal concentrations. Chemical recovery of the Creek occurs downstream through precipitation of metal hydroxides and dilution by tributaries. Changes in Creek chemistry are accompanied by changes in algal flora. Above the mine and downstream after substantial recovery, the flora is dominated by Tribonema affine4, Achnanthes spp., and Synedra ulna and several zygnematacean species. In the mine seep entering the Creek and in the Creek just below the seep the flora is reduced in species richness and dominated in abundance by Microthamnion kuetzingianum and Eunotia tenella.
Control of house flies in swine finishing units by improved methods of waste disposal.

Four swine-finishing units were equipped with different waste-disposal systems to determine their effectiveness in preventing development of the house fly, Musca domestica L. Each unit was completely screened to prevent contamination from outside sources. No insecticides were used. One of the 4 was a standard shed-type house used as a control. The other 3 units were equipped with new and improved waste-disposal systems. Results from 2 years of study indicate that house fly production in and around swine finishing units can be greatly reduced by using 1 of the 3 improved methods of waste disposal described.
Adjuvant radiotherapy for pathologic stage T3/4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate: ten-year update.

Purpose : To determine the role of adjuvant postoperative radiotherapy (RT) following radical prostatectomy (RP) in a group of patients with pathologic Stage T3/4 adenocarcinoma of the prostate followed for a median of 10 years after treatment. Methods and Materials : Between 1970 and 1983, 159 patients underwent RP for newly diagnosed adenocarcinoma of the prostate and were found to have pathologic Stage T3/4 tumors. Forty-six received adjuvant RT and 113 did not. Radiotherapy usually consisted of 45-50 Gy to the whole pelvis followed by a boost to the prostate bed of 10-15 Gy, to a total dose of 55-65 Gy. Patients were analyzed with respect to survival, disease-free survival, local control, and freedom from distant metastases. A rising prostate-specific antigen in the absence of other evidence of relapse was scored as a separate category of recurrence. Results : Both groups of patients have been followed for a median of 10 years. The actuarial survival at 10 and 15 years was 62% and 62% for the RT group compared to 52% and 37%, respectively, for the RP group (p = 0.18). The disease-free survival for the RT group was 55% and 48% at 10 and 15 years, respectively, compared to 37% and 33% for the RP group (p = 0.16). Similarly, there was no difference in the rate of distant metastases between the two groups. In contrast, the local relapse rate was significantly reduced by the addition of postoperative radiotherapy. The actuarial local control rate at 10 and 15 years was 92% and 82%, respectively, for the RT group vs. 60% and 53% for the RP group (p = 0.002). Conclusions : While postoperative pelvic RT significantly improves local control compared to RP alone for pathologic Stage T3/4 prostate cancer, it has no impact on distant metastases and consequently does not improve survival. These data are consistent with the conclusion that many patients with pathologic Stage T3/4 prostate cancer have occult metastases at presentation and will not be cured by local therapies alone. The optimal treatment for this patient population remains to be established.
Effects of context‐drug learning on synaptic connectivity in the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala in rats

Context-drug learning produces structural and functional synaptic changes in the circuitry of the basolateral nucleus of the amygdala (BLA). However, how the synaptic changes translated to the neuronal targets was not established. Thus, in the present study, immunohistochemistry with a cell-specific marker and the stereological quantification of synapses was used to determine if context-drug learning increases the number of excitatory and inhibitory/modulatory synapses contacting the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) interneurons and/or the pyramidal neurons in the BLA circuitry. Amphetamine-conditioned place preference increased the number of asymmetric (excitatory) synapses contacting the spines and dendrites of pyramidal neurons and the number of multisynaptic boutons contacting pyramidal neurons and GABA interneurons. Context-drug learning increased asymmetric (excitatory) synapses onto dendrites of GABA interneurons and increased symmetric (inhibitory or modulatory) synapses onto dendrites but not perikarya of these same interneurons. The formation of context-drug associations alters the synaptic connectivity in the BLA circuitry, findings that have important implications for drug-seeking behavior.
More than a Passing Grade: Fostering Positive Psychological Outcomes for Mainstreamed Students with Autism

This paper argues that children and adolescents with autism will achieve the best psychological outcomes if they are taught to live successfully in the mainstream world while still being allowed to explore and embrace their autistic identities. Connections between the history of deaf education and the current state of education for students with autism are explored, and potentially effective inclusion-promoting techniques are examined. The importance of bicultural identity formation for minority members (including disabled or disordered children) is emphasized, with research showing that an individual’s sense of belonging to both the mainstream culture as well as his/her minority culture has a large impact on his/her self-esteem levels and later psychological outcomes. Suggestions for future research practices and educational setting reforms are made.