cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reflective second harmonic generation near resonance in the epitaxial Al-doped ZnO thin film

The second harmonic (SH) generation from the highly epitaxial Al-doped ZnO film on sapphire was measured, using the femtosecond Ti:Sapphire laser at the near-resonant SH wavelength, in reflection geometry to avoid the sapphire’s contribution in the conventional Maker fringes technique. By investigating SH intensities as a function of the azimuthal angle along the film’s normal, we found that the sapphire substrate had a negligible contribution to the reflective SH signal and the film had a pure and well-aligned c-domain. We also developed a new method to calculate the component’s ratios of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor by analyzing the polarization diagrams of SH intensities under the incidence with two different angles. The ratios indicate that Kleinman’s symmetry is broken due to the absorption at SH wavelength and the dominant component of the nonlinear susceptibility tensor is d33. Calibration using the Z-cut quartz shows a possible overestimate of the nonlinear response by Maker fringes technique.
Role of electron capture in ion-induced electronic sputtering of insulators

Measurements of the sputtering yield of solid ${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ by $25--240\text{\ensuremath{-}}\mathrm{keV}$ ${\mathrm{H}}^{+}$ show that it is double valued in its dependence on electronic stopping power. We propose that this is because the electronic sputtering yield is dominated by repulsion of ions in the ionization track of the projectile which, at low velocities, is augmented near the surface due to the additional ionization resulting from electron captures. This process may also be responsible for enhanced radiation damage in insulators, in particular in the production of fission tracks.
Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage: time for a new world of thought.

Abstract Objective: Delayed cerebral vasospasm has long been recognized as an important cause of poor outcome after an otherwise successful treatment of a ruptured intracranial aneurysm, but it remains a pathophysiological enigma despite intensive research for more than half a century. Method: Summarized in this review are highlights of research from North America, Europe and Asia reflecting recent advances in the understanding of delayed ischemic deficit. Result: It will focus on current accepted mechanisms and on new frontiers in vasospasm research. Conclusion: A key issue is the recognition of events other than arterial narrowing such as early brain injury and cortical spreading depression and of their contribution to overall mortality and morbidity.
Settle-Cave Report

I HAVE just read with considerable astonishment Mr. Tiddeman's letter (NATURE, October 23) relating to an abstract which I never saw till to-day, and for which, therefore, I am not responsible. The whole question of the antiquity of cave deposits as well as that of those in the Victoria Cave, in particular is treated in my work on “Cave-Hunting,” shortly to be published, and therefore I see no reason for entering into any argument based on the distribution of the Pleistocene Mammalia, or to depart from my rule of not entering into a controversial correspondence.
Dance, business, and politics: Letters from Mary Wigman to Hanya Holm, 1930–1971

(1997). Dance, business, and politics: Letters from Mary Wigman to Hanya Holm, 1930–1971. Dance Chronicle: Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-21.
A computer simulation of the tension test

A dynamic finite-difference computer program is used to calculate the quasi-static necking deformation of a round tensile bar to 71 per cent reduction in area. Finite strain and rotation are accounted for. We modelled the behavior of A-533 Grade B Class 1 nuclear-pressure-vessel steel as elastic work-hardening plastic material, using J2-flow theory and a flow curve obtained from a simple tensile test. Up to the time of fracture, computed results of neck radius vs load and elongation, load vs elongation, and neck profile vs neck radius compare favorably with experimental results. We present the macroscopic stress and strain state at fracture and compare these results with those of Bridgman and other calculators. Our calculated neck stress shows monotonically decreasing stress in the radial direction and does not show the sharp stress peaks on the axis or the rounder stress peaks off the axis that these earlier calculations show. We find considerable differences from the Bridgman solution. An iterative computer method is introduced to allow correction of simple tension-test data to a universal flow-stress curve valid for large strain.
Cosmetology, cosmetics, cosmeceuticals: definitions and regulations.

The growth of the cosmetic industry, together with the dramatic increase in advances in cosmetic chemistry, has been one of increasing interface with dermatologists. The change especially in dermatology has found less emphasis on medical dermatology and growth in the areas of cosmetic dermatology and dermatologic surgery. With this, the dermatologist has had to become more aware of principles and products in the field of cosmetics. The use of these newer products as an adjunct to the practice of dermatology coincides nicely with recent international congresses, whose theme has been “healthy skin for all” and variations on such. Perhaps the major body for the oversight of this growth remains the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), which for many parts of the world provides the assurance of safety and quality for various foods, drugs, and cosmetics. The mandate for much current regulation and oversight began in 1938 with the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which placed active oversight on various drugs and cosmetics and was further modified in 1960 by the Delaney Amendment, which focused on the growing awareness of carcinogenic potential of various agents, topical and systemic. 1 Since the radium scare of the 1920s and 1930s, the increasing use of synthetic materials has focused on delayed long-term potential cancer risks and health hazards. More recently, such agents as Dioxin, Agent Orange, and certain other fungicides and pesticides have seemingly justified this new role of the FDA. Of particular confusion at the present time are certain dyes—FD&C Red #3, FD&C Yellow #5, hair dyes—and other agents that are essential in the cosmetic and “cosmeceutical” practice. The variability of interpretation of safety still confounds easy interpretation of the administration’s role in the approval of new uses, particularly in the cosmeceutical area. At the present time, FD&C Red #3 has been
Organizational change and environmental impact assessment at the electricity generating authority of Thailand: 1972–1988

Abstract This study examines the influence of leadership, political entrepreneurship, and organizational change on the institutionalization of environmental impact assessment (EIA). The Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) initiated EIA activities earlier and more comprehensively than most developing countries. How and why were EIA activities pursued? Part of the explanation for EGAT's EIA activities involves external controls exerted by the World Bank, the Thai government, and concerned citizens. However, an explanation based on external factors alone overlooks the significant influence of internal forces and entrepreneurial activities within EGAT. Our analysis of EIA adoption at EGAT reveals three factors that can contribute to the successful implementation of EIA: (1) mutually reinforcing support for EIA from both inside and outside a development agency, (2) political entrepreneurship by agency staff that are concerned about the environment and (3) the transformation of power relationships within the agency by environmental professionals.
Abstract IA16: The ceRNA hypothesis and the non-coding revolution in cancer research and therapy

The central dogma of molecular biology, as proposed by Francis Crick, demonstrates that genetic information is transferred from DNA in our genomes to the generation of functional proteins, through a messenger RNA (mRNA) intermediate. This suggests that the key function of each mRNA is to encode for protein. We have demonstrated that mRNAs can exert a biological activity that is independent of the protein for which they encode. Since this phenomenon is dependent on sequences contained in RNA transcripts, this phenomenon applies to protein-coding genes, pseudogenes, of which 19,000 have been predicted in the genome as well as long non-coding RNAs that have been recently identified to be pervasive in the cell and in biology. This new function is brought about by the ability of mRNAs—and RNAs in general—to bind and sequester microRNA molecules. microRNAs specifically repress the expression levels of many genes and have consequently been shown to play important roles in diseases including cancer. We show that any messenger RNA and RNA molecule can sequester microRNA molecules acting as a “competitive endogenous RNAs.” We therefore term them ceRNAs . Given that microRNAs can bind to multiple mRNAs, we argued that mRNAs compete for the binding to a given microRNA. We originally tested this hypothesis and proved its validity by studying the interaction between the mRNA encoding for the PTEN tumor suppressor gene and its closely related pseudogene, PTENP1 , which we show to act as a tumor suppressor through this new mechanism. We therefore identify PTENP1 as well as the several thousand uncharacterized RNA molecules as potential human disease genes. We have now expanded this analysis to the whole transcriptome. Our findings therefore defines a new biological dimension that will allow for the rapid identification and functional characterization of new disease genes. Citation Format: Pier Paolo Pandolfi. The ceRNA hypothesis and the non-coding revolution in cancer research and therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Noncoding RNAs and Cancer; 2012 Jan 8-11; Miami Beach, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(2 Suppl):Abstract nr IA16.
Stearic acid solubility and cubic phase volume.

Stearic acid (SA) is highly soluble in structurally diverse solvents. SA/solvent packing within a (24.8 u A) 3 cubic volume explains the stoichiometry of SA solubility at multiple temperatures in multiple solvents. In the absence of solvent, the cubic volume contains 25 molecules at van der Waals distances from each other. At 55 ◦ C, SA occupied half the cubic volume in saturated solution of four structurally diverse solvents. Below 4% SA/volume (e.g. in acetonitrile), the head and foot of each SA molecules on average is more than one solvent molecule away from the head and foot of a neighboring SA molecule. At 50% SA/cubic volume, –CH2– groups on SA molecules are separated from neighboring –CH2– groups on SA molecules by a monolayer of solvent molecules. Lowering the temperature from 55 to 25 ◦ C, the volume fraction of SA decreased by a factor of 2 (or more) for every 6 ◦ C. Lowering temperature increased the relative number of column of solvent molecules in the cubic phase, and correspondingly, the distance between SA molecules within the cubic volume increased. In three of five solvents, molecular mechanics calculations demonstrated the van der Waals stabilization that occurs from SA/SA affinity in the absence of solvent is similar in magnitude to the van der Waals stabilization from SA/solvent affinity. Methyl-t-butyl ether was less stabilized than hexane, acetone or methanol because the more bulky molecules packed less efficiently within the cubic volume. The most efficient/most stable packing however was still as columns of solvent between columns of SA. The efficiency and stability of SA and solvent packing optimal within the (24.8 u A) 3 cubic volume. Between 100 and 8% SA, multiple SA molecules present within the cubic volume function as SA aggregates. Both inter- and intra-cubic (phase) volume properties of SA aggregates coexist. Although acetonitrile and SA at the molecular level are both rod shaped, acetonitrile disrupted the packing of SA molecules within the cubic phase. The disrupted packing explains the much lower solubility of SA in acetonitrile than in the other solvents. The same molecular structures (e.g. methanol) can either stabilize or disrupt the packing of aggregated SA molecules, depending upon temperature. The mechanisms of aggregation within cubic volumes could also occur with structurally more complicated lipids. Aggregation and dispersion from such cubic phases could also be present in more complex chemical and/or macromolecular environments.
THE MECHANISM OF THE WATER EXPULSION VESICLE OF THE CILIATE TETRAHYMENA PYRIFORMIS

Analysis of high-speed (150 frames/sec) cinematographs of the filling and expulsion of the water expulsion vesicle of Tetrahymena pyriformis shows that the vesicle fills as water is pumped into it by contractions of at least four ampullary sacs which are continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum. When filled, the vesicle is pressed against its two excretory pores by cyclotic movements of the cytoplasm. This pressure closes the apertures of the ampullae, preventing backflow from the vesicle into them, and also spreads the pellicle of and at the pore, thereby stretching and rupturing the pore-sealing membrane. The vesicle is then invaginated by the cytoplasmic pressure, driving fluid out of the pore. The pore-sealing membrane then reforms, apparently by constriction, and the vesicle is again filled. Electron micrographs show that crisscrossed pore-microtubules extend from the pore to the openings of the ampullae, anchoring the vesicle in place. Each pore is surrounded by a stack of at least 11 ring-microtubules, to which the anchoring pore-microtubules are attached. The pore-microtubules appear to exert tension which assists in spreading the pore, aiding cyclotic pressures in rupturing the pore-sealing membrane. A possible mechanism for the cyclotic pressure and ampullary contraction is proposed.
Radiation Heat Exchange Between Electronic Components on a Circuit Board and the Walls of Its Enclosure

Radiation heat transfer between rectangular electronic components on a printed circuit board and the walls of its enclosure is studied analytically using a Monte Carlo method. The radiation heat transfer between the electronic components and the cover is determined for the cases of diffuse and specular surfaces with constant properties, and for diffuse and specular surfaces with variable temperature and direction-dependent properties. The radiation interchange between the components and the cover of the enclosure are determined and presented for various dimensionless parameters and surface emissivities in tabular and graphical forms. The radiation heat transfer, in general, is found to be comparable in magnitude to natural-convection heat transfer at operating conditions encountered in practice. It is shown that radiation can serve as an effective heat transfer mechanism for the cooling of electronic components in sealed enclosures cooled externally.
A parallelized multi-degrees-of-freedom cell mapping method

Cell mapping methods, in general, provide a computationally efficient way to analyze the long-term global dynamics of lower-dimensional systems. The multi-degrees-of-freedom cell mapping (MDCM) method, in particular, overcomes the scaling limitations of other cell mapping methods, allowing efficiency benefits to be realized for higher-dimensional systems. Unfortunately, the sequential structure of the MDCM algorithm limits the ability to utilize the parallel processing capabilities of modern computers. In this paper, the parallelized multi-degrees-of-freedom cell mapping (PMDCM) method is introduced. The PMDCM method features a restructured algorithm that employs parallel computation to streamline one of the most time-consuming elements: numerical integration. The PMDCM algorithm is described in detail and is demonstrated by comparing results produced by the PMDCM method to those produced by MDCM and the grid-of-starts. By using the PMDCM method on a quad-core processor with 100 simultaneous integrations per mapping step, the total computation time is reduced by 93 %, as compared with the MDCM method. With PMDCM, the global integrity measure also agrees more closely with the computationally intensive grid-of-starts method when compared with the MDCM method.
ENZYMATIC PATHWAYS OF PHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE (PC) BIO- SYNTHESIS IN DEVELOPING PRIMATE LUNG

Respiratory distress syndrome has been associated with inadequate amounts of PC, the level of which increases in fetal lung during the last 10% of gestation. Enzymes exist for the synthesis of PC by two pathways: the “choline pathway” (I) and the “methylation pathway” (II). In studying the control of PC biosynthesis, we have discovered that lung from newborn and adult Rhesus monkeys contains only one enzyme for the first step of both pathways. This is a dual substrate specificity enzyme with choline kinase (CK) and ethanolamine kinase (EK) activity. The ratio of EK to CK is 0.3 in lung tissues from these sources. This ratio remains constant from the dialyzed, 40,000 xg supernatant fluid of lung homogenates to a 300-fold purified fraction. Furthermore, this ratio remains constant at 0.3 in lung tissue from Rhesus monkey fetuses of 111 to 159 days gestation. Other organs of newborn and adult Rhesus monkeys showed similar EK/CK ratios, except for liver, which had a ratio of 0.6. The higher ratio of EK to CK in liver was shown to be caused by the existence of an additional enzyme in this tissue, totally absent in lung, for the phosphorylation of ethanolamine. This liver enzyme was insensitive to inhibition by choline, while the lung EK activity was inhibited 50% by concentrations of choline as low as 0.005 mM. These findings lead us to conclude thst increased PC synthesis in fetal lung tissue cannot be caused by an increase of EK activity in pathway II. These data also provide further support for the predominance of pathway I in developing primate lung.
The Umbral Transfer-Matrix Method. I. Foundations

We lay the foundations for the Umbral Transfer-Matrix Method, based on Gian-Carlo Rota's seminal notion of the “umbra” as a linear functional on a vector space of formal power series. The full potential of Rota's concept, to be described in subsequent parts of this series of articles, emerges when it is implemented on a computer.
Technical modifications in endoscopic vein harvest techniques facilitate their use in lower extremity limb salvage procedures.

Objective We describe and report our results using endoscopic vein harvest (EVH) for lower extremity arterial bypass procedures, following the implementation of technical modifications specific to patients undergoing limb salvage procedures. Methods We underwent training in EVH, followed by implementation of the technique in patients requiring limb salvage for lower extremity ischemia and aneurysms. After technical modifications in the technique were developed for limb salvage, we reviewed our experience in all patients who underwent minimally invasive distal bypass with EVH. Results Technical modifications include limited arterial dissection before vein harvest, the use of proximal and distal leg incisions for both exposure of arterial vessels and saphenous vein harvest, improved hemostasis techniques in the vein graft tunnel, avoidance of compression wraps to the ipsilateral harvest tunnel, complete removal of the vein with either reversed or nonreversed graft placement, and use of the endoscopic tunnel for conduit placement. Thirteen patients (14 limbs) have undergone minimally invasive distal bypass since technical modifications were implemented. Indications for EVH were rest pain (n = 12; 85.7%) and tissue loss (n = 8; 57.1%). Veins harvested were the ipsilateral great saphenous vein (n = 10; 71.4%), contralateral great saphenous vein (n = 2; 14.3%), and short saphenous vein (n = 2; 14.3%). No venous injuries occurred during endoscopic harvest, and all were used for bypass. Thirty-day primary and primary assisted patency rates were 85.7% and 92.9%, respectively. The limb salvage rate was 100%. Two patients developed postoperative hematomas, one early and one late, as a result of anticoagulation for cardiac comorbidities. Both patients required reoperation for successful re-establishment of patency. There were no perioperative deaths and no postoperative wound infections or complications. Two patients required a later prosthetic bypass, and two required a vein graft angioplasty. Complete wound healing was achieved in 75% of patients with preoperative tissue loss. Conclusions Technical modifications in endoscopic saphenous vein harvest techniques facilitate their use in lower extremity limb salvage procedures. Vascular surgeons should become familiar with these techniques to minimize vein harvest wound complications and extend the options for limb salvage conduits, including use of both the ipsilateral and contralateral saphenous vein and the short saphenous vein. Meticulous hemostasis within the tunnel after endoscopic conduit harvest and avoidance of postoperative anticoagulation should help to prevent postoperative hematoma formation and early graft occlusion.
The Vacillations of the Trojan Myth: Popularization & Classicization, Variation & Codification

Petersen’s Troy, claiming only to be “inspired by Homer’s Iliad,” contains more Iliadic material than most works of art of the past three millennia. The archaic Greek cyclic poets created popular and romantic prequels and sequels to the events of the war, of which Homer’s Iliad comprises a relatively small part, so only a proportionally small percentage of works by subsequent Greco-Roman poets and painters recast or illustrated events from the Iliad. Later antiquity questioned the authenticity of Homer’s account, and along with the medieval neglect of Greek this led to the dominance of the accounts by Dares, Dictys, and Benoit de Sainte-Maure. The recovery of Greek in the Renaissance relegated Homer’s epic to scholarly ventures, and Schliemann’s identification of the historical Troy discouraged popular artists from transferring the Iliad to new twentieth-century genres and media.
Care of Preterm Infants in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Technologic and pharmacologic advances in neonatal intensive care and their impact on short-term and long-term outcomes have been the major focus of neonatal clinical research. Neonatal mortality reached an unsurpassable minimum by the late 1990s. However, this has been associated with high rates of neonatal morbidity and neurodevelopmental impairment.1 Extremely preterm infants, many of whom spend months in the NICU, are exposed to an environment very different from that in utero. This environment includes prolonged periods of light, unnatural noise, repeated disturbances, and discomfort and pain from caretaking procedures. Thus, attempts have been made to modify the NICU environment and infant experience. The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) introduced by Als et al2 in the mid 1980s is unique in that it uses a combination of strategies to decrease the stress associated with NICU care. … Address correspondence to Maureen Hack, MBChB, Case Western Reserve University, Department of Pediatrics, 11100 Euclid Ave, RB&C Suite 3100, Cleveland, OH 44106-6010. E-mail: mxh7{at}case.edu
Molecular dynamics embedded atom method simulations of crack-tip transformation toughening in FeNi austenite

Abstract Molecular dynamics simulations of he crack-tip f.c.c. → b.c.c. martensitic transformation in Fe-20Ni and Fe-40Ni (at.%) were carried out. Embedded atom method potential functions were used to represent the interaction between the atoms in both crystal structures. The results show that in both alloys the crack-tip stresses are relaxed owing to formation of the b.c.c. phase which is twinned to help accommodate the transformation strain associated with the f.c.c. → b.c.c. transformation. As a result of the transformation, the crack tip becomes blunted which, in turn, enhances the material toughness. To quantify the effect of the crack-tip f.c.c. → b.c.c. transformation on material toughness, components of Eshelby's F conservation integral were evaluated in the two alloys. It was found that the F 1 component of the integral which represents the force acting to propagate the crack tip has become negative owing to the transformation. As a result, crack propagation has ceased. Comparison of the two alloys showed that in Fe-40Ni dislocation emission in addition to the transformation can take place at the crack tip, causing additional crack blunting.
No alarming ozone loss from stratospheric water vapor

At sufficiently low temperatures, water vapor in the lowermost stratosphere can cause ambient sulfate aerosol to grow, providing surfaces on which chlorine can activate to a form that destroys ozone. Ozone depletion in the stratosphere can allow harmful ultraviolet radiation to reach Earth's surface.
An Evidence-Based Review of the Treatment of Peritonsillar Abscess

OBJECTIVE: Peritonsillar abscess (PTA) is commonly seen but still controversial. We performed an evidence-based review to answer 3 questions: Are steroids beneficial? Which is the best technique for acute surgical management? When is tonsillectomy indicated?STUDY DESIGN: We performed a MEDLINE search of the published literature using appropriate search terms to identify pertinent articles, which were reviewed and graded according to the evidence quality.RESULTS: Forty-two articles were analyzed. There are no published studies on steroids in PTA. There were 5 level I clinical studies on surgical technique, which indicated that needle aspiration, incision and drainage, and quinsy tonsillectomy are all effective for initial management. The overall PTA recurrence rate is 10% to 15%.CONCLUSIONS: Overall, grade C evidence indicates that several methods of initial surgical drainage are equally effective, and the recurrence rate is low. The literature does not specifically address different treatments for childre...
Memory-constrained task scheduling on a network of dual processors

One aspect of network design is the extent to which memory is shared among the processing elements. In this paper a model with limited sharing (only two processors connected to each memory) is analyzed and its performance compared with the performance of two other models that have appeared in the literature. One of these is a model of multiple processors sharing a single memory; the other model considers a multiprocessor configuration in which each processor has its own dedicated memory. The tasks processed by these networks are described by both time and memory requirements. The largest-memory-first (LMF) scheduling algorithm is employed and its performance with respect to an enumerative optimal scheduling algorithm is bounded. On the basis of this measure we conclude that memory sharing is only desirable on very small networks and is disadvantageous on networks of larger size.
Pressure-temperature phase diagrams for the low temperature ground states of VNO2N−1 materials

Abstract Pressure-temperature phase diagrams for the metal-to insulator transition in VNO2N−1 compounds are presented. As N approaches N = 7 the sensitivity of the metal-to-insulator transition temperature to pressure increases. In V8O15, at pressures greater than 9 kbar, an antiferromagnetic transition appears, and at pressures greater than 14 kbar, the metal-to-insulator transition is totally suppressed, leaving only the antiferromagnetic transition.
Preparation of Liposomes with Asymmetric Distribution of Phosphyatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate Across the Bilayer

AbstractAsymmetric liposomes containing phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) predominantly on the inner leaflet of the bilayer were prepared by means of a non-penetrating enzyme, phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C isolated from adult human platelets. Symmetric liposomes prepared by a modification of the reverse-phase evaporation method were incubated with partially purified enzyme in the presence of Ca2+ at 37°C. The resultant liposomes were collected by high-speed centrifugation. Hydrolysis of PIP2 on the outer leaflet of the membrane was completed after approximately 4 h of incubation. Since PIP2 is predominantly located in the inner leaflet of biological membranes, these asymmetric liposomes should be suitable for investigation of structural and functional roles of PIP2 in biomembranes.
Effective zero-cost help desk software

The College of Engineering at Colorado State University provides computing support for a growing population with a shrinking budget. Help desk communications with our clients, such as problem reports and resolutions, was inconsistent. We had difficulty tracking trouble tickets, our staff collaboration tools were insufficient, and our response times were poor due to the lack of proper software tools. In an effort to provide quality customer service and support, we had to find a solid help desk software solution at no cost. We implemented Trellis Desk in August 2008 to replace our limited-capability open source help desk system. Since that time, we have achieved positive results. Response times to our clients have decreased, employee collaboration has grown, and client satisfaction has increased. We have better management tools including reporting capability, an overhead view of issues, and logical grouping of tickets. We will explain how an effective help desk software tool gives us the ability to better manage support for our clients by using the "right tool for the job".
Finding roots of equations in given neighborhoods

This paper discusses a method of finding the roots of a continuously differentiable mapping f:R^n -> R^n once they have been located in a bounded, open convex region of R^n. The method consists in showing that for suitable restrictions inposd on f, comparable but weaker than the standard restrictions placed on f so that Newton's method maybe employed, one is able to solve a functional equation by solving a differential equation whose solutions satisfy the functional equation and lead to the roots in question. Examples where Newton's method fails but the considered method succeeds are given. Rates of convergence to a root and other matters are also considered.
PHOTOAGING AND TRETINOIN

Premature skin aging caused by repeated exposure to solar radiation is called photoaging. Although once considered an irreversible process, it is now established that photoaging can be treated by topical tretinoin. Both from carefully designed controlled clinical studies; and basic investigations into the mechanism by which tretinoin improves photoaged skin, our understanding of photoaging has been enhanced. This article highlights some of these studies which have contributed to our knowledge.
Striations in the Ne - Hg glow discharge

Striations having a sandwich-like structure have been observed in the Ne - Hg glow discharge operated on 20 c/s to 40 kc/s a.c. It is found that these striations have properties that are different from those which have been observed previously in noble or molecular gases. The optimum pressure of Ne is about 20 torr and that of Hg about 1 mtorr. The spectral characteristics of the striations can be understood on the basis of longitudinal variations in electron energy distribution. Their formation and stability appear to be related to variations in amount of Hg adsorbed on the tube walls.
Relationship between Final Temperature, Thaw Rate, and Quality of Bovine Semen

Relationships between thaw rate, thaw bath time, and initial bath and final seminal temperature with coefficients of determination .99 and .97 were: bath time = -.01 + 220.25(1/thaw rate); initial bath temperature = final seminal temperature - 7.29 + 390.05 (1/bath time). Ejaculates from 10 bulls were split and processed in egg yolk-citrate-glycerol, egg yolk-Tris-glycerol, and whole milk-glycerol. All semen was packaged and frozen in .5-ml French straws at -196 degrees C. Sixteen thaw treatments consisted of factorial combinations of four final seminal temperatures and four thaw rates. Treatments were assessed by post-thaw acrosomal integrity after 3-h 37 degrees C incubation. Seminal quality improved with increasing final seminal temperature up to 31 degrees C and did not differ between 31 and 44 degrees C for any of the extenders. A slow thaw rate (3 degrees C/s) resulted in inferior quality for all extenders, and rates 11, 19, and 27 degrees C/s resulted in similar quality for citrate and milk extended semen. Acrosomal integrity was most for 19 degrees C/s in Tris extended semen. A significant factorial interaction existed for Tris and milk extended semen. Predicted acrosomal response of 57.7% across all extenders was at optimum final seminal temperature and thaw rate 37 degrees C and 18 degrees C/s. Bath temperature and bath time determine optimum thaw rate and final temperature of semen packaged in French straws and thus maximize seminal quality.
Harm, Affect, and the Moral/Conventional Distinction.

The moral/conventional task has been widely used to study the emergence of moral understanding in children and to explore the defi cits in moral understanding in clinical populations. Previous studies have indicated that moral transgressions, particularly those in which a victim is harmed, evoke a signature pattern of responses in the moral/conventional task: they are judged to be serious, generalizable and not authority dependent. Moreover, this signature pattern is held to be pan-cultural and to emerge early in development. However, almost all the evidence for these claims comes from studies using harmful transgressions of the sort that primary school children might commit in the schoolyard. In a study conducted on the Internet, we used a much wider range of harm transgressions, and found that they do not evoke the signature pattern of responses found in studies using only schoolyard transgressions. Paralleling other recent work, our study provides preliminary grounds for skepticism regarding many conclusions drawn from earlier research using the moral/conventional task.
Secretory Granule Content Proteins and the Luminal Domains of Granule Membrane Proteins Aggregate in Vitro at Mildly Acidic pH

A major unresolved issue in the field of secretory granule biogenesis is the extent to which the aggregation of granule content proteins is responsible for the sorting of regulated from constitutively secreted proteins. The aggregation process is postulated to take place in the trans-Golgi network and immature secretory granules as the proteins encounter mildly acidic pH and high calcium concentrations. We have developed in vitro assays that reconstitute the precipitation out of solution of secretory granule content proteins of anterior pituitary gland and adrenal medulla. In the assays, all of the major granule content polypeptides form a precipitate as the pH is titrated below 6.5, and this precipitate can be recovered in the pellet fraction after centrifugation. Addition of calcium is required for the aggregation of chromaffin granule content. In contrast to the proteins secreted by the regulated pathway, the constitutively secreted proteins IgG, albumin, and angiotensinogen, when added to the assays, remain predominantly in the supernatant. Among the individual proteins tested, prolactin is found to aggregate homophilically under these conditions and can drive the co-aggregation of other proteins, such as the chromogranins. Soluble forms of granule membrane proteins, including dopamine beta-hydroxylase and peptidyl glycine alpha-amidating enzyme also co-aggregated with granule content proteins. The results are consistent with the idea that spontaneous aggregation of proteins occurring under ionic conditions similar to those at the sites of granule formation is a property restricted to those proteins packaged in secretory granules. In addition, the association of luminal domains of membrane proteins with content proteins in vitro raises the possibility that analogous interactions between membrane-bound and content proteins also occur during granule formation in intact cells.
The modified Norwood procedure for hypoplastic left heart syndrome: early to intermediate results of 120 patients with particular reference to aortic arch repair

Abstract Background: Classic first-stage Norwood repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome uses a homograft patch enlargement to obtain an unobstructed aorta and coronary arteries. Because of possible disadvantages of the homograft, such as lack of growth, degeneration and calcification, and availability, we have tried to repair the aorta without patch supplementation. Methods: Between February 1993 and September 1997, 120 patients, aged birth to 47 days (median 4 days) and weighing 1.7 to 4.4 kg (median 3.1 kg), underwent first-stage palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The diameter of the ascending aorta ranged from 1.5 to 8.0 mm (median 3.0 mm). Eight patients had an aberrant right subclavian artery arising from the descending thoracic aorta. In 95 patients (group I), all duct tissue was excised and the descending aorta was anastomosed to the aortic arch, which had been opened back into the ascending aorta. Then to this confluence was anastomosed the proximal main pulmonary artery. In the remaining 25 patients (group II), continuity of the aortic arch was maintained and the repair was performed with a Damus-Kaye-Stansel anastomosis. The size of the systemic-to-pulmonary shunt was 3 mm in 48 patients, 3.5 mm in 70, and 4.0 mm in 2. Results: Circulatory arrest time ranged from 19 to 105 minutes (median 54 minutes). A homograft patch was necessary for the arch reconstruction in 18 patients (15%); 9 group I patients (10%) and 9 group II (36%) ( P = .001). There were 82 hospital survivors (68%); 69 group I patients (73%) and 13 group II (52%) ( P = .04), 71 patients without a patch (70%) and 11 with a patch (61%) ( P > .2). By multiple logistic regression, the aberrant right subclavian artery was a significant risk factor for hospital death ( P = .008). There were 6 late deaths. Sixteen of 71 patients (23%) who underwent second-stage palliation had a neoaortic arch obstruction develop, with a peak gradient greater than 10 mm Hg; 14 group I patients (23%) and 2 group II (22%) ( P > .2), 15 without a patch (23%) and 1 with a patch (17%) ( P > .2). Overall survivals were 57% at 1 year and 55% at 2 years. Conclusion: The modified Norwood procedure for first-stage palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome is possible in the majority of patients without the use of exogenous materials and does not result in an increased incidence of neoaortic arch obstruction. Repair of the aorta without patch supplementation may improve the potential for long-term growth of the new aorta. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:920-30)
Team-Based Care for Managing Cardiac Comorbidities in Heart Failure

The need for HF management is predicted to increase as the HF population ages. Balancing HF and the multiple cardiac comorbidities remains difficult for any single provider, but becomes Fig. 6. Five-year rates of death or urgent heart transplantation by deciles of total cholesterol in heart failure. (From Horwich TB, Fonarow GC, Hamilton MA, et al. Low serum total cholesterol is associated with marked increase in mortality in advanced heart failure. J Card Fail 2002;8(4):222; with permission.) easier with the involvement of a team. Collaboration between physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, pharmacists, and other health care workers reduces the burden of care coordination and simultaneously improves delivery of care. Team-based approaches increase cost-effectiveness, reduce hospitalization rates, and equally important, give patients more resources and support, which research shows may ultimately improve compliance and outcomes.
Hybrid feature selection for gesture recognition using support vector machines

This paper presents an algorithm for extracting and classifying two-dimensional motion in an image sequence based on trajectories. Each gesture signal is represented as a time series in a Principal Component Analysis (PCA) reduced dimensional space. A class of Support Vector Machine (SVM) applicable to sequential-pattern recognition is employed for classification by incorporating a hybrid distance measure into the kernel function that accounts for both the hand shape and movement. The performance of the proposed method is evaluated in continuous tactile hand gesture streams recognition experiments. Results are presented for 9 different gestures performed by 25 subjects at a variety of time scales. Experimental results show that the proposed approach yields high recognition rate for hand gesture motion patterns.
Fungal and Viral Pathogen Occurrence in Costa Rican Amphibians

Abstract Amphibians are declining globally at an unprecedented rate. Disease and climate change are implicated as causes of enigmatic declines. Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd) is an amphibian pathogen prevalent in the Neotropics and is commonly associated with declining populations. Another amphibian pathogen, ranavirus, has not been detected in the nontemperate areas of the Neotropics, but few investigators have sampled for it. We used molecular techniques to test for Bd and ranaviruses in two areas of Costa Rica with a history of amphibian declines. We detected Bd from field-sampled amphibians in Monteverde and Las Cruces, Costa Rica; ranaviruses were not detected in either area. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Bd was involved in declines at both sites, and provides additional information on its distribution in Costa Rica.
Anisotropy in Kuril‐Kamchatka Subduction Zone structure

To constrain the orientation and extent of seismic velocity anisotropy in the Kuril-Kamchatka subduction zone, we have developed a technique that isolates anisotropy at shallow depths by differencing splitting observed in teleseismic shear-wave phases. Olivine a-axis orientations inferred from 29 sS-S phase pairs and two local S phases vary between the major tectonic components of the trench/back-arc system. Although the sS paths do not uniquely constrain a single model of anisotropy, a-axes are consistent with finite strain patterns predicted by plate convergence and back-arc spreading and shearing.
Video Analysis Software and the Investigation of the Conservation of Mechanical Energy

National science and mathematics standards stress the importance of integrating technology use into those fields of study at all levels of education. In order to fulfill these directives, it is necessary to introduce both in-service and preservice teachers to various forms of technology while modeling its appropriate use in investigating “real world” problems and situations. Using the conservation of mechanical energy of a falling and bouncing ball as its context, this paper describes how inexpensive video analysis technology makes possible the investigation of numerous types of motion with detail and precision that would be incredibly difficult, if not impossible, without the use of this technology.
Medication management problems reported by subscribers to a school nurse listserv.

Given the potentially serious consequences of suboptimum medication management practices in elementary and secondary schools and the fact that this topic has been subject to little empirical inquiry, the purpose of this study was to obtain a preliminary understanding of the types of medication management problems that school nurses face, as well as the strategies they use to solve those problems. An analysis of messages related to medication management that appeared on the SCHLRN-L listserv (a 1,400-member discussion group for schools nurses) was performed. All messages sent to the listserv during a 5-month period were monitored. Any discussion thread that began during this time period and addressed the management of medications was selected for possible inclusion in the study. The result was a group of 71 threads. The listserv participants described a wide array of medication management problems and suggested numerous strategies for solving them. This study shows that serious medication management proble...
Eisenhower and Agricultural Reform

Abstract The federal government began to manage American agriculture in the 1930s as a way of alleviating the economic plight of farmers during the Great Depression The various programs of the New Deal set up the mechanism for both curtailing production and storing agricultural surpluses During World War II, these same mechanisms were used to increase the supply of food and fiber Before 1948, the Truman administration sought to cut back federal subsidies, but reversed this policy due to campaign promises The Eisenhower administration initiated a change m farm policy aimed at promoting a free market orientation Subsequent Republican presidents have built upon this by seeking the free trade of agricultural commodities on a world scale
Pretreatment FDG-PET standardized uptake value as a prognostic factor for outcome in head and neck cancer.

Background. We studied the potential prognostic significance of pretreatment 18-fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) standardized uptake value (SUV) in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN). Methods. A retrospective review of the pretreatment FDG- PET scans of 60 patients with SCCHN was performed. All patients received radiotherapy and 37 also received concurrent chemotherapy. SUV was calculated by 2 nuclear-medicine physicians who were blinded to the clinical data. Disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed with respect to SUV (and other potential prognostic factors). Results. The median SUV was 7.2 (range, 1-24.7); 34 patients (57%) had SUV < 9.0 compared with 26 patients (43%) with an SUV � 9.0. The group with low SUV had significantly better 2-year DFS compared with the high SUV group (72% vs 37%), p 5 .007. On multivariate analysis, stage and age were also associated with DFS, but SUV remained an independent predictor of DFS (hazard ratio: 1.08; p 5 .016). Conclusion. SUV was significantly associated with outcome after modern definitive therapy of SCCHN. V C 2008 Wiley Peri-
Common Musculoskeletal Problems in the Performing Artist

In this chapter we examine some of the musculoskeletal injuries unique to musicians and dancers. The cornerstone of treatment in this specialized patient population is the understanding that the injuries these artists sustain occur in the context of a distinctive lifestyle. This lifestyle demands extreme physical and emotional stressors that are far outside the normal range of standard occupations and even most competitive sports. Understanding and treating all aspects of the performer requires a highly specialized interdisciplinary team approach that appreciates all of the conditions that govern these patients’ lives. Musculoskeletal injury in the musician Instrumental musicians are a special risk group for musculoskeletal injuries. A large percentage of them have problems related to playing their instruments using incorrect posture, nonergonomic technique, excessive force, overuse, and insufficient rest, which may in turn result in musculoskeletal injury. These injuries can be devastating, leading to pain, which can be artistically and professionally limiting, or even career ending, with deleterious effects on the musician’s physical, emotional, and financial well-being. This chapter reviews risk factors for musculoskeletal injuries in musicians and the importance of understanding the whole person. Preventative strategies are introduced. Proper evaluation of musicians who have musculoskeletal complaints are addressed, and discussion of specific diagnosis and treatment options commonly seen in musicians are done using a problemoriented approach. Routine daily activities place demands on the body that may contribute to the development of a musculoskeletal injury. The large number of hours