cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recent Developments in the Scope, Practicality, and Mechanistic Understanding of Enantioselective Hydroformylation.

ConspectusIn the nearly 80 years since catalytic hydroformylation was first reported, hundreds of billions of pounds of aldehyde have been produced by this atom efficient one-carbon homologation of alkenes in the presence of H2 and CO. Despite the economy and demonstrated scalability of hydroformylation, the enantioselective process (asymmetric hydroformylation, AHF) currently does not contribute significantly to the production of chiral aldehydes and their derivatives. Current impediments to practical application of AHF include low diversity of chiral ligands that provide effective rates and selectivities, limited exploration of substrate scope, few demonstrations of efficient flow reactor processes, and incomplete mechanistic understanding of the factors that control reaction selectivity and rate. This Account summarizes developments in ligand design, substrate scope, reactor technology, and mechanistic understanding that advance AHF toward practical and atom-efficient production of chiral α-stereogenic...
Performance of Bifacial PV Modules with MLPE vs. String Inverters

Sandia National Laboratories' continued work with bifacial PV modules has found discrepancies in the capability of bifacial PVmodules to generate energy depending on systemdesign. We have also found significant nonuniformity in rear-side irradiance across strings of bifacial PV modules, thus creating electrical mismatch between modules. Module level power electronics (MLPE) that track the maximum power point of each module alleviate some of theelectrical mismatch caused by nonuniform rear-side irradiance on bifacial PV modules. The bifacial gain of the bifacial PV modules can be increased significantly through MLPE, although the net energy gain may not be significant forunshaded bifacial PV systems. Here we present the results of a test between bifacial PV systems equipped with MLPE and the same systems without MLPE.
Understanding the use of digital technology to promote human papillomavirus vaccination – A RE-AIM framework approach

The human papillomavirus virus (HPV) vaccine is effective at preventing various cancers, but coverage falls short of targets that are needed for community protection. Here, we use the RE-AIM implem...
Acute Stress Disorder and the COVID-19 Pandemic

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a global health crisis associated with significant psychosocial stressors Core concepts from the trauma field are relevant to informing expected mental health sequetae and an evidence-guided mental health response The most common response to trauma and other major stressors is resilience, but a minority of people will experience persistent or impairing mental health challenges Those exposed to trauma may develop acute stress disorder and/or posttraumatic stress disorder COVID-19-related traumas and stressors can also result in stress-related conditions including adjustment disorders, depression, and anxiety disorders Mitigation of modifiable risk factors at the individual, organizational, or community level can support resilience Interventions such as psychological first aid, screening and identification of those at risk, and providing phased mental health resources are relevant to this pandemic For those experiencing acute or persistent traumatic distress, evidence-based trauma strategies that take the unique challenges of COVID1-19 into account should be used
Modeling Student Effort: Flat Tires and Dead Batteries:

This article develops a student effort model that considers several uncertainties students face: the chance of missing an exam as well as the uncertainty associated with translating knowledge into ...
What does the PJD learn from the outside? International factors and Islamist politics in Morocco

This article explores the interaction between international and domestic arenas by studying the mechanisms through which domestic actors incorporate international factors into their strategic decis...
Predicting the material removal rate during electrical discharge diamond grinding using the Gaussian process regression: a comparison with the artificial neural network and response surface methodology

Machine learning approaches can help facilitate the optimization of machining processes. Model performance, including accuracy, stability, and robustness, are major criteria to choose among different methods. Besides, the applicability, ease of implementations, and cost-effectiveness should be considered for industrial applications. In the current study, we present the Gaussian process regression model to predict the material removal rate during electrical discharge diamond surface grinding of Inconel-718. The model uses descriptors that include the wheel speed, current, pulse-on-time, and duty factor. The model is simple and manifests high accuracy and stability, which contributes to fast material removal rate estimations. By combining the optimization results from the Taguchi method and GPR approach, it is expected that more quantitative data can be extracted from fewer experimental trials at the same time.
Why America Is at the Crossroads & How China Can Emerge as a Benign Superpower

Certain data for the United States indicate that America is at the crossroads. We have a choice: Either remain on the sidelines witnessing the decline of this great nation or take action to postpone the decline. On the other hand, China has an opportunity to emerge as a benign superpower by embracing the science and practices of internal excellence.
Determining trap compliances, microsphere size variations, and response linearities in single DNA molecule elasticity measurements with optical tweezers

Optical tweezers are a powerful tool in biophysics due to the ability to manipulate single biomolecules [1,2]. For dual-trap tweezers with a steerable beam and force detection via back focal plane interferometry and a position sensitive detector [3,4], calibration can be done by stretching single DNA molecules [5,6]. Typically, DNA stretching provides accurate values for 𝛼, the force scale factor that converts from bead displacement from the trap to force, and 𝛽, the conversion between rotation of the piezoelectric controlled mirror and the linear displacement of the movable trap. Determining trap compliance using this method relies on nonlinear fitting that may be sensitive to noise and drift
Multi-factor criteria comparison of successful information technology-based regions : the Silicon Valley, Route 128, and Dulles Corridor examples

Multi-Factor Criteria Comparison of Successful Information Technology Based Regions: The Silicon Valley, Route 128, and Dulles Corridor Examples The evolution of Information Technology (IT) has been equated to the industrial revolution in terms of its potential scope and impact on regions. IT has the capacity to affect the way people work, live, learn, communicate, and govern themselves in particular regions. Since 1996, several researchers attempted to benchmark the growing role of IT in American society contributing to the success of IT based regions, namely Silicon Valley. At the present, the research indicated that there is little available systematic data on the impact of IT in regions. The goal of this research was to evaluate the success factors of information technology based regions and to compare two regions, Route 128 and the Dulles Corridor, with Silicon Valley. The review of the literature indicated ten factors responsible for IT based regional success. Data were collected for seven of the factors for each IT based region. The analyses performed included: Regional Classifications using the Strategic Matrix Framework; Regional Description and Characterization using Microsoft Excel 2000; Regional Comparisons and Evaluation using Expert Choice Professional; and Analysis of Factors. The findings of the Regional Comparisons and Evaluation analysis showed three primary factors explained the economic success of Silicon Valley and other successful IT based regions. The primary factors and their relative contribution to IT based regional success included: Human Capital and Education/Training (34%), Investment in Technological Innovation (30%), and Firm Types and Business Infrastructure (17%). These three factors were highly interrelated. Four secondary success factors included: Information Infrastructure (6%), Transportation Infrastructure (5%), Region Economic Conditions (4%), and Quality of Living (4%). In addition, three other factors including Region Identity, Government Policies/Regulation, and Corporate Culture/Management Styles were required to establish IT based regions. Silicon Valley was the most successful IT based region followed by Dulles Corridor and then Route 128. Over the last twenty years, Silicon Valley was 11% more successful as an IT based region than either Dulles Corridor or Route 128. Hence, the factors that made Silicon Valley more successful are either not being effectively replicated/managed or are not as intense in Dulles Corridor or Route 128.
Advances in the Treatment of Mesothelioma

Given our interest with malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) we seek to reduce the morbidity and mortality of the surgical procedures and extend survival through a combination of therapeutic approaches. Treatment strategies pursued involved different surgical approaches--extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) or pleurectomy/decortication (P/D)--and different combinations, regimens, and doses of adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. There has been a dramatic decline in the morbidity and mortality associated with these surgical techniques, new modalities for containing loco-regional recurrence have been introduced, and a long-term survival can be seen in selected patients (51 months).
Characteristics of Successful Large-Scale Demonstration Programs: Fuel Cell Technologies

Unlike other articles in this issue, here we address not so much how to manage a demonstration project as what to demonstrate and when. Specifically, the article identifies five characteristics of successful large-scale technology demonstration programs, based on experience with fuel cell technologies: 1) a robust technology that has not yet significantly penetrated the marketplace; 2) reduced uncertainties in RD 3) the active involvement of private sector advocates in sponsoring demonstration activities and brokering partnerships; 4) a strong federal role; and 5) economic incentives. Each of these will be discussed in turn, supported by examples. The article also describes fuel cell technologies and offers guidance on potential applications for both power generation and transportation.
The Use of Knowledge in Social Work Practice (excerpt)

In this brief excerpt from a paper that was given at the Wurzweiler School of Social Work at Yeshiva University in 1989, the author urges the reader to be cautious about how to use diagnostic labeling.
Concurrent path selection and real-time applications: aircraft routing and task scheduling

A method of finding the shortest concurrent path on a graph for p concurrent players, p/spl ges/1, is presented. Real-time applications, the routing of aircraft and the scheduling of collections of tasks are then discussed and a parallel Bellman shortest path algorithm is described which finds the shortest path from node r to node s on a graph G. Using this algorithm and the proper configuration of processors the shortest path on a graph with k nodes can be found in O(log n) time for 2(m/sup -1/)+1<k<(n=2/sup m/)+1. This is faster than other algorithms currently available within the professional literature. To find concurrent paths is a new problem which has particular application for the best use of resources. The algorithm can be adapted to schedule a wide variety of concurrent tasks.
Properties of the B_{C} System

I summarize a comprehensive account of the energies, splittings and electromagnetic decays of the low-lying states of the bottom charmed meson system. Richardson's potential is used to include running coupling constant effects in the central potential, and the full radiative one-loop expressions derived by Pantaleone, Tye and Ng are used for the spin-dependent potentials. Our result for the ground state energy is 6286 +15 -6 MeV. The ground state lifetime is found to be 0.36 + 0.05 - 0.05 ps. Both of these numbers are consistent with the measured values recently announced by the CDF collaboration at Fermilab.
EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON THE MAGNETORESISTANCE OF SINGLE CRYSTAL ND0.5SR0.36PB0.14MNO3-DELTA

To investigate the observed huge variations in magnetoresistance between different samples of manganite perovskites we have performed the first high-pressure measurement of magnetoresistance in single crystal Nd{sub 0.5}Sr{sub 0.36}Pb{sub 0.14}MnO{sub 3{minus}{delta}}. Both resistivity and magnetoresistance are strongly suppressed upon application of pressure. The decrease in magnetoresistance with increasing pressure rules out substrate-induced compressive strain as a source of enhanced magnetoresistance. Instead, the magnetoresistance differences between samples are ascribed primarily to the more abrupt nature of the semiconductorlike to metallic phase transition at lower temperatures. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
How important are autonomy and work setting to nurse practitioners' job satisfaction?

IntroductionBy 2025, it is estimated that there will be a shortage of approximately 35,000 to 44,000 primary care providers (Bodenheimer & Pham, 2010). Nurse practitioners (NPs) are currently, and will continue to be, called upon to address this gap in primary care providers. NPs are also provid
Fatty acid ethyl esters: short-term and long-term serum markers of ethanol intake

This review includes a description of short-term and long-term markers of ethanol intake and their clinical utility. The major portion of this report is a summary of studies on fatty acid ethyl ester, a new marker for monitoring both acute and chronic ethanol intake. With the markers described in the review, algorithms to assess recent ethanol intake, chronic ethanol intake, and end organ damage are included to provide a practical approach to the evaluation of the patient.
Positive tropical marine low-cloud cover feedback inferred from cloud-controlling factors

Differences in simulations of tropical marine low-cloud cover (LCC) feedback are sources of significant spread in temperature responses of climate models to anthropogenic forcing. Here we show that in models the feedback is mainly driven by three large-scale changes—a strengthening tropical inversion, increasing surface latent heat flux, and an increasing vertical moisture gradient. Variations in the LCC response to these changes alone account for most of the spread in model-projected 21st century LCC changes. A methodology is devised to constrain the LCC response observationally using sea surface temperature (SST) as a surrogate for the latent heat flux and moisture gradient. In models where the current climate's LCC sensitivities to inversion strength and SST variations are consistent with observed, LCC decreases systematically, which would increase absorption of solar radiation. These results support a positive LCC feedback. Correcting biases in the sensitivities will be an important step toward more credible simulation of cloud feedbacks.
Comparison of defecation rates of Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparède (Tubificidae) using two different methods

The defecation rate of the tubificid oligochaete, Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri Claparede was measured by using inverted and upright defecation chambers. Worms cultured using the upright method consistently produced larger amounts of feces (45 to 110%) than those in the inverted method (P < 0.01). The average defecation rate for the upright method was 0.69 ± 0.058 (95% CL) mg feces mg-1 dry weight h-1 compared with 0.41 ± 0.033 (95% CL) mg feces mg-1 dry weight h-1 for worms using the inverted method.
Intracellular calcium release and the mechanisms of parthenogenetic activation of the sea urchin egg

Abstract Parthenogenetic activation of Lytechinus pictus eggs can be monitored after injection with the Ca-sensitive photoprotein aequorin to estimate calcium release during activation. Parthenogenetic treatments, including the nonelectrolyte urea, hypertonic sea water, and ionophore A23187, all acted to release Ca2+ from intracellular stores. Ionophore and urea solutions release Ca2+ from the same intracellular store as normal fertilization. This intracellular store can be reloaded after 40 min and discharged again. Hypertonic medium appears to release Ca2+ from a different intracellular store. Treatment with the weak base NH4Cl did not release intracellular Ca2+ but did result in a momentary Ca2+ influx if Ca2+ was present in the external solution. Ca2+ influx was not required for ammonia activation.
A simulation-enhanced lean design process

A traditional lean transformation process does not validate the future state before implementation, relying instead on a series of iterations to modify the system until performance is satisfactory. An enhanced lean process that includes future state validation before implementation is presented. Simulation modeling and experimentation is proposed as the primary validation tool. Simulation modeling and experimentation extends value stream mapping to include time, the behavior of individual entities, structural variability, random variability, and component interaction effects. Experiments to analyze the model and draw conclusions about whether the lean transformation effectively addresses the current state gap can be conducted. Industrial applications of the enhanced lean process show it effectiveness.
On λ -fold partitions of finite vector spaces and duality

Vector space partitions of an n -dimensional vector space V over a finite field are considered in Bu (1980) 5], Heden (1984)?10], and more recently in a series of papers Blinco et?al. (2008) 3], El-Zanati et?al. (2008, 2009) 8,9]. In this paper, we consider the generalization of a vector space partition which we call a λ -fold partition (or simply a λ -partition). In particular, for a given positive integer, λ , we define a λ -fold partition of V to be a multiset of subspaces of V such that every nonzero vector in V is contained in exactly λ subspaces in the given multiset. A λ -fold spread as defined in Hirschfeld (1998) 12] is one example of a λ -fold partition. After establishing some definitions in the introduction, we state some necessary conditions for a λ -fold partition of V to exist, then introduce some general ways to construct such partitions. We also introduce the construction of a dual λ -partition as a way of generating λ ' -partitions from a given λ -partition. One application of this construction is that the dual of a vector space partition will, in general, be a λ -partition for some λ 1 . In the last section, we discuss a connection between λ -partitions and some designs over finite fields.
A biomaterial model of tumor stromal microenvironment promotes mesenchymal morphology but not epithelial to mesenchymal transition in epithelial cells

The stromal tissue surrounding most carcinomas is comprised of an extracellular matrix densely packed with collagen-I fibers, which are often highly aligned in metastatic disease. Here we developed an in vitro model to test the effect of an aligned fibrous environment on cancer cell morphology and behavior, independent of collagen ligand presentation. We grew cells on a biomimetic surface of aligned electrospun poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) fibers and then examined the effect of this environment on growth rate, morphology, cytoskeletal organization, biochemical and genetic markers of epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), cell surface adhesion, and cell migration. We grew a phenotypically normal breast epithelial cell line (MCF10A) and an invasive breast cancer cell line (MDA-MB-231) on three different substrates: typical flat culture surface (glass or plastic), flat PLLA (glass coated with PLLA) or electrospun PLLA fibers. Cells of both types adopted a more mesenchymal morphology when grown on PLLA fibers, and this effect was exaggerated in the more metastatic-like MDA-MB-231 cells. However, neither cell type underwent the changes in gene expression indicative of EMT despite the changes in cell shape, nor did they exhibit the decreased adhesive strength or increased migration typical of metastatic cells. These results suggest that changes in cell morphology alone do not promote a more mesenchymal phenotype and consequently that the aligned fibrous environment surrounding epithelial cancers may not promote EMT solely through topographical cues.
Interferon γ- and interleukin-4-secreting cells in multiple sclerosis

Interleukin 4 (IL-4)- and interferon gamma (IFN gamma)-secreting peripheral blood cells were enumerated by immunospot assay in 13 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients during exacerbations, in 24 patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (CPMS), and in 20 controls. Cells that spontaneously secreted IFN gamma were significantly higher in MS patients experiencing an attack (P < 0.001) than in controls or in CPMS (P < 0.04). IL-4-secreting cell numbers were elevated significantly and to a comparable extent in both MS groups compared to controls. Our finding of increased numbers of IFN gamma-secreting cells is in keeping with prior work showing increased IFN gamma levels in the circulation prior to and during MS attacks and increased release of IFN gamma to the supernatant in bulk cultured blood cells from MS patients. What role an increase in IL-4-secreting cells might play in MS is unclear, but it could relate to immune system regulation. Following in vitro exposure to MBP, IFN gamma-secreting cell number rose above levels observed in the absence of stimulation in controls and in both MS groups with the rise in acutely exacerbating MS patients being significantly greater than in controls. Our results provide further evidence for reactivity to MBP in MS, the significance of which in terms of pathogenesis remains clouded.
Energetics of thermoregulation by an industrious endotherm.

Objectives: Thermoregulation by modern industrial humans is unique among endothermic animals, in that it is largely accomplished by controlling the temperature of our external environment. The objective of this study was to view the relationship between thermoregulatory energy use and environmental temperature in modern humans from the perspective of comparative physiology. Methods: Monthly residential energy use estimates from the US Energy Information Administration were divided by the annual number of American households from the US Census Bureau, giving average monthly energy consumption per American household for the years 2006 through 2010. Monthly energy consumption was then plotted against average monthly temperature across the United States from the National Climatic Data Center. Results: The resulting graph bore a striking resemblance to a classic Scholander-Irving curve, exhibiting clear upper (22°C) and lower (15°C) critical temperatures, and an increase in energy use as temperatures extend above (90 W °C−1 increase) or below (244 W °C−1 decrease) those critical temperatures. Allometric equations from comparative physiology indicate that the energetic costs of our current thermoregulatory habits are ∼30 to 50 times those predicted for an endotherm of our size. Conclusions: Modern humans have redefined what it means to be a homeothermic endotherm, using large quantities of extrametabolic energy to regulate the temperature of our surroundings. Despite this sophistication, the signal of our individual physiology is readily discernible in national data on energy consumption. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dye-bubble interactions in an open channel flow

An innovative technique has been developed to visualize the effect that a localized surface reaction has in an open channel flow field. The working fluid is hexanoic acid mixed with mineral oil, and it flows over an aluminum plate embedded with sodium metal. Hexanoic acid and sodium metal react to form hydrogen gas and hexanoic salt. The hydrogen gas forms bubbles that rise to the surface and are convected downstream by the fluid. The rising bubbles induce the formation of counter-rotating vortices that straddle the reaction site. Bubble entrainment stretches and bends the dye filaments, and buoyancy transports the bubbles away from the reaction. The products of the reaction introduce velocity fluctuations into an otherwise laminar flow, inducing what has been described by some researchers as pseudoturbulence. Downstream of the reaction, far away from the disturbances caused by the buoyant bubbles, the velocity fluctuations dampen out and the flow relaminarizes.
Treatment and Ethical Considerations with Transgender Children and Youth in Family Therapy

In response to the dearth of family therapy literature addressing transgender issues, this article discusses treatment and ethical considerations in serving transgender children and youth and their families. Historical perspectives, basic language and concepts regarding transgender, and the developmental stages of transgender children are addressed as well as how contemporary research and treatment guidelines interact with ethics. Therapist competencies for working with transgender youth and families, components of supportive therapy, and ethical issues surrounding various gender transition treatments are discussed. Suggestions for therapists to identify and make decisions about common ethical dilemmas when working with this population are examined.
Comparison of Single-Layer and Multi-Layer Windings with Physical Constraints or Strong Harmonics

Single-layer and multi-layer transformer and inductor windings are compared. Multi-layer windings (including litz wire) can typically achieve lower loss, but several situations that may favor single-layer windings are discussed. As shown in previous work, for sinusoidal waveforms, if the minimum practical layer thickness is 1.5 skin depths or greater, single-layer windings are preferred. If the maximum number of practical layers is limited, increasing the number of layers decreases the loss approximately inversely proportional to the square root of the number of layers. For waveforms with strong harmonic content, it becomes more difficult to reduce losses with multi-layer windings. We study typical waveforms for power converter circuits and conclude that, for waveforms used in power electronics, multi-layer windings have significant advantages even with only a few layers. The number of layers needed can be as few as two layers for many waveforms; other waveforms, such as square waveforms with fast rise times, typically require four to six layers to effect a significant improvement over a single-layer design.
Crash Reconstruction Technique for Longitudinal Barriers

A procedure for reconstructing run-off-road accidents into longitudinal W-beam guardrail systems was developed by estimating energy dissipation during an impact. Correlations were developed between the vehicle's departure angle, velocity, type of vehicle, and the energy dissipated. Energy losses are due to (1) barrier-vehicle friction; (2) post/soil deformations; (3) guardrail beam deformations, and (4) vehicle energy losses attributed to the vehicle (this is composed of actual vehicle damage and tire-ground friction, with vehicle damage being predominate). Barrier-vehicle friction losses were found to range from about 5 to 36%, depending upon speed and impact angle. The energy to cause permanent deflection of the guardrail posts in a system was found to be roughly equivalent to the amount of energy dissipated by the rail deformation of that system. Comparisons with full-scale crash test results showed that the developed iterative reconstruction procedure accurately estimated impact velocities within 3%.
Distribution of light organic contaminants in the groundwater table vicinity

Abstract The previously developed multiphase model is applied to numerically simulate migration of a lighter-than-water immiscible organic contaminant in the vicinity of the groundwater table in a field-scale contamination scenario. The numerical simulations show that the contaminated zone consists of two regions: the saturated region where the soil saturation with respect to the contaminant is at a maximum level, and the diffused region where the soil saturation varies from a maximum to a residual level. Strong spatial variation is predicted in the contaminant saturation profile, and an inflection point may exist in the profile. The simulations clearly show the development of a so called pancake over the saturated groundwater system with time, and project the resultant depression of the water interface. It is shown that the contaminant penetrates deep into the groundwater system and spreads laterally in both directions and at a rate much greater than that commonly derived based on the groundwater flow.
The sets of quasi-uniform density are not a topology

In this paper we explore a specialized type of Lebesgue density, quasi-uniform density. We observe some of its behavior and prove some of its properties. Specifically, we prove that some basic properties of Lebesgue density points do not hold for quasi-uniform density points, and that quasi-uniform density is not a lower density operator. From this it follows that there is no analogue of the density topology for quasi-uniform density.
Control of stress-void formation in aluminum-copper filled vias

A four layer metal system, designed for high speed bipolar gate arrays, subjected to high temperature aging was found to contain mechanical stress induced voids at the metal to metal interfaces within micron and sub-micron vias. The interconnect metal used in the system, AlCu(1.5%) sputter deposited at high temperatures, literally fills the vias and is quite resistant to stress voiding in the lines. However, thermal aging at 200 degree(s)C with no current flow led to open circuit failures of the 0.8 micron stacked via structures where via two is place directly over via one, and within via one and via two chains as well. The time to failure was studied as a function of temperature, via dimension, and processing changes to both the surrounding dielectric and the metallization. Reliability studies of the original, unmodified via structure, as well as those with process changes as indicated above have identified some of the significant factors affecting stress controlled via reliability.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A re-examination of Harrison's experimental test for risk aversion

Abstract This paper examines several aspects of Harrison's (1986) test for the risk attitudes of experimental subjects. We identify specific refinements to Harrison's test that must be adopted in order to establish correctly a subject's risk posture.
Real-time optical correlator using photorefractive GaAs

A real-time optical correlator based on GaAs and liquid-crystal TV (LCTV) is demonstrated. The demonstrated system has a video-frame rate limited by the speed of the LCTVs; if faster spatial-light modulators are used, the potential frame rate of a GaAs-based correlator can be as fast as 1000 frames/sec under experimental conditions. Comparisons are made between VanderLugt and joint transform and between degenerate and nondegenerate four-wave mixing. The edge-enhancement effect and the Bragg diffraction effect are discussed.
An FKBP destabilization domain modulates protein levels in Plasmodium falciparum

To enhance the repertoire of molecular tools for studying malaria parasite biology, we adapted a ligand-regulatable FKBP protein destabilization domain (ddFKBP) for use in P. falciparum. We destabilized the reporter yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) and the P. falciparum protease falcipain-2 in a ligand-reversible manner by tagging with ddFKBP. The swollen food vacuole phenotype of falcipain-2 knockout parasites could be rescued in a Shld1 ligand-dependent fashion by falcipain-2-ddFKBP expression.
Two-wavelength mid-IR diagnostic for temperature and n-dodecane concentration in an aerosol shock tube

A two-wavelength, mid-IR optical absorption diagnostic is developed for simultaneous temperature and n-dodecane vapor concentration measurements in an aerosol-laden shock tube. FTIR absorption spectra for the temperature range 323 to 773 K are used to select the two wavelengths (3409.0 and 3432.4 nm). Shock-heated mixtures of n-dodecane vapor in argon are then used to extend absorption cross section data at these wavelengths to 1322 K. The sensor is used to validate a model of the post-evaporation temperature and pressure of shock-heated fuel aerosol, which can ultimately be used for the study of the chemistry of low-vapor-pressure compounds and fuel blends. The signal-to-noise ratio of the temperature and concentration are ∼20 and ∼30, respectively, illustrating the sensitivity of this diagnostic. The good agreement between model and measurement provide confidence in the use of this aerosol shock tube to provide well-known thermodynamic conditions. At high temperatures, pseudo-first-order decomposition rates are extracted from time-resolved concentration measurements, and data from vapor and aerosol shocks are found to be in good agreement. Notably, the n-dodecane concentration measurements exhibit slower decomposition than predicted by models using two published reaction mechanisms, illustrating the need for further kinetic studies of this hydrocarbon. These results demonstrate the potential of multi-wavelength mid-IR laser sensors for hydrocarbon measurements in environments with time-varying temperature and concentration.
Absorption Spectrum Sorter

A method has been designed for use in absorption spectroscopy in which the simultaneous recording of the spectra of two diverse substances produces spectrum lines which extend in either the positive or negative sense from a “base” line, depending on the originating substance. Thus the spectrum is automatically sorted, and the identification of lines is unambiguous. The present paper describes the principles of operation of the Spectrum Sorter and its construction through the modification of a double beam infrared spectrometer. Also discussed are the application of the Spectrum Sorter principle to the handling of comparison spectra, to the identification of absorbing substances, and to the enhancement of resolution.
Numerical determination of the adsorption isotherms of tryptophan at different temperatures and mobile phase compositions.

Abstract Single-component adsorption isotherm data were acquired by frontal analysis (FA) for tryptophan on a C 18 -Kromasil packed column, using acetonitrile–water solutions of various compositions (2.5, 5, and 7.5% ACN + 1% acetic acid) and at five different temperatures between 25 and 65 °C. The adsorption isotherm model accounting best for these data is the bi-Moreau model, showing that two types of adsorption sites coexist on the surface and that strong adsorbate–adsorbate interactions take place. Large concentration band profiles of tryptophan were obtained for the three mobile phase compositions, at five different temperatures and the best values of the adsorption isotherm coefficients were determined by the inverse method (IM) of chromatography. The advantages and drawbacks of using the FA and the IM for determining the coefficients of the adsorption isotherm of tryptophan under the experimental conditions selected are discussed. The results of the FA and IM measurements are in good agreement. Both indicate that the retention time of tryptophan decreases rapidly with increasing acetonitrile concentration in the mobile phase as well as the saturation capacities of the two types of adsorption sites, with the highest values of the two saturation capacities being found for the lowest ACN content and the lowest temperature. The adsorption constant on the low-energy sites decreases with increasing acetonitrile content and temperature. In contrast, the adsorption constant on the high-energy sites increases with increasing ACN content of the mobile phase but decreases with increasing temperature. The solute–solute interaction parameters for the low and the high-energy adsorption sites increase rapidly with increasing ACN concentration in the mobile phase and with increasing temperature.
No Place for a Woman: A Life of Senator Margaret Chase Smith

No Place for a Woman is the first biography to analyze Margaret Chase Smith's life and times by using politics and gender as the lens through which we can understand this Maine senator's impact on American politics and American women. Sherman's research is based upon more than one hundred hours of personal interviews with Senator Smith, and extensive research in primary and government documents. Including those from the holdings of the Margaret Chase Smith Library.
Slow axonal transport

New studies provide further evidence that the neuronal cytoskeleton is the product of a dynamic interplay between axonal transport processes and locally regulated assembly mechanisms. These data confirm that the axonal cytoskeleton in mammalian systems is largely stationary and is maintained by a smaller pool of moving subunits or polymers. Slow axonal transport in certain lower species, however, may exhibit quite different features.
Stability and protection of Ag/BSCCO magnets operated in the 20–40 K range

Abstract The rate of growth of normal zones has been calculated for Ag/BSCCO composites operated in the 20–40 K range. Formulae are presented for the propagation velocity and for the normal zone voltage as a function of the hot spot temperature. These formulae take into account the strong temperature dependence of the specific heats of silver and BSCCO, as well as the temperature dependences of the thermal conductivity and resistivity of silver. In spite of very slow propagation (of the order of 1 cm s−1), normal zone voltages seem adequate to allow the detection of normal zones before the conductor overheats. Finally, a formula for estimating the minimum quench energy is proposed. Estimates based on this formula indicate that potted magnets wound with Ag/BSCCO conductors should not train.
A computer based record system for Pisum

A computer based system is described for the storage and retrieval of information regarding the identification, origin, pedigrees, genotypes and phenotypes of Pisum lines. It is being used at present within the John Innes Institute for keeping detailed records of over 800 lines, but it is hoped that the general adoption of such a standardised system by all workers in the field will facilitate the interchange of information and data, and reduce unnecessary duplication in the maintenance of stocks.
Quantal analysis and synaptic anatomy : integrating two views of hippocampal plasticity

Abstract The excitatory synapses onto CA1 pyramidal cells have become a model system for understanding the activity-dependent changes in synapses that underlie learning and memory. Here we examine physiological and anatomical results that are relevant to understanding the mechanisms of synaptic transmission and plasticity at these synapses. Three main points are discussed. First, quantal analysis indicates a large heterogeneity of postsynaptic efficacies for different synapses on the same cell. Reconstructions from electron microscopy show that synapse size is also highly heterogeneous. Reasons for suspecting a relationship between synaptic size and efficacy are discussed. Second, physiological evidence indicates that the changes during long-term potentiation are both pre- and postsynaptic. Similarly, several lines of anatomical evidence suggest that plasticity affects the structure of both the pre- and postsynaptic elements. The detailed registration of structures across the synapse and the physical linkage between pre- and postsynaptic elements suggest a ‘structural unit hypothesis' for coordinating pre- and postsynaptic modifications. Third, quantal analysis indicates that stimulation of a single axon can release multiple quanta. Anatomical evidence shows that cell pairs can be connected by multiple synapses, suggesting that multiple quanta may be released at independent sites. These results raise the possibility that one component of synaptic plasticity is mediated by changes in the number of functional synaptic sites.
Solvent-Assisted Directed Self-Assembly of Spherical Microdomain Block Copolymers to High Areal Density Arrays

The fabrication process for 5 Tb/in(2) bit patterns using solvent-assisted directed self-assembly is investigated. The N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone solvent vapor-annealing method was used to achieve good long-range lateral ordering of low-molecular-weight polystyrene-block-polydimethylsiloxane with a lattice spacing of 11 nm on flat Si substrates, PS modified substrates and lithographically patterned substrates, respectively.
SAXS investigation of model carbon pore structure and its change with gasification

Abstract The evolution of the internal structure of a model process carbon, Carbosieve-S, during gasification with CO2 is studied by small angle x-ray scattering (SAXS). The SAXS data are interpreted using a random pore structure model based on a three-dimensional Voronoi tessellation. This model contains voids of random shape and various size. By fitting the predicted scattering to observed scattering intensities versus scattering vector for partially converted samples, pore structure parameters for the micro and mesoporosity as well as the surface area are determined as a function of gasification conversion. The utility of the model and SAXS in studying changing pore structures is discussed.
Reconstitution and characterization of the Escherichia coli enterobactin synthetase from EntB, EntE, and EntF.

The siderophore molecule enterobactin, a cyclic trimeric lactone of N-(2,3-dihydroxybenzoyl)serine, is synthesized and secreted by Escherichia coli in response to iron starvation. Here we report the first reconstitution of enterobactin synthetase activity from pure protein components: holo-EntB, EntE, and holo-EntF. Holo-EntB and holo-EntF were obtained by pretreatment of apo-EntB and apo-EntF with coenzyme A and EntD, thereby eliminating the requirement for EntD in the enterobactin synthetase. The holo-EntF monomer acts as the catalyst for the formation of the three amide and three ester bonds in enterobactin using ATP, l-serine, and acyl-holo-EntB, acylated with 2,3-dihydroxybenzoate by EntE, as substrates with a turnover rate of 120−140 min-1. There is no evidence for a stable complex of the enterobactin synthetase components. Mutation of holo-EntF in the thioesterase domain at the putative active site serine residue (Ser1138 to Ala) eliminated enterobactin synthetase activity; however, the mutant hol...
Actions of Estrogens on Blood and Bone Marrow

Chlorotrianisene and estradiol produced neutrophilia in strain 101 mice. Estrogens were without action in tissue culture, but bone marrow of mice pretreated with estrogens showed evidence of faster differentiation of cells of the granulocytic series than bone marrow from control mice.
Electrokinetic detection for X-ray spectra of weakly interacting liquids: N-decane and n-nonane

The introduction of liquid microjets into soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy enabled the windowless study of liquids by this powerful atom-selective high vacuum methodology. However, weakly interacting liquids produce large vapor backgrounds that strongly perturb the liquid signal. Consequently, solvents (e.g., hydrocarbons, ethers, ketones, etc.) and solutions of central importance in chemistry and biology have been inaccessible by this technology. Here we describe a new detection method, upstream detection, which greatly reduces the vapor phase contribution to the X-ray absorption signal while retaining important advantages of liquid microjet sample introduction (e.g., minimal radiation damage). The effectiveness of the upstream detection method is demonstrated in this first study of room temperature liquid hydrocarbons: n-nonane and n-decane. Good agreement with first principles' calculations indicates that the eXcited electron and Core Hole theory adequately describes the subtle interactions in these liquids that perturb the electronic structure of the unoccupied states probed in core-level experiments.
Formation of coherently strained self-assembled InP quantum islands on InGaP/GaAs(001)

Abstract We have investigated non-hydride metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) for the growth of self-assembled InP islands on InGaP surfaces lattice-matched to 0° and 2° misoriented GaAs(001) substrates. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) have been used to investigate the self-assembling nature of quantum-size InP islands on InGaP/GaAs(001) surfaces. From the structural analysis of the surface by AFM, we have observed three types of InP island evolve during the growth process. At low coverages of InP deposited at 650°C on a (001) surface, coherently strained islands with irregular dimensions in the plane of the growth surface but of uniform height (2.5 nm), are observed. With increasing InP deposition of uniform coherently strained islands are observed with a typical diameter of 120 nm with a dramatic increase in height (23.5 nm).
Intravascular Stenting of Acute Experimental Type B Dissections

To evaluate the efficacy of intravascular stenting for acute aortic dissection, 12 dogs underwent surgical creation of an acute type B dissection. Intravascular ultrasound evaluated luminal diameter, distal propagation, and branch involvement. Three animals underwent no further treatment (control). In 9 dogs, balloon-expandable intravascular stents (15-20 mm) were placed proximally to compress the intimal flap. One dog with a small dissection had complete obliteration of the false lumen after initial stent placement. Six dogs with extension below the diaphragm were initially stented proximally to restore flow; 3 were left with a residual distal false lumen, while 3 had additional stents placed to obliterate their entire false lumen. In the final 2 dogs, proximal stenting resulted only in partial compression of the false lumen. Two animals died within 24 hr due to prolonged hemodynamic instability and aortic rupture at the intimal flap, respectively. Six weeks later, radiologic and histologic evaluation was performed on the 10 surviving animals. All stented true lumens were patent without thrombus formation, and stents were covered by neointima. In dogs with stenting of the entire dissection, the aortic wall had healed and no false lumen was present. However, in all dogs with only proximal obliteration, 1/2 with partial compression, and 2/3 controls, a patent false channel was present indicative of a chronic dissection. Thus, we found that intravascular stents can restore true lumen flow and obliterate the false lumen in experimental dissections; however, stenting limited to the proximal dissection does not prevent formation of a chronic residual patent false lumen.