cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Discrete-Time Model for Cell-Age, Size, and DNA Distributions of Proliferating Cells, and its Application to the Movement of the Labeled Cohort

The dynamics of cell cycle and proliferating kinetics are characterized by the state equations, which are linear difference matrix equations with their state vectors consisting of variables representing cells in a particular compartment for cell-age, cell-size, and cell-DNA content. The transformation required from the cell-age distribution to the cell-size and DNA distributions in this discrete-time model under various assumptions is derived. The asymptotic behavior (as the time approaches infinity) of the cell age, cell size, and cell DNA is studied. The time course of the cell-size distribution of labeled cells under flash labeling is investigated by computer simulation and favorably evaluated with the experimental results obtained for spontaneous AKR leukemia-cell population.
Coaggregation by the Freshwater Bacterium Sphingomonas natatoria Alters Dual-Species Biofilm Formation

Coaggregation is hypothesized to enhance freshwater biofilm development. To investigate this hypothesis, the ability of the coaggregating bacterium Sphingomonas natatoria to form single- and dual-species biofilms was studied and compared to that of a naturally occurring spontaneous coaggregation-deficient variant. Attachment assays using metabolically inactive cells were performed using epifluorescence and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Under static and flowing conditions, coaggregating S. natatoria 2.1gfp cells adhered to glass surfaces to form diaphanous single-species biofilms. When glass surfaces were precoated with coaggregation partner Micrococcus luteus 2.13 cells, S. natatoria 2.1gfp cells formed densely packed dual-species biofilms. The addition of 80 mM galactosamine, which reverses coaggregation, mildly reduced adhesion to glass but inhibited the interaction and attachment to glass-surface-attached M. luteus 2.13 cells. As opposed to wild-type coaggregating cells, coaggregation-deficient S. natatoria 2.1COGgfp variant cells were retarded in colonizing glass and did not interact with glass-surface-attached M. luteus 2.13 cells. To determine if coaggregation enhances biofilm growth and expansion, viable coaggregating S. natatoria 2.1gfp cells or the coaggregation-deficient variant S. natatoria 2.1COGgfp cells were coinoculated in flow cells with viable M. luteus 2.13 cells and allowed to grow together for 96 h. Coaggregating S. natatoria 2.1gfp cells outcompeted M. luteus 2.13 cells, and 96-h biofilms were composed predominantly of S. natatoria 2.1gfp cells. Conversely, when coaggregation-deficient S. natatoria 2.1COGgfp cells were coinoculated with M. luteus 2.13 cells, the 96-h biofilm contained few coaggregation-deficient S. natatoria 2.1 cells. Thus, coaggregation promotes biofilm integration by facilitating attachment to partner species and likely contributes to the expansion of coaggregating S. natatoria 2.1 populations in dual-species biofilms through competitive interactions.
Cell-mediated immune responses to chlamydial antigens in guinea pigs injected with inactivated chlamydiae.

Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) to chlamydial antigens was readily induced in guinea pigs by a single injection of Betaprone-inactivated chlamydiae in complete Freund adjuvant. The CMI was measured in vivo by delayed hypersensitivity skin tests, and in vitro by inhibition of migration of peritoneal exudate cells and by proliferation of lymph node lymphocytes. There was an overall correlation between in vivo and in vitro responses. Of the in vitro assays, migration inhibition reflected the state of sensitization, as judged by skin tests, more uniformly than lymphocyte stimulation. Extensive inter- and intra-species cross-reactivity was noted between LB-1, a strain ofC. trachomatis, and three strains ofC. psittaci, 6BC, GPIC, and 562F. Cross-reactivity between LB-1 and 6BC was one-way only, by all three parameters: LB-1 elicited strong cross-reactions in 6BC-immunized animals but not vice versa. Antichlamydial antibodies could not be demonstrated in any of the animals by microimmunofluorescence.
Commentary on Kerns and Kendall

The field has been uncertain about how to think about anxiety as it occurs in persons with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Kerns and Kendall (2012) review the relevant empirical literature and conclude that the preponderance of evidence suggests that anxiety is a co-occurring condition with ASD. I agree with this conclusion. However, my agreement is not based on the literature but rather because when anxiety can be identified and treated with anxiolytics in a person with autism, the person's functioning is improved. As the authors point out, identification of anxiety is not always easy, and improved methods of detection are needed.
Thermoreflectance imaging measurement of in-plane thermal properties of thin-film structures

The study of thin film thermal properties is an important component of microelectronic and thermoelectric material research. Accurate measurements of such properties, especially in-plane thermal conductivity is known to be challenging. In this paper, we briefly review the thin film inplane thermal conductivity measurement methods that have been developed up to date, and demonstrate a new method with the utilization of thermoreflectance imaging technique. Preliminary measurement results for an InAlGaAs thin film sample are described.
Analysts' Heterogeneous Earnings Forecasts and Stock Recommendations:

We examine the relation between analysts' earnings forecasts and their stock recommendations. We hypothesize that if analysts base their recommendations on their earnings forecasts, recommendations will be more (less) favorable relative to consensus recommendations when analysts' earnings forecasts are more optimistic (pessimistic) relative to consensus earnings forecasts. The data support this hypothesis. We find the relation between recommendations and forecasts to be stronger when earnings are more value relevant. Factors such as lower earnings volatility, higher growth, lower market risk, healthier financial conditions, and larger analyst following make stock recommendations more responsive to earnings forecasts. Stock recommendations are also more responsive when the forecast horizon is longer.
Effect of input harmonic terminations on high efficiency class-B and class-F operation of PHEMT devices

Device level harmonic balance simulations are used to show that very high efficiency can be achieved in PHEMT class-B and class-F amplifiers if efforts are made to provide proper input as well as output harmonic terminations. The simulations use a gate capacitance model which accurately describes the C/sub gs/ versus V/sub gs/ dependence for the PHEMT and are illustrated with waveform and dynamic loadline plots which relate directly to the idealized textbook view of high efficiency operation.
Eruption-Controlled Epiclastic Sedimentation in a Devonian Trench-Slope Basin: Evidence from Sandstone Petrofacies, Klamath Mountains, California

ABSTRACT The Devonian Gazelle Formation comprises sparsely fossiliferous shale, siltstone, siliceous mudstone, volcaniclastic sandstone, and conglomerate whose cumulative thickness is at least 1.25 km. Two end-member sand compositions combined locally to form a third "mixed" petrofacies. The volcaniclastic petrofacies was derived from an undissected magmatic arc, whereas the chert-mudrock petrofacies reflects derivation from melangee of the underlying accretionary prism. The stratigraphically restricted mixed petrofacies is compositionally discrete and records thorough mixing of these two compositional end members. Data from sandstone petrography are consistent with independent geologic evidence indicating that the Gazelle Formation represents the fill of a Devonian trench-slope basin that for ed above an east-dipping subduction zone. Our interpretation of the Balaklala Rhyolite as the source of the volcaniclastic petrofacies requires proximity of the Yreka and Eastern Klamath terranes during the Early Devonian, and indicates that the eastern Klamath province has behaved as a single crustal block (sensu lato) ever since. Field study and petrographic analysis indicate that the delivery of coarse terrigenous detritus to the basin was controlled principally by episodic eruptions of rhyolitic tephra in the arc source and also by one discernible episode of change in relative sea level. This study indicates that caution must be used when invoking changes in relative sea level to explain the stratigraphic distribution of epiclastic turbidites in island-arc settings. Identification of compositionally and stratigraphically discrete mixed petrofacies in other ancient orogens may permit similar inferences regarding controls on stratigraphic development that have operated on poorly fossiliferous, immature convergent margins.
A phase I/II trial of vandetanib for patients with recurrent malignant glioma

Vandetanib is a once-daily multitargeted tyrosine kinase inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor–2, epidermal growth factor receptor, and the rearranged-during-transfection oncogene. A phase I trial was conducted to describe the pharmacokinetics of vandetanib in patients with recurrent glioma on enzymeinducing anti-epileptic drugs (EIAEDs) and to identify the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in this population. A phase II trial evaluated the efficacy of vandetanib in patients with recurrent malignant glioma not on EIAEDs as measured by 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6). In the phase I trial, 15 patients were treated with vandetanib at doses of 300, 400, and 500 mg/day, in a standard dose-escalation design. The MTD in patients on EIAEDs was 400 mg/day, and steady-state levels were similar to those measured in patients not on EIAEDs. Dose-limiting toxicities were prolonged QTc and thromboembolism. Thirty-two patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and 32 patients with recurrent anaplastic gliomas (AGs) were treated in the phase II trial, at a dosage of 300 mg/day on 28-day cycles. Six patients (4 GBM, 2 AG) had radiographic response. PFS6 was 6.5% in the GBM arm and 7.0% in the AG arm. Median overall survival was 6.3 months in the GBM arm and 7.6 months in the AG arm. Seizures were an unexpected toxicity of therapy. Vandetanib did not have significant activity in unselected patients with recurrent malignant glioma.
The structure of bis(diphenyldipyrazolylborato)nickel(II)

Abstract The structure of bis(diphenyldipyrazolylborato)nickel(II), [(C6H5)2B(C3H3N2)2]2Ni(II), has been determined by X-ray crystallography. The compound crystallizes in the monoclinic space group C2/m with unit cell dimensions a = 18.225(5) A, b = 10.393(3) A, c = 8.851(2) A, β = 106.4(2)°; with V =1608.0 1608.0A3 and Z = 2, the calculated density is 1.357 gcm−3. Using 817 reflections in the range 0° 3σ(I), the structure refined to final values of discrepancy indices, defined in the usual way, of R1 = 0.041 and R2 = 0.049. The molecule has a crystallographically demanded inversion center at the nickel atom as well as a mirror plane. In contrast to the analogous compound in which the dipyrazolyl ligand is (C2H5)2B(pz)2 (pz = 1-pyrazolyl) where the dipyrazolylborate ligand interacts further with the nickel atom through one of the methylene CH groups, there is no further interaction in this case. The ligand conformation is similar to that in the case of [(C6H5)2 B(pz)2](CO)2(2-methylallyl)Mo.
Is It Me or Her? How Gender Composition Evokes Interpersonally Sensitive Behavior on Collaborative Cross-Boundary Projects

This paper investigates how professional workers' willingness to act with interpersonal sensitivity is influenced by the gender and power of their interaction partners. We call into question the idea that mixed-gender interactions involve more interpersonal sensitivity than all-male interactions primarily because women demonstrate more interpersonal sensitivity than do men. Rather, we argue that the social category "women" can evoke more sensitive behavior from others such that men as well as women contribute to an increase in sensitivity in mixed-gender interactions. We further argue that the presence of women may trigger increased sensitivity such that men can also be the recipients of more sensitivity when one or more women are present on a team. In a study of 202 management consultants, we found that the willingness to act with interpersonal sensitivity increased in interactions with women. Moreover, this effect was greater in interactions with women who had low reward power-i.e., females who better fit the expectations associated with the social category "women." We also found team-level effects. Professionals working with mixed-gender versus all-male client teams reported a greater willingness to act with interpersonally sensitive behavior toward male client team members. Our findings show that the willingness to act with interpersonal sensitivity is context dependent and shed light on the importance of studying interaction partner-level and team-level effects on willingness to act with interpersonal sensitivity.
Financial and Emotional Cost Of Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) in infants with neonatal respiratory disease significantly increases the duration of hospitalization and cost of medical care. Early discharge on home oxygen therapy results in cost savings for third-party payers and the hospital, but adds financial and emotional burdens for the family. The median cost of initial hospitalization for 59 infants was $173,160 each. The median duration of home oxygen therapy was 92 days; the median cost was $5,195, compared with a projected cost of $46,920 for hospitalization for the same period. Two thirds of the 59 families experienced increased financial stress associated with marital status, reduced income, type of health insurance, and/or lack of respite or nursing help. Emotional stress was assessed in 26 (44%) of the families; one half coped well. Parents' perception of adequate insurance and stable income was significantly associated with positive coping. Providing home care for an infant with BPD on oxygen therapy is rewarding in many respects, but success requires appreciating its financial and emotional impact on families and providing them with social and financial support.
Latex-Like Water-Borne Polyaniline for Coating Applications

The authors report the synthesis of a polymeric complex of polyaniline that is dispersed in water as a stable suspension. The polymer, PAN:PVME-MLA, is a molecular complex of polyaniline and poly(vinylmethylether-co-maleic acid). The synthetic process leads to a stable latex-like suspension in water. The water-borne conducting polymer, once dried as a thin film on a substrate, is not dissolvable by water or other solvents. An example of piece-dyeing process is presented to show its potential for electrostatic dissipation of textile products. Another example illustrates that the material may be used as electroactive thin-films for electrochromic windows and for rechargeable battery applications.
Controller Assigned Airborne Separation (CAAS) Concept Exploration

A Concept Exploration study of the Controller -Assign ed Airborne Separation (CAAS) pairwise crossing application has been completed by The MITRE Corporation’s Center for Advanced Aviati on System Development (CAASD). The CAAS procedure , which relies on advanced aircraft avionics to perform “electronic” visual separation, permits delegation of separation authority from the air traffic controller to the aircrew in three specif ic situations: 1) CAAS for pair -wise separation (Pair -wise CAAS): Pair -wise CAAS deals with aircraft that are on conflicting paths in en rout e airspace. Pilots of properly equipped aircraft are delegated responsibility to cross their converging traffic using a predefined separation criterion for the maneuver. 2) CAAS for merging operations (Merging CAAS): Merging CAAS is intended to facilitate ope rations that require several aircraft to converge onto a common route. CAAS enhances a time -based solution by authorizing pilots to establish their own spacing, in concurrence with controller instructions, at a specified merge point. 3) CAAS for limited group ing and streaming (Streaming CAAS): Streaming and grouping CAAS entails the delegation of continued spacing or station keeping for aircraft already merged onto a common route. This paper describes the CAAS concept and its elements, and it provides the rati onale and background for it in the context of current international research. The Concept Exploration study took place at the MITRE/CAASD ATM laboratory in January 2004. The purpose of the review was to assess the operational feasibility and potential b enefits of CAAS in the National Airspace System (NAS). Six former pilots and six former FAA air traffic controllers participated in the review, which used simulated traffic in high -altitude en route airspace. Initial result s indicate that CAAS is a promi sing procedure that is easy to understand, safe, and consistent with other procedures specified in FAA Order 7110.65. A follow -up study for controllers only, designed to study workload using CAAS -Pairwise versus current procedures, was conducted in June 2 004. The results of that study will be published separately.
Fault-slip distribution of the 1995 Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, earthquake

Abstract Broadband teleseismic P waves have been analyzed to recover the rupture history of the large ( M S 7.4) Colima-Jalisco, Mexico, shallow interplate thrust earthquake of 9 October 1995. Ground-displacement records in the period range of 1-60 sec are inverted using a linear, finite-fault waveform inversion procedure that allows a variable dislocation duration on a prescribed fault. The method is applied using both a narrow fault that simulates a line source with a dislocation window of 50 sec and a wide fault with a possible rise time of up to 20 sec that additionally allows slip updip and downdip from the hypocenter. The line-source analysis provides a spatio-temporal image of the slip distribution consisting of several large sources located northwest of the hypocenter and spanning a range of rupture velocities. The two-dimensional finite-fault inversion allows slip over this rupture-velocity range and indicates that the greatest coseismic displacement (3-4 m) is located between 70 and 130 km from the hypocenter at depths shallower than about 15 km. Slip in this shallow region consists of two major sources, one of which is delayed by about 10 sec relative to a coherent propagation of rupture along the plate interface. These two slip sources account for about one-third of the total P -wave seismic moment of 8.3 × 10 27 dyne-cm ( M w 7.9) and may have been responsible for the local tsunami observed along the coast following the earthquake.
Bovine Somatotropin: Review of an Emerging Animal Technology

One of the first potential biotechnology products for animal production is bST. Research in the technology of bST has involved scientists and support from federal agencies, universities, and private industry. As a consequence of this extensive cooperation, more than 1000 bST studies have been conducted, which involved over 20,000 dairy cows, and results have been confirmed by scientists throughout the world. This quantity of published research is unprecedented for a new technology and greater than most dairy technologies in use. In contrast to steroids, bST is a protein hormone. Milk yield and persistency responses to bST have been observed for all dairy breeds examined. Quality of management is the major factor affecting magnitude of milk response to bST. The mechanism of action of bST involves a series of orchestrated changes in the metabolism of body tissues so that more nutrients can be used for milk synthesis. It is these coordinated changes that allow the animal to achieve an increased milk yield while remaining normal and healthy. Bioenergetic studies demonstrated that bST-supplemented animals are not stressed. Similarly, there are no adverse health effects from bST even under poor management conditions. Composition of milk (fat, protein, lactose, cholesterol, minerals, and vitamins) is not substantially altered when bST is used and does not differ in manufacturing characteristics. Public perception is of paramount importance if bST or any new technology is to be effectively implemented. New technology must be understood and perceived as safe and beneficial both by farmers, who would utilize it, and consumers, who would purchase the dairy products. With bST use, a unit of milk is produced with less feed and protein supplement and with a reduction in animal excreta (manure, urine, and methane). Nationally, the use of bST simply reinforces, but does not fundamentally change, dairy industry trends of increased milk yield per cow, reduced number of cows, and declining dairy farm numbers. For individual farms, bST technology is size-neutral. However, poorly managed farms where animals are stressed, underfed, or sick are at an economic disadvantage because they will achieve negligible milk response to bST.
Interest Rates and Foreign Capital in Egypt Under British Occupation

My archival studies in Egyptian banks reveal that nominal interest rates charged by foreign financial capital in Egypt fell strongly as compared with European rates throughout the period 1882–1914. Interest differentials declined by 2 to 2 ½ percent. This is explained by the increasing confidence of European investors with British occupation and policies. To explain the large inflow of financial capital after 1900 a sharp decline in real interest rates, related to the upsurge of agricultural prices, is posited. The case offers interesting parallels to present-day problems of excessive indebtedness in Third World countries.
A Radial Flow Microfluidic Device for Ultra‐High‐Throughput Affinity‐Based Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to play an important role in metastasis, a process responsible for the majority of cancer-related deaths. But their rarity in the bloodstream makes microfluidic isolation complex and time-consuming. Additionally the low processing speeds can be a hindrance to obtaining higher yields of CTCs, limiting their potential use as biomarkers for early diagnosis. Here, a high throughput microfluidic technology, the OncoBean Chip, is reported. It employs radial flow that introduces a varying shear profile across the device, enabling efficient cell capture by affinity at high flow rates. The recovery from whole blood is validated with cancer cell lines H1650 and MCF7, achieving a mean efficiency >80% at a throughput of 10 mL h(-1) in contrast to a flow rate of 1 mL h(-1) standardly reported with other microfluidic devices. Cells are recovered with a viability rate of 93% at these high speeds, increasing the ability to use captured CTCs for downstream analysis. Broad clinical application is demonstrated using comparable flow rates from blood specimens obtained from breast, pancreatic, and lung cancer patients. Comparable CTC numbers are recovered in all the samples at the two flow rates, demonstrating the ability of the technology to perform at high throughputs.
Phase-stepping an all-fiber Sagnac loop for full characterization of femtosecond PMD

A novel phase-stepping technique is demonstrated in a Sagnac loop for measuring femtosecond first-order polarization-mode dispersion (PMD) spectra and wavelength-dependent principal states of polarization without the polarization-dependent loss impairing the measurement. The technique allows full characterization of the second-order PMD. The measurements agree well with the ones obtained using the /spl pi/-shifted Sagnac loop previously proposed by the authors.
Seismic motion and response prediction alternatives

Statistical methods are available which predict the maximum response of simple oscillators given the peak acceleration (Ap), peak velocity (Vp) or peak displacement (Dp) of seismic ground motions. An alternative parameter, namely an ordinate (or ordinates) of the Fourier amplitude spectrum of ground motion acceleration, FS(f), may in fact be a preferred predictor of peak response, especially in a frequency range close to f. Other statistical methods (attenuation laws) use distance R and other parameters such as magnitude (M), Modified Mercalli epicentral Intensity (Io) and Modified Mercalli site Intensity (MMI or Is) to predict spectral velocity (Sv(f)), etc. In using such approaches, it is most desirable to know the total uncertainty in the predicted peak response of the system given the starting parameter values. An extensive strong motion data set is used to study these questions, The most direct prediction models are found to be preferable (have lower prediction dispersion) but data may not be available in all regions to permit their use.
The potential and electric field at the metallurgical boundary of an abrupt p-n semiconductor junction

Analytical equations are presented that rigorously establish the electrostatic potential and electric field at the metallurgical transition point of an abrupt p-n semiconductor junction. From these equations, the classical depletion-layer approximation is shown to be rigorously correct only when (N A = N D ), although this solution remains adequate for engineering purposes if 1.0 ≤ N A / N D ≤ 10.0, approximately. It is also shown that mechanisms of operation take place within an asymmetrical abrupt junction (N A ≥ N D ) that cannot be deduced from the depletion-layer aproximation. For example, the asymmetrical junction is shown to contain an electrostatic potential and an electric field at its metallurgical transition point that are essentially constant throughout a wide range of reverse biasing voltage. These characteristics imply that the total electrostatic charge within its p-type and n-type space charge layers remain essentially constant, and that its p-type space-charge layer is of constant width, despite the application of a reverse biasing voltage. These heretofore unreported mechanisms of operation arise from a layer of mobile charge carriers residing at the low-doped side of the metallurgical transition between n-type and p-type semiconductor material.
Elimination of minimal FFT grid‐size limitations

The fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm as normally formulated allows one to compute the Fourier transform of up to N complex structure factors, F(h), N/2 ≥ h > −N/2, if the transform ρ(r) is computed on an N-point grid. Most crystallographic FFT programs test the ranges of the Miller indices of the input data to ensure that the total number of grid divisions in the x, y and z directions of the cell is sufficiently large enough to perform the FFT. This note calls attention to a simple remedy whereby an FFT can be used to compute the transform on as coarse a grid as one desires without loss of precision.
A little while in the Son of God: Austin Farrer on the trinitarian nature of prayer

This article explores Austin Farrer's contribution to trinitarian theology, arguing that he grounds understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity in the life of prayer. While Farrer nowhere offers a systematic presentation of the believer's experience of the Trinity, an investigation of his writings, particularly his sermons and devotional works, reveals that it is precisely in prayer that he thinks the force of the doctrine is revealed to the believer. Beginning with Farrer's ‘empirical principle’, the idea that to know anything one must exercise one's relation to it, the article attempts to show how the act of praying constitutes a living out of the doctrine of the Trinity. Living in the Son entails an adoption of an attitude of sonship towards the Father, which Farrer describes most succinctly as an ‘active openness of heart’. This filial attitude, which Christ expressed humanly throughout his life, is adopted by believers through the Holy Spirit who, according to Farrer, is not an object of direct experience. In this, his trinitarian understanding of prayer differs from Sarah Coakley's, whose reflection on this topic serves as a point of comparison at various places throughout the article. Through Coakley's work, the trinitarian nature of prayer has become a theme in contemporary theology. Thus, this article is aimed at more than simply illuminating a somewhat neglected aspect of Farrer's thought; it is also an attempt to contribute to an ongoing, constructive conversation about the Trinity in the life of faith.
THE “COOLING OUT” OF LAW STUDENTS: Facilitating Market Cooptation of Future Lawyers

This article is concerned with the ways the law school experience eases entry into a stratified market thereby further compromising adversariness in the American legal process. It identifies some dimensions of legal education, broadly construed, which tend to acclimatize some students to existing realities of the job market. Interpreting interview data gathered from first-year students at the University of Wisconsin—Madison Law School, it suggests that socialization to a professional identity can resemble “cooling out” in the ways it reconciles some to accept any employment in lieu of seeking employment more in tune with their personal goals. Such acclimatization thwarts adversariness because, in accepting the dictates of a stratified market, these lawyers are channeled to serve some interests and people to the disadvantage of others.
Visualization advancements of system state

A major step in the evolution of Energy Management System (EMS) capabilities is towards improved presentation of real-time power system condition information (not just data) to the system operator; the primary purpose being to facilitate prompt identification and location of problem areas, and to expedite confident decision-making, in order to mitigate or obviate escalation of the problem at hand.
Sandy the Rainmaker: The Electoral Impact of a Super Storm

The arrival of Hurricane Sandy within a week of the 2012 presidential election caused unprecedented disruption to the final days of the campaign and Election Day in areas that were affected. The precise impact of the storm on those areas hit hardest was not necessarily clear. Contrary to prior research on the effect of disasters on electoral outcomes, we find that the president's vote share was ultimately increased in storm-affected areas by about four percentage points, plus or minus two points. While those states most heavily affected were unlikely to give their electoral vote to Romney because of other factors, we present counterfactual analyses that show that such a storm could have had a significant impact on swing states: although the storm only affected some areas, we show that Virginia would likely have been won by Romney were it not hit at all, whereas North Carolina would likely have gone for Obama had it been directly in the storm's path.
Nucleotide Variation and Haplotype Diversity in a 10-kb Noncoding Region in Three Continental Human Populations

Noncoding regions are usually less subject to natural selection than coding regions and so may be more useful for studying human evolution. The recent surveys of worldwide DNA variation in four 10-kb noncoding regions revealed many interesting but also some incongruent patterns. Here we studied another 10-kb noncoding region, which is in 6p22. Sixty-six single-nucleotide polymorphisms were found among the 122 worldwide human sequences, resulting in 46 genotypes, from which 48 haplotypes were inferred. The distribution patterns of DNA variation, genotypes, and haplotypes suggest rapid population expansion in relatively recent times. The levels of polymorphism within human populations and divergence between humans and chimpanzees at this locus were generally similar to those for the other four noncoding regions. Fu and Li's tests rejected the neutrality assumption in the total sample and in the African sample but Tajima's test did not reject neutrality. A detailed examination of the contributions of various types of mutations to the parameters used in the neutrality tests clarified the discrepancy between these test results. The age estimates suggest a relatively young history in this region. Combining three autosomal noncoding regions, we estimated the long-term effective population size of humans to be 11,000 ± 2800 using Tajima's estimator and 17,600 ± 4700 using Watterson's estimator and the age of the most recent common ancestor to be 860,000 ± 258,000 years ago.
Responses of different herbivore guilds to nutrient addition and natural enemy exclusion

We experimentally investigated the effects of plant quality and natural enemies on the abundance of different herbivore guilds on oak trees. Two oak species (Quercus laevis and Q. geminata) and four guilds of leaf herbivores (leaf miners, gall-formers, leaf-rollers, and chewers) were studied using a factorial design that manipulated predation/parasitism pressure and plant nutritional quality. Forty plants of each species were divided into four treatments: 1) control plants (nutrients and natural enemies unaltered); 2) nutrients added, natural enemies unaltered; 3) nutrients unaltered, natural enemies removed; and 4) nutrients added and natural enemies excluded. Fertilized plants exhibited significantly higher foliar nitrogen for both oak species, and tannins tended to increase over time and decrease with fertilization, but only for Q. geminata was this trend significant. Fertilized plants supported significantly higher densities of all herbivore guilds than did unfertilized plants, but exclusion of natural enemies did not significantly affect herbivore abundance for any guild studied. Our results demonstrate that all herbivores on oaks, regardless of guild type, respond more strongly to bottom-up effects such as host-plant quality than to top-down effects caused by natural enemies.
High-dynamic-range, 200-ps window, single-shot cross-correlator for ultrahigh intensity laser characterization

A novel high-dynamic-range cross-correlator is presented that enables single-shot characterization of pulse contrast for ultrahigh intensity lasers in the temporal region up to 200 ps.
Hepatitis C Screening in People With Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Lessons Learned From Syphilis Screening.

Background. The incidence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is increasing in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive men who have sex with men (MSM). New guidelines recommend annual screening for HCV, similar to recommendations for syphilis screening with rapid plasma reagin (RPR). Methods. This study compares the frequency of repeat HCV antibody (Ab) testing to repeat RPR testing in a retrospective chart review of 359 HCVAb-negative people living with HIV (PLWH) observed in an Infectious Diseases clinic. Patients were classified into risk groups based on sexual risk factors. Results. Although 85% of PLWH had repeat syphilis screening, less than two thirds had repeat HCVAb screening. The MSM status was associated with increased HCVAb and RPR testing (adjusted odds ratio, 2.6 and 5.9, respectively). Seven persons had incident HCV infection: 3 were MSM, and 4 had symptoms or abnormal laboratory results to prompt testing. Conclusions. Failure to find incident HCV infection in PLWH represents missed opportunities to cure HCV infection and prevent progressive liver disease. Further quality improvement studies are necessary to develop physician-focused interventions to increase HCV screening rates in PLWH.
Modeling General and Specific Abilities: Evaluation of Bifactor Models for the WJ-III.

The present study examined issues related to structural modeling of abilities by the use of simulated data as well as analysis of the standardization data from the Woodcock–Johnson-III. In both cas...
Angular-Distribution Studies of γ Rays from the 45 Sc(n,n'γ) Reaction

Angular distributions of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ rays from the $^{45}\mathrm{Sc}(n,{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\gamma})$ reaction have been measured at an incident neutron energy of 1.41 MeV. Analysis of the distributions yielded a spin assignment of ($\frac{11}{2}$)- for the 1238-keV level. The results support the collective-model description of this nucleus.
Sport-based physical activity intervention on body weight in children and adolescents: a meta-analysis

Controversial results reported in past research pertaining to the effectiveness of sport-based physical activity interventions on weight loss. The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of ...
Investigation of Integrated Flow Field of Variable-ducted Rocket

The integrated flow field implemented for variable flow ducted rocket.Compared with direct-connected ground test,the influence of air-fuel ratio on the performance and flow field of ducted rocket analyzed.The results show that the rocket thrust has been efficiently enhanced,together with specific impulse descending and range of missile reducing,by keeping missile flight state constant and reducing air-fuel ratio.While air-fuel ratio reduces to 7,the configuration of flow field in combustor changes,then a mass of fuel flows along the middle of combustor.The terminal shock wave of inlet moves toward the intake and the margin of inlet reduce by reduced air-fuel ratio.
Basis for myocardial mechanical defects associated with non-insulin-dependent diabetes

Hearts isolated from 12-mo non-insulin-dependent diabetic rats exhibited reduced rates of contractility and relaxation. Associated with the abnormality in contractility was a redistribution in myosin isozyme content to the least active V3 form. Defects in myocardial relaxation also occurred concomitantly with impaired handling of calcium. Total tissue calcium content rose 35% in the diabetic hearts. At the same time, the activity of the pump responsible for maintaining normal cytoplasmic calcium levels was reduced. At a free calcium concentration of 2.0 microM, the rates of sarcoplasmic reticular calcium uptake and adenosinetriphosphatase activity of the diabetic hearts were decreased approximately 30%. Diastolic ventricular stiffness increased dramatically. The net result of these abnormalities in calcium metabolism is a significant impairment in mechanical performance of the diabetic heart.
Kinetics of ZIF-8 Thermal Decomposition in Inert, Oxidizing, and Reducing Environments

Zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) have been foregrounded as structures with exceptional, intrinsic chemical and thermal stability. However, there has yet to be a systematic study of the isothermal stability of ZIFs, specifically the well-studied ZIF-8. In this work, ZIF-8 isothermal TGA decomposition kinetics were studied in air, argon, H2/CO2, and nitrogen environments by exposing ZIF-8 to each gas for 20 h at temperatures of 200, 250, and 300 °C, respectively. ZIF-8 crystallinity was preserved under the experimental isothermal conditions at 200 °C in each atmosphere, but crystallinity was increasingly eliminated at higher temperatures. Decomposition kinetics data show that the rate of ZIF-8 carbonization significantly increases at temperatures above 200 °C irrespective of environment. ZIF-8 decomposition in the H2/CO2 reducing mixture exhibits the slowest decomposition kinetics at all temperatures and the greatest morphological change. At 300 °C, oxidative effects enhance ZIF-8 decomposition in air...
The Effects of World War II on the Afro-Asian Position at the San Francisco Conference

The conflict of interpreting Chapter XI of the United Nations Charter has its ideological roots in the pre-World War II period, in the declarations and principles formulated during that global holocaust, and in the San Francisco proposals out of which the “Declaration Regarding Non-Self-Governing Territories” was born.
The Limits of Force

To appreciate the significance of the principle of minimum force in the development of British counterinsurgency, it is necessary to begin with the colonial wars of the late nineteenth century in which this principle did not operate. From 1870 to 1900 the army conducted numerous campaigns against irregulars along the fringes of the empire. Fought outside regularly administered territory, these conflicts were technically external wars rather than internal unrest. The British were thus under no compunction to exercise restraint. Even when colonials were subjected to excessive force, Victorian racial attitudes insured that there was likely to be little outcry over the brutalization of non-Europeans. Scorched-earth tactics were openly advocated and frequently practised. Charles Callwell’s Small Wars — Their Principles and Practice, the best nineteenth-century treatise on the subject in English, called for such tactics. In the absence of a clear target, such as a capital city, regular troops were ‘forced to resort to cattle lifting and village burning, and […] the war assumes an aspect which may shock the humanitarian’. Callwell shared the common Victorian belief that irregular warfare was cowardly, and he justified whatever means were necessary to end it.1 Even Rudyard Kipling, who normally spared his readers the uglier aspects of imperialism, was candid on this point.
Free Radical Formation and Antioxidant Protection in Extracellular Fluids

The present. oxygen concentration of dry air is 21% (v/v) and aerobic life processes utilize molecular oxygen for the controlled oxidation of carbon-containing molecules in order to release energy and heat. Molecular oxygen is itself a radical with two unpaired electrons with parallel spins. Most incoming electrons would have opposite spins and therefore be restricted in their reactions with oxygen. This restriction considerably slows down the reaction of oxygen with non-radicals. Unfortunately, it also results in the formation of univalent reduction intermediates with unpaired electrons such as the hydroperoxyl radical (HO.2), superoxide anion (0-2) and the hydroxyl radical (•OH). At physiological pH values HO2• will yield the superoxide anion which is also formed in numerous metabolic processes (for reviews see Halliwell and Gutteridge 1985)1,2. Superoxide is able to do some direct damage in biological systems3 but is not considered a particularly aggressive oxidant. Nevertheless generation of 0-2 has consistently been shown to accompany significant damage to biological molecules.4,5 The currently preferred explanation is that damage is usually mediated by a highly aggressive oxidant such as the hydroxyl radical. The chemical reaction sequence leading to •OH formation has been shown to involve hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and a transition metal complex, with a variable oxidation number, and is known as the ‘Superoxide-driven Fenton’ reaction.
Regression Models for Multiple Category Response Data

The generalization of categorical data from two categories (the binomial random variable) to multiple categories (the multinomial random variable) is a fundamental step in the analysis of contingency tables, allowing (for example) generalization of analysis for 2 × 2 tables to I × J tables. The need for such generalizations carries over to regression analysis as well. In a clinical trial context, for example, investigation of the effectiveness of a treatment might be the goal of the analysis, but the effects of a treatment might have several levels, such as ineffective, moderately effective with side effects, moderately effective without side effects, completely effective with side effects, and completely effective without side effects. This multinomial target variable is obviously different from a binary success/failure target, but the goal remains the same: to develop a model relating predictors to the probability of falling in each of the levels of the target. Depending on the structure of the response variable (nominal or ordinal), different generalizations are possible.
Abstract 4515: A phase 1 randomized, open-label, fixed-sequence, 2-period study of the effect of multiple doses of rifampin on palbociclib (PD-0332991) pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers

Background Rifampin is a strong inducer of multiple Phase 1 and Phase 2 metabolic enzymes including cytochrome (CYP) P450 3A4 and sulfotransferases (SULT). In vitro, the metabolism of palbociclib occurs primarily through CYP3A4 and SULT2A1; thus, coadministration of rifampin and palbociclib could result in decreased exposure of palbociclib. Methods This open-label, 2-period, fixed-sequence study assessed the effect of multiple oral doses of rifampin on single-dose palbociclib pharmacokinetics (PK) in 15 healthy volunteers (ClinicalTrials.gov; NCT01953731). Each subject received the following treatments: Period 1, oral palbociclib 125 mg on day 1; Period 2, oral rifampin 600 mg for 12 days and oral palbociclib 125 mg on day 8 (washout of ≥12 days between the 2 palbociclib doses). Serial blood sampling for palbociclib PK was performed predose and up to 120 hours post-palbociclib dose in both periods. Plasma concentrations of palbociclib were measured using validated high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry methods. Palbociclib plasma PK parameters were estimated using standard non-compartmental methods. Results Median time to maximum plasma concentration (Tmax) and mean half-life (t1/2) were shorter with palbociclib plus rifampin relative to palbociclib alone. Adjusted geometric mean palbociclib AUCinf (area under the curve from time zero to infinity) and Cmax (maximal plasma concentration) following treatment with rifampin (242.5 ng•h/mL and 15.52 ng/mL, respectively) were considerably lower relative to palbociclib administered alone (1568 ng•h/mL and 51.42 ng/mL). Generally, study treatments were well tolerated with no reported serious adverse events; 1 subject discontinued due to liver function test abnormalities after receiving rifampin alone for 7 days in Period 2. Conclusions Treatment with multiple doses of rifampin with palbociclib decreased total (AUCinf) and peak (Cmax) palbociclib exposure by approximately 85% and 70%, respectively, versus palbociclib alone. Palbociclib was well tolerated when administered alone or in combination with rifampin. Based on these results, concurrent administration of palbociclib with strong CYP3A inducers should be avoided. Citation Format: Justin T. Hoffman, Anna Plotka, Melissa O9Gorman, Andrew Chang, Maha Kosa, Cho-Ming Loi, Corrado Gallo-Stampino, Diane D. Wang. A phase 1 randomized, open-label, fixed-sequence, 2-period study of the effect of multiple doses of rifampin on palbociclib (PD-0332991) pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 106th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2015 Apr 18-22; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2015;75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 4515. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-4515
CHAPTER 299 – Signal Transduction in the Escherichia coli SOS Response

The ultimate result of DNA damage, whether accurate repair such as nucleotide excision repair, homologous recombination, or translesion synthesis, is governed by several levels of control including transcriptional activation and posttranslational modification. Translesion synthesis itself is accomplished by a cascade of signaling events achieved through noncovalent interactions as well as covalent modification (self-cleavage) of several of the proteins involved. Translesion synthesis is executed by a specialized class of polymerases that appear to be uniquely suited to their role as low-fidelity DNA polymerases. It seems certain that there are many more insights to be gained into when and with which tools cells respond to an assault on their genetic material.