cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
When will we have enough women speakers in emergency medicine

In an observational study published in EMJ , Carley et al 1 asked “Are there too few women presenting at emergency medicine conferences?” The authors analysed the apparent gender of speakers at eight major emergency medicine (EM) conferences from 2014 to 2015. They found that women presenters gave 29.9% of the talks occupying 27.6% of the total speaking time. The group then compared these percentages to the mean percentage of the EM workforce that is female (26.2%) and concluded that the percentage of women speaking is likely representative of the gender distribution in EM, not necessarily gender bias in speaker selection. The authors do not describe their means of identifying the women in the …
Benefits of ultrasound scanning during gestation in the small ruminant

Abstract Integration of ultrasonography into the breeding and gestational management of small ruminants is advantageous for producers, clinicians, and researchers. In the past decade, advances to ultrasound technology have improved the image quality and created probes that can image deeper into the uterus. Increased portability makes ultrasound possible and convenient on the farm. Pregnancy diagnoses can be made using transrectal or transabdominal ultrasound, and is most sensitive after day 30 of gestation in both the ewe and doe. The strongest indicator of pregnancy is the visualization of a fetus with a heartbeat, although fluid in the uterus and development of placentome structures are also indicative of pregnancy. Fetal number can also be determined during early- to mid-gestation, allowing prediction of litter size. As gestation advances, fetal features can be used to estimate gestational age and track growth over time. In addition, fetal sex may be determined during early gestation by the position of the genital tubercle or during mid-gestation by the presence of external genitalia. Thus, ultrasound is useful for producers, aiding with efficient culling and rebreeding decisions, fetal counting and sexing, and feeding the dam appropriately throughout the majority of gestation. Furthermore, ultrasound allows producers and clinicians to calculate parturition dates, monitor ewes and does susceptible to pregnancy toxemia during late gestation, supervise parturition, and monitor the fetus for abnormal growth in a non-invasive manner. These factors all contribute to proper gestational management in small ruminants that can ultimately improve animal health and growth, and operation efficiency and profitability. Thus, the objectives of this review are to evaluate the use of ultrasound in pregnant ewes and does while highlighting the benefits of ultrasound for production. This review also describes basic guidelines for ultrasound use by producers, clinicians, and researchers to encourage widespread adoption of ultrasound for small ruminant management.
Utilization Pattern of Agriculture Crop Loan by Farmers in India with Special Reference to Karnataka

Background/Objectives : The agricultural crop loan has to help farmers for purchase of high yielding inputs. Thus, the present study was undertaken to analyse the utilization and diversion pattern of agriculture crop loan by different categories of farmers. Methods/Statistical analysis : Multistage sampling technique was adopted for the selection of sample farmersviz. 40 large farmers and 20 small farmers who had availed agriculture crop loan from each commercial (SBI) and co-operatives banks (PACS). Thus, the total sample size consisted of 120 farmers. The technique of tabular presentation includes percentages and averages were used to estimate the extent of utilisation and diversion of agriculture crop loan. Findings : The average amount utilized for the said purpose by large farmers was noticed around 96.97 per cent which was found to be higher as compared to small farmers (76.78 %) borrowed from commercial banks for red gram production. Similar trend was noticed in case of cooperative banks borrowers but the average size of amount borrowed was almost one half of the amount of commercial banks borrowers. The small farmers for cotton production from commercial banks the amount utilized for said purpose accounting for 85.72 per cent lower than large farmers (95.51 %). Similar trend was noticed in case of cooperative banks borrowers. It is of interesting to note that across institutions the diversion of agriculture crop loan was more in case of small farmers as compared to large farmers in both commercial and co-operative banks for both redgram and cotton production. The size of crop loan amount disbursed by cooperative banks borrowers was almost one half of the amount of commercial banks borrowers. Application/Improvements : Hence, financial institutions should also educate the farmers in utilizing of crop loan amount while disbursing the loan to the farmers.
Bone marrow-derived cells contribute to developing lymph vessels at the tumor invasive front

AACR Annual Meeting-- Apr 12-16, 2008; San Diego, CA 5844 The origin of lymphatic endothelial cells in developing lymph vessels of the primary tumor is unknown and controversy exists as to whether bone marrow derived cells (BMDCs) contribute to these vessels. Further understanding of this process is important since the degree of lymph vessel development in the primary tumor correlates with manifestation of lymph node metastasis in many cancer types. In this study, the syngeneic B16 melanoma tumor model was used to study lymph vessel development and the contribution of BMDCs in this process during tumorigenesis in C57 BL/6 mice. Contrary to the current dogma that tumor lymphangiogenesis occurs as a late event in the tumorigenic process, our analysis of primary melanomas showed that lymph vessel development starts very early, with lymphatic endothelial cells assembling at the invasive front of the tumor by day four after tumor implantation. Mature vessels expressing LYVE-1, but not CD31, were evident by day 11 after tumor implantation, confirming that these vessels are composed of lymphatic endothelium and not vascular endothelium. To investigate the role of BMDCs in this process, mice were transplanted with bone marrow from GFP transgenic mice. In tumors from these mice, a large contribution of BMDCs in lymph vessels was seen at days 15 and 18 after tumor implantation by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. Moreover, abundant LYVE-1+CD11b+ cells were seen contributing to lymph vessels, suggesting a role for myeloid cells in lymph vessel formation. The myeloid cell contribution in lymphangiogenesis was further investigated by examining the function of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR-1) in lymph vessel development. VEGFR-1 is expressed on hematopoietic progenitor cells and mature cells of the myelomonocytic lineage, which play a role in stabilization of new blood vessels in growing tumors. Targeting VEGFR-1 by neutralizing antibody treatment, starting at day eight after tumor implantation, resulted in decreased lumen size of developing lymph vessels, as well as an overall delay in lymph vessel maturity at the invasive edge of the primary tumor. These results support a role for VEGFR-1 expressing BMDCs in lymphangiogenesis, as well as their known role in angiogenesis. Together, this study has demonstrated that (1) lymphangiogenesis at the tumor invasive front occurs early during tumor growth, rather than late, as has been assumed, (2) myelomonocytic BMDCs are recruited to the tumor and contribute to the developing lymphatic endothelium and (3) VEGFR-1 signaling appears to be important in this process. Early targeting of these BMDCs via VEGFR-1 may block lymph vessel maturation and thereby prevent tumor progression and lymph node metastasis.
Dynamic universal solutions for fiber-reinforced incompressible isotropic elastic materials

We consider the effect of a fiber-reinforcement on the dynamic universality of the following families of motions: bending and shearing of a rectangular block; straightening and shearing of a sector of a circular tube; inflation, eversion, extension, bending and shearing of a sector of a circular tube; inflation, extension, bending and azimuthal shearing of a sector of a circular tube.
Recasting and optimizing intersection automation as a connected-and-automated-vehicle (CAV) scheduling problem: A sequential branch-and-bound search approach in phase-time-traffic hypernetwork

It is a common vision that connected and automated vehicles (CAVs) will increasingly appear on the road in the near future and share roads with traditional vehicles. Through sharing real-time locations and receiving guidance from infrastructure, a CAV's arrival and request for green light at intersections can be approximately predicted along their routes. When many CAVs from multiple approaches at intersections place such requests, a central challenge is how to develop an intersection automation policy (IAP) to capture complex traffic dynamics and schedule resources (green lights) to serve both CAV requests (interpreted as request for green lights on a particular signal phase at time t) and traditional vehicles. To represent heterogeneous vehicle movements and dynamic signal timing plans, we first formulate the IAP optimization as a special case of machine scheduling problem using a mixed integer linear programming formulation. Then we develop a novel phase-time-traffic (PTR) hypernetwork model to represent heterogeneous traffic propagation under traffic signal operations. Since the IAP optimization, by nature, is a special sequential decision process, we also develop sequential branch-and-bound search algorithms over time to IAP optimization considering both CAVs and traditional vehicles in the PTR hypernetwork. As the critical part of the branch-and-bound search, special dominance and bounding rules are also developed to reduce the search space and find the exact optimum efficiently. Multiple numerical experiments are conducted to examine the performance of the proposed IAP optimization approach.
Weak interspecific interactions in a sagebrush steppe? Conflicting evidence from observations and experiments

Stable coexistence requires intraspecific limitations to be stronger than interspecific limitations. The greater the difference between intra- and interspecific limitations, the more stable the coexistence, and the weaker the competitive release any species should experience following removal of competitors. We conducted a removal experiment to test whether a previously estimated model, showing surprisingly weak interspecific competition for four dominant species in a sagebrush steppe, accurately predicts competitive release. Our treatments were (1) removal of all perennial grasses and (2) removal of the dominant shrub, Artemisia tripartita. We regressed survival, growth, and recruitment on the locations, sizes, and species identities of neighboring plants, along with an indicator variable for removal treatment. If our "baseline" regression model, which accounts for local plant-plant interactions, accurately explains the observed responses to removals, then the removal coefficient should be non-significant. For survival, the removal coefficients were never significantly different from zero, and only A. tripartita showed a (negative) response to removals at the recruitment stage. For growth, the removal treatment effect was significant and positive for two species, Poa secunda and Pseudoroegneria spicata, indicating that the baseline model underestimated interspecific competition. For all three grass species, population models based on the vital rate regressions that included removal effects projected 1.4- to 3-fold increases in equilibrium population size relative to the baseline model (no removal effects). However, we found no evidence of higher response to removal in quadrats with higher pretreatment cover of A. tripartita, or by plants experiencing higher pre-treatment crowding by A. tripartita, raising questions about the mechanisms driving the positive response to removal. While our results show the value of combining observations with a simple removal experiment, more tightly controlled experiments focused on underlying mechanisms may be required to conclusively validate or reject predictions from phenomenological models.
Roma Securitization and De-securitization in Habsburg Europe

In a longue duree perspective on the securitization of the Roma in Europe, Dalbello uses as a case study Archduke Joseph Karl Ludwig of Austria (1833–1905) as a ‘securitization actor’ whose strategies of ‘diffuse’ de-securitization were consistent with the political culture of the multicultural Habsburg Empire. His practices of visual securitization/de-securitization aimed at framing the Roma as Volk of the Empire and his humanitarian-like programme of Roma colonization draw his project as radically ambiguous. While presenting a trajectory of de-securitization as ‘change through stabilization’ in the construction of a particular visibility of the Roma as subjects of the Empire, the project was limited within the terms of securitization and epitomized the romantic racism of Roma scholarship in which he was involved.
Half-widths of , , , , and : I. Comparison between isotopomers

Abstract Pressure-broadened half-widths are determined using the complex Robert–Bonamy (CRB) formalism for five isotopomers of water vapor. The calculations are made with nitrogen and oxygen as the perturbing gases. The intermolecular potential is taken as a sum of electrostatic contributions, Lennard-Jones (6–12) atom–atom, and isotropic induction and dispersion components. Calculations made using recently determined Lennard-Jones (L-J) parameters for deuterium are compared with previous calculations that utilized only the hydrogen L-J parameters. The dynamics of the collision process are correct to second order in time. Ratios of the half-width of the principal isotopomer to the other isotopomers are determined and discussed with particular emphasis on predicting half-widths of the lesser isotopic species from the values for the principal species.
Food Safety: Heavy Metals

Food that we are culturally habituated to consume is usually thought to be safe. However, some foods are naturally contaminated with substances, the effects of which are unknown. Crops are sprayed with pesticides while they are being cultivated; some animals are injected with hormones while being raised. Meanwhile, other foods are mechanically processed in ways that could risk contamination. This article discusses food contamination with heavy metals, the heavy metals involved, their toxicities, and their sources in the environment. A brief consideration of medical management is also included. Five metals are considered in this category: lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, and bismuth.
Ethics Committees, Innovative Surgery, and Organizational Ethics

Innovation can make neurosurgical treatments more effective and safer for patients. However, surgical innovation is relatively less regulated than innovations in medical specialties and more subject to the discretion of individual physicians. As such, the ethics of specific surgical innovations are usually managed at the institutional and individual level. In addition to a well-developed individual medical ethic on the part of the surgeon and treatment team, a strong organizational ethic is needed by institutions developing surgical innovations. Hospital ethics committees comprised of physicians, nursing staff, administrators, and community members can help address organizational ethics questions as they arise.
Bipolar and proud

ABSTRACTGroup work can reduce collective stigma surrounding mental health by inspiring individuals to confidently disclose their conditions during small groups and eventually in large groups. This ...
Marygrace Elson, MD, MME, FACOG, President of the Iowa Medical Society

Dr. Marygrace Elson was installed as the President of the Iowa Medical Society on April 5, 2019. The following is excerpted from Dr. Elson’s inauguration remarks.
Van der Waals thin-film electronics

The development of emerging applications based on large-area flexible and wearable devices requires solution-processable thin-film electronics. Organic semiconductors can be processed in solution, but typically suffer from relatively low performance and insufficient stability in ambient conditions. Inorganic nanostructures, however, can be processed in solution while retaining the excellent electronic performance and structural stability of crystalline inorganic materials. In particular, a range of two-dimensional inorganic nanosheets can be dispersed in various solvents as stable colloidal inks. These nanosheets can be assembled into continuous thin films in which neighbouring sheets interact via van der Waals forces with few interfacial trapping states. The resulting tiled nanosheets, which we term two-dimensional van der Waals thin films, offer significant potential in thin-film electronics. Here we explore the development of van der Waals thin films and their use in high-performance large-area electronics. We examine the formulation of the nanosheet inks and their scalable assembly into van der Waals thin films and devices. We also consider their application in large-area wearable electronics and the challenges that exist in delivering practical devices. This Perspective explores the development of solution-processable van der Waals thin films, examining their potential for application in large-area wearable electronics and the challenges that exist in delivering practical devices.
Dealkenylative Thiylation of C(sp3)–C(sp2) Bonds

Carbon-carbon bond fragmentations are useful methods for the functionalization of molecules. The value of such cleavage events is maximized when paired with subsequent bond formation. Herein we report a protocol for the cleavage of an alkene C(sp3)-C(sp2) bond, followed by the formation of a new C(sp3)-S bond. This reaction is performed in nonanhydrous solvent and open to the air, employs common starting materials, and can be used to rapidly diversify natural products.
Just Because (Most) Hospitals Are Publishing Charges Does Not Mean Prices Are More Transparent.

Background: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) recently mandated that all hospitals publish their charge description masters (CDMs) online, in a machine-readable format, by January 1, 2019. In addition, CMS recommended that CDM data be made available in a manner that was consumer friendly and accessible to patients. Objective: This study aimed to (1) examine all hospitals across the state of Pennsylvania to understand policy compliance and (2) use established metrics to measure accessibility and consumer friendliness of posted CDM data. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted to quantify hospital website compliance with the recent CMS policies requiring hospitals to publish their CDM. Data were collected from all Pennsylvania hospital websites. Consumer friendliness was assessed based on searchability, number of website clicks to data, and supplemental educational materials accompanying CDMs such as videos or text. Results: Most hospitals (189/234, 80.1%) were compliant, but significant variation in data presentation was observed. The mean number of website clicks to the CDM was 3.7 (SD 1.3; range: 1-8). A total of 23.1% of compliant hospitals provided no supplemental educational material with their CDM. Conclusions: Although disclosure of charges has improved, the data may not be sufficient to meaningfully influence patient decision making.
Sildenafil Administration in Dogs Heterozygous for a Functional Null Mutation in Pde6a: Suppressed Rod-Mediated ERG Responses and Apparent Retinal Outer Nuclear Layer Thinning.

This study was designed to assess risk for retinal toxicity associated with administration of high-dose sildenafil citrate to dogs heterozygous for a functionally null mutation in Pde6a over a 4-month period. Three Pde6a +/− dogs were administered 14.3 mg/kg sildenafil per os and two Pde6a +/− dogs placebo once daily for 16 weeks. Three Pde6a +/+ dogs were administered sildenafil for 7 days. Ophthalmic examination, vision testing, and electroretinography (ERG) were regularly performed. At study termination, dogs were euthanized and globes collected. Retinal layer thickness and photoreceptor nuclei counts were determined from plastic sections. In both Pde6a +/− and Pde6a +/+ sildenafil-treated (ST) dogs, elevation of dark-adapted b-wave threshold and unmasking of the scotopic threshold response (STR) were observed. Sildenafil treated Pde6a +/− dogs had significantly thinner ONL (24.90 +/−1.88 μm, p = 0.004) and lower photoreceptor nuclei counts (273.6 +/− 29.3 cells/100 μm, p = 0.008) compared to measurements (35.90 +/− 1.63 μm) and counts (391.5 +/−27.0 cells/100 μm) from archived untreated Pde6a +/− dogs.
Craniorachischisis with Exencephaly.

Background: Neural tube defects can be as mild as spina bifida, to as severe as anencephaly, with only a fraction of these cases presenting as both craniorachischisis and exencephaly. Case report: ...
Improving Molecular Therapy in the Kidney

Mutations in approximately 80 genes have been implicated as the cause of various genetic kidney diseases. However, gene delivery to kidney cells from the blood is inefficient because of the natural filtering functions of the glomerulus, and research into and development of gene therapy directed toward kidney disease has lagged behind as compared with hepatic, neuromuscular, and ocular gene therapy. This lack of progress is in spite of numerous genetic mouse models of human disease available to the research community and many vectors in existence that can theoretically deliver genes to kidney cells with high efficiency. In the past decade, several groups have begun to develop novel injection techniques in mice, such as retrograde ureter, renal vein, and direct subcapsular injections to help resolve the issue of gene delivery to the kidney through the blood. In addition, the ability to retarget vectors specifically toward kidney cells has been underutilized but shows promise. This review discusses how recent advances in gene delivery to the kidney and the field of gene therapy can leverage the wealth of knowledge of kidney genetics to work toward developing gene therapy products for patients with kidney disease.
Predictors of Veterans Affairs Health Service Utilization by Women Veterans during Pregnancy

Abstract Background Researchers have examined predictors of Veterans Affairs (VA) service use by women veterans in general, but less is known about predictors of VA service use by pregnant veterans. This study examined characteristics associated with planned and actual VA service use by pregnant veterans. Methods This study includes data from 510 pregnant veterans enrolled in the Center for Maternal and Infant Outcomes Research in Translation Study. Women veterans completed phone interviews during their first trimester and at 3 months postpartum. The Center for Maternal and Infant Outcomes Research in Translation surveys assessed medical and mental health conditions, VA health care use, trauma history, and pregnancy complications. We conducted bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models assessing planned and actual use of VA services during pregnancy. Results Lifetime post-traumatic stress disorder (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.11–2.69) and history of military sexual trauma (OR, 1.85; 95% CI, 1.19–2.87) were significantly associated with planned VA service use in multivariable models. Lifetime diagnoses of anxiety (OR, 1.78; C.I., 1.15–2.75) were associated with an increased likelihood of actual VA use during pregnancy, whereas Hispanic ethnicity (OR, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.36–0.96), younger age (OR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.91–0.99), and access to private health insurance (OR, 0.55; 95% CI, 0.37–0.84) were associated with a decreased likelihood of actual VA service use during pregnancy. Conclusions Results emphasize the association between high-risk mental health characteristics and specific demographic characteristics with VA service use among pregnant veterans. Study findings highlight a continued need for women's health care at the VA, as well as the availability of VA providers knowledgeable about perinatal health issues, and informed community providers regarding women veterans' health.
Thrombus in Transit and Impending Pulmonary Embolism Detected on POCUS in a Patient with COVID-19 Pneumonia

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a pandemic that started in China in December 2019 and carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality. To-date (4-22-2020) it affected over 2.6 million people and resulted in nearly 200,000 death worldwide mainly due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-Cov-2). Among the major underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms in COVID 19 is hypercoagulability, leading to increased risk for deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism that contribute to increased morbidity and mortality. In this report, we present the case of a 55-year-old man who presented with COVID-19 pneumonia, and was found to have a thrombus in transit by routine point of care ultrasound (POCUS). While computer tomography (CT) angiography is the test of choice, the utilization of point of care ultrasound (POCUS) has gained traction as an adjunctive means of surveillance for the development of VTE in patients with COVID-19. In this report, we discuss the clinical utility of POCUS in diagnosing thrombus in transit in COVID 19 populations.
Relationship Between Coronavirus-Related eHealth Literacy and COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices among US Adults: Web-Based Survey Study.

Background: During a global pandemic, it is critical that the public is able to rapidly acquire new and accurate health information. The internet is a major source of health information. eHealth literacy is the ability of individuals to find, assess, and use health information available on the internet. Objective: The goals of this study were to assess coronavirus-related eHealth literacy and examine the relationship between eHealth literacy and COVID-19−related knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAPs). Methods: We conducted a web-based survey of a representative sample of 1074 US adults. We adapted the 8-item eHealth Literacy Scale to develop the Coronavirus-Related eHealth Literacy Scale (CoV-eHEALS) to measure COVID-19−related knowledge, conspiracy beliefs, and adherence to protective behaviors (eg, wearing facial masks and social distancing). Our analyses identified sociodemographic associations with the participants’ CoV-eHEALS scores and an association between the CoV-eHEALS measure and COVID-19 KAPs. Results: The internal consistency of the adapted CoV-eHEALS measure was high (Cronbach α=.92). The mean score for the CoV-eHEALS was 29.0 (SD 6.1). A total of 29% (306/1074) of the survey participants were classified as having low coronavirus-related eHealth literacy (CoV-eHEALS score <26). Independent associations were found between CoV-eHEALS scores and ethnicity (standardized β=–.083, P=.016 for Black participants) and education level (standardized β=–.151, P=.001 for participants with high-school education or lower). Controlling for demographic characteristics, CoV-eHEALS scores demonstrated positive independent associations with knowledge (standardized β=.168, P<.001) and adherence to protective behaviors (standardized β=.241, P<.001) and a negative association with conspiracy beliefs (standardized β=–.082, P=.009). Conclusions: This study provides an estimate of coronavirus-related eHealth literacy among US adults. Our findings suggest that a substantial proportion of US adults have low coronavirus-related eHealth literacy and are thus at a greater risk of lower and less-protective COVID-19 KAPs. These findings highlight the need to assess and address eHealth literacy as part of COVID-19 control efforts. Potential strategies include improving the quality of health information about COVID-19 available on the internet, assisting or simplifying web-based search for information about COVID-19, and training to improve general or coronavirus-specific search skills.
Bridging Cultural Sociology and Cognitive Psychology in Three Contemporary Research Programs

Three prominent research programs in cognitive psychology would benefit from a stronger engagement with the cultural context of cognition: studies of poverty focused on scarcity and cognitive bandwidth (CB); of the dual-process model of moral judgment (DPM); and of biases using the implicit association test (IAT). We address the blind spots common to these programs and suggest research strategies for moving beyond an exclusive focus on cognition. Research on poverty using the CB approach would benefit from considering the cultural schemas that influence how people perceive and prioritize needs. DPM researchers could explain variation by analysing cultural repertoires that structure moral choices. Research using the IAT can better explain implicit attitudes by addressing the variability in cultural schemas that undergird biases. We identify how these research programs can deepen the causal understanding of human attitudes and behaviours by addressing the interaction between internal cognition and supra-individual cultural repertoires.
Survey of group A plasma and low-titer group O whole blood use in trauma resuscitation at adult civilian level 1 trauma centers in the US.

Background Recently revisited products like low-titer group O whole blood (LTOWB) and novel applications of group A as a universal donor of plasma are being used for trauma resuscitation. A survey of American Level 1 trauma centers was performed to elucidate the extent to which these products are currently employed. Methods A survey was written that probed into the current use of blood products in trauma resuscitation with specific emphasis on LTOWB and group A plasma. A list of adult civilian Level 1 trauma centers in the continental USA was obtained from two public surgery and trauma focused websites. An email was then sent to each center's transfusion service medical director or laboratory manager providing them with a link to the online survey. Results Responses were received from 103/187 (55%) adult civilian Level 1 trauma centers. For the resuscitation of trauma patients, group A plasma was used at 94/103 (91%) centers, while LTOWB was used at 43/103 (42%) centers. There were 39/103 (38%) centers that used both products. At 62/94 (66%) of the centers that used group A plasma, there was no limit on the number of units that could be administered, while an unlimited number of LTOWB units could be used at 5/43 (12%) of the centers that used LTOWB. RhD-positive LTOWB could be transfused to RhD-negative or RhD-type unknown females of childbearing potential at 22/43 (51%) of centers. Conclusion The use of group A plasma and LTOWB in trauma is increasing at American Level 1 trauma centers.
Genome-wide analysis of survival in early stage non-small cell lung cancer

1694 INTRODUCTION: Lung cancer, of which 85% is non-small cell, is the leading cause of cancer-related death in the United States. Most of the genome-wide association studies were done with SNPs in germline DNA which did not take into account loss of heterozygosity and copy number variation in tumor DNA. No study has been published using genome-wide tumor SNP discovery analysis in cancer survival. Our goal in this study is to identify candidate SNPs that predict survival in NSCLC using genome-wide SNP data from resected tumors. METHODS: A series of 100 early stage NSCLC patients were studied from cases diagnosed between 1992 and 2001 at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Boston, MA. Another series of 89 NSCLC patients diagnosed between 1988 and 1998 collected by National Institute of Occupational Health in Norway was used for validating the finding in MGH cohort. DNA was extracted from flash frozen lung tissues collected during surgery. SNPs were evaluated in genomic DNA extracted from micro-dissected tumor tissue with at least 70% tumor cellularity. Genome-wide genotyping was done using Affymetrix® 250K Nsp GeneChip®. Univariate Cox proportional hazard model in additive mode was used to screen significant SNPs with false discovery rate (FDR) adjustment for multiple testing. Hazard ratios (HR) were derived by multivariate Cox model adjusting for the demographic and clinical information, and copy number variation inferred by dCHIP. RESULTS: Median survival time was 6.3 and 3.7 years, and there were 43 and 55 deaths in MGH and Norway cases, respectively. There were more male patients and squamous cell carcinoma but lower smoking pack-years in Norway cases than MGH cases. After excluding those with genotype call rate less than 95%, with variant homozygous plus heterozygous alleles less than 10% and with variant homozygous less than 3%, 74,666 SNPs were used for analysis in MGH discovery set. There were 19 SNPs significantly associated with patients’ survival with FDR
Electron Emission Nexus Theory for A Crossed-Field Diode *

Microwave vacuum electron devices are vital for military infrastructure for applications ranging from radar and communications to electronic warfare. Because they are efficient, maintain a high power density, and offer robust performance, crossed-field amplifiers (CFAs) dominate the high-frequency and high-power regimes. Determining the limits of CFAs as high-power amplifiers motivates better understanding of the relevant emission mechanisms. As a first step before using particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations, this presentation examines the transition between electron emission mechanisms for a crossed-field diode.
Surface Thermal Expansion in Noble Gas Solids

In this paper we present the results of the first realistic calculations of surface thermal expansion.*Our method, which represents a modification of the one that we proposed earlier,2 is based on the quasiharmonic approximation, in which the vibrational Helmholtz free energy is given by $$ F_{vib} = k_\text{B} T\sum\limits_\omega {\text{In[2}\;\text{sinh}\;\text{(}\hbar \omega /2k_\text{B} T)]} $$ (1) where k Bis the Boltzmann constant, T is the temperature, and the summation is over all the normal mode frequencies ω of the solid.
IV. Subfamily Ehrhartoideae Link (1827)

Rhizomatous, stoloniferous, or caespitose perennials, herbaceous or with a woody caudex. Ligule membranous, a fringed membrane, or a fringe of hairs. Inflorescences branched or unbranched, the spikelets pedicellate. Spikelets with glumes 0 or 2, with the two proximal flowers sterile and often reduced, only the distal flower fertile. Flowers bisexual or unisexual. Lemma with or without an awn. Lodicules 2. Caryopsis with hard endosperm, with a long-linear hilum, the embryo with an epiblast, with a scutellar cleft, without a mesocotyl internode, with the embryonic leaf margins overlapping. Fusoid cells absent or present, mesophyll cells with or without invaginated cell walls, midrib simple or complex. Silica bodies in leaves transverse to the proximo-distal axis. Photosynthetic pathway C3. Worldwide distribution.
Regional Transformation Through Entrepreneurship

What does it take for a region to foster technological entrepreneurship? Recently, there has been significant interest in this topic. Most writers on this topic emphasize the tangible infrastructure such as sound legal systems, transparent capital markets, advanced telecommunications and transportation systems, etc. Sound legal systems, capital markets, and other structural features are necessary prerequisites for technopreneurship; however, what I am calling the intangibles of entrepreneurship are the sufficient conditions that allow, specifically, for Schumpeterian entrepreneurship to thrive in a locality. Often, governments attempt to promote technopreneurship by injecting risk capital. They distribute these funds through small business development centers, and several regions and countries have even attempted 'public' venture capital funds. However, my hypothesis is that if only risk capital is injected, it flows straight to low-quality entrepreneurship. Focusing on only risk capital, the investing government assumes that the risk capital itself will create all other prerequisites for growth. This is a major supposition. If risk capital is expected to produce extraordinary wealth, it must be accompanied by seven other intangibles, including, access to novel ideas, role models, informal forums, region-specific opportunities, safety nets, access to large markets, and executive leadership.
A Practical Guide to Arbitrage-Free Pricing Using Martingales

This paper gives a practical, and easy-to-follow introduction to arbitrage-free pricing using martingales with a discrete two-period information structure. Using simple heuristic derivations, we illustrate the concepts of Arrow-Debreu prices, complete and incomplete markets, risk-neutral measure, stochastic discount factor (or pricing kernel), and Radon-Nikodym derivative. We use the discrete-time setup to give a clear and intuitive demonstration of the fundamental theorem of asset pricing, which states that absence of arbitrage is equivalent to the existence of an equivalent martingale measure under which discounted prices are martingales. We also introduce arbitrage-free pricing using martingales in continuous-time, and show the correspondence of the continuous-time results with the discrete-time results. Further, we provide two additional theorems in continuous-time, given as the Girsanov theorem and the Feynman-Kac theorem. The first theorem is used for performing a change of measure, and the second theorem is used for deriving a PDE from an expectation, and vice-versa.
Introduction to Biomedical Instrumentation: The Technology of Patient Care

This fully updated second edition provides readers with all they need to understand the use of medical technology in patient care. Incorporating the most recent changes in healthcare, regulations, Standards, and technology, coverage is expanded to include new chapters on device testing, with a particular emphasis on safety inspections, and the interface of medical technology with the electronic medical record. A wide variety of medical instrumentation is discussed, focusing on device types and classifications, and including individual manufacturers as examples. It is designed for readers with a fundamental understanding of anatomy, physiology and medical terminology, as well as electronic concepts such as voltage, current, resistance, impedance, analog and digital signals, and sensors. Additional documents and solutions to end-of-chapter questions accompany the book online, providing biomedical engineering technicians with the resources and tools they need to become knowledgeable and effective members of the patient care team.
Alkali Denaturation of Covalently Closed Circular Duplex Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Abstract The alkaline pH range over which the double stranded circular DNA of the replicative form of the bacterial virus, ϕX174, is reversibly denatured has been determined in order to specify accurately the conditions for a preparative procedure for this DNA based on selective alkali denaturation. The denaturation remains entirely reversible to pH 12.6 at an ionic strength of about 0.25 over a range in which the sedimentation coefficient, after an initial drop, more than doubles. The sharp transition above pH 12.6 in which the denaturation becomes completely irreversible is accompanied by only a small further increase in sedimentation coefficient. Sedimentation-pH titration curves have been determined in detail for the replicative form of ϕX174 (molecular weight 3.4 x 106 daltons) and for the circular DNA of a penicillinase plasmid of Staphylococcus aureus (molecular weight 16.5 x 106 daltons). The latter curve is displaced to a lower pH and the two phase nature of the curve in the range of increasing sedimentation coefficient is markedly accentuated.
Analyzing Memory Accesses in x86 Executables

This paper concerns static-analysis algorithms for analyzing x86 executables. The aim of the work is to recover intermediate representations that are similar to those that can be created for a program written in a high-level language. Our goal is to perform this task for programs such as plugins, mobile code, worms, and virus-infected code. For such programs, symbol-table and debugging information is either entirely absent, or cannot be relied upon if present; hence, the technique described in the paper makes no use of symbol-table/debugging information. Instead, an analysis is carried out to recover information about the contents of memory locations and how they are manipulated by the executable.
Endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction: an autoradiographic study.

The time-sequence of endothelial proliferation in the delayed hypersensitivity reaction was examined in the skin of guinea pigs. Animals were sensitized to tuberculin (PPD) and dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) and skin lesions were examined 12 hr to 7 days after challenge. Thirty minutes before sacrifice 3H-thymidine (3H-T) was injected i.p. and endothelial labeling was assessed in autoradiographs of 1.5-mu thick methacrylate sections. Endothelial labeling became manifest at 24 hr (PPD) and 12 hr (DNCB) after challenge, reaching a peak at 48 to 72 hr in PPD-sensitized animals and 36 to 48 hr in DNCB-sensitized animals. Peak labeling indices were 7.88 and 15.08%, respectively. Labeling indices for nonsensitized control groups were always less than 1%. Endothelial labeling was associated, in time of occurrence, distribution, and magnitude with mononuclear cell infiltration of the lesions. These findings thus document the occurrence of significant endothelial cell proliferation in delayed hypersensitivity responses and suggest that the events leading to the expression of hypersensitivity also result in endothelial replication.
AMPA receptor activation and phosphatase inhibition affect neonatal rat respiratory rhythm generation

1We investigated the role of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate (AMPA) receptors and their regulation in affecting respiratory-related neurones in a neonatal rat medullary slice that spontaneously generates respiratory-related rhythm and motor output in the hypoglossal (XII) nerve. 2Bath application of the AMPA receptor antagonist 1-(4-aminophenyl)-4-methyl-7,8-methylenedioxy-5H-2,3-benzodiazepine (GYKI) completely blocked XII nerve activity, as well as respiratory-related synaptic drives in neurones within the preBotzinger Complex (preBotC), site of rhythm generation in the slice. 3Local application of GYKI to the preBotC blocked respiratory rhythm. Local application of AMPA to the preBotC increased rhythm frequency and depolarized respiratory-related neurones. 4In the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX), GYKI completely blocked the inward current induced by local application of AMPA, but not that induced by kainate. 5Local application of okadaic acid, a membrane-permeable inhibitor of phosphatase 1 and 2A, to the preBotC increased the frequency of respiratory motor discharge. 6Intracellular application of microcystin, a membrane-impermeable inhibitor of phosphatase 1 and 2A, enhanced endogenous inspiratory drive and exogenous AMPA-induced current (in the presence of TTX) in preBotC inspiratory neurones. Both the enhanced inspiratory drive and the increased AMPA-induced current were completely blocked by GYKI. 7We suggest that AMPA receptor activation and AMPA receptor modulation by phosphorylation are crucial for the rhythm generation within the preBotC.
Variable ultrasound echogenicity in flowing blood

Real-time ultrasound imaging of large abdominal veins revealed bloodstream echogenicity of variable intensity. This variability is largely due to the entrance and persistance of tributary blood currents that show different echogenicity. Red cell aggregation is probably an important cause of bloodstream echoes and their variable intensity.
White-tailed Deer (Odocoileus virginianus) Disperse Seeds of the Invasive Shrub, Amur Honeysuckle (Lonicera maackii)

White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimmerman) are known to disperse seeds of a hybrid complex of invasive honeysuckle shrubs in northeastern United States. We investigated whether they also disperse seeds of Amur honeysuckle, Lonicera maackii, a problematic invasive shrub in the Midwestern and eastern U.S. We found that deer ingest ripe fruit and void intact seeds of L. maackii. Based on tetrazolium tests, most (68%) of these voided seeds are viable, but the proportion viable was significantly lower than that for seeds taken directly from ripe fruits. White-tailed deer are potentially important in the long-distance dispersal of this invasive shrub.
Dislocation generation associated with crack growth of silicon crystals containing precipitate defect structure

Abstract A precipitate defect structure was introduced into silicon crystals by diffusion of gold at elevated temperatures. The nature of the defect structure and the response of the crystals to deformation were studied by X-ray topography and transmission electron microscopy. The following results were obtained: 1. 1. The shape, size and the distribution of the lattice defects depended on the quenching temperature and cooling rate. High temperature and rapid quenching gave rise to a homogeneous distribution of small faulted dislocation loops throughout the matrix, while slow cooling resulted in plate-like defects precipitated at impurity striations. 2. 2. TEM analysis showed the faulted loops to be of the interstitial type. 3. 3. Deformation of notched crystals below the ductile - brittle temperature resulted in a cleavage type of fracture preceded by a microplastic zone at the notch tip. The precipitate structure removed from the (111) fracture plane remained unaffected by the fracture process and the lattice regions of silicon between the precipitates exhibited after fracture the characteristics of a perfect lattice (undisturbed PF pattern). 4. 4. Deformation of unnotched crystals above the ductile - brittle temperature induced microplastic zones which were formed by dislocation sources situated at surface sites and not by dislocation sources associated with precipitates.
Alteration in community-dwelling older adults' level walking following perturbation training

While perturbation training is promising in reducing fall-risk among older adults, its impact on altering their spontaneous gait pattern has not been investigated. The purpose of this study was to determine to what extent older adults' gait pattern would be affected by exposure to repeated slips. Seventy-three community-dwelling older adults (age: 72.6±5.4 years) underwent 24 repeated-slip exposure induced by unannounced unlocking and relocking of low-friction sections of a 7-m pathway upon which they walked. Full body kinematics and kinetics were recorded during the training. The gait parameters and the center of mass (COM) stability against backward balance loss were compared before and after the training. The results revealed that the training reduced fall incidence from 43.8% upon the novel slip to 0 at the end of training. After the training, subjects significantly improved gait stability by forward positioning of their COM relative to the base of support without altering gait speed. This forward COM shift resulted from a shortened step at the end of single stance and forward trunk leaning during double stance. They also adopted flat foot landing with knee flexed at touchdown (with an average change of 6.9 and 4.1 degrees, respectively). The perturbation training did alter community-dwelling older adults' spontaneous gait pattern. These changes enabled them to improve their volitional control of stability and their resistance to unpredictable and unpreventable slip-related postural disturbance.