cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Developing an Interdisciplinary Model of Care in a Progressive Medical Care Unit

and safety. The team quickly developed the Interdisciplinary Professional Practice Model (the model), which was structured as 3 concentric circles. In the center was the patient and the patient’s family, and they are encircled by direct and then by indirect healthcare providers. The purposes of the model were to promote interdisciplinary collaboration, eliminate redundancies of work, improve communication links, fully use the knowledge and skills of all professions, and develop standards of practice that address the role of each healthcare professional. The IPC identified 6 units that were interested in being pilot units. The progressive medical care unit was one of the units and it was empowered to develop a process that was based on the model. Once the process was established, it would be used as a template by other units in the hospital. The members of the IPC would actively be involved with each pilot unit as resource persons, facilitators, and encouragers.
Constitutional Forbearance - In the Eye of the Beholder?

In his insightful article on Constitutional Forbearance, Professor A. Christopher Bryant called for the Supreme Court to demonstrate that constitutional interpretation is not entirely a matter of partisan policy preferences. He observed that the Court’s conservative members almost invariably read the Constitution in ways that please Republicans, while liberal Justices consistently toe the Democratic Party line. Thinking about examples offered by Professor Bryant, however, particularly decisions made by Justice James McReynolds, leads me to wonder whether his article understates to some extent the difficulty of determining what constitutes constitutional forbearance. In other words, while the notion of judges being willing to make decisions contrary to their personal preferences is highly appealing in the abstract, is it really possible for us to know with any certainty when we have witnessed an instance of constitutional forbearance?
Assessment of Web Services Specifications to Support Long-Running Conversations

Web service is the leading choice of technology among integration designers, as it promises to provide the required integration capability in standardized and inexpensive manner. In order to guarantee consistent and reliable execution of the integrated systems, web services need to support long-running business conversations among services. Web services support these conversations through specifications such as Web Services Choreography Description Language (WS-CDL), Conversation Policy for XML (cpXML) and Web Services Conversation Language (WSCL). This paper develops a set of requirements to support long-running conversations based on Language-Action literatures. These requirements are utilized to assess the above specifications for their ability to support long-running conversations. Assessment reveals that cpXML specification provides better support than WS-CDL and WSCL.
E-selectin expression in human endothelial cells by TNF-α-induced oxidant generation and NF-κB activation

Because reactive oxygen species (ROS) can function as second messengers and regulate the activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB, we investigated the possible role of tumor ne...
Minimal effective dosages in mice of clofazimine (B,663) and of ethionamide against Mycobacterium leprae.

SummaryThe activity of B.663 and ethionamide against Mycobacterium leprae in mice was determined at dosages of drug that varied by factors of 10. The minimal effective dosage of B.663 was 0.0001% in the diet: that of ethionamide was 0.01% in the diet. The very low minimal effective dosage of B.663 suggests that spaced ingestion or injection might be effective against leprosy in man.
Methodologies for Evaluating Training Products and Processes

Methodologies for conducting training effectiveness evaluations (TEE) of ongoing Army training were detailed. The design process, consisting of a literature search and formative evaluations, was discussed. The developed TEE system was described.
Curvature Measurements of Tri-Material Structures Under Thermal Excursion

The bending curvatures of tri-material plates have been measured using in situ laser reflection technique at temperatures ranging from 20°C to 160°C. The tri-material structures are formed by attaching silicon wafers to ceramic substrates with die-attach adhesives from solder-like (elastic modulus ≈ 24 GPa) to gel-like (elastic modulus ≈ 0.003 GPa) characteristics. The temperature dependence of curvature as a result of the thermal expansion mismatch is measured. The structure bonded by the gel-like adhesive has substantially lower, about a factor of ten less, bending than the structures attached by the other two types of adhesives. We found good agreements between the measurements and the theoretical derivations by Suhir[1] for the bending curvature of finite tri-material assembly.
Analysis on Wind Power Penetration Limit Based on Probabilistically Optimal Power Flow

A probabilistically optimal power flow based method to analyze penetration limit of wind power generation system is proposed.Considering the randomness of wind speed in wind farm and under the presupposition of satisfying power flow constraints and secure operation of power grid,by use of chance constrained programming and taking the maximal wind power capacity that can be accepted by power grid as the objective function,a mixed nonlinear integer programming model with multi-constraints and multi-variables including random ones,is proposed.To solve the proposed model,a stochastic simulation technique based particle swarm optimization algorithm(PSO) is given.Taking IEEE 30-bus system as example,the feasibility and correctness in the evaluation of wind power penetration limit by the proposed model and algorithm are verified.Besides,correlative factors that impact on wind power penetration limit are analyzed and analysis results may be available for reference to the planning and design of wind farm.
Pre-assessment on Occupational Disease Hazard of Some Diesel Hydrotreating Device

Objective To identify and analyze the possible factors and occupational hazards of diesel hydrotreating device with 200 tons yearly production,confirm the degree and category of injury,analyze and evaluate the feasibility of professional disease prevention and treatment,provide the integrated prevention strategies and management measures.Methods An analogous process unit was selected to conduct the pre-assessment for comprehensive analysis and evaluation by using methods of analogy and checklist.Results The occupational risk factors existed and be produced in the productive process were including hydrogen sulfide,ammonia,non-methane hydrocarbon,benzene,methylbenzene,dimethylbenzene,gasoline,noise etc.The major occupational risk factors were hydrogen sulfide,ammonia,benzene,non-methane hydrocarbon,gasoline and noise.Conclusion The project is intend to take health protection and personal protection measures against the major occupational risk factors,which is feasible from the perspective of occupational diseases prevention.
What is Special about Special Education Revisited: the Mentally Retarded

This paper reflects on the increasing emphasis on special class placement of educable mentally retarded children and special preparation for teachers. This is in view of the increasing evidence that special classes have been something of a disappointment in terms of accelerating the academic progress of these children. It is proposed that a necessary area of study is a careful analysis of the extent to which special classes actually differ from regular classes in regard to teacher techniques, materials, and content.
T-Cell Receptor Signaling to NF-κB

The activation of the nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is a key step in the adaptive immune response, in which lymphocytes respond to antigen by proliferating and generating multiple effector responses geared toward eradicating a pathogen. NF-κB activation is required for the proliferation, survival, and differentiation of lymphocytes, as well as the production of pro-inflammatory responses. NF-κB normally remains dormant in the cytosol, poised for activation. Multiple receptors can activate NF-κB, including antigen receptors on T and B cells. In the adaptive immune response, antigen receptor signaling leads to the activation of a signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of the IκB kinase (IKK) complex, which phosphorylates IκBs, marking them for destruction, allowing NF-κB to enter the nucleus and activate the transcription of genes involved in the immune response. This article provides an overview of the regulated signaling events in this pathway.
The law of the wall in turbulent shear flow

The boundary-layer equations of continuity and momentum are integrated for a general turbulent shear flow whose mean-velocity profile is given by the law of the wall, u/u τ — f (yu τ /v), with u = v = 0 at y = 0. It is found that u/u τ and yu τ /v are constant on streamlines of the mean flow.
Phenotypic Analysis Reveals that the 2010 Haiti Cholera Epidemic Is Linked to a Hypervirulent Strain

Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor strains have been responsible for pandemic cholera since 1961. These strains have evolved over time, spreading globally in three separate waves. Wave 3 is caused by altered El Tor (AET) variant strains, which include the strain with the signature ctxB7 allele that was introduced in 2010 into Haiti, where it caused a devastating epidemic. In this study, we used phenotypic analysis to compare an early isolate from the Haiti epidemic to wave 1 El Tor isolates commonly used for research. It is demonstrated that the Haiti isolate has increased production of cholera toxin (CT) and hemolysin, increased motility, and a reduced ability to form biofilms. This strain also outcompetes common wave 1 El Tor isolates for colonization of infant mice, indicating that it has increased virulence. Monitoring of CT production and motility in additional wave 3 isolates revealed that this phenotypic variation likely evolved over time rather than in a single genetic event. Analysis of available whole-genome sequences and phylogenetic analyses suggested that increased virulence arose from positive selection for mutations found in known and putative regulatory genes, including hns and vieA, diguanylate cyclase genes, and genes belonging to the lysR and gntR regulatory families. Overall, the studies presented here revealed that V. cholerae virulence potential can evolve and that the currently prevalent wave 3 AET strains are both phenotypically distinct from and more virulent than many El Tor isolates.
Common Femoral Artery Access on YouTube: What Practices are Being Shown and Who is Delivering the Message?

Objectives Novice learners are increasingly turning to YouTube as a learning resource for surgical procedures. One example of such a procedure is common femoral artery puncture and sheath placement. Practitioners in several specialties perform this procedure to access the arterial system for angiography and intervention. We set forth to compare the techniques demonstrated on YouTube by the various specialists, as well as compare each specialty׳s prevalence on this website. Methods YouTube ( www.youtube.com ) was accessed in December 2015 at multiple time points with a cleared-cache web browser for the keyword search categories: “femoral artery access,” “femoral access,” and “angiography access.” The top 500 videos from each of these keyword searches were analyzed. Videos were categorized by practitioner specialty, technique, duration of video, age of video, and total views. Videos with clear demonstration of femoral artery access were included in the analysis. All industry videos were excluded from the analysis. Categorical variables were compared using Fisher׳s exact test, and continuous variables were compared with the Student׳s t -test. Results A total of 2460, 4680 and 1800 videos were found for each keyword search, respectively. Of these, 33 videos clearly demonstrated femoral artery access technique. Vascular specialists, compared to interventional cardiology and radiology, had fewer videos ( n = 4 vs. 14) and older videos (3.5 ± 2.1 y vs. 2.25 ± 0.5 y, p Conclusions Although YouTube and other online resources are being used by novice learners, vascular specialists are underrepresented for femoral artery access, a foundational vascular procedure. Other practitioners demonstrate videos with landmark-guided access and rarely demonstrate ultrasound use. As recognized vascular experts, vascular surgeons should improve their visibility in online learning resources.
Exploring the Special Education versus Regular Education Decisions of Future Teachers in the Rural Midwest

Persistent shortages of special education teachers, particularly in rural areas, exist across the country. This study assessed the openness of teacher candidates enrolled in an introductory educati...
Modelling potential wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) locations using environmental factors and human population density: A case-study from 3 state highways in Central California

Abstract Roads can exert direct and indirect impacts on ecosystems and organisms. In particular, wildlife-vehicle collisions (WVC) may be a considerable threat for populations of certain wildlife species. Despite such threat, there is still incomplete understanding of the factors responsible for high road mortality. Only a few empirical studies have tested the idea that spatial variation of roadkill is affected by environmental characteristics and socio-demographic factors. This study examines the relationships between WVC involving different taxonomic groups (i.e. ungulate, avian, medium mammal, small mammal) and physical and human population characteristics of landscapes by adapting the ecological model, Maxent, to distribution modelling of carcasses resulting from WVC. We used observations from the California Roadkill Observation System of four taxonomic groups recorded along highways in northern California. Our results indicated that current carcass-observation locations were explained primarily by total forest area (cells) within 500 m buffer and road density within a 500 m neighborhood. Our results found that current carcass-observation locations are modelled well using environmental variables and human population density together. Moreover, a comparison of projected potential roadkill locations based on environmental factors and human population density among different taxonomic groups revealed substantially different distributions. These results indicate potential areas where wildlife populations are at increased risk of coming into contact with traffic and the potential utility of this methodology for modelling current and future distributions of wildlife across landscapes using the Maxent approach.
Impact of Design Changes on Virtual Design and Construction Performance for Electrical Contractors

AbstractSpecialty trade contractors have increasingly invested in virtual design and construction (VDC) capabilities to virtually model the project, ensure the constructability of the model, engine...
High Performance/Throughput Computing Workflow for a Neuro-Imaging Application: Provenance and Approaches

We describe a high performance/throughput computing approach for a full-brain bootstrapped analysis of Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), with a targeted goal of robustly differentiating individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) from healthy adults without PD. Individual brains vary substantially in size and shape, and may even vary structurally (particularly in the case of brain disease). This variability poses significant challenges in extracting diagnostically relevant information from Magnetic Resonance (MR) imaging as brain structures in raw images are typically very poorly aligned. Moreover, these misalignments are poorly captured by simple alignment procedures (such as whole image 12-parameter affine procedures). Non-linear warping procedures that are computationally expensive are often required. Subsequent to warping, intensive statistical bootstrapping procedures (also computationally expensive) may further be required for some purposes, such as generating classifiers. We show that distributing the preprocessing of the images using a compute cluster and running multiple preprocessings in parallel can substantially reduced the time required for the images to be ready for quality control and the final bootstrapped analysis. The proposed pipeline was very effective developing classifiers for individual prediction that are resilient in the face of inter-subject variability, while reducing the time required for the analysis from a few months or years to a few weeks.
Procedures In Natural-Enemy Introduction

Classical biological control was described in an earlier chapter as the control of pest species by introduced natural enemies. The pattern to this process begins with determining whether the target pest is a native or exotic species and then passes through a series of steps involving foreign exploration, quarantine processing of collected material, mass propagation of the natural enemies, their field colonization, and finally the evaluation of their impact on the pest population (see Figure 6.1).
The Politics of a New Legal Regime: Governing International Crime through Domestic Immigration Law

Through an analysis of a unique and understudied unit within the US Department of Homeland Security (DHS), the Human Rights Violators and War Crimes Unit (HRVWCU, or “the Unit”), this article addresses the following theoretical and policy question: once someone has been admitted to the United States and granted permanent residency, or even citizenship, how does the law facilitate the reversal of that decision based on acts committed long ago and far away? We argue that the HRVWCU has created a significant new way to govern immigration through crime—specifically international crime—while simultaneously trying to ensure justice for mass atrocities through immigration law. In offering an overview of the Unit's origins and approach in blending international criminal law, domestic criminal law, and immigration law, we show how this Unit reflects an expansion of crimmigration in the United States and abroad. In order to illustrate the dilemma of internationalized crimmigration, the article focuses on the Unit's cases related to war crimes in Liberia and Bosnia, which have two very different (at least from the perspective of international criminal law) types of alleged perpetrators: those who allegedly gave orders and those who allegedly followed orders.
Complementary and Alternative Treatments for Autism Part 2: Identifying and Avoiding Non-Evidence-Based Treatments

Because many complementary and alternative medicine therapies for autism are based on misguided notions of its cause and lack support from scientifically sound studies, physicians should steer parents away from these practices and toward safe, effective, and evidence-based interventions.
Chemotherapy wait times in a network of pediatric oncology clinics.

127Background: Optimizing care delivery is a satisfier for patients and providers alike. Inadequate clinic flow may also drive up costs, as staff are more likely to utilize overtime hours. We noted in our network of outpatient pediatric oncology clinics that the lowest scores in patient satisfaction surveys were the category of waiting time in the chemotherapy area. We aimed to reduce wait time in the chemotherapy area for patients receiving outpatient, lab-dependent, intravenous push chemotherapy by 5% within 9 months. Methods: A team consisting of a nurse team leader and core members (physician, nurse and pharmacist) from affiliate clinics in 3 states (AL, MO, OK) obtained baseline data over 2 weeks. Data included 1) patient arrival time, 2) lab collection time, 3) lab result time, 4) chemotherapy order time, 5) chemotherapy delivery time to clinic, 6) chemotherapy administration time. Each clinic created their individual process map and cause/effect diagram. Additional measures collected were patient s...
Correction to: Coronary CTA for Surveillance of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy.

The article Coronary CTA for Surveillance of Cardiac Allograft Vasculopathy, written by Nishant R. Shah, Ron Blankstein, Todd Villines, Hafiz Imran, Alan R. Morrison and Michael K. Cheezum, was originally published electronically on the publisher’s internet portal.
By Sappho’s Stylus! Reading Wonder Woman with Wertham

ABSTRACTThis essay – originally delivered as a more informal talk – explores psychiatrist and comics critic Fredric Wertham’s reflections on the character Wonder Woman in both his notable monograph...
Management Recommendations for Dupilumab Partial and Non-durable Responders in Atopic Dermatitis.

As the first targeted systemic agent for the treatment of moderate to severe atopic dermatitis (AD), dupilumab represents a novel therapeutic opportunity for both patients and providers. However, a subset of patients receiving dupilumab are either partial responders who exhibit some improvement in Investigator’s Global Assessment score but not sufficient to meet the primary endpoint, or are non-durable responders who achieve therapeutic endpoint with subsequent partial loss of efficacy. We propose a therapeutic algorithm for the management of dupilumab partial responders and non-durable responders that involves maximizing topical therapy, seeking alternative diagnoses, and using dupilumab in conjunction with traditional systemic immunosuppressive agents. With a number of targeted agents for AD in the drug development pipeline, we encourage patients who do not have an adequate response to dupilumab to remain patient and optimistic as the arsenal of AD treatment modalities continues to expand.
Applying the PRECISION approach in biopsy naïve and previously negative prostate biopsy patients.

Abstract Objectives The PRECISION trial provides level 1 evidence supporting prebiopsy multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) followed by targeted biopsy only when mpMRI is abnormal [1] . This approach reduced over-detection of low-grade cancer while increasing detection of clinically significant cancer (CSC). Still, important questions remain regarding the reproducibility of these findings outside of a clinical trial and quantifying missed CSC diagnoses using this approach. To address these issues, we retrospectively applied the PRECISION strategy in men who each underwent prebiopsy mpMRI followed by systematic and targeted biopsy. Methods and Materials Clinical, imaging, and pathology data were prospectively collected from 358 biopsy naive men and 202 men with previous negative biopsies. To apply the PRECISION approach, a retrospective analysis was done comparing the cancer yield from 2 diagnostic strategies: (1) mpMRI followed by targeted biopsy alone for men with Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System ≥ 3 lesions and (2) systematic biopsy alone for all men. Primary outcomes were biopsies avoided and the proportion of CSC cancer (Grade Group 2–5) and non-CSC (Grade Group 1). Results In biopsy naive patients, the mpMRI diagnostic strategy would have avoided 19% of biopsies while detecting 2.5% more CSC (P= 0.480) and 12% less non-CSC (P Conclusions Our results provide external validation of the PRECISION finding that mpMRI followed by targeted biopsy of suspicious lesions reduces biopsies and over-diagnosis of low-grade cancer. Unlike PRECISION, we did not find increased diagnosis of CSC. This was true in both biopsy naive and previously negative biopsy cohorts. We have incorporated this information into shared decision making, which has led some men to choose to avoid biopsy. However, we continue to recommend targeted and systematic biopsy in men with abnormal MRI.
Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis Manifesting as a Symptomatic Sellar Mass in a Young Woman.

A pituitary mass is a rare and poorly understood complication of granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA). Here we describe the case of a young woman with GPA who presented with signs and symptoms initially suggestive of meningitis but was ultimately found to have hypopituitarism and an enlarging sellar mass. She underwent transsphenoidal biopsy, which revealed an abundance of sterile inflammation and necrosis consistent with GPA-related inflammation. This case demonstrates a rare complication of GPA, i.e., a pituitary mass, initially mimicking meningitis. GPA-related pituitary involvement has an unknown pathogenesis and can have debilitating long-term consequences including chronic hypopituitarism and vision impairment, highlighting the need for further research.
Inpatient and Intensive Care Unit Resource Utilization after CD19-Targeted Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy (CART19) for Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)

Background CART19-related toxicities may require treatment inpatient or in the ICU. We sought to describe inpatient/ICU resource utilization within 30 days of CART19 infusion and evaluate trends in resource utilization from 2012-2019. Methods We identified patients (pts) with ALL treated with CART19 on a clinical trial (NCT01626495, NCT02906371, and NCT02374333) or with the commercial product, tisagenlecleucel, at Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Demographic, pharmacy, and inpatient data were extracted from the EHR from day of infusion (d0) to d+30 using a semi-automated EPIC data query tool. The Virtual Pediatric Systems database was queried for resource utilization data and PRISM 3 and PIM 2 severity of illness scores. Log-binomial and linear regression were used to estimate the association of patient characteristics with inpatient/ICU admission and inpatient/ICU length of stay (LOS). Similar models were used to estimate trends over time. Results The analyses included 213 pts. Median age was 12y (range 1-29y); 60% were male. Prior to CART19, 42% had an alloHCT. Pre-infusion, 19% had high tumor burden (HTB), defined as bone marrow blasts ≥40%. From 2012-2019, the proportion of pts with prior alloHCT or HTB decreased (Table 1). CART19 was infused in the outpatient setting in 198 (93%) pts. From d0 to d+30, 149 (70%) had ≥1 inpatient admission, starting at a median of d+2 (IQR +1 to +6). Among admitted pts, median cumulative inpatient LOS was 7d (IQR 4-13). From 2012-2019, there were linear trends toward decreases in proportion of pts admitted (p ICU admission was required for 49 (23%) pts, starting at a median of day +5 (IQR +4 to +7). ICU admission was more frequent for pts with HTB [HTB, 68% (95% CI, 52-81) vs. low burden, 11% (95% CI, 7-17), p Other than HTB, baseline characteristics were not associated with inpatient/ICU admission or LOS. Conclusion In a cohort of 213 pediatric pts, over 90% were safely infused with CART19 in the outpatient setting. Though 70% required at least one admission, the proportion of pts admitted to the hospital or ICU and cumulative inpatient LOS decreased over the past 7 years.
Policies and practices of promise in teacher evaluation: The introduction to the special issue

This introduction to the special issue on “Policies and Practices of Promise in Teacher Evaluation,” (1) presents the background and policy context surrounding the ongoing changes in U.S. states’ teacher evaluation systems (e.g., the decreased use of value-added models (VAM)s for teacher accountability purposes); (2) summarizes the two commentaries and seven research papers that were peer-reviewed and ultimately selected for inclusion in this special issue; and (3) discussess the relevance of these pieces in terms of each paper’s contribution to the general research on this topic and potential to inform educational policy, for the better, after the federal government’s passage of the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA, 2016).
MicroRNAs in bovine milk exosomes are bioavailable in humans but do not elicit a robust pro-inflammatory cytokine response

Bovine milk exosomes are studied for their roles as bioactive food compounds and as vehicles for drug delivery. Both lines of investigation converge on immune function, e.g., immune regulation by absorption of microRNAs encapsulated in milk exosomes across species boundaries, and the possibility of exosomes and their cargos triggering an immune response if used in drug delivery. This study assessed the bioavailability of immune-related microRNAs from bovine milk and changes in plasma cytokine concentrations after milk consumption in humans, and the secretion of cytokines by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) cultured with milk exosomes transfected with immune-relevant microRNAs. Human plasma samples were collected before and at timed intervals after a milk meal and analyzed for concentrations of six immune-relevant microRNAs and nine cytokines. The peak plasma concentrations of miR-15b-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-106b-5p, and miR-223-3p were 60 ± 9.80% to 162 ± 31.80% higher after milk consumption (Ct values 23 ± 1.2 to 26 ± 1.1 cycles) compared to baseline values (P 0.05). When PBMC cultures from fasted subjects were supplemented with milk exosomes that had been transfected with immune-relevant microRNAs, the concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10 and TNF-alpha were 29 ± 12% to 220 ± 33% higher than controls cultured with non-transfected exosomes (P 0.05). MicroRNAs in bovine milk exosomes are bioavailable. Milk exosomes do not elicit an increase of plasma cytokines following oral administration. ISRCTN registry ID: 16329971. Retrospectively registered on February 7th, 2019.
Suspect Spheres, Not Enumerated Powers: A Guide to Leaving the Lamppost

Despite longstanding orthodoxy, the Constitution’s enumeration of congressional powers does virtually nothing to limit federal lawmaking. That’s not because of some bizarre judicial failure to read the Constitution correctly. It’s because the enumeration of congressional powers is not a well-designed technology for limiting federal legislation. Rather than trying to make the enumeration do work that it will not do, decisionmakers should find better ways of thinking about what lawmaking should be done locally rather than nationally. This Article suggests such a rubric, one that asks not whether Congress has permission to do a certain thing but whether a certain kind of lawmaking is more prone to pathology at the national or the state level. That inquiry could identify “suspect spheres”: areas of policymaking where federal law calls for more justification than elsewhere. Federal legislation within suspect spheres would not be subject to judicial invalidation, but the judgment that legislation fell within a suspect sphere could underwrite softer forms of judicial resistance to nationalization. We illustrate the suspect-spheres model with a principle of federalism we call the corporate non-delegation doctrine, by which federal delegations of power to private corporations are to be treated skeptically. Early on, that principle animated Madison’s opposition to the Bank of the United States and much of the Jacksonian approach to federalism. It later underwrote the Supreme Court’s decision in Schechter Poultry. In the current century, the idea that the corporate nondelegation doctrine defines a suspect sphere helps explain otherwise puzzling judicial behaviors in federalism cases, including the presumption against preemption and the resistance to the individual mandate of the Affordable Care Act. By illustrating the possibility of a suspect-sphere approach, we suggest a tool that might be useful at a time of destructively polarized national politics, when rubrics for allocating some polarizing issue spaces to state-level decisionmakers might help lower the national temperature.
Criminal Record Stigma and Surveillance in the Digital Age

This review analyzes criminal record stigma and surveillance through the concept of digital punishment: the collection and widespread dissemination of personally identifiable data by the American c...
Reliability of Copvs Accounting for Margin of Safety on Design Burst

In this paper, the stress rupture reliability of Carbon/Epoxy Composite Overwrapped Pressure Vessels (COPVs) is examined utilizing the classic Phoenix model and accounting for the differences between the design and the actual burst pressure, and the liner contribution effects. Stress rupture life primarily depends upon the fiber stress ratio which is defined as the ratio of stress in fibers at the maximum expected operating pressure to actual delivered fiber strength. The actual delivered fiber strength is calculated using the actual burst pressures of vessels established through burst tests. However, during the design phase the actual burst pressure is generally not known and to estimate the reliability of the vessels calculations are usually performed based upon the design burst pressure only. Since the design burst is lower than the actual burst, this process yields a much higher value for the stress ratio and consequently a conservative estimate for the reliability. Other complications arise due to the fact that the actual burst pressure and the liner contributions have inherent variability and therefore must be treated as random variables in order to compute the stress rupture reliability. Furthermore, the model parameters, which have to be established based on stress rupture tests of subscale vessels or coupons, have significant variability as well due to limited available data and hence must be properly accounted for. In this work an assessment of reliability of COPVs including both parameter uncertainties and physical variability inherent in liner and overwrap material behavior is made and estimates are provided in terms of degree of uncertainty in the actual burst pressure and the liner load sharing.
Hail bruising of fed cattle.

On May 25, 1999, a storm producing hail approximately 1 ¾ to 3¾ inches in diameter crossed over a feed yard. On four occasions following the storm, 409 carcasses from six pens were observed at an abattoir. On day 1, 29 carcasses were examined at the abattoir and in the grading cooler. On days 10, 15, and 49, additional cattle (n = 117, 173, and 90, respectively) were examined at the abattoir only. On day 16 following the first storm, a second storm, producing approximately 1 ¾-inch-diameter hail, crossed over the feed yard. Bruises were classified into three size categories, into short- and long-duration categories, and location was recorded. One hundred, 85, 54, and 44% of the carcasses exhibited bruises on days 1, 10, 15, and 49, respectively. On days 1, 10, 15, and 49, 100, 98, 65, and 27% of bruises were classified as short-duration. Multiple bruises were observed on 100, 75, 42, and 16% of carcasses on days 1, 10, 15, and 49, respectively. Storms producing hail approximately 3¾ inches in diameter have the potential to cause extensive bruising in cattle in open feed yards. Cattle sold within 15 days of such storms may experience significant hail-associated carcass trim loss, but by day 49 bruising appears to return to baseline levels.
Ultrasonic Characterization of the Myocardium

Hopefully this chapter has provided the reader with insights regarding how measurements of fundamental ultrasonic parameters are related to the presence of myocardial fibrosis and how these measurements lay the foundation for the continuing development of clinically applicable noninvasive ultrasonic assessment techniques. Several studies were cited which show how ultrasonic propagation and scattering are directly related to fundamental physical properties of myocardium and hence ultrasonic tissue characterization techniques are well-suited for the direct measurement of specific myocardial properties. The clinical utility of ultrasound-based noninvasive assessment techniques, such as measurements of the cyclic variation of backscattered energy over the heart cycle, have been clearly demonstrated. Nonetheless significant challenges remain before these techniques can be routinely applied in clinical practice. Enhanced measurement techniques which increase the reliability and decrease the uncertainty associated with clinical estimates of ultrasonic parameters will help foster the continued acceptance of these methods. Development of additional robust reference measurement methods that permit compensation of the measured ultrasonic backscatter for the effects of the imaging system will provide absolute measures of inherent ultrasonic properties of myocardium. A better understanding of the underlying mechanisms associated with the observed ultrasonic properties (e.g., the role of scatterer (myocyte) size, number density, myocardial fiber orientation, inherent viscoelastic properties of the intra- and extracellular components) will enhance the interpretation of ultrasonic measurements and permit direct assessment of specific myocardial properties. The future for ultrasonic-based methods of directly characterizing myocardium continues to look promising and these techniques will continue to be useful tools for the assessment of properties such as the degree and nature of myocardial fibrosis.
On Seamus Heaney's Hair

Understand, of course, that if you are intense enough, anything white will do. Early in the morning, just before the wind picks up and small boys stack cardboard boxes on the curb, put your sleepy eyes close to something like a bleached sheet or a jumbo Safeway egg or Mona Charen. Stare at that cheap white thing, that sad source of inspiration. Stare and stare and just before your eyeballs dry out and your lids rub like wash cloths dragged over melons in July?look for colors to break out and blood explode behind the bro ken background of the day; look for wow, for smoke, a burning car on a Belfast street.
Tracking many objects with many sensors

Keeping track of multiple objects over time is a problem that arises in many real-world domains. The problem is often complicated by noisy sensors and unpredictable dynamics. Previous work by Huang and Russell, drawing on the data association literature, provided a probabilistic analysis and a threshold-based approximation algorithm for the case of multiple objects detected by two spatially separated sensors. This paper analyses the case in which large numbers of sensors are involved. We show that the approach taken by Huang and Russell, who used pairwise sensor-based appearance probabilities as the elementary probabilistic model, does not scale. When more than two observations are made, the objects' intrinsic properties must be estimated. These provide the necessary conditional independencies to allow a spatial decomposition of the global probability model. We also replace Huang and Russell's threshold algorithm for object identification with a polynomial-time approximation scheme based on Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation. Using sensor data from a freeway traffic simulation, we show that this allows accurate estimation of long-range origin/destination information even when the individual links in the sensor chain are highly unreliable.
2. Using Creativity and Collaboration to Develop Innovative Programs That Embrace Diversity in Higher Education

This paper provides an example of an innovative solution to program development that addresses the diverse needs of teacher educators throughout various geographical locations in Florida, through a collaborative multi-university, muti-agency teacher training program funded by one collaborative grant. Innovation is driven out of need, and I will discuss how I identified the needs at my university and then utilized creativity and collaboration to network and obtain the grant, which then facilitated, developed, and taught in a new M.Ed. program in Arts and Academic Interdisciplinary Education. Program content and delivery were both planned around the diverse student population within the multi-university collaboration, with each university designing diverse programs to address the specific needs of their population but with the same concept of arts integration. Collaboration also occurred within each university: the College of Arts and Science and the College of Education. In addition, teachers were required to collaborate as coaches in their schools to train and support others in increasing arts integration in their schools.
First Person Plural

Like most other Indo-European languages, English does not distinguish between the inclusive and exclusive uses of the first person plural. By contrast, languages as diverse as Tok Pisin, Samoan, Taiwanese, and Cherokee take care to distinguish between first person plural pronouns that include the listener and those that exclude the listener. This linguistic difference sheds light on the use of we throughout the foundational documents and the authoritative interpretations of the American constitutional tradition.
The clinical importance of parathyroid atypia: is long-term surveillance necessary?

Background The uncommon diagnosis of atypical parathyroid adenoma (APA) creates a clinical conundrum for surveillance. We evaluated a large series of APA to determine long-term outcomes. Methods Prospectively collected data were retrieved for patients with a diagnosis of histologic APA defined by presence of ≥2 criteria: clinical/intraoperative adherence, fibrotic bands, trabecular growth, or mitotic rate of >1/10 per high-power field without indisputable signs of malignancy. Follow-up was at 2 weeks, 6 months, and yearly thereafter. Results From 1970 to 2014, 51 patients (1.2%) with primary hyperparathyroidism had a diagnosed APA. Mean age was 56 years (range, 19–83), and 61% were women. Intraoperatively, 11 of 51 glands (22%) were adherent, requiring concurrent thyroid lobectomy. Common microscopic findings were fibrosis (78%), trabecular growth (37%), and increased mitotic count (24%); the mean APA weight was 3.14 g (range, 167 mg–38 g). Loss of heterozygosity occurred in 25 of 38 tested patients (66%) at the p21 locus in 9 cases, at CDC73 and PTEN in 6, and at RB1 in 4 cases, with mean fractional allelic loss of 24% (range, 6–79). With mean follow-up of 5 years (range, 0.5–18), no patient has developed recurrence. Conclusion Over a mean follow-up of 5 years, we observed no recurrences after APA resection. Molecular features had no discernable impact, indicating that long-term follow-up may be unnecessary.
Dyslipidemia and Its Therapeutic Challenges in Renal Transplantation

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of mortality in kidney transplant recipients. Dyslipidemia is a common finding after renal transplantation and a significant risk factor in the development of coronary heart disease. Although a causal relationship with cardiovascular mortality has not been proven in the transplant population, it is reasonable to extrapolate data from the general population and aggressively treat posttransplant dyslipidemia. Statins are considered the agents of choice, though their use may be complicated by drug misadventures. Pravastatin, fluvastatin and pitavastatin are considered to be the safest statins to use in this population; however, given their low-potency, a high-potency statin, such as atorvastatin, may be necessary in patients with significant dyslipidemia. In this article, we discuss the etiology of and treatment strategies for dyslipidemia in renal transplant recipients based on a literature review of potential therapeutic adverse effects and benefits in this population. We will also evaluate the reasons for and consequences of the latest Food and Drug Administration (FDA) warnings regarding the use of simvastatin.
Photoemission as a Probe of the Collective Excitations in Condensed Matter Systems

New developments in instrumentation have recently allowed photoemission measurements to be performed with very high energy and momentum resolution.[1] This has allowed detailed studies of the self-energy corrections to the lifetime and mass renormalization of excitations in the vicinity of the Fermi level. These developments come at an opportune time. Indeed the discovery of high temperature superconductivity in the cuprates and related systems is presenting a range of challenges for condensed matter physics.[2] Does the mechanism of high T{sub c} superconductivity represent new physics? Do we need to go beyond Landau's concept of the Fermi liquid?[3] What, if any, is the evidence for the presence or absence of quasiparticles in the excitation spectra of these complex oxides? The energy resolution of the new instruments is comparable to or better than the energy or temperature scale of superconductivity and the energy of many collective excitations. As such, photoemission has again become recognized as an important probe of condensed matter. Studies of the high T{sub c} superconductors and related materials are aided by the observation that they are two dimensional. To understand this, we note that the photoemission process results in both an excited photoelectron and a photohole in the final state.more » Thus the experimentally measured photoemission peak is broadened to a width reflecting contributions from both the finite lifetime of the photohole and the momentum broadening of the outgoing photoelectron.« less
Keeping religion in mind

The study of religion should continue to focus on the mind rather than being relegated to the emotions. As you study the mind, do not forget to study religion. Do not be so overwhelmed by socio-cultural factors that you forget about the key role that the mind plays in the formation of religious ideas and the practices they inform. And when you study the formation of religious ideas do not become too easily sidetracked into considering only emotive processes. A cognitive approach to the study of religious ritual demonstrates that when you examine religious ideas and the practices they inform you are looking at a religious system in operation. The relationships among such ideas are systematic and orderly. If they were not we would be looking at a random array of ideas and practices. In such a situation anything would go. But in religious systems anything does not go. The judgments that religious ritual participants make about their own systems are informed by underlying principles that are part of their implicit knowledge. Perhaps, most significantly, such implicit knowledge does not seem to be acquired by instruction. So rather than looking primarily at social and cultural facts in order to explain their acquisition we also need to start looking more closely at how the human mind works; we need to be developing a new psychology of religion as a subdiscipline of cognitive science.
Consider the humble termite: Termites as agents of post-depositional disturbance at african archaeological sites

Abstract Interpretive models used by archaeologists routinely exclude the effects of postdepositional processes. Severe bioturbation by termites is common throughout the tropics and substantially alters archaeological profiles in much of sub-Saharan Africa. Termites affect textural, chemical, mineralogical, and stratigraphic properties of soils. Their nest building activities produce pseudofacts which may resemble hearths or other archaeological features. While contributing to local bone preservation by raising local pH, their net effect is to accelerate bone dissolution through increasing soil porosity. Termite burrowing affects the vertical distribution of stone artifacts. They may either disperse artifacts where they were formerly concentrated at an archaeological horizon, or they may concentrate formerly diffuse material at the base of their activities. Such a concentration may mimic an archaeological horizon and may correspond to the position of the water table. These factors profoundly affect the level of temporal resolution which is appropriate in the interpretation of much archaeological evidence in the tropics.
The Transfer of Japanese Manufacturing Management Approaches to U.S. Industry

Just-in-time (JIT) provisioning of manufacturing inventories is a notable feature of Japanese manufacturing management. Kawasaki Motors, USA, has committed itself to JIT objectives, which result in moving toward lotless repetitive manufacturing, a streamlined mode of operation characterized by minimal inventories and “shop paper,” plus flexible market response. Kawasaki USA has forged a hybrid process of effecting change, featuring Japanese JIT objectives but without Japanese-style consensus mechanisms for making decisions and effecting changes.