cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 172: tPA Variant tPA-A296-299 Prevents Impairment of Cerebral Autoregulation After Stroke Through LRP Dependent Increase in cAMP and p38 MAPK

Introduction: The sole FDA approved treatment for acute stroke is tissue type plasminogen activator (tPA). However, its brief therapeutic window and post-treatment complications markedly constrain its use. The limited efficacy of tPA may be explained in part by our finding that it potentiates impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke in pigs. Upregulation of JNK MAPK after thrombotic stroke contributes to tPA mediated impairment of autoregulation whereas p38 is protective. Vasodilation is mediated by elevation of cAMP. However, cAMP falls after stroke due to over activation of NMDA receptors (NMDA-Rs) by toxic levels of glutamate, which is exacerbated by tPA. Hypothesis: Wild type (wt) tPA can bind to either the lipoprotein-related receptor (LRP), which mediates vasodilation, or NMDA-Rs. We propose that wt tPA given after stroke primarily binds to NMDA-Rs, reduces cAMP, which impairs ability of cerebral vessels to vasodilate. tPA-A296-299, a variant that is fibrinolytic but cannot bind to NMDA-Rs, preferentially binds LRP, which increases cAMP and p38 and limits impairment of autoregulation after stroke. Methods: Anesthetized pigs equipped with a closed cranial window were used. Stroke was induced by photothrombosis, CBF determined by radiolabeled microspheres, and CSF cAMP and p38 determined by ELISA. Results: CBF was unchanged during hypotension (mean arterial pressure decreased by 45%) in sham animals. CBF was reduced in brain tissue surrounding the infarct and was reduced further during hypotension, indicating impairment of autoregulation. Autoregulation was further impaired by wt tPA which was prevented by MK801 and tPA-A296-299. Protection by tPA-A296-299 was blocked by anti LRP Ab, the LRP antagonist RAP, the p38 inhibitor SB 203580, but not by IgG. Stroke reduced CSF cAMP, which was reduced further by wt tPA, but augmented by tPA-A296-299. CSF p38 was unchanged by wt tPA, robustly increased by tPA-A296-299, and decreased by co-administered anti LRP Ab and RAP but not by IgG. Conclusions: tPA-A296-299 prevents impairment of cerebral autoregulation after stroke through LRP dependent increase in cAMP and p38.
Application smartphone « THERAPP » mesurant un mouvement d’épaule en 3D – étude d’utilité et de validité

Introduction La mobilite est un parametre clinique important dans l’evaluation de l’articulation de l’epaule. Cependant, aucun gold standard n’existe pour mesurer l’amplitude du mouvement en pratique clinique. Les systemes de capture de mouvement 3D (Mocap) sont chers et necessitent des techniciens de laboratoire experimentes. Une application therapeutique economique et facile a utiliser a ete developpee. (THERAPP®, elle est disponible dans les AppStores de langue Allemande). Elle peut etre utilisee sans connaissances preliminaires. L’application utilise la technologie iPhone® pour mesurer le mouvement en 3D. Le but de cette etude etait d’analyser les obstacles a l’utilisation de cette application et de valider l’application THERAPP V-1.0.0 en utilisant un iPhone 4 vis-a-vis d’une capture de mouvement en 3D validee. Methode Douze sujets ont ete impliques dans l’etude. La moitie n’avait aucune connaissance du sujet (lays) et les autres etaient physiotherapeutes (pros). Des sujets sains, âges de 25 a 65 ans, possedant un smartphone ont ete recrutes. Chaque sujet a realise trois tâches dans un ordre aleatoire sous la direction de l’application : abduction de l’epaule (ABD), flexion (FLEX) et rotation externe (RE). Une evaluation d’utilite avec une conception inductive (methode de laboratoire de pensee a voix haute) a ete realisee. Les seances de test ont ete enregistrees en video. Les participants n’avaient pas recu d’instruction sur la facon d’utiliser l’application. Les obstacles ont ete identifies dans un processus iteratif et categorises. La validite des amplitudes articulaires a ete testee en utilisant une capture de mouvement 3D du haut du corps (Xsens®). Resultats Tous les sujets ont pu realiser trois tâches de mesure en depit des 78 obstacles detectes. En ce qui concerne la validite convergente, on constate un biais pour toutes les tâches. La population de l’etude a par consequent ete affectee en deux groupes sur la base du biais observe ( 16° : groupe de FORTE distorsion). Bien que le groupe de faible distorsion presente peu de distorsion (ABD : 1,0 ± 3,1° ; FLEX : −4,1 ± 12,0°), le groupe forte distorsion presente une distorsion en ABD : −68,9 ± 27,5° et FLEX −93,2 ± 36°. Pour la rotation externe, tous les sujets ont ete affectes au groupe de forte distorsion. Conclusions Chaque sujet a pu effectuer les tâches. Il n’y a aucune difference en ce qui concerne le savoir-faire preliminaire (non-physiotherapeutes vs physiotherapeutes) indiquant que la mesure avec l’application est independante de la connaissance de l’utilisateur. La validite convergente est haute pour 5 des 11 sujets pour la FLEX et l’ABD. Des etudes futures devraient par consequent evaluer la validite du placement du smartphone sur le haut du bras. Signification Apres avoir realise une premiere mise a jour technique basee sur le feedback des utilisateurs de l’etude, la « THERAPP » a ete amelioree en ce qui concerne sa validite. Elle represente un outil de mesure fiable et gratuit pour detecter efficacement les amplitudes articulaires des mouvements d’epaule.
The prognostic value of mid-regional pro-adrenomedullin in the evaluation of acute dyspnea.

Introduction: Acute dyspnea is a common chief complaint among patients who visit an emergency room and presents diagnostic challenges for clinicians in both identifying the etiology and determining...
Old-Fashioned Racism, Contemporary Islamophobia, and the Isolation of Muslim Americans in the Age of Trump

While extant research has documented the existence of negative attitudes toward Muslim Americans, it is unclear whether old-fashioned racism (OFR) is at the root of contemporary Islamophobia, and whether beliefs in the inherent inferiority of Muslims are linked to support for political actors and policies that aim to further isolate them. Bringing to bear a unique dataset of 1,044 white, black, Latino, and Asian participants, we demonstrate that a nontrivial portion of survey respondents make blatantly racist evaluations and rate Muslim Americans as the least “evolved” group. Next, we illustrate that these dehumanizing attitudes are strongly linked to modern objections of Muslim Americans, which we measure with a new Muslim American resentment scale (MAR). Our mediation analysis reveals that the relationship between OFR, support for President Trump, and various policy positions is powerfully mediated by MAR. These results suggest that the relevance of OFR in contemporary politics should not easily be dismissed, and that the literature on racial attitudes, which has predominantly focused on the Black-white dichotomy, should also be extended to appraisals of Muslim Americans.
See the Movie, Read the Book! Cleveland Public Library's Bookmarks Programme, 1923–1972

In the early 1920s the Cleveland Public Library (CPL) in Ohio, USA, instituted an innovative programme to promote reading of quality fiction and nonfiction relating to current motion picture releas...
Acoustic characteristics and perception of voiced and voiceless nasals in Mizo and Angami

This study compares and contrasts acoustic characteristics (e.g., nasal murmur’s formant and anti-formant frequencies, vowel formant frequencies, bandwidths, spectral tilts, etc.) of voiced and voiceless nasals in Mizo and Angami, Tibeto-Burman languages spoken in North-East India. Mizo contrasts voiced and voiceless nasals at the bilabial, alveolar, and velar places of articulation, whereas Angami contrasts them at four different places of articulation: bilabial, alveolar, velar, and palatal. Similar to voiceless nasals previously described for Burmese (Danstuji,1984; Bhaskararao & Ladefoged,1991), in Mizo, voiceless nasal murmur is followed by a period of voiced nasal murmur as it transitions into the following vowel, while it remains voiceless throughout in Angami. Results of a perception experiment also suggests that the voiced nasal murmur portion in Mizo voiceless nasals aided the identification of its place of articulation, but a heavier perceptual load is placed on the following vowel for place id...
A Method for Thermal Performance Characterization of Ultra-Thin Vapor Chambers Cooled by Natural Convection

Vapor chamber technologies offer an attractive approach for passive cooling in portable electronic devices. Due to the market trends in device power consumption and thickness, vapor chamber effectiveness must be compared with alternative heat spreading materials at ultra-thin form factors and low heat dissipation rates. A test facility is developed to experimentally characterize performance and analyze the behavior of ultra-thin vapor chambers that must reject heat to the ambient via natural convection. The evaporator-side and ambient temperatures are measured directly; the condenser-side surface temperature distribution, which has critical ergonomics implications, is measured using an infrared camera calibrated pixel-by-pixel over the field of view and operating temperature range. The high thermal resistance imposed by natural convection in the vapor chamber heat dissipation pathway requires accurate prediction of the parasitic heat losses from the test facility using a combined experimental and numerical calibration procedure. Solid Metal heat spreaders of known thermal conductivity are first tested, and the temperature distribution is reproduced using a numerical model for conduction in the heat spreader and thermal insulation by iteratively adjusting the external boundary conditions. A regression expression for the heat loss is developed as a function of measured operating conditions using the numerical model. A sample vapor chamber is tested for heat inputs below 2.5 W. Performance metrics are developed to characterize heat spreader performance in terms of the effective thermal resistance and the condenser-side temperature uniformity. The study offers a rigorous approach for testing and analysis of new vapor chamber designs, with accurate characterization of their performance relative to other heat spreaders.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Classical Methods of Magnitude Approximation

Electric wave filters, called simply as filters in this book, are circuits that are used to selectively filter out some of the frequency components of an input signal and transmit the remaining components as the output signal in such a way that the quality of information contained in the signal is improved. We consider continuous-time signals, one-dimensional (1-D) and two-dimensional (2-D) discrete-time signals as the input and output of filters and characterize them in the frequency domain by their appropriate Fourier Transform. For example, if x (t) and y(t) are the continuous-time, input and output signals of a linear, time-invariant, continuous-time filter, their Fourier Transforms X (jω) and Y(jω) are related by the equation Y(jω) = H(jω)X(jω) where H(jω) is the Fourier Transform of the unit impulse response h(t) of the continuous-time filter. The relation can also be expressed in terms of these complex valued functions as $$\left| {Y(j\omega )} \right|{e^{j\varphi }} = \left[ {\left| {H(j\omega )} \right|{e^{j\theta }}} \right]\left[ {|X(j\omega )|{e^{j\phi }}} \right] = \left| {H(j\omega )} \right|\left| {X(j\omega )} \right|{e^{j(\theta + \phi )}}$$ (1.1) We see that the magnitude of the output as a function of frequency is |H (jω)| times the magnitude |X (jω)| of the input signal as a function of the frequency and the phase angle of the output signal is the phase angle of the input increased by that of H(jω). Therefore by properly shaping the magnitude of H(jω) and the phase angle θ(jω) as a function of frequency, we can design the filter to transmit some frequencies and block out other frequencies as we decide.
Wrapping Blocks: A Fun Way to Teach Job Design:

This article provides an overview of job design and offers an experiential teaching exercise to help students develop a better comprehension of job design and redesign, as well as learn the importa...
Visual speed compensation of pitch-constrained blue-bottle flies under retinal-image velocity perturbation in a flight mill

In the presence of wind or background image motion, flies are able to maintain a constant retinal-image velocity via regulating flight speed to the extent permitted by their locomotor capacity. Here we investigated the speed regulation of semi-tethered blue-bottle flies (Calliphora vomitoria) flying along an annular corridor in a magnetically levitated flight mill enclosed by two motorized cylindrical walls. We perturbed the flies retinal-image motion via spinning the cylindrical walls, generating bilaterally-averaged velocity perturbations from -0.3 to 0.3 m{middle dot}s-1. Flies compensated retinal-image velocity perturbations by adjusting airspeed up to 20%, thereby maintaining a relatively constant retinal-image velocity. When the retinal-image velocity perturbation became greater than [~]0.1 m{middle dot}s-1, the compensation weakened as airspeed plateaued, suggesting that flies were unable to further change airspeed. The compensation gain, i.e., the ratio of airspeed compensation and retinal-image velocity perturbation, depended on the spatial frequency of the grating patterns, being the largest at 12 m-1.
AlloX: compute allocation in hybrid clusters

Modern deep learning frameworks support a variety of hardware, including CPU, GPU, and other accelerators, to perform computation. In this paper, we study how to schedule jobs over such interchangeable resources - each with a different rate of computation - to optimize performance while providing fairness among users in a shared cluster. We demonstrate theoretically and empirically that existing solutions and their straightforward modifications perform poorly in the presence of interchangeable resources, which motivates the design and implementation of AlloX. At its core, AlloX transforms the scheduling problem into a min-cost bipartite matching problem and provides dynamic fair allocation over time. We theoretically prove its optimality in an ideal, offline setting and show empirically that it works well in the online scenario by incorporating with Kubernetes. Evaluations on a small-scale CPU-GPU hybrid cluster and large-scale simulations highlight that AlloX can reduce the average job completion time significantly (by up to 95% when the system load is high) while providing fairness and preventing starvation.
Hydrogen isotopic composition (δ2H) of diatom-derived C20 highly branched isoprenoids from lake sediments tracks lake water δ2H

Abstract The hydrogen isotopic composition of lake water (δ2Hlw) reflects hydrological processes, which can yield information about evaporation and precipitation changes through time when preserved in lake sediment archives. Unfortunately, few proxies exist that record only δ2Hlw. Instead, most δ2Hlw records represent a mix of aquatic and terrestrial material. Highly branched isoprenoids (HBIs), known to be produced by diatoms in marine and lacustrine settings, may be used as a lake water proxy to directly reconstruct hydroclimate, if the hydrogen isotopic composition of HBIs (δ2HHBI) reflects the δ2Hlw. We test this hypothesis by analyzing 78 sediment samples from 12 lakes in the Adirondack Mountains in New York, for HBI concentrations and δ2H. δ2HHBI was compared to δ2Hlw, which showed an average fractionation (eHBI/lw) of −127.3 ± 15.0‰ (1σ) for all samples in all lakes. Consistency in eHBI/lw between samples implies that δ2HHBI may be used to reconstruct δ2Hlw through time, to help assess how lake systems have changed in the past. Sediment samples collected from deeper (>4 m) zones within the lake had smaller variability in eHBI/lw (±11.9‰, 1σ) than samples from shallower zones, suggesting that eHBI/lw may be sensitive to other factors, such as light availability, which may be related to differences in diatom growth habit (e.g., benthic, planktonic). Similarly, the carbon isotopes of HBIs (δ13CHBI) were higher for sediment samples collected in deeper zones in the lake, suggesting that δ13CHBI can be used to further understand differences in HBI synthesis in diatom communities living in different growth habitats.
From Ta2S5 Wires to Ta2O5 and Ta2O5–xSx

Synthesis routes to forming novel materials are oftentimes complicated and indirect. For example, Ta2S5 has only been found as an unwanted byproduct of certain chemical reactions, and its properties were unknown. However, here we demonstrate the growth of Ta2S5 wires with steel-like tensile strength, which are also precursors for the first controlled synthesis of long, mesoscopic Ta2O5 wires and superconducting Ta2O5-x S x wires. Single-crystal wires of tantalum pentasulfide, Ta2S5, were first grown using vapor transport from polycrystalline XTa2S5, sulfur, and TeCl4 in fused-quartz tubes, where X = Ba or Sr. Crystals form as long wires with lengths on the order of a few centimeters and varying cross sections as small as 25 μm2. They were found to have steel-like tensile strength, and their crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction to be monoclinic with space group P2/m and with lattice parameters a = 9.91(7) A, b = 3.82(5) A, and c = 20.92(2) A. Electrical resistivity measurements reveal Ta2S5 to be a narrow band gap semiconductor with E g = 110 meV, while a Debye temperature ΘD = 97.0(5) K is observed in specific heat. Tantalum pentasulfide wires were then converted to insulating tantalum pentoxide (Ta2O5) wires after calcinating them for 30 min in air at 900 °C. Finally, tantalum pentoxide wires were converted to tantalum oxysulfide (Ta2O5-x S x ) wires after annealing them in CS2 vapor for 30 min at 900 °C. The oxysulfide crystal structure was determined using X-ray diffraction to be that of β-Ta2O5. Electrical and magnetic measurements reveal Ta2O5-x S x to be metallic and superconducting with T c = 3 K.
Testing a multilevel opportunity theory of crime (place in neighborhood theory)

This research aims to empirically test a newly developed “place in neighborhood (PIN)” theory, proposed by Wilcox and Tillyer recently. Using secondary data, the authors generate measures of crime and opportunity factors in street blocks nested in neighborhood clusters in Chicago. Hierarchical non-linear models are used to assess the impact of factors in street block level, neighborhood level, and their cross-level interactions on residential burglary. The results show that all four street block level variables are associated with levels of burglary, and two of three neighborhood level variables (social control and delinquency rate) are significantly associated with lower and higher levels of residential burglary, respectively. Five of the twelve cross-level interaction terms are significantly associated with residential burglary rates. Two of the main effects and one of the cross-level interaction terms show unexpected opposite directions. The findings lend partial support to PIN theory.
Preclinical Assessment Performance as a Predictor of USMLE Step 1 Scores or Passing Status.

To determine the association between student performance on preclinical pass/fail assessments in an allopathic medical school curriculum and Step 1 scores or passing status. This observational retrospective study involved preclinical assessments, including National Board of Medical Examiners Customized Assessment Services (NBME CAS) exams, faculty developed exams, and the United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE) Step 1 from 582 medical students in four cohorts (2018–2021). Analyses included descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient (ρ) and logistic regression, presented as odds ratios (ORs) and associated p values. Mean scores on Component 4 end-of-block NBME CAS examinations positively correlated with Step 1 scores (ρ = 0.83, p < .001), as did mean scores on both Component 1 weekly faculty-created assessments and Component 3 end-of-block faculty-created assessments (ρ = 0.70, p < .001; ρ = 0.73, p < .001). Passing all Component 3 end-of-block faculty-created assessments in all blocks was associated with passing Step 1 (OR = 8.66, p < .001). Independently, passing all Component 4 NBME CAS exams or passing all Component 1 weekly faculty-derived assessments in all blocks did not correlate with passing Step 1 (OR = 2.40, p = .12.; OR = 0.29, p = .30). Passing all assessment types in all blocks was among the strongest correlators with passing Step 1 (OR = 9.026, p < .001). Scores on faculty-derived and NBME CAS end-of-block assessments were positively correlated with Step 1 scores. Passing status on institution-derived end-of-block assessments was associated with passing Step 1, whereas passing status on weekly institution-derived assessments or end-of-block NBME CAS assessments was not associated with passing Step 1. End-of-block pass/fail NBME CAS and faculty-derived preclinical examinations may help prepare students for Step 1 and predict their outcomes. Weekly faculty-created assessments should primarily be used to continuously reinforce educational material.
Assessing the performance of an ocean observing, analysis and forecast System for the Mid-Atlantic Bight using array modes

Abstract The efficacy of an ocean observing, analysis, and forecasting system for the Mid-Atlantic Bight and the Gulf of Maine is explored using the concept of array modes. The analysis-forecast system is based on a triply nested configuration of the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) in conjunction with 4-dimensional variational (4D-Var) data assimilation. The array modes identify the degrees of freedom (df) of the signal and of the noise resolved by the observations, and are used here to quantify the extent to which the existing network of platforms and instruments are able to observe the ocean across different dynamical regimes ranging from quasi-geostrophic through the mesoscale and down to the sub-mesoscale. The ocean observing system includes the U.S. National Science Foundation’s Ocean Observatories Initiative Pioneer Array. In general, it is found that the df of the signal are largely associated with in situ observations from the Pioneer Array. On the other hand, a combination of satellite remote sensing and in situ observations potentially contribute to the df of the noise associated with uncertainties in the measurements. The array modes also provide information about the reduction in the expected analysis and forecast error covariance due to assimilating the observations. Here too observations from the Pioneer Array are found to significantly influence the veracity of the analyses and forecasts, and the circulation is instrumental in propagating observational information to other parts of the model domain. An approach is presented in which the array modes are used to quantify the impact of data assimilation on the expected forecast error covariance of forecasts initialized from the 4D-Var ocean state estimates. The advantage of this approach over others in common use is that it is independent of forecast error norm and circumvents the need for generating potentially large and costly ensembles.
Adrenocortical carcinoma: current state of the art, ongoing controversies, and future directions in diagnosis and treatment:

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is a rare, aggressive malignancy with an annual incidence of ~1 case per million population. Differentiating between ACC and benign adrenocortical tumors can be challenging in patients who present with an incidentally discovered adrenal mass, due to the limited specificity of standard diagnostic imaging. Recently, urine steroid metabolite profiling has been prospectively validated as a novel diagnostic tool for the detection of malignancy with improved accuracy over current modalities. Surgery represents the only curative treatment for ACC, although local recurrence and metastases are common, even after a margin-negative resection is performed. Unlike other intra-abdominal cancers, the role of minimally invasive surgery and lymphadenectomy in ACC is controversial. Adjuvant therapy with the adrenolytic drug mitotane is used to reduce the risk of recurrence after surgery, although evidence supporting its efficacy is limited; it is also currently unclear whether all patients or a subset with the highest risk of recurrence should receive this treatment. Large-scale pan-genomic studies have yielded insights into the pathogenesis of ACC and have defined distinct molecular signatures associated with clinical outcomes that may be used to improve prognostication. For patients with advanced ACC, palliative combination chemotherapy with mitotane is the current standard of care; however, this is associated with poor response rates (RR). Knowledge from molecular profiling studies has been used to guide the development of novel targeted therapies; however, these have shown limited efficacy in early phase trials. As a result, there is an urgent unmet need for more effective therapies for patients with this devastating disease.
Cognitive Measures and the Acceptable Noise Level.

Objective The aim of this study was to determine the relation between the acceptable noise level (ANL) and cognitive measures of auditory attention and working memory. Design Young adults were administered the following tests: the ANL, the Digit Span and Letter-Number Sequencing subtests of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition, the Auditory Attention subtest from the Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities, the Hearing in Noise Test (HINT), and the operation span (OSPAN) test. A correlation matrix was constructed using Pearson coefficients. Study sample Twenty-four young adults aged 20-29 years with normal hearing participated in the study. Results No significant relationships were found among the ANL and the different cognitive tasks, nor was there a significant relation found between the ANL and the HINT. However, significant relationships were found between individual cognitive tasks. There was a significant relation found between selective attention and the most comfortable level of presentation of a story. Conclusion Selective attention may be a key cognitive function in acceptance of background noise.
Social Science Research at Experimental Forests and Ranges

For a century, US Department of Agriculture Forest Service experimental forests and ranges (EFRs) have served as a resource for scientists conducting long-term research relating to forestry and range management and ecosystem science. Social science research has not comprised a significant portion of the research endeavor at EFRs to date, despite their past history of occupation and their current human uses. The EFR network presents a rich, though largely untapped opportunity for social scientists to engage in long-term, comparative, and interdisciplinary research related to human-natural resources interactions. This chapter explores the potential for social science research at EFRs. We synthesize the human dimensions research that has been pursued there to date by social scientists and others. This research falls into six areas: human uses, prehistorical and historical studies, economics, human dynamics at the wildland–urban interface, human values relating to forests, rangelands, and their management, and interdisciplinary studies of socio-ecological systems. Discussions with EFR scientists and site administrators revealed the potential for several types of future social science research. However, lack of awareness, limited budgets and networking, and the historic predominance of biophysical scientists who administer and conduct research at EFRs appear to have inhibited the development of social science research there. Nevertheless, we see signs that it is on the rise, and expect it to increase in the future. We suggest ways of encouraging social science research at EFRs, and describe its potential contributions.
Optimal turning maneuvers for six-degree-of-freedom high angle-of-attack aircraft models

Vajious Minimum-Time Turning Maneuvers for two high angle-of-attack, sixdegree-of-freedom, aircraft models have been investigated. The primary aircraft model is for a nonlinear 6-DOF F-16 fighter aircraft with high angle-of-attack ma­ neuverability. The other model is for a linearized 6-DOF F-18 fighter which also caji be flown in the high angle-of-attack range. Standard 6-DOF equations are employed except that the Quaternion attitude representation system is used instead of Euler Angles to avoid the pitch angle singularity of Euler Angles. These Optimal Control problemsh&ve been transformed into Nonlinear Program­ ming problems via Parameter Optimization techniques. Different parameterization techniques were tested on the Van der Pol Problem and Soliman's Problem and their variations before applying them on the main turning problems. These techniques include Control Parameterization and State Parameterization {Inverse Dynamics Approach). Also, a novel Control-Integration Method is proposed to find the dis­ continuous control history of the possible Singular Arc Problems. Different ways to deal with various types of constraints are also discussed. In particular, when dealing with path constraints of the original optimal control problems, an Extreme-Boundson-Intervals method was created. However, it has not been actually developed and tested. The resulting sparse Hessian matrix from this method can speed up the
Insights into Limb Development and Pattern Formation from Studies of the Limbless and Talpid2 Chick Mutants

The amniote limb is a complex arrangement of cells and tissues derived from the embryonic somatopleure, somites, neural crest and ectoderm. A variety of tissue manipulation experiments have successfully elucidated some understanding of how the pattern of the adult limb structure is achieved. A hallmark of limb bud development that has emerged from this research is a series of interactions between the limb bud ectoderm and mesoderm and among mesoderm cells (Zwilling, 1961; Summerbell, 1979; Fallon et al., 1983). There is a sequence of these various interactions which permits the realization of the potential of the limb field cells. Obviously, this means a series of gene expressions must occur over developmental time and in a predictable sequence. Mutations of some of the genes involved in this cascade are available in mouse and chick. The use of these mutants, coupled with tissue manipulations and molecular techniques, should lead to fundamental insights into the control of pattern formation in the limb, and to a better understanding of the evolution of limb form and function.
Genetic Organization, Tissue Expression, and Functional Role of Murine Ia Antigens

The H-2 complex, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of the mouse, is an extremely polymorphic and pleiotrophic group of loci located in the middle section of chromosome 17 (Fig. 1) (Klein, 1975). The genetic map of the H-2 complex has traditionally been defined by the H-2K locus at the centromeric end and by the H-2D locus at the telomeric end. The serological markers for the H-2K and the H-2D regions are the classic H-2 transplantation antigens with a molecular weight of 45,000 that convey genetic restriction as targets for subpopulations of cytotoxic T cells (Zinkernagel and Doherty, 1974). The H-2D region gene codes for two independent molecular products of the D and L loci (Neuport-Sautes et al., 1978; Hansen and Sachs, 1978). The order of the H-2L and H-2D loci is not known at present and will be referred to as D(L). The H-2G region is defined by an erythrocyte-specific antigen, H-2.7 (David et al., 1975a; Klein et al., 1975). Recent studies show that this antigen is also found in the serum of H-2.7-positive strains (L. Brown, personal communication) and that it could be one of the components of the complement system (Beisel, unpublished data). The S region codes for genes controlling the quantitative levels of the C’4 complement component (Meo et al., 1975; Shreffler, 1976) as well as a sex-limited allotypic variant (Slp) of the C’ 4 molecule (Passmore and Shreffler, 1970; Roos et al., 1978).
Vinylmetalloids : IV. Intramolecular bond-forming reaction of vinylsilanes upon electron impact

Abstract The behavior of a number of alpha-substituted vinylsilanes upon electron impact in the mass spectrometer is reported. All such compounds exhibit fragment ions which can be understood by a process involving prior loss of a radical fragment from the molecular ion followed by bond formation between the alpha-substituent and the silicon center with loss of the remaining portion of the vinyl moiety. Using the alpha-deuterated vinyltrimethylsilane, this process was shown to be an important one which had not been previously considered for such systems. MIKE ** data were also obtained on alpha bromovinyltrimethylsilane to add support for such a process.
Strand displacement during deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis at single strand breaks.

Abstract Synthesis of DNA by DNA polymerases has been studied by using circular duplex DNA templates which contain single phosphodiester bond interruptions (nicks). Escherichia coli DNA polymerase can initiate synthesis at nicks by the covalent attachment of nucleotides to the 3' end of the primer strand. An initial phase of synthesis is accompanied by the removal of nucleotides from the 5' end of the nick by the 5'-hydrolytic activity of the E. coli polymerase (nick translation). After the incorporation of 10 to 50 nucleotides, the 5' end of the primer strand is displaced by the growing 3' end of the primer strand. Elimination of the 5'-hydrolytic activity of the E. coli polymerase does not prevent this strand displacement. In contrast, phage T4 polymerase cannot initiate synthesis at nicks. In these studies polynucleotide ligase has been used to identify nicks and to measure their disappearance during strand displacement. The DNA synthesized during the phase of strand displacement is sensitive to both exonucleases I and III of E. coli. This observation suggests that an equilibrium exists between single and double stranded forms of the newly synthesized DNA. A third phase of more extensive synthesis yields a DNA product which is resistant to exonuclease I even after denaturation, suggesting a self-complementary structure. Electron micrographs of such a product synthesized on circular PM2 DNA containing one nick per molecule reveal a single branch extending from the intact circle. Subsequent synthesis gives rise to multiple branches.
Corey—Fuchs reaction

One-carbon homologation of an aldehyde to dibromoolefin, which is then treated with n-BuLi to produce a terminal alkyne.
Inclined substrate deposition of magnesium oxide for YBCO-coated conductors.

Thin films of YBa{sub 2}Cu{sub 3}O{sub 7-x} (YBCO) were grown on MgO buffered metallic substrates by pulsed laser deposition (PLD). The MgO buffer films, which provide the initial biaxial texture, had been grown on polished Hastelloy C276 (HC) tapes using inclined substrate deposition (ISD). The ISD process is promising for the fabrication of coated superconductor wires because it produces biaxially textured template films on nontextured substrate at high deposition rates. Biaxially aligned MgO films were deposited at deposition rates of 20 to 100 {angstrom}/sec. The buffer films were deposited on these template films before ablation of the YBCO films by PLD. The microstructure was studied by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. X-ray pole figure analysis and {phi}- and {omega}-scans were used for texture characterization. Good in- and out-of-plane textures were observed on the ISD MgO films ({approx}1.5 {micro}m thick). The full width at half maximums were 9.2{sup o} for the MgO (002) {phi}-scan and 5.4{sup o} for the {omega}-scan. Cube-on-cube epitaxial growth of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and ceria (CeO{sub 2}) films on the ISD MgO films was also achieved by PLD. A superconducting critical temperature of 90 K, with a sharp transition, and transport critical current density ofmore » >2.5 x 10{sup 5} A/cm{sup 2} were obtained on a 0.5-{micro}m-thick, 0.5-cm-wide, and 1-cm-long YBCO film with MgO buffer layer at 77 K in self-field.« less
O11.4 Place and core transmitters – implications for the targeted control of sti transmission in urban areas

Introduction Places are an important determinant of risk for STI transmission. We sought to identify places that are critical for targeted STI control activities. The objective of this study was to determine whether sex partner meeting places characterised by drug markets, sex markets and separately, drug and/or sex markets were more likely to have core transmitters as compared to other sex partner meeting places in one urban setting. Methods In 2008–2009, heterosexual sex partner places or venues were identified in Baltimore, MD using a venue-based study approach. Core transmitters were defined by their sexual network connectivity and disease status, i.e. self-report of sexual concurrency and diagnosis of a current bacterial STI. Results 1,334 participants aged 18–35 years were enrolled at 85 venues. 39 core transmitters were identified and 31% of venues had at least one core transmitter. In final age- and gender-adjusted models, core transmitters were significantly more likely to be identified at drug markets (OR 1.37; 95% CI 1.23, 1.53), sex markets (OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.14. 1.41) and drug and/or sex markets (OR 1.49; 95% CI 1.32, 1.68). Conclusions This study identified key characteristics of venues, such as drug and sex market activity, which may be important in identifying places for the targeted control of STI transmission. The Centre for Child and Community Health Research (CCHR) and the Baltimore City Health Department were funded for this work by the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention and the NIH. No pharmaceutical grants were received in the development of this study.
The need to know: experiences of critically ill patients

BACKGROUND: Critically ill patients vary in their memories of their experience in the intensive care unit. Some have little recall and need to learn about their critical illness. Others have more vivid memories of their experiences, some of which were extremely unpleasant. Patients' not knowing what was happening may have exacerbated the unpleasant experiences. OBJECTIVES: To elicit the experience of knowing for critically ill patients and to explore the differences in perceptions between patients who were intubated and those who were not intubated during the illness. METHODS: Grounded theory was used to explore the meaning of knowing and not knowing and the process by which knowing occurs. Unstructured interviews were done with 14 patients. RESULTS: Knowing had 2 phases: the need to know (1) during and (2) after the critical illness. The first phase had 3 facets: needing information, needing to be oriented, and having confusing perceptions. The second phase had 2 facets: needing information about what had happened and piecing together events. Many experiences with knowing during and after a critical illness were similar for both intubated and nonintubated patients. The main difference was the intensity of the experience in some categories. CONCLUSIONS: Critically ill patients have a strong need to know throughout and after their time in the intensive care unit. Nurses must address this need for constant reorientation to the past and present in these patients. In addition, adequate nursing staff must be available for these patients.
Dry matter and nitrogen allocation in western redcedar, western hemlock, and Douglas fir seedlings grown in low- and high-N soils

Des semis de Thuja plicata Don ex. D. Don, de Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg et de Douglas (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) ont ete replantes dans 48 pots contenant du sol avec des quantites faibles ou elevees de nitrate NO 3 - (et d'azote total) selon 4 traitements : temoin sans apport, fertilise avec 60 mg kg -1 de (NH 4 )2SO 4 , un apport de 15 mg kg -1 de dicyandiamide (DCD) un inhibiteur de la nitrification, un traitement combine avec 60 mg kg -1 de (NH 4 )2SO 4 et le DCD. Le poids sec et le contenu en azote des tissus des semis ont ete determines apres 8 semaines. Les semis du traitement a faibles reserves en azote assimilable ont accumule 65 % de matiere seche et 40 % de l'azote relativement au traitement a haut niveau d'azote. Le transfert interne d'azote depuis les aiguilles d'un an et les compartiments du tronc et des branches chez le Thuja et le Douglas, mais pas pour le Tsuga, est une importante source d'azote pour la croissance des aiguilles et racines de l'annee dans le traitement le plus pauvre en azote. Le Tsuga presente l'accroissement relatif le plus eleve en matiere seche (Log e (DM final ) - Log e (DM initial ) = RDMI) et en azote (Log e (N final ) - Log e (N intial ) = RNI) pour chacun des traitements et a accumule 35 % d'azote en plus pour le traitement faible et 10 % en plus pour le traitement eleve que les autres especes. Le RDMI du Thuja est intermediaire entre celui du Tsuga et du Douglas, alors que son RNI est le plus faible quel que soit le sol. Les resultats suggerent que le Tsuga est plus efficient que le Thuja ou le Douglas pour l'absorption d'azote inorganique, specialement dans les sols pauvres en azote.
Simultaneous Determination of Cadmium and Lead in Cigarettes and Cigarette Smoke by Impaction-Graphite Furnace and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

Abstract The simultaneous determination of cadmium and lead in cigarette smoke was achieved using a unique impaction-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry system (I-GFAAS), and in inert cigarette parts (whole, tobacco, filter, and paper) using conventional graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) following digestion using a previously established microwave digestion method. Results showed that in both the whole cigarette and the smoke there was about a factor of two in lead compared to cadmium concentrations, typically 17.56 compared to 31.94 mg/g for whole cigarette and 13.41 to 25.72 ng/m3 for cigarette smoke.
Anomalously large difference in dipole moment of isomers with nearly identical thermodynamic stability.

Sulfuric acid is a primary atmospheric nucleation precursor, with the ability to form stable aqueous hydrogen-bonded clusters/complexes. The electrical dipole moment of such clusters/complexes is important for ion-induced nucleation, largely controlled by dipole−charge interaction of airborne ions with vapor monomers and pre-existing clusters. Although experiments typically trace a single lowest energy conformer at low temperatures, the present study shows that the immediate vicinity (<1 kcal mol−1) of the global minima may be populated with a number of isomers of nearly identical spectral characteristics and drastically different dipole moments. The difference in the dipole moment of mono-, di-, and trihydrates of the sulfuric acid exceeds 1.3−1.5 Debyes (∼50−60%), 1.4−2.6 Debyes (∼50−90%), and 3.8−4.2 Debyes (∼370−550%), respectively. Being driven by the temperature dependence of the Boltzmann distribution, the difference between the Boltzmann−Gibbs average dipole moment and the dipole moment of the mos...
Gonadectomy and sex differences in the behavioral responses to amphetamine and apomorphine of rats

Abstract Following treatment with 5 mg/kg d-amphetamine sulfate or 2 mg/kg apomorphine hydrochloride female rats displayed more intense and longer lasting stereotyped behavior than males. Gonadectomy did not affect the display of stereotyped behavior induced by either drug in either sex. A lower dose of amphetamine (1 mg/kg) caused greater stimulation of locomotor activity in females than in males. Castration of males had no effect, but ovariectomy blocked the stimulating effect of amphetamine on activity. By contrast, low doses of apomorphine depressed activity in a dose-dependent manner that was somewhat greater in ovariectomized females than in the other groups. These data add to the growing body of literature demonstrating that gonadal hormones modulate the activity of brain dopamine systems.
Antiangiogenic gene therapy: disruption of neovascular networks mediated by inducible caspase-9 delivered with a transcriptionally targeted adenoviral vector.

The activation of an inducible caspase (iCaspase-9) mediates apoptosis of neovascular endothelial cells, and overcomes the prosurvival effect of vascular endothelial growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor. The potential utilization of direct activation of caspases as an antiangiogenic strategy for treatment of angiogenesis-dependent diseases (eg cancer) requires expression of the inducible caspase primarily in the tumor endothelium. The objective of this work was to develop and characterize a transcriptionally targeted adenoviral vector that mediates expression of iCaspase-9 specifically in neovascular endothelial cells. We observed that adenoviral vectors containing the human VEGFR2 promoter induced reporter gene expression primarily in proliferating human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMEC). HDMEC transduced with recombinant adenoviral vectors containing iCaspase-9 under regulation of the VEGFR2 promoter (Ad-hVEGFR2-iCaspase-9) and exposed to a cell-permeable dimerizer drug (AP20187), presented higher caspase-3 activity and apoptosis than controls (P⩽0.05). Using the SCID Mouse Model of Human Angiogenesis, we observed that local delivery of Ad-hVEGFR2-iCaspase-9 followed by intraperitoneal injection of AP20187 resulted in endothelial cell apoptosis and local ablation of microvessels. We believe that this constitutes the first report of a transcriptionally targeted antiangiogenic adenoviral vector that mediates neovascular disruption upon activation of a caspase-based artificial death switch.
CALCIUM (Ca), PHOSPHORUS (P), ZINC (Zn), AND COPPER (Cu) CONTENT OF PRETERM HUMAN MILK (PTHM)

The Ca, P, Zn, and Cu content of PTHM was determined on cross-sectional and longitudinal samples of PTHM collected on days 1-2, 4±1, 7±1, 14±2, 28±2, 42±2, 56±2, and 70±2 of lactation from 74 women who delivered at or before 34 wks of gestation. Ca, Zn, and Cu were analyzed by atomic absorption spectroscopy. P was analyzed by the spectrophotometric method of Bartlett. The findings are displayed in the Table. Changes in content over time were tested by analysis of variance. Zn content decreased significantly with duration of lactation. The content of Ca, P, and Cu increased slightly during the early days of lactation, but then decreased slightly with the duration of lactation. Comparing these data with the estimated third trimester intrauterine accretion rates for these 4 minerals suggests that although the Zn content of PTHM might meet those rates, the content of Ca, P, and Cu does not.