cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction following total gastrectomy: a review and summary of the randomized prospective clinical trials

Reconstruction of gastrointestinal tract continuity following total gastrectomy can be achieved using a variety of operations. Worldwide, Roux-en-Y esophago-jejunostomy with or without a pouch reservoir, is the most frequently performed operation after total gastrectomy. Others have advocated the preservation of the duodenal food passage, employing an interposed segment of bowel between the esophageal remnant and duodenum as a more physiologic operation. Several methods for either approach are described. In recent years, six randomized prospective clinical trials assessing various operations for gastrointestinal reconstruction have been reported. While there is a general consensus for the indications and patient selection criteria in order to proceed with total gastrectomy, a defined optimal procedure has not been clearly established. In the present work, these recent clinical studies addressing gastrointestinal reconstruction following total gastrectomy are reviewed and summarized.
Detection and identification of multiple baculoviruses using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction endonuclease analysis

Abstract A technique using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction analysis was developed for the simultaneous detection of eight baculoviruses. The baculoviruses detected by this technique were Autographa californica multiple-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (MNPV), Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV, Bombyx mori MNPV, Orgyia pseudot-sugata MNPV, Spodoptera frugiperda MNPV, S. exigua MNPV, Anagrapha falcifera MNPV, Heliothis zea single-embedded nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SNPV). A highly conserved DNA sequence within the coding region of the polyhedrin gene was targeted for amplification. One pair of degenerate primers was designed, and PCR conditions were optimized to produce 575 base pair fragments for all eight baculoviruses. Restriction analysis of the PCR products resulted in distinct profiles for each virus. This technique would be useful in monitoring the release of wild type as well as genetically engineered baculoviruses.
Lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in hamsters bearing syngeneic tumors.

Abstract Spleen cells from LSH hamsters inoculated with xenogeneic, allogeneic, or syngeneic (PARA-7) tumor cells were assayed for their ability to mediate direct cell-mediated cytotoxicity (DCMC) and lectin-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (LDCC) in a 4-hr chromium release assay. Spleen cells from animals immune to xenogeneic or allogeneic cells demonstrated specific DCMC against homologous target cells in the absence of Con A and nonspecific LDCC against both homologous and heterologous target cells in the presence of Con A. Spleen cells from animals bearing syngeneic PARA-7 tumors (TBA) failed to express DCMC against homologous or heterologous target cells; however, significant lysis of all target cells occurred in the presence of Con A. LDCC was not detectable when nonsensitized spleen cells from normal animals were employed. The LDCC reaction was dependent on the concentration of Con A and the number of effector cells present in the reaction. The development of LDCC effector cells in the TBA appeared to parallel the development of both DCMC and LDCC effector cells in immune animals.
DNA methylation in bovine adult and fetal fibroblast cells.

The aim of this project was to develop a simple screening tool to measure the DNA methylation of fibroblast cells, and to determine if differences in DNA methylation could be detected in adult and fetal fibroblast cells after serum starvation (SS). Four adult and four fetal tissue explants were collected to produce presumptive fibroblast cell cultures for this experiment. All cell lines underwent three repetitions of serum starvation for 0 (control), 2, 5, or 7 days. The DNA was extracted from the cells and analyzed for DNA methylation content using methylation sensitive restriction enzyme digestion, gel electrophoresis and image analysis. There was no difference (p = 0.11) between the DNA methylation of the adult and fetal nonclonal cell lines. A cubic trend (p = 0.09) of increased DNA methylation at 2 days of serum starvation followed by periods of decreasing DNA methylation at 5 and 7 days were observed for the adult nonclonal cell lines. A significant interaction (p = 0.03) was observed between fetal ...
Evaluation of maintenance conditions for plants prior to pesticide residue analysis

The original question posed by this investigation was ‘Does sample treatment affect the amount of pesticide recovered?’ The answer is clearly ‘yes’. Mesh size can change the amount of pesticide recovered; sample drying temperature can change it; whether plant samples are dried or not can change it. The degree and direction of change depend on the pesticide being examined. The results of this limited study suggest that the best sample maintenance method is the compromise one that plant samples be frozen from collection until analysis time.
Surface similarity-based molecular query-retrieval.

Discerning the similarity between molecules is a challenging problem in drug discovery as well as in molecular biology. The importance of this problem is due to the fact that the biochemical characteristics of a molecule are closely related to its structure. Therefore molecular similarity is a key notion in investigations targeting exploration of molecular structural space, query-retrieval in molecular databases, and structure-activity modelling. Determining molecular similarity is related to the choice of molecular representation. Currently, representations with high descriptive power and physical relevance like 3D surface-based descriptors are available. Information from such representations is both surface-based and volumetric. However, most techniques for determining molecular similarity tend to focus on idealized 2D graph-based descriptors due to the complexity that accompanies reasoning with more elaborate representations. This paper addresses the problem of determining similarity when molecules are described using complex surface-based representations. It proposes an intrinsic, spherical representation that systematically maps points on a molecular surface to points on a standard coordinate system (a sphere). Molecular surface properties such as shape, field strengths, and effects due to field super-positioningcan then be captured as distributions on the surface of the sphere. Surface-based molecular similarity is subsequently determined by computing the similarity of the surface-property distributions using a novel formulation of histogram-intersection. The similarity formulation is not only sensitive to the 3D distribution of the surface properties, but is also highly efficient to compute. The proposed method obviates the computationally expensive step of molecular pose-optimisation, can incorporate conformational variations, and facilitates highly efficient determination of similarity by directly comparing molecular surfaces and surface-based properties. Retrieval performance, applications in structure-activity modeling of complex biological properties, and comparisons with existing research and commercial methods demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the approach.
Corrosion of Aluminum Current Collectors in Lithium-Ion Batteries with Electrolytes Containing LiPF6

Aluminum current collectors for cathodes in 61 life-tested lithium-ion batteries were microscopically examined for evidence of corrosion. In addition, galvanostatic anodic polarization tests were conducted in LiPF 6 -containing battery electrolytes on samples of bare aluminum, of aluminum coated with a LiFePO 4 cathode, and of aluminum affixed with polyethylene crevices. The results indicate that aluminum current collectors are susceptible to corrosion, which most likely occurs as underdeposit corrosion at pores in the cathode.
Analytical first-order model of light scattering from submicron pyramidal pits

Silicon wafers that are fabricated by the Czochralski technique contain pyramidal pits, which are referred to in more general terms as crystal-originated particles (COPs). Because wafer inspection systems now benefit from the predictability of scattering from particles of known size, shape, and composition, it is of interest to achieve the same level of predictability for surface breaking defects such as pits. A model, valid for s-polarization and a high incidence angle, is based on the Fraunhoffer approximation for the diffraction from a square aperture, which neglects edge effects due to surface current accumulation at the periphery. Measurements and the model show that (using the prescribed optics configuration) a characteristic peak occurs between 20 and 45 degrees in the forward scatter region that increases in magnitude and moves forward with increasing pit size. Wafer inspection system designers can use this kind of information to improve their instruments' ability to distinguish between surface contaminants and COPs and to correctly gauge the size of COPs. Further work is underway to improve the fit between the model and the data and to extend its range of applicability.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Food Composition Databases for Bioactive Food Components

A search of the scientific literature and other sources was undertaken to identify and locate data and databases on the presence and amount of bioactive components in foods. The goals were to determine the availability of such data and databases; develop an annotated bibliography; and suggest the next steps to be taken with regard to the development of food composition databases for these components. Databases were identified for carotenoids, six classes of flavonoids, omega-3 fatty acids, and plant sterols. A few bioactive components (e.g., beta-carotene and phytosterol) are currently in some national food composition databases. Some suggested next steps are the development of a directory of information about bioactive component databases (specialized and national databases); the aggregation of data for tannins, allyl sulfides, indoles, lignins, and phenolic acids; the fostering of communication with clinical research community to assist with the design of studies using functional foods; defining the specific bioactive compounds and units of measure needed for food analysts; and the development of detailed, specialized relational databases. Factors that favor the design and maintenance of specialized food composition databases include the limited availability of data for some bioactive components, uncertain quality of the available data, large number of bioactive components, and evolving science about the physiological roles of these components. Specialized databases could capture more detail (e.g., specific descriptions of the foods and samples analyzed, analytical results from individual studies, the number of samples analyzed, mean and median values, and measures of variability) and be useful for developing representative data for food composition databases and for planning and evaluation of clinical and epidemiological research studies on bioactive components.
Public Opinion and Foreign Threats: Eisenhower's Response to Sputnik:

Renewed attention to the role of public opinion on foreign policy outcomes in quantitative correlational studies indicates that opinion influences foreign policy. However, authors of these studies note that their conclusions could be flawed if elites simply manipulate public opinion, rather than responding to it. Both realist and neorealist perspectives on public opinion are consistent with a manipulation perspective.As urged by those using quantitative data, this article examines a case using declassified archival information in order to examine responsiveness in a situation ripe for manipulation. Specifically, U.S. reactions to Soviet Sputnik launches are scrutinized. President Eisenhower was much less concerned about Soviet actions than was the general public but nonetheless substantially altered many defense programs in order to meet perceived public demands. The President acknowledged privately that at least two-thirds of a spending supplement was used to meet public fears, not real security needs. T...
Mobile robot interception using human navigational principles: Comparison of active versus passive tracking algorithms

We examined human navigational principles for intercepting a projected object and tested their application in the design of navigational algorithms for mobile robots. These perceptual principles utilize a viewer-based geometry that allows the robot to approach the target without need of time-consuming calculations to determine the world coordinates of either itself or the target. Human research supports the use of an Optical Acceleration Cancellation (OAC) strategy to achieve interception. Here, the fielder selects a running path that nulls out the acceleration of the retinal image of an approaching ball, and maintains an image that rises at a constant rate throughout the task. We compare two robotic control algorithms for implementing the OAC strategy in cases in which the target remains in the sagittal plane headed directly toward the robot (which only moves forward or backward). In the "passive" algorithm, the robot keeps the orientation of the camera constant, and the image of the ball rises at a constant rate. In the "active" algorithm, the robot maintains a camera fixation that is centered on the image of the ball and keeps the tangent of the camera angle rising at a constant rate. Performance was superior with the active algorithm in both computer simulations and trials with actual mobile robots. The performance advantage is principally due to the higher gain and effectively wider viewing angle when the camera remains centered on the ball image. The findings confirm the viability and robustness of human perceptual principles in the design of mobile robot algorithms for tasks like interception.
Integrated electroceramics: densification and stress development in sol-gel derived thin layers

Abstract The densification behavior of sol-gel derived thin layers was examined. Two model system were chosen: an acetate/alkoxide (lead titanate) and an alkoxide/alkoxide (lithium niobate) system. Drying, pyrolysis and shrinkage which occur on heat treatment were systematically analysed by in-situ ellipsometry and stress measurements. A linear shrinkage of ∼40% was observed normal to the substrate with little change in thickness above 200–250°C. The shrinkage behavior was different from bulk gels. The large stresses which developed on heating and cooling in thin-layer form result from drying of the constrained layer, shrinkage during pyrolysis and from thermal expansion mismatch between the deposited layer and the substrate. The evolution of stress is discussed in terms of shrinkage data, and differences between the two material systems are reported.
Nonclassical properties of correlated two-mode Schrödinger cat states.

We generalize the concept of Schr\"odinger cat states to macroscopic superpositions of two pairs coherent states. We show that these states can have various nonclassical features such as the violation of the Cauchy-Schwarz inequality, sub-Poissonian photon-number statistics, and squeezing. We propose schemes to generate these states.
The monumental and the miniature: imagining ‘modernity’ in Astana

This article examines the elite nation-building project in post-independence Kazakhstan through an analysis of monumental architecture and miniature models in Astana. It considers the role of the country's new capital as a modernist project, in which elite geopolitical imaginaries are multiply inscribed in the cityscape. Drawing on interdisciplinary literatures on modernity and authoritarian regime legitimation, the article considers modernity as a discursive trope employed in legitimating the Nazarbayev government, and one that has various material manifestations in the urban landscape of Astana. The research is based on fieldwork in Kazakhstan in Summer 2009, and examines architecture, monuments, and the 2009 Astana Day celebrations. Through a focus on the monumental and the miniature, it highlights their similar roles in transforming symbols of Kazakhstani independence and identity into objects of reverie outside the field of political contestation.
STOCHASTIC COST‐VOLUME‐PROFIT ANALYSIS WITH A LINEAR DEMAND FUNCTION

In this paper we incorporate a linear demand function to model the price-volume causal relationship into stochastic cost-volume-profit (CVP) analysis. We assume that the objective function is to maximize expected profit; other objective functions are also discussed and compared. A linear stochastic model follows from which probabilistic statements can be easily obtained if the random variables are assumed to be multivariate normal. The basic framework is shown to be a special case of project value maximization where project value is the cash flow of the project discounted for time and risk according to the capital asset pricing model. Moreover, an intertemporal extension that considers inventory is developed. In summary, a new approach to stochastic CVP analysis that incorporates the management decision process in an uncertain environment is developed.
Biodegradation pathways of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by Clostridium acetobutylicum cell-free extract.

Abstract Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), a military high explosive, is becoming an increasingly important pollutant in the US. The cleanup of RDX-contaminated soil and groundwater has been a serious challenge due to its recalcitrance in the environment. This study was conducted to determine the biodegradation kinetics of RDX by crude cell extract of Clostridium acetobutylicum (ATCC 824), and to examine whether this bacterium will carry out reductive transformation pathways similar to the transformation of 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4- and 2,6-dinitrotoluenes (DNTs) we have reported previously. Batch studies on the anaerobic transformation of RDX were conducted in serum bottles with U-ring- 14 C-RDX. RDX and its transformation products were quantified by HPLC and qualified by LC/MS interfaced to two soft ionization techniques––an atmospheric pressure ionization and an electron spray ionization (API-ES). Results demonstrated that C. acetobutylicum is capable of transforming RDX with H 2 as the electron donor. The transformation followed a zero-order kinetics and the rates increased with increasing H 2 . RDX was transformed into several polar intermediates that could not be separated by reverse-phase HPLC and its molecular ions were unstable under the condition of commonly used electron impact detector. Using a polar and water immiscible solvent (ethyl acetate) and the softer MS ionization techniques, mass spectroscopy detected the presence of several RDX derivatives including mononitroso-, monohydroxylamino-, mononitrosomonohydroxylamino-, monoamino-, diamino-, and triamino-compounds. The presence of hydroxylamino compounds is analogous to the transformation of TNT and DNTs we elucidated previously.
Diagnostic bone scanning in oncology

Over the last several decades bone scanning has been used extensively in the evaluation of oncology patients to detect bone involvement. It can provide information about disease location, prognosis, and the effect of therapy. Bone scanning offers the advantages of whole body evaluation and the detection of lesions earlier than other techniques. However, as newer diagnostic tools become available, indications for bone scanning must be revised and the results combined with these other tests in order to provide optimum patient care. Advances in instrumentation and the subsequent improvement in image quality have allowed nuclear medicine physicians to provide more accurate bone scan interpretations. By optimizing image acquisition, it is often possible to determine lesion characteristics, which are more likely to represent malignancy. Knowledge of disease pathophysiology and other specific properties of the patient's primary tumor, along with subsequent correlation of scan abnormalities to patient history, physical examination, previous studies, and other radiological examinations, is essential for determining lesion significance. The differential diagnosis of a scan abnormality should also include consideration of both false normal and abnormal causes. The final interpretation should be clearly communicated to the clinician with appropriate recommendations for further evaluation. Only through careful attention to the patient, the clinician, and appropriate study acquisition parameters will bone scanning maintain its place in the evaluation of oncology patients.
G.P.177

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is an X-linked progressive degenerative muscle disorder. Constipation as a co-morbidity in DMD has not been subject to a systematic study. To determine the prevalence of constipation, identify its predictive factors and evaluate different screening methods in a cohort of DMD patients. Design/Methods: This was a prospective cross-sectional study that evaluated a cohort of DMD patients for constipation using the pediatric Rome-III questionnaires (QPGS-RIII) and the Bristol stool chart. Additional clinical data collected included functional assessments and medications. Fecal load was assessed on routine spine X-rays. Logistic regression with backward elimination as a variable selection procedure was used to determine possible predictors of constipation. Among 98 male DMD patients (average age 11.3 ± 3.8 years), the overall prevalence of constipation fulfilling Rome-III criteria was 44.9%, of which 45% received symptomatic treatment and 11% were asymptomatic. The age distribution of patients with constipation (n = 44) was similar to that without (10.8 ± 2.6 vs 11.1 ± 3 years, p = 0.62). Prevalence of constipation did not correlate with functional status (Northstar ambulatory assessment scale, p = 0.39), treatment with calcium supplements (p = 0.92) or with stool load on abdominal X-ray (p = 0.82). The regression model failed to identify any predictive variables for constipation. The Bristol stool chart, abnormal abdominal exam (fullness, distension, tenderness, palpable masses or abnormal bowel sounds) and fecal load on X-ray were inferior to the Rome-III criteria in diagnosing constipation. (1) Constipation is a common co-morbidity in DMD, irrespective of age or the stage of disease. (2) Of the tests evaluated, the Rome III criteria may be the most appropriate screening tool for constipation in DMD patients. (3) Constipation in this cohort was underdiagnosed and either not treated or treated inadequately.
The importance of multiple leadership roles in fostering participation

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to examine the direct and indirect effect of high and low‐level local union leaders on various forms of member participation.Design/methodology/approach – Interviews and surveys of the leaders and members of an Educators Association operating in the USA were used to explore these complex relationships. Multiple regression, hierarchical regression, and path analyses were used to test direct and indirect relationship and the amount of variance explained by participatory leadership.Findings – Survey results indicate that a member's perception of the participatory style of the local union president positively related to, and explained a significant amount of additional variance in, union activities that require moderate and high levels of effort. No support was found for the workplace representative's direct relationship with various measures of member participation. The indirect effects of the union president's and the workplace representatives’ participatory style on u...
A multi-tactic approach to manage weed population dynamics in crop rotations

L.) are now grown with winter wheat and fallow. Integrating crop diversity with other cultural tactics enabled No-till systems have enabled producers to change crop rotations in producers to effectively control weeds with 50% less the semiarid Central Great Plains. Previously, winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–fallow was the prevalent rotation; now producers grow herbicide inputs compared with their initial experiences warm-season crops along with winter wheat and fallow. Initially, weed with no-till rotations (Anderson, 2003). The cultural management was difficult in no-till rotations. However, an ecological approach reduced weed community density in their fields, approach to weed management, which integrates knowledge of weed thus minimizing the need for herbicides to control weeds. population dynamics with cultural tactics and long-term planning, has Pedigo (1995) suggested that scientists develop conenabled producers to control weeds with 50% less herbicides. This ceptual models to guide development of multi-tactic article explains the cultural tactics and ecological reasoning that led programs. In this article, we explain the cultural tactics to this successful approach; our goal is to provide insight and ideas and ecological reasoning that led to this approach with for other scientists and producers to plan multi-tactic weed manageweed management in the Central Great Plains; this exment.The ecologicalapproach emphasizesthree goalsrelated toweed ample may provide insight and ideas for producers and population dynamics: enhancing natural loss of weed seeds in soil, reducing weed seedling establishment, and minimizing seed produc- scientists elsewhere to develop similar programs. Even tion by established plants. Cultural tactics used in this approach can though crop choices and cultural tactics may vary in be grouped into five categories: rotation design, crop sequencing, no- other regions, a systematic approach to integrating tactill, crop residue management, and competitive crop canopies. Success tics that disrupt weed population growth may lead to of the approach requires cultural tactics in each category. successful weed management that is less dependent on herbicides.
Electronic properties of HgTe/HgCdTe heterojunctions

Abstract Quantized Hall effect is observed in p-type HgTe/HgCdTe heterojunctions, i = 2 and i = 1 quantized Hall plateaus are observed at 2.2 T and between 4 and 13 T. The unusually broad i = 1 plateau originates from a magnetic field dependence of the hole density. Charge transfer between two subbands and a reservoir of carriers is suggested to explain these results.
MAGNETOCAPACITANCE AND FAR-INFRARED PHOTOCONDUCTIVITY IN GASB/INAS COMPOSITE QUANTUM WELLS

Magnetocapacitance-voltage measurements are performed in hybridized composite quantum wells at 4.2 K. In the quantum Hall regime, the capacitance reveals a series of oscillations resulting from the spin-resolved Landau levels. It is found that the capacitance signal is determined by the filling factor that is the difference between the electron and hole filling factors. A fan chart is generated in order to determine the Fermi level position relative to the electron and hole subbands at different gate voltages. When the Fermi level resides in the middle of the hybridization gap, far infrared photo signals have been detected with photon energy ranging from 1.4 to 5.3 meV. The hybridization gap is determined to be 3 meV.
LEARNING STYLE PREFERENCES OF ELDERLY CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE PATIENTS

Enhancing learning outcomes for elderly people with chronic health problems is increasingly important in our aging population. Matching a person's needs with educational interventions may enhance learning. The purpose of this study was to describe preferred learning styles of elderly coronary artery disease (CAD) patients using the Patient Learning Style Questionnaire, which assesses preferences for four conditions and four modes of learning. A posttest‐only design and descriptive survey technique were used with a convenience sample of 134 CAD patients 66 years of age and older. Cronbach alpha estimates for the eight scales ranged from .682 to .904. Significant differences in mean learning style scale scores (ANOVA) revealed that patients preferred to learn in the following order: Structure, iconics, listening, direct experience, reading, achievement, affiliation, and eminence. A subject's level of education had a significant effect on the preferred learning style. Implications for teaching these elderly ...
A Single Bout of Concentric Resistance Exercise Increases Basal Metabolic Rate 48 Hours After Exercise in Healthy 59–77-year-old Men

BACKGROUND It has been shown that basal metabolic rate (BMR) decreases with age. The extent to which some of the decrease can be reversed by exercise in older men and women is unclear. Resistance exercise has been shown to significantly increase muscle mass in older individuals, and because muscle is a highly active metabolic tissue there is potential to increase BMR as a secondary outcome to the training adaptation. METHODS Twelve healthy men aged 59-77 years performed single-leg knee extension exercise (right and left leg) and bench press lifts (16 sets, 10 reps/set with timed recovery between sets) at 75% of the individual's 3RM. Subjects only performed the concentric phase of the lift. BMR was measured on two separate occasions, once after a nonexercise control period and again 48 hrs after a bout of resistance exercise. RESULTS BMR was significantly increased (p < .006) 48 hrs after exercise (EX) compared to control (CON) (284.0 +/- 34.0 vs 274.9 +/- 34.0 kJ/hr, respectively). Calculated over a 24-hour period, the energy expenditure corresponded to 1570 +/- 193 and 1627 +/- 193 kcal/24 hr (p < .0002) for the CON and EX measures, respectively. VO2 (L/min) was higher (p < .0002) 48 hrs after the EX bout compared to 48 hrs post-CON (0.232 +/- 0.03 vs 0.225 +/- 0.03 L/min, respectively). CONCLUSION We conclude that in healthy 59-77-year-old men, an acute bout of resistance exercise causes a sustained increase in BMR that persists for up to 48 hours after exercise.
A Parameter Dependent Riccati Equation Approach to Output Feedback Adaptive Control

A parameter dependent Riccati equation approach is taken to analyze the stability properties of an output feedback adaptive control law design. The adaptive controller is intended to augment a nominal, fixed gain, observer based output feedback control law. Although the formulation is in the setting of model following adaptive control, the realization of the adaptive controll er does not require implementing the reference model. In this regard, the cost of implementing the adaptive controller above that of a fixed gain control law is far less than that of other methods. The error signals are shown to be uniformly ultimately bounded and an expression for the ultimate bound is provided. The control design process and theoretical results are illustrated using a model for wing-rock dynamics. Research in adaptive output feedback control of uncertain nonlinear systems is motivated by the many emerging applications that employ novel actuation devices for active control of flexible structures and fluid flows. These applications include actuators such as piezo-electric films and s ynthetic jets, which are typically nonlinearly coupled to t he plant dynamics they are intended to control. Models for these applications vary from accurate low frequency models to models that crudely approximate the true dynamics even at low frequencies. Examples of applications include active damping of flexible structures, control of aeroservoelasti c aircraft, and active control of flows. Adaptive control can be used to satisfy performance requirements in the presence of large scale parameter uncertainty, and improved safety in the event of actuator failure.
Collaborative Product and Market Development: Theoretical Implications and Experimental Evidence

In alliances jointly developing product and market, we first investigate how a the number of networks competing to develop a product, b the number of alternative technology platforms, and c market sensitivity to product development expenditures affect investments of partnering firms. We find that, in equilibrium, when the number of either competing networks or technologies increases, investments are more likely to be directed toward market, rather than product, development. Second, we consider the case in which firms continue to jointly develop a product but compete individually in the market. Our analysis suggests that forcing alliance partners to compete individually might not attenuate the underinvestment problem associated with new product alliances. Third, we extend the model to consider sequential market entry with rewards based on the order of entry, technology spillover, endogenous market size, and asymmetric technologies. Finally, key predictions of the basic model are tested in two experiments. The aggregate results provide strong support to the qualitative implications of the equilibrium solution but only mixed support to its quantitative predictions.
Work accommodation for people with multiple chemical sensitivity 1

Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a term used to describe allergic‐like reactions to chemicals that represent everyday exposures in industrialized countries. It is sometimes associated with electromagnetic sensitivity, and both conditions are most likely engendered by environmental exposures. Prevalence studies suggest that chemical sensitivity affects 12–15% of the US population and that it crosses age, socio‐economic status and racial lines. Electromagnetic sensitivity is less understood, but affects a portion of those with chemical sensitivity. Persons with these environmental sensitivities often experience difficulties with health care, housing and work. Workplace barriers result in significant disability, with ensuing financial loss and isolation for the worker. We examined work accommodations for 100 persons with self‐reported MCS and its relation to life satisfaction. Results are discussed in terms of accommodating invisible disabilities that challenge industrial capitalism.
Quantifying bone loss from the proximal femur after total hip arthroplasty

To define the natural history of bone loss around a femoral prosthesis, the bone mineral content and bone mineral density were measured for each femur in 28 patients with unilateral total hip arthroplasty, 18 age-matched controls, and seven patients with unilateral osteoarthritis. The areas measured were inside the lesser trochanter and 4.8 cm distal to it. The contralateral hip served as the control. Three years after arthroplasty there was 40% loss in average bone mineral content inside the lesser trochanter, and 28% loss in average bone mineral content 4.8 cm distally in the medial cortex. At seven to 14 years after operation, patients had lost 40% of bone proximally and 49% distally. The data suggest that this may progress in a proximal-to-distal fashion, and could account for a 50% decrease in bone mass seven to 14 years after surgery.
Predaceous feeding habits of Limnocalanus macrurus

Etude, en laboratoire, des proies preferentielles et de la consommation saisonniere de L.m. provenant du lac Michigan
HealthMap: global infectious disease monitoring through automated classification and visualization of Internet media reports.

Objective: Unstructured electronic information sources, such as news reports, are proving to be valuable inputs for public health surveillance. However, staying abreast of current disease outbreaks requires scouring a continually growing number of disparate news sources and alert services, resulting in information overload. Our objective is to address this challenge through the HealthMap.org Web application, an automated system for querying, filtering, integrating and visualizing unstructured reports on disease outbreaks. Design: This report describes the design principles, software architecture and implementation of HealthMap and discusses key challenges and future plans. Measurements: We describe the process by which HealthMap collects and integrates outbreak data from a variety of sources, including news media (e.g., Google News), expert-curated accounts (e.g., ProMED Mail), and validated official alerts. Through the use of text processing algorithms, the system classifies alerts by location and disease and then overlays them on an interactive geographic map. We measure the accuracy of the classification algorithms based on the level of human curation necessary to correct misclassifications, and examine geographic coverage. Results: As part of the evaluation of the system, we analyzed 778 reports with HealthMap, representing 87 disease categories and 89 countries. The automated classifier performed with 84% accuracy, demonstrating significant usefulness in managing the large volume of information processed by the system. Accuracy for ProMED alerts is 91% compared to Google News reports at 81%, as ProMED messages follow a more regular structure. Conclusion: HealthMap is a useful free and open resource employing text-processing algorithms to identif y important disease outbreak information through a user-friendly interface. J Am Med Inform Assoc. 2008;15:150 -157. DOI 10.1197/jamia.M2544 .
Believing Is Seeing How Rumors Can Engender False Memories in Preschoolers

This study examined how an erroneous rumor circulated among preschoolers can influence their memory. One fourth of the children overheard a rumor from an adult conversation in which it was alleged that an event the children had not experienced themselves had occurred. A second fourth were the classmates of those who overheard the rumor. A third group had no exposure to the rumor. The remaining children actually experienced the event suggested by the rumor. One week later, the children were interviewed in either a neutral or a suggestive manner. Results from a second interview after a 2-week delay revealed that under both interview conditions, children who overheard the rumor, either from the adult conversation or during naturally occurring interactions with classmates, were as likely to report experiencing the rumored but nonexperienced event as were those who actually experienced it. Most reports of the rumored but nonexperienced event were in children's free recall and were accompanied by high levels of fictitious elaboration.
The PICALM Protein Plays a Key Role in Iron Homeostasis and Cell Proliferation

The ubiquitously expressed phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly (PICALM) protein associates with the plasma membrane, binds clathrin, and plays a role in clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Alterations of the human PICALM gene are present in aggressive hematopoietic malignancies, and genome-wide association studies have recently linked the PICALM locus to late-onset Alzheimer's disease. Inactivating and hypomorphic Picalm mutations in mice cause different degrees of severity of anemia, abnormal iron metabolism, growth retardation and shortened lifespan. To understand PICALM’s function, we studied the consequences of PICALM overexpression and characterized PICALM-deficient cells derived from mutant fit1 mice. Our results identify a role for PICALM in transferrin receptor (TfR) internalization and demonstrate that the C-terminal PICALM residues are critical for its association with clathrin and for the inhibitory effect of PICALM overexpression on TfR internalization. Murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) that are deficient in PICALM display several characteristics of iron deficiency (increased surface TfR expression, decreased intracellular iron levels, and reduced cellular proliferation), all of which are rescued by retroviral PICALM expression. The proliferation defect of cells that lack PICALM results, at least in part, from insufficient iron uptake, since it can be corrected by iron supplementation. Moreover, PICALM-deficient cells are particularly sensitive to iron chelation. Taken together, these data reveal that PICALM plays a critical role in iron homeostasis, and offer new perspectives into the pathogenesis of PICALM-associated diseases.
The role of the mechanical system in control: a hypothesis of self-stabilization in hexapedal runners

To explore the role of the mechanical system in control, we designed a two dimensional, feed-forward, dynamic model of a hexapedal runner (death-head cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis). We chose to model many-legged, sprawled posture animals because of their remarkable stability. Since sprawled posture animals operate more in the horizontal plane than animals with upright postures, we decoupled the vertical and horizontal plane and only modelled the horizontal plane. The model was feed-forward with no equivalent of neural feedback among any of the components. The model was stable and its forward, lateral and rotational velocities were similar to that measured in the animal at its preferred velocity. It also self-stabilized to velocity perturbations. The rate of recovery depended on the type of perturbation. Recovery from rotational velocity perturbations occurred within one step, whereas recovery from lateral perturbations took multiple strides. Recovery from fore-aft velocity perturbations was the slowest. Perturbations were dynamically coupled--alterations in one velocity component necessarily perturbed the others. Perturbations altered the translation and/or rotation of the body which consequently provided 'mechanical feedback' by altering leg moment arms. Self-stabilization by the mechanical system can assist in making the neural contribution of control
Adding Meaning to a Design Copy Task Through Representational Stimuli

Occupational therapists frequently use their knowledge of occupation to add meaning and purpose to therapeutic tasks. This study investigated the effects of an attempt to add meaning to a particular occupational situation--a design copy task. Added meaning was given to the design copy task through the use of stimulus figures that were representational of familiar objects--an arrow, a house, and a face. The control condition consisted of three nonrepresentational figures composed of the same geometric shapes, in the same locations on the paper as the representational figures, but combined differently. The order of presentation was controlled for. The study used 30 elderly subjects (22 women and 8 men) from six nursing homes. The accuracy of the drawings was measured by a blind rater using graph overlays and predetermined rules of scoring. A two-way analysis of variance with one repeated measure (Order X Type of Figure) indicated significant differences at the .01 level between the representational and nonrepresentational figures. This study demonstrates how added meaning can enhance performance on a visuomotor task in a vulnerable population.
Trousseau's syndrome in a patient with metastatic prostate cancer.

In 1865 Trousseau first described the association of migratory thrombophlebitis obliterans and underlying visceral malignancy. 1 Thrombophlebitis may develop at any body site and is characteristically responsive to heparin but resistant to warfarin. 2 To our knowledge we describe the first case of metastatic prostate cancer presenting with Trousseau's syndrome since the advent of prostate specific antigen (PSA) testing.
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Study at 30 Years: Overview

OBJECTIVE The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) was designed to test the glucose hypothesis and determine whether the complications of type 1 diabetes (T1DM) could be prevented or delayed. The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) observational follow-up determined the durability of the DCCT effects on the more-advanced stages of diabetes complications including cardiovascular disease (CVD). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS The DCCT (1982-1993) was a controlled clinical trial in 1,441 subjects with T1DM comparing intensive therapy (INT), aimed at achieving levels of glycemia as close to the nondiabetic range as safely possible, with conventional therapy (CON), which aimed to maintain safe asymptomatic glucose control. INT utilized three or more daily insulin injections or insulin pump therapy guided by self-monitored glucose. EDIC (1994-present) is an observational study of the DCCT cohort. RESULTS The DCCT followed >99% of the cohort for a mean of 6.5 years and demonstrated a 35-76% reduction in the early stages of microvascular disease with INT, with a median HbA1c of 7%, compared with CONV, with a median HbA1c of 9%. The major adverse effect of INT was a threefold increased risk of hypoglycemia, which was not associated with a decline in cognitive function or quality of life. EDIC showed a durable effect of initial assigned therapies despite a loss of the glycemic separation (metabolic memory) and demonstrated that the reduction in early-stage complications during the DCCT translated into substantial reductions in severe complications and CVD. CONCLUSIONS DCCT/EDIC has demonstrated the effectiveness of INT in reducing the long-term complications of T1DM and improving the prospects for a healthy life span.
A decadal prediction case study: Late twentieth-century North Atlantic Ocean heat content

An ensemble of initialized decadal prediction (DP) experiments using the Community Climate System Model, version 4 (CCSM4) shows considerable skill at forecasting changes in North Atlantic upper-ocean heat content and surface temperature up to a decade in advance. Coupled model ensembles were integrated forward from each of 10 different start dates spanning from 1961 to 2006 with ocean and sea ice initial conditions obtained from a forced historical experiment, a Coordinated Ocean-Ice Reference Experiment with Interannual forcing (CORE-IA), which exhibits good correspondence with late twentieth-century ocean observations from the North Atlantic subpolar gyre (SPG) region. North Atlantic heat content anomalies from the DP ensemble correlate highly with those from the CORE-IA simulation after correcting for a drift bias.In particular, theobservedlarge,rapid rise in SPGheatcontentin themid-1990sis successfullypredicted in the ensemble initialized in January of 1991. A budget of SPG heat content from the CORE-IA experiment sheds light on the origins of the 1990s regime shift, and it demonstrates the extent to which low-frequency changes in ocean heat advection related to the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation dominate temperature tendencies in this region. Similar budgets from the DP ensembles reveal varying degrees of predictive skill in the individual heat budget terms, with large advective heat flux anomalies from the south exhibiting the highest correlation with CORE-IA. The skill of the DP in this region is thus tied to correct initialization of ocean circulation anomalies, while external forcing is found to contribute negligibly (and for incorrect reasons) to predictive skill in this region over this time period.
Numerical Simulation of Flowing Blood Cells

The cellular detail of blood is an essential factor in its flow, especially in vessels or devices with size comparable to that of its suspended cells. This article motivates and reviews numerical simulation techniques that provide a realistic description of cell-scale blood flow by explicitly representing its coupled fluid and solid mechanics. Red blood cells are the principal focus because of their importance and because of their remarkable deformability, which presents particular simulation challenges. Such simulations must couple discretizations of the large-deformation elasticity of the cells with the viscous flow mechanics of the suspension. The Reynolds numbers are low, so the effectively linear fluid mechanics is amenable to a wide range of simulation methods, although the constitutive models and geometric factors of the coupled system introduce challenging nonlinearity. Particular emphasis is given to the relative merits of several fundamentally different simulation methods. The detailed description provided by such simulations is invaluable for advancing our scientific understanding of blood flow, and their ultimate impact will be in the design of biomedical tools and interventions.