cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of arsenic by hydride generation with a long absorption cell for atomic absorption spectrometry

Abstract A method is described for the determination of arsenic involving hydride generation and atomic absorption spectrometry with an improved long graphite-tube furnace capable of considerably higher temperatures than the conventional quartz-tube heaters. Arsine is generated with sodium tetrahydroborate, held in a nitrogen-cooled trap and then swept with helium into an alumina tube (19 cm long) placed within the graphite furnace. The optimum conditions for determination of arsenic are given. The detection limit is 0.2 ng ml −1 with RSD of 2–3%. Results for various NBS Standard Reference Materials agreed well with expected values and were as follows: orchard leaves, 10 ± 1 μg g −1 ; tomato leaves, 0.28 ± 0.03 μg g −1 ; bovine liver, 0.046 ± 0.005 μg g −1 .
Release of a juvenile hormone binding protein by fat body of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella, in vitro

Abstract When fat body of fifth instar larvae of Plodia interpunctella was cultured in vitro in a chemically defined medium, the tissue released a low mol. wt protein (FBBP) that binds juvenile hormone (JH). This FBBP has the same mol. wt, estimated by gel permeation chromatography, as the haemolymph JH binding protein. Furthermore, the FBBP protected JH from degradation by general esterases isolated from the haemolymph. Treatment of fat body with cycloheximide inhibited incorporation of [ 14 C] leucine into the FBBP protein fraction and reduced the amount of FBBP released into the medium. We conclude that one source of the JH binding protein found in the haemolymph is the fat body.
Treating depression in the medically ill.

This article assesses the course of depressive disorders in persons who have comorbid medical illness. The article reviews a series of randomized, controlled studies of antidepressant treatment in subjects who have major depressive disorder (MDD) and selected medical illnesses. It also reviews a series of studies that compare the outcome of antidepressant treatment in subjects who have MDD with and without comorbid medical illness. It reviews hypotheses on the mechanism of the interaction between medical illness and clinical response in MDD. It concludes with clinical strategies recommended in depressed subjects who have medical comorbidity.
In vivo Fluorescence Spectroscopy during Breast Core Needle Biopsy

We carried out clinical trials where we measured breast tissue fluorescence spectra during core needle biopsy. This study demonstrated the feasibility of in vivo fluorescence spectroscopy for assessing breast tissue composition during clinical biopsy procedure.
The distribution of environmentally related well-being: a conceptual framework

Environmental economists have long concerned themselves with the ways in which natural resources and pollution can contribute to (or detract from) human well-being. However, the distribution of economic benefits and costs from environmentally related goods and services has been often overlooked. This article derives a conceptual framework that brings together the literature from the environmental justice movement, work on the so-called resource curse, and institutional environmental economics into a comprehensive whole. The conceptual framework gives rise to several interesting questions that can be used in studying the distribution of environmentally related well-being.
Percutaneous closure of a para-prosthetic aorto-right ventricular fistula

A 60-year-old woman with increasing dyspnea was found to have a para-prosthetic aorto-right ventricular fistula during post-operative evaluation. Due to her multiple sternotomies, she was considered to be high risk for open surgical repair and referred for percutaneous intervention. A 6/4 mm Amplatzer occluder device (AGA Medical, Golden Valley, MN) was successfully delivered across the fistula with excellent immediate angiographic results.
Motivational consequences of environmental stress

Abstract Exposure to uncontrollable stimuli produces deficits in task performance linked to learned helplessness. It is not widely appreciated, however, that many of these stimuli are environmental stressors. Both acute and chronic exposure to noise, crowding, traffic congestion, and pollution are capable of causing learned helplessness in adults and children. Pre-exposure to brief, acute environmental stressors that are uncontrollable produces learned helplessness wherein participants manifest difficulties in learning a new task because of their mistaken belief that they are incapable of influencing their environment. Another index of learned helplessness, less persistence in the face of challenge also follows acute exposure to uncontrollable environmental stressors. Finally depressed affect may co-occur with learned helplessness under certain circumstances. Field studies of chronic environmental stressors reveal parallel trends. Chronic environmental stressors also heighten vulnerability to the induction of learned helplessness by acute, uncontrollable stimuli. The potential pathway linking chronic environmental stressor exposure to helplessness and then, in turn, to mental health is an important area for future research. Furthermore, the generalizability of environmental stressor-induced motivational deficits, as well as their longevity, particularly among children, remains to be investigated.
What Does Conflict Theory Predict about America's Future?: 1993 Presidential Address:

Main points of conflict theory are summarized. Multiple dimensions of social resources each generate potential conflicts between haves and have-nots. Potential interests become effective to the degree that they are mobilized, relative to the mobilization of opposing interests; such mobilization depends upon both (1) conditions of ritual solidarity within a conflict group and (2) material resources for organizing. Each round of overt conflict sets the stage for the next round, both materially and by swaying the balance of perceived responsibility for past atrocities. Any particular conflict eventually deescalates, either because material resources for mobilization are used up or by the ritual disassembling of conflict groups. Mild conflicts continue longer than intense conflicts. Deescalation of mild conflicts typically occurs through bureaucratic institutionalization of concessions to interest groups; bureaucratic niches in turn become resource bases for future conflicts. These principles are applied to a...
Coded polarization-multiplexed iterative polar modulation (PM-IPM) for beyond 400 Gb/s serial optical transmission

We propose a coded polarization-multiplexed iterative polar modulation (PM-IPM) as an enabling coded-modulation scheme for beyond 400Gb/s serial optical transmission. We demonstrate that the proposed scheme can achieve 400Gb/s optical transmission over 2250km (for M=3D16).
A goal programming model for readiness and the optimal redeployment of resources

Abstract Organizations such as the military and those involved with disaster relief are vitally concerned with their ability to redeploy resources between various geographical locations in response to cataclysmic events. Measuring the effectiveness of a redeployment plan involves multiple objectives and differing priorities. The primary objective of redeployment is meeting requirements at affected locations with a secondary concern for transportation costs. In order to reflect these features, the problem is formulated as a goal programming model. Several variations of the model are investigated that can enhance its value. An example redeployment problem is formulated and solved to illustrate the approach.
Capillary rarefaction: an early marker of microvascular disease in young hemodialysis patients

Background. Pediatric patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are at increased risk of early cardiovascular disease and premature death. Abnormalities in microvascular structure and function may presage end-organ damage including vascular calcification and myocardial ischemia associated with disordered mineral metabolism. Early detection of microvascular rarefaction (reduced density of capillaries) may identify at-risk patients and prompt timely therapeutic interventions. Our objective was to study capillary rarefaction in pediatric hemodialysis (HD) patients and to determine possible associations with mineral metabolism and cardiac risk biomarkers. Methods. Capillary density (CD) was measured by nailfold capillaroscopy in 19 pediatric HD patients and 20 healthy controls. Demographic and biochemical markers were collected at entry and 6-month follow-up. Results. CD was significantly decreased in HD patients compared with controls with a deficit of 24 and 31% at baseline and subsequent follow-up. Maximal CD correlated significantly with intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) (r= −0.45; P = 0.005), serum calcium (r= −0.38; P = 0.02) and 25(OH) vitamin D levels (r= +0.36; P = 0.03) in HD patients. Capillary functional measures were similar to controls. By multivariate analysis, the primary negative determinants of CD were African American race and hyperparathyroidism; whereas, glomerular disease had a positive influence on capillary rarefaction (R 2 = 64.2% variance; P = 0.001). Conclusion. Pediatric HD patients demonstrate a ‘structural deficit’ in CD but show preserved ‘functional integrity’. Capillary rarefaction, an early risk factor of incipient vascular calcification, was strongly associated with biomarkers of altered mineral metabolism. Further studies are warranted to determine the impact of optimizing blood pressure and metabolic control on changes in capillary rarefaction in young CKD patients.
Solving interval-valued fuzzy relation equations

Solving systems of fuzzy relation equations is an important topic in fuzzy set theory. This paper studies the composite interval-valued fuzzy relation equations. After analyzing the properties of its solution set, we convert the fuzzy relation equations into a fuzzy relation inequality system and propose an efficient computational procedure to generate the whole solution set. Examples are included to illustrate the idea and algorithm.
Relationship Uncertainty, Partner Interference, and Intimacy within Dating Relationships

The transition from casual to serious involvement appears to constitute a unique period of relating within courtships. We suggest that the moderate levels of intimacy characterizing this phase correspond with heightened uncertainty about the relationship and greater interference from partners in every-day activities. In a test of these predictions, individuals in dating relationships (N= 341) completed self-report measures of intimacy, relationship uncertainty, partner's influence in the respondent's everyday activities, and partner's interference in those activities. Contrary to our expectations, we observed a negative linear association between intimacy and relationship uncertainty. Although the effect size was small, results indicated support for a curvilinear association between the experience of interference from partners and intimacy; as predicted, interference was greatest at moderate levels of intimacy. In addition, results revealed an ordinal interaction between intimacy and a partner's influence...
Detection in Bio-inspired Visual Systems using Networks of Oscillators

Animals routinely rely on their eyes to localize fixed and moving targets especially with the goal of either avoiding or capturing them. Detection of position of targets in space is an important problem in such a localization process for the motor control circuit to actuate a successful movement. The purpose of this paper is to sketch a binocular visual system that includes image capturing, retinal projection, sparse representation and data fusion, multi-neural encoding in the cortex down to detection of depth of objects from activity waves using nonlinear dynamics of an oscillatory network. The general strategies from visual circuitry, some of which may not be employed by the animal, could perhaps be employed in building machines with multiple sensors.
Time-Optimal Control of Robotic Manipulators Along Specified Paths:

The minimum-time manipulator control problem is solved for the case when the path is specified and the actuator torque limitations are known. The optimal open-loop torques are found, and a method is given for implementing these torques with a conventional linear feedback control system. The algorithm allows bounds on the torques that may be arbitrary functions of the joint angles and angular velocities. This method is valid for any path and orientation of the end- effector that is specified. The algorithm can be used for any manipulator that has rigid links, known dynamic equations of motion, and joint angles that can be determined at a given position on the path.
Economic Inequality and Child Stunting in Bangladesh and Kenya: An Investigation of Six Hypotheses

Consistent with the increasing focus on issues of equity in developing countries, I extend the literature analyzing the relationship between economic inequality and individual health to the developing world. Using survey data from Bangladesh and Kenya with economic status measured by a wealth index and with three different geographic definitions of community, I analyze six competing hypotheses for how economic inequality may be related to stunting among children younger than 5 years old. I find little support for the predominant hypothesis that economic inequality as measured by a Gini index is an important predictor of individual health. Instead, I find that the difference between a household's wealth and the mean household wealth in the community is the measure of economic inequality that is most closely related to stunting in these countries. In particular, a 1 standard deviation increase in household wealth relative to the community mean is associated with a 30–32 percent decrease in the odds of stunting in Bangladesh and a 16–21 percent decrease in the odds of stunting in Kenya.
The Effect of the Weekly Reader on Children'S Knowledge of Current Events

Analyses of data drawn from 2,331 urban and suburban elementary students ages 8 to 12 in Chicago, Houston, Boston, and San Francisco suggest that children who have higher reading levels and greater exposure to current events through communication media (television, newspapers, newsmagazines, discussions) have more knowledge and greater understanding of current events within classrooms, as measured by a 29-item current events knowledge test. Children in lower elementary classrooms (Grades 2 and 3) with the Weekly Reader periodical present appeared to have higher levels of current events knowledge, even after controlling for key classroom variables. The effect of the Weekly Reader is less for children in upper elementary classrooms (Grades 4 through 6) because they tend to receive more current events information from other communication materials.
Oligonucleotide flexibility dictates crystal quality in DNA-programmable nanoparticle superlattices.

assembly [ 12,13 ] offers unprecedented levels of control over the interparticle distance and superlattice symmetry. The development of metamaterials from DNA-nanoparticle superlattices, however, has been impeded by the diffi culty in synthesizing periodic structures with suitably high metallic volume fractions, as they are more prone to kinetic jamming and often form noncrystalline arrangements regardless of annealing conditions. Here, we show that incorporating fl exible spacers along with annealing DNA-nanoparticle systems close to their melting transitions improves crystalline quality in terms of domain size and microstrain. These insights allow for the crystallization of nanoparticle superlattices with up to 34% volume fraction, up from the previously reported maximum of 14%. [ 14 ] Importantly, this paper does not focus on metamaterials per se, but rather on the scientifi c underpinnings required to assemble large AuNPs into structures with high inorganic volume fractions. In DNA-mediated nanoparticle assembly, nanoparticles are coated with a dense shell of double-stranded DNA that binds specifi c particles together using programmable hybridization. In
Developmental changes in embryonic hypothalamic neurons during prenatal fat exposure

Maternal consumption of a fat-rich diet during pregnancy, which causes later overeating and weight gain in offspring, has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis and increase hypothalamic expression of orexigenic neuropeptides in these postnatal offspring. The studies here, using an in vitro model that mimics in vivo characteristics after prenatal high-fat diet (HFD) exposure, investigate whether these same peptide changes occur in embryos and if they are specific to neurons. Isolated hypothalamic neurons were compared with whole hypothalamus from embryonic day 19 (E19) embryos that were prenatally exposed to HFD and were both found to show similar increases in mRNA expression of enkephalin (ENK) and neuropeptide Y (NPY) compared with that of chow-exposed embryos, with no change in melanin-concentrating hormone, orexin, or galanin. Further examination using immunofluorescence cytochemistry revealed an increase in the number of cells expressing ENK and NPY. By plotting the fluorescence intensity of each cell as a probability density function, three different populations of neurons with low, medium, or high levels of ENK or NPY were found in both HFD and chow groups. The prenatal HFD shifted the density of neurons from the population containing low peptide levels to the population containing high peptide levels. This study indicates that neuronal culture is a useful in vitro system for studying diet effects on neuronal development and shows that prenatal HFD exposure alters the population of hypothalamic neurons containing ENK and NPY in the embryo. These changes may contribute to the increase in HFD intake and body weight observed in offspring.
Adaptive Performance: Implications for Military Logistics

The Information Age we are operating in today has created pervasive changes in the basic nature of work. As the foundations of work are being altered, new demands are being placed on the individuals performing the jobs. Although technological innovations to cope with changes in work abound, the implications at the human level have been neglected. Within the military logistics domain, numerous networking technologies have been implemented in an effort to evolve with the new Net-Centric warfare environment. If the evolution is to succeed, a coherent systems approach is needed that also addresses the human component. Starting at the beginning, we must ask what aspects of human performance are imperative in todays warfare environment. As the foundations of work itself are being altered, so are the dimensions of performance; therefore new performance models are needed that address how work is done today. Thus, I propose a study that examines a relatively new model of performance: adaptive performance. Validation of the adaptive performance model and identification of predictors would address the human side of networked logistics by aiding in the selection and training of a workforce suitable to operate within the dynamic and fluid military logistics system that has emerged.
Aspiration Therapy Leads to Weight Loss in Obese Subjects: A Pilot Study

Background & Aims Obese patients rarely achieve long-term weight loss with only lifestyle interventions. We evaluated the use of endoscopic aspiration therapy for obesity. Aspiration therapy involves endoscopic placement of a gastrostomy tube (A-Tube) and the AspireAssist siphon assembly (Aspire Bariatrics, King of Prussia, PA) to aspirate gastric contents 20 minutes after meal consumption. Methods We performed a pilot study of 18 obese subjects who were randomly assigned (2:1) to groups that underwent aspiration therapy for 1 year plus lifestyle therapy (n = 11; mean body mass index, 42.6 ± 1.4 kg/m 2 ) or lifestyle therapy only (n = 7; mean body mass index, 43.4 ± 2.0 kg/m 2 ). Lifestyle intervention comprised a 15-session diet and behavioral education program. Results Ten of the 11 subjects who underwent aspiration therapy and 4 of the 7 subjects who underwent lifestyle therapy completed the first year of the study. After 1 year, subjects in the aspiration therapy group lost 18.6% ± 2.3% of their body weight (49.0% ± 7.7% of excess weight loss [EWL]) and those in the lifestyle therapy group lost 5.9% ± 5.0% (14.9% ± 12.2% of EWL) ( P Conclusions In a pilot study, aspiration therapy appears to be a safe and effective long-term weight loss therapy for obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov, Number: NCT00773903.
First European Lecture: A European looks at neurosurgery in America-personal observation on clinical practice, training, and research.

After five years experience each in the U.K. and the United States of America, the author comments on clinical practice, training and research in neurosurgery in America and draws some conclusions which may be relevant to the future of neurosurgery in Europe. Of particular importance is the need to avoid over-supply of neurosurgeons, dilution of experience and dispersion of facilities. The work of a NIH Clinical Research Centre in the United States of America is described. The potential role of the EANS in promoting multi-centre neurosurgical research in Europe is stressed.
Operational Solution of Some Problems in Viscous Fluid Motion

Most of the results of this paper have been given before by Professor T. H. Havelock, who obtained them by the solution of a difficult integral equation. The method used here is, however, much easier to handle than that given by Professor Havelock.
Short-Dwell Ethanol Lock Therapy in Children Is Associated With Increased Clearance of Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections

Background. Central line–associated bloodstream infection (CLABSI) is a known complication of central line use. Salvage of infected central lines with ethanol lock therapy (ELT) with systemic antimicrobials may be an alternative treatment option in children. Methods. Retrospective review was performed in children with CLASBI who underwent short-dwell ELT (70% ethanol, 4- to 25-hour dwell times ≤3 days) with systemic antimicrobials from January 1, 2007 to July 15, 2009. Results. A total of 59 patients, aged 2 months to 19 years (mean ± SD = 6.3 ± 6.1 years) with 80 episodes of CLABSI were included. The CLABSI eradication rate was 86% (69/80 episodes; 95% confidence interval [CI] 78%, 94%), significantly greater than 50% (Z = 2.35, P < .05), the estimated clearance rate of CLABSI eradication using systemic antimicrobials alone. Overall central line retention was 78% (60/77 episodes, 95% CI 69%, 87%). ELT was well tolerated. Conclusions. These findings suggest the potential benefit of short-dwell ELT combine...
Virtualization of Local Computer Bus Architectures Over the Internet

We propose a companion solution to iSCSI that is more suited for virtualization of local computer bus architectures, such as PCI/PCI-X and PCI Express. We explore the architecture of a possible virtualization protocol. The solution would allow extension of the host computer bus via an IP network based on 10Gbps Ethernet. This solution would allow adapter cards to be located remote from host systems via the Internet, yet appear as a local bus resource. We present Quality of Service (QOS) goals for PCI Express virtualization and expansion via IP. Critical QOS characteristics such as data transfer rates and latency are discussed. PCI Express transaction types are reviewed to assess whether IP over 10 Gbps Ethernet is suitable as a transport. A general protocol architecture as presently envisioned is described. We introduce a class system for performance categorization. We identify the areas that require further research and investigation. System overhead, latency, and timeouts must be addressed. Methods for configuring and optimizing the data transfer path must be developed.
CU : Computational Assessment of Short Free Text Answers - A Tool for Evaluating Students' Understanding

Assessing student understanding by evaluating their free text answers to posed questions is a very important task. However, manually, it is time-consuming and computationally, it is difficult. This paper details our shallow NLP approach to computationally assessing student free text answers when a reference answer is provided. For four out of the five test sets, our system achieved an overall accuracy above the median and mean.
Three-dimensional stereotactic surface projection analysis of macaque brain PET: development and initial applications.

To characterize better the local brain functions of conscious rhesus macaques, we developed automated image analysis techniques for monkey PET images, examined the cerebral glucose metabolism of monkeys, and compared it with that of humans. Methods: Glucose metabolic PET images from 11 monkeys were obtained using a high-resolution animal PET scanner after intravenous administration of FDG. T1-weighted MR images were obtained from 6 of the monkeys. Referencing a bicommissural stereotactic macaque brain atlas, we created a PET brain template using coregistered MR images. Each individual PET image set was transformed to the PET template through an automated affine transformation, followed by nonlinear warping along the directions of the major neuronal fiber bundles in the brain. For minimization of residual anatomic variability, metabolic activities were extracted using 3-dimensional stereotactic surface projections. The effects of anatomic standardization were evaluated using MR images. Patterns of cerebral glucose metabolism of young versus aged monkeys were examined. The metabolic activities of aged monkeys were compared with those of elderly healthy human volunteers that had been analyzed similarly. Results: Anatomic standardization reduced individuals9 anatomic variability as evidenced by a reduction in the number of MR pixels with higher SDs calculated across monkeys. Coefficient-of-variation maps of conscious monkeys revealed that the greatest metabolic variances were near the central sulci and occipital cortices. Age-associated glucose metabolic reductions were most pronounced in the occipital lobe, caudate nucleus, and temporal lobe. Compared with human brains, the monkey frontal lobe and posterior cingulate gyrus had significantly less metabolic activity and the supramarginal gyrus and vermis had significantly more metabolic activity. Conclusion: The proposed method permits pixel-by-pixel characterization of the metabolic activities of rhesus macaque brains in the stereotactic coordinate system. Greater metabolic variances in the central sulcus region and occipital lobe suggest potential difficulties in controlling sensory input and motor output or planning in conscious monkey experiments. The analyses revealed age-related metabolic reductions in monkeys and marked differences in metabolic patterns between aged monkey brains and aged human brains. The proposed brain-mapping technique enables reproducible and observer-independent analyses and will serve as an important investigative tool for primate brain imaging research.
Ethical issues in transplantation: living related donation in the setting of severe neurological damage without brain death.

The waiting list for renal transplantation has grown at an alarming rate over the last 2 decades, resulting in increased waiting times and deaths on the waiting list. To increase the number of available organs for transplantation, aggressive public education programs have been developed. The federal government has strengthened hospital regulations ensuring referral of all potential donors to organ recovery agencies, and living donor programs no longer limit donation to genetically related donors and recipients. We present a case that illustrates the complex ethical issues that are integral to the field of transplantation and the allocation of a scarce resource: a 50-year-old man who has a daughter with end-stage renal disease has suffered a severe cerebral vascular accident but is neither brain-dead nor a candidate for “non–heart-beating” donation. Given his poor prognosis, should the father be able to donate his kidney to the daughter in his compromised condition?
A Brother in Arms: Benjamin Tappan and the Antislavery Democracy

In 1847 Benjamin Tappan, an Ohio politician and former United States senator, tried to persuade his younger brother Lewis Tappan to give up abolitionism and join the Democratic party. Fifteen years Lewis's senior, Benjamin had been his childhood companion and tutor, and the bond between them held even as their adult careers and convictions took divergent paths. Benjamin had become a lawyer, politician, scientist, and religious skeptic; Lewis an evangelical Christian merchant, philanthropist, and abolitionist. Yet despite what Benjamin called "our totally different modes of thinking," they remained not only loving brothers but best friends. For forty years they had discussed their differences with a candor born of deep affection. Now Benjamin took up a question that had long divided them-how best to eliminate the national scourge of slavery.1 "You will find," he warned, "if you live 40 years longer than I have, that there can be but two parties in this country, the 'Aristocratic' & the 'Democratic."' All factions and divisions must merge into them in the end. "The history of all republicks ancient & modern proves very clearly to my mind the constant existence & antagonism of these two parties, one conservative the other progressive." His own party, the Democrats, were the true antislavery party, for "the Democratic principle is one of progressive improvement in the condition of the human race," while "slavery is conservative & opposed to progress." "You belong to the progressives," Benjamin Tappan told his brother, for "the natural equallity of man is a leading article in your creed. I belong to the same party but while we
Mappings of Vector Spaces and the Theory of Matrices

(1952). Mappings of Vector Spaces and the Theory of Matrices. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 59, No. 4, pp. 219-222.
Combinations of Resistant Traits and Insecticides: Effect on Cotton Yield and Insect Populations

Sixteen cotton genotypes with a predominant ‘Stoneville’ genetic background but various morphological characteristics were grown in the presence of 2 insect populations. Untreated plots yielded an average 170 kg/ha (33%) less lint than insecticide treated plots. Correlations of -0.67 and -0.66 were obtained for lint yield and populations of nymphs of the tarnished plant bug, Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvais), in the untreated and treated plots, respectively. However, the combination of the nectariless trait and traits related to earliness gave acceptable yields in both untreated and treated plots. The addition of the nectariless trait to glabrous and frego bract traits resulted in reduced populations of tarnished plant bug nymphs.
PFGE technology for study on homology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains in a food poisoning event

Objective:To understand the homology of the Vibrio parahaemolyticus(VP) strains isolated from a food poisoning.Methods:VP was isolated and identified according to the national standard.The isolated VP strains were carried out serotyping and virulence gene(tdh,trh) detection,then pulsed-field gel electrophoresis(PFGE) was used for genotyping.Results:11 VP strains with the serotype of O3:K6 were isolated from 10 patients and a chopping block.In this detection,all the VP isolates carried tdh virulence genes and had the same PFGE pattem.Conclusion:This is a food poisoning caused by VP pollution in the food processing link.
Estimation of Change-point and Post-change Parameters after Adaptive Sequential CUSUM Test in an Exponential Family

In this paper, we consider an adaptive sequential CUSUM procedure in an exponential family where the change-point and post-change parameters are estimated adaptively. It is shown that the adaptive CUSUM procedure is efficient at the first order. The conditional biases of the estimation for the change-point and post-change parameter are studied. Comparison with the classical CUSUM procedure in the normal case is made. Nile river flow and average global temperature data sets are used for demonstration.
Internal and external radiative widths in the combined R -matrix and potential-model formalism

By using the $R$-matrix approach we calculate the radiative width for a resonance decaying to a bound state through electric-dipole $E1$ transitions. The total radiative width is determined by the interference of the nuclear internal and external radiative width amplitudes. For a given channel radius the external radiative width amplitude is model independent and is determined by the asymptotic normalization coefficient (ANC) of the bound state to which the resonance decays. It also depends on the partial resonance width. To calculate the internal radiative width amplitude we show that a single-particle-potential model is appropriate. We compare our results with a few experimental data.
Lawrence Radner,Eichendorff: The Spiritual GeometerAlbrecht Schau,Märchenformen bei EichendorffPeter Paul Schwarz,Aurora. Zur romantischen Zeitstruktur bei Eichendorff: Lafayette, Indiana: Purdue University Studies, 1970. Pp. 372.Freiburg i.Br.: Universitätsverlag Eckhard Becksmann, 1970. Pp. 214.Ars Poetica. Studien, Band 12. Bad Homburg v.d.H.: Verlag Gehlen, 1970. Pp. 236.

(1973). Lawrence Radner, Eichendorff: The Spiritual GeometerAlbrecht Schau, Marchenformen bei EichendorffPeter Paul Schwarz, Aurora. Zur romantischen Zeitstruktur bei Eichendorff. The Germanic Review: Literature, Culture, Theory: Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 77-82.
The Central Detection Officer problem: SALSA detector and performance guarantees

This paper formulates the Central Detection Officer (CDO) problem in which a central officer decides if some agents in a network observe data from an anomalous distribution compared to the majority. Since the data statistics are unknown in advance, the goal of the CDO is to identify the data pattern of each agent and detect the presence and locations of anomalies by polling the agents strategically. To solve the CDO problem in a Gaussian multiple access channel, the Sparsity-Aware Least Squares Anomaly (SALSA) detection scheme is proposed, which combines a type-based encoder for the agents data with a compressive network polling scheme. The performances of the proposed scheme are analyzed theoretically and demonstrated numerically.
Flow Boiling in Minichannels and Microchannels

This chapter presents the flow boiling heat transfer data, obtained by a number of investigators. The experimental data under stable operating conditions can be obtained by providing artificial nucleation sites and pressure drop elements near the inlet inside each channel. Flow boiling in minichannels is of great interest in compact evaporator applications. Automotive air-conditioning evaporators use small passages with plate-fin heat exchangers. Flow boiling research is being pursued in the heat removal from high-heat flux devices such as computer chips, laser diodes, and other electronics devices and components. Flow boiling is superior to single-phase liquid cooling from two main considerations—namely a high heat-transfer coefficient during flow boiling and higher heat removal capability for a given mass-flow rate of the coolant. The heat transfer coefficients are quite high in a single phase flow with small diameter channels, and the flow boiling yields much higher values. The major advantage of flow boiling systems is the ability of the fluid to carry larger amounts of thermal energy by latent heat of vaporization. However, a few major issues need to be addressed before the implementation of the flow boiling transfer. The fundamental understanding of the flow boiling phenomenon is slowly emerging, and efforts to stabilize the flow using nucleating cavities and pressure drop elements are expected to help make flow boiling systems a viable candidate for high heat flux cooling applications.
Stamping: A low-cost manufacturing method to deposit assays

Treatable diseases often go undetected in developing countries due to low doctor-to-patient ratios and inaccessibility of health care facilities. While many treatable diseases can be screened via urinalysis, commonly used urine test strips are generally distributed through a formal healthcare system, which has limited access to rural communities. To tailor urinalysis devices to developing countries, simple and small-scale ink deposition methods, such as stamping, are being explored to design point-of-care screening test strips. Such test strips combat inaccessibility through the engagement of community health workers, who serve as a liaison between the formal health care network and rural communities. This work investigates the properties of several off-the-shelf stamps and papers in order to design a platform stamping technology that requires low startup capital. The findings validate a mechanism for stamping assays that can be customized to screen for different conditions such as diabetes, urinary tract infections, water purity, and methanol levels in alcohol, among others. Ultimately, this stamping method has wide scope for humanitarian engineering applications in the fields of health care and environmental safety.
Tracy Bridgeford and Kirk St.Amant

The book’s 11 chapters consider the importance of theorizing, initiating, and sustaining relationships between academia and industries that employ graduates of those programs. The editors argue that a strong future for the field depends on more research into shared interests. Through asking both spheres to take action, Carolyn Rude’s Foreword clarifies that the audience for the book is both academics and industry professionals. Comprehensively, the book fulfills its goal to initiate a conversation; it is a sourcebook that explores multiple contexts and lenses. Therefore, readers looking for a practical resource for initiating partnerships with businesses and industries can easily identify and select the chapters relevant to their situation.
Accelerated Partial Breast Irradiation

Traditionally, the treatment for early-stage breast cancer has included lumpectomy followed by whole breast radiotherapy over 5–6 weeks. Due to the inconvenience and cost of this schedule along with concern that targeting the whole breast may be overtreatment from some patients, accelerated partial breast irradiation (APBI) has been explored as an alternative radiotherapy strategy. APBI shortens breast radiotherapy to 1 week or less by increasing the dose per fraction while decreasing the treatment volume to the tumor bed alone. Generally, APBI is restricted to patients with the lowest risk disease; however, the results of ongoing trials may potentially broaden eligibility. APBI can be accomplished via multiple techniques including (1) multicatheter interstitial brachytherapy, (2) balloon-based brachytherapy (MammoSite), (3) external beam radiotherapy, and (4) intraoperative radiotherapy. These methods differ in their degree of invasiveness, treatment time, radiation dose, and exact volume of breast tissue irradiated. Based on Phase I, II, and more recently Phase III studies, each of these techniques can achieve excellent local control rates with low toxicity when performed correctly. The anticipated publication of several large Phase III studies in the coming years will help to further define patient selection criteria and determine the appropriate APBI technique for each clinical setting.
Cell-Penetrating Chaperone Peptide Prevents Protein Aggregation and Protects against Cell Apoptosis

Many of the newly discovered therapeutic peptides and molecules are limited by their inability to cross the cell membrane. In the present study we employed a cell penetrating peptide (CPP), VPTLK, derived from Ku70 protein, to facilitate the entry of a mini-chaperone across the cell membrane. Our previous studies suggest that the mini-chaperone peptide representing the chaperone site in αA-crystallin, which can inhibit protein aggregation associated with proteopathies, has therapeutic potential. We have prepared a synthetic mini-chaperone by fusing the VPTLK sequence to N-terminus of mini-chaperone (FVIFLDVKHFSPEDLTVKGRD) to get VPTLKFVIFLDVKHFSPEDLTVKGRD peptide, which we call "CPPGRD." The amino acids, GRD, were added to increase the solubility of the peptide. The chaperone-like function of CPPGRD was measured using unfolding conditions for alcohol dehydrogenase and α-lactalbumin. The anti-apoptotic action of the peptide chaperone was evaluated using H2O2-induced Cos-7 and ARPE-19 cell apoptosis assays. The results show that the CPPGRD has both chaperone function and anti-apoptotic activity. Additionally, the CPPGRD was found to prevent β-amyloid fibril formation and suppress β-amyloid toxicity. The present study demonstrates that the CPPGRD protects unfolding proteins from aggregation and prevents cellular apoptosis. Therefore, the CPPGRD is a mini-chaperone with potential to become a therapeutic agent for protein aggregation diseases.
Determinants of Unsuccessful Risk Capital Funding by Small Business

Although Small Business Investment Corporations (SBIC's) and venture Capital Firms (VC's) represent potential sources of long-term financing for small businesses, little is known about their invest...
Cluster analysis framework for novel acoustic catheter stethoscope

This study presents a cluster analysis framework for acoustic signals of the novel catheter stethoscope. The objective of the current study is to collect the blood flow sounds from a body site of a Yorkshire pig using the novel acoustic catheter stethoscope and further recognize any changes in the sinus rhythm patterns. Initially the collected blood flow sounds are preprocessed with noise cancellation and wavelet source separation to result in acoustic heart and respiratory pulses. Then, the extracted acoustic heart pulses are post processed to recognize the patterns of the sinus rhythm based on a novel feature extraction technique and cluster analysis. Finally, the developed framework is qualitatively and quantitatively validated by providing visual results of the clustering and by computing the clustering accuracy, sensitivity and specificity. The cross validation results show that the developed framework consistently recognizes the patterns of the sinus rhythms with an accuracy rate of 94.37%.
Effectiveness of a vacuum lifting system in reducing spinal load during airline baggage handling.

Abstract Information on spinal loading for using lift assist systems for airport baggage handling is lacking. We conducted a laboratory study to evaluate a vacuum lift system for reducing lumbar spinal loads during baggage loading/unloading tasks. Ten subjects performed the tasks using the industry average baggage weight of 14.5 kg on a typical two-shelved baggage cart with or without using the lift system (i.e. lifting technique). Repeated measures analysis of variance (2 tasks × 2 shelf heights x 2 techniques) was used. Spinal loads were estimated by an electromyography-driven biomechanical model. On average, the vacuum lift system reduced spinal compressive forces on the lumbar spine by 39% and below the 3400 N damage threshold. The system also resulted in a 25% reduction in the anterior-posterior shear force at the L5/S1 inferior endplate level. This study provides evidence for the potential to reduce spinal loads when using a vacuum lift system.
Fundamentals of 1D and 2D lattice-based mechanical topological insulators (Conference Presentation)

Spring-mass lattices constitute an accessible model for the understanding of various physical phenomena. Here, they are used to probe fundamental aspects of mechanical topological insulators. First, in gapped one-dimensional 2-periodic lattices, a simple interpretation of Zack’s phase and of the associated integer winding number is provided based on the stiffness coupling two consecutive masses. Nearest neighbor and non-nearest neighbor interactions are explored so as to generate more diverse winding numbers. Lattices with different winding numbers are shown to be topologically distinct. In that case, the difference in winding numbers is interpreted as a count of edge modes localized at the interface between the two topologically distinct lattices. The existence of these edge modes is verified through numerical modal analysis and through homogenization-type asymptotic analysis. The study is extended to two-dimensional systems. Although a visualization of the winding number, also known as a Chern number in this context, is harder, various aspects remain unchanged. Most importantly, an interface separating two topologically distinct gapped lattices will carry a number of edge modes. Last, robustness and immunity to back scattering of localized interface modes against defects is assessed for different systems.
3-D Manufacturing: The Beginning of Common Creativity Revolution

Leonardo da Vinci’s extraordinary creative versatility became the ultimate embodiments of the Renaissance humanist ideal. His codices contain numerous astonishingly futuristic blueprints of scientific and engineering inventions, among them flying machines (see Fig. 9.1) and hydraulic pumps . The staggering design of these inventions exceeded the available technology of the time. The limitations of the Renaissance manufacturing processes and materials prevented many of these inventions from reaching even the stage of a prototype.
Aging, Disability, and Public Health

Aging, disability, and public health represent dimensional and dynamic human experiences that can be described at the population level. The absolute numbers of people living past age 65 in the United States is staggering – from 42.2 million in 2010 to 71.5 million in 2030 to 86.7 million in 2050. These numbers will comprise an increasing proportion of the overall population, representing 13.0, 19.6 and 20.6% of the population respectively. In addition to increasing numbers of older people, the characteristics of the population have, and will continue to change – especially in terms of life expectancy. In 1900 life expectancy in the US was 47 years; in 2000 it increased to 77.0, and in 2004 it increased to 77.8 years – a gain of 0.2 years per year in that 4 year period. The fastest growing segment of the population is the age 85 and over cohort, increasing from 6.1 million in 2010 to 9.6 million in 2030 and to 20.9 million in 2050 (Federal Interagency Forum on Aging-Related Statistics, 2008). The changing demographics of the United States and the world have a large impact currently and this impact will increase (Andresen, Cannell, Akhtar, & Barney, 2010; Freedman, 2006).
Distributed Computing: The Unsung Hero of the Modern Global Economy

Invisible to all but small groups of elite practitioners, distributed computing (DC) is a foundational technology that undergirds much of the modern global economy. Hosted by massive data centers humming with thousands (or hundreds of thousands) of servers, DC facilitates e-commerce, social media, logistics, government, finance, gaming, and other mass-digital phenomena for hundreds of millions of people every day. Without it, many of today?s online services would either not exist or be greatly diminished in usefulness.
Analyzing Repeatability and Sensitivity

Abstract A RAM's credibility will depend in large part on whether independent users applying the RAM to the same sites come up with the same scores or ratings. Repeatability testing can define the confidence bands associated with scores a RAM produces, that is, the part of the score potentially attributable only to an expected level of human error. However, the repeatability is rarely tested rigorously. This chapter describes a procedure for RAM repeatability testing as well as approaches for evaluating a RAM's sensitivity and the influence of various indicators on the functions or other attributes they predict.