cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Generation of artificial time-histories, rich in all frequencies, from given response spectra

Abstract In the design of nuclear power plants, it has been found desirable in certain instances to use the time-history method of dynamic analysis to determine the plant response to seismic input. In the implementation of this method, it is necessary to determine an adequate representation of the excitation as a function of time. Because many design criteria are specified in terms of design response spectra, one is faced with the problem of generating a time-history spectra, one is faced with the problem of generating a time-history whose own response spectrum approximates as possible the originally specified design response spectrum. One objective of this paper is to present a method of synthesizing such time-histories from a given design response spectrum. The design response spectra may be descriptive of floor responses at a particular location in a plant, or they may be descriptive of seismic ground motions at a plant site. The method to be described in this paper allows the generation of time-histories that are rich in all frequencies in the spectrum. This richness is achieved by choosing a large number of closely-spaced frequency points such that the half-power points of adjacent frequencies overlap. Examples are given concerning seismic design response spectra, and a number of points are discussed concerning the effect of frequency spacing on convergence. In generating time-history representations of seismic ground motions, two points demand particular attention. First, the time-history should be recognizable as a realistic earthquake motion which is achieved in the present approach by the introduction of a modulating envelope. The second point arises when it is desired to excite the plant structural model with simultaneous seismic excitation components in two perpendicular horizontal directions and in the vertical direction. Usually the specified vertical spectrum differs from the horizontal spectrum, so that the corresponding time-histories differ as well. However, it is desirable in any event to generate two horizontal time-histories, which should be as unrelated as are earthquake records themselves. Statistically, one desires that their correlation coefficients should be low. In the second section of this paper, a method is suggested for generating a second time-history from the first time-history such that they have low correlation, while at the same time they have response spectra that approximate to a satisfactory degree the original design response spectrum. Finally, a number of alternative schemes of dual time-history generation are inspected, and the resulting correlation functions and spectra are discussed.
Blanket system selection for the ARIES-ST

The ARIES-ST (Spherical Tokamak) is to investigate the attractiveness of a low-aspect-device as the confinement concept for a fusion power plant. The key driven force of the ST design is caused by the center column conductor. The design selected is a water-cooled Cu normal conductor. This selection has a major impact on the blanket design and selection, tritium breeding and over-all power balance. The blanket selected is a dual coolant concept, partially decided by the characteristics of the center conductor. The final blanket design is modified from the dual coolant concept, which developed under the EC DEMO program. The reason for this selection and the design issues are summarized in this paper.
Radiologic findings of bronchogenic carcinoma with pulmonary metastases at presentation

PURPOSE: To describe the radiologic findings in patients with primary bronchogenic carcinoma and pulmonary metastases at presentation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma who at presentation had pulmonary metastases. RESULTS: Fourteen (52%) men and 13 (48%) women with a mean age of 60 years were identified. Adenocarcinoma was the most common histology (70%). The number of nodules varied, although 78% of patients had greater than 50 nodules. Nodules size ranged from 2 to 30 mm, but 82% of patients had nodules less than 10 mm in diameter. Mediastinal lymphadenopathy was seen in 41% of patients, and pleural disease in 44% of patients. Only 37% had radiologic evidence of extrathoracic disease, with bone metastases (30%) being the most common. CONCLUSION: Multiple pulmonary nodules may be the presenting thoracic manifestation of primary bronchogenic carcinoma, with patterns of metastases and survival rates similar to other stage IV patients.
The Turnover Continuum: A Marxist Analysis of Capitalist Fluctuations

In volume 2 of Capital, Marx investigates the process of circulation of capital. His analysis reveals that capital assumes three distinct forms throughout the course of its circuit: money capital, productive capital, and commodity capital. When discussing the turnover process of capital in part 2, Marx provides the foundation for a theory of macroeconomic fluctuations that resists formalization by means of conventional methods. This article presents a rigorous interpretation of Marx's discussion of the turnover process of capital with a system of piecewise continuous functions. On the basis of these functions, a computer program is developed using the MAPLE mathematical software program, which is then used to analyze aggregate fluctuations in the three forms of capital given hypothetical data for individual capitalist enterprises. The fluctuations resulting from the turnover process, embedded within complex actual capitalist economies, have the potential to influence the overall health and direction of th...
Applying axiomatic design theory to the evaluation and optimization of large-scale engineering systems

Large-scale engineering systems provide important functions to the human society. The involvement of multiple, competing functionality requirements and lots of resources has imposed high expectations, and at the same time challenges, for achieving reliable, affordable design. Axiomatic design approach has demonstrated its strength in various types of large-scale system design, including vehicles, aircrafts, manufacturing facilities, and so on. However, several obstacles are yet to be overcome in proper application of the axioms to a real-world design problem, by both researchers and practitioners. In this work, a systematic methodology is presented for applying Suh’s axioms to evaluate and optimize large-scale engineering systems. When using the proposed methodology, design matrices are first obtained to map multiple, competing functionality requirements to their associated physical embodiments at different system hierarchical levels based on Axiom 1. An R/S analysis using surrogate modelling is then cond...
Commentary: A Darwin family concern

‘I’m not quite sure that it’s a good thing for cousins to marry’, remarks Dr Crofts in Trollope’s The Small House of Allington, published in 1863. ‘They do, you know, very often’, he is reminded, ‘and it suits some family arrangements’. 1 To be sure, the doctor had a personal interest in the matter. A young woman he hoped to marry had just become engaged to her cousin. However, Dr Crofts was talking as a responsible medical man. The British medical press was raising questions about the risks to offspring of cousin marriages, 2,3 and a bright young doctor would have been familiar with the professional debates. (And in the end he gets his girl.) Charles Darwin had picked up on these concerns very early. He was worried about heredity and also about the consequences of cousin marriage. Shortly before his own marriage to his first cousin, Emma Wedgwood, he had consulted a new book, Alexander Walker’s Intermarriage: Or the Mode in Which, and the Causes Why, Beauty, Health, and Intellect Result from Certain Unions, and Deformity, Disease and Insanity from Others (1838). It touched a sensitive nerve. His Darwin grandmother, the wife of Erasmus Darwin, was addicted to gin and suffered from bouts of madness. Charles Darwin’s own mother, unwell throughout his childhood, had died from an agonizing stomach ailment, probably peritonitis, at the age of 52 years. Charles was 8 years old when she died, and as an adult he was obsessively concerned with his own ill-health, particularly the recurrent stomach complaints that recalled his mother’s fatal illness. Both his mother and Emma were Wedgwoods, and the Wedgwoods were notorious for their ill-health. 4 Whenever one of his children fell ill, Charles was inclined to see the same symptoms in himself, and to worry that it exposed a family propensity. Or were the frequent illnesses of his children, and the health problems of the Wedgwoods, perhaps the consequence of cousin marriages? 5 This was a growing concern in scientific circles in Britain in the 1860s. ‘In many families, marriages between cousins are discouraged and checked’, Francis Galton noted in 1865. 6 Charles Darwin’s son George published an early paper recommending that cousin marriage should be avoided. 7
An investigation of work family conflict among IT professionals

The study investigates overall indicators of work-family conflict reported by IT professionals and analyzes whether work-family conflict is impacted by a number of variables, including gender, marital status, job category, IT work experience, and family-friendly work environment. The study uses an instrument developed by Carlson, et. al. (2000) which measures six categories of work-family conflict, including Time-Based Work Interference with Family, Time-Based Family Interference with Work, Strain-based Work Interference with Family, Strain-based Family Interference with Work, Behavior-based Work Interference with Family, and Behavior-based Family Interference with Work.
Effect of phosphoric acid etching on the shear bond strength of two self-etch adhesives

Objective To evaluate the effect of optional phosphoric acid etching on the shear bond strength (SBS) of two self-etch adhesives to enamel and dentin. Material and Methods Ninety-six bovine mandibular incisors were ground flat to obtain enamel and dentin substrates. A two-step self-etch adhesive (FL-Bond II) and a one-step self-etch adhesive (BeautiBond) were applied with and without a preliminary acid etching to both the enamel and dentin. The specimens were equally and randomly assigned to 4 groups per substrate (n=12) as follows: FL-Bond II etched; FL-Bond II un-etched; BeautiBond etched; BeautiBond un-etched. Composite cylinders (Filtek Z100) were bonded onto the treated tooth structure. The shear bond strength was evaluated after 24 hours of storage (37°C, 100% humidity) with a testing machine (Ultra-tester) at a speed of 1 mm/min. The data was analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey's test with a significance level of p<0.05. A field emission scanning electron microscope was used for the failure mode analysis. Results Both adhesives evidenced a significant decrease in the dentin SBS with the use of an optional phosphoric acid-etching step (p<0.05). Preliminary phosphoric acid etching yielded significantly higher enamel SBS for FL-Bond II (p<0.05) only, but not for BeautiBond. FL-Bond II applied to un-etched dentin demonstrated the highest mean bond strength (37.7±3.2 MPa) and BeautiBond applied to etched dentin showed the lowest mean bond strength (18.3±6.7 MPa) among all tested groups (p<0.05). Conclusion The use of a preliminary acid-etching step with 37.5% phosphoric acid had a significant adverse effect on the dentin bond strength of the self-etch adhesives evaluated while providing improvement on the enamel bond strength only for FL-Bond II. This suggests that the potential benefit that may be derived from an additional etching step with phosphoric acid does not justify the risk of adversely affecting the bond strength to dentin.
CXCR2 is essential for maximal neutrophil recruitment and methacholine responsiveness after ozone exposure

Ozone (O3), a common air pollutant, induces airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness. In mice, the neutrophil chemokines KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 (MIP-2) are expressed in ...
Wideband low profile eye shaped dielectric resonator antennas

While dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) offer several advantages, such as small size and high efficiency, traditional DRAs with simple geometries are usually narrow bandwidth. Much work has been done to enhance the bandwidth of DRAs. However, the geometries of these designs are usually bulky and difficult to fabricate. The paper presents a low profile eye-shaped DRA with wide bandwidth. This antenna is designed in the X-band and is excited through a narrow rectangular slot. The DRA consists of an elliptical shaped resonator which has circular cylinder embedded at its center. Two different dielectric materials are used for the elliptical cylinder and circular cylinder. A bandwidth of more than 27% is achieved. Using the embedding approach, we also propose other possible shapes for the host and the parasitic element. Simulation results are obtained. Another new feature is that the microwave substrates we use to fabricate the dielectric resonator are softer than the traditional ceramic materials. As a result, we are able to fabricate the resonators easily into any shape.
Automating the biological data collection process with agents

Scientists spend significant amount of time accessing Web resources, extracting information of interest, filtering, and integrating relevant data from multiple heterogeneous Web sites to support their data collection needs. This tedious collection process is typically performed manually as available technology does not allow scientists to explore and control their data collection process step by step. However, most of the process can be automated. While scripts (e.g., Perl) may be written to retrieve, parse and extract data of interest, many scientists are not programmers and do not have IT support. In contrast we propose an approach based on personal information agents (PIA) that provide scientists a user-friendly mechanism to automate their data collection processes without the need of any programming. This approach is currently being evaluated at the Brain Tumor Cancer Unit of the Translational Genomics Research Institute (TGen), Phoenix, Arizona.
Pneumococcal Capsular Polysaccharide Vaccine-Mediated Protection against Serotype 3 Streptococcus pneumoniae in Immunodeficient Mice

Pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide (PPS) vaccines are less immunogenic in immunocompromised than immunocompetent individuals. However, neither the efficacy of PPS vaccines in immunocompromised individuals nor the host cellular subsets required for vaccine efficacy against pneumococcal disease have been directly investigated. In this study, we vaccinated CD4-deficient (CD4−/−), CD8-deficient (CD8−/−), and secretory immunoglobulin M-deficient (sIgM−/−) mice and wild-type C57BL/6 (Wt) mice with a conjugate of PPS of serotype 3 and tetanus toxoid (PPS3-TT) and determined the antibody response and efficacy of vaccination against systemic and pulmonary challenge with serotype 3 pneumococcus in immunized and control mice. Our results showed that the isotype and predominant IgG subclass of the PPS3 response differed between immunodeficient mouse strains and between immunodeficient and Wt mice, with CD8−/− mice having the most robust response. Vaccination protected Wt, CD4−/−, and sIgM−/− mice from death resulting from both systemic and pulmonary challenge, whereas CD8−/− mice were protected only from systemic and not from pulmonary challenge. Passive vaccination with PPS3-TT-induced sera from Wt, CD4−/−, CD8−/−, and sIgM−/− mice protected naive Wt mice from death due to pulmonary challenge; however, CD8−/− mice were not protected by sera from Wt or CD8−/− mice. Our findings suggest that PPS-based vaccines can be effective in the setting of CD4 T-cell deficiency but that CD8 T cells could be required for vaccine-mediated protection against pulmonary challenge with serotype 3 pneumococcus.
Optical emission spectroscopy measurements of electron beam-generated plasma in argon, nitrogen and their mixtures

The NRL electron beam-generated plasma source uses magnetically collimated sheet-like beam of high energy electrons to ionize the gas, providing control over critical plasma parameters including plasma density, ionization region, electron temperature, ion and radical fluxes. Perhaps, the most important advantages of the system are its inherently low electron temperature, typically below 1 eV, resulting in very low incident ion kinetic energies at adjacent surfaces, thereby providing unique opportunities in the processing of ion energy-sensitive materials, e.g. polymers and graphene. However, there remain many unresolved questions regarding the mechanisms of surface modifications induced by electron beam-generated plasmas, most notably, the influence of excited species. In this work, we apply optical emission spectroscopy in order to understand the spatial and temporal distribution of excited species in pure argon, nitrogen and their mixtures.
Time-resolved imaging of HIV-1 Env-mediated lipid and content mixing between a single virion and cell membrane

A method has been developed to follow fusion of individual pseudotyped virus expressing HIV-1 Env to cells by time-resolved fluorescence microscopy. Viral envelopes were labeled with a fluorescent lipid dye (DiD) and virus content was rendered visible by incorporating a Gag-GFP chimera. The Gag-GFP is naturally cleaved to the much smaller NC-GFP fragment in the mature virions. NC-GFP was readily released upon permeabilization of the viral envelope, whereas the capsid was retained. The NC-GFP thus provides a relatively small and mobile aqueous marker to follow viral content transfer. In fusion experiments, virions were bound to cells at low temperature, and fusion was synchronously triggered by a temperature jump. DiD transferred from virions to cells without a significant lag after the temperature jump. Some virions released DiD but retained NC-GFP. Surprisingly, the fraction of lipid mixing events yielding NC-GFP transfer was dependent on the type of target cell: of three infectable cell lines, only one permitted NC-GFP transfer within minutes of raising temperature. NC-GFP release did not correlate with the level of CD4 or coreceptor expression in the target cells. The data indicate that fusion pores formed by HIV-1 Env can remain small for a relatively long time before they enlarge.
GPS Orbit and Clock Error Distributions

Integrity is one of the most important requirements for civilian aviation. One method of achieving the required integrity for supplemental Global Positioning System (GPS) navigation is the use of Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM), and for primary means of navigation, Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring and Exclusion (RAIME). The RAIM(E) algorithm parameters depend on the assumed probability of a satellite fault condition (anomaly) and on the fault-free standard deviation of a normal distribution that over-bounds the actual user range error distribution. In this paper, GPS clock and orbit errors are calculated based on the broadcast ephemeredes and truth data obtained from online sources for the three year period starting in June 2005. Anomalous satellite behavior is identified and removed from the data set. The remaining fault-free data are analyzed statistically. A table of anomalies, cumulative distributions, and normal distribution standard deviation overbounds are provided by satellite Block Type.
Combining exploratory projection pursuit and projection pursuit regression with application to neural networks

We present a novel classification and regression method that combines exploratory projection pursuit (unsupervised training) with projection pursuit regression (supervised training), to yield a new family of cost/complexity penalty terms. Some improved generalization properties are demonstrated on real-world problems.
Child Sexual Abuse: Can Anatomy Explain the Presentation?

This article discusses a 4-year-old girl who displayed behavioral symptoms consistent with posttraumatic stress disorder. She was recently placed in foster care due to emotional and physical neglect. During her clinic visit, she disclosed being sexually abused by her father with a knife. Results of her general and anogenital physical examinations were normal. The case discussion proposes an explanation for how a maltreated child (1) develops behavioral problems, (2) has a normal genital examination despite the history of sexual abuse, and (3) has an implausible disclosure of her father hurting her with a knife. As part of the Integrating Basic Science into Clinical Teaching Initiative series, basic science principles are the method of explanation. The case discussion is an attempt to understand the science responsible for the disease that is present and make that understanding useful for future clinical problem solving.
Optical Changes in Freshly Evaporated Aluminum-Magnesium Films

This paper deals with experimental observations of the reflection and transmission characteristics of freshly evaporated films of an Al-Mg alloy (Al 95 percent, Mg 5 percent). Appropriate apparatus was arranged inside of an evaporation chamber so that measurements could be made during and after the deposition of the metallic film. Three types of changes in the reflection and transmission coefficients for white light were observed to take place. (1) The first type (occurring at pressures of 10−4 mm or less) consists of a small rapid decrease in reflectivity and increase in transmissivity. No further effect was observed to take place in the vacuum. (2) The second type occurs during the admission of air or other gases into the vacuum chamber. Similar to the first change, this consists of a decrease in reflectivity and an increase in transmissivity. (3) The third type takes place very slowly and over a period of several days. The final value of the reflection or transmission coefficient is approached asymptotically. In a typical case the magnitudes of the three types of changes for a film having an initial reflection coefficient of 58 percent were observed to be 8 percent, 5 percent, and 10 percent, respectively; and for another film having an initial transmission of 35 percent were 5 percent, 8 percent and 5 percent.
Absolute quantification of somatic DNA alterations in human cancer

Tumors vary in their ratio of normal to cancerous cells and in their genomic copy number. Carter et al. describe an analytic method for inferring the purity and ploidy of a tumor sample, enabling longitudinal studies of subclonal mutations and tumor evolution.
The Social Context For Harvesting Iriartea deltoidea (Arecaceae)

Iriartea deltoidea grows abundantly from Nicaragua to Bolivia. The stem is harvested for construction, furniture making, and handicrafts. The objective of my study was to understand the potential for sustainable harvesting of this palm. Ethnographic fieldwork about market patterns and decision-making among harvesters revealed the nature of harvesting pressures near settled areas. The study also demonstrates methods for assessing social and economic influences on harvesting.
Non-Equilibrium Synthesis by Laser for Tailored Surfaces

Rapid heating and cooling rate associated with laser processing provides an unique opportunity for non-equilibrium synthesis of materials which can provide compositions with extended solid solution. With proper selection of alloying elements and process parameters, materials with tailored properties can be synthesized. This paper discusses the theoretical basis for the mechanisms and the experimental approach for non-equilibrium synthesis of materials tailored for various applications such as wear, high temperature oxidation and corrosion resistance. Non-equilibrium partitioning due to rapid solidification is explained based on the atom trapping theory. A mathematical model involving heat and mass transfer and non-equilibrium partition coefficient is used to predict the non-equilibrium phase diagram and establish a relationship between the process parameters and the final alloy composition. Experimental procedure is discussed and the microstructure and properties of non-equilibrium alloys for various applications are described. Microstructure was characterized using various electron optical techniques such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis (EDAX). Room temperature wear properties were characterized by a line contact Block on Cylinder method, high temperature wear tests were similar to simulated engine test. High temperature oxidation properties were characterized by using Perkin-Elmer Thermo-Gravimetric Analyzer (TGA) where dynamic weight change were monitored at 1200°C. Corrosion properties were evaluated by a potentio-dynamic method using a computer controlled Potentiostat manufactured by EG&G.
Website Atmospherics: Motivators Or Hygiene Factors?

Frederick Herzberg's two-factor theory is once again resurrected and used to frame hypothesized influences on internet shopper satisfaction (and dissatisfaction). Previous research investigating the influence of web site design and web site atmospherics is discussed with respect to the theory. Exploratory factor analysis is then used to extract a four-factor solution of internet shopper satisfaction, and interpreted with respect to Herzberg’s model. Risk and User Friendliness related variables are interpreted as hygiene factors, or dissatisfiers, while Enjoyment and Price variables better explain shopper satisfaction, or motivation. The ensuing discussion compares the usefulness of this model with empirically validated satisfaction paradigms in explaining the relationship between internet shopper satisfaction and web site atmospherics.
EAD and the Small Repository

Impressed by the potential EAD offers for intellectual access to manuscript collections via publication of their finding aids on the World Wide Web, the University of Vermont Libraries supported Special Collections in accumulating the tools and knowledge needed to convert printed inventories to Web-publishable documents. Staffed by one faculty member and two undergraduate students, all on a part-time basis, and with support from the library's systems staff, the EAD Project published its first inventory in March 1997. The project raised many questions, such as what constitutes accurate and appropriate use of EAD markup, what are the differences between publishing on paper and publishing the same information electronically, how to handle vocabulary control, and what is the most appropriate technology for electronic access to a variety of finding aid formats.
Solar Energy, Technology Policy, and Institutional Values: Problem Frames During the Energy Crisis

In the 1970s a situation of energy abundance and falling prices turned into one of shortages and escalating prices, greatly raising energy policy's salience. This short-run crisis opened a political opportunity to take a longer term look at energy sources and government support for them, as the crisis strained public confidence in the existing system. In short, the energy crisis was an opportunity to revise the existing problem frame and institutionalize a new set of ideas to guide that frame. The crisis did give rise to new energy policy institutions, and those institutions to some extent centralized energy policy making and gave a new institutional home to advocates of solar energy. Nonetheless, the core ideas driving energy policy at the presidential level changed very little, and the possibilities contained in the new institutions were never realized. Before turning to the official energy problem frame, it is important to understand the new institutional structures that helped to formulate and implement energy policy. My emphasis on debates within the White House does not imply that the White House alone set policy. Decades of studies have shown that there are many important actors in a political system as fragmented as that in the United States, such as executive branch agencies, Congress, interest groups, and the courts. That was as true in energy policy as in any other issue area. Nonetheless, one of the most important of those actors was the White House.
Response of Serum Prolactin to Catechol Estrogen in the Immature Rat

The response of serum prolactin to the catechol estrogens, 2-hydroxyestrone (2-OH E1) and 2-hydroxyestradiol (2-OH E2) and their primary estrogens, estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2), was studied in 35-day-old male rats. The subcutaneous administration of 50 microgram of 2-OH E1 or 2-OH E2 significantly suppressed serum prolactin concentrations, but they were not significantly altered by the administration of 50 microgram of E1 or E2.
Want independent validation and assurance? Ask for a SAS-70

The AICPA's Statement on Auditing Standards No.70, Service Organizations addresses CPA audits of service providers conducted to verify that a provider has adequate controls over its operations. Hospitals should request a SAS-70, the report produced by such an audit, from all of their third-party service providers. SAS-70s can be issued for a specific date or for a six-month period, and they typically consist of three sections: a CPA opinion, a description of controls, and information about the design of the controls.
Pond Crash Forensics: Presumptive identification of pond crash agents by next generation sequencing in replicate raceway mass cultures of Nannochloropsis salina

Abstract Productivity of algal mass culture can be severely reduced by contaminating organisms. It is, therefore, important to identify contaminants, determine their effect on productivity and, ultimately, develop countermeasures against such contamination. In the present study we utilized microbiome analysis by second-generation sequencing of small subunit rRNA genes to characterize the predator and pathogen burden of open raceway cultures of Nannochloropsis salina. Samples were analyzed from replicate raceways before and after crashes. In one culture cycle, we identified two algivorous species, the rotifer Brachionus and gastrotrich Chaetonotus, the presence of which may have contributed to the loss of algal biomass. In the second culture cycle, the raceways were treated with hypochlorite in an unsuccessful attempt to interdict the crash. Our analyses were shown to be an effective strategy for the identification of the biological contaminants and the characterization of intervention strategies.
Critically evaluating the theory and performance of Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures

Bayesian analysis of macroevolutionary mixtures (BAMM) has recently taken the study of lineage diversification by storm. BAMM estimates the diversification-rate parameters (speciation and extinction) for every branch of a study phylogeny and infers the number and location of diversification-rate shifts across branches of a tree. Our evaluation of BAMM reveals two major theoretical errors: (i) the likelihood function (which estimates the model parameters from the data) is incorrect, and (ii) the compound Poisson process prior model (which describes the prior distribution of diversification-rate shifts across branches) is incoherent. Using simulation, we demonstrate that these theoretical issues cause statistical pathologies; posterior estimates of the number of diversification-rate shifts are strongly influenced by the assumed prior, and estimates of diversification-rate parameters are unreliable. Moreover, the inability to correctly compute the likelihood or to correctly specify the prior for rate-variable trees precludes the use of Bayesian approaches for testing hypotheses regarding the number and location of diversification-rate shifts using BAMM.
Precis of aboutness

A lightning fast summary of Yablo, Aboutness, cutting many corners in the interests of brevity. The emphasis is on “ways.” Substituting “ways for S to be true” in for “worlds in which S is true” improves a number of philosophical explanations. The subject matter of S is identified with S’s ways of holding in a world, or failing, as the case may be. S contains T iff T is implied by S, and T’s ways of being true (false) are implied by ways for S to be true (false); this kind of way-implication is the same as subject matter inclusion. S’s surplus content over T is explained as that portion of the content of S that is not about whether T. Subject matter is cast throughout as a full partner in meaning.
Young infants view physically possible support events as unexpected: New evidence for rule learning

Abstract It has been suggested that one of the mechanisms by which infants acquire their physical knowledge is rule learning: Infants generate rules about the likely outcomes of events and revise these rules when confronted with discrepant outcomes. This approach predicts that when infants’ rules are only partially correct, they will view as unexpected events that are physically possible and even ordinary but happen to contradict their faulty rules. Here we provide evidence for this prediction in young infants’ responses to support events. According to prior findings, by 6.5 months of age, most infants expect an object to be stable if released with half or more of its bottom surface on a support; by 8 months, most infants have refined this rule and realize that an object can be stable with less support as long as the middle of the object’s bottom surface is supported. In line with these findings, 7.5- but not 8.5-month-olds viewed as unexpected a possible event in which a wide box remained stable when released with only the middle third of its bottom surface resting on a narrow platform. These results provide new evidence that young infants, like older children and adults, generate and revise rules to make sense of physical events.
Resonant blazed metasurface gratings

A low-profile flat resonant metasurface grating for achieving strong blazing and auto-collimation at microwaves is experimentally demonstrated. The design utilizes a planar approach for blazed gratings, but is different in its fundamental operation compared to phase-modulated blazed metasurface gratings. It operates similar to 3D perfectly blazed resonant cavity gratings, but realized with a planar strip resonator of lowest order resonance in each unit-cell. The structure is capable of achieving strong blazing (i.e. low specular reflection and high m = −1 diffraction). Simulations and Measurements confirm strong auto-collimation blazing in the Transverse Magnetic polarization at microwave frequencies.
Surface tension of dilute alcohol-aqueous binary fluids: n-Butanol/water, n-Pentanol/water, and n-Hexanol/water solutions

Surface tension of pure fluids, inherently decreasing with regard to temperature, creates a thermo-capillary-driven (Marangoni) flow moving away from a hot surface. It has been known that few high-carbon alcohol-aqueous solutions exhibit an opposite behavior of the surface tension increasing with regard to temperature, such that the Marangoni flow moves towards the hot surface (self-rewetting effect). We report the surface tensions of three dilute aqueous solutions of n-Butanol, n-Pentanol and n-Hexanol as self-rewetting fluids measured for ranges of alcohol concentration (within solubility limits) and fluid temperatures (25–85 °C). A maximum bubble pressure method using a leak-tight setup was used to measure the surface tension without evaporation losses of volatile components. It was found from this study that the aqueous solutions with higher-carbon alcohols exhibit a weak self-rewetting behavior, such that the surface tensions remain constant or slightly increases above about 60 °C. These results greatly differ from the previously reported results showing a strong self-rewetting behavior, which is attributed to the measurement errors associated with the evaporation losses of test fluids during open-system experiments.
Current patterns of chemotherapy and supportive care for early-stage breast cancer (ESBC).

1062 Background: ESBC is commonly treated with myelosuppressive chemotherapy, and high relative dose intensity (RDI) correlates with improved overall survival. A retrospective analysis of patients ...
Vector fields in a tight laser focus: comparison of models

We assess several widely used vector models of a Gaussian laser beam in the context of more accurate vector diffraction integration. For the analysis, we present a streamlined derivation of the vector fields of a uniformly polarized beam reflected from an ideal parabolic mirror, both inside and outside of the resulting focus. This exact solution to Maxwell’s equations, first developed in 1920 by V. S. Ignatovsky, is highly relevant to high-intensity laser experiments since the boundary conditions at a focusing optic dictate the form of the focus in a manner analogous to a physical experiment. In contrast, many models simply assume a field profile near the focus and develop the surrounding vector fields consistent with Maxwell’s equations. In comparing the Ignatovsky result with popular closed-form analytic vector models of a Gaussian beam, we find that the relatively simple model developed by Erikson and Singh in 1994 provides good agreement in the paraxial limit. Models involving a Lax expansion introduce a divergences outside of the focus while providing little if any improvement in the focal region. Extremely tight focusing produces a somewhat complicated structure in the focus, and requires the Ignatovsky model for accurate representation.
NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS TRANSMISSION IN MULTIPLE GENERATIONS OF ANTICARSIA GEMMATALIS (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) CAGED ON SOYBEAN

Transmission of a nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) of the velvetbean caterpillar, Anticarsis gemmatalis Hubner, in multiple generations on caged soybeans was examined. Introduction of primary infected larvae into larval populations on soybean resulted in low levels of mortality in the initially uninfected population in generation one. Larval mortality levels increased in succeeding generations and were higher in treatments with greater larval population density. The increase in epizootic development was much less, however, when the plants were not infested for one larval generation. AgNPV concentrations on foliage and in soil generally reflected the mortality levels from AgNPV in the respective treatments.
Language Based Mapping of Science Assessment Items to Skills

Knowledge of the association between assessment questions and the skills required to solve them is necessary for analysis of student learning. This association, often represented as a Q-matrix, is either hand-labeled by domain experts or learned as latent variables given a large student response data set. As a means of automating the match to formal standards, this paper uses neural text classification methods, leveraging the language in the standards documents to identify online text for a proxy training task. Experiments involve identifying the topic and crosscutting concepts of middle school science questions leveraging multi-task training. Results show that it is possible to automatically build a Q-matrix without student response data and using a modest number of hand-labeled questions.
Cooperative Missile Guidance for Active Defense of Air Vehicles

In air combat, an active countermeasure against an attacking missile homing into a Target aircraft entails the launch of a defending missile. The Target is protected by the Defender, which aims to intercept the Attacker before the latter reaches the Target aircraft. A differential game is presented where the Target–Defender team strives to maximize the terminal separation between the Target and the Attacker at the time instant where the Attacker is intercepted by the Defender, whereas the Attacker strives to minimize the said separation. This paper discusses the case where the Defender is endowed with a positive capture radius. Optimal strategies for the three agents are derived and simulation examples illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
Photo forensics from JPEG dimples

Previous forensic techniques have exploited various characteristics of JPEG compression to reveal traces of manipulation in digital images. We describe a JPEG artifact that can arise depending on the choice of the mathematical operator used to convert DCT coefficients from floating-point to integer values. We show that the more commonly used floor or ceiling operators (but not the round operator) introduce a periodic artifact in the form of a single darker or brighter pixel — which we term a dimple — in 8 × 8 pixel blocks. We describe the nature of this artifact, its prevalence in commercial cameras, and how this artifact can be quantified and used to detect a wide range of digital manipulations from content-aware fill to re-sampling, airbrushing, and compositing.
Protein Synthesis and Memory

Pharmacological agents that temporarily block brain protein synthesis in a variety of experimental animals have no effect on acquisition of new tasks, yet completely block long-term memory formation. This intervention dissociates the short-term memory associated with training from the storage and retrieval of long-term memory, but does not pinpoint relevant brain regions or specific proteins on which memory formation depends. Rather it sets the stage for future complementary correlative studies, for example, with radioisotopic probes, to identify relevant brain loci and proteins. Proteins provide both neuronal structure (membranes) and catalysts (enzymes) that mediate functional activity. While neurons may last a lifetime and appear to be stable anatomically, their component proteins are in dynamic balance between synthesis and degradation, with half-lives ranging from minutes to weeks. Protein synthesis takes place primarily in the cell body by translation from RNA, following transcription from DNA. The synapses, at some distance from the cell body, communicate with it by two-way intracellular traffic, termed axoplasmic flow, at rates of a few millimeters per hour. Assuming that altered behavior is ultimately based on altered synaptic connections, it has been proposed that short-term memory formation relies on post-translational modification of existing synaptic proteins, occurring in milliseconds, while long-term memory requires the slower processes of protein synthesis and axoplasmic transport, thus accounting for delayed formation (consolidation) of long-term memory.
Behavioral Finance and Entrepreneurial Finance: A Short Note

This paper draws the attention of the new researchers to what has been going on in the Behavioral Finance front and how we can draw from and expand upon such works. By doing so, we hope to find more convincing answers to the key questions that continue to define our fascinating academic niche.
A Declarative Model Assembly Infrastructure for Verification and Validation

Model verification and validation (V&V) are critical to the long term use of agent-based models of social processes. This paper addresses one important aspect of social simulation V&V, specifically that of component-level V&V. In this paper the Repast Simphony (Repast S) declarative model assembly infrastructure for supporting component-level V&V is discussed.
Bacterial Growth Medium that Significantly Increases the Yield of Recombinant Plasmid

Isolation of plasmid DNA from Escherichia coli is a daily activity in many molecular biology laboratories. A number of protocols and media recipes have been reported in an effort to make this process more efficient. Here we describe a growth medium that supports much higher E. coli cell densities and, concomitantly, a much higher yield of plasmid than previously reported for small-scale applications. On a unit volume basis, E. coli cultures grown in this medium, termed H15, produce up to 30-fold more recombinant plasmid than in conventional rich media, paralleling the increase in cell density. This phenomenon is independent of E. coli host strain, DNA insert size and plasmid copy number. H15 medium is also very economical; as much as 6 mg of plasmid can be harvested per dollar of medium.
Tuning Brønsted Acid Strength by Altering Site Proximity in CHA Framework Zeolites

This study examines how Bronsted acid strengths—as predicted by dispersion-corrected periodic DFT calculations of deprotonation energy (DPE), dehydrogenation energy (DHE), and NH3 binding energy (NH3 BE)—are affected by site proximity in proton-form zeolites and how adsorbates on one acid site alter the strength of nearby acids. Protons can bind to four distinct O atoms around the single crystallographically unique T-site of CHA, and all such locations were examined as bare and NH3-occupied sites. Protons prefer to bind to O1 atoms and orient within the plane of six-membered-ring (6MR) structures of CHA. NH4+ cations show a strong preference for binding in 8MR windows; 6MR structures are too small to solvate them. These preferences govern proximity effects on acid strength, studied here by probing the strength of a Bronsted acid site while a second site is placed in 23 locations separated by 1–3 T-sites. Placing a second acid in the 6MR of CHA decreased DPE and NH3 BE values for the first site by >10 kJ m...
Nazi Law: From Nuremberg to Nuremberg

Nazi law is a field well ploughed. This collection does not open many new furrows, although the eighteen essays are informative, engaging, and well written. The essays, for the most part, rely on s...
Conformational Equilibria of Multimodal Chromatography Ligands in Water and Bound to Protein Surfaces.

Multimodal chromatography uses small ligands with multiple modes of interaction, e.g., charged, hydrophobic or hydrogen bonding, to separate proteins from complex mixtures. The mechanism by which m...
Prevalence of trismus in patients with head and neck cancer: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

Background The purpose of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to determine the prevalence of trismus in patients with head and neck cancer. Methods Four electronic databases were searched: Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science up to April 2018. Level of evidence was assessed based on Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine. Publications were restricted to prospective cohort studies (n = 15), randomized clinical trials (n = 3), and cross-sectional studies (n = 5) reporting on trismus as mouth maximum opening less than or equal to 35 mm in the English language. Results A total of 636 abstracts were reviewed for inclusion. Twenty-three studies were included in qualitative analysis and 15 studies in meta-analysis. The results included 2786 patients with head and neck cancer treated with surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy either alone or in combination. Based on meta-analyses, the weighted average prevalence of trismus increased from 17.3% at baseline (95% confidence interval [CI], 10.8%-26.5%) to a peak of 44.1% at 6 months (95% CI, 36.7%-51.8%) and decreased to 32.1% at 12 months (95% CI, 27.2%-37.4%) and continued in average 32.6% at 3-10 years (95% CI, 22.0%-45.3%). Conclusions Having a primary site of the oral cavity or oropharynx was associated with a higher risk for developing trismus based on individual studies. Prospective cohort studies or randomized controlled trials with multiple objective trismus measurements, evaluation of disease characteristics, and treatment variables are needed to further investigate the prevalence of trismus secondary to head and neck cancer treatment.
Metabolizable energy values of corn and wheat middlings in broiler chickens

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate adaptation length (AL) and composition of reference diets on nitrogen (N)-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) in 22-d-old broilers. Birds were ...