cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stoichiometry Engineering of Monoclinic to Rutile Phase Transition in Suspended Single Crystalline Vanadium Dioxide Nanobeams

Coexisting monoclinic M1 (insulating) and rutile (metallic) domains were observed in free-standing vanadium dioxide nanobeams at room temperature. Similar domain structures have been attributed to interfacial strain, which was not present here. Annealing under reducing conditions indicated that a deficiency of oxygen stabilizes the rutile phase to temperatures as low as 103 K, which represents an unprecedented suppression of the phase transition by 238 K. In a complementary manner, oxygen-rich growth conditions stabilize the metastable monoclinic M2 and triclinic T (or M3) phases. A pseudophase diagram with dimensions of temperature and stoichiometry is established that highlights the accessibility of new phases in the nanobeam geometry.
Distributed feedback strained layer quantum well heterostructure 980 nm laser fabricated by two-step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition

Data are presented for single longitudinal mode, strained‐layer AlGaAs‐GaAs‐InGaAs quantum well heterostructure distributed feedback lasers emitting near 980 nm. Device fabrication consists of conventional holographic photolithography and two‐step metalorganic chemical vapor deposition growth. Regrowth over a GaAs grating layer and GaAs solid phase mass transport are discussed. The lasers are single mode up to twice Ith, have differential quantum efficiencies of 50%, and have threshold current densities of 600 A/cm2.
Submersive second order ordinary differential equations

The objectives of this paper are to define and to characterize submersive second order ordinary differential equations (ODE) and to examine several situations in which such ODE occur. This definition and characterization is in terms of tangent bundle geometry as developed in [4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 14]. From this viewpoint second order ODE are identified with a special vector field on the tangent bundle. The ODE are said to be submersive when this vector field and the canonical vertical endomorphism [14] define a foliation, relative to which the vector field passes to the local quotient.
Contact optimization for concentrator solar cells

The optimization of front contact layout is critical for concentrator solar cells. The conventional minimum power loss method used for contact optimization is not accurate in determining the series resistance loss. This paper proposes a method by maximizing the power output using a distributed series resistance model. It is found that the junction recombination loss in addition to the series resistance loss and shadowing loss can significantly affect the contact layout. The optimal finger spacing and maximum efficiency calculated by the two methods are close, and the differences are dependent on the series resistance and saturation currents of solar cells.
The Assumptive World of Local Political Elites An Examination of Mayoral Cognitive Structures in Metropolitan Detroit

Mayors' behavior is a reflection not only of constituent preferences but also of their own beliefs, values, and perceptions-their assumptive worlds. The authors analyze the responses of Detroit-area mayors to questions about their orientation to the local citizenry, perception of the most important role(s) of local government, task role(s), representative role, and perception of their power relative to other actors in the local political system. Using factor analysis, the authors identify three latent cognitive orientations to characterize the mayors' assumptive worlds-(1) citizen-participation dominated, (2) mayoral-valence concerned, and (3) voter apprehensive. They find that structural attributes (forms of local government) and population size are strongly related to the mayoral-valence-concerned and voter-apprehensive assumptive worlds, whereas personal (gender) and political (partisanship) characteristics may be related only to voter apprehensiveness.
Reproductive costs of the symbiotic hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus (Buss and Yund) to its host hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus (Say)

Studies on the interaction between the hermit crab Pagurus longicarpus and its symbiotic hydroid Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus have focused on positive effects of hydroids on their host hermit crabs (e.g., protection from predators). Yet, these benefits may be balanced with reproductive costs, which are rarely studied. Results from field observations, laboratory trials, and a mesocosm experiment indicate that female hermit crabs in hydroid-colonized shells exhibit depressed ovigery, smaller clutch sizes, and increased clutch failure relative to females in bare shells. Frequent switching between bare and hydroid-colonized shells may alleviate negative effects when the density of hydroids in the environment is low, but at high densities Hydractinia may significantly impact hermit crab reproduction.
A stutterer like me

Abstract This article examines the reactions of normal-speaking graduate students in speech-language pathology when simulating stuttering. The analysis is divided into four sections: physical reactions, emotional reactions, listener reactions, and insights gained. The experiences of the students are discussed in the context of differences and similarities observed when comparing stutterers to nonstutterers.
Aerial LiDAR Data Classification Using Support Vector Machines (SVM)

We classify 3D aerial LiDAR scattered height data into buildings, trees, roads, and grass using the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm. To do so we use five features: height, height variation, normal variation, LiDAR return intensity, and image intensity. We also use only LiDAR- derived features to organize the data into three classes (the road and grass classes are merged). We have implemented and experimented with several variations of the SVM algorithm with soft-margin classification to allow for the noise in the data. We have applied our results to classify aerial LiDAR data collected over approximately 8 square miles. We visualize the classification results along with the associated confidence using a variation of the SVM algorithm producing probabilistic classifications. We observe that the results are stable and robust. We compare the results against the ground truth and obtain higher than 90% accuracy and convincing visual results.
Differential regulation by β-amyloid peptides of intracellular free Ca2+ concentration in cultured rat microglia

Abstract We have previously shown that exposure to β-amyloid peptides alters microglial activity and viability. It is thought that β-amyloid peptides induce toxicity in neuronal cultures by destabilizing Ca 2+ homeostasis. To investigate the effects of β-amyloid peptides on intracellular free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+ ] i ) in cultured microglia, we used Fura-2 imaging. Exposure to 25 μM β-amyloid-(25–35) induced increases in [Ca 2+ ] i within 1 h. In contrast, exposure to 25 μM β-amyloid-(1–42), the full-length homolog to the β-amyloid protein deposited in plaques, does not, over the same time period. However, the average [Ca 2+ ] i of microglia is increased by a 6 h exposure to β-amyloid-(1–42). Thus, β-amyloid-(25–35) can alter [Ca 2+ ] i in microglia on a different time scale than β-amyloid-(1–42), indicating a specificity in the response of these cells as compared to neurons.
Coping skills intervention for a case of chronic fatigue syndrome

This case review involves differential diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), clinical depression, anxiety disorders, somatization disorder, and conversion disorder. The case conceptualization is accompanied by a protocol for clinical and psychometric assessment of stress and physical and social function. The treatment plan includes rapport building, grieving illness-related losses, relaxation techniques, cognitive and behavioral coping skills, pleasant mood induction, activity management, social support, and memory assistance. Adjunctive medical and alternative treatments are also summarized. Finally, expected outcomes are discussed.
Lowest-order contribution to the width and shift of autoionizing states of two-electron atoms.

A combined complex rotation and Feshbach-projection method is implemented within Z-dependent perturbation theory to obtain the lowest-order contribution to the width and shift of autoionizing states of two-electron atoms. This approach relies on the fact that in the complex rotation method, it is the open-channel part of the wave function that produces the imaginary component of the energy. Calculation of this part of the wave function involves the solution of a simple one-electron differential equation which, in lowest order, can be obtained to any desired level of accuracy. Use of the complex rotation method here simultaneously yields the lowest-order contributions to both the width and shift. It also simplifies the calculation by making this wave function square-integrable while simultaneously rotating the interacting continuum away from the real energy axis, thereby eliminating the degeneracy in zeroth order between the doubly excited states and the adjacent continuum. In the present paper, the lowest-order contributions to the width and shift for the 50 lowest singlet and triplet autoionizing P states below the n=2 threshold are calculated. These results represent the limiting values of the width and shift for high Z in the nonrelativistic approximation. The dependence of these results on the level of excitation N is studied. Comparisons to total values for the isoelectronic series are made, indicating that even for relatively low values of Z, these lowest-order results can yield useful estimates of the total widths and shifts. This approach is particularly useful for states with extremely narrow widths, as these are difficult to calculate accurately with other methods. Hence, the lowest-order estimates obtained here give useful information for such states, even for small values of Z.
Circular dichroism evidence for the presence of burst-phase intermediates on the conformational folding pathway of ribonuclease A.

Refolding of the very-fast-folding unfolded species (Uvf) of disulfide-intact bovine pancreatic ribonuclease A has been monitored by circular dichroism (CD) at 222 and 275 nm at 0.9 or 2.6 M guanidine hydrochloride, pH 7.0, and 5 °C. The refolding of Uvf represents a purely conformational folding process which is not complicated by cis−trans proline isomerization. The data indicate that there are at least two intermediates on the refolding pathway of Uvf and that both intermediates form in the burst phase when the refolding is monitored by CD. At the initiation of folding, Uvf is converted to a largely unfolded intermediate, termed IU, which then undergoes a hydrophobic collapse to form the molten-globule-like intermediate IΦ. The CD values obtained for IU and IΦ indicate that IU has no significant secondary structure and presumably differs from Uvf by a local structural rearrangement, while IΦ has a substantial population of secondary and tertiary structures, about 40%−50% of that of native.
Boundary element analysis on vector and parallel computers

Boundary element analysis (BEA) can be characterized as a numerical technique that generally shifts the computational burden in the analysis toward numerical integration and the solution of nonsymmetric and either dense or blocked sparse systems of algebraic equations. Researchers have explored the concept that the fundamental characteristics of BEA can be exploited to generate effective implementations on vector and parallel computers. In this paper, the results of some of these investigations are discussed. The performance of overall algorithms for BEA on vector supercomputers, massively data parallel single instruction multiple data (SIMD), and relatively fine grained distributed memory multiple instruction multiple data (MIMD) computer systems is described. Some general trends and conclusions are discussed, along with indications of future developments that may prove fruitful in this regard.
The Transcription Factors GATA4 and dHAND Physically Interact to Synergistically Activate Cardiac Gene Expression through a p300-dependent Mechanism

An intricate array of heterogeneous transcription factors participate in programming tissue-specific gene expression through combinatorial interactions that are unique to a given cell-type. The zinc finger-containing transcription factor GATA4, which is widely expressed in mesodermal and endodermal derived tissues, is thought to regulate cardiac myocyte-specific gene expression through combinatorial interactions with other semi-restricted transcription factors such as myocyte enhancer factor 2, nuclear factor of activated T-cells, serum response factor, and Nkx2.5. Here we determined that GATA4 also interacts with the cardiac-expressed basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor dHAND (also known as HAND2). GATA4 and dHAND synergistically activated expression of cardiac-specific promoters from the atrial natriuretic factor gene, the b-type natriuretic peptide gene, and the α-myosin heavy chain gene. Using artificial reporter constructs this functional synergy was shown to be GATA site-dependent, but E-box site-independent. A mechanism for the transcriptional synergy was suggested by the observation that the bHLH domain of dHAND physically interacted with the C-terminal zinc finger domain of GATA4 forming a higher order complex. This transcriptional synergy observed between GATA4 and dHAND was associated with p300 recruitment, but not with alterations in DNA binding activity of either factor. Moreover, the bHLH domain of dHAND directly interacted with the CH3 domain of p300 suggesting the existence of a higher order complex between GATA4, dHAND, and p300. Taken together with previous observations, these results suggest the existence of an enhanceosome complex comprised of p300 and multiple semi-restricted transcription factors that together specify tissue-specific gene expression in the heart.
A push-relabel approximation algorithm for approximating the minimum-degree MST problem and its generalization to matroids

In the minimum-degree minimum spanning tree (MDMST) problem, we are given a graph G, and the goal is to find a minimum spanning tree (MST) T, such that the maximum degree of T is as small as possible. This problem is NP-hard and generalizes the Hamiltonian path problem. We give an algorithm that outputs an MST of degree at most 2@D"o"p"t" (G)+o(@D"o"p"t" (G)), where @D"o"p"t" (G) denotes the degree of the optimal tree. This result improves on a previous result of Fischer [T. Fischer, Optimizing the degree of minimum weight spanning trees. Technical Report 14853, Dept. of Computer Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 1993] that finds an MST of degree at most b@D"o"p"t" (G)+log"bn, for any b>1. The MDMST problem is a special case of the following problem: given a k-ary hypergraph G=(V,E) and weighted matroid M with E as its ground set, find a minimum-cost basis (MCB) T of M such that the degree of T in G is as small as possible. Our algorithm immediately generalizes to this problem, finding an MCB of degree at most k^2@D"o"p"t" (G,M)+O(kk@D"o"p"t" (G,M)). We use the push-relabel framework developed by Goldberg [A. V. Goldberg, A new max-flow algorithm, Technical Report MIT/LCS/TM-291, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1985 (Technical Report)] for the maximum-flow problem. To our knowledge, this is the first use of the push-relabel technique in an approximation algorithm for an NP-hard problem. The MDMST problem is closely connected to the bounded-degree minimum spanning tree (BDMST) problem. Given a graph G and degree bound B on its nodes, the BDMST problem is to find a minimum cost spanning tree among the spanning trees with maximum degree B. Previous algorithms for this problem by Konemann and Ravi [J. Konemann, R. Ravi, A matter of degree: Improved approximation algorithms for degree-bounded minimum spanning trees, SIAM Journal on Computing 31(6) (2002) 1783-1793; J. Konemann, R. Ravi, Primal-dual meets local search: Approximating MST's with nonuniform degree bounds, in: Proceedings of the Thirty-Fifth ACM Symposium on Theory of Computing, 2003, pp. 389-395] and by Chaudhuri et al. [K. Chaudhuri, S. Rao, S. Riesenfeld, K. Talwar, What would Edmonds do? Augmenting paths and witnesses for bounded degree MSTs, in: Proceedings of APPROX/RANDOM, 2005, pp. 26-39] incur a near-logarithmic additive error in the degree. We give the first BDMST algorithm that approximates both the degree and the cost to within a constant factor of the optimum. These results generalize to the case of nonuniform degree bounds.
Body Sensors: Wireless Access to Physiological Data

An area often neglected in software technology is where software meets biology. We'll approach this topic with one of the major interfaces between human beings and information technology: body sensors. These sensors mostly operate as interfaces to relatively small software components attached to or implanted into human bodies, such as pacemakers. They provide bidirectional communication interfaces between a person and a remote information system that provides healthcare services, diagnosis, or upgrades. The authors offer an overview of this rather old yet fast-evolving technology and show how to cope with design constraints.
A common mutation for mucopolysaccharidosis type I associated with a severe Hurler syndrome phenotype.

Mucopolysaccharidosis type I (MPS-I) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease caused by a deficiency of the glycosidase α-L-iduronidase which is required for the lysosomal degradation of the glycosaminoglycans heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate. Patients with MPS-I store these partially degraded glycosaminoglycans in their lysosomes. MPS-I patients have a wide range of clinical presentations, that makes it difficult to predict patient phenotype which is needed for genetic counselling and also impedes the selection and evaluation of patients undergoing therapy such as bone marrow transplantation. We report the presence of a common mutation accounting for 31% of MPS-I alleles in a study of 64 MPS-I patients. The mutation was originally detected by chemical cleavage and then direct PCR sequencing. The mutation is a single base substitution that introduces a stop codon at position 402 (W402X) of the α-L-iduronidase protein and is associated with an extremely severe clinical phenotype in homozygotes. Patients who are compound heterozygotes having one allele carrying the W402X mutation have a wide range of clinical phenotypes. Based on polymorphisms within the α-L-iduronidase gene, W402X is associated with three different haplotypes, implying that there is more than one origin for the mutation or that intragenic recombination has occurred. W402X introduces a MaeI restriction endonuclease site into MPS-I alleles enabling its simple detection, which should make possible the assessment of the efficacy of bone marrow transplantation in MPS-I patients homozygous for W402X. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A Self-Aligned Silicide Process Utilizing Ion Implants for Reduced Silicon Consumption and Control of the Silicide Formation Temperature

We propose a modified self-aligned silicide (salicide) process that uses Ge implantation and a silicon cap to reduce the silicon substrate consumption by 75% as compared with a conventional salicide process. We have used Ge implants to increase the cobalt disilicide formation temperature. This forces the cobalt to react primarily with a deposited silicon cap, thus minimizing consumption from the silicon substrate. We expect this process to be useful for making silicide on shallow junctions and thin SOI films, where silicon consumption is constrained.
Short Fiber Reinforced Thermoplastics: Prediction of Stiffness in Injection Molded PS-PPO Blends

The prediction of stiffness in short fiber reinforced thermoplastics is stud- ied as a function of fiber length using injection molded blends of PS and PPO. The theoret- ical models for predicting composite stiffness are reviewed. The results are first compared with the theoretical models advanced for uniaxially aligned composites. These models predict higher than experimental values. However, agreement between the predictions and experimental values improves when the effect of fiber orientation distribution in the injec- tion molded samples is taken into account and as the ductility (or the PPO content) of the matrix increases. Cox's model when used with the "laminate analogy" gives the closest prediction to the experimental stiffness. Reinforcement efficiency factor for stiffness is a strong function of retained fiber lengths. The dependence of composite stiffness on the matrix ductility and the effects of compatibility on the mechanical properties of PS-PPO blend system are also discussed. at- l.7tractive. They can be processed using rapid fabrication techniques, e.g., in- jection molding while retaining many benefits of more conventional composites. These materials are already being used successfully in the automotive industry, consumer appliances, commercial business machines and in several other appli- cations. Prediction of the performance of injection molded SFRTP is desirable from the design standpoint. However, the prediction is difficult, since the me- chanical properties are complicated by the nonuniformity of the fiber length, and the distribution of the fiber orientation. One of our aims in this study is to explore the predicted dependence of composite stiffness as a function of fiber length for the SFRTP.
Induction of visual orientation modules in auditory cortex

Modules of neurons sharing a common property are a basic organizational feature of mammalian sensory cortex. Primary visual cortex (V1) is characterized by orientation modules—groups of cells that share a preferred stimulus orientation—which are organized into a highly ordered orientation map. Here we show that in ferrets in which retinal projections are routed into the auditory pathway, visually responsive neurons in ‘rewired’ primary auditory cortex are also organized into orientation modules. The orientation tuning of neurons within these modules is comparable to the tuning of cells in V1 but the orientation map is less orderly. Horizontal connections in rewired cortex are more patchy and periodic than connections in normal auditory cortex, but less so than connections in V1. These data show that afferent activity has a profound influence on diverse components of cortical circuitry, including thalamocortical and local intracortical connections, which are involved in the generation of orientation tuning, and long-range horizontal connections, which are important in creating an orientation map.
Tongue paralysis following head trauma

Paralysis of the tongue due to isolated bilateral hypoglossal nerve palsy is a rare occurrence. Due to a trauma the cause in our case may have been a traction injury to both hypoglossal nerves at the base of skull. In some cases a contributing factor may be malformation of the skull base. Most cases have a good prognosis for recovery.
Genetics of Breast Cancer

Familial breast cancer is characterized by young age at diagnosis, an increased risk of bilateral breast cancer, an increasing risk in conjunction with increasing numbers of affected family members, and a strong association with ovarian cancer. At least eight candidate breast cancer susceptibility genes have been identified. Mutations in BRCA1, BRCA2, p53, and the Cowden disease gene are relatively uncommon, are highly penetrant, and produce striking familial clusters of breast cancer. BRCA1 and BRCA2 are the most important of these, accounting for an estimated 80% of hereditary breast cancer and 5 to 6% of all breast cancers. Specific BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations are of particular importance in population subgroups, such as those identified among Jewish women of central European (Ashkenazi) origin. Mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia gene and the rare HRAS1 variable number of tandem repeats polymorphisms are much more common but also much less penetrant. They do not produce dramatic familial aggregations of breast cancer but may prove to be responsible for a substantial proportion of all breast cancers if their epidemiologic association with breast cancer is confirmed. Predictive genetic testing for breast cancer risk is under way. Oncologists and primary-care physicians must become familiar with these genetic disorders and the issues surrounding predictive testing in order to make appropriate management decisions about women thought to have a high genetic risk of breast cancer.
Parameterization and validation of a lumped parameter diffusion model for fuel cell stack membrane humidity estimation

We present here a model for estimating the electrode humidity of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) stack. We use this model to develop a nonlinear open loop estimator of the membrane humidity based on monitoring the pressure and temperature entering and exiting the electrodes, as well as the upstream humidity of each electrode. This lumped parameter model, calibrated and experimentally validated, quantifies the average vapor mass transport across a 24 cell, PEMFC stack of 1.4 kW continuous power output. The experimental method devised here for the parameterization of the model is simple and reproducible. The estimator can be used to develop a systematic procedure for warming up and humidifying PEMFC stacks prior to connection of a load.
RAPID COLOR EVOLUTION IN AN APOSEMATIC SPECIES: A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF COLOR VARIATION IN THE STRIKINGLY POLYMORPHIC STRAWBERRY POISON-DART FROG

Aposematism is one of the great mysteries of evolutionary biology. The evolution of aposematic coloration is poorly understood, but even less understood is the evolution of polymorphism in aposematic signals. Here, we use a phylogeographic approach to investigate the evolution of color polymorphism in Dendrobates pumilio, a well-known poison-dart frog (family Dendrobatidae), which displays perhaps the most striking color variation of any aposematic species. With over a dozen color morphs, ranging from bright red to dull green, D. pumilio provides an ideal opportunity to examine the evolution of color polymorphism and evolutionary shifts to cryptic coloration in an otherwise aposematic species. We constructed a phylogenetic tree for all D. pumilio color morphs from 3051bp of mtDNA sequence data, reconstructed ancestral states using parsimony and Bayesian methods, and tested the recovered tree against constraint trees using parametric bootstrapping to determine the number of changes to each color type. We find strong evidence for nearly maximal numbers of changes in all color traits, including five independent shifts to dull dorsal coloration. Our results indicate that shifts in coloration in aposematic species may occur more regularly than predicted and that convergence in coloration may indicate that similar forces are repeatedly driving these shifts.
Limitation of Growth Chart Curves in Terms of Individual Growth Biology

Growth charts are designed to present statistical distributions of size for age and serve as a framework to answer questions regarding whether a child is of unusual size compared to peers of similar age. While often assumed to provide information on whether or not children are growing “normally”, or according to the “usual” pace of other children, growth charts cannot actually assess the process of growing. Growth unfolds across time at the individual level. At any single measurement occasion, a summation of the previous growth process is expressed as size. Growth and size are not equivalent. Whether or not the individual is growing normally is more complicated and not part of the information content that a growth chart aims to provide. This is not always appreciated by the manner in which growth charts are employed. A review of how smooth and continuous growth chart curves are constructed is useful for understanding the limitations of growth charts in terms of individual growth biology. Individual growth biology generates increase in size through nonlinear, episodic growth saltations. The unique growth of individuals is lost in pooled samples. Growth curves are trends produced by the interpolation of statistical summaries of size for age. This graphical summary provides for assessment of the relative size of individuals compared to their peers, at either one point in time or multiple points in time. This is of practical utility for rapid clinical and community screening and is useful for monitoring the progress of children under observation for “unusual" size-for-age deviations. The graphical schema of mathematical smoothing functions linking percentile distributions is not, however, a representation of how individuals actually progress in size for age, as implied by the curvilinear visual feature. While size at any one point in time is a summary of previous growth to date, the process of growth itself is only captured as it unfolds through time. It is not possible to impute the specific pathway by which size is achieved in the absence of data marking the actual trajectory. Growth chart curves function to alert, discover, and detect anomalous size for age, and consequently provide a marker to suggest the need for further investigation of potential sources that have led to these outcomes. Individuals, however, grow neither continuously nor as an expression of peer-related statistical patterns. Thus, growth chart curves offer no meaningful insights into individual growth biology and are not suitable as a comparative framework for the assessment of individuals’ unique endogenous growth patterns.
Pre-swing deficits in forward propulsion, swing initiation and power generation by individual muscles during hemiparetic walking

Clinical studies of hemiparetic walking have shown pre-swing abnormalities in the paretic leg suggesting that paretic muscle contributions to important biomechanical walking subtasks are different than those of non-disabled individuals. Three-dimensional forward dynamics simulations of two representative hemiparetic subjects with different levels of walking function classified by self-selected walking speed (i.e., limited community=0.4-0.8 m/s and community walkers = or > 0.8m/s) and a speed-matched control were generated to quantify individual muscle contributions to forward propulsion, swing initiation and power generation during the pre-swing phase (i.e., double support phase proceeding toe-off). Simulation analyses identified decreased paretic soleus and gastrocnemius contributions to forward propulsion and power generation as the primary impairment in the limited community walker compared to the control subject. The non-paretic leg did not compensate for decreased forward propulsion by paretic muscles during pre-swing in the limited community walker. Paretic muscles had the net effect to absorb energy from the paretic leg during pre-swing in the community walker suggesting that deficits in swing initiation are a primary impairment. Specifically, the paretic gastrocnemius and hip flexors (i.e., iliacus, psoas and sartorius) contributed less to swing initiation and the paretic soleus and gluteus medius absorbed more power from the paretic leg in the community walker compared to the control subject. Rehabilitation strategies aimed at diminishing these deficits have much potential to improve walking function in these hemiparetic subjects and those with similar deficits.
Assertion checking unified

We revisit the connection between equality assertion checking in programs and unification that was recently described in [7]. Using a general formalization of this connection, we establish interesting connections between the complexity of assertion checking in programs and unification theory of the underlying program expressions. In particular, we show that assertion checking is: (a) PTIME for programs with nondeterministic conditionals that use expressions from a strict unitary theory, (b) coNP-hard for programs with nondeterministic conditionals that use expressions from a bitary theory, and (c) decidable for programs with disequality guards that use expressions from a convex finitary theory. These results generalize several recently published results and also establish several new results. In essence, they provide new techniques for backward analysis of programs based on novel integration of theorem proving technology in program analysis.
Programmable low dropout voltage regulator

We present a design for a low dropout (LDO) voltage regulator is presented using floating-gate techniques to set the regulator output voltage and the ac and dc operating points of the circuit. In comparison with conventional topologies, this approach does not require a feedback resistive divider or a bandgap reference to generate a temperature independent voltage. The use of floating-gates allows the regulator output to be programmed to a desired mode of operation and then stored in a non-volatile manner. Experimental results are presented from a prototype circuit fabricated in MOSIS; this circuit has been functional in 2.0/spl mu/m, 1.2/spl mu/m, and 0.5/spl mu/m processes available through MOSIS.
Oligomers, organosulfates, and nitrooxy organosulfates in rainwater identified by ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization FT-ICR mass spectrometry

Abstract. Wet deposition is an important removal mechanism for atmospheric organic matter, and a potentially important input for receiving ecosystems, yet less than 50% of rainwater organic matter is considered chemically characterized. Precipitation samples collected in New Jersey, USA, were analyzed by negative ion ultra-high resolution electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). Elemental compositions of 552 unique molecular species were determined in the mass range 50–500 Da in the rainwater. Four main groups of organic compounds were identified: compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (CHO) only, sulfur (S) containing CHOS compounds, nitrogen (N) containing CHON compounds, and S- and N- containing CHONS compounds. Organic acids commonly identified in precipitation were detected in the rainwater. Within the four main groups of compounds detected in the rainwater, oligomers, organosulfates, and nitrooxy-organosulfates were assigned based on elemental formula comparisons. The majority of the compounds identified are products of atmospheric reactions and are known contributors to secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formed from gas phase, aerosol phase, and in-cloud reactions in the atmosphere. It is suggested that the large uncharacterized component of SOA is the main contributor to the large uncharacterized component of rainwater organic matter.
Polarographic analysis of sulfur species in marine porewaters1

We describe a scheme to determine the major sulfur species found in marine porewaters. With polarographic techniques, it is possible to measure thiosulfate, sulfite, bisulfide, and polysulfide ions at a mercury electrode. Polysulfide ions, SX2--, can be considered to be composed of one sulfur in the 2- oxidation state, S(2-), and the remaining (x - 1) sulfurs in the zero-valent oxidation state, S(0). The number of sulfur atoms in each is measurable. Tetrathionate and other polythionates can be measured as well but have not been detected in porewaters studied to date. Salt marsh and subtidal porewater profiles contain significant concentrations of thiosulfate, bisulfide, and polysulfide. The ratio of S(2-) to S(0) is higher in subtidal porewaters than in salt marsh porewaters and indicates the importance of zero-valent sulfur to the biogeochemical processes prevalent in the salt marsh ecosystem. The S(0) concentrations in porewaters from salt marsh sediments are greater than those predicted from equilibrium calculations.
Prosperity or Blight? A Question of Major League Stadia Locations:

Literature challenges the economic wisdom of major league sports stadia, especially when subsidized, but they continue to be constructed. If officials decide that a new stadium will be built, does it matter where it goes? This article theorizes that when major league stadia locate in the central business district (CBD), the metropolitan statistical area’s share of regional wealth increases and that share rises as more major league teams play there. The reason is that people attending games in the CBD are more likely to spend money before and after games in the CBD than if they attend games at non-CBD locations. By contrast, non-CBD stadia may create opportunity costs. The moat of parking that surrounds many such stadia may discourage development from locating nearby. Investments that could have generated more economic activity are diverted, sometimes outside the metropolitan area. Empirical evaluation supports theoretical expectations.
Polystyrene Beads as Probes of the Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Response Characteristics of Silver Nanorod Arrays

Polystyrene microspheres were used to interrogate the surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) response of silver nanorod (AgNR) array substrates. It has been suggested that enhancement between nanorods is significantly greater than that at the top due to contributing electromagnetic fields from each nanostructure. To test this theory, two different sized fluorescent polystyrene microspheres were used. The SERS intensity of beads small enough to fit within the array was compared with that of larger beads confined to rest on top of the array. Location of the beads within the array was established using optical fluorescence and scanning electron microscopy. The findings presented herein suggest that evaporation of the sample produces a nonuniform distribution of scatterers across the AgNR array and that the enhancement found for beads located on top of the AgNRs was significantly greater than that for beads located within the array.
CFD investigation of noise around a landing gear

A scaled landing gear has recently been tested in the NRC 0.9 m 3/4-open jet wind tunnel. It provided experimental data that were used to investigate the capability and methodology of a CFD flow solver to predict adequately the noise generated on the landing gear surfaces and in its wake. Near-field and far-field noise predictions using CFD were carried out. FFTs of the landing gear surfaces for a given frequency were also carried out. Comparison of the results demonstrates that CFD can predict adequately the noise around complex geometries such as landing gears.
Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Bladder Cancer: One Step Forward, two Steps Back

Bladder cancer is a common and lethal disease. Optimal treatment for high risk patients includes local and systemic therapy (neoadjuvant or adjuvant chemotherapy). It has not been demonstrated that adjuvant chemotherapy after cystectomy prolongs survival. Evidence regarding the role of adjuvant chemotherapy is conflicting and further randomized data is needed. This publication discusses the past, present, and future of adjuvant treatment in bladder cancer. It summarizes prior adjuvant trials, with a focus on long-awaited results from a large phase III trial and the future landscape.
Optimal register sharing for high-level synthesis of SSA form programs

Register sharing for high-level synthesis of programs represented in static single assignment (SSA) form is proven to have a polynomial-time solution. Register sharing is modeled as a graph-coloring problem. Although graph coloring is NP-Complete in the general case, an interference graph constructed for a program in SSA form probably belongs to the class of chordal graphs that have an optimal O(|V|+|E|) time algorithm. Chordal graph coloring reduces the number of registers allocated to the program by as much as 86% and 64.93% on average compared to linear scan register allocation.
Linear Growth Study of the Pharyngeal Cavity

A cephalometric study was made to determine average linear dimensions and growth differentials of the pharyngeal cavity in boys and girls 6 to 15 years of age. The length of the cavity and its nasal openings had a faster rate of growth in boys than in girls, especially during puberty. Oral opening and laryngeal inlet did not vary between sexes.
Graph grammars as a representation for interactive evolutionary 3d design

A new interactive evolutionary 3D design system is presented. The representation is based on graph grammars, a fascinating and powerful formalism in which sub-graphs, nodes and edges are iteratively rewritten by rules analogous to those of context-free grammars and shape grammars. The nodes of the resulting derived graph are labelled with Euclidean coordinates: therefore the graph fully represents a 3D beam design. Results from user-guided runs are reported, demonstrating the flexibility of the representation. Comparison with results using an alternative graph representation demonstrates that the graph grammar search space is rich in appealing, organised designs. A set of numerical graph features are defined in an attempt to computationally distinguish between good and bad areas of the search space, leading to the definition of a computational fitness function and non-interactive runs.
Myth and Therapy

In the context of psychology, myth takes on a therapeutic aspect that moves it beyond the negative connotations of common usage to a position of “religious” significance.
Mechanisms Underlying the Selection and Function of Macrophage-Specific Enhancers

Macrophages populate every tissue of the body and play vital roles in homeostasis, pathogen elimination, and tissue healing. These cells possess the ability to adapt to a multitude of abruptly changing and complex environments. Furthermore, different populations of resident tissue macrophages each show their own defining gene signatures. The enhancer repertoire of these cells underlies both the cellular identity of a given subset of resident macrophage population and their ability to dynamically alter, in an efficient manner, their gene expression programs in response to internal and external signals. Notably, transcription is pervasive at active enhancers and enhancer RNAs, or eRNAs, are tightly correlated to regulated transcription of protein-coding genes. Furthermore, selection and establishment of enhancers is a dynamic and plastic process in which activation of intracellular signaling pathways by factors present in a macrophage's environment play a determining role. Here, we review recent studies providing insights into the distinct mechanisms that contribute to the selection and function of enhancers in macrophages and the relevance of studying these mechanisms to gain a better understanding of complex human diseases.
Quantitative Studies of Human Subchondral Cancellous Bone: Its Relationship To The State Of Its Overlying Cartilage

Changes in the spatial arrangement of the trabeculae (rather than the gross density of the bone) are shown to correlate with the observed increase in subchondral bone stiffening associated with loss of cartilage mucopolysaccharide. In fifteen cadavera, with no histories of degenerative joint disease and exhibiting no gross bone and cartilage changes indicative of osteoarthritis, the stiffening of 38 per cent from a normal to an early arthritic condition was accompanied by a trabecular contiguity change from 0.7 to 0.8. Since the limits on the contiguity ratio in trabecular bone are one-half and one, and the experimentally observed range is 0.6 to 0.9, this increase in contiguity ratio is quite striking.
Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron Supported on Uniform Carbon Microspheres for the In situ Remediation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons

Nanoscale zerovalent iron particles (NZVI) are a preferred option for reductive dehalogenation of dense nonaqueous phase chlorinated hydrocarbons such as trichloroethylene (TCE) because of their environmentally benign nature, high efficiency, and low cost. This study describes an approach to engineered particles containing NZVI that are effective targeted delivery agents for the remediation of these compounds. The particles contain highly uniform carbon microspheres embedded with NZVI (Fe0/C composite particles). The highly adsorptive carbon keeps the TCE in the proximity of the reactive sites and serves as a sorptive sink for TCE removal. The Fe0/C composite particles are in the optimal size range for transport through soil and the polyelectrolyte (Carboxymethyl cellulose, CMC) is used to stabilize the composite microspheres in aqueous solution. The multiple functionalities associated with these particles can be designed at low cost and the materials are environmentally benign.
The neural basis of recollection rejection: Increases in hippocampal-prefrontal connectivity in the absence of a shared recall-to-reject and target recollection network

Recollection rejection or "recall-to-reject" is a mechanism that has been posited to help maintain accurate memory by preventing the occurrence of false memories. Recollection rejection occurs when the presentation of a new item during recognition triggers recall of an associated target, a mismatch in features between the new and old items is registered, and the lure is correctly rejected. Critically, this characterization of recollection rejection involves a recall signal that is conceptually similar to recollection as elicited by a target. However, previous neuroimaging studies have not evaluated the extent to which recollection rejection and target recollection rely on a common neural signal but have instead focused on recollection rejection as a postretrieval monitoring process. This study utilized a false memory paradigm in conjunction with an adapted remember-know-new response paradigm that separated "new" responses based on recollection rejection from those that were based on a lack of familiarity with the item. This procedure allowed for parallel recollection rejection and target recollection contrasts to be computed. Results revealed that, contrary to predictions from theoretical and behavioral literature, there was virtually no evidence of a common retrieval mechanism supporting recollection rejection and target recollection. Instead of the typical target recollection network, recollection rejection recruited a network of lateral prefrontal and bilateral parietal regions that is consistent with the retrieval monitoring network identified in previous neuroimaging studies of recollection rejection. However, a functional connectivity analysis revealed a component of the frontoparietal rejection network that showed increased coupling with the right hippocampus during recollection rejection responses. As such, we demonstrate a possible link between PFC monitoring network and basic retrieval mechanisms within the hippocampus that was not revealed with univariate analyses alone.
Organophosphorus insecticides for the control of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies (Diptera: Muscidae).

Toxicitiesof selected organophosphorus insecticides were determined for pyrethroid-resistant and susceptible horn flies, Haematobia irritans (L.), in the laboratory. Although possessing approximately 20-fold resistance to the pyrethroids permethrin and fenvalerate, the pyrethroid-resistant strain displayed virtually no cross-resistance to the nine organophosphorus insecticides tested (resistance ratios ranged from 0.8- to 2.7-fold). Field tests of several of the organophosphorus insecticides (stirofos, chlorpyrifos, dioxathion, and diazinon) indicated that diazinon provided good control of pyrethroid-resistant horn flies for up to 16 wk. In another field test, diazinon and pirimiphos-methyl alone (two tags per head) provided good horn fly control during the 8 wk study. When applied in combination (one tag of each per head), the level of horn fly control achieved was very similar to that observed for each insecticide alone.