cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Routes into and out of the Zero Lower Bound

The United States and most other advanced countries are closing on ve years of at-out expansionary monetary policy that has failed in all cases to restore normal
The Hexitols and Some of their Derivatives

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses hexitols and their derivatives. There are ten hexitols––consisting of four pairs of optical enantiomorphs and two meso forms––that are predicted on the basis of the LeBelvan't Hoff theory of the asymmetric carbon atom. Sixteen aldohexoses give rise to only ten hexitols. Sorbito is obtained either from D-glucose or L-gulose. Similarly, D-talitol is produced either from D-talose or D-altrose. The two meso hexitols, dulcitol, and allitol are obtained from the appropriate hexoses of either steric series. The reduction of a ketose, through the creation of a new asymmetric center, gives two hexitols. Sorbitol, D-mannitol, L-iditol, and dulcitol are found in plant sources. Synthetic preparation is simpler than isolation.
The Hunter Corrective Factor PURIFICATION AND PRELIMINARY CHARACTERIZATION

Abstract Fibroblasts from patients with the Hunter syndrome are deficient in a specific protein, designated "Hunter corrective factor," which is required for the degradation of sulfated mucopolysaccharide. This factor has now been purified 120-fold from normal human urine by (NH4)2SO4 fractionation, gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, passage through anti-albumin Sepharose to remove albumin, a major contaminant, and finally, preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The last procedure separates two "isofactors," which are probably charge isomers; both differ in charge from the Hunter factor derived from fibroblast secretions. The molecular weight of urinary Hunter factor is estimated at 65,000 by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and 114,000 by gel filtration. The most highly purified preparation of urinary Hunter factor shows a single protein component in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis at pH 8, but can be resolved into several bands by isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gel. It is free of the common lysosomal glycosidases and sulfatases, as well as of factors effective in other mucopolysaccharidoses (Hurler, Scheie, Sanfilippo A and B, and Maroteaux-Lamy). The Hunter corrective factor accelerates the degradation, by Hunter fibroblasts, of dermatan sulfate labeled in the sulfate or galactosamine moieties, as well as of exogenously added proteodermatan [35S]sulfate. The effect of the factor persists in the recipient cells with a half-life of 2 days.
Present and future supercomputer architectures

In last 25 years, the field of scientific computing has undergone rapid change – we have experienced a remarkable turnover of technologies, architectures, vendors, and the usage of systems. Despite all these changes, the long-term evolution of performance seems to be steady and continuous. The acceptance of parallel systems not only for engineering applications but also for new commercial applications especially for database applications emphasized different criteria for market success such as stability of system, continuity of the manufacturer and price/performance. Due to these factors and the consolidation in the number of vendors in the market hierarchical systems build with components designed for the broader commercial market are currently replacing homogeneous systems at the very high end of performance. Clusters build with components of the shelf also gain more and more attention and today have a dominant position in the Top500. In this talk we will look at the some of the existing and planned high performance computer architectures and look at the interconnections schemes they are using. This talk will look at a number of different high performance computing architectures.
The Federal Courts and Congress: Additional Sources, Alternative Texts, and Altered Aspirations

This essay is part of a symposium on contemporary relations between Congress and the Federal Courts. Professor Resnik suggests that commentators interested in congressional authority over federal court jurisdiction need to move beyond the sources often cited in such areas, the text of Article III and the case law specifically about jurisdictional provisions and remedial limitations. She proposes consideration of additional areas of law (such as judicial authority over civil case management, including the Civil Justice Reform Act of 1990, and judicial response to congressional creation of causes of action, such as "Lujan" and "Prinz"), as well as review of exchanges between the courts and Congress that occur through proposed legislation, testimony, and materials like "judicial impact statements," the Chief Justice's annual "state of the judiciary" addresses, and documents such as the 1995 "Long Range Plan of the Federal Courts", approved by the Judicial Conference of the United States. Upon consideration of this broader set of materials, Professor Resnik joins with other commentators (including the introduction by Professor Vicki Jackson) to suggest that the courts and the Congress have many areas of agreement as well as tensions, that the current leadership of both institutions support a limited number of life-tenured judges, delegation of decisionmaking to non-life tenured "federal judges" such as magistrate and bankruptcy judges, and limitations on federal judicial power.
Influence of Temperature on the Biosynthesis of Iron Transport Compounds by Salmonella typhimurium

The biosynthesis of phenolate iron transport compounds by Salmonella typhimurium Tm-1 is temperature-sensitive. As the temperature of incubation is raised from 31.0 to 36.9 C, the organism excretes less iron transport compound into the medium. The organism in unable to grow at 40.3 C on a 1% succinatesalts medium unless supplemented with such iron transport compounds. The iron requirement for maximum cell yields on this medium is 0.10 μg/ml. The biosynthesis of phenolate iron transport compounds is suppressed at iron concentrations greater than 3.0 μg/ml.
Quantum Oscillations in the Topological Superconductor Candidate Cu 0.25 Bi 2 Se 3

Quantum oscillations are generally studied to resolve the electronic structure of topological insulators. In ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$, the prime candidate of topological superconductors, quantum oscillations are still not observed in magnetotransport measurement. However, using torque magnetometry, quantum oscillations (the de Haas--van Alphen effect) were observed in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. The doping of Cu in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ increases the carrier density and the effective mass without increasing the scattering rate or decreasing the mean free path. In addition, the Fermi velocity remains the same in ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.25}{\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ as that in ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. Our results imply that the insertion of Cu does not change the band structure and that conduction electrons in Cu doped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ sit in the linear Dirac-like band.
Dexamethasone-Induced Oxidative Stress Enhances Myeloma Cell Radiosensitization While Sparing Normal Bone Marrow Hematopoiesis

Dexamethasone (Dex) and radiation therapy are established modalities in multiple myeloma. In this study, we propose a novel combination of Dex plus radiation that shows superior clonogenic cell killing and apoptosis of myeloma cells and selectively eliminates myeloma cells when cocultured with bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). Dex was found to inhibit the release of interleukin-6 from irradiated BMSCs, which is an established myeloma cell proproliferative cytokine. In 5TGM1 model, the combination of Dex with skeletal targeted radiotherapy (153-Sm-EDTMP) prolonged median survival time and inhibited radiation-induced myelosuppression. A two-cycle treatment of Dex plus 153-Sm-EDTMP was well tolerated and further improved median survival time. Mechanistically, Dex increased superoxide and hydrogen peroxide production and augmented radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell death of myeloma cells. In contrast, Dex inhibited radiation-induced increase in pro-oxidant levels and enhanced the clonogenic survival in normal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. Treatment with either N-acetylcysteine or the combination of polyethylene glycol (PEG)-conjugated copper, zinc-superoxide dismutase, and PEG-catalase significantly protected myeloma cells from Dex-induced clonogenic death. Overall, these results demonstrate that Dex in combination with radiotherapy enhances the killing of myeloma cells while protecting normal bone marrow hematopoiesis through a mechanism that involves selective increases in oxidative stress.
The Wired Generation: Academic and Social Outcomes of Electronic Media Use Among University Students

Abstract Little is known about the influence of electronic media use on the academic and social lives of university students. Using time-diary and survey data, we explore the use of various types of electronic media among first-year students. Time-diary results suggest that the majority of students use electronic media to multitask. Robust regression results indicate a negative relationship between the use of various types of electronic media and first-semester grades. In addition, we find a positive association between social-networking-site use, cellular-phone communication, and face-to-face social interaction.
Dichotomous cardiac and systemic vascular responses to cocaine in conscious rats

Abstract This study examined the effects of cocaine on cardiac output in conscious freely-moving rats. Although pressor responses were similar at all doses, 14 of 32 rats had consistent declines in cardiac output (>15%) and greater increases in systemic vascular resistance after administration of cocaine (5 mg/Kg, i.v. ). Procaine (10 mg/Kg i.v. ) did not mimic this effect in either subgroup. We propose that a subpopulation of rats exists with an enhanced susceptibility to cocaine-induced cardiac and systematic vascular alterations at higher doses.
Determination of Phenols and Cresols in Urine by Gas Chromatography

Abstract A rapid, simple, and sensitive method was developed for the determination of three cresol isomers and phenol in urine. The sample was spiked with m-chlorophenol, as internal standard, and hydrolyzed with sulfuric acid at ambient temperature. The hydrolyzed solution was saturated with ammonium sulfate and extracted with ethyl acetate. The extract was injected without derivatization into a gas chromatograph fitted with a flame ionization detector and a glass column packed with 0.1% SP 1000 on Carbopack C. All four analytes, which eluted within 13 minutes, were quantified from standard curves. The method was evaluated by analysis of spiked urine pools from laboratory workers and samples of urine from workers in a coal gasification plant.
Prediction of combustion efficiency of chicken litter using an artificial neural network approach

Abstract This paper aimed to explore a feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network (BPANN) approach to predict combustion efficiency of chicken litter in a swirling fluidized bed combustor. A series of experiments were conducted based on the statistics-based design of experiment method. The data for combustion efficiencies under various operational conditions were obtained to train artificial neural network. The operational conditions were adjusted through moisture content in waste, excess air, litter ratio, secondary air and its injection height. A BPANN was constructed and trained with two training algorithms: Levenberg–Marquardt and gradient descent. The response surface of combustion efficiency along with the five parameters was accordingly predicted. The results showed that for the same mean squared error (0.2204) the Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm is much faster than the gradient descent. The best architecture of neural network was found as 5 + 16 + 1. Also, the predicted response surface clearly showed how combustion efficiency changes along with the operational parameters. Moreover, the relative high combustion efficiency (over 84%) was found within the ranges: moisture content as 11–14%, litter ratio as 0.05–0.1, excess air as 0.22–0.45, secondary air as 0.18–0.27. A validation experiment under these conditions showed that the artificial neural network approach provides an easy and reliable prediction for combustion efficiency.
Feature and model level compensation of lexical content for facial emotion recognition

Along with emotions, modulation of the lexical content is an integral aspect of spontaneously produced facial expressions. Hence, the verbal content introduces an undesired variability for solving the facial emotion recognition problem, especially in continuous frame-by-frame analysis during spontaneous human interactions. This study proposes feature and model level compensation approaches to address this problem. The feature level compensation scheme builds upon a trajectory-based modeling of facial features and the whitening transformation of the trajectories. The approach aims to normalize the lexicon-dependent patterns observed in the trajectories. The model level compensation approach builds viseme-dependent emotional classifiers to incorporate the lexical variability. The emotion recognition experiments on the IEMOCAP corpus validate the effectiveness of the proposed techniques both at the viseme and utterance levels. The accuracies of viseme level and utterance level emotion recognitions increase by 2.73% (5.9% relative) and 5.82% (11 % relative), respectively, over a lexicon-independent baseline. These performances represent statistically significant improvements.
Recommended Reading for Rookie LC-MS Users

The love affair between laboratory medicine and LC-MS is showing little sign of waning. Clinical chemists have enthusiastically embraced LC-MS due to its often superior analytical performance and high-throughput capabilities. However, for clinical LC-MS users, the unique set of challenges with developing and implementing robust LC-MS methods for routine clinical use cannot be understated. For this reason, and the …
Regulation of sex pheromone biosynthesis in the housefly, Musca domestica: relative contribution of the elongation and reductive steps.

Abstract The regulation of production of the sex pheromone (Z)-9-tricosene (Z9-23:Hy) in the housefly, Musca domestica, was studied by examining the chain length specificity of the fatty acyl-CoA elongation reactions and the reductive conversion of fatty acyl-CoAs to alkenes in 1-and 4-day-old male and female houseflies. Microsomal preparations from 4-day-old female insects produced as the predominant alkene Z9-23:Hy when incubated with malonyl-CoA, NADPH, and [9,10-3H2]oleoyl-CoA (18:1-CoA), whereas microsomal preparations from 4-day-old male insects produced predominantly (Z)-9-heptacosene (Z9-27:Hy). These are the major alkenes produced in vivo by Day 4 females and males, respectively. Microsomes prepared from both Day 1 males and Day 1 females produced Z9-27:Hy as the major alkene from labeled 18:1-CoA. This is the major alkene produced in vivo by both sexes at Day 1. An examination of the chain length specificity of the elongation reactions showed that microsomes prepared from Day 4 male insects readily elongated both 18: 1-CoA and 15-[15,16-3H2]tetracosenoyl-CoA (24:1-CoA) to 28-carbon moieties, whereas microsomes from Day 4 female insects did not efficiently elongate either substrate beyond 24 carbons. With high substrate concentrations, microsomes prepared from male insects converted 24:1-CoA to Z9-23:Hy more efficiently than did those from females, whereas under lower and presumably more physiological substrate concentrations, microsomes from females had slightly higher activity than did those from males. Taken together, these data show that the regulation of the chain length of the alkenes, and thus sex pheromone production, in the housefly resides predominantly in the elongation reactions and not in the step which converts the fatty acyl-CoA to hydrocarbon.
Oncology Thinking Cap: Scaffolded Use of a Simulation to Learn Clinical Trial Design

Background: Physicians often are called on to participate in and interpret clinical trials, but their training in this area may not provide them with the inquiry skills that are needed. Simulations have the potential to be a promising tool for helping medical students learn the skills involved in clinical trial design. However, simulations may be complex and require additional scaffolding to support learning. Description: The goal of this study was to teach aspects of cancer clinical trial design through the scaffolded use of a simulation, the Oncology Thinking Cap. The software-based scaffolding provided guidance in designing the trial. Subsequently, the simulation allowed students to run the designed trial, which produces detailed patient histories. This feedback then could be used to redesign the trial. Evaluation: Twenty-four 4th-year medical students were asked to design a clinical trial in advance, on paper, to test a new anticancer drug. Student groups then designed and simulated running the clinic...
Photonic Crystal Enhanced Photoacoustic Detection

A photonic crystal sensor has been demonstrated to enhance photoacoustic signal from light absorbing molecules. The developed system was applied to detect an absorbing dye and gold nanoparticles and exhibited signal enhancement over 40 times.
Visual deprivation causes myopia in chicks with optic nerve section

Deprivation of form vision restricted to a region of the retina produces myopia and axial elongation only in that region. We asked whether this control of eye growth by the presence or absence of visual stimuli might take place entirely within the eye. Chicks with neonatal optic nerve section, wearing an occluder that deprived one half of the retina of form vision, had vitreous chamber elongation and myopia both restricted to the deprived region. Chicks with optic nerve section but without occluders had eyes smaller than normal with severe hyperopia. These results suggest that two different mechanisms may control eye growth, one within the eye and the other in the brain.
Experimentally characterizing the behavior of multiprocessor memory systems: a case study

It is demonstrated how the behavior of a cache-based multi-vector-processor memory system can be systematically characterized and its performance experimentally correlated with key features of the address stream. The approach is based on the definition of a family of parameterized kernels used to explore specific aspects of the memory system's performance. The empirical results from this kernel suite provide the data from which architectural or algorithmic characteristics can be studied. The results of applying the approach to an Alliant FX/8 are presented and evaluated. >
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Neonatal and Adult Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

ABSTRACT: The properties of the ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) current were studied in freshly isolated rabbit ventricular myocytes using the patch clamp technique. Removing ATP from the bath (intracellular) solution activated a large K+ conductance in patches from neonatal cells with properties similar to those of KATP channels in other preparations. In membrane patches from neonatal ventricular myocytes, the density of KATP channels was higher than the density of inwardly rectifying K+ channels and the mean patch KATP current was approximately 10 times that of the inwardly rectifying K+ current, at a patch membrane potential of −60 mV. Glibenclamide (10 μM) in the bath solution decreased the number of functional KATP channels, the open-state probability, and the mean patch membrane current. The single-channel conductance of the KATP channel was dependent on the external K+ concentration, and the relationship between channel conductance and external K+ concentration was fit by an exponential equation. In addition, the voltage dependence, channel density, and open-state probability of this channel were compared between neonatal and adult isolated ventricular myocytes. The single-channel conductance and channel density of the KATP channel in neonatal myocytes were significantly smaller than in adult cells. These results suggest that age-related changes occur in the properties of KATP channels.
A study of the generalized input-to-state ℒ 2 -gain of discrete-time switched linear systems

A generalized notion of the input-to-state ℒ 2 -gains of discrete-time switched linear systems is proposed in this paper. Such gains are then characterized using the radii of convergence of a family of suitably defined functions called the generating functions. Properties of the generating functions are studied and their numerical computation algorithms are developed. Some numerical examples are presented.
The Initial Stages of Growth of Ordered GaInP and GaInAs Grown by Metal Organic Vapor Phase Epitaxy

We have used atomic force microscopy (AFM) and Raman spectroscopy to investigate the development of the surface morphology of (001) direct and vicinal GaInP and GaInAs grown under conditions to produce strong CuPtB ordering. Raman spectroscopy provided direct evidence of CuPtB ordering in layers as thin as 10 nm for GaInP and 5 nm for GaInAs. We find that the morphology of GaInP and GaInAs on (001)6B substrates consists of ridges, which are aligned predominately along the [110] direction (A-direction). These ridges are well developed even at layer thicknesses of 2 nm, and their sides consist of step-bunches and near (001) terraces. On (001) direct substrates, the GalnP morphology is similar to that obtained on 6B substrates, although the step bunches have no preferential orientation, while GaInAs (001) growth proceeds by a combination of 2D-island and step flow growth. We discuss possible reasons for the differences in the morphology of ordered GaInP and GaInAs. The results of this work suggest it may be difficult to produce abrupt heterointerfaces in structures containing ordered GaInP and GalnAs alloys.
IgA antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis associated with Crohn's disease: a case report and review of glomerulonephritis in inflammatory bowel disease

A case of glomerulonephritis in a 35-year-old man with Crohn's disease is described here. The patient presented with severe diarrhea, nephrotic range proteinuria, hematuria, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypocomplementemia, acute renal failure requiring hemodialysis, cryoglobulinemia, and extensive thrombotic gangrene of the distal upper and lower limbs. The patient did not respond to plasmapheresis and steroid therapy and died of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Renal tissue obtained at autopsy showed IgA-mediated antiglomerular basement membrane crescentic glomerulonephritis. Linear staining of the glomerular basement membrane by non-IgG antibodies is quite unusual with only 11 cases previously reported in the worldwide literature, 8 caused by IgA. Glomerulonephritis is a rarely reported extraintestinal manifestation of inflammatory bowel disease, and there are only 24 previously described cases that are reviewed and summarized in this report. Glomerulonephritis occurred in the setting of active bowel inflammation in all cases, circulating immune complexes were found in nearly half the cases, and serum complements usually were normal. Renal insufficiency and nephrotic range proteinuria were typically present at the time of diagnosis of glomerulonephritis and most often improved in parallel with treatment of the gastrointestinal disorder. The histologic findings were varied and included membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, membranous nephropathy, IgA nephropathy, and IgM nephropathy. Thus, the authors present the first case of glomerulonephritis caused by antiglomerular basement membrane disease in association with inflammatory bowel disease.
A stakeholder model for implementing social responsibility in marketing

Purpose – To provide a comprehensive managerial framework to understand and provide a well balanced and integrated stakeholder orientation for implementing corporate social responsibility in marketing.Design/methodology/approach – Many published articles provide significant findings related to narrow dimensions of stakeholder orientation in marketing. This article utilizes existing knowledge on this topic to support a methodology to implement a well‐integrated corporate social responsibility program that encompasses marketing.Findings – The findings provide a grounded framework based on previous research that provides a step‐by‐step approach for implementing corporate social responsibility from a marketing perspective.Research limitations/implications – The framework developed in this paper provides an opportunity to examine to what extent the step‐by‐step methodology has been implemented in organizations as well as alternative approaches for implementation.Practical implications – This is a managerial gu...
Phonological Awareness Abilities of 6-Year-Old Children with Mild to Moderate Phonological Impairments.

Standardized and nonstandardized assessments of phonological awareness skills were administered to two groups of 6-year-old children. Group 1 passed a language screening but exhibited mild or moderate phonological impairments on the Assessment of Phonological Processes—Revised. Group 2 passed a language screening and exhibited no phonological errors. Results indicated that the children with phonological errors performed significantly more poorly on both the standardized and the nonstandardized tests of phonological awareness. This study provides further evidence that children with relatively mild phonological problems independent of concomitant language disorders should be considered at risk for phonological awareness problems.
Climatology of Sediment Transport on Indiana Shoals, Lake Michigan

Abstract Seven time-lapse films of the lake bottom covering 2,445 hours of observation were made over a period of 3 years during the months of July through November on Indiana Shoals in southwestern Lake Michigan (water depth 10 m). These films show 25 distinct sediment transport events, consisting of periods of bedform migration or sediment resuspension and occupying approximately 25% of the total record. Simultaneous observations of the surface winds showed that most of the sediment transport occurred during periods of northerly winds, implying that surface waves were the predominant mechanism for sediment remobilization at this location. A simple, empirical, sediment transport forecast model was used to determine threshold criteria for the initiation of bedload and resuspension of the local sediments (fine-medium sand). The model correctly predicted 85% of the total record when forced with estimates of the near-bottom wave orbital velocity calculated from the wind measurements and a parametric dynamical wave model. The critical wave orbital velocity for resuspension was found to be 17.8 cm/s. Estimates of the probability of sediment transport occurring on Indiana Shoals, determined as a function of wind speed and direction, were combined with climatological observations of wind conditions to estimate monthly probabilities of sediment transport. These probabilities are in agreement with previous forecasts based on historical observations of the Great Lakes wave climate.
Gear Fault Modeling and Vibration Response Analysis

This paper investigates a machinery health monitoring method using dynamic gearbox models (DGM) and harmonic wavelet transforms (HWT) for vibration response analysis. Gearbox vibration measurement is typically processed via frequency spectrum analysis to identify faults. However, the gearbox system may operate with varying rotational speed, as in many types of wind turbines. In such applications, harmonic wavelet transform analysis has been shown to capture the physics of events with minimal leakage between frequency bands, good frequency resolution and good time resolution. Implementing HWT signal processing for fault detection requires the development of libraries of healthy and faulty gear states to use with pattern recognition. The development of DGM can help to greatly reduce the library development and provide a physically meaningful connection of fault indicators to the actual fault patterns. In this research, a comprehensive DGM is developed, followed by HWT analyses to illustrate the fault detection and diagnosis procedure and capability.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Effect of cellulase pretreatment of raw and bleached cotton fibers on properties of hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of enzymatic pretreatment of cotton (polysaccharides) fibers on the properties of resulting nonwoven fabric. Enzymatic treatment is known to improve the esthetical properties of fabrics but will likely lead to a reduction in strength. In the case of nonwovens the strength loss can be even more drastic as cellulase may attack bonded areas of the fabric. In this work, raw and bleached cotton fibers were treated with enzyme solutions prior to fabric formation to avoid possible damage to the bonded areas and improve strength retention. These fibers were first modified with commercially available whole cellulases and monocomponent endoglucanase enzyme solutions. Then they were formed into a fabric and bonded via hydroentangling. Parameters such as bending modulus, fabric tenacity, fiber strength, length and reducing power were measured for each sample. The pretreatment of cotton fibers prior to fabric formation showed that the resulting nonwovens could be stronger and more drapeable than the same fabric composed of untreated fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Composite carbon-based ionic liquid supercapacitor for high-current micro devices

Manufacture and performance of a composite carbon-based supercapacitor that employs a gel polymer ionic liquid electrolyte to achieve stable, long cycle life, high-current draw energy storage is discussed in this paper. This supercapacitor when cycled galvanostatically can achieve a discharge capacitance of 43.0 mF per square centimeter of substrate by leveraging the strengths of a composite electrode composition. The printed manufacturing process takes place in ambient conditions at room temperature enabling high-current, rechargeable energy storage to be built onto many substrates. Single-cell discharge power densities have reached 404 μW/cm2 which could enable many technologies when paired with a MEMS energy harvester.
Dreaming is play.

The psychoanalytic understanding of dreams has traditionnly been expressed in metaphorical terms drawn from the physical sciences; since Freud, we have conceptualized dreams as a kind of work. The dreaming is work metaphor, although originally helpful, has come to impede the further development of psychoanalytic knowledge about dreams. This article argues that a dreaming is play metaphor provides us with a more helpful conceptual framework.
Severe eosinophilia and hepatocellular carcinoma: An unusual association

Peripheral eosinophilia is an unusual but recognized paraneoplastic manifestation of malignant diseases. We report a case of eosinophilia associated with hepatocellular carcinoma which is the second case described in English literature.
Making Sense from Sequences

Combining historical and ethnographic perspectives, Stevens explores the development of bioinformatics.
The Availability and the Adherence to Pediatric Guidelines for the Management of Syncope in the Emergency Department

Objective To evaluate the impact of the 2009 Italian pediatric clinical guidelines on the management of syncope. Study design A retrospective study of patients who presented to the Emergency Department (ED) of Bambino Gesu Children's Hospital with syncope during the 2 years before and then for 2 years after the establishment of the Italian pediatric clinical guidelines. Implementation of the clinical guidelines included educational seminars, additional training of health care workers, and the availability of clinical guidelines and its algorithms on ED examination rooms. Results We studied a population of 1073 patients (n = 470 vs n = 603). Most patients had neurocardiogenic syncope with a greater increase in postimplementation period (n = 241, 51.3% vs n = 454, 49.8%); we also noticed a parallel reduction of the number of patients with undefined syncope (30% vs 8.3%). We observed an increase in electrocardiogram (n = 328, 69.8% vs n = 512, 85.1%; P Conclusions Providing practitioners in the ED with age-oriented clinical guidelines increased the efficiency of clinical management of pediatric syncope. Our study demonstrated that the implementation of pediatric clinical guidelines on syncope improve diagnosis, reduce hospital admissions, and decrease the use of unnecessary diagnostic tests.
Novel class of Josephson junction arrays with protected ground states and their application for quantum computing

A realistic implemetation of the macroscopic quantum computer requires that individual qubits are realized as quantum systems with degenerate ground states which are well protected from the effects of the environment. I show how this protection can be achieved in the new class of Josephson arrays with non-trivial symmetry or topology. For such "topologically protected" arrays the effect of noise is exponentially small in the array size which allows one in principle to get extremely small error rates and extremely long dephasing times in these systems. In this review I present a simple physical picture of the topological protection and explain why it is related to the presence of the topological order parameter in these systems. I formulate a set of general mathematical requirements on a model that ensures the appearance of the protected degenerate states and show how these conditions can be satisfied in a simple spin model. Finally I present Josephson junction array that is described by the mathematical model which satisfy these conditions and discuss its physical properties and how one can test these predictions experimentally.
A feedback controlled silicon microprobe for quantitative mechanical stimulation of nerve and tissue

Abstract The ability to apply and control the force and force velocity of mechanical stimulation is essential for the study of mechanoelectric transduction and adaptation processes. Silicon micromachining technology was used to produce miniature (20–70 μm wide) mechanical microprobes. Passive polysilicon, piezoresistive, force sensing elements were deposited onto the boron-doped epitaxial silicon and the individual devices were chemically etched from the bulk wafer. These microprobes display a linear force versus output voltage relationship. Stimulation forces upto 2 mN can be generated with a measurement resolution of 1.5 μN. The probes were mounted onto circuit board holders and their output sent to a proportional-integral controller which drives an electromagnetic actuator. By using this force-feedback control circuit coupled to a PC it is possible to define any stimulus wave form pattern and independently control and measure the actual stimulus force and velocity. A computer controlled 3-axis stepper motor (0.025 μm step capability) manipulator is used to position the silicon microprobe-actuator assembly relative to the mechanoreceptive field. Sensor feedback control coupled to the 3-axis stepper motor manipulator allows automatic touchdown control and/or preloading of the probe prior to stimulation. Three-dimensional topographic manipulator feedback position control allows automated receptive field mapping.
Baclofen for binge eating: an open-label trial.

Objective: Baclofen is a GABA-B agonist that may be useful in the treatment of substance use disorders, and also reduces ‘binge-like’ eating in rodents. We hypothesized that baclofen might be effective in reducing binge eating episodes in binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN). Method: Seven women with BED (n = 4) or BN (n = 3) took baclofen (60 mg/day) for 10 weeks. Results: Six out of seven patients completed the full 10-week trial. Five out of seven participants (3 BED; 2 BN) demonstrated 50% or greater reduction of frequency of binge eating from beginning to end of the study. Three out of seven participants (2 BED; 1 BN) were free of binge eating at study end. Four out of seven participants elected to continue baclofen at study end. Baclofen was well tolerated by the participants. Conclusion: In this open-label trial, baclofen was associated with decreased binge eating frequency in patients with BED and BN. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2007
Toward Linking Information Assurance and Air and Missile Defense Mission Metrics

With the growing reliance on net-centric warfare, understanding the effect of information operations (IO) on the overall mission becomes increasingly important. Our research seeks to develop metrics that provide insight into the mission-level effect of IO. We approach this goal by proposing comprehensive mission success metrics that provide a vehicle to analyze correlation with proposed information metrics. A quantitative analysis of relationships among information and mission metrics yields an ability to predict mission effect based on activity in the information space. This in turn may drive the derivation of operational requirements and the development of technology and strategy to better assure the mission. This paper presents initial progress toward identifying promising links between mission-level metrics and information metrics, as well as insights into potential applications, such as a combat system that adapts to information degradation.
Estimating potato yield responses from chemical control of early blight in Minnesota

The effect of early blight on tuber yield of two potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivars (Russet Burbank and Norland) was evaluated using number and timing of applications of three chemicals to generate different disease epidemics in 1981 and 1982. Under the non-irrigated farming conditions in Minnesota, there were no significant differences among captafol, triphenyltin hydroxide and maneb-Zn in blight control to increase yield. Of the five spray schedules tested, a 7–10 day spray schedule initiated when blight severity exceeded 0.01%, and a 7–10 day schedule initiated when blight was found above the lower third of the plant, generally gave significant, positive yield responses with all three chemicals. At Rosemount in 1982, the greatest yield increases (relative to unsprayed) obtained were 34.9% and 48.6% in total tuber yields for Norland and Russet Burbank, respectively. At Rosemount in 1982, the highest yield increases (relative to unsprayed) obtained were 92.2% and 56.6% in total tuber yields for Norland and Russet Burbank respectively. At Grand Forks in 1981, the highest yield increases were 126.8% and 34.6% in total tuber yields for Norland and Russet Burbank respectively. Across all three experiments, maximum yield losses (percentage of [[yield of ‘healthy’—yield of unsprayed check]/yield of ‘healthy’’]) were 58.4% (US #1 tubers) and 55.9% (total tubers) for cv. Norland and 34.4% (US #1 tubers) and 36.2% (total tubers) for cv. Russet Burbank.
Thermal recovery of NIF amplifiers

The issue of thermal recovery of the NIF amplifiers has taken on increased emphasis as program goals move toward increasing the shot rate to once every four hours. This paper addresses the technical issues associated with achieving thermal recovery in the NIF amplifiers. We identify two temperature related thermal recovery quantities: (1) the difference between the average slab temperature and the temperature of other surfaces in the amplifier cavity, and (2) the temperature difference in the slab over the aperture. The first quantity relates to optical disturbances in the gas column in the system, while the second quantity is associated with optical aberrations in the laser media itself. Calculations and experiments are used to quantify recovery criteria, and develop cooling approaches. The cooling approaches discussed are (1) active cooling of the flashlamps with ambient gas and chilled gas, and (2) active cooling of the slab edge cladding. Calculations indicate that the NIF baseline cooling approach of 20 cfm per lamp ambient temperature gas flow in both the central and side flashlamp cassettes is capable of meeting thermal recovery requirements for an 8 hour shot period, while to achieve a 4 hour shot period requires use of chilled gas and edge cladding cooling. In addition, the effect of changing the amplifier cavity and beamtube fill gas from nitrogen to helium is addressed, showing that a factor of 8 reduction in the sensitivity to thermal disturbances is possible. 6 refs., 9 figs., 1 tab.
School management training programmes: status and improvement

Examines university‐based training programmes for school management in the USA. Surveys these programmes and opinions about them. Demonstrates how one institution used global information to design changes in its training programme. Describes selected changes in the programme of this institution and draws selected implications for school management training programmes in other nations.
Switch-and-stay and switch-and-examine dual diversity for high-speed free-space optics links

Spatial diversity is widely adopted as a major approach towards performance improvement in wireless communications. This study proposes the application of two diversity schemes – switch-and-stay combining (SSC) and switch-and-examine (SEC) combining – in a dual-branch receiving optical wireless system. These schemes, when compared to the selection combining scheme, significantly lower the processing load associated with the monitoring of each branch signal strength, thus reducing the complexity of the required hardware. The reduction of processing load supports the typical high data rate that an optical wireless system is capable of offering. Analytical analyses are conducted to evaluate the dual-branch receiver system operating in a spatially correlated and lognormally distributed optical fading channel. Bit error rate (BER) performance and processing load relative to branch monitoring are characterised, obtained and discussed. The results confirm that BER performance is dependent, among others, on the selected threshold value of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) below which the receiver switches to a new branch. The results also show that at a branch average SNR of 17 dB, maximum achievable processing load reductions are 91% for SSC and 35% for SEC. Corresponding BER performance of SSC degrades, however, by 1 dB, whereas the degradation is nearly 0 dB for SEC.
Effects of attitude on learning and memory: The influence of instruction-induced sets

Abstract It is hypothesized that selective attention mediates the effect of attitude on learning and memory and that failures to demonstrate the effect are due to task instructions. Forty-two pro- and 42 antidraft subjects read essays congenial or uncongenial with their attitude under either Opinion, Judgment, or Learning instructions. Immediately, and after a delay of 1 week, the subjects were asked to reproduce the essay. Support for the hypotheses was found in a significant Attitude × Communication × Instructions interaction following covariance analysis, and in a significant simple Attitude × Essay interaction for the Judgment instruction. Verbal ability scores were covariate data. Conclusions were that the effect does occur under appropriate conditions and is responsive to task variables.
Long-term oral nitrate therapy prevents chronic ventricular remodeling in the dog

Objectives. The purpose of this experiment was to assess the long-term effects of oral nitrate therapy on ventricular remodeling in a canine model of discrete myocardial damage. Background. A progressive increase in left ventricular mass and volume has been documented after experimental and clinical myocardial infarction. This ventricular remodeling has been associated with the development of congestive heart failure. Nitrate therapy, especially when combined with hydralazine, is effective in the management of clinical heart failure. Moreover, nitrates inhibit infarct expansion, one of the earliest manifestations of ventricular remodeling. Whether nitrates can attenuate chronic left ventricular remodeling is unknown. Methods. Dogs with discrete myocardial necrosis produced 24 h earlier by transmyocardlal direct current shock were randomized to receive isosorbide mononitrate, 30 mg twice daily (n = 10), or no treatment (n = 4); the latter group was augmented by 13 control dogs from a prior study in which an identical protocol was used. Ventricular structure was assessed with nuclear magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and at 1 and 16 weeks after myocardial damage. Results. Left ventricular mass increased at 1 week in the control group (mean ± SD 68.1 ± 10.7 g to 80.1 ± 12.1 g, p = 0.0001) but not in the nitrate-treated group (70.2 ± 7.7 g to 69.6 ± 7.3 g, p = NS). No change in left ventricular volume was observed in either group during the 1st week after myocardial damage. After 16 weeks of follow-up left ventricular mass had increased by 12.7 ± 7.1 g (p = 0.001) in the control group and had decreased by 1.2 ± 7.7 g in the nitrate group. Left ventricular volume was increased at 16 weeks by 14.2 ± 10.3 ml in the control group but was decreased by 3.7 ± 7.5 ml in the nitrate group. Isosorbide mononitrate produced transient hemodynamic effects with a return of most measured variables toward bascline within 2 h alter administration of the drug. At 1 week there was no Intergroup difference in rest hemodynamic variables assessed 12 h after drag administration. At 16 weeks, pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (15 ± 4 vs. 8 ± 3 mm Hg, p = 0.0001), pulmonary artery pressure (24 ± 5 vs. 16 ± 3 mm Hg, p = 0.0001) and right atrial pressure (10 ± 3 vs. 6 ± 3 mm Hg, p = 0.008) were all higher in the control group. Conclusions. Long-term oral nitrate therapy attenuates the early and late manifestations of ventricular remodeling after myocardial damage in the dog. Hemodynamic observations suggest the possibility that drug-induced preload or afterload reduction does not completely explain this effect.
Generalized euler-type partition identities

Let A and S be subsets of the natural numbers. Let A′(n) be the number of partitions of n where each part appears exactly m times for some m ϵ A. Let S(n) be the number of partitions of n into parts which are elements of S.
Coon's patches

Abstract Two surface ideas due to S.A. Coons are transfinite interpolation and correction surfaces. This paper contains: 1. 1. The solution of a difficulty in using Coon's patches: twists. 2. 2. Applications of the Boolean sum/correction surfaces idea. 3. 3. Generalizations to triangular Coons' patches.
Event correlation for networked simulators

The timing and synchronization issues of networked simulation over large distances are studied. It is shown that the absolute time-stamp is effective in removing inconsistencies between the world pictures presented by the networked simulators. The tolerance that can be maintained on correlation errors is dominated by the precision of the dead-reckoning process over a time span that is the sum of propagation delay and clock error. Dead-reckoning statistics are invoked to determine the level of correlation that can be achieved for global networking. The clock accuracy required for this purpose is assessed.