cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Lack of Hematopoiesis in Tail Bones Transposed to Abdominal Cavity of Hypophysectomized Rats.

SummaryThirty-seven of 41 normal female rats, in which the ends of the tails were transposed into the abdominal cavity, showed a stimulation of hematopoiesis in the intra-abdominal vertebrae. Developing cells of all 3 types—erythroid, myeloid and megakaryocytes—were observed in these animals. In similarly treated hypophysectomized female rats only 1 of 16 animals showed any indication of response. The experiment provides another example of the depressed hematopoietic potential of the hypophysectomized rat.
Progression of cardiovascular damage: the role of renin-angiotensin system blockade.

The renin–angiotensin system (RAS) plays key roles throughout the cardiovascular continuum, and blockade of this system—either through angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition or through angiotensin II type 1 (AT 1 ) receptor antagonism—now occupies a central place in the management of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Understanding of the RAS has expanded in recent years with the identification of new pathways for formation of angiotensin II and novel effector peptides, such as angiotensin-(1–7), which may constitute new therapeutic targets. A substantial proportion of the benefits of ACE inhibitors, including vasodilation, improvements in endothelial function, and inhibition of cell proliferation, appear to be attributable to decreases in angiotensin II and increases in bradykinin. In addition, however, there is evidence that other mechanisms, such as modulation of ACE signaling, may also contribute. Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) selectively block AT 1 receptors and allow unopposed stimulation of AT 2 receptors, with potentially beneficial vasodilatory, anti-inflammatory, and antiproliferative effects. As a result, these agents share many of the clinical benefits of ACE inhibitors. Both ACE inhibitors and ARBs have been shown to exert multiple antiatherogenic actions, and to reduce clinical events in high-risk participants; their use is recommended in current guidelines for the secondary prevention of CVD.
Aerodynamic and Mission Performance of a Winged Balloon Guidance System

A winged balloon guidance system exploits the natural wind-field variation with the altitude available in planetary atmospheres to generate passive lateral control forces on a balloon using a tether-deployed aerodynamic surface below the balloon. Several balloon guidance system topics are discussed, including development status, physics and aerodynamics, systems performance, concept of operations, and the near-space applications of this technology for scientific, communications, and defense applications.
Thermodynamics of hydration of Na- and K-clinoptilolite to 300 °C

The hydration state of Na- and K-exchanged clinoptilolite from Castle Creek (Idaho, U.S.A.) has been measured by a pressure titration method to 300 °C and PH2O<30 bars. The water content of clinoptilolite can be predicted as a function of water activity and temperature with the equation: aH2O = [exp[[−ΔHh∘/nRT] + [ΔSh∘/nR] − 1/nRT· [W1Xh + W2Xh2]− ln(Xa/Xh)]]−1 where T is degrees in Kelvin, ΔHh∘ is the standard molal enthalpy of hydration, ΔSh∘ is the entropy of hydration, Xh and Xa are, respectively, the mole fractions of the hydrous and anhydrous components of the solid solution, W1 and W2 are interaction parameters, n is the maximum number of moles of H2O per formula unit (based on 12 oxygens), and R is the gas constant. This equation can be used to locate clinoptilolite-H2O isohydrons in aH2O-T space below the liquid-vapor equilibrium curve of water. The standard molal Gibbs free energy of hydration is −47.62 ± 5.52 kJ/mol H2O and −5.40 ± 2.71 kJ/mol H2O for the Na- and K-clinoptilolite, respectively. These standard-state thermodynamic properties of clinoptilolite hydration are in good agreement with previous data at low H2O pressures. The experiments indicate that clinoptilolite progressively dehydrates with increasing temperature at pressures along the liquid-vapor equilibrium curve. Kinetic data above 150 °C show that clinoptilolite dehydration and hydration reactions are fast and reversible and that steady-state hydration states are attained in minutes.
Observation and characterization of the Stierwalt effect in dielectric filters with model coating defects

Many applications of infrared technology require the use of narrow bandpass filters with excellent out-of-band rejection. Frequently, system designs require that the filter be placed in close proximity to a detector or focal plane array. More than twenty-five years ago Donald Stierwalt discovered that some filters that met out-of-band rejection specifications in a spectrophotometer did not meet specification when integrated into a focal plane assembly. In fact, he reported that proximal to the detector, one filter passed three orders of magnitude more out-of-band light. Since then, the Stierwalt Effect has become widely quoted and poorly studied. Many assume that it has to do with scatter in the film, but very little data has been reported. Here, we report the observation of the Stierwalt effect in an optical filter that was seeded with model defects. The seeding was done by depositing sparse 1μm polystyrene spheres upon a clean substrate before sputter depositing a simple band-stop filter. Light rejection from filters prepared in this way showed a strong dependence upon the distance between the film and the detector. Filters deposited without the spheres showed a much smaller effect.
Pharmacological Strategies for Improving Diastolic Dysfunction in the Setting of Chronic Pulmonary Hypertension

Background—Right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy is an adaptive process that occurs in the setting of chronic pulmonary hypertension (CPH) and can lead to alterations in normal RV diastolic properties. This study was designed to investigate the effects of NO and milrinone on RV diastolic dysfunction in the setting of CPH and RV hypertrophy by use of a canine model of monocrotaline pyrrole (MCTP)–induced CPH. Methods and Results—Sixteen mongrel dogs (22 to 24 kg) were used. Animals underwent percutaneous pulmonary artery (PA) catheterization to measure pulmonary hemodynamics before and 8 weeks after injection of 3 mg/kg MCTP (n=8) or placebo (control, n=8). Eight weeks after injection, all hearts were instrumented with a PA flow probe, sonomicrometric dimension transducers, and micromanometers. Data were collected at baseline and after both NO and milrinone administration. Diastolic properties were quantified by use of the end-diastolic pressure-volume relationship and the time constant of ventricular isovolu...
Data analysis strategies for passive multispectral and hyperspectral infrared remote sensors

The detection of airborne chemicals is a key capability in a variety of environmental monitoring scenarios. For these applications, passive IR remote sensors collect IR emissions form natural and man-made sources such as the radiant emission from the earth or emissions from the stacks of a chemical plant. Chemical compounds absorb or emit IR energy at characteristic wavelengths, and the profile of these absorption or emission signatures can be used to identify a chemical and to estimate the amount present. Passive IR remote sensors can be implemented in either imaging or non- imaging configurations and can be constructed to acquire IR emission data in either multispectral or hyperspectral modes. Implementing these measurements successfully requires the construction of rugged, portable instruments and the development of computer processing techniques that allow the automated analysis of the large quantities of data acquired by these sensors. The research presented here describes the development of novel signal processing and pattern recognition methodology for application to multispectral imaging data and to non-imaging data acquired with a hyperspectral instrument. Remote sensing data were collected with these instruments mounted on an aircraft platform. Data acquired at an industrial site are used to demonstrate the characteristics of each sensor and the data analysis methodology.
Word-of-Mouth Communication and Demand for Products with Different Quality Levels

We analyze a market with two product alternatives that differ in quality. Consumers choose between these products based on consumer reviews and their own experience. We examine how the market share of the superior product is affected by (i) the number of reviews obtained by consumers; and (ii) the type of information conveyed in these reviews. We find that when consumers randomly sample reviews from the entire population, an increase in the number of reviews can decrease the market share of the superior product. This, however, is not the case when consumers seek out reviews on each product. Further, we find that the market share of the superior product can be significantly lower when reviews convey subjective satisfaction compared to when they convey objective payoffs. This effect depends on the degree of heterogeneity in consumer expectations.
Have recent studies addressed methodological issues raised by five decades of television violence research? A critical review.

Abstract Media violence continues to be a concern to parents, policy makers and researchers. In spite of confidence expressed by some that exposure to television violence causes serious aggression and violent crime, critics hold that serious flaws in research methodology limits or nullifies conclusions drawn from widely-cited studies. In this paper, we will examine a series of classic studies for lessons learned about conducting media violence research, and assess whether recent publications adhere to those standards. We conclude that empirical reports with serious flaws continue to be published, compromising our ability to understand this phenomenon.
Integrated Planar Lightwave Bio/Chem OEIC Sensors on Si CMOS Circuits

Optical sensing, and the integration of sensors and electronics into Sensor on a Chip and Sensor on a Package systems are an approach to the creation of miniaturized, portable, customizable, low cost sensor systems for rapid health diagnostics, medical research, environmental monitoring, and security monitoring. To integrate optical sensing systems that are autonomous, it is essential to integrate the sensor, light source, and light detection into a single substrate or chip. The integration of this optical system with signal control and processing electronics enable discrimination with individually customized sensors in sensor arrays, and high sensitivity levels. Thin film optoelectronic active device integration with planar optical passive devices is a heterogeneous integration method for fabricating planar lightwave integrated circuits at the chip level and planar lightwave integrated systems at the substrate and package level.
A survey of some irregular monoterpenes and their biogenetic analogies to presqualene alcohol

Abstract A survey of all naturally occurring irregular monoterpenes which may bear structural analogies to presqualene alcohol is presented. Attention is focused on structural and stereochemical relationships among these compounds. A critical analysis of biogenetic proposals is made.
Robotic single-site surgery: from research to clinical practice?

With the introduction of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the late 1980’s, the endoscopic revolution was launched and the world of surgery changed forever. Over the years, minimally invasive surgery, namely operative laparoscopy, has emerged as the standard treatment for many gynecologic benign and malignant etiologies. Laparoscopic surgery has answered the patient’s right to better cosmesis, less blood loss, faster recovery, shorter hospital stay, and less pain. A novel development in minimally invasive surgery that is even less invasive than traditional laparoscopy or robotic surgery is laparoendoscopic single-site (LESS) surgery. It is also known as single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) or single-port access (SPA) surgery. Benefits of LESS include better cosmesis, improved postoperative pain scores, and less post-operative narcotic use. A recent randomized trial by Chen et al. compared the immediate results of patients undergoing either two-channel single-port laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy or conventional multiport laparoscopic-assisted
Evaluation of Metal Attenuation through Paper Clay Utilized for Containment of Contaminated Groundwater

Paper clay has several properties that make its use in vertical barriers very promising. In this paper the characteristics of two paper sludges (which will also be referred to as paper clays) one from the Erving Paper Company and one from the International Paper Company are considered. To determine the feasibility of paper clay for heavy metal attenuation, batch tests, column tests, hydraulic conductivity tests, and pressure filtration tests were performed. Batch testing showed that the metal, the distribution coefficient (Kd) ranged from as low as 0.002 L/g for manganese to as high as 6.7 L/g for lead in International paper clay. In the Erving paper clay the Kd ranged from 0.007 L/g for manganese to 1.9 L/g for cadmium, while the International paper clay Kd ranged from 0.002 L/g for manganese to 6.7 L/g for lead. Chemisorption was established as the predominant metal binding mechanism in both clays with the only exceptions being manganese adsorption on International paper clay that indicated a constant p...
A readability evaluation of real-time crowd captions in the classroom

Deaf and hard of hearing individuals need accommodations that transform aural to visual information, such as captions that are generated in real-time to enhance their access to spoken information in lectures and other live events. The captions produced by professional captionists work well in general events such as community or legal meetings, but is often unsatisfactory in specialized content events such as higher education classrooms. In addition, it is hard to hire professional captionists, especially those that have experience in specialized content areas, as they are scarce and expensive. The captions produced by commercial automatic speech recognition (ASR) software are far cheaper, but is often perceived as unreadable due to ASR's sensitivity to accents, background noise and slow response time. We ran a study to evaluate the readability of captions generated by a new crowd captioning approach versus professional captionists and ASR. In this approach, captions are typed by classmates into a system that aligns and merges the multiple incomplete caption streams into a single, comprehensive real-time transcript. Our study asked 48 deaf and hearing readers to evaluate transcripts produced by a professional captionist, ASR and crowd captioning software respectively and found the readers preferred crowd captions over professional captions and ASR.
Nanoscale thermometry via the fluorescence of YAG:Ce phosphor particles: measurements from 7 to 77°C

The laser-induced fluorescence lifetime of 30 nm particles of YAG:Ce was measured as a function of temperature from 7 to 77°C. The fluorescence decay lifetimes for the nanoparticles of this phosphor varied from ≈18 to 27 ns, i.e. ≈33% relative to the longest lifetime measured. This large variation in lifetime, coupled with the high signal strength that was observed, suggest that YAG:Ce nanoparticles will be useful thermographic phosphors. We describe the material and the apparatus used to characterize its fluorescence, present the results of measurements made over the range of temperatures tested and comment on some possible applications for this novel material.
Expression and regulation of intracellular SMAD signaling in scleroderma skin fibroblasts

Objective Scleroderma is characterized by excessive synthesis and accumulation of matrix proteins in lesional tissues. Transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis by inducing and sustaining activation of fibroblasts; however, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We undertook this study to examine the expression and function of SMADs, recently characterized intracellular effectors of TGFβ signaling, in scleroderma fibroblasts. Methods Primary dermal fibroblasts obtained from 14 patients with scleroderma and from 4 healthy adult volunteers were studied. Northern analysis was used to determine the expression of endogenous SMAD messenger RNA (mRNA), and Western analysis was used to determine SMAD protein expression. Intracellular compartmentalization of cellular SMAD proteins in the presence and absence of TGFβ was studied by antibody-mediated immunofluorescence confocal microscopy. The effect of TGFβ blockade on SMAD subcellular distribution was determined using anti-TGFβ antibodies as well as a dominant-negative TGFβ receptor type II (TGFβRII) vector to disrupt TGFβ responses. SMAD-regulated luciferase reporter expression was examined to investigate the potential functional significance of activation and nuclear accumulation of endogenous SMADs in scleroderma fibroblasts. Results Protein and mRNA levels of SMAD3, but not of SMAD4 or SMAD7, were variably elevated in scleroderma fibroblasts compared with those from healthy controls. In sharp contrast to control fibroblasts, which displayed predominantly cytoplasmic localization of SMAD3/4 in the absence of exogenous TGFβ, in scleroderma fibroblasts SMAD3 and SMAD4 consistently showed elevated nuclear localization. Furthermore, phosphorylated SMAD2/3 levels were elevated and nuclear localization of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 was increased, suggesting activation of the SMAD pathway in scleroderma fibroblasts. Blockade of autocrine TGFβ signaling with antibodies or by expression of dominant-negative TGFβRII failed to normalize SMAD subcellular distribution, suggesting that elevated nuclear SMAD import was due to alterations downstream of the TGFβ receptors. The activity of a SMAD-responsive minimal promoter–reporter construct was enhanced in transiently transfected scleroderma fibroblasts. Conclusion This study is the first to demonstrate apparently ligand-independent constitutive activation of the intracellular TGFβ/SMAD signaling axis in scleroderma fibroblasts. SMAD signaling may be a mechanism contributing to the characteristic phenotype of scleroderma fibroblasts and playing a role in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.
Toad Urinary Bladder: Intercellular Spaces

Vasopressin causes dilation of the intercellular spaces of the mucosal epithelium in toad bladder, an effect previously thought to result from enhanced net transepithelial water transport. Under conditions of zero net fluid transport, vasopressin exerted the same effect in seven tissues, which indicates that the width of the intercellular spaces cannot be taken as a reliable index of net transepithelial fluid transport.
Self-Excising Retroviral Vectors Encoding the Cre Recombinase Overcome Cre-Mediated Cellular Toxicity

The Cre-lox system is often used to manipulate sequences in mammalian genomes. We have observed that continuous expression of the Cre recombinase in cultured cells lacking exogenous lox sites caused decreased growth, cytopathic effects, and chromosomal aberrations. Cre mutants defective in DNA cleavage were not geno- or cytotoxic. A self-excising retroviral vector that incorporates a negative feedback loop to limit the duration and intensity of Cre expression avoided measurable toxicity, retained the ability to excise a target sequence flanked by lox sites, and may provide the basis of a less toxic strategy for the use of Cre or similar recombinases.
The natural history of esophageal candidiasis after successful treatment in patients with AIDS.

Abstract Background/Aims: Antifungal therapy cures esophageal candidiasis in most patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, but the subsequent course of these patients is not established. This study examines the natural history of esophageal candidiasis after successful treatment. Methods: Patients with endoscopic and clinical resolution of esophageal candidiasis after therapy were followed up prospectively with monthly clinical assessment and repeat endoscopy every 3 months or earlier if esophageal symptoms recurred or if the patient was to begin antifungal therapy for another reason. Results: Thirty-five patients met entry criteria; 21 agreed to enroll. The patients were followed up for a mean of 23 ± 4 weeks after their initial posttreatment endoscopy. Nineteen patients (90%) had recurrent esophageal candidiasis at a mean of 11 ± 2 weeks (range, 3–36 weeks). The 19 patients had 31 recurrences; 25 (81%) occurred ≤10 weeks after documented cure of the prior episode of esophageal candidiasis. Twenty-two (71%) of the 31 recurrent episodes were symptomatic, and only 9 (29%) were associated with oral thrush. All symptomatic recurrences responded to treatment with fluconazole; 1 of 22 (5%) failed to show endoscopic resolution. Conclusions: Almost all patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and successfully treated esophageal candidiasis develop a recurrence, usually within 2–3 months. Two thirds are symptomatic and one third are associated with oral thrush. Subsequent episodes of esophageal candidiasis respond well to oral therapy.
Gene Therapy for Deaf Mice Goes Viral

Agroundbreaking new study has demonstrated recovery of auditory function in a mouse model of genetic deafness following gene therapy mediated by an adeno-associated viral vector type 1 (AAV1).1 The vector carried the coding sequence for the vesicular glutamate transporter type 3 (VGLUT3), which is required for synaptic transmission between the sensory cells of the inner ear and the primary afferent neurons that convey auditory information to the brain. VGLUT3 knockout mice lack the capability to efficiently package the neurotransmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles, leading to loss of auditory function. Remarkably, in the treated mice, AAV1 was able to transduce 100% of the inner hair cells, which were the therapeutic target for the therapy. This level of gene transfer efficiency is unprecedented in the inner ear, and expression of the exogenous VGLUT3 was shown to be sufficient to restore some auditory functions to normal levels in the otherwise deaf mice. This proof-of-concept study elevates the prospects for gene transfer in the human inner ear as a potential treatment strategy for restoration of hearing and balance function in deaf and dizzy patients.
Ultraviolet-B radiation effects on natural phytoplankton assemblages of central San Francisco Bay

Since the discovery of a depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer over Antarctica in 1979, scientific attention has been directed towards the effects of increased doses of ultraviolet radiation on phytoplankton in other ecosystems. Little is known about the effects of ultraviolet-B (280–320 nm) radiation (UVBR) on temperate estuarine phytoplankton. Freshly collected phytoplankton samples from Central San Francisco Bay were exposed to ambient UVBR in quartz bottles and monitored for biomass and nutrient uptake rates for comparison with phytoplankton dispensed into bottles made of polycarbonate that effectively filtered out the UVBR to evaluate response to natural UVBR exposure. Short-term (10–12 h) exposure experiments were carried out monthly from October 1998 to October 1999. No significant effect of UVBR on chlorophylla concentrations was found but a clear deleterious effect of UVBR on nutrient uptake was observed.
Courting Bird Sings with Stridulating Wing Feathers

In birds and other vertebrates, most acoustic signals are produced pneumatically by moving air through a vocal apparatus. Here we describe a unique mechanism used to produce a tonal acoustic signal in vertebrates. Video recordings of the courtship displays of male Club-winged Manakins, Machaeropterus deliciosus, reveal that males produce sustained harmonic tones through interactions among oscillating secondary wing feathers. This mechanism of sound production shows morphological and mechanistic convergence with arthropod stridulation. Intersexual selection for production of a nonvocal courtship song has led to major morphological, functional, and likely physiological modifications in the wing of this flying bird.
In Vivo NMR Studies on the Mechanism of Lipid-Induced Insulin Resistance in Humans

Insulin resistance is a major factor in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. In this lecture I will discuss recent nuclear magnetic resonance studies that have implicated ectopic lipid deposition in liver and skeletal muscle as a causal and unifying factor in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance associated with obesity, lipodystrophy, type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. I will also present results from recent human studies demonstrating an important role of intracellular diacylglycerol, as the molecular trigger for lipid-induced insulin resistance in liver through its activation of protein kinase Ce and in muscle through its activation of protein kinase Cθ, which both result in reductions in proximal insulin signaling.
Limits to health care: fair procedures, democratic deliberation, and the legitimacy problem for insurers.

Examinant le statut de l'assurance-maladie aux Etat-Unis, l'A. souleve le probleme de la legitimite de l'autorite des assureurs et le probleme de la justesse des decisions prises par les organisations de la sante, au regard du bien-etre du patient, d'une part, et au regard des limites imposees a l'acces au traitement medical, d'autre part. Soulignant la necessite de procedures decisionnelles justes dans le domaine de l'ethique medicale comme dans les autres systemes publics et non-publics, l'A. definit quatre conditions qui doivent reguler l'acces a la sante: 1) les raisons de la couverture des nouvelles technologies doivent etre rendues publiques, 2) ces raisons doivent imposer une contrainte raisonnable sur les decisions des organisations de la sante, 3) elles doivent donner lieu a des procedures de resolution des conflits, 4) les conditions 1-3 doivent faire l'objet d'une regulation publique volontaire
Proximal radial drift following radial head resection.

Background Proximal radial migration is a well-documented phenomenon after radial head resection, but there have been no studies evaluating other planes of proximal radial stump drift after resection. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the anatomic position of the radial stump in relation to the capitellum after radial head resection, and determine the factors affecting this position and long-term functional outcomes. Methods Thirteen patients who had undergone radial head resection for a variety of injury patterns were identified and evaluated at a mean of 72 months postoperative. Each patient underwent a physical exam and outcome questionnaire evaluation (Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand [DASH] questionnaire, Mayo Elbow Performance Score [MEPS], and pain Visual Analog Scales [VAS] questionnaire). Anterior-posterior (AP) and lateral radiographs of the elbow were also performed. Results The proximal radius resection length was an average of 18 mm (range, 11.1-31.9) compared to the nonoperative side. The proximal radial stump was determined to have significant migration both medially ( P = .01) and posteriorly ( P = .002) as compared to the opposite side as determined on the AP and lateral radiographs, respectively. Greater than 2 cm of proximal radial resection was associated with greater posterior drift ( P = .03). Poorer MEPS were only correlated with an initial dislocation injury pattern ( P = .02). Conclusion Radial head resection for fracture often leads to posterior and medial drift of the proximal radial stump, resulting in nonanatomic alignment with the capitellum. Increased resection greater than 2 cm resulted in larger amounts of drifting. Only a dislocation injury pattern was associated with worse functional outcomes.
Temporal and spatial-resolved nonlinear spectroscopy of InGaN/GaN

We developed the novel techniques of temporal and spatial-resolved nonlinear spectroscopy based on the transient grating, transient lens spectroscopy and near-field scanning optical microscopy. These techniques are powerful tool to characterize and understand the carrier dynamics and optical properties of InGaN/GaN-based light emitting materials.
Laser studies of internal conical diffraction. 1. Quantitative comparison of experimental and theoretical conical intensity distribution in aragonite

Detailed measurements of the conical intensity pattern aragonite have been carried out with an incident Gaussian beam (TEM00) of a helium neon laser. Quantitative agreement with theoretical calculations is found. It is shown that the integrated intensities on either side of the Poggendorff dark circle are not equal, unless the far-field condition for Fraunhofer diffraction is satisfied.
Dynamics of surface roughening of Cl-terminated Si(100)-(2×1) at 700 K

The dynamics of surface roughening and healing induced by Cl on Si(100)-(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1) were studied with variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. Clean samples were exposed to ${\mathrm{Cl}}_{2}$ at room temperature, heated to as high as 700 K, and imaged for periods that exceeded 20 h. Chlorine caused surface roughening via a Cl recycling pathway that created pits and regrowth islands with minimal desorption of ${\mathrm{SiCl}}_{2}.$ This reaction pathway is accessible at $\ensuremath{\sim}675\mathrm{K}$ if the surface is not saturated with Cl. Images showed dimer vacancy creation and pit growth, together with vacancy capture by pits. They also showed dimer vacancy escape from pits and pit annihilation, which had not been reported previously. When the terrace coverage was 0.93 ML, the diffusivity of dimer vacancies along the dimer rows was $\ensuremath{\sim}0.7{\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{2}/\mathrm{sec},$ about three orders-of-magnitude lower than that on clean Si(100). Single Si adatoms were created on terraces and bonded to Si dimers that were Cl-free. They could form new regrowth dimers or they could be accommodated at the ends of existing islands. Adatoms could also be released from regrowth islands. Pairs of atom vacancy lines separated by one or two Si dimers were observed and the transition between those lines and dimer vacancy lines was recorded. Local areas with (3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2) symmetry were created from the latter. These dynamic changes all require Cl-free Si dimers, and the rate of change of the surface morphology reflects the surface concentration. The rate of change increases with time as the density of bare dimers increases due to the creation of new sites for Cl on an increasingly rough surface and limited desorption.
Spatial Periodic Perturbation of Turing Pattern Development Using a Striped Mask

We study the influence of the intensity of light and the wavelength of an imposed parallel striped mask on the development of striped Turing patterns. Depending on the ratio R = λF/λP of the wavelength of the mask to the wavelength of the natural pattern and on the amplitude of forcing, stripes develop parallel or perpendicular to the orientation of the mask. For R near 1.5 or 3, zigzag patterns develop. When weak forcing is applied, stripe splitting is observed for R near 2. For strong forcing, stripe splitting occurs over a wider range of R, and two sequences of splitting are observed when R = 4. At large R, fingers of spreading patterns develop, which propagate and reconnect to form stripes perpendicular to the mask orientation.
Chicano return migration to the Southwest: an integrated human capital approach.

"This study uses an integrated human capital framework to examine the relationship between human capital, employment and ethnic factors and return migration to the Southwest [United States] among Chicanos. The sample used in the study is derived from the 1980 Public Use Microdata Samples and contains 1,926 Chicano householders between the ages of 25 and 64 who were born in one of five southwest states, lived outside of this region in 1975, and worked in the civilian labor force at any time between 1975 and 1980. The results suggest that various human capital, employment and ethnic composition variables are important predictors of Chicano return migration."
The imperial vision of Halford Mackinder

From 1899 to 1939, Halford Mackinder was active in imperial affairs. In 1899, the same year he climbed Mount Kenya, he set out the case for free trade. Rapidly he converted to imperial protectionism, left the Liberal Party and joined the Conservatives. Mackinder, along with his associates in the Conservative Party, Leo Amery and Lord Milner, promoted the cause of imperial unity and imperial preference in trade. During the period 1899-1903, Mackinder's evolving ideas about empire helped shape the Pivot paper, and he spelt out a prescription to avoid imperial decline: bind Britain and the Dominions into a League of Democracies with one fleet and one foreign policy, and encourage economic growth within the empire by a system of tariffs that promoted imperial trade. In Mackinder's parliamentary career (1910-22), his party was never in power and the Liberals retained free trade. Only after World War I, at the end of his parliamentary career, did Mackinder become active in imperial policy as chair of the Imperial Shipping Committee and the Imperial Economic Committee.
Melanie Klein, Drug Crimes, and Women

Due to changes made to drug laws in the 1970s and 1980s the population of women serving time in prison has skyrocketed. This article uses material verbatim from court cases and public discourse about reform of drug laws in New York State to examine the psychodynamic processes that seem to be undergirding our discussion about and projections onto women arrested for drug crimes. Primarily drawing on Melanie Klein's theories concerning the paranoid-schizoid and depressive positions, it explores society's deep ambivalence about the lives and fate of these women.
Analysis of Central‐Place Space‐Use Patterns: The Elastic Disc Revisited

Ideas from ecology, economics, and geography are synthesized into a central-place, space-utilization model which is analytically as well as conceptually useful. Incorporation of social and ecological factors extends common home range models, which incorporate only distance. The patch preference and competition coefficients which are "revealed" by regression on actual use- intensity patterns indicate the importance of these factors by the degree to which they perturb an appropriate distance-decay function. Proximate factors reveal themselves by deforming a Huxleyan "elastic disc." The analytical value of the model is illustrated by an example from my studies of eastern chipmunks. and others using optimality analyses of space utiliza- tion. In contrast to these, most home range models currently available in the mammalian literature are purely descriptive, and they frequently incorporate only locational or distance considerations (e.g., Van Winkle 1975, Dixon and Chapman 1980). This paper develops a general, central-place, space-use model which relates intensity of use of a point in space to three factors: distance from the central place, the mi- crohabitat structure of the area, and the use intensity of that space by nonspecific neighbors with overlap- ping home ranges. The mechanisms incorporated in the model generate flexible space-use patterns which can be described as elastic discs.
Validation of Fuzzy Logic Method for Automated Mass Spectral Classification for Mineral Imaging

Abstract Imaging mass spectrometry requires the acquisition and interpretation of hundreds to thousands of individual spectra in order to map the mineral phases within heterogeneous geomatrices. A fuzzy logic inference engine (FLIE) was developed to automate data interpretation. To evaluate the strengths and limitations of FLIE, the chemical images obtained using FLIE were compared with those developed using two chemometric methods: principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (K-Means). Two heterogeneous geomatrices, a low-grade chalcopyrite ore and basalt, were imaged using a laser-desorption Fourier transform mass spectrometer. Similar mineral distribution patterns in the chalcopyrite ore sample were obtained by the three data analysis methods with most of the differences occurring at the interfaces between mineral phases. PCA missed one minor mineral phase in the chalcopyrite ore sample and did not clearly differentiate among the mineral classes of the basalt. K-Means cluster analysis differentiated among the various mineral phases in both samples, but improperly grouped some spectra in the chalcopyrite sample that only contained unanticipated high mass peaks. Unlike the chemometric methods, FLIE was able to classify spectra as unknowns for those spectra that fell below the confidence level threshold. A nearest neighbor approach, included in FLIE, was used to classify the unknowns to form a visually complete image; however, the unknowns identified by FLIE can be informative because they highlight potential problems or overlooked results. In conclusion, this study validated the fuzzy logic-based approach used in our laboratory and reveald some limitations in the three techniques that were evaluated.
A Review of Prayer within the Role of the Holistic Nurse

Prayer is an integral component of the spiritual life of mankind. It is a two-way dialogue with God. Clients in crisis may need prayer for encouragement, comfort, and support. Holistic nurses may use prayer with clients to positively influence how they cope with anxiety relative to illness. Addressing the spiritual needs of clients is an important element of care and the use of prayer is supported by both informal client responses and scientific research. Additionally, the active use of prayer may provide added value and enrichment to the holistic nurse-client interaction.
On matroid separations of graphs

Let K be a connected and undirected graph, and M be the polygon matroid of K. Assume that, for some k ⩾ 1, the matroid M is k-separable and k-connected according to the matroid separability and connectivity definitions of W. T. Tutte. In this paper we classify the matroid k-separations of M in terms of subgraphs of K.
On accurate and efficient statistical counting in sensor-based surveillance systems

Sensor networks have been used in many surveillance systems, providing statistical information about monitored areas. Accurate counting information (e.g., the distribution of the total number of targets) is often important for decision making. As a complementary solution to double-counting in communication, this paper presents the first work that deals with double-counting in sensing for wireless sensor networks. The probability mass function (pmf) of target counts is derived first. This, however, is shown to be computationally prohibitive when a network becomes large. A partitioning algorithm is then designed to significantly reduce computation complexity with a certain loss in counting accuracy. Finally, two methods are proposed to compensate for the loss. To evaluate the design, we compare the derived probability mass function with ground truth obtained through exhaustive enumeration in small-scale networks. In large-scale networks, where pmf ground truth is not available, we compare the expected count with true target counts. We demonstrate that accurate counting within 1 ~ 3% relative error can be achieved with orders of magnitude reduction in computation, compared with an exhaustive enumeration-based approach.
AMG and EMG spectra for mixed muscle fiber types

Summary form only given. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of localized fatigue on the spectrum of the electromyograph (EMG) and acoustic myogram (AMG), which is largely subsonic in the human vastus lateralis (VL) muscle. Fourteen healthy, undergraduate men and women were tested for a maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) of the quadriceps group. On a subsequent day, fatigue was defined as the time when subjects could not sustain a contraction equal to 75% of MVC. EMG and AMG records were taken when the subjects reached 75% of MVC and at the onset of fatigue. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) using an accelerometer and bipolar surface electrodes was used for AMG and EMG measurements, respectively. Statistical analysis of peak decibel means every 10 Hz showed that: (1) AMG has a lower frequency band than the EMG and is distinct from it; (2) the decibel level significantly increased at 10 Hz (p >
Self-tuning query mesh for adaptive multi-route query processing

In real-life applications, different subsets of data may have distinct statistical properties, e.g., various websites may have diverse visitation rates, different categories of stocks may have dissimilar price fluctuation patterns. For such applications, it can be fruitful to eliminate the commonly made single execution plan assumption and instead execute a query using several plans, each optimally serving a subset of data with particular statistical properties. Furthermore, in dynamic environments, data properties may change continuously, thus calling for adaptivity. The intriguing question is: can we have an execution strategy that (1) is plan-based to leverage on all the benefits of traditional plan-based systems, (2) supports multiple plans each customized for different subset of data, and yet (3) is as adaptive as "plan-less" systems like Eddies? While the recently proposed Query Mesh (QM) approach provides a foundation for such an execution paradigm, it does not address the question of adaptivity required for highly dynamic environments. In this work, we fill this gap by proposing a Self-Tuning Query Mesh (ST-QM) --- an adaptive solution for content-based multi-plan execution engines. ST-QM addresses adaptive query processing by abstracting it as a concept drift problem --- a well-known subject in machine learning. Such abstraction allows to discard adaptivity candidates (i.e., the cases indicating a change in the environment) early in the process if they are insignificant or not "worthwhile" to adapt to, and thus minimize the adaptivity overhead. A unique feature of our aproach is that all logical transformations to the execution strategy get translated into a single inexpensive physical operation --- the classifier change. Our experimental evaluation using a continuous query engine shows the performance benefits of ST-QM approach over the alternatives, namely the non-adaptive and the Eddies-based solutions.
The Rise and Fall of Carly Fiorina An Ethical Case Study

This study examines the controversial tenure of former Hewlett-Packard (HP) CEO Carly Fiorina using the ethical leadership construct. Fiorina rose quickly through the ranks at AT&T and Lucent Technologies to become the most powerful businesswoman in the United States when she took the helm at HP in 1999. She prevailed in a bitter proxy fight over the firm's merger with Compaq Computer. However, she was abruptly fired in 2005. Both the CEO and members of the HP board failed as moral persons and as moral managers, leading to Fiorina's ouster and the subsequent HP spying scandal. HP went from one of the world's most admired companies to the target of criminal investigations and public criticism. Implications for leadership ethics are drawn from the experience of HP, and limitations of the ethical leadership construct are identified.
Mechanisms of Glucocorticoid-Resistant Asthmaa

The term "steroid- or glucocorticoid-resistant (GR) asthma" has been used to describe a group of asthmatics who demonstrate persistent airway obstruction and inflammation despite treatment with high doses of systemic glucocorticoids (GCs). There are at least two forms of GR asthma. The first group of patients has an acquired form of GC resistance. Analysis of their bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cells indicates an extremely high level of IL-2 and IL-4 gene expression as compared to BAL cells from GC-sensitive asthmatics. The incubation of T cells from normal individuals with the combination of IL-2 and IL-4 induces GC receptor binding defects, and concomitant GC receptor beta expression, in their cells. Similar abnormalities in GC receptor binding defects can be detected in freshly isolated cells from type 1 GR asthmatics, but this defect is reversible when their cells are cultured in the absence of IL-2 and IL-4. The second group involves patients with primary GC resistance who do not develop side effects on high-dose GCs and have very low numbers of GC receptors in their mononuclear cells. This defect is irreversible in culture and affects their T cells as well as non-T cells. The current studies provide new insights into mechanisms by which inflammation induces GC resistance and how defects in the GC receptor may contribute to chronic inflammation, creating the vicious cycle leading to chronic inflammatory diseases.
Reduced‐order controllers for control of flow past an airfoil

Reduced-order controller design by means of reduced-order model for control of a wake flow is presented. Reduced-order model is derived by combining the Galerkin projection with proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) or with other related reduced-order approaches such as singular value decomposition or reduced-basis method. In the present investigation, we discuss the applicability of the reduced-order approaches for fast computation of the optimal control for control of vortex shedding behind a thin airfoil through unsteady blowing on the airfoil surface. Accuracy of the reduced-order model is quantified by comparing flow fields obtained from the reduced-order models with those from the full-order simulations under the same free-stream conditions. A control of vortex shedding is demonstrated for Reynolds number 100
Improved Resolution Scalability for Bilevel Image Data in JPEG2000

In this paper, we address issues concerning bilevel image compression using JPEG2000. While JPEG2000 is designed to compress both bilevel and continuous tone image data using a single unified framework, there exist significant limitations with respect to its use in the lossless compression of bilevel imagery. In particular, substantial degradation in image quality at low resolutions severely limits the resolution scalable features of the JPEG2000 code-stream. We examine these effects and present two efficient methods to improve resolution scalability for bilevel imagery in JPEG2000. By analyzing the sequence of rounding operations performed in the JPEG2000 lossless compression pathway, we introduce a simple pixel assignment scheme that improves image quality for commonly occurring types of bilevel imagery. Additionally, we develop a more general strategy based on the JPIP protocol, which enables efficient interactive access of compressed bilevel imagery. It may be noted that both proposed methods are fully compliant with Part 1 of the JPEG2000 standard.
Simultaneous mooring-based measurements of seawater CO2 and O2 off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina

We deployed CO, and 0, sensors on the U.S. continental shelf off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, during late summer 1994. A continuous 32-d gas record was obtained at 20 m in 25 m of water, below the thermocline for most of the period. Analysis of the correlation between CO, and 0, indicates that biological and advective processes dominated the gas variability, with small or insignificant fluxes due to air-sea exchange, vertical eddy diffusion, and carbonate dissolution or formation. The observed 0, : CO, correlation was 1.39, within the range predicted for the photosynthetic quotient. Photosynthesis and respiration appeared to be tightly coupled, resulting in no net community production in these waters during the late summer. It is evident from these results that the combination of mooring-based CO, and 0, measurements will be a powerful tool for studying the marine carbon cycle.