cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Dystrophin distribution in heterozygote MDX mice

The distribution of dystrophin in myofibers from normal, mdx hemizygous, and mdx heterozygous mice was studied at various times in development. While normal mice exhibit dystrophin immunostaining around the entire fiber periphery regardless of age, mdx hemizygous mice exhibit no staining (0-35 days). In contrast, young (10 day) heterozygous mdx mice showed neighboring dystrophin-negative and dystrophin-positive fibers as well as fibers with a discontinuous or patchy dystrophin labelling. Older heterozygotes displayed very few negative fibers, with most fibers exhibiting apparently complete dystrophin immunostaining. This, coupled with the absence of muscle fiber degeneration at any age point, and the apparently normal levels of dystrophin in older heterozygous mice, indicates that myonuclei containing the dystrophin gene can compensate for myonuclei which do not contain the dystrophin gene within the same myofiber.
Pituicytoma: report of two cases and clues regarding histogenesis

Objective and importance The pituicytoma is a rare primary tumor of the neurohypophysis. Although histologically benign, the location and vascular nature of these tumors can make surgical resection difficult. We present a report of two patients with pituicytomas and review the literature regarding treatment and prognosis for this unusual lesion. Possible histogenetic relationships of this tumor with other pituitary neoplasms are presented. Clinical presentation Patient 1 was a 45-year-old man who presented with a 5-year history of decreased libido. He was found to have a 2-cm suprasellar mass on a magnetic resonance imaging scan. Patient 2 was a 48-year-old man who presented with multiple endocrine complaints. He was found to have an intrasellar mass on magnetic resonance imaging. Intervention Patient 1 underwent a right frontal craniotomy, with a subtotal resection of the suprasellar mass through the lamina terminalis. The residual tumor was treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. The intrasellar mass in Patient 2 was resected via a transsphenoidal approach. On surveillance magnetic resonance imaging, the tumor was found to have recurred and expanded into the suprasellar space. The patient underwent a right frontal craniotomy for decompression and a subtotal resection of the tumor. The patient experienced a second recurrence 7 years after the initial procedure and was subsequently treated with fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy. Conclusion Pituicytomas are a distinct form of pituitary gland neoplasia that may recur if subtotally resected. These neurohypophysial tumors may contain a small subpopulation of previously unrecognized bcl-2-immunoreactive cells, whose role in the histogenesis of pituicytoma deserves further study.
An in vivo microscopic study of the response of the microvascular system of dental pulp to isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate☆

Abstract An in vivo model has been designed to study the acute response of the microvascular system of exposed dental pulp to the topical application of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate. The results support the therapeutic use of isobutyl-2-cyanoacrylate as a pulp-capping agent, since it is well tolerated by the exposed pulp and does not induce an acute inflammatory response in the microvasculature.
Belgian Waterslager canaries are afflicted by Scheibe's-like dysplasia

Behavioral investigations of Belgian Waterslager canaries (BWCs) have demonstrated a congenital hearing impairment that primarily affects high frequencies. Research into the surface anatomy of the basilar papilla of these birds has pointed to the hair cells as the site of the lesion. Given that the basilar papilla and the vestibular organs both develop from the otocyst, we were interested in ascertaining whether the vestibular sensory epithelia also displayed abnormal hair cells. The inner ear of adult BWCs was examined by scanning electron microscopy. As expected, hair cells in the basilar papilla of BWCs were abnormal. As for the vestibular parenchyma, abnormal hair cells were detected in only one structure: the sacculus. Morphological abnormalities of the cochlea and sacculus are pathognomonic signs of Scheibe's dysplasia, the most common inner ear defect associated with congenital hearing loss. Our results suggest that BWCs are afflicted by this genetic disorder.
Rare case of double inlet left ventricle: functional and anatomic information provided by adenosine Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT.

Advances in cardiovascular care and cardiothoracic surgical expertise have enabled many patients with congenital heart disease to live well into adulthood. With lengthened life expectancies, congenital heart disease patients are more frequently undergoing noninvasive nuclear cardiac imaging to exclude perfusion abnormalities. We present the Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT findings of a patient with an uncommon congenital malformation. Case history. A 45-year-old man with doubleinlet left ventricle, pulmonary stenosis, pulmonary hypertension, status postmultiple systemic-pulmonary shunt procedures, and, most recently, a Potts anastamosis (descending aorta to the left pulmonary artery anastamosis) at age 31, presented to the cardiology clinic complaining of burning epigastric pain on exertion. The patient had known pulmonary artery hypertension but had improved his oxygen saturation and exercise tolerance on a regimen of bosentan, coumadin, digoxin, and verapamil. Initially, the patient underwent a modified walk test and was able to walk on a level surface at increasing speed for 15 minutes, achieving a peak speed of 1.8 miles per hour, HR 97, BP 148/69, when he complained of progressive chest burning. His pulse oximetry at rest was 84% and dropped to 72% with exercise. The electrocardiogram showed no change from baseline (sinus rhythm, left ventricular hypertrophy with strain, and ST elevation in the right precordial leads). In light of the reproducible symptoms and the patient’s strong preference for noninvasive evaluation, he underwent adenosine Tc-99m sestamibi SPECT to evaluate for coronary artery disease. The patient was infused with 140 mcg per kilogram per minute of adenosine over a 6-minute period; at 3 minutes into the infusion, 99mTc sestamibi was injected. There were no reported electrocardiogram changes or symptoms during adenosine infusion. Images were acquired with 180° SPECT approximately 30 minutes later. Findings. The adenosine sestamibi SPECT images showed a large left-ventricle cavity with no definite myocardial perfusion abnormality. Low counts were seen along the middle inferior wall because of adjacent tracer activity in a loop of small bowel. On both stress and rest images, the short-axis projection showed a smaller, rounded structure with a central lumen from the middle anterior to basal ventricular cavity, consistent with a rudimentary right ventricle (Figure 1). Because this is essentially a single functioning chamber, absent were the typical-appearing interventricular septum or right ventricle (compare with the normal right ventricle and septum in Figure 2). Despite the unusual anatomy, the gated SPECT perfusion images showed normal left ventricular myocardial wall motion and systolic thickening with an ejection fraction of 51%. The cardiac chambers were further clarified by viewing the patient’s transesophageal echocardiogram to evaluate mitral insufficiency (Figures 3 and 4).
Assessment of hydration biomarkers including salivary osmolality during passive and active dehydration.

Assessment of hydration biomarkers including salivary osmolality during passive and active dehydration
Degenerate rearrangement of methylenecyclobutane

Abstract The failure of spiropentane to suffer a degenerate scrambling rearrangement is established by the synthesis and pyrolysis of 1,1,2,2-tetradeuteriospiropentane. A new degenerate rearrangement, that of methylenecyclobutane, has been demonstrated by the synthesis and heating of dideuteriomethylenecyclobutane. The activation energy of the rearrangement has been determined.
Diet Energy Requirements of Growing Holsteins

The conceptual bases of recent NRC publications of nutrient requirements to meet dietary energy needs of growing Holsteins, emphasizing heifers gaining 0.75 kg/d, are described and compared with several world systems and with body composition data. Requirements of Holsteins for net energy for maintenance are generally thought to be higher (from 7 to 20%) than those of British beef breeds. Total estimates of metabolizable energy requirements are quite similar for most energy systems for cattle at 200 to 400 kg of body weight. For heavier cattle, the energy density estimates based on beef breed equations project higher metabolizable energy for gain and total metabolizable energy requirements. Extrapolations from the chemical composition of growing Holstein heifers indicate that, at the slower growth that is typical of replacements, energy densities are lower than for more rapidly growing heifers and that net energy requirements are consistent with current US standards.
Band-engineered Ge as gain medium for Si-based laser

Optical gain and net material gain via direct bandgap transition at around 1550nm of the tensile-strain band-engineered n-type Ge has been analyzed. Photoluminescence spectra measured at room temperature confirm the theoretical predictions.
Investigation of Long Drift Chambers for a Nucleon Decay Detector

We have built a successful prototype of a long drift chamber to be used for a nucleon decay experiment. In order to minimize the attenuation of drifting electrons, it was necessary to produce the drift electric field with a continuous electrode, realized with a film of resistive ink, which prevented charging of dielectric surfaces andeliminated outside effects. A focussing electric field shape was used to reduce loss of electrons by diffusion into the walls of the chamber.
Emerging diseases with a and the worldwide impact consequences for veterinary curricula

Summary Emerging infections are being recognized at an alarming rate. In the case of emerging viral infections involving free‐ranging wildlife, the intrusion of urban and agricultural enterprises into wildlife habitats appears to be playing a major role in the exchange of infectious agents of domestic to wildlife species and vice‐versa. It is important that the veterinary profession prepares itself to respond to the threatening challenges. Creation of a course which addressed the principles of infectious diseases, diagnostic medicine, epidemiology, public health, population medicine and control are all imperative. This paper attempts to address some of the principle subjects matter areas which should be included in the course offering.
The Relative Rates of Glutamine and Asparagine Deamidation in Glucagon Fragment 22–29 under Acidic Conditions

Abstract Our objective was to compare the relative rates of asparaginyl and glutaminyl deamidation in fragment 22–29 of the polypeptide hormone glucagon in acidic aqueous solutions. Reaction mixtures containing 22–29 (FVQWLMNT) or its degradation products were degraded at 60°C in dilute hydrochloric acid or phosphate buffer in the pH range 1–3. Degradation products were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography and identified by amino acid sequencing, amino acid analysis, liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS), and matrix‐assisted laser desorption and ionization (MALDI). Nine major degradation products were identified, including asparaginyl and glutaminyl deamidated forms, aspartyl peptide cleavage of the asparaginyl deamidated products, and a cyclic imide intermediate. The pH dependences of rate constants for individual pathways were consistent with acid catalysis. Previous investigators have reported a greater susceptibility of asparagine residues to deamidation in neutral and alkaline solutions due to the formation of a more stable five‐membered succinimide intermediate. It has been suggested that asparagine may be more labile under acidic conditions also. We have observed a more facile deamidation for the glutamine residue under the acidic condition studied. It is proposed that the lower reactivity of the asparagine residue may be due to a decreased electrophilicity of its side chain carbonyl carbon imparted by a parallel cleavage pathway at this residue. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. and the American Pharmaceutical Association J Pharm Sci 91:2332–2345, 2002
Presence: Four Ways of Being There

Presence is an important but confusing concept in nursing. At times, it is used to simply characterize a nurse's physical presence, while, at other times, it is used in a highly metaphysical sense to depict a nurse's full physical, psychological, and spiritual presence. As a concept, presence has not been clearly defined. Its core characteristics need to be identified and separated from those characteristics that reflect its variability. The authors establish a definition of presence as "being there" based on the essence of the concept as it is used in the nursing literature; identifying four ways in which presence varies based on the quality of being there, the focus of the nurse's energy, and the nature of the nurse-patient interaction; and address possible outcomes of each type.
Sprue-like Enteropathy Associated with Olmesartan

Olmesartan-associated enteropathy (OAE) is a newly described condition reported in several case series in which patients taking olmesartan developed diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, dehydration, and weight loss. Although the symptoms and histologic findings of small-bowel enteropathy resembled severe celiac disease, laboratory work and the lack of response to a gluten-free diet challenged that diagnosis. The injury extended beyond the small bowel, with evidence of lymphocytic/collagenous gastritis and/or colitis in a substantial subset of patients. After a thorough diagnostic evaluation including consideration of alternate diagnoses, and resistance to a variety of treatments, a common thread became apparent: that all affected patients were taking olmesartan. Once this connection was recognized and the medication was suspended, symptoms would improve and the enteropathy healed. Some patients required corticosteroids particularly budesonide (a topically potent steroid) to achieve remission. There remains a gap in knowledge regarding the predisposing factors and mechanism of action.
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) as a key therapeutic trophic factor in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-mediated cardiac repair.

We recently demonstrated a novel effective therapeutic regimen for treating hamster heart failure based on injection of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) or MSC-conditioned medium into the skeletal muscle. The work highlights an important cardiac repair mechanism mediated by the myriad of trophic factors derived from the injected MSCs and local musculature that can be explored for non-invasive stem cell therapy. While this therapeutic regimen provides the ultimate proof that MSC-based cardiac repair is mediated by the trophic actions independent of MSC differentiation or stemness, the trophic factors responsible for cardiac regeneration after MSC therapy remain largely undefined. Toward this aim, we took advantage of the finding that human and porcine MSCs exhibit species-related differences in expression of trophic factors. We demonstrate that human MSCs when compared to porcine MSCs express and secrete 5-fold less vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in conditioned medium (40 ± 5 and 225 ± 17 pg/ml VEGF, respectively). This deficit in VEGF output was associated with compromised cardiac therapeutic efficacy of human MSC-conditioned medium. Over-expression of VEGF in human MSCs however completely restored the therapeutic potency of the conditioned medium. This finding indicates VEGF as a key therapeutic trophic factor in MSC-mediated myocardial regeneration, and demonstrates the feasibility of human MSC therapy using trophic factor-based cell-free strategies, which can eliminate the concern of potential stem cell transformation.
Racial Discrimination and African American Adolescents’ Adjustment: Gender Variation in Family and Community Social Support, Promotive and Protective Factors

The current investigation explores the promotive and protective role of family and community-specific social support on the association between perceived racial discrimination and African American adolescents’ adjustment (e.g., depressive symptoms, school suspensions, school engagement). One thousand nine-hundred forty-two African American adolescents (ages 12–18, M = 15.12; SD = 1.83; 59 % female) from a large Midwestern city participated in this investigation. Regression analyses revealed that perceived racial discrimination was associated with less positive adjustment outcomes for boys and girls. Additionally, there was partial support for gender variation in the promotive role of social support and adolescent adjustment. In particular, while only maternal support was associated with boys’ adjustment, both maternal and paternal support was associated with girls’ adjustment. Also, there was partial support for gender differentiation in the strength and directionality of protective factors. Though in an unpredicted direction, father support moderated the relationship between perceived racial discrimination and girls’ adjustment. Community supports (religious connection and mentor presence) emerged as protective factors for boys’. Findings highlight the role of gender in understanding potential promotive and protective factors for African American adolescents.
Predictors of Relapse in a Bupropion Trial for Smoking Cessation in Recently-Abstinent Alcoholics: Preliminary Results Using an Aggregate Genetic Risk Score

Introduction: Rates of smoking in the US population have decreased overall, but rates in some groups, including alcoholic smokers, remain high. Many newly sober alcoholics are concerned about their smoking and some attempt to quit. However, quit rates in this population are low. Prior studies suggest risk for relapse in this population may be genetically influenced and that genetic factors may moderate response to treatment. Methods: In this exploratory study, we had two specific aims: (1) to investigate associations between genetic risk and outcome; (2) to investigate whether genetic risk moderates the efficacy of a medication intervention. Data are from a subsample of 90 participants from a clinical trial of smoking cessation treatment for smokers with between 2 and 12 months of alcohol abstinence. Subjects were randomly assigned to bupropion or placebo. All subjects received counseling and nicotine patches. To examine the possibility that bupropion may have been efficacious in participants with a specific genetic profile (ie, a pharmacogenetic approach), an aggregate genetic risk score was created by combining risk genotypes previously identified in bupropion treatment studies. Results: Although medication efficacy was not moderated by the aggregate genetic risk score, there was an interaction between nicotine dependence and genetic risk in predicting smoking abstinence rates at the end of treatment (10 weeks). Conclusions: Results suggest an aggregate genetic risk score approach may have utility in treatment trials of alcoholics who smoke. Additionally, these findings suggest a strategy for understanding and interpreting conflicting results for single genetic markers examined as moderators of smoking cessation treatment.
Relating temperature dependence of atom scattering spectra to surface corrugation

It is suggested that a measurement of the temperature dependence of the most probable intensity of energy-resolved atom-surface scattering spectra can reveal the strength of the surface corrugation. To support this conjecture, a classical mechanical theory of atom scattering from a corrugated surface, valid in the weak corrugation limit, is developed. The general result for the scattering probability is expressed in terms of spatial integrals over the impact parameter within a surface unit cell. For the case of a one-dimensional corrugation, approximate expressions for the scattering probability are obtained in terms of analytic closed form expressions. As an indicator of its relation to experimental measurements, calculations using a one-dimensional corrugation model are compared with data for Ar scattering from a molten Ga surface and an approximate value of the corrugation height parameter is extracted.
A dipseudoacid, C16H18O6

Abstract Pseudoacids, or cyclic oxocarboxylic acids commonly form non-planar, complementary and non-cooperative, dimeric hydrogen-bonds. A dehydration resistant arylpyran dipseudoacid, C16H18O6, has been synthesized and characterized. Crystals of trans-4,4,8,8-tetramethyl-3,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8-octahydro-2,6-dioxaanthracen-1,5-dione occur in the monoclinic system and form linear hydrogen-bonded chains; it has an elevated melting point without decomposition at 574.6 K.
Current status of administration of medicines

The literature review was based on searches of knowledge-based resources, journals, and websites. Published studies, reports, conference proceedings, consensus statements, and abstracts published in English were evaluated. Approximately 3000 citations were reviewed. On an international basis, the
Ethanol and Arachidonic Acid Increase α2(I) Collagen Expression in Rat Hepatic Stellate Cells Overexpressing Cytochrome P450 2E1: ROLE OF H2O2 AND CYCLOOXYGENASE-2 *

The ability of ethanol and arachidonic acid (AA), as inducers of oxidative stress and key factors in alcoholic liver disease, to up-regulate alpha 2 collagen type I (COL1A2) gene expression was studied in a hepatic stellate cell line overexpressing the ethanol-inducible cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) (E5 cells). A time- and dose-dependent induction in COL1A2 mRNA by ethanol or AA was observed that was prevented by diallylsulfide, a CYP2E1 inhibitor. Nuclear run-on experiments showed transcriptional activation of the COL1A2 gene by ethanol and AA. Catalase abrogated the increase in COL1A2 mRNA suggesting an H2O2-dependent mechanism. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) levels and production of prostaglandin E2 upon addition of AA were elevated in the E5 cells. Incubation with NS-398, a COX-2 inhibitor, blocked the effect of AA, but not of ethanol, on COL1A2 expression suggesting that CYP2E1 activates COX-2 expression, and the oxidation of AA by COX-2 is responsible for the increase in COL1A2. Activity of a reporter construct driven by −378 base pairs of the proximal promoter region of the COL1A2 gene increased in E5 but not control cells and was further increased by ethanol or AA. These experiments link CYP2E1-dependent oxidative stress to induction of COX-2 and the actions of ethanol and AA on activation of collagen gene expression in hepatic stellate cells.
Dynamic Relocalization of Histone Macroh2a1 from Centrosomes to Inactive X Chromosomes during X Inactivation

Histone variant macroH2A1 (macroH2A1) contains an NH2-terminal domain that is highly similar to core histone H2A and a larger COOH-terminal domain of unknown function. MacroH2A1 is expressed at similar levels in male and female embryonic stem (ES) cells and adult tissues, but a portion of total macroH2A1 protein localizes to the inactive X chromosomes (Xi) of differentiated female cells in concentrations called macrochromatin bodies. Here, we show that centrosomes of undifferentiated male and female ES cells harbor a substantial store of macroH2A1 as a nonchromatin-associated pool. Greater than 95% of centrosomes from undifferentiated ES cells contain macroH2A1. Cell fractionation experiments confirmed that macroH2A1 resides at a pericentrosomal location in close proximity to the known centrosomal proteins γ-tubulin and Skp1. Retention of macroH2A1 at centrosomes was partially labile in the presence of nocodazole suggesting that intact microtubules are necessary for accumulation of macroH2A1 at centrosomes. Upon differentiation of female ES cells, Xist RNA expression became upregulated and monoallelic as judged by fluorescent in situ hybridization, but early Xist signals lacked associated macroH2A1. Xi acquired macroH2A1 soon thereafter as indicated by the colocalization of Xist RNA and macroH2A1. Accumulation of macroH2A1 on X chromosomes occurred with a corresponding loss of centrosomal macroH2A1. Our results define a sequence for the loading of macroH2A1 on the Xi and place this event in the context of differentiation and Xist expression. Furthermore, these results suggest a role for the centrosome in the X inactivation process.
Rapid eye-movement sleep deprivation does not ‘rescue’ developmentally regulated long-term potentiation in visual cortex of mature rats

Abstract The age at which it is possible to obtain a usually age-limited (developmental) form of long-term potentiation (LTP) in rat visual cortex slices can be extended by suppressing rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. In this study, we examined whether REM sleep deprivation can also ‘rescue’ this type of LTP in older rats. Rats, 42–59 days of age, were either REM sleep-deprived for 7–10 days ( n =8), or not deprived of REM sleep (control group, n =8). Brain slices from visual cortex were tested for the developmental form- and a related, non-developmental form of LTP. Three of the eight REM sleep-deprived animals and four of the eight non-deprived animals met criteria for a valid attempt to induce the developmental form of LTP. Though the non-age-regulated form of LTP could be obtained in all seven of these animals, the developmental form could not be elicited in any, indicating that REM sleep deprivation does not uniformly affect all forms of LTP in adult rats. We conclude that extended periods of REM sleep deprivation do not facilitate induction of developmentally regulated LTP once the animal is beyond a certain age.
Volatile Policy and Private Information: The Case of Monetary Shocks☆

Abstract We study how volatility in monetary policy affects economic performance in the presence of asymmetric information and endogenously chosen information structures. We consider a model in which in the absence of either feature the equilibria would be efficient. The equilibria that we find are inefficient for two reasons: first, in some cases, agents fail to trade, even though it is efficient to do so; second, agents spend resources acquiring socially useless information. The model predicts a nonlinear relationship between inflation and output and a complex pattern of price dispersion, with the nature of the relationship changing with the degree of volatility. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: E30, E40, D82.
Reaction selectivity as a test for catalysis on exposed metal

Abstract The metal sensitive selectivities of hydrogenation reactions are employed to differentiate between metal catalysis and spillover catalysis. Two catalyst metal specific reactions, dihydrogen addition to 2-hexyne and 1,6-dimethylcyclohexene, are studied on silicon supported palladium and platinum films covered with silica overlayers. At temperatures near 200°C selectivities observed are characteristic of the metal in the underlayer. Since such films have been shown not to contain transition metal in the silica layer, the results suggest that cracks in the silica are present during reaction. In contrast, the selectivity observed at temperatures below 100°C is not that of the metal underlayer and is therefore consistent with a spillover phenomenon. The method represents a general test which may also prove useful to rule out transition metal catalysis in studies invoking a hydrogen spillover mechanism.
Structures and spectra of the isomers HNCO, HOCN, HONC, and HCNO from ab initio quantum mechanical calculations

Abstract Ab initio calculations are reported on the equilibrium geometries, dipole moments, rotational constants, and force constants of the isomers HOCN, HNCO, HCNO, and HONC. The most accurate calculations on the unknown isomer HOCN lead to a predicted geometry of R OH = 0.96 ± 0.005 A , R OC = 1.302 ± 0.007 A , R CN = 1.153 ± 0.007 A , 〈HOC = 109 ± 1°, 〈OCN = 177 ± 1° in a planar trans conformation. This structure has rotational constants B = 10.64 ± 0.12 GHz and C = 10.47 ± 0.12 GHz, accurate enough to encourage a radio search for this species in dense interstellar clouds as well as experiments designed for terrestrial identification. In much less accurate calculations, not extensive enough to provide error bars, an approximate structure for the other unknown isomer, HONC, is R HO = 1.05 A , R ON = 1.14 A , R NC = 1.26 A , 〈HON = 109°, 〈ONC = 172.5°, in a planar trans conformation. The calculated structures of HNCO and HCNO are in good agreement with experiment. The nonlinearity of the heavy-atom axis is firmly established for HOCN, HNCO, and HONC. In all of the molecules the angle of the hydrogen-bending motion is strongly coupled to the angle formed by the heavy atoms. These hydrogen-bending motions are discussed in detail, especially the potential for inversion in HNCO and the quasi-linear potential in HCNO.
A Comparative Study of DES and URANS in a Two-Pass Internal Cooling Duct With Normal Ribs

The capabilities of the Detached Eddy Simulation (DES) and the Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (URANS) versions of the 1988 κ-ω model in predicting the turbulent flow field and the heat transfer in a two-pass internal cooling duct with normal ribs is presented. The flow is dominated by the separation and reattachment of shear layers; unsteady vorticity induced secondary flows and strong streamline curvature. The techniques are evaluated in predicting the developing flow at the entrance to the duct and downstream of the 180° bend, fully-developed regime in the first pass, and in the 180° bend. Results of mean flow quantities, secondary flows, friction and heat transfer are compared to experiments and Large-Eddy Simulations (LES). DES predicts a slower flow development than LES, while URANS predicts it much earlier than LES computations and experiments. However it is observed that as fully developed conditions are established, the capability of the base model in predicting the flow and heat transfer is enhanced by switching to the DES formulation. DES accurately predicts the flow and heat transfer both in the fully-developed region as well as the 180° bend of the duct. URANS fails to predict the secondary flows in the fully-developed region of the duct and is clearly inferior to DES in the 180° bend.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Autoimmune hepatitis with incidental histologic features of bile duct injury

Bile duct changes are atypical of autoimmune hepatitis. Our aims were to assess the frequency and significance of these changes in classical disease. Liver biopsy specimens were reviewed under code from 84 patients who satisfied international scoring criteria for autoimmune hepatitis, and the findings were correlated with clinical features and outcome. Twenty patients (24%) had biliary changes, including 6 with destructive cholangitis, 4 with ductopenia, and 10 with nondestructive cholangitis. Patients with and without bile duct changes had similar laboratory findings. Diagnostic scores for autoimmune hepatitis were lower in patients with bile duct changes (16.6 +/- 0.6 vs. 19.1 +/- 0.2, P <.0001). The frequencies of scores sufficient for a definite (80% vs. 97%, P =.03) or probable diagnosis (20% vs. 3%, P =.03) were also less in this group. Patients with destructive cholangitis and/or ductopenia responded as well to therapy as patients with nondestructive cholangitis, and outcomes in each group were similar to those of patients without biliary changes. We concluded that biliary changes can occur in classic autoimmune hepatitis, and they are not associated with distinctive clinical features or treatment response. They may be coincidental findings associated with classic disease or weak expressions of a variant syndrome. In the absence of a cholestatic clinical syndrome, they do not compel a different management strategy.
Hysteropexy compared to hysterectomy for uterine prolapse surgery: does durability differ?

Introduction and hypothesis The aim of this study is to assess the impact of hysterectomy on durability of uterine prolapse repair by comparing hysterectomy/uterosacral cuff suspension (VH) to a new vaginal uterosacral hysteropexy (USH).
On Assessing Organizational Priorities: Concept and Method*

Criticisms of the concept “organizational goal” are summarized. An alternative formulation is proposed wherein organizations are viewed as open systems. Through continual interaction incumbents see...
Governance of the IT Function: Valuing Agility and Quality of Training, Cooperation and Communications

It has long been argued that the organizational structure and reporting relationships of the IT functional area profoundly affects organizational performance. However, since most of the evidence is anecdotal, and even rigorous econometric analysis cannot show causality or substitute for controlled experimentation, normative prescriptions have been impossible to test. Using NK simulation modeling, a tool developed for studying dynamic behavior successfully used in strategy and evolutionary economics research, we are able to conduct controlled parameter-by-parameter experiments of alternative governance structures. Our findings suggest that under most conditions (1) IT does matter to the performance of the firm; (2) the governance of the IT functional area does affect the performance of the firm; and (3) the CIOs business savvy and ability to communicate with the rest of the senior management team will affect performance, by determining the quality of consensus decisions reached and the speed with which consensus is achieved.
Eastern and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Viruses Differ in Their Ability To Infect Dendritic Cells and Macrophages: Impact of Altered Cell Tropism on Pathogenesis

Eastern and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses (EEEV and VEEV, respectively) cause severe morbidity and mortality in equines and humans. Like other mosquito-borne viruses, VEEV infects dendritic cells (DCs) and macrophages in lymphoid tissues, fueling a serum viremia and facilitating neuroinvasion. In contrast, EEEV replicates poorly in lymphoid tissues, preferentially infecting osteoblasts. Here, we demonstrate that infectivity of EEEV for myeloid lineage cells including DCs and macrophages was dramatically reduced compared to that of VEEV, whereas both viruses replicated efficiently in mesenchymal lineage cells such as osteoblasts and fibroblasts. We determined that EEEV infection of myeloid lineage cells was restricted after attachment, entry, and uncoating of the genome. Using replicon particles and translation reporter RNAs, we found that translation of incoming EEEV genomes was almost completely inhibited in myeloid, but not mesenchymal, lineage cells. Alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta) responses did not mediate the restriction, as infectivity was not restored in the absence of double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase, RNase L, or IFN-alpha/beta receptor-mediated signaling. We confirmed these observations in vivo, demonstrating that EEEV is compromised in its ability to replicate within lymphoid tissues, whereas VEEV does so efficiently. The altered tropism of EEEV correlated with an almost complete avoidance of serum IFN-alpha/beta induction in vivo, which may allow EEEV to evade the host's innate immune responses and thereby enhance neurovirulence. Taken together, our data indicate that inhibition of genome translation restricts EEEV infectivity for myeloid but not mesenchymal lineage cells in vitro and in vivo. In this regard, the tropisms of EEEV and VEEV differ dramatically, likely contributing to observed differences in disease etiology.
Fluorescence of 2-aminopurine reveals rapid conformational changes in the RB69 DNA polymerase-primer/template complexes upon binding and incorporation of matched deoxynucleoside triphosphates

We have used 2-aminopurine (2AP) as a fluorescent probe in the template strand of a 13/20mer primer/template (D) to detect deoxynucleoside triphosphates (N)-dependent conformational changes exhibited by RB69 DNA polymerase (ED) complexes. The rates and amplitudes of fluorescence quenching depend hyperbolically on the [dTTP] when a dideoxy-primer/template (ddP/T) with 2AP as the templating base (n position) is used. No detectable fluorescence changes occur when a ddP/T with 2AP positioned 5′ to the templating base (n + 1 position) is used. With a deoxy-primer/template (dP/T) with 2AP in the n position, a rapid fluorescence quenching occurs within 2 ms, followed by a second, slower fluorescence quenching with a rate constant similar to base incorporation as determined by chemical quench. With a dP/T having 2AP in the n + 1 position, there is a [dNTP]-dependent fluorescence enhancement that occurs at a rate comparable to dNMP incorporation. Collectively, the results favor a minimal kinetic scheme in which population of two distinct biochemical states of the ternary EDN complex precedes the nucleotidyl transfer reaction. Observed differences between dP/T and ddP/T ternary complexes indicate that the 3′ hydroxyl group of the primer plays a critical role in determining the rate constants of transitions that lead to strong deoxynucleoside triphosphate binding prior to chemistry.
Clinical and ocular motor analysis of congenital nystagmus in infancy

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the clinical and ocular motility characteristics of congenital nystagmus and to establish the range of waveforms present in infancy. Background: The clinical condition of congenital nystagmus usually begins in infancy and may or may not be associated with visual sensory system abnormalities. Little is known about its specific waveforms in infancy or their relationship to the developing visual system. Methods: Forty-three infants with involuntary ocular oscillations typical of congenital nystagmus were included in this analysis. They were evaluated both clinically and with motility recordings. Eye movement analysis was performed off line from both chart recordings and computer analysis of digitized data. Variables analyzed included age, sex, vision, ocular abnormalities, head position, null-zone or neutral-zone characteristics, symmetry, conjugacy, waveforms, frequencies, foveation times, and responses to convergence and to monocular cover. Results: Patient ages ranged from 3 to 18 months (average, 9.2 months). Seventeen patients (40%) had abnormal vision, 3 had a positive family history of nystagmus, 11 had strabismus, 16 (37%) had a head posture, 26 (60%) had null and neutral positions, 14 (33%) had binocular asymmetry, and all were horizontally conjugate. Average binocular frequency was 2.8 Hz, and average monocular frequency was 4.6 Hz. The waveforms were both jerk and pendular; average foveation periods in patients with normal vision were more than twice as long as those in patients with abnormal vision. Conclusions: Common clinical characteristics and eye-movement waveforms of congenital nystagmus begin in infancy, and waveform analysis at this time helps with both diagnosis and visual status. (J AAPOS 1999;3:70-9)
A COMPLEMENT-FIXING ANTIGEN FOR VARICELLA-ZOSTER DERIVED FROM INFECTED CULTURES OF HUMAN FETAL DIPLOID CELLS.

SummaryA procedure is described for preparation of complement-fixing antigens for the varicella-zoster (V-Z) virus in human fetal diploid skin and muscle cell strains. These cells are highly susceptible to the cytopathic effect of the V-Z virus, and can be maintained without a fluid change for the entire period required by the virus to produce complete cellular degeneration. Most of the specific antigen elaborated in the cultures was found to be cell-associated, and relatively high-titered antigens (1:32 and 1:64) were prepared by 50-fold concentration of the cellular phase of infected cultures. Antigens were usually free from anticomplementary activity, but when they were not, the activity could be abolished by treatment with inactivated guinea pig complement.
Inspiration: Toward a Sociosemiotic Definition

Prepared as the Presidential address for the fifty-third general meeting of the Catholic Biblical Association (1990), this uncompleted paper proposes a novel approach to the question of inspiration...
Cooperative control with adaptive graph Laplacians for spacecraft formation flying

This paper investigates exact nonlinear dynamics and cooperative control for spacecraft formation flying with Earth oblateness (J 2 perturbation) and atmospheric drag effects. The nonlinear dynamics for chief and deputy motions are derived by using Gauss' variational equation and the Euler-Lagrangian formulation, respectively. The proposed cooperative control employs adaptive time-varying Laplacian gains. The tracking and diffusive coupling gains are adapted by the synchronization/tracking errors and distance-based connectivity, thereby defining a time-varying network topology. Moreover, the proposed method relaxes the network structure requirement and permits an unbalanced graph. Nonlinear stability is proven by contraction analysis and incremental input-to-state stability. Numerical examples show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Thermal stability of human α‐crystallins sensed by amide hydrogen exchange

The α-crystallins, αA and αB, are major lens structural proteins with chaperone-like activity and sequence homology to small heat-shock proteins. As yet, their crystal structures have not been determined because of the large size and heterogeneity of the assemblies they form in solution. Because α-crystallin chaperone activity increases with temperature, understanding structural changes of α-crystallin as it is heated may help elucidate the mechanism of chaperone activity. Although a variety of techniques have been used to probe changes in heat-stressed α-crystallin, the results have not yet yielded a clear understanding of chaperone activity. We report examination of native assemblies of human lens α-crystallin using hydrogen/deuterium exchange in conjunction with enzymatic digestion and analysis by mass spectrometry. This technique has the advantage of sensing structural changes along much of the protein backbone and being able to detect changes specific to αA and αB in the native assembly. The reactivity of the amide linkages to hydrogen/deuterium exchange was determined for 92% of the sequence of αA and 99% of αB. The behavior of αA and αB is remarkably similar. At low temperatures, there are regions at the beginning of the α-crystallin domains in both αA and αB that have high protection to isotope exchange, whereas the C termini offer little protection. The N terminus of αA also has low protection. With increasing temperatures, both proteins show gradual unfolding. The maximum percent change in exposure with increasing temperatures was found in αA 72–75 and αB 76–79, two regions considered critical for chaperone activity.
The thyroid Hürthle (oncocytic) cell and its associated pathologic conditions: a surgical pathology and cytopathology review.

Abstract Context.—Hurthle cells are eosinophilic, follicular-derived cells that are associated with a variety of nonneoplastic and neoplastic thyroid lesions. The differential diagnosis of Hurthle cell lesions is quite broad. Objective.—To review the pathologic conditions associated with Hurthle cells in the thyroid and to discuss pathology of thyroid lesions associated with oncocytic cytology. Data Sources.—A variety of thyroid nonneoplastic (autoimmune thyroiditis, multinodular goiter) and neoplastic conditions (Hurthle cell adenoma, Hurthle cell carcinoma) are associated with Hurthle cell cytology. In addition, there are several thyroid neoplasms that should be considered when one observes a Hurthle cell neoplasm in the thyroid (oncocytic variant of medullary carcinoma, several variants of papillary thyroid carcinoma). Conclusions.—Oncocytic cytology is seen in a variety of thyroid conditions that are associated with a broad differential diagnosis and care must be used for accurate diagnosis. Newer mol...
Temporal properties of turn-taking and turn-packaging in synchronous computer-mediated communication

Turn structure and timing are examined in a variety of quasi-synchronous computer-mediated interfaces. The message window size, presence of scrolling, a single message window vs. message windows for each participant, and message persistence were systematically varied for pairs of interlocutors engaged in the same decision-making task. Participants produced more total words and more turns in conditions with larger windows and in those with scrolling, while separate windows conditioned even larger increases on these measures. Turn sizes were smaller in the latter conditions and response times were faster. In the persistent separate-window conditions, messages from the partner intervened before participants completed responses in over half of the messages.
Low-temperature zero phonon lineshapes with various Brownian oscillator spectral densities

The Brownian oscillator model has been successfully employed for modeling solvation dynamics in numerous femtosecond measurements. To a very large extent, this work has been interpreted on the basis of high-temperature limits of the theory. We present an analysis of the low temperature limit, which is particularly important for hole burning, photon echo, and single molecule spectroscopic experiments. Several forms for the bath spectral density are employed to compute zero phonon absorption line shapes. We show that in all cases the zero phonon linewidth vanishes at low temperatures, and that the line becomes asymmetric with a sharp rise at the red edge, as expected qualitatively.
Inhibition of mTOR Signaling With Rapamycin Regresses Established Cardiac Hypertrophy Induced by Pressure Overload

Background— Rapamycin is a specific inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We recently reported that administration of rapamycin before exposure to ascending aortic constriction significantly attenuated the load-induced increase in heart weight by ≈70%. Methods and Results— To examine whether rapamycin can regress established cardiac hypertrophy, mice were subjected to pressure overload (ascending aortic constriction) for 1 week, echocardiography was performed to verify an increase in ventricular wall thickness, and mice were given rapamycin (2 mg · kg−1 · d−1) for 1 week. After 1 week of pressure overload (before treatment), 2 distinct groups of animals became apparent: (1) mice with compensated cardiac hypertrophy (normal function) and (2) mice with decompensated hypertrophy (dilated with depressed function). Rapamycin regressed the pressure overload-induced increase in heart weight/body weight (HW/BW) ratio by 68% in mice with compensated hypertrophy and 41% in mice with decompensated h...
Alterations in the GAL4 DNA-binding Domain Can Affect Transcriptional Activation Independent of DNA Binding

The GAL4 protein belongs to a large class of fungal transcriptional activator proteins encoding within their DNA-binding domains (DBD) six cysteines that coordinate two atoms of zinc (the Zn2Cys6 domain). In an effort to characterize the interactions between the Zn2Cys6 class transcriptional activator proteins and their DNA-binding sites, we have replaced in the full-length GAL4 protein small regions of the Zn2Cys6 domain with the analogous regions of another Zn2Cys6 protein called PPR1 an activator of pyrimidine biosynthetic genes. Alterations between the first and third cysteines abolished binding to GAL4 (upstream activation sequence of GAL (UASG)) or PPR1 (upstream acitvation sequence of UAS) DNA-binding sites and severely reduced transcriptional activation in yeast. In contrast, alterations between the third and fourth cysteines had only minor effects on binding to UASG but led to substantial decreases in activation in both yeast and a mammalian cell line. In the crystal structure of the GAL4 DBD-UASG complex (Marmorstein, R., Carey, M., Ptashne, M., and Harrison, S. C. (1992) Nature356, 408–414), this region is facing away from the DNA, making it likely that there exists within the GAL4 DBD an accessible domain important in activation.