cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural Basis for Domain–Domain Communication in a Protein Tyrosine Kinase, the C-terminal Src Kinase

The catalytic activity of protein tyrosine kinases is commonly regulated by domain–domain interactions. The C-terminal Src kinase (Csk) contains a catalytic domain and the regulatory SH3 and SH2 domains. Both the presence of the regulatory domains and binding of specific phosphotyrosine-containing proteins to the SH2 domain activate Csk. The structural basis for both modes of activation is investigated here. First, the SH3-SH2 linker is crucial for Csk activation. Mutagenic and kinetic studies demonstrate that this activation is mediated by a cation–π interaction between Arg68 and Trp188. Second, Ala scanning and kinetic analyses on residues in the SH2–catalytic domain interface identify three functionally distinct types of residues in mediating the communication between the SH2 and the catalytic domains. Type I residues are important in mediating a ligand-triggered activation of Csk because their mutation severely reduces Csk activation by the SH2 domain ligand. Type II residues are involved in suppressing Csk activity, and their mutation activates Csk, but makes Csk less sensitive to activation by the SH2 ligand. Both type I and type II residues are likely involved in mediating SH2 ligand-triggered activation of Csk. Type III residues are those located in the SH2 domain whose mutation severely decreases Csk catalytic activity without affecting the SH2 ligand-triggered activation. These residues likely mediate SH2 activation of Csk regardless of SH2–ligand interaction. These studies lead us to propose a domain–domain communication model that provides functional insights into the topology of Csk family of protein tyrosine kinases.
Hybrid interior point training of modular neural networks

Abstract Modular neural networks use a single gating neuron to select the outputs of a collection of agent neurons. Expectation–maximization (EM) algorithms provide one way of training modular neural networks to approximate non-linear functionals. This paper introduces a hybrid interior-point (HIP) algorithm for training modular networks. The HIP algorithm combines an interior-point linear programming (LP) algorithm with a Newton–Raphson iteration in such a way that the computational efficiency of the interior point LP methods is preserved. The algorithm is formally proven to converge asymptotically to locally optimal networks with a total computational cost that scales in a polynomial manner with problem size. Simulation experiments show that the HIP algorithm produces networks whose average approximation error is better than that of EM-trained networks. These results also demonstrate that the computational cost of the HIP algorithm scales at a slower rate than the EM-procedure and that, for small-size networks, the total computational costs of both methods are comparable.
DNA looping and cleavage by restriction enzymes studied by manipulation of single DNA molecules with optical tweezers

Looping and cleavage of single DNA molecules by the two-site restriction endonuclease Sau3AI were measured with optical tweezers. A DNA template containing many recognition sites was used, permitting loop sizes from ~10 to 10,000 basepairs. At high enzyme concentration cleavage events were detected within 5 seconds and nearly all molecules were cleaved within 5 minutes. Activity decreased ~10-fold as the DNA tension was increased from 0.03 to 0.7 pN. Substituting Ca 2+ for Mg 2+ blocked cleavage, permitting measurement of stable loops. At low tension, the initial rates of cleavage and looping were similar (~0.025 s -1 at 0.1 pN), suggesting that looping is rate limiting. Short loops formed more rapidly than long loops. The optimum size decreased from ~250 to 45 bp and the average number of loops (in 1 minute) from 4.2 to 0.75 as tension was increased from 0.03 to 0.7 pN. No looping was detected at 5 pN. These findings are in qualitative agreement with recent theoretical predictions considering only DNA mechanics, but we observed weaker suppression with tension and smaller loop sizes. Our results suggest that the span and elasticity of the protein complex and protein-induced DNA bending and wrapping play an important role.
A general, energy-separable polynomial representation of the time-independent full Green operator with application to time-independent wavepacket forms of Schrödinger and Lippmann—Schwinger equations

Abstract A general, energy-separable Faber polynomial representation of the full time-independent Green operator is presented. Non-Hermitian Hamiltonians are included, allowing treatment of negative imaginary absorbing potentials. A connection between the Faber polynomial expansion and our earlier Chebychev polynomial expansion (Chem. Phys. Letters 206 (1993) 96) is established, thereby generalizing the Chebychev expansion to the complex energy plane. The method is applied to collinear H + H2 reactive scattering.
Anti-factor Xa and activated partial thromboplastin time measurements for heparin monitoring in mechanical circulatory support.

Objectives This study investigated the relationship between anti-factor Xa (anti-FXa) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) for monitoring intravenous unfractionated heparin (IV-UFH) in patients with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices (CF-LVADs). Background CF-LVADs have become mainstream therapy for patients with advanced heart failure. Thromboembolic events, device thrombosis, and bleeding continue to be a challenge with this technology. Adequate anticoagulation is required to prevent these adverse events. Methods A prospective study of consecutive patients implanted with a CF-LVAD was conducted. Paired samples were considered concordant if aPTT values fell into expected ranges for subtherapeutic, therapeutic, and supratherapeutic anti-FXa levels. Heparin dosing was on the basis of anti-Xa levels. Results A total of 340 paired values from 38 patients were evaluated. Anti-FXa and aPTT were discordant in 253 samples (74.4%), with a high degree of variability in aPTT for any given anti-FXa level (r(2) = 0.57). Results were discordant in 104 samples (63.8%) from patients undergoing bridging therapy with warfarin and in 149 samples (84.2%) from patients with device obstruction and/or hemolysis (p Conclusions Levels of aPTT were disproportionately prolonged relative to the corresponding anti-FXa levels in CF-LVAD patients, particularly those with device obstruction. Hemolysis and warfarin administration may falsely elevate aPTT, resulting in overestimation of heparin concentration and under-anticoagulation. Use of aPTT and anti-FXa to guide heparin therapy may lead to different estimates of heparin concentration in the same patient.
Smallest scale estimates for the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids

We consider solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations for incompressible fluids in two and three space dimensions. We obtain improved estimates, in the limit of vanishing viscosity, for the Fourier coefficients. The coefficients decay exponentially fast for wave numbers larger than the square root of the maximum of the velocity gradients divided by the square root of the viscosity. This defines the minimum scale, the size of the smallest feature in the flow.
Spin Dependence of Scattering of Slow Neutrons by Be, Al, and Bi

Some information has been obtained on the spin dependence of scattering of slow neutrons by Be, Al, and Bi by measuring the scattering cross section for filtered neutrons. The result is that in none of these three cases does the sign of the scattering length change when the spin orientation is changed. But in the case of Be and Bi the magnitude of the scattering length for one spin orientation may be up to twice as great as that for the other spin orientation, and in the case of Al the variation may be by a factor of three.
Seismic modelling of lateral heterogeneity at the base of the mantle

Summary. Results from several recent studies suggest that there are lateral heterogeneities of up to a few per cent in the lowermost 150–200 km of the mantle (Bullen's D″ region). Inferred anomaly sizes span the range from less than 50 km to greater than 1000 km. In this study differences in the velocity structure among regions at the base of the mantle were inferred from an analysis of amplitude ratios of PKPAB and PKPDF for given earthquake-station pairs at distances greater than 155° (Sacks, Snoke & Beach). We distinguish two kinds of regions: A (anomalous) regions in which the mean, median and spread in AB/DF amplitude ratios are significantly higher (> 50 per cent) than for a reference radial earth model and N (normal) regions in which the distribution of the amplitude ratios is as expected. The AB branch has near-grazing incidence to the core and therefore maximum sensitivity to velocity structure compared to the near-normal incident DF phases. Using an iterative, forward-modelling approach, we have determined general characteristics of the velocity structure for regions at the base of the mantle which can produce amplitude-ratio distributions similar to those for an A region. Agreement between model and data is obtained over the period range from 0.5 s to greater than 10 s using a laterally heterogeneous model for the D″ region. the model consists of cells which are 200 km in lateral extent with velocity variations of up to ±1 per cent. This structure is modulated by a region-wide (1000km) perturbation which increases smoothly from zero at the edges of the region to a negative 1 per cent at the centre. Small cells (∼40 km) cannot produce anomalously large amplitude, long-period AB arrivals, and larger cells (∼1000km) cannot match the observed scatter. the ∼200 km scale anomalies could be small-scale convection cells confined to the D″ region.
The Biogeochemical Cycling of Hg in Forests: Alternative Methods for Quantifying Total Deposition and Soil Emission

A biogeochemical cycling approach to the Hg cycle is explored using existing data from the literature in order to begin to identify important processes that might be studied in detail and extrapolated to a regional scale. If it is assumed that all foliar Hg is taken up from the atmosphere, then estimates of total Hg deposition are rather easily made from measurements of leaf litterfall and throughfall. This assumption needs absolute verification before such an extrapolation can be made, however, because litterfall is a major Hg flux to the forest floor. Hg° evolution from soils can be an important process and needs to be measured in more ecosystems. The diffusion model for soil gaseous efflux may be useful in this regard and deserves testing. There is a critical need for a systematic analysis of Hg cycles using common protocols so as to minimize artifacts associated with sampling methodology (i.e., soil Hg efflux). This should be done in several soil and forest types, given the high degree to which Hg transformations in and emissions from soils are dependent upon soil organic matter content, redox potential and temperature.
A multi-scale approach to urban thermal analysis

An environmental consequence of urbanization is the urban heat island effect, a situation where urban areas are warmer than surrounding rural areas. The urban heat island phenomenon results from the replacement of natural landscapes with impervious surfaces such as concrete and asphalt and is linked to adverse economic and environmental impacts. In order to better understand the urban microclimate, a greater understanding of the urban thermal pattern (UTP), including an analysis of the thermal properties of individual land covers, is needed. This study examines the UTP by means of thermal land cover response for the Salt Lake City, Utah, study area at two scales: 1) the community level, and 2) the regional or valleywide level. Airborne ATLAS (Advanced Thermal Land Applications Sensor) data, a high spatial resolution (10-meter) dataset appropriate for an environment containing a concentration of diverse land covers, are used for both land cover and thermal analysis at the community level. The ATLAS data consist of 15 channels covering the visible, near-IR, mid-IR and thermal-IR wavelengths. At the regional level Landsat TM data are used for land cover analysis while the ATLAS channel 13 data are used for the thermal analysis. Results show that a heat island is evident at both the community and the valleywide level where there is an abundance of impervious surfaces. ATLAS data perform well in community level studies in terms of land cover and thermal exchanges, but other, more coarse-resolution data sets are more appropriate for large-area thermal studies. Thermal response per land cover is consistent at both levels, which suggests potential for urban climate modeling at multiple scales.
Diagnosis of Human Papillomavirus Genital Tract Infection

Although visible anogenital lesions are present in some persons infected with human papillomavirus (HPV), the majority of individuals with HPV genital tract infection do not have clinically apparent disease. Conventional viral detection assays, including serologic assays and growth in cell culture, are not available for the diagnosis and tracking of HPV infection. Papanicolaou tests are a valuable screening tool, but they miss a large proportion of HPV-infected persons. Accordingly, HPV DNA detection assays have become a key research tool in the detection of HPV infection, particularly in asymptomatic individuals. Several types of HPV DNA tests are now available, including Southern blots, dot blots, in situ hybridization, polymerase chain reaction, and solution hybridization (Hybrid Capture assay). Of these, the polymerase chain reaction assay is the most sensitive, whereas dot blots and solution hybridization are the least labor intensive. HPV DNA detection assays are not routinely used in screening patients, in part because the clinical relevance of asymptomatic infection is unclear. Nevertheless, these tests may be beneficial in confirming differential diagnoses and in providing prognostic information, particularly with respect to the HPV type involved.
Construction and overexpression of a synthetic gene for human DNA methylguanine methyltransferase: Renaturation and rapid purification of the protein

Abstract A synthetic gene was constructed that encodes human DNA methylguanine methyltransferase (hMGMT). The synthetic gene was designed with a number of unique restriction sites to facilitate cassette mutagenesis and to reflect the preferences found among genes in Escherichia coli. Both the full-length gene and a gene for a functional variant (hMGMTΔC) that lacks the C-terminal 28 codons were constructed, and the genes were overexpressed using a T7 RNA polymerase promoter. The proteins are made in the form of insoluble aggregates but the truncated form of the protein (hMGMTΔC) has been successfully denatured, renatured, and purified to near homogeneity by ion exchange. Methyltransferase activity assays of hMGMTΔC demonstrate that the reconstituted protein has substantial DNA repair activity, though somewhat less than full-length hMGMT that had been expressed and purified in a soluble form. Mass spectrometry of a mixture of proteolytic fragments confirmed the protein sequence and indicated no detectable oxidation of the active site cysteine. The protein was determined to be monomeric by gel filtration chromatography, and circular dichroism spectra for renatured hMGMTΔC and fully soluble hMGMT are consistent with the renatured protein preparation being fully folded. Refolded hMGMTΔC had a curious propensity to form large aggregates in a time-dependent manner when injected into a dynamic light scattering instrument; this aggregation behavior was not observed for hMGMT purified in a soluble form. Differences in susceptibility to aggregation may account for differences in methyltransfer activity. Yields of purified protein were approximately 5 mg/liter of culture.
Quantification of static connectivity between deep-water channels and stratigraphically adjacent architectural elements using outcrop analogs

This article uses data from well-exposed outcrops and published information to document static connectivity in deep-water channelized systems. Two measures of static reservoir connectivity on outcrop analogs are proposed: margin connectivity and sand-on-sand connectivity. Margin connectivity (Cm) is the length between two stratigraphically adjacent elements not obstructed by a barrier normalized by the total length of the interface. Sand-on-sand connectivity (Cs) is the length of sand-on-sand contacts between two stratigraphically adjacent elements normalized by the total length of the interface. The Cm and Cs are analyzed with regard to four categories: (1) association of architectural elements, (2) stacking pattern of channel elements, (3) setting on the slope-to-basin profile, and (4) net sand content. Results are as follows. First, connectivity varies by association of architectural elements. Channel-lobe contacts have higher Cm and Cs than channel-channel and channel-levee contacts. Second, connectivity varies by stacking pattern of channel elements. Predominantly vertically stacked channel elements have higher Cm and Cs than predominantly laterally stacked channel elements. Also, disorganized nonsequentially stacked channel elements have higher Cm than organized systematically stacked channel elements. Third, connectivity varies by setting on the slope-to-basin profile. Channel elements in confined settings have higher Cm than both weakly confined and unconfined-distributive settings. Fourth, connectivity varies by net sand content. Channel elements with a high net sand content have higher Cm than those with a low net sand content. Therefore, knowledge of a reservoir's placement in these categories can be used to aid in the prediction of static connectivity.
Angiotensin II Type 2 Receptor Is Essential for Left Ventricular Hypertrophy and Cardiac Fibrosis in Chronic Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension

Background The roles of angiotensin II (Ang II) in the regulation of heart function under normal and pathological conditions have been well documented. Although 2 types of Ang II receptor (AT1 and AT2) are found in various proportions, most studies have focused on AT1-coupled events. In the present study, we examined the hypothesis that signaling by AT2 is important to the development of left ventricular hypertrophy and cardiac fibrosis by Ang II infusion in mice lacking the AT2 gene (Agtr2−/Y). Methods and Results Male Agtr2−/Y and age-matched wild-type (WT) mice were treated long-term with Ang II, infused at a rate of 4.2 ng · kg−1 · min−1 for 3 weeks. Ang II elevated systolic blood pressure to comparable levels in Agtr2−/Y and WT mice. WT mice developed prominent concentric cardiac hypertrophy, prominent fibrosis, and impaired diastolic relaxation after Ang II infusion. In contrast, there was no cardiac hypertrophy in Agtr2−/Y mice. Agtr2−/Y mice, however, did not show signs of heart failure or impairm...
Scalable V&V Effort Estimation for Ultra-Large-Scale Systems

Project planning requires early-on effort estimation. As such, predictions into the future are made with some degree of unavoidable uncertainty. It is likely that some of those predictions will be proven wrong. Thus, solid techniques and concrete procedures are needed to reduce the inaccuracy of estimates. This paper is motivated by practical industrial experiences. It presents a scalable technique that enables scalable effort estimation and is used within an industrial project. The approach determines the critical factors that have to be considered when estimating the V&V effort for systems.
Resistance to peroxynitrite in Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Neisseria gonorrhoeae encodes a number of important genes that aid in survival during times of oxidative stress. The same immune cells capable of oxygen-dependent killing mechanisms also have the capacity to generate reactive nitrogen species (RNS) that may function antimicrobially. F62 and eight additional gonococcal strains displayed a high level of resistance to peroxynitrite, while Neisseria meningitidis and Escherichia coli showed a four- to seven-log and a four-log decrease in viability, respectively. Mutation of gonococcal orthologues that are known or suspected to be involved in RNS defence in other bacteria (ahpC, dnrN and msrA) resulted in no loss of viability, suggesting that N. gonorrhoeae has a novel mechanism of resistance to peroxynitrite. Whole-cell extracts of F62 prevented the oxidation of dihydrorhodamine, and decomposition of peroxynitrite was not dependent on ahpC, dnrN or msrA. F62 grown in co-culture with E. coli strain DH10B was shown to protect E. coli viability 10-fold. Also, peroxynitrite treatment of F62 did not result in accumulation of nitrated proteins, suggesting that an active peroxynitrite reductase is responsible for peroxynitrite decomposition rather than a protein sink for amino acid modification.
Clinical Pharmacy Travel Medicine Services: A New Frontier

Travel to remote destinations has increased dramatically in recent years. The Clinical Pharmacy International Travel Clinic (CPITC) was established in 1991 in the Kaiser Permanente Colorado Region to provide pre-travel advice to members to decrease their risk of travel-related diseases. The CPITC is unique from other travel medicine clinics because it is a pharmacist-run telepharmacy service. The team includes an infectious diseases physician, an infectious diseases clinical pharmacy specialist, 4 clinical pharmacists, and a pharmacy technician. The clinical pharmacists provide consultations via telephone. Both patient- and trip-related information are gathered to assess the traveler's health risks. Recommendations are provided regarding food- and water-borne diseases, insect-borne diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, and diseases related to animal bites. Additionally, detailed information is provided on vaccines that may be needed to protect travelers against various diseases. The travel consult is documented electronically. A copy of the consult, along with a booklet that provides travel information, is mailed to the patient. Success of the CPITC is demonstrated in several ways. The clinic initially served Kaiser Permanente members in the Colorado Region. The service has expanded and now also provides travel consults to Kaiser Permanente members in the Northwest and Ohio Regions. Patient satisfaction is high, and significant cost-savings have been realized secondary to avoiding the use of unnecessary vaccinations and medications. The CPITC allows resources to be leveraged and provides one center where individuals trained in travel medicine provide information to members, thus improving efficiency and decreasing cost.
Perceived Relationship With the Father of the Baby and Maternal Attachment in Adolescents

Objective: To examine the perceived relationship with the father of the baby and maternal attachment in pregnant adolescents. Design: Exploratory, longitudinal, using a convenience sample. Setting: Four antepartum clinics for low-income women. Patients/Participants: Seventy-nine adolescents, ages 12-19 years, (n = 54), and within 1 week after birth (n = 47). Chi-square analysis showed no differences in demographic characteristics or major variables of those who completed the study and those who dropped out (p > .89). Main Outcome Measures: An investigator-developed Father of the Baby Scale, Cranle’s Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale, and Avant’s Maternal Attachment Assessment Strategy. Results: A close and satisfying relationship with the father of the baby was positively correlated with some aspects of maternal-fetal attachment ( r = .24 to .33, p .05) and maternal-infant attachment ( r = .38, p Conclusions: The findings of this study lend tentative support to Rubin’s theory of maternal identity formation. A close and satisfying relationship with the father of the baby has a positive influence on maternal attachment behaviors. Additional research related to the adolescent’s relationship with the father of the baby is needed. Fathers of the babies of adolescent mothers should be included, where appropriate, in ongoing care of the mother and infant.
Climate-independent paleoaltimetry using stomatal density in fossil leaves as a proxy for CO2 partial pressure

Existing methods for determining paleoelevation are primarily limited by (1) large errors (±450 m), (2) a reliance on incorrect assumptions that lapse rates in terrestrial temperature decrease with altitude in a globally predictable manner, and/or (3) are inherently climate dependent. Here I present a novel paleoelevation tool, based on a predictable, globally conserved decrease in CO 2 partial pressure ( p CO 2 ) with altitude, as indicated by increased stomatal frequency of plant leaves. The approach was validated using historical populations of black oak ( Quercus kelloggii ). These analyses demonstrate highly significant inverse relationships between stomatal frequency and p CO 2 ( r 2 > 0.73), independent of ecological or local climatic variability. As such, this is the first paleobotanical method to be globally applicable and independent of long-term Cenozoic climate change. Further, tests on modern leaves of known elevations indicate that species-specific application to the fossil record of Q. kelloggii (= Q. pseudolyrata ) will yield paleoelevation estimates within average errors of ∼±300 m, representing a significant improvement in accuracy over the majority of existing methods.
Modeling and verification of distributed autonomous agents using logic programming

Systems of autonomous agents providing automated services over the Web are fast becoming a reality. Often these agent systems are constructed using procedural architectures that provide a framework for connecting agent components that perform speci.c tasks. The agent designer codes the tasks necessary to perform a service and uses the framework to connect the tasks into an integrated agent structure. This bottom up approach does not provide an easy mechanism for con.rming global properties of constructed agent systems. In this paper we propose a declarative methodology based on logic programming for modeling such procedurally constructed agents and specifying their global properties as temporal logic formulas. This methodology allows us to bring to bear a body of work for using logic programming based model checking to verify certain global properties of procedurally constructed Multi-Agent Systems.
A genetic approach for random testing of database systems

Testing a database engine has been and continues to be a challenging task. The space of possible SQL queries along with their possible access paths is practically unbounded. Moreover, this space is continuously increasing in size as the feature set of modern DBMS systems expands with every product release. To tackle these problems, random query generator tools have been used to create large numbers of test cases. While such test case generators enable the creation of complex and syntactically correct SQL queries, they do not guarantee that the queries produced return results or exercise desired DBMS components. Very often the generated queries contain logical contradictions, which cause "short-circuits" at the query optimization layer, failing to exercise the lower layers of the database engine (query optimization, query execution, access methods, etc.) In this paper we present a random test case generation technique, which provides solutions to the above problems. Our technique utilizes execution feedback, obtained from the DBMS under test, in order to guide the test generation process toward specific DBMS subcomponents and rarely exercised code paths. Test cases are created incrementally using a genetic approach, which synthesizes query characteristics that are of interest for the purposes of test coverage. Our experiments indicate that our technique can outperform other methods of random testing in terms of efficiency and code coverage. We also provide experimental results which show that the use of execution feedback improves code coverage of specific DBMS components. Finally, we share our experiences gained from using this testing approach during the development cycles of Microsoft SQL Server.
An Investigation of Gender Effects on Followers' Ratings of Leaders, Leaders' Self-Ratings and Reactions to Feedback:

Consistent with stereotype-fit and rater/ratee congruence models, male followers rated female leaders lower than they rated male leaders. Male followers also rated female leaders lower than females rated females. Female followers did not rate females higher than they rated males. While the stereotype-fit and rater/ratee congruence models appeared to hold for males, they did not hold for females in this sample. As hypothesized, male and female leaders did not differ in their self-ratings of leadership made confidentially. Contrary to hypotheses, females were not more likely than males to lower their self-ratings in response to negative feedback. Males and females also did not react differently to positive feedback.
Is Multiculturalism or Color Blindness Better for Minorities

A debate is raging in workplaces, schools, universities, and political and legal arenas: Is it better to ignore or acknowledge group differences? Multiculturalism, a pluralistic ideology, stresses recognizing and celebrating group differences, whereas color blindness, an assimilationist ideology, stresses ignoring or minimizing group differences. Both ideologies arguably advocate for equality, but what are their actual consequences for minorities? Previous research documents divergent patterns of relationship between these ideologies and racial bias (see Park & Judd, 2005). Among dominant-group members, multiculturalism— whether experimentally manipulated or measured as an individual difference—predicts lower bias, whereas color blindness predicts greater bias (Neville, Lilly, Duran, Lee, & Browne, 2000; Richeson & Nussbaum, 2004; Verkuyten, 2005; Wolsko, Park, & Judd, 2006). Yet no study has examined how the diversity beliefs of members of the dominant group affect the outcomes of targets. Furthermore, no study has tested this link in the ‘‘real world’’ among majority and minority individuals occupying the same setting. Therefore, in a field study, we investigated the effects of Whites’ diversity beliefs on their minority co-workers’ psychological engagement, a meaningful target outcome. Given that multiculturalism predicts decreased bias, and thus contributes to a positive diversity climate, and color blindness predicts increased bias, and thus contributes to a negative diversity climate, we hypothesized that Whites’ multiculturalism is associated with higher minority engagement and that Whites’ color blindness is associated with lower minority engagement. We tested these hypotheses in 18 work units in a large U.S. health care organization.
Misperceiving the value of information in predicting the performance of others

Economic models typically allow for “free disposal” or “reversibility” of information, which implies non-negative value. Building on previous research on the “curse of knowledge” we explore situations where this might not be so. In three experiments, we document situations in which participants place positive value on information in attempting to predict the performance of uninformed others, even when acquiring that information diminishes their earnings. In the first experiment, a majority of participants choose to hire informed—rather than uninformed—agents, leading to lower earnings. In the second experiment, a significant number of participants pay for information—the solution to a puzzle—that hurts their ability to predict how many others will solve the puzzle. In the third experiment, we find that the effect is reduced with experience and feedback on the actual performance to be predicted. We discuss implications of our results for the role of information and informed decision making in economic situations.
Abundance and diversity of organohalide‐respiring bacteria in lake sediments across a geographical sulfur gradient

Across the U.S. Upper Midwest, a natural geographical sulfate gradient exists in lakes. Sediment grab samples and cores were taken to explore whether this sulfur gradient impacted organohalide-respiring Chloroflexi in lake sediments. Putative organohalide-respiring Chloroflexi were detected in 67 of 68 samples by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Their quantities ranged from 3.5 × 104 to 8.4 × 1010 copies 16S rRNA genes g−1 dry sediment and increased in number from west to east, whereas lake sulfate concentrations decreased along this west-to-east transect. A terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) method was used to corroborate this inverse relationship, with sediment samples from lower sulfate lakes containing both a higher number of terminal restriction fragments (TRFs) belonging to the organohalide-respiring Dehalococcoidetes , and a greater percentage of the TRFLP amplification made up by Dehalococcoidetes members. Statistical analyses showed that dissolved sulfur in the porewater, measured as sulfate after oxidation, appeared to have a negative impact on the total number of putative organohalide-respiring Chloroflexi , the number of Dehalococcoidetes TRFs, and the percentage of the TRFLP amplification made up by Dehalococcoidetes . These findings point to dissolved sulfur, presumably present as reduced sulfur species, as a potentially controlling factor in the natural cycling of chlorine, and perhaps as a result, the natural cycling of some carbon as well.
Vaccination rate and age of premature infants weighing <1500 g: a pilot study in north-western Switzerland.

UNLABELLED In Switzerland, there are no special vaccination recommendations for premature and low-birthweight infants with respect to a particular target vaccination age. Incomplete and delayed vaccination bears the inherent risk of preventable infections. Therefore, the vaccination rate and age of 60 premature infants in north-western Switzerland born in 1994/95 were investigated in a retrospective case-control study. For this group of patients these are the first data ever available for this region. At the age of 4-5 y, the vaccination rates for polio and diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis (DTP acellular) as well as Haemophilus influenzae b (Hib) were similar in both preterm and full-term infants. In both groups, the fourth dose of vaccine against DTP, Hib and polio was far less frequently administered than the first three. The vaccination age in preterm infants for most vaccinations was significantly higher than in age-matched full-term controls. This was particularly obvious for the first dose of vaccine against polio and DTP. In preterm infants, the median age (5th; 95th percentile) at the date of the first polio vaccination was 131 (89; 270) d and 82 (60; 182) in full-term controls (p < 0.00001). The age difference was even larger for the first DTP vaccination (62 d, p < 0.00001). The main reasons for delayed vaccination may include insufficient information given to parents as well as prolonged hospitalization. CONCLUSION Vaccination of preterm infants should be discussed in every discharge communication, with emphasis on vaccine administration at the appropriate chronological age.
Neuromuscular Physiology of the Longitudinal Muscle of the Earthworm, Lumbricus Terrestris : I. Effects of Different Physiological Salines

1. An earthworm saline commonly used in previous investigations of earthworm neuromuscular physiology has been shown to be inappropriate for such studies because the ionic composition of the saline does not correspond to that of earthworm body fluids. 2. Problems encountered when using this saline include: increased excitability of motor axons innervating the longitudinal muscle, a decrease in the amplitude of external electrical responses of the muscle, an increased susceptibility of longitudinal muscle fibres to injury spiking, and a decrease in resting potentials of longitudinal muscle fibres (to a mean of -36.1 mV). 3. Such problems have been overcome by the development of a new physiological saline whose composition closely corresponds to the ionic composition of earthworm body fluids. 4. In the new saline responses of the nerve-muscle preparation remain stable for more than 1 h. 5. Resting potentials of longitudinal muscle fibres are also stable with time, the mean resting potential being -47.9 mV.
Zinn Adaptation in Middle Childhood Methods

This review focuses on a publication from Howard Zinn and how it can be applied in a Middle Childhood classroom.
Imaging of skeletal muscle function using 18FDG PET: force production, activation, and metabolism

The purpose of this study was to determine whether [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) can be used to evaluate muscle force production, create anatomic images of muscle...
Leaf litter decomposition is rapidly enhanced by the co-occurrence of monsoon rainfall and soil-litter mixing across a gradient of coppice dune development in the Chihuahuan Desert

Abstract Shrub encroachment, a common occurrence in drylands over the past 150 years, has the potential to alter the redistribution of soil and soil resources by wind and water. This may affect decomposition via soil-litter mixing (SLM). SLM can accelerate decomposition, but its contributions and relationship with abiotic controls, particularly in the context of shrub encroachment, are unknown. To better understand the spatiotemporal relationships between decomposition and shrub encroachment, we conducted a 24 month decomposition study aimed at understanding how placement of litter on either up or downwind sides of dunes in association dune volume affected litter decomposition. There was little decomposition in the first six months of the experiment, with 97.2% of mass remaining despite high exposure to solar radiation. Decay occurred in synchrony with monsoons and SLM, suggesting precipitation during the monsoon season plays an important role in facilitating both SLM and decomposition. Litter placements across a gradient of shrub volumes had no effect on decomposition rates and SLM, but litter placement on the downwind side of dunes had a positive influence on soil-microbial film development. Ultimately, monsoons rainfall and SLM promoted decomposition across a gradient of shrub encroachment in this dryland ecosystem.
ABA and GA3 regulate Ca2+-buffering in the cytosol and endoplasmic reticulum of barley aleurone cells

The cells of the barley aleurone layer secrete hydrolases (such as a-amylase) that mobilize the storage carbohydrates utilized during germination and seedling growth (Jones and Jacobsen, 1991). The synthesis and secretion ofa-amylase is increased by gibberellic acid (GA3) and this increase is reversed by abscisic acid (ABA). Although it is known that the maximum extent of GA3induced hydrolase secretion requires millimolar extracellular Ca2+ (Jones and Jacobsen, 1991), the precise role of Ca2+ in this acceleration of secretion is unknown. Changes in the level of cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]) are thought to link growth substance perception to response in several plant systemse.g.stomatal guard cells (Gilroyet al.1991). A similar phenomenon may occur in the aleurone cell.
Juror decision making: The importance of evidence.

Much of the research on juror decision making is concerned with whether jurors are swayed by irrelevant-or extralegal-issues in their judgments of defendants. Such studies examine whether jurors' attitudes and victims' and defendants' characteristics have a measurable impact on these decisions. Yet, in the typical study, evidential issues are either poorly measured or ignored, hence the effects of extralegal issues may be exaggerated. Moreover, jury simulations are often chosen to study these questions despite critics' concerns about the generalizability of the results. The present study uses data gathered from actual jurors to assess whether the emphasis on juror competence is justified. The results indicate that these jurors' decisions are dominated by evidential issues, particularly evidence concerning the use of force and physical evidence. Jurors were considerably less responsive to characteristics of victims and defendants, although some of these factors significantly affected their decisions.
An epidemic in a coronary care unit caused by Pseudomonas species.

Five patients in a coronary care unit were involved in an epidemic caused by a nonfermenting Gram-negative bacillus, presumptively identified by our laboratory as Pseudomonas cepacia . All medications administered intravenously to these patients were cultured. Because morphine was the only such medication common to the treatment of all the patients involved, a vial used in the unit at that time was cultured, as were two previouslyentered vials of saline solution and several sterile vials of distilled water used in the preparation of injectable medication. The Pseudomonas cepacia organism was recovered from one of the vials of saline solution. The epidemic ended as soon as the practice of re-entering the vials of sterile saline solution was discontinued.
Pretend play, divergent thinking, and math achievement in girls: A longitudinal study.

The present study examined longitudinal relationships among early pretend play, divergent thinking, and academic achievement in school-age girls. Theoretically, processes in pretend play should relate to divergent thinking and academic achievement. The aim of the present study was to establish longitudinal correlates of pretend play in school-age girls. It was hypothesized that early measures of pretend play would predict divergent thinking and academic achievement, controlling for verbal intelligence, at a 4-year follow-up. Thirty-one girls in the fourth through eighth grades participated in the study. Four years before the present study, these children received the Affect in Play Scale and a divergent thinking task. Children in the present study were administered a divergent thinking task (Alternate Uses Task). In addition, AIMSweb scores of academic achievement in reading and math were collected from school records. As hypothesized, early pretend play predicted later divergent thinking. Children whose pretend play was more imaginative and organized generated more alternate uses for common objects. Positive affect in play predicted originality of responses. In addition, both pretend play and divergent thinking predicted girls’ mathematics achievement longitudinally. Divergent thinking and play combined accounted for 31% of the variance in math achievement over time. All results remained significant when verbal intelligence was controlled. The present study provides important longitudinal evidence for the predictive power of pretend play in children’s development and adaptive functioning, particularly as it relates to divergent thinking and math achievement in girls.
Carcinogenic effect of sulfonamides.

Conclusion1. Under the conditions listed it was observed that albino rats injected with sulfanilamide or sulfapyridine in lard developed sarcomata at the injection site. This incidence was less than the number of tumors occurring following the injection of dibenzanthracene under identical conditions. 2. The occurrence of tumors in Swiss albino mice following thz injection of sulfanilamide in lard is reported in confirmation of previous work.
Applying a Human Needs Perspective to the Practice of Conflict Resolution: The Israeli-Palestinian Case (1990)

How can a human needs perspective inform the practice of conflict resolution? This chapter attempts to answer this question on the basis of my own experience with “interactive problem-solving,” an approach to the resolution of international conflicts that finds its fullest expression in the problem-solving workshop.2 This approach derives from the work of John Burton’ and follows the general principles that he has laid out. My own work has concentrated heavily (though not exclusively) on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict and I will draw most of my illustrations from that arena.
A dynamic spectrum analysis solution for the characterization of the UHF spectrum

The Spectral Analysis Solution (SAS), under development, is a multichannel superheterodyne signal analyzer with the intended applications of radio frequency (RF) research, radar verification, and general purpose spectrum sensing, primarily in the ultra-wideband (UWB) range from ultra high frequency (UHF) to the S-band. The SAS features a wideband channel operating from 100 kHz to 1.8 GHz and eight narrowband channels having adjustable instantaneous bandwidths ranging from 1 MHz to 100 MHz. The wideband channel provides a large picture of the RF spectrum while the narrowband channels allow for high resolution, low noise floor, and high spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) capabilities. An adaptive graphic user interface (GUI) has been implemented for the system that actively pulls and processes the system data in real time. This paper outlines the motivation and theory behind the system along with system validation and implementation results.
Cellular Immunotherapy of Cancer

Standard therapies for many common cancers remain toxic and are often ineffective. Cellular immunotherapy has the potential to be a highly targeted alternative, with low toxicity to normal tissues but a high capacity to eradicate tumor. In this chapter we describe approaches that generate cellular therapies using active immunization with cells, proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, as well as efforts that use adoptive transfer of effector cells that directly target antigens on malignant cells. Many of these approaches are proving successful in hematologic malignancy and in melanoma. In this chapter we discuss the advantages and limitations of each and how over the next decade investigators will attempt to broaden their reach, increase their efficacy, and simplify their application.
Energy-Aware Automatic Tuning on Many-Core Platform via Differential Evolution

The need for energy-aware computing has become increasingly demanding. However, high-performance computing is always users' pursuit. The key is how to maintain high performance meanwhile consuming an acceptable amount of energy. One feasible method is the energy-aware automatic tuning. In this paper, we implemented and compared several Differential Evolution (DE) based auto-tuning algorithms on an innovative many-core platform, in an effort to improve the energy consumption and energy delay product (EDP) of the entire platform. Our results show that Adaptive Differential Evolution algorithm is able to achieve better energy consumption as well as EDP than other DE algorithms tested. It also converges faster. We believe DE algorithm is an effective method that can be applied towards energy-efficient computing on manycore platforms.
Freeman II, Walter Jackson

American neurologist and psychiatrist Walter Jackson Freeman II (1895–1972) served as an organizational leader for a number of professional organizations, including the American Medical Association's Section on Nervous and Mental Disease, American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology, and American Association of Neuropathologists. He was even elected as the first president of the American Academy of Neurology, although he did not serve in this capacity. Although for a time he was famous in both professional and public arenas, his professional behavior is now generally considered abhorrent. Freeman is infamous for his development of the frontal lobotomy with neurosurgeon James Watts, and his later independent development and fanatic promulgation of the transorbital ‘ice pick’ lobotomy as a panacea for various forms of mental illness and socially unwelcome behaviors.