cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Aging and the detection of contingency in causal learning.

Young and older participants' ability to detect negative, random, and positive response-outcome contingencies was evaluated using both contingency estimation and response rate adaptation tasks. Age differences in contingency estimation were consistently greater for negative than positive contingencies, and these differences, though still present, were smaller when response rate adaptation was used as the measure of contingency learning. Detecting causal contingency apparently becomes more difficult with age, especially when an overt numerical estimate of contingency must be provided and when the relationship between a causal event and an outcome is negative. A model that incorporates features of both associative and rule-based approaches to contingency learning (e.g., P. C. Price & J. F. Yates, 1995; D. R. Shanks, 1995) provides the best explanation for this pattern of findings.
Growth hormone secretory dynamics in children with precocious puberty.

We investigated whether an increase in growth hormone secretion contributed to the growth spurt in children with precocious puberty by measuring the 24-hour profile of serum growth hormone in 51 patients with central precocious puberty. Girls with central precocious puberty had significantly greater mean 24-hour levels of growth hormone in comparison with normal prepubertal girls (5.1±0.5 SEM vs 3.4±0.3 ng/mL, P
Influence of mitomycin C on the replication of influenza viruses

Abstract The influence of mitomycin C (Mc) on the replication of influenza virus (WSN) in chicken embryo fibroblast cells (CEF) was studied. Mc inhibits the growth of WSN and other strains of influenza viruses but not of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) when added early in the infectious cycle. It inhibits the production of hemagglutinin most and complement-fixing antigen least. The effect of Mc is irreversible. The Mc-sensitive stage occurs predominantly before 3 hours post infection. Mc does not affect the eclipse rate of the virus, thus indicating that the decoating enzymes were not involved. Mc suppressed the synthesis of cellular ribonucleic acid (RNA), and no synthesis of viral RNA could be detected in infected cells after Mc treatment. There was no indication of enhanced cellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in infected cells, nor were the DNA analogs, bromodeoxyuridine, iododeoxyuridine, or cytosine arabinoside effective in inhibiting viral replication. Accordingly, it is suggested that the inhibition of influenza virus replication by Mc is due to a block in the viral RNA synthesis because of its inactivating effect on the functional cellular DNA or replicating form of viral RNA.
Competence of retransplanted homologous marrow cells in relation to time after original transplantation into irradiated mice.

SummaryC57BL and 101 parental bone-marrow cells, grown for different periods of time in irradiated (C57BL × 101) F1 recipients, were retransplanted into secondary F1 recipients in an attempt to evaluate the competence of the regrafted marrow. When either type of parental bone-marrow was allowed to grow in primary recipients for less than 30 days and subsequently transplanted into secondary recipients, the survival of secondary recipients was inferior to that of primary recipients. However, when parental bone-marrow remained in primary recipients more than 30 days, the survival of secondary recipients was superior to that of primary recipients. These effects may be ascribed to alterations of the immunological competence of the donor-marrow rather than to its failure to take or to its rejection, since the functional haematopoietic cells in all secondary recipients were principally of donor-type as judged by red-cell markers; i.e. sensitization of the marrow may have been exhibited when it was retransplanted...
Synthesis of Ag-clad (Bi,Pb)-2223 tapes by an alternative precursor route

Abstract An alternative two-powder process for the synthesis of superconducting (Bi,Pb)-2223/Ag clad wires by the powder-in-the-tube (OPIT) process is described. The first powder, of nominal stoichiometry Bi 1.8 Pb 0.4 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8 , is a mixture of (Bi,Pb)-2212 and Ca 2 PbO 4 . The second powder, of nominal stoichiometry CaCuO 2 , is a solution-synthesized mixture of Ca 0.45 Cu 0.55 O 2 and CaO. Using these oxide precursor mixtures, we obtain tapes with well-aligned grains, and reproducible critical current densities J c in the range of 20 000–26 000 A/cm 2 at 75 K in self-field after anneals at 815°C in 10% O 2 in less than 200 h. The decrease in annealing time, relative to other two-powder processes, may be due to the increase in reactivity and possible reaction paths of the Ca 0.45 Cu 0.55 O 2 precursor. Results on tapes prepared using other processing conditions are also reported.
Revealing the commercialized and compliant Facebook user

Purpose – Facebook users are both producers and consumers (i.e. “prosumers”), in the sense that they produce the disclosures that allow for Facebook's business success and they consume services. The purpose of this paper is to examine how best to characterize the commercialized and compliant members. The authors question the Facebook assertion that members knowingly and willingly approve of personal and commercial transparency and argue, instead, that complicity is engineered.Design/methodology/approach – A survey of Facebook users was conducted between December 2010 and April 2011 at one private and four public universities. Respondents were questioned about: the level of their consumer activity on Facebook; their knowledge of Facebook advertiser data sharing practices and their attitude toward such; their use of sharing restrictions and the groups targeted; and their assessment of transparency benefits versus reputation and consumer risks.Findings – No evidence was found to support the Facebook account ...
Optoelectronic devices on novel index surfaces

Abstract Nearly all practical optoelectronic devices are fabricated from epitaxial layers synthesized on [001]-oriented GaAs or InP substrates. The primary reason for this choice of substrate orientation is its wide availability and ease of epitaxial growth on it. In recent years there has been a growing interest in exploring other crystallographic substrate orientations. This interest stems from the novel physical properties that are often found in structures grown on substrates other than the (001). In this article we discuss the use of the (112) and the (110) surfaces for the fabrication of two optoelectronic devices that cannot otherwise be fabricated from structures grown on the conventional (001) surface. These devices are: a blue-green second-harmonic laser and a polarization–rotation modulator.
Analysis of the action of lidocaine on insect sodium channels

A new class of sodium channel blocker insecticides (SCBIs), which include indoxacarb, its active metabolite, DCJW, and metaflumizone, preferably block inactivated states of both insect and mammalian sodium channels in a manner similar to that by which local anesthetic (LA) drugs block mammalian sodium channels. A recent study showed that two residues in the cockroach sodium channel, F1817 and Y1824, corresponding to two key LA-interacting residues identified in mammalian sodium channels are not important for the action of SCBIs on insect sodium channels, suggesting unique interactions of SCBIs with insect sodium channels. However, the mechanism of action of LAs on insect sodium channels has not been investigated. In this study, we examined the effects of lidocaine on a cockroach sodium channel variant, BgNav1-1a, and determined whether F1817 and Y1824 are also critical for the action of LAs on insect sodium channels. Lidocaine blocked BgNav1-1a channels in the resting state with potency similar to that observed in mammalian sodium channels. Lidocaine also stabilized both fast-inactivated and slow-inactivated states of BgNav1-1a channels, and caused a limited degree of use- and frequency-dependent block, major characteristics of LA action on mammalian sodium channels. Alanine substitutions of F1817 and Y1824 reduced the sensitivity of the BgNav1-1a channel to the use-dependent block by lidocaine, but not to tonic blocking and inactivation stabilizing effects of lidocaine. Thus, similar to those on mammalian sodium channels, F1817 and Y1824 are important for the action of lidocaine on cockroach sodium channels. Our results suggest that the receptor sites for lidocaine and SCBIs are different on insect sodium channels.
The Mobilization of the New Right: a Test of Various Explanations

A TTHE BEGINNING of the 1970s, feminism seemed to be on the rise. In 1972, Congress passsed the Equal Rights Amendment, and in 1973, the Supreme Court asserted that a woman's right to have an abortion was constitutionally protected. Yet, by the 1980s, this picture had changed considerably as the fortunes of the women's liberation movement took a downward turn. On June 30, 1982, the deadline for ratification of the E.R.A. passed without it gaining the requisite number of state votes. Similarly, federal financing of abortions was severely curtailed in the late 1970s, and there appears to be a possibility that a Human Life Amendment will be passed sometime before 1984. To a large extent, this turn of events can be explained by the rise in the mid-1970s of a number of right-wing, single-issue interest groups (i.e., STOP E.R.A., Right to Life) which focused on the issues of abortion and the Equal Rights Amendment. Gradually, over the latter part of the decade, these single-issue groups combined with other right-wing groups to form a broad, amorphous movement which dubbed itself the "New Right" (Crawford 1980). Structurally, the New Right can be divided into three major sectors: a "secular" right that is most concerned with economic freedom; a "religious" right that focuses on assaults on religious freedom and traditional values; and a "social" right that opposes abortion, the E.R.A., and more generally the feminist movement and the issues it represents (Crawford 1980; Falwell 1980; Viguerie 1980). In more general terms, the New Right promotes what has been called "backlash" politics which are, for example, not only anti-E.R.A. and anti-abortion, but also anti-busing, anti-gay, and anti-"big" government. Furthermore, the New Right's goals are extremist in the sense that radical social and political changes are sought (Crawford 1980). Finally, in contrast to previous right-wing movements, the New Right has built a powerful network of organizations through which to pursue its goals, as evidenced by the 1980 elections in which six liberal senators targeted by the New Right fell to defeat.
MRI for breast cancer screening, diagnosis, and treatment

MRI is used widely both for screening women who are at increased risk of breast cancer and for treatment selection. Prospective studies confirm that MRI screening of women with known or suspected genetic mutation results in a higher sensitivity for cancer detection than does mammography. However, survival data are not available. In women with breast cancer, MRI detects cancer not identified with other types of screening. In two randomised trials, this increased sensitivity did not translate into improved selection of surgical treatment or a reduction in the number of operations. Data for longer-term outcomes such as ipsilateral breast tumour recurrence rates and contralateral breast cancer incidence are scarce, but to date do not show clear benefit for MRI. MRI is better than other methods of assessing the response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and is helpful in identifying the primary tumour in patients who present with axillary adenopathy.
CAQ: A machine learning tool for engineering

Abstract Machine learning algorithms developed from artificial intelligence (AI) research are rapidly finding useful applications in engineering domains. They are joining a family of tools that can help engineers summarize (or synthesize) massive amounts of data to support decision making. Traditional tools in this family, such as various statistical-based techniques, deal mostly with continuous (real) valued attributes — their results are relatively accurate, but often hard to interpret. On the other hand, logic-based learning tools, such as Michalski's AQ series of programs for learning concepts from examples, deal only with discrete valued attributes — their results are easier to comprehend, but not accurate for engineering applications which rarely deal solely with discrete valued attributes. Ideally, engineers need algorithms that work with a mix of attributes including those that take continuous values and those that take discrete values. Engineering problems also demand that learning algorithms be able to handle noise and produce concepts that are comprehensible. CAQ (Continuous AQ) is an algorithm designed to meet engineering requirements. This paper explains how CAQ combines continuous and discrete values, and shows that handling continuous attributes as real numbers instead of forcing them into a discrete representation leads to more efficient concept formation. Data from a turning process simulator used in support of machine operation planning in manufacturing are used to demonstrate the new algorithm.
High resolution NMR in vivo.

Abstract Nine years ago, several years after I had started studying metabolism in vivo by NMR, I was asked, after a seminar, ‘You have presented a novel and exciting methodology. What results have been obtained that are worthy of these methods?' I will finally try to answer that question in this article.
Stabilization of Human Albumin by Caprylate and Acetyltryptophanate

The thermal stabilization of human albumin by caprylate (CA) and acetyltryptophanate (AT) was studied by monitoring the formation of albumin polymer (defined as species larger than dimer) on the basis of its molecular size as well as its characteristic migration as alpha-globulin. Heating 5% protein solutions of purified albumin monomer, cohn fraction V, and fraction IV-4 + V at 60 degrees C in 0.1 M sodium phosphate or 145 mM sodium chloride, pH 7.0, established the following order of stabilizer effectiveness: 4 mM CA + 4 mM AT approximately 4 mM CA greater than 8 mM AT greater than or equal to 2 mM CA greater than 4 mM AT. However, albumin was more thermally stable in the chloride medium. Raising the CA concentration above 4 mM provided little additional stabilization. The D- and L-enantiomers of AT were equally effective, but 16 mM AT was needed to equal the effect of 4 mM CA. L-Tryptophanate exerted only slight stabilization, even at 32 mM; D-tryptophanate was even less effective. The albumin polymer level increased progressively with time at 60 degrees C in 2 mM CA or 4 mM AT, whereas in 4 mM CA it reached a plateau in 4-6 h. Acetone drying of albumin-rich fractions was shown to remove nearly all endogenous fatty acid, rendering the protein thermally labile unless sufficient exogenous stabilizer(s) was added. Even in the presence of 145 mM sodium chloride and 4 mM CA + 4 mM AT or 4 mM CA, the stabilizing effect of endogenous fatty acid was still detectable.
Investigations on the evaluation of polymeric calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) scale inhibitors in the presence of phosphonates

Abstract The effects of polymers with different architecture, phosphonates, and polymer/phosphonate blends on precipitation of calcium sulfate dihydrate (gypsum) precipitation are reported in this paper. It has been found that gypsum inhibition by polymers strongly depends on polymer architecture. Among the various phosphonates (i.e., aminotris(methylene phosphonic acid), AMP; 1-hydroxyethylidine 1,1-diphosphonic acid, HEDP; 2-hydroxyphosphono acetic acid, HPA; and 2-phosphonobutane 1,2,4-tricarboxylic acid, PBTC); tested AMP shows the best inhibition for gypsum precipitation. It has also been observed that presence of PBTC exhibits synergistic effect on the performance of polymers containing carboxyl group. Under the experimental conditions used, no synergistic effects were observed with polymer/phosphonate (AMP, HEDP, HPA) blends.
Pattern Determination in Hypotrich Ciliates

Synopsis. The hypotrich ciliates possess a highly localized ciliature arranged in a pre? dictable asymmetric and polarized fashion. They also possess a large repertoire of devel? opmental altematives, including morphogenesis of ciliature prior to fission, as well as during regeneration and reorganization. They also undergo a cystment process in which all visible ciliature dedifferentiates during cyst formation but redifferentiates upon emer? gence from the cyst. These organisms thus are highly suitable for analysis of cell patterning in eucaryotic unicells. Analysis of various types of experimentally induced cortical anom? alies reveals that the final pattern of the cortex in these ciliates is determined by at least three distinct informational systems. Two of these systems are inherited cytotactically; one is independent ofthe presence of visible structure and provides information for the polarity and asymmetry of developmental fields as well as serving as a potential initiation site for a complete set of cortical structures, whereas the second is dependent upon visible ciliature and provides local information for structure-type and polarity of new ciliary structures. The third informational system, developmental assessment, operates coordinately with the other two and generates the final ciliary pattern of the morphostatic ciliate. Gurrently the molecular bases of each of these informational sets remain unknown.
Comments on “Chaotic monetary dynamics with confidence”

Abstract This comment on the Serletis and Shintani paper in this journal issue emphasizes misunderstandings and oversimplifications that exist within the literature, regarding the relevancy and importance of chaos in economics. The paper by Serletis and Shintani provides substantial insights into that frequently misunderstood literature.
Significance driven computation: a voltage-scalable, variation-aware, quality-tuning motion estimator

In this paper we present a design methodology for algorithm/architecture co-design of a voltage-scalable, process variation aware motion estimator based on significance driven computation. The fundamental premise of our approach lies in the fact that all computations are not equally significant in shaping the output response of video systems. We use a statistical technique to intelligently identify these significant/not-so-significant computations at the algorithmic level and subsequently change the underlying architecture such that the significant computations are computed in an error free manner under voltage over-scaling. Furthermore, our design includes an adaptive quality compensation (AQC) block which "tunes" the algorithm and architecture depending on the magnitude of voltage over-scaling and severity of process variations. Simulation results show average power savings of ~ 33% for the proposed architecture when compared to conventional implementation in the 90 nm CMOS technology. The maximum output quality loss in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) was ~ 1 dB without incurring any throughput penalty.
Pulmonary resection for multi–drug resistant tuberculosis

Abstract Objectives: Mycobacterium tuberculosis continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Complacency by the medical profession and by patients has caused a new strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis to emerge that is highly resistant to current antibiotics. The possibility of a new worldwide epidemic of drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis is of concern. Optimal therapy for patients infected with multi–drug resistant tuberculosis often requires surgical intervention to eradicate the infection. We report on our experience with pulmonary resection for multi–drug resistant tuberculosis. Methods: During a 17-year period, 172 patients underwent 180 pulmonary resections. All patients had multi–drug resistant tuberculosis and had a minimum of 3 months of medical therapy before surgery. Muscle flaps were frequently used to avoid residual space and bronchial stump problems. Results: During the study period, 98 lobectomies and 82 pneumonectomies were performed. Eight patients underwent multiple procedures. Operative mortality was 3.3% (6/180). Three patients died of respiratory failure, 2 patients died of a cerebrovascular accident, and 1 patient had a myocardial infarction. Late mortality was 6.8% (11/166). Significant morbidity was 12% (20/166). One half (91) of the patients had positive sputum at the time of surgery. After the operation, the sputum remained positive in only 4 (2%) patients. Mean length of follow-up was 7.6 years (range 4-204 months). Conclusions: Surgery remains an important adjunct to medical therapy for the treatment of multi–drug resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the setting of localized disease, persistent sputum positivity, or patient intolerance of medical therapy, pulmonary resection should be undertaken. Pulmonary resection for multi–drug resistant tuberculosis can be performed with acceptable operative morbidity and mortality. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001;121:448-53)
713 THIAMINE RESPONSIVE MAPLE SYRUP URINE DISEASE

Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) is a coenzyme of mammalian branched chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (BCKAD). We have previously reported the in vitro stabilizing effect of saturating quantities of TPP on this multienzyme complex (Arch. Biochem. and Biophys. 202:23, 1980). In this investigation, we study the in vivo response to thiamine of four children affected with Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD), (CM, JP, TMc and VH). Fasting plasma levels of the branched chain amino acids, α-ketoacids and the BCKAD activity in peripheral leukocytes were measured before and during four weeks of 200mg thiamine P.O. per day while maintaining identical diets. TMc, VH and JP had significant falls in the mean blood values for all three branched chain amino acids (p<0.05). Corresponding decreases in plasma branched chain α-ketoacids occurred in TMc and JP, but not VH. CM exhibited no decrease in the measured parameters. The patients exhibiting a response (TMc, VH and JP) had measured BCKAD activity in their peripheral leukocytes ranging from 3-10% of normal controls, while CM had enzyme activity less than 1% of the normal controls. These results indicate that some patients with MSUD will respond to supraphysiological thiamine supplements and that the ability to respond is associated with residual enzyme activity present. The mechanism postulated for this response is stabilization of the BCKAD enzyme complex when TPP binding sites are occupied. (Supported by NIH Grants HD 08388 & CRC 00039).
The Green's function method for quantum corrections to the Thomas-Fermi model of the atom

A systematic method is presented for deriving the Thomas-Fermi equation for an atom and the quantum corrections from the many-body description. The novel feature of the method is that it does not require any a priori assumptions about the assignment of electrons to fully occupied single-particle states or about the distribution of electrons in phase space, but shows instead that the distribution which is usually assumed, or derived from the assumption of fully occupied single particle states, is a direct consequence of specifying that the many particle system is in its ground state. The procedure used in the derivation is the expansion of the mixed position-momentum representation of the Green's function in a series of powers of $\ensuremath{\hbar}$. The lowest order term is found to correspond with the Thomas-Fermi density. The form of the higher order terms, which are to be considered as corrections to zeroth order term, depends on the approximations made in the many-body equations for obtaining the Green's function. This paper deals only with the Hartree-Fock approximation, but the methods presented here allow generalization to other approximations which can include correlation effects.
Radiation-induced defects in oxygen-enriched silicon detector materials

Abstract A brief review of the influence of oxygen-enrichment on the damage parameters of silicon detectors is given, highlighting important conclusions for detector operation in high-energy physics radiation environments. With this background, defect spectroscopy data is presented for oxygen-rich detector materials using deep-level transient spectroscopy, photoluminescence, and electron-paramagnetic resonance. Among other observations, a defect level at E C −0.067 eV is reported to be introduced at an enhanced rate in oxygen-rich material. The limitations of the spectroscopic techniques in identifying the microscopic origins for damage-induced doping changes are discussed.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Low-Energy Atom-Surface Interactions

Molecular dynamics simulations of the deposition of atoms on crystalline surfaces have been conducted using the embedded atom method. The following atom-substrate combinations have been employed: 0.1–40 eV Ag deposited on (111) and (100) Ag substrates; 0.1 eV Ag deposited on (100) Cu; and 0.1 eV Cu deposited on (100) Ag. The purpose of the calculations for Ag atoms deposited on Ag substrates was to investigate the effects of adatom arrival energy and substrate orientation on the interactions of low-energy atoms with crystal surfaces. The goal of tile Ag oil Cu and Cu on Ag calculations was to observe the mechanisms producing thepreviously-reported asymmetry in epitaxy for these systems. The Ag on Ag deposition simulations demonstrated that the effects of increased atom arrival energies in promoting layerby- layer film growth and producing diffuse substrate-filn interfaces (mixing) were basically the same on the (100) and (111) surfaces. At 0. 1 eV, representative of thennal evaporation, the degree of island formation on the (100) substrate was essentially tile same as previously reported for a (111) Ag substrate. At a given atom arrival energy between 10 and 40 eV, both the redistribution into full monolayers and the mixing by surface exchange interactions were seen to occur more readily on the close-packed (111) growth surface than on the more open (100) surface. The mixing was a stronger function of crystallographic orientation. Cu was observed to grow on (100) Ag as a (100)-oriented film, with the initial film layers transfonned essentially to the bcc structure by a Bain distortion, in agreement with various experimental results. The distortion of the film layers resulted in large-amplitude soft-mode (low-frequency) lattice vibrations. Ag was observed to grow on (100) Cu as a (111)-oriented film, as experimentally observed, with the -type orientations of film and substrate parallel, as predicted by previous calculations of interfacial energy.
Vacuum-Tube Launchers and Boosters

Abstract : Systems are being developed to Investigate the feasibility of using an evacuated (vacuum) tube as either a launcher or booster for small to medium size projectiles. Two eight-inch diameter tubes are being fabricated to propel a one-to three-pound meteorological probe into the lower atmosphere. A 70-foot long tube can propel this projectile to approximately 7000 feet above ground level, while a 20-foot tube will send the same projectile to an altitude of approximately 3500 feet. A vacuum tube may be used to impart initial velocities in the range of 300 to 500 ft/sec to the ARCAS. This increased launch velocity will result in a 10 to 20 percent increase in peak altitude, with a simultaneous reduction in wind effect of 30 to 60 percent.
Rapid screening of DNA diversity using dot-blot technology and allele-specific oligonucleotides: maternity of hybrids and unisexual clones of hybrid origin (lizards, Cnemidophorus).

Abstract Allele-specific oligonucleotide probes, together with dot-blot methods, can provide rapid and inexpensive screening of DNA types in large samples of organisms. Here we demonstrate their use in: (1) determining types of mitochondrial DNA in hundreds of lizards from a dynamic hybrid zone; (2) discovering intraspecific geographic variation in genes; and (3) determining and verifying the maternal ancestry of unisexual, parthenogenetic lizards in clones of hybrid origin. These methods are broadly applicable in research involving rapid screening of DNA types in large samples of specimens for any gene with sequence data from which to design specific probes.
Equine Radiography: Portable X-Ray Generators, Film-Screen Technology, and Tabletop Automatic Film Processors

Veterinary imaging is changing rapidly from film-screen- to computer-based technologies. Even though the majority of equine imaging procedures entail assessing a radiograph on a view box, as soon as digital radiography becomes more competitive in price, it will likely replace film-based technology. Regardless of the technology used in equine practice, the generation of x-rays remains a common factor in the imaging equation. Therefore, an understanding of the production of a radiograph remains relevant for the equine practitioner. This article reviews the most commonly used portable x-ray generators in the market as well as an overview of the key concepts behind film screen radiography. It also provides a side-by-side summary of relevant specifications associated with film and screens as well as tabletop automatic film processors.
Collaboration and contrived collegiality: Revisiting Hargreaves in the age of accountability

Andy Hargreaves is internationally renowned for his work on many topics related to educational change. His work on how educational change shapes teachers’ work, particularly with respect to teacher collaboration, is well exemplified in his award-winning 1994 volume, Changing Teachers, Changing Times: Teachers’ Work and Culture in the Postmodern Age. In this volume, he taught us the important difference between collaborative cultures and contrived collegiality. This article will bring Hargreaves’ ideas about teacher collaboration to bear as I investigate a current educational reform movement: data-driven decision making. I describe how two school systems integrated teacher collaboration as an important feature of their movements towards using data, and I explain the consequences of their efforts. I close by raising critical issues for educators and researchers to address as we consider the role of teacher collaboration in the age of accountability.
Zircon from historic eruptions in Iceland: reconstructing storage and evolution of silicic magmas

Zoning patterns, U-Th disequilibria ages, and elemental compositions of zircon from eruptions of Askja (1875 AD), Hekla (1158 AD), Oraefajokull (1362 AD) and Torfajokull (1477 AD, 871 AD, 3100 BP, 7500 BP) provide insights into the complex, extended, histories of silicic magmatic systems in Iceland. Zircon compositions, which are correlated with proximity to the main axial rift, are distinct from those of mid-ocean ridge environments and fall at the low-Hf edge of the range of continental zircon. Morphology, zoning patterns, compositions, and U-Th ages all indicate growth and storage in subvolcanic silicic mushes or recently solidified rock at temperatures above the solidus but lower than that of the erupting magma. The eruptive products were likely ascending magmas that entrained a zircon “cargo” that formed thousands to tens of thousands of years prior to the eruptions.
Regional Development: Some Comments on the Discourse in Latin America

A recent issue of Society and Space was concerned with regional planning in Latin America. The papers focused either on sweepingly macrolevel analysis or on local community-based development strategies. This paper is an outline of some of the problems with this discourse as it was presented in the journal, and it is suggested that both groups have neglected the theoretical, empirical, and practical importance of ‘middle level’ analyses. It is at this level where the larger processes and local dynamics unfold, and where the real constraints and contingencies occur. Given the current complexity of Latin American development processes, comforting notions about transnational corporations or romantic views of community development will not advance our analytics or address the practical challenges.
Effects of IKr and IKs Heterogeneity on Action Potential Duration and Its Rate Dependence A Simulation Study

Background—A growing body of evidence suggests that heterogeneity of ion channel expression and electrophysiological characteristics is an important property of the ventricular myocardium. The 2 co...
Biocatalytic Synthesis of Two-Photon Active Resveratrol Oligomer

Resveratrol (3,5,4′ trihydroxy trans-stilbene) is a plant based phenolic compound. Enzymatic oligomerization of trans-resveratrol using horseradish peroxidase followed by characterization of the oligomer is presented. The oligomerization reaction was monitored using UV-Visible absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The oligomer exhibits strong two-photon-induced fluorescence. Computational modeling using spin-density calculations was performed to investigate the most probable reaction sites and the nature of products formed in the oligomerization process.
Structured Application of the Two-Point Method for the Estimation of Infiltration Parameters in Surface Irrigation

The two-point method is one of the best known procedures for estimating empirical infiltration parameters from surface irrigation evaluation data and mass balance, mainly because of its limited data requirements and mathematical simplicity. However, past research have shown that the method can produce inaccurate results. This paper examines the limitations of the method, reviews alternatives for improving two-point method results based on data that are collected or can easily be collected as part of a two-point evaluation, and suggests strategies for estimation and validation of results for different levels of evaluation data. Results show the limitations of formulating the estimation problem with advance data only and the benefits of using instead an advance and a postadvance mass balance relationship in the analysis. Because different combinations of parameters can satisfy the mass balance equations, the estimated function cannot be extrapolated reliably beyond the times used in formulating those relationships. While results can be used with confidence to characterize the performance of the evaluated irrigation event, they need to be used carefully for operational analysis and design purposes.
Hepatic Steatosis in Hepatitis C Virus Genotype 3 Infection: Does It Correlate with Body Mass Index, Fibrosis, and HCV Risk Factors?

Hepatic steatosis is a recognized feature of hepatitis C viral infection, particularly in genotype 3. The demographics and the associations contributing to moderate to severe steatosis in genotype 3 are not very well studied. The aim of this study is to determine the demographics and association of steatosis with fibrosis, obesity, diabetes, lipid levels, and risk factors among patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 3. Two hundred ninety-three consecutive HCV patients (genotype 1, n = 218; genotype 2, n = 43; genotype 3, n = 32) at our institution were studied retrospectively. Demographic information such as height, weight, genotype, risk factors, serum cholesterol and triglyceride, and liver biopsy was collected. Steatosis was graded using the Brunt classification. HCV genotype 3-infected patients were younger (P < 0.04) and had lower serum cholesterol levels (P < 0.02) compared to nongenotype 3 patients. Moderate to severe steatosis was more prevalent in HCV genotype 3 patients (P < 0.001) with intravenous drug abuse as a risk factor (P = 0.04). Genotype 3 was the independent predictor of steatosis in all patients. There was no statistical association between grade of steatosis and body mass index, fibrosis, necroinflammation, or hyperlipidemia when only HCV genotype 3 patients were included in the multivariate logistic model. Hepatic steatosis is a feature of genotype 3. Patients with HCV genotype 3 are younger and have lower serum cholesterol levels. Genotype 3 is the independent predictor for steatosis in HCV patients. HCV genotype 3 patients with moderate to severe steatosis are more likely to have intravenous drug use as a risk factor.
Optimal allocation of limited water supplies for Russet Burbank potatoes

Water shortages in many potato-producing regions have increased the demand for information on irrigating potatoes with limited water supplies. Field studies were conducted at Aberdeen, Idaho in 1988 and 1989 to determine the optimal allocation of limited water supplies for Russet Burbank potatoes. Irrigation amounts equal to 60 or 80% of estimated seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) were applied using various patterns of water allocation. Irrigation deficits were either partitioned evenly over the entire tuber bulking period, or were imposed during two of three designated growth stages (early, mid or late bulking) corresponding to the periods from 0 to 3, 3 to 6, and 6 to 9 weeks after tuber initiation, respectively. A well-watered, 100% ET check was included for comparison. Total yield reductions were greater when irrigation deficits were imposed during the early-mid and midlate bulking sequences than when they were imposed evenly over the entire tuber bulking period or during the early-late bulking sequence. Results relating U.S. No. 1 yields to seasonal water allocation patterns were similar to those for total yield. However, U.S. No. 1 yield reductions were proportionately greater. Irrigation deficits imposed during the early-mid bulking sequence resulted in the lowest specific gravities and the highest percentages of dark ends.
REVISING THE POPISH PLOT: FRANCES TROLLOPE'S THE ABBESS AND FATHER EUSTACE

My SUBJECT is doubly suspect: polemical religious fiction by Frances Trollope. Victorian Studies has, of course, always stressed the centrality of religion to nineteenth-century culture. Yet, paging through Robert Lee Wolff's magisterial 1977 Gains and Losses: Novels of Faith and Doubt in Victorian England, what is striking is how little advantage has been taken of his work, how few of the fictions he describes have made their way into critical conversation about the Victorian novel. In 1989 John Sutherland mapped what he called the unexplored "lost continent" of non-canonical Victorian fiction (1). Modernism's lingering legacy has meant, I would argue, that novels of religious controversy by women continue to comprise one ofthat continent's darkest reaches.1 Frances Trollope's fiction has also remained, for the most part, off our critical map. Known throughout most of the twentieth century as "Anthony's mother," the popular and prolific Frances Trollope has received some recent attention in studies of nineteenth-century industrial fiction which discusses her Michael Armstrong (1840) and Jessie Phillips (1844) (Bodenheimer, Gallagher, Kestner). However, like most of Trollope's other novels, her two anti-Catholic narratives, The Abbess (1833) and Father Eustace (1847), are largely unread by contemporary critics. Even a recent Trollope biography dismisses both novels as recyclings of hoary gothic plots and panderings to popular taste.2 The Abbess and Father Eustace do contain multiple gothic elements and capitalize as well on the Protestant preconceptions of Trollope's English audience. However, rather than cause for dismissal, Trollope's choice of this popular genre allows for investigation of a woman writer's engagement with the nineteenth-century Protestant critique of Roman Catholicism.3 For Trollope, the conventions of gothic4 and anti-Catholic literature offer a structure within which she can plot stories of mothers, daughters, and female autonomy. What Trollope offers as an alternative to the popery that she attacks in The Abbess and Father Eustace is, of course, English Protestantism. But "Protestantism" for Trollope is less a matter of doctrinal purity and more a gendered set of possibilities for self-making. Seeking to explain the revival of a seemingly anachronistic anti-Catholicism in nineteenth-century Britain, Walter Arnstein notes that "numerous mid-Victorians possessed a highly vivid sense of medieval history. There was but a narrow mental gap between the Victorian Gothic and the true Gothic" (214). In The Abbess and Father Eustace, Trollope
Irradiation of hepatic metastases.

Abstract This paper presents the study of liver metastases and the role of radiation therapy in its management. A total of 27 patients were treated in the Radiation Therapy Department of Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center between January 1973 and March 1975. The site of primary lesion, histology and interval between the detection of primary and liver metastases were studied in each case. The present study shows that liver irradiation is an effective way of managing patients with symptomatic liver metastases. Our study suggests selection of non-terminal patients for therapy. Roughly 70% of the total series of patients or 9596 of the group completing therapy showed symptomatic relief of pain. Jaundice and ascites improved in a small group as well. More than half of the patients with subjective improvement experienced regression in the liver size. No definite conclusion can be drawn about the effect of therapy on liver functions. The survival of patients is probably unchanged by therapy. The average survival since therapy was found to be 4 months.
Functional significance of mesolimbic dopamine

Abstract Although a large body of neuropharmacological evidence suggests that the mesolimbic dopamine system (ML DA) is critical for goal-directed behaviors, exactly which aspects of behavior are mediated or modulated by this system remains a matter of conjecture. By measuring changes in DA cell firing patterns and extracellular DA concentrations in target areas of ML DA cells during the development and performance of goal-directed behavior, it is possible to directly examine the relationship between ML DA transmission and various stages and components of behavior. This permits tests of hypotheses concerned with the functional significance of ML DA. This review will discuss recent electrophusiological, microdialysis and electrochemical data on behavior-associated changes in firing activity of ML DA cells and fluctuations in DA concentrations in target areas of these cells. Although application of an electrochemical technique to study behavior-associated changes in DA transmission is an area of hot debates, a close correlation between DA-dependent electrochemical signal changes and separate behavioral components, with a generally similar pattern of rapid signal fluctuations found in trained animals during operant lever-pressing behavior maintained by palatable food, cocaine or heroin, suggests that extrasynaptic DA may have some important functions in regulating behavior. This review will discuss possible mechanisms underlying phasic and tonic changes in ML DA transmission accompanying development and performance of positively-reinforced behavior, the contribution of learning, behavioral and pharmacological variables in the mediation of these changes, and their relevance for the organization and regulation of goal-directed behavior.
Column elution and concentration of volatile compounds in biological fluids

Abstract A new solvent elution method is described for the isolation and concentration of volatile metabolites in biological fluids. The procedure involves elution of the sample with a solvent through a micro-column of an adsorbent into glass-wool and evaporation of the excess solvent in a stream of helium at room temperature. The volatiles are recovered by subsequent heat desorption into a chromatographic system. Both elution and evaporation are made in a single step using a novel sampling device. Since the technique is based on liquid-solid adsorption chromatography, the adsorbent-solvent system which gives the maximum yield of volatile constituents was studied. The method is simple, highly efficient and reproducible, requiring only small volumes of biological fluids (less than 100 μl).
Angiographic findings in renal amyloidosis

The renal angiographic and venographic findings in five patients with renal amyloidosis are described. The findings include (1) normal or slightly decreased main renal artery; (2) pruning, tortuosity, and irregularity of the distal interlobar arteries, associated with smooth cortical margin and relatively homogeneous nephrogram; (3) nonvisualization of interlobular arteries; (4) asymmetric and uneven involvement of the kidneys; (5) prominent extrarenal arteries; and (6) renal vein thrombosis, frequently involving segmental and interlobar veins. Angiographic differential points between renal amyloidosis and other chronic renal parenchymal diseases are discussed with emphasis on the clinical history.
The autonomic nervous system and renal physiology.

Research in resistant hypertension has again focused on autonomic nervous system denervation – 50 years after it had been stopped due to postural hypotension and availability of newer drugs. These (ganglionic blockers) drugs have all been similarly stopped, due to postural hypotension and yet newer antihypertensive agents. Recent demonstration of the feasibility of limited regional transcatheter sympathetic denervation has excited clinicians due to potential therapeutic implications. Standard use of ambulatory blood pressure recording equipment may alter our understanding of the diagnosis, potential treatment strategies, and health care outcomes – when faced with patients whose office blood pressure remains in the hypertensive range – while under treatment with three antihypertensive drugs at the highest tolerable doses, plus a diuretic. We review herein clinical relationships between autonomic function, resistant hypertension, current treatment strategies, and reflect upon the possibility of changes in our approach to resistant hypertension.
The Pharmacotherapy of the HeartMate II, a Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Device, in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure: Integration of Disease, Device, and Drug

Advanced heart failure continues to be a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in the US. Patients with advanced heart failure have a poor prognosis without cardiac transplantation. The use of left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) as destination therapy for these patients is therefore expected to increase in the coming years as technology advances. The HeartMate II, a continuous flow implantable device, is currently the only LVAD that has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for destination therapy in patients with advanced heart failure. The pharmacotherapy associated with this device is very complex and, therefore, the need for expertly trained clinical pharmacists to care for this expanding patient population will also likely increase. Unfortunately, most pharmacists are unfamiliar with the effect of LVADs on the physiology and pharmacotherapy of a patient's heart failure. The purpose of this article is to give clinical pharmacists an introduction to the most common pharmacotherapeutic issues for patients with LVADs and present practical solutions for managing common drug therapy problems.
Conservation of temporal information by perceptual systems

Experiments in the auditory, visual, and vibratory modality employed two brief discriminably different stimuli, which were presented with temporal asynchronies unequivocally below the Hirsh-Sherrick threshold for performing temporal order judgments. A pair of such stimuli, experienced as a unitary perceptual event, is referred to as a “micropattern” composed of two “stimulus elements.” Ss could readily distinguish between two such micropatterns in which the temporal order of the stimulus elements was reversed. The discrimination was based on the perceptual dominance of the second stimulus element of each micropattern. This perceptual dominance was studied as a function of stimulus-element onset and offset asynchrony, the duration and intensity of the stimulus elements, and the difference (in frequency or wavelength) between the stimulus elements of a micropattern. The results suggest the existence of an operation of all perceptual systems in the time domain that acts to conserve information concerning the temporal order of the two stimulus elements at the expense of discriminatory acuity of the f’~rst element.