cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
ABS: Adaptive buffer sizing for heterogeneous networks

Most existing criteria [3,5,9] for sizing router buffers rely on explicit formulation of the relationship between buffer size and characteristics of Internet traffic. However, this is a non-trivial, if not impossible, task given that the number of flows, their individual RTTs, and congestion control methods, as well as flow responsiveness, are unknown. In this paper, we undertake a completely different approach that uses control-theoretic buffer size tuning in response to traffic dynamics. Motivated by the monotonic relationship between buffer size and loss rate and utilization, we design a mechanism called Adaptive Buffer Sizing (ABS), which is composed of two Integral controllers for dynamic buffer adjustment and two gradient-based components for intelligent parameter training. We demonstrate via ns2 simulations that ABS successfully stabilizes the buffer size at its minimum value under given constraints, scales to a wide spectrum of flow populations and link capacities, exhibits fast convergence rate and stable dynamics in various network settings, and is robust to load changes and generic Internet traffic (including FTP, HTTP, and non-TCP flows). All of these demonstrate that ABS is a promising mechanism for tomorrow's router infrastructure and may be of significant interest for the ongoing collaborative research and development efforts (e.g., GENI and FIND) in reinventing the Internet.
First results examining the compatibility of RMP ELM suppression with the radiating divertor in DIII-D

Abstract We report on recent DIII-D experiments that integrate edge localized mode (ELM) suppression using resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs) with divertor heat flux reduction under radiating divertor conditions. Our results illustrate the limitations in maintaining ELM suppression at gas puffing levels that were representative of good puff and pump operation in previous experiments without RMP. The electron pressure gradient in the pedestal (∇Pe) increased steadily during gas puffing and ELMs returned once ∇Pe reached values consistent with the peeling–ballooning stability limit, as determined by edge stability analysis. Even with this return of ELMs, a radiating divertor with RMP generated higher levels of total radiated power (∼40%) than comparable standard ELMing discharges without RMP at the same density. Differences in the accumulation of the seed argon in the core plasma between RMP and non-RMP during puff and pump were less than 20%.
Spectroscopic constants for the 2.5 and 3.0 μm bands of acetylene

Abstract Fourier-transform interferometer and difference-frequency laser spectra of acetylene have been recorded in the 2.5- and 3.0-μm regions, yielding improved rotation-vibration constants for the ν 3 fundamental and its Fermi-resonant partner, ν 2 + ν 4 + ν 5 , for their associated hot bands originating in the ν 4 and ν 5 bends, and for the CH stretch-bend combination bands. An analysis of the Fermi resonance gives more reliable estimates for the deperturbed constants and the anharmonic coupling.
Characterizing Subpopulations within the near-Earth Objects with NEOWISE: Preliminary Results

We present the preliminary results of an analysis of the sub-populations within the near-Earth asteroids, including the Atens, Apollos, Amors, and those that are considered potentially hazardous using data from the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (WISE). In order to extrapolate the sample of objects detected by WISE to the greater population, we determined the survey biases for asteroids detected by the project's automated moving object processing system (known as NEOWISE) as a function of diameter, visible albedo, and orbital elements. Using this technique, we are able to place constraints on the number of potentially hazardous asteroids larger than 100 m and find that there are ~4700 ± 1450 such objects. As expected, the Atens, Apollos, and Amors are revealed by WISE to have somewhat different albedo distributions, with the Atens being brighter than the Amors. The cumulative size distributions of the various near-Earth object (NEO) subgroups vary slightly between 100 m and 1 km. A comparison of the observed orbital elements of the various sub-populations of the NEOs with the current best model is shown.
1-(Organosulfonyloxy)-3(1H)-1,2-benziodoxoles: Preparation and Reactions with Alkynyltrimethylsilanes

Organosulfonyloxy derivatives of 1,2-benziodoxol-3(1H)-one (3a−c) and 3,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-3(1H)-1,2-benziodoxole (5a−c) can be prepared in high yield by the reaction of 1-hydroxybenziodoxoles 1 or 4 and the corresponding sulfonic acids or Me3SiOTf in the form of stable, but moderately hygroscopic, microcrystalline solids. Reaction of the triflate derivatives 3a and 5a with alkynyltrimethylsilanes affords either alkynyliodonium triflates 6, or (E)-β-(trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy)alkenyliodonium triflates 7, while the same reaction in the presence of pyridine selectively gives the respective 1-alkynylbenziodoxoles 8 and 9 in 82−90% yield.
Rate of protein synthesis in premature infants.

Extract: Estimated by the method of SAN PIETRO and RITTENBERG the metabolic pool of nitrogen was found to contain 0.315, 0.338, and 0.560 g N and to turn over 15.1, 13.5, and 12.1 times/24 h in three premature infants. Their rates of protein synthesis were 4.2, 3.9, and 5.9 g protein N/24 h. In the first 24 h after ingestion, less than 1.5% of the dose of 15N appeared as fecal nitrogen which accounted for 6.8, and 10.9, and 9.0% of the total 15N excreted during this period. Inclusion of fecal nitrogen in the SAN PIETRO-RITTENBERG calculations led to reductions of less than 10% in the estimated rates of protein synthesis. Analysis of the excretion of ammonia-15N in the urine yielded different results for size and turnover rate of the metabolic pool and the rate of protein synthesis in each infant. These differences serve to emphasize the oversimplification inherent in the SAN PIETRO-RITTENBERG treatment. The adherence of the date obtained in these studies to that predicted by the SAN PIETRO-RITTENBERG equation was that which would be expected if the protein synthesized during the course of the study had a relatively long half-life. Comparison of the results of these studies with similar studies performed in adults leads to the conclusion that a large pool of metabolic and a slow turnover of that pool are common to states of protein accumulation. Speculation: These studies suggest that rates of protein synthesis in premature infants are comparable to rates of protein synthesis in adults (on the basis of surface area), and that premature infants, in contrast to adults, achieve rapid growth by the synthesis of proteins with longer biological half-lives.
The Chandra Deep Field North Survey. IX. Extended X-Ray Sources*

The ≈1 Ms Chandra Deep Field North observation is used to study the extended X-ray sources in the region surrounding the Hubble Deep Field North (HDF-N), yielding the most sensitive probe of extended X-ray emission at cosmological distances to date. A total of six such sources are detected, the majority of which align with small numbers of optically bright galaxies. Their angular sizes, band ratios, and X-ray luminosities—assuming they lie at the same distances as the galaxies coincident with the X-ray emission—are generally consistent with the properties found for nearby groups of galaxies. One source is notably different and is likely to be a poor-to-moderate X-ray cluster at high redshift (i.e., z 0.7). This source has a large angular extent, a double-peaked X-ray morphology, and an overdensity of unusual objects [very red objects, optically faint (I ≥ 24) radio and X-ray sources]. Another of the six sources is coincident with several z ≈ 1.01 galaxies located within the HDF-N itself, including the FR I radio galaxy VLA J123644+621133, and is likely to be a group or poor cluster of galaxies at that redshift. We are also able to place strong constraints on the optically detected cluster of galaxies ClG 1236+6215 at z = 0.85 and the wide-angle–tailed radio galaxy VLA J123725+621128 at z ~ 1–2; both sources are expected to have considerable associated diffuse X-ray emission, and yet they have rest-frame 0.5–2.0 keV X-ray luminosities of 3 × 1042 and (3–15) × 1042 ergs s-1, respectively. The environments of both sources are either likely to have a significant deficit of hot intracluster gas compared with local clusters of galaxies, or they are X-ray groups. We find the surface density of extended X-ray sources in this observation to be 167 deg-2 at a limiting soft-band flux of ≈3 × 10-16 ergs cm-2 s-1. No evolution in the X-ray luminosity function of clusters is needed to explain this value.
A Comparison of Multifactor Productivity Calculations of the U.S. Agricultural Sector

Since the late 1970s, there have been fourteen studies that have estimated multifactor productivity (MFP) growth rates for the U.S. agricultural sector. The estimates of average annual MFP growth rates have ranged from 1.15 to 1.94 percent per year for studies using the gross productivity approach. The purpose of this paper is to identify the reasons for these different estimates. We consider theoretical and empirical factors and do not find any single reason that satisfactory explains the variation. The alternative estimates appear to be most sensitive to the coverage of years.
The Historical Background of the Communist Manifesto

he Manifesto of the Communist Party , published 150 years ago in London inFebruary 1848, is one of the most insuential and widely-read documentsof the past two centuries. The historian A. J. P. Taylor (1967, p. 7) hascalled it a OOholy book,OO and contends that because of it, OOeveryone thinks differ-ently about politics and society.OO And yet, despite its enormous insuence in the20th century, the Manifesto is very much a period piece, a document of what wascalled the OOhungryOO 1840s. It is hard to imagine itbeing written in any other decadeof the 19th century. The critique of capitalism offered by Marx and Engels in theManifesto is understandable in the context of economic conditions in Britain from1837 to 1848, and it is not that different, in places, from the conclusions reachedby other social critics during the 1840s.This paper attempts to place the Manifesto Os analysis of capitalist economicdevelopment in historical perspective. I begin by summarizing the economic ar-guments of Marx and Engels. While the Manifesto was written by Marx, its economicanalysis was strongly insuenced by EngelsOs OOpractical experience of capitalismOO inhis familyOs cotton Þrm in Manchester, England, in 1842 Ð 44. Upon his return toGermany, Engels published in 1845 a scathing indictment of early industrial capi-talism, The Condition of the Working Class in England . Much of EngelsOs critique ofBritish capitalism reappears in greatly condensed form in Section I o f the Manifesto .The second part of the paper examines the economic, social, and political condi-tions in Manchester and the surrounding south Lancashire cotton towns in the1830s and 1840s, drawing largely on the views of contemporary observers. I then
MICROWAVE SYNTHESIS AND ANTICONVULSANT ACTIVITY OF 2-BENZYL-1(2H)-PHTHALAZINONES

Microwave irradiation of 1(2H)-phthalazinone with benzyl halides and potassium carbonate in dimethyl-formamide afforded 2-benzyl-1(2H)phthalazinones in modest yields. These products were tested in mice and rats in maximal electroshock and pentylenetetrazole seizure models for anticonvulsant activity, and in the rotorod test for neurotoxicity. A majority of the compounds exhibited anticonvulsant protection. The p-aminobenzyl analog 1f was the most active compound in the maximal electroshock assay; it's ED50 value was 19.46 mg/kg and the TD50 was 61.35 mg/kg. In the rat, the values were 3.71 mg/kg and >125 mg/kg, respectively.
Massive neutral particles on heterotic string theory

The motion of massive particles in the background of a charged black hole in heterotic string theory, which is characterized by a parameter α, is studied in detail in this paper. Since it is possible to write this space-time in the Einstein frame, we perform a quantitative analysis of the time-like geodesics by means of the standard Lagrange procedure. Thus, we obtain and solve a set of differential equations and then we describe the orbits in terms of the elliptic ℘-Weierstras function. Also, by making an elementary derivation developed by Cornbleet (Am. J. Phys. 61(7):650–651, 1993) we obtain the correction to the angle of advance of perihelion to first order in α, and thus, by comparing with Mercury’s data we give an estimation for the value of this parameter, which yields an heterotic solar charge Q ⊙≃0.728 [Km]=0.493 M ⊙. Therefore, in addition to the study on null geodesics performed by Fernando (Phys. Rev. D 85:024033, 2012), this work completes the geodesic structure for this class of space-time.
3D Eulerian modeling of thin rectangular gas–solid fluidized beds: Estimation of the specularity coefficient and its effects on bubbling dynamics and circulation times

Abstract This study aims at investigating the influence of the wall boundary conditions and specifically the specularity coefficient on the fluidization behavior of a thin rectangular fluidized bed by means of 3D numerical simulation employing an Eulerian description of the gas and the solid phases. Thin rectangular fluidized beds have been extensively used in the research literature since it is assumed that the flow behaves like a simpler two-dimensional flow and hence they offer validation data for 2D simulations. However, the effects of the front and the back walls are significant, influencing the sensitivity of the fluidization hydrodynamics to the third dimension whose consideration is thus necessary. In order to investigate the influence of the specularity coefficient, ϕ (a parameter controlling the momentum transfer from the particles to the wall), on the fluidization hydrodynamics, a parametric analysis is conducted and the response of the bubble dynamics, reflecting the gasmotion, and the circulation fluxes, displaying the solids motion, are examined in detail. The computational results are compared with available experimental data in order to determine the values of ϕ that lead to the accurate description of the fluidization hydrodynamics via a two-fold validation strategy which involves the calculation of the circulation time and the solids concentration maps. It is observed that the appropriate value of the specularity coefficient depends rather strongly on the superficial gas velocity of the bed.
The theographic and the historiographic in an Indian sacred life story

Sacred biographical narratives from India evince a concern with history, with inserting their sacred figures into the timelines of states and empires. The state and politics, alongside financial records, has long been the primary content of the historical archive, of recording significant events so they would stand through time. Religion is, of course, another primary subject of preserved narrative, but its mode of recollection, at least in the modern West, has often been set in opposition to historical narrative. My aim in this essay is to show that we can find historical ‘texture’ in various genres of narrative in South Asia before the modern period not only in what we might call ‘secular’ materials – chronicles, court documents and so on – but in materials whose genre is within what we have come to identify as religious, in this case, hagiography.
Direct searches for neutrino mass

Abstract At present there is no positive experimental evidence that neutrinos have mass. Nevertheless, searches for neutrino mass continue, largely because the consequences of neutrinos having mass would be quite profound. In particular, the discovery of a non-zero neutrino mass would be a clear indication of physics beyond the current particle-physics standard model. In addition, neutrinos, if they have mass, remain viable candidates for the non-baryonic dark matter known to permeate galaxies. The current status of the experimental efforts searching for neutrino mass will be reviewed. In particular, it will be shown that the most recent tritium beta decay searches for neutrino mass clearly rule out the non-zero neutrino mass result first reported in 1980 by the Institute for Theoretical and Experimental Physics (ITEP) in Moscow. However, a troubling feature of these same recent results is that they all have best fits to neutrino mass squared that are negative. The significance of these negative neutrino mass squared results will be explored.
On the Age and Binarity of Fomalhaut

The nearby (d = 7.7 pc) A3V star Fomalhaut is orbited by a resolved dusty debris disk and a controversial candidate extrasolar planet. The commonly cited age for the system (200 ± 100 Myr) from Barrado y Navascues et al. relied on a combination of isochronal age plus youth indicators for the K4V common proper-motion system TW PsA. TW PsA is 196 away from Fomalhaut and was first proposed as a companion by Luyten, but the physicality of the binarity is worth testing with modern data. I demonstrate that TW PsA is unequivocally a physical stellar companion to Fomalhaut, with true separation 0.280+0.019 – 0.012 pc (57.4+3.9 – 2.5 kAU) and sharing velocities within 0.1 ± 0.5 km s–1—consistent with being a bound system. Hence, TW PsA should be considered "Fomalhaut B." Combining modern H-R diagram constraints with four sets of evolutionary tracks, and assuming the star was born with protosolar composition, I estimate a new isochronal age for Fomalhaut of 450 ± 40 Myr and mass of 1.92 ± 0.02 M ☉. Various stellar youth diagnostics are re-examined for TW PsA. The star's rotation, X-ray emission, and Li abundances are consistent with approximate ages of 410, 380, and 360 Myr, respectively, yielding a weighted mean age of 400 ± 70 Myr. Combining the independent ages, I estimate a mean age for the Fomalhaut-TW PsA binary of 440 ± 40 Myr. The older age implies that substellar companions of a given mass are approximately 1 mag fainter at IR wavelengths than previously assumed.
A hybrid explicit-implicit numerical algorithm for the three-dimensional compressible Navier-Stokes equations

A hybrid explicit-implicit numerical algorithm has been developed for the three-dimensional mean compressible Navier-Stokes equations. The algorithm combines the explicit finite difference algorithm of MacCormack and an implicit algorithm for the viscous sublayer and transition wall regions of the turbulent boundary layers. The algebraic turbulent eddy-viscosity model of Baldwin and Lomax is employed. A bodyoriented coordinate transformation is utilized to facilitate treatment of arbitrary flow regions. The hybrid algorithm has been vectorized on the CDC CYBER 203 computer using the SL/1 vector programming language developed at NASA Langley. The accuracy of the numerical algorithm, established previously for twodimensional flows with strong viscous-inviscid interaction (including flow separation), is validated for threedimensional flows. The algorithm is applied to the interaction of an oblique shock wave with a turbulent boundary layer in three dimensions. The computed results generally are found to be in close agreement with the experimental data. The hybrid algorithm is shown to provide a substantial improvement in computational efficiency compared to a vectorized MacCormack explicit algorithm alone.
Cultural Integration and Its Discontents

A community’s culture is defined by the preferences and equilibrium behaviours of its members. Contacts among communities alter individual cultures through two interrelated mechanisms: behavioural adaptations driven by pay-offs to coordination, and preference changes shaped by socialization and self-persuasion. This paper explores the workings of these mechanisms through a model of cultural integration in which preferences and behaviours vary continuously. It identifies a broad set of conditions under which cross-cultural contacts promote cultural hybridization. The analysis suggests that policies to support social integration serve to homogenize preferences across communities, thereby undermining a key objective of multiculturalism. Yielding fresh insights into strategies pursued to influence cultural trends, it also shows that communities benefit from having other communities adjust their behaviours.
The nuclear spin-orbit force in chiral effective field theories

Abstract A compelling feature of relativistic mean-field phenomenology has been the reproduction of spin-orbit splittings in finite nuclei after fitting only to equilibrium properties of infinite nuclear matter. This successful result occurs when the velocity dependence of the equivalent central potential that leads to saturation arises primarily because of a reduced nucleon effective mass. The spin-orbit interaction is then also specified when one works in a four-component Dirac framework. Here the nature of the spin-orbit force in more general chiral effective field theories of nuclei is examined, with an emphasis on the role of the tensor coupling of the isoscalar vector meson (ω) to the nucleon.
Polymer simulation on the hypercube

The Monte Carlo simulation of a model polymer is implemented on the Mark III Hypercube computer under the CROS operating system. The polymer model and the simulation method are discussed. The key features of the implementation are given. The results show that hypercube computers are well suited for the polymer simulations.
REACTION OF METHYLCERIUM REAGENT WITH TERTIARY AMIDES : SYNTHESIS OF SATURATED AND UNSATURATED KETONES FROM TERTIARY AMIDES

Abstract The reaction of CeCl 3 •MeLi to tertiary amides has been studied. The reagent prepared from cerium(III) chloride and methyllithium at 0 °C adds cleanly to morpholine amides to give the corresponding methyl ketones. Even in the presence of a large excess of the reagent, no tertiary alcohol formation is observed, indicating that the tetrahedral intermediates are stable under the reaction conditions employed.
Syntheses, structures, magnetism, and optical properties of lutetium-based interlanthanide selenides.

Syntheses, Structure, Magnetism, and Optical Properties of Lutetium- based Interlanthanide Selenides Geng Bang Jin, † Eun Sang Choi, ‡ Robert P. Guertin, § James S. Brooks, ‡ Corwin H. Booth, £ and Thomas E. Albrecht-Schmitt †,* Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the E. C. Leach Nuclear Science Center, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849 Department of Physics and National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310 Department of Physics and Astronomy, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155 Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd., Berkeley, CA 94720 Published in Inorg. Chem. 46, 9213 (2007). Abstract
Dynamic decohesion of bimaterials: Experimental observations and failure criteria

Abstract Some results of high speed interferometric measurements on dynamically propagating interfacial cracks are presented. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/steel bimaterial specimens of the one-point bend type are used. They are impact loaded using either a drop weight tower device or a high speed gas gun. This results in two distinct groups of experiments at different loading rates. In all cases very high crack propagation speeds are seen. In gas gun experiments, terminal crack tip speeds of up to 1.5 CsPMMA, where CsPMMA is the shear wave speed of PMMA, are measured. In addition, high accelerations (≈107g, where g is the acceleration of gravity) are observed and reported. Theoretically predicted near tip fields are used to extract experimental values of the dynamic complex stress intensity factor histories in each test. Using the fitted histories of the complex stress intensity factor, a dynamic crack growth criterion relating the energy release rate to phase angle and crack tip velocity is proposed and discussed.
Clinicopathologic analysis of microscopically invasive breast carcinoma

Abstract Breast biopsy or mastectomy cases having diagnoses of carcinoma in situ with “microinvasion,” “minimal invasion,” “focal invasion,” or “suggestive of invasion” were reviewed and all histologically identified foci of invasive disease from each case were measured using an ocular micrometer. Cases in which any single focus of invasion was greater than 5 mm or the added size of separate invasive foci exceeded 10 mm were excluded, resulting in a study group of 75 patients. Invasive neoplasm was present in the initial biopsy in 69 of 75 cases (92%); however, residual invasive neoplasm was found in the subsequent lumpectomy/mastectomy from 14 of these (20%). In 59% of cases, two or more histologically separate foci of invasion were identified. Invasive foci consisted of isolated cells or cell clusters, each less than 1 mm (microfocal invasion), in 33% of cases. In 12 cases, the sum of individual invasive foci was 5 to 10 mm. Axillary lymph nodes (LN) from 5 of 69 patients (7%) contained metastatic carcinoma (four cases, one LN positive; one case, two LN positive). The cumulative sizes of all invasive foci in the LN-positive group were microfocal invasion (one case), 0.6 mm (one case), 1.1 mm, 2.5 mm, and 5.8 mm. The difference in frequency of axillary node metastasis between tumors with microfocal and measurable invasion (4.3% v 8.6%) was not statistically significant. Follow-up data were available on 55 cases (mean interval, 66.1 months). One (node-negative) patient had duct carcinoma in situ recurrence in the same breast 4 years after initial treatment. Another (with unknown node status) developed an axillary lymph node metastasis 13 months after initial treatment (96% disease-free survival). We conclude that microscopic stromal invasion in breast carcinoma, at least in the setting of significant in situ component, is often initiated from multiple foci. Patients with microscopically invasive breast carcinoma have a small but significant risk of axillary metastases, although a highly favorable survival.
An Adaptive Perturbation Scheme for the Analysis of Mistuned Bladed Disks

In this paper, a novel perturbation technique is introduced for the determination of the forced vibration response of mistuned bladed disks. The proposed technique is adaptive in the sense that the level of approximation can be varied at will to accommodate any specificities of the tuned system and/or of the existing mistuning. This versatility of the proposed approach not only guarantees the reliability of the computed response but also leads to an excellent compromise between accuracy and computational effort. Numerical results are presented that demonstrate both the reliability of the computed response and the computational saving obtained by relying on the suggested perturbation technique as opposed to a straightforward steady-state analysis.
Magnetic Damping of Buoyant Convection During Semiconductor Crystal Growth with g-Jitters

In the Bridgman process, a single crystal is grown by the directional solidification of an initially molten semiconductor (melt) contained in a cylindrical ampoule. A crystal-growth experiment in an Earth-orbiting vehicle is subjected to unsteady residual accelerations (g-jitters), which drive an undesirable oscillatory buoyant convection in the melt. Since many molten semiconductors are excellent electrical conductors, the magnitude of the buoyant convection is dramatically reduced by applying a magnetic field during crystal growth. We treat the buoyant convection driven by periodic g-jitters whose direction is parallel to the axis of the ampoule. There is a nonuniform magnetic field that is axisymmetric around the ampoule axis. We compare the magnitudes and characteristics of the buoyant convections for various nonuniform magnetic fields to those for a uniform axial magnetic field.
Mapping the cosmological expansion

The ability to map the cosmological expansion has developed enormously, spurred by the turning point one decade ago of the discovery of cosmic acceleration. The standard model of cosmology has shifted from a matter dominated, standard gravity, decelerating expansion to the present search for the origin of acceleration in the cosmic expansion. We present a wide ranging review of the tools, challenges and physical interpretations. The tools include direct measures of cosmic scales through Type Ia supernova luminosity distances, and angular distance scales of baryon acoustic oscillation and cosmic microwave background density perturbations, as well as indirect probes such as the effect of cosmic expansion on the growth of matter density fluctuations. Accurate mapping of the expansion requires understanding of systematic uncertainties in both the measurements and the theoretical framework, but the result will give important clues to the nature of the physics behind accelerating expansion and to the fate of the universe.
Determination of substrate pinning in epitaxial and supported graphene layers via Raman scattering

The temperature-induced shift of the Raman $G$ line in epitaxial graphene on SiC and Ni surfaces, as well as in graphene supported on SiO${}_{2}$, is investigated with Raman spectroscopy. The thermal shift rate of epitaxial graphene on 6H-SiC(0001) is found to be about three times that of freestanding graphene. This result is explained quantitatively as a consequence of pinning by the substrate. In contrast, graphene grown on polycrystalline Ni films is shown to be unpinned, i.e., to behave elastically as freestanding, despite the relatively strong interaction with the metal substrate. Moreover, it is shown that the transfer of exfoliated graphene layers onto a supporting substrate can result in pinned or unpinned layers, depending on the transfer protocol.
Tournaments and Piece Rates: An Experimental Study

This paper presents an experimental examination of rank-order tournaments and piece rates. Ten experiments were run employing 225 paid undergraduate student volunteers. While, in general, the mean effort levels chosen by subjects converged to their theoretical equilibrium levels in both the piece rate and symmetric tournament experiments, a large variance was observed for all rank-order tournaments, and this variance persisted despite a number of different tournaments. The variance in the piece rate experiment was quite small. In the one asymmetric tournament, it was observed that while the mean effort level of "advantaged" subjects converged toward its theoretic equilibrium level, the mean effort level of disadvantaged subjects remained above their equilibrium level. In summation, while our results were supportive of the theory of tournaments, quite a number of puzzles were raised.
Engineering Based Careers: A Study of the Relation to Work at Mid-Career

The research reported in this paper was financed in part by a grant form the Carnegie Commission on Higher Education.
Giant Molecular Clouds in M33. II. High-Resolution Observations

We present 12CO (J = 1 → 0) observations of 45 giant molecular clouds (GMCs) in M33 made with the BIMA array. The observations have a linear resolution of 20 pc, sufficient to measure the sizes of most GMCs in the sample. We place upper limits on the specific angular momentum of the GMCs and find the observed values to be nearly an order of magnitude below the values predicted from simple formation mechanisms. The velocity gradients across neighboring, high-mass GMCs appear preferentially aligned on scales less than 500 pc. If the clouds are rotating, 40% are counterrotating with respect to the galaxy. GMCs require a braking mechanism if they form from the large-scale radial accumulation of gas. These observations suggest that molecular clouds form locally out of atomic gas, with significant braking by magnetic fields to dissipate the angular momentum imparted by galactic shear. The observed GMCs share basic properties with those found in the Galaxy, such as similar masses, sizes, and line widths, as well as a constant surface density of 120 M☉ pc-2. The size-line width relationship follows ΔV ∝ r0.45±0.02, consistent with that found in the Galaxy. The cloud virial masses imply that the CO-to-H2 conversion factor has a value of 2 × 1020 H2 cm-2 (K km s-1)-1 and does not change significantly over the disk of M33, despite a change of 0.8 dex in the metallicity.
Reionization and the large-scale 21-cm cosmic microwave background cross-correlation

Of the many probes of reionization, the 21-cm line and the cosmic microwave background (CMB) are among the most effective. We examine how the cross-correlation of the 21-cm brightness and the CMB Doppler fluctuations on large angular scales can be used to study this epoch. We employ a new model of the growth of large-scale fluctuations of the ionized fraction as reionization proceeds. We take into account the peculiar velocity field of baryons and show that its effect on the cross-correlation can be interpreted as a mixing of Fourier modes. We find that the cross-correlation signal is strongly peaked towards the end of reionization and that the sign of the correlation should be positive because of the inhomogeneity inherent to reionization. The signal peaks at degree scales (l ∼ 100) and comes almost entirely from large physical scales (k ∼ 10 -2 Mpc). Since many of the foregrounds and noise that plague low-frequency radio observations will not correlate with CMB measurements, the cross-correlation might appear to provide a robust diagnostic of the cosmological origin of the 21-cm radiation around the epoch of reionization. Unfortunately, we show that these signals are actually only weakly correlated and that cosmic variance dominates the error budget of any attempted detection. We conclude that the detection of a cross-correlation peak at degree-size angular scales is unlikely even with ideal experiments.
Estimating the Effect of Elite Communications on Public Opinion Using Instrumental Variables

A central question in the study of democratic polities is the extent to which elite opinion about policy shapes public opinion. Estimating the impact of elites on mass opinion is difficult because of endogeneity, omitted variables, and measurement error. This article proposes an identification strategy for estimating the causal effect of elite messages on public support for European integration employing changes in political institutions as instrumental variables. We find that more negative elite messages about European integration do indeed decrease public support for Europe. Our analysis suggests that OLS estimates are biased, underestimating the magnitude of the effect of elite messages by 50%. We also find no evidence that this effect varies for more politically aware individuals, and our estimates are inconsistent with a mainstreaming effect in which political awareness increases support for Europe in those settings in which elites have a favorable consensus on the benefits of integration.
Observations and Modeling of Atmospheric Profiles in the Arctic Seasonal Ice Zone

AbstractThe authors use the Polar Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model to simulate atmospheric conditions during the Seasonal Ice Zone Reconnaissance Survey (SIZRS) in the summer of 2013 over the Beaufort Sea. With the SIZRS dropsonde data, the performance of WRF simulations and two forcing datasets is evaluated: the Interim ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-Interim) and the Global Forecast System (GFS) analysis. General features of observed mean profiles, such as low-level temperature inversion, low-level jet (LLJ), and specific humidity inversion are reproduced by all three models. A near-surface warm bias and a low-level moist bias are found in ERA-Interim. WRF significantly improves the mean LLJ, with a lower and stronger jet and a larger turning angle than the forcing. The improvement in the mean LLJ is likely related to the lower values of the boundary layer diffusion in WRF than in ERA-Interim and GFS, which also explains the lower near-surface temperature in WRF than the forcing. The relative humidit...
Polynomials with PSL(2) monodromy

Let k be a field of characteristic p > 0, let q be a power of p, and let u be transcendental over k. We determine all polynomials f ∈ k[X ] \ k[X p ] of degree q(q―1)/2 for which the Galois group of f(X)―u over k(u) has a transitive normal subgroup isomorphic to PSL 2 (q), subject to a certain ramification hypothesis. As a consequence, we describe all polynomials f ∈ k[X] such that deg(f) is not a power of p and f is functionally indecomposable over k but f decomposes over an extension of k. Moreover, except for one ramification configuration (which is handled in a companion paper with Rosenberg), we describe all indecomposable polynomials f ∈ k[X such that deg(f) is not a power of p and f is exceptional, in the sense that X — Y is the only absolutely irreducible factor of f(X) ― f(Y) which lies in k[X, Y]. It is known that, when k is finite, a polynomial f is exceptional if and only if it induces a bijection on infinitely many finite extensions of k.
A New Classification for Genital Ambiguity and Urogenital Sinus Anomalies

The surgical management of children born with genital ambiguity and urogenital sinus anomalies is difficult and at times controversial. In attempting to describe the genitalia of such a patient, paediatric urologists have focused on the degree of masculinization, the length of the urogenital sinus, and the confluence of the reproductive tract and the urinary tract. Prader’s classification has been used to describe the degree of masculinization, and others have described the urogenital confluence as being either ‘high’ or ‘low’ [1,2].
Quantum bit escrow

Uncondit ionally secure bit commi tmen t and coin flipping are known to be impossible in the classical world. Bit commitment is known to be impossible also in the quan tum world. We introduce a related new primitive quantum bit escrow. In this primitive Alice commits to a bit b to Bob. The commi tment is bindingin the sense tha t if Alice is asked to reveal the bit, Alice can not bias her commi tmen t wi thout having a good probability of being detected cheating. The commitment is sealing in the sense tha t if Bob learns information about the encoded bit, then if later on he is asked to prove he was playing honestly, he is detected cheating with a good probability. Rigorously proving the correctness of quan tum cryptographic protocols has proved to be a difficult task. We develop techniques to prove quant i ta t ive s ta tements about the binding and sealing propert ies of the quan tum bit escrow protocol. A related primitive we construct is a quan tum biased coin flipping protocol where no player can control the game, i.e., even an all-powerful cheating player must lose with some constant probability, which stands in sharp contrast to the classical world where such protocols are impossible. *This research was supported in part by a U.C. president 's postdoctoral fellowship and NSF Grant CCR-9800024. *Supported in part by David Zuckerman's David and Lucile Packard Fellowship for Science and Engineering and NSF NYI Grant No. CCR-9457799. *This research was supported in part by NSF Grant CCR9800024, and a 3SEP grant. §This research was supported in part by D A R P A and NSF under CCR-9627819, by NSF under CCR-9820855, and by a Visiting Professorship sponsored by the Research Miller Inst i tute at Berkeley. Permission to make digital or hard copies of all or part of this work for personal or classroom use is granted without fee provided that copies are not made or distributed for profit or commercial advantage and that copies bear this notice and the lull citation on the first page. To copy otherwise, to republish, to post on servers or to redistribute to lists, requires prior specific permission and/or a fee. STOC 2000 Portland Oregon USA Copyright ACM 2000 1-58113-184-4/00/5...$5.00 General Terms Quan tum cryptography, bit commi tmen t Quan tum coin tossing, Quan tum
Toroidal orbifolds à la Vafa-Witten

We classify orbifolds obtained by taking the quotient of a 3-torus by Abelian extensions of Z/n× Z/n automorphisms, where each torus has a multiplicative Z/n action (n ∈ {3, 4, 6}). This ‘completes’ the classification of orbifolds of the above type initiated by Donagi and Faraggi [4] and Donagi and Wendland [5].
Experiment With Vibrational Control of a Laser Illuminated Thermochemical System

This paper presents experiments with vibrational stabilization of a laser illuminated thermochemical reaction that support the previous findings. A rectangular wave oscillating incident laser power is shown experimentally to induce asymptotically stable operating regimes with averages located at initially unstable steady states as predicted by vibrational control theory. Hence, vibrational control is demonstrated to be a feasible stabilizing strategy for laser induced reactions that needs no on-line measurement and complex actuators
Resonance between betatron and synchrotron oscillations in a free electron laser: A 3-D numerical study

We analyze the effect of betatron and synchrotron resonance on the gain process of the free electron laser (FEL) including betatron oscillations, finite beam emittance, self-consistent electron dynamics and a 3-D radiation field. Betatron oscillations force the electrons to be affected by an oscillatory radiation amplitude and phase in a Gaussian resonator radiation field. We show that not only can the radiation phase variation cause a resonance between approximately twice the betatron wavenumber and the synchrotron wavenumber, but the radiation amplitude variation in an FEL with efficiency enhancement schemes or just a tapered magnetic wiggler field amplitude Bw can also have a similar resonance effect. Numerical results for a 10 μm FEL are given. We find that for short wigglers, the effect of the betatron-synchrotron instability on the gain is negligible for Gaussian electron beams with a radius less than 0.8 times the radiation beam spot size.
HIV-1 integrase inhibitors: 2007-2008 update.

In recent years, HIV-1 integrase (IN) has become an attractive target for designing antiretroviral agents. The first IN inhibitor approved for clinical use, raltegravir, has validated the pharmacological viability of IN inhibitors and signals the advent of a new generation of antiretroviral drugs. The development of raltegravir and other successful lead IN inhibitors has also influenced the IN inhibitor design strategy. This has led to the identification of several potent inhibitors in these last two years. Further, an increased understanding of IN structural biology has opened up novel approaches to inhibiting IN, such as targeting its multimerization or interaction with cellular cofactors. This review covers recent developments in the field of IN inhibitor design from 2007 to 2008. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 30, No. 6, 890–954, 2010
B-Spline Method and Zonal Grids for Simulations of Complex Turbulent Flows

A numerical technique for computations of turbulent flows is described. The technique is based on B-splines and allows grid embedding in physically significant flow regions. Numerical tests, which include solutions of nonlinear advection-diffusion equations and computations of flow over a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers up to 300, indicate that the method is accurate and efficient. In computations of flow over a cylinder, the lift, drag, and base suction coefficients agree well with existing experimental data and previous numerical simulations.
Olefin exchange-mediated cyclopropanation of nitriles with homoallylic alcohols

We report herein olefin exchange-mediated cyclopropanation of nitriles with homoallylic alcohols. The use of homoallylic alcohols is central to the successful implementation.
A numerical instability in an ADI algorithm for gyrokinetics

We explore the implementation of an Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) algorithm for a gyrokinetic plasma problem and its resulting numerical stability properties. This algorithm, which uses a standard ADI scheme to divide the field solve from the particle distribution function advance, has previously been found to work well for certain plasma kinetic problems involving one spatial and two velocity dimensions, including collisions and an electric field. However, for the gyrokinetic problem we find a severe stability restriction on the time step. Furthermore, we find that this numerical instability limitation also affects some other algorithms, such as a partially implicit Adams-Bashforth algorithm, where the parallel motion operator v{sub {parallel}} {partial_derivative}/{partial_derivative}z is treated implicitly and the field terms are treated with an Adams-Bashforth explicit scheme. Fully explicit algorithms applied to all terms can be better at long wavelengths than these ADI or partially implicit algorithms.
Application of chiral cationic catalysts to several classical syntheses of racemic natural products transforms them into highly enantioselective pathways.

This paper describes the application of chiral oxazaborolidinium cations of type 2 to various enantioselective Diels−Alder reactions that have served as early key steps for the syntheses of complex natural products. In the original syntheses these Diels−Alder reactions produced racemic adducts and led to racemic target molecules unless a separation of enantiomers by classical resolution was employed. By use of chiral catalysts of type 2, chiral products were obtained directly from Diels−Alder reactions of achiral components in excellent yield and enantioselectivity and with the mechanistically predicted absolute configuration. As a result, a number of classical syntheses could be converted to enantioselective versions, including (1) cortisone/cortisol (Merck/Sarett), (2) dendrobine (Kende), (3) vitamin B12 (Eschenmoser), (4) myrocin C (Chu-Moyer/Danishefsky), (5) coriolin and hirsutene (Mehta), (6) dendrobatid 251F (Aube), (7) silphinene (Ito), and (8) nicandrenone core (Stoltz/Corey).
Empty Space-Times Admitting a Three Parameter Group of Motions

where RV is the Ricci tensor, R is the scalar curvative and K is Einstein's gravitational constant. Equations (1.1) are second order partial differential equations for the g,, and their solutions involve arbitrary functions which are to be determined from physical data expressed as initial values or boundary conditions. On the basis of Mach's principle one would like to conclude that if T, = 0 and there are no singularities anywhere in the g9, then equations (1.1) which take the form
THRAUSTOCHYTROSIDES A-C: NEW GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS FROM A UNIQUE MARINE PROTIST, THRAUSTOCHYTRIUM GLOBOSUM

Abstract Three new glycosphingolipids, thraustochytrosides A-C ( 1–3 ) were produced, in culture, by a marine protist, identified as Thraustochytrium globosum , collected in the Bahamas. Two-dimensional NMR methods, coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), were used to establish the structures of the new compounds.
A C^2-smooth counterexample to the Hamiltonian Seifert conjecture in R^4

We construct a proper C 2 -smooth function on R 4 such that its Hamiltonian flow has no periodic orbits on at least one regular level set. This result can be viewed as a C 2 -smooth counterexample to the Hamiltonian Seifert conjecture in. dimension four.