cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Efficient Marek's disease virus (MDV) and herpesvirus of turkey infection of the QM7 cell line that does not contain latent MDV genome

Marek's disease virus (MDV; also known as Gallid herpesvirus 2, MDV-1) causes oncogenic disease in chickens producing clinical signs that include lymphomas, visceral tumours, nerve lesions, and immunosuppression. MDV vaccines are widely used and mostly produced using primary cells: chicken embryo fibroblast cells, duck embryo fibroblast cells, chicken embryo kidney cells or chicken kidney cells. An immortalized cell line that can be used to manufacture the virus has long been desired. In this report, we demonstrate that QM7 cells were susceptible to infection with either MDV or herpesvirus of turkey (HVT; also known as Meleagrid herpesvirus 1, MDV-3). Polymerase chain reaction analysis with primers amplifying selected MDV genes revealed that QM7 cells did not contain these sequences. However, MDV genes were detected in QT35 cells, which have been reported to harbour latent MDV virus. Transfection of naked MDV DNA initiated efficient infection of QM7 cells. In addition, QM7 cell lysate, clarified supernatant, and QM7 cell pellet infected with MDV were negative for reverse transcriptase activity, indicating absence of endogenous retrovirus. QM7 cells were also found to be free of other avian pathogens in a chick embryo inoculation test. In vivo studies of MDV growing in QM7 cells showed the virus retained its pathogenicity and virulence. In ovo experiments demonstrated that both HVT and MDV propagated in QM7 cells did not interfere with hatchability of injected eggs, and viruses could be re-isolated from hatched chicks. The results suggest that QM7 could be a good host cell line for growing both MDV and HVT.
Campus Sustainable Food Projects: Critique and Engagement

ABSTRACT Campus sustainable food projects recently have expanded rapidly. A review of four components—purchasing goals, academic programs, direct marketing, and experiential learning—shows both intent and capacity to contribute to transformational change toward an alternative food system. The published rationales for campus projects and specific purchasing guidelines join curricular and cocurricular activities to evaluate, disseminate, and legitimize environmental, economic, social justice, and health concerns about conventional food. Emerging new metrics of food service practices mark a potential shift from rhetoric to market clout, and experiential learning builds new coalitions and can reshape relations with food and place. Campus projects are relatively new and their resilience is not assured, but leading projects have had regional, state, and national impact. The emergence of sustainability rankings in higher education and contract-based compliance around purchasing goals suggests that if support continues, higher education's leadership can extend to the broader agrifood system.
Emergency presentation of subdural hematoma: A review of 85 cases diagnosed by computerized tomography

The emergency presentations of 85 patients diagnosed by computerized axial tomography (CT) as having subdural hematomas (SDH) were retrospectively reviewed to identify factors contributing to an early or delayed diagnosis. Sixty-one of 85 patients (72%) were diagnosed within 24 hours of presentation. Forty-five of 57 (79%) with definite history or signs of cranial trauma were diagnosed within 24 hours, while only 16 of 28 (57%) without historical or physical evidence of trauma were diagnosed promptly. Focal neurologic signs were present in 32 of 57 patients (56%) with head trauma and 24 of these patients (75%) had an early CT scan. Twenty-two of 50 patients (44%) with head trauma had skull fractures, but the presence or absence of skull fracture alone did not serve to hasten the diagnosis in this group. In patients without head trauma, 14 of 28 (50%) had focal neurologic signs, with eight of 14 (57%) undergoing CT scan within 24 hours. No patient in this group had an abnormal skull series. Thus despite the immediate availability of CT scanning, a significant number of patients, especially those without history or evidence of head trauma, had a delay in diagnosis exceeding 24 hours. The presence of a focal neurologic sign is a more sensitive indicator of the presence of SDH than is a positive skull series.
An in-vitro analysis of two laser Doppler flowmetry systems for evaluation of bone perfusion.

Laser Doppler Flowmetry (LDF) has been shown to be a useful tool in the experimental and clinical measurement of bone blood flow. Two LDF receiving fiber channel systems, one with a 2mW He−Ne tube laser source and the other with an infrared diode laser source, were compared with specific reference to their light attenuation through three types of bone as well as their threshold thickness for the same specimens. The threshold thickness was higher for the infrared diode system for all three bone types whereas the attenuation was identical. The demonstrated differences were most likely due to the criteria established for flow detection; the infrared diode system has a greater degree of amplification of the output signal, yielding a higher value at each thickness of bone. The two systems will produce similar output data when used for experimental analysis of bone blood flow.
Total intravenous anesthesia for children undergoing brief diagnostic or therapeutic procedures.

Abstract Study Objective: To compare the quality of anesthesia with propofol, ketamine, or etomidate in children undergoing brief diagnostic or therapeutic procedures. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: University hospital. Patients: 971 pediatric oncology patients undergoing brief diagnostic or therapeutic procedures outside the operating room during a one-year period. Interventions: Total intravenous anesthesia was administered primarily with ketamine, etomidate, or propofol for oncology-related procedures such as bone marrow aspiration, lumbar puncture, radiologic imaging, and radiation therapy. Quality assurance data were collected for all patients, including anesthetic technique, dosage, and the occurrence of specific adverse events during anesthesia and recovery periods. Measurements and Main Results: There were 279 anesthesia-related occurrences, comprised almost entirely of five specific events: vomiting, hypoxemia (SpO 2 less than 94%), tachycardia, agitation, and myoclonus. Ketamine was associated with vomiting (14.6%), agitation (15.0%), and tachycardia (19.5%). Etomidate was also associated with vomiting (9.9%) and agitation (1.2%). Hypoxemia was rare except in the propofol group (15.7%) and was easily managed with supplemental oxygen, but occasionally required manually assisted ventilation via face mask. In patients receiving propofol vomiting (0.5%) and agitation (1.2%) were rare. Conclusions: Anesthesia with propofol, ketamine, or etomidate is safe and efficacious for children undergoing brief procedures. Propofol is associated with a decreased incidence of postanesthetic agitation and vomiting. Its association with respiratory depression is confirmed.
Linking Separate Worlds: Urban Migrants and Rural Lives in Peru

Linking Separate Worlds: Urban Migrants and Rural Lives in Peru. Karsten Paerregaard. New York: New York University Press, 1997. xi. 292 pp., figures, notes, glossary, bibliography, index.
A Toast to John Kitsuse

It is understood that academics, in general, and sociologists in particular, are a stiff and formal bunch. They have inherited their writing style from their German forebears, and even in the original German, Weber and Toennies weren't easy going. Anyone who has visited sociological gatherings and conventions will quickly recognize how staid they can be. Laughs are not abundant. So, in many ways, John Kitsuse was an anomaly. He was an excellent teacher, a formidable contributor to theory and research in deviance, and a brilliantly successful Chair of the Sociology department at Northwestern University and then at the Department of Sociology at the University of California, Santa Cruz. But he was also?that rare quality in a sociologist?a celebrated bon vivant. In dictionary terms a person having cultivated, refined and sociable tastes, especially with respect to food and drink. It takes gregariousness, a lack of inhibition, and an appreciation of fine things to produce such a lively personality, one the French call a "bon vivant"?someone who lives well. As Rogers (2008) remarks,
Biomechanical performance of new vascular sutures and needles for use in polytetrafluoroethylene grafts.

Two new cardiovascular monofilament sutures attached to taper point needles have been developed for use in expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) grafts. One monofilament suture made of PTFE has a microporous structure that allows it to be channel swaged to a needle that closely approximates its suture diameter. The other suture is a monofilament polypropylene suture that has been extruded to produce a tapered swage end, which was significantly smaller than that of the remainder of the suture in order to be channel swaged to smaller diameter needles. On the basis of comprehensive biomechanical performances, the performance of the new needle suture products with needle/suture diameter ratios approaching 1:1 was superior to needle suture products with 2:1 needle/suture diameter ratios for use in PTFE vascular grafts, regardless of the suture material. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Creative Ways to Locate MeSH Subheading Information

Locating notes about MeSH subheadings can be one of the most difficult aspects of MEDLINE searching. When used with Medical Subject Headings (MeSH), subheadings serve to limit or define the focus of a heading. National Library of Medicine (NLM) indexers, staff members who enter the MeSH indexing into the database, use subheadings freely. They do follow indexing conventions and savy searchers need to be aware of how to obtain basic subheading information to assist in search formulation. There are a number of methods which may be used in order to view subheading use notes. This column will provide an overview of some alternatives to locating such information.
Multinational corporations in Eastern Europe: Welcome trade partners or unwelcome change agents?

Abstract In the last two decades, trade between Eastern Europe and the West has grown remarkably. The multinational corporations (MNCs) have played a prominent role by offering the welcome trade benefits of technology transfer, financial and credit resources, and marketing expertise. The MNCs, however, also represent a threat as unwelcome change agents in numerous areas of trade, management, cultural change, and economic functions. Evidence is presented supporting the proposition that the traditional hostility and attitudes of restraint among Eastern bloc countries toward MNCs will have to be tempered. If not, these countries may find themselves squeezed out of the new types of trade and competition emerging in the 1980s between the developed world and nontraditional markets.
Psychological and Communication Processes Associated With Intergroup Conflict Resolution

This article examines the nature of intergroup conflicts and some of the psychological and communication processes that can facilitate their resolution. It focuses specifically on conflicts between individual members of different social identity groups and elaborates on the differences between interpersonal and intergroup conflict resolution. It continues with a presentation of the prevailing psychological conditions that exist prior to attempts to resolve intergroup conflict along with a series of psychological and communication processes that can be employed in small group settings to improve the climate for intergroup conflict resolution. It ends by discussing how people can be trained to recognize and take advantage of the beneficial effects of these psychological and communication processes in small group settings.
Effects of Mechanical, Cold, Gustatory, and Combined Stimulation to the Human Anterior Faucial Pillars

Tactile-Thermal Application (TTA) is a therapy technique designed to enhance the swallowing response in persons with dysphagia. In this study, TTA was broken down into each component stimulus (i.e., Cold, Mechanical, Gustatory), and all combinations thereof, to study the effects of each condition on measurable parameters of the normal human swallow response. Using surface electromyography (EMG), latency to swallow-specific activity and duration of submental EMG activity were measured to examine the following questions: (1) Are there stimulus-dependent differences in onset latencies and contraction durations of the submental muscle activity? (2) Which stimulus components are responsible for this response? (3) How long do the effects of stimulation last on the response? (4) Are there response differences according to age and gender? Between-subjects multivariate analysis of variance showed that the main effects for Treatment, Gender, and Age were significant. Latency to swallow-specific activity was significantly shorter following Mechanical + Cold + Gustatory condition compared to No Stimulation. The effect of stimulation on the swallow response lasted for only one swallow.
Reconstructing Past Climatic Anomalies in the North Pacific and Western North America from Tree-Ring Data

Winter climatic anomalies in the North Pacific sector and western North America are statistically calibrated with tree-ring data in western North America and reconstructed back to AD 1700. The results are verified using climatic data from the last half of the 19th century, which is prior to the calibration period. Climatic conditions reconstructed for 18th and 19th century winters are then summarized and compared with the 20th century record.
Auditory modulation of visual apparent motion with short spatial and temporal intervals

Recently, E. Freeman and J. Driver (2008) reported a cross-modal temporal interaction in which brief sounds drive the perceived direction of visual apparent-motion, an effect they attributed to "temporal capture" of the visual stimuli by the sounds (S. Morein-Zamir, S. Soto-Faraco, & A. Kingstone, 2003). Freeman and Driver used "long-range" visual motion stimuli, which travel over long spatial and temporal intervals and engage high-order cortical areas (K. G. Claeys, D. T. Lindsey, E. De Schutter, & G. A. Orban, 2003; Y. Zhuo et al., 2003). We asked whether Freeman and Driver's temporal effects extended to the short-range apparent-motion stimuli that engage cortical area MT, a lower-order area with well-established spatiotemporal selectivity for visual motion (e.g. A. Mikami, 1991, 1992; A. Mikami, W. T. Newsome, & R. H. Wurtz, 1986a, 1986b; W. T. Newsome, A. Mikami, & R. H. Wurtz, 1986). Consistent with a temporal-capture account, we found that static sounds bias the perception of both the direction (Experiment 1) and the speed (Experiment 2) of short-range motion. Our results suggest that auditory timing may interact with visual spatiotemporal processing as early as cortical area MT. Examination of the neuronal responses of this well-studied area to the stimuli used in this study would provide a test and might provide insight into the neuronal representation of time.
Gender stereotypes and social‐desirability effects on charity donation

Charities are competing as never before for consumers' donations. Simply asking individuals what influences their donation decisions may not reveal true causal factors. Social-desirability pressures may prompt potential donors to respond with answers that make them look good, instead of with factors that truly influence their behavior. In two experiments, subjects pledged lower amounts to the same charity when information about the organization's director and/or spouse reinforced a negative stereotype for the gender of those subjects. The manipulated variables were neither identified as important in pretests nor acknowledged by subjects in the experiments. The results of a final study suggest that peer interpretation research techniques can help to more fully reveal factors relevant to donation behavior. These research findings suggest that charities must be aware of social-desirability issues when selecting content for their advertisements. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The effects of corticosteroids on bone: osteonecrosis (avascular necrosis of the bone).

Objective To provide information about risk factors for, diagnosis of, and potential treatments and prevention of avascular necrosis (AVN) in patients frequently given systemic corticosteroid therapy for the management of allergic and/or inflammatory diseases. Data Sources Articles on AVN cited in PubMed from 1975 through 2008. Study Selection Publications consisted of case reports, reviews of osteonecrosis, and animal and human studies (mostly open, nonrandomized, and observational). Results Case reports of rare and infrequent use of corticosteroids and the development of osteonecrosis are of great concern to physicians, but most patients affected may also be at risk of developing osteonecrosis because of repetitive systemic corticosteroid use with underlying hyperlipidemia, alcoholism, smoking, connective tissue disorders, and/or previous trauma to the affected area. The use of statins for patients with hyperlipidemias may be useful in decreasing the risk of osteonecrosis but is considered investigational. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive tool for diagnosing AVN early. Prophylaxis with bisphosphonates may be worthwhile in certain patients for the early management of pain due to AVN, but eventually surgical intervention is warranted in the treatment of osteonecrosis. Conclusions Recognition of risk factors and educating (enabling) the patient remain the most effective ways of preventing AVN caused by corticosteroid use.
Prospective pilot study of a tablet computer in an Emergency Department.

Background The recent availability of low-cost tablet computers can facilitate bedside information retrieval by clinicians.
Expression of type 1 corticotropin-releasing factor receptor in the guinea pig enteric nervous system.

Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), immunohistochemistry, electrophysiological recording, and intraneuronal injection of the neuronal tracer biocytin were integrated in a study of the functional expression of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) receptors in the guinea pig enteric nervous system. RT-PCR revealed expression of CRF1 receptor mRNA, but not CRF2, in both myenteric and submucosal plexuses. Immunoreactivity for the CRF1 receptor was distributed widely in the myenteric plexus of the stomach and small and large intestine and in the submucosal plexus of the small and large intestine. CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was coexpressed with calbindin, choline acetyltransferase, and substance P in the myenteric plexus. In the submucosal plexus, CRF1 receptor immunoreactivity was found in neurons that expressed calbindin, substance P, choline acetyltransferase, or neuropeptide Y. Application of CRF evoked slowly activating depolarizing responses associated with elevated excitability in both myenteric and submucosal neurons. Histological analysis of biocytin-filled neurons revealed that both uniaxonal neurons with S-type electrophysiological behavior and neurons with AH-type electrophysiological behavior and Dogiel II morphology responded to CRF. The CRF-evoked depolarizing responses were suppressed by the CRF1/CRF2 receptor antagonist astressin and the selective CRF1 receptor antagonist NBI27914 and were unaffected by the selective CRF2 receptor antagonist antisauvagine-30. The findings support the hypothesis that the CRF1 receptor mediates the excitatory actions of CRF on neurons in the enteric nervous system. Actions on enteric neurons might underlie the neural mechanisms by which stress-related release of CRF in the periphery alters intestinal propulsive motor function, mucosal secretion, and barrier functions. J. Comp. Neurol. 481:284 –298, 2005. © 2004 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Indexing terms: gastrointestinal tract; myenteric plexus; submucosal plexus; stress
The glycemic, insulinemic, and breath hydrogen responses in humans to a food starch esterified by 1-octenyl succinic anhydride

The objectives of this study were to determine the glycemic, insulinemic, and breath hydrogen responses to food starch esterified with 1-octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) and glucose in 22 healthy nondiabetic adults. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were analyzed at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, 60, 90, and 120 minutes postprandially. Breath hydrogen excretion was measured at baseline and at hourly intervals for 8 hours after the carbohydrate challenge. Peak plasma glucose concentration was reduced 8% (P < 0.03) and peak insulin concentration was decreased 28% (P < 0.004) after subjects consumed the OSA beverage compared with the glucose beverage. Similarly, OSA reduced (P < 0.05) the area under the curve (0–120 min) for both plasma glucose and insulin. The increase in the number of positive breath hydrogen tests with the OSA-substituted starch suggests that the lowered glycemic response is at least partially due to malabsorption of OSA by the small intestine.
Biomarkers: the useful and the not so useful--an assessment of molecular prognostic markers for cutaneous melanoma.

Among individuals with localized (Stage I–II) melanoma, stratifying patients by a number of phenotypic variables (e.g., depth of invasion, ulceration) yields a wide range of 10-year melanoma-specific survival rates. With the possible exception of Ki-67, no molecular assessment is routinely used. However, there have been a tremendous number of studies assessing protein expression by immunohistochemistry toward the goal of better prediction of recurrence. In a previous systematic review, which required publication of multivariable prognostic models as a strict inclusion criterion, we identified 37 manuscripts that collectively reported on 62 proteins. Data for 324 proteins extracted from 418 manuscripts did not meet our inclusion criteria for that study, but are revisited here, emphasizing trends of protein expression across either melanocytic lesion progression or gradations of tumor thickness. These identified 101 additional proteins that stratify melanoma, organized according to the Hanahan and Weinberg functional capabilities of cancer.
Problems of detection and referral

To provide optimal quality of care for the nation's cancer patients, it is important that the individual identify the cancer early either through screening practices in an asymptomatic state or present themselves with early symptoms to the medical community. The primary care practitioner is an equal partner in this early detection of cancer and certainly needs to have significant incentives in place to perform quality screening services, as well as health counseling services for their asymptomatic patients and to investigate appropriately symptoms that could indicate early cancer. Perhaps of equal importance is the impact on cancer management outcome from the referrals of primary care practitioners to the oncology community. This area of cancer management is far less well studied and additional information would be of great help in determining where to place emphasis in professional and community education programs.
Quantification of myelin basic protein in the human fetal spinal cord during the midtrimester of gestation

The amount of myelin basic protein (MBP) was quantified in human fetal spinal cords from 12 to 24 gestational weeks (GW). MBP expression was determined by Northern blot, quantitative immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry. The development of compact myelin was analyzed by electron microscopy. Thirty-eight human fetal spinal cords were obtained after elective termination of intrauterine pregnancies from healthy women. Northern blot analysis showed a 15.8-fold increase in MBP mRNA between 12 and 18 GW. From 18 to 24 GW, MBP mRNA increased by 2.2-fold. The mRNA data paralleled immunoblot results that showed a 90.5-fold increase in MBP (0.147 ng/mg to 13.3 ng/mg tissue) between 12 and 18 GW and an approximately 11.5-fold increase between 18 and 24 GW (13.3 ng/mg to 154 ng/mg tissue). Immunocytochemical analysis also showed increased staining for MBP with advancing gestational age. At 12 GW, MBP immunoreactivity was observed in all three spinal cord funiculi. By 18 GW, MBP was expressed throughout the spinal cord white matter with the exception of the lateral corticospinal tracts and in the rostral levels of the fasciculus gracilis. With respect to myelin, at 12 GW, rare, noncompacted myelin lamellae were observed by electron microscopy. By 18 GW, discrete areas of compact myelin were observed in areas that showed MBP immunoreactivity, and at 24 GW, compact myelin was prominent throughout the white matter of the spinal cord. This study demonstrates a quantitative increase in MBP expression that is associated with myelin formation during the second trimester of human gestation. This information may provide normative data that can aid in the diagnosis of myelin disorders of the preterm, neonatal, and pediatric spinal cord. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
α-Synuclein: Stable compact and extended monomeric structures and pH dependence of dimer formation

The protein α-synuclein, implicated in Parkinson’s disease, was studied by combining nano-electrospray ionization (N-ESI) mass spectrometry and ion mobility. It was found that both the charge-state distribution in the mass spectra and the average protein shape deduced from ion mobility data, depend on the pH of the spray solution. Negative-ion N-ESI of pH 7 solutions yielded a broad charge-state distribution from −6 to −16, centered at −11, and ion mobility data consistent with extended protein structures. Data obtained for pH 2.5 solutions, on the other hand, showed a narrow charge-state distribution from −6 to −11, centered at −8, and ion mobilities in agreement with compact α-synuclein structures. The data indicated that there are two distinct families of structures: one consisting of relatively compact proteins with eight or less negative charges and one consisting of relatively extended structures with nine or more charges. The average cross section of a-synuclein at pH 2.5 is 33% smaller than for the extended protein sprayed from pH 7 solution. Significant dimer formation was observed when sprayed from pH 7 solution but no dimers were observed from the low pH solution. A plausible mechanism for aggregate formation in solution is proposed.
Prenatal counselling and diagnosis in progressively deforming osteogenesis imperfecta: A case of autosomal dominant transmission

A 21 -year-old woman with progressively deforming or type III osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) presented for prenatal counselling and diagnosis at 10 weeks' gestation. Family history was non-contributory. At 14.8 weeks' gestation, ultrasonographic examination revealed fetal skeletal hypomineralization, easily compressible fetal cranium, and thickened long bones, indicating that the fetus was also affected. Confirmation of the prenatal diagnosis of OI type III was made following a Caesarean section birth of a male infant with multiple skeletal deformities and blue sclerae implying, in this case, autosomal dominant inheritance.
SUMOylation enhances DNA methyltransferase 1 activity

DNA methylation regulates gene expression through a complex network of protein–protein and protein–DNA interactions in chromatin. The maintenance methylase, DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1), is a prominent enzyme in the process that is linked to DNA replication and drives the heritable nature of epigenetic modifications. The mechanistic details that explain how DNMT1 catalytic action is directed and regulated in chromatin are important in our overall understanding of gene control. In this work, we show that DNMT1 is modified by SUMOylation and we have mapped these SUMOylation sites by defined mutations. SUMOylated DNMT1 is catalytically active on genomic DNA in vivo and we find that SUMOylation significantly enhances the methylase activity of DNMT1 both in vitro and in chromatin. These data suggest that SUMOylation modulates the endogenous activity of a prominent epigenetic maintenance pathway in somatic cells.
Occult Rib Fractures and Brachial Plexus Injury Following Median Sternotomy for Open-Heart Operations

The incidence and the sites of rib fractures during open-heart operations through a median sternotomy incision were studied in 36 consecutive patients divided into two groups. In Group 1 (24 patients), a conventional Ankeney retractor was used to expose the heart, and in Group 2 (12 patients), a similar retractor was used but with its uppermost pair of blades removed. Thorough physical examinations and preoperative and postoperative chest roentgenograms were obtained, and postoperative bone scans were done in all patients. No rib fractures were detected on the routine chest roentgenograms in patients in either group. Bone scans, however, showed 44 rib fractures (15 of the first rib, 13 of the second rib, 4 of the third rib, 6 of the fourth rib, 3 of the fifth rib, and 3 of the sixth rib) in 16 patients in Group 1. Six patients in Group 2 had 9 rib fractures (2 of the first rib, 4 of the second rib, and 1 each of the third, fifth, and sixth ribs). None of the patients in Group 2 had brachial plexus injury and neither of the first rib fractures in this group were located posteriorly, whereas 3 patients in Group 1 had both brachial plexus injury and posterior first rib fractures.
The Hyperfine Structure and Nuclear Magnetic Moment of Caesium I

The hyperfine structure of the lines $\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{\lambda}8761$, 4593, 4555, 3889 and 3877 of the arc spectrum of caesium were observed with a Fabry-Perot etalon. The interval factors for the $6^{2}S_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $6^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$, $7^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$, and $8^{2}P_{\frac{1}{2}}$ states were found to be 0.0767, 0.00925, 0.00329, and 0.0017 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, respectively. Assuming a nuclear spin of 7/2, the nuclear magnetic moments calculated from Goudsmit's formulas were 2.66, 2.38, 2.62, and 3.01 nuclear magnetons for the respective states.
Doubly Differential Cross Sections for Proton-Impact Ionization of Argon,

Proton-impact-ionization cross sections for argon which are differential in the energy and angle of the ejected electron have been calculated within the framework of the Born approximation using both Hartree-Slater and Hartree-Fock wave functions for the ejected electron. Results of the two types of calculations are compared with each other and with experiment. Differential cross sections for all five sub shells of argon are examined and particular attention is given to some interesting features of the $K$-shell cross sections. The range of applicability of the theoretical models is discussed.
Chapter 4 Residential Care Supply and Nursing Home Case Mix

Abstract An evolution is occurring in state policy and industry practices relative to assisted living and expanded use of residential care facilities (RCFs) for persons with physical and cognitive frailty, yet relatively little is known about the interrelationship between this housing supply and nursing home case mix. This article summarizes an analysis of these relationships. The findings raise caution about the optimistic assumptions of the interplay between RCF policy and nursing home use. The proportion of nursing home cases with only physical and cognitive impairment likely to be affected by emerging long term care policy appears to be much less than 25%.
A QoS-Aware Medium Access Control Protocol for Real Time Traffic in Ad Hoc Networks

The advances in wireless communications and growth of real-time applications have necessitated the development of wireless networks that can support high Quality of Service (QoS). Unfortunately, support for real time traffic in such networks is still in its infancy. In this paper, we introduce a new MAC protocol, called Multi-rate Multi-hop QoS-aware MAC Protocol (MMMP) for Ad hoc networks that concurrently address several MAC layer QoS issues. MMMP is a reservation based asynchronous scheme that provides QoS guarantees for real time traffic by providing service differentiation for various multi-rate real-time traffic (both real time constant bit rate traffic and real time variable bit rate traffic) and guaranteeing a bounded end-to-end delay for the same while still catering to the throughput requirements of non real time traffic. In addition, bandwidth preservation is administered via a feature called 'Smart Drop'. Simulation results on the Qualnet simulator indicate that MMMP outperforms IEEE 802.11 on all performance measures and can efficiently handle a large range of traffic intensity. It also outperforms other similar state of the art MAC protocols.
Effects of Temperature and Storage Conditions on the Electrophoretic, Toxic and Enzymatic Stability of Venom Components

Rattlesnake venoms are complex biological products containing potentially autolytic components, and they provide a useful tool for the study of long-term maintenance of enzymes in a competent state, both in vivo and in vitro. To evaluate the stability of venom components, 15 aliquots of freshly extracted venom (from Crotalus molossus molossus) were subjected to 15 different temperature and storage conditions for 1 week and then lyophilized; conditions varied from storage at -80 degrees C (optimal preservation of activities) to dilution (1:24) and storage at 37 degrees C (maximal degradation potential). Effects of different storage conditions were evaluated using SDS-PAGE, metalloprotease zymogram gels, a cricket LD50 assay and enzyme assays (metalloprotease, serine proteases, phosphodiesterase, L-amino acid oxidase and phospholipase A2). Venom samples were remarkably refractive to widely varying conditions; enzyme activities of some samples were variable, particularly L-amino acid oxidase, and one sample treatment showed higher toxicity, but electrophoretic results indicated very little effect on venom proteins. This study suggests that most venom activities should remain stable even if stored or collected under potentially adverse conditions, and freezing samples is not necessarily advantageous. Proteins in the crude venom are not as labile as has been previously thought, and endogenous mechanisms present in the venoms likely inhibit autolysis during long-term storage that occurs in vivo in the gland.
The influence of atomic size and charge of dissolved species on the diffusivity and viscosity of silicate melts

Molecular dynamics simulations are used to determine how a dissolved species alters the transport properties of a silicate melt. To identify the specific factors that affect the transport properties, we examine the effects of generic dissolved species for which the atomic interaction parameters can be systematically varied. We focus on the role of the size and charge of the dissolved species. Our results show that neutral dissolved species have negligible effects on the structure and bonding of the silica network, regardless of the size of the species. These neutral species are decoupled from the network, and can diffuse orders of magnitude faster than the network ions. In contrast, charged species strongly disrupt the silica network, which leads to significant enhancement of the transport properties (e.g., lower viscosity and higher diffusivity of the network ions). The effects of the charged dissolved species are strongly dependent on their size.
Placental implantation abnormalities and risk of preterm delivery: a systematic review and metaanalysis.

We sought to evaluate the extent of the association between placental implantation abnormalities (PIA) and preterm delivery in singleton gestations. We conducted a systematic review of English-language articles published from 1980 onward using PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and Google Scholar, and by identifying studies cited in the references of published articles. Search terms were PIA defined as ≥1 of the following: placenta previa, placenta accreta, vasa previa, and velamentous cord insertion. Observational and experimental studies were included for review if data were available regarding any of the aforementioned PIA and regarding gestational age at delivery or preterm delivery. Case reports and case series were excluded. Studies were reviewed and data extracted. The primary outcome was gestational age at delivery or preterm delivery
Leptonic and semileptonic decays of charm and bottom hadrons

The authors review the experimental measurements and theoretical descriptions of leptonic and semileptonic decays of particles containing a single heavy quark, either charm or bottom. Measurements of bottom semileptonic decays are used to determine the magnitudes of two fundamental parameters of the standard model, the Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix elements ${V}_{\mathrm{cb}}$ and ${V}_{\mathrm{ub}}$. These parameters are connected with the physics of quark flavor and mass, and they have important implications for the breakdown of $\mathrm{CP}$ symmetry. To extract precise values of $|{V}_{\mathrm{cb}}|$ and $|{V}_{\mathrm{ub}}|$ from measurements, however, requires a good understanding of the decay dynamics. Measurements of both charm and bottom decay distributions provide information on the interactions governing these processes. The underlying weak transition in each case is relatively simple, but the strong interactions that bind the quarks into hadrons introduce complications. The authors also discuss new theoretical approaches, especially heavy-quark effective theory and lattice QCD, which are providing insights and predictions now being tested by experiment. An international effort at many laboratories will rapidly advance knowledge of this area of physics during the next decade.
Morphopathological changes and pain in beak trimmed laying hens

Beak trimming is routinely practiced in the poultry industry to reduce the incidence of feather pecking, aggression, and cannibalism in egg layers. Feather pecking is painful to birds and potential...
Contrasting carbon dioxide fluxes between a drying shrub wetland in Northern Wisconsin, USA, and nearby forests

Abstract. Wetland biogeochemistry is strongly influenced by water and temperature dynamics, and these interactions are currently poorly represented in ecosystem and climate models. A decline in water table of approximately 30 cm was observed at a wetland in Northern Wisconsin, USA over a period from 2001–2007, which was highly correlated with an increase in daily soil temperature variability. Eddy covariance measurements of carbon dioxide exchange were compared with measured CO2 fluxes at two nearby forests in order to distinguish wetland effects from regional trends. As wetland water table declined, both ecosystem respiration and ecosystem production increased by over 20% at the wetland, while forest CO2 fluxes had no significant trends. Net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide at the wetland was not correlated with water table, but wetland evapotranspiration decreased substantially as the water table declined. These results suggest that changes in hydrology may not have a large impact on shrub wetland carbon balance over inter-annual time scales due to opposing responses in both ecosystem respiration and productivity.
The zero-error capacity of compound channels

The compound channel is one of the simplest generalizations of the discrete memoryless channel (DMC). In this paper, we characterize the zero-error capacity when neither the encoder nor the decoder is informed of the choice of DMC s. We present a complete characterization of the compound channel capacities
Stochastic complexity and universal modeling

The idea of a universal code, due to Kolmogorov, is to design a code for a parametric family of sources, or random processes, which reaches the entropy as the limiting mean per symbol length no matter which member in the family generates the indefinitely growing data string. It is a testimony to the fundamental property of the code length that, if we do not settle merely for reaching the per symbol entropy as the limit but strive for the shortest code length for each long sequence, the code length actually defines a universal process as a model which imitates the behavior of any process or model in the family, much as a universal Turing machine imitates any special purpose machine. The shortest code length of a string, which we call its stochastic complexity, relative to the given family of processes, turns out to extend Shannon's information in the sequence in a manner that submits the entire field of statistics as just a branch in information theory-albeit a singularly important one. >
Nanotechnologies in Glycoproteomics

Protein glycosylation, as an important post-translational modification, is implicated in a number of ailments. Applying proteomic approaches, including mass spectrometry (MS) analyses that have played a significant role in biomarker detection and early diagnosis of diseases, to the study of glycoproteins or glycopeptides will facilitate a deeper understanding of many physiological functions and biological pathways involved in cancer, inflammatory and degenerative diseases. The abundance of glycopeptides and their ionization potential are relatively lower compared to those of non-glycopeptides; therefore, sample enrichment is necessary for glycopeptides prior to MS analysis. The application of nanotechnology in the past decade has been rapidly penetrating into many diverse scientific research disciplines. Particularly in what we now refer to as the “glycoproteomics area”, nanotechnologies have enabled enhanced sensitivity and specificity of glycopeptide detection in complex biological fluids, which are critical for disease diagnosis and monitoring. In this review, we highlight some recent studies that combine the capabilities of specific nanotechnologies with the comprehensive features of glycoproteomics. In particular, we focus on the ways in which nanotechnology has facilitated the detection of glycopeptides in complex biological samples and enhanced their characterization by MS, in terms of intensity and resolution. These studies reveal an increasingly important role for nanotechnology in helping to overcome certain technical challenges in biomarker discovery, in general, and glycoproteomics research, in particular.
Broadband cascaded four-wave mixing in high-Q silica microspheres

We demonstrate broadband, continuous-wave cascaded four-wave mixing parametric oscillation in the anomalous dispersion regime of a high-Q silica microsphere with an overall bandwidth greater than 100 nm and spectral features smaller than 10 MHz.
The New Mexico Tech Master of Science teaching program: an exemplary model of inquiry-based learning

The Master of Science Teaching Program offered by New Mexico Tech provides high quality science, mathematics, engineering, and technology (SMET) content-based, hands-on, experiential learning for practicing K-12 educators and is taught by graduate faculty of the discipline departments. To facilitate transfer of knowledge and skills to K-12 students, the program requires teacher participants to develop inquiry-based curriculum for their respective classrooms and laboratories from what they experience as they pursue a graduate degree in science teaching. Opportunities beyond the traditional curriculum are also available. A research internship component provides active research involvement by teacher participants at various research centers of excellence. International projects take teachers abroad to study science and engineering related to global environmental issues while integrating an intercultural component into the educational experience. Curriculum development and implementation originating from these experiences allow teachers to open the world to their K-12 students, offering them a comprehensive understanding of complex diversity issues worldwide. Elevating K-12 teaching to this level is an increasingly important aspect of education as we move toward a more global society.
An experimental analysis of the water relations of eggs of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii)

Eggs of Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii) were incubated in the laboratory under hydric conditions eliciting different patterns of net water exchange between eggs and surrounding air and substrate. Eggs incubated on wet and intermediate substrates increased in mass during the first half of incubation and decreased in mass during the second half, and their mass just before hatching was slightly lower than at oviposition. Eggs incubated on dry substrates and on platforms above substrates declined in mass throughout incubation, with a rate of decline greater in the second half of incubation than in the first. The size of hatchlings was related to the hydric environment in which eggs were incubated and, possibly, to the net flux of water across eggshells. However, variation in size of hatchlings was not as great as has been reported for other species with flexible-shelled eggs, owing presumably to the constraints on water exchange imposed by the more complex eggshells of Blanding's turtles.
CIVIL WAR EXPOSURE AND VIOLENCE

In recent years scholars have begun to focus on the consequences of individuals' exposure to civil war, including its severe health and psychological consequences. Our innovation is to move beyond the survey methodology that is widespread in this literature to analyze the actual behavior of individuals with varying degrees of exposure to civil war in a common institutional setting. We exploit the presence of thousands of international soccer (football) players with different exposures to civil conflict in the European professional leagues, and find a strong relationship between the extent of civil conflict in a player's home country and his propensity to behave violently on the soccer field, as measured by yellow and red cards. This link is robust to region fixed effects, country characteristics (e.g. rule of law, per capita income), player characteristics (e.g. age, field position, quality), outliers, and team fixed effects. Reinforcing our claim that we isolate the effect of civil war exposure rather than simple rule breaking or something else entirely, there is no meaningful correlation between our measure of exposure to civil war and soccer performance measures not closely related to violent conduct. The result is also robust to controlling for civil wars before a player's birth, suggesting that it is not driven by factors from the distant historical past.
Scalar quantizers for decentralized estimation of multiple random sources

We consider a new inference-centric application for a distributed sensor network. Consider multiple signal sources, i.e., acoustic sources, in the field being monitored. Governed by physics law each sensorpsilas measurement can be modeled as a linear combination of the original multiple signal sources, corrupted by the additive measurement noise. In a non-cooperative communication scenario, each sensor transmits (a summary of) its own observations to the fusion center (FC), that is interested in reconstruction of all the original signal sources. We show that the inherent correlation among sensorspsila measurements, which is due to their spatial proximity, can be effectively exploited to compress sensorspsila data and reduce the transmission rate, without necessarily comprising the inference performance, i.e., quality of the reconstructed sources at the FC. In particular, we propose a practically simple and yet effective encoding algorithm for sensors, built on the concept of distributed source coding, two data reconstruction schemes for the FC (referred to as pairing and sequential schemes), and two corresponding rate allocation policies. The proposed compression algorithm is developed based on the side information coding technique in. We further investigate the trade off between rate and source reconstruction quality for the proposed compression/reconstruction schemes and verify their effectiveness via simulations.