cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who named the radian

While looking at old copies of the journal Nature I chanced upon correspondence regarding the origin of the word radian. Textbooks today simply state it is an angular measure and have no interest in, nor space for, the history of the word. The Oxford English Dictionary states that the word first appears in print in 1879 in the second edition of the Treatise on natural philosophy by William Thomson (later Lord Kelvin) and Peter Guthrie Tait. In their discussion of angular velocity they wrote: “the usual unit angle is … that which subtends at the centre of a circle an arc whose length is equal to the radius. For brevity we shall call this angle a radian.”
The correlation between symptoms and non-invasive test results in patients referred for peripheral arterial disease testing.

The WHO/Rose questionnaire has served as the epidemiologic and clinical standard in the assessment of leg pain in patients with peripheral arterial disease (PAD) for over three decades. However, the structure of this questionnaire does not allow assessment of leg-specific (i.e. right versus left) symptoms. We studied 508 patients aged 39-95 years (mean 68 years), initially referred for PAD non-invasive testing. A revised questionnaire, the San Diego Claudication Questionnaire, was administered which allowed determination of leg-specific symptoms and evaluated thigh and buttock as well as calf pain. Leg-specific symptoms were categorized into no pain, pain at rest, non-calf claudication, non-Rose calf claudication, and Rose claudication. At the same visit, the ankle brachial index, the toe brachial index, and peak posterior tibial flow velocity were measured by Doppler ultrasound and five categories of non-invasive results by type and severity of PAD were defined. Legs with previous intervention (Rx), surgery or angioplasty, were evaluated separately. Claudication was reported in 42% of no Rx legs and 50% of Rx legs; 40% of claudication was atypical (not Rose); 64% of no Rx and 81% of Rx legs had PAD by non-invasive testing, and 27% of affected legs had severe PAD. The correlation between the severity of symptoms and the severity of ipsilateral PAD in no Rx legs was r = -0.40, p < 0.001. In Rx legs, this correlation was somewhat less (r = 0.27, p < 0.001) due to more symptomatology at lesser degrees of PAD, suggesting reporting bias and/or more residual disease than evident from non-invasive testing. To our knowledge, these results provide the first comparison between a standardized assessment of leg pain and the severity of ipsilateral PAD by non-invasive testing.
Schnelle Digitalfilter in ganzzahliger Arithmetik

Aufgrund der Fortschritte in der Mikroelektronik ist es heutzutage moglich, digitale Signalverarbeitung in Flieskommaarithmetik zu realisieren. Dennoch werden zumeist bei einer praktischen Anwendung fur hohe Datenraten Filter in Festpunktarithmetik realisiert. Wir wollen in diesem Kapitel einige solcher ganzzahliger Filter naher betrachten. Dies sind die CIC-Filter von Hogenauer [12] und deren Verallgemeinerung von Meyer-Base [71] und zum zweiten die Halbbandfilter nach Goodman und Carey [158]. Eine besonders haufige Anwendung dieser zwei Familien ganzzahliger Filter ist die mehrstufige Abtastratenwandlung (Dezimation und Interpolation), die wir im folgenden naher behandeln. Als weitere Anwendung werden wir eine gehorangepaste Filterbank besprechen.
Light-field display using ultra-high-definition imaging device

The paradigm theorem of light field optics is different from that of conventional imaging optics. The conditions for rays in a 3D space are reconstructed from the light field data shown on a 2D high definition flat display through the lens array. A light field display consists of a flat display and lens array attached on its screen. The light field display can be regarded as a transformation system for the light field data. Further, the light field data can be considered as 3D space information in another domain. It contains information of rays in a space, and a point light source in space is expressed as information of many rays that go through the point light source. A point light source in space represents a set of many point light sources, and each ray that composes a point light source should be described in the light field data. Therefore, the light field flat display requires a much higher resolution as compared to that required by a conventional imaging device, on which a point light source can be expressed by a single pixel. In this study, we developed various light field displays using high definition flat displays, introduced the theorem of light field display, and reported the examples of our experimental light field displays.
Mapping Odor to Action: (Dopaminergic) Timing Is Everything

Animal brains use the relative timing between sensory cues and behaviorally salient events to form predictive associations about their environment. Handler and colleagues provide new mechanistic insights into how differential signaling downstream of dopamine receptors couples this timing to the dynamic reweighting of synapses that link sensation to action.
Amygdala group II mGluRs mediate the inhibitory effects of systemic group II mGluR activation on behavior and spinal neurons in a rat model of arthritis pain.

Abstract The amygdala plays a critical role in emotional-affective aspects of behaviors and pain modulation. The central nucleus of amygdala (CeA) serves major output functions, and neuroplasticity in the CeA is linked to pain-related behaviors in different models. Activation of Gi/o-coupled group II metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs), which consist of mGluR2 and mGluR3, can decrease neurotransmitter release and regulate synaptic plasticity. Group II mGluRs have emerged as targets for neuropsychiatric disorders and can inhibit pain-related processing and behaviors. Surprisingly, site and mechanism of antinociceptive actions of systemically applied group II mGluR agonists are not clear. Our previous work showed that group II mGluR activation in the amygdala inhibits pain-related CeA activity, but behavioral and spinal consequences remain to be determined. Here we studied the contribution of group II mGluRs in the amygdala to the antinociceptive effects of a systemically applied group II mGluR agonist (LY379268) on behavior and spinal dorsal horn neuronal activity, using the kaolin/carrageenan-induced knee joint arthritis pain model. Audible and ultrasonic vocalizations (emotional responses) and mechanical reflex thresholds were measured in adult rats with and without arthritis (5–6 h postinduction). Extracellular single-unit recordings were made from spinal dorsal horn wide dynamic range neurons of anesthetized (isoflurane) rats with and without arthritis (5–6 h postinduction). Systemic (intraperitoneal) application of a group II mGluR agonist (LY379268) decreased behaviors and activity of spinal neurons in the arthritis pain model but not under normal conditions. Stereotaxic administration of LY379268 into the CeA mimicked the effects of systemic application. Conversely, stereotaxic administration of a group II mGluR antagonist (LY341495) into the CeA reversed the effects of systemic application of LY379268 on behaviors and dorsal horn neuronal activity in arthritic rats. The data show for the first time that the amygdala is the critical site of action for the antinociceptive behavioral and spinal neuronal effects of systemically applied group II mGluR agonists.
Virtual raves and happy hours during COVID-19: New drug use contexts for electronic dance music partygoers.

Abstract Background The popularity of virtual raves and happy hours has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. While nightlife settings are often associated with drug use, it is unknown whether virtual events are associated with use. Methods Electronic dance music (EDM) partygoers who live in New York and reported recent drug use were recruited online and screened for eligibility throughout April and May 2020. Eligible adults (n = 128) were asked about virtual rave and happy hour attendance during the COVID-19 crisis. We examined prevalence and correlates of drug use during such events. Results 55.5% of participants attended virtual raves and 69.5% attended virtual happy hours. 40.9% used illegal drugs during virtual raves and the most frequently used drugs were cannabis (29.6%), ecstasy/MDMA/Molly (8.5%), LSD (7.0%), and cocaine (4.2%). 33.7% used illegal drugs during virtual happy hours and the most frequently used drugs were cannabis (29.2%), cocaine (3.4%), and ketamine (3.4%). Older participants were more likely to use illegal drugs during virtual raves, and those reporting past-year use of more drugs were more likely to use drugs during virtual raves and/or happy hours (ps Conclusions EDM partygoers are at risk for using drugs during virtual events. Results can inform prevention and harm reduction efforts.
Describing Students’ Intercultural Competence after Completing a Cultural Diversity Course Online or Face-to-Face

This study describes students’ development of components of intercultural competence after completing a cultural diversity course and compared degrees of intercultural competence between a face-to-face course and an equivalent online section of the same course. Analysis of final written reflections from students demonstrated that students gained a deeper awareness of their lack of knowledge related to culture. The analysis also revealed that students in the online version of the course demonstrated higher degrees of intercultural openness and cultural self-awareness than did those in the face-to-face context. Findings from this study contribute significantly to the research on intercultural competence and the teaching of cultural diversity courses.
χ 2 Discriminators for Transiting Planet Detection in Kepler Data

The Kepler spacecraft observes a host of target stars to detect transiting planets. Requiring a 7.1{sigma} detection in three years of data yields over 100,000 detections, many of which are false alarms. After a second cut is made on a robust detection statistic, some 50,000 or more targets still remain. These false alarms waste resources as they propagate through the remainder of the software pipeline and so a method to discriminate against them is crucial in maintaining the desired sensitivity to true events. This paper describes a {chi}{sup 2} test which represents a novel application of an existing formalism developed for false alarm mitigation in searches for gravitational waves. Using this technique, the false alarm rate can be lowered to {approx}5%.
Understanding Public Confidence in Government to Prevent Terrorist Attacks

A primary goal of terrorism is to instill a sense of fear and vulnerability in a population and to erode its confidence in government and law enforcement agencies to protect citizens against future attacks. In recognition of its importance, the Department of Homeland Security includes public confidence as one of the principal metrics used to assess the consequences of terrorist attacks. Hence, a detailed understanding of the variations in public confidence among individuals, terrorist event types, and as a function of time is critical to developing this metric. In this exploratory study, a questionnaire was designed, tested, and administered to small groups of individuals to measure public confidence in the ability of federal, state, and local governments and their public safety agencies to prevent acts of terrorism. Data was collected from three groups before and after they watched mock television news broadcasts portraying a smallpox attack, a series of suicide bomber attacks, a refinery explosion attack, and cyber intrusions on financial institutions, resulting in identity theft. Our findings are: (a) although the aggregate confidence level is low, there are optimists and pessimists; (b) the subjects are discriminating in interpreting the nature of a terrorist attack, the time horizon, and its impact; (c) confidence recovery after a terrorist event has an incubation period; and (d) the patterns of recovery of confidence of the optimists and the pessimists are different. These findings can affect the strategy and policies to manage public confidence after a terrorist event.
Geographic Dispersion of Economic Shocks: Evidence from the Fracking Revolution: Comment

Feyrer, Mansur, and Sacerdote (2017) estimates the spatial dispersion of the effects of the recent shale-energy boom by unconditionally regressing income and employment on energy production at various levels of geographic aggregation. However, producing counties tend to be located near each other and receive inward spillovers from neighboring production. This inflates the estimated effect of own-county production and spatial aggregation does not address this. We propose an alternative estimation strategy that accounts for these spillovers and identify reduced propagation effects. The proposed estimation strategy can be applied more generally to estimate the dispersion of multiple, simultaneously occurring economic shocks.
Using mHealth Applications to Promote Self-Managed Health Behaviors Among Teens.

Abstract Theoretical principles As technology use increasingly expands, the opportunity to capitalize on it for healthcare education, monitoring, and assessment has grown rapidly, especially among adolescent patients. As apps are developed, consideration should be given to self-management theory concepts. Phenomena addressed The proliferation of mobile health (mHealth) applications allows adolescents to access healthcare information in new, innovative ways. Many health applications focus on health promotion, fitness, and nutrition and others help persons with chronic disease. This article offers a compelling case for incorporating mHealth into teen healthcare by reviewing current data on teens' technology use, showing how mHealth aligns with self-management theory concepts, and offering a case scenario on mHealth-enhanced self-management care. Research linkages The ability to combine accurate and immediate healthcare information with continual social support could radically improve teen's self-management behaviors, especially when mHealth apps use connectivity, a feedback loop, and concepts known to enhance self-management behaviors.
Health Law, Public Law, and Social Justice

I have taught Health Law for almost three decades. In the early years, the course was primarily about private law, the application of contract and tort principles in the context of health insurance coverage and medical care. Federal law of Medicare, Medicaid, EMTALA, and federal civil rights laws always made an appearance. Other federal statutes were added as they came along: HIPAA, the Americans with Disabilities Act, and GINA. Over the years, the course focused more and more on federal statutes until the passage of the Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) in 2010 completed the transition. Health law is now a public law course.1 It focuses on federal statutes, and students need to understand the role of Congress, federal agencies, the states, and federal courts. The course explores myriad forms of federalism including Medicaid’s cooperative federalism, the ACA’s “fall back” federalism where the federal government steps in only if the states opt out, and old-fashioned federal law preemption of state law. Health law is now statutory interpretation and administrative law principles in the context of health insurance coverage and health care. Health law continues to be applied law: public law that affects health, health insurance, health care, and public health. About a third to a half of my health law course is devoted to providing students with a better understanding of medical decision making, the organization of health care delivery system, insurance theory, health disparities, and the social determinants of health— how where we live, work, play, and pray impact health. Most importantly, Health Law remains a powerful lens through which to explore issues of social justice, social welfare, and law. We all get sick and need medical care. Many of my students and their families have had serious health problems and struggled to access medical care. Some have been bankrupted financially because of the costs of medical care. They know something about health and health care. This course is an opportunity to explore what equity, fairness, and justice mean when we talk about health and healthcare.
Black Mothering Legacies: Theorizing Lament as a Form of Justice Research

I feel compelled by the moment to take up these questions: What does it mean to mother a Black child within/against this historical moment within/against the (carceral) United States? What does it ...
Autoimmune inner ear disease

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses that injury to the inner ear and its neural elements may arise from inflammation in the absence of an identifiable infection. This entity is thought to be an autoimmune process, reflecting the notion that the body's own tissues initiate the inflammatory process without the persistence of an identifiable pathogen. It reviews that many systemic autoimmune diseases are associated with cochleovestibular symptoms. These include systemic lupus erythematosus, disseminated vasculitis, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic sclerosis, myasthenia gravis, and Susac's syndrome. Autoimmune sensorineural hearing loss has been a suspected clinical entity for decades. The chapter also reviews that astute observations have led to the description of a distinct, organ-specific autoimmune process, termed autoimmune inner ear disease (AIED). When restricted to the hearing portion of the inner ear, it is called autoimmune cochleopathy. The chapter concludes that the future likely holds more specific diagnostic tests for AIED. Finally, a more thorough understanding of the basic immunologic mechanisms that affect the inner ear will likely further aid the diagnosis and the treatment of AIED.
Compactification of the Action of a Point-Map on the Palm Probability of a Point Process

A compatible point-shift f maps, in a translation invariant way, each point of a stationary point processto some point of �. It is fully determined by its associated point-map, g f , which gives the image of the origin by f. The initial question of this paper is whether there exist probability measures which are left invariant by the translation of −g f . The point-map probabilities ofare defined from the action of the semigroup of point-map translations on the space of Palm prob- abilities, and more precisely from the compactification of the orbits of this semigroup action. If the point-map probability is uniquely de- fined, and if it satisfies certain continuity properties, it then provides a solution to the initial question. Point-map probabilities are shown to be a strict generalization of Palm probabilities: when the considered point-shift f is bijective, the point-map probability ofboils down to the Palm probability of �. When it is not bijective, there exist cases where the point-map probability ofis absolutely continuous with respect to its Palm probability, but there also exist cases where it is singular with respect to the latter. A criterium of existence of the point-map probabilities of a stationary point process is also provided. The results are illustrated by a few examples.
Hypercholesterolemia and Hyper-α-Lipoproteinemia in Schoolchildren

Elevated levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-HDL) can explain apparent hypercholesterolemia in some children, and high C-HDL levels may aggregate in families. In this study, 17 kindreds were identified by virtue of hypercholesterolemic proband children whose hypercholesterolemia was accounted for by elevated C-HDL levels. Family lipid and lipoprotein sampling revealed three-generation vertical appearance of elevated C-HDL level in two kindreds, and two-generation vertical appearance in eight additional kindreds. Since C-HDL level is inversely associated with coronary heart disease in adults, it is important to quantitate C-HDL and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (C-LDL) in hypercholesterolemic children and to identify those with putatively reduced risk (elevated C-HDL level) or increased risk (elevated C-LDL level).
Techniques for Accommodating Control Effector Failures on a Mildly Statically Unstable Airplane

Commercial airplanes are becoming increasingly more sophisticated, placing an increasing burden on pilots to detect and resolve the exhaustive set of possible control effector failures. Automatic techniques are needed to either reconfigure an existing control law or restructure a new control law after failure. A discrete control law has been designed for the longitudinal channel of a mildly statically unstable commercial airplane, to track the glideslope during the approach to landing phase of flight. Single effector failures with time delays for failure detection and identification are analyzed for both the reconfigured and restructured control laws, and results are compared with those from previous research using a statically stable airplane. Strategies considered include reconfiguration and restructuring with new flight conditions. Validation of all cases is made using a 6 DOF nonlinear airplane simulation.
Evidence for spare α1‐adrenoceptors for the accumulation of inositol phosphates in smooth muscle

The accumulation of inositol phosphates (IP) in smooth muscle from rat vas deferens and caudal artery was maximally increased 3- to 4-fold in response to exposure of the tissues to 100 microM noradrenaline. Clonidine (up to 3 mM) was a partial agonist. Pretreatment of the tissues with the irreversible alpha-adrenoceptor antagonist phenoxybenzamine (0.3-10 microM) shifted the noradrenaline concentration-response curve to the right before depressing the maximum. The maximum of the clonidine concentration-response curve was depressed without significant change in the EC50 by the same treatment. These data, which are most easily interpreted as demonstrating the presence of a receptor reserve for IP accumulation, are discussed.
Tricuspid Flail Leaflets After Orthotopic Heart Transplant: A New Complication of Endomyocardial Biopsy

A case of tricuspid flail leaflets in a patient with orthotopic heart transplant is reported. The use of echocardiography to document the complication and its relationship to endomyocardial biopsy is presented.
Adsorption of dodecylammonium chloride to the muscovite mica basal plane in acid aqueous solution

Abstract The adsorption of dodecylammonium chloride (DAC) to the basal plane of muscovite mica was investigated together with that of fused silica by means of zeta potential, adsorption isotherms, and contact angle measurements at pH 3 where the zeta potential for the mica (-75 mV) was more negative than that for the silica (-25 mV). Marked changes in zeta potential, adsorption, and contact angle occurred at critical concentrations of 10-5 and 2 × 10-4M DAC for mica and silica, respectively, implying that the difference in the inner Helmholtz potential between mica and silica is -85 mV. The negative surface charges for mica and silica were neutralized at the adsorption densities of 8.4 × 10-11 and 8.6 × 10-12 mol/cm2, respectively. The interaction between hydrocarbon chains in adsorption energy gave the values of -0.87 and -0.53 kT per CH2 group for the mica and the silica, respectively. The contact angles for mica gave the maximum value of 55°, which was higher than the value of 25° for silica at charge-neutralized surfaces. At a concentration of 10-2M DAC, the zeta potential for mica showed the value of 100 mV which was higher than the one of 20 mV for silica, and the ionized fraction of DA+ ions in the second layer gave the values of 0.08 to 0.18 for both the mica and the silica. These values agreed well with that of 0.14 for micelles. These observations supported the difference in zeta potential between mica and silica at pH 3.
Influence of cytoplasms from a wild grassy subspecies on dry matter yields in pearl millet

Identification of cytoplasmic influences on dry matter yield and other agronomic characters could have a major impact on improving plant performance worldwide since the cytoplasm is contributed by the seed parent to its progeny. The objective of this field study was to determine if cytoplasms from a wild grassy subspecies of pearl millet, Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. subspecies monodii (Maire) Brunken, influenced hybrid dry matter yield. Thirty near-isogenic lines with the Tiff 23D genetic background but with putatively different cytoplasms (28 from the subspecies, A 1 and B 1 ) were pollinated with inbred Tift 383. The 30 F 1 hybrids were tested for dry matter yields during 1991 and 1992 in Georgia. Differences (P = 0.05) were observed among hybrids and between years. Fifteen of the hybrids yielded significantly more dry matter than the hybrid with the A 1 cytoplasm (Tifleaf 1), a commercial hybrid. The hybrid with the highest 2-yr mean yielded 17% more dry matter than Tifleaf 1. The highest yielding hybrids generally had cytoplasms derived from accessions collected in Senegal, whereas the lowest yielding hybrids had cytoplasms derived from accessions collected in Mali or Niger. However, no significant differences were observed among the mean dry matter yields of hybrids from different countries. Influence of cytoplasms on hybrid dry matter yields were observed, but further studies are needed to distinguish between cytoplasmic and cytoplasmic-nuclear effects.
A Biomechanical Study of Extensor Tendon Repair Methods: Introduction to the Running-Interlocking Horizontal Mattress Extensor Tendon Repair Technique

Purpose Extensor tendon injuries are common; however, relatively few studies have evaluated extensor tendon repair methods. The purpose of this study was to investigate the properties of the running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair method with regard to tendon shortening, stiffness, strength, and time needed to perform the repair, compared with the modified Bunnell method and the augmented Becker method. Methods Twenty-four extensor tendons from 8 fresh-frozen cadaveric hands were harvested from zone 6. The harvested tendons were randomly assigned into 1 of 3 repair groups: augmented Becker, modified Bunnell, and running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair methods. The running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair combines a running suture with an interlocking horizontal mattress suture. Each repaired tendon was measured for length before and after repair and tested for stiffness, ultimate load to failure, and time required to perform the repair. Results The running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair was significantly stiffer (8,506 N/m) than the augmented Becker (5,971 N/m) and the modified Bunnell (6,719 N/m) repairs. The running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair resulted in significantly less shortening (1.7 mm) than the augmented Becker (6.2 mm) and modified Bunnell (6.3 mm) repairs. The running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair took significantly less time to perform without a significant difference in the ultimate load to failure (running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair, 51 N; augmented Becker, 53 N; modified Bunnell, 48 N). Conclusions The running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair is significantly stiffer and faster to perform than either the augmented Becker or the modified Bunnell repairs, and it results in less shortening than either of these methods. The running-interlocking horizontal mattress repair should be strong enough to withstand some early motion.
Microbial Conversions of Low Rank Coals

Coal is the United States' most abundant nonrenewable energy resource. However, the quality of many coals is too low to offset the practical, economic, and regulatory barriers to their utilization. A variety of bacterial and fungal species have been shown to attack low rank (i.e., low–quality) coals. Technologies based on these microbial activities may be useful for the conversion of these coals to more useful products, including high–quality fuels and chemicals. Substantial developmental work will be required in order for these microbial processes to become competitive with nonbiological processes. This review summarizes the microbiological and biochemical principles underlying microbial coal conversion as a basis for predicting the practical utility of coal bio–processes.
Developmental job patterns of working-class women

Employment histories culled through in-depth structured interviews with 40 working-class women are analyzed according to a developmental framework that challenges the objectively focused male definition of job/career advancement. In conjunction with institutional criteria for employee mobility, paid work is viewed as a developmental life task. Based on the “morphogenesis” concept, which emphasizes sequential familial adjustment to individual role expansion, a subjective career path describes how respondents negotiate dual roles and subsequently instill order into generally chaotic employment patterns. This article discusses stage-specific personal, domestic, and occupational concerns pertinent to maximizing paid work potential.
Ventral medulla pHi measured in vivo by 31P NMR is not regulated during hypercapnia in anesthetized rat.

Chemoreceptors in the ventral medulla contribute to the respiratory response to hypercapnia. Do they ‘sense’ intracellular pH (pHi)? We measured pHi in the ventral medulla or cortex (control) using 31P-NMR obtained via a novel 3×5 mm2 surface coil in anesthetized rats breathing air or 7% CO2. During air breathing over 240 min, pHi decreased slightly from 7.13±0.02 to 7.05±0.02 (SEM; n=5; 2 cortex, 3 ventral medulla). During 180 min of hypercapnia, cortical pHi (n=4) decreased from 7.17±0.02 to 6.87±0.01 by 90 min and recovered by 150 min. Ventral medulla pHi showed no such regulation. It decreased from 7.11±0.02 to 6.88±0.02 at 90 min and recovered only after cessation of hypercapnia (n=5), results consistent with pHi being the chemoreceptor stimulus. However, non-chemoreceptor neurons that contribute to our medullary NMR signal also do not appear to regulate pHi in vitro. Regional differences in pHi regulation between cortex and ventral medulla may be due to both chemosensitive and non-chemosensitive neurons.
Personal Values and Management What do we Know and Why don't we Know more?

Research into the relationship between personal values and organizational phenomena has enjoyed a lengthy history. As a result, there is fair agreement among management scholars about two things: what values are and with what they vary. There are also substantial gaps in understanding, including how (if) values cause behavior and what happens to them when the individual joins an organization or enters an occupation. The authors identify some possible reasons for these gaps, having to do with the level(s) at which the values construct is conceptualized, methodological irregularities in values research, and neglect by management scholars, and discuss attendant corrective actions.
Insights into the cryoprotective mechanism of dimethyl sulfoxide for phospholipid bilayers

Abstract Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me 2 SO) is a widely used cryoprotectant for biological structures such as membranes. Despite hundreds of studies on the effects of this molecule, surprisingly little is known about its cryoprotective mechanism. This study investigates the ability of various Me 2 SO analogs to serve as cryoprotectants for liposomes. The data show that an increase in hydrophobicity progressively reduces the cryoprotective effect of sulfoxides. Additional experiments using phospholipid vesicles of varying composition demonstrate that Me 2 SO is markedly less effective on liposomes carrying a net negative charge. In fact, cryoprotection by Me 2 SO was virtually eliminated in vesicles composed of 30% phosphatidylserine (a negatively charged lipid). Based on these results, we suggest that the polar sulfoxide moiety of Me 2 SO interacts electrostatically with phospholipid membranes and that this interaction is critical for Me 2 SO's cryoprotective effect for membranes.
Flow cytometric analysis of toxicity by vesicating agents in human cells in vitro

AbstractSome alkylating agents are capable of causing severe blisters (vesication) when they contact human skin. The biochemical basis of vesication is undefined. In this study, we have attempted to establish in vitro models for studying vesication. We have utilized human peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and commercially obtained human epidermal keratinocytes (HEK) with flow cytometry to assess cytotoxicity, DNA changes, and biochemical alterations induced by sulfur mustard (HD) and its monofunc-tional analogue, chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES).Cytotoxic dose-response curves, in the dose range 10−6-10−3 M, have been generated for both alkylating agents using propidium iodide uptake. HD showed a 2–20-fold higher cytotoxic potency than did CEES. HEKs were 10 times more resistant to the cytotoxic effects of both compounds than were human lymphocytes.Cells in the S phase of the cell cycle were most sensitive to the cytotoxic effects of HD. Flow cytometric DNA histogram analysis demonstrated a blockage by bo...
Weak convergence of probability measures on the function space C([0, 1]2)☆

The existence of a Gaussian measure W on C([0, 1]2) with EW(x(s1,t1)·x(s2,t2))=min(s1,s2)·min(t1,t2) as its covariance function and an extension of Donsker's theorem for C([0, 1]2) are given.
Proactive: Comprehensive access to job information

The Internet has become an increasingly important source for finding the right employees, so more and more companies post their job openings on the Web. The large amount and dynamic nature of career recruiting information causes information overload problems for job seekers. To assist Internet users in searching for the right job, a range of research and commercial systems were developed over the past 10 years. Surprisingly, the majority of existing job search systems support just one, rarely two ways of information access. In contrast, our work focused on exploring a value of comprehensive access to job information in a single system (i.e., a system which supports multiple ways). We designed Proactive, a recommendation system providing comprehensive and personalized information access. To assist the varied needs of users, Proactive has four information retrieval methods - a navigable list of jobs, keyword-based search, implicit preference-based recommendations, and explicit preference-based recommendations. This paper introduces the Proactive and reports the results of a study focusing on the experimental evaluation of these methods. The goal of the study was to assess whether all of the methods are necessary for users to find relevant jobs and to what extent different methods can meet different users' information requirements. Keywords—Job recommendation, explicit preference, implicit preference, personalized information retrieval
Glucose, sodium and plasma protein levels during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest using a low volume, minimal glucose priming solution based on washed packed red cells

The effect of a low volume, minimal glucose priming solution based on washed packed red cells on glucose, sodium and plasma protein levels during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest (DHCA) was studied in six patients of less than six months of age undergoing repair of congenital heart disease. Glucose levels during DHCA were not significantly different from prebypass values (6.2mmol/l±2.7 vs 7.1 mmol/l±2.8; p = 0.518), whereas plasma protein levels were significantly decreased (51.0g/l±0.7 vs 20.0g/l± 0.3; P = 0.0001) and sodium levels slightly but significantly increased (142mmol/l±3.8 vs 150mmol±3.8; p = 0.0026). In summary, the priming solution used in this study achieved good control of glucose levels during DHCA, although it needs some modification in regard to sodium and plasma protein content. A discussion of the choice of priming solution and a hypothesis for potential calcium-mediated reperfusion injury are also presented.
Major glycoprotein of the human erythrocyte membrane: evidence for an amphipathic molecular structure.

Treatment of the major glycoprotein of the human red cell membrane [erythrocyte glycophorin (1)] with cyanogen bromide yields five fragments. On the basis of N-terminal analyses and tryptic overlaps three of these (designated C-1, C-2, and C-5) have been aligned as unique portions of a single polypeptide chain. C-5 and C-1 represent the N-terminal fragments, in that order, and the third, C-2, is the C-terminal fragment of the original polypeptide chain. Evidence is presented for a limited polypeptide microheterogeneity of the N-terminal portion of the molecule. From the amino acid composition and carbohydrate content of the three fragments, C-5, C-1, and C-2, the molecule can be divided into three distinct regions or domains. These are (a) a receptor or carbohydrate containing N-terminal segment, (b) an internal hydrophobic domain of approximately 30 residues, and (c) a hydrophilic, proline-rich C-terminal portion. This unique molecular topography suggests an amphipathic model for the in situ orientation of this molecule in which the hydrophobic domain of the glycoprotein lies within the hydrophobic interior of the membrane. This model is supported by lactoperoxidase-catalyzed 125I-labeling experiments which suggest that the N-terminal (receptor) half of the molecule (fragment C-1) is exposed to the external environment of the cell, while the C-terminal segment (fragment C-2) extends into the interior of the cell.
Increased dNTP Binding Affinity Reveals a Nonprocessive Role for Escherichia coli β Clamp with DNA Polymerase IV

Replication forks often stall at undamaged or damaged template sites in Escherichia coli. Subsequent resumption of DNA synthesis occurs by replacing DNA polymerase III, which is bound to DNA by the beta-sliding clamp, with one of three damage-induced DNA polymerases II, IV, or V. The principal role of the beta clamp is to tether the normally weakly bound polmerases to DNA thereby increasing their processivities. DNA polymerase IV binds dNTP substrates with about 10-fold lower affinity compared with the other E. coli polymerases, which if left unchecked could hinder its ability to synthesize DNA in vivo. Here we report a new property for the beta clamp, which when bound to DNA polymerase IV results in a large increase in dNTP binding affinity that concomitantly increases the efficiency of nucleotide incorporation at normal and transiently slipped mispaired primer/template ends. Primer-template DNA slippage resulting in single nucleotide deletions is a biological hallmark of DNA polymerase IV infidelity responsible for enhancing cell fitness in response to stress. We show that the increased DNA polymerase IV-dNTP binding affinity is an intrinsic property of the DNA polymerase IV-beta clamp interaction and not an indirect consequence of an increased binding of DNA polymerase IV to DNA.
High-pressure phase equilibria of some carbon dioxide–organic–water systems

Abstract Homogeneous catalysts offer better activity and selectivity than heterogeneous catalysts, but their use is limited by the need to separate them from product and reuse them. Preferential dissolution of gaseous carbon dioxide has been shown to alter phase boundaries and facilitate recovery of such homogenous catalysts. The addition of a polar organic co-solvent to a water/organic biphasic system, coupled with subsequent phase splitting induced by the dissolution of gaseous carbon dioxide creates the opportunity to run homogeneous reactions in an organic/aqueous mixture with a water-soluble catalyst. In homogeneous catalyzed reactions, the catalyst can be tuned to be soluble or insoluble with carbon dioxide present, thus allowing for high catalyst recovery. High-pressure phase equilibria for the systems containing carbon dioxide, an organic (tetrahydrofuran, acetonitrile, or 1,4-dioxane), and water were measured using a variable-volume view cell, by a method capable of rapid and facile measurement of compositions and density in both phases with no sampling or calibration. These systems are well predicted with the Peng–Robinson Equation of State with Huron–Vidal type mixing rules from correlations of the binary systems, with the modified Huron–Vidal 1 (MHV1) and Huron–Vidal–Orbey–Sandler (HVOS) model with UNIQUAC excess energy model performing the best. Applications of the phase behavior on reaction conditions and separations are addressed.
Characterization of high molecular weight poly(p-phenylenethynylene)s by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry with multivariate data analysis

Abstract A systematic study of the thermal degradation of high molecular weight poly(p-phenyleneethynylene)s (PPEs) by pyrolysis gas chromatography/mass spectrometry has been completed. Analytical pyrolysis, followed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), is a particularly useful tool for qualitative or quantitative analysis of polymeric materials that are not amenable for GC or MS analysis. These materials have applications in the optical and electronic industries and have been synthesized recently by alkyne metathesis of 1,4-dipropynylated benzenes. The primary structural aspect of interest for characterization in this work is the identification of substituent side-chains (hexyl, nonyl, dodecyl, ethylhexyl, 2,5,5-trimethylhexyl). Substituted PPEs can be identified by the presence of chemical markers directly related to the parent polymer structure appearing as degradation products in the pyrograms. Principal component analysis was applied to the multivariate Py-GC/MS data and differences between the substituted PPEs were visually apparent in PCA projections.
Obesity and the Use of Health Care Services

Objective: This study investigated differences in the use of health care services and associated costs between obese and nonobese patients. Research Methods and Procedures: New adult patients (N = 509) were randomly assigned to primary care physicians at a university medical center. Their use of medical services and related charges was monitored for 1 year. Data collected included sociodemographics, self-reported health status using the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36, evaluation for depression using the Beck Depression Index, and measured height and weight to calculate BMI. Results: Obese patients included a significantly higher percentage of women and had higher mean age, lower mean education, lower mean health status, and higher mean Beck Depression Index scores. Obese patients had a significantly higher mean number of visits to both primary care (p = 0.0005) and specialty care clinics (p = 0.0006), and a higher mean number of diagnostic services (p < 0.0001). Obese patients also had significantly higher primary care (p = 0.0058), specialty clinic (p = 0.0062), emergency department (p = 0.0484), hospitalization (p = 0.0485), diagnostic services (p = 0.0021), and total charges (p = 0.0033). Controlling for health status, depression, age, education, income, and sex, obesity was significantly related to the use of primary care (p = 0.0364) and diagnostic services (p = 0.0075). There was no statistically significant relationship between obesity and medical expenditures in any of the five categories or for total charges. Discussion: Obesity is a chronic condition requiring long-term management, with an emphasis on prevention. If this critical health issue is not appropriately addressed, the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases will continue to grow, resulting in escalating use of health care services.
Self-Consistent Ornstein-Zernike Approximation for Lattice Gases.

A self-consistent approximation for the structure factor of three-dimensional lattice gases yields remarkably accurate predictions (less than 3{percent} error over most of the temperature range) for the correlation length, isothermal compressibility, specific heat, and the coexistence curve. Critical temperatures agree to within 0.2{percent}, and other critical properties to within (1{endash}2){percent}, of the best numerical estimates. Until temperature and density are within 1{percent} of their critical values, the approximate {ital effective} critical exponents do not differ appreciably from their estimated exact form; they attain their limiting spherical-model values only much closer to critical. The method should prove useful for a variety of three-dimensional lattice-gas and fluid problems; it is inappropriate to two dimensions, where it predicts criticality at zero temperature. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}
Looking for Regionalism in All the Wrong Places: Demography, Geography, and Community in Los Angeles County

The new regionalism tends to emphasize the commonalities of central cities and their suburbs. Los Angeles County has surprisingly minor differences between central city and suburb—leading one to wonder why municipal alliances across jurisdictional lines have not been more prominent. The author tackles this anomaly by breaking L.A. County into 58 different areas and tracking demographic and economic change between 1970 and 1990. The analysis suggests that there are important differences in the ethnic and economic dynamics of various subregions. As a result, “smart-growth” politics may have less salience in Los Angeles than would an alternative regionalism rooted in community-based movements and organizations.
The effects of the DNP:HSA molar ratio on the quantity and the affinity of rat anti-DNP antibodies in the primary response.

Abstract The molar ratio of DNP to HSA in the immunizing antigen was found to be an important determinant of the late (7 week) primary response of rats. The concentration of ϵ-DNP-lysine binding sites in whole resum increases with increasing DNP:HSA molar ratios and with total antigen dose, while the average affinity constant of the binding sites decreases. The results are discussed as evidence of an increase in the affinity of the reaction of antigen and the receptors on antigen binding cells with increasing degree of hapten substitution of the carrier.
Hemorrhagic renal necrosis in infancy: Relationship to radiopaque compounds

Three infants with hemorrhagic renal necrosis are reported; each of them prior to death had received intravenous administration of radiopaque compounds varying in dosage from 1 ml. to 3 ml. per kilogram of body weight
Clinical target volumes in anal cancer: calculating what dose was likely to have been delivered in the UK ACT II trial protocol.

Abstract Purpose Preliminary results of the UK Anal Cancer Trial (ACT) II trial in squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) are promising, but 2-D planning with parallel–opposed fields provoked significant toxicity. We calculated likely doses delivered in the ACT II protocol to the planning target volume (PTV), nodal clinical target volumes (n-CTV) and organs at risk (OARs). Methods and Materials Original planning CT datasets of 33 consecutive patients with SCCA, included in the ACT II trial or treated to an identical protocol, enabled dose to the primary tumour, involved nodal PTV's, uninvolved nodal CTVs (inguino-femoral and pelvic lymph nodes) and femoral heads to be retrospectively calculated. Results The mean dose delivered to primary PTV was 51.37±1.68Gy (95% CI), with a maximum dose ( D max ) of 54.63±2.68Gy (95% CI). Involved inguinal nodes received a mean 51.41±3.08Gy, D max 54.17±2.84Gy (95% CI). Clinically uninvolved nCTVs received a mean 36.53±3.38Gy (inguinal nodes) and 34.15±5.59Gy (external/internal iliac nodes). Femoral heads received a D max of 47.32±3.45 (95% CI). Conclusion: Calculating the likely doses delivered in ACT II from chemoradiation to PTV, n-CTV and OARs facilitates specification of nodal doses and constraints for 3D-conformal/IMRT planning and allows rational dose-escalation for T3/T4 tumours, and potential dose-reduction for T1/T2 tumours.