cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Nexus Analysis: Discourse and the Emerging Internet

Nexus Analysis presents an exciting theory by two of the leading names in discourse analysis and provides a practical guide to its application. The authors argue that discourse analysis can itself be a form of social action. If the discourse analyst is part of the nexus of practice under study, then the analysis can itself transform that nexus of practice. Focussing on their own involvement with and analysis of pioneering communication technologies in Alaska they identify moments of social importance in order to examine the links between social practice, culture and technology. Media are identified not only as means of expressing change but also as catalysts for change itself, with the power to transform the socio-cultural landscape. In this intellectually exciting yet accessible book, Ron Scollon and Suzie Wong Scollon present a working example of their theory in action and provide a personal snapshot of a key moment in the history of communication technology, as the Internet transformed Alaskan life.
The Distribution and Seasonal Variation of Dissolved Trace Metals in Florida Bay and Adjacent Waters

Florida Bay is a shallow carbonate estuary in South Florida. It receives fresh waters from the Everglades that contribute a number of metals to the Bay. The Bay is the largest estuary in Florida with nearly pristine conditions. In this paper we report the first extensive studies of trace metals in the Bay. The seasonal distributions of trace metals (Sc, V, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni and Al) were determined on surface waters in Florida Bay and adjacent waters. The measurements in the Bay were made from May 2000 to May 2001, and the adjacent waters were sampled in September 2000 and May 2002. Most of the dissolved trace metals exhibited their maximum concentrations in summer, except Al and Pb that did not show any seasonal variability. The seasonal variations of the metals are related to the influx of fresh water from rainfall. The lowest concentrations are found during the dry season in the winter and the highest during the wet season in the summer. Several metals (V, Mn, Al, Sc, Fe, Co, Ni and Cr) exhibited their highest concentrations in the western zone of the Bay. These waters from agricultural areas are influenced by Gulf of Mexico waters, which carry metals coming from Barron, Broad and Shark rivers into the Bay. The Shark River always exhibited high concentrations of V, Mn, Al, Sc, Co and Cr. Other possible influences in the western and north-central zone of the Bay are from Flamingo Center, the creeks of Taylor Slough and the mangrove fringe of the Everglades. High concentrations of Al, Co, Ni, Cr, Cu, Fe, and Pb were detected in the eastern zone. The high values found in the northeast are influenced by Taylor Slough runoff and in the southeast by Key Largo, Tavernier Marina and the drainage from the main highway (US1) on Tavernier Key. The minimum concentrations for most of the metals were found in areas near the Key channels that exchange waters between Florida Bay and the Atlantic Ocean (Gulf Stream). The adjacent waters in the Atlantic side including the Gulf Stream waters showed very low concentrations for all the metals studied except for V. In the Bay correlations of V were found: (1) V with salinity and Al and (2) Sc with Si. Most of the other metals did not show any strong correlations with nutrients or salinity. Florida Bay is thus not a typical estuary due to the unique structure of its mud banks and multiple inputs of metals from the mangrove fringe in the north.
The incidence of testicular recurrence in boys with acute leukemia treated with total body and testicular irradiation and stem cell transplantation

BACKGROUND The incidence of testicular recurrence of childhood acute leukemia after total body irradiation (TBI) in conjunction with stem cell transplantation (SCT) has been reported to be as high as 24%. The authors studied the incidence of testicular failure in a large series of male patients who underwent SCT using either TBI and a testicular irradiation boost or chemotherapy alone. METHODS One hundred thirty-one boys with either acute myeloid leukemia (AML) or acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) were treated with SCT with either TBI with testicular boost (n = 94 patients), TBI without testicular boost (n = 1 patient), or chemotherapy alone (n = 36 patients) between 1991 and 1999. RESULTS The median follow-up was 26.5 months (range, 0.6–99.5 months) from the date of bone marrow infusion. Two patients in the study had a primary testicular failure after TBI with testicular boost followed by an umbilical cord blood transplantation. The first patient had ALL, did not engraft, and was rescued with autologous cells. He developed disease in the testicle 15 months afterward and subsequently died. The second patient had Philadelphia chromosome-positive ALL and developed a testicular recurrence 26 months after SCT. He was treated with orchiectomy, further testicular irradiation, and chemotherapy and remained in complete remission > 3 year after his failure. The incidence of testicular failure in boys who received TBI and testicular irradiation who survived ≥ 1 year was 4.2%. There were no primary testicular failures reported in boys who received chemotherapy alone. CONCLUSIONS Boys with AML or ALL had a low incidence of primary testicular failure when they were treated with TBI plus a testicular boost or with chemotherapy alone. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Antidepressants and Suicidal Ideation in Adolescence: A Paradoxical Effect.

The past two decades have seen a rapid increase in the number and types of psychopharmacological medications that are available for the treatment of depression in children and adolescents. Parents and adolescents often raise questions as to the potential increase in suicidal ideation associated with the use of primarily selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). This has been driven in part as a result of media attention that has focused on the “black box” warnings regarding increases in suicidal ideation for SSRIs. The current article reviews the status of the literature surrounding suicidal ideation and SSRIs in adolescence. Finally, the article strives to educate the clinician as to the likelihood of suicidal ideation and completions in the context of rates for all adolescents. Findings related to changes in treatment as a result of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) black box warning are discussed as well. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Blowing the whistle on healthcare fraud: should I?

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to explore some of the factors involved when a nurse practitioner (NP) is confronted with a healthcare fraud situation. Ethical concepts and decision-making strategies are provided, as well as practical legal considerations. Data sources: Government Internet Web sites; healthcare management, ethics, and nursing journals. Conclusions: There are many forms of healthcare fraud. Healthcare fraud saps financial resources from the healthcare system and from individuals. The decision to blow the whistle on a colleague or organization is not an easy one and has potential for great discomfort. There are ethical decision-making strategies and practical considerations for the process of whistle-blowing should it become necessary. Implications for practice: NPs may be confronted daily with billing and reimbursement issues. Being prepared to recognize healthcare fraud and knowing the ramifications of whistle-blowing are important tools to have in one’s practice repertoire.
Intraneuronal Aβ detection in 5xFAD mice by a new Aβ-specific antibody

The form(s) of amyloid-β peptide (Aβ) associated with the pathology characteristic of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remains unclear. In particular, the neurotoxicity of intraneuronal Aβ accumulation is an issue of considerable controversy; even the existence of Aβ deposits within neurons has recently been challenged by Winton and co-workers. These authors purport that it is actually intraneuronal APP that is being detected by antibodies thought to be specific for Aβ. To further address this issue, an anti-Aβ antibody was developed (MOAB-2) that specifically detects Aβ, but not APP. This antibody allows for the further evaluation of the early accumulation of intraneuronal Aβ in transgenic mice with increased levels of human Aβ in 5xFAD and 3xTg mice. MOAB-2 (mouse IgG2b) is a pan-specific, high-titer antibody to Aβ residues 1-4 as demonstrated by biochemical and immunohistochemical analyses (IHC), particularly compared to 6E10 (a commonly used commercial antibody to Aβ residues 3-8). MOAB-2 did not detect APP or APP-CTFs in cell culture media/lysates (HEK-APPSwe or HEK-APPSwe/BACE1) or in brain homogenates from transgenic mice expressing 5 familial AD (FAD) mutation (5xFAD mice). Using IHC on 5xFAD brain tissue, MOAB-2 immunoreactivity co-localized with C-terminal antibodies specific for Aβ40 and Aβ42. MOAB-2 did not co-localize with either N- or C-terminal antibodies to APP. In addition, no MOAB-2-immunreactivity was observed in the brains of 5xFAD/BACE-/- mice, although significant amounts of APP were detected by N- and C-terminal antibodies to APP, as well as by 6E10. In both 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissue, MOAB-2 co-localized with cathepsin-D, a marker for acidic organelles, further evidence for intraneuronal Aβ, distinct from Aβ associated with the cell membrane. MOAB-2 demonstrated strong intraneuronal and extra-cellular immunoreactivity in 5xFAD and 3xTg mouse brain tissues. Both intraneuronal Aβ accumulation and extracellular Aβ deposition was demonstrated in 5xFAD mice and 3xTg mice with MOAB-2, an antibody that will help differentiate intracellular Aβ from APP. However, further investigation is required to determine whether a molecular mechanism links the presence of intraneuronal Aβ with neurotoxicity. As well, understanding the relevance of these observations to human AD patients is critical.
The optimal selection of secondary indices for files

Abstract We consider the problem of finding an optimal set of indices for a file. A general model for a file is assumed together with a probabilistic model of the transactions conducted with it: Queries, Updates, Insertions and Deletions. It is shown that all the information assumed for each attribute can be condensed into two parameters and that properties of the optimal solution can be derived from this condensed information. An algorithm to find the optimal set of indices based on these properties is exhibited.
Suicidal Ideation and Suicide Attempts Among Adults With Psychotic Experiences: Data From the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys

Importance Suicide is a leading cause of preventable death, especially among individuals with psychotic disorders, and may also be common among nonclinical populations of adults with subthreshold psychotic experiences. Understanding this association has the potential to critically bolster suicide prevention efforts. Objectives To examine the association between 12-month suicidality and 12-month psychotic experiences and to test the hypotheses that psychotic experiences are associated with increased prevalence of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts during the concurrent period and with greater severity of suicidal behavior. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional survey data were drawn from a large general population-based sample of households in the United States identified through the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys (2001-2003). Adult household residents (n = 11,716) were selected using a clustered multistage sampling design with oversampling of racial/ethnic minority groups. Logistic regression models were adjusted for potential demographic confounders and co-occurring DSM-IV mental health conditions. Exposures Twelve-month psychotic experiences assessed with the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 3.0 psychosis screen. Main Outcomes and Measures Twelve-month suicidal ideation and suicide attempts. Results Respondents reporting psychotic experiences were more likely to report concurrent suicidal ideation (odds ratio [OR], 5.24; 95% CI, 2.85-9.62) and suicide attempts (OR, 9.48; 95% CI, 3.98-22.62). Most respondents with psychotic experiences (mean [SE], 65.2% [4.2%]) met criteria for a DSM-IV depressive, anxiety, or substance use disorder. Among respondents with suicidal ideation, those with psychotic experiences were likely to make an attempt during the concurrent 12-month period (OR, 3.49; 95% CI, 1.05-11.58) when adjusting for co-occurring psychiatric disorders. In contrast, depressive (OR, 1.67; 95% CI, 0.62-4.52), anxiety (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 0.40-6.09), and substance use disorders (OR, 1.64; 95% CI, 0.24-11.17) did not reliably identify those at risk for attempts among respondents with suicidal ideation. The mean (SE) 12-month prevalence of suicide attempts among individuals reporting ideation and psychotic experiences and meeting criteria for any psychiatric disorder was 47.4% (10.9%) compared with 18.9% (4.8%) among those with just ideation and a disorder. Psychotic experiences were especially prevalent among individuals reporting severe attempts and may account for nearly one-third of attempts with intent to die (population attributable risk, 29.01%) in the United States annually. Conclusions and Relevance Assessment of psychotic experiences among individuals with suicidal ideation has potential clinical and public health utility in reducing the prevalence of suicide attempts, particularly attempts with intent to die.
EFFECT OF AGE AND SEX ON THE INDUCIBILITY OF HEPATIC MICROSOMAL 4-NITROPHENOL UDP-GLUCURONYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY IN RATS

Abstract In this report, we examined the effect of age and sex of Long-Evans rats on the inducibility of 4-nitrophenol glucuronyltransferase activity in liver microsomes of animals treated with phenobarbital, dexamethasone, or 3-methylcholanthrene. Glucuronyltransferase activity in control male liver microsomes was approximately 50–75% higher than that in control female liver microsomes. Treatment with sodium phenobarbital (i.p., 75 mg/kg/day) for 3–4 days increased glucuronyltransferase activity by approximately 100% and 60% in liver microsomes from adult female and male rats, respectively, but did not influence this activity in liver microsomes from immature female and male rats. Treatment with dexamethasone (i.p., 75 mg/kg/day) for 3–4 days increased glucuronyltransferase activity by approximately 4-fold in liver microsomes from immature female rats but markedly decreased this enzyme activity in liver microsomes from adult female rats, adult male rats, and immature male rats. Treatment with 3-methylcholanthrene (i.p., 25 mg/kg/day) for 3–4 days increased glucuronyltransferase activity by approximately 10- to 13-fold in liver microsomes from immature female rats, adult female rats, and adult male rats, but only increased this enzyme activity by approximately 1-fold in liver microsomes from immature male rats. In conclusion, the extent of induction of hepatic microsomal glucuronyltransferase activity for 4-nitrophenol is affected dramatically by the age and sex of the animals.
Biopsy of Cervical Node

To the Editor.— The evaluation of an adult with cervical lymphadenopathy leads to many diagnostic possibilities. This was represented via algorithm by Greenfield and Jordan. One of the major considerations, however, was not given its due importance. Metastatic carcinoma has long been known to be a major cause of cervical lymphadenopathy. One of the fundamental teachings of Martin and Romieu 1 was that asymmetric enlargement of one or more cervical lymph nodes in an adult was cancerous until proved otherwise. Naturally, other possibilities need to be considered, but carcinoma, especially with a primary lesion somewhere in the head and neck, must be close to the top of the diagnostic list and should not be considered as an afterthought. This is compounded by the authors, who direct the algorithm toward nurses and physician assistants who may not have acquired the skills of thoroughly examining the head and neck (nasopharyngoscopy and indirect
Mobility, migration and the road to the innovative university: implications for the Asia-Pacific region

It seems there are a number of stages, some of them occurring simultaneously, that higher education (HE) institutions (HEIs) go through as the current higher education transformation process continues to unfold in the Asia-Pacific region. We have, over the past decade, witnessed the dramatic expansion of HEIs throughout the region as governments struggled and in some cases rushed to provide capacity to satisfy the enormous demand of a more informed population who see access to HE as the key to their children's chances for success in the workplace. Now, HE is being asked not just to be excellent or ‘world class’ but to be ‘innovative’ in the broadest sense of the word. In this article, we look at this transformation in the context of mobility and migration and the impact that these may have on the rise of the ‘innovative’ university.
The viscosity and diffusion coefficients of the binary mixtures of xenon with the other noble gases

This paper presents new experimental data for the viscosity of binary mixtures of xenon with the remaining monatomic gases, helium, neon, argon, and krypton. The measurements have been performed in a high precision oscillating-disk viscometer at atmospheric pressure and within the temperature range 25–500°C. The data have an estimated uncertainty of ±0.1% at 25°C increasing to ±0.3% at 500°C. The collision integrals for the interactions of xenon with the other monatomic species conform to the extended law of corresponding states formulated by Kestin, Ro and Wakeham. For each binary interaction the scaling parameters σij and ∈ij have been obtained. The ensemble of experimental results can be correlated by means of the appropriate kinetic theory expressions reinforced by the extended law of corresponding states. The deviations do not exceed 0.5%. The binary diffusion coefficients were calculated from the measured mixture viscosity and compared with the available experimental results. The standard deviation was estimated as ±2% which is within the mutual uncertainty of the two sets.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5915/14-4-12229 The physical principles involved in nuclear magnetic resonance and the five different methods used in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging are presented.
Synthesis and characterization of 2D and 3D structures from organic derivatives of polyoxometalate clusters: role of organic moiety, counterion, and solvent.

New organic derivatives of “inverse-Keggin” polyoxometalate (POM) clusters, [Mo12O46(AsR)4]4- (R = C6H4-4-COOH, C6H3-4-OH-3-NO2, C6H4-4-OH), have been synthesized. Structures of the corresponding sodium or iron salts were elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and shown to be 3D structures connected through hydrogen bonds and/or O−Na−O linkages. Parameters which influence the final solid-state architecture, such as the crystallizing solvent, organic moiety, and counterions, have been examined. The hydrogen-bonding ability of the solvent affects the connectivity of the POM clusters through interactions with the organic group and the inorganic core. The organic groups influence the structure through hydrogen bonds to other organic groups, to neighboring clusters, and/or to solvent molecules. Hydrogen bonding between the organic groups and the solvent appears to inhibit some possible connectivity patterns, such as the hydrogen-bonded dimerization of carboxylic acid groups. Na+ ions were found directl...
Environmental Relative Moldiness Index and Associations with Home Characteristics and Infant Wheeze

Possible relationships between mold contamination, as described by the Environmental Relative Moldiness Index (ERMI), home characteristics, and the development of wheeze in the first year of life were evaluated among a cohort of urban infants (n = 103) in Syracuse, New York. Pregnant women with a history of asthma were recruited in 2001–2002 for the “Assessment of Urban Dwellings for Indoor Toxics” (AUDIT) study. When the infants were approximately 3 months of age, a home inspection was carried out and indoor environmental samples collected, including vacuumed house dust. ERMI levels in the Syracuse cohort homes were higher than the U.S. average, with an overall mean of 11.4. ERMI levels were significantly higher in homes with visible water problems (p = 0.023) and visible mold (p = 0.023). ERMI levels in apartments were significantly lower than the values measured in houses (p = 0.0003). While infants experiencing wheeze (38%) tended to live in homes with higher ERMI values than those without wheeze (ERM...
Pyridyl amides as potent inhibitors of T-type calcium channels

A novel series of amide T-type calcium channel antagonists were prepared and evaluated using in vitro and in vivo assays. Optimization of the screening hit 3 led to identification of the potent and selective T-type antagonist 37 that displayed in vivo efficacy in rodent models of epilepsy and sleep.
Are aerobics trophic for cognition in late life

Introduction: Aging of the population is an issue of great public health significance. Forecasts indicate that the number of Americans 65 years of age and older will increase from 39 million in 2008 to between 99 million and 108 million by 2050 [1]. The population aged 85 years or older is projected to rise from 5.4 million in 2008 to between 25 million and 35 million by 2050 [1]. These changes will bring new challenges in treating a greater number of older adults with psychiatric conditions [2]. Especially important will be the recognition, prevention, and treatment of neurocognitive disorders. Cognitive ability is a significant predictor of self-rated successful aging [3]. Indeed, cognitive ability is one of the major correlates of successful aging, along with optimism, resilience, and physical and mental health–related quality of life [3]. Age-associated cognitive decline that is greater than expected but without significant functional disability is designated mild cognitive impairment (MCI). MCI is an increasingly recognized neuropsychiatric problem in the aging population that is an important risk factor for dementia and subsequent institutionalization [4–6]. Despite these data, no medications are currently available for treating MCI in the aging population that are approved by the US Food and Drug Administration [6]. It is reasonable to hypothesize that exercise may be an important intervention for promoting successful cognitive aging. Exercise has a documented role in preventing cellular and molecular changes related to aging [7, 8]. Furthermore, exercise has been shown to improve at least some aspects of cognition in animal models and in clinical investigations [9, 10]. Data from the present study suggest that aerobic exercise may be an effective nonpharmacologic intervention for preserving healthy cognition and possibly alleviating disability associated with MCI in late life.
Paradigms for design and implementation in ADA

An examination of the respective advantages and disadvantages of three characteristic paradigms of design and implementation in Ada illustrates the importance of choosing the appropriate paradigm for a given set of circumstances.
Urinary Excretion of Beta Aminoisobutyric Acid (BAIBA) in Irradiated Human Beings.

Summary1. Beta-aminoisobutyric acid (BAIBA) has been found in increased amounts in urine from a group of human beings accidentally exposed to serious radiation. 2. BAIBA levels excreted appear related to the estimated doses received. 3. The implications of BAIBA excretion as related to DNA metabolism and irradiation-induced aplasia are discussed.
Is that lone positive skin test to mesquite for real

Abstract Rationale A positive skin test is supposed to represent specific IgE antibody to an allergen extract. We often see positive skin tests to mesquite pollen, sometimes as the only positive, despite the fact that mesquite trees are rare in San Diego. We sought to determine if these are true positives. Methods Skin test panels were reviewed. Subjects who had mesquite as the only positive, or at least the only positive pollen, and who were not on immunotherapy, were asked to consent to a confirmatory CAP-RAST test. As a control group, those with isolated positive skin tests to olive tree pollen (common in our area) were similarly investigated. Skin test and in vitro test results were compared. Results 963 consecutive skin test panels were reviewed. Overall, 304 (32%) were positive for mesquite and 264 (27%) were positive for olive. 20 (2.1%) had mesquite as the only positive skin test. 14 (1.5%) had mesquite as the only positive pollen, but had some other, non-pollen aeroallergen positive. The corresponding numbers for olive tree pollen were 3 (0.3%) and 1 (0.1%); p Conclusions When mesquite tree pollen results in an isolated positive skin test, it likely represents a false positive result. In some patients this allergen extract apparently has the ability to cause direct mast cell degranulation.
The antihypertensive mechanism of verapamil. Alteration of glomerular filtration rate regulation.

The renal hemodynamic and renin release responses to verapamil were analyzed to determine if the antihypertensive action of the calcium entry blocker could be due to its renal effects. Hemodynamic and renin release measurements were compared in a control group of nine anesthetized rabbits and in a group of 10 rabbits given verapamil (200 micrograms/kg i.v. initially, 4 micrograms/kg/min thereafter), starting 30 minutes before data collection. Measurements were made over a range of controlled renal perfusion pressure from 100 to 40 mm Hg. The renal blood flow at 100 mm Hg of the verapamil-treated group was 18% greater (p less than 0.02) than that of the control group, while the glomerular filtration rate was 51% greater (p less than 0.001) than that of the control group. Renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate autoregulation were highly effective in the control group down to 80 mm Hg, but both variables were poorly regulated in the verapamil-treated group. The filtration fraction of the treated group was 36.9 +/- 1.5% versus 28.5 +/- 1.6% in the control group (p less than 0.003) at 100 mm Hg, and the filtration fraction of the treated group remained significantly greater down to 40 mm Hg. Renin release rates of the two groups were similar at the 100 mm Hg pressure level, but the increase in release due to the progressive reduction in perfusion pressure was significantly greater in the treated group than in the control group. At the 80 mm Hg pressure level, the mean release rate for the treated group was more than three times greater (p less than 0.05) than that of the control group. These findings demonstrate that verapamil is an effective renal vasodilator and that the effect is proportionally greater on the preglomerular than on the postglomerular resistance. This action could be the basis for its antihypertensive efficacy.
The cost of poor blood specimen quality and errors in preanalytical processes.

Abstract Objectives The increase in the prevalence of medical errors represents a disturbing trend; hospital-based errors are the eighth leading cause of death in the United States. For the clinical laboratory, errors that occur in the preanalytical phase of testing may account for up to 75% of total laboratory errors; 26% of these may have detrimental effects on patient care, which contribute to unnecessary investigations or inappropriate treatment, increase in lengths of hospital stay, as well as dissatisfaction with healthcare services. This review focuses on these errors, particularly those observed in the preanalytical phase, and how they may affect clinical and financial outcomes. Financial ramifications are also demonstrated through a model that estimates the costs of preanalytical errors for the hospital and laboratory as well as patient care.
Microspectrophotometry ofDrosophila visual pigments: Determinations of conversion efficiency in R1–6 receptors

We used microspectrophotometry, together with some associated electrophysiological measurements, to characterize the photopigments of R1–6 receptors in living, white-eyedDrosophila. Measurements were from the deep pseudopupil, an optical visualization of photopigment-containing rhabdomeres. Transmission changes associated with photointerconversion of rhodopsin (R480) and its stable metarhodopsin (M570) are easily seen (Fig. 1). Such transmission changes were measured to produce a difference specrum (Fig. 2); the isosbestic wavelength is about 502 nm. A photoequilibrium spectrum (Fig. 3), analyzed together with sensitivity data (Fig. 4a), was used to determine the fraction of M570 in photoequilibria established with various monochromatic wavelengths. From this, the quantum efficiency for M570 to R480 conversion relative to R480 to M570 efficiency was determined to be about 0.71. No dark regeneration of M570 to R480 occurred within a period of 60min (Fig. 4a, b).
Link between drug absorption solubility and permeability measurements in Caco-2 cells

The objective of this investigation was to establish a relationship between drug permeability and solubility in vitro and the extent of drug absorption in humans. We selected drugs with varying permeabilities and solubilities with the aim of establishing a relationship between permeability and solubility measurements in vitro and the extent of absorption in vivo. Effective permeability coefficients of the model drugs (naproxen, phenytoin, propranolol, diltiazem, salicylic acid, ephedrine, cimetidine, chlorothiazide, and furosemide) at 37 °C and pH 7.2 were estimated using the Caco-2 cell line. Saturation solubilities of the model drugs were estimated at pH 7.2 and at 37 °C. Data obtained from the permeability and solubility experiments were employed in classifying the drugs into high and low permeability–solubility groups. The permeability coefficients ranged from 1 × 10−7 to 4 × 10−5 cm/s, and a good correlation was observed between the permeability coefficients in Caco-2 cells and percent absorbed in humans. Drugs in the high permeability, high solubility class are completely absorbed (90% or higher). The study results indicate that there is a strong link between permeability measured in Caco-2 cells, solubility, and fraction of drug absorbed in humans.
An Extended Model for Determining Dynamic Loads in Spur Gearing

In this study a large scale digitized approach is used for an uninterrupted static and dynamic analysis of spur gearing. An interactive method was developed to calculate directly the variable gear mesh stiffness as a function of transmitted load, gear profile errors, gear tooth deflections and gear hub torsional deformation, and position of contacting profile points. The developed methods are applicable to both the normal and high contact ratio gearing. Certain types of simulated sinusoidal profile errors and pitting can cause interruptions of the normal gear mesh stiffness function and, thus, increase the dynamic loads in gearing.
Enign Hepatomas in Mice of the CBA Strain

Slye, in her 5th, 6th and 7th reports (1, 2, 3) on the inheritability of tumors in mice, cites 62 spontaneous tumors of the liver including adenomas, sarcomas, and carcinomas in a single charted family of related individuals. Outside of her extensive experience, a sporadic occurrence of such tumors is the rule. According to Slye, up to 1916 only one such tumor had been reported in the literature (4). Within the past three years, however, fourteen such tumors have occurred in mice of a single inbred strain.
Facial lawn mower injury treated by a vascularized costochondral graft.

Abstract Mandibular defects present a difficult condition to treat, especially when the condyle is involved. The method chosen for reconstruction of the missing ramus and condyle must provide facial symmetry and a functional joint. In children, there is an additional requirement of allowing facial growth to proceed normally. Autogenous costochondral rib grafts have been accepted as a satisfactory replacement for mandibular rami and condyles in adults as well as children.1,2 Several studies have shown that in children costochondral grafts have the potential to grow. However, the growth of these grafts is unpredictable, ranging from resorption to overgrowth.3–6 In 1989, Poole7 reported the use of vascularized soft tissues in the early surgical treatment of children with hemifacial microsomia. Although it is expected that vascularized costochondral grafts may provide more predictable growth than nonvascularized free grafts, this potential advantage has still to be demonstrated. This article presents the surgical treatment and follow-up of a case with an extensive facial defect caused by a riding lawn mower injury. The patient was treated with a composite transfer of a vascularized costochondral rib graft with associated soft tissue.
Nomenclature of robotic procedures in urology.

Purpose: To standardize nomenclature and acronyms applied to robotic procedures in urology. Materials and Methods: A review of the literature for robotic procedures in urology was performed. In addition, various acronyms were queried and frequency of use was noted. Additional literature reviewed included articles on standardization of scientific nomenclature used in other disciplines of health care. This topic was discussed within the newly formed working group of urologic robotic surgeons (WURS). Results: There is wide variation in the terminology and use of acronyms for robotic prostate and kidney procedures. The application of robotic, robot, robotic laparoscopic, robot laparoscopic, robotic-assisted, robot-assisted, robotic assisted, robot assisted, robotic-assisted laparoscopic, robot-assisted laparoscopic, robotic assisted laparoscopic, robot assisted laparoscopic, and robotic computer-assisted to procedures such as pyeloplasty and radical prostatectomy is far from uniform or standardized. Queries a...
Novel risk factors associated with current suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts in individuals with spinal cord injury

Abstract Objective To determine unique associations of suicidal ideation (SI) and lifetime suicide attempts (SAs) in individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Design Cross-sectional analysis. Setting Outpatient. Participants Individuals with SCI (N=2533) who were 18 years or older with a history of traumatic SCI. Interventions None. Main Outcome Measures Any SI in the past 2 weeks (9-item Patient Health Questionnaire) and any lifetime SA. Results Three hundred twenty-three individuals (13.3%) reported SI in the past 2 weeks and 179 (7.4%) reported lifetime SA. After controlling for other factors, both lifetime SA and current SI were associated with study site and current level of depression. In addition, SA was associated with less education, younger age at injury, having current or past treatment of depression, and having bipolar disorder or schizophrenia. SI was associated with more years since injury and lifetime SA. Several psychological factors were associated with current SI and lifetime SAs, including lower environmental reward and less positive affect. In addition, control of one's community activities and spiritual well-being were associated with current SI. In bivariate comparisons, severity of SCI was also associated with the 47% of the SAs that occurred after injury. Conclusions Several unique associations of SI and lifetime SA in individuals with SCI were identified, including level of environmental reward and control, spiritual well-being, and severity of SCI. These factors bear further investigation as prospective risk factors for suicidal behavior after SCI.
Making Sense of the Front Lines: Environmental Inspectors in Ohio and Wisconsin

Although about 90% of environmental policy is delegated to the states for implementation, the individuals responsible for implementing a majority of that policy are largely understudied. Existing acknowledgment of these regulators typically extends only to the regulatory enforcement strategy their agency employs. Missing in these conversations is a focused study on the regulators themselves and their perceptions of the regulated community that they interact with daily. Understanding these perceptions will provide insights into how regulators approach their interactions and how they ensure regulatory compliance. This paper uses an exploratory case study approach to focus on front-line regulators with the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency and Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources via agency-wide surveys. Findings from the surveys reveal generally positive perceptions of the regulated community in both states and experiences with them. The findings call attention to a neglected population and emphasize the importance of regulators’ perceptions in their regulatory approach.
Micro-grid energy dispatch optimization and predictive control algorithms; A UC Irvine case study

Distributed power and energy resources are now being used to meet the combined electric power, heating, and cooling demands of many buildings. The addition of on-site renewables and their accompanying intermittency and non-coincidence requires even greater dynamic performance from the distributed power and energy system. Load following generators, energy storage devices, and predictive energy management are increasingly important to achieve the simultaneous goals of increased efficiency, reduced emissions, and sustainable economics. This paper presents two optimization strategies for the dispatch of a multi-chiller cooling plant with cold-water thermal storage. The optimizations aim to reduce both costs and emissions while considering real operational constraints of a plant. The UC Irvine campus micro-grid operation between January 2009 and December 2013 serves as a case study for how improved utilization of energy storage can buffer demand transients, reduce costs and improve plant efficiency. A predictive control strategy which forecasts campus demands from weather predictions, optimizes the plant dispatch, and applies feedback control to modify the plant dispatch in real-time is compared to best-practices manual operation. The dispatch optimization and predictive control algorithms are shown to reduce annual utility bill costs by 12.0%, net energy costs by 3.61%, and improve energy efficiency by 1.56%.
A Biventricular Finite Element Model of Heart Failure for Predicting the Effects of Treatment Strategies

According to recent statistics from the American Heart Association, Heart Failure (HF) affects 5.7 million Americans [1]. HF is characterized by the global dilation of the heart, which leads to an increase in ventricular volume and a reduction in pumping efficiency. Several treatment strategies have been investigated to combat the adverse remodeling that leads to the progression of HF [2,3]. These therapies include reshaping the heart by means of surgical intervention and implantation of medical devices.Copyright © 2011 by ASME
Evidence for direct suspension of loessial soils on the Columbia Plateau

Wind erosion modelling efforts, both ﬁeld and wind tunnel studies, have traditionally focused on saltation-based processes for estimating dust emissions from high wind events. This approach gives generally good results when saltation-sized particles, 90 µm to 2 mm mean diameter, are prevalent on the exposed soil surface. The Columbia Plateau, located in north-central Oregon and south-central Washington, is a region with extensive loess deposits where up to 90 per cent of sieved particles (by mass) are less than 100 µm mean diameter. During high-wind events, large amounts of soil and ﬁne particulate matter are suspended. However, ﬁeld surfaces typically show little evidence of surface scouring or saltation, e.g. soil drifts or covered furrows. Velocity proﬁle analysis of two high-wind events and additional data from a third event show evidence of direct suspension process where saltation is not a major mechanism for eroding soil or generating dust emissions. Surface roughness heights are less than saltation roughness height estimates during peak wind speeds. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Globule-size distribution in injectable 20% lipid emulsions: Compliance with USP requirements.

Purpose. The compliance of injectable 20% lipid emulsions with the globule-size limits in chapter 729 of the U.S. Pharmacopeia ( USP ) was examined. Methods. As established in chapter 729, dynamic light scattering was applied to determine mean droplet diameter (MDD), with an upper limit of 500 nm. Light obscuration was used to determine the size of fat globules found in the large-diameter tail, expressed as the volume-weighted percent fat exceeding 5 μ m (PFAT5), with an upper limit of 0.05%. Compliance of seven different emulsions, six of which were stored in plastic bags, with USP limits was assessed. To avoid reaching coincidence limits during the application of method II from overly concentrated emulsion samples, a variable dilution scheme was used to optimize the globule-size measurements for each emulsion. One-way analysis of variance of globule-size distribution (GSD) data was conducted if any results of method I or II exceeded the respective upper limits. Results. Most injectable lipid emulsions complied with limits established by USP chapter 729, with the exception of those of one manufacturer, which failed limits as proposed for to meet the PFAT5 three of the emulsions tested. In contrast, all others studied (one packaged in glass and three packaged in plastic) met both criteria. Conclusion. Among seven injectable lipid emulsions tested for GSD, all met USP chapter 729 MDD requirements and three, all from the same manufacturer and packaged in plastic, did not meet PFAT5 requirements.
RENAL TUBULAR ACIDOSIS TYPE 4 IN NEONATAL UNILATERAL KIDNEY DISEASES

Three neonates, two with unilateral renal vein thrombosis and one with unilateral dysplastic kidney, developed type 4 renal tubular acidosis, manifested by non-azotemic hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis with alkaline urine pH and reduced potassium excretion. Normal plasma sodium, aldosterone and renin activity together with normal fractional excretion of sodium, support the diagnosis of renal tubular acidosis type 4, subtype 5. To further define the acidification defect, all underwent arginine-hydrochloride loading studies. Despite urine pH <5.8, net acid excretion was inadequate relative to the corresponding plasma bicarbonate concentration. Treatment with oral bicarbonate, 3-6 mEq/kg/day, resulted in sustained normalization of blood acid-base status and accelerated linear growth in the first two infants, in whom spontaneous recovery occurred by ages eight and 15 months, without further need for alkali therapy. Radiologic evaluation revealed shrinkage of the affected kidney with contralateral compensatory hypertrophy in both patients. In the third infant, persistent acidosis and growth failure obtained from medical non-compliance; removal of the dysplastic kidney at seven months of age was followed by normalized hydrogen and potassium excretion as well as blood acid-base status. We conclude that neonatal unilateral kidney diseases can give rise to renal tubular acidosis type 4, subtype 5. Early diagnosis and treatment provide an excellent prognosis.
Loudspeaker equalization for auditory research.

The equalization of loudspeaker frequency response is necessary to conduct many types of well-controlled auditory experiments. This article introduces a program that includes functions to measure a loudspeaker’s frequency response, design equalization filters, and apply the filters to a set of stimuli to be used in an auditory experiment. The filters can compensate for both magnitude and phase distortions introduced by the loudspeaker. A MATLAB script is included in the Appendix to illustrate the details of the equalization algorithm used in the program.
An amphiphilic degradable polymer/hydroxyapatite composite with enhanced handling characteristics promotes osteogenic gene expression in bone marrow stromal cells.

Electrospun polymer/hydroxyapatite (HA) composites combining biodegradability with osteoconductivity are attractive for skeletal tissue engineering applications. However, most biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are hydrophobic and do not blend with adequate interfacial adhesion with HA, compromising the structural homogeneity, mechanical integrity and biological performance of the composite. To overcome this challenge, we combined a hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) block with poly(d,l-lactic acid) to improve the adhesion of the degradable polymer with HA. The amphiphilic triblock copolymer PLA-PEG-PLA (PELA) improved the stability of HA-PELA suspension at 25wt.% HA content, which was readily electrospun into HA-PELA composite scaffolds with uniform fiber dimensions. HA-PELA was highly extensible (failure strain>200% vs. 100° for HA-PLA), and exhibited an 8-fold storage modulus increase (unlike deterioration for HA-PLA) upon hydration, owing to the favorable interaction between HA and PEG. HA-PELA also better promoted osteochondral lineage commitment of bone marrow stromal cells in unstimulated culture and supported far more potent osteogenic gene expression upon induction than HA-PLA. We demonstrate that the chemical incorporation of PEG is an effective strategy to improve the performance of degradable polymer/HA composites for bone tissue engineering applications.
A theoretical basis for large coefficient of variation and bimodality in neuronal interspike interval distributions

We consider the classic Stein (1965) model for stochastic neuronal firing under random synaptic input. Our treatment includes the additional effect of synaptic reversal potentials. We develop and employ two numerical methods (in addition to Monte Carlo simulations) to study the relation of the various parameters of the model to the shape of the theoretical interspike interval distribution. Contrary to the results of Tuckwell (1979) we are unable to account, on the basis of substantial synaptic inhibition and with parameter settings in the known physiologic range, for experimental interspike interval distributions which exhibit large coefficients of variation or bimodality. We therefore introduce a time varying threshold into the model, which readily allows for such distributions and which has physiological justification.
Correlations of the Basicity of His 57 with Transition State Analogue Binding, Substrate Reactivity, and the Strength of the Low-Barrier Hydrogen Bond in Chymotrypsin†

The basicity of His 57-Ne2 within the low-barrier hydrogen-bonded (LBHB) diad His 57-Asp 102 and the 1H NMR chemical shift of the LBHB proton in tetrahedral, hemiketal complexes of chymotrypsin with peptidyl trifluoromethyl ketones (peptidyl-TFKs) have been studied. The following results were obtained with various peptidyl-TFKs at 5 °C: N-Ac-Gly-dl-Phe-CF3, pKa = 11.1 and δLBHB = 18.7 ppm; N-Ac-l-Val-dl-Phe-CF3, pKa = 11.8 and δLBHB = 18.9 ppm; N-Ac-l-Leu-dl-Val-CF3, pKa = 10.3 and δLBHB = 18.9 ppm; and N-Ac-l-Leu-dl-naphthyl-CF3, pKa = 10.9 and δLBHB = 19.0 ppm. Results for peptidyl-TFKs with Phe in the P1 position and N-Ac, N-Ac-Gly, N-Ac-l-Val, and N-Ac-l-Leu in the P2 position were well correlated with literature values for inhibition constants Ki and kcat/Km for the corresponding peptidyl methyl esters. The plot of log Ki versus the apparent pKa of His 57-Ne2 displayed a slope of −0.77, and that of log kcat/Km for peptidyl methyl esters versus the pKa of His 57-Ne2 in corresponding peptidyl-TFK comp...