cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Relationship of oxygen consumption to swimming speed in Euphausia pacifica

Oxygen consumption rate was measured as a function of swimming velocity for the vertically migrating euphausiid Euphausia pacifica at two temperatures (8° and 12°C) and pressures (1 and 40 atm) typical of its bathymetric distribution. Increased swimming speed (x; mh-1) required increased oxygen consumption (y; μl O2 mg dry weight-1 h-1), described by the equation y = 0.012x + 0.64 at 8°C, and by y = 0.020x + 0.85 at 12° C. The current concept of low swimming costs of zooplankton, based on determinations of dead drag in copepods, is contradicted by our measurements. Temperature had a more profound effect on metabolism at higher swimming speeds (112 m h-1; Q10=2.8) than on standard metabolism (O m h-1; Q10=2.0), indicating that activity is more costly at higher temperatures. Pressure caused a small but significant (P>0.05) rise in the relationship of respiratory rate to swimming speed at both temperatures. The energy cost of vertical migration for E. pacifica was estimated by applying our data on oxygen consumption vs swimming speed to published observations on sonic scattering layer movement and the day-night distribution pattern of this species. Results indicate that the cost of a diel migration of 254 m, through a temperature change of 4 °C (8° to 12° C), would cancel any energetic benefit gained by time spent at the lower temperature typical of daytime depth. The act of vertical migration is energetically expensive; its cost should be thoroughly considered in attempts to describe the energetics of vertically migrating species.
Extremely high-frequency beam steerable lens-fed antenna for vehicular sensor applications

A low-profile, high-performance beam steerable antenna, also referred to as electrically steerable array or array, system is proposed for vehicular sensor applications. The antenna aperture is realised by a phased array fed with a tri-focal Rotman lens. Theory of designing the beam-forming network and an improved parametric study are presented, while the narrow-H-plane, broad-E-plane microstrip antenna fed by the printed lens is investigated for extremely high-frequency -band operation. The full wave simulation demonstrates good results for the antenna use over the required two-dimensional scanning range of ±45°.
Academy for Teacher Excellence: Maximizing Synergy Among Partners for Promoting College Access for Latino Teacher Candidates

This case study discusses how educational entities collaborate in meaningful ways to address teaching force representation and shortages in critical fields for diverse populations in urban education settings. The authors examined how the role of a federally funded program, Academy for Teacher Excellence (ATE), at a Hispanic Serving Institution in Texas is creating preschool through university level (P-20) collaborative partnerships with various community stakeholders to enhance college access for minorities, specifically Latino students pursuing the teaching profession. Constant comparison analysis of the data uncovered the following themes: (a) Building Relationships and Dialoguing across Partners, (b) Communicating Information and Outreach, and (c) Networking and Leveraging Resources. Together, these foster a collaborative partnership among entities with the intention of maximizing synergy and supporting the access, recruitment, and education of Latino teacher candidates who will become culturally efficacious teachers of all students, but specifically for the growing number of Latino students in urban areas.
The Evolution of Laser Therapy in Ophthalmology: A Perspective on the Interactions Between Photons, Patients, Physicians, and Physicists: The LXX Edward Jackson Memorial Lecture

Purpose To present the evolution of laser therapy in modern ophthalmic practice. Design Review of published experimental and clinical studies. Methods A review was undertaken of the work of multiple investigators leading to the invention of the laser, its biophysical effects on ocular tissues from which it derives its name (light-amplified stimulation of emitted radiation), and the development of various laser-based devices and methods to treat common ophthalmologic disorders, with particular emphasis on new and emerging retinal and anterior segment applications. Results Because the eye is optimized for the transmission of light and its transduction into neural signals, lasers are particularly well suited for ophthalmic therapy. This fact and the high demands for precision in therapy have inspired the development of highly sophisticated laser systems that have impacted the treatment of common diseases. These include diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal venous occlusive disease, retinopathy of prematurity, and optical aberrations including ametropia, cataract, and glaucoma, among others. Recent developments in scanning laser systems, including image-guided systems with eye tracking, real-time feedback, and ultra-short pulse durations, have enabled increased selectivity, precision, and safety in ocular therapy. However, improved outcomes have been associated with increased cost of medical care, and attention to and optimization of their cost effectiveness will continue to be required in the future. Conclusions The invention and evolution of modern ophthalmic lasers have enhanced therapeutic options and can serve as a heuristic model for better understanding the process of innovation, including the societal benefits and also unintended consequences, including increased costs.
THE INFLUENCE OF ELECTROLYTES ON THE ELECTRIFICATION AND THE RATE OF DIFFUSION OF WATER THROUGH COLLODION MEMBRANES.

1. When pure water is separated by a collodion membrane from a watery solution of an electrolyte the rate of diffusion of water is influenced not only by the forces of gas pressure but also by electrical forces. 2. Water is in this case attracted by the solute as if the molecules of water were charged electrically, the sign of the charge of the water particles as well as the strength of the attractive force finding expression in the following two rules, ( a ) Solutions of neutral salts possessing a univalent or bivalent cation influence the rate of diffusion of water through a collodion membrane, as if the water particles were charged positively and were attracted by the anion and repelled by the cation of the electrolyte; the attractive and repulsive action increasing with the number of charges of the ion and diminishing inversely with a quantity which we will designate arbitrarily as the "radius" of the ion. The same rule applies to solutions of alkalies. ( b ) Solutions of neutral or acid salts possessing a trivalent or tetravalent cation influence the rate of diffusion of water through a collodion membrane as if the particles of water were charged negatively and were attracted by the cation and repelled by the anion of the electrolyte. Solutions of acids obey the same rule, the high electrostatic effect of the hydrogen ion being probably due to its small "ionic radius." 3. The correctness of the assumption made in these rules concerning the sign of the charge of the water particles is proved by experiments on electrical osmose. 4. A method is given by which the strength of the attractive electric force of electrolytes on the molecules of water can be roughly estimated and the results of these measurements are in agreement with the two rules. 5. The electric attraction of water caused by the electrolyte increases with an increase in the concentration of the electrolyte, but at low concentrations more rapidly than at high concentrations. A tentative explanation for this phenomenon is offered. 6. The rate of diffusion of an electrolyte from a solution to pure solvent through a collodion membrane seems to obey largely the kinetic theory inasmuch as the number of molecules of solute diffusing through the unit of area of the membrane in unit time is (as long as the concentration is not too low) approximately proportional to the concentration of the electrolyte and is the same for the same concentrations of LiCl, NaCl, MgCl2, and CaCl2.
Mio-Pliocene seasonality on the Snake River plain: comparison of faunal and oxygen isotopic evidence

Smith, G.R. and Patterson, W.P., 1994. Mio-Pliocene seasonality on the Snake River plain: comparison of faunal and oxygen isotopic evidence. Palaeogeogr., Pataeoctimatol., Palaeoecol., 107: 291-302. Analysis of fish faunas and oxygen isotopic composition of a fish otolith from lacustrine deposits of southwestern Idaho provide a means of evaluating regional Miocene and Pliocene climates. A disharmonious assemblage consisting of coldwater salmon and trout and warmwater sunfish and catfish from the Chalk Hills Formation of the Snake River Plain indicates that the climate of the late Miocene was warm and moist with cool summers and mild winters. Colonization of the lake by deepwater sculpins and whitefish in the Pliocene indicates that the climate was moist and equable, but with summers cooler than either the Miocene or Quaternary. Oxygen isotopic variation among seasonal growth rings in an aragonitic otolith of a Pliocene littoral sunfish suggests a seasonal range of temperatures locally more equable than at present. Extremely depleted values of 6180 in carbonates suggest that the lake was maintained by tributaries from high-elevation watersheds, with locally low evaporation, rather than high precipitation.
Characterization of an HPV type 11 isolate propagated in human foreskin implants in nude mice.

Abstract Human papillomavirus type 11-Hershey (HPV-11-H) from an extract of genital warts has been serially passaged by infecting human foreskin chips that are then implanted in athymic mice (1. W. Kreider, M. K. Howett, A. E. Leure-Dupree, R. J. Zaino, and J. A. Weber (1987), J. Virol. 61, 590) . Subsequent attempts to propagate HPVs present in other human lesions have not been successful. In an effort to identify the basis for the seemingly unique ability of HPV-11-H to propagate in the xenografts, we carried out extensive physical and functional characterizations of the cloned DNA, including restriction digestions, DNA sequencing of transcriptional control regions, and E2 trans-activation of the upstream regulatory region. We uncovered no significant differences compared to the prototype HPV-11 ( K. Dartmann, E. Schwarz, L. Gissmann, and H. zur Hausen (1986) Virology 151,124 ; H. Hirochika, T. R. Broker, and L. T. Chow (1987) J. Virol. 61, 2599) . Moreover, viral enhancer assays indicated that the observed stimulatory effect of pregnancy on condylomata and of estradiol on experimental cysts is likely an indirect one and could not be attributed to up-regulation of the HPV-11 transcriptional enhancer.
Two inclinometers for the direct measurement of seafloor gradient from a submersible

Two pendulum-type inclinometers, providing accurate direct measurements of seafloor gradient from a submersible, were developed and field tested. A manipulator-held inclinometer was used in Great Abaco Canyon to measure the angle of repose of taluslike carbonate deposits on the canyon wall. A submersiblemounted inclinometer continuously measured, and a camera recorded, variations in seafloor gradient on the lower continental slope off Cape Hatteras. This area has been previously identified seismically as containing rotational slump blocks. Slump deposits were found to have slopes of up to 10° while their associated slump scarps had gradients between 30 and 50°.
Near‐field surface motions excited by radiation from a slip zone of arbitrary shape

A ray method is used to calculate the near-field ground acceleration excited by sliding on a fault plane. The sliding action is modeled by a propagating mode II crack. The crack is planar and it has an edge of arbitrary but smooth curvature. Attention is focused upon the case in which the expanding crack abruptly changes its rate of growth to a slower one. This change in propagation speed causes a burst of wave motion to be emitted. The interaction of the high-frequency (or wave front) part of the emitted acceleration pulse with the free surface is studied. The near field, where body waves dominate the wave motion at the surface, is considered in some detail.
Fabrication of graphene devices for infrared detection

Researchers have been looking for novel materials to improve the performance of photonic devices. Graphene has great potential to optoelectronic applications because of its excellent optical properties. Here, we demonstrate using the graphene-based photodetectors for infrared detection under a zero-bias operation. We have demonstrated to use an electric-field-assisted method to manipulate graphene flake between metal microelectrodes successfully without the electron beam lithography. The devices are made from few-layer-graphene and multi-layer-graphene which are confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy. The size of the graphene flake can be as large as 15 μm × 15 μm. The obtained results demonstrate high potential applications of the electric-field-assisted technique and nano assembly to fabricate graphene-based infrared photodetectors.
A BRIEF PROGRESS REPORT ON A RESEARCH NET STUDY OF AN EARLY CHILDHOOD PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL (INCLUDING STUDENT PERSPECTIVES)

(1998). A BRIEF PROGRESS REPORT ON A RESEARCH NET STUDY OF AN EARLY CHILDHOOD PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT SCHOOL (INCLUDING STUDENT PERSPECTIVES) Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education: Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 149-152.
Stereoselective synthesis of (±) - laurene

Abstract Reduction of an unsymmetrically substituted unsaturated aldehyde by way of the corresponding tosylhydrazone is shown to proceed stereoselectively.
Towards mean field theory of wireless networks

This paper proposes to leverage a large body of results on performance evaluation and optimization of wire-line networks for obtaining relevant results for wireless networks by using mean field approximation based on the "effective" link capacities. We derive mean field equations for the effective link capacities and demonstrate how these capacities can be used for evaluating the throughput regions as a function of the channel model as well as transmission and routing protocols. We also discuss possibility of using mean field approximation for assessing the quality of service as a function of the external demands within the throughput region.
Mirrors of Madness: Paul Auster's The New York Trilogy

(1995). Mirrors of Madness: Paul Auster's The New York Trilogy. Critique: Studies in Contemporary Fiction: Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 17-33.
Exploring urban retailing and CBD revitalization strategies

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to provide an exploratory examination of urban retail marketing and management strategies employed in six US cities with reputations for having central business districts (CBD) that are either flourishing or developing. It also investigates the roles played by urban retailers in working with CBD revitalization efforts.Design/methodology/approach – Depth interviews were conducted with economic development managers and urban retailer owners/managers from each CBD. Content analysis, preceded by a comprehensive review of academic and trade literature, was used to identify key concepts. An iterative coding process resulted in identifying broad strategic themes and related strategies.Findings – Strategies were classified into three urban retailing and five economic revitalization themes. These strategies varied depending on whether cities had flourishing or developing CBDs.Research limitations/implications – The study provided a systematic and comprehensive examination of ...
THE SPECIAL ALGEBRAS OF CARTAN TYPE IN CHARACTERISTIC 0

In this paper, we study algebras of Cartan type *, over a field F of characteristic 0, which is a class of infinite dimensional Lie algebras. These algebras are sets of sums of the images of D h ij where D h ij (f) = h{∂ j (f)∂ i − ∂ i (f)∂ j } for all f and h in the field F(x 1, …, x n ), and occur as subalgebras of the Lie algebra of derivations of the field of rational fuctions. We find the unique minimal ideal of algebras of Cartan type *. We also investigate the size of the ideal for some special cases.
Hematin iron valence in catalase and peroxidase compound I: Relationship to free radical reaction mechanism

The material in this paper is centered on the structure of compound I (first reaction intermediate) in the case of catalase and a classical peroxidase (horseradish peroxidase, HRP). The concept of a pi-cation radical is accepted for HRP but is rejected in the case of catalase. A possible mechanism for catalatic action previously proposed assumes FeV for the hematin iron of catalase and hydride ion transfer in the reduction of FeV by the second molecule of H2O2, no free radical being involved. In the case of HRP however, FeIV is assumed for compound I. A hypothetical .OH needed to balance the reaction for the formation of compound I is thought to interact with the pi electron cloud of the hematin prosthetic group, forming the now generally accepted pi cation radical and an OH- ion. Attempts to apply the pi cation mechanism to catalatic action lead to contradictions and implausible chemical reactions.
Behavioral dimensions of adjustment in persons with chronic pain: pain-related anxiety and acceptance.

Through empirical methods we now characterize patients with chronic pain as either dysfunctional, interpersonally distressed, or adaptive copers. Studying factors that differentiate these groups may reveal the behavioral processes that determine adjustment to pain. Subjects for this study were 190 patients referred for treatment of chronic pain. They were classified as dysfunctional (n = 41), interpersonally distressed (n = 28) or adaptive copers (n = 59) based on the Multidimensional Pain Inventory (Kerns, R.D., Turk, D.C. and Rudy, T.E., The West Haven-Yale Multidimensional Pain Inventory (WHYMPI), Pain, 23 (1985) 345-356) and compared on measures of pain-related anxiety and pain acceptance. Our analyses showed that the dysfunctional group reported greater pain-related anxiety and less acceptance of pain than the other groups. Additional analyses, statistically controlling for pain severity and depression, showed that the patient subtypes continued to differ on pain-related anxiety and acceptance. Discriminant function analyses including pain-related anxiety and acceptance correctly classified 72.5% of dysfunctional and 90.9% of adaptive copers. Again, anxiety and acceptance contributed uniquely to classification independent of depression and pain intensity. Pain-related anxiety and acceptance of pain appear to be unique behavioral dimensions of adjustment to chronic pain. Decreasing anxiety and increasing acceptance may 'move' patients with chronic pain from the dysfunctional to the adaptive coper category.
Experimental Methods for Dynamic Stress Analysis in Viscoelastic Materials

This paper deals with experimental methods of dynamic stress analysis in viscoelastic materials. Plasticized polyvinyl chloride is used as the model material. Dynamic properties, both mechanical and optical, in the form of a complex modulus and a stress fringe value as functions of frequency are determined by means of sinusoidal oscillation tests. These are converted into a relaxation modulus and a stress fringe value as functions of time. Two approaches are discussed. In the first one, measured strains in the model and the material relaxation modulus are used for the computation of stresses by numerical integration of the integral constitutive relations of viscoelasticity. In the other approach, birefringent measurements in the model and the stress fringe value of the material are used for the computation of the principal stress difference by numerical integration of the integral stress-optic relation. The application of these methods is demonstrated in the cases of a strut and a plate subjected to the impact of a falling weight. Results obtained independently by the two methods are in satisfactory agreement.
A comparison of accuracy between clinical examination and magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis of meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament tears

A prospective and retrospective study was undertaken to compare the accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with clinical examination in diagnosing meniscal and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Pathological findings were then confirmed during arthroscopy. One hundred fifty-four patients clinically diagnosed with a meniscal or ACL tear who ultimately had arthroscopic knee surgery were evaluated; 100 patients underwent clinical examination followed by MRI, and 54 underwent clinical examination alone. The presence or absence of meniscal and ACL tears was confirmed during arthroscopy. The accuracies of clinical examination and MRI were compared for the 100 patients who underwent both clinical examination and MRI. The accuracy of MRI was 75% for medial meniscal tears, 69% for lateral meniscal tears and 98% for ACL tears. The accuracy of clinical examination was 82% for medial meniscal tears, 76% for lateral meniscal tears and 99% for complete tears of the ACL. Furthermore, the accuracy of clinical examination for the 54 patients who underwent clinical examination alone was not significantly different from the accuracy of clinical examination in the 100 patients who also underwent MRI. There was no significant difference between the accuracy of clinical examination and MRI in the diagnosis of meniscal and ACL tears and, overall, MRI contributed to treatment in only 16 of 100 cases. Based on these findings, we feel that MRI, except in certain circumstances, is an expensive and unnecessary diagnostic test in patients with suspected meniscal and ACL pathology.
Fluid dynamic comparison of intra-atrial and extracardiac total cavopulmonary connections

Objective: Extracardiac total cavopulmonary connection has recently been introduced as an alternative to intra-atrial procedures. The purpose of this study was to compare the hydrodynamic efficiency of extracardiac and intra-atrial lateral tunnel procedures in total cavopulmonary connections. Methods: Intra-atrial lateral tunnel, extracardiac tunnel, and extracardiac conduit with and without caval vein offset were performed on explanted sheep heart preparations and studied in an in vitro flow loop. A rate of fluid-energy dissipation analysis was performed for each model using simultaneous measurement of pressure and flow at each inlet and outlet of the right side of the heart. Preparations were perfused by using a steady flow blood pump at 4 flow indices (1-6 L/min/m 2) with the inferior vena cava carrying 65% of the total venous return. Results: Fluid-power losses were consistently lower for the extracardiac conduit procedure compared with the two tunnel configurations (P < .01). A further reduction in energy dissipation of up to 36% was noted in the extracardiac procedure, with 5 mm offset of the extracardiac conduit toward the distal right pulmonary. The intra-atrial and extracardiac tunnel procedures were least efficient, with losses 73% greater than the optimal extracardiac conduit procedure. Conclusions: The extracardiac conduit procedure provides superior hemodynamics compared with the intra-atrial lateral tunnel and extracardiac tunnel techniques. This hydrodynamic advantage is markedly enhanced by the use of conduit–superior vena cava offset, particularly at high physiologic flows that are representative of exercise. These data suggest additional rationale for the use of extracardiac conduit procedures for final-stage completion of the Fontan circulation. (J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1999;117:697-704)
Composition-dependent layered structure and transport properties in BiTe thin films

We have studied the compositional dependence of the layered structure of ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ thin films and its relation with the transport properties. We have observed that the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1+x}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}$ films have a stable structure near the ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1}$ composition and that their crystallinity depends strongly upon the compositional deviation from stoichiometric ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1}{\mathrm{Te}}_{1}.$ We have determined possible layered structures, configured with two sequences of Bi--Bi and Te--Bi--Te--Bi--Te, corresponding to Bi and Te binary compositions using x-ray diffraction analysis. Their c-axis lattice constants were in the range of 36 \AA{} and 136 \AA{}. Temperature-dependent thermopowers of the films reveal that as the composition changes from Te rich to Bi rich, the polarity varies from n type to p type.
Stationary solutions, energy, and the Bel-Robinson tensor.

The absence of stationary source-free solutions and the positive energy problem in general relativity are discussed, at the linearized level, in terms of the Bel-Robinson tensor. The possibility is raised that there may exist stationary solutions to the full Einstein equations in five dimensions.
Differential phase shift of partially reflected radio waves.

The addition of phase difference measurements to differential absorption experiments is shown to be both feasible and desirable. The phase information can provide a more sensitive measurement of electron density above about 75 km. The differential phase shift is only weakly dependent on collision frequency in this range, and so an accurate collision frequency profile is not a prerequisite. The differential phase shift and differential absorption measurements taken together can provide both electron density and collision frequency data from about 70 to 90 km.
Cross-property connections between overall electric conductivity and fluid permeability of a random porous media with conducting sceleton

The paper addresses the problem of cross-property connection between electrical conductivity and fluid permeability of a porous material with conducting solid phase. Variational inequality connecting the said two properties is obtained. Development of explicit closed-form connection is complicated by the fact that the two properties are governed by different microstructural parameters. This complication can be overcome if certain rather rough information about the spatial distribution of phases is available. As an illustration, material with randomly distributed interconnected phases is discussed in details. The cross-property connection for this case is obtained in closed explicit form.
LEPTON MASS FORMULA

A recently proposed mass formula for the muon is extended to $\ensuremath{\tau}$ and other heavy leptons. It is postulated that a quantized magnetic self-energy of magnitude $\frac{3}{2}{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}{n}^{4}{M}_{e}$, where $n$ is a new quantum number, be added to the rest mass of a lepton to get the next heavy lepton in the chain $e$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, $\ensuremath{\tau},\ensuremath{\cdots}$, with $n=1$ for $\ensuremath{\mu}$, $n=2$ for $\ensuremath{\tau}$, etc. I predict ${M}_{\ensuremath{\tau}}=1786.08$ MeV, and for the next lepton ${M}_{\ensuremath{\delta}}=10293.7$ MeV.
31 P MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE, BODY COMPOSITION, AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) LEVELS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. † 742

31 P MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY OF SKELETAL MUSCLE, BODY COMPOSITION, AND INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR BINDING PROTEIN-3 (IGFBP-3) LEVELS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS. † 742
Radiative temperature dissipation in a finite atmosphere—I. The homogeneous case

Abstract We have developed a new approach toward solving problems of linear radiative relaxation of LTE temperature perturbations in a plane-parallel atmosphere of finite extent. We show that the mathematical problem is one of solving an integral eigenvalue equation, for which non-trivial solutions exist only for discrete values of the radiative relaxation time. The solutions for the spatial part of the perturbation constitute a complete and orthogonal set of basis functions, making it possible to solve more general problems of temperature relaxation. In applying this method to radiative relaxation in the middle atmosphere of earth, we show how the additional influences of photochemical coupling, advection by winds, and eddy diffusion by small-scale turbulence may be easily included using matrix perturbation techniques. We have solved the homogeneous integral equation for a wide variety of vertical thicknesses in an idealized homogeneous slab medium. Adopting a number of different analytic line profiles (rectangular, Doupler, Voigt, and Lorentz) we have obtained numerical solutions using an exponential-kernel method for solving the integral equation. The discrete eigenvalue “spectrum” is presented for vertical optical depths (0–103) at line-center, and is used in solving several initial-value problems for a decaying temperature perturbation. We find that the eigenvalue spectrum is bounded from above by the lowest-order eigenvalue, and bounded from below by the familiar transparent approximation. The dependence of the lowest even eigenvalue on optical depth and the relative separation of the higher eigenvalues are found to depend sensitively on the line profile.
Pentamidine–Induced Beta Cell Toxicity Is Not Preventable by High Glucose

The incidence of beta cell damage attributable to pentamidine treatment of pneumocystis pneumonia is increasing in frequency because of the AIDS epidemic. We carried out in vitro studies in perfused rat islets using insulin secretion as an index of beta cell damage to study the effects of pentamidine and to test whether glucose can prevent toxicity in this physiologic model. Isolated islets were cultured for 16-18 hours of static incubation, in a culture medium containing 100 mg/dl glucose, with or without pentamidine (10(-6) M, a therapeutic concentration). Islets were then perfused with media containing 60 mg/dl followed by 300 mg/dl glucose concentrations to study the insulin secretory response. Incubation of islets with pentamidine was associated with subsequent basal hypersecretion of insulin (0.40 +/- 0.05 microU/islet .5 minute vs. 0.18 +/- 0.04 microU/islet .5 minute, p less than .005), and an insulin secretory response to glucose which was completely abolished (0.05 +/- 0.04 microU/islet .5 minute versus 1.12 +/- 0.02 microU/islet .5 minute, p less than .005). To determine whether glucose may protect against the effects of pentamidine, islets were then exposed to high glucose concentrations during simultaneous incubation with pentamidine. Coincubation with high glucose did not prevent these insulin secretory defects. A more extended culture of pentamidine-treated islets in the absence of pentamidine and at a glucose concentration of 100 mg/dl did not result in any recovery of insulin secretion. We conclude that pentamidine-induced beta cell damage is irreversible, not preventable by incubation with high glucose concentrations, and may therefore result from a mechanism different to that of alloxan.
Reactions between diisopropyl methylphosphonate and halides of divalent metal ions

Metal(II) halides react -with diisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP) at 150–220°C with formation of the following complexes: M[(C3H7O)CH3POO]2 (M = Fe, VO); M2[(C3H7O)CH3POO]2[OOP(CH3)–O–P(CH3)OO], (M = Ca, Mn, Co Ni); Zn[OOP(CH3)–O–P(CH3)OO]; Cu[CH3POO(OH)]3 (from CuCl2 · 2 H2O + DIMP); Cu[CH3PO3] (from CuX2 + DIMP; X = Cl, Br). These complexes were characterized by means of their electronic and infrared spectra and magnetic susceptibilities. Metall(II) Halogenide reagieren mit Diisopropyl Methylphosphonat (DIMP) bei 150–220°C unter Bildung der folgende Komplexe: M[(C3H7O)CH3POO]2 (M = Fe, VO); M2[(C3H7O)CH3POO]2[OOP(CH3)–O–P(CH3)OO], (M = Ca, Mn, Co Ni); Zn[OOP(CH3)–O–P(CH3)OO]; Cu[CH3POO(OH)]3 (aus CuCl2 · 2 H2O + DIMP); Cu[CH3PO3] (aus CuX2 + DIMP; X = Cl, Br). Diese Komplexe wurden mittels Elektronen- und Infrarot-Spektren und magnetischen Messungen charakterisiert.
A Hedonic Price Analysis of Farmland Option Premiums Under Urban Influences

An emerging theory, real option pricing, suggests that an important component of urban fringe farmland values may be the option value arising from nearby urban development. This new option pricing theory, as opposed to its standard conventional counterpart in finance, incorporates both the uncertainty about the future net benefits of a land conversion decision and the irreversibility of this action taken. We demonstrate that parsimonious empirical hedonic models of the errors-in-variables type, when corrected for heteroskedasticity, can provide adequate representations of farmland option premiums. Data for a random sample of cash rented Ohio farmland parcels are used, and the impacts of urban development on farmland option premiums are estimated. Results provide evidence that (a) both land-use conversion probability and urban influences have been important factors affecting the option value of the state's farmland, and (b) these option premiums associated with irreversible and uncertain land development are capitalized into farmland values. Une nouvelle theorie, l'evaluation des options reelles, semble indiquer qu'un element important de la valeur des terres agricoles periurbaines pourrait etre la valeur d'option decoulant du developpement urbain avoisinant. Cette nouvelle theorie, contrairement aux options financieres, inclut a la fois l'incertitude quant aux benefices nets futurs lies a la decision de convertir une terre et l'irreversibilite de cette decision. Nous avons demontre que les modeles empiriques parcimonieux et hedoniques du type erreurs sur les variables peuvent, une fois l'heteroscedasticite corrigee, donner des presentations adequates des prix de l'option des terres agricoles. Nous avons utilise les donnees d'un echantillon aleatoire de parcelles de terres agricoles louees au comptant en Ohio et nous avons estime l'impact du developpement urbain sur le prix de l'option des terres agricoles. Les resultats ont montre: a) que la probabilite de conversion de l'utilisation des terres et les influences urbaines sont des facteurs importants qui influent sur la valeur de l'option des terres agricoles de l'Etat; b) que ces prix de l'option associes a un amenagement urbain irreversible et incertain sont integres dans la valeur des terres agricoles.
Down's Syndrome, Aging, and Alzheimer's Disease: A Clinical Review

This review has been directed towards those aspects of DS which bear upon pathological aging. Clinical dementia in DS has heretofore been studied largely by retrospective methods with variable findings. A prospective study utilizing techniques designed to measure cognitive performance in a poorly verbal, retarded population is badly needed. There is definitive evidence for Alzheimer's disease changes in the brains of DS patients with some suggestion of altered topography compared to the general population. Immunological studies have established a T-cell deficiency in DS that may be linked to precocious aging of thymic-dependent processes. Both antiviral and nonantiviral effects of interferon are accentuated in cell culture systems utilizing DS tissue, presumably as a consequence of the localization of the interferon gene(s) on chromosome 21. Multiple endocrine studies confirm the high frequency of autoimmune disease, an abnormality that may be related to the problems of immune surveillance in DS. Precocious aging has been noted in regards to measures of skin elasticity, fenestration of cardiac valves, and premature cataracts. The 21st chromosome has been implicated in the elevated activity of superoxide dismutase, a finding of significance in regard to potential intracellular damage from increased levels of peroxide. Several studies have suggested a compensatory increase in glutathione peroxidase.
Thermal behavior of human plasma high density lipoprotein

Human plasma low density lipoprotein displays a reversible thermal transition between 20 and 40 degrees C, due to a phase transition of its core cholesterol ester from a smectic to a more liquid-like state. To determine if the cholesterol of high density lipoprotein (HDL) displays similar thermal behavior, the human lipoprotein and its extracted lipid have been examined by differential scanning calorimetry, low angle X-ray scattering and polarizing microscopy. Neither HDL2**(d 1.063--1.125--1.21 g/ml) nor HDL3(d1.125--1.21g/ml) show thermal transitions between O and 60 degrees C. By contrast cholesterol ester isolated from HDL and mixtures of cholesterol oleate and linoleate show reversible liquid crystalline transitions between 20 and 40 degreesC. X-ray scattering studies of HDL2 and HDL3 performed at 10 degreesC show no scattering fringes attributable to a smectic phase of cholesterol ester. When HDL is heated to temperatures above 60 degreesC a broad, double-peaked endotherm is observed. The first component (peak temperature=71 degreesC) corresponds to a selective release of apoprotein A-1 from the lipoprotein, and the second component (peak temperature=90 degreesC) to a more generalized disruption of lipoprotein structure with release of cholesterol ester and apoprotein A-2. Following the thermal disruption of HDL, reversible liquid crystalline transitions of cholesterol ester can be seen by differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing microscopy, showing the presence of large domains of cholesterol ester. The absence of cholesterol ester transitions in intact HDL may indicate an interaction of cholesterol ester molecules with the protein-phospholipid surface of HDL that prevents the formation of an organized lipid phase. The high temperature behavior of HDL indicates that apoprotein A-1 is less important than apoprotein A-2 in maintaining the HDL apolar lipids in the form of a stable miroemulsion.
Assembly of aryl-capped siderophores by modular peptide synthetases and polyketide synthases.

Bacterial siderophores assist pathogens in iron acquisition inside their hosts. They are often essential for achieving a successful infection, and their biosynthesis represents an attractive antibiotic target. Recently, several siderophore biosynthetic loci have been identified, and in vitro studies have advanced our knowledge of the biosynthesis of aryl-capped peptide and peptide–polyketide siderophores from Mycobacterium spp., Pseudomonas spp., Yersinia spp. and other bacteria. These studies also provided insights into the assembly of related siderophores and many secondary metabolites of medical relevance. Assembly of aryl-capped peptide and peptide–polyketide siderophores involves non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal-peptide polyketide hybrid subunits. Analysis of these subunits suggests that their domains and modules are functionally and structurally independent. It appears that nature has selected a set of functional domains and modules that can be rearranged in different order and combinations to biosynthesize different products. Although much remains to be learned about modular synthetases and synthases, it is already possible to conceive strategies to engineer these enzymes to generate novel products.
DNA adducts as early bioindicators of chemical exposure

Sensitive analytical methods indicate the presence of hundreds of chemical contaminants in our environment. However, concentration of these pollutants is usually at the low parts per million or parts per billion level. At such low levels, toxicants induce long-term (chronic) rather than short-term (acute) toxicities. Experiments are designed to evaluate chronic toxicity using early bioindicators. Recently, fish have been used as experimental animals because some species show early (weeks as opposed to years in other research animals), sensitive responses. Thus, medaka (Oryzias latipes), following exposure to diethylnitrosamine (DEN), exhibited liver tumors in several weeks; more interestingly its DNA was modified (to a ‘DNA-adduct’) after only 24-48 hours exposure. Such adducts show promise as early bioindicators because they are formed within hours of exposure. The formation of DNA-adducts were monitored in medaka and rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) exposed to DEN by aqueous or intra-peritoneal routes. Using HPLC-Fluorimetry, O 6-ethylguanine (0 6-EtGua) was detected and monitored in acid thermal hydrolysates of DNA isolates. (Detection limit for O 6-EtGua was as low as 3 ng, 1.7 X 10-11 moles). Fourier transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry with IR laser desorption/ionization was used advantageously to establish the structure of nucleotides, bases and nucleosides directly, without further cumbersome derivatizations. Other aspects of DNA-adducts are discussed.
Luminescent assays for ketones and aldehydes employing catalytic signal amplification

Herein we report the first use of transition metal catalytic signal enhancement for the analysis of small organic analytes. Two assays using Sonogashira and Suzuki cross-couplings have been used in the detection of ketones and aldehydes produce highly luminescent markers. The latter analysis utilizing the Suzuki coupling demonstrates the first use of peroxyoxalate initiated chemiluminescence in a sensing application. Chemiluminescent measurement revealed much higher sensitivity than fluorescence.
In-Plane Stretching in MEMS Actuated Deformable Mirrors

We consider the response of a continuously deformable mirror with discrete MEMS actuators. The mirror itself is described with a geometrically exact shell model incorporating both flexural and extensional strains, while the MEMS actuators are represented as discrete elements subject to a time-dependent voltage. A reduced-order model is developed through a Galerkin reduction and the resulting equations are subjected to the method of multiple scales. The response of the system is then analyzed to uncover the ability of the system follow desired mirror profiles.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
Antiviral effects of ribavirin and 6-mercapto-9-tetrahydro-2-furylpurine against dengue viruses in vitro

The antiviral effects of ribavirin (1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxamide) and 6-mercapto-9-tetrahydro-2-furylpurine (6-MPTF) against dengue viruses were examined in vitro. Ribavirin significantly reduced the growth of dengue virus types 1-4 in LLC-MK2 cells at concentrations well below cytotoxic levels (cell viability was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion) Addition of guanosine to ribavirin-treated dengue virus-infected cell cultures completely reversed the antiviral effect of the drug. In contrast, ribavirin had no effect on dengue virus replication in human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL). 6-MPIF, a specific inhibitor of hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase, did not significantly reduce the growth of dengue viruses in either LIC-MK2 cells or human PBL. However, synergistic effects of 6-MPTF and ribavirin were observed, as combined treatment of the drugs markedly suppressed the replication of dengue viruses in human PBL. The successful demonstration that dengue virus replication in mononuclear leukocytes is markedly suppressed by the combined treatment of ribavirin and 6-MPTF signals a need to evaluate the efficacy of this treatment against dengue virus infections in vivo.
Etiology and treatment of idiopathic trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias

In a series of sixteen patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia and twenty-one patients with atypical facial neuralgia, it was found that the painful phenomena associated with both disorders were, in nearly all instances, closely related to the presence of maxillary or mandibular bone cavities at previous tooth extraction sites. Standard oral surgical procedures for curettage of the cavities, together with administration of antibiotics, were employed in the successful treatment of both the trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias, with complete pain remissions for periods varying from 2 months (for most recently treated cases) up to 9 years. The observations and results of this study suggest that dental and oral disorders may play a role in the genesis of trigeminal and atypical facial neuralgias.
Tuned-aperture computed tomography for detection of induced mid-buccal/lingual alveolar bone defects.

Background: The detection of bone loss in mid-buccal and lingual crests is impossible using conventional radiographs because of the superimposition of overlying anatomy and lack of three-dimensional information. The purpose of this study was to compare the diagnostic efficacy of tuned-aperture computed tomography (TACT) and conventional two-dimensional direct digital radiography (DDR) in an in vitro environment.Methods: A total of 45 mandibular molars had 0.8-mm lesions on mid-buccal/lingual crestal areas. Half of the sites received defects, whereas the other half served as controls. Nine DDR images were used to generate TACT slices that were further subjected to iterative restoration (TACT-IR). Eight observers used a confidence rating scale to record diagnoses. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was done, and areas under the curves were computed (Az) as indicators of diagnostic accuracy. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for effects of observer, imaging modality, and location on...
A new "Logicle" display method avoids deceptive effects of logarithmic scaling for low signals and compensated data.

Background: In immunofluorescence measurements and most other flow cytometry applications, fluorescence signals of interest can range down to essentially zero. After fluorescence compensation, some cell populations will have low means and include events with negative data values. Logarithmic presentation has been very useful in providing informative displays of wide-ranging flow cytometry data, but it fails to adequately display cell populations with low means and high variances and, in particular, offers no way to include negative data values. This has led to a great deal of difficulty in interpreting and understanding flow cytometry data, has often resulted in incorrect delineation of cell populations, and has led many people to question the correctness of compensation computations that were, in fact, correct. Results: We identified a set of criteria for creating data visualization methods that accommodate the scaling difficulties presented by flow cytometry data. On the basis of these, we developed a new data visualization method that provides important advantages over linear or logarithmic scaling for display of flow cytometry data, a scaling we refer to as “Logicle” scaling. Logicle functions represent a particular generalization of the hyperbolic sine function with one more adjustable parameter than linear or logarithmic functions. Finally, we developed methods for objectively and automatically selecting an appropriate value for this parameter. Conclusions: The Logicle display method provides more complete, appropriate, and readily interpretable representations of data that includes populations with low-to-zero means, including distributions resulting from fluorescence compensation procedures, than can be produced using either logarithmic or linear displays. The method includes a specific algorithm for evaluating actual data distributions and deriving parameters of the Logicle scaling function appropriate for optimal display of that data. It is critical to note that Logicle visualization does not change the data values or the descriptive statistics computed from them. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology