cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evolution of dislocation structure during inverse creep of a nickel aluminide: Ni–23.5 Al–0.5 Hf–0.2B (at. %)

A well-annealed polycrystalline nickel aluminide of composition Ni–23.5Al–0.5 Hf–0.2B (at. %) shows inverse creep behavior at 1033 K and 250 MPa. The minimum creep rate does not correspond to a steady-state creep condition. The increase in the creep rate with strain and time is accompanied by an increase in the volume fraction of dislocation-containing regions. The inverse transient can be eliminated by prestraining at room temperature. It is absent in the diffusional creep regime.
The effects of cholesterol on the development of Heliothis zea

Heliothis zea was reared on an artificial diet, which lacked supplementation with plant materials, in order to determine the effects of cholesterol on the development of this insect. A number of parameters of larval development were found to be dependent upon the concentration of dietary sterol including: the number of moults which the larvae completed within a particular time interval, the ability of the larvae to pupate and the survival of the larvae. The number of moults which a larva completed prior to pupation, though, was independent of the concentration of sterol.
MASSIVELY PARALLEL IDA* SEARCH

Heuristic search is a fundamental component of Artificial Intelligence applications. Because search routines are frequently also a computational bottleneck, numerous methods have been explored to increase the efficiency of search. Recently, researchers have begun investigating methods of using parallel MIMD and SIMD hardware to speed up the search process. In this paper, we present a massively-parallel SIMD approach to search named MIDA* search. The components of MIDA* include a very fast distribution algorithm which biases the search to one side of the tree, and an incrementally-deepening depthfirst search of all the processors in parallel. We show the results of applying MIDA* to instances of the Fifteen Puzzle problem and to the robot arm motion planning problem. Results reveal an efficiency of 74% and a speedup of 8553 and 492 over serial and 16-processor MIMD algorithms, respectively, when finding a solution to the Fifteen Puzzle problem that is close to optimal.
Serological and clinical characteristics of children with peanut sensitization in an Asian community

Chiang WC, Pons L, Kidon MI, Liew WK, Goh A, Wesley Burks A. Serological and clinical characteristics of children with peanut sensitization in an Asian community. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2010: 21: e429–e438. © 2009 John Wiley & Sons A/S In the past two decades, peanut allergy prevalence has increased in the West but has been perceived as having remained low in Asia. To review the clinical presentation of Asian children with peanut hypersensitivity and measure their IgE responses to major peanut allergens. We enrolled 31 children presenting with various allergies and a positive skin prick test to peanut from the Children’s hospital outpatient allergy clinic in Singapore. A detailed questionnaire was completed by parents. The children’s serum IgE specific to native Ara h 1, native Ara h 2, and recombinant Ara h 3 were detected using ELISA. Of the 31 patients, 19 had previously documented reactions to peanuts, while 12 had no previous clinical reaction. Most, 89.5% (17/19) of first reactions featured skin changes (urticaria, erythema, angioedema), but only 36.8% (7/19) involved skin symptoms alone. Respiratory symptoms and GI symptoms occurred in 42.1% and 26.3% of patients respectively and did not occur as the sole manifestation of reaction. The most common GI manifestation was emesis, present in 26.3% (5/19) of subjects. Two children experienced impaired consciousness with systemic, anaphylactic events. Although most sought treatment for their first peanut reaction only one patient received epinephrine. Half of our patients reported a subsequent accidental ingestion after the diagnosis of peanut allergy, with a median time from diagnosis to first accidental ingestion of 4 months and a reported increased severity of reaction in approximately half of the repeat exposures. Eighty-seven percent of children had specific IgE directed against at least one of the major peanut allergens. Among all patients, 87.1% had IgE specific to both Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 and 54.8% to rAra h 3. Asian children with peanut sensitization have clinically similar presentations and respond to the same major allergenic proteins as their Western counterparts. The perceived differences between the populations in this context do not stem from divergent clinical or immunological responses.
Cryo-Balloon Angioplasty for Pulmonary Vein Stenosis in Pediatric Patients

This study sought to determine the safety and effectiveness of cryo-balloon angioplasty (CbA) for pulmonary vein stenosis (PVS) in pediatric patients. Current therapy options for PVS are less than satisfactory due to recurrent progressive restenosis and neointimal proliferation. Catheterization database, hospital records, imaging studies, and pathologic specimens were reviewed for procedural-related and outcomes data in all patients who underwent pulmonary vein (PV) CbA using the Boston Scientific PolarCath Peripheral Dilation System between August 2006 and June 2009. Thirteen patients (19 PVs; median age 13 months [range 3.5 months to 18.5 years] and weight 7.9 kg [range 3.8 to 47.7]) underwent CbA. Mean PVS diameter after CbA increased from 2.19 (±0.6) to 3.77 (±1.1) mm (p < 0.001). Mean gradient decreased from 14 (±7.4) to 4.89 (±3.2) mm Hg (p < 0.001). Mean stenosis–to–normal vein diameter ratio increased from 0.52 (±0.15) to 0.89 (±0.33) (p < 0.001). Eight patients underwent repeat catheterization a mean of 5.6 months (±3.66) later. Improved PVS diameter was maintained in 2 PVs. Four veins had restenosis but maintained diameters greater than that before initial CbA. In 11 PVs, the diameter decreased from 4.28 (±1.14) to 2.53 (±0.9) mm (p = 0.001). Mean gradient increased from 3.55 (±3.0) to 14.63 (±9.6) mm Hg (p = 0.011). All vessels underwent repeat intervention with acute relief of PVS. Stroke occurred within 24 h of CbA in 1 patient. CbA of PVS is safe and results in acute relief of stenosis. However, CbA appears minimally effective as the sole therapy in maintaining long-term relief of PVS.
Single molecule studies of solvent-dependent diffusion and entrapment in poly(dimethylsiloxane) thin films.

Single molecule microscopic and spectroscopic methods are employed to probe the mobility and physical entrapment of dye molecules in dry and solvent-loaded poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) films. PDMS films of ∼ 220 nm thickness are prepared by spin casting dilute solutions of Sylgard 184 onto glass coverslips, followed by low temperature curing. A perylene diimide dye (BPPDI) is used to probe diffusion and molecule-matrix interactions. Two classes of dye-loaded samples are investigated: (i) those incorporating dye dispersed throughout the films (“in film” samples) and (ii) those in which the dye is restricted primarily to the PDMS surface (“on film” samples). Experiments are performed under dry nitrogen and at various levels of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) loading from the vapor phase. A PDMS-coated quartz-crystal microbalance is employed to monitor solvent loading and drying of the PDMS and to ensure equilibrium conditions are achieved. Single molecules are shown to be predominantly immobile under dry condition...
A β1 integrin signaling pathway involving Src‐family kinases, Cbl and PI‐3 kinase is required for macrophage spreading and migration

We have used mutant macrophages which are deficient in expression of Src-family kinases to define an integrin signaling pathway that is required for macrophage adhesion and migration. Following ligation of surface integrins by fibronectin, the p120(c-cbl) (Cbl) protein rapidly becomes tyrosine phosphorylated and associated with the Src-family kinases Fgr and Lyn. In hck-/-fgr-/-lyn-/- triple mutant cells, which are defective in spreading on fibronectin-coated surfaces in vitro and show impaired migration in vivo, Cbl tyrosine phosphorylation is blocked, Cbl protein levels are low, adhesion-dependent translocation of Cbl to the membrane is impaired and Cbl-associated, membrane-localized phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI-3)-kinase activity is dramatically reduced. In contrast, adhesion-dependent activation of total cellular PI-3 kinase activity is normal in mutant cells, demonstrating that it is the membrane-associated fraction of PI-3 kinase which is most critical in regulating actin cytoskeletal rearrangements that lead to cell spreading. Treatment of wild-type cells with the Src-family-specific inhibitor PP1, Cbl antisense oligonucleotides or pharmacological inhibitors of PI-3 kinase blocks cell spreading on fibronectin surfaces. These data provide a molecular description for the role of Src-family kinases Hck, Fgr and Lyn in beta 1-integrin signal transduction in macrophages.
Childhood Sexual Abuse and the Impact on Postadoptive Child and Family Functioning: A Systematic Synthesis of the Research Literature

Among children adopted from the child welfare system, children with sexual abuse histories may be particularly vulnerable to adoption adjustment difficulties. The present paper attempts to provide a systematic review of empirical research published between 1985 and 2006. Critiqued studies have been organized according to sample characteristics, design, gender, and the postadoptive child and family functioning of children with sexual abuse histories. Although the findings reveal a paucity of research on adopted children with sexual abuse histories, these children are more susceptible to continuing emotional and behavioral challenges that may deleteriously affect the parent-child relationship and increase the risk for adoption disruptions. A summary of the literature’s findings is provided and recommendations for future research are discussed.
A computational and experimental study of unsteady facilitated transport

Abstract Unsteady facilitated transport of nitric oxide across a thin liquid membrane of formamide containing ferrous chloride as a facilitator is investigated both experimentally and computationally. Predicted nitric oxide transport and flux are compared with experiments first reported by Ward. Unsteady transport is predicted qualitatively quite well, but precise quantitative agreement between the differential equation model and experiment depends on an accurate determination of the transport coefficients, especially the diffusion constants.
Distributed control for AC shipboard power systems

In this paper, the voltage and frequency control of shipboard power systems are implemented by the distributed cooperative control of multi-agent systems. The proposed control synchronizes the voltage and frequency of generators to the nominal values. This control is implemented through a communication network with one-way communication links, and is fully distributed such that each generator only requires its own information and the information of its neighbors on the communication network graph. Simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller for a test system.
Priority Planetary Science Missions Identified

[1] The U.S. National Research Council's (NRC) planetary science decadal survey report, released on 7 March, lays out a grand vision for priority planetary science missions for 2013–2022 within a tightly constrained fiscal environment. The cost-conscious report, issued by NRC's Committee on the Planetary Science Decadal Survey, identifies high-priority flagship missions, recommends a number of potential midsized missions, and indicates support for some smaller missions. The report states that the highest-priority flagship mission for the decade is the Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher (MAX-C)—the first of three components of a NASA/European Space Agency Mars sample return campaign—provided that the mission scope can be reduced so that MAX-C costs no more than $2.5 billion. The currently estimated mission cost of $3.5 billion “would take up a disproportionate near-term share of the overall budget for NASA's Planetary Science Division,” the report notes.
Effects of an early fall cold front on heat, phosphorus, silica, and manganese distributions in the hypolimnion of Lake Mendota, Wisconsin

Abstract I examined the effects of an early fall (8–10 September 1977) cold front on eutrophic Lake Mendota, Wisconsin, during which ‘Lake Number’ L N (dimensionless) attained a minimum 3 h value of 0.45, and remained below 1.0 for a total of 39 h. The front accelerated heat transport downward through the main thermocline, resulting in hypolimnetic warming; the vertical eddy conductivity K z increased monotonically with depth from a minimum 0.8 m 2 day −1 at 16 m to 1.9 m 2 day −1 at 21 m. The front also affected significant lateral and vertical redistribution of three passive solute ‘tracers’: phosphate (P), silicic acid (Si) and soluble reduced manganese (Mn 2+ ). Lateral concentration gradients along isopycnals predating the storm were erased. For Mn, especially, the vertical redistribution within the hypolimnion agreed with modeled changes based on vertical gradients and the K z profile. Mn and P behaved quasi-conservatively within the anoxic hypolimnion (no net sources or sinks), but additional supplies of Si appeared in the hypolimnion (8.0 ± 1.5 mg m −3 day −1 ). This rate over 4 days agreed with the mean rate of hypolimnetic Si accumulation over the 80 day interval preceding 7 September 1977 (8.7 mg m −3 day −1 ). These results corroborate other environmental evidence that Mn and P both enter Lake Mendota's hypolimnion mainly during the first half of the summer, prior to the onset of bulk hypolimnetic anoxia, whereas Si is released by hypolimnetic sediments continuing into the late summer.
Phonon-drag thermopower in dilute copper alloys.

Phonon-drag thermopower variation in dilute copper alloys assuming Rayleigh law for phonon scattering
Visual templates in pattern generalization activity

In this research article, I present evidence of the existence of visual templates in pattern generalization activity. Such templates initially emerged from a 3-week design-driven classroom teaching experiment on pattern generalization involving linear figural patterns and were assessed for existence in a clinical interview that was conducted four and a half months after the teaching experiment using three tasks (one ambiguous, two well defined). Drawing on the clinical interviews conducted with 11 seventh- and eighth-grade students, I discuss how their visual templates have spawned at least six types of algebraic generalizations. A visual template model is also presented that illustrates the distributed and a dynamically embedded nature of pattern generalization involving the following factors: pattern goodness effect; knowledge/action effects; and the triad of stage-driven grouping, structural unit, and analogy.
Eflfect of Sulfhydryl-Binding Reagents on Insulin Release from Isolated Secretion Granules1

The effect of various sulfhydryl-binding reagents on the release of insulin from secretion granules has been studied. Secretion granules isolated from toadfish islet tissue by differential centrifugation in sucrose were incubated in the test mtjdium, the granules were centrifuged down, and the medium was assayed for insulin using the epididymal fat pad method. When the granules were suspended in saline, about 20% of the total insulin in the granules was released into the medium. Monothiol-binding reagents (p-hydroxymercuribenzoate, phenylmercuric nitrate, and diphenylchloroarsine) at concentrations between 10−3 and 10−6M produced a 2- to 4-fold increase in insulin release. In contrast, dithiol-binding reagents (Cd††, Co++, Hg++) decreased the amount of insulin released into the medium and N-ethylmaleimide, iodoacetic acid, arsenite, dichlorophenylarsine, and amino group-binding reagents (trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid and 2-methoxy-5-nitrotropone) had neither effect. These results indicate that sulfhydryl ...
Three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of histologically confirmed brain tumors

Abstract The goal of this study was to determine whether presurgical metabolite levels measured by 3D MR Spectroscopic Imaging (MRSI) can accurately detect viable cancer within human brain tumor masses. A total of 31 patients (33 exams, 39 pathology correlations) with brain tumors were studied prior to surgical biopsy and/or resection. The 3D MRSI was obtained with a spatial resolution of 0.2 to 1 cc throughout the majority of the mass and adjacent brain tissue using PRESS-CSI localization. Levels of choline, creatine and NAA were estimated from the locations of the resected tissue and normalized to normal appearing brain tissue. The data were correlated with subsequent histologic analysis of the biopsy tissue samples. Although there were large variations in the metabolite ratios, all regions of confirmed cancer demonstrated significant choline levels and a mean choline/NAA ratio of 5.84 + 2.58 with the lowest value being 1.3. This lowest value is greater than 4 standard deviations above the mean (0.52 ± 0.13) found in 8 normal volunteers. The choline signal intensities in confirmed cancers were significantly elevated compared to normal appearing brain tissue with a mean ratio of 1.71 ± 0.69. Spectra with no significant metabolite levels were observed in the non-enhancing necrotic core of the tumor masses. The results of this study indicate that 3D MRSI of brain tumors can detect abnormal metabolite levels in regions of viable cancer and grades and can differentiate cancer from necrosis and/or normal brain tissue.
WC-18 wt.% Co with simultaneous improvements in hardness and toughness derived from nanocrystalline powder

Abstract Most materials exhibit a decreased toughness as the hardness (or strength) increases. Here we report a new strategy to combat this problem for cemented carbides (WC-Co). Instead of suppressing the growth of WC grains during sintering, we allow nano-WC particles to grow in a controlled manner, leading to the formation of thin WC platelets with a high aspect ratio. The thin thickness offers high hardness, while the high aspect ratio provides superior toughness. As a result, the bulk WC-Co produced from the nanocrystalline powder bucks the unfavorable trend exhibited by most of the cemented carbides available today – showing simultaneous improvements in hardness and toughness. The principle discovered in this study has significant impact on WC-Co and offers new opportunities to obtain superior mechanical properties for other cermets and advanced ceramics as well.
Early manufacturing involvement in new product development

There continues to be an increase in the amount of RD and a sample of 126 R&D performing firms with new product introduction (1992-93). In the first survey, it was found that only 4 (9%) of 43 companies reported any type of early manufacturing involvement in new product development projects-that is, involvement in the concept development stage. In the second survey, it was found that the number of new ideas sourced in manufacturing was also quite small (3%). Therefore, a causal model was constructed using measures other than idea sourcing (i.e., early manufacturing involvement, EMI, in concept development and idea generation) and it was found that EMI was significantly related to reduction in design change requests which, in turn, significantly promotes return-on-investment (ROI) of these new products.
A public randomness service

We argue that it is time to design, implement, and deploy a trusted public randomness server on the Internet. NIST plans to deploy a prototype during 2011. We discuss some of the engineering choices that have been made as well as some of the issues currently under discussion.
Segment Organization in the High German Consonant Shift

In consequence of the familiar High German consonant shift, the voiceless stops /p t k/ became the affricates /pf ts kx/, simplifying later to the geminate fricatives /ff ss (‘ƷƷ’) xx/ in certain environments. It has long been assumed that the affricates developed only from aspirated allophones of /p t k/, thus accounting for the retention of plain stops in /s/-clusters and a few other positions, but it is not obvious why particularly aspiration, ensuing from a laryngeal gesture of spread glottis, should have resulted in the oral property of affrication. Neither is it clear how etymologically simplex segments, upon deaffrication in certain environments, might have resulted in geminates without further stipulation. Proceeding from essentially traditional assumptions, and at the same time addressing important questions about Germanic phonetics raised by Vennemann (1984), the present paper attributes the triggering of the affrication event to an early factoring out, or segmentalization, of the feature for aspiration, i.e., pre-OHG [ph th kh] → [ph th kh]. Explanations are then proposed for the development of affricates out of these now disegmental sequences via place assimilation from the stops, and of the affricates into geminate fricatives (postvocalically and in some postconsonantal environments) via assimilatory weakening.
Relative Entropy Rates

Many of the basic properties of relative entropy are extended to sequences of random variables and to processes. Several limiting properties of entropy rates are proved and a mean ergodic theorem for relative entropy densities is given. The principal ergodic theorems for relative entropy and information densities in the general case are given in the next chapter.
The Expression of Native and Cultured RPE Grown on Different Matrices

The purpose of this work was to determine the expression profiles of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells grown on different matrices and to assess the degree of culture-induced artifact by comparing the profiles to native RPE. Visually confluent ARPE-19 cells were grown on plastic, Matrigel, collagen I, collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin for 1 wk, and serum was withdrawn for 3 days. Morphologically normal, macular RPE cells were laser-capture microdissected from three human eye globes. Total RNA was extracted from 5,000 cells and reverse transcribed, and radiolabeled cDNA probes were hybridized to an array containing 4,325 known genes. Arrays were assessed by cluster analysis and significance analysis of microarrays (SAM). Real-time RT-PCR was used to validate differentially expressed genes. Despite similar morphology, ARPE-19 demonstrated different expression profiles when grown on different matrices. Cluster analysis showed that cells grown on collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin had similar profiles that were distinct from cells grown on collagen I. Cells grown on plastic clustered closest to native RPE. This expression pattern was confirmed with supervised cluster analyses. The number of differentially expressed genes, function of differentially expressed genes, and profile of expressed and unexpressed genes suggest that the overall expression profile of cultured cells is significantly different from native RPE. RPE cells grown on collagen IV, laminin, and fibronectin have profiles more similar than cells grown on plastic, Matrigel, or collagen I. The overall mRNA phenotype, however, is different from morphologically normal, native macular RPE.
Increased risk associated with pulmonary artery catheterization in the medical intensive care unit.

Abstract Purpose: To determine whether the frequency of use of a pulmonary artery catheter (PAC) was declining over a 5-year period in a medical intensive care unit (ICU), and to assess whether mortality was higher in patients in whom a PAC was used on the day of ICU admission compared with matched controls. Methods : Observational, retrospective, matched-set study using prospectively collected Acute Pysiology, Age and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) III data during a 5-year period, from 1995 to 2000, at a 15-bed medical ICU in an academic referral center. A total of 360 patients, 202 men and 158 women, in whom a PAC was placed on the first ICU day, were compared with 690 controls without a PAC, matched by primary diagnosis group and APACHE III-predicted hospital mortality. Results: A PAC was used during the first day in 7.7% of ICU admissions (yearly range, 5.7% to 9.1%) and did not change significantly during the study period. A total of 187 study patients (27.0%) without a PAC and 132 (36.7%) with a PAC died during their hospital stay. PAC use was a significant risk factor for hospital death from a univariate analysis (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.1–2.1; P = .006). From multivariate analysis, the use of a pulmonary artery catheter was a significant risk factor for hospital death after adjusting for age, date of ICU admission, and predicted hospital mortality (odds ratio = 1.5; 95% CI; 1.1–2.0; P = .016). Conclusion : PAC use on the day of admission to a medical ICU was associated with an increased risk for hospital death.
An Overview of Intimate Partner Violence Among Latinos

This article reviews the existing literature on intimate partner violence (IPV) among Latinos to put the findings of this special issue into context. This review of the literature suggests that IPV occurs as frequently among Latinos as among non-Latinos when confounders are controlled for. There is also some preliminary evidence that Latinas experience similar forms of IPV and suffer similar consequences. Many of the risk factors associated with its occurrence are the same as those observed among non-Latinos, except that beliefs approving IPV and alcohol-drinking patterns may not have much explanatory value for the occurrence of IPV among Latinos. Role strain, especially as a result of immigration and acculturation, might be unique to Latinos, and its importance, and the importance of male dominance among Latinas experiencing IPV, deserve more research.
Treatment and the Course of Schizophrenia

controlled variables. The task is made more complex in view of the hundreds of treatment studies that bear indirectly on the question, only a sampling of which will be reviewed in this text. One must, as it were, view the question with mirrors. The problem, perhaps, would be better stated by asking: Whose definition of schizophrenia should we consider? Has schizophrenia, variably defined, changed over time? If so, has the change been due to treatment?
Remote sounding of Greenland supraglacial melt lakes: implications for subglacial hydraulics

A supraglacial lake-depth retrieval function is developed, based on the correspondence between moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and water depth measured during raft surveys. Individual lake depth, area and volume statistics, including short-term temporal changes for Greenland's southwestern ablation region, were compiled for 2000-05. The maximum area of an individual lake was found to be 8.9 km 2 , the maximum volume 53.0 � 10 6 m 3 and the maximum depth 12.2 m, sampling over 0.0625 km 2 pixel areas. The total lake volume reaches >1 km 3 in this region by July each year. The importance of melt lake reservoirs to Greenland ice-sheet flow may be a feedback between abrupt lake drainage events and ice dynamics. Lake-outburst volumes up to 31.5 � 10 6 m 3 d -1 are capable of providing sufficient water via moulins to hydraulically pressurize the subglacial environment. Since the overburden pressure at the base of a flooded moulin is greater than that provided by ice, lake-outburst events seem capable of exerting sufficient upward force to lift the ice sheet locally, if water flow in the subglacial environment is constrained laterally. Considering a moulin with a 10 m 2 cross-sectional area, basal pressurization can be maintained over lake-outburst
The Age of Biosenescence and the Incidence of Cerebral β‐Amyloidosis in Aged Captive Rhesus Monkeysa

Autopsy surveillance of 186 rhesus monkeys aged 20 to 36 years revealed that development of major geriatric diseases such as emphysema, coronary sclerosis, and cancer increased rapidly after the age of 25 years, and nearly 70% of the monkeys in each cohort group died by 30 years. According to our 12-year longitudinal survey, the age of biosenescence in captive rhesus monkeys begins around 25 years and the maximum longevity is 36 years. The incidence of cerebral beta-amyloidosis associated with plaque formation and cerebral angiopathy was observed in 51 brains of rhesus monkeys aged 25 to 36 years. Lesions were found in 31 of 51 aged brains (60%) and 6 monkeys over 34 years of age were all severely affected. Despite the size of the plaque, nearly all of them showed immunopositive beta-amyloid. Cerebral angiopathy coexisted in 10 of 31 plaque-positive brains. The basal prefrontal gyrus was the most common site and contained the highest density of plaques, followed by the amygdala region. The amyloid in the liver, spleen, adrenal and pancreatic islets in visceral amyloidosis showed no positivity to the beta-amyloid demonstrated in the brain. As in aged human brains, the incidence of age-dependent cerebral beta-amyloidosis in captive rhesus monkeys showed great individual variation.
The Sandy Hook Lighthouse Incident of 1787

The appraisal of the period when America was governed by the Articles of Confederation as one of stagnation, peculation, and disunion so long popular with writers of the Fiske “Critical Period” school has been attacked quite successfully in recent years by such writers as Merrill Jensen. While challenging many popular, misconceptions concerning the period, he has also demonstrated that the mercantile situation was by no means a hopeless one and that long before 1789 the states were moving in the direction of an increasing co-operation on matters affecting interstate and international trade.
Contributions of dust and biomass burning to aerosols at a Colorado mountain-top site

Abstract. Visible Multifilter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (vis-MFRSR) data were collected at Storm Peak Laboratory (SPL), a mountain-top facility in northwest Colorado, from 1999 to 2011 and in 2013. From 2011 to 2014, in situ measurements of aerosol light scattering were also obtained. Using these data sets together, the seasonal impact of dust and biomass burning is considered for the western USA. Analysis indicates that the median contributions to spring and summer aerosol optical depth (AOD) from dust and biomass-burning aerosols across the data set are comparable. The mean AOD is slightly greater in the summer, with significantly more frequent and short-duration high AOD measurements due to biomass-burning episodes than in the spring. The Angstrom exponent showed a significant increase in the summer for both the in situ and vis-MFRSR data, suggesting an increase in combustion aerosols. Spring dust events are less distinguishable in the in situ data than the column measurement, suggesting that a significant amount of dust may be found above the elevation of SPL, 3220 m a.s.l. Twenty-two known case studies of intercontinental dust, regional dust, and biomass-burning events were investigated. These events were found to follow a similar pattern, in both aerosol loading and Angstrom exponent, as the seasonal mean signal in both the vis-MFRSR and ground-based nephelometer. This data set highlights the wide-scale implications of a warmer, drier climate on visibility in the western USA.
Changes in dried blood spot Hb A1c with varied postcollection conditions.

Diabetes affects >5% of US adults (15% of those older than 60 years) and is on the rise in adolescents. Glycosylated hemoglobin (Hb A1c), a cumulative marker of blood glucose concentrations over the previous 2 months, has become a powerful clinical tool for diabetes management (1)(2) and is predictive of future complications of diabetes (3). Large-scale community-based studies often preclude the option of phlebotomy and would benefit from simplified sample handling. Epidemiologic studies have begun to use Hb A1c in dried blood spots as a biomarker (4). We studied Hb A1c from dried blood spots by validating the storage conditions appropriate for large-scale epidemiologic/outreach studies to test the hypothesis that measurements of Hb A1c in dried blood spots are valid under low-intensity storage conditions. All participants were studied at the Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts; all procedures were conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Blood samples were drawn via standard phlebotomy procedures into EDTA-containing tubes for duplicate HPLC analyses of Hb A1c (Tosoh G7 automated HPLC assay, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Hematology Laboratory). Intrarun imprecisions (CVs) were 0.5% and 0.9% at Hb A1c proportions of the total hemoglobin of 0.041 and 0.1335, respectively. Interrun CVs were 1.6% for control samples with Hb A1c values of 0.064 and 0.7% for control samples with Hb A1c values of 0.11. Blood for spotting was drawn into an identical …
Transdermal application of verapamil gel to the penile shaft fails to infiltrate the tunica albuginea.

ABSTRACTPurpose: There currently exists no universally accepted pharmacotherapy for Peyronie’s disease. Recently interest has grown in transdermal agents, including verapamil. We evaluated the ability of a commercially available verapamil gel applied to the penile skin to infiltrate the tunica albuginea.Materials and Methods: In men scheduled to undergo penile prosthesis surgery for erectile dysfunction verapamil gel was applied to the penile shaft the night before and morning of surgery. Urine was obtained at the commencement of the implant operation and tunical samples were excised from each corporeal body intraoperatively. Verapamil quantification was performed in all specimens using high pressure liquid chromatography.Results: All patients tolerated verapamil gel application without any adverse events. A mean of 1.1 gm. tunical tissue was excised. Mean verapamil concentration in the urine was 46 ng./ml. No verapamil was detected in any tunical specimens.Conclusions: These data indicate that applying t...
Multiple Pulmonary Complications in a Patient with Stevens-Johnson Syndrome

Since first described in 1922, Stevens-Johnson syndrome has been associated frequently with pneumonia of many etiologies. This "mucosal respiratory syn drome," first reported by Stanyon and Warner in 1945, is associated with "early" pneumonia which resolves 2 to 3 weeks after onset of the rash. In our patient, pneumonia began 10 days after rash onset and was nearly resolved by day 20. The unique feature of this case was the onset of late pulmonary complications 25 days after the appearance of the exanthem, manifesting as acute noninfectious interstitial disease with superimposed airway obstruction.
Comparison of fatty acid composition of oil from original and regenerated populations of wild Helianthus species

Monitoring and protecting germplasm in genebanks using in situ collections while preserving its original genetic integrity is a priority of germplasm curation. Many germplasm accessions need to be regenerated due to their demand and/or seed condition. The regeneration of wild Helianthus (sunflower) species poses several challenges due to the diversity of 53 wild species. Fatty acid composition of sunflower oil is an important quality factor for the crop. Since oil quality is environmentally influenced, and evaluation of this trait is usually performed on oil from achenes from the original accessions of wild sunflower species, we conducted a study on 72 accessions of eight annual and four perennial taxa of wild sunflower species to compare the oil quality of the original accessions and those regenerated for genebank maintenance. The results showed that the fatty acid composition profiles of achenes from the original and regenerated accessions are not the same. It seems that selection for specific fatty acids in several species will require the analysis of both populations to identify germplasm accessions for use in breeding programmes. It should be borne in mind that accessions of wild species are open-pollinated segregating populations, so one would expect some variability in each succeeding generation. While there may be differences between the original and regenerated accessions, the interrelationships of fatty acids are generally similar in wild and cultivated sunflower species, so there should be no detrimental effects on oil quality when using the wild species for other traits. As more regenerated accessions become available, a more precise relationship between the original and regenerated accessions should emerge.
Inertial pseudo star reference unit

Summary form only given. The authors present the development of a precision pointing system, the inertial pseudo-star reference unit (IPSRU). The IPSRU implements a collimated light source mounted on an inertially stabilized platform that is configured using a centrally located two-degree-of-freedom (2-DOF) flexure assembly. The platform inertial sensing is achieved through the combined use of a precision, low-noise 2-DOF dry-tuned rotor gyro (DTG) and two angular displacement sensors (ADS). The composite gyro and ADS implementation optimally combines low-frequency gyro measurements with ADS higher frequency sensing to achieve a composite wide band, extremely low noise, and inertial sensing capability. The collimated light beam in effect becomes a jitter-stabilized pseudo-star. In addition, its pointing direction in inertial space can be changed at a precise rate by commands applied via torquing signals to the gyro. >
Application of Bayesian network structure learning to identify causal variant SNPs from resequencing data

Using single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotypes from the 1000 Genomes Project pilot3 data provided for Genetic Analysis Workshop 17 (GAW17), we applied Bayesian network structure learning (BNSL) to identify potential causal SNPs associated with the Affected phenotype. We focus on the setting in which target genes that harbor causal variants have already been chosen for resequencing; the goal was to detect true causal SNPs from among the measured variants in these genes. Examining all available SNPs in the known causal genes, BNSL produced a Bayesian network from which subsets of SNPs connected to the Affected outcome were identified and measured for statistical significance using the hypergeometric distribution. The exploratory phase of analysis for pooled replicates sometimes identified a set of involved SNPs that contained more true causal SNPs than expected by chance in the Asian population. Analyses of single replicates gave inconsistent results. No nominally significant results were found in analyses of African or European populations. Overall, the method was not able to identify sets of involved SNPs that included a higher proportion of true causal SNPs than expected by chance alone. We conclude that this method, as currently applied, is not effective for identifying causal SNPs that follow the simulation model for the GAW17 data set, which includes many rare causal SNPs.
Phosphorus and trace metal limitation of algae and bacteria in Lake Superior

We performed a set of nutrient-enrichment bioassay experiments using metal-clean protocols, testing for macronutrient and micronutrient limitation of algae and bacteria in western Lake Superior. Our analysis involved a novel approach to estimating the strength of nutrient limitation in factorial enrichment designs. We found that phytoplankton and bacterioplankton growth both increased with added phosphorus alone but not with iron, manganese, or zinc alone. However, even very small increases in growth rates following P supplementation (on the order of an additional 0.1 d 21 ) induced iron limitation in the phytoplankton, indicating that the algae in this large lake may be on the cusp of micronutrient and macronutrient limitation. In contrast, and contrary to expectations, bacteria responded only to P and not to metals. Spatial and temporal variability in degree and quality of nutrient limitation was considerable.
Can Agents Be Trusted? Experimental Evidence From The Monitoring Game

Most principals can monitor their agents, but monitoring is usually costly and imperfect. This paper reports the experimental results of a Monitoring Game. In this sequential game, each principal decides whether to monitor an agent that he is randomly paired with and then the agent decides whether to cheat or be honest. Monitoring is costly, but it increases the probability that the agent will get caught. The experiment shows that cheating is commonplace, although most participants do not cheat if they are monitored. Additionally, cheating is more common when neutral terms are used in the instructions.
Long-term generation and expansion of human primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells in vitro

Although sustained production of committed human hematopoietic progenitor cells in long-term bone marrow cultures (LTBMC) is well documented, evidence for the generation and expansion of human primitive hematopoietic progenitor cells (PHPC) in such cultures is lacking. For that purpose, we attempted to determine if the human high proliferative potential colony-forming cell (HPP-CFC), a primitive hematopoietic marrow progenitor cell, is capable of generation and expansion in vitro. To that effect, stromal cell-free LTBMC were initiated with CD34+ HLA-DR-CD15- rhodamine 123dull bone marrow cells and were maintained with repeated addition of c-kit ligand and a synthetic interleukin-3/granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor fusion protein. By day 21 of LTBMC, a greater than twofold increase in the number of assayable HPP-CFC was detected. Furthermore, the production of HPP-CFC in LTBMC continued for up to 4 weeks, resulting in a 5.5-fold increase in HPP-CFC numbers. Weekly phenotypic analyses of cells harvested from LTBMC showed that the number of CD34+ HLA-DR- cells increased from 10(4) on day 0 to 56 CD34+ HLA-DR- cells increased from 10(4) on day 0 to 56 x 10(4) by day 21. To examine further the nature of the in vitro HPP-CFC expansion, individual HPP- CFC colonies were serially cloned. Secondary cloning of individual, day 28 primary HPP-CFC indicated that 46% of these colonies formed an average of nine secondary colony-forming unit--granulocyte-macrophage (CFU-GM)--derived colonies, whereas 43% of primary HPP-CFC gave rise to between one and six secondary HPP-CFC colonies and 6 to 26 CFU-GM. These data show that CD34+ HLA-DR- CD15- rhodamine 123dull cells represent a fraction of human bone marrow highly enriched for HPP-CFC and that based on their regeneration and proliferative capacities, a hierarchy of HPP-CFC exists. Furthermore, these studies indicate that in the presence of appropriate cytokine stimulation, it is possible to expand the number of PHPC in vitro.
CHAPTER 28 – Optimization of PET–MRI Image Registration

This chapter reports a system that optimizes positron emission tomography (PET)–MRI registration. The optimization is at three levels: automatic segmentation replaces manual drawing operations, visual assessment of registration quality is enhanced by composite imaging methods, and the entire procedure is embedded in a commercially available scientific visualization package, thereby providing a consistent graphical user interface. The segmentation procedure removes confounding extracranial structures from magnetic resonance images using a sequence of morphological operations and connected components analysis. Composite fusion in the 2D slice-by-slice mode and in 3D ray-traced volume renderings allows the operator to vary the fusion of PET and MRI in real time. The scientific visualization system provides a consistent user interface. The segmentation algorithm was tested on more than 30 MRI data sets and was successful in all cases. The composite imaging techniques provide a convenient, robust method for assessing the registration. These results are important because this procedure can be performed by technicians with no anatomic knowledge and reduces the required time from hours to about 5-minute on a modern computer workstation.
A Self-Assembled Two-Dimensional Zwitterionic Structure: H6TSPP Studied on Graphite

Well-defined monolayer islands of protonated meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (H2[H4TSPP]) self-assembled on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) from 0.75 M HCl solutions are studied in ultrahigh vacuum using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), orbital-mediated tunneling spectroscopy (OMTS), ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). HOPG proved to be a superior substrate because it does not form a thin surface chloride in the presence of HCl, as does Au(111). Unlike meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine (Hx[HyTCPP]), the carboxylate analog, monolayers are stable on HOPG and can be studied at room temperature without the addition of a second stabilizing compound. Thus, the surface organizational energy for H2[H4TSPP] is significantly stronger than that of Hx[HyTCPP]. This increased interaction is also apparent in the fact that the H2[H4TSPP] monolayer has a much smaller unit cell. It is suggested that sulfonate groups may be more useful than c...
DC Pollution Flashover Performance of Ultra High Voltage Parallel Double Insulators in High Altitude Area

To guide operation and maintenance for established ±800 kV ultra-high voltage direct current(UHVDC) transmission lines,and to provide references for external insulation design of future UHVDC projects,we studied the pollution flashover performance of parallel double insulator strings(Ⅱstrings) in high-altitude areas.Tests were performed on samples of XZP-300 porcelain insulators and "one major,one middle and four minor sheds" shaped composite insulators.The probability distribution of flashover voltages under artificial contamination test was explored.Moreover,the difference between flashover voltages of Ⅱ strings and single Ⅰstrings was analyzed,and the influence of spacing on the flashover voltage of Ⅱ strings was investigated.The results showed that the flashover voltages of Ⅱ strings and Ⅰ strings installed by up-and-down method in high-altitude areas were distributed normally.When the equal salt density varied from 0.03 to 0.2 mg/cm2,the one-unit flashover voltages of porcelain Ⅱ strings and porcelain single Ⅰ string varied from 19.6 to 5.8 kV and from 20.5 to 6.9 kV,respectively.When the equal salt densities varied from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/cm2,the per-meter flashover voltage of porcelain Ⅱ strings and porcelain single Ⅰ string varied from 105.6 to 38.7 kV and from 109.9 kV to 43.1 kV,respectively.When the spacing exceeded 20 cm,further enlarging spacing had no significant effect on the flashover voltage of Ⅱ strings.
Modern trends in anterior cruciate ligament rehabilitation: nonoperative and postoperative management

Rehabilitation following ACL injury or reconstruction should be based on sound scientific and rehabilitation principles. Basic science principles related to rehabilitation following ACL injury and reconstruction have been reviewed. Guidelines incorporating these basic science principles as well as clinical experience were presented for rehabilitation following ACL injury and reconstruction.