cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and UV-induced dissociation of ClCH2CH2Br on Pt(111)

Abstract UV-irradiation chemistry of 2-bromo-1-chloro-ethane, ClCH 2 CH 2 Br, adsorbed on Pt(111) shows that the CC1 and CBr bonds are cleaved with different long wavelength cut-offs. For wavelengths where only the CBr bond is broken, the CC1 bond of the resulting chloroethyl fragment (CH 2 CH 2 C1) decomposes during subsequent TPD. HCl and HBr were the main post-irradiation TPD products. The results suggest that different excitation mechanisms are operative for different photon energy ranges.
Solid state structure and reactivity in solution. II. The crystal and molecular structure of (2,2,7,7-tetramethyl-3,6-dithiaoctane)-tetracarbonylchromium(0)

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound, (DTO)Cr(CO) 4 , has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystals are monoclinic, a = 9.583(4), b = 13.399(5) and c = 14.809(8) A , β = 101.62(4)°, space group P2 1 /n, d (calc. z = 4) = 1.32 g/cm 3 . The structure was solved by MULTAN and refined by full-matrix least-squares methods to R = 0.05 using 2274 reflections measured on a four circle diffractometer with Mo-Kα radiation. The coordination about the central chromium atom is a distorted octahedron, the greatest deviations from ideal geometry being the angle S1CrS2, 80.6(1)°, and the angle between the two mutually trans carbonyls, 169.8(2)°. Mean metal-ligand bond lenghts are CrS = 2.437(1), CrC( cis ) = 1.863(5) and CrC( trans ) = 1.820(5) A . The influence of the two bulky t-butyl substituents, bonded to S, on the octahedral geometry about Cr, and the possible influence of this molecular distortion on the reactivity of the complex via displacement of the chelating ligand by Lewis bases are discussed.
Deformation processing of high-Tc superconducting oxides

Plastic deformation and texture development in polycrystalline YBa2Cu3O7− δ has been studied to expedite the process development of high-critical-temperature (high-Tc) superconducting wires and tapes. It is anticipated that deformation texture will be a major processing consideration in terms of maximizing critical current density, assessing conductor-fabrication options in light of critical current density, and developing such mechanical properties as strength, toughness and thermal fatigue. The intrinsic texture development in YBa2Cu3O7− δ deformation processing should be highly beneficial, insofar as the c axes of the crystals tend to become oriented along the compression axis. This means that conducting tapes and wires formed by rolling, extrusion and drawing can develop textures with the c axis in the transverse or radial direction, thus maximizing the flow of current along the length of the conductor.
The role of intracochlear drug delivery devices in the management of inner ear disease

Introduction: Diseases of the inner ear include those of the auditory and vestibular systems, and frequently result in disabling hearing loss or vertigo. Despite a rapidly expanding pipeline of potential cochlear therapeutics, the inner ear remains a challenging organ for targeted drug delivery, and new technologies are required to deliver these therapies in a safe and efficacious manner. In addition to traditional approaches for direct inner ear drug delivery, novel microfluidics-based systems are under development, promising improved control over pharmacokinetics over longer periods of delivery, ultimately with application towards hair cell regeneration in humans.Areas covered: Advances in the development of intracochlear drug delivery systems are reviewed, including passive systems, active microfluidic technologies and cochlear prosthesis-mediated delivery. This article provides a description of novel delivery systems and their potential future clinical applications in treating inner ear disease.Expert...
Retardation of rancidity in deep-fried instant noodles (ramyon)

The storage stability of instant fried noodles (ramyon) was determined by accelerated aging at 63 C with organoleptic evaluation of the onset of rancidity. Three methods of extending the shelf-life of ramyon were examined: (a) addition of 200 ppm antioxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), t-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), or a polymeric antioxidant (Poly-A) to the frying (palm) oil; (b) coating the inner surface of the polyethylene package with TBHQ equivalent to 200, 500 and 1000 ppm based on the oil in the ramyon; and (c) addition of a mixture of 200 ppm TBHQ and 200 or 500 ppm disodium ethylene-diaminetetraacetate (EDTA) to the frying oil. When the antioxidants were added to the oil, BHA and Poly-A approximately doubled while TBHQ tripled the shelf-life of ramyon. The mixture of TBHQ (200 ppm) and disodium EDTA (500 ppm) in the frying oil quintupled the shelf-life. The inner surface application of TBHQ (200 ppm) extended shelf-life twice that of an equal amount of TBHQ in the frying oil. Rancid off-flavors developed slowest in noodles with aw 0.3. Hexanal concentration in ramyon was a good indicator of the development of oxidative rancidity. Organoleptic evaluation showed the flavor of ramyon was objectionable when hexanal concentration reached 3.5 ppm based on the weight of ramyon (as is). The relative effectiveness of antioxidants in preventing off-flavor in ramyon could be determined from the hexanal concentration in stored ramyon.
Mercury determination by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry utilizing UV photoreduction.

Abstract A method for the determination of mercury via UV photoreduction has been investigated. Mercury vapor was generated by the reduction of mercury species in an acetic acid solution using UV radiation. Detection of the volatile mercury was accomplished by atomic absorption spectrometry. An optimized system was found to provide a detection limit (defined as the concentration giving a signal equal to three times the standard deviation of the blank) of 2.1 μg L −1 with a precision of 2.9% relative standard deviation ( n = 8) for a 500 μg L −1 mercury standard. The effect of various metal ions on the mercury signal was investigated and the method validated with a NRCC certified dogfish liver material (DOLT-3) using the method of standard additions. A reaction pathway is hypothesized for UV photoreduction.
When emotion meets (meta)cognition in language learning histories

Abstract This chapter offers a view of the cognitive and affective aspects of language learning through students' introspective narratives about their learning histories. These narratives reflect “situated cognition”, in which learners are embedded in their own learning communities, which can be either nurturing or destructive. Some primary themes in the students' narratives are motivation, anxiety, self-esteem, learning styles, and learning strategies. Language learning histories can be very powerful sources of information for students and teachers alike.
A supersonic through-flow fan engine airframe integration study

Engine airframe integration effects are investigated for supersonic through-flow fan engines installed on a Mach 3.20 supersonic cruise vehicle. Six different supersonic through-flow fan engine installations covering the effects of engine size, nacelle contour, nacelle placement, and approximate bypass plume effects are presented. The different supersonic through-flow fan installations are compared with a conventional turbine bypass engine configuration on the same basic airframe. The supersonic through-flow fan engine integrations are shown to be comparable to the turbine bypass engine configuration on the basis of installed nacelle wave drag. The supersonic through-flow fan engine airframe integrated vehicles have superior aerodynamic performance on the basis of maximum lift-to-drag ratio than the turbine bypass engine installation over the entire operating Mach number range from 1.10 to 3.20. When approximate bypass plume modeling is included, the supersonic through-flow fan engine configuration shows even larger improvements over the turbine bypass engine configuration.
Thermal anneal activation of defects in hydrogen plasma-treated silicon

Abstract Thermal anneal activation of defects resulting from atomic hydrogen treatment of Si wafers in an electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) plasma system have been studied. Following short-term (4–12 min), low-temperature hydrogenation, n- and p-Si wafers were annealed over the temperature range 300–750 °C for 20 min. While only a small broad peak is seen immediately after hydrogenation, several pronounced and distinct majority carrier trap levels show up in deep level transient spectroscopy (DLTS) measurements on samples annealed at 450 °C and above. The concentrations of these deep levels reach a maximum at anneal temperatures around 500 °C and drop substantially beyond 750 °C. This phenomenon appears to be unrelated to the presence of oxygen in Si and is of potential importance in silicon processing technology.
Iron oxidation by casein

Abstract Casein accelerates the oxidation of Fe(II) to Fe(III) and the resulting Fe(III) remains strongly bound to the casein. Removal of phosphate from the casein abolishes the oxidative process. The oxidation rate is proportional to the casein concentration, and with high casein concentrations the rate is pseudo-first-order with respect to Fe(II) with a half-life of approximately 2 minutes. The oxidized iron is stoichiometrically bound to the casein, each mg of casein binding approximately 10 μg of iron. The physiological significance is discussed.
Effective Continuous-Time Formulation for Short-Term Scheduling. 2. Continuous and Semicontinuous Processes

Part 1 presented a novel continuous-time mathematical formulation for the short-term scheduling of batch processes. Most production networks, however, involve batch and continuous processes. On the basis of the same principles, this paper extends the proposed formulation to describe continuous processes. Two industrial case studies from fast moving consumer goods manufacturing are presented to illustrate the capability of the proposed formulation to describe plants with both batch and continuous processes, to incorporate cleanup requirements, and to consider storage requirements and limitations. It is demonstrated that the proposed approach outperforms all previously proposed continuous-time models for the short-term scheduling of continuous processes.
Multiple Velocity Components in the C IV Absorption Line of NGC 5548

We have observed the much-studied Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 5548 with the Goddard High-Resolution Spectrograph (GHRS) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). Our 14 ks observation covers the C IV emission line at a resolution of greater than 20,000. Our purpose was to study the absorption line found at lower resolution by IUE and the HST Faint Object Spectrograph. We found that the C IV absorption line resolves into six separate doublets with equivalent widths of 0.07-0.38 Angstrom. The absorption lines have blueshifts relative to the systemic velocity of the galaxy of 380-1250 km s(exp -1), except for one, which has a redshift of 250 km s(exp -1), suggesting both inflow and outflow. The inflowing component may be related to the accretion flow into the nuclear black hole. All the doublet lines are resolved by the GHRS. Three doublets are narrow, with FWHM greater than or approximately 100 km s(exp -1), and three are broad, FWHM approximately 160-290 km s(exp -1). We find evidence of partial covering by the narrow absorption lines. Either (but not both) of the two strongest broad doublets could be from the same material that produces the X-ray ionized absorber seen in soft X-rays. The remaining five systems must be at least 10 times less ionized (and so of lower total column density) to remain consistent with the X-ray spectra.
Transverse cracking in a cross-ply composite laminate - detection in acoustic emission and source characterization

Transverse cracking detection in a uniaxially loaded symmetric cross-ply hybrid composite laminate is studied using modal-based acoustic emission (MAE) method. Transverse cracking in the hybrid laminate is identified in conjunction with the finite element analysis and acoustic emission (AE) testing on unidirectional carbon/epoxy specimens. Higher wave modes are involved in various damage events in both types of specimens. Wave attenuation in the hybrid laminate is observed to be much stronger than in the unidirectional carbon/epoxy specimen, resulting in fewer AE events detected. A material failure kinetics-based characterization of the transverse cracking process is proposed. Results of dynamic response analysis of the hybrid laminate show good agreement with the AE experiment data.
Quantitative proteomics of the cytokine-modulated NOS2 interactome in airway epithelial cells

Nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) is expressed in human respiratory epithelium and is induced in inflammatory airway diseases. However, relatively little is known about the mechanisms underlying the regulation of NOS2 activity or the targets of NOS2-derived NO in this cell-type. We hypothesized that the large-scale identification of NOS2-protein interactions, and quantification of changes to the NOS2 “interactome” in response to inflammatory stimuli, would provide new insights into the function and regulation of NOS2. We overexpressed Flag-tagged NOS2 in airway epithelial (A549) cells and used mass spectrometry to identify NOS2 co-immunoprecipitating proteins. We further utilized stable isotope labeling of amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) to quantify the coordinate effects of cytokine stimulation on these interactions. Multi-protein networks dominated the NOS2 interactome, and inducible interactions with allosteric activators and with the ubiquitin–proteasome system were correlated with cytokine-dependent increases in NO metabolites and in NOS2 ubiquitination, respectively. We also identified a novel NOS2-interacting protein and associated ubiquitin ligase complex that may be one of several regulators of NOS2 stability in the A549 cell. We will discuss the significance of these findings and the applicability of these proteomic techniques for studying NOS2 in other cellular systems.
731-6 Longterm Followup and Crossover 15 Years After Coronary Angioplasty: Comparison of Angioplasty and Bypass Surgery Strategies

To characterize the longterm outcome in patients who had successful coronary angioplasty (PTCA) and those who had an unsuccessful, uncomplicated procedure followed by elective bypass surgery (BYPASS) between 3/78 and 6/81, late followup was obtained in 196 (140 PTCA and 56 BYPASS) patients. Mean time to followup was 12 years (range = 13–16). There was no difference between the groups in survival (PTCA – 84.8%; BYPASS – 88.9%), late myocardial infarction (PTCA – 11.3%; BYPASS – 13.0%) or freedom from angina at latest contact (PTCA – 84.1 %; BYPASS – 87.0%). In the PTCA group, 110 (78.6%) were definitively treated with one or more PTCA procedures. In the BYPASS group, 46 (82.1%) were definitively treated with one or more bypass surgeries. Twenty (14.3%) of the PTCA group crossed over to BYPASS and 8 (14.3%) of the BYPASS group crossed over to PTCA. In conclusion, PTCA and BYPASS strategies yield comparable longterm results. Crossover rates between the two therapeutic procedures are similar. It appears that repeat procedures and crossovers are important in sustaining the beneficial results for both procedures over very long periods of time.
Expert individuation of objects increases activation in the fusiform face area of children.

The role of experience in the development of brain mechanisms for face recognition is intensely debated. Experience with subordinate- and individual-level classification of faces is thought, by some, to be foundational in the development of the specialization of face recognition. Studying children with extremely intense interests (EII) provides an opportunity to examine experience-related changes in non-face object recognition in a population where face expertise is not fully developed. Here, two groups of school-aged children -one group with an EII with Pokemon cards and another group of age-matched controls - underwent fMRI while viewing faces, Pokemon characters, Pokemon objects, and Digimon characters. Pokemon objects were non-character Pokemon cards that experts do not typically individuate during game play and trading. Neither experts nor controls had previous experience with Digimon characters. As expected, experts and controls showed equivalent activation in the fusiform face area (FFA) with face stimuli. As predicted by the expertise hypothesis, experts showed greater activation than controls with Pokemon characters, and showed greater activation with Pokemon characters than Pokemon objects. Experts and controls showed equivalent activation with Digimon characters. However, heightened activation with Digimon characters in both groups suggested that there are other strong influences on the activation of the FFA beyond stimulus characteristics, experience, and classification level. By demonstrating the important role of expertise, the findings are inconsistent with a purely face-specific account of FFA function. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the effects of expertise and categorization level on activation in the FFA in a group of typically developing children.
Photocatalytic packed bed reactor design for efficient UV light utilization

Abstract In this study, TiO 2 /SiO 2 beads packed bed reactor system in which black light was placed at the center of the reactor was developed for a low cost and environmentally–friendly water treatment process. The reactor was designed to achieve efficient utilization of UV light, large contact area with pollutants as well as easier post separation at the same time. As model pollutants, PNP and DNP were used in this study, and the effects of the initial concentration of those substrates and radial thickness of the packed bed for the decomposition properties were examined. The results showed that the decomposition ratio decreased with the increase of the initial concentration and the packed bed radial thickness. The result suggested that the UV light was absorbed by the solution and TiO 2 /SiO 2 beads. To take into consideration the effect of light absorption toward radial direction of the reactor on the decomposition ratio, simple model called “2-boxes model” was developed. The result of reaction kinetics analysis showed that the 2-boxes model could reasonably explain the experimental data. Finally, by using 2-boxes model, the effective diameter of penetrated UV light was examined. The result confirmed that it decreased with the increase of UV absorption caused by the increase of initial inlet concentration and the increase of the radial thickness of the packed bed. This indicates that the simple 2-boxes model can approximately estimate the effective diameter of packed bed for PNP or DNP decomposition, and it will give a design guideline for an efficient TiO 2 /SiO 2 beads packed bed reactor system for water treatment.
Adaptive value of a reduced respiratory metabolism in a lizard. A unique case.

Abstract The relation between evaporative water loss (EWL) and respiratory metabolism was examined in the desert lizard, Xantusia vigilis. Adults of this species average approximately one gram body weight. EWL, oxygen consumption and breathing rates were determined at 3 °C intervals between 24 and 39 °C. All parameters increased with temperature. The rate of increase in oxygen consumption with increasing temperature was constant, equivalent to a Q10 of 2.4, over the entire temperature range studied. EWL changed relatively little between 24 and 33 °C and the increase in this temperature range may be attributed to the increased water vapor capacity of the air. Above 33 °C there was a dramatic increase in EWL due mainly to an increased turnover of tidal air. However, even at 39 °C, the highest temperature at which the animals could survive for more than a few minutes, EWL dissipated less than 80% of the metabolic heat production. The rate of EWL for this species is considerably below the EWL of all other species for which data are available. Cutaneous EWL is comparable to that of other desert forms while respiratory EWL is one-third that of other desert species. The res-piratory EWL per unit oxygen consumed is comparable to other species however, the weight specific oxygen consumption in X. vigilis is only 16 % of that predicted for a one gram lizard by the Bartholo-mew-Tucker equation which relates weight specific oxygen consumption to body weight. It is concluded that water economy has been of extreme importance during the evolutionary history of this species and that a reduced rate of respiratory metabolism has been a significant factor in this regard.
Thermochemical Studies of Epoxides and Related Compounds

Gas-phase heats of formation for the four butene oxide isomers are reported. They were obtained by measuring the condensed-phase heat of reduction to the corresponding alcohol using reaction calorimetry. Heats of vaporization were determined and allow gas-phase heats of formation to be obtained. The experimental measurements are compared to calculations obtained using a variety of computational methods. Overall, the G3 and CBS-APNO methods agree quite well with the experimental data. The influence of alkyl substituents on epoxide stability is discussed. Comparisons to alkenes, cyclopropanes, aziridines, thiiranes, and phosphiranes are also made. Isodesmic-type reactions were used to determine strain energies of the epoxides and related compounds with various substituents.
Yield of cancer tissue from prostatic needle biopsy.

Abstract This study concerns the quality of human prostatic cancer needle biopsy specimens for routine diagnosis and for bioassay. We examined routine hematoxylin and eosin-stained microscopic sections from 20 prostatic cancer patients, 159 needle cores in all, 71 positive for tumor. Linear core measurements were made with a calibrated ocular micrometer, each segment, counted positive if it contained any tumor. Among all subjects there were 35.5 cm of tumor-bearing core length, 26 per cent of the total core length but 60 per cent of the length if completely negative cores were excluded. From these data we calculate a 91 per cent probability of detecting any cancer present if at least 4 cores are taken.
Electron irradiation induced crystallization of amorphous MgAl2O4

Abstract Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), an electron beam was used to irradiate cross-sectional TEM specimens of an amorphous MgAl 2 O 4 thin film on a single crystal spinel substrate. Amorphous MgAl 2 O 4 thin films of 160 nm thickness were initially formed by 400 keV Xe ion irradiation at liquid nitrogen temperatures in single crystal spinel substrates. It was observed that electron irradiation at 300 keV induced a phase transformation from an amorphous to a metastable crystalline structure. Crystallization of amorphous MgAl 2 O 4 was observed to occur both at the amorphous/crystalline interface by epitaxial growth and in the amorphous region by nucleation and growth. Under large doses of electron irradiation, a polycrystalline metastable phase was formed over the entire amorphous region. In contrast, thermal annealing at 600 °C for 1 h only produced negligible crystallization at the amorphous/crystalline interface. The major driving force for crystallization is the energy difference between the amorphous phase and the metastable crystalline phase. Electron irradiation provides the necessary defects to kinetically drive the transformation.
Rapid Oral Desensitization to Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ): Use in Prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii Pneumonia in Patients with AIDS Who Were Previously Intolerant to TMP-SMZ

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMZ) is the drug of choice as prophylaxis for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. However, adverse reactions ascribed to TMP-SMZ are common in such patients. We previously described a rapid method of oral TMP-SMZ desensitization in patients with AIDS and varying degrees of intolerance to the drug. To assess the feasibility, safety, and long-term clinical utility of our desensitization protocol, we retrospectively studied 22 consecutive patients who underwent desensitization. Prior to the procedure each of the study subjects had exhibited moderate to severe reactions to TMP-SMZ. Desensitization was successfully completed in 19 (86%) of the patients. The three patients for whom desensitization failed experienced chills and/or vomiting that resolved promptly with symptomatic therapy. One of the 19 patients was unavailable for long-term follow-up. Of the remaining 18 patients, three discontinued taking TMP-SMZ within 2 weeks of desensitization because of macular rash and fever. The other 15 (71%) of the evaluable patients tolerated both desensitization and subsequent prophylaxis and took TMP-SMZ for a mean of 14 months (in some cases, for as long as 41 months). None had P. carinii pneumonia while receiving TMP-SMZ. These results indicate that most patients who are presumed to be TMP-SMZ-intolerant can be rapidly desensitized with oral TMP-SMZ and subsequently receive the drug for protracted periods as effective prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonia.
Addressing the issue of channeling bias in observational studies with propensity scores analysis

Randomized Clinical Trials (RCTs) remain the gold standard for determining the utility of pharmaceuticals especially from a safety and efficacy standpoint. However, restrictive entry criteria and stringent protocols can be barriers to generalizing RCT findings to real world practices and outcomes. Observational studies overcome these limitations of RCTs since they are representative of real world populations and practices. Nonetheless, attributing causality remains a major limitation in observational studies, due to the non-random assignment of subjects to treatment. Non-random assignment can lead to imbalances in risk-factors between the groups being compared and thus bias the estimates of the treatment effect. Non-random assignment can be particularly problematic in observational studies comparing older versus newer pharmaceuticals from similar therapeutic classes due to the phenomenon of channeling. Channeling occurs when drug therapies with similar indications are preferentially prescribed to groups of patients with varying baseline prognoses. In this manuscript we discuss the phenomenon of channeling and the use of a statistical technique known an propensity scores analysis which potentially adjusts for the effects of channeling. During the course of this manuscript we discuss tests for determining the quality of the derived propensity score, various techniques for utilizing propensity scores, and also the potential limitations of this technique. With the increasing availability of high quality pharmaceutical and medical claims data for use in observational studies, increased attention must be given to analytic techniques that adjust optimally for non-random assignment and resulting channeling bias. For research studies using observational study designs, propensity score analysis offers a reasonable solution to address the limitation of non-random assignment, especially when RCTs are too costly, time-consuming or not ethically feasible.
Religious Capital and Intergenerational Transmission of Volunteering as Correlates of Civic Engagement

Using a subsample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY97), this study (N = 2,471) provides evidence in support of social capital and socialization theories. Intergenerational transmission of civic engagement activities was found to occur through mechanisms such as parental religiosity and voluntarism. Using multinomial logistic regression analysis, correlates of four types of civic engagement were examined: mixed motivation voluntarism (voluntary participation in activist and nonactivist activities, n = 401), exclusively activist (n = 109), exclusive voluntarism (n = 652), and as the referent non—civic minded (no voluntary participation in either activist or nonactivist activities, n = 1,309). Parental voluntarism, socialization, religious participation, education, and presence of children were found to be robust predictors of mixed motivation voluntarism; parental devotion, presence of children, and race/ethnicity, of exclusive activism; and parental religious affiliation and fundamentalism...
Primary fluids in low-temperature eclogites: evidence from two subduction complexes (Dominican Republic, and California, USA)

Eclogites occur as isolated blocks in melanges of both the Samana Peninsula, Dominican Republic, and the Franciscan Complex, California, USA. In some of these eclogites, fluid inclusions were found in omphacite and sodic-calcic amphibole grains. Textures show that non-planar populations of fluid inclusions formed during growth of clinopyroxene and amphibole. In addition, planar arrays of secondary fluid inclusions are found along healed cracks. Homogenization temperatures to liquid were used to calculate isochores for the fluid inclusions. These data were compared with petrologic geothermobarometry. Temperature conditions of 500–700° C were estimated from garnetclinopyroxene geothermometry. The jadeite contents of omphacite indicate minimum pressures of 8–11 kbar in this temperature range. The P-T estimates agree well with calculated isochores for primary fluid inclusions from the Samana Peninsula, and show some overlap for both primary and secondary fluid inclusions from the Franciscan Complex. Salinities of 1.2–5.3 wt% NaCl equiv. were estimated for both primary and secondary fluid inclusions from Samana and Franciscan eclogites. These data suggest that low-salinity aqueous fluids attended eclogite-facies metamorphism and perhaps retrograde metamorphism in both subduction complexes. The salinities and densities of fluid inclusions in eclogites from the Samana Peninsula and the Franciscan Complex resemble those of counterparts from garnet amphibolites of the Catalina Schist, southern California. An external source for such fluids is suggested by their homogeneous populations coupled with their low salinities. Geologic evidence suggests that the Samana and Franciscan eclogites may have been derived from a Catalina-like source terrane. The Catalina rocks are inferred to have interacted with large volumes of sediment-derived fluid during subduction zone metamorphism at similar P but higher T conditions than those determined for Samana and Franciscan eclogite blocks. These results contrast with data for fluid inclusions from eclogites of the Monviso area, western Alps. The Monviso eclogites yield similar estimates for metamorphic P-T to those obtained in this study, but contain fluid inclusions of brine and of other saline aqueous fluids, all of which are less dense than expected for incorporation at the reported eclogite-facies conditions. The differences between the properties of fluid inclusions from the ecologites and garnet amphibolites of the Samana-Franciscan-Catalina subduction complexes and those of Monviso probably reflect differences between fluid-flow regimes during metamorphism.
A gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like molecule modulates the activity of diverse central neurons in a gastropod mollusk, aplysia californica.

In vertebrates, gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is a crucial decapeptide that activates the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis to ensure successful reproduction. Recently, a GnRH-like molecule has been isolated from a gastropod mollusk, Aplysia californica. This GnRH (ap-GnRH) is deduced to be an undecapeptide, and its function remains to be explored. Our previous study demonstrated that ap-GnRH did not stimulate a range of reproductive parameters. Instead, it affected acute behavioral and locomotive changes unrelated to reproduction. In this study, we used electrophysiology and retrograde tracing to further explore the central role of ap-GnRH. Sharp electrode intracellular recordings revealed that ap-GnRH had diverse effects on central neurons that ranged from excitatory, inhibitory, to the alteration of membrane potential. Unexpectedly, extracellular recordings revealed that ap-GnRH suppressed the onset of electrical afterdischarge (AD) in bag cell neurons, suggesting an inhibitory effect on female reproduction. Lastly, using immunocytochemistry (ICC) coupled with nickel-backfill, we demonstrated that some ap-GnRH neurons projected to efferent nerves known to innervate the foot and parapodia, suggesting ap-GnRH may directly modulate the motor output of these peripheral tissues. Overall, our results suggested that in A. californica, ap-GnRH more likely functioned as a central modulator of complex behavior and motor regulation rather than as a conventional reproductive stimulator.
Body temperature fluctuations in the periparturient horse mare.

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine the pattern of mare deep body temperature fluctuations associated with parturition using biotelemetry. A radio transmitter was implanted in one flank in each of six mares. Telemetered data were received by a pair of antennae placed at right angles in a 3.3 × 6.6-m stall and stored on a computer hard disk. Hourly temperature data were recorded for the period of −168 through 168 hours post partum. A decrease of 0.76°C in body temperature began at 4 hours prior to parturition (P
Determinants of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seed yield at extremely high plant density

Abstract Potential seed-yield of cowpea has not been evaluated at extremely high densities. The factors associated with high seed-yield under extremely high plant density were investigated with contrasting vegetable and dry-grain bush-type cowpeas during the summers of 1985 to 1987 at the University of California, Riverside. A split-plot experimental design was used, with cultivars as mainplots and plant densities as subplots. In 1985 and 1986, two vegetable cowpea cultivars (UCR193 and UCR206) were planted at 100, 133, 200 and 400 thousand plants ha−1 ( tph . In 1987, four dry-grain cowpea cultivars (CB5, 8043, 507 and 637) and the two vegetable-cowpea cultivars were planted at the extreme densities of 100 and 400 tph . UCR193 consistently produced greater seed yield than UCR206 at 400 tph , but their yields were similar at 100 to 200 tph . Seed yields of CB5, 637, and 8043 were significantly greater at 400 tph than at 100 tph by 60, 44 and 26%, respectively. In contrast, seed yield of 507 was 15% less at 400 tph than at 100 tph . At 100 tph the yields of the dry-grain cowpeas were not significantly different. Changes in plant density had little effect on apparent harvest indices ( ahi ) for both the vegetable and dry-grain cowpea cultivars. Cultivar ranking for ahi was relatively stable across densities and years. Seed yield of cultivars with high ahi (UCR193, CB5, 8043 and 637) were more responsive to increasing plant density than cultivars with low ahi (UCR206 and 507), and yield response was positively correlated with ahi (r = 0.69 and 0.94 with n = 6 at low and high plant density, respectively). Seed yield response to higher plant density was negatively correlated with vegetative vigor as measured by shoot dry-matter (r = −0.51, n = 6) or leaf-area index (r = −0.65, n = 6) at full bloom and low plant density. Cultivar differences in responsiveness to density were not associated with differences in plant morphology. The results demonstrate that seed yield of some bush-type cowpea cultivars can be substantially increased in intensive commercial production by increasing plant density from the currently used densities of 100–133 tph to 400 tph . Selection for high apparent harvest index may be useful during early phases of breeding programs, with plants sown at low densities when developing bush-type cowpea cultivars with potential for high productivity under extremely high plant density.
Photoionization and the emission-line spectra of quasi-stellar objects.

Detailed photoionization calculations are used to examine the information conveyed by relative emission-line intensities in QSO spectra. It is found that the elemental abundances cannot be estimated with any assurance; but if ?conventional' values are assumed, then certain restrictions may be placed on the ionizing spectra and gas densities. In particular, the ratio between radiation density and gas density is determined. Narrow filaments or sheets of ionized gas seem to be indicated; these may be compressed regions behind shock fronts.
The aerodynamics of symmetric spinnakers

Abstract Twelve parametric spinnaker models were built and tested in a wind tunnel. In these models, five sail shape parameters were varied—cross-section camber ratio, sail aspect ratio, sweep, vertical distribution of camber, and vertical distribution of sail width. Lift and drag forces were measured for a range of angles of attack, and the results were analyzed for three points of sail. It was found that low sweep (more vertical) spinnakers are faster than spinnakers with high sweep, and that the optimum camber ratio depends on both the point of sail and aspect ratio of the sail. On a run (sailing directly downwind), the only significant geometric parameter is projected sail area. The implications of these results to sail trim are discussed. A description of the sail shapes and corresponding force coefficients is presented for future validation of Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes simulations of spinnaker flow fields.
Tunneling Towards Capitalism in the Czech Republic

Over the past decade, Czech society has been bombarded with reporting on a variety of corruption scandals. The most prominent example is tunelovani [tunneling], a uniquely Czech form of large-scale corruption rooted in privatization and post-socialist economic reforms. Since it first appeared in print some time in 1996, tunelovani has become a staple of the Czech media and public discourses. Its ubiquity makes it a useful lens through which to explore many significant issues in post-socialist Czech society: tensions over the meanings of justice, morality, emergent socioeconomic differences, national identity and international reputation. This article explores the workings of tunelovani and suggests the ways these discourses gain meaning within the specific context of the Czech transition.
3,4,5-Trichloroaniline Nephrotoxicity in Vitro: Potential Role of Free Radicals and Renal Biotransformation

Chloroanilines are widely used in the manufacture of drugs, pesticides and industrial intermediates. Among the trichloroanilines, 3,4,5-trichloroaniline (TCA) is the most potent nephrotoxicant in vivo. The purpose of this study was to examine the nephrotoxic potential of TCA in vitro and to determine if renal biotransformation and/or free radicals contributed to TCA cytotoxicity using isolated renal cortical cells (IRCC) from male Fischer 344 rats as the animal model. IRCC (~4 million cells/mL; 3 mL) were incubated with TCA (0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5 or 1.0 mM) for 60–120 min. In some experiments, IRCC were pretreated with an antioxidant or a cytochrome P450 (CYP), flavin monooxygenase (FMO), cyclooxygenase or peroxidase inhibitor prior to incubation with dimethyl sulfoxide (control) or TCA (0.5 mM) for 120 min. At 60 min, TCA did not induce cytotoxicity, but induced cytotoxicity as early as 90 min with 0.5 mM or higher TCA and at 120 min with 0.1 mM or higher TCA, as evidenced by increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Pretreatment with the CYP inhibitor piperonyl butoxide, the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin or the peroxidase inhibitor mercaptosuccinate attenuated TCA cytotoxicity, while pretreatment with FMO inhibitors or the CYP inhibitor metyrapone had no effect on TCA nephrotoxicity. Pretreatment with an antioxidant (α-tocopherol, glutathione, ascorbate or N-acetyl-l-cysteine) also reduced or completely blocked TCA cytotoxicity. These results indicate that TCA is directly nephrotoxic to IRCC in a time and concentration dependent manner. Bioactivation of TCA to toxic metabolites by CYP, cyclooxygenase and/or peroxidase contributes to the mechanism of TCA nephrotoxicity. Lastly, free radicals play a role in TCA cytotoxicity, although the exact nature of the origin of these radicals remains to be determined.
Identification and Characterization of a Suite of Tumor Targeting Peptides for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Tumor targeting ligands are emerging components in cancer therapies. Widespread use of targeted therapies and molecular imaging is dependent on increasing the number of high affinity, tumor-specific ligands. Towards this goal, we biopanned three phage-displayed peptide libraries on a series of well-defined human non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cell lines, isolating 11 novel peptides. The peptides show distinct binding profiles across 40 NSCLC cell lines and do not bind normal bronchial epithelial cell lines. Binding of specific peptides correlates with onco-genotypes and activation of particular pathways, such as EGFR signaling, suggesting the peptides may serve as surrogate markers. Multimerization of the peptides results in cell binding affinities between 0.0071–40 nM. The peptides home to tumors in vivo and bind to patient tumor samples. This is the first comprehensive biopanning for isolation of high affinity peptidic ligands for a single cancer type and expands the diversity of NSCLC targeting ligands.
Optical limiting and switching of ultrashort pulses in nonlinear photonic band gap materials.

We numerically investigate nonlinear propagation of ultrashort pulses in a one-dimensional photonic band gap structure. We find that, near the band edge, nonlinear effects cause a dynamical shift in the location of the band gap. We demonstrate that this nonlinear mechanism can induce intensity-dependent pulse transmission and reflections. In addition, pulse reshaping and pulse generation is observed. This phenomenon has important new applications in both optical limiting and optical switching.
'High dose' immunologic tolerance to Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide assessed by bacteriolytic and hemolytic plaque assays.

Immunologische Toleranz konnte in Mausen durch hohe Dosen vonE. coli Lipopolysaccharid erreicht werden. Der Effekt war mit Hilfe der passiven hamolytischen «plaque»-Methode besser zu erfassen als im direkten bakteriologischen System.
Teaching as a work of art in the medium of curriculum

(1993). Teaching as a work of art in the medium of curriculum. Theory Into Practice: Vol. 32, Using the Arts to Inform Teaching, pp. 210-218.
The inside view on plant growth

With a combination of microscopic and computational methods, the lineage of cells produced by divisions in the meristems of growing plants can now be tracked over time.
The effects of temperature upon the toxicity of chemicals to aquatic organisms

Although rather extensive bibliographies give the impression that there is a vast amount of literature on the effects of temperature on aquatic organisms, when one tries to apply this information to specific interactions, such as the effects of temperature changes on chemical toxicity to aquatic organisms, often very little of the evidence is applicable. Although the most useful information on this relationship has been acquired in laboratory situations even this body of literature (which forms the bulk of this paper) is not adequate to make any scientifically justifiable generalizations. Field data on this relationship is almost non-existent and it is unlikely that much will become available unless specific studies are initiated which are directed toward this end. This is equally true of the laboratory information although it seems more likely that this will be generated as a spinoff from other research activities. In order to develop water quality management programs for steam-electric power plants one should understand the relationship between temperature and the response of aquatic organisms to toxic chemicals. Not only do some power plants discharge chlorine and other similar materials as well as heated waste water but those that discharge the latter only may be located near discharges of toxic chemicals. Since temperature and chemical stress to aquatic organisms are most commonly discussed independently we felt a paper covering this relationship would be useful.
Optical emission spectrum of tritium gas

The spectrum of light in the range 350–800 nm emitted by pure tritium gas (T2) in a closed optical cell with no external excitation has been recorded photographically and by single-photon counting. Prominent in the spectrum are the Balmer series of atomic tritium, lines of 3He that grow with time, and the T2 ultraviolet continuum.
The trend and the measurement of world inequality over extended periods of accounting

Abstract The principal result of this paper is the demonstration of a method for measuring an index of (e.g.) nominal GNP over extended periods of time and the inequality thereof. ‘Snap shot’ inequality for specific points in 1964, 1972 and 1980 is also reported and decomposed for six subgroups in 122 countries.
Hydrogen interaction with the anatase TiO2(101) surface

The interaction of atomic hydrogen with the majority (101) surface of anatase TiO2 is studied using density functional theory calculations both with a standard semi-local functional and with the inclusion of on-site Coulomb repulsion terms. We investigate the energetics of different adsorption configurations at surface and subsurface sites and different coverages, from low to one monolayer, as well as diffusion pathways among the different sites and recombinative H2 desorption barriers. While H2 desorption is the energetically most favorable process, the diffusion of H into the subsurface is found to be at least equally favorable kinetically. It is further shown that subsurface oxygen vacancies on reduced anatase are favorable adsorption sites for hydrogen atoms.
Transformative Professional Learning Within Schools: Relationship to Teachers’ Beliefs, Expertise and Teaching

Although scholarship and research have demonstrated the positive impact of professional learning on academic teaching and learning, an inadequate amount of research has examined how professional learning is associated with transformative teaching for equity, diversity and social justice. This survey study explored the relationship between professional learning and teachers’ beliefs about diversity, transformative expertise, and transformative teaching by comparing two models of professional learning in 25 small urban elementary schools. Results indicated that factors in both the process and transformative content models predicted differences in teachers’ reported beliefs, expertise, or teaching. While some factors such as learning to teach for social justice consistently predicted increased transformative practices, other factors failed to predict or were associated with decreased transformative practices. After discussing the findings, implications for practice, theory and research are offered.
Shock-induced shear bands in an energetic molecular crystal: Application of shock-front absorbing boundary conditions to molecular dynamics simulations

The response of the energetic molecular crystal cyclotrimethylene trinitramine (RDX) to the propagation of planar shock waves normal to (100) has been studied using large-scale molecular dynamics simulations that employ an accurate and transferable nonreactive potential. The propagation of the shock waves was simulated using nonequilibrium molecular dynamics. Shear bands were nucleated during shocks with a particle velocity of $1.0\text{ }\text{km}\text{ }{\text{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ and corresponding Rankine-Hugoniot shock pressure of 9.7 GPa. These defects propagate into the compressed material at $45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$ to [100] in the [010] zone. The shear bands evolve slowly compared to the time scales routinely accessible to nonequilibrium molecular dynamics toward a liquidlike state as a result of viscous heating. A recently developed shock-front absorbing boundary condition [A. V. Bolesta et al., Phys. Rev. B 76, 224108 (2007)] was applied to the simulation cells at the moment of maximum compression to sustain the shock-compressed state. Molecular dynamics simulations were then employed to study the temporal and structural evolution of the shock-induced shear bands toward a steady-fluctuating state. Owing to the intense, viscous flow-driven heating within the shear bands, these defects can be considered to be homogeneously nucleated hot spots.