cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of reinforcement geometry on the mechanical properties of composites

Abstract The mechanical properties of ceramic composites change due to variations in the size and geometry of the reinforcement. In the present work the effects of SiC whisker (SiCw) and SiC platelets (SiCp) on the mechanical properties of SiC Al 2 O 3 composites have been investigated. The flexural properties of both whisker- and platelet-reinforced SiC Al 2 O 3 composites were measured using the four-point bend test. Fracture toughness was determined for both straight- and chevron-notched specimens. A scanning electron microscopy examination of the fractured surfaces was conducted to perform failure analyses and understand toughening mechanisms. The results of the investigation indicate that SiC w Al 2 O 3 composites provides higher flexural strength and fracture toughness compared to SiC p Al 2 O 3 composites. During hot pressing, the control of the orientation of the SiCp is extremely difficult and it appears to form a porous matrix structure which substantially lowers the strength. Moreover, it has been observed that the low l d ratio of SiCp has a major influence on the fracture toughness.
The Rural Economic Capacity Index (RECI): A Benchmarking Tool to Support Community-Based Economic Development

Economic development practitioners and theorists recognize that community-based strategies offer the best opportunity for rural economic development. But, rural communities also need assistance in ...
Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: long-term outcomes

Evaluation of: Weerasooriya R, Khairy P, Litalien J et al. Catheter ablation for arial fibrillation; are results maintained at 5 years of follow-up? J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 57, 160–166 (2011).Atrial fibrillation is the most common arrhythmia faced in clinical practice with a substantial impact on morbidity, mortality, and heathcare expenditures. Patients with atrial fibrillation in which a rhythm control strategy is desired to improve quality of life have had limited options. The discovery of the role of pulmonary vein triggers has led to the development of catheter ablation techniques that have shown promising short-term success rates. Long-term outcomes were until recently, lacking. These results confirm the inherently recurrent nature of atrial fibrillation and the need for multiple procedures to achieve reasonable long-term successful maintenance of sinus rhythm.
Back to basics: progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) training for women detained in conditions of medium security

There is a large evidence base that demonstrates the efficacy of abbreviated progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) in the treatment of a wide variety of psychiatric and somatoform or psychosomatic disorders. A review of literature published in the last decade suggests that, in recent years, abbreviated PMR has been used primarily as an adjunctive therapy for people with a range of physical health problems. Doubts remain about its applicability to schizophrenic and severely emotionally and behaviourally disturbed populations within secure mental health settings. This article describes the development and evaluation of a relaxation training programme using abbreviated PMR techniques for female service users detained in conditions of medium security. More rigorous experimental evaluation is necessary to draw firm conclusions but preliminary results are positive and suggest that a group relaxation training programme that teaches abbreviated PMR techniques could be a useful intervention for this client group.
Gamma 2b transgenic mice as a model for the role of immunoglobulins in B cell development.

The development of B lymphocytes is tightly linked to the expression of immunoglobulins (Igs). Pro/preB cells which do not correctly rearrange heavy/light chain genes are aborted. Correctly rearranged Ig transgenes are apparently recognized by the developing B cells and can prevent the rearrangement of endogenous Ig genes. Both μ and γ2b heavy chain genes cause this feedback inhibition of heavy chain gene rearrangement. μ transgenes can in addition replace endogenous μ in its preB cell survival/maturation function. However, several different transgenic lines have shown that γ2b transgenes do not provide the nurturing functions of μ, except for one unique γ2b transgenic line, the C line. In this line mature B cells express γ2b only. Presumably, an unknown gene has been activated at the transgene integration site whose product over|comes the need for μ. The function of this gene depends of the presence of the surrogate light chain (sL), and thus must operate in combination with the preB cell receptor or in a down-stream signaling/antiapoptosis event requiring the γ2b/sL receptor. The analysis of the two types of γ2b transgenic mice shows that the signals for preB cell development are highly complex and promises to reveal new insights into the molecular and cellular mechanisms of B cell maturation.
Protein degradation in canine tracheobronchial secretions

Abstract Major differences were observed in the electrophoretic profiles of the proteins of canine tracheobronchial secretions depending upon the method by which secretions were processed prior to characterization. Secretions solubilized in phosphate-buffered 6 m urea directly after collection gave only a diffuse, low molecular weight pattern suggestive of degraded proteins. In contrast, when secretions were first fractionated by centrifugation into supernatant and cell-containing pellet phases, a wide range of higher molecular weight peptides was demonstrated in the supernatant phase. The protein degradation appeared to be due to the action of enzymes released from cells in the secretions during the initial solubilization of the samples in urea. These results emphasize the need to carefully consider the manner in which respiratory secretions are processed prior to characterization.
Rate constitutive theory for ordered thermoelastic solids

When the mathematical models for the deforming solids are constructed using the Eulerian description, the material particle displacements and hence the strain measures are not known. In such cases the constitutive theory must utilize convected time derivatives of the strain measures. The entropy inequality provides a mechanism for determining constitutive equations for the equilibrium stress with the additional requirement that the work expanded due to the deviatoric part of the Cauchy stress tensor be positive, but provides no mechanism for establishing the constitutive theory for it. In the development of the constitutive theory in the Eulerian description for thermoelastic solids, one must consider a coordinate system in the current configuration in which the deformed material lines can be identified. Thus the covariant, contravariant and Jaumann convected coordinate systems are natural choices for the development of the constitutive theory. The compatible conjugate pairs of convected time derivatives of the stress and strain measures in these bases in conjunction with the theory of generators and invariants provide a general mathematical framework for the development of the constitutive theory for thermoelastic solids. This framework has a foundation based on the basic principles and axioms of continuum mechanics but the resulting constitutive theory must satisfy the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality to ensure thermodynamic equilibrium of the deforming matter. This paper presents development of rate constitutive theories for compressible as well as incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic solids. The density, temperature, and temperature gradient in the current configuration and the convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to any desired order in the chosen basis are considered as the argument tensors of the first convected time derivative of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and heat vector. The thermoelastic solids described by these constitutive theories are termed ordered thermoelastic solids due to the fact that the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and heat vector are dependent on the convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to any desired order, the highest order defining the order of the solid.
Depreciation and Tax Policies in the Seven Countries with the Highest Direct Investment from the U.S.

ABSTRACT This paper compares the United States depreciation rules, corporate income tax rates, and investment tax credits with the seven countries that have the highest direct investment from the U.S. These countries are Australia, Canada. France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. For illustrative purposes, two comparative examples for computer systems and manufacturing equipment are included.
Interdisciplinary Aspects of Engineering: The Environment of Concept Engineering

Involvement in concept engineering forces the individual as well as corporations to consider aspects and disciplines concerned with public utility, taste, and convenience. The marketplaces are varied and in a state of flux. Nevertheless, personal entrepreneurship as exemplified by high technology efforts in the aerospace, computer, and electronics industries is essential and identified as a basic American characteristic. Individuals and corporations are challenged to channel their efforts and organization to attack broad social objectives, currently recogned but awaiting clarification and polarization of the environment, to allow technology, via effective concept engineering, to participate in the achievement of successes equal to those attained in consumer products, defense engineering, and space exploration.
Visual knowledge representation of conceptual semantic networks

This article presents methods of using visual analysis to visually represent large amounts of massive, dynamic, ambiguous data allocated in a repository of learning objects. These methods are based on the semantic representation of these resources. We use a graphical model represented as a semantic graph. The formalization of the semantic graph has been intuitively built to solve a real problem which is browsing and searching for lectures in a vast repository of colleges/courses located at Western Kentucky University (http://HyperManyMedia.wku.edu). This study combines Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) with Semantic Factoring to decompose complex, vast concepts into their primitives in order to develop knowledge representation for the HyperManyMedia [we proposed this term to refer to any educational material on the web (hyper) in a format that could be a multimedia format (image, audio, video, podcast, vodcast) or a text format (HTML webpages, PHP webpages, PDF, PowerPoint)] platform. Also, we argue that the most important factor in building the semantic representation is defining the hierarchical structure and the relationships among concepts and subconcepts. In addition, we investigate the association between concepts using Concept Analysis to generate a lattice graph. Our domain is considered as a graph, which represents the integrated ontology of the HyperManyMedia platform. This approach has been implemented and used by online students at WKU (http://www.wku.edu).
Retransmission in OBS networks with fiber delay lines

While most transmission schemes in OBS networks relegate retransmission to higher protocol layers, the scheme proposed in this paper reduces retransmission delays by exploiting fiber delay lines at the optical layer. We present an analysis of the scheme that focuses not only on individual components but also on the end-to-end properties of the network. We also propose a facility location model suitable for optimizing the locations of sites with fiber delay lines when the number of such sites is limited. Evaluation of our proposed scheme on a common test network shows that major improvements in performance are possible.
Initiation of Mammalian Liver Development from Endoderm by Fibroblast Growth Factors

The signaling molecules that elicit embryonic induction of the liver from the mammalian gut endoderm or induction of other gut-derived organs are unknown. Close proximity of cardiac mesoderm, which expresses fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) 1, 2, and 8, causes the foregut endoderm to develop into the liver. Treatment of isolated foregut endoderm from mouse embryos with FGF1 or FGF2, but not FGF8, was sufficient to replace cardiac mesoderm as an inducer of the liver gene expression program, the latter being the first step of hepatogenesis. The hepatogenic response was restricted to endoderm tissue, which selectively coexpresses FGF receptors 1 and 4. Further studies with FGFs and their specific inhibitors showed that FGF8 contributes to the morphogenetic outgrowth of the hepatic endoderm. Thus, different FGF signals appear to initiate distinct phases of liver development during mammalian organogenesis.
Ethics Matter: Moderating Leaders’ Power Use and Followers’ Citizenship Behaviors

Followers’ perceptions of their leaders’ ethics have the potential to impact the way they react to the influence of these leaders. The present study of 365 U.S. Air Force Academy Cadets examined how followers’ perceptions of their leaders’ ethics moderated the relationships found between the leaders’ use of power, as conceptualized by French and Raven (Studies in social power, 1959), and the followers’ contextual performance. Our results indicated that leaders’ use of expert, referent, and reward power was associated with higher levels of organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) among their followers when the followers perceived these leaders to be more ethical. Moreover, when followers perceived their leaders to be less ethical, these followers reported lower levels of OCBs when their leaders’ utilized referent power. Practical implications, limitations, and future research are also discussed.
STUDY OF LOCALIZED MAGNETIC MOMENTS BY ELECTRON PARAMAGNETIC RESONANCE.

Abstract : Recent transmission paramagnetic resonance has been applied to a dilute magnetic alloy Cu:Mn. A number of years ago, Hasegawa showed how resonance in dilute alloys could be understood by writing down a set of phenomenological Bloch-like equations. However, aside from the ambiguities mentioned by Hasegawa himself, the equations do not describe the respective effects of the Kondo anomoly, the hyperfine interaction, nor of conduction electron diffusion. The latter difficulty is easily remedied. This report concentrates on the effects of the hyperfine and s-d interactions.
The oxidation of green river oil shale with perchloric acid part II — The analysis of oxidation products

Abstract A stepwise oxidation of a kerogen concentrate of Green River oil shale was effected by varying the potential of the oxidizing agent, perchloric acid. Perchloric acid-free oxidation products were isolated and analyzed. The oxidation products were analyzed by titration with standard base, infrared spectrophotometry, mass spectroscopy, X-ray excited optical luminesence, and gas chromatography. The major oxidation product was a mixture of brown, high molecular weight, carboxylic acids. Analysis indicated these acids consisted primarily of aliphatic materials containing both saturated carbon chains and cyclic compounds. Ether groups were indicated. Aromatic material and long-chain fatty acids were also isolated in low relative concentration. A comparison was made between the results of this study and the results of previous workers.
Prediction of Fracture Stresses of High Pressure Gas Cylinders Containing Cracklike Flaws

Full scale tests were conducted on high pressure gas cylinders containing cracklike flaws. The cylinders were then pressurized to destruction, and the membrane hoop stress at failure in the cylinder wall was calculated from the failure pressure. Mechanical properties, including tensile and fracture data, were obtained on specimens representing the heats of the tested cylinders. Analyses were performed to predict the failure stresses using several methods available in the open literature. This paper presents the results of the predicted and measured fracture stresses.
Grand Challenge Commentary: Informative diagnostics for personalized medicine

Some of the most celebrated triumphs of chemical biology are molecularly targeted therapeutics to combat human disease. However, a grand challenge looms as informative diagnostic strategies must be developed to realize the full impact of these promising pharmaceutical agents.
Morphine-augmented hepatobiliary scintigraphy in the severely ill: caution is in order.

Morphine augmentation in hepatobiliary scintigraphy has been reported as a useful tool to shorten imaging time. The technique has not been extensively evaluated in patients who are severely ill and receiving total parenteral nutrition, although the study of these patients with non-morphine-augmented hepatobiliary scintigraphy is problematic. The authors retrospectively analyzed 51 morphine-augmented hepatobiliary studies performed in a tertiary referral center on a population with a high proportion of severe intercurrent illness (18 patients, 14 of whom were receiving total parenteral nutrition) and hepatocellular dysfunction (eight patients). The overall sensitivity was 94%, specificity was 69%, and the false-positive rate was 40% for the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. The majority of the false-positive cases occurred in the severely ill subgroup (false-positive rate, 60%). Morphine-augmented hepatobiliary studies may be advantageous because of shortened imaging time. However, patients who have severe...
Mentoring Staff Members as Patient Safety Leaders: The Clarian Safe Passage Program

This article describes a second element of the Synergy Model of Patient Care implemented by Clarian Health Partners of Indiana. The Clarian Safe Passage Program is a unique approach to the promotion of patient safety. In this program, frontline staff nurses are trained to serve as Safe Passage nurses, who are unit-based safety experts. These nurses mentor each other and their peers in acquiring patient safety expertise and promoting a free flow of information to avert actual and potential errors in health care delivery.
Trade protection to reduce redistribution

Abstract Trade policies which aid a domestic industry also increase the domestic price of the traded good. Consumers who heavily consume the protected good may find that this price rise reduces the marginal utility of income. The lower marginal utility of income may in turn reduce political pressures to redistribute income to such consumers. Taxpayers opposing redistribution may therefore favor trade protection. And because different policies (such as tariffs and quotas) differ in how they affect the marginal utility of income, taxpayers may favor one policy over another.
Collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis in a liver transplant recipient on alendronate

We describe a case of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and severe kidney dysfunction in a liver transplant recipient after the initiation of alendronate for osteopenia. In view of the increasing incidence of chronic kidney disease in long-term liver transplant patients, bisphosphonates need to be used with caution in these patients. The usefulness of bisphosphonates for the prevention of early bone loss after liver transplantation is increasingly reported. However, there is little information on the safety and efficacy of these drugs when used in the later stages of liver transplant, particularly in the presence of chronic kidney disease. Bisphosphonates are excreted unchanged via the kidneys after reaching the systemic circulation. Some cases of severe kidney injury, in particular collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, have been described that are associated with the use of pamidronate. Alendronate, a widely used bisphosphonate in transplant patients, has not been related to kidney toxicity. We describe a case of collapsing focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and severe kidney dysfunction in a liver transplant recipient soon after the initiation of alendronate for osteopenia. Possible pathogenetic mechanisms are discussed. In view of the increasing incidence of chronic kidney disease in long-term liver transplant patients, bisphosphonate need to be used with caution in patients with a low glomerular filtration rate.
Repair replication of opossum lymphocyte DNA: effect of compounds that bind to DNA.

Abstract Opossum lymphocytes were used for studies of DNA repair. Several compounds were assessed for their capacity to induce repair. Specially interesting was the fact that some intercalators (proflavin, ICR-170, quinacrine and acridine orange) did induce repair, as determined by [3H]thymidine incorporation in the presence of hydroxyurea, CsCl density gradient centrifugation of bromodeoxyuridine-containing DNA and autoradiographically detected unscheduled DNA synthesis. A comparison of the inhibitory effect of several chemicals on DNA replication and DNA repair was also carried out. In this study, repair synthesis was induced by UV irradiation. For most of the compounds, the concentration necessary to inhibit 50% of DNA replication or DNA repair was similar. The most notable exception was cycloheximide which inhibited replication much more effectively than repair. None of the compounds used in this study was found to specifically inhibit repair synthesis. Inhibition of DNA replication and DNA repair was a general effect exhibited by the compounds which bind to DNA. However, only some of these compounds were able to induce repair. As most of these compounds were mutagens it was concluded that the inhibitory effect could be more relevant to mutagenesis that the repair-induction effect.
Ectopic calcification in lambs from feeding the plantCestrum diurnum

Hypercalcemia and ectopic calcification were induced in 5 lambs by supplementing the diet with the dried leaves of the plantCestrum diurnum, for 8 to 9 weeks. Lambs developed mineralization of blood vessels, heart, kidneys, and lungs. These tissues were examined by light and electron microscopy. In the vascular tissue there was calcification of elastic fibers in the hyperplastic intima and the media, along with mineralization of mitochondria of aortic smooth muscle cells. Myocardial cells and their mitochondria were mineralized. In the kidney, there was calcification of the epithelium of the distal convoluted tubules and collecting tubules, Bowman’s capsule, and the mesangial cells of the glomeruli. In the lung, there was mineralization of the alveolar septal walls and the bronchi and bronchioles. Feeding of the calcinogenic plant to lambs caused extensive soft tissue calcification. Results of the study indicated that degeneration was the early soft tissue lesion in this plant toxicity.
Modulation of the expression of interleukin 2 receptors of human thymocytes by recombinant interleukin 2

Abstract The effect of purified recombinant interleukin 2 on the expression of the receptors for interleukin 2 by human thymocytes was examined. Interleukin 2 augmented the expression of interleukin 2 receptors and interferon-γ synthesis by thymocytes activated with concanavalin A, and it was required to maintain the growth of thymocytes in vitro and the expression of interleukin 2 receptors. The increase observed in the number of receptor bearing thymocytes and in the density of receptors due to interleukin 2 occurred within the first 2 days of culture. Dexamethasone inhibited the expression of interleukin 2 receptors, the synthesis of interferon-γ, and the early proliferation and protein synthesis of lectin-activated thymocytes during the first 2 days of culture. The inhibitory effect of dexamethasone on the expression of interleukin 2 receptors and on the synthesis of interferon-γ was reversed by interleukin 2, whereas its effect on proliferation and on protein synthesis during the first two days of culture was not reversed by interleukin 2. Interleukin 2 induced the proliferation of thymocytes in vitro , even in the absence of activation by lectin; however, the number of cells displaying receptors which could be detected with anti-Tac remained low throughout the first week of culture and interferon-γ synthesis was not observed. Nonetheless, interleukin 2-induced proliferation was inhibited by anti-Tac on a dose dependent manner. The results of the study document that recombinant interleukin 2, like purified natural interleukin 2, is required for the expression of interleukin 2 receptors, for interferon-γ synthesis, and for the growth of thymocytes in Vitro .
“When Do I Feel Like an Adult?” Latino and Afro-Caribbean Immigrant-Origin Community College Students’ Conceptualizations and Experiences of (Emerging) Adulthood

The aim of this study was to understand how Latino and Afro-Caribbean immigrant-origin community college students conceptualize adulthood and understand their adult identities. The data are drawn from semi-structured group interviews with 17 low-income immigrant-origin students from three diverse community college campuses in an urban center in the Northeast. The The authors organized the results as a series of dialectic tensions that highlight the contradictions present in the everyday lives of participants. Results reveal that the central task of emerging adulthood is to navigate the multiple divergent messages about what it means to be an adult between home and school contexts. For low-income immigrant-origin community college students, adulthood was defined both by individual responsibility and by social responsibility. Emerging adulthood becomes a time of assuming responsibility for oneself as well as for other loved ones. These findings suggest that developmental pathways vary for immigrant-origin e...
A comparison of techniques for monitoring pH of growing medium

Abstract Studies were conducted to determine the reliability of four techniques for prolonged pH monitoring of small containers of media. Correlation coefficients of the methods tested (with saturated paste) were 0.96, 0.95 and 0.92 for porous cup solution extract, container effluent and placing the electrode directly in media, respectively. Continued coring for saturated paste determinations reduced fern growth by 38% during the period of study.
Error-Correcting Codes with Byte Error-Detection Capability

Single error-correcting and double error-detecting codes capable of detecting all single byte errors are important for practical applications. They can be used to enhance the reliability and the data integrity of computer memory systems. Here we present the construction of these codes. The construction techniques are developed from the theory of orthogonal flats in finite Euclidean geometry.
A systematic approach for implementing fault tolerant software designs in Ada

This paper describes a new approach for implementing fault tolerant software in Ada. The approach uses automated analysis methods to determine appropriate low-complexity boundaries within the program. A subset of these boundaries defines fault-containment boundaries at which error semantics are specified. A disciplined method is proposed to implement these semantics using Ada's exception construct in such a way that an automated tool can verify the correct application of the method. The fault tolerance implementation method is compatible with object-oriented, data abstraction, and control abstraction program design methods.
Mixing of two collinear Rayleigh waves in an isotropic nonlinear elastic half-space

Nonlinear mixing of two collinear, initially monochromatic, Rayleigh waves propagating in the same direction in an isotropic, nonlinear elastic solid is investigated analytically. A system of coupled ordinary differential equations is derived based on the Lagrange equations of the second kind to predict the evolution of the higher harmonic and combination frequency components of the fundamentals waves. Numerical results show that the energy transfer is larger for higher frequencies, and that the oscillation of the energy between the different frequency components depends on the amplitudes and frequencies of the fundamental waves. Furthermore, it is illustrated that the horizontal velocity component can form a shock wave while the vertical velocity component can form a pulse. The occurrence of these effects is independent of the specific fundamental frequencies and amplitudes that are mixed. However, the nonlinear interaction is more efficient when the mixing frequencies are close to each other which increases both effects. The analytical model is then extended by implementing diffraction effects in the parabolic approximation.
The coming problem of HIV-associated Alzheimer's disease.

Summary Background Dementia associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a subcortical neuropathology that does not resemble Alzheimer's disease. However, several lines of evidence suggest that in the future there may be significant numbers of long-term HIV survivors with true Alzheimer's disease. Age is itself a risk factor Alzheimer's disease, and an aging population and widespread use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) means more elderly HIV patients. Immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome, lypodystrophic effects of HAART medications, HIV-induced amyloid deposition and excitotoxic effects of gp120 and TAT protein all could be risk factors for subsequent Alzheimer's disease. Finally, HIV patients will have greater vulnerability to common non-HIV pathogens that may contribute to development of Alzheimer's disease. Presentation of the hypothesis It is predicted that in the future there will be seen measurable numbers of long-term HIV survivors on HAART who have Alzheimer's disease, with a cortical deficit profile on neuropsychological tests, pronounced cerebral atrophy seen on brain MRI, and neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques and neuronal loss in post-mortem brain tissue. Validating the hypothesis The hypothesis could be validated through case reports, longitudinal clinical studies, brain bank programs and animal models. Implications of the hypothesis Management of HIV may become more difficult, requiring greater provisions for long-term care of HIV patients with chronic dementia. However, it may be possible to reduce or prevent HIV-associated Alzheimer's disease through early use of cholinesterase inhibitors, glutamate-blocking drugs, insulin sensitizing agents, statins and anti-oxidants.
A Time-Resolved Fluorescence Immunoassay (DELFIA) Increases the Sensitivity of Antigen-Driven Cytokine Detection

In an effort to improve the quantification of the low levels of cytokines released in response to antigenic stimulation of T cells, a sandwich dissociation-enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay (DELFIA) was developed and compared to a standard sandwich ELISA. The DELFIA enhanced the sensitivity of a mouse IL-2 assay 8- to 27-fold, and a human GM-CSF assay 10-fold, as compared to colorimetric ELISA. The increase in sensitivity allows for the use of lower sample volumes per well, and the ability to run more assays per supernatant sample. This sensitive, nonisotopic alternative to other cytokine detection methods will be useful for those researchers wanting to quantitate low levels of antigen-driven cytokine production.
Solar Atmospheric Dynamic Coupling Due to Shear Motions Driven by the Lorentz Force

Recent theoretical and numerical works have shown that shearing motions observed during magnetic flux emergence are driven by the Lorentz force. The Lorentz force results from the nonuniform expansion of the magnetic field in a highly pressure-stratified atmosphere. This deformation of the flux system causes the axial component of the field to become weaker (along field lines) in the corona than in the lower atmosphere, which produces the shearing Lorentz force. The shear flows result in the magnetic field being drawn parallel to the polarity inversion lines of active regions as observed at the photosphere and in filaments. In order to arrive at an equilibrium state after flux emergence, the axial field must evolve to be constant along field lines. This nonlocal requirement for force balance results in a coupling by shear flows that act to equilibrate the axial magnetic field. This paper will elaborate on the dynamic coupling such shearing flows cause between the layers of the solar atmosphere. This coupling occurs by way of self-organized flows that transport magnetic flux and energy from below the photosphere into the corona. This work explains how coronal magnetic fields become energized to produce coronal mass ejections and two-ribbon flares.
New observations of galls on Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) small (Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM.) infected by Membranosorus heterantherae Ostenfeld and Peterson

Abstract The fungus or protozoan Membranosorus heterantherae Ostenfeld and Peterson (Sorodiscus heterantherae Wernham) was first described from galls on the aquatic monocot Zosterella dubia (Jacq.) Small (Heteranthera dubia MacM.) from Ontario, Canada. Holotype material could not be located, therefore specimens from Conesus Lake, New York, with both nodal and root galls have been designated as neotype. Searches of herbaria show that the galls are found on plants from New England to the midwest of the United States and Washington State, indicating that they probably occur throughout the range of the host, although they are particularly common in the fertile New York lakes. Similar galls have been observed on aquarium plants of Heteranthera limosa (Sw.) Willd. grown from seeds collected in Kansas. Both nodal and root galls have anthocyanin and raphid crystals of calcium oxalate. Chlorophyll has been observed in nodal galls. The nodal galls have been considered hypertrophied adventitious roots, but they appear to be anomalous structures containing xylem, chlorenchyma and a variety of other cells. Most of the gall parenchyma cells are anatomically very similar to the isodiametric cells of the nodal area cortex. The nodal galls are exceptionally rich in nitrogen, and caddis fly larvae cluster around them.
A contribution to the theory of memory

Abstract The concept of memory based on mechanistic ‘storage’ of information being notoriously inadequate, a radically different interpretation of memory is proposed. This is based on the notions of a preceding paper in this Journal (Elsasser, 1979) . One assumes that the number of brain states possible is ‘immense’ in the sense defined there. This means that the probability of any one state's appearing is immensely small. The time correlations of successive brain states are therefore also immensely small; brain states are largely autonomous, almost independent of physical causation.
Counting and sampling triangles from a graph stream

This paper presents a new space-efficient algorithm for counting and sampling triangles--and more generally, constant-sized cliques--in a massive graph whose edges arrive as a stream. Compared to prior work, our algorithm yields significant improvements in the space and time complexity for these fundamental problems. Our algorithm is simple to implement and has very good practical performance on large graphs.
Calcium‐Independent Phospholipase A2 in Rabbit Ventricular Myocytes

We have previously reported that the majority of phospholipase A2 (PLA2) activity in rabbit ventricular myocytes is membrane-associated, calcium-independent (iPLA2), selective for arachidonylated plasmalogen phospholipids and inhibited by the iPLA2-selective inhibitor bromoenol lactone (BEL). Here, we identified the presence of iPLA2 in rabbit ventricular myocytes, determined the full length sequences for rabbit iPLA2β and iPLA2γ and compared their homology to the human isoforms. Rabbit iPLA2β encoded a protein with a predicated MW of 74 kDa that is 91% identical to the human iPLA2β short isoform. Full length iPLA2γ protein has a predicated MW of 88 kDa and is 88% identical to the human isoform. Immunoblot analysis of iPLA2β and γ in membrane and cytosolic fractions from rabbit and human cardiac myocytes demonstrated a similar pattern of distribution with both isoforms present in the membrane fraction, but no detectable protein in the cytosol. Membrane-associated iPLA2 activity was inhibited preferentially by the R enantiomer of bromoenol lactone (R)-BEL, indicating that the majority of activity is due to iPLA2γ.
Multi-agent information dependence

There has been an increasing interest in reasoning about multi-agent information dependence, which is very important for supporting social reasoning in multi-agent cooperations. In this paper we seek to characterize the nature of multi-agent information dependence in general, and investigate ways of using information dependence knowledge in agent teamwork settings. We also describe a tool that can facilitate humans to dynamically manipulate information dependence.
Medically Induced Drug Addiction

Iatrogenic, or medically induced, drug addiction is a problem affecting both patients and physicians. We describe the function of a new center devoted solely to managing iatrogenic addiction. The center accepts patients on physician referral only. The addiction usually arises as a complication of a medical disorder that is accompanied by pain and requires comprehensive and multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment. Detoxification from the offending medication, provision of chronic analgesia, and maintenance are managed with methadone. All appropriate modalities of treatment including psychotherapy, physical therapy, and relaxation techniques are employed.
Intraspinal morphine for chronic pain: A retrospective, multicenter study

Abstract Intraspinal opioids are frequently used in the treatment of cancer and noncancer pain, but few studies have evaluated the efficacy of this technique. This multicenter, retrospective study surveyed physcians in the United States regarding their standard practices when using intraspinal opioids delivered via an implanted drug administration device. Thirty-five physicians (50.0%) responded, providing 429 usable patient forms (52.4%), which sought information about screening, outcomes, dosing, and adverse effects. Patients with malignant (32.7%) and noncancer (67.3%) pain had been treated for an average of 14.6 ± 0.57 months (range, 8–94 months) at the time of form completion. For all patients, the mean percent relief was 61.0% ± 1.35%. Patients with somatic pain tended to have greater relief, as measured by a global rating of pain relief, than did patients with other types of pain (Mann-Whitney test, P = 0.0003). After titration during the first 3 months, intrathecal morphine doses increased only twofold from 6.84 ± 0.65 mg/day at 3 months to 13.19 ± 1.76 mg/day at 24 months. Compared to those with noncancer pain, malignant pain patients had a higher average initial dose. The average dose used by cancer patients escalated quickly and then stabilized, whereas the average doses used by noncancer pain patients exhibited a more gradual, linear increase in dose. Long-term adverse drug effects were uncommon, but system malfunction, usually catheter related, occurred in 21.6% of patients. Prospective, randomized, controlled clinical studies of long-term efficacy and adverse effects are warranted.
Fuel Tank Integrity Research: Fuel Tank Analyses and Test Plans

The Federal Railroad Administration’s Office of Research and Development is conducting research into fuel tank crashworthiness. Fuel tank research is being performed to determine strategies for increasing the fuel tank impact resistance to mitigate the threat of a post-collision or postderailment fire. In accidents, fuel tanks are subjected to dynamic loading, often including a blunt or raking impact from various components of the rolling stock or trackbed. Current design practice requires that fuel tanks have minimum properties adequate to sustain a prescribed set of static load conditions. Current research is intended to increase understanding of the impact response of fuel tanks under dynamic loading. Utilizing an approach that has been effective in increasing the structural crashworthiness of railcars, improved strategies can be developed that will address the types of loading conditions which have been observed to occur in a collision or derailment event. U.S. rail accident surveys reveal the types of threats fuel tanks are exposed to during collisions, derailments and other events. These include blunt impacts and raking impacts to any exposed side of the tank. This research focuses on evaluating dynamic impact conditions for fuel tanks and investigating how fuel tank design features affect the collision performance of the tank. Research activities will include analytical modeling of fuel tanks under dynamic loading conditions, dynamic impact testing of fuel tank articles, and recommendations for improved fuel tank protection strategies. This paper describes detailed finite element analyses that have been developed to estimate the behavior of three different fuel tanks under a blunt impact. These analyses are being used to understand the deformation behavior of different tanks and prepare for planned testing of two of these tanks. Observations are made on the influence of stiffeners, baffles, and other design details relative to the distance from impact. This paper subsequently describes the preliminary test plans for the first set of tests on conventional passenger locomotive fuel tanks. The first set of tests is designed to measure the deformation behavior of the fuel tanks with a blunt impact of the bottom face of the tanks. The test articles are fuel tanks from two retired EMD F-40 locomotives. A blunt impact will be conducted by securing the test articles to a crash wall and impacting them with an indenter extending from a test cart. This set of tests is targeted for late summer 2013 at the Transportation Technology Center (TTC) in Pueblo, Colorado. Both blunt and raking impact conditions will be evaluated in future research. Tests are also being planned for DMU fuel tanks under dynamic loads.
Gender Transitions in Later Life: A Queer Perspective on Successful Aging

Purpose of the Study: Most under standings of successful aging are developed within a heteronormative cultural framework, leading to a dearth of theoretical and empirical scholarship relevant to lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) older adults. This study explores the experiences of transgender persons who contemplate or pursue a gender transition in later life in order to develop culturally diverse conceptualizations of health and wellness in older age. Design and Methods: Using the extended case method, in-depth interviews were con ducted with male-to-female-identified persons (N = 22) who have seriously contemplated or pursued a gender transition past the age of 50. In addition, 170 hr of par ticipant observation was carried out at 3 national transgender conferences generating ethnographic field notes on the topics of aging and gender transitions in later life. Results: Interpreti ve analyses suggest that many transgender older adults experience challenges to their gender identities that put their emotional and physical well-being at risk. Contemporary queer theory is used to understand these experiences and argue that greater attention to experiences of queer “failure” and negotiating “success on new terms” may be integral aspects of growth and development for transgender older adults. Implications: The Baby Boom generation is aging in a post-Stonew all, LGBTQ civil rights era, yet gerontology’s approach to gender and sexual identity has largely been formulated from a heteronormative perspective. A framework for understanding older transgender persons’ experiences informed by queer theory offers a new orientation for conceptualizing successful aging in the lives of marginalized gender and sexual minorities.
Capitalism, Critical Pedagogy, and Urban Science Education: An Interview with Peter McLaren

Angela Calabrese Barton*University of Texas, Austin, Science Education, Austin, Texas 78756Received 1 June 2001; accepted 12 June 2001Introduction: The Questions That Frame Urban Science EducationWe have prepared this discussion of capitalism, critical pedagogy, and urban scienceeducation in conversation format in order to keep problematic the contextual realities ofprivilege, power, and knowledge in urban settings. The conversation begins with a discussion ofkey issues in education in general and then leads into a critique of the relationships amongcapitalism, science, and education. This more general beginning is important because it enablesthe argument that we are not looking in the right places in science to bring about meaningfulreform based on social justice. Only when we see the problems in science education as problemsat a societal level, which always mediates the other problems, can we aspire to any hope. Indeed,McLaren makes three key claims here: (a) that the relationship between capitalism and urbaneducation has led to schooling practices that favor economic control by elite classes; (b) that therelationship between capitalism and science has led to a science whose purposes and goals areabout proﬁtability rather than the betterment of the global condition; and (c) that the marriagesbetween capitalism and education and capitalism and science have created a foundation forscience education that emphasises corporate values at the expense of social justice and humandignity. We conclude this conversation by describing the implications that critical pedagogymight have for productively confronting these three main issues in urban settings.
Cometabolism of Cr(VI) by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 produces cell-associated reduced chromium and inhibits growth.

Microbial reduction is a promising strategy for chromium remediation, but the effects of competing electron acceptors are still poorly understood. We inves- tigated chromate (Cr(VI)) reduction in batch cultures of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 under aerobic and denitri- fying conditions and in the absence of an additional elec- tron acceptor. Growth and Cr(VI) removal patterns sug- gested a cometabolic reduction; in the absence of nitrate or oxygen, MR-1 reduced Cr(VI), but without any increase in viable cell counts and rates gradually decreased when cells were respiked. Only a small fraction (1.6%) of the electrons from lactate were transferred to Cr(VI). The 48-h transformation capacity (Tc) was 0.78 mg (15 µmoles) Cr(VI) reduced (mg protein) −1 for high levels of Cr(VI) added as a single spike. For low levels of Cr(VI) added sequentially, Tc increased to 3.33 mg (64 µmoles) Cr(VI) reduced (mg protein) −1 , indicating that it is lim- ited by toxicity at higher concentrations. During denitri- fication and aerobic growth, MR-1 reduced Cr(VI), with much faster rates under denitrifying conditions. Cr(VI) had no effect on nitrate reduction at 6 µM, was strongly inhibitory at 45 µM, and stopped nitrate reduction above 200 µM. Cr(VI) had no effect on aerobic growth at 60 µM, but severely inhibited growth above 150 µM. A factor that likely plays a role in Cr(VI) toxicity is intracellular reduced chromium. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) of denitrifying cells exposed to Cr(VI) showed reduced chromium precipitates both extracellularly on the cell surface and, for the first time, as electron-dense round
A modular approach to redundant robot control

This paper describes a modular approach for computing redundant robot kinematics. First some conventional redundant control methods are presented and shown to be "passive control laws", i.e. they can be represented by a network consisting of passive elements. These networks are then put into modular form by applying scattering operator techniques. Additional subnetwork modules can then be added to further shape the motion. Modules for obstacle detection, joint limit avoidance, proximity sensing, and for imposing nonlinear velocity constraints are presented. The resulting redundant robot control system is modular, flexible and robust.