cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Axisymmetric Supersonic Turbulent Base Pressures

RECENT studies of recompression of two-dimensional turbulent free shear layer reattachment and its subsequent redevelopment2'3 with supersonic external freestreams have demonstrated the importance of the pressure difference across the shear layer within these flow regions. It can easily be shown that the factor (pw/pe - 1) is of the order of M2e d/R where (pw —pe) is the difference of pressure across the shear layer of thickness d, Me is the local freestream Mach number and R is the radius of streamline curvature of the adjacent freestream. For turbulent supersonic base flows, base pressure is relatively low, so that this pressure difference is usually not small during recompression, reattachment, and redevelopment. It was shown that by linking the dividing streamline velocity with its velocity profile slope and taking into consideration the pressure difference across the shear layer, the recompression process can be calculated up to the point of reattachment. Moreover, by interpreting the flow redevelopment downstream of flow reattachment as a process of relaxation of this pressure difference (pw —pe), it has been shown that the asymptotic state (corresponding to the original approaching flow condition) serves as a saddle point singularity for the system of equations describing the viscous flow redevelopment which, in turn, provides the closure condition for the Chapman-Korst model4'5 of base pressures. Nevertheless, this mathematically asymptotic state is practically reached a short distance downstream of the point of reattachment. The extension of this analysis to the axisymmetric flow past a backward facing step is reported here. The effect of the axisymmetric geometry as well as the sting radius ratio is well borne out from these calculations. Contents The methods of analysis and calculations for various flow components of expansion around the corner, turbulent jet mixing, recompression, reattachment, and redevelopment, including the external inviscid flow from the method of characteristics, follow the same basic ideas as discussed in Refs. 2 and 3 and are reported in detail in Ref. 1. It is found that the axisymmetric problem requires a much more complicated formulation than the corresponding two-dimensional problem. It should be pointed out, however, that in the study of flow redevelopment after reattachment, as a process of relaxation of the pressure difference across the viscous layer, it is natural to expect that the fully relaxed state (p w —p e) occurs when the streamline at the edge of viscous layer runs parallel to the lower horizontal wall—a state of vanishing streamline curvature. This state assumes an invariably higher static pressure than that of the approaching flow and is a well
Co-located permanent photochromic and erasable photorefractive holographic images

The dual nature of Lemke-e allow us to write both permanent and erasable holographic gratings in the same storage volume. In the presence of a triplet excited sensitizer, Lemke-e undergoes a photochemical reaction allowing the storage of permanent photochromic holographic gratings. At wavelengths longer than the triplet state of the sensitizer, the composite behaves photorefractively, allowing the storage of erasable holograms in the same location as previously stored permanent photochromic holograms. Photochromic gratings can be written in less than one minute while photorefractive gratings can be written in less than one second. The photochromic gratings have a dark lifetime of several days. Storage times, write times, read cycles and multiplexing results are also presented.
A women's collegiate basketball star player helps her team with OR

Typically, a women's collegiate basketball star player spends much of her time fine-tuning her skills on the court. However, one member of the Kutztown University Women's Basketball Team (the team) decided to contribute both on and off the court. Specifically, she used her analytical skills to develop a mathematical model to optimally assign team members to positions. In this article, we will discuss several mathematical models developed to assign basketball team members to positions based on different assumptions and objectives. Model results using data based on the team will also be discussed. Several scenarios will be presented to illustrate how the coaching staff of a basketball team can make use of these math models to assist with tactical decisions courtside as well as pre-game strategy aids.
Metastatic abilities of murine sarcomas and carcinomas. II. Relationship to cell volume and DNA index.

The cell volume and DNA content were determined in 12 murine tumors and correlated with the ability of these tumors to metastasize spontaneously or to form lung nodules when injected i.v. The cell volume significantly correlated with spontaneous metastatic potential of investigated tumors (r = 0.683; 0.02 less than P less than 0.05) but not with the ability of tumor cells to form artificial metastasis. The DNA index significantly correlated with both spontaneous metastasis (r = 0.594; 0.02 less than P less than 0.05), and lung colonization (r = 0.631; 0.02 less than P less than 0.05). The DNA index barely correlated with the cell volume (r = 0.564; P = 0.10).
Noninflammatory ovarian masses in girls and young women.

Objective: We reviewed the presentation, treatment, and pathologic diagnoses of girls and young women less than 21 years old with noninflammatory ovarian masses that required surgery and established whether treatment had changed over time. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed charts of all girls and young women under 21 years old with International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision (ICD-9) codes specific for noninflammatory ovarian masses treated at our institution from June 1980 to July 1998 (n = 140). Results: The median age at surgery was 15 years (range 2 days–21 years). Ovarian cysts occurred in 57.9% (81 of 140) of patients, benign tumors (including mature cystic teratomas) in 30% (42 of 140), malignant tumors in 7.9% (11 of 104), and torsed but normal ovaries in 4.3% (six of 140) of the study sample. Patients older than 15 years were more likely to have ovarian cysts and benign tumors than younger patients (P = .019). There were no malignancies among girls with neonatal cysts. The incidence of ovarian torsion was 17.8% (25 of 140). Patients with ovarian cysts, mature cystic teratomas, and normal ovaries were more likely to have torsion than those with other benign or malignant tumors (P < .001). Operative approach and surgical procedure were compared before and after July 1, 1989. Laparoscopy was performed more commonly after July 1, 1989 (P = .009). However, patient age (P < .001) rather than time of surgery (P = .83) was the most important predictive factor in a multivariate analysis for use of laparoscopy. In addition, multivariate analysis revealed that patient age (P = .02) rather than time of surgery (P = .79) was also predictive of surgeon type (gynecologist or pediatric surgeon). Conclusion: The most frequent cause of an ovarian mass requiring surgery in a girl or young woman under 21 years of age is an ovarian cyst, which justifies consideration of a laparoscopic approach. Patient age rather than time of surgery predicted operative approach and surgeon type. Caution should be exercised in patients over age 12 months with a complex mass on ultrasound and clinical evidence of hormonal activity, as these masses are usually malignant.
Dynamics in a poly(ethylene oxide)-based nanocomposite polymer electrolyte probed by solid state NMR

Abstract Novel nanocomposite polymer electrolytes have been synthesized by intercalation of poly(ethylene oxide) into various layered silicates. In this work we use solid state NMR to probe dynamics associated with both the cations and the polymer over a broad temperature range. Spin-lattice relaxation studies reveal the influence of the polymer backbone dynamics on the 7 Li + T 1 , and we discuss why such measurements need to be interpreted with care. Cation dynamics are separated from that of the polymer by an analysis of the temperature dependence of the 7 Li spectrum in the presence of paramagnetic impurities fixed in the silicate lattice. The intercalated polymer shows no evidence for either glass or melt transitions, and over the same temperature range exhibits thermally-activated polymer reorientation. Over the same broad temperature range, Li + cations prove to be mobile with the same activation energy. Such measurements appear to indicate that cation diffusion is much slower than polymer reorientation in these systems.
DPAL: a new class of CW near-infrared high-power diode-pumped alkali (vapor) lasers

DPAL, a new class of diode pumped alkali vapor lasers, offers the prospect for high efficiency cw laser radiation at near-infrared wavelengths: cesium 895 nm, rubidium 795 nm, and potassium 770 nm. The physics of DPAL lasers are outlined, and the results of laboratory demonstrations using a titanium sapphire surrogate pump are summarized, along with benchmarked device models. DPAL electrical efficiencies of 25-30% are projected and near-diffraction-limited DPAL device power scaling into the multi-kilowatt regime from a single aperture is also projected.
Detection of S-100 protein as an aid to the identification of melanocytic tumors

We sought S-100 protein in sections prepared from formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tumor and normal tissues by an immunoperoxidase technique with a rabbit anti-bovine S-100 protein antiserum as first antibody and aminoethyl carbazole as developer. S-100 protein was demonstrated in 56 of 56 cutaneous melanomas, regardless of their primary or metastatic status, and in 35 of 35 nevocytic nevi. The amount of S-100 protein was independent of the degree of melanization of the tumors. Only 1 of 51 non-neural non-melanocytic tumors tested contained S-100 protein. The technique is valuable in confirming the melanocytic nature of primary or metastatic tumors and in detecting small foci of metastatic melanoma in lymph nodes and other tissues. It also seems applicable to research on melanocytic anomalies.
J-Based 3D sidechain correlation in solid-state proteins

Scalar-based three-dimensional homonuclear correlation experiments are reported for 13C sidechain correlation in solid-state proteins. These experiments are based on a sensitive constant-time format, in which homonuclear scalar couplings are utilized for polarization transfer, but decoupled during chemical shift evolution, to yield highly resolved indirect dimensions and band selectivity as desired. The methods therefore yield spectra of high quality that give unique sets of sidechain correlations for small proteins even at 9.4 Tesla (400 MHz 1H frequency). We demonstrate versions of the pulse sequence that enable correlation from the sidechain to the backbone carbonyl as well as purely sidechain correlation sets; together these two data sets provide the majority of 13C–13C correlations for assignment. The polarization transfer efficiency is approximately 30% over two bonds. In the protein GB1 (56 residues), we find essentially all cross peaks uniquely resolved. We find similar efficiency of transfer (∼30%) in the 140 kDa tryptophan synthase (TS), since the relaxation rates of immobilized solid proteins are not sensitive to global molecular tumbling, as long as the correlation time is much longer than the magic-angle spinning rotor period. In 3D data sets of TS at 400 MHz, some peaks are resolved and, in combination with higher field data sets, we anticipate that assignments will be possible; in this vein, we demonstrate 2D 13C–13C spectra of TS at 900 MHz that are well resolved. These results together provide optimism about the prospects for assigning the spectra of such large enzymes in the solid state.
GAMMA, ELECTRON BEAM AND ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION ON CONTROL OF STORAGE ROTS AND QUALITY OF WALLA WALLA ONIONS

Walla Walla onions were irradiated with doses of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 kGy of gamma rays; 0.1, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 5.0 kGy of electron beams; or 0.44 × 104 1.32 × 104, 3.52 × 104, 7.33 × 104 and 19.1 × 104 erg/mm± of UV. The onions were stored up to four weeks at 20–25 C. UV irradiated onions exhibited the greatest percentage of marketable onions and reduction in postharvest rots. Sprouting was obsened with control, UV and electron beam irradiated onions but not with gamma irradiated onions. Effect of gamma, electron beams and UV on pH, moisture, ascorbic acid and color were not significant. Onions became soft with the high dose of gamma radiation (3.0 kGy). Total sugar content was not affected by UV and electron beam but tended to be greatest at the 1.0 kGy gamma radiation. The effect of the radiation on the onion sensory scores was not clearly indicated except that 3.0 kGy gamma ray irradiated onions had the lowest firmness score.
The Photo Is Live at Applifam: An Instagram Community Grapples With How Images Should Be Used

Applifam, a global Instagram community that edits and shares images daily, has grown steadily since its late-2011 founding. Since then, the group (led by founder Johan Du Toit) has grappled with ethical and legal ways to use images in a technological environment that makes image theft easy, a cultural “remix” environment that finds unauthorized uses natural, an artistic environment that values the symbolic statements of appropriation art, a legal environment that varies by country, and a socially collaborative environment that may not reward adherence to copyright standards. In June 2012, when Applifam took a stand about original work, a conversation began as to what that meant. It yielded a rare look at evolving standards regarding our common visual heritage.
Interaction of acridines and tetrahydroacridines with DNA at low DNA/dye ratios.

Abstract This study examines certain aspects of the interaction of acridines with DNA. A comparative study of the methods available for the determination of the association constants ( K ap ) for compounds which interact with DNA has been pursued. A new equation which permits the spectrophotometric determination of K ap has been derived. This equation can be applied to compounds which upon interaction with a polymer exhibit discrete absorption changes. Application of this equation to substituted acridines and tetrahydroacridines yields some preliminary information on the effect of ring substituents on the interaction of acridines with DNA. Low levels of DNA/dye ratios have been used in the studies reported herein.
Influence of an oscillating bed on cutaneous temperature and oxygen tension of ischemic toes.

Measurements of temperature and oxygen tension of the skin demonstrated that treatment with an oscillating bed increases the circulation to ischemic toes. When the angle and duration of the dependent position of the foot of the bed were increased, further increments in circulation resulted.
Kenya's Hopes and Impediments: The Anatomy of a Crisis of Exclusion

Abstract This paper examines the underlying causes of the December 2007, post-election Kenyan crisis. We argue that the crisis is best understood not as simply ethnic rivalry for power but rather as a product of the rising expectations due to the increase in democratic space in the last five years combined with the frustration of over a millennium of exclusion on the economic and political fronts. Kenyan institutions have not accommodated the building of an inclusive multi-ethnic nation for reasons of their design and specific political economy and this failure resulted in the crisis. We argue that for Kenya to retain its stability and achieve peace there must be a broad political and economic programme that puts inclusion at the centre of its design. This programme must address historic demands as well as deal with immediate issues of peace and justice and it must be more than an agreement between the principals in the political crisis. We also contend that the crisis provides an opportunity to redress s...
Cross-Correction of β-Glucuronidase Deficiency by Retroviral Vector-Mediated Gene Transfer

Abstract An in vitro model for cross-correction of lysosomal storage disorders from genetically modified cells was developed to approximate the physiological conditions needed for gene therapy in vivo. β-Glucuronidase (GUSB)-deficient mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type VII (Sly disease) cells were studied to determine the amount and stability of enzyme transfer. Gene transfer by retroviral vectors encoding rat or human GUSB corrected the enzymatic deficiency in cultured MPS VII fibroblasts from humans, dogs, and mice. The vector-transduced cells released GUSB into the culture supernatant in amounts proportional to the amounts of cellular GUSB activity. The activity of the exported GUSB was stable in tissue culture medium for at least two weeks. Uninfected MPS VII target cells incorporated GUSB from the medium when the vector-infected donor cells were separated from the deficient target cells by a fluid-permeable membrane. The high level of GUSB in the cross-corrected target cells decreased rapidly after the enzyme donor cells were removed.
Computer courses for the humanist: A survey

To measure the changes which had occurred in teaching humanists the ways of the machine since the report published in September 1971, CHum distributed new questionnaires last spring. Thirty-five were returned, including twelve from institutions which had previously reported. From the new listings, an apparent increase in the number of such courses being offered can be deduced. (Institutions which desire to list courses next year are invited to write for a questionnaire.) The tables into which the data have been condensed reveal the same diversity which characterized last year's analysis. Two obvious generalizations may be derived from this tabulation. First, there seems to be no concentration in any particular region of the United States, since courses of this type are offered wherever there is high population density (e.g., California, New York, Illinois). Second, the reports from abroad all come from English-speaking countries (Great Britain, Canada); either we are not getting a satisfactory response from other countries, or formal instruction in computer application is not being offered to humanists outside that limited area. Several institutions which responded to the earlier canvass (Brown, California at San Diego, Cal Tech, Kansas, New School, SUNY at Binghamton and Stony Brook, Notre Dame, Ohio State, Waterloo) failed to return questionnaires this year, yet undoubtedly many of these continue to offer this type of course. From voluntary responses it is impossible to determine which courses are not being offered every year, which have been temporarily suspended for lack of funds, student interest, or qualified instructor, and which have been deleted from the catalog for reasons of economy or policy. Another observable phenomenon is that more than 50 per cent (19) of the courses currently reported are offered by departments of computer science or computer centers. Of these, only five require a preliminary course in computer science and only one requires algebra. This seems a healthy move to attract non-specialists into a field which is all too often conducted like a secret fraternity, and where suspicion of "soft" disciplines occasionally mars cooperation. When a course is offered by a computer department or facility, however, the emphasis tends in many cases to be on programming or machine operation; one must wonder, in these instances, how much applicability the student can discern for his own subject. On the other hand, courses under the jurisdiction of humanities departments (especially music) seem more concerned about the qualifications of the students admitted, particularly if graduate credit is offered. With these, the reverse question arises: how close does the student come to adequate technical mastery, including minimum programming skill? Presumably there are many institutions with a faculty qualified to handle both the computer technology and at least one humanities subject. It is to be hoped that their number will increase.
The activation profile of tumour‐associated reactive T‐cells differs in the nodular and diffuse patterns of lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease

Aims: To compare the activation profile of T-cells in reactive lymphoid follicles with that of tumour-associated T-cells in lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin's disease (LPHD) with a nodular pattern (n = 21), LPHD with partial diffuse growth pattern (n = 11) and T-cell-rich large B-cell lymphoma (TCRLBCL, n = 8). Methods and results: Reactive germinal centres showed sparse numbers of T-cells positive for CD134, a transient/early T-cell activation marker, and only scattered T-cells in the interfollicular areas positive for CD38, a marker of persistent activation. Lymphoid follicles showing progressive transformation of germinal centres (PTGC) had more numerous CD134+ T-cells which were negative for CD38. Tumour-associated T-cells in nodular LPHD were frequently positive for CD134 (15 of 16 cases, 94%), but negative or only focally positive for CD38 (three of 21 cases, 14%). LPHD with diffuse areas, however, showed increased CD38+ T-cells in the diffuse component in 10 of 11 (90%) cases, with CD134+ T-cells being more prominent in the nodular tumour component. TCRLBCL showed strong, uniform CD38 expression in T-cells and histiocytes in eight cases. Conclusions: T-cells in nodular LPHD express markers of transient/early T-cell activation. By contrast, T-cells in the diffuse form of LPHD, similar to those in TCRLBCL, have an immunostaining profile consistent with persistent cellular activation. T-cell activation may precede or accompany histological progression in nodular LPHD and immunostaining for these markers, in small samples or in difficult cases, may be useful in highlighting those cases of LPHD undergoing histological progression.
The prevention of major and minor complications in metrazol therapy; Modifications of technique

1. The problem of traumatic complications in metrazol therapy is discussed, and the more effective methods of prevention are reviewed. It is suggested that improvements in the latter, with closer attention to certain maneuvers already well known, can reduce the incidence of complications to the point where routine curarization of all cases is unnecessary. 2. A simple, cheaply constructed, easily improvised and portable back support, which has been used repeatedly without vertebral complications, is described. 3. A split-dose method of injection, to avoid missed convulsions in refractory cases, is described. 4. A procedure for avoiding sclerosis of veins, following injection of metrazol, is described.
Neurotensin Activates Tuberoinfundibular Dopamine Neurons and Increases Serum Corticosterone Concentrations in the Rat

The activity of tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons, as estimated from the amount of dihydroxyphenylalamine (DOPA) formed in the median eminence after the inhibition of DOPA decarboxylase and the concentration of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) in this brain region, was significantly increased 1-8 h following the intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of neurotensin (20 micrograms). Neurotensin (5 and 20 micrograms i.c.v.) also significantly increased DOPAC concentrations in the n. accumbens but had no effect in the striatum. Serum concentrations of corticosterone in rats treated with neurotensin (1-20 micrograms i.c.v.) were 5-7 times those in vehicle-treated animals. [D-Trp11]-neurotensin (0.5 micrograms i.v.c.) also significantly increased DOPAC concentrations in the median eminence and serum corticosterone concentrations. It is concluded that neurotensin acutely increases the activity of tuberoinfundibular and mesolimbic dopamine neurons and the secretion of ACTH.
Impact of Mobile Phase Parameters on Transport Properties of Metal Affinity Hydrogel Membranes

Abstract Hydrogels have been the focus of considerable interest for use in a range of applications including bioseparations, controlled release devices, and artificial organs. While they have attractive properties, hydrogels typically provide limited selectivity and have low protein loading. Metal affinity ligands were grafted to poly (vinyl alcohol) hydrogels to provide a selective means to enhance protein loading and improve protein separation characteristics. The impact of solution conditions on the solubility and transport properties of chicken egg white lysozyme (CEWL) and Ribonuclease A (RnaseA) were determined. The metal affinity ligands provided a selective means to increase CEWL and RnaseA loading. In addition, the solubility of CEWL and RnaseA were moderated by changes in either temperature or solution pH. The impact of metal affinity ligands and solution pH on the mass transfer coefficient of CEWL and RnaseA through the hydrogel membranes will be discussed.
USE OF X-RAY FLUORESCENCE TO DETERMINE TRACE METALS IN WATER RESOURCES

ABSTRACT. The X-ray fluorescence method was used to analyze trace metals collected in particulate form on filter papers and from the ionic state by ion exchange filter papers. The samples were prepared by allowing water to pass through these filter papers. The procedures necessary for using the X-ray fluorescence method are described. A number of samples were taken from the Great Miami River in Dayton, Ohio over one year showing the presence of the following metals, Ca, Ti, Cr, Fe, Cu, Zn, Sr, and Cd. Elements in the periodic table between Ti and Cs were detectable to a sensitivity limit of the order of 30 ppb for metals in the particulate form and 0.4 ppm for metals in the ionic form.
Regulation of cloned ATP-sensitive K channels by phosphorylation, MgADP, and phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP(2)): a study of channel rundown and reactivation.

Kir6.2 channels linked to the green fluorescent protein (GFP) (Kir6.2-GFP) have been expressed alone or with the sulfonylurea receptor SUR1 in HEK293 cells to study the regulation of KATP channels by adenine nucleotides, phosphatidylinositol bisphosphate (PIP2), and phosphorylation. Upon excision of inside-out patches into a Ca2+- and MgATP-free solution, the activity of Kir6.2-GFP+SUR1 channels spontaneously ran down, first quickly within a minute, and then more slowly over tens of minutes. In contrast, under the same conditions, the activity of Kir6.2-GFP alone exhibited only slow rundown. Thus, fast rundown is specific to Kir6.2-GFP+SUR1 and involves SUR1, while slow rundown is a property of both Kir6.2-GFP and Kir6.2-GFP+SUR1 channels and is due, at least in part, to Kir6.2 alone. Kir6.2-GFP+SUR1 fast phase of rundown was of variable amplitude and led to increased ATP sensitivity. Excising patches into a solution containing MgADP prevented this phenomenon, suggesting that fast rundown involves loss of MgADP-dependent stimulation conferred by SUR1. With both Kir6.2-GFP and Kir6.2-GFP+SUR1, the slow phase of rundown led to further increase in ATP sensitivity. Ca2+ accelerated this process, suggesting a role for PIP2 hydrolysis mediated by a Ca2+-dependent phospholipase C. PIP2 could reactivate channel activity after a brief exposure to Ca2+, but not after prolonged exposure. However, in both cases, PIP2 reversed the increase in ATP sensitivity, indicating that PIP2 lowers the ATP sensitivity by increasing Po as well as by decreasing the channel affinity for ATP. With Kir6.2-GFP+SUR1, slow rundown also caused loss of MgADP stimulation and sulfonylurea inhibition, suggesting functional uncoupling of SUR1 from Kir6.2-GFP. Ca2+ facilitated the loss of sensitivity to MgADP, and thus uncoupling of the two subunits. The nonselective protein kinase inhibitor H-7 and the selective PKC inhibitor peptide 19-36 evoked, within 5–15 min, increased ATP sensitivity and loss of reactivation by PIP2 and MgADP. Phosphorylation of Kir6.2 may thus be required for the channel to remain PIP2 responsive, while phosphorylation of Kir6.2 and/or SUR1 is required for functional coupling. In summary, short-term regulation of Kir6.2+SUR1 channels involves MgADP, while long-term regulation requires PIP2 and phosphorylation.
Residual Effects of Composted and Fresh Solid Swine ( Sus scrofa L.) Manure on Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merr.] Growth and Yield

Applying livestock manure to soil can enhance soil fertility and crop growth; however, little information is available on the residual effects of manure on crop growth. The objective of this study was to investigate the residual effect of fresh or composted hoop house swine manure on the growth and yield of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. During 2000 and 2001 near Boone, IA, research plots received applications of composted or fresh solid swine manure from hoop structures or one of four levels of urea (0, 60, 120, and 180 kg N ha 21 )b efore planting maize (Zea mays L.). During the growing season following maize harvest, we evaluated the responses of soybean to the eight treatments applied the previous year. During both years, soybean plants from manure-amended plots were significantly taller and had a thicker stem diameter than plants from the other plots. The manure-treated plots produced 39% greater soybean leaf area than the control in 2001 and 11% greater leaf area than the urea-amended plots in 2002. There was a 21 to 34% greater K concentration in soybean plants grown in the manure-amended sites than in the other plots. Soybean grain yield was 0.2 to 0.5 Mg ha 21 greater in the manure-treated plots than the
Test-Retest Reliability of the University of Illinois Smoking Survey Instrument

The purpose of this article is to report the reliability findings of the attitude-belief section of the University of Illinois smoking survey instrument. By attempting to assess the reliability of the survey instrument, this study would appear to enhance anti-smoking education programs. For the purposes of this study, a test-retest method of determining reliability was utilized. The instrument was administered at a four day interval to 112 high school students. The study group included 55 males and 57 females. Results indicated that the instrument appears to be reliable in assessing attitudes-beliefs toward smoking. Reported reliability was .85 for males and .89 for females. The overall reliability was .87.
Design and Tests of a Static Excitation System for Industrial and Utility Steam Turbine-Generators

This paper contains a description of the theory of operation and an equivalent circuit of a new static excitation system for large generators. Design considerations, including protective features and rectifier cooling system, are discussed, and confirmatory factory qualification tests are listed.
On-Line Determination of Unburned Carbon in Airborne Fly Ash

Knowledge of the carbon content of fly ash is important for calculating combustion efficiency in coal-fired boilers. However, present methods of measuring carbon content of fly ash are tedious and time consuming. Thus, we are investigating photoacoustic absorption spectroscopy (PAS) as a method for on-line monitoring of carbon in fly ash. Photoacustic absorption spectroscopy is capable of detecting very weak absorptions and is unaffected by light scattering in a particulate-laden gas flow. Accordingly, PAS has good potential for distinguishing small amounts of carbon from mineral matter suspended in flue gas. Experiments have been performed on fly ash samples of variable carbon content suspended in a gas flow. A 35-mW HeNe laser was able to detect carbon loadings of 0.75 g/m3 . Order-of-magnitude improvements in detection sensitivity are expected with higher power lasers or improved PAS cell design.
Comparison of large and small visible implant tags: retention and readability in hatchery brook trout.

Abstract Retention and readability of small (2.5 × 1.0 × 0.1-mm) and large (3.0 × 1.5 × 0.1-mm) visible implant (VI) tags were compared among different size-classes (211–470 mm total length, TL) of hatchery brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis. Among smaller size-groups (<400 mm TL), retention of large tags (63–86%) 100 d after tagging was less than retention of small tags (89–97%). Overall retention of large tags was much better among larger size-groups (≥400 mm TL) than among smaller sizes (97% versus 74%). Insufficient postorbital adipose tissue in smaller size-groups probably caused the poor retention of large VI tags. Retention was different between the two workers who inserted large VI tags. Readability of large and small tags was not affected by fish size at tagging. We recommend that large VI tags be used to mark brook trout longer than 400 mm TL because they are retained better. Fish with small tags from a previous study were subsequently monitored (and reported here) to assess retention and readabi...
Evolutionary Conservation of Phospholipid-Binding Sites in Membrane Proteins

Membrane proteins evolved to function in a diverse phospholipid environment. Experimental evidence suggests that some phospholipid molecules are recruited by membrane proteins as co-factors or ligands that tightly bind to specific sites on the protein surface and play important functional roles. In this work we have assessed the evolutionary conservation of phospholipid-binding sites in several alpha-helical and beta-barrel membrane proteins. We first identified the membrane protein surface residues and residues that are in close contact with co-crystallized phospholipids in the x-ray structures of adrenergic receptor, photosynthetic reaction center, Kcsa potassium channel, formate dehydrogenase and ferric hydroxamate uptake receptor using methods of computational geometry such as Delaunay triangulation and alpha shape. We next collected orthologous cDNA sequences for every protein and used posterior probability analysis of evolutionary selection pressure measured as ω-ratio with the aid of PAML package to identify phospholipid-facing residues under strong purifying selection pressure. We show that protein residues interacting with co-crystallized phospholipids are collectively more conserved than the rest of the phospholipid-facing residues with statistically significant p-values in the range 10e-7 - 10e-3. Additionally, we found that every phospolipid-binding site on the membrane protein surface contains from 3 to 5 residues that experience strong purifying selection pressure similar to the functionally important buried residues.
Finding the Field: Notes on the Ethnography of NGOs

Studying globalization challenges disciplinary traditions that implicitly privilege a geographically demarcated field and classic models of ethnographic fieldwork. Understanding transnational processes calls for innovative, multilocal research strategies that both capture people's perceptions of change and analyze the interconnecting systems. Although the study of large, "southern" NGOs that link international donors and community-based groups offers one such strategy, it also generates a series of methodological complications associated with discerning the contours of the ethnographic field itself and the researcher's position in the volatile NGO sector. These issues are addressed in relation to the author's current fieldwork in Andean southern Peru.
Identification of novel alternatively spliced isoforms of RTEF-1 within human ocular vascular endothelial cells and murine retina.

PURPOSE. Identification of transcription factors that regulate the transcription of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene may facilitate understanding of the etiology and progression of ocular neovascular diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine whether transcriptional enhancer factor 1-related (RTEF-1) was present within ocular vascular endothelial cells and whether it played a role in the control of the transcription of the VEGF gene. METHODS. Primary cultures of human retinal vascular endothelial cells (RVECs) were maintained under normoxic or hypoxic conditions before isolation of mRNA. RT-PCR was performed to detect RTEF-1 transcripts. Amplified products were cloned into an expression plasmid. Human VEGF promoter and deletion constructs were cloned into a pSEAP reporter vector. Various RTEF-1 isoforms and VEGF promoter constructs were coelectroporated into human cells, and reporter expression levels were determined. Retinal tissue from a mouse model of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) was analyzed by RT-PCR for the presence of RTEF-1 transcripts. RESULTS. Full-length 1305-bp and novel 936-bp RTEF-1 transcripts were identified in cultured human RVECs under normoxic conditions. A novel 447-bp isoform was present in cells maintained in a hypoxic environment. Four of the 11 translated exons predicted to code for the 1305-bp product were spliced out of the 936-bp transcript. The 1305-bp product enhanced expression from the VEGF promoter 4-fold greater than background, whereas the 936-bp and the 447-bp isoforms enhanced expression 3X and 12X, respectively. Analysis with deletion promoter constructs determined that all isoforms required the presence of Spl elements for efficient activation and that the hypoxia response element (HRE) was not essential for enhancement. Transcripts for novel RTEF-1 isoforms were also identified in neural retinal tissue of mice. Different murine-specific isoforms were present at different stages of postnatal development. CONCLUSIONS. Novel RTEF-1 transcripts are present within human ocular vascular endothelial cells and mouse neural retina during normal and ROP development, and alternatively spliced products are produced under hyperoxic and hypoxic conditions. Alternative spliced variants of human RTEF-1 transcripts are able to potentiate expression from the VEGF 5' proximal promoter region.
National trajectories of carbon emissions: Analysis of proposals to foster the transition to low-carbon economies

Abstract In this paper we develop a framework for analyzing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions trajectories from the energy and industrial sectors of the world’s nations under various policy options. A robust conclusion of our analysis is that early action by both developed and developing nations will be required to hold atmospheric CO 2 at or below doubled pre-industrial levels, and incentives for renewed investments in energy-sector technologies are a required component of early action. We therefore develop and examine an international emissions regime that: (a) in the short-term ‘jump starts’ the political and project-implementation process by providing incentives to exploit profitable or low-cost carbon reduction opportunities; (b) in the near-and medium-term addresses the inequities resulting from historic imbalances in greenhouse-gas emissions while promoting efficient pathways for carbon reduction; and (c) in the long-term recognizes the equal rights of individuals to exploit the services of the atmosphere and pursue a reasonable standard of living in a low-carbon economy. We present and analyze a proposal to promote near-term activity in carbon reduction and energy innovation through a revitalized program of international joint implementation (JI) projects for carbon emissions reduction or carbon sequestration projects. Under our proposal, JI partner nations both receive full credit for carbon reductions that can be‘banked’ and applied at a later date toward national emissions quotas in the climate convention. A finite program lifetime provides further impetus for early action. This ‘double counting’ of credits results in only modest additional cumulative carbon emissions relative to a similar scenario without cooperative partnerships. This ‘JI banking’ plan promotescritically needed scientific and institutional experience and innovation, initiates cost-efctive carbon reductions, and provides vital national flexibility in meeting eventual tarts.
Discrete venous abnormality (varicoid tumor) of the scrotum in boys.

Vascular lesions of the scrotum other than varicocele are rare and include hemangioma, and lymphatic and arteriovenous anomalies. The continued use of outdated nomenclature has hampered meaningful comparisons among reported cases. We report on 2 boys with discrete venous abnormalities of the scrotum. To our knowledge these distinctive focal lesions have not previously been described in the scrotum.
Antibody-dependent enhancement of adeno-associated virus infection of human monocytic cell lines.

In host animals, adeno-associated virus (AAV) is detectable mainly in the lymphoid tissue, which appears to be a target in natural infection. We used the human monocytic cell lines THP-1 and U937 to study the effect of mouse anti-AAV2 antiserum on infection with an AAV2 vector having the luciferase gene (AAV2/Luc). AAV2/Luc was found to infect THP-1 and U937 cells much less efficiently than HeLa cells, as monitored with the induced enzyme activity. Pre-incubation of AAV2/Luc with anti-AAV2 antiserum at a sub-neutralizing concentration enhanced by 2-to-10 fold infection of THP-1 and U937 with AAV2/Luc, but not of HeLa. Similarly, anti-AAV10 serum at a low level enhanced infection of THP-1 with AAV10/Luc. Sera of two cynomolgus monkeys, which had been probably infected with an AAV2-like virus, enhanced infection of THP-1 with AAV2/Luc. The enhancement was reduced with blocking the IgG-receptors Fcγ-RI and Fcγ-RII, which were displayed on the surface of THP-1 and U937 but not HeLa cells, with anti-Fcγ-RI antibody or anti-Fcγ-RII antibody. The data indicate that infection of Fcγ receptor-bearing cells with AAV is enhanced by anti-AAV IgG antibodies at a sub-neutralizing concentration that play a role in linking AAV particles and Fcγ receptors.
A Fortran IV program to draw enhanced graphic characters

A FORTRAN subroutine SYMBEL is described which enables the drawing of the enhanced graphic characters of Dr. A. V. Hershey on any digital plotting device. Output is by linkage to an external subroutine PLOT. The program operates on any computer with integer binary arithmetic and at least a 30 bit word length.
Death anxiety in adult life—theoretical perspectives

Abstract This review presents several theoretical approaches relevant to the study of death anxiety in adult and old age. Several philosophical approaches (existential and logical) are considered. The review of psychological approaches includes theories, such as personal construct theory, that have made an important contribution to the study of death anxiety. Other theories, which have been used less extensively, or which have not been used at all in research on death anxiety, are reviewed for their relevance to this area. They include approaches such as the self-concept discrepancy theory or theories of intellectual development in middle and old age. The discussion identifies several challenges faced by researchers in this field: operationalization of vague theoretical concepts, creative application of theories, integration of several approaches, and use of appropriate methods such as longitudinal or experimental designs.
A retrospective survey of the use of laboratory tests to simulate internal combustion engine materials tribology problems

Progress in the Field of tribology strongly parallels, and has always been strongly driven by, developments and needs in transportation and related industries. Testing of candidate materials for internal combustion engine applications has historically taken several routes: (1) replacement of parts in actual engines subjected to daily use, (2) testing in special, instrumented test engines, (3) and simulative testing in laboratory tribometers using relatively simple specimens. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are reviewed using historical examples. A four-decade, retrospective survey of the tribomaterials literature focused on the effectiveness of laboratory simulations for engine materials screening. Guidelines for designing and ducting successful tribology laboratory simulations will be discussed. These concepts were used to design a valve wear simulator at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.
Developmental Differences in Megakaryocyte Maturation Are Determined by the Microenvironment

Historically, physicians have attributed delayed platelet engraftment following umbilical cord blood transplant to decreased numbers of stem cells in cord blood compared with adult bone marrow. However, recent studies suggest that delayed platelet engraftment may be caused by an intrinsic inability of neonatal stem cells to produce mature, polyploid megakaryocytes. We tested this hypothesis by transplanting adult bone marrow and newborn liver hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells from transgenic mice expressing green fluorescent protein into myeloablated wild-type recipients and comparing the size and ploidy levels of megakaryocytes that developed in adult transplant recipients. Transplanted stem and progenitor cells, regardless of their source, gave rise to megakaryocytes that were larger than normal adult megakaryocytes as early as 7 days post-transplant. However, megakaryocytes that developed after transplant of neonatal stem and progenitor cells were significantly smaller than those derived from adult stem and progenitor cells. Furthermore, megakaryocytes derived from neonatal cells had lower ploidy values than megakaryocytes derived from adult cells at 18 days post-transplant, when ploidy could first be reliably measured in the bone marrow. These differences in size and ploidy disappeared by 1 month post-transplant. The largest megakaryocytes developed in the spleen. These results suggest that, in the mouse, the microenvironment is responsible for some of the maturational differences in size and ploidy between neonatal and adult megakaryocytes. Furthermore, neonatal and adult megakaryocyte progenitors also have cell-intrinsic differences in the way they engraft and respond to thrombocytopenic stress. These differences may contribute to the delay in platelet engraftment that frequently complicates cord blood transplants.
Input and output constraints affecting irrigation development

Abstract In many of the developing countries the expansion of irrigated agriculture is used as a major development tool for bringing about increases in agricultural output, rural economic growth and income distribution. Apart from constraints imposed by water availability, the major limitations considered to any acceleration of such programs are usually thought to be those of costs and financial resources. However, as is shown on the basis of empirical data drawn from Mexico, in reality the feasibility and effectiveness of such development programs is even more constrained by the lack of specialized physical and human factors on the input and market limitations on the output side. On the input side, the limited availability of complementary factors such as, for example, truly functioning credit systems for small-scale farmers or effective agricultural extension services impose long-term constraints on development. On the output side the limited availability, high risk, and relatively slow growth of markets for high-value crops sharply reduce the usually hoped-for and projected profitable crop mix that would warrant the frequently high costs of irrigation investments. Three conclusions are drawn: 1. (1) Factors in limited supply have to be shadow-priced to reflect their high opportunity costs in alternative uses. 2. (2) Re-allocation of financial resources from immediate construction of projects to longer-term increase in the supply of scarce, highly-trained manpower resources are necessary in order to optimize development over time. 3. (3) Inclusion of high-value, high-income producing crops in the benefit-cost analysis of new projects is inappropriate if these crops could potentially be grown in already existing projects.
Anterior maxillary restoration using distraction osteogenesis and implants: a clinical report.

Distraction osteogenesis is a biologic process of new bone formation between the surfaces of bone segments that are gradually separated by incremental traction. This method of providing additional bone and soft tissue for implant placement is becoming more common. This clinical report describes the use of distraction osteogenesis and a fixed implant-supported prosthesis to treat a premaxillary defect. A major esthetic concern with alveolar distraction osteogenesis is obtaining a predictable position of the transosteal portion of the implant in relation to the newly generated bone ridge crest. Additional clinical and experimental studies are needed to provide guidelines for predictable esthetic outcomes. (J Prosthet Dent 2008;100:250-253)