cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Derivative Impact? Some Early Reflections on the Corporation Law Implications of the Enron Debacle

This essay concentrates on some of the more important ways in which the Enron experience is likely to strain existing doctrines of state corporation law. First, it examines some of the ways Enron's collapse might influence legal arguments made to courts regarding the concept of the "independent director." In particular, the author notes that the general common-law presumption of independence - already criticized by some commentators - may come under increasing fire. Second, the essay examines how the Enron experience might exert pressure on courts to look more carefully at whether directors have made a good-faith effort to accomplish their duties. In particular, courts may be asked to conclude that directors who are conscious that they are devoting insufficient time to their duties are not acting in good faith - and are therefore not entitled to exculpation from damages liability. Third, the essay notes possible grounds for concern over whether the corporate governance system has become too imbalanced in favor of incentives for short-term stock value maximization. In so doing, the author observes the move in recent decades away from a safe managerialist perspective, in which stewards of the corporation favor long-term stability over short-term profit, in favor of a more entrepreneurial, risk-taking, and competitiveness-enhancing stance among boards. Fourth, the essay examines the possibly contradictory implications the collapse of the energy giant might have for corporate takeover law. On the one hand, because the pre-collapse price of Enron shares was arguably driven more by speculation than by fundamental indicia of long-term corporate performance, Enron deals a potentially heavy blow to the efficient market theory. On the other hand, the collapse also troubles the director-centered approach to corporate law, which presupposes that directors know more than stockholders about the value of the company and must be permitted to protect stockholders from their less-informed views on value. In the absence of credible information supporting the view that directors know best, the author notes that proponents of the director-centered model are possibly in a weaker position to assert that directors should make fundamental investment decisions for stockholders. Finally, the author warns of the dangers of overreacting to the Enron experience by enacting extreme legislative changes at the federal level. He concludes by noting that the most vigorous monitoring of managers has been, and must continue to be, performed by the stockholders themselves - with the assistance of state judges applying traditional principles of fiduciary duty.
Review of Robert Kane, 'Ethics and the Quest for Wisdom'

Kane's ambitious and bold book presents a sustained argument for an ethical theory that gives an account of right action and the good life. The general structure of the main argument is presented and specific points are critically discussed.
Preservice teacher proficiency with transformations-based congruence proofs after a college proof-based geometry class

Abstract This report explores pre-service teachers’ proficiency with concepts of transformational geometry at the end of a semester-long advanced geometry course. In the course, the instructor incorporated transformational geometry content, including congruence proofs, in an attempt to prepare the pre-service teachers to teach high school geometry in alignment with the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics. At the conclusion of the course, students expressed a preference for using traditional triangle congruence criteria (SAS, ASA, SSS, and AAS) over using transformations to complete proofs, but were nevertheless generally successful in completing proofs using transformations. Similarly, while the students often described thinking of transformations in terms of analytic forms, they were successfully able to prove triangle congruences in synthetic contexts. Finally, some evidence indicates that students may have motion or process conceptions of transformations, but not map or object conceptions, but this evidence is not conclusive.
Effects of Publisher Interface and Google Scholar on HTML and PDF Clicks: Investigating Paths That Inflate Usage

Abstract When considering canceling a journal subscription, librarians often want to predict future demand for the journal. Predictions are often based on past usage, measured by COUNTER Journal Report 1, yet many factors prevent this report from reflecting true usage. One factor is the double-counting that occurs when an article is viewed in both PDF and HTML formats. This study investigated four variables that could affect ratios of HTML article views to PDF downloads at the publisher level: the presence of a PDF link on the publisher's table of contents page, the destination of links from article titles on this same page, the destination of sidebar links on a Google Scholar results screen, and links from article titles on the same screen. Using data on thirteen scholarly publishers, the author tested for correlations between the types of links offered and the ratio of HTML views to PDF downloads on each platform. Only title links in Google Scholar were found to have a significant correlation to HTML-to-PDF ratios, suggesting that platforms for which Google Scholar links directly to full-text could have elevated usage counts. The author explains how to calculate an adjustment factor to estimate true article views on these platforms.
Formation of [Cu(CO2)(CH3OH)]+ and [Cu(N2)(CH3OH)]+ by gas-phase dissociation and exchange reactions

Abstract Electrospray ionization and multiple-stage tandem mass spectrometry were used to study the collision-induced dissociation of methanol-coordinated copper-acetate cations, and the ion-molecule reactions of specific product ions. Our experiments led to the discovery of unusual gas-phase ions with compositions such as [Cu(CO2)(CH3OH)]+ and [Cu(N2)(CH3OH)]+. The latter is generated by spontaneous exchange of CO2 for N2 in an ion-molecule reaction. Isotopic labeling studies and high mass-resolution measurements provide data to support the product ion composition assignments. Density functional theory calculations corroborate the experimental observations, both with respect to the preferential decarboxylation over methanol ligand elimination, and the spontaneous nature of the ion-molecule reactions.
SCL: a lattice-based approach to infer 3D chromosome structures from single-cell Hi-C data

Motivation In contrast to population-based Hi-C data, single-cell Hi-C data are zero-inflated and do not indicate the frequency of proximate DNA segments. There are a limited number of computational tools that can model the 3D structures of chromosomes based on single-cell Hi-C data. Results We developed single-cell lattice (SCL), a computational method to reconstruct 3D structures of chromosomes based on single-cell Hi-C data. We designed a loss function and a 2 D Gaussian function specifically for the characteristics of single-cell Hi-C data. A chromosome is represented as beads-on-a-string and stored in a 3 D cubic lattice. Metropolis-Hastings simulation and simulated annealing are used to simulate the structure and minimize the loss function. We evaluated the SCL-inferred 3 D structures (at both 500 and 50 kb resolutions) using multiple criteria and compared them with the ones generated by another modeling software program. The results indicate that the 3 D structures generated by SCL closely fit single-cell Hi-C data. We also found similar patterns of trans-chromosomal contact beads, Lamin-B1 enriched topologically associating domains (TADs), and H3K4me3 enriched TADs by mapping data from previous studies onto the SCL-inferred 3 D structures. Availability and implementation The C++ source code of SCL is freely available at http://dna.cs.miami.edu/SCL/. Supplementary information Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Prevalence and Clinical Implications of Chondral Injuries After Hip Arthroscopic Surgery for Femoroacetabular Impingement Syndrome.

Background:Studies on the effect of partial- and full-thickness chondral damage of the hip on outcomes and the ability to achieve meaningful clinical outcomes are limited.Purpose:To determine the e...
Fatal neutropenic enterocolitis associated with docetaxel use: A review of cases reported to the United States Food and Drug Administration Adverse Event Reporting System

Docetaxel is a microtubule inhibitor indicated for the treatment of multiple cancers as a single agent or in combination with other antineoplastics. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) conducted a postmarketing review of fatal neutropenic enterocolitis cases reported with docetaxel using the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) and literature to determine whether the drug was a potential cause. We searched FAERS and the literature for reports of fatal neutropenic enterocolitis with docetaxel-based treatment reported between 14 May 1996 and 13 March 2017. We characterized the clinical course and severity of neutropenic enterocolitis and utilized the World Health Organization-Uppsala Monitoring Centre rubric to assess drug causality. We identified 41 fatal cases of neutropenic enterocolitis with docetaxel from FAERS and the literature. The median time to onset of neutropenic enterocolitis from last docetaxel dose was seven days (range 2-13 days), and median time to death was nine days (range 3-23 days). The cause of death in 83% (34/41) of patients was neutropenic enterocolitis. We determined the drug-event association as probable in seven cases. Neutropenic enterocolitis with docetaxel monotherapy occurred in six cases; however, in 85% (35/41) of cases, neutropenic enterocolitis occurred when docetaxel was used in combination with other cytotoxic chemotherapy. In some cases, neutropenic enterocolitis occurred despite use of granulocyte colony-stimulating factors. Neutropenic enterocolitis is a severe and potentially fatal complication of docetaxel-based treatment, especially when combined with other antineoplastic treatments known to cause neutropenia. Practitioners should be aware of this safety risk to promptly recognize and manage patients.
Honeybees on treadmills uncover natural remedy for fungicide effects

![Graphic][1] In orchards, farmers combat harmful pathogens like fungi, which can destroy their crops, using chemical weapons such as fungicides. However, bees are often the victims of collateral damage in this perennial battle. Some fungicides affect the amount of energy organisms can
Machine Learning Applications for the Detection of Missing Radioactive Sources

The detection of missing radioactive material within a particular sample is advantageous for various applications of Materials Accountancy and Non-Destructive Assay. Examples of these applications include the monitoring of spent fuel pools and casks, as well as the inspection of fresh fuel assemblies. Currently employed methods for these processes include the use of passive or active gamma ray detection, where variation in detector responses are used to deduce if there is missing material and determine its expected location. This work investigates the feasibility of using machine learning algorithms for processing detection data in these scenarios to improve overall sensitivity. Preliminary simulated trials with a grid of nine 137Cs point sources and two NaI detectors show that a k-nearest neighbor algorithm can successfully predict the location of a missing source with 100% accuracy. Similar preliminary trials with up to two missing sources yielded an accuracy of 99%, suggesting that machine learning has promise for this application. These initial studies, as well as results with larger grids of sources, and trials with measurements taken in a laboratory setting are included.
Standardized Fabrication Method of Human-Derived Emboli with Histologic and Mechanical Quantification for Stroke Research

Abstract Background As access to patient emboli is limited, embolus analogs (EAs) have become critical to the research of large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke and the development of thrombectomy technology. To date, techniques for fabricating standardized human blood-derived EAs are limited in the variety of compositions, and the mechanical properties relevant to thrombectomy are not quantified. Methods EAs were made by mixing human banked red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, and platelet concentrate in 10 different volumetric percentage combinations to mimic the broad range of patient emboli causing LVO strokes. The samples underwent histologic analysis and tensile testing to mimic the pulling action of thrombectomy devices, and were compared to patient emboli. Results EAs had histologic compositions of 0-96% RBCs, 0.78%-92% fibrin, and 2.1%-22% platelets, which can be correlated with the ingredients using a regression model. At fracture, EAs elongated from 81% to 136%, and the ultimate tensile stress ranged from 16 to 949 kPa. These EAs’ histologic compositions and tensile properties showed great similarity to those of emboli retrieved from LVO stroke patients, indicating the validity of such EA fabrication methods. EAs with lower RBC and higher fibrin contents are more extensible and can withstand higher tensile stress. Conclusions EAs fabricated and tested using the proposed new methods provide a platform for stroke research and pre-clinical development of thrombectomy devices.
Engaging ELLs in Mathematics Learning Through Meaning-Making Activities

In the era of college and career readiness standards, all students are required to develop discipline-specific thinking competencies which demonstrate not only their conceptual understandings, but also their ability to comprehend and use academic language. This task is even more arduous for English language learners (ELL) as they are expected to learn grade-level mathematics content at the same time as they develop their proficiency in English. Through meaning-making activities, teachers can facilitate ELL students’ engagement with mathematical practices, paying simultaneous attention to language development and conceptual understandings. This chapter provides three explicit examples of how mathematics teachers engaged high school ELLs in mathematical learning through such activities and shifted their pedagogy to provide them with equitable learning opportunities.
Vibro-acoustic modulation baseline-free non-destructive testing

Vibro-Acoustic Modulation method for detection and characterization of various structural and material flaws has been actively researched for the last two decades. Most of the studies focused on detection and monitoring of macro-cracks requiring well established baseline (no-damage) value of the modulation index. The baseline value is specific for a particular structure, measuring setup, and other factors and can't be established in many practical situations without a long term monitoring looking for a relative change in the Modulation Index. In this work, we propose and investigate a baseline-free Vibro-Acoustic Modulation method, which does not require monitoring of relative Modulation Index change, unlike conventional approach. It was hypothesized that the nonlinear mechanisms (and respective nonlinear response) of a structure are different for undamaged and damaged material. For example: material without damage or at early stages of fatigue have classic elastic or hysteretic/dissipative nonlinearity while damaged (cracked) material may exhibit contact bi-linear or Hertzian nonlinear mechanisms. These mechanisms yield different power law dependencies of Modulation Index (MI) as function of applied vibration amplitude, B: MI ~ Bβ. Thus, quadratic nonlinearity yields linear dependence, β =1, and Hertzian nonlinearity results in β
Escherichia coli Serotype O157:H7 PA20R2R Complete Genome Sequence.

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli serotype O157:H7 strain 20R2R is a derivative of clinical isolate PA20. Prophage excision from the coding region of a PA20 transcription factor restored RpoS-dependent biofilm formation in 20R2R, providing a model for O157:H7 stress adaptation when transitioning between clinical and environmental settings. We report here the complete 20R2R genome sequence.
The Big Chill

Even though concerns about managed care are a source of extraordinary distress among psychiatrists today, many residents are not being provided with adequate preparation and training to deal with those concerns. When young psychiatrists leave their training programs and enter practice, they are experiencing profound demoralization. Much of their dysphoria appears to be a result of the impact of specific aspects of the managed care system on the preexisting psychological characteristics of psychiatrists. Preventive strategies to minimize this impact are discussed.
Polygenic Scores for ADHD: A Meta-Analysis.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly heritable neurodevelopmental disorder that is known to have a polygenic (i.e., many genes of individually small effects) architecture. Polygenic scores (PGS), which characterize this polygenicity as a single score for a given individual, are considered the state-of-the-art in psychiatric genetics research. Despite the proliferation of ADHD studies adopting this approach and its clinical implications, remarkably little is known about the predictive utility of PGS in ADHD research to date, given that there have not yet been any systematic or meta-analytic reviews of this rapidly developing literature. We meta-analyzed 12 unique effect sizes from ADHD PGS studies, yielding an N = 40,088. These studies, which included a mixture of large population-based cohorts and case–control samples of predominantly European ancestry, yielded a pooled ADHD PGS effect size of rrandom = 0.201 (95% CI = [0.144, 0.288]) and an rfixed = 0.190 (95% CI = [0.180, 0.199]) in predicting ADHD. In other words, ADHD PGS reliably account for between 3.6% (in the fixed effects model) to 4.0% (in the random effects model) of the variance in broadly defined phenotypic ADHD. Findings provide important insights into the genetics of psychiatric outcomes and raise several key questions about the impact of PGS on psychiatric research moving forward. Our review concludes by providing recommendations for future research directions in the use of PGS, including new methods to account for comorbidities, integrating bioinformatics to elucidate biological pathways, and leveraging PGS to test mechanistic models of ADHD.
Stimulation of regulatory T cells with Lactococcus lactis expressing enterotoxigenic E. coli colonization factor antigen 1 retains salivary flow in a genetic model of Sjögren’s syndrome

Sjogren’s syndrome (SjS), one of the most common autoimmune diseases, impacts millions of people annually. SjS results from autoimmune attack on exocrine (salivary and lacrimal) glands, and women are nine times more likely to be affected than men. To date, no vaccine or therapeutic exists to treat SjS, and patients must rely on lifelong therapies to alleviate symptoms. Oral treatment with the adhesin from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli colonization factor antigen I (CFA/I) fimbriae protects against several autoimmune diseases in an antigen (Ag)-independent manner. Lactococcus lactis, which was recently adapted to express CFA/I fimbriae (LL-CFA/I), effectively suppresses inflammation by the induction of infectious tolerance via Ag-specific regulatory T cells (Tregs), that produce IL-10 and TGF-β. To test the hypothesis that CFA/I fimbriae can offset the development of inflammatory T cells via Treg induction, oral treatments with LL-CFA/I were performed on the spontaneous, genetically defined model for SjS, C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice to maintain salivary flow. Six-week (wk)-old C57BL/6.NOD-Aec1Aec2 mice were orally dosed with LL-CFA/I and treated every 3 wks; control groups were given L. lactis vector or PBS. LL-CFA/I-treated mice retained salivary flow up to 28 wks of age and showed significantly reduced incidence of inflammatory infiltration into the submandibular and lacrimal glands relative to PBS-treated mice. A significant increase in Foxp3+ and IL-10- and TGF-β-producing Tregs was observed. Moreover, LL-CFA/I significantly reduced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-17, GM-CSF, and IFN-γ. Adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells from LL-CFA/I-treated, not LL vector-treated mice, restored salivary flow in diseased SjS mice. These data demonstrate that oral LL-CFA/I reduce or halts SjS progression, and these studies will provide the basis for future testing in SjS patients.
The Link Between Local Zoning Policy and Housing Affordability in America’s Cities

Throughout American history, cities have experienced rapid population growth during periods when they offered exceptionally well-paying jobs. But population growth in high-wage cities is only possible when people can find housing within a reasonable commuting distance. Unlike in the past, policymakers in some regions have implemented land use regulations that block new housing development, creating “Closed Access” cities. These are highly regulated cities that are not experiencing rapid population growth despite offering some of the highest wages and best career opportunities in the country. When housing demand increases in Closed Access cities, prices rise sharply. The burden of Closed Access rules falls disproportionately on low-income people, both because those people spend a greater percentage of their income on housing than high-income people do and because they are more often renters, paying more without enjoying an increase in home equity. The lackluster growth and high prices of Closed Access cities are caused by land use regulations that limit property owners’ rights to build new housing. To restore the longstanding American traditions of national mobility and inclusive growth, policymakers from town halls to Capitol Hill must work to open up access to all of America’s cities.
A comparison of organic-certified versus non-certified natural foods: Perceptions and motives and their influence on purchase behaviors.

Abstract The present study investigates how consumers perceive organic-certified versus non-certified natural foods relative to each other, compares motives for purchasing them, and explores how these influence purchase behaviors toward the combined natural foods category. Analysis of a USA shopper survey finds there are still pronounced differences in perceptions, trust, and willingness to pay. Some 57% of respondents agree at a level of 4 or 5 (out of 5) that there are differences between organic-certified and non-certified natural foods. Mean levels of trust for natural and certified organic labels are 2.67 and 3.50 respectively. Consumers are willing to pay price premiums of 25% and 37% for non-certified and organic-certified respectively. Results show shoppers have shared and different motives for purchasing. No added growth hormones and No artificial additives or preservatives are the two reasons that appear in the top five for purchasing organic-certified and non-certified foods. Other top five reasons for organic-certified are agriculture oriented: No chemical pesticides, herbicides, or fertilizers, No antibiotics, and USDA organic certification. Other top five reasons for non-certified are processing oriented: No artificial flavors, colors, or sweeteners, Minimal processing, and No high fructose corn syrup. Some of these differences influence intended purchase behaviors. Trust in organic-certified and non-certified labels affects willingness to pay. Four of the organic-certified attributes have a relationship with one or more of purchase frequency, number of items per trip, weekly spending, and willingness to pay.
An optimization approach to panel size management

Abstract We consider the panel size management problem that aims to balance workloads among providers within a health care system, where the ratio of a primary care provider’s load to their own daily full capacity is used as a measure for overload or underload. While transferring patients from their existing providers to others is the means to achieve workload balance, several practical restrictions prohibit transfer if patients have multiple chronic conditions or should there be other reasons to discourage assignment changes. We also consider patients requests for specific characteristics of providers (e.g., same gender, same geographic location). In case the current system is greatly stressed even with patient panel reassignment, we allow for hiring new providers strategically at appropriate practice groups so that load balancing is achieved for the system (with new hires) and the utilization of no provider, existing or newly hired, exceeds a threshold value. Data analysis on provider panels from a Louisville regional health care system is performed and is used in developing an integer linear program model for the problem. Three case studies based on the data for the regional health care system show that the proposed model is effective in achieving load balancing and preventing physician burnout.
A Comparative Perspective on Police Integrity

This chapter presents a comparative view of police integrity. The authors analyze the results of the police integrity survey performed across ten countries. We find that, although absolute evaluations of seriousness and willingness to report vary across countries, relative rankings of seriousness and willingness to report (i.e., how scenarios are evaluated compared to other scenarios in the questionnaire) tend to be similar across most of the ten countries. Behaviors evaluated as more serious were also more likely to be viewed as violations of official rules. Although the majority of the respondents from nine countries support and expect some discipline for all forms of misconduct featured in the questionnaire, police agencies create vastly different disciplinary environments. Police officers differentiate across scenarios and neither expect nor support the same type of discipline for every type of misconduct. While the code of silence is present in each and every country, what seems to be protected by the code varies greatly across the ten countries. We conclude that the contours of police integrity are quite heterogeneous; what is acceptable and tolerated in one country or one police agency may not be acceptable at all in another, and may be disciplined severely. As the results from Russia and South Korea demonstrate, historical, political, social, and economic conditions in a country are closely tied with the level of integrity in the country.
The effects of squats and plyometric training on selected measures of leg power in men

u ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i i i LIST OF TABLES v i i LIST OF FIG URES v i i i Chapter 1, INTRODUCTION 1 Statement o f the Problem 4 Assumptions 5 D efin itions 5 2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE 7 Sources of E lastic Energy in Muscles 7 Elastic Energy in Plyometric Exercises 8 The Stretch Reflex in Plyometric Exercises 9 Muscle Fiber Type and Performance 10 Training Velocity and In tensity in Vertical Jump Performance H The Findings of Plyometric Training S t u d ie s 13 Population Delim itations 15 Interference of Endurance Work with Leg S t r e n g t h 15 Sex Related Differences in Vertical Jump Performance 16
Regulatory Federalism, Shaken Not Stirred

This article analyses two high-profile, politically-charged and nearly simultaneous decisions of the most recent Supreme Court Term, each of which addressed claims that called into question long-established principles of regulatory federalism jurisprudence. Arizona v. United States arose from a state law that aggressively challenged federal immigration policy regarding aliens who entered the country illegally, a subject for which constitutional jurisprudence has long prescribed federal supremacy. A slender majority of the Court in Arizona largely invalidated the state law on preemption grounds. The article suggests that Arizona signals continuation of the traditional dominance of Congress over immigration and the status of aliens, and by extension, over domestic regulation that touches on the international relations of the nation. Just three days after announcing the Arizona decision, the Court decided National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius, which involved a broad-based challenge by over half of the states to an ambitious congressional effort to provide for nearly universal healthcare. Shifting majorities of the Court mostly upheld the congressional program, even as they restricted each of the principal powers on which Congress traditionally has relied to control or shape individual conduct in the purely domestic realm – the commerce, necessary and proper, taxing, and spending powers. The article argues that the Justices’ opinions in National Federation of Independent Business illuminate a Court that is in deep and nearly even conflict over whether to substantially revise the post-1937 constitutional jurisprudence governing congressional regulatory power over the internal concerns of the nation and its people.Thus, while the Court in Arizona resettled regulatory federalism jurisprudence favoring federal supremacy in domestic matters with a foreign policy dimension, the cross-cutting opinions and shifting alliances of National Federation of Independent Business unsettled a wide swath of long-established doctrine regarding the regulatory power of Congress in purely domestic matters.
A space-time constant modulus algorithm for SDMA systems

We consider the problem of blind recovery of p synchronous i.i.d. communication signals that are transmitted through a linear spatio-temporal channel and captured by an m-element array. Such a situation may arise for example in a space-division-multiple-access (SDMA) mobile communication system. We propose an approach of the constant-modulus (CM) type in order to construct optimization criteria that may allow joint blind recovery of the transmitted signals with low computational complexity. Several aspects of the proposed algorithms related to their convergence and implementation are discussed and computer simulations are provided as experimental evidence to the algorithms' performance.
Philosophical Foundations for Causal Networks

Bayes nets are seeing increasing use in expert systems [2, 6], and structural equations models continue to be popular in many branches of the social sciences [1]. Both types of models involve directed acyclic graphs with variables as nodes, and in both cases there is much mysterious talk about causal interpretation. This paper uses probability trees to give precise conditions under which Bayes nets can be said to have a causal interpretation. Proofs and elaborations are provided by the author in [4].
Differential DNA binding by monomeric, homodimeric, and potentially heteromeric forms of the thyroid hormone receptor.

Abstract Binding of the thyroid hormone receptor (TR) to thyroid hormone-responsive elements (TREs) is crucial for regulation of gene expression by thyroid hormone. The TR binds to each half-site of a palindromic TRE separately, as a monomer, or simultaneously, as a homodimer. In addition, the TR monomer interacts with a 42-kDa protein that may be responsible for an increase in the apparent size and stability of the TR-TRE complex after incubation with liver nuclear extract. The multiple DNA-binding forms of the TR contact the TRE differently but compete for binding in a dynamic equilibrium which is highly dependent on the relative concentrations of TR and nuclear protein. Thus, protein-protein interactions are likely to determine the context in which the TR binds to target genes and regulates the transcriptional response to thyroid hormone.
Interactive visualization of three-dimensional SPECT cardiac images

Various methods for interactively viewing single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images of the myocardium and cardiac blood pool have been developed. Standard clinical protocols are used to acquire and reconstruct myocardial perfusion and gated blood pool projection data. The 3-D images are segmented with a thresholding algorithm prior to surface rendering on a Stellar GS1000 graphics supercomputer. Viewing regions of interest from arbitrary perspectives permits a more comprehensive evaluation of myocardial perfusion and cardiac performance. Voxel visualization along interactively chosen slicing planes through a 3-D image has been implemented on both the Stellar and on a Sun 3/280 equipped with a graphics accelerator. This presentation is superior to surface rendering for viewing low-amplitude features such as the right ventricular myocardium. Volume rendering has been implemented on these two computers, but it is not yet fast enough for real-time interactive viewing. Interactive visualization of 3-D SPECT images illustrates the potential for greater exploitation of these images in evaluating cardiac physiology and pathology. >
Waldenström macroglobulinemia: 2015 update on diagnosis, risk stratification, and management

Disease Overview: Waldenstrom macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity. Diagnosis: Presence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in more than 90% of patients. Risk Stratification: Age, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics required for prognosis. Risk-Adapted Therapy: Not all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab-based therapy is used in virtually all US patients with WM and can be combined with alkylating agent or purine nucleoside analog (or both). The preferred Mayo Clinic nonstudy therapeutic induction is rituximab, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone. Future stem cell transplantation should be considered in induction therapy selection. Management of Refractory Disease: Bortezomib, thalidomide, everolimus, ibrutinib, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, and bendamustine have all been shown to have activity in WM. Given WM's natural history, reduction of complications will be a priority for future treatment trials. Am. J. Hematol. 90:347–354, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of ethics in gathering corporate intelligence

This paper analyzes business people's attitudes towards the tactics used for gathering competitive corporate intelligence both within their own and their competitors' corporations. Business people in large corporations are highly motivated to gather such intelligence. Their attitudes towards the ethicality of specific practices, however, are influenced by the corporate culture, their perceived effectiveness of the techniques, and their perception of the competitors' tactics. Interestingly enough, the most popular technique for securing information is socializing with competitors in nonbusiness settings. Business people generally view their competitors negatively, believing that they go to much further lengths than does their own corporation in gathering competitive intelligence.
Setting Ambient Water Quality Standards: New York State's Nonlinear Approach for Carcinogens

The New York State Department of Environmental Conservation promulgates ambient water quality standards to protect sources of potable water from contamination by toxic chemicals and other substances. Ambient water quality standards are a state program with U.S. EPA oversight, including a federal Clean Water Act requirement for “triennial review.” New York’s standards are derived according to procedures in state regulation and in conjunction with the New York Slate Department of Health. Because standards are set at levels much below those that demonstrate effects in laboratory studies, high-to-low dose extrapolations are required. The procedures address both carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic effects. Existing regulations essentially require a linear high-to-low dose extrapolation for carcinogenic effects of a chemical (i.e., there is a finite risk at all doses above zero dose). The regulations also require a nonlinear high-to-low dose extrapolation for the noncarcinogenic effects (uncertainty factor approach) of the chemical (i.e., once below the threshold for the effect, the risk at all doses above zero is zero). New York’s ongoing triennial review is addressing both standards and standard-setting procedures. Proposed revisions to the procedures, yet to be formally adopted, would allow greater flexibility and use of a nonlinear uncertainty-factor-based approach for carcinogenic effects of chemicals where warranted. The presentation will focus on the expected revisions to the procedures for carcinogenic effects.
Comparison in vitro of the incorporation of d-[2-3H(N)]-mannose and d-[1-14C]-glucosamine into glycoproteins of dispersed rat submandibular salivary gland cells

Abstract The incorporation of two different radiolabelled sugars, d -[14C]-glucosamine and d -[2-3H(N)]-mannose, into cellular and secretory glycoproteins was compared using dispersed rat submandibular cells. Most of the de-novo biosynthesis appeared to be directed toward the synthesis of secretory material as the molecular profile of the 3H-labelled material released following sympathomimetic stimulation and the percentage of total 3H-labelled acid—precipitable material secreted following cholinergic- or adrenergic-receptor stimulation coincided with the data obtained from similar studies using [14C]-glucosamine. The [3H]-mannose label was found in the neutral sugars mannose, galactose, glucose and fucose, with trace amounts of radiolabel in the amino sugars, whereas the [14C]-glucosamine label was present in three different amino sugars; glucosamine, galactosamine and sialic acid.
Influence of the Tibetian Plateau on cumulative and diurnal changes of weather and climate in summer

An investigation of the dynamic and thermodynamic influences of the Tibetian Plateau on the monsoon circulation in southeastern Asia and China is reported. A five-day primitive equation numerical model was used to simulate the influences of the high mountains in the 0-180 deg E and 25-55 deg N region on a typical July day. The equations predicted horizontal motion, heat, the water vapor mixing ratio, and surface pressure. Consideration was given to solar and longwave radiation and the release of latent heat by deep cumulus clouds. A net warming over the Plateau as opposed to the surrounding areas was found to lead to vertical air ascent and the establishment of strong summer monsoon circulation to the south. It is noted that the grid was too coarse to adequately describe the distribution of precipitation on the steep mountains.
Permanent interstitial brachytherapy for the management of carcinoma of the prostate gland.

ABSTRACTPurpose: We summarize the permanent prostate brachytherapy literature, including biochemical outcomes, quality of life parameters and areas of controversy.Materials and Methods: The permanent prostate brachytherapy literature was reviewed using MEDLINE searches to ensure completeness.Results: Using various planning and intraoperative techniques the majority of the brachytherapy literature demonstrates durable biochemical outcomes for patients with low, intermediate and high risk features. For low risk patients there is no advantage to combining supplemental external beam radiation therapy with brachytherapy. In addition, supplemental external beam radiation therapy may not improve biochemical outcomes for patients at intermediate and high risk if the target volume consists of the prostate with a generous periprostatic margin. There is no defined role for adjuvant hormonal manipulation. Although a reliable set of pretreatment criteria to predict implant related morbidity is not available, severe ur...
Global stability, local stability and permanence in model food webs.

Abstract The dynamical theory of food webs has been based typically on local stability analysis. The relevance of local stability to food web properties has been questioned because local stability holds only in the immediate vicinity of the equilibrium and provides no information about the size of the basin of attraction. Local stability does not guarantee persistence of food webs in stochastic environments. Moreover, local stability excludes more complex dynamics such as periodic and chaotic behaviors, which may allow persistence. Global stability and permanence could be better criteria of community persistence. Our simulation analysis suggests that these three stability measures are qualitatively consistent in that all three predict decreasing stability with increasing complexity. Some new predictions on how stability depends on food web configurations are generated here: a consumer–victim link has a smaller effect on the probabilities of stability, as measured by all three stability criteria, than a pair of recipient-controlled and donor-controlled links; a recipient-controlled link has a larger effect on the probabilities of local stability and permanence than a donor-controlled link, while they have the same effect on the probability of global stability; food webs with equal proportions of donor-controlled and recipient-controlled links are less stable than those with different proportions.
Characterization of Hypoxia‐Induced Ventilatory Depression in Newborn Piglets

We evaluated the hypothesis that a ‘central oxygen detector’ in the brainstem is necessary for depressions of ventilatory activity to be manifested in the newborn. Decerebrate piglets, ventilated with 100 % O2, were studied following neuromuscular blockade. The vagi and carotid sinus nerves were sectioned bilaterally in order to remove the influence of the peripheral chemoreceptors. Activity of the phrenic nerve was recorded as the index of the central respiratory rhythm. This activity declined and, in some preparations, ceased upon ventilation with air or a hypoxic gas, at either normocapnia or hypercapnia. The degree of depression in hypercapnic hypoxia was greatest in the youngest piglets. Following a medial section of the brainstem, extending to the caudal pons, the depression was reduced. In some preparations, a similar reduction followed the placement of radiofrequency lesions in the caudal ventromedial pons. We conclude that a region of the caudal mesencephalon or pons is necessary for the manifestation of depressions of ventilatory activity in the newborn pig. Experimental Physiology (2003) 88.4, 509–515.
Analysis of Gas-Solid Particle Flows in Shock Tubes

Theme T use of shock tubes for experimental investigations of high-speed suspension flows has motivated the development of a corresponding numerical calculation procedure. The Particle-In-Cell (PIC) method has been adapted to handle suspension flows by treating each phase as a set of discrete "mass points." As in the single-phase PIC calculation the flowfield is divided into small regions fixed in space (cells), but in the modified procedure phase interactions are incorporated into the equations for the changes in the properties of the materials occupying the cells. Details of the calculation are given in Ref. 2. The purpose of this study was to investigate the dependence of the calculated results on the assumed phase interaction (drag and heat transfer). The behavior of suspension flows in shock tubes also was investigated for the limiting case of problem times that are large compared with the characteristic velocity and thermal equilibration times. In this case, there exists a zone behind the shock within which the phases are in velocity and thermal equilibrium. These equilibrium properties, as well as the equilibrium shock speed, can be calculated by applying the shock tube equations to an "equivalent gas" defined in terms of the properties of the suspension, thereby providing a check on the calculated flow properties.
Specific Heat of Chromium-Iron Alloys at Room Temperature

The specific heat of bcc iron-chromium solid solution alloys was measured at room temperature and then calculated under simplified assumptions from lattice, magnetic, and electronic terms. The magnetic atomic heat was evaluated using the simple Weiss theory. The electronic term was assumed to be equal to $\ensuremath{\gamma}T$, where the value of $\ensuremath{\gamma}$ used was that obtained earlier from low-temperature specific heat measurements. The lattice term was taken to be the same for all alloys. Reasonable quantitative agreement between the calculated and the measured values was achieved.
Corporate Moral Agency and Artificial Intelligence

The debate about the moral status of corporations has been wide-ranging and complex. In this paper a way of structuring the debate is proposed. At the same time, arguments within the â€œcorporate moral agencyâ€ debate are considered in relation to the notion of Artificial Moral Agency. The entire exercise points to the importance of philosophical pragmatism and the prospect of â€˜artificial ethicsâ€™.
Evaluation of KLA-Tencor LMS IPRO5 beta system for 22nm node registration and overlay applications

Using various technical tricks, 193nm lithography has been pushed for the 22nm logic node. For optical and EUV lithography, the International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS [1]) requests a registration error below 3.8 nm for masks for single-patterning layers. Double patterning further reduces the tolerable pattern placement error to < 2.7 nm for each mask of a pair that forms one layer on the wafer. For mask metrology on the 2x node, maintaining a precision-to-tolerance (P/T) ratio of 0.25 will be challenging. The total measurement uncertainty has to be significantly below 1.0nm. In this work, results obtained during the LMS IPRO5 beta system evaluation are presented. LMS IPRO5 beta system evaluation is part of the CDUR32 project, funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research. A major improvement to previous LMS IPRO generations is the new laser illumination system, which significantly improves optical resolution and contrast (especially on EUV substrates). Therefore, optical resolution and measurement capability are evaluated using standard registration targets, in-die wafer overlay targets, and arbitrary shaped features on different substrates comprising EUV and binary MoSi masks. Position measurement uncertainty for the new center of gravity (CofG) measurement algorithm, important for in-die measurement capability, is evaluated. The results are compared with results obtained using the traditional edge detection algorithm.