cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comments on James W. Tollefson's Alien Winds: The Reeducation of America's Indochinese Refugees and Elsa Auerbach's Review Two Readers React …

In her recent review of James Tollefson's Alien Winds (1989), Elsa Auerbach (Vol. 24, No. 1, Spring, 1990) finds little to criticize and much to praise, recommending the book as "required reading for all ESL educators." It is not surprising that the review was favorable, since Auerbach is singled out for special thanks in the acknowledgments section of Alien Winds, and her own work suggests a sympathy for Tollefson's point of view. It was disturbing, however, that there was apparently no attempt to verify Tollefson's charges against the Overseas Refugee Training Program (ORTP). In fact, Auerbach highlights some of the more sensationalistic accusations, describing raw sewage flowing through refugees' living quarters and teachers extorting sexual favors and bribes from students. Had the reviewer taken steps to check the facts, she would have discovered dozens of inaccuracies and distortions in the book. It is for this reason that we wish to provide an alternative view of the book and the program it attacks. Originally planned as a temporary response to the "refugee crisis" in Southeast Asia, the Overseas Refugee Training Program has evolved into a sophisticated educational program that has continued for over a decade. It has operated under unique constraints, employing Thai and Filipino educators to prepare refugees for the U.S. in camps 10,000 miles away.
On singular ordinary linear differential operators related to Orr-Sommerfeld stability equation

Abstract A usable, not technically complicated theory unlike that of Wasow of linear, singular, even order differential operators with general boundary conditions is proposed and the behaviour of eigenvalues and eigenfunctions is discussed in the limit as e → 0, e > 0. Completeness of the eigenvalue spectrum when the operator is formally self-adjoint is discussed and formal solutions are constructed and finally justification of the formal approximations is shown by proving the existence of actual solutions of the differential equation approximated by formal solutions. Also, modifications necessary for the consideration of the critical point are suggested. This theory is unlike that of Reid since it provides rigorous justification of the approximations and moreover, this theory is applicable to a large class of physical problems rewritten in such a way that they contain a small parameter.
DNA sequence analysis of interlocus recombination between the human T-cell receptor gamma variable (GV) and beta diversity-joining (BD/BJ) sequences on chromosome 7 (inversion 7).

V(D)J recombinase-mediated recombination between the T-cell receptor (TCR) gamma variable (GV) genes at chromosome 7p15 and the TCR beta joining (BJ) genes at 7q35 leads to the formation of a hybrid TCR gene. These TCR gamma/beta interlocus rearrangements occur at classic V(D)J recombination signal sequences (RSS) and, because the loci are in an inverted orientation, result in inversion events that are detectable in the chromosome structure as inv(7)(p15;q35). Similar rearrangements involving oncogenes and either TCR or immunoglobulin genes mediated by the V(D)J recombinase are found in lymphoid malignancies. Oligonucleotide primers that allow polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification across the inv(7) genomic recombination junction sequence have been described. Southern blot analysis has been primarily used to confirm the GV/BJ hybrid nature of the product, with limited information on the DNA sequence of these recombinations. We have modified this PCR method using total genomic DNA from the mononuclear cells in peripheral blood samples to increase specificity and to allow direct sequencing of the translocation junction that results from the recombination between the GV1 and BJ1 families of TCR genes in 25 examples from 11 individuals (three adults, one child, six newborns, and one ataxia telangiectasia (AT) patient). We focused on samples from newborns based on previous studies indicating that the predominant hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutations in newborns are V(D)J recombinase-mediated deletion events and that the frequency of these mutations decreases with increasing age. Although the dilution series-based PCR assay utilized does not yield sharply defined quantitative endpoints, results of this study strongly suggest that inv(7) recombinations in newborns occur at equal or lower frequencies than those seen in adults. Consistent with the PCR primer pairs, all sequenced products contain a GV1 and a BJ1 segment and most also contain a BD1 segment. GV1s2 and 1s4 were the most frequently found GV1 genes (8 and 9 examples, respectively) and BJ1s5 and 1s6 were the most frequently found BJ1 genes (9 and 10 examples, respectively). These results demonstrate the effectiveness of this methodology for assessing GV/BJ interlocus rearrangements mediated by V(D)J recombinase.
Particle Size Distribution of Submicron Cotton Dust Using Transmission Electron Microscopy

The particle size distribution (PSD) of dust generated while processing cotton on a card and collected on grid substrates by free settling was examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The dust was collected in a model card room imme diately after stopping the card, as well as when the card was in operation. The air circulation conditions in the room were varied by shutting off, either together or individually, the lint capture system, the air conditioner, and the electrostatic pre cipitator along with the card. Grids were also charged to a potential of 5000 volts, both positively and negatively, to discern the effects of charging on PSD and col lection efficiency. The average particle size of cotton dust collected by this technique was much smaller than that previously measured on dust collected on filters and observed with light or scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The higher resolution of TEM revealed a new lower diameter distribution of cotton dust with a mean diameter of approximately 0.0...
Vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates ACTH and corticosterone release after injection into the PVN

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), a neuropeptide originally isolated from the intestine, is widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems and exhibits a broad range of biological actions. In the present study the effects of VIP on plasma ACTH and corticosterone (CORT) secretion were investigated in fasted, freely-moving male rats. Male rats, chronically implanted with a hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) cannula, were injected with VIP doses (0.15-3.0 nmol/rat) of VIP or saline (control). Blood samples were collected (0.6 ml) from an intravenous catheter immediately preceding and at 15, 30, 60, 90 and 120 min following peptide administration. PVN administration of VIP increased the plasma ACTH and CORT levels in a dose-dependent manner and the maximal effect was obtained at 15 min after administration. At the highest dose tested, VIP increased ACTH and CORT to 167% and 342% of time-matched controls, respectively. These results demonstrate that the PVN is a sensitive site for VIP-induced elevation of plasma ACTH and CORT and imply that the VIP binding sites and immunoreactive terminals previously identified in this region may be involved in the central regulation of the pituitary-adrenal axis.
Rap and Race It's Got a Nice Beat, but What about the Message?

This article examines adolescents' attitudes toward rap music, specifically racial differences in Black and White adolescents' perceptions of rap. Rap critics have long touted the allegedly deleterious effects of rap, but few researchers have asked fans themselves how rap has affected them. This study uses a survey of 51 adolescents in a Midwestern city to examine racial differences in preferences for and interpretations of rap music. Survey results indicate that racial differences in the popularity of rap music are limited. However, further questions reveal that African American youth are more committed to rap music and are more likely to see rap music as life affirming. Although both groups appear to have favorable opinions of rap, their commitment to it and its significance in their lives varies by race.
Photoelectric effects in bilayer lipid membrane containing metallo-porphyrins and dyes.

The bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) system containing metallo-porphyrins (M-TPP) and dyes as photosensitizers and electron mediators was studied. Cyclic voltammetry was used to determine photoconductivity and photo-emf of the system. The largest photoconductivity was observed for the Mg-TPP containing BLM with methyl viologen (MV2+) and iodine (I2) present in the aqueous solution. Photoactive dyes, due to their redox ability caused photovoltage up to 30 mV to develop, but no conductance change was observed under illumination in absence of Mg-TPP. The relevance of cyclic voltammetry to the photoconductance and the photo-emf observed in the BLM is discussed.
The behavioral effects of hallucinogens in rats following 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine administration into the medial forebrain bundle

The hypothesis that 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) neurons and/or receptors are involved in the mechanism of action of hallucinogens is supported by the fact that intraventricular administration of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT) selectively destroys central 5-HT neurons in the brain and potentiates the behavioral effects of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine (DOM) and mescaline. The locus in the brain where this potentiation might occur is not known. In the present experiment, the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) was studied because it is the primary tract containing fibers from the cell bodies in the raphe nuclei to forebrain structures receiving 5-HT input. Male rats received 5,7-DHT (6 micrograms/2 microliter) or vehicle injections bilaterally into the MFB; this procedure caused a significant reduction of 5-HT in the cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus of lesioned rats, but not in the striatum. Regional dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations were not affected by this treatment. The behavioral effects of the hallucinogens were tested in a situation in which the animals pressed a bar under a fixed ratio-40 (FR-40) schedule of food reinforcement. The disruptive effects of LSD on responding were enhanced in the 5,7-DHT-treated animals, while the effects of DOM were diminished; there was no change in the response to mescaline. These data suggest that, while 5-HT neurons are involved in the behavioral effects of hallucinogens, the precise sites and/or mechanisms of action of LSD, DOM and mescaline may differ.
Abstract 3937: Collagen prolyl hydroxylases are essential for breast cancer metastasis.

Proceedings: AACR 104th Annual Meeting 2013; Apr 6-10, 2013; Washington, DC Metastasis is the leading cause of death among patients who have breast cancer. Understanding the role of the extracellular matrix in the metastatic process may lead to the development of improved therapies to treat cancer patients. Intratumoral hypoxia is found in the majority of breast cancers and is associated with an increased risk of metastasis and patient mortality. Here we demonstrate that hypoxia-inducible factor 1 activates the transcription of genes encoding collagen prolyl hydroxylases that are critical for collagen deposition by breast cancer cells. We show that expression of collagen prolyl hydroxylases promotes cancer cell alignment along collagen fibers, resulting in enhanced cancer cell invasion and metastasis to lymph nodes and lungs. We establish the prognostic significance of collagen prolyl hydroxylase mRNA expression in human breast cancer biopsies and evaluate the novel use of ethyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, a prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, which decreases tumor fibrosis and metastasis in a mouse model of breast cancer. Citation Format: Daniele M. Gilkes, Pallavi Chaturvedi, Saumendra Bajpai, Maimon Hubbi, Denis Wirtz, Gregg Semenza. Collagen prolyl hydroxylases are essential for breast cancer metastasis. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3937. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-3937
REACTION TIMES TO REGULARLY RECURRING VISUAL STIMULI.

In this experiment, which was concerned with reaction times to regularly recurring visual stimuli, four experienced Ss made 21 serial responses at eight interstimulus intervals with eight replicati...
A new estimation procedure under rational expectations

Abstract A new procedure for the estimation of behavioral equations that involve the present discounted value of rationally expected future income stream is proposed. The procedure is then applied to the estimation of the permanent income consumption function.
Dielectric Screening in a Layered Electron Gas

A model anisotropic system, suggestive of the graphite structure, is investigated: It consists of a series of equally spaced parallel planes. A finite two-dimensional density of electrons in each plane is allowed to move freely in the plane, but tunneling between planes does not take place. The dielectric screening of a point charge is evaluated exactly in the random-phase approximation. For realistic electron densities and interlayer separations the screened potential drops off very rapidly both in the plane of the charge and perpendicular to it. The induced charge density is determined, and validity of the Thomas-Fermi approximation is discussed.
Propagation of infrared light in flexible hollow waveguides

Designs are described for flexible hollow waveguides with low ir loss over distances on the order of 1 m. Transmission losses at 10.6 μm are calculated, and the effect of bends and twists is discussed. A hollow combination metal-dielectric-walled rectangular waveguide is proposed that can have transmission as high as 95% for a 1-m length, while bent with a 1-m radius of curvature.
Multiple applications of FeDTPA or DTPA on micro‐nutrient extraction and potential availability from peat‐based medium

Abstract The chelate, DTPA, has heen shown to be an effective extraction agent for the micronutrients from peat‐based soilless media. Multiple applications of 2 mM DTPA extracted 95 ppm iron (Fe) after one week and then declined to 16 ppm Fe while 0.2 mM DTPA extracted Fe which increased to 16 ppm after three weeks. Leachate Fe concentrations from 0.02 mM DTPA and 0.02 mM FeDTPA were similar, increasing from 1 to 2 ppm. Leachate Fe concentrations from 0.2 mM FeDTPA increased from 7 to 14 ppm, however, 0.2 mM DTPA decreased from 9 to 3 ppm. The 0 DTPA treatment had a constant 0.1 ppm Fe in the leachates. Manganese (Mn) was rapidly extracted from the medium. Leachate concentration of both copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) increased slightly above applied concentrations. There were no differences in dry weight or total micronutrient content among geranium (Pelargonium x hortorum ’Aurora') grown with either DTPA or FeDTPA treatments 0.2 mM and below.
Planar channeling in superlattices. II. Catastrophic dechanneling

We report systematic studies of energetic particle channeling along the inclined (110) crystal planes in a strained-layer superlattice (SLS) under conditions of catastrophic dechanneling. This phenomenon is distinguished by the rapid enhancement in dechanneling after the penetration of several superlattice layers due to a resonance between the channeled particle wavelength and the SLS period. Catastrophic dechanneling conditions are achieved in a (100) ${\mathrm{GaAs}}_{0.09}$${\mathrm{P}}_{0.91}$/GaP superlattice with layers of equal thickness (34 nm) along the inclined (110) planes for a 1.2-MeV $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ beam. Due to the alternating tilts at each interface, a rapid increase in the scattering yield to a value close to that for random scattering occurs after penetration of 1--5 superlattice layers, and a strong asymmetric dependence on incident angle is observed. The theoretically predicted depth and angular dependences of the catastrophic dechanneling are calculated by numerically integrating for various initial conditions the differential equation describing planar channeled particle motion in SLS's. A two-parameter, least-squares fit gives excellent agreement between theory and experiment for a tilt angle of \ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\psi}=0.153\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and a critical impact parameter of ${r}_{c}$=1.25${a}_{T}$. Steps are found in the depth and angular dependence of the catastrophic dechanneling. This structure provides the greatest sensitivity to the relative strain between superlattice layers of any of the ion-channeling methods.
Baryons and the phase diagram for a large number of colors and flavors

Abstract We consider the possible phases of a non-Abelian gauge theory, as a function of temperature and quark chemical potential, when both the number of colors and flavors is very large. Generally, a large number of flavors washes out deconfining phase transitions. We show, however, that the degeneracy of even the lightest baryons is exponentially large. This implies that the baryon number (or fluctuations thereof, at zero chemical potential) is an order parameter in the limit of an infinite number of colors and flavors.
Outcomes of a head and neck cancer screening clinic

Summary Objective To describe an institutional experience conducting an annual free head and neck (HN and (2) evaluating potential barriers to subsequent follow-up among patients with suspicious findings. Materials and methods This retrospective cohort study involved individuals presenting to an annual HN p p Conclusion Few individuals presenting to a H&N cancer screening clinic will have a malignancy detected, and barriers may influence patients’ likelihood to present for subsequent evaluation. Due to self-selection among patients presenting for screening, traditional risk factors may not be associated with the likelihood of detecting a suspicion for H&N cancer. Head and neck cancer screening clinics should thus target patients at high risk, and attempt to ensure appropriate follow-up thereafter.
The Earnings of Skilled and Unskilled Immigrants at the End of the Nineteenth Century

Most historical studies of immigration in nineteenth-century America have failed to distinguish among the labor-market experiences of different immigrant groups. Using a sample of some 4000 wage earners from turn-of-the-century Iowa, we examine the relative earnings of skilled and unskilled immigrants and suggest the factors which contributed to their very different post-immigration experiences. The results indicate that prior knowledge of a trade conferred upon immigrants an initial earnings advantage, but that unskilled immigrants managed subsequently to close some but not all of the gap by reaping greater returns to experience on the job.
Mass Visual Screening Via Television

Videotaped programs that could be used for screening of visual acuity and of visual fields by means of broadcast television have been developed and tested. The tests are designed to be effective regardless of the size of the viewer's television screen. Inevitably, false-positive and false-negative results would occur, which would have to be carefully explained at the time the tests were broadcast.
Efficacy and toxicity of adjuvant chemotherapy in elderly patients with colon carcinoma: a 10-year experience of the Geisinger Medical Center.

BACKGROUND Although the benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy has been established clearly in patients with Stage III colon carcinoma, the degree to which elderly patients with colon carcinoma can tolerate such therapy generally has remained unknown. METHODS The authors reviewed all patients in their Tumor Registry with Stage II and Stage III adenocarcinoma of the colon who underwent potentially curative resection for their disease at the Geisinger Medical Center between January 1990 and September 2000. One hundred twenty patients underwent complete resection of their colon carcinoma and received 5-fluorouracil-based (5-FU) adjuvant chemotherapy. RESULTS The 5-year disease free survival rate for patients age ≥ 65 years (Group A) was 70% compared with 56% for patients age 75 years, and the disease free and overall survival rates for this group were similar but were underpowered compared with the rates for the patients ages between 65–75 years. When gender and disease stage were included in the model, age remained a nonsignificant variable (P = 0.400 for disease free survival; P = 0.615 for overall survival). Nine of 56 patients in Group A (16%) experienced Grade 3–4 toxicity compared with 14 of 64 patients in Group B (22%) (P = 0.420). The lack of a correlation between toxicity and age was maintained after controlling for disease stage and patient gender (P = 0.343). There were no correlations between preoperative carcinoembryonic antigen level, tumor grade, or lymph node involvement and patient age (P = 0.258, P = 0.256, and P = 0.519, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Elderly patients with Stage II and Stage III colon carcinoma benefit from 5-FU-based adjuvant therapy without a significant increase in toxicity compared with their younger counterparts. Adjuvant chemotherapy should be presented to elderly patients with high-risk, resected colon carcinoma. The data regarding age cannot be generalized to patients age > 75 years. Cancer 2002;94:1931–8. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10430
EMDR: A Putative Neurobiological Mechanism of Action

˜Numerous studies have provided evidence for the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR) in the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), including recent studies showing it to be more efficient than therapist-directed flooding. But few theoretical explanations of how EMDR might work have been offered. Shapiro, in her original description of EMDR, proposed that its directed eye movements mimic the saccades of rapid eye movement sleep (REM), but provided no clear explanation of how such mimicry might lead to clinical improvement. We now revisit her original proposal and present a complete model for how EMDR could lead to specific improvement in PTSD and related conditions. We propose that the repetitive redirecting of attention in EMDR induces a neurobiological state, similar to that of REM sleep, which is optimally configured to support the cortical integration of traumatic memories into general semantic networks. We suggest that this integration can then lead to a reduction in the strength of hippocampally mediated episodic memories of the traumatic event as well as the memories’ associated, amygdala-dependent, negative affect. Experimental data in support of this model are reviewed and possible tests of the model are suggested. © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Clin Psychol 58: 61‐75, 2002.
Hypoxic changes in brain hexokinase distribution: phylogenetic and developmental considerations

Abstract 1. 1. The effect of hypoxia on the distribution of brain hexokinase activity between mitochondria and cytoplasm was investigated in rats and turtles. 2. 2. In adult rats hypoxia was associated with an increase in cytoplasmic, and a decrease in mitochondrial, hexokinase activity, and the effect was reversed during recovery in air. There was no such hypoxic redistribution of enzme activity in the brains of immature rats or adult turtles. 3. 3. Respiratory acidosis produced a redistribution of hexokinase in the brain of adult rats similar to that observed in hypoxia. This suggests that the hypoxic redistribution may be related to the associated increase in intracellular acidity.
Engineering folate-drug conjugates to target cancer: from chemistry to clinic.

The folate receptor (FR) is a potentially useful biological target for the management of many human cancers. This membrane protein binds extracellular folates with very high affinity and, through an endocytic process, physically delivers them inside the cell for biological consumption. There are now many examples of how this physiological system can be exploited for the targeted delivery of biologically active molecules to cancer. In fact, strong preclinical as well as emerging clinical evidence exists showing how FR-positive cancers can be (i) anatomically identified using folate conjugates of radiodiagnostic imaging agents and (ii) effectively treated with companion folate-targeted chemotherapies. While the biological results are compelling, it is of equal importance to understand the conjugation chemistries that were developed to produce these active molecules. Therefore, this review will focus on the methods utilized to construct folate-based small-molecule drug conjugates (SMDCs), with particular att...
Physical Programming for Computational Control

A new approach to design optimization, physical programming, has recently been developed. Physical programming allows the designer to express design preferences explicitly for each design metric of interest, e.g., settling time or control effort, in a flexible and physically meaningful manner. This flexibility allows the designer to introduce a quantitative degree of desirability into the problem formulation by using the categories highly desirable, desirable, tolerable, undesirable, highly undesirable, and unacceptable and by defining numerical ranges that fit in these categories for each design metric. In this study we demonstrate the use of physical programming for controller synthesis by solving a benchmark control problem. We implement a physical-programming-based problem solution, where a preference function is developed for each design metric. These metrics include nominal and worst-case settling time, nominal and worst-case control effort, worst-case noise amplification, and robust stability. We design controllers of three different orders and compare these against published controller solutions of the same order for the benchmark problem. Physical programming control synthesis methods are used to design high-performing and robust controllers with remarkable ease, and the controllers compare quite favorably with published solutions.
The patient pain experience: an innovative student curriculum

Student attachments to community primary careclinics allowed them to identify ethical issues in realclinical scenarios. This helped students to achieve adeeper understanding of the principles of medicalethics. Further discussion and reﬂection through casewrite-up induced a deeper cognitive understanding inclinical practice. This exercise appears to cultivate avalue system in medical students and should continuethroughout their medical education.
Variational layered dynamic textures

The layered dynamic texture (LDT) is a generative model, which represents video as a collection of stochastic layers of different appearance and dynamics. Each layer is modeled as a temporal texture sampled from a different linear dynamical system, with regions of the video assigned to a layer using a Markov random field. Model parameters are learned from training video using the EM algorithm. However, exact inference for the E-step is intractable. In this paper, we propose a variational approximation for the LDT that enables efficient learning of the model. We also propose a temporally-switching LDT (TS-LDT), which allows the layer shape to change over time, along with the associated EM algorithm and variational approximation. The ability of the LDT to segment video into layers of coherent appearance and dynamics is also extensively evaluated, on both synthetic and natural video. These experiments show that the model possesses an ability to group regions of globally homogeneous, but locally heterogeneous, stochastic dynamics currently unparalleled in the literature.
QUAST: quality assessment tool for genome assemblies

Summary: Limitations of genome sequencing techniques have led to dozens of assembly algorithms, none of which is perfect. A number of methods for comparing assemblers have been developed, but none is yet a recognized benchmark. Further, most existing methods for comparing assemblies are only applicable to new assemblies of finished genomes; the problem of evaluating assemblies of previously unsequenced species has not been adequately considered. Here, we present QUAST—a quality assessment tool for evaluating and comparing genome assemblies. This tool improves on leading assembly comparison software with new ideas and quality metrics. QUAST can evaluate assemblies both with a reference genome, as well as without a reference. QUAST produces many reports, summary tables and plots to help scientists in their research and in their publications. In this study, we used QUAST to compare several genome assemblers on three datasets. QUAST tables and plots for all of them are available in the Supplementary Material, and interactive versions of these reports are on the QUAST website.
Simulink Based Real-Time Laboratory Course Development

This paper describes Simulink based laboratory courses on discrete-time signals and systems, digital signal processing, and analog/digital communications. Sample experiments on modulator/demodulator design are briefly discussed.
PIV Measurements of Flow in a Centrifugal Blood Pump: Steady Flow

Magnetically suspended left ventricular assist devices have only one moving part, the impeller. The impeller has absolutely no contact with any of the fixed parts, thus greatly reducing the regions of stagnant or high shear stress that surround a mechanical or fluid bearing. Measurements of the mean flow patterns as well as viscous and turbulent stresses were made in a shaft-driven prototype of a magnetically suspended centrifugal blood pump at several constant flow rates (3-9 L/min) using particle image velocimetry (PIV). The chosen range of flow rates is representative of the range over which the pump may operate while implanted. Measurements on a three-dimensional measurement grid within several regions of the pump, including the inlet, blade passage, exit volute, and diffuser are reported. The measurements are used to identify regions of potential blood damage due to high shear stress and/or stagnation of the blood, both of which have been associated with blood damage within artificial heart valves and diaphragm-type pumps. Levels of turbulence intensity and Reynolds stresses that are comparable to those in artificial heart valves are reported. At the design flow rate (6 L/min), the flow is generally well behaved (no recirculation or stagnant flow) and stress levels are below levels that would be expected to contribute to hemolysis or thrombosis. The flow at both high (9 L/min) and low (3 L/min) flow rates introduces anomalies into the flow, such as recirculation, stagnation, and high stress regions. Levels of viscous and Reynolds shear stresses everywhere within the pump are below reported threshold values for damage to red cells over the entire range of flow rates investigated; however, at both high and low flow rate conditions, the flow field may promote activation of the clotting cascade due to regions of elevated shear stress adjacent to separated or stagnant flow.
How different are the adult children of parents who have same-sex relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study

The New Family Structures Study (NFSS) is a social-science data-collection project that fielded a survey to a large, random sample of American young adults (ages 18–39) who were raised in different types of family arrangements. In this debut article of the NFSS, I compare how the young-adult children of a parent who has had a same-sex romantic relationship fare on 40 different social, emotional, and relational outcome variables when compared with six other family-of-origin types. The results reveal numerous, consistent differences, especially between the children of women who have had a lesbian relationship and those with still-married (heterosexual) biological parents. The results are typically robust in multivariate contexts as well, suggesting far greater diversity in lesbian-parent household experiences than convenience-sample studies of lesbian families have revealed. The NFSS proves to be an illuminating, versatile dataset that can assist family scholars in understanding the long reach of family structure and transitions.
Logic extraction based on normalized netlengths

We present a cost function which can be used to minimize the routing contribution of a circuit during logic synthesis. Instead of estimating the absolute routing cost of a net, this function captures the relative routing costs of nets based on the number of terminals on the nets. Unlike the routing cost functions proposed earlier, the proposed cost function does not require layout-parameters or any tuning of the variables to achieve acceptable estimation of the routing cost. The usefulness of the proposed routing cost is verified by minimizing it during the process of logic extraction in logic synthesis, leading to an average of 10% improvement in the routing area and 8% improvement in the chip area at no performance loss.
Virtually eliminating router bugs

Software bugs in routers lead to network outages, security vulnerabilities, and other unexpected behavior. Rather than simply crashing the router, bugs can violate protocol semantics, rendering traditional failure detection and recovery techniques ineffective. Handling router bugs is an increasingly important problem as new applications demand higher availability, and networks become better at dealing with traditional failures. In this paper, we tailor software and data diversity (SDD) to the unique properties of routing protocols, so as to avoid buggy behavior at run time. Our bug-tolerant router executes multiple diverse instances of routing software, and uses voting to determine the output to publish to the forwarding table, or to advertise to neighbors. We design and implement a router hypervisor that makes this parallelism transparent to other routers, handles fault detection and booting of new router instances, and performs voting in the presence of routing-protocol dynamics, without needing to modify software of the diverse instances. Experiments with BGP message traces and open-source software running on our Linux-based router hypervisor demonstrate that our solution scales to large networks and efficiently masks buggy behavior.
Assessing Performance and Competition Among Three Laricobius (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) Species, Predators of Hemlock Woolly Adelgid, Adelges tsugae (Hemiptera: Adelgidae)

Predation, egg production, and survivorship of Laricobius nigrinus Fender, L. rubidus LeConte, and L. osakensis Montgomery and Shiyaki, predators of hemlock woolly adelgid, Adelges tsugae Annand, were investigated in the laboratory and in the field. In individual assays in the laboratory, L. rubidus oviposited fewer eggs than either L. nigrinus or L. osakensis. In assays containing congeneric or conspecific groups of adult Laricobius, L. osakensis preyed upon the greatest number of ovisacs. The number of ovisacs preyed upon was not different between treatments with all three species and those with only L. osakensis or L. nigrinus. Adult predators fed on few predator eggs and when they did no species preference was observed. The numbers of A. tsugae ovisacs fed upon did not differ significantly by groups of congeneric or conspecific Laricobius larvae. Laricobius adults and larvae had high survival rates throughout all experiments. In the field, L. nigrinus and L. rubidus were enclosed in sleeve cages with both high (>120 ovisacs) and low (<90 ovisacs) A. tsugae densities for 1 wk. All branches with caged beetles had significantly greater numbers of ovisacs preyed upon than branches caged without beetles. No differences in predation or egg production were found among the conspecific and congeneric groupings. Predation was uniformly greater on high prey-density branches than on low prey-density branches. Survivorship among predators did not differ significantly at either prey density. Results from both laboratory and field experiments suggest that these species are able to coexist and can be released in the same location for biological control of A. tsugae.
THE ESTROGEN-PROGESTERONE INDUCTION OF MATING RESPONSES IN THE SPAYED FEMALE RAT1

ESTROGEN and progesterone administered in the proper sequence have been found to be more effective than estrogen alone in inducing sexual receptivity in the guinea pig (i). Since this was the only species in which this action of estrogen and progesterone had been observed, it seemed desirable to ascertain if these hormones acting synergistically are not also effective in inducing heat in another species such as the rat. The rat was chosen because the occurrence of mating in 'constant estrous animals' which ordinarily do not mate, ovulate, or form corpora lutea has been reported following the injec'tion of Iuteini2;ing hormone (2, 3). The induced mating was associated with ovulation and corpus luteum formation and suggested a relationship between the appearance of the corpora lutea and mating, similar to that postulated for the guinea pig. The possibility has been investigated and data, which indi' cate that in this respect the rat is similar to the guinea pig, are given below.
Making Smart Social Judgments Takes Time: Infants' Recruitment of Goal Information When Generating Action Predictions

Previous research has shown that young infants perceive others’ actions as structured by goals. One open question is whether the recruitment of this understanding when predicting others’ actions imposes a cognitive challenge for young infants. The current study explored infants’ ability to utilize their knowledge of others’ goals to rapidly predict future behavior in complex social environments and distinguish goal-directed actions from other kinds of movements. Fifteenmonth-olds (N=40) viewed videos of an actor engaged in either a goal-directed (grasping) or an ambiguous (brushing the back of her hand) action on a Tobii eye-tracker. At test, critical elements of the scene were changed and infants’ predictive fixations were examined to determine whether they relied on goal information to anticipate the actor’s future behavior. Results revealed that infants reliably generated goal-based visual predictions for the grasping action, but not for the backof-hand behavior. Moreover, response latencies were longer for goal-based predictions than for location-based predictions, suggesting that goal-based predictions are cognitively taxing. Analyses of areas of interest indicated that heightened attention to the overall scene, as opposed to specific patterns of attention, was the critical indicator of successful judgments regarding an actor’s future goal-directed behavior. These findings shed light on the processes that support ‘‘smart’’ social behavior in infants, as it may be a challenge for young infants to use information about others’ intentions to inform rapid predictions.
(−)‐Fern‐7‐en‐3α‐ol from Sebastiania brasiliensis

This structure was determined in the Molecular Structure Laboratory of the Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA. The SMART1000 diffractometer was gratefully obtained with funds provided by NSF grant CHE9610374. This study was supported by NIH grant 5U01TW00316-10 awarded to BNT. This study was undertaken as part of the required course work for the class CHEM 517 offered by Dr J. H. Enemark at the University of Arizona. The authors thank Liliya Yatsunyk for her help in this study.
Upfront payments and exclusion in downstream markets

Although upfront payments are often observed in contracts between manufacturers and retailers, little is known about their competitive effects or the role retailers play in securing them. In this article, we consider a model in which two competing retailers make take-it-or-leave-it offers to a common manufacturer. We find that upfront payments are a feature of equilibrium contracts, and in all equilibria, only one retailer buys from the manufacturer. These findings support the claims of small manufacturers who argue that they are often unable to obtain widespread distribution for their products because of upfront payments. Copyright Â© 2007, RAND.
Convective mass transfer in the presence of polarizing fields: Dispersion in hollow fiber electropolarization chromatography

An effective means is developed for describing two-dimensional convective dispersion in the presence of polarizing fields. Explicit results are given for planar fields applied across Poiseuille flows, and these are used to characterize hollow fiber electropolarization chromatography (EPC).
Soybean Seed Phenol, Lignin, and Isoflavones Partitioning as Affected by Seed Node Position and Genotype Differences

Factors controlling the production and partitioning of seed phenolics within soybean are not understood. Understanding these factors may justify selection for higher levels of seed phenolics because of their beneficial impact on human health and soybean defense mechanism against diseases. The objective of this research was to investigate the partitioning of seed phenolics (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones) along the main stem of soybean genotypes. A repeated green- house experiment was conducted on different soybean genotypes of different maturity and different stem archi-tecture (determinate and indeterminate). Genotypes were DT 97-4290, maturity group (MG) IV; Stressland, MG IV; Hutcheson, MG V; and Tracy-M, MG VI. Seed were harvested from top and bottom nodes at seed-fill stage (R6) and harvest ma- turity stage (R8). At R6, seed phenolic compounds (phenol, lignin, and isoflavones daidzein, genistein, and glycitein) were greater in the bottom seed than the top seed. This trend was observed in DT 97-4290, Tracy-M, and Hutcheson, but not in Stressland. Also, this trend was more obvious with daidzein and genistein isoflavones than glycitein. The maximum phenolic compounds were recorded at R8. The higher phenolic compounds concentration in bottom seed than in top seed was accompanied by higher cell wall boron (B) percentage and lower total B in bottom seed. The current research demonstrated that phenolic compounds partitioned differently between the top and bottom seed nodes. This trend cannot be generalized in soybean genotypes unless enough germplasm is tested. The partitioning of higher phenolic compounds concentration along the main stem would allow for single seed selection in the breeding program for higher levels of phenolic compounds and for accurate measurements of seed phenolics in breeding lines. The associa- tion of B trend with phenolic compound trend may suggest B involvement in phenolic metabolism, and support the structural role of B. Breeding for higher levels of phenolics, especially isoflavones, would benefit human health, pro- vide higher nutritional value of soy meal, and increase plant disease resistance.
Genetic and Cell Biological Characterization of the Vaccinia Virus A30 and G7 Phosphoproteins

The vaccinia virus proteins A30 and G7 are known to play essential roles in early morphogenesis, acting prior to the formation of immature virions. Their repression or inactivation results in the accumulation of large virosomes, detached membrane crescents, and empty immature virions. We have undertaken further study of these proteins to place them within the context of the F10 kinase, the A14 membrane protein, and the H5 phosphoprotein, which have been the focus of previous studies within our laboratory. Here we confirm that both A30 and G7 undergo F10 kinase-dependent phosphorylation in vivo and recapitulate that modification of A30 in vitro. Although the detached crescents observed upon loss of A30 or G7 echo those seen upon repression of A14, no interaction between A30/G7 and A14 could be detected. We did, however, determine that the A30 and G7 proteins are unstable during nonpermissive tsH5 infections, suggesting that the loss of A30/G7 is the underlying cause for the formation of lacy or curdled virosomes. We also determined that the temperature-sensitive phenotype of the Cts11 virus is due to mutations in two codons of the G7L gene. Phenotypic analysis of nonpermissive Cts11 infections indicated that these amino acid substitutions compromise G7 function without impairing the stability of either G7 or A30. Utilizing Cts11 in conjunction with a rifampin release assay, we determined that G7 acts at multiple stages of virion morphogenesis that can be distinguished both by ultrastructural analysis and by monitoring the phosphorylation status of several viral proteins that undergo F10-mediated phosphorylation.
Student Evaluations Of Online Classes Versus On-Campus Classes

Some schools have reported that student evaluations of teaching for online/Internet classes are significantly lower that the evaluations given for traditional/on-campus classes. While many institutions appear to use the same (or similar) rating forms for online and on-campus classes, some people question the validity of using forms designed for on-campus classes to evaluate online classes. The authors of this paper contend that the same general characteristics of effective teaching apply equally to online and on-campus courses. However, students in online classes interpret these factors differently when evaluating the instructor (e.g., the relative importance of the instructor's oral versus written communication skills is different in online versus on-campus courses). Specifically, this paper identifies ten factors that are frequently measured by student evaluation forms: (1) Knowledge of the Subject, (2) Communication Skills/Ability, (3) Enthusiasm for the Subject, (4) Encouragement of Student Participation, (5) Rapport with Students, (6) Fairness in Grading, (7) Timeliness in Providing Feedback, (8) Organization of Class, (9) Adequacy of Textbook and Other Learning Materials, and (10) Instructor's Preparation for Class. The paper then discusses the differences between how online and on-campus students may interpret these factors when completing student evaluations. The paper concludes with suggestions for improving student evaluations of online classes.