cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cosmic ray isotope resolution obtained using a new Cherenkov-total energy -dE/dx telescope

In the summer of 1972 we flew a new large area cosmic ray telescope on a balloon at Ft. Churchill. This telescope was designed to study the isotopic composition of Z > 2 nuclei using a new technique employing a combination of Cherenkov and total energy counters (C × E), as well as simultaneous measurements using a more conventional dE/dx × E technique. The theoretical response of the various telescope elements, and the mass resolution using both the dE/dx × E and C × E techniques are discussed. Mass resolutions ranging from 0.2 amu for He nuclei, 0.35 amu for C nuclei, and increasing to ≃1.5 amu for Fe nuclei are obtained for the energy range 100–600 MeV/nucl. using the dE/dx × E technique. The C × E technique may only be used for nuclei with Z ≥ 10, over limited energy ranges between 300 and 700 MeV/nucl., however, the mass resolution using this technique is considerably superior. The C × E technique achieves mass resolutions ≲ 0.4 amu for Si nuclei increasing to ≈0.8 amu for Fe nuclei. The mass resolution using this latter approach shows considerable scope for improvement and mass resolutions < 0.4 amu for Fe and lighter nuclei are easily within reach of present technology. Several possible future developments to extend the energy range of applicability and improve still further the mass resolution obtainable using this technique are discussed. This includes systems employing several Cherenkov counters, and multi-dimensional mass analysis techniques employing combinations of C × E and dE/dx × E systems.
Linear Energy Transfer estimates for the CRaTER instrument on LRO

To prepare for a safe return of humans to the Moon, proper studies of the lunar radiation environment and its potential hazards to astronauts are necessary. In June 2009, NASA launched a robotic mission, the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) mission to find potential safe landing sites, locate potential resources for in situ use, and characterize the lunar radiation environment. The last objective is to be carried out with the Cosmic Ray Telescope for the Effects of Radiation (CRaTER) instrument onboard LRO, which will directly measure the Linear Energy Transfer spectrum. Of particular interests are heavy charged particles, which are a major radiation risk component of the galactic cosmic ray spectrum and can penetrate deeply into materials depositing energy and fragmenting and/or fragmenting the target atoms that they impinge upon. In this work, the radiation transport code HETC-HEDS (High Energy Transport Code - Human Exploration and Development in Space) is used to investigate the LET distributions in tissue-equivalent material of a variety of Galactic Cosmic Ray ions and their secondary particles that are expected to be seen by the CRaTER instrument during the LRO mission.1 2
Quasi-linear theory calculation of ion tails and neutron rates during lower hybrid heating in Alcator-A

The steady-state fast ion distribution function and the resulting neutron rate are calculated for the conditions of the Alcator-A lower hybrid heating experiment from quasi-linear theory. First, ion orbit losses are ignored and the steady-state ion distribution function is calculated. It is found that in this case the experimental neutron rates and neutron rate decay times are consistent with only a small fraction of the incident radio-frequency (RF) power being absorbed in the plasma centre. This absorbed power is centred in the regime 3.5 < n|| < 4.5. A Monte-Carlo ion simulation technique incorporating ripple orbit losses is then presented which calculates the steady-state ion distribution function in the presence of the RF. The results of this simulation require approximately 50% of the incident RF power to be dissipated in the plasma core in order to obtain agreement with the experimental results. Most of this RF power is lost to ripple-trapped ions. These calculations demonstrate the importance of orbit losses in determining lower hybrid heating efficiencies and additionally provide a technique for calculating them.
Long-term osseous and soft tissue changes after large chin advancements

Summary When a large chin advancement is performed and a broad musculo-periosteal pedicle is preserved, excessive stretching of the suprahyoid musculature may occur, leading to instability or resorption of the advanced genial segment. The present study was designed to evaluate long-term osseous and soft tissue changes after large advancement genioplasties (greater than 10 mm), achieved by horizontal osteotomy of the inferior border of the mandible, with preservation of a musculo-periosteal pedicle to the advanced genial segment. Bone remodeling and the inherent soft tissue changes were radiographically assessed in a long-term follow-up period (mean = 26.8 months), with attention to observe progressive osseous changes. Despite the observed 17% bone resorption, the enveloping soft tissues of the chin followed the bony movement in a ratio of 1:0.83. Osseous resorption was not progressive, and the soft tissue changes remained unaltered. A broad musculo-periosteal pedicle consistent with the surgical objective should remain attached to the advanced genial segment to minimize osseous resorption and achieve more predictable soft tissue changes. We emphasize the need for a longer follow-up period (25–30 years) to determine the effect of the stabilization devices and osseous remodeling, specially in younger patients.
Thermal acclimation and metabolic rates in the dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus

1. 1. Oxygen consumption determinations were made at 5, 10, 15 and 20°C on Desmognathus fuscus salamanders acclimated at these temperatures. 2. 2. Partial acclimation in the 10, 15 and 20°C acclimation groups correlates with the salamander's relatively constant activity in the field during seasonal temperature variations from 10 to 20°C. 3. 3. All groups showed low metabolic sensitivity to temperatures in the 5–15°C range. 4. 4. Undercompensation in the 5°C acclimation group suggests there is a metabolic repression associated with the salamander's winter torpor.
Beyond the Region The Rise and Fall of Economic Regionalism in Downriver Detroit

Does economic restructuring provide opportunities for remaking old industrial centers into regional industrial systems? Such regions possess institutions that allow firms and support organizations to adjust to market shifts. The case of Detroit's Downriver suburbs is used to explore this question in a metropolitan setting. Downriver regionalism supported several market interventions, showing that restructuring can create opportunities for economic regionalism. However, regionalism did not produce industrial adjustment mechanisms and eventually succumbed to interlocal competition for investment. The author concludes that prospects for regional systems are diminished by metropolitan fragmentation and national policies promoting capital mobility as the primary mechanism for economic adjustment.
The effect of some macronutrients on adventitious root development on scion apple cultivars in vitro

The influence of some macronutrients, especially NH4NO3 and KNO3, on root development of microcuttings from 3 apple scion cultivars is discussed. A reduction of the level of NH4NO3 in the medium from full strength to 1/4 strength significantly increased the percentage rooting of ‘Gala’ and ‘Royal Gala’, but not ‘Jonagold’. Further reduction of NH4NO3 level from 1/4 strength to zero significantly reduced the percentage of rooting in ‘Gala’ but not ‘Royal Gala’. ‘Jonagold’ rooted best at zero concentration NH4NO3. Without NH4NO3, rooting percentages were as high as 100% for all 3 cultivars when KNO3 was provided at full strength. The results show that adventitious roots can be induced on apple scion cultivars by media manipulation.
Alternative Credentialing: Lessons fromVocational Education

Alternative credentialing of teachers has been practiced for decades in vocational education even though research suggests that teachers receiving non- traditional certificates do not perform as well as traditionally prepared teachers. The authors argue that as policymakers consider alternative credentialing prac tices that will allow persons with backgrounds in other disciplines (e.g., math and science) to teach, they should carefully analyze the successes and failures of alternative credentialing procedures in vocational education.
Tubularized incised plate urethroplasty: 5 years' experience.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the results of tubularized incised plate (TIP) urethroplasty in a series of primary hypospadias repairs. Patients and Method: The medical records of 360 children (Mean age: 4.3 years, range: 2–14 years) with primary hypospadias undergoing TIP urethroplasty repair and treatment of complications were reviewed. A good result is a direct urinary steam through a slit and vertically oriented meatus and mild angled urinary stream through a slightly regressed meatus is a satisfactory result. Results: The sum of good (74%) and satisfactory results (3%) was the overall success rate (77%) which was increased to 95% after a second surgical procedure for the treatment of complications. In 30 patients with single fistula (8%), fistula healed spontaneously in 2 patients and 20 patients had successful fistula closure. Redo TIP urethroplasty ( n = 30) was performed for dehiscence ( n = 15, 3%), neourethral stricture ( n = 3, 1%) and multiple fistula with meatal stenosis ( n = 12, 3%). The complication rate after redo TIP urethroplasty is 30%. Twenty-four (7%) patients underwent meatoplasty for meatal stenosis. Conclusion: TIP urethroplasty can be used to repair primary hypospadias. After a learning curve and attention to surgical details, cosmetic and functional outcome become excellent. Redo TIP urethroplasty can be performed in the treatment of complications.
Performance Studies of Superconducting Dipoles for the Fermilab Energy Doubler

The Energy Doubler magnet development and testing program was initiated in September 1972 and has thus far proceeded through three phases. In the first phase, several wire winding geometries and the ability to reproduce magnet field properties in a pair of dipoles were explored. This phase closed with construction and operation of a 20 foot dipole magnet. When the 20 foot magnet did not perform to expectations phase 2, a program of 2.5 foot prototype construction, was initiated. Twelve 21/2 foot magnets were tested to evaluate problems of excessive training and failure to go to short sample. Sufficient infoimation was gained about mechanical structure, wire properties and coil cooling from these studies to cause an extensive redesign of the basic Energy Doubler dipole magnet. Construction of the first magnet of new design, Cl - 2.5, in October of 1974 marked the initiation of phase 3 of our program. Three magnets have now been completed: Cl - 2.5, a 21/2 foot magnet, has gone to 40 kG mounted in a horizontal cryostat with warm iron. C2 - 2.5 has been used to explore some special concepts of coil confinement, and C2 - 10 has been tested by a 12,000 cycle test and excitation to 25 kG without iron as a demonstration of a magnet that would allow operation of the Doubler from 100 to 500 GeV in the "Energy Saver" mode.
The comparative long-term effects of ciladopa (AY-27,110), a chemically novel dopaminergic agonist, in 6-OHDA-lesioned and intact rats.

The effect of the chemically novel dopaminergic agonist, ciladopa (AY-27,110) was studied on rotational behavior in unilaterally 6-OHDA-lesioned rats and on stereotyped behavior in normal animals during and after chronic treatment. Ciladopa, at a 1.25 mg/kg SC daily dose, was administered for 4 and 6 weeks to the lesioned and normal animals, respectively. This dose was threshold for turning but subthreshold with respect to stereotypy. Both behaviors were evaluated weekly during chronic treatment and biweckly for 11 weeks after its discontinuation in response to doses previously shown to elicit turning and stereotypy. The chronic administration of ciladopa enhanced rotational behavior considerably more and with an earlier onset than stereotypy, although the duration of behavioral supersensitivity after cessation of treatment was the same. These results indicate that behaviors mediated by supersensitive or intact dopamine receptors are differently affected by chronic dopamine agonist treatment. The results are discussed in relation to their potential therapeutic implications and current concepts of agonist-induced supersensitivity.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE ARMADILLO REPEAT REGION OF BETA -CATENIN

Beta-catenin is essential for cadherin-based cell adhesion and Wnt/Wingless growth factor signaling. In these roles, it binds to cadherins, Tcf-family transcription factors, and the tumor suppressor gene product Adenomatous Polyposis Coli (APC). A core region of beta-catenin, composed of 12 copies of a 42 amino acid sequence motif known as an armadillo repeat, mediates these interactions. The three-dimensional structure of a protease-resistant fragment of beta-catenin containing the armadillo repeat region has been determined. The 12 repeats form a superhelix of helices that features a long, positively charged groove. Although unrelated in sequence, the beta-catenin binding regions of cadherins, Tcfs, and APC are acidic and are proposed to interact with this groove.
Analysis of tissues for metallic content.

REFERENCE was made in a previous letter1 to the occurrence of nickel and cobalt in a number of plant and animal tissues and in some New Zealand soils, and also to the vital part cobalt has been found by workers in Australia to play in the lives of sheep. The location and function of cobalt in sheep were not known, and efforts have been directed to discover in which tissues of the sheep cobalt is normally present.
Arming Treg Cells at the Inflammatory Site

In this issue of Immunity, Zhang et al. (2009) propose that Treg cells, in order to efficiently control alloimmune response, need to be educated first in the target tissue before entering the draining lymph node.
Laminar Alterations in γ-Aminobutyric AcidA, Muscarinic, and β Adrenoceptors and Neuron Degeneration in Cingulate Cortex in Alzheimer's Disease

The laminar distribution of binding to a number of postsynaptic neurotransmitter receptors was assessed autoradiographically in postmortem samples of area 23a in posterior cingulate cortex from 13 Alzheimer and nine age-matched control cases. Specific binding in all Alzheimer cases was compared to that in control cases, and the following alterations were observed: reduced muscimol binding in most layers; no changes in pirenzepine binding; and elevated cyanopindolol binding in layers Ic, IIIc, and IV. The Alzheimer cases were classified further on the basis of neuronal degeneration: class 1, no neuron loss; class 2, greatest losses in layer II or III; class 3, greatest losses in layer IV; and class 4, greatest losses in layer V or VI. This classification uncovered further alterations in ligand binding patterns. First, muscimol binding was reduced in layers II and III only in class 2 cases and in layers V and VI only in class 4 cases. Second, pirenzepine binding was reduced in layers Ic, IIIa-b, and VI of class 1 cases and layers Va and VI of class 4 cases. In spite of neuron degeneration in classes 2 and 3, there was no change in pirenzepine binding in these classes. Third, elevated cyanopindolol binding occurred in classes 3 and 4, whereas classes 1 and 2 had normal levels of binding. These results suggest that cases of Alzheimer's disease express heterogeneities in neocortical pathology which are reflected in the laminar patterns of binding to postsynaptic receptors. Reductions in muscimol binding to the gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor had the closest relationship with neuron degeneration, whereas pirenzepine binding appeared to reflect a compensation in muscarinic receptors for changes in neuron densities.
Immunosuppression by conditioned media derived from a cloned choriocarcinoma cell line in serum-supplemented and defined media.

PROBLEM: Immunosuppressive factor(s) of trophoblast origin may contribute to the immunological privilege afforded the fetal allograft. Characterization of these immunoregulators in humans has been impeded by a lack of sufficient quantities of early gestational trophoblast for experimentation. METHOD: In this study, a cloned choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWo) was evaluated as an experimental model of trophohlast-derived immunoregulation. BeWo cells were cultured in both serum-supplemented (15% fetal bovine serum; FCS-CM) and serum-free (10% hovine serum albumin, BSA-CM; 0.01% gelatin, Gel-CM) media. Immunosuppressive activity was determined through the use of interleukin-2-dependent (CTLL-2) and independent (LBRM) cell lines. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were determined by an immunoradiometric assay, and cellular morphology was assessed by light microscopy. RESULTS: In the serum-supplemented cultures, a portion of cells underwent transformation from single nucleated cytotrophohlast to multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast during days 1 to 5 of culture and was accompanied by a rise in hCG. Serum-free cultures were characterized as islands of cytotrophohlast and did not exhibit differentiation. FCS-CM suppressed CTLL-2 and LBRM proliferation with estimated EC 50 values of 415 and 280 μg protein/mL, respectively. Gel-CM suppressed CTLL-2 and LBRM proliferation with EC 50 values of 12 and 7 Cg protein/mL, respectively. BSA-CM suppressed CTLL-2 proliferation with an EC 50 of 132 μg protein/mL, but failed to suppress LBRM proliferation below 50% of control. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the BeWo cell line is a promising modelfor the study of trophoblast-derived suppressive factors and that these factors can he generated in serum-free medium
Biostratigraphic gap analysis

Frequency distributions of biostratigraphic gaps are generated for eight fossil species. The distributions help estimate confidence intervals for biozonation boundaries by providing information on the size of the gap one may reasonably expect between the lowest and highest visible fossil occurrences, seen in cross section, and the actual lowest and highest individuals, unseen within the rock, which occur beyond them. The gaps often follow a random (Poisson or near-Poisson) distribution, except for a few gaps that occur outside the distribution. These latter seem to indicate periods of abnormal increase in the rate of sedimentation and/or decrease in faunal abundance.
Outcomes after minimally invasive reoperation for gastroesophageal reflux disease

Abstract Background . Reoperative antireflux surgery is complex and traditionally performed by open methods. Increasingly, surgeons are performing minimally invasive reoperations. This report summarizes our experience with laparoscopic reoperative antireflux surgery (LRAS). Methods . A retrospective review (1996 to 2001) identified 80 LRAS cases. Median age was 49 (22 to 80) years with 52 females and 28 males. Primary symptoms included heartburn (53%), regurgitation (22%), and dysphagia (25%). Detailed outcomes recorded at follow-up included heartburn severity using the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-Health Related Quality of Life scale (HRQOL) and SF36 physical (PCS) and mental (MCS) component summary scores. Results . LRAS was completed in 97.5% of cases (two conversions). The most common problems identified were mediastinal migration of the wrap in 48 (60%) and misplaced wrap in 11 (13.8%). LRAS operations included Collis-Nissen (42), Nissen (26), Toupet (six), and six others. Pyloroplasty was required in nine (11%). Complications occurred in 16 patients. These included nine minor gastric perforations (all repaired intraoperatively) and two reoperations for complications (1 patient with a bile leak and the second with a pyloroplasty site leak). Median length of stay was 2.5 days. Median follow-up was 18 (1 to 52) months; 18 (23%) required proton-pump inhibitors. Detailed outcomes were available in 50 patients. Mean PCS and MCS scores were 42 and 47, respectively (normals = 50). HRQOL scores were excellent in 35 (65%), satisfactory in 9 (17%), and poor in 10 (18%). Ten patients (18%) reported that they were dissatisfied. Conclusions . LRAS can be performed safely with complication and success rates similar to open operations in a center with extensive laparoscopic experience.
Detecting errors in a scoring program: a method of double diagnosis using a computer-generated sample

This paper discusses a new method for locating errors in diagnostic computer scoring programs for structured clinical interviews. It was proposed as a test of the accuracy of the scoring program for the Composite International Diagnostic Interview, version 1.1. The proposal was to create an independent scoring program in a different computer language but serving the same criteria. Both programs were then applied to the same large set of valid (i.e., logically consistent) computer-generated test cases, and differences in diagnostic assignments reviewed. The method described can identify the program steps that account for the sources of the errors. Corrections can be made and the programs run again on new sets of test cases until discrepancy-free results are achieved. While this method cannot discover errors that are repeated in the two programs, it does discover more of the errors in a scoring program than we have previously been able to identify. This technique provides a systematic and rigorous approach to assuring the accuracy of scoring programs based on established algorithms.
A combinatorial proof of the Dense Hindman's Theorem

The Dense Hindman's Theorem states that, in any finite coloring of the natural numbers, one may find a single color and a ''dense'' set B"1, for each b"[email protected]?B"1 a ''dense'' set B"2^b^"^1 (depending on b"1), for each b"[email protected]?B"2^b^"^1 a ''dense'' set B"3^b^"^1^,^b^"^2 (depending on b"1,b"2), and so on, such that for any such sequence of b"i, all finite sums belong to the chosen color. (Here density is often taken to be ''piecewise syndetic'', but the proof is unchanged for any notion of density satisfying certain properties.) This theorem is an example of a combinatorial statement for which the only known proof requires the use of ultrafilters or a similar infinitary formalism. Here we give a direct combinatorial proof of the theorem.
Etiology of unilateral neural hearing loss in children

Summary Objective Unilateral sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) can be caused by a variety of lesions of the inner ear and central nervous system. An inner hair cell or neural site of pathology must be suspected when otoacoustic emissions (OAEs) are present, and inconsistent with audiologic data. We reviewed unilateral neural hearing loss (UNHL) in children, to better understand its etiology, clinical and audiologic features. Design Retrospective series. Setting Tertiary pediatric center. Methods From a database of 480 children with unilateral SNHL, 148 had OAE data. Patients with a neural pattern (present OAEs in the affected ear) were reviewed. Outcome measures Clinical course, audiologic data, imaging findings. Results Of 148 patients with OAE data, 11 (7.4%) had the unilateral neural phenotype. Most had stable, severe-to-profound loss in the affected ear. MRI determined an etiology in all 10 patients who received it. Absent cochlear nerves were remarkably common, being found in eight patients (73%). Tumors, previously unsuspected, were identified in the other two patients who received MRI. Conclusions Cochlear nerve aplasia appears by far the most common cause of UNHL in children. As in adults, mass lesions must also be considered in children with unilateral SNHL with a neural pattern. As both lesions elude diagnosis on CT, MRI is the better modality for evaluating this condition.
Creating high-stability high-precision bipolar trim power supply

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF) is founded by the US Department of Energy (DOE) office of science for the technology advancement and physics research in electron beam accelerator. This facility has the state of the art technology to carry out world-class cutting-edge experiments for the nucleus composition and atomic characteristics identification and exploration for the nature of the matter in the universe. A continuous wave electron beam is featured for such experiments, thus precise and stable trim power supply is required to meet such purpose. This paper demonstrates the challenges and solutions to design, assemble, fabrication and test such high-precision high-stability power supplies. This paper presents the novel design and first article test of the ±20A ±75V bipolar, 100ppm stability level current-regulated high-power trim power supplies for the beam manipulation. This special design can provide valuable documentation and reference values for future designs and special applications in particle accelerator power supply creation.
The Effect of Hospital Ownership Choice on Patient Outcomes After Treatment for Acute Myocardial Infarction

I examine the effect of ownership choice on patient outcomes after the treatment for acute myocardial infarction. I find that for-profit and government hospitals have higher incidence of adverse outcomes than not-for-profit hospitals by 3-4 percent. In addition, the incidence of adverse outcomes increases by 7-9 percent after a not-for-profit hospital converts to for-profit ownership, but there is little change in patient outcomes in other forms of ownership conversion. The findings are robust, whether I use the entire sample or subsamples of hospitals that share similar hospital and market characteristics. (Journal of Health Economics 2002 September; 21(5): 901-922).
The Multicenter Acellular Pertussis Trial: An Overview

A multicenter, randomized, double-blind study was undertaken in 2342 infants to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of 13 acellular and 2 whole cell pertussis vaccines combined with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids. Vaccines were administered to infants at 2, 4, and 6 months of age. Sera were obtained before the first vaccination (age 2 months) and 1 month after the third vaccination (age 7 months). All of the acellular vaccines produced significant increases in antibody for included antigens ; mean antibody levels often exceeded those obtained with the reference whole cell vaccine. The vaccines were well-tolerated. All acellular vaccines were associated with significantly fewer adverse reactions than the control whole cell vaccine.
Tutorial Series 11 LSI/VLSI Building Blocks

More circuits will continue to be placed on smaller chips, resulting in modular building blocks with better performance, more functionality, higher yields, and lower costs.
Capital mobility, foreign aid, and openness: further panel data evidence from sub-Saharan Africa

This study uses several alternative panel data estimation techniques (pooled ordinary least squares, fixed effects, and random effects) to examine the effect of domestic savings, foreign aid, the evolution of capital mobility over time, and openness on investment rates for a sample of 29 sub-Saharan African countries over the time period 1980 to 2001. The empirical evidence suggests the presence of capital mobility in line with previous studies of developing economies and that capital mobility has gradually increased over time. Moreover, foreign aid and openness both have positive and significant impacts on investment rates.
On the monotonicity of the power functions of tests based on traces of multivariate beta matrices

Abstract It is shown that for the MANOVA problem the power function of the test based on the trace of a multivariate beta matrix is monotonically increasing in each noncentrality parameter provided that the cutoff point is not too large. This result is also true for the problem of testing independence of two sets of variates.
Pesticides and honey bees: nectar and pollen contamination in alfalfa treated with dimethoate.

Medicago sativa L. (Leguminosae) sprayed withO,O-dimethylS-(N-methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate (dimethoate) had only 0.5 ppm of dimethoate in pollen one day later, but 3 ppm in nectar one week later, and 1 ppm in nectar two weeks later. As little as 1 ppm added to syrup fed to caged workers ofApis mellifera L. (Apidae) inhibited cholinesterase and reduced survival. Bees given a choice between treated and untreated syrups showed no preference; this suggests that the levels of dimethoate found in nectar are toxic and not repellent.
Shunting of blood from the renal portal to the hepatic portal circulation of chickens

Abstract 1. 1. The fact that blood flow in the coccygeomesenteric (COCM) vein is higher than in the mesenteric vein suggested that some of blood in the COCM represented blood shunted from the femoral and renal portal veins. 2. 2. Blood flow in the COCM and hepatic portal vein was determined before and after ligation of renal portal, mesenteric and pancreatic veins. 3. 3. Blood flow in COCM was decreased 39.2% after ligation of renal portals and 36.2% after ligation of mesenteric and pancreatic veins, or a total of 75.4%. The remaining flow represents true COCM flow.
Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome increases pedestrian injury risk in children.

Objectives To evaluate pedestrian behavior, including reaction time, impulsivity, risk-taking, attention, and decision-making, in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) compared with healthy controls. Study design Using a case control design, 8- to 16-year-olds (n = 60) with newly diagnosed and untreated OSAS engaged in a virtual reality pedestrian environment. Sixty-one healthy children matched using a yoke-control procedure by age, race, sex, and household income served as controls. Results Children with OSAS were riskier pedestrians than healthy children of the same age, race, and sex. Children with OSAS waited less time to cross ( P Conclusions Results suggest OSAS may have significant consequences on children's daytime functioning in a critical domain of personal safety, pedestrian skills. Children with OSAS appeared to have greater impulsivity when crossing streets. Results highlight the need for heightened awareness of the consequences of untreated sleep disorders and identify a possible target for pediatric injury prevention.
Chemistry of sulfur-containing molecules on Au(111): thiophene, sulfur dioxide, and methanethiol adsorption

Abstract The interactions of three sulfur-containing molecules (C 4 H 4 S, SO 2 , CH 3 SH) with a clean Au(1 1 1) surface have been studied with a combination of thermal desorption spectroscopy (TDS) and synchrotron-based high-resolution soft X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption and reactivity of the three molecules on Au(1 1 1) are very different. Thiophene adsorbs molecularly on Au(1 1 1) at 100 K and desorbs completely below 330 K without further decomposition. In the submonolayer range, three different adsorption states for chemisorbed thiophene are identified in TDS. It is suggested that thiophene preferably adsorbs on the defect sites at the lowest exposure. After the defect sites are saturated, the change from a flat-lying geometry to a tilted adsorption configuration follows as the exposure increases. Sulfur dioxide also does not decompose on Au(1 1 1). For SO 2 adsorption at 100 K, in addition to the multilayer desorption feature (∼130 K), only one distinct monolayer peak with a tail extending to higher temperature appears in TDS. The desorption temperature difference between the SO 2 monolayer and multilayer is only 15 K, indicating a weak binding between SO 2 and Au. For methanethiol adsorption on Au(1 1 1) at 100 K, three desorption states appear in the submonolayer range for the parent thiol. All of them appear below 300 K. The only desorption products at higher temperature are methane or methyl radicals (∼540 K), and dimethyl disulfide (∼470 K). Apart from the intact methyl thiol molecule, which exists at low temperatures (⩽150 K), two inequivalent intermediate thiolates, are seen to coexist on Au(1 1 1) in the 150–400 K temperature range, with one of them existing as low as 100 K. Atomic sulfur is present on the surface from 200 to 950 K.
Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes Computational Solution for Experimentally Generated High Velocity Bore Impact on Vertical Walls

A set of computational model tests was carried out to simulate high velocity bore impact on a vertical wall. The results were compared to a series of experimental tests conducted at the O.H. Hinsdale Wave Research Laboratory, large wave flume (LWF) at Oregon State University (OSU) [1]. Experimental tests included scaled tsunami experimental bores that traveled over a flat bottom [2]. The experimental bores were generated by solitary waves propagating over a sloping beach and breaking onto a flat reef [3]. After traveling through the reef portion, the generated bore impacted a vertical wall. In the experiments the resulting forces and pressures on the wall were measured. The aim of the study was to computationally regenerate the experimental bore flow and its impact on the vertical wall. Two computational domain setups were tested: 1) a dam break [3–8,10–16] and 2) a new approach, in which constant height and velocity water inflow was defined at the inlet to the domain. The two numerical approaches were compared to the LWF experimental data [3].Copyright © 2014 by ASME
Capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry and its application to the analysis of biological mixtures

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) mass spectrometry (MS), with its ability to separate compounds present in extremely small volume samples rapidly, with high separation efficiency, and with compound identification capability based on molecular weight, is an extremely valuable analytical technique for the analysis of complex biological mixtures. The highest sensitivities and separation efficiencies are usually achieved by using narrow capillaries (5–50 µm i.d.) and by using sheathless CE-to-MS interfaces. The difficulties in CE-to-MS interfacing and the limited loadability of these narrow columns, however, have prevented CE-MS from becoming a widely used analytical technique. To remedy these limitations, several CE-MS interfacing techniques have recently been introduced. While electrospray ionization is the most commonly used ionization technique for interfacing CE-to-MS, matrix assisted laser desorption ionization has also been used, using both on-line and off-line techniques. Moreover, the high concentration detection limit of CE has been addressed by development of several sample concentration and sample focusing methods. In addition, a wide variety of techniques such as capillary zone electrophoresis, capillary isoelectric focusing, and on-column transient isotachophoresis have now been interfaced to MS. These advances have resulted in a rapid increase in the use of CE-MS in the analysis of complex biological mixtures. CE-MS has now been successfully applied to the analysis of a wide variety of compounds including amino acids, protein digests, protein mixtures, single cells, oligonucleotides, and various small molecules relevant to the pharmaceutical industry.
Transmission line theory of collective plasma excitations in periodic two-dimensional electron systems: Finite plasmonic crystals and Tamm states

We present a comprehensive theory of the one-dimensional plasmonic crystal formed in the grating-gated two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) in semiconductor heterostructures. To describe collective plasma excitations in the 2DEG, we develop a generalized transmission line theoretical formalism consistent with the plasma hydrodynamic model. We then apply this formalism to analyze the plasmonic spectra of 2DEG systems with steplike periodic changes of electron density, gate screening, or both. We show that in a periodically modulated 2DEG, a plasmonic crystal is formed, and we derive closed-form analytical expressions describing its energy band spectrum for both infinite and finite size crystals. Our results demonstrate a nonmonotonic dependence of the plasmonic band gap width on the electron density modulation. At so-called transparency points, where the plasmon propagates through the periodic 2DEG in a resonant manner, the plasmonic band gaps vanish. In semi-infinite plasmonic crystals, we demonstrate the formation of plasmonic Tamm states and analytically derive their energy dispersion and spatial localization. Finally, we present detailed numerical analysis of the plasmonic band structure of a finite four-period plasmonic crystal terminated either by an ohmic contact or by an infinite barrier on each side. We trace the evolution of the plasmonic band spectrum, including the Tamm states, with changing electron density modulation and analyze the boundary conditions necessary for formation of the Tamm states. We also analyze interaction between the Tamm states formed at the opposite edges of the short length plasmonic crystal. The validity of our theoretical approach was confirmed in experimental studies of plasmonic crystals in short, modulated plasmonic cavities [Dyer et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 109, 126803 (2012)], which demonstrated excellent quantitative agreement between theory and experiment.
Ecological theory to enhance infectious disease control and public health policy

Through the work of international public health organizations and advancements in the biological and technological sciences, substantial progress has been made in our ability to prevent, control, locally eliminate, and in one case eradicate infectious diseases. Yet each successful control or local elimination has been met with the emergence of new pathogens, the evolution of novel strains, or different epidemiological circumstances that have limited or reversed control methods. To respond to the increasing threat of emerging infectious diseases and bioterrorism it is vital that we design and implement efficient programs that prevent and control infectious pathogen transmission. The theoretical tools of ecology and epidemiology may be the cornerstone in constructing future programs aimed at preventing and controlling infectious diseases throughout the world.
Phonation types in production of phonological tone : the case of Green Mong

This study looks at the relative importance of phonation type in identifying tones in languages with a ‘mixed’ pitch/phonation tone system. Green Mong is a tone language with an inventory of 7 contrastive tones and a tonal system that incorporates both fundamental frequency (FO) and phonation type distinctions. The study examines 3 Green Mong tones, which have similar FO contours and are characterized by the distinctive use of breathy, creaky and modal phonation. Acoustic analyses of 3 male and 3 female speakers' productions indicate that the tones are distinguished by their FO, relative amplitude of lower and higher harmonics (H1-H2), vowel duration, vowel quality and voice onset times. Discriminant analyses, used to estimate the relative value of these different cues, indicate that H1-H2 is the best predictor of tone category membership. This is the case for both high and low vowels, although the magnitude of the H1-H2 difference is substantially smaller for high vowels. The 2 predictor variables which are next most strongly correlated with the discriminant functions also relate to phonation type. However, FO does continue to play a role in classification of tokens into tone categories.
Review: Purification of proteins by membrane chromatography

Adsorption chromatography is increasingly used for protein purification and medical applications. Synthetic membranes have advantages as support matrices in comparison to conventional bead supports because they are not compressible and they eliminate diffusion limitations. As a result, higher throughput and faster processing times are possible in membrane systems. In this paper, we review the various applications of membrane chromatography by focusing on affinity, ion exchange, hydrophobic interaction, reversed-phase and multistage chromatography. The prospects of further development of membrane chromatography are discussed. © 1998 SCI.
Extensions of the field-emission fluctuation method for the determination of surface diffusion coefficients

The use of scanning tunneling microscopy and related techniques for the determination of surface diffusion coefficients of adsorbates is discussed. Three schemes, all extensions of the field-emission current fluctuation method are presented and analyzed. The first consists of determining single site correlation functions with a STM in its more or less normal operating mode. The second consists of retracting the tip approximately one tip radius so that a circular region of high field is created on the flat surface from which field emission and diffusion-induced current fluctuations can be obtained. The third considers creation of a long narrow region of high field by placing a very fine cylindrical wire parallel to and above the plane substrate. This last scheme allows determination of diffusion anisotropy. Detailed expressions for the current correlation functions for the three schemes and criteria for allowed vibrational amplitudes and drift are derived. It is concluded that all three schemes should be feasible but probably would differ in the range of diffusion coefficient values they would be able to handle.
Role of quorum sensing in the pathogenicity of Burkholderia pseudomallei.

Burkholderia pseudomallei is the causative agent of human and animal melioidosis. The role of quorum sensing (QS) in the in vivo pathogenicity of B. pseudomallei via inhalational exposure of BALB/c mice and intraperitoneal challenge of Syrian hamsters has not been reported. This investigation demonstrates that B. pseudomallei encodes a minimum of three luxI and five luxR homologues that are involved in animal pathogenicity. Mass spectrometry analysis of culture supernatants revealed that wild-type B. pseudomallei and the luxI mutants synthesized numerous signalling molecules, including N-octanoyl-homoserine lactone, N-decanoyl-homoserine lactone, N-(3-hydroxyoctanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, N-(3-hydroxydecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone and N-(3-oxotetradecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone, which was further confirmed by heterologous expression of the B. pseudomallei luxI alleles in Escherichia coli. Mutagenesis of the B. pseudomallei QS system increased the time to death and reduced organ colonization of aerosolized BALB/c mice. Further, intraperitoneal challenge of Syrian hamsters with the B. pseudomallei QS mutants resulted in a significant increase in the LD50. Using semi-quantitative plate assays, preliminary analysis suggests that QS does not affect lipase, protease and phospholipase C biosynthesis/secretion in B. pseudomallei. The findings of the investigation demonstrate that B. pseudomallei encodes multiple luxIR genes, and disruption of the QS alleles reduces animal pathogenicity, but does not affect exoproduct secretion.
Developing monocular visual pose estimation for arctic environments

Arctic regions present one of the harshest environments on Earth for people or mobile robots, yet many important scientific studies, particularly those involving climate change, require measurements from these areas. For the successful deployment of mobile sensors in the Arctic, a high-quality localization system is required. Although a global positioning system can provide coarse positioning (within several meters), it cannot provide any orientation information. A single-camera-pose-estimation system is presented, based on visual odometry techniques, which is capable of operating in the feature-poor environments of the Arctic. To validate the system, a prototype rover was developed and fielded on a glacier in Alaska. The resulting pose estimates compare favorably to values obtained by hand registering the same video sequence. Although pose errors do accumulate over time, these errors are typical of a standard odometry system but obtained in an environment where standard odometry is not practical. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Logic mapping on a microprocessor

Improving debug techniques for logic failures is a constant imperative. This paper describes the results of implementing a logic mapping methodology that integrates in-line manufacturing defect data and scan-based diagnosis for a complex microprocessor. The correlation between the physical failure analysis results and defect inspection data is presented and analyzed. Methods to improve the percentage of 'hits' are explored, supported by a detailed account of challenges and obstacles encountered during the experiment. Finally, the paper also briefly highlights the amount of time that can be saved in process debug through the usage of logic mapping.
Behavioral simulation for noise in mixed-mode sampled-data systems

In this paper a “direct” noise analysis approach for mixedmode systems is presented with experimental results compared with results from the traditional Monte Carlo approach. The direct approach computes noise effects by performing arithmetic on moments of distribution functions that characterize electronic noise. One key advantage of this approach is its ability to compute low error probabilities. From experimental results, it is shown that very low order moments, such as secondorder, are sufficient for a good estimate of noise effects.
Mixed Fusobacterium and Actinomyces Pulmonary Infection: Case Report

This is a report of a twelve-year-old black male who presents a history of left neck pain, left shoulder pain, weight loss and minimal fever. The admission diagnosis was a malignancy, supported by radiographic findings of consolidation of left lower and left upper lobes and periosteal new bone formation along the inferior aspects of the left second, third and fourth ribs. Open biopsy of the chest wall revealed a large abscess cavity. Subsequent cultures on anaerobic blood agar plates grew Actinomyces and Fusobacterium. The patient was treated with penicillin and improved clinically. This case emphasizes the need to culture tissue specimens for a wide array of organisms, including those not commonly seen today. A high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis of anaerobic infections. Mixed anaerobic infections, including actinomyces, although uncommon in children, should be considered in the etiology of an intrathoracic mass.
What sexual offenders tell us about prevention strategies

A sample of 20 adult sexual offenders were interviewed about the process whereby they selected, recruited and maintained children in a sexual abuse situation. Offenders were selected if they were making "successful" progress in treatment in order that they might be less likely to distort their descriptions. Offenders were interviewed by their therapist in a community treatment program using a semistructured interview guide. Results suggest that this sample of offenders claim a special ability to identify vulnerable children, to use that vulnerability to sexually use a child that sexual abuse is inherently coercive, even though many offender statements minimize the level of coercion and violence, and that offenders systematically desensitize children to touch. Implications for prevention of sexual abuse are highlighted.
Bayesian analysis of size‐dependent overwinter mortality from size‐frequency distributions

Understanding the relationship between body size and mortality is an important problem in ecology. We introduce a novel Bayesian method that can be used to quantify this relationship when the only data available are size-frequency distributions of unmarked individuals measured at two successive time periods. The inverse Gaussian distribution provides a parametric form for the statistical model development, and we use Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to evaluate posterior distributions. We illustrate the method using data on threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) collected before and after the winter season in an Alaskan lake. Our method allows us to compare the intensity of size-biased mortality in different years. We discuss generalizations that include more complicated relationships between size and survival as well as time-series modeling.