cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Judging complex movement performances for excellence: a principal components analysis-based technique applied to competitive diving.

Abstract Athletes rely on subjective assessment of complex movements from coaches and judges to improve their motor skills. In some sports, such as diving, snowboard half pipe, gymnastics, and figure skating, subjective scoring forms the basis for competition. It is currently unclear whether this scoring process can be mathematically modeled; doing so could provide insight into what motor skill is. Principal components analysis has been proposed as a motion analysis method for identifying fundamental units of coordination. We used PCA to analyze movement quality of dives taken from USA Diving’s 2009 World Team Selection Camp, first identifying eigenpostures associated with dives, and then using the eigenpostures and their temporal weighting coefficients, as well as elements commonly assumed to affect scoring – gross body path, splash area, and board tip motion – to identify eigendives. Within this eigendive space we predicted actual judges’ scores using linear regression. This technique rated dives with accuracy comparable to the human judges. The temporal weighting of the eigenpostures, body center path, splash area, and board tip motion affected the score, but not the eigenpostures themselves. These results illustrate that (1) subjective scoring in a competitive diving event can be mathematically modeled; (2) the elements commonly assumed to affect dive scoring actually do affect scoring (3) skill in elite diving is more associated with the gross body path and the effect of the movement on the board and water than the units of coordination that PCA extracts, which might reflect the high level of technique these divers had achieved. We also illustrate how eigendives can be used to produce dive animations that an observer can distort continuously from poor to excellent, which is a novel approach to performance visualization.
Linearly-Polarized, Narrow-Linewidth, High-Power, 1150-nm Yb-Doped Silica Fiber MOPA for Frequency Doubling to the Yellow

We report a Yb-doped silica fiber MOPA producing a record output power of 2.34 W at 1150 nm, linearly-polarized, for 5.5 W of launched 1064-nm pump power.
A Rhetoric of Electronic Instruction Sets

This article offers a heuristic for conceptualizing the broad contours of electronic instruction sets as they have developed for and in online environments. The heuristic includes three interconnected models: self-contained, which leverages the features of fixed instructional content; embedded, which leverages the features of user-generated metadata; and open, which leverages the features of mutable instructional content. Although the models overlap to some extent, their distinctions help to illustrate the changing nature of online how-to discourse.
Preclinical studies on neurobehavioral and neuromuscular effects of cocaine hydrolase gene therapy in mice.

Cocaine hydrolase gene transfer of mutated human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is evolving as a promising therapy for cocaine addiction. BChE levels after gene transfer can be 1,500-fold above those in untreated mice, making this enzyme the second most abundant plasma protein. Because mutated BChE is approximately 70 % as efficient in hydrolyzing acetylcholine as wild-type enzyme, it is important to examine the impact on cholinergic function. Here, we focused on memory and cognition (Stone T-maze), basic neuromuscular function (treadmill endurance and grip strength), and coordination (Rotarod). BALB/c mice were given adeno-associated virus vector or helper-dependent adenoviral vector encoding mouse or human BChE optimized for cocaine. Age-matched controls received saline or luciferase vector. Despite high doses (up to 1013 particles per mouse) and high transgene expression (1,000-fold above baseline), no deleterious effects of vector treatment were seen in neurobehavioral functions. The vector-treated mice performed as saline-treated and luciferase controls in maze studies and strength tests, and their Rotarod and treadmill performance decreased less with age. Thus, neither the viral vectors nor the large excess of BChE caused observable toxic effects on the motor and cognitive systems investigated. This outcome justifies further steps toward an eventual clinical trial of vector-based gene transfer for cocaine abuse.
Ebv-specific t-cell lines for adoptive transfer to pmrd allograft recipients

Abstract We have developed an efficient method for generating Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-specific T-cell lines using clinical-grade reagents for prophylactic use against donor derived lymphoproliferative disease (LPD) in patients receiving an allograft from a partially matched related donor (PMRD). In a cohort of 249 consecutive patients who received a PMRD-BMT, 13 developed EBV-LPD. The probability of developing EBV-LPD was 14% at two years. Conventional therapies were unsuccessful. Donor PBMCs were transformed with EBV virus and utilized to stimulate donor PBLs in the presence of low dose IL-2. In a period of 5 weeks, we were able to culture 60–70 × 10 6 cells, which is sufficient for adoptive immunotherapy. The EBV-specific T-cells showed great efficacy & specificity eradicating donor EBV-infected cells in-vitro . We tested our EBV-specific T-cell lines in cytolytic assays and found EBV target cell killing to consistently be in the range of 65–95%, while killing of patient PHA-transformed blasts was negligible. As a control, we utilized K562 cells, and found killing to be in the range of 15–25% at an E:T ratio of 50:1. The immunophenotype was predominately CD3+/8+, CD45RO+ (memory), HLA-DR+, CD62L- (activation), CD49d+ (ability to cross endothelium), and CD57- (terminal differentiation). Intracellular cytokine staining showed a Th1 profile with TNF-α and IFN-γ positivity in the CD8+ population. We will utilize these EBV-specific T-cells prophylactically for adoptive transfer in PMRD recipients.
Alcoholic women: Sex-role identification and perceptions of parental personality characteristics

Thirty alcoholic women were compared with their nonalcoholic biological sisters on several measures of sex-role identification and a checklist of parental personality characteristics. Both groups are more masculine than the female norm in sex-role style and gender identity, but these scores are unrelated to parental descriptions. Sisters describe their parents similarly, and these descriptions do not support the stereotype of alcoholic women having masculine mothers and feminine fathers. Nonalcoholic sisters perceive themselves to be more similar to their mothers in attitudes and interests, regardless of whether the mother is described as stereotypically feminine or masculine. It is concluded that sex-role identification research on alcoholic women has been based on theoretical models which exclude complex sets of interacting variables, resulting in equivocal findings.
The effect of 2450 MHz microwave radiation on histamine secretion by rat peritoneal mast cells.

Isolated rat peritoneal mast cells actively secrete histamine in response to reaginic or chemical stimulation. Mast cells were irradiated in a waveguide microwave exposure chamber at 2450 MHz with power absorptions of 8.2 and 41.0 mW/g for periods up to 3 h. These levels of microwave absorption caused no change in the morphological characteristics or viability of the cells. Irradiated mast cells were stimulated with compound 48/80, a potent, noncytotoxic histamine releasing agent. The dose response curves showed that neither prior nor simultaneous irradiation of mast cells at 37°C affected 48/80-induced secretion. However, microwave power absorptions of 41.0 mW/g inhibited secretion at 44.0°C. Precise measurements of the effect of heat on secretion indicated that this level of inhibition could have been produced by a radiation induced increase in cell temperature between 0.4 and 0.9°C above ambient levels. Alternatively, the heat stress produced at 44°C may have sensitized the cells to the electromagnetic effects of the microwave radiation. Rat peritoneal mast cells can therefore be useful as a model for the study of functioning secretory cells during microwave irradiation and can also be used to monitor the synergistic effects of cell heating during in vitro exposure.
Thermotolerant Clostridia as an Airborne Pathogen Indicator during Land Application of Biosolids

Since biosolids could harbor a variety of potentially infectious microorganisms, there are concerns of human exposure to these microbial pathogens in population centers surrounding sites where biosolids are land applied. A field study was conducted at a large commercial biosolid application site to determine if thermotolerant clostridia could be employed as a microbial indicator in determining the presence of such fecal contamination in aerosols. Even though the applied biosolids harbored as much as 10 7 MPN fecal and total coliforms per gram wet weight, these traditional indicators were undetectable at locations having the greatest potential for aerosolization. Thermotolerant clostridia and bacteriophages, however, were detectable in 73% and 53% of the samples, respectively. Hydrogen sulfide producing bacteria as a group, were detected in 93% of the samples. Even at sites directly in the vicinity of the biosolid application, thermotolerant clostridia were detected in 26% of the samples, as compared with the fecal and total coliforms which were detected in only I out of 15 (6.6%) samples. Since municipal sewage sludges usually undergo anaerobic digestion before land disposal, it would favor the selection of thermotolerant clostridia within these biosolids. Moreover, clostridia also could be ribotyped using the 16S-23S interspacer region length polymorphism to identify the origins or sources of aerosol contamination. Thermotolerant clostridia could thus serve as a reliable indicator to determine the presence of microbial pathogens and biosolid derived microbial populations in aerosols being generated from biosolid application programs.
Application of space-marching methods to hypersonic forebody flow fields

The heavy reliance on CFD in the design of hypersonic flight vehicles emphasizes the importance of choosing computationally efficient techniques. As a result, the development and application of space-marching flow solvers for the parabolized Navier-Stokes equations have received considerable attention in the past decade. This paper summarizes a space-marching approach used at NASA Ames Research Center for the analysis of hypersonic vehicle forebodies. Aspects of the simulation process are addressed that contain features unique to space-marching flow solvers, such as grid generation, initial condition specification, and finite-rate chemistry models. For completeness, sections are also included on turbulence modeling and equilibrium air chemistry modeling. The discussion includes an overview of the computational methods utilized as well as a number of relevant results.
Venus: Composition and Structure of the Visible Clouds

It is proposed that the visible cloud deck on Venus is composed of droplets of sulfuric acid. These are formed by the very rapid photooxidation of carbonyl sulfide in the upper atmosphere. The clouds are best described as an extensive haze since the predicted particulate scale height probably exceeds the gas scale height within the layer. The predicted mixing ratio for water is .000001 (lower limit), and for both carbonyl sulfide and sulfur dioxide it is .0000001 (upper limit); these are in good agreement with observations. Gaps in the layer are not possible unless the planetary scale dynamics produce cloud turnover times of less than a few days. Under these conditions, the water mixing ratio could approach .0001, and the formation of a thin hydrochloric acid haze at high altitude above the main cloud is possible.
Motor cortical neuronal activity patterns in monkeys performing several force tasks at the ankle.

Abstract Normal rhesus monkeys were conditioned at light signals to exert forces with both feet on fixed foot bars. The taks included small and large sustained forces in plantar and dorsiflexion and large phasic forces in both directions. The tasks were selected to relate to behaviors known to be impaired in the upper motor neuron syndrome. Extracellular recordings were made from 226 area 4 motor cortex units (MCUs) in the hindlimb region of area 4. Ninety percent of the MCUs showed increased activity temporally related to force and EMG changes; 10% showed decreased activity exclusively. The 20 MCUs showing increased activity differed in their directional preference: half were active only in relation to development of force in one direction (undirectional) and the remainder with forces in both directions (bidirectional). Only 28/101 of the bidirectional units were symmetric (equal activity with force in both directions). The majority were asymmetric with a greater degree of activity in one direction. Both unidirectional and bidirectional (symmetric and asymmetric) MCUs often developed increased activity not only with agonist force production but also with force relaxation in the antagonist muscles. Seventy-eight percent of the MCUs showing increased activity had phasic discharge qualities, lacking sustained activity during the prolonged force holds. Thirty-eight percent of the MCUs showing increased activity were more active with larger force, and 14% with smaller force; 48% had closely similar activity with both force levels. None of these characteristics was related to directionality. A spectrum of MCU behaviors was found that ranged in complexity from units which increased or decreased discharge with force in one direction to those responding with force production and force relaxation in both directions.
Folate-mediated drug delivery : Effect of alternative conjugation chemistry

AbstractWhen utilized as a macromolecular drug targeting ligand, folic acid (Pte-Glu) has traditionally been coupled to peptides, proteins and lipids via one of its two carboxylate groups fortuitously located within a distal glutamyl moiety. It has been assumed in the literature that the γ-glutamyl carboxylate of Pte-Glu is the preferred conjugation site for macromolecules enduring endocytosis via the folate-binding protein receptor. However, it is also possible that the steric placement of the attached macromolecule around the vitamin's pteridine moiety may be the more influential parameter controlling this delivery mechanism. Using solid-phase chemistries, we have synthesized dipeptide derivatives of pteroic acid for the purpose of identifying the preferred site onto which a macromolecule can be chemically attached without compromising its endocytosis potential. Thus, using fluorescent and radiolabeled conjugates, we have determined that macromolecules attached to Pte-Glu by either an α- or γ-glutamyl l...
Energy Loss of α Particles in Noble Gases from 0.3 to 2.0 MeV

Stopping cross sections of gaseous He, Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe for $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ particles of 300 keV to 2 MeV have been measured in a differentially pumped gas cell and checked in a sealed gas cell. The results agree with Weyl's measurements in He from 1 to 5%, with Weyl's measurements in Ar from 4.7 to 6.9%, and with Bichsel's measurements in Ar from - 2.8 to + 5.5%. The measurements agree over the entire energy region for all gases except He to better than 16% with the Lindhard-Winther theory modified by a Hartree-Fock-Slater electron charge distribution, and to better than 24% with Bonderup's theory with the same modification.
Combined Aortic and Pulmonic Valvular Stenosis with an Ostium Primum Atrial Septal Defect

The fifth reported case of combined aortic and pulmonic valvular stenosis (the first known case with ostium primum atrial septal defect) had clinical findings suggestive of the diagnosis. Combined valvular stenosis is important to recognize clinically and confirm by catheterization because surgery of one of the lesions resulted in a fatal outcome in the previously reported cases.
Injury-induced vesiculation and membrane redistribution in squid giant axon.

Abstract Injury of isolated squid giant axons in sea water by cutting or stretching initiates the following unreported processes: (i) vesiculation in the subaxolemmal region extending along the axon several mm from the site of injury, followed by (ii) vesicular fusions that result in the formation of large vesicles (20–50 μm diameter), ‘axosomes’, and finally (iii) axosomal migration to and accumulation at the injury site. Some axosomes emerge from a cut end, attaining sizes up to 250 μm in diameter. Axosomes did not form after axonal injury unless divalent cations (Ca2+ or Mg2+) were present (10 mM) in the external solution. The requirement for Ca2+ and the action of other ions are similar to that for cut-end cytoskeletal constriction in transected squid axons (Gallant, P.E. (1988) J. Neurosci. 8, 1479–1484) and for electrical sealing in transected axons of the cockroach (Yawo, H. and Kuno, M. (1985) J. Neurosci. 5, 1626–1632). Axosomes probably consist of membrane from different sources (e.g., axolemma, organelles and Schwann cells); however, localization of axosomal formation to the inner region of the axolemma and the formation dependence on divalent cations suggest principal involvement of cisternae of endoplasmic reticulum. Patch clamp of excised patches from axosomes liberated spontaneously from cut ends of transected axons showed a 12-pS K+ channel and gave indications of other channel types. Injury-induced vesiculation and membrane redistribution seem to be fundamental processes in the short-term (minutes to hours) that precede axonal degeneration or repair and regeneration. Axosomal formation provides a membrane preparation for the study of ion channels and other membrane processes from inaccessible organelles.
New finding of protrusio acetabuli in two families with congenital contractural arachnodactyly. A report of seven cases.

Congenital contractural arachnodactyly is an autosomal dominant disorder of connective tissue and is associated with skeletal features similar to those seen with Marfan syndrome1. Congenital contractural arachnodactyly and Marfan syndrome are linked to mutations in the highly homologous but distinct genes FBN2 (5q23-q31) and FBN1 (15q15-q21), which encode fibrillin 2 and fibrillin 1, respectively2. Fibrillins are major components of extracellular matrix microfibrils, which play an essential role in the formation of elastic fiber and the deposition of tropoelastin and which perform anchoring functions in some tissues3. As a consequence of the abnormal microfibrillogenesis that is seen in association with congenital contractural arachnodactyly and Marfan syndrome, complications may be found in the mesodermal tissues (i.e., the ocular tissue, the skeletal, cardiovascular, pulmonary, and muscular systems, and the skin and integumentum). The phenotypic similarity at times makes it clinically difficult to differentiate congenital contractural arachnodactyly from Marfan syndrome. This is illustrated by the observation that Antoine Marfan's original patient may actually have had congenital contractural arachnodactyly and not what is known today as Marfan syndrome4. Contractures are seen in both syndromes. However, the contractures in patients with congenital contractural arachnodactyly are congenital and tend to improve spontaneously, whereas the contractures in Marfan syndrome are developmental and may be progressive1. Ectopia lentis was reported to occur in 60% of 160 patients with Marfan syndrome5. In contrast, to our knowledge, there has been only one report of ectopia lentis in association with congenital contractural arachnodactyly, in a patient with bilateral ectopia lentis6. The presence of a congenital heart defect strongly suggests the diagnosis of Marfan syndrome, although mitral valve prolapse7, atrial septal defects, and ventricular septal defects are also occasionally found in patients with congenital contractural arachnodactyly8 …
A characterization of multinomial and negative multinomial distributions

Abstract The intent of this paper is to show that the independent random vectors x and y have multinomial (negative mUltinomial) distributions with the same parameter vector o, and the other parameters being respectively m and n if and only if the conditional distribution of x given x + y is multivariate hypergeometric (multivariate inverse hypergeometric) distribution with parameters m + n = N and x + y = N.
Sedimentary and mineral dust sources of dissolved iron to the World Ocean

Abstract. Analysis of a global compilation of dissolved-iron observations provides insights into the processes controlling iron distributions and some constraints for ocean biogeochemical models. The distribution of dissolved iron appears consistent with the conceptual model developed for Th isotopes, whereby particle scavenging is a two-step process of scavenging mainly by colloidal and small particulates, followed by aggregation and removal on larger sinking particles. Much of the dissolved iron ( ~0.02 μm) and, thus, is subject to aggregation and scavenging removal. This implies distinct scavenging regimes for dissolved iron consistent with the observations: 1) a high scavenging regime – where dissolved-iron concentrations exceed the concentrations of strongly binding organic ligands; and 2) a moderate scavenging regime – where dissolved iron is bound to both colloidal and soluble ligands. Within the moderate scavenging regime, biological uptake and particle scavenging decrease surface iron concentrations to low levels ( We use the observational database to improve simulation of the iron cycle within a global-scale, Biogeochemical Elemental Cycling (BEC) ocean model. Modifications to the model include: 1) an improved particle scavenging parameterization, based on the sinking mass flux of particulate organic material, biogenic silica, calcium carbonate, and mineral dust particles; 2) desorption of dissolved iron from sinking particles; and 3) an improved sedimentary source for dissolved iron. Most scavenged iron (90%) is put on sinking particles to remineralize deeper in the water column. The model-observation differences are reduced with these modifications. The improved BEC model is used to examine the relative contributions of mineral dust and marine sediments in driving dissolved-iron distributions and marine biogeochemistry. Mineral dust and sedimentary sources of iron contribute roughly equally, on average, to dissolved iron concentrations. The sedimentary source from the continental margins has a strong impact on open-ocean iron concentrations, particularly in the North Pacific. Plumes of elevated dissolved-iron concentrations develop at depth in the Southern Ocean, extending from source regions in the SW Atlantic and around New Zealand. The lower particle flux and weaker scavenging in the Southern Ocean allows the continental iron source to be advected far from sources. Both the margin sediment and mineral dust Fe sources substantially influence global-scale primary production, export production, and nitrogen fixation, with a stronger role for the dust source. Ocean biogeochemical models that do not include the sedimentary source for dissolved iron, will overestimate the impact of dust deposition variations on the marine carbon cycle. Available iron observations place some strong constraints on ocean biogeochemical models. Model results should be evaluated against both surface and subsurface Fe observations in the waters that supply dissolved iron to the euphotic zone.
Marketing strategies in virtual worlds

More and more businesses are selling products and providing services through multiple channels. 3D virtual worlds are emerging to be one of the channels for companies to communicate with their customers. Being able to simulate similar experiences as customers have in real stores, virtual worlds are able to enhance product knowledge, attitude and purchase intention of customers. However, not all product attributes are able to be experienced virtually because not all kinds of senses (e.g. taste) can be digitzed and presented through a virtual reality interface. Applying theory of cognitive fit and media richness theory, we propose the products attributes that can be experienced virtually with the current technologies. These product attributes and their moderating effects on the relationships between virtual reality and product knowledge, attitude and purchase intention should be studied further so that companies can make decides on the investment in their presence in virtual worlds and the marketing strategies most appropriate for their products.
Asymptotic efficiency of majority rule relative to rank-sum method for selecting the best population

Abstract The ranking and selection problem has been well-studied in the case of continuous responses. In this paper, we address the situation in which continuous responses are replaced by discrete orderings. When individuals in the population provide exhaustive rank-orderings of the alternatives, two common decision rules are the majority rule and the rank-sum method. In the former case, the alternative receiving the most first-place votes is declared superior, while in the latter, the alternative with the smallest rank-sum is deemed the best. Both the Pitman efficiencies and the lower bounds on Bahadur efficiencies of the majority rule relative to the rank-sum method are derived, assuming that the rank data are generated from either the Plackett–Luce or the translative strengths models. In addition, finite sample properties of the two methods are compared with the maximum likelihood approach through simulation studies. Our results suggest two things. First, when it is substantially more difficult to obtain a complete rank-ordering than simply the top choice, the majority rule performs adequately and efforts would be better spent asking many voters to provide top choice rather than fewer voters to provide complete orderings. Second, the rank-sum rule compares favorably to, and is substantially more robust than, the maximum likelihood approach.
Toddlers' Social Interactions in the Context of Moral and Conventional Transgressions in the Home.

L'analyse d'observations de 36 enfants âges de 24 et 36 mois et mis en presence de leur mere ou d'un pair renseigne sur leurs transgressions morales et conventionnelles dans le cadre naturel du foyer
A contribution to the stable carbon isotope geochemistry of iron meteorites

Abstract For most iron meteorites studied, the carbon isotopic composition of nodular graphite falls in the range −4.8 to −8.2%. vs PDB and shows a mode between −5 and −6%.. Fourteen cohenite analyses from the Magura meteorite fall between −18.1 and −19.2%. with a pronounced clustering around −18.5%.. Carbon of a taenite separate from the same meteorite has an isotopic composition of −18.8%.; compositions between −19.7 and −22.1%. were found for taenite carbon in five other octahedrites. It is suggested that the 12 C enrichment in cohenite and taenite relative to the nodular graphite is a general phenomenon in iron meteorites, and that the study of 13 C abundances in iron meteorites may aid in the elucidation of their history. To this end an experimental study of carbon isotope fractionations in the system Fe-Ni-C is essential. The 13 C content of carbon from several silicate inclusions in the Four Corners and ‘El Taco’ (Campo del Cielo) meteorites is generally similar to the nodular graphite, the 12 C enrichment (−13%.) in one specimen may be interpreted in terms of a mixing model involving an original inclusion carbon and carbon exsolved from the taenite upon cooling.
A survey of nitrogen dioxide levels measured inside mobile homes.

As part of the California Mobile Home Study, over 250 mobile homes from throughout the state were monitored for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations. Week-long average measurements were taken with Palmes tubes in the kitchen and bedroom of each mobile home during the summer of 1984 and the winter of 1985. The study was conducted entirely by mail with the participants providing all the necessary information. Mobile homes using gas for cooking had significantly higher indoor NO2 levels than those using electricity. Mobile homes located in the Los Angeles basin had significantly higher indoor NO2 concentrations than did mobile homes in the rest of the state. Gas cooking, the inverse of the house volume and geographic location (as a surrogate of outdoor NO2) were the most important variables identified by multiple linear regression.
Vapor phase exsolution as a controlling factor in hydrogen isotope variation in granitic rocks: the Notch Peak granitic stock, Utah

Abstract The Notch Peak granitic stock, western Utah, is comprised of three concentric sequentially intruded rock types, from granite at the rim, to quartz monzonite I, to quartz monzonite II at the core. The δ 18 O values of whole rocks vary about an average of 9.4 (SMOW), irrespective of the rock type and position relative to contact, suggesting that the three magmas had the same parent. The whole rock δD values in the stock range from −100 to −55. δD values increase toward the cores of both quartz monzonite I and quartz monzonite II, resulting in concentric contours. The δD contours of quartz monzonite II cross-cut those of quartz monzonite I, suggesting little isotopic interaction between these bodies and the absence of a late pervasive fluid phase. There is a positive correlation between δD values and water content of the samples, where samples from each body define a distinct field. The positive correlation is explained by isotopic fractionation attendant on vapor exsolution from the crystallizing magma. An observed increase in δD with the degree of chloritization, a trend opposite to that observed in systems where participation of meteoric water has been demonstrated, is the result of subsolidus interaction with the exsolved fluids. These results show that large variations in the hydrogen isotope ratios of a granitoid can arise by exsolution of a vapor phase from the melt on crystallization. In general, magmas with larger modal amount of primary hydrous phases will tend to have higher δD values than those with small amounts of hydrous phases. Furthermore, the relatively high δD values of chlorites at Notch Peak confirm the applicability of classical concepts of closed-system deuteric alteration to some granitoid bodies. Thus, meteoric water interaction need not be always invoked to explain hydrogen isotope variation and deuteric alteration in granitoids.
Responses of developing pedunculopontine neurons to glutamate receptor agonists

The pedunculopontine nucleus (PPN) is involved in the generation and maintenance of waking and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, forming part of the reticular activating system. The PPN receives glutamatergic afferents from other mesopontine nuclei, and glutamatergic input is believed to be involved in the generation of arousal states. We tested the hypothesis that, from postnatal days 9 to 17 in the rat, there are developmental changes in the glutamate receptor subtypes that contribute to the responses of PPN neurons. Whole cell patch-clamp recordings were conducted using brainstem slices from 9- to 17-day-old rats. All cells (types I, II, and III; randomly selected or thalamic-projecting) responded to bath application of the glutamate receptor agonists N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) and kainic acid (KA). A developmental decrease in the contribution of the NMDA receptor and developmental increase in the contribution of the KA receptor was observed following electrical stimulation-induced glutamate input. These changes were also observed following bath application in different cell types (randomly selected vs. thalamic-projecting). KA bath application produced an increase in the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) and a decrease in the frequency of miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents (mEPSCs), suggesting that presynaptic KA autoreceptors may decrease the probability of synaptic glutamate input. In contrast, NMDA application produced no changes in the PPR or mEPSCs. Changes in glutamatergic excitability of PPN cell types could underlie the developmental decrease in REM sleep.
Non-peptide glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors. 17. Design and synthesis of orally active, long-acting non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonists.

The synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of 5 (L-738,167), a potent, selective non-peptide fibrinogen receptor antagonist is reported. Compound 5 inhibited the aggregation of human gel-filtered platelets with an IC50 value of 8 nM and was found to be >33000-fold less effective at inhibiting the attachment of human endothelial cells to fibrinogen, fibronectin, and vitronectin than it was at inhibiting platelet aggregation. Ex vivo platelet aggregation was inhibited by >85% 24 h after the oral administration of 5 to dogs at 100 μg/kg. The extended pharmacodynamic profile exhibited by 5 appears to be a consequence of its high-affinity binding to GPIIb/IIIa on circulating platelets and suggests that 5 is suitable for once-a-day dosing.
EFFECT OF ACTINOMYCIN D UPON THE IMMUNE RESPONSES TO TETANUS TOXOID.

Abstract Actinomycin D inhibits immunization during a primary exposure to tetanus toxoid, but has only a slight inhibitory effect upon antitoxin titers when injected into immunized animals. The possible relation of RNA to immunological memory and antitoxin synthesis was discussed.
Effects of age and experience of consultant and consultee on consultation outcome

Most writers in the consultation literature (Bergan, 1977; Caplan, 1970; Dinkmeyer & Carlson, 1973; Meyers, 1973) imply that if the consultant is skilled in the verbal and nonverbal aspects of the consultation process, he/she can consult effectively with all types of consultees. Practical experience, however, indicates that consultation is often unsuccessful even when the psychologist-consultant is highly skilled. The conclusion to be drawn from such experience is that it is more difficult to establish productive consultation relationships with some types of persons in some types of settings than with others. Practical experience seems to indicate that it is more difficult to establish an effective consultation relationship with older, more experienced teachers than with younger, less experienced teachers. Two explanations of this apparent phenomenon seem plausible. One point of view would indicate that a consultant would tend to be less successful with older, more experienced teachers because the older teachers are more set in their professional attitudes, perceptions, and behaviors. The new teacher, on the other hand, is more flexible because the techniques and attitudes that he/she applies to the profession have not been reinforced for as long a period of time. An alternative view is suggested by Martin (1978) in a recent analysis of
Targeting Temporomandibular Disorder Pain Treatment to Hormonal Fluctuations: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Mounting evidence supports the importance of hormonal fluctuations in temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain among women. Stabilizing influential hormones or having a plan and skills for coping with hormonally-related increases in TMD pain therefore may be beneficial for women with TMD pain. This randomized clinical trial evaluated the short- and long-term efficacy of three interventions for women with TMD pain: (1) dental hygienist-delivered pain self-management training (SMT; n = 59); (2) the same dental hygienist-delivered pain self-management training, but with a focus on menstrual cycle-related changes in pain and other symptoms (targeted SMT, or TSMT; n = 55); and (3) continuous oral contraceptive therapy (6 month trial), aimed at stabilizing hormones believed to be influential in TMD pain (COCT; n = 57). Study participants completed outcome (pain, activity interference, depression) and process (pain beliefs, catastrophizing, coping effectiveness) measures before randomization, and 6 and 12 months later. Intent-to-treat analyses supported the benefits of the SMT and TSMT interventions relative to COCT. Targeting the self-management treatment to menstrual cycle-related symptoms did not increase the treatment’s efficacy. The benefits of the self-management interventions relative to COCT for pain and activity interference were statistically significant at 12 months, but not at 6 months, whereas the benefits for the process measures generally were apparent at both timepoints. COCT was associated with multiple adverse events (none serious). The study provides further support for long-term benefits of a safe, low intensity (two in-person sessions and six brief telephone contacts), dental hygienist-delivered self-management treatment for TMD pain.
Match quality and maternal investments in children

Marriage advocates contend that the unstable environment caused by divorce can have adverse effects on children’s educational and behavioral outcomes. However, the assignment of poor outcomes to the divorce itself fails to take into account relationship quality and heterogeneity in place before or in the absence of union dissolution. I explore the link between heterogeneity of relationship quality and investments in children by showing that women who report less satisfaction in their relationships spend less time reading with their children. I test various theoretical mechanisms by which we would expect women to decrease their investments in a child using information about the match including reported argument frequency and whether the union dissolves. The results suggest that subjective measures tell a more complete story about investments in children than indicated by future union status, argument frequency or parental quality.
Relationship of generalized anxiety symptoms to urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid and vanillylmandelic acid

Urinary levels of the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) and the norepinephrine metabolite vanillylmandelic acid (VMA) were measured in 45 patients with generalized anxiety disorder. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated that the severity of several anxiety symptoms was predicted by levels of 5-HIAA and VMA. These data are consistent with the proposal that serotonin and norepinephrine may be involved in the pathophysiology of anxiety.
A Report of Some Investigations of Infectious Laryngotracheitis

Abstract THE investigations here reported deal with the influence of various agencies and factors on the pathogenicity of laryngotracheitis virus, and on some of the possible sources and modes of infection. They were instituted with the primary object of gaining information relative to the control of the disease which has become a major disease problem of the poultry industry. It has been shown by Gibbs (1931b) and Komarov and Beaudette (1931) that the etiological agent of infectious laryngotracheitis of the domestic fowl is harbored for long periods of time by certain “chronic carrier” individuals which have survived natural outbreaks of the disease. The possibility that the incitant is carried mechanically by non-susceptible species of birds and animals, or by contaminated equipment has been investigated (Gibbs, 1931a). That the virus of laryngotracheitis may be carried to the incubator upon the surface of hatching eggs from an actively infected flock or one harboring . . .
Solar wind and magnetospheric conditions leading to the abrupt loss of outer radiation belt electrons

[1] The trapped radiation belt electron population is maintained through a competition between multiple source and loss processes occurring within the magnetosphere and driven by the solar wind. In this research we have concentrated on the solar wind and the magnetospheric conditions that lead to the loss of electrons through abrupt energetic electron flux dropouts. We have focused on times when there is only a moderate level of geomagnetic activity, since the magnetospheric response during these conditions is expected to be far less complex than during large geomagnetic storms. We have found that under certain circumstances the radiation belt electrons are remarkably sensitive to the onset of southward IMF and to solar wind dynamic pressure increases. The onset of southward IMF is found to be sufficient to cause the flux dropouts, while increases in solar wind pressure are not necessary but are likely to enhance the loss when they occur in conjunction with southward IMF, as is often the case. It is not clear if an increase in solar wind pressure in the absence of southward IMF is sufficient to cause a flux dropout. The radiation belt fluxes can decrease by more than an order of magnitude with the onset of only minor geomagnetic activity. The level of solar wind forcing (as estimated by the epsilon parameter) and of geomagnetic activity (as estimated by AE, Dst, and the local magnetic field inclination at geosynchronous orbit) responsible for the flux loss is intermediate between lower levels of activity that create localized, adiabatic variations in the flux and large geomagnetic storms that result in both loss and acceleration. The dropout events examined here occurred after one or more days of quiet geomagnetic conditions, which we suggest preconditioned the magnetosphere to be highly sensitive to the onset of new activity. Although it is not known which specific conditions within the magnetosphere lead to this extreme sensitivity of the relativistic electrons, the time periods identified here are ones where the electron loss processes appear to operate in relative isolation of the acceleration processes.
Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) observatory design

The NASA Space IR Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is a 1-m aperture, cryogenically cooled IR observatory scheduled for launch into orbit in the mid-1990s. SIRTF will operate in the 2-700 micron range and yield a 1000-fold increase in sensitivity over NASA's IRAS observatory. A low inclination orbit compatible with Space Shuttle operations will be used. Results from comparisons of a system error budget allocation for the f/24 optical configuration with recent test data indicate that a figured fused silica mirror and a blade flexure mounting system can be cooled to cryogenic temperature while meeting required wavefront tolerances for substrate deformation. An all-He cooling system will be used in the low inclination orbit.
Effects of cholinergic lesions produced by infusions of 192 IgG-saporin on glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression in hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex of the rat.

Abstract Principal neurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of the rat have been identified as targets for glucocorticoids involved in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical stress response. Alterations in mRNA expression for glucocorticoid receptors in each of these regions have been shown to affect the negative feedback response to corticosterone following an acute stressor. Both decreases in forebrain glucocorticoid receptors and in the efficiency of adrenocortical feedback have been observed in normal aging, and have been selectively induced with experimental lesions or manipulations in neurotransmitter systems. The current study investigated the possibility that a loss of cholinergic support from cells in the basal forebrain, a hallmark of aging, contributes to the selective age-related loss of glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression at cholinoceptive target sites that include the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex. Lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system in young adult rats were made by microinjections of the immunotoxin 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum/vertical limb of the diagonal band and substantia innominata/nucleus basalis. Basal levels of circulating glucocorticoids were unaffected by the lesions. Analysis of both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptor mRNA expression revealed a significant decrease in glucocorticoid receptor mRNA in the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, with spared expression at subcortical sites and no detectable change in mineralocorticoid receptor mRNA in any of the examined regions. Thus, rats with lesions of the basal forebrain cholinergic system recapitulate some of the detrimental effects of aging associated with glucocorticoid-mediated stress pathways in the brain.
Carbon/nitrogen relationships of fungus culture media

Four basic nutrient types are described and discussed in special reference to the ratios between carbon source materials and nitrogen source materials. These include habitat, natural nutrients, semisynthetic nutrients and synthetic nutrients. Special emphasis is placed on the use of such nutrients in agar media for the primary isolation of fungi from various types of habitat materials such as soils and sewage.
EPR study of arene radical cation salt crystals

Abstract Single-crystal EPR studies of the charge transfer salts grown by the electrochemical oxidation of p -terphenyl (TP) and p -quaterphenyl (QP) in the presence of PF 6 − at −25 °C and +5 °C respectively, are reported. The TP salt exhibits an angular-dependent EPR linewidth varying between 70 and 125 mG at −48 °C and a g tensor of 2.00312, 2.00230 and 2.00206, while the QP salt exhibits an angular-dependent linewidth varying between 150 and 220 mG and a g tensor of 2.00310, 2.00217 and 2.00217, suggesting a pseudo reorientation about the chain axis, a feature not previously detected in other arene salt crystals.
Relation of latex-specific IgE titer and symptoms in patients allergic to latex ☆ ☆☆ ★

Abstract Background: The relation between latex-specific IgE titer and the type or total number of latex-induced symptoms has not been previously investigated. Objective: We sought to determine the association of latex-IgE in vitro assay results with the type, number, or severity of symptoms in patients allergic to latex. Methods: Ninety-one patients with positive histories and positive skin test responses were identified as having type I allergy. Data was collected for reported symptoms after latex exposure. Symptom severity was quantitated by 2 scores: (1) the total number of symptoms to latex exposure and (2) a symptom severity score (3 = anaphylaxis, 2=asthma, and 1=rhinoconjunctivitis, urticaria, or both). All subjects underwent AlaSTAT and CAP tests. Results: AlaSTAT class was associated with total number of symptoms ( r = 0.32, P r = 0.33, P r = 0.32, P r = 0.31, P r = 0.58, P Conclusion: Patients allergic to latex with higher AlaSTAT or CAP class were more symptomatic. Increasing class or titer also predicted more severe symptoms. Higher class of either the AlaSTAT or CAP assay to latex was strongly associated with latex-related asthma and urticaria and marginally associated with latex-related rhinoconjunctivitis. (J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:671-7.)
Does Family Structure Really Influence Educational Attainment

Abstract This paper examines the effects of family structure on educational attainment after controlling for common family influences, observed and unobserved, using data from siblings. The use of sibling data permits us to examine whether the apparent effects of family structure are due to unmeasured characteristics of families that are common to siblings. The data come from pairs of siblings in the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1979–1992. The results suggest that taking into account the unmeasured family characteristics yields estimates of the effects of family structure on educational attainment that are smaller, but still statistically significant, than estimates based on analyses that do not take unmeasured family influences into account.