cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Abstract 3388: Progression of ductal carcinoma in situ to invasive breast cancer is associated with gene expression programs of EMT and myoepithelia

Ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) is a precursor lesion that can give rise to invasive breast cancer (IBC). It has been proposed that both the nature of the lesion and the tumor microenvironment play key roles in progression to IBC. Here laser capture microdissected tissue from pure DCIS and pure IBC were employed to define key gene expression profiles in either the epithelial or stromal compartment associated with disease progression. Each tissue had distinct gene expression profiles, and a DCIS/IBC classifier accurately distinguished DCIS versus IBC in multiple independent data sets. However, contrary to other studies that profiled DCIS associated with IBC, we found that the most significant alterations in gene expression were observed in the epithelial compartment rather than in the stroma. In particular, genes associated with epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and myoepithelial cell specific genes were enriched in invasive cancer relative to pure DCIS. Such alterations in transcript levels were associated with all subtypes of breast cancer, but were particularly indicative of poor outcome in ER-negative breast cancer. Together, these studies indicate that lesion specific differences in gene expression associated with invasive phenotype are particularly relevant in the progression of DCIS to IBC. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 103rd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2012 Mar 31-Apr 4; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2012;72(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3388. doi:1538-7445.AM2012-3388
Evaluating the validity of data instances against ontology evolution over the Semantic Web

It is natural for ontologies to evolve over time. These changes could be at structural and semantic levels. Due to changes to an ontology, its data instances may become invalid, and as a result, may become non-interpretable. In this paper, we address precisely this problem, validity of data instances due to ontological evolution. Towards this end, we make the following three novel contributions to the area of Semantic Web. First, we propose formal notions of structural validity and semantic validity of data instances, and then present approaches to ensure them. Second, we propose semantic view as part of an ontology, and demonstrate that it is sufficient to validate a data instance against the semantic view rather than the entire ontology. We discuss how the semantic view can be generated through an implication analysis, i.e., how semantic changes to one component imply semantic changes to other components in the ontology. Third, we propose a validity identification approach that employs locally maintaining a hash value of the semantic view at the data instance.
Hsp104-Dependent Remodeling of Prion Complexes Mediates Protein-Only Inheritance

Inheritance of phenotypic traits depends on two key events: replication of the determinant of that trait and partitioning of these copies between mother and daughter cells. Although these processes are well understood for nucleic acid–based genes, the mechanisms by which protein-only or prion-based genetic elements direct phenotypic inheritance are poorly understood. Here, we report a process crucial for inheritance of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae prion [PSI+], a self-replicating conformer of the Sup35 protein. By tightly controlling expression of a Sup35-GFP fusion, we directly observe remodeling of existing Sup35[PSI+] complexes in vivo. This dynamic change in Sup35[PSI+] is lost when the molecular chaperone Hsp104, a factor essential for propagation of all yeast prions, is functionally impaired. The loss of Sup35[PSI+] remodeling by Hsp104 decreases the mobility of these complexes in the cytosol, creates a segregation bias that limits their transmission to daughter cells, and consequently diminishes the efficiency of conversion of newly made Sup35 to the prion form. Our observations resolve several seemingly conflicting reports on the mechanism of Hsp104 action and point to a single Hsp104-dependent event in prion propagation.
Clinical and immunologic observations in patients with AIDS-related complex treated with IMREG-1.

Abstract An immunomodulator, IMREG-1, derived from human leukocyte dialysates exerts a variety of effects on the cell-mediated immune system, including acceleration and amplification of delayed hypersensitivity to recall antigens, modulation of γ-interferon production in response to antigen, and enhanced expression of the p55 portion of the receptor for interleukin-2 on CD4 + cells. On the basis of initial studies of IMREG-1 in patients with AIDS-Related Complex (ARC), a multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial of this agent was carried out. The results indicate that patients who received IMREG-1 had a lower risk of progression to frank AIDS than those who received placebo. A decline in the rate of reduction of numbers of CD4 + cells, as well as fewer symptoms were also observed in patients who received IMREG-1 as compared with placebo.
Phase Behavior of Ternary Homopolymer/Diblock Blends: Influence of Relative Chain Lengths

We study the phase behavior of ternary blends of A- and B-homopolymers and symmetric, or slightly asymmetric, AB-diblock copolymer as obtained from self-consistent field theory. We choose one value of the segregation in the weak to intermediate regime and determine the effects of varying the relative degrees of polymerization of the components. The diagrams we obtain, which contain the classical lyotropic phases, exemplify and make concrete a few general principles. Homopolymers longer than the diblocks are expelled from the microstructure, while homopolymers of comparable length swell the microstructure, a swelling which can proceed indefinitely. Very short homopolymers disorder the microstructure. Our results can be understood as due to the varying ability of homopolymers of different length to swell the brush formed by the diblock at the internal interfaces.
Screening and Assessing Adolescent Substance Use Disorders in Clinical Populations.

When faced in a clinical setting with an adolescent suspected of or known to have a substance abuse problem, it is important to integrate the assessment process with treatment decisions. The initial phase involves efficient identification of substance use and related problems, psychiatric comorbidity, and psychosocial maladjustment.1 This objective can be achieved by the use of screening instruments as a brief first step for the assessment of drug use before moving, if necessary, to the second step of comprehensive assessment of problem severity once it becomes clear that the adolescent may meet criteria for a substance use disorder (SUD). The result of this assessment is a diagnostic summary that identifies the adolescent treatment needs.2 Finally, an integrative treatment plan is developed to target multidimensional areas of dysfunction, which includes psychiatric comorbidity,3 as well as potential problems in the school, family, peer, and legal domains. With 6.0% and 5.4% of youths ages 12 to 17 years classified as needing treatment for alcohol use and illicit drug use, respectively,4 and with substance use during adolescence appearing to lead to a much greater rate of a current SUD compared to rates if drug use occurs later in life,5 these are important public health issues. Reports on performance of pediatricians who customarily see youths for periodic checkups and address their medical needs have not been encouraging. Less than half of the pediatricians surveyed reported screening adolescents for use of tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs, and less than one fourth acknowledged feeling comfortable conducting a comprehensive assessment or offering or making referral for treatment.6–8 The reasons for these troubling figures have been summarized as follows: insufficient time, lack of training to manage positive screens, need to triage competing medical problems, lack of treatment resources, unfamiliarity with screening tools, and tenacious parents (who may not readily leave the room).9 There are no similar reports addressing how prepared child and adolescent psychiatrists (CAPs) are to follow the task at hand. Based on our own clinical and teaching experience, the quantity and quality of training devoted to the screening and assessment of youth substance use, abuse, and dependence in medical schools and psychiatric residency/fellowship training are often insufficient. Little, if any, training is given on how to screen and assess for substance involvement and related problems and on what tools are available to assist with this process. Therefore, the objectives of this column are, first, to introduce several established screeners and comprehensive assessments, and, second, to make recommendations as to standards of training and professional proficiency.
A comment on the Meiselman and Roberts paper

The Meiselman-Roberts paper is an attempt to evaluate the work of the Fiscal Analysis Division of the Congressional Budget Office (C.B.O.). The tasks performed by this division--largely preparing projections for the U.S. economy and estimating the impact of alternative fiscal policy proposals--are difficult. Consequently, C.B.O. is continually working to improve its analysis and welcomes responsible criticism. Unfortunately, very little constructive criticism can be found in this paper. Indeed, much of it is simply wrong. The fundamental problem with the Meiselman-Roberts analysis is that the authors misunderstand both the use and content of macroeconomic models and how C.B.O. analyzes issues concerning factor supply. In an attempt to reduce some of this misunderstanding, I will try to review C.B.O. procedures in those areas.
Generalized fairness in QoS scheduling

Many scheduling protocols have been developed that provide both rate and fairness guarantees. That is, flows can take advantage of unused capacity without incurring any penalty at the scheduler. The manner in which unused capacity is distributed among the active flows varies significantly between protocols. Some are partial to flows that have a larger reserved rate, while others are partial to flows with a lesser reserved rate. We present a generalization of all of these behaviors under a single common framework, which we refer to as generalized fairness. We present a scheduling protocol that provides generalized fairness, and we prove upper bounds on the exit times of packets from the scheduler. These bounds apply to earlier protocols as well, since they are specific instances of the general framework. In addition, the protocol also supports flows that transmit at a fixed rate but have tight delay requirements.
High capacity lithium ion battery anodes of silicon and germanium

Lithium ion batteries with significantly higher energy and power density desired for new personal electronic devices, electric vehicles, and large-scale energy storage, require new materials. This review focuses on the replacement of the graphite anode with silicon or germanium. Si and Ge both have significantly higher Li storage capacities than graphite, but also undergo significant volumetric expansion and contraction during lithiation and delithiation. Si and Ge nanomaterials can tolerate these mechanical stresses, but solvent decomposition and loss of electrical contact with the current collector tend to lead to failure. Si and Ge anodes must therefore be formulated with appropriate binder, conductive carbon, and stabilizing additives in the electrolyte solvent to achieve stable cycling and high capacity, as described herein.
Neonicotinoid nitroguanidine insecticide metabolites: synthesis and nicotinic receptor potency of guanidines, aminoguanidines, and their derivatives.

Four neonicotinoid nitroguanidine insecticides (imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, clothianidin, and dinotefuran) acting as nicotinic agonists account for 10−15% of worldwide insecticide sales. General methods are needed for synthesis of their guanidine and aminoguanidine metabolites so they may be used as analytical standards and for evaluation of nicotinic receptor potency. The guanidines are obtained by treating the parent nitroguanidines with Fe powder in aqueous C2H5OH containing NH4Cl and isolated by silica chromatography. The aminoguanidines are prepared as mixtures with the guanidines on reaction of the parent nitroguanidines and Zn powder in glacial acetic acid. The imidacloprid aminoguanidine is isolated as the acetone imine or trifluoroacetamide and the clothianidin and dinotefuran aminoguanidines as the acetone imines using silica chromatography. Deprotection under acidic conditions then leads to the aminoguanidine·HCl salts. Because of stability considerations, a pH partitioning method is used to se...
Effect of fuel injection mode on fuel vapor in reacting and non-reacting methanol sprays

Detailed measurements within sprays are needed to understand the vaporization, transport, and combustion of liquid fuels. While diagnostics have been developed to characterize the structure of the spray droplets in great detail (e.g., phase Doppler interferometry), details regarding the gas phase (e.g., oxidizing media and fuel vapor) are more difficult to obtain. In the present study, measurement of gas phase vector properties are achieved in the spray field of a twin-fluid atomizer using phase Doppler interferometry. A gas phase scalar, the concentration of hydrocarbon vapor, is measured using an infrared extinction/scattering technique. When combined, the two measurements provide a direct measure of the vaporization characteristics of the spray. A methanol spray is studied which is produced by an atomizer operating at three conditions, (1) no atomizing air, (2) non-swirling atomizing air, and (3) swirling atomizing air. The injection mode alters the vaporization behavior of the spray. For the non-reacting cases, (1) the presence of non-swirling air-assist, while not strongly affecting the spatial vaporization history, enhances the temporal vaporization rate compared to the case without atomizing air; (2) the presence of swirling atomizing air greatly enhances the vaporization rate in both space and time; and (3) examination of the rate of change of vaporization reveals a correlation among all three injection modes, suggesting that the fundamental mechanism of vaporization in all three sprays is the same. For the reacting cases, swirling air increases the production of fuel vapor in both time and space compared to the non-swirling air case. The change in vaporization rate shows a trend similar to the non-reacting case, although the rate of change is negative in the region of the reaction zone due to competition between vaporization and consumption.
Alcohol consumption and risk of hypertension: does the type of beverage or drinking pattern matter?

aDivision of Aging, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA bHarvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA cMassachusetts Veterans Epidemiology and Research Information Center (MAVERIC) and Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center (GRECC), Boston Veterans Affairs Healthcare System, Boston, MA, USA dDivision of General Medicine and Primary Care, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA EDiToRiAl
The ionosphere of Saturn as observed by the Cassini Radio Science System

Fifty-nine ionsopheric radio occultation observations of the vertical electron density profile in the Saturn ionosphere have been made since the Cassini spacecraft was inserted in orbit around Saturn in 2004. Significant orbit to orbit variations were observed, but the general trend noted in earlier orbits, namely, increasing electron densities with increasing latitude was reconfirmed and bolstered with this extended data base. This trend is likely to be due to some combination of increasing ionization rates and decreasing water influx with latitude.
Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Cognitive Abilities among U.S. Children and Adolescents

We used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted from 1988 to 1994, to investigate the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents 6–16 years of age. Serum cotinine was used as a biomarker of ETS exposure. Children were included in the sample if their serum cotinine levels were ≤15 ng/mL, a level consistent with ETS exposure, and if they denied using any tobacco products in the previous 5 days. Cognitive and academic abilities were assessed using the reading and math subtests of the Wide Range Achievement Test–Revised and the block design and digit span subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children–III. Analyses were conducted using SUDAAN software. Of the 5,365 6- to 16-year-olds included in NHANES III, 4,399 (82%) were included in this analysis. The geometric mean serum cotinine level was 0.23 ng/mL (range, 0.035–15 ng/mL); 80% of subjects had levels < 1 ng/mL. After adjustment for sex, race, region, poverty, parent education and marital status, ferritin, and blood lead concentration, there was a significant inverse relationship between serum cotinine and scores on reading (β= −2.69, p = 0.001), math (β= −1.93, p = 0.01), and block design (β= −0.55, p < 0.001) but not digit span (β= −0.08, p = 0.52). The estimated ETS-associated decrement in cognitive test scores was greater at lower cotinine levels. A log-linear analysis was selected as the best fit to characterize the increased slope in cognitive deficits at lower levels of exposure. These data, which indicate an inverse association between ETS exposure and cognitive deficits among children even at extremely low levels of exposure, support policy to further restrict children’s exposure.
Reactions of CH bonds in organica oxygenates with octaethylporphyrinato rhodium(II) and iridium(II) dimers

Abstract Metalloporphyrin dimers, [(OEP)M]2 ( 1a , M = Rh ; rm1b , M = Ir ; OEP = Octaethylporphrin dianion ), are observed to react with CH bond units in aldehyes, kenotes and benzyl alohols. Aldehydes, R2CHCHO, preferentially react at the alkyl group adjacent to the carbonyl position to yield β-formyl complexes, (OEP)M-CR2CHO, even when reaction of the aldehydic CH unit is thermodynamically favored. Reaction at the carbon-hydrogen bond adjacent to the carbonyl group is proposed to occur by addition of the metalloporphyrin to the enol isomer to produce an intermediate alkyl bridged complex, (OEP)M-CR'(OH)-M(OEP), which subsequently reacts by an effective β-OH migration to form (OEP)M-CR2C(O)R' and (OEP)M-H complexes. [(OEP)Rh]2 also reacts with benzyl alcohols C6H5CH(OH)R (R = H, CH3, C(O)C6H5), to produce intermediate α-hydroalkyl derivatives, (OEP)Rh-CR(OH)C6H5, which subsequently dissociate to give organic carbonyl species, C6H[in5]C(O)R, and (OEP)Rh-H.
A Reactivity/Affinity Switch for Parallel Kinetic Resolution: α-Amino Acid Quasienantiomers and the Resolution of Cyclopropene Carboxylic Acids

A new type of parallel kinetic resolution (PKR) is reported in which quasienantiomers with very similar reactivities give products whose chromatographic properties diverge upon the addition of fluoride. This concept of a reactivity/affinity switch is applied to the PKR of cyclopropene carboxylic acids with all-carbon quaternary centers. This is the first application of alpha-amino acid quasienantiomers in PKR, and it is a complementary approach for acyltransfer systems where the asymmetry is induced by the nucleophile rather than the leaving group. Excellent diastereoselectivities (ranging from 90:10 to 99.5:5) and good yields were obtained for both quasienantiomeric products, and the reactions can be run on significant scale because the separation is trivial. High-level DFT calculations (B3LYP functional with the 6-31+G(d,p) basis set) provided transition-state structures with relative energies that are in accord with the experimental observations.
Commentary: The death penalty: A personal view

(1996). Commentary: The death penalty: A personal view. Criminal Justice Ethics: Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 2-75.
Neutrons From A Stabilized Toroidal Pinch

After a progression of machines extending over several years, Perhapsatron S-3 shows, by magnetic probe measurements, more symmetrical detachment of the current channel from the walls. Problems and possible improvements in the apparatus are discussed. (M.H.R.)
Photonically controlled wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) active array

Emerging missions for shipboard defense and tactical ballistic missile defense require the support of wideband, multi-function radars capable of concurrently performing hemispherical surveillance, tracking and simultaneous illumination of multiple targets. Active phased array antennas to support these missions are limited by their cost, bandwidth and aperture weight. As mission requirements become more demanding the integration of photonics into phased arrays, which promises increased bandwidth, decreased aperture weight and less complex transmit/receive modules, must be pursued. As part of the Office of Naval Research's Accelerated Capabilities Initiative Raytheon, supported by the University of Connecticut, is developing a novel photonic antenna architecture for the control of active phased arrays. The photonic architecture is optically non- coherent and achieves a reduction in hardware complexity, and therefore array cost, via device sharing which is facilitated through wavelength division multiplexing (WDM). By properly configuring the photonic architecture, WDM represents a beneficial compromise between hardware complexity and array performance. To realize the photonic architecture the University of Connecticut is developing novel multiple quantum well photonic devices, including electronically tunable lasers and filters and a broadband amplitude modulator. This paper will discuss the antenna architecture wavelength division multiplexing and the enabling photonic devices.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Differential Ganciclovir-mediated Cell Killing by Glutamine 125 Mutants of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Thymidine Kinase

The therapeutic combination of the herpesvirus simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) thymidine kinase (TK) gene and the prodrug, ganciclovir (GCV), has found great utility for the treatment of many types of cancer. After initial phosphorylation of GCV by HSV-1 TK, cellular kinases generate the toxic GCV-triphosphate metabolite that is incorporated into DNA and eventually leads to tumor cell death. The cellular and pharmacological mechanisms by which metabolites of GCV lead to cell death are still poorly defined. To begin to address these mechanisms, different mutated forms of HSV-1 TK at residue Gln-125 that have distinct substrate properties were expressed in mammalian cell lines. It was found that expression of the Asn-125 HSV-1 TK mutant in two cell lines, NIH3T3 and HCT-116, was equally effective as wild-type HSV-1 TK for metabolism and sensitivity to GCV, bystander effect killing and induction of apoptosis. The major difference between the two enzymes was the lack of deoxypyrimidine metabolism in the Asn-125 TK-expressing cells. In HCT-116 cells expressing the Glu-125 TK mutant, GCV metabolism was greatly attenuated, yet at higher GCV concentrations, cell sensitivity to the drug and bystander effect killing were diminished but still effective. Cell cycle analysis, 4', 6'-diamidine-2'-phenylindoledihydrochloride staining, and caspase 3 activation assays indicated different cell death responses in the Glu-125 TK-expressing cells as compared with the wild-type HSV-1 TK or Asn-125 TK-expressing cells. A mechanistic hypothesis to explain these results based on the differences in GCV-triphosphate metabolite levels is presented.
The role of pH in salivary histidine‐rich polypeptide antifungal germ tube inhibitory activity

Purified synthetic salivary histidine-rich polypeptides (HRPs) 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 were found to inhibit Candida albicans conversion of blastospores to germ tubes. HRP-4 was the best inhibitor within the pH 5 to 7 range tested and all of the HRPs were observed to lose potency as the pH was raised from 5 to 7. The pH pattern obtained with a synthetic homologous histidine peptide suggested that the protonated form of the histidine imidazole residues of the HRPs was important to the germ tube antifungal activity. Similar pH inhibition profiles of germ tube formation by parotid saliva and the HRPs were also observed.
Commentary: Definitely more than measurement error: But how should we understand and deal with informant discrepancies?

The special section articles demonstrate the importance of informant discrepancies. They also illustrate challenges posed by discrepancies, plus opportunities for advancing research and practice. This commentary addresses these cross-cutting issues: (a) Discrepancies affect many kinds of assessment besides ratings of children's problems. (b) Symptom models complicate challenges posed by discrepancies. (c) Informant discrepancies validly reflect different genetically and environmentally influenced aspects of children's functioning. (d) Multisource assessment is needed to test and refine diagnostic constructs. (e) Methodological issues arise from the kinds of variables that are rated and ways of evaluating agreement. (f) Assessment requires age-, gender-, informant-, and society-based norms. (g) Developmental levels affect what can be assessed, by whom, in what contexts, and for what purposes. (h) Research-based algorithms are needed for using multi-informant data to assess individuals.
External Architecture of the Large-Conductance Ca2+ and Voltage-Activated K+ (BKCa) Revealed by a Spectroscopic Ruler

BKCa channels are involved in a large variety of physiological processes and regulatory β subunits are one of the mechanisms responsible of creating BKCa channel diversity fundamental to the adequate function of many tissues. Regardless the proven importance of this channel little is known about its detailed structure. Here we disclose the external architectural intimacies of BKCa channels using Lanthanide based Resonance Energy Transfer (LRET) as a molecular ruler to measure intra and intermolecular distances. We introduced a genetically encoded lanthanide binding tag (LBT that binds Tb3+ with high affinity) at several positions of the external loops of the α and β1 subunits, and constructed a fluorescent molecule of BODIPY-FL linked to a scorpion toxin, iberiotoxin (Bodipy FL-IbTX), that was used as an acceptor for the LRET interaction with Tb3+. These functional LBT-BKCa constructs were expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes that were voltage clamped with two microelectrodes to obtain simultaneously electrical and LRET recordings under physiological ionic conditions. Sensitized emission (SE) recordings from different LBT-BKCa positions had different kinetics indicating different relative positions for each construct. We analyzed SE records with a novel method developed by our group that determines the position of LBT-tagged sites of BKCa to obtain an external structural map, including the β1 subunit. Interestingly, when the BKCa α subunit was co-expressed with the regulatory β1 subunit, SE becomes slower, indicating a large conformational change of the BKCa channel structure. The methodology presented here gives us the first glimpses to the BKCa channel external surface structure in its different functional states with and without the β1 subunit. Supported by Fondecyt grant 1110430 and NIH grants U54GM087519 and GM030376. CINV is a Scientific Millennium Institute.
Movement of 14C-labeled Sugars into Kernels of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

An anatomical study of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) kernels 14 days after anthesis revealed that the tracheary elements of the pericarp vascular bundle are not in direct continuity with those of the rachilla. The phloem was continuous from the rachilla into the crease of the pericarp.Shortly after exposure of the flag leaf to (14)CO(2), relatively high proportion of the (14)C extracted from the pericarp and endosperm was found in glucose and fructose. With additional time, the percentage of (14)C in the monosaccharides declined and that in sucrose increased to a maximum 3 hours after (14)CO(2) exposure. The monosaccharides comprised about one-half of the soluble sugars extracted from the pericarp. Based on these observations, it appeared that sucrose hydrolysis might be prerequisite to sugar movement from the terminal phloem elements in the pericarp and into the endosperm. However, when (14)C-fructosyl-sucrose was injected into the peduncle, there was little additional randomization of the (14)C between the glucose and fructose moieties of sucrose extracted from the pericarp and endosperm compared to the rachis sucrose. If we assume that injected sucose was transported to the kernels via the phloem, then either sucrose moves out of the terminal phloem elements in the pericarp and into the endosperm unaltered, or if hydrolysis and resynthesis are a prerequisite to transport into the endosperm, the products of hydrolysis are not freely available for isomerization.
Human Emotion Estimation through Facial Expressions

Facial primitives such as eyebrows, eyes and mouth are used for the computer estimation of emotion. Describes how a pictorial knowledge‐base and pictorial knowledge‐tree are constructed from facial primitives in order to identify emotions in humans. Shows how the pictorial knowledge is compiled using a rule‐based knowledge representation. Discusses the future research implications and suggests areas where such computer estimation may be applied.
Comments on Transition from Classical to Quantum Mechanics in Generalized Coordinates via the Covariant Derivative

It is shown why one cannot make a transition from classical to quantum theory in generalized coordinates via the covariant derivative. An interesting connection is shown between the covariant derivative operator and the measurable'' generalized momentum operator. (UK)
Colour vision phenomenon of a new class.

IF one looks toward a bright field of white light (white cloud or white fluorescent lamp), interposes an orange Wratten No. 21 filter for 5 sec., then removes the filter, a bright, saturated greenish-yellow pattern is seen. It is of irregular, blotchy shape and persists for 1–2 sec.
Configuration Interaction in Complex Spectra

The electrostatic interaction is calculated between the terms in Russell-Saunders coupling of the electron configurations $n{d}^{2}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}s$, $n{d}^{3}$, $\mathrm{nd}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{s}^{2}$ and $n{d}^{2}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}s$. The first order eigenfunctions, for the terms of these configurations in the $\mathrm{LS}{M}_{L}{M}_{S}$ scheme with ${M}_{L}=0$, ${M}_{S}=\frac{1}{2}$ are given in terms of the zero order functions of Slater. The matrix elements between the quartets of ${d}^{2}s$ and ${d}^{3}$ are found to vanish. The sums over closed shells in non-diagonal matrix elements of electrostatic interaction are found to vanish except when the two electrons not in closed shells have the same value of $l$. This sum is evaluated in general and for the configurations $n{d}^{2}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}s\ensuremath{-}n{d}^{2}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}\ensuremath{'}}s$. The matrix elements of magnetic spin orbit interaction are given between the initial states without configuration interaction. The electrostatic energies and magnetic splittings are then calculated for the terms of $n{d}^{2}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}s$, $n{d}^{3}$ and $\mathrm{nd}{n}^{\ensuremath{'}}{s}^{2}$; and compared with the values observed in Ti II and Zr II. Zr II agrees particularly well, especially if the observed $^{2}D$ terms are rearranged.
Postictal hyperexcitability in experimental convulsions.

Abstract In this study mice and hamsters were electroshocked at varied times in the postictal period. The purpose of the study was to elucidate the factors involved in what is customarily referred to as “postictal depression.” By means of paired electroshock stimuli it has been shown that flexor-extensor seizures can be elicited early in the postictal period prior to the time of maximal depression. Three measures of brain excitability, namely, ability to sustain a tonic extensor seizure, duration of flexion, and current required to elicit tonic extension, indicate that the time-course of postictal recovery is diphasic. The suggested explanation for this phenomenon is that postictal recovery is a composite of a brief phase of hyperexcitability and a long-lasting phase of depression. Increase in the electroshock stimulus, above that judged to be maximal on the basis of the motor pattern of the initial seizure, profoundly altered the patterns of subsequent seizures elicited during the postictal period. This suggests that the stereotyped “maximal” motor pattern may occur with submaximal brain discharge. Diphenylhydantoin, trimethadione, and especially phenobarbital were found to be much more effective in abolishing tonic extension in the second seizure than in the first. The experimental observations are discussed as they relate to status epilepticus.
SEPARATING EARLY LARVAE OF SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) AND SPRUCE CONEWORM, DIORYCTRIA RENICULLELOIDES (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) IN SURVEYS OF OVERWINTERING LARVAE

The spruce coneworm, Dioryctria reniculleloides (Mut. and Mun.), is often associated with the spruce budworm on spruce host trees and sometimes approaches or equals the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), in numbers (Spies and Dimond 1985). The coneworn is probably~responsiblefo r some of the damage on spruce attributed to the budworm, and with much balsam fir in eastern North America now dead from defoliation or harvested, there is increasing interest in spruce as the major resource to protect.
TU-G-BRB-02: Comprehensive Handling of Time-Dependent Quantities in Scanning Beam Simulation

Purpose: To provide a comprehensive and flexible method for handling time dependent quantities including interplay effects in proton beam scanning. Methods: The time feature was devised to handle time‐dependent quantities in the Monte Carlo simulation. Each time‐dependent quantity corresponds to one time feature. A time feature can be expressed as a simple mathematical function or composed of more complex, pre‐defined functions. The functions may be combined concurrently and/or consecutively so that users can customize complex time features. During simulation, time is set in one of two manners: 1. Randomly chosen time, suitable for handling continuous behaviors, or 2. sequentially‐generated time, where time interval is equally divided. This time feature has been incorporated in TOPAS, a tool for particle simulation with Geant4, under development to make Monte Carlo simulation more accessible to both clinical and research physicists. Results: The time feature has been deployed to simulate various proton beam scanning patterns in clinical proton beam nozzle. The patterns include parallel, raster, circular, saw‐tooth, and Lissajous figure scans. Through the parameter management in TOPAS, time features for those scanning patterns were easily implemented. Dynamics of the beam including pulse shape, spot size, and movement were concurrently simulated. Randomly set time gave more accurate results when fewer histories were simulated, resulting in under‐sampling when time was set sequentially, while the simulation time with the 2 methods was similar for the same number of histories. Conclusions: Methodology has been developed to comprehensively describe time dependent behaviors in the Monte Carlo simulation and was assessed by applying to clinical proton beam scanning. A novel aspect of the method of separation of the time generators and time receivers has made it straightforward to handle multi time‐ dependent quantities and is therefore relevant to fully simulate interplay effects. The project described was supported by Award Number R01CA140735 (“PBeam: A Fast and Easy to Use Monte Carlo System for Proton Therapy”) from the National Cancer Institute.
Simulation of nuclear resonance fluorescence in Geant4

Ongoing research at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is assessing the utility of exploiting nuclear resonance fluorescence (NRF) to detect bulk samples of special nuclear materials, high explosives, and related illicit cargo constituents in a variety of cargo inspection scenarios. PNNL has developed a Monte Carlo radiation transport simulation capability for studying the NRF signal response in order to facilitate computational studies of these inspection scenarios. The simulation framework implements NRF as a new physics process, "G4NRF," in the Geant4 modeling toolkit, and leverages the Evaluated Nuclear Structure Data File (ENSDF) database of nuclear level properties to determine isotope-specific parameters of the NRF response model in general cargo constituents. The G4NRF package has been benchmarked against bremsstrahlung photon-beam data collected at the University of California at Santa Barbara's 5.3 MeV accelerator. A series of cargo- inspection scenario studies utilizing the NRF simulation package is currently in progress.
Jet Noise Reduction by Microjets: A Parametric Study

The effect of injecting tiny secondary jets (microjets ) on the radiated noise from a subsonic primary jet is studied experimentally. The microjets are injected on to the primary jet near the nozzle exit with variable port geometry, working fluid and driving pressure. A clear noise reduction is observed that improves with increasing jet pressure. It is found that smaller diameter ports with higher driving pressure, but involving less thrust and mass fraction, can produce better noise reduction. A collection of data from the present as well as past experiments is examined in an attempt to correlate the noise reduction with the operating parameters. The results indicate that turbulent mixing noise reduction, as monitored by OASPL at a shallow angle, correlates with the ratio of jet to primary jet driving pressures normalized by the ratio of corresponding diameters (p d /pjD). With gaseous injection, the spectral amplitudes decrease at lower frequencies while an increase is noted at higher frequencies. It is apparent that this amplitude crossover is at least partly due to shock-associated noise from the underexpanded jets themselves. Such crossover is not seen with water injection since the flow in that case is incompressible and there is no shock-associated noise. Centerline velocity data show that larger noise reduction is accompanied by faster jet decay as well as significant reduction in turbulence intensities. While a physical understanding of the dependence of noise reduction on p d /pjD remains unclear, given this correlation, an analysis explains the observed dependence of the effect on various other parameters.
Meteorological influences upon the radon‐content of soil‐gas

This paper is a continuation of one given at the Twenty-Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union, in June, 1944, on “A study of the radoncontent of soil-gas” [see 1 of “References” at end of paper]. The present paper covers the period from May 17, 1944, to March 25, 1945. Its main purpose is to consider the meteorological influences upon the radon-content, such as barometricpressure changes, wind-velocity effects, and temperature-variations. Four depths, 25, 75, 150, and 200 cm, were investigated. In the course of 177 days of actual investigation during this period, covering 642 Individual readings, the radon-content of the soil-gas was measured. Ionization-chambers connected with a Wulf bifilar-electrometer were used, and the amount of radon was calculated in (curie/cc) X 10−14 , after calibrating the apparatus by means of a standard solution of radium. From the results obtained the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) Dry ground produces constant values of the radon-content at each depth and shows an increase of the content with depth. (2) A long period of snow-and-ice-coverage of the ground causes all pipes to approach the same value. Frozen ground gives the highest values for the year. (3) Barometric pressure causes, at least to a depth of 200 cm, a variation such that an increasing pressure tends to decrease the radon-content, while a decreasing pressure produces an increase in radon-content. This effect is most pronounced at the 25- and 75-cm levels. (4) A high wind-velocity over a number of hours will noticeably reduce the radon-content in the top layers of the ground. (5) Ground-temperature changes have apparently no great effect upon the radoncontent of soil-gas.
Dosage-Dependent Proteome Response of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 to Acute Chromate Challenge

Proteome alterations in the metal-reducing bacterium Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in response to different acute dose challenges (0.3, 0.5, or 1 mM) of the toxic metal chromate [Cr(VI)] were characterized with multidimensional HPLC−MS/MS. Proteome measurements were performed and compared on both quadrupole ion traps as well as linear trapping quadrupole mass spectrometers. We have found that the implementation of multidimensional liquid chromatography on-line with the rapid scanning, high throughput linear trapping quadrupole platform resulted in a dramatic increase in the number of measured peptides and, thus, the number of identified proteins. A total of 2406 functionally diverse, nonredundant proteins were identified in this study, representing a relatively deep proteome coverage for this organism. The core molecular response to chromate challenge under all three concentrations consisted predominantly of proteins with annotated functions in transport and binding (e.g., components of the TonB1 iron transp...
The Impact of Needle Exchange–based Health Services on Emergency Department Use

The ability of needle exchange programs (NEPs) to reduce HIV incidence among injection drug users (IDUs) is acknowledged by researchers and by many policy makers.1–3 The possibility afforded by these services to improve other aspects of patient well-being and social performance receives less systematic attention, but may be equally important.4,5 NEPs provide a mechanism to reach a unique population at high risk for many infectious diseases, psychiatric disorders, accidental and intentional injury, homelessness, and extreme poverty. NEPs are also well placed to confront flaws in existing health care delivery systems that prevent drug users from obtaining appropriate and timely services. High rates of emergency department (ED) use by IDUs are important by-products of both adverse health status and barriers to primary care within this patient population. Recent analyses by McGeary and French6 and French et al.7 document that illicit drug use is an important risk factor for ED use, and is associated with increased expenditure. From an economic standpoint, inappropriate or medically avoidable ED utilization has been linked with cost-ineffective care.8,9 Although the direct charges for ED services are often modest, frequent ED visits can be markers for other, more intense and costly service needs.10–12 No less important, frequent ED use may indicate that an individual is experiencing preventable acute illness, insufficient medical management of chronic illness, or lack of access to appropriate care.10,13–16 For all of these reasons, a growing literature describes efforts to reduce ED utilization by populations prone to heavy use.9,17–21 IDUs have increased age-matched morbidity and mortality for many acute and chronic medical conditions.22 Moreover, they often rely on episodic care in emergency departments or require expensive hospitalization when they present with advanced disease states.23 This analysis explores the impact of the Community Health Care Van (CHCV), a needle exchange–based primary health care intervention in New Haven, Connecticut that delivers health care proximate to sites of out-of-treatment drug users. We hypothesized that on the basis of the extent and array of services provided, CHCV utilization would be associated with reduced rates of emergency department use.
The use of cytokeratin stain to distinguish Barrett's esophagus from contiguous tissues: a systematic review

Our objective was to systematically review the existing literature regarding the use of cytokeratin (CK) stain in differentiating Barrett's esophagus (BE) from tissues of the gastric cardia, corpus, or antrum, with or without intestinal metaplasia (IM). Pubmed was searched for full publications in English (1983-2005) addressing the use of CK for differentiation of BE from contiguous tissues. Information was collected on the study sample, blinding, the methods used for CK staining, and for defining and applying the gold standard tests. Test characteristics were obtained or calculated. Sixteen studies (containing 46 comparisons) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Immunostaining for CK 7 and 20 was generally highly specific in distinguishing long-segment BE from antrum IM, fundus IM, or noncardiac gastric IM; 27 comparisons showed statistically significant differences. However, only 8 of 15 comparisons (6 of 12 studies) reported significant differences in CK staining patterns between BE and gastric cardia IM with a high sensitivity (89%-100%) and specificity (83%-100%) for long-segment BE and lower estimates for short-segment BE, while the other seven comparisons showed no significant differences and a very low sensitivity. Examination by a blinded pathologist was reported in five of six positive studies and in only one of six of the negative studies. In addition, variation in the patient populations, use of surgical resection versus endoscopic biopsies, and biopsy sampling technique in endoscopic studies may have accounted for these differences. Finally, two studies did not find significant differences in CK staining patterns between BE and normal cardiac mucosa. In conclusions, CK immunostaining has not performed well in differentiating BE, especially short-segment BE, from cardia IM. There seems to be a spectrum bias where the accuracy varies with different tested populations. CK immunostaining distinguished well between BE and IM in noncardiac segments of the stomach; however, these comparisons are not clinically relevant.
Histocompatibility (HLA) Antigens and Diabetic Microangiopathy

To gain further insight into the genetic determinants of diabetic small vessel disease, we studied 22 HLA antigens in 110 juvenile-onset, insulin-dependent diabetics with terminal glomerulosclerosis and retinopathy, who were being prepared for kidney transplant. HLA antigens were comtemporarily determined in non-diabetic kidney transplant recipients and healthy controls. The frequency of antigens A1 and B8 were significantly higher in diabetics than in controls (P less than .02 and .011), but the frequency of BW15 was normal. The data are compatible with the concept that juvenile diabetes with microangiopathy is one of the HLA-B8 associated disorders.
Race, sex, and alternate lifestyle choices

This article is a criticism of recent work on alternative life styles both because of its lack of attention to structural constraints on the ability of individuals to pursue personal growth as an important goal in their lives and for its young, affluent, white male bias in the choice of alternatives being researched. Using a sample of first year students at a large urban university, we examined a range of lifestyle choices by race and sex. Differences in the students' background included larger families, lower levels of education, and more frequent contacts with the extended family for Black students as compared to their white counterparts. We were not surprised to find that, of the four groups, white male students most approved the types of alternatives usually discussed by alternative lifestyles researchers; specifically, those concerning sexual freedom, since this is an area traditionally more open to white males. On other alternatives, they were the most conservative. The other three groups were more likely to want egalitarian marriages and to be willing to raise an out of wedlock child. More blacks than whites supported extended family networks and radical political action. Women were more in favor of egalitarian marriages than men.