cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studies of Flow Patterns in a Diffuser Designed to Generate Longitudinal Vortices

This paper describes flow visualization studies on a three-dimensional diffuser that generates two longitudinal vortices. The premise is that the three-dimensional flow patterns of this diffuser may have attributes that are superior to the two-dimensional flows of conventional diffusers. The diffuser geometry consists of a wide-angle, plane-wall diffuser with a pyramid-shaped insert attached to its expansion wall. The upsweep on the insert upper surface increases the pressure of the incoming flow, which rolls over into the expansion region in the presence of a transverse pressure gradient to form two symmetric, longitudinal vortices. At low Reynolds numbers (below 6000 based on the diffuser inlet height), the flow exhibited three flow patterns with subtle distinctions. The flowfield contained longitudinal vortices that modified and reduced in extent the separated regions that were present along the diffuser expansion wall. At high Reynolds numbers (above 6000), the separated regions along the diffuser expansion wall were replaced by a turbulent vortex. The lack of closed separated regions in the flow implies the absence of low-frequency effects that are characteristic of such regions. In addition, the flowfield exhibited little or no hysteresis with respect to changes in Reynolds number. These flowfield features are desirable in certain applications, such as exhaust diffusers for turbomachinery.
Cytoarchitecture of the human superior olivary complex: Medial and lateral superior olive

The superior olivary complex is a group of brainstem nuclei involved in hearing and includes the medial superior olive (MSO) and the lateral superior olive (LSO), surrounded by periolivary cell groups. The structure and functional roles of the MSO and LSO have been the subject of many investigations in laboratory animals and it has largely been assumed that these findings are directly transferable to humans. However, little is known conclusively regarding the detailed organization of the human superior olivary complex. The goal of this study is to provide a detailed analysis of the cytoarchitecture of the human MSO and LSO. Results from the examination of eight human brainstems confirm the existence of a conserved MSO and provide evidence of a prominent and highly ordered LSO. Unbiased stereological estimates of neuronal number indicate approximately 15,500 neurons in the MSO and 5600 neurons in the LSO. Additionally, a three-dimensional model of the MSO and LSO was constructed and provides evidence that the human LSO is composed of medial and lateral segments. Finally, an analysis of neuronal morphology, in Nissl stained and Golgi impregnated tissue, provides evidence of multiple neuronal classes within each nucleus and further that these neurons demonstrate a precise geometric arrangement (depending on the nucleus) that is suggestive of isofrequency laminae.
Occupational reactions to foods

The spectrum of occupational diseases most commonly seen in the food industry includes occupational asthma, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Occupational asthma represents between 3% and 20% of all asthma cases and is the most common form of occupational lung disease. Occupational skin diseases may represent between 10% and 15% of all occupational diseases, and they have significant economic impact. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis affects the food industry, with farmer’s lung representing a common form of the disease. Each of these diseases may have serious and potentially irreversible effects on the health of a farmer, food processor, or food preparer, even after removal of the offending exposure.
Extended genetic maps of the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat, rye and barley.

Three clones, containing sequences coding for a thiol protease (pHvl4; Chandler et al. 1984) and for isozymes III and V of (1-~3)-fl-glucanase (p7E and G5; G. Fincher, personal communication), and 15 genomic probes, including eight PstI (PSR689, PSR754, PSR909, PSRgl0, PSR916, PSR923, PSR930 and PSR931; Devos et al. 1992), five HpaII (PSR1060, PSR1067, PSR1077, PSR1149, PSR1196; Cheung et al. 1992) and two PERT clones (PSR 1203 and PSR 1205; Clarke et al. 1992), were assigned to the homoeologous group 3 chromosomes in addition to the 25 RFLP and two isozyme markers described in Devos et al. (1992). These markers are presented with their chromosome arm location, copy number and relative hybridization strength in wheat, rye and barley (Table 1).
Why the Celebrity Cult

The celebrity cult has to be sharply distinguished from hero worship as its precondition is to be well known, no matter for what reason. It has been a product of American culture and is closely associated with modernity, individualism, egalitarianism and a moral, cultural and aesthetic relativism. It is part of popular culture and is also stimulated by the pervasive entertainment orientation of American society. Celebrity worship may provide vicarious gratification to people who seek to escape anonymity and believe that they do not get sufficient amounts of attention.
On the function of ionized carboxylate residues at the active sites of glycosyl transferase enzymes

Abstract The carboxylate ion in a glycosyl transferase enzyme can exert a catalytic effect by way of ion-dipole repulsion with the carbohydrate ring oxygen; the results of MO calculations are presented as evidence.
Electron microscopy of the red pulp of the dog spleen including vascular arrangements, periarterial macrophage sheaths (Ellipsoids), and the contractile, innervated reticular meshwork

The vascular and stromal arrangements of the red pulp in congested and contracted dog spleens were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Each dog had been injected intravenously with Thorotrast to label actively endocytizing cells. Only macrophages ingested Thorotrast. The proximal portion of each arterial capillary was surrounded by a "periarterial macrophage sheath" (PAMS), a term we introduce to replace the term "ellipsoid". PAMS were composed of a fine meshwork of reticular cells and reticular fibers which held tightly-packed macrophages and interspersed blood cells. These macrophages, as well as those in the reticular meshwork of red pulp, contained Thorotrast, cell debris, and deposits of hemosiderin. The arterial capillary at the center of each PAMS was formed by parallel, rod-shaped endothelial cells and discontinuous layers of basement membrane and reticular-cell cytoplasm. PAMS were tapered at their distal ends; the terminal portion of the arterial capillary continued beyond the PAMS to end in the reticular meshwork of red pulp. Endothelial cells in the terminal arterial capillaries were separated by gaps through which blood cells passed into the spaces of the reticular meshwork of red pulp. The reticular meshwork was formed by reticular cells which appeared to be specialized for contraction. These cells were filled with thin filaments and possessed plasmalemmal dense bodies as found in smooth muscle cells. Furthermore, the reticular meshwork was innervated by unmyelinated adrenergic axons which probably were derived from nerves that followed arterioles. Axons were enclosed in surface invaginations of cells which were similar to reticular cells in shape and cytologic detail and which we called "axon-bearing reticular cells". Axon-bearing reticular cells were inserted between the branches of the reticular cells that formed the meshwork. Venous sinuses formed an anastomosing system of vessels draining into pulp veins which then joined trabecular veins. Sinuses were formed by parallel, rod-shaped endothelial cells encircled by strands of basement membrane and reticular-cell branches. Endothelial cells lay closely side by side except where interendothelial slits were opened by blood cells passing into the lumen or by pseudopodia of macrophages which lay outside the sinus. Cell traffic across the sinus wall was greatest in areas where blood cells were mixed with plasma. Congested spleens stored concentrated red cells in both sinuses and the reticular meshwork; contracted spleens were emptied of blood. The reticular meshwork may contract to assist trabecular and capsular smooth muscle in expelling stored red cells and effecting hemoconcentration.
PANORAMIC OPTICAL IMAGING OF ELECTRICAL PROPAGATION IN ISOLATED HEART

Optical imaging of cardiac transmembrane potential in dye-stained tissue is an emerging technique in cardiac electrophysiology. Despite its widespread application to studies of isolated hearts, it has been applied traditionally to recording only a single view that presents the potential distribution of a fraction of the cardiac surface. This poses a significant limitation in studying whole heart electrophysiology, particularly when large-scale phenomena such as fibrillation and defibrillation are of interest. We have developed a panoramic imaging system based on a high-speed charge-coupled device camera with a maximum imaging speed of 335 frames/s at 128×64 pixels/frame. Our system provides one front view and two back mirror views of isolated hearts, thus extending optical imaging capabilities to record from the entire three dimensional heart surface with only one camera. © 1999 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers.
Age-Related Differences in Functional Connectivity During Cognitive Emotion Regulation

Results. Functional connectivity between ACC and prefrontal cortex (PFC) was greater for reappraisal relative to selective attention and passive viewing conditions for both age groups. For younger adults, ACC was more strongly connected with lateral dorsolateral PFC, ventrolateral PFC, dorsomedial PFC, and posterior cingulate regions during reappraisal. For older adults, stronger connectivity during reappraisal was observed primarily in ventromedial PFC and orbitofrontal cortex. Discussion. Our results suggest that although young and older adults engage PFC networks during regulation, and particularly during reappraisal, the regions within these networks might differ. Additionally, these results clarify that, despite prior evidence for age-related declines in the structure and function of those regions, older adults are able to recruit ACC and PFC regions as part of coherent network during emotion regulation.
Computer-assisted resection of brain lesions

To meet the high accuracy; that bounds most brain lesion resection surgeries, surgeons always looking out fornew and more reliable guiding systems and methods. In this paper we are presenting a system that has beendeveloped through many years of experience in brain surgery and hundreds of stereotactic brain lesion resection
Rider Trunk and Bicycle Pose Estimation With Fusion of Force/Inertial Sensors

Estimation of human pose in physical human-machine interactions such as bicycling is challenging because of highly-dimensional human motion and lack of inexpensive, effective motion sensors. In this paper, we present a computational scheme to estimate both the rider trunk pose and the bicycle roll angle using only inertial and force sensors. The estimation scheme is built on a rider-bicycle dynamic model and the fusion of the wearable inertial sensors and the bicycle force sensors. We take advantages of the attractive properties of the robust force measurements and the motion-sensitive inertial measurements. The rider-bicycle dynamic model provides the underlying relationship between the force and the inertial measurements. The extended Kalman filter-based sensor fusion design fully incorporates the dynamic effects of the force measurements. The performance of the estimation scheme is demonstrated through extensive indoor and outdoor riding experiments.
Joan C. Callahan, Reproduction, Ethics, and the Law: Feminist Perspectives

Acknowledgments EditorsOs Preface: Reproduction, Ethics, and the Law: Feminist Perspectives Part I: Reconsidering Parenthood Introduction 1. Adoption as a Feminist Alternative to Reproductive Technology N Joan Mahoney 2. Feminist Perspectives and Gestational Motherhood: The Search for a Unified Legal Focus N Rosemarie Tong 3. Listening to the Voices of the Infertile N Barbara J. Berg 4. The Metamorphosis of Motherhood N Patricia Smith Part II: Prenatal and Postnatal Authority Introduction 5. Choosing ChildrenOs Sex: Challenges to Feminism N Helen B. Holmes 6. Frozen Embryos and OFathersO RightsO: Parenthood and Decision-Making in the Cryopreservation of Embryos N Christine Overall 7. As If There Were Fetuses Without Women: A Remedial Essay N Mary B. Mahowald 8. FathersO Rights, MothersO Wrongs?: Reflections on Unwed FathersO Rights, Patriarchy, and Sex Equality N Mary L. Shanley Part III: Electing and Preventing Birth Introduction 9. Ensuring a Stillborn: The Ethics of Lethal Injection in Late Abortion N Joan C. Callahan 10. RU 486: Progress or Peril? N Janice G. Raymond 11. Loving Future People N Laura M. Purdy Part IV: Prenatal and Preconceptive Harm 12. Collective Bad Faith: OProtectingO the Fetus N Janet Gallagher 13. A Womb of OneOs Own N Joan E. Bertin 14. The Discriminatory Nature of Industrial Health-Hazard Policies and Some Implication for Third-World Women Workers N Uma Narayan Contributors Index
Comparison of performance of three parallel versions of the block cyclic reduction algorithm for solving linear elliptic partial differential equations

Abstract This paper provides an experimental comparison of three versions of the block cyclic reduction (BCR) algorithm based on (a) polynomial factorization, (b) partial fraction expansion, and (c) rational approximations. Each of these versions is implemented using (a) the vector-oriented LU decomposition method, and (b) the scalar cyclic reduction method. It is found that BCR using the scalar cyclic reduction performs better than that using the vector-oriented LU decomposition. All our timings are based on the Alliant FX/8 at Argonne National Laboratory.
Technology and Teacher Education: Student Evaluation of Faculty Instructional Quality

This study explored one primary question: To what extent do student perceptions of various forms of instructional technology tools predict instructional quality? Participants for the study were drawn from a teacher education program in a large Midwest public university. Data were collected using a web-based survey with a total of 121 responses used in the final analysis. A multiple regression analysis was conducted to evaluate how well Productivity Tools, Presentation Tools, Communication Tools, and World Wide Web Tools predict Student Evaluation of Faculty Instructional Quality. The overall significant results of the regression model and the subsequent significant results of the t-test for Presentation Tools and Productivity Tools is an indication that Presentation and Productivity tools can be used by faculty to facilitate student and faculty interaction, promote cooperation among students, promote active learning techniques, give prompt feedback, emphasize time on task, communicate high expectation and respect diverse talents and ways of learning.
Fluid Precipitates in Rocks from the Earth's Mantle

Xenoliths of rocks from the Earth9s mantle are commonly included in alkalic basalt and kimberlite diatremes. The xenoliths, many of them highly deformed by plastic flow, consist primarily of olivine and pyroxene and may be derived from depths as great as the seismic low-velocity zone. Large numbers of very small bubbles of CO 2 -rich fluid are within the major phases. The combined techniques of optical and high-voltage electron petrography demonstrate that the smallest bubbles, many of them below optical resolution, are attached to crystal defects induced by deformation and exsolution and to grain boundaries. It is concluded that formation of the smallest bubbles precedes incorporation of the xenoliths into the host magma and occurs by solid state precipitation on the deformation and exsolution features. The bubbles then collect on migrating grain boundaries during syntectonic recrystallization. The occurrence of bubble formation before, xenolith incorporation into the magma strengthens previous suggestions that the tectonite xenoliths may be the magma source rock or residuum and that the asthenosphere is not partially melted. Furthermore, since the presence of analogous “bubble structure” in ceramics and metals is known to weaken significantly the high-temperature creep resistance of such materials, it appears likely that the mode of flow in mantle rocks may be influenced similarly.
EDNA: expert digraph network analysis

Fault models are usually represented by trees or digraphs. Tree representations have fast algorithms. Digraph representations can have loops and they are easy to build and maintain. Neither of the two representations incorporate heuristic knowledge. Here we propose an AI based method to blend the representational capabilities of digraphs and the analytical capabilities of trees. The fast tree algorithms combined with digraph representation would make this tool valuable in the design process as well as in the capture of final design knowledge.
Surfactant phase behavior with field degreasing solvent.

Surfactant phase behavior data are presented for dense nonaqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). The experimental procedures and results published in this paper led to the successful selection of a surfactant formulation that was used in a field demonstration at a site contaminated with DNAPL rich in trichloroethene (TCE). Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of temperature, electrolyte, cosolvent, xanthan gum polymer, and surfactant hydrophobe length on surfactant phase behavior. Experimental results are presented for a field degreasing solvent that is a DNAPL from Operable Unit 2 (OU2) of Hill Air Force Base, Layton, UT. These experiments show that procedures previously developed and reported only for pure component DNAPLs such as TCE can be useful for selecting suitable surfactants for complex field DNAPLs. In addition to the usual criteria of large increases in contaminant solubilization and lowering of interfacial tensions, we identify rapid formation of microemulsions with acceptably low v...
Stereoselective synthesis of stable isotope‐labeled L‐α‐amino acids: Electrophilic amination of Oppolzer's acyl sultams in the synthesis of L‐[15N]alanine, L‐[15N]valine, L‐[15N]leucine, L‐[15N]phenylalanine and L‐[1‐13C, 15N]valine

Using 1-chloro-1-[ 15 N]nitrosocyclohexane, we have prepared five L-[α- 15 N]amino acids. The stereoselective electophillic hydroxyamination of (S)-acylbornane-10,2-sultams, followed by Zn°/H + reduction, and alkaline cleavage of the chiral auxiliary, gave the amino acids in 97.2-99.5 % e.e. By starting with labeled (S)-acylbornane-10,2-sultams this stereoselective route could be to prepare many 13 C and/or 15 N isotopomers of α-amino acids.
Verification of Non-Identities in Algebras

We present a computer assisted algorithm which establishes whether or not a proposed identity is a consequence of the defining identities of a variety of nonassociative algebras. When the nonassociative polynomial is not an identity, the algorithm produces a proof called a characteristic function. Like an ordinary counterexample, the characteristic function can be used to convince a verifier that the polynomial is not identically zero. However the characteristic function appears to be computationally easier to verify. Also, it reduces or eliminates problems with characteristic. We used this method to obtain and verify a new result in the theory of nonassociative algebras. Namely, in a free right alternative algebra (a,a,b)3≠0.
ABR Core Examination Changes That Affect Residency Candidate Decisions

Abstract Purpose The recent restructuring of the ABR core examination has prompted changes to radiology residency training. The purpose of this study is to determine how factors related to the core examination restructuring influenced radiology applicants' match decisions. Methods We surveyed 626 applicants to our institution's radiology residency, after the 2014 match. Applicants rated 21 factors on a 5-point scale. Eight of the factors pertained to the core examination. The respondents additionally listed the top three factors in order of importance. Results The response rate was 153 of 626 (24.4%). The three most influential factors were current resident satisfaction (average score: 4.74 of 5.00 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 4.64-4.83]), quality of faculty (4.63 [95% CI = 4.52-4.73]) and quality of educational curriculum and clinical training (4.60 [95% CI = 4.50-4.70]). Of factors related to the core examination, the highest rated were core examination pass rate (4.21 [95% CI = 4.07-4.35]) and program resources/time off for external review courses (3.92 [95% CI = 3.79-4.04]). Core examination pass rate (16 of 459 [3.5%]) and time off from clinical duties to study for the examination (6 of 459 [1.3%]) appeared infrequently in respondents' lists of the top three most influential factors. Conclusions Factors influencing candidates' choice of radiology program are similar to those reported previously, despite the addition of topics related to core examination restructuring. Although programs vary in how they have addressed the changes, these issues are less important to candidates than are more traditional factors.
Clinically based management of rectal prolapse.

Background: Laparoscopic repair of rectal prolapse offers the potential of lower recurrence rates for transabdominal repair coupled with the advantages of minimally invasive colorectal surgery. There have been no direct comparisons of the laparoscopic Wells procedure (LWP) and laparoscopic resection with rectopexy (LRR). This study is the first to make a direct comparison of outcomes from laparoscopic LRR and LWP repairs using a selected, symptom-based choice of operative procedure. Methods: Consecutive patients presenting with complete rectal prolapse were evaluated by clinical history of the degree of constipation, diarrhea, or incontinence. Patients with a history of constipation or normal bowel habits with normal continence underwent LRR, whereas those with diarrhea or anal incontinence underwent LWP. The collected data included age, gender, operative time, length of hospital stay (LOS), operative blood loss, complications, and postoperative symptoms of constipation or diarrhea. Continence was scored using the Cleveland Clinic scoring system. Results: Of the 24 patients, 11 underwent LRR and 13 had LWP. The patients in both groups were predominantly, female (LRR, 9/1; LWP, 10/2). The LRR patients were significantly younger (48.6 vs 63.9 years p <0.001). Both operative time and LOS were significantly longer in the RR group (operative time, 128.5 ± 80.6 min vs 69.9 ± 13.4 min; LOS, 3.6 ± 3.1 days vs 2.2 ± 1.03 days). All patients in the LRR group had constipation preoperative, and no patients were incontinent clinically. Preoperatively, 7 of the 13 patients in the LWP group had preoperative diarrhea, and 1 patient had clinical constipation. A five patients experienced clinical symptoms of fecal incontinence, manifested in different degrees. Postoperative complications occurred only in the LRR group (1 case of abdominal wall hematoma and 2 cases of prolonged ileus). During a mean follow-up period of 18.1 months, there were no recurrences; 10 of the 11 LRR patients had correction of constipation; and 4 of 5 of the incontinent LWP patients had improvement in their symptoms. Constipation developed in one LWP patient. Conclusions: Clinical assessment of preoperative bowel function and continence allows accurate selection of the appropriate laparoscopic technique for repair of rectal prolapse without the added expense of anal physiologic testing. Although LRR may be associated greater morbidity than LWP, both procedures offer good functional outcome, with short LOS and low recurrence rates.
Determining “grasping” configurations for a spatial continuum manipulator

Unlike a conventional articulated manipulator, where only the gripper manipulates objects, a continuum manipulator, such as a multi-section trunk/tentacle robot, is promising for deft manipulation of a wide range of objects of different shapes and sizes. Given an object, a continuum manipulator tries to grasp it by wrapping around and squeezing it. A main open problem is how to determine if the object can be grasped and if so, the whole-arm wrapping around configurations of the robot to grasp it, which we call grasping configurations. In this paper, we provide a general and complete analysis of grasping configurations of a spatial continuum manipulator consisting of three constant-curvature sections, for any given 3-D object. We formulate conditions for existence of solutions and describe how to determine valid grasping configurations. Our method can extend to general continuum manipulators of n constant-curvature sections (where n ≥ 3).
Seismogram synthesis for radially layered media using the generalized reflection/transmission coefficients method; theory and applications to acoustic logging

A new method based on generalized reflection and transmission coefficients is proposed to calculate the synthetic seismograms in radially multilayered media. This method can be used to efficiently simulate full waveform acoustic logs and crosswell seismic profiles in situations where we need to consider borehole effects. The new formulation is tested by comparing our numerical results with previous available work and shows excellent agreement. Because of the use of the normalized Hankel functions and the normalization factors, this new algorithm for computing seismograms is stable numerically even for high-frequency problems. To show the applicability of this new approach to full waveform sonic logging, we apply it to investigate the effects of complex invaded zones on the geometrical spreading and attenuation estimation for P-waves. We find that a damaged zone (its velocity is slower than the unperturbed formation velocity) exhibits a convergence effect on the P-waves, and a flushed zone (velocity is faster than the unperturbed formation velocity) exhibits a divergence effect on the P-waves.
The reflexion of a shock wave at a rigid wall in the presence of a boundary layer

The paper discusses the reflexion of a shock wave off a rigid wall in the presence of a boundary layer. The basic idea is to treat the problem not as a reflexion but as a refraction process. The structure of the wave system is deduced by a simple mapping procedure. It is found that a Mach stem is always present and that the bottom of this wave is bifurcated—called a lambda foot. The reflexion is said to be regular if the Mach stem and the lambda foot are confined to the boundary layer and irregular if either extends into the main stream. Two types of regular reflexion are found, one that has reflected compression waves and the other that has both reflected compression and expansion waves. Initial conditions are given that enable one to decide which type will appear. There are also two types of irregular reflexion, one that has a Mach stem present in the main stream and the other that is characterized by a four-wave confluence. Finally there are also two processes by which regular reflexions become irregular. One is due to the formation of a downstream shock wave that subsequently sweeps upstream to establish the irregular system and the other is due to boundary-layer separation which forces the lambda foot into the main stream.
Roles, rights, and responsibilities: Better governance through decision rights automation

At its essence software development governance is about guiding the development organization so that it produces value that aligns with the needs of the business. As software development platforms mature they provide increasingly sophisticated capabilities for process measurement and guidance. These new capabilities in turn offer an excellent opportunity for governance tools to help guide the development. In this paper we discuss a model of the development organization that includes: roles, responsibilities, decisions, rights, artifacts and their lifecycles. We show how this model can be elicited and deployed as part of a governance solution to guide the development organization and provide a description of a prototype we have built to automate this process. We conclude with a discussion and important directions for future work in the area.
Salivary gland NK cells are phenotypically and functionally unique.

Natural killer (NK) cells and CD8+ T cells play vital roles in containing and eliminating systemic cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, CMV has a tropism for the salivary gland acinar epithelial cells and persists in this organ for several weeks after primary infection. Here we characterize a distinct NK cell population that resides in the salivary gland, uncommon to any described to date, expressing both mature and immature NK cell markers. Using RORγt reporter mice and nude mice, we also show that the salivary gland NK cells are not lymphoid tissue inducer NK-like cells and are not thymic derived. During the course of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) infection, we found that salivary gland NK cells detect the infection and acquire activation markers, but have limited capacity to produce IFN-γ and degranulate. Salivary gland NK cell effector functions are not regulated by iNKT or Treg cells, which are mostly absent in the salivary gland. Additionally, we demonstrate that peripheral NK cells are not recruited to this organ even after the systemic infection has been controlled. Altogether, these results indicate that viral persistence and latency in the salivary glands may be due in part to the presence of unfit NK cells and the lack of recruitment of peripheral NK cells.
Aversive Emotions: Molecular Basis of Unconditioned Fear

In this article, the neural and molecular basis of unconditioned fear is explored. Using predator and predator odors as unconditioned fear stimuli in rodents, neuroanatomical circuits for unconditioned fear to predator stimuli that includes circuits from olfactory receptors through amygdala, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis and medial hypothalamic nuclei are being delineated and appear to be different from the canonical amygdala circuit for conditioned fear. Molecular studies examining expression of inducible and constitutive transcription factors also help delineate these conditioned and unconditioned circuits, but also find these circuits interact where associative and nonassociative conditioning to predator odor stimuli may recruit the amygdala circuitry. Finally, there are a number of neurotransmitter systems found to be involved in unconditioned predator fear, and identification of more extracellular and signal transduction pathways involved in both unconditioned and conditioned fear.
Commentary on: safety of vertical augmentation-mastopexy: prospective evaluation of breast perfusion using laser fluorescence imaging.

As reconstructive or aesthetic surgeons, so much of what we do relies on the ability to maintain appropriate soft tissue perfusion. The consequences of poor tissue perfusion, whether performing a free fibula reconstruction or a facelift, can be devastating. This is why new technologies, such as the SPY Elite Intraoperative perfusion Assessment System (LifeCell Corporation, Branchburg, NJ) are so useful, because they provide us with objective real-time perfusion information. Intraoperative angiography was used in this study to shed some light on an area of much debate: the impact of implant placement to nipple perfusion during augmentation-mastopexy. The major concern that the author wished to address was that of potentially causing nipple ischemia when repositioning the nipple-areolar complex (NAC) and then placing an implant. This is an important concern, since even …
Single breath-hold 3D LGE using stack of spiral trajectory

Background Late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) imaging is the gold standard for noninvasive evaluation of myocardial scar. In the clinical setting, the standard imaging protocol involves a breath-held segmented inversion-prepared 2D Cartesian acquisition at a single location. This breathhold scan is repeated 10 -14 times to cover the entire left ventricle. Although multislice 2D LGE has shown great diagnostic accuracy, the multiple breath-holds increase the scan time to approximately 10min and patient fatigue which can result in poor breath-holding and ghosting artifact. In this study, we propose to perform the 3D LGE imaging in a single breath-hold using a stack of spiral trajectory. Methods Single breath-hold 3D stack of spiral LGE images covering the entire LV were acquired in 27 subjects undergoing clinical scans following the conventional multisilce 2D LGE on a Siemens 1.5T Avanto scanner. The 3D spiral LGE sequence consisted of 12 partitions of a dual density spiral trajectory. Each spiral readout was 4ms long with 24 interleaves to support 1.5x Nyquist in the center and 0.7x Nyquist in the edge of kspace. At each cardiac cycle, 2 out of 24 interleaves were acquired for each partition resulting in an acquisition window of approximately 160ms. All of the spirals were acquired in a single 12 heart beat breath-hold. Other sequence parameters included: TR 7ms, TE 1ms, TI 300~400ms, FA 20, FOV 340mm, in-plane resolution 1.5mm, 12 slices, and thickness 8mm. The images
Hedonic hunger prospectively predicts onset and maintenance of loss of control eating among college women.

Objective The subjective feeling of loss of control (LOC) over eating is common among eating disordered individuals and has predicted weight gain in past research. Restrained eating and negative affect are risk factors for binge eating (which involves LOC), but intense feelings of pleasure derived from palatable foods might also predict the emergence or intensification of LOC eating. The Power of Food Scale (PFS; Lowe et al., 2009) assesses preoccupation with the pleasure derived from palatable food.
Fructose: Sources, Metabolism, and Health

Fructose is a monosaccharide that is almost twice as sweet as glucose and 20–40% sweeter than sucrose. It is found in fruits, table sugar, and most common sweeteners. It is almost always consumed along with glucose, and even when eaten alone, metabolism of complex carbohydrates provides substantially more glucose to the body so the ratio of glucose to fructose is always greater than one. Its ingestion does not raise blood glucose or elicit an insulin response and metabolism takes place mostly in the liver. There are a number of putative concerns about adverse health effects of fructose consumption, but all such studies are based on unrealistic amounts of isolated fructose in comparison with glucose, neither one of which is consumed in isolation in significant amounts. Much confusion about potential adverse health effects of high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS) derives from a lack of knowledge by nutritionists of the monosaccharide composition of HFCS, which is similar to that of sucrose.
Moral Motivation and the Role of the Internship in Professional Preparation

A number of theories of moral functioning have been proposed (Blasi, 1995; Colby & Damon, 1992; Hoffman, 1970; Kohlberg, 1969; Rest, Narvaez, Bebeau, & Thoma, 1999), each with its own assumptions about what motivates moral action (Hardy & Carlo, 2005), and although each model points to different sources of moral motivation, they all are “increasingly convinced that identity may play an important role in moral functioning, but links between identity and morality remain unclear, both conceptually and empirically” (p. 233).
Effects of Codling Moth Pheromone Trap Placement, Orientation and Density on Trap Catches

Identification of the significant factors that affect codling moth pheromone trap catches is necessary for the establishment of standardized trapping procedures and optimal mass-trapping programs. Trap catches were higher when traps were placed toward the tops of apple trees and outside the canopy. Traps that were aligned parallel to the prevailing evening air movement caught more moths than traps aligned perpendicularly. As trap/tree density increased in a given area, the number of moths caught per trap decreased, but at a rate that was less than would be expected if the total catch of all the traps were the same for all densities. The total number of moths caught per plot increased as the trap/tree density increased. The two highest densities tested (1 trap/tree and 1 trap/2 trees) caught the most moths. These densities did not reduce the mating success of tethered females below that of females in an untrapped plot which suggests that mass-trapping in an orchard with a high population density of moths is not feasible as part of a pest management program.
Sliding friction and wear of structural ceramics

A study has been made of the unlubricated sliding friction and wear behaviour of various like and unlike combinations of four materials -sinteredα-SiC, graphitized SiC, siliconized SiC and a Y2O3-stabilized ZrO2 — in air at room temperature under dynamic conditions approximating the motion of a piston in the cylinder of an idling automotive engine. The steady state friction coefficientΜf is largely independent of the initial surface finish, but is in all cases unacceptably high (0.25 ⩽Μf ⩽ 0.50) for engine applications. When the running-in process involves smoothing of the wear surfaces, the coefficient of friction decreases asymptotically towards its steady state value; and when running-in involves roughening, this coefficient usually increases asymptotically as the wear surfaces develop their steady state topographies. Friction couples containing siliconized SiC were the only exceptions to this pattern of behaviour. In every case the high steady state friction is accompanied by considerable wear. The results suggest that ceramic components will not be used unlubricated in reciprocating situations.
The Role of Compensatory Adaptations and Individual Variability in Exercise Prescription

Physical inactivity is a major risk factor for public health. Due to the decline in physical demands of daily living exercise becomes an increasingly important contributor to an active lifestyle. The evidence on health benefits of exercise, particularly regarding weight loss, however, remains equivocal. In addition to lack of adherence to an exercise program, participants display behavioral and physiological adaptations that potentially mitigate exercise-induced health benefits. Specifically, a reduction in non-exercise physical activity (PA) and/or an increase in energy intake along with metabolic adaptations have been suggested to affect exercise-induced health benefits. There is also a large inter-individual variability, which makes some participants more receptive to exercise-induced weight loss than others. Even in the absence of weight loss exercise, however, provides various health benefits such as an increase in cardiorespiratory fitness, beneficial changes in blood lipids and blood pressure. In fact, some of these benefits have been more pronounced in participants who did not experience weight loss. In order to enhance the understanding of the role of exercise in health promotion a better understanding of compensatory adaptations is needed along with an identification of characteristics that contribute to inter-individual variability in response to exercise interventions.
An Alternate Test Method for the Void Content of Pervious Concrete

In recent years, pervious concrete has become an emerging material for healthier ground water recharge and superior control of high stormwater runoff. This is facilitated by the high void content of the material. The void content percentage is an important design variable, as it correlates permeability as well as the strength of the material. Therefore, an accurate quantification of the void content is needed. A recently developed ASTM standard (ASTM C1754/C1754M-12) presents a method for determining the density and void content of hardened pervious concrete; however, there are still some issues apparent with this standard. The main issue is that the standard does not consider the absorption of the aggregate or the paste, which could adversely affect the results. Other concerns include the buoyant force due to trapped air when submerging the specimens, the high drying temperature in drying method B, which causes cracking and renders the specimen unusable for other testing, and the lengthy time requirement. This study further articulated these issues and presented two alternative testing techniques, one novel technique (Torres method) and one modified ASTM C1754 test method that can be used to better determine the void content of pervious concrete. The Torres method developed in this study placed the pervious concrete specimen in saturated surface dry (SSD) condition prior to determining the void percentage, such that the absorbed water mass was removed from the calculation. Additionally, a modified ASTM C1754 was developed that also placed the specimens in an SSD condition while still using the water tank used in ASTM C1754. The results from both of the developed methods showed lower void percentages for the specimens tested than with the current ASTM C1754 (drying method A and B) standard. The results indicated that including the absorbed water mass into the calculation ultimately resulted in higher void percentages.
The consequences of four land‐use scenarios for forest ecosystems and the services they provide

Anticipating landscape- to regional-scale impacts of land use on ecosystems and the services they provide is a central challenge for scientists, policymakers, and resource managers. Working with a panel of practitioners and regional experts, we developed and analyzed four plausible but divergent land-use scenarios that depict the future of Massachusetts from 2010 to 2060 to address two questions: (1) “How do the magnitude and spatial distribution of ecosystem service provisioning vary under the different land-use regimes?” and (2) “What are the synergies and trade-offs among direct human uses, ecosystem services, and habitat quality?” Each scenario specifies the detailed prescriptions for the major uses of the forests, including conversion to residential and commercial development, clearing new farmland, shifting silvicultural practices, and designating forests protected from development. We simulated the land-use scenarios and their interactions with anticipated climate change by coupling statistical models of land use to the LANDIS-II landscape model and then evaluated the outcomes in terms of the magnitude and spatial distribution of (1) direct human uses of the landscape (residential and commercial development, agricultural, timber harvest), (2) ecosystem services (carbon storage, flood regulation, nutrient retention), and (3) habitat quality (forest tree species composition, interior forest habitat). Across all scenarios, conflicts occurred between dispersed residential development and the supply of ecosystem services and habitat quality. In all but the scenario that envisioned a significant agricultural expansion, forest growth resulted in net increases in aboveground carbon storage, despite the concomitant forest clearing and harvesting. One scenario, called Forests as Infrastructure, showed the potential for synergies between increased forest harvest volume through the sustainable practices that encouraged the maintenance of economically and ecologically important tree species, and carbon storage. This scenario also showed trade-offs between development density and water quantity and quality at the watershed scale. The process of integrated scenario analysis led to important insights for land managers and policymakers in a populated forested region where there are tensions among development, forest harvesting, and land conservation. More broadly, the results emphasize the need to consider the consequences of contrasting land-use regimes that result from the interactions between human decisions and spatially heterogeneous landscape dynamics.
Upper ocean observations in eastern Caribbean Sea reveal barrier layer within a warm core eddy

Three-dimensional measurements of a large warm core eddy (WCE) and the Caribbean Current are acquired using oceanic profilers deployed during a NOAA research aircraft study in September 2014 in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Measurements of the near-surface atmosphere are also collected to examine air-sea processes over the eddy. These novel measurements showcase temperature and salinity for the eddy and background flow, upper ocean stratification, a residing barrier layer (BL), velocity structure, and water mass characteristics. The eddy's thermal structure is alike that of WCEs in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM) whereas surrounding waters have relatively deeper isotherms compared to its GoM counterparts. Analyses suggest that upper ocean stratification within the study region is due to a BL. These are the first observations of a BL inside a WCE to the best of our knowledge. Reduced shear comparisons suggest that the upper ocean, especially within the WCE, would be more resistant to tropical cyclone (TC) induced mixing than the GoM because of the BL. The eddy is suspected to originate from North Brazil Current rings, given its fresh anomalies relative to climatology and surrounding waters and its trajectory prior to sampling. Atmospheric measurements suggest the WCE is influencing the lower atmosphere along its boundaries. These observations signify that not only does this WCE have deep thermal structure and modulate the near-surface atmosphere but it is unique because it has a BL. The findings and analyses suggest that a similar eddy could potentially influence air-sea processes, such as those during TC passage.
Abstract: Mirroring the Boss: Influence of Ethical Leadership on Salesperson Ethical Behavior and Performance

This paper contributes to the emergent literature on sales managers’ ethical leadership (e.g., DeConinck 2015; Ng and Feldman 2015) by developing a framework of the mechanism by which sales managers’ ethical leadership influences salespeople’s ethical behavior and performance. Ethical leadership is defined as “the demonstration of normatively appropriate conduct through personal actions and interpersonal relationships, and the promotion of such conduct to followers through two-way communication, reinforcement, and decision-making” (Brown et al. 2005, p. 120). This definition embodies two broad aspects of an ethical leader: (a) a moral person dimension, demonstrated through honesty, caring, and fair and balanced decision-making and (b) a moral leader dimension, demonstrated through frequent communication about ethics, setting clear ethical standards and using rewards and punishment to motivate adherence to those standards, and proactively serving as role models for ethical conduct (Brown and Trevino 2006).
Fear of rape from behind prison walls

Purpose The Prison Rape Elimination Act has brought significant attention to the issue of sexual victimization within correctional institutions. While the actual risk of sexual victimization remains low, the perception of rape among inmates is high. Given how one's fear can translate into behavior, understanding how institutions impact the culture surrounding prison rape highlights areas for reducing violence within prisons. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach This study includes secondary analysis of a quantitative database created from semi-structured interviews with 564 high security, general population inmates. Using fear of rape as the outcome of interest, bivariate and logistic regression analyses are used to comment on the impact of individual and facility level characteristics on this outcome. Findings In general, the results from this study suggest that the greatest risk factors for fearing rape while in prison are being male, having a mental health issue, and hearing about rape within the institution. From these specific findings a few general lessons can be learned with the hope that practitioners can translate these lessons into policy initiatives in order to combat fear of rape among our inmate population. Originality/value This paper aims to fill a gap in the research on how the facility contributes to the fear of rape within prison. The end goal is to inform policy makers so that suggestions can be made to combat this problem and prevent further misconduct within these facilities.