cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Frequency of Malignancy and Imaging Characteristics of Probably Benign Lesions Seen at Breast MRI

OBJECTIVE. The purposes of this study were to evaluate the frequency, follow-up compliance, and cancer rate of MRI BI-RADS category 3 lesions and to determine the cancer rate for individual BI-RADS descriptors. MATERIALS AND METHODS. A retrospective review was conducted of breast MRI examinations with an assessment of probably benign (BI-RADS category 3) from among 4279 consecutive breast MRI examinations performed from January 2005 through December 2009. The review revealed 282 (6.6%) examinations with 332 lesions defined as BI-RADS 3. Pathologic results, 2 years of follow-up imaging findings, or both were reviewed. The frequency of BI-RADS 3 assessments, follow-up imaging compliance, and cancer yield were calculated. Three fellowship-trained breast imagers reevaluated all lesions and recorded descriptors from the MRI lexicon of the fifth edition of the BI-RADS atlas. The distribution and likelihood of malignancy for each descriptor were calculated. RESULTS. The follow-up compliance rate was 84.3% (280/3...
Luttinger revisted-the renormalization group approach

Luttinger's contributions abound in different parts of many-body physics. Here I review the ones that appear when one uses the Renormalization Group (RG) to study the subject: the Luttinger Liquid, Luttinger's Theorem (on the volume of the Fermi surface) and the Kohn-Luttinger Theorem on the superconducting instability of all metals as one approaches absolute zero.
A haptic-enabled novel approach to cardiovascular visualization

Intravascular ultra sound IVUS imaging technique is widely used for the detection of plaque deposit inside coronary artery wall. Adequate detection of plaque deposit is necessary for further treatment of the patient, but image by image analysis, nevertheless, is cumbersome. In this paper, we proposed a fully automatic novel method for coronary artery visualization, which takes as an input a number of intravascular ultrasound images to construct the 3D model of coronary artery wall where the plaque deposit is demarcated in a rapid 3D rendering environment. This 3D visualization of coronary artery model has been enhanced in a haptic environment where the user is not only able to visualize the fatty plaque deposit but is also able to feel and differentiate stiffness of plaque deposit as well as soft, elastic property of normal artery through a virtual tour along the artery pathway. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some statistics for windroses

Abstract This paper describes some statistical techniques that are applicable to the analysis of normalized windroses. These statistics facilitate the proper interpretation of the normalized windrose.
The phase and shape of the form factor for inelastic 3He scattering

Abstract Interference between nuclear and Coulomb excitation of the 0.56 MeV 2 + state of 114 Cd by 3 He particles with energies near the Coulomb barrier has been observed. The results indicate that the collective model describes the data well and that the form factor for inelastic 3 He scattering is therefore largely imaginary.
Fatal radiation hepatitis: A case report and review of the literature

A case of fatal radiation hepatitis occurring after treatment with 2200 rad given by the moving strip technique is presented. This fatality occurred in a 28-year-old woman with persistent ovarian carcinoma despite prolonged chemotherapy. Scans of the liver using computerized tomography, 99mTc sulfur colloid, and 99mTc diisopropyl iminodiacetic acid showed abnormalities only in sulfur colloid uptake and these resolved late in the course. Death was caused by progressive hepatic and renal failure. Postmortem examination showed changes typical of radiation hepatitis. Only 32 cases of radiation hepatitis have been previously reported and they are reviewed. The possible role of prolonged prior chemotherapy in enhancing sensitivity to radiotherapy is considered.
An overview of microbiologically influenced corrosion

Abstract Biofilms on metal surfaces produce an environment at the biofilm/metal interface that is radically different from that of the bulk medium in terms of pH, dissolved oxygen, organic and inorganic species. The term microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) is used to designate corrosion due to the presence and activities of microorganisms within biofilms. In this review we have correlated electrochemical reactions to the activities of microorganisms to show that microorganisms can accelerate rates of partial reactions in corrosion processes or alter the corrosion mechanism.
The illusion of diffusion: Field evidence for depth-dependent sediment transport

Soil-covered upland landscapes are common in much of the habitable world, and our understanding of their evolution as a function of different climatic, tectonic, and geologic regimes is important across a wide range of disciplines. Erosion laws direct quantitative study of the processes shaping Earth's surface and form the basis of landscape evolution modeling, but are based on limited field data. Here we use in situ-produced cosmogenic 1 0 Be and 2 6 Al concentrations from granitic saprolite to quantify an exponential decline in soil production with increasing soil thickness for a new field site in Point Reyes, California. Results are similar to soil production functions from two different, previously studied field sites, and are used with extensive measurements of soil thickness to quantify depth-integrated sediment transport flux. Plots of calculated sediment fluxes against the product of soil depth and hillslope gradient provide the first field-based evidence that soil transport is a nonlinear, depth-dependent function. Data from all sites suggest that the widely used linear diffusion equation is only appropriate for shallow gradient, convex-up regions, while the depth-dependent transport law is more broadly applicable. Quantifying both the mobile soil thickness and landscape morphology is therefore critical to understanding how landscapes evolve.
The determinants of muscle fiber type during embryonic development

SYNOPSIS. Most vertebrate skeletal muscles consist of a heterogeneous array of muscle fiber types that are distinguishable, in part, by differences in their contractile protein isoform content. It is often suggested that the information necessary for directing the development of these fiber types is derived from interactions with factors outside the muscle fibers themselves and, in particular, with innervating motoneurons. However, recent data from this and other laboratories indicate that the emergence of fiber specialization within developing muscle is not dependent on innervation at all. These studies recognize two periods of embryonic fiber specialization. The first occurs during early embryonic development as individual muscles are formed from primary generation fibers expressing different myosin isoform types. The formation of these “early” muscle fiber types and their characteristic distributions within and among different muscles are not dependent on interactions with innervating motoneurons. Furthermore, myoblasts isolated from “early” embryonic muscle tissue and cultured in vitro display the same heterogeneity of myosin expression as the primary generation fiber types in ovo , suggesting that the differences in expression among early muscle fiber types are preprogrammed within their myoblasts. The second period occurs “late” in development after the major morphological events of limb formation are complete and the initial pattern of fiber types has been established. It is during this period that massive growth of most muscles occurs which is due, in part, to the formation of a secondary generation of muscle fibers. These secondary generation fibers in ovo and the cultured myotubes derived from “late” embryonic myoblasts exhibit a single myosin phenotype ( e.g. , fast). The transition from “early” to “late” embryonic phases is accompanied by a change in fast myosin heavy chain expression and is blocked by agents that disrupt neuromuscular contacts.
Correlations between Scores on Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and Ingenuity Subtest of the Flanagan Aptitude Classification Tests

The twofold purpose of the present study was to determine the magnitude of relationship between the scores on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and scores on the Ingenuity subtest of the Flanagan Aptitude Classification Tests and to determine the intercorrelations among Torrance Tests for 79 undergraduates, tested in groups. The Pearson product-moment correlations (—.19, largest r) indicated that the concepts of creativity and ingenuity are dissimilar.
Contact resistance of LPCVD W/Al and PtSi/W/Al metallization

The sensitivity of measured specific contact resistivity to surface doping concentration has been investigated for selectively deposited LPCVD W contacts to n+ and p +Si with surface concentrations from 1018to 1020cm-3. W contact resistance to n+ Si is about a factor of 20 lower than that of Al; W contact resistance to p +Si is comparable to that of Al. Ultralow resistance, stable contacts with self-aligned PtSi, and W to p +Si are demonstrated.
FORM DISCRIMINATION DURING BRIEF EXPOSURES

In an investigation of simple same-different discrimination of nonsense forms at brief exposures Arnoult (1951 ) found a systematic difference in accuracy between the "Same" trials and the "Different" trials. When the two stimuli were actually identical, discrimination accuracy tended to become poorer as exposure time was increased, whereas on the "D" trials the opposite change occurred. It was suspected that this result may have been an artifact related to two of the experimental conditions. First, one of the stimuli appeared on every trial, being paired either with itself ("S'trial) or with some other stimulus ("D" trial). As a consequence, S may have developed considerable familiarity with this "standard" form. Second, there were twice as many "D" trials as "S'trials; this may have led S co make an excessive number of "D" responses. The present experiment was designed as a replication of part of the original study with these two factors better controlled. PROCEDURE Stimuli.-The stimuli were nonsense forms originally used by Actneave (1957) in a learning experiment. There were five classes of 6-sided forms and five classes of 12-sided forms. A class consisted of a set of random variations of a prototype form which could be considered the archetype or 'central tendency' of the class. The eight forms within each class were constructed by randomly selecting one-third (2 and 4, respectively) of the contour points on the prototype. and moving them to new randomly chosen positions, after which the sides of the figure were connected to the points as before. The 80 scimuli used in the experiment resulted from this process. On each "Same" trial, a chosen stimulus was paired with itself. On each "Different" trial, a scimulus was paired with another from its own class. Fifty "S" trials and 50 "D" trials were presented, and the scimuli were chosen so that S never saw a given pair more than once. Apparatus.-Stimuli were presented by means of a New York University mirror tachistoscope (Karlin, 1955) modified so that two forms could be presented side by side in the exposure field. Exposures of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 msec. were used. Procedure.-Ten "S' pairs and 10 "D pairs were randomly assigned to each of the five exposure times. The assignment of pairs to exposures was varied for each S, as was the order of presentation of the entire sequence. On each trial S was required to respond "Same" or "Different". Ss were 16 university students who had no knowledge of the purpose of the experiment.
Oxygen Uptake with Acute Variation in Temperature and Salinity in Two Coral Reef Polychaetes

. Eupolymnia nebulosa (Terebellidae) and Hermodke carunculata (Amphinomidae) were compared with respect to rates of oxygen consumption in response to acute temperature and salinity variation. E. nebulosa, but not H. carunculata, demonstrated significant temperature sensitivity correlating with the former species' restriction to habitats that are temperature variation. In contrast, H. carunculata occurs where such fluctuation is common. Oxygen uptake in both species was responsive to dilution of the medium whereas only H. carunculata demonstrated insensitivity to increased salinity under most temperature conditions.
Prevalence and clinical demographics of cerebral salt wasting in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage

Hyponatremia is a frequent complication following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and is commonly attributed either to the syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) or cerebral salt wasting syndrome (CSW). The object of this study is to elucidate the clinical demographics and sequelae of hyponatremia due to CSW in subjects with aneurysmal SAH. Retrospective chart review of patients >18 years with aneurysmal SAH admitted between January 2004 and July 2007 was performed. Subjects with moderate to severe hyponatremia (serum sodium <130 mmol l−1) were divided into groups consistent with CSW and SIADH based on urine output, fluid balance, natriuresis, and response to saline infusion. Clinical demographics were compared. Of 316 subjects identified, hyponatremia (serum sodium <135 mmol l−1) was detected in 187 (59.2%) subjects and moderate to severe hyponatremia in 48 (15.2%). Of the latter group, 35.4% were categorized with SIADH and 22.9% with CSW. Compared to eunatremic subjects, hyponatremia was associated with significantly longer hospital stay (15.7 ± 1.9 vs. 9.6 ± 1.1 days, p < 0.001). Subjects with CSW had similar mortality and duration of hospital stay vs. those with SIADH. Though less common than SIADH, CSW was detected in approximately 23% of patients with history of aneurysmal SAH and was not clearly associated with enhanced morbidity and mortality compared to subjects with SIADH. Further studies regarding the pathogenesis and management, along with the medical consequences, of CSW are important.
Increased protein tyrosine phosphorylation in apoptotic neural cell death due to microtubule perturbations

The microtubule-perturbing drugs colchicine and taxol have been found to induce apoptosis in a CNS neuronal cell line. Apoptosis in drug-treated rat B103 neuroblastoma cells was evident in characteristic morphological changes, internucleosomal DNA fragmentation, and loss of nuclear content. Since colchicine and taxol have opposite actions on microtubule integrity, disruption of the active turnover of the microtubule network appears to be a crucial step for apoptosis to occur. It has been suggested that the basis for apoptosis by these drugs derives from their known block of the cell cycle at G2/M, but this does not appear the sole reason as both colchicine and taxol were able to evoke high levels of apoptosis in cells differentiated by Bt2cAMP or serum withdrawal. Further tests of cellular consequences of microtubule perturbation revealed a specific impact on signal transduction involving protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Immunoprecipitation with antibodies against tyrosine phosphorylated proteins showed a striking increase in the phosphorylation of a Triton-insoluble ~90 kDa protein, roughly concurrent with the onset of internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Cycloheximide and genistein significantly reduced cell death and blocked appearance of the ~90 kDa tyrosine phosphorylated protein. Data suggest the hypothesis that signal transduction leading to apoptosis can be triggered by anomalous microtubule turnover and that the mechanism involves tyrosine phosphorylation of a ~90 kDa Triton-resistant protein.
Water-Retention of Fractal Soil Models Using Continuum Percolation Theory

Hydraulic properties, including water retention characteristics, are needed as input to models that predict waste migration in the vadose zone at the U.S Department of Energy's Hanford site near Richland Washington.
Effect of reversible dorsal cold block on the persistence of inhibition generated by spinal reflexes.

The effects of bilateral focal cooling of dorsolateral thoracic spinal cord on segmental reflex pathways to the triceps surae muscles were assessed in decerebrate cats from the reflex forces produced by single shocks or trains of electrical stimuli applied to the ipsilateral caudal cutaneous sural and the contralateral tibial nerves. The validity of the dorsal cold block technique as a substitute for acute surgical dorsal hemisection was established by showing that focal cooling reliably reproduced the stretch-induced “clasp knife” inhibition of triceps surae reflexive force seen following dorsal hemisection. Under control (warm) conditions, the inhibitory components of electrically evoked ipsilateral sural and contralateral tibial reflexes faded rapidly during sustained trains, with a resultant production of large-amplitude reflex force as measured from either the entire triceps surae or from the medial gastrocnemius muscle alone. Dorsal cold block greatly reduced the amplitude of reflexive force evoked by sustained electrical stimulation of either nerve. Indeed, the cold block completely reversed the sign of train-evoked reflexes to a net inhibition of reflex force output in one-half of the sural and one-half of the contralateral tibial stimulation experiments. Peak transient forces evoked by single shocks to the sural or contralateral tibial nerves were also sometimes reduced, but this result was more variable than for prolonged nerve stimulation. The persistence of activity in segmental inhibitory pathways during dorsal cold block, as indicated by instances of reflex sign reversal, suggests that descending bulbospinal pathways traversing the dorsolateral funiculi may be responsible for “fading” of segmental inhibitory reflex components in decerebrate cats with intact spinal cords during sustained afferent input. The possibility that the enhanced magnitude and duration of segmental inhibition during cold block will increase the likelihood of disruption of the size principle for motoneuron recruitment is also discussed.
KIT extracellular and kinase domain mutations in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms arising in the gastrointestinal tract. GISTs express the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase, and many cases have activating mutations in the KIT juxtamembrane region. We now report an analysis of KIT cDNA and genomic sequences in eight GISTs that lack juxtamembrane region mutations. Six cases contained heterozygous exon 9 mutations in which six nucleotides, encoding Ala-Tyr, were duplicated. The other two cases contained homozygous exon 13 missense mutations, resulting in substitution of Glu for Lys642, that were associated with constitutive KIT tyrosine phosphorylation. Sequence analysis of DNAs from nonneoplastic companion tissues revealed that both the exon 9 and exon 13 mutations were somatic. These are the first descriptions, in any tumor, of mutations in KIT exons encoding the C-terminal end of the extracellular domain and the first part of the split kinase domain. These findings indicate that KIT may be activated by mutations in at least three domains—extracellular, juxtamembrane, and kinase—in GISTs.
Characterization of gill (Na + K)-activated adenosine triphosphatase from chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha.

(Na +K)-activated ATPase activity from gills of yearling spring chinook was examined using a new rapid assay method. Characterization of the enzyme activity was performed. Optimal activity was obtained at pH 7.2 in the presence of 240 mM NaCl, 120 mM KCl, 20 mM MgCl2 and 10 mM Na2ATP. Maximal inhibition of the enzyme was observed in the presence of 0.5 mM ouabain. Differential centrifugation indicated that 75% of the enzymatic activity was sedimented at 1000 × g. Only 8% of the activity was found in the microsomal pellet. Treatment with 0.1% sodium deoxycholate liberated activity from the 1000 × g pellet and elevated the activity of the microsomal pellet from 8% to 51% of the total activity. This treatment caused a loss of 20% of the original activity of the preparation. Statistical analysis of the sampling procedure for gill (Na +K)-activated ATPase activity indicated that there was small variation in the technique itself when compared to variation between the individual gill arches and between individual fish. Results indicate that for meaningful comparisons of groups of fish, the sampling of the gill arches must be standardized and a large number of individual fish must be sampled.
Rational design of 13C-labeling experiments for metabolic flux analysis in mammalian cells

Background 13C-Metabolic flux analysis (13C-MFA) is a standard technique to probe cellular metabolism and elucidate in vivo metabolic fluxes. 13C-Tracer selection is an important step in conducting 13C-MFA, however, current methods are restricted to trial-and-error approaches, which commonly focus on an arbitrary subset of the tracer design space. To systematically probe the complete tracer design space, especially for complex systems such as mammalian cells, there is a pressing need for new rational approaches to identify optimal tracers.
Cytology by infrared micro-spectroscopy: Automatic distinction of cell types in urinary cytology

We report microscopically collected infrared spectra of cells found in human urine in an effort to develop automatic methods for bladder cancer screening. Unsupervised multivariate analysis of the observed spectral patterns reveals distinct spectral classes, which correlate very well with visual cytology. Therefore, we believe that spectral analysis of individual cells can aid cytology in rendering reliable diagnoses based on objective measurements and discriminant algorithms.
The Social Influences on the Realization of Genetic Potential for Intellectual Development

Much of sociological analysis is devoted to assessing the relative importance of ascribed and achieved characteristics for social mobility. In this article, we extend this line of sociological work byfocusing on children's differential opportunity to achieve their genetic potentialfor intellectual development. We hypothesize that the extent to which a child realizes his or her genetic potential depends on socioeconomic environment. Using a large sibling sample collected by the National Longitudinal Study ofAdolescent Health, we test this hypothesis with a variant of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT) as the dependent variable. When measures of social environment are considered simultaneously, parental unemployment and ethnicity have a significant effect on the extent to which geneticpotentialfor intellectual development is realized. Ourfindings suggest thatpolicymakers can help children in disadvantaged environments realizefull genetic potentialfor intellectual development by altering their social circumstances. Throughout sociology's relatively short history, sociologists have always cared, often passionately, about the issue of social inequality or social stratification (see Grusky 1994 for a review). Like most Americans, however, sociologists draw a distinction between inequality of outcomes and inequality of opportunity for obtaining these outcomes. Most Americans appear much more willing to tolerate inequality of
Resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry of bacteriochlorophyll and bacteriochlorophyll cation radical.

Abstract The newly developed technique of resonance Raman spectroelectrochemistry (RRSE) is applied to the study of the radical ion species involved in the primary photochemistry of photosynthesis. By means of controlled potential coulometry combined with resonance Raman spectroscopic detection, the vibrational spectrum of the bacteriochlorophyll a cation radical (BChl+·) has been obtained and compared with the corresponding spectrum of the parent molecule. The cation radical spectrum is significantly different from the neutral spectrum both in band frequencies and intensities. These results suggest that RR vibrational spectra may provide a new means of identifying and kinetically monitoring radical ion formation both in photosynthetic model systems and in vivo .
Persistence of volatility in futures markets

This article examines the characteristics of key measures of volatility for different types of futures contracts to provide a better foundation for modeling volatility behavior and derivative values. Particular attention is focused on analyzing how different measures of volatility affect volatility persistence relationships. Intraday realized measures of volatility are found to be more persistent than daily measures, the type of GARCH procedure used for conditional volatility analysis is critical, and realized volatility persistence is not coherent with conditional volatility persistence. Specifically, although there is a good fit between the realized and conditional volatilities, no coherence exists between their degrees of persistence, a counterintuitive finding that shows realized and conditional volatility measures are not a substitute for one another
An effective representation of complex clauses in a relational database

Abstract A mechanism for storing and retrieving arbitrary complex PROLOG clauses from a relational database is presented. This mechanism can be used to implement a filter module that sits on top of the database management system (DBMS) and offers clause retrieval functions to the PROLOG interpreter. The filter module accepts arbitrary complex goal literals as input and returns all clauses (potentially) matching the goal. The presented mechanism is able to handle ground and non-ground facts as well as rules. For clause retrieval it derives search predicates from the constants of goal literals as well as multiple occurrences of goal variables. The presented method is flexible enough to support a wide range of filter selectivity, i.e. it can be used to implement highly-selective as well as arbitrary coarse filters. The structures needed to represent clauses in the DBMS are simple: each clause is entirely stored in a single tuple, which also contains all information needed for selection purposes. To retrieve the clauses matching a given goal, one DBMS query operating on a single table is to be executed, independent of the complexity of the stored clauses and the degree of selectivity provided by the filter.
A mutation in the pore of the sodium channel alters gating

Ion permeation and channel gating are classically considered independent processes, but site-specific mutagenesis studies in K channels suggest that residues in or near the ion-selective pore of the channel can influence activation and inactivation. We describe a mutation in the pore of the skeletal muscle Na channel that alters gating. This mutation, I-W53C (residue 402 in the mu 1 sequence), decreases the sensitivity to block by tetrodotoxin and increases the sensitivity to block by externally applied Cd2+ relative to the wild-type channel, placing this residue within the pore near the external mouth. Based on contemporary models of the structure of the channel, this residue is remote from the regions of the channel known to be involved in gating, yet this mutation abbreviates the time to peak and accelerates the decay of the macroscopic Na current. At the single-channel level we observe a shortening of the latency to first opening and a reduction in the mean open time compared with the wild-type channel. The acceleration of macroscopic current kinetics in the mutant channels can be simulated by changing only the activation and deactivation rate constants while constraining the microscopic inactivation rate constants to the values used to fit the wild-type currents. We conclude that the tryptophan at position 53 in the domain IP-loop may act as a linchpin in the pore that limits the opening transition rate. This effect could reflect an interaction of I-W53 with the activation voltage sensors or a more global gating-induced change in pore structure.
What is an element? What is the periodic table? And what does quantum mechanics contribute to the question?

This article considers two important traditions concerning the chemical elements. The first is the meaning of the term “element” including the distinctions between element as basic substance, as simple substance and as combined simple substance. In addition to briefly tracing the historical development of these distinctions, I make comments on the recent attempts to clarify the fundamental notion of element as basic substance for which I believe the term “element” is best reserved. This discussion has focused on the writings of Fritz Paneth which are here analyzed from a new perspective. The other tradition concerns the reduction of chemistry to quantum mechanics and an understanding of chemical elements through their microscopic components such as protons, neutrons and electrons. I claim that the use of electronic configurations has still not yet settled the question of the placement of several elements and discuss an alternative criterion based on maximizing triads of elements. I also point out another possible limitation to the reductive approach, namely the failure, up to now, to obtain a derivation of the Madelung rule. Mention is made of some recent similarity studies which could be used to clarify the nature of ‘elements’. Although it has been suggested that the notion of element as basic substance should be considered in terms of fundamental particles like protons and electrons, I resist this move and conclude that the quantum mechanical tradition has not had much impact on the question of what is an element which remains an essentially philosophical issue.
Pharmacokinetics and muscle histopathology of intramuscular valproate

To determine the safety and pharmacokinetics of parenteral sodium valproate healthy mature greyhound dogs, were given intramuscular injections following intravenous injections. Dosings intravenously and intramuscularly were at 20, 40 and 60 mg/kg in the three groups. Intravenous infusion rates were constant. Sodium valproate solution concentrations of 300, 400 and 500 mg/ml were administered. Intramuscular valproate was quickly absorbed. Bio-availability approached 70%. Half life of 120 min was calculated. Toxic muscle necrosis was observed at all concentrations. Dosing valproate intramuscularly in humans is problematic in view of the muscle damage. Despite tissue damage sodium valproate was well absorbed intramuscularly. The intravenous injection of valproate at high concentrations, large doses and fast infusion rates produced no evidence of cardiotoxicity and levels of 180 micrograms/ml.
Activation of meiosis and sporulation by repression of the RME1 product in yeast

The ability of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to enter meiosis and sporulate is conferred by the a1-α2 regulatory activity of the mating-type locus. We have cloned the RME1 gene and show that: the RME1 transcript is repressed by a1-α2 in a/α cells; overexpression of the RME1 product in a/α cells blocks sporulation; and inactivation of RME1 by a null mutation constructed in vitro permits cells lacking a1-α2 activity to sporulate. The RME1 product thus inhibits meiosis; the mating-type locus permits entry into meiosis by repression of RME1.
Compression resistance of four interocclusal recording materials

Abstract Elastomeric impression materials are popular for making interocclusal records to mount casts on dental articulators. The resistance of these materials to compressive forces is critical, because any deformation during the recording or mounting process could result in inaccurate articulation of casts and faulty fabrication of restorations. This investigation compared the deformation of designated thicknesses (2 mm, 5 mm, 10 mm, and 20 mm) for four elastomeric interocclusal recording materials (Blu-Mousse, Stat BR, Ramitec, and Regisil) when subjected to a 25 N compressive load. Compressive distortions of clinical significance were recorded for all of the materials with various thicknesses. The Blu-Mousse vinyl polysiloxane registration material exhibited the greatest resistance to compression for the designated thicknesses, and these resistance values were significantly lower than those of the other recording materials with thicknesses of 5, 10, and 20 mm (α
Evidence supporting the biologic nature of gender identity.

ABSTRACT Objective To review current literature that supports a biologic basis of gender identity. Methods A traditional literature review. Results Evidence that there is a biologic basis for gender identity primarily involves (1) data on gender identity in patients with disorders of sex development (DSDs, also known as differences of sex development) along with (2) neuroanatomical differences associated with gender identity. Conclusions Although the mechanisms remain to be determined, there is strong support in the literature for a biologic basis of gender identity. (Endocr Pract. 2015;21: 199-204)
The electrocardiographic recognition of left ventricular hypertrophy.

Abstract This study correlated the cardiac findings at autopsy with electrocardiograms and teleoroentgenograms of 135 patients with left ventricular hypertrophy. Tracings and chest x-ray films from 71 patients without anatomic evidence of cardiac hypertrophy served as a control group. The reliability of the chest film, as well as the sensitivity and specificity of the set of 11 electrocardiographic criteria for LVH enumerated by Sokolow and Lyon were evaluated and compared. Reasons for selecting these criteria are discussed. The electrocardiogram is generally a more adequate means for the detection of LVH than is the chest x-ray film. The more sensitive but least specific indicators of LVH appear to be RS-T-segment depression and T-wave abnormalities. These are also the criteria most influenced by the presence of digitalization and infarction. Increased amplitude of QRS is more specific, and much less sensitive, an indicator of LVH and does not appear to be influenced by associated digitalization or infarction. The most specific criterion of LVH is prolongation of the ventricular activation time, but it is so insensitive as to be of limited value. Possible mechanisms for the genesis of the electrocardiographic changes in left ventricular hypertrophy are discussed.
A Practical Process for the Preparation of Super Slurper, a Starch‐Based Polymer with a Large Capacity to Absorb Water

The solid, water-insoluble sorbent called Super Slurper that swells in water is a base hydrolyzed starch-polyacrylonitrile graft copolymer in which the nitrile functionality has been converted to a mixture of carboxamide and alkali metal carboxylate. A process for making the polymer in multipound quantities has been developed from laboratory scale-up studies. This process avoids intermediate isolation steps, permits efficient removal of unreacted monomer, keeps the concentration of extraneous salts low and gives a high solids concentration for the drying step. Variation in drying procedure allows Super Slurper to be made in film, mat, powder or flake form. Shearing the hydrolysis mixture prior to isolation and avoiding extended exposure of isolated product to elevated temperature gives Super Slurper with highest absorptive capacity. All equipment used is common to industrial practice. The cost to make crude drum-dried flakes is estimated preliminarily at $ 0.32/lb for a 107 lb/year hypothetical plant.
Stroke: TIA-is ABCD2 useful in choosing who, what, where and when?

For patients with transient cerebral ischemia, prompt diagnostic evaluation and rapid initiation of treatments markedly reduces the incidence of subsequent acute stroke. However, controversy exists about which patients to evaluate, and where and how quickly to perform the testing. Do current guidelines provide the best answers?
Distribution of Anthropogenic and Natural Debris on the Mainland Shelf of the Southern California Bight

Various studies have been conducted to quantify debris found along beaches; however, little information has been compiled about debris found on the seafloor. This study describes the distribution, types, and amounts of marine debris found in the Southern California Bight (SCB) in July and August of 1994. Anthropogenic debris was most common in the central region, on the outer shelf, and in areas near publicly owned treatment works (POTWs). Fishing gear was the most common type of anthropogenic debris in the central region and in the outer shelf zone, whereas glass bottles and plastic were most common in POTW areas. Natural debris was more common close to shore in the inner shelf zone than anthropogenic debris. The deeper distribution of anthropogenic debris relative to natural debris, as well as the types of debris, suggest that the primary source of anthropogenic debris is marine vessel and fishing activity.
Telomere-associated RFLPs and electrophoretic karyotyping reveal lineage relationships among race-specific strains of Ustilago hordei

The inheritance of telomere-associated restriction fragment length polymorphisms (tel-RFLP) and chromosome-length polymorphisms (CLPs) were criteria used for the identification of strains of Ustilago hordei that form a direct lineage. Teliospore collections of race 8 strains and strains reported to be derived from race 8 through inbreeding were used in these analyses. None of the race 8 strains examined in this study, representing three consecutive inbred generations, was polymorphic for any terminal BamHI and BglII chromosomal loci, nor did they have any apparent CLPs. Strains from a teliospore collection obtained in 1971 and designated 447, representing the first inbred generation of race 8 strains and a shift to increased virulence on cultivar Hannchen, had tel-RFLP arrays indistinguishable from the race 8 strains isolated in this study; and they had no obvious CLPs. Strains from the presumed second inbred generation, the 1279 teliospore line, which was pathogenic on six additional cultivars, had numerous CLPs and a tel-RFLP array that differed from race 8 strains at more than 50% of the terminal chromosomal BamHI and BglII restriction sites. The tel-RFLP array of each 1279 strain was identical and indistinguishable from the arrays of strains representing races 10 and 13, indicating that they share a direct lineage. A race 14 strain, also presumed to be derived from race 8 strains by inbreeding, had a unique tel-RFLP array and an electrophoretic karyotype that distinguished it from all other strains. The tel-RFLP arrays alone eliminate the 1279 and race 14 strains from being direct descendants from race 8 strains by inbreeding and suggest that this approach can identify a strain lineage among other inbred sexually reproducing fungi, or isolates that comprise different asexual clonal populations.
A Distributed Augmented Reality System Using 3D Fiducial Objects

Augmented reality (AR) often makes use of a 2D fiducial marker to render computer graphics onto a video frame so that the computer-generated object appears aligned with the scene. We extend this idea to 3D where real-world objects are used as fiducial markers and propose a distributed AR system that utilizes geographically located resources to meet high computing demand, enable sustained remote operations, and support collaborative efforts. Within the distributed AR system, we present technical solutions to several key modules in AR that form a linear computing pipeline. We generalize and formulate the pipeline network mapping as optimization problems under different mapping constraints and develop heuristic algorithms that maximize the frame rate to achieve smooth data flow. Extensive simulation-based results show that the proposed mapping heuristics outperform the existing methods.
QSV Wavefront Triplication In a Tranversely Isotropic Material

Triplication of a wavefront, also classically known as birefringence, can and does occur in transversely isotropic (TI) media. With the growing interest in shear waves, and in particular, converted shear waves, it becomes necessary to study this phenomenon, and the bright spots that accompany it. In a plane that includes the medium’s rotational symmetry axis, there may exist a range of angles within which the qSV wave, whose polarization lies in that plane, may propagate at three distinct velocities. The region of the qSV wave curve where this can occur always corresponds to the region of the qSV slowness curve where the closed qSV curve about the origin is concave. When the range of angles is small and the three arrivals are close together, the usual situation, the qSV wave within that small range will be significantly brighter than in other directions. When the range of angles is large, the two cusps of the wave surface, on the borders of the region of triplication will both be bright spots.
Monitoring and detection of indoor air contamination

We report on the development of the air quality monitoring and early detection system for an enclosed environment with specific emphasis on manned spacecraft. The proposed monitoring approach is based on the distributed parameter model of contaminant dispersion and real-time contaminant concentration measurements. The implicit Kalman filtering algorithm is used to generate online estimations of the spatial contamination profile, which are used for the air quality monitoring and early detection of an air contamination event.
Studies on octylphenoxy surfactants: IX. Effect of oxyethylene chain length on GA3 absorption by sour cherry leaves

The effect of a homologous series of octylphenoxy surfactants, α-[4-(1,1,3,3-tetramethylbutyl)phenyl]-ω-hydroxypoly-(oxy-1,2-ethanediyl), condensed with 5, 7–8, 9–10, 16, and 30 oxyethylene (EO) units on enhancement of gibberellic acid (GA3) absorption by leaves ofPrunus cerasus cv. Montmorency was studied. Increasing EO chain length (5–30 EO) increased surface tension (27.5–35.3 mN m−1) and contact angles on adaxial (21–36°) and abaxial (28–49°) leaf surfaces. With increasing EO content, the form of GA3 deposits from droplets on the leaf surface changed from an annulus shape (5 and 7–8 EO) to globular forms covering increasingly smaller interface areas (9–10 to 30 EO). The surfactants increased GA3 uptake, the magnitude decreased with an increase in oxyethylene chain length. Similar trends were found for both the adaxial and abaxial surfaces. Penetration through the abaxial surface was linearly related to the logarithm of the oxyethylene content of the surfactant molecule (r 2=0.934**) and to the hydrophilic: lipophilic balance (r 2=0.926**). Absorption by the abaxial surface was approximately one order of magnitude greater than by the adaxial surface.
Angular Momentum Theory and Localized States in Solids. Investigation of Shallow Acceptor States in Semiconductors

We show that localized states in solids can be conveniently investigated using techniques which are widely applied in the theory of atomic and nuclear spectra. The effective-mass theory for shallow acceptor states is formulated in a simple way and a meaningful classification of these states is obtained. The eigenvalue problem is reduced to simple radial Hamiltonians which are solved for the most important acceptor states.
Abdominal ultrasound versus hepato-imino diacetic acid scan in diagnosing acute cholecystitis--what is the real benefit?

Background Acute cholecystitis is one of the most common surgical problems, yet substantial debate remains over the utility of simple examination, abdominal ultrasound (AUS), or advanced imaging such as hepato-imino diacetic acid (HIDA) scan to support the diagnosis. Materials and methods The preoperative diagnostic workup of patients who underwent cholecystectomy with histologically confirmed acute cholecystitis was reviewed to calculate the sensitivity of AUS, HIDA scan, or both. In addition, the sensitivity of the commonly described ultrasonographic findings was assessed. Results From 2010 through 2012, 406 patients among 9087 reviewed charts presented to the emergency department with acute upper abdominal pain and met inclusion criteria. 32.5% (N = 132) of patients underwent AUS only, 11.3% (N = 46) underwent HIDA scan only, and 56.2% (N = 228) had both studies performed for workup. 52.7% (N = 214) of patients had histopathologically confirmed acute cholecystitis. The sensitivities of AUS, HIDA, and AUS combined with HIDA for acute cholecystitis were 73.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 66.3%–79.5%), 91.7% (95% CI = 86.2%–95.5%), and 97.7% (95% CI = 93.4%–99.5%), respectively. Although of limited sensitivity, AUS findings of sonographic Murphy sign, gallbladder distension, and gallbladder wall thickening were associated with a diagnosis of acute cholecystitis. Conclusions The sensitivity of AUS for diagnosing acute cholecystitis in patients with acute upper abdominal pain is limited. The addition of a HIDA scan in the diagnostic workup significantly improves sensitivity and can add valuable information in the appropriate clinical setting.
An Application of Opportunity Cost for a Short-Run Pricing Decision

Abstract This article illustrates how opportunity cost can be provided as an explicit information item for a manager's short-run pricing decision. By using an example of a special order decision situation, the article shows the merits of using an opportunity cost approach instead of using only a direct cost or an absorption cost approach.
The cytogenetics of mutator gene-induced X-linked lethals in Drosophila melanogaster.

Abstract A third chromosome mutator gene effectively increases the spontaneous frequency of sex-linked recessive lethals in females but not in females of Drosophila melanogaster . Approximately half the mutator-induced mutants occur as clusters of the same mutant implying a premeiotic origin. An appreciable number of the mutator-induced lethals are associated with comparatively long deficiencies of several salivary gland chromosome bands. The possible modes of mutator gene action are conjectured.
Neutral-current constraints on heavy Z bosons

Abstract The phenomenological constraints from neutral-current experiments, the W and Z masses, and direct searches at the S p pS collider on the masses and mixing of theoretically motivated extra Z bosons are considered. Particular consideration is given to the additional bosons expected in grand unified theories based on SO 10 and E 6 (including superstring models) and in models with a low energy left-right symmetry. It is found that the existing constrainsts are very weak, with masses as low as 100–300 GeV allowed for the various cases considered.
PCBs in Lake Superior, 1978–1980

Abstract Polychlorinated biphenyls ( PCBs ) were measured in the water column of Lake Superior during the summers of 1978 to 1980. The total PCB water concentrations were relatively uniform areally and vertically within any one year: 1978, 1.3 ± 1.3 ng/L; 1979, 3.8 ±1.9 ng/L; 1980, 0.9 ±0.4 ng/L. The volume-weighted abiotic PCB burden in the water column fluctuated with climatic conditions between ∼10,000 and 40,000 kg, but would be in the range of 10,000 to 20,000 kg most of the time. Analysis of 24 large volume, filtered samples from 1980 showed that 27±12% of the PCBs were in the paniculate phase. The distribution coefficient for PCBs, defined by use of a glass-fiber filter, ranged from 10 4 to 10 7 L/kg, exhibiting a strong, inverse log relationship to the suspended solids concentration. This behavior is partially attributed to the differences in the organic carbon content of the sampled particles in different regions of the lake and to artifacts of the filtration process. The elevated total PCB concentrations in the summer of 1979 in conjunction with the previous winter's severe weather conditions are evidence of seasonal fluctuations of PCBs in the water column resulting mostly from sediment resuspension.