cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the False Alarm Metaphor in Psychophysics

28 college undergraduates were required to respond with either “salt” or “no salt” to 50 presentations of distilled water. The ratio of “salt” responses (false alarm rates) ranged from .00 to .62 with a median of .24; 82% of the Ss made at least one “salt” response. It is argued that the significance of these results is obscured by using the “false alarm” metaphor: such a metaphor carries the notion of willful misbehavior or culpable heedlessness. The errors of perception are better conceptualized as the probabilistically predictable outcome of implicit and explicit role demands. The metaphor “false alarm” would then appear to be infelicitous to describe errors of perception.
Physiological responses of typical versus heavy weight triathletes to treadmill and bicycle exercise.

A physiological comparison of the responses of typical weight (less than 90 kg) versus heavy weight (greater than 90 kg) male triathletes to maximal treadmill and maximal bicycle exercise was performed to better understand the effects of weight on endurance performance. The heavy triathlete group (90.9 +/- 3.2 kg, mean +/- SD) had significantly (p less than .01) greater percent body fat (11.9 +/- 3.6 vs 7.4 +/- 1.8%) while having significantly (p +/- .01) lower VO2max values expressed in ml.kg-1.min-1 on both the treadmill (55.6 +/- 4.1 vs 69.9 +/- 5.5) and bicycle ergometer (51.9 +/- 3.9 vs 60.5 +/- 6.2) than the typical triathlete group (66.6 +/- 5.9 kg). Analysis of covariance using body fat as the covariate resulted in persistent significant (p less than .02) VO2max (ml.kg-1.min-1) differences between the groups. Statistically significant (p less than .05) differences in running economy existed between the groups (33.7 +/- 2.7 vs 37.1 +/- 1.5 ml.kg-1.min-1; typical vs heavy). The heavy triathletes also had a significantly (p less than .01) shorter treadmill performance time (9.6 +/- 2.3 vs 13.2 +/- 1.7 min) and significantly (p less than .01) lower power per weight ratio on the bicycle ergometer (5.37 +/- 0.48 vs 6.47 +/- 0.59 watts/kg). These findings indicate that the heavy triathlete is at a physiological disadvantage when competing in endurance events and supports the inclusion of a weight category in these events. The reported triathlon results support these physiological findings.
Children's Lead Exposure: A Multimedia Modeling Analysis to Guide Public Health Decision-Making.

Background: Drinking water and other sources for lead are the subject of public health concerns around the Flint, Michigan, drinking water and East Chicago, Indiana, lead in soil crises. In 2015, t...
Vocalizations associated with predator-type do not elicit predator-specific escape responses in grey squirrels

Eastern gray squirrels produce moans for aerial predators and quaas for terrestrial threats. One commonly-supported hypothesis for such predator-associated signals is that they elicit predator-specific escape responses in conspecifics. With simulated aerial predators, squirrels ran to the far side of tree trunks. In response to simulated terrestrial predators, squirrels frequently ran to where they could see the predator but could quickly flee to the far side of the tree trunk. Playbacks of quaas and moans elicited flight behaviour, but without association between escape location and alarm call type. Locations elicited by alarm calls differed from those elicited by simulated predators, with squirrels pausing on the side facing the call’s source. While grey squirrel alarms and escape strategies differ by predator type, the vocalizations do not function to elicit divergent escape strategies in conspecifics. This result stands in contrast to observed functions in other species with calls differing by predator type.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Scalp

FDG PET/MR imaging is valuable in assessing locally invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. PET/MRI can evaluate the extent of invasion, detect local lymph node involvement, and identify distant metastases as well as secondary lung primaries.
Fluoride Effects on the Dentin-Pulp Complex

Fluoride has been widely used to prevent dental caries by enhancing enamel remineralization and inhibiting demineralization. The increased use of fluorides and the reduction in dental caries have been accompanied by increased enamel fluorosis. Despite the great deal that is known about enamel fluorosis, not much is known on the effects of excess fluoride on forming dentin and its relationship to the tooth structure. Previous studies have described dentin hypomineralization with lower microhardness and disrupted hydroxyapatite crystal arrangement in human dentin exposed to fluoride at higher levels than clinically beneficial to prevent the dental caries. These effects appear to be dose related. More recently, dentin fluorosis has been linked to alteration in dentin matrix proteins synthesis, including reduced synthesis of dentin sialoprotein and dentin hypomineralization, while in vitro, fluoride has been shown to modulate type 1 collagen synthesis in the pulp in a dose-related manner. Further studies are necessary to fully understand the precise mechanism of dentin fluorosis. Nevertheless, if the dentin matrix formation and mineralization is affected by exposure to fluoride, this may affect the incidence and rate of progression of dentin caries.
A common feature-based disparity control strategy in stereoscopic panorama generation

In this paper, we present a solution for the generation of high-resolution stereoscopic panoramas. Many existing monocular approaches can produce high-quality panoramas; however, direct application of these techniques to the stereo case often fail to deliver high-quality stereo vision. Compared to generating a high-quality monocular panorama, generating a high-quality stereo panorama using existing techniques is challenging owing to the inconsistency between the left and right views and difficulties in disparity control. In our proposed disparity control strategy, one commonly identified feature set is utilized to describe the identical feature in two pairs of adjacent input images instead of processing the left and right images independently. In addition, the conventional RANSAC algorithm is extended to the stereo case to further improve the stereo consistency. After the aligning and blending steps, a global panorama disparity correction technique is applied to compensate for the vertical disparity and correct horizontal disparity. The experiments show that our method can enforce left and right input images to be stitched by very similar pose parameters and generate high-quality stereo panoramas that provide a pleasant 3D viewing experience.
Recent advances in ruthenium-based olefin metathesis

Ruthenium-based olefin metathesis catalysts, known for their functional group tolerance and broad applicability in organic synthesis and polymer science, continue to evolve as an enabling technology in these areas. A discussion of recent mechanistic investigations is followed by an overview of selected applications.
Hack for Hire: Exploring the Emerging Market for Account Hijacking

Email accounts represent an enticing target for attackers, both for the information they contain and the root of trust they provide to other connected web services. While defense-in-depth approaches such as phishing detection, risk analysis, and two-factor authentication help to stem large-scale hijackings, targeted attacks remain a potent threat due to the customization and effort involved. In this paper, we study a segment of targeted attackers known as “hack for hire” services to understand the playbook that attackers use to gain access to victim accounts. Posing as buyers, we interacted with 27 English, Russian, and Chinese blackmarket services, only five of which succeeded in attacking synthetic (though realistic) identities we controlled. Attackers primarily relied on tailored phishing messages, with enough sophistication to bypass SMS two-factor authentication. However, despite the ability to successfully deliver account access, the market exhibited low volume, poor customer service, and had multiple scammers. As such, we surmise that retail email hijacking has yet to mature to the level of other criminal market segments.
Adaptation of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 to perchlorate, a specific inhibitor of sulfate reduction

Hydrogen sulfide produced by sulfate-reducing microorganisms (SRM) poses significant health and economic risks, particularly during oil recovery. Previous studies identified perchlorate as a specific inhibitor of SRM. However, constant inhibitor addition to natural systems results in new selective pressures. Consequently, we investigated the ability of Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 to evolve perchlorate resistance. Serial transfers in increasing concentrations of perchlorate led to robust growth in the presence of 100 mM inhibitor. Isolated adapted strains demonstrated a threefold increase in perchlorate resistance compared to the wild-type ancestor. Whole genome sequencing revealed a single base substitution in Dde_2265, the sulfate adenylyltransferase (sat). We purified and biochemically characterized the Sat from both wild-type and adapted strains, and showed that the adapted Sat was approximately threefold more resistant to perchlorate inhibition, mirroring whole cell results. The ability of this mutation to confer resistance across other inhibitors of sulfidogenesis was also assayed. The generalizability of this mutation was confirmed in multiple evolving G20 cultures and in another SRM, D. vulgaris Hildenborough. This work demonstrates that a single nucleotide polymorphism in Sat can have a significant impact on developing perchlorate resistance and emphasizes the value of adaptive laboratory evolution for understanding microbial responses to environmental perturbations.
Erectile Dysfunction Medication Prescription: STI and Risk Behavior in Men with HIV.

Abstract Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a common diagnosis in up to 50% of men with HIV and prescription of erectile dysfunction medication (EDM) has been variably associated with increased risk behaviors and acquisition of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Aim We measured the association of EDM prescription with bacterial STI testing, STI infection and sexual behavior among men engaged in HIV care. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV-infected men in care at an urban HIV clinic in Birmingham, Alabama between 2008 and 2016. Paired data analysis was used to compare STI testing and behavioral outcomes during the 12-month period before and after EDM prescription. Main Outcome Measures Our study outcomes were STI testing and infection rates for Chlamydia trachomatis (CT), Neisseria gonorrhoeae (GC) and incident syphilis as well as risk behaviors before and after EDM prescription. Results Of 2924 HIV-infected men engaged in care, 589 (20%) initiated EDM with a new prescription from a clinic provider during the study period. During the year after EDM prescription, all STI testing rates decreased: CT (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58 - 1.01; P = .06), GC (OR = 0.76; 95% CI: 0.58 - 1.01; P = .06), and syphilis (OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.20 - 0.38; P Clinical Implication Management of ED in HIV clinic provides an excellent opportunity to discuss risk reduction, safer sex practices, and the importance of routine STI screening to prevent HIV/STI transmission. Strength & Limitations This study provides insight into a common but understudied clinical scenario-ED in men with HIV-in an urban clinic population that is representative of the Southeastern United States. Adherence for ED medication was not assessed and STI risk behaviors were self-reported. Conclusion EDM prescription did not lead to any detectable change in risk behavior in this setting but bacterial STI was common among MSM who were tested. Heudebert JP, Tamhane A, Burkholder GA, Dionne-Odom J. Erectile Dysfunction Medication Prescription: STI and Risk Behavior in Men with HIV. J Sex Med 2019;16:691–700.
Conditional Karhunen-Loève expansion for uncertainty quantification and active learning in partial differential equation models

Abstract We use conditional Karhunen-Loeve (KL) expansions to quantify and reduce uncertainty in the coupled linear diffusion equation (a combination of the Darcy law and continuity equations for average pore velocity and hydraulic head) and the advection-dispersion partial differential equation (PDE) with an unknown sparsely sampled space-dependent hydraulic conductivity coefficient k ( x ) = exp ⁡ ( g ( x ) ) describing fluid flow and transport of a conservative tracer in fully saturated heterogeneous porous media. We achieve reduction in uncertainty by modeling g ( x ) as a random field with a KL expansion conditioned on g measurements. We consider two approaches for conditioning the KL expansion. In Approach 1, we condition the KL model first and then truncate it. In Approach 2, we first truncate the KL expansion and then condition it. We employ the conditional KL expansion together with the sparse grid collocation method to compute the moments of the resulting stochastic PDEs. The accuracy of the moment solutions is verified against the Monte Carlo solution of the stochastic PDEs. Uncertainty in the flow problem (the variance of hydraulic head) is further reduced by adaptively selecting additional observation locations of g using two active learning methods. Method 1 minimizes the variance of g ( x ) , while Method 2 minimizes the variance of the PDE states. We demonstrate that conditioning leads to dimension reduction of the KL representation of g ( x ) . For the considered equations, we show that Approach 1 provides a more accurate approximation of the conditional log-normal coefficient and solution of the SPDE than Approach 2 for the same number of dimensions in a conditional KL expansion. Furthermore, Approach 2 provides a good estimate for the number of terms of the truncated KL expansion of the conditional field of Approach 1. Finally, we demonstrate that active learning based on Method 2 is more efficient for uncertainty reduction in the SPDE's states (i.e., it leads to a larger reduction of the variance) than active learning using Method 2.
LATINO HOSPICE PATIENTS’ INVOLVEMENT IN CARE DECISIONS AND PLANNING: FACTORS THAT SHAPE PARTICIPATION PREFERENCES

Patient participation in care decisions is a primary tenet of patient-centered care and has been emphasized in policies and programs shaping clinical practice. Patient self-determination and involvement is associated with improved outcomes, including patient satisfaction and compliance. However, studies exploring Latino patients’ care involvement preferences find a cultural preference for limited autonomy and shared or family-based decision-making. This study describes terminally-ill older Latinos and their proxies’ preferences regarding involvement in decision-making and care planning following a referral to hospice care. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 hospice-enrolled Latinos 65 or older, or their proxies. The sample is predominantly female (54% of all patients; 80% of proxies) and Mexican (77%). The average age of all patients was 82 years, and of proxies 54. Patients interviewed had an average of 7 years of education and proxies an average of 11 years. Patients were receiving care in a variety of settings, including inpatient hospice units, nursing homes, and community. Interviews were transcribed verbatim in the original language and coded thematically using an inductive approach. A second coder was used to code a Spanish and an English transcript (15% of the data), and a high level of interrater reliability was obtained (k = 0.85). Findings elucidate the paths through which culture, religion, and trust in provider shape preferences for limited autonomy and planning, confirming previous findings. However, this was not replaced by a preference for family-based decision-making. Findings highlight the importance of Latinos having access to culturally-competent primary care providers and fostering lasting relationships.
Complications of Cosmetic Surgery Tourism: Case Series and Cost Analysis.

BACKGROUND Cosmetic surgery tourism is increasing exponentially. Patients seek cosmetic procedures within the United States and abroad, lured by lower cost procedures, shorter waiting lists, and affordable airfare and hotel accommodations. Unfortunately, operations are often performed by non-board-certified plastic surgeons, sometimes not even by plastic surgeons. Preoperative counseling, frequently limited to a video-chat with an office secretary, provides inadequate discussion regarding potential complications. Postoperative care is careless and rarely involves the operating surgeon. Complications are frequent, with management falling into the hands of plastic surgeons unfamiliar with the patient's care. Furthermore, the physician, rather than the patient or hospital, faces the largest cost burden. OBJECTIVES The authors sought to explore their institution's experience treating complications of cosmetic tourism and investigate associated costs. METHODS The retrospective review of 16 patients treated for complications related to cosmetic surgery tourism plus cost analysis revealed a substantial discrepancy between money saved by undergoing surgery abroad and massive costs accrued to treat surgical complications. RESULTS The most common complication was infection, often requiring surgery or IV antibiotics on discharge. Mean cost per patient was $26,657.19, ranging from $392 (single outpatient visit) to $154,700.79 (prolonged admission and surgery). Overall, the hospital retained 63% of billed charges, while physicians retained only 9%. The greatest amount paid by any single patient was $2635.00 by a patient with private insurance. CONCLUSIONS Cosmetic tourism has severe medical repercussions for patients and complications that burden hospitals, physicians, and the US medical system. Physicians treating the complications suffer the greatest financial loss. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
Misdiagnosis of Ventricular Tachycardia as Supraventricular Tachycardia

A 76 year-old man with prior inferior wall myocardial infarction (NYHA Class II, left-ventricular ejection fraction 41%, first degree AV block, and narrow QRS) underwent implantation of a dual-chamber ICD (Medtronic EnTrust™ D154ATG) for sustained monomorphic VT requiring cardioversion. He was treated with sotalol 120 mg q 12 h to reduce the frequency of VT. An episode is retrieved from the ICD’s SVT log with programmed detection and bradycardia pacing parameters. Diagnosis is discussed.
Persistent Lactic Acidosis in an 18-month-old Girl Status Post Bone Marrow Transplant

1. Chaya N. Murali, MD*,† 2. Rebecca Ganetzky, MD‡,§ 1. *Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 2. †Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX 3. ‡Division of Genetics, Section of Metabolic Disease, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 4. §University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA An 18-month-old girl with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia develops lactic acidosis. She was diagnosed with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia at 14 months old and received a bone marrow transplant (BMT) at 17 months of age. The hospital course is complicated by severe anorexia, and enteral intake is limited to minimal human milk. On day 1 after BMT, she begins on total parenteral nutrition (TPN) with intravenous (IV) multivitamins and intralipids (IL). On day 11 of TPN/IL, she develops hives and emesis coinciding with start of the TPN/IL infusion, concerning for an allergy. The next day, TPN alone is administered and tolerated. When IL is reintroduced, she again develops hives. Allergy consultants review the case, and diagnose an allergy to IL. Exclusive TPN is continued, without multivitamins/IL, for 4 weeks. On day 20 post-BMT, she begins to take an oral multivitamin. Multiple attempts at enteral feeds have occurred, but she has emesis, food refusal, and gut graft-versus-host disease. On day 46, she develops tachycardia and tachypnea. Laboratory testing reveals metabolic acidosis with a bicarbonate level of 14 mmol/L with anion gap 25, and an elevated lactate level of 11.5 mmol/L. Pyruvate is also elevated, at 0.45 mmol/L (normal 0.05 to 0.14 mmol/L). She is treated empirically for sepsis, but cultures …
Limitations of Accelerated Stability Model Based on the Arrhenius Equation for Shelf Life Estimation of In Vitro Diagnostic Products.

Background An accelerated stability model based on the Arrhenius Equation can be used to estimate stability of diagnostic reagents. Here we review 3 examples in which the model does not accurately predict the stability of diagnostic reagents. Methods We prepared several pilot lots of quality controls materials containing fructosamine, BNP, and HbA1c in human whole blood and serum matrices and performed accelerated stability studies at increased temperatures (5 °C to 35 °C) and real-time stability studies at the recommended storage temperature (-10 °C to -20 °C) for several analytes in quality control materials. Results We observed that the stability predictions obtained from the accelerated stability studies were longer in 2 instances and much shorter in another than those observed from the real-time stability studies. Conclusions Due to discrepancies between the stability results from accelerated stability studies and those from the real-time stability studies, we stress the need for caution when reagent manufacturers use the Arrhenius model and recommend that the technical groups and committees assigned to revise CLSI and ISO stability documents highlight the limitations of the accelerated stability model and include more guidance and direction on how and when to use the accelerated stability model.
Modeling Public Support for Utility Expansions in Displacement Situations

AbstractIn Germany in 2016, over 722,000 people applied for asylum. That is, in a single year close to three-quarters of a million people were displaced. The struggles displaced people face are num...
Prevalence, clinical characteristics, and evolution of Covid-19 infection among patients and healthcare staff of a national reference hemodialysis center in Peru

Objective: To determine the prevalence, clinical characteristics, and evolution of the patients and healthcare staff with COVID-19 infection in a national reference hemodialysis center Methodology Observational and retrospective study in a cohort of patients on chronic hemodialysis and healthcare staff with COVID-19 infection at the Dos de Mayo National Hospital in Lima from March 1 to June 12, 2020 Results Were evaluated 48 patients and 52 healthcare staff Were positive for COVID-19 33 3% of patients and 7 6% of healthcare staff Were symptomatic 56 2% of the patients and 18 7% required hospitalization No one on the staff had symptoms To date, none of the patients evaluated has required mechanical ventilation or has died Conclusions COVID-19 infection among patients is high Two out of ten patients have required hospitalization, without any deceased © 2021, Asociacion Regional de Dialisi y Transplantes Renales de Capital Federal y Provincia de Buenos Aires All rights reserved
Gender differences within the barriers to smoking cessation and the preferences for interventions in primary care a qualitative study using focus groups in The Hague, The Netherlands

Objectives This research aimed to provide a deeper insight into the gender-specific barriers to smoking cessation and gender-specific preferences for interventions in primary care, in order to contribute to better aligned cessation care for women. Design Qualitative study using focus groups. Setting Regularly smoking female and male adults were recruited from four different general practices in The Hague (The Netherlands). Participants A total of 11 women and nine men participated. Participants included were regular smokers with a minimum age of 18 and sufficient command of the Dutch language, who were willing to talk about smoking cessation. Inclusion ended when saturation was reached for both women and men. Participants were selected by means of purposeful sampling, whereby looking at age, educational level and experience with quitting. Results The main barriers to smoking cessation in women were psychological factors, such as emotion and stress, compared with environmental factors in men. Women indicated they were in need of support and positivity, and both women and men expressed the desire for assistance without judgement. Contrary to men, women were not drawn to restrictions and (dis)incentives. Conclusion When counselling smokers, in women the focus should be on perceived internal problems, as opposed to more external obstacles in men. Contrary to men, female smokers seem to prefer non-coercive interventions, such as a group intervention offering support and positivity. Future research should focus on these gender differences, and how they could improve treatment in primary care.
Monogenic Pisot and Anti-Pisot Polynomials

A Pisot number is a real algebraic integer $\alpha \gt 1$ such that all of its Galois conjugates, other than $\alpha$ itself, lie inside the unit circle. An anti-Pisot number is a real algebraic integer $\alpha \gt 1$, such that exactly one Galois conjugate of $\alpha$ lies inside the unit circle, and $\alpha$ has at least one Galois conjugate, other than $\alpha$ itself, outside the unit circle. We call the minimal polynomials of these algebraic integers, respectively, Pisot and anti-Pisot polynomials. In this article, we find infinite families of Pisot (anti-Pisot) polynomials $f(x)$ such that $\{ 1, \alpha, \alpha^2, \ldots, \alpha^{n-1} \}$ is a basis for the ring of integers of $\mathbb{Q}(\alpha)$, where $\alpha$ is a Pisot (anti-Pisot) number and $\deg(f) = n$, for certain $n$. We refer to these polynomials as monogenic Pisot (anti-Pisot) polynomials.
Classes of lifetime adversities among emerging adult women by race/ethnicity and their associations with weight status in the United States.

Abstract This cross-sectional study examines the association of childhood and adolescent/adult adversities with obesity across four racial/ethnic groups among emerging adult women aged 18 to 25 (n = 9310). Latent class analysis was used to identify racial/ethnicity-specific classes arising from childhood and adolescent/adult adversity indicators in the 2015 and 2018 College Student Health Surveys (sampled from Minnesota, U.S.) Distal outcome procedure and Bolck-Croon-Hagenaars methods were used to assess each class's association with body mass index (BMI) and obesity probability. Models were adjusted for post-secondary school type and parental education. We identified 7 classes for White women, 4 classes for Asian and Latina women, and 5 classes for Black women. Weight distributions of Black and Latina women leaned towards “overweight”, whereas White and Asian women's BMI leaned towards “normal weight.” Latina and Black women had a wider BMI range (~5 kg/m2) between classes with the highest versus lowest BMI than White and Asian women (~3 kg/m2), suggesting a stronger association between adversities and BMI. For Asian, Black, and White women, the “Low Adversities” class had the lowest obesity prevalence, while the “High Lifetime Adversities” class had the highest prevalence. In contrast, Latina women had the lowest obesity prevalence in the “High Adolescent/Adult Adversities & Low Childhood Adversities” class, and highest prevalence in the “Household Mental Illness” class. Results indicate that racial/ethnic disparities in obesity-related measures are reduced when racial/ethnic groups experience low adversity. Future research should explore tailored adversity interventions that consider adversity exposure differences across race/ethnicity as a strategy for reducing obesity risk.
Food craving and obesity in survivors of pediatric ALL and lymphoma.

Cancer treatment can impact the hypothalamic-pituitary region of the developing brain, impairing appetite regulation and causing food craving in children who have survived cancer. We assessed food craving using a modified Food Craving Inventory in 22 survivors of pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and lymphoma (median age = 11.7 years) and evaluated its association with treatment exposure and changes in weight status over a one-year period. Mean total craving score was 2.1 (SD = 0.7). Survivors reported significantly higher mean craving score for fast-foods [2.6 (SD = 0.9)] than for sweets [2.1 (SD = 0.8)], carbohydrates [2.0 (SD = 0.6)], and fats [1.8 (SD = 0.7)] (all P values < 0.05). Results from multivariate linear regression indicated that survivors diagnosed at an older age (≥4.5 years) experienced higher frequencies of food craving than those diagnosed at a younger age (<4.5 years) (β = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.42, 1.34). Food craving, however, was not significantly associated with survivors' weight status over 12 months of follow-up. Food craving alone does not appear to explain the obesity risk in this sample of childhood cancer survivors. The role of food craving in shaping eating behavior and obesity risk needs to be further evaluated in a large cohort of childhood cancer survivors.
Verweilzeiten für zeitdiskrete Wartesysteme

Zwei Grundmodelle fur zeitdiskrete Wartesysteme werden analysiert. Das erste Grundmodell ist ein reines Wartesystem mit zwei Prioritatsklassen und unterbrechenden Prioritaten. Durch Aneinanderreihung einer endlichen Anzahl derartiger Systeme erhalt man das zweite Grundmodell. Die erzeugende Funktion der Verweilzeit, also der Summe von Wartezeit und Bedienungszeit, lasst sich fur beide Grundmodelle berechnen, wenn die Eingangsprozesse unabhangige Prozesse mit stationaren unabhangigen Zuwachsen sind. Fur die ersten zwei Momente der Verweilzeit konnen einfache explizite Ausdrucke hergeleitet werden. Die Resultate lassen sich auf eine Anzahl praktisch wichtiger Modelle aus der Datenubertragung und -Verarbeitung anwenden. Es werden einfache Ringsysteme mit verschiedenen Uebertragungsmechanismen, mehrfache Ringsysteme und serielle Anordnungen von Warteschlangen mit nichtabnehmenden Bedienungszeiten betrachtet.
Ancillary-Care Obligations

Ancillary-care obligations are a type of special obligation of beneficence that arise in the context of focused, special relationships – fleeting or established, professional or informal – between people. Other sorts of special obligations of beneficence are traditionally understood in terms of the aim or focus of a relationship, such as sharing friendship or obtaining a professional's service. Keywords: practical (applied) ethics; benevolence; duty and obligation; privacy
Psychosocial factors and the long-term course of major depression

Fifty-nine subjects participated in a telephone follow-up interview 6 years after being hospitalized with a severe major depressive episode and 5 years after completing a 12 month follow-up study. Patient information was used to provide a rating of symptom-free (n = 19), episodic (n = 30), or chronic (n = 10) that described each patient's long-term course of illness. Few variables from the acute stage were related to long-term course of illness; however, early patterns of global and family functioning, number of life events, and rapid reduction in depressive symptomatology were found to be of prognostic significance. For patients whose depression is severe enough to warrant hospitalization, the pattern of functioning in the first few months after discharge from hospital is a strong indicator of the future long-term course.
Transposon-like sequences at the TOX2 locus of the plant-pathogenic fungus Cochliobolus carbonum

The ascomycete fungus Cochliobolus carbonum race 1 is pathogenic on certain genotypes of maize due to the production of HC-toxin, a host-specific cyclic peptide. HC-toxin production is controlled, at least in part, by a duplicated 22-kb region of DNA that is found only in toxin-producing isolates of the fungus. This 22-kb region of DNA is flanked by a repetitive element. We have sequenced the element and found an interrupted reading frame that would encode a product similar to transposases from the fungal transposons Fot1 of Fusarium oxysporum and Pot2 of Magnaporthe grisea. The individual element cloned from C. carbonum is likely to function neither in cis nor trans, as it had a nonsense mutation in frame and several substitutions in its terminal inverted repeats. However, similar elements in the C. carbonum genome may be active, as the putative transposase-encoding region hybridized to mRNA of the size predicted by the reading frame. The element was found in varying copy number in the genomes of all Cochliobolus spp. examined, giving a distinct fingerprint in each species and race tested. The sequence similarity of the C. carbonum repetitive element to other fungal transposons, along with its presence in multiple copies per genome, strongly suggest that the C. carbonum repetitive element is a member of the Fot1 family of fungal transposons.
A Derivative of NADP Mobilizes Calcium Stores Insensitive to Inositol Trisphosphate and Cyclic ADP-ribose (∗)

We have previously shown that alkaline treatment of NADP generates a derivative which can mobilize Ca2+ from sea urchin egg homogenates (Clapper, D. L., Walseth, T. F., Dargie, P. J., and Lee, H. C. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9561-9568). In this study, the active derivative was purified and shown by high pressure liquid chromatography to be distinct from NADP and NADPH. However, its proton NMR spectrum was virtually identical to that of NADP. The mass of its molecular ion was measured by high resolution mass spectrometry to be 743.0510, one mass unit larger than the corresponding ion of NADP. These results are consistent with the active derivative being nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP). Ca2+ release induced by NAADP was saturable with a half-maximal concentration of about 30 nM. The release was specific since NADP and nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide were ineffective even at 10-40-fold higher concentrations. The NAADP-dependent Ca2+ release showed desensitization and was insensitive to heparin and a specific antagonist of cyclic ADP-ribose (cADPR), 8-amino-cADPR. The release mechanism did not require calmodulin. This is similar to the inositol trisphosphate-sensitive release but distinct from that of cADPR. That the NAADP-sensitive Ca2+ stores were different from those sensitive to inositol trisphosphate- or cADPR was further indicated by their differences in distribution on Percoll density gradients. Microinjection of NAADP into live sea urchin eggs induced transient elevation of intracellular Ca2+ and triggered the cortical reaction, indicating the NAADP-dependent mechanism is operative in intact cells.
Controllable-stiffness components based on magnetorheological elastomers

So-called magnetorheological (MR) elastomers, comprising rubbery polymers loaded with magnetizable particles that are aligned in a magnetic field, possess dynamic stiffness and damping that can subsequently be controlled by applied fields. Tunable automotive bushings and mounts incorporating these materials and an embedded magnetic field source have been constructed. In this article, the response of these components to dynamic mechanical loading is described. They behave essentially as elastomeric springs with stiffness and damping that is increased by tens of percent with an applied electrical current. Their time of response to a change in current is less than ten milliseconds. In addition to a tunable spring or force generator, these components may also serve as deflection sensors.
Mapping neuronal inputs to REM sleep induction sites with carbachol-fluorescent microspheres

The cholinergic agonist carbachol was conjugated to latex microspheres that were fluorescently labeled with rhodamine and used as neuroanatomical probes that show little diffusion from their injection site and retrogradely label neurons projecting to the injection site. Microinjection of this pharmacologically active probe into the gigantocellular field of the cat pontine brain stem caused the awake cats to fall into rapid movement (REM) sleep indistinguishable from that produced by free carbachol. Three-dimensional computer reconstruction of the retrogradely labeled neurons revealed a widely distributed neuronal network in the pontine tegmentum. These pharmacologically active microspheres permit a new precision in the characterization and mapping of neurons associated with the control of behavioral state and of other cholinergic networks.
Incidence of pea seedborne mosaic virus pathotypes in the US National Pisum germplasm collection

Summary One hundred and eighty-nine isolates of pea seedborne mosaic virus (PSbMV) were obtained from seedlings of 435 pea (Pisum sativum) germplasm introductions originally acquired from India, Turkey, Latin America and Europe. Fifty-eight per cent of the isolates were identified as belonging to pathotype P-1, 22% to pathotype P-4, and 7% to the mild form of the lentil pathotype L-1. Some isolates could not be classified into any known pathotype and need further study. No isolate appeared to present a threat to peas beyond that already known to exist with previously described forms of the virus.
Paracelsus and mechanical ventilation.

a Stanford/Kaiser Emergency Medicine Residency Program, Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford Uni6ersity Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA b Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford Uni6ersity Medical Center, Stanford, CA 94305, USA c Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Ser6ices, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA d Sections of Cardiology, Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Department of Emergency Ser6ices, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
Observation of two components in molecular cusp spectra for ˜˜MeV/U H + , He + +, ++ projectiles on M ⩾ 4 hydrocarbon molecules

Recently it has been realized that the cusp spectra obtained with bare projectiles and "clothed" projectiles incident on gaseous targets are different in their widths and symmetries due to origin of the electrons in the cusp. For the case of bare projectiles, the electrons in the cusp are those captured frorn the target to the projectile's continuum, while in the case of the clothed projectiles the dominant contribution to the cusp yield is from projectile electrons that are expelled into the continuum during the collision. The former process is called electron capture to the continuum (ECC), while the latter is called electron loss to the continuum (ELC); together these processes constitute electron transfer to the continuum (ETC).
Hydrogen-bond driven assembly of a molecular capsule facilitated by supramolecular chelation.

Resorcinarene-based cavitands functionalized with acetamido groups capable of self-complementary hydrogen-bond interactions, were synthesized in order to construct supramolecular capsules. The 1,3-bifunctionalized cavitand produced a polymeric assembly, whereas the tetra-functionalized analogue yielded a discrete capsule held together via N–H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The ethynyl species attached to the rim of these host molecules deepen each cavitand and expands the volume of the resulting capsule.
Descriptive and experimental analysis of the dispersion of neural crest cells along the dorsolateral path and their entry into ectoderm in the chick embryo

We have characterized the dispersion of neural crest cells along the dorsolateral path in the trunk of the chicken embryo and experimentally investigated the control of neural crest cell entry into this path. The distribution of putative neural crest cells was analyzed in plastic sections of embryos that had been incubated for 24 hr in HNK-1 antibody, a procedure that we show successfully labels neural crest cells in the dorsolateral path and ectoderm. In accord with earlier observations, crest cells delay entering the dorsolateral path until a day or more after their counterparts have colonized the ventral path. However, once crest cells enter, they disperse rapidly through the path dorsal to the somite but still delay migrating dorsal to the intersegmental space. During dispersion, crest cells invade the ectoderm at sites associated with local disruptions in the basal lamina which may be caused by crest cells. Finally, deleting the dermamyotome releases an inhibition of neural crest cell migration: crest cells enter the dorsolateral path precociously. We speculate that the epithelial dermatome may transiently produce inhibitory substances and that emerging dermis may provide a long-distance, stimulatory cue.
Genes, environment, neuroendocrine circuits, and energy balance

Our understanding of how the brain maintains energy homeostasis is based heavily on rodent genetic models. Increasingly research with these models has focused on gene–environment interactions including stress, diet, nutrition and maternal influences. Here, we review the evolution of transgenic mouse models to provide sophisticated spatial and temporal resolution to analyses of relevant neuroendocrine circuits. We also summarize advances in the environmental disruption of energy balance and the dissection of polygenic obesity in rodent models.
Bartlett's bias correction to the profile score function is a saddlepoint correction

SUMMARY Bartlett's bias correction to the profile score function is proved equal, to first order, to the leading correction term of the double saddlepoint approximation to the conditional score function in canonical exponential families. Gart (1985, 1987) has pointed out the effectiveness of Bartlett's bias correction to the profile score function in approximate conditional binomial likelihood analysis. While the leading term in Bartlett's (1953, 1955) expansion of the bias function ignores terms of order O(n-2), the first-term correction works well for conditional analysis because, as shown in this note, in canonical exponential families it agrees with the first correction term of the double saddlepoint approximation to the conditional score function, and that approximation is accurate up to terms of order O(n')
SPORE WALL ULTRASTRUCTURE IN FOUR SPECIES OF THE LIVERWORT RICCIA

Mature spores of Riccia californica, R. campbelliana, R. sorocarpa, and R. trichocarpa (Marchantiales, Ricciaceae) were examined with both scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The thick-walled spores have species-specific surface sculpturing and similar internal structure. Major surface features include ridges and depressions in areolate or irregular configurations. Finer surface features such as tubercles or papillae may ornament the ridges or depressions. Internally, the sporoderm consists of a thin intine and a three-layered, lamellate exine. The innermost exine lamellae are thin and closely spaced, giving this layer a fibrillar appearance. Lamellae of the middle region are thick in section and have a relatively thick, electron-dense coating. The outermost lamellae are of intermediate thickness and also have a relatively thick electron-dense coating. Lamellae of all regions frequently split, branch and anastomose. The outermost lamella forms the surface features of the spore. Interior lamellae follow the contour of the outermost lamella. Pores usually occur in these four species at the junctures of the triradiate ridge arms and equatorial rim. Pores do not penetrate the entire exine, and they represent localized areas where the outermost group of lamellae have not been
Fasting decreases free fatty acid turnover in mice overexpressing skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase

Skeletal muscle lipoprotein lipase (LPL) overexpression in mice results in whole-body insulin resistance and increased intramuscular triglyceride stores, but decreased plasma triglyceride concentration and unchanged plasma free fatty acid (FFA) concentration. The effects of skeletal muscle LPL overexpression and fasting duration on FFA kinetics are unknown. Transgenic mice with muscle-specific LPL overexpression (MCKhLPL) and control mice (Con) were studied at rest during a 50-minute constant infusion of [9,10- 3H]palmitate to determine FFA kinetics after both 4 and 16 hours of fasting. FFA concentration was not different between groups after the 4-hour (Con, 0.80 +/- 0.06 mmol/L; MCKhLPL, 0.83 +/- 0.07 mmol/L) and 16-hour (Con, 0.83 +/- 0.04 mmol/L; MCKhLPL, 0.80 +/- 0.07 mmol/L) fast. FFA turnover (Ra) was not significantly different between MCKhLPL and Con groups after the 4-hour fast (Con Ra = 2.52 +/- 0.36 micromol/min; MCKhLPL Ra = 2.37 +/- 0.27 micromol/min). However, FFA turnover was significantly decreased after the 16-hour fast in MCKhLPL mice vs controls (Con Ra = 2.89 +/- 0.52 micromol/min; MCKhLPL Ra = 1.64 +/- 0.17 micromol/min; P < .05). The significantly lower FFA Ra in MCKhLPL vs control mice was due to a decrease in MCKhLPL FFA turnover from the 4- to 16-hour fast, whereas FFA turnover was unchanged in controls. The changes in FFA appearance after the 16-hour fast in MCKhLPL mice are most likely explained by increased reliance by skeletal muscle on plasma triglyceride as a fuel. These data suggest increased skeletal muscle LPL expression decreases dependence on plasma FFA during prolonged fasting in mice.
Automatic data processing in the tactical field army

The use of digital computer techniques has become mandatory in the whole realm of ballistic missile design and guidance. And we are rapidly approaching the era in which computer techniques similarly might well become a necessity in many phases of ground combat. The feasibility of applying these techniques in a tactical warfare environment has been established, and the Department of the Army has a high priority program underway to place a prototype Automatic Data Processing System (ADPS) into its tactical organization within the next four years. This paper will explain the design objectives of this system and the progress to date in the applications area, and describe the extension of several techniques required to make the system function.
Anonymous Authentication for Smart Grid Communications

The smart grid is a network of computers and power infrastructures that monitor and manage energy usage and uses intelligent transmission and distribution networks to deliver electricity for improving the electric system’s reliability and efficiency. With grid controls, energy transmission management could be enhanced and resilience to control-system failures would be increased. Processing chips and storage units have been embedded into traditional electricity meters, so that they are capable of performing smart functions, called smart meters. Then, smart meters communicate with electrical appliances at home as well as the generation and management facilities at the power companies. Although deploying the smart grid has numerous social and technical benefits, several security and privacy concerns arise. Attackers might compromise smart meters, eavesdrop the communication, or hack into the power company’s database, to access power consumption data of the victim, from which they learn about the victim’s daily activities. Recently, various security and privacy vulnerabilities and threats have been studied in the research literature, however, most of the problems remain yet to be addressed. Therefore, it is crucial to design secure smart grid communication protocols that could prevent all possible security vulnerabilities. In this paper, we propose an anonymous authentication protocol for securing communication among various smart meters of the smart grid. The proposed protocol can achieve key agreement between smart meters and fully protect user privacy with low computation overhead. In addition, the analysis shows that the proposed protocol can satisfy the desirable security requirements and resist several notorious attacks.