cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Apocarotenoid Bixin Protects Mouse Skin against UV-induced Damage in an NRF2-dependent Manner

Skin barrier function and integrity can be impaired as a result of exposure to environmental stressors, including solar ultra violet (UV) radiation. UV induces oxidative stress, inflammation, premature ageing, and cancer. Therefore, there is a need to find effective and safe strategies to protect the skin from these deleterious effects. An effective strategy to prevent UV damage involves activation of the transcription factor nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (NRF2) to induce cellular stress responses and damage repair. We recently characterized the apocarotenoid bixin, and FDA-approved natural food colorant from the seeds of the achiote tree (Bixa orellana), as a safe and potent NRF2 activator. In this study, we tested the feasibility of enhancing NRF2-dependent skin protection using a topical bixin formulation in a model for acute UV-induced skin damage and UV-induced hair graying. Nrf2+/+ and Nrf2-/- SKH-I hairless mice (acute skin damage) or C57BL/6J mice (hair graying) were treated twice with a topical bixin formulation 48 h and 24 h before exposure to UV. Skin tissues were harvested at 24 h (acute skin damage) or 2 weeks (hair graying) post-exposure and analyzed by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. We observed that bixin activated cutaneous expression of NRF2 and its target genes, and limited photodamage in Nrf2+/+ but not Nrf2-/- mice. Moreover, bixin reduced inflammation, oxidative damage, and apoptosis in the epidermis of Nrf2+/+ SKH-I mice. Consistently, bixin prevented UV-induced hair graying in Nrf2+/+ C57BL/6J mice. These results suggest that bixin-based interventions may be useful for NRF2-dependent skin protection against environmental insults.
The PTPRT pseudo-phosphatase domain is a denitrase

Protein tyrosine nitration occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions. However, enzymes that remove this protein modification have not yet been identified. Here we report that the pseudo-phosphatase domain of protein tyrosine receptor T (PTPRT) is a denitrase that removes nitro-groups from tyrosine residues in paxillin. PTPRT normally functions as a tumor suppressor and is frequently mutated in a variety of human cancers including colorectal cancer. We demonstrate that some of the tumor-derived mutations located in the pseudo-phosphatase domain impair the denitrase activity. Moreover, PTPRT mutant mice that inactivate the denitrase activity are susceptible to carcinogen-induced colon tumor formation. This study uncovers a novel enzymatic activity that is involved in tumor suppression.
Fault tolerance of opto-electronic neural networks

Many ideas on opto-electronic realizations of various neural networks have been described over the last few years. Most of them use analog optical devices and have been shown to work satisfactorily as simple content addressable memories. An important question is how much of the faults and defects in the storage and retrieval systems, that is, the spatial and temporal errors in the spatial light modulators or the photorefractive arrays and the detector arrays these neural network realizations can tolerate. One measure of fault tolerance is the probability of correct retrieval or classification when the network is used as a content addressable memory. Using recent theories we will derive upper bounds to the probability of errors in various popular opto-electronic neural network realizations as a function of the size, capacity, and the magnitude of spatial and temporal errors. Guidelines on the design and implementations of opto-electronic neural networks will be derived.
Partial thromboplastin time is more predictive of bleeding than anti-Xa levels in heparinized pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.

Abstract Objectives Anticoagulation with unfractionated heparin (UFH) after pediatric cardiac surgery can be monitored using either activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) or anti-factor Xa activity (anti-Xa). However, correlation of bleeding with either of these laboratory values has not been established. We sought to determine the correlation between bleeding events and aPTT and anti-Xa in patients who undergo anticoagulation after congenital heart surgery. Methods We prospectively studied pediatric patients treated with UFH after cardiac surgery over an 11-month period. Bleeding events were prospectively assessed and adjudicated. The highest aPTT and corresponding anti-Xa for the 24 hours before bleeding events were collected to assess for association with bleeding. Statistical analysis was performed using generalized additive logistic regression. Results A total of 202 patients received UFH over 1488 patient-days. The median age at surgery was 0.4 years (interquartile range, 0.1-2.2). A total of 45 major or clinically relevant bleeding events were observed. The correlation between aPTT and anti-Xa was of moderate strength (R = 0.58; P Conclusions In heparinized pediatric patients after cardiac surgery, increased risk of bleeding is more closely associated with elevated aPTT levels than elevated anti-Xa levels. In addition to anti-Xa, monitoring of aPTT levels should be considered during titration of UFH in pediatric patients after cardiac surgery.
Electrochemical noise methods applied to the study of organic coatings and pretreatments

The use of electrochemical noise methods (ENM) to examine organic coatings was first performed in 1986 by Skerry and Eden. The technique uses the spontaneous voltage and current noise that occurs between two identical coated electrodes in electrolyte immersion to determine resistance properties of the coating as well as low frequency noise impedance data for the system. It is a non-perturbing measurement, and one that allows judgment and ranking of coating systems performance. This paper will summarize work in the lab over the past five years on the use of ENM for examining the properties of organic coatings and pretreatment over metals. They have studied marine coatings, pipeline coatings, coil coatings, electrodeposited organic coatings (e-coats), and aircraft coatings by this method and found it to be useful, especially when used in conjunction with impedance and other electrochemical techniques.
Color Tuning of Mechanochromic Luminescent β-Diketones via Boron Coordination and Donor-Acceptor Effects

Owing to their facile synthesis and desirable optical properties, β-diketones (bdks) are attractive scaffolds for the production of new mechanochromic luminescent (ML) materials. However, ML-active bdk dyes that can access full color luminescent states (i.e., red, green, and blue) have yet to be realized. To synthesize such a set of bdk emitters, two strategies were used to red-shift the emission: substitution with varying donor and acceptor groups; and coordination of BF2 to the β-diketonate moiety. Additionally, 3,4,5-trimethoxy-substituted phenyl rings were used to disrupt the molecular packing to promote ML and enable aggregation-induced emission (AIE). Here, a series of trimethoxy-substituted bdks were prepared via Claisen condensation, each para-substituted with either F, I, or CN groups. Their boronated complexes were synthesized via reaction with boron trifluoride diethyl etherate. Optimized geometries generated from density functional theory calculations indicated that the dye para-substituted me...
Is Robotic-Assisted Surgery Safe in the Elderly Population? An Analysis of Gynecologic Procedures in Patients ≥ 65 Years Old.

The elderly population is expanding worldwide but is underrepresented in clinical trials. We sought to assess the safety of robotic gynecologic surgery in an elderly cohort and to identify factors associated with unfavorable outcomes. All patients ≥ 65 years who underwent a robotically assisted procedure at a single institution between May 2007 to December 2016 were divided into three age groups: 65–74 (Group 1); 75–84 (Group 2); ≥ 85 (Group 3). Perioperative outcomes were recorded in patients who did not require conversion to laparotomy. We compared clinical variables among groups and performed multivariate logistic regression to detect variables associated with major complications (≥ Grade 3) or 90-day mortality. We retrospectively identified 982 cases: 685 in Group 1; 249 in Group 2; 48 in Group 3. Median age = 71 years. Median BMI = 28.9. Malignancy was documented in 72.8% of cases; the majority were endometrial cancer (61.8%). Thirty-four patients (3.5%) were readmitted within 30 days. Seventy-seven (7.8%) had a postoperative complication, and 23 (2.3%) had a major complication. Ninety-day mortality was 0.5%. There was significant difference between groups with respect to body mass index (P = 0.026), ECOG PS (P ≤ 0.001), > 5 comorbidities (P = 0.005), hospital stay (P < 0.001), major complications (P = 0.001), and 90-day mortality (P < 0.001). On multivariable logistic regression, age ≥ 85 years was associated with major complications. Body mass index, age ≥ 85 years, and major complications were significantly associated with 90-day mortality. Robotic-assisted surgery appears to be safe in an elderly cohort. The incidence of overall and major complications is consistent with those reported in the literature. Patients ≥ 85 years old appear to be at higher risk of unfavorable outcomes.
Uncharismatic Revolutionary Constitutionalism

A reasonably familiar type of constitutionalist revolution is the one engineered and led by a charismatic hero and movement-party whose political legitimacy has been earned through long years of struggle and sacrifice on behalf of the people against the old regime. Think Gandhi, Nehru and the Indian National Congress; Nelson Mandela and the African National Congress; Lech Walesa and Solidarity. This type is brilliantly analyzed and its developmental stages identified through a series of in-depth case studies in Bruce Ackerman's recent book, Revolutionary Constitutions: Charismatic Leaders and the Rule of Law. This chapter considers a second, less heralded but no less common, type of revolutionary constitutionalism: the spontaneous, leaderless or movement-less one. Prominent examples of such successful "uncharismatic" revolutions over the past century include the Mexican (1910-1920), the Philippine (1986), the Romanian (1989), and the Tunisian (2011). It agues that this second type of revolutionary constitutionalism typically faces a quite different legitimacy crisis than the first, and at a much earlier time: during the revolutionary turmoil rather than via a succession crisis a generation later. It also suggests the potential alternative sources of such necessary legitimacy. Finally, it compares the role of the judiciary in charismatic and non-charismatic regimes. By adding an additional layer to the topic of revolutionary constitutionalism, the chapter seeks to further our understanding of the revolutionary mode as a whole and its interconnections with the other pathways to constitutionalism.
Individual differences in neonatal white matter are associated with executive function at 3 years of age.

The development of executive function (EF) in early childhood contributes to social and academic aspects of school readiness and facilitates emerging self-regulatory competence. Numerous efforts are underway to identify aspects of early brain development that contribute to emerging EF. Existing research supports the importance of multiple white matter tracts for EF in older children and adults. However, this research has not been extended to young children. In this study, we consider neonatal white matter microstructure in relation to children’s performance on a battery of EF tasks three years later. We obtained diffusion tensor imaging data from a sample of neonates (N = 27) shortly after birth. At 3 years of age, children completed a computerized battery of EF tasks. The primary data analyses involved regression models estimated for each white matter tract. Multiple demographic and measure-related covariates were included in each model. A follow-up analysis of tracts determined to be associated with EF examined individual data points along those fibers. Among the white matter tracts analyzed, the cingulum was significantly associated with EF at 3 years of age. Specifically, lower axial diffusivity values along the cingulum were associated with increased performance on the EF battery. Results are discussed as providing initial evidence that individual differences in neonatal brain structure may facilitate the acquisition of EF abilities in early childhood. These findings are consistent with previous research that supports the value of the cingulum for higher-order cognitive abilities. Cautions and implications of these results are considered.
Distributed Causal Memory in the Presence of Byzantine Servers

We study distributed causal shared memory (or distributed read/write objects) in the client-server model over asynchronous message-passing networks in which some servers may suffer Byzantine failures. Since Ahamad et al. proposed causal memory in 1994, there have been abundant research on causal storage. Lately, there is a renewed interest in enforcing causal consistency in large-scale distributed storage systems (e.g., COPS, Eiger, Bolt-on). However, to the best of our knowledge, the fault-tolerance aspect of causal memory is not well studied, especially on the tight resilience bound. In our prior work, we showed that $2 f+1$ servers is the tight bound to emulate crash-tolerant causal shared memory when up to $f$ servers may crash. In this paper, we adopt a typical model considered in many prior works on Byzantine-tolerant storage algorithms and quorum systems. In the system, up to $f$ servers may suffer Byzantine failures and any number of clients may crash. We constructively present an emulation algorithm for Byzantine causal memory using $3 f+1$ servers. We also prove that $3 f+1$ is necessary for tolerating up to $f$ Byzantine servers. In other words, we show that $3 f+1$ is a tight bound. For evaluation, we implement our algorithm in Golang and compare their performance with two state-of-the-art fault-tolerant algorithms that ensure atomicity in the Google Cloud Platform.
Taking the professional leap from trainee to attending.

Abstract The transition from trainee to attending can be one of the most difficult transitions in a radiologist's career. Even if a recent graduate is clinically competent, their future successful integration as part of a practice relies on more than just performing correct image interpretation. This article addresses several strategies to help new hires successfully transition to their new practice and become permanent, contributing members of their team.
Anomaly or Harbinger? Penn State’s 1935 Female ‘Letter “Man”’ and New Frontiers in the History of Women’s Intercollegiate Sport in the United States

In 1935, Pennsylvania State University fielded a men’s varsity tennis team that included a woman, Dorothy Anderson. In an era in which only college women at single-sex institutions supposedly playe...
Multi-layer Born multiple-scattering model for 3D phase microscopy

We propose an accurate and computationally efficient 3D scattering model, multi-layer Born (MLB), and use it to recover the 3D refractive index (RI) of thick biological samples. For inverse problems recovering the complex field of thick samples, weak scattering models (e.g., first Born) may fail or underestimate the RI, especially with a large index contrast. Multi-slice (MS) beam propagation methods model multiple scattering to provide more realistic reconstructions; however, MS does not properly account for highly oblique scattering, nor does it model backward scattering. Our proposed MLB model uses a first Born model at each of many slices, accurately capturing the oblique scattering effects and estimating the backward scattering process. When used in conjunction with an inverse solver, the model provides more accurate RI reconstructions for high-resolution phase tomography. Importantly, MLB retains a reasonable computation time that is critical for practical implementation with iterative inverse algorithms.
Comparison of Machine Learning approaches for Classifying Upper Extremity Tasks in Individuals Post-Stroke

After a stroke, individuals often exhibit upper extremity (UE) motor dysfunction, influencing the performance of everyday tasks. Characterizing UE movements is useful to track recovery and response to intervention. Yet, due to the complexity of the recovery process, UE movements may be extremely variable and person-specific. While this renders automatic recognition of these gestures challenging, machine learning methods could be used to classify UE movements in atypical populations. In the current study, we utilize data from 20 individuals post-stroke and 20 age-matched controls to identify an optimal set of sensor-extracted features for the classification of unimanual and bimanual gestures during task performance. We found that using fewer than 100 features along with a random forest classifier produced the best performance across both groups, with both user-dependent and user-independent models.
Implementing QR Codes in Academia to Improve Sample Tracking, Data Accessibility, and Traceability in Multicampus Interdisciplinary Collaborations

With the growing number of multicampus interdisciplinary projects in academic institutions, there is an increasing need for tracking systems that make device and sample data and associated results instantly accessible to all collaborators involved. This need has become particularly salient with the COVID pandemic and consequent travel restrictions that have hampered in person meetings and laboratory visits. We report a Quick Response (QR) code tracking system that integrates project management tools for seamless communication and tracking of materials and devices between three manufacturing sites (cleanrooms) and six research laboratories across five universities. We use this system to track the design, fabrication, and quality control of bioelectronic devices (in the cleanroom and engineering laboratories), in vitro experimental results (in a biology laboratory), and in vivo testing (in the school of medicine). Setting up a tracking system for multisite interdisciplinary teams improves traceability, efficiency, and the quality of produced results making it easier to accomplish project milestones on a tight timeline. This tracking system is particularly useful to track device issues and ensure engineering device consistency when working with expensive biological samples in vitro and animals in vivo to reduce waste of biological and animal resources associated with device failure.
Treatment Intensity: Considering Persons with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Intellectual Disability Who Have Complex Communication Needs:

Treatment intensity is an aspect of communication intervention that has received limited empirical attention. In this article, we discuss key parameters of treatment intensity related to individual...
Effect of Silicone Coating on Atomic OxygenReactivity with Carbon Fiber Preform andPhenolic Impregnated Carbon Ablator

We have conducted a comparative study on how the presence of the anti-dust CV-1144-0 silicone coating from NuSil Technology LLC affects the atomic oxygen oxidation and ablation of heat shields, specifically phenolic-impregnated carbon ablator (PICA) and its carbon fiber preform substrate, FiberForm. Using an atomic oxygen beam-surface scattering apparatus, we measured the scattered products from the surface of the materials at temperatures from 1000 K to 1800 K. Results showed higher nonreactive vs. reactive scattering flux on coated materials compared to their uncoated counterparts up to 1500 K, around which point the silicon-oxide layer decomposed. Upon the breakdown of the oxide layer, the reactivity of the sample reverted to that of its underlying substrate, either that of FiberForm or charred PICA. In addition, a subtle influence of underlying impurities, specifically calcium, was observed in the oxidation of both PICA and FiberForm. PICA appeared to retain the presence of these impurities after ablation at 1800 K, which was attributed to a shielding effect that the phenolic resin matrix provides to the material. The data should be useful for the development of an improved PICA ablation model.
Topics in Measure and Integration

In Section 1, the decomposition of a finite signed measure as a difference of finite measures proved in Chapter 4 (4.8.8) is generalized to countably additive set functions admitting either +∞ or -∞ (but not both) as values.
Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein

The myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) is quantitatively a minor constituent of the total protein found in myelin isolated from the central (≈1.0%) and peripheral (≈0.1%) nervous systems (Quarles et al. 1973a; Figlewicz et al. 1981). MAG has an apparent molecular weight of 100kD, of which 30% is carbohydrate. Although its precise function is unknown, it is generally accepted that as a member of the immunoglobulin gene superfamily, MAG functions in membrane-membrane interactions. Based on its biochemical properties and enrichment in periaxonal membranes, MAG was initially considered important to the initiation and progression of myelination. The production of MAG-deficient mice, however, established that myelination can occur in the absence of MAG (Montag et al. 1994; Li et al. 1994). Recently several laboratories (Mukhopadhyay et al. 1994; McKerracher et al. 1994; Schafer et al. 1996) have provided evidence that MAG can inhibit axonal regeneration. These data raise the possibility that MAG functions as a ligand that regulates axonal properties (Filbin, 1995).
Searches for Primeval Galaxies

We review primeval galaxy searches based on the Lyα line emission. Simple arguments are given which suggest that primeval galaxies (interpreted here as ellipticals and bulges undergoing their first major bursts of star formation) should be detectable with present-day technology. Many active objects are now known at large redshifts, which may be plausibly interpreted as young galaxies, but there is so far no convincing detection of a field population of forming normal galaxies. This suggests that either primeval galaxies were obscured, and/or are to be found at higher redshifts, z gf > 5.
Death and Rebirth of the American Mill Town

THE PROBLEM OF POWER in nineteenth century mill towns rests on a conflict between employer absolutism and the democratic rights of the employees. The treatment of power in recent community studies has been inadequate. This is particularly true in works influenced by symbolic anthropology, where the problem is seen to have been resolved in a consensual value system. However, the persistence of conflict in strikes and disorder compels an examination of the mechanisms of domination, as well as legitimacy. To this end, the ideas of Marx and Weber offer more valuable guidance than those of Durkheim. AU XIXe siecle, le pouvoir dans les villes industrielles demeure le lieu de conflits entre l'absolutisme des employeurs et le droit democratique des employes. L'auteur note l'insuffisance de l'analyse de ce pouvoir dans les etudes recentes. Cela est particulierement vrai dans les travaux influences par l'anthropologie "symbolique" ou on resout le probleme en faisant appel a des valeurs "bon-ententistes." Cependant, la persistance de conflits et de desordres force a examiner les mecanismes de domination aussi bien que ceux qui legitiment le systeme. A cette fin, la pensee de Marx et Weber offre plus d'interet que celle de Durkheim.
PSICOLOGIA DE LA SALUD: UNA DEFINICION AMPLIA

Tbe domain of health psychology is 'he Intersectlon of the total health aystem with all of psychology. The cempetencies of paychologiau inelude research and practice regarding the individual, interventions in situationa using a variety of methods, and directing these interventioDJ to the range of health care problems. Examples are described, ineluding areas where health psyichologists could direct their attention, Any well trained psychologist can work e~tively in some aspect of the health care system, provided he has sufficient underatanding of the system to gain entry and can represent system prenomena in psychalogical terma. An intercultural perspective will facilita te discovery of important variables that could be misperceived from a unicultural perspective, thua contributing to the theoretical and practical development of health pay
Is China Ready for the Mantel of International Leadership

In the past few years China has crossed two colossal crossroads. It is now the world’s largest emitter of CO 2 (2006/7) and held the summer Olympics (2008). And China shares a curious distinction with many other of the world’s “old” civilizations in Asia, Africa, the Middle East, Central and Latin America. By today’s standards, they are considered developing countries, a designation that appears singularly objectionable to the Chinese. But a designation that appears to be a significant driving force in China’s overriding policy fostering economic growth. This article is a follow-up to two earlier articles published in this journal: “Is China Subordinating Health and Environmental Concerns to Economic Growth?” (Winter 2007) and “Environmental and Public Health Risks from Air Pollution at the Beijing 2008 Olympics” (Summer 2008). Both articles open the door to ask “Is China Ready for the Mantel of International Leadership?”
Motor Vehicles as Sources of Compounds Important to Tropospheric and Stratospheric Ozone

One of the most rapidly growing human activities in the U.S. of importance to atmospheric ozone is the use of highway motor vehicles. Transportation sources are estimated to have been responsible for about 34% of 1985 U.S. anthropogenic hydrocarbon emissions, 70% of carbon monoxide emissions, 45% of nitrogen oxide emissions, 24% of nonaerosol chlorofluorocarbon emissions, and 14% of carbon dioxide emissions. Data is presented describing possible uninventoried transportation hydrocarbon emissions that could increase their estimated contribution to 45 - 50% of the anthropogenic total. Data is also presented suggesting motor vehicles to be relatively insignificant sources of anthropogenic nitrous oxide, but noting that these emissions are increased by the control technologies used to reduce hydrocarbon, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions. The sensitivity of motor vehicle emission rates and compositions to such operating variables as ambient temperature, altitude, and average speed is discussed. Hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emission rates are generally minimized at ambient temperatures of about 24oC (75oF), and elevated at higher and lower temperatures. These emissions are also elevated by high altitude and reduced average speed operating conditions. Nitrogen oxide emission rates are not as sensitive to vehicle operating conditions. The ratio of hydrocarbon to nitrogen oxide emissions, of importance to tropospheric ozone chemistry, varies with operating conditions from about 1 to 5. The composition of hydrocarbon emissions varies with vehicle speed and ambient temperature; elevated paraffinic fractions are typical of high speed and high temperature operation, and elevated olefinic fractions are typical of low speed and low temperature operation.
Gravity Modeling of the Colorado Mineral Belt

The Colorado Mineral Belt (CMB) is delineated as a belt of mostly Laramide mineralization within a broader zone of Laramide and older magmatism in central Colorado. This paper focuses on the profound negative Bouguer gravity anomaly that coincides with this broader zone of protracted magmatic activity, and is among the largest gravity anomalies in North America. Seismic studies suggest that parts of the CMB region are underlain by anomalously low-density crust and that the CMB lies within a broad zone of low seismic velocities in the uppermost mantle. This study explores simple distributions of subsurface mass deficits that can explain the CMB negative Bouguer gravity anomaly, and are constrained by geologic estimates of the extent of crustal plutonic bodies and by seismically-inferred crustal and upper mantle velocity anomalies. Specifically, we consider forward models that include (1) a low-density batholithic body in a 20-km thick upper crust with a density contrast of 150 kg/m 3 , (2) a 25-km thick lower crust with a potential low-density body with a density contrast of 150 kg/m 3 , and (3) an upper mantle with a low-density body with variable density contrast placed at variable depth. We discuss the viability of our first-order forward models and their consistency with seismic observations, and suggest refinements that can improve our understanding of the structure of the CMB.
In Search of a Civil Solution: Tribal Authority to Regulate Non-Member Conduct in Indian Country

Violence in Indian Country is epidemic. Tribal governments, which ostensibly have primary responsibility for keeping the peace within their territory, are hampered by restrictive federal laws that prohibit Tribes from exercising criminal authority over non-Indians. This is so even where those non-Indian lawbreakers live on the reservation and commit acts of violence against tribal members. Instead, the federal government is responsible for investigating and prosecuting most on-reservation crime. This irrational system is the product an archaic federal policies dating back to the 19th century that have never been adequate to protect Indian communities.This paper proposes for tribal governments to take a more active role in enforcing their laws against anyone who enters onto tribal lands. Federal law recognizes that Tribes retain some civil authority over non-Indians, under certain rather limited conditions. In order to maximize the scope of this retained authority, Tribes should adopt comprehensive civil law enforcement codes that are carefully designed to meet the United States Supreme Court’s stringent requirements for the exercise of such authority.
Changes in carbon storage under alternative land uses in biodiverse Andean grasslands: implications for payment for ecosystem services

Ecuadorian paramo grasslands have become the focus of Payment for Ecosystem Services programs that have promoted land-use changes such as afforestation and reduction of burning, grazing of cattle or sheep, and agricultural expansion. However, limited information exists on the relationships between land use in paramos and the production of ecosystem services, including the direction and magnitude of changes in carbon storage. In an evaluation of eight sites representing incentivized land uses, we found significant differences in both soil carbon and aboveground carbon. The results support previous findings on the effects of pine plantations and suggest that limiting burning may be effective at enhancing carbon storage. They also indicate that, in highly productive grasslands such as the paramo, both belowground and aboveground C storage can be high, even when compared to some types of afforestation, providing support for greater attention to the role of grassland conservation in climate mitigation strategies.
Palaeococcus helgesonii sp. nov., a facultatively anaerobic, hyperthermophilic archaeon from a geothermal well on Vulcano Island, Italy

A novel, hyperthermophilic archaeon was isolated from a shallow geothermal well that taps marine waters on the Island of Vulcano in the southern Tyrrhenian Sea, Italy. The cells were irregular cocci, 0.6-1.5 microm in diameter, with multiple polar flagella. Growth was observed at temperatures from 45 to 85 degrees C (optimum at approximately 80 degrees C), pH 5-8 (optimum at 6.5), and 0.5-6.0% NaCl (optimum at approximately 2.8%). The minimum doubling time was 50 min. The isolate was obligately chemoheterotrophic, utilizing complex organic compounds including yeast or beef extract, peptone, tryptone, or casein for best growth. The presence of elemental sulfur enhanced growth. The isolate grew anaerobically as well as microaerobically. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 42.5 mol%. The 16S rRNA sequence indicated that the new isolate was a member of the Thermococcales within the euryarchaeota, representing the second species in the genus Palaeococcus. Its physiology and phylogeny differed in several key characteristics from those of Palaeococcus ferrophilus, justifying the establishment of a new species; the name Palaeococcus helgesonii sp. nov. is proposed, type strain PI1 (DSM 15127).
Worker productivity: An integrated view: Three influential variables

Abstract The primary determinant of productivity is often the way technology is utilized; potential output will not be achieved, however, if worker effort is inadequate. Which organizational variables are most effective in influencing worker effort? Three of the most important are supervisory behavior, incentive payments, and the task itself. The first two provide reinforcement through extrinsic rewards: the first-line supervisor can be a key variable in influencing labor performance, and a well-administered incentive plan adopted for an appropriate set of tasks can substantially benefit all parties. The third may yield direct, or intrinsic, satisfaction through accomplishment if the job can be appropriately designed. Other variables include the personnel program, working conditions, and the work group.
Adsorption, Liquid Separation

Nearly every chemical manufacturing operation requires the use of separation processes to recover and purify the desired product. Liquid-phase adsorption has long been used for the removal of contaminants present at low concentrations in process streams such as in deodorization of water, decolorization of sugar, and ion exchange of fermentation broth. Liquid-phase simulated moving bed (SMB) processes are being increasingly used for bulk separation of a whole range of molecules whose molecular properties are very similar. Examples are p-xylene from C8 aromatics, normal paraffins from iso-paraffins, fructose from glucose, and chiral molecules in the pharmaceutical industry. When it comes to the separation of close boiling molecules, SMB processes generally provide a better alternative to other conventional means of separation from both operating and capital costs point of view. This article reviews the application of liquid-phase adsorption processes in the hydrocarbon, industrial chemicals, food, and pharmaceutical industry. Special emphasis is given to the class of processes referred to as SMB processes including fundamental SMB principles , and the general applicability and guidelines for SMB design. The paper also illustrates several examples of SMB applications in the petrochemical industry and its recent growth in the pharmaceutical and biotech industry. Keywords: Interactions; Adsorbents; Commercial processes; Continuous countercurrent processes; Moving bed; Simulated; Modeling; Sorbex systems; McCabe-Thiele diagram; Applications; Liquid chromatography
Titanium Endosseous Implant‐Soft Tissue Interface: A Literature Review

Background information about normal periodontal anatomy and titanium used in endosseous implant fabrication is provided. Literature is reviewed concerning epithelial and connective tissue attachment to titanium. Information about the adequacy of cell attachment to implants, possible mechanisms of cell attachment formation, and the effect of implant surface properties on attachment is presented. A chemical attachment between titanium implant surface oxide layer and epithelium has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This attachment is mediated by a glycoprotein similar to that seen between epithelium and natural tooth surfaces. While only minimal histological evidence exists, connective tissue fibers adjacent to titanium implanted surfaces may bring the tissue in tight apposition to the implant without an absolute biologic attachment between the implant and connective tissue. Alteration of the titanium surface morphology may selectively enhance the attachment of either epithelial cells or fibroblasts, theoretically enhancing the formation of a biologic seal between the implanted titanium surface and its adjacent tissue. A greater understanding of the mechanisms of attachment and of the factors which enhance the integrity of the biologic seal between implant and soft tissues should permit an improved prognosis for functioning titanium implants.
Patterns of neuropsychological performance in multiple system atrophy compared to sporadic and hereditary olivopontocerebellar atrophy.

Abstract Although neuropsychological symptoms are associated with multiple system atrophy (MSA), sporadic olivopontocerebellar atrophy (sOPCA), and dominantly inherited olivopontocerebellar atrophy (dOPCA), the differences between these groups have not been explored. We compared 28 MSA patients on psychiatric rating scales and neuropsychological measures to 67 sOPCA patients, 42 dOPCA patients, and 30 normal controls. Patients with dOPCA, sOPCA, and MSA all exhibited significant deficits on motor-related tasks, as well as relatively mild deficits in cognitive functioning. Patients with MSA had greater neuropsychological dysfunction, particularly in memory and other “higher order” cognitive processes, than patients with either sOPCA or dOPCA.
An Inequality for Periodic Functions and a Quadratic Imbedding Result

This paper proves a sharp inequality relating the L p -norms of uu″ with that of (u′)2when uis a periodic, non-negative function. The constant is independent of the period and is found explicitly. The inequality leads to some associated imbedding theorems which provide conditions under which u 2is in implies uis in .
The benefits of saving at tax time: Evidence from the $aveNYC evaluation

Abstract Paper presents results of an evaluation of a tax-time savings program. $aveNYC offers incentivized savings accounts to taxpayers filing their taxes at Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) sites in New York City. Participants who direct-deposited at least $200 of their refund into the account and maintained the balance for a year received 50 cents per dollar saved. A comparison group was drawn from NYC VITA sites where the program was not offered. Propensity score weighting was used to balance the two groups. Study participants ( N = 353) were surveyed via telephone halfway through the program, and again 8 months after the program ended. 70 percent of $aveNYC participants surveyed received the match. The majority of those who received the match continued to save some portion of the money. At the second survey, there was no significant difference between groups in savings amount; this finding may be due to measurement limitations. $aveNYC participants were less likely than comparison group members to have skipped paying bills or taken out a loan during the study period, and were more likely to have withdrawn money from savings. Findings suggest that tax-time savings programs can result in sustained emergency savings and prevent reliance on borrowing and unpaid bills.
Noise measurements in ion implanted mosfets

Abstract An example is given for 1/f noise in MOSFETs caused by a non-uniform channel that is noisiest at the drain. The device is an ion implanted unit and therefore the noise shows generation-recombination bumps superimposed on a 1/f noise background. A similar device shows a very shapp peak in the noise at saturation, followed by a new peak beyond saturation. The noise if the 1/f fype with some indication of generation-recombination noise bumps at the highest drain voltage. Non-ion implanted devices do not show these effects.
Mechanical Failure in PEEK and Its Short-Fiber Composites:

Four commercial PEEK systems—two grades of neat PEEK and short GF and CF-fiber composites—were compression-molded. Compact tension fracture tests were performed, with temperature and specimen thickness as variables. The dependences of the critical stress intensity factor KQ and of mechanical nonlinearity on these variables are re ported. The filled systems show both nearly constant KQ and low ductility from —90 to +125°C. For all materials, KQ varies more slowly with temperature than does the tensile strength. Specimen thickness, varied from 0.29 to 1.25 cm, has a profound effect on neat PEEK, as it changes from plane stress to plain strain behavior Thickness has essentially no effect on the composites, which show plane strain behavior over the entire thickness range.
Tracking and vertexing capabilities of the CMS tracking detector with the first LHC data

Abstract The CMS experiment relies on a tracking detector entirely based on silicon sensors for the reconstruction of charged particles in the hostile radiation environment of proton–proton collisions at the CERN LHC. From the recent data collected by CMS at a center-of-mass energy of 7 TeV, the tracking, vertexing and b-jet identification performance have been measured. These measurements include the muon tracking efficiency, track transverse momentum resolution, track impact parameter resolution, primary vertex efficiency and resolution, and b-jet identification efficiency. The tracking performance relies, in particular, on the excellent pixel detector tracking capabilities, which are exploited in many contexts such as seeding, b-jet identification, and beam-spot monitor. The pixel stand-alone tracking and vertexing capabilities are shown for a particular application: the beam-spot monitor.
Adaptive neuro-fuzzy control of a flexible manipulator

Abstract This paper describes an adaptive neuro-fuzzy control system for controlling a flexible manipulator with variable payload. The controller proposed in this paper is comprised of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) in the feedback configuration and two dynamic recurrent neural networks in the forward path. A dynamic recurrent identification network (RIN) is used to identify the output of the manipulator system, and a dynamic recurrent learning network (RLN) is employed to learn the weighting factor of the fuzzy logic. It is envisaged that the integration of fuzzy logic and neural network based-controller will encompass the merits of both technologies, and thus provide a robust controller for the flexible manipulator system. The fuzzy logic controller, based on fuzzy set theory, provides a means for converting a linguistic control strategy into control action and offering a high level of computation. On the other hand, the ability of a dynamic recurrent network structure to model an arbitrary dynamic nonlinear system is incorporated to approximate the unknown nonlinear input–output relationship using a dynamic back propagation learning algorithm. Simulations for determining the number of modes to describe the dynamics of the system and investigating the robustness of the control system are carried out. Results demonstrate the good performance of the proposed control system.
Recurrence risks in an oligogenic threshold model: the effect of alterations in allele frequency.

SUMMARY The polygenic threshold model assumes that the distribution of the underlying liability is approximately normal. This paper examines the impact of deviations from normality in the underlying liability distribution when the number of loci affecting liability is finite, but large (e.g. 5–10). Skewness and kurtosis of the liability distribution are produced by varying the frequency of pathogenic alleles while population risk of illness is held constant by parallel changes in the threshold of manifestation. For a given population risk of illness, the recurrence risk in relatives varies widely as a function of the shape of the liability distribution. These results raise questions about the accuracy of the polygenic threshold approximation for the calculation of recurrence risks for human ‘polygenic’ disorders.
Efficient quantum monte carlo energies for molecular dynamics simulations.

A method is presented to treat electrons within the many-body quantum Monte Carlo (QMC) approach ``on-the-fly'' throughout a molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. Our approach leverages the large (10\char21{}100) ratio of the QMC electron to MD ion motion to couple the stochastic, imaginary-time electronic and real-time ionic trajectories. This continuous evolution of the QMC electrons results in highly accurate total energies for the full dynamical trajectory at a fraction of the cost of conventional, discrete sampling. We show that this can be achieved efficiently for both ground and excited states with only a modest overhead to an ab initio MD method. The accuracy of this dynamical QMC approach is demonstrated for a variety of systems, phases, and properties, including optical gaps of hot silicon quantum dots, dissociation energy of a single water molecule, and heat of vaporization of liquid water.
Managers' propensity to work longer hours

Abstract While there has been renewed interest in the trend toward longer working hours, neither economic nor sociological explanations have been able to fully account for the rapid increase in work hours observed among managers today. This article presents a multilevel framework for understanding under which conditions managers are most likely to increase their work hours. Individual-level factors (e.g., demographic status and personality), job-level factors (e.g., performance appraisal criteria and time and place of hours worked), organizational-level factors (e.g., norms, leadership, and culture), and economic factors (e.g., declining profitability and threat of layoffs) are all considered. The article concludes with potential extensions of the theoretical model presented here and other directions for future research.
Air-fluid levels within lung bullae associated with pneumonitis.

Although air-fluid levels occur commonly within lung bullae, this entity in association with non-tuberculous pneumonitis has received neither adequate nor recent emphasis. We observed ten male patients with pre-existing bullous disease whose chest radiographs showed a pulmonary infiltrate adjacent to thin-walled air space(s) with one or more air-fluid levels. Six patients were symptomatic and only one was acutely ill. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy (8/10 patients) revealed no evidence of endobronchial disease, tuberculosis, or cancer. Air-fluid levels disappeared within 3 days to 36 weeks (mean, 11 weeks), while the alveolar infiltrate cleared at a slower rate. Although the mechanism of fluid formation within a bulla is unknown, it may be analogous to the development of a parapneumonic pleural effusion. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy is useful to exclude the presence of an obstructing endobronchial lesion and to obtain secretions for cytology and culture of specific organisms. Recognition of this entity is important since radiographic resolution can be expected to be slow and surgical intervention is unnecessary.