cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A comparative analysis of the active site properties of the resting states of cytochrome c peroxidase, metmyoglobin, and catalase

Quantum chemical studies (INDO-RHF-SCF) have been made for the resting state active sites of three closely related heme proteins, cytochrome c peroxidase (CCP), metmyoglobin (MMB), and catalase (CAT). The relative energies of the germane sextet, quartet, and doublet spin-states of each active site were calculated. Both CCP and MMB have similar heme units, consisting of an Fe(III)-protoporphyrin-IX with an imidazole and water as axial ligands. Our calculations show that the larger doming of the porphyrin, greater out-of-planarity of the iron, and the shorter iron-water distance in MMB leads to a sextet ground state with a low-lying quartet state. By contrast, the order of these two states is reversed in CCP, when a neutral imidazole is used as the endogenous axial ligand. An imidazolate ligand, on the other hand, which is an extreme representation of the H-bonding believed to occur in CCP with a nearby aspartate residue, leads to a sextet ground state with a low-lying quartet state. Assuming at least a partially anionic ligand in the intact protein, it follows that the quartet contribution to the ground state properties will be larger in CCP than in MMB. These predictions are consistent with the observed differences in the temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility for these two proteins. The present results suggest that the experimentally observed Mossbauer resonance spectra of CCP should be reinterpreted in terms of sextet and quartet state contributions to the electric field gradient. Calculations for catalase, which has a single phenolate ligand, result in a sextet ground state with a low-lying quartet state consistent with available Mossbauer and magnetic susceptibility data. Our calculations of the Im− form of CCP show that it more closely resembles CAT. Thus, the effect of proton transfer in CCP can account at least in part for the similarities between CCP and CAT function. Minor differences in ground spin-state and electronic properties calculated for CCP and MMB, however, cannot explain why MMB does not have significant peroxidase activity. The different functions of MMB and CCP must then be due in part to other known differences in their protein environment such as polar residues around the distal ligand binding pocket of CCP, which are absent in MMB, and could help its transformation to an active oxidizing state.
Diffusion approximations for large-scale buffered systems

Resource pooling is becoming increasingly common in modern applications of stochastic systems, such as in computer systems, wireless networks, workforce management, call centers, and health care delivery. At the same time, these applications give rise to systems which continue to grow in size. For instance, a traditional web server farm only has a few servers, while cloud data centers have thousands of processors. These two trends pose significant practical restrictions on admission, routing, and scheduling decision rules or algorithms. Scalability and computability are becoming ever more important characteristics of decision rules, and consequently simple decision rules with good performance are of particular interest. An example is the so-called least connection rule implemented in many load balancers in computer clouds, which assigns a task to the server with the least number of active connections; cf. the join-the-shortestqueue routing policy. From a design point of view, the search for desirable algorithmic features often presents trade-offs between system performance, information/communication, and required computational effort. In this paper, we study the trade-off between performance and computational effort in a stylized model of a system with a central server and large number of parallel buffers. We focus on randomized versions of the longest-queue-first scheduling policy. In this scheduling algorithm, the server works on a task from the buffer with the longest queue length among several sampled buffers; it approximates the longestqueue-first scheduling policy, which can be computationally prohibitive. It is our aim to quantify the system performance as a function of the computational effort expended on sampling. In our model, each buffer is fed with an independent stream of tasks, which arrive according to a Poisson process. All n buffers are connected to a single centralized server. Under the randomized longest-queue-first policy, this server selects d(n) buffers uniformly at random (with replacement) and processes a task from the longest queue among the selected buffers; it idles for a random amount of time if all buffers in the sample are empty. Tasks have random processing time requirements. The total processing capacity scales linearly with n and the processing time distribution is independent of n. We work in an underloaded regime, with enough processing capacity to eventually serve all arriving tasks. Note that this scheduling algorithm is agnostic in the
Landscapes of Emotion: Mapping Three Cultures of Emotion in Indonesia

Acknowledgments Part I. Theory, Method and Results: 1. Theoretical introduction 2. Mapping the realm of emotion 3. Membership in the realm of emotion: prototypicality 4. Emotion scenarios: antecedents and outcomes 5. Comparisons between languages 6. The composite maps of emotion terms, cluster by cluster 7. Conclusions Part II. A Cluster-By-Cluster Analysis of the Composite Maps of Emotion Terms: The 44 clusters Bibliography Author index Subject index.
Late results of combined carotid and coronary surgery using actual versus actuarial methodology.

Background Controversy exists over the short-term results and long-term efficacy of concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting and carotid endarterectomy. Additionally, in this population actual versus actuarial assessment of nonfatal late events has not been previously reported. Methods Hospital records of 500 consecutive patients having concomitant carotid endarterectomy and coronary artery bypass grafting between 1979 and 2001 were reviewed, allowing at least 1 year of follow-up on all patients. Long-term nonfatal complications were assessed by actual and actuarial methods. Results Patient demographics revealed a mean age of 69 years; 74% (370 patients) were male; 75% (377 patients) presented with unstable coronary syndromes; 10% (50 patients) had an intraaortic balloon pump; and 66% (329 patients) were neurologically asymptomatic. Hospital mortality was 3.6% (18 patients). Significant multivariable predictors of hospital death were preoperative transient ischemic attack or myocardial infarction, and nonelective operation. Perioperative strokes were 4.6% (23 patients), of which 2.4% (12 patients) were ipsilateral and 2.2% (11 patients) were contralateral. Significant multivariable predictors of stroke were peripheral vascular disease and use of the right internal mammary artery. Ten-year actuarial survival was 43%. Ten-year actual versus Kaplan-Meier actuarial freedoms with 95% confidence limits from late events were myocardial infarction 87% (78% and 92%) versus 81% (75% and 87%); percutaneous coronary intervention 92% (85% and 96%) versus 89% (84% and 94%); reoperative coronary grafting 96% (89% and 99%) versus 94% (90% and 98%); total stroke 85% (77% and 91%) versus 82% (76% and 87%); ipsilateral stroke 90% (83% and 94%) versus 87% (82% and 92%); carotid endarterectomy 82% (73% and 88%) versus 75% (69% and 82%). Conclusions Concomitant carotid and coronary artery surgery is safe and effective, particularly in preventing ipsilateral stroke, and neutralizes the impact of unilateral carotid stenosis on early and late stroke. Actual, not actuarial, methods more accurately represent the true risk of nonfatal late events.
Melanocytic naevi of special sites

Abstract There is a recently recognized and relatively common group of melanocytic naevi that share histopathologic features in common with dysplastic naevi and malignant melanoma. These naevi have been termed "naevi of special sites" or "naevi with site-related atypia" as distinctive features have been correlated with specific anatomic sites. The list of sites attributed with bearing such naevi is expanding and includes genitals, acral locations, flexural areas, breast, scalp, auricular regions, and conjunctiva. Despite the atypical histopathologic features, the vast majority of these lesions are benign and do not appear to have an increased risk for progression to malignancy. As authentic dysplastic naevi and melanoma may also occur at these sites, it is important for practicing diagnostic pathologists to recognize the unique features of "naevi of special sites" and avoid overdiagnosis. This group of melanocytic naevi, with emphasis on histopathologic features and distinction from dysplastic naevi and melanoma, is briefly reviewed.
Peptides of 23 residues or greater are required to stimulate a high affinity class II‐restricted T cell response

Helper T cells recognize fragments of antigen bound to the class II molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Naturally processed antigenic fragments have been isolated from the class II molecules and shown to be heterogeneous in length, ranging from 13 to 25 residues, and to vary at both the N and C termini. A 15-residue peptide in an extended conformation is predicted to fit in an open peptide-binding cleft of the class II molecules. Thus, the longer peptides observed bound to class II presumably have regions which reside outside the cleft. It is not known if the additional length contributes significantly to T cell activation. We have carried out a systematic analysis of the antigenicity of peptides of increasing length beyond the minimally defined T cell antigenic peptide. Here we show that the full functional activities of peptides representing the major antigenic determinant of the protein antigen, cytochrome c, minimally require that the peptides be 23 amino acids long. The long peptides do not require processing and are presented by purified class II molecules incorporated into synthetic membranes, indicating that such peptides associate directly with class II and require no additional cellular machinery for presentation. We also show that a hybrid peptide, 51 residues in length, containing a 29-residue cytochrome c peptide and a "promiscuous" peptide of tetanus toxoid, is more antigenic than the 23-residue peptide alone and significantly, does not require processing. Thus, the additional peptide length, although not predicted to bind in the peptide-binding groove of the MHC class II molecule, has a significant impact on the ability of the peptides to stimulate T cell responses maximally.
DETECTING CHANGES IN NON-SIMULATED EVENTS USING PARTIAL INTERVAL RECORDING AND MOMENTARY TIME SAMPLING: EVALUATING FALSE POSITIVES, FALSE NEGATIVES, AND TRENDING

Several studies have evaluated false positives and false negatives produced with partial interval recording (PIR) and momentary time sampling (MTS) using simulated data. However, no study to date has evaluated false positives and negatives using a large sample of non-simulated behaviors. In addition, few studies have evaluated whether interval methods of data collection alter trends that are evident in continuous records. We conducted three experiments to evaluate the extent to which various interval sizes of MTS and PIR produced false negatives (Experiment 1), false positives (Experiment 2), and trends that were inconsistent with the continuous records (Experiment 3). Collectively, the results show the following: (i) 10-s PIR and 10-s MTS produced few false negatives and few false positives (i.e., both were sensitive) to changes in duration events; (ii) 10-s PIR produced very few false negatives, but an unexpected high percentage of false positives for frequency events; and (iii) each interval size of PIR and MTS produced a high percentage of changes in trending for duration events and frequency events. We briefly discuss the potential limitations and clinical implications of these findings. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Outcomes for men younger than 50 years undergoing radical prostatectomy.

Objectives. To compare the surgical outcomes after radical prostatectomy between men younger than 50 years and men 50 years old or older. Methods. Between October 1, 2000 and December 31, 2003, 790 men underwent open radical retropubic prostatectomy by a single surgeon. The intraoperative, perioperative, and postoperative parameters were recorded in real time and entered into a database. The outcomes were compared for 66 men younger than 50 years of age (group 1) versus 724 men who were 50 years old or older (group 2). Results. The pathologic stage, percentage of cancer in the surgical specimen, positive surgical margin rate, and Gleason score were not significantly different among the two age groups. No significant difference was found in the risk factors for prostate cancer between groups 1 and 2 (33.3% versus 28.9%, respectively; P 0.63). The operative complications were exceedingly low in both groups. Of the men in groups 1 and 2, 93.3% and 97.1% achieved continence, respectively (P 0.26). Of the potent men at baseline who underwent bilateral nerve-sparing prostatectomy, 100% of men in group 1 versus 81.4% in group 2 (P 0.02) were having erections adequate for intercourse with or without phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors or intracavernous injection therapy, as determined by direct patient interview. Of the men who underwent bilateral nerve-sparing radical retropubic prostatectomy, 78.3% of group 1 versus 62.6% of group 2 (P 0.14) were potent with or without phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors. Conclusions. The preoperative and pathologic predictors of organ-confined disease and biochemical recurrence were similar in both age groups. The results of this study have demonstrated that radical retropubic prostatectomy can be performed with good results and low complication rates in men with localized prostate cancer who are younger than 50 years of age. UROLOGY 66: 141‐146, 2005. © 2005 Elsevier Inc.
Task-consistent obstacle avoidance and motion behavior for mobile manipulation

Applications in mobile manipulation require sophisticated motion execution skills to address issues like redundancy resolution, reactive obstacle avoidance, and transitioning between different motion behaviors. The elastic strip framework is an approach to reactive motion generation providing an integrated solution to these problems. Novel techniques within the elastic strip framework are presented, allowing task-consistent obstacle avoidance and task-consistent motion behavior. General transition criteria and methods are presented, permitting the suspension and resumption of task execution to ensure other desired motion behavior, such as obstacle avoidance. Task execution has to be suspended when kinematic constraints or changes in the environment render task-consistent motion behavior infeasible. Task execution is resumed as soon as it is consistent with other desired motion behaviors.
The Justification of Social Inequality in Response to Masculinity Threats

Research suggests that threatening men’s masculinity can lead to negative attitudes and aggressive behaviors. The current research expands on these findings by examining the effects of masculinity threats on attitudes about social inequality regarding women and gay men. Across studies, we predicted that men whose masculinity was threatened (compared to non-threatening controls) would be more accepting of social inequities that disadvantage women and gay men. Three hundred forty-four male students at a large northeastern U.S. university were randomly assigned to either (a) take a test about gender knowledge (Study 1 and 2) or (b) proofread either a gender knowledge test or university knowledge test (Study 2). Feedback on the test was altered to either threaten or assure masculinity. Following the test or proofreading task, men indicated their discomfort, anger (Study 2 only), and acceptance of discrimination and group-based inequality in society. In both studies identification with gender was measured as a potential moderator. The results of Study 1 (N = 160) showed that the masculinity manipulation only affected denial of discrimination against gay men, but this effect seemed to be related to the salience of gender rather than threatened masculinity. Study 2 (N = 184) added a gender salience comparison for clarification and replicated the results of Study 1, indicating that masculinity threats and assurances have effects independent of gender salience. In Study 1, men who were threatened and highly identified with their gender accepted more group-based inequality. The practical and social implications of these findings are discussed.
Is Nitrate an Ecologically Relevant Endocrine Disruptor in Vertebrates

SYNOPSIS. The last three decades have brought clear recognition that many populations of animals are experiencing severe declines or local and global extinctions. Many examples have become common knowledge to the general public, such as worldwide declines in amphibian populations and extensive loss of coral reefs. The mechanisms underlying these and other changes are poorly understood. However, a growing literature indicates that a wide array of chemical contaminants have the potential to disrupt normal cell-to-cell signaling mechanisms. A global pollutant of most aquatic systems, nitrate has the potential to be an endocrine disrupting contaminant. This paper reviews studies performed on vertebrates demonstrating that nitrate and/or nitrite have the potential to alter endocrine function. Further, a retrospective study of our work on alligators from various lakes in Florida suggests that nitrate could contribute to some of the altered endocrine parameters previously reported in juvenile animals. We propose hypotheses suggesting that nitrate could alter steroidogenesis by 1) conversion to nitrite and nitric oxide in the mitochondria, the site of initial steroid synthesis, 2) altering Cl 2 ion concentrations in the cell by substituting for Cl 2 in the membrane transport pump or 3) binding to the heme region of various P450 enzymes associated with steroidogenesis and altering enzymatic action. Future studies are needed to examine the endocrine disruptive action of this ubiquitous pollutant. A growing literature indicates that all biologists studying natural systems, whether they choose to or not, must now consider contaminant exposure as a direct influence on their studies. That is, ubiquitous global contamination has the potential to alter the endocrine, nervous and immune systems of all organisms with resulting changes in gene expression and phenotypes.
Mössbauer Studies of Some Complexes of the Undecapeptide of Cytochrome c

Complexes of cytochrome c and of an undecapeptide of the protein have been studied by means of Mossbauer spectroscopy in order to obtain information concerning the active heme site. The variation of the quadrupole splitting with the temperature permits an evaluation of the distortions from octahedral symmetry around the iron ion in the heme group, and also an estimation of the spin-orbit constant. The effect of the different ligands such as CN−, F−, imidazol, etc., is discussed.
What People Believe about How Memory Works: A Representative Survey of the U.S. Population

Incorrect beliefs about the properties of memory have broad implications: The media conflate normal forgetting and inadvertent memory distortion with intentional deceit, juries issue verdicts based on flawed intuitions about the accuracy and confidence of testimony, and students misunderstand the role of memory in learning. We conducted a large representative telephone survey of the U.S. population to assess common beliefs about the properties of memory. Substantial numbers of respondents agreed with propositions that conflict with expert consensus: Amnesia results in the inability to remember one's own identity (83% of respondents agreed), unexpected objects generally grab attention (78%), memory works like a video camera (63%), memory can be enhanced through hypnosis (55%), memory is permanent (48%), and the testimony of a single confident eyewitness should be enough to convict a criminal defendant (37%). This discrepancy between popular belief and scientific consensus has implications from the classroom to the courtroom.
Landscape and evolutionary dynamics of terminal-repeat retrotransposons in miniature (TRIMs) in 48 whole plant genomes

Terminal-repeat retrotransposons in miniature (TRIMs) are structurally similar to long terminal repeat (LTR) retrotransposons except that they are extremely small and difficult to identify. Thus far, only a few TRIMs have been characterized in the euphyllophytes and the evolutionary and biological impacts and transposition mechanism of TRIMs are poorly understood. In this study, we combined de novo and homology-based methods to annotate TRIMs in 48 plant genome sequences, spanning land plants to algae. We found 156 TRIM families, 146 previously undescribed. Notably, we identified the first TRIMs in a lycophyte and non-vascular plants. The majority of the TRIM families were highly conserved and shared within and between plant families. Even though TRIMs contribute only a small fraction of any plant genome, they are enriched in or near genes and may play important roles in gene evolution. TRIMs were frequently organized into tandem arrays we called TA-TRIMs, another unique feature distinguishing them from LTR retrotransposons. Importantly, we identified putative autonomous retrotransposons that may mobilize specific TRIM elements and detected very recent transpositions of a TRIM in O. sativa. Overall, this comprehensive analysis of TRIMs across the entire plant kingdom provides insight into the evolution and conservation of TRIMs and the functional roles they may play in gene evolution.
Algorithms comparison of feature extraction and multi-class classification for fault diagnosis of analog circuit

For the novelties or anomalies of faulty signals occur in a damage circuit and fault signals vary with different circuit damages. To ensure the accuracy and reliability of diagnosis, it is very important to extract the characteristic features of fault signals. Two feature extraction methods based on wavelet packet transform is proposed to treat transient signals: optimal wavelet packet transform (OWPT) and incomplete wavelet packet transform (IWPT). For the fault signals decomposed, the energy in each frequency band may be heightened or be reduced, so a novel 'energy-fault' method is put forward to extract fault features. The problem of fault diagnosis of analog circuit is actually a pattern recognition problem. Nowadays, the binary tree support vector machines (BTSVMs) is usually used for multi-class classification, but the structure of the binary tree is closely related to the classification performance of binary tree support vector machines (BTSVMs). A new separability measure method based on the space distribution of pattern classes is applied to construct different binary trees. Three BTSVMs classifiers based on the separability measure are defined in this paper: inclined binary tree support vector machines (IBTSVMs), balanced binary tree support vector machines (BBTSVMs) and adaptive binary tree support vector machines (ABTSVMs). Simulation results show us that the OWPT method is prefect for soft fault diagnosis, the IWPT for hard fault diagnosis, and the BBTSVMs multi-classifier possesses better classification speed, the ABTSVMs multi-classifier better classification accuracy.
A structured group mobility model for the simulation of mobile ad hoc networks

Realistic models for node movement are essential in simulating mobile ad hoc networks. Many MANET scenarios are most realistically represented using group movement, but existing group movement models depict individual group members as independent actors moving randomly. For many scenarios however, group movement implies a common goal or orientation, and hence an inherent structure to the group. We show that this structure can be defined a-priori, and that knowledge of it will result in more accurate simulations. This paper presents the Structured Group Mobility Model~(SGMM), which parameterizes group structure and generates movement sequences for use in simulations. We define the model and demonstrate how such a model of node mobility may be used in creating simulations of several MANET scenarios. We compare simulations using the SGMM with other models using various routing algorithms. Our preliminary results indicate that accurate representation of group structure has a significant effect on the overall simulation, particularly in the area of link stability. The results also imply the need for routing algorithms that take group structure into account.
On the synthesis of compliant mechanisms

In the study of mechanisms, there is a significant set of problems for which the solutions require the application of techniques from the fields of both kinematic and elastic issues. Through an emphasis on a geometrical interpretation of these subjects, the authors formulate and solve a number of questions which arise in the design of compliant devices. An important part of this study is the development of an extension of the Frenet-Serret equations which describes the elasto-geometric properties of a thin beam viewed as a nonzero cross-sectional extension of a space curve. >
Cardiovascular indexes in the mouse at rest and with exercise: new tools to study models of cardiac disease

Manipulations of the murine genome that alter cardiovascular function have created the need for methods to study cardiovascular physiology in genetically altered animals in vivo. We adapted chronic physiological measurement techniques to the nonanesthetized, nonrestrained murine model, established strain-specific cardiovascular and metabolic norms, and evaluated responses to anesthesia, exercise, and adrenergic stimulation. Anesthesia resulted in alterations in heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and O2 consumption (V(O2)) and CO2 production (V(CO2)) for up to 6 h postoperatively. There were significant interstrain differences in resting values of HR and BP Graded treadmill exercise resulted in linear increases in HR, V(O2), V(CO2), and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) similar to those seen in larger species. Response to beta-adrenergic stimulation showed a classic sigmoidal dose-response curve; however, there was very little tachycardiac response to vagal blockade, indicating low resting vagal tone. This study demonstrates the feasibility of performing chronic cardiovascular measurements in nonanesthetized mice and stresses the importance of allowing for anesthetic recovery and strain variability. Murine cardiovascular responses to exercise can be reliably measured and are qualitatively similar to those in humans.
The fibrous matrix of ventricular myocardium in hypoplastic left heart syndrome: a quantitative and qualitative analysis.

Abstract Background Controversy exists as to whether the right ventricle will be able to cope as the sole pumping chamber following a univentricular repair of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. The significance of the collagenous matrix on ventricular function has been studied extensively yet there is little information available on its quantity and quality in hypoplastic left heart syndrome. Methods We selected 23 specimens with hypoplastic left heart syndrome for anatomical study. Using a combination of morphometric analysis and scanning electron microscopy we analyzed the quantity and quality of the collagenous matrix. We compared the results with 16 age-matched controls. Results Hearts with hypoplastic left heart syndrome have significantly less collagen matrix than normal. The right ventricle has more collagen than the left and there is significant transmural variation. There was no difference in the ratio of the two main collagen subtypes or in the quality of the matrix. Conclusions We believe this difference in fibrous matrix to be an inherent abnormality intrinsic to the malformation affecting not only the hypoplastic left but also the "normal" right ventricle. This in turn may have significant implications for the expected long-term outcome of reconstructive surgery.
Conceptual frameworks to illuminate and magnify.

CONTEXT In a recent study of the quality of reporting experimental studies in medical education, barely half the articles examined contained an explicit statement of the conceptual framework used. Conceptual frameworks represent ways of thinking about a problem or a study, or ways of representing how complex things work. They can come from theories, models or best practices. Conceptual frameworks illuminate and magnify one's work. Different frameworks will emphasise different variables and outcomes, and their inter-relatedness. Educators and researchers constantly use conceptual frameworks to guide their work, even if they themselves are not consciously aware of the frameworks. METHODS Three examples are provided on how conceptual frameworks can be used to cast development and research projects in medical education. The examples are accompanied by commentaries and a total of 13 key points about the nature and use of conceptual frameworks. CONCLUSIONS Ultimately, scholars are responsible for making explicit the assumptions and principles contained in the conceptual framework(s) they use in their development and research projects.
Hyperlipidemia Promotes Anti-Donor Th17 Responses That Accelerate Allograft Rejection.

Hyperlipidemia occurs in 95% of organ transplant recipients, however its effect on organ allograft rejection has not been investigated. We found that induction of hyperlipidemia in mice caused a significant acceleration of rejection of cardiac allografts. Accelerated rejection was associated with an aggressive T cell infiltrate that mediated significant tissue damage as well as increased serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6, and IL-17. Hyperlipidemic mice had an increased number of Th17 cells in their periphery and rejecting allografts from hyperlipidemic mice contained significant numbers of IL-17 producing T cells that were not detectable in transplants harvested from controls. Neutralization or genetic ablation of IL-17 prolonged survival of cardiac allografts transplanted into hyperlipidemic recipients, suggesting that IL-17 production promotes accelerated rejection. Analysis of alloreactive T cell frequencies directly ex vivo in naive mice revealed that the frequency of donor reactive IL-17 producing cells in hyperlipidemic was increased prior to antigen exposure, suggesting that hyperlipidemia was sufficient to alter T cell alloreactivity and promote anti-donor Th17 responses on first exposure to antigen. Together, our data suggest that hyperlipidemia alters rejection by altering the types of T cell subsets that respond to donor antigen by promoting Th17 biased anti-donor reactivity.
Quantum coherent oscillations in the early universe

Cosmic inflation is commonly assumed to be driven by quantum fields. Quantum mechanics predicts phenomena such as quantum fluctuations and tunneling of the field. Here, we show an example of a quantum interference effect which goes beyond the semiclassical treatment and which may be of relevance in the early Universe. We study the quantum coherent dynamics for a tilted, periodic potential, which results in genuine quantum oscillations of the inflaton field, analogous to Bloch oscillations in condensed matter and atomic systems. The underlying quantum superpositions are typically very fragile but may persist in the early Universe giving rise to quantum interference phenomena in cosmology.
L-DOPA and total phenolic stimulation in dark germinated fava bean in response to peptide and phytochemical elicitors

Abstract Fava bean sprouts are a rich source of levo dihydroxy phenylalanine ( l -DOPA) the precursor of dopamine and is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Its phytopharmaceutical value was improved by priming the seeds with natural elicitors like fish protein hydrolysates (FPH), lactoferrin (LF) and oregano extract (OE). The elicitors in general stimulated the phenylpropanoid pathway through the pentose phosphate and shikimate pathway and enhanced the production of phenolics. Among the different FPH elicitor concentrations, 2 ml/l elicited the highest phenolic content of 3.4 mg/gFW on day 2, which is three times higher than that of control. LF proved to be a better elicitor at a low concentration of 50 ppm producing 5.2 mg of phenolics/gFW on day 3. The response of fava bean treated with 5 ml/l of OE showed the highest phenolic stimulation of 2.9 mg/gFW on day 3. Control, FPH and OE elicitors showed a higher antioxidant activity in germinating fava bean sprout on day 1 and 2 which correlated with higher phenolic content. In fava bean primed with FPH, the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity peaked on day 5 followed by a concurrent increase in phenolics on day 6 demonstrating the mobilization of carbohydrates from the cotyledons towards the phenylpropanoid pathway in response to the elicitors. In the case of both LF and OE the peak activity of G6PDH and GPX was seen just prior to the boost in phenolics on day 3 and drops to a minimal on day 4 suggesting that the products may allosterically regulate the enzyme. For all elicitors and control the l -DOPA content was high on day 1 and steadily declined with germination. The l -DOPA content in fava bean elicited by LF showed a 40% increase, where as FPH and OE showed a 20% increase compared to that of the control. The maximal stimulation of l -DOPA content was seen on day 2 for fava bean treated with 2 ml/l of FPH, which was 100% higher than that of control.
Latitude or rectitude: geographical or institutional determinants of development

Two different bodies of literature that have sought to understand the 'deep determinants' behind the gap between rich and poor nations are exam- ined. One body of literature highlights the significance of geography as a key analytical concept in understanding both the spatial and environmental aspects that effect economic development. The other body of literature underlines the central role of institutions in accounting for the divide between rich and poor nations. In order to gain a multi-faceted understanding of the main theoretical and methodological themes in these two bodies of literature, this article is structured as follows. First, I lay out the key analytical and definitional aspects of the literature on geography and institutions. Second, I examine how the literature attempts to empirically account for the income gap between nations. Third, I identify some key theoretical and methodological shortcomings in the two bodies of literature. Finally, I tease out some key policy prescriptions that can be inferred from the respective analyses of the geography and institutions arguments. Income levels between the world's richest and poorest countries differ by a factor of more than 100. In some cases, the gap between rich and poor has gotten progressively worse over the last century. Many have asked: why do these inequalities exist? Others have asked: what (if anything) can we do to reduce them? A multifaceted literature is emerging that focuses on the causes behind the gap between rich and poor nations and the requisite policy prescriptions needed to reduce the gap. This literature is trying to understand why some regions-no- tably Sub-Saharan Africa and parts of Latin America and Asia-have made little progress in closing the gap. Obviously, in such a diverse literature, a number of different explanations and causal dynamics have been identified and articulated to account for the wealth of some nations and the endemic poverty of others. This article focuses only on two perspectives: geography (latitude) and institu- tions (rectitude). In studies on development, the concept of geography has two key analytical dimensions. First, geography is a conceptual explanandum. That is, it is
PERFORMANCE OF GZRP AD HOC ROUTING PROTOCOL

Ad hoc networks are useful for providing communication support where no fixed infrastructure exists or the deployment of a fixed infrastructure is not economically profitable, and movement of communicating parties is allowed. Therefore, such networks are designed to operate in widely varying environments, from military networks to low-power sensor networks and other embedded systems. Frequent topology changes caused by node mobility make routing in ad hoc wireless networks a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose an efficient ad hoc routing algorithm, which we refer to as GZRP, a hybrid protocol that makes use of the ZRP scheme and the Global Positioning System (GPS). As opposed to the ZRP original scheme, our GZRP scheme consists of propagating the routing (query) messages only to the nodes that are further away from the query source. We discuss the algorithm, its implementation, and report on the performance of GZRP scheme, and compare it to the ZRP routing protocol using an extensive simulation experiment. Our results indicate clearly that GZRP outperforms ZRP by reducing significantly the number of route query messages, and thereby increases the efficiency of the network load. Furthermore, we show that careful GPS screening angle is an important factor in the success of the GZRP ad hoc routing protocol.
Tracing Aristotle's rhetoric in Sir Philip Sidney's poetry and prose

The crossing of poetry and oratory developed naturally for Philip Sidney, as it did for Aristotle (Murrin 8). Because of Sidney's classical education at Shrewsbury, his years at Christ Church College in Oxford, and his exposure to continental philosophy during his European travels, his poetry and prose embody a unique interpretation of classical Greek philosophy and oratory. In fact, J. E. Spingarn states:
Varenicline for the treatment of methamphetamine dependence

disorders. The online toolkit addresses the needs of parents who want to receive an EST, but do not have access to a CRAFT therapist. The toolkit consists of six modules addressing different skills. The first module provides an introduction to CRAFT and trains parents how to recognize the signs that their child is currently intoxicated. The Communication module trains parents in seven communication skills. The Roadmap module conducts a functional analysis to help parents outline their child’s pattern of drug use, occasioning situations and reinforcers. The Positive Reinforcement module teaches parents to identify their child’s desirable behaviors and then identify and deliver reinforcers when their child is sober or when a desirable behavior occurs. The Planned Ignoring and Natural Consequences module teaches parents to avoid interaction with their child when he or she is intoxicated and teaches them to allow negative consequences to occur. In the final module, parents will learn when and how to encourage their child to enter treatment. Modules contain videos of a therapist introducing key concepts and parent/child interactions to display the concepts. In addition, there are training exercises throughoutmodules to allow parents to practice skills and receive feedback. The online toolkit is being developed through a partnership with the Treatment Research Institute and Cadence Online, Inc. Conclusions: Modules will be evaluated through focus groups with the goal of evaluating the completed toolkit through randomized, controlled trials. Financial support: P50DA027841 & Cadence Online, Inc.
Amplification of Stress and Displacement in Guyed Towers

Discussion of case, analysis of which includes changes in geometry; simplified method for determining slack stress in guy and horizontal displacements due to wind load; amplification charts useful in predesign of guyed towers; example of television tower.
The Effect of VGJ Pulsing Frequency on Separation Bubble Dynamics

Particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements were made on a highly loaded low pressure turbine blade in a linear cascade. Dat a were taken at a Re c=20K with 3% inlet freestream turbulence. At these conditions, a sep aration bubble exists between 59% to 86% axial chord on the aft portion of the s uction surface of the turbine blade. The dynamics of this separation zone were studied when subjected to unsteady forcing from a spanwise row of vortex generator j ets (VGJs) located upstream of the separation zone at 50% axial chord. Two different VGJ pulsing signals were selected by varying the frequency of the jets and t he duty cycle. The signals were both approximately step functions with a max imum blowing ratio (Bmax =ujet /u local ) of 2. The first signal consisted of a 5Hz frequency and a duty cycle of 25%. The second signal consisted of a 3Hz frequency an d a duty cycle of approximately 5%. Phase-locked PIV measurements were made at various times (phases) along the pulse history so that comparisons of the separation zone’s responses to the two VGJ pulses could be made. Measurements provide a global depiction of the response of the separation zone to the uns teady VGJ forcing. Results suggest that transition plays a more extensive rol e in the separation bubble reattachment than vortex development and that jet duration influences the minimum residual separation bubble size.
Bochdalek hernia in pregnancy.

Asymptomatic diaphragmatic hernias in reproductive-aged women are rare but pose significant morbidity for pregnancy. This is a case of a woman at 29 weeks’ gestation with abdominal pain and shortness of breath. Five years prior she had been incidentally diagnosed with a small congenital diaphragmatic hernia of Bochdalek. Following preconception care, she opted against repair of the hernia prior to pregnancy due to lack of symptoms and no clear recommendation for repair from the surgeon. Imaging studies on emergency room presentation demonstrated a large herniation of viscera into her chest occupying her entire left chest with slight cardiac displacement. Through a multidisciplinary approach, she was stabilised and eventually delivered at 31 weeks due to worsening pulmonary function. The hernia was repaired postpartum. We recommend repair of any diaphragmatic hernia prior to conception to prevent significant maternal and fetal morbidity or mortality. A multidisciplinary approach allows for planning.
Urethrovesical malfunctions and urinary incontinence in female children and adolescents.

The conditions which evoke urinary dysfunction are legion. A brief review of the maturational physiology of the bladder and the orderly development of urinary control mechanisms is followed by discussion of various causes of enuresis and urinary incontinence.
Adrenergic control of renin during dietary sodium deprivation in conscious dogs

These experiments evaluated the contribution of alpha- and beta-adrenergic stimulation to plasma renin activity (PRA) during early and long-term dietary sodium restriction, compared with normal sodium intake. Uninephrectomized conscious dogs with catheters in the aorta, vena cava, and remaining renal artery were studied during normal sodium diet (approximately 70 meq/day), after 2-3 days of low-sodium diet (5-7 meq/day), and after greater than or equal to 2 wk of low-sodium diet. Direct renal arterial (ira) infusion of phenoxybenzamine plus propranolol decreased PRA by similar proportions (39-48%) during all three states of dietary sodium intake. The PRA achieved after adrenergic blockade remained higher (P less than 0.05) during early and long-term sodium restriction than during normal sodium intake. The effect on PRA of ira infusion of propranolol alone was not different from that of phenoxybenzamine plus propranolol during normal or low-sodium diet, and the magnitude of decrease in PRA during low-sodium diet was the same whether propranolol (1 microgram.kg-1.min-1) was infused ira or intravenously. In summary, beta-adrenergic stimulation accounts for similar proportions of PRA during early and long-term dietary sodium restriction and during normal sodium intake. Renal alpha-adrenoceptors appear to play little or no role in control of PRA under these conditions.
Modeling the Performance and Energy Impact of Dynamic Power Steering

Achieving high performance has traditionally been the primary goal of large-scale system design. However, future systems will place an increasing emphasis on energy efficiency. Coarse tools are available today to reduce the energy consumption of system components that are not on the performance critical path, but we expect future systems to make use of fine-grained power scaling and gating features to make the most efficient use of tightly constrained power budgets. The tools to effectively utilize these mechanisms, however, remain largely undeveloped. Dynamic Power Steering is one such methodology for dynamically routing power across an imbalanced system to resources where it can make the most impact. With Dynamic Power Steering, a heuristic algorithm assigns processor cores to available p-states (i.e., power states) in order to optimize energy consumption while maintaining performance levels. In this work, we present a modeling methodology that quantifies the impact Dynamic Power Steering will have on both performance and overall energy usage. This modeling methodology is applicable to both current and future large-scale systems capable of providing fine-grained power scaling. Using synthetic workloads that can be tuned to capture a wide variety of application behaviors, we validate the resulting models and pinpoint areas in which further performance and energy efficiency gains are possible.
Acute Hospitalist Medicine and the Rapid Response System

Traditionally, the Primary Care Physician (PCP), usually an internist or family practice physician, has been responsible for outpatient and inpatient care. There have been many forces in healthcare that have pushed toward a separation of care provided to patients in both of these locations. Changes in hospital management systems, hospital size, increasing severity of patient illness, and out-of-control healthcare costs have all been integral in the push towards an inpatient physician-driven care model.1 Within the context of these changes, there has been a growing sense of PCP dissatisfaction in the ability to provide timely and efficient care to both their outpatient and inpatient populations. This has ultimately given birth to the hospital medicine “specialist.” This emerging specialty is defined, much like Critical Care and Emergency Medicine, by the site of care rather than a disease, patient population, or organ-system.
Predictors and incidence of orthostatic headache associated with lumbar drain placement following endoscopic endonasal skull base surgery.

Orthostatic headache (OH) is a potential complication of lumbar drainage (LD) usage. The incidence and risk factors for OH with the use of lumbar drainage during endoscopic endonasal procedures have not been documented. To investigate the incidence of post-procedure OHs associated with placement of LD in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal procedures. We prospectively noted the placement of LDs in a consecutive series of endoscopic endonasal skull base surgeries. Charts were retrospectively reviewed, and patients were divided into two groups: those with OH and those without. The patient demographics, drain durations, imaging findings of intracranial hypotension, pathologies and need for a blood patch were compared between the two groups. Two hundred forty-nine patients were included in the study. Seven patients (2.8%) suffered post-dural puncture OH, which was mild to moderate and disappeared 2–8 days (median 3 days) after treatment. Blood patches were used in four patients. Significant predisposing factors were age (33.0 vs. 53.5, P = 0.014) and a strong trend for female gender (85.7% vs. 47.9%, P = 0.062). BMI and drain duration were not significant. Postoperative intracranial hypotension was diagnosed radiographically in 43% of OH patients and in 5.4% of those without OH (P = 0.003). Four (1.6%) patients required treatment with an epidural blood patch. OH associated with intracranial hypotension in patients undergoing endoscopic endonasal procedures with LDs is an infrequent complication seen more commonly in young female patients. Radiographic signs of intracranial hypotension are a specific but not sensitive test for OH.