cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Heat Illness and Heat Stroke

1. David S. Jardine, MD* 1. *Children's Hospital, Seattle, Wash After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Describe the laboratory abnormalities that accompany heat stroke. 2. Understand the relationship between core temperature and injury. 3. Discuss strategies to reduce the risk of heat stroke during athletic events. 4. Describe the physical findings of patients suffering from heat stroke. 5. List the most common sequelae of heat stroke. 6. Identify the body temperature above which heat injury begins to occur. 7. Explain the differences between malignant hyperthermia and heat stroke. 8. Discuss the differences between heat stress, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke. Heat illness is caused by an inability to maintain normal body temperature because of excess heat production or decreased heat transfer to the environment. Heat stroke arises when cellular injury is caused by excess body temperature. If the core temperature rises above 105.8°F (41°C) for more than a short time, thermal injury results. Proteins are denatured, and injured cells undergo apoptosis (programmed cell death) or necrosis. Even before injury takes place, an individual may suffer transient mental and physical impairment, which is called heat exhaustion. Heat stroke is a medical emergency that is associated with a mortality of approximately 12% in adult patients. Treatment requires aggressive supportive care to minimize mortality. It is important to recognize the difference between fever and heat stroke. Fever is a normal response, during which the core temperature remains under the control of the central thermoregulatory centers that reside in the hypothalamus and brainstem. When a pyrogenic stimulus is received, core temperature is elevated rapidly to a new set point that is regulated by normal mechanisms. Maximum febrile temperatures rarely exceed 105.8°F (41°C). (1) In contrast, during heat illness, normal heat transfer mechanisms are overwhelmed and central thermoregulatory control is ineffective. Consequently, the core temperature can rise quickly to injurious levels. ### Heat Stress Before heat stroke occurs, lesser degrees of dysfunction …
Transcranial magnetic stimulation measures in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Children affected by attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder demonstrate diminished intrahemispheric inhibition (short interval cortical inhibition), as measured by transcranial magnetic stimulation. This study determined whether interhemispheric inhibition (ipsilateral silent period latency) correlates with clinical behavioral rating and motor control deficits of affected children. In 114 right-handed children (aged 8-12 years; age/sex-matched; 50 affected, 64 controls), we performed comprehensive assessments of behavior, motor skills, and cognition. Transcranial magnetic stimulation reliably elicited ipsilateral silent periods in 54 children (23 affected); all were on average older than those with unobtainable measures. Mean ipsilateral silent period latency was 5 milliseconds longer in the affected group (P = 0.007). Longer latencies correlated with more severe behavioral symptom scores (r = 0.38, P = 0.007), particularly hyperactivity (r = 0.39, P = 0.006), and with worse motor ratings on the Physical and Neurological Examination for Soft Signs (r = 0.27, P = 0.05). Longer latency also correlated with short interval cortical inhibition (r = 0.36, P = 0.008). Longer ipsilateral silent period latencies suggest interhemispheric inhibitory signaling is slower in affected children. The deficit in this inhibitory measure may underlie developmental, behavioral, and motor impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.
TIMBER SALE AUCTIONS WITH RANDOM RESERVE PRICES

This paper analyzes first-price sealed-bid auctions of standing timber organized by the French forest service, Office National des Forets (ONF). A feature of these auctions is that they are held wi...
Deja Vu All Over Again: Effects of Reenactment on Toddlers' Event Memory.

Four experiments examined (1) whether reenactment improves 18-month-olds' event memory, (2) how effects of reenactment are affected by the time at which the reenactment occurs, (3) whether timing of reenactment affects recall over very long periods of time, and (4) how partial reenactment affects recall. Children were trained to perform 8 novel activities in a laboratory playroom, returned to the playroom 15 min to 8 weeks later to reenact the activities, and were tested for recall of the original activities 6 to 8 weeks after reenactment. Results indicate that reenactment improves toddlers' event memory (Experiment 1); reenactment is more effective after a time delay (Experiment 2); effects of timing of reenactment are even more pronounced after a 6 month delay (Experiment 3); and reenacting half of the activities is just as effective as reenacting all of the activities (Experiment 4). These findings suggest that reenacting events or parts of events can remind very young children of past experiences and inoculate against forgetting over very long periods of time.
Controlling Forum Choice and Controlling Policy: Congress, Courts and the IRS

Considerable scholarly attention has been paid to litigation and its influence on social and bureaucratic policy. One area of research has focused on interest group litigation. Another area of scholarship has shown that Congress encourages individual use of the courts to monitor and control bureaucratic behavior. In several areas of law, litigants have a choice of forum by deliberate legislative design, which is sometimes derided as “forum shopping.” Little attention has been paid to the dominant national political coalition's ability to encourage forum shopping through legislation and the appointment process. One area of law that the coalition can encourage forum shopping is in challenging tax audits. It can do so through implict legislative signals and the appointment process to influence litigants to sue the Internal Revenue Service in the forum that offers the litigant the greatest chance of success. Given the prominent role of courts in setting and determining policy and given the particular prominence of taxes and tax policy over the past three decades, whether and where tax litigants choose to sue is critically important to understanding the dynamics of both tax policy and tax enforcement, as well as public policy creation and change. To demonstrate the influence of political forces on tax forum choice, I compare tax and district court filings from 1994 through to 2000. I find that as the Tax Court and national political coalition become more conservative, more taxpayers sue in the Tax Court and this “forum shopping” choice is supported by the national political coalition.
Finding the smallest circle containing the iris in the denoised wavelet domain

Retinoblastoma is a pediatric ocular cancer typically indicated by leukocoria (white-eye pupillary reflex). Early detection of leukocoria can improve health outcomes when it indicates disease, and it can be easily seen in recreational photographs. As part of a system for automatic leukocoria detection, we propose an image processing algorithm for detecting the exact location and radius of the smallest circle containing the iris in an eye image. Our algorithms use both median filters and two-dimensional stationary wavelet transforms and achieve low error rates.
Performance analysis for near-field atmospheric optical communications

Most atmospheric optical links are set up to operate in the far-field power transfer regime, in which diffraction spread is the dominant effect on the beam, resulting in very weak power coupling between the transmitter and the receiver. However, it is also possible to establish geometries such that the link operates in the near-field regime, where, in the absence of turbulence, it is possible to focus the beam onto the receiver with almost perfect power coupling. Work on the performance of near-field atmospheric optical communication systems is scarce in existing literature, perhaps due to increased complexity in prescribed models. We analyze error probability bounds for optical communication links operating in the nearfield regime, utilizing on-off keying (OOK) and a coherent or direct detection receiver. In addition, we obtain bounds on the ergodic capacity of a near-field atmospheric optical link with local oscillator shot-noise dominated coherent detection, or shot-noise limited direct detection.
Detecting research patterns and paratextual features in AE word clouds, keywords, and titles

The keywords and titles from AE's 2013, 2003, 1993, and 1983 articles are a cryptic, condensed metanarrative that authors tell about their own scholarship. They thus offer an opportunity to reflect on directions in anthropological research over the past few decades. In addition, the tables and word clouds that can be generated from those keywords and titles demonstrate how the presentation of information can influence its perception and interpretation. In this commentary, I note some patterns in the AE data and present sets of word clouds that demonstrate how differently the same array of words can appear because of paratextual features such as font and the placement of the words. I also present the selection of keywords and titles as a set of literacy practices.
Convective drying model of southern pine

ABSTRACT A transient one dimensional first principles model is developed for the drying of a porous material (wood is used as an example) that includes both heat and mass transfer. Heat transfer by conduction and convection, mass transfer by binary gas diffusion, pressure-driven bulk flow in the gas and liquid, and diffusion of bound water are included in the analysis. The diffusive mass transfer terms are modeled using a Fickian approach, while the bulk flow is modeled assuming Darcian flow. Depending on the state (pendular or funicular) of the moisture in the wood, appropriate terms are considered in the development of the governing mass equations. The results provide distributions within the material of each moisture phase (vapor, liquid, and bound), temperature, and total pressure. Information regarding the drying rate and evaporation rate is also presented. Average distributions are obtained as a function of time, and compared with experimental data from the literature. It is observed that the total ...
Evidence for the Use of Multiple Mechanisms by Herpes Simplex Virus-1 R7020 to Inhibit Intimal Hyperplasia

Intimal hyperplasia (IH) is the primary cause of vein bypass graft failure. The smooth muscle cell (SMC) is a key element of IH as it phenotypically switches from a contractile to a synthetic state which can become pathological. R7020, which is an engineered strain of Herpes Simplex Virus-1, inhibits IH in animal models. Although it has many characteristics which make it a strong candidate for use as a prophylactic agent how it inhibits IH is not well understood. The objective of this study was to identify modes of action used by R7020 to function in blood vessels that may also contribute to its inhibition of IH. The cytopathic effect of R7020 on SMCs was determined in vitro and in a rabbit IH model. In vitro assays with R7020 infected SMCs were used to quantify the effect of dose on the release kinetics of the virus as well as the effects of R7020 on cell viability and the adhesion of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) to SMCs in the absence and presence of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). The observed cytopathic effect, which included R7020 positive filopodia that extend from cell to cell and the formation of syncytia, suggests that R7020 remains cell associated after egress and spreads cell to cell instead of by diffusion through the extracellular fluid. This would allow the virus to rapidly infect vascular cells while evading the immune system. The directionality of the filopodia in vivo suggests that the virus preferentially travels from the media towards the intima targeting SMCs that would lead to IH. The formation of syncytia would inhibit SMC proliferation as incorporated cells are not able to multiply. It was also observed that R7020 induced the fusion of PBMCs with syncytia suggesting the virus may limit the effect of macrophages on IH. Furthermore, R7020 inhibited the proliferative effect of TNF-α, an inflammatory cytokine associated with increased IH. Thus, the results of this study suggest that R7020 inhibits IH through multiple mechanisms.
Optical tweezers using cylindrical polarization symmetry

Since the first practical laser traps demonstrated by Ashkin [1], optical traps and optical tweezers have been applied to manipulate a wide variety of particles, including atoms, molecules, nano particles, living biological cells and organelles within cells [2]. Applications of controllable light force on nanometer scale particles represent a major success of modern optics. Most optical traps and optical tweezers use a focused fundamental Gaussian beam, which is only suitable to trap particles with refractive index higher than the ambient. To trap particles with index lower than the ambient, donut shape laser mode needs to be generated and used in the optical tweezers [3, 4].
The Effect of Singing Paired with Signing on Receptive Vocabulary Skills ofElementary ESL Students

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of singing paired with signing on receptive vocabulary skills of elementary English as a Second Language (ESL) students. Eighty children attended language sessions in one of the following rehearsal conditions: sung text paired with signs, spoken text paired with signs, sung text, and a control group of spoken text only. Pretest and posttest data were analyzed to determine gains in receptive vocabulary identification. Results from this study indicate that all four groups made significant pretest to posttest gains. Children in the sung text paired with sign and the spoken text paired with sign conditions, however, made significantly greater gains in vocabulary recognition than those in the control condition of spoken text only. These findings suggest the benefits of integrating signs into second language rehearsal to provide visual cues and to engage students in meaningful physical participation. The condition yielding the highest mean gain score was that in which signing was paired with singing, indicating there may be advantages to using a combination of the two for language acquisition.
Mechanism of Membrane Poration by Shock Wave Induced Nanobubble Collapse: A Molecular Dynamics Study

We performed coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations in order to understand the mechanism of membrane poration by shock wave induced nanobubble collapse. Pressure profiles obtained from the simulations show that the shock wave initially hits the membrane and is followed by a nanojet produced by the nanobubble collapse. While in the absence of the nanobubble, the shock wave with an impulse of up to 18 mPa s does not create a pore in the membrane, in the presence of a nanobubble even a smaller impulse leads to the poration of the membrane. Two-dimensional pressure maps depicting the pressure distributed over the lateral area of the membrane reveal the differences between these two cases. In the absence of a nanobubble, shock pressure is evenly distributed along the lateral area of the membrane, while in the presence of a nanobubble an unequal distribution of pressure on the membrane is created, leading to the membrane poration. The size of the pore formed depends on both shock wave velocity and shock ...
DIETARY PRILLED FAT AND LAYER CHICKEN PERFORMANCE AND EGG COMPOSITION

Prilled and poultry fat were fed at 2% to 58-wk-old hens and at 4% to 2-wk-old hens for 8 wk. Comparisons by dietary fat source were made within age groups for BW, feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, yolk cholesterol, and fatty acid composition, egg quality, plasma cholesterol, dietary fatty acid utilization, dietary ME, and gastrointestinal transit time of feed. Old hens fed prilled fat had lower egg weight, increased egg production, lower plasma high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (P < 0.08), and reduced energy. Young hens fed prilled fat were lighter in weight and had lower plasma total and low density and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol. Young hens fed prilled fat had a lower utilization of stearic acid (P < 0.07) but a higher utilization of linoleic acid. In both groups, prilled fat increased yolk saturated fatty acids and decreased polyunsaturated fatty acids. Gastrointestinal transit time of feed was increased by 29 to 31 min (P < 0.09) in young hens fed prilled fat.
A year of truth and the possibilities for reconciliation in Indonesia

Since the end of the New Order military regime in 1998, successive Indonesian administrations have yet deal with crimes against humanity perpetrated by the old regime, particularly the 1965–1966 massacres. Attempts for reconciliation have mainly come from grass-roots organizations which employ oral historical methods to both document these crimes and to serve as the basis for claims of truth-telling about the past. In this paper, I examine the work of some of these grass-roots organizations and, in particular, the ‘Year of Truth’ initiative. I outline the ‘Hearing Testimony’ forum held in November 2013 and contrast this work with the failed attempts at the national level to deal with this past.
Effects of carotid body hypocapnia during ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia

Dwinell, M. R., P. L. Janssen, J. Pizarro, and G. E. Bisgard. Effects of carotid body hypocapnia during ventilatory acclimatization to hypoxia. J. Appl. Physiol. 82(1): 118–124, 1997.—Hypoxic venti...
Cytosolic Ku70 regulates Bax-mediated cell death.

The first known function of Ku70 is as a DNA repair factor in the nucleus. Using neuronal neuroblastoma cells as a model, we have established that cytosolic Ku70 binds to the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in the cytosol and blocks Bax’s cell death activity. Ku70-Bax binding is regulated by Ku70 acetylation in that when Ku70 is acetylated Bax dissociates from Ku70, triggering cell death. We propose that Ku70 may act as a survival factor in these cells such that Ku70 depletion triggers Bax-dependent cell death. Here, we addressed two fundamental questions about this model: (1) Does all Bax, which is a cytosolic protein, bind to all cytosolic Ku70? and (2) Is Ku70 a survival factor in cells types other than neuronal neuroblastoma cells? We show here that, in neuronal neuroblastoma cells, only a small fraction of Ku70 binds to a small fraction of Bax; most Bax is monomeric. Interestingly, there is no free or monomeric Ku70 in the cytosol; most cytosolic Ku70 is in complex with other factors forming several high molecular weight complexes. A fraction of cytosolic Ku70 also binds to cytosolic Ku80, Ku70’s binding partner in the nucleus. Ku70 may not be a survival factor in some cell types (Ku70-depletion less sensitive) because Ku70 depletion does not affect survival of these cells. These results indicate that, in addition to Ku70 acetylation, other factors may be involved in regulating Ku70-Bax binding in the Ku70-depletion less sensitive cells because Ku70 acetylation in these cells is not sufficient to dissociate Bax from Ku70 or to activate Bax.
Crying Hegel in Art History

Within cultural history there is a widespread eschewal of speculative reasoning. This article notes the complicity of the general postmodern avoidance of metanarratives with Anglo-Saxon empiricism and locates the major problem facing cultural history in postmodernism's conflation of trajectories and teleologies. Any discussion of the directionality of history is imputed to be a full-blown teleology. Using previous discussions from different fields, the difference between a teleology and trajectory is defended and, after clarifying certain confusions, it is argued that trajectories, as following the working of generative mechanisms, are necessary to theorize in order to make interesting progress within the field of cultural history.
Cytoplasmic PML Function in TGF-β Signaling.

Abstract TGF-β is a pluripotent cytokine that controls key tumor suppressive functions such as cell growth inhibition, induction of apoptosis, cellular senescence and differentiation. Cancer cells are often unresponsive to TGF-β. Blasts from several leukemia subtypes including acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) display resistance to TGF-β-growth inhibitory and differentiating activity. As TGF-β, the PML tumor suppressor of APL is also known to modulate key tumor suppressive functions. PML is found to accumulate in the PML-nuclear body, although cytoplasmic isoforms of unknown function have also been described. The PML-RARα fusion oncoprotein of APL is found to accumulate both in the nucleus and cytoplasm and is thought to act as a dominant negative PML mutant in view of its ability to heterodimerize with PML. Given the functional similarities between PML and TGF-β and their functional loss in APL, we asked whether PML would modulate TGF-β function. Here we show that cytoplasmic Pml is an essential modulator of TGF-β signaling. Pml-null primary cells of diverse histological origins are resistant to TGF-β-dependent growth arrest, induction of cellular senescence and apoptosis. Induction of TGF-β target genes such as p21 and p15, as well as Smad2 and Smad3 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation is also dramatically impaired in the absence of Pml. Cytoplasmic Pml is induced by TGF-β and its add-back to Pml-null cells can fully rescue these biological and biochemical defects. Furthermore, we find that cytoplasmic PML physically interacts with Smad2/3 and SARA (Smad anchor for receptor activation), colocalizes with these proteins in cytosolic regions and is required for association of Smad2/3 with SARA and for the accumulation of SARA and TGF-β receptor in the early endosome. We demonstrate that the PML-RARα oncoprotein of APL can antagonize cytoplasmic PML function and that APL blasts display defects in TGF-β signaling similar to that observed in Pml-null cells, which can be overcome by retinoic acid (RA) and As2O3, drugs that induce PML-RARα degradation and are effective in APL treatment. Our findings identify cytoplasmic PML as a critical TGF-β regulator, and further implicate deregulated TGF-β signaling in cancer pathogenesis.
Individual differences in non-clinical maternal depression impact infant affect and behavior during the still-face paradigm across the first year.

Abstract Maternal depression can significantly impact mothers’ sensitivity to their infants’ needs as well as infants’ social and emotional development. The still-face paradigm (SFP) is widely used to assess infants’ understanding of the contingency between their own behavior and that of their caregivers, as well as infants’ ability to self-regulate arousal levels during sudden changes in maternal responsiveness. Infants of clinically depressed mothers display blunted levels of negative affect compared to infants of non-depressed mothers during the still-face (SF) phase. However, little is known about whether individual differences in elevated, non-clinical levels of maternal depression similarly affect mother-infant interactions. The current study examines the longitudinal effects of non-clinical maternal depression on infant and maternal behaviors during the SFP. Infants (N = 63) were assessed at 5 and 9 months and maternal depression was assessed at 5 months using the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Infants of mothers with elevated levels of depression displayed less negative engagement during the SF phase compared to infants of mothers with lower levels of depression. This effect was present at 5 months, but not at 9 months. Findings demonstrate that non-clinical levels of maternal depressive symptomatology can have a significant impact on infants’ affective regulation during the first half of the first year of life, but this does not necessarily have a long-lasting influence later in infancy. Interventions may want to target mothers with non-clinical depression to promote healthy infant social and emotional development.
Dynamic Changes at Yahtse Glacier, the Most Rapidly Advancing Tidewater Glacier in Alaska

Since 1990, Yahtse Glacier in southern Alaska has advanced at an average rate of ∼100 m/yr despite of a negative mass balance, widespread thinning in its accumulation area, and a low accumulation-area ratio. To better understand the interannual and seasonal changes at Yahtse and the processes driving these changes, we construct velocity and ice surface elevation time series spanning the years 1985-2014 and 2000-2014, respectively, using satellite optical and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) observations. In terms of seasonal changes, we find contrasting dynamics above and below a steep (up to 18% slope) icefall located approximately 6 km from the terminus. Above the icefall, speeds peak in May and reach minima in October synchronous with the development of a calving embayment at the terminus. This may be caused by an efficient, channelized subglacial drainage system that focuses subglacial discharge into a plume, resulting in a local increase in calving and submarine melting. However, velocities near the terminus are fastest in the winter, following terminus retreat, possibly off of a terminal moraine resulting in decreased backstress. Between 1996-2014 the terminus decelerated by ∼40% at an average rate of ∼0.4 m/day/yr , transitioned from tensile to compressive longitudinal strain rates, and dynamically thickened at rates of 1-6 m/yr , which we hypothesize is in response to the development and advance of a terminal moraine. The described interannual changes decay significantly upstream of the icefall, indicating that the icefall may inhibit the upstream transmission of stress perturbations. We suggest that diminished stress transmission across the icefall could allow Yahtse’s upper basin to remain in a state of mass drawdown despite of moraine-enabled terminus advance. Our work highlights the importance of glacier geometry in controlling tidewater glacier re-advance, particularly in a climate favoring increasing equilibrium line altitudes.
Alternating sequential-parallel calculation of eigenvalues for symmetric matrices

An “alternating sequential-parallel” system (ASP) is introduced, and its advantages over other models are discussed. Algorithms of Jacobi, Givens and Householder are modified for execution on this system. Efficiencies are computed for all methods and prove that the proposed methods achieve considerable speedups.
Who added that permission to my app?: an analysis of developer permission changes in open source Android apps

Android applications rely on a permission-based model to carry out core functionality. Appropriate permission usage is imperative for ensuring device security and protecting the user's desired privacy levels. But who is making the important decisions of which permissions the app should request? Are they experienced developers with the appropriate project knowledge to make such important decisions, or are these crucial choices being made by those with relatively minor amounts of contributions to the project? When are these permission-related decisions being made in the app's development life cycle? We examined 1,402 Android version control repositories containing over 331,318 commits including 18,751 AndroidManifest.xml versions to better understand when, why, and who is adding permissions to apps. We found that (I) developers with more experience are more likely to make permission-based changes (II) permissions are typically added earlier in apps' commit lifetime, but their removal is more sustained throughout the commit lifetime (III) developers reverting permission-based changes are typically more experienced than developers who initially made the change being reverted.
Individual variation in brain network topology predicts emotional intelligence

Background: Social cognitive ability is a significant determinant of functional outcome and deficits in social cognition are a disabling symptom of psychotic disorders. The neurobiological underpinnings of social cognition are not well understood, hampering our ability to ameliorate these deficits. Objective: Using resting-state fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging) and a trans-diagnostic, data-driven analytic strategy, we sought to identify the brain network basis of emotional intelligence, a key domain of social cognition. Methods: Study participants included 60 participants with a diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder and 46 healthy comparison participants. All participants underwent a resting-state fMRI scan. Emotional Intelligence was measured using the Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test (MSCEIT). A connectome-wide analysis of brain connectivity examined how each individual brain voxel9s connectivity correlated with emotional intelligence using multivariate distance matrix regression (MDMR). Results: We identified a region in the left superior parietal lobule (SPL) where individual network topology predicted emotional intelligence. Specifically, the association of this region with the Default Mode Network predicted higher emotional intelligence and association with the Dorsal Attention Network predicted lower emotional intelligence. This correlation was observed in both schizophrenia and healthy comparison participants. Conclusion: Previous studies have demonstrated individual variance in brain network topology but the cognitive or behavioral relevance of these differences was undetermined. We observe that the left SPL, a region of high individual variance at the cytoarchitectonic level, also demonstrates individual variance in its association with large scale brain networks and that network topology predicts emotional intelligence.
A Community-Based Pilot Survey of Pediatric Food Allergies in a Maryland Orthodox Jewish Community.

The prevalence of food allergies in children is known to be on the rise in the United States.1,2 The Jewish population has been of specific interest in the area of food allergy due to numerous investigations in Jewish populations in both England and Israel.1,3,4 Specifically, it was found that rates of food allergy in Jewish populations in Israel were markedly lower than Jewish populations in England.4 There has not been any investigation of the epidemiology of food allergy in Jewish populations in the United States. The purpose of this pilot study was to investigate and describe the prevalence of and experiences with food allergy in a Jewish population in the United States.
Peer-Assisted Computation Offloading in Wireless Networks

Computation offloading has been widely used to alleviate the performance and energy limitations of smartphones by sending computationally intensive applications to the cloud. However, mobile devices with poor cellular service quality may incur high communication latency and high energy consumption for offloading, which will reduce the benefits of computation offloading. In this paper, we propose a peer-assisted computation offloading (PACO) framework to address this problem. In PACO, a client experiencing poor service quality can choose a neighbor with better service quality to be the offloading proxy. Through peer to peer interface such as WiFi direct, the client can offload computation tasks to the proxy which further transmits them to the cloud server through cellular networks. We propose algorithms to decide which tasks should be offloaded to minimize the energy consumption. We have implemented PACO on Android and have implemented three computationally intensive applications to evaluate its performance. Experimental results and simulation results show that PACO makes it possible for users with poor cellular service quality to benefit from computation offloading and PACO significantly reduces the delay and energy consumption compared to existing schemes.
Bi-Directional Information Exchange in Decentralized Schedule-Driven Traffic Control

Recent work in decentralized, schedule-driven traffic control has demonstrated the ability to improve the efficiency of traffic flow in complex urban road networks. In this approach, each time an agent generates a new intersection schedule it communicates its expected outflows to its downstream neighbors as a prediction of future demand and these outflows are appended to the downstream agent's locally perceived demand. In this paper, we extend this basic coordination protocol to additionally incorporate the complementary flow of information reflective of an intersection's current congestion level to its upstream neighbors. We present an asynchronous decentralized algorithm for updating intersection schedules and congestion level estimates based on these bi-directional information flows. By relating this algorithm to the self-optimized decision making of the basic protocol, we are able to approach network-wide optimality and reduce inefficiency due to myopic intersection control decisions.
Cost of Mitigation

Cost is one of the key factors for technology selection. Mature technologies that are competitive in the market without climate policies exist, on one hand. On the other hand, there exist technologies for which costs are still high but are expected to be reduced with diffusion. This chapter gives an overview of the costs of climate mitigation. Firstly, the levelized costs for the technologies of energy and CO2 emission reductions, particularly in power sectors, are summarized. Secondly, CO2 abatement costs for various technologies are discussed. Finally, economy-wide costs, including carbon leakage effects, are assessed. From the viewpoint of individual technologies, there are different features, roles, and stages of progress, and a good mix of technologies is required considering multiple objectives, different features, and other factors. Differences in marginal abatement costs among countries induce carbon leakages and larger economic impacts in today’s globalized world. Balanced policy measures will be required considering mitigation costs and development stages for each technology, as well as economy-wide costs.
T1 Black Holes and Gray Matter Damage

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become important in the early diagnosis and monitoring of various neurologic disorders including multiple sclerosis (MS). MRI has emerged as a key supportive therapeutic outcome measure in MS-related clinical trials. The limitations of conventional MRI surrogates have driven researchers to develop better biomarkers, including those capturing destructive aspects of the disease. In this chapter, we discuss the most recent data highlighting the role of hypointense lesions on T1-weighted images (black holes; BH) and gray matter (GM) damage in the MRI assessment of MS. We focus on the most relevant pathologic, MRI, and clinical correlation studies addressing BH and GM injury.
Design Considerations for Air-Conditioning Evaporator and Condenser Coils

Major factors affecting heat transfer between the refrigerant and air in a plate finned-tube heat exchanger, otherwise known as an evaporator or condenser coil, are discussed. These factors are inside heat transfer coefficient, thermal contact resistance between the fin and the tube, and outside heat transfer coefficient. Correlations are presented to calculate the rate of heat transfer for each of these factors. Additional design considerations are presented and discussed for these three heat transfer mechanisms. In-tube augmentation, oil-refrigerant mixture effects, and frosting are also discussed, since they affect heat transfer in the coil. Tube circuiting procedures and standards available for rating coils are also presented.
Das Konzept sozialer Indikatoren

Gegenstand dieses Kapitels ist eine Analyse der bestimmenden Eigenschaften sozialer Indikatoren und unterschiedlicher Indikatorenarten. Die Kenntnis der spezifischen Charakteristika und der damit zugleich festgelegten Grenzen der Aussagefahigkeit von Sozialindikatoren bilden eine unerlasliche Voraussetzung fur das kritische Verstandnis der im III. Kapitel behandelten Ansatze einer gesellschaftsbezogenen Berichterstattung. Mangelnde Vertrautheit mit dem Konzept kann nur Unscharfen bei der Beurteilung des Aussagegehaltes und des Stellenwertes einzelner Indikatoren in einem umfassenden System gesellschaftlicher Indikatoren zur Folge haben. Es ist daher dem Leser anzuraten, sich zunachst die Inhalte des II. Kapitels zu erschliesen, bevor er sich mit den Ansatzen des III. Kapitels befast.
New Hypothesis on Anterior Chamber Developmental Anomalies Associated with Glaucoma

A most interesting group of congenital and developmental anomalies is that involving the structures forming the anterior chamber. In these anomalies, the cornea, iris, or trabecular meshwork are affected to varying degrees, and often there are elevations of intraocular pressure. A number of eponyms have been used for these malformations such as Axenfeld’s anomaly, Rieger’s anomaly, and Peter’s anomaly, as well as descriptive terms such as goniodysgenesis associated with hereditary juvenile glaucoma. Collectively, this group of conditions have been referred to as the anterior chamber cleavage syndrome. (10)
Tobacco smoke inhalation studies in rats

Abstract The feasibility of using rats in a bioassay for the effects of fresh tobacco smoke was investigated by a series of acute and long-term inhalation studies. Female SPF rats were exposed to 10% smoke from standard test cigarettes on an intermittent smoke machine. [14C]dotriacontane was used as label for the smoke particles, and it was calculated that under the described exposure conditions 0.3-0.4 mg of total particulate matter was retained in the rats from exposure to the smoke of one cigarette. This is similar to the dose sustained by hamsters under identical conditions. It was found that respiratory minute volume is decreased to 25% of normal during smoke exposure. The great sensitivity of rats to smoke toxicity could be overcome by gradual adaptation. This made it possible to chonically expose rats to 7 and 10 cigarettes per day with a death rate of 10 and 20%, respectively, at 12 months, and of 18 and 53%, respectively, at 18 months of exposure. This represents a far better survival rate at high smoke exposure levels for rats (or hamsters) than has ever been reported in the literature. Smoke-induced pathological changes were observed in the respiratory tract only. These included mild focal hyperplasia of the upper airways, bronchiolitis of the terminal bronchioles, and severe focal alveolitis.
Proceedings of the companion publication of the 2013 international conference on Intelligent user interfaces companion

It is our great pleasure to welcome you to the 2013 International Conference on Intelligent User Interfaces (IUI'13). This year marks the eighteenth meeting of this conference, continuing its tradition of being the principal international forum for reporting outstanding research at the intersection of Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) and Artificial Intelligence (AI). The work that appears at IUI bridges these two fields and also delves into related fields, such as psychology, cognitive science, computer graphics, the arts, and many others. Members of the IUI community are interested in improving the symbiosis between humans and computers, increasing the intelligence of both in the process. The call for papers attracted 195 submissions from Asia, Canada, Europe, Africa, and the United States. The program committee accepted 43 papers covering a diverse set of topics, including brain-computer interaction, social media analysis, automated design, and crowdsourcing. The program opens with a keynote by Professor Luis von Ahn on "Duolingo: Learn a Language for Free while Helping to Translate the Web," and closes with a keynote by Professor Monica S. Lam on "How Mobile Disrupts Social As We Know it." We also have an excellent poster and demonstration program consisting of 14 demos and 22 posters selected from a pool of 64 total submissions. In addition, the conference provides two exciting tutorials and four interesting workshops. The tutorials feature an introduction to Human Computation by Edith Law and an introduction to knowledge acquisition from the web and social media by Zornitsa Kozareva. The workshops cover topics ranging from interactive machine learning to IUI for developing worlds. No conference of this size could be organized without the help of a large number of individuals who volunteer an enormous amount of their own time. Their names can be found in the following pages and each and every one of these extraordinary volunteers deserve our thanks. We want to especially recognize all of the members of the organizing committee, who put in countless hours over nearly a year to make the conference happen. If you see one of them in the hotel bar at the conference, please buy them a beverage of their choice. We must also thank our senior program committee for coordinating the review process and all 654 members of the program committee for providing high quality reviews that exceeded even our lofty expectations. Last, but certainly not least, we must thank the authors for providing the content for the program that is the foundation of any successful conference. We look forward to your presentations!
Effects of Early Acceleration of Students in Mathematics on Taking Advanced Mathematics Coursework in High School.

Based on data from the Longitudinal Study of American Youth (LSAY), students were classified into high-, middle-, and low-ability students. The effects of early acceleration in mathematics on the m...
Curriculum Infusion Through Case Studies: Engaging Undergraduate Students In Course Subject Material and Influencing Behavior Change

This study investigated infusing health promotion topics into an engineering course via problem-based case studies and lecture to assess student learning and self-reported behavior. Junior-level systems engineering students in two sections participated: one section with 52 students and one with 36. One section received a celebratory drinking case; one received distracted driving case and a lecture about hazardous drinking. Student ability ratings related to the course subject matter generally improved with both cases. The lecture appeared to enhance health promotion knowledge. Students self-reported behavior change with both cases. Case studies as a form of curriculum infusion for health promotion topics show promise. The use of case studies overall was well-received by students and coupled with lecture material can increase student health promotion knowledge and behavior change.
Pediatric Brain Tumors

Primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors are the most common solid neoplasms of childhood. The pediatric brain tumors are more diverse than adult CNS neoplasms. While some tumors have pediatric counters, there are some tumors which are overwhelmingly encountered in the pediatric population. In this chapter, representative cases of common pediatric brain tumors are presented. Revisions in the most recent version of World Health Organization’s (WHO) Classification of Central Nervous System Tumors were also discussed as it pertains to the pediatric brain tumors.
92 Effect of a lung cancer screening decision aid on understanding of overdiagnosis

Objectives The USPSTF recommends shared decision making to help patients understand the benefits and harms of lung cancer screening (LCS), and Medicare requires a decision aid, including information on over-diagnosis, to facilitate this discussion. Whether LCS decision aids improve knowledge of benefits and harms, particularly over-diagnosis, is not well known. We examined the effect of a LCS decision aid on knowledge in a screen-eligible population (current or former smokers who quit less than 15 years ago, aged 55–80 with >30 pack-years of smoking) and whether knowledge scores differ across demographic groups. Method We conducted a web-based survey of screen-eligible participants recruited though US online panels, and performed a single group pre-post experiment using a previously developed and validated, brief (3 minute) multi-media LCS decision aid. Participants answered 10 previously validated questions about key potential benefits and harms of screening, focusing on over-diagnosis. Result Among 269 USPSTF-eligible respondents who began the survey, 185 (62.5%) completed it. Respondents were 56.2% female, 80.5% white, 60.5% current smokers, 30.3% high school degree or less, 62.2% annual income Conclusions A brief decision aid substantially increased knowledge about benefits and harms of LCS, including over-diagnosis. Although participants with greater education demonstrated greater overall knowledge after decision aid viewing, both higher and lower education groups experienced similar gains in knowledge. The decision aid was otherwise similarly effective across demographic groups.
Improving retinal mitochondrial function as a treatment for age-related macular degeneration.

Abstract Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness among the elderly. Currently, there are no treatments for dry AMD, which is characterized by the death of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors. Reports from human donors with AMD suggest that RPE mitochondrial defects are a key event in AMD pathology. Thus, the most effective strategy for treating dry AMD is to identify compounds that enhance mitochondrial function and subsequently, preserve the RPE. In this study, primary cultures of RPE from human donors with (n = 20) or without (n = 8) AMD were used to evaluate compounds that are designed to protect mitochondria from oxidative damage (N-acetyl- l -cysteine; NAC), remove damaged mitochondria (Rapamycin), increase mitochondrial biogenesis (Pyrroloquinoline quinone; PQQ), and improve oxidative phosphorylation (Nicotinamide mononucleotide, NMN). Mitochondrial function measured after drug treatments showed an AMD-dependent response; only RPE from donors with AMD showed improvements. All four drugs caused a significant increase in maximal respiration (p
Multi-scale chemo-mechanical evolution during crystallization of mixed conducting SrTi0.65Fe0.35O3−δ films and correlation to electrical conductivity

Recent work has demonstrated a low-temperature route to fabricating mixed ionic/electronic conducting (MIEC) thin films with enhanced oxygen exchange kinetics by crystallizing amorphous-grown thin films under mild temperatures, eluding conditions for deleterious A-site cation surface segregation. Yet, the complex, multiscale chemical and structural changes during MIEC crystallization and their implications for the electrical properties remain relatively unexplored. In this work, micro-structural and atomic-scale structural and chemical changes in crystallizing SrTi0.65Fe0.35O3−δ thin films on insulating (0001)-oriented Al2O3 substrates are observed and correlated to changes in the in-plane electrical conductivity, measured in situ by ac impedance spectroscopy. Synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy at the Fe and Ti K-edges gives direct evidence of oxidation occurring with the onset of crystallization and insight into the atomic-scale structural changes driven by the chemical changes. The observed oxidation, increase in B-site polyhedra symmetry, and alignment of neighboring B-site cation coordination units demonstrate increases in both hole concentration and mobility, thus underpinning the measured increase of in-plane conductivity by over two orders of magnitude during crystallization. High resolution transmission electron microscopy and spectroscopy of films at various degrees of crystallinity reveal compositional uniformity with extensive nano-porosity in the crystallized films, consistent with solid phase contraction expected from both oxidation and crystallization. We suggest that this chemo-mechanically driven dynamic nano-structuring is an additional contributor to the observed electrical behavior. By the point that the films become ∼60% crystalline (according to X-ray diffraction), the conductivity reaches the value of dense, fully crystalline films. Given the resulting high electronic conductivity, this low-temperature processing route leading to semi-crystalline hierarchical films exhibits promise for developing high performance MIECs for low-to-intermediate temperature applications.