cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal Links among Mother and Child Emotion Regulation, Maternal Emotion Socialization, and Child Anxiety

Models of transdiagnostic family emotion processes recognize parents’ emotion-related characteristics and behaviors as key contributors to child emotional development and psychological functioning. One such psychological outcome, child anxiety, is prevalent and early emerging, underscoring the importance of identifying early family- and emotion-related mechanisms involved in anxiety risk. We investigated the extent to which mother and child emotion-related traits and behaviors related to child anxiety in a community sample of 175 mother–child dyads. Using three time-points (child ages 2–4 years, assessments 1 year apart), we examined how mothers’ emotion dysregulation predicted their emotion socialization practices (either supportive or non-supportive) and children’s emotion regulation (ER; either attention- or caregiver-focused) over time, in relation to later child anxiety. Models controlled for child inhibited temperament and also tested the role of maternal anxiety in these trajectories. Mothers reported on their emotion dysregulation, emotion socialization, and their own and their child’s anxiety, whereas child ER and inhibited temperament were measured using laboratory observation. In supportive emotion socialization models, maternal emotion dysregulation predicted child anxiety 2 years later. An indirect effect emerged, such that greater maternal emotion dysregulation predicted greater non-supportive emotion socialization, which in turn related to children’s greater caregiver-focused ER. Maternal emotion dysregulation, maternal anxiety, and child inhibited temperament each predicted child anxiety above and beyond other variables, although their shared variance likely accounted for some of the results. Findings lend partial support to current theoretical models of transdiagnostic family emotion processes and child anxiety development, suggesting promising avenues of future research.
Datasets for the COVID-19 Epidemic and Public Policies in Korea

This note presents the basic structure and usage of the following two datasets: (1) a comprehensive dataset containing various aspects of the COVID-19 epidemic in South Korea from Jan. 20, 2020 to the present (in Excel file format), and (2) a timeline of major public health-related policies adopted by the Korean government (in Wolfram notebook file format). The author has created these two datasets by manually compiling various information taken from official webpages of the relevant Korean government agencies over this period. The first epidemic data contains more detailed information about the COVID-19 patients and deaths further classified by sex, geographic location (city and province), and selected age group, in addition to (both daily and cumulative) numbers of infected, recovered, and deceased cases that researchers can find elsewhere. The second dataset provides very detailed public policies that encompass not only non-pharmaceutical interventions for the epidemic mitigation but also selected macroeconomic and monetary policy measures designed to cope with socioeconomic downfall. These two datasets can be of use in various analytical and statistical analysis of the COVID-19 epidemic from a comparative perspective.
Use of electronic health records to manage tobacco screening and treatment in rural primary care.

Purpose Electronic health records (EHRs) can facilitate primary care providers' (PCPs) use of best practices in addressing tobacco dependence. It is unknown whether rural PCPs reap the same benefits as their urban counterparts when employing EHRs for this purpose. Our study examines this issue. Methods This cross-sectional investigation based on the 2012-2015 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey used chi-square tests and adjusted logistic regression models to explore how rurality and use of tobacco-related EHR functions were related to smoking status documentation (SSD) and cessation treatment at adult primary care visits. Findings SSD rates were similar in visits to rural- and urban-based PCPs (88.2% rural-based vs 81.1% urban-based, P = .5819). Use of EHRs for SSD was associated with higher SSD odds at visits to both rural- and urban-based PCPs, but this increase was greater for visits to rural-based PCPs (428% vs 220% urban-based, P = .0443). Rates of cessation treatment at smokers' visits were low in rural and urban contexts (19.3% rural vs 19.6% urban, P = .9430). Odds of cessation treatment were 68% higher where EHRs were used to remind PCPs of treatment guidelines (P = .001), with no rural-urban difference in the size of the increase. Access to EHRs with tobacco-related functions was similar across rural and urban practices. Conclusions Rural-based PCPs were at least as successful as urban-based PCPs in leveraging EHRs to enhance tobacco-related services. Even where EHRs are used, opportunities exist to expand cessation treatment in rural primary care.
Robust Stability of Time Varying Functional Differential Equations

This paper presents sufficient delay independent conditions that guarantee stability of nonlinear time varying functional differential equations (FDE). Assuming that the FDE takes the form of x'(t) = A(t) x(t) + f(t,x(t - g l (t)),...,x(t - g m (t))), stability conditions are derived in terms of the matrix measure (logarithmic norm) of A(t) and in terms of bounds on function f.
Lessons Learned from Open Source Projects for Facilitating Online Requirements Processes

[Context and motivation] The use of websites for gathering and prioritizing requirements in large-scale distributed projects is becoming increasingly prevalent in the software industry. These websites include both forums and wiki-style collaborative tools, and are designed to allow large numbers of stakeholders to participate in the requirements gathering process. [Question/problem] This paper explores and evaluates the forum-based requirements gathering and prioritization processes adopted by vendor-based open source software projects. The findings of this work have implications far beyond the domain of open source projects as they highlight requirements processes that could be applicable to any distributed, web-based requirements process. [Principal ideas/result] The effectiveness of various requirements gathering and prioritization practices adopted by vendor-based projects are evaluated, through observing how feature requests are managed in the forums, and also through a survey of vendor-based forum users and project managers. [Contribution] Our results highlight practices that could lead to more effective requirements processes in web-based requirements gathering and prioritization tools.
“Our Customers Are Our Enemies”: The Lysine Cartel of 1992–1995

Prosecution of the lysine cartel signaled aresurgence in global price-fixingconspiracies in dozens of markets. It was the first to enter thevideo age and set new precedents for large criminal fines. Thispaper examines the sensitivity of overcharges generated by thecartel to several factors: time period, seasonality of demand,and the price absent collusion. Civil settlements in the federalclass action (including the interrelated citric acid conspiracy)were the fourth highest in legal history. Yet, overcharges of$65 to $134 million mean that buyers in the federal class receivedat most single damages. The opt-out firms got double damages.
New Drugs and HIV Risk Taking

Abstract Many workers in HIV-prevention and mental health have feared that publicity surrounding new drugs for treating HIV would cause HIV-negative gay men to lapse from safer sex. However, a recent informal survey of health workers and therapists in New York City suggests that although information about the new drugs has shifted the thinking of many negative men, it hasn't changed their behavior a great deal as yet. Anecdotal evidence of minor behavior change is described, along with medical data concerning how dangerous unsafe sex with an infected person undergoing combination drug therapy may be.
On Importing Knowledge from Ontologies.

This chapter focuses on the notion of importing terms from an ontology. Rather than proposing a specific formalism for this task and proving theorems about its properties, it starts by surveying a sample of lesser known papers on this topic in both the AI and Database literature. Based on this, it then derives a list of desirable properties for the notion of "importing a set of identifiers from an exporting to an importing knowledge base ", and provides a framework for alternate formal definitions of this notion. Some of the more novel aspects are the idea of modifying the exporting ontology before the subset of axioms to be imported is determined, and limiting the use of imported terms. The chapter concludes with a review of the concept of "expressive power", and how it might apply to importing mechanisms.
MHD Shock Waves in Diffuse Molecular Clouds

The theory of low-velocity (v s ≤ 30km/s) MHD shock waves in diffuse molecular gas is reviewed. The multifluid nature of the gas dynamics is emphasized, and the important microphysics and chemistry is mentioned. Recent attempts to use shock waves to account for the abundance of interstellar CH+ are discussed, and the required shock frequency and global energy dissipation rates are commented on. Recent and current developments in this area are mentioned.
The esophagogastric junction

The following discussion of the esophagogastric junctions includes commentaries on the three component structures of the sphincteric segment between the stomach and the esophagus; the pressure contributions from the three sphincteric components in normal subjects and in gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) patients; the mechanism of action of endoscopic plication to determine the underlying pathophysiology of GERD; and in vitro muscle strip studies of defects within the gastroesophageal sphincteric segment potentially leading to GERD.
Visual pigments. V. Ground and excited-state acid dissociation constants of protonated all-trans retinal schiff base and correlation with theory.

— The acid dissociation constants of protonated all-trans retinal Schiff base (SB-H+) in a 50% water-methanol solution at 0°C is 6–95 for the ground state and nominally 16–65 for the first excited singlet state, with a potential range of ˜ 12–21. These values are in qualitative agreement with the results of semiempirical MO calculations, which indicate that the total charge density on nitrogen is greater in the first excited singlet than in the ground state (QN* > QN). However, pertinent to vision, CNDO/2 calculations on all-trans and 11-cis Schiff base and SB-H+ indicate that, for torsional angles of approximately 80–100° around the 11–12 double bond, QN* < QN. This result suggests that it may be possible for the proton to come off the imine nitrogen during isomerization from 11 -cis SB-H+ to all-trans SB-H+. The potential consequence of this during isomerization of rhodopsin is the initiation of unfolding of the protein opsin.
Molecular weights of solubilized lignite macromolecules

Abstract The determination of molecular weights and molecular weight distributions in humic acids derived from lignite by base extraction has been successfully carried out by low-angle laser light scattering (LALLS) photometry and by coupling size exclusion chromatography (SEC) with LALLS photometry. Since light scattering techniques give absolute molecular weight values, no error-prone calibrations of the size exclusion column were necessary. Reduction of soluble derivatives of the humic acids with zinc in acetic anhydride was required to reduce the optical absorbance so that a linear scattering response was observable. Weight average molecular weights of ≈ 1.3 × 10 6 and low polydispersity ratios were obtained for humic acid derivatives of Beulah, ND, lignite. Extension of this technique to the study of the more highly crosslinked humin which comprises the major portion of the lignite was investigated by treatment of the lignite with sodium hydroxide solution in a blender. This treatment converted up to 90% of the lignite into humic acids, which could be derivatized and studied by the LALLS techniques. The molecular weights of the products from lowtemperature solubilization of the lignite are inversely proportional to the per cent conversion.
The influence of distributional kinetics into a peripheral compartment on the pharmacokinetics of substrate partitioning between blood and brain tissue.

Development of CNS-targeted agents often focuses on identifying compounds with “good” CNS exposure (brain-to-blood partitioning >1). Some compounds undergoing enterohepatic recycling (ER) evidence a partition coefficient, K p,brain (expressed as C brain /C plasma), that exceeds and then decreases to (i.e., overshoots) a plateau (distribution equilibrium) value, rather than increasing monotonically to this value. This study tested the hypothesis that overshoot in K p,brain is due to substrate residence in a peripheral compartment. Simulations were based on a 3-compartment model with distributional clearances between central and brain (CL br) and central and peripheral (CL d) compartments and irreversible clearance from the central compartment (CL). Parameters were varied to investigate the relationship between overshoot and peripheral compartment volume (V p), and how this relationship was modulated by other model parameters. Overshoot magnitude and duration were characterized as peak C brain/C plasma relative to the plateau value (%OS) and time to reach plateau (TRP). Except for systems with high CL d, increasing V p increased TRP and %OS. Increasing brain (V br) or central (V c) distribution volumes eliminated V p-related OS. Parallel increases in all clearances shortened TRP, but did not alter %OS. Increasing either CL or CL d individually increased %OS related to V p, while increasing CL br decreased %OS. Under realistic peripheral distribution scenarios, C brain/C plasma may overshoot substantially K p,brain at distribution equilibrium. This observation suggests potential for erroneous assessment of brain disposition, particularly for compounds which exhibit a large apparent V p, and emphasizes the need for complete understanding of distributional kinetics when evaluating brain uptake.
The timing of CNV resolution in a memory retrieval task

Abstract Twelve men performed the Sternberg memory retrieval task while the EEG and EOG were recorded. Subjects saw a target set of 1 to 4 digits followed by a warning tone that was followed after 1.5 sec by a probe digit. Subjects indicated by pressing one of two levers whether the probe digit was in or out of the target set. The timing of contingent negative variation (CNV) resolution was measured as the latency of 50% resolution in stimulus-synchronized waveforms (SSWs), response-synchronized waveforms (RSWs), and model waveforms (MWs). The MWs were constructed by adding each RSW to itself using time displacements derived from the reaction times of the single trials of which the RSW was an average. The results indicated that CNV resolution is related to the timing of the motor response. MWs had resolution latencies close to those of the SSWs. In SSWs the N1 and P3 to the warning tone also varied with target set size.
Short‐term and long‐term processes linking job stressors to father–child interaction

This study explores short-term and long-term processes through which daily job stressors may affect a father's relationship with his school-aged child. Fifteen male air traffic controllers (ATCs) described job stressors and parent–child interaction on three consecutive days. Objective measures of daily workload were also obtained. After a demanding day at work, fathers tended to be more behaviorally and emotionally withdrawn during interactions with their children at home. The emotional withdrawal finding was confirmed with both subjective and objective measures of high workload. There was also evidence of a direct spillover of negative feelings associated with distressing social experiences at work to expressions of anger and greater use of discipline during interactions with a child later in the day. The long-term impact of a chronically stressful work environment was also examined in a separate set of between-subjects analyses. A generally negative social climate at work was associated with a father's tendency to describe his interactions with a child as having a less positive and a more negative emotional tone. Coworkers' independent ratings of the social climate at work confirmed the finding of a long-term negative spillover effect.
Template-based self-assembly for silicon chips and 01005 surface-mount components

We present template-based microscale self-assembly as a technique that promotes the electronics industry's initiative towards functional diversification and function densification, demonstrating that our process can improve existing assembly and packaging techniques, and also enable possibilities restricted by current industry methodologies. We first present foundational work that performs part (370 × 370 × 150 µm3) delivery to receptor sites (20 × 10 array) with a stochastic batch delivery process that completes within tens of seconds. The delivery mechanism is statistically characterized and a chemical kinetics inspired model is developed. Based on this understanding, repeatable and programmable 100% yield assembly is achieved in open-loop and feedback-based configurations. The established methodology is adapted to deliver and assemble standard 01 005 format (0.016″ × 0.008″, 0.4 mm × 0.2 mm) monolithic ceramic capacitors and thin-film resistors onto silicon substrates. This process is CMOS compatible and is competitive with capacitors and resistors fabricated through standard foundry processes.
Everybody Loves a Winner: On the Mutual Causality of Presidential Approval and Success in Congress

A large literature argues that approval affects presidential legislative success, but Washington observers often believe that legislative success leads to higher presidential approval ratings, that is, success and approval may be endogenous. This article tests for the endogeneity of approval and success. After building a theory that links success to higher approval, annual aggregate data from 1953–2011 are used to test for the endogeneity between approval and success. All statistical tests indicate that approval and success affect each other. This article concludes by putting the findings into perspective and suggesting new research directions.
Clinical use of methylprednisolone sodium succinate: a review

Abstract Methylprednisolone sodium succinate is an injectable form of the corticosteroid methylprednisolone. Because it is extremely soluble in water, intravenous methylprednisolone can be administered in a small volume of diluent. This characteristic is particularly beneficial when high blood levels of methylprednisolone must be achieved rapidly. Methylprednisolone sodium succinate therapy is useful in the management of many conditions seen by primary care and emergency department physicians, including allergic states, collagen disease, dermatologic conditions, cerebral and spinal edema, gastrointestinal disorders, neoplastic disease, nervous system disorders, rejection of transplanted organs, respiratory tract disease, and acute spinal cord injuries. Although intravenous methylprednisolone has widespread therapeutic uses, long-term therapy is associated with potentially serious adverse effects. Therefore, whenever methylprednisolone sodium succinate is prescribed, the clinician must individualize the dosage to ensure that the patient receives the lowest effective dose.
Quantitative Neurobehavioral Testing in Humans for Assessing Potential Effects of Occupational Exposure

Neurobehavioral tests have proven useful as noninvasive indicators of subtle neurotoxic damage. We have developed a computer-administered neurobehavioral testing system for application in a wide variety of situations for evaluating the neurotoxic effects of toxic substances in humans. Performance on these tests has been reported to be impaired by controlled laboratory exposure to known neurotoxic substances. In addition, epidemiological studies have been conducted that show poorer performance on these tests associated with subacute and chronic exposure to neurotoxicants encountered in the workplace. A number of laboratories are currently using this system. Additional work on the most appropriate methods of data analysis is necessary, but a data base collected with a standard instrument will facilitate such efforts. An argument for behavioral surveillance as a part of routine medical monitoring in industry is presented.
Comparing two poisson parameters: what to do when the optimal isn't done

Suppose two Poisson processes with rates γ1 and γ2 are observed for fixed times tl and t2. This paper considers hypothesis tests and confidence intervals for the parameter ρ = γ2/γ1. Uniformly most powerful unbiased tests and uniformly most accurate unbiased confidence intervals exist for ρ, but they require randomization and so are not used in practice. Several alternative procedures have been proposed. In the context of one-sided hypothesis tests these procedures are reviewed and compared on numerical grounds and by use of the conditionality and repeated sampling principles. It is argued that a conditional binomial test which rejects with conditional level closest to but not necessarily less than, the nominal a is the most reasonable. This test is different from the usual conditional binomial test which rejects with conditional level closeset to but less than or equal to the nominal α Numerical results indicate that an approximate procedure based on the Poisson variance stabilizing transformation has pr...
Dynamical hysteresis in optical bistability of a three-level atomic system

We have experimentally investigated the dynamical hysteresis cycles in the optical bistability from the vapor of rubidium atoms contained in an optical cavity by changing the sweeping frequency of the input cavity field. The shape, width and direction of the hysteresis cycle are sensitive functions of the sweeping frequency parameter.
Atomic Structure of a Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries: Evidence of a Solid Solution

Li[Li0.2Ni0.2Mn0.6]O2, which is a cathode material for Li-ion batteries with enhanced capacity, has been examined, for the first time, with a combination of aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), STEM computer simulations, and diffraction scanning transmission electron microscopy (D-STEM). These techniques, in combination with X-ray diffraction (XRD) and conventional electron diffraction (ED), indicate that this material is composed of a solid solution with C2/m monoclinic symmetry and multiple planar defects. In addition, we show that XRD and ED alone can give misleading information and cannot resolve the structure of these materials without the additional use of the aforementioned techniques.
A College “International Night”

Author's Summary.— An excellent “morale-lifter” is a college “International Night,” sponsored by the department of modern languages and given with the cooperation of other departments. Using a basic pattern of little theater, museum, art exhibit, and cabaret, it creates interest and uncovers talent, besides providing a focus for much departmental work.
South American Cold Surges: Types, Composites, and Case Studies

Abstract This paper examines the climatological, large-scale, and synoptic-scale aspects of South American cold surges using NCEP–NCAR gridded reanalyses for the 1992–96 period. Three common cold surge types are identified on the basis of a thickness (1000–850 hPa) criteria: type 1—a transient surge associated with weak anticyclone development east of the Andes in the absence of ridging aloft, type 2—a strong and persistent surge associated with dynamic anticyclogenesis aloft and strong surface anticyclone development east of the Andes, and type 3—a surge east of the Brazilian coastal mountains. Cold surges are most common during the winter and spring (Jun–Nov), accounting for 189 of the 256 events (74%). Case studies of two events (19–22 Jul 1992 and 12–14 Apr 1993) are conducted from both a conventional isobaric and a potential vorticity (PV) perspective. The upper-air flow pattern in the July 1992 type 2 case is characterized by the presence of a strong ridge–trough couplet, which amplifies and becomes...
Factors associated with lipoprotein(a) in chronic kidney disease.

Background: It is unclear whether lipoprotein(a) (Lp[a]) levels in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) are elevated as a result of reduced glomerular filtration rate (GFR) or other factors associated with CKD. The goal of this study is to describe the association of Lp(a) level with GFR in the context of apoprotein(a) (apo[a]) isoform size, race, and other kidney disease-related factors, such as proteinuria, serum albumin level, C-reactive protein (CRP) level, and serum lipid levels. Methods: Lp(a) and apo(a) isoforms were measured in serum samples obtained at baseline from 804 participants in the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease study (GFR range, 13 to 55 mL/min/1.73 m 2 ). The cross-sectional association between Lp(a) level and GFR, apo(a) isoform size, race, and other variables was analyzed in univariate and multivariate linear regression. Results: Median Lp(a) level was greater in blacks than whites (97.5 versus 28.1 nmol/L; P P Conclusion: In this population with CKD stages 3 to 4, GFR was not associated with Lp(a) level, whereas other factors related to CKD, such as proteinuria, CRP level, and triglyceride level, as well as genetic factors such as apo(a) isoform size and race, were associated with Lp(a) level.
Differential expression of transformation in rat and chicken cells infected with an avian sarcoma virus ts mutant.

Abstract Cells of the NRK line were infected with ts 339, a mutant of avian sarcoma virus B77, and clones were isolated which displayed the characteristics of transformed cells at 33 C. These cells reverted to a normal phenotype at 37 C. In comparison, chicken cells infected with the same mutant remained transformed at 37 C and acquired properties of normal cells only after temperature shift to 41 C.
Automorphisms of Regular Wreath Product p-Groups

We present a useful new characterization of the automorphisms of the regular wreath product group 𝑃 of a finite cyclic 𝑝-group by a finite cyclic 𝑝-group, for any prime 𝑝, and we discuss an application. We also present a short new proof, based on representation theory, for determining the order of the automorphism group Aut(𝑃), where 𝑃 is the regular wreath product of a finite cyclic 𝑝-group by an arbitrary finite 𝑝-group.
Rearrangement of a cyclohexyl radical to a cyclopentylmethyl radical on the avermectin skeleton.

The rearrangement of a substituted cyclohexyl radical to a cyclopentylmethyl radical on the skeleton of avermectin B1 was observed experimentally and explored computationally. The Stork−Nishiyama methodology was applied to the macrocycle of interest followed by a Tamao oxidation. The expected 5−6 fused ring product was observed in minor amounts. The major product was a 5−5 fused ring resulting from apparent conversion of the initially formed cyclohexyl radical to a cyclopentylmethyl radical. Preliminary computational results indicate that substituents in the macrocycle induce the rearrangement.
Exotic fluoride molecules in IRC +10216: Confirmation of AlF and searches for MgF and CaF

Three new rotational transitions of aluminum fluoride (AlF) at 0.8 and 1.2 mm have been observed. The J = 10-9, J = 8-7, and J = 7-6 lines of AlF at 230, 263, and 329 GHz, respectively, were seen toward IRC +10216 using the Caltech Submillimter Observatory (CSO). Combined with the earlier data obtained for this species at IRAM at 2 and 3 mm, these measurements confirm the presence of the metal halide in this carbon-rich circumstellar shell. Analysis of the CSO and IRAM data suggests that AlF arises from a source with a diameter of theta(sub s) approximately = 5-10 sec and hence is present chiefly in the inner envelope of IRC +10216. In this region, the molecule has a column density of (0.3-1.1) x 10(exp 15)/sq cm, which indicates a fractional abundance of at least approximately 10(exp -9), relative to H2. Searches for the metal fluoride species CaF and MgF have also been conducted toward IRC +10216, but with negative results. The column density upper limits for MgF and CaF are N(sub tot) less than (1-4) x 10(exp 14)/sq cm. Relative abundances of these metal fluoride molecules can be understood in terms of chemical thermodynamic equilibrium. The presence of AlF in IRC +10216 also indicates that large quantities of fluorine must be present in the inner stellar envelope, suggesting that this element may be produced not primarily in explosive nucleosynthesis but rather in helium shell flashes, as indicated also by HF spectroscopy of red giant stars.
Preparing Preservice Elementary Teachers To Teach for Conceptual Change: A Case Study.

This study followed a preservice teacher in his attempts to design and deliver conceptual change chemistry instruction in the context of an action research project. It was found that the preservice teacher identified student misconceptions through journal writings and class discussions. He addressed student ideas with classroom activities designed to confront current understandings to influence change. The university researcher identified influences that impacted teaching for conceptual change, and implications are made for helping new teachers teach for conceptual change.
GSFC DORIS contribution to ITRF2008

The NASA GSFC DORIS analysis center has provided weekly DORIS solutions from November 1992 to January 2009 (839 SINEX files) of station positions and Earth Orientation Parameters for inclusion in the DORIS contribution to ITRF2008. The NASA GSFC GEODYN orbit determination software was used to process the orbits and produce the normal equations. The weekly SINEX gscwd 10 submissions included DORIS data from Envisat, TOPEX!Poseidon, SPOT-2, SPOT-3, SPOT-4, SPOT-5. The orbits were mostly seven days in length (except for weeks with data gaps or maneuvers). The processing used the GRACE-derived EIGEN-GL04S1 gravity model, updated modeling for time-variable gravity, the GOT4.7 ocean tide model and tuned satellite-specific macromodels for SPOT -2, SPOT -3, SPOT -4, SPOT-5 and TOPEX/Poseidon. The University College London (UCL) radiation pressure model for Envisat improves nonconservative force modeling for this satellite, reducing the median residual empirical daily along-track accelerations from 3.75 x 10-9 m/s(exp 2) with the a priori macromodel to 0.99 x 10-9 m/s2 with the UCL model. For the SPOT and Envisat DORIS satellite orbits from 2003 to 2008, we obtain average RMS overlaps of 0.8-0.9 cm in the radial direction, 2.1-3.4 cm cross-track, and 1.7-2.3 cm along-track. The RMS orbit differences between Envisat DORIS-only and SLR & DORIS orbits are 1.1 cm radially, 6.4 cm along-track and 3.7 cm cross-track and are characterized by systematic along-track mean offsets due to the Envisat DORIS system time bias of +/- 5-1O micro s. We obtain a good agreement between the geometrically-determined geocenter parameters and geocenter parameters determined dynamically from analysis of the degree one terms of the geopotential. The intrinsic RMS weekly position repeatability with respect to the IDS-3 combination ranges from 2.5 to 3.0 cm in 1993-1994 to 1.5 cm in 2007-2008.
InGaAsP avalanche photodetectors for near IR single photon detection

Single photon detectors are key components for a wide range of applications in the near infrared (NIR) wavelength range between 1.0 and 1.7 μm. To achieve high performance single photon detection in the NIR wavelength range, single photon avalanche diodes (SPADs) based on the InGaAsP quarternary material system lattice-matched to InP are likely to provide the most appropriate solution in numerous situations. In this paper, we describe the design, characterization, and modeling of InGaAsP/InP avalanche diodes designed for single photon detection at wavelengths of 1.55 μm and 1.06 μm. Critical performance parameters of these SPADs, including dark count rate, photon detection efficiency, and afterpulsing have been studied both experimentally and theoretically. The models developed for the simulation of device performance provided good agreement with experimental results. The relationship between dark count rate and photon detection efficiency is investigated for 1.55 μm SPADs under gated mode operation and 1.06 μm SPADs under both gated mode and free-running operations. We also describe in detail the dependence of afterpulsing effects on numerous operating conditions.
Neprilysin impedes islet amyloid formation by inhibition of fibril formation rather than peptide degradation.

Deposition of islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) as islet amyloid in type 2 diabetes contributes to loss of β-cell function and mass, yet the mechanism for its occurrence is unclear. Neprilysin is a metallopeptidase known to degrade amyloid in Alzheimer disease. We previously demonstrated neprilysin to be present in pancreatic islets and now sought to determine whether it plays a role in degrading islet amyloid. We used an in vitro model where cultured human IAPP (hIAPP) transgenic mouse islets develop amyloid and thereby have increased β-cell apoptosis. Islet neprilysin activity was inhibited or up-regulated using a specific inhibitor or adenovirus encoding neprilysin, respectively. Following neprilysin inhibition, islet amyloid deposition and β-cell apoptosis increased by 54 and 75%, respectively, whereas when neprilysin was up-regulated islet amyloid deposition and β-cell apoptosis both decreased by 79%. To determine if neprilysin modulated amyloid deposition by cleaving hIAPP, analysis of hIAPP incubated with neprilysin was performed by mass spectrometry, which failed to demonstrate neprilysin-induced cleavage. Rather, neprilysin may act by reducing hIAPP fibrillogenesis, which we showed to be the case by fluorescence-based thioflavin T binding studies and electron microscopy. In summary, neprilysin decreases islet amyloid deposition by inhibiting hIAPP fibril formation, rather than degrading hIAPP. These findings suggest that targeting the role of neprilysin in IAPP fibril assembly, in addition to IAPP cleavage by other peptidases, may provide a novel approach to reduce and/or prevent islet amyloid deposition in type 2 diabetes.
A Subjectively-Based Definition of Life Balance using Personal Meaning in Occupation

As definitions of life balance continue to proliferate within occupational science, ongoing testing of underlying assessment approaches are needed to inform the life balance construct. Within the present study a subjective definition of life balance was proposed that included the assessment of both meaningful activity and needs for meaningful activity. Using indicators of meaningful activity (Engagement in Meaningful Activities Survey) and needs for meaningful activity (Meaningful Activity Wants and Needs Assessment), life balance was defined as a person reporting high levels of meaningful activity concurrently with low needs for additional meaningful activity experiences (Balance). Alternatively, people were defined as experiencing Imbalance when they concurrently reported low levels of meaningful activity and high needs for meaningful activity. In a sample of 250 university undergraduate and graduate students the present definition of life balance demonstrated theoretically predicted relationships with ...
Methodology for analyzing case studies

Case studies provide the basis for empirical grounding of management theory or management principles. But there needs to be a systematic methodology for constructing case histories so that theory and principles can be compared to case reality. I propose such a methodology and illustrate the use of the methodology in two famous business cases — the origin of Cisco Systems and the bankruptcy of Enron.
On selecting markers for association studies: Patterns of linkage disequilibrium between two and three diallelic loci

Association studies depend on linkage disequilibrium (LD) between a causative mutation and linked marker loci. Selecting markers that give the best chance of showing useful levels of LD with the causative mutation will increase the chances of successfully detecting an association. This report examines the variation in the extent of LD between a disease locus and one or two diallelic marker loci (termed single nucleotide polymorphisms or SNPs). We use a simulation method based on the neutral coalescent in a population of variable size to find the distribution of LD as a function of allele frequencies, the recombination rate, and the population history. Given that LD exists, the allele frequencies determine if a site will be useful for detecting an association with the disease mutation. We show that there is extensive variation in LD even for closely linked loci, implying that several markers may be needed to detect a disease locus. The distribution of LD between common variants is strongly influenced by ancestral population size. We show that in general, best results will be obtained if the frequencies of marker alleles are at least as large as the frequency of the causative mutation. Haplotypes of two or more SNPs generally have a higher probability than individual SNPs of showing useful LD with a disease mutation, although exceptions are described.
Modulation of neurotransmitter receptors following unilateral L1–S2 deafferentation: NK1, NK3, NMDA, and 5HT1a receptor binding autoradiography

Following surgical deafferentation of the spinal cord, cut dorsal roots degenerate, and spared projections compensate for this loss by collateral sprouting (reactive reinnervation). Light microscopic immunocytochemistry has shown sprouting by selected undamaged intraspinal projections, including those that express the transmitters substance P and serotonin. Quantitative immunoelectron microscopy supports these results by demonstrating loss and subsequent recovery of substance P-containing terminals and an increase in serotonin-containing terminals. To test the hypothesis that changes in afferent innervation modulate neurotransmitter receptors on second-order neurons, we used receptor binding autoradiography in this model. Adult rats were subjected to L1–S2 unilateral dorsal rhizotomy and killed at 1, 2, 6, or > 20 weeks after surgery. Receptor binding densities of tachykinin (neurokinins-1 and -3), glutamate (N-methyl-D-aspartate), and serotonin (serotonin-1a) receptors were assayed in the lumbar dorsal horn. Neurokinin-1 binding density was increased in lamina II of the deafferented side by 1 week after surgery, remained elevated at 2 weeks, and returned to control values by 6 weeks. Neurokinin 3 binding density was elevated at 2 weeks and then returned to control levels. N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor binding showed slight but not statistically significant increased binding density at 6 and at > 20 weeks. No significant changes were found in serotonin-1a receptor binding density. The elevations in tachykinin receptor binding density occur when afferents in the dorsal horn are degenerating and suggest reactive up-regulation of the receptor. The return to normal levels coincides with reactive reinnervation in the spinal cord, which restores synaptic numbers. Changes in N-methyl-D-aspartate binding occur much later than the restitution of synaptic numbers but may indicate a role for this receptor in synaptic stabilization following reactive reinnervation. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Investigation of alternative layouts for the supercritical carbon dioxide Brayton cycle for a sodium-cooled fast reactor.

Abstract Analyses of supercritical carbon dioxide (S-CO2) Brayton cycle performance have largely settled on the recompression supercritical cycle (or Feher cycle) incorporating a flow split between the main compressor downstream of heat rejection, a recompressing compressor providing direct compression without heat rejection, and high and low temperature recuperators to raise the effectiveness of recuperation and the cycle efficiency. Alternative cycle layouts have been previously examined by Angelino (Politecnico, Milan), by MIT (Dostal, Hejzlar, and Driscoll), and possibly others but not for sodium-cooled fast reactors (SFRs) operating at relatively low core outlet temperature. Thus, the present authors could not be sure that the recompression cycle is an optimal arrangement for application to the SFR. To ensure that an advantageous alternative layout has not been overlooked, several alternative cycle layouts have been investigated for a S-CO2 Brayton cycle coupled to the Advanced Burner Test Reactor (ABTR) SFR preconceptual design having a 510 °C core outlet temperature and a 470 °C turbine inlet temperature to determine if they provide any benefit in cycle performance (e.g., enhanced cycle efficiency). No such benefits were identified, consistent with the previous examinations, such that attention was devoted to optimizing the recompression supercritical cycle. The effects of optimizing the cycle minimum temperature and pressure are investigated including minimum temperatures and/or pressures below the critical values. It is found that improvements in the cycle efficiency of 1% or greater relative to previous analyses which arbitrarily fixed the minimum temperature and pressure can be realized through an optimal choice of the combination of the minimum cycle temperature and pressure (e.g., for a fixed minimum temperature there is an optimal minimum pressure). However, this leads to a requirement for a larger cooler for heat rejection which may impact the tradeoff between efficiency and capital cost. In addition, for minimum temperatures below the critical temperature, a lower heat sink temperature is required the availability of which is dependent upon the climate at the specific plant site.
Particle Chromatographic Separation of Coal Fly Ash

Abstract Attempts were made to totally separate the 13 types of particles in a coal fly ash. While a considerable separation was obtained, it was far from complete even with optimal operating conditions. The best results were obtained with camphor as the host material in the tilt rotating zone melting technique with a tube rotation rate of 25 rpm and a tube tilt angle of 30° to the horizontal. Additional zone passes improved the separation only slightly. The zone travel rate at which each particle type was trapped, and the length over which each type was trapped, both increased as the tube rotation rate was increased and as the tilt angle was decreased. If a bubble contacted the interface during horizontal operation, the trapping occurred at significantly lower freezing rates and the separation was considerably worse. The smaller particles were trapped at lower freezing rates than larger particles. Naphthalene and biphenyl proved to be poor hosts because of extensive bubble formation at the interface duri...
Molecular Basis of Renal Adaptation in a Murine Model of Congenital Obstructive Nephropathy

Congenital obstructive nephropathy is a common cause of chronic kidney disease and a leading indication for renal transplant in children. The cellular and molecular responses of the kidney to congenital obstruction are incompletely characterized. In this study, we evaluated global transcription in kidneys with graded hydronephrosis in the megabladder (mgb−/−) mouse to better understand the pathophysiology of congenital obstructive nephropathy. Three primary pathways associated with kidney remodeling/repair were induced in mgb−/− kidneys independent of the degree of hydronephrosis. These pathways included retinoid signaling, steroid hormone metabolism, and renal response to injury. Urothelial proliferation and the expression of genes with roles in the integrity and maintenance of the renal urothelium were selectively increased in mgb−/− kidneys. Ngal/Lcn2, a marker of acute kidney injury, was elevated in 36% of kidneys with higher grades of hydronephrosis. Evaluation of Ngalhigh versus Ngallow kidneys identified the expression of several novel candidate markers of renal injury. This study indicates that the development of progressive hydronephrosis in mgb−/− mice results in renal adaptation that includes significant changes in the morphology and potential functionality of the renal urothelium. These observations will permit the development of novel biomarkers and therapeutic approaches to progressive renal injury in the context of congenital obstruction.
The Viking Orbiter 1975 beryllium INTEREGEN rocket engine assembly.

Description of the conversion of the Mariner 9 rocket engine for Viking Orbiter use. Engine conversion consists of replacing the 40:1 expansion area ratio nozzle with a 60:1 nozzle of the internal regeneratively (INTEREGEN) cooled rocket engine. Five converted engines using nitrogen tetroxide and monomethylhydrazine demonstrated thermal stability during the nominal 2730-sec burn, but experienced difficulty at operating extremes. The thermal stability characteristic was treated in two ways. The first treatment consisted of mapping the operating regime of the engine to determine its safest operating boundaries as regards thermal equilibrium. Six engines were used for this purpose. Two of the six engines were then modified to effect the second approach - i.e., extend the operating regime. The engines were modified by permitting fuel injection into the acoustic cavity.
HIV-1 Inhibits Autophagy in Bystander Macrophage/Monocytic Cells through Src-Akt and STAT3

Autophagy is a homeostatic mechanism of lysosomal degradation. Defective autophagy has been linked to various disorders such as impaired control of pathogens and neurodegeneration. Autophagy is regulated by a complex array of signaling pathways that act upstream of autophagy proteins. Little is known about the role of altered regulatory signaling in disorders associated with defective autophagy. In particular, it is not known if pathogens inhibit autophagy by modulation of upstream regulatory pathways. Cells infected with HIV-1 blocked rapamycin-induced autophagy and CD40-induced autophagic killing of Toxoplasma gondii in bystander (non-HIV-1 infected) macrophage/monocytic cells. Blockade of autophagy was dependent on Src-Akt and STAT3 triggered by HIV-1 Tat and IL-10. Neutralization of the upstream receptors VEGFR, beta-integrin or CXCR4, as well as of HIV-1 Tat or IL-10 restored autophagy in macrophage/monocytic cells exposed to HIV-1-infected cells. Defective autophagic killing of T. gondii was detected in monocyte-derived macrophages from a subset of HIV-1(+) patients. This defect was also reverted by neutralization of Tat or IL-10. These studies revealed that a pathogen can impair autophagy in non-infected cells by activating counter-regulatory pathways. The fact that pharmacologic manipulation of cell signaling restored autophagy in cells exposed to HIV-1-infected cells raises the possibility of therapeutic manipulation of cell signaling to restore autophagy in HIV-1 infection.