cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Oscillatory hyperventilation in severe congestive heart failure secondary to idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy or to ischemic cardiomyopathy

Thirty-one subjects with chronic congestive heart failure (CHF) were separated into 3 groups according to ventilatory patterns during graded exercise: Group 1--oscillators (n = 6); group 2-intermediate oscillators (n = 14); and group 3--nonoscillators (n = 11). Group 1 patients showed cyclic fluctuations in minute ventilation (change of 30 to 40 liters/min) and arterial PO2 (change of 38.0 +/- 4.1 mm Hg) and PCO2 (change of 11 +/- 2.8 mm Hg). The nadir in arterial PO2 occurred at times when wasted ventilatory effort was maximal. The amplitude of ventilatory oscillations in group 1 patients increased in the transition from rest to light exercise and damped with heavy exercise. There was no evidence of alveolar hypoventilation at the nadirs of minute ventilation; arterial PCO2 was always 40 mm Hg or less. Substantial hyperventilation (ventilatory equivalent for CO2 twice normal) occurred with maximal minute ventilation in group 1 patients. Oscillatory hyperventilation correlated with severity of CHF. Maximal oxygen uptake was significantly lower in group 1 (11.7 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min) than group 3 (17.9 +/- 1.8 ml/kg/min) (p less than 0.05). Oscillatory hyperventilation during exercise may accompany severe CHF and compounds the inadequate delivery of oxygen by the failing heart.
FGF10 signaling maintains the pancreatic progenitor cell state revealing a novel role of Notch in organ development

FGF10 plays an important role in the morphogenesis of several tissues by control of mesenchymal-to-epithelial signaling. In the pancreas, mesenchymal FGF10 is required to maintain the Pdx1-expressing epithelial progenitor cell population, and in the absence of FGF10 signaling, these cells fail to proliferate. Ectopic expression of FGF10 in the pancreatic epithelium caused increased proliferation of pancreatic progenitor cells and abrogation of pancreatic cell differentiation of all cell types. A hyperplastic pancreas consisting of undifferentiated cells expressing Pdx1, Nkx6.1, and cell adhesion markers normally characterizing early pancreatic progenitor cells resulted. Differentiation was attenuated even as proliferation of the pancreatic cells slowed during late gestation, suggesting that the trophic effect of FGF10 was independent of its effects upon cell differentiation. The FGF10-positive pancreatic cells expressed Notch1 and Notch2, the Notch-ligand genes Jagged1 and Jagged2, as well as the Notch target gene Hes1. This activation of Notch is distinct from the previously recognized mechanism of lateral inhibition. These data suggest that FGF10 signaling serves to integrate cell growth and terminal differentiation at the level of Notch activation, revealing a novel second role of this key signaling system during pancreatic development.
Thought and Practice of Enlightened Government in French Corsica

THE relation of Enlightenment ideas and political actions has often been discussed in the realm of theory. Corsica, which the republic of Genoa ceded to France by a treaty signed in May I768, offers a splendid instance of their relation in practice. This article focuses on the thought and practice of French government in Corsica during the island's first two decades as a French province. It does not suggest that the case of French administration in Corsica was typical of French administration on the Continent or that of other so-called enlightened monarchs. It only suggests that the study of French rule in Corsica after I768 is fertile ground for examining the relationship between the thought of the Enlightenment and the practice of governing eighteenth-century states.
A Compensation Measure of the Cost of Unemployment to the Unemployed

Under the assumption that unemployment is the result of job rationing, Hicks's compensating variation measures the payment that would make a worker indifferent between employment at his desired annual hours and rationed employment. This theory is applied at the individual level to find the compensation for the rationing. It varies according to the position of the compensated labor supply function, the wage rate, and the duration of unemployment. The individual measures are aggregated for each year from 1967 through 1975. The aggregate measure varies sharply with the level of unemployment; but it is small when compared with more conventional measures such as the difference between actual GNP and potential GNP.
Physical Biology in Cancer. 4. Physical cues guide tumor cell adhesion and migration

As tumor cells metastasize from the primary tumor location to a distant secondary site, they encounter an array of biologically and physically heterogeneous microenvironments. While it is well esta...
Factors involved in multiplication and survival of Escherichia coli in lake water

The population of a strain ofEscherichia coli that was resistant to nalidixic acid and streptomycin declined rapidly in samples of sterile and nonsterile Cayuga Lake water and reached an undetectable level in nonsterile water at 24 and 72 hours when counted on eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar and half-strength trypticase soy agar (TSA), respectively. In sterile lake water amended with 10μg amino acids per ml or 0.1 M phosphate,E. coli multiplied exponentially for more than 24 hours. The addition ofRhizobium leguminosarum biovarphaseoli to unamended sterile lake water prevented the decline ofE. coli, and its addition to amended sterile lake water preventedE. coli multiplication. The cell density of this strain ofE. coli declined in the first 8 hours after its introduction into an inorganic salts solution, but the bacterium then grew extensively. This increase in abundance was not observed in the presence ofR. phaseoli, andE. coli counts on half-strength TSA remained unchanged between 8 hours and 6 days. When counted on EMB agar, the abundance of the antibiotic-resistant strain ofE. coli and a strain not selected for resistance increased in solutions containing phosphate and amino acids but declined in the presence of high densities ofR. phaseoli. Many of the cells of the antibiotic-resistantE. coli strain failed to grow on antibiotic-amended EMB agar after introduction of the organism into nonsterile or sterile lake water or into an inorganic salts solution containingR. phaseoli, although colonies appeared on TSA. The data suggest thatE. coli cells grown on rich media suffer a shock when introduced into lake water because of low hypotonicity, the indigenous competing flora, or both. This shock is prevented by either phosphate buffer or by amino acids at low concentration. The shocked bacteria formed colonies on half-strength TSA. Depending on environmental conditions, the presence of a second organism either has no effect or results in an increase or decrease inE. coli numbers.
City as Text © applied to an honors study abroad program: Exploring Madrid

The purpose of this paper is to discuss, evaluate, and illustrate the experiences of a City-as-Text © exploration in partial fulfillment of the requirements of an honors study abroad program in Spain. First, the nature and procedures of City as Text © as a learning tool are explained, followed by a list of necessary conditions for its application. Then the honors college in question is introduced, along with its special study abroad programs, and the experiences of various explorations are discussed and evaluated. Nature of City as Text © City as Text © is a bottoms-up learning process. Developed by the National Collegiate Honors Council’s Honors Semester Committee (Braid and Long, 2000), it expands on Kolb’s (1981, 1984) concept of experiential learning. According to Kolb, successful learners possess four different kinds of ability: Concrete-experience abilities (immerse themselves fully, analytically, and without bias into new situations), reflective-observation abilities (assimilate new experiences from a transdisciplinary perspective), abstract-conceptualization abilities (integrate different and perhaps conflicting observations into a cohesive network), and activeexperimentation abilities (apply the abstract concepts of such network to make decisions and solve problems). When experience plays a major role in the learning process, these abilities are heightened with the acquisition of new skills that help images and conclusions remain longer and more vividly in students’ minds (Braid, 2000). More often than not faculty members include among their teaching responsibilities mapping the route (i.e., conceiving reality) for students to follow in their quest of mastering their chosen discipline. In coordination with textbooks and assigned readings, professors define terms, lay out standards of ethics and aesthetics, establish cause-effect relationships, postulate and prove theorems, identify diagnostic criteria, explain theories, evaluate alternative methodologies, and assess the relevance and applicability of their conclusions. Notwithstanding instructors’ repeated calls for originality and critical thinking; students in general are allowed little room within which they can deviate from established norms and practices. In the end, students are rewarded for discovering and learning what faculty members want them to discover and learn. This is essentially how top-down learning processes function; education is designed for, and revealed to, students whose role is limited to being passive recipients of knowledge.
Electron Polarization Operators

Two types of electron polarization operators are surveyed. A three- vector operator is described that is appropriate for calculations involving plane- wave states. A four-vector operator is described that can be used for taking account of external electromagnetic fields. (T.F.H.)
The process of answering direction-giving questions when someone is lost on a university campus: The role of pragmatics

Two experiments investigated how college students answered direction-giving questions when a confederate asked for directions to a destination on a university campus. The experiments applied the QUEST model (Graesser and Franklin, 1990) to direction giving, emphasizing the pragmatic component of the model that focuses on establishing common ground and dealing with the questioner's goals. The two experiments had different articulations of the direction-giving question (i.e. ‘How do you get to destination X?’ versus ‘Where is destination X?’), and a different destination. The answers generated by subjects supported both aspects of the pragmatic component.
The relation between length of hospitalization and the mental and physical development of preterm infants

Abstract Longitudinal pilot data from 10 preterm infants showed that a longer length of hospitalization in the neonatal intensive care unit was reliably related to poorer mental and physical development at 24 months of age. Less realistic mothers' perceptions of their infants behaviors were also related to poorer physical development scores.
Work Histories and Voluntary Association Memberships

We explore the impact of work histories on voluntary association memberships. Stable work histories are associated with more membership months over a 15-year period, in contrast to a “disorderly” sequence of jobs, which results in fewer membership months. Men's work histories affect only their job-related memberships; women's work histories affect a wider range. These results suggest that current trends in the restructuring of work toward more contingent employment will decrease rates of civic participation.
Two fast soft X-ray transients at high galactic latitude

Two soft X-ray sources appeared at a level 10 times the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment's scanning sensitivity for approx.10/sup 4/--10/sup 5/ s, and then dropped below detectability. Both sources were discovered at high galactic latitude. The transient designated H0850+13 appeared on 1977 November 4. In three consecutive observations made within 6 hours a softening of the source spectrum was observed, consistent with decline of temperature of approx.2 x 10/sup 6/ K to approx.1 x 10/sup 6/ K. The transient designated H0336--26 appeared on 1978 February 3 and had a temperature no higher than 10/sup 6/ K. The 90% confidence error bars for these sources contain no convincing optical counterparts. Assuming a hypothetical distance to the sources of 10 pc, the observed intensity implies their luminosities are approx.10/sup 30/ erg s/sup -1/. As the HEAO 1 A-2 experiment's ability to detect such rapid transients is quite limited, the total rate of similar transients may be quite high. Assuming these two detections were random samplings of a population of transient sources isotropically distributed over the sky and occurring at a constant rate over time, we estimate there may be approx.100 such transients per year.
Overview of the 2010 Haiti Earthquake

The 12 January 2010 Mw 7.0 earthquake in the Republic of Haiti caused an estimated 300,000 deaths, displaced more than a million people, and damaged nearly half of all structures in the epicentral ...
LETHAL KINESIN MUTATIONS REVEAL AMINO ACIDS IMPORTANT FOR ATPASE ACTIVATION AND STRUCTURAL COUPLING

To study the relationship between conventional kinesin's structure and function, we identified 13 lethal mutations in the Drosophila kinesin heavy chain motor domain and tested a subset for effects on mechanochemistry. S246F is a moderate mutation that occurs in loop 11 between the ATP- and microtubule-binding sites. While ATP and microtubule binding appear normal, there is a 3-fold decrease in the rate of ATP turnover. This is consistent with the hypothesis that loop 11 provides a structural link that is important for the activation of ATP turnover by microtubule binding. T291M is a severe mutation that occurs in α-helix 5 near the center of the microtubule-binding surface. It impairs the microtubule-kinesin interaction and directly effects the ATP-binding pocket, allowing an increase in ATP turnover in the absence of microtubules. The T291M mutation may mimic the structure of a microtubule-bound, partially activated state. E164K is a moderate mutation that occurs at the β-sheet 5a/loop 8b junction, remote from the ATP pocket. Surprisingly, it causes both tighter ATP-binding and a 2-fold decrease in ATP turnover. We propose that E164 forms an ionic bridge with α-helix 5 and speculate that it helps coordinate the alternating site catalysis of dimerized kinesin heavy chain motor domains.
Theory and results from a quasi-steady-state precipitation-scavenging model

Abstract A model that simulates a time-dependent, aqueous-phase chemistry/precipitation-scavenging system within representative fields of steady-state cloud water, precipitation, and vertical velocity is described. This model was designed for inclusion as a module in a regional-scale Eulerian air pollution model. Meteorological data from the regional-scale model are used to simulate a mass-consistent storm system where wet removal is described via mechanistic formulations, including mass transfer, riming, accretion, and reactive scavenging. The meteorological fields are updated every hour, and are assumed to be uniform over discrete subregions of a larger horizontal region. The effects of aqueous-phase chemistry, scavenging, wet removal, and redistribution of pollutants by in-cloud transport are included in the governing equations. Observations given by Herzegh and Hobbs (1980) were used to evaluate the performance of the stratiform component of the model. Average updraft speeds from the model agreed to within a few cmv s−1 of observations, and predicted precipitation water concentration agreed to within 0.01 g m−3. Radar and tracer data presented by Dickerson et al. (1987) were used to evaluate the performance of the convective storm component of the model. Vertical velocities and precipitation amounts were also in good agreement. The scavenging model can also be run in a stand-alone mode, where the user defines a set of chemical and meteorological conditions. Using this mode, a comparison is presented between model predictions of aqueous chemistry concentrations and measurements taken during the OSCAR experiment. The results suggest that the model can replicate the magnitude and timing of concentration changes during such events.
Mvwf, a Dominant Modifier of Murine von Willebrand Factor, Results from Altered Lineage-Specific Expression of a Glycosyltransferase

We have identified altered lineage-specific expression of an N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase gene, Galgt2, as the gain-of-function mechanism responsible for the action of the Mvwf locus, a major modifier of plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) level in RIIIS/J mice. A switch of Galgt2 gene expression from intestinal epithelial cell-specific to a pattern restricted to the vascular endothelial cell bed leads to aberrant posttranslational modification and rapid clearance of VWF from plasma. Transgenic expression of Galgt2 directed to vascular endothelial cells reproduces the low VWF phenotype, confirming this switch in lineage-specific gene expression as the likely molecular mechanism for Mvwf. These findings identify alterations in glycosyltransferase function as a potential general mechanism for the genetic modification of plasma protein levels.
Protective measurement of the wave function of a single squeezed harmonic-oscillator state.

A scheme for the "protective measurement" [Phys. Rev. A 47, 4616 (1993)] of the wave function of a squeezed harmonic-oscillator state is described. This protective measurement is shown to be equivalent to a measurement of an ensemble of states. The protective measurement, therefore, allows for a definition of the quantum wave function on a single system. Yet, this equivalency also suggests that both measurement schemes account for the epistemological meaning of the wave function only. The protective measurement requires a full a priori knowledge of the measured state. The intermediate cases, in which only partial a priori information is given, are also discussed.
A new image-based process for quantifying hemodynamic contributions to long-term morbidity in a rabbit model of aortic coarctation

Coarctation of the aorta (CoA) is associated with reduced life expectancy despite successful surgical treatment. Interestingly, much of the related long-term morbidity can be explained by abnormal hemodynamics, vascular biomechanics and cardiac function. MRI has played an important role in assessing coarctation severity, but the heterogeneity and small number of patients at each center presents an obstacle for determining causality. This work describes optimized imaging parameters to create computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models revealing changes in hemodynamics and vascular biomechanics from a rabbit model. CoA was induced surgically at 10 weeks using silk or dissolvable ligatures to replicate native and end-to-end treatment cases, respectively. Cardiac function was evaluated at 32 weeks using a fastcard SPGR sequence in 6-8 two-chamber short-axis views. Left ventricular (LV) volume, ejection fraction, and mass were quantified and compared to control rabbits. Phase contrast (PC) and angiographic MRI were used to create CFD models. Ascending aortic PCMRI data were mapped to the model inflow and outflow boundary conditions replicated measured pressure (BP) and flow. CFD simulations were performed using a stabilized finite element method to calculate indices including velocity, BP and wall shear stress (WSS). CoA models displayed higher velocity through the coarctation region and decreased velocity elsewhere, leading to decreased WSS above and below the stenosis. Pronounced wall displacement was associated with CoA-induced changes in BP. CoA caused reversible LV hypertrophy. Cardiac function was maintained, but caused a persistent hyperdynamic state. This model may now be used to investigate potential mechanisms of long-term morbidity.
Multiscale modeling of the surfactant mediated synthesis and supramolecular assembly of cobalt nanodots.

Multiscale simulations are used to bridge the surfactant templated assembly of individual 1–10 nm cobalt dots, to their ordering into supramolecular arrays. Potential energy surfaces derived from ab initio calculations are input to lattice Monte Carlo simulations at atomic scales. By this process we quantitatively reproduce the experimental cobalt nanoparticle sizes. Crucially, we find that there is an effective short range attraction between pairs of nanodots. Mesoscale simulations show that these attractive interdot potentials are so short ranged that the dots can assemble only into orientally ordered hexatic phases as in the experiments.
Der Einfluss des Druckes auf die Schmelzpunkte einiger Metalle

1. Die Anderung des Schmelzpunktes von Zinn, Wismut, Blei und Cadmium mit dem Druck ist gemessen worden. Der Schmelzpunkt erwies sich als eine lineare Funktion des Druckes innerhalb der Grenzen der Experimentalfehler.
Hydrides examined by nuclear magnetic resonance

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods offer many opportunities for studying both crystal and electronic structure in hydrides, as well as the changes that occur in these at phase transitions. NMR also affords an almost uniquely powerful approach to the study of hydrogen diffusion in hydrides. The NMR of all three hydrogen isotopes can be utilized, as well as of a range of technolgically significant metals. Single crystals are not required, samples need not be single-phase, and measurements can be conveniently made over a wide range of temperatures.
The relationship of serotonin to a motor disorder of scottish terrier dogs

Abstract Serotonin (5-HT) content in brain and whole blood, 5-hydroxy-indoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) concentration in urine and cisternal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were determined in normal dogs and Scottish terrier dogs affected with an inherited motor disorder. In addition, the increases in CSF 5-HIAA following probenecid administration were measured in affected and nonaffected dogs at rest, during diethyl ether anesthesia and following p-chloro-phenylalanine administration. There was not a significant difference between the two groups of dogs in any of the mentioned measurements. These data suggest that the primary biochemical defect does not directly involve 5-HT.
DNA sequence elements required for transcription initiation of the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ADH gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

The roles of the TATA element and sequences near the mRNA initiation site in specifying the location of initiation sites in Saccharomyces cerevisiae were examined, using the Schizosaccharomyces pombe ADH gene. The importance of spacing was demonstrated by analysis of a series of deletions that removed from 8–50 bp between the TATA element and ATG translation initiation site of this gene. Primer extension mapping showed that increasing deletion length is associated with a progressive shift downstream in the location of the initiation sites. The distance of a given site from the promoter affected the relative ability of the site to be utilized for initiation. For this gene, a permissive region for transcription initiation exists between 55 and 125 bases downstream of the TATA element, and a zone of 75–115 bases allows maximal usage of an initiation site. The presence of a TATA sequence was shown to be necessary in S. cerevisiae for maintaining the location of this “window” of initiation. The TATA sequence is essential for function of the gene in S. pombe. This gene, as well as the majority of the 63 S. cerevisiae genes surveyed, uses initiation sites which fit a PyAA/T(Pu) consensus. Cis-acting mutations were recovered which restored ADH activity to a deletion allele that initiates its mRNAs downstream of the ATG. DNA sequence and transcript analysis with these mutants confirmed the requirement of proper spacing and conformity of initiation sites to the PyAA/T(Pu) consensus for efficient transcript initiation.
Effect of Polymer Additives on Propeller Performance

Open-water tests were performed with a model propeller in a water flume with polymer injection ahead of the propeller disk. The thrust and torque were measured at a number of revolutions and at one rate of flow of water. The analysis of the tests indicates a definite reduction of propeller thrust and an increase of torque when polymer additives were injected ahead of the propeller disk, resulting in the reduction of the propeller efficiency "in the open". For an average concentration of 20 ppm of the additive passing through the propeller disk, the efficiency was reduced by approximately 5 percent.
Components of CEO Transformational Leadership and Corporate Social Responsibility

abstract We use transformational leadership theory to explore the role of CEOs in determining the extent to which their firms engage in corporate social responsibility (CSR). We test this theory using data from 56 US and Canadian firms. CEO intellectual stimulation (but not CEO charismatic leadership) is found to be significantly associated with the propensity of the firm to engage in ‘strategic’ CSR, or those CSR activities that are most likely to be related to the firm's corporate and business-level strategies. Thus, studies that ignore the role of leadership in CSR may yield imprecise conclusions regarding the antecedents and consequences of these activities. We also critique transformational leadership theory, in terms of its overemphasis on charismatic forms of leadership. This leads to a reconceptualization of transformational leadership, which emphasizes the intellectual stimulation component in the context of CSR.
Cross-modal effects on learning: a seismic stimulus improves color discrimination learning in a jumping spider

SUMMARY The production of multimodal signals during animal displays is extremely common, and the function of such complex signaling has received much attention. Currently, the most frequently explored hypotheses regarding the evolution and function of complex signaling focus on the signal and/or signaler, or the signaling environment, while much less attention has been placed on the receivers. However, recent studies using vertebrates suggest that receiver psychology (e.g. learning and memory) may play a large role in the evolution of complex signaling. To date, the influence of multimodal cues on receiver learning and/or memory has not been studied in invertebrates. Here, we test the hypothesis that the presence of a seismic (vibratory) stimulus improves color discrimination learning in the jumping spider Habronattus dossenus . Using a heat-aversion learning experiment, we found evidence for a cross-modal effect on color learning. Over a series of training trials, individuals exposed to a seismic stimulus jumped onto the heated color less frequently and remained there for less time than did individuals not exposed to a seismic stimulus. In addition, in a final no-heat test trial, individuals from the seismic-present treatment were more likely to avoid the previously heated color than were individuals from the seismic-absent treatment. This is the first study to demonstrate a cross-modal influence on learning in an invertebrate.
The impact of Yoga upon young adult cancer survivors

This study explored the use of Yoga by using a cross-sectional analysis of 286 young adult cancer survivors. The aim was to explore yoga practice, reasons for using this therapy; predictors of yoga use and any potential relationship between yoga use and well-being. Ninety one participants (32.82%) reported practicing yoga from their initial diagnosis. Practitioners reported a relatively high intensity (mean: 7.46 h/month) and length (25.88 months) of practice. The most common reasons given for undertaking yoga were to maintain flexibility and promote relaxation. Sociodemographic predictors of yoga use included gender, higher education with increased yoga use generally related to enhanced feelings of well-being. Results suggest that yoga use is more commonly used by cancer survivors with greater resources. Understanding more about the use of yoga by cancer survivors may facilitate the development and promotion of yoga-based interventions.
The metabolic degradation in the mouse of dibenzanthracene labeled in the 9 and 10 positions with carbon 14.

Evidence has been presented which proves that dibenzanthracene is metabolized by the mouse into at least four substances, and some specUlations as to the sites of this degradation have been advanced. This paper is based upon work performed under Contract No. W-7405-Eng-48 with the Atomic Energy Commission in connection with the Radiation Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley. To be published in Cancer
Hemodynamic responses to exercise in normal children.

Abstract Ten normal children and 13 with mild pulmonary stenosis (aged 5 to 16 years, mean 11) underwent supine isotonic exercise testing during diagnostic cardiac catheterization. Oxygen consumption (VO 2 ), intracardiac pressures, pulmonary and systemic arterial oxygen (O 2 ) saturations, hemoglobin levels and respiratory quotients were measured. Cardiac index, stroke index, systemic and pulmonary vascular resistances and exercise factor were determined. No differences were found between the two groups, and the circulatory response to exercise was defined for these 23 “normal” children. Children have a response to supine exercise that is similar to, but more variable than, that reported for adults. Children under age 12 years with lower hemoglobin levels (13.2 versus 13.9 g/100 ml) manifested increased O 2 extraction with exercise (pulmonary arterial O 2 saturation = 45versus 54 percent in children over 12 years) ( P P P The variability of the exercise response in normal children somewhat limits the clinical use of exercise in children with heart disease. None-theless, a normal exercise response in children may be defined as follows: (1) a close relation between cardiac index (CI) and VO 2 ( Cl = 0.065 VO 2 + 3.48; r = 0.88); (2) a cardiac index 6.0 liters/min per m 2 or more when VO 2 is 600 ml/min per m 2 ; (3) no increase in pulmonary vascular resistance; (4) a decrease in right atrial pressure (4.1 to 3.1 mm Hg, P P
Autosis and autophagic cell death: the dark side of autophagy

It is controversial whether cells truly die via autophagy or whether — in dying cells — autophagy is merely an innocent bystander or a well-intentioned ‘Good Samaritan' trying to prevent inevitable cellular demise. However, there is increasing evidence that the genetic machinery of autophagy may be essential for cell death in certain settings. We recently identified a novel form of autophagy gene-dependent cell death, termed autosis, which is mediated by the Na+,K+-ATPase pump and has unique morphological features. High levels of cellular autophagy, as occurs with treatment with autophagy-inducing peptides, starvation, or in vivo during certain types of ischemia, can trigger autosis. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms and strategies for prevention of cell death during extreme stress conditions.
Temporal patterns in the efficiency of naticid gastropod predators during the Cretaceous and Cenozoic of the United States Coastal Plain

Abstract The hypothesis of escalation predicts that highly armored (more escalated) prey will be selectively eliminated at mass extinctions. If recovery faunas were dominated by less escalated species, a relative decrease in the defensive abilities of prey should follow mass extinctions. We tested this hypothesis by examining two indices of the relative efficiency of drilling naticid gastropod predators and their molluscan prey: the percent of drill holes that were incomplete and the percent of holes occurring in multiply bored shells. Both represent unsuccessful drilling attempts, due to interruption of the drilling process by physical or biological factors, including escape tactics of the prey, excessive prey thickness, or predator inefficiency. If recovery faunas were more vulnerable to predation, the incidence of incomplete or multiple drill holes should decline following mass extinctions. The data do not support this hypothesis. Of a total of 16 comparisons across four extinction boundaries, two showed a significant decrease in failed drilling following mass extinctions, in accord with the hypothesis. Oligocene gastropods had fewer incomplete drill holes than did Eocene gastropods, and the frequency of multiply bored gastropod specimens was less in the Pleistocene than in the Pliocene. Two comparisons yielded a significant increase in failed drilling in the recovery fauna, contrary to the hypothesis; bivalve recovery faunas in the Oligocene and Miocene showed significantly greater proportions of multiply bored specimens than did their pre-extinction counterparts. No overall trend in unsuccessful drilling was apparent in the Cretaceous through Cenozoic data. Incomplete and multiple drilling were relatively rare in the Cretaceous, Paleocene, and most of the Eocene (0–12%). Failed drilling was significantly more common during the Oligocene (up to 20%), and returned to lower levels for most of the remainder of the Cenozoic (
Outpatient Nephrectomy for Nonfunctioning Kidneys

AbstractWe describe a surgical approach that allows multicystic dysplastic and nonfunctioning hydronephrotic kidneys to be removed on an outpatient basis through a 2.5 to 3 cm. subcostal incision. In the last 5 years 40 children (age 4 months to 5 years, mean 8.2 months) were scheduled for outpatient nephrectomy in an ambulatory surgical unit in a hospital setting. Of the 40 patients 30 had a multicystic kidney. Renal size ranged from 3 X 2 to 9.5 X 7.2 cm. Operative time ranged from 20 to 70 minutes (mean 45.4). In 34 cases (85 percent) an intercostal block was also performed to provide analgesia for 18 to 24 hours. Nephrectomy was done on an outpatient basis in 39 of the 40 children (98 percent). Mean pain score (range 0 to 5) in the last 19 patients who underwent an intercostal block was 0.68 at discharge from the hospital, 0.85 at bedtime and 0.95, 24 hours later. We conclude that nephrectomy may be performed through a small incision on an outpatient basis with minimal morbidity, and that this approac...
Cross-situational inconsistency in the behavior of compulsive and histrionic personality disorders: An analogue study

The purpose of this study was to examine empirically the personologist assumptions underlying definitions of personality disorders. The behavioral consistency or inconsistency of subjects with histrionic (n=28)or compulsive (n =26)personality disorder analogues, as well as control subjects (n=28)was investigated across situations that varied in type of audience (public vs. private) and type of demand (neutral vs. high), using three tasks. It was predicted from an interactionist perspective that histrionics would respond differently to private vs. public situations but consistently across the three tasks and that compulsives would respond differently to neutral-vs. high-demand situations but consistently across the three tasks. In contrast, the results were most consonant with a situationist perspective, with situational factors affecting all subject groups similarly, thus raising questions about personologist assumptions of personality disorders.
Upper body power as a determinant of classical cross-country ski performance.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the relationship between short (≤60 s) and long duration (4–12 min) measures of upper body power (UBP) and mass start classical cross-country ski performance. Several experienced skiers (eight men, five women) completed three separate tests of UBP on a double poling ergometer: two tests of highest average power output for 10 s (UBP10) and 60 s (UBP60), and an incremental test to exhaustion to measure peak oxygen uptake (VO2PEAK) and peak power output (UBPPEAK). Lastly, subjects competed in a 10-km classical cross-country ski race from which race speed (RS) was computed. RS correlated highly with UBP10 (r = 0.93; P < 0.05), UBP60 (r = 0.92; P < 0.05), and UBPPEAK (r = 0.94; P < 0.05); the correlation was lower but still significant for VO2PEAK (r = 0.88; P < 0.05). These findings suggest that both short and long duration measures of UBP are important determinants of mass start classical ski race performance.
Macroalgae as habitat patch islands for Scutellidium lamellipes (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) and Ampithoe tea (Amphipoda: Gammaridae)

Scutellidium lamellipes and Ampithoe tea live in patches formed by the brown alga Pelvetia fastigiata. The distributions and abundance of both crustaceans were examined on P. fastigiata obtained during 1975 and 1976 from 7 collecting and 6 experimental sites in the mid-intertidal zone at La Jolla, California (USA). At each collecting site, the abundance of each crustacean generally increases with increasing plant size. Following defaunation and transplantation of algae, abundances of both crustaceans on individual plants appear to be governed by equilibria determined by in situ reproduction, immigration and emigration. Immigration rates of both animal species decrease significantly with increasing distance from areas occupied by P. fastigiata. During short-term experiments, neither crustacean was able to establish colonies on defaunated plants placed across a 30 m P. fastigiata-free zone and both species would have to reproduce to persitst on plants transplanted to that site. More frequent immigration and reproduction (and, for S. lamellipes at least, decreasing emigration rates with increasing patch size) would increase abundances and decrease probabilities of local extinction on larger and/or less distant plants. However, even within sites with isolated plants, the smallest plants often are not inhabited by either crustacean. The densitics of both species differ with plant size and distribution. Densities of S. lamellipes are greatest within a large aggregation of P. fastigiata, whereas those of A. tea are greatest on moderate-sized isolated plants at mid-tide levels.
SICKLE CELL ANEMIA AND MAJOR ORGAN FAILURE

Major organ failure in sickle cell anemia is the direct consequence of the sickle cell evoked vasculopathy. Major organ failure is first clinically apparent as autosplenectomy, then during childhood presents as cerebral infarction and atrophy, and finally culminates in young adulthood as end stage renal failure (glomerulosclerosis), sickle chronic lung disease, intracranial hemorrhage, retinopathy, disabling leg ulcers, and generalized osteonecrosis. The vascular damage begins years before the overt clinical symptoms are apparent with no pain to act as a signal. Organ damage is progressive and irreversible. The rate of progression is genetically controlled from birth. Except for the management of life-threatening infections that are associated with the non-functioning spleen, disease expression has not been altered by therapy. The focus of future clinical investigations must be the prevention of the vasculopathy and tissue damage which is induced by the sickle red cell.
The Paneth cell and the innate immune response.

Purpose of review Innate immune defense of the small intestine is mediated in part by antimicrobial peptides and proteins secreted by Paneth cells, epithelial cells positioned at the base of the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Recent studies have yielded better understanding of the role that Paneth cells may play in host defense. Emerging data suggest that these cells may contribute to the pathophysiology of several human diseases. A wealth of data has also emerged on the regulatory pathways of Paneth cell functions and structure-function analysis on Paneth cell antimicrobials. This review discusses new reports in these areas. Recent findings Studies of transgenic and knockout mice have supported a pivotal role of Paneth cell defensins in protection from oral bacterial pathogens. Other studies suggest that Paneth cells may be the targets of virulence mechanisms of bacterial pathogens. New observations also suggest that Paneth cell dysfunction may contribute to the clinical phenotype of Crohn disease, necrotizing enterocolitis, and, perhaps, intestinal manifestations of cystic fibrosis. Summary Paneth cells are emerging as key mediators of innate host defense in the small intestine. The antimicrobial activity of Paneth cell secretory products on transient and resident microbes in the gut may have a profound influence on health. The possible role of Paneth cell dysfunction in human disease and a better understanding of Paneth cell regulatory pathways are areas poised for significant advances in the near future.
Synthesis, structure, and physical properties of the new group IV ternary tellurides, Cu2MTe3 (M = Ti, Zr, Hf)

Abstract The new close-packed compounds Cu2TiTe3, Cu2ZrTe3, and Cu2HfTe3 have been prepared through direct reactions of the elements. The compounds crystallize in space group C 3 2h - C2 m of the monoclinic system with four formula units in cells of dimensions a = 19.73(3), b = 3.970(4), c = 7.076(4) A, β = 95.7(1)° (T = 153 K) for Cu2TiTe3; a = 20.288(4), b = 4.065(2), c = 7.250(1) A, β = 97.32(2)° (T = 153 K) for Cu2ZrTe3; a = 20.188(6), b = 4.054(1), c = 7.216(2) A, β = 97.16(1)° (T = 111 K) for Cu2HfTe3. The Cu2HfTe3 structure has been solved by single crystal X-ray methods. The final R index on F20 for 1509 unique observations and 20 variables is 0.048. The Cu2HfTe3 structure is composed of distorted tetrahedral Cu atoms and distorted octahedral Hf atoms coordinated by Te atoms. These polyhedra are linked together through edge and face sharing. As there are no short Te···Te interactions the Cu atoms are in the +1 oxidation state and the Hf atoms are in the +4 oxidation state. The metal-metal interactions between the Cu atoms and the Hf and both Cu atoms form six-membered rings. These rings interconnect to create arsenic-like buckled sheets that run parallel to ( 2 01) . Electrical resistivity measurements indicate that Cu2HfTe3 and Cu2ZrTe3 are metals with ϱ 286 ≈ 3.8 × 10 −4 Ω cm and 2.0 × 10 −3 Ω cm , respectively. Cu2ZrTe3 exhibits Pauli-paramagnetic behavior with χ ≈ 3.5 × 10−4 emu mol−1.
Nanocluster Formation and Stabilization Fundamental Studies. 2. Proton Sponge as an Effective H + Scavenger and Expansion of the Anion Stabilization Ability Series

The two main goals of the current work are: (i) to test the effects of Proton Sponge as a H+ scavenger and (ii) to test and rank the relative efficacy of the anions (Y-) listed below for their relative ability to allow the formation, stabilization (including isolability), high catalytic activity, and long catalytic lifetime in the following, more generalizable transition metal nanocluster formation reaction: 1.0[Bu4N]qY + 1.0[(1,5-COD)Ir(I)(CH3CN)2]BF4 + 2.5H2 → 1.0cyclooctane + 1/n{[Bu4N]nq[Ir(0)n·Y]} + H+BF4- + 2CH3CN. The anions investigated, Y-, are the tri-Nb(V)-substituted polyoxoanion SiW9Nb3O407-, the tri-Ti(IV)-substituted polyoxoanion ([P2W15(TiOH)3O∼59]9-)n (n = 1, 2), citrate trianion (C6H5O73-), acetate (OAc-), trimetaphosphate (P3O93-), chloride (Cl-), and hydroxide (OH-). The five criteria we developed recently (Ozkar, S.; Finke, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2002, 124, 5796) are used to determine the effects of Proton Sponge (in comparison to control experiments employing Bu4N+OH-) and to rank...
The Design Of Megawatt Gyrotrons For The Compact Ignition Tokamak

A 1 MW, 280 GHz gyrotron oscillator suitable for ECR heating of the Compact Ignition Tokamak (CIT) is presently being designed. The design is based on successful features of our present experiment, which has generated powers up to 765 kW in the TE16,2,1 mode at 148 GHz. In the 280 GHz gyrotron, an 80 kV, 50 A annular beam will interact with a high order whispering gallery mode. Parametric studies indicate that a cavity with a diameter of at least 20A is required to keep wall losses low. Detailed studies of the electron gun and 12 T magnet indicate both are feasible. Initial experiments are planned for late next year.
The Role of FACT in Making and Breaking Nucleosomes

FACT is a roughly 180 kDa heterodimeric protein complex important for managing the properties of chromatin in eukaryotic cells. Chromatin is a repressive barrier that plays an important role in protecting genomic DNA and regulating access to it. This barrier must be temporarily removed during transcription, replication, and repair, but it also must be rapidly restored to the original state afterwards. Further, the properties of chromatin are dynamic and must be adjusted as conditions dictate. FACT was identified as a factor that destabilizes nucleosomes in vitro, but it has now also been implicated as a central factor in the deposition of histones to form nucleosomes, as an exchange factor that swaps the histones within existing nucleosomes for variant forms, and as a tether that prevents histones from being displaced by the passage of RNA polymerases during transcription. FACT therefore plays central roles in building, maintaining, adjusting. and overcoming the chromatin barrier. This review summarizes recent results that have begun to reveal how FACT can promote what appear to be contradictory goals, using a simple set of binding activities to both enhance and diminish the stability of nucleosomes. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Histone chaperones and Chromatin assembly.
Caloric Restriction Increases the Expression of Heat Shock Protein in the Gut

Objective The authors determined whether caloric restriction (CR), either acutely or chronically, alters heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) gene expression in the gut. Summary Background Data Caloric restriction prolongs the life span and delays age-related disease (e.g., cancer) in mammals ; the mechanisms responsible for these effects are not known. Heat shock proteins are a group of stress-responsive genes of which the most prominent member is hsp70. Methods In the first experiment, adult (4-month-old) rats (n = 3/group) were killed after a 48-hour fast or 6 and 24 hours after refeeding. In addition, three rats (controls) were killed without fasting or refeeding. The stomach was removed and RNA was extracted for hsp70 gene expression. In the second experiment, aged (22- to 26-month-old) rats were fed ad libitum (AL) or a CR diet (60% caloric intake of AL diet). Rats were killed, the stomach and duodenum were removed, and RNA was extracted for determination of hsp70 gene expression. Results In the first experiment, hsp70 mRNA levels were increased approximately threefold in the stomach of rats fasted for 48 hours ; levels decreased to control values by 6 and 24 hours after refeeding. In the second experiment, hsp70 mRNA levels were increased significantly in both the stomach and duodenum of aged CR rats compared with AL controls. Conclusions The authors have demonstrated that hsp70 mRNA levels are increased in the proximal gut of young and old rats, either acutely (with fasting) or with CR. Increased expression of the cytoprotective hsp70 gene in the gut may provide a possible cellular mechanism for the beneficial effects noted with CR.
Modules with Involution for Algebraic Groups

Abstract Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic ≠2 and let G be a connected, reductive algebraic group with involution θ ∈ Aut(G). A (G, θ)-module is a rational G-module with a compatible action of θ. The purpose of this note is to classify the irreducible (G, θ)-modules.
Repair of some active genes in Cockayne syndrome cells is at the genome overall rate.

Abstract Repair of UV (254 nm)-induced DNA damage in cells from patients with the genetic disease Cockayne syndrome (CS; CS3BE, CS2BE) has been examined in several different genomic regions. These regions include those that contain the actively transcribed β-actin and adenosine deaminase (ADA) genes and the inactive insulin and 754 loci. The β-actin, ADA and insulin regions are repaired at about the same rate, one which is equal to the genome overall repair rate. The 754 locus is repaired considerably more slowly. The insulin region is repaired at the same rate in both CS and normal cells as is the 754 locus. The only difference from normal is that the active genes, while repaired well, are not preferentially repaired relative to the genome overall. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that the repair defect in CS is due to an inactive transcription-repair coupling factor (TRCF). However, the results also indicate that factors other than TRCF and active transcription must also promote repair of some regions relative to others in both normal and CS cells.