cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The focused client care experience: preparing for entry–level practice

Abstract This article briefly describes the development of an Associate Degree Nursing Focused Client Care experience in the Community College setting. Discussion follows of a method for introducing the senior level nursing student to a "real life" clinical environment. The purpose of the focused client care experience is to assist the students to transition into an entry–level practice by providing a clinical experience that simulates the entry–level work experience. The article discusses the development of an eight week experience that includes a personal and professional development plan, a reflective journal, and specific objectives and topics for discussion each week. Best practices for faculty, administration and students are presented with discussion of the need to provide an enhanced clinical experience outside of the traditional preceptor model. This model has enjoyed success in this Community College and should be adaptable to other Community College environments.
Intermediacy of hydroxymethylene (HC̈OH) in the low temperature matrix photochemistry of formaldehyde

Abstract The reactive intermediate in the low temperature matrix photolysis of formaldehyde is being suggested as hydroxymethylene (HCOH). The reaction products formed with a series of isotopically labelled formaldehydes in argon and carbon monoxide matrices are identified by infrared spectroscopy. The implication of the matrix result to the gas phase photo-chemistry is briefly discussed.
Effects of an Elementary School Intervention on Students' “Connectedness” to School and Social Adjustment During Middle School

This research examined the effects at follow-up during middle school of a comprehensive elementary-school intervention program, the Child Development Project, designed to reduce risk and promote resilience among youth. Parental consent to participate in the middle school study was obtained for 1,246 students from six program and six matched comparison elementary schools. Three of the program elementary schools were in the “high implementation” group, and three were in the “low implementation” group during the elementary school study. Findings indicated that, studywide, 40% of the outcome variables examined during middle school showed differences favoring program students, and there were no statistically reliable differences favoring comparison students. Among the “high implementation” group, 65% of the outcome variables showed differences favoring program students. Overall, program students were more engaged in and committed to school, were more prosocial and engaged in fewer problem behaviors than comparison students during middle school. Program students who experienced high implementation during elementary school also had higher academic performance, and associated with peers who were more prosocial and less antisocial than their matched comparison students during middle school. Implications of these findings for prevention programming are discussed.
Gender and the Injured Brain

Anesthesiologists are frequently confronted with patients who are at risk for neurological complications due to perioperative stroke or prior traumatic brain injury. In this review, we address the growing and fascinating body of data that suggests gender and sex steroids influence the pathophysiology of injury and outcome for these patients. Cerebral ischemia, traumatic brain injury, and epilepsy are reviewed in the context of potential sex differences in mechanisms and outcomes of brain injury and the role of estrogen, progesterone, and androgens in shaping these processes. Lastly, implications for current and future perioperative and intensive care are identified.
Effect of composition and antioxidants on the oxidative stability of fluid milk supplemented with an algae oil emulsion

Abstract The oxidative stability of an algal oil emulsion dispersed in water, or fluid milk of varying fat contents, was assessed from measurements of lipid hydroperoxide and propanal concentration. All of the milk samples, independent of their milk fat content, were stable compared to the aqueous samples. The extent of oxidation was unaffected when sodium azide (200 ppm) was added to inhibit microbial growth. Added iron (100 ppm) accelerated the oxidation rate in the aqueous samples, but had no effect on the milk samples. The antioxidant properties of milk were ascribed to the iron binding of casein. Added protein antioxidants (0.8 wt%) [i.e. sodium caseinate, whey protein isolate (WPI) and thermally denatured WPI] had minimal effects whereas EDTA and ascorbic acid (160 ppm) were effective antioxidants.
MAXIMAL DENTATE ACTIVATION IS PRODUCED BY AMYGDALA STIMULATION IN UNANESTHETIZED RATS

In urethane-anesthetized rats, a process termed maximal dentate activation has been shown to be associated with the lengthening of afterdischarges that occurs with repeated hippocampal stimulation. Maximal dentate activation is a unique paroxysmal form of epileptiform discharges consisting of large amplitude population spikes in the dentate gyrus. The current experiments examined the relationship of maximal dentate activation to kindling of motor seizures in the awake animal. Both long duration (5 or 10 s) and short duration (1 s) stimulus trains in either the hippocampus or the amygdala were effective in eliciting maximal dentate activation. Repeated stimulation of the amygdala produced lengthening of afterdischarges and kindling of motor responses, but only after maximal dentate activation had appeared in response to the stimulus. Over the course of amygdala kindling, the duration of maximal dentate activation lengthened with increasing severity of behavioral seizures. This evidence supports the hypothesis that maximal dentate activation is a marker for the presence of seizures distributed throughout limbic circuits. In addition, the data suggest that maximal dentate activation may be an important process involved in the acquisition of kindled responses.
Frame based recognition of theme continuity

The paper describes a system which determines continuity and shifts in English texts on the basis of sentential themes. The theme object within the thematic component of a sentence is determined and a search is made to associate it with a frame shared with the previous theme or themes. If the theme object cannot be associated directly with one of these frames, interpretive rules are applied to do so indirectly through one of the frames normally associated with the object but not yet with the text.
Influence of fasting on the effect of insulin on glucose oxidation.

SummaryInsulin increases the rate of glucose oxidation in the eviscerated rabbit. The influence of insulin upon glucose oxidation is most marked in the non-fasted fed animal. It is less effective after a day's fast prior to evisceration and the effect is greatly decreased by a still longer fasting period.
Deconstructing war mythologies

As we move closer to the twenty‐first century we, the human race, have to truly wonder about our future. Although we call ourselves a progressive species, our societies have made little social progress despite our vast technological advancements. Today people all over the world speak of social and environmental decay. Our lack of consensus, unsustainable ecology, injustice, poverty, militarism, sexism, racism, and self‐serving political elites have become the conventional norm while social tensions build. In The Gaia Peace Atlas, Frank Barnaby explains how these conditions make our societies “unstable and prone to violence,” with the propensity to erupt in “either civil conflict or external war.”
Efficient Parsing of Syntactic and Semantic Dependency Structures

In this paper, we describe our system for the 2009 CoNLL shared task for joint parsing of syntactic and semantic dependency structures of multiple languages. Our system combines and implements efficient parsing techniques to get a high accuracy as well as very good parsing and training time. For the applications of syntactic and semantic parsing, the parsing time and memory footprint are very important. We think that also the development of systems can profit from this since one can perform more experiments in the given time. For the subtask of syntactic dependency parsing, we could reach the second place with an accuracy in average of 85.68 which is only 0.09 points behind the first ranked system. For this task, our system has the highest accuracy for English with 89.88, German with 87.48 and the out-of-domain data in average with 78.79. The semantic role labeler works not as well as our parser and we reached therefore the fourth place (ranked by the macro F1 score) in the joint task for syntactic and semantic dependency parsing.
Activity-Related Radial Velocity Variation in Cool Stars

Planets have been detected orbiting several solar-type stars with the use of high-precision radial velocity (vr) measurements. While changes in vr can be measured with an accuracy of a few meters per second, there has been relatively little study of how other astrophysical processes, such as magnetic activity, may affect the observed velocities. In this paper, we use published data and simple models to explore the contributions to vr from two activity-related sources, starspots and convective inhomogeneities, as these features rotate across the disk and evolve in time. Radial velocity perturbations due to both of these sources increase with rotation and the level of surface activity. Our models indicate that for solar-age G stars, the amplitude of perturbations due to spots is AS 5 m s-1, increasing to AS ~ 30-50 m s-1 for Hyades-age G stars. If fS is the starspot area coverage, we find that A -->Sf -->0.9S v sin i. The effects of convective inhomogeneities (as observed in line bisector variations) appear to depend on both rotation and spectral type. Young (active) F and G dwarfs can have convective vr perturbations with amplitudes AC 50 m s-1, while vr amplitudes are reduced for stars with lower v sin i and cooler Teff. We show that vr data from the literature display similar trends with v sin i and Teff. AS and AC will be strongest at or near timescales related to magnetic activity variations: rotation, active region growth and decay, and activity cycles. Thus, knowledge of these timescales and typical AS and AC values are important in searching for extrasolar planets, especially those around younger, more active stars or those with small vr reflex amplitudes (i.e., 20 m s-1). We discuss implications of our results for current planet detections and planet search strategies.
Treatment of advanced acute leukaemia with allogeneic bone marrow transplantation from unrelated donors

Summary. Bone marrow transplantation from a histocompatible donor may produce complete remission in patients with induction failure or relapsed acute leukaemia. Through the National Marrow Donor Program, histocompatible bone marrow from unrelated donors has become available for high-risk patients. In this study we analyse the results of matched unrelated bone marrow transplant in 55 patients with highly advanced acute myelogenous and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. 28 patients with advanced acute lymphoblastic leukaemia and 27 patients with advanced acute myelogenous leukaemia, age 2–51, were treated withy high-dose chemoradiotherapy and transplantation of of 6/6 HLA matched (n= 46) or one antigen mismatched (n= 9) unrelated donor bone marrow. After a median follow-up of 36 months, 13 patients remain alive 17–24 months after transplant for a 2-year actuarial disease-free and overall survival of 23 ± 12% (median disease-free survival 3.5 months). The actuarial risk of relapse is 24 ± 16% at 1 year. Moderate to severe graft-versus-host disease occurred in 27/47 evaluable patients (57%). Significant prognostic factors for poor leukaemia-free survival include age >21, abnormal karyotype, and active leukaemia at the time of transplant. Other pretreatment characteristics such as gender or type of leukaemia were not significant prognostic factors. Our results show that matched unrelated bone marrow transplant for patients with advanced acute bone marrow transplant for patients with advanced acute leukaemia may provide long-term leukaemia-free survival, but transplant-related complications produce a sigbificant impact on survival with older age and adverse disease characteristics predicting for poor prognosis
Analysis of high and low responses to Staphylococcus aureus and interleukin 2 in human B lymphocytes.

Fixed protein A-bearing staphylococci (SAC) stimulate human B cells via surface Ig, whereas IL-2 has been reported to provide a sufficient second signal for proliferation and differentiation. Using an ELISPOT assay to count cells secreting IgM, IgA, and IgG and flow cytometry with acridine orange to assess cell cycle progress, we have found that the purified B lymphocytes of a substantial minority (5/13) of healthy volunteers with normal serum Ig levels failed to differentiate to Ig secreting cells (ISC) in response to SAC + IL-2 (IgM, IgA, or IgG secreting cells, <5% of input B cells). High-responders generally formed 10–35% ISC. The proportions of B cells expressing IgG, IgA, IgM, or IgD were not different in the two groups. By average linkage cluster analysis, SAC/IL-2 high- and low-responders were shown to fall into two separate populations with respect to ISC. High- and low-responders tended to remain in the same group with repeated testing over several months, although some convergence was seen. The low-responders also showed significantly less advancement to late G1 and S phase than the high-responders, in the presence of SAC ± IL-2. Induction of IL-2 receptors on B cells by SAC + IL-2 was much greater in high-responders than in low-responders, as shown by flow cytometry with phycoerythrinconjugated IL-2. However, SAC + IL-2 induced transferrin receptors normally in low-responders, showing that some early activation steps occur in these cells. Low-responder B cells often improved their responses in the presence of macrophages and T cell supernatants. Finally, bypassing the surface Ig pathway using anti-CD3-activated T cells to stimulate B cells produced normal differentiation in low-responder B cells. Thus a subset of clinically normal individuals possesses B cells which fail to express IL-2 receptors, proliferate, and differentiate normallyin vitro in response to SAC + IL-2 yet can respond well to alternative activation pathways via T cells, monocytes, and their products.
Quantitative characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma and metastatic liver tumor by CT perfusion

Purpose: To evaluate the diagnostic value of computed tomography perfusion (CTP) in the distinction of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) from metastatic liver tumors. Materials and methods: CTP data from 90 liver tumors (HCC 38, metastasis 52) in 31 patients (16 men and 15 women; mean age 60.3 years) were studied. CTP was performed on a 16/64 multidetector-row CT scanner using a 30-s duration cine acquisition after rapid bolus injection (5–7 ml/s) of 50–70 ml of iodinated contrast medium. The CTP data were analyzed using a deconvolution model. Metastatic tumors were grouped into hypovascular (n = 36) and hypervascular (n = 16) tumors. Results and conclusion: The hypovascular metastases showed a significantly lower blood flow (BF) and blood volume (BV), and higher mean transit time (MTT) than HCC (all P < 0.0001). BF, BV, and MTT of HCCs were substantially lower than those of hypervascular metastases (P = 0.02, P < 0.0001, P = 0.03, respectively). A receiver-operating characteristic analysis showed that BV was a useful marker to distinguish HCCs from hypervascular metastases.
The effects of a Cognitive Mapping Strategy on the Literal and Inferential Comprehension of Students with Mild Disabilities

This study examined the effects of a cognitive mapping strategy on the literal and inferential reading comprehension of students with mild disabilities — learning disabilities (LD) and educable men...
Relational Conclusion through Interaction with the Dying

Relational conclusion when one person in a relationship is known to be dying has not been studied by communication researchers. Since every relationship has the potential of ending because of the death of one of its members, relational conclusion should be studied. In the first part of this study, 455 respondents agreed or disagreed with Likert-type statements about what persons would say or do when communicating with a close friend or family member who is known to be dying. The rated statements were subjected to a factor analysis procedure. An Interaction with the Dying Measurement (IDM) was developed containing five factors: expressions of love and affection, avoidance of discussion of the impending death, bolstering of spirits, expressions of loss, and acts of succorance. In the second part of this study, the IDM was used as the dependent measure in the following conditions: intimate and nonintimate relationship with the dying person. The following hypothesis was confirmed: Persons in the intimate cond...
Oligonucleotide Conjugates Derived from an Electrophilic Site: Conjugation to Baseless Carbohydrate Residue. Synthesis, Hybridization and Modeling Studies

Abstract Conjugation of electrophiles to oligonucleotides via tethers camying nucleophilic sites well-known. However, for the rever.se reaction, the availahlc methods to generate electrophilic sites in oligonucleotides are not many: (e.g., periodate oxidation of terminal rihose sugar followed by reductive amination).
The backscattered Lyman-alpha glow emission as a signature of the termination shock

The location of the termination shock is a problem of great interest in astrophysics and the current availability of deep space probes with UV detectors has made it possible in principle to remotely sense the termination shock. The method depends upon a measurement of the neutral hydrogen distribution which results from the presence of the heliospheric plasma structure. The charge exchange interaction between the inflowing neutral hydrogen and the plasma structure leads to an observable modification of the inflowing hydrogen distribution. Hence, both the radial dependence of the backscattered Lyman-alpha glow and the absolute difference in the upstream and downstream glow brightness are modified. Recent Voyager 1 and 2 and Pioneer 10 spacecraft data are consistent with the presence of a termination shock. The observational evidence and theoretical models from which a termination shock is inferred will be presented.
A turbo basic program to compute percentile ranks

Abstract A Turbo Basic program for IBM-compatible computers was developed to compute percentile ranks for standardized psychometric instruments with various means and standard deviations. The program uses a menu-driven approach that allows users to select from over 40 listed devices as well as enter additional test parameters. Additional measures can be added to the test database by using a standard word processor. An empirical test of the program output yielded almost perfect agreement with table-based values.
The all-geodesic furthest neighbor problem for simple polygons

We present an O(n logn) time and O (n) space algorithm for the following problem in a simple polygon P with n vertices: For each vertex u of P, find another vertex p(u) that is furthest from u, where the distance between two points is measured by the length of the shortest internal path connecting them in P. As a corollary, the longest internal path in P, called the geodesic diameter, also can be found within the same time and space bound. All the previously known algorithms for computing the geodesic diameter have required O(n2) time in the worst case, e.g. see Chazelle [5], Reif and Storer [16] and Toussaint [19].
Postglacial expansion of the southern red‐backed vole (Clethrionomys gapperi) in North America

Dynamic climatic oscillations of the Pleistocene dramatically changed the distributions of high latitude species. Molecular investigations of a variety of organisms show that processes of postglacial colonization of boreal regions were more complex than initially thought. Phylogeographical and coalescent analyses were conducted on partial sequences of the cytochrome b gene (600 bp) from 64 individuals of Clethrionomys gapperi from North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Minnesota, Idaho, Washington, British Columbia, Northwest Territories, and Alaska to test hypotheses relating to Pleistocene refugia and postglacial colonization routes. Three divergent clades (east, west, central) were identified with highest net divergence ( d A = 5.2%) between the eastern and western clades. Populations from the recently deglaciated higher latitudes of Canada and Alaska are closely related to lower latitude populations of the central clade ( d A = 1.2%) suggesting recent expansion from this midwestern region. No representatives from the east or west clade were found at latitudes higher than 50° N, indicating that postglacial colonization occurred through a midcontinental route. The high latitude population from the Northwest Territories exhibited demographic patterns and genetic diversity consistent with a stable noncolonizing population. This population is found near the Mackenzie range, where the two continental ice sheets were believed to have coalesced. Molecular variation observed in this population may be the result of leading edge population diversifying in the continental corridor or may reflect the signal of a high latitude refugial population.
TRIPS and TIDES: new algorithms for tree mining

Recent research in data mining has progressed from mining frequent itemsets to more general and structured patterns like trees and graphs. In this paper, we address the problem of frequent subtree mining that has proven to be viable in a wide range of applications such as bioinformatics, XML processing, computational linguistics, and web usage mining. We propose novel algorithms to mine frequent subtrees from a database of rooted trees. We evaluate the use of two popular sequential encodings of trees to systematically generate and evaluate the candidate patterns. The proposed approach is very generic and can be used to mine embedded or induced subtrees that can be labeled, unlabeled, ordered, unordered, or edge-labeled. Our algorithms are highly cache-conscious in nature because of the compact and simple array-based data structures we use. Typically, L1 and L2 hit rates above 99% are observed. Experimental evaluation showed that our algorithms can achieve up to several orders of magnitude speedup on real datasets when compared to state-of-the-art tree mining algorithms.
Profits and Pitfalls: Thoughts on Using a Laptop Computer and Presentation Software To Teach Introductory Social Statistics

The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of the issues associated with using a laptop computer and presentation software during lectures. This discussion is informed by our own experience as well as end of the semester grades and student course evaluations from six sections of introductory social statistics that were taught between the fall of 1995 and the spring of 1997. Direct student quotes are used throughout the paper to emphasize particular points and to provide insight into students' perspectives on the computer presentations. Based on this objective and subjective evidence, we conclude that computer presentations can act as useful tools in courses like social statistics and methods. These presentations encourage classroom interaction, heighten interest, and provide a structure to lectures that can facilitate student comprehension and performance. This article also discusses potential problems that arise when using this technology.
Basolateral Amygdala Volume and Cell Numbers in Major Depressive Disorder: A Postmortem Stereological Study

Functional imaging studies consistently report abnormal amygdala activity in major depressive disorder (MDD). Neuroanatomical correlates are less clear: imaging studies have produced mixed results on amygdala volume, and postmortem neuroanatomic studies have only examined cell densities in portions of the amygdala or its subregions in MDD. Here, we present a stereological analysis of the volume of, and the total number of, neurons, glia, and neurovascular (pericyte and endothelial) cells in the basolateral amygdala in MDD. Postmortem tissues from 13 subjects with MDD and 10 controls were examined. Sections (~15/subject) taken throughout the rostral-caudal extent of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) were stained for Nissl substance and utilized for stereological estimation of volume and cell numbers. Results indicate that depressed subjects had a larger lateral nucleus than controls and a greater number of total BLA neurovascular cells than controls. There were no differences in the number or density of neurons or glia between depressed and control subjects. These findings present a more detailed picture of BLA cellular anatomy in depression than has previously been available. Further studies are needed to determine whether the greater number of neurovascular cells in depressed subjects may be related to increased amygdala activity in depression.
Invited Commentary: How Healthy is the “Healthy Warrior”?

In this issue of the Journal, Larson et al. (Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:1269-1276) report incidence rates of 11.8% for any mental disorder and 1.6% for post-traumatic stress disorder among US Marines deployed during Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. Various methodological reasons can help explain why these rates are lower than those found in previous wars. One primary reason is varying methods of diagnosis. Other reasons include differences in percentages of active-duty personnel, windows of observation, and methods of calculating rates. In addition, comorbidity for some mental disorders and specific risks for developing certain disorders complicate interpretation of rates. Nevertheless, Larson et al. document evidence for the "healthy warrior" effect-namely that deployed Marines have fewer mental disorders than nondeployed Navy and Marine Corps personnel, with the exception of stress disorders. Suggestions are made for directions of future research into this effect.
Sensorless detection of mechanical faults in electromechanical systems

Practical early fault detection and diagnosis systems must exhibit high level of detection accuracy, while exhibiting acceptably low false alarm rates. Further, it is desirable not to make use of add-on sensors, and require minimal information regarding the specific machine component parameters and design. In this paper the development and experimental demonstration of a sensorless detection and diagnosis system is presented for incipient faults in electromechanical systems, such as electric motors. The developed system uses recent developments in dynamic recurrent neural networks and wavelet signal processing. The signals utilized are only the motor currents and voltages, whereas the transient mechanical speed is estimated from these measurements using a recently developed speed filter. The effectiveness of the fault diagnosis system is demonstrated by detecting a wide range of mechanical faults at varying levels of deterioration. Furthermore, the ability of the diagnosis system to discriminate between false alarms and actual incipient failure conditions is demonstrated. Experimental test results from small machines, 2.2 kW, and large machines, 373 and 597 kW, are presented demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach to scale-up with motor power rating.
Liquid chromatographic studies with immobilized neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptor stationary phases: effects of receptor subtypes, pH and ionic strength on drug-receptor interactions.

Abstract Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) α3-subunits, β4-subunits, α3/β4-subunit combination and α4/β2-subunit combination were immobilized on chromatographic stationary phases and the binding affinities of the different nAChR subtypes were chromatographically evaluated. The observed relative binding affinities of epibatidine were α4/β2>α3/β4 and epibatidine did not bind at α3-subunits and β4-subunits. No significant difference in binding affinities was observed on the α4/β2 nAChRs immobilized in immobilized artificial membrane (IAM) particles and those sterically immobilized on Superdex 200 beads. The effects of mobile phase pH and ionic strength on the binding affinities of the α3/β4 nAChRs support were also investigated. The results are consistent with the proposed ligand–nAChR binding model in which a cationic center exists at the binding site.
STABILITY SIGNATURE IN TWO-SPECIES DILUTE BOSE-EINSTEIN CONDENSATES

We identify an eigenvalue associated with a dilute two-species Bose-Einstein condensate as the determiner of condensate stability. It plays the same role as the sign of scattering length in a one-species condensate. We predict that there is a range of interspecies interaction strength in which a sodium-rubidium mixture can be stable in a harmonic trap. {copyright} {ital 1997} {ital The American Physical Society}
Studies in the Liagoraceae (Nemaliales, Rhodophyta) I. The genus Trichogloea

The calcified, though strongly mucosoid gametophytes of Trichogloea (Nemaliales, Liagoraceae) usually appear seasonally for a short period in tropical and subtropical regions. Vegetative and reproductive characteristics of the presently recognized species, Trichogloea requienii (Mont.) Kutzing (the generitype), Trichogloea lubrica J. Agardh, and Trichogloea herveyi W. R. Taylor, are described and compared. In addition, the identities of two previously synonymized species, Trichogloea jadinii Borgesen and Trichogloea javensis B0rgesen are clarified. Species of the genus display considerable variation in habit and branching patterns, necessitating an assessment of reproductive structures for accurate identification. Reliable features of Trichogloea include the structure of the medulla and the cortical (assimilatory) filaments, location and structure of carpogonial branches and spermatangia, and the nature of sterile filaments in the vicinity of the cystocarp. Secondary features include both external and internal branching pattern, and the proportion of calcium carbonate to lubricous material, the latter having to be assessed from fresh collections. The present study provides a comparative morphological account of the species of Trichogloea. As a result, T. requienii, T. lubrica, T. herveyi are confirmed as independent species; T. jadinii is removed from synonymy with T. lubrica and placed in that of T. requienii, and T. javensis is confirmed as a synonym of Izziella orientalis (J. Agardh) Huisman et Schils.
Eddy exchange coefficients in numerical models of the planetary boundary layer

Specification of the eddy exchange coefficients is perhaps one of the most difficult problems in the numerical modeling of the planetary boundary layer. These coefficients have been computed from finite-difference analogs to analytical expressions associated with surface boundary-layer similarity theory, which is based on observations in an equilibrium surface layer. This procedure leads to erroneous results in the region above the surface layer and in a non-equilibrium surface layer. In addition, differencing problems arise in regions of small vertical wind shear. A new turbulence transport model has been obtained through the closure procedures for the transport equations of the Reynolds stress and the turbulent length scale. The new approach could be used to calculate Reynolds stresses and eddy exchange coefficients throughout a non-neutral planetary boundary layer under non-equilibrium conditions.
Efficient Substitution in Hoare Logic Expressions

Abstract Substitution plays an important role in Hoare Logic, as it is used in interpreting assignments. When writing a computer-based realization of Hoare Logic, it is therefore important to choose a good implementation for it. In this paper we compare different definitions and implementations of substitution in a logical framework, in an effort to maximize efficiency. We start by defining substitution as a logical formula. In a conventional approach, this is done by specifying the syntactic changes substitution performs on expressions. We choose instead a semantic definition that describes the behavioral relation between the original expression and its substituted counterpart. Next, we use this semantic definition as an abstract specification, and compare two of its concrete implementations. The first we consider is the usual one, that operates recursively over the structure of the term. This requires a number of inference steps proportional to the size of the expression, which is unacceptable for many practical applications. We therefore propose a different method, that makes better use of the primitives provided by the logical framework, and manages to reduce the complexity to a quantity proportional to the number of free variables. We conclude the paper outlining a refinement technique that, by taking advantage of some simple program analysis information, holds promise of improving the results presented even further.
A highly sensitive and fast-responding SnO2 sensor fabricated by combustion chemical vapor deposition

Highly porous and nanostructured SnO2 thin-film gas sensors with Pt interdigitated electrodes have been fabricated via a combustion chemical vapor deposition process. The SnO2 films were less than 1 μm thick and consisted of nanocrystallines smaller than 30 nm. At 300 °C, the as-prepared SnO2 gas sensor showed a sensitivity of 1075 to 500 ppm ethanol vapor, and the corresponding response time and recovery time were 31 and 8 s, respectively. The extrapolated low detection limit appears to be below 1 ppm. Consequently, the as-fabricated sensor demonstrated significant improvements over those reported in the literature. These highly sensitive, fast-responding, and low-cost SnO2 sensors could have many practical applications.
Assessment of dysfunction in aortic regurgitation by stress-shortening relationship

Some patients with aortic regurgitation develop irreversible left ventricular dysfunction. The purpose of this study was to noninvasively examine left ventricular function in patients with aortic regurgitation by determining the end-systolic stress-shortening relationship using M-mode echocardiography. Ten normal volunteers and 10 patients with chronic, isolated aortic regurgitation were studied at rest and following load and inotropic alteration by cold pressor testing. The baseline ejection phase indices of ejection fraction and percent fractional shortening did not distinguish between normals and patients with aortic regurgitation (74.6% +/- 2.8% versus 67.0% +/- 4.2%, P = NS and 37.6% +/- 2.4% versus 31.6% +/- 2.7%, P = NS, respectively.) End-systolic stress was significantly greater in patients with aortic regurgitation both at rest (107.8 +/- 11.6 dynes/cm2 X 10(-3) versus 68.4 +/- 4.8 dynes/cm2 X 10(-3), P less than 0.005) and after cold pressor intervention (122.8 +/- 13.0 dynes/cm2 X 10(-3) versus 80.1 +/- 4.0 dynes/cm2 X 10(-3), P less than 0.005). Normals showed increased fractional shortening in the presence of increasing end-systolic stress. Patients with aortic regurgitation showed decreased fractional shortening during increased stress. This response suggests either left ventricular dysfunction with increasing stress or decreased myocardial contractile reserve after cold pressor inotropic stimulation. End-systolic stress-percent fractional shortening relationship may be a sensitive indicator of early left ventricular dysfunction in patients with aortic regurgitation.
Integrating the corporate income tax

Now that the late 1970s debate in the U.S. about the policy questions involved in "integrating" the corporate income tax with the individual shareholder income tax has quieted, and the activity in many nations to adopt some form of integration has slowed, it seems time for a good, reflective and technically masterful book on the subject. Such a book would be especially appealing if it took a comparative perspective and drew on the knowledge and experience of other highly developed economies and income tax systems. Appearing to be such a book is the volume by Martin Norr, The Taxation of Corporations and Shareholders.** This valuable book, another in the series done in the International Tax Program of the Harvard Law School, has many virtues, of which-as with so many books-one or two are also its vices. Moreover, it needs one very important warning on its label. The warning should announce that this 1982 copyrighted book is really a 1977 book, and it consequently lacks a description of more recent developments in the law and analysis of the integration problem. Even though some recent literature (up to 1981) is cited in the footnotes and excellent bibliography,1 the text in effect stops in 1977, for reasons of misfortune. The named author, Martin Norr, completed a draft of this study but had not revised it when he died in 1972.2 Others pitched in, especially Prof. Elizabeth Owens (Director of Research at the International Tax Program), who supervised a third year Harvard Law student, Christopher A. Klein, while he updated the manuscript to 1977, Professor Hugh Ault of Boston College Law School (whose Appendix, excerpted from his article, covers the 1977 German integration system), Prof. Richard M. Bird of Toronto, and far from least, Mr. Mitsuo Sato, of the Ministry of Finance in Japan. These collaborators have largely completed and updated the book to 1977, and-spottily-later.3 Allowing for the fact that it does not cover some important recent developments in the U.S. and elsewhere, a few of which will be mentioned below, the reader will find this book to have many
Non-invasive optical imaging of the lymphatic vasculature of a mouse.

The lymphatic vascular system is an important component of the circulatory system that maintains fluid homeostasis, provides immune surveillance, and mediates fat absorption in the gut. Yet despite its critical function, there is comparatively little understanding of how the lymphatic system adapts to serve these functions in health and disease1. Recently, we have demonstrated the ability to dynamically image lymphatic architecture and lymph "pumping" action in normal human subjects as well as in persons suffering lymphatic dysfunction using trace administration of a near-infrared fluorescent (NIRF) dye and a custom, Gen III-intensified imaging system2-4. NIRF imaging showed dramatic changes in lymphatic architecture and function with human disease. It remains unclear how these changes occur and new animal models are being developed to elucidate their genetic and molecular basis. In this protocol, we present NIRF lymphatic, small animal imaging5,6 using indocyanine green (ICG), a dye that has been used for 50 years in humans7, and a NIRF dye-labeled cyclic albumin binding domain (cABD-IRDye800) peptide that preferentially binds mouse and human albumin8. Approximately 5.5 times brighter than ICG, cABD-IRDye800 has a similar lymphatic clearance profile and can be injected in smaller doses than ICG to achieve sufficient NIRF signals for imaging8. Because both cABD-IRDye800 and ICG bind to albumin in the interstitial space8, they both may depict active protein transport into and within the lymphatics. Intradermal (ID) injections (5-50 μl) of ICG (645 μM) or cABD-IRDye800 (200 μM) in saline are administered to the dorsal aspect of each hind paw and/or the left and right side of the base of the tail of an isoflurane-anesthetized mouse. The resulting dye concentration in the animal is 83-1,250 μg/kg for ICG or 113-1,700 μg/kg for cABD-IRDye800. Immediately following injections, functional lymphatic imaging is conducted for up to 1 hr using a customized, small animal NIRF imaging system. Whole animal spatial resolution can depict fluorescent lymphatic vessels of 100 microns or less, and images of structures up to 3 cm in depth can be acquired9. Images are acquired using V++ software and analyzed using ImageJ or MATLAB software. During analysis, consecutive regions of interest (ROIs) encompassing the entire vessel diameter are drawn along a given lymph vessel. The dimensions for each ROI are kept constant for a given vessel and NIRF intensity is measured for each ROI to quantitatively assess "packets" of lymph moving through vessels.
Thinking One's Abilities Are Unique and One's Opinions Are Common

College students stated, in writing, their best ability and then estimated the percentage of their peers who are very good at the same activity. Other students stated a personally important opinion and either estimated the percentage of their fellows who would agree with it or estimated the percentage who hold the same position that they hold. The stated abilities and opinions were listed verbatim on separate sheets and given to other students;, for each item on the list, they made the same exact type of estimate as that made by those who generated the statements. As predicted, subjects underestimated the frequency of their own best ability among their peers relative to the "average "other's estimate of the frequency of that ability, but overestimated the frequency with which their fellows would agree with their own opinion relative to the "average" other's estimate of the frequency of that agreement. Subjects tended to underestimate the percentage who hold the same opinion they hold. Discussion focuses o...
Simultaneous Asynchronous Oscillations in Class-C Oscillators

Consideration is given to simultaneous asynchronous oscillations in systems having a moving reference point. The system chosen for study is a Class-C pentode oscillator. It is shown, both analytically and experimentally, that self-starting asynchronous oscillations are attainable in such a system. Transient and steady-state solutions are obtained for the Class-C oscillator containing one and two degrees of freedom. The method of analysis employed is that of equivalent linearization as described by Kryloff and Bogoluiboff. The existence of asynchronous oscillations is also explained by the phenomenon of negative discrimination.
Deployment history and design considerations for space reactor power systems

Abstract The history of the deployment of nuclear reactors in Earth orbits is reviewed with emphases on lessons learned and the operation and safety experiences. The former Soviet Union's “BUK” power systems, with SiGe thermoelectric conversion and fast neutron energy spectrum reactors, powered a total of 31 Radar Ocean Reconnaissance Satellites (RORSATs) from 1970 to 1988 in 260 km orbit. Two of the former Soviet Union's TOPAZ reactors, with in-core thermionic conversion and epithermal neutron energy spectrum, powered two Cosmos missions launched in 1987 in ∼800 km orbit. The US’ SNAP-10A system, with SiGe energy conversion and a thermal neutron energy spectrum reactor, was launched in 1965 in 1300 km orbit. The three reactor systems used liquid NaK-78 coolant, stainless steel structure and highly enriched uranium fuel (90–96 wt%) and operated at a reactor exit temperature of 833–973 K. The BUK reactors used U-Mo fuel rods, TOPAZ used UO2 fuel rods and four ZrH moderator disks, and the SNAP-10A used moderated U-ZrH fuel rods. These low power space reactor systems were designed for short missions (∼0.5 kWe and ∼1 year for SNAP-10A,
Anesthetic Gas Absorption Properties of Surfactant Systems

Abstract Studies were undertaken to determine the possibility of solubilization being a method of gas transport in biological systems by aggregation through associated micelle formation. Specific gases, surfactant concentration, type of structure in surfactant systems, and biopharmaceutical and physiological aspects were considered in determining the transport mechanism of water-insoluble anesthetic gases. Gas solubilization was analyzed by GC with a modified tonometer as an absorption chamber. Halothane, ethyl ether, trichloroethylene, and nitrous oxide were used with surfactant systems of polysorbate 80, dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate, and bovine albumin. The surfactant concentration was an important factor in anesthetic gas absorption, since increased gas absorption was observed with concentrations of surfactant above the CMC. The mechanism of absorption tends to indicate solubilization of the gases through the formation of micelles.
The use of a commercial QA device for daily output check of a helical tomotherapy unit

Helical tomotherapy radiation therapy units, due to their particular design and differences from a traditional linear accelerator, require different procedures by which to perform routine quality assurance (QA). One of the principal QA tasks that should be performed daily on any radiation therapy equipment is the output constancy check. The daily output check on a Hi-Art TomoTherapy unit is commonly performed utilizing ionization chambers placed inside a solid water phantom. This provides a good check of output at one point, but does not give any information on either energy or symmetry of the beam, unless more than one point is measured. This also has the added disadvantage that it has to be done by the physics staff. To address these issues, and to simplify the process, such that it can be performed by radiation therapists, we investigated the use of a commercially available daily QA device to perform this task. The use of this device simplifies the task of daily output constancy checks and eliminates the need for continued physics involvement. This device can also be used to monitor the constancy of beam energy and cone profile and can potentially be used to detect gross errors in the couch movement or laser alignment.
THE USE OF GIS TECHNOLOGY AT THE CALIFORNIA SONS 2004 EXTRAVAGANZA

ABSTRACT Geographic Information System (GIS) support has become a basic tool for oil spill response because of the inherent data management, analysis, and display capabilities. Presented here are example GIS maps from the 2004 California Spill of National Significance (SONS) exercise. The SONS scenario had two major spill incidents occurring off the coast of southern California requiring a massive response from State, Federal and Local agencies. The exercise locations included Port-level incident command posts (ICP) in San Diego, Los Angeles and Ensenada, Mexico. A regional ICP for the US Coast Guard (USCG) National Incident Command (NIC) was established in Los Alamitos, CA, and USCG National Response Team activities occurred in Washington, DC. The California Department of Fish and Games (CDFG) Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) had GIS equipment and personnel deployed at the three southern California ICP locations. GIS data was electronically transferred between the three ICPs through email a...
Lymphoblastoid Lines and Skin Fibroblasts from Patients with Tuberous Sclerosis Are Abnormally Sensitive to Ionizing Radiation and to a Radiomimetic Chemical

Lymphoblastoid lines, derived by transforming peripheral blood lymphocytes with Epstein-Barr virus, and skin fibroblast lines were established from two patients with tuberous sclerosis. The number of viable lymphoblastoid cells was determined by their ability to exclude the vital dye trypan blue after their irradiation with x-rays or 254 nm ultraviolet light. The growth of fibroblasts was determined by their ability to form colonies after treatment with the radiomimetic, DNA-damaging chemical N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The tuberous sclerosis lymphoblastoid lines were hypersensitive to x-rays but had normal sensitivity to the ultraviolet radiation. The tuberous sclerosis fibroblast lines were hypersensitive to the N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine. The hypersensitivity of tuberous sclerosis cells to x-rays and to N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine is believed to reflect defective repair of DNA damaged by these agents and may provide the basis for in vitro, including prenatal, diagnostic tests for tuberous sclerosis.