cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Looking inside the joint venture to help understand the link between inter-parent cooperation and performance

Cooperation is the Holy Grail for inter-organizational relationships, and significant research effort has been directed towards understanding its antecedents. However, the extant literature on joint ventures indicates that relatively few researchers have attempted to measure either cooperation or its organizational consequences. This paper examines the thesis that the link between inter-parent cooperation and joint venture performance may be mediated by important conditions inside the joint venture. The findings suggest that the nature of relations between the managers transferred into the joint venture from the parents can help explain the link between joint venture performance and inter-parent cooperation. In that regard, this research highlights the mediating roles of interdependence, factionalism, and patterns of influence behaviour. A parsimonious model is offered to help understand joint venture performance.
The search for biomarkers and endophenotypes in functional gastrointestinal disorders.

In large part in response to the frustration in the development of new, cost-effective pharmacological therapies for functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGID), there has been a recent, 2-pronged effort aimed at developing generally acceptable patient reported outcomes,1 and to identify and validate so-called biomarkers for the various disorders.2 Over the past decade, there has been a surge in interest in the development of biomarkers in many disease areas, including cancer and cardiovascular disease (exclusively in so-called “organic disorders”), in the hope that such measures could improve diagnosis and accelerate drug development.3,4 Biomarkers have been defined as “a characteristic that is measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal biological processes, pathogenetic processes, or pharmacologic responses to a therapeutic agent.”4 An implicit assumption of the biomarker approach is the specificity of a particular biomarker for a specific disease or disorder, or a subset of patients with the disease. The interest in biomarkers has been primarily driven by the search for “surrogate endpoints,” which could make clinical trials more cost effective, at a time of dramatically increased number of candidate drugs. A surrogate endpoint “is a biomarker that is intended to substitute for a clinical endpoint and that is expected to predict clinical benefit.”3,5 The fact that the existence of a valid biomarker is associated with the availability of more new drugs for a particular disease supports the validity of this concept.5 There are many examples of successful application of the biomarker approach, including HIV viral load for approval of antiviral drugs, tumor size and progression-free interval for approval of anticancer drugs, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol for approval of statins. There are other commonly used surrogate endpoints (such as blood pressure for drugs aimed at reducing stroke and myocardial infarction; or glycosylated hemoglobin for approval of antidiabetic drugs) where the usefulness has recently been questioned, and other areas where it has failed.5
Interactive effects of fatty acid and butyrate-induced mitochondrial Ca2+ loading and apoptosis in colonocytes

BACKGROUND The combination of fish oil-derived docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6, n-3) and butyrate (4:0), a fiber fermentation product, synergize to enhance colonocyte apoptosis by inducing a p53-independent, oxidation sensitive, mitochondrial Ca2+-dependent (intrinsic) pathway.
Effects of eye removal on receptors of α-bungarotoxin in the optic lobes of chick brain

Abstract The existence of receptors with high affinity for α-bungarotoxin and the pharmacologic properties of a nicotinic ACh receptor has been shown in the optic tectum of chick brain. In the present study eyes were removed from chicks at embryonic day 3 (E3), or at post-hatching day 3 (P3). In both cases, the total number of receptors for I 125 -αBT which developed in the deafferented optic lobe was about 50% of the number in normal lobes.
Mapping Pathways Downstream of Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Subtype 1 by Differential Chemical Perturbation and Proteomics

Sphingosine 1-phosphate subtype 1 (S1P(1)) receptor agonists alter lymphocyte trafficking and endothelial barrier integrity in vivo. Among these is the potent, non-selective agonist, FTY720-P, whose mechanism of action has been suggested to correlate with S1P(1) down-regulation. Discovery of the in vivo active S1P(1)-selective agonist, SEW2871, has broadened our understanding of minimal requirements for S1P(1) function while highlighting differences regarding agonist effect on S1P(1) fate, because SEW2871 does not degrade S1P(1). To further understand the mechanism of agonist-induced S1P(1) down-regulation, we compared signaling and fate of human S1P(1)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) in stable 293 cells, using AFD-R, a chiral analog of FTY720-P, SEW2871, and S1P. Although all agonists acutely internalized S1P(1) to late endosomal vesicles and activated GTPgammaS(35) binding and pERK to similar maxima, only AFD-R led to significant S1P(1) down-regulation, as shown by GFP immunoprecipitation studies. Down-regulation was time- and concentration-dependent, was partially blocked by proteasomal inhibition and reversed by chloroquine and an antagonist to S1P(1). All agonists induced a receptor-associated increase in ubiquitination, with AFD-R inducing 3-fold more accumulation than S1P and being 3-4 logs more potent than SEW2871. The formation of AFD-R-receptor ubiquitin complex was inhibited by antagonist and chloroquine and was enhanced by proteasomal inhibition. Identification of proteins by PAGE liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in cells treated with AFD-R confirmed the co-migration of ubiquitin peptides with those of S1P(1) and GFP, relative to vehicle alone. These data suggest that the hierarchy of ubiquitin recruitment to S1P(1) (AFD-R > S1P > SEW2871) correlates with the efficiency of lysosomal receptor degradation and reflects intrinsic differences between agonists.
ORGANIZATION OF GENETIC DIVERSITY WITHIN AND AMONG POPULATIONS OF GLEDITSIA TRIACANTHOS (LEGUMINOSAE)

(...) Using data from starch gel electrophoresis, honey locust was found to have high genetic diversity within populations and low, but significant genetic differentiation among populations. Temporal and spatial substructuring were also investigated in two populations from eastern Kansas. Few genetic differences were found among nine age classes in one population and between juveniles and adults in the second population (...)
Mixed Mode Fracture Toughness of Engineering Materials

The effect of mixed mode loading on the fracture toughness of engineering materials is rationalized in terms of the operative fracture mechanisms as well as the deformation field ahead of the crack tip. It was found that mixed mode fracture is of utmost importance in materials which fail by stable ductile fracture caused by second phase particles, since in such materials there is a significant reduction in fracture toughness on mixed-mode loading. An autocatalytic shear localization-void formation mechanistic model was found to qualitatively explain the mixed mode fracture behavior in such materials.
A Social History of Black Slaves and Freedmen in Portugal, 1441-1555

List of plates List of maps List of tables Preface List of abbreviations Introduction 1. The slave-trade 2. Legal and philosophical justifications of the slave-trade 3. The demography of blacks in Portugal 4. The occupations of slaves 5. The life of the slave 6. Slaves and the law 7. Fugitives, freedom and freedmen 8. Blacks and Christianity 9. Race relations Conclusions Notes Bibliography Glossary Index.
Scheduling and dispatching: scheduling batch processing machines in complex job shops

This paper considers a complex job shop problem with reentrant flow and batch processing machines. A modified shifting bottleneck heuristic (MSB) is considered for generating machine schedules to minimize the total weighted tardiness. We observe that the MSB could produce infeasible schedules where cyclic schedules are found. A cycle elimination procedure is proposed to remove the possibility of the MSB generating cyclic schedules in the solution.
Multiplicity dependence of transverse momentum spectra of centrally produced hadrons in pp collisions at 0.3, 0.54, 0.9, and 1.8 TeV center of mass energy

Transverse momentum spectra of charged particles produced within the pseudo-rapidity range of η= − 0.36 to + 1.0 have been measured in pp collisions at √s=0.3, 0.54, 1.0, and 1.8 TeV. The spectra are presented as a function of event charged multiplicity within the range −3.25<η<3.25. We found that the slope in the low pt region is independent of center-of-mass energy and multiplicity while the slope at the high pt region shows a strong energy and multiplicity dependence.
Converting from open to robotic prostatectomy: Key concepts

Robotic-assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy (RALP) is rapidly becoming the surgical procedure of choice for treating localized prostate cancer. Although a learning curve does exist, RALP can readily be adopted by surgeons with minimal training in laparoscopy. Monitoring short- and long-term patient outcomes is the key to the individual surgeon improving this procedure for his/her patients. Although both open radical prostatectomy (ORP) and RALP can provide excellent patient outcomes, recent trends indicate that demand for RALP will continue to increase, and it is in the interest of the open surgeon to adopt this technique and aim to continuously improve patient outcomes after RALP.
Individual and Group Rights in a Democracy.

The decade of the 1970s is experiencing an uneasy equilibrium among three sets of rights—those of the individual, of heretofore disadvantaged groups, and of social institutions designed to serve a postindustrial society. Conflicts over rights become settled, balancing these three sets of rights. No one of them has been chosen for preference by American society.
New cyclopentadienyliron trimethylphosphine complexes

Abstract Preparations of [Fe(C5H5)(CO)3-n(PMe3)n]X complexes (n = 1, 2, 3) are described. Irradiation of [Fe(C5H5)(CO)(PMe3)2]BF4 in acetonitrile gave I, CN) and [Fe(C5H5)(PMe3)2(PPh3)]BF4. Reactions of Fe(C5H5)(CO)2X compounds with PMe3 gave Fe(C5H5)(CO)(PMe3)COMe or Fe(C5H5)(PMe3)2Me, depending on conditions. One electron oxidations of Fe(C5H5)(PMe3)2SPh, Fe(C5H5)(PMe3)2SnPh3 and [Fe(C5H5)(PMe3)3]PF6 produced 17 electron products which were isolable.
Distributed computer vision algorithms through distributed averaging

Traditional computer vision and machine learning algorithms have been largely studied in a centralized setting, where all the processing is performed at a single central location. However, a distributed approach might be more appropriate when a network with a large number of cameras is used to analyze a scene. In this paper we show how centralized algorithms based on linear algebraic operations can be made distributed by using simple distributed averages. We cover algorithms such as SVD, least squares, PCA, GPCA, 3-D point triangulation, pose estimation and affine SfM.
Maternal corticosteroid use and risk of selected congenital anomalies.

Evidence for the teratogenicity of corticosteroids in humans is limited and has resulted in inconsistent recommendations regarding their use during early pregnancy. We examined the association between women's corticosteroid use during the periconceptional period (1 month before to 3 months after conception) and delivering infants with selected congenital anomalies. Data were derived from a population-based case-control study that included cases of orafacial clefts (n = 662), conotruncal heart defects (n = 207), neural tube defects (n = 265), and limb reduction defects (n = 165). Information on medication use was collected via maternal telephone interviews. Corticosteroid use was associated with an increased risk for isolated cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio 4.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-17.2) and isolated cleft palate (odds ratio 5.3, 95% confidence interval 1.1-26.5). Increased risks were not observed for the other anomaly groups studied. These data in conjunction with other epidemiologic data suggest a possible causal association between cleft lip and palate and corticosteroid use.
On the theory of flammability limits

Abstract It is proposed that the multiple eigenvalue nature of the steady state flame equation corresponds to a flame problem in which flammability limits arise as a fundamental aspect of a one-dimensional adiabatic flame. This is in contrast to previous descriptions of flammability limits which ascribe the failure of flames to propagate under certain circumstances to natural convection or to heat losses. It is shown how it is possible for flame velocities to fall to zero for finite adiabatic flame temperatures by a variation of kinetic parameters in the ABC flame.
Causal diagrams, the placebo effect, and the expectation effect.

Using causal diagrams, a formal research methodology, we analyzed several definitions of placebo and the placebo effect. We conclude that placebo is an ambiguous, redundant term and that the so-called placebo effect conceals far more interesting effects that are attributed to the patient’s expectation. Biomedical research will benefit from abandoning the term placebo effect and focusing instead on a deeper understanding of the expectation variable, including its causes, effects, and effect modifiers. This avenue of research should be pursued by observational cohorts that are nested within clinical trials.
Accuracy of recognition of genuine versus simulated suicide

Extraversion scores predicted the ability of naive subjects to determine which suicide notes were genuine and which were simulated. Scores on the short form of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (Revised) accounted for 26% of the variation in the accuracy of judgment.
Prestressing Steel Reinforcement Wire Bond Index Number

The purpose of this research project is to develop a mathematical model that predicts the bond strength of a prestressing steel reinforcement wire given the known geometrical features of the wire. The geometrical features of the reinforcement wire were measured by a precision non-contact profilometer. With this mathematical model, prestressing reinforcement wires can now be analyzed for their bond strength without destructive testing. This mathematical model has the potential to serve as a quality control assessment in reinforcement wire production. In addition this mathematical model will provide insight into which reinforcement wires provide the greatest bond strength and which combinations of geometrical features of the reinforcement wire are responsible for providing the bond strength.A precision non-contact profilometer has been developed to measure the important geometrical features of the reinforcement wire. The profilometer is capable of sub-micron resolution measurements to provide an extremely high quality three-dimensional rendering of the reinforcement wire surface profile. From this detailed profile data it is then possible to extract all of the relevant geometrical features of the reinforcement wire.A mathematical model has been created by testing a variety of different reinforcement wires available in the market. By correlating the transfer length of concrete prisms made with the reinforcement wires to various geometrical features, several different levels of mathematical correlation complexity have been investigated. The current empirical correlation models under development are first order and combine three to four unique geometrical features of the reinforcement wire which then act as predictors of the concrete prism transfer length.The resulting mathematical model relating the wire geometrical features to transfer length is referred to as the Bond Index Number (BIN). The BIN is shown to provide a numerical measure of the bond strength of prestressing steel reinforcement wire, without the need for performing destructive tests with the reinforcement wire.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Eyewitness Errors in the Free Recall of Actions

Although eyewitness testimony is often unreliable, its quality is not uniformly poor. Previous research indicates that the most accurate type of testimony involves the unstructured recall of actions. The present study replicates the finding that confabulation, particularly the complete fabrication of nonexistent actions, is rare. Our results also extend earlier work by revealing that the few errors that did occur were spread evenly across subjects—with most subjects making 0 or 1 error and with no subjects making more than 3 errors. Furthermore, action memory errors form a heterogeneous set—there were few commonly recurring or predictable errors. Our attempts to increase error frequency by the use of suggestive implications and rapid action sequences were unsuccessful. Practical aspects of evaluating action memory testimony are discussed, with special reference to cases involving multiple eyewitnesses.
Decomposition of sparse matrices on parallel computers

Abstract Sparse matrices are an integral part of finite element analyses and an efficient parallel matrix decomposition strategy is essential to high performance finite element systems. To support this need a study is carried out on the performance of parallel algorithms for decomposing sparse matrices for substructure and finite element problems. Results show that the sparse matrix storage schemes studied have a high degree of parallelism in the process of the sparse matrix decomposition but require careful attention to the management of cache memories for a massively parallel computer in which cache processing yields performance gain.
Placental Amino Acid Transport and Placental Leptin Resistance in Pregnancies Complicated by Maternal Obesity

Hypothesis and study objectives We hypothesized that maternal obesity is associated with increased placental amino acid transport and hyperleptinemia. Our objectives were to study placental amino acid transport and the effect of leptin on placental amino acid transport in vitro in the setting of maternal obesity. Materials and methods Seven lean, BMI at entry 22.4, and seven obese, BMI at entry 31.5 (p < 0.001), pregnant women were studied at 39 weeks. We measured baseline and leptin-stimulated placental system A sodium-dependent neutral amino acid transporter (SNAT) activity, placental immunoreactive protein expression of SNAT, leptin and leptin receptor, and maternal and fetal plasma leptin concentrations, with significance set at p ≤ 0.05. The primary outcome measure was placental SNAT activity. Results The obese group had decreased placental SNAT activity (p = 0.005), maternal hyperleptinemia (p = 0.01) and decreased syncytiotrophoblast expression of leptin receptor (p = 0.01) and SNAT-4 (p < 0.001). Placental amino acid uptake was significantly stimulated by leptin in the lean group as compared to the obese group. Maternal weight gain and offspring birth weights were not different between groups. Conclusion Maternal obesity was accompanied by decreased placental SNAT activity associated with maternal hyperleptinemia and placental leptin resistance in spite of appropriate maternal weight gain and normally grown neonates. These findings suggest altered placental function that may have clinical implications in obese pregnant women.
Johnny can drag and drop: determining user intent through traditional interactions to improve desktop security

In this paper, we identify the primary difficulties encountered when security systems include users in the decision-making process. We propose security system inquiry mechanisms, designed around file open dialogs and drag-and-drop interfaces, to increase the accuracy of information obtained from users while also maintaining a high level of user inclusiveness in security decisions. We note that, although it has been previously shown that many users are inherently bad at making final security decisions, useful information regarding user intent can be accurately obtained by using our inquiry mechanisms. In particular, inquiry mechanisms that parallel the actions within applications the user actually intends to perform prompt the user in ways that are understandable and likely to receive accurate responses. We discuss how our system eliminates the traditional problems faced in security systems due to false positives and false negatives.
Ascorbate Sulfate: A Urinary Metabolite of Ascorbic Acid in Man

Ascorbate-3-sulfate is a significant metabolite of ascorbic acid excreted in human urine. The characteristics of this compound were determined in experiments in which labeling with carbon-14 and tritium was used coupled with cochromatography with synthetic ascorbate-3-sulfate (both labeled and not labeled with sulfur-35) in a variety of solvent and absorbent systems.
Further Evidence of Wind-Blown Rocks on Playas: ABSTRACT

Since the report by McAllister and Agnew in 1948 of trails left by rocks on the Racetrack Playa, there has been much speculation as to their origin. Those authors attributed the movement of the rocks to the wind. However, since the Racetrack is at a high elevation, where freezing occurs during the winter, the aid of ice could not be ruled out. The finding of similar trails on Little Bonnie Claire Playa, recently reported by the present writer did not completely eliminate ice as a possible aid since it, too, is at a relatively high elevation. The same phenomenon has since been observed on a playa at 1,600 feet elevation, and somewhat farther south than either of the previously mentioned ones. The aid of ice seems to be definitely ruled out, as well as possible pushing about by human beings. This leaves the wind as the most likely agent causing the movement of the rocks, as first suggested by McAllister and Agnew. End_of_Article - Last_Page 188------------
Characteristics of users and nonusers of health clinics in inner-city junior high schools

Purpose: To compare the demographic, behavioral, psychosocial, and academic characteristics of users versus nonusers of inner-city junior high school-based health clinics. Methods: Students who used ( n = 1344) and did not use ( n = 2394) the health clinics based in four junior high schools in an economically disadvantaged, medically underserved New York City school district were compared on their responses to a health risk survey administered at the end of the 1991/92 academic year. Results: Compared to students who did not use the clinics, students who used the clinics were more likely to have had unprotected sexual intercourse, to have had suicide intentions or attempts, to be suspended from school for fighting, to be exposed to violence and the illicit drug culture, to hold beliefs favoring involvement in sexual intercourse and suicidality, and to have failed subjects in school. Conclusions: Users of these junior high school-based health clinics are engaging in behaviors and hold beliefs that place them at risk for serious adverse health outcomes. School-based clinics have the potential to provide early intervention for these high risk adolescents.
Using morphological awareness instruction to improve written language skills.

Purpose Written English is a morphophonemic language. Researchers have documented that a conscious awareness of the morphological structure of English morphology is predictive of students' written language skills and that morphological awareness instruction leads to improvements in morphological awareness and in other written language skills. The purpose of this tutorial is to provide specific information to clinical scientists and other educators for integrating morphological awareness instruction into their written language instruction. Method The authors first define morphological awareness and provide an overview of the research on the effects of morphological awareness intervention on improving morphological awareness and written language skills. Measures used to assess morphological awareness ability are then discussed, followed by suggestions for how clinical scientists and other educators can provide morphological awareness instruction to improve the written language skills of the students they se...
Effects of Abscisic Acid, Salicylic Acid, Ethylene and Hydrogen Peroxide in Thermotolerance and Recovery for Creeping Bentgrass

Abscisic acid (ABA), salicylic acid (SA), ethylene, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) may be involved in the regulation of plant responses to heat stress. The objective of this study was to determine whether these signaling molecules are involved in survival at high temperatures in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera). We investigated the effects of treatment with ABA, SA, H2O2, and ACC (an ethylene precursor) on physiological damage occurring in creeping bentgrass during heat stress (35 °C for 1 month). We also compared the effects of chemical application and the induction of thermotolerance using moderate heat stress (30 °C for 24 h). All of the pre-treatments (heat or chemical) resulted in increased tolerance to prolonged heat stress (1 month) compared to control plants. All treated samples showed more green leaves, decreased membrane leakage and reduced oxidative damage compared to control plants. We then measured changes in the endogenous concentration of these chemical components during heat stress (35 °C) and during recovery after a stress treatment (cooling back to 20 °C). An oxidative burst was detected 5 min after the initiation of heat treatment, with the increase in H2O2 being detected primarily in the apoplast of the cells in both leaf and root tissues. Free SA was detected only an hour after the initiation of heat stress, and concentration remained low subsequently. Neither ABA nor ethylene concentrations rose during heat stress, but the concentration of both increased during subsequent cooling. These results suggest that the signaling components of interest are involved in thermotolerance in creeping bentgrass, but that the different chemicals are likely to be involved in separate signaling pathways. An oxidative burst and SA may be bona fide heat stress signals, but ABA and ethylene appear to be involved in signaling pathways in response to recovery from heat stress in this species.
Ligand-assisted rate acceleration in transacylation by a yttrium-salen complex. Demonstration of a conceptually new strategy for metal-catalyzed kinetic resolution of alcohols.

Yttrium-salen complexes effect transacylation between enolesters and chiral secondary alcohols, resulting in varying degrees of kinetic resolution. Even though the enantioselectivity remains modest (kfast/kslow up to 4.81), these results represent the first demonstration of a conceptually new metal-catalyzed acyl transfer process that results in kinetic resolution. On the basis of the solid-state structure of the catalyst, a novel associative mechanistic pathway is proposed for the reaction.
Translating prions at the synapse

New studies indicate that an Aplysia californica variant of the translational regulator CPEB exhibits prion-like properties, enabling the protein to establish a stable, self-perpetuating and synapse-specific enhancement of neurotransmission. These studies suggest that a radically new kind of signalling — an autocatalytic change in protein conformation — is involved in maintaining long-term memories.
The environmental implications of liberalism

Even if contemporary liberal political thought fails to provide an adequate basis for environmental protection, investigating its environmental implications may be a worthy enterprise, if only to f...
An analysis of labor wage differentials in Nepal

Abstract With the purpose of providing empirical insight into the controversy of sex discrimination on wage, the paper analyzes the wage differentials between male and female workers in manufacturing industries of Nepal. The analysis also seeks the information about how such factors as firm ownership, firm's size, female worker's concentration and skill intensity in the industry affect wage differentials. The analysis employs three separate census years (1992, 1997 and 2002) from the census of manufacturing establishment in Nepal to facilitate building a panel set of data. A cursory analysis of averages indicated a widespread wage discrimination against female workers in Nepal. However, an in-depth analysis does not support this view to that extent. There may still exist some wage discrimination, but not always necessarily against female workers.
Early life stress as a risk factor for substance use disorders: Clinical and neurobiological substrates

This is a copy of an article published in the Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine © 2015 Medknow Publications. www.ijpm.info
Surface reactivity of oxide phases generated on Pd(111) during the growth vs. reduction of PdO(101) films

Abstract We used temperature programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) to investigate the adsorption and complete oxidation of propane on various surface oxygen phases which evolve during the growth and reduction of PdO(101) films on Pd(111). Desorption spectra reveal clear differences in the binding of molecular propane on the different oxygen phases investigated, including the p(2 × 2)-O chemisorbed phase on Pd(111), two-dimensional (2D) oxide(s) and multilayer PdO(101) thin films. We find that propane reacts to an immeasurable extent on the p(2 × 2)-O and 2D oxide phases during TPRS, while reaction is facile on the PdO(101) surface. For the partially oxidized and reduced surfaces, we find that the CO 2 product yield obtained from propane-saturated surfaces increases continuously with increasing oxygen coverage above about 1 ML (monolayer), and observe a hysteresis in the surface reactivity such that more CO 2 is produced when a given oxygen coverage is generated during the growth vs. reduction of a thin PdO(101) film. We show that the fractional areas of coexisting oxygen phases can be estimated by fitting propane TPD spectra obtained from partially oxidized surfaces with propane TPD spectra obtained from well-defined reference surfaces. Based on the estimated surface area fractions, we find that the CO 2 product yields scale linearly with the amount of PdO(101) at the surface, irrespective of the types and amounts of coexisting phases, and show that the observed hysteresis arises from differences in the PdO(101) surface fractions obtained at a given coverage during growth and reduction of PdO(101) films. The estimated surface fractions also reveal that 2D oxide domains develop during the first stage of PdO(101) reduction, while metallic surface domains become prevalent only during the latter half of the oxide reduction process. A key finding is that the activation of propane on partially oxidized Pd(111) is relatively insensitive to the complexity of the surface phase distribution, and depends almost exclusively on the amount of PdO(101) domains that are present.
Factors Favoring Slovene Language Maintenance

Because there are fewer than 2,000,000 Slovenes in Yugoslavia, an important issue for the Slovene community and for Slovene scholars is the preservation of the language. A major focus of Professor Lencek's career has been a deeper understanding of the complex sociolinguistic variables affecting Slovene language maintenance. Virtually all Slovene language issues, including standardization and dialect variation, writing and spelling, and linguistic borrowing, affect the future of the language within the federation of Yugoslavia. In recent years, many scholars and non-scholars alike have expressed concern for the future of the Slovene language. Without doubt, many factors seem to threaten the continued viability of Slovene. The steady increase in the non-Slovene population of "guestworkers" (priseljenci ;: juga) in Slovenia, the low birthrate among Slovenes, and established patterns of Slovene and Serbo-Croatian language use seem to favor the steady replacement of Slovene by Serbo-Croatian. Indeed, taking note of such factors, Paternost (1984:239) suggests that Slovene "exists in spite of historical odds," and Toporisic (1984:256) fears that recent developments "are undercutting its roots." Yet recent events do not warrant a purely pessimistic outlook, for not all changes in the Slovene language situation will damage the prospects for Slovene language maintenance. Therefore this article will examine factors which seem to favor the spread of Serbo-Croatian, and then outline evidence suggesting that, despite these factors, the underlying pattern of Slovene language use has not changed in recent years. A possible explanation for current uncertainty about the future of the language will be proposed. Though important reasons for concern exist, it will be argued that Slovene remains a stable, viable, and dynamic language which is successfully withstanding the sociolinguistic pressures imposed upon it by recent economic and demographic changes in Yugoslavia.
Inactivation at various temperatures of bovine viral diarrhea virus in beef derived from persistently infected cattle

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a pestivirus that is enzootic in most cattle populations throughout the world. This virus is present throughout the body of persistently infected (PI) cattle. Previous research has not assessed the cooking temperature at which BVDV in meat from PI cattle can be inactivated. Therefore, muscle tissue from 6 PI cattle was harvested, refrigerated, frozen, and heated to various internal temperatures. The concentration of virus present was determined by virus isolation. Average cell culture infective doses (50% endpoint; CCID(50)) of BVDV per gram of frozen, uncooked meat from PI cattle were 10(5.85) CCID(50)/g of whole cuts and 10(6.02) CCID(50)/g of ground meat. The virus in whole and ground meat was consistently inactivated when cooked to temperatures greater than or equal to 75°C. A second objective of this research was to thoroughly reassess if Vero cells were permissive to BVDV infection in our laboratory to provide further indication of whether primates, including humans, might be susceptible to BVDV. Vero cells were not permissive to infection with any of 43 different strains of BVDV that readily replicated in Madin Darby bovine kidney cells. In conclusion, this bovine pathogen, which is not considered to be a human pathogen, can be inactivated by cooking ground or whole cuts of meat to 75°C or higher. Care should be taken to ensure that susceptible hosts such as pigs are not fed improperly cooked meat, meat by-products, or waste food originating from PI cattle.
Is there a role for PET in the evaluation of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules

There are little published data available at this time to determine the appropriate role of positron emission tomography (PET) in the evaluation of subcentimeter pulmonary nodules. The sensitivity for malignancy is lower in these smaller lesions, while one would expect the specificity to be higher. Given that the resolution of current generation PET scanners is only 5 to 6 mm, one will be very unlikely to gain useful information from PET for a lesion below 5 mm. For lesions 5 to 10 mm in size, useful information might be gained from PET in those deemed intermediate risk by CT criteria, but this remains to be established. A positive PET in a small, intermediate risk lesion might push one toward biopsy/excision, though a negative PET in such a lesion must be considered to provide no information whatsoever. Even with advances in PET technologies in the future, we feel it is unlikely that PET will evolve a major role in the evaluation of the subcentimeter nodule.
Compact electro-optic modulator for direct integration into an X-band antenna array front-end

A compact electro-optic modulator comprising a waveguide grating formed on a small piece of lithium niobate can be integrated directly into an X-band antenna array element. A prototype link with this modulator was demonstrated.
Energetics and dynamics of dissociation of deprotonated peptides: Fragmentation of angiotensin analogs

Abstract We present a first study of the energetics and dynamics of dissociation of deprotonated peptides using time- and collision-energy resolved surface-induced dissociation (SID) experiments. SID of four model peptides (RVYIHPF, HVYIHPF, DRVYIHPF, and DHVYIHPF) was studied using a specially designed Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR MS) configured for studying ion-surface collisions. Energy and entropy effects for the overall decomposition of the precursor ion were deduced by modeling the time- and collision energy-resolved survival curves using an RRKM based approach developed in our laboratory. The results were compared to the energetics and dynamics of dissociation of the corresponding protonated species. We demonstrate that acidic peptides are less stable in the negative mode because of the low threshold associated with the kinetically hindered loss of H 2 O from [M−H] − ions. Comparison between the two basic peptides indicates that the lower stability of the [M−H] − ion of RVYIHPF as compared to HVYIHPF towards fragmentation is attributed to the differences in fragmentation mechanisms. Specifically, threshold energy associated with losses of NH 3 and NHCNH from RVYIHPF is lower than the barrier for backbone fragmentation that dominates gas-phase decomposition of HVYIHPF. The results provide a first quantitative comparison between the energetics and dynamics of dissociation of [M+H] + and [M−H] − ions of acidic and basic peptides.
The resolution of stresses in rock using stereographic projection

Abstract This paper shows how to find the shear and normal stress on an arbitrarily oriented plane of weakness in a known three dimensional stress field by manipulations on a stereographic projection. First are found graphically the direction angles of the normal to the plane relevant to co-ordinate axes in principal directions. Knowing the magnitude of the principal stresses and the direction cosines of the plane, the magnitude of the resultant stress across the plane is calculated. The direction of the resultant stress is found by calculating its direction angles and plotting these angles as small circles centered about the principal directions, the point of intersection of the small circles being the stereographic projection of the resultant stress. The angle between the resultant stress and the plane of weakness is read directly from the stereographic projection, facilitating calculation of the magnitudes of the shear and normal stresses of the plane. Finally, the direction of the maximum shear stress in the plane is found graphically, making use of the fact that the normal stress, shear stress, and resultant stress must be coplanar. The principles of stereographic projection are reviewed and an example of stress resolution is worked out.
Stabilization of femtosecond laser frequency combs with subhertz residual linewidths

We demonstrate that femtosecond laser frequency combs (FLFCs) can have a subhertz linewidth across their entire emission spectra when they are phase locked to a reference laser with a similarly narrow linewidth. Correspondingly, the coherence time of the comb components relative to the reference laser can be of the order of a few seconds. Thus we are able to detect high-contrast spectral interferograms at up to 10-s integration time between two FLFCs locked to a common optical reference.
Effects of manual style on performance in education and machine maintenance

Discussed is a study of human factors that was designed to measure the time to perform maintenance using two types of manuals (format) presented in two media types, for a total of four conditions. The types of manuals were the then-current Field Engineering Maintenance Manual (FEMM) and Field Engineering Theory of Operation Manual (FETOM) in both hard copy and microfiche, and a new Graphic Integrated Manual (GIM) covering the same subject matter, also in hard copy and microfiche. The objective of the study was to compare performance in solving problems on an electromechanical machine, the IBM 5424 Multi-Funcfion Card Unit, through the use of standard and graphic integrated manuals in both hard copy and microfiche for that machine. Test results are analyzed and conclusions are presented. The general conclusion is that the new graphic integrated manuals in hard copy format lead to better performance both in education and on the job.