cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Australopithecine milk canines.

WE have previously discussed1,2 the classification of lower milk canines by multivariate statistical analysis. By this means we have shown that the Taungs and Kromdraai specimens found in South Africa are neither those of chimpanzees, gorillas nor orang-utans and that, in tests based on four carefully chosen dimensions of the specimens, they cannot be distinguished from the teeth of humans.
Survival of colorectal cancer patients hospitalized in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System.

Survival of colorectal cancer patients hospitalized in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System
The fetal bovine thyroid; morphogenesis as related to iodine accumulation.

In the fetal calf, which has a gestation period of approximately 285 days, thyroxine-like iodine can be detected in the thyroid gland on the sixtieth day of intrauterine life. Thereafter, the amounts of thyroxine-like and total iodine in the gland increase steadily, and the rates of increase of these two iodine fractions have been shown to be related exponentially to fetal body weight, length, and age (Wolff et al., 1949). Since, in addition, the concentration of iodine in the developing gland (i.e., mg. of iodine per 100 gm. fresh tissue) appeared to increase progressively, it was postulated that with increasing age, the fetal thyroid acquired an increased capacity for iodine storage. In the present investigation, we have attempted to correlate the morphogenesis of the gland with its iodine content. Since the follicle might be regarded as the structural and functional unit of the gland, we sought to determine the relation of its development to the capacity of the gland to store iodine.
Design technology productivity in the DSM era (invited talk)

Future requirements for design technology are always uncertain due to changes in process technology, system implementation platforms, and applications markets. To correctly identify the design technology need, and to deliver this technology at the right time, the design technology community - commercial vendors, captive CAD organizations, and academic researchers - must focus on improving design technology time-to-market and quality-of-result. Put another way, we must address the well-known Design Productivity Gap by addressing the Design Technology Productivity Gap. The future of design technology is most uncertain in the physical implementation space, where many complexities must be managed without sacrificing system value or turnaround time. This talk will begin with examples of changes in methodology and design tool infrastructure needed to support future physical implementation. Then, recent initiatives in the MARCO Gigascale Silicon Research Center (GSRC) are described which support the design technology and designer communities in creating the right design technology when it is needed.
FVB/N (H2(q)) mouse is resistant to arthritis induction and exhibits a genomic deletion of T-cell receptor V beta gene segments.

Animal models of autoimmune diseases have been instrumental in advancing our understanding of autoimmunity in humans. Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in mice is an autoimmune disease model of rheumatoid arthritis. Susceptibility to CIA in mice is linked to genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). CD4+ T cells that express the T-cell receptor (TCR) Tcra-V11.1 and/or Tcrb-V8.2 play a key role in the pathogenesis of arthritis in the DBA/1 mouse (H2 q ). We identified an inbred mouse strain, FVB/NJ (H2 q ), that is resistant to arthritis induction and exhibits a genomic deletion of certain Tcrb-V gene segments. We report a novel polymerase chain reaction-based method for the rapid identification of new mouse strains that exhibit germline Tcrb-V gene deletions. We mapped for the first time both the 5′ and 3′ breakpoints of the Tcrb-V deletion in the FVB/NJ, SWR, SJL, C57L, and C57BR strains to within 1.1 kilobases. Since there is an association between a particular Tcra-V allele (Tcra-V11.1 d ) and arthritis susceptibility in H2 q mouse strains, we examined the allelic polymorphisms of the Tcra-V11 gene subfamily members between the arthritis-susceptible DBA/1 mouse and the arthritis-resistant FVB/NJ mouse strain. The amino acid sequences of the Tcra-V11.1 alleles differ at two positions (codons 18 and 68). Therefore, the resistance of FVB/NJ mouse to arthritis induction may be due in part to Tcra-V11.1 coding sequence polymorphism and Tcrb-V8.2 gene segment deletion, as we have recently demonstrated in the case of SWR mouse strain.
Everyday deception or a few prolific liars? The prevalence of lies in text messaging

Most people tell lies over text messaging, and a minority of those people do so frequently.The goals of text messaging impact the properties of deceptive text messages relative to face-to-face lies.There is some indication that deception occurs less frequently in closer relationships. With the recent and dramatic changes to communication patterns introduced by new information technologies it is increasingly important to understand how deception is produced in new media. In the present study we investigate deception production in text messaging, focusing on how often people lie, about what and to whom. This study uses a novel data collection method that allows for the examination of individuals' communication records at the message level, which may provide a more accurate account of deception behavior than diary or survey methods. We find that the majority of our participants practiced deception in text messaging. Although lying was a relatively infrequent occurrence for the majority of our participants, there were a small number of prolific liars who told a disproportionately large number of lies using this medium. Additionally, we found some support for the argument that deception occurs less frequently in closer relationships, and we observed how the micro-coordination goals of text messaging change the properties of deceptive text messages relative to face-to-face lies.
Incidence and clinical significance of lymph node metastasis detected by cytokeratin immunohistochemical staining in ductal carcinoma in situ.

This study explored the long-term prognosis of patients with ductal carcinoma-in-situ (DCIS) and lymph node metastasis detected by cytokeratin immunohistochemical stains (CK-IHC). Using the Columbia University breast cancer database, we identified all DCIS patients who had eight or more axillary nodes dissected and free of metastasis. Five-micrometer sections from all paraffin blocks containing lymph node tissue were stained with an anticytokeratin antibody cocktail (AE1/AE3 and KL1). The results of the CK-IHC and updated database were anonymized and merged. Survival of CK-IHC–positive and –negative patients was compared by using Kaplan-Meier curves and log-rank tests. CK-IHC was performed on 301 DCIS patients, who had an average of 16.7 axillary nodes dissected. Eighteen (6%) of 301 patients tested positive by CK-IHC. Seventy patients with bilateral breast cancer and 2 patients without any follow-up data were excluded, for a final study population of 229 patients. Among the 216 patients with negative CK-IHC, 18 patients died, compared with 1 of 13 patients with positive CK-IHC. The median follow-up for the study group was 127 months. Kaplan-Meier overall and breast cancer–specific survival estimates were similar for CK-IHC–positive and –negative patients (P = .81 and P = .73, respectively). CK-IHC increases the incidence of positive nodes by 6% in DCIS patients. A positive node by CK-IHC does not seem to affect survival in these patients. These results raise concerns regarding the clinical significance of positive nodes by CK-IHC in DCIS patients.
Rheumatoid arthritis: IL-6 inhibition in RA—déjà vu all over again?

In a phase II–III trial, a novel antibody targeting IL-6 receptor α (IL-6Rα), sarilumab, conferred clinical, functional and structural benefits in rheumatoid arthritis. These results, though, seem quite similar to those for tocilizumab, the existing anti-IL-6Rα antibody, as well as for other agents currently in development that target this same pathway.
Basal cell carcinoma of the vermilion zone of the lower lip: a report of 3 cases

Three cases of basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) of the vermilion zone of the lower lip are reported. The possible histopathogenesis of these BCCs is discussed. All lesions were treated by Mohs micrographic surgery.
Phonological Distance Measures

Abstract Phonological distance can be measured computationally using formally specified algorithms. This work investigates two such measures, one developed by Nerbonne and Heeringa (1997) based on Levenshtein distance (Levenshtein, 1965) and the other an adaptation of Dunning's (1994) language classifier that uses maximum likelihood distance. These two measures are compared against naive transcriptions of the speech of paediatric cochlear implant users. The new measure, maximum likelihood distance, correlates highly with Levenshtein distance and naive transcriptions; results from this corpus are easier to obtain since cochlear implant speech has a lower intelligibility than the usually high intelligibility of the speech of a different dialect.
Effects of atmospheric teleconnections on seasonal precipitation in mountainous regions of the southwestern U.S.: A case study in northern New Mexico

[1] This study uses instrument records and geostatistical modeling to examine hydrologically important temporal and spatial patterns of seasonal precipitation associated with the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) in a mountainous region of northern New Mexico. PDO is the more dominant factor, compared to ENSO, with a larger influence on winter and spring precipitation (wetter for high PDO, drier for low PDO). Extreme ENSO effects are not significant during the high PDO years, but during low PDO years El Nino strongly dampens winter and spring precipitation anomalies. Elevation modulates ENSO and PDO effects on winter anomalies, but does not seem to for other seasons. For a wetter-than-normal winter, the anomalies are larger at higher elevations, and are positive. For a drier-than-normal winter, the anomalies are larger at lower elevations, and are negative. For neutral ENSO, summer precipitation is predictable but spatially variable, indicating different local climates. High-resolution mapping brings out hydrologically important patterns of precipitation anomalies that would otherwise be blurred by spatial averaging.
Liquid steel flow, heat transfer and solidification in mold of continuous casters during grade transition

A computational study of the unsteady axisymmetric turbulent liquid steel flow, heat transfer and solidification in continuous casting molds during the grade transition operation is presented. The computations are based on an iterative, finite-volume numerical procedure using primitive dependent variables, whereby the governing time-dependent continuity, momentum and energy equations in combination with a low-Reynolds number turbulence model are solved. A single-domain enthalpy formulation is used for simulation of the phase change phenomenon. Darcy's Law-type porous media treatment is used to account for the effect of phase change on convection. In spite of the transient nature of the incoming liquid steel velocity, increase in size of the liquid pool is not significant, whereas the increase of the volume of the mushy zone is marked and is as much as 48% relative to its initial size. Distinct temperature rise signatures on the surface of the casting were detected. The heat removal rate from the mold increases almost linearly similar to the ramping of the casting speed. Thinning of the solidified shell during tundish change is significant and must be taken into account in practice to prevent breakout.
The use of videlicet in Early Modern slander depositions : A case of genre-specific grammaticalization

Trial proceedings and depositions are textual genres that create particular demands for speech marking in discourse. This study examines the use of the expository apposition marker videlicet in both a sample of Early Modern depositions of defamation and several electronic corpora. It finds that videlicet developed a grammaticalized quotative sense concurrent with its borrowing into English and, further, that this grammaticalized sense developed only in legal records. Considering the evolution of videlicet shows us how functionality evolves to fit a particular set of generic needs. Videlicet provides a case of grammaticalization restricted to a single register, and can therefore be instructive about the diffusion of grammaticalized forms across genres and about the intersection of grammaticalization and code-switching.
A stereo illusion induced by binocularly presented gratings: Effects of number of eyes stimulated, spatial frequency, orientation, field size, and viewing distance

We report that the binocular presentation of gratings under appropriate conditions results in an illusion of depth. Multiple levels of depth are seen simultaneously, distinguishing the illusion from the wallpaper illusion. The levels are not overlapping but are 180° out of phase relative to one another. The conditions under which the illusion is visible and under which it disappears are presented. Probable causal mechanisms, the correspondence problem, the horopter, and differential image projections of large tangential stimuli are discussed.
On so-called Spanglish

The word ‘Spanglish’, used most often to describe the casual oral registers of the speech of Hispanics in the USA, is an unfortunate and misleading term. Speakers of popular varieties of Spanish in...
[125/123I]IPH: a radioiodinated analog of epibatidine for in vivo studies of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

Tomographic imaging of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) via single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) has been hampered by the lack of a radioligand with suitable in vivo binding characteristics. Therefore, a novel analog of epibatidine, (±)-exo-2-(2-iodo-5-pyridyl)-7-azabicyclo[2.2.1]heptane (IPH), labeled with [125I] or [123I] was evaluated as an in vivo marker of central nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). [125I]IPH showed substantial brain penetration (4.2% of the injected dose at 30 min) and a cerebral biodistribution in mice consistent with the in vivo labeling of nAChRs (% injected dose/gram of thalamus, superior colliculi ≫ cerebellum). [125I]IPH binding sites were shown to be saturable with unlabeled IPH (ED50 approximately 1 μg/kg). The uptake of [125I]IPH was blocked significantly by the nicotinic agonists, cytisine, lobeline, and (−)-nicotine, but not by the noncompetitive nAChR antagonist, mecamylamine. Antagonists of muscarinic (scopolamine), serotonin (ketanserin), and opioid (naloxone) receptors had no significant effect on [125I]IPH binding. A preliminary SPECT imaging study with [123I]IPH in a baboon showed [123I]IPH to localize in nAChR-rich areas of brain (thalamus > frontal cortex > cerebellum). [123I]IPH binding in baboon brain was also displaced (35–45% displacement) by a challenge dose of cytisine showing that a well-characterized nicotinic agonist effectively competes for [123I]IPH binding sites. [123I]IPH seems well suited for imaging studies of nAChRs and, to our knowledge, is the first SPECT agent that has allowed for the visualization of nAChRs in primate brain. Synapse 26:392–399, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss Inc.
Top Physics at CDF

Top quark physics is one of the most important successes of the concluding Tevatron program. In this paper, a summary of the most recent measurements of top quark properties, including the mass and its 2011 average, will be presented. Some common techniques and discussion of major systematic uncertainties for top measurements will also be presented.
Age and Correlation of the Windermere Group in Northeastern Washington

Greenstone of basaltic composition forms the middle part of the Windermere System in southern British Columbia and the correlative Windermere Group in northeastern Washington. The greenstone, together with the rest of the Windermere in this region, is highly sheared, altered, and metamorphosed, except for a small exposed mass of relatively unaffected rocks near the community of Chewelah, Washington. K-Ar ages on whole rocks and mineral separates from the Chewelah area indicate the greenstone was probably extruded between 827 and 918 m.y. ago.
Distribution of pluripotent neural crest cells in the embryo and the role of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the commitment to the primary sensory neuron lineage

Many early migratory neural crest cells are pluripotent in the sense that their progeny are able to generate more than one differentiated phenotype (Sieber-Blum and Cohen, 1980, Dev. Biol. 80:95–106; Baroffio, Dupin, and Le Douarin, 1988, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 85:5325–5329; Bronner-Fraser and Fraser, 1988, Nature 335:161–164; Sieber-Blum, 1989a, Science 243:1608–1611; Ito and Sieber-Blum, 1991, Dev. Biol. 148:95–106). At trunk levels, the neural crest contains two classes (Sieber-Blum and Cohen, 1980) and at posterior rhombencephalic levels, three different classes of pluripotent cells (Ito and Sieber-Blum, 1991). We investigated cell differentiation by in vitro clonal analysis to determine when in development the pool of pluripotent neural crest cells becomes exhausted. The data suggest that different classes of pluripotent cells, precursor cells with more restricted developmental potentials, and apparently committed cells, exist at sites of advanced migration (posterior branchial arches) and even at target sites of neural crest cell differentiation [posterior branchial arches, dorsal root ganglia (DRG), sympathetic ganglia (SG), and epidermal ectoderm]. Some putative classes of pluripotent cells persist well into the second half of embryonic development. These observations have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms that control neural crest cell migration and differentiation. They support the idea that cues originating from the microenvironment affect differentiation of pluripotent neural crest cells. One such signal appears to be brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In the presence of BDNF, but not nerve growth factor (NGF), there is a significant increase in the number of neural crest cells per colony that express a sensory neuron-specific marker. Because this increase is not accompanied by a corresponding increase in the total number of cells per colony, this suggests that BDNF plays a role in cell type specification. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
A consideration of Babylonian astronomy within the historiography of science

Abstract This paper traces the reception of Babylonian astronomy into the history of science, beginning in early to mid twentieth century when cuneiform astronomical sources became available to the scholarly public. The dominant positivism in philosophy of science of this time influenced criteria employed in defining and demarcating science by historians, resulting in a persistently negative assessment of the nature of knowledge evidenced in cuneiform sources. Ancient Near Eastern astronomy (and astrology) was deemed pre- or non-scientific, and even taken to reflect a stage in the evolution of thought before the emergence of science (in ancient Greece). Two principal objections are examined: first, that the Near East produced merely practical as opposed to theoretical knowledge and, second, that astronomy was in the service of astrology and religion. As the notion of a universal scientific method has been dismantled by post-positivists and constructivists of the second half of the twentieth century, an interest in varieties of intellectual and cultural contexts for science has provided a new ground for the re-consideration of Babylonian astronomical texts as science developed here.
comparison of irradiation crosslinking and chain scission in extended chain and bulk film samples of linear polyethylene

Abstract It is shown that polyethylene films should be at least 40 mils thick before radiation yields become approximately independent of film thickness. Previous discrepancies in the literature regarding G-values may be the result of variations in thickness between samples used by different authors. G(alkyl radical) in extended chain samples of polyethylene is about two thirds that in ordinary bulk linear polyethylene. A comparison is made of irradiation crosslinking and chain scission in extended chain and bulk film samples of linear polyethylenes.
IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND THE MALE FACTOR

In vitro fertilization (IVF) followed by embryo transfer (replacement) to the patient donating the female gametes and using the husband’s sperm for fertilization purposes is the classic form of therapy, devised in the 197Os, to overcome the problem of female infertility due to irreparable tubal damage.’ As experience increased with the procedure, several other indications were found for this therapeutic modality, namely, in the female the presence of endometriosis which does not respond to the commonly used treatment protocols, severe cervical factors that cannot be overcome by intrauterine insemination, the presence of systemic or local antisperm antibodies as the only detectable factor for infertility, and the female who has no identifiable factors for her reproductive problem and who has a normal husband, but who nevertheless cannot achieve pregnancy (infertile normal couple). Soon it was realized that IVF needed a small amount of sperm (as low as perhaps 12,000) for fertilization to occur. Therefore, it was immediately inferred that this procedure may also be indicated in infertility due to male factor. Several groups started working with this type of patient, trying to correct the fertility problem in males in whom the commonly accepted treatment protocols had already failed. Other forms of assisted reproduction have been developed as variants of the classic type of IVF with embryo replacement (gamete intrafallopian transfer, gamete donation from male
The optimization of signal detectability in digital fluoroscopy

An optimization analysis of digital fluoroscopy has been carried out using (signal/noise)2/dose as a figure of merit. Three signal detection tasks have been considered: (i) small iodine-containing blood vessels; (ii) regions of fat; and (iii) microcalcifications. The effects of x-ray beam filtration and kilovoltage on the figure of merit have been parameterized and the associated x-ray tube power loadings have been defined. Results are presented in a fashion that facilitates the choice of parameters (amount of aluminum filtration, kilovoltage, and x-ray tube power loading) such that an acceptable balance can be achieved between signal detection sensitivity, patient dose, and x-ray tube power loading.
E-Shopping for Health: Issues for Latinos Using the Health Insurance Marketplace

Health care in the United States is undergoing a radical restructuring, mandated in the Affordable Care Act (ACA), designed to improve access to care and increase the efficiency of our health care system. Key features include a revamped health insurance market and increased reliance on electronic technologies for buying insurance and tracking patient care. One goal of these changes is to reduce the unequal burden of disease carried by low-income racial/ethnic minorities. However, the long history of racial/ethnic health disparities in the United States raises concern for how diverse populations will be affected by these innovations. Applied anthropologists are well equipped to produce knowledge and insight to inform how changes are enacted and to maximize positive impact for vulnerable populations. Employing a holistic framework and an in-depth data collection strategy, anthropologists are especially adept at uncovering the insider's perspective. This adds important insight and nuance to understandings of...
Retention of Economics Principles by Undergraduates on Alternative Curricular Structures.

The authors investigated whether the curricular structure of an economics course (semester, trimester, or compressed block schedule) has an effect on an undergraduate's subsequent retention of course material, while controlling for other relevant differences. They tested separately for theoretical or process comprehension and for graphical construction or interpretation, while separating microeconomics from macroeconomics content as well. They used an instrument to address the no-stakes testing problem, and their Heckman two-stage estimations present some interesting results for educators and institutional policymakers alike.
A future for socialism

Many people point to recent events-the collapse of the Soviet Union, the electoral defeat of the Sandinistas-as proof that capitalism has triumphed over socialism once and for all. In A Future for Socialism, a noted economist argues that socialism is not dead but merely in need of modernizing. John Roemer believes that the hallmark of socialism is egalitarianism-equality of opportunity for self-realization and welfare, for political influence, and for social status-and he reminds us that capitalist societies face increasingly difficult problems of poverty and social inequality. Reenergizing a debate that began with Oskar Lange and Friedrich Hayek in the late 1930s, he brings to important questions of political economy a new level of sophistication in line with contemporary theories of justice and equality. Roemer sees the solution of the principal-agent problem as the key to developing a decentralized market-socialist economy. This would be capable of maintaining efficiency and technological innovation while supporting a substantively more equal distribution of income than is achieved in capitalist economies. Roemer defends his views against skeptics on the right, who believe that efficiency and innovation are incompatible with egalitarianism, and skeptics on the left, who believe that socialism is incompatible with markets. Because of its interdisciplinary approach, A Future for Socialism will appeal to a general social science audience, including economists, political scientists, sociologists, and political philosophers. It is also accessible to the interested reader.
On Tracking a Maneuvering Target in Clutter

A new technique for tracking a maneuvering target in a cluttered environment is developed. This approach does not rely on a statistical description of the maneuver as a random process. Instead, the state model for the target is changed when a maneuver is detected. Undesired measurements due to clutter or false alarms are assumed to occur uniformly and independently distributed. The Probabilistic Data Association Filter is used for both state models of the target. Measurement sequences over a window are tested for occurrence of possible maneuver. In the process, tracks are formed, deleted and merged. Simulation has shown the effectiveness of the scheme.
Das Wasserstoff-Heliumsystem und die Struktur der komplexen Atome

1. Der Grundgedanke dieser zweiten Mitteilung uber die Atomstruktur ist folgender: Das Gesetz, welches bei den Beziehungen von Atomgewicht und Valenz zwischen Gliedern einer jeden radioaktiven Reihe Anwendung findet, trifft auch fur die leichteren Atome zu. Bei einer radioaktiven Reihe bedingt der Verlust eines Teilchens mit einer Masse von 4 eine Abnahme der Wertigkeit um 2 und verschiebt so das Element um 2 Gruppen des periodischen Systems nach links, wahrend gleichzeitig die Atomzahl um 2 vermindert wird. Wenn dies auch fur die leichteren Elemente, beginnend mit Helium, zutrifft, so muste die Zunahme um das Gewicht eines Heliumatome fur jeden Anwachs um 2 in der Atomzahl die Atomgewichte der Elemente liefern, die zu den Gruppen mit geraden Zahlen gehoren. Die nach diesem Verfahren abgeleiteten Atomgewichte stimmen im ganzen mit den experimentell festgestellten Werten uberein, woraus hervorgeht, das die Theorie den Tatsachen entspricht.
Information accuracy and social welfare under homogeneous beliefs

This paper examines the ‘accuracy’ of information and its effect on social welfare. Information is defined to be more accurate than the existing information if individuals are willing to revise their subjective, homogeneous beliefs based on the new information. In a pure exchange economy where individuals may differ in endowments and tastes, it is shown that, for all utility functions satisfying risk aversion and non-satiation, the receipt of more accurate information does not increase social welfare (in terms of ex-ante Pareto-optimality) even when such information production is costless. This represents a more rigorous analysis on several issues that are not clear in the Marshall (1974) paper. Using the HARA class of utility functions, this paper also addresses the relationship between information and borrowing and lending, and the effect of information on the risk-free rate of interest.
Turnover of phospholipids in HUT 102 lymphoblasts and chromatographic characterization of purified lecithins after their exposure to long-wave UV light, psoralen, and UV light and psoralen

The turnover of 32P-labeled phospholipids in HUT 102 lymphoblasts was determined after a 2 h interaction of lymphoblasts with 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) (15 micrograms ml-1), longwave UV light (UVA) irradiation and PUVA (8-MOP and UVA). In parallel experiments, micellar suspensions of lyso-phosphatidylcholine (PtdC), dipalmitoyl-PtdC and dilinoleoyl-PtdC, treated in a similar manner, served for the correlative assessments of cellular lipid changes. The dark reaction, UVA irradiation and PUVA all depressed total phospholipid levels in HUT 102 cells, although only PUVA induced a statistically significant decline. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) analysis revealed that neither UVA nor 8-MOP alone triggered any significant changes in the cellular content of phosphatidylinositol (PtdI), phosphatidylinositol 4-monophosphate (PtdIP) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIP2), whereas the lyso-PtdC and PtdI content of lymphoblasts showed a two-fold increase after PUVA. The TLC analysis of lyso-PtdC and micelles of dipalmitoyl-PtdC did not reveal any detectable changes after the dark reaction with 8-MOP, UVA irradiation and PUVA. In contrast, the derivatives of dark and UVA mediated reactions of 8-MOP with dilinoleoyl-PtdC were detected by TLC. These results suggest that the formation of 8-MOP derivatives of cellular phospholipids effected by PUVA, modulates the turnover of phosphoinositides and the rate of cellular proliferation.
Increased anesthesia time using 2,2,2-tribromoethanol-chloral hydrate with low impact on mouse psychoacoustics.

Abstract Background To examine psychoacoustics in mice, we have used 2,2,2-tribromoethanol anesthesia in multiple studies. We find this drug is fast-acting and yields consistent results, providing 25–30 min of anesthesia. Our recent studies in binaural hearing prompted development of a regimen to anesthesia time to 1 h. We tested a novel cocktail using 2,2,2-tribromoethanol coupled with low dose chloral hydrate to extend the effective anesthesia time. New method We have established an intraperitoneal dosing regimen for 2,2,2-tribromoethanol–chloral hydrate anesthesia. To measure efficacy of the drug cocktail, we measured auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) at 10 min intervals to determine the effects on hearing thresholds and wave amplitudes and latencies. Results This novel drug combination increases effective anesthesia to 1 h. ABR Wave I amplitudes, but not latencies, are marginally suppressed. Additionally, amplitudes of the centrally derived Waves III and V show significant inter-animal variability that is independent of stimulus intensity. These data argue against the systematic suppression of ABRs by the drug cocktail. Comparison with existing methods Using 2,2,2-tribromoethanol–chloral hydrate combination in psychoacoustic studies has several advantages over other drug cocktails, the most important being preservation of latencies from centrally- and peripherally-derived ABR waves. In addition, hearing thresholds are unchanged and wave amplitudes are not systematically suppressed, although they exhibit greater variability. Conclusions We demonstrate that 375 mg/kg 2,2,2-tribromoethanol followed after 5 min by 200 mg/kg chloral hydrate provides an anesthesia time of 60 min, has negligible effects on ABR wave latencies and thresholds and non-systematic effects on amplitudes.
Breastfeeding policy: a globally comparative analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the extent to which national policies guaranteeing breastfeeding breaks to working women may facilitate breastfeeding. METHODS: An analysis was conducted of the number of countries that guarantee breastfeeding breaks, the daily number of hours guaranteed, and the duration of guarantees. To obtain current, detailed information on national policies, original legislation as well as secondary sources on 182 of the 193 Member States of the United Nations were examined. Regression analyses were conducted to test the association between national policy and rates of exclusive breastfeeding while controlling for national income level, level of urbanization, female percentage of the labour force and female literacy rate. FINDINGS: Breastfeeding breaks with pay are guaranteed in 130 countries (71%) and unpaid breaks are guaranteed in seven (4%). No policy on breastfeeding breaks exists in 45 countries (25%). In multivariate models, the guarantee of paid breastfeeding breaks for at least 6 months was associated with an increase of 8.86 percentage points in the rate of exclusive breastfeeding (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: A greater percentage of women practise exclusive breastfeeding in countries where laws guarantee breastfeeding breaks at work. If these findings are confirmed in longitudinal studies, health outcomes could be improved by passing legislation on breastfeeding breaks in countries that do not yet ensure the right to breastfeed.
Distribution of Acetylcholine Receptors in the Vicinity of Nerve Terminals on Skeletal Muscle of the Frog

1. The acetylcholine (ACh) sensitivity of muscle fibres at the neuromuscular junction of the frog was investigated in preparations in which the nerve terminals could be clearly seen. 2. ACh released iontophoretically from a micropipette that was precisely positioned at various points along the muscle fibre in the vicinity of the synapse showed that the peak chemosensitivity (up to 1900 mV/nC) is confined to an area of postsynaptic membrane within a few micra of the nerve terminal; a tenfold decline in sensitivity was obtained when the ACh was released only 5 to 10 $\mu $m from the terminal9s edge. It is estimated that most of the response obtained when ACh is released within 40 $\mu $m from the terminal (the area covered in this study) is due to diffusion to the immediate postsynaptic area. The extrasynaptic chemosensitivity of the muscle membrane was too low to be measured with the present methods. 3. The accuracy with which micropipettes could be positioned in synaptic areas and the clarity of viewing nerve terminals were improved by bathing the tissue in collagenase, which reduced the amount of connective tissue. The distribution of chemosensitivity remained unchanged by such treatment. The ACh response was not detectably altered when nerve terminals were lifted off the muscle, exposing the subsynaptic muscle surface.
Discussion of “Axle Load Spectra Characterization by Mixed Distribution Modeling” by David H. Timm, S. Michelle Tisdale, and Rod E. Turochy

A discussion of an article with the aforementioned title, published in this journal (Vol. 131, No. 2, February 2005), is presented. The discusser identifies and discusses some issues that relate to the models presented in the original paper. Fekpe proposes that the occurrence of two peaks in the probability density functions may be attributed to different truck configurations and loading characteristics. He also suggests that various weigh-in-motion types and their measurement characteristics should be presented. Finally, he recommends that results of this study should be extended to other highway functional classifications and geographic regions.
A Case Study Empirical Comparison of Three Methods to Evaluate Tutorial Behaviors

Researchers have used various methods to evaluate the fine-grained interactions of intelligent tutors with their students. We present a case study comparing three such methods on the same data set, logged by Project LISTEN's Reading Tutor from usage by 174 children in grades 2-4 (typically 7-10 years) over the course of the 2005-2006 school year. The Reading Tutor chooses randomly between two different types of reading practice. In assisted oral reading, the child reads aloud and the tutor helps. In "Word Swap," the tutor reads aloud and the child identifies misread words. One method we use here to evaluate reading practice is conventional analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs), where the outcome is performance on the same words when encountered again later. The second method is learning decomposition, which estimates the impact of each practice type as a parameter in an exponential learning curve. The third method is knowledge tracing, which estimates the impact of practice as a probability in a dynamic Bayes net. The comparison shows qualitative agreement among the three methods, which is evidence for their validity.
Probe pressure effects on human skin diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements

Diffuse reflectance and fluorescence spectroscopy are popular research techniques for noninvasive disease diagnostics. Most systems include an optical fiber probe that transmits and collects optical spectra in contact with the suspected lesion. The purpose of this study is to investigate probe pressure effects on human skin spectroscopicmeasurements.Weconductan in-vivoexperimentonhumanskintissuetostudytheshort-term( 30 s) effects of probe pressure on diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements. Short-term light probe pressure (P0 < 9m N/mm 2 ) effects are within 0 ± 10% on all physiological properties extracted from diffuse reflectance and fluorescence measurements, and less than 0 ± 5% for diagnostically significant physiological properties. Absorption decreases with site-specific variations due to blood being compressed out of the sampled volume. Reduced scattering coefficient variation is site specific. Intrinsic fluorescence shows a large standard error, although no specific pressure-related trend is observed. Differences in tissue structure and morphology contribute to site-specific probe pressure effects. Therefore, the effects of pressure can be minimized when the pressure is small and applied for a short amount of time; however, long-term and large pressures induce significant distortions in measured spectra. C 2011 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE). (DOI: 10.1117/1.3525288)
Medieval Grammatical Theory and Chaucer's House of Fame

In the House of Fame, Chaucer takes up the problem of the nature of traditional texts and suggests, with humor and skepticism, that literary discourse is reducible to a form of speech, spoken sounds inscribed in texts as a form of written memory perpetuated by the arbitrary institution of tradition. Lady Fame personifies this institution. Although many critics have considered the House of Fame to be a poem about poetry and the burden of the past,' the key assumptions of medieval literary theory upon which the poem depends have not yet been discussed. Chaucer exploits some common topics of medieval ars grammatica, the discipline directly concerned with language, writing, and the texts of the auctores, and the literary problems developed throughout the poem are to be understood in the light of medieval grammatical theory. Chaucer interpreted Ovid's description of the Hall of Fama in Metamorphoses 12 with the conceptual framework of grammatical theory, giving Ovid's account of repeated spoken utterances (voces) a literary significance, and the Eagle's lecture on speech follows the topics of exposition found in the commentaries on Priscian's Institutiones grammaticae 1, De voce. Drawing from well-known treatises, commentaries, and encyclopedias of the medieval grammatical tradition, I will demonstrate that Chaucer relies upon, and assumes his reader's acquaintance with, some commonplaces of grammatica on the topics of speech, writing, texts, and history. The significance of grammatica for medieval literary theory and Chaucer studies has not yet been recognized. Throughout the Middle Ages grammatica was understood to have two related branches: the study and interpretation of traditional literary texts (ars interpretandi or enarratio), and the systematic account of literate discourse or linguistic theory and pedagogy (ratio recte loquendi et scribendi).2 The departments of grammatica were refor-
Elephants dancing in my head : a developmental approach to children's concepts of specific pains

The present study produced an empirically derived, developmental continuum of children's understanding of specific pains. Subjects of 5 age groups: preschool (ages 3-4), first grade (ages 6-7), third grade (ages 8-10), sixth grade (ages 11-12) and college freshmen (ages 18-23) were interviewed with open-ended questions. The subjects were questioned extensively about 3 specific types of pain: an injury (skinned knee), a medical intervention (injection), and an illness (headache). Subjects were asked to describe each pain, tell why the pain hurt, and state the value of the pain. Their answers were then categorized and the categories ordered developmentally by experts in pediatric pain who were unaware of the children's ages. Then children's specific answers were given developmental scores. Multivariate analyses revealed that older children had more complex and precise understandings of pain, and this pattern differed by type of pain and by aspect of pain being considered. The subjects were also asked to report the frequency of their own pains and their parents' pain; parental and self-reported pains were closely related.
Efficient Transmit Antenna Selection for Multiuser MIMO Systems with Block Diagonalization

Block diagonalization is a preceding technique for multiuser MIMO systems that pre-cancels inter-user interference at the transmitter side. When there are a large number of base station antennas but a limited number of RF amplifiers, the system performance can be significantly improved by switching a subset of antennas to the RF chains and exploiting antenna selection diversity. The optimal antenna subset can be obtained by exhaustively searching over all possible antenna combinations. This brute-force search, however, is prohibitively complicated and impractical. To reduce the complexity, in this paper we propose several low-complexity suboptimal transmit selection algorithms that minimize a symbol error rate (SER) upper bound or maximize a capacity lower bound. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithms perform very close to the optimal exhaustive search, while the complexity is much lower.
Designing fee schedules by formulae, politics, and negotiations.

Fee-for-service cannot be used successfully by organized health insurance without a fee schedule. America first tried to pay doctors under Medicare by an involved formula system without a fee schedule, but the effort has failed. The United States has now commissioned a research project to design a unique fee schedule that will precisely reflect physicians' effort and practice costs and that will represent the prices produced by a perfectly competitively market. The primary goal is the same as that pursued recently by reformers in all countries: viz., narrow the spread in fees and income between surgical and cognitive fields. There are serious technical limitations on this effort, despite the talent of the research team. An additional difficulty lies in the nature of the subject: paying the doctor involves conflicts of interest between payers and all doctors as well as among the medical specialties, and the conflicts cannot be resolved by any formulae calculated by any single research team. Methodological ...
Ownership structure, financial reporting fraud and audit quality: Chinese evidence

This paper examines two types of financial reporting fraud (i.e., earnings manipulation fraud and tunnelling fraud) and their association with ownership structure and audit quality in detecting the fraud using a sample of Chinese listed firms. We find that more concentrated ownership tends to be associated with tunnelling fraud and more dispersed ownership tends to be associated with earnings manipulation fraud. Specifically, controlling shareholders tend to over-reach minority shareholders when they become more powerful, but at the same time they tend to curb earnings manipulation fraud. The second largest shareholder is able to curb earnings manipulation fraud through monitoring the management. However, we do not find evidence that they are able to curb tunnelling fraud. We also find that although auditors in China are generally effective in detecting earnings manipulation fraud, they are not so effective in detecting tunnelling fraud. Moreover, Big4 audit firms are not significantly different from non-Big4 firms in terms of detecting frauds. These findings further our understanding of the association between ownership structure and different types of fraud.
The Effects of Fraud and Going-Concern Risk on Auditors' Assessments of the Risk of Material Misstatement and Resulting Audit Procedures

This study uses audit file data to analyze the association between the auditors' preliminary assessments of going-concern and fraud risk and the planning and performance of the financial statement audit. We analyze the association between the above risks and the auditor's assessment of the risk of material misstatement (RMM) within the revenue cycle, and examine whether going-concern and fraud risk assessments have an effect on the persuasiveness, timing and extent of audit evidence gathered. Our results indicate that both fraud risk and going-concern risk are significantly related to RMM. Our results also indicate that although the effect of fraud risk is fully mediated by the RMM, moderate going-concern risk remains significantly related to our proxies for the persuasiveness and timing of audit evidence, even after controlling for RMM.
An Adaptive Approach to State Feedback Tracking Control of Systems with Actuator Failures

This paper studies the problem of designing fault-tolerant adaptive tracking controllers via state feedback for linear time invariant plants with lock-in-place (LIP) actuator failures, In the case of LIP failure the actuator "freezes" at a certain condition and does not respond to subsequent commands. A new direct adaptive state feedback control scheme to developed for compensate the LIP actuator failures. Conditions and controller structures for achieving plant-model state matching in the presence of actuator failures are derived. Adaptive laws are designed for updating the controller parameters. Closed-loop stability and asymptotic state tracking are ensured. Simulation results show that desired state tracking is achieved with the developed adaptive actuator failure compensation control designs.
Methyl-Analyzer—whole genome DNA methylation profiling

Summary: Methyl-Analyzer is a python package that analyzes genome-wide DNA methylation data produced by the MethylMAPS (methylation mapping analysis by paired-end sequencing) method. Methyl-MAPS is an enzymatic-based method that uses both methylation-sensitive and -dependent enzymes covering >80% of CpG dinucleotides within mammalian genomes. It combines enzymatic-based approaches with high-throughput next-generation sequencing technology to provide whole genome DNA methylation profiles. Methyl-Analyzer processes and integrates sequencing reads from methylated and unmethylated compartments and estimates CpG methylation probabilities at single base resolution. Availability and implementation: Methyl-Analyzer is available