cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
88 Development of a next-generation point-of-care biomarker-based diagnostic for detection of preeclampsia

Author Rebecca Barney, Arthur Lee, Brandon T. Leader. PATH, 2201 Westlake Avenue, Seattle, Washington. Introduction Accurate and timely diagnosis of women at high risk for preeclampsia (PE) is key to accessing proper interventions and improving clinical outcomes. New biomarkers for PE have shown potential for earlier and more accurate identification of women at increased risk. While a few biomarkers exist in commercially available diagnostics, these products are often expensive and too complex for use outside of a hospital setting. PATH has developed a point-of-care, field-friendly diagnostic for use in low-resource settings, specifically in regional and local antenatal care programs. Objectives PATH conducted research and development (RD54(1):17-27
How measurement framing and accounting information system evaluation mode influence environmental performance judgments

Abstract How does information presentation within an accounting information system (AIS) influence environmental performance judgments? Decision makers generally analyze alternatives' performances in one of two evaluation modes: jointly or separately. Joint mode provides greater measure evaluability because of available comparisons between alternates. Thus, additional information garners greater decision weight in separate mode, where less contextual information exists. However, many environmental decision settings use separate evaluation mode because of no viable alternatives (e.g., large pollution abatement investments). In this setting, General Evaluability Theory (GET; Hsee and Zhang, 2010) suggests low measurement evaluability when low measurement knowledge and non-inherently understood measures exist—both common characteristics in environmental settings. This study introduces attribute framing to the GET framework as important to consider when analyzing environmental decision differences across modes, because frames are often a necessary component of information presentation and different descriptions often lead to different decisions ( Dunegan, 1993 ). Experimental participants ( n = 206) evaluated factory environmental performances with joint/separate mode and positive/negative attribute framing. Findings inform AIS designers as results suggest evaluation mode moderates the presentation of attribute frames on decisions. Specifically, higher (lower) evaluations occur when using positive (negative) framing, and this effect is more (less) pronounced in separate (joint) mode. Findings also suggest that more consistent judgments occur across evaluation mode with positive compared to negative framing of performance measures.
Severe cardiac iron toxicity in two adults with sickle cell disease.

Background Use of chronic blood transfusions as a treatment modality in patients with blood disorders places them at risk for iron overload. Since patients with β-thalassemia major (TM) are transfusion-dependent, most studies on iron overload and chelation have been conducted in this population. While available data suggest that compared to TM, patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) have a lower risk of extrahepatic iron overload, significant iron overload can develop. Further, previous studies have demonstrated a direct relationship between iron overload and morbidity and mortality rates in SCD. However, reports describing the outcome for patients with SCD and cardiac iron overload are rare. Study design and methods We performed a retrospective analysis and identified two SCD patients with cardiac iron overload. We provide detailed descriptions of both cases and their outcomes. Results Serum ferritin levels ranged between 17,000 and 19,000 μg/L. Both had liver iron concentrations in excess of 35 mg of iron per gram of dried tissue as well as evidence of cardiac iron deposition on magnetic resonance imaging. One patient died of an arrhythmia and had evidence of severe multiorgan iron overload via autopsy. On the other hand, after appropriate therapy, a second patient had improvement in cardiac function. Conclusion Improper treatment of iron overload in SCD can lead to a fatal outcome. Alternatively, iron overload may potentially be prevented or reversed with judicious use of blood transfusions and early use of chelation therapy, respectively.
Geoantiquites: Concepts and applications for education in the urban landscape

A geoantiquity is a natural record of Earth history that documents environmental change. Geoantiquities are typically expressed as classic geomorphic landscapes shaped by surficial processes such as moving wind and water, erosion, and deposition. The geoantiquity concept is patterned after the model of cultural antiquities and involves developing and implementing strategies to identify, evaluate, and conserve threatened geologic landscape features. The case study is an area of rapid urban growth along Utah's Wasatch Front, where geoantiquities associated with Pleistocene Lake Bonneville are in danger of being removed, covered, and/or altered. The geoantiquities are either a part of the urban landscape or are in close proximity to urban areas, and can thus serve to educate the community on Earth processes and how to balance the natural systems with the urban environment. Education is an important venue for implementing geoantiquity conservation because people are more likely to want to preserve what they c...
Effects of Passive Integrated Transponder Tag Size and Implantation Site on Age-0 Walleye and Muskellunge Tag Retention, Growth, and Survival

AbstractFisheries management requires an understanding of the processes regulating populations, including recruitment, growth, mortality, emigration, and immigration. Tagging provides one of the best methods for addressing these questions, and PIT tags represent one of the newest technologies. Passive integrated transponder tags generally have high retention rates and minimal effects on fish growth and survival. Multiple PIT tag sizes are available, but little is known regarding the effects of tag size on tag retention, growth, or survival in fish. Thus, our objectives were to evaluate the effects of three PIT tag sizes (12, 23, and 32 mm) and two implantation sites (dorsal muscle and body cavity) on tag retention, growth, and survival of age-0 Walleyes Sander vitreus and Muskellunge Esox masquinongy. Fish (210 individuals per species per year) were randomly assigned to one of six treatments or a control during 2014 and 2015 and were held for 112 d. Walleye survival was lower in 2014 (87%) than in 2015 (>...
Type-2 Fuzzy Sets

This chapter formally introduces type-2 fuzzy sets and is the backbone for the rest of this book. It includes a lot of new terminologies. Coverage includes: the concept of a type-2 fuzzy set, definitions of general type-2 fuzzy sets and associated concepts, definitions of interval type-2 fuzzy sets and associated concepts, examples of two popular footprints of uncertainty, interval type-2 fuzzy numbers, a hierarchy of different kinds of type-2 fuzzy sets, mathematical representations of type-2 fuzzy sets including the vertical slice, wavy slice, and horizontal slice representations, which mathematical representations are most useful for optimal design applications, how to represent non-type-2 fuzzy sets as type-2 fuzzy sets, returning to linguistic labels for type-2 fuzzy sets, and multivariable MFs. 24 examples are used to illustrate the important concepts.
Reliability evaluation of electric vehicle charging systems including the impact of repair

This paper presents a framework to analyze and assess the reliability of the power electronic circuits utilized in electric vehicle (EV) charging systems. These charging systems are anticipated to be a significant portion of the utility load in the near future. A general structure of electric vehicle charging systems is described including multi-phase interleaved charger topologies and different charging levels are discussed. The multi-phase interleaved charging system can be fault-tolerant so that the controller is capable of fault detection, isolation, and reconfiguration with perfect coverage. Component level reliability is calculated using MIL-HDBK-217. A Markov model is proposed to analyze the reliability of the fault tolerant multi-phase interleaved charger topology including the impact of repair. Reliability indices such as mean time to failure (MTTF) and mean time to first failure (MTTFF) are discussed and calculated. The impact of repair is investigated and evaluated on overall system reliability and the reliability indices for repairable and non-repairable charging systems are calculated and compared. The proposed systematic framework can be extended to reliability assessment and comparison of other types of EV chargers and can help understand and improve future charging infrastructure designs.
Pharaoh ant colonies dynamically regulate reproductive allocation based on colony demography

The success of social insect colonies is dependent upon efficient and dynamic allocation of resources to alternate queen and worker castes. The developmental and molecular mechanisms regulating the caste fate of individual larvae in response to environmental cues have been the focus of intense study. However, the mechanisms regulating colony-level resource allocation into alternate castes (i.e., caste allocation ratios) are less well studied. Here, we systematically manipulate colony demography to elucidate the social regulatory mechanisms of caste allocation in the ant Monomorium pharaonis. By measuring the effects of demographic manipulation on colony productivity, we infer that caste allocation results from differences in timing and efficiency of culling of very young reproductive-destined larvae, which are always present in colonies. Based on our results, we develop a conceptual model depicting how colonies integrate numerous individual-level caste determination decisions to regulate colony-level caste allocation. We propose that adult workers make decisions about culling larvae based on the ratio of the number of workers to the number of eggs contained in colonies, likely signaled by pheromone present on eggs. This strategy enables the dynamic alteration of colony demography in response to internal and external conditions, which is likely key to the ability of M. pharaonis and similar ants to thrive in disturbed habitats and to become widespread invasive species. The defining feature of social insect societies is the presence of alternate queen (reproductive) and worker (non-reproductive) castes of individuals. The fitness of social insect colonies is dependent upon efficient allocation of resources to alternate castes, particularly in the case of highly polygynous (multiqueen) societies. However, the mechanisms by which such societies regulate caste allocation are largely unknown. In this study, we perform a range of manipulative studies to disentangle social mechanisms of caste allocation in polygynous ant societies. Based on our results, we develop a model in which colonies manipulate their production of queens (and also males) versus workers according to the present density of eggs in the colony, a reliable indicator of queens’ fertility. Provided egg density is high, colonies kill queen- and male-destined larvae; when egg density falls, colonies begin to rear queens and males. This flexible resource allocation strategy is key to the ability of highly polygynous species to thrive in marginal (often human-associated) habitats.
Gabor Bases and Frames

In this chapter we will consider the construction and properties of the class of Gabor frames for the Hilbert space L2(R). The analysis and application of Gabor systems is one part of the field.
Hodgkin’s Disease Associated With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: Eight Additional Cases, Including Two of the Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Type

Several reports of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)/small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL) and of coexisting or subsequent Hodgkin's disease (HD) have raised the question how these two disorders are related. The authors have identified eight new cases of B-cell low-grade lymphoproliferative disorders (LGLPD) and HD. Six of these cases were similar to those previously reported on by others in that the HD were mixed cellularity, nodular sclerosing, and lymphocyte depleted subtypes. The morphology in these cases was typical of HD, as was the immunohistochemical profile. However, the two remaining cases were notable in that the HD was of the nodular lymphocyte predominant type (NLPHD). To our knowledge, this association has not been well documented previously. In the two cases in this study, CLL and NLPHD were found simultaneously when each patient presented with lymphadenopathy and a lymphocytosis that was comprised of small monoclonal B lymphocytes coexpressing CD5. Lymph node biopsies in each case revealed typical NLPHD, with large, indistinct nodules containing scattered lymphocytic-histiocytic (L&H) cells. Focal, but distinct areas of CLL/SLL were also present. Immunostaining of the lymph node biopsy specimens showed the L&H cells to be CD20- and CD45 positive, and to lack CD15 or evidence of light chain restriction. In one of these patients, a NLPHD-associated large cell lymphoma developed 8 months later. The large cells were CD20- and CD45 positive, with lambda light chain restriction. In contrast, the original CLL cells in this patient expressed kappa light chains. This report indicates that LGLPD can be associated with all subtypes of HD, including the NLP type. The discordant light chain restriction between the CLL and the NLPHD-associated large cell lymphoma in one of these cases indicates that the CLL and HD were probably not derived from the same clone.
Teaching principles of behavior and equipment design for handling livestock

A course is described in which students are taught principles of livestock behavior and how an understanding of behavior can facilitate handling. Some of the principles that are covered in the course are livestock senses, flight zone, herd behavior during handling, and methods to reduce stress during handling. To teach problem solving and original thinking, the students design three different types of handling facilities. Design of restraint equipment and humane slaughter procedures are also covered. Both existing systems and ideas for future systems are discussed. Students are provided with information from both scientific studies and practical experience.
Orthopaedic Trauma in the Developing World: Where Are the Gaps in Research and What Can Be Done?

Purpose: There are an estimated 1.2 million deaths from road traffic injuries annually, disproportionately affecting patients in low- resource settings. The purpose of this scoping review is to identify knowledge gaps in global orthopaedic trauma in an effort to help prioritize future research. Methods: Using the 6-stage Arksey and O’Malley framework for conducting a scoping review, orthopaedic trauma literature was reviewed over a ten-year period from 2004 to 2014. Studies from low-resource settings were included and categorized by geographic location, anatomic region, study type, and level of evidence. Results: Of 548 included studies, 51.4% were from low- and middle-income countries in South Asia and 33.7% were from sub- Saharan Africa. Therapeutic (53.3%), epidemiologic (26.4%), and qualitative (8.9%) studies were most common. Only 10.2% of the studies were considered high level of evidence, whereas the vast majority (89.8%) was level 3 or below. Overall, lower extremity injuries were much more frequently represented in the literature compared with upper extremity injuries (233 vs. 78). Pelvic and acetabular fractures were the least studied anatomic region of the lower extremity (3.4%). Conclusions: Our study identified a lack of cost-effectiveness analyses pertaining to injury and intervention, paucity of high- quality research, and under-representation of pelvic, acetabular, and upper extremity injuries. Improved and prioritized research in low- and middle-income countries may help optimize care and inform policy makers of how to reduce the global burden of musculoskeletal trauma.
In older postmenopausal women with osteopenia, zoledronate reduced fragility fractures at 6 years.

Source Citation Reid IR, Horne AM, Mihov B, et al. Fracture prevention with zoledronate in older women with osteopenia. N Engl J Med. 2018;379:2407-16. 30575489
Underground Railroads and coyote conductors: brokering clandestine passages, then and now

This article juxtaposes the Underground Railroad with contemporary Central American smuggling practices. Activists in the US Sanctuary Movement, seeking to provide safe passage to the USA for Central American refugees, summon the legacy of the Underground Railroad as a normative frame for understanding their mission. In the original Underground Railroad, a loose network of 'conductors' ushered escaped slaves north to freedom. In contrast to immigrant rights activists and slavery abolitionists, for-profit smugglers have been vilified as violent predators. Nevertheless, surprising similarities in social practices and relationships that underpin such dramatically different cases of migration brokerage point to the contingencies, complexities and ambiguous roles of smugglers. A counterintuitive comparison between the contemporary smuggling route and the historical freedom trail shows how normative imaginaries reshape social boundaries and territorial borders in North America.
Specks of Dirt and Tons of Pain: Dosage Distinguishes Impurity From Harm:

Levels of moral condemnation often vary with outcome severity (e.g., extreme destruction is morally worse than moderate damage), but this is not always true. We investigated whether judgments of purity transgressions are more or less sensitive to variation in dosage than judgments of harm transgressions. In three studies, adults (N = 426) made moral evaluations of harm and purity transgressions that systematically varied in dosage (frequency or magnitude). Pairs of low-dosage and high-dosage transgressions were presented such that the same sets of modifiers (e.g., "occasionally" vs. "regularly," "small" vs. "large") or amounts (e.g., "millimeter" vs. "centimeter") were reused across moral domains. Statistical interactions between domain and dosage indicated robust distinctions between the perceived wrongness of high-dosage and low-dosage harms, whereas moral evaluations of impure acts were considerably less influenced by dosage. Our findings support the existence of a cognitive distinction between purity-based and harm-based morals and challenge current wisdom regarding relationships between intentions and outcomes in moral judgment.
God’s staff and Moses’ hand(s): The battle against the Amalekites as a turning point in the role of the divine warrior:

The account of the battle against the Amalekites in Exodus 17.8-16 contains several contested portions, including the interpretation of the raising of Moses’ hands, the significance of the staff of...
Trusted Sources: The Role Scientific Societies Can Play in Informing Public Opinion on Climate Change

Public acceptance of the scientific consensus regarding climate change has risen and declined over the past several decades. Misinformation designed to confuse the public has led to declines in public acceptance, while recent extreme weather events such as Hurricane Sandy have led to more interest in, and acceptance of, the consensus on climate science. Many opportunities exist for scientific societies and their members to play a more effective role in communicating the scientific consensus and potential impacts of climate change so that policy decisions are informed by the best science.
Aedes aegypti vision-guided target recognition requires two redundant rhodopsins

Abstract Blood-feeding insects, such as the mosquito, Aedes (Ae.) aegypti, use multiple senses to seek out and bite humans [1, 2]. Upon exposure to CO2, the attention of female mosquitoes to potential human targets is greatly increased. Female mosquitoes use vision to assist them in honing in on hosts that may be up to 10 meters away [3–9]. Only after coming into close range do convective heat from skin and odors from volatile organic compounds come into play, allowing female mosquitoes to evaluate whether the object of interest might be a host [10, 11]. Here, using CRISPR/Cas9 we mutated the gene encoding Op1, which is the most abundant of the five rhodopsins expressed in the compound eyes of Ae. aegypti. Using a cage assay and a wind tunnel assay, we surprisingly found that elimination of op1 did not impair CO2-induced target seeking. We then mutated op2, which encodes the rhodopsin most similar to Op1, and also found that there was no impact on this behavior. Rather, mutation of both op1 and op2 was required to abolish vision-guided target recognition. In contrast to this defect, the double mutants still exhibited normal light attraction. By measuring the optomotor response, we found that the double mutants still recognized moving cues in their environment. In further support of the conclusion that the double mutant is not blind, we found that the animals retained an electrophysiological response to light, although it was diminished. This represents the first perturbation of vision in mosquitoes and indicates that hostseeking by Ae. aegypti depends on redundant rhodopsins.
A Long History of Realized Volatility

Several unique data sets are brought together to build approximate daily realized volatility estimates back to the early 1930's. Estimators are tested extensively on modern data to see how well they line up with common estimators using high frequency pricing information. Estimators are also shown to pass several diagnostic tests from the early samples as well. Finally, well known qualitative features are tested for their stability across subsamples. This includes empirical volatility term structures which give reasonable estimates for perceived persistence to volatility shocks. Recommendations are made as to best practice for estimating long horizon realized volatility.
Should age be incorporated into the adult triage algorithm in the emergency department

Abstract Objective To compare resource utilization and mortality between older and younger adult patients with similar ED chief complaints and ESI triage levels. Methods This was an observational study of consecutive adult patients (age ≥ 40) who presented to an academic ED over a 1-year period with chest pain, abdominal pain, altered mental status, generalized weakness, or headache. Patients were categorized into 40–64, 65–79, and ≥ 80-year old groups. Mortality and utilization outcomes were compared between age groups through logistic regression models or Cox proportional hazards adjusting for ESI level and chief complaint. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results A total of 9798 ED visits were included. As compared to younger adults (age 40–64), older adults, independently of ESI level and chief complaint, had higher ED laboratory use (OR 1.46 [CI 1.29, 1.66] for age 65–80; OR 1.33 [CI 1.15, 1.55] for age ≥ 80), ED radiology use (OR 1.40 [CI 1.26, 1.56]; OR 1.48 [CI 1.30, 1.69]), hospital admission (OR 1.56 [CI 1.42, 1.72]; OR 1.97 [CI 1.75, 2.21]), and ICU admission (OR 1.38 [CI 1.15, 1.65]; OR 1.23 [CI 0.99, 1.52]). Despite similar ESI and chief complaint, patients age 65–79 and ≥ 80 had higher 30-day mortality rates (HR 1.87 [CI 1.39 to 2.51] and 2.47 [CI 1.81 to 3.37], respectively). Conclusions Older adults with similar chief complaints and ESI levels than younger adults, have significantly higher ED resource use, hospitalization rates, and mortality.
Are there characteristics of infectious diseases that raise special ethical issues

This paper examines the characteristics of infectious diseases that raise special medical and social ethical issues, and explores ways of integrating both current bioethical and classical public health ethics concerns. Many of the ethical issues raised by infectious diseases are related to these diseases' powerful ability to engender fear in individuals and panic in populations. We address the association of some infectious diseases with high morbidity and mortality rates, the sense that infectious diseases are caused by invasion or attack on humans by foreign micro-organisms, the acute onset and rapid course of many infectious diseases, and, in particular, the communicability of infectious diseases. The individual fear and community panic associated with infectious diseases often leads to rapid, emotionally driven decision making about public health policies needed to protect the community that may be in conflict with current bioethical principles regarding the care of individual patients. The discussion includes recent examples where dialogue between public health practitioners and medical-ethicists has helped resolve ethical issues that require us to consider the infected patient as both a victim with individual needs and rights and as a potential vector of disease that is of concern to the community.
The effects of visual discomfort and chromaticity separation on neural processing during a visual task.

Abstract Visual stimuli that are uncomfortable to look at evoke a large neural response suggesting altered processing. While there is some evidence linking uncomfortable achromatic stimuli to impaired visual processing, the effect of uncomfortable chromatic patterns on visual cognition has yet to be explored. Large differences in chromaticity separation (e.g. red and blue) elicit visual discomfort, larger metabolic responses, larger visual evoked potentials, and greater alpha suppression compared to small chromaticity separations (e.g. pink and purple). We investigated the impact of stimuli that varied in their chromaticity separation (calculated in perceptual color space) on a visual task and their effect on neural responses across the cortex. Thirty participants completed a continuous pairs task (letters changed at 3 Hz) while grating patterns that differed in their chromaticity separation alternated with a grey screen at 5 Hz. The different temporal frequencies allowed for steady-state visual evoked potentials (SSVEPs) to the two stimulus-types to be measured simultaneously using electroencephalography (EEG). A subset of participants rated the gratings on a 9-point scale of discomfort. We observed greater ratings of discomfort and increased power at 5 Hz with the larger chromaticity separations. The increase in 5 Hz power with greater chromaticity separation was evident across the cortex. However, there was no significant effect of chromaticity separation on power at 3 Hz, or on reaction times, and no consistent effect on behavioral accuracy. Despite eliciting heightened neural responses across the cortex, short term exposure to uncomfortable chromatic stimuli does not adversely impact visual task performance.
The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Technology Trust Gap

Industry and government tried to use information technologies to respond to the COVID-19 pandemic, but using the internet as a tool for disease surveillance, public health messaging, and testing logistics turned out to be a disappointment. Why weren’t these efforts more effective? This Essay argues that industry and government efforts to leverage technology were doomed to fail because tech platforms have failed over the past few decades to make their tools trustworthy, and lawmakers have done little to hold these companies accountable. People cannot trust the interfaces they interact with, the devices they use, and the systems that power tech companies’ services. This Essay explores these pre-existing privacy ills that contributed to these problems, including manipulative user interfaces, consent regimes that burden people with all the risks of using technology, and devices that collect far more data than they should. A pandemic response is only as good as its adoption, but pre-existing privacy and technology concerns make it difficult for people seeking lifelines to have confidence in the technologies designed to protect them. We argue that a good way to help close the technology trust gap is through relational duties of loyalty and care, better frameworks regulating the design of information technologies, and substantive rules limiting data collection and use instead of procedural “consent and control” rules. We conclude that the pandemic could prove to be an opportunity to leverage motivated lawmakers to improve our privacy frameworks and make information technologies worthy of our trust.
Locking the Re-usability of Behavioral IPs: Discriminating the Search Space through Partial Encryptions

Behavioral IPs (BIPs) have one salient advantage compare to the traditional RTL IPs given in Verilog or VHDL. The BIP can be used to generate RTLs with very different characteristics by simply specifying different synthesis directives. These synthesis directives are typically specified at the source code in the form of pragmas (comments) and control how to synthesize arrays (e.g. registers or RAM), loops (unroll or fold) and functions (inline or not). This allows a BIP consumer to purchase a BIP once and re-use it in future projects by simply specifying a different mix of these synthesis directives. This would obviously not benefit the BIP provider as the BIP consumer would not need to purchase the BIP again for future projects as oppose to IPs bought at the RT or gate-netlist level. To address this, this work presents a method to enable the BIP provider to lock the search space of the BIP such that the user can only generate micro-architectures within a specified search space. This leads to significant benefits to both parties: The BIP provider can now discriminate the BIP price based on how much of the search space is made visible to the BIP consumer, while the BIP consumer benefits from a cheaper BIP, albeit limited in its search space. This approach is made possible through partial encryptions of the BIP. Thus, this work presents a method that selectively fixes some synthesis directives and allows the BIP user to modify the rest of the directives such that the micro-architectures generated are guaranteed to be within the pre-defined search space.
Analysis of collected magnetic resonance imaging incidents in jordan

Abstract Although Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a useful diagnostic technique, recent MRI incidents have revealed potential risks to the MRI community, urging the implementation of safety measures to ensure a safe MRI environment. The goal of this study is to assess the distribution and frequency of different types of MRI safety incidents in Jordan over the last five years. MRI incident data was obtained using a specially prepared questionnaire that was distributed to 85 MRI facility managers in Jordan between January 2021 and March 31. MRI incidents were classified based on the type of incident and the primary reason for the incident. Analyses of quantitative and descriptive statistics were used. In the last five years, a total of 41 managers have reported 23 incidents. The top five incidents were cryogen quench (11/23 = 48%), other MRI-related safety issues (19%), projectile (9%), adverse contrast media (9%), and noise complaint (9%). The relative incident was 0.15 per MRI unit. In Jordan, MRI incidents have not been linked to patient harm, severe fatalities, or serious injuries in the last five years. Cryogen quench accounted for the majority of these incidents. To provide a safe MRI environment, the establishment of an obligatory system reporting system, as well as training of the MRI community, is vital.
EXPRESS: Continuity as Patterning: A Process Perspective on Continuity:

This article extends previous research on how work continues in the face of disruption by theorizing continuity as patterning and highlighting the difference between continuity of a thing and conti...
Ancient introgression between distantly related white oaks (Quercus sect Quercus) shows evidence of climate-associated asymmetric gene exchange.

Ancient introgression can be an important source of genetic variation that shapes the evolution and diversification of many taxa. Here, we estimate the timing, direction and extent of gene flow between two distantly related oak species in the same section (Quercus sect. Quercus). We estimated these demographic events using genotyping by sequencing data (GBS), which generated 25,702 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 24 individuals of California scrub oak (Quercus berberidifolia) and 23 individuals of Engelmann oak (Q. engelmannii). We tested several scenarios involving gene flow between these species using the diffusion approximation-based population genetic inference framework and model-testing approach of the Python package DaDi. We found that the most likely demographic scenario includes a bottleneck in Q. engelmannii that coincides with asymmetric gene flow from Q. berberidifolia into Q. engelmannii. Given that the timing of this gene flow coincides with the advent of a Mediterranean-type climate in the California Floristic Province, we propose that changing precipitation patterns and seasonality may have favored the introgression of climate-associated genes from the endemic into the non-endemic California oak.
Prophages self-destruct to eliminate competitors.

Bacteria have evolved many immune systems to combat their viral parasites (i.e., phages). In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Owen et al. discover a mechanism of anti-phage immunity that is mediated by a phage-encoded protein, and thus provide an example of how inter-phage conflict can promote survival of the bacterial population.
Self-similar traffic shaping at the edge router in optical packet-switched networks

Traffic shaping at the edge router is one possible solution to mitigate the adverse effects of self-similar traffic in optical packet-switched networks. In this paper we propose an optical packet assembly mechanism and study its impacts on the traffic characteristics. In addition to the Hurst parameter, we apply new measures to describe the short-term correlation and to investigate the effect of the system parameters in the assembly mechanism. Our simulation study indicates that this assembly mechanism can reduce the traffic correlation and the degree of self-similarity at an acceptable latency in terms of the assembly delay.
USING SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE MATERIALITY: An Exploratory Approach

A large body of the published research in financial accounting provides strong and persuasive evidence on the association between accounting numbers and stock prices but falls short of drawing any implications about accounting policies on measurements or on reporting. Attempting to go beyond association the author of this paper provides an application of a possible methodology for evaluating materiality of accounting measurements in a given decision situation. The methodology employs discriminant analysis in which the sensitivity of the discriminating model to the changes in mean earnings per share provides a decisions reaction scale and shows that a change in mean earnings per share equal to or less than 10% does not significantly affect the prediction. The validity of the results would depend on the correspondence between this model and the behavior of decision-makers. However, in situations such as the one chosen here, in which an investor's decision-making process cannot be normatively structured, appropriate statistical methods effectively can be utilized to describe the process.
Economía amorosa y nuevo valor del cuerpo y de su vestido en dos «Novelas ejemplares» de Miguel de Cervantes

This paper studies two Exemplary Novels written by Miguel de Cervantes, The English Spaniard and The Liberal Lover , focusing on the economic anxiety that existed at the time. The «abstraction» of money due to the emerging use of credit is part of a series of irreversible and significant changes that Europe experiences as a result of the gold extracted from the New World. This anxiety reveals itself, at the same time, a clear inestability in the economic and affective discourse of the period, expressed in the semantic moving that the narrative of the body and clothing expresses.
Collateralized Bond: Duration and Effective Yield

Collateralized bonds have been developed and sold by investment bankers in place of zero-coupon bonds to raise funds for companies facing cash flow problems. Additional bonds are issued and proceeds are deposited in an escrow account to finance the coupon payment. Our analysis indicates that a collateralized bond is equivalent to a zero-coupon bond only if the return from the escrow account is the same as the yield to maturity of the collateralized issue. In reality, the escrow return is lower than the bond yield. As a result, the firm provides interest subsidy through issuing additional bonds which leads to higher leverage, greater risk and loss of value compared to a zero-coupon issue.
CLASSIFYING PROCESSES: AN ESSAY IN APPLIED ONTOLOGY.

We begin by describing recent developments in the burgeoning discipline of applied ontology, focusing especially on the ways ontologies are providing a means for the consistent representation of scientific data. We then introduce Basic Formal Ontology (BFO), a top-level ontology that is serving as domain-neutral framework for the development of lower level ontologies in many specialist disciplines, above all in biology and medicine. BFO is a bicategorial ontology, embracing both three-dimensionalist (continuant) and four-dimensionalist (occurrent) perspectives within a single framework. We examine how BFO-conformant domain ontologies can deal with the consistent representation of scientific data deriving from the measurement of processes of different types, and we outline on this basis the first steps of an approach to the classification of such processes within the BFO framework.1
83 - Seismic Velocities and Densities of Rocks

This chapter summarizes velocities in many lithologies believed to be important constituents of the lithosphere, experimental aspects of velocity measurements, and velocity-density relationships. The velocities presented in this chapter are from a database obtained over a time span of three decades from the rock physics laboratory currently in operation at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Early measurements of elastic wave velocities in rocks were based on the resonant frequencies of vibration of cylindrical bars. These studies were particularly successful in measuring shear velocities. By the early 1950s, advances in electronics made it practical to determine velocities by observing the travel times of pulses in cylindrical rock specimens, usually at the ultrasonic frequency. This method of measurement is well suited for studies at high pressures and is presently the standard technique used to obtain both compressional and shear-wave velocities in rocks. The relationship between seismic velocity and density has important implications for multidisciplinary geophysical studies involving seismic and gravity methods. A detailed examination of the density and seismic velocity (at elevated pressures) of rocks of different lithologies can help in the determination of velocity from gravity data or vice versa. This relationship can also be used to determine lithology from either gravity or seismic data. Finally, velocity–density relationships provide information about the acoustic impedances of different rock types, which are important in reflection seismology exploration.
Studies on marine fungal-nematode associations and plant degradation

1. Studies of the broad-leafed turtle grass,Thalassia testudinum Konig, have revealed a diverse range of fungal infestation different in generic composition and dynamics of attack from that found on submerged wood. Certain of the fungi, notably the AscomyceteLindra thalassiae, initiate considerable degradation of leaf tissue and show a developmental cycle in nature related to the physiological state of the host plant. 2. Use of fungal-cellulose mats as a “trapping” substrate has been extremely effective for discernment of ecologically significant shifts in nematode concentrations, especially those of the omnivorous species,Metoncholaimus scissus. 3. Patterns of activity ofM. scissus, as well as those of various foliicolous nematodes, suggest that loci of organic material, such as fungal infested leaves and decaying plant tissue, significantly affect biological activity of these animals. 4. Laboratory analysis of degraded cotton cellulose filters show a striking incidence of fungal reproduction of the ascomycetous fungusLulworthia, along with development of a considerable associated nematode fauna, especially species ofViscosia (V. macramphida) andLeptolaimus (L. plectoides). Successional patterns in nematode development are noted with continued degradation of the cotton cellulose matrix.
Effects of cultivar and grazing initiation date on fall-grown oat for replacement dairy heifers1

Abstract Fall-grown oat has shown promise for extending the grazing season in Wisconsin, but the optimum date for initiating grazing has not been evaluated. Our objectives for this project were (1) to assess the pasture productivity and nutritive value of 2 oat cultivars [Ogle and ForagePlus (OG and FP, respectively)] with late-September (EG) or mid-October (LG) grazing initiation dates; and (2) to evaluate growth performance by heifers grazing these oat forages compared with heifers reared in confinement (CON). A total of 160 gravid Holstein heifers (80 heifers/yr) were assigned to 10 research groups (8 heifers/group). Mean initial body weight was 509 ± 40.5 kg in 2013 and 517 ± 30.2 kg in 2014. Heifer groups were assigned to specific pastures arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial of oat cultivars and grazing initiation dates. Grazing heifer groups were allowed to strip-graze oat pastures for 6 h daily before returning to the barn, where they were offered a forage-based basal total mixed ration. Main effects of oat cultivar and sampling date interacted for forage characteristics in 2013, but not in 2014. During 2013, oat forage mass increased until early November before declining in response to freezing weather conditions, thereby exhibiting linear and quadratic effects of sampling date, regardless of oat cultivar. Similar trends over time were observed in 2014. For 2013, the maximum forage mass was 5,329 and 5,046 kg/ha for FP and OG, respectively, whereas the mean maximum forage mass for 2014 was 4,806 kg/ha. ForagePlus did not reach the boot stage of growth during either year of the trial; OG matured more rapidly, reaching the late-heading stage during 2013, but exhibited only minor maturity differences from FP in 2014. For 2013, average daily gain for CON did not differ from grazing heifer groups (overall mean = 0.63 kg/d); however, average daily gain from FP was greater than OG (0.68 vs. 0.57 kg/d), and greater from EG compared with LG (0.82 vs. 0.43 kg/d). For 2013, advantages in average daily gain for heifers grazing FP pastures were likely related to the greater energy density of FP oat throughout the fall that reached a maximum of 68.8% total digestible nutrients on November 27 compared with only 63.7% for OG on October 10. During 2014, average daily gain from CON exceeded all grazing heifer groups (0.81 vs. 0.57 kg/d), and average daily gain from EG again exceeded LG (0.70 vs. 0.44 kg/d). These results suggest that delaying grazing until mid-October will consistently suppress heifer growth performance, particularly if rapidly maturing cultivars are used.
On the convergence of least-squares estimates

The authors consider the problem of convergence of least-squares (LS) estimates in a stochastic linear regression model. It is well known that if the parameter estimates are known to converge, the convergence analysis for many adaptive systems can be rendered considerably less arduous. For an important case where the regression vector is a measurable function of the observations and the noise is Gaussian, it has been shown, by using a Bayesian embedding argument, that the LS estimates converge almost surely for almost all true parameters in the parameter space. However, nothing can be said about a particular given system, which is usually the objective. It has long been conjectured that such a bad zero measure set in the parameter space does not actually exist. A conclusive answer is provided to this important question and it is shown that the set can indeed exist. This then shows that to provide conclusive convergence results for stochastic adaptive systems, it is necessary to resort to a sample pathwise analysis instead of the Bayesian embedding approach. >
Mapping impervious surface area in the Brazilian Amazon using Landsat Imagery.

Impervious surface area (ISA) is an important parameter related to environmental change and socioeconomic conditions, and has been given increasing attention in the past two decades. However, mapping ISA using remote sensing data is still a challenge due to the variety and complexity of materials comprising ISA and the limitations of remote sensing data spectral and spatial resolution. This paper examines ISA mapping with Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) images in urban and urban–rural landscapes in the Brazilian Amazon. A fractional-based method and a per-pixel based method were used to map ISA distribution, and their results were evaluated with QuickBird images based on the 2010 Brazilian census at the sector scale of analysis for examining the mapping performance. This research showed that the fraction-based method improved the ISA estimation, especially in urban–rural frontiers and in a landscape with a small urban extent. Large errors were mainly located at the sites having ISA proportions of 0.2–0.4 in a census sector. Calibration with high spatial resolution data is valuable for improving Landsat-based ISA estimates.
Network Geographic Information System

Since its interception in the 1960s (GIS World, 1996; Tomlinson, 1998), Geographic Information System (GIS) has been well established as an information system for acquiring, storing, processing, analyzing and visualizing spatial data. The success of GIS is reflected from the following developments: (1) numerous GIS software have been developed and are widely used; (2) A large amount of spatial datasets have been collected and used; (3) Many books and papers have been written to introduce and discuss different aspects of GIS. They range from providing an overview of GIS (Davis, 2003; Tomlinson, 1998), discussing selected advanced topics (Kreveld et al., 1997; O’Sullivan and Unwin, 2002), to recording the relevant history (Foresman, 1997).
Alternatives to Miranda: Preventing Coerced Confessions via the Convention Against Torture

This article discusses an international law alternative to Miranda’s preventive measures concerning coerced confessions. Others have explored Miranda’s effectiveness, or lack thereof, in preventing compelled confessions. This article addresses another avenue for protection from coercion during interrogation: international treaty law. It focuses on “War on Terror” detainees in U.S. custody as an example of interrogation subjects unlikely to be given the protection of Miranda. This article draws on the example of the hostile use of truth serum to illustrate the difficulties in defining the term “torture” in the context of preventive interrogation.1 Although there is general agreement that outright torture should be prohibited in most if not all circumstances, the meaning of the term “torture” is unsettled. The internationally accepted definition of torture does not clearly set out which tactics are prohibited. The line between aggressive interrogation techniques and torture is difficult to discern, particularly when dealing with psychological pressure rather than physical coercion. The Miranda Court recognized the psychological coercion