cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A quantum probability account of order effects in inference

Order of information plays a crucial role in the process of updating beliefs across time. In fact, the presence of order effects makes a classical or Bayesian approach to inference difficult. As a result, the existing models of inference, such as the belief-adjustment model, merely provide an ad hoc explanation for these effects. We postulate a quantum inference model for order effects based on the axiomatic principles of quantum probability theory. The quantum inference model explains order effects by transforming a state vector with different sequences of operators for different orderings of information. We demonstrate this process by fitting the quantum model to data collected in a medical diagnostic task and a jury decision-making task. To further test the quantum inference model, a new jury decision-making experiment is developed. Using the results of this experiment, we compare the quantum inference model with two versions of the belief-adjustment model, the adding model and the averaging model. We show that both the quantum model and the adding model provide good fits to the data. To distinguish the quantum model from the adding model, we develop a new experiment involving extreme evidence. The results from this new experiment suggest that the adding model faces limitations when accounting for tasks involving extreme evidence, whereas the quantum inference model does not. Ultimately, we argue that the quantum model provides a more coherent account for order effects that was not possible before.
Global photon summary

Isolated high transverse energy (“prompt”) photons have a point-like coupling to the hard interaction, allowing for direct probes and precision tests of perturbative QCD (pQCD). The particular virtue of prompt photon processes is that the observed final state photon emerges directly from a QCD diagram without the subsequent hadronisation which complicates the study of high E T quarks and gluons. This avoid all the systematics associated with jet measurement.
Fungal genome resources at NCBI.

The National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) is well known for the nucleotide sequence archive, GenBank, and sequence analysis tool BLAST (basic local alignment search tool). However, NCBI integrates many types of biomolecular data from a variety of sources and makes it available to the scientific community as interactive web resources as well as organized releases of bulk data. These tools are available to explore and compare fungal genomes. Searching all databases with Fungi [organism] at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ is the quickest way to find resources of interest with fungal entries. Some tools though are resources specific and can be indirectly accessed from a particular database in the Entrez System. These include graphical viewers and comparative analysis tools such as TaxPlot, TaxMap, and UniGene DDD (found via UniGene Homepage). Genome Project and BioProject pages also serve as portals to external data such as community annotation websites, BioGrid, and UniProt. There are many differ...
The Convergence of Broadcasting and Telephony: Legal and Regulatory Implications

This article, written for the inaugural issue of a new journal, analyzes the extent to which the convergence of broadcasting and telephony induced by the digitization of communications technologies is forcing policymakers to rethink their basic approach to regulating these industries. Now that voice and video are becoming available through every transmission technology, policymakers can no longer define the scope of regulatory obligations in terms of the mode of transmission. In addition, jurisdictions that employ separate agencies to regulate broadcasting and telephony must reform their institutional structures to bring both within the ambit of a single regulatory agency. The emergence of intermodal competition will also place pressure on both telephone-style regulation, which protects against monopoly pricing and vertical exclusion, as well as broadcast-style regulation, which focuses on content and ownership structure. It will also force regulators to rethink social policies such as universal service and public broadcasting. At the same time, it is possible that convergence will be incomplete and that end users will maintain more than one network connection, which would reduce the danger of anticompetitive activity and allow policymakers to stop short of forcing every connection to be everything to everyone. Lastly, the increase in traffic volumes associated with the advent of Internet video may require the deployment of multicast protocols, content delivery networks, and more aggressive traffic management, all of which potentially implicate the debate over network neutrality currently taking place in the U.S.
Mesa structure formation using potassium hydroxide and ethylene diamine based etchants

A comparative study was done between ethylene diamine-pyrocatechol (EDP) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) etching systems for micromachining mesas in
Analyzing the tolerance and controls on Critical Dimensions and overlays as prescribed by the National Technology Roadmap for semiconductors

Continued demands on shrinking features with tighter tolerance on Critical Dimensions (CDs) and overlays are placing stringent requirements on parameters that are essentially the building blocks of the metrologies for CDs and overlays. This paper conducts a reality check on the precision and error budgets assigned to CD and overlay controls by the National Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors in light of constraints on parameters that are fundamental to the above measurements.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Candidemia outcomes not improved with statin use

Candidemia is an important cause of morbidity and mortality. As statins interfere with yeast membrane synthesis, we assessed whether use of statins during candidemia may cause differences in clinical outcomes. A retrospective review of 124 candidemia episodes during 2003-2008 in which all-cause and attributable mortality, length of stay and level of care were compared for patients who received and those who did not receive statins. A total of 124 candidemia events were observed involving 14 patients on statins and 110 without statins. Overall mortality in candidemia cases was 46%, but only 2% was attributed to candidemia. No differences were observed in clinical outcomes for the two groups of patients. During the last 2-year period of our study, there were higher rates of candidemia caused by non-C. albicans Candida spp., particularly those due to C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis. In conclusion, statin use during candidemia did not alter mortality, length of stay, or intensive care requirement of our patients, despite higher rates of non-C. albicans Candida species isolated during the last 2 years of our study.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor-BB Restores HIV Tat -Mediated Impairment of Neurogenesis: Role of GSK-3β/β-Catenin

Our previous study demonstrated that platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) increased the cell proliferation of primary rat neuronal progenitor cells (NPCs). However, whether PDGF-BB regulates neurogenesis in HIV-associated neurological disorder (HAND) remains largely unknown. In this study we demonstrated that pre-treatment of NPCs with PDGF-BB restored Tat-mediated impairment of cell proliferation via activation of p38 and JNK MAPK pathways. Moreover, treatment with PDGF-BB induced inactivation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), evidenced by its phosphorylation at Ser9, this effect was significantly inhibited by the p38 and JNK inhibitors. Level of nuclear β-catenin, the primary substrate of GSK-3β, was also concomitantly increased following PDGF-BB treatment, suggesting that PDGF-BB stimulates NPC proliferation via acting on GSK-3β to promote nuclear accumulation of β-catenin. This was further validated by gain and loss of function studies using cells transfected with either the wild type or mutant GSK-3β constructs. Together these data underpin the role of GSK-3β/β-catenin as a novel target that regulates NPC proliferation mediated by PDGF-BB with implications for therapeutic intervention for reversal of impaired neurogenesis inflicted by Tat.
Two-Nucleon Phase-Shift-Set Discrimination by Means of the Binary Optical Potential

The scattering of nucleons from light nuclei at energies of 142, 210, and 310 MeV is calculated using the multiple-scattering optical potential obtained by retaining all terms which are binary or less in the two-nucleon amplitudes. The binary potential includes the impulse-approximation correction as well as the double-scattering correction. Nucleon-nucleus scattering observables are computed, using optical potentials calculated with some of the Yale and Livermore phase-parameter sets and the Fermi and Brueckner-Gammel nuclear-correlation functions. The observables are compared with data in an effort to ascertain the differences caused by changing $N\ensuremath{-}N$ scattering phase parameters and/or nuclear-correlation functions and to see whether it is feasible to use such changes in attempts to pin down $N\ensuremath{-}N$ and nuclear parameters.
Speech recognition abilities in noise for children with severe-to-profound unilateral hearing impairment.

Summary Objective: The purpose of this research was to compare the signal-to-noise ratio required for equal performance for children (aged 6–14 years) with normal hearing (N = 17) versus those with severe-to-profound unilateral hearing impairment (N = 20) who can be at a disadvantage, particularly when sounds are presented to the impaired ear. The listening environment is designed to approximate that which is encountered in a typical classroom. Methods: All signals (Hearing in Noise Test-Children and Nonsense Syllable Test) were presented in the sound field from various azimuths with continuous noise presented from all quadrants. The children were required to repeat twenty items, from each test, in each listening condition. The intensity of the presentations was varied based on the accuracy of previous items. Average signal-to-noise ratios are compared between and within groups. Results: (1) In most listening conditions, significantly greater signal-to-noise ratios were needed by those with unilateral hearing impairment than those with normal hearing, on both speech tests. (2) In every listening condition, both groups required significantly greater signal-to-noise ratios to perform equally well on the Nonsense Syllable Test as on the Hearing-In-Noise Test-Children. (3) For the Hearing-In-Noise Test-Children, children with normal hearing required significantly greater signal-to-noise ratios when facing the signal than when the signal was presented to a normally hearing ear (monaural direct). (4) On both tests, the children with unilateral hearing impairment required significantly greater signal-to-noise ratios when facing the signal than in the monaural direct condition. (5) On both tests, the children with unilateral hearing impairment required significantly greater signal-to-noise ratios when the signal was presented to the impaired ear (monaural indirect) than when facing the signal. Conclusions: (1) The children with unilateral hearing impairment require a more advantageous listening condition to perform equally as well as their normally hearing counterparts. (2) All of the children benefited from signals delivered in a monaural direct condition. (3) The children with unilateral hearing impairment performed best in the monaural direct condition or when facing the signal at zero degrees. (4) Significantly greater signal-to-noise ratios were needed for both groups when restricted contextual cues were available versus when sentential cues were available.
Measurement of magnesium absorption in man using stable 26Mg as a tracer.

Abstract The stable isotope 26 Mg was compared to the radioisotope 28 Mg to estimate magnesium absorption in four healthy male subjects confined to a metabolic ward and consuming a constant diet for 146 days. Two isotopes tests were carried out in each subject on days 66 and 109 of the constant-diet period. In test 1, a solution containing 50 mg 26 Mg and 30 μC 28 Mg were taken orally during breakfast. In test 2, 50 mg 26 Mg were administered orally followed three hours later by an i.v. injection of 20 μC 28 Mg. True magnesium absorption was estimated by: (1) oral/i.v. ratios of 28 Mg in plasma and urine, or oral/i.v. 26 Mg/ 28 Mg ratios in urine; (2) the difference between intake and fecal excretion of total dietary magnesium over a period of 10 days, or of a single dose of either isotope, corrected for endogenous fecal magnesium. Estimates made in individual subjects by different procedures based on data derived solely by use of 28 Mg varied as much as estimates made by comparable procedures with data derived from either 26 Mg or 28 Mg. Measurements of 26 Mg enrichment in urine and feces were made by neutron activation analysis which loses precision at enrichment levels below 10% above natural abundance. With the doses used in this investigation only fecal samples collected within 3–4 days and urine samples taken wihin 2–24 h contained adequately detectable 26 Mg enrichment levels. Despite this limitation, 26 Mg significantly expands the scope of investigation of magnesium absorption in man beyond that possible with the short lived 28 Mg alone.
Large Transverse Momentum Jet Production and the Gluon Distribution inside the Proton.

The CDF experiment has reported an excess of high- ${p}_{t}$ jets compared to previous next-to-leading order QCD expectations. Before attributing this to new physics effects, we investigate whether these high- ${p}_{t}$ jets can be explained by a modified gluon distribution inside the proton. We find enough flexibility in a global QCD analysis including the CDF inclusive jet data to provide a (25 -- 35)% increase in the jet cross sections at the highest ${p}_{t}$ of the experiment. Two possible sets of parton distributions are presented, and the effects of these on other existing data sets are presented. Further theoretical and experimental work needed to clarify unresolved issues is outlined.
Dynamic Effects of Liquids on Crack Growth Leading to Catastrophic Failure in Glass

Crack growth in glass plates, up to supercritical velocities, was produced by controlled strain, velocity being measured continuously by superimposing a tuned-frequency sonic signal during cracking. Cracks, which were accelerated to supercritical velocity in the presence of water, showed an order of magnitude jump in velocity and an associated cavitation scarp on the crack surface marking the onset of catastrophic failure. The crack velocity immediately preceding catastrophic failure is termed the critical velocity. Measurement to the cavitation scarp was suggested as a means to determine the size and shape of critical flaws in bend-test specimens. The velocity jump was explained in terms of a drag effect which may result from crack topographical features as well as viscous drag forces. A model involving liquid cavitation was formulated to predict critical velocity as a function of environmental parameters. Experiments in some aqueous solutions suggested preferential transport of water to the crack tip.
Automated system for classification of defects in web materials

This paper describes the development environment for the design, implementation, and testing of an expert system for web inspection that uses adaptive digital image processing and pattern recognition to classify defects in web materials. The environment consists of four sub-systems: detection, characterization, feature analysis, and classification. Each sub-system consists of a number of modules targeted at performing specific functions. The paper discusses an example of defect classification and describes the roles of characterization, feature analysis, and classification sub-systems, including specific algorithms.
Random quantum states

This paper examines the statistical properties of random quantum states, for four different kinds of random state:(1) a pure state chosen at random with respect to the uniform measure on the unit sphere in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space;(2) a random pure state in a real space;(3) a pure state chosen at random except that a certain expectation value is fixed;(4) a random mixed state with fixed eigenvalues. For the first two of these, we give examples of simple states of a model system, the kicked top, which have the statistical properties of random states. Interestingly, examples of both kinds of randomness can be found in the same system. In studying the last two kinds of random state, we obtain new results concerning the application of information theory to quantum systems.
Refutational texts and the change process

Abstract The purposes of this chapter are to examine the persuasive qualities of refutational text and explore the role of refutational text in educational settings that have competing agendas. As educators, we should understand the competing agendas existing in education and find ways to meet those agendas effectively. The use of refutation to aid learning fits into one agenda. The teaching of refutation as a persuasive rhetorical device fits into another.
Notes on the Appendicular Myology of the Scarlet Finch Haematospiza sipahi (Fringillidae: Carduelinae)

Abstract The appendicular myology of the Scarlet Finch Haematospiza sipahi was found to be primitive in all of the characters known to show variation within the subfamily Carduelinae (Fringillidae). It is the only species of cardueline known so far to exhibit this combination of myological characters, although taxon sampling is still inadequate. Haematospiza provides a reasonable model for the last common ancestor of the Hawaiian radiation of carduelines of the tribe Drepanidini.
Nanoparticle-enabled selective electrodeposition.

Electroplating is a common process used in a wide range of industries. For example, electroplated copper and copper-based alloys are used in ultralarge-scale integration devices requiring multilevel metallization. [ 1 , 2 ] Electroplating has more recently been used in optoelectronic components, such as transparent thin-fi lm transistors, fl at panel displays, light-emitting diodes, photovoltaic cells, and electrochromic windows, where substrates are typically semiconductors (GaAs) or transparent conductive oxides (TCOs, e.g., zinc oxide, indium tin oxide, and fl uorine-doped tin oxide). [ 3 , 4 ] However, metallization directly on glass and other low-roughness ceramics is diffi cult because the smooth interface does not provide opportunities to interlock at the interface between the substrate and the materials to be plated. [ 5 ] Accordingly, prior to electroplating, etching is commonly used to increase surface roughness, followed by sputtering a thin adhesive layer (such as titanium) to improve adhesion. For electroplating metallization, the key is the nucleation process, which is determined by the formation energy, excess energy, and internal strain energy. [ 6–9 ] In general, a smooth and hydrophobic semiconductor surface, such as silicon, gallium arsenide, or transparent conductive glass, has low surface energy and poor wettability, leading to a relatively high excess energy for electroplating nucleation. As a consequence, scattered and irregular grains grow on a small number of nucleation sites, causing poor interface adhesion and large surface roughness. Strain energy, originating from the different atomic arrangement of the two adjacent layers, increases with increasing fi lm thickness and can sometimes cause the fi lm to spontaneously peel off. In many applications, it is relatively common to electroplate metal over an entire surface of a base conductor even though only small areas of the metal are needed on the surface. The use of electroplating in this context typically consists of a patterning process followed by a metallization process. Photolithography is the most popular method to create such patterns where a photoresist is used as the patterning layer. [ 10 , 11 ] The metallization process typically consists of sputtering, electroplating, and chemical mechanical polishing. Metal is fi rst sputtered onto the patterned regions, which improves both the adhesion and electrical conductivity of the primary structure,
On the factors modulating the intensity of the tropical rainbelt over West Africa

This article presents a case study of a wet and a dry year over West Africa. These 2 years, 1955 and 1983, are characterized by rainfall anomalies of one sign throughout West Africa, including the Sahel and Guinea Coast (the no-dipole cases defined in previous studies). The contrast in rainfall is related to a general weakening and intensification of the tropical rainbelt in the dry year (1983) and the wet year (1955), respectively. The study, limited to the month of August, examines the factors that modulate the intensity of the rainbelt. The more intense rainbelt of 1955 is associated with an anomalously strong tropical easterly jet (TEJ) and a slight northward displacement of the African easterly jet of the Northern Hemisphere (AEJ-N). The link between the TEJ and rainfall is a causal one, with the strong TEJ enhancing rainfall by enhancing upper-level divergence and sustaining a strong Hadley-type overturning over West Africa, with strong vertical motion. In 1983, a weak TEJ and vertical alignment of the AEJ-N and TEJ axes promote a weak rainbelt and ubiquitous drought. The factors that produce a rainfall dipole (i.e. an opposition in the sign of anomalies between the Sahel and the Guinea Coast) are notably different. The dipole results from meridional displacements of the circulation and rainbelt, rather than changes in rainbelt intensity. Although the strong TEJ is a prime factor, the development of the dipole requires the development of strong and vertically extensive equatorial westerlies. These are produced by strong surface pressure gradients over the Atlantic and West Africa. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Cardiac CT, PET and MR

Vasken Dilsizian and Gerald Pohost, eds 272 pages. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing; 2006. $125.00. ISBN 1–40512–447–4 Major technological advances in computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and magnetic resonance (MR) have propelled imaging, particularly integrated imaging, into the forefront of the management of cardiovascular disease patients. Imaging has become the cornerstone of medical diagnosis, early detection, and treatment. Although CT and MR imaging provide exquisite morphological and pathological details, PET explores pathophysiological alterations. In the book Cardiac CT, PET and MR , Drs Dilsizian and Pohost, along with a group of highly accomplished investigators, deliver timely and comprehensive information on advanced cardiovascular imaging techniques. Both editors are leaders and outstanding educators in the field of noninvasive imaging with a …
Approximation of the electron emission integral (semiconductor devices)

Recent research has focused on the mathematical formulation of charge-carrier emission over energy barriers in semiconductor devices. The description of this process includes an improper integral that cannot be evaluated explicitly. Approximate representations based on the Gauss-Laguerre quadrature are proposed for high accuracy over the physical range of interest. These approximations are formulated and their accuracy quantified. >
Residential demand response reduces air pollutant emissions on peak electricity demand days in New York City

Abstract Many urban areas in the United States have experienced difficulty meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS), partially due to pollution from electricity generating units. We evaluated the potential for residential demand response to reduce pollutant emissions on days with above average pollutant emissions and a high potential for poor air quality. The study focused on New York City (NYC) due to non-attainment with NAAQS standards, large exposed populations, and the existing goal of reducing pollutant emissions. The baseline demand response scenario simulated a 1.8% average reduction in NYC peak demand on 49 days throughout the summer. Nitrogen oxide and particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter emission reductions were predicted to occur (−70, −1.1 metric tons (MT) annually), although, these were not likely to be sufficient for NYC to meet the NAAQS. Air pollution mediated damages were predicted to decrease by $100,000–$300,000 annually. A sensitivity analysis predicted that substantially larger pollutant emission reductions would occur if electricity demand was shifted from daytime hours to nighttime hours, or the total consumption decreased. Policies which incentivize shifting electricity consumption away from periods of high human and environmental impacts should be implemented, including policies directed toward residential consumers.
Plant tolerance of a high calcium environment via foliar partitioning and sequestration

Abstract Our purpose in this study was to assess whether a range of plant species tolerate a very high-calcium (Ca) environment by chemically sequestering excess Ca in a physiologically unavailable form, thus maintaining labile foliar Ca at appropriately low levels. Calcium concentration within the cytoplasm of cells must be maintained at low levels to avoid toxicity, and to allow for Ca-based cellular signaling in response to numerous environmental cues. We assessed Ca partitioning and sequestration in foliage from six plant species growing at White Sands National Monument, a site with primarily gypsum (calcium sulfate) substrate, which supplies very high plant-available Ca in the soils. Chemical components of foliar Ca were separated by sequential acidic extractions and assessed using a colorimetric Ca analysis. We found substantial variability among species in their uptake and retention of Ca, especially in their ability to sequester the Ca they absorb. Of the six species we evaluated, four sequester large portions (40-90 percent) of their foliar Ca in a chemically-unavailable form, and one of these appears to substantially limit Ca uptake. The other two species maintain over 90 percent of their foliar Ca in labile forms, which may enable exudation of excess Ca via salt glands. This work provides new insights into the physiology of foliar Ca tolerance in plants growing in high-Ca conditions, as well as the physiological and ecological processes that occur in the unique ecosystems found at White Sands National Monument.
VIII-zero method of measuring power with the quadrant electrometer

This paper describes a zero method of measuring power by means of the quadrant electrometer developed by the authors, and which we believe to be new. Zero deflection of the electrometer is obtained by opposing the torque produced by the a-c. load by means of a counter torque set up by continuous potentials introduced into the electrometer circuit. The continuous potentials required are small in value and easily handled. We have derived the equations that apply to the method and checked their correctness by experimental observations, on resistance, capacity, and inductive circuits.
Combining Valosin-containing Protein (VCP) Inhibition and Suberanilohydroxamic Acid (SAHA) Treatment Additively Enhances the Folding, Trafficking, and Function of Epilepsy-associated γ-Aminobutyric Acid, Type A (GABAA) Receptors

Abstract GABAA receptors are the primary inhibitory ion channels in the mammalian central nervous system. The A322D mutation in the α1 subunit results in its excessive endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation at the expense of plasma membrane trafficking, leading to autosomal dominant juvenile myoclonic epilepsy. Presumably, valosin-containing protein (VCP)/p97 extracts misfolded subunits from the endoplasmic reticulum membrane to the cytosolic proteasome for degradation. Here we showed that inhibiting VCP using Eeyarestatin I reduces the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the α1(A322D) subunit without an apparent effect on its dynamin-1 dependent endocytosis and that this treatment enhances its trafficking. Furthermore, coapplication of Eeyarestatin I and suberanilohydroxamic acid, a known small molecule that promotes chaperone-assisted folding, yields an additive restoration of surface expression of α1(A322D) subunits in HEK293 cells and neuronal SH-SY5Y cells. Consequently, this combination significantly increases GABA-induced chloride currents in whole-cell patch clamping experiments than either chemical compound alone in HEK293 cells. Our findings suggest that VCP inhibition without stress induction, together with folding enhancement, represents a new strategy to restore proteostasis of misfolding-prone GABAA receptors and, therefore, a potential remedy for idiopathic epilepsy.
R161, K452 and R460 residues are vital for metal–citrate complex transport in CitSc from Streptomyces coelicolor

Recent discoveries have been made that demonstrate Gram-positive bacteria can transport metal–citrate complexes through the CitMHS family of proteins in symport with H+ ions. The CitMHS family of transporters investigated to date have the ability to selectively transport only certain metal–citrate complexes. Despite sharing amino acid sequence similarity as high as 73%; predicting what complexes are transported remains difficult. The iron–citrate transporter from Streptomyces coelicolor has been mutated at three postulated critical sites (R161, K452 and R460) based on activity modeling against the LacY permease. All three mutants eliminate or greatly reduce uptake of metal–citrate complexes tested. The implications of this are discussed.
Specific Heat of Dilute Cu(Fe) Alloys Far Below the Kondo Temperature

Specific-heat data on the well-studied copper-iron Kondo alloy have been taken at temperatures down to $2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}3}{T}_{\mathrm{K}}$, where the Kondo temperature ${T}_{\mathrm{K}}\ensuremath{\approx}20$K. Results suggest a choice among current theoretical models of the quasibound state, and indicate the apparent existence of a significant amount of entropy at still lower temperatures.
Proximity and opportunity: How residence and race affect the employment of welfare recipients

Abstract This article examines the relationship between access to jobs, work activity, and welfare receipt. We hypothesize that welfare recipients who live in closer proximity to employment opportunities are more likely to work and less likely to remain on welfare than those who live farther away. To test this hypothesis, we analyze two unique data sets. The first has information on the residences and characteristics of welfare recipients; the second contains a list of the location of jobs in the three‐county Detroit metropolitan area in the late 1990s. We find that, after controlling for individual characteristics, greater proximity to employment opportunities is associated with both a higher probability of working and a higher probability of leaving welfare.
Pleasure/Pain and primary physicians

Abstract Psychological assessment, evaluation, and short‐term supportive counseling services are provided for non‐psychiatric primary care physicians in a general hospital. In‐patients and outpatients are seen for psycho/medical problems. Complaints cover a broad range of symptoms which include fainting, headache, back pain, school learning problems, confused thought patterns, vomiting, and weight loss. Age of the patients extends from pediatrics to geriatrics. Other services include conferences with nursing units, hospital in‐service education, consultation to community groups such as Rehabilitation Services, Head Start, and developmental disability centers. Education of the primary care physician to the wonderful world of psychology is slow and sometimes painful. The pleasure of success in working together for a human and holistic approach to patient care, however, dulls that pain.
Promoting nurse practitioner practice through research: Opportunities, challenges, and lessons

Purpose: To discuss the opportunities derived, challenges faced, and lessons learned in the research process, including recruiting and retaining nurse practitioner (NP) participants, obtaining institutional approval, and solving research team issues in a National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Nursing Research (NIH/NINR)-funded study of communication between NPs and their older patients in managed care and non–managed care settings. Data sources: The video-taped interactions between 30 NPs and 150 patients, research team experiences in conducting the research, and a review of relevant literature. Conclusions: Key factors in NP study participation included recognizing the importance of research in demonstrating the effectiveness of the NP role and for advancing the profession, having participated in previous research, enjoying the research process, employer incentives, membership in NP professional organizations, relationships with the university and the school of nursing conducting the research, and knowledge of the coinvestigator's work. NP recruitment was facilitated by word of mouth, professional organization assistance, and articles in a widely distributed, free nursing journal. Data collection was significantly delayed by attrition of NP participants, logistical problems with scheduling and travel, and varied approval procedures by Institutional Review Boards (IRBs) at study sites. The pace of nursing research could be much more efficient if IRB processes involved fewer bureaucratic entanglements. Preliminary study findings, however, show positive outcomes for older patients after NP care. Implications for practice: To demonstrate positive patient outcomes and move the NP profession forward, NPs must be willing to commit to participation in research on their effectiveness as providers in today's healthcare environment.
Coastal marine eutrophication: Control of both nitrogen and phosphorus is necessary

Whole-lake experiments by Schindler and others since 1971 have conclusively shown that phosphorus is the major cause of eutrophication in freshwater lakes (1). In response, in the 1970s governments began to reduce phosphorus inputs, and water quality in many lakes improved dramatically. However, eutrophication has increased in many coastal marine ecosystems since the 1970s, including the …
A comprehensive analysis of single-trial and criterion maze learning in three inbred strains of mice.

A six-unit, appetitively motivated, brightness discrimination maze for mice was employed to examine the learning of males and females of three inbred strains of mice (A/J, C57BL/6J, DBA/2J). Error measures indexed memory for the maze habit, while latency measures also indexed performance factors unrelated to memory. Strain differences with respect to latency measures, but not error measures, were found. These results were interpreted to indicate an essential similarity in the memory capabilities of these strains for the task employed. It was concluded that this task would be appropriate for studies of memory functioning in mice that desire to manipulate both physiological and genetic variables.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Processes in 1,8-Naphthalimide-Linker-Phenothiazine Dyads

Photoinduced electron transfer (PET) processes of 1,8-naphthalimide-linker-phenothiazine (NI-L-PTZ) dyads have been investigated using the nanosecond- and picosecond-transient absorption measurements. Two kinds of linker were introduced, i.e., polymethylene-linked dyad (NI-C8-PTZ and NI-C11-PTZ) and a poly(ethyl ether)-linked one (NI-O-PTZ). The 355 nm pulsed laser excitation of NI-C8-PTZ, NI-C11-PTZ, and NI-O-PTZ in acetonitrile produced NI radical anion (NI•-) and PTZ radical cation (PTZ•+) with the absorption bands around 420 and 520 nm, respectively, through charge transfer from PTZ to NI in the singlet excited state (NI(S1)) as well as in the triplet excited states (NI(T1)) in acetonitrile. On the other hand, the charge transfer process occurred only from NI(S1) in nonpolar solvents. The rates of charge transfer and charge recombination processes largely depended on the solvent polarity and they are affected by the length of linkers and electronic coupling through polyether linker. The PET mechanism ...
Epinephrine-induced release of ACTH in normal human subjects: a test of pituitary function.

Effect of one-minute epinephrine infusions on ACTH release was studied in 14 normal adult male and 12 normal adult female human subjects. With 0.50 μg/kg epinephrine, maximum blood ACTH levels were achieved 2.5 minutes following the beginning of the epinephrine infusion. The peak ACTH level in females was approximately 3 times as great as the peak level in males. With 0.25 μg/kg of epinephrine, a graded response was seen in females, while the response in males was not consistent. Cardiovascular responses to these doses of epinephrine were not alarming. Saline placebo infusions produced no ACTH release. The measurement of blood corticotropin activity following an epinephrine stress is proposed as a test of the secretory functional capacity of the adenohypophysis.
Effects of pyruvate, succinate, and lactate enhancement on beef longissimus raw color

Beef strip loins (n=30) were divided into halves, and each half was assigned randomly to one of four injection enhancements: (1) non-enhanced control, (2) 3% pyruvate, (3) 3% succinate, and (4) 3% lactate. Steaks were cut and packaged in either vacuum, high oxygen (80% O(2)/20% CO(2)), or PVC. Color and lipid oxidation were measured on days 0, 5, and 13 of storage at 1°C. Enhancement had a significant effect on steak pH. On day 13 of storage, steaks enhanced with lactate, pyruvate, and succinate were less discolored (P<0.05) than control steaks in PVC and high oxygen. Enhancement darkened steaks (P<0.05) compared with control steaks. Succinate had the greatest and pyruvate had the least metmyoglobin-reducing activity (P<0.05). Lactate and pyruvate decreased the TBARS values of steaks packaged in PVC (P<0.05) whereas pyruvate was most effective for lowering lipid oxidation in high-oxygen packaging.
Query by sketch in DARWIN: digital analysis to recognize whale images on a network

DARWIN is a computer vision system, which helps researchers identify individual bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, by comparing digital images of the dorsal fins of newly photographed dolphins with a database of previously identified dolphin fins. In additional to dorsal fin images, textual information containing sighting data is stored for each of the previously identified dolphins. The software uses a semiautomated process to create an approximation of the fin outline. The outline is used to formulate a sketch- based query of the dolphin database. The system utilizes a variety of image processing and computer vision algorithms to perform the matching process, which is necessary to identify those previously identified fins, which most closely resemble the unknown fin. The program presents the database fin images to the researcher in rank order for comparison with the new fin image.
Black American perceptions of black Africans

(1988). Black American perceptions of black Africans. Ethnic and Racial Studies: Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 139-150.
Effects of PGBx on glucose utilization and glycogen content of the isolated rat diaphragm.

Abstract 1. 1. Under an environment of 100% O2, PGBx caused a significant dose dependent decrease in glucose uptake by skeletal muscle from the incubation medium, using the isolated rat diaphragm as a model system. 2. 2. At concentrations of PGBx below 200 μg/flask, however, significant alterations in the amount of glucose taken up by the tissues were not observed. 3. 3. The glycogen content of the tissues examined was not changed by the presence of PGBx in the incubation mixture at any of the concentrations studied. 4. 4. When tissues were incubated under room air, however, no PGBx-induced effects on glucose utilization or glycogen concentration were detected.
Internal wave signatures in the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean array from paired moorings

In order to replace obsolescent sensors in the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean (TAO) array and comply with the Ten Climate Principles, twenty-nine TAO Refresh buoys were deployed near paired TAO Legacy buoys for approximately one year each. At the end of each deployment, a statistical comparison of the daily averaged data was conducted for each pair of sensors. The results are summarized elsewhere. The subsurface ocean temperature sensor comparisons provided some unexpected results. While the average ocean temperature differences within the mixed-layer and at depth were nearly identical, average temperature differences in the thermocline were higher than expected and not within the statistical accuracy of the sensors. A comparison of the variability of the paired ocean temperature sensors and the amount of drift that occurred during each deployment led to the conclusion that the TAO Refresh sensors were reporting the same oceanographic phenomena as the TAO Legacy sensors. Closer examination of the high resolution (10-minute interval) ocean temperature data within the thermocline exhibited internal wavelike signatures. At some locations within the water column, the temperature at a single depth changes 10 Kelvins over a period of 10 minutes. Although this is an extreme example, it indicates the difficulty in comparing the data from sensors on moorings which were generally less than 5 kilometers apart. The internal wavelike signatures range from small to greater than 100 meter amplitudes. Attempts to apply a phase shift to the data to compensate for the movement of these features were unsuccessful, suggesting that the internal wave signatures were arriving from different directions at various times. These phenomena are prevalent throughout the TAO array.
Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-induced growth hormone (GH) release: effect of intrahypothalamic and intrapituitary implants.

Abstract Overiectomized rats were unilaterally implanted with a 23-gauge stainless steel cannula in different hypothalamic areas or in the pituitary gland and subsequently were treated with estrogen (sc, 10 μg estradiol benzoate, Eb). Two days after the estrogen injection, an inner cannula containing PGE2 or PHF2α at its tip was inserted into the cannula. Other animals were implanted with empty inner cannula. Plasma GH concentrations were measured by RIA in blood samples drawn from the jugular vein while the animals were lightly etherized before (−2) and at 20, 40, 60 and 120 min following the implantation. Plasma GH levels in control animals bearing an empty cannula in the body of the arcuate nucleus-median eminence region (BARH-ME) were signifantly depressed by the ether stress. The implantation of PGF2α in this area was completely ineffective in preventing ether stress-induced decline in plasma GH. By contrast, PGE2 implanted in BARH-ME or the post-chiasmatic region of the hypothalamus (HARH-ME) elevated plasma GH 20 min following its implantation and partially prevented the subsequent decrease in GH levels induced by ether stress. PGE2 implants located in several other hypothalamic areas failed to induce GH release or to prevent the decline in GH levels induced by ether stress. However, PGE2 implanted in the pituitary gland elicited a marked increase in plasma GH at 20 min and completely prevented the subsequent ether stress-induced decline in GH levels. The results suggest that PGE2 can act at both hypothalamic (ARH-ME) and pituitary levels to stimulate GH release. At the hypothalamus, PGE2 may inhibit GH-inhibiting factor (GIF) release or induce release of GH releasing factor (GHRF).
Haematological changes and iron status in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss-the importance of menstrual status.

Aim: To study haematological changes and iron stores in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss. Methods: Blood haemoglobin concentration, white blood cell and thrombocyte count and serum ferritin concentration were measured at assessments of 446 subjects. Results: Haemoglobin concentrations, leukocyte and thrombocyte counts were related to weight and rate of weight loss but were largely within reference ranges. Serum ferritin concentrations were high in girls with amenorrhea and related to weight and rate of weight loss. Girls who retained menstruations had low serum ferritin concentrations and 37% had depleted iron stores (serum ferritin <16 μg/L). Conclusion: Anaemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia are uncommon in teenage girls with eating disorders and weight loss. When present, other diseases causing haematological changes should be considered. In amenorrhoic girls muscle catabolism increases serum ferritin concentrations which may give a false impression of an adequate iron status. This is unmasked in girls with retained menstruations who often have depleted iron stores.
“Can the church say amen”: Strategic uses of black preaching style at the State of the Black Union

This study provides a qualitative examination of African American Language (AAL) in use and explores the interaction between phonological, syntactic, and rhetorical features of AAL and situational factors related to event structuring, speaker goals, and audience composition. Data for this research is derived from the speech of four prominent African Americans who spoke during the 2008 State of the Black Union. Analysis of their speech suggests that switches to black preaching style help speakers to redefine their relationship with audience members. Overall, shifts in style correspond to shifts in interactional framework, suggesting that black preaching style allows the speakers in this study to temporarily cloak themselves with the status and respect associated with black preachers, providing a favorable context for the reception of their message while allowing for the display of their ethnic affiliation with the black community. (African American Language, style, audience design, rights and obligations, black preaching)*
Karyotypes of Some Harvest Mice, Genus Reithrodontomys

Karyotypes of six species of harvest mice, representing both the sub-genus Reithrodontomys ( humulis, sumichrasti , and fulvescens ) and the subgenus Aporodon ( gracilis, mexicanus , and creper ), are described. The karyotype of R. sumichrasti (2n = 40) resembles those previously reported for R. megalotis and R. raviventris , which possess mainly metacentric chromosomes. Reithrodontomys humulis (2n = 51), R. fulvescens (2n = 50), R. gracilis (2n = 52), R. mexicanus (2n = 52), and R. creper (2n = 52) exhibit a large proportion of acrocentric chromosomes. Karyotypic evidence suggests that intrageneric relationships of Reithrodontomys may not be accurately reflected by use of the subgenera Aporodon and Reithrodontomys .
Agribusiness technology in 2010: directions and challenges

Abstract The challenge of meeting the world's need for food, feed, and fiber — and doing so despite limited land and water resources, concern with pollution, loss of genetic diversity, and the changing structure of the agribusiness industry — will grow more pressing in the new century. Technological innovation has long been a major contributor to progress in agribusiness, and it will continue to influence agricultural inputs, production, processing, distribution and marketing. Results are presented of a survey of agricultural scientists throughout California universities, in which the researchers were asked to identify technologies they believe will have the widest impact on agriculture by 2010. Four major technologies were mentioned most frequently: global positioning systems, geographic information systems, biotechnology, and the Internet. The survey findings offer insight into the likely directions of agricultural technology which business people, policymakers, and citizens must help guide in the future.
Aminozucker‐Synthesen, II. Benzyl‐2.6‐didesoxy‐2.6‐diamino‐α‐D‐glucosid

Ausgehend vom Benzyl-N-carbobenzoxy-3.4-diacetyl-α-D-glucosaminuron-saurenitril (II) konnte uber mehrere Zwischenstufen das Benzyl-2.6-didesoxy-2.6-diamino-α-D-glucosid (VII) als Bis-hydrochlorid gewonnen werden. Sein Bis-N-carbobenzoxy-(V) sowie sein Bis-N-benzoyl-Derivat (VI) werden beschrieben.