cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Basic Research as a Political Symbol

The use of the phrase ''basic research'' as a term used in science policy discussion dates only to about 1920. At the time the phrase referred to what we today commonly refer to as applied research in support of specific missions or goals, especially agriculture. Upon the publication of Vannevar Bush's well-known report, Science - The Endless Frontier, the phrase ''basic research'' became a key political symbol, representing various identifications, expectations and demands related to science policy among scientists and politicians. This paper tracks and evaluates the evolution of ''basic research'' as a political symbol from early in the 20th century to the present. With considerable attention having been paid to the on-going evolution of post-Cold War science policy, much less attention has focused on the factors which have shaped the dominant narrative of contemporary science policies.
The Effect of Hallux Sesamoid Resection on the Effective Moment of the Flexor Hallucis Brevis

In this cadaver study, the functional significance of the hallux sesamoid bones was quantified by measuring the effective tendon moment arm (ETMA) of the flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) force. (The ETMA differs from the anatomic tendon moment arm in that ETMAs are determined by the experimentally measured moment of the tendon force, rather than by the actual location and orientation of the tendon pull in the joint). The intact case was compared with three levels of progressive sesamoid resection: distal half of the medial sesamoid excised, entire medial sesamoid excised, and both the medial and lateral sesamoids excised. Five dorsiflexion angles of the metatarsophalangeal joint were tested, ranging from -10 degrees to 50 degrees. A known active load was applied to the FHB muscle of fresh frozen cadaver specimens while the corresponding resisting forces from three orthogonally mounted transducers were being recorded. Results showed that the ETMAs decreased significantly (P < .05) only with the excision of both sesamoids. The percent decrease in ETMA was smallest at dorsiflexion angles of -10 degrees and 15 degrees (4.3% and 2.4%, respectively) and largest at dorsiflexion angles of 25 degrees, 35 degrees, and 50 degrees (29.2%, 22.4%, and 26.7%, respectively). The clinical significance of the results is that distal hemiresection of the medial sesamoid or full medial sesamoid excision is unlikely to appreciably compromise the effective mechanical advantage of the FHB muscle. However, this mechanical advantage may be profoundly diminished by excision of both hallux sesamoids.
Serological responses to Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Borrelia burgdorferi in patients from New York State.

Serological testing at the New York State Department of Health for human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the residents of Westchester County, N.Y., was performed with specimens from 176 patients by the indirect fluorescent-antibody (IFA) technique with Ehrlichia equi MRK-infected neutrophils. To understand whether human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis also occurs in this northeastern geographic region, specimens were also tested for antibodies to Ehrlichia chaffeensis Arkansas. Screening tests and immunoblots for Lyme disease (Borrelia burgdorferi infection) were also performed. Thirty-two patients had antibodies only to E. equi and 21 patients had antibodies to both E. equi and E. chaffeensis, whereas 12 patients had only E. chaffeensis antibodies by the IFA technique. The remaining patients did not have antibodies to either ehrlichia. Eighteen serum samples from 13 of these patients were coded and sent to the Ehrlichia Research Laboratory (Baltimore, Md.) for repeat analysis by the IFA test and for E. equi and E. chaffeensis immunoblots. Immunoblot analysis for E. equi in samples with positive IFA test results confirmed the results for eight of the nine specimens. Immunoblot analyses for E. chaffeensis were negative for all 18 serum samples. Borrelia-reactive antibodies were found in sera both from patients with granulocytic ehrlichiosis and from patients with monocytotropic ehrlichiosis from New York State. Our results suggest that E. equi antigen is an appropriate substrate for identifying human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. E. chaffeensis antigen lacks appropriate sensitivity to serve as a surrogate substrate for the detection of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and should be used solely for the diagnosis of human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. Heat shock proteins may, in some cases, cause cross-reactivity between B. burgdorferi and ehrlichiae.
The attitudes and opinions of high school sports participants: an exploratory empirical examination

Sport scholars and public commentators have long held both positive and critical opinions about the influence of athletic involvement on participants and their perceptions of the social world. Yet for all of the strong claims and deeply held assumptions, relatively little empirical data or social scientific analysis have been available. This study begins to address this deficiency using new data from a nationally representative survey of American high school students. We compare sports participants and their peers in terms of concern for social problems, interracial contact and attitudes, views of gender roles and sex-based discrimination and political orientation. We find participants and non-participants differ very little in their social concern and views of gender roles and sex-based discrimination, while significant differences were found in levels of interracial contact, views on race relations and political orientation. In view of these findings, we make some general conclusions about the social in...
Performance of 4D-Var with Different Strategies for the Use of Adjoint Physics with the FSU Global Spectral Model

A set of four-dimensional variational data assimilation (4D-Var) experiments were conducted using both a standard method and an incremental method in an identical twin framework. The full physics adjoint model of the Florida State University global spectral model (FSUGSM) was used in the standard 4D-Var, while the adjoint of only a few selected physical parameterizations was used in the incremental method. The impact of physical processes on 4D-Var was examined in detail by comparing the results of these experiments. The inclusion of full physics turned out to be significantly beneficial in terms of assimilation error to the lower troposphere during the entire minimization process. The beneficial impact was found to be primarily related to boundary layer physics. The precipitation physics in the adjoint model also tended to have a beneficial impact after an intermediate number (50) of minimization iterations. Experiment results confirmed that the forecast from assimilation analyses with the full physics adjoint model displays a shorter precipitation spinup period. The beneficial impact on precipitation spinup did not result solely from the inclusion of the precipitation physics in the adjoint model, but rather from the combined impact of several physical processes. The inclusion of full physics in the adjoint model exhibited a detrimental impact on the rate of convergence at an early stage of the minimization process, but did not affect the final convergence. A truncated Newton-like incremental approach was introduced for examining the possibility of circumventing the detrimental aspects using the full physics in the adjoint model in 4D-Var but taking into account its positive aspects. This algorithm was based on the idea of the truncated Newton minimization method and the sequential cost function incremental method introduced by Courtier et al., consisting of an inner loop and an outer loop. The inner loop comprised the incremental method, while the outer loop consisted of the standard 4D-Var method using the full physics adjoint. The limited-memory quasi-Newton minimization method (L-BFGS) was used for both inner and outer loops, while information on the Hessian of the cost function was jointly updated at every iteration in both loops. In an experiment with a two-cycle truncated Newton-like incremental approach, the assimilation analyses turned out to be better than those obtained from either the standard 4D-Var or the incremental 4D-Var in all aspects examined. The CPU time required by this two-cycle approach was larger by 35% compared with that required by the incremental 4D-Var without almost any physics in the adjoint model, while the CPU time required by the standard 4D-Var with the full physics adjoint model was more than twice that required by the incremental 4D-Var. Finally, several hypotheses concerning the impact of using standard 4D-Var full physics on minimization convergence were advanced and discussed.
Discovery of bicyclic inhibitors against menaquinone biosynthesis.

Introduction: Menaquinone is used for transporting electrons and is essential for the aerobic and anaerobic respiratory systems of all pathogens and prokaryotes. Many Gram-positive bacteria use only menaquinone in the electron transport system. Thus, menaquinone biosynthesis is a potential target for the development of inhibitors against bacteria including drug-resistant pathogens. Results: After modeling, synthesis and in vitro testing, we determined that 7-methoxy-2-naphthol-based inhibitors targeted the MenA enzyme of the menaquinone biosynthesis pathway. The developmental compounds 1 and 2 were active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a minimal inhibitory concentration of 3–5 μg/ml. Conclusion: Nontraditional bicyclic inhibitors, compounds 1 and 2 could serve as lead compounds for the development of an antimicrobial agent, with activities against M. tuberculosis and methicillin-resistant S. aureus.
BARRIERS AND CONTRIBUTORS TO SUCCESS IN TELEMEDICINE: A QUALITATIVE STUDY OF A STRUGGLING TELEPSYCHIATRY PROJECT AND A SAMPLING OF HIGHLY SUCCESSFUL PROGRAMMES.

Telemedicine programs, though popular and increasingly effective, can sometimes fail with little indication as to why they did not succeed. This study has two major components: first, a qualitative analysis of the authors’ failed telepsychiatry project, and second, an interview study completed with personnel from successful telepsychiatry programs. Together, these two efforts help to shed light on what went wrong with the authors’ project, while also providing insight into critical factors for telepsychiatry success. Responses suggest that the sophistication or features of the technology used are not key factors in terms of failure or success. Instead, community, patient-based, and study-specific barriers were the most commonly cited issues that inhibited study recruitment and enrollment. Based on these findings, a series of recommendations are put forth for utilizing technology to address common barriers and increase the likelihood of success in telepsychiatry.
Teaching the New Institutionalism: A Cross-Class Simulation of Executive Branch Decision-Making and Judicial Review

It is becoming increasingly common for instructors to design simulations into courses so that students are able to apply theories to real life situations and gain a range of communication and teamwork skills in their field of interest. While we support the movement to incorporate simulations into the classroom learning environment, we believe that simulations are currently designed and executed in a limiting way. We propose a blueprint for simulations that takes advantage of the diverse range of content being taught in Political Science courses within departments (and possibly across departments). By executing a cross-class simulation involving Executive Branch decision-making and judicial review, we learned that our students developed a keen understanding of the dialogues that occur across branches of American government.
On Time and Actuality: The Dilemma of Privileged Position

It has seemed obvious to many that while the present reflects nothing objective in the nature of things, the actual world is the very stuff reality is made of. With the notable exception of David Lewis, most philosophers have argued for a fundamental asymmetry concerning our position in time and our location in 'modal space'. Whereas it appears to be a commonplace (given the Minkowskian geometry of space-time) that there is no ontological privilege accorded the present, the actual world is typically granted special privileges, over and above its counterparts. Given the prevalence of this asymmetrical point of view, the question arises whether the doctrine of 'privileged position' in modality but not in time can be successfully defended. My primary aim, here, is to draw attention to the fact that while the arguments marshaled against the doctrine of 'temporal chauvinism' are
Training in Sport Diving: Can Improving Written Tests Improve Safety?

A survey aimed at assessing the adequacy of the written testing materials used in certifying sport SCUBA divers was administered to 11 student divers. The results indicated that the areas of training concerned with the diving environment and with diving procedures were in need of improvement. Since these topics are critical to dive safety, it was concluded that improving the written training materials might have a positive impact on diving accidents and injuries.
Effect of MP4 Therapy Videos on Adherence to Voice Therapy Home Practice in Children With Dysphonia

Summary Objectives/Hypothesis Voice disorders in children are often treated with behavioral voice therapy, which requires home practice of exercises. Previous studies with adults demonstrated increased practice frequency when patients were given videos of a clinician and patient performing therapy tasks. The purpose of this study was to determine whether videos of practice exercises would increase adherence to therapy in children. Study Design The study used a randomized double crossover research design. Methods Twenty-eight patients, aged 6–18, referred for voice therapy were included in the study. Two conditions were alternated on a weekly basis: standard-of-care therapy and standard-of-care therapy with video models added. Participants recorded practice frequency and participated in semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed for themes. Results Participants practiced an average of 1.79 times per day without videos and 1.72 with videos ( P = 0.743), indicating no significant difference between conditions. There was also no age group effect ( P = 0.314). Qualitative analysis of interview responses established the following themes: (1) I knew how to do my exercises, (2) I didn't like seeing/hearing myself, (3) Videos helped me remember to practice, (4) I didn't like the video player itself, (5) The videos didn't make a difference with practice, and (6) Practicing was no fun. Conclusions Video models of therapy tasks do not appear to influence adherence to home practice frequency in children with voice disorders, in contrast to findings in adults. Videos were found useful by several participants as reminders to practice.
Does Migration Cause Unhappiness or Does Unhappiness Cause Migration? Some Initial Evidence from Latin America

Latin American emigrants, in addition to immigrants generally, report lower happiness levels than do natives in their destination country. We use Latinobarometro data on intent to migrate and find that potential migrants demonstrate the traits of “frustrated achievers” (e.g. respondents with high income gains, but who report low satisfaction with those gains) and are less happy than the average. Our analysis suggests that unhappiness drives migration, while not disproving that migration also creates unhappiness. These factors may reinforce one another. Our work speaks to the broader question of whether unhappiness is a necessary condition for major societal change.
Survey analysis of food poisoning caused by the consumption of organophosphorus pesticide

Objective Explore together organophophorus pesticide poisoning incidents, to prevent similar incidents.Methods Poisoning populations on epidemiology, laboratory testing;Results Three patients had clinical esamination acetylcholinesterase activityin the control group were 70 %,60 %45 %,and the dog died.3patients and a dog has dichlorvos contamination Pork diet history Conclusions Comprehensive epidemiological investigation,clinical esaination,proved to be swallowed with organophosphate pesticide dichlorvos caused y food poisoning.
Key factors in promoting the research and development of investigational new drugs in China

Through analysis in chemical drug submission in recent years,the current situation is confirmed.The results show that primary submissions are generic drugs,and the submission involving investigational new drug (IND) is increasing.Based on the shortcoming in IND research and development of Chinese industries,some key factors need to improve,including establishing the systematical research and development strategy,organizing the whole team,improving the communication,and so on.
Risk reducers in convex order

Abstract Given a risk position X , a random addition Z is called a risk reducer for X if the new position X + Z is less risky than X + E [ Z ] in convex order. We utilize the concept of convex hull to give a structural description of risk reducers in the case of an atomless probability space. Then we study risk reducers that are fully dependent on X . Applications to multivariate stochastic ordering, index-linked hedging strategies, and optimal reinsurance are proposed.
Memory and Its Development in Childhood

No other chapter of contemporary psychology has produced more disputes than we find in idealistic and materialistic attempts to explain the phenomena of memory. It is impossible to discuss this chapter of contemporary psychology without considering the debates that have emerged in this domain over the past several decades. Only by analyzing these disputes can we fully and clearly understand the way empirical material has developed in this domain of psychological research.
Supporting Social Justice through the Curriculum

The required content of any curriculum by definition communicates what the faculty considers the essential foundation to achieving the intended outcomes of the program (Tedesco, Opertii, & Amadio, 2014). In many Ed.D. programs, this content revolves around the nuts and bolts operations of various educational contexts.
Chloroplast Developmental-Stage Specific Controls on LHCP II Genes in Cultured Soybean Cells

Ideal conditions to study the expression of genes for plastid proteins occur when dark-grown plant seedlings, higher plant cells in culture, or algae are exposed to light which induces the massive formation of functional chloroplasts (ct) (1). The plant system used here is the soybean cell-line SB-P (2) which is highly chlorophyllous and capable of photoautotrophic growth. We devised a reproducible “greening” system using this soybean cell-line (3). Best conditions for greening consist of growing the cells in the dark on a defined medium containing 3% sucrose for two weeks, subculturing them in the dark for another two weeks, subculturing them again in the dark for one week more and then placing them in the light (white, 180 µE/m2 /sec). At the time of light-exposure, the medium contains 0.3% sucrose, an amount which does not repress subsequent chlorophyll synthesis.
Estimating the determinants of arrest-related deaths at the state level

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study is to ascertain the determinants of arrest-related deaths (ARDs) at the state level. ARDs are civilian deaths that occurred during or shortly after an arrest or detention by state or local law enforcement. These deaths may be attributed to a variety of factors, including use of force by police, injuries sustained when attempting to elude police, self-inflicted injuries and medical conditions. Using data compiled by the Bureau of Justice Statistics for the period 2003–2009 and employing a Poisson regression model, the results of the present study suggest that race is not statistically related to ARDs. Hence, the percentage of a state’s population that is African-American has no effect on ARDs. The factors found to be most significantly related to ARDs include the gun-related murder rate, the percentage of the state population that is under the age of 35, population density and police per capita. All were found to be positively related to ARDs. This study is one of t...
Career development: it's your option

Les dix composantes d'un plan d'action pour le developpement d'une carriere professionnelle dans la bibliotheconomie universitaire
Systems Biology Modeling Practices: Reflections of a Philosopher-Ethnographer

“The nature of the problems being formulated and addressed by systems biology creates interdependence among researchers in engineering, applied mathematics, computing, and biosciences. In this context, the prefix “trans” signifies that this enterprise seeps into, penetrates, specific prior practices of the mother fields and opens an emergent problem space with multiple possibilities for interaction and integration. I have characterized the problem space of systems biology as an adaptive problem space in that, as with the systems it investigates, adaptation of the researchers is a process of continually revising and reconfiguring knowledge, methods, and so forth as they learn and gain experience. Research in adaptive problem spaces is driven by complex interdisciplinary problems, and these require that the individuals themselves achieve a measure of hybridization in methods, concepts, models, materials – in how they think and how they act.”
The transformation from Eulerian to Lagrangian coordinates for solutions with discontinuities

We demonstrate the equivalence of Eulerian and Lagrangian coordinates for weak, discontinuous solutions in one space dimension. This transformation also induces a one to one correspondence between the convex extensions, or "entropy functions" of the system of conservation laws in either coordinate system. Such entropy functions are of interest in the theory of compensated compactness, and our results imply the equivalence of some of the elements of that theory in either coordinate system.
1.15 – Dynamic NMR Spectroscopy in Organometallic Chemistry

This chapter discusses the dynamic NMR (DNMR) spectroscopy in organometallic chemistry. Among the topics discussed in detail are: activation energies and DNMR, DNMR line shapes, and magnetization transfer, and the respective rates are addressed. Two-dimensional DNMR methods, mechanism of metal migrations around rings, inter-ring metal migrations, conformational interconversions in metal complexes with cycloalkenyl rings, restricted rotation of 1-rings, tripodal rotations of η5-cyclopentadienyl, η6-arene, and similar ligands, pseudo-rotations of η4-dienes and η3-allyls, olefin interconversions, apparent rotations and hemilability, carbene rotation, hindered C–C, P–C, M–P, and M–C rotation and atropisomerism, H migrations, and CSA and apparent DNMR are also discussed.
The Mind and Heart of Resonance: The Role of Cognition and Emotions in Frame Effectiveness

This article synthesizes the large and burgeoning literature on framing to unpack how frames achieve resonance with an audience. The analysis identifies two main resonance types: cognitive, based on an appeal to audiences’ beliefs and understandings, and emotional, based on an appeal to audiences’ feelings, passions, and aspirations. For each type, this paper delves into distinct mechanisms, applications, and outcomes to shed light on the complex bases for audiences’ reactions to framing and the factors that can hinder or favour resonance. Applications for this conceptualization of resonance and future venues of research are identified and discussed.
Fear and Loathing in Persuasive Writing: An Empirical Study of the Effects of the Negativity Bias

Cognitive psychologists have identified a phenomenon they call the "negativity bias," in which humans seem to remember and be affected by negative information more strongly than by positive information. What are the implications of this bias for legal writers? Should they focus on negative themes (describing the opposing side as bad) instead of positive ones (describing their clients as good and worthy)? More specifically, do trial judges fall prey to the negativity bias? This article describes an empirical test in which 163 judges were asked to read different versions of a Preliminary Statement to a trial brief (some using positive themes, others using negative ones) to measure whether (and by how much) the judges' perceptions of the parties were affected. The study concludes that, in many (but not all) cases, negative themes did seem to have more impact on the judicial reader.
Crosstalk coregulation mechanisms of G protein-coupled receptors and receptor tyrosine kinases

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are transmembrane receptors that initiate intracellular signaling cascades in response to a diverse array of ligands. Recent studies have shown that signal transduction initiated by GPCRs and RTKs is not organized in distinct signaling cassettes where receptor activation leads to cell division and gene transcription in a linear manner. In fact, signal integration and diversification arises from a complex network involving crosscommunication between separate signaling units. Several different styles of crosstalk between GPCR- and RTK-initiated pathways exist, with GPCRs or components of GPCR-induced pathways being either upstream or downstream of RTKs. Activation of GPCRs sometimes results in a phenomenon known as "transactivation" of RTKs, which leads to the recruitment of scaffold proteins, such as Shc, Grb2, and Sos in addition to mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. In other cases, RTKs use different components of GPCR-mediated signaling, such as beta-arrestin, G protein-receptor kinases, and regulator of G protein signaling to integrate signaling pathways. This chapter outlines some of the more common mechanisms used by both GPCRs and RTKs to initiate intracellular crosstalk, thereby creating a complex signaling network that is important to normal development.
Amino acid composition of human fibrinogen and anticoagulant derivatives.

1. The amino acid compositions of human fibrinogen and three intermediate anticoagulant derivatives were determined by column chromatography. The derivatives were isolated by ammonium sulphate fractionation and column electrophoresis from solutions of fibrinogen undergoing spontaneous breakdown. One derivative, isolated as the large electrophoretic peak at the end of the clottable period (100% CP) of the parent fibrinogen solution, was labelled LP(100) and others obtained at twice this period (200% CP) were designated as LP(200) and SP(200) (LP, large peak; SP, small peak). 2. Maximal ;molecular' weights of approx. 294000 for LP(100), 137000 for LP(200) and 37000 for SP(200) were calculated for the protein moieties. At least 265 amino acid residues must have been lost from each fibrinogen molecule during the formation of LP(100), and 1362 during the formation of the other two derivatives. 3. Only one derivative (LP(200)) had a partial specific volume ([unk] 0.725ml./g.) different from that of fibrinogen ([unk] 0.721ml./g.). 4. No significant differences in refractive index at 589mmu were detected. 5. Calculation of the total number of ionizable groups/10(5)g. of each protein moiety showed a preponderance of the following numbers of negative charges: 22 in fibrinogen; 24 in LP(100); 26 in LP(200); 49 in SP(200). The isoionic points were estimated to be approx.+0.03pH unit (for fibrinogen), -0.06pH unit for (LP(100)) and +0.28pH unit (for LP(200)) from the pK of imidazole, and 0.78pH unit above the average pK of aspartyl and glutamyl ions (for SP(200)). These figures agree closely with experimentally determined values of the isoelectric point of fibrinogen and its derivatives.
Cultures of Uredineae in 1910

The present article is the eleventh of a series of reports1 by the writer upon the culture of plant rusts, beginning in I899. Almost uniform progress has been made during the twelve years in the prime purpose of the work, that of experimentally connecting the sporophytic and gametophytic phases of heteroecious rusts, as well as the study of autoecious species and in some cases the detection of races. The work of the year is representative in these several respects. It was under the charge of Miss Irma A. Uhde, a senior student in general science in the University of Iowa, who was recommended by Professor Thomas H. Macbride. Miss Uhde conducted the work with fine insight and untiring patience, securing a notably large number of successful infections. Some of the sowings, particularly those of the cedar rusts were made and the records kept by Dr. F. D. Kern. All the work was done under the auspices of the Indiana Experiment Station, and financed from the Adams fund.
Novel application of windowed beamforming function imaging for FLGPR

Backprojection of cross-correlated array data, using algorithms such as coherent interferometric imaging (Borcea, et al., 2006), has been advanced as a method to improve the statistical stability of images of targets in an inhomogeneous medium. Recently, the Windowed Beamforming Energy (WBE) function algorithm has been introduced as a functionally equivalent approach, which is significantly less computationally burdensome (Borcea, et al., 2011). WBE produces similar results through the use of a quadratic function summing signals after beamforming in transmission and reception, and windowing in the time domain. We investigate the application of WBE to improve the detection of buried targets with forward looking ground penetrating MIMO radar (FLGPR) data. The formulation of WBE as well the software implementation of WBE for the FLGPR data collection will be discussed. WBE imaging results are compared to standard backprojection and Coherence Factor imaging. Additionally, the effectiveness of WBE on field-collected data is demonstrated qualitatively through images and quantitatively through the use of a CFAR statistic on buried targets of a variety of contrast levels.
Complete Evaluation of Residual Stress States Using Acoustoelasticity

The acoustoelastic technique for the nondestructive evaluation of stress is based on the stress-induced changes in the speed of wave propagation. In the application of acoustoelasticity, three different approaches have been adopted. For the sake of discussion, we will consider the case of a plane state of stress in an initially isotropic material. The most common technique uses shear waves propagating normal to the plane of stress [1,2]. This technique takes advantage of the stress-induced birefringence of the shear waves which, in the case considered, is proportional to the difference in the principal stresses. Another technique which is currently receiving considerable attention involves two shear-horizontal (SH) waves propagating in the principal stress directions, with their polarizations in the other principal direction [3–5]. In this approach, the difference in the speeds of the two SH waves can be related to the difference in principal stresses directly. Knowledge of the material’s elastic or acoustoelastic constants is not required. The final approach uses a single longitudinal wave propagating perpendicular to the plane of stress, with the change in the speed of this wave being proportional to the sum of the principal stresses [6,7].
Generative Models of Cultural Decision Making for Virtual Agents Based on User’s Reported Values

Building computational models of cultural decision making for virtual agents based on behavioral data is a challenge because finding a reasonable mapping between the statistical data and the computational model is a difficult task. This paper shows how the weights on a multi attribute utility based decision making model can be set according to the values held by people elicited through a survey. If survey data from different cultures is available then this can be done to simulate cultural decision making behavior. We used the survey data of two sets of players from US and India playing the Dictator Game and the Ultimatum Game on-line. Analyzing their reported values in the survey enabled us to set up our model’s parameters based on their culture and simulate their behavior in the Ultimatum Game.
Calcium Regulation of Mitosis: The Metaphase/Anaphase Transition

Calcium is commonly thought to be a regulator of mitosis. Fluxes in the concentration of calcium ions ([Ca]) might stimulate one or more processes that participate in controlling the formation and function of the mitotic apparatus (MA) (Hepler and Wolniak, 1984). The discovery several years ago that an elevated [Ca] caused microtubules (MTs) to depolymerize has greatly influenced our thinking about ion regulation of the MA. Specifically it has seemed attractive that during prophase the would be low (0.1 uM) to allow formation of the MA but that during late metaphase or at the onset of anaphase the [Ca] would rise and thereby activate events including MT depolymerization that are involved in chromosome transport (Hepler and Wolniak, 1984).
Optimal Plume Capture Design in Unconfined Aquifers

A combined simulation and optimization model for designing groundwater plume control systems in unconfined aquifers is presented and demonstrated on two- and three-dimensional aquifer problems. Unconfined aquifer simulation poses numerical challenges that are not present when confined conditions are assumed. In unconfined aquifers, excessive extraction from a pumping well may result in drying of the well and cessation of pumping. In the simulation model, excessive extraction rates result in dewatering portions of the numerical domain. To avoid numerical dewatering, constraints can be placed on hydraulic head within the well cell. However, head is a nonlinear function of pumping in unconfined aquifers. The nonlinearity of head and the potential for dewatering must both be considered when applying simulation-optimization models to design containment systems in unconfined aquifers. In this chapter, optimization search procedures for an advective-control model are developed for accommodating unconfined aquifer simulation. The simulation-optimization model represents advective contaminant transport using particle tracking techniques. The goal of the groundwater management strategy is to contain plume migration while minimizing total pumping of the containment system.
General Approaches in Functionalization of Polyolefins

This chapter provides a global view of the functionalization approaches of Polyolefins and discusses their scope and limitations. It illustrates three approaches to the functionalization of polyolefins: (1) direct copolymerization of α-olefin with functional monomer, (2) chemical modification of the preformed polymer, and (3) a reactive copolymer approach, incorporating reactive co-monomers that can be selectively and effectively interconverted to functional groups. The chapter presents some fundamental chemical difficulties in the direct copolymerization. The combination of the inert nature of polyolefin and a very short reaction causes great difficulties in controlling polymer composition and structure. The most frequently used free radical functionalization reactions that are usually accompanied with many undesirable side reactions and byproducts are discussed. The reactive copolymer approach has benefited greatly from metallocene technology. Several new reactive co-monomers have been effectively incorporated into polyolefins with narrow molecular weight and composition distributions. This approach has opened up the opportunity to prepare a broad range of new functional polyolefins with compositions and structures that would be very difficult to prepare by other methods.
MRI measured liver stiffness does not predict focal liver lesions after the Fontan operation.

Focal liver lesions are common in children and adults after Fontan procedures. To explore the relationship between liver shear stiffness, using magnetic resonance (MR) elastography, and the presence of focal liver lesions in patients after Fontan procedures (total cavopulmonary anastomosis). The retrospective study was approved by the institutional review board and the requirement for informed consent was waived. By searching institutional electronic medical records, we identified all patients with a history of Fontan palliation of congenital heart disease who had undergone same-day liver MR elastography and liver MRI without and with intravenous contrast material between January 2012 and December 2017. Using imaging reports, patients were placed into two groups: 1) no focal liver lesions and 2) one or more focal liver lesions. Patient age, sex, mean liver shear stiffness (kPa) and maximum single anatomical level liver shear stiffness (kPa) were recorded. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare age and liver stiffness between groups, while the Fisher exact test was used to assess the impact of gender on liver lesions. Forty-eight patients met study inclusion criteria; 33 (69%) had one or more focal liver lesions. The median age was 20.0 years (IQR [interquartile range]: 10.8-29.1 years) for patients without liver lesions and 19.9 years (IQR: 17.2-27.0 years) for patients with liver lesions (P=0.49). Eleven of 21 male patients (52.4%) had liver lesions compared to 22 of 27 female patients (81.5%) (P=0.058). Mean (4.62 kPa [IQR: 4.10–5.59 kPa] vs. 4.10 kPa [IQR: 3.44-4.80 kPa]; P=0.02) and maximum (5.53 kPa [IQR: 4.64-6.56 kPa] vs. 4.50 kPa [IQR: 3.82-5.35 kPa]; P=0.009) liver stiffness were significantly higher in patients without liver lesions as compared to patients with liver lesions. Our study demonstrated a significant negative association between focal liver lesions and increased liver stiffness in patients following Fontan procedures.
Emergence of Parechovirus A4 Central Nervous System Infections among Infants in Kansas City, Missouri, USA

ABSTRACT Among known parechovirus (PeV) types infecting humans, PeV-A3 (formerly HPeV3) and PeV-A1 (formerly HPeV1) are associated with pediatric central nervous system (CNS) infections. The prevalence of PeV-A3 among hospitalized infants with sepsis-like illness and viral CNS infection is well described; however, the contribution of PeV-A4 to infant CNS infection is relatively unexplored. We report the first 11 U.S. cases of PeV-A4 CNS infections occurring in Kansas City infants during 2010 to 2016 and compare the clinical presentation with that of PeV-A3. PeV-positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens from 2010 to 2016 underwent sequencing for genotyping. Among all PeV-CSF positives, PeV-A4 was detected in 11 CSF samples from 2010 to 2016. PeV-A4 was first detected in 2010 (n = 1/4), followed by detections in 2014 (n = 1/39), 2015 (n = 6/9), and 2016 (n = 3/33). The median age of PeV-A4-infected infants in weeks (median, 4; range, 1 to 8) was similar to that of infants infected with PeV-A3 (median, 4; range, 0.25 to 8). Clinical characteristics of PeV-A4 (n = 11) were compared with those of select PeV-A3-infected children (n = 34) with CNS infections and found to be mostly similar, although maximum temperature was higher (P = 0.017) and fever duration was shorter (P = 0.03) for PeV-A4 than for PeV-A3. Laboratory test results were also similar between genotypes, although they showed significantly lower peripheral white blood cell (P = 0.014) and absolute lymphocyte (P = 0.04) counts for PeV-A4 infants. Like PeV-A3, PeV-A4 caused summer-fall seasonal clusters of CNS infections in infants, with mostly similar presentations. Further surveillance is necessary to confirm potential differences in laboratory findings and in fever intensity/duration.
Sources, sinks, and fluxes of nutrients (N + P) in a small highly modified urban estuary in southern California

Our objective was to begin to investigate sources, sinks, and flux rates of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in Famosa Slough, a small (12 ha) highly modified urban estuary in San Diego, California, U.S.A. The hydrology of Famosa Slough has been modified by culverts that dampen tidal influence and seasonal runoff from two urban watersheds, each of which has been implicated as a nutrient source that generates nuisance algal blooms. In 1995 and 1996, the ranges of nutrients measured in the water column were extremely wide; upper values exceeded those in other estuaries identified as eutrophic. Average dissolved inorganic nitrogen ranged from 2 to 250 μM, while dissolved inorganic phosphorus ranged from <1 to 15 μM. Nutrient content of the water changed rapidly both spatially and temporally depending on the tides and rainfall. While tidal water dominated this system, especially in the dry season, our results indicate that Famosa Slough's small watershed, not the larger watershed of the San Diego River, was the major source of nutrients during rainfall. Sediment nutrients were also high (∼3 mg N g dry wt−1 and 0.600 mg P g dry wt−1). Short-term flux studies suggest that the large accumulations of opportunistic green macroalgae commonly found in this estuary, and possibly the sediments, may act as a large and rapid sink for nutrients during times of high nutrient supply. We suggest that small, shallow estuaries in urban settings may have more complex and rapid nutrient dynamics than those found in larger systems.
Intraprocedural Use of Echocardiography for TAVR

Since the advent of transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) in 2002, more than 20,000 bioprosthetic valves have been deployed in patients with severe aortic stenosis (Jilaihawi, Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 80(1):128–38, 2012). Long-term clinical outcomes data from TAVR underscore the importance of adequately measuring the aortic annulus and having the ability to clearly visualize the relationship between the bioprosthetic valve, the native aortic valve, and surrounding anatomic structures. The development of 3D echocardiography has facilitated the ability to correctly measure the aortic valve annulus in multiple planes and aid in the deployment of the bioprosthetic valve in the catheterization laboratory. This chapter will describe the strengths and limitations of 3D TEE in assessing the aortic valve annulus and any other associated cardiac structures during TAVR.
Echocardiographic imaging of the Medtronic Micro Vascular Plug™ during off label placement in the premature infant with patent ductus arteriosus.

Objectives To report the usefulness of harmonic imaging in echocardiography to visualize and direct the implantation of the Medtronic micro vascular plug (MVP). Background Off label use of the MVP was reported for transcatheter occlusion of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in premature infants. The device is poorly visible on fluoroscopy and echocardiography. Methods In 9 consecutive premature infants, the MVP was used for transcatheter closure of the PDA. In each, the ability of conventional echocardiographic imaging was compared to harmonic imaging, and the device was deployed in the PDA using echocardiography. Results In each subject, harmonic imaging proved superior to conventional echocardiography to visualize the MVP in premature infants using 12 and 8 MHz probes. Once the delivery, catheter was across the PDA into the descending aorta, and the MVP advanced to the catheter tip, positioning, and deployment of the device was possible without fluoroscopy. All devices were deployed appropriately with immediate occlusion and no obstruction to the left pulmonary artery or aorta. Conclusions The MVP can be accurately imaged using harmonic imaging, even in the near field in premature infants. Precise implantation of the MVP in the PDA of premature infants is possible with echocardiographic imaging of the device and vascular structures.
Cerebro: A Wearable Solution to Detect and Track User Preferences using Brainwaves

In this work, we consider the problem of detection and interpretation of user preferences using their brainwaves. The specific goal in this context is to determine the preference ranking for a set of objects by solely relying on the brain activity of a user who is wearing an EEG headset wearable. We first establish the feasibility of object ranking (based on an EEG wearable) by a trial and error based analysis of the EEG signals. We then present a machine learning algorithm Cerebro, which can learn the specific nuances of the user's brainwaves for preferences to accurately rank the objects. We measure the accuracy of the algorithm in terms of the Normalized Discounted Cumulative Gain (NDCG), and show that it performs well when trained on 7 objects, and evaluated on 3 objects for the 14 users.
Policy: Integrated Resource Planning to Optimize Energy Services

For the first century of public utilities, when resources were little constrained, their mandate was to sell electricity and gas, with little attention to the services provided by these energy carriers.
The Divided West and the Rising East

بررسی پیامدهای کاهش و رکود ممکن نظام لیبرال با تمرکز بر عوامل تقسیم کننده جهان غرب، به ویژه افزایش سمی ناسیونالیسم، بومی گرایی، پوپولیسم، استبداد، ضد نهاد گرایی ، ضد مهاجر و ضد جهانی شدن احساسات، موضوع اصلی این مقاله است. ما استدلال می کنبم که در حالی که ایالات متحده پذیرای ناسیونالیسم اقتصادی بیشتر و حمایت از ملی گرایی در دولت ترامپ است، حمایت از نهادهای چند جانبه، که ریشه در نظم لیبرال دارند، به احتمال زیاد به طور قابل ملاحظه ای عقب نشینی خواهد کرد. انحلال نظم لیبرال مسلما راه را برای اختلال سیاسی در سراسر جهان باز خواهد کرد، و در همان زمان، تقسیم جهان غرب در دوره اتحاد چین با روسیه تحت رهبری پوتین به احتمال زیاد برای غرب چالش های جدیدی ایجاد می کند. با وجود رقابت آنها ، پکن و مسکو به دنبال راه هایی برای بهبود روابط دوجانبه با واشنگتن به منظور محدود کردن و مدیریت بهتر تنش کلی منطقه ای خواهند بود. شایان ذکر است که خطرات ناشی از رها کردن یک نظام لیبرال، که برای بیش از هفت دهه رفاه نسبی به همراه داشته است، و همچنین به عنوان چارچوبی قانونی و سازمانی برای حل تعارض بوده است، میتواند بسیار مخرب باشد.
A Memória Organizacional do Relatório de Gestão da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS): evidências de aprendizagem e compartilhamento do conhecimento

This article proposes to analyze, from the perspective of the Organizational Memory, the results obtained in the research on the Management Report of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), in the period 2008-2016, especially regarding the presence of learning evidences collective and knowledge sharing in the process of preparing the Report within the University, linking the themes. In order to answer the question, after a bibliographic and documentary study, characterized as a case study and as a participant research, data collection was done, based on a script of interviews that allowed clarifying the initial question as well as meeting the proposed objectives
A model of crop diversification under labor shocks

As demands on agriculture increase, food producers will need to employ management strategies that not only increase yields but reduce environmental impacts. Modeling is a powerful tool for informing decision-making about current and future practices. We present a model to evaluate the effects of crop diversification on the robustness of simulated farms under labor shocks. We use an example inspired by the Florida production system of high-value, labor-intensive fruits. We find that crop diversification to high-value crops is a robust strategy when labor shocks are mild, and that crop diversification becomes less valuable as more simulated farms practice it. Based on our results, we suggest that crop diversification is a useful management strategy under specific conditions, but that policies designed to encourage crop diversification must consider broad effects as well as farm-level benefits.
Predicting Dropout for Nontraditional Undergraduate Students: A Machine Learning Approach:

Student attrition represents one of the greatest challenges facing U.S. postsecondary institutions. Approximately 40 percent of students seeking a bachelor’s degree do not graduate within 6 years; ...