cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Method for Simultaneous Determination of Permeability and Porosity in Low-Permeability Cores

Determining the porosity and permeability of a formation has always been basic to understanding petroleum reservoirs. In low permeability formations, the measurement of permeability from core samples is a difficult task. To complicate the problem, the porosity and permeability can be strongly dependent upon the net stress exerted on the core sample. Net stress, which is the difference between overburden stress and pore pressure, will increase as the reservoir pressure is depleted. A method for determining permeability with precision and reasonable speed can be quite important when one is trying to characterize a low permeability reservoir. The conventional (steady state flow) method for permeability determination is not adequate for low permeability cores. The low flow rates across the core plug are difficult to measure and control. In this paper, the authors describe an analytical model for gas flow through a core, and present a method for rapidly and simultaneously determining both the porosity and permeability of a low permeability core.
Management of a smart grid with controlled-delivery of discrete power levels

The present electrical grid uses two properties for the distribution of electrical power: perpetually energized and with discretionary access to power amounts. These two properties, although functional and practical, expose the grid to overload and consumption forecasting uncertainty. In addition, the distribution of electricity may be difficult to manage; sudden demand surge or supply shortage may ultimately lead to failures. To overcome this, we adopt a recently proposed approach whereby electricity is delivered in discrete amounts, through what is named here as a controlled-delivery power grid. In this grid, the customer's addresses are embedded in the electrical signal, and smart loads are used to limit the supplied electrical power. These smart loads not only control the consumed amount of power but also provide reactive stability to the distribution loop. We discuss an architecture of the controlled-delivery power grid and analyze a management scheme for the distribution of power, where the capacity of the distribution loop is capped to the average of the requested power, adopting a round-robin schedule of power deliverance. We show that the efficiency of power distribution satisfies over 98% of the power requests in such scenarios of energy scarcity.
Inhibition of Recombinase Polymerase Amplification by Background DNA: A Lateral Flow-Based Method for Enriching Target DNA

Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) may be used to detect a variety of pathogens, often after minimal sample preparation. However, previous work has shown that whole blood inhibits RPA. In this paper, we show that the concentrations of background DNA found in whole blood prevent the amplification of target DNA by RPA. First, using an HIV-1 RPA assay with known concentrations of nonspecific background DNA, we show that RPA tolerates more background DNA when higher HIV-1 target concentrations are present. Then, using three additional assays, we demonstrate that the maximum amount of background DNA that may be tolerated in RPA reactions depends on the DNA sequences used in the assay. We also show that changing the RPA reaction conditions, such as incubation time and primer concentration, has little effect on the ability of RPA to function when high concentrations of background DNA are present. Finally, we develop and characterize a lateral flow-based method for enriching the target DNA concentration r...
Parity-violating one-loop function in lower-dimensional type-I string theory.

The parity-violating one-loop functions with three and four external gauge bosons accompanied by five external massless scalars in lower-dimensional type-I string theory are evaluated in closed form. The finiteness and anomaly freedom of the amplitudes are also proved independent of the internal symmetry.
Expression of constitutive endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human blood platelets.

Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) activates the soluble isoform of guanylate cyclase in platelets and inhibits platelet function. Several studies suggest the existence of a pathway for NO synthesis in platelets as a form of feedback inhibition, but the identity of the NO synthase (NOS) isoform present within platelets is unknown. We isolated human platelets and synthesized cDNA from platelet RNA for analysis by PCR. Primers for human neuronal or inducible NOS failed to yield a PCR signal. However, primers specific for endothelial NOS (ecNOS) amplified a DNA band of the expected size. Analysis of nucleotide sequence revealed that the amplified DNA is ecNOS. NOS enzyme activity was detected in the platelet particulate subcellular fraction, as previously demonstrated for ecNOS in other cells. Thus, ecNOS is present in human platelets and may play a role in the regulation of platelet function by an endogenous NO pathway.
Identification of Volatile/Semivolatile Products Derived from Chemical Remediation of cis-1,3-Dichloropropene by Thiosulfate

The prevalent use of soil fumigants has resulted in air pollution in some agricultural regions. Our previous research showed that application of thiosulfate fertilizers at the soil surface may offer an effective and economical approach to reduce the emission of halogenated fumigants via a chemical remediation process. In this fumigant emission-reduction strategy, volatile 1,3-dichloropropene (1,3-D) reacts with thiosulfate to generate a nonvolatile Bunte salt (thiosulfate derivative of 1,3-D). However, the decomposition of the Bunte salt may be associated with the production of perceptible odors. This study investigated the stability of this reaction product in different environmental media. Hydrolysis experiments demonstrated that the thiosulfate derivative was relatively stable in neutral and moderately acidic aqueous solutions. In contrast, the thiosulfate derivative was readily converted to a dialkyl disulfide via a base hydrolysis process in pH 10 buffer solution. In a strongly acidic solution, a mercaptan and a dialkyl disulfide compound were detected as two primary hydrolysis products. In soil, this initial reaction product underwent a series of biotic conversions to generate several volatile or semivolatile organic sulfur compounds. The formation and distribution of four volatile/semivolatile products in the air and soil were detected in different soils treated with the thiosulfate derivative of 1,3-D. This study indicated that odors occurring in soil treated with halogenated fumigants and thiosulfate fertilizers might arise from the generation and release of these and other volatile/semivolatile organic sulfur products. The environmental fate and effects of such volatile/semivolatile sulfur compounds should be considered in the application of sulfur-containing fertilizers in fumigated fields.
Time-invariant quadratic Hamiltonians via generalized transformations

In this paper we give necessary and sufficient conditions for achieving a quadratic positive definite time-invariant Hamiltonian for time-varying generalized Hamiltonian control systems using canonical transformations. Those necessary and sufficient conditions form a system of partial differential equations that reduces to the matching conditions obtained earlier in the literature for time-invariant systems. Their theoretical solvability is proved via the Cauchy-Kowalevskaya theorem and their practical solvability discussed in some particular cases. Systems with time-invariant positive definite Hamiltonian are known to yield a passive input-output map and can be stabilized by unity feedback, which underlines the importance of achieving the positive definiteness and time-invariancy for the Hamiltonian. We illustrate the results with few examples including the rolling coin.
Modification of the brice light-scattering photometer for photoelectric polarimetry by the rouy method

Construction details for modifying the Brice light-scattering photometer for use in photoelectric polarimetry have been given. The measuring technique is based on the Rouy method, which is perhaps the most sensitive of all photoelectric methods of measuring the optical rotation of liquids, especially at small angles. A standard deviation of 0.01° has been observed with the use of an instrument modified in this way.
Repair of Lateral Meniscus Posterior Horn Detachment Lesions A Biomechanical Evaluation

Background:Posterior horn detachment (PHD) lesions of the lateral meniscus are commonly associated with acute anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tears. Multiple surgeons have advocated for repair of this lesion at the time of ACL reconstruction. However, the biomechanical consequences of this lesion and its subsequent repair have not been evaluated.Hypothesis:The PHD lesion of the lateral meniscus will lead to increased tibiofemoral contact pressures, and repair of this lesion to bone via a tibial tunnel can restore normal contact pressures during simulated gait.Study Design:Controlled laboratory study.Methods:Lateral compartment contact pressures were measured via a sensor on the tibial plateau in 8 cadaver knees with the knee intact, after sectioning the posterior horn of the lateral meniscus to simulate PHD, and after repairing the injury. The repair was performed using an ACL tunnel guide to drill a tunnel from the anteromedial tibia to the posterior horn attachment site. Dynamic pressure data were cont...
Freud's Jewish Science and Lacan's Sinthome

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the English at ODU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in English Faculty Publications by an authorized administrator of ODU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact digitalcommons@odu.edu. Repository Citation Metzger, David, "Freud's Jewish Science and Lacan's Sinthome" (1997). English Faculty Publications. Paper 16. http://digitalcommons.odu.edu/english_fac_pubs/16
Free radical species mediating the toxicity of ozone for cultured rat lung fibroblasts.

Abstract We have reported a model system with which to study factors influencing the toxicity of O 3 for cultured rat lung cells. This continuing investigation was to determine the relative contributions of free radical species to the toxicity of O 3 as measured by 51 Cr release and the use of free radical scavengers. Toxicity from modes of O 3 exposure favoring stable free radicals (stationary cultures or added O 3 -exposed medium) was prevented by the H 2 O 2 scavenger, catalase. Toxicity produced by exposing cells to O 3 through only a thin film of medium (rotated cultures) was partially prevented by either catalase or superoxide dismutase. Their combination completely prevented toxicity, suggesting that both H 2 O 2 and . O 2 were major toxic species. Mannitol, an . OH scavenger formed from H 2 O 2 and . O 2 , was partially protective with all models while the 1 O 2 scavengers histidine, tryptophan and xanthine were ineffective.
Rapid Chromatographic Analysis of Nucleosides and N-Bases in Physiologic Fluids

Abstract A high-resolution anion-exchange system has been developed to analyze specifically for the nucleosides and bases present in physiologic fluids. This sytem employs a unique coupled-column operation that allows rapid column stripping and regeneration on completion of each run. Results obtained in the analysis of urine for nucleosides and bases are presented.
Towards an Appropriable CSCW Tool Ecology: Lessons from the Greatest International Scavenger Hunt the World Has Ever Seen

If you could accomplish a complex, collaborative work task with one tool or many tools working together, which would you choose? In this paper, we present a case study of GISHWHES (the "Greatest International Scavenger Hunt the World Has Ever Seen"), an annual event in which teams spend one week completing complex, creative tasks. Building on the literature of IT ecosystems, we show how teams used different collections of tools to meet their communication needs. We interviewed team members, finding that most teams used multiple tools during GISHWHES. By analyzing which tools they chose over others for each function, we gain insight into the strengths and weaknesses of these tools, and the complexity surrounding work processes. In light of this complexity, this research highlights the importance of designing appropriable tools that can work with unanticipated workflows and mesh well with other tools in a communicative ecology.
Estimating the Expected Replicability of a Pattern of Correlations and Other Measures of Association

Replication is at the heart of all empirical sciences. However, there are no standard procedures for establishing the replicability of a pattern of correlations found linking a particular variable to an inventory or battery of other measures. This article introduces 2 statistics for quantifying the expected replicability of a pattern of associations (i.e., correlations, slope coefficients) between a variable of interest and a SET of other variables, items, measures, and so on. Using simulations and real data, we illustrate that these statistics are highly accurate estimates of the expected replicability of an observed pattern of correlations. These statistics can readily be used to indicate the replicability of patterns of association indexed by other statistics (e.g., regression slopes or covariances) and can be applied to other contexts, such as estimating the reliability of profile correlations. It is recommended that these statistics are regularly reported in such studies.
Clean air policy and oxygenated fuels: do we get what we pay for?

Abstract The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 set ambient air quality standards for the United States. Areas that violate these standards (usually large urban centers) are required to use cleaner-burning automotive fuels (oxygenated fuels or ‘oxyfuels’) during the winter months in some cases and year-round (reformulated gasoline) in the worst cases. Oxygenated fuels are the primary alternative fuel in use, however, cleaning-up our aggregate automobile emissions can be done through many different methods. Using a cross-section of data from the California emissions testing program this paper investigates the environmental benefits gained by the use of oxyfuels. It estimates the actual CO and HC emissions abatement due to the use of the oxyfuel. The results suggest the CO emissions reductions are lower than previously thought due to the differential impact of the fuel on different automobile vintages. Cars built since 1988 have no CO emissions benefits as a result of using oxyfuels. Oxyfuels are also found to have no systematic impact on HC emissions. The oxyfuel smog test results are then compared to emissions’ improvements resulting from emissions system repairs. Increased maintenance and repairs are found to be a much more cost-effective method for lowering CO and HC emissions than oxyfuels.
The effect of nonenzymatic glycation on the stability and conformation of two deoxyoligonucleotide duplexes: a spectroscopic analysis by circular dichroism.

Abstract Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) play a significant role in the pathophysiology of diabetes leading to such conditions as atherosclerosis, cataract formation, and renal dysfunction. While the formation of nucleoside AGEs was previously demonstrated, no extensive studies have been performed to assess the effect of AGEs on DNA structure and folding. The objective of this study was to investigate the nonenzymatic glycation of two DNA oligonucleotide duplexes with one duplex consisting of deoxy-poly(A) 15 and deoxy-poly(T) 15 and the other consisting of deoxy-poly(GA) 15 and deoxy-poly(CT) 15 . With d -glucose, d -galactose, d / l -glyceraldehyde, and d -glucosamine serving as the model glycating carbohydrates, d -glucosamine was found to exhibit the greatest effect on the stability and structure of the oligonucleotide duplexes, a finding that was confirmed by circular dichroism. The nonenzymatic glycation of deoxy-poly(AT) by d -glucosamine destabilized the deoxy-poly(AT) structure and changed its conformation from A form to X form. d -Glucosamine also altered the conformation of deoxy-poly(GA) 15 and deoxy-poly(CT) 15 from A form to B form. Capillary electrophoresis and ultraviolet and fluorescence spectroscopy revealed that, of the various purines and pyrimidines, 2′-deoxyguanosine and guanine were most reactive with d -glucosamine. The nonenzymatic modification of nucleic acids warrants further investigation because this phenomenon may occur in vivo, altering DNA structure and/or function.
ACQUIRED STIMULUS CONTROL OF DRUG-INDUCED CHANGES IN AGGRESSIVE DISPLAY IN BETTA SPLENDENS

Male Siamese fighting fish exhibit stereotyped aggression reactions to their mirror reflections. When distinctive neutral stimuli (flickering colored lights) were repeatedly associated with drug-potentiated aggression (morphine sulfate) and drug-depressed aggression (phenergan), the stimuli came to exert specific stimulus control over aggressive display even after the drugs were discontinued.
Micromechanics of complex three-dimensional microstructures

Material microstructures often contain non-uniformly distributed features of complex geometry. Attributes of three-dimensional microstructural geometry have dominant influence on the mechanical behavior of materials. Therefore, it is of interest to incorporate quantitative description of actual three-dimensional microstructures in micromechanical analysis of materials. In this contribution, a methodology has been developed to perform finite element (FE)-based simulations on complex three-dimensional microstructures, through its application to cast microstructure of A356 Al-alloy containing non-uniformly distributed pores of complex geometry. As expected, the simulations reveal that the distributions of local stresses and strains depend on size, orientation, and spatial arrangement of the pores in a complex manner. FE-simulations on the three-dimensional pore structure have been used to simulate the growth of the voids by the McClintock rule. These simulations clearly demonstrate that unit cell model can be used in the study the void growth behavior of materials at the stress levels close to global yield stress, and it overestimates the void growth at the stress levels significantly higher global yield stress. The FE-simulations reveal a general trend that larger voids have a higher percentage increase in their volume. Therefore, at a given applied stress level, absolute rate of volume change of a pore increases with its initial pore volume in a non-linear manner. These observations are supported by experimental measurements of pore growth. It is shown that micromechanical response does not vary significantly if the pores are replaced by equivalent ellipsoids, and such a model can be used to simulate the growth of non-uniformly distributed voids of complex geometry at all stress levels.
Simultaneous flow field and fuel concentration imaging at 4.8 kHz in an operating engine

High-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser induced fluorescence (PLIF) techniques are combined to acquire flow field and fuel concentration in a spray-guided spark-ignited direct-injection (SG-SIDI) engine under motored and fired operation. This is a crucial step to enable studies that seek correlations between marginal engine operation (misfires or partial burns) and local, instantaneous mixture and flow conditions. Correlated flow and fuel data are extracted from a 4 mm×4 mm sub-region directly downstream the spark plug to characterize the in-cylinder conditions next to the spark plug during the spray and ignition event. Values of equivalence ratio, velocity magnitude, shear strain rate, and vorticity all increase during the spray event and decrease an order of magnitude during the duration of the spark event.
Fermi Level Inhomogeneities on GaAs(110) Surface Imaged with a Photoelectron Microscope

A photoelectron microscope operating with a retarding field analyzer has been used to exploit core level energy shifts due to band bending in order to directly image Fermi level variations on n- and p-type cleaved GaAs(110) surfaces. Fermi level maps resolved to better than 10 um indicate lateral variations in the surface Fermi level which are often quite abrupt. In agreement with earlier, lower resolution work [1], Fermi level topography is found to be highly correlated with surface roughness as characterized by SEM, optical microscope and stylus profi lometer. The largest defect derived pinnings encountered to date resut in the Fermi level lying 0.5 eV above the VBM for both n- and p-type GaAs. Low coverage In evaporations have the. effect of reducing Fermi level contrast as Fermi levels in formerly unpinned regions move into the gap.
A grand unified composite model

Abstract If certain unusual assumption about chiral symmetry breaking and dynamical mass generation are valid the gauge hierarchy problem is solved naturally and all elementary particle forces are unified into a single semi-simple gauge group. Three ordinary and two exotic families of fermions exist below 1 TeV.
Primary site of gene action in anterior pituitary dwarf mice.

The transplantation of anterior pituitary glands of normal mice into hypophysectomized dwarf littermates has resulted in mice that are normal in appearance and growth rate. In contrast, the anterior pituitary gland of dwarf animals, when placed in the sella of hypophysectomized normal littermates, failed to promote the growth of these animals. These results indicate that the primary site of gene action in dwarfism lies in the anterior pituitary itself rather than in the hypothalamus.
Heterogeneity of efficacy and safety of antiplatelet therapy in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.

The beneficial effects of antiplatelet therapy for secondary prevention in patients with prior cardiovascular or cerebrovascular events, including stroke, transient ischemic attack, and myocardial infarction, have been demonstrated repeatedly over the past decade. It is increasingly apparent that pathophysiologic differences between patients with different types of prior vascular events have an important effect on treatment outcomes. Several large, important trials of antiplatelet therapies, including MATCH, CHARISMA, ESPRIT, and TRITON-TIMI 38, underscore the heterogeneity of the efficacy and safety of antiplatelet agents in patients with recent cerebrovascular disease, compared with patients with recent acute coronary syndromes. Trial data therefore support an individualized approach to antithrombotic therapy for secondary vascular-event prevention that is appropriate for any probable future vascular events and actively reduces the impact of modifiable risk factors common to all vascular events. The potential for benefit in reducing recurrent vascular events must be weighed against the increased risk of bleeding and of patient non-responsiveness to treatment. A number of other factors also need to be considered, including drug interactions, patient compliance, and adverse-effect profiles. Overall, there is now a substantial body of clinical trial evidence that supports the need to carefully individualize antiplatelet therapy and other risk-reducing strategies on the basis of each patient’s pathology and specific needs.
Binding of protein kinase C to N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide through its ATP binding site

Protein kinase C (PKC) is a Ca2+- and phospholipid-dependent protein kinase which has been implicated as a key enzyme in the regulation of cellular growth. The naphthalenesulfonamide W7 [N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide] is representative of a number of cationic amphiphilic inhibitors of PKC which appear to inhibit PKC by interacting with the acidic phospholipid cofactor of the enzyme, according to kinetic studies. In a previous report, we demonstrated that PKC binds directly to W7 when the naphthalenesulfonamide is immobilized on agarose. In the present report, we have defined the mechanism of the binding of PKC to W7-agarose, and its relevance to the inhibitory mechanism of the naphthalenesulfonamide. We demonstrate that PKC bound W7-agarose through the catalytic domain of the enzyme. An active catalytic fragment of PKC was generated by limited proteolysis, and we found that this fragment bound W7-agarose and coeluted with intact PKC upon the addition of Triton X-100. W7 inhibited PKC activity by two different mechanisms. As previously reported, W7 inhibited PKC by interacting with the phospholipid cofactor of the enzyme (IC50 = 260 microM). However, at higher concentrations of W7, we found that this naphthalenesulfonamide inhibited PKC by serving as a competitive inhibitor with respect to the substrate ATP, according to a kinetic analysis of the inhibition of the active catalytic fragment of PKC by W7. W7 inhibited the active catalytic fragment of PKC as well as PKC-catalyzed phosphorylation of protamine sulfate, a reaction which is independent of Ca2+ and phospholipid, with similar potencies. Consistent with the kinetic evidence that W7 serves as a competitive inhibitor of PKC with respect to ATP, we found that, in the presence of 10 mM MgCl2, 1 mM ATP was sufficient to elute PKC from W7-agarose. Thus, naphthalenesulfonamide PKC inhibitors may include both agents which primarily function by interacting with the phospholipid cofactor of the enzyme and agents which primarily serve as active site inhibitors of PKC.
High-Resolution Terahertz Spectroscopy of Crystalline Trialanine: Extreme Sensitivity to β-Sheet Structure and Cocrystallized Water

High-resolution terahertz absorption spectra (0.06−3 THz) have been obtained at 4.2 K for three crystalline forms of trialanine [H2+-(Ala)3-O-]. The crystal structures differ in their β-sheet forms (parallel vs antiparallel) and in their water composition (hydrated vs dehydrated antiparallel β-sheet). The spectra are nearly vibrationally resolved, with little absorption below 1 THz. In sharp contrast to observations made in the mid-IR region, the spectral patterns of all three forms are qualitatively different, illustrating the extreme sensitivity to changes in the intermolecular hydrogen-bonding networks that stabilize peptide crystals. Predictions obtained from a classical force field model (CHARMM) and density functional theory (DFT/PW91) for periodic solids are compared with the X-ray structural data and the terahertz absorption spectra. In general, the results for the parallel β-sheet are in better agreement with experiment than those for the antiparallel β-sheet. For all three structures, however, m...
Probing the stability of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on the surface of human cells.

We used binding of a fluorescent adduct of β2-microglobulin, fluorescein β2m, to probe the stability of class I HLA molecules on the surface of human cells. The weight of the literature suggests that this ligand binds to heavy chains that have lost β2m and possibly peptide as well. Hence Fl-β2m reports on the stability of the class I HLA trimer. A small fraction of HLA molecules, ∼5%, binds Fl-β2m on both resting and activated T cells. A larger fraction of all HLA molecules binds Fl-β2m in FO-1 cells, β2m-deficient cells, transfected with various B2m genes. HLA molecules of FO-1 cells are more stable when expressed with human β2m, than when expressed with mouse β2m. The non-covalent association of HLA heavy chains, β2m and peptide implies that eventually every molecule of HLA trimer ought to dissociate and bind Fl-β2m. In fact, the extent of exchange is limited by the lifetime of a given molecule at the cell surface. β2m exchange decreases as cell concentration increases, suggesting that some density-dependent process acts to enhance degradation or denaturation of β2m-free HLA heavy chains.
Will Quality Report Cards Help Consumers

This study assesses the relationship between the salience of quality information and how well it is understood by consumers. The analysis is based on survey data and content analysis from focus-group data (104 participants). The findings show that poorly understood indicators are viewed as not useful. Consumers often do not understand quality information because they do not understand the current health care context. All of this suggests that salience alone is not sufficient to determine which indicators should be included in report cards.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Iron(II) and Manganese(II) Bis[Tris(1‐Ethyl‐4‐Methylimidazolyl‐κN)Phosphine] Complexes

FeIIL2(OTf)2 (1) and MnIIL2(OTf)2 (2) (L = tris(1-ethyl-4-methylimidazolyl-κN)phosphine; OTf= trifluoromethanesulfonate) were synthesized and their X-ray structures were determined. Both complexes possess distorted octahedral geometry with high spin electron configuration at ambient temperature. Compound 1 exhibits a quasi-reversible wave with E1/2 of 0.745 V versus Ag/AgNO3. Variable temperature magnetic measurements indicate that no spin-crossover phenomenon for 1 is observed between 2.5 and 300 K. In addition, a plot of 1/χM versus T(K) is linear with a Curie constant of 3.48 emu mol−1 K.
γ -Interferon transcriptionally regulates an early-response gene containing homology to platelet proteins

Interferons are a family of proteins first identified by their ability to induce cellular resistance to infection by many viruses. In addition to the antiviral properties it shares with the α- and β-interferons, γ-interferon (IFN-γ), a lymphokine secreted by activated T cells, activates macrophages, stimulates B cells, increases fibroblast and endothelial cell resistance to many non-viral intracellular parasites and modulates cell-surface proteins central to immune cell regulation1–13. To identify molecules involved in the IFN-γ response and characterize their modulation, we have isolated genes that are induced following recombinant IFN-γ treatment of U937 cells, a histiocytic lymphoma cell line with monocytic characteristics14,15. We report here the molecular cloning and characterization of a gene regulated by rIFN-γ in U937 cells as well as in human mononuclear cells, fibroblasts and endothelial cells. Messenger RNA from this gene is induced within 30 min of rIFN-γ treatment and demonstrates maximal (>30-fold) accumulation within 5 h. Increased transcription is partly responsible for this accumulation. This gene encodes a protein of relative molecular mass (Mr) 12,378 which has significant amino-acid homology to platelet factor-4 and β-thromboglobulin, two chemo-tatic proteins released by platelets on degranulation. This IFN-γ-inducible protein may be a member of a family of proteins involved in the inflammatory process.
Raman scattering and optical susceptibilities of Nd-doped glasses

The absolute Raman scattering cross-sections of three Neodymium-doped glasses have been measured. These cross-sections have been used to determine the nonlinear optical susceptibility tensor of the three glasses. We have estimated the relative contributions of the “electronic” and “nuclear” nonlinearities to self-focusing index for linearly polarized light in these glasses. We have also performed numerical computations of the Hibert transform of our Raman scattering cross-sections, which are useful in the prediction of any other nonlinear effects.
Antisense oligonucleotides with different backbones. Modification of splicing pathways and efficacy of uptake.

A novel, positive read-out assay that quantifies only sequence-specific nuclear activity of antisense oligonucleotides was used to evaluate morpholino and 2′-O-methyl sugar-phosphate oligonucleotides. The assay is based on modification of the splicing pathway of human β-globin pre-mRNA. In addition, scrape-loading of cells with oligonucleotides allows the separate assessment of intracellular antisense activity of the oligonucleotides and their ability to penetrate the cell membrane barrier. The results show that, with scrape-loading, the morpholino oligonucleotides were approximately 3-fold more effective in their intrinsic antisense activity than alternating phosphodiester/phosphorothioate 2′-O-methyl-oligoribonucleotides and 6–9- and almost 200-fold more effective than the exclusively phosphorothioate and phosphodiester derivatives, respectively. The morpholino oligonucleotides were over 20-fold more effective than the phosphorothioate 2′-O-methyl-oligoribonucleotides in free uptake from the culture media. The antisense activity of the morpholino oligonucleotides was detectable not only in monolayer HeLa cells but also in suspension K562 cells. Time course experiments suggest that both the free uptake and efflux of morpholino oligonucleotides are slow.
Observation of zero-point atomic motion near the Cr (110) surface by low-temperature diffraction of slow electrons

Abstract Low energy electron diffraction studies of the (110) chromium surface at temperatures as low as one-sixth the 0°K Debye temperature are described. The zero-point thermal motion of chromium atoms, and the temperature dependence of the ratio of surface to bulk mean square displacements, have been observed.
Dynamic Timoshenko Beam‐Columns on Elastic Media

Two approaches are used to derive differential equations, stiffness coefficients, and fixed‐end forces for the analysis of structural systems composed of Timoshenko beam‐columns that may be supported by an elastic foundation. The analysis is for the evaluation of the critical static axial load and buckling mode‐shapes of a structure with consideration of elastic media, bending, and shear deformations. The two approaches differ in terms of the assumed shear component of the static axial load on the cross section. The first approach is based on the assumption that the shear component of the axial load is calculated from the total slope, which consists of the bending and shear slope. In the second approach, the shear component of the axial load, however, is calculated only from the bending slope. Analytical expressions for a typical simple beam are derived to show the influence of a foundation parameter on the buckling modes. It is observed that the critical axial loads are significantly reduced when shear d...
Use of UV Spectroscopy To Characterize the Reaction between NOM and Free Chlorine

Simple and reliable relationships exist between the change in UV absorbance (ΔA) of NOM when it is chlorinated and the formation of chlorinated byproducts. These relationships provide an approach for obtaining large amounts of data that can be used to interpret the kinetics, stoichiometry, and mechanism of the reactions. Analysis of these relationships suggests that the functional groups that are the major precursors for DBPs might be highly activated aromatic rings, as has been suggested previously, but that these groups have some fundamental differences from highly activated rings in pure compounds. The key evidence for this difference is that the UV absorbance of NOM decreases when dosed with even very low concentrations of chlorine, whereas the absorbance of pure compounds such as 3,5-DHBA and resorcinol increases. When hypochlorite species (HOCl and OCl-) are added to a solution containing NOM, between 1.6 and 4.1 Cl atoms become incorporated into NOM for each activated aromatic ring that is destroye...
Characterizing the Dynamic Response of a Thermally Loaded, Acoustically Excited Plate

Abstract In this work the dynamic response is considered of a homogeneous, fully clamped rectangular plate subject to spatially uniform thermal loads and narrow-band acoustic excitation. In both the pre-and post-buckled regimes, the small amplitude, linear response is confirmed. However, the primary focus is on the large amplitude, non-linear, snap-through response, because of the obvious implications for fatigue in aircraft components. A theoretical model is developed which uses nine spatial modes and incorporates initial imperfections and non-ideal boundary conditions. Because of the higher order nature of this model, it is inherently more complicated than a one-mode buckled beam equation (Duffing's equation). An experimental system was developed to complement the theoretical results, and also to measure certain system parameters for the model which are not available theoretically. Several analysis techniques are used to characterize the response. These include time series, power spectra and autocorrelation functions. In addition, the fractal dimension and Lyapunov exponents for the response are computed to address the issue of spatial dimension and temporal complexity (chaos), respectively. Comparisons between theory and experiment are made and show considerable agreement. However, these comparisons also serve to point out difficulties in computing the fractal dimension and Lyapunov exponents from experimental data.
Nitrogen efficiency of grain sorghum grown on flat and raised seedbeds on poorly drained soil

Abstract Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) production commonly occurs on poorly drained clayey soils of the Mississippi River delta region inArkansas. Raised, wide seedbeds may improve grain yield and fertilizer N efficiency for narrow‐row sorghum production on these soils. The influence of individual row positions on raised, wide seedbeds was compared to conventional flat seedbed for grain yield, yield components, dry weight, and N uptake. A 193‐cm wide and 15 cm high crowned seedbed (CB) was compared to the flat seedbed (FB) in 1987 and 1988 on a Sharkey silty clay (very fine, mont‐morillonitic, nonacid, thermic, Vertic Haplaquepts) at Keiser, AR. Three rows were planted on each seedbed treatment; one in the middle of the bed and one row 48 cm to each side of the row in the middle. Nitrogen rates of 0, 56, 112, and 168 kg/ha were applied at planting. In addition, two split applications at the 168 kg/ha N rate (56 kg N/ha at planting and 112 kg N/ha at either four‐leaf or eight‐leaf growth stage)...
Intramolecular isotope effects associated with meta-hydroxylation of biphenyl catalyzed by cytochrome P-450.

Abstract Intramolecular isotope effects and the degree of deuterium retention were determined for the meta-hydroxylation of biphenyl as catalyzed by microsomal cytochrome P-450 obtained from rats pretreated with phenobarbital. The percent deuterium retention after meta-hydroxylation of 3,5,3′,5′-[ 2 H 4 ]-biphenyl was found to be 77.3% ± 1.9. The intramolecular isotope effects associated with 3,3′-[ 2 H 2 ]-biphenyl and 3,5-[ 2 H 2 ]-biphenyl were found to be 0.90 ± .05 and 1.05 ± .06, respectively. These data demonstrate conclusively that a direct insertion or abstraction mechanism is not operable in the meta-hydroxylation of biphenyl and suggest the possibility of an addition-rearrangement mechanism as opposed to initial and direct arene oxide formation.
INFLUENCE OF PATCH‐ AND LANDSCAPE‐LEVEL FACTORS ON BIRD ASSEMBLAGES IN A FRAGMENTED TROPICAL LANDSCAPE

A major challenge in studies of habitat fragmentation is to determine the influence of patch quality and landscape context on patch use by animals. Few studies have simultaneously examined effects of patch (area, shape, and vegetation structure) and landscape (e.g., amount of arboreal vegetation in close proximity) on abundance patterns of animals. In this study, we examined how these characteristics influence bird species distribution and abundance in a pasture-dominated landscape in the Los Tuxtlas region of Veracruz, Mexico. We focused on three types of landscape elements: forest edge sites (n = 8), forest remnants (n = 8), and riparian forest remnants (n = 9). We quantified habitat use and community composition of birds by conducting seven counts of birds in each site between October 1996 and April 1997. Species typically restricted to forest were influenced by two patch-level factors, whereas species not so restricted were influenced by both patch- and landscape-level factors. At a community level, b...
Interfacial reaction and Schottky barrier between Pt and GaAs

The interfacial reaction between Pt films and (100)‐oriented n‐type GaAs substrates in the temperature range between 350 and 500 °C has been studied by combining transmission electron diffraction and microscopy, glancing‐incidence x‐ray diffraction, and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The reaction has produced PtGa and PtAs2. The phase PtAs2 has shown a strong preferred orientation on (100)GaAs and it is the phase which dominates the contact to GaAs. The orientation relation has been analyzed by using stereographic projections. Effects of the reaction on the Schottky barrier behavior have been monitored by a combination of current‐voltage, capacitance‐voltage, and photoresponse measurements. The value of the Schottky barrier height has been determined to be 0.9 eV and no strong variation of the barrier height with annealing has been observed.
Organization of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Abstract The chromosomal organization of the ribosomal RNA gene cluster from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was investigated. 18 S rRNA R-loops were formed with unfractionated high molecular weight DNA crosslinked once per 2.7 × 103 bases with trioxsalen and observed in the electron microscope. Almost all the R-loops were found in very long continuous 9.34 ± 0.18 × 103 base repeating units. In addition, molecules were found at a frequency of one to two per genome equivalent of rDNA where several rRNA genes were linked to long stretches of non-rDNA. These results suggest that rDNA is arranged in a single tandem repetitive cluster of 100 to 140 genes flanked on one or both sides by non-rDNA.
The C. elegans Tousled-like kinase contributes to chromosome segregation as a substrate and regulator of the Aurora B kinase.

Summary Background: The Aurora kinases control multiple aspects of mitosis, among them centrosome maturation, spindle assembly, chromosome segregation, and cytokinesis. Aurora activity is regulated in part by a subset of Aurora substrates that, once phosphorylated, can enhance Aurora kinase activity. Aurora A substrate activators include TPX2 and Ajuba, whereas the only known Aurora B substrate activator is the chromosomal passenger INCENP. Results: We report that the C. elegans Tousled kinase TLK-1 is a second substrate activator of the Aurora B kinase AIR-2. Tousled kinase (Tlk) expression and activity have been linked to ongoing DNA replication, and Tlk can phosphorylate the chromatin assembly factor Asf. Here, we show that TLK-1 is phosphorylated by AIR-2 during prophase/prometaphase and that phosphorylation increases TLK-1 kinase activity in vitro. Phosphorylated TLK-1 increases AIR-2 kinase activity in a manner that is independent of TLK-1 kinase activity but depends on the presence of ICP-1/INCENP. In vivo, TLK-1 and AIR-2 cooperate to ensure proper mitotic chromosome segregation. Conclusions: The C. elegans Tousled kinase TLK-1 is a substrate and activator of the Aurora B kinase AIR-2. These results suggest that Tousled kinases have a previously unrecognized role in mitosis and that Aurora B associates with discrete regulatory complexes that may impart distinct substrate specificities and functions to the Aurora B kinase.
An analysis of organization characteristics

Abstract A report of a factor analysis of 38 measures of organization characteristics was obtained for 107 small metal working firms. Nine factors were derived and interpreted with reference to the results of other empirical studies. The results differ from those of other studies and there appears to be limited concensus across all studies. Factors which appear in three or more studies are: Organization size, formalization, centralization of authority, extent of technology, and standardization with reference to skills and product complexity. The failure of researchers to interpret results more thoroughly seriously limits attempts to compare study results.
Detection of nonhuman primate gonadotropins in polyacrylamide gels: An alternative to the western blot.

The lack of appropriate antibodies restricts the use of western blots in studies of nonhuman primate gonadotropins. We now present the evaluation of an alternative method that can be applied in situations in which antibody is limiting or nonexistent. The use of nonreducing sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) sample buffer (Swack et al., 1987) retains a significant degree of α-β subunit association, as determined by the western blot analysis of human and rhesus luteinizing hormone (LH; 33 and 36 kD, respectively). This observation was confirmed when eluates of gel slices were analyzed by specific gonadotropin immuno- and bioassays. The molecular weight of rhesus LH in pituitary protein was found to be 36 kD by bioassay and immunoassay. Similarly, the molecular weight of rhesus follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) did not differ between assay systems (36 kD). The analysis of chorionic gonadotropin (CG)/LH activity in gel eluates of pregnant rhesus and tamarin urinary protein revealed major activity at 43 kD, with lesser bands between 34 and 39 kD. Guanidine-induced dissociation of gonadotropin subunits in pregnant rhesus urinary protein resulted in the disappearance of dimer at 43 and 36 kD and the appearance of 25 and 16 kD subunit peaks. This alternative to the western blot is not limited to SDS-PAGE. Native gel electrophoresis (no SDS) showed that rhesus FSH possesses a greater negative charge than rheus LH (Rf = 0.49 vs. 0.35). Isoelectric focusing PAGE resolved distinct isoforms of rhesus LH and FSH (pl range 5.2–7.2 and 4.0–5.8, respectively). The electrophoretic analysis of nonhuman primate gonadotropins in impure protein samples will provide fundamental data on the comparative biochemistry of these hormones. Applications will be found in biomedical and comparative studies.
Involvement of miR-196a in HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders

Involvement of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) trans-activator of transcription (Tat) protein in neuronal deregulation and in the development of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) has been amply explored; however the mechanisms involved remain unclear. In search for the mechanisms, we demonstrated that Tat deregulates neuronal functions through a pathway that involved p73 and p53 pathway. We showed that Tat uses microRNA-196a (miR-196a) to deregulate the p73 pathway. Further, we found that the Abelson murine leukemia (c-Abl) phosphorylates p73 on tyrosine residue 99 (Tyr-99) in Tat-treated cells. Interestingly, Tat lost its ability to promote accumulation and phosphorylation of p73 in the presence of miR-196a mimic. Interestingly, accumulation of p73 did not lead to neuronal cell death by apoptosis as obtained by cell viability assay. Western blot analysis using antibodies directed against serine residues 807 and 811 of retinoblastoma (Rb) protein was also used to validate our data regarding lack of cell death. Hyperphosphorylation of RB (S807/811) is an indication of cell neuronal viability. These results highlight the key role played by p73 and microRNA in Tat-treated neurons leading to their deregulation and it deciphers mechanistically one of the pathways used by Tat to cause neuronal dysfunction that contributes to the development of HAND.
Development of small molecules designed to modulate protein–protein interactions

Protein-protein interactions are ubiquitous, essential to almost all known biological processes, and offer attractive opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Developing small molecules that modulate protein-protein interactions is challenging, owing to the large size of protein-complex interface, the lack of well-defined binding pockets, etc. We describe a general approach based on the "privileged-structure hypothesis" [Che, Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University, 2003] - that any organic templates capable of mimicking surfaces of protein-recognition motifs are potential privileged scaffolds as protein-complex antagonists--to address the challenges inherent in the discovery of small-molecule inhibitors of protein-protein interactions.