cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of a Series of Fluoro-Substituted Phenylene-2-thienyl Polymers

A series of electronically conducting polymers based on fluorine-substituted phenylene thienyl have been synthesized. The series includes poly-1,4-bis(2-thienyl)benzene (pTHB), poly-1,4-bis(2-thien...
Diurnal and seasonal variations in activity of crassulacean acid metabolism and plant water status in a northern latitude population of Opuntia erinacea

A northern latitude population of Opuntia erinacea in eastern Washington State, U.S.A. was investigated with regard to daily and seasonal activity of Crassulacean acid metabolism and water relations. Fresh samples were collected throughout the light and dark periods on 21 dates between October 1979 and December 1980. Daily activity of CAM varied seasonally with daily maximum titratable acidity values ranging from 190 μEq·g-1 fresh weight in October 1979 to 84 μEq·g-1 in January 1980, to 230 μEq· g-1 fresh weight in June 1980. Daily patterns of acid fluctuation were generally typical of CAM plants. Afternoon increases in acid concentration were noticed occasionally, and morning peaks in acidity were frequently observed. Plant water potentials were generally more closely correlated with median cladophyll temperature than with precipitation patterns, exhibiting sharply increased negativity around 6C. The data suggest the importance of available moisture and temperature in regulation of CAM, the existence of a cryoprotection mechanism involving reduction of plant water content, and the necessity of spring recovery for post-winter resumption of CAM activity.
The induction of new puffing patterns by transplantation of salivary gland nuclei into egg cytoplasma of Drosophila.

1. Speicheldrusen aus erwachsenen Larven von Drosophila busckii wurden isoliert und in Cytoplasma von Eiern verschiedener Altersstadien von Drosophila melanogaster transplantiert. 2. Die Normalentwicklung des Puff-Musters sowie die Entwicklung nach 3stundigem Aufenthalt im Eicytoplasma wird beschrieben. Die Puffs in X/3 und IIL/8 sind in Kernen aus Larven vor der Pupariumbildung vorhanden und verschwinden danach. Sie fehlen nach Aufenthalt im Eiplasma. Die Puffs X/6 und IIIL/6 sind sowohl in der Normalentwicklung wie nach Transplantation in Eicytoplasma stets vorhanden. Das gleiche gilt fur IIIR/8, doch ist dieser Doppelpuff vor der Pupariumbildung nur selten und teilweise entwickelt. Puff IIR/22 erscheint nie in der Normalentwicklung, wird durch Eicytoplasma aus Eiern vor der Blastodermbildung induziert, nicht aber von Cytoplasma aus Eiern auf dem Hohepunkt des Blastodermstadiums. Puff IIIL/8 erscheint nur nach der Pupariumbildung in der Normalentwicklung; er fehlt in transplantierten Kernen. 3. Als Kontrolle wird die zweite Speicheldruse der zur Gewinnung von Kernen benutzten Larven fur 3 Std als Ganzes in Ringer-Losung bzw. Eicytoplasma gehalten. Diese Kontrolldrusen entwickeln sich im wesentlichen zu dem Stadium weiter, das fur Larven nach der Pupariumbildung typisch ist. Dieser Entwicklungsprozes ist unregelmasig und oft unvollstandig.
Thymol Turbidity Test: a New Indicator of Liver Dysfunction

IN the course of work on the serum colloidal gold reaction1,2 it was noted that the thymol which was at first used to inhibit the growth of moulds in the barbitone buffer (pH. 7·8) produced a marked turbidity or precipitate with certain sera. These sera were usually from patients with parenchymatous liver disease and also gave positive colloidal gold reactions, and it soon became evident that there was a close correlation between the thymol turbidity and the gold test.
Kinetic Analysis and Design of Experiments to Identify the Catalytic Mechanism of the Monocarboxylate Transporter Isoforms 4 and 1

Transport of lactate, pyruvate, and other monocarboxylates across the sarcolemma of skeletal and cardiac myocytes occurs via passive diffusion and by monocarboxylate transporter (MCT) mediated transport. The flux of lactate and protons through the MCT plays an important role in muscle energy metabolism during rest and exercise and in pH regulation during exercise. The MCT isoforms 1 and 4 are the major isoforms of this transporter in skeletal and cardiac muscle. The current consensus on the mechanism of these transporters, based on experimental measurements of labeled lactate fluxes, is that monocarboxylate-proton symport occurs via a rapid-equilibrium ordered mechanism with proton binding followed by monocarboxylate binding. This study tests ordered and random mechanisms by fitting experimental measurements of tracer exchange fluxes from MCT1 and MCT4 isoforms to theoretical predictions derived using relationships between one-way fluxes and thermodynamic forces. Analysis shows that: 1), the available kinetic data are insufficient to distinguish between a rapid-equilibrium ordered and a rapid-equilibrium random-binding model for MCT4; 2), MCT1 has a higher affinity to lactate than does MCT4; 3), the theoretical conditions for the so-called trans-acceleration phenomenon (e.g., increased tracer efflux from a vesicle caused by increased substrate concentration outside the vesicle) do not necessarily require the rate constant for the lactate and proton bound transporter to reorient across the membrane to be higher than that for the unbound transporter; and finally, 4), based on model analysis, additional experiments are proposed to be able to distinguish between ordered and random-binding mechanisms.
Differential antagonism of diazepam-induced loss of the righting response.

Abstract Ethyl-β-carboline-3-carboxylate (β-CCE), inosine and Ro 15-1788 are antagonists of several actions of the benzodiazepines. These compounds can be differentiated, however, according to their ability to reverse the loss of the righting response induced by diazepam. Ro 15-1788 completely reversed effects of diazepam on the righting response of pigeons and squirrel monkeys but was ineffective against comparable effects produced by pentobarbital. Pretreatment with Ro 15-1788 protected against diazepam-induced righting loss. Neither inosine nor β-CCE reversed diazepam-induced righting loss or acted prophylactically against this effect. Since β-CCE has been characterized as an inverse agonist at the benzodiazepine receptor, the absence of antagonism we report would suggest that β-CCE lacks specific pharmacological activity which opposes suppression of the righting response by diazepam. Research with these preferentially-acting antagonists may lead to the development of anxiolytics devoid of the sedative-hypnotic properties inherent in the drugs currently in a clinical use.
The calculation of ion pair diffusion coefficients: A comment

Abstract It is shown that the values of the diffusion coefficient of MgSO40 ion pairs computed by Harned and Hudson (J. Am. Chem. Soc., 73: 5880, 1951) and Katz and Ben-Yaakov (Mar. Chem., 8: 263, 1980) are too high by a factor of 2. The correct value of the ion pair diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution was obtained from the measured mutual diffusion coefficient after applying corrections for incomplete dissociation, the electrophoretic effect, the viscosity of the solution and the effect of chloride ion pairs (in the ionic media used during measurements of the stoichiometric association constant of MgSO40 ion pairs). The MgSO40 diffusion coefficient is calculated to be 0.65 × 10−5 cm28−1. The result is independent of the concentration up to a value of 0.8 mol dm−3. Values were also calculated for the diffusion coefficients of the following ion pairs: NaSO4− (0.81 × 10−5), CaCl+ (0.78 × 10−5), BaCl+ (0.85 × 10−5), NaCl0 (0.86 × 10−5), KCl0 (1.09 × 10−5), NH4Cl0 (1.10 × 10−5) and CaCl0 (1.27 × 10−5). In general, the diffusion coefficients are less than those of the free ions. The results show quantitative agreement with theoretical predictions.
Growth Factors in Gastrointestinal Diseases

This review focuses on the recent investigations demonstrating a pharmacological and pathophysiological role for basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in ulcerative and inflammatory lesions in the upper and lower gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
2-D particle shape averaging and comparison using Fourier descriptors

Fourier transforms mathematically represent complex contours to a high degree of accuracy. Normalization of Fourier coefficients with respect to contour size, starting point from which the contour is traced, and its orientation, make the coefficients invariant to these contour characteristics that do not represent shape. The mean of the normalized Fourier coefficients and the error can be used to reconstruct the average shape and its deviations. Shape averaging of the 2-D contours using normalized Fourier coefficients was implemented on various ceramic particle systems. The averaged shape provides a convenient mode of shape comparison amongst various powder systems.
Temperature dependence of the isostructural heat capacity of a soda lime silicate glass

The isostructural heat capacity of a soda lime silicate glass has been measured by differential scanning calorimetry in the temperature range from 370 to 650 K. The results are analyzed in terms of seven existing empirical and theoretical expressions for the temperature dependence of heat capacity of solids. It is shown that the two theoretical expressions (the quasi-harmonic model and the three band model) and two empirical expressions (the Maier-Kelly expression and the Tsao expression) all provide adequate description for the temperature dependence of the isostructural heat capacity in the temperature range of measurements. However, the two theoretical expressions give values of heat capacity upon extrapolation to T > 650 K significantly lower than the empirical expressions. The quasi-harmonic model is preferred because it has less number of fitting parameters than the three band model, and the values of the fitting parameters appear to be reasonable.
Long-term phosphorus effects on evolving physicochemical properties of iron and aluminum hydroxides

Abstract Iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) hydroxides are highly reactive components in environmental processes, such as contaminant fate and transport. Phosphorus (P) sorption by these components can decrease environmental problems associated with excess accumulation of P in soils. The long-term stability of P sorbed by Fe/Al hydroxides is of major concern. Synthetic Fe and Al hydroxides coprecipitated with P (1:1 metal:P molar ratio) were incubated at 70 °C for 24 months to simulate natural long-term weathering processes that could influence the stability of sorbed P. Heat incubation (70 °C) of the untreated (no P) Al hydroxides resulted in drastic decreases (within the first month of incubation) in oxalate–Al extractability, specific surface area (SSA), and micropore volume with time. These changes were consistent with the formation of pseudoboehmite. Untreated Fe hydroxides showed no formation of crystalline components following heating (70 °C) for 24 months. Much smaller changes in oxalate-Al, P extractability, and SSA values were observed in the P-treated Al particles when compared with the untreated. Phosphorus treatment of both Fe and Al hydroxides stabilized the particle surfaces and prevented structural arrangements toward a long-range ordered phase. Slight reduction in SSA of the P-treated particles was related to dehydration phenomena during heating at 70 °C. Monitoring of physicochemical properties of the solids after heating at 70 °C for 2 years showed that sorbed P may be stable in the long-term. Understanding long term physicochemical properties may help engineers to optimize the Fe/Al hydroxides performance in several environmental/industrial applications.
Projective Synchronization In Three-Dimensional Chaotic Systems

In partially linear systems, such as the Lorenz model, chaotic synchronization is possible in only some of the variables. We show that, for the nonsynchronizing variable, synchronization up to a scale factor is possible. We explain the mechanism for this projective form of chaotic synchronization in three-dimensional systems. Projective synchronization is illustrated for the Lorenz and disk dynamo systems. We also introduce a vector field that can be used to predict the scaling factor.
VELOCITY AND VORTICITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN PERIODIC SEPARATING LAMINAR FLOW

Steady and unsteady velocity components over a backward-facing circular arc are measured by laser-Doppler velocimetry. A periodic disturbance is added to the mean flow and the response of unsteady separation is investigated. Special attention is given to the distribution and the flux of vorticity.
Social support networks for parenting and psychological well-being among dual-earner Mexican-American families

The conceptual framework of Caplan (1974) was used to investigate social support networks and psychological well-being in a sample of 142 parents in dual-earner Mexican-American families with children 12 years old or younger. Respondents completed a questionnaire that assessed network support, size, density, and effectiveness, and spouse support. Life satisfaction, positive affect toward family and work, and role conflict also were assessed. As predicted, spouse support and network effectiveness were associated positively with life satisfaction for both parents, and for mothers they were associated positively with positive affect toward family and work and associated negatively with role conflict. The differential meaning of social support systems for the well-being of male and female parents in Mexican-American dual-earner families is discussed.
World Geography: Organizational and Teaching Strategies

Teaching students to develop an appreciation and understanding of World Geography is a difficult task. This article presents a number of approaches to design effective teaching methods and strategies to stimulate student learning and to develop spatial interconnections. A suggested framework for organization and study of geographic regions of the world is suggested in the article. Atlas exercises, written assignments, course objectives, and seminar projects are designed to improve the understanding of geographic relationships and spatial concepts in World Geography.
Retrieving the Hidden Meaning: Jain Commentarial Techniques and the Art of Memory

One of the peculiar characteristics of the vast body of Jain commentarial literature is the primacy given to artha, meaning, over sūtra, the root text itself. It is the task of the commentator—or, in a pedagogical context, the teacher—to retrieve and explain a text’s true, hidden meaning, which often appears to stretch and even contradict its apparent meaning. This article examines the interpretive processes in one of the most important Jain commentaries on monastic discipline, the Bṛhatkalpabhāṣya attributed to the sixth-century CE Śvetāmbara Jain exegete Saṅghadāsa. An examination of passages where the commentator claims to uncover the real—but sometimes less-than-apparent—meaning of monastic rules enables us to detect the interpretive moves involved and the underlying assumptions about the nature of text and the work of commentary. I argue that this commentarial tradition presupposes particular practices of memory, and a degree of internalizing the traditional hermeneutical methods, on the part of a monastic practitioner who wants to understand the text correctly and live according to its true meaning.
On Euclidean Sets Having Only Two Distances Between Points. II

Abstract : A set of n points of the euclidean k-dimensional space is called 2-valued provided that the distances between its points assume at most two positive values. It is shown that if n > or = k + 2 and k is fixed, then only a finite number of such sets exist. All of these are determined for the plane (k = 2) and for space (k = 3). (Author)
An fMRI study of neural interaction in large-scale cortico-thalamic visual network.

Abstract To date there is still no proper neuroimaging methods suitable for noninvasively providing both detailed spatial and temporal information of neural interaction across large-scale brain networks. This limitation has impeded the advance of neuroscience research. In an attempt to overcome this challenge, Ogawa et al. applied a paired-stimulus paradigm, which is composed of a pair of stimuli separated by a variable inter-stimulus interval (ISI), to decode temporal information of neural interaction from amplitude modulation of the blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) responses elicited by the neural interaction pursued [Ogawa, S., Lee, T.-M., Stepnoski, R., Chen, W., Zhu, X.H., Ugurbil, K., 2000. An approach to probe neural systems interaction by functional MRI at neural time scale down to milliseconds. Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. U S A 97, 11026–11031.]. Although application of this paradigm has been demonstrated in a few publications, most of them only focused on investigating cortico-cortical interaction. Considering the vital roles that cortico-thalamic networks play in brain communication and function, extending the applicability of this method to studying cortico-thalamic neural interaction should be significant. In this study, we applied the paired-visual-stimulus paradigm to simultaneously measure the BOLD amplitude modulations as a function of ISI in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) and primary visual cortex (V1) in the cat brain. The results reveal that both V1 and LGN BOLD responses were significantly suppressed when the visual system was within the refractory period at ISI ≤ 1 s and the suppression extent was gradually recovered when ISI became longer. Both BOLD and electrophysiological measurements show a facilitatory activity in V1 at ISI ≈ 1.5 s, but not in LGN. Furthermore, there was additional and consistent reduction in the LGN BOLD response compared to V1 within the range of ISI below 4 s, which is likely controlled by inhibitory effects through the cortico-geniculate feedback. These findings together suggest that the dynamic fMRI approach applied in this study is sensitive to neuronal inhibitory and facilitatory interactions and it should be useful for noninvasively investigating large-scale cortico-thalamic neural networks.
Reverse osmosis desalting of inland brackish water of high gypsum scaling propensity: kinetics and mitigation of membrane mineral scaling.

The potential for mineral scaling that may limit the generation of new potable water resources by reverse osmosis (RO), from inland brackish water of high gypsum scaling propensity, was experimentally explored via flux decline measurements and real-time RO membrane surface imaging. Antagonistic gypsum and calcium carbonate scaling kinetics were demonstrated for high-sulfate brackish water desalting. RO scaling studies with brackish water from the California San Joaquin Valley (∼10 000 mg/L total dissolved solids) revealed that membrane gypsum scaling was increasingly retarded with rising bicarbonate concentrations. Crystal growth rate, fractional membrane scale coverage, and flux decline decreased by up to about 63, 78, and 73%, respectively, as the bicarbonate concentration increased, at the membrane surface, from <0.01 to 7.81 mM, for a gypsum saturation index of 2. Inhibition of gypsum crystal growth was attributed to bicarbonate adsorption onto the crystal surfaces, and CaCO3 scaling was undetected ev...
Enhancing Mobile Access to Information with the Short Message Service.

This article describes the development of interactive text message applications at the University of North Carolina Wilmington. We describe how the university’s information technology innovation program led to the formation of a faculty owned company in which the university holds an equity interest. Next, we discuss the collaborative development of short message service (SMS) applications for the university community. We also describe the interactive SMS applications we have developed thus far, which range from simple data access applications to a novel discovery game designed for the first-year experience.
The role of the extraocular muscles in the rabbit nictitating membrane response: a re-examination.

Abstract Berthier and Moore 1 showed that the rabbit nictitating membrane (NM) response principally results from contracting the retractor bulbi muscle which pulls the globe into the socket thereby passively effecting NM extension. They concluded that the remaining extraocular muscles can effect NM extension if the retractor bulbi is denervated. A re-examination of the role of the recti and oblique extraocular muscles in nictitating membrane extension was undertaken in the light of recent results of Marek et al. 10 , suggesting that the facial nerve, and not the extraocular muscles, participates in extension of the NM. In contrast to Marek et al. 10 , the present results indicated that section of the extraocular muscles was necessary to abolish eyeshock or tactilly elicited NM extension when the abducens and facial nerves were severed. It is therefore likely that extraocular (recti and oblique) muscles participate in globe retraction and NM extension, as originally noted by Lorente de No 9 .
Limb defects and congenital anomalies of the genitalia in an infant with homozygous α-thalassemia

We describe an infant with homozygous alpha-thalassemia, genital abnormalities, and terminal transverse limb defects, whose limbs demonstrate evidence of loss of tissue and abnormal morphogenesis. We propose these defects were due to either severe fetal anemia or to vascular occlusion by abnormal erythrocytes, resulting in hypoxia of the developing distal limbs and genitalia.
Heterochromia pardus: implications of the spotted pale iris

A pale iris is a well-recognized feature of congenital Horner's syndrome. We studied a 42-year-old man who had right ptosis, miosis and a paler iris since early childhood. Not only was there diffuse hypochromic, but 25 /ij'/>erchromic pigmented spots were superimposed on the affected iris. Pharmacological testing confirmed that the iris was denervated by a postganglionic noradrenergic lesion but that some sympathetic input to the iris was still present. Clinical and radiographic studies showed an absent right internal carotid artery.Mechanisms are reviewed by which the sympathetic nervous system influences pigmentation. Perinatal damage to neurons of the superior cervical ganglion with subsequent partial reinnervation may account for some features of our patient's distinctive spots. A term 'heterochromia pardus' appears to characterize both the spotting and the pallor of the iris.
Stability of a body supported by a simple vehicular shear suspension system

Abstract Stability of the oscillatory motion of a body supported by simple shear springs is examined relative to a vehicle that executes a steady circular turn about an arbitrary axis fixed in the vertical plane. The problem is formulated for a general isotropic elastic material whose shear response function is a positive, even function of the amount of shear. A general sufficient condition bounding the normalized vehicle angular speed Ω by a certain critical angular speed Ωc, which depends on the vehicle and load suspension orientation design parameters alone, is obtained for periodic, and hence stable, free relative oscillations of the load for arbitrary initial data. Stability in the forced vibration problem also is discussed. For the special class of materials whose shear response function is a constant, a familiar class that includes the Mooney-Rivlin, Blatz-Ko, and Hadamard material models, for example, the free oscillatory motion of the load is stable if and only if Ω
Albedo distribution on Io's surface

A visual albedo distribution model for all hemispheres of Io's surface has been synthesized from available earth-based and spacecraft image and photometric data. The resulting model indicates some interesting patterns and symmetries on Io's surface: the dark polar caps are shifted off Io's rotational axis and are elliptical rather than circular in shape, with extensions toward the sub-Jupiter and anti-Jupiter points on Io; equatorial bright areas are located approximately on a great circle about Io, the plane of which is tilted approximately 15 deg toward Io longitude 60 deg. These and other indicated features may be clues to understanding the endogenic and exogenic processes that have resulted in Io's present observed surface characteristics.
Context and the interpretation of likelihood information: the role of intergroup comparisons on perceived vulnerability.

Four experiments investigated how people’s perceptions about a group’s (e.g., women’s) vulnerability to a disease are influenced by information about the prevalence of the disease in a comparable group (e.g., men). Participants read symptom and prevalence information about fictitious diseases before answering questions regarding target group vulnerability. Participants used the prevalence rate for a nontarget group as an immediate comparison standard for intuitively interpreting the degree of vulnerability of a target group, resulting in robust contrast effects. Experiments 3 and 4 illustrated that these contrast effects can cause a person’s intuitive perceptions about a group’s vulnerability to selected diseases to conflict with his or her knowledge of the prevalence rates for the diseases. The results support a distinction between 2 components of psychological uncertainty— beliefs in objective probability and more intuitive perceptions of certainty. Uncertainty plays a key mediating role in decisions within many domains, including legal, political, health, business, and personal. The importance of the uncertainty construct is reflected in a variety of theories in social psychology, health psychology, and decision making. For example, the health belief model (Becker, 1974), theory of reasoned action (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1980), and many other expected-utility style models assume that when deciding what to do, people consider the likelihoods of various outcomes (i.e., uncertainty) and the anticipated values of those outcomes. Although uncertainty has been an invaluable construct in these and many other theories, the common treatment of uncertainty—as a unitary construct that can be adequately represented and measured as a numeric probability value— deserves closer examination (see, e.g., Gigerenzer, 1994; Howell & Burnett, 1978; Teigen, 1994, 2001; Teigen & Brun, 2000; Windschitl, 2000, 2002; Windschitl & Wells, 1996, 1998; Zimmer, 1983).
Channel Surface Patterning of Alternating Biomimetic Protein Combinations for Enhanced Microfluidic Tumor Cell Isolation

Here, we report a new method for multicomponent protein patterning in a microchannel and also a technique for improving immunoaffinity-based circulating tumor cell (CTC) capture by patterning regions of alternating adhesive proteins using the new method. The first of two proteins, antiepithelial cell adhesion molecule (anti-EpCAM), provides the specificity for CTC capture. The second, E-selectin, increases CTC capture under shear. Patterning regions with and without E-selectin allows captured leukocytes, which also bind E-selectin and are unwanted impurities in CTC isolation, to roll a short distance and detach from the capture surface. This reduces leukocyte capture by up to 82%. The patterning is combined with a leukocyte elution step in which a calcium chelating buffer effectively deactivates E-selectin so that leukocytes may be rinsed away 60% more efficiently than with a buffer containing calcium. The alternating patterning of this biomimetic protein combination, used in conjunction with the elution ...
The reactivity of metallated nitrenium ions studied by FT-ICR

Abstract The reactivity of two metallated nitrenium ions toward various substrates was examined in the gas phase. The nitrenium ions were generated by a reaction of benzoyl azide with laser-ablated Mg + or Cu + in a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer. The two nitrenium ions show drastically different reactivity. While the Mg-nitrenium ion reacts by radical mechanisms ( e.g ., H atom abstraction), the Cu-nitrenium ion follows non-radical pathways ( e.g. , metal ion transfer).
Density functional theory analysis of Raman frequency modes of monoclinic zirconium oxide using Gaussian basis sets and isotopic substitution.

Geometry and vibration properties for monoclinic zirconium oxide were studied using Gaussian basis sets and LDA, GGA, and B3LYP functionals. Bond angles, bond lengths, lattice parameters, and Raman frequencies were calculated and compared to experimental values. Bond angles and lengths were found to agree within experimental standard deviations. The B3LYP gave the best performance of all three functionals with a percent error of 1.35% for the lattice parameters while the average difference between experimental and calculated Raman frequency values was −3 cm−1. The B3LYP functional was then used to assign the atomic vibrations causing each frequency mode using isotopic substitution of 93.40Zr for 91.22Zr and 18.00O for 16.00O. This resulted in seven modes assigned to the Zr atom, ten modes to the O atom, and one mode being a mixture of both.
Impact of hypothalamic d-norfenfluramine and peripheral d-fenfluramine injection on macronutrient intake in the rat.

Abstract Previous research with hypothalamic injection of serotonin (5-HT) has suggested that this monoamine may act within the medial hypothalamus to suppress carbohydrate intake in a selective, phasic and circadian-related fashion. To explore further the action of 5-HT in the brain, the present studies tested the serotonergic stimulants, d-norfenfluramine (DNF) and d-fenfluramine (DF), in freely feeding, brain-cannulated animals maintained on pure macronutrient diets (protein, carbohydrate and fat) and tested at different times of the diurnal cycle. The results show that administration of DNF into the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) potently influences appetite for a specific nutrient at a particular time of the light-dark cycle. Specifically, DNF injection at the onset of the nocturnal (active) period selectively and dose-dependently suppresses carbohydrate consumption, while leaving protein and fat intake unchanged. This drug, however, has no effect, even at high doses, on macronutrient intake in the middle and late h of the dark phase, strongly implicating a function for hypothalamic 5-HT in the control of carbohydrate ingestion at the beginning of the nocturnal cycle. The possibility that peripherally injected DF may act, in part, through this endogenous serotonergic system is supported by the additional finding that, at low doses of 0.06–0.5 mg/kg, DF preferentially modulates carbohydrate ingestion exclusively at the onset of the nocturnal period. However, at doses above 0.5 mg/kg, this compound produces a potent and general suppression of feeding of all macronutrients. In animals with brain cannulas aimed at different hypothalamic nuclei, the feeding-suppressive effect of DNF is found to be site specific; it is localized to the medial hypothalamic nuclei, including the ventromedial, suprachiasmatic and dorsomedial nuclei as well as the PVN. Serotonin in these nuclei may function to produce satiety specific for carbohydrate and, through the suprachiasmatic nucleus, control energy intake in a circadian-related manner.
A reappraisal of the binding of cytosolic enzymes to erythrocyte membranes

Several cytosolic proteins have been shown to be associated with hypotonic erythrocyte ghosts via electrostatic interactions with the anion transport band 3 protein. This article considers the problems of demonstrating binding under physiological conditions and reviews the evidence for the relevance of enzyme binding to the membrane for the regulation of glycolysis. The hypotheses for the existence of topological and sequential multienzyme complexes of the glycolytic enzymes in erythrocytes are also discussed.
Stuttering treatment efficacy: Paradigm dependent or independent?

Abstract Over the past decade stuttering treatment efficacy evaluation has been largely influenced by a model designed to assess the interaction between environmental factors and variability in stuttering frequency. This model, which also tends to blend treatment process and outcome evaluation, may or may not be paradigm dependent. Two issues seem to reflect some problems with that model: the decreasing frequency with which it is used in treatment evaluation, and a decline in stuttering treatment research. Many recent claims for the efficacy of stuttering treatment appear to eschew this model. This article discusses whether the model does depend on paradigm-based concepts of stuttering.
An extended value-impact approach for nuclear regulatory decision making

Abstract This paper presents an extended value-impact methodology which aids decision makers in ranking various alternative actions for reducing the risk associated with nuclear power reactors. It extends the state-of-the-art value-impact methodology by using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), a formalized decision making tool for ranking alternatives based on judgment. The AHP reduces some of the limitations present in current value-impact work, such as the inability to include subjective factors in a structured approach, as well as controversial questions such as the importance of onsite versus offsite accident costs averted, uncertainty, and impact of public opinion. In the paper, the method is applied to include a value-impact study of the implementation of either a vented-containment system or an alternative decay heat removal system as a means for reducing risk at the Grand Gulf nuclear power plant. The results of this analysis show that the method provides considerable insight to the solution of topics of interest in the decision making area of nuclear power risk management.
Using value-based total cost of ownership (TCO) measures to inform subsystem trade-offs

Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) is a metric from management accounting that helps expose both the direct and indirect costs of a business decision. However, TCO can sometimes be too simplistic for "make vs. buy" decisions (or even choosing between competing design alternatives) when value and extensibility are more critical than total cost. A three-dimensional value-based TCO, which was developed to clarify product decisions for an observatory prior to Final Design Review (FDR), will be presented in this session. This value-based approach incorporates priority of requirements, satisfiability of requirements, and cost, and can be easily applied in any environment.
Nonlethal Surgical Procedures for Obtaining Tissue Samples for Fish Health Inspections

Abstract Nonlethal surgical procedures were evaluated for the purpose of obtaining tissues for fish health inspections. Experimental treatments consisted of 25 fish each for liver biopsy, kidney biopsy, surgical incision only (no tissue biopsy), and anesthesia only. Survival at 180 d was considered excellent: only two deaths occurred in the kidney biopsy group and only one death occurred in the liver biopsy group. Although treatment-associated lesions (adhesions and nephrocalcinosis) were found, none of the lesions were considered to have an adverse effect on reproductive capability of the fish.
An intron with a constitutive transport element is retained in a Tap messenger RNA

Alternative splicing is a key factor contributing to genetic diversity and evolution. Intron retention, one form of alternative splicing, is common in plants but rare in higher eukaryotes, because messenger RNAs with retained introns are subject to cellular restriction at the level of cytoplasmic export and expression. Often, retention of internal introns restricts the export of these mRNAs and makes them the targets for degradation by the cellular nonsense-mediated decay machinery if they contain premature stop codons. In fact, many of the database entries for complementary DNAs with retained introns represent them as artefacts that would not affect the proteome. Retroviruses are important model systems in studies of regulation of RNAs with retained introns, because their genomic and mRNAs contain one or more unspliced introns. For example, Mason-Pfizer monkey virus overcomes cellular restrictions by using a cis-acting RNA element known as the constitutive transport element (CTE). The CTE interacts directly with the Tap protein (also known as nuclear RNA export factor 1, encoded by NXF1), which is thought to be a principal export receptor for cellular mRNA, leading to the hypothesis that cellular mRNAs with retained introns use cellular CTE equivalents to overcome restrictions to their expression. Here we show that the Tap gene contains a functional CTE in its alternatively spliced intron 10. Tap mRNA containing this intron is exported to the cytoplasm and is present in polyribosomes. A small Tap protein is encoded by this mRNA and can be detected in human and monkey cells. Our results indicate that Tap regulates expression of its own intron-containing RNA through a CTE-mediated mechanism. Thus, CTEs are likely to be important elements that facilitate efficient expression of mammalian mRNAs with retained introns.
Wetting properties of the sulphur electrolyte in sodium — sulphur batteries

In the sulphur electrode of sodium-sulphur cells, carbon surfaces (generally as yarns or felts) are used as current collectors. During the charging cycle, oxidation of the molten polysulphides results in sulphur as a second (immiscible) phase. If sulphur has preferential wetting properties, an insulating sulphur layer may be established. A technique for wetting measurements with the molten sulphur electrolyte at ∼330° C is described. The wetting properties of molten sulphur and molten polysulphides were investigated with both untreated and metal oxide treated carbon surfaces as substrates. Results are reported for felts with Fe, Ni, Co, Cr, Al (as oxides), and with H20, NaOH, Na2SO4 and Na2S2O3 as impurities in the fluid electrolyte.
Effect of Mineralogy and Petrophysical Characteristics on Acoustic and Mechanical Properties of Organic Rich Shale

Summary Although petroleum industry has obtained a good practice in unlocking th e shale reservoirs, more comprehensive geomechanical experimental and modeling research is required to optimize the drilling, completion and hydraulic fracturing processes due to the significant heterogeneity and anisotrop y of shale formations. Acoustic and mechanical properties strongly depend on several factors including the mineralogy, density and distribution of natural fractures, bedding plane orientation, total organic carbon (TOC) , maturity and in-situ stress state and pore pressure which are significantly different in various shale reservoirs and even within a shale basin. The strong anisotropy of acoustic and mechanical properties has a major impact on the reservoir characterization and field development plan. In this paper, we present the results of an experimental study on several U.S. shale basins with different maturity including Eagle Ford, Green River and Mancos shale s to provide more insight on the shale acoustic and mechanical properties. We discuss the effect of shale bedding plane orientation and emphasize on the impact of shale mineralogy and petrophysical characteristics on the acoustic an d mechanical properties. The mineralogy and petrophysical properties of each shale sample have been ex amined. Using both ultrasonic and mechanical methods, dynamic and static Young Modulus and Poisson’s Ratio have been obtained at different bedding plane angles. A relationship between dynamic and static moduli has been consequentl y developed to determine in situ static moduli directly from seismic or well log data obtained in the same field.
CHANGES IN CYCLIN DEPENDENT KINASE INHIBITORS p21 AND p27 DURING THE CASTRATION INDUCED REGRESSION OF THE CWR22 MODEL OF PROSTATIC ADENOCARCINOMA

AbstractPurpose: The expression of the cyclin dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p27 was examined in prostatic adenocarcinomas following castration.Materials and Methods: Male nude mice inoculated with the androgen dependent human prostatic tumor CWR22 were castrated when the tumors reached a volume of 0.8 to 1.1 cm.3 and were sacrificed at 3, 7, 21, 28 and 42 days post-castration. An additional group of mice received a subcutaneous testosterone pellet at 21 days post-castration and was sacrificed at 28 days post-castration. The expression of the Ki-67 antigen, p21 and p27 was examined by immunohistochemistry.Results: The mitotic rate as well as the number of Ki-67 antigen positive cells decreased to 3% of intact control values by 7 days post-castration and were less than 0.01% of intact control values at 21, 28 and 42 days post-castration. The percentage of p21 expressing cells decreased from 15 +/− 2% in intact controls to less than 1% by 42 days post-castration. In contrast, the percentage of cells th...
Asteroid rotation rates depend on diameter and type

The rotational frequency of main-belt asteroids is shown here to depend on both asteroidal type and diameter. If asteroids of any one diameter are considered, then, on average, M asteroids rotate faster than S asteroids which in turn rotate faster than C asteroids. This shows that asteroids which have been classified by their surface properties alone have different bulk properties. For all three types, although the dispersions of the frequencies are large, we prove that the mean frequency increases linearly with the mean diameter. In both the C and S plots of mean rotational frequency against mean diameter there are discontinuities at diameters ∼125 km and ∼105 km, respectively, which may differentiate primordial asteroids from their collisional products.
Cloning and molecular analysis of the bifunctional dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene in the ciliated protozoan Paramecium tetraurelia.

We have cloned the first bifunctional gene dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase (DHFR-TS) from a free-living, ciliated protozoan,Paramecium tetraurelia, and determined its macronuclear sequence using a modified ligation-mediated polymerase chain reaction (PCR) that can be of general use in cloning strategies, especially where cDNA libraries are limiting. While bifunctional enzyme sequences are known from parasitic protozoa, none had previously been found in free-living protozoa. The AT-rich (68%) coding region spanning 1386 bp appears to lack introns. DHFR-TS localizes to a ≈500 kb macronuclear chromosome and is transcribed as an mRNA of ≈1.66 kb, predicted to encode a 53 kDa protein of 462 residues. The N-terminal one-third of the protein is encoded by DHFR, which is joined by a short junctional peptide of ≈12 amino acids to the highly conserved C-terminal TS domain. Among known DHFR-TS sequences, theP. tetraurelia gene is most similar to that fromToxoplasma gondii, based on primary sequence and parsimony analyses. The predicted secondary protein structure is similar to those of previously crystallized monofunctional sequences.
The underlying structures of sentences are not the primary units of speech processing: A reinterpretation of Bever, Lackner and Kirk’s findings

Results of an experiment by T. Bever, J. Lackner, and R. Kirk were originally interpreted to imply that listeners segment speech on the basis of underlying sentence propositions rather than on the basis of surface constituent structure. However, a reexamination of the data reveals that the results do not support such a conclusion. If anything, the data actually offer more support for the surface structure hypothesis which was originally rejected.
Gender Equality in Academia: Bad News from the Trenches, and Some Possible Solutions

Is there gender discrimination in academia? Analysis of interviews with 80 female faculty at a large Research One university—the most comprehensive qualitative data set generated to date—suggests both individual and institutional discrimination persists. Overt discrimination has largely given way to less obvious but still deeply entrenched inequities. Despite apparent increases in women in positions of authority, discrimination continues to manifest itself through gender devaluation, a process whereby the status and power of an authoritative position is downplayed when that position is held by a woman, and through penalties for those agitating for political change. Female faculty find legal mechanisms and direct political action of limited utility, and increasingly turn to more subtle forms of incremental collective action, revealing an adaptive response to discrimination and a keen sense of the power dynamics within the university. Women attributed the persistence of gender inequality not to biology but to a professional environment in which university administrators care more about the appearance than the reality of gender equality and a professional culture based on a traditional, linear male model. Respondents described heart-wrenching choices between career and family responsibilities, with tensions especially intractable in the bench sciences. They advocated alternative models of professional life but also offered very specific interim suggestions for institutions genuinely interested in alleviating gender inequality and discrimination.
The use of aryl azido ATP analogs as photoaffinity labels for myosin ATPase.

The synthesis of ATP analogs containing a photoactive aryl azido grouping coupled to the 3′ hydroxyl of ATP is described. The potential effectiveness of these analogs in the investigation of nucleotide-binding regions is outlined and this effectiveness demonstrated by their photodependent inhibition of subfragment 1 ATPase. The use of 14C-labeled azido ATP demonstrates an almost stoichiometric covalent binding of the analog. Because of their potential application to other systems, a number of reactions describing the reactivity of the 3′ hydroxyl of the nucleotide ribose are outlined in an Appendix.
Immunotherapy of chronic myelocytic leukemia: effects of different vaccination schedules.

In a clinical trial of immunotherapy in chronic myelocytic leukemia, 62 patients received repeated intradermal injections of BCG-cultured cell mixtures, while 16 were vaccinated with BCG alone. The lymphoblastoid cell lines used for vaccination were established from blood of patients with advanced myeloid leukemia and were reactive with “specific” primate antisera against myeloid leukemic cells. Both sensitization to target cell antigens and substantial general increases in delayed hypersensitivity responses were recorded among immunized patients. Major immunologic complications (hypersensitivity and “autoimmune” phenomena) were observed in 10 patients. These complications were attributable to the BCG content of vaccines, and their incidence correlated with intensity of immunologic stimulation. Data from cases in which intermittent busulfan therapy was used provided suggestive evidence that immunotherapy (either with BCG-cell mixtures or with BCG alone) prolonged unmaintained remissions in one-third of the patients. Among 48 “good-risk” patients, there was an inverse correlation between intensity of immunologic stimulation and survival. The survival of 18 patients who received the most intensive vaccination schedule was identical to that of controls. Survival of the other 30 patients was significantly better (p = 0.03), with an increase of 2 years in median survival. Survival of 30 poor-risk patients (24, most intensive vaccination schedule) was identical to that of controls. We conclude that immunologic stimulation may produce worthwhile prolongation of life in CML but that overly aggressive schedules of immunotherapy abrogate this effect. Our experience raises the question whether results in other clinical trials of immunotherapy may have been adversely affected by excessive frequency or dosage of immunologic stimulants.