cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
G-CSF and Erythropoietin Stability in Amniotic Fluid during Simulated in vitro Digestion Conditions

Objective:To determine the stability of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and erythropoietin (Epo) in human amniotic fluid and recombinant G-CSF (Neupogen) and Epo (Epogen) in simulated amniotic fluid to digestions at pH concentrations of 3.2, 4.5, and 5.8 to assess their bioavailability to the neonate.Design:A simulated amniotic fluid containing Neupogen and Epogen was subjected to in vitro conditions that mimicked preprandial and postprandial neonatal intestinal digestion. Human amniotic fluid was tested using identical digestion conditions as well as human amniotic fluid to which Epogen and Neupogen had been added.Main Outcome Measures:The percentages of G-CSF/Epo and Neupogen/Epogen remaining after 1 and 2 hours of simulated digestions were compared with those at time zero, and concentrations at 2 hours were compared with those at 1 hour and time zero.Results:In simulated amniotic fluid at pH 3.2, significant degradation of G-CSF was observed at 1 hour (p = 0.03). No differences were obser...
Correcting SeaWinds measurements for rain effects

Correcting SeaWinds scatterometer data for rain using radiometer rain rates is possible at moderate rates when the antenna footprint is fully-filled with rain. We address use of the "slice" sub-footprints to correct for partially filled footprints. Using the number of slices containing heavy rain, we propose adjusting the rate reported by the radiometer to a value near that if the heavy rain filled the footprint and applying this value to empirical formulas to calculate backscatter from and attenuation through the rain. Simulations show the errors are not very sensitive to the estimate of raining area.
Impact of Anemia and Transfusion on Readmission and Length of Stay After Spinal Surgery: A Single-center Study of 1187 Operations

Study design Retrospective cohort study. Objective To determine whether receipt of blood transfusion and preoperative anemia are associated with increased rates of 30-day all-cause readmission, and secondarily with a prolonged hospital stay after spinal surgery. Summary of background data Increased focus on health care quality has led to efforts to determine postsurgical readmission rates and predictors of length of postoperative hospital stay. Although there are still no defined outcome measures specific to spinal surgery to which providers are held accountable, efforts to identify appropriate measures and to determine modifiable risk factors to optimize quality are ongoing. Methods Records from 1187 consecutive spinal surgeries at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in 2010 were retrospectively reviewed and data were collected that described the patient, surgical procedure, hospital course, complications, and readmissions. Presence or absence of transfusion during the surgery and associated hospital course was treated as a binary variable. Multivariate negative binomial regression and logistic regression were used to model length of stay and readmission, respectively. Results Nearly one fifth (17.8%) of surgeries received transfusions, and the overall readmission rate was 6.1%. After controlling for potential confounders, we found that the presence of a transfusion was associated with a 60% longer hospital stay [adjusted incidence rate ratio=1.60 (1.34-1.91), P Conclusions Both receipt of blood transfusion and any degree of preoperative anemia were associated with increased length of hospital stay after controlling for other variables. Severe anemia, but not receipt of blood transfusion, was associated with increased rate of readmission. Our findings may help define actions to reduce length of stay and decrease rates of readmission.
Daily Energy Expenditure of Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) Feeding Nestlings

Abstract The doubly labeled water method was used to measure daily energy expenditure of adult Ovenbirds (Seiurus aurocapillus) feeding nestlings in large and small forests in northern New England. Carbon dioxide production for all birds averaged 7.67 ± 1.29 mL g−1 hr−1 (n = 27), equivalent to 90.1 ± 15.0 kJ day−1. Carbon dioxide production did not differ between males and females within the same pair measured over the same period. Ratio of daily energy expenditure to basal metabolic rate (BMR) for Ovenbirds (3.4) was closer to the mean value derived for aerial foragers (3.8) than that for ground foragers (2.3) in a sample of passerines feeding nestlings. High daily energy expenditure for Ovenbirds may be related to their relatively brief breeding season in northern climates and their use of cool, closed-canopy forests. Although daily energy expenditure for Ovenbirds was high when compared to other ground-foraging passerines, most individuals were not working near the hypothetical maximum of 4× BMR (Drent...
Legislative Regulation of Fetal Experimentation

In 1977, the authors of a leading work on human experimentation stated, “Of all research discussed in this book, experimentation with fetuses is perhaps the most controversial.”1 It had not always been thus. Prior to 1973 and the decision in Roe v. Wade,2 fetal experimentation had been conducted with little public concern.3 This fact has led some to suggest that opposition to fetal experimentation is largely a rear-guard action being fought by opponents of the Roe decision who do not want burgeoning medical benefits from fetal research to impede their antiabortion efforts.4 But the timing of the fetal experimentation controversy can be explained in other ways as well. Prior to Roe, most fetal research in the United States was claimed to be incidental to and consistent with therapeutic efforts.5 Without widespread elective abortion, there were not widespread opportunities for ex utero experimentation on living abortuses or in utero experimentation on fetuses scheduled for abortion. After Roe, there was suddenly the prospect of millions of fetuses offered as ideal subjects for such experimentation on the grounds that (1) they were of questionable status as human beings;6 (2) they were scheduled to die; and (3) as experimental subjects, they could make important contributions to the power of medical science to save the lives or improve the health of others. To many observers, this scenario seemed frighteningly familiar. Just 30 years before, medical doctors had used the same grounds to justify human experimentation on the millions of inmates at the Nazi death camps.7
Lies, Rape, and Statutory Rape

When an offender lies or uses other forms of deception to induce an adult victim into sex, the law normally does not treat that as rape, even when the victim would not have engaged in the act absent the deception. But when the offender himself is deceived into having sex with an underage victim, that is treated as statutory rape, even if, once again, the deception was a but-for cause of the sex. To put it another way, in the case of rape, the person who does the lying escapes liability, while in the case of statutory rape the person who is lied to is punished. At first glance, this seems reversed: why should lie-perpetrators go free while lie-victims are punished? Can such a regime be justified?I will argue that the best way to understand the function of both rape and statutory rape is as part of a larger body of sexual offense laws. Under this approach, sexual autonomy is not a single, monolithic right to sexual self-determination, as some have described it, but, rather, a complex, multifarious “bundle” of rights to engage in, or refrain from, various forms of sexual activity and sex-related conduct; and different sexual offenses should be understood as protecting different “sticks” within the bundle. Rape, under my approach, would protect the basic right to decide whether to have penetrative sex, and with whom. Only misrepresentations regarding the fact of sexual penetration or the identity of one’s partner would be sufficient to invalidate consent for purposes of rape law. Misrepresentations regarding other matters, such as the fact that one’s partner is not using contraception, has a sexually-transmitted disease, or is transgendered, should be dealt with, if at all, by more specialized, lesser offenses within the suite of sexual offenses.Statutory rape should also be viewed within the broader scope of the sexual offenses. It is often said that a child’s lack of consent should be “presumed” whenever the child has sex with an adult. But if children were truly incapable of consenting to sex, it would make no sense to treat the forcible rape of a child as a more serious offense. We are thus presented with something of a paradox: when a child is subject to genuinely unwanted sex, the presumption is that she is capable of consenting to sex; but when she is involved in wanted sex, the law presumes that she is incapable of consenting. To avoid this paradox, we should abandon the concept of statutory rape as involving a presumption of nonconsent, and instead simply view it as analogous to other sexual offenses that are intended to prevent the exploitation of potentially vulnerable members of society. Under this approach, we would understand statutory rape law as protecting only those children who are too young or inexperienced or immature to make the decision to have sex. In cases where a precocious teen misrepresents her age to an adult, the rationale for imposing liability is lacking.
Speciation in the Peniophora Cinerea Complex

Mating tests were performed in vitro to determine interfertility patterns among eastern North American populations of Peniophora cinera, and two sympatric sibling species of the P. cinerea complex in Europe. No intersterile groups were detected in eastern North America. Reproductive isolation between the two European species reported previously by Hallenberg was verified. Since one sibling species is apparently restricted to the wood of Fagus sylvatica, speciation accompanied by substratum specialization is indicated. Intercontinental pairings showed that American P. cinerea is partially reproductively isolated from the two European sibling species.
Preparation of Activated Carbon and Silica Particles from Rice Straw

An efficient three-step process using toluene/ethanol, NaClO2, and KOH has been successfully devised to isolate pure cellulose from rice straw while generating two filtrates as activated carbon and silica precursors. The NaClO2 dissolution filtrate contains oxidized lignin and hemicellulose as carbon precursors as well as sodium carbonates as activating agents for direct carbonization (800 °C) into highly porous (0.90 cm3/g), high specific surface area (997 m2/g), activated carbon particles (100–500 nm). The KOH dissolution filtrate contains mainly potassium silicate that could be precipitated by dilute acidified poly(ethylene oxide) and calcinated (500 °C) to pure, uniformly sized (100–120 nm), nonporous silica nanospheres. Deriving these additional activated carbon and silica particles along with nanocellulose creates advance materials while fully utilizing all major components in rice straw, the highest quantity agricultural crop byproduct in the world.
Effects of water environmental factors on the uptake rate of nitrite nitrogen by Oocystis borgei

The effects of temperature,light intensity,salinity,pH and algal concentration on uptake rate of nitrite nitrogen by Oocystis borgei were studied through adding stable isotope tracer in the simulated condition.The result showed that temperature,light intensity,pH and algal concentration had a significant influence on the uptake rate of nitrite nitrogen by Oocystis borgei(P0.05).The uptake rates reached maximum when temperature was 25 ℃,light intensity was 4 500 lx,salinity was 30,pH was 7.5,or algal concentration was 4.5×105 cell/mL;their values were 0.106 μg N/(g·h),0.118 μg N/(g·h),0.125 μg N/(g·h),0.129 μg N/(g·h),and 0.129 μg N/(g·h),respectively.An oneway analysis of variance revealed that the factor combination for optimal uptake rate was 25 ℃ for temperature,4 500 lx for light intensity,30 for salinity,7.5 for pH,and 4.5×105 cell/mL for algal concentration.Therefore,we can improve the uptake rate of nitrite nitrogen by Oocystis borgei through controlling the environment factors to promote water quality of shrimp culture.
Circult Design of Contact-free Sliding Micrometer

The linear deformation measurement principles of the high-precision drilling,the axial displacement in rock,concrete or soil are introduced.The operation principles,circuits,communication interface,and electronic device used of the sliding micrometer are described.The signal process and firmware design in the contact-free sliding micrometer are expounded.Specifications and experimental data of the sliding micrometer are presented.
The clinical implications of heterotopic ossification in patients treated with radial head replacement for trauma: A case series and review of the literature

Radial head arthroplasty (RHA) is an acceptable treatment for comminuted radial head fractures (RHF). Fourteen patients with no postop HO prophylaxis were treated with RHA for comminuted RHF. A 50% incidence in HO was seen following RHA with a statistically increased risk (p ≤ 0.05) of reoperation compared to those without HO. Decreased ROM was seen on the affected side (p ≤ 0.05); patients without HO showed no statistical difference (p ≥ 0.05) in ROM or grip strength. HO following RHA increases patient risk for reoperation and decreases ROM. We recommend HO prophylaxis with NSAIDs and/or radiotherapy if no direct patient contraindications are found.
A tool for help or harm? How associations between social networking use, social support, and mental health differ for sexual minority and heterosexual youth

Although use of social networking sites has been linked to both positive and negative changes in young people's mental health, it is likely that these contributions may vary based on users' motivations and social status. For sexual minority youth, for example, the sites could provide means for social support and connections with like-minded others. Accordingly, our study sought to examine the relations between sexual minority youth's social networking site use and their social support, sexual identity strength, and mental health. We conducted an online survey, sampling 146 sexual minority youth respondents (M=21 years; SD=2.87 years) and 477 heterosexual youth respondents (M=20 years; SD=2.76 years). Results indicated that although both sexual minority and heterosexual youth use social networking sites at equal rates, sexual minority youth indicated that they use sites more for identity development and social communication. Moreover, using sites for general identity expression or exploration predicted negative mental health outcomes, whereas using sites specifically for sexual identity development predicted positive mental health outcomes. These results provide greater insight into how social networking sites may impact the mental health of marginalized groups, and provide a framework for understanding differences in social networking site use by sexuality. LGB youth use SNS for identity development and communication more than their peers.SNS use for LGB identity development was linked to better mental health.SNS could be used for mental health interventions among marginalized youth.
Steady State Forced Convection Heat Transfer in He II

A study of forced convection heat transfer in superfluid helium (He II) is initiated to better understand the physical behavior of this process and to compare it with the more familiar He II heat transfer mechanism of internal convection. An experimental assembly is designed to achieve fluid flow by a motor-driven hydraulic pump which utilizes two stainless steel bellows. Each bellows is connected to one end of a copper tube, 3 mm in diameter and 2 m long. The system allows measurements of one dimensional heat and mass transfer where the measured quantities include: temperature profile and pressure drop. The variable quantities are the helium bath temperature, flow velocity and heat input. The helium bath is held at 1.8 K and under saturation pressure. The flow tube is heated at the middle and the flow velocity is varied up to 97 cm/s. The helium pressure is monitored at both ends of the tube and a friction factor is estimated for He II. Temperature measurements are made at seven evenly spaced locations along the tube. The experimental temperature profile is compared with a numerical solution of an analytical model developed for the problem under study.
Perioperative Steroid Management: Approaches Based on Current Evidence.

Perioperative Steroid Management: Approaches Based on Current Evidence Melanie Liu;Andrea Reidy;Siavosh Saatee;Charles Collard; Anesthesiology
Dimensionless number is central to stress relaxation and expansive growth of the cell wall.

Experiments demonstrate that both plastic and elastic deformation of the cell wall are necessary for wall stress relaxation and expansive growth of walled cells. A biophysical equation (Augmented Growth Equation) was previously shown to accurately model the experimentally observed wall stress relaxation and expansive growth rate. Here, dimensional analysis is used to obtain a dimensionless Augmented Growth Equation with dimensionless coefficients (groups of variables, or Π parameters). It is shown that a single Π parameter controls the wall stress relaxation rate. The Π parameter represents the ratio of plastic and elastic deformation rates, and provides an explicit relationship between expansive growth rate and the wall’s mechanical properties. Values for Π are calculated for plant, algal, and fungal cells from previously reported experimental results. It is found that the Π values for each cell species are large and very different from each other. Expansive growth rates are calculated using the calculated Π values and are compared to those measured for plant and fungal cells during different growth conditions, after treatment with IAA, and in different developmental stages. The comparison shows good agreement and supports the claim that the Π parameter is central to expansive growth rate of walled cells.
Hypercortisolism (Cushing’s Syndrome)

Hypercortisolism or Cushing’s syndrome is the presence of elevated amounts of cortisol in the body. Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) is released in the hypothalamus, causing release of ACTH from the anterior pituitary. ACTH then acts on the adrenal glands (in the adrenal cortex) to produce cortisol. The most common cause of Cushing’s syndrome is exogenous steroids. If elevated ACTH is produced by a pituitary tumor, the patient is instead said to have Cushing’s disease.
Structures and properties of 1,4-dithiins and related molecules

A series of organosulfur compounds was characterized by NMR, IR, mass spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and chemical analyses. The crystal structures of six compounds were determined: 1,3-dithioleno[4,5-e]naphtho[2,3-b]1,4-dithiin-2,5, 10-trione (1b), P $$\overline 1$$ , a = 7.665(4), b = 7.997(4), c = 11.443(5) A, α = 91.311(8), β = 92.516(8), γ = 117.53(7)° 6,7-dimethylbenzo[1,2-b]1,3-dithioleno[4,5-e]1,4-dithiin-2,5,8-trione (2b), P21/m, a = 3.933(1), b = 12.864(2), c = 11.943(3) A, β = 99.161(4)° 6-phenyl-2-thioxo-6-hydrocyclopenta[2,1-b]1,3-dithioleno[4,5-e]1,4-dithiin-5,7-dione (3a), C2/c, a = 32.408(6), b = 3.8743(8), c = 27.123(5) A, β = 125.171(7)° 6-phenyl-1,3-dithioleno[4,5-e]3-pyrrolino[3,4-b]1,4-dithiin-5,7-trione (3b), P21/n, a = 7.9712(9), b = 6.1976(7), c = 55.978(6) A, β = 91.096(1)° 2,3,7,8-tetramethylthianthrene-1,4,6,9-tetraone (4), P21/c, a = 4.195(1), b = 17.924(5), c = 9.682(3) A, β = 98.509(5)° 3H,6H-1,4-oxathiino[6′,5′-2,1]naphtho[3,4-e]1,4-oxathiin-2,7-dione (5), P21/n, a = 9.3522(7), b = 7.8782(6), c = 17.118(1) A, β = 93.171(1)°. Several structures exhibited significant S—S intermolecular interactions, suggesting that the molecules might be precursors for preparing nonmetallic conductors.
"Superimposition" digital subtraction angiography: evaluation of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection.

Total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC) has a relatively high surgical mortality, especially the infracardiac variety. A small left atrium may limit postoperative cardiac output. Superimposition of digitally subtracted angiographic (DSA) images may be used to define pulmonary venous anatomy, left atrial size, and its spatial relationship to the common pulmonary vein. The technique for acquiring superimposed digitally subtracted images and the results of two cases with infracardiac TAPVC are presented. We have found that this superimposition technique is easily performed and may provide important preoperative information in infants with TAPVC.
Legal Issues Concerning Expert Evidence and Testimony

The material in this chapter provides the forensic science professional with a frame of reference in dealing with attorneys, judges, juries, and the court system. Because the subject matter of this chapter is so broad in scope, no attempt will be made to cover it exhaustively. By highlighting the basics, however, the chapter will serve as a useful adjunct to subsequent parts of this volume dealing with specific fields of expertise. The scientist who studies this chapter will have a general understanding of the law related to scientific evidence, including the standards for the admissibility of expert testimony, pretrial discovery procedures, and ethical considerations, and will be able to identify areas warranting close attention when they are encountered in the laboratory
Diastoma melanioides (Reeve), a Relict Snail from South Australia

Diastoma melanioides (Reeve 1849) is the sole survivor of a long lineage of gastropods in the genus Diastoma Deshayes 1850, family Diastomatidae, and is not well known in the literature. This group was common in the Tethys Sea during the Tertiary and was most abundant during the Eocene. The living species is confined to shallow-water habitats in southern Australia. The taxonomic assignment of the group and its relationship with other cerithiaceans was based on shell characters until recently, when I examined the soft parts of the one extant species. The operculum, radula, and internal anatomy provide the additional characters necessary for a proper assignment and allow a more informed judgment about the relationships of the diastomids to other cerithiaceans. A more detailed account about the anatomy and systematics of Diastoma may be found in Houbrick (1981:589–621).
Security and Reliability Perspectives in Cyber-Physical Smart Grids

Information and communication technologies (ICTs) are widely deployed in electric power systems to improve system monitoring, control, protection, and data processing capabilities. However, power systems’ dependency on cyber infrastructure inevitably increases the risk of system degradation resulting from cyber-attacks. In addition, the intrinsic failures of cyber elements and the design defects of cyber-physical system architecture affect power system reliability. These two concerns are generally termed as “cyber-physical security” and “cyberphysical reliability”, respectively. While the two topics have received considerable research efforts in recent years, their distinctions still remain obscure among researchers. This paper succinctly summarizes the scopes, approaches, and major advancements in the two research areas with representative examples provided to clarify their distinctions. By revealing the inherent features of cyber-physical security and cyber-physical reliability in smart grids, this paper is written with the objective of facilitating future studies in these two areas.
The Last Utopians: Four Late Nineteenth Century Visionaries and Their Legacy

This is a quite fascinating study of four well-known utopian writers: Edward Bellamy, William Morris, Edward Carpenter and Charlotte Perkins Gilman. It is based on wide reading of both their writin...
Nasal Chondromesenchymal Hamartoma: Rare Case Report in an Elderly Patient and Brief Review of Literature

Hamartomas are considered a mixture of nonneoplastic tissue, which may be indigenous to a different location in the body. As such, they may be epithelial, mesenchymal, or mixed. In the sinonasal region, the following hamartomatous lesions are considered to lie on a spectrum and include respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (REAH), chondro-osseous respiratory epithelial adenomatoid hamartoma (COREAH), and nasal chondromesenchymal hamartoma (NCMH). To our knowledge, less than 50 cases of sinonasal hamartomas have been reported in the English literature so far with NCMH being very rare and primarily a tumor in infancy, with only 2 cases reported in individuals older than 16 years of age. We report a highly unusual case of a NCMH in the right maxillary sinus of a 70-year-old female.
Open Science: A Candid Conversation:

In response to concerns about the credibility of many published research findings, open science reforms such as preregistration, data sharing, and alternative forms of publication are being increas...
Bone Mechanics in Cancer

Abstract The skeleton is the preferred site of metastasis for multiple cancers, such as breast and prostate, yet bone metastasis remains incurable. Metastatic cancer cells dysregulate the bone remodeling process and initiate a “vicious cycle” that supports their survival and growth. Modulation of mechanical signals in the skeleton is a potential avenue for combatting bone metastasis, but the details of how the bone's mechanical microenvironment regulates metastatic cancer cells remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss physiological mechanical signals in the skeleton and how they may be participating in bone metastasis, including relevant in vivo, in vitro, and computational models that may be used in future studies.
Preventing Colonization by Lung Isolation: Primum Non Nocere.

Tracheal intubation is among the most dangerous of interventions in the patient who is critically ill. The procedure of laryngoscopy itself is potentially hazardous, but this can normally be managed in a controlled manner. It is the state of being intubated over a number of days or weeks that
Trump, Trade, and Immigration

Author(s): Peters, Margaret E | Abstract: AbstractPresident Trump campaigned on “making America great again” through trade and immigration restrictions. I argue that it is difficult for policymakers to restrict both trade and immigration because of trade’s effects on business support for immigration. When trade is restricted, more low-skill intensive goods are made in the US, leading to more demand for low-skill immigration from businesses. As businesses are relatively powerful, we should expect immigration to open. Conversely, when trade opens, fewer low-skill intensive goods are made in the US, leading to the closure of the firms that produce these goods. This reduces demand for low-skill labor and, with it, the demand for low-skill immigration. As business demand for immigration recedes, policymakers restrict immigration to appease anti-immigrant groups. Using data on immigration and trade in the US, I show that this relationship has held over US history. At the end of the article I hypothesize several reasons why Trump’s tariffs are not leading to more demand for immigration due to their limited effects on trade and the job market.
Microstructural Evolution of Dissimilar Metal Welds Involving Grade 91

Dissimilar metal weld failures between low alloy Cr-Mo ferritic steels and austenitic stainless steels made with Ni-base filler metals are typically observed along the fusion line. Such DMW failures often exhibit the onset of damage well before their expected service life. Failure is typically associated with a carbon-depleted region in the ferritic steel and formation of creep voids along a row of so-called Type I carbides. More recently, the formation of Type I carbides adjacent to a carbide-free ferrite band has also been observed in DMWs where the ferritic steel was a 9 pct Cr creep strength-enhanced ferritic steel. However, it has not been completely clarified whether these microstructural features formed during welding, post-weld heat treatment or service. In this study, single pass bead-on-plate welds were prepared on a Grade 91 steel substrate using commonly specified Ni-base weld metals; ENiCrCoMo-1, ENiCrMo-3, ENiCrFe-3, ENiCrFe-2 and EPRI P87 (ENiFeCr-4) and were characterized in the as-welded, post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) and aged conditions. The evolution of the ferrite band was found to form by a diffusion-controlled process and was observed after PWHT and aging associated with regions exhibiting steep concentration gradients in the partially mixed zone (PMZ). In this study, steep concentration gradients were observed along the toe of the weld whereas relatively shallow gradients were observed at the weld bottom-center, resulting in a discontinuous ferrite band along the fusion line during PWHT and aging. The variation in chemical gradients in the PMZ corresponded to different chemical potential gradients, which lead to differences in carbon diffusion during high-temperature PWHT and aging. The results of this study provide insight into potential solutions for minimizing the risk of failure in future applications.
Phylogeography of Acartia tonsa Dana, 1849 (Calanoida: Copepoda) and phylogenetic reconstruction of the genus Acartia Dana, 1846

The calanoid copepod, Acartia tonsa Dana, 1849 is one of the most abundant and well-studied estuarian species with a worldwide distribution. In this research, we use the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene to study the phylogeography of A. tonsa by analyzing sequences from specimens collected in the western Gulf of Mexico (GOM) along with all sequences from previous research. We reconstruct the phylogeny for the genus Acartia Dana, 1846 and highlight numerous potential misidentifications of Acartia species deposited in GenBank. The incorrect taxonomy assigned to some of these sequences results in apparently paraphyletic relationships. This study demonstrates that A. tonsa is a species complex with multiple, deeply diverging, lineages of varying geographic affinities. Multiple new lineages are found in the Texas GOM that is basal to northwestern Atlantic lineages with phylogenetic connectivity also observed between Brazil and the Texas GOM. Results show two major phylogeographic breaks in the North American continent, one at the border between the Gulf of Mexico and the Northwest Atlantic, and the other at about 35° N. One of the major clades in the A. tonsa species complex shows a clear pattern of divergence that follows the prevailing currents. Within this clade, older lineages are found in the western GOM while newer lineages are found in the eastern GOM and the southern coast of the northwest Atlantic, with the youngest lineages diversifying in the north. The results show that A. tonsa can be used as a model species for observing phylogeographical structuring of coastal plankton along the American continent.
CFD analysis of vertical axis wind turbine using ansys fluent

Renewable Energy Resources are increasing in a few years, this is due to the increasing increase in environmental pollution and fossil fuels which are increasingly depleted. Both bridges and toll roads actually have wind speeds that can be used and used as electricity. But there is a problem to put the power plant on the bridge or the toll road, which is quite limited land, so to install the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine will be very difficult. Therefore, Vertical Axis Wind Turbine is used as an alternative. VAWT is used to create power plants that can use wind from vehicles on toll roads and bridges to make electricity. To be able to take advantage of the wind around the place, Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is needed to optimize the design of the turbine.
“We still keep our culture to stay alive”: acculturation and adaptation among resettled young adult refugees from Burma

Coming of age as a recently resettled refugee from Burma poses unique opportunities and challenges in navigating dissimilar norms and expectations of family, culture, and the new host environment. ...
The Role of Sectoral Growth Patterns in Labor Market Development

This paper investigates the relationship between sectoral growth patterns and employment outcomes. A broad cross-country analysis reveals that in middle-income countries, employment responds more to growth in less productive and more labor-intensive sectors. Employment in middle-income countries is susceptible to a resource curse, and grows rapidly in response to manufacturing and export manufacturing growth. Within Brazil, Indonesia, and Mexico, the effects of different sectoral growth patterns are context dependent, but differences in sectoral growth effects on employment and wages are substantially reduced in states or provinces with higher measured labor mobility. Consistent with this, aggregate employment and wage effects of growth by sector are close to uniform when examined over longer time horizons, after labor has an opportunity to adjust across sectors. The results reinforce the importance of growth in more labor-intensive sectors, and suggest that job mobility may be an important mechanism to diffuse the benefits of capital-intensive growth.
Initial Phase Estimation and Tomographic Reconstruction for Multiple-Frequency Acoustic Microscopy

In multiple-frequency tomographic acoustic microscopy, projections acquired with different illumination acoustic frequencies are combined to form the tomographic reconstruction. A major source of degradation in the reconstructed image is the presence of an unknown phase offset in each projection. This unknown phase term cannot be determined directly in the space domain because of the loss of evanescent waves during propagation. In this paper, we present a simple technique to estimate the relative phase difference between projections in the spatial-frequency domain. The estimation procedure uses the overlapping region between two spectral distributions to estimate the relative phase offset. Experimental results showing the tomographic reconstruction of a honeycomb test grid using four multiple-frequency projections are presented to demonstrate the resolution enhancement capability of this technique. In addition, this approach can be applied to multiple-angle microscopic tomography.
Measuring the Rural Continuum in Political Science

Recent accounts of American politics focus heavily on urban–rural gaps in political behavior. Rural politics research is growing but may be stymied by difficulties defining and measuring which Americans qualify as “rural.” We discuss theoretical and empirical challenges to studying rurality. Much existing research has been inattentive to conceptualization and measurement of rural geography. We focus on improving estimation of different notions of rurality and provide a new dataset on urban–rural measurement of U.S. state legislative districts. We scrutinize construct validity and measurement in two studies of rural politics. First, we replicate Flavin and Franko (2020, Political Behavior, 845–864) to demonstrate empirical results may be sensitive to measurement of rural residents. Second, we use Mummolo and Nall’s (2017, The Journal of Politics, 45–59) survey data to show rural self-identification is not well-captured with objective, place-based classifications, suggesting a rethinking of theoretical and empirical accounts of rural identity. We conclude with strategies for operationalizing rurality using readily available tools.
Of Grading Rubrics and Formative Assessment

No one reasonably expects that every class that you teach will be an award-worthy, primal act of creation. Indeed, there is the comfort of a home-cooked meal in traditional methods of law teaching because they remind us of how we were taught. It is time to recognize, however, that the success of traditional pedagogical approaches such as Socratic method — which has its place when carefully planned questions scaffold substantive information in such a way that a novice is drawn down a structured path — is wildly exaggerated by the legal academy. There is a disconnectedness from the learning process implicit in hiding the ball for the sake of hiding the ball, without ever pausing to assess whether the ball has indeed been found. This type of disconnectedness from the students is both familiar and entrenched, but is also slowly becoming less normative. Forward-looking legal education is rejecting the professor in this role and there is no question that the times they are a changin’. The ABA has seen fit to ensure that formative assessment is here to stay, and there is no closing the lid on Pandora’s box. This chapter is designed to assist the doctrinal faculty member who has little experience with formative assessment and would like one straightforward example to incorporate into their class — in other words, this chapter is a dipping of one’s toe into the water.
Novel methods to enhance surgical sperm retrieval: a systematic review.

Objectives: To explore the use of novel technologies in sperm retrieval in men with azoospermia due to a production defect. Methods: We performed a Preferred Reporting Items for Systemic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA)-compliant systemic literature review for manuscripts focussed on novel sperm-retrieval methods. We identified 30 studies suitable for qualitative analysis. Results and Conclusions: We identified multiple new promising technologies, each with its own distinct set of benefits and limitations, to enhance chances of sperm retrieval; these include the use of multiphoton microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and full-field optical coherence tomography during a microdissection-testicular sperm extraction procedure. ORBEYE and ultrasonography technologies can also serve to better visualise areas of sperm production. Finally, artificial intelligence technology can play a role in the identification of sperm and, perhaps, better-quality sperm for use with assisted reproduction. Abbreviations: AI: artificial intelligence; ANN: artificial neural network; ART: assisted reproductive technology; 3D: three-dimensional; DNN: deep neural networks; FFOCT: full-field optical coherence tomography; HE ICSI: intracytoplasmic sperm injection; IVF: in vitro fertilisation; MESA: micro-epididymal sperm aspiration; MeSH: Medical Subject Heading; MPM: multiphoton microscopy; (N)OA: (non-)obstructive azoospermia; SCO: Sertoli cell-only syndrome; SRR: sperm retrieval rates; TESA: testicular sperm aspiration; (micro-)TESE: (microdissection-) testicular sperm extraction; (CE)US: (contrast-enhanced) ultrasonography.
AIR RAGE: A POLICY RESEARCH STUDY

Disruptive passengers are a growing concern to preserve the safety of crew and passengers in the air. A policy research study from 1996 to 2000 reveals a range of air rage incidents and airline policies. The various definitions are presented, as well as the scope of the problem. The causal factors are critical in understanding the root of the problem and in eradicating air rage incidents. The application of the policy research methodology revealed a void in data collection and future research needs such as policy evaluation. Policy makers, collegiate aviation educators, and industry personnel will use these results to inform decision making. This article contributes to the academic literature of air rage as an emerging aviation safety concern.
Krise und Wandel der gesellschaftlichen Organisation von Arbeit

Das tayloristisch-fordistische Produktionsmodell war seit den 1950er Jahren nicht nur ein Leitbild fur die industrielle, sondern auch fur die gesamtgesellschaftliche Entwicklung – Bechtle und Lutz (1989: 46) sprechen in diesem Zusammenhang von „Mechanismen positiver Ruckkopplung“. Arbeitsteilung, Spezialisierung und Standardisierung wurden auserhalb der betrieblichen Realitat zum Modell fordistischer Vergesellschaftung. Das Normalarbeitsverhaltnis (Muckenberger 1985, Dombois 1999) als Ausdruck der Wechselwirkung zwischen der Produktions- und der Reproduktionssphare verdeutlicht diesen Ausstrahlungseffekt exemplarisch: Im ‘normalen’ – da weit verbreiteten und staatlich geforderten – Verhaltnis zwischen Arbeitnehmern und Arbeitgebern war die Nutzung der Ware Arbeitskraft auf einem hohen arbeits- und sozialrechtlichen Mindestniveau geregelt.
Nuclear Magnetic Relaxation Dispersion in Protein Solutions III. COPPER TRANSFERRIN AND BICARBONATE-FREE COPPER TRANSFERRIN

Abstract To investigate the role of specifically bound bicarbonate in the metal-complexing function of transferrin, copper transferrin was prepared both in the presence and absence of bicarbonate ion. The magnetic field and temperature dependence of the solvent proton spin-lattice relaxation rate of solutions of the two complexes were determined. The molar relaxivity R (essentially, relaxation rate per protein concentration) for solutions of copper transferrin is very large at low fields (∼20,000 m-1 sec-1 at 4 Oe) and is highly field-dependent, decreasing to almost zero at 12 kOe. At low field, R is almost temperature-independent over the range 0–45°. Comparison of the results with theory indicates that protons are relaxed by a dipolar interaction with the unpaired electronic spin of Cu2+. The observed relaxivity results from the rapid exchange of a water molecule bound sufficiently close to the copper to be an axial ligand. The magnitude of R at low field for copper transferrin-HCO3 is about one-quarter of that for copper transferrin and also disperses almost to zero at high field. Above 25° the low field value of R has a strong positive temperature dependence. There is no significant variation in R over the pH range 7 to 9.5. The data suggest that, as in the absence of bicarbonate, the protons of water molecules are relaxed by a dipolar interaction with the electron spin of Cu2+, and that bicarbonate binding alters the water exchange rate.
Bands and Subbands

This chapter contains sections titled: Bands in Semiconductors The Effective Mass Modes (Subbands) in Quantum Structures Exercises References
The Shame Experience

Drawing on a series of in-depth interviews illuminating the phenomenology of shame in the general public, Miller systematically explores the various dimensions of the shame experience. The complex relationships between shame and female sexual development, shame and phallic inhibition, and shame and orality are among the topics critically reexamined.
Error analysis for time-interleaved analog channels

Time-interleaved architectures are frequently employed in high-speed data converters and signal processing channels in order to achieve the highest possible speed. However, the performance of the combined channels is reduced if each channel is not well matched in terms of gain, converter offset and timing skew. In this paper, the errors introduced by gain and offset mismatch and timing skew is analyzed in detail. The digital spectra due to mismatch between channels is derived by applying digital signal processing theories and the closed-forms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) are derived and verified using Matlab/sup TM/.
Inconsistencies in patient perceptions and observer ratings of shared decision making: the case of colorectal cancer screening.

Objective To compare patient-reported and observer-rated shared decision making (SDM) use for colorectal cancer (CRC) screening and evaluate patient, physician and patient-reported relational communication factors associated with patient-reported use of shared CRC screening decisions.
Hypothermia is a frequent sign of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes

Abstract Aim Hypothermia is a recognized complication of severe hypoglycaemia, but its prevalence and characteristics are poorly studied. For this reason, this study aimed to evaluate hypothermia in severely hypoglycaemic patients. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed including all patients discharged between 2007 and 2010 from the Emergency Department of the Geneva University Hospital with a diagnosis of severe hypoglycaemia. Results Hypothermia was identified in 30 (23.4%) out of 128 patients with severe hypoglycaemia. Its incidence was not affected by age, type of diabetes, season or time of day (day/night). Using linear regression, the lowest recorded temperature was associated with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score (r2=13.8%, P P =0.001). Conclusion Hypothermia is a frequent sign of severe hypoglycaemia in patients with diabetes. The associations between hypothermia and the GCS score and the leukocyte count suggest that it is a marker of hypoglycaemia severity and/or duration. Hypothermia may represent an important compensatory mechanism in severe hypoglycaemia, reflecting a decrease in energy demand during glucose deprivation.
Development of vegetation in a constructed wetland receiving irrigation return flows

The Fairview Constructed Wetland, a complex of replicated wet meadow (primary filter) and shallow marsh (shallow wetland) cells, was built in southeast Idaho in 1999 and planted with seven native plant species. The development of aboveground biomass and root mass and the accumulation of litter for each cell and for each species are described here. Establishment patterns varied among species and wetlands. Juncus balticus and Carex nebrascensis contributed disproportionately to the biomass in the primary filter cells. In these wetlands, aboveground biomass increased from an overall average of 443 in 2000 to 560 g/m2 in 2003, while root mass increased from 387 to 1108 g/m2. Litter mass increased from 230 in 2001 to 829 g/m2 in 2003. In the shallow wetlands, average aboveground biomass increased from 82 in 2000 to 391 g/m2 in 2003, while root mass increased from 108 to 574 g/m2 over this same period. From 2001 to 2003, litter mass increased from 68 to 214 g/m2. All measures of biomass and litter in the shallow wetlands were less than the corresponding values in the primary filter cells over the same time period. Still, biomass measures differed among shallow wetlands and some of this variation was explained by the differences in each wetland's hydrograph.
SOIL AGGREGATION BY CRYPTOGAMS OF A SAND PRAIRIE

Cryptogam-covered, sandy soils of the Big Sand Mound prairie in southeastern Iowa are significantly more aggregated than bare soils. Soil particles covered by moss are intertwined by rhizoids, whereas cyanobacteria and lichen fungal hyphae adhere to the particles and glue them together. Lichen-covered samples that were tested and oven dried, then retested 2 yr later, retain their aggregation, indicating that the aggregating material is stable even after the death of the
Determination of arsenic, antimony, tungsten and molybdenum in silicate materials by epithermal neutron activation and inorganic ion exchange

Abstract Ion exchange on alumina columns was used to determine As, Sb, W and Mo in silicate rock samples. This procedure requires hour-long epithermal neutron irradiations, rapid ion exchange after the rocks have been brought into solution with sodium hydroxide, sodium peroxide fusion and short gamma-ray counts on an intrinsic Ge detector. With this technique the detection limits achieved were 5 ng g −1 for As, 10 ng g −1 for Sb and W and 50 ng g −1 for Mo.
Analysis of microtubule polymerization inhibitors in sea urchin egg extracts: evidence for a protease.

Abstract Inhibitors of microtubule polymerization have been found in extracts of unfertilized sea urchin eggs using neural tubulin polymerization assays without glycerol. The inhibitory activity is partially destroyed by boiling or by reduction and carboxymethylation and is nondialyzable. When chromatographed on DEAE-cellulose, the inhibitory activity is eluted over a broad NaCl gradient and is in association with several peaks. This partially purified inhibitor is not destroyed by incubation with RNase A. When the partially purified inhibitor is incubated with brain microtubule protein under conditions which support microtubule polymerization, both high molecular weight-microtubule associated proteins and tubulin appear to be digested when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Proteolytic digestion as well as inhibition of microtubule polymerization depend upon similar concentrations of partially purified inhibitor present in the polymerization reaction. It appears as though at least part of the microtubule polymerization inhibitory activity present in unfertilized sea urchin eggs is due to this protease.