cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of Special Purpose Entities in Measures of U.S. Direct Investment Abroad

Under international guidelines, official statistics on international trade and investment include transactions within multinational enterprises (MNEs) and positions on foreign direct investment. A complicating factor in the interpretation and understanding of the official statistics is the role of transactions and positions for MNEs structured with one or more special purpose entities (SPEs). In contrast to operating entities (OEs), SPEs generally have few or no employees, little or no physical presence, and little or no production or economic activity. While recent research explores the effects of SPEs on some U.S. macroeconomic statistics, very little is known from a microeconomic perspective about the underlying characteristics of SPEs. This paper provides an empirical look at non-resident SPEs whose transactions are included in official statistics on U.S. direct investment abroad. In particular, the paper treats OE affiliates as a benchmark group in a univariate and a multivariate analysis of characteristics available in survey data. The results reveal a large number of non-resident SPEs sponsored by U.S. MNEs, which are not isolated to a few industries or a single global region. Significant differences exist between SPE affiliates and OE affiliates in their balance sheet components, income statement components, and measured production. Given the fact pattern demonstrated in the microdata, measured production attributed to SPE affiliates appears to be incongruent with reported economic activity. JEL Codes: D24, E01, F20, F23, F60
Breast-Conserving Surgery for Breast Cancer

Surgical treatment of breast cancer has changed significantly in recent years. Fine-needle aspirations or core-needle biopsies can be used in the diagnostic process, thus avoiding scarring incisions. The preferred method of treatment for many women with early breast cancer is conservative surgical therapy (principally lumpectomy and axillary dissection) followed by breast irradiation. Sentinel node biopsy is being investigated as an alternative to standard axillary node dissection. This could decrease morbidity following standard axillary dissection. These techniques allow women with different forms of breast cancer to conserve their breasts. For women who choose mastectomy, immediate reconstruction of the breast is now routinely performed with a prosthetic implant or autologous tissue. Clinical history, physical examination, and breast imaging are the most effective means of follow-up.
The f → X transition in ICl

Abstract The f0 + ( 3 P 0 ) → X 1 Σ + band system of ICl (3000–3300 A) is photographed at high resolution from tesla discharge sources containing the individual isotopomers, I35Cl and I37Cl. The rotational analysis of 24 v′-v″ bands includes ∼ 1900 assigned lines spanning v′ = 0–2 and v″ = 39–50. The data yield and improved description of the probed regions of both states, which have been observed before but not in this emission transition. Recommended constants for the f state (valid for v = 0–14, units cm−1) are: Te = 44 924.375, ωe = 184.158, ωexe = 0.7439, ωeye = 0.00268, Be = 0.057925, αe = 2.32 × 10−4, γe = 5.4 × 10−7.
Sensing uniaxial tensile damage in fiber-reinforced polymer composites using electrical resistance tomography

This work describes the application of electrical resistance tomography (ERT) in sensing damage in fiber-reinforced polymer composites under uniaxial quasi-static tension. Damage is manifested as numerous matrix cracks which are distributed across the composite volume and which eventually coalesce into intralayer cracks. Hence, tensile damage is distributed throughout the volume, and could be more significant outside the sensor area. In this work, tensile damage of unidirectional glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites (GFRP) and plain weave carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites (CFRP) is sensed by utilizing a spray-on nanocomposite sensor, which is then instrumented by boundary electrodes. The resistance change distribution within the sensor area is reconstructed from a series of boundary voltage measurements, and ERT is implemented using a maximum a posteriori approach and assumptions on the type of noise in the reconstruction. Results show that this technique has promise in tracking uniaxial damage in composites. The different fiber architectures (unidirectional GFRP, plain weave CFRP) give distinct features in the ERT, which are consistent with the physical behavior of the tested samples.
Hydroxyurea with Azacitidine or Decitabine in Combination Is Antagonistic on DNA Methylation Inhibition.

5-azacytidine (azacitidine, Vidaza) and 5-aza-2′deoxycytidine (decitabine, Dacogen) are cytidine analogs currently used to treat myelodysplastic syndrome and as an investigational agent to treat acute myelogenous leukemia, sickle cell disease and other cancers. Decitabine is phosphorylated to a triphosphate form and incorporated into DNA where it can covalently trap DNA methyltransferase. Azacitidine is also phosphorylated to a triphosphate form, but requires reduction from a ribonucleotide to a deoxyribonucleotide by ribonucleotide reductase (RR) before incorporation into DNA. Hydroxyurea (Hydrea) is a drug routinely used to treat patients with leukemia and sickle cell disease. Hydroxyurea inhibits cell proliferation by inhibiting RR. Inhibition of RR leads to a depletion of nucleotide pools and cell cycle arrest in S-phase. Therefore, we hypothesized that the combination of hydroxyurea with azacitidine would be antagonistic to the ability of azacitidine to inhibit DNA methylation, and synergistic with decitabine in inhibiting DNA methylation. Hydroxyurea inhibits RR, which could block the conversion of azacitidine from a ribonucleotide to a deoxyribonucleotide, and therefore prevent its incorporation into DNA. In contrast, decitabine could increase its incorporation into DNA by taking advantage of a depletion of other deoxynucleotides induced RR inhibition by hydroxyurea. In order to test this hypothesis, we treated HL-60 (leukemia) and T24 (bladder cancer) cell lines with hydroxyurea in combination with either decitabine or azacitidine. DNA methylation was quantitated using Bisulfite-PCR Pyrosequencing of LINE-1 DNA repetitive elements, the MAGE-A1 gene and the p16 gene promoter region. We clearly showed that hydroxyurea at concentrations above 0.5 mM completely blocked the ability of azacitidine to inhibit DNA methylation (IC50=0.36 ± 0.04 mM). Surprisingly, we found that hydroxyurea at concentrations above 0.5mM also completely inhibited the effect of decitabine on DNA methylation (IC50=0.24 ± 0.06 mM). Further investigation showed that inhibition of the ability to block DNA methylation correlated with inhibition of the cell cycle. Using flow cytometry we clearly show that the antagonistic effect of hydroxyurea on DNA methylation inhibitors correlates with the arresting of cell division in S-phase. Aphidicolin, which inhibits DNA polymerase, also blocked the cell cycle and the ability of azacitidine and decitabine to inhibit DNA methylation. Thus, azacitidine and decitabine are S-phase specific drugs and are antagonized when used in combination with drugs that arrest the cell cycle. However, we also show that sequential treatment of hydroxyurea followed by azacitidine or decitabine could be used to avoid this antagonism. Therefore, due to the antagonistic effect of hydroxyurea with the mechanistic inhibitors of DNA methylation, azacitidine and decitabine, we recommend sequential combination treatment strategy.
Inleiding SOLK in de huisartsenpraktijk: begrippen en epidemiologie

Lichamelijke klachten waarvoor geen somatische verklaring gevonden wordt, vormen naar alle waarschijnlijkheid de meerderheid van alle problemen die patienten aan hun huisartsen presenteren. Naar schatting blijft 20–50 % van de klachten waarmee patienten hun huisarts consulteren lichamelijk (of psychiatrisch) onverklaard. Die schattingen lopen uiteen, omdat de mate waarin men een klacht als verklaard beschouwt, varieert. Is rugpijn die begonnen is nadat iemand een weekend lang veel gesjouwd heeft bij een verhuizing en die na vijf weken nog niet over is, verklaard of onverklaard? Is buikpijn die ontstaan is tijdens een periode van acute stress en die nog steeds aanhoudt als de stress verdwenen is, verklaard of onverklaard?
Polarization of prompt J /ψ and ϒ (1 S ) production in the color evaporation model

We calculate the polarization of prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(1\mathrm{S})$ production using the color evaporation model at leading order. We present the polarization parameter ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\vartheta}}$ as a function of center-of-mass energy and rapidity in $p+p$ collisions. We also compare the ${x}_{F}$ dependence to experimental results in $p+\mathrm{Cu}$ and $\ensuremath{\pi}+\mathrm{W}$ collisions and predict the ${x}_{F}$ dependence in $p+\mathrm{Pb}$ collisions at fixed-target energies. At energies far above the $Q\overline{Q}$ production threshold, we find the prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(1\mathrm{S})$ production to be longitudinally polarized with ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\vartheta}}^{J/\ensuremath{\psi}}=\ensuremath{-}0.5{1}_{\ensuremath{-}0.16}^{+0.05}$ and ${\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{\ensuremath{\vartheta}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(1\mathrm{S})}=\ensuremath{-}0.6{9}_{\ensuremath{-}0.02}^{+0.03}$. Both prompt $J/\ensuremath{\psi}$ and prompt $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Upsilon}}(1\mathrm{S})$ are also longitudinally polarized at central rapidity, becoming transversely polarized at the most forward rapidities.
An exotic abscess within the United Kingdom from The Gambia: a case report

Furuncular myiasis is a parasitic infection of a live mammal by fly larvae commonly seen in Africa. However, with an increase in international tourism, there is a significant rise in exotic infection in non-endemic areas which can pose a diagnostic challenge to doctors and potentially lead to delay in treatment. From the current literature, only 12 cases were reported in the UK. We report an unusual case of multiple abscesses in a 32-year-old white British woman presenting to our Emergency department in the UK after returning from a holiday in The Gambia, West Africa. She did not complain of systemic symptoms and was otherwise fit and healthy with no significant past medical history. During examination, two maggots were expressed from the abscesses by applying lateral pressure to each lesion. The larvae were found to be Cordylobia anthropophaga. She was discharged with antibiotics to prevent secondary infection with no further follow-up. With globalization, the need for increasing awareness of tropical diseases has become important to win the battle against future epidemics.
Evaluating system penalties in radio frequency photonic links due to photodiode nonlinearity

We extend an earlier second-order characterization of photodiode nonlinearities to third order and present the data as a contour plot over the feasible photodiode operation points. Using this data, we calculate the additional penalty in a nonlinear (i.e., using a Mach–Zehnder modulator) optical link due to the photodiode nonlinearity and illustrate its utility in systems calculations.
Dynamics of Block Copolymers

Block copolymers are a scientifically fascinating and technologically promising class of macromolecular surfactants. Thermodynamic interactions between the normally immiscible blocks induce microphase separation into a variety of ordered phases (lamellae, hexagonal cylinders, cubic arrays of spheres, etc.), depending on temperature and composition. The resulting materials thus combine properties of both components, with predictable microstructures on the 10–100 nm lengthscale. In order to fully exploit this class of materials, we need an understanding of their dynamics, i.e., their rheological properties. This, in turn, requires an appreciation of the underlying mechanisms of molecular motion, and measurements of tracer diffusion are particularly revealing in this regard. The dynamics of homopolymer solutions and melts are reasonably well understood, and it is illustrative to consider the ways in which copolymer systems differ. There are three predominant factors: the thermodynamic barrier to mixing the two blocks, the degree of entanglement of the chains, and the composition dependence of the segmental friction factors. The first tends to restrict Individual chains to motions that are predominantly along an interface, which can lead to highly anisotropic dynamics in the lamella and hexagonal phases, and solid-like behavior in cubic phases. However, the degree of entanglement plays a key role; motion along an interface is highly retarded for well-entangled chains, but not for short chains. Furthermore, the characteristic chain length for the onset of entanglement effects may differ in ordered mesophases compared to bulk homopolymers.
Kirmānī’s Discourse on the Imamate and its Influence

This chapter focuses on Ḥamīd al-Dīn Kirmānī’s discussion of the imamate in relation to his theory of the soul and of knowledge formation. In this respect the author makes three arguments. First, Kirmānī constructs a conceptual scheme that accommodates a rational formulation of the imamate based on Aristotelian psychology and Plotinus’ doctrine of emanation. Second, the synthetic discourse that he employs in this respect culminates in an existential narrative of the evolution of the soul through inspirational knowledge. Third, this synthetic discourse and the existential narrative reappear and resonate in the Ismaʿili texts of Naṣīr al-Dīn Ṭūsī, one of the major influences on the philosophy of Mullā Ṣadrā.
Conchal Bowl and Postauricular Flaps for Reconstruction of the External Auditory Canal

Two techniques for reconstructing the external auditory canal are presented; to our knowledge they have not been described previously. The first technique can be used for disease that does not affect the conchal bowl. The canal is reconstructed with an inferiorly based conchal bowl flap. A second inferiorly based postauricular flap, tunneled through the conchal cartilage, resurfaces the conchal bowl. The postauricular defect is closed primarily. The second technique can be used for disease affecting the conchal bowl. A posteriorly based flap that includes skin overlying the mastoid and posterior surfaces of the pinna is tunneled through the conchal cartilage and resurfaces the conchal bowl and external auditory canal. The defect on the posterior surface of the pinna is closed with tissue advanced from the anterior surface of the pinna at the conchal bowl-antihelical fold junction. The remainder of the retroauricular defect is closed primarily. The advantages of these techniques over current methods are described and illustrative cases presented.
Assembly of Cards and Boards

As an example for the circuit card and board assembly of a computer, in most of this chapter we shall describe the IBM 9370 card enclosure system [1] and its structural analysis features. The length, height, and depth (L × H × D) dimensions of the assembly are 38 × 30 × 27 cm (15 × 12 × 11 in.). The major structural elements (Fig. 14.1) are 1) the frame, 2) planar boards, 3) card-to-board connectors, and 4) the cards.
The Syntax for the QuickBasic Compiler

The late, hero computer scientist was just wrong about Basic. Dijkstra’s comment is academic sociology at its worst. It creates the illusion that programming skill derives from the use of politically correct platforms and languages.1 Dijkstra was wrong because Visual Basic is Turing-complete, and it has a formal and sensible syntax. Visual Basic is Turing-complete because you can use it to write any program, as long as you disregard resource consumption.
From Abortion to Euthanasia: Rethinking the Value of Life at the End of the Christian Age

Many have observed that we are passing through a period as significant as the Reformation and the Renaissance. The very frame of reference by which we understand the meaning of reproduction, birth, suffering, and death is being recast. That we are in a period of significant change seems manifest. Almost overnight, an entire ideological framework with its metaphysical and historical presuppositions collapsed in Eastern Europe. With that collapse, or at least with the substantial reorientation and rearticulation of its claims, a set of assumptions regarding the place of the state, the role of medicine, and the meaning of individual life was recast as well. An analogous transformation has been occurring in Western Europe and North America with regard to Christianity, rendering it ever more a historical root of the culture than a living religious force. In the late 1960’s, probably associated with the rupture of pieties and traditions encouraged by Vatican II, the culture of Roman Catholics, and because of their influence even that of the Protestants, became ever more disconnected from the Christianity of the first millennium. Moreover, Christianity became increasingly less influential in personal life and public policy. In a world after communism and Christianity, in a world in which these are no longer dominant cultural forces, one faces the challenge of giving direction to medicine’s interventions in human reproduction, birth, suffering, and death. These changes are of particular significance for Poland with its historical connections to both communism and Catholicism.
A Comparative Safety Assessment Approach for Safety Critical Systems

Safety critical systems are designed to be extremely safe. Accidents in safety critical systems rarely occur and hence are often inadequate to expose safety patterns nor to quantify the system's immediate safety performances. During system development or evolution, such quantifications of system safety performance are necessary to make safety design choices or to meet regulatory requirements.
Morphometric Models of Growth in Ornate Box Turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) as Related to Growth Rings

Few studies document early growth of hatchling turtles. We fit growth models to 606 carapace length (CL) measurements of ornate box turtles (Terrapene ornata ornata) for 231 males, 226 females, and 53 individuals of undetermined sex. We used the Richards model to fit 95% confidence bands and 95% prediction bands on the best-fit curves for males and females. We also computed Spearman's rho correlation relating growth ring counts to CL and plotted change in CL for 131 recaptured individuals (45 males, 57 females, and 29 individuals of undetermined sex) for which we had two or more measurements from different years. There was a strong correlation between CL and number of growth rings. Using the properties of the derivative of Richards growth model, juvenile 1, juvenile 2, subadult, and adult stages were defined for male and female growth. Our overall growth models were similar to those for studies of ornate box turtles in Kansas and South Dakota and the desert box turtle (T. o. luteola) in New Mexico; however, our growth stages were defined by smaller turtles. Unlike a previous study in South Dakota, our adult males were larger than adult females. Prior to a CL of approximately 86 mm and 8 growth rings, the carapace grew faster than the plastron, after which the plastron grew faster than the carapace. Five hatchlings' plastra grew an average of 26% (SD = 14%) the first year and the carapace grew an average of 15% (SD = 7%). During the first 3 yrs, most individuals developed only one growth ring per year. If major growth rings approximate age, size can be used to estimate age in ornate box turtles up to 60–90 mm (about 8 growth rings). Between 8 and 12 growth rings, size and age are also correlated, but accuracy of age estimates decreases. Life-history traits such as age at reproductive maturation and size at which individuals are vulnerable to predation are important to assess long-term viability of a population; therefore, understanding environmental impacts on individual growth is important for conservation planning and management of this threatened species in Iowa.
A Unique Transmission Line Model Which is Defined by Loss Parameters

A unique transmission line model for use in high-speed signal simulation was developed. This model, which we term as a “foundational” model, is specified by user-supplied electrical performance parameters, as opposed to the traditional use of physical parameters such as geometric and material definitions.
Mixed Pooling Multi-View Attention Autoencoder for Representation Learning in Healthcare.

Distributed representations have been used to support downstream tasks in healthcare recently. Healthcare data (e.g., electronic health records) contain multiple modalities of data from heterogeneous sources that can provide complementary information, alongside an added dimension to learning personalized patient representations. To this end, in this paper we propose a novel unsupervised encoder-decoder model, namely Mixed Pooling Multi-View Attention Autoencoder (MPVAA), that generates patient representations encapsulating a holistic view of their medical profile. Specifically, by first learning personalized graph embeddings pertaining to each patient's heterogeneous healthcare data, it then integrates the non-linear relationships among them into a unified representation through multi-view attention mechanism. Additionally, a mixed pooling strategy is incorporated in the encoding step to learn diverse information specific to each data modality. Experiments conducted for multiple tasks demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed model over the state-of-the-art representation learning methods in healthcare.
An investigation of geometrically necessary dislocations and back stress in large grained tantalum via EBSD and CPFEM

Abstract This study explores the evolution of GNDs and their effects on back stress through experimental and computational methods. Four large-grained tantalum tensile specimens were strained in uniaxial tension, electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data were collected, and geometrically necessary dislocation (GND) maps of the four specimens in the unloaded state were produced. EBSD-based GND maps revealed several types of features with high GND content which caused back stress in the specimens. Correlations between five geometrically-based grain boundary (GB) transmission factors and the GB GND content were evaluated, and statistically significant correlations were found for transmission factors based on Livingston and Chalmer's N factor, Werner and Prantl's slip transfer number, and GB misorientation. The sign of individual components of the Nye tensor were used to visually and quantitatively identify clustering of GNDs of the same sign, thus giving additional evidence of increasing back stress due to deformation. Deformation of one of the specimens was simulated using multiple CPFEM based modeling approaches and predicted stress-strain responses are compared. The super dislocation model (SD model) — a crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM) which incorporates elastic dislocation interactions — was able to isolate impact of back stress on the overall flow stress. The SD model predicted correct stresses when compared with experimental data; however, when the elastic interactions in the SD model were turned off, stress predictions were 25% too low. Thus, demonstrating the importance of incorporating back stress into the model.
Disparities in Health Insurance Coverage and Access to Care for Children By Mother's Sexual Orientation.

Few population-based studies have examined the health care experiences of children with sexual minority parents. The purpose of this study was to compare health insurance status, access to care, and health services utilization for children by mother’s sexual orientation. We used data on children with lesbian mothers (n = 195), bisexual mothers (n = 299), and heterosexual mothers (n = 23,772) in the 2013–2017 National Health Interview Survey. Logistic regression models were used to compare health insurance status, access to care, and health services utilization while adjusting for demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the child, mother, and household. After controlling for sociodemographic factors, there were no statistically significant differences in health insurance coverage, access to care, or health services utilization between children of lesbian mothers and children of heterosexual mothers. Compared to children with heterosexual mothers, children with bisexual mothers were more likely to have public health insurance (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.07–7.68), delayed medical care due to cost (OR 2.33; 95% CI 1.12–4.86), unmet medical care due to cost (OR 2.86; 95% CI 1.07–7.68), and a visit to the emergency room (OR 1.74; 95% CI 1.27–2.39) in the prior year after controlling for child-level characteristics. Some of these differences were attenuated after controlling for maternal demographics and household characteristics. Children with bisexual mothers experience barriers to routine medical care. Addressing socioeconomic dimensions of health care access and targeted outreach to bisexual parents will help promote health equity for children growing up in sexual minority households.
RTO Frequency Regulation Market Clearing Formulations and the Effect of Opportunity Costs on Electricity Prices

The Regional Transmission Operators each have unique methods to procure frequency regulation reserves used to track real power fluctuations on the grid. Some market clearing practices result in high regulation prices with large spread compared to other markets. We present the frequency regulation market clearing formulations--as derived from operator tariffs--of the ISO New England, PJM Interconnection, and Midcontinent ISO. We offer test case examples to explain the historic market pricing behavior seen within each system operator and conclude this behavior is due to the inclusion of estimated lost opportunity costs in market clearing.
Comparison of mindful and slow eating strategies on acute energy intake

Mindfulness and slow eating techniques are commonly recommended to achieve weight loss within behavioural weight management programmes; yet the role of these eating strategies on acute energy intake (EI) and satiety are not clear. This study investigated the effects of mindful and slow eating strategies on acute EI and satiety. Twenty-four participants were randomized to one of three eating conditions (EAT, MIND, SLOW). For the EAT condition, participants were instructed to eat as they normally would for both test meal sessions. For the SLOW condition, participants were instructed to eat as they normally would for their first test meal session and to slow their eating for the second test meal session. For the MIND condition, participants were instructed to eat as they normally would during their first test meal session and were given brief instructions on mindful eating for their second test meal session. For each condition, participants were provided ad libitum access to a test meal, and EI was calculated based upon food consumed. Participants rated their level of satiety following each meal. There were no significant differences in EI between eating strategy conditions. There was a trend towards a decrease in energy intake in the MIND condition compared with the EAT condition and a prevention of increased intake in the SLOW condition. There were no significant differences in ratings of satiety between conditions. Although, neither mindful nor slow eating strategies significantly decreased acute EI or satiety; the results suggest that both strategies blunted the increase in EI observed in EAT that occurred across two eating episodes, which may suggest that these strategies can be important for modifying eating behaviour that may contribute to body weight regulation. Additional appropriately designed studies investigating these strategies appear warranted to confirm these findings.
Comparison of Zr, Bi, Ti, and Ga as Metal Contacts in Inorganic Perovskite CsPbBr₃ Gamma-Ray Detector

We report a performance comparison of Zr, Bi, Ti, and Ga as metal contacts on solution-grown CsPbBr3 single-crystal gamma-ray detectors. The same CsPbBr3 single crystal was repeatedly deposited with different metal contacts for the evaluation of gamma spectral performance to eliminate crystal-to-crystal variation. Leakage current as low as 2–3 nA at −200 V with detector thickness 2–3 mm was consistently achieved with Zr, Bi, Ti, and Ga as Schottky contact metal, which is comparable to the leakage current level of a commercial cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector. Gamma energy spectra with a prominent photopeak at 662 keV were consistently acquired with all studied metal contacts. The best resolution at 662 keV is 11% with a peak-to-Compton valley ratio of 2, indicating an improved spectrum shape than previous results. Through Americium-241 (241Am) alpha spectra acquisition, the hole mobility of the CsPbBr3 single crystal is evaluated to be 1.78 cm2 V−1 s−1. We also discussed issues related with the CsPbBr3 gamma detector architecture and interface layers, commonly encountered during CsPbBr3 gamma detector fabrication, that is, impact of electron/hole transport layer and surface oxide layer on gamma detector spectral performance, comparison of different metal–perovskite–metal structures. The persistent CsPbBr3 gamma spectral performance marks the good reproducibility of CsPbBr3 gamma detectors, further enabling CsPbBr3 detector field applications.
Peacekeeping and Sequencing

Successful peacekeeping missions led by the UN, the Africa Union, NATO, and other organizations are framed as speeding up historical sequences that might otherwise flag for lack of trust between the opposing parties. It is explained that while UN Security Council sanctioned peacekeeping minimizes free-riding, there are political constraints on both how much money is available and which missions the Council will approve. With other peacekeeping organizations free riding is an empirically acknowledged problem; the characteristics required for peacekeeping arrangements to be ‘self-enforcing’ are discussed.
Estimation of Linear Space-Invariant Dynamics

We propose a computationally efficient estimator for multi-dimensional linear space-invariant system dynamics with periodic boundary conditions that attains low mean squared error from very few temporal steps. By exploiting the inherent redundancy found in many real-world spatiotemporal systems, the estimator performance improves with the dimensionality of the system. This paper provides a detailed analysis of maximum likelihood estimation of the state transition operator in linear space-invariant systems driven by Gaussian noise. The key result of this work is that, by incorporating the space-invariance prior, the mean squared error of a estimator normalized to the number of parameters is upper bounded by $N^{-1}M^{-1} + O(N^{-1} M^{-2})$ , where $N$ is the number of spatial points, and $M$ is the number of observed timesteps after the initial value.
Disparities between Adolescents with and without Disabilities in the Transition to Adulthood

Using the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (Add Health), we analyzed whether having any disability and having specific types of disabilities in adolescence were linked to the level of success in the attainment of five adulthood markers: college degree, employment, independent living, marriage, and parenthood. Using Poisson regression, we found a negative association between having a disability and the number of adulthood markers attained. However, disability type moderated this relationship: learning, intellectual, and multiple disabilities were associated with lower chances of attainment while no association was found for physical disability. Intellectual disability showed particularly strong associations. Similar results appeared when analyzing each marker separately in binary logistic regression models. Many previous studies showed disparities in these outcomes using samples that included adults of a wide age range, but the current results based on an adolescent sample show that disparities already exist in young adulthood. Current policies and programs aimed to reduce disparities between people with and without disabilities largely focus on individual efforts by people with disabilities. In light of the present results highlighting the extensive disparities, such policies should consider all key aspects of transitions and focus on institutional redesign.
Childhood Abuse-Related Weight Gain: An Investigation of Potential Resilience Factors.

Introduction Childhood physical, sexual, and emotional abuse are linked to adult obesity, and little is known about what protective factors might mitigate this association. Methods Data from female (n=4,247) and male (n=1,982) participants in the longitudinal Growing Up Today cohort study from 1996 to 2013 were used to examine whether factors found to promote mental health resilience after abuse also operate as buffers (modifiers) of the abuse–weight status association. At ages 20–25 years, participants were asked about their history of child abuse before age 18 years. Potential resilience factors (modifiers) included childhood family SES, neighborhood safety, supportive relationships with adult nonfamily members, quality of maternal relationship, family structure, religious service attendance, and prayer/meditation. Associations between child abuse and BMI at ages 25–32 years were modeled using linear regression, adjusted for sociodemographic variables and baseline BMI. Potential modifiers were tested with interaction terms. Analyses were run in 2019–2020. Results Severe abuse was associated with 0.9 kg/m2 (95% CI=0.5, 1.2) higher adult BMI than no abuse, corresponding to a 46% increased risk of obesity (95% CI=1.28, 1.67). Less severe abuse was not significantly associated with BMI (β=0.1, 95% CI= −0.2, 0.4). There were no significant interactions between modifiers and abuse. Conclusions Factors previously found to promote resilience to mental health sequelae after abuse did not modify the association of severe child abuse with higher weight status.
Proton Radiation Therapy for Pediatric Skull Base Chondrosarcomas.

Purpose/Objective(s) Skull base chondrosarcomas are extremely rare tumors, accounting for 6% of skull base (BOS) neoplasms and 0.15% of all intracranial tumors. There are very few studies discussing chondrosarcomas in pediatric population. We report outcomes for children and young adults with BOS chondrosarcomas treated with proton radiotherapy (PRT). Materials/Methods Between 1984 and 2018, pediatric patients were treated with PRT or combined proton/photon RT (comboRT) at a single institution. The primary endpoints were overall survival (OS) and progression free survival (PFS). Univariable analysis was used to identify prognostic factors for PFS. Cox proportional hazards regression and Kaplan Meier estimates were used for survival analyses. Results 65 patients were identified [37 females (57%) and 28 males (43%)]. Median age at diagnosis was 18 years (range, 6 -21). 3 patients presented with Ollier's disease. 63 patients (97%) were diagnosed with low-grade (grade 1-2/3) chondrosarcoma and 2 patients (3%) with a grade 3 chondrosarcoma. The majority of the patients (n = 42, 65%) had a mixed hyaline and myxoid chondrosarcoma, 10 (15%) were diagnosed with a myxoid subtype, 4 (6%) with a hyaline one, and 4 (6%) patients had a mesenchymal chondrosarcoma. All patients underwent surgical resection (range, 1-6). 7 patients (6%) underwent gross total resection, 51 patients (78%) underwent STR while 7 patients (6%) had biopsy only. 3 patients (4%) received pre-RT chemotherapy. All patients received post-operative radiation therapy. 22 (34%) patients developed progressive disease prior to RT. The median time from the time of diagnosis to RT was 8.6m (range, 1.2 - 113.7). 22 patients (34%) were treated with PRT and 43 (66%) patients received comboRT. Median prescription dose was 70 Gy (RBE) (range, 55.8 – 76.3) delivered in 1.8 - 2 Gy (RBE) fractions. The median maximum dose to the brainstem was 66.3 Gy (RBE) (range, 26 – 74.6). The median maximum dose to the optic chiasm was 62.5 Gy (RBE) (range, 3.8 – 66.1). At a median follow-up of 10 years (range, 0.6 –33.7) from the date of diagnosis, 8 patients recurred (4 local, 2 distant, 2 both local and distant). 4 patients died of disease. 4 patients died of other causes The 10-year OS and PFS rates were 91.9% (95% CI: 79.4 – 97.0) and 84.9% (95% CI: 70.2-92.7), respectively. On univariate analysis, high grade, mesenchymal chondrosarcoma, pre-RT chemo and larger tumor size were worse prognostic factors for PFS. RT was well tolerated, with most acute side effects limited to moderate erythema and epilation, otitis media, and nausea. Late toxicities include 1 case of RT-induced GBM of the brainstem, 1 case of radiation necrosis, 2 cases of RT-related vascular malformations, 4 cases of temporal lobe injury, and 1 case of RT ocular neuromyotonia. Conclusion This is the largest cohort of pediatric BOS chondrosarcomas in the literature to date. High dose PRT following surgical resection achieves excellent disease control with minimal toxicity.
SINKAGE AND RESISTANCE FOR SHIPS IN CHANNELS

Ships moving in restricted water as in a canal or an inlet to a harbor sink lower in the water and experience greater resistance than they do in open water. The ship settles more because the velocities induced in the water by the motion of the ship are greater and the elevation of the water surface drops correspondingly. The amount of sinkage depends upon the cross sections of the ship and the channel. The resistance also increases because of the constriction of the return flow around the ship. Two remarkably good approximations: (1) The sinkage is the change in potential energy required to produce the kinetic energy of the return flow; and (2) the extra power is that needed to pump the amount of water in the return flow from the lower level back to the original level of the quiet water.
Alteration of TCR Dβ sequence content alters Treg development (HEM4P.248)

Diversity of the T cell receptor is mainly developed through V(D)J rearrangement and N addition during TCR development. The product of V(D)J rearrangement is the CDRβ3, a region of high variability that recognizes antigen and includes all of the D gene. The Dβ sequence is highly conserved across various species, from trout to mouse to humans. This suggests that there are some natural constraints on the TCR; these constraints are thought to limit deleterious T cells from reaching the periphery. We hypothesize that altering the D region will have an effect on the development of thymocytes. To do this we have created Dβ altered mice. These mutants are a Dβ2 KO (Dβ1); a replacement of the Dβ locus with a charged Dβ (DβDKRQ); and a replacement of the Dβ locus with a hydrophobic DH (DβYTL). When compared to WT mice, the mutant Dβ mice have an altered T cell repertoire in both CDRβ3 amino acid composition and length and these differences can be attributed to the changes in the germline sequence. Changing the Dβ also changes the total T cell number in both developing and mature T cells, with an altered Dβ being selected against. However, Treg numbers from the DβDKRQ mice are increased in the mucosa, suggesting a link between charge, self-reactivity and nTreg induction. Ongoing experiments will elucidate the role of the Dβ sequence on the development of T cells and the role it plays in infection and inflammation.
Supervisor‐officer fit and role ambiguity

Purpose – The purpose of this study is to re‐examine the nature of the sergeant‐officer attitudinal relationship. Using person‐environment fit as a framework, the current study tests the influence that sergeant‐officer attitudinal congruence concerning role orientations has on officer role ambiguity.Design/methodology/approach – The study uses survey data from 765 patrol officers and 146 sergeants across five police departments. Polynomial regression, calculated values, and response surface plots were used to examine the effect of sergeant‐officer attitudinal congruence on role ambiguity.Findings – First, there was modest empirical evidence that the relationship between sergeant and officer views toward order maintenance and role ambiguity was nonlinear. Second, role ambiguity was lowest for officers supervised by sergeants who highly accepted order maintenance activities. Finally, role ambiguity was higher when both officers and sergeants failed to view order maintenance and law enforcement as important ...
The ACM Java libraries

The ACM established the Java Task Force (JTF) to address problems arising from the complexity and evolving nature of Java when used in introductory programming courses. The work of the JTF committee resulted in a collection of Java-based resources which simplifies the teaching and learning of computer science.
Lognormal distribution of precipitable water in Hawaii

[1] We use four-year time series of precipitable water (PW) and zenith neutral delay (ZND) derived from a GPS network in Hawaii to show that the statistical distributions of these quantities are closely approximated by the lognormal distribution. The long term average and median values of precipitable water decline exponentially with height, or very nearly so. The arithmetic standard deviation of PW declines nearly linearly with height, whereas the geometric standard deviation increases nearly linearly (but relatively weakly). Our finding that PW has, to a good approximation, a lognormal distribution between sea level and 4 km elevation is confirmed by an analysis of radiosonde profiles. Lognormality is a common property of other meteorological quantities such as precipitation, aerosol optical and cloud distributions. This is the first time, as far as we know, that PW has also been shown to have a lognormal distribution.
High-order central WENO schemes for 1D Hamilton-Jacobi equations

In this paper we present the first fifth-order central scheme for approximating solutions of one-dimensional Hamilton-Jacobi equations. The main ingredient in this scheme is a central weighted essentially non-oscillatory reconstruction in space. The expected behavior of the scheme is demonstrated in several numerical examples.
Procedural and distributive justice beliefs for self and others: Assessment of a four-factor individual differences model.

Both theory and research suggest that beliefs about justice for the self are distinct from beliefs about justice for others. Self-other differences, however, have not yet intersected with research on procedural and distributive justice. We examined the psycho- metrics and validity of a proposed four-dimensional measure of procedural and distributive justice beliefs for self and others. Participants from three samples (total N = 1463) completed dispositional measures of beliefs about fair outcomes (distributive justice beliefs) and processes (procedural justice beliefs). These measures were modified and expanded to record beliefs about justice for the self and justice for others. We also administered measures of well-being and harsh social attitudes. Factor analyses strongly supported the proposed four-factor model. In addition, higher-order self-others and procedural-distributive factors were indicated by theoretically appropriate lower-level factors. Finally, multiple regression analyses provided evidence for idiosyncratic links between four-factor individual dif- ferences and measures of well-being and harsh social attitudes. The proposed four-factor operationalization can provide individual differences researchers with a useful tool for bridging two important areas of justice theory and research that previously have been linked to health behavior, well-being, and harsh social attitudes.
Síndrome torácico agudo en pacientes con anemia de células falciformes.

We report an unusual lethal complication of sickle cell anemia. The patient was admitted with a diagnosis of acute chest syndrome and died shortly thereafter of respiratory failure. Autopsy revealed numerous deposits of bone marrow hematopoietic tissue occluding the microvascular circulation of the lung. Numerous causes of acute chest syndrome in sickle cell anemia have been identified, including pulmonary embolism from infartion of bone marrow. However, the release of bone marrow hematopoietic tissue leading to pulmonary vascular occlusion is not generally recognized pre-mortem by treating physicians.
Research Needs for Human Nutrition in the Post–Genome-Sequencing Era

The sequencing and annotation of the human genome and the genomes of other model organisms offer new tools and new opportunities for human nutrition research in the 21st century. Basic research continues to be the key foundation for formulating solid nutrition recommendations for the public, but the basis for establishing human nutrient recommendations today suffers because of lack of good biomarkers and because of weak federal funding for nutrition research. In the context of this post-human genome-sequencing era, tantalizing opportunity exists in seven areas-four basic and three applied: 1) identification of molecular biomarkers for nutrient status; 2) characterization of single polynuclear polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with nutrition; 3) development of a national genome array nutrition database; 4) use of models at all phylogenetic levels for nutrition research; 5) application of post-genome-sequencing tools to study diet and human health, including phytonutrients and genetically modified foods; 6) application of these tools to the role of nutrition in pathogenesis of human disease; and 7) development of a funding base for research on exercise and human health.
Chronic subjective dizziness.

Purpose of Review: In 1986, the German neurologists Thomas Brandt and Marianne Dieterich described a syndrome of phobic postural vertigo (PPV) based on clinical observations of patients with nonvertiginous dizziness that could not be explained by then-known neuro-otologic disorders. Subsequent resea
Vibrational spectroscopy and two-dimensional structure of molecular layers on NaCl(100)

Abstract We have measured polarized infrared transmission spectra of a variety of molecules physisorbed to NaCl(100). Here we discuss the relation between vibrational Spectroscopy of an adsorbate and the geometrical structure of a monomolecular layer. Spectra and proposed structures of CO, CO 2 , C 2 H 2 and CH 4 layers on NaCl(100) are presented as examples.
Superconvergent Tracking and Invariant Surfaces in Phase Space

The question of long term beam stability in very large storage rings presents an extraordinary challenge in nonlinear dynamics. Since current computational methods seem less than adequate on the long time scales involved, we have undertaken a program of evaluating several methods that either are new or have not been tried in accelerator problems heretofore. The methods we investigate fall into two categories: (1) iteration of maps describing concatenated machine elements, for tracking of single particles, and (2) infinite-time methods for direct computation of invariant surfaces in phase space.
‘I Don’t Want Jenny To Think I’m Abandoning Her’: Views On Overtreatment

A palliative care physician helps a cancer patient cope with her coming death, while her oncologist struggles to give up treatment.
Single conjugated polymer nanoparticle capacitors

Abstract The hole injection from a carbazole derivative hole transport layer into nanoparticles ( r = 25 ± 15 nm) of the conjugated polymer MEH-PPV was investigated by an indirect single-particle fluorescence-quenching technique. The results suggest that there is a kinetic barrier for hole injection that prevents polymer particles from being charged in the dark. This barrier can be overcome with the assistance of optical excitation of the MEH-PPV nanoparticles, achieving a thermodynamic population of injected holes at positive bias. The amount of injected holes at equilibrium is observed to depend upon the bias in a manner highly consistent with device simulations based on a continuum model. Overall, the results demonstrate that the hole injection into nano domains of conjugated polymers is a complex process depending upon molecular interfacial effects determined by device geometry and electrostatic interactions.