cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Personality--life event congruence effects in late-life depression.

Abstract Background This study examined whether specific interactions of personality and life events predicted increases in depressive symptoms over time in a late-life sample. Method Participants ( n =55) who were in remission from a recent episode of major depression completed a depression symptom interview and a questionnaire assessing the personality constructs sociotropy and autonomy. Six months later, they completed the same personality questionnaire and a checklist of life events experienced during the past 6 months. Results As predicted, increases in depressive symptoms were significantly predicted by the congruent interaction of sociotropy with negative interpersonal events and by the congruent interaction of autonomy with negative autonomy events, but not by either of the non-congruent interactions. Limitations A small sample prevented examinations of important depressive subtypes based on age of depression onset and vascular status. Conclusions These findings strongly support the personality–life event congruence model of depression in a late-life sample. Clinical implications include attending to stressful events that match an older adult's personality style, to help the older adult cope with those events that are more likely to increase his or her depression.
Diagnosis of pelvic tuberculosis in a patient with tubal infertility.

Objective To describe a case of pelvic tuberculosis presenting as primary infertility and discuss the various diagnostic modalities. Design Case report. Setting Academic reproductive medicine center. Patient(s) A 28-year-old nulliparous Indian immigrant presenting with primary infertility and known tubal pathology. Intervention(s) Laparoscopic bilateral salpingectomy and adhesiolysis and diagnostic endometrial sampling. Main Outcome Measrure(s) Acid-fast bacilli were obtained on polymerase chain reaction and culture of endometrial sample. Result(s) The patient was diagnosed with pelvic tuberculosis and treated with a directly observed multidrug regimen. Conclusion(s) Tuberculosis is an important cause of gynecologic morbidity and should be considered in the appropriate patients.
Willing to be fooled: Security and autoamputation in augmented reality

What does it mean to trust, or not trust, an augmented reality system? Froma computer security point of view, trust in augmented reality represents a real threat to real people. The fact that augmented reality allows the programmer to tinker with the user's senses creates many opportunities for malfeasance. It might be natural to think that if we warn users to be careful it will lower their trust in the system, greatly reducing risk.
Tectonics and metallogenic provinces

Abstract Various theories have been advanced to explain the well-known uneven distribution of metals and ore-deposit types in space and time. Primordial differences in the mantle, preferential concentration of elements in the crust, the prevalence of ore-forming processes at certain times and (or) places, and combinations of one or several of these factors have all been called upon to account for the “metallogenic provinces,” which can be defined loosely as regions containing similar deposits of one or a group of metals or minerals. Because many, perhaps most, provinces have complex, multistage origins, the relative importance of inheritance vs. process is still controversial. In recent years the geographic relationship of many geologically young provinces to present-day plate-tectonic positions (accreting or consuming margins, intraplate structures, etc.) has been widely recognized, and the presumption is strong that older provinces had similar relationships to former plates. As most ore deposits resulted from a favorable conjunction of geological processes that are no longer operative, elucidation of their genesis requires reconstruction of the geologic history of the province, with particular emphasis on events coeval with mineralization. Tectonic analysis is an important aspect of this reconstruction; data from orbiting satellites have contributed greatly to this analysis, as the voluminous literature of the past decade testifies. Both the synoptic view of large areas and the ability to emphasize faint contrasts have revealed linear, curvilinear, and circular features not previously recognized from field studies. Some of these undoubtedly reflect basement structures that have contributed to the development, or limit the extent, of metallogenic provinces. Their recognition and delineation will be increasingly valuable to the assessment of resources available and as guides to exploration for the ores needed by future generations.
Estrogen and endogenous opioids regulate CCK in reproductive circuits.

Abstract This review focuses on the interaction of estrogen with the cholecystokinin (CCK) and endogenous opioid peptide systems in the medial preoptic nucleus, and how these interactions result in alterations of a stereotypic female reproductive behavior—lordosis. The medial preoptic nucleus is an integral part of a circuit controlling lordosis that extends from the limbic system through the hypothalamus. Estrogen alters the integration of sensory information in the circuit that results in the display of sexually receptive behavior. Estrogen determines the activity of CCK and endogenous opioid peptide systems through regulation of expression, release and interaction with specific receptors. Studies of each system individually have indicated that they are pivotal to the expression of lordosis. Recent studies demonstrate an estrogen-dependent interaction between endogenous opioid and CCK systems that control reproductive behavior.
Influence of desalination effluents on marine ecosystems

Abstract Water, re-entering a marine ecosystem after transit through a desalination plant, may be altered in three major ways. One, its thermal energy may be increased; two, its chemical make up may be altered; and three, its microbial biota may be modified. The effect of thermal enrichment on natural marine ecosystems varies with the change in temperature, the duration of that temperature change, and its geographical extent. If the desalination plant is sited in such a manner so as to allow rapid dissipation of the thermal input, the effect of the temperature change will be minimized. Signs of thermal effect on marine ecosystems could be manifested by changes in community structure (types of organisms), as well as the changes in features of individual species. The most obvious chemical changes in desalination effluents may include increase in salinity, a decrease in dissolved oxygen, an increase in dissolved organics, and an increase in pretreatment chemicals. As with thermal input, the effect of these chemical changes in the effluent on natural ecosystem will depend upon the rate of entrance and dispersion. As the rate of dispersion is increased, the effect of chemical changes on ecosystems is correspondingly decreased. Desalination plants, due to their design, provide surface areas for rapid microbial proliferation. Depending upon the sequence of chemical pretreatment, it is possible that these viable microbes will enter the ecosystem and supplement the existing biota, if conditions permit their continued growth. The environmental impact in several types of desalination plants (distillation and reverse osmosis) on natural marine ecosystems will be discussed. The problems imposed on the environment by these desalination plants will be presented and similarities to problems encountered in other types of condenser-heat exchanger systems (Power plants and ocean thermal energy converters) will be analyzed.
Neuroflexibility and Sleep Onset Insomnia Among College Students: Implications for Neurotherapy

This study was designed to assess a neuroflexibility model of sleep onset insomnia among college students. Neuroflexibility refers to the ability to adjust cortical activation consistent with environmental demands. It was anticipated that good sleepers would demonstrate better feedback contingent alpha control, defined as the ability to both enhance alpha and suppress alpha, than poor sleepers. Ten good and 10 poor sleepers participated in two sessions of bidirectional alpha feedback. As predicted, good sleepers demonstrated better alpha control compared to poor sleepers, although this pattern was only partially replicated in a second session. This study provides a degree of empirical support for interventions designed to enhance neuroflexibility in the treatment of some people with sleep onset insomnia.
Stable monotone variational inequalities

Variational inequalities associated with monotone operators (possibly nonlinear and multivalued) and convex sets (possibly unbounded) are studied in reflexive Banach spaces. A variety of results are given which relate to a stability concept involving a natural parameter. These include characterizations useful as criteria for stable existence of solutions and also several characterizations of surjectivity. The monotone complementarity problem is covered as a special case, and the results are sharpened for linear monotone complementarity and for generalized linear programming.
A theory of elastic stability for incompressible, hyperelastic bodies

Abstract A linearized stability criterion for incompressible, hyperelastic bodies is derived from an exact criterion and applied to special problems. For an arbitrary body under dead loading corresponding to a uniform hydrostatic stress, sufficient conditions for stability are obtained for an arbitrary form of the strain energy function. In the case when the material is neo-Hookean, a general sufficient condition for stability is obtained for any traction boundary-value problem in which the stress is uniform throughout the body; and this result is used to get an estimate of the critical load for an Euler strut and for a column under tension.
Cloud fluid compression and softening in spiral arms and the formation of giant molecular cloud complexes

With regard to the galactodynamics of the cloudy interstellar medium, the paper considers the response of such a gas to a forcing potential in the tight-winding density wave theory. The cloud fluid is treated in the hydrodynamic limit with an equation of state which softens at high densities. It is shown that in the inner regions of the galaxy, cooling of the cloud fluid in the arms can result in gravitational instability and the formation of large bound complexes of clouds which are identified with the giant molecular clouds (GMCs). Masses, dimensions, distributions, and scale heights of the GMCs are predicted by the theory. It is suggested that the interstellar gas density in the disk is regulated by the gravitational instability mechanism in the arms which siphons material into star formation. Implications for the evolution of individual GMCs and for galactic morphology are discussed.
Efficiency of entangled photon pair generation in bulk crystals and waveguides: a comparison

The efficiency of spontaneous parametric down conversion is calculated and measured for several nonlinear crystals and waveguides in single spatial mode regime. Efficiency of waveguide sources is found to be far superior compared to the bulk crystal sources.
TEC cracking in temperature margining liquid-cooled thermal tools in post-silicon validation

The thermal electric cooler (TEC) is a solid state heat pump and is a fundamental building block of liquid-cooled thermal tools used for temperature margining in platform validation systems. TECs are prone to cracking and thermal performance degradation during power cycling similar to those in flip-chip packages. A modeling methodology is developed to enable analysis of the thermal tool and understand better the stresses and deformations that the TEC go through during power cycling. TEC cracking and performance degradation have been perennial issues for liquid-cooled thermal tools. Prior method to deal with TEC reliability issues for thermal margining tools deployed in the field was to rework the thermal tools by refreshing the TECs. This is costly and time-consuming process and has a direct impact on the time to market of the silicon. In this paper, we introduce a combined computational fluid dynamics and finite element modeling techniques to explain the reliability issues observed in the TEC. This novel modeling methodology offers a physics-based analysis of the inner mechanics of the thermal margining tool. This paper focuses on a typical liquid-cooled thermal tool and uses experimental data to validate the model. The study also uses the model to do sensitivity analysis on Thermal Interface Material (TIM), fastening, and material properties. This technique can be used to reduce thermal stresses in the TEC, predict the performance of future thermal tool designs, optimize the performance of thermal tools, and extend their useful life while reducing the amount of reliability testing necessary during development. This is especially critical as the number and variety of thermal tools proliferate. This method can serve as a best known method (BKM) for future liquid-cooled thermal tool designs.
Resistance in the behavioral treatment of sexual dysfunctions.

Abstract Although there has been a rapid burgeoning of interest in the treatment of sexual problems in recent years, particularly in treatments that include or rely heavily upon learning-based behavioral intervention strategies, little has been written about the patient “resistances” during this form of treatment. This report describes five categories of resistance: Type I resistance results from the patient not understanding what he is supposed to do, Type II resistance from a deficit in the patient's skills, Type III resistance from lack of motivation or expectation of success, Type IV resistance from anxiety or guilt elicited or mobilized by the treatment situation, and Type V resistance from positive reinforcement (secondary gain). Treatment strategies differ depending on the type of resistance.
Synthesis of carbon-11-labeled bivalent β-carbolines as new PET agents for imaging of cholinesterase in Alzheimer's disease.

Abstract Carbon-11-labeled bivalent β-carbolines, 9,9′-(pentane-1,5-diyl)bis(2-[ 11 C]methyl-9 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indol-2-ium)iodide ([ 11 C] 2a ), 9,9′-(nonane-1,9-diyl)bis(2-[ 11 C]methyl-9 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indol-2-ium)iodide ([ 11 C] 2b ), 9,9′-(dodecane-1,12-diyl)bis(2-[ 11 C]methyl-9 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indol-2-ium)iodide ([ 11 C] 2c ) and 1,9-bis(2-[ 11 C]methyl-3,4-dihydro-1 H -pyrido[3,4- b ]indol-9(2 H )-yl)nonane ([ 11 C] 3 ), were prepared by N -[ 11 C]methylation of their corresponding amine precursors using [ 11 C]CH 3 I and isolated by either a simplified solid-phase extraction (SPE) method or HPLC in 40–60% radiochemical yields based on [ 11 C]CO 2 and decay corrected to end of bombardment (EOB). The overall synthesis time from EOB was 20–30 min, the radiochemical purity was >99%, and the specific activity at end of synthesis (EOS) was 185–370 GBq/μmol.
Drug Absorption VIII: Kinetics of GI Absorption of Methotrexate

The absorption of methotrexate from the lumen of the rat small intestine, in situ, was found to obey Michaelis--Menten kinetics. The values of Vmax and Km for the absorption process were 4.78 X 10(-7) M/min and 1.49 X 10(-5) M, respectively.
Victim Narratives and Victim Selves: False Memory Syndrome and the Power of Accounts

Scholars of social problems and social movements typically assume incumbents for the victim categories that campaigns and movements define. However, in a social constructionist framework, victimization is an interactional, discursive process rather than simply an objective fact about some persons or groups. Victim category membership must be appropriated interpretively; it cannot be assumed. Further, category membership must have some positive identity implications to explain why putative victims find such appropriation necessary and meaningful. This article explores these positive implications. It is based on a study of published accounts of both parents accused of past sexual abuse by adult children and “retractors,” one-time accusers who now reject their abuse “memories” and have withdrawn the abuse allegations they previously made. I argue that attending to the identity functions and social consequences of personal accounts usefully expands research by opening up neglected dimensions of claims-making activity and exploration of the relationships among victim categories, category membership, and selfhood.
Using the Dispersal Assembly Hypothesis to predict local species richness from the relative abundance of species in the regional species pool

In recent years, many authors have attempted to determine whether local processes (such as competitive exclusion) result in local species richness below that of a local community assembled only by dispersal from a larger regional species pool. To do this they hypothesize that no local processes are significant and that local communities are assembled by dispersal only (Dispersal Assembly Hypothesis or DAH). Some authors have presumed that a prediction of this hypothesis is that, if many regions of similar ecological type (e. g., grassland, temperate deciduous forest, etc.) are compared then local richness will be the same fixed proportion of regional richness, across all regions. To compare this putative prediction with observed data, they plot local richness on the vertical axis vs. regional richness on the horizontal axis and discover how well a straight line fits: if it fits well then they accept the hypothesis and they take the slope as an estimate of the fixed proportion; if it fits poorly (usually b...
A serologic approach to the definition of human prostatic carcinoma antigens

We have used an immunoaffinity system whereby immunoglobulin from patients with prostatic carcinoma was coupled to solid phase protein A; the immobilized IgG was subsequently exposed to radiolabeled antigen from autochthonous or allogeneic primary tumor extracts or to radiolabeled antigen from a nude mouse-supported prostatic carcinoma cell line. Material specifically bound by prostatic carcinoma patient immune IgG was quantitatively eluted from the immunoadsorbent and characterized with regard to molecular weight. Sequential adsorption analyses of patient sera with normal human tissue pools, normal prostatic tissue, prostatic carcinoma tissue, and tissue from other urogenital malignancies has allowed a definition of those antigenic specificities relevant in the immunobiology of prostatic carcinoma. The patient humoral response was observed to be directed primarily toward a complex array of antigens representing normal human tissue components; serorecognition of prostate tumor associated antigens was discernible from that of common tissue antigens only after rigorous adsorption analyses. Preliminary results indicate that the prostatic cancer patient humoral antibody response may be directed toward either altered histocompatibility complex antigens or toward antigens physically associated with histocompatibility complex antigens.
Fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus – A pooled meta-analysis of randomized placebo-controlled clinical trials

Abstract Objective Fibrates are thought to be useful anti-dyslipidemic agents particularly in patients with diabetes mellitus and dyslipidemia characterized by high triglyceride (TG) and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of long-term randomized controlled trials to evaluate the role of fibrates in the prevention of cardiovascular events in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Data sources English-language journals indexed in Index Medicus/MEDLINE and the Cochrane Collaboration databases (through December 2007), unpublished data from selected clinical trials. Data extraction and analysis A total of 11,590 patients from 6 published randomized placebo-controlled trials were analyzed using pooled meta-analysis techniques. Relative risks were computed for various cardiovascular outcomes and mortality, and statistical significance was tested using the z -test statistic (two-sided alpha error Results The use of fibrates did not significantly affect the risk of all-cause mortality or cardiac mortality, and also did not affect the risk of stroke, unstable angina, or invasive coronary revascularization. However, the relative risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction was significantly reduced by about 21% (pooled relative risk 0.79, p =0.006) with the use of fibrates. Conclusions Long-term use of fibrates in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus significantly reduces the risk of non-fatal myocardial infarction, but has no significant effect on mortality or on other adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Ultrastructural Changes Caused by Snf7 RNAi in Larval Enterocytes of Western Corn Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte)

The high sensitivity to oral RNA interference (RNAi) of western corn rootworm (WCR, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera Le Conte) provides a novel tool for pest control. Previous studies have shown that RNAi of DvSnf7, an essential cellular component of endosomal sorting complex required for transport (ESCRT), caused deficiencies in protein de-ubiquitination and autophagy, leading to WCR death. Here we investigated the detailed mechanism leading to larval death by analyzing the ultrastructural changes in midgut enterocytes of WCR treated with double-stranded RNA (ds-DvSnf7). The progressive phases of pathological symptoms caused by DvSnf7-RNAi in enterocytes include: 1) the appearance of irregularly shaped macroautophagic complexes consisting of relatively large lysosomes and multi-lamellar bodies, indicative of failure in autolysosome formation; 2) cell sloughing and loss of apical microvilli, and eventually, 3) massive loss of cellular contents indicating loss of membrane integrity. These data suggest that the critical functions of Snf7 in insect midgut cells demonstrated by the ultrastructural changes in DvSnf7 larval enterocytes underlies the conserved essential function of the ESCRT pathway in autophagy and membrane stability in other organisms.
The Obama Administration's Challenges after the “War on Science”: Reforming Staffing Practices and Protecting Scientific Integrity in the Executive Branch

In this article, we examine the difficult leadership position President Barack Obama inherited as he took office with respect to science and technology policy making and implementation, particularly following the Bush administration and years of the so-called “war on science.” We contend that the Obama administration’s challenge is not only to take substantive policy action, but also to reform certain administrative practices, particularly in light of the previous administration’s practice of the politics of strategic vacancies, a managerial technique that rearranges an agency’s ideological inclinations not through the usual forms of active politicization (i.e., by filling the appointee ranks with like-minded ideologues) but instead by “starving” the agency of staff and co-opting its agenda that way. On March 19, 2009, the U.S. Senate confirmed with unanimous consent President Barack Obama’s choice for the directorship of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP), Dr. John Holdren, effectively giving the president’s top science adviser permission to begin work. Although Professor Holdren must have felt some degree of relief that the cut-throat nomination battle was behind him—a fight that featured questionable interpretations of textbooks written three decades earlier, institutional deference to a member of the Senate’s request for a hold, and the usual oppositional efforts to scuttle key appointments by incoming new presidents—his days of playing politics were far from over. If possible, Holdren stepped out of the frying pan of the U.S. Senate hearing rooms and into the fierce blaze of the fiery politics that have been waged for decades over the nation’s science policy and those individuals tasked with implementing it. Indeed, ten days before Professor Holdren’s confirmation, President Obama released a presidential memorandum on scientific integrity, the primary purpose of which was to kick-start the president’s effort to “restore scientific integrity in government decision making,” namely, by charging the eventual OSTP director with the responsibility to develop a multifaceted program to guarantee this ethos of integrity permeate and persist throughout the executive branch within the first four months of service. 1 Although directly related to a campaign trail promise, the roots of this directive lay not in the election day strategy, but rather, were a response to the perceived antiscience malfeasance of the new president’s predecessor in office. For years, former President George W. Bush’s administration had stoked controversy and gained the enmity of many in the sciences by pursuing politically motivated policy initiatives that minimized and occasionally rejected the role of scientific inquiry in policy making and implementation. By the time of Obama’s
An Ecological Approach to Decision‐making in Renewable Resource Management

This article examines the roles of politics and processes in the formulation and implementation of U.S. natural resource policy during the Reagan and Bush administrations. The relationship between policies and procedures during these administrations will be illustrated by their effects on renewable natural resources management in the Department of the Interior and in the Forest Service, Department of Agriculture. The political history of these agencies raises doubts regarding their voluntarily adopting an ecological approach to the management of natural resources. Historically they have been largely captives of their clienteles—farmers, ranchers, miners, loggers, hunters and fishermen. Recreation and tourism have added new clients, whose interests often clash with the older interests in the land and its resources. Further complicating the roles of these agencies has been the environmental movement and new science-based analyses (e.g., impact assessment). Management science has introduced new methods that have increased the effectiveness of political control over policy and performance. Therefore, in evaluating the administration of environmental policies distinction should be made between the substance of policies and implementing procedures. Policies regarded as good may be poorly administered and policies harmful to the public interest may be efficiently executed.
Characterization of Ethylenediamine Bisborane as a Hypergolic Hybrid Rocket Fuel Additive

A boron-based catalytic and energetic fuel additive is explored as a mechanism to enhance performance of hybrid motors using nitric-acid-based oxidizers. Ethylenediamine bisborane is highly hypergolic with nitric acid, thereby eliminating the need for a separate ignition system and providing the potential for restart. Ignition delays of 2.9±0.3 ms for ethylenediamine bisborane powder and 31.7±19.6 ms for ethylenediamine bisborane/hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene combinations have been measured using white fuming nitric acid as the oxidizer. Theoretical specific impulse values higher than any other nitric-acid-based hypergolic hybrid combination tested are obtained; in addition, ethylenediamine bisborane is air stable and not toxic. Also presented is a method of manufacturing large quantities of high-purity ethylenediamine bisborane.
Stepwise Synthesis of a Well-Defined Silicon (Oxide)/Polyimide Interface

Self-assembly of 1-bromo-16-(trichlorosilyl)hexadecane leads to highly ordered bromide-terminated monolayer films on silicon (oxide) substrates. The bromides were converted to azides by treatment with sodium azide and then reduced to corresponding amines using lithium aluminum hydride. Protonation of these amine surfaces was difficult to reverse and rendered them unreactive toward electrophiles. The unprotonated form, however, reacted with molten phthalic anhydride to form the corresponding imide. These chemical transformations were characterized by ellipsometry, attenuated total reflectance infrared spectroscopy, contact angle goniometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Spin-coating of a polyamic acid, the precursor of poly-N,N-(4,4‘-oxydiphenylene)pyromellitide, onto the pure amine-terminated surface, followed by curing (up to 350 °C), resulted in covalent linkages between the substrate and the polymeric coating. The success of this curing was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy. Adhesion test resu...
Characterizing upper urinary tract dilation on ultrasound: a survey of North American pediatric radiologists’ practices

Radiologists commonly evaluate children first diagnosed with urinary tract dilation on prenatal ultrasound (US). To establish how North American pediatric radiologists define and report findings of urinary tract dilation on US. A web-based survey was sent to North American members of the Society for Pediatric Radiology (SPR) from January to February 2014. Reporting practices and interpretation of three image-based cases using free text were queried. Responses to close-ended questions were analyzed with descriptive statistics, while free-text responses to the three cases were categorized and analyzed as (1) using either descriptive terminology or an established numerical grading system and (2) as providing a quantitative term for the degree of dilation. Two hundred eighty-four pediatric radiologists answered the survey resulting in a response rate of 19.0%. There is a great variety in the terms used to describe urinary tract dilation with 66.2% using descriptive terminology, 35.6% using Society for Fetal Urology (SFU) grading system and 35.9% measuring anterior-posterior diameter (APD) of the renal pelvis. There is no consensus for a normal postnatal APD or the meaning of hydronephrosis. For the same images, descriptions vary widely in degree of severity ranging from normal to mild to severe. Similar variability exists among those using the SFU system. Ninety-seven percent say they believe a unified descriptive system would be helpful and 87.7% would use it if available. Pediatric radiologists do not have a standardized method for describing urinary tract dilation but have a great desire for such a system and would follow it if available.
Traditional Welfare Norms for Specific Taxes

I. The popular demand curve analysis, 330. — II. Generalized possibility analysis, 333. — III. Conclusion, 336.
Impact of Organizational Citizenship Behavior on Performance in Women's Sport Teams

The current study examined the relationship between organizational citizenship behavior and sport team performance and the moderating role of task interdependence in that relationship. Two types of collegiate teams—softball (N = 25) and tennis (N = 15)—were utilized to represent different levels of task interdependence with softball being considered more interdependent than tennis. Athletes (N = 448) answered survey questions concerning organizational citizenship behavior (helping, civic virtue, sportsmanship [due to the historic use of the term “sportmanship” in developing the measures used in this study, that term will be used instead of “sportpersonship”]), team cohesiveness, athlete satisfaction, and transformational leadership behaviors. Researchers collected performance statistics for athletes. Results indicated that helping behavior was the strongest organizational citizenship behavior predictor of performance, but the effect differed between tennis and softball teams.
Text as Data: The Promise and Pitfalls of Automatic Content Analysis Methods for Political Texts

Politics and political conflict often occur in the written and spoken word. Scholars have long recognized this, but the massive costs of analyzing even moderately sized collections of texts have hindered their use in political science research. Here lies the promise of automated text analysis: it substantially reduces the costs of analyzing large collections of text. We provide a guide to this exciting new area of research and show how, in many instances, the methods have already obtained part of their promise. But there are pitfalls to using automated methods—they are no substitute for careful thought and close reading and require extensive and problem-specific validation. We survey a wide range of new methods, provide guidance on how to validate the output of the models, and clarify misconceptions and errors in the literature. To conclude, we argue that for automated text methods to become a standard tool for political scientists, methodologists must contribute new methods and new methods of validation. Language is the medium for politics and political conflict. Candidates debate and state policy positions during a campaign. Once elected, representatives write and debate legislation. After laws are passed, bureaucrats solicit comments before they issue regulations. Nations regularly negotiate and then sign peace treaties, with language that signals the motivations and relative power of the countries involved. News reports document the day-to-day affairs of international relations that provide a detailed picture of conflict and cooperation. Individual candidates and political parties articulate their views through party platforms and manifestos. Terrorist groups even reveal their preferences and goals through recruiting materials, magazines, and public statements. These examples, and many others throughout political science, show that to understand what politics is about we need to know what political actors are saying and writing. Recognizing that language is central to the study of politics is not new. To the contrary, scholars of politics have long recognized that much of politics is expressed in words. But scholars have struggled when using texts to make inferences about politics. The primary problem is volume: there are simply too many political texts. Rarely are scholars able to manually read all the texts in even moderately sized corpora. And hiring coders to manually read all documents is still very expensive. The result is that
Signal processing techniques for target detection performance improvements in existing airborne early warning radars

This paper discusses a new signal processing technique for target detection performance improvements in existing airborne early warning radar systems. A new Doppler processing algorithm, called the Doppler domain localized generalized likelihood ratio detector, is considered, and performance compared to the approaches currently in use for weak target detection in severe clutter. It is shown that a significant performance improvement can be achieved by augmenting the existing Doppler and Constant False Alarm Rate signal processors with this new approach. >
Effect of Care Instructions on Evaluations of Apparel Attributes

A care label is one cue that might influence evaluation of a garment because different care instructions are associated with different fabrics as well as different levels of expenditure of time and money. The purpose of this study was to determine whether care instructions affected perceptions of garment quality, predictions concerning a garment's future performance, a garment's estimated retail price, and a customer's likelihood of purchasing a garment. Two variations of care instructions were used: hand wash and dry flat, and professionally dry-clean. Undergraduate females (N = 84) enrolled in textiles and clothing classes volunteered to serve as subjects. Subjects received a sketch of a garment along with one of the two care instructions, recorded their perceptions of garment quality and price, predicted the garment's future performance, and indicated their likelihood of purchasing the garment. Analysis of variance revealed that care instructions did not influence perceptions of quality, price, or likelihood of purchase but did influence predictions of future performance. Care instructions indicating that the garment should be professionally drycleaned resulted in favorable predictions about future performance, as compared with care instructions indicating that the garment should be hand washed and dried flat. Study results suggest that care instructions are a cue used by consumers to predict the future performance of a garment.
Short Bowel Syndrome: How Short is Too Short?

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is the most common cause of intestinal failure. This article discusses the prognostic factors that predict weaning from parenteral nutrition in SBS. The article also delineates an approach to enteral feeding in SBS.
Intentions of Young Students to Enroll in Science Courses in the Future: An Examination of Gender Differences.

This study examined young students' perceptions of gender-appropriate science courses. The sample consisted of 427 students in grades 4, 5, and 6, between the ages of 9 and 13. Students completed the Course Selection Sheet (CSS)to choose courses for themselves and members of the opposite gender. A psychosocial framework was of- fered to explain the differential course selection patterns between young boys and girls. The study reveals a strong gender effect pointing toward stereotypical perceptions of se- lected science courses for oneself (p # 0.01). When students selected science courses for the opposite gender, the evidence of gender-role stereotypes was even greater (p , 0.000). Course selection profiles imply that a reciprocal relationship exists in the number and kind of courses selected by girls and boys. A detailed analysis suggests that both boys and girls perceive physical science and technology-related courses as appropriate subjects for boys to study and life sciences as appropriate subjects for girls to study. Surprisingly, students' future science course selections resemble current enrollment data of master's and doctoral candidates. The students' perceptions of science are seen years prior to the actual encounter with the science courses listed on the course selection menu. These findings question the auspiciousness of programs designed to ameliorate gender differences in science during junior or senior high school years. Suggestions for school curriculum development and the importance of informal science experiences were examined. q 1999 John Wiley &
A floating-element drag plate for direct measurement of bed shear stress during eolian transport

ABSTRACT This report outlines the design of an inexpensive, floating-element drag plate developed to obtain direct measurements of bed shear stress during eolian saltation. Shear stress measurements obtained from the drag plate during a field test are evaluated in comparison with estimates of shear velocity derived from an adjacent mast of rotating-cup anemometers, in terms of their correspondence with measurements of the transport rate obtained from a load cell-based electronic sediment trap. The two approaches provide a comparable level of explanation for transport rates averaged over intervals of several minutes. However, the drag plate provides a substantially improved level of explanation for 15-second intervals, and also for the instantaneous (1 Hz) transport measurements. It is suggested that the drag-plate approach has considerable potential for investigating high-frequency fluctuations in eolian transport rates.
Short term memory for bipolar temporal patterns

Summary form only given. A study of the short-term memory requirements of temporal pattern recognition prompts the creation of a new model for neural computation. It is hypothesized that neural responses resemble hysteresis loops, instead of the simple sigmoid. The upper and lower halves of the hysteresis loop are described by two equations. Generalizing the two equations to two families of curves accommodates loops of various sizes. It is conjectured that this unit is capable of memorizing the entire history of its inputs. >
School Food Environments and Policies in US Public Schools

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this study was to describe school food environments and policies in US public schools and how they vary according to school characteristics. METHODS. We analyzed cross-sectional data from the third School Nutrition and Dietary Assessment study by using a nationally representative sample of 395 US public schools in 129 school districts in 38 states. These 2005 data included school reports of foods and beverages offered in the National School Lunch Program and on-site observations, in a subsample of schools, of competitive foods and beverages (those sold in vending machines and a la carte and that are not part of the National School Lunch Program). Seventeen factors were used to characterize school lunches, competitive foods, and other food-related policies and practices. These factors were used to compute the food environment summary score (0 [least healthy] to 17 [most healthy]) of each school. RESULTS. There were vending machines in 17%, 82%, and 97% of elementary, middle, and high schools, respectively, and a la carte items were sold in 71%, 92%, and 93% of schools, respectively. Among secondary schools with vending and a la carte sales, these sources were free of low-nutrient energy-dense foods or beverages in 15% and 21% of middle and high schools, respectively. The food environment summary score was significantly higher (healthier) in the lower grade levels. The summary score was not associated with the percentage of students that was certified for free or reduced-price lunches or the percentage of students that was a racial/ethnic minority. CONCLUSIONS. As children move to higher grade levels, their school food environments become less healthy. The great majority of US secondary schools sell items a la carte in the cafeteria and through vending machines, and these 2 sources often contain low-nutrient, energy-dense foods and beverages, commonly referred to as junk food.
Effect of land use-based surface roughness on hydrologic model output

The Manning’s roughness coefficient (n) is commonly used to represent surface roughness in lumped and distributed hydrologic models. Model parameter sensitivity studies identify runoff response to be sensitive to Manning’s n changes. For large watersheds, modelers typically use land use / land cover datasets to assign Manning’s n values based on the use or cover class (e.g., residential, impervious). Although this approach is expected to introduce errors to the simulation results, studies have not adequately assessed the occurrence or magnitude because of the challenge of producing an accurate Manning’s n map to compare to a map produced by the land use / land cover approach. This paper presents a watershed scale assessment of the hydrologic model error incurred by use of land use / land cover datasets to estimate Manning’s n. A digital dataset of Manning’s n is generated by manual inspection of aerial photos for a 23 km2 watershed. Manning’s n is also estimated using the land use classes in the National Land Cover Dataset (NLCD). Up to 50% difference in the magnitude and variation in spatial distribution of Manning’s n values is found in more than 90 % of the study area. The differences did not translate into significantly altered runoff responses (hydrograph magnitude: 9 % to 22 % relative peak discharge difference and shape: 2 % to 18 % relative time to peak difference) from 3 storm events at the watershed outlet for a lumped model (SWMM) and a distributed model. However, these differences are significant (up to 75 % relative peak discharge difference and up to 300 % relative time to peak difference) at the subcatchment levels and showed increasing trend in deviation of the hydrograph peaks with increased Manning’s n deviation. The results of this study suggest that the use of NLCD-defined Manning’s n values is acceptable for medium to large watersheds.
Exploring the nature of the translocon-assisted protein insertion

The elucidation of the molecular nature of the translocon-assisted protein insertion is a challenging problem due to the complexity of this process. Furthermore, the limited availability of crucial structural information makes it hard to interpret the hints about the insertion mechanism provided by biochemical studies. At present, it is not practical to explore the insertion process by brute force simulation approaches due to the extremely lengthy process and very complex landscape. Thus, this work uses our previously developed coarse-grained model and explores the energetics of the membrane insertion and translocation paths. The trend in the calculated free-energy profiles is verified by evaluating the correlation between the calculated and observed effect of mutations as well as the effect of inverting the signal peptide that reflects the “positive-inside” rule. Furthermore, the effect of the tentative opening induced by the ribosome is found to reduce the kinetic barrier. Significantly, the trend of the forward and backward energy barriers provides a powerful way to analyze key energetics information. Thus, it is concluded that the insertion process is most likely a nonequilibrium process. Moreover, we provided a general formulation for the analysis of the elusive apparent membrane insertion energy, ΔGapp, and conclude that this important parameter is unlikely to correspond to the free-energy difference between the translocon and membrane. Our formulation seems to resolve the controversy about ΔGapp for Arg.
ANFIS generated dynamic path planning for a mobile robot to track a randomly moving target in a 3-D space with obstacle avoidance

This article addresses the dynamic path planning for mobile robots in a 3-D space with obstacle avoidance and moving target tracking. A new mathematical approach to calculating the dynamic path in a 3-D space is proposed. An adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with the use of the mathematical results is then implemented to generate automatically the dynamic path of the mobile robot. This approach allows implementing faster decision-making and can be seen as an efficient algorithm to avoid obstacles and to track moving targets. Simulation results validate the performance of the proposed scheme.
Evaluation of Dynamic Speed Display Signs

This paper describes an analysis of the effectiveness of dynamic speed display signs (DSDSs) installed in several permanent locations. Sites evaluated included a school speed zone, two transition speed zones in advance of a school speed zone, two sharp horizontal curves, and two approaches to signalized intersections on high-speed roadways. Data were collected before the DSDSs were installed, about one week after installation to determine initial effects of the signs upon vehicle speeds, and again about four months after installation to determine how well the initial speed reductions were maintained. Researchers analyzed average speeds, 85th percentile speeds, and the percentage of the sample exceeding the speed limit. In addition, least-squares regression analyses between the speed of a vehicle upstream of the DSDS and that vehicle's speed measured again at the DSDS were performed to determine whether the sign affected higher-speed vehicles more substantially than lower-speed vehicles. Overall, average speeds were reduced by 9 mph at the school speed zone. Elsewhere, the effect of the DSDS was less dramatic, with average speeds reduced by 5 mph or less depending on the location tested. As expected, those motorists traveling faster than the posted speed limit did appear to reduce their speed more significantly in response to the DSDS than did motorists traveling at or below the posted speed limit. The results of this project suggest that DSDSs can be effective at reducing speeds in permanent applications if appropriate site conditions apply.
Gelcasting of Alumina

Gelcasting is a novel method for molding ceramic powder based on a synthesis of concepts derived from traditional ceramics and polymer chemistry. Gelcasting of alumina is described in this paper. The process is based on the in situ polymerization of acrylamide monomers as the setting mechanism for forming the green body. It has the following features: slurries with high solids loading and low viscosity (1.8 Pa {center dot} s at 62 vol% solids), dried bodies containing less than 4 wt% binder, and the ability to fabricate complex-shaped bodies.