cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Assessing Parental Alcoholism

Abstract This research was undertaken to assess parental alcoholism as a predictor of the substance-using behaviors of 418 Hispanic and Anglo college students as compared with other potential predictors including age, gender, ethnicity, and membership in Greek societies. Multiple regression tests were conducted with parental alcoholism, participant age, gender, ethnicity, Greek society membership, and the two-way interaction of ethnicity and parental alcoholism as predictors, and total alcohol use, binge drinking, marijuana and cocaine use as criterion variables. Parental alcoholism was not significantly linked to any substance use outcome. Ethnicity significantly predicted abusive drinking, with Anglos reporting more frequent and greater use than Hispanics. Participant age predicted marijuana and cocaine use, with older respondents being more likely to report such use. The high rates of substance use in this population may have lessened the usefulness of parental alcoholism status as a predictor of stude...
Lung metastases in prostatic carcinoma. Clinical significance.

Abstract Lung metastases is a frequent postmortem finding in prostatic carcinoma. The clinical diagnosis of pulmonary involvement appears more frequently than anticipated. Survival rate of patients with lung metastases is dependent to some degree on the clinical stage of the primary prostatic carcinoma. Bone metastases are seen in almost every patient with lung metastases. Bone rather than lung metastases were first diagnosed in the course of the disease. Evidence that further dissemination of the tumor to peripheral sites, such as endocrine organs, is influenced by the presence of the tumor first in the bones and lungs, is presented. However, the course of lung metastases in prostatic carcinoma does not appear to be dependent on the clinical staging of the primary prostatic lesions or in the interval between the first diagnosis of the disease and its detection, or on the chemical enzymatic activity of acid and alkaline phosphatases. Further, no change, or decrease in some of the pulmonary lesions, was not found to be of prognostic value. On the other hand, progression of these lesions was associated with the short survival rate in these patients. Adrenalectomy or hypophysectomy performed as secondary treatment at the time of relapse with associated lung metastases was found more frequently to improve the appearance of the lung metastatic lesions than other forms of treatment.
Current Practices and Perspectives on Breast Cancer Screening and Treatment in Older Women with Dementia

OBJECTIVES: To explore the nature of breast cancer screening and treatment decisions in older women with dementia. DESIGN: Thematic analysis of semistructured telephone interviews. SETTING: Alzheimer's Disease Research Center Registry. PARTICIPANTS: Twenty-three family caregivers (CGs) of women with dementia (WWD). MEASUREMENTS: Semistructured questions regarding CGs' perceptions of current and predementia beliefs held by the WWD about the importance of regular screening mammograms, CGs' views about the importance of obtaining regular screening mammograms for the WWD and whether dementia stage of the WWD influenced these views, and CGs' view of what level of treatment would be appropriate if WWD they were caring for were to be diagnosed with breast cancer. RESULTS: In CGs of women with mild to moderate (but not severe) dementia, mammogram importance ratings reflected perceived predementia importance levels (generally high). Most CGs of women with mild to moderate dementia planned to continue screening regardless of dementia severity of the WWD, but CGs of women with severe dementia at the time of the interview did not generally consider screening important. Physician recommendations were frequently found to influence screening practices. CGs' views on appropriate treatment if the WWD developed breast cancer varied widely except in the case of severe dementia, in which case comfort care was consistently preferred. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer screening and treatment in dementia are active areas for healthcare decision-making, and supportive interventions involving physicians, CGs, and WWD are needed.
The Wished‐For Always Wins Until the Winner Was Inevitable All Along: Motivated Reasoning and Belief Bias Regulate Emotion During Elections

How do biases affect political information processing? A variant of the Wason selection task, which tests for confirmation bias, was used to characterize how the dynamics of the recent U.S. presidential election affected how people reasoned about political information. Participants were asked to evaluate pundit-style conditional claims like “The incumbent always wins in a year when unemployment drops” either immediately before or immediately after the 2012 presidential election. A three-way interaction between ideology, predicted winner (whether the proposition predicted that Obama or Romney would win), and the time of test indicated complex effects of bias on reasoning. Before the election, there was partial evidence of motivated reasoning—liberals performed especially well at looking for falsifying information when the pundit's claim predicted Romney would win. After the election, once the outcome was known, there was evidence of a belief bias—people sought to falsify claims that were inconsistent with the real-world outcome rather than their ideology. These results suggest that people seek to implicitly regulate emotion when reasoning about political predictions. Before elections, people like to think their preferred candidate will win. After elections, people like to think the winner was inevitable all along.
Surfactant-Mediated Extraction Technique Using Alkyltrimethylammonium Surfactants: Extraction of Selected Chlorophenols from River Water

Presented is a surfactant-mediated extraction procedure that uses an ionic surfactant and corresponding homologues. These surfactants contain the quaternary methylammonium functional group, which absorbs minimally at commonly used ultraviolet (UV)/visible wavelengths. Most surfactant-mediated extraction procedures for high-performance liquid chromatography are limited to applications requiring a detector other than the most commonly used UV/visible detector. Other detectors are necessary because most surfactants used in surfactant-mediated extraction methodologies are nonionic in nature and contain chromophores that strongly absorb in the UV/visible region. The high background created by the injected surfactant-rich aliquot extract makes trace analysis impossible. The utility of the presented procedure is demonstrated through the application of determining selected chlorophenols in river water. Quantitative and qualitative data are readily obtained with this procedure, because of minimal background interf...
Production, verification, and priming of multiplication facts.

In the arithmetic-verification procedure, subjects are presented with a simple equation (e.g., 4 × 8 = 24) and must decide quickly whether it is true or false. The prevailing model of arithmetic verification holds that the presented answer (e.g., 24) has no direct effect on the speed and accuracy of retrieving an answer to the problem. It follows that models of the retrieval stage based on verification are also valid models of retrieval in the production task, in which subjects simply retrieve and state the answer to a given problem. Results of two experiments using singledigit multiplication problems challenge these assumptions. It is argued that the presented answer in verification functions as a priming stimulus and that on “true” verification trials the effects of priming are sufficient to distort estimates of problem difficulty and to mask important evidence about the nature of the retrieval process. It is also argued that the priming of false answers that have associative links to a presented problem induces interference that disrupts both speed and accuracy of retrieval. The results raise questions about the interpretation of verification data and offer support for a network-interference theory of the mental processes underlying simple multiplication.
Adrenergic Nerves Govern Circadian Leukocyte Recruitment to Tissues

The multistep sequence leading to leukocyte migration is thought to be locally regulated at the inflammatory site. Here, we show that broad systemic programs involving long-range signals from the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) delivered by adrenergic nerves regulate rhythmic recruitment of leukocytes in tissues. Constitutive leukocyte adhesion and migration in murine bone marrow (BM) and skeletal-muscle microvasculature fluctuated with circadian peak values at night. Migratory oscillations, altered by experimental jet lag, were implemented by perivascular SNS fibers acting on β-adrenoreceptors expressed on nonhematopoietic cells and leading to tissue-specific, differential circadian oscillations in the expression of endothelial cell adhesion molecules and chemokines. We showed that these rhythms have physiological consequences through alteration of hematopoietic cell recruitment and overall survival in models of septic shock, sickle cell vaso-occlusion, and BM transplantation. These data provide unique insights in the leukocyte adhesion cascade and the potential for time-based therapeutics for transplantation and inflammatory diseases.
Glucose, VEGF-A, and Diabetic Complications

Diabetes is a widespread disease with multiple complications that affect both the microvasculature and macrovasculature. In the past decade, studies of the underlying factors in diabetic complications have resulted in an interesting dilemma: both microvascular insufficiencies and microvascular proliferative diseases plague diabetic patients, sometimes simultaneously. Advances in therapeutic treatments of microvascular disease continue to show promise for the treatment of the variety of diabetic complications. Although many factors have been shown to contribute to these complications, the angiogenic growth and survival factor, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A, is commonly mis-regulated in most microvascular disorders. The short communication by Pinter and colleagues 1 found in this issue of The American Journal of Pathology demonstrates this correlation yet another time, only for the first time these authors investigate the effects of hyperglycemia on VEGF-A function during embryonic vascular development.
The mediating role of caspase-3 protease in the intracellular mechanism of genistein-induced apoptosis in human prostatic carcinoma cell lines, DU145 and LNCaP.

Abstract A series of in vitro studies were carried out to investigate genistein-induced cell death, and the nature of cell death, in two human prostate cancer cell lines (LNCaP and Du145), and the possible involvement of caspase-3 protease in genistein-induced apoptosis in the target cells. The major findings of these studies are: i) genistein inhibits growth and proliferation of both LNCaP and DU145 cells via apoptosis mainly, and necrosis at higher concentrations; ii) genistein induces activation and expression of caspase-3 (CPP32) in both target cells; iii) genistein-induced apoptosis and CPP32 activation could be significantly inhibited by the caspase-3 inhibitor, z-VAD-fmk (N–benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Asp-fluoromethyl–ketone), thus confirming a mediator role of CPP32 in the genistein-induced apoptotic pathway in the target cells. The potency of most known chemopreventive drugs for cancer is due to induction of apoptosis in solid tumors Thompson, 1995 , Gurney et al., 2000 . Inevitably, agents that increase transcription of caspase-3 protease could reinforce cell death via CPP32-mediated apoptosis. In this regard, genistein may find an application in the treatment of human prostate carcinoma, independently of hormone sensitivity.
Studies of hospital social stays in the frail elderly and their relationship to the intensity of social work intervention.

The elderly frequently suffer long lengths of hospital stay (LOS). These long stays are often associated with long social care stays which occur when patients no longer require acute care and are awaiting post-discharge services. In this study, actual acute care LOS and social care LOS were studied specifically in hospitalized frail elderly. Our data demonstrate that frail elderly receiving only acute care do not suffer markedly prolonged total LOS (TLOS). However, in hospitalized frail elderly patients who experience acute care and social care stays, social care LOS accounts for over half of all hospital days. When patients were grouped and studied according to the type of post-discharge services being sought by the health care team, significant differences in acute LOS and social care LOS were noted. Subgroups of patients were also identified among the various groups which differed significantly in their LOS parameters. Patients who required more than one discharge plan during the course of hospitalizat...
Recurring osteoma within a calcium phosphate bone cement cranioplasty: Case report - Commentary

OBJECTIVE: We present a unique case of a recurrent osteoma within a cranioplasty performed with calcium phosphate bone cement. CLINICAL PRESENTATION: The patient is a 7-year-old boy who had initially undergone a craniotomy for resection of a frontal cranial tumor followed by a cranioplasty with artificial bone matrix. On routine follow-up evaluation 2 years later, the patient had a mass expanding from the cranioplasty. INTERVENTION: At the time of reoperation, the patient was found to have a histopathologically confirmed recurrent osteoma within the artificial bone matrix. The patient later underwent repair of the frontal cranial defect using a patient-specific implant. CONCLUSION: We discuss this unusual case, treatment, and possible causes. We believe that a safety margin and curettage of the resection border as well as resection of the overlying periosteum might prevent recurrence.
Phosphorylation Stoichiometries of Human Eukaryotic Initiation Factors

Eukaryotic translation initiation factors are the principal molecular effectors regulating the process converting nucleic acid to functional protein. Commonly referred to as eIFs (eukaryotic initiation factors), this suite of proteins is comprised of at least 25 individual subunits that function in a coordinated, regulated, manner during mRNA translation. Multiple facets of eIF regulation have yet to be elucidated; however, many of the necessary protein factors are phosphorylated. Herein, we have isolated, identified and quantified phosphosites from eIF2, eIF3, and eIF4G generated from log phase grown HeLa cell lysates. Our investigation is the first study to globally quantify eIF phosphosites and illustrates differences in abundance of phosphorylation between the residues of each factor. Thus, identification of those phosphosites that exhibit either high or low levels of phosphorylation under log phase growing conditions may aid researchers to concentrate their investigative efforts to specific phosphosites that potentially harbor important regulatory mechanisms germane to mRNA translation.
Bait and Temperature Effects on Striped Bass Hooking Mortality in Freshwater

Abstract We compiled results of published and unpublished studies of hooking mortality for striped bass Morone saxatilis that were conducted in freshwater. We used logistic regression to model the effects of bait type and water temperature on mortality of 1,275 striped bass. Both factors were significant predictors (P < 0.0001) of hooking mortality. Striped bass hooking mortality was greater in fish captured with natural baits than with artificial baits and was positively related to water temperature. These results allow prediction of striped bass hooking mortality based on bait type and water temperature. For a smaller data set that also included total lengths of fish captured, we used logistic regression to model hooking mortality as a function of bait type, water temperature, and total length for 549 fish. There were significant bait and temperature effects (P < 0.0001), but there was no evidence (P = 0.2994) that striped bass hooking mortality was size dependent.
Pseudocysts of the pancreas in children in Morocco.

Abstract Background/Purpose: Five children with pancreatic pseudocyst were treated from 1986 to 1998, 4 of these pseudocysts have a traumatic origin. Medical therapy reduces the pancreatic stimulation and favors the resolution or the maturation of the pseudocyst. Methods: First, all the children were treated with ultrasound-guided drainage. The duration of this drainage varied from 1 to 10 days with successful results in 3 cases. The internal drainage by cystogastrostomy was used in 2 cases. Results: The first showed a cystogastric fistula in the fifth day of the external drainage, the second was drained 2 times without success. There were no pseudocyst recurrences, and children treated surgically were discharged home within 7 to 10 days after operation.
Effects of spin viscosity on ferrofluid duct flow profiles in alternating and rotating magnetic fields

Closed form analytical equations are obtained for ferrofluid flow, spin velocity and volumetric flow rate in alternating and rotating uniform magnetic fields including the effects of spin viscosity.
Mesoscale and Convective-Scale Characteristics of Mature Hurricanes. Part II. Inner Core Structure of Hurricane Allen (1980)

Abstract The eyewall structure of Hurricane Alien is examined from analyses of multiple aircraft data on two days, 5 and 8 August 1980. These data sets are unique in that, for the first time, three instrumented aircraft executed coordinated radial penetrations of the eyewall at multiple levels. The data collected on 5 August illustrate the persistence of various features on horizontal scales > 10 km over several hours. Composite cross sections constructed from the 8 August data show similar structure, although the eye diameter had decreased to less than half that of 5 August. The convergence of air in the eyewall was highly two-dimensional. This convergence supported organized ascent that was along the inner edge of the high reflectivity region and displaced inward several kilometers from the radius of maximum wind (RMW). A mean eyewall updraft of 5–6 m s−1 is computed from integration of the two-dimensional continuity equation. Embedded within the two-dimensional eyewall were cores of high reflectivity t...
Nonlinearity compensation: Is the knowledge of absolute amplitude and phase really necessary?

We discuss necessary and sufficient conditions conducive to the reversal of nonlinear interaction in fiber optic transmission. While the complete information about complex amplitude and phase of the electric field certainly allows reversal of the nonlinear interaction, it is shown that knowledge about carriers' frequencies in WDM represents a sufficient condition for a successful compensation of the nonlinear impairment.
The potential for volatilization losses of applied nitrogen fertilizers from northern Idaho soils

Abstract Up to 70% applied ammonium‐based nitrogen (N) fertilizers can be lost by volatilization in agricultural soils. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effects of fertilizer treatment, water potential, and time on volatilization losses in three northern Idaho soils under laboratory conditions maintained at 25°C. A completely randomized block factorial design with repeated measures (3 soils x 4 fertilizer treatments x 2 soil water potentials x 3 replications‐measured at 0,2,4, 8, and 16 d) was utilized in this study. The four fertilizer treatments consisted of 200 kg N/ha applied as: (1) surface‐applied ammonium nitrate (AN), (2) surface applied ammonium sulfate (AS), (3) surface applied urea (Ysur), and (4) incorporated urea (Uinc). Data were analyzed by SAS‐GLM and Omega squared (ω2) values were used to identify the impact of each main effect and interaction. A 4‐factor interaction of fertilizer treatment (NIT) x soil (SL) K water potential (WP) x time of incubation (IT), four‐3 facto...
Form and function: Metabolic footprints of nematodes in the soil food web

Metabolic footprints provide metrics for the magnitudes of ecosystem functions and services provided by component organisms of the soil food web. Nematodes occupy various trophic roles and perform important functions within the web. They are convenient indicators of similar functions performed by other organisms in the web and are well-documented indicators of ecosystem condition. The generally vermiform shapes of nematodes, and the standardized morphometric characteristics used in their description, facilitate assessment of body volume and weight. Prescribed coefficients allow calculation of their carbon metabolism. Their production of body structure and eggs can be standardized for life course duration. Consequently, standardized metabolic activity levels, attributable to the abundance of nematodes performing various functional roles, can be calculated from existing and accessible morphometric data. Metabolic footprints of nematode assemblages provide measures of ecosystem services performed by each functional guild.
Opposing Effects of Activin A and Follistatin on Developing Skeletal Muscle Cells

Activin and the activin-binding protein follistatin modulate a variety of biological processes and are abundant at sites of muscle development. Activin and follistatin were expressed in developing chick pectoral muscle in vivo and in primary cell culture. Addition of recombinant activin inhibited muscle development in a dose-dependent manner as measured by the number of nuclei in myosin heavy chain positive cells and creatine phosphokinase activity. Conversely, follistatin potentiated muscle development. The effects of activin were found to be distinct from those of the related protein transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1. Muscle development was repressed by activin at all time points investigated and did not recover with the removal of activin following a limited exposure. In contrast, while myogenic differentiation in TGFbeta1 was initially repressed, muscle marker expression recovered to control levels--even in the continued presence of TGFbeta1. Fibroblast growth factor (FGF) had little effect on inhibiton of muscle development caused by activin A. However, inhibition of development produced by TGFbeta increased with increasing concentrations of FGF. Finally, early expression of myoD and myf5 mRNA by muscle cultures in the presence of activin and follistatin was analyzed. Activin-treated cultures expressed reduced myoD and myf5 levels at 1.5 days after plating. Myf5 levels in follistatin-treated cultures were elevated, but, surprisingly, these cultures showed a reduction in myoD levels. These data suggest that endogenously expressed activin and follistatin are important modulators of muscle development.
Variational Principles and Conservation Conditions in Volterra's Ecology and in Urban Relative Dynamics

Contribution to the Metropolitan Study: 14 -- From an analytical viewpoint, Volterra's variational principles and their associated integrands in single and multiple species interaction under absolute growth conditions in the field of mathematical ecology are reconsidered and simplified. They are then compared with the conservation conditions found appropriate to hold in a class of dynamic problems of relative growth in urban analysis. The comparison assists in interpreting the integrands of geographical (spatial) associations as a "stationary effort fitness function" associated with a cumulative entropy measure of the relative urban dynamic spatial distributions. From a substantive viewpoint, the paper shows the theoretical conditions, which would result in all spatial activity to be concentrated into a single point, so that inferences can be made regarding the conditions under which the activity will disperse. It also demonstrates that assuming a particular problem formulation, in this case a relative dynamic framework in an inactive environment, will result in obtaining spatial competitive exclusion. This is demonstrated in a parsimonious manner.
Effects of cold stress on serum protein fractions of the prairie meadow mouse.

THE reaction of an animal to cold stress varies with the species and with the degree of stress imposed on the animal. Shields, Platner and Neubeiser1 have shown that the albino laboratory rat reacts to a cold stress (4.0° ± 2° C for 20 days) with a marked decrease in serum albumin. They regarded catabolism of albumin as the prime factor responsible for its fall in serum.
The value of the measurements of thyroid uptake andurinary excretion of I131 in assessing thyroid function of normal and congenitally hypothyroid children

Summary 1. I 131 in doses of 5 to 10 μc was used to measure quantitatively both iodine uptake in the thyroid gland and urinary excretion in twenty-five euthyroid children and in five congenitally hypothyroid children (cretins). 2. Over a 96-hour period the thyroid of the normal children took up between 8.7 and 29.8 per cent with the maximum between 24 and 96 hours. During 96 hours their urinary excretion ranged from 29.3 to 70.6 per cent; the maximal excretion occurred between 24 and 48 hours. 3. Repeated tests showed I 131 uptake in the cretins to be negligible. It was between 1 and 2 per cent and it was not appreciably influenced by thyroid therapy. The untreated cretins excreted 73.5 to 92.4 per cent of I 131 within 96 hours, while the same cretins when treated excreted between 35.8 and 84.5 per cent within the same length of time.
Muslims, identity and multimodal communication on the internet

The Internet provides a space and medium within which Muslims can shape the relationship between their religious identity and their social and political affiliations. The subjectivities of Muslims who use online space are in turn shaped by the parameters and possibilities of the Internet’s architecture and language. The multiple linkages of online spaces and the particular vernacular spoken in these spaces, a mix of written text, imagery and sound, privilege new kinds of actors and new forms of expressive and rhetorical activities. In this new space and medium, the question of imagining (or rejecting) a global Muslim identity demonstrates the subtle interplay involved in the formation of religious and media subjectivities. Developing a critical understanding of multimodal representation and communication is an essential component in studying Muslim engagement with the Internet.
Soil water depletion by sunflower and sorghum under rainfed conditions

Abstract Grain sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] and sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.), were grown under rainfed conditions in 1988 and 1989 near Manhattan, Kansas, on a Muir silt loam (Cumulic Haplustoll, fine-silty, mixed, mesic) to determine if the two crops exploited water at different depths and at different rates in the soil. Soil water content was measured weekly to a depth of 3.20 m with a neutron probe to ascertain depletion rate and depth. Transpiration, stomatal resistance, canopy temperature, and plant water potential also were analyzed to help explain any differences in soil water depletion that might be observed. Sunflower depleted water to a deeper depth, and had a higher rate of depletion at lower depths, than sorghum. In 1988 and 1989, sunflower depleted water to 2.55 and 2.70 m, respectively. About 90% of the total water used by sorghum was from the 0 to 1.65 m and 0 to 1.50 m depth in 1988 and 1989, respectively. Sunflower had a higher rate of depletion compared to sorghum below the 1.20 m depth (1988) and the 1.65 m depth (1989). Sunflower had a higher transpiration rate, lower stomatal resistance, cooler canopy temperature, and higher leaf water potential compared to sorghum, perhaps because, in part, sunflower could exploit more water at deeper soil depths. The results suggested that sunflower might be planted in rotations with shallow-rooted crops or after irrigated crops to take advantage of water at depth.
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Hydrogen Bonding: Origin of the Different Behavior of the C−H···O Hydrogen Bond

The spectroscopic behavior of the C−H···O hydrogen bond is generally opposite to that of typical (e.g., O−H···O and N−H···O) hydrogen bonds: the C−H stretching frequency is blue-shifted and the infrared band intensity decreases on hydrogen bonding. We show that this can be understood on the basis of the dynamic properties of the donor group, in particular the force on the bond resulting from the interaction of the external electric field created by the acceptor atom with the permanent and induced dipole derivatives of the X−H bond: when the field and dipole derivative are parallel, as in the case of O−H···O, the bond lengthens, and red shift and intensity increases result; when the field and dipole derivative are antiparallel, as in the case of C−H···O, the bond shortens and blue shift results with the possibility of intensity decrease. We demonstrate these properties in an ab initio and perturbation study of cis formic acid in an Onsager reaction field. This analysis provides the basis for a more gener...
LEPTOSPIRAL VACCINATION OF CATTLE EXPOSED TO INFECTED DEER

The incidence of leptospirosis due to L. pomona and L. hardjo in 900 cattle at the Dixon Springs Agricultural Center was evaluated annually by the microscopic agglutination test during a 15-year period. The L. pomona reactor rate ranged from 5 percent in 1954 to 58 percent in 1955 during the period from 1953 to 1958 when the cattle were not vaccinated. Abortions were observed during 1955 and 1960. The L. pomona reactor rate ranged from 15 percent to 28 percent between 1959 and 1964 when half of the cattle were vaccinated and declined to 0.5 percent to 5 percent when all of the cattle were vaccinated with L. pomona bacterin. An infection of L. pomona vaccinated cows occurred in 1968 as indicated by a MA titer response of 1:100. No clinical signs were associated with the infection. The infection may have been caused by an endemic infection in a few carrier cattle or from infected wildlife. The skunk had previously been shown to be an active shedder. The L. hardjo reactor rate ranged from 29 percent to 56 pe...
The role of gangliosides in the interaction of a growth inhibitor with mouse LM cells.

We have isolated and characterized glycopeptides, derived from mouse and bovine cerebral cortex cells, that inhibit protein synthesis and cell growth of normal but not transformed cells. The inhibitor binds to target cell surfaces, and gangliosides have previously been shown to influence cell sensitivity to the glycopeptides. Preincubation with 3.0 μg/ml ganglioside GM1 at 0°C for 3 hr sensitized the mouse L-cell line to the inhibitor, as determined by protein synthesis assays. Preincubation of LM cells with ganglioside GM1 alone did not affect protein synthesis rates. In addition, the gangliosides GD1a and GM3 also sensitized the LM cells to the protein synthesis inhibitory effect of the glycopeptide inhibitor. Binding experiments were performed with 3T3 (sensitive) and LM (insensitive) cells to determine if sensitivity to the glycopeptide inhibitor was reflected in binding of the inhibitor to these cells. Binding of 125I-labeled inhibitor to 3T3 cells was maximal after 60 min at 0°C and saturable at approximately 1 × 104 molecules/cell. Furthermore, binding of the inhibitor was dose-dependent, with half-maximal binding at 1.5-2.0 nM and saturation at 8.0-10.0 nM. Scatchard plot analysis indicated that the Kd was about 1 × 10−9 M and that there are 1 × 104 receptors/cell. Binding of the inhibitor to LM cells was maximal after 30 min at 0°C and saturation occurred at 5 × 103 molecules/cell. We then examined the possibility that gangliosides are the cellular receptor or co-receptor for the glycopeptide inhibitor. Binding of the inhibitor to ganglioside GM1 was first examined after the ganglioside had been preadsorbed to polystyrene tubes. These experiments indicated that the ganglioside did not bind the inhibitor. Ganglioside-containing liposomes from phosphatidylcholine or LM cell membrane components were also prepared; these artificial membranes did not bind appreciable amounts of the iodinated inhibitor. Competition experiments showed that the gangliosides GM1 and GD1a did not neutralize the protein synthesis inhibitory activity of the glycopeptides, indicating that gangliosides do not directly interact with the glycopeptide inhibitor. In addition, binding of the inhibitor to LM cells preincubated with ganglioside GM1 was studied. Although the binding of the inhibitor to LM cells was one-half that observed for 3T3 cells, incorporation of exogenous gangliosides into LM cells did not result in increased binding of the inhibitor. Therefore, we conclude that the ganglioside-induced sensitization of LM cells cannot be due to gangliosides serving as the cell-surface receptor or co-receptor for the glycopeptide inhibitor.
Promoting Science Among English Language Learners: Professional Development for Today’s Culturally and Linguistically Diverse Classrooms

We describe a model professional development intervention currently being implemented to support 3rd- through 5th-grade teachers’ science instruction in 9 urban elementary schools with high numbers of English language learners. The intervention consists of curriculum materials for students and teachers, as well as teacher workshops throughout the school year. The curriculum materials and workshops are designed to complement and reinforce each other in improving teachers’ knowledge, beliefs, and practices in science instruction and English language development for ELL students. In addition to these primary goals, secondary goals of the intervention included supporting mathematical understanding, improving scientific reasoning, capitalizing on students’ home language and culture, and preparing students for high-stakes science testing and accountability through hands-on, inquiry-based learning experiences.
Implications of Negative Network Effect in the Security Software Market

The market for security software has witnessed an unprecedented growth in recent years. A closer examination of this market reveals certain idiosyncrasies that are not observed in a traditional software market. For example, it is a highly competitive market involving many vendors, often with a very aggressive pricing strategy adopted by new entrants. Yet, the market coverage seems to be quite low. Prior research has not attempted to explain what aspects of security software make this market deviate from the traditional ones. In this paper, we develop a quantitative model to study this market. Our model identifies a possible reason behind this behavior--that of a negative network effect, which pulls the market in exactly the opposite direction when compared to the positive network effect observed in traditional software markets. Overall, our results highlight the unique nature of the security software market, furnish rigorous explanation for several counter-intuitive observations in the real world, and provide managerial insights for vendors on market competition and product development strategies.
Cyclic stress-strain response of porous aluminum

Abstract A model of endochronic constitutive theory is applied to the analysis of stress-strain behavior of sintered high purity aluminum powder-based material (P/M) under uniaxial strain-controlled cyclic test conditions. Different strain amplitudes were used on specimens which during fabrication were subjected to cold isostatic pressure of 25 ksi. It was found that mean strain does not significantly affect the fatigue life. It was also discovered that Poisson's ratio at the peak tensile strain decreases gradually with the number of loading cycles, while it reaches a constant value at the peak compressive strain as the number of cycles increases. Results provide a comparison between theory and experiment for both hydrostatic and deviatoric stress-strain behavior for several cases of peak strains in the strain-controlled test. Reasonable agreement has been achieved. The changing trends of the peak volumetric strain, deviatoric stress, hydrostatic stress and Poisson's ratio versus loading cycles are also reported for each case.
Coalbed Methane Product Water Chemistry in Three Wyoming WATERSHEDS1

The Powder River Basin in Wyoming has become one of the most active areas of coalbed methane (CBM) development in the western United States. Extraction of methane from coalbeds requires pumping of aquifer water, which is called product water. Two to ten extraction wells are manifolded into one discharge point and product water is released into nearby unlined holding ponds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemistry, salinity, and sodicity of CBM product water at discharge points and associated holding ponds as a function of watershed. The product water samples from the discharge points and associated holding ponds were collected from the Cheyenne River (CHR), Belle Fourche River (BFR), and Little Powder River (LPR) watersheds during the summers of 1999 and 2000. These samples were analyzed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), alkalinity, sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), potassium (K), sulfate (SO 4 2-), and chloride (Cl - ). From the chemical data, practical sodium adsorption ratio (SARp) and true sodium adsorption ratio (SARt) were calculated for the CBM discharge water and pond water. The pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, Na, Ca, Mg, K, SARp, and SARt of CBM discharge water increased significantly moving north from the CHR watershed to the LPR watershed. CBM discharge water in associated holding ponds showed significant increases in EC, TDS, alkalinity, Na, K, SARp, and SARt moving north from the CHR to the LPR watershed. Within watersheds, the only significant change was an increase in pH from 7.21 to 8.26 between discharge points and holding ponds in the LPR watershed. However, the LPR and BFR exhibited larger changes in mean chemistry values in pH, salinity (EC, TDS), and sodicity (SAR) between CBM product water discharges and associated holding ponds than the CHR watershed. For instance, the mean EC and TDS of CBM product water in LPR increased from 1.93 to 2.09 dS/m, and froml,232 to 1,336 mg/L, respectively, between discharge and pond waters. The CHR exhibited no change in EC, TDS, Na, or SAR between discharge water and pond water. Also, while not statistically significant, mean alkalinity of CBM product water in BFR and LPR watersheds decreased from 9.81 to 8.01 meq/L and from 19.87 to 18.14 meq/L, respectively, between discharge and pond waters. The results of this study suggest that release of CBM product water onto the rangelands of BFR and LPR watersheds may precipitate calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) in soils, which in turn may decrease infiltration and increase runoff and erosion. Thus, use of CBM product water for irrigation in LPR and BFR watersheds may require careful planning based on water pH, EC, alkalinity, Na, and SAR, as well as local soil physical and chemical properties.
A Study of Cognitive Complexity in the Education for Social Work Practice

Abstract This study investigates cognitive complexity in interpersonal discriminations as it relates to selected aspects of the decision-making process in social work practice. Differences in data transmission and selection of interventive activities between graduate social work students who scored high on Carr's Interpersonal Discrimination Test were compared with those who scored low. As predicted, subjects who scored high on interpersonal discrimination transmitted more information about clients dissimilar to themselves and specified a greater number of interventive alternatives than did those who scored low. Implications of the findings are discussed in terms of selection for the profession and in the identification and ordering of learning experiences in the curriculum
Bias factors for radiation creep, growth and swelling☆

Abstract Central to the present concepts of the origin of the radiation-induced creep, growth and swelling phenomena is the relative interaction of interstitials and vacancies with various sinks. Radiation-induced climb of dislocations, which figures in many theories of radiation creep and growth, requires the absorption of an excess of either vacancies or interstitials. On the other hand, radiation swelling requires the absorption of an excess of vacancies to effect void growth. These relative preferences are normally expressed in theoretical models by certain bias factors, or capture efficiencies, usually assumed to be constant. Several attempts have been made to estimate their magnitude theoretically but all are seen to involve errors or physically unrealistic assumptions. We present here a unified treatment in which these various bias factors are estimated in a self-consistent model which incorporates, for the first time, all the essential physics, i.e., defect production, interactions of both vacancies and interstitials with sinks and the presence of two types of sinks. We present quantitative evaluations for the SIPA creep model and for radiation swelling, and compare with previous estimates of these phenomena.
Predicting three-dimensional structures of transmembrane domains of β-barrel membrane proteins.

β-Barrel membrane proteins are found in the outer membrane of gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. They are important for pore formation, membrane anchoring, and enzyme activity. These proteins are also often responsible for bacterial virulence. Due to difficulties in experimental structure determination, they are sparsely represented in the protein structure databank. We have developed a computational method for predicting structures of the transmembrane (TM) domains of β-barrel membrane proteins. Based on physical principles, our method can predict structures of the TM domain of β-barrel membrane proteins of novel topology, including those from eukaryotic mitochondria. Our method is based on a model of physical interactions, a discrete conformational state space, an empirical potential function, as well as a model to account for interstrand loop entropy. We are able to construct three-dimensional atomic structure of the TM domains from sequences for a set of 23 nonhomologous proteins ...
Asymptotic Methods for a General Finite Width Gas Slider Bearing

The method of matched asymptotic expansions is used to develop an asymptotic expression for the load-carrying capacity of a finite width gas slider bearing for large bearing numbers and for film thicknesses varying both in the sliding and transverse directions. The individual terms in the formula for the load are independent of the bearing number and are related to the interior portion, the side edge boundary layers, and the trailing edge boundary layer of the bearing. Only the terms associated with the side leakage phenomena must be computed numerically. Two special cases are discussed: (i) the film thickness varying only in the sliding direction, and (ii) the film thickness having linear or parabolic variation in the sliding direction and parabolic variation in the transverse direction.
Ground state properties of crystalline As2Se3

Abstract An ab-initio pseudopotential calculation in the local density approximation is performed on crystalline As 2 Se 3 . Total energies, charge densities, and density of states are presented and compared with experiment.
Generation of transform-limited 32-fs pulses from a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser

We show that near-transform-limited 32-fs pulses can be generated directly from a self-mode-locked titanium-doped sapphire oscillator. The laser operates at a center wavelength of 813 nm with a bandwidth of 22 nm in a TEM00 mode. Correct choice of the glass for the intracavity prism pair results in improved compensation of group-velocity dispersion, which yields near-transform-limited output pulses. Compensation for group-velocity dispersion in the output coupler and autocorrelator optics is necessary in order to measure this transform-limited pulse width.
Neural properties of pigeon lingual chemoreceptors.

Abstract The neural properties of the pigeon lingual chemoreceptor mechanism are investigated from electrophysiological data extracted from the peripheral laryngo-lingual nerve; a branch of the IX nerve trunk. Of 32 chemicals tested individual pigeon variations are noted to many solutions. Salt and acid solutions are very effective stimuli; solutions commonly associated with the sweet or bitter taste sensation in man are notably ineffective as stimuli in the pigeon. In most instances there is good correlation between electrophysiological and behavioral response. A new measure, the ionic stimulating efficiency factor derived from both the relative effectiveness measure and response rise time data shows a ranking of NH 4 + > K + > Na + ≥ Ca ++ and Cl − > Br − = I − for several salt solutions. Both anions and cations are involved in chemoreception. Beidler's fundamental taste equation [2] can be fitted to NaCl response data but only above a certain threshold value of 0.2 M concentration. Acetic acid data does not appear to fit Beidler's equation. Burst-like clusters and pattern temporal variation are prominent features of single-fiber activity. Intensity coding is mediated by both fiber recruitment and impulse frequency variation.
Information or attention? An empirical study of user contribution on Twitter

Social broadcasting services, such as Twitter and YouTube, are revolutionizing the way we access information and publish our own content. What is the key innovation of such services? We argue that the key innovation of social broadcasting services is recognizing and connecting people’s need for information and attention. While the value of information is widely studied, the importance of attention is less well understood. We use a collection of nearly 3 million Twitter user profiles to study the cross-sectional characteristics of user behavior; we also monitor 521 active Twitter users over a period of 282 days to carry out time-series analyses and a panel data analysis of user behavior. The empirical results consistently suggest that people’s search for attention is an important motivation for them to contribute content on Twitter. This finding supports our conceptual view of social broadcasting services as innovative platforms connecting people’s need for information and attention. It also has important implications for practitioners in this booming field.
Use of Primary Dispersion for Exploration of Mississippi Valley-Type Deposits

Abstract In unmineralized, carbonate rocks of the Wisconsin district, the Zn content is less than 4.7 ppm and varies with the clay content. Therefore, by subtracting an amount proportional to the clay content from the analysis of unweathered mineralized samples, the remainder is the amount of Zn added hydrothermally. These adjusted analyses reveal that the lateral extent of primary hydrothermal dispersion is a function of the width of the adjacent sulphide vein and may extend to at least 53 m from a major orebody. The adjusted concentration and its gradient are indicators of the distance to, and size of, veins in this district. The utility of this relationship for exploration depends upon optimizing several factors to maximize the probability of detecting any orebody in the area searched at minimum cost. To detect orebodies with a minimum width of 1 m, the optimum sampling interval was found to be 9 m with a threshold concentration of 5 ppm Zn (adjusted value). This combination achieves a 95% probability of detecting any orebody over 1 m thick within the area sampled. There is a 27% probability that a consecutive pair of samples might be anomalous due to sampling within the narrow dispersion of two random fractures or minor veins. A second cycle of samples taken midway between each pair of anomalous samples eliminate such false anomalies. Where samples can be collected across the trend of orebodies, either through potentially transecting drill core or along apparently barren drifts, the cost of testing an apparently barren 300-m section is roughly equivalent to that of 12 m of diamond drilling. This procedure complements a drilling programme by greatly increasing the probability of detecting orebodies at minimum cost for those areas where the initial, background metal concentration can be reliably established either from its constancy in the host rock or by a normalizing procedure such as that used here.