cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A direct comparison of the fragmentation test and the microbond pull-out test for determining the interfacial shear strength

Abstract Experiments were conducted to compare the fragmentation test with the microbond pull-out test for determining the interfacial shear strength between carbon AS4 fibers and a thermoset matrix consisting of a Di-Glycidyl Ether of Bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin cured with a diamine (meta-phenylenediamine, m-PDA) curing agent. The results indicate that, for the microbond test, diffusion of the rather volatile m-PDA curing agent at early stages of cure leads to low values of interfacial shear strengths when compared with results obtained for the same system with the fragmentation test. With the microbond test, a distinct relationship between the glass transition temperature of the droplets and their size is noticed. Smaller (< 150 μm) droplets have very low Tg's and are incompletely cured. While changing to a modified curing cycle and/or using a m-PDA-rich curing environment alleviates the diffusion problem, the interfacial shear strength values are still not in good agreement with the fragmentation test re...
BIVALIRUDIN FOR THE TREATMENT OF HEPARIN-INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA: A 9 YEAR, 461 PATIENT EXPERIENCE

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is an adverse immune-mediated response to unfractionated heparin and less commonly low molecular weight heparin. It is associated with a high risk for thrombotic events and potential for limb and life-threatening complications. The only approved and currently
Energetic He+ precipitation in a mid‐latitude aurora

Ground-based spectral observations of a midlatitude aurora on Sept. 22, 1982 indicated that the observed emissions were caused by either O(+) or H(+) energetic ions. In this paper, the model of Ishimoto et al. (1986) is used to simulate the interaction between precipitating energetic He(+) and a neutral atmosphere of He, O, and N2, computing the atmospheric impacts in terms of heating, ionization, and excitation of certain emissions and comparing the results with those obtained earlier with O(+) as the energetic flux. It was found that, of the total energy influx, approximately 50 percent goes into ionization, compared with 2 percent in the case of O(+), and 40 percent is backscattered or escapes, compared with 16 percent in the case of O(+). By contrast, He(+) is much less efficient at heating the atmosphere and does not excite the N2 2P system. It is concluded that the aurora observed on Sept. 22 is well explained by an influx of energetic O(+) together with a 6 percent admixture of He(+).
Water intake induced by spaced deliveries of salted and sweetened liquid food

The water intake of food-deprived rats was evaluated under conditions where liquid food was presented occasionally. In the first experiment, when soybean milk alone was presented every 30 sec, little water was consumed. However, when sodium chloride was added to the soybean milk, water intake increased directly with salt concentration from 0.9 to 14.4%. At salt concentrations of 7.2 and 14.4%, the drinking induced by soybean milk resembled in several respects the adjunctive drinking educed by spaced presentations of dry food. In a second experiment, adulterating soybean milk with sugar in concentrations of 7 to 56% did not affect water intake significantly when the food was delivered every 30 seconds. These findings extend the range of conditions known to generate schedule-induced drinking, and point out a previously unknown constraint on the phenomenon.
Arachidonic acid metabolism in filarial parasites.

Recapitulation des donnees obtenues sur le metabolisme des acides arachidoniques chez les parasites filariaux
Diode end-pumped high-efficiency Nd:YAG laser

A close-coupled scheme has been developed to end-pump the Nd:YAG rod using diode lasers tuned to 808 nm. By using a single diode laser, an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of about 40% has been demonstrated in the multimode operation at 1064 nm.
Toward a Theoretical Model of Peacemaking Criminology: An Essay in Honor of Richard Quinney:

In previous research, core peacemaking criminology themes addressed by authors within the Pepinsky and Quinney reader were examined. These peacemaking criminology themes are types of crimes/social harms embedded in current social structure, types of theoretical frameworks/perspectives guiding peacemaking criminology, and types of peacemaking alternatives to confront the social injustices underlying crimes/social harms in today's society. Building on this previous research as well as a survey of peace-making authors, this article illustrates how elements of a peacemaking criminology theoretical model come into view. The article then explores the basic nature and connections of the elements in this peacemaking criminology theoretical model. The analysis concludes with suggestions of ways this peacemaking criminology theoretical model can be adapted toward future crime research and policies.
Psychiatric Residences: Notification, NIMBY, and Neighborhood Relations

Objective: Federal legislation has given mental health agencies the authority to forego notifying neighbors when establishing shared, supervised houses and apartments for individuals with severe mental illness, but many continue to notify neighbors in the belief that outreach enhances community integration. This study examined the associations between notification strategies and initial neighborhood opposition and longer-term neighborhood relations. Methods: Telephone interviews were conducted with 169 mental health administrators in seven states who described the notification strategy and short- and long-term neighborhood responses to their most recently established shared, supervised residence. Additional data on neighborhood relations were collected in interviews with 138 staff who worked on site at the residences described by the mental health administrators. Results: Just under half of the agencies used a strategy that involved notification of neighbors, and those organizations were significantly more likely to experience initial opposition (59% of notifiers experienced opposition compared with 35% of non-notifiers). Those who notified neighbors were more likely to initiate activities such as an open house with neighbors after the site was established. There were no significant associations between current neighborhood attitudes and initial notification strategies or initial opposition. Agencies that initiated postsiting social activities with neighbors were significantly more likely to report “very accepting” attitudes. Conclusions: Administrators who use notification may experience higher levels of initial opposition, but longer-term neighborhood relations may not vary significantly regardless of whether neighbors were notified or whether initial opposition was present. Some agency-sponsored postsiting activities may facilitate substantive connections with neighbors. (Psychiatric Services 58:109–113, 2007)
The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the oxidation behaviour of carbon fibres and carbon fibre/glass matrix composites

Carbon fibres were examined for oxidative stability, both in the as-received condition and in a carbon fibre/glass matrix composite, to determine the effect of oxygen partial pressure on their oxidation behaviour. The oxidation data as a function of oxygen partial pressure (0.05, 0.21, and 1.0 atm) were then analysed to determine how the structure of the fibre surface impacts the oxidation behaviour. For the as-received material, it was determined that the data are best described by Temkin-type adsorption kinetics, while the fibres encased in the glass matrix exhibited Langmuir-type kinetics. This relevance of this distinction is discussed.
A Practitioner’s Guide to Prescribing Phenobarbital for Adults with Intellectual Disabilities

We developed this phenobarbital guideline using drug prescribing ­information and reviewing the available literature on relevant neuropsychiatric disorders in populations without intellectual disabilities because of the dearth of available literature on the population with intellectual disabilities. This guideline includes indications; contraindications; assessments prior to and during treatment; dosing with particular focus on dosing modifications required by drug–drug interactions, personal characteristics or genetic variants; and adverse drug reactions. The procedures contained in this guideline may not fully account for all of the possible risks of treatment in this population because of the limited studies available; thus, there will be a need to periodically update this guideline as new information becomes available. Nevertheless, we believe that this guideline provides a useful resource for clinicians who treat epilepsy in adult individuals with intellectual disabilities. A phenobarbital drug utilization review that summarizes this guideline is described.
Transition Metal Ion FRET Measurements in Plasma Membrane Sheets Prepared by Deroofing Cultured Mammalian Cells

Since the discovery of Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) in the 1940s, its implementation to measure inter- and intramolecular distances has reached wide-spread use in the biological sciences. Because the technique requires labeling of a donor and acceptor site with two different spectroscopically active molecules, a prominent difficulty with biological samples has been how to label with specificity and, therefore, unambigouisly detect and assign the signal contribution from each site. Here we show that transition metal ion FRET (tmFRET) experiments using plasma membrane sheets prepared from deroofed cells can be used as an orthogonal labeling scheme with an unambiguous assignment of the FRET pair signal. As a FRET donor, we used octadecyl rhodamine B (R18), which incorporated into the plasma membrane of deroofed cultured cells. To measure distances on the length scale relevant to membrane proteins, we used the transition metal ion Co2+ as an acceptor, which, together with R18, gives a R0 value of 14.9 A. Although the quenching by Co2+ of rhodamine B in solution is of low affinity (>10 mM), 100 μM Co2+ caused appreciable quenching of R18 incorporated into plasma membrane sheets. By first introducing a synthetic fatty acid with a metal-chelating head group, appreciable quenching was observed with less than 1 μM Co2+. Comparison of tmFRET experimental measurements to expected theoretical values convincingly demonstrate that these experiments provide information about the distance of closest approach between donor and acceptor (Fung and Stryer, 1978). These experiments provide proof-of-priniciple for measurements of biologically relevant distances in native membranes. We anticipate that FRET experiments on plasma membrane sheets will offer a unique opportunity to explore protein-lipid interactions and discuss several possible future directions for this technique.
ListenTree: Audio-Haptic Display In The Natural Environment

In this paper, we present ListenTree, an audio-haptic display embedded in the natural environment. A visitor to our installation notices a faint sound appearing to emerge from a tree, and might feel a slight vibration under their feet as they approach. By resting their head against the tree, they are able to hear sound through bone conduction. To create this effect, an audio exciter transducer is weatherproofed and attached to the tree trunk underground, transforming the tree into a living speaker that channels audio through its branches. Any source of sound can be played through the tree, including live audio or pre-recorded tracks. For example, we used the ListenTree to display live streaming sound from an outdoor ecological monitoring sensor network, bringing an urban audience into contact with a faraway wetland. Our intervention is motivated by a need for forms of display that fade into the background, inviting attention rather than requiring it. ListenTree points to a future where digital information might become a seamless part of the physical world.
A low leakage poly-gated SCR device for ESD protection in 65nm CMOS process

A low-leakage, low triggering polysilicon bounded SCR design is introduced for on-chip electrostatic discharge (ESD) protection in CMOS applications. The advantages of replacing the shallow trench isolation (STI) with a polysilicon gate in the device formation are discussed. The device response to fast transients, emulating ESD CDM-type events, is discussed through VFTLP measurements. The low-leakage characteristics of the SCR clamp are also demonstrated via high temperature measurements.
Mutational analysis of the angiotensin II type 2 receptor: contribution of conserved extracellular amino acids.

Abstract While much work has been done examining the ligand-binding characteristics of the AT1 receptor, very little attention has been focused on the AT2 receptor. Both receptors bind angiotensin II (AngII) with identical affinities, but share only 34% homology. Although it is tempting to assume that conserved residues between the two subtypes are responsible for the binding of AngII, there is little data to support this view. To determine the commonalities in ligand binding of the AT1 and AT2 receptors, we have chosen several conserved extracellular amino acids which have been shown to be important in AngII binding 1 , 2 to the AT1 receptor for mutational studies of the AT2 receptor. Specifically, we have mutated tyrosine108 in extracellular loop 1 (ECL1), arginine182 in ECL2, and aspartate297 in ECL3 of the AT2 receptor in order to determine their contribution to AngII binding. In the AT2 receptor, mutation of tyrosine108 to an alanine resulted in a receptor with wild-type binding for AngII, while mutation of either arginine182 or aspartate297 drastically impaired AngII binding (>100 nM). These results demonstrate both similarities as well as clear differences between receptor subtypes in the contributions to AngII binding of several conserved extracellular amino acid residues.
Onset of atonal expression in Drosophila retinal progenitors involves redundant and synergistic contributions of Ey/Pax6 and So binding sites within two distant enhancers.

Proneural transcription factors drive the generation of specialized neurons during nervous system development, and their dynamic expression pattern is critical to their function. The activation of the proneural gene atonal (ato) in the Drosophila eye disc epithelium represents a critical step in the transition from retinal progenitor cell to developing photoreceptor neuron. We show here that the onset of ato transcription depends on two distant enhancers that function differently in subsets of retinal progenitor cells. A detailed analysis of the crosstalk between these enhancers identifies a critical role for three binding sites for the Retinal Determination factors Eyeless (Ey) and Sine oculis (So). We show how these sites interact to induce ato expression in distinct regions of the eye field and confirm them to be occupied by endogenous Ey and So proteins in vivo. Our study suggests that Ey and So operate differently through the same 3′ cis-regulatory sites in distinct populations of retinal progenitors.
Changing interpretations, stable genes: responsibilities of patients, professionals, and policy makers in the clinical interpretation of complex genetic information

Except in rare mutation-inducing events, the primary sequence of an individual's somatic genome is static; however, the interpretations or risk predictions based on complex genetic tests now being introduced into the marketplace are rapidly changing. The reality of changing interpretations for stable test results creates questions for everyone involved in genetic testing including individuals, clinicians, laboratories, professional organizations, and regulators. Individuals should be aware that their relationship with laboratories providing genetic testing may be different from their relationship with their physician, especially in direct-to-consumer testing. Moreover, individuals may need to take the initiative to revisit their genetic test results periodically. Clinicians will need to learn how to read and interpret the results of complex genetic tests, remember that interpretations change over time, and understand when to refer patients to specialists and ask for second opinions and reinterpretation of genetic information. Testing laboratories should understand that they may be replacing the clinician as the direct contact for patients, and may have responsibility to inform clients of changes in test interpretation. At minimum, laboratories should make clear what their policies are regarding reinterpretation and allow tested individuals to seek outside interpretations of their genetic test results. Professional organizations and regulators have the responsibility to develop guidelines for clinicians, laboratories, and the general public. In the future, the interpretation of genetic tests may be relatively stable; until that time, the changing interpretation of static genetic test results will create an important set of professional and ethical challenges.
Towards the scientific understanding of nationalism and national development: the crucial contribution of Stein Rokkan

Abstract. This article is the text of the Stein Rokkan Memorial Lecture delivered at the ECPR Joint Workshops in Freiburg in 1983. It critically evaluates the historical development of studies of nationalism, and then shows how the research strategy developed by Stein Rokkan was an attempt to overcome the weaknesses of earlier approaches.
Semiparametric ARCH Models

This article introduces a semiparametric autoregressive conditional heteroscedasticity (ARCH) model that has conditional first and second moments given by autoregressive moving average and ARCH parametric formulations but a conditional density that is assumed only to be sufficiently smooth to be approximated by a nonparametric density estimator. For several particular conditional densities, the relative efficiency of the quasi-maximum likelihood estimator is compared with maximum likelihood under correct specification. These potential efficiency gains for a fully adaptive procedure are compared in a Monte Carlo experiment with the observed gains from using the proposed semiparametric procedure, and it is found that the estimator captures a substantial proportion of the potential. The estimator is applied to daily stock returns from small firms that are found to exhibit conditional skewness and kurtosis and to the British pound to dollar exchange rate.
The development of the espionage film

(1990). The development of the espionage film. Intelligence and National Security: Vol. 5, Spy Fiction, Spy Films and Real Intelligence, pp. 136-160.
Using symbolic modeling in business re-engineering

This paper describes the use of a symbolic modeling tool and a methodology we developed for modeling processes in business re-engineering projects. DECmodel, a symbolic modeling tool, was used to build dynamically activated, working scale models of processes. Models were developed for business, systems, and organizational processes at several levels of detail, and integrated into a large dynamic model. Basic model specification, development, simulation, and animation techniques are discussed. The dynamic models created with this tool were invaluable in validating and communicating process designs, complementing and working in harmony with more traditional, static modeling methodologies. This paper also describes a methodology we have developed for using a symbolic modeling tool for business re-engineering projects. We have documented specific procedures for utilizing process modeling for a whole spectrum of activities ranging from depicting the "as-is" process to brainstorming breakthrough design concepts to documenting functional specifications for MIS implementation teams.
Synthalin: An inhibitor of energy transfer in chloroplasts☆

Abstract Synthalin, decamethylene diguanidine, has been found to act as an energy-transfer inhibitor in chloroplasts. Both ATP formation and the accompanying coupled electron flow were inhibited in a parallel manner, but neither the basal rate of electron flow (minus phosphate) nor that observed in the presence of uncouplers such as CCCP or NH 4 Cl were significantly affected. Electron flow stimulated by arsenate was inhibited to the same extent as that stimulated by phosphate. Light-induced proton uptake was not affected at synthalin concentrations which completely inhibited ATP formation. PMS mediated phosphorylation was less sensitive to synthalin than phosphorylation mediated by ferricyanide or methyl viologen since 10 −3 m synthalin was required for 50% inhibition with PMS whereas only 2 × 10 −4 m was required for 50% inhibition with the other electron transport agents.
Ubiquitous presenter: increasing student access and control in a digital lecturing environment

The University of Washington's Classroom Presenter lecturing system enables an active lecturing environment by combining a standard electronic slide presentation format with the capability for extemporaneous ink annotations by instructors and students using Tablet PCs. Thus, it can promote more interactive, student-centered learning. While many students may own laptops, few are yet Tablet devices. Also, Presenter uses multicast networking, which has availability and reliability issues. Ubiquitous Presenter (UP) expands Presenter via common web technologies to support non-Tablet audiences and enhance student control. UP enables students, using internet web browsers, to (a) synchronously or asynchronously view the slides and ink that are broadcast by the instructor, as well as (b) provide contextual submissions via text overlaid on the instructor's slides. The only compromises are that non-Tablet students cannot produce ink, and that professor ink is provided after a small time delay.
A 20–24 H MICROCOLONY‐IMMUNOBLOT TECHNIQUE to DIRECTLY DETECT and ENUMERATE LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES INOCULATED INTO FOODS

A microcolony-immunoblot technique (MCIBI) was developed to directly enumerate, in less than 24 h, very low numbers of Listeria monocytogenes (8–12 colony forming units: CFU/g or mL) inoculated into foods. Four meat and poultry and two dairy products were artificially inoculated with L. monocytogenes V7 diluted and plated on Oxford agar medium. Each plate was overlaid with an Immobilon-P membrane and incubated for 18–20 h at 37C. Blot-transferred colonies on these membranes were probed with C11E9 monoclonal antibody (MAb) and developed using peroxidase conjugated goat antimo use Ig G and a water insoluble substrate (3,3-diaminobenzidin tetrahydmchloride; (DAB-HCI), Nickel chloride and H2O2). the MCIBT gave L. monocytogenes counts that were not significantly lower than direct colony counts on selective agars. This technique allowed the recovery of 94–100% of L. monocytogenes cells inoculated into foods containing natural background flora counts of 3 × 104 to 8 × 106 CFU/g or mL. Using a 2 h resuscitation period on nonselective agar before overlay with Oxford media, the MCIBT allowed detection of sublethally heat injured cells of strain V7.
Nucleocapsid Promotes Localization of HIV-1 Gag to Uropods That Participate in Virological Synapses between T Cells

T cells adopt a polarized morphology in lymphoid organs, where cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1 is likely frequent. However, despite the importance of understanding virus spread in vivo, little is known about the HIV-1 life cycle, particularly its late phase, in polarized T cells. Polarized T cells form two ends, the leading edge at the front and a protrusion called a uropod at the rear. Using multiple uropod markers, we observed that HIV-1 Gag localizes to the uropod in polarized T cells. Infected T cells formed contacts with uninfected target T cells preferentially via HIV-1 Gag-containing uropods compared to leading edges that lack plasma-membrane-associated Gag. Cell contacts enriched in Gag and CD4, which define the virological synapse (VS), are also enriched in uropod markers. These results indicate that Gag-laden uropods participate in the formation and/or structure of the VS, which likely plays a key role in cell-to-cell transmission of HIV-1. Consistent with this notion, a myosin light chain kinase inhibitor, which disrupts uropods, reduced virus particle transfer from infected T cells to target T cells. Mechanistically, we observed that Gag copatches with antibody-crosslinked uropod markers even in non-polarized cells, suggesting an association of Gag with uropod-specific microdomains that carry Gag to uropods. Finally, we determined that localization of Gag to the uropod depends on higher-order clustering driven by its NC domain. Taken together, these results support a model in which NC-dependent Gag accumulation to uropods establishes a preformed platform that later constitutes T-cell-T-cell contacts at which HIV-1 virus transfer occurs.
Dantrolene dose response in awake man: implications for management of malignant hyperthermia.

Dantrolene sodium was administered intravenously to 12 adult volunteers to assess muscular and cardiopulmonary response. Pharmacokinetic results were obtained from whole blood drug concentration. Indirectly evoked thumb adduction was quantitated. Handgrip strength and subjective weakness score (10 e
Mass spectrometry of permethylated folic acid analogs

Folic acid and several analogs have been characterized as their permethylated derivatives. These derivatives are readily evaporated from the solid probe and provide spectra with abundant molecular ions and characteristic fragment ions. This method has been used to confirm the identities of the two methotrexate metabolites, 7-hydroxymethotrexate and 4-amino-4-deoxy-N(10)-methylpteroic acid, which have been isolated from human urine. The permethylation products of the folate cofactors, dihydrofolic acid, tetrahydrofolic acid and leucovorin, are also characterized.
3-Hydroxykynurenine and 3-Hydroxyanthranilic Acid Generate Hydrogen Peroxide and Promote α-Crystallin Cross-Linking by Metal Ion Reduction†

The kynurenine pathway catabolite 3-hydroxykynurenine (3HK) and redox-active metals such as copper and iron are implicated in cataractogenesis. Here we investigate the reaction of kynurenine pathway catabolites with copper and iron, as well as interactions with the major lenticular structural proteins, the alpha-crystallins. The o-aminophenol kynurenine catabolites 3HK and 3-hydroxyanthranilic acid (3HAA) reduced Cu(II)>Fe(III) to Cu(I) and Fe(II), respectively, whereas quinolinic acid and the nonphenolic kynurenine catabolites kynurenine and anthranilic acid did not reduce either metal. Both 3HK and 3HAA generated superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in a copper-dependent manner. In addition, 3HK and 3HAA fostered copper-dependent alpha-crystallin cross-linking. 3HK- or 3HAA-modifed alpha-crystallin showed enhanced redox activity in comparison to unmodified alpha-crystallin or ascorbate-modified alpha-crystallin. These data support the possibility that 3HK and 3HAA may be cofactors in the oxidative damage of proteins, such as alpha-crystallin, through interactions with redox-active metals and especially copper. These findings may have relevance for understanding cataractogenesis and other degenerative conditions in which the kynurenine pathway is activated.
PULSE Ultrafast X-ray Summer School

The Third Annual Ultrafast X-ray Summer School (UXSS 2009) was held from June 15–19, 2009, at the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC) and sponsored by the PULSE Institute for Ultrafast Energy Science. The summer school was a weeklong residential event that brought together about 100 students, post-doctoral researchers, and other young and established scientists from diverse backgrounds. Particular emphasis was given to new scientific opportunities enabled by the world's first hard X-ray free electron laser, the Linac Coherent Light Source (LCLS), which underwent a spectacular start-up only months before.
A Rh(II)-catalyzed cycloaddition approach towards the synthesis of komaroviquinone.

Using a rhodium(II)-catalyzed cyclization/cycloaddition sequence as the key reaction step, the icetexane core of komaroviquinone was constructed by an intramolecular dipolar-cycloaddition of a carbonyl ylide dipole across a tethered π-bond. The ylide was arrived at by cyclization of a rhodium carbenoid intermediate onto a proximal ester group. Efforts toward the preparation of the required precursor for elaboration to the natural product are discussed.
Reduction in public speaking state anxiety during performance as a function of sensitization processes

Recently, scholars have suggested that biological factors, such as temperament, influence human social behavior, particularly in the formation of traits, such as communication apprehension. Despite progress in this area, the relationship between temperament and states, such as speech anxiety, remains unclear. Theories of temperament predict that the rate at which subjects habituate to stress varies inversely with the degree to which they are sensitized during initial confrontation with stress‐producing stimuli. The inverse relationship between habituation and sensitization, in the context of public speaking state anxiety, is examined in this report. In two separate studies, using both physiological and psychological measures of state anxiety, the inverse relationship between sensitization and habituation was confirmed. Specifically, sensitization accounted for 69.1% and 50.3% of the variance in physiological and psychological habituation, respectively.
Dax Gets the Nod: Toddlers Detect and Use Social Cues to Evaluate Testimony

Children ages 18 and 24 months were assessed for the ability to understand and learn from an adult’s nonverbal expression of agreement and disagreement with a speaker’s claims. In one type of communicative exchange, a speaker made 2 different claims about the identity or location of an object. The hearer nodded her head in agreement with one claim and shook her head in disagreement with the other claim. In a second type of exchange, the speaker asked 2 different questions about the identity or location of an object. The hearer nodded her head in response to one question and shook her head in response to the other. The 24-month-olds grasped the implication of these gestural responses, by inferring the correct name or location of the object. The 18-month-olds showed a limited grasp of their implications. Thus, in learning from others’ testimony, toddlers focus not only on the claims of a single speaker but also on whether that information is accepted or rejected by another hearer. In particular, they detect and act on social cues of assent and dissent.
Energy-resolved study of laser-stimulated Si+ desorption from Si(1 0 0)

Abstract An energy-resolved study of Si + desorption from Si(1 0 0) under the irradiation of low fluence 193 nm pulsed laser beam is made using high resolution mass-selected time-of-flight (TOF) technique. New features in the kinetic energy distribution of desorbed Si ions have been observed. A simple DIET model is found to provide a reasonably good understanding for the main features in the TOF spectra.
Comparison of TNK With Wild-Type Tissue Plasminogen Activator in a Rabbit Embolic Stroke Model

Background and Purpose—Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is an effective treatment for stroke, but its utility is limited by fear of cerebral hemorrhage. Tenecteplase (TNK), a genetically modified form of wild-type tPA, exhibits a longer biological half-life and greater fibrin specificity, features that could lead to fewer cerebral hemorrhages than wild-type tPA in stroke patients. Methods—We injected radiolabeled blood clots into the cerebral circulation of New Zealand White rabbits. One hour later, we administered tPA (n=57), 0.6 mg/kg TNK (n=43), 1.5 mg/kg TNK (n=27), or vehicle control (n=37). A blinded observer examined the brains for macroscopic hemorrhage using a semiquantitative score. We estimated thrombolysis by assessing the amount of radiolabel remaining in the cerebral vessels postmortem. Results—Both wild-type tPA and TNK caused thrombolysis in most subjects. Hemorrhage was detected in 26% (6/23) of the control group, 66% (27/41) of the wild-type tPA group, 55% (16/29) in the 0.6-mg/kg TNK ...
Nash and Minimax Bi-Cumulant Games

Cumulants have been gaining interest in control lately. This paper applies cumulants to the area of game theory and gives sufficient conditions for nonzero and zero sum games to a class of nonlinear systems. With a linear system and quadratic costs, Nash and minimax equilibrium solutions are found. The games consider the finite time horizon, state feedback problem. Special cases of these methods reduce to the H2/Hinfin and Hinfin control problems, so that a generalization is achieved
AFM and 2-D GIXD studies on pentacene thin films for transistor application

We studied how the underlying grain boundary morphology in the first pentacene monolayer affects the "macroscopic" mobility of the 40 nm thick OTFT film. Through manipulating surface properties of a SiO 2 dielectric layer using self assembled monolayers (SAMs), we controlled the crystalline domain morphology of pentacene films that have thicknesses ranging from sub-monolayer to 40 nm. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and two-dimensional grazing incidence X-ray diffraction are employed to characterize the morphology and crystalline structure of pentane films. In addition, the spatial variation of charge carriers in the first few layers was investigated using conducting AFM (C-AFM). In particular, faceted or dendritic island morphology has been observed in the first pentacene layer mainly depending on surface morphology of hydrophobic SAMs, and C-AFM supported that the faceted islands showed larger current flow than the dendritic islands. This C-AFM current tendency correlates with the "macroscopic" charge mobility in OTFT. Because the faceted morphology should represent the single crystal-like pentacene island, faceted islands have fewer internal crystal defects and the higher current flow than the dendritic islands.
Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity against influenza virus-infected cells

The three major immunocompetent cells in human peripheral blood (lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes) were shown to be effector cells for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) against influenza virus-infected baby hamster kidney cells in vitro. Lymphocyte cytotoxicity was mediated by FcIgG receptor-bearing null cells and T gamma cells. These effector populations were best defined by HNK-1, a monoclonal antibody to human natural killer and ADCC-mediator cells. Antibody responsible for ADCC against influenza virus-infected cells was detectable in sera of young children after natural infection and after vaccination with inactivated and live attenuated viruses. ADCC antibody appeared before hemagglutination-inhibiting antibody and persisted for at least one year after vaccination with live attenuated vaccine. ADCC antibody was subtype-specific but quite broadly reactive within a subtype. Both hemagglutinin and neuraminidase were antigenic determinants for ADCC antibody. An anamnestic response to the original strain was observed after challenge with influenza virus of a heterologous subtype.
Using a Distributed Rectangle Bin-Packing Approach for Core-based SoC Test Scheduling with Power Constraints

We present a new algorithm to co-optimize test scheduling and wrapper design under power constraints for core-based SoCs (System on Chip). Core testing solutions are generated as a set of wrapper designs, each represented by a rectangle with width equal to the test time and height equal to the number of TAM (Test Access Mechanism) wires used. The test-scheduling problem with power constraints is formulated as the distributed rectangle bin-packing problem, which allows wrapper pins to be assigned to non-consecutive SoC pins. The generalized problem for multiple-TAMs is solved by global optimization using evolutionary strategy and the sequence-pair representation. Experiments on ITC'02 benchmarks are very encouraging.
Cosmid-Based System for Transient Expression and Absolute Off-to-On Transcriptional Control of Escherichia coli Genes

Cosmids are plasmids that contain the phage λ sequences (cos) required for packaging of the phage DNA into the virion. Induction of a λ prophage in an Escherichia coli strain carrying a cosmid results in lysates containing phage particles that are filled with cosmid DNA. However, the lysates also contain a large excess of infectious phage particles which complicate use of the packaged cosmids. I report that cosmids packaged by induction of a strain carrying a prophage with an altered cos region results in lysates containing very high levels (>1010/ml) of particles that contain cosmid DNA together with very few infectious phage particles. These lysates can be used to transduce cosmid DNA into all of the cells of a growing culture with minimal physiological disturbance. When the cosmid carries a conditionally active origin of replication, transductional introduction of the cosmid under nonreplicative conditions provides a system of transient expression. Transient expression has been used to make a recA strain temporarily recombination proficient and to temporarily introduce a site-specific recombinase. Transductional introduction of a cosmid also allows absolute off-to-on transcriptional control of nonessential genes. Two examples are given showing that when a strain carrying a null mutation in the gene of interest is transduced with a packaged cosmid carrying a functional copy of that gene, the expression of the gene rapidly goes from absolutely off to high-level expression. Additional possible uses of in vivo-packaged cosmids are proposed.
Simulation games in engineering education: A state-of-the-art review

Globalization and advances in information technology has prompted a need to change traditional lecture-based passive learning methodology to an active multi-sensory experiential learning methodology. This article presents a state-of-the-art review of extant applications of simulation games in engineering education. It was concluded that proper application of simulation games in engineering education would maximize the student's transferability of academic knowledge to the industry. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 19: 399–410, 2011
Comparison of subgroups assigned to medical regimens used to suppress cardiac ischemia (the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot [ACIP] Study).

Abstract This report focuses on the subset of 235 patients from the Asymptomatic Cardiac Ischemia Pilot (ACIP) study receiving randomly assigned medical therapy to treat angina and suppress ischemia detected on ambulatory electrocardiography: 121 patients received the sequence of atenolol and nifedipine, and 114 diltiazem and isosorbide dinitrate. After 12 weeks of therapy, the primary end point (absence of ambulatory electrocardiographic (ECG) ischemia and no clinical events) was reached in 47% of atenolol/nifedipine- versus 31% of diltiazem/isosorbide dinitrate-treated patients (adjusted p = 0.03). A trend to increased exercise time to ST depression was seen in the atenolol and nifedipine versus diltiazem and isosorbide dinitrate regimens (median treadmill duration 5.8 vs 4.8 minutes; p = 0.04). However, when adjusted for baseline imbalances in ambulatory ECG ischemia, the 2 medical combinations were similar in suppression of ambulatory ECG ischemia. In both medication regimens, an association between mean heart rate and ischemia on ambulatory electrocardiography after 12 weeks of treatment was observed so that patients on either regimen with a mean heart rate > 80 beats/min had ischemia detectable almost twice as often as those with a mean heart rate
Mapping Rituals in a Carthusian Monastery: La Certosa Di Calci

Drawing is the primary medium of inquiry for this study of a Carthusian monastery in Calci, Italy. The study makes use of on-site documentation and analytical drawings to map the architectural setting for a monk's daily rituals and customs, and to speculate on the temporal and permanent elements in the life of this unique religious community.
Balancing the risks of pain with the risks of pain-relieving drugs

Thanks to Drs. Weber, Shavit and Beilin, and Maier and Watkins for the thought-provoking commentaries and the opportunity to further explore several issues arising from the Focus article. The commentaries provide both motivation and rationale to continue investigating the impact of provid­ ing pain relief on the immune and metastatic conse­ quences of undergoing and recovering from surgery. Clearly, the findings most directly illustrating the immune and metastatic benefits of morphine administration are preliminary at best. If we in health care are to view the management of pain as a medical necessity, we must have substantially more information to balance the phys­ iologic risks of pharmacologic interventions with the physiologic risks of inadequately managed pain.
Effect of ivacaftor on CFTR forms with missense mutations associated with defects in protein processing or function

Abstract Background Ivacaftor (KALYDECO™, VX-770) is a CFTR potentiator that increased CFTR channel activity and improved lung function in patients age 6years and older with CF who have the G551D-CFTR gating mutation. The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of ivacaftor on mutant CFTR protein forms with defects in protein processing and/or channel function. Methods The effect of ivacaftor on CFTR function was tested in electrophysiological studies using a panel of Fischer rat thyroid (FRT) cells expressing 54 missense CFTR mutations that cause defects in the amount or function of CFTR at the cell surface. Results Ivacaftor potentiated multiple mutant CFTR protein forms that produce functional CFTR at the cell surface. These included mutant CFTR forms with mild defects in CFTR processing or mild defects in CFTR channel conductance. Conclusions These in vitro data indicated that ivacaftor is a broad acting CFTR potentiator and could be used to help stratify patients with CF who have different CFTR genotypes for studies investigating the potential clinical benefit of ivacaftor.
A new model for hemoglobin ingestion and transport by the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum

The current model for hemoglobin ingestion and transport by intraerythrocytic Plasmodium falciparum malaria parasites shares similarities with endocytosis. However, the model is largely hypothetical, and the mechanisms responsible for the ingestion and transport of host cell hemoglobin to the lysosome-like food vacuole (FV) of the parasite are poorly understood. Because actin dynamics play key roles in vesicle formation and transport in endocytosis, we used the actin-perturbing agents jasplakinolide and cytochalasin D to investigate the role of parasite actin in hemoglobin ingestion and transport to the FV. In addition, we tested the current hemoglobin trafficking model through extensive analysis of serial thin sections of parasitized erythrocytes (PE) by electron microscopy. We find that actin dynamics play multiple, important roles in the hemoglobin transport pathway, and that hemoglobin delivery to the FV via the cytostomes might be required for parasite survival. Evidence is provided for a new model, in which hemoglobin transport to the FV occurs by a vesicle-independent process.
Spatial resolution and sensitivity of magnetic susceptibility imaging

The use of a scanning susceptometer to image the 2-D distribution of magnetic susceptibility in thin samples is discussed. High-resolution magnetic field data recorded above complex shapes of plexiglass, scanned in a uniform applied field, are presented. Deconvolution of these data yielded magnetization distributions that were accurate images of the samples. It was found that the susceptibility of plexiglass is -9.0*10/sup -6/ (SI) and it was demonstrated that the present system is sensitive to susceptibility contrasts as small as 5*10/sup -7/ (SI), with a spatial resolution better than 1 mm. This performance is limited by the strength of the applied field, by the size and distance from the sample of the sensing coils, and by superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) noise. It is estimated that one could increase spatial resolution by a factor of two, and sensitivity to susceptibility contrast by at least one order of magnitude by using an imaging susceptometer whose SQUIDs are integrally mounted within a superconducting magnet. >
LRRK2 and ubiquitination: implications for kinase inhibitor therapy.

Pathogenic mutations and risk variants in LRRK2 (leucine-rich repeat kinase 2) represent the most common genetic cause of familial and sporadic PD (Parkinson9s disease). LRRK2 protein is widely expressed throughout the brain and the periphery. Structurally, LRRK2 contains several functional domains, including a dual enzymatic core consisting of a kinase and GTPase domain. Disease-linked variants are found in both these enzymatic domains as well as in the COR [C-terminal of ROC (Ras of complex proteins)] and WD40 protein–protein binding domain. The kinase domain is widely believed to be linked to toxicity, and thus the thrust of pharmaceutical effort has focused on developing LRRK2 kinase inhibitors. However, recent data have suggested that inhibition of LRRK2 activity results in reduced LRRK2 levels and peripheral side effects, which are similar to those observed in homozygous LRRK2-knockout and LRRK2 kinase-dead rodent models. In a recent issue of the Biochemical Journal , a study led by Nichols reveals that dephosphorylation of LRRK2 cellular phosphorylation sites (Ser 910 /Ser 935 /Ser 955 /Ser 973 ) triggers its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation and thus may account for the loss of function phenotypes observed in peripheral tissues in LRRK2-knockout/kinase-dead or inhibitor-treated rodents and primates. Albeit negative from a kinase inhibitor standpoint, the data open new avenues for LRRK2 biology and therapeutic approaches to counteract LRRK2 toxicity.
Tumor reversion: correction of malignant behavior by microenvironmental cues.

Cancer is characterized by unrestrained proliferation and loss of organization, a process that is intimately linked to, and controlled by, reciprocal signaling between the genetically altered tumor epithelium, the stroma, the components of the basement membrane and inflammatory mediators. Much work has been done to characterize the genetics of cancer cells. In this review, we describe the experiments that have been performed, which point to the significant role of the tissue microenvironment in the developmental regulation of normal and neoplastic cells. Using a variety of model systems, the works of a number of laboratories have converged on a hypothesis where the correction of 1 or 2 signaling defects can revert tumor cells to a normal phenotype, both in vivo and in culture, even when the tumor cells possess multiple genetic and epigenetic lesions. This paradigm has been successfully used to treat acute promyelocytic leukemia, and it remains the task of biomedical researchers to identify additional targets for the reversion of other human malignancies.