cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Microscopic studies of dental tissues. II. Optical microscopy of tooth surfaces

Abstract The results of studies of tooth surface structure through optical microscopy of replicas have been reviewed. Some of the other applications of the replica method have been described.
An economic analysis of wind erosion control in the inner Mongolia Plateau, China

This study investigates specific changes in farming practices aimed at reducing wind erosion from cropland in the inner Mongolia Plateau, China, and incorporates the value of dust reduction in downwind regions into a formal cost-benefit framework, both from the farmer's perspective and society's perspective. The result shows the need for incorporating off-site damages from wind erosion in policy analyses. Measurement of the off-site damages is difficult, especially in a mixed economy such as China's. A conservative estimate was obtained by benefit transfer from a non-market valuation study conducted in a developed country. This conservative estimate was large enough to be decisive in the policy analysis.
Chemical and biological evolution of nucleotide-binding protein.

Three-dimensional alignment of the common nucleotide binding structure in dehydrogenases, kinases and flavodoxins permits the recognition of homologous amino acids when sequence comparisons alone would fail. Minimum base changes per codon can then be used to measure evolutionary distances which suggest that this structure was present during precellular evolution.
Early hypercyanotic spells unrelated to ductal constriction in tricuspid atresia with infundibular stenosis.

Clinical, echocardiographic, hemodynamic, and angiographic findings were reviewed in 16 consecutive patients with tricuspid atresia (TA) and normally related great arteries, seen at the University of Florida between 1984 and 1990, to determine when and in which patients hypercyanotic spells (HS), unrelated to ductal constriction, occurred. Such spells developed in six patients (38%) and were life-threatening and refractory to medical management in three patients. Most HS (five of six) occurred in the first 2 months of life. Angiography done at the time of diagnosis revealed similar morphological features in all patients subsequently experiencing HS; infundibular stenosis due to anterior malalignment of the conal septum. These findings suggest a predisposition for development of early HS in TA patients with apparent infundibular stenosis due to anterior malalignment of the conal septum. Further study and a heightened clinical awareness are needed in such patients.
The Case of the Missing Trade and Other Mysteries: Comment

Daniel Trefler’s article in this journal (Daniel Trefler, 1995) is an excellent investigation of observed patterns and volumes of trade. He identifies the theoretical predictions of factorproportions models of international trade put forward by Eli F. Heckscher (1991), Bertil G. Ohlin (1991), and Jaroslav Vanek (1968) and summarizes these as the HOV model. These theoretical predictions lead to a number of “mysteries” when examined empirically— “mystery” being a code word for rejection by the data. He then introduces a number of extensions of the HOV model, and gauges empirically the extent to which the modified HOV model is rejected relative to each extension. For each extension, he examines the persistence of the mysteries; in his favored specification of country-specific neutral technological difference and preference for home goods in demand, the anomalies in the data are found to be greatly reduced. In this paper, I demonstrate that there are alternative explanations for the mysteries that Trefler identified. I indicate the features of the data that lead to the mysteries and provide an intuitive separation of the mysteries into those observed in the pattern of trade and those observed in the volume of trade. Econometric tests demonstrate that explanations other than those put forward by Trefler are better supported by the data. There are three specific contributions of this Comment. First, alternative explanations of the success of Trefler’s preferred specification in modeling variation in trade data are put forward. Second, a nonparametric method for calculating the degree of mismeasurement of factor scarcity is introduced and the improvement in explanatory power of that method is measured. Third, statistical comparison of an explanation of the observed antitrade bias rooted in factor-specific differences in domestic factor mobility with Trefler’s explanation based upon country-specific productivity differences and home bias in expenditures yields the conclusion that differences in domestic factor mobility is the preferred explanation. These results, taken together, suggest that theories designed to explain observed trade patterns and volumes should reexamine the proxy for factor scarcity derived in the HOV model and should allow for the impact of factor-specific differences in the domestic mobility of factors of production.
The effects of plasma from guinea pigs with tumor on PHA stimulated lymphocyte cultures.

Abstract Strain 13 guinea pigs with a transplanted, 3-methylcholanthrene induced fibrosarcoma produced a plasma factor that inhibited PHA induced blastogenesis of lymphocyte cultures from normal and tumor animals. The suppressive activity was not cytotoxic, was not adsorbed from plasma by lymph node cells, and was a noncompetitive inhibitor of PHA activation. The tumor plasma could not inhibit the uptake of [ 3 H]thymidine if added during the period of maximal DNA synthesis, which suggested that the suppressive factor acts most effectively on metabolically resting cells. This nonspecific suppressive factor may represent an important mechanism for allowing rapidly progressive tumors to escape immunological destruction.
Hypofractionated Palliative Radiation Therapy With Concurrent Chemotherapy for Advanced Head-and-Neck Cancer: The QUAD-Shot Regimen

Phase 1 Clinical Trial of Re-irradiation With Pemetrexed and Erlotinib Followed by Maintenance Erlotinib for Patients With Recurrent and Second Primary Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck Management of Recurrent Head-and-Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma M. Porosnicu, K.M. Greven, C.A. Sullivan, J.D. Waltonen, R. Plasser Rouchard, and J.D. Browne; Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
Rudhe syndrome: reversible right middle lobe emphysema in infants with left-to-right shunts—an historical review

In 1971, the Swedish radiologist Ulf Rudhe wrote a provocative paper on right middle lobe emphysema in infants with left-to-right shunts in which he suggested cardiac surgery rather than lung resection. At the time, this was counter to accepted medical practice. Earlier diagnosis and better medical management of ventricular septal defect in infants has proved Rudhe correct. However, two current cases of large left-to-right shunts in infants with emphysema of the right middle lobe prompt this historical review of what seemed a closed-episode in pediatric cardiac surgery.
Effects of training multiple form classes on acquisition, generalization and maintenance of word retrieval in a single subject

A study by McNeil et nl. reported no generalization effects in two individuals with aphasia following application of a word finding treatment in which subjects were trained sequentially on lexical items arranged by form class. The present investigation examined, in one of the two subjects from the original study, whether training on lexical items from a variety of form classes concurrently would result in greater response generalization than was observed previously in this subject. Results replicated earlier findings with positive acquisition and maintenance effects and little evidence of generalization to untrained items within or across form classes.
Artifact System (AS) framework: a study of the coevolution of technological artifacts

The paper attempts to lay a foundation to understand and address the system level issues of sustainable product development. It is often emphasized that creating products on the basis of function/need and redefining product systems are the most important aspects of sustainable product development; however, no systematic approaches exist to adequately address these issues. We hypothesize that it is the epigenetic effect of artifact (interactions with other artifacts, environment, etc.) that produces a web structure among artifacts. This web structure (known as artifact system (AS)) has its own laws and rules of evolution. Appropriate design and realization of AS (i.e., constructive intervention of AS’s laws) will significantly promote sustainable product development. Specifically this paper addresses two issues: (1) The development of AS and discussion about how it is related to sustainable product development, and (2) A simulation model to study the distribution of artifact in AS and its implications on sustainable product development. The simulation methodology is elaborated through an example to emphasize the importance of AS framework to study sustainable product development. Finally, our preliminary results of simulation indicate that in every AS only few artifacts are dominant. This result points out that controlling the behavior of these dominant artifacts should be the prime focus of the sustainable product development efforts.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of Speciation of Water at Low Concentrations in Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Solvents

Equilibrium constants for the formation of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes of monomeric water with twelve hydrogen bond acceptor solvents were evaluated from the chemical shifts of the water protons in ternary mixtures containing a low concentration of water and varying proportions of the acceptor solvent and carbon tetrachloride. Formation constants of the 1:1 complexes (with the exception of those of dioxane and dimethoxyethane) correlate well with Kamlet-Taft β-parameters. A good correlation is also obtained with Gutmann donor numbers if nitromethane and pyridine are excluded. Stepwise formation constants of the 1:2 complexes vary relatively little; this is attributed to a leveling effect of first hydrogen bond formation.
Suspicions of Cheating in an Online Class

Dr. John Dobson is an Assistant Professor of Education Leadership at Northern New England State University NNESU who teaches traditional classes and online classes for his department. As the level of state financial support has decreased, online classes have become increasingly important to NNESU. They are one of the few growing revenue streams at the institution. While teaching a summer online course, Dr. Dobson comes to believe that one of his students is cheating. In this case, Dr. Dobson attempts to navigate the process of proving that the student is cheating, holding the student accountable for his/her actions, and garnering the institutional support necessary to hold the student accountable.
Evaluating Website Quality: Applying Cue Utilization Theory to WebQual

Cue Utilization Theory is applied to examine the relative importance of each of the WebQual dimensions (Informational Fit-to-Task, Tailored Information, Trust, Response Time, Ease of Understanding, Intuitive Operations, Visual Appeal, Innovativeness, Emotional Appeal, Consistent Image, On-line Completeness, and Relative Advantage) in determining consumers' evaluation of website quality. Two studies have been designed for this task. Study 1 qualifies how subjects rate the predictive value (PV) and confidence value (CV) of each dimension. An analysis of these results provides an ability to fit the WebQual dimensions to a 2x2 model showing the relative magnitude that each dimension has on consumers' evaluation of website quality. Study 2 is designed to test the viability of the model via a set of proposed hypotheses. The results from this research will contribute to the field by providing a model that developers can utilize to focus on those characteristics most deterministic of overall website quality.
Counterfactual analysis: Can the metalinguistic theory be revitalized?

This paper evaluates the recent trend to renounce the similarity approach to counterfactuals in favor of the older metalinguistic theory. I try to show, first, that the metalinguistic theory cannot work in anything like its present form (the form described by many in the last decade who claim to be able to solve Goodman's old problem of cotenability). This is so, I argue, because the metalinguistic theory requires laws of nature of a sort that we (apparently) do not have: current physical theory cannot underwrite the metalinguistic theory. Second, I draw from the first point a motivation for the similarity approach, a motivation based on theoretical considerations apart from the standard ones of pretheoretical intuition.
Defect mechanism of photoinduced superconductivity in YBa2Cu3O6+x.

Although persistent photoconductivity and photoinduced superconductivity have been experimentally observed in oxygen-deficient and superconducting $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+x}$, the mechanism which is responsible for these effects is still under debate. The possibility of a defect related mechanism in laser-deposited thin films of $\mathrm{Y}{\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}{\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{6+x}$ is studied using four-point resistivity and photoluminescence techniques. It is found that there is a correlation between the photoluminescence spectrum and the wavelength dependence of the photoinduced conductivity. Peaks in the luminescence spectrum change intensity upon initiation of the photoinduced state. These results support an oxygen vacancy defect model of photoinduced persistent conductivity and superconductivity in which the oxygen vacancies act as weakly luminescent $F$-centers under illumination.
Cardiovascular disease risk factor variables in children at two successive years--the Bogalusa heart study.

Abstract As part of a community study of cardiovascular disease risk factor variables, 1101 children in four age-cohorts (5, 8, 11, 14 years) were examined during two successive years. The bivariate correlations within each of the four cohorts between one year and the next were highest for height, weight and triceps skinfold, intermediate for systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, and β-lipoprotein, and lowest for diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, pre-β-lipoprotein, and α-lipoprotein. Employing multiple linear regression, we observed that once the level of a specified risk factor variable at the time of the initial examination was known, the inclusion of six additional independent variables did not substantially increase our ability to predict the level of that specific risk factor variable one year later. In a further analysis of the extremes, we observed that of those children who had triceps skinfold thicknesses above the 90th percentile at the first examination, over 70% remained in the top decile one year later. Comparable findings for blood pressure were 41% for systolic and 23% for diastolic, while for the lipids and lipoproteins, between 45 and 32% of those with initially elevated levels remained above the 90th percentile. These results suggest that tracking of obesity, blood pressure, and serum lipids and lipoproteins which is known to occur during adulthood is apparent, on an annual basis, in 5-to 15-year-old pediatric age groups.
Dynamic Localization of the Cyanobacterial Circadian Clock Proteins

Summary Background The cyanobacterial circadian clock system has been extensively studied, and the structures, interactions, and biochemical activities of the central oscillator proteins (KaiA, KaiB, and KaiC) have been well elucidated. Despite this rich repository of information, little is known about the distribution of these proteins within the cell. Results Here we report that KaiA and KaiC localize as discrete foci near a single pole of cells in a clock-dependent fashion, with enhanced polar localization observed at night. KaiA localization is dependent on KaiC; consistent with this notion, KaiA and KaiC colocalize with each other, as well as with CikA, a key input and output factor previously reported to display unipolar localization. The molecular mechanism that localizes KaiC to the poles is conserved in Escherichia coli , another Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, suggesting that KaiC localization is not dependent on other clock- or cyanobacterial-specific factors. Moreover, expression of CikA mutant variants that distribute diffusely results in the striking delocalization of KaiC. Conclusions This work shows that the cyanobacterial circadian system undergoes a circadian orchestration of subcellular organization. We propose that the observed spatiotemporal localization pattern represents a novel layer of regulation that contributes to the robustness of the clock by facilitating protein complex formation and synchronizing the clock with environmental stimuli.
Biosynthesis of Reovirus-Specified Polypeptides: Identification of Regions of the Bicistronic Reovirus S1 mRNA That Affect the Efficiency of Translation in Animal Cells

The reovirus S1 gene cDNA was systematically altered by site-directed mutagenesis in an attempt to identify regions important in determining the relative efficiency of translation of the two open reading frames of the bicistronic S1 mRNA. The synthesis of the minor capsid protein sigma 1 encoded by ORF1, extending from AUG14 to UGA1424, and the synthesis of the nonstructural protein sigma 1NS encoded by ORF2, extending from AUG75 to UAG432, were examined in transfected COS cells. Deletion of the 5'-untranslated region upstream of ORF1 AUG14 did not significantly affect either the relative amount, or the ratio, of sigma 1 and sigma 1NS synthesized. Creation of a strong context ORF1 initiation site by substitution of 5'-untranslated region nucleotides flanking AUG14 likewise did not affect sigma 1 synthesis, but sigma 1NS synthesis from ORF2 was decreased about twofold relative to wild-type S1 mRNA. The amount of sigma 1NS synthesis was increased less than twofold either by elimination of the ORF1 AUG14 initiation codon or by termination of sigma 1 synthesis shortly after initiation from AUG14. No sigma 1 synthesis was detected when the ORF1 AUG14 was mutated to a UUG14 codon. When ribosomes which initiated translation at AUG14 were frameshifted at the next codon after AUG14, elongation occurred with comparable efficiency in the sigma 1NS ORF2 and in sigma 1 ORF1. No sigma 1NS synthesis was detected when the ORF2 AUG75 was mutated to an CUG75 codon, and this mutation did not affect the amount of sigma 1 synthesis. sigma 1NS synthesis was not affected by truncation of the 3'-untranslated region or premature termination of sigma 1 synthesis shortly after the ORF2 UAG432. However, truncation of the ORF2 5'-untranslated region at either 6 or 36 nt following the ORF1 AUG14 significantly increased the efficiency of sigma 1NS synthesis. These results indicate that the region of the S1 mRNA immediately downstream of the sigma 1 ORF1 initiation codon AUG14 but well upstream of the sigma 1NS ORF2 initiation codon AUG75 plays a major role in determining the relative efficiency of synthesis of sigma 1 and sigma 1NS from the reovirus bicistronic s1 mRNA.
Glucagon: Use in cardiac resuscitation of a propranolol-treated infant

An 8-month-old child had a cardiorespiratory arrest one hour after receiving her usual maintenance dose of propranolol hydrochloride. Intracardiac administration of epinephrine, isoproterenol, and sodium bicarbonate was not followed by resumption of cardiac activity, but administration of glucagon was followed by immediate and sustained cardiac activity. Both experimental and clinical observations suggest that glucagon may be particularly useful for treating acute cardiac depression in the propranolol-treated patient.
On the field aspect of quantum fields

In this paper we contrast the idea of a field as a system with an infinite number of degrees of freedom with a recent alternative proposed by Paul Teller in Teller (1990). We show that, although our characterisation lacks the immediate appeal of Teller's, it has more success producing agreement with intuitive categorisations than his does. We go on to extend the distinction to Quantum Mechanics, explaining the important role that it plays there. Finally, we take some time to investigate the way in which strings are to be considered fields, and the important differences with scalar fields. Overall, we aim to show that many types of systems may be viewed as fields, and to point out significant distinctions amongst them, thereby expanding our understanding of what it is to fall in this category.
Interobserver agreement in emergency department triage.

Abstract Study objectives: We measure the interobserver reliability of the triage process, examine the effect of vital signs on the triage process, and provide a context for the prior observation of poor interobserver agreement between in-person and telephonic interviews. Methods: We performed a prospective observational study using a randomized crossover design at a university teaching hospital emergency department. Patients were eligible if they spoke English, were not presenting for a reevaluation, and were unlikely to be harmed by the delay created by a second triage interview. Every eligible patient underwent 2 independent, sequential, in-person ED intake interviews conducted by experienced ED triage nurses. After taking a history, each nurse chose 1 of 5 hypothetic triage designations (ED by 911, ED within 2 hours, see a physician within 8 hours, see a physician within 24 hours, or home care–see a physician in >24 hours) and, after being told the patient's vital signs, again selected a designation. Results: Three hundred sixty-three patients presented during the study period: 113 were ineligible, 34 were missed by the investigators, and 15 refused to participate. Nineteen nurses participated in the triage of the 201 study patients. Agreement between 2 in-person designations made without knowledge of vital signs was poor (percent agreement 53%; κ=0.30; τ b =0.50). Knowledge of vital signs did not improve agreement (percent agreement 49%; κ=0.25; τ b =0.45). Conclusion: There was poor interobserver agreement between certified triage nurses using a 5-item triage scale designed for telephonic triage. These findings suggest that only a small portion of the poor interobserver agreement observed in a prior study of telephonic versus in-person triage can be attributed to the use of the telephone. [ Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:191-195.]
A new model for integrated nested task and data parallel programming

High Performance Fortran (HPF) has emerged as a standard language fordata parallel computing. However, a wide variety of scientific applications are best programmed by a combination of task and data parallelism. Therefore, a good model of task parallelism is important for continued success of HPF for parallel programming. This paper presents a task parallelism model that is simple, elegant, and relatively easy to implement in an HPF environment. Task parallelism is exploited by mechanisms for dividing processors into subgroups and mapping computations and data onto processor subgroups. This model of task parallelism has been implemented in the Fx compiler at Carnegie Mellon University. The paper addresses the main issues in compiling integrated task and data parallel programs and reports on the use of this model for programming various flat and nested task structures. Performance results are presented for a set of programs spanning signal processing, image processing, computer vision and environment modeling. A variant of this task model is a new approved extension of HPF and this paper offers insight into the power of expression and ease of implementation of this extension.
High Fidelity Simulation of a Nonlinear Aircraft

This paper presents the development and verification of a high fidelity, nonlinear simulation of a high performance aircraft. The exact aircraft modeled is the Northrop F-5A Freedom Fighter. The motivation behind the development of this simulation is to validate controller performance for various nonlinear control approaches. However, this simulation is extensible to many other applications such as handling qualities and human factors research. It can also be integrated into a real-time flight simulator environment or used to test other controllers. The simulation can also be extended to model aircraft other than the F-5A.
Four Authors Reply

We appreciate Zhang's comment (1) on our recent article (2). Our study concluded that type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) “was inversely associated with adenoma risk in women older than 55 years … but not in women 55 years or younger” (2). This finding was unexpected, and we hypothesized that it could be related to changes in diet and other lifestyle factors after a DM diagnosis or to the use of metformin for the treatment of DM. We mentioned the small sample size for stratified analyses and the lack of details on metformin use as possible limitations of our study (2). Zhang suggests that differential use of screening endoscopy by DM status could also be a possible source of bias in our study, with DM patients being more likely to receive colorectal cancer (CRC) screening compared to women without DM (1). We believe this is unlikely because only those participants who reported undergoing a screening colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy for CRC were eligible to be included in our nested case-control analysis (2). Moreover, evidence of the association of DM with a higher likelihood of receiving CRC screening is conflicting. A study using National Health Interview Survey data did not find an association between DM and CRC screening among women (3). Another study using Medicare claims data suggested that CRC screening rates are lower among elderly diabetic women compared to those without diabetes (4).
The Role of Knowledge Representation in Geographic Knowledge Discovery: A Case Study

With the advent of massive, heterogeneous geographic datasets, data mining and knowledge discovery in databases (KDD) have become important tools in deriving meaningful information from these data. In this paper, we discuss how knowledge representation can be employed to significantly enhance the power of the knowledge discovery process to uncover patterns and relationships. We suggest that geographic data models that support knowledge discovery must represent both observational data and derived knowledge. In addition, knowledge representation in the context of KDD must support the iterative and interactive nature of the knowledge discovery process to enable the analyst to iteratively apply, and revise the parameters of, specific analytical techniques. Our approach to knowledge representation and discovery is demonstrated through a case study that focuses on the identification and analysis of storms and other related climate phenomena embedded within a spatio-temporal data set of meteorological observations.
Salicylat‐vermittelte Bildung des diskreten, gemischtvalenten, neunkernigen Mangankomplexes [Mn9O4(O2CPh)8(sal)4(salH)2(py)4] (salH2 = Salicylsäure, py = Pyridin)

Le compose du titre cristallise dans le systeme monoclinique groupe d'espace C2/c et sa structure est affinee jusqu'a R=0,097
Interfractional Reproducibility of Lung Tumor Location Using Various Methods of Respiratory Motion Mitigation

Purpose To determine interfractional reproducibility of the location of lung tumors using respiratory motion mitigation. Methods and Materials Free-breathing four-dimensional computed tomography (CT) data sets and CT data sets during breath hold were acquired weekly for 17 patients undergoing treatment for non–small-cell lung cancer. Distances between the center of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and a reproducible bony reference point under conditions of breath hold on end inspiration (EI) and end expiration (EE) and during free breathing on the 0% phase (corresponding to EI) and 50% phase (corresponding to EE) were analyzed for interfractional reproducibility. Systematic uncertainties in tumor location were determined as the difference in distance between the GTV center on the first CT data set and the mean location of GTV centers on the subsequent data sets. Random uncertainties in tumor location were determined as the standard deviation of the distances between the GTV centers and the bony reference points. Margins to account for systematic and random interfractional variations were estimated based on these uncertainties. Results Mean values of interfractional setup uncertainties were as follows: systematic uncertainties—EI, 0.3 cm; EE, 0.2 cm; 0% phase, 0.3 cm; and 50% phase, 0.3 cm; and random uncertainties—EI, 0.3 cm; EE, 0.3 cm; 0% phase, 0.3 cm; and 50% phase, 0.3 cm. There does not appear to be any correlation between uncertainties and GTV size, but there appears to be a weak positive correlation between uncertainties and the magnitude of GTV excursion. Conclusions Voluntary breath hold and gating on either EI or EE appear to be equally reliable methods of ensuring the reproducibility of lung tumor position. We recommend setup margins of 0.3 cm if using cone-beam CT or kilovoltage X-ray with fiducials and aligning directly to the tumor and 0.8 cm when aligning to a nearby bony surrogate using cone-beam CT or kilovoltage X-ray.
Use of Multiple Imputation in the Epidemiologic Literature

The authors attempted to catalog the use of procedures to impute missing data in the epidemiologic literature and to determine the degree to which imputed results differed in practice from unimputed results. The full text of articles published in 2005 and 2006 in four leading epidemiologic journals was searched for the text imput. Sixteen articles utilizing multiple imputation, inverse probability weighting, or the expectation-maximization algorithm to impute missing data were found. The small number of relevant manuscripts and diversity of detail provided precluded systematic analysis of the use of imputation procedures. To form a bridge between current and future practice, the authors suggest details that should be included in articles that utilize these procedures.
Elimination diet effectively treats eosinophilic esophagitis in adults; food reintroduction identifies causative factors.

Background & Aims Adults with eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) typically present with dysphagia and food impaction. A 6-food elimination diet (SFED) is effective in children with EoE. We assessed the effects of the SFED followed by food reintroduction on the histologic response, symptoms, and quality of life in adults with EoE. Methods At the start of the study, 50 adults with EoE underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopies (EGDs), biopsies, and skin-prick tests for food and aeroallergens. After 6 weeks of SFED, patients underwent repeat EGD and biopsies. Histologic responders, defined by ≤5 eosinophils/high-power field (eos/hpf) (n = 32), underwent systematic reintroduction of foods followed by EGD and biopsies (n = 20). Symptom and quality of life scores were determined before and after SFED. Results Common symptoms of EoE included dysphagia (96%), food impaction (74%), and heartburn (94%). The mean peak eosinophil counts in the proximal esophagus were 34 eos/hpf and 8 eos/hpf, before and after the SFED, and 44 eos/hpf and 13 eos/hpf in the distal esophagus, respectively (P Conclusions An elimination diet significantly improves symptoms and reduces endoscopic and histopathologic features of EoE in adults. Food reintroduction re-initiated features of EoE in patients, indicating a role for food allergens in its pathogenesis. Foods that activated EoE were identified by systematic reintroduction analysis but not by skin-prick tests.
Low Back Pain in the Adolescent Athlete

Clinicians must have knowledge of the growth and development of the adolescent spine and the subsequent injury patterns and other spinal conditions common in the adolescent athlete. The management and treatment of spinal injuries in adolescent athletes require a coordinated effort between the clinician, patients, parents/guardians, coaches, therapists, and athletic trainers. Treatment should not only help alleviate the current symptoms but also address flexibility and muscle imbalances to prevent future injuries by recognizing and addressing risk factors. Return to sport should be a gradual process once the pain has resolved and the athlete has regained full strength.
Post-fabrication vapor phase strengthening of nickel-based sheet alloys for thermostructural panels

High-temperature metallic systems for use in thermostructural sandwich panels are important for many hypersonic flight systems. The complex three-dimensional geometry of these structures poses fabrication challenges for high-strength, high-temperature alloys. A new processing technique involving post-fabrication strengthening via pack aluminization has been investigated. Aluminization produces a β-NiAl surface layer, which is decomposed in subsequent annealing treatments, distributing Al through the sheet thickness. Microstructural development through the stages of processing is discussed along with mechanical properties of the post-fabrication, precipitation-strengthened sheet. Additionally, the benefit of this process to the oxidation behavior of these structures is discussed.
Interferometry with Vacuum-amplified waveforms

Coexisting four-wave-mixing processes are observed via atomic coherence. The controllable phase and interference between these vacuum-amplified radiations look promising for applications including waveform-shaping and high-resolution metrology.
The nationalist ideology of the Chinese military

One of the effects of Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms is the steady erosion of the ideological integrity of Marxism‐Leninism‐Maoism. To compensate for that erosion, the Chinese Communist Party has turned to patriotic nationalism for a new source of legitimacy. China's new nationalism transcends mere rhetoric but is manifested in the behavior of its armed forces ‐ which makes an understanding of the nationalist ideology of the People's Liberation Army (PLA) important. As revealed in PLA and related military publications, that ideology is a potentially problematic mix of wounded pride, historical resentment, and irredentism.
Concordance Study of 3 Direct-to-Consumer Genetic-Testing Services

BACKGROUND: Several companies offer direct-to-consumer (DTC) genetic testing to evaluate ancestry and wellness. Massive-scale testing of thousands of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is not error free, and such errors could translate into misclassification of risk and produce a false sense of security or unnecessary anxiety in an individual. We evaluated 3 DTC services and a genomics service that are based on DNA microarray or solution genotyping with hydrolysis probes (TaqMan® analysis) and compared the test results obtained for the same individual. METHODS: We evaluated the results from 3 DTC services (23andMe, deCODEme, Navigenics) and a genomics-analysis service (Expression Analysis). RESULTS: The concordance rates between the services for SNP data were >99.6%; however, there were some marked differences in the relative disease risks assigned by the DTC services (e.g., for rheumatoid arthritis, the range of relative risk was 0.9–1.85). A possible reason for this difference is that different SNPs were used to calculate risk for the same disease. The reference population also had an influence on the relative disease risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed excellent concordance between the results of SNP analyses obtained from different companies with different platforms, but we noted a disparity in the data for risk, owing to both differences in the SNPs used in the calculation and the reference population used. The larger issues of the utility of the information and the need for risk data that match the user's ethnicity remain, however.
Clinical and treatment factors associated with vaginal stenosis after definitive chemoradiation for anal canal cancer

Abstract Purpose We sought to evaluate the incidence of vaginal stenosis (VS) and identify clinical and treatment factors that predict for VS in female patients with anal cancer treated with definitive chemoradiation. Methods and materials The cohort included 95 consecutive women receiving definitive chemoradiation between 2003 and 2012. All but 1 received intensity modulated radiation therapy; median primary tumor dose 50.4 Gy (range, 41.4‐60). A modified National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4 was used to score VS based on the medical record description of dyspareunia, pain with dilator use, vaginal dryness, or difficult pelvic examination. Ordered logistic regression was performed to assess VS predictors. Results Median age was 60.4 years (range, 19‐97). With median follow-up of 2.5 years, 70 women (74%) had adequate information to assess VS. Of these, VS grade distribution was 21.4% grade 0, 14.3% grade 1, 27.1% grade 2, and 37.1% grade 3. By multivariable ordered logistic regression, younger age (P = .02), higher tumor dose (P = .06), and earlier treatment year (P = .04) were associated with higher grade of VS. Conclusions VS is a common late complication in women treated definitively with chemoradiation for anal canal cancer. Younger age, higher tumor dose, and earlier year of treatment were associated with a higher grade of stenosis. Prospective investigation into patient reported outcomes is warranted, including sexual function and VS prevention strategies to better understand its effect on long-term survivorship.
Full-wave simulation of coupled ferrite microstrip ridge structures

Microstrip transmission lines residing on bianisotropic material ridges embedded in a multilayered environment are studied using a coupled set of integral equations (IEs). The formulation is full-wave, and both the ridge and the layered background material may be inhomogeneous and bianisotropic. Numerical results are presented which show the basic propagation characteristics for a variety of single and coupled ferrite ridge structures. For isotropic ridges embedded in an isotropic background, several previous methods have been applied.
Reliability polynomial for a ring network

A mathematical model is developed for the reliability of a system made up of m unreliable nodes arranged in a ring. The model can be used to calculate the reliability of single-ring networks in which the network recovery mechanism depends on bypassing failed stations, but link signal power margins are inadequate to overcome losses due to more than n bypass switches in series. Computational complexity is 0(n/sup 2/m+nm/sup 2//2) in time, and 0(m/sup 2//2) in memory requirements. >
Unique Metabolism of a Novel Antiviral l-Nucleoside Analog, 2′-Fluoro-5-Methyl-β-l-Arabinofuranosyluracil: a Substrate for Both Thymidine Kinase and Deoxycytidine Kinase

2'-Fluoro-5-methyl-beta-L-arabinofuranosyluracil (L-FMAU) is the first L-nucleoside analog with low cytotoxicity discovered to have potent antiviral activities against both hepatitis B virus and Epstein-Barr virus but not human immunodeficiency virus. This spectrum of activity is different from those of the other L-nucleoside analogs examined. L-FMAU enters cells through equilibrative-sensitive and -insensitive nucleoside transport as well as through nonfacilitated passive diffusion. L-FMAU is phosphorylated stepwise in cells to its mono-, di-, and triphosphate forms. In the present study the enzymes responsible for the first step of L-FMAU phosphorylation were identified. This is the first thymidine analog shown to be a substrate not only for cytosolic thymidine kinase and mitochondrial deoxypyrimidine kinase but also for deoxycytidine kinase. This finding suggests that the antiviral activity of L-FMAU will not be limited by the loss or alteration of any of these deoxynucleoside kinases.
Molecular machines: Molecules bearing robotic arms.

Mass production at the nanoscale requires molecular machines that can control, with high fidelity, the spatial orientation of other reactive species. The demonstration of a synthetic system in which a molecular robotic arm can be used to manipulate the position of a chemical cargo is a significant step towards achieving this goal.
Promoting sovereignty, rapping mshkiki (medicine): a critical (Anishinaabeg) reading of rapper Tall Paul's ‘prayers in a song’

ABSTRACTThis paper analyzes Leech Lake Anishinaabe rapper Tall Paul's ‘Prayers in a Song.' The essay explores these questions: In what ways do Indigenous people use hip-hop to articulate ideas of sovereignty? Through hip-hop, how do Native artists challenge the ideas of authenticity and the modern/traditional binary? Located at the nexus between hip-hop studies and Indigenous studies, this essay argues that, by using both Indigenous and Black discourse styles, Tall Paul is able to assert Indigenous sovereignty. Indigenous artists challenge the idea of ‘authenticity' and the modern/traditional binary by constructing new meanings of what it means to be Indigenous in the twenty-first century. The essay focuses on three major themes. First, it analyzes how hip-hop challenges the modern/traditional binary; second, rapping in Anishinaabemowin is a political project that expresses Indigenous sovereignty; and, finally, hip-hop serves as an avenue through which Indigenous people can reclaim urban spaces, where mai...
Application of isotope dilution method for measuring bioavailability of organic contaminants sorbed to dissolved organic matter (DOM)

Natural waters such as surface water and sediment porewater invariably contain dissolved organic matter (DOM). Association of strongly hydrophobic contaminants (HOCs) with DOM leads to decreased toxicity and bioavailability, but bioavailability of DOM-sorbed HOCs is difficult to measure. Current methods to estimate bioavailability of HOCs in water are based on only the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree). The ignorance of the exchangeable fraction of HOCs sorbed on DOM may result in an underestimation of the toxicity potential of HOCs to aquatic organisms. Here we explore the applicability of an isotope dilution method (IDM) to measuring the desorption fraction of DOM-sorbed pyrene and bifenthrin and determining their exchangeable pool (E) as an approximation of bioavailability. E values, expressed as percentage of the total concentration, ranged between 0.80 and 0.92% for pyrene and 0.74 and 0.85% for bifenthrin, depending primarily on the amount of chemical in the freely dissolved form. However, between 34 and 78% of the DOM-sorbed pyrene was exchangeable. This fraction ranged between 23% and 82% for bifenthrin. The ability of IDM to predict bioavailability was further shown from a significant relationship (r(2)>0.72, P<0.0001) between E and bioaccumulation into Daphnia magna. Therefore, IDM may be used to improve the bioavailability measurement and risk assessment of HOCs in aquatic systems.
PLATYPNEA-ORTHODEOXIA SYNDROME: A RARE CAUSE OF UNEXPLAINED HYPOXIA

Platypnea-orthodeoxia (POD) is a rare syndrome described by dyspnea and hypoxemia while upright that improves on recumbence. It is associated with an intracardiac shunt, pulmonary AVM, ventilation-perfusion mismatch or a combination of these. A 53-year-old woman was referred for unexplained hypoxia
Plasma potassium changes during rebreathing in the dog.

SummaryPlasma potassium was determined on dogs before and during 90 minutes of rebreathing, and immediately following return to air breathing. Potassium concentration rose gradually with increasing CO2 tensions during the first 60 minutes of rebreathing and remained essentially constant for the last 30 minutes. On changing from the high CO2 concentration to air breathing, a further rapid rise in plasma potassium concentration appeared. No evidence of a transient early rise in potassium concentration was observed.
Personal exposure to environmental tobacco smoke: salivary cotinine, airborne nicotine, and nonsmoker misclassification.

A large study was conducted to assess exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in a geographically dispersed study population using personal breathing zone air sampling and salivary cotinine levels. Approximately 100 self-reported nonsmoking subjects in each of 16 metropolitan areas were recruited for this investigation. Cumulative distributions of salivary cotinine levels for subjects in smoking and nonsmoking homes and workplaces exhibited a general trend of decreasing salivary cotinine levels with decreasing time spent in smoking environments. Median salivary cotinine levels for the four experimental cells in the study (product of smoking and nonsmoking home and workplaces) were comparable to those reported for a large national study of serum levels of cotinine (Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, NHANES III), when the latter was corrected for expected differences between serum and saliva concentrations. However, the most highly exposed group in this study had a median salivary cotinine concentration approximately a factor of 2 greater than that of the comparable group in the NHANES III study. Misclassification rates, both simple (for self-reported nonsmokers) and complex (self-reported lifetime never smokers), were near the median of those reported for other studies. Estimated misclassification rates for self-reported lifetime never-smoking females are sufficiently high (2.95% using a discrimination level of 106 ng/ml) that, if used in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) risk assessment related to ETS and lung cancer, would place the lower 90% confidence interval (CI) for relative risk at nearly 1.00, i.e., no statistically significant increased risk. For the 263 most highly exposed subjects in the study whose self-reported nonsmoking status was accurate, the correlation between airborne exposure to nicotine and average salivary cotinine is so small, on an individual basis, that it makes the relationship useless for estimating exposure on a quantitative basis. When subjects are grouped according to likely categories of nicotine exposure, correlation between group median airborne nicotine exposure and salivary cotinine level increases dramatically. The comparison improves for the most highly exposed subjects, suggesting that such quantitative comparisons are useful for only those subjects who are exposed to the higher levels of ETS. However, airborne nicotine exposure for most of the subjects does not account for estimated systemic levels of nicotine, based on salivary cotinine levels.
A Meier-Gorlin Syndrome Mutation Impairs the ORC1-Nucleosome Association

Recent studies have identified several genetic mutations within the BAH domain of human Origin Recognition Complex subunit 1 (hORC1BAH), including the R105Q mutation, implicated in Meier-Gorlin Syndrome (MGS). However, the pathological role of the hORC1 R105Q mutation remains unclear. In this study, we have investigated the interactions of the hORC1BAH domain with histone H4K20me2, DNA, and the nucleosome core particle labeled with H4Kc20me2, a chemical analog of H4K20me2. Our study revealed a nucleosomal DNA binding site for hORC1BAH. The R105Q mutation reduces the hORC1BAH-DNA binding affinity, leading to impaired hORC1BAH-nucleosome interaction, which likely influences DNA replication initiation and MGS pathogenesis. This study provides an etiologic link between the hORC1 R105Q mutation and MGS.
Addressing Civic Issues in Biology Lab Through Citizen Science

In order to meet a civic engagement requirement at Kingsborough Community College, an elective class on ecology was modified to involve students in actual scientific research through participation in a citizen science investigation of the Atlantic horseshoe crab (Limulus polyphemus). This local marine invertebrate is of considerable ecological and economic importance, and comes ashore each spring to spawn on the sandy beaches of nearby Jamaica Bay. Through multiple field trips to a federally protected natural ecosystem, students not only participated in ongoing scientific research on a species they found quite fascinating, but were deeply impacted by the opportunity to pick up and handle these harmless organisms and contribute to their long term conservation. The opportunities for students to participate in citizen science allow them to apply classroom learning to real life situations and also give them the chance to interact with scientists who are on the front lines of important ecological research and monitoring.