cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Can We Automate Compliance to Collision Avoidance Resolution Advisories

The Traffic alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS) was designed to prevent mid-air collisions by portraying a time-critical "resolution advisory" (RA) to the pilot. Complying with a TCAS RA is generally considered the safest course of action and takes priority over all other forms of air traffic management; however, pilot compliance with TCAS RAs is surprisingly low. One proposed solution is an 'Auto-RA' function which couples the autoflight system to TCAS such that, when the autopilot is engaged, it automatically executes any corrective RAs. This paper describes a study in an integrated flight deck / air traffic control simulator examining how pilots interact with TCAS with and without an 'Auto-RA' function. A prior study found that pilots allowed the autoflight system to fly the RA maneuver in 83% of the runs, but the situations where the pilots disconnected the Auto-RA function generally involved scenarios where pilots received confusing guidance from the RA, and conflicting instructions from air traffic control. Further, once clear of the conflict, pilots appeared to have trouble remembering which autoflight modes they had had engaged before the RA, and air traffic instructions requiring particular speed or altitude targets that were effectively erased by the Auto-RA function. Thus, this study particularly focused on particularly problematic traffic encounters, and on situations where the Auto-RA might disrupt pilots from meeting a specified air traffic restriction. Language: en
Modeling-free bounds on nonrenormalizable isotropic Lorentz and CPT violation in QED

The strongest bounds on some forms of Lorentz and $CPT$ violation come from astrophysical data, and placing such bounds may require understanding and modeling distant sources of radiation. However, it is also desirable to have bounds that do not rely on these kinds of detailed models. Bounds that do not rely on any modeling of astrophysical objects may be derived both from laboratory experiments and certain kinds of astrophysical observations. The strongest such bounds on isotropic modifications of electron, positron, and photon dispersion relations of the form ${E}^{2}={p}^{2}+{m}^{2}+ϵ{p}^{3}$ come from data on cosmological birefringence, the absence of photon decay, and radiation from lepton beams. The bounds range in strength from the $4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}13}$ to $6\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}33}\text{ }\text{ }(\mathrm{GeV}{)}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ levels.
Tracking large tabular icebergs using the SeaWinds Ku-band microwave scatterometer

Abstract Knowledge of iceberg locations is important for safety reasons as well as for understanding many geophysical and biological processes. Originally designed to measure wind speed and direction over the ocean, SeaWinds is a microwave scatterometer that operates at 13.4 GHz (Ku-band) on the QuikSCAT satellite. Radar measurements from SeaWinds are collected and processed on a daily basis using resolution-enhancement techniques to produce daily radar images. Because icebergs scatter microwave energy more than sea ice and sea water, icebergs are detected as high-backscatter targets surrounded by lower-backscatter regions in daily SeaWinds images. As a result, iceberg positions are determined in real-time and a time-series of iceberg positions is maintained in an Antarctic iceberg database by Brigham Young University's Microwave Earth Remote Sensing (MERS) laboratory. Since SeaWinds operates independent of both solar illumination and cloud cover and has a large daily spatial coverage, this paper demonstrates that SeaWinds is an excellent platform to detect and track large tabular icebergs. These icebergs are generally larger than 5 km and are typically characterized as a rough ice plateau above the surrounding sea water or sea ice. The number of icebergs tracked in the MERS Antarctic iceberg database is found to be generally greater than the number of icebergs tracked by the National Ice Center. The movement patterns of all icebergs detected by SeaWinds are also analyzed and 90% of icebergs are found to travel a counter-clockwise path around Antarctica and accumulate in the Weddell and Scotia Seas. Iceberg detection and tracking is demonstrated via multiple case studies that highlight icebergs C-19a and A-22a using the MERS database and through real-time operational support of the 2005, 2008, and 2009 NSF Antarctic cruises. Iceberg positions are validated by using collocated high-resolution satellite imagery and by navigating the NSF ships to physically intercept several large tabular icebergs in the Weddell and Scotia Seas.
SUPPRESSION OF GROWTH OF 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZANTHRACENE-INDUCED MAMMARY CARCINOMAS IN FEMALE RATS BY REPEATED WHOLE-BODY HYPERTHERMIA (41-42°C)

The purpose of this study was to examine effects of repeated whole-body hyperthermia on the growth of carcinogen-induced rat mammary carcinomas. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were treated intragastrically with a single dose (100 mg/kg) of the carcinogen 7,12-dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA) at 2 months of age. Subsequently, when each rat had a minimum of one palpable mammary carcinoma, the animals were divided into two groups, one to receive hyperthermia treatments and the other to serve as controls. The hyperthermia-treated rats received 14-20 1-hour episodes of whole-body hyperthermia (averaging 41.4 degrees C, colonic) over a period of 3-4 weeks. The animals were anesthetized with sodium pentabarbital during these treatments to suppress their thermoregulation and to minimize stress mediated by higher brain functions. Their temperature was raised by exposure to high air temperatures. Control rats were anesthetized on the same schedule, and with the same doses of barbital, as hyperthermia-treated rats, but during anesthetization were placed at lower air temperatures such that their body temperatures remained normal. Tumor volumes were measured once per week. By the end of the first week, hyperthermia had suppressed carcinoma growth: whereas 78% of control carcinomas had increased in volume, 73% of hyperthermia-treated ones had decreased in volume. The average volume of mammary carcinomas in hyperthermia-treated rats after 1 week was significantly smaller than the average volume of mammary carcinomas in control rats: 0.34 vs. 0.66 cm3 (effects of differences in initial volume statistically removed). This difference had enlarged by the end of four weeks to 0.11 cm3 (hyperthermia-treated) vs. 0.80 cm3 (control). Overall, this study provides compelling evidence that whole-body hyperthermia in the range of 41-42 degrees C suppresses growth of DM-BA-induced rat mammary carcinomas, and it describes a technique for hyperthermia induction in which stresses specific to hyperthermia are minimized or avoided.
UNEVEN DEVELOPMENT AND ACCUMULATION BY DISPOSSESSION IN NATURE CONSERVATION: COMPARING RECENT TRENDS IN THE AZORES AND TANZANIA

This paper applies Harvey's concepts of uneven development and accumulation by dispossession to nature conservation, comparatively, in the contexts of whale watching in the Azores and wildlife conservation in Tanzania. In both contexts, nature conservation revolves around processes of de-regulation, re-regulation, and territorialisation, facilitating new forms of capitalist expansion. Adapting Bourdieu's arguments and the inter-changeability of different forms of capital, we provide ethnographic insight on how these processes unfold. Our analysis reveals two recent trends in nature-society relations in late capitalism: (1) these processes are less determined by ownership than the ability to render different kinds of capital commensurable with one another; and (2) they depend on specific types of ‘performances’, which are encouraged and rewarded by neoliberal forms of environmental governance.
Graphical models for correlated defaults

A simple graphical model for correlated defaults is proposed, with explicit formulas for the loss distribution. Algebraic geometry techniques are employed to show that this model is well posed for default dependence: it represents any given marginal distribution for single firms and pairwise correlation matrix. These techniques also provide a calibration algorithm based on maximum likelihood estimation. Finally, the model is compared with standard normal copula model in terms of tails of the loss distribution and implied correlation smile.
Value of fat suppression in the MRI evaluation of suspected arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia.

OBJECTIVE. Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is characterized by intramyocardial fibrofatty change. Fat suppression performed during conventional spin-echo imaging has been used to confirm fatty infiltration. The utility of fat suppression for enhancing the interpretation of studies of suspected ARVD has not previously been formally tested. We investigated the value of fat suppression for enhancing the interpretation of intramyocardial fatty infiltration.MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty-six consecutive patients clinically referred for evaluation of possible ARVD underwent cardiac MRI. Two independent observers reviewed the images retrospectively. Intramyocardial areas (n = 101) that had increased signal intensity relative to normal surrounding myocardium on T1-weighted conventional spin-echo images (“index areas”) were identified. The index areas were interpreted for presence of fatty infiltration using two sets of images: The first set was obtained without fat suppression, and the second set...
Toll-Like Receptor 4-Defective C3H/HeJ Mice Are Not More Susceptible than Other C3H Substrains to Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Mycobacterium tuberculosis produces a variety of molecules capable of activating Toll-like receptors, a family of pattern recognition receptors expressed by macrophages and a variety of other cells. To determine whether Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was critical in resistance to M. tuberculosis infection, we compared the morbidity and mortality of TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice to those of TLR4-sufficient C3H mouse substrains. TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice and TLR4-sufficient C3H/HeSnJ, C3HeB/FeJ, and C3H/HeOuJ mice were infected by the aerosol route with M. tuberculosis. TLR4-defective C3H/HeJ mice had levels of cytokines in their bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and in vitro mycobacterial antigen-specific recall responses similar to those of other C3H mouse substrains. In addition, bacterial replication and long-term survival of mice following infection appeared to be independent of TLR4. Interestingly, C3HeB/FeJ mice were significantly more susceptible to M. tuberculosis infection, indicating that genetic heterogeneity among inbred C3H mouse substrains modifies resistance to infection. Therefore, cautious interpretation is required when the C3H/HeJ strain is used as a model of a TLR4-defective mouse strain, as there are significant allelic differences between C3H/HeJ and other C3H mouse substrains in response to M. tuberculosis infection. With this caveat, our data indicate that TLR4 may not be required for optimal immunity of mice to M. tuberculosis.
Small-angle X-ray scattering studies of zinc stearate-filled sulfonated poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-ethylidene norbornene) ionomers

The crystallization, melting, and dissolution behavior of zinc stearate (ZnSt) in ZnSt-filled sulfonated poly(ethylene-co-propylene-co-ethylidene norbornene) (SEPDM) ionomers was studied by synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS). The melting temperature of ZnSt in the ionomer was considerably lower than in the pure state, which was consistent with the existence of very small ZnSt crystalline domains and a specific interaction between the metal sulfonate groups of the SEPDM and the metal carboxylate groups of ZnSt. Temperature-resolved SAXS showed that, on melting, some or all of the ZnSt rapidly dissolved into the ionomer. Ionic aggregates in the neat ionomer persisted up to 300°C. Microphase separation was also observed at elevated temperatures for the ZnSt-filled ionomers, but the composition of the microdo- mains was believed to be quite different than that of the microdomains in the neat SEPDM. The time and temperature dependence of the ZnSt crystallization in the filled ionomers was characterized by time-resolved SAXS experiments following a tempera- ture quench from the melt. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 3141-3150, 1999
A SAW filter for SSB waveform generation

Surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices are known to be capable of generating real-time Fourier transforms. This property has been successfully exploited in the past to enable implementation of so-called "transform domain filters" used primarily for interference rejection in spread spectrum communication systems. Filters designed in this manner have included programmable matched filters as well as adaptable notch filters. The same ideas, however, can be used to implement a filter in the Fourier domain which will allow simple and accurate generation of singlesideband (SSB) signals. This paper will describe in depth how the filtering technique works, and experimental results will be presented to demonstrate the procedure.
Evaluation of land-use and land-treatment practices in semi-arid western United States

There are about 81000000 hm 2 of arid to semi-arid rangeland in the 11 Western States of the United States. Much of this area was subjected to poor land-use practice in the early days of settlement resulting in deterioration of plant cover and severe erosion. Beginning in the 1930s land-treatment programmes were initiated to restore the range and control runoff and erosion. Results of investigations designed to evaluate the effects of land-use and land-treatment programmes are discussed. The types of practices considered are: (1) grazing control, (2) vegetation modification, (3) mechanical land treatments and (4) water spreaders. Grazing control alone reduced runoff by 30 % and sediment yield by 35 % in the Badger Wash basin of western Colorado. Vegetation conversion from shrubs to grass generally does not increase water yield, however, sediment yields are reduced as much as 14 times as shown by a controlled experiment at Boco Mountain in central Colorado. Of the many types of mechanical land treatments designed primarily to increase infiltration, the most effective is contour furrowing. Water spreading on valley floors by diverting flood flows increases forage production, reduces flood peaks and sediment loads to downstream areas. All treatment practices designed to improve plant cover, induce infiltration, or control flood flows will use water. Therefore, these practices must be evaluated with regard to their effect on water yield, which is often critical in semi-arid regions.
Estimating the Causal Effects of Media Coverage on Policy‐Specific Knowledge

Policy facts are among the most relevant forms of knowledge in a democracy. Although the mass media seem like an obvious source of policy-specific information, past research in this area has been plagued by design and methodological problems that have hindered causal inferences. Moreover, few studies include measures of media content, preventing researchers from being able to say what it is about media coverage that influences learning. We advance the literature by employing a simple but underutilized approach for estimating the causal effects of news coverage. Drawing upon a unique collection of cross-sectional survey data, we makewithin-survey/within-subjects comparisonsunder conditions of high and low media coverage. We show how the volume, breadth, and prominence of news media coverage increase policy-specific knowledge above and beyond common demographic factors.
Random Graphs and the Strong Convergence of Bootstrap Means

We consider graphs G n generated by multisets [Iscr ] n with n random integers as elements, such that vertices of G n are connected by edges if the elements of [Iscr ] n that the vertices represent are the same, and prove asymptotic results on the sparsity of edges connecting the different subgraphs G n of the random graph generated by ∪ ∞ n =1 [Iscr ] n . These results are of independent interest and, for two models of the bootstrap, we also use them here to link almost sure and complete convergence of the corresponding bootstrap means and averages of related randomly chosen subsequences of a sequence of independent and identically distributed random variables with a finite mean. Complete convergence of these means and averages is then characterized in terms of a relationship between a moment condition on the bootstrapped sequence and the bootstrap sample size. While we also obtain new sufficient conditions for the almost sure convergence of bootstrap means, the approach taken here yields the first necessary conditions.
Review: Use of Thermal, Diffraction, and Vibrational Analytical Methods to Determine Mechanisms of Solid Dispersion Stability

Formulations such as amorphous dispersions have been proposed to counter the ever present need to make drug products sufficiently soluble. However, a major concern with amorphous pharmaceuticals is physical instability, where the higher free-energy form will spontaneously revert to the more stable (and less soluble) crystalline form. Proposed mechanisms of amorphous pharmaceutical stabilization via solid dispersions are presented, as well as the analytical methods used to understand or monitor physical stability. This work focuses on differential scanning calorimetry, Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction, based on the general accessibility of these methods and abundant references in the pharmaceutical literature.
Effect of inactivation of nuo and ackA-pta on redistribution of metabolic fluxes in Escherichia coli.

The nuoA-N gene cluster encodes a transmembrane NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (NDH-I) responsible for coupling redox chemistry to proton-motive force generation. Interactions between nuo and the acetate-producing pathway encoded by ackA-pta were investigated by examining the metabolic patterns of several mutant strains under anaerobic growth conditions. In an ackA-pta strain, the flux to acetate was decreased dramatically, whereas flux to lactate was increased significantly when compared with its parent strain; the fluxes to pyruvate and ethanol also increased slightly. In addition, pyruvate was excreted. A strain carrying the nuo mutation showed metabolic flux distribution similar to the wild type. The ackA-pta-nuo strain showed a different metabolic pattern. It not only exhibited reduced acetate accumulation but also significantly lower ethanol and formate synthesis. Metabolic flux distribution analysis suggests that the excessive carbon flux was redirected at the pyruvate node through the lactate dehydrogenase pathway for lactate formation rather than the pyruvate formate-lyase (PFL) pathway for acetyl-CoA and formate production. The diminished capacity through the formate and ethanol (ADH) pathways was not the result of genetic disruption of functional PFL or ADH production. The introduction of a Bacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase gene returned formate, ethanol, and lactate levels to those of the wild type (ackA(+)pta(+)nuo(+)) strain. Furthermore, transfer of a lactate dehydrogenase mutation yielded a strain producing ethanol as the sole fermentation product. As confirmation of the nuo effect, cultures of the ackA-pta strain, supplemented with an NDH-I inhibitor, produced intermediary levels of flux to ethanol and formate. Mutations in both ackA-pta and nuo are required to significantly reduce the flux through the PFL pathway.
Etiology of rheumatoid arthritis

The major thesis of the proposed hypothesis is that in the absence of microbial material synovial macrophages in rheumatoid arthritis patients continue to release interleukin 1, which perpetuates the inflammation so characteristic of the disease. Its release is suggested to result from an altered synovial macrophage glutathione metabolism brought about by the action of interleukin 1 on host copper metabolism. Three anti-rheumatic drugs are suggested to act at different points in this pathogenic chain reaction. Alclofenac on interleukin 1, gold thiolates on copper-inhibited macrophage glutathione reductase, and D-penicillamine on IgC catabolism. Drawing upon the hypothesis some suggestions are made for drug design.
Covariance expressions for implicit estimators of kinetic parameters with dynamic PET

Kinetic parameter estimation with dynamic PET is used in several applications including but not limited to tumor and diabetes detection, neuroscience, and drug delivery. We can estimate the exchange rate constants of radioactive tracer between a region of interest and the blood using the time-activity-curves (TACs) acquired with PET. Although several methods have been developed for estimation, there has not been much study on the statistical properties such as the covariance of these estimators. Current studies are either based on time consuming numerical methods, or use the inverse of the Fisher information matrix as an asymptotic approximation to the covariance matrix. The covariance of the kinetic parameters is an important quantity that determines the reliability of the estimates. Since there is no closed-form for the estimates of the kinetic parameters from the measured TAC, we use the implicit function theorem and derive expressions for the covariance of these parameters. The results are verified by Monte Carlo simulations. The expressions derived are useful for example determining an acceptable minimum SNR value for a certain application, which directly has an effect on the count number and hence the dose level. Using our results, it will be possible to setup the dose level based on a desired accuracy of the kinetic parameters to be estimated.
Pharmacokinetic changes induced by vasomodulators in kidneys, livers, muscles, and implanted tumors in rats as measured by dynamic Gd‐DTPA‐enhanced MRI

The effects of three physiologically different vasomodulators, angiotensin II (a vasoconstrictor), hydralazine (a vasodilator), and histamine (a permeability modulator), on the pharmaco-kinetics of entry of small molecules (measured by Gd-DTPA concentration) into normal and abnormal tissue were studied in rats implanted with R3230 AC tumors. Sequential dynamic Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI studies, one before and one after vasomodulator administration, were performed, and the signal intensities of various tissues analyzed. Angiotensin II (6 micrograms/kg) reduced blood flow in tumors, but increased it in muscles. Hydralazine (5 mg/kg) reduced blood flow in tumors, kidneys, and livers, and slowed Gd-DTPA clearance from tumors, livers, and muscles. Histamine (25 micrograms/kg) increased renal blood flow, hastening Gd-DTPA clearance causing reduced measurable blood flow in tumors and muscles. By simultaneously monitoring the effects in various tissues, the pharmacokinetic effect of each drug in the entire body could be obtained.
Role of network topology in noise reduction using coupled dynamics

We study the usefulness of coupled redundancy as a mechanism for reduction in local noise in coupled map lattices and investigate the role of network topology, coupling strength, and iteration number in this mechanism. Explicit numerical simulations to measure noise reduction in coupled units connected in different topologies such as ring, star, small-world, random, and grid networks have been carried out. We study both symmetric and asymmetric networks. Linear stability analysis is presented to identify an optimal symmetric topology. The effect of rewiring is also investigated, and we find that dynamic links enhance the noise reduction capabilities.
Empirical Study of Face-to-Face, Hybrid, and Online Instructional Delivery of Computer Literacy Courses in 2 and 4 Year Colleges

Online and Hybrid Education are now a reality in most Colleges and Universities. And they span all levels, from undergraduate to graduate education. In this paper, we present our preliminary data and thoughts on the effectiveness of these alternative methods for teaching Computer Literacy courses in a 2 year and 4 year institutions.
Development of a diode-laser based diagnositic to monitor H2O in high-pressure environments

We report preliminary results in the development of a fixed-wavelength diodelaser absorption technique to monitor H2O in high-pressure environments. A wavelength pair (7185.58 and 7117.45 cm") that could be used to measure H2O molefraction and temperature simultaneously over a temperature range from 350 K to 1400 K and highpressures have been identified. InGaAsP diode lasers probing these wavelengths were used to simultaneously measure H2O molefraction and temperature in mixtures of H2O and N2 in a test cell at pressures up to 10 atm and temperatures up to 473 K. In developing a suitable model for absorption line shapes, as needed for quantitative absorption measurements, we observed that effects due to the finite duration of collisions resulted in breakdown of the Lorentz line shape. Lorentz line shapes corrected using the %-function due to Clough (1989) provided improved agreement of data recorded in the intermediate-wings of H2O lines. Line-mixing effects were found to be negligible for the wavelengths, pressures, and mixture compositions under consideration. We present a brief review of line shape theory and a road map of line shape models for neutral species to aid the choice of a suitable model for pressures and temperatures of interest in gasdynamic diagnostics development.
Scrutinizing the evidence linking hypokalemia and ileus: A commentary on fact and dogma

Low serum potassium has been linked to classic signs and symptoms including mental status changes, muscular dysfunction and paralysis, and cardiac arrhythmias. Frequently, it has been listed as a cause for paralytic ileus, and correcting electrolyte anomalies is one of the first steps in treatment of a patient with nonfunctioning bowels. However, our review of the literature does not support a clear causative link. Older studies cite potassium as one of the many factors to optimize to regain bowl function, while newer studies do not support hypokalemia as a cause of ileus. Current treatment of ileus supports focusing on reversal of the effect of opiates on the gut, while electrolyte therapeutic goals are directed to prevent complications outside of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. We review the cellular physiology and clinical data to elucidate the nature of the link between low potassium values and its impact on GI motility. Patients: Patients with hypokalemia and ileus. Intervention: Potassium repletion. Comparison: Patients with normal potassium values. Outcomes: Resolution of ileus. Population, intervention, comparator, and outcomes questions: Does low serum potassium cause intestinal ileus, and will correction of this deficit correct the intestinal paralysis?. The following core competencies are addressed in this article: Practice-based learning and improvement of medical knowledge. This article addresses the evidence linking hypokalemia and ileus to improve medical knowledge and enable physicians to put this evidence into practice.
Study on quality standard of Qufuzaisheng ointment

Objective: To establish the quality standard of Qufuzaisheng ointment for scientific evaluation and effective control quality.Methods: Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae were identified by TLC.The content of ligustilid was determined by HPLC.Diamonsil C18column(200 mm×4.6 mm,5 μm) was used and the mobile phase was a mixture of methanol-0.05% trifluoroacetic acid solution(58∶42),with column temperature at 30 ℃.The flow rate was 1.0 mL.min-1and the detection wavelength was 328 nm.Results: Radix Angelicae Sinensis and Radix Angelicae Dahuricae could be detected by TLC and the spots were clear and distinguished well.The linear curve of ligustilid was shown in the range of 0.040 6 – 2.03 μg(r = 0.999 8).The average recovery of ligustilid was 98.26%,RSD = 2.48%(n = 9).Conclusion: This method is simple,specific and accurate,it can be used for the qulity control of Qufuzaisheng ointment.
English Learners and Their Transition to Postsecondary Education

In this review, we aim to bridge the established scholarship on English Learners (ELs) in K-12 schooling with the comparatively emergent research in current higher education literature, to address how ELs navigate the transition from K-12 schooling to postsecondary education in the U.S. Our objectives are to: (1) advance terminology for describing these students in higher education, (2) provide an understanding of political and legal developments shaping their academic preparation in the K-12 system that have consequences for their success in higher education, (3) identify key themes in the literature on these students once they arrive in higher education, (4) highlight promising theoretical perspectives to guide future research, and (5) advance higher education policy and practice implications. Our primary findings are that precollege and college academic experiences, financial considerations, sociocultural experiences, and cultural and linguistic assets influence EL students’ transitions from high school to college. Based on these findings, we advance theoretical perspectives that emphasize: (1) addressing the multiple social and historical contexts that shape ELs’ educational trajectories, (2) taking into account the multiple social identities associated with EL status, (3) recognizing the resources that support these students (including the assets they bring to education), and (4) challenging deficit ways of framing EL students.
HABITAT: THE CONFERENCE ON HUMAN SETTLEMENTS

This chapter presents an insight on the working and decisions taken during the conference on human settlements. Longer in the planning than most world meetings, Habitat brought to fruition two years of complex interdisciplinary study and preparation. It was the first time a global view had been attempted of the ways humans live, rich and poor, in city and country, from mountain tops to deserts, from the vast savannas to the seas. It addressed itself both to the challenge of the future and the pain of the present. During their two-week meeting, these representatives of 131 countries drew up a blueprint for national and international action to improve the living places of people throughout the world. Habitat introduced an electronic innovation into the conference proceedings—the audio–visual statement. A total of 236 film and slide presentations were prepared by 123 countries and 13 organizations especially for the conference.
Postpartum Psychosis: Madness, Mania, and Melancholia in Motherhood

Objective:Psychosis or mania after childbirth is a psychiatric emergency with risk for suicide and infanticide.Method:The authors reviewed the epidemiologic and genetic research and physiological postpartum triggers (endocrine, immunological, circadian) of psychosis. They also summarized all systematic reviews and synthesized the sparse clinical studies to provide diagnostic recommendations, treatment options, and strategies for prevention.Results:The incidence of first-lifetime onset postpartum psychosis/mania from population-based register studies of psychiatric admissions varies from 0.25 to 0.6 per 1,000 births. After an incipient episode, 20%−50% of women have isolated postpartum psychosis. The remaining women have episodes outside the perinatal period, usually within the bipolar spectrum. Presumably, the mechanism of onset is related to physiological changes after birth (e.g., hormonal, immunological, circadian), which precipitate disease in genetically vulnerable women. Some women have treatable ca...
In situ observation of fracture processes in high-strength concretes and limestone using high-speed X-ray phase-contrast imaging

The mechanical properties and fracture mechanisms of geomaterials and construction materials such as concrete are reported to be dependent on the loading rates. However, the in situ cracking inside...
An automated microfluidic assay for the detection of cancer biomarkers in serum using photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence

An automated microfluidic photonic crystal enhanced fluorescence (PCEF) assay platform was recently reported for the multiplexed detection of cytokines spiked into phosphate buffered saline. In this work, we apply the aforementioned platform for cancer biomarker detection in human serum. Detection and control proteins were printed in a microarray format onto the surface of a photonic crystal designed to enhance the signal of fluorophores in the excitation and emission range of Cyanine 5 dye and similar alternatives. Fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assays (FLISAs) were performed, and a dose-response curve was obtained for human serum spiked with anti-E7 antibody, a known biomarker for human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated oropharyngeal cancer (OPC). Further, clinical samples of 20 OPC patients and 20 healthy controls were also tested using the PCEF platform, and the results were compared to those of the gold standard enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Based on the results of a single trial of forty clinical samples, the sensitivity and specificity of the automated PCEF assay for anti-E7 is 75% and 65%, respectively, compared to 56% and 95% for ELISA.
Truth versus truthiness in clinical data

The appropriate analysis and interpretation of clinical data requires an understanding of real-world issues pertaining to the environment in which data is collected, the varying purposes for which it is used, and highly heterogeneous issues related to the patient and the clinical provider. This talk will provide an overview of many of these real-world issues, how they may impact the analytic findings and how you may incorporate knowledge of these issues to perform better analytics.
Evaluation of the contribution of the transmembrane region to the ectodomain conformation of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) envelope glycoprotein (Env), a Type 1 transmembrane protein, assembles into a trimeric spike complex that mediates virus entry into host cells. The high potential energy of the metastable, unliganded Env trimer is maintained by multiple non-covalent contacts among the gp120 exterior and gp41 transmembrane Env subunits. Structural studies suggest that the gp41 transmembrane region forms a left-handed coiled coil that contributes to the Env trimer interprotomer contacts. Here we evaluate the contribution of the gp41 transmembrane region to the folding and stability of Env trimers. Multiple polar/charged amino acid residues, which hypothetically disrupt the stop-transfer signal, were introduced in the proposed lipid-interactive face of the transmembrane coiled coil, allowing release of soluble cleavage-negative Envs containing the modified transmembrane region (TMmod). We also examined effects of cleavage, the cytoplasmic tail and a C-terminal fibritin trimerization (FT) motif on oligomerization, antigenicity and functionality of soluble and membrane-bound Envs. The introduction of polar/charged amino acids into the transmembrane region resulted in the secretion of soluble Envs from the cell. However, these TMmod Envs primarily formed dimers. By contrast, control cleavage-negative sgp140 Envs lacking the transmembrane region formed soluble trimers, dimers and monomers. TMmod and sgp140 trimers were stabilized by the addition of a C-terminal FT sequence, but still exhibited carbohydrate and antigenic signatures of a flexible ectodomain structure. On the other hand, detergent-solubilized cleaved and uncleaved Envs isolated from the membranes of expressing cells exhibited "tighter” ectodomain structures, based on carbohydrate modifications. These trimers were found to be unstable in detergent solutions, but could be stabilized by the addition of a C-terminal FT moiety. The C-terminal FT domain decreased Env cleavage and syncytium-forming ability by approximately three-fold; alteration of the FT trimerization interface restored Env cleavage and syncytium formation to near-wild-type levels. The modified transmembrane region was not conducive to trimerization of soluble Envs. However, for HIV-1 Env ectodomains that are minimally modified, membrane-anchored Envs exhibit the most native structures and can be stabilized by appropriately positioned FT domains.
Introduction: Philologist, Heal Thy Text

To the classical scholar, unlike the ancient physician, time is the enemy, for time—far too much of it—has afflicted the documentary record of antiquity with all manner of ills. Indeed, the metaphor of disease pervades the language of textual criticism: one speaks of the “corruption” that texts suffer in the course of their transmission, even as the purity of one textual form is “contaminated” or “infected” by defects from another. In the words of a distinguished guide to classical scholarship.
NONLOCAL MODELS OF SHEAR BANDING

Shear band formation is caused by the heat generated in regions with the highest strain rate. With insufficient time for diffusion of this heat, a localized thermal softening of the metal occurs which enhances plastic flow in a thin zone. This localization of plastic strain into an adiabatic shear band during rapid plastic shear shares some interesting similarities with combustion ignition problems for chemically reactive systems.
Converging Pyramids of Arrays

This chapter discusses architectures that could be achieved for large arrays of processors that stack successively smaller arrays into pyramids or cones. Traditional two-dimensional arrays link each processor to its four, six, or eight nearest neighbors in the plane. Stacked arrays also link processors to the two nearest neighbors in the third dimension. Converging stacked arrays link processors to one parent processor in the inward direction and to a sub-array of offspring processors in the outward direction. A converging multilayered pyramid of arrays and networks offers, potentially, a well-structured two-dimensional pipeline for processing problems that involve near-neighbor computations and a regular reduction and convergence of data. A number of programs for pattern recognition, scene analysis and description, and other visual perception tasks, as well as many programs for database management, artificial intelligence, and numerical problems appear to have such a structure.
Model-based studies of autonomic and metabolic dysfunction in sleep apnea.

Obesity and insulin resistance are highly prevalent in subjects diagnosed with sleep apnea. One factor common to obesity, sleep and insulin resistance is autonomic nervous system dysfunction, in particular, sympathetic overactivity. Although the causal links among these factors are not well understood, it is likely that the vicious cycle of interplay among these factors predisposes to the emergence of “metabolic syndrome”, a convergence of obesity, hypertension, insulin resistance and dyslipidemia that is appearing in epidemic proportions in the United States and other countries. This chapter provides an overview of the ongoing experimental and modeling studies in my laboratory aimed at elucidating and quantifying the relationships among autonomic dysfunction, insulin resistance and severity of sleep apnea in overweight subjects. These studies employ a “minimal modeling” approach to extract information characterizing autonomic function from noninvasive cardiorespiratory measurements. We subsequently determine the relationship of these model parameters to the parameters estimated from the Bergman minimal insulin-glucose model using data obtained from the frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test performed on the same individuals.
Twins versus singleton pregnancies: outcomes in small for gestational age late preterm deliveries

AbstractBackground: Compared to singleton pregnancies, small for gestational age (SGA) and twin gestations experience adverse maternal and neonatal outcomes. Specific data regarding outcomes in lat...
Adult-Onset Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis With a 30-Year Latent Period

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a rare progressive neuroinfectious disease due to a late complication of the measles virus. The hallmark clinical features of this disease include behavioral changes, myoclonus, dementia, visual disturbances, and pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs. The presence of characteristic high-amplitude periodic complexes on electroencephalography and raised antibody titers against measles in the cerebrospinal fluid help solidify the diagnosis. We present a case of a 40-year-old patient with SSPE who initially developed ophthalmologic manifestations 30 years after the primary measles infection. This case highlights both typical and atypical features of SSPE and provides a diagnostic framework for evaluating cases that fall outside of the standard scope of this disease.
Alcohol policies and alcohol-attributable cancer mortality in U.S. States.

Abstract Background Although more restrictive alcohol control policies (e.g., higher alcohol taxes) are related to lower levels of alcohol consumption, little is known about the relationship between alcohol policies and rates of alcohol-attributable cancer. Methods State alcohol policy restrictiveness, as measured by a validated policy scale, were related to state rates of six alcohol attributable cancers in the U.S. from 2006 to 2010 in a lagged, cross-sectional linear regression that controlled for a variety of state-level factors. Cancer mortality rates were from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention's Alcohol-Related Disease Impact application, which uses population-attributable fraction methodology to calculate mortality from cancers of the esophagus, larynx, liver, oropharynx, prostate (male only) and breast (female only). Results More restrictive state alcohol policies were associated with lower cancer mortality rates for the six cancer types overall (beta [β] −0.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.59, −0.07), and among men (β −0.45; 95% CI -0.81, −0.10) and women (β −0.21; 95% CI -0.40, −0.02). A 10% increase in the restrictiveness of alcohol policies (based on the mean APS among states) was associated with an 8.5% decrease in rates of combined alcohol-attributable cancers. In all analyses stratified by cancer subtype and sex, the associations were in the hypothesized direction (i.e., more restrictive state policy environments were associated with lower rates of alcohol-attributable cancers), with the exception of laryngeal cancer among women. Conclusion Strengthening alcohol policies is a promising prevention strategy for alcohol-related cancer.
Case- and form-sensitive letter frequencies in children’s picture books

Abstract Letter knowledge is a critical preliteracy skill that is essential for school readiness. Interventions designed to develop children's letter knowledge have been based on caregivers’ and teachers’ picture book reading. Despite the importance of picture books for developing children's letter knowledge, there are no published norms of letter frequencies for picture books. To create case-sensitive letter frequencies for children's picture books, we analyzed a corpus of 100 picture books containing 68,741 words made up of 264,063 lowercase and 14,134 uppercase letters. Analyzing the corpus, we determined that letter frequencies varied by letter and case (p
Choice of Entity Under the TCJA: Tax and Financial Aid Implications

This article focuses on the actual individual and business income tax liabilities that would be imposed on business owners in three case simulations. This research evaluates the effect of business entity choice under the TCJA when considering a financial goal that is relevant for many taxpayers and small business owners: funding college education. The simulations show the income and payroll tax consequences associated with business entity choice along with the effect on college financial aid eligibility. We analyze how the tax code and financial aid regulations interact and identify planning opportunities and variables that can help small business owners achieve their college funding and tax planning goals in the most financially efficient manner.
Usefulness of Antiplatelet Therapy After Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation

The rationale for dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is to facilitate endothelialization of metallic struts of the transcatheter heart valve and to prevent thrombosis that could lead to thromboembolic events. Based on expert consensus, current societal guidelines recommend DAPT for 1 to 6 months after TAVI with weak evidence. Although the pivotal TAVI trials mandated this regimen, the evidence for the efficacy of DAPT to prevent transcatheter heart valve thrombosis is limited to 3 small trials and a handful of observational studies. Multiple coronary trials have demonstrated that DAPT is associated with increased bleeding in comparison with single antiplatelet therapy, especially in elderly patients. TAVI patients are predominantly elderly and frequently have risk factors that predispose them to bleeding. Herein, we summarize the evidence for antiplatelet therapy after TAVI and explore the theoretical benefit of DAPT to prevent thromboembolic events versus the risk of increased bleeding.
Catalytic carbon-carbon bond cleavage and carbon-element bond formation give new life for polyolefins as biodegradable surfactants

Summary Catalytic methods that introduce functional groups via carbon–carbon bond cleavage steps have typically been limited to moieties activated by strain or by directing groups, with few transformations engaging the bonds of only sp 3 -hybridized carbon atoms in saturated hydrocarbons. Here, we report the conversion of catenated carbon chains in polyolefins, which currently represent >50% of discarded plastics, into shorter aliphatic alkylaluminum species via a sequence of zirconation via C–H bond activation, β-alkyl elimination for carbon–carbon bond cleavage, and heterobimetallic alkyl group exchange for carbon–aluminum bond formation. The versatility of aliphatic alkylaluminum species is exemplified by their subsequent conversion into high-value fatty acids or alcohols, which have applications as biodegradable surfactants and detergents. A technoeconomic analysis indicates that fatty alcohols produced from discarded polyolefins are cost competitive with conventional syntheses. Thus, this process could ameliorate economic and environmental challenges of the plastic-waste crisis.
Bile Acids, Direct Bilirubin and Gamma-glutamyltransferase as Prognostic Indicators for Horses with Liver Disease in the Eastern United States: 82 Cases (1997-2019).

Abstract Serum biochemistry results and presence of fibrosis on liver biopsies are frequently used as prognostic indicators in horses with liver dysfunction. The objective of this retrospective multicenter study was to determine if the magnitude of abnormal liver specific biochemical tests such as bile acids (BA), direct bilirubin and gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), or the presence of fibrosis reported on liver biopsies was associated with prognosis in horses with liver dysfunction. Eighty-two horses older than one year, examined at four referral hospitals in the eastern United States, with BA values greater than 30 µmol/L and having 6-months or more follow-up were included in the study. The association of the maximal BA, GGT and direct bilirubin values of each horse with survival was determined by logistic regression analysis. The presence or absence of fibrosis (non-quantitated) on a liver biopsy was compared between survivors and non-survivors by chi square test. The degree of increase in BA concentration and GGT activity was not related to outcome (OR 0.9999, 95% CI 0.9923 – 1.007, P = 0.97, and OR 1.0, 95% CI 0.9997 – 1.001, P = 0.31 respectively). Direct bilirubin concentration was positively associated with non-survival (OR 1.95, 95% CI 1.34-3.19, P = 0.0023). The presence of fibrosis was not associated with outcome (P = 0.37). These findings suggest that the magnitude of GGT and BA values or the mere presence of fibrosis on liver histopathology should not be used as prognostic indicators. In this study, direct bilirubin values were a better predictor of outcome.