cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fatigue analysis of overhead sign support structures

Abstract Sign structures stand along highways and roadways to guide motorists to their destination. Such structures are repeatedly subjected to natural wind load and gusts from vehicles passing underneath. Over time, the members within the structure may begin to succumb to fatigue due to cyclical loading. In this paper an algorithm to determine the fatigue life of an overhead four-chord truss sign structure is presented. The algorithm includes a time varying natural wind loading and a finite element model. The stress history of selected critical elements is extracted from the model’s solution. Complete stress ranges are counted and a linear damage accumulation method is used to find the fatigue life of some critical members. The fatigue life analysis is carried out by simulating pristine condition and three different damage scenarios.
The radius of gyration of native and reductively methylated myosin subfragment-1 from neutron scattering.

Reductive methylation of nearly all lysine groups of myosin subfragment-1 (S1) was required for crystallization and solution of its structure at atomic resolution. Possible effects of such methylation on the radius of gyration of chicken skeletal muscle myosin S1 have been investigated by using small-angle neutron scattering. In addition, we have investigated the effect of MgADP.Vi, which is thought to produce an analog of the S1.ADP.Pi state, on the S1 radius of gyration. We find that although methylation of S1, with or without SO42- ion addition, does not significantly alter the structure, addition of ADP plus vanadate does decrease the radius of gyration significantly. The S1 crystal structure predicts a radius of gyration close to that measured here by neutron scattering. These results suggest that the overall shape by crystallography resembles nucleotide-free S1 in solution. In order to estimate the effect of residues missing from the crystal structure, the structure of missing loops was estimated by secondary-structure prediction methods. Calculations using the complete crystal structure show that a simple closure of the nucleotide cleft by a rigid-body torsional rotation of residues (172–180 to 670) around an axis running along the base of the cleft alone does not produce changes as large as seen here and in x-ray scattering results. On the other hand, a rigid body rotation of either the light-chain binding domain (767 to 843 plus light chains) or of a portion of 20-kDa peptide plus this domain (706 to 843 plus light chains) is more readily capable of producing such changes.
Forty Years of Silica Simulations. Which Way Now

Ten years after Aneesur Rahman’s seminal 1964 paper on simulating liquid argon using computer simulations of atoms interacting with continuous potentials, Woodcock and Singer published the first study of ionic liquids using the same classical mechanical approach. With tongue-in-cheek, Woodcock and Angell with student Cheeseman then studied SiO2 in a simple ionic model using Tosi-Fumi type potentials and were surprised by the degree of similarity to the unusual properties of the “real” silica, liquid, and glassy, they were able to obtain. Since that time, many advances have been made and the field of ionic liquids now embraces geochemical in addition to complex inorganic glass systems. Now it seems that some “silica” models may exhibit water-like second critical points, and then liquid‐liquid transitions, and so may serve as new model liquids for liquid polyamorphism studies. Current studies using the realistic van Beest-Kramer-van Santen(BKS) and the simpler Woodcock-Angell-Cheeseman(WAC) potential models will be described. We provide background on silica’s role as a “strong” liquid, and on the criterion for ergodicity breaking which requires the relation Qds/dT ! 1 to hold at the hysteresis peak Tp (coincides with three common definitions of Tg).
Selection of vehicle routing heuristic using neural networks

Abstract Due to its combinatorial structure, the vehicle routing problem has been attacked by many heuristic solution approaches. Given the large number of available heuristics, selecting the best heuristic for a particular problem poses its own kind of difficulty. This study uses a simple neural network approach to select the best heuristic for a VRP instance according to its basic characteristics. The approach has been trained and tested on a large test bed which covers problems with a wide variety of characteristics. It was also tested on a set of benchmark problems from the literature. For these problems, a simple procedure was used to extract the problem characteristics from the problem data. Statistical analysis reveals that the performance of each heuristic is affected differently by the problem characteristics. Neural network results for both test sets show that our approach is capable of selecting the best algorithm for a given VRP instance.
An algorithm for line intersection identification

Abstract An algorithm for identifying line intersection is presented.(1) The algorithm has been implemented on a microprocessor system for evaluation of the complexity of nerve structures. Data is entered by use of a sonic pen digitizing tablet. The tablet permits tracing a projected image and entering the positional data into the microprocessor program.
Peripheral platelet count correlates with liver atrophy and predicts long-term mortality on the liver transplant waiting list

Several studies have shown a direct role of liver atrophy in the pathogenesis of thrombocytopenia of cirrhosis via reduced production of thrombopoeitin. About 181 patients listed for liver transplantation at a single transplant center were evaluated at the time of listing with laboratory tests and volumetric liver measurements using computed tomography. Expected normal liver volume was calculated using the Heinemann formula. Liver volume ratio (LVR) was calculated as actual liver volume over expected liver volume. Patients were predominantly male (70.7%), with viral hepatitis (60.2%), had a mean age of 51.8 years (SD 8.7), model for end stage liver disease (MELD) of 14 (SD 6.4), LVR of 0.95 (SD 0.3), and platelet count of 105,000/mcL (SD 66,000). Platelet count (P < 0.0001) correlated more strongly with LVR than MELD, MELD components (P = 0.27) or serum albumin (P = 0.003). Platelet count (HR 0.987, 95% CI 0.979-0.994, P = 0.001) was a strong independent predictor of mortality. Patients with platelet count < 100,000/mcL had a shorter survival (935 vs. 1396 days, P = 0.002) and higher death rate (42.2% vs. 23.6%, P = 0.01), but no different transplantation rate (36.7% vs. 33.3%, P = 0.64) compared to those with platelet count ≥ 100,000/mcL. Low platelet count corresponds to higher waiting list mortality and is a sign of advanced liver atrophy.
Cadmium, lead, and copper blood levels in normal children.

Cadmium, lead, and copper levels were measured in duplicate whole blood samples from 60 apparently normal children, ranging in age from 2 months to 13 years, who were hospitalized for elective surgery. Metals were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy after the samples were chemically oxidized and digested. Cadmium was concentrated by dithizone extraction before analysis. Blood cadmium averaged 0.66 mug/100 gm, with a standard deviation of 0.25. No samples had cadmium concentrations less than could be detectable. The average concentration of lead was 15.7 mug/100 gm with a standard deviation of 6.33. Copper averaged 123 mug/100 gm with a standard deviation of 35.5. Tolerance intervals were calculated for each metal in order to estimate the bounds of whole blood metal values in normal children. The intervals containing 95% of normal values with a probability of .95 were 0.22-1.70 mug Cd/100 gm, 0.87-30.5 mug Pb/100 gm, and 40.0-206 mug Cu/100 gm.
A PARADOXICAL RESPONSE TO METHYLPHENIDATE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (MBD) IN DEVELOPING RAT PUPS

A PARADOXICAL RESPONSE TO METHYLPHENIDATE IN AN EXPERIMENTAL MODEL OF MINIMAL BRAIN DYSFUNCTION (MBD) IN DEVELOPING RAT PUPS
Fluid flow shear stress stimulates human osteoblast proliferation and differentiation through multiple interacting and competing signal transduction pathways

This study sought to assess the role of several signaling pathways in the fluid flow shear stress-induced proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblasts. We evaluated the effects of an effective dose of selective inhibitors of the extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) pathway (PD98059 and U0126), the nitric oxide synthase pathway (N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester), the cyclo-oxygenase pathway (indomethacin), or the Gi/o pathway (pertussis toxin [PTX]) on the flow-mediated effects. A 30-min steady flow shear stress at 20 dynes/cm(2) increased significantly [(3)H]thymidine incorporation (an indicator of proliferation), alkaline phosphatase activity (an index of osteoblast differentiation), phosphorylation of ERK, and expression of integrin beta1. PD98059, U0126, and N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester completely blocked the shear stress-induced increases in ERK phosphorylation, [(3)H]thymidine incorporation, and alkaline phosphatase, but without an effect on integrin beta1 expression, indicating that the ERK and nitric oxide synthase pathways are essential for the shear stress-induced proliferation and differentiation of normal human osteoblasts and that each involves ERK activation but not integrin beta1 upregulation. Indomethacin blocked the shear stress-induced osteoblast proliferation and differentiation and integrin beta1 upregulation but not ERK activation, suggesting that the cyclo-oxygenase pathway (i.e., prostacyclin and/or prostaglandin E(2)) mediates the shear stress-induced osteoblast proliferation in an ERK-independent manner. In contrast, PTX completely blocked the flow-induced increase in integrin beta1 expression but had no effect on the increase in the ERK phosphorylation or [(3)H]thymidine incorporation. PTX not only did not inhibit but also significantly enhanced the stimulatory effect of shear stress on alkaline phosphatase activity, suggesting that a PTX-sensitive signaling pathway may have an inhibitory role in osteoblast differentiation. In summary, this study shows, for the first time, that the signal transduction mechanism of shear stress in osteoblasts is complex and involves multiple ERK-dependent and independent pathways, and provides circumstantial evidence that there may be a PTX-sensitive pathway that has completing effects with an unknown pathway on the differentiation of normal human osteoblasts.
Sodium at Europa

Abstract The observations of atomic sodium in Europa's atmosphere (M. E. Brown and R. E. Hill 1996, Nature380, 229–231, and an analytic model for the sputter-produced corona are used to estimate the Na loss rate from Europa. This loss rate appears to be larger than the rate of implantation of Iogenic Na into Europa's surface when the local deflection of the incident ions is accounted for. Therefore, Europa's surface, like that of the Moon, Mercury, and Io, may be a net source of Na. The required surface sputtering rate, derived for radiation-induced decomposition of hydrated minerals and for sputtering of Na in ice, is used to estimate the average Na concentration in Europa's surface.
An experimental study of the effect of hardening on plastic deformation at notch tips in metallic single crystals

Abstract Experiments to measure the effect of hardening on the plastic deformation field near a notch tip in metallic single crystals were conducted. The specimens were cut from pure Cu and a CuBe alloy (with 1.8–2.0 wt% Be) FCC single crystals. The Cu–2.0wt%Be alloy was selected because its initial hardness and rate of hardening can be modified by heat treatment. The Vickers hardness of the specimens ranged from 87 to 353 kg/mm 2 , while the hardening exponents ranged between 10 and 4.5. The experimental results were compared to analytical and numerical solutions from the literature. This comparison shows that the inclusion of elastic regions in the analytical solutions and anisotropic hardening in the numerical solutions results in better agreement with the experiments.
Effects of pH, Formulations and Additives on the Hydrogen Sulfide Content of Cooked Egg Mixtures

The H2S contents of cooked whole egg and albumen mixtures were highest from samples with pH around 7.5 and 7.0, respectively. The highest H2S content was obtained for the cooked mixture containing a natural yolk to albumen ratio. The alteration of yolk to albumen ratio resulted in an alteration of pH for the mixtures and decreased the H2S content of the cooked products. The addition of acetic acid, citric acid, Na2EDTA, and polyphosphates at 0.1% or malic acid, monosodium phosphate, sorbic acid, succinic acid, and tartaric acid at 0.5% to the raw mixture reduced the H2S content of the cooked samples.
The Peer Preference Test as a measure of reward value: item analysis, cross-validation, concurrent validation, and replication.

Thirty-six preschoolers were administered and retested on a 15-item Peer Preference Test designed to measure the reward value of peers for each child. Test-retest reliability was .88, and after item analyses, 12 items were maintained in the test. The revised test was then administered to 29 other preschoolers. Test-retest reliability was. 77, and item analyses indicated that each item made a significant contribution to the overall test. Concurrent validation of the test was demonstrated using both a picture sociometric and a behavioral measure. In addition, the Evers-Pasquale and Sherman (1975) study was replicated, using 10 preschool social isolates.
Effects of hyperglycemia on the time course of changes in energy metabolism and pH during global cerebral ischemia and reperfusion in rats: correlation of 1H and 31P NMR spectroscopy with fatty acid and excitatory amino acid levels.

The effects of hyperglycemia on the time course of changes in cerebral energy metabolite concentrations and intracellular pH were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in rats subjected to temporary complete brain ischemia. Interleaved 31P and 1H NMR spectra were obtained every 5 min before, during, and for 2 h after a 30-min bilateral carotid occlusion preceded by permanent occlusion of the basilar artery. The findings were compared with free fatty acid and excitatory amino acid levels as well as with cations and water content in funnel-frozen brain specimens. One hour before occlusion, nine rats received 50% glucose (12 ml/kg i.p.) and five received 7% saline (12 ml/kg i.p.). Before ischemia, there were no differences in cerebral metabolite levels or pH between hyperglycemic rats and controls. During the carotid occlusion, the lactate/N-acetylaspartate (Lac/NAA) peak ratio was higher (0.73–1.48 vs. 0.56–0.82; p < 0.05) and pH was lower (<6.0 vs. 6.45 ± 0.05; p < 0.05) in the hypergly...
Continuity planning for nonprofits

Many nonprofits assist in emergency response and disaster relief to alleviate human suffering. In order to enhance those efforts and the maintenance of routine nonprofit operations, this article introduces the concept of continuity planning. Continuity planning does not focus on specific risks, such as floods or hurricanes, but on the maintenance of critical operational processes despite natural, anthropogenic, or technological interruptions. Continuity planning has yet to be widely applied within the nonprofit sector, primarily due to a lack of fiscal or personnel resources. This article explores several continuity-planning options for nonprofits and provides a brief explanation of the process.
Two scalable location service protocols for wireless ad hoc networks

Abstract We present two location service protocols, viz., the hierarchical location service protocol and the on-demand location service protocol, to track the position of mobile nodes in a wireless ad hoc network. The hierarchical location service uses a location-based hierarchy to maintain the location of nodes in the network, whereas the on-demand location service uses a unicast-based network probing, unlike flooding, to obtain the position of a node on-demand. In the unicast-based network probing, a location query for a node is unicast to nodes that are closer to a few fixed positions in the network. For a given network size, the number of such positions remains constant. Both the location service protocols use a heuristic greedy forwarding protocol, called the angular routing protocol, to circumvent dead ends, and to route packets beyond one hop. We use a theoretical framework to show that both the location service protocols are asymptotically scalable with respect to the number of nodes in the network. Further, we present results from an extensive simulation study comparing the performance of the proposed on-demand location service protocol with LAR1 and a combination of GPSR-GLS. Simulations show that the on-demand location service along with angular routing protocol outperforms the LAR1 and GPSR-GLS protocol in terms of control overhead, percentage of packets delivered, and average hop count, for various network scenarios.
The Sensitivity of a Numerically Simulated Idealized Squall Line to the Vertical Distribution of Aerosols

AbstractChanges in the aerosol number concentration are reflected by changes in raindrop size and number concentration that ultimately affect the strength of cold pools via evaporation. Therefore, aerosol perturbations can potentially alter the balance between cold pool–induced and low-level wind shear–induced circulations. In the present work, simulations with increased aerosol loadings below approximately 3 km, between approximately 3 and 10 km, and at all vertical levels are performed to specifically address both the overall sensitivity of a squall line to the vertical distribution of aerosols and the extent to which low-level aerosols can affect the convective strength of the system. The results suggest that low-level aerosol perturbations have a negligible effect on the overall storm strength even though they act to enhance low-level latent heating rates. A tracer analysis shows that the low-level aerosols are either predominantly detrained at or below the freezing level or are rapidly lifted to the ...
Interim PET-CT in the management of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

Once the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma has been established, physicians and patients would like to know if a given treatment regimen is likely to succeed—if the patient can be cured or if at least a durable remission is achievable. This desire has lead to efforts to use interim positron emission tomography (PET) scanning as part of risk-adapted therapeutic clinical trials. In general, these studies use a variable number of doxorubicin-based induction cycles with rituximab, followed by the interim PET. If the test is negative, treatment is continued, but if it is positive, therapy is changed to treatment that concludes with autologous stem cell transplantation. Results of studies for interim PET have yielded mixed and confusing results, with high negative predictive value but positive predictive value ranging from 20%-80%. To use interim PET scanning effectively, clinicians need simple (positive or negative) criteria that are easy to interpret, reproducible, and have a high positive and negative predictive value so that we can be certain that by not changing therapy if the test is positive, we are not doing the patient a disservice.
Metabolic changes accompanying the ingestion of particulate matter by cells.

T HE WORK to be described in this paper was undertaken as part of a biochemical study of the host-parasite relationship, and might perhaps be considered more germane to a symposium On infectious disease, since the mammalian cells under investigation are leukocytes, and the process studied is phagocytosis. However, if one considers the fact that the engulfment of particulate matter has long been recognized as an important nutritional function, especially in primitive amoeboid organisms, our observations assume relevance in a programn devoted to the mechanisms of absorption. The questions investigated are the following:
BAYESIAN ESTIMATION OF PROPORTIONS WITH A CROSS-ENTROPY PRIOR

This paper suggests estimators of the frequencies (N8) or proportions {N8/N) of N distinguishable objects contained in S categories; given various types of information, We consider information in the form of exact constraints on the N8, sample frequencies, and frequencies of related data, The analysis uses Bayesian methods, where the prior distribution is assumed to be a function of the cross-entropy between the N8 and a reference distribution, We show the relationship between our estimator and the log-linear and logit models and also present a sampling experiment to compare our proposed estimator with the iterated proportional fitting estimator.
Endobronchial Necrobiotic Nodule Antedating Rheumatoid Arthritis

We describe the previously unreported occurrence of an endobronchial rheumatoid necrobiotic nodule. This obstructing lesion of the left mainstem bronchus mimicked bronchogenic carcinoma and antedated clinically apparent seronegative rheumatoid arthritis by seven years.
Mass Spectrometry Methods for Metabolic and Health Assessment

Beginning in the mid 1960s, mass spectrometry was introduced in a few academic laboratories for the analysis of organic acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Since then, multiple-stage mass spectrometers have become available and many new applications have been developed. Major advantages of these new techniques include their ability to rapidly determine many different compounds in complex biological matrices with high sensitivity and in sample volumes of usually < 100 microL. A high sample throughput is further realized because extensive sample preparations are often not necessary. However, because the technical know-how is not yet widely available and significant experience is required for correct interpretation of results, these methods are being implemented slowly in routine clinical laboratories as opposed to research laboratories. Several of these new applications are considered with regard to clinical medicine.
The synergistic effect of nisin and lactoferrin on the inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7

Aims: The goal of this study was to determine whether nisin and lactoferrin would act synergistically to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes and Escherichia coli O157:H7. Methods and Results: Lactoferrin and nisin separately or in combination were suspended in peptone yeast glucose broth and following inoculation with L. monocytogenes or E. coli O157:H7 growth inhibition of each pathogen was determined. At 1000 l gm l )1 lactoferrin L. monocytogenes was effectively inhibited. However, E. coli O157:H7 initially was inhibited and then grew to cell density similar to the control. A combination of 500 l gm l )1 of lactoferrin and 250 IU ml )1 of nisin effectively inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7, whereas, 250 l gm l )1 of lactoferrin and 10 IU ml )1 of nisin were inhibitory to L. monocytogenes. Conclusions: The results suggest that lactoferrin and nisin act synergistically to inhibit the growth of L. monocytogenes and E. coli O157:H7. Significance and Impact of the Study: Natural preservatives that are active against gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens are desirable to the food industry and consumers. This study demonstrates that lactoferrin and nisin work synergistically reducing the levels required independently inhibiting growth of two major foodborne pathogens. Previous reported results indicated a low level of antimicrobial activity; however, this work was not performed in low divalent cation concentration media. It has been suggested that nondivalent cation-limiting medium such as trypticase soy broth (TSB), can reduce or completely eliminate the inhibitory activity. Further knowledge of these interactions can increase the understanding of the antimicrobial activity of lactoferrin. This should make the use of these compounds by industry more attractive.
Kevin A. O'Brien. The South African Intelligence Services: From Apartheid to Democracy, 1948–2005.

This book breaks new ground by offering a look at post-colonial debates about race and intelligence gathering, and an examination of the transformation of intelligence services from “White” bureauc...
School context, achievement motivation, and academic engagement: A longitudinal study of school engagement using a multidimensional perspective

This longitudinal study adopts a multidimensional perspective to examine the relationships between middle school students’ perceptions of the school environment (structure support, provision of choice, teaching for relevance, teacher and peer emotional support), achievement motivation (academic selfconcept and subjective task value), and school engagement (behavioral, emotional, and cognitive engagement). Participants were from an ethnically diverse, urban sample of 1157 adolescents. The findings indicated that student perceptions of distinct aspects of the school environment contributed differentially to the three types of school engagement. In addition, these associations were fully or partially mediated by achievement motivation. Specifically, student perceptions of the school environment influenced their achievement motivation and in turn influenced all three types of school engagement, although in different ways. Moderation effects of gender, ethnicity, and academic ability were also discussed.
COMPUTATION OF THIN FEATURES OVER LONG DISTANCES USING SOLITARY WAVES

Many features of high Reynolds number flows are thin and have at least one dimension that is small. These include shocks, boundary layers, free shear layers, interfaces between different fluids and short acoustic pulses. In many flows the internal structure of these features may not significantly affect the overall outer solution. We describe a simple method to efficiently solve for these flows which involves treating the features as "solitary waves". These involve functions which are defined only on a fixed Eulerian computational grid and which obey a non-linear discrete evolution equation, such that their internal structure remains fixed and thin - confined to a region about the feature only 2-4 grid cells wide, over arbitrarily long times or distances. These solitary waves represent the feature, which may be much thinner than a grid cell, and carry only minimal information about it such as an integral and the centroid location at each point along the feature. Solitary waves have been applied to represent convecting vortices, boundary layers on surfaces in a non-body-fitted cartesian grid, fluid interfaces and acoustic pulses. They can 'be symmetric about the feature as for concentrated vortex sheets, or they can pass through each other, as for acoustic pulses. As such, they can be thought of as generalizations of "level set" schemes which involve a signed distance function. On the other hand, they involve a nonlinear negative diffusion-like term that is added to the evolution equations and, as such, represent a generalization of "Artificial Compression" schemes or recently developed "Vorticity Confinement" methods.
Studies from ADAM Knockout Mice

ADAMs are membrane anchored glycoproteins that contain a disintegrin and metalloprotease domain. This chapter will focus on recent insights that have emerged from studies of “knockout” mice for ADAM proteases that are widely expressed or at least expressed in a variety of different cells and tissues (ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17 and 19). These studies have shown that ADAM10 is important for signaling via the cell surface receptor Notch during development, while ADAM17 is critical for the development of the lung, epithelial structures and semilunar heart valves because of its role in the functional activation of ligands of the epidermal growth factor receptor. ADAM19 is essential for proper development of heart valves and the ventricular septum, although the underlying mechanism remains to be established. On the other hand, ADAMs 8, 9, 12 and 15 are dispensable for normal development and adult life in mice, at least under laboratory conditions. However, ADAM15 has a critical role in pathological neovascularization, making it a potential target for the design of inhibitors of angiogenesis. The availability of viable knockout mice for several widely expressed ADAM proteases sets the stage for a more comprehensive analysis of potential functions of these proteins in physiological and pathological processes. Furthermore, in light of the essential roles of ADAMs 10, 17 and 19 in development, it will be interesting to generate conditional knockout mice in order to evaluate the function of these proteases in adult animals.
Is pneumonectomy mandatory after transection of the left main pulmonary artery

Transection of the main pulmonary artery (PA) is thought to be associated with necrosis of the lung, subsequent sepsis, and death. We report the management of a patient from an outside hospital who underwent an aborted pneumonectomy after transection of the left main PA. We eventually treated the patient with an intrapericardial pneumonectomy. However, the patient was always clinically well, and after pneumonectomy, pathology did not reveal signs of significant necrosis. Therefore, it is possible that a ligated PA is compatible with life.
Consumer Financial Protection.

The recent financial crisis has led many to question how well businesses deliver services and how well regulatory institutions address problems in consumer financial markets. This paper discusses consumer financial regulation, emphasizing the full range of arguments for regulation that derive from market failure and from limited consumer rationality in financial decision making. We present three case studies--of mortgage markets, payday lending, and financing retirement consumption--to illustrate the need for, and limits of, regulation. We argue that if regulation is to be beneficial, it must be tailored to specific problems and must be accompanied by research to measure the effectiveness of regulatory interventions.
Recent articles on partial backorders: Comment

This note points out the omission of a simple but vital constraint in the recent articles on partial backlogging. Also, a simple intuitive interpretation of the “backorder” inequality of [2], [3], and [4] is provided.
Models and Paradigms of Art Therapy Research

This paper addresses the theory and practice of research in art therapy. It argues for inclusiveness in considering methods of inquiry that can contribute to a fuller understanding and communicatin...
The Feasibility and Utility of Pretrial Instruction in the Substantive Law A Survey of Judges

Jurors are traditionally instructed in the governing law after trial, just prior to deliberation. Several legal scholars have proposed that instructing jurorsprior to trial would better equip them to evaluate the evidence and integrate it with the law. The most controversial aspect of this position is preinstruction in thesubstantive law. Critics warn that substantive preinstruction may impair jurors' performance and that it poses unreasonable administrative problems. This research surveys the opinions of California Superior Court judges on the advantages and disadvantages of substantive preinstruction to understand the reasons that judges either do or do not preinstruct on substantive issues. The most important advantage to emerge was the potential for a substantive precharge to improve jurors' integration of facts and law. The most critical disadvantages were administrative ones: The judge does not know before trial what substantive instructions are appropriate, and the procedure may cause burdensome delays.
Redox Behavior of Uranium at the Nanoporous Aluminum Oxide-Water Interface: Implications for Uranium Remediation

Sorption–desorption experiments show that the majority (ca. 80–90%) of U(VI) presorbed to mesoporous and nanoporous alumina could not be released by extended (2 week) extraction with 50 mM NaHCO3 in contrast with non-nanoporous α alumina. The extent of reduction of U(VI) presorbed to aluminum oxides was semiquantitatively estimated by comparing the percentages of uranium desorbed by anoxic sodium bicarbonate between AH2DS-reacted and unreacted control samples. X-ray absorption spectroscopy confirmed that U(VI) presorbed to non-nanoporous alumina was rapidly and completely reduced to nanoparticulate uraninite by AH2DS, whereas reduction of U(VI) presorbed to nanoporous alumina was slow and incomplete (<5% reduction after 1 week). The observed nanopore size-dependent redox behavior of U has important implications in developing efficient remediation techniques for the subsurface uranium contamination because the efficiency of in situ bioremediation depends on how effectively and rapidly U(VI) bound to sedime...
Balanced Protein–Water Interactions Improve Properties of Disordered Proteins and Non-Specific Protein Association

Some frequently encountered deficiencies in all-atom molecular simulations, such as nonspecific protein–protein interactions being too strong, and unfolded or disordered states being too collapsed, suggest that proteins are insufficiently well solvated in simulations using current state-of-the-art force fields. To address these issues, we make the simplest possible change, by modifying the short-range protein–water pair interactions, and leaving all the water–water and protein–protein parameters unchanged. We find that a modest strengthening of protein–water interactions is sufficient to recover the correct dimensions of intrinsically disordered or unfolded proteins, as determined by direct comparison with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and Forster resonance energy transfer (FRET) data. The modification also results in more realistic protein-protein affinities, and average solvation free energies of model compounds which are more consistent with experiment. Most importantly, we show that this scaling...
The Gest-Rest Family: Exploring Input Possibilities for Wheelchair Armrests

Interacting with touch screen-based computing devices can be difficult for individuals with mobility impairments that affect their hands, arms, neck, or head. These problems may be especially difficult for power wheelchair users, as the frame of their wheelchair may obstruct the users’ range of motion and reduce their ability to reach objects in the environment. The concept of “chairable” input devices refers to input devices that are designed to fit with the form of an individual's wheelchair, much like wearable technology fits with an individual's clothing. In this paper, we introduce a new family of chairable input devices: Gest-Rests. A Gest-Rest is a gesture based input device that fits over a standard power wheelchair armrest. A Gest-Rest enables users to perform traditional touch screen gestures, such as press and flick, as well as pressure-based gestures such as squeezing and punching. We have developed the Gest-Rest Family, a suite of armrest-based input devices designed for power wheelchair users. In this paper, we present formative evaluations of these prototypes with wheelchair users and therapists and present their opinions of this new integrated input technology. Our results show the benefits of armrest-based input devices as well as a comparison of physical switches, force sensing, and capacitive input for individuals with limited dexterity.
Surveillance for self-injury and suicide among middle school students in Beijing Tongzhou District during 2008- 2012

Objective To monitor self-injury and suicide among middle school students,and to provide the basis for the injury and suicide intervention. Methods By using stratified cluster sampling method,anonymous self-administered questionnaires were investigated among students from 9 middle schools students in Tongzhou Distict of Beijing,in each April to May from 2008 to 2012. Results Rate of self-injury behavior increased,with more prevalent in boys,junior school students,students from singleparent families,step families and inter-generational families and students with poor academic performance. For the rates of suicide idea,suicide plan,and suicide attempt,students from single-parent families,step families and inter-generation families were higher than who from nuclear families and extended families and in students with poor academic performance. Conclusion A suicide prevention education program should be integrated in regular educational training system and pay more attention to those vulnerable students.
The Politics of Uneven Development: The Challenge of Uneven Development

DEVELOPMENT PUZZLES Students of economic development have commonly focused on the question of why some countries grow and others stagnate, and with good reason. Empirically, the spectacular income gap separating the world's rich and poor nations has become “the central economic fact of our time.” This gap, moreover, now extends beyond the industrialized vs. developing worlds to stark differences among developers. The rich–poor gap has defied easy theoretical explanations. Cultural explanations, for example, foundered on the unexpected success of East Asian countries whose Confucian ethic had previously been identified as an obstacle to growth. Initial endowments of assets such as human resources or manufacturing experience failed to explain the disappointing performance of countries such as the Philippines. Regime type – democracy or authoritarianism – failed to correlate with variation in development outcomes. Postwar development economists' belief that large, state-led projects could liberate entrepreneurs from traditional practices and other rigidities ran up against Latin America's state-led stagnation and Africa's institutional bloat. Finally, the fact that global income levels exhibit not convergence but “Divergence, Big Time,” has undermined the claims of neoclassical economists. As one long-time practitioner notes, we economists have tried to find the precious object, the key that would enable the poor tropics to become rich. We thought we had found the elixir many different times. The precious objects we offered ranged from foreign aid to investment in machines, from fostering education to controlling population growth, from giving loans conditional on reforms to giving debt relief conditional on reforms. None has delivered as promised.
Single Ventricle and Fontan Procedures

Univentricular congenital heart diseases include a range of pathologies that result in a functionally single ventricular chamber. The most common pathologies in this group are tricuspid atresia, pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and a double-inlet ventricle. Although the only curative therapy for these patients is cardiac transplantation, there are several palliative surgical techniques that divert part or all the systemic venous circulation into the pulmonary arteries bypassing the single ventricular chamber. The modern Fontan procedure consists in anastomosing both SVC and IVC to the right pulmonary artery; it is nowadays the last step of single ventricle palliation.
Genetic Variations of Long Noncoding RNAs in Cancer

Comprehensive genome analyses across human cancers have revealed that cancer-susceptibility variants often occur in a novel class of genes called long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). lncRNAs have recently attracted significant interest as clinical biomarkers due to their dramatically altered expression patterns in cancer. This chapter examines the evidence that germline and somatic variations in lncRNAs may underlie cancer predisposition by altering the expression levels and functions of lncRNAs. We provide multiple examples of two particular kinds of variations in lncRNA loci, which exhibit strong linkage to cancer—single-nucleotide polymorphisms in regulatory regions and somatic focal amplifications. Despite these intriguing associations, deeper understanding of the physiological roles and mechanisms of action of lncRNAs are needed to decipher the rapidly accumulating genomic data and to interpret the functional consequences of lncRNA variations in malignancy.
The Changing Theoretical Landscape

The study of hunter—gatherers has seen an enormous amount of activity over the past generation, both in terms of field research and theoretical developments. Several excellent syntheses of some of this work have recently appeared (Beninger, 1991; Smith and Winterhalder, 1992), but much of it still remains as separate and isolated studies. My goal here is not to attempt to bring it all together into some coherent framework, but rather to discuss what I see as certain dominant themes and probl ematic issues that must be addressed by archaeologists interested in prehistoric hunter—gatherers. Many of these issues played a role in my original modeling efforts or their subsequent criticisms .
Universal Lead Screening Requirement: A California Case Study.

Objectives. To estimate potential impacts of California Assembly Bill (AB) 1316: a requirement for universal screening and insurance coverage for child blood lead testing.Methods. In April 2017 the California Health Benefits Review Program (Oakland, CA) analyzed AB 1316 for the California legislature, including a systematic review of lead screening effectiveness, commercial insurer surveys regarding screening coverage, and actuarial utilization and cost implication assessments.Results. Universal screening requirements would increase child lead testing by 273%, raise affected populations’ premiums by 0.0043%, and detect an additional 4777 exposed children 1 year after implementation.Conclusions. The evidence for a net societal benefit of universal screening approach is limited and is not supported by prominent medical professional groups.Public Health Implications. California expanded targeted screening to identify additional children at higher risk for lead poisoning on the basis of California-specific ri...
Radar signal design for configuring a netted radar system with existing monostatic radar

An approach to configuring an orthogonal netted radar system (ONRS) with existing monostatic radar is introduced. The transmitting signal used by the existing radar system is more likely fixed, such as PN-sequence, Chirp signal, Frank code and etc. By designing a new coding radar signal which is orthogonal to the existing radar signal, a new radar using the coding signal forms an ONRS with the existing radar.
Noble-gas-infused neoprene closed-cell foams achieving ultra-low thermal conductivity fabrics

Closed-cell foams are widely applied as insulation and essential for the thermal management of protective garments for extreme environments. In this work, we develop and demonstrate a strategy for drastically reducing the thermal conductivity of a flexible, closed-cell polychloroprene foam to 0.031 ± 0.002 W m−1 K−1, approaching values of an air gap (0.027 W m−1 K−1) for an extended period of time (>10 hours), within a material capable of textile processing. Ultra-insulating neoprene materials are synthesized using high-pressure processing at 243 kPa in a high-molecular-weight gas environment, such as Ar, Kr, or Xe. A Fickian diffusion model describes both the mass infusion and thermal conductivity reduction of the foam as a function of processing time, predicting a 24–72 hour required exposure time for full charging of a 6 mm thick 5 cm diameter neoprene sample. These results enable waterproof textile insulation that approximates a wearable air gap. We demonstrate a wetsuit made of ultra-low thermally conductive neoprene capable of potentially extending dive times to 2–3 hours in water below 10 °C, compared with <1 hour for the state-of-the-art. This work introduces the prospect of effectively wearing a flexible air gap for thermal protection in harsh environments.
The impact of teambuilding and leadership styles on successful project management

Computing projects are more likely to succeed when the leadership styles of project managers complement the working style of team members. This paper describes various project manager styles, such as autocratic, coaching, and laissez fair, and several team member working styles, such as detail-oriented, action-oriented, analyzers, and innovators. Leadership styles can be paired with working styles for efficient communication in projects with diverse characteristics: new projects, projects in progress, short-term, and long-term projects. Using publicly-available tools that identify individuals' needs and characteristics, project managers and team members can identify the types of working environments in which they can thrive. Appropriate information of leadership styles, working styles, and project characteristics can be combined to form a more balanced team composition, so that proper communication can result in a more successful project.
Medical examiner asthma death autopsies: a distinct subgroup of asthma deaths with implications for public health preventive strategies.

Objective Asthma deaths have been increasing in the United States and worldwide. We studied medical examiner asthma death autopsy (MEADA) records for the state of Maryland, compared selected characteristics with state and national total asthma deaths (TADs), and comprehensively reviewed relevant literature to define characteristics of asthma deaths and to provide insight for the design of future preventive strategies directed at this subgroup. Design Protocols for autopsy and clinical data. Setting The Office of the Chief Medical Examiner of the State of Maryland. Subjects All MEADAs in the state of Maryland from 1988 through 1992. Main outcome measures Descriptive analysis. Results Maryland MEADAs (63 cases) represented 16.62% of Maryland TADs (379 cases). Most common characteristics of individuals on whom autopsies were performed: inner-city residence; single; black male; 15 to 54 years old; history of asthma; no other significant medical condition; fatal episode more likely to begin at home; pronounced dead at hospital; time of death between midnight and 6 AM; no particular seasonality; and typical gross and/or microscopic pathology. Analysis also revealed that 17.46% of deceased asthma patients had a history of drug abuse; 12.69% had positive toxicology for drugs of abuse; 9.52% were infants and young children up to 4 years old, all of whom were found, unresponsive, at home; and white females comprised the highest number of TADs but the lowest number of MEADAs. Conclusion Asthma education programs focused on asthmatic inner-city black males, especially those with a history of drug abuse, and on parents of inner-city asthmatic infants and children may be a useful preventive strategy. International, national, and regional MEADA databases may also be of use in the design and monitoring of preventive strategies directed at this subgroup.
Neuroendocrine and Neuroanatomic Correlates of Atypical Sexuality

The presence within the same patient of both a demonstrable brain abnormality and unusual sexual behavior is provocative and tempts one to causally relate the two. For example, there have been several case reports of persons with brain tumors, usually temporal lobe in location in association with transvestism or other fetishism. Unquestionably, space occupying lesions can cause personality change as can dysrhythmias of neuronal discharge. Furthermore, from animal experimentation, it is clear that there are discrete areas within the brain responsible for some aspects of sexual behavior. Thus it is possible that in humans a lesion could, if properly located, have an effect on sexual behavior. However, magnitude of sexuality (hyper- and hyposexuality) would be the responses predicted. The occasional emergence of atypical sexual behavior, atypical in the direction of sexuality is of especial interest. Such occurrences have been viewed as evidence for disordered brain physiology, rather than psychodynamic factors, as being responsible for atypical sexuality.