cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of direct thrombin inhibitors during a critical heparin shortage

A recent heparin shortage related to an outbreak of African Swine Flu in China led to substantial increase in the use of direct thrombin inhibitors (DTI) as an alternative. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of DTIs by assessing the anticoagulation assays within the initial 48 h of therapy comparing before and during shortage. A retrospective evaluation of bivalirudin and argatroban was conducted at a single center before (May 24, 2018 through August 25, 2019) and during heparin shortage (August 26, 2019 through February 20, 2020). The primary outcome was time to first therapeutic activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). Secondary outcomes included the percentage of time in therapeutic aPTT range, in-hospital mortality, incidence of recurrent thrombosis, and hemorrhagic events. Of the 204 patients included in the study, 95 patients [bivalirudin (n = 35), argatroban (n = 60)] were included in the pre-shortage cohort and 109 patients [bivalirudin (n = 68), argatroban (n = 41)] were during shortage. No significant difference was observed in the time to first therapeutic aPTT pre- and during shortage (8.9 h ± 10.8 vs 8.8 h ± 10.2, P = 0.62). Compared to pre-shortage cohort, a greater percentage of time was spent in therapeutic aPTT range within the initial 48 h (32% (0–50) vs. 41.6% (0–63), P = 0.04) during shortage without statistically significant differences in the rates of in-hospital mortality, thrombosis, or bleeding. While the optimal DTI protocol is still be determined, the protocols presented in this study allowed for wide-spread utilization of DTIs during a critical heparin shortage without compromising patient safety and effectiveness, likely reflective of the enhancement of DTI protocols, clinician education, and multidisciplinary collaboration and guidance from pharmacy and hematology.
Hardware Complications for Early Onset Scoliosis Patients with Magnetically Controlled Growing Rods are Higher than Traditional Growth Rods at 2-years Follow-Up

Purpose: Since FDA approval (2014), magnetically controlled growing rods (MCGR) has been increasingly utilized for patients with progressive early onset scoliosis (EOS) compared to traditional growth rod (TGR). However, it is still unproven whether MCGR is superior in reducing unplanned surgeries or complications. The purpose of this study is to compare complications between MCGR and TGR at 2 years. We hypothesize that MCGR patients will have fewer unplanned surgeries and complications compared to TGR at 2 years. Methods: …
A comparison study of void swelling in additively manufactured and cold-worked 316L stainless steels under ion irradiation

Abstracts We studied the void swelling in stress-relieved (SR) additively manufactured (AM) 316L stainless steel (SS) in comparison with hot-isostatic pressed (HIP) AM 316L counterparts with identical chemistry. To understand the role of dislocation cell structure in SR AM 316L SS, we also included cold-worked (CW) 316L SS with various CW levels for dislocation networks. The irradiation damage of 30 displacements per atom (dpa) in AM and CW 316L SSs were compared after 5 MeV Fe2+ ion irradiations at 500 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C, respectively. To investigate the temperature and dose dependence, the AM 316L SSs were further irradiated to 100 dpa at 400 °C and 600 °C. Results show that the void welling in SR AM 316L SS is more severe than in HIP AM 316L SS, in terms of a higher void density and a deeper void nucleation depth through all the examined conditions. This is ascribed to a more extended incubation period in HIP AM 316L SS. Beyond the incubation, both samples proceeded at a similar swelling rate. Dislocation networks from cold-working can effectively suppress void swelling, while dislocation cell structures containing entangled dislocations on cell walls cannot. The distinct responses indicate the potential influence of dislocation configuration on void swelling. Despite some relevant data are available, our understandings of radiation damage in AM 316L SSs are still limited.
Abstract 1570: STAT3 inhibition allows for TLR9-induced reprogramming of acute myeloid leukemia into antigen-presenting cells to generate T-cell mediated immune responses

Signal transducer and activator of transcription factor 3 (STAT3) is commonly activated in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and known for supporting cancer cell proliferation and survival. Recently, we demonstrated that STAT3 also plays a critical role ensuring AML immune evasion. Intravenous injections of a bi-specific oligonucleotides (CpG-STAT3 decoy inhibitors) blocked STAT3 activity and induced TLR9 signaling in Cbfb/MYH11/Mpl (CMM) AML cells, thereby resulting in immunogenic effects and T cell-mediated immune responses and leukemia regression. To understand the molecular mechanisms of AML differentiation and immunogenicity, we performed global gene expression analysis of leukemic cells treated in vivo using CpG-STAT3 decoy strategy or an inducible STAT3silencing. Transcriptional profiling revealed the upregulation of myeloid cell differentiation related genes, such as Irf8, Cebpa, and Gadd45A with reduction of oncogenic Runx1 and Run1t1 in CMM leukemic cells after CpG-STAT3dODN but not after control treatments. CpG-STAT3dODN treatment also upregulated set of antigen-presentation related genes, such as CIIta, Il12a, and Ifng in CMM AML cells. Importantly, the induction of Irf8 and Cebpa, with the concomitant suppression of Runx1 were found specifically in the subset of differentiated CD11b+ CMM cells but not in the bulk CD11b- leukemic cells. Similar transcriptional effects were triggered in CMM leukemic cells by the combination of inducible STAT3 silencing and TLR9 stimulation in vivo but not by either of these treatments alone. These effects were likely related to epigenetic reprogramming of leukemic cells as indicated by treatment-induced changes in the expression and protein levels of STAT3 regulated DNA methyltransferases, DNMT1 and DNMT3a/b. Furthermore, our studies suggest that STAT3-inhibition/TLR9-stimulation triggers immunogenic effects also in a xenotransplanted human FLT3-ITD MV4-11 leukemia in humanized mice. These effects were augmented by a combination with clinically-relevant demethylating agent (decitabine) and resulted in the differentiation of AML cells into CD11b+HLA-DR+CD86+ antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and increased ratio of CD8+ to regulatory T cells in the bone marrow, thereby reducing leukemia burden. Our results suggest that eliminating STAT3 permits the TLR9-driven reprogramming of AML cells into APCs to unleash T cell-mediated responses against leukemia. Citation Format: Yu-Lin Su, Dongfang Wang, Priyanka Duttagupta, Hiqing Li, Ya-Huei Kuo, Guido Marcucci, Marcin Kortylewski. STAT3 inhibition allows for TLR9-induced reprogramming of acute myeloid leukemia into antigen-presenting cells to generate T-cell mediated immune responses [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1570.
A Feasible Reduced Space Method for Real-Time Optimal Power Flow

We propose a novel feasible-path algorithm to solve the optimal power flow (OPF) problem for real-time use cases. The method augments the seminal work of Dommel and Tinney with second-order derivatives to work directly in the reduced space induced by the power flow equations. In the reduced space, the optimization problem includes only inequality constraints corresponding to the operational constraints. While the reduced formulation directly enforces the physical constraints, the operational constraints are softly enforced through Augmented Lagrangian penalty terms. In contrast to interior-point algorithms (state-of-the art for solving OPF), our algorithm maintains feasibility at each iteration, which makes it suitable for real-time application. By exploiting accelerator hardware (Graphic Processing Units) to compute the reduced Hessian, we show that the second-order method is numerically tractable and is effective to solve both static and real-time OPF problems.
Effects of Slots/Holes in Disks on Frequencies of TM01 and EH11 Waves in the Disk-Loaded Waveguide

The increase in the BBU threshold current is very important for the high and medium energy electron linacs because of a larger operating current attainable or a smaller emittance available at certain operating current. For this purpose, many means can be used, among which the improvement in the accelerating structure itself is always fundamental. SLAC's three-meter long section is unique with truly constant gradient performance. The theoretical analyses and operating experiences at SLAC have indicated that detuning the Nos. 3, 4 and 5 cavities of some sections by 2 or 4 MHz for TM/sub 01/ wave had considerably raised the BBU threshold current. A method of opening four holes symmetrically distributed on disks as described in detail will get the benefits in improvement of BBU threshold current.
The Bert and Peggy DuPont lecture. "Love, death, and commitment: twenty three years of HIV and genocide prevention in Africa" or "Passionate not equal unhinged".

Over the last 20 years, HIV emerged as the #1 cause of death in African adults, and the Rwanda genocide became the most concentrated mass murder in recorded history. Though one catastrophe surfaced slowly and inexorably while the other smoldered for years before exploding in 1994, the lessons learned are similar. In both situations, the international community has combined moral bankruptcy with a spectacular display of incompetence. Genocide masterminds continue living in Michigan, Minneapolis and Boston, brazenly planning the final extermination of the Tutsi. Students of law, diplomacy and international development are astoundingly sanguine about this, as though our current abdication of responsibility today is mitigated by the centuries of unprincipled idiots who preceded us. If medicine operated this way we'd still be treating syphilis with arsenic. Unfortunately, medicine has lost the moral high ground in Africa through missed opportunities and misappropriation of resources. In the last five years we have spent 20% of the US bilateral foreign assistance budget putting 2.5 million Africans on anti-retroviral treatment (ART), while twice that number of new HIV infections occurred. We tested 50 million Africans for HIV without acting on the evidence and common sense: rather than—transmission happens between two people. Had we tested Africans as couples, a prevention strategy proven to be effective in multiple publications since the early '90s, we could have averted more HIV infections than we are now treating, and at a fraction of the cost.
Three-dimensional simulation of littoral transport

A computer model named “WAVE” has been developed to simulate the development of coastal environments affected by wave-induced erosion, transport, and deposition. The model simulates wave refraction, wavecurrent interaction, wave set-up, wind, oscillatory wave motion, longshore currents, rip currents, and nearshore sediment transport. Combining these processes into a unified model provides a process-response model that is dynamic in that the effects of wave energy on an evolving coastline are simulated through time. A series of equations based upon the principles of fluid dynamics as applied to coastal hydraulics, are used to calculate nearshore currents within a grid network representing a coastal area. The equations assume that mass and momentum are conserved as waves shoal towards shore, and are solved by integrating over the total water depth, and time-averaging over a single wave period. A finite-difference scheme provides solutions for the wave equations at each node in the grid. Once nearshore currents are calculated, sediment transport is initiated using empirical relationships that are effective in predicting raes of littoral transport.
Chemical constraints governing the origin of metabolism: the thermodynamic landscape of carbon group transformations under mild aqueous conditions.

The thermodynamics of organic chemistry under mild aqueous conditions was examined in order to begin to understand its influence on the structure and operation of metabolism and its antecedents. Free energies (deltaG) were estimated for four types of reactions of biochemical importance carbon-carbon bond cleavage and synthesis, hydrogen transfer between carbon groups, dehydration of alcohol groups, and aldo-keto isomerization. The energies were calculated for mainly aliphatic groups composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. The energy values showed (1) that generally when carbon-carbon bond cleavage involves groups from different functional group classes (i.e., carboxylic acids, carbonyl groups, alcohols, and hydrocarbons), the transfer of the shared electron-pair to the more reduced carbon group is energetically favored over transfer to the more oxidized carbon group, and (2) that the energy of carbon-carbon bond transformation is primarily determined by the functional group class of the group that changes oxidation state in the reaction (i.e., the functional group class of the group that donates the shared electron-pair during cleavage, or that accepts the incipient shared electron-pair during synthesis). In contrast, the energy of hydrogen transfer between carbon groups is determined by the functional group class of both the hydrogen-donor group and the hydrogen-acceptor group. From these and other observations we concluded that the chemistry involved in the origin of metabolism (and to a lesser degree modern metabolism) was strongly constrained by (1) the limited redox-based transformation energy of organic substrates that is readily dissipated in a few energetically favorable irreversible reactions; (2) the energy dominance of a few transformation half-reactions that determines whether carbon-carbon bond transformation (cleavage or synthesis) is energetically favorable (deltaG +3.5 kcal/mol); and (3) the dependence of carbon group transformation energy on the functional group class (i.e., oxidation state) of participating groups that in turn is contingent on prior reactions and precursors in the synthetic pathway.
Gender-Related Influences of Parental Alcoholism on the Prevalence of Psychiatric Illnesses: Analysis of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions

Background: Offspring of individuals with alcoholism are at increased risk for psychiatric illness, but the effects of gender on this risk are not well known. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the gender of the parent with alcoholism and the gender of offspring affect the association between parental alcoholism and offspring psychiatric illness. Method: We analyzed the National Epidemiological Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) data to examine the gender-specific prevalence of axis I and axis II disorders in 23,006 male and 17,368 female respondents with and without a history of paternal or maternal alcoholism. Adjusted odds ratios were calculated for the disorders based on gender and presence of maternal or paternal alcoholism. Results: Maternal or paternal alcoholism was associated with a higher prevalence of every disorder examined, regardless of the gender of offspring. Gender-related differences in prevalences were present in nearly all examined disorders, and the association between parental alcoholism and offspring psychiatric disorders was significantly different in men and women. These differences included stronger associations in female offspring of men with alcoholism (alcohol abuse without dependence); in female offspring of women with alcoholism (mania, nicotine dependence, alcohol abuse, and schizoid personality disorder); in male offspring of men with alcoholism (mania); and in male offspring of women with alcoholism (panic disorder). Conclusions: Interactions between gender and parental alcoholism were specific to certain disorders but varied in their effects, and in general female children of women with alcoholism appear at greatest risk for adult psychopathology.
Deoxyadenosine Diphosphate as a Substrate and Inhibitor of Polynucleotide Phosphorylase of Micrococcus luteus: III. COPOLYMERIZATION OF ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE AND DEOXYADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE

Abstract Copolymers containing AMP and dAMP residues have been synthesized with polynucleotide phosphorylase from Micrococcus luteus. The rate of copolymerization depends upon the input ratio of ADP to dADP. It also depends, in a nonlinear way, upon enzyme concentration. Copolymerization proceeds most readily when Mn2+ replaces Mg2+ and preparation of polymers in Mn2+ therefore permits incorporation of a higher proportion of dAMP residues into copolymer. In the presence of either cation, the ratio of AMP to dAMP residues in copolymer is always higher than the ratio of ADP to dADP in the substrate mixture. The size of the copolymer poly (rAn,dAm) is quite large and identical to that of the homopolymer, polyA. Polymers synthesized in Mn2+ are more heterogenous in size than polymers synthesized in Mg2+. The "Discussion" includes a general discussion of the effect of Mn2+ on reactions catalyzed by M. luteus polynucleotide phosphorylase.
Stress, Depression, Irrational Beliefs, and Alcohol Use and Problems in a College Student Sample

One-hundred thirty-five alcohol-using college students completed a questionnaire on their levels of alcohol use, moderate-to-severe problems with alcohol use, the Eysenck 1.7 measure of impulsiveness and venturesomeness, the Zung depression scale, the "Hassles and Uplifts" scale of life stresses, and a scale of proneness to irrational beliefs. Impulsivity and venturesomeness were significantly correlated with quantity-frequency of alcohol use, but not with the occurrence of alcohol use problems; whereas depression, stress, and irrational beliefs were significantly correlated with alcohol problems, but not with alcohol use. Multiple regression analyses indicated that the effect of stress on alcohol problems was mediated by depression, whereas the effect of depression, in turn, was mediated by irrational beliefs.
Statistical properties of strongly correlated electrons: Fermi liquid versus spin liquid

Abstract The metallic phase of strongly correlated electrons is discussed within a novel statistical-mechanical approach in which the double occupied (spin singlet) quasiparticle configurations are excluded in reciprocal space. Employing this principle we calculate the ground state energy and thermodynamic properties. The approach reproduces correctly the statistical properties of a system of localized magnetic moments in the Mott insulating limit. The application to the description of the superconducting state is also briefly discussed.
A comparison of experimental and natural drainage basin morphology across a range of scales

[1] Numerous quantitative models have been developed to simulate the long-term evolution of river basin topography. Most of these models reach an equilibrium state when the base level is lowered at a constant rate and the substrate and climate are constant in time. At equilibrium the erosion balances the base level lowering, so the topography remains frozen in time. However, some recent laboratory experiments contradict this behavior. In these experiments the space-time mean erosion rate balances the base level lowering rate, but the actual erosion rates are highly variable in space and time. Consequently, the channel networks are substantially mobile. The experimental flow conditions are approximately similar but not dynamically equivalent to those in nature, so it is unclear whether the observed dynamics are representative. This paper examines whether the processes occurring in the experiments produce basins that are geometrically similar to typical natural basins. To make this comparison, the conceptual framework of scaling invariance is used. Many similarities are observed, but we find that the experimental basins are slightly more elongated across a range of scales than the natural basins we consider and the relationship between channel slope and drainage area exhibits a break that is not found in the natural basins we analyze. In the experiments the slopes of small channels also depend on the proximity of large channels. This dependency is more pronounced for experiments with more mobile channel networks, and it is not observed in most of the natural basins we analyze.
Distribution of counterions around a cylindrical polyelectrolyte and manning's condensation theory

The distribution of counterions around a charged polyion cylinder is calculated by several methods. First, the Debye-Huckel approximation is used, and it is shown that Manning's condensation hypothesis is necessry to avoid overneutralization of the polyion charges by the counterions when the linear-charge-density parameter, ξ, of the polyion exceeds the critical value of unity. However, it appears that this method of getting this result involves inconsistent application of Debye-Huckel theory. Therefore, we turn to the analytical solution of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation that was obtained by Alfrey, Berg, and Morawetz for a polyion cylinder plus a neutralizing number of counterions but without added salt. One of the integration constants of this solution is a radius, which we call RM, within which lies precisely the fraction of counterions that Manning assumes to condense in his theory. This radius can be rather large, however, so that the “Manning fraction” of condensed ions actually forms a diffuse cloud whose size varies with the polyelectrolyte concentration; RM varies as κ−1/2, where κ is the Debye-Huckel screening parameter. The Manning fraction, 1 – 1/ξ, and its associated radius are unique in their behavior with dilution; smaller fractions stay within finite radii, while with larger fractions the corresponding radii increase as κ−1. Thus, the condensation hypothesis does have a simple mathematical foundation in the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. Finally, by comparison with numerical solutions, we find that these conclusions are not significantly changed even when salt is added to the polyelectrolyte. A short table of numerical solutions of the Poisson-Boltzmann equation in cylindrical geometry is given, together with tables of coefficients tht enable one to discover the particular solution that applies for a given polyion radius and charge density.
Preparation and Characterization of Antibodies to the Urinary Fragment of the Human Chorionic Gonadotropin β-Subunit*

hCG is a glycoprotein hormone composed of two dissimilar subunits (α and β) and is normally synthesized by trophoblastic tissue. Its measurement by immunoassay is widely employed as a test for pregnancy, but can be complicated by cross-reactivity with human (h) LH. Immunoassays based on the β-subunit of hCG have been employed to decrease this crossreactivity with hLH, but when these assays are used with urine specimens, the antibodies employed also detect a fragment of hCGβ, which can lead to significant differences in measurement. To overcome these problems, we have developed a series of monoclonal antibodies to the β fragment of hCG recovered from pregnancy urine. Some of the antibodies that bind to this β fragment are directed to a region of hCGβ that is different from the epitopes recognized by antibodies raised against the intact β-subunit. The new epitopes available in the hCGβ fragment form the basis for novel immunoassays. These β fragment antibodies are used in conjunction with other antibodies, ...
Patterns of food consumption in Vietnam: effects on socioeconomic groups during an era of economic growth.

Patterns of food consumption in Vietnam: effects on socioeconomic groups during an era of economic growth
The structure and connections of the developing inferior olivary nucleus of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta).

Structural and morphological changes were examined in the inferior olivary complex of 25 rhesus monkeys that were 60 days gestation to three months after parturition. At different ages, one-half brain stem was sectioned sagittaly, and when possible the symmetrical half was sectioned in either the coronal or the horizontal plane. Serial sections were stained by the silver reduction method of Stotler ('51). The olivary complex undergoes its major development between 60 and 129 days gestation when its length, cellular morphology, and afferent patterns resemble those of the adult organ. Structurally, the three major divisions—the principal nucleus, the dorsal accessory nucleus, and the medial accessory nucleus—can be identified at 60 days gestation. At that time, the medial accessory nucleus, the largest of the three, can be subdivided into a ventrolateral and a dorsomedial section; as it develops, it extends caudally and acquires a small cap of cells on its dorsomedial part. By 80 days, the dorsal lamella of the principal nucleus, initially smaller than the ventral, equals the ventral lamella in size and continues to enlarge until by 100 days it has developed two large sulci. The dorsal accessory nucleus, the smallest of the three divisions, initially has a distinct connection with the caudal part of the dorsal lamella of the principal nucleus but it is lost by 92 days. Major afferents to the inferior olive could easily be identified in the early fetal tissue—before the development of the dense neuropil. Afferents first arise from the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord at 60 days and project primarily onto the ventrolateral part of the medial accessory. As they develop, they gradually project more rostrally along the ventrolateral section, onto the dorsomedial section of the medial accessory, onto the caudal part of the ventral lamella, and along the caudomedial part of the dorsal accessory. At 92 days gestation the central tegmental fasciculus, most of which originates from the red nucleus projects into the rostral and later into the middle section of the dorsal lamella, into the rostral ventral lamella, and a few into the rostrolateral part of the dorsal accessory and to the rostral third of the medial accessory. A few fibers arising from the corticospinal tract enter the caudal section of medial accessory, and a few fibers project vertically from the dorsomedial tegmental region of the medulla into the medial section of the dorsal accessory.
Inflammatory cytokines: interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor as effector molecules in autoimmune diseases

The nature of the events that precipitate autoimmune diseases varies. Interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor do not precipitate autoimmune diseases but rather act as effector molecules. They induce eicosanoid and nitric oxide synthesis, stimulate collagenases and collagen synthesis, and trigger the genes for other cytokines, namely interleukin-2, interleukin-6 and interleukin-8. The ability to block interleukin-1 with the receptor antagonist, and tumor necrosis factor with soluble receptors, has given investigators specific tools to test the role of these two cytokines in the pathological processes of autoimmune disease.
Edge dipole and edge field for boundary detection

Conventionally, edges are treated as either scalar or vector quantities. This paper presents a novel framework which treats edges as directional dipoles that induce the field around themselves. An analogy can be made between this concept and the interaction of magnetic dipoles with the magnetic field. The dipoles interact with the field and align themselves into a smooth contour configuration. This paper shows the effectiveness of the concept in edge linking and proposes efficient computational schemes for real-time implementation of the edge dipole interactions. It also proposes an image representation using the dipoles on a hexagonal lattice and a contour extraction algorithm implemented on the representation. The algorithm consists of three processes: noise removal, edge alignment and edge thinning/extension. The results of some experimental studies are also presented.
“Endemism” Relative to Space, Time, and Taxonomic Level

Faunal assemblages consist of immigrants, endemics and long-term residents; changes in proportions of these categories through time reflect general aspects of faunal stability and turnover. To study stability and change in the long biostratigraphic succession of Miocene terrestrial mammalian faunas recorded mainly in the Potwar Plateau Siwaliks of Pakistan, we distinguish long-term residents and assess new appearances as endemic vs. immigrant components. Our data represent the biogeography of the northern Indian subcontinent, but because neighboring areas of similar age are not as well known, virtually all species are found only there, and the proportion of the fauna that is immigrant is not apparent. We use preceding faunal assemblages to judge whether individual species might have originated there. We find many long-term residents in the Siwaliks, and of new species, most are immigrants and fewer are likely to have originated endemically. Siwalik rodents and artiodactyls show high rates of immigration f...
Structures and Heats of Formation of Simple Alkaline Earth Metal Compounds II: Fluorides, Chlorides, Oxides, and Hydroxides for Ba, Sr, and Ra.

Geometry parameters, vibrational frequencies, heats of formation, bond dissociation energies, cohesive energies, and selected fluoride affinities (difluorides) are predicted for the late alkaline earth (Sr, Ba, and Ra) oxides, fluorides, chlorides, and hydroxides at the coupled cluster theory CCSD(T) level. Additional corrections (scalar relativistic and pseudopotential corrections, vibrational zero-point energies, and atomic spin–orbit effects) were included to accurately calculate the total atomization energies and heats of formation following the Feller–Peterson–Dixon methodology. The calculated values are compared to the experimental data where available. In some cases, especially for Ra compounds, there are no experimental results, or the experimental energetics and geometries are not reliable or have very large error bars. All of the Sr, Ba, and Ra difluorides, dichlorides, and dihydroxides are bent structures with the OMO bond angles decreasing going down the group. The cohesive energies of bulk Be...
NEUROSECRETORY PROCESSES EXTENDING INTO THIRD VENTRICLE: SECRETORY OR SENSORY?

"Dendrites" projecting into the third ventricle from hypothalamic neurosecretory neurons of the Pacific tree frog, Hyla regilla, appear to be morphologically equipped to serve both secretory and sensory functions. These cell processes contain elementary neurosecretory granules, Golgi membranes, mitochondria, and endoplasmic reticulum, suggesting synthesis and possibly release of hormonal material. Each "dendrite" is provided with a single cilium which has an accessory centriole and a striated rootlet.
American union law: Sources of conflict

Japanese union-management relations are reputed to be cooperative, while American union-management relations are perceived to be adversarial. This study examines three sources of the adversarial union-management relations in the United States: union history, the Norris-LaGuardia Act, and the Wagner Act, as amended. Union history is a tale of conflict between workers who wished to cartelize and other workers who wished to be independent. It is not, primarily, a tale of conflict between capital and labor. The Norris-LaGuardia Act institutionalized conflict, and the Wagner Act enshrined it. To improve American unionmanagement relations significantly, so that American firms can be more effective international competitors, it is necessary, though not sufficient, to repeal both pieces of legislation.
Quantization of the hall effect in a 3-dimensional quasiperiodic system

Abstract The observation of the quantum Hall effect in an electronic system does not depend on the strict two-dimensionality of the system, but rather that the conductivity in the direction of the magnetic field (σzz) vanishes. This condition can be acheived in a superlattice when the Landau level spacing exceeds the zero-field miniband width of the superlattice. It is now possible to test this criterion experimentally on a quasiperiodic system to examine if the presence of localized and singular states of the quasicrystal affects this condition. We have experimentally realized this system with a modulation-doped GaAs AlGaAs Fibonacci superlattice that exhibits a spectra corresponding to a Cantor set in X-ray diffraction. No evidence for the affect of these states on the magnetotransport is seen.
Negative differential conductivity of a reverse-biased graded heterojunction

Abstract The reverse current of a P+-n junction with nonmonotonic variation of the band-gap has been theoretically investigated. As a result of the influence of the “quasielectric” fields and spatial variation of the minority carrier density, the voltage-current characteristic (VCC) can be substantially modified. In particular, for reasonable parameters, when the reverse current is dominated by the diffusion component, the structure can exhibit negative differential conductivity.
In vitro simulation of neural trauma by laser.

A serious lack of knowledge about central nervous system trauma is encountered on the cellular level where the inability to create precise experimental lesions of known magnitude has limited our understanding of the reactions of single cells to injury. We used a laser cell surgery technique developed in this laboratory to manipulate neurons in a controlled environment, in order to observe pathologic reactions during and immediately after the injury. This technique is especially suited for axonal and dendritic amputations close to the perikaryon. The laser provided three different physical modes of injury to neurites: (a) direct vaporization of cytoplasm, (b) pressure wave damage from external vaporization of substrate material, and (c) photobiologically-induced localized cytoskeletal destruction leading to the slow pinching of processes followed by transection. Our data indicated a great similarity between laser impact damage and the cellular damage produced by physical trauma to the central nervous system.
Wisdom of the crowd: bright ideas and innovations from the teaching value and choosing wisely challenge.

ProblemMedical education has been cited as both part of the problems facing, and part of the solution to reforming, the increasingly challenging U.S. health care system which is fraught with concerns regarding the quality and affordability of care. To teach value in ways that are impactful, sustaina
Herbert Hoover's Last Laugh: The Enduring Significance of the “Associative State” in the United States

State-building in America is a tortuous process. Policy entrepreneurs who seek to establish new state capacities face significant ideological and institutional constraints. These constraints often limit the scope of their entrepreneurship and typically force them to compromise or adapt their ideals to fit political circumstances. Yet, although its path of development has been convoluted, there is an American state and not a trivial one at that. Indeed, the same features of the polity that constrain state-building can also motivate and support it.
A Position Sensitive Microchannel Photomultiplier For Ultraviolet Space Astronomy

The 25-mm microchannel-plate, position-sensitive UV astronomy photomultiplier tube presented is intended for the EOM-1 Spacelab Mission's FAUST payload and conducts wide-field imaging surveys in the VUV over the 1400-1800-A range. The sealed detector encompasses a CsI photocathode deposited on the inner surface of a MgF2 window, a stack of microchannel plates, and a wedge-and-strip two-dimensional position-sensing anode. Since the wedge-and-strip principle requires only three anode signals, flight electronics can be reduced to three charge amplifiers and three analog-to-digital converters.
STUDIES ON EFFECTS OF NITROGEN FORM ON GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT, AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE IN PECAN

Leaf nutrient analysis coupled with fertilizer applications are routinely used in commercial pecan production. Nitrogen can be applied in a range of formulations. However, definitive studies to establish nitrogen (N) uptake preference in pecan are lacking, as are definitive studies on the effects of N form on plant biomass production. In this study, we evaluated the effects of N form on plant growth and nutrient uptake in pecan (Carya illinoinensis Wangenh. K. Koch) using hydroponic cultures. Plants were grown under three N ratios of ammonium:nitrate (25 : 75, 50 : 50, and 75 : 25). Results from this study indicate that in-_creasing ammonium nutrition inhibited seedling growth. Plants grown with the 75 : 25 ratio (ammonium:nitrate) exhibited sig-_nificantly lower biomass, decreased root/shoot ratio, and lower specific leaf weight than observed in the other treatments. The highest root growth was observed in the 50 : 50 ratio treatment (ammonium:nitrate). Levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), and mangane...
A crop-based rainfall chronology for pre-instrumental record southern California

Although measured climatic records begin in California about 1850, agricultural records from the earlier Spanish period (1769–1834) can be used to develop information about annual precipitation. This historical material should be used, however, only with a full understanding of the numerous cultural variables that influenced agricultural production. A study by Lynch in 1931, which is widely cited in the literature of Pacific Coast climate reconstruction, contains serious shortcomings because of incorrect assumptions about the Spanish agricultural system, and, more specifically, the amount of climatic information expressed in yearly harvest data. In this article, mission data are analyzed more rigorously to produce a revised annual rainfall index for southern California that encompasses most of the pre-instrumental record period.
Smear Compensation For A Pushbroom Scan

Of various concepts (both staring and scanning) which have been proposed for the detection of dim moving targets from space, many have sensitivity limitations arising from smear - induced drift which causes displacement between frames of data. A multi-fan pushbroom scan concept recently proposed by W.K. Davis has an advantage over some other scanning concepts in that the frames of data can be processed by the same high performance algorithms applicable to staring sensors. The displacements caused by smear in this technique are discussed as well as three simple techniques for eliminating the displacements. The principal technique of the three which compensates for most of the displacement is a slow controlled yaw of the spacecraft. An example is presented in which the uncorrected smear displacement is 800 m while the corrected smear displacement is 0.8m, for a smear reduction factor of 1000.© (1982) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
In Situ Studies with Low-Energy Electron Microscopy

This paper gives a brief review of low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) as used for in situ studies of surface dynamical processes. The capabilities of LEEM are illustrated with two examples. One is a kinetic instability observed during growth of the first layer of CaF2 on Si(111). The second concerns the nucleation of misfit dislocations during the growth of thicker, epitaxial CaF2 films on Si(111), as the critical thickness is exceeded. Both examples highlight the importance of real time, in situ observations of surface dynamical processes.
Salvation or damnation?: Religion and correctional ideology

Fundamentalist affiliation and religious beliefs are generally related to more punitive attitudes toward criminals. Fundamentalists also tend to attribute criminality to individual dispositional factors, and in turn, such factors are related to punitiveness. Recently, it has also been found that compassionate dimensions of religion are related to treatment-oriented policies. It is still not clear which dimensions of religion are related to punitive or treatment ideology and what effects religious variables may have when tested against secular concerns about crime and crime attributions. In the present research, we test three models of punitiveness and one model of rehabilitation with demographic, secular, religious, and attributional factors. We found that those for whom religion is salient in their daily lives tend to believe that the death penalty should be reserved for older offenders and that those who believe in a punitive God tend to support harsher punishments.
Kinetic and Energetic Insights into the Gating of a Single Protein Channel

Gating of a beta-barrel membrane protein is a fundamentally important and ubiquitous process in membrane biology. Here, we systematically examined details of the kinetics and energetics of the current fluctuations within the OccK1 protein, a family member of outer membrane carboxylate channels from Pseudomonsa Aeruginosa. Temperature-dependent, single-molecule electrophysiology analysis of the native and loop-deletion OccK1 proteins demonstrated the distinctive nature of two energetic barriers: an enthalpic barrier of the large-current amplitude, infrequent O1 to O2 transitions and an entropic barrier of the low-current amplitude, highly frequent O2 to O3 transitions. Changes in temperature produced asymmetric kinetic and energetic modifications that caused a switch of the most probable open sub-state, O2 to O3, at the lowest examined temperature of 4 0C. Our approach might be used in the future to obtain a semi-quantitative assessment of the discrete fluctuation dynamics in other beta-barrel protein channels of the outer membranes of Gram-negative bacteria, mitochondria and chloroplasts.Acknowledgments: This work is funded in part by grants from the US National Science Foundation (DMR-1006332, L.M.) and the National Institutes of Health (R01 GM088403, L.M. and R01 GM085785, B.v.d.).
Structural and 1H NMR spectroscopic characterization of bis(N-isopropylsalicylaldiminato)iron(II)

Abstract Coordinatively unsaturated iron(II) species form reactive organometallic and coordination complexes and are integral to the reactivity of non-heme iron proteins and their synthetic analogues. Iron(II) Schiff base complexes have proven to be easily prepared and useful starting materials for such compounds. Here we report a detailed preparative procedure and the solid-state structure of the iron(II) complex of N-isopropylsalicylaldimine (LiprH) based on the compounds first synthesized by Larkworthy (J. Chem. Soc., A (1968) 1048). The title compound is prepared by adding 2 equiv. of salicylaldehyde (salH) to Fe(O2CCH3)2 in KOH–CH3OH to produce a precursor formulated as Fe(sal)2 which is reacted subsequently with isopropylamine in THF to form Fe(Lipr)2 in 34% isolated yield. A single crystal X-ray crystallographic study of Fe(Lipr)2 reveals a mononuclear complex with two bidentate salicylaldiminate ligands bound to an iron(II) atom in a tetrahedral coordination geometry. The 1H NMR spectrum of Fe(Lipr)2 in benzene-d6 exhibits six paramagnetically shifted ligand resonances ranging from +195 to −31 ppm that are consistent with a mononuclear high spin (S=2) iron(II) complex in solution. Upon exposure to air, Fe(Lipr)2 forms the oxo-bridged dinuclear iron(III) complex [(Lipr)2Fe]2O as shown by 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Single channel behavior of recombinant beta 2 gap junction connexons reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers.

The beta 2 gap junction protein (Cx26) was expressed in an insect cell line by infection with a baculovirus vector containing the rat beta 2 cDNA. Isolated beta 2 gap junction connexons were reconstituted into planar lipid bilayers. Single channel activity was observed with a unitary conductance of 35–45 pS in 200 mM KCl. Channels with conductance values of 60 pS and 90–110 pS also coexisted with the lower conducting channel suggesting that there are channels with different conductance properties within a population of connexons. Channel activity was observed at voltages of up to 150 mV. Furthermore, the characterization of these channel properties from the beta 2 connexons that were generated by this heterologous expression system has provided the basis for identifying an endogenous beta 2 connexon channel in material reconstituted from native rat liver gap junctions.
RAMAN SPECTROSCOPIC EVIDENCE FOR THERMALLY ACTIVATED INTERACTIONS IN AMORPHOUS SOLIDS

Abstract The Raman Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra of amorphous SiO 2 and B 2 O 3 were measured from 295 K down to 8 K. The spectral distribution (density) of thermally active vibrational states, obtained by taking the product of Raman scattered intensities, is found to differ markedly from that predicted on the basis of the Debye elastic continuum model. The non-Debye behavior is qualitatively described by temperature dependent interactions in the frequency range 10–150 cm −1 . Agreement between the Raman anti-Stokes intensity and the Stokes intensity minus the thermally normalized Stokes intensity shows the collective response of vibrational modes having an occupation number primarily determined by the temperature of the solid to be the sum of modes possessing strong inelastic character.
Comparative distribution of NURR1 and NUR77 nuclear receptors in the mouse central nervous system

NURR1 and NUR77 are members of the nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors. Both proteins can interact with common enhancer elements to regulate target gene expression. In order to establish whether both transcription factors are likely to regulate overlapping genes, we have used an in situ hybridization approach to relate the constitutive expression pattern of these mRNAs with functionally defined regions of the adult mouse brain. By Western analysis, NURR1 mRNA expressed by brain cells appeared to be translated. Here we show that both transcripts display a differential but partially overlapping pattern of expression within the central nervous system (CNS). The expression of NURR1 is more restricted than NUR77 and is localized predominantly in sensory neuronal structures associated with the limbic system and in the cerebellum. In contrast, the expression pattern of NUR77 is more widespread. Positively staining cells for NUR77 appear to overlap with NURR1-containing cells in the limbic system and cerebellum, suggesting overlapping roles for these proteins in mediating behavioral and cognitive function as well as equilibrium maintenance. However, the differential expression of NUR77 in motor areas of the cortex and basal ganglia suggest a selective role for this transcription factor in regulation of motor function at the constitutive level. Our data indicates that these nuclear receptors are likely to have both shared and independent gene regulatory roles in neuronal cells.
Gender schematic parapraxes in the articulated thoughts of ex-smokers

The Articulated Thoughts during Simulated Situations (ATSS) paradigm for cognitive assessment may be useful for identifying gender schematic information processing In a study of smoking relapse, several ex-smokers articulated thoughts indicating that they mistook the gender of audiotaped actors whose roles violated sex role stereotypes. The same speakers were never misidentified when portraying more traditional roles. Discussion focused on (a) the possible utility of this finding for research on Gender Schema Theory, and (by the value of open-ended cognitive assessment methods such as ATSS for enhancing the likelihood of serendipitous findings.