cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reaction to Articles on Field Teaching.

The PEABODY JOURNAL OF EDUCATION issue on "Field Teachers: An Introduction to an Alternative to Schools" presents five different and provocative functions of field teaching. The introduction provides a confusing picture for what proves to be an interesting series of articles. It would have been more effective to explain that the five articles provide an overview of the domain of field teaching from a variety of points of view ranging from the theoretical to the practical. One problem that the committee writing the introduction failed to resolve was how to help the reader understand that the concept of field teaching has and is undergoing revision as researchers and practitioners gain new insights. Thus, the reader should be prepared to read the articles with the varying definitions inferred but not stated in the five articles.
Characterization of microcracks in YCrO3 using small-angle neutron scattering and elasticity measurements

The mean crack radius, crack opening displacement, number density, and volume fraction have been estimated for a population of microcracks in polyerystalline YCrO3 using small-angle neutron scattering in tandem with elasticity measurements.
Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid do not induce mucus secretion from rabbit intestinal goblet cells in vitro

Lipoxygenase metabolites of arachidonic acid are effective mucus secretagogues in the respiratory tract but their efficacy in the intestinal tract was unknown. Mucosal explants and sheets of epithelial cells isolated from rabbit small and large intestine were exposed to leukotrienes B4, C4, and D4 and monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids 5-HETE, 12-HETE, and 15-HETE. Light and electron microscopic inspection of goblet cells in treated tissues failed to detect evidence of recent compound exocytosis of mucin granules or other morphological evidence of secretory activity. These results indicate that lipoxygenase metabolites are not directly responsible for the increased mucus secretion observed in ulcerative colitis.
Structure of 61Cu via 58Ni(4He, pγ) high-resolution prompt p-γ coincidence spectrometry

Abstract The level structure and the detailed decay properties of the levels in 61 Cu have been studied via prompt γ-ray energy and intensity measurements utilizing a NaI(T1)-Ge(Li) anti-Compton spectrometer and pγ prompt coincidence techniques via the 58 Ni( 4 He, pγ) 61 Cu reaction with 4 He ++ energies in the range 4.6–12.5 MeV. Many of the γ-rays associated with levels in 61 Cu were identified with the ( 4 He, pγ) reaction by means of extensive on-beam pγ coincidence measurements employing a 41 cm 3 Ge(Li) γ-ray detector and several annular Si(Li) or surface-barrier charged-particle detectors. Characterization of many levels in 61 Cu was aided considerably by a high-resolution study of the proton spectrum from the 58 Ni( 4 He, p) reaction employing a tandem Van de Graaf accelerator and a split-pole Enge magnetic spectrograph. It was thus established that 50 levels up to 4.0 MeV in excitation are populated by this reaction in 61 Cu and that these accommodate 98γ-rays. Branching ratios for the γ-de-excitation of 48 levels in 61 Cu were obtained by averaging the measured angular correlation of each γ-ray about the beam direction. The directional correlation of 18 primary γ-rays in coincidence with protons detected at approximately 180° with respect to the beam direction were measured and the results were used to assign definite J -values for many levels in 61 Cu. A detailed level scheme for the de-excitation of levels in 61 Cu is offered.
Congenital Communication of a Coronary Artery with a Cardiac Chamber or the Pulmonary Trunk ("Coronary Artery Fistula")

Anatomic, clinical, hemodynamic, and roentgenographic findings in six patients with congenital communication of a coronary artery with a cardiac chamber or the pulmonary trunk are presented. The literature is reviewed. A coronary artery may communicate anomalously, with any of the cardiac chambers, more commonly with those on the right side. In the six cases presented, the right coronary artery communicated with the right atrium in one case and with the right ventricle in another. The left coronary artery communicated with the right atrium and right ventricle in one case each, and with the pulmonary trunk in two cases. The most striking feature observed clinically was a continuous murmur. If a continous murmur is localized in an area atypical for patent ductus arteriosus, the diagnosis should be suspected. Conventional roentgenographic and electrocardiographic studies yielded no specific diagnostic features. The results of cardiac catheterization may reveal a left-to-right shunt, but they are diagnostical...
Providing fine-grained access control for Java programs via binary editing

SUMMARY There is considerable interest in programs that can migrate from one host to another and execute. Mobile programs are appealing because they support efficient utilization of network resources and extensibility of information servers. However, since they cross administrative domains, they have the ability to access and possibly misuse a host’s protected resources. In this paper, we present a novel approach for controlling and protecting a site’s resources. In this approach, a site uses a declarative policy language to specify a set of constraints on accesses to resources. A set of code transformation tools enforces these constraints on mobile programs by integrating the access constraint checking code directly into the mobile program and resource definitions. Using this approach, a site does not need to explicitly include calls to reference monitors in order to protect resources. The performance analysis show that the approach performs better than reference monitor-based approaches in many cases. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between auditory discrimination and oral production of Spanish sounds in children and adults

The purpose of this study was to investigate the question of age in relation to second-language learning. Specific variables investigated were the auditory discrimination and oral production of Spanish sounds. Two test were constructed: (1) The auditory discrimination test used minimal pairs of Spanish sounds, and (2) the oral production test used words that differed in only one sound. Both tests were given individually to a group of randomly chosen English monolingual speakers. A group of children (1 st-graders) and a group of adults (12th-graders) were tested to determine if both tests taken together would show one group to have a higher foreign language aptitude than the other group. While it was hypothesized that children would perform better than adults, the multivariate analysis of variance indicated that, with both tests taken together, adults were superior in auditory discrimination and oral production, supporting the idea that adults because of their cognitive advantage and maturity are more efficient and successful in these two aspects of foreign-language learning. Children did not exhibit the facility that early-foreign-language-learning advocates have postulated.
SU-E-J-258: Inter- and Intra-Fraction Setup Stability and Couch Change Tolerance for Image Guided Radiation Therapy

Purpose: Immobilization devices combine rigid patient fixation as well as comfort and play a key role providing the stability required for accurate radiation delivery. In the setup step, couch re-positioning needed to align the patient is derived via registration of acquired versus reference image. For subsequent fractions, replicating the initial setup should yield identical alignment errors when compared to the reference. This is not always the case and further couch re-positioning can be needed. An important quality assurance measure is to set couch tolerances beyond which additional investigations are needed. The purpose of this work was to study the inter-fraction couch changes needed to re-align the patient and the intra-fraction stability of the alignment as a guide to establish the couch tolerances. Methods: Data from twelve patients treated on the Accuray CyberKnife (CK) system for fractionated intracranial radiotherapy and immobilized with Aquaplast RT, U-frame, F-Head-Support (Qfix, PA, USA) was used. Each fraction involved image acquisitions and registration with the reference to re-align the patient. The absolute couch position corresponding to the approved setup alignment was recorded per fraction. Intra-fraction set-up corrections were recorded throughout the treatment. Results: The average approved setup alignment was 0.03±0.28mm, 0.15±0.22mm, 0.06±0.31mm in the L/R, A/P, S/I directions respectively and 0.00±0.35degrees, 0.03±0.32degrees, 0.08±0.45degrees for roll, pitch and yaw respectively. The inter-fraction reproducibility of the couch position was 6.65mm, 10.55mm, and 4.77mm in the L/R, A/P and S/I directions respectively and 0.82degrees, 0.71degrees for roll and pitch respectively. Intra-fraction monitoring showed small average errors of 0.21±0.21mm, 0.00±0.08mm, 0.23±0.22mm in the L/R, A/P, S/I directions respectively and 0.03±0.12degrees, 0.04±0.25degrees, and 0.13±0.15degrees in the roll, pitch and yaw respectively. Conclusion: The inter-fraction reproducibility should serve as a guide to couch tolerances, specific to a site and immobilization. More patients need to be included to make general conclusions.
Monitoring of ultraprecision machining processes

New demands are being placed on monitoring systems in the manufacturing environment because of recent developments in machining technology and machine tool design. In-process sensors are used to generate control signals to improve both the control and productivity of manufacturing systems. Numerous different sensors are available for monitoring and controlling the machining environment including force, power, and acoustic emission (AE) sensors. This paper first discusses the requirements for sensor technology for precision manufacturing process monitoring in general. Details are also given about AE and its application for process characterisation and monitoring in ultraprecision machining.
Transducer system for the noninvasive recording of arterial pressure contours

A transducer system is described that permits noninvasive recordings of the pressure-vs-time arterial profile at any palpable site on the body. A thin (30 μm) piezoelectric polymer film of polyvinylidene fluoride serves as the active element and as the mechanical coupler to the skin. The system has high frequency response and a low frequency cut-off of 0.16 Hz. The active element and its support provides a good mechanical impedance match with the skin. The transducer housing resembles a thick wrist watch and is strapped in place. The complete system is designed to record as many as four simultaneous profiles on a subject. Comparisons of the noninvasive transducer records with records taken with an indwelling catheter indicate congruence of the two signals and the first and second derivatives of the two signals, both when the transducer is applied directly to the skin and when a layer of fat is interposed between the skin and the transducer. The system provides a simple atraumatic means of periodically screening and/or monitoring cardiovascular changes in large populations of subjects and would provide a means of tracking changes induced by therapeutic programs.
A New Moving-Magnet Instrument for Direct Current

A new type of d-c instrument is described in this paper. It comprises a diametrically magnetized cylindrical moving- magnet element, a hollow copper damping cylinder surrounding the moving element, a fixed coil, control magnets having a very high coercive force, and an enclosing magnetic shield made of mumetal. The field of the control magnet and the field of the fixed coil have a relatively large angular displacement. The angular position of the vector sum of these fields varies with the current through the coil, and the moving element follows this vector. The scale distribution is nearly uniform for a 90-degree scale. The characteristics compare favorably in many respects with those of a D'Arsonval instrument.
Cleaving oxide films using hydrogen implantation

Abstract Precise cleaving of oxide films with known thickness using hydrogen implantation and subsequent annealing was investigated using strontium titanate (SrTiO 3 ) as a model material. Rutherford backscattering in channeling geometry (RBS/C), nuclear reaction analysis (NRA), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) have been used to characterize this process.
An examination of entrepreneurship centers in the United States: A national survey

This study fills a gap in previous research by performing an in-depth analysis of 146 entrepreneurship centers in the United States. This two-part study looks at the characteristics of the entire sample of entrepreneurship centers and then examines the differences between top-ranked centers and nonranked centers. The findings indicate that top-ranked centers have three times as many endowed chairs as nonranked centers. Top-ranked centers also offer more comprehensive graduate programs. Overall, top-ranked centers have more resources and personnel. The findings of this study will assist students, faculty, staff, administrators, directors, and other stakeholders of entrepreneurship centers.
Polycystic ovary syndrome in adolescent girls

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) has traditionally been thought of as a triad of oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, and obesity. PCOS is now recognized as a heterogeneous disorder that results in overproduction of androgens primarily from the ovary leading to anovulation and hirsutism and is associated with insulin resistance. Symptoms in the adolescent include oligomenorrhea, hirsutism, acne, and weight gain. These symptoms are often attributed to normal pubertal events, which can lead to a delay in diagnosis. Insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance and diabetes have been shown to occur in adolescents with PCOS. Treatment should be instituted early to decrease symptoms and long-term sequellae of PCOS. Weight loss, oral contraceptives and antiandrogens are very effective in treating the symptoms of this disorder. Insulin-sensitizing medications show promise, but should be used with caution until larger randomized trials have shown short- and long-term benefit and efficacy over traditional therapies in the adolescent population.
Diamagnetism of a free particle in classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation

Landau's diamagnetism for a free point charge is shown to exist within classical electron theory with classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation. The system considered is a nonrelativistic classical point charge bound harmonically in three dimensions and situated in a magnetic field when random classical electromagnetic zero-point radiation or thermal radiation is present. The average energy, angular momentum, and magnetic moment are calculated at finite temperature, and then carried to the limit at which the harmonic binding vanishes so as to obtain the behavior for a free particle. In the presence of the Rayleigh-Jeans radiation spectrum one finds that all diamagnetic effects vanish, in agreement with the results of traditional classical statistical mechanics. In the Planck radiation spectrum one finds exactly the results of quantum theory involving a Langevin function for the temperature dependence. In particular, the average angular momentum and magnetic moment for a classical point charge in classical zero-point radiation are $〈{L}_{z}〉=\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\hbar}$ and $〈{M}_{z}〉=\ensuremath{-}|e|\frac{\ensuremath{\hbar}}{2\mathrm{mc}}$, where the orientation of the $z$ axis is given by the magnetic field direction. Thus the classical results in the presence of classical zero-point radiation are entirely different from those of traditional classical electron theory, and they suggest possible classical explanations of the space quantization appearing in quantum theory. The results also suggest a derivation of Planck's spectrum from traditional classical statistical mechanics by applying Boltzmann statistics to the orientation of the average magnetic moment caused by the zero-point radiation.
Poly(2-decylthieno[3,4-b]thiophene). A new soluble Low-Bandgap conducting polymer

Abstract A new soluble low-bandgap conducting polymer, poly(2-decylthieno[3,4- b ]thiophene) ( 5 ), has been prepared by a multistep synthetic sequence. The vis-NIR spectra of a film of 5 showed λ max = 738 nm with a band-edge bandgap of 1.2 eV. FeCl 3 doping of the film gave a conductivity of 7.2 × 10 −2 S cm − . The GPC molecular weight was n = 30,000.
Muscular activity and the degradation of cholesterol by the liver

Abstract [1, 2 α- 3 H]Cholesterol lipoproteins were injected intravenously into bile-duct cannulated anesthetized rats; cholic [ 14 C]carboxyl acid or radiopaque material was introduced into the small intestine. The animals also received intraenteric infusions of bile with or without whipping cream. Repeated contractions of the skeletal musculature increased the biliary secretion of products from the cyclic portion of the cholesterol molecule and of absorbed [ 14 C]cholic acid without modifying intestinal motility.
Radial dilation of nephrostomy balloons: a comparative analysis

PURPOSE: The dynamics of percutaneous balloon expansion may differ with increasing extrinsic compressive forces and increasing inflation pressures. This study compares the ability of percutaneous balloons to expand under different radial constrictive forces. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three 30F nephrostomy balloons were tested: Bard X-Force™, Boston Scientific Microvasive Amplatz Tractmaster™, and Cook Ultraxx™. With a super stiff guidewire in place, the balloon tip was secured by elevated vice grips on either side of the balloon. A string was wrapped around the balloon center once, and incremental increases in load were added (2g, 42g, 82g, and 122g) to represent increasing extrinsic compression. The balloon was inflated with a contrast agent and circumference changes were measured at increments of 4 ATM, 10 ATM, and burst pressure. Balloons were tested in triplicate for each load. RESULTS: All balloons were unable to reach 90% of their expected diameter with larger constrictive loads (122g) at low (4 ATM) and nominal (10 ATM) inflation pressures. Only the Bard and Cook balloons reached at least 90% of the expected diameter with a coefficient of variance (CV) less than 10% at burst pressure under the larger constrictive load (122g), 94.3% ± 6.7%, CV 7.1% and 96.3% ± 2.9%, CV 3.0% respectively. All balloons performed well under low constriction forces and reached at least 80% of the expected diameter by 10 ATM under all constrictive loads. CONCLUSIONS: The Bard X-Force and Cook Ultraxx percutaneous nephrostomy balloons achieved the most reliable radial dilation against large constrictive forces simulating fascial or retroperitoneal scar tissue.
The Arabidopsis LUT1 locus encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 family that is required for carotenoid ε-ring hydroxylation activity

Lutein, a dihydroxy xanthophyll, is the most abundant carotenoid in plant photosynthetic tissues and plays crucial structural and functional roles in the light-harvesting complexes. Carotenoid β-and e-hydroxylases catalyze the formation of lutein from α-carotene (β,e-carotene). In contrast to the well studied β-hydroxylases that have been cloned and characterized from many organisms, the e-hydroxylase has only been genetically defined by the lut1 mutation in Arabidopsis. We have isolated the LUT1 gene by positional cloning and found that, in contrast to all known carotenoid hydroxylases, which are the nonheme diiron monooxygenases, LUT1 encodes a cytochrome P450-type monooxygenase, CYP97C1. Introduction of a null mutant allele of LUT1, lut1-3, into the β-hydroxylase 1/β-hydroxylase 2 (b1 b2) double-mutant background, in which both Arabidopsis β-hydroxylases are disrupted, yielded a genotype (lut1-3 b1 b2) in which all three known carotenoid hydroxylase activities are eliminated. Surprisingly, hydroxylated β-rings were still produced in lut1-3 b1 b2, suggesting that a fourth unknown carotenoid β-hydroxylase exists in vivo that is structurally unrelated to β-hydroxylase 1 or 2. A second chloroplast-targeted member of the CYP97 family, CYP97A3, is 49% identical to LUT1 and hypothesized as a likely candidate for this additional β-ring hydroxylation activity. Overall, LUT1 defines a class of carotenoid hydroxylases that has evolved independently from and uses a different mechanism than nonheme diiron β-hydroxylases.
Collaborative practices between elementary school districts and a college in retraining teachers for quality science education

ABSTRACT Described is a one-year pilot program undertaken to retrain elementary school teachers for remodeling their programs in science education. One purpose of the program was to aid teachers to understand the nature of inquiry learning through activities that combined scientific and quantitative data essential for comprehensive understanding of science. A second purpose was to assist teachers in designing and conducting inquiry centered lessons applicable to children's varying intellectual levels. The teachers' educational experiences were gained through activities in a two-week workshop, then followed by six five-week, three-hour weekly sessions, alternatively scheduled for mathematics and science. During the two-week preparation period teachers studied and practiced inquiry learning episodes, defined behaviors that pupils could achieve, gained understanding of the psychology of instruction necessary for process and conceptual learning, defined the specific roles of teachers and pupils, and considered the nature of desirable facilities for investigative laboratory learning. Administrators of the six school districts involved in this program arranged for release time for resource teachers. Evaluation of the program indicates that changes in teacher behavior and role in guiding learning was achieved. (BR)
Enhanced Treatment of Lassa Fever by Immune Plasma Combined with Ribavirin in Cynomolgus Monkeys

Lassa virus-infected cynomolgus monkeys were treated with Lassa virus-immune monkey serum containing a high concentration of neutralizing antibody, the antiviral drug ribavirin, or a combination of ribavirin plus immune serum at various times after infection. When treatment was initiated early (day 0 or 4), either ribavirin (30 mg/kg of body weight per day) or immune serum alone protected monkeys. However, when the initial treatment was delayed until day 7, only four of eight ribavirin-treated and only one of six serum-treated monkeys survived. Treatment with ribavirin combined with immune serum was more successful; all infected monkeys given combination treatment survived, including six treated initially on day 10. Increased doses of ribavirin given alone were toxic. The empirical observation that combined treatment with ribavirin plus serum results in enhanced survival in experimentally infected monkeys suggests that combined treatment might benefit human patients with Lassa fever as well.
Isolation and sequence of the Candida albicans FAS1 gene.

Abstract The gene (FAS1) encoding the β-subunit of fatty-acid synthase (FAS) of Candida albicans has been isolated and analyzed. The gene was isolated on the basis of homology to the Saccharomyces cerevisiaeFAS1 gene. Sequence analysis showed that the gene contained an intron-free open reading frame of 6111 bp encoding a protein of 2037 amino acids (aa) (227 916 Da). C. albicansFAS1 and its product exhibit a high degree of overall sequence relatedness to their counterparts in S. cerevisiae, with identities of 68 and 63% at the nucleotide (nt) and aa level, respectively. In addition, the β-subunits of both organisms contain the catalytic domains in an identical sequential order. Northern blots demonstrated that the gene encodes a single mRNA of approx. 6.1 kb, and that changes in transcript levels are not a prerequisite of the yeast-to-hyphal transition. Southern blot analysis of C. albicans chromosomes separated by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis showed that FAS1 resides on chromosome 5.
Glucose production and utilization in the newborn puppy.

Extract: A steady-state radioglyucose dilution technique was used to determine new glucose production in six newborn (1–4 days) and two adult dogs in the postabsorptive state, and during a 90-min glucagon infusion. Basal new glucose production rates were 2.0 and 2.2 mg/kg body weight per minute in the adults. In contrast, basal rates in the newborn were 2–4 times (4.1–7.9 mg/kg/min) the values for the adults. During glucagon-induced hyperglycemia in the adult, glucose production increased to 2.5 times the basal level, while plasma glucose concentration rose to a peak at 30 min. The newborn dog responded with only a 40% increment above basal production while glucose concentation rose continuously. The adult responded with a rise in plasma insulin level but no change was observed in the newborn. The fractional rate of glucose utilization during the glucagon-induced hyperglycemia was observed to decline in newborn dogs; no decline was observed in the adults. Glucose metabolism in the newborn differs from that in the adult dog as follows: 1) basal glucose production and utilization per unit body weight are rathter in the newborn; and 2) during glucagon-stimulated hyperglycemia the newborn adaps with less acceleration of both the production and the utilization of glucose. Speculation: If the human newborn responds similarly to the puppy, then hepatic glucose output appears to be near maximum in order to meet basal requirements for glucose. Conditions that accelerate peripheral tissue glucose uptake will, therefore, rapidly result in hypoglycemia. Conversely, a reduction in hepatic output may result in low blood glucose concentration.
Tunica vaginalis flap for the management of disabling peyronie's disease: surgical technique, results, and complications

Abstract Objectives To discuss the surgical technique for tunica vaginalis flap (TVF) in the management of disabling Peyronie's disease and to evaluate the results and complications. Methods Twelve patients underwent the TVF technique. Through a scrotal incision, the most dependent part of the tunica was dissected from the testicle and epididymis. The flap measured at least 4 cm in width and its upper extremity was left attached to the cremasteric muscle. Subsequently, the flap was brought underneath a groin skin bridge to cover the dorsal penile defect. Results All patients were pain free. Seven patients (58.3%) were able to achieve a satisfactory erection with good vaginal penetration. Five patients (41.7%) were unable to perform sexually secondary to disabling chordee in 3 patients, glanular hypoesthesia in 1 patient, and venous leakage in 1 patient. Conclusions TVF is an adequate alternative for correction of distortions of Peyronie's plaque in patients with disabling disease. TVF is at present our first choice in the management of this disease. If penetration is still impaired following recurrent curvature, a Nesbit ventral plication can be used as a secondary procedure.
2-Deoxy-d-glucose and Mercaptoacetate Induce Different Patterns of Macronutrient Ingestion

2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) and mercaptoacetate (MA) are antimetabolic agents that reduce the metabolism of glucose and fatty acids, respectively, and stimulate feeding. The present study compared the effects of MA and 2DG on macronutrient self-selection. Because 2DG and MA have different metabolic actions and appear to activate different neural pathways, our hypothesis was that 2DG and MA would elicit different patterns of macronutrient selection. The first experiment examined macronutrient selection in response to 2DG, MA, and 0.9% saline in rats maintained on a three-macronutrient self-selection diet consisting of cornstarch, casein, and vegetable oil. Subsequently, one macronutrient source was replaced in each of three similar experiments with Polycose, albumin, or solid vegetable shortening. Finally, 2DG and MA tests were conducted in which only one macronutrient (cornstarch, casein, or oil) was available during the test. Results show that MA and 2DG elicit different macronutrient preferences. 2DG elicits intake of all three macronutrients in the same relative proportion consumed during spontaneous feeding across a number of dietary conditions, suggesting that glucoprivation activates interoceptive signals and neural pathways similar to those involved in normal hunger. MA elicits a selective intake of protein. Conditions in which carbohydrate palatability is enhanced or protein palatability is diminished lead to a relative increase in carbohydrate intake in response to MA. However, MA did not increase the intake of fat. Results suggest that intake of each macronutrient is subject to separate neural or endocrine control, and that these controls are linked to metabolic cues.
Heat transport in Stokes' problem with melting: a two-layer approach

Abstract We analyze the heat transport from a heated sphere as it melts its way through a solid medium. The work of Emerman and Turcotte [Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 26 (11) (1983) 1625–1630] is used as a starting point. A thermal layer is added beyond the melt layer to account more accurately for the heat transport to the surrounding medium. This two-layer approach allows us to estimate the extent of the melt region.
Issues with spam

Abstract This article takes a detailed view of unsolicited, commercial email, better known as “spam”, examining the current state of spam dissemination, how it is distributed by spammers, the impact and problems spam is causing the IT industry, and what methods are being employed both legislative and technological by various segments of government and the IT industry to help control and/or eliminate spam. In analyzing the various legislative and technological means that are being employed to control and/or eliminate spam, the pros and cons of each method and potential societal impacts are discussed.
Impact of early cyclosporin average blood concentration on early kidney transplant failure

This retrospective study served to examine the correlation between the degree of cyclosporin (CyA) exposure, as estimated by a single pharmacokinetic (PK) profile performed at 1 week post-transplant, and the outcome of 290 consecutive renal transplants performed over a 6-year period. For this retrospective analysis patients were stratified into four historical groups based on 12- versus 24-h PK studies and on the use of radioimmunoassay versus fluorescence polarization immunoassay methods for estimates of CyA concentrations. Four PK measures – trough concentration (C0), average concentration values (Cav; i. e., the dosing interval-corrected area under the concentration-time curve), maximum concentration (Cmax), and time to maximum concentration (tmax) – were examined as predictors of patient, graft, and rejection-free survival rates for each of the four groups individually and for all groups combined. Patients with an initial Cav≥ 550 ng/ml had higher 1-year (88 %) and 6-year (66 %) graft survival rates than patients with Cav < 550 ng/ml, who had 1- and 6-year graft survival rates of 80 % and 59 %, respectively (P = NS). Statistically significant differences were observed in graft survival rates between patients with Cav < 550 versus Cav≥ 550 ng/ml at 30 (88 % vs 96 %; P < 0.02), 60 (85 % vs 94 %; P < 0.007), 90 (85 % vs 94 %; P < 0.02), and 180 (83 % vs 92 %; P < 0.05) days. Moreover, patients with Cav < 550 ng/ml displayed more severe rejection episodes, as judged by Banff classification, than patients who displayed Cav≥ 550 ng/ml (grades II and III; 71 % vs 50 %; P = 0.036). In contrast, the C0, Cmax, and tmax values did not correlate with patient, graft, or rejection-free survival rates. The pharmacokinetic parameter of Cav correlated strongly with early graft survival and may, therefore, be a useful predictor of those renal transplant patients who may require more intensive post-transplant monitoring of CyA concentrations by serial PK studies to improve graft survival.
Space Plasma Turbulent Dissipation: Reality or Myth?

A prevalent approach to understanding magnetospheric dynamics is to combine a hydromagnetic description of the large scale magnetic structure and convection flows with a locally determined anomalous dissipation which develops in boundary layers. Three problems — nose and tail reconnection, auroral field-aligned currents, and diffuse auroral precipitation — are critically examined to test the validity of this theoretical philosophy. Although the expected plasma wave turbulence is observed for each case, the concept of local anomalous dissipation fails to provide an adequate or complete description of the phemomenae.
Confidence bands for a regression-based, non-linear decomposition model

Abstract Parameter estimation can be performed on field or experimental data by using non-linear estimation procedures, and confidence regions for these estimates can be constructed. For model evaluation it is also important to determine confidence bands about the time function. These bands may be derived from the confidence regions for the parameter estimates. The procedure is illustrated for a two-compartment model of cypress leaf litter decomposition.
Choroid plexitis in a case of systemic nocardiosis

Although rare, primary choroid plexitis can occur as an early presentation of a central nervous system (CNS) infection most commonly with cryptococcosis, tuberculosis, and nocardiosis. In the appropriate clinical setting, an enlarged, intensely enhancing choroid plexus should raise suspicion for choroid plexitis. It is important to recognize this entity early as aggressive diagnostic and therapeutic intervention may be necessary. We review the existing literature and present a case of infectious choroid plexitis in a patient with systemic nocardiosis; computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging demonstrated the characteristic findings of choroid plexitis, which later developed into a parenchymal abscess.
Acceleration of West Antarctic glacier discharge

The glaciers that flow from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet into the Amundsen Sea are some of the fastest on the continent. Together they account for roughly a third of the flow from the west part of the ice sheet. Over the past few decades these glaciers have only gotten faster: From 1973 to 2013 their combined rate of discharge increased 77%, report Mouginot et al. As much as half of this increase took place in a burst from 2003 to 2009, and in recent years the combined discharge of these glaciers has accounted for nearly 10% of global sea level rise.
Boundary layer effects on sound in a circular duct

Abstract Boundary layer effects on an acoustic field in a unidirectional flow with transverse shear are studied. The acoustic pressure variation in the direction normal to that of the flow is governed in the boundary layer by a second order differential equation. The problem in the boundary layer is reduced from a two point boundary value problem to a one point boundary value problem by transforming the governing equation into the Riccati equation. The Riccati equation is easily integrated with standard numerical procedures. The integration process yields the effective admittance of the wall-boundary layer combination. The acoustic field in the uniform flow is then determined for this effective admittance. Further complications imposed by the boundary layer are thus eliminated. The simplicity of the technique allows calculation of the propagation and decay constants in a circular duct over a wide range of parameters and duct modes.
Reliability Model of SOFC Anode Material Under Thermo-Mechanical and Fuel Gas Contaminants Effects

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) work under severe environment which deteriorate anode material properties and reduce its serviceable life. Besides electrochemical performance, structural integrity of SOFC anode is essential for successful long-term operation. SOFC anode material is subjected to stresses at high temperature, thermal and redox cycles and fuel gas contaminants effects on its structure during long-term operation. These mechanisms can degrade anode microstructure and decrease electrochemical performance and structural properties. In this research an anode material degradation model is developed and implemented in finite element analysis. The model incorporates thermo-mechanical and fuel gas contaminants degradation effects and predicts long-term structural integrity of SOFC anode. An analytical solution is also developed for button cell deformation under uniform pressure to establish correlation between the degradation model and experimental measurements. Preliminary results of the model application on the planar co-flow SOFC are also presented.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Three-Dimensional Structure and Evolution of the Vertical Velocity and Divergence Fields in the MJO

AbstractThe features in the planetary-scale wind field that shape the MJO-related vertical velocity field are examined using the linear analysis protocol based on the daily global velocity potential field described in a companion paper, augmented by a compositing procedure that yields a more robust and concise description of the prevalent patterns over the Indo-Pacific warm pool sector (60°E–180°). The analysis elucidates the structural elements of the planetary-scale wind field that give rise to the characteristic “swallowtail” shape of the region of enhanced rainfall and the “bottom up” evolution of the vertical velocity profile from one with a shallow peak on the eastern end of the region of enhanced rainfall to one with an elevated peak on the western end. These distinctive features of the vertical velocity field in the MJO reflect the juxtaposition of deep overturning circulation cells in the equatorial plane and much shallower frictionally driven cells in the meridional plane to the east and west of...
Perilunate fracture-dislocations of the wrist: comparison of temporary screw versus K-wire fixation.

Purpose Temporary intercarpal screw fixation has been suggested as an alternative to temporary K-wire fixation in the treatment of perilunate wrist dislocations. We compared the 2 treatment methods in 2 retrospective cohorts with a null hypothesis that there would be no difference in final wrist motion. Methods Eighteen patients with surgically treated perilunate wrist dislocations (9 treated with intercarpal screws, 9 with intercarpal K-wires) were evaluated an average of 44 months after injury. The intercarpal screws were removed an average of 5 months and the K-wires an average of 3 months after the initial procedure. Complications included 3 pin track infections (1 with wrist sepsis), 2 scaphoid nonunions (screw fixation), and 2 patients with loss of reduction (K-wire fixation) treated with repeat surgery. Results Four patients (2 in each cohort) had wrist arthrodesis with poor results. Among the 14 remaining patients the final flexion arc was 97° for patients treated with screw fixation compared with 73° for patients treated with K-wires. The mean grip strength was 74% (screw fixation) and 67% (K-wire) that of the uninjured arm. According to the Mayo Modified Wrist Score, the functional result was excellent in 1 patient (screw), good in 2 patients (1 each group), fair in 6 patients (3 in each group), and poor in 9 patients (4 screws, 5 K-wire). Seven patients (2 screws, 5 K-wires) had grade 2 or 3 midcarpal arthritis according to the criteria of Knirk and Jupiter, but none had more than mild radiocarpal arthritis. Conclusions The results of treatment with temporary screws are comparable to the results of treatment with temporary K-wires. Type of study/level of evidence Therapeutic III.
Ghost monolayers in the study of the modulation of transcription in cultures of CV1 fibroblasts.

Abstract The rate of transcription of nucleolar and nucleoplasmic RNA, the activity of the isolated RNA polymerases, and the availability of the genome were studied in ghost monolayers of CV I African green monkey cells. Under the assay conditions, in the presence of the endogenous RNA polymerases, in sparse and growing cultures the transcription was approx. 70% nucleolar RNA and 30% nucleoplasmic RNA; in dense and quiescent cultures it was approx. 30% nucleolar RNA and 70% nucleoplasmic. In crowded cultures the rate of transcription of the total nuclear RNA/cell was decreased by one-half in comparison with sparse cultures. This decrease was largely due to a reduced rate of transcription of nucleolar RNA, while the rate of transcription of the nucleoplasmic RNA was relatively unaffected. Probing the ghost monolayers with E. coli RNA polymerase showed that the decrease in transcription rate was secondary to a decreased availability of the genome. The activity ratio of the isolated RNA polymerases was constantly in favor of the nucleoplasmic polymerase both in the sparse culture and in the dense culture. These findings suggest that during the crowding of the cultures and the shut-off of cellular proliferation the preferential restriction of the preribosomal RNA synthesis is due to a limitation of the availability of the ribosomal RNA genes to the polymerase and does not seem dependent upon a limiting amount of RNA polymerase molecules.
Measurement and direct reaction analysis of the reactions 7Li(d, t)6Li and 7Li(τ, α)6Li

Abstract Angular distributions for the reactions 7 Li(d, t) 6 Li and 7 Li(τ, α) 6 Li were measured and analyzed in an energy region shown to be relatively free of compound nucleus resonance structure. Both front and back angle maxima in the measured angular distributions have been reproduced by the conventional DWBA without the inclusion of exchange effects. The zero-range DWBA calculation is a factor of 25 smaller than the 7 Li(τ, α) 6 Li cross section and a factor of 2.5 to 4.5 smaller than the 7 Li(d, t) 6 Li cross section. In a true finite-range calculation the large renormalization of the DWBA calculation is no longer necessary.
Ineffectiveness of low molecular weight dextrans in the prevention of experimental dental caries in mutant albino rats.

Abstract An experiment was conducted to determine whether the inclusion of low molecular weight dextran in Harvard cariogenic diet 2700 would alter caries activity. Rats of the mutant albino caries-susceptible strain which develop carious lesions in the occlusal sulci and on smooth surfaces were used because their oral cavities harbour dextran-forming microorganisms. Supplementation of diet 2700 with 15 per cent dextran with a molecular weight of 6.0–9.0 × 104 or 2.0 to 3.0 × 105 had no influence on caries activity in the occlusal sulci or on the smooth surfaces.
Energy prices and induced innovation

Abstract The received theory of induced innovation implies that input prices, as well as other economic factors such as demand and market structure, determine the extent and nature of the optimizing firm's allocation of resources to research activity. This paper investigates the effects of large increases in the prices of energy and other intermediate materials during the early to mid 1970s on the amount of R&D performed by U.S. manufacturing firms. The evidence indicates that industries most affected by these price increases maintained the highest growth rate of R&D expenditure, holding constant output growth.
A Theoretical Foundation for Tilden's Interpretive Principles.

(1981). A Theoretical Foundation for Tilden's Interpretive Principles. The Journal of Environmental Education: Vol. 12, No. 3, pp. 13-16.
Scaling heat transfer in fully developed turbulent channel flow

Abstract An analysis is given for fully developed thermal transport through a wall-bounded turbulent fluid flow with constant heat flux supplied at the boundary. The analysis proceeds from the averaged heat equation and utilizes, as principal tools, various scaling considerations. The paper first provides an accounting of the relative dominance of the three terms in that averaged equation, based on existing DNS data. The results show a clear decomposition of the turbulent layer into zones, each with its characteristic transport mechanisms. There follows a theoretical treatment based on the concept of a scaling patch that justifies and greatly extends these empirical results. The primary hypothesis in this development is the monotone and limiting Peclet number dependence (at fixed Reynolds number) of the difference between the specially scaled centerline and wall temperatures. This fact is well corroborated by DNS data. A fairly complete qualitative and order-of-magnitude quantitative picture emerges for a complete range in Peclet numbers. It agrees with known empirical information. In a manner similar to previous analyses of turbulent fluid flow in a channel, conditions for the existence or nonexistence of logarithmic-like mean temperature profiles are established. Throughout the paper, the classical arguments based on an assumed overlapping of regions where the inner and outer scalings are valid are avoided.
Dissolution rates in surfactant solutions under stirred and static conditions.

The dissolution rate of benzoic acid was determined in water and solutions of polyoxyethylene (23) lauryl ether by the rotating disk and static disk methods. The results under stirred and static conditions substantially deviated from the Noyes-Whitney equation. Dissolution rates in surfactant solutions were much less than anticipated on the basis of solubilization data. The ratios of dissolution rate in surfactant solution to that in pure solvent were found to be significantly greater under static conditions as compared to the ratios determined under stirred conditions, suggesting a possible change in dissolution mechanism. Certain aspects of dissolution rate theory are explored to explain this unusual phenomenon.
Parametric dependence of ion temperature and electron density in the summa hot-ion plasma using laser light scattering and emission spectroscopy

Hot-ion plasma experiments were conducted in the NASA Lewis SUMMA facility. A steady-state modified Penning discharge was formed by applying a radially inward dc electric field of several kilovolts near the magnetic mirror maxima. Results are reported for a hydrogen plasma covering a wide range in midplane magnetic flux densities from 0.5 to 3.37 T. Input power greater than 45 kW was obtained with water-cooled cathodes. Steady-state plasmas with ion kinetic temperatures from 18 to 830 eV were produced and measured spectroscopically. These ion temperatures were correlated with current, voltage, and magnetic flux density as the independent variables. Electron density measurements were made using an unusually sensitive Thomson scattering apparatus. The measured electron densities range from 2.1 x 10 to the 11th to 6.8 x 10 to the 12th per cu cm.
The nonconstancy of the adiabatic invariants

Abstract The change in the adiabatic invariant (action integral) of a one-dimensional system is investigated in the case that an external parameter is initially a constant, then a slowly varying function of time, and finally a constant again. The method consists of making a canonical transformation from the conjugate position and momentum to a pair of variables which reduce to the action-angle variables when the external parameter does not vary. The canonical equations governing the new variables are solved by a method of iteration, and the solution is used to determine the change in the action integral when the external parameter varies at a finite rate. The adiabatic invariance of the action integral is proved to the approximation in which the canonical equations are solved. The case of a harmonic oscillator whose frequency is changing is discussed.