cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Data-Driven Approach for Providing Frequency Regulation with Aggregated Residential HVAC Units

The growing level of integration of renewable energy sources into power grids around the world has increased the need for cheap, reliable and effective fast frequency regulation resources. On that note, most grid operators are already considering the usage of demand-side resources for frequency regulation purposes. A major candidate for such initiatives is the heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) unit in both residential and commercial buildings. In this paper, we present a simplified data-driven approach for providing frequency regulation using aggregated residential HVAC units. The approach involves the use of a residential load model to generate data for frequency regulation model identification. Afterward, a relationship between instantaneous aggregated HVAC power consumption, HVAC power changes and thermostat setpoint offsets is established using a simple multiple linear regression model. Actual regulation qualification signals from the PJM market and the regression model are then used to evaluate the ability of the units to satisfactorily respond to frequency regulation signals. The obtained results show that while the results are satisfactory using PJM's performance metrics, improvements can still be made by accounting for model errors.
Modelling of Protein Complexes Involved in Signalling Pathway for Non-small Cell Lung Cancer

Emergence of high-throughput technology has made it possible to monitor biomolecules such as proteins, metabolites and DNA/RNA transcripts with high speed and accuracy. Pathway modelling is an important approach to study diverse biological pathways like metabolic, disease and signalling pathways that help us in investigating protein metabolomics, signal transduction and gene regulation processes occurring at the cellular level. It is possible to investigate the complex biological systems with the help of pathway modelling. Most of the reactions in the signalling pathway are enzyme catalysed protein activation reactions that are commonly referred to as “signalling cascade”. The aim of this chapter is to discuss various mathematical, computational modelling and networking approaches for the pathway modelling in the field of cancer in general and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in particular. Illustrative examples of each type of pathway modelling approaches are provided in different sections of the chapter. This chapter also discusses a molecular dynamics approach for studying NSCLC signalling pathway based on protein–protein interactions involved in these signalling pathways.
Association of Perceived Electronic Health Record Usability With Patient Interactions and Work-Life Integration Among US Physicians

This cross-sectional survey assesses the association of perceived electronic health record usability with patient interaction and work-life integration among US physicians.
The Value of Congressional Committee Assignments in the Republican Era

Using the Grosewart method of computing the value of committee service, I examine whether the Republican takeover of the House in 1995 led to a change in how members of Congress value service on committees. I show that the common value associated with service on committees has declined in the House since 1995, but not in the Senate. Although the formal changes to the House committee system were associated with formal changes championed by the Republican Party, Democrats and Republicans both assess the value of committee service similarly in the post-1995 era.
A coding approach to localization using landmarks

Fully autonomous vehicles need the ability to localize without external help, for instance by using visual sensors together with a pre-loaded map of landmarks. In this paper we connect self-localization using landmarks with coding theory. This connection enables to translate Hamming distance properties to probabilistic localization guarantees given a certain number of errors in landmark identification; it also enables to leverage existing polynomial time decoding algorithms for localization. We present promising numerical evaluation results by simulating vehicle traveling paths along a road network generated from real data of a region in Washington D.C.
Abnormalities in cortical pattern of coherence in migraine detected using ultra high-density EEG.

Individuals with migraine generally experience photophobia and/or phonophobia during and between migraine attacks. Many different mechanisms have been postulated to explain these migraine phenomena including abnormal patterns of connectivity across the cortex. The results, however, remain contradictory and there is no clear consensus on the nature of the cortical abnormalities in migraine. Here, we uncover alterations in cortical patterns of coherence (connectivity) in interictal migraineurs during the presentation of visual and auditory stimuli and during rest. We used a high-density EEG system, with 128 customized electrode locations, to compare inter- and intra-hemispheric coherence in the interictal period from 17 individuals with migraine (12 female) and 18 age- and gender-matched healthy control subjects. During presentations of visual (vertical grating pattern) and auditory (modulated tone) stimulation which varied in temporal frequency (4 and 6 Hz), and during rest, participants performed a colour detection task at fixation. Analyses included characterizing the inter- and intra-hemisphere coherence between the scalp EEG channels over 2-s time intervals and over different frequency bands at different spatial distances and spatial clusters. Pearson’s correlation coefficients were estimated at zero-lag. Repeated measures analyses-of-variance revealed that, relative to controls, migraineurs exhibited significantly (i) faster colour detection performance, (ii) lower spatial coherence of alpha-band activity, for both inter- and intra-hemisphere connections, and (iii) the reduced coherence occurred predominantly in frontal clusters during both sensory conditions, regardless of the stimulation frequency, as well as during the resting-state. The abnormal patterns of EEG coherence in interictal migraineurs during visual and auditory stimuli, as well as at rest (eyes open), may be associated with the cortical hyper-responsivity that is characteristic of abnormal sensory processing in migraineurs.
Charge-4e Superconductivity from Multicomponent Nematic Pairing: Application to Twisted Bilayer Graphene.

We show that unconventional nematic superconductors with multicomponent order parameter in lattices with three- and sixfold rotational symmetries support a charge-$4e$ vestigial superconducting phase above ${T}_{c}$. The charge-$4e$ state, which is a condensate of four-electron bound states that preserve the rotational symmetry of the lattice, is nearly degenerate with a competing vestigial nematic state, which is nonsuperconducting and breaks the rotational symmetry. This robust result is the consequence of a hidden discrete symmetry in the Ginzburg-Landau theory, which permutes quantities in the gauge sector and in the crystalline sector of the symmetry group. We argue that random strain generally favors the charge-$4e$ state over the nematic phase, as it acts as a random mass to the former but as a random field to the latter. Thus, we propose that two-dimensional inhomogeneous systems displaying nematic superconductivity, such as twisted bilayer graphene, provide a promising platform to realize the elusive charge-$4e$ superconducting phase.
Teaching English to Speakers of Other Languages: An Introduction

Introduction Chapter 1 Language Teaching Methodology Chapter 2 Learner-centered language teaching Chapter 3 Listening Chapter 4 Speaking Chapter 5 Reading Chapter 6 Writing Chapter 7 Pronunciation Chapter 8 Vocabulary Chapter 9 Grammar Chapter 10 Discourse Chapter 11 Learning Styles and Strategies Chapter 12 Assessment Glossary
American Skin: Dispensing with Colorblindness and Critical Mass in Affirmative Action

This exploratory empirical work, formerly known as Grutter's Regrets, examines whether students of color enjoy the benefits articulated by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Grutter decision that rationalized the continuation of affirmative action based on diversity interests. Specifically, the Court stated that affirmative action was permissible because students of all backgrounds would increase their racial understanding and decrease their racial stereotyping of minorities. Supporters and opponents were skeptical that such benefits would really materialize for students of color. Supporters argued that minority students would merely be tokens in which only white students would benefit from a diverse classroom. Opponents argued that this diversity rationale was a thinly disguised quota system. Using survey data of over 370 under-represented minority students from twenty eight states majoring in the sciences, I provide insight into whether: 1. students of color increase their racial understanding; and 2. students of color experience a decrease in stigma associated racial stereotyping. The first part of the study asks whether these benefits exist when students are simply in a diverse environment learning with others from different racial or ethnic backgrounds. The second part of the study analyzes whether these same benefits exist when students are in a diverse environment in which other members of their same racial and ethnic background are also present in the classroom. The study seeks to determine if different benefits emerge depending on whether critical mass may be present in the classroom and whether students are in affirmative action versus anti-affirmative action institutions.The results are encouraging in that most students report experiencing an increase in racial understanding when learning in a diverse environment generally. Unfortunately, less than a third of students report a decrease in stigma associated with the second benefit of decreased racial stereotyping. However, students in affirmative action states were more likely to report decreased stigma from racial stereotyping than students in anti-affirmative action states. But with an important caveat: the diversity had to create meaningful critical mass. The Court viewed critical mass, a concentration of students from a particular racial background, as crucial to achieving the benefits of diversity. The results raise questions about what kind of racial understanding is achieved when racial stereotyping does not decrease? How can we understand diversity while operating in a colorblind environment?The paper explores possible explanations for these troubling results and makes recommendations to institutions of higher learning to reconcile the paradox of diversity in a colorblind world. We must work to ensure students of color are not just the producers of diversity but also its beneficiaries.
Transforming Theory And Research With Women: Themes and Variations

We look at some of the ways in which feminist theorists and researchers apply new insights to established topics in psychology, as they explore the landscape of the unknown and unspoken in the lives of girls and women. The articles in this special issue present research and reflections by a group of feminist scholars, some of us from the editorial board of the Psychology of Women Quarterly and others from the larger academic community. Each contributor, selecting from a personal interest or expertise, reconceptualizes a topical area of psychology with the intent of reframing our understanding of its meaning, its impact on women's functioning, and/or its application to feminist research and theory. To provide a background, we review a sample of contributions of feminist thought to the contemporary revolution in science. We then ask the question: In what ways have feminist perspectives and scholarship transformed psychology in the particular areas addressed by these authors?
Increased Intestinal Contents Viscosity Reduces Cholesterol Absorption Efficiency in Hamsters Fed Hydroxypropyl Methylcellulose

This study was conducted to test the hypothesis that increased intestinal contents viscosity lowers plasma cholesterol concentrations by decreasing cholesterol absorption. Male Golden Syrian hamsters were fed for 4 wk diets containing 0.12% cholesterol, and either 4% cellulose or four different viscosity grades of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC). Dietary HPMC confers viscosity in the small intestine but is resistant to fermentation. Cholesterol absorption efficiency was measured using the dual isotope ratio method, and plasma and liver cholesterol concentrations were determined enzymatically. Ex vivo viscosity of intestinal contents supernatants was measured using a Wells-Brookfield cone/plate viscometer, and the means of treatment groups ranged from 6 to 6532 mPa.s. Relative to dietary cellulose, all viscosity grades of HPMC resulted in significantly lower cholesterol absorption efficiency, lower plasma cholesterol concentration, and lower liver cholesteryl ester content. The logarithm of intestinal contents ex vivo viscosity was inversely correlated with dietary cholesterol absorption (r 2 = 0.84, P = 0.028). Furthermore, dietary cholesterol absorption was positively correlated with plasma cholesterol concentration (r 2 = 0.89, P = 0.017) and liver cholesteryl ester content (r 2 = 0.96, P = 0.0031). Thus, the data suggest an independent role of intestinal contents viscosity in lowering plasma cholesterol concentration and liver cholesteryl ester content by reducing cholesterol absorption efficiency
Transitions [IEEE Engineering Management Review]

The author shares his first thoughts as the incoming editor of the IEEE Engineering Management Review. EMR continues to meet the needs of a growing audience of readers interested in the most recent literature related to the management of technical enterprises and the leadership of those people who bring their skills in innovation and design to bear on the challenges that confront our age. He believes that EMR makes a significant and unique contribution that serves the membership of the IEEE as well as a global market. He proposes to sample a core collection of the best journals to provide articles that span topics from a list closely aligned with engineering management. His goal is to select articles with a focus on technical leadership, systems, project management, organizational dynamics, teamwork, product development, information systems, and education. These vital topics seem to be the issues that practitioners encounter most often and he plans to supply articles in some of these key areas in each issue.
Large-scale Correlation of Mass and Galaxies with the Lyman-alpha Forest Transmitted Flux

We present predictions of the correlation between the Lyman-alpha forest absorption in quasar spectra and the mass within \sim 5 Mpc/h (comoving) of the line of sight, using fully hydrodynamic and hydro-PM numerical simulations of the cold dark matter model supported by present observations. The observed correlation based on galaxies and the Lya forest can be directly compared to our theoretical results, assuming that galaxies are linearly biased on large scales. Specifically, we predict the average value of the mass fluctuation, , conditioned to a fixed value of the Lya forest transmitted flux delta_F, after they have been smoothed over a 10 Mpc/h cube and line of sight interval, respectively. We find that /sigma_m as a function of delta_F/sigma_F has a slope of 0.6 at this smoothing scale, where sigma_m and sigma_F are the rms dispersions (this slope should decrease with the smoothing scale). We show that this value is largely insensitive to the cosmological model and other Lya forest parameters. Comparison of our predictions to observations should provide a fundamental test of our ideas on the nature of the Lya forest and the distribution of galaxies, and can yield a measurement of the bias factor of any type of galaxies that are observed in the vicinity of Lya forest lines of sight.
Internet-based monitoring and controls for HVAC applications

Significant advances in Internet and computer technology have made it possible to develop an Internet-based control, monitoring, and operation scheduling system for heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) systems. The proposed system architecture includes such features as control, measurement, networking, and reporting. This article addresses issues in architecture selection, electronics, embedded processors and software, and Internet technologies. This article also proposes an Internet-based HVAC system architecture that combines Web technology, networking, and functions of direct digital control. The proposed system also includes technologies needed for supporting real-time digital thermostat control, data gathering, remote access and occupancy control, light sensing control, and views of the history of HVAC utilization. This system enables users to make cost-effective energy decisions and quickly identify trouble spots of HVAC systems to minimize system down time.
Who Framed the Forest Fire? State Framing and Peasant Counter-Framing of Anthropogenic Forest Fires in Spain Since 1940

Anthropogenic fires in forested areas are a globally relevant environmental issue characterized by a high degree of uncertainty in terms of their ecological impact. States the world over have, for the most part, attempted to grapple with them by developing costly forest fire suppression policies. This study examines the implementation and impact of one such policy, anti-forest fire media campaigns in Spain, through a framing effects theory approach. Historically, Spain has been Europe's most anthropogenic forest fire-prone country. A majority of Spain's forest fires are provoked intentionally by the peasantry, a homogeneous social group that seems to be immune to the Spanish state's framing of forest fires in its media campaigns as an ‘enemy’ that needs to be eradicated. This fact contrasts with framing effects theory's prediction that counter-framing by subordinate social groups is most likely to result from conversations carried out between members of heterogeneous rather than homogeneous social groups....
Ultraviolet stability of liquid crystals containing cyano and isothiocyanato terminal groups

The ultraviolet (UV) stabilities of liquid crystal compounds containing cyano (CN) and isothiocyanato (NCS) terminal groups are compared. UV exposure is found to degrade the clearing temperature, birefringence, dielectric constants and visco-elastic coefficient of the liquid crystal compounds. The measured data show that the NCS molecular structure exhibits a better UV stability than do the corresponding CN structures. Lewis resonance structures are used to explain this phenomenon.
Answer garden: a tool for growing organizational memory

Answer Garden allows organizations to develop databases of commonly asked questions that grow “organically” as new questions arise and are answered. It is designed to help in situations (such as field service organizations and customer “hot lines”) where there is a continuing stream of questions, many of which occur over and over, but some of which the organization has never seen before. The system includes a branching network of diagnostic questions that helps users find the answers they want. If the answer is not present, the system automatically sends the question to the appropriate expert, and the answer is returned to the user as well as inserted into the branching network. Experts can also modify this network in response to users' problems.Our initial Answer Garden database contains questions and answers about how to use the X Window System.
Intermolecular contact interactions and their temperature dependence

A model, based on inverse gas chromatography experiments, has been developed for intermolecular interaction and its temperature dependence. The model ascribes to each substance a four-component solubility parameter; the four components reflect the van der Waals, polar, electron donor, and electron acceptor interactive properties. Their values depend on temperature in the same manner as does the cohesive energy. The latter was found to depend only on the critical temperature, the acentric factor, and the reduced temperature. The model was used for evaluation of the solubility parameters from polymer-solvent interaction coefficients and their temperature dependence with high accuracy. For binary solventsolvent mixtures, the free energy of mixing and its temperature dependence, as well as enthalpy of mixing can be derived from this model with a good accuracy.
Nucleon parton distributions and nuclear structure

Abstract The current experimental status of measurements of nucleon structure functions in deep inelastic lepton scattering is presented. Recent BCDMS and SLAC results provide a consistent data set for charged lepton scattering. New probes of parton distributions: direct photons, Drell-Yan di-muon production, W, Z and heavy quark production are providing information on the gluon and antiquark distributions. The implications of these data on our understanding of the structure of the nucleon and the structure of the nucleon in the nucleus are discussed.
Evidence-based Medicine in Small Mammals

Abstract Evidence-based medicine in small exotic mammals is often considered challenging because of a lack of information related to reference data, validated diagnostic tests, treatment outcome, side effects, long-term prognosis, and financial constraints of the owner. However, despite this lack of information, it is still possible to provide good medical care to small exotic mammals and confirm a disease diagnosis that can be properly treated. With many small exotic mammal cases, the condition of the animal and, ultimately, the disease diagnosis, may not be familiar to the attending veterinarian, and in some cases the disease itself may not have ever been described in that species in the scientific literature. This article describes the process of diagnosing hyperthyroidism in a guinea pig using a recommended patient assessment, diagnostic, and treatment protocol.
When are users comfortable sharing locations with advertisers

As smartphones and other mobile computing devices have increased in ubiquity, advertisers have begun to realize a more effective way of targeting users and a promising area for revenue growth: location-based advertising. This trend brings to bear new questions about whether or not users will adopt products involving this potentially invasive form of advertising and what sorts of protections they should be given. Our real-world user study of 27 participants echoes earlier findings that users have significant privacy concerns regarding sharing their locations with advertisers. However, we examine these concerns in more detail and find that they are complex (e.g., relating not only to the quantity of ads, but the locations and times at which they are received). With advanced privacy settings, users stated they would feel more comfortable and share more information than with a simple opt-in/opt-out mechanism.
Neuropsychological function in young alcoholics and polydrug abusers

Abstract The neuropsychological abilities of younger (mean age, 30) alcoholics and polydrug abusers were compared. On the basis of a clinician's rating of Halstead-Reitan results, 10 of 20 polydrug users (50%) and 4 of 20 alcoholics (20%) were found to show impairment. The polydrug users also scored significantly worse on Halstead's Impairment Index, Category Test, and Trail-Making Test, part B. Because the two groups were closely matched in age, education, Verbal IQ, and the medical history, the possibility is raised that, whereas 10 years of heavy drinking is not sufficient to yield neuropsychological impairment in younger persons, heavy multiple drug abuse might have more serious implications for cerebral functioning.
THE MAMMALIAN CELL VIRUS RELATIONSHIP : IV. INFECTION OF NATURALLY INSUSCEPTIBLE CELLS WITH ENTEROVIRUS RIBONUCLEIC ACID

Ribonucleic acid extracted with phenol from Type 1 poliovirus, Coxsackie A-9, Coxsackie B-1, and ECHO 8 viruses infected non-primate cells and animals insusceptible to whole virus as such. Viral RNA was proved infectious for insusceptible cells in test systems of established cell lines, primary monolayer cultures, Maitland type cultures, and living animals inoculated intracerebrally. Cells of rabbit, swine, mouse, guinea pig, chicken, and hamster were infected. Each virus produced was identical with the virus donating RNA, in (a) neutralization by homotypic antiserum, (b) resistance to ribonuclease treatment, and (c) failure to be adsorbed or replicated by nonprimate cells, even of the strain producing the virus from RNA. Produced virus was adsorbed and replicated by susceptible primate cells as usual. Virus in RNA-infected cell cultures was produced in a single cycle unaccompanied by overt cytopathic effect on non-primate cells or disease of intracerebrally inoculated animals. By drastic elution of infective poliovirus associated with rabbit cells exposed to massive inocula of intact virus, intact poliovirus was shown to infect insusceptible non-primate cells to produce progeny indistinguishable from the parent virus population. Under these conditions, infection was accomplished by about 10 virus plaque-forming units per billion inoculated.
Paper disk columns in glass chromatographic tubes.

The use of filter paper in selective adsorption experiments, probably first described by Schonbein (1), has become a powerful tool in research, especially since the studies of Consden, Gordon, and Martin (2). Although in most modifications of paper chromatography only very small amounts of material can be resolved, Mitchell and his colleagues must be credited with preparative applications; recently these authors carried out successful enzyme separations in their chromatopile (3, 4).
Mass and temperature dependence of metabolic rate in litter and soil invertebrates.

Abstract Metabolic scaling theory provides a framework for modeling the combined mass and temperature dependence of metabolic rate. The theory predicts that whole‐organism metabolic rate should scale with body mass raised to the 3/4 power as a consequence of the physical characteristics of internal distribution networks. Metabolic rate is predicted to vary with absolute body temperature, T, according to the Boltzmann factor, e−E/kT, where E is the apparent activation energy of biochemical reactions, 0.2–1.2 eV, and k is Boltzmann’s constant. I evaluated those predictions, using a compilation of published data on the metabolic rates of litter‐ and soil‐dwelling earthworms, isopods, oribatid mites, springtails, and spiders. Earthworms, oribatid mites, springtails, and spiders had mass‐scaling exponents that were statistically indistinguishable from the expected value of 0.75. The scaling exponent for terrestrial isopods, 0.91, was significantly greater than expected. All taxa had apparent activation energie...
Chronic myelogenous leukemia of childhood.

Chronic myelogenous leukemia is relatively uncommon in childhood, occurring as both an “adult” and “juvenile” form. The clinical presentation and course are fairly well defined, especially for the adult type. Though extensive advances in understanding the pathogenesis and cytogenetics of the adult form have been made in the last 25 years, treatment is still quite unsatisfactory. Newer chemotherapeutic agents and improvement in bone marrow transplantation techniques may offer the best chance of success.
“Where has the Future Gone?” Rethinking the Role of Integrated Land-Use Models in Spatial Planning

Despite more than four decades of efforts to integrate the two fields, the place of land-use models in planning remains problematic. The expanding possibilities afforded by today's planning support systems (PSS) invite a rethinking of the relationship between land-use models and planning in the context of new approaches, tools, and techniques that can amplify the positive synergies between the two domains and enhance the ability of spatial planning to prepare for the future. This paper addresses one vitally important area in which the contribution of models to planning practice could be greatly improved. This is the neglected area of strategic planning, which is inextricably linked with the future-oriented mission of the field. The paper begins with an examination of the continuing tensions between modeling and planning, tensions that need to be reconsidered in light of the growing sophistication of land-use models intended for use in a planning context. It then outlines three interrelated roles for land-...
Frequency of phobic disorder in a community sample of young adolescents.

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the frequency and phenomenology of clinical, subsyndromal, and subthreshold phobias in young adolescents. Method: A two-stage epidemiological study originally designed to investigate adolescent depression was conducted between 1986 and 1988 in the southeastern United States. In the first stage, a self-report depressive symptom questionnaire was administered to a community sample of 3,283 adolescents. In the diagnostic stage, the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children and the Children's Global Assessment Scale were administered to 487 mother-child pairs. Results Prevalence rates of clinical, subsyndromal, and subthreshold phobia were 2.3%, 14.5%, and 22.2%, respectively. One-year incidence rates were 0.4%, 8.0%, and 16.9%, with 43.0% of phobic subjects categorized at the same or a more severe level after a year. Females, blacks, subjects not living with both biological parents, and older adolescents were more likely to meet the diagnostic criteria for clinical phobia. The majority (77%) of subjects with clinical phobia experienced multiple phobias. Subsyndromal (52%) and subthreshold (74%) phobics were more likely to experience simple phobias only. Conclusions Phobic symptoms are relatively common at a moderate level and in the majority of adolescents are somewhat transitory in nature. Characteristic symptomatology and comorbidity may facilitate earlier identification of subjects at risk of persistent symptomatology and in need of treatment.
Electrohydraulic stone disintegration.

Abstract History of electrohydraulic stone disintegration is reviewed, and clinical experience with a new instrument utilizing an electrohydraulic unit is presented.
Angular momentum misalignment in deep inelastic processes and angular distribution of sequentially emitted particles and gamma rays

Abstract The angular momentum misalignment for fragments produced in deep inelastic scattering is discussed in terms of the thermal excitation of angular-momentum-bearing modes in the intermediate complex. Analytical expressions for the in- and out-of-plane angular distributions are obtained for sequentially emitted particles and fission fragments. The angular momentum dependence of the ratio between particle and neutron decay widths is explicitly treated and found to be quite important. Similarly angular distributions are obtained both for dipole and quadrupole gamma decay. The theoretical results are compared with experimental angular distributions of sequential fission fragments, sequential alphas and gamma rays, and a good agreement is found.
Evaluation of enzymes for laundry products

Currently the two classes of enzymes finding favor as detergent additives are the proteases and amylases. Data are presented showing some of the desirable characteristics such enzymes must possess to be successfully employed as laundry products. Whereas it is easy to determine the activity of the enzymes with test tube assays using homogeneous substrates, translation to a practical method for laboratory evaluation in which apparent laundering ability is correlated with enzyme content has proved to be more difficult. Data are presented showing that, whereas EMPA 116 test fabric (uniformly stained with blood, milk and Japanese ink) is suitable for establishing the effectiveness of detergents containing proteases, the commonly employed EMPA 112 (stained with cocoa, milk and sugar) used for evaluating amylase-containing products is a poor choice for this purpose. This appears to be because both cocoa and milk contain proteins serving to bind the stains to the cloth. Accordingly, EMPA 112 responds to protease as well as amylase. An experimental test fabric, uniformly stained with starch and lampblack, has been prepared and has proved to respond solely to the amylase present in detergent formulations. Thus, it is now possible to evaluate the effectiveness of the amylase component in laundry products, independent of the influence of other enzyme systems that might also be present.
Receptor-Mediated Activation of Heterotrimeric G-Proteins in Living Cells

Receptor-mediated activation of heterotrimeric GTP-binding proteins (G-proteins) was visualized in living Dictyostelium discoideum cells by monitoring fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between alpha- and beta- subunits fused to cyan and yellow fluorescent proteins. The G-protein heterotrimer rapidly dissociated and reassociated upon addition and removal of chemoattractant. During continuous stimulation, G-protein activation reached a dose-dependent steady-state level. Even though physiological responses subsided, the activation did not decline. Thus, adaptation occurs at another point in the signaling pathway, and occupied receptors, whether or not they are phosphorylated, catalyze the G-protein cycle. Construction of similar energy-transfer pairs of mammalian G-proteins should enable direct in situ mechanistic studies and applications such as drug screening and identifying ligands of newly found G-protein-coupled receptors.
History of Pulse Oximetry in Neonatal Medicine

Although pulse oximetry in neonatal medicine was introduced fewer than 25 years ago, today it is the principal form of oxygen monitoring around the world in nearly all clinical situations that require measurement of oxygen in neonates. It has become, in fact, the fifth vital sign in neonatal medicine. For the near future, it holds center stage as the primary form of oxygen monitoring for a large international commitment to determine, after more than 50 years of mistakes, mistrials, and misunderstandings, the appropriate level of oxygen supply and blood oxygenation in preterm infants. Hopefully, these studies and the unique advantages of pulse oximetry will help to eliminate, or at least diminish, the adverse effects of too much oxygen, such as retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), without increasing the incidence of complications of hypoxia, such as patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and pulmonary hypertension. The purpose of this review is to look back at how oximetry began, how “pulse” oximetry was developed, and how this new technology has revolutionized oxygen monitoring in neonatal medicine. Oximetry, or the use of light to measure the amount of oxygen carried in the blood, began in about 1874, when Karl von Vierordt attempted to measure blood saturation in the human hand. Quantitative oximetry began with Krogh in Copenhagen just after World War I in 1918. In the 1930s, Millikan and Wood developed the two-wavelength ear oximeter that later was modified in 1935 by Matthes into the first oxygen saturation meter using red and green filters (personal communication, W. Clifford, 2004). Squire developed an instrument for measuring the quantity of blood and its degree of oxygenation in the web of the hand in 1940, and Goldie developed a device for continuous indication of oxygen saturation in circulating blood in adults in 1942. (1)(2)(3) …
Role of Eye Movements in the Retinal Code for a Size Discrimination Task

The concerted action of saccades and fixational eye movements are crucial for seeing stationary objects in the visual world. We studied how these eye movements contribute to retinal coding of visua...
Comparative assessment of the timing of sexual maturation in male Wistar Han and Sprague-Dawley rats

Given the increasing use of Wistar Han (WH) rats in regulatory toxicology studies, these studies were performed to characterize the onset of sexual maturation in maturing WH rats as compared to Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Beginning on postnatal day (PND) 38 through PND 91 groups (n=8) of untreated WH rats were evaluated for maturation of the male reproductive system. Testicular spermatid head counts increased beginning on PND 42 until PND 70. Sperm were detected in the caput, corpus, and cauda epididymis on PND 45, 49, and 49, respectively, and counts increased through PND 91. Sperm motility was at adult levels by PND 63. The morphology of the testis/epididymis of all animals at day 70 or older was consistent with qualitative sexual maturity. Based on these endpoints, WH rats were determined to be sexually mature at PND 70, and many of these endpoints evaluated in SD rats exhibited nearly identical trends.
Colorization of CT images to improve tissue contrast for tumor segmentation

Segmenting tumors from grayscale medical image data can be difficult due to the close intensity values between tumor and healthy tissue. This paper presents a study that demonstrates how colorizing CT images prior to segmentation can address this problem. Colorizing the data a priori accentuates the tissue density differences between tumor and healthy tissue, thereby allowing for easier identification of the tumor tissue(s). The method presented allows pixels representing tumor and healthy tissues to be colorized distinctly in an accurate and efficient manner. The associated segmentation process is then tailored to utilize this color data. It is shown that colorization significantly decreases segmentation time and allows the method to be performed on commodity hardware. To show the effectiveness of the method, a basic segmentation method, thresholding, was implemented with and without colorization. To evaluate the method, False Positives (FP) and False Negatives (FN) were calculated from 10 datasets (476 slices) with tumors of varying size and tissue composition. The colorization method demonstrated statistically significant differences for lower FP in nine out of 10 cases and lower FN in five out of 10 datasets.
Comparisons of approximate and exact quantal molecule—surface scattering calculations

Abstract Comparisons are made between calculations using the multi-channel distorted wave Born approximation (MDW), the diffractive sudden—close coupled rotation model (DSCCR), and the fully close coupled technique (CC) for a simple rigid rotor—rigid surface cohort Two different exponential repulsive potenials are considered and the surface corrugation is varied to display both perturbative and non-perturbative behavior. Corrugational effects are observed to be most pronounced for the less impulsive surface, as are departures from a strictly perturbative regime. Each approximation gives roughly comparable accuracy outside the specular peak; the DSCCR can be significantly more accurate than the MDW within the specular peak at higher corrugations.
Exit from the Meatpacking Industry: A Microdata Analysis

We model the determinants of plant exit from the cattle-slaughter industry using probit to distinguish between plant-level (e.g., age, scale, and scope) and market-level (e.g., market share, concentration, and competitive fringe) factors. Market variables are shown to be less important determinants of exit than plant-level factors, though a significant tendency for very small plants to exit already highly concentrated markets is apparent. Government actions to stem the industry's consolidation must consider the trade-off between welfare gains from the reduction of market power and welfare losses from foregone technological efficiency improvements.
CD63 positions CD62P for rolling.

Doyle and colleagues identify the tetraspanin CD63 as an essential co-factor for endothelial P-selectin function.[1][1] In the absence of CD63 (by knockout in mice or knockdown in cultured endothelial cells), P-selectin (also known as CD62P) cannot mediate leukocyte tethering and rolling. This
The Differentiation of Streptococcus Lactis from Streptococcus Fecalis

Summary Streptococcus lactis may be readily differentiated from Streptococcus fecalis. Streptococcus lactis has a lower maximum growth temperature, a lower thermal death point, a lower alkaline limit for growth, and a lower tolerance for sodium chloride. Although present conceptions of bacterial species may be profoundly modified as knowledge of dissociation and variation increases, based upon present criteria, there would appear to be ample basis for considering these organisms distinct species.
Three-Phase Combustion Modelling: Frozen Ozone, a Prototype System

A number of efforts are currently underway in the U.S. to model the self-sustained combustion of solid energetic materials at the level of fundamental physical processes and elementary chemical reactions. Since many of these materials bum, at least at some pressures, with a liquid surface layer, these models must address phenomena in three physical phases. Most of these modeling efforts have focussed on pure RDX as a prototype. From a systems viewpoint this was a natural choice since it, or materials like it, is one of the components of modem propellants. It is argued here that, from a scientific viewpoint, RDX is already too complex with too many uncertain mechanisms and unavailable supporting data to serve this role effectively. We discuss here a number of issues related to the condensed phase and interfacial phenomena which have not been previously identified and which warrant more detailed research. In this paper frozen ozone is adopted as a more suitable prototypical 3-phase system. In this paper progress toward addressing this system is presented. The first new process to be modelled was a gas/surface reaction A detailed analysis was performed on the reaction mechanisms at play in the ozone flame and how they are affected by the heterogeneous reaction. Other new mechanisms are associated with the multicomponent nature of the liquid surface layer and will be addressed in future work.
Tables for the preparation of ammonium sulfate solutions.

Abstract Tables are given for the weight of solid ammonium sulfate or the volume of a concentrated solution of ammonium sulfate to be added to a solution to obtain a desired final concentration. The final volumes of the resulting solutions are also given. The tables employ molarity to express concentration, have been calculated for 0°C, and account for the dependence of the solute partial specific volume on concentration.
Scaling up of equal-channel angular pressing and its effect on mechanical properties, microstructure, and hot workability of AA 6061

Abstract Equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) was performed on aluminum 6061 billets with different cross-sectional areas to study the effect of scaling up on the mechanical properties, microstructure, and the hot workability of the alloy. In this study, annealed AA 6061 was subjected to severe plastic deformation at room temperature by ECAP (Route BC), producing 12.5 mm (0.5 in.), 50 mm (2.0 in.), and 100 mm (4.0 in.) square billets. The mechanical properties and microstructure of as pressed alloy were examined as a function of the extent of deformation and the cross-sectional area of the billets. Also, hot workability was determined by forging industrial parts at various temperatures. Results indicate that the average grain size after ECAP is of the order of 0.5 μm. This grain refinement resulted in enhanced hot workability at 315 °C (600 °F); indicating applicability of ECAP processed material in the forging industry.
Patterned monolayer self-assembly programmed by side chain shape: four-component gratings.

A molecular recognition strategy based on alkadiyne side chain shape is used to self-assemble a four-component, 1D-patterned monolayer at the solution–HOPG interface. The designed monolayer unit cell contains six molecules and spans 23 nm × 1 nm. The unit cell’s internal structure and packing are driven by complementary shapes and lengths of six different alkadiyne side chains. A solution of the four compounds on HOPG self-assembles monolayers (i) comprised, almost entirely, of the intended unit cell, (ii) exhibiting patterned domains spanning 104 nm2, and (iii) which are sufficiently robust that patterned domains survive solvent rinsing and drying. The patterned monolayer affords 1D-feature spacings ranging from 3.3 to 23 nm. The results demonstrate the remarkable selectivity afforded by molecular recognition based on alkadiyne side chain shape and the ability to program highly complex 1D-patterns in self-assembled monolayers.
Methylation of Histone H3 on Lysine 4 by the Lysine Methyltransferase SET1 Protein Is Needed for Normal Clock Gene Expression

The circadian oscillator controls time-of-day gene expression by a network of interconnected feedback loops and is reset by light. The requisite for chromatin regulation in eukaryotic transcription necessitates temporal regulation of histone-modifying and chromatin-remodeling enzymes for proper clock function. CHD1 is known to bind H3K4me3 in mammalian cells, and Neurospora CHD1 is required for proper regulation of the frequency (frq) gene. Based on this, we examined a strain lacking SET1 to determine the role of H3K4 methylation in clock- and light-mediated frq regulation. Expression of frq was altered in strains lacking set1 under both circadian- and light-regulated gene expression. There is a delay in the phasing of H3K4me3 relative to the peak in frq expression. White Collar 2 (WC-2) association with the frq promoter persists longer in Δset1, suggesting a more permissible chromatin state. Surprisingly, SET1 is required for DNA methylation in the frq promoter, indicating a dependence on H3K4me for DNA methylation. The data support a model where SET1 is needed for proper regulation by modulating chromatin at frq.
Foreign Naval Intervention in Cases of Piracy: Problems and Strategies

This article considers the problem of contemporary piracy in the 1990s and the use of foreign naval forces against pirates on the high seas and in coastal waters. An analysis of legal considerations suggest that the LOS Convention on the Law of the Sea makes such intervention less likely; this study also highlights potential factors militating for and against such interference. The possibilities of modifying or amending the LOS Convention are discussed, as well as the employment of declarations or statements, or the use of other international strategies to allow foreign naval activity. The article emphasises the key role of coastal and flag states in any such scenario.
Popularity-based temporal relevance estimation for micro-blogging retrieval

Finding relevant information among the vast amounts of data generated continuously by modern micro-blogging platforms has opened new challenges in information retrieval. Recent studies on time-based retrieval have shown that identifying the relevant time periods to be incorporated into the retrieval process is promising; by relevant time period we mean the peak time of a query that satisfies the temporal needs of the user's query. Or in other words, a time period at which the potential to find accurate matches for the query in a set of retrieved documents is relatively high when compared with other time periods. We refer to this as temporal relevance. In this paper, using data collected from Twitter, we propose a new temporal relevance estimation technique based on tracking documents published by the popular users, who have high indegree (i.e., number of followers). In this study we concentrate on queries that are short (one word) and popular, i.e., constantly consumed by micro-bloggers. We choose the simple frequency-based technique to estimate the relevant time period as a baseline against which we evaluate our technique. The results of our technique either match or suggest a better time period as the most relevant one, when compared with the baseline. In fact, for the type of queries in our study, narrowing our focus to the documents published by popular users produces a query-to-documents matching pattern that uncovers some information about temporal relevance that might otherwise be hidden. Also, our matching pattern reflects the nature of the real-world news events that are related to the user's query more so than the baseline, thus revealing the important time frames more clearly.