cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patency in canine inferior vena cava grafting: effects of graft material, size, and endothelial seeding.

Abstract We studied 117 inferior vena cava (IVC) replacements in dogs to determine the effects of graft material, graft size, endothelial seeding, and cultured endothelial linings on graft patency. As a control, the IVC was removed and reimplanted in 11 dogs. Dacron (n = 7) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE) grafts (n = 12) were seeded immediately with the use of enzymatically derived autogenous jugular vein endothelium. Cultured linings were prepared for e-PTFE grafts (n = 9) by inoculating the graft with jugular endothelium and nurturing the lining in tissue culture for 14 to 30 days before implantation. Unseeded grafts (n = 27) were prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations. These six methods of preparation were tested in grafts measuring 6 mm I.D. and 60 mm in length. Other sizes were tested with a Latin square study design. After 30 to 60 days the grafts were perfusion fixed and studied with light and transmission electron microscopy. Patency was determined by contrast cavography after 7 and 30 days. Patency in the IVC reimplantation was 100% compared with 28.0% of the e-PTFE (p = 0.001) and none of the Dacron grafts that measured 6 mm I.D. and 60 mm long. e-PTFE and Dacron graft patency also differed significantly (p = 0.035). Seeded and culture-lined e-PTFE grafts in that same size were patent in 31.6% compared with 16.7% of unseeded e-PTFE. With grafts measuring 80 mm long, three of the five e-PTFE grafts were patent between 3 and 7 days. All progressed to occlusion by 30 days and compared poorly with all other graft sizes tested (2.6% progression to occlusion [p = 3 × 10 −8 ]). Recanalization was not seen in 10 occluded grafts that were followed for 60 days. The histologic features of seeded grafts differed remarkably from grafts previously studied in the arterial circulation and from culture-lined and unseeded venous prostheses in that 60% had prominent large, random, endothelium-lined channels within the inner capsule. Larger graft diameters (p = 0.009) and the omission of an endothelial surface treatment (p = 0.004) were associated with anastomotic subendothelial fibrous hyperplasia. We conclude that graft material is the major determinant of patency in IVC replacements, that an extensive endothelial surface promotes patency, but that simply seeding e-PTFE or Dacron grafts with 10 5 endothelial cells does not provide sufficient endothelium to alter early patency. Graft dimensions are also critical to long-term patency and the development of subendothelial fibrous hyperplasia. Graft recanalization is not a major feature in the healing of synthetic venous replacements. (J VASC SURG 1984;1:877-887.)
Multiple DNA repair activities for 3'-deoxyribose fragments in Escherichia coli.

Abstract Escherichia coli contains multiple enzymes that hydrolyze deoxyribose fragments (phosphoglycolaldehyde, PGA) from the 3' termini of a synthetic DNA substrate. The major such activities are the main bacterial apurinic endonucleases, exonuclease III and endonuclease IV. In a double mutant deficient in both of these oxidation repair enzymes, Mg++-dependent 3'-PGA diesterase was detected at 3% the level found in wild-type bacteria. Gel filtration fractionated this residual diesterase activity into two peaks of Mr 40,000-52,000 (Pool A) and Mr 22,000-30,000 (Pool B) with differing abilities to remove 3'-phosphates from DNA. These multiple repair activities were resolved in 3'-PGA diesterase activity gels. The exonuclease III and endonuclease IV bands were identified using the purified proteins and by their specific absence from strains defective for the respective structural genes. Gel filtration Pool B yielded two activity bands of apparent Mr 25,000 and 28,000, but Pool A did not form a new band in the activity gels. Incubation of activity gels in different transition metals or boiling of the samples before electrophoresis also served to distinguish the various activities. The possible identities of the novel E. coli 3'-PGA diesterases and the importance of multiple repair enzymes for 3' damages are discussed.
Transformative Learning in an Online Environment.

The purpose of this article is to explore the potential for fostering transformative learning in an online environment. It provides an overview of transformative learning theory, including the variety of perspectives on the theory that have evolved as the theory matured. Strategies and practices for fostering transformative learning are presented, followed by a description of the online environment and how strategies for encouraging transformative learning might be carried into that environment. Studentsâ€™ voices are brought in to corroborate and to question the importance of these strategies. The article concludes with a discussion of how an educatorâ€™s style and strengths can be brought into online teaching, especially with a view to helping learners examine their meaning perspectives.
Resistance of enterococci to glycopeptides.

The purpose of this paper is to review the genetics and mechanisms of glycopeptide resistance in enterococci.
Toxicity assessment of sediments associated with various land-uses in coastal South Carolina, USA, using a meiobenthic copepod bioassay.

Coastal urbanization supplies surrounding estuarine environments with urban-related contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals and pesticide mixtures. In our study, adult female and male copepods (Amphiascus tenuiremis) were chronically exposed to 18 sediment samples collected from sites influenced by different land-uses. Sediment samples were collected from three major suburban areas (Hilton Head, Kiawah Island and the Okatee River watershed) and a pristine site (North Inlet) in coastal South Carolina. Three-sediment bioassays (six sites per bioassay) were conducted by culturing copepods for 14 days in quadruplicate test sediments under flow-through conditions at 20 � C and 12:12 LD cycles. Adult survival and copepod reproductive output were quantified. Sediment samples were also analyzed by GC–MS for low and high molecular weight PAHs. Minimal adult mortality was observed in most sediment samples. However, sediments from Hilton Head Island and the Okatee River showed significant effects on copepod reproductive output (i.e., nauplii, copepodites and clutch size). Thus, we determined that reproductive endpoints rather than adult copepod survivorship were more sensitive to effects of contaminated sediments on A. tenuiremis. Furthermore, six (33%) of the 18 sites had a >25% reduction in copepod bioassay endpoints relative to controls, suggesting a high risk to long term A. tenuiremis population maintenance. � 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Bridging Person-Centered Outcomes and Therapeutic Processes for College Students With Traumatic Brain Injury

Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) weigh at least three factors when engaging in evidence-based practice: client perspectives, external scientific evidence, and clinical expertise (American Speech...
Tryptophan metabolism during the mid-period of embryonic development (chick).

Abstract While studying the catecholamine derivatives in the allantoic fluid of the chick embryo by gas-chromatographic techniques, numerous large peaks were seen; two of the more prominent were identified as kynurenic and xanthurenic acids. When the allantoic fluid was examined at daily intervals, it was seen that the concentration of kynuneric and xanthurenic acids reached extraordinarily high values between 7 and 9 days and then underwent a 40-fold reduction at 10 days. An increase in the concentration of anthranilic acid occurred between 9 and 10 days. There was an increase in the concentration of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the allantoic fluid after 10 days, and the assayable levels of liver kynureninase increased significantly between 8 and 9 and 9 and 10 days. Additional studies included the measurement of pyridoxine derivatives in the allantoic fluid, as well as the concentration of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide in the liver. The qualitative changes in tryptophan metabolites between 9 and 10 days coincided temporally with an increased concentration of pyridoxal in the allantoic fluid; and an association seemed to exist between the high concentration of oxidative derivatives in the allantoic fluid at 9 days and a relatively large concentration of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide present in the liver at that time.
Vietnam. Rice wars in colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh road to power By Geoffrey Gunn London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. Pp. xix + 323. Tables, Maps, Glossary, References, Index.

Rice wars in colonial Vietnam: The Great Famine and the Viet Minh road to power By GEOFFREY GUNN London: Rowman & Littlefield, 2014. Pp. xix + 323. Tables, Maps, Glossary, References, Index. doi: 10.1017/S0022463414000794 In the summer of 1944, poor returns from the five-month rice harvest in northern Vietnam set the stage for a major subsistence crisis. Typhoons and floods destroyed the tenth-month crop due at the end of the year, and an exceptionally long and cold winter added to the misery of a population already deprived of food. The following summer, after torrential rains lifted the Red River to unprecedented heights, water poured through collapsing dykes, inundating paddy fields in large sections of the Tonkin delta. Credible estimates suggest that at least one million people starved to death. These climatic and ecological factors help to account for the 'Great Famine', but, Geoffrey Gunn argues, a major share of the blame belongs to political formations, beginning with Japan, the de facto ruler of Indochina from 1940 to 1945. By enforcing annual 'rice accords', the Japanese 'nakedly plundered' food reserves (p. 144) and further insisted on shifting paddy fields to industrial crops for use elsewhere in their empire. Anti-Japanese aerial sorties launched by the United States against roads, bridges, and rail lines undercut potential south-to-north shipments of rice, the traditional route for in-country transfers of foodstuffs. Pillaging Chinese soldiers who occupied the North beginning in September 1945 (as per the Potsdam Accords) further drained off precious staple crops. Among external players, Gunn dwells especially on France, and his citations from French colonial archives lend substance to the most original passages in the book. Colonialism's 'agrarian-hydraulic pact' with the population was fragile, he notes, but the authorities did believe that feeding the hungry was necessary to build consent for their rule over Indochina (p. 134). French emergency measures are said to have helped when ruptured dykes in the delta threatened to bring on famine in 1937. The author quotes at length from the papers of colonial official Paul Chauvet, who in 1944-45 was keenly aware of the unfolding catastrophe in the North and whose remedial efforts failed in part because Japanese authorities blocked the way. In developing this thread, Gunn takes his distance from Van Nguyen-Marshall, who offers a more critical view of French suzerainty in her book, In search of moral authority: The discourse on poverty, poor relief, and charity in French colonial Vietnam (2008). …
The Book of Haggai: A resource for resident aliens

In Resident Aliens, Stanley Hauerwas and William Willimon argued that the end of Constantinian Christendom provides an opportunity for the church to renew its true identity as “a colony of heaven” whose communal life embodies the truth about the world revealed through the life, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth. This vision of the church was based on the biblical story of Israel in the wilderness, historical patterns of Jewish communal life, and depictions of Christian discipleship in the New Testament. This article argues that the Book of Haggai provides a biblical example of the kind of theologically oriented community that Hauerwas and Willimon described. The prophet’s community provides examples of the characteristics of the church that Hauerwas and Willimon advocated for in Resident Aliens through Haggai’s theological rationale for building the Jerusalem Temple, the nature of the Temple project as a quest, and Haggai’s eschatological orientation.
Magnesium Deficiency: Effect on Bone and Mineral Metabolism in the Mouse

Insufficient dietary magnesium (Mg) intake has been associated in humans with low bone mass. Mg deficiency in the rat has suggested bone loss is due to increased bone resorption and/or inadequate bone formation during remodeling. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of a low Mg diet on bone and mineral metabolism in the young and mature BALB/c mouse and explore the hypothesis that inflammatory cytokines may contribute to Mg deficiency-induced osteoporosis. Using an artificial diet, we induced targeted Mg depletion (0.002% Mg) with all other nutrients maintained at the normal level. In all Mg-depleted mice, hypomagnesemia developed and skeletal Mg content fell significantly. The serum Ca in Mg-deficient mice was higher than in control mice; however, serum PTH levels were not significantly different. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) in dosages that inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption did not prevent hypercalcemia in Mg-deficient animals. No significant difference in serum Ca was observed between groups when dietary Ca was reduced by 50%, suggesting that a compensatory increase in intestinal absorption might account for the hypercalcemia. Growth plate width decreased 33% in young Mg-deficient animals and chondrocyte columns decreased in number and length, suggesting that Mg deficiency reduced bone growth. Trabecular bone volume in the metaphysis of the tibia in these animals was decreased and osteoclast number was increased by 135%. Osteoblast number was significantly reduced. Immunohistochemistry revealed that substance P increased 230% and 200% in megakaryocytes and lymphocytes, respectively, after 1 day of Mg depletion. IL-1 increased by 140% in osteoclasts by day 3 and TNFa increased in osteoclasts by 120% and 500% in megakaryocytes on day 12. This study demonstrates a profound effect of Mg depletion on bone characterized by impaired bone growth, decreased osteoblast number, increased osteoclast number in young animals, and loss of trabecular bone with stimulation of cytokine activity in bone.
Methodology for identifying specific psychological deficits: introduction to the special section.

A long-standing problem in psychopathology research is establishing that patterns of differences between groups reflects differences of underlying constructs and not artifacts of research design, measurement, or analysis. This introduction provides a context for 4 articles that consider several controversial issues regarding this problem and presents a precis. Although these articles focus on schizophrenia, it is noted how the issues are of more general relevance to psychopathology researchers.
Hotspot Preventing Routing algorithm for delay-sensitive applications of in vivo biomedical sensor networks

Networks of implanted biomedical sensor nodes promise to give a new direction to medical research. The in vivo sensor nodes collect desired biometric data and communicate the data wirelessly to a base-station through a multi-hop network. The wireless communication produces heat, leading to a rise in the temperature of the nodes. A high temperature of the in vivo nodes for a prolonged period is not desired as it might damage the surrounding tissues. Medical applications are also often delay-sensitive. In this paper, we propose Hotspot Preventing Routing (HPR) algorithm that performs much better than the shortest hop routing algorithm and the previously proposed Thermal Aware Routing Algorithm (TARA) in terms of preventing the formation of hotspots and reducing the average packet delivery delay by dynamically adapting to the network load. The simulation results presented also show that the HPR algorithm is highly scalable, increases the operational life of the network and helps reduce the number of packets dropped.
SU-EE-A1-01: Comparison of Monte Carlo and Convolution/Superposition Calculation Methods: Quantification of the Dose Prediction Errors Arising From Tissue Heterogeneities

Purpose: To investigate the extent of the dose prediction error (DPE) due to tissue heterogeneities in superposition/convolution (SC) based dose calculations by comparisons with Monte Carlo(MC) calculations for head‐and‐neck IMRT treatment plans. Method and Materials: A retrospective investigation is performed for ten Head‐and‐Neck IMRT patients. Dose calculations are performed with SC and MC algorithms. For both algorithms, the intensity modulation generated by the dynamic multi‐leaf collimator (DMLC) is incorporated into the dose calculation via a transmission matrix generated by determining the ratio of incident and transmitted energy fluence through the DMLC using a MC algorithm. Plans were compared based upon the criteria used during the IMRT optimization: GTV D98, CTV D95, Nodal volume D90, Cord D02, and Parotid D50. As the same transmission matrix is used for both methods and the SC and MC algorithms subsequent dose differences are attributed to handling of the tissue heterogeneities by the SC algorithm. Results: The GTV D98 and CTV D95 local doses agree within ±3.2% for the SC and MC calculations. Differences are within ±1.8% for the D90 of the nodal target volume. The cord and the brainstem D02 doses differ by <±3.5% and <±2.5% of the local dose respectively. The Parotid D50 shows the greatest variations, with local differences up to 5.8%. The observed deviations do not show systematic under‐ or over‐estimate of the dose by SC. Conclusion: When identical transmission matrices are used, the DPE of the SC method, using the MC method as a references, is <±3.2% for the target structures. For the critical structures, DPEs as high as 6% of the local dose were observed, which corresponds to <3% if normalized to the prescription dose. (Supported by NIH‐1R01CA98524)
A polyacrylonitrile-based gelled electrolyte: electrochemical kinetic studies

The bulk and interfacial properties of thin films of a polyacrylonitrile-based (PAN-based) gelled electrolyte, which was tested in conjunction with lithium electrodes, were evaluated at room temperature. The typical composition of the gelled electrolyte (GE) studied was PAN (9.13 wt %); propylene carbonate, or PC (84.87 wt %); and LiBF4 (6 wt %). A.c. and d.c. measurements were used to determine the bulk conductivity and the interfacial apparent charge-transfer resistance (Ract) of the GE. While the bulk conductivity remains stable at around 10−3 S cm−1, the Ract varies initially before reaching a steady value. The steady Ract value obtained from the electrochemical measurements is near 1000 ω cm2. The plating/stripping efficiency of lithium, from potentiostatic and galvanostatic measurements, is 70 to 80%.
Thermodynamic Properties of Propane. I. p-ρ-T Behavior from 265 to 500 K with Pressures to 36 MPa

The p−ρ−T behavior of high-purity (99.999 %) propane was measured from (265 to 500) K with pressures to 36 MPa with a two-sinker densimeter. The measurements extend from low-density vapor to compre...
Development of Laser Induced Fluorescence Sensor for the Detection of Human Breast Cancer Cell lines Conjugated with Gold Nanoparticles

An optical fiber sensor is developed for diagnosis of human breast cancer cell lines. Due to surface plasmon resonance the sensitivity of human breast cancer cell LIF technique can be improved by conjugating with nanoparticle.
Extended phase rule for non-reactive, multiphase, multicomponent chemical systems

Abstract A comprehensive phase rule has been developed for non-reacting, multicomponent, multiphase systems, which considers, in addition to phase-intensive variables such as temperature, pressure and phase compositions, system-intensive variables such as overall or total density, overall composition and phase volume fractions. This extended phase rule, incorporating as it does overall density and composition, may be of use to engineers who design chemical processing equipment and to theoreticians concerned with the nature of thermodynamic equilibrium. It describes thermodynamic paths often followed by experimentalists. The number of degrees of freedom is given as (C + 1), where (C) is the number of components. This phase rule is for a relative thermodynamic system; that is, one in which relative phase sizes are relevant. It is in contrast to Gibb's phase rule and Duhem's theorem for open and closed systems, respectively. The Gibbs phase rule is incorporated into the present formulation. For a single phase, the system-intensive variables are the same as phase-intensive variables, and the rule given here and that of Gibbs are coincident. When the maximum possible number of phases is present (for example, for a pure substance at its triple point), only system-intensive variables such as total density or phase volume fractions can be specified. For cases other than those involving a single phase or the maximum possible number of phases, no phase-intensive variables need be specified to determine the state of thermodynamic equilibrium. However, in the case of vapor-liquid equilibrium, it is useful to fix the phase-intensive variable, temperature, along with the system-intensive variables, total density and composition. Along such thermodynamic paths mixtures behave similarly to pure fluids, in that the mixture can be represented by pure-fluid-like vapor pressure and coexistence density curves.
EXPERIMENTER EXPECTANCY: A FAILURE TO REPLICATE

6 Es, half of whom expected +5 ratings from their Ss on a photo-rating task and half of whom expected −5 ratings, each contacted 6 Ss in a replication of Rosenthal's (1966) basic E-expectancy research paradigm. Although virtually identical procedures were used in this study, the previously reported effects were not found.
Metabolic and production responses to dietary protein and exogenous somatotropin in late gestation dairy cows

Forty-three multiparous Holstein cows were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of protein supplementation and the use of bovine somatotropin (bST; Posilac®, Monsanto Co., St. Louis, MO) in late gestation on animal metabolism and productivity in the periparturient period. Treatments were initiated 28 d prior to expected calving date and continued through parturition. Diets contained either 13.3 or 17.8% crude protein and were formulated to be similar in profile of protein fractions. Within each dietary treatment, cows were assigned to receive either 0 or 500 mg of sustained released bST once every 14 d until parturition. Following parturition, all cows were subjected to the same management and dietary treatments, and production measurements were followed until 42 d in milk. The use of bST increased plasma glucose and decreased plasma nonesterified fatty acids and β-hydroxybutyrate prior to calving. Despite these changes in metabolism, bST did not affect concentrations of fat and triglyceride in the liver prepartum or postpartum. Feeding the 17.8% protein diet failed to stimulate glucose metabolism and tended to elevate plasma β-hydroxybutyrate in late gestation. Cows treated with bST produced 3.3 kg/d more milk than did controls across the first 42 d of lactation; the difference was 4.6 kg/d in wk 6 of lactation. The use of bST in late gestation has considerable promise to alter cow metabolism positively. The results of these and other possible periparturient responses to somatotropin may increase milk production in early lactation.
Alberico Gentili on Diplomacy

Alberico Gentili was a significant academic lawyer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century. He was an Italian religious refugee who fled to England and became professor of law at Oxford. Among his works are three books on diplomacy dating from 1585. These have never attracted the same degree of interest as his other works and this article discusses both why this has been so and indicates ways in which they are worthy of more attention — particularly that they are peculiarly accurate representatives of the contemporary discussion of diplomacy and that there are two real and original contributions that Gentili made. One concerns the rights and privileges of resident ambassadors and the other rests on his clearly expressed conviction that diplomacy could know no bounds set by religion or culture. In both these opinions he was ahead of his time.
Structure and magnetostructural correlation of ferrimagnetic meso -tetraphenylporphinatomanganese(III) dimethyl- N,N ′-dicyanoquinone diiminide, [MnTPP] + [Me 2 DCNQI] ·−

The structure [MnIIITPP][Me2DCNQI] (TPP = tetraphenylporphinato; Me2DCNQI = 2,5-dimethyl-N,N′-dicyanoquinone-diimine) has been determined from X-ray powder diffraction data. The nonsolvated structure is composed of linear (1-D) chains of alternating [MnIIITPP]+ and μ-[Me2DCNQI]·− with intrachain Mn...Mn separations of 12.83 A, and a Mn-NDCNQI distance of 2.18 A. The dihedral angle between the mean Mn(N4)TPP and [Me2DCNQI]·− planes, and the Mn-(N-C)DCNQI angle are 84.18° and 143.6°, respectively. [MnIIITPP][Me2DCNQI] has a T c of 4.3 K from the 10 Hz χ″(T) data, 2-K coercivity of 5,600 Oe, and 6,300 emuOe/mol remnant magnetization that are reduced from that observed for related materials, and their inclusion extends the magnetostructural correlation between the intrachain coupling and both the dihedral angle between the mean Mn(N4)TPP and [TCNE]·− (TCNE = tetracyanoethylene) planes and Mn-(N-C)TCNE angles. This is in accord with the intrachain coupling arising from the overlap of the MnIII $$d_{z^2 }$$ -like singly occupied molecular orbital (SOMO) and the z component of the [TCNE]·− π* (πz*) SOMO, which increases with decreasing dihedral angle between the mean Mn(N4)TPP and [TCNE]·− planes and Mn-(N-C)TCNE angle.
Finite-amplitude axial instability in solid-rocket combustion

The driving mechanism of high-amplitude axial-mode solid-rocket combustion instability, that appears as an oscillating shock wave in the combustion chamber, is considered. The pressure pulse associated with the traveling shock wave induces a burning rate-perturbation as the wave passes over the propellant surface. Of primary interest, in this paper is the interaction mechanism through which this burning-rate response supports the shock wave, causing combustion instability. A simplified analysis of this complex interaction provides a first-order estimate of the minimum combustion response that will drive the oscillating shock wave. Empolying a theoretical treatment of the propellant response, the, analysis predicts the limits of the stable operating regime on the basis of two criteria: (1) the traveling wave must oscillate at a frequency near the predicted resonant response frequency of the propellant and (2) the predicted response amplitude at the resonant frequency must exceed the theoretical minimum value required to drive the shock wave. The theoretical treatment is compared with data from motors 15 in., 23 in., 40 in., and 82 in. in length, using a range of propellants, and is shown to provide a consistent explanation of the experimental observations.
Population Politics in Vilnius 1944-1947: A Case Study of Socialist-Sponsored Ethnic Cleansing

A historian examines a specific case of ethnic cleansing in the immediate aftermath of World War II: the "repatriation" of Poles from the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic between 1944 and 1947. Questions of how "repatriation" was carried out, the motivation on the Polish and Soviet sides, the differences in outcome of this policy in Vilnius and the countryside, and why "repatriation" presents a case of ethnic cleansing are considered on the basis on archival material as well as newspapers, memoirs, and historians' accounts of this case and in the context of the literature on genocide and ethnic cleansing.
Structural Boundary Design via Level Set and Immersed Interface Methods

We develop and test an algorithmic approach to the boundary design of elastic structures. The goal of our approach is two-fold: first, to develop a method which allows one to rapidly solve the two-dimensional Lam� equations in arbitrary domains and compute, for example, the stresses, and second, to develop a systematic way of modifying the design to optimize chosen properties. At the core, our approach relies on two distinct steps. Given a design, we first apply an explicit jump immersed interface method to compute the stresses for a given design shape. We then use a narrow band level set method to perturb this shape and progress towards an improved design. The equations of 2D linear elastostatics in the displacement formulation on arbitrary domains are solved quickly by domain embedding and the use of fast elastostatic solvers. This effectively reduces the dimensionality of the problem by one. Once the stresses are found, the level set method, which represents the design structure through an embedded implicit function, is used in the second step to alter the shape, with velocities depending on the stresses in the current design. Criteria are provided for advancing the shape in an appropriate direction and for correcting the evolving shape when given constraints are violated.
Effects of stocking rate and burning frequency on Brachystegia/Julbernardia veld in Zimbabwe

Abstract Brachystegia/Julbernardia veld was protected in the growing season and grazed by cows in the dry season for 60, 90 and 120 grazing days per ha per annum in combination with burning in the late dry season either annually, biennially or triennially. After 14 years of treatment there was evidence of a distinct improvement in grass species composition and in basal cover of grasses. While on veld cows were fed 800 g of cottonseed meal per head daily, and on average lost 4,38 kg in body mass per head per season. Burning at all frequencies reduced the number of trees and stunted their growth but the dominant species Brachystegia boehmii was reduced only by annual burning. It was concluded that resting the veld annually in the growing season and grazing only in the dry season is a simple and effective way of managing veld in the high rainfall areas of Zimbabwe where cultivated pastures are used for grazing during the growing season.
Obstruction of the True Lumen during Retrograde Perfusion of Type I Aortic Dissections: A Simplified Solution

Retrograde perfusion of the false lumen in cases of type I dissection of the thoracic aorta may not permit reperfusion of the coronary arteries when the aortic cross-clamp is removed. We have employed a Y connector between the coronary perfusion outlet of the oxygenator and cardioplegia delivery system. This allows reperfusion of the coronary arteries through the ascending aortic graft. As cardiopulmonary bypass is discontinued, the true aortic lumen is reexpanded and the false lumen collapsed by forward flow of blood from the heart. The successful use of this system is described.
Misrepresentation of Financial Statements: An Accounting Fraud Case from Turkey

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to show to the public in general and auditors in particular that in the absence of control there is always a risk of fraud. Fraud can be in various forms. Larceny may be the most obvious case of fraud, but fraud may be done in many other ways too. Balance sheet fraud or financial statements fraud is a broader issue, it is far fletched than a few hundred dollars of a larceny case. In financial statement fraud the deep down effect may be millions or billions of dollars.Design – The paper has been designed based on a fraud theory. The author has observed the implications of a possible fraud in a real audit case. The fraud theory has been tested through on financial analysis and audit tests. The theory then been revised and the existence of a financial statement fraud has been proven.Findings –The paper explores that banks and group companies controlled by unreliable owners can lead to misuse of public's funds in accordance with the directives of the owner. Public's money can be transferred to other group companies in an illegal manner-in excessive amounts and never returned to the bank by means of applying different accounting fraud techniques.Practical implications – Auditors, who may audit group companies that include a bank or banks with deposit receiving and lending rights should pay attention to the transactions between the group's bank and the other group companies. The lending may be excessive in amount and/or never paid back and the financial statements would be misrepresented covering various fraud schemes.Originality – The case that the paper deals with reflects the author's own audit experiences. The names of the companies have been changed but not the essence of the events. From this perspective it sheds light onto the path of an auditor who happens to be in a similar situation.
Structural and dynamical analysis of the hydration of the Alzheimer's β-amyloid peptide

An analysis of the water molecules in the first solvation shell obtained from the molecular dynamics simulation of the amyloid beta(10-35)NH2 peptide and the amyloid beta(10-35)NH2E22Q "Dutch" mutant peptide is presented. The structure, energetics, and dynamics of water in the hydration shell have been investigated using a variety of measures, including the hydrogen bond network, the water residence times for all the peptide residues, the diffusion constant, experimentally determined HN amide proton exchange, and the transition probabilities for water to move from one residue to another or into the bulk. The results of the study indicate that: (1) the water molecules at the peptide-solvent interface are organized in an ordered structure similar for the two peptide systems but different from that of the bulk, (2) the peptide structure inhibits diffusion perpendicular to the peptide surface by a factor of 3 to 5 relative to diffusion parallel to the peptide surface, which is comparable to diffusion of bulk water, (3) water in the first solvation shell shows dynamical relaxation on fast (1-2 ps) and slow (10-40 ps) time scales, (4) a novel solvent relaxation master equation is shown to capture the details of the fast relaxation of water in the peptide's first solvation shell, (5) the interaction between the peptide and the solvent is stronger in the wild type than in the E22Q mutant peptide, in agreement with earlier results obtained from computer simulations [Massi, F.; Straub, J. E. Biophys J 2001, 81, 697] correlated with the observed enhanced activity of the E22Q mutant peptide.
Petersen and removal population size estimates: combining methods to adjust and interpret results when assumptions are violated

We present ways to test the assumptions of the Petersen and removal methods of population size estimation and ways to adjust the estimates if violations of the assumptions are found. We were motivated by the facts that (1) results of using both methods are commonly reported without any reference to the testing of assumptions, (2) violations of the assumptions are more likely to occur than not to occur in natural populations, and (3) the estimates can be grossly in error if assumptions are violated. We recognize that in many cases two days in the field is the most time fish biologists can spend in obtaining a population estimate, so the use of alternative models of population estimation that require fewer assumptions is precluded. Hence, for biologists operating with these constraints and only these biologists, we describe and recommend a two-day technique that combines aspects of both capture-recapture and removal methods. We indicate how to test: most of the assumptions of both methods and how to adjust the population estimates obtained if violations of the assumptions occur. We also illustrate the use of this combined method with data from a field study. The results of this application further emphasize the importance of testing the assumptions of whatever method is used and making appropriate adjustments to the population size estimates for any violations identified.
Effects of paraventricular hypothalamic microinjections of phenylpropanolamine and d-amphetamine on mash intake in rats ☆

Abstract The present experiment compared the effects of unilateral microinjections (40, 80 and 160 nmol/0.5 μl) of phenylpropanolamine (PPA: d,1-norephedrine) and d-amphetamine sulfate within the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVN) on consumption of a palatable sweetened-mash diet in 15-hour food-deprived adult male rats. Intracranial microinjections were administered 5 minutes prior to each 30-minute feeding trial. PPA, at a dose of 160 nmol, suppressed feeding by 42%, whereas a similar dose of amphetamine suppressed feeding by 49%. Amphetamine or PPA doses of 40 and 80 nmol were without significant effect on feeding behavior. A relatively high dose of 160 nmol amphetamine was required to suppress feeding after injection into the PVN whereas much lower amphetamine concentrations are required to suppress feeding after injection into the perifornical hypothalamus. In contrast, PPA has some anorexic activity within the PVN but not within the perifornical hypothalamus.
Quantum electrodynamics in the temporal gauge

A canonical formulation is given for quantum electrodynamics in the temporal gauge. A procedure is developed for implementing the gauge-fixing condition ${A}_{0}$=0 and Gauss's law as time-independent constraints. The resulting formalism is shown to be physically equivalent to quantum electrodynamics in the Coulomb and Lorentz gauges. It is demonstrated that photon ghosts are appropriate for the representation of the longitudinal vector potential. Propagators for the longitudinal vector potential are derived and compared to results obtained by other authors. Implications for quantum chromodynamics are discussed.
Identification of Helicobacter spp. in bile and gallbladder tissue of patients with symptomatic gallbladder disease

hpb_148 129..133 Background: This experimental study was designed to determine if Helicobacter spp. contribute to benign gallbladder disease using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Methods: Patients with benign gallbladder disease scheduled for elective cholecystectomy at New York University Langone Medical Center were recruited from February to May 2008. Bile, gallbladder tissue and gallstones were collected. DNA was isolated from these specimens and amplified via PCR using C97F and C98R primers specific for Helicobacter spp. Appropriate positive and negative controls were used. Products were analysed with agarose gel electrophoresis, sequenced and results aligned using SEQUENCHER. Plasma was collected for detection of anti-Helicobacter pylori antibodies via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Of 36 patients, 12 patients' bile and/or tissue were positive for Helicobacter spp. by PCR. Species were most homologous with H. pylori, although other Helicobacter spp. were suggested. Six of 12 patients demonstrated anti-Helicobacter antibodies in plasma, suggesting that the remaining six might have demonstrated other species besides H. pylori. Four of six plasma samples with anti-Helicobacter antibodies were anti-CagA (cytotoxin associated gene) negative. Discussion: Helicobacter spp. can be detected in bile and gallbladder tissue of patients with benign gallbladder disease. The contribution of these bacteria to the pathophysiology of gallbladder disease and gallstone formation requires further study.
Quantitation of normal canine hippocampus formation volume: Correlation of MRI with gross histology

The hippocampal formation possesses an important role in the development and maintenance of short-term memory. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and gross histology were used to quantify the volume of the hippocampal formation in canines. High resolution MRI, using 1 mm thick slices and an intraplanar resolution of 0.35 mm was performed at 2.0 T both in vivo and in vitro following in situ fixation. The volumes of the hippocampal formations were determined from MR images and compared to those obtained from one mm thick gross histologic sections. The average volume of the canine hippocampal formation, measured from in vivo and in vitro MR images was 476.0 ± 79.5 and 467.3 ± 53.7 mm3, respectively. Determined from gross histology, the volume of the hippocampal formation was 463.6 ± 24.1 mm3. Quantitation of the canine hippocampal formation using in vivo MRI showed good correlation with in vitro MRI and histology, verifying the reliability and reproducibility of in vivo MRI measurements. High resolution MRI using 1 mm thick slices through the whole canine hippocampal formation is necessary for accurate volume determination of a structure of this size.
Investigation of the function of proteins associated to polyhydroxyalkanoate inclusions in Pseudomonas putida BMO1

Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) granule associated proteins from Pseudomonas oleovorans were purified and the N-terminal sequences of two major proteins migrating in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels with a relative molecular mass of 18 and 43 kDa (GA1 and GA2, respectively) were analyzed. Radiolabeled degenerate probes deduced from these amino acid sequences were used to identify genomic DNA fragments from P. oleovorans and Pseudomonas putida encoding GA1 and GA2. DNA sequence analysis of the fragments obtained from P. putida revealed that the genes encoding these proteins were adjacent to phaC2 and ORF3, the PHA synthase II gene and an open reading frame of unknown function, respectively, found at the P. oleovorans and P. aeruginosa PHA synthase gene locus. The open reading frames encoding GA1, GA2 and ORF3 or smaller fragments beginning at GA1 were inactivated by chromosomal insertion of the Tn5 kanamycin resistance gene block (neo). When these mutants were grown on mineral salts agar media under nitrogen limitation, containing gluconate or decanoate as carbon sources, they appeared more translucent than the wild-type grown under similar conditions. Gas-chromatographic analysis of the cellular dry mass revealed that the mutant strains accumulated 30-50% less PHA than the P. putida wild type.
Root development in simple and complex tropical successional ecosystems

Fine and coarse root mass and fine root surface area were studied during 5 yr following the felling and burning of a tropical forest near Turrialba, Costa Rica. Five experimental ecosystems were established: 1) natural successional vegetation, 2) successional vegetation enriched by seed applications, 3) imitation of succession (built by substituting investigator-selected species for natural colonizers), 4) monocultures (two maize crops followed by cassava andCordia alliodora), and 5) a bare plot. Fine roots grew rapidly in all treatments during the first 15 wk, at which time there were 75 gm−2 in the monoculture and 140 gm−2 in the enriched and natural successions. Subsequent growth was slower, and fine-root mass decreased during the first dry season. After 5 yr coarse root mass to a depth of 85 cm was about 800, 1370, and 1530 gm−2 in the succession, enriched succession and imitation of succession, respectively. At the final harvest, the 3.5 yr-oldC. alliodora plantation had 1000 g m−2 of coarse-root biomass. Roots <1 mm in diameter were concentrated in the upper 5 cm of soil and accounted for most fine-root surface area. Total fine-root surface area was greatest in the enriched successional vegetation and usually lowest in the monoculture.
Current Sensing Completion Detection for high speed and area efficient arithmetic

Providing carry completion signaling in low cost ripple carry adders can allow the control logic to schedule the next addition as soon as an earlier one is complete, thereby achieving the average case, rather than worst case addition delay over a set of computations. Earlier attempts at using current sensing for such carry completion signaling suffered from serious limitations. In this paper we present a new approach for the design of a ripple carry adder with a current sensing capability which observes late settling carry signal nodes in the circuit and indicates when they reach a quiescent state. Simulations show better than 50% speedup, on average, with less than 10% area overhead. To demonstrate a potential application of such an approach, we incorporate our carry completion adder into a Booth multiplier design and study the performance gain over a traditional ripple carry adder based design. Simulation results show that a 32-bit Booth Multiplier using the new completion signaling circuits can outperform a 32-bit Booth Multiplier with ripple carry adder (RCA) by 20–30%, while requiring less than 2% additional silicon area, This is comparable to the gains from the best carry look ahead adder designs at a fraction of the area overhead costs.
Anaerobic degradation of fluorinated aromatic compounds

Anaerobic enrichment cultures with sediment from an intertidal strait as inoculum were established under denitrifying, sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing and methanogenic conditions to examine the biodegradation of mono-fluorophenol and mono-fluorobenzoate isomers. Both phenol and benzoate were utilized within 2–6 weeks under all electron-accepting conditions. However, no degradation of the fluorophenols was observed within 1 year under any of the anaerobic conditions tested. Under denitrifying conditions, 2-fluorobenzoate and 4-fluorobenzoate were depleted within 84 days and 28 days, respectively. No loss of 3-fluorobenzoate was observed. All three fluorobenzoate isomers were recalcitrant under sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing, and methanogenic conditions. The degradation of the fluorobenzoate isomers under denitrifying conditions was examined in more detail using soils and sediments from different geographic regions around the world. Stable enrichment cultures were obtained on 2-fluorobenzoate or 4-fluorobenzoate with inoculum from most sites. Fluoride was released stoichiometrically, and nitrate reduction corresponded to the values predicted for oxidation of fluorobenzoate to CO2 coupled to denitrification. The 2-fluorobenzoate-utilizing and 4-fluorobenzoate-utilizing cultures were specific for fluorobenzoates and did not utilize other halogenated (chloro-, bromo-, iodo-) benzoic acids. Two denitrifying strains were isolated that utilized 2-fluorobenzoate and 4-fluorobenzoate as growth substrates. Preliminary characterization indicated that the strains were closely related to Pseudomonas stutzeri.
The Urban–Rural Divide and Food Sovereignty in India:

India is the second-largest nation in the world, with a population of 1.2 billion. As China rapidly urbanizes, India has become the last of the large nations where village life and traditional farm...
EFFECTS OF PERCEIVED LEADERSHIP BEHAVIORS ON JOB SATISFACTION AND PRODUCTIVITY

This study investigated effects of perceived leadership behaviors on job satisfaction and productivity. Participants were 467 graduate and undergraduate organizational behavior students who formed ...
The Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factor HESR1 Regulates Endothelial Cell Tube Formation

Human endothelial cells can be induced to form capillary-like tubular networks in collagen gels. We have used this in vitro model and representational difference analysis to identify genes involved in the formation of new blood vessels. HESR1 (HEY-1/HRT-1/CHF-2/gridlock), a basic helix-loop-helix protein related to the hairy/enhancer of split/HES family, is absent in migrating and proliferating cultures of endothelial cells but is rapidly induced during capillary-like network formation. HESR1 is detectable in all adult tissues and at high levels in well vascularized organs such as heart and brain. Its expression is also enriched in aorta and purified capillaries. Overexpression of HESR1 in endothelial cells down-regulates vascular endothelial cell growth factor receptor-2 (VEGFR2) mRNA levels and blocks proliferation, migration, and network formation. Interestingly, reduction of expression of HESR1 by antisense oligonucleotides also blocks endothelial cell network formation in vitro. Finally, HESR1 expression is altered in several breast, lung, and kidney tumors. These data are consistent with a temporal model for HESR1 action where down-regulation at the initiation of new vessel budding is required to allow VEGFR2-mediated migration and proliferation, but re-expression of HESR1 is necessary for induction of tubular network formation and continued maintenance of the mature, quiescent vessel.