cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Using the web infrastructure for real time recovery of missing web pages

Given the dynamic nature of the World Wide Web, missing web pages, or "404 Page not Found" responses, are part of our web browsing experience. It is our intuition that information on the web is rarely completely lost, it is just missing. In whole or in part, content often moves from one URI to another and hence it just needs to be (re-)discovered. We evaluate several methods for a "just-in-time" approach to web page preservation. We investigate the suitability of lexical signatures and web page titles to rediscover missing content. It is understood that web pages change over time which implies that the performance of these two methods depends on the age of the content. We therefore conduct a temporal study of the decay of lexical signatures and titles and estimate their half-life. We further propose the use of tags that users have created to annotate pages as well as the most salient terms derived from a page's link neighborhood. We utilize the Memento framework to discover previous versions of web pages and to execute the above methods. We provide a workflow including a set of parameters that is most promising for the (re-)discovery of missing web pages. We introduce Synchronicity, a web browser add-on that implements this workflow. It works while the user is browsing and detects the occurrence of 404 errors automatically. When activated by the user Synchronicity offers a total of six methods to either rediscover the missing page at its new URI or discover an alternative page that satisfies the user's information need. Synchronicity depends on user interaction which enables it to provide results in real time.
Analysis of lossy systems via 2D-FDTD and ESPRIT

The two-dimensional finite difference time domain method has been introduced as an efficient full-wave method for waveguide structures which are uniform in the direction of wave propagation. Liu, Schutt-Aine and Chen (see IEEE AP-S, p.1074-1077, 1999) used signal processing techniques such as ESPRIT as a post-processing engine to extract the frequency domain information from the sampling data. Due to the consideration of the analytical nature of the solution, this technique reduces the computational time dramatically. A combination of the 2D-FDTD and signal processing techniques reduce the memory size and CPU time at the same time. We extend the algorithm of Liu et al. to lossy systems. The dielectric and conductor losses are both included in one analysis. The super-resolution algorithms from signal processing techniques are employed in the temporal domain to extract the parameters from the sampled data in a shorter simulation.
A module is a module is a module: evolution of modularity in Evolutionary Psychology

The concept of modularity has been central in behavioral and neural sciences since the publication of Fodor’s The Modularity of Mind (1983). Fodor strived to explain the functional architecture of the mind based on the distinction between modular and central systems. Modular systems were deemed to have certain architectural features, such as automaticity, encapsulation, and domain specificity. Evolutionary psychologists have adopted the concept to characterize purportedly evolved human adaptations. In an influential paper, Barrett and Kurzban (Psychol Rev 113(3):628–647, 2006) proposed a definition of modules purely in terms of functional specialization. It is here argued that such strategy marks a shift in Evolutionary Psychology’s theoretical emphasis, as it trivializes the investigation of proximate causes in evolutionary theorizing; furthermore, it leaves the door open to too much flexibility on what counts as evidence for purportedly evolved modules.
Endothelin-3 regulates neural crest cell proliferation and differentiation in the hindgut enteric nervous system

Neural crest cells (NCC) migrate, proliferate, and differentiate within the wall of the gastrointestinal tract to give rise to the neurons and glial cells of the enteric nervous system (ENS). The intestinal microenvironment is critical in this process and endothelin-3 (ET3) is known to have an essential role. Mutations of this gene cause distal intestinal aganglionosis in rodents, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. We find that inhibition of ET3 signaling in cultured avian intestine also leads to hindgut aganglionosis. The aim of this study was to determine the role of ET3 during formation of the avian hindgut ENS. To answer this question, we created chick-quail intestinal chimeras by transplanting preganglionic quail hindguts into the coelomic cavity of chick embryos. The quail grafts develop two ganglionated plexuses of differentiated neurons and glial cells originating entirely from the host neural crest. The presence of excess ET3 in the grafts results in a significant increase in ganglion cell number, while inhibition of endothelin receptor-B (EDNRB) leads to severe hypoganglionosis. The ET3-induced hyperganglionosis is associated with an increase in enteric crest cell proliferation. Using hindgut explants cultured in collagen gel, we find that ET3 also inhibits neuronal differentiation in the ENS. Finally, ET3, which is strongly expressed in the ceca, inhibits the chemoattraction of NCC to glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF). Our results demonstrate multiple roles for ET3 signaling during ENS development in the avian hindgut, where it influences NCC proliferation, differentiation, and migration.
Use of Ultrasound Imaging to Determine Sex of Shovelnose Sturgeon

Abstract During November 2002, 51 shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus were sexed by ultrasound imaging using a portable ultrasonograph. We identified males with 96% accuracy (N = 25) and females with 80% accuracy (N = 25); one hermaphroditic individual was misidentified as a male. Overall, ultrasound imaging was 86% accurate. Sex in postspawned females was difficult to determine, 60% being misidentified as males (N = 5). Ultrasonography is an effective noninvasive method for sex determination that can be applied to other species of Acipenseriformes. Modern portable equipment expands its utility to field studies.
Gamma radiation effects on Sitophilus zeamais and S. granarius.

The effects of gamma radiation on the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky, and the granary weevil, S. granarius (L.) were studied. All stages of these weevil were treated with 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, and 100 krad of gamma radiation from a 60CO source. Eggs and larvae of both species were unable to develop to the adult stage at any treatment level. The emergence of adults from irradiated pupae occurred with doses as high as 50 krad for S. zeamais and as high as 20 krad for S. granarius . A dose of 5 krad in the pupal stage of both species, however, was sufficient to cause sterility. The reproductive ability of irradiated adults was considerably reduced with 5 krad, and complete sterility occurred with 10 krad and above. Survival time of irradiated adults decreased with increasing dose.
A mandatory smoking ban in restaurants: Concerns versus experiences

The purpose of this study was (a) to assess the concerns of restaurant representatives about a city ordinance that prohibited smoking in all restaurants prior to its enactment and (b) to determine if these concerns were realized 15 months after the ordinance had been in effect. Representatives from 34 randomly selected restaurants participated in both the pre- and post-interviews. Although 26.5 percent of the respondents were concerned that the ordinance would be difficult to enforce, 94 percent found the ordinance easy or very easy to enforce. While some customers appeared to have negative reactions to an ordinance that prohibited smoking, four times that many appeared to have positive reactions to the ordinance. Although approximately 12 percent of the respondents indicated that the ordinance had “a slightly negative effect on employees,” the majority (88.2%) felt that the ordinance had either no effect or a positive effect on employees. Most respondents believed that the ordinance would have no effect on their business and most reported that the ordinance had no or no known effect on business. Although many restaurant representatives had concerns about a non-smoking ordinance prior to its enactment, restaurant representatives' self-reported experience with the ordinance suggests that most of these concerns were not realized.
Authors' Reply 3

To seek the origins of Gray codes is to peer farther into the past than 1947. As mentioned in our note, the structure of our counter was suggested by the "Chinese rings" puzzle; the codes themselves can describe solutions to the "Tower of Hanoi" puzzle (see our [4]). More recent uses of the unitdistance principle may also be found.4
Seeded dispersion polymerization of MMA using submicron PMMA particles as seed: a mechanistic study

Micron-size poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles having a narrow particle size distribution were prepared by seeded dispersion polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) using submicron PMMA particles as seed. The processes of particle aggregation and nucleation were controlled by the initial seed size, initial seed number, and initiator concentration, determining the formation of the mature particles and the number (N (final)) and size of the final particles. It was found that N (final) was equal to the number of particles produced in the absence of seed (N (ab initio)) when the initial number of seed particles (N (initial)) was less than N (ab initio). When N (initial) was greater than N (ab initio), N (final) was equal to k × N (initial), where the value of k was a function of seed size and initiator concentration. k increased with seed size and was less than 1 at high initiator concentrations (0.52 and 1.00 %), while at low initiator concentrations (0.23 and 0.30 %), a maximum value of k was found for a 198 nm seed size. k could be greater than unity in some cases.
An examination of the roles of cyclic nucleotides in the initiation of cell proliferation.

Abstract The initiation of proliferative activity in proliferatively quiescent confluent monolayers of BALB/3T3 cell cultures by a fresh medium-serum replacement is independent of early (within minutes) fluctuations in total cellular cyclic AMP or cyclic GMP levels. However, the possibility of a later prereplicative cyclic AMP surge being involved in the initiation of DNA synthesis will be discussed.
Reduced incidence of hip fracture in the Old Order Amish.

The incidence of hip fracture was estimated in a community of Old Order Amish and compared with available data from non-Amish whites. Hip fracture rates were 40% lower in the Amish, and the Amish also experienced higher BMD. Introduction: Understanding the patterns of fracture risk across populations could reveal insights about bone health and lead to the earlier detection and prevention of osteoporosis. Toward this aim, we compared hip fracture incidence and bone mineral density (BMD) between an Old Order Amish (OOA) community, characterized by a rural and relatively active lifestyle, and non-Amish U.S. whites. Materials and Methods: All hospital admissions for hip fracture among OOA individuals in Lancaster County, PA, were identified between 1995 and 1998 from four area hospitals. Hip fracture incidence was calculated by cross-referencing an available Anabaptist genealogy database with communities located within these hospital service areas and compared with non-Amish whites obtained from National Hospital Discharge data. Additionally, BMD at the hip was compared between 287 Amish subjects and non-Amish whites from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III survey. Results and Conclusions: OOA experienced 42% fewer hip fractures than would be expected had they experienced the same rate of hip fracture as observed in non-Amish whites (p < 0.01) and a higher mean BMD that was significant in women (p < 0.05) but not men. Further evaluation of lifestyle and/or genetic differences between Amish and non-Amish populations may shed insights into etiologic factors influencing hip fracture risk.
Tackling Safety and Health Issues in the Use of Thermal Insulation

Safety and health issues on the use of thermal insulation were formally brought to the attention of the Consumer Produce Safety Commission by a petition from the Metropolitan Denver District Attorney's Consumer Office in 1976. Risks of injury due to fire, chemical, or health hazards from cellulose, fibrous glass, and plastic foam insulation materials were alleged by the petitioner. New concern has been raised over the contributive effect of thermal insulation and other products to indoor air quality. Many of these issues are complex and systematic in nature, requiring considerable time and resources to address. The Commission funded research work, in several instances, at the National Bureau of Standards and the Franklin Research Center. Key questions were studied, such as appropriate fire test methods for cellulose insulation and formaldehyde off-gassing from urea-formaldehyde foam insulation. Various actions were taken by the Commission including implementing mandatory regulations for cellulose insulation by Congressional order, working with industry in developing voluntary standards for fibrous glass insulation, and proposing a ban on urea-formaldehyde foam insulation.
High-frequency switching of colony morphology in Candida albicans

The pathogenic yeast Candida albicans switches heritably and at high frequency between at least seven general phenotypes identified by colony morphology on agar. Spontaneous conversion from the original smooth to variant phenotypes (star, ring, irregular wrinkle, hat, stipple, and fuzzy) occurs at a combined frequency of 1.4 X 10(-4), but is increased 200 times by a low dose of ultraviolet light that kills less than 10 percent of the cells. After the initial conversion, cells switch spontaneously to other phenotypes at a combined frequency of 2 X 10(-2). Switching is therefore heritable, but also reversible at high frequency. The genetic basis of this newly discovered process and its possible role in Candida pathogenesis are considered.
Hypertensive End-Stage Renal Disease in Blacks: The Role of End-Stage Renal Disease Surveillance

The end-stage renal disease (ESRD) networks and the United States Renal Data System recently have described the epidemiology of ESRD and broadened our appreciation of the impact of ESRD in the United States. This surveillance system also can be used to study the occurrence and control of ESRD. Among the epidemiologic study designs available to conduct research on the etiology of renal failure, case-control studies are uniquely suited for this purpose. The case of hypertensive ESRD illustrates this concept; risk factors for hypertensive ESRD, as a hypothetical exposure in case-control studies, are briefly described. Case-control studies are an efficient and readily used means to study causes of renal failure.
Testicular Mass in a 40-Year-Old Man

Patient: A 40-year-old male with a painless left testicular mass and back pain History of Present Illness: The patient described a 2-month history of progressive scrotal swelling. He also noted lower back pain that worsened with heavy lifting. The patient denied a history of prior scrotal trauma or surgery. He also noted decreased appetite and an unintentional 20-pound weight loss over the past 2 months. Past Medical History: Mild untreated hypertension Past Surgical History: None Family History: Non-contributory Physical Exam Vital Signs: Temperature, 36.9°C; heart rate, 114 beats per minute; respiratory rate, 16 per minute; blood pressure, 142/97 mmHg. Pertinent physical exam findings included tachycardia, hypertension, mild gynecomastia, a palpable mildly tender midline abdominal mass, and a firm enlarged non-tender left testicle measuring ∼10 cm. Laboratory values at presentation are noted in Table 1. 1. What are this patient’s most striking clinical and laboratory findings? 2. What is the differential diagnosis for a testicular mass? 3. What additional testing is necessary for the diagnosis? 4. How are serological tumor markers used in the differential diagnosis? 5. What is the most likely diagnosis based on the clinical, radiologic, laboratory, and histologic findings? 6. What is the pathophysiology of this disease? 7. How is this disease treated and how can laboratory testing be used to assess treatment efficacy? 1. The most striking physical finding in this patient is the large painless testicular mass. The associated lumbar pain and gynecomastia are also significant, as is the unintended weight loss. Laboratory data from this patient are shown in Table 1 and reveal hypercalcemia, low hemoglobin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC), transferrin, and increased ferritin. The patient has increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine values with an associated decrease in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. There are also isolated elevations of amino aspartate transferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP), but …
In My Opinion: Define Certificates While They Still Mean Something

(2003). In My Opinion: Define Certificates While They Still Mean Something. The Journal of Continuing Higher Education: Vol. 51, No. 1, pp. 38-42.
Hydroxyapatite–diamondlike carbon nanocomposite films

Abstract Hydroxyapatite is a bioactive ceramic that mimics the mineral composition of natural bone. Conventional plasma-sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings demonstrate poor adhesion and poor mechanical integrity. We have developed hydroxyapatite–diamondlike carbon bilayer film. The diamondlike carbon interlayer serves to prevent metal ion release and improve adhesion of the hydroxyapatite film. These films were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, nanoindentation, and microscratch adhesion testing. Based on the results of this study, hydroxyapatite–diamondlike carbon bilayers demonstrate promise for use in several orthopedic implants.
Recognition of surface mucosal and vascular patterns of colon polyps by using narrow-band imaging: interobserver and intraobserver agreement and prediction of polyp histology.

Background The 2 main types of colon polyps are adenomas and hyperplastic. Pit patterns on the surface of polyps have been described by using magnification chromoendoscopy, which can help differentiate between polyp types. Narrow band imaging (NBI) is a novel technology that enhances the visualization of surface mucosal and vascular patterns on the polyp surface. Earlier we described, in a pilot study, patterns seen on the polyp surface with NBI that can help differentiate between adenomas and hyperplastic polyps with a high degree of accuracy. Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the interobserver and intraobserver agreement (among endoscopists) for the NBI surface mucosal and vascular patterns and prediction of polyp histology and the accuracy of the investigators to predict polyp histology based on these patterns. Setting Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Methods NBI images of the polyp surface mucosal and vascular patterns obtained in our pilot trial were retrieved. A teaching set of 20 images was selected to educate and demonstrate the polyp patterns to 4 endoscopists. Subsequently, the test set of images was evaluated by the 4 endoscopists for quality, polyp pattern, and prediction of polyp type. Interobserver agreement (k value) was calculated among the 4 assessors for the polyp patterns and predicted histology. By using the final histology as the criterion standard, the accuracy of polyp-type prediction was calculated for each assessor. After a period of 2 months, all polyp images were reevaluated by the assessors (as before), and all findings were recorded in a similar fashion. These results were used for calculation of intraobserver agreement (k value) and the accuracy of the assessors in predicting polyp type. Results Photographs of 65 polyps were included in the test set and were evaluated by the 4 assessors. Thirty-eight polyps were adenomatous, and 27 were hyperplastic. The kappa value for the interobserver agreement for polyp surface pattern was 0.57 (moderate) and for prediction of polyp type was 0.63 (substantial). The kappa value for the intraobserver agreement of the 4 assessors for the surface patterns was 0.70, 0.65, 0.60, and 0.79, and for the prediction of polyp type was 0.87, 0.71, 0.61, 0.81. The accuracy to predict polyp type ranged from 80% to 86% for the 4 assessors in the first reading and from 85% to 91% in the second reading, with every assessor showing an improvement in accuracy in the second reading. Limitations A single-center study, with a limited number of polyps. Conclusions This initial evaluation showed that the NBI polyp patterns described in our pilot study are reproducible, easy to learn, reasonably accurate, and have the potential for use in daily clinical practice for the real-time differentiation of colon polyps.
Gamma irradiation of yellow and blue colorants in polystyrene packaging materials

Abstract The effect of 10- and 20-kGy gamma irradiation was studied on chromophtal yellow 2RLTS (Yellow 110-2, 3, 4, 5-tetrachloro-6-cyanobenzoic acid) and Irgalite Blue GBP (copper (II) phthalocyanine blue) colorants, which were added to polystyrene (PS) material used to package food prior to irradiation. Analytical results obtained suggest that irradiation did not generate any new chemicals in the PS polymer containing either yellow or blue colorant at a concentration of up to 1% (w/w). Both yellow and blue colorants are relatively stable to gamma irradiation.
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors in hypertension.

Abstract 1. 1. A survey of the literature reveals that the monoamine oxidase inhibitors, 1-isonicotinyl-2-isopropyl hydrazine (iproniazid, Marsilid), betaphenylisopropyl-hydrazine hydrochloride (JB 516, Catron®) and DL-serine-N2-isopropyl hydrazide monohydrochloride (RO4–1038)have antihypertensive effects in man. 2. 2. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors cause primarily postural hypotension and in general are potentiated by the simultaneous administration of chlorothiazide. Their cumulative action permits continuous control of hypertension with infrequent dosage but also creates the danger of prolonged hypotension following overdosage. 3. 3. Their antihypertensive action could not be correlated with their relative potency as monoamine oxidase inhibitors. 4. 4. RO4–1038 appears to be the most effective hypotensive agent and from preliminary observations is without serious side effects or major toxicity in the doses used. 5. 5. The monoamine oxidase inhibitors will probably have an important place in the therapy of hypertension.
Wear Reduction and Surface Layer Formation by a ZDDP Additive

Reduction de l'usure et formation d'une couche de surface dans le cas de l'additif dialkyldithiophosphate de zinc
Coronary angioplasty. Statewide experience in California.

BACKGROUNDThis report describes the in-hospital experience with percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) for the state of California in 1989. Data are derived from the statewide hospital discharge abstracts.METHODS AND RESULTSA total of 24,883 PTCAs were performed; most patients (70%) were men and most procedures were single vessel (87%). About one fifth (19%) of patients had a principal diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI). Overall mortality was 1.4% and was higher in the AMI group (4.2%) versus the non-AMI group (0.8%, P = .0001). Mortality was higher for AMI patients having PTCA on the day of or day after admission (5.5%) versus those treated later (2.6%, P = .0001). Five percent of patients had coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) after PTCA; CABG was performed on the same day as PTCA in 61.7% of cases. Patients presenting with AMI were more likely to have CABG (7.1%) than non-AMI patients (4.5%, P = .0001). Mortality associated with CABG was 7.3% and was higher in the AMI grou...
Liquid Swine Manure Phosphorus Utilization for Corn and Soybean Production

There is uncertainty about manure P availability for crops and need for P fertilization when manure is applied. This study evaluated effects of liquid swine (Sus scrofa domesticus) manure and fertilizer P on early plant growth and P uptake, grain yield, and grain P removal for corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. Sixteen trials were conducted in Iowa from 2000 to 2002. Replicated treatments were the combinations of three manure rates (0, 29, and 57 kg total P ha -1 on average across sites) and four P fertilizer rates (0 to 30 kg P ha -1 ). Initial soil Bray-P 1 (15-cm depth) was 9 to 89 mg P kg -1 . Fertilizer rates applied across all plots were 168 kg N ha -1 for corn and 56 to 120 kg K ha -1 for both crops according to soil-test K. Measurements were early plant dry weight (DW) and P uptake (V5-V6 stage), grain yield, and grain P removal. Increases in plant DW, P uptake, and grain P removal were unrelated to soil-test P (STP), and were more frequent to manure than to fertilizer. Yield increases (P ≤ 0.05) were observed at six sites with Bray-P 1 ≤ 20 mg P kg -1 , with response only to manure at one site and to both manure and fertilizer at five sites but to fertilizer only when manure was not applied. The study provided no evidence of lower crop-P availability from liquid swine manure than fertilizer P for corn or soybean in these Iowa fields.
Multi-Scale Physics Issues in the Development of a Virtual Laboratory for Advanced X-Ray Sources

Summary form only given. The state-of-the-art in first principles physics software has greatly advanced in the last few years though the advent of highly efficient, scalable parallel software and ubiquitous Beowulf-class clusters. In the arena of high power microwave and X-ray sources, it is not unusual to simulate multi-dimensional (2- and 3-D), fully electromagnetic situations with fidelity sufficient to fully design experiments on the computer using the particle-in-cell (PIC) framework. Despite these advances, there are a number of situations where dense plasma formation and critical atomic physics issues result in multiple time scales where the simulations are simply too complex to run in a meaningful time period, even with parallel computers. This effort focuses on the potential to couple magneto-hydrodynamics (MHD) and atomic physics software packages together with the PIC framework to alleviate these time-scale issues. We will report on simulations of electron beam emission off moving cathode plasmas, dense anode plasma formation, insulator breakdown, secondary electron production, and anode heating in the context of a bremsstrahlung diode PIC simulation. These calculations show clear evidence of improvement possible through coupling the PIC framework to MHD and atomic physics software as well as potential areas where improvement of the PIC software can bring nearly as much benefit
Thermometry considerations in localized hyperthermia

The introduction of local hyperthermia as a method of cancer therapy implies the necessity of quantitative measurements of the thermal dose. Our intention is to describe the nature of the problem, both physically and physiologically, with illustrations drawn from thermographic measurements in phantoms and in animals. The characteristics of a thermometry calibration facility are described. Some measurement problems associated with conventional thermometer probes are mentioned and several new thermometers which were developed for use in the electromagnetic fields are reviewed. We present some of the concepts that will guide the development of noninvasive thermometry. Systemic hyperthermia is not considered. We recommend that other reviews specifically directed toward localized hyperthermia be prepared on the methods of heating and on thermal physiological problems.
A sufficient condition for the evadability of differential evasion games

A sufficient condition for the strict evadability of nonlinear differential evasion games is obtained. The result complements, in some sense, the relevant results obtained by the author in a previous paper. An illustrative example is discussed as well.
Situational disengagement and persistence in the face of adversity

Research suggests that the experience of belonging to a group whose academic abilities are negatively stereotyped fosters disidentification over time, that is, the psychological insulation of the self from academic evaluations and outcomes (Crocker, Major, & Steele, 1998). This research tests whether the process of disidentification can ironically improve motivation when mobilized in response to specific situations. Black and White participants were given negative feedback on an ability-diagnostic or non-diagnostic task. Subsequently, all participants were given the opportunity to persist on the task and their level of disengagement was assessed. As hypothesized, Black participants in the diagnostic condition displayed the most persistence as well as the most disengagement and this persistence response was mediated by their disengagement. The results suggest that, in contrast to chronic disengagement, situational disengagement may help facilitate motivation and persistence.
Parametric extension of the classical exposure-schedule theory for angle-multiplexed photorefractive recording over wide angles

The gradual reorientations in crystal geometry encountered during angle-multiplexed holographic recording with obliquely incident recording beams can create significant parametric exposure-time and recording-angle dependencies in both grating writing- and erasure-time constants. We present a parametric extension of the classically derived backward-recursion algorithm that compensates for the intermingling effects of recording geometry, writing-beam intensity variations, and unique crystal behavior. We present experimental data for a sequence of 301 holograms recorded with the goal of equal hologram strength and, separately, the same sequence recorded with the goal of equal hologram reconstruction intensity-which are different cases for a steeply incident readout beam.
Physical realization of the parity anomaly in condensed matter physics

We show that a PbTe-type narrow-gap semiconductor with an antiphase boundary (or domain wall) has currents of abnormal parity and induced fractional charges. A model is introduced which reduces the problem to the physics of a Dirac equation with a soliton in background electric and magnetic fields. We show that this system is a physical realization of the parity anomaly.
Traumatic nonpenetrating ventricular septal defect: recovery under conservative management.

Summary A case of traumatic non-penetrating ventricular septal defect is described. The patient, age 7, was treated conservatively, recovered, and has been asymptomatic for 2 years. Only 27 cases of this lesion have previously been reported, 6 under age 14. Since 1953, when cardiac catheterization was first used to facilitate diagnosis, mortality within 15 days has been 31 per cent. Five patients have had open heart surgery. Results have been favorable with no mortality and low morbidity.
Synthetic studies on the molybedenum cofactor. An efficient total synthesis of (±)-dephospho Form A

Abstract (Dephospho) Form A ( 4b ), obtained by oxidative degradation of the molybdenum cofactor, has been efficiently synthesized in racemic form for the first time. This material, as well as its protected derivative 11 , are now conveniently available as intermediates for a projected synthesis of the natural cofactor.
Spatial prediction in scalable video coding

Spatial scalability allows the transmission of images at different levels of resolution in a single bit stream, offering potential spectrum savings with respect to simulcast transmission. The authors consider a two-layer MPEG-2 system which uses spatial scalability to transmit a conventional television signal as a base layer, and an HDTV signal as an enhancement layer or alternatively a conventional television signal as the enhancement and a SIF interlaced signal as the base layer. The issue of interlaced to interlaced conversion, and its effect on the overall performance are studied. The usefulness of the base layer signal in the prediction of the upper layer signal is discussed. Finally, the performance of spatial scalability is compared with a simulcast approach for different bit rates at the lower layer, while keeping the overall bit rate constant.
Fusobacterial infection: enhancement by cell free extracts of Bacteroides melaninogenicus possessing collagenolytic activity.

Abstract Intradermal injections into rabbits of a crude sterile particulate fraction from Bacteroides melaninogenicus having collagenolytic activity, when combined with live Fusobacterium fusiforme , produced lesions far greater than those occurring after injections of the separate components. The potentiation of infection was not seen if the collagenolytic activity was first destroyed by heating at 60 °C for 50 min. Electron microscopy of the active sterile particulate fraction disclosed structured but morphologically indistinct particles.
Photoemission assignments of HxSiO4−x fragments at the Si/SiOx interface

Hydrogenation of the silicon/silicon oxide interface is shown to cause changes in every feature spectroscopically discernible by soft x‐ray photoemission in addition to depinning the Fermi level. A new feature is observed to grow in at 3.6 eV with respect to bulk Si upon exposure to atomic hydrogen at the expense of interface states intermediate between 3.6 and 0 eV. Assignments of photoemission features are discussed in the context of previous model studies of the interface and issues of electronic versus chemical reversibility are discussed.
Child fostering and children's nutritional outcomes in rural Mali: The role of female status in directing child transfers

Abstract Research in West Africa has begun to document the phenomenon of child fostering although little attention has focussed on other types of non-maternal child care arrangements and their impact on child health. Evidence from a sample of 77 weaned children under five in rural Mali found that over one third (35%) of children were not the prime responsibility of both their biological parents. Nineteen per cent ( N = 15) of the sample were formally fostered children, known as sukaabe bambaabe , who lived neither with their biological mothers nor with their biological fathers. Others lived under flexible or semi-permanent non-maternal care arrangements both within and outside the agnatic family. Factors precipitating fostering are outlined and are divided into: (i) those under which the child is fostered away from its biological family through force of circumstance; and (ii) those under which the child is actively requested by its foster mother. Rather than fostering providing a universal option for over-burdened mothers with too many or too closely-spaced children, the field evidence shows that the movement of children within and between households is rigorously controlled by the female social hierarchy. Children are transferred in a uni-directional fashion from the care of their low status biological mothers to high status foster mothers. Their transfer serves to visibly reinforce socio-political power differentials between these women who are at different stages of the female life-cycle and in different sets of household circumstances. Economic factors are not associated with the decision to keep the child or to foster it away, but do appear to determine whether the children living under non-maternal care are fostered out under a structured or unstructured fostering arrangement. Contrary to findings in other West African settings, fostering per se has little impact on children's nutritional outcomes as measured by their weight-for-age Z -Scores, probably because the use of surrogate or sibling caretakers is common in this environment even for children who are the full responsibility of their biological mothers. The context of the fostering, however, does influence fostered children's nutritional status. Those children who were requested by their foster mothers had better nutritional outcomes than those who were fostered in by force of circumstance. It is concluded that the concept of ‘maternal and child health’ and the ‘maternal-child’ dyad around which both health interventions and demographic evaluations are centred, may not always be appropriate in areas of high fostering prevalence.
Growth of MC particles on stacking faults and dislocations

Abstract A study was made of the growth of MC-type carbides in Inconel X-750 aged in the temperature range of 704–871°C. It was observed that this growth occurred on several different lattice defects, notably stacking faults and dislocations.
Surface history of lunar soil and soil columns

Measurements of cosmic ray track densities are presented for soil samples from Apollo 15, 16, and 17. Median track densities are used to infer total effective exposure times within about 15 cm of the lunar surface. Minimum track densities are used to derive the time of the last impact-produced rearrangement of soil grains. For samples from near various craters ages are derived of 40 m.y. for St. George, 6 (plus or minus 3) m.y. for S. Ray, 25 to 90 m.y. for Plum, and 20 to 35 m.y. for Shorty. The material of 15003, the Apollo 15 deep core at depths of 120 to 160 cm, is inferred to have been deposited at an average rate greather than or equal to 0.35 cm/m.y. The Apollo 16 core at 41 to 47 cm depths, 60007, appears to be well mixed and was covered up by deposition at greater than 0.3 cm/m.y. for the next few m.y. after its deposition.
Some problems related to testing color vision with the Nagel anomaloscope.

The report concerns a discussion of some methodological and statistical problems in testing color vision with the Nagel anomaloscope and an evaluation of records compiled during a period of four and a half years’ research work at the U. S. Air Force School of Aviation Medicine, Randolph Field, Texas. Following topics are dealt with: elimination of training effects and determination of the total number of readings required to detect specified minimum practical differences between individuals; application and frequency distribution of the anomalous quotient; determination of the normal matching range of mixtures and of comparison yellow; and test-retest reliability of the Nagel anomaloscope.
Microbial modulation of host apoptosis and pyroptosis

Apoptosis and pyroptosis are two common programmed cell death types induced by various microbial infections. Apoptosis is non-inflammatory programmed cell death and can be triggered through intrinsic or extrinsic pathways and with or without the contribution of mitochondria. Pyroptosis is an inflammatory cell death and is typically triggered by caspase-1 after its activation by various inflammasomes. Non-canonical caspase-11-mediated pyroptosis has been identified. A NLRP3 (cryopyrin)-dependent but casepase-1-independent proinflammatory necrosis called pyronecrosis (Willingham et al., 2007), and a caspase-2-dependent but caspase-1-independent proinflammatory cell death (Chen et al., 2011) have also been reported. Microbial pathogens are able to modulate host apoptosis, pyroptosis, and inflammasomes through different triggers and pathways. The promotion and inhibition of host cell death vary and depend on the microbe types, virulence, and phenotypes.
Social Interest and the Core Conditions: Could It Be That Adler Influenced Rogers?

This article presents primary source documentation highlighting the similarities between Alfred Adler's social interest construct and the counselor-oriented core conditions of Carl Rogers. Implications of the similarities are discussed.
The fiberoptic approach to dilation of stenotic lesions of the esophagus

The method of esophageal dilation, using a wire-guided bougie inserted through a fiberoptic esophagoscope, is reviewed in 18 patients with esophageal stenosis of various causes requiring 33 dilations. The method produced the desired results in all cases and was unassociated with any serious complications or discomfort to the patient.
Potential Neurotoxicity of Spinal Anesthesia With Lidocaine

Spinal (intrathecal) anesthesia has evolved into a safe, widely accepted method of anesthesia with many advantages. However, the past decade has seen a large number of case reports and incidence studies that implicate the local anesthetic (LA) lidocaine as being more neurotoxic than other commonly used LAs such as bupivacaine and tetracaine, based on patterns of clinical use current at the time of those reports. Available studies suggest a risk of persistent lumbosacral neuropathy after spinal lidocaine by single injection in about 1 in 1300 procedures and a risk as high as about 1 in 200 after continuous spinal anesthesia with lidocaine. While uncommon, this risk is probably an order of magnitude higher than the risk reported for other commonly used LAs or for general anesthesia. Spinal lidocaine is also implicated in the syndrome of transient neurologic symptoms (previously referred to as transient radicular irritation), manifest by pain or dysesthesia in the buttocks or legs after recovery from anesthesia. Although the pain typically resolves within 1 week without lasting sequelae, it can be severe in up to one third of patients with the syndrome. In addition to clinical studies, both whole animal and in vitro studies have shown that lidocaine can be neurotoxic at clinically available concentrations and that lidocaine is more neurotoxic than equipotent concentrations of other commonly used LAs. The mechanism of this neurotoxicity may involve changes in cytoplasmic calcium homeostasis and mitochondrial membrane potential.
Role of adenosine and the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus in sleep-promoting effects of ethanol.

Measurements and Results: Using adult male Sprague-Dawley rats as our animal model, we performed three experiments to test our hypothesis. Our first experiment examined the effect of A1 receptor blockade in the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus on sleep- promoting effects of ethanol. Bilateral microinjection of the selective A1 receptor antagonist 1,3-dipropyl-8-phenylxanthine (500 µM; 250 nL/side) into orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus significantly reduced nonrapid eye movement sleep with a concomitant increase in wakefulness, suggesting that blockade of adenosine A1 receptor attenuates ethanol-induced sleep promotion. Our second experiment examined adenosine release in the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus during local ethanol infusion. Local infusion of pharmacologically relevant doses of ethanol significantly and dose-dependently increased adenosine release. Our final experiment used c-Fos immunohistochemistry to examine the effects of ethanol on the activation of orexin neurons. Acute ethanol exposure significantly reduced the number of orexin neurons containing c-Fos, suggesting an inhibition of orexin neurons after ethanol intake. Conclusions: Based on our results, we believe that ethanol promotes sleep by increasing adenosine in the orexinergic perifornical hypothalamus, resulting in A1 receptor-mediated inhibition of orexin neurons.
A new variety of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia characterized by punctate corneal dystrophy and abnormal dermal collagen fibrils.

Several individuals from one family are described with a unique form of spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia. Characteristic features include shorttrunked short stature, punctate corneal dystrophy and marked disorganization of dermal collagen fibrils when examined by transmission electron microscopy. Inheritance is compatible with either dominance and a variable expression or X-linkage. Although the basic defect has not been determined, the tissue distribution is consistent with a defect in a non-collagenous component that affects collagen fibril formation or stability.
Segregation and grain boundary structure

Abstract Atomic structure of the Σ = 5(210)/[001] symmetrical tilt boundary in Cu containing different amounts of segregated Bi has been investigated. The interatomic forces were described in terms of empirical pair potentials constructed so as to fit self consistently the enthalpy of mixing of this alloy system. The most important structural effects found in this study are strong anisotropy of the segregation energy for different segregation sites, formation of an ordered alloy structure in the region of the grain boundary and occurrence of structural transformations due to segregation. A saturation level of 1.25 monolayers beyond which no further segregation can occur, was found. Significance of these structural effects for the segregation process and for the influence of segregation upon various grain boundary properties is discussed.
Plasticizer Contamination of Firefighter Personal Protective Clothing – A Potential Factor in Increased Health Risks in Firefighters

Chemical exposures may be responsible for firefighters’ elevated incidences of cancer and cardiovascular disease. This study characterized semivolatile chemical contamination on firefighter personal protective clothing to assess exposure of firefighters to these chemicals. Samples from used firefighter protective clothing, including gloves, hood, and one coat wristlet, were extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed by EPA method 8270 for semivolatile contaminants, including 20 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 6 phthalate diesters. Twenty-two of the chemicals of interest were found on at least one clothing swatch. Only di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a plasticizer, added to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to increase flexibility, was found on every swatch. DEHP concentrations were the highest of any chemical measured, and were 52 to 875 times higher than any PAH concentration measured. DEHP was also detected on most items of unused firefighter personal protective clothing, although at much low...
Molecular dance: Water's collective modes

Abstract Ice surfaces are used to assign five resonances in the hydrogen-bonded vibrational spectrum of water. Ice surface experiments are complemented with room temperature matrix isolation experiments providing compelling evidence that the OH vibration of the donor is affected by the environment around the lone pairs, i.e., compelling evidence for the importance of three-body interactions. In addition, longer-range, correlated motion produces a quadrupole at the ice surface.
Nucleus accumbens opioids regulate flavor-based preferences in food consumption

Opioid signaling in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) regulates feeding behavior, having particularly strong effects on consumption of highly palatable foods. Since macronutrient content may contribute to palatability, it is uncertain whether opioid regulation of food consumption is based primarily on its macronutrient content or its flavor per se. In order to isolate the effect of flavor, we manipulated opioid signaling in the NAcc in rats and quantified consumption of differently flavored but nutritionally identical pellets. When pellets of either flavor were presented alone, microinjection of d-Ala2,N,Me-Phe4,Gly-ol5-enkephalin (DAMGO (a μ opioid receptor (MOP) agonist)) into the NAcc increased consumption of pellets of both flavors equally. When both flavors of pellets were presented simultaneously, however, DAMGO in the NAcc selectively increased, while naltrexone (a non-selective opioid antagonist) in the NAcc selectively decreased, consumption of the more preferred flavor. Systemic naltrexone injection had no flavor specific effects, decreasing consumption of both flavors equally. Non-selective inactivation of NAcc neurons by local microinjection of muscimol (a GABAA agonist) increased consumption of both the more- and less-preferred flavors equally. These results indicate that opioid signaling directly regulates a subset of NAcc neurons that can selectively enhance consumption of preferred palatable foods based exclusively on flavor cues.