cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Determination of silver speciation in natural waters. 2. Binding strength of silver ligands in surface freshwaters.

Three competing ligand methods were compared to determine characteristics of Ag(I) complexation by dissolved and colloidal ligands present in three rivers and one sewage treatment plant effluent. Iminodiacetate groups on Chelex-100 resin (used in batch and column experiments) and diethyldithiocarbamate (DDC) were used as competing ligands. Results of batch Chelex and DDC competition experiments show good agreement with regard to relative extent of Ag binding by natural ligands among the three river systems. Results of both methods also show a possible correlation between extent of Ag(I) complexation and organic matter concentration and/or Fe concentration. Fraction of Ag(I) associated with Chelex in both batch and column Chelex experiments was similar in each of the four systems tested, indicating that lability of Ag complexes does not change significantly on time scales ranging from seconds to 24 h. Results of Chelex and DDC competition were compared using a model based on a hypothetical single natural ligand. Under the experimental conditions used, this model quantified Ag(I) complexes with log Kcond values from approximately 12 to 14. For the three rivers studied, ligands with silver-association characteristics similar to those of reduced sulfur groups (log K = 14-16) present at subnanomolar concentrations likely dominate Ag(I) speciation in these systems. A weaker ligand (e.g., log Kcond 0.7 nM dominated Ag(I) speciation in the treatment plant effluent. This may result from elevated concentration of metals that compete for reduced sulfur groups rather than from a lower total concentration of these groups.
Martial Arts Research: Prudent Skepticism

A. Diamond and K. Lee's review “Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old” (special section on Investing Early in Education, 19 August, p. [959][1]) leaves the impression that martial arts training as usually delivered enhances executive functions.
Life Expectancy and Incidence of Malignant Disease: V. Malignant Lymphoma, Fibrosarcoma, Malignant Melanoma, and Osteogenic Sarcoma

This is the fifth and last of a series of papers dealing with the life expectancy in the more common types of malignant disease. Carcinomas of the breast, buccal cavity, gastro-intestinal, and genito-urinary systems have been discussed in previous communications (1–4). Malignant lymphoma, including Hodgkin9s disease, the leukemias, malignant melanoma, fibrosarcoma, and osteogenic sarcoma will now be considered. The selection of cases and the methods of calculation have been described fully in the earlier papers. Malignant Lymphoma All malignant disease primary in the lymphatic system is considered under this heading. This includes the tumors diagnosed as giant follicular-cell lymphoma, of which there are very few examples, lymphocytoma, lymphosarcoma, and Hodgkin9s disease. The number of cases included in the subgroups is too small for the preparation of individual curves, except for Hodgkin9s disease and lymphosarcoma. While it is probable that a careful histological review of all specimens would lead to a change in the type classification of malignant lymphoma in several instances, such a regrouping should have no effect upon the combined curve, and very little upon the subgroups of Hodgkin9s disease and lymphosarcoma. There is, in any event, much controversy over the classification of these subgroups, though any discussion of this phase of the subject is beyond the scope of the present paper.
Fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of palpable breast masses: comparison of conventional smears with the Cyto-Tek MonoPrep system.

BACKGROUND One of the limitations preventing the widespread use of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is that it requires skill to obtain an adequate sample and well prepared smears. In this study, a new monolayer technique, the Cyto-Tek MonoPrep (MP) system, which obviates the need for smear preparation, was evaluated against conventional smear (CS) preparation for palpable breast lesions. METHODS A total of 44 paired CS/MP breast FNA specimens were studied. The authors blindly analyzed the CS and the MP slides separately, then by a side-by-side evaluation. The two methods were compared with respect to diagnostic concordance, cellularity, cell preservation, background debris, and time needed to prepare and diagnose each case. RESULTS An exact diagnostic correlation was present in 34 of 44 (77%) cases. The 10 noncorrelating cases were caused by decreased cellularity in the MP cases; nonetheless, 7 of these were correctly assigned to the right general diagnostic category, whereas the remaining 3 cases had insufficient cells. In addition to overall lesser cellularity on MP, fibroadenoma cases had smaller epithelial sheets and absence of stroma compared with CS. Both methods had comparable cellular preservation and diagnostic evaluation time, but background debris and preparation time were greater for MP. CONCLUSION CS are favored over MP for the preparation of breast FNA specimens in centers with specialized FNA services because of their higher diagnostic yield, ease of preparation, and availability for immediate cytologic evaluation. However, in settings where specimens are collected sporadically by unskilled clinicians, the MP system may prove to be useful as an alternative or an adjunct to CS. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 1999;87:278–85. © 1999 American Cancer Society.
Potential impact of selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors on bone metabolism in health and disease

Prostaglandins are potent local regulators of bone cell function and may play a critical role in both physiologic and pathologic changes in the human skeleton. The availability of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)-specific inhibitors, which are likely to be used frequently and for long periods because of their improved safety profile, mandates an investigation of their possible effects on bone. This is particularly important in older individuals, who are at risk of developing bone loss as a result of estrogen deficiency and aging. This review describes the major effects of prostaglandins on bone resorption and formation and outlines an approach to further studies on the potential effect of COX-2-specific inhibitors on bone remodeling, thereby possibly answering some of the key questions about their benefits and potential risks.
Differentiation of Certain Platelet Factors Related to Blood Coagulation

Study of the platelets from the viewpoint of the blood coagulation mechanisms seems likely to be helpful for increasing our knowledge of thrombosis, and bleeding tendencies in thrombasthenias and thrombopathias. A logical approach to their study is the differentiation of their properties and where possible to ascribe those properties to individual components. Platelet factors 1, 3 and 4 are considered from that viewpoint. The first accelerates the formation of thrombin in a manner analogous to serum Ac-globulin. Factor 3 is required for the development of threone activity, and factor 4 has antiheparin properties.
Serial section analysis of mitochondrial form and membrane relationships in the neonatal rat liver cell.

Serial sections of mitochondria from osmium-fixed neonatal rat liver cells were examined by electron microscopy. In every case, dumbbell-shaped mitochondria in single sections were found to be part of approximately disk-shaped mitochondria with flattened centers. The endoplasmic reticulum closely approximated the flat site, in one case giving rise to a nipple-like protrusion into a fold of the mitochondrion. Electron dense lines could be traced between endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria, but were not considered to be real connections because they occurred at sites of obvious membrane slope. Connections between inner and outer mitochondrial membranes (membrane reversal) were examined, and all could be explained on the basis of small slopes of mitochondrial membranes through the extent of the section rather than real continuity. Interlacing or fusion of inner mitochondrial membranes in the flat zone could also be explained on the basis of sloped membranes. Apparent location of inner and outer mitochondrial membranes within the mitochondrial matrix was termed the staircase effect; it could be explained by membranes which were alternately sloped and perpendicular to the incident electron beam through the extent of a section.
A GIS methodology to identify potential corn stover collection locations

In this study, we use geographic information systems technology to identify potential locations in a Midwestern region for collection and storage of corn stover for use as biomass feedstock. Spatial location models are developed to identify potential collection sites along an existing railroad. Site suitability analysis is developed based on two main models: agronomic productivity potential and environmental costs. The analysis includes the following steps: (1) elaboration of site selection criteria; (2) identification of the study region and service area based on transportation network analysis; (3) reclassification of input spatial layers based on common scales; (4) overlaying the reclassified spatial layers with equal weights to generate the two main models; and (5) overlaying the main models using different weights. A pluralistic approach is adopted, presenting three different scenarios as alternatives for the potential locations. Our results suggest that there is a significant subset of potential sites that meet site selection criteria. Additional studies are needed to evaluate potential sites through field visits, assess economic and social costs, and estimate the proportion of corn producers willing to sell and transport corn stover to collection facilities.
Effect of cancer surgery complexity on short-term outcomes, risk predictions, and hospital comparisons.

Background Concern exists that oncologic surgical complexity is not adequately captured by the primary procedure code alone. Our objectives were to characterize the association between secondary procedures and 30-day outcomes, evaluate the effect of surgical complexity on risk predictions, and assess the influence of surgical complexity on hospital-quality comparisons. Study Design Patients who underwent colon, rectal, or pancreatic resection for cancer (2007–2011) were identified from the American College of Surgeons NSQIP. Complexity was assessed by creating categorical complexity variables using secondary procedure codes and using total work relative value units. Regression methods were used to evaluate surgical complexity and hospital-quality comparisons. Results Patients had at least one secondary procedure documented in 48.0% of colon, 55.5% of rectal, and 63.1% of pancreatic cases. Surgical complexity variables were associated with worse outcomes across nearly all complications assessed. For example, serious morbidity was increased after an index colon resection with a synchronous liver resection (odds ratio = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.10–1.76) and a pancreatic resection with vascular reconstruction (odds ratio = 1.21; 95% CI, 1.01–1.45). Based on discrimination improvement indices and the likelihood ratio test, model-based predictions were enhanced with the addition of secondary surgical complexity variables, as well as total work relative value units, for nearly all procedures and outcomes assessed. Models that included total work relative value units had similar or marginally better discrimination compared with models with secondary procedure categories. Hospital performance did not change substantially after complexity adjustment. Conclusions Surgical complexity adjustment is feasible and improves risk estimation of 30-day postoperative outcomes for colon, rectal, and pancreatic resections for cancer. Oncology-specific risk-adjustment models should include complexity adjustment using secondary procedure codes.
Light scattering by ellipsoidal particles and Fourier analysis in the frequency domain

The study of biological tissue using white light spectroscopy has the potential to be an effective, fast, and inexpensive method for the detection of size changes in cell nuclei. The relationship between the spherical scatterer size and the number of oscillation peaks in the optical spectrum (intensity of scattered light versus wavelength) has been observed by many researchers. To this point, there was not a detailed theoretical model describing this dependence for elliptical particles, a common shape of cell nuclei at lower tissue layers. In this paper, we report a theoretical model, valid for both spheres and ellipsoids, detailing the scattering intensity as a function of the wavelength and the scatterer's diameter. Supporting this theory, we experimentally test mixtures of scatterers of different sizes and provide density analysis.
“New Methods of Statistical Economics,” revisited: Short versus long tails and Gaussian versus power-law distributions

The standard “Brownian” model of competitive markets asserts that the increments of price (or of its logarithm) are statistically independent and Gaussian, implying that price itself is a continuous function of time. This model arose in 1900, at an immediately high level of perfection, in the work of L. Bachelier. In many fields of science it became a classic. But for financial prices it is sharply—even overwhelmingly—contradicted by conspicuous and strong symptoms of non-independence, nonGaussianity, and discontinuity. Since 1963, the author has been tackling those symptoms one by one: first, by incorporating strongly non-Gaussian marginal distributions (1963), then by incorporating strong long-term dependence (1965), and finally by combining those two features by introducing the new notion of multifractality (1968 and since). The goal of this article is modest: largely borrowing from the author's previous articles and books, much of it collects and adapts a few brief “teasers” or “appetizers” meant to promote and assist the future development of a framework for a realistic description of actual financial fluctuations. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2009
Growth of the ice phase in strong cumulonimbus updrafts

A numerical model of ice phase growth in an ascending parcel is used to delineate seeding requirements under the competing embryo and glaciation hypotheses. The strong updraft core is found to remain virtually all liquid until homogeneous freezing occurs, AgI or dry ice seeding having negligible effects with achievable seeding rates. This suggests that the glaciation hypothesis is untenable. Natural hail embryo formation is noted to be limited to updrafts less than 3 to 4 m sec−1 at cloud base. AgI seeding of such updraft regions at rates currently used is found to produce concentrations of hail embryos sufficient to enhance competition in multi-cell hailstorms, although super-cell storms may require significantly greater seeding rates.
Leadership for strategic change

Organizations in need of strategic turnaround often seek charismatic leaders to lead change efforts. With the growing popularity of democratizing workplaces, team‐based approaches to strategic change are emerging. The literature on each of these change approaches is reviewed. Several research propositions are offered which suggest that strategic teams can be a better choice than charismatic leaders for turning around an organization. The authors also note the need for future research to compare the effectiveness of charismatic leaders with the effectiveness of strategic teams in planning and initiating strategic change.
Editorial Response: Meta-Analyses Are No Longer Required for Determining the Efficacy of Single Daily Dosing of Aminoglycosides

Investigators conducting clinical trials may have trouble replicating in ill patients results obtained in tightly controlled models of efficacy and toxicity that use healthy animals [1]. Trials of single daily dosing (SDD) of aminoglycosides (also known as once-daily aminoglycoside therapy) vs. multiple daily dosing (MDD) are a good example. The rationale for SDD therapy is clear [1]: SDD of aminoglycosides results in high peak serum concentrations that enhance the concentrationdependent bactericidal activity of these drugs against susceptible aerobic gram-negative bacilli. Aminoglycosides have a postantibiotic effect (PAE) that is longer when the peak drug level is higher. SDD results in the absence of detectable drug in serum for several hours at the end of a dosage interval, whereas the drug remains detectable with MDD. Because of the PAE, this drug-free period does not appear to compromise antibacterial efficacy (although it may be compromised in cases of infective endocarditis). The clearance of aminoglycosides from serum has two advantages, including a lower risk of nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity and a reduced likelihood that "adaptive resistance" to the drug might occur [2-5]. Hence, the clinical assessment of SDD vs. MDD of aminoglycosides requires documentation that the patients randomized to SDD have high peak levels and low (<1 ag/mL) or undectable drug levels for several hours at the end of the 24-hour dosage interval.
Enrolling conservation buffers in the CRP

Abstract Landowner willingness to participate in buffer programs such as the Conservation Reserve Program is explored in the context of the Total Maximum Daily Load program, to differentiate between those who are likely to enroll from others and to determine the probability of enrollment. Using survey data, results indicate that simply informing farmland owners of the eligibility of their land has the potential to increase willingness for filter strip enrollment. Farm owners more likely to participate are those who have greater debts, rely less on farm-generated income as a percentage of total family income and visit their local Natural Resources Conservation Service office more regularly.
An Objective Quality of Experience (QoE) Assessment Index for Retargeted Images

Content-aware image resizing (or image retargeting) is a technique that resizes images for optimum display on devices with different resolutions and aspect ratios. Traditional objective quality of experience (QoE) assessment methods are not applicable to retargeted images because the size of a retargeted image is different from its source. In this work, three determining factors for humans visual QoE on retargeted images are analyzed. They are global structural dis- tortion (G), local region distortion (L) and loss of salient information (S). Different features are selected to quantify their respective distortion degrees. Then, an objective quality assessment index, called GLS, is proposed to predict viewers' QoE by fusing selected features into one single quality score. Several regression models used for feature fusion are discussed and compared. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed GLS quality index has stronger correlation with human QoE than other existing objective metrics in retargeted image quality assessment.
Effects of agriculture on wood breakdown and microbial biofilm respiration in southern Appalachian streams

SUMMARY 1. Agriculture causes high sediment, nutrient and light input to streams, which may affect rates of ecosystem processes, such as organic matter decay. In the southern Appalachians, socioeconomic trends over the past 50 years have caused widespread abandonment of farmland with subsequent reforestation. Physical and chemical properties of streams in these reforested areas may be returning to pre-agriculture levels thereby creating the potential for recovery of ecosystem processes. 2. We examined wood breakdown and microbial activity on wood substrata in streams with different historical and current agricultural activity in their catchments. We analysed historical (1950) and recent (1998) forested land cover from large areas of the southern Appalachians and categorized streams based on percent forested land cover in these two time periods. Categories included a gradient of current agriculture from forested to heavily agricultural and reforestation from agriculture due to land abandonment. We compared microbial respiration on wood veneer substrata and breakdown of wood veneers among these land-use categories. We also compared temperature, sediment accumulation and nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations. 3. Streams with current agriculture had higher concentrations of dissolved inorganic nitrogen than forested streams. Despite reforestation from agriculture, nitrogen concentrations were also elevated in streams with agricultural histories relative to forested streams. Temperature was also higher in agricultural streams but appeared to recover from historical agriculture through reforestation and stream shading. 4. Wood breakdown rates ranged from 0.0015 to 0.0076 day )1 and were similar to other studies using wood veneers to determine breakdown rate. Microbial respiration increased with incubation time in streams up to approximately 150 days, after which it remained constant. Neither wood breakdown nor microbial respiration was significantly different among land-use categories, despite the observed physical and chemical differences in streams based on land-use. Wood breakdown rates could be predicted by microbial respiration indicating microbial control of wood breakdown in these streams. Both breakdown and microbial respiration were negatively correlated with the amount of inorganic sediment accumulated on wood veneers. 5. Higher nutrients and temperature led us to expect faster breakdown and higher microbial respiration in agricultural streams, but sediment in these streams may be limiting microbial activity and breakdown of organic material resulting in little net effect of agriculture on wood breakdown. Wood may not be desirable as a tool for
Is vanadium of human nutritional importance yet

Abstract The trace element vanadium has been studied by the nutrition community for four decades, yet has not achieved essential status for human beings. It is found in compounds at valences of 2, 3, 4, or 5, with the tetravalent and pentavalent forms being the most common. In human beings, pharmacologic amounts of vanadium (ie, 10 to 100 times normal intake) affect cholesterol and triglyceride metabolism, influence the shape of erythrocytes, and stimulate glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis in the liver. Vanadium's primary mode of action is as a cofactor that enhances or inhibits enzymes. Recent evidence suggests that vanadium may be essential for higher animals. After their mothers had been fed carefully formulated vanadium-deficient diets, second-generation goat kids suffered skeletal damage and died within 3 days of parturition. Although ubiquitous in air, soil, water, and the food supply, vanadium is generally found in nanogram or microgram quantities, which makes it difficult to measure. Estimates for the American intake of vanadium (based on a food intake of 500 g dry weight) are 10 to 60 μg/day. Vanadium levels in diets from five regions of the United States range from 30.9±1.5 in the Southeast to 50.5±1.5 μg/kg dry weight in the West. Although vanadium is thought to be essential for goats, new data may soon support its essentiality in human beings.
A Spectrum Surveying Framework for Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks

Dynamic spectrum access networks and wireless spectrum policy reforms heavily rely on accurate spectrum utilization statistics, which are obtained via spectrum surveys. In this paper, we propose a generic spectrum-surveying framework that introduces both standardization and automation to this process, as well as enables a distributed approach to spectrum surveying. The proposed framework outlines procedures for the collection, analysis, and modeling of spectrum measurements. Furthermore, we propose two techniques for processing spectrum data without the need for a priori knowledge. In addition, these techniques overcome the challenges associated with spectrum data processing, such as a large dynamic range of signals and the variation of the signal-to-noise ratio across the spectrum. Finally, we present mathematical tools for the analysis and extraction of important spectrum occupancy parameters. The proposed processing techniques have been validated using empirical spectrum measurements collected from the FM, television (TV), cellular, and paging bands. Results show that the primary signals in the FM band can be classified with a miss-detection rate of about 2% at the cost of 50% false-alarm rate, while nearly 100% reliability in classification can be achieved with the other bands. However, the classification accuracy depends on the duration and the range of frequencies over which data are collected, as well as the RF characteristics of the spectrum measurement receiver.
Automated inference of point of view from user interactions in collective intelligence venues

Empirical evaluation of trust and manipulation in large-scale collective intelligence processes is challenging. The datasets involved are too large for thorough manual study, and current automated options are limited. We introduce a statistical framework which classifies point of view based on user interactions. The framework works on Web-scale datasets and is applicable to a wide variety of collective intelligence processes. It enables principled study of such issues as manipulation, trustworthiness of information, and potential bias. We demonstrate the model's effectiveness in determining point of view on both synthetic data and a dataset of Wikipedia user interactions. We build a combined model of topics and points-of-view on the entire history of English Wikipedia, and show how it can be used to find potentially biased articles and visualize user interactions at a high level.
Preadolescent and Adolescent Risk Factors for Benign Breast Disease

Abstract Purpose It is well established that exposures during childhood and adolescence affect breast cancer risk much later in life. Recently, studies have begun to evaluate whether early life exposures might also impact the risk of developing benign breast disease (BBD). A diagnosis of proliferative BBD independent of other breast cancer risk factors also increases the subsequent risk of breast cancer; therefore, understanding how to decrease the incidence of BBD may have important implications for primary breast cancer prevention. Methods We reviewed several studies from prospective cohort studies that have investigated the relationship between risk factors during childhood and adolescence, such as anthropometric and reproductive characteristics as well as diet and other behaviors, and subsequent risk of BBD. Results Higher intake of vegetable oils, nuts, vitamin E, and fiber and lower consumption of animal fat, red meat, and alcohol are associated with reduced risk of BBD. Childhood weight and adolescent body mass index are inversely associated with BBD risk, whereas a greater peak height velocity during adolescence is associated with a higher risk of BBD. There was no association between age of menarche and risk of BBD. Conclusion Early life exposures and behaviors appear to impact BBD risk. The current body of evidence further supports the importance of a life-course approach to breast cancer prevention.
Can eribulin change the treatment algorithm in the management of breast cancer

SUMMARY The US FDA approved eribulin as a third-line treatment for patients with metastatic breast cancer on 15 November 2010, based on the EMBRACE study. Eribulin has modified the management and enriched therapeutic options for patients with metastatic breast cancer. It has also improved life expectancy without increasing toxicity in this group of patients. In the future, this agent may achieve additional indications for treating malignancies other than breast cancer. This article summarizes data from various eribulin studies.
Another Look at Returns to Agricultural and Nonagricultural Assets

This paper presents econometric tests of whether mean returns on agricultural assets have been higher or lower than those on comparable-risk assets in nonagricultural capital markets. The tests are based on alternate maintained hypotheses that the capital asset pricing model (CAPM) or the arbitrage pricing theory (APT) characterize nonagricultural asset returns. Results indicate that mean returns to farmer-operators have been lower than those to owners of comparable-risk nonagricultural assets and that mean returns to farmland owners have been higher than those to owners of comparable-risk nonagricultural assets.
Computer-aided diagnosis of focal liver lesions by use of physicians' subjective classification of echogenic patterns in baseline and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography

Rational and Objectives To develop a computer-aided diagnostic (CAD) scheme for classifying focal liver lesions (FLLs) by use of physicians' subjective classification of echogenic patterns of FLLs on baseline and contrast-enhanced ultrasonography (US). Materials and Methods A total of 137 hepatic lesions in 137 patients were evaluated with B-mode and NC100100 (Sonazoid)-enhanced pulse-inversion US; lesions included 74 hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) (23: well-differentiated, 36: moderately differentiated, 15: poorly differentiated HCCs), 33 liver metastases, and 30 liver hemangiomas. Three physicians evaluated single images at B-mode and arterial phases with a cine mode. Physicians were asked to classify each lesion into one of eight B-mode and one of eight enhancement patterns, but did not make a diagnosis. To classify five types of FLLs, we employed a decision tree model with four decision nodes and four artificial neural networks (ANNs). The results of the physicians' pattern classifications were used successively for four different ANNs in making decisions at each of the decision nodes in the decision tree model. Results The classification accuracies for the 137 FLLs were 84.8% for metastasis, 93.3% for hemangioma, and 98.6% for all HCCs. In addition, the classification accuracies for histological differentiation types of HCCs were 65.2% for well-differentiated HCC, 41.7% for moderately differentiated HCC, and 80.0% for poorly differentiated HCC. Conclusions This CAD scheme has the potential to improve the diagnostic accuracy of liver lesions. However, the accuracy in the histologic differential diagnosis of HCC based on baseline and contrast-enhanced US is still limited.
The Making of a Man: Rethinking and Challenging Stereotypes.

Five literature selections with detailed instructional strategies offer practicing and preservice teachers lessons to help students think deeply about traditional male stereotypes, gender role development, and acceptance of individual differences. Incorporating gender variant books and techniques into early childhood and elementary teacher preparation programs readies future teachers to deter bullying and provide for the academic, emotional, personal, and safety needs of all children.
Two stage double layer microstrip spatial amplifiers

Several two stage spatial amplifiers are presented. The amplifiers were constructed on double layer back to back microstrip circuits with a shared ground plane. The ground plane provides an effective isolation between the receiving antenna array and the transmitting antenna array. Furthermore, it serves as a heat sink in high-power amplifier design. The coupling between the two stages is accomplished through microstrip to slot transitions, therefore there is no electrical contact from one layer to another. This facilitates monolithic fabrication of such amplifiers. The measured gain of a 3/spl times/3 spatial amplifier at 9.95 GHz is 18.0 dB. >
The Use of Nutraceuticals for Osteoarthritis in Horses

In horses, lameness is often attributable to some degree of osteoarthritis (OA), a complex disease process that is highlighted by eventual degradation of articular cartilage. Conventional therapies for OA in horses are designed to relieve pain and discomfort and often include pharmacologic intervention with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or intra-articular steroids. Oral administration of nutraceutical products to the horse is common and easy and is perceived to be a benign treatment for OA in horses. The main goal for use of nutraceuticals is to use them in OA cases to attempt to lower the dose of other drugs that are more problematic while potentially preventing further degradation (disease or structure modifying). This article attempts to define a nutraceutical, identifies areas that need to be considered when these products are used, and describes the known scientific effects of the most common compounds contained in currently available equine nutraceuticals.
Compartmentalized assembly of oligosaccharides on exported glycoproteins in yeast.

Abstract Temperature-sensitive secretory mutants ( sec ) of S. cerevisiae have been used to evaluate the stages and localization of glycoprotein oligosaccharide synthesis. At the nonpermissive growth temperature (37°C), the sec mutants accumulate secretory organelles and glycoproteins. Histochemical staining and thin-section electron microscopy reveal that the secreted glycoprotein, acid phosphatase, is contained within one of three distinct organelles that accumulate in different mutants: ER; Golgi-like structures called Berkeley bodies; and 80–100 nm vesicles. When produced at 37°C, invertase and acid phosphatase have less carbohydrate in the mutants that accumulate ER than in other mutants, or than in the wild-type strain. External invertase migrates on SDS-polyacrylamide gels as a heterogeneous species with an apparent molecular weight of 100 to 140 kd. Radiolabeled invertase, immunoprecipitated from extracts of ER-accumulating mutant cells, migrates as a set of three discrete protein species with apparent molecular weights of 79, 81, and 83 kd; the other mutants produce a form more like the secreted enzyme. In each case, removal of N-glycosidically linked oligosaccharides by treatment with endoglycosidase H produces a discrete species that migrates as a protein of 61 kd. Immunochemical analysis of bulk glycoprotein accumulated in the mutants suggests that a major portion of the N-linked oligosaccharide, the outer chain, is added after material passes from the ER.
Early tPA treatment and aeromedical transport of patients with acute myocardial infarction.

Over a 2-year period 192 patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) were transported by helicopter and treated with recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator (tPA). All patients were entered into the Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction-Phase II (TIMI II) trial. Eighty-two of these patients were treated with tPA after aeromedical transport to a tertiary care center. One hundred ten patients had tPA treatment initiated by the flight crew prior to transport. The flight crews initiated therapy 28 +/- 11 minutes after arrival at the sending hospital. The post-flight treated patients received the tPA bolus 82 +/- 20 minutes after arrival at the sending hospital (P less than .0001), and 41 +/- 18 minutes after arrival at the receiving hospital (P less than .0001). Based on enzyme and electrocardiographic changes, all patients in the study had a confirmed diagnosis of AMI before discharge. Patients with inferior myocardial infarction (MI) treated with tPA in-flight were more likely to suffer from bradycardia and hypotension requiring atropine injection during transport than the post-flight treated patients or in-flight treated patients with anterior MI. There was no in-flight mortality in either group. Our experience indicates that patients with AMI can be transported safely during tPA therapy. Also, a trained team whose sole responsibility is the early evaluation and initiation of therapy in a patient with AMI can function as accurately and significantly more rapidly than tertiary care emergency department and ICU personnel following identical protocols.
Forging new partnerships in uncharted waters: staff and student consultants using the world wide web to get the information to users

This presentation will discuss the viability of the new partnerships that have been formed to create a knowledge base in the form of a new web site. Material will be submitted by both staff and student consultants. This topic is of interest to those who are looking for new ways of combining "Training and Documentation" and "Customer Support" with new "Technology" on the "World Wide Web."
ASIC automatic layout generation using large standard cell libraries

We present an automatic layout generation methodology for ASICs utilizing large standard cell libraries. We also present a complete study of layout area and circuit performance as a result of utilizing a large library of standard cells. We built libraries of all possible static CMOS cells having a chain length of up to 7. We refer to a library of all possible cells having a chain length limit of n as sn. Although Library s7 has billions of possible cells in it, our technology mapper only selected on the order of 100 of these cells to implement each of the MCNC logic synthesis benchmark circuits. We drew the following conclusions from this study. (1) For three or more layers of metal, using very large libraries (e.g., s7) is optimal in terms of area and delay. (2) For two layers of metal, limiting the library size to s5, but at least s4, is optimal in terms of area and delay. Given that the number of distinct combinational cells in industrial libraries today never exceeds 200 (and usually considerably fewer) and given that even library s4 has 3503 distinct cells, tremendous area savings (without increase in worst case path delay) are readily available by utilizing much larger cell libraries. Specifically, given that library s3 has 87 distinct cells (current industrial libraries typically have no more than this), we surmise that area savings of about 30% can be achieved by using library s7 for three or more metal layers versus any current industrial library.
Pose estimation using 3D view-based eigenspaces

We present a method for estimating the absolute pose of a rigid object based on intensity and depth view-based eigenspaces, built across multiple views of example objects of the same class. Given an initial frame of an object with unknown pose, we reconstruct a prior model for all views represented in the eigenspaces. For each new frame, we compute the pose-changes between every view of the reconstructed prior model and the new frame. The resulting pose-changes are then combined and used in a Kalman filter update. This approach for pose estimation is user-independent and the prior model can be initialized automatically from any viewpoint of the view-based eigenspaces. To track more robustly over time, we present an extension of this pose estimation technique where we integrate our prior model approach with an adaptive differential tracker. We demonstrate the accuracy of our approach on face pose tracking using stereo cameras.
A note on the assignments of Rydberg states of COS

Assignments of the Rydberg states which converge to the respective X-tilde and B-tilde ion states of the COS(+) ion are reported. The assignments were made based on previously established orderings for the quantum defects of isoelectronic molecules. The Rydberg series I and II, which converge to the X-tilde 2 Pi state of COS(+), and the series III, IV, V, VI and VII, which converge to the B-tilde 2 Sigma + state, are assigned to molecular orbitals characterized by predominant sulfur orbitals, in contrast to those converging to the C-tilde states, which are characterized by oxygen atomic orbitals.
Sexual dimorphism, reproductive strategy, and human activities determine resource use by brown bears.

Despite significant sexual dimorphism and differing reproductive strategies in carnivores, sexual segregation is rarely studied and is often overlooked in the management of wild populations. Potential nutritional constraints imposed by sexual dimorphism and differing reproductive strategies between the sexes have important implications, particularly when combined with differential effects of human activities on sex and age classes. We examined the effects of sexual dimorphism, reproductive strategies, and human activities (bear-viewing and hunting) on resource use by different sex and age classes of brown bears (Ursus arctos). Sexual segregation of habitat use and effects of experimental bear-viewing were quantified at a single site in south-central Alaska, USA, by capturing, collaring, and observing brown bears at a salt marsh and salmon stream. Effects of salmon capture rate, availability of alternative salmon runs, harvest pressure, and numbers of annual visitors on sex and age class use were examined ...
Sympathetic neural responses to 24-hour sleep deprivation in humans: sex differences.

Sleep deprivation has been linked to hypertension, and recent evidence suggests that associations between short sleep duration and hypertension are stronger in women. In the present study we hypothesized that 24 h of total sleep deprivation (TSD) would elicit an augmented pressor and sympathetic neural response in women compared with men. Resting heart rate (HR), blood pressure (BP), and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) were measured in 30 healthy subjects (age, 22 ± 1; 15 men and 15 women). Relations between spontaneous fluctuations of diastolic arterial pressure and MSNA were used to assess sympathetic baroreflex function. Subjects were studied twice, once after normal sleep and once after TSD (randomized, crossover design). TSD elicited similar increases in systolic, diastolic, and mean BP in men and women (time, P 0.05). TSD reduced MSNA in men (25 ± 2 to 16 ± 3 bursts/100 heart beats; P = 0.02), but not women. TSD did not alter spontaneous sympathetic or cardiovagal baroreflex sensitivities in either sex. However, TSD shifted the spontaneous sympathetic baroreflex operating point downward and rightward in men only. TSD reduced testosterone in men, and these changes were correlated to changes in resting MSNA (r = 0.59; P = 0.04). Resting HR, respiratory rate, and estradiol were not altered by TSD in either sex. In conclusion, TSD-induced hypertension occurs in both sexes, but only men demonstrate altered resting MSNA. The sex differences in MSNA are associated with sex differences in sympathetic baroreflex function (i.e., operating point) and testosterone. These findings may help explain why associations between sleep deprivation and hypertension appear to be sex dependent.
Modeling the usefulness of spatial correlation analysis on karst systems.

Cross-correlation analyses on field data collected in karst aquifer systems can be used to develop a conceptual understanding of the aquifer. This includes the use of many data sets from the same aquifer to develop an understanding of how properties vary spatially. We focus on a method for characterizing the distribution of recharge, which is becoming increasingly important in regions where urban development encroaches on these important sources of water. Spatially varying precipitation data and cross-correlation analysis provide a means of spatially characterizing recharge locations on a karst aquifer. Our work expands on the numerical experiments conducted by Padilla and Pulido-Bosch (1995) using the numerical ground water model MODFLOW to introduce spatially varying parameters. The numerical experiments include conduit-controlled, matrix-controlled, and mixed karst systems with more than one precipitation time series input. The results show that spatially varying parameters can be inferred based on the cross-correlation of precipitation data and spring discharge. Simulations were completed using aquifer parameters derived from studies of the Barton Springs segment of the Edwards Aquifer. The simulations indicate that spatial variability within an aquifer can be inferred using cross-correlation analysis. A field study using these methods is summarized for Barton Springs near Austin, Texas. Some figures in this paper are available in color in the online version of the paper.
Clock Coasting and Altimeter Error Analysis for GPS

The Global Positioning System can serve as a primary navigation system for users with equipment that can continue to provide a navigation fix during system outages caused by satellite failure. The use of an altimeter or very stable clock to continue the nav fix is shown to be a practical solution. There is a need to reduce the cost of these aids.
HPA axis genetic variation, pubertal status, and sex interact to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses to negative emotional faces in school-age children

Accumulating evidence suggests a role for stress exposure, particularly during early life, and for variation in genes involved in stress response pathways in neural responsivity to emotional stimuli. Understanding how individual differences in these factors predict differences in emotional responsivity may be important for understanding both normative emotional development and for understanding the mechanisms underlying internalizing disorders, like anxiety and depression, that have often been related to increased amygdala and hippocampus responses to negatively valenced emotional stimuli. The present study examined whether stress exposure and genetic profile scores (10 single nucleotide polymorphisms within four hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis genes: CRHR1, NR3C2, NR3C1, and FKBP5) predict individual differences in amygdala and hippocampus responses to fearful vs. neutral faces in school-age children (7-12 year olds; N = 107). Experience of more stressful and traumatic life events predicted greater left amygdala responses to negative emotional stimuli. Genetic profile scores interacted with sex and pubertal status to predict amygdala and hippocampus responses. Specifically, genetic profile scores were a stronger predictor of amygdala and hippocampus responses among pubertal vs. prepubertal children where they positively predicted responses to fearful faces among pubertal girls and positively predicted responses to neutral faces among pubertal boys. The current results suggest that genetic and environmental stress-related factors may be important in normative individual differences in responsivity to negative emotional stimuli, a potential mechanism underlying internalizing disorders. Further, sex and pubertal development may be key moderators of the effects of stress-system genetic variation on amygdala and hippocampus responsivity, potentially relating to sex differences in stress-related psychopathology.
Power and modulation response of wavelength locked lasers for WDM-PON applications

The optical spectrum and modulation response of wavelength-locked lasers are analyzed. The model is verified against WDM-PON system data. A maximum data rate resulting from a trade-off of chromatic dispersion and modulation damping is predicted.
Resonance- and phase-induced window sequences in vector-soliton collisions

In this Letter, we report two new discoveries in vector-soliton collisions of the nonintegrable coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations. The first discovery is that, at low cross-phase-modulational coefficients, a sequence of reflection windows similar to that in the φ 4 model appears in the collision of two orthogonally polarized and equal-amplitude solitons. This window sequence is caused by a resonance between the translational motion and width oscillations of vector solitons. Analytically, we explain these collision behaviors by a variational model which qualitatively reproduces this window sequence. The second discovery is that, when initial solitons are not orthogonally polarized, their collision can generate a different sequence of reflection windows. This window sequence is induced by the collision’s dependence on solitons’ phase differences. Our analytical formula for the locations of these phase-induced windows agrees well with our numerics. To our knowledge, this is the first report of phaseinduced window sequences in solitary-wave collisions in the literature.  2001 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.