cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sampling Theory for Asynoptic Satellite Observations. Part I: Space-Time Spectra, Resolution, and Aliasing.

Abstract The information content of asynoptic satellite data is evaluated for nadir sonde and limb scan observations. Orbital sampling patterns are shown to uniquely determine the space-time spectrum, within well-defined sampling limitations. The latter turn out to be a hybrid of wavenumber and frequency in the same manner that the observations are a mixture of space and time. Space-time spectra thus computed are correct throughout the allowed region of wavenumber and frequency. Complexities such as orbital tilt and day-to-day drift of the nodes, are completely accounted for. The allowed region of spectra, which defines the information content, is a rectangle in Fourier space, rotated relative to the wavenumber, frequency axes. This rotation is a consequence of the lack of simultaneity in the observations. For “single-node” data, the aliasing limitations correspond approximately to a maximum wavenumber of half the orbital frequency (orbits per day) and frequency extrema of ±0.5 cpd. Definition of the samp...
Growth charts for non-growth hormone treated Prader-Willi syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to generate and report standardized growth curves for weight, height, head circumference, and BMI for non–growth hormone–treated white male and female US subjects with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) between 3 and 18 years of age and develop standardized growth charts. METHODS: Anthropometric measures (N = 133) were obtained according to standard methods from 120 non–growth hormone–treated white subjects (63 males and 57 females) with PWS between 3 and 18 years of age. Standardized growth curves were developed for the third, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 97th percentiles by using the LMS method for weight, height, head circumference, and BMI for PWS subjects along with the normative third, 50th, and 97th percentiles from national and international growth data. The LMS smoothing procedure summarized the distribution of the anthropometric variables at each age using three parameters: power of the Box-Cox transformation λ (L), median μ (M) and coefficient of variation δ (S). RESULTS: Weight, height, head circumference, and BMI standardized growth charts representing 7 percentile ranges were developed from 120 non–growth hormone–treated white male and female US subjects with PWS (age range: 3–18 years) and normative third, 50th, and 97th percentiles from national and international data. CONCLUSIONS: We encourage the use of syndrome-specific growth standards to examine and evaluate subjects with PWS when monitoring growth patterns and determining nutritional and obesity status. These variables can be influenced by culture, individual medical care, diet intervention, and physical activity plans.
Hyponatremia and Ion-Selective Electrodes

Excerpt To the editor: We read with interest Anderson and coworker's study (1) of hyponatremia in hospitalized patients. The high frequency of the so-called syndrome of inappropriate secretion of a...
Regulation of membrane metalloproteolytic cleavage of L-selectin (CD62l) by the epidermal growth factor domain.

The adhesion molecule L-selectin is cleaved rapidly from the surface of activated leukocytes by tumor necrosis factor-α converting enzyme, a cell surface metalloprotease, and also undergoes slower constitutive shedding in unactivated cells. The structural features that render it susceptible to shedding are poorly understood. We therefore analyzed the shedding of a series of mutant and chimeric L-selectin molecules. Although murine L-selectin is cleaved at a specific location in the juxtamembrane region 11 amino acids distal to the cell membrane, this cleavage has little sequence specificity. However, proline substitution at the P2′ or P3′ position or deletion of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) domain completely blocks the rapid phorbol ester-induced cleavage, but does not affect the slower basal proteolytic shedding. Insertion of the 15-residue membrane-proximal region (MPR) of L-selectin into the heterologous protein B7.2 results in a molecule that undergoes constitutive proteolytic turnover. In contrast, insertion of both the EGF domain and the MPR confers susceptibility to both slow constitutive shedding and the rapid proteolytic cleavage induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. These results demonstrate that constitutive and induced L-selectin cleavage are separable processes and that the rapid phorbol ester-induced shedding requires the presence of the EGF domain, a sequence that is remote from the cleavage site.
Decreased Expression Of Surfactant Proteins B and ProSP-C in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury • 1967

Decreased Expression Of Surfactant Proteins B and ProSP-C in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Injury • 1967
Recycling of L-citrulline to sustain nitric oxide-dependent enteric neurotransmission

Abstract Neurons that synthesize nitric oxide from arginine produce stoichiometric amounts of citrulline. We investigated whether nitric oxide-releasing enteric neurons have the capacity to recycle citrulline to arginine and thereby sustain nitrergic neurotransmission. Argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity, enzymes capable of citrulline to arginine conversion, were both localized in discrete populations of myenteric and submucosal neurons in the canine proximal colon. Argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity were also found in varicose nerve fibers within the circular and longitudinal muscle layers. Argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity co-localized with neuronal β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase staining, a marker for nitric oxide synthase. The functional significance of argininosuccinate synthetase-like immunoreactivity and argininosuccinate lyase-like immunoreactivity was shown by testing the effects of exogenous citrulline on responses to enteric inhibitory nerve stimulation, which were assessed by measuring contractions, inhibitory junction potentials and electrical slow waves. As shown previously, arginine analogues ( l -nitroarginine methyl ester or l -nitroarginine; 100 μM) inhibited nitric oxide-dependent responses, and excess l -arginine restored inhibitory responses. Citrulline alone (0.1–2 mM) had no effect on nitrergic transmission under control conditions, but in the presence of l -nitroarginine methyl ester or l -nitroarginine, citrulline (0.1–2 mM) restored nitrergic transmission in a concentration-dependent manner. Other neutral amino acids ( l -serine, l -leucine) did not mimic the effects of citrulline. Taken together, these data suggest that enteric nitrergic neurons have the enzymatic apparatus and functional capability of recycling citrulline to arginine.
Cancer-relevant splicing factor CAPERα engages the essential splicing factor SF3b155 in a specific ternary complex.

U2AF homology motifs (UHMs) mediate protein-protein interactions with U2AF ligand motifs (ULMs) of pre-mRNA splicing factors. The UHM-containing alternative splicing factor CAPERα regulates splicing of tumor-promoting VEGF isoforms, yet the molecular target of the CAPERα UHM is unknown. Here we present structures of the CAPERα UHM bound to a representative SF3b155 ULM at 1.7 Å resolution and, for comparison, in the absence of ligand at 2.2 Å resolution. The prototypical UHM/ULM interactions authenticate CAPERα as a bona fide member of the UHM family of proteins. We identify SF3b155 as the relevant ULM-containing partner of full-length CAPERα in human cell extracts. Isothermal titration calorimetry comparisons of the purified CAPERα UHM binding known ULM-containing proteins demonstrate that high affinity interactions depend on the presence of an intact, intrinsically unstructured SF3b155 domain containing seven ULM-like motifs. The interplay among bound CAPERα molecules gives rise to the appearance of two high affinity sites in the SF3b155 ULM-containing domain. In conjunction with the previously identified, UHM/ULM-mediated complexes of U2AF65 and SPF45 with SF3b155, this work demonstrates the capacity of SF3b155 to offer a platform for coordinated recruitment of UHM-containing splicing factors.
Changes in pCO2 and pH in blood samples from Gallus domesticus held at ambient temperature

Abstract 1. 1. Changes in p CO 2 and pH were determined in whole blood samples from Gallus domesticus held at ambient temperature (24–27°C) for 80 min. 2. 2. p CO 2 increased at a rate of 0·044 torr min −1 . 3. 3. pH decreased at a rate of 0·00049 units min −1 . 4. 4. These values can be used to correct measurements which cannot be made immediately after blood withdrawal from the bird.
cAMP-activated maxi-Cl(-) channels in native bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells.

The eye’s aqueous humor is secreted by a bilayered ciliary epithelium comprising pigmented (PE) and nonpigmented (NPE) epithelial cell layers. Stromal Cl− enters the PE cells and crosses gap juncti...
Dietary phytocompounds and risk of lymphoid malignancies in the California Teachers Study cohort.

Objective We examined whether dietary intake of isoflavones, lignans, isothiocyanates, antioxidants, or specific foods rich in these compounds is associated with reduced risk of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), multiple myeloma (MM), or Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in a large, prospective cohort of women.
Return to an Athletic Lifestyle After Osteochondral Allograft Transplantation of the Knee

Background:Osteochondral allograft transplantation (OATS) is a treatment option that provides the ability to restore large areas of hyaline cartilage anatomy and structure without donor site morbidity and promising results have been reported in returning patients to some previous activities. However, no study has reported on the durability of return to activity in a setting where it is an occupational requirement.Hypothesis:Osteochondral allograft transplantation is less successful in returning patients to activity in a population in which physical fitness is a job requirement as opposed to a recreational goal.Study Design:Case series; Level of evidence, 4.Methods:A retrospective review was conducted of 38 consecutive OATS procedures performed at a single military institution by 1 of 4 sports medicine fellowship–trained orthopaedic surgeons. All patients were on active duty at the time of the index procedure, and data were collected on demographics, return to duty, Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome S...
Intersecting two classical groups

Abstract A new algorithm is presented to compute the algebra of adjoints associated to a pair of forms on a common finite vector space. This algebra is used in several recent and ongoing projects to study central products, intersections of classical groups, and automorphism groups. The implementation of the new algorithms in Magma greatly outperforms its predecessor and hence, in restricted yet important settings, increases the practicality of the various algorithms that use adjoint algebras.
Short-term exercise in mice increases tibial post-yield mechanical properties while two weeks of latency following exercise increases tissue-level strength.

We have previously shown that exercise during growth increases post-yield deformation in C57BL6/129 (B6;129) male tibiae at the expense of reduced pre-yield deformation and structural and tissue strength. Other research in the literature indicates that increased mineral content, cross-sectional geometry and structural strength due to exercise can be maintained or increased after exercise ends for as long as 14 weeks. It was therefore hypothesized that after our exercise protocol ended, effects of exercise on mechanical properties would persist, resulting in increased post-yield behavior and rescued strength versus age-matched control mice. Beginning at 8 weeks of age, exercise consisted of running on a treadmill (30 min/day, 12 m/min, 5° incline) for 21 consecutive days. At the end of running and 2 weeks later, in the cortical bone of the tibial mid-diaphyses of B6;129 male mice, changes due to exercise and latency following exercise were assayed by mechanical tests and analyses of cross-sectional geometry. Exercise increased structural post-yield deformation compared with weight-matched control mice, without changes in bone size or shape, suggesting that exercised-induced changes in pre-existing bone quality were responsible. Over the 2-week latency period, no growth-related changes were noted in control mice, but exercise-induced changes resulted in increased tissue stiffness and strength versus mice sacrificed immediately after exercise ended. Our data indicate that periods of exercise followed by latency can alter strength, stiffness, and ductility of bone independent of changes in size or shape, suggesting that exercise may be a practical way to increase the quality of the bone extracellular matrix.
PATTERNS OF EARLY COHORT DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWING SHELTERWOOD CUTTING IN THREE ADIRONDACK NORTHERN HARDWOOD STANDS

Abstract Remeasurement and chronosequence techniques were used to describe early development in three Adirondack northern hardwood stands for up to 26 years following shelterwood seed cutting to 35–65% canopy cover. Earlier herbicide treatments had controlled dense American beech ( Fagus grandifolia ) understories in the stands, leaving them devoid of advance regeneration. Deer ( Odocoileus virginianus borealis ) had also been reduced by hunting and through natural losses. Findings showed that total stems (stems≥0.3 m tall) and saplings (stems≥2.54 cm DBH) followed distinct patterns of development among the stands. Total stems peaked around five years after seed cutting, suggesting that most new individuals had initiated by that time. By 10 years total stems were declining substantially, indicating that crown closure had occurred and growing space was becoming limiting within the new cohort. By 19 years sapling abundance had peaked, and by 26 years numbers had begun to decline. Non-linear regression techniques were used to model consistent patterns of development among the stands. Observed patterns of self-thinning were related to the timing of canopy closure and subsequent stratification within the new cohort.
Sensitive Technique for Measuring Differences in Reflectivity

A new technique for measuring reflectivity differences between two samples is reported. An electrically driven tuning fork is used to place the two samples alternately in the beam of a reflectometer, and a lock-in amplifier is used for detection of the difference signal. Advantages of this system include short deadtime, vacuum operation, and extremely high Q. The sensitivity is such that changes in reflectivity of the order of 0.001% can be observed.
Changes in Survival of Twins Delivered after Twin-Twin Transfusion Syndrome versus Preterm Singletons over the Calendar Years 1970–1994

Objective: The use of serial amniotic fluid volume reduction for the treatment of twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) became available about 1986 and may account for a recent incr
The marital and family therapy examination program

This report is intended to inform the reader—as fully as is compatible with examination security—about the Examination in Marital and Family Therapy used by most of the states licensing marital and family therapists in the United States. The rationale for the examination is given, its development and validation are described, and the knowledge base that it samples is provided. The examination is presented as a necessary and logical component in the development of marital and family therapy and as an essential part of the implicit contract that exists between professionals and the community.
Interpreting after the Largest Ice Raid in US History: A Personal Account

On Monday, May 12, 2008, at 10:00 a.m., in an operation involving some 900 agents, Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) executed a raid of Agriprocessors Inc, the nation’s largest kosher slaughterhouse and meat packing plant located in the town of Postville, Iowa. The raid –officials boasted– was “the largest single-site operation of its kind in American history.” At that same hour, 26 federally certified interpreters from all over the country were en route to the small neighboring city of Waterloo, Iowa, having no idea what their mission was about. The investigation had started more than a year earlier. Raid preparations had begun in December. The Clerk’s Office of the U.S. District Court had contracted the interpreters a month ahead, but was not at liberty to tell us the whole truth, lest the impending raid be compromised. The operation was led by ICE, which belongs to the executive branch, whereas the U.S. District Court, belonging to the judicial branch, had to formulate its own official reason for participating. Accordingly, the Court had to move for two weeks to a remote location as part of a “Continuity of Operation Exercise” in case they were ever disrupted by an emergency, which in Iowa is likely to be a tornado or flood. That is what we were told, but, frankly, I was not prepared for a disaster of such a different kind, one which was entirely man-made.
Phase Change Mechanisms in Pulsed Laser-Matter Interaction

Laser micro-machining is finding many applications in materials processing and manufacturing. Various laser techniques are being used to fabricate micro-electronics, optics, and medical components. This paper will mainly deal with the fundamental issues involved in laser-matter interaction. Our studies are focused on laser induced thermal and thermomechanical phenomena and phase change mechanisms that determine the materials removal process during laser micro-machining. It is shown that during nanosecond laser machining, explosive phase change could occur, during which the liquid is superheated to close to the thermodynamic critical point, followed by an explosive, homogeneous phase transformation. On the other hand, it is observed in the experiment that the time needed for nucleation during laser induced phase explosion is on the order of one nanosecond. Thus, when a laser with a pulsewidth of the order of picosecond or less is used, it is likely that the material can be heated above the critical point, and another type of phase change, spinodal decomposition is possible. Molecular dynamics studies showed that with the use of a femtosecond laser pulse, it is possible to superheat the material to above the critical point, and spinodal decomposition is the dominant mechanism for materials removal.
Analysis of curium and californium by single-exposure spark source mass spectrometry☆

Single-exposure spark source mass spectrometry is used for routine quality control analyses of 244Cm and 252Cf at the Savannah River Laboratory. All elements above mass 10, except carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the noble gases, are determined as are the isotopic distributions of fission products ruthenium, palladium, cerium, neodymium, samarium, europium, gadolinium, dysprosium, and erbium. Samples of from 1 to 30 μg of curium and 0.0001 to 0.1 μg of californium are mounted on gold electrodes for analysis. Indium is added as an internal standard to californium samples smaller than 0.005 μg, and ytterbium is addded as an internal standard to all sample when photometric or refined visual interpretation is required. Visual interpretation usually yields impurity results accurate within a factor of three and relative standard deviations for isotopic distributions of about 35%.
Causal learning about tolerance and sensitization

We introduce two abstract, causal schemata used during causal learning. (1) Tolerance is when an effect diminishes over time, as an entity is repeatedly exposed to the cause (e.g., a person becoming tolerant to caffeine). (2) Sensitization is when an effect intensifies over time, as an entity is repeatedly exposed to the cause (e.g., an antidepressant becoming more effective through repeated use). In Experiment 1, participants observed either of these cause-effect data patterns unfolding over time and exhibiting the tolerance or sensitization schemata. Participants inferred stronger causal efficacy and made more confident and more extreme predictions about novel cases than in a condition with the same data appearing in a random order over time. In Experiment 2, the same tolerance/sensitization scenarios occurred either within one entity or across many entities. In the many-entity conditions, when the schemata were violated, participants made much weaker inferences. Implications for causal learning are discussed.
Stereospecific opiate receptors in the actions of thyrotropin releasing hormone and morphine on gastrointestinal transit.

Abstract Studies in these laboratories have shown that morphine and thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) inhibit gastrointestinal transit in the mouse. Administration of morphine sulfate (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or TRH (10 μg i.c.v.) to mice inhibited gastrointestinal transit as measured by the charcoal meal test. In order to determine whether the effects of TRH and morphine were mediated via stereospecific opiate receptors, the effects of two stereoisomers of an antagonist, (-) α -5,9-diethyl-2′-hydroxy-2-(3-furylmethyl)6,7-benzomorphan (MR2266), the active isomer and (+) α-5,9-diethyl-2′-hydroxy-2-(3-furylmethyl)6,7-benzomorphan (MR 2267), the inactive isomer, on morphine and TRH induced changes in gastrointestinal transit were determined. Morphine and TRH induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit was antagonized by MR 2266 (1 and 3 mg/kg, s.c.) but was unaffected by MR 2267. These studies provide evidence for the involvement of opiate receptors in the actions of morphine and TRH on gastrointestinal transit, and further suggest that the receptors are stereospecific in nature.
Blue wavelength magnetic superresolution

Tri-layer magnetic super resolution (MSR) media was designed and fabricated for use with center aperture detection. Because short wavelength recording will be essential in achieving ultra-high density disks, the media was tested on a blue light (488 nm) magneto-optic spin stand to evaluate its MSR performance. A single layer TbFeCo disk was also prepared as a standard. Since the MSR disk forms an effective read-out aperture smaller than the diffraction limited spot size, it was observed that the tri-layer disk yielded larger carrier-to-noise ratio than the conventional TbFeCo disk for sub-micrometer mark lengths as small as 0.2 micrometers.
Methods of preserving grass silage and vitamin A potency of milk produced therefrom.

Summary In a study of various methods of ensiling grasses and legumes, preservation by the addition of 200 pounds corn and cob meal per ton gave a very palatable silage, although carotene preservation was not as good as with some other methods, e.g ., molasses. No significant differences were found in milk production and change in body weight when the lots for any one feeding period were compared. A comparison of good corn and alfalfa silages indicated that both silages had apparently equivalent feed value on the basis of milk production and change in body weight. The vitamin A potency of the milk produced from these two silages varied by only 20 per cent. Alfalfa silage high in carotene generally -increased and maintained the carotene and vitamin A level in winter milk.
An analysis of the global position of U.S. manufacturing

This article provides an overview of the changing export and import flows of U.S. manufactured goods in the global economy, offers some thoughts on the repercussions of these changes, and outlines possible outcomes. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Electrical Stimulation Effects on Myoglobin Properties of Bovine Longissimus Muscle

Beef longissimus steaks from 40 bull carcasses were used to study the effects of electrical stimulation (ES) on meat color mechanisms and myoglobin properties. Total pigment concentration and ratios of myoglobin forms for ES and control (C) samples were not different. Color panel and several spectrophotometric measurements indicated ES produced a lighter, brighter-red color in displayed steaks. Disappearance of reduced myoglobin during blooming was similar in unaged C and ES steaks, but reduced myoglobin decreased faster during blooming of ES steaks aged 6 days. ES decreased anaerobic metmyoglobin reducing activity and induced more metmyoglobin formation when steaks were in a 1% oxygen atmosphere.
Blur Processing with Double Discrete Wavelet Transform

We propose a notion of double discrete wavelet transform (DDWT) that is designed to sparsify the blurred image and the blur kernel simultaneously. DDWT greatly enhances our ability to analyze, detect, and process blur kernels and blurry images, and we present example applications in blur kernel estimation, deblurring, and near-blur-invariant image feature extraction.
Rational residuacity of primes

The most natural extensions to the law of quadratic reciprocity are the rational reciprocity laws, described using the rational residue symbol. In this article, we provide a reciprocity law from which many of the known rational reciprocity laws may be recovered by picking appropriate primitive elements for subfields of Q. p/. As an example, a new generalization of Burde’s law is provided.
Sensitivity and Working Range of Backside Calibration Potentiometry

A new direction in potentiometric sensing, termed backside calibration potentiometry, was recently introduced. It makes use of the fact that the stir effect disappears in the absence of an ion−ionophore complex concentration gradient across supported liquid ion-selective membranes. This method is especially suitable for measurements in which recalibration in the sample is not feasible, such as in remote monitoring applications. Here, a theoretical model is established to predict the working concentration range of the method. Lead(II)-selective Celgard membranes were used here with H+ as the dominant interfering ions. The emf difference for stirred and unstirred solutions was measured, and the magnitude of this emf change as a function of the sample Pb2+ concentration was found to exhibit a bell shape that spans ∼3 orders of magnitude. The concentration of interfering ions and the selectivity of the membrane were demonstrated to be important factors that affect the working range. Smaller ratios of primary ...
Role of Vfr in regulating exotoxin A production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A (ETA) production depends on the virulence-factor regulator Vfr. Recent evidence indicates that the P. aeruginosa iron-starvation sigma factor PvdS also enhances ETA production through the ETA-regulatory gene regA. Mutants defective in vfr, regA and pvdS, plasmids that overexpress these genes individually and lacZ transcriptional/translational fusion plasmids were utilized to examine the relationship between vfr, regA and pvdS in regulating P. aeruginosa ETA production. ETA concentration and regA expression were reduced significantly in PAOΔvfr, but pvdS expression was not affected. Overexpression of Vfr produced a limited increase in ETA production in PAOΔpvdS, but not PAOΔregA. Additionally, overexpression of either RegA or PvdS did not enhance ETA production in PAOΔvfr. RT-PCR analysis showed that iron did not affect the accumulation of vfr mRNA in PAO1. These results suggest that: (i) Vfr enhances toxA expression in PAO1 both directly and indirectly through regA, but not through pvdS; (ii) vfr expression is not regulated by iron; and (iii) both Vfr and PvdS cooperate in the presence of RegA to achieve a maximum level of toxA expression.
Application of the ICRU Report 38 reference volume concept to the radiotherapeutic management of recurrent endometrial and cervical carcinoma

Radiation therapy was given to 25 patients presenting with pelvic recurrence of endometrial (14) and cervical (11) cancer. Of these patients, all but one had undergone hysterectomy following their original diagnosis. Two endometrial patients received preoperative intracavitary irradiation. The recurrence-free interval ranged from 5 to 71 months (mean = 21 months). External beam radiation therapy for pelvic recurrence ranged from 3000 to 5000 cGy. Additional central radiation was given to 18 patients with either external beam, intracavitary, interstitial, or transvaginal technique. Dose and dose rates from brachytherapy are documented with maximum values, along with the location of these dose points. Such specification is essential in obtaining a more accurate impression of the total dose delivered to the patient, especially when different techniques are employed to increase the dose to the center of the pelvis. Reference volume dimensions, similar to those specified by ICRU Report 38 for intracavitary treatments, are presented. Mean follow-up from completion to radiotherapy is 22 months; 16 patients are dead, 2 are alive with disease, and 7 are alive with no evidence of disease.
Parties, conditionality and leader effects in parliamentary elections

Attention in the study of leader effects in parliamentary elections has shifted from the question of whether party leaders do indeed have an electoral impact to that of the conditions under which t...
Targeting State Highway Aid to Needy Cities1

Studies of state aid targeting to urban needs by Morgan and England (1984), Stein (1981), and Dye and Hurley (1978) have focused on aggregate state aid to cities. This paper examines the relative responsiveness of a functional category of state aid, highway aid to cities. Analysis of state resdual highway aid over a 21-year period shows that (1) highway aid was generally not targeted to needs in a pre-urban crisis period, (2) somewhat better targeting of highway aid followed the peak of the urban crisis, and (3) residual highway aid was more influenced by fiscal rather than socieconomic or physical needs in cities in the latter period. This analysis of functional state aid support earlier work on state aid targeting in urban areas. The analysis implies that state aid for cities has changed in a positive way that places the states in a good position to assume more responsibility for local government problems under the evolving state-centered federalism. (Author) problems under the evolving state-centered federalism. (Author/TRRL)
Cutbacks, Management, and Human Relations: Meanings for Organizational Theory and Research

Retrenchments are a common occurrence in business, educaitonal, social service, and civic and public organizations in the United States. Administrative responses to the events leading to reductions have been reactive and last-resort activities typically leading to centralizations, formalization, and increased downward initiatives of communications and directives. In turn, these have tended to exacerbate the existing problems, especially those of employee morale, trust, depression, and productivity. Variations by types of organizations are presented and implications are drawn for practical consequences and solutions and for analytical contributions to organizational theory.
Numerical simulation of dynamic wave rotor performance

A numerical model has been developed that can simulate the dynamic (and steady-state) performance of a wave rotor, given the geometry and time-dependent boundary conditions. The one-dimensional, perfect-gas, computational fluid dynamics-based code tracks the gasdynamics in each of the wave rotor passages as they rotate past the various ducts. The model can operate both on and off-design, allowing dynamic behavior to be studied throughout the operating range of the wave rotor. The model accounts for several major loss mechanisms including finite passage opening time, fluid friction, heat transfer to and from the passage walls, and leakage to and from the passage ends. In addition it can calculate the amount of work transferred to or from the fluid when the flow in the ducts is not aligned with the passages such as occurs in off-design operation. Since it is one-dimensional, the model runs reasonably fast on a typical workstation. This article will describe the model and present the results of some transient calculations for a conceptual four-port wave rotor designed as a topping cycle for a small gas-turbine engine.
Emperipolesis of Hematopoietic Cells within Megakaryocytes in Bone Marrow of the Rat

Emperipolesis of hematopoietic cells within megakaryocytes was found in rats. The incidence was less than 0.3% in young rats (2 to 12 months old) but increased to 2-5% among the aging rats (18 to 24 months old). The incidence increased markedly in hyperplastic bone marrow secondary to chronic suppurative or neoplastic lesions. Mature neutrophils appeared to be the most common marrow cell engulfed by megakaryocytes. By light microscopy, engulfed cells were separated from megakaryocyte cytoplasm by a narrow pericellular space. By electron microscopy, marrow cells engulfed by megakaryocytes were located in the open canalicular system. Cell membranes of both engulfed cells and megakaryocytes were intact, and there was no fusion of cell membranes or phagosome formation in the megakaryocytes.
Methodological considerations in reserve system selection: A case study of Malagasy lemurs

Although data quality and weighting decisions impact the outputs of reserve selection algorithms, these factors have not been closely studied. We examine these methodological issues in the use of reserve selection algorithms by comparing: (1) quality of input data and (2) use of different weighting methods for prioritizing among species. In 2003, the government of Madagascar, a global biodiversity hotspot, committed to tripling the size of its protected area network to protect 10% of the country’s total land area. We apply the Zonation reserve selection algorithm to distribution data for 52 lemur species to identify priority areas for the expansion of Madagascar’s reserve network. We assess the similarity of the areas selected, as well as the proportions of lemur ranges protected in the resulting areas when different forms of input data were used: extent of occurrence versus refined extent of occurrence. Low overlap between the areas selected suggests that refined extent of occurrence data are highly desirable, and to best protect lemur species, we recommend refining extent of occurrence ranges using habitat and altitude limitations. Reserve areas were also selected for protection based on three different species weighting schemes, resulting in marked variation in proportional representation of species among the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species extinction risk categories. This result demonstrates that assignment of species weights influences whether a reserve network prioritizes maximizing overall species protection or maximizing protection of the most threatened species.
From Wall Street Walk to Wall Street Talk: The Changing Face of Corporate Governance

This article summarizes the duty of a fiduciary to vote proxies in for ERISA plans. It also highlights the 1998 proxy voting season, recent trends in proxy voting, SEC proxy regulation reform, and corporate governance standards adopted by various organizations.
Development and validation of a 96-well equilibrium dialysis apparatus for measuring plasma protein binding

A 96-well equilibrium dialysis block was designed and constructed that is compatible with most standard 96-well format laboratory supplies and instruments. The unique design of the dialysis apparatus allows one to dispense and aspirate from either or both the sample and dialysate sides from the top of the apparatus, which is not possible with systems currently on the market. This feature permits the investigator to analyze a large number of samples, time points, or replicates in the same experiment. The novel alignment of the dialysis membrane vertically in the well maximizes the surface-to-volume ratio, eliminates problems associated with trapped air pockets, and allows one to add or remove samples independently or all at once. Furthermore, the design of the apparatus allows both the sample and dialysate sides of the dialysis well to be accessible by robotic systems, so assays can be readily automated. Teflon construction is used to minimize nonspecific binding of test samples to the apparatus. The device is reusable, easily assembled, and can be shaken in controlled temperature environments to decrease the time required to reach equilibrium as well as facilitate dissolution of test compounds. Plasma protein binding values obtained for 10 diverse compounds using standard dialysis equipment and the 96-well dialysis block validates this method.
Measurements and a model of the outer hair cell hydraulic conductivity

Abstract The hydraulic conductivity of the cochlear outer hair cell WHO is central to the maintenance of the positive intracellular pressure necessary for its function as the cochlear amplifier. A mathematical model of osmotic water transport across the OHC membrane is formulated. The model relates the OHC hydraulic conductivity, L p , to the rate of volume change in response to osmotic stimuli. L p is evaluated from osmotic experiments in which isolated OHCs are exposed to an hypotonic solution. The rate of volume increase in response to the hypotonic challenge was determined by a morphometric analysis of video images of cells. L p was found to be about 10 −14 m s −1 1 Pa −1 or equivalently, P f ∼ 10 −4 cm s −1 . This is on the low side of values reported for different lipid bilayers and is 2 orders of magnitude lower than the hydraulic conductivity of red blood cells. The relation of the low OHC hydraulic conductivity to the composition and morphology of its membranes is discussed.
Time Dependent Changes in Diabetic Cystopathy in Rats Include Compensated and Decompensated Bladder Function

Purpose: Diabetic bladder dysfunction is among the most common and bothersome complications of diabetes mellitus. While bladder filling and voiding problems have been reported, the precise functional changes in diabetic bladders remain unclear. We investigated time dependent changes in bladder function in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: Cystometrograms and detrusor muscle contractility were examined in male age matched control and diabetic Sprague-Dawley rats (Harlan, Indianapolis, Indiana) 3, 6, 9, 12 and 20 weeks after diabetes induction with streptozotocin.Results: Diabetes decreased average body weight and increased bladder weight, capacity and compliance. Peak detrusor leak pressure increased gradually from weeks 3 to 6 to 9 in diabetic rats (mean ± SEM 47.3 ± 2.5, 50.8 ± 3.0 and 56.0 ± 3.6 cm H2O) and in controls (36.9 ± 1.4, 37.7 ± 1.5 and 41.6 ± 1.81 cm H2O, respectively). However, at 12 and 20 weeks diabetic rats deviated strongly from this trend with peak detrusor lea...
A Distributed Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm for Swarm Robotic Applications

We have derived a version of the Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm that is suitable for a swarm consisting of a large number of small, mobile robots. The algorithm, called the distributed PSO (dPSO), is for “ search” type operations and allows each robot to calculate its new position based on its present position and present measurement. It eliminates the needs for a central agent to coordinate the movements of the robots and has limited inter-robot communications requirements. Simulation results show that the dPSO is very good at finding a target location within a search space and is easily scaleable to large numbers of robots.
The Relationship between Written Business Plans and the Failure of Small Businesses in the U.S.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of planning on U.S. small business failures. A “failure” was defined as a bankruptcy with losses to creditors; firms with fewer than 500 employees were considered “small.” Recently failed firms were selected randomly and matched with non-failed firms on the basis of age, size, industry, and location. The sampling frame was businesses listed in the Dun & Bradstreet credit reporting database. A paired-sample t-test was used to investigate differences between the failed firms and matched non-failed firms. The main conclusion was that very little formal planning goes on in U.S. small businesses; however, non-failed firms do more planning than similar failed firms did prior to failure.
Poliovirus Spreads from Muscle to the Central Nervous System by Neural Pathways

A transgenic mouse model was used to address an unsolved question in the pathogenesis of poliomyelitis: how poliovirus invades the central nervous system (CNS). LD50 values for intramuscular and intracerebral inoculation of poliovirus in transgenic mice expressing poliovirus receptors (TgPVR mice) were similar. After intramuscular inoculation with poliovirus, paralysis was observed first in the inoculated limb. In contrast, localization of initial paralysis to the inoculated limb was not observed in normal mice inoculated intramuscularly with the mouse-adapted P2/Lansing poliovirus strain. After intramuscular inoculation, infectious poliovirus was first detected in the inferior segment of the spinal cord, then in the superior spinal cord and the brain. Sciatic nerve transection blocked poliovirus spread to the spinal cord after inoculation into the hindlimb footpad of TgPVR mice. These results demonstrate that in TgPVR mice, poliovirus spreads from muscle to the CNS through nerve pathways and that expression of the poliovirus receptor plays an important role in viral spread by this route.
Don't worry, be happy: positive affect and reduced 10-year incident coronary heart disease: The Canadian Nova Scotia Health Survey

Positive affect is believed to predict cardiovascular health independent of negative affect. We examined whether higher levels of positive affect are associated with a lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in a large prospective study with 10 years of follow-up. Methods and results We examined the association between positive affect and cardiovascular events in 1739 adults (862 men and 877 women) in the 1995 Nova Scotia Health Survey. Trained nurses conducted Type A Structured Interviews, and coders rated the degree of outwardly displayed positive affect on a five-point scale. To test that positive affect pre- dicts incident CHD when controlling for depressive symptoms and other negative affects, we used as covariates: Center for Epidemiological Studies Depressive symptoms Scale, the Cook Medley Hostility scale, and the Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory. There were 145 (8.3%) acute non-fatal or fatal ischaemic heart disease events during the 14 916 person-years of observation. In a proportional hazards model controlling for age, sex, and cardiovascular risk factors, positive affect predicted CHD (adjusted HR, 0.78; 95% CI 0.63-0.96 per point; P ¼ 0.02), the covariate depressive symptoms continued to predict CHD as had been published previously in the same patients (HR, 1.04; 95% CI 1.01-1.07 per point; P ¼ 0.004) and hostility and anxiety did not (both P. 0.05). Conclusion Inthislarge,population-basedstudy,increasedpositiveaffectwasprotectiveagainst10-yearincidentCHD,suggestingthat preventive strategies may be enhanced not only by reducing depressive symptoms but also by increasing positive affect.
Patterns of Locoregional Failure After Exclusive IMRT for Oropharyngeal Carcinoma

Purpose To assess the patterns of failure after intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Methods and Materials We analyzed patients treated at the University of Texas Medical Branch between May 2002 and February 2006 who met the following criteria: (1) definitive IMRT without chemotherapy for oropharyngeal SCC; (2) no pretreatment radical surgery; (3) minimal follow-up of 1 year. The location of each nodal/primary failure was co-registered to the pretreatment planning computed tomography scan and then expanded by 5 mm to a planning target volume (PTV) of the failure (PTV-f). We then investigated whether the prescription dose to the PTV-f had been appropriate for the amount of disease present before treatment and whether the PTV-f had been adequately covered. Results A total of 50 patients were eligible. With a median follow-up of 32.6 months (range, 12.1–58.6), three local and six regional failures were observed in 8 patients. All but one failure, that had been neglected, were recorded within 14 months of the treatment end. Of the nine failures, four developed in the neck treated electively to the lowest dose level; in all of them, we could retrospectively identify initial positive lymph nodes that might have justified the subsequent failure. The remaining five failures developed in proximity of the high-dose volume. In all but one, the volume of region of interest receiving ≥95% of the dose of the PTV-f was >95%, suggesting adequate coverage. In 1 patient, about 20% of PTV-f was outside the 95% isodose, so that marginal underdosing could not be ruled out. Conclusions A potential cause could be identified in all the failures in the lowest dose level. The implications and possible remedies are discussed. Most failures around the high-dose region were "true failures" with no apparent technical cause.
Critical Design Features of Phenyl Carboxylate-Containing Polymer Microbicides

Recent studies of cellulose-based polymers substituted with carboxylic acids like cellulose acetate phthalate (CAP) have demonstrated the utility of using carboxylic acid groups instead of the more common sulfate or sulfonate moieties. However, the pKa of the free carboxylic acid group is very important and needs careful selection. In a polymer like CAP the pKa is approximately 5.28. This means that under the low pH conditions found in the vaginal lumen, CAP would be only minimally soluble and the carboxylic acid would not be fully dissociated. These issues can be overcome by substitution of the cellulose backbone with a moiety whose free carboxylic acid group(s) has a lower pKa. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose trimellitate (HPMCT) is structurally similar to CAP; however, its free carboxylic acids have pKas of 3.84 and 5.2. HPMCT, therefore, remains soluble and molecularly dispersed at a much lower pH than CAP. In this study, we measured the difference in solubility and dissociation between CAP and HPMCT and the effect these parameters might have on antiviral efficacy. Further experiments revealed that the degree of acid substitution of the cellulose backbone can significantly impact the overall efficacy of the polymer, thereby demonstrating the need to optimize any prospective polymer microbicide with respect to pH considerations and the degree of acid substitution. In addition, we have found HPMCT to be a potent inhibitor of CXCR4, CCR5, and dual tropic strains of human immunodeficiency virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Therefore, the data presented herein strongly support further evaluation of an optimized HPMCT variant as a candidate microbicide.
Methodological Individualism in Ecology

Methodological individualism has a long, successful, and controversial track record in the social sciences. Its record in ecology is much shorter but proving as successful and controversial with so-called individual-based models. Distinctions and debates about methodological individualism in social sciences clarify the commitments of this general, individualistic approach to modeling ecological phenomena and show that there is a lot recommending it. In particular, a representational priority on individual organisms yields a cogent albeit deflationary account of ecological emergence and helps reveal how quite disparate models and theories in ecology might be unified.