cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Examining Classes of Bully Perpetration among Latinx High School Students and Associations with Substance Use and Mental Health

Latino(a) (also called “Latinx”) are the fastest growing ethnic population in the U.S.; however, there is a dearth of literature that examines intracultural bullying behaviors and their association with mental health and substance use for this population. The current study uses a person-centered approach to examine bully perpetration among Latinx high school students and association with substance use and mental health. Latent Class Analysis was used to identify classes of bullying perpetration among a sample of Latinx adolescents drawn from 9 Colorado high schools (n = 2929). Age and sex were used as predictors to examine differences between classes. Identified bullying classes were then related to mental health (i.e., depression and suicide ideation) and perceptions of future substance use. The latent class analysis identified five classes that included a high bully perpetration class (4.5%, n = 133), a moderate class (13.8%, n = 405), a class that reported high rates of teasing behaviors (13.5%, n = 396), a class that reported high rates of cyberbullying perpetration (7.3%, n = 215), and a low bully perpetration class (60.90%, n = 1780). Females reported lower odds of being in the High and Teasing classes compared to males. Further, the High and Cyberbullying perpetration classes reported the highest rates of depression, suicide ideation, and perception of future substance use compared to other classes. Understanding the risk profile of students who engage in bullying perpetration is essential in creating useful and appropriate resources and interventions. Inclusive efforts are needed to create more effective prevention programs that attend to the growing ethnic diversity among U.S. students.
Population growth. Implications and problems.

Some argue that young rapidly growing societies have strong likelihoods of being innovative and creative with constantly expanding markets to fuel ongoing economic growth. They dismiss critics concerns over deleterious effects of rapid population growth as readily solved now or in the future by technological advances. Critics however point to an ever-growing population over the 2nd 1/2 of the 20th century as partly responsible for devouring renewable and nonrenewable resources such as food fishing areas topsoil forests and minerals. Developing country rapid population growth rates and developed country excessive consumption rates share the responsibility of taxing the worlds carrying capacity. Even should solutions to some of these problems eventually be developed present growth rates in developed countries have immediate negative effects upon social health and economic development and the health of women and children. This papers defines summarizes and discusses terms available data and related issues. Population growth and its history population growth rates demographic transition current growth levels projected growth levels through 2020 replacement fertility age structure and population growth momentum are subjects explored. The Impact of population growth upon development regarding urban growth and social and economic effects are considered followed by examination of the impact on health and the role of family planning programs. More investment is needed in developing countries. Efforts should be directed to making family planning services available to all women improving the status of women expanding educational and job opportunities improving health and cleaning the environment.
Turkey–West Relations: The Politics of Intra-alliance Opposition

This timely book fills an important gap in the literature of international relations, providing a thorough, up-to-date, empirically supported, and theoretically grounded analysis of how and why Turkish foreign policy has changed in recent years vis-a-vis the West. Presenting one of the first balancing studies that employs elite interviews as data, Turkey–West Relations develops a framework of intra-alliance opposition, classifying the tools of statecraft into three categories - boundary testing, boundary challenging, and boundary breaking. Six case studies are examined regarding Turkish foreign policy over the past nine years, exploring an array of topics including Turkey's foreign policy in relation to various nations and organizations, the refugee crisis, defense procurement, energy policies, and more. Dursun-Ozkanca demonstrates how international, regional, issue-specific, and domestic factors may serve to explain Turkey's increasing boundary-breaking behavior. This book is crucial for anyone who seeks to understand the recent growing rifts between Turkey and the US, the EU, and NATO.
A radical reckoning: a Black woman’s racial revenge in Black Mirror’s “Black Museum”

“Black Museum,” the final installment of season four of the original series Black Mirror, incorporates many of the episodes that have come before it, creating an apotheosis episode that critiques t...
Finite-strain scale-free phase-field approach to multivariant martensitic phase transformations with stress-dependent effective thresholds

Abstract A scale-free phase-field model for martensitic phase transformations (PTs) at finite strains is developed as an essential generalization of small-strain models in Levitas et al. (2004) and Idesman et al. (2005). The theory includes finite elastic and transformational strains and rotations as well as anisotropic and different elastic properties of phases. The gradient energy term is excluded, and the model is applicable for any scale greater than 100 nm. The model tracks finite-width interfaces between austenite and the mixture of martensitic variants only; volume fractions of martensitic variants are the internal variables rather than order parameters. The concept of the effective threshold for the driving force is introduced, which can be either positive (e.g., due to interface friction) or negative (e.g., due to defects and stress concentrators promoting PTs). To reproduce PT conditions obtained from experiments or atomistic simulations under general stress tensor, the effective threshold depends on the stress tensor components. Material parameters are calibrated for martensitic PT between single crystalline cubic Si I and tetragonal Si II phases, which has large transformation strains ( ɛ t 1 = 0.1753 ; ɛ t 2 = 0.1753 ; ɛ t 3 = − 0.447 ). Finite element algorithms and numerical procedures are implemented in the code deal.II. Multiple 3D problems are solved to study the effect of mesh size, holding time during quasi-static loading, and strain rate on the multivariant microstructure evolution in Si I → Si II PT under uniaxial and hydrostatic loadings. The solution exhibits significant lattice rotations both in Si I and Si II, reproducing the appearance of diffuse grain boundaries in Si I and Si II and transforming them in polycrystals, which corresponds to known experiments. While finer mesh can produce a more detailed microstructure, the solution becomes practically mesh-independent after the mesh size is 80 times smaller than the sample size. When approaching the stationary solution, rough mesh leads to convergence to the correct microstructure faster than the fine mesh, because it neglects fine details in the microstructure. In some regions, reverse PT occurs at continuous compression, despite large transformation hysteresis. For most stationary interfaces, local thermodynamic equilibrium conditions (thermodynamic driving force for the interface motion equal to the effective threshold) are satisfied.
Transparent Machine Learning for Information Extraction: State-of-the-Art and the Future

The rise of Big Data analytics over unstructured text has led to renewed interest in information extraction (IE). These applications need effective IE as a first step towards solving end-to-end real world problems (e.g. biology, medicine, finance, media and entertainment, etc). Much recent NLP research has focused on addressing specific IE problems using a pipeline of multiple machine learning techniques. This approach requires an analyst with the expertise to answer questions such as: “What ML techniques should I combine to solve this problem?”; “What features will be useful for the composite pipeline?”; and “Why is my model giving the wrong answer on this document?”. The need for this expertise creates problems in real world applications. It is very difficult in practice to find an analyst who both understands the real world problem and has deep knowledge of applied machine learning. As a result, the real impact by current IE research does not match up to the abundant opportunities available.In this tutorial, we introduce the concept of transparent machine learning. A transparent ML technique is one that:- produces models that a typical real world use can read and understand;- uses algorithms that a typical real world user can understand; and- allows a real world user to adapt models to new domains.The tutorial is aimed at IE researchers in both the academic and industry communities who are interested in developing and applying transparent ML.
Azure B as a novel cyanide antidote: Preclinical in-vivo studies

We have determined the effects of azure B (AzB), the main demethylated metabolite of methylene blue (MB), on a model of lethal cyanide intoxication. Our rationale was the following: AzB 1- possesses redox properties very similar to those of MB, which is a potent cyanide antidote, 2- may present a higher intracellular diffusibility than MB, 3- is already present in commercially available solutions of MB, and 4- appears very quickly in the blood after MB administration. AzB could therefore be a member of the phenothiazium chromophore family of interest to treat cyanide intoxication. We found, in spontaneously breathing urethane sedated rats, that AzB mimicked the effects of MB by increasing metabolism, ventilation and cardiac contractility up to 30-40 mg/kg. AzB had a lethal toxicity when the dose of 60 mg/kg was reached. Doses of AzB were therefore chosen in keeping with these data and the doses of MB previously used against cyanide intoxication (4-20 mg/kg) in the rat - doses corresponding to those used in humans to treat methemoglobinemia. KCN, infused at the rate of 0.375 mg/kg/min iv for 13 min, was fatal within 15 min in 100 % of our un-anesthetized rats. AzB at the dose of 4 mg/kg (n = 5) or 10 mg/kg (n = 5) administered 3 min into cyanide infusion allowed 100 % of the animals to survive with no clinical sequelae. The onset of coma was also significantly delayed and no apnea or gasping occurred. At the dose of 20 mg/kg, AzB was much less effective. At 4 mg/kg, the antidotal effects of AzB were significantly better than those produced by MB at the same dose and were not different from the effects produced by 20 mg/kg MB. We conclude that AzB is a potent cyanide antidote at relatively low doses.
The Use of Ultrasound in the Teaching and Learning of Anatomy

Ultrasound (US) training has been incorporated into many undergraduate medical programs as a clinical skill and a way to integrate basic and clinical sciences, especially gross anatomy. US within an anatomy curriculum typically includes hands-on US sessions, where the learner is performing the scan in real time to view internal structures such as organs, vessels, nerves, muscles, and bones. US is safe and dynamic and allows live views of three-dimensional structures, spaces, and relationships within the body, which can be disrupted or challenging to visualize in cadavers. In addition to offering early clinical training for preclinical students during anatomy, US offers rich opportunities to actively recall and apply anatomical concepts, as well as providing concrete examples of living anatomy. However, implementing US into gross anatomy may be challenging due to large class sizes, the need for trained facilitators, potential ethical and cultural concerns, as well as access to equipment, space, and limited time within an existing anatomy course.
Signs of Optimism Beyond 2020

Author(s): Luoma, Samuel N. | Abstract: The year 2020 is one we are unlikely to forget. At a time when a global pandemic and an economic collapse drove changing technologies and social and economic inequalities, extreme weather events across the country reminded us, especially here in California, that the effects of a warming earth are undeniable. A tumultuous presidency ended, leaving behind a science establishment uncertain about what lies ahead. Such disruptions add to the concern about the disappearance of journals from the Internet, and so it is only natural that readers might be interested in the status of SFEWS. Even as formidable challenges lie ahead, Editor-in-Chief, Sam Luoma, provides an editorial describing the stability and resilience of SFEWS as one sign of optimism to carry into 2021.
Regional Returns to Education, Child Labour and Schooling in India

Abstract We offer evidence from India that higher regional returns to primary education not only increase the likelihood that boys and girls attend school but also decrease the likelihood that they work. These relationships hold only for the top three quintiles of the income distribution and mostly for children in the age group 10–14 years. The former result suggests that liquidity constraints may not allow poorer households to respond to the economic benefits of education. Policies that raise the economic benefits of education may increase human capital investments in households that do not rely on their children's incomes for survival. However, low schooling and high child labour will persist among credit constrained families unless these households are provided with the economic ability to respond to these benefits.
A 1S Direct-Battery-Attach Integrated Buck Voltage Regulator with 5-Stack Thin-Gate 22nm FinFET CMOS Featuring Active Voltage Balancing and Cascaded Self-Turn-ON Drivers

A 1S direct-battery-attach buck converter with a 5-stack, thin-gate-FinFET power train delivers a peak efficiency of 89.2% for a 3.8V in to 1.8V out, with 10x higher power density (~15A/mm2), switching at up to 10x higher frequency (40MHz) using 4x-10x lower inductance (10-100nH) than state of the art. Cascaded self-timed drivers and soft-switching low-side drivers minimize complexity in driving 10 individual power switches safely.
Neutrophil extracellular traps in feline cardiogenic arterial thrombi: a pilot study.

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) in cardiogenic arterial thromboembolism (CATE). Specifically, we aimed to examine the related structural features of NETs in feline arterial thrombi in relation to their arterial locations. Methods Paraffin-embedded aortic bifurcations from nine cats with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (four with CATE and five without) were deparaffinized, and NETs were identified by immunodetection based on colocalization of cell-free DNA, citrullinated histone H3 and neutrophil elastase. The distribution of NETs in thrombi within the aortic bifurcations and common iliac arteries (CIAs) was compared based on their proximity to the descending aorta (proximal, mid, distal). Ten random fields per section were captured at × 10 and × 20 magnification for each section of the clot and analyzed. Results The distributions of NETs in thrombi within the aortic bifurcation and CIAs were found to differ in relation to their assigned zones (proximal, mid, distal; P = 0.04); NETs were concentrated mostly in the proximal region in the aortic bifurcations (47.56%, interquartile range [IQR] 14.07-77.95) and CIAs (44.69%, IQR 24.65-85.28), compared with the distal regions (2.69%, IQR 0.10-50.04 [P = 0.027]; 7.08%, IQR 1.27-59.33 [P = 0.02]). Conclusions and relevance The variation in NET distribution within arterial thrombi may shed light on the pathogenesis of thrombus growth. This may be due to possible neutrophil entrapment or variations in shear stress.
127 CAR T cells targeting the integrin alpha v beta 3 exhibit robust anti-tumor responses against diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma and glioblastoma

Background Diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) and glioblastoma (GBM) are two highly aggressive and mostly incurable gliomas with little therapeutic advancements made in the past several decades. Despite immense initial success of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells for the treatment of leukemia and lymphoma, significant headway into the application of CAR T cells against solid tumors, including gliomas, is still forthcoming. The integrin complex alpha v beta 3 (avb3) is present on multiple and diverse solid tumor types and tumor vasculature with limited expression throughout most normal tissues, qualifying it as an appealing target for CAR T cell-mediated immunotherapy. Methods Patient-derived diffuse intrinsic pontine glioma (DIPG) cells and glioblastoma (GBM) cell lines were evaluated by flow cytometry for surface expression of avb3. Second-generation CAR T cells expressing an anti-avb3 scFv were generated by retroviral transduction containing either a CD28 or 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain and CD3zeta. CAR T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry for CAR expression, memory phenotype distribution, and inhibitory receptor profile. DIPG and GBM cell lines were orthotopically implanted into NSG mice via stereotactic injection and monitored with bioluminescent imaging to evaluate avb3 CAR T cell-mediated anti-tumor responses. Results We found that patient-derived DIPG cells and GBM cell lines express high levels of surface avb3 by flow cytometry, while avb3 is minimally expressed on normal tissues by RNA sequencing and protein microarray. Second-generation CAR T cells expressing an anti-avb3 single-chain variable fragment (scFv) were designed and generated by retroviral transduction containing either a CD28 or 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain and CD3zeta. avb3 CAR T cells demonstrated efficient, antigen-specific tumor cell killing in both cytotoxicity assays and in in vivo models of orthotopically and stereotactically implanted DIPG and GBM tumors into relevant locations in the brain of NSG mice. Tumor responses were rapid and robust with systemic CAR T cell proliferation and long-lived persistence associated with long-term survival. Conclusions These results highlight the potential of avb3 CAR T cells for immunotherapeutic treatment of deadly brain tumors with reduced risk of on-target, off-tumor mediated toxicity due to the restricted nature of avb3 expression in normal tissues. Acknowledgements We would like to acknowledge the following core facilities at the University of Virginia: The Research Histology Core, the Biorepository and Tissue Research Facility, and the Molecular Imaging Core which are supported by the University of Virginia School of Medicine and through the University of Virginia Cancer Center National Cancer Institute P30 Center Grant. We would also like to acknowledge the University of Virginia Center for Comparative Medicine for providing animal care and services.
Clutch size, reproductive success, and organochlorine contaminants in Atlantic coast black-crowned night-herons

L'impact de la pollution de cotes de Nouvelle Angleterre et de Caroline du nord par des pesticides organochlores sur le succes reproducteur de Nycticorax nycticorax parait minime. Comparaison de la taille de la couvee et du succes reproducteur selon les saisons et les localites
Determining the DNA sequence elements required for binding integration host factor to two different target sites

Binding sites for the Escherichia coli protein integration host factor (IHF) include a set of conserved bases that can be summarized by the consensus sequence WATCAANNNNTTR (W is dA or dT, R is dA or dG, and N is any nucleotide). However, additional 5'-proximal bases, whose common feature is a high dA+dT content, are also thought to be required for binding at some sites. We examine the relative contribution of these two sequence elements to IHF binding to the H' and H1 sites in attP of bacteriophage lambda by using the bacteriophage P22-based challenge-phage system. IHF was unable to act as a repressor in the challenge-phage assay at H' sites containing the core consensus element but lacking the dA+dT-rich element. This indicates that both elements are required for IHF to bind to the H' site. In contrast, the core consensus determinant alone is sufficient for IHF binding to the H1 site, which lacks an upstream dA+dT-rich region. Fifty mutants that decreased or eliminated IHF binding to the H1 site were isolated. Sequence analysis showed changes in the bases in the core consensus element only, further indicating that this determinant is sufficient for IHF binding to the H1 site. We found that placement of a dA+dT-rich element upstream of the H1 core consensus element significantly increased the affinity, suggesting that the presence of a dA+dT-rich element enhances IHF binding.
Bullying Across the Life Course: Redefining Boundaries, Responsibility, and Harm

Over the last fifteen years, our understanding of bullying has experienced a radical redefinition. In our schools, universities, workplaces, and assisted living facilities, behavior that we once dismissed as “horseplay” or “teasing” has increasingly been labeled as unacceptable and, in some instances, criminal. We seem to have reached one of those societal tipping points where certain behaviors we once took for granted are no longer acceptable. Not that long ago, sexual harassment was simply the cost of being female in the workplace, but the 1980s saw a period of redefinition when sexual harassment was reinterpreted and understood to be a form of sex discrimination that was actionable under Title VII. Today, we stand at a similar point of redefinition with regard to bullying. For lawyers and policy makers, however, this period of redefinition has raised a host of questions. Judges and legislatures have redrawn boundaries between acceptable and unacceptable behavior, rethought questions of responsibility and liability, and recognized a category of harm that has recalibrated our understanding of injury and causality. Although much of the focus on bullying has concentrated on primary and secondary education, it is clear that the phenomenon of bullying exists across the life course, from kindergarten through elder care.
A Neural Network Based Optimization Method for a Kind of QPPs and Application

In this paper, we present a neural network based optimization method for solving a kind of quadratic programming problems (QPPs) with equality and inequality constraints. The proposed method is appropriate for distributed implementation and can be used as a basic optimization module for managing optimization problems of large distributed systems. We test the proposed method in a real PC-Network for power system state estimation problem. Several cases are considered and obtain some successfully results.
Two-Dimensional Arbitrary Shape Acoustic Cloaks Composed of Homogeneous Parts Realized by Layered Structures

Acoustic cloaking is an important application of metamaterials and has received much attention since it was first proposed. Due to the extreme properties of the cloaks produced by previous methods, they are difficult to fabricate. In addition, cloaks with arbitrary shapes are more favorable in applications but are difficult to realize. Therefore, it is important to present a method for designing arbitrary shaped cloak with attainable properties. In this paper, a technique for realizing cloaks with arbitrary shapes is presented by dividing the cloak into finite parts. Transformation acoustics is used to derive the properties of each part of the cloak. With appropriate mapping relationships, the properties of each part are anisotropic but homogeneous. Layered structures are adopted to approximate the anisotropic properties within each part. Full wave simulations are conducted to validate this technique. The method can be used to design cloaks with arbitrary shapes, which perform well within certain frequency limits. It provides an easier way to fabricate cloaks with arbitrary shapes.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
MIMO Communication Systems

—MIMO technology is an emerging area that promises significant improvements in coverage and capacity of wireless networks. In this chapter, we review this rapidly developing technology. We present the key leverages of MIMO–array gain, diversity gain, multiplexing gain and interference reduction and provide insights into how these gains may be utilized to improve the quality of wireless communication. We introduce a simple MIMO channel model for flat fading conditions in an interference free environment and present previously derived capacity results for MIMO systems that hint to a significant capacity advantage. We discuss the broad goals of MIMO signaling (multiplexing vs diversity), the tradeoffs in receiver design for various signaling schemes and coding and modulation techniques for MIMO. Finally, we conclude with a list of emerging research areas in the field of MIMO communication systems. Keywords: MIMO; array gain; diversity gain; multiplexing gain; interference reduction; spatial multiplexing; transmit diversity; receive diversity; space-time coding; Shannon capacity; average capacity; outage capacity
Searching for contracting patterns over time: Do prime contractor and subcontractor relations follow similar patterns for professional services provision?

This paper compares over a 12-year period (1) patterns of contracting between a state transportation agency and its prime contractors providing engineering design services with (2) patterns between these prime contractors and their subcontractors. We find evidence of different contracting patterns at each level that emerge over time and coexist in the same contracting context. While patterns at the agency–prime level are characterized by repeated contracts, patterns at the prime–sub level indicate fewer repeats and more contractor turnover. Implications for outsourcing practice and theory are discussed. © 2011 by the Association for Public Policy Analysis and Management.
Nucleoside-based probes for imaging tumor proliferation using positron emission tomography

Cancer is one of the leading causes of human death, and early detection can be beneficial for its timely therapy and management. For the early detection of cancer, positron emission tomography (PET) is more accurate and sensitive than other imaging modalities, such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. [(18) F]-Labeled fluorodeoxyglucose is the most useful PET probe in early detection of cancer; however, its nonspecific accumulation and consequent false-positive findings warrant the identification of other PET probes. Thymidine (TdR) and its analogs have been radiolabeled for PET imaging of cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis. Because of its in vivo instability, radiolabeled TdR has not been successful in PET imaging. However, some of its radiolabeled analogs have been developed for PET imaging of cellular proliferation and DNA synthesis. In this review, the radiochemistry and production of (11) C-TdR and (11) C/(18) F-labeled TdR analogs published to date are presented.
Magnetism and Masculinity in E. T. A. Hoffmann's Der Magnetiseur

A frequently occurring trope in Romantic literature, somnambulism, or sleepwalking, was understood around 1800 to be a condition of women. As a result, modern gender studies approaches to this motif have frequently focused on the role that somnambulism plays in constructing femininity. Literary depictions of male somnambulism, on the other hand, have generally been interpreted in one of two ways: either as indicative of a feminized male subject or as a metaphor for larger political and social issues. The following article examines the effect of male somnambulism in constructing masculinity in E. T. A. Hoffmann's Der Magnetiseur. I argue that the magnetism of a man by a man constructs a marginalized masculinity, one in which the male body is revealed as frail, penetrable, and weak. The experience of the male somnambulist is not synonymous with his female counterpart, however, and thus constitutes a break in the model of binary genders.
Total synthesis of 5-desoxyleukotriene D. A new and useful equivalent of the 4-formyl-trans, trans-1,3-butadienyl anion

Abstract The first total synthesis of 5-desoxyleukotriene D ( 14 ) is reported. The route of synthesis utilizes a novel method for five-carbon chain extension. The availability of 14 allowed experimental demonstration that the 5-hydroxyl function is important for biological activity of the slow reacting substances.
The mechanism of frog skin lightening by acetylcholine.

Abstract Darkening of frog skin by melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) is accompanied by an increase in adenosine-3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP). Among agents that lighten frog skin, norepinephrine and melatonin have been shown to diminish the MSH-induced increase in cyclic AMP. To characterize the mode of action of acetylcholine (AcCh) as a lightening agent of frog skin melanocytes, AcCh-responsive skins of Rana pipiens were darkened in vitro with MSH, lightened with AcCh in MSH solution, rinsed in MSH and then exposed to one of the following: dibutyryl cyclic AMP (DBcAMP); 5′-AMP, ATP, theophylline, or caffeine. As a permutation, theophylline was added before or directly after MSH. The lightening of frog skin by AcCh was reversed by all agents except 5′-AMP and was prevented by theophylline. In other experiments AcCh was added to skins darkened with MSH, theophylline, DBcAMP, ATP, epinephrine, or isoproterenol. AcCh reversed only the darkening induced by MSH. We suggest that in melanocytes of AcCh-responsive frog skin, AcCh may bind to the MSH receptor, thereby preventing the MSH-induced increase in cyclic AMP.
Lunar Mare Volcanism: Where Did the Magmas Come From?

The first rocks to be returned from the Moon by the Apollo 11 astronauts were basalts from the mare basins. Analysis of these rocks led to the hypothesis that the mare lavas were remelts of a lunar interior that had experienced an early, profound chemical differentiation event produced by crystallization of a planet-wide lunar magma ocean. As Apollo missions continued to explore and sample the lunar surface, an increasingly diverse suite of mare volcanic rocks was discovered. Mare magmatism is concentrated in the time interval of 3.8 to 3.0 billion years before present. Among the samples were tiny, glassy spheres of ultramafic composition that formed during volcanic fire-fountain eruptions into the cold lunar vacuum. The results of high-pressure and high-temperature laboratory melting experiments on lunar mare basalts and volcanic glasses, along with geochemical evidence and physical modeling, affirm that remelting of the solidified products of a deep magma ocean still provides the best explanation for lunar maria magmas. However, the initial depth of the lunar magma ocean, the physical processes that accompanied solidification, and the heat source for remelting cumulates to form these late basaltic outpourings remain incompletely understood and present challenging problems for current researchers.
On interdependence of secrets in collaboration networks

The paper proposes Logic of Secrets in Collaboration Networks, a formal logical system for reasoning about a set of secrets established over a fixed configuration of communication channels. The system's key feature, a multi-channel relation called independence, is a generalization of a two-channel relation known in the literature as nondeducibility. The main result is the completeness of the proposed system with respect to a semantics of secrets.
Corrosion improvement and magnetic properties of CoCr with small Gd additions

Sputtered films of composition 79 at.%-Co 21% Cr have been prepared with Gd substitutions. For small Gd concentrations, crystallinity, and perpendicular anisotropy are maintained. For higher concentrations (4% Gd), amorphous materials are obtained. Crystalline materials show a lack of, or diminished phased segregation compared to unsubstituted CoCr. This is manifested in the magnitudes of saturation moment and Curie temperature which are comparable to the values of the target materials. Phase-segregated CoCr films, by comparison, show relatively high values. Corrosion resistance of CoCrGd materials as measured by anodic polarization curves is strongly improved over that for phase-segregated materials. This appears to have to do with the more homogeneous microstructure of the materials. Intermediate segregations can be obtained with smaller Gd substitutions. These films combine suitable parameters for magnetic recording with strongly improved corrosion resistance relative to the unsubstituted materials. >
Cognitive-affective mediators of perfectionism and college student adjustment

We tested models of perceived stress and categorical thinking as mediators and also moderators of the association between perfectionism and psychological well-being. Results based on a large sample (N = 364) of college students revealed significant associations between perfectionism and the cognitive-affective variables, and between perfectionism and the academic, social, and psychological adjustment variables. Each of the cognitive-affective variables also was significantly associated with the adjustment indicators, but the mediator models were only partially supported, and none of the moderator models were supported. The results are discussed in terms of other literature on the adaptive-maladaptive conceptualization of perfectionism. Findings suggest promising points of intervention to ease the effects of maladaptive perfectionism or enhance the attributes of adaptive perfectionism.
Defending against Unidentifiable Attacks in Electric Power Grids

The electric power grid is a crucial infrastructure in our society and is always a target of malicious users and attackers. In this paper, we first introduce the concept of unidentifiable attack, in which the control center cannot identify the attack even though it detects its presence. Thus, the control center cannot obtain deterministic state estimates, since there may have several feasible cases and the control center cannot simply favor one over the others. Given an unidentifiable attack, we present algorithms to enumerate all feasible cases, and propose an optimization strategy from the perspective of the control center to deal with an unidentifiable attack. Furthermore, we propose a heuristic algorithm from the view of an attacker to find good attack regions such that the number of meters required to compromise is as few as possible. We also formulate the problem that how to distinguish all feasible cases if the control center has some limited resources to verify some meters, and solve it with standard algorithms. Finally, we briefly evaluate and validate our enumerating algorithms and optimization strategy.
Animal models of human disease : experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in rodents as a model for human demyelinating disease

The cause of multiple sclerosis (MS) is unknown, but the pathology is consistent with an immunological etiology. Studies conducted with the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), have provided insight into how the immune system can provoke an immunopathological response characteristic of that seen in MS. The use of inbred rats and mice for studies of EAE has been especially rewarding with respect to the identification of the epitopes of encephalitogenic antigens responsible for the induction of this autoimmune disease and in elucidating the effector mechanism underlying EAE. Moreover, it has also been possible to ascertain how EAE can be regulated, leading to therapeutic modalities which have been applied in clinical studies of MS patients. This review briefly summarizes studies of EAE in rodents, drawing comparisons with immunological findings reported in patients with MS. It is clear that important lessons can be learned from the detailed investigation of animal models that may be applicable to human immunological disorders.
Adaptation to an altered relation between retinal image displacements and saccadic eye movements

Abstract The normal relation between retinal image displacement and saccadic eye movement was experimentally altered by moving a stimulus vertically up or down contingent upon a subject's horizontal saccades. For half the subjects the stimulus moved up with a rightward and down with a leftward saccade, while for the other subjects the reverse was the case. Prior to and following 45 min of exposure to this novel situation, detection thresholds for vertical up and down motion during rightward saccades were determined. The exposure condition produced a significant mean increase of 7.8% in the threshold for vertical motion in the same direction as the adapting stimulus had displaced with rightward saccades during exposure, and a mean decrease in the threshold for motion in the opposite direction of 6.4%. The exposure condition also produced a significant post-test change in saccadic trajectory. The results are evidence of a significant tendency toward the re-establishment of position constancy when there is an altered relation between image displacements and saccadic eye movements. Based on the change in saccadic trajectory, an argument is made that the adaptation is caused by a recalibration of registered eye movement direction.
Predicting Trainee Ageism Using Knowledge, Anxiety, Compassion, and Contact with Older Adults

Despite the growing proportion of older adults in the population, ageism is prevalent and can facilitate discriminatory behavior, even in healthcare settings. This study used multiple regression to investigate the relationship between knowledge of aging, aging anxiety, and degree of older adult contact with ageism in undergraduates training for careers in allied health and mental health settings. It also investigated the relationship between compassion and ageism. All variables, with the exception of contact with older adults, significantly predicted ageism scores in undergraduates enrolled in an aging course. Implications for training are discussed.
Quality Factor Maximization Through Dynamic Balancing of Tuning Fork Resonator

Author(s): Zotov, SA; Simon, BR; Prikhodko, IP; Trusov, AA; Shkel, AM | Abstract: This paper presents a method of dynamically balancing tuning fork microresonators, enabling maximization of quality factor Q-factor) in structures with imperfections. Nonsymmetric tuning of stiffness in a coupled 2-DOF resonator is completed through the use of the negative electrostatic spring effect. This variable stiffness is shown to be able to adjust the reaction forces of the structure at the anchors, effectively balancing any spring imperfections caused by fabrication imperfections. Balancing the structure through stiffness matching minimizes the loss of energy through the substrate and maximizes Q-factor of the device's antiphase mode. The approach is experimentally demonstrated using a vacuum packaged microelectromechanical tuning fork resonator with operational frequency of 2.2 kHz and antiphase Q-factor of 0.6 million. By electrostatically tuning the reaction force at the anchors caused by fabrication imperfections, anchor loss can be suppressed, increasing the Q-factor to above 0.8 million. The experimentally validated analytical model of substrate dissipation is confirmed to be applicable to Q-factor tuning in antiphase driven resonators and gyroscopes. © 2001-2012 IEEE.
Effects of chlordiazepoxide on predator odor-induced reductions of playfulness in juvenile rats

The extent to which a non-sedative dose of chlordiazepoxide (CDP) is able to modify the behavioral responses toward a predator odor was assessed in juvenile rats. Play behavior was suppressed and defensive behaviors were enhanced in the presence of a collar previously worn by a cat, when tested 24 h later in the same context as that where the exposure occurred, and when tested in a context different than that in which the exposure occurred for up to 3 h after exposure. CDP had no effect on the ability of cat odor to suppress play when rats were tested in the presence of the odor or when tested 24 h later in the same context where that exposure occurred. When rats were exposed to a worn cat collar in their home cage and tested in a different context CDP attenuated the ability of cat odor to reduce one measure of play (nape contacts) but not another measure (pins). Rats had an opportunity to hide during testing and CDP either decreased hiding or increased risk assessment from within the hide box in all of the testing scenarios. These data suggest that CDP can alter the defensive strategy used by juvenile rats that are confronted with a predatory threat and can also lead to an earlier return to pre-threat levels of playfulness when that threat becomes less immediate.
Synthesis and biological activity of a novel series of indole-derived PPARγ agonists

The synthesis and structure-activity relationships of a novel series of indole 5-carboxylic acids that bind and activate peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) are reported. These new analogs are selective for PPARgamma vs the other PPAR subtypes, and the most potent compounds in this series are comparable to in vitro potencies at PPARgamma reported for the thiazolidinedione-based antidiabetic drugs currently in clinical use.
Altered perineal microbiome is associated with vulvovaginitis and urinary tract infection in preadolescent girls

Background:Vulvovaginitis has a known association with urinary tract infections (UTIs) in girls. We hypothesize that vulvovaginitis is a major contributor to UTIs in prepubertal girls by increasing...
Tunable ultraviolet lidar

Here we describe the development of a tunable ultraviolet LIDAR we use as an exploratory tool for fluorescence data acquisition and performance modeling of standoff bio- sensors. The system was developed around a Continuum model ND 6000 dye laser. The laser has a pulse repetition frequency of 10 Hertz and is tunable from 276 to 292 nanometers with a peak fluence of 75 milliJoules per pulse. The receiver consists of a 16-inch Dall-Kirkham telescope optically coupled, in free space mode, to two photomultipliers. The photomultipliers detect direct laser scatter and the resulting fluorescence. We will also describe the results of field trials conducted at Battelle's West Jefferson facility and chamber trials conducted at Aberdeen Proving Grounds.
A general texture mapping framework for image-based 3D modeling

This paper presents a general texture mapping framework for image-based 3D modeling. It aims to generating seamless texture map for 3D model created by real-world photos under uncontrolled environment. Our proposed method addresses two challenging problems: 1) texture discontinuity due to system error in 3D modeling from self-calibration; 2) color/lighting difference among images due to real-world uncontrolled environments. The general framework contains two stages to resolve these problems. The first stage globally optimizes the registration of texture patches and triangle faces with Markov Random Field (MRF) to optimize texture mosaic. The second stage does local radiometric correction to adjust color difference between texture patches and then blend texture boundaries to improve color continuity. The proposed method is evaluated on several 3D models by image-based 3D modeling, and demonstrates promising results.
The release of 3-methyladenine from nucleosomal DNA by a 3-methyladenine DNA glycosylase.

Nucleosomes from chicken erythrocytes, with DNA containing an average of 144 base pairs, were alkylated with (/sup 3/H)methylnitrosourea. The level of alkylation of the nucleosomal DNA was 48% of that of free DNA. The histones had approximately one tenth the radioactivity of the DNA. There was no statistically significant difference between alkylation of nucleosome bases in the major vs. minor groove. When the first 50 residues of the alkylated nucleosomal DNA were examined on sequencing gels, the 7-methylguanine and 3-methyladenine (3-MeA) residues were distributed randomly. The 3-MeA DNA glycosylase I of E. coli was used to measure the release of 3-MeA groups of the nucleosomal DNA. A partially purified 3-MeA DNA glycosylase from rat liver gave similar results. The limited enzymatic release is most likely due to steric hindrance of the enzyme by the DNA-Histone interactions on the surface of the core particle. An alteration of nucleosomal conformation has been suggested as an explanation for repair of nucleosomal DNA. Two model systems have been examined. The addition of ethidium bromide to alkylated nucleosomes increased the enzymatic release of 3-MeA to approx.75% and altered the electron microscopic appearance. The chemical alkylation of nucleosomes also increased the enzymatic release of 3-MeA asmore » well as decreased the sedimentation coefficient. All of these experiments indicate a limited availability of 3-MeA residues to the glycosylase and suggest that some conformational change must occur in vivo for complete repair. 52 references, 6 figures, 4 tables.« less
Operative versus nonoperative treatment of geriatric ankle fractures: a Medicare Part A claims database analysis.

Background:The incidence of ankle fractures is increasing in the geriatric population, and several studies suggest them to be the third most common extremity fracture in this age group. Previous work has reflected relatively low complication rates during operative treatment. Little is known, however, about the association between these injuries and overall mortality, nor whether operative intervention has any effect on mortality. We hypothesized that geriatric ankle fractures would be correlated with an elevated mortality rate and that operative intervention would be associated with a reduced mortality when compared to nonoperative management.Methods:Following Institutional Review Board approval we retrospectively assessed all relevant 2008 part A inpatient claims from the Medicare database. We queried diagnosis codes for ankle fractures, and then excluded any patients whose age was less then 65 or had an admission related to an ankle fracture during the previous year. Operative patients were then identif...
Palladium(II), platinum(II) and mercury(II) complexes of ambidentate phosphonium, arsonium, sulfonium and pyridinium ylids

Abstract Observations by Schweizer and Kopay (J. Org. Chem. 36 (1971) 1489) suggested the possibility of promoting ambident bonding behavior in transition metal complexes of phosphonium ylids of the type R3 +P C R′C(O)R″ by a judicious choice of R groups. Accordingly, we have synthesized PdII, PtII, and HgII chlorideylid complexes for ylids of the types R3ZCR′R″ (Z = P, R = Ph, R′ = H, R″ = COPh, COCH3, COOCH2CH3, COOCH3, CN; R′ = CH3, R″ = COPh, COOCH2CH3; R′ = COPh, R″ - COPh; R = n-C4H9, R′ = H, R″ = COPh; Z = As, R = Ph, R′ = H, R″ = COPh, COOCH3), (CH3)2SCHCOPh, and C5H5NCHCOPh. The reactions of the ylids with PdCl2 and PtCl2 in refluxing CH3CN yielded complexes having the general formula [M(ylid)2Cl2], whereas reaction with HgCl2 in alcohol produced dinuclear complexes of the type [Hg2(ylid)2Cl4], presumably involving bridging Cl− groups. Proton NMR data for the soluble complexes revealed a downfield shift of the methine proton resonances relative to those of the free ylids. The ν(CO) frequencies of the complexes exhibited blue shifts, relative to those of the free ylids, approaching those of the completely protonated ′ onium salts, which indicates coordination via the methine carbon atoms. Thiocyanate complexes of selected ylids exhibited N and S bonding modes, the former being favored by complexes of the least basic ylids.