cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Striking Property of Genetic Code-like Transformations

The gene expression process in nature plays a key role in evaluating the fitness of DNA through the production of different proteins in different cells. The production of proteins from DNA goes through different stages. Among others, the transcription stage produces the mRNA from the DNA and translation produces the amino acid sequence in proteins from the mRNA. The translation process is accomplished by mapping the mRNA sequence using a transformation called the genetic code. This code considers every consequent triplet (codon) of nucleic acids in the mRNA sequence and maps it to a corresponding amino acid. This paper shows that genetic code-like transformations (GCTs) introduce very interesting properties to the representation of a genetic fitness function. It presents a Fourier1 analysis of GCTs. It points out that such transformations can convert some function representations of exponential description in Fourier basis to a description that is highly suitable for polynomial-complexity approximation. More precisely, such transformations can construct a Fourier representation with only a polynomial number of terms that are exponentially more significant than the rest. Polynomial-complexity approximation of functions from data is a fundamental problem in inductive learning, data mining, search, and optimization. Therefore the work has important implications in these areas. It is unlikely that such representations can be constructed for all functions. However, since such transformations appear to work well in nature, the class of such functions may not be trivial and should be explored further.
Communication and Natural Design

The basic value of the natural design perspective is that it provides a rich language for the description of social interactions that is neither covertly mentalistic nor barrenly behavioristic. A natural design analysis begins by clearly defining and identifying those properties of behavior that require special explanatory principles. Communication is design to mediate a design. Behavior between two animals is communicative only if one of the two animals has a behavioral design, and the other animal displays structures or behaviors that mediate this behavioral design and these structures or behaviors are evidently designed for their mediating role. Many phenomena in animal behavior are communications by this definition. Two classic cases are analyzed from the natural design perspective, the alarm calls of the vervet monkey and the song of the white-throated sparrow. This analysis makes clear that these two cases differ not in the referentiality of the communication, as is often supposed, but in the kinds of designs that are mediated.
The Influence of the Surface Tension of the Culture Medium on the Growth of Bacteria

There is probably no phase of bacteriologic research that has occupied the attention of investigators more than the preparation of culture mediums. Most of such investigations have been directed toward supplying bacteria with the nutritive material best adapted to their specific individual requirements. Aside from its reaction, the physico-chemical state of the medium has received but little attention. It is the purpose of this paper to record the behavior of some of the common bacteria when cultivated on medium of low surface tension.
Characterization of RT6 bearing rat lymphocytes. I: Ontogeny of the RT6+ subset

Abstract The RT6 alloantigen is present on approximately 70% of peripheral T cells in the rat, but is absent from thymocytes and bone marrow lymphocytes. The results of further phenotypic analysis in the present study demonstrated that the RT6 alloantigen is expressed on approximately 45% of the helper/inducer (CD4; W3/25+) and 80% of the cytotoxic/suppressor (CD8; OX8+) peripheral T-cell subsets. Ontogenetic and thymus ablation studies indicated that the RT6+ T-cell subset is thymus-dependent and normally develops after the appearance of RT6− T cells in neonatal rats, and that the expression of RT6 is a post-thymic maturational event. Furthermore, intrathymic adoptive transfer of bone marrow cells demonstrated that RT6+ T cells are thymusderived cells. These results show that most if not all RT6+ T cells are the progeny of RT6− T cells. However, they do not exclude the possibility that a separate lineage of RT6− T cells exists, which also has OX8+ and W3/25+ subsets. The possible developmental and functional relationships of RT6− and RT6+ T cells in the rat are discussed.
A Compelling Trinitarian Taxonomy: Hans Urs von Balthasar's Theology of the Trinitarian Inversion and Reversion

In trinitarian theology, the problematic place of the Holy Spirit in the taxonomy of the immanent Trinity (Father, Son and Holy Spirit) does not seem to correspond to what is revealed in the economy (Father, Holy Spirit and Son). Because of this pneumatological problem, some theologians have abandoned the traditional trinitarian taxonomy. This approach, however, does not provide a finally convincing answer that is consistent with both the biblical witness and the theological tradition. In this article, I argue that Hans Urs von Balthasar's theology of the trinitarian inversion and reversion does provide a convincing answer to the trinitarian taxonomy problem. After supporting my thesis by first referencing the traditional trinitarian taxonomy offered in Augustine's de Trinitate and then examining the possibility of abandoning the taxonomy given by Jurgen Moltmann and Leonardo Boff, I will offer von Balthasar's solution as the most compelling trinitarian taxonomy, especially in light of the ecumenical dialogue between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches.
Monopole Catalyzed Nucleon Decay: The Astrophysical Connection

If monopoles catalyze nucleon decay, limits on the product of the monopole flux and the catalysis cross section may be placed from “astrophysical” considerations. We review these limits and discuss their reliability.
Property Law Reflections of a Sense of Right and Wrong

An evolutionary perspective on human morality may help us understand and critique the law. This chapter examines three areas of American property law. In two of the three areas, title by first possession and title by adverse possession, the pieces of legal doctrine fit together when seen through an evolutionary lens. In the third area of law, compensation for eminent domain, the inconsistency between the legal doctrine and biologically predictable human attitudes suggests why governmental takings of property raise public ire and suggests what can be done to make the law less offensive to normal sensibilities.
IMAGINATION, EMPATHY, AND MORAL DELIBERATION: THE CASE OF IMAGINATIVE RESISTANCE

This essay develops a new account of the phenomenon of imaginative resistance. Imaginative resistance is best conceived of as a limited phenomenon. It occurs when we try to engage imaginatively with different moral worlds that are insufficiently articulated so that they do not allow us either to quarantine our imaginative engagement from our normal moral attitudes or to agree with the expressed moral judgment from the perspective of moral deliberation. Imaginative resistance thus reveals the central epistemic importance that empathy plays for our understanding of rational agents in a context where we try to make sense of the moral appropriateness of their reasons for acting. Reflecting on the phenomenon of imaginative resistance allows us to recognize important features of the relationship between imaginative perspective taking and ordinary moral deliberation.
Robotic Donor Nephrectomy

Renal transplantation remains the standard of care for end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Unfortunately, as the demand for donor kidneys has increased this has not been followed by an increase in organ availability. Thus, patients must wait for a long time for an organ with the appropriate blood type and tissue type. Live donor renal transplant allows a superior outcome and typically a shorter waiting time for transplant in comparison to cadaveric renal transplant.1 According to the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network, approximately 6,000 living donor renal transplants have been performed annually in the United States since 2000. Murray 2 performed the first successful living donor transplant between identical twins in 1954.
Unsteady flow simulation using an MIMD computer

Numerical simulations of unsteady flows require algorithms with high order of accuracy in both time and space and correspondingly vast computer resources, because flow properties may have to be computed for large times before significant information can be extracted from them. Massively parallel computers are particularly well suited for these simulations if the computational domain could be mapped on to the processors while maintaining high efficiency and time synchronization between the nodes of the MIMD computer. Certain aspects of the implementation of a time-accurate algorithm to solve the Navier-Stokes equations on structured grids, using a massively parallel processor, are presented in this paper along with results for two problems: (1) the changing characteristics of the near-wake flow behind a cylinder as a function of Reynolds number and (2) dynamics of vortex pairing in free-shear layers. >
The impact of prescription depth, dose rate, plaque size, and source loading on the central axis using 103Pd, 125I, and 131Cs

Abstract Purpose Modern dosimetry data are not available for Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study-based eye plaques. This report aims to provide these data for eye plaques ranging from 10 to 22 mm, and for three different low-energy, photon-emitting radionuclides. Methods and Materials Recent publications on brachytherapy dosimetry parameters for 103 Pd, 125 I, and 131 Cs were evaluated for use as eye plaque reference data. These data were entered into the Pinnacle treatment planning system for 3D calculations of brachytherapy dose distributions along the central axis for depths ranging from −1 to 10 mm based on the origin positioned at the inner sclera. In accordance with the original Collaborative Ocular Melanoma Study protocol and in the absence of radionuclide-specific heterogeneity factors, inhomogeneity corrections were not applied. Results As expected due to the mean photon energies, 103 Pd, 125 I, and 131 Cs provided increasingly penetrating dose distributions. Dose distribution tables were prepared for fully loaded plaques and for plaques with the central source(s) removed. Over the entire range of central axis depths, and for all plaque sizes and loadings, 131 Cs produced minimal outer scleral doses. Similarly, 103 Pd generally produced more favorable dose distributions than 125 I for depths less than 4 mm. Conclusions A modern analysis of eye plaque dosimetry evaluated dose as a function of lesion height and applicator size, and showed dependence on radionuclide selection and implant duration. For a fixed dose at the prescription point, we observed higher scleral dose corresponded with lower photon energy for a variety of plaque sizes and lesion heights.
Effectiveness of a Worksite Nutrition Education Activity in a Factory in China

Nutritionists did a case control/pre-posttest study of a health and nutrition education promotion program in the Tube Processing and Forging Divisions of Chengdu Seamless Steel Tube Plant in Sichuan province in China to evaluate its effectiveness. They had earlier discussed health promotion with trade union and workteam leaders. The posttest mean nutrition knowledge score of the education group was much higher than the pretest and posttest score of the control group and the education groups pretest score (posttest:16.5 vs 12.7 12.4 and 14.2 respectively; p < .05). The education group also had a higher posttest mean nutrition attitude score than the other 3 groups (5.9 vs. 5 5 and 5.1 respectively; p < .05). Fewer education group members reported eating pork liver and blood products seldom/never after the nutrition workshop than prior to it (0 members vs. 12 members; p < .001) suggesting that the workshop motivated education group members to consume these promoted food items more frequently after the workshop. Similarly they were less likely to report consuming dairy products (promoted food products) seldom/never after the nutrition workshop than prior to it (5 vs. 26; p < .001) again indicating a tendency to consume them more frequently. The increase in consumption of nonleafy green vegetables for both groups offset the decline in consumption of fruits suggesting a substitution of vegetables for fruits as promoted in the workshop. Consumption of dairy products fruits eggs fish and poultry soybeans and a spicy local food were associated with nutrition knowledge and attitudes in the expected directions. Strong increases in posttest knowledge an attitude scores occurred in 19 of the 31 questions. Yet the mean posttest knowledge score for the education group represented only around 61% correct answers. Possible factors limiting the programs effectiveness were less than ideal classroom conditions too many open-ended questions cultural/psychological resistance and lack of message reinforcement in the surrounding community.
Dynamics of magnetospheric plasmas

The dynamical behavior of the magnetospheric plasmas which control the electrostatic charging of spacecraft is the result of the complex interaction of a variety of production, loss, transport, and energization mechanisms in the magnetosphere. This paper is intended to provide the spacecraft engineer with a foundation in the basic morphology and controlling processes pertaining to magnetospheric plasma dynamics in the inner magnetosphere, including the synchronous orbit region. 32 references.
A Kinship between the EGRET Supernova Remnants and Sagittarius A East

Sgr A East appears to be a single, mixed-morphology 10,000 yr old supernova remnant (SNR) at the Galactic center. It also appears to belong to a class of remnants that have been observed and detected at 1720 MHz, the transition frequency of OH maser emission. However, if the EGRET source 3EG J1746-2852, coincident with the Galactic center, is itself associated with this object, it would endow it with a γ-ray luminosity almost 2 orders of magnitude greater than that of the other EGRET-detected SNRs. We here reconsider the viability of a pion-production mechanism as the source of the broadband emission observed from Sgr A East, and show that what connects these objects—and ultimately also accounts for their different γ-ray emissivity—is the very important interaction between the expanding SNR shell and the surrounding molecular cloud environment. The singularly high γ-ray luminosity of Sgr A East, as well as its unusually steep radio spectral index, can thereby be attributed to the high-density (nH = 103 cm-3), strongly magnetized (B ~ 0.18 mG) environment in which it is located.
Word frequency and memory: Effects on absolute versus relative order memory and on item memory versus order memory

Word frequency can produce opposite effects on recognition and order memory: Low-frequency words produce greater recognition accuracy, whereas high-frequency words produce superior order memory. The present experiments further delineate the relationship between word frequency and order memory. Experiment 1 indicates that low-frequency words produce worse performance on a measure of absolute order memory but not on a test of relative order, which is consistent with the idea that different forms of information underlie different types of order judgments (Greene, Thapar, & Westerman, 1998). Experiment 2 contrasted high-, low-, and very low-frequency words on recognition memory and absolute order memory. In comparison with high-frequency words, low-frequency words enhanced recognition, whereas very low-frequency words did not. Both low- and very low-frequency words, however, produced worse memory for absolute order. Thus, the relationship between frequency and item memory is an inverted U-shaped function, whereas the relationship between frequency and absolute order memory is direct. This implies that the item-enhancing effects of lower word frequency may be dissociated from its order-disrupting effects.
Convergence of the shifted QR algorithm on 3×3 normal matrices

This paper concerns the convergence properties of the shifted QR algorithm on 3×3 normal, Hessenberg matrices. The algorithm is viewed as an iteration on one dimensional subspaces. A class of matrices is characterized for which HQR2 is unable to approximate a solution.
A National Survey of School Counselors' Perceptions of Multiracial Students.

A total of 1627 school counselors from all 50 states and the District of Columbia participated in a study designed to investigate their personal perceptions of multiracial individuals. Results indicated that school counselors held a wide variety of perceptions and those with 1 to 5 years of experience were more likely to believe that multiracial students experienced more academic and behavioral problems. Middle school counselors were more likely to believe that multiracial students have a more difficult time adjusting to society. School counselors who were unsure if cultural diversity and awareness programs were promoted in their school were also unsure if the physical appearance of multiracial students impacted how they racially identified themselves. Finally, school counselors in schools with a Very Diverse student body believed that multiracial students would experience fewer problems related to identity development if they lived in a diverse community. They also believed the problems experienced by mu...
Neurobehavioral analysis of developmental iron deficiency in rats.

Iron deficiency (ID) in early life alters the course of behavioral and cognitive development in humans, causing decreased physical activity and responsiveness to the environment. The effects of ID on behavior are similar in rats and hypothesized to be related to ID-related impairments in central dopamine pathways. The objective of this study was to examine the association between brain iron measures of dopamine function, and behavioral measures of activity and reactivity. Male and female weanling rats were fed either an iron deficient diet or control diet for 6 weeks. The iron deficient rats showed significantly decreased activity and increased anxiety-like behaviors. Iron deficient rats also showed significant decrements in brain iron content in the corpus striatum, prefrontal cortex, and midbrain and decreases in dopamine receptors and the transporter in the same areas. Multiple regression analysis showed ventral midbrain iron concentration and dopamine D1 receptor density to be highly associated with exploration and repeated movements, respectively. In addition, the results showed anxiety-like behaviors to be related to prefrontal cortex dopamine transporter and dopamine D1 receptor densities. We conclude from these analyses that iron concentration in dopamine containing regions and densities of dopamine receptors and the transporter, are significant predictors of measures of activity and reactivity. These observations also strengthen the argument that the Fe-dopamine link is fundamental to understanding biobehavioral difficulties seen in children with ID anemia.
Effects of sex and attitudes toward women on the processing of television commercials

This study examined the effects of sex and attitudes toward women on different cognitive measures that were obtained after ‘liberal’ and ‘nonliberal’ male and female subjects viewed 12 television commercials: 6 commercials depicted ‘traditional’ female roles and 6 were ‘neutral.’ The dependent variables included (1) ratings of the commercials, (2) objections to the commercials, (3) perceived content or interpretation of the commercials, and (4) willingness to buy. The results suggested that liberals had more objections to the stereotypic commercials and that they rated and interpreted some of them more negatively when compared with nonliberals. Liberals were also less willing to buy some of the products after viewing traditional commercials. The findings were discussed with reference to Bem's (1981) gender schema theory.
Olfactory function in workers exposed to styrene in the reinforced-plastics industry

Background Impairment of olfactory function in humans has been associated with occupational exposure to volatile chemicals. To investigate whether exposure to styrene was associated with olfactory impairment, olfactory function was examined in workers with a minimum of 4 years exposure to styrene in the reinforced-plastics industry (current mean exposure: 26 ppm, range: 10–60 ppm; historic mean dose: 156 ppm-years, range: 13.8–328 ppm-years) and in a group of age- and gender-matched, unexposed controls. Methods Olfactory function was assessed using a standardized battery that included tests of threshold sensitivity for phenylethyl alcohol (PEA), odor identification ability, and retronasal odor perception. Odor detection thresholds for styrene were also obtained as a measure of specific adaptation to the work environment. Results No differences were observed between exposed workers and controls on tests of olfactory function. Elevation of styrene odor detection thresholds among exposed workers indicated exposure-induced adaptation. Conclusions The present study found no evidence among a cross-section of reinforced-plastics industry workers that current or historical exposure to styrene was associated with impairment of olfactory function. Taken together with anatomical differences between rodent and human airways and the lack of evidence for styrene metabolism in human nasal tissue, the results strongly suggest that at these concentrations, styrene is not an olfactory toxicant in humans. Am. J. Ind. Med. 44:1–11, 2003. © 2003 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
LiCABEDS II. Modeling of Ligand Selectivity for G-Protein-Coupled Cannabinoid Receptors

The cannabinoid receptor subtype 2 (CB2) is a promising therapeutic target for blood cancer, pain relief, osteoporosis, and immune system disease. The recent withdrawal of Rimonabant, which targets another closely related cannabinoid receptor (CB1), accentuates the importance of selectivity for the development of CB2 ligands in order to minimize their effects on the CB1 receptor. In our previous study, LiCABEDS (Ligand Classifier of Adaptively Boosting Ensemble Decision Stumps) was reported as a generic ligand classification algorithm for the prediction of categorical molecular properties. Here, we report extension of the application of LiCABEDS to the modeling of cannabinoid ligand selectivity with molecular fingerprints as descriptors. The performance of LiCABEDS was systematically compared with another popular classification algorithm, support vector machine (SVM), according to prediction precision and recall rate. In addition, the examination of LiCABEDS models revealed the difference in structure div...
Beyond the standard model

Abstract Some topics related to possible extensions of the minimal standard model as well as a possible non-trivial nonperturbative dynamics of the electroweak interactions are discussed.
A theory of tie‐set graph and its application to information network management

This paper presents a new circuit theoretical concept based on the principal partition theorem for distributed network management focusing on loops of an information network. To realize a simple network management with the minimum number of local agents, namely the topological degrees of freedom of a graph, a reduced loop agent graph generated by contracting the minimal principal minor is proposed. To investigate the optimal distribution of the loop agents, a theory of tie-set graph is proposed. Considering the total processing load of loop agents, a complexity of a tie-set graph is introduced to obtain the simplest tie-set graph with the minimum complexity. As for the simplest tie-set graph search, an experimental result shows that the computational time depends heavily on the nullity of the original graph. Therefore, a tie-set graph with the smallest nullity is essential for network management. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
1739 THE EFFECT OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION (PHN) ON LUNG COMPLIANCE (CL) IN NEWBORN LAMBS

Some newborns with PHN appear to have noncompliant lungs until they receive a pulmonary vasodilating drug. We speculate that a stiff, hypertensive pulmonary vasculature may hold the lung in an erect state, thereby decreasing CL. To test this hypothesis, 11 anesthetized and paralyzed newborn (0-3 days) lambs were ventilated at fixed rates and pressures. We instrumented them to measure CL, pulmonary blood flow, and pressures in the pulmonary artery (Ppa), aorta, and left atrium. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) was calculated. In 9 lambs, we induced PHN (10-150% increase in Ppa) with either hypoxia (PaO2 32.5±9.2 torr), infusion of HCl (arterial pH 7.26±0.03), or addition of CO2 to the inspired gas (PaCO2 64.8±14.1 torr, pH 7.21±0.13). Decreases in CL ranged from 7-24%, occured with 47% of the maneuvers, but were unpredictable and correlated poorly with rising Ppa and PVR. However, 2 lambs with unexplained, spontaneous PHN (50-80% increases in Ppa) had 28-36% decreases in CL. Pressure-volume loops from one of these animals are shown at the right. We conclude that PHN may alter CL in newborn lambs, but the mechanism remains unclear. An improved model is needed to elucidate this mechanism.
Control variates and importance sampling for efficient bootstrap simulations

Importance sampling and control variates have been used as variance reduction techniques for estimating bootstrap tail quantiles and moments, respectively. We adapt each method to apply to both quantiles and moments, and combine the methods to obtain variance reductions by factors from 4 to 30 in simulation examples.
THERMAL BROWNING OF TOMATO SOLIDS AS AFFECTED BY CONCENTRATION AND INHIBITORS

SUMMARY– The amount of brown color developed was always determined by reconstituting the sample to 5.6% total solids and measuring optical density (O.D.) of an acetone extract at 420 mμ. Tomato solids at concentrations of 5.6 to 98% were heated for 15 min at 95°C. The O.D. increased slowly with increasing concentration to about 50% solids. Thereafter, the O.D. increased rapidly to a peak at 95% and decreased to half this value at 98%. The effect of heating time at 55, 75 and 95°C and at 5.6 and 45% solids was studied. The browning rate was slight at the lower 2 temperatures relative to that at 95°C, and was much more rapid at the higher concentration than at single strength. Under each temperature and solids condition, the rate of browning was highest at the earlier times. The inhibition effects of pH and SO2 were studied. Browning was at a minimum at pH 2.5. Browning could be further reduced at each pH by increasing levels of SO2. The protective effect of acidification and SO2 addition increased with increasing solids concentration.
Bisexuality and Youth: Introduction to the Special Issue

Bisexual youth constitute a population characterized in existing literature as increasingly visible and vulnerable to safety and health risks. This article introduces a special issue on bisexuality and youth that highlights three perspectives on bisexual youth: cultural context, psychological experiences, and school policy. The articles that make up the special issue explore the experiences of bisexual youth in the United States from a range of disciplines. Future directions for scholarship, policy, and practice are identified.
Tracer studies to characterize the effects of roadside noise barriers on near-road pollutant dispersion under varying atmospheric stability conditions

Abstract A roadway toxics dispersion study was conducted at the Idaho National Laboratory (INL) to document the effects on concentrations of roadway emissions behind a roadside sound barrier in various conditions of atmospheric stability. The homogeneous fetch of the INL, controlled emission source, lack of other manmade or natural flow obstructions, and absence of vehicle-generated turbulence reduced the ambiguities in interpretation of the data. Roadway emissions were simulated by the release of an atmospheric tracer (SF6) from two 54 m long line sources, one for an experiment with a 90 m long noise barrier and one for a control experiment without a barrier. Simultaneous near-surface tracer concentration measurements were made with bag samplers on identical sampling grids downwind from the line sources. An array of six 3-d sonic anemometers was employed to measure the barrier-induced turbulence. Key findings of the study are: (1) the areal extent of higher concentrations and the absolute magnitudes of the concentrations both increased as atmospheric stability increased; (2) a concentration deficit developed in the wake zone of the barrier with respect to concentrations at the same relative locations on the control experiment at all atmospheric stabilities; (3) lateral dispersion was significantly greater on the barrier grid than the non-barrier grid; and (4) the barrier tended to trap high concentrations near the “roadway” (i.e. upwind of the barrier) in low wind speed conditions, especially in stable conditions.
IMPROVING APPLICANTS' REACTIONS TO REJECTION LETTERS: AN APPLICATION OF FAIRNESS THEORY

Explanations in the context of employment rejection letters were studied from the perspective of fairness theory (Folger & Cropanzano, 1998). In 2 scenario-based studies and 1 field experiment, Would Reducing explanations (i.e., explanations detailing qualifications of the individual who received the job), Should Reducing explanations (i.e., explanations of the appropriateness of the selection process), and Could Reducing explanations (i.e., explanations of external conditions that led to a hiring freeze) were systematically manipulated in communicating negative hiring decisions. Applicants' perceptions of fairness, recommendation intentions, and reapplication behavior were assessed. Results demonstrate strong support for the effectiveness of Would and Could Reducing explanations at reducing perceptions of unfairness and increasing recommendation intentions. In addition, applicants who received the Could Reducing explanation were more than twice as likely to reapply for a future position with the organization than those who received a standard rejection letter. A 3-way interaction among the 3 explanations suggests that 2 explanations may need to be combined in a rejection letter to generate the most positive effects. Findings are discussed from the perspective of fairness theory and practical implications are identified.
Control performance monitoring via model residual assessment

Model quality is a key factor that affects the control performance of model predictive control. In this paper, a new closed-loop model assessment approach is proposed to assess model deficiency from routine closed-loop data. The proposed model quality index is a minimum variance benchmark for the model residuals obtainable from closed-loop data. From the feedback invariant principle the disturbance innovations at current instance are shown to be unaffected by the controller even if it is a nonlinear time-varying controller. Then it is shown that the disturbance innovations sequence can be estimated from closed loop data by an orthogonal projection of the current output onto the space spanned by past outputs, inputs or setpoints. With the disturbance innovations as the benchmark, a model quality index is developed by using the ratio of a quadratic form of model residuals and that of the estimated disturbance innovations. The effectiveness of the proposed methods is shown by simulation results.
Simulation of dislocation nucleation and motion in single crystal magnesium oxide by a field theory

This paper presents a multiscale field theory and its application in modeling and simulation of the phenomena that take place at atomic scale. Atomistic formulation of a multiscale field theory is introduced. The governing equations for problems with a given temperature are derived. We have modeled and simulated the nucleation and motion of dislocations and the formation of plastic deformation in a nanoscale ionic material MgO. The mechanism of deformation as well as the evolution of the stress has been elucidated. Results are compared with those from molecular dynamics simulations.
Acute alcohol consumption inhibits accessory cell function of monocytes and dendritic cells.

: Background: Alcohol affects both innate and acquired immune responses. Chronic alcoholics have reduced delayed-type hypersensitivity response and increased susceptibility to infections. In contrast, recent studies suggest that acute, moderate alcohol consumption has protective effects on mortality. Monocytes and dendritic cells (DC) play a central role in coordination of innate and adaptive immune responses and are pivotal in activation of T lymphocytes in an antigen-specific manner. In this study, we investigated the effects of acute, moderate alcohol consumption on antigen presenting cell function of blood monocytes and monocyte-derived myeloid dendritic cells. Methods: Accessory cell function of human blood monocytes was tested before and after acute alcohol intake (2 ml vodka/kg body weight) by measuring T cell activation with alloantigen (mixed lymphocyte reaction, MLR), superantigen (staphylococcal enterotoxin B) and recall antigen (tetanus toxoid). Myeloid DCs were generated in vitro from monocytes obtained from these individuals using IL-4 and GM-CSF and their allostimulatory function was tested in an MLR. Results: We found significantly reduced T cell proliferation in the presence of monocytes obtained 2 or 18 hr after alcohol consumption whether alloantigen, superantigen, or recall antigen was the stimuli (p < 0.01). The reduced T cell proliferation was due to the effects of acute alcohol on monocytes rather than on T cells as we found decreased proliferation only in the presence of alcohol-exposed accessory cells but not when T cells were exposed to alcohol. In addition, monocyte-derived dendritic cells showed significantly reduced allostimulatory capacity after alcohol consumption (p < 0.005). Conclusion: Acute alcohol consumption inhibits accessory cell function of both monocytes and myeloid dendritic cells. Impaired function of these key antigen-presenting cells may contribute to reduced adaptive immune responses and increased susceptibility to infections when acute alcohol intake coincides with exposure to pathogens.
A REVIEW OF HEALTH: UNITED STATES, 1975"

Health: United States, 1975 is reviewed with emphasis on its strengths, weaknesses and prospects for further editions.
Rodents damage crops more than wildlife in subsistence agriculture on the northern periphery of Dja Reserve, Cameroon

Abstract Crop-raiding is a significant problem in small-scale farming, both for the people who depend on their crops and the success of conservation projects. Here, we present the results of a survey on subsistence agriculture, describing crop damage and methods to prevent them, in three communities (35 households) at the northern periphery of the Dja Faunal Reserve, in Cameroon. A total of 96.7% of fields experienced crop damage, 13 species were responsible for this damage, and small mammals, such as cane rat, were the most severe (73% fields affected). None of the methods to prevent damage to crops was negatively correlated with damage. Cumulative damage was negatively correlated with the distance from the forest only on the peanut fields. Distance of a field to the forest was negatively correlated with crop-raiding by only one of the 13 species: the agile mangabeys. Species that were the subject of conservation efforts were responsible for a small proportion of the damage.
Taxol-stabilized Microtubules Can Position the Cytokinetic Furrow in Mammalian Cells

How microtubules act to position the plane of cell division during cytokinesis is a topic of much debate. Recently, we showed that a subpopulation of stable microtubules extends past chromosomes and interacts with the cell cortex at the site of furrowing, suggesting that these stabilized microtubules may stimulate contractility. To test the hypothesis that stable microtubules can position furrows, we used taxol to rapidly suppress microtubule dynamics during various stages of mitosis in PtK1 cells. Cells with stabilized prometaphase or metaphase microtubule arrays were able to initiate furrowing when induced into anaphase by inhibition of the spindle checkpoint. In these cells, few microtubules contacted the cortex. Furrows formed later than usual, were often aberrant, and did not progress to completion. Images showed that furrowing correlated with the presence of one or a few stable spindle microtubule plus ends at the cortex. Actin, myosin II, and anillin were all concentrated in these furrows, demonstrating that components of the contractile ring can be localized by stable microtubules. Inner centromere protein (INCENP) was not found in these ingressions, confirming that INCENP is dispensable for furrow positioning. Taxol-stabilization of the numerous microtubule-cortex interactions after anaphase onset delayed furrow initiation but did not perturb furrow positioning. We conclude that taxol-stabilized microtubules can act to position the furrow and that loss of microtubule dynamics delays the timing of furrow onset and prevents completion. We discuss our findings relative to models for cleavage stimulation.
Characterization of azoxymethane-induced colon tumor metastasis to lung in a mouse model relevant to human sporadic colorectal cancer and evaluation of grape seed extract efficacy.

The second leading cause of cancer-related deaths (both genders combined) in the United States is colorectal cancer (CRC). This emphasizes the need to develop both effective therapies for CRC patients and pre-clinical models mimicking human disease that carry translational potential in drug-development. Notably, at present there are no in situ models of CRC metastasis to lung. In our azoxymethane-induced colon tumorigenesis study in A/J mice assessing grape seed extract (GSE) efficacy, during necropsy we also found multiple lung nodules suggestive of colon tumor metastasis to lung that were significantly inhibited in GSE fed group. Both histopathological and molecular studies were performed to characterize and establish the origin of these lesions in lung. Histologically these nodules were determined as adenocarcinoma of mucin origin. Molecular analyses by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and RT-PCR revealed strong protein and transcript levels of colon specific markers CDX2 and CK20 in these lung nodules compared to uninvolved control lung tissue. Vis-a-vis, these nodules also showed minimally expressed lung specific biomarkers, specifically surfactant D and TTF-1, in IHC analysis. Additionally, 0.25% GSE supplementation in diet (w/w) decreased the incidence of these lung nodules by 53% and their total number by 66%. Together, the characterization of this unique in situ mouse model of CRC metastasis to lung provides translational opportunities in developing effective therapies to clinically manage and treat CRC at the advanced stage. Moreover, GSE efficacy in inhibiting CRC metastasis to lung in this model further supports its translational potential in controlling CRC growth, progression and metastasis in patients.
Blast Waves Produced by Exploding Wires

This paper is concerned mainly with the cylindrical blast wave produced by a wire explosion. In order to obtain a strong blast wave, the wire was exploded in a shock chamber evacuated to various low pressures. Density distributions of air were observed with a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The processes of formation and propagation as well as the internal structure of the blast wave were analyzed.
The second boundary value problem for the heat equation

We establish the fact that the second boundary value problem for the heat equation is correctly posed in the sense of Hadamard. The proof is based on an extension of the maximum principle which is readily amenable to physical interpretation.
Small-angle x-ray scattering from mitochondria

Abstract X-ray (CuK α ) scattering curves of rat liver mitochondria are characterized by continuously decreasing intensity from 0.5 to 5 mrad and a broad maximum centered near 20 mrad. The condensed-to-orthodox morphological transition of the inner membranes of intact mitochondria causes a dramatic decrease in scattering at very small angle and a marked shift of the 20 mrad maximum to smaller angle. A similar small-angle scattering maximum is observed with inner mitochondrial membrane fractions prepared by digitonin treatment and osmotic shock/step gradient centrifugation procedures. However, the small-angle X-ray scattering curves of mitochondria after acetone treatment and osmotic lysis/sonication are essentially continuous. These characteristics of mitochondrial X-ray scattering are discussed in terms of known structural features of the organelle.
Melting relations of muscovite-granite to 35 kbar as a model for fusion of metamorphosed subducted oceanic sediments

Muscovite-granite was reacted in cold-seal pressure vessels at 2 kbar and in pistoncylinder apparatus between 10 and 35 kbar, with just 0.6 weight per cent water structurally bound in 14 modal per cent muscovite, and with additional water contents varying to 50 weight per cent. Phase relationships are presented through the melting interval with excess water, and with no free water added. Selected reactions above 10 kbars have been successfully reversed. An isobar at 15 kbar shows the effect of varying water contents on the mineral phase boundaries for vapor-present and vapor-absent conditions. For the dry rock, temperatures for the solidus and liquidas (quartz-out) curves, respectively, are 10 kbar-760° C, 1160° C; 15 kbar-810° C, 1220° C; 25 kbar-880° C; 1340° C; 35 kbar-1040° C, 1460° C. The solidus curve corresponds to the melting of muscovite + quartz. With water vapor present, the solidus is considerably lower, 15 kbar-610° C, 25 kbar-665° C. Water solubility in the liquid at 15 kbar is 24±3 weight per cent. Maximum temperatures for quartz and feldspars in the vapor-absent region decrease considerably with increasing water content. Temperatures for the quartz-out curve at 15 kbars are 0.6 % H2O-1230° C; 24 % H2O-760° C. At 15 kbars for low water contents, water-undersaturated liquid coexists with quartz and feldspars through hundreds of degrees. Subducted pelagic sediments which metamorphosed to muscovitebearing quartzo-feldspathic rocks would undergo two episodes of melting, beginning at different depths: (1) the first liquid dissolves all pore fluid, and transports it away when it escapes from the crystalline host, (2) reaction of muscovite yields a second liquid, with less dissolved water. According to two published thermal models for a lithosphere slab dipping at 45°, the depths would be (a) 60 km and 92 km, or (b) 17 km and 21 km. Magmas generated by partial fusion in subducted oceanic crust are cooler than the overlying crustal layers and the mantle above the slab by as much as 200° C to 300° C. This must lead to intrusion of relatively cool magma into hot rock. Consequent heating of the magma increases its prospects of reaching high levels in the upper mantle or crust before it solidifies by crossing the solidus curve.
Autopsy proven causes of in hospital mortality in acute stroke.

To characterize discrepancies between the causes of death as determined by the clinician and autopsy findings in patients admitted with stroke, we retrospectively reviewed all autopsies on patients died with a diagnosis of stroke. Fifty-eight patients with a diagnosis of stroke died after admission to our tertiary medical center in the past ten years were autopsied. Strokes included ischemic strokes, hemorrhagic strokes and subarachnoid hemorrhages. Thirty-five had complete autopsy and twenty-three patients had autopsy limited to brain only examination. We reviewed the autopsy findings and correlated them to the clinical diagnoses that were extracted from the clinical records. We looked particularly for major discrepancies that could have altered treatment strategies. Discrepancies between clinical diagnoses and autopsy findings were classified into major and minor using the Goldman et al. criteria. Only in three instances there were major discrepancies and therapy may have altered medical management in one of these.
User-oriented visual layout at multiple granularities

Among existing tools for laying out large collections of visual objects, some perform automatic layouts, possibly following some rules prespecified by the user, e.g., graph layout tools, while others let users specify layouts manually, e.g., CAD design tools. Most of them can only deal with specific types of visualizations, e.g., graphs, and some of them allow users to view visual objects at various levels of detail, e.g., tree-structure visualization tools. In this paper, we develop techniques that strike a balance between user specification and automatic generation of layouts, work at multiple granularities, and are generally applicable. In particular, we introduce a general framework and layout algorithm that (a) deals with arbitrary types of visual objects, (b) allows objects to be viewed in any one of several different visual representations (at different levels of detail), and (c) uses a small number of user-specified layouts to guide heuristic decisions for automatically deriving many other layouts in a manner that attempts to be consistent with the user's preferences. The algorithm has been implemented within the OPOSSUM database schema manager and has been rather effective in capturing the intuition of scientists from several disciplines who have used it to design their database and experiment schemas.
DNA Replication Reaches the Breaking Point

DNA strand breaks that result in stalled or damaged replication forks can be detrimental to the DNA replication process. In this issue, Doksani et al. (2009) examine the impact of a single double-stranded DNA break on replication in the budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
Investigation of the thermal unfolding of secondary and tertiary structure in E. coli tRNAfMet by high-resolution Nmr.

The high-resolution (300 MHz) proton nmr spectrum of E. coli tRNAfMet has been examined in 0.17M NaCl, with and without Mg2+, and at various temperatures. In light of recent studies of other E. coli tRNA and fragments of tRNAfMet, some low field (11–15 ppm) resonances previously assigned to secondary structure base pairs are reassigned to a tertiary structure A14–S4U8 base pair and a protected uridine residue in the anticodon loop. These two resonances and other low field resonances which are assigned to secondary structure base pairs are used to monitor the thermal unfolding of the molecule. In the absence of Mg2+ the tertiary structure base pair is present only to ∼45°C, but in the presence of Mg2+ it remains until at least 70°C. Analysis of the temperature dependence of other low field resonances indicates that the melting of the dihydrouridine stem occurs more or less simultaneously with the loss of tertiary structure. The observation of the resonance from the A14–S4U8 base pair proves that tertiary structure is present in this molecule below 40°C, even in the absence of Mg2+.
Evidence for a preferential involvement of M1 muscarinic receptors in representational memory.

Abstract The effects of intrahippocampal injections to the M 1 -selective antagonist pirenzepine and the M 2 -selective antagonist AF-DX 116 were examined on performance of a representational memory task in rats. Although both antagonists impaired performance, pirenzepine was more potent than AF-DX 116. Pirenzepine (70.8 ± 2.8% correct) produced a greater deficit than AF-DX 116 (83.3 ± 0.0%) at 70 μg, and the deficit at 10 μg (83.3 ± 2.8%) was equal to that produced by 70 μg of AF-DX 116. The data provide additional support for the cholinergic hypothesis of memory and new information regarding the subtypes of muscarinic receptors likely to be involved in representational memory. Based on the greater susceptibility of representational memory to the effects of pirenzepine, it is suggested that M 1 receptors in the hippocampus play a greater role in memory function than M 2 receptors.