cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Economic Globalization and Environmental Concern: A Multilevel Analysis of Individuals Within 37 Nations

The authors assess the extent to which particular characteristics of economic globalization at the national level influence the likelihood of individuals expressing concern for the natural environment. The globalization characteristics of interest include relative levels of exports, measured as exports as percent total gross domestic product (GDP), and the vertical flow of exports, measured as the percent of total exports sent to high-income countries (HICs). Results of multilevel logistic regression analyses of more than 48,000 individuals within 37 nations indicate that the two characteristics have opposite effects on environmental concern, net of various countrylevel and individual-level factors. In particular, exports as percent of total GDP lessens the likelihood of environmental concern, whereas percent exports to HICs increases the likelihood of individuals expressing concern for the environment. The results highlight the need for the development of theorization that considers the complex interrelationships between environmental concern and economic globalization characteristics.
Sociolinguistic resources, individual identities, and public speech styles of Texas women

Four Texas public speakers claim that region and ethnicity affect their speech but are uncomfortable talking about the influences of gender. They see their styles as expressive of self rather than social identity and as the result of very particular facts about their own predispositions, families, and circumstances. These shapers of public discourse are at least as motivated by the need to express unique, differentiated selves as by the need to replicate social ideologies.
Size-controlled synthesis of monodispersed gold nanoparticles via carbon monoxide gas reduction

An in depth analysis of gold nanoparticle (AuNP) synthesis and size tuning, utilizing carbon monoxide (CO) gas as a reducing agent, is presented for the first time. The sizes of the AuNPs are tunable from ~4 to 100 nm by altering the concentration of HAuCl4 and inlet CO gas-injection flow rate. It is also found that speciation of aqueous HAuCl4, prior to reduction, influences the size, morphology, and properties of AuNPs when reduced with CO gas. Ensemble extinction spectra and TEM images provide clear evidence that CO reduction offers a high level of monodispersity with standard deviations as low as 3%. Upon synthesis, no excess reducing agent remains in solution eliminating the need for purification. The time necessary to synthesize AuNPs, using CO, is less than 2 min.
The effect of early versus late return to vigorous activities on the outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction

The effect of early (mean, 5 months) versus late (mean, 9 months) return to vigorous cutting activity on the long-term outcome of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction was evaluated retrospectively. Sixty-four reconstructions, using a distally attached medial one-third patellar tendon, were reviewed on an average of 46 months postoperatively. After surgery, the timing of return to vigorous activity was based on biologic fixation of the graft, a negative Lachman test, absence of effusion, and the patient's desire to return to previous activity. The 64 patients were retrospectively separated into two groups. The early group consisted of 31 patients who returned to activity 2 to 6 months after reconstruction, and the late group consisted of 33 patients who returned to activity 7 to 14 months after reconstruction. By clinical examination, KT-1000 arthrometer measurements, subjective evaluation, and Cybex testing, there were no differences between the early and late return groups except for reestablishment of final range of motion. At an average followup of 46 months, this study indicates that an early return to vigorous physical cutting activities after ACL reconstruction does not predispose patients to reinjury or a less satisfactory longterm result.
The effects of cigarette smoking on the ballistocardiogram

Abstract 1. 1. Of 31 tested subjects 18 showed changes in the ballistocardiogram as a result of smoking one standard cigarette. All subjects showed a decrease in amplitude of the digital pulse. 2. 2. Eleven of the 18 had minor changes which consisted primarily of an increase in respiratory variation. 3. 3. Seven had severe changes which consisted of an increase in respiratory variation and distortion of the pattern of the curve. These were transient, disappearing in one to twenty minutes. 4. 4. Deep breathing affects the ballistocardiogram and the pulse in the finger tips, but in no way approaches the effects of smoking. 5. 5. Nicotine alkaloid placed on a subject's tongue produced drastic changes in the ballistocardiogram along with the symptoms of mild nicotine poisoning familiar to nonsmokers taking their first cigar.
Changes in racial identification and the educational attainment of American Indians, 1970–1990

We use data from the 1970, 1980, and 1990 census public-use files to assess the impact of newly identified Indians on the educational attainment of American Indians who were at least 25 years old in 1970. We test the hypotheses that this impact was limited to metropolitan areas and to states with small Indian populations. We find that educational attainment for American Indians rose sharply between 1970 and 1990 and that changes in racial identification were an important component of this increase in 1980 but not in 1990. Increases in educational attainment were concentrated in metropolitan areas and occurred in states with large and small Indian populations.
Anatomic Alignment and Integrity of the Sustentaculum Tali in Intra-Articular Calcaneal Fractures: Is the Sustentaculum Tali Truly Constant?

Background:In an intra-articular calcaneal fracture, the sustentaculum tali is generally thought to remain tightly bound to the talus by the interosseous talocalcaneal ligaments, spring ligament, and deltoid ligament, providing a “constant” fragment that remains anatomically aligned. The extensile l
Promotion as the Cause of Crises

Two groups of crisis theories, 748. — Failures the chief phenomena in the crisis, 749. — Promotion activity the cause of prosperity, 750. — Relation between promotion and failures, 752. — Newly-promoted concerns fail, 752. — Old concerns fail because of competition of new, 755. — All kinds fail because of inability to cope with dynamic conditions, 756. — The part of credit in the cycle, 761. — Exhaustion of loanable funds, 761. — Falling reserve ratios or falling reserves, 762. — Gold movements before crises, 763. — Break down of credit not the main cause of crises, 764. — Crisis failures include insolvent as well as solvent concerns, 765. — Promotion the cause of crises, 766.
Environmental psychology, global issues, and local landscape research

Abstract This paper explores the role of environmental psychology in addressing global environmental issues. It is proposed that these issues be studied at the local level of village, town, neighborhood, and city and that they be conceptualized as human-landscape transactions. Research directions in human-landscape relationships are reviewed. Characteristics of human-landscape transactional research are illustrated with an historical example, and, the variability in conceptualizing global issues in human terms is illustrated with examples of recent and current international environmental research programs. Suggestions are offered for the involvement of environmental psychologists in global environmental issues in landscape research at the local level.
Reef to Back-Reef Microfacies and Diagenesis of Permian (Guadalupian) Tansill-Capitan Transition, Dark Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico: ABSTRACT

In Dark Canyon, the transition from Capitan reef facies to Tansill back-reef facies occurs across a distance of 150 m (500 ft). Detailed 3-dimensional sampling of the transition reveals facies based on biota content and textural changes. Also revealed are postdepositional modifications owing to diagenesis. Three microfacies (A, B, and C), defined by the presence of a few diagnostic biota, occur between the Capitan reef and Tansill back-reef deposits. Several constituent biota occur throughout the zone, including calcareous sponges, gastropods, ostracods, problematic Tubiphytes, and foraminifera. Grading from Tansill shelf deposits to the Capitan reef, the facies are: (1) Tansill sensu stricto: dasyclad alga Mizzia, large gastropods, and brachiopods; (2) facies A; massive colonies of Collenia, bivalves, and red alga Parachaetetes; (3) facies B: large gastropods, bivalves, brachiopods, and bryozoans; (4) facies C: heads of Archaeolithoporella, and Mizzia; (5) Capitan reef: Archaeolithoporella, crinoids, and Mizzia. the reef proper is an algal boundstone, while backreef facies are packston s-grainstones. Submarine cements that have been modified diagenetically are dominant. The majority of the biota has been micritized. Large voids are filled by fibrous aragonite which has been replaced by botryoidal radial fibrous calcite. Many reef and near-reef limestones are extremely recrystallized. Back-reef areas have undergone several stages of dolomitization, whereas the actual reef is limestone. Some anhydrite moldic porosity is occluded End_Page 454------------------------------ by sparry calcite. More recent episodes of cementation have left some gravitational voids. End_of_Article - Last_Page 455------------
Optimizing Training for Visual Discrimination Across Stimulus Categories

Discriminating between stimuli is a component of many complex tasks such as radar operations and flying an F-16. Previous research suggests that initial training difficulty may influence the acquisition and transfer of strategic discrimination skills for such tasks. The current research examined the extent to which strategies acquired during initial training may be transferred to novel stimuli. Participants were trained to discriminate between similar (difficult training) or dissimilar (easy training) stimuli and then were required to discriminate between completely novel stimuli. Of specific interest were the effects of strategic skills acquired in a difficult- or easy-training context on inter-categorical transfer performance. The results provided further evidence that initial training difficulty influences strategic skill acquisition and suggest that strategic skills are applied at transfer, even to a completely novel category of stimuli. The implications of this research are discussed in the context o...
National and International Tests of the New Drug Cost Offset Theory

The new drug cost offset theory argues that new drugs pay for themselves by keeping people out of expensive medical facilities. However, few studies have tested this theory at the macroeconomic level to determine if system-wide savings actually accrue. This article provides two tests of the new drug cost offset theory by examining the impact of new drugs on aggregate medical care costs using time-series data for the United States and also by using a panel data set of countries belonging to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. In support of the new drug cost offset theory, the results from both tests imply the typical new drug slows the growth of overall medical care spending.
Humidification in the intensive care unit. Prospective study of a new protocol utilizing heated humidification and a hygroscopic condenser humidifier.

Study objective Determine the utility of a proposed algorithm in allowing safe, efficient humidification in mechanically ventilated patients using both a hygroscopic condenser humidifier (HCH) and heated humidifier (HH). Design A prospective study using an algorithm to chose humidification devices based on physical examination and sputum characteristics. Setting All patients admitted to the surgical ICU. Patients One hundred twenty consecutive patients requiring mechanical ventilation (MV) were studied. Interventions : Patients were examined by the attending respiratory care practitioner and given either an HCH or HH. If patients demonstrated any of the following—thick or tenacious secretions, core temperature Measurements and results Duration of ventilation, incidence of nosocomial pneumonia, ventilator circuit colonization, and mortality were determined for patients in each group. Cost of humidification devices, number of suctioning procedures per day, and volume of saline solution instilled were also recorded. Initially, 27 percent (32/120) of patients used an HH and 73 percent (88/120) used an HCH. During the study, ten patients required changing to an HH during HCH use. Patients in the HH group were more likely to have preexisting lung disease and had a longer duration of ventilation (83 ±21 h) and higher mortality (21 percent). Patients in the HCH group were more likely to be postoperative, had shorter durations of ventilation (38 ± 14 h), and lower mortality (9 percent). There was no difference in the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia between the two groups (9 percent vs 6 percent) and endotracheal tube occlusion did not occur in either group. Circuit colonization was common in the HH group (64 percent) but rare in the HCH group (5 percent). Cost per day was significantly less for the HCH group ($4 vs $19.80). Patients who required a change from HCH to HH did so at a mean of 5 days. Conclusion The proposed algorithm resulted in cost-efficient and safe application of humidification devices in patients in the surgical ICU.
Charles Dickens: impact on medicine and society.

In 1836 Charles Dickens published the first installment of The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club. In this novel he introduces the reader to a character, Joe, the Fat Boy who is obese, sleepy, ...
Learning speaker, addressee and overlap detection models from multimodal streams

A key challenge in developing conversational systems is fusing streams of information provided by different sensors to make inferences about the behaviors and goals of people. Such systems can leverage visual and audio information collected through cameras and microphone arrays, including the location of various people, their focus of attention, body pose, the sound source direction, prosody, and speech recognition results. In this paper, we explore discriminative learning techniques for making accurate inferences on the problems of speaker, addressee and overlap detection in multiparty human-computer dialog. The focus is on finding ways to leverage within- and across-signal temporal patterns and to automatically construct representations from the raw streams that are informative for the inference problem. We present a novel extension to traditional decision trees which allows them to incorporate and model temporal signals. We contrast these methods with more traditional approaches where a human expert manually engineers relevant temporal features. The proposed approach performs well even with relatively small amounts of training data, which is of practical importance as designing features that are task dependent is time consuming and not always possible.
How engineering teams select design concepts: A view through the lens of creativity

While concept selection is recognized as a crucial component of the engineering design process, little is known about how concepts are selected during this process or what factors affect the selection of creative concepts. To fill this void, content analysis was performed on student engineering design team discussions during a concept selection task. Our results indicate that student design teams typically focus on the technical feasibility of concepts during the selection process. However, teams that identified useful elements of ideas or continued to generate new ideas during this process had a tendency towards selecting creative ideas. These results add to our understanding of team-based decision-making during concept selection and highlight the need for encouraging creativity throughout the concept selection process.
Influence of mode ratio and hygrothermal condition on the delamination toughness of a thermoplastic particulate interlayered carbon/epoxy composite

Abstract Double cantilever beam, end-notched flexure and single leg bending tests were used to determine the effects of temperature and moisture on the toughness of a thermoplastic particulate-toughened carbon/epoxy composite. Tests were performed on both dry and moisture-saturated specimens at temperatures of −43 °C, 21 °C and 98 °C, and on dry specimens only at 125 °C. In-situ observations and post-test scanning electron microscopy showed increasing matrix ductility with increasing temperature and moisture content. This correlated to an increase in the mode I and a decrease in the mode II toughness. The mixed-mode toughness data and fracture surface morphologies displayed a blend of the mode I and mode II behaviors.
Frequency-dependent viabilities of Drosophila pseudoobscura karyotypes

The viabilities between egg and adult life stages of Drosophila pseudoobscura karyotypes were studied at low, intermediate, and high frequencies. The viabilities of pairs of karyotypes were compared at each frequency and the viabilities of the three karyotypes, at one combination of frequencies. Eggs were counted into vials and samples taken of the adults emerging after viability selection. ST and CH gene arrangements of the third chromosome carrying different amylase alleles were used, and the karyotypes of adult flies were scored by gel electrophoresis. A statistical method related to the loglinear model was developed for estimating viabilities. This method takes account of the additional variability between replicates common in experiments of this kind and allows testing of nested hypotheses about the mechanism of selection. The viabilities of the homokaryotypes relative to the heterokaryotype were significantly higher at the low homokaryotypic frequency than at the higher ones. These viabilities do not show a consistent heterozygote advantage. This pattern of frequency-dependent viabilities will lead to a protected polymorphism for the gene arrangements, even in the absence of heterozygote advantage.
Viscous flow down a membrane trough

Abstract An inclined, gravity driven, open membrane trough is used as a low-cost fluid transport conduit. The membrane shape and the fluid velocity are determined numerically. The optimum opening width for maximum flow is found to be 0.651 of the membrane perimeter.
An electrochemical impedance analysis of passive films on nickel(111) in phosphate buffer solutions

Electrochemical impedance data for single crystal Ni(111) in phosphate buffer solutions of pH 9, 10, and 11 and at potentials spanning the passive range (0.1–0.5 V/sce) are interpreted in terms of a point defect model for the passive film in which the kinetics of generation and annihilation of vacancies at the metal/film and film/solution interfaces are taken into account. The best fit of the model to the experimental data was obtained by assuming that cation vacancies are mobile in the film. A single set of kinetic and transport parameters, a constant electric field strength, and a potential dependent double layer capacitance were sufficient to reproduce the experimental impedance at frequencies from 10 kHz to 1 mHz, at pH values from 9 to 11, and at applied voltages of 0.l and 0.5 V/sce.
Surface magnetoconductivity experiments on silicon

Abstract Measurements of the Hall coefficient and magnetoconductivity of holes and electrons trapped in the space charge region adjacent to a thermally oxidized silicon surface have been made. The experiments were performed on high resistivity silicon samples at approximately 90°C. The results have been compared with theories for random and specular surface scattering. It was found that p-type samples showed better agreement with random scattering than specular scattering. On an n-type sample, electrons in an accumulation layer were in agreement with the random scattering theory, while holes at an inversion layer indicated specular scattering. On a sample which converted from p-type to n-type in the oxidation treatment, better agreement with specular scattering was found for electrons at an n-type surface, while the results for holes at ap-type surface were in better agreement with the random scattering theory. It is suggested that surface scattering may be specular in the absence of ionized impurities in the surface region and random in the presence of such ionized impurities.
082 Effect of Wording and Presentation of Electronic Alerts on Behavior of Providers Caring for Out-of-Control Diabetics

Background Guideline implementation through electronic point-of-care alerting has been shown to be effective. The best displays of these alerts have not been well studied. Objectives To assess the effect of wording and presentation of electronic alerts on insulin ordering by providers caring for out-of-control diabetics on 2 or more oral hypoglycemic agents. Methods An electronic message to the provider caring for an out-of-control diabetic was displayed. Prior to randomisation, a generic message was presented to all providers. Health centres were then randomised to 1 of 4 specific messages recommending insulin. Messages differed by wording (active/passive voice) and presentation (black text/red and black text). A 2-arm RCT was then performed where health centres were randomised to a complete absence of any alert or to one of the specific messages. Results The generic alert triggered 56,878 times. Providers prescribed insulin 5.11 % of the time. During the 4-arm RCT, the alerts triggered 11,744, 11,826, 11,742, and 11,554 times and insulin was prescribed 5.17%, 5.01%, 5.11% and 5.20% respectively. There were no statistically significant differences amongst the 4 rates (p = 0.67) nor was there a statistically significant difference between insulin ordering with the generic message compared to insulin ordering with the more specific messages (p = 0.62). For the 2-arm RCT, insulin ordering remained at 5% for the specific messages and was 0% where there was no alert (P Lessons for Guideline Developers, Adaptors, Implementers, and/or Users Extra effort to craft wording and develop eye-catching electronic alerts may not be worthwhile. Guideline adherence was improved by an electronic alert.
Phase-contrast and electron microscope studies on the dictyosome and acroblast (Golgi bodies) in the male germ cells of the cricket.

SYNOPSIS Electron micrographs of the dictyosomes and acroblasts of the male germ cells of the cricket reveal their ultramicroscopic structure to be comparable to that of the Golgi apparatus of vertebrates. They are made up of two components, namely, double membrane lamellae and vacuoles. These results suggest that the dictyosomes and acroblasts (Golgi material) are real cellular structures, distinct from mitochondria and homologous to the Golgi apparatus in vertebrate cells.
Antineoplastic Agents. 536. New Sources of Naturally Occurring Cancer Cell Growth Inhibitors from Marine Organisms, Terrestrial Plants, and Microorganisms

Bioassay-guided fractionation of extracts of various plants, marine organisms, and microorganisms has led to the discovery of new natural sources of a number of known compounds that have significant biological activity. The isolation of interesting and valuable cancer cell growth inhibitors including majusculamide C (1), axinastatin 5 (5), bengazoles A (6), B (7), and E (8), manzamine A (10), jaspamide (11), and neoechinulin A (19) has been summarized.
Application Level Fault Tolerance in Heterogeneous Networks of Workstations

We have explored methods for checkpointing and restarting processes within the distributed object migration environment (Dome), a C++ library of data parallel objects that are automatically distributed over heterogeneous networks of workstations (NOWs). System level checkpointing methods, although transparent to the user, were rejected because they lack support for heterogeneity. We have implemented application level checkpointing which places the checkpoint and restart mechanisms within Dome's C++ objects. Application level checkpointing has been implemented with a library-based technique for the programmer and a more transparent preprocessor-based technique. Dome's implementation of checkpointing successfully checkpoints and restarts processes on different numbers of machines and different architectures. Results from executing Dome programs across a NOW with realistic failure rates have been experimentally determined and are compared with theoretical results. The overhead of checkpointing is found to be low, while providing substantial decreases in expected runtime on realistic systems.
Adrenal pseudotumor: gallbladder simulating a right adrenal mass.

Abstract Adrenal pseudotumors are occasionally diagnosed on intravenous urography, with or without nephrotomography. They are caused by normal or pathologic structures lying anatomically adjacent to the adrenal glands. Computed tomography (CT) or ultrasonography may be necessary to demonstrate the normal adrenal glands and clarify the origin of a misleading mass. A case of an unusually elongated gallbladder that simulated a right adrenal mass on nephrotomography was encountered. A definitive evaluation of the suprarenal area was obtained with CT.
Serological Properties of Ordinary and Necrotic Isolates of Potato virus Y: A Case Study of PVYN Misidentification

In the course of a multi-year survey of Potato virus Y (PVY) incidence and diversity in the U.S. seed potato crop, an unusual PVY variant was identified in low but significant levels in multiple states. This variant, PVYO-O5, was initially detected by a commercially available PVYN-specific monoclonal antibody, 1F5. This antibody is widely used by U.S. Seed Certification programs to test for PVYN and is one of two antibodies designated by the North American Plant Protection Organization (NAPPO) for pre-shipment testing of tuber lots that are to be transported between countries. Consequently, PVYN positives identified by the 1F5 antibody have triggered quarantine actions, prevented cross-border shipments and impacted trade. Here, we demonstrate by a variety of methods that the PVYO-O5 is a variant within the ordinary PVY strain (PVYO). Specifically, the PVYO-O5 variant likely arose due to a single amino acid substitution within the capsid protein. This variant does not induce vein necrosis in tobacco or tuber necrosis in susceptible varieties of potato. Furthermore, it is identified by RT-PCR based diagnostics as PVYO and it has a typical PVYO genome sequence. We demonstrate that another PVYN specific monoclonal antibody, SASA-N, recognizes an epitope distinct from that recognized by 1F5, and correctly identifies the PVYO-O5 variants as belonging to the PVYO serotype. Since the PVYO-O5 variant is present in many seed producing states and misidentification of PVYO-O5 as PVYN/NTN has clear quarantine implications for export shipments of potato, the limitations of the commercially available monoclonal antibodies should be considered in any certification or phytosanitary testing program.
Myoclonus in adult Huntington's disease

Two brothers with clinically definite adult Huntington's disease developed disabling myoclonus years after the first signs of the disease. Their electroencephalograms were consistent with a primary generalized epilepsy, although neither man had seizures. The myoclonus was controlled with valproic acid therapy.
Blanket and patterned growth of CdTe on (211)Si substrates by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy

Metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) of (211)B CdTe on (211)Si using intermediate Ge and ZnTe layers has been achieved for use as substrates for the growth of HgCdTe infrared detector materials. The best (211)B CdTe films grown in this study display a low X-ray diffraction (XRD) rocking-curve full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM) of 64 arcs for a 12 µm thick layer and Everson etch pit density (EPD) of 3x105cm-2. In order to reduce the threading dislocation density further, growth on patterned layer has been investigated using Si3N4 as the mask. In order to achieve selective nucleation on patterned layer, process parameters were first developed. A circular pattern was used to study the anisotropy during growth and to identify the optimum orientation for parallel stripe growth windows. The optimum growth window was then used for the growth of completely merged layers (© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
THE DEFICIT PORTRAYAL OF UNDERREPRESENTED POPULATIONS ON COMMUNITY COLLEGE CAMPUSES: A CROSS CASE ANALYSIS

Two major themes emerged after all six articles' themes were considered in this cross case analysis: deficit portrayal and dominant culture privilege. These underrepresented populations often are portrayed as the victim; blamed for their lack of success, persistence to degree, or lack of transfer to a four-year college or university; or depicted as "less-than-whole" and in need of cultural development and academic remediation. The dominant culture lens leaves many citizens on these "egalitarian" campuses pushed to the outside. Recommendations are that the Community College Journal of Research and Practice should encourage: (a) a range of methodological approaches; (b) the use of interdisciplinary, theoretical resources; (c) the integration of a vast literature; and (d) the application of critical frameworks. These initiatives can shift the discourse from merely additive or descriptive accounts of difference to transformative work that will move us toward social justice.
Use It or Lose It? Loss of Grazing Defenses during Laboratory Culture of the Digestion-Resistant Green Alga Oocystis

A strain of the green alga Oocystis isolated from a lake showed a decline in digestion defenses and an increase in growth rate over 3 years of culture. Changes over time were corroborated by comparisons between a sub-strain grown continuously in light and two sub-strains kept refrigerated in the dark most of the time. Continuous culture in light leads to a sharper decline in grazer defenses and an increase in growth rate. The decline in digestive defenses was evidenced by increases in carbon assimilation efficiency and juvenile growth rate of Daphnia feeding on the alga as well as decreases in the incidence and thickness of the protective gelatinous sheath of the alga. Moreover, two strains of Oocystis from culture collections isolated decades earlier showed no evidence of grazer defenses in comparison with a high quality control alga. At high algal concentrations, Daphnia juvenile growth rate increased from 0.10 to 0.38 day 21 for field-isolated Oocystis over time in culture and ranged from 0.57 to 0.61 day 21 for the three undefended algae. Our experiments suggest that grazing favors the evolution of digestion defenses in Oocystis at the cost of slower growth and show that caution is needed when using cultured algae in food chain experiments.
Young children's reasoning about the effects of emotional and physiological states on academic performance.

This study assessed young children’s understanding of the effects of emotional and physiological states on cognitive performance. Five, 6-, 7-year-olds, and adults (N 5 96) predicted and explained how children experiencing a variety of physiological and emotional states would perform on academic tasks. Scenarios included: (a) negative and positive emotions, (b) negative and positive physiological states, and (c) control conditions. All age groups understood the impairing effects of negative emotions and physiological states. Only 7-year-olds,however,showedadult-likereasoningaboutthepotentialenhancingeffectsofpositiveinternalstates and routinely cited cognitive mechanisms to explain how internal states affect performance. These results shed light on theory-of-mind development and also have significance for children’s everyday school success.
Understanding cellular respiration: An analysis of conceptual change in college biology

This study explored and documented the frequencies of conceptual difficulties confronted by college students seeking to understand the basic processes of cellular respiration. Using concept maps, clinical interviews and an open-ended instrument, viewpoints were elicited from 100 (novice) introductory biology students before and after relevant instruction in cellular respiration and from 100 (experienced) students enrolled in advanced biology courses. Chi-square analyses revealed significant differences among groups in the frequencies of scientifically acceptable and alternative conceptions. The findings suggest that novices harbor a wide range of conceptual difficulties that constrain their understanding of cellular respiration. Furthermore, many of these difficulties persist after instruction and new ones arise. Often these conceptual problems remain intact among experienced students despite well-planned, repeated instruction at advanced levels.
Effect of Pulsed Ultraviolet Light and High Hydrostatic Pressure on the Antigenicity of Almond Protein Extracts

The efficacy of pulsed ultraviolet light (PUV) and high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) on the IgE binding to the almond extracts was studied using sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis, Western blot, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) probed with human plasma containing IgE antibodies to almond allergens and a polyclonal antibody against almond major protein. Crude almond protein extracts were treated with PUV (3 pulses/s, 10 cm from lamp) for 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, and 10 min. In comparison, boiling treatments were also carried out. The HHP treatments were conducted at 600 MPa for 5, 15, and 30 min at three temperatures of 4 °C, 21 °C, and 70 °C. Western blots and indirect ELISA demonstrated a reduction in the levels of allergens and IgE binding in PUV-treated extracts at 7 min, which was found to be the optimal time for PUV exposure. Boiling was not as effective as PUV in reducing the overall IgE-binding of the almond extracts. Unlike PUV, HHP did not affect the allergen levels and IgE binding under the conditions tested.
Long-term effects of exercise on the range of motion of aging women

Loss of mobility is important to everyone, particularly the elderly. The purpose of this retrospective, longitudinal study was to determine the long-term (5-year) effects of exercise on the shoulder and hip range of motion of a group of 12 women aged 50–71 years. Shoulder flexion, shoulder extension, shoulder transverse extension, hip flexion, and hip rotation were measured a minimum of five times throughout the 5-year period. A flexometer was used to measure range of motion. The results of the study indicated that range of motion increased significantly (p < 0.05) throughout the study in four of the five measurements. The fifth measurement (shoulder flexion) also improved but not significantly. These data indicate that aging women can improve and/or maintain shoulder and hip range of motion through participation in regular exercise done three times per week for 5 years.
Flow Geometry Effects on the Turbulent Mixing Efficiency

Flow geometry effects are examined on the turbulent mixing efficiency quantified as the mixture fraction. Two different flow geometries are compared at similar Reynolds numbers, Schmidt numbers, and growth rates, with fully developed turbulence conditions. The two geometries are the round jet and the single-stream planar shear layer. At the flow conditions examined, the jet exhibits an ensemble-averaged mixing efficiency which is approximately double the value for the shear layer. This substantial difference is explained fluid mechanically in terms of the distinct large-scale entrainment and mixing-initiation environments and is therefore directly due to flow geometry effects.
Longitudinal mixing in pulmonary airways. analysis of inert gas dispersion in symmetric tube network models

Abstract Impulse response data were obtained tor the injection of helium and sulfur hexafluoride into air flowing through symmetric tube networks of uniform branch radii, having branch angles varying from 35 to 70 and branch aspect (length-to-radius) ratios varying from 3.6 to 7.0. These data were reduced in terms of the time variance in order to quantify the extent of longitudinal mixing. Over an inspiratory-like flowrate range of 1 to 400 ml/sec, a change in the branch angle alone did not affect axial mixing, while halving the aspect ratio caused a small increase of the time variance. Moreover, the variances obtained during inspiratory-like flow were found to be quite similar to the corresponding values determined during expiratory-like flow. The results of' these experiments as well as those previously reported by Scherer et al. (1975) were compared to the predictions of a compartmental dispersion analysis . The current data were bounded by two theories which hypothesized that the tracer concentration profile either develops continuously as gas flows along a particular transport path or, alternatively, must redevelop beginning at each branch point that is encountered. In both cases, it was essential to include an ‘unfulfilled dispersion’ correction factor in order to account for the incompletely developed concentration profile. The data of Scherer et al. obtained in a 5-generation network analog of the pulmonary airways, was well fit by assuming a continuously developing concentration profile during inspiratory-like flow and a redeveloping profile during expiratory-like flow. In fact. the linear correlation between the average mixing coefficient and tracheal velocity that was observed by Scherer could be predicted by the theory to an unexpectedly high degree of accuracy.
FOOD WEB CHAOS WITHOUT SUBCHAIN OSCILLATORS

A basic food web of four species is considered, of which there is a bottom prey X, two competing predators Y, Z on X, and a super predator W only on Y. The main finding is that population chaos does not require the existence of oscillators in any subsystem of the web. This minimum population chaos is demonstrated by increasing the relative reproductive rate of Z alone without alternating any other parameter nor any nullcline of the system. It occurs as the result of a period-doubling cascade from a Hopf bifurcation point. The method of singular perturbation is used to determine the Hopf bifurcation involved as well as the parameter values.
Abstract IA08: Targeting histone methylation in leukemia

Leukemias harboring rearrangements of the MLL gene carry a poor prognosis. Over the past 6 years, it has become increasingly clear that fusions of MLL induce widespread epigenetic deregulation that may mediate much of their transforming activity. The histone methyltransferase DOT1L, which methylates histone 3 on lysine 79 (H3K79), has received particular attention. Genome-wide H3K79 methylation profiles in MLL -rearranged leukemias are abnormal, and can serve to distinguish MLL -rearranged from other types of leukemias. Loss of H3K79 methylation affects expression of MLL -target loci and is detrimental to the leukemogenic activity of MLL-rearranged cells, suggesting that a DOT1L dependent, aberrant epigenetic program drives transformation in these leukemias. Small molecule DOT1L inhibitors have been developed and selectively inhibit proliferation of MLL -rearranged leukemia cells. These molecules are now in clinical trials for patients with relapsed refractory leukemia. Also, the Polycomb Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2) has been implicated in self-renewal and cancer progression, and its components are overexpressed in many cancers, but its role in cancer development and progression remains unclear. We have used conditional alleles for the PRC2 components Enhancer of Zeste 2 (Ezh2) and Embryonic Ectoderm Development (Eed) to characterize the role of PRC2 function in leukemia development and progression. Compared to wildtype leukemia, Ezh2-null MLL-AF9-mediated acute myeloid leukemia (AML) show decreased organ infiltration and failed to accelerate upon secondary transplantation. However, Ezh2-null leukemias maintained self-renewal up to the third round of transplantation, indicating that Ezh2 is not strictly required for MLL-AF9 AML. In contrast, inactivation of the essential PRC2 gene, Eed led to complete ablation of PRC2-function, which is incompatible with leukemia growth. Gene expression array analyses indicated more profound gene expression changes in Eed-null compared to Ezh2-null leukemic cells, including downregulation of Myc target genes and upregulation of PRC2 targets. These data show that histone-modifying enzymes play critical roles in leukemia and may be relevant therapeutic targets in these diseases. Citation Format: Scott A. Armstrong. Targeting histone methylation in leukemia. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR Special Conference on Chromatin and Epigenetics in Cancer; Jun 19-22, 2013; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(13 Suppl):Abstract nr IA08.
Red squirrel middens influence abundance but not diversity of other vertebrates.

Some animals modify the environment in ways that can influence the resources available to other species. Because red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) create large piles of conifer-cone debris (middens) in which they store cones, squirrels concentrate resources that might affect biodiversity locally. To determine whether other animals are attracted to midden sites beyond their affinity for the same resources that attract red squirrels, we assessed associations between middens, mammals, and birds at population and community levels. We surveyed 75 middens where residency rates of red squirrels varied during the previous five years; sampling along this residency gradient permitted us to evaluate the influence of resources at middens beyond the influence of a resident squirrel. At each location, we quantified vegetation, landscape structure, abundance of conifer cones, and midden structure, and used capture–recapture, distance sampling, and remote cameras to quantify presence, abundance, and species richness of mammals and birds. Red squirrels and the resources they concentrated at middens influenced mammals and birds at the population scale and to a lesser extent at the community scale. At middens with higher residency rates of red squirrels, richness of medium and large mammals increased markedly and species richness of birds increased slightly. After accounting for local forest characteristics, however, only species richness of medium-to-large mammals was associated with a red squirrel being resident during surveys. In areas where red squirrels were resident during surveys or in areas with greater amounts of resources concentrated by red squirrels, abundances of two of four small mammal species and two of four bird species increased. We conclude that the presence of this ecosystem modifier and the resources it concentrates influence abundance of some mammals and birds, which may have implications for maintaining biodiversity across the wide geographic range inhabited by red squirrels and other larderhoarding animals.
Energy conservation investments: A comparison between China and the US

Abstract Growth in energy consumption in China has soared from 2001 to 2004, driven largely by a booming economy and heavy investment in infrastructure and housing. In response, China has poured billions of dollars of investment in building power plants—at a rate of one large power plant (1000 MW) per week. In fact, China in 2004 has added the entire generating capacity of California or Spain in a single year. In contrast, investment in energy conservation projects has weakened considerably in recent years. This paper examines trends in energy efficiency investments in China and the US. The comparison highlights the potential of energy conservation investments in addressing China's current energy crisis as well as the inadequacy of such investments in China. Finally, the paper outlines a few scenarios for appropriate levels of investments in energy efficiency in China in the future.
Tests for Patterned Alternatives in k-Sample Problems

Abstract This article suggests nonparametric methods of testing for a patterned alternative. As an example, suppose that we suspect that with increasing age, one's ability to perform a certain job tends to improve, but that after some point advancing age tends to mean diminishing performance. Suppose that N employees are grouped by age into k groups and employees' job performances are ranked from 1 to N. Viewing performance as the dependent variable, the particular pattern of increasing group locations followed by decreasing group locations is called an umbrella (pattern). The tests proposed herein allow the experimenter to test for this or any pattern of his choice. Given k groups, let denote the mean rank of the data in group j. Considering only statistics of the form , where Σ aj , = 0, we find a statistic having maximum asymptotic local power and greatest efficiency when the alternative hypothesis consists of a specific pattern. The case in which the researcher specifies a vague pattern is handled by ...
EPR spectra of gel-to-glass reactions

Abstract Simple SiO 2 gels have been annealed to temperatures ranging from 100°C to 700°C and then irradiated with X-rays. The resulting electron paramagnetic resonance spectra contain a rich variety of the features associated with organic radicals and with glasses. By examining the spectra for different anneal temperatures, we are able to follow the transformation from gel to glass. The amount of peroxy bonding seems to be significantly greater than that observed in glasses produced from high temperature melts, pointing to a newly discovered intermediate stage in the process of forming glass from a gel.
Enhancement of ultrasonically-induced hemolysis by perfluorocarbon- based compared to air-based echo-contrast agents

Abstract Hemolysis induced by ultrasonic activation of various contrast-agent gas bodies was investigated. Canine whole blood, with high concentrations of the agents held in 1 mm thick chambers, was exposed in the nearfield of a 2.4-MHz ultrasound beam in a 37°C water bath. Sterile phosphate buffered saline (PBS) served as a control agent without gas bodies. Albunex ® (Mallinckrodt Medical, St. Louis, MO) and Levovist ™ (Schering AG, Berlin, Germany) represented the air-based contrast agents. The experimental agents FS069 (Optison ™ , Molecular Biosystems Inc., San Diego, CA) and modified MRX-130 (ImaRx Pharmaceutical Corp., Tucson, AZ) represented perfluorocarbon-based contrast agents. No significant ultrasonically-induced hemolysis was detected for the PBS or Levovist ™ suspensions. After 1 s continuous exposure, ultrasonically-induced hemolysis was significant for Albunex ® at 0.4 MPa or higher pressure amplitudes, for FS069 at 0.2 MPa and for modified MRX-130 at 0.4 MPa. Hemolysis found after pulsed exposure with 10 μs pulses and 1 ms pulse repetition period was significant for Albunex ® , FS069 and modified MRX-130 above thresholds of 1.1 MPa, 0.57 MPa and 1.6 MPa, respectively. FS069 led to more hemolysis after pulsed mode exposures of 1 s duration or longer than did Albunex ® . Reduced concentrations of gas bodies gave increased thresholds and reduced hemolysis. These results indicate that improvements in persistence of contrast agents, which increase their clinical utility, may also enhance the potential for cavitational bioeffects.
Selective inhibition of replicative and repair DNA synthesis in mouse colon following administration of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine.

Early alterations in normal semiconservative and repair DNA synthesis were determined in gastrointestinal tissues of Ha/CR mice following administration of the colon carcinogen 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Following DMH injections of 60 and 200 mg/kg, normal DNA synthesis was rapidly inhibited in all tissues. The greatest depressions were observed in the descending colon, followed closely by the ascending colon. DNA repair was estimated by measuring unscheduled DNA synthesis. No repair was observable in the descending or ascending colon. The esophagus, forestomach, jejunum, and ileum demonstrated significant amounts of DNA repair, while the duodenum and gastric stomach displayed nominal or insignificant amounts of repair. Repair DNA synthesis was inhibited by simultaneous administration of caffeine and DMH. The degree of inhibition of normal replicative DNA synthesis and the amount of repair DNA synthesis in response to DMH treatment correlate closely with the incidence of DMH‐induced tumors. Most tumors ...