cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Flash Photolysis of the Naphthyl Azides with UV-Vis and IR Detection of Intermediates

Laser flash photolysis (LFP) of 1-naphthyl azide in glassy 3-methylpentane at 77 K produces singlet 1-naphthylnitrene (362, 383, 397 nm), which relaxes to the lower energy triplet nitrene with kisc = (1.1 ± 0.1) × 107 s-1. LFP of 2-naphthyl azide under the same conditions fails to produce the corresponding singlet nitrene presumably due to rapid (k ≥ 108 s-1, 77 K) isomerization to an azirine. LFP of 1- and 2-naphthyl azides at ambient temperature produces the expected azirines which were detected by time-resolved infrared spectroscopy (1728 cm-1 from 1-naphthylnitrene; 1724 cm-1 from 2-naphthylnitrene) with lifetimes of 3.2 and 150 μs, respectively. Absolute bimolecular rate constants of reaction of the azirines with diethylamine in solution at ambient temperature were determined.
States in 12B from measurement and R-matrix analysis of σ(θ) for 11B(n, n)11B☆

Abstract Differential cross sections for neutrons elastically scattered from 11B have been measured for 85 incident neutron energies for 2.6 ≦ En ≦ 8.0 MeV corresponding to excitation energies in 12B of 5.7 to 10.7 MeV. The cross sections were measured at nine laboratory angles per energy from 20° to 160° and show considerable resonance structure. These data, along with previously measured low-energy cross sections, have been analyzed for 0.1 ≦ En ≦ 7.0 MeV with a multilevel-multichannel R-matrix program to make new assignments to states in 12B. The R-matrix calculation allows for change of l-value and for input in either j-j or L-S coupling schemes. A very good overall fit to the data is obtained over this wide range of excitation in 12B. Comparisons with existing theoretical work are discussed.
Finding Private Suhre: On the Trail of Louisa May Alcott's “Prince of Patients”

Abstract John Suhre, whom Louisa May Alcott called the “hero” of her Hospital Sketches, strongly influenced her thinking and writing. However, almost nothing has been known about him. This article identifies Suhre and reconstructs his final months, from his enlistment in the 133rd Pennsylvania Volunteers to his death in an army hospital.
Inducing repetitive action potential firing in neurons via synthesized photoresponsive nanoscale cellular prostheses.

Abstract Recently we reported an analysis that examined the potential of synthesized photovoltaic functional abiotic nanosystems (PVFANs) to modulate membrane potential and activate action potential firing in neurons. Here we extend the analysis to delineate the requirements on the electronic energy levels and the attendant photophysical properties of the PVFANs to induce repetitive action potential under continuous light, a capability essential for the proposed potential application of PVFANs as retinal cellular prostheses to compensate for loss of photoreceptors. We find that repetitive action potential firing demands two basic characteristics in the electronic response of the PVFANs: an exponential dependence of the PVFAN excited state decay rate on the membrane potential and a three-state system such that, following photon absorption, the electron decay from the excited state to the ground state is via intermediate state(s) whose lifetime is comparable to the refractory time following an action potential. From the Clinical Editor In this study, the potential of synthetic photovoltaic functional abiotic nanosystems (PVFANs) is examined under continuous light to modulate membrane potential and activate action potential firing in neurons with the proposed potential application of PVFANs as retinal cellular prostheses.
Sedimentology of the Krakatau 1883 submarine pyroclastic deposits

The majority of tephra generated during the paroxysmal 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano, Indonesia, was deposited in the sea within a 15-km radius of the caldera. Two syneruptive pyroclastic facies have been recovered in SCUBA cores which sampled the 1883 subaqueous pyroclastic deposit. The most commonly recovered facies is a massive textured, poorly sorted mixture of pumice and lithic lapilli-to-block-sized fragments set in a silty to sandy ash matrix. This facies is indistinguishable from the 1883 subaerial pyroclastic flow deposits preserved on the Krakatau islands on the basis of grain size and component abundances. A less common facies consists of well-sorted, planarlaminated to low-angle cross-bedded, vitric-enriched silty ash. Entrance of subaerial pyroclastic flows into the sea resulted in subaqueous deposition of the massive facies primarily by deceleration and sinking of highly concentrated, deflated components of pyroclastic flows as they traveled over water. The basal component of the deposit suggests no mixing with seawater as inferred from retention of the fine ash fraction, high temperature of emplacement, and lack of traction structures, and no significant hydraulic sorting of components. The laminated facies was most likely deposited from low-concentration pyroclastic density currents generated by shear along the boundary between the submarine pyroclastic flows and seawater. The Krakatau deposits are the first well-documented example of true submarine pyroclastic flow deposition from a modern eruption, and thus constitute an important analog for the interpretation of ancient sequences where subaqueous deposition has been inferred based on the facies characteristics of encapsulating sedimentary sequences.
Parity-violating asymmetry in quasielastic e - d scattering

Results are presented for (inclusive) parity-violating quasielastic electron scattering of polarized electrons from deuterium. The sensitivity of the asymmetry to interference effects, to the presence or absence of final-state interactions, to the choice of NN interaction, and to specifics of nucleon form factors is investigated within the framework of the standard model for the electroweak interaction. The calculations span a range of momentum transfers from low values, where a nonrelativistic treatment including a realistic NN interaction is appropriate, to beyond 1 GeV/c, where a relativistic plane-wave impulse approximation is employed. We find favorable kinematical regions for experiments at medium-energy (MIT--Bates, Mainz) and higher-energy (CEBAF) electron accelerators where issues relating to the nucleon's axial-vector and strangeness form factors can be addressed.
Role of Bacteria and Immunosuppressive Agent in a Weanling Rabbit Ileal Loop Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis

Role of Bacteria and Immunosuppressive Agent in a Weanling Rabbit Ileal Loop Model of Necrotizing Enterocolitis
Modeling the effect of chemotaxis on glioblastoma tumor progression

Tumor progression depends on the intricate interplay between biological processes that span the molecular and macroscopic scales. A mathematical agent-based model is presented to describe the 3-D (three-dimensional) progression of a brain tumor type (i.e., glioblastoma multiforme) as the collective behavior of individual tumor cells whose fate is determined by intracellular signaling pathways (i.e., MAPK pathway) that are governed by the temporal-spatial distribution of key biochemical cues (i.e., growth factors, nutrients). The model is used to investigate how tumor growth and invasiveness depend on the response of migrating tumor cells to chemoattractants. Simulation results suggest that individual cell sensitivity to chemical gradients is necessary to generate in silico tumors with the irregular shape and diffusive tumor-stroma interface characteristic of glioblastomas. In addition, vascular network damage influences tumor growth and invasiveness. The results quantitatively recapitulate the central role that nutrient availability and signaling proteins have on tumor invasive properties. © 2010 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2011
Are reconstructed pre‐instrumental hemispheric temperatures consistent with instrumental hemispheric temperatures?

[1] Reconstructions of Northern Hemisphere near-surface temperatures from climate ‘proxy’ data such as tree rings, ice cores, and corals, suggest that late 20th century Northern Hemisphere mean warmth is anomalous in the context of the past several centuries and likely at least the past two millennia. Though substantial uncertainties in the paleoclimate reconstructions exist, these findings add to the evidence for a discernible human influence on climate. Here we use our simple climate model with six radiative-forcing reconstructions and climate sensitivity determined from instrumental temperatures over 1861 to 1997 to simulate the forced pre-instrumental hemispheric-average temperatures from 1500 to 1895. The model-simulated pre-instrumental temperatures indicate that the proxy temperature reconstructions are consistent with the instrumental temperatures in the Northern Hemisphere, but are too warm in the Southern Hemisphere.
Competing Gender Ideologies and the Limitations of Language in Le Roman de Silence

The handling of gender in the Old French Roman de Silence has caused considerable scholarly conflict because the poem simultaneously endorses two competing and mutually irreconcilable gender ideolo...
Influence of the Blue Mesa Reservoir on the Red Creek Landslide, Colorado

Intermittent movement of the Red Creek Landslide has caused settling and cracking of U.S. Highway 50 west of Gunnison, Colorado, for more than 30 years. Significant degradation of the roadway has resulted in extensive repair costs and traffic delays. Geomorphic and computer stability analyses support the theory that the active Red Creek Landslide is the partial reactivation of a larger, ancient paleolandslide, with a basal rupture surface located predominantly in the Morrison Formation. The original paleolandslide may have been triggered by an earthquake coupled with a high water table. Creation of the Blue Mesa Reservoir submerged approximately 50 percent of the paleolandslide. Some clay layers within the Morrison Formation are susceptible to severe weakening by slaking, and the resulting reduction in strength, combined with a pre-existing failure plane at depth, contributed to the recent partial reactivation of the paleolandslide. Seasonal rapid drawdown of the Blue Mesa Reservoir acts as the trigger for movement, and large drawdowns have been correlated with periods of slope movement. The effects of rapid drawdown could be minimized if reservoir drawdown can be limited to rates less than the critical calculated values. Historic excavation near the toe may explain why other paleolandslides around the reservoir have not reactivated under identical drawdown conditions.
A Gamma-Ray Monte Carlo Study of the Clumpy Debris of SN1987A

We have performed Monte Carlo calculations of gamma-ray transport in models of the clumpy debris cloud of the LMC supernova, SN1987A, to study the influence of composition mixing and heterogeneity on its emergent gamma-ray and X-ray fluxes. In particular, we have focused on the problematic Ginga band (16 -- 28 keV) flux at day 600, whose measured value was an order of magnitude higher than predicted by previous theory. We find that the hydrogen of the envelope could not have been intimately mixed with the heavy elements of the core and that the hydrogen/helium volume filling factor interior to 4000 km/s must have been large ($\ge 40\%$). A physical separation of the scattering region and the regions occupied by the high-Z elements is required. The 600-day models that best fit both the line data at 847 keV and 1238 keV and the measured Ginga band fluxes suggest that as much as 50\% of the explosively produced $^{56}$Ni stayed interior to 1000 km s$^{-1}$ and 2 M$_\odot$. The $^{56}$Ni may have been more centrally-concentrated than in the benchmark models. $^{56}$Ni filling factors greater than 60\% are not preferred, since such models are too good at absorbing photons below 100 keV. Furthermore, a total envelope mass between 10 $\mdot$ and 15 $\mdot$ is favored.
High-temperature hydrothermal alteration of the Boehls Butte anorthosite: origin of a bimodal plagioclase assemblage

The Boehls Butte anorthosite consists predominantly of an unusual bimodal assemblage of andesine and bytownite–anorthite. Oxygen isotope compositions of the anorthosite were profoundly altered by high temperature, retrograde interaction with meteoric-hydrothermal fluids that varied in composition from isotopically evolved to nearly pristine meteoric water. Oxygen isotope ratios of bulk plagioclase separates are in the range +7.0 to −6.2‰ V-SMOW, however, secondary ion mass spectrometry indicates spot-sized isotope values as low as −16‰. Typical inter- and intra-plagioclase grain variability is 3–6‰, and extreme heterogeneity of up to 20‰ is noted in a few samples. High-temperature hydrothermal alteration of intermediate plagioclase is proposed to explain the origin of bytownite–anorthite in the anorthosite and creation of its unusual bimodal plagioclase assemblage. The anorthite-forming reaction created retrograde reaction-enhanced permeability which, together with rapid decompression, extension, and unroofing of the anorthosite complex, helped to accommodated influx of significant volumes of meteoric-hydrothermal fluids into the anorthosite.
Comment on “Microwave vortex dissipation of superconducting Nd − Ce − Cu − O epitaxial films in high magnetic fields”

Experimental and theoretical results contained in a paper and in an Erratum by Yeh et al. [Phys. Rev. B 48, 9861 (1993); Phys. Rev. B 56, 5683(E) (1997)] discussing experiments employing a novel sapphire ring resonator to investigate microwave frequency vortex dissipation in thin film ${\mathrm{Nd}}_{1.85}{\mathrm{Ce}}_{0.15}{\mathrm{CuO}}_{x}$ as a function of applied field and temperature are discussed. These authors also claim to have extended the Coffey-Clem [Phys. Rev. Lett. 67, 386 (1991); Physica C 185-189, 1915 (1991); Phys. Rev. B 45, 10527 (1992)] model to include thin-films. The authors' theoretical results for the surface resistance as a function of applied field and temperature, which as illustrated in their paper were in detailed agreement with the data, are only approximately able to describe the data by scaling the theoretical expressions by unspecified multiplicative factors $\ensuremath{\sim}50$. The given theory contains no free scaling parameter. In the Erratum, the theory is still in detailed agreement with the $\mathrm{NdCe}214$ data, although these data have changed by roughly a factor of $\ensuremath{\sim}1∕50$ due to a claimed experimental recalibration. No explanation was offered to account for the change in the theory, by $\ensuremath{\sim}1∕50$. In addition, the expressions provided for the surface resistance are not correct with obvious nonphysical limits: for example, the normal state surface resistance is independent of the resistivity. The recalibrated data are inconsistent with published results for the surface resistance for superconductors and thin film conductors. Equations for the $B=0$ surface resistance treatment, purportedly appropriate to a finite grain-size limit, were dimensionally inconsistent in the original paper, and an associated fitting parameter was not specified. A value for this ``missing'' parameter was given in the Erratum, but evaluation of the revised $B=0$ surface resistance expression with this parameter fails even to approximate the published $B=0$ curves. Several results from the work of others were misquoted.
Culture, power, and political change: Skeptics and the civil sphere

This essay argues that Jeffrey C. Alexander’s civil sphere theory provides a useful new tool for those who study mass communication and its role during times of political change. In a functioning democracy, Alexander maintains, the feelings of solidarity that emanate from a shared cultural legacy can shape political outcomes and foster social change. This essay responds to skeptics who claim Alexander’s theory minimizes the impact of raw power in politics and thus presents a Utopian view of civil society. It contends that civil sphere theory can enhance the study of power, particularly the role powerful forces play in shaping the cultural contests that animate democratic life and lay the foundation for political and social change.
Multiple Promoter Targeting Sequences exist in Abdominal-B to regulate long-range gene activation

Abstract In complex genomes, insulators set up chromatin domain boundaries and protect promoters from inappropriate activation by enhancers from neighboring genes. The Drosophila Abdominal-B locus uses insulator elements to organize its large regulatory region into several body segment-specific chromatin domains. This organization leads to a problem in enhancer–promoter communication, that is, how do distal enhancers activate the Abd-B promoter when there are several insulators in between? This issue is partially resolved by the Promoter Targeting Sequence, which can overcome the enhancer blocking effect of an insulator. In this study, we describe a new Promoter Targeting Sequence, PTS-6, from the Abd-B 3′ regulatory region. PTS-6, comprised of approximately 200 bp, was found to bypass both homologous Abdominal-B insulators, such as Fab-7 and Fab-8 , and a heterologous insulator, suHw . Most importantly, it also overcomes a combination of two insulators such as Fab-7/Fab-8 . Thus, PTS-6 could, in principle, target remote enhancers that are separated from the Abd-B promoter by multiple insulators. In addition, PTS-6 selectively targets the distal enhancer to only one transgenic promoter, and it strongly facilitates Abd-B enhancers. These results suggest that promoter targeting is necessary for long-range enhancer–promoter communication in Abd-B , and PTS elements could be a common occurrence in large, complex genetic loci.
The Rhetoric of Free: Open Source Software and Technical Communication During Economic Downturns

This article explores the ramifications of deploying free and open source software (F/OSS) for technical communication program development. Against the backdrop of the recession, the article draws on empirical research to examine how different stakeholders understand the F in F/OSS, its relationship with proprietary software, and the institutional contexts surrounding these technologies. It contributes four recommendations for working with F/OSS that might help programs shore up in tough times and thrive postdownturn.
Different subcellular populations of L-type Ca2+ channels exhibit unique regulation and functional roles in cardiomyocytes

Abstract Influx of Ca 2+ through L-type Ca 2+ channels (LTCCs) contributes to numerous cellular processes in cardiomyocytes including excitation–contraction (EC) coupling, membrane excitability, and transcriptional regulation. Distinct subpopulations of LTCCs have been identified in cardiac myocytes, including those at dyadic junctions and within different plasma membrane microdomains such as lipid rafts and caveolae. These subpopulations of LTCCs exhibit regionally distinct functional properties and regulation, affording precise spatiotemporal modulation of L-type Ca 2+ current ( I Ca,L ). Different subcellular LTCC populations demonstrate variable rates of Ca 2+ -dependent inactivation and sometimes coupled gating of neighboring channels, which can lead to focal, persistent I Ca,L . In addition, the assembly of spatially defined macromolecular signaling complexes permits compartmentalized regulation of I Ca,L by a variety of neurohormonal pathways. For example, β-adrenergic receptor subtypes signal to different LTCC subpopulations, with β 2 -adrenergic activation leading to enhanced I Ca,L through caveolar LTCCs and β 1 -adrenergic stimulation modulating LTCCs outside of caveolae. Disruptions in the normal subcellular targeting of LTCCs and associated signaling proteins may contribute to the pathophysiology of a variety of cardiac diseases including heart failure and certain arrhythmias. Further identifying the characteristic functional properties and array of regulatory molecules associated with specific LTCC subpopulations will provide a mechanistic framework to understand how LTCCs contribute to diverse cellular processes in normal and diseased myocardium. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Local Signaling in Myocytes”.
The formation of beds underlying carbonaceous shales as aquic paleosols: examples from the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming

Abstract Drab, grey mudrocks consistently occur below carbonaceous shales in lower Tertiary alluvial sediments of the Western Interior basins of the USA. Superficially these mudrocks, here termed underbeds, look similar to underclays commonly found below coal beds. However, it is unclear whether the association between the carbonaceous shales and the underbeds is genetic, or whether underbed features developed independently, before the onset of carbonaceous shale deposition. To solve this problem three underbeds and their associated carbonaceous shales were studied from upper Palaeocene and lower Eocene sections in the Bighorn Basin of Wyoming. The sedimentology, structure, organic content, mineralogy and palaeopedology of these beds was examined. Results indicate that the precursors to these underbeds formed as aquic or hydromorphic soils in periodically dry swamps on a distal alluvial floodplain. Periodic drying of the upper-most part of the substrate led to oxidation, plant growth, homogenisation of the sediment, and degradation of organic matter. However, conditions were wet enough to inhibit mottling and downward leaching of minerals, and facilitated the formation of hydrated iron oxides. Aquic soil formation ceased when a local rise in the water table caused water-logging and permanently oxygen-reduced conditions. This allowed the accumulation of organic material and deposition of carbonaceous shales above the aquic soils. During carbonaceous shale formation the aquic soils, now underbeds below the shales, were permanently water-logged. The distinctive features of these lower Tertiary underbeds appear to have formed prior to organic accumulation. Burial and ground water saturation during formation of the overlying carbonaceous shales merely helped to preserve the homogeneous features of these underbeds.
The effect of changes in thiol subcompartments on T-cell colony formation and cell cycle progression: relevance to AIDS.

Abstract Recently, it has been shown that intra- and extracellular thiol levels are significantly lower than normal even in the relatively early stages of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. It is plausible that this deficiency could contribute both to the loss of T-cell function and the ability to replenish T cells associated with HIV infection. We had previously reported that the T-cell colony-forming cell (T-CFC) is impaired in HIV infection and that it can be enhanced with the thiol compounds 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) and N -acetylcysteine (NAC). In this study, the effect of the thiol-depleting reagents buthionine sulfoximine, cyclohexene-1-one, and copper phenanthroline on T-CFC formation and cell cycle progression was determined in HIV+ subjects and/ or controls. All three reagents inhibited T-CFC formation and cell cycle progression with a suggestion that colony formation by cells from HIV+ subjects was more sensitive to the effects of thiol depletion. 2-ME and NAC enhanced T-CFC formation in the presence of all thiol-depleting reagents. In preliminary experiments, the enhancing effect of NAC did not appear to involve increased protein kinase C translocation. Our results suggest that oxidation of membrane thiols, as well as depletion of intracellular glutathione, inhibits T-CFC formation as well as cell cycle progression for mitogen-stimulated cells in bulk culture.
Cold acclimation of obese ( ob ob ) mice: Effects on skeletal muscle and bone

Abstract Obese ( ob ob ) and lean mice at 4 weeks of age were housed at 23 °C or 14 °C for 4 or 8 weeks to determine effects of acclimation to mild cold on the growth of skeletal muscle, bone, and fat. Body weights at 12 weeks of age averaged 48 ± 0.6 g and 27 ± 1.9 g for obese mice housed at 23 °C and 14 °C and 29 ± 0.5 g and 26 ± 0.6 g for lean mice housed at 23 °C and 14 °C, respectively. At 23 °C, muscle weights of obese mice were approximately 60% of those in lean mice. Muscles of obese mice did not grow during the first 4 weeks at 14 °C (4 to 8 weeks of age) but did show a small gain during the second 4 weeks (9 to 12 weeks of age) at 14 °C. As a result, by the end of 8 weeks at 14 °C, muscles of obese mice weighed only 35% to 45% as much as muscles of lean mice. Growth of the tibia and femur followed the same pattern as the muscles. Obese mice housed at 23 °C from 4 to 12 weeks of age contained about six times as much fat as lean mice at this age. Although exposure to 14 °C for 8 weeks depressed the accumulation of fat in obese mice, they still contained approximately three times the percentage body fat as lean counterparts. The concentrations of corticosterone and insulin in plasma of 8 week old obese mice housed at 23 °C were two to four times and 20 times higher, respectively, than in lean mice; after 4 weeks at 14 °C the difference for corticosterone was even greater, ie, five to ten times higher in 8 week old obese, whereas the concentration of insulin in plasma of obese mice was only seven times higher than in lean mice at 14 °C. The marked reduction in skeletal muscle and bone growth observed in young obese mice as a result of cold acclimation permitted them to decrease body weight gain to equal that of lean mice without a concomitant reduction in their high percentage of body fat. These cold-induced reductions in muscle and bone growth in obese mice may have been facilitated by the observed changes in plasma corticosterone levels.
State of the Art in 60-GHz Integrated Circuits and Systems for Wireless Communications

This tutorial presents an overview of the technological advances in millimeter-wave (mm-wave) circuit components, antennas, and propagation that will soon allow 60-GHz transceivers to provide multigigabit per second (multi-Gb/s) wireless communication data transfers in the consumer marketplace. Our goal is to help engineers understand the convergence of communications, circuits, and antennas, as the emerging world of subterahertz and terahertz wireless communications will require understanding at the intersections of these areas. This paper covers trends and recent accomplishments in a wide range of circuits and systems topics that must be understood to create massively broadband wireless communication systems of the future. In this paper, we present some evolving applications of massively broadband wireless communications, and use tables and graphs to show research progress from the literature on various radio system components, including on-chip and in-package antennas, radio-frequency (RF) power amplifiers (PAs), low-noise amplifiers (LNAs), voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), mixers, and analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). We focus primarily on silicon-based technologies, as these provide the best means of implementing very low-cost, highly integrated 60-GHz mm-wave circuits. In addition, the paper illuminates characterization techniques that are required to competently design and fabricate mm-wave devices in silicon, and illustrates effects of the 60-GHz RF propagation channel for both in-building and outdoor use. The paper concludes with an overview of the standardization and commercialization efforts for 60-GHz multi-Gb/s devices, and presents a novel way to compare the data rate versus power efficiency for future broadband devices.
v-Crk Modulation of Growth Factor-induced PC12 Cell Differentiation Involves the Src Homology 2 Domain of v-Crk and Sustained Activation of the Ras/Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Pathway

Nerve growth factor (NGF) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) elicit contrasting actions on PC12 pheochromocytoma cells; NGF causes neuronal differentiation, and EGF induces proliferation. However, ectopic expression of the Src homology 2 (SH2) and SH3-containing oncogenic adaptor protein v-Crk in PC12 cells results in EGF-inducible neuronal differentiation (Hempstead, B. L., Birge, R. B., Fajardo, J. E., Glassman, R., Mahadeo, D., Kraemer, R., and Hanafusa, H.(1994) Mol. Cell. Biol. 14, 1964-1971). Here we show that v-Crk complexes with both the tyrosine-phosphorylated EGF receptor and the Ras guanine nucleotide exchange factor SOS in PC12 cells and is involved in an pathway analogous to that of Grb2. Expression of v-Crk results in an enhanced and sustained activation of Ras and mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase following EGF or NGF stimulation, implying that v-Crk can couple divergent tyrosine kinase pathways to Ras. To investigate the causal relationship between EGF receptor binding, MAP kinase activation, and neurite outgrowth, we stably expressed two v-Crk SH2 point mutants, v-Crk(R273N) and v-Crk(H294R) in PC12 cells. Mutations within the SH2 domain of v-Crk block binding of v-Crk to the tyrosine phosphorylated EGF receptor, compromise v-Crk's ability to cause EGF-dependent neurite outgrowth, and act in a dominant negative manner for NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. However, the kinetics of MAP kinase activation in EGF- or NGF-treated v-Crk(R273N)PC12 cells was comparable with that in v-CrkPC12 cells. These data are consistent with a model in which v-Crk regulates the strength of a tyrosine kinase signal leading to prolonged activation of Ras and MAP kinase. However, the experiments with the SH2 mutants suggest that sustained activation, by itself, may not be sufficient to switch the fate of v-CrkPC12 cells from proliferation toward differentiation.
The major laminin receptor of mouse embryonic stem cells is a novel isoform of the alpha 6 beta 1 integrin.

Laminin is the first extracellular matrix protein expressed in the developing mouse embryo. It is known to influence morphogenesis and affect cell migration and polarization. Several laminin receptors are included in the integrin family of extracellular matrix receptors. Ligand binding by integrin heterodimers results in signal transduction events controlling cell motility. We report that the major laminin receptor on murine embryonic stem (ES) cells is the integrin heterodimer alpha 6 beta 1, an important receptor for laminin in neurons, lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, platelets and other cell types. However, the cytoplasmic domain of the ES cell alpha 6 (alpha 6 B) differs totally from the reported cytoplasmic domain amino acid sequence of alpha 6 (alpha 6 A). Comparisons of alpha 6 cDNAs from ES cells and other cells suggest that the alpha 6 A and alpha 6 B cytoplasmic domains derive from alternative mRNA splicing. Anti-peptide antibodies to alpha 6 A are unreactive with ES cells, but react with mouse melanoma cells and embryonic fibroblasts. When ES cells are cultured under conditions that permit their differentiation, they become positive for alpha 6 A, concurrent with the morphologic appearance of differentiated cell types. Thus, expression of the alpha 6 B beta 1 laminin receptor may be favored in undifferentiated, totipotent cells, while the expression of alpha 6 A beta 1 receptor occurs in committed lineages. While the functions of integrin alpha chain cytoplasmic domains are not understood, it is possible that they contribute to transferring signals to the cell interior, e.g., by delivering cytoskeleton organizing signals in response to integrin engagement with extracellular matrix ligands. It is therefore reasonable to propose that the cellular responses to laminin may vary, according to what alpha subunit isoform (alpha 6 A or alpha 6 B) is expressed as part of the alpha 6 beta 1 laminin receptor. The switch from alpha 6 B to alpha 6 A, if confirmed in early embryos, could then be of striking potential relevance to the developmental role of laminin.
Observed emission rates in sprite streamer heads

[1] Sprite observations at 10,000 fps have shown tendrils and branches to be formed by bright streamer heads moving at ∼107 m/s. The streamer heads typically brighten as they move up or down, often saturating the detector. We present here inferred emission rates. The streamer heads are presumably smaller than our 140 m spatial resolution and, therefore, they have to be treated as point sources. The optical emissions are assumed to be dominated by the N2 1P band and comparing with stars in the images we find total emission rates in individual streamer heads ranging from 4 1021 to 3 1024 photons/s. For a 25 m streamer head the range of average brightness would be 9 108–5 1011 R. Alternatively, using a volume emission rate of 8 1011 photons/cm3/s the size range would be 10 to 100 m.
Radiant heat loss versus radiant heat gain in premature neonates under radiant warmers.

Premature infants nursed on open radiant warmer beds are exposed to short-wavelength infrared power density distributed evenly over the bed surface. Additionally, infants’ sides are exposed to relativ
Neisseria sicca meningitis following intracranial hemorrhage and ventriculostomy tube placement

A normal component of the flora of the oropharynx, Neisseria sicca was first isolated in 1906 and has since been reported as a rare cause of various human infections including endocarditis, pneumonia, sinusitis, sepsis, and urethritis. We report the case of a 44-year-old African-American female with a history of hypertension who presented with complaints of right frontal headache, nausea, photophobia, and vomiting. A computed tomography scan of the patient's brain showed a large subarachnoid hemorrhage, and an arteriogram confirmed a large posterior communicating artery aneurysm. A ventriculostomy tube was placed, and the patient subsequently developed an elevated temperature and elevated white blood cell count. Cerebrospinal fluid studies showed elevated protein and glucose levels and cultures positive for N. sicca. This is only the seventh reported case of culture-proven meningitis related to N. sicca, and the first reported case associated with intracranial hemorrhage and ventriculostomy tube placement.
Isostructural phase transitions in solids

A model of electrons interacting with lattice vibrations is shown to exhibit an isostructural phase transition as a function of applied force by relating the Hamiltonian to that of an Ising model in magnetic field.
Kinematics of the Midcarpal and Radiocarpal Joints in Radioulnar Deviation: An In Vitro Study

Purpose Carpal kinematics have been studied widely yet remain difficult to understand fully. The noninvasive measurement of carpal kinematics through medical imaging has become popular. Studies have shown that with radial deviation the scaphoid and lunate flex whereas the capitate moves radiodorsally relative to the lunate. This study investigated the midcarpal and radiocarpal contributions to radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist. This was accomplished through noninvasive characterization of the scaphoid, lunate, and capitate using 3-dimensional medical imaging of the wrist in radial and ulnar deviation. Methods Eight fresh-frozen and thawed cadaveric wrists were used in an experimental set-up that positioned the wrist through spring-scale actuation of the 4 wrist flexor and extensor tendon groups. The wrists were scanned by computed tomography in neutral and full radial and ulnar deviation. Body mass–based local coordinate systems were used to track the motion of the capitate, lunate, and scaphoid with the radius as a fixed reference. Helical axis motion and Euler angles were calculated from neutral to radial and ulnar deviation for the capitate relative to the radius, lunate, and scaphoid and for the lunate and scaphoid relative to the radius. Results The capitate, scaphoid, and lunate moved in a characteristic manner relative to the radius and to one another. Radial and ulnar deviation occurred primarily in the midcarpal joint. Midcarpal motion accounted for 60% of radial deviation and 86% of ulnar deviation. In radial deviation the proximal row flexed and the capitate extended; the converse was true in ulnar deviation. Conclusions Radioulnar deviation (in-plane motion) occurred mostly through the midcarpal joint, with a lesser contribution from the radiocarpal joint. The results of our study agree with previous investigations that found the scaphoid and lunate flex in radial deviation (out-of-plane motion) relative to the radius whereas the capitate extends (out-of-plane motion) relative to the scaphoid/lunate (with the converse occurring in ulnar deviation). Our study shows how these out-of-plane motions combine to produce in-plane wrist radioulnar deviation. The use of 3-dimensional visualization greatly aids in the understanding of these motions. The results of our study may be useful clinically in understanding the consequences of isolated midcarpal fusions in the treatment of wrist instability.
Parametric atomistic analysis of dislocation–interface interactions in thin metallic films

Abstract The dislocation behavior in thin metallic crystals is studied using molecular statics simulations. Attention is directed to corroborating the overall film response and the nano-scale defect mechanisms, in particular, the interaction between dislocations and interfaces. The two-dimensional numerical model consists of atoms of the metallic film having a close-packed crystal structure. The substrate is not explicitly included but special displacement constraints are imposed on the boundary atoms, which are conceived to be the interface layer adjacent to the substrate. A free-sliding interface is shown to be able to cause “reflection” of oncoming dislocations and enhance film plasticity. A rigidly bonded interface, on the other hand, is seen to initially resist approaching dislocations. Partial tangential sliding at the interface results in a transitional behavior between the two extremes, as revealed in our parametric analysis. The dislocation–interface reaction occurs more sluggishly as the atomic sliding capability decreases. The sliding capability of interface atoms is also seen to dictate the overall deformation and damage initiation in the film.
Comparison of Sadness, Anger, and Fear Facial Expressions When Toddlers Look at Their Mothers

Research suggests that sadness expressions may be more beneficial to children than other emotions when eliciting support from caregivers. It is unclear, however, when children develop the ability to regulate their displays of distress. The current study addressed this question. Distress facial expressions (e.g., fear, anger, and sadness) were examined in 24-month-old toddlers throughout 4 episodes as well as specifically during looks to their mothers. Consistent with hypotheses and the literature, toddlers expressed sadness more frequently and with more intensity than target emotions only during looks to their mothers. These findings indicate that toddlers as young as 24 months of age are using particular emotional displays to elicit support from the social environment.
Industrial hygienist as a clinical consultant

The roles of industrial hygienists outside the traditional industrial setting have been expanding. This paper discusses the industrial hygienist's direct and active involvement with patients in the clinic setting. The types of roles played by the industrial hygienists in an occupational health clinic are categorized based upon experience in one academic clinic. Although experience demonstrated that there is an important function for the industrial hygienist as a clinical consultant, unresolved issues, ranging from payment to staff privileging, interfere with widespread participation.
Synthesis gas production using steam hydrogasification and steam reforming

Abstract Experimental work has been carried out on the mixed reforming reaction, i.e., simultaneous steam and CO 2 reforming of methane under a wide range of feed compositions and four different reaction temperatures from 700 °C to 850 °C using a commercial steam reforming catalyst. The experiments were conducted for a CO 2 /CH 4 ratio from 0 to 2 and a steam to methane ratio from 3 to 5. The effect of CO 2 /CH 4 ratio on the exit H 2 /CO ratio and the conversions of the reactants indicate that the dry reforming reaction is dominant under increased carbon dioxide in the feed. Steam reforming of typical steam hydrogasification product gas consisting of CO, H 2 and CO 2 in addition to steam and methane has also been investigated. The H 2 /CO ratio of the product synthesis gas varies from 4.3 to 3.7 and from 4.8 to 4.1 depending on the feed composition and reaction temperature. The CO/CO 2 ratios of the synthesis gas varied from 1.9 to 2.9 and 2.0 to 3.3. The results are compared with simulation results obtained through the Aspen Plus process simulation tool. The results demonstrate that a coupled steam hydrogasification and reforming process can generate a synthesis gas with a flexible H 2 /CO ratio from carbon-containing feedstocks.
Reconstitution of Detergent-Solubilized Cl− Channels and Analysis by Concentrative Uptake of 36Cl− and Planar Lipid Bilayers

Abstract The purification of ion channels requires the quantitative measurement of channel abundance. We describe a simple and sensitive 36 Cl − uptake assay for quantitative analysis of a voltage-gated Cl − channel from Torpedo electrocytes. The Cl − channel was detergent solubilized and then rapidly reconstituted into liposomes by centrifuging samples through Sephadex G-50. By replacing external Cl − with glutamate, liposomes that contained Cl − channels became polarized (positive inside). After trace 36 Cl − was added, liposomes that contained Cl − channels slowly concentrated 36 Cl − . We have analyzed the time and protein dependence of 36 Cl − uptake. The slow uptake (minutes) permits the analysis of channel inhibitors with manual techniques. Purified Torpedo Cl − channel was used to demonstrate that 36 Cl − uptake was linearly dependent on the amount of channel reconstituted. The abundance of purified Cl − channels reconstituted into liposomes that was determined by 36 Cl − uptake was confirmed by planar lipid bilayer analysis. The concentrative uptake assay we describe here is suitable for analysis of purification strategies since it is easy to assay many samples in parallel.
Reactions of the heavier group 14 element alkyne analogues Ar'EEAr' (Ar' = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2; E = Ge, Sn) with unsaturated molecules: probing the character of the EE multiple bonds.

Reactions of the alkyne analogues Ar‘EEAr‘ (Ar‘ = C6H3-2,6(C6H3-2,6-Pri2)2; E = Ge (1); Sn (2)) with unsaturated molecules are described. Reaction of 1 and 2 with azobenzene afforded the new hydrazine derivatives Ar‘E{(Ph)NN(Ph)}EAr‘ (E = Ge (3); Sn (4)). Treatment of 1 with Me3SiN3 gave the cyclic singlet diradicaloid Ar‘Ge{μ2-(NSiMe3)}2GeAr‘ (5), whereas 2 afforded the monoimide bridged Ar‘Sn{μ2-N(SiMe3)}SnAr‘ (6). Reaction of 1 with t-BuNC or PhCN yielded the adduct Ar‘GeGe(CNBut)Ar‘ (7) or the ring compound (8). In contrast, the tin compound 2 did not react with either t-BuNC or PhCN. Treatment of 1 with N2CH(SiMe3) generated Ar‘Ge{μ2-CH(SiMe3)}{μ2:η2-N2CH(SiMe3)}{μ2-N2CH(SiMe3)}GeAr‘ (9) which contains ligands in three different bridging modes and no GeGe bonding. Reaction of 1 with an excess of N2O gave a germanium peroxo species Ar‘(HO)Ge(μ2-O)(μ2:η2-O2)Ge(OH)Ar‘ (10) which features a ring. Oxidation of 1 by tetracyanoethylene (TCNE) led to cleavage of the GeGe bond and formation of a large multiri...
Observation of a first-order phase transition in Xe/Ta(110) by photoelectron spectroscopy

A photoemission study of submonolayer coverages of Xe on the Ta (110) surface, at temperatures around 20 and 80 K, is presented. We argue that at low coverages, less than \ensuremath{\approxeq}15%, the Xe atoms occupy the ``deep'' sites on the surface, presumably in a disordered fashion. When the coverage is increased, the Xe atoms start forming islands at elevated positions above the Ta surface as the interaction between Xe forms a denser phase. Different local work functions in the two phases make it possible to study this first-order phase transition by photoelectron spectroscopy.
Martensitic transformation and the shape memory effect in an Fe-33Ni-12Co-5Ti alloy

Abstract An Fe-33Ni-12Co-5Ti (wt.%) alloy was subjected to aging treatments to determine the effect of ausaging on the martensitic transformation and shape memory effect. Ausaging at 700 °C increased the Ms temperature. For aging at 5 and 10 h there were two Ms temperatures: one above room temperature and another well below room temperature, these corresponding to two kinds of martensite. The high Ms martensite was nonthermoelastic with large thermal hysteresis; the low Ms martensite was thermoelastic with small thermal hysteresis. For aging at 30 h, only the high Ms martensite formed. Using TEM, microstructures were observed at room temperature, during cooling to −110 °C and during heating back to 60 °C. The high Ms martensite has two different morphologies: thin plate and lenticular, the latter with or without a pronounced midrib. The thermoelastic martensite formed at lower temperatures has a thin-plate morphology and disappeared almost completely when the specimen was heated back to 60 °C. The shape memory was studied by bending specimens in liquid nitrogen. The results from both the 5-h and 10-h aged specimens showed that although some nonthermoelastic martensite formed above room temperature, the reversible transformation between austenite and the low Ms thermoelastic thin-plate martensite can still give rise to a good shape memory.
Walk in Balance: Training Crisis Intervention Team Police Officers as Compassionate Warriors

Crisis Intervention Teams (CIT) were developed to enable law enforcement officers to effectively and compassionately respond to calls involving people experiencing psychiatric distress. Mental health professionals responsible for training CIT officers are in a unique position to promote the compassionate treatment of those experiencing psychiatric distress as well as the well-being of the police officers themselves. Fostering spiritual connections and a compassionate-warrior mindset may enhance the training of CIT officers. This article includes descriptions of creative interventions including the use of historical compassionate-warrior comparisons, fictitious stories, and spiritual symbols. These techniques are based on warrior codes of groups such as samurai warriors, martial artists such as Shaolin Kung Fu, medieval knights, Native Americans, and the U.S. military.
HERPES SIMPLEX VIRUS TYPE 1 TEGUMENT PROTEINS VP1/2 AND UL37 ARE ASSOCIATED WITH INTRANUCLEAR CAPSIDS

The assembly of the tegument of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a complex process that involves a number of events at various sites within virus-infected cells. Our studies focused on determining whether tegument proteins, VP1/2 and UL37, are added to capsids located within the nucleus. Capsids were isolated from the nuclear fraction of HSV-1-infected cells and purified by rate-zonal centrifugation to separate B capsids (containing the scaffold proteins and no viral DNA) and C capsids (containing DNA and no scaffold proteins). Western blot analyses of these capsids indicated that VP1/2 associated primarily with C capsids and UL37 associated with B and C capsids. The results demonstrate that at least two of the tegument proteins of HSV-1 are associated with capsids isolated from the nuclear fraction, and these capsid-tegument protein interactions may represent initial events of the tegumentation process.
Redefining functional MYCN gene signatures in neuroblastoma.

Neuroblastoma, an aggressive neural crest-derived malignancy of infants and young children, accounts for a large proportion of all pediatric cancer mortality, with overall survival less than 50% for high-risk disease. Current chemotherapy regimens are administered according to a risk stratification incorporating age, stage, histology, and amplification of the MYCN oncogene as primary factors for outcome (1). However, within the highest-risk group outcome is highly variable, and additional approaches are needed to identify those patients who would benefit from alternative therapies. In an article in PNAS entitled “A functional MYCN signature predicts outcome in neuroblastoma irrespective of MYCN amplification” (2), Valentijn et al. present an analysis distinguishing a subset of patients with high MYC protein levels but lacking MYCN gene amplification or high mRNA levels. They identify a set of MYCN-regulated genes in these patients regulating cell cycle, DNA repair, and apoptotic pathways and that are predictive of poor outcome.