cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of Reprogrammed Myeloid Cell Transcriptomes in NSCLC.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer related mortality worldwide, with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as the most prevalent form. Despite advances in treatment options including minimally invasive surgery, CT-guided radiation, novel chemotherapeutic regimens, and targeted therapeutics, prognosis remains dismal. Therefore, further molecular analysis of NSCLC is necessary to identify novel molecular targets that impact prognosis and the design of new-targeted therapies. In recent years, tumor “activated/reprogrammed” stromal cells that promote carcinogenesis have emerged as potential therapeutic targets. However, the contribution of stromal cells to NSCLC is poorly understood. Here, we show increased numbers of bone marrow (BM)-derived hematopoietic cells in the tumor parenchyma of NSCLC patients compared with matched adjacent non-neoplastic lung tissue. By sorting specific cellular fractions from lung cancer patients, we compared the transcriptomes of intratumoral myeloid compartments within the tumor bed with their counterparts within adjacent non-neoplastic tissue from NSCLC patients. The RNA sequencing of specific myeloid compartments (immature monocytic myeloid cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils) identified differentially regulated genes and mRNA isoforms, which were inconspicuous in whole tumor analysis. Genes encoding secreted factors, including osteopontin (OPN), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 7 (CCL7) and thrombospondin 1 (TSP1) were identified, which enhanced tumorigenic properties of lung cancer cells indicative of their potential as targets for therapy. This study demonstrates that analysis of homogeneous stromal populations isolated directly from fresh clinical specimens can detect important stromal genes of therapeutic value.
Picosecond ionization dynamics in femtosecond filaments at high pressures

We observe a 3-fold increase in the electron density within 30 picoseconds after the filamentary propagation of femtosecond pulses in 60-bar argon gases. This suggests that electron-impact ionization dominates on this time scale.
The Superconducting Super Collider's Frontier Outpost, 1983–1988

In 1993, after an optimistic beginning followed by a half-decadeof conflict, the Superconducting Super Collider (SSC) project wasabandoned. In an era of `Big Science', a major scientificenterprise collapsed. Why? We employ the metaphor of the`frontier outpost' to analyse a critical moment in the history ofthis vastly expensive project, when the physicists who designedthe machine were forced to recognize that traditional post-warscientific values were no longer in harmony with governmentpriorities.
Misinformed About the Affordable Care Act? Leveraging Certainty to Assess the Prevalence of Misperceptions

According to some recent research, Americans hold a great deal of misinformation about important political issues. However, such investigations treat incorrect answers to quiz questions measuring knowledge as evidence of misinformation. This study instead defines misperceptions as incorrect answers that respondents are confident are correct. Two surveys of representative samples of American adults on the Affordable Care Act reveal that most people were uncertain about the provisions in the law. Confidently held incorrect beliefs were far less common than incorrect answers. Misperceptions were most prevalent on aspects of the law on which elites prominently and persistently made incorrect claims. Furthermore, although Americans appear to have learned about the law between 2010 and 2012, misperceptions on many provisions of the law persisted
Parents' persistence and certification in a two-generation education and training program

Abstract Two-generation programs provide education and training services for parents while their children attend early childhood education programs. This study examines the rates of persistence and certification of parents in one of the only two-generation interventions in the country under study, Career Advance ®, which offers training in the healthcare sector to parents while their children attend Head Start ( n = 92). Results indicate that 16 months after enrolling in Career Advance ®, 76% of participants attained at least one workforce-applicable certificate of the program and 59% were still in the program. The majority of parents who left the program during the 16 months had attained a certificate (68%). Parents with high levels of material hardship were more likely to attain a certificate and stay enrolled in the program, and parents with higher levels of psychological distress were less likely to attain a certificate in the same time period. Implications for future two-generation programming are discussed.
Synthetic Flight Training Revisited

Critical issues in the development and use of synthetic flight trainers are reviewed. Degree of simulation and fidelity of simulation are discussed as key design considerations. Problems in measurement of original learning, transfer, and retention are presented. Both transfer effectiveness and cost effectiveness are described as critical factors in the evaluation of flight trainers. Recent training innovations, such as automatically adaptive training, computer-assisted instruction, cross-adaptive measurement of residual attention, computer graphics, incremental transfer effectiveness measurement, and response surface methodology, are discussed as potential techniques for improving synthetic flight training. It is concluded that broader application of simulation is necessary to meet the new demands of pilot training, certification, and currency assurance in air transportation.
Relationships among the cell cycle, cell proliferation, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor expression in PLHC-1 cells.

Abstract Aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) ligands such as 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin (TCDD) cause altered cell proliferation in many tissues in vivo and cell types in vitro, and the AHR has been suggested to play a role in cell cycle regulation in mammalian systems. However, the mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. The overall objective of the present work was to investigate possible interactions between cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and AHR signal transduction in a piscine system, the PLHC-1 cell line, which is being used increasingly in aquatic toxicological research. The specific objectives were to characterize proliferation rates and the cell cycle in these cells, to measure effects of TCDD on cell proliferation, and to determine if expression of the AHR varies during the cell cycle. The doubling time of PLHC-1 cells was determined to be 22 h, and the durations of the G1, S and G2/M stages of the cell cycle were 13, 3, and 6 h, respectively. A minimum seeding density of 1.2×10 5 cells/cm 2 in medium with 10% calf serum and 0.3×10 5 cells/cm 2 in 10% fetal bovine serum was found to be required for subsequent proliferation. Of several cell cycle inhibitors tested, only aphidicolin and nocodazole were effective for obtaining synchronous cell populations. TCDD was found to inhibit PLHC-1 cell proliferation in a time- and dose-dependent manner in multiple passages of one sub-clone, but not in several other sub-clones. Neither AHR mRNA nor protein expression varied during the cell cycle, as measured by RT-PCR and specific binding of [ 3 H]TCDD in synchronous PLHC-1 cells. This work establishes techniques for identifying and characterizing possible interactions between the cell cycle and AHR signal transduction in PLHC-1 cells. Taken together, the results indicate that PLHC-1 cells are amenable to analysis of AHR-cell cycle interactions, but that heterogeneity of sub-clones may complicate their use for investigating AHR-mediated changes in proliferation.
Experience and Personality Differences Among Breast- and Bottle-feeding Mothers

Twenty breast-feeding (BF) mothers and twenty artificially feeding (AF) mothers were studied to assess the relationship between different feeding modes and the mother's enjoyment of feeding and her attitude toward and style of weaning the child to a cup. Besides administering a 30-45-minute semistructured interview, a sensation seeking scale and the Multiple Affect Adjective Checklist (MAACL) were administered. Results indicated the BF mothers were higher sensation seekers, more satisfied with the feeding experience, and more ambivalent about weaning than the AF mothers. The BF mothers favored waiting for the child to initiate weaning, and breast-fed males were weaned significantly later than bottle-fed males. It appears that mode of feeding and optimal levels of stimulation are related to how the mother experiences infant feeding, although additional research is warranted.
An analysis of decentralized collection and processing of end-of-life products

Abstract In this study, we analyze decentralized collection and processing operations for end-of-life products in durable goods industries. We consider a durable end-of-life product from which a particular part can be dismantled and remanufactured, and the remainder of the product can be further processed for part and/or material recovery. Both the quantity of end-of-life products available and the demand for remanufactured parts are price-sensitive. We develop models to determine the optimal acquisition price of the end-of-life products and the selling price of the remanufactured parts in centralized as well as remanufacturer- and collector-driven decentralized channels. We discuss how the decentralized channels can be coordinated to attain the end-of-life product collection rate that can be achieved in the centralized channel. In the presence of environmental regulations that require an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) of durable goods to collect and process its end-of-life products, we identify when and why the OEM would prefer a remanufacturer- or a collector-driven channel, i.e., outsource the processing or the collection activity, respectively. From a practical perspective, we show that the OEM should prefer a collector-driven channel to increase the collection rate, when end-of-life products are homogenous. However, we also show that the OEM would prefer a remanufacturer-driven channel under certain conditions. We also examine how the OEM can increase the quantity of used products collected, when the collection rate in the preferred channel setting falls short of the collection rate mandated by the environmental regulation. When end-of-life products are heterogeneous, we observe that the collection rate for all quality groups can be positive in a remanufacturer-driven channel, whereas the collection rate for some quality groups may be zero. This indicates that the OEM must pay more attention to its outsourcing decision in this case, if the environmental regulation in effect specifies target collection rates for individual quality groups.
The Economics of Technological Change Filtered through a Social Knowledge System Framework

The social knowledge system (Holzner et al., this volume) offers perspectives not found in most economic approaches to science and technology. Although little of the content of the social knowledge system is found in mainstream neoclassical microeconomics, the social knowledge system has closer intellectual ties to the emerging economics of institutional innovation, including the growing emphasis on university-industry-government partnerships in the performance of various knowledge functions. The knowledge systems accounting scheme augments the way economists working in different traditions conceptualize and describe processes of R&D, helping both to enlarge the scope and relevance of conventional science indicators and to create new indicators, which may account for such impact-mediating structures as university-industry-government partnerships.
An efficient algorithm for comparing two protein sequences: implementation for microcomputers

Abstract An algorithm which can be used on microcomputers to compare two protein sequences is presented. It is based on the algorithm developed by Needleman & Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48, 444). The original algorithm requries memory space of mn and computing time proportional to mn2 where m and n are the lengths of the two sequences. Because of these space and time requirements, the algorithm is of limited use on microcomputers. The modified algorithm presented here reduces the computing time proportional to mn and the size of directly accessed memory to 2n, thus making this algorithm usable by many currently available microcomputers. The time saving part of the algorithm will also improve the efficiency of computations on larger computers.
Tissue specificities of Thelohania duorara, Agmasoma penaei, and Pleistophora sp., microsporidian parasites of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum

Abstract The pathology of pink shrimp, Penaeus duorarum , infected with the microsporidians Thelohania duorara, Agmasoma penaei , and Pleistophora sp. was described. Infections of T. duorara were widespread in most tissues; spores were located throughout the hemocoel, at the periphery of all striated muscle bundles, and in muscle and connective tissue surrounding the digestive tract. A. penaei infections invaded only dorsal abdominal muscles, muscles adjacent to blood vessels, and ovaries. Infected muscles and ovaries were eventually completely destroyed. Masses of A. penaei spores were often engulfed by hemocytes. Pleistophora sp. infected the interior of all striated muscles. Infected muscles were never completely destroyed but were often atrophied.
Single Molecule FRET On Alpha Synuclein Membrane-bound Conformational States

Alpha-Synuclein (αS) is the primary component of the Lewy body plaques that are characteristic of Parkinson's disease (PD). Large insoluble αS aggregates compose Lewy bodies, but smaller soluble αS oligomers are implicated as the cytotoxic species in PD. Though αS is natively unstructured in solution, it forms a N-terminal alpha helix upon binding to lipid membranes. Extensive evidence also shows that αS gains structure upon forming oligomeric species. In order to learn more about the transition of monomeric αS to toxic oligomeric species and to identify critical conformational states along this pathway, we use single molecule Forster resonance energy transfer (smFRET) and fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) to characterize the monomeric conformational states of αS. Our evidence shows that αS populates at least two distinct, monomeric conformational states, as a function of curvature, on lipid membranes or lipid mimetics. This could mean αS forms distinct conformations based on whether it binds synaptic vesicles or other cellular membranes. Perhaps one of these conformations is more susceptible to conversion to toxic species, and so this finding may enhance our understanding of how toxic oligomers are formed in PD.
Transfinite recursion and computation in the iterative conception of set

Transfinite recursion is an essential component of set theory. In this paper, we seek intrinsically justified reasons for believing in recursion and the notions of higher computation that surround it. In doing this, we consider several kinds of recursion principles and prove results concerning their relation to one another. We then consider philosophical motivations for these formal principles coming from the idea that computational notions lie at the core of our conception of set. This is significant because, while the iterative conception of set has been widely recognized as insufficient to establish replacement and recursion, its supplementation by considerations pertaining to algorithms suggests a new and philosophically well-motivated reason to believe in such principles.
Optimal nonuniform distributed networks

Abstract Techniques developed in the Sturm—Liouville problem and its Inverse problem are well known in solving the analysis and synthesis problems of non-uniform distributed networks (or NUDN) (1)-(6), (15). However, very few practical results have been obtained from the theory, especially as regards the synthesis part of the problem. In this paper, we show that the chain matrix of an inhomogeneous ladder network (or IHLN) of N sections has undergone exactly the limit process of first-order difference equation approximation of the corresponding differential equation converges to the chain matrix of the corresponding NUDN uniformly on every compact subset of p = z(s)y(s) plane. Therefore an optimal NUDN is proven to be either symmetrical or antimetrical (7). Specifically, a class of optimal NUDN which is optimal on every subinterval of [O,L] has closed-form solutions, and is proven to be both symmetrical and antimetrical.
Interaction of uncouplers with the mitochondrial membrane: A high-affinity binding site

Abstract 2-Nitro-4-azidocarbonylcyanide phenylhydrazone (N3CCP), a potent water-soluble uncoupler at pH 6–8, was used to determine the nature of binding of the uncoupler to the mitochondrial membrane. Equilibrium binding studies with N3CCP showed that isolated pigeon heart mitochondria contain 1.6 ± 0.3 high-affinity binding sites per cytochrome a. Several different types of chemical uncouplers were also found to bind to the same high-affinity site as evidenced by their observed competition with N3CCP. The potassium ionophore valinomycin and the respiratory inhibitor antimycin A did not affect uncoupler binding to the high-affinity sites nor did active respiration of the mitochondria. The number of high-affinity binding sites was essentially unchanged by extraction of 80% of the mitochondrial phospholipids. The ability of the uncouplers to bind to the high-affinity binding sites is proportional to the uncoupler activities. These data support the idea that the high-affinity binding sites of mitochondria are protein(s) which are involved in the coupling reactions of oxidative phosphorylation and that uncoupler bound at these sites is responsible for the uncoupling activity.
A Gene for Autosomal Dominant Congenital Nystagmus Localizes to 6p12

Congenital nystagmus is an idiopathic disorder characterized by bilateral ocular oscillations usually manifest during infancy. Vision is typically decreased due to slippage of images across the fovea. As such, visual acuity correlates with nystagmus intensity, which is the amplitude and frequency of eye movements at a given position of gaze. X-linked, autosomal dominant, and autosomal recessive pedigrees have been described, but no mapping studies have been published. We recently described a large pedigree with autosomal dominant congenital nystagmus. A genome-wide search resulted in six markers on 6p linked by two-point analysis at θ = 0 (D6S459, D6S452, D6S465, FTHP1, D6S257, D6S430). Haplotype analysis localizes the gene for autosomal dominant congenital motor nystagmus to an 18-cM region between D6S271 and D6S455.
Transcription of a bacteriophage DNA by mammalian RNA polymerase

Abstract T even bacteriophage DNA is a relatively inefficient template for mammalian RNA polymerase and transcription is not stimulated by bacterial sigma factor. The RNA that is transcribed corresponds primarily to that synthesized early after bacteriophage infection although some RNA corresponding to that synthesized late after infection and some anti-messenger are transcribed. The data suggest that the enzyme preferentially recognizes initiation sites for early RNA.
Guest Editorial Control and Communications

The 13 papers in this special issue focus on control and communications. The papers are summarized here.
Stability of conducting amorphous Ru—Si—O thin films under oxygen annealing

Ru(sub 1)Si(sub 1)O(sub 4) thin films were deposited on Si and oxidized Si substrates by reactive rf magnetron sputtering of a Ru(sub 1)Si(sub 1) target in an argon/oxygen gas mixture.
The qualitative structure of a class of infinite horizon optimal control problems

Many papers in economics have been written using optimal control theory with what appear to be diverse models. The qualitative results developed in the papers have been related only to the specific model at hand. This paper shows that most of the useful qualitative results occur because the same small number of crucial assumptions are being made about the mathematical structure of the integrand and/or state equation. The taxonomy of models is examined and the seemingly diverse results are unified in this research for the class of one-dimensional, discounted infinite horizon optimal control problems. This is achieved by explicitly linking the local stability of the steady state, the steady state comparative statics and the local comparative dynamics of the optimal control problem. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tracking of spatial information in narratives.

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the process by which location information in narratives is represented in memory and the nature of the resulting memory representation. In Experiments 1 and 2, the results of a recognition task demonstrated that location shifts led to an immediate decrease in the accessibility in memory of protagonists' former locations. In Experiment 3, regardless of the amount of backgrounding after the last mention of the critical location (“the forest”), reference to an implied, location-typical entity (“the trees”) was read equally fast as long as the protagonist remained in that location. In contrast to previous findings, we conclude that when location information is salient in a narrative it is included in readers' situation models, being updated immediately and remaining highly accessible even several sentences after it was last mentioned.
Hyperlipidemia after liver transplantation: Natural history and treatment with the hydroxy-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase inhibitor pravastatin

This study was designed to determine the frequency of hyperlipidemia after orthotopic liver transplantation and whether treatment with a hydroxy-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor was safe and efficacious. Cholesterol levels were assessed in 45 consecutive adult liver transplants (mean +/- SE). Four of 22 patients on cyclosporine (CsA) (18%) and three of 23 patients on FK506 (13%) had levels >225 mg/dl at 12 months (cholesterol levels for patients on CsA [total n=22]: pre-Tx = 140+/-11, 1 month = 183+/-36,3 months = 221+/-12, 6 months = 211+/-11, 12 months = 202+/-14 [P 225 mg/dl, and two additional risk factors for coronary artery disease were started on pravastatin. Ninety-eight patients were enrolled. Sixteen patients (16%) discontinued the drug because of subjective complaints. No episodes of rhabdomyolysis or hepatotoxicity occurred (cholesterol levels for patients on CsA [total n=65]: pretreatment = 251+/-7, 6 months = 220+/-7 [P=0.01 vs. pretreatment], 12 months = 224+/-8 [P=0.01 vs. pretreatment]; FK506 [total n=17]: pretreatment = 251+/-17, 6 months = 219+/-17, 12 months = 208+/-17 [P=0.08 vs. pretreatment]). Natural killer cells isolated from normal volunteers (n=14) exhibited 27+/-9% specific lysis. Patients on FK506 or cyclosporine-based immunosuppression alone (n=11) exhibited 20+/-4% specific lysis. Standard immunosuppression plus pravastatin (n=10) decreased lysis to 0.2+/-10% (P<0.02 vs. controls and standard immunosuppression). We conclude: (1) posttransplant hyperlipidemia occurs less frequently in liver transplant patients than in renal or cardiac transplants; (2) pravastatin is safe and efficacious for cholesterol reduction in liver transplant patients; and (3) pravastatin coadministered with standard immunosuppression reduces natural killer cell-specific lysis in these recipients.
Source credibility and evidence format: examining the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS messages for young African Americans.

Using experimental methodology, this study tests the effectiveness of HIV/AIDS prevention messages tailored specifically to college-aged African Americans. To test interaction effects, it intersects source role and evidence format. The authors used gain-framed and loss-framed information specific to young African Americans and HIV to test message effectiveness between statistical and emotional evidence formats, and for the first time, a statistical/emotional combination format. It tests which source—physician or minister—that young African Americans believe is more effective when delivering HIV/AIDS messages to young African Americans. By testing the interaction between source credibility and evidence format, this research expands knowledge on creating effective health messages in several major areas. Findings include a significant interaction between the role of physician and the combined statistical/emotional format. This message was rated as the most effective way to deliver HIV/AIDS prevention messages.
K12 and the web

K12 resources on and uses of the internet are becoming plentiful. Previously many home pages on the World Wide Web (WWW) were only text, but now students have created colorful graphics and even movies for the Web. The excitement of the students is contagious and, as a result, many schools have allowed part of their home pages to be designed by the students themselves. This paper discusses how students are gaining access to the internet and how educators are enabling that access to happen.
Herbal Teas and Populace Health Care in Tropical China

Commercial Chinese herbal tea is the development of the populace in tropical and subtropical China consequential to their fight against infectious diseases and in their struggle to explore local plants to relieve fever, to alleviate pain, to restore strength and to modulate immunity against viral epidemics. From these ethnomedical experiences, two types of herbal teas were commercialized, namely, liangcha and medicated teas. Liangcha refers to a ready-made decoction infused from wild plants served in simple stores in cities and towns. Medicated teas are parcelled material prepared from crude drugs with or without tea (Camellia sinensis [L.] O. Ktze,), sold in colorful boxes and bags to people for use at home. Investigations of liangcha were made in Hong Kong and Macao, and studies of medicated teas were done from samples obtained in Chinese stores at Boston. A total of 127 source species of these herbal teas were identified and arranged in two alphabetical lists by the botanical names, each followed by an English common name in parenthesis, part used, frequency in samples, and family. External recognizing characters of medicated teas, discussions of problems encountered in identifying source species, relevant toxicities, and potential new vegetal pharmaceutical resources are given.
The Role of Operating Leverage in Pricing Decisions

Abstract The concept of operating leverage is used to measure the sensitivity of operating income to the change in total sales. The change in total sales, however, may come from a price adjustment. We examine the impact of operating leverage on operating income due to a price adjustment. The results show that, in the short run, operating leverage is actually preferable in a price cut situation; while in a price raise situation, operating leverage adds downside risk to the firm's profit. These results are particularly pertinent to the defense industry and government units of similar nature. For example, a defense contractor may face a fixed-price contract with the Department of Defense and, therefore, is forced to adjust the sales price toward the contract price. Hence, it is desirable to know how operating leverage affects the operating income when the sales price is changed.
Operational Aspects of Hidden-Variable Quantum Theories with a Postscript on the Impact of Recent Scientific Trends on Art

The domination of the field of quantum physics by the “Copenhagen interpretation” [1,2] until recent years pushed the concept of the thing-in-itself, even that of objective reality, well into limbo as far as the outlook of theoretical physics was concerned. At first the wave function was even thought to be largely of subjective implication. When this misconception was finally cleared up, there still remained as an irreducible residue in this interpretation the idea that the wave function was strictly a record of experimental results. The objectivity that remained in quantum physics was thus of the nature of objective appearance, well removed from the inherent properties (if any) of the system under investigation.
Association of melanocortin 4 receptor gene variation with satiation and gastric emptying in overweight and obese adults

Melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) has a major role in energy homeostasis. The rs17782313 polymorphism, mapped 188 kb downstream from MC4R, has been associated with satiety, higher body mass index (BMI) and total calorie intake in adults. To assess the association of rs17782313 with gastric functions, satiation, or satiety, we studied 178 predominantly Caucasian overweight and obese people: 120 females, 58 males; mean BMI 33.4 ± 5.3 kg/m2 (SD); age 37.7 ± 11.2 years. Quantitative traits assessed were gastric emptying (GE) of solids and liquids; fasting and postprandial gastric volume; satiation by maximum tolerated volume and 4 symptoms by 100-mm visual analog scales (VAS); and satiety by ad libitum buffet meal. Associations of genotype and quantitative traits were assessed by analysis of covariance (using gender and BMI as covariates), based on a dominant [TC (n = 72) − CC (n = 12) vs. TT (n = 94)] genetic model. rs17782313(C) was associated with postprandial satiation symptoms (median Δ total VAS 26.5 mm, p = 0.036), reduced proportion of solid GE at 2 h (median Δ 6.7 %, p = 0.008) and 4 h (median Δ 3.2 %, p = 0.006), and longer t ½ (median Δ 6 min, p = 0.034). Associations of rs17782313 with obesity may be explained by reduced satiation and GE. The role of MC4R mechanisms in satiation and gastric function deserves further study.
Trading rule profits in Latin American currency spot rates

Abstract The efficiency of foreign exchange markets has received extensive attention in the literature in recent years, especially with regard to technical trading. We extend the existing evidence on this topic by applying the moving average (MA) and channel (CH) trading rules to 13 Latin currencies to see if opportunities for profitable trading exist. Our results show that although not all of the Latin American currencies can be exploited through the use of trading rules that we use, there are some that appear amenable to our technical analysis. Specifically, the results suggest that MA trading rules are profitable for four currencies, namely the Brazilian real, the Mexican peso, the Peruvian new sol, and the Venezuelan bolivar. We further find that CH rules are profitable for the Brazilian real, the Mexican peso, and the Venezuelan bolivar. Our results suggest that due to differences in the statistical properties of exchange rates, some trading rules may be more suitable for certain types of currencies.
The separation of the forms of chlorophyll a and the absorption changes in euglena during aging

Abstract The spectral changes which occur as green Euglena are allowed to age in the dark have been described. Previous studies have been concerned with the striking differences in the chlorophyll a absorption bands between Euglena grown with strong and weak illumination. Here we have shown that the absorption changes during aging of these two cell types also follow a different course. In cells grown with intense light, the chlorophyll absorption maximum shifts towards shorter wavelengths during aging whereas in cells grown with weak light, it shifts in the opposite direction. Both types gradually form a pigment absorbing at 710 mμ and also pheophytin a . There appears to be a relationship between the decrease in absorption at 670 mμ and the increase at 710 mμ. At intermediary stages in the aging process two particulate fractions may be obtained—one with absorption maxima at 670 and 710 mμ and the other with a major band just above 680 mμ. This is presented in support of the hypothesis that the two major forms of chlorophyll a , C a 670 and C a 685, break down by different processes and are attached to different lipoprotein subunits.
Plasma Sn cleaning integrated in EUV source system

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) is a potential candidate for the next generation lithography techniques, which will use Xe or Sn as a main fuel to produce EUV light. However, the industry has favored to use Sn as main fuel in EUVL systems because of its high conversion efficiency over Xe. Sn has an advantage of producing more light, but on the other hand its condensable nature is a real threat to the reflective mirrors which are used to collect the EUV light at intermediate focus. Center for Plasma Material Interactions (CPMI) at the University of Illinois has studied plasma etching as a potential method of Sn removal from collector optics. RF-driven chlorine plasma is used to etch Sn from mirror samples. Previously we reported high selectivity of Sn over several EUV compatible mirror materials. The increased confidence in this technology had led us to perform cleaning experiments on real Sn contaminated samples exposed in an EUV source and the results obtained have been very encouraging. Small mock up shells (same as in the grazing incidence collector optics system) were constructed at CPMI and chlorine etching was performed at different samples placed at different locations on multi-shell collector mock up in ICP-RIE chamber. Post cleaning material characterization results of samples shows that chlorine can potentially clean Sn off of collector optics (Ru was used in this study as a mirror sample). Realizing this as a viable cleaning solution, we have stepped further and performed a full size cleaning test in the Xtreme's XTS 13-35 EUV source. Large mock up with appropriate dimension was placed in the EUV source chamber and the cleaning system was installed to etch Sn away from Ru surface. This study compares the cleaning results in a real system scale with the previous simulated system. The comparison shows how to improve the Sn cleaning system in the EUV source chamber. Results are encouraging and may enable source suppliers to integrate this technology in their respective sources. Cleaning rate was measured as >100nm/min using ion sputtered Sn samples.
The Susceptibility of Intuitive Knowledge to Akrasia in Spinoza's Ethical Thought

Spinoza unequivocally states in the Ethics that intuitive knowledge is more powerful than reason. Nonetheless, it is not clear what exactly this greater power promises in the face of the passions. Does this mean that intuitive knowledge is not liable to akrasia? Ronald Sandler offers what, to my knowledge, is the only explicit answer to this question in recent Spinoza scholarship. According to Sandler, intuitive knowledge, unlike reason, is not susceptible to akrasia. This is because, intuitive knowledge enables the knower to greater power over the passions due to its immediacy, its foundation and because it engenders the boundlessly powerful intellectual love of God. In this paper, I consider to what extent (if at all) intuitive knowledge is liable to akrasia by exploring whether Sandler's claim can justifiably be attributed to Spinoza. I argue that, given our modal status, it is not plausible to claim that akrasia would never apply to intuitive knowledge. Since intuitive ideas are the ideas of a finite ...
An Empirically Supported and Culturally Specific Engagement and Intervention Strategy for African American Adolescent Males

The need for effective culturally responsive treatments has become more urgent as the number of ethnic minority clients continues to increase. Previous research with a clinically referred sample of substance-abusing African American inner-city teenagers found that treatment engagement increased when cultural content was incorporated in the therapeutic process (Jackson-Gilfort, Liddle, Tejeda, & Dakof, 2001). This article amplifies these findings by offering clinical guidelines for how to develop and implement culturally specific interventions that contribute to the therapeutic engagement of African American adolescent males. Clinical outcomes may be improved by integrating culturally responsive intervention methods within a multisystemic approach to the adolescent's treatment.
Fabrication and characterization of a depletion-mode ZnS/sub 0.07/Se/sub 0.93/ MESFET

We report the fabrication and characterization of a depletion-mode n-channel ZnS/sub 0.07/Se/sub 0.93/ metal-semiconductor field effect transistor (MESFET). A ZnSSe FET could be a key element in opto-electronic integration consisting of light emitters, light receivers and MESFET pre-amplifiers. Mesa isolation, recess etching and self-alignment techniques were adopted to optimize the MESFET performance. Source and drain (S/D) ohmic contacts and gate Schottky contact were formed by Cr/In/Cr and Au deposition, respectively. Depletion mode FET's with varying gate width-to-length ratio of W/L=200 /spl mu/m/20 /spl mu/m, 200 /spl mu/m/4 /spl mu/m and 200 /spl mu/m/2 /spl mu/m were fabricated. A 2 /spl mu/m FET was characterized as follows: the turn-on voltage, V/sub on//spl ap/1.75 V, the pinch-off voltage, V/sub p//spl ap/-13 V, the unit transconductance, g/sub m//spl ap/8.73 mS/mm, and the breakdown voltage with zero gate-source bias, BV/spl ap/28 V.
Controlled macromolecule release from poly(phosphazene) matrices.

Hydrolytically unstable poly(phosphazene) PPHOS matrices with 50% ethyl glycinato/50% p-methylphenoxy substitution were investigated as vehicles for the controlled release of macromolecules. Specifically, the effects of matrix pH environment and macromolecule loading were studied. 14C-labeled inulin was incorporated into matrices by a solvent casting technique at 1, 10 and 40% loadings (w/w). Degradation and release studies were performed at 37°C at pH 2.0, 7.4 and 10.0. The PPHOS polymer degraded relatively slowly in neutral and basic solutions (pH 7.0 and pH 10.0). In contrast, significantly (p < 0.01) higher levels of degradation were seen in acidic solutions (pH 2.0) after 35 days. The presence of the hydrophilic macromolecule inulin in the polymer matrix resulted in increased degradation of PPHOS with time. Inulin release, like polymer degradation, was highest at pH 2.0 followed by pH 10.0 and 7.4. Inulin release appeared to be dependent on polymer degradation and inulin diffusion. High inulin loading increased the levels of initial drug burst release and resulted in higher levels of ultimate drug release as measured at 25 days. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM) demonstrated smooth surfaces on matrices without drug, rough and granular surfaces on matrices loaded with inulin before release, and surfaces possessing micropores and macropores after inulin loading and release. PPHOS polymers can predictably release macromolecules such as inulin. Release can be modulated through changes in pH environment and drug loading.
The Wi-Fi privacy ticker: improving awareness & control of personal information exposure on Wi-Fi

Anyone within range of an 802.11 wireless network ("Wi-Fi") can use free software to collect the unencrypted web traffic of others on the network. However, many Wi-Fi users are completely unaware of the risk that this creates. This work aims to improve users' awareness about what they expose to others on Wi-Fi networks and provide them with some control. Our system, the Wi-Fi Privacy Ticker, displays information about the exposure of sensitive terms that are sent to and from a user's computer and prevents the unencrypted transmission of terms from the user's computer that she has identified as highly sensitive. In a three-week field study with 17 participants, we found that the Wi-Fi Privacy Ticker improved participants' awareness of the circumstances in which their personal information is transmitted. We show that this heightened awareness contributed to changes in their behavior while on Wi-Fi.
Field and Laboratory Studies on Sources and Persistence of Chlordane Contamination in the Missouri Aquatic Environment

Abstract Field and laboratory studies were conducted to investigate the persistence of chlordane in the aquatic and terrestrial environment. The laboratory data show that the transformation and loss of the chlordane constituents is dependent on soil characteristics. The overall rate of loss is also dependent on the depth of application, being significantly lower at greater depths. The field data show a strong correlation between urban development and residue concentration levels.
Vascular follicle system of the sea cucumber, Stichopus moebii.

Sea cucumbers, Stichopus moebii, have a unique specialization of their blood vascular system: The vascular follicle network is composed of numerous small chambers (follicles) interconnected by minute vessels. The fine structure of the follicle system was studied in detail. The follicles are composed of several layers: an external ciliated epithelium, neuromuscular layer and basement membrane, connective tissue, and a fenestrated endothelial lining. The follicle lumen is filled with coelomocytes and necrotic cells surrounding particles of iron. The follicle may function in coelomocyte production and destruction.
Incentive-oriented downlink scheduling for wireless networks with real-time and non-real-time flows

We study the problem of designing downlink scheduling policy for wireless networks with both real-time and non-real-time flows. Most existing scheduling policies for these networks unfairly favor one type of flows. As a result, strategic clients may lie about their types of traffic in order to get more service from the base station. To counter these strategic behaviors, a scheduling policy should be incentive compatible in the sense that clients cannot improve their performance by lying. We propose a novel scheduling policy that is incentive compatible. The policy can be easily implemented as a thin layer between the Network layer and the MAC layer. It can also work with a wide range of upper-layer and lower-layer protocols while providing satisfactory performance to both real-time and non-real-time flows. Simulation results show that this policy outperforms other widely used policies by large margins under a variety of scenarios.
Interactions of TCR tyrosine based activation motifs with tyrosine kinases

The tyrosine activating motif (TAM) is a conserved signaling motif present in many hematopoietic receptors. Although the exact definition and the function of these motifs is not known, it is likely that these motifs bind and activate protein tyrosine kinases. Here we summarize the data regarding tyrosine kinase interactions with the T cell receptor TAMs and integrate much of the information into a functional and testable model. We propose that phosphorylated TAMs are important for the activation of tyrosine kinases as well as for the recruitment of critical signaling molecules.
Preferences for High and Low Structure among Prospective Teachers

(1959). Preferences for High and Low Structure among Prospective Teachers. The Journal of Social Psychology: Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 243-248.
Effect of food deprivation during early development on cognition and neurogenesis in the rat

Food deprivation has been recognized as having pronounced beneficial effects in adult animals, increasing longevity, reducing seizure susceptibility, and enhancing resistance to neurotoxins. It is not known whether food deprivation in developing animals is neuroprotective or harmful. To evaluate the effects of food deprivation on brain development, we evaluated visual–spatial learning and memory and neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus in food-deprived (FD) and well-fed (WF) rats. To induce food deprivation, pups were removed from their dams for 12 hours per day from Postnatal Day (P) 2 to P19. FD and WF rat pups were then subjected to status epilepticus (SE) induced by lithium–pilocarpine at P20. After SE, neurogenesis was measured, while in another group of P38 rats, learning and memory were evaluated using the Morris water maze. Food deprivation was found to reduce neurogenesis when assessed after the period of food deprivation. Although SE reduced neurogenesis in the WF animals, it had little effect additional to food deprivation on neurogenesis in the FD rats. Compared with the WF group, FD rats had a mild impairment in memory in the water maze testing after SE. Our study demonstrates that food deprivation during the neonatal period in rats is associated with a decrease in neurogenesis and mild impairment of visual–spatial memory. Although SE decreased neurogenesis in the WF group, in FD animals, SE did not reduce neurogenesis more than what was seen with food deprivation alone. Our results suggest that although food deprivation during early development reduces dentate gyrus neurogenesis, the reduced neurogenesis is not a major factor in cognitive impairment after SE in FD rats.
Streptozotocin-induced diabetes differentially modifies haloperidol- and γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB)-induced catalepsy

Abstract To examine whether dopamine-mediated behavioral effects are altered in diabetes, this study compared the cataleptic effects of the dopamine receptor antagonist haloperidol (0.032–0.56 mg/kg) and γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB; 56–1000 mg/kg) in control and streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rats. Haloperidol and GHB produced catalepsy in control and diabetic rats; haloperidol was less potent in diabetic rats (D50 = 0.44 mg/kg) than in controls (D50 = 0.19 mg/kg), while GHB was more potent in diabetic rats (D50 = 392 mg/kg) than in controls (D50 = 550 mg/kg). In diabetic rats, the non-competitive N-methyl- d -aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist dizocilpine (0.32 mg/kg) further attenuated haloperidol-induced catalepsy (D50 = 1.2 mg/kg) and further enhanced GHB-induced catalepsy (D50 = 248 mg/kg). That haloperidol is less potent to produce catalepsy in diabetic rats is consistent with reports of altered dopamine receptor binding in diabetes.