cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fourier transform spectroscopy of NiCl: identification of a [9.1] Ω=3/2 state

The ground state electronic configuration of Niþ(3d9)Cl (3p) gives rise to five low-lying electronic states: P3=2, P1=2, D5=2, D3=2, and R þ. Excitation of one of the nickel 3d valence electrons to an unoccupied nickel 4s or 4p orbital leads to numerous electronic transitions throughout the visible and near-infrared spectral regions, identified in the literature as System A through to System J [1–9]. The low-lying electronic states with Tes less than 3000 cm 1 are labeled X P, AD, and B2Rþ [1–6]. The Bernath and Pinchemel groups [1–3] have identified five states with electronic term energies in the 20 000–25 000 cm 1 range. In our laboratory two electronic states with term energies in the 10 000–13 500 cm 1 range have been observed and identified [4–6]. This paper reports the observation of the [9.1]X 1⁄4 3=2 electronic state of NiCl. This state is identified for the first time through the analysis of an electronic band near 9100 cm , namely the [9.1] X 1⁄4 ð3=2Þ–X P3=2 transition.
A Review of “Seeking Spatial Justice”

Seeking Spatial Justice strikes me as a book with a particular mission. It is not so much aimed at a narrow audience of academics but seeks to present an argument about geography, justice, and poli...
Eastern tropical Pacific hydrologic changes during the past 27,000 years from D/H ratios in alkenones

[1] The tropical Pacific plays a central role in the climate system by providing large diabatic heating that drives the global atmospheric circulation. Quantifying the role of the tropics in late Pleistocene climate change has been hampered by the paucity of paleoclimate records from this region and the lack of realistic transient climate model simulations covering this period. Here we present records of hydrogen isotope ratios (dD) of alkenones from the Panama Basin off the Colombian coast that document hydrologic changes in equatorial South America and the eastern tropical Pacific over the past 27,000 years (a) and the past 3 centuries in detail. Comparison of alkenone dD values with instrumental records of precipitation over the past � 100 a suggests that dD can be used as a hydrologic proxy. On long timescales our records indicate reduced rainfall during the last glacial period that can be explained by a southward shift of the mean position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and an associated reduction of Pacific moisture transport into Colombia. Precipitation increases at � 17 ka in concert with sea surface temperature (SST) cooling in the North Atlantic and the eastern tropical Pacific. A regional coupled model, forced by negative SST anomalies in the Caribbean, simulates an intensification of northeasterly trade winds across Central America, increased evaporative cooling, and a band of increased rainfall in the northeastern tropical Pacific. These results are consistent with the alkenone SST and dD reconstructions that suggest increasing precipitation and SST cooling at the time of Heinrich event 1.
In vivo aspects of progesterone distribution and metabolism

Abstract The end-organ response of any hormone is the result of many factors which precede the event, including biosynthesis, secretion, transport, distribution, and metabolism. These factors vary among different species. The metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of progesterone varies between 40 and 180 L./day/Kg. in man (60 to 70), monkey (40 to 50), rabbit (55 to 60), sheep (110), rat (120), and guinea pig (180). Major sites of clearance include liver, brain, and uterus. Specific metabolites of progesterone include 20 α-hydroxypregn-4-en-3-one (20αOHP) and 5 α-pregnan-3,20-dione (5α-DPH). Liver, brain, and uterine clearances, extractions, and conversions of progesterone to these metabolites have been studied in various species under apparent steady-state conditions. A specific hormone action of progesterone, the appearance of uteroglobin in the rabbit clerus, has also been studied in varying horomonal states (estrogen, estrogen plus progesterone, and progesterone alone). These have all been used as examples of progesterone distribution and metabolism.
Human Eye Response to Blast Overpressure

Each year, approximately two million people in the United States suffer eye injuries that require treatment [1]. Although it is suggested that blast overpressure can cause serious eye injuries, there is no clear evidence in the literature to support this injury mechanism. Conversely, projectile impacts have been shown to cause serious eye injuries [2, 3]. The critical question is whether blast overpressure alone can cause eye injury or if injuries are caused solely by projected material. Therefore, the purpose of the current study is to measure the intraocular pressure (IOP) of postmortem human eyes during blasts and assess injuries sustained in order to more fully understand the effect of blast overpressure on the eye.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Tyrosine phosphorylation in Myxococcus xanthus, a multicellular prokaryote.

Tyrosine phosphorylation is an extremely rare event in prokaryotes, occurring almost exclusively in multicellular eukaryotes. We have identified, for the first time, by the use of antiphosphotyrosine monoclonal antibody and Western blot (immunoblot) analysis, two tyrosine-phosphorylated membrane proteins in the multicellular prokaryote Myxococcus xanthus. The pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation was shown to change during development, indicating a possible role for this regulatory modification during two stages of development, i.e., aggregation and sporulation. Furthermore, the altered pattern of tyrosine phosphorylation observed in a variety of signaling mutants was shown to differ from that observed in the wild type, suggesting further the possible involvement of tyrosine phosphorylation during the development program.
T-cell receptor peptide-MHC interactions: biological lessons from structural studies

Abstract Fifteen years have passed since T-cell receptor (TCR) genes were identified (reviewed in [1]). Unlike the situation for antibodies, no direct structural information on the TCR proteins has been available for most of this time. Recently, however, the crystal structures of isolated α and β chains were determined, shortly followed by the determination of the structure of an αβ heterodimer. Subsequently, the structures of two TCR peptide—MHC (pMHC) complexes have been reported. The windfall of this, and other more recent structural information, has elucidated some generalizations for TCR binding and recognition of pMHC. The crystal structures have, however, given us very little insight into the mechanisms of signal transduction by the TCR complex and the subsequent events which lead to activation of a T cell. Ultimately, the crystallographic results will be reconciled with experiments from other disciplines for a complete understanding of the molecular events of T cell activation
Translational inactivation of ribosomal protein mRNAs during Xenopus oocyte maturation

Ribosomal protein synthesis ceases upon maturation of Xenopus oocytes. We find that this cessation results from the dissociation of ribosomal protein mRNAs from polysomes and is accompanied by the deadenylation of these transcripts. A synthetic mRNA encoding ribosomal protein LI, microinjected into stage VI oocytes, is deadenylated and released from polysomes upon maturation. Our results indicate that sequences located within 387 bp of the 3' terminus of LI mRNA direct both the deadenylation and polysomal release of this ribosomal protein mRNA. The proper translational regulation of an exogenous ribosomal protein mRNA in microinjected oocytes provides a basis for determining the sequence specificity for the differential utilization of maternal mRNAs during oocyte maturation.
Androgen receptor gene expression in the rat central nervous system: Evidence for two mRNA transcripts

Abstract Androgen receptor (AR) gene expression in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral tissues of male rats was examined using cDNA probes to measure AR mRNA by RNA (Northern) blot analysis and by in situ hybridization. Using a probe from the 5′ untranslated region of the rat cDNA (AR-1), a single mRNA species of approximately 11 kb was seen in Northern blots of poly(A) + RNA from reproductive tissues, kidney, liver, and muscle. Using a probe from the 5′ end of the coding region (AR-2), in addition to the 11-kb band, a novel transcript was seen in whole brain at about 9.3 kb. In poly(A) + RNA from dissected brain regions, the 9.3-kb transcript was predominant in the cortex, cerebellum, and brain stem, while in the hippocampus, both transcripts were expressed to a similar degree. AR mRNA levels increased two- to threefold in the prostate on Days 1 and 3 following castration but no significant change was seen in either CNS transcript in whole brain or cortex. Specific in situ hybridization of an 35 S-labeled AR-2 riboprobe was observed in brain regions known to bind radiolabeled androgens. We conclude that two AR RNA species exist in the adult male rat which differ in their 5′ untranslated region and that the relative proportion of the two species varies between brain regions. In contrast to observations in the prostate, AR gene expression in the cerebral cortex is not regulated in the short term by androgen withdrawal.
Localization of OccR-activated and TraR-activated promoters that express two ABC-type permeases and the traR gene of Ti plasmid pTiR10

Conjugation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens wide-host-range octopine-type Ti plasmids is regulated by the LuxR-type transcriptional activator TraR in conjunction with an acylated homoserine lactone designated AAI. Expression of traR in octopine-type Ti plasmids is stimulated by OccR in response to octopine, an opine released from crown gall tumours, and is also positively autoregulated by TraR and AAI. Genetic and physical mapping of these promoters indicates that the OccR-activated promoter lies 14.5 kb upstream of traR, while the TraR-activated promoter lies 6 kb upstream. The upstream portion of the 14.5 kb operon contains seven previously characterized genes that direct the uptake and catabolism of octopine. The TraR-activated promoter lies just downstream from the octopine catabolic genes, and transcribes six genes in addition to traR, including five genes (ophABCDE) that show strong homology to oligo-peptide permeases of Salmonella typhimurium and Bacillus subtilis. Several TraR-regulated promoters overlap with 18 bp inverted repeats called tra boxes. In contrast, the traR autoregulatory promoter is not associated with a consensus tra box.
Estimations of relative effort during sit-to-stand increase when accounting for variations in maximum voluntary torque with joint angle and angular velocity.

Abstract The main purpose of this study was to compare three methods of determining relative effort during sit-to-stand (STS). Fourteen young (mean 19.6±SD 1.2 years old) and 17 older (61.7±5.5 years old) adults completed six STS trials at three speeds: slow, normal, and fast. Sagittal plane joint torques at the hip, knee, and ankle were calculated through inverse dynamics. Isometric and isokinetic maximum voluntary contractions (MVC) for the hip, knee, and ankle were collected and used for model parameters to predict the participant-specific maximum voluntary joint torque. Three different measures of relative effort were determined by normalizing STS joint torques to three different estimates of maximum voluntary torque. Relative effort at the hip, knee, and ankle were higher when accounting for variations in maximum voluntary torque with joint angle and angular velocity (hip=26.3±13.5%, knee=78.4±32.2%, ankle=27.9±14.1%) compared to methods which do not account for these variations (hip=23.5±11.7%, knee=51.7±15.0%, ankle=20.7±10.4%). At higher velocities, the difference in calculating relative effort with respect to isometric MVC or incorporating joint angle and angular velocity became more evident. Estimates of relative effort that account for the variations in maximum voluntary torque with joint angle and angular velocity may provide higher levels of accuracy compared to methods based on measurements of maximal isometric torques.
On the distribution of Σ for grain boundaries in polycrystalline nickel prepared by strainannealing technique

Abstract The Σ value for a total of 222 boundaries was evaluated in recrystallized polycrystals of 270 grade nickel. The specimens were strained at room temperature and annealed at 0.9 Tm in order to obtain a large grain size. Of the 222 boundaries, 91 were related to Σ3, 20 to Σ9, 13 to Σ27 and 4 to Σ81. Of the remaining, 80 were random with Σ> 97, while the others were evenly distributed among other CSLs. The occurrence of Σ3 in our polycrystals is comparable to that found in bicrystals (this is a little remarkable since the grains were free to rotate in the bicrystals but were constrained in the polycrystals), but we find a much greater incidence of Σ9, Σ27 and Σ81 boundaries. The explanation given is that in polycrystals, Σ9 boundaries are created by the impingement of two Σ3 boundaries, etc.
RELATIVE STABILITIES OF ORTHO-, META- AND PARA-TOLYL CATIONS

Relative energies of the tropylium ion and tolyl cations with respect to the benzyl cation were estimated using ab initio calculations. The relative energies of tolyl cations are in ascending order ortho<meta<para. After correcting for zero-point energies, correlation effects, and basis-set deficiencies, the best estimates for the relative energies were converted to 0 K heats of formation by taking ΔH°f0=919 kJ mol−1 for the benzyl cation as an anchor. The best ΔH°f0 estimates are 896, 1087, 1093, and 1101 kJ mol−1 for the tropylium, ortho-, meta-, and para-tolyl cations, respectively.
The bioavailability of sediment-sorbed chlorobenzenes to larvae of the midge, Chironomus decorus

Larval stages of the midge, Chironomus decorus, were used to define the bioaccumulation of sediment-sorbed mono-, di-, tri-, and hexachlorobenzene. Larvae were exposed to high- and low-organic-content sediments that had been equilibrated with individual radiolabeled chlorobenzenes prior to testing. Equilibrium or nonequilibrium aqueous concentrations of the volatile test chemicals were flowed through sealed chambers in a sediment-water exposure system. The uptake of chlorobenzenes by midge larvae was rapid for all compounds tested, and apparent steady-state conditions were reached within 48 hr of exposure. Bioconcentration factors for the accumulation of chlorobenzenes from sediments and from interstitial and overlying waters were related to the octanol/water partition coefficients of the compounds. Because the diffusion of chlorobenzenes to overlying water during nonequilibrium flow through conditions was very slow, bioaccumulation was dependent on the concentration of the chemicals in interstitial water. These results show how benthic organisms may be able to accumulate significant levels of chlorinated aromatic compounds from ecosystems where their concentrations in the water column are relatively low.
An aerosol optical depth climatology for NOAA's national surface radiation budget network (SURFRAD)

[1] A series of algorithms developed to process spectral solar measurements for aerosol optical depth (AOD) for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) national surface radiation budget network (SURFRAD) is summarized, and decadal results are presented. AOD is a measure of the extinction of the Sun's beam due to aerosols. Daily files of AOD for five spectral measurements in the visible and near-infrared have been produced for 1997–2006. Comparisons of SURFRAD daily AOD averages to NASA's Aerosol Robotic Network product at two of the stations were generally good. An AOD climatology for each SURFRAD station is presented as an annual time series of composite monthly means that represents a typical intra-annual AOD variation. Results are similar to previous U.S. climatologies in that the highest AOD magnitude and greatest variability occur in summer, the lowest AOD levels are in winter, and geographically, the highest-magnitude AOD is in the eastern United States. Springtime Asian dust intrusions show up as a secondary maximum at the western stations. A time series of nationwide annual means shows that 500-nm AOD has decreased over the United States by about 0.02 AOD units over the 10-year period. However, this decline is not statistically significant nor geographically consistent within the country. The eastern U.S. stations and westernmost station at Desert Rock, Nevada, show decreasing AOD, whereas the other two western stations show an increase that is attributed to an upsurge in wildfire activity in the last half of the decade.
Rapid intermetallic growth under high strain rate deformation during high power ultrasonic spot welding of aluminium to steel

Abstract High power ultrasonic spot welding is an alternative manufacturing process which recently has been developed for joining automotive bodies. This technique is a very low energy process, forming effective welds in less than a second particularly for difficult dissimilar material combinations such as aluminium to steel joint. However, in dissimilar joint the interdiffusion and thus intermetallic formation was accelerated due to high strain rate dynamic deformation in ultrasonic spot welding which deteriorates mechanical performance. The interfacial reaction between aluminium 6111-T4 and DC04 uncoated steel has been investigated as a function of welding time. For the optimum welding time of 1.5 s under a 1.4 kN axial pressure, the intermetallic layer thickness could have reached ∼1.0 μm. Intermetallic islands were seen to nucleate across the microbonds at the interface within short welding times which spread and grow rapidly forming a continuous layer which mainly contains FeAl3 and Fe2Al5 phases. The interfacial reaction occurred in solid state even for a long welding time. Modelling was carried out with the aim of showing that the rate of interfacial reaction was over 6 times greater than the rate observed in diffusion couple using rate constants achieved from the static heat treatment condition. This confirms that deformation-induced vacancies during the thermomechanical welding process accelerates formation of intermetallic layer at the interface.
Ion-electron hybrid resonance with partial propagation along the magnetic field

Abstract The complex index of refraction near the ion-electron hybrid frequency is calculated for a plasma of finite length using a two fluid model with collision terms. It is found that a simplified approach assuming only the fundamental longitudinal mode of oscillation correctly describes the small effect of finite plasma length on the resonant frequency for plasma parameters typical of recent observations. Large effects are predicted for other conditions, in particular for heavier gases.
Hydrosilation-Cured Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Networks: Intrinsic Contact Angles via Dynamic Contact Angle Analysis

A method for measuring intrinsic advancing (θadv) and receding (θrec) water contact angles is reported for hydrosilylation-cured poly(dimethylsiloxane) network coatings that are analogues of biomedical materials. Static and dynamic contact angle (DCA) methods were used to evaluate coatings prepared from commercial divinyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (C-DVPDMS) and synthesized low polydispersity divinyl-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (N-DVPDMS). DCA measurements showed that coatings prepared with both C-DVPDMS and N-DVPDMS contaminated the water surface during analysis. For ambient temperature cure, the rate of contamination was C-DVPDMS > N-DVPDMS. Methods for acquiring intrinsic contact angles on the PDMS coatings include using a large surface area reservoir or changing the water reservoir between DCA cycles. Intrinsic contact angles for hydrosilylation-cured PDMS coatings are as follows: θadv, 118°, θrec 83°; after contamination of the water surface the contact angles change to θadv, 108°, θre...
Nutrient Flows and Quality of Bio-crude Oil Produced via Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Low-Lipid Microalgae

Five heterogeneous and two alkaline catalysts were applied into the hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of Chlorella pyrenoidosa, a low-lipid microalgal species. The effects of catalysts on the bio-crude oil yield were more substantial at 280 oC (bio-crude oil yield was increased by 10 %) than at 240 oC although bio-crude oil formation had already occurred at the low temperature. At 240 oC, additions of catalyst could improve the boiling point distribution of bio-crude oil. At 280 oC, addition of alkaline catalysts increased the fractions of compounds with high boiling points due to the formation of nitrogen and oxygen heterocyclic compounds. The majority of nitrogen (59∼68 %) and phosphorus (52∼86 %) content in the feedstock remained in the aqueous phase after the HTL process, implying the possible feasibility to reuse the nutrients in the post-HTL water. Carbon deposition and mineral mixing were found on the surface of metal catalysts after HTL.
Tibial segmental defect repair: Chondrogenesis and biomechanical strength modulated by basic fibroblast growth factor

ABSTRACT Background: The effect of recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on cartilage development and bone biomechanical strength during healing of a tibial segmental defect was studied in the rat. Two reports on the effect of basic FGF administration during fracture healing and several reports on the effects of acidic FGF have documented different responses of callus cartilage to this important growth factor. This is the first report of the effect of bFGF on cartilage formation in the healing of a grafted segmental defect in the rat. Methods The tibiae of 80 male rats underwent segmental resection of the mid-diaphyseal region. One-half of this group consisted of controls that received insertion of an intramedullary wire with a coralline hydroxyapatite graft and Gelfoam without bFGF. The tibiae of the other half were treated identically but had the Gelfoam impregnated with 1 μg bFGF. Animals were killed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Histological sections were stained with toluidine blue to differentiate the cartilage. Areas of metachromatically stained extracellular matrix, cell areas, cell size, and cellularity were quantified by using image analysis. Unfixed treated and control tibiae were tested for bone failure strength by using four-point bending on an Instron machine. Results Control bone failure strength was significantly greater than bFGF-treated bones at 2 weeks and energy-to-failure was significantly decreased in treated bones at 2 weeks. Although strength increased with time in all groups, treated groups at 4 and 8 weeks did not differ from controls. Basic FGF treatment promoted an increase in the development of normal hyaline cartilage and vasculogenesis at 2 weeks as compared with controls. Total cartilage declined over time in all groups. Average cell size and cell number did not change with either treatment or time. Bone formation and healing was equivalent in treated and control groups at 8 weeks. Conclusions The results indicate that bFGF released directly and initially but not continuously exerts a transient positive effect on hyaline cartilage formation at the expense of repair site strength and does not accelerate healing. Anat. Rec. 248:198–204, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Intra-atrial thrombus after surgical closure of patent foramen ovale.

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) represents a potentialpath for paradoxical embolism and is associated with cryptogenic stroke. It has been suggested that because a PFO represents a repairable lesion (by surgical or transcatheter methods), repair may be the optimal treatment to prevent recurrent stroke. This report describes a patient with recurrent neurologic and peripheral embolic events, which occurred approximately 6 months after the surgical closure of a PFO. The diagnosis of an intra-atrial thrombus with a small residual PFO was made by subsequent transesophageal echocardiography. Thrombus formation at the closure site needs to be considered in a patient with recurrent embolic events after closure of a PFO.
The NAD+ precursors, nicotinic acid and nicotinamide upregulate glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase mRNA in Jurkat cells.

To better understand the role of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in the regulation of the oxidative stress response, we measured the levels of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) mRNA in Jurkat cells treated with these NAD+ precursors. We used a modified nonradioactive Northern blot method and detected the mRNA using 18-mer digoxigenin (DIG)-labeled oligonucleotides as probes. We observed increased levels of the mRNAs for the two enzymes in treated cells. Our findings suggest that the NAD+ precursors may protect against oxidative stress and DNA damage by up-regulating the stress response genes GAPDH and G6PD.
Developmental characteristics of two closely related species of Allonemobius and their hybrids.

Two species of ground crickets, Allonemobius fasciatus (from Corvallis, 44.3 N) and A. socius (from Gainesville, 30.3 N), and their hybrids were compared for nymphal development, wing form, and embryonic diapause. A. fasciatus matured more rapidly at a short photoperiod than at a long photoperiod and also than A. socius which showed no developmental response to photoperiod. The proportion of long-winged forms varied with nymphal photoperiod greatly in A. fasciatus but slightly in A. socius. A. fasciatus laid only diapause eggs, while A. socius responded to a long parental photoperiod and a high incubation temperature by averting diapause. A. fasciatus showed temperature-dependent shift of the diapause stage butA. socius entered diapause only at the early stage. These differences are related to their voltinism and distribution.
Production Automation for GaAs MMICs

The need for larger quantities of GaAs MMICs to support developmental and future production programs in radar and ECM systems has fostered the use of automated wafer fabrication and test equipment in the Pilot Production Line at Raytheon. The exclusive use of uniform, 3-inch diameter GaAs wafers has permitted the use of silicon processing equipment in the GaAs facility. Examples of improved process control and uniformity through automated equipment include the photolithography, cleaning, etching and testing areas. Increasing application of automated equipment in other labor-intensive portions of the MMIC process is inevitable.
A Respiratory Epithelial Choristomatous Cyst of the Orbit

A 23-year-old woman presented with a 19-year history of unilateral, intermittently painful, slowly progressive proptosis. Clinical examination disclosed decreased orbital resiliency and choroidal folds in the posterior pole. Orbital echography revealed an acoustically empty cystic lesion superotemporally. Computerized tomography demonstrated bony molding of the adjacent lateral orbital wall. At operation, a discrete, well-encapsulated mass was found adherent to the periorbita behind the lacrimal gland and extending into the muscle cone. There was no connection with the bony orbit. Histological examination disclosed the well-encapsulated cyst to be lined by pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells and filled with mucoid debris. We postulate that the cyst arose from respiratory epithelium sequestered during the intrauterine development of the paranasal sinuses.
Electrophoresis of bovine serum albumin adsorbed on ion-exchange resins.

Abstract Both Dowex 50 as well as Dowex 2 adsorb bovine serum albumin over a wide range of pH to yield electrophoretic mobilities resembling those of the dissolved protein. The protein-covered resin, however, exhibits lower mobilities than would be predicted for larger particles for which kr is greater than 300. The electrical conductivity of the resin particles decreases sharply with decreasing frequency and it is concluded that the d.c. conductance of such particles is probably very low. There is little evidence for molecular orientation of the protein molecules adsorbed on the resin surfaces.
S(-)Propranolol as a discriminative stimulus and its comparison to the stimulus effects of cocaine in rats.

Rationale Racemic propranolol (PRO), a β-adrenoceptor antagonist, has been evaluated as a test agent but not as a discriminative stimulus. Its S(−) stereoisomer is thought to subserve the effects of (±)PRO.
WRITING UNDER THE INFLUENCE: SCIENCE VERSUS FICTION IN THE ANALYSIS OF CORPORATE ALCOHOLISM PROGRAMS

This paper examines the development and reporting of knowledge about employee alcoholism programs. It argues that specialists in this field frequently have overstated both the severity of the problem and the effectiveness of rehabilitative measures. Their claims are compared with evidence from the limited body of systematic research on this topic.
Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuresis in the Absence of Arginine Vasopressin

The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis (SIAD) is usually associated withinappropriately elevated plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentrations. We describe herein a patient with a macroprolactinoma who had symptomatic hyponatremia due to SIAD. Although the patient had excessive thirst, severe plasma hypoosmolality, and hyperosmolar urine, no immunoassayable AVP could be detected. During long term treatment with bromocriptine, there was gradual shrinkage of the prolactinoma coincident with improvement in the ability to excrete a water load and normalization of the thirst threshold. At this point, plasma immunoactive AVP was measurable during a hypertonic saline infusion for the first time. By high pressure liquid chromatographic analysis, this immunoactive substance coeluted with AVP. These studies suggest that the SIAD in this patient was due to the production of an antidiuretic substance distinct from AVP in association with his prolactinoma.
PIP joint surgery in rheumatoid disease

Abstract The proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint in rheumatoid arthritis is often involved with disabling pain and deformity. Correction of swan-neck deformity is easier than correction of boutonniere deformity. Total joint arthroplasty is now available and is capable of treating most PIP disease in rheumatoid arthritis. However if the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joints are involved, fusion of the PIP is more often appropriate.
Induction of T helper type 1–like regulatory cells that express Foxp3 and protect against airway hyper-reactivity

The range of regulatory T cell (TR cell) types that control immune responses is poorly understood. We describe here a population of TR cells that developed in vivo from naive CD4+CD25− T cells during a T helper type 1 (TH1)–polarized response, distinct from CD25+ TR cells. These antigen-specific TR cells were induced by CD8α+ DCs, produced both interleukin 10 and interferon-γ, and potently inhibited the development of airway hyper-reactivity. These TR cells expressed the transcription factors Foxp3 and T-bet, indicating that these TR cells are related to TH1 cells. Thus, adaptive TR cells are heterogeneous and comprise TH1-like TR cells as well as previously described TH2-like TR cells, which express Foxp3 and are induced during the development of respiratory tolerance by CD8α− DCs.
Capital Conversion and Accumulation: A Social Portrait of Legacies at an Elite University

Legacies, or students with a family member who graduated from the same college or university, have been the source of much debate. We add to the existing literature by providing a detailed empirical portrait of legacies at a private, selective university across the college years. We examine how legacies are distinctive in their admissions profiles, within-college achievement and post-graduation plans, using data from a panel study of students attending Duke University. We find that legacies enter college with an abundance of economic, cultural and social capital, but also have lower levels of human capital compared to other students with college graduate parents. Due to this human capital deficit, legacies have lower grades in the first college year, but show little academic underperformance in subsequent semesters. Additionally, legacies are less likely to plan to be a medical doctor or engineer and have somewhat lower degree aspirations than other students.
Thermal energy rate constants for the reactions NO−2 + Cl2 → Cl−2 + NO2, Cl−2 + NO2 → Cl− + NO2Cl, SH− + NO2 → NO−2 + SH, SH− + Cl2 → Cl−2 + SH, and S− + NO2 → NO−2 + S

Abstract It is found that charge-transfer on NO − 2 with Cl 2 is fast at thermal energy. The Cl − 2 ion reacts with NO 2 to produce Cl − and NO 2 Cl, and SH − charge-transfers rapidly with both Cl 2 and NO 2 . From the exothermicities implied it is deduced that EA (SH) 2 ) 2 ) or EA (NO 2 ) = 2.38 ± 0.06 eV and EA (Cl 2 = 2.46 ± 0.14 eV.
The Common Modification in αA-Crystallin in the Lens, N101D, Is Associated with Increased Opacity in a Mouse Model

To elucidate the morphological and cellular changes due to introduction of a charge during development and the possible mechanism that underlies cataract development in humans as a consequence of an additional charge, we generated a transgenic mouse model mimicking deamidation of Asn at position 101. The mouse model expresses a human αA-crystallin gene in which Asn-101 was replaced with Asp, which is referred to as αAN101D-transgene and is considered to be "deamidated" in this study. Mice expressing αAN101D-transgene are referred to here CRYAA(N101D) mice. All of the lines showed the expression of αAN101D-transgene. Compared with the lenses of mice expressing wild-type (WT) αA-transgene (referred to as CRYAA(WT) mice), the lenses of CRYAA(N101D) mice showed (a) altered αA-crystallin membrane protein (aquaporin-0 (AQP0), a specific lens membrane protein) interaction, (b) extracellular spaces between outer cortical fiber cells, (c) attenuated denucleation during confocal microscopic examination, (d) disrupted normal fiber cell organization and structure during scanning electron microscopic examination, (e) distorted posterior suture lines by bright field microscopy, and (f) development of a mild anterior lens opacity in the superior cortical region during the optical coherence tomography scan analysis. Relative to lenses with WT αA-crystallin, the lenses containing the deamidated αA-crystallin also showed an aggregation of αA-crystallin and a higher level of water-insoluble proteins, suggesting that the morphological and cellular changes in these lenses are due to the N101D mutation. This study provides evidence for the first time that expression of deamidated αA-crystallin caused disruption of fiber cell structural integrity, protein aggregation, insolubilization, and mild cortical lens opacity.
Longitudinal Effects of Perceived Maternal Approval on Sexual Behaviors of Asian and Pacific Islander (API) Young Adults

Data were obtained from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health to examine the longitudinal association between Asian and Pacific Islander (API) adolescents’ perceptions of maternal approval of their sexual activity and contraception use, and four sexual outcomes during young adulthood. The study includes a nationally representative sample of 1,195 API adolescents. Logistic regression analyses were used to estimate the associations between predictors (Wave I) and outcomes (Wave III), controlling for covariates. API adolescents who perceived that their mothers approved of their sexual activities were more likely to have engaged in sex before age 15, contracted HIV/Sexually Transmitted Diseases, had multiple sex partners, and paid money for sex during young adulthood. Findings highlight the need for parent–adolescent communication and parental involvement in preventing negative sexual health outcomes among API adolescents transitioning to young adulthood.
Extraintestinal Manifestations in Patients with Diverticulitis

Three patients had diverticulitis and extraintestinal manifestations of arthritis and pyoderma gangrenosum. In each, a mistaken diagnosis of idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease was first made because of extraintestinal complaints associated with the gastrointestinal symptoms of diverticular disease. The joint and skin manifestations were refractory to various treatments, including oral and intradermal steroids, immunosuppressive agents, and hyperbaric oxygen. Segmental resection of the involved colon promptly and completely resolved all symptoms, without recurrence 26 to 38 months after surgery. Microscopic examination of the resected specimens showed only diverticulitis without any evidence of chronic idiopathic inflammatory bowel disease. Patients with diverticulitis may have extraintestinal manifestations as do patients with other inflammatory diseases of the colon. The failure to recognize this relationship may result in misdiagnosis and prolonged medical therapy, whereas segmental colonic resection may be curative.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Child-informed Mediation

With over 1 million children in the United States affected by parental divorce or separation each year, there is interest in interventions to mitigate the potential negative consequences of divorce on children. Family mediation has been widely heralded as a better solution than litigation; however, mediation does not work for all families. One proposed improvement involves bringing the child's perspective to mediation, to motivate parents to create better agreements. In this randomized controlled trial, we compared new child-informed forms of mediation against a mediation-as-usual (MAU) control condition. In child-focused (CF) mediation, parents are presented with general information about children and divorce; in child-inclusive (CI) mediation, the child(ren) are interviewed and parents are provided with feedback about their specific case. Given the similar focus and goals of CF and CI, main study analyses compared a combined CF and CI group (n = 47) to 22 MAU cases. The CF and CI interventions had a positive effect on mediation outcomes relative to MAU (e.g., parents were more likely to report learning something useful, and mediators wanted their cases to be CF and CI). Cases in CF and CI reached comparable rates of agreement as cases in MAU, but CF and CI agreements included more parenting time for nonresidential parents, and were more likely to include provisions for coparental communication and provisions assumed to be better for child outcomes. Study results are encouraging and should provide support for wider program evaluation efforts to continue refining the CI and CF interventions.
Radial Density Functions for Liquid Mercury and Lead

The effects of data termination and systematic errors on the radial distribution functions of liquids obtained from x-ray diffraction data are investigated with the aid of a computer. A general procedure for the elimination of spurious detail is presented, and new data for liquid mercury and lead are analyzed. Comparisons of radial distributions for the solid and the corresponding liquid near the melting temperature show that the radial density functions for the liquid and the corresponding crystalline solid are strikingly similar, whereas liquid lead is different from liquid mercury. The liquid structure may be described by starting with the structure of the polycrystalline solid and specifying the following parameters: The mean nearest-neighbor distance ${r}_{1}$; the average density of the liquid ${\ensuremath{\rho}}_{0}$; the critical correlation distance $d$; and the mean-square relative displacements between atom pairs, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$. The ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}^{2}$ vary with pair separation and include both thermal vibrations and diffusive motions. The mean nearest-neighbor distance in the liquid is shown to be smaller than in the solid.
Electron Affinities of the Bromine Fluorides, BrFn (n = 1−7)

The molecular structures, electron affinities, and dissociation energies of the BrFn/BrFn- (n = 1−7) molecules have been examined using hybrid Hartree−Fock/density functional theory (DFT). The three different types of electron affinities reported in this work are the adiabatic electron affinity (EAad), the vertical electron affinity (EAvert), and the vertical detachment energy (VDE). The first Br−F dissociation energies of the BrFn and BrFn- species have also been reported. The basis set used in this work is of double-ζ plus polarization quality with additional s- and p-type diffuse functions, and is denoted as DZP++. Four different density functionals were used in this work. Among these, the best for predicting molecular structures and energies was found to be BHLYP, while other methods generally overestimated bond lengths. The most reliable adiabatic electron affinities, obtained at the DZP++ BHLYP level of theory, are 3.41 (Br), 2.64 (BrF), 4.78 (BrF2), 3.77 (BrF3), 5.58 (BrF4), 4.24 (BrF5), and 5.59 e...
Induction of immediate-early gene expression in preoptic and hypothalamic neurons by the glucocorticoid receptor agonist, dexamethasone.

Abstract Glucocorticoid receptors (GR) exist in several preoptic and hypothalamic nuclei that participate in neuroendocrine control of anterior pituitary function. GR may mediate effects of endogenous steroids on hormone secretion, since intracerebral administration of exogenous ligands alters plasma levels of several pituitary hormones. The following studies utilized selective antisera for the transcriptional proteins, Fos and Jun, to examine whether these immediate–early gene products are upregulated in response to the GR agonist, dexamethasone (DEX). DEX was administered to groups of male rats by either a subcutaneous (s.c., 5.0 mg/kg) or intracerebroventricular route (i.c.v., 10.0 μg/rat); matched controls received vehicle only. Two hours later, the rats were sacrificed by transcardial perfusion, and serial 25 μm sections through the preoptic area and hypothalamus were processed by avidin–biotin immunocytochemistry for Fos- and Jun-like proteins. Animals treated with DEX i.c.v. exhibited Fos-like immunoreactivity (-li) in several sites in close proximity to the third ventricle, including the preoptic and anterior hypothalamic nuclei, and the periventricular zone of the paraventricular nucleus. In the same group, Jun-li was detected only in the arcuate and suprachiasmatic nuclei. Subcutaneous injection of DEX resulted in more widespread immunostaining for Fos, which occurred in lateral, as well as medial, loci in the preoptic area and hypothalamus, whereas Jun-li was restricted to only medial sites. These data show that discrete populations of preoptic/hypothalamic neurons express cfos and/or jun in response to GR activation. The differential distribution of Fos-li following s.c. vs. i.c.v. administration of DEX suggests that steroid induction and/or amplification of this cellular signaling cascade may depend upon resultant hormone concentrations in neural tissue. In addition, the wide pattern of immunolabeling for Fos in the systematically treated group may reflect both central and peripheral (indirect) steroid effects. Additional studies are in progress to characterize those neurons within sites of neuroendocrine significance that exhibit possible upregulation of these regulatory gene products in response to GR stimulation.
Effect of response probability on acquisition and retention of paired associates with varying stimulus frequency: Confirmatory results

Forty male schizophrenics learned a paired-associate list in which stimulus frequency and response probability were varied to a criterion of two perfect trials. After an interval of 14–17 days, retention was tested by aided recall. Results indicated that performance was poorest, at least in retention ( p
Blockade of the behavioral effects of 5-HTP by the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602

Twenty male rats were trained to press a bar on a fixed-ratio (FR 32) schedule of water reinforcement. The behavioral effects of 5-HTP (50 mg/kg) were studied following pretreatment with small (50 mg/kg) and large (400 mg/kg) doses of the decarboxylase inhibitor Ro 4-4602. It was found that both doses of the pretreatment agent blocked the disruptive effects of 5-HTP. This result suggests that at least some of the effects of 5-HTP may be mediated peripherally.
Agent-based distributed framework for collaborative planning

Motivated by the Navy's new emphasis on networked distributed planning capabilities in maritime operations centers (MOC), this paper presents an agent-based distributed planning framework applicable to a range of missions. A mission is modeled as a task graph, where each task is specified in terms of a vector of resource requirements, processing time, geographic location and an opportunity window. Each planning agent has a set of mobile assets, where each asset is specified in terms of a vector of resource capabilities it provides, its velocity, and its current location. Multiple agents need to collaboratively solve the resulting dynamic asset allocation and task scheduling problems to maximize task execution accuracy, measured in terms of how well the task requirements are matched to the asset capabilities, minimize the completion time (timeliness metric) or find a trade-off between accuracy and timeliness. The agent-based distributed planning framework presented here uses a blackboard-based communication paradigm. It has two distinguishable components - intra-agent and inter-agent. The intra-agent component employs an optimization-based scheduling and an M-best asset allocation algorithm to match the tasks with its own assets. The inter-agent component coordinates the exchange of information and assets to improve the local schedules and allocations using the blackboard architecture, an asset pricing mechanism, and pair-wise exchange of assets among agents to realize supporting-supported relationships among agents.
Urea biosynthesis and excretion in fresh-water and marine elasmobranchs

Abstract 1. 1. Activity levels of ornithine-urea cycle enzymes in the liver of Potamotrygon , a fresh-water ray, were one-half to one-twentieth those found in marine rays. The rate of incorporation of 14 C-bicarbonate into urea by liver slices was also markedly reduced. 2. 2. In contrast to marine elasmobranchs, Potamotrygon did not actively reabsorb 14 C-urea in its renal tubules.
Identification of peroxiredoxin-5 in bovine cauda epididymal sperm

Developing spermatozoa require a series of posttesticular modifications within the luminal environment of the epididymis to achieve maturation; this involves several surface modifications including changes in plasma membrane lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and alterations in the outer acrosomal membrane. Epididymal maturation can therefore allow sperm to gain forward motility and fertilization capabilities. The objective of this study was to identify maturation-dependent protein(s) and to investigate their role with the production of functionally competent spermatozoa. Lectin blot analyses of caput and cauda sperm plasma membrane fractions identified a 17.5 kDa wheat germ agglutinin (WGA)-binding polypeptide present in the cauda sperm plasma membrane not in the caput sperm plasma membrane. Among the several WGA-stained bands, the presence of a 17.5 kDa WGA-binding polypeptide band was detected only in cauda epididymal fluid not in caput epididymal fluid suggesting that the 17.5 kDa WGA-binding polypeptide is secreted from the cauda epididymis and binds to the cauda sperm plasma membrane during epididymal transit. Proteomic identification of the 17.5 kDa polypeptide yielded 13 peptides that matched the sequence of peroxiredoxin-5 (PRDX5) protein (Bos Taurus). We propose that bovine cauda sperm PRDX5 acts as an antioxidant enzyme in the epididymal environment, which is crucial in protecting the viable sperm population against the damage caused by endogeneous or exogeneous peroxide.
Emergency! Web 2.0 to the rescue!

Emergent serendipity fosters volunteerism driven by creative problem solving, not simply following directions.