cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Exploring Brain Connectivity with Two-Dimensional Maps

We present and compare two low-dimensional visual representations, 2D point and 2D path, for studying tractography datasets. The goal is to facilitate the exploration of dense tractograms by reducing visual complexity both in static representations and during interaction. The proposed planar maps have several desirable properties, including visual clarity, easy tract-of-interest selection, and multiscale hierarchy. The 2D path representations convey the anatomical familiarity of 3D brain models and cross-sectional views. We demonstrate the utility of both types of representation in two interactive systems where the views and interactions of the standard 3D streamtube representation are linked to those of the planar representations. We also demonstrate a web interface that integrates precomputed neural-path representations into a geographical digital-maps framework with associated labels, metrics, statistics, and linkouts. We compare the two representations both anecdotally and quantitatively via expert input. Results indicate that the planar path representation is more intuitive and easier to use and learn. Similarly, users are faster and more accurate in selecting bundles using the path representation than the 2D point representation. Finally, expert feedback on the web interface suggests that it can be useful for collaboration as well as quick exploration of data.
Joint Replacement Arthroplasty. 3rd ed.

Bernard F. Morrey, editor. Philadelphia: Churchill-Livingstone; 2003. 1216 pages. $249.00. This very comprehensive single-volume textbook was edited and written by Dr. Morrey and six other section heads, all faculty members of the Mayo Clinic. In all, seventy-six people wrote or contributed to individual chapters. Dr. Morrey himself contributed to all but the hand and foot sections. With 1171 pages of text, this large book covers arthroplasty of some twelve different joints—from the big toe, up the body, and down the arm to the finger. In the dedication, Dr. Morrey states that over the course of publication of the three editions of this textbook, the focus has become more broad based and now includes more information regarding the general experience from the literature. Yet, there is still a strong emphasis on “how we do it at Mayo,” which, in my opinion, is a strength. For the most part, the chapters are relatively short, varying in length from six to twenty pages. Some chapters are more general in nature, and some deal with specific treatment problems. This method of organizing the text was done for the sake of completeness and also for ease of reading. Throughout the text, the many wonderful illustrations, consisting of sketches, full drawings, and radiographs, clearly …
Apoptosis and the cytopathic effects of reovirus.

Reoviruses are cytolytic viruses which cause the death of infected cells in vitro and in vivo. The relationship between events involved in the production of virus and death of the infected cell is not clearly understood. Studies of virus-induced biochemical and morphological changes in cells, i.e., cytopathic effects, have begun to define both viral and cellular factors involved in virus-induced cell death. The description and definition of apoptosis as a mechanism of cell death distinct from necrosis has provided a framework for elucidating the roles of these viral and cellular factors in the cell death process. The demonstration that reovirus induces apoptosis in vitro and in vivo identifies apoptosis as an important component of reovirus-induced cytopathic effects and tissue injury. In this chapter we review the current data describing reovirus-induced apoptosis and propose that many of the previously described cytopathic effects of reovirus infection represent events which initiate or comprise steps in the apoptotic process.
Modeling Leadership in Tolkien’s Fiction: Craft and Wisdom, Gift and Task

This article contributes to conversations about the “Hitler problem” in leadership ethics and the use of literary narratives in leadership studies by proposing Tolkien’s fiction as a model of leadership. Resonating with Aristotelian and Thomistic themes, these narratives present leadership as more a matter of practical wisdom than of morally neutral craft, or, more precisely, they model leadership as a matter of using craft for the sake of wisdom’s ends. Those ends become intelligible in terms of a triadic account of human action that depicts it as a response to a gift or call. I argue that this model of leadership suggests that Hitler-type leaders are corrupted leaders, rather than partially excellent leaders or no leaders at all. I also maintain that these insights demonstrate the fruitfulness for leadership studies of approaching literary narratives in something like the way scientists treat their models.
Deterioration Rates of Concrete Bridge Decks in Several Climatic Regions

Understanding the process of concrete bridge deck deterioration and evaluating its condition in an accurate and reliable manner could help bridge owners to better plan for allocating the funds for bridge maintenance, rehabilitation, or reconstruction actions. Therefore, it is very important to investigate the factors impacting the bridge condition. The main objective of this paper is to study the impact of environmental factors on the concrete bridge deck deterioration. National bridge condition from over 25 years of data were analyzed to determine the impact of environmental factors on concrete decks. The U.S. map was divided into six different climatic regions that were used as the basis for the environmental impact study. This study has revealed that environmental factors have a significant effect on the deterioration of concrete bridge decks.
Abstract 067: Mechanism of Action of 8-Aminoguanine on Renal Excretory Function

The endogenous purines 8-aminoguanosine and 8-aminoguanine (8-AG) are K+-sparing natriuretics that increase glucose excretion and attenuate salt-induced hypertension. Most effects of 8-aminoguanosi...
Enhanced recovery after thoracic surgery is associated with improved adjuvant chemotherapy completion for non-small cell lung cancer.

Abstract Objective Enhanced recovery after surgery integrates multiple evidence-based interventions to accelerate postoperative recovery. We hypothesized that enhanced recovery after surgery would also facilitate adjuvant chemotherapy for non–small cell lung cancer. Methods An enhanced recovery after surgery pathway was implemented at a single institution, starting with a transitional rollout in 2012 and full rollout in 2015. Patients with clinical stage I or II non–small cell lung cancer without induction therapy and who were pathologic nodal positive or had 5-cm or larger tumor size were selected for analysis. Dates analyzed were pre-enhanced recovery after surgery (2006-2011), transitional (2012-8/2015), and enhanced recovery after surgery (9/2015-2017). Interrupted time series was used to analyze trends in time to receive adjuvant chemotherapy after resection by era. Logistic regression was used to determine factors associated with receiving 4 or more cycles of adjuvant chemotherapy. Results A total of 471 patients were identified. The interval between lung resection and commencing adjuvant chemotherapy was progressively shorter after the transition era (P = .041). The rate of receiving adjuvant chemotherapy progressively increased (from 40% pre-enhanced recovery after surgery, to 50% transition era, to 62% enhanced recovery after surgery era, P Conclusions Enhanced recovery after surgery was associated with facilitated delivery of adjuvant chemotherapy, with a shortened interval to receive adjuvant chemotherapy and a higher rate of receiving 4 or more cycles.
Epistemic dimensions of gaslighting: peer-disagreement, self-trust, and epistemic injustice

Miranda Fricker has characterized epistemic injustice as “a kind of injustice in which someone is wronged specifically in her capacity as a knower” (2007, Epistemic injustice: Power & the ethics of...
Jimmy Carter and the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan

Political scientists, when analyzing decision making at the highest levels of government in the area of foreign policy, usually emphasize rationally perceived national interests and domestic politics as the primary motivations. Obscured in such scholarship are the idiosyncratic personality traits of the decision makers themselves. A comprehensive explanation of high-level decision making, however, requires that scholars look below the surface to discern the particular world-views and the psychological factors that interact with broader concerns of national interests and domestic politics to form governmental policies. These factors are most important for top decision makers in situations where they are facing crises (see Greenstein, 1967; Holsti, 1971). When major national and personal value are at stake, the ego defensive characteristic of those with the most responsibility for the national response are apt to be triggered and relevant to the policy response.
Electrochemical treatment of sewage sludge and pathogen inactivation

Treatment and disposal of sewage sludge is still a worldwide challenging problem. Improper sludge treatment results in severe environmental impact and endangering public health. Moreover, sewage sludge disposal is a cost-intensive process. Therefore, pathogen removal and solid reduction are indispensable for sludge disposal management. In this study, a novel electrochemical method in alkaline media was developed to break down the sludge structure at room temperature. A reduction of 24.85% in total solids and 46.42% in volatile solids was achieved, which represents approximately a 25% reduction in the sludge disposal cost when compared to conventional treatment methods. Also, a 90% reduction in energy consumption was demonstrated when compared to other electrochemical methods. The post-processed samples characterization showed that a large quantity of organic material was released from the sludge samples into the liquid phase, which indicates the potential to reduce the residence time in anaerobic digesters and to generate more biogas. The proposed treatment demonstrated the feasibility of pathogen removal and biosolid production for safe landfilling or agriculture applications such as fertilizers.
Rethinking Revolution: Integrating Origins, Processes and Outcomes

Revolutions are distinguished by differences in processes, as well as outcomes. By separating revolutionary processes into distinct components, we can distinguish varied types by the sequence and combination in which particular components appear. In particular, the 'color' revolutions in recent years show a distinct pattern of unfolding. However, this is not entirely novel – these events share many feature with other revolutions that had previously been considered anomalous, such as the American Revolution, and the British 'Glorious' Revolution of 1688.
Work, Stressors, and Psychosocial Adjustment of Undocumented Guatemalan Adolescents in United States Agriculture: A Mixed-Methods Approach.

This research focused on undocumented male Guatemalan migrant adolescents' experiences and stressors in United States agriculture. Study 1 applied a phenomenological method to explore work-life experiences of Guatemalan minors (n = 10) aged 15-17 (Mage = 16.4). Findings highlighted three themes (1) "Just keep pushing forward," (2) "It feels ugly but that's life," and (3) "I have to do everything on my own." Using a separate sample, Study 2 examined the association between stressors and depressive symptoms among Guatemalan migrant adolescents (n = 28), aged 15-20 (Mage = 17.71). Results showed loneliness, social isolation, and work conditions as correlates for depressive symptoms. Findings highlighted a distinct developmental path among migrant farmworker adolescents and offered insight into their resilience and developmental threats.
Anticoagulation outcomes in patients with venous thromboembolism following Whipple surgery for pancreatic cancer: Single center experience.

e16255Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is a common complication in patients with pancreatic cancer (PC). Incidence of major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major bleeding is 14%-20% in...
The Taco Truck: How Mexican Street Food is Transforming the American City: By Robert Lemon

Lemon, Robert. The Taco Truck: How Mexican Street Food is Transforming theAmerican City. Champaign: University of Illinois Press, 2019.
Effect of spinal cord injury on neural encoding of spontaneous postural perturbations in the hindlimb sensorimotor cortex.

Supraspinal signals play a significant role in compensatory responses to postural perturbations. While the cortex is not necessary for basic postural tasks in intact animals, its role in responding...
Ritual and Rhetoric in Leviticus: The Rhetoric of Priesthood

The previous five chapters of this book have all arrived at the same general conclusion. Leviticus 1–16 justifies control of Israel's priesthood by Aaron's descendants and their monopoly over most of its duties, privileges, and sources of income. Various features of these chapters unite in service to this persuasive goal. The instructions of Leviticus 1–7 work to establish themselves as the ultimate guidelines for Israel's cultic practices. Their refrains and repetitions not only encourage the audience to bring YHWH offerings and gifts, but they also insist that such worship be done in strict accord with the stipulations of this text of priestly instructions. The priority of the ʿōlāh , “burnt offering,” in Leviticus as well as elsewhere in biblical rhetoric serves to disguise the priests' economic interests in the temple cult behind an ideal of selfless worship. Because no human receives any economic benefit from an ʿōlāh , attention to it at the beginning of the ritual instructions draws attention away from other more numerous and more lucrative offerings. Rhetorical analysis of Leviticus 4–5 discovered here a case for innovating, or at least a defense of recent innovations, in ritual practice: the addition of the ḥaṭṭā᾽t , “sin,” and ʾāsām , “guilt,” offerings to Israel's regular worship. The chapters' frequent puns on the offering names emphasize that when ultimate issues are at stake, hearers and readers need to bring these offerings to the priests, who receive portions of most of them for their own use.
Chapter 7 Transmitter status in cultured sympathetic principal neurons: plasticity, graded expression and diversity

Publisher Summary This chapter summarizes the recent investigations of the transmitter status of sympathetic principal neurons derived from neonatal or adult rats and grown singly in microcultures with cardiac cells. The work began out of an interest in the status of individual neonatal sympathetic neurons during a transition from an initial (at least) adrenergic state to a predominantly cholinergic state, under the influence of non-neuronal cells. Under the influence of nerve growth factor, neurites grow progressively over the microculture but not beyond its borders. Many microcultures survive for 1–3 months; after such periods, the density of neurites over the myocytes is often greater than that of the normal innervation of sympathetic target tissues in vivo . The classical view of transmitter status in adult mammalian sympathetic principal neurons is that two transmitters—norepinephrine and acetylcholine—are expressed. Each neuron secretes only one transmitter (monofunction), and that transmitter is expressed approximately full-on; once the appropriate transmitter is adopted, the neuron does not change status.
A Qualitative Look at Feedback Control Theory as a Style of Describing Behavior

The present paper reviews several ways feedback control theory has been used to describe tracking behavior and several qualitative experimental techniques. These techniques require only ordinal-level measurement and may aid any researcher investigating behavior whose temporal patterning is critical and which involves fairly continuous changes over time. One possible application in the area of stuttering behavior is presented in detail to show how these techniques can provide useful insights and hypotheses. Other suggested areas of application include the behavior of human social groups, motivational behavior, and emotional behavior.
Health and human rights in today's fight against HIV/AIDS.

The development of the health and human rights framework coincided with the beginning of the rapid spread of HIV/AIDS. Since then, the international community has increasingly turned to human rights language and instruments to address the disease. Not only are human rights essential to addressing a disease that impacts marginalized groups most severely, but the spread of HIV/AIDS itself exacerbates inequality and impedes the realization of a range of human rights. Policy developments of the past decade include the United Nations (UN) Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights’ General Comment on the ‘Right to Health’, the UN Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS, and the UN’s International Guidelines on HIV/AIDS and Human Rights, among others. Rights-related setbacks include the failure of the Declaration and its 5-year follow-up specifically to address men who have sex with men, sex workers, and intravenous drug users, political restrictions placed on urgently needed US President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) funds, and the failure of many countries to decriminalize same-sex sex and outlaw discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS. Male circumcision as an HIV prevention measure is a topic around which important debate, touching on gender, informed consent and children’s rights, serves to illustrate the ongoing vitality of the health and human rights dialogue. Mechanisms to increase state accountability for addressing HIV/AIDS should be explored in greater depth. Such measures might include an increase in the use of treaty-based judicial mechanisms, the linking of human rights compliance with preferential trade agreements, and rights requirements tied to HIV/ AIDS funding.
Studies on the control of myelinogenesis. IV. Neuronal induction of Schwann cell myelin-specific protein synthesis during nerve fiber regeneration.

The temporal sequence of axon-Schwann cell interaction during regeneration is examined in cat tibial nerves surgically denervated for 8 weeks and, subsequently, coated to a freshly severed peroneal nerve for 3 weeks. Prior to association with regenerating axons, Schwann cells resident in denervated and reinnervated stumps failed to synthesize proteins co-migrant with P0, P1, and P2 myelin proteins in contrast to normal nerves. Axonal association with Schwann cells stimulated synthesis of amino acid-labeled proteins co-migrating with myelin-specific proteins prior to elaboration of myelin lamellae. Radioactivity from these peaks was precipitated by antibodies raised against myelin-specific proteins. The synthesis of P1 and P2 proteins was evident before P0 synthesis in reinnervated stumps. Immunocytochemical staining with antibody to P0, P1, P2, and myelin- associated glycoprotein (MAG) appeared only after myelin lamellae had been formed. These data suggest that Schwann cells: (a) synthesize proteins co-migrant with P1, P2, P0, and MAG in normal cat nerves; (b) cease detectable manufacture of these proteins after axonal loss; (c) regain their capacity to synthesize these proteins upon re- establishment of axonal association; and (d) during regeneration, express the synthesis of P1 and P2 before that of P0.
Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children.

In 1986, a task force was impaneled consisting of representatives from a number of legal and medical disciplines, including two representatives from the American Academy of Pediatrics, to examine the issue of brain death in children. This consortium developed a consensus report which was published in Pediatrics (1987;80:298-300). This report, however, does not represent Academy policy and should not be construed as such. This material has been referenced subsequently, most recently in the August (1988) issue of Pediatrics, with the inference that it represents the Academy9s position. In summary, the guidelines issued by the Task Force have provided the medical and legal communities with useful information on a sensitive issue, but it should be reiterated that they do not represent an official policy of the American Academy of Pediatrics.
Adverse event monitoring and multivitamin-multimineral dietary supplements

A study commissioned by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) estimated that the FDA is notified of < 1% of all adverse events associated with dietary supplements. Among the factors that may contribute to underreporting are that many consumers presume supplements to be safe, use these products without the supervision of a health care professional, and may be unaware that the FDA regulates them. In 2001 an Office of the Inspector General report identified many of the difficulties in evaluating adverse events in a voluntary system and the barriers to effective analysis of these reports to generate possible signals of concern. These include factors such as limited medical information, limited product information, limited manufacturer information, limited information on dietary supplement consumers, and limited ability to analyze trends. In addition, for dietary supplements, vital premarket information (which is available for drug products) is often missing so that possible public health concerns generated by the adverse event reporting system, such as limited clinical information, product identification, and information on consumer use, cannot be adequately assessed. Thus, the FDA is inherently limited in its ability to investigate signals of public health problems generated by the system. However, the FDA can use adverse event reports to identify areas of concern warranting further investigation. The FDA then initiates collaboration with federal partners to identify knowledge gaps in the safety of individual dietary ingredients and products and works with these partners to fill these information gaps to support appropriate regulatory action.
Uniqueness for Near-Constant Data in Fourth-Order Inverse Eigenvalue Problems

Abstract Let L(p)u = d4u/dx4 − (d/dx)(p1(du/dx)) + p2u, u(0) = u″(0) = u(1) = u″(1) = 0 where p ∈ L2[0, 1] × L2[0, 1]. We show that for near constant coefficients, if p is even about 1/2 and L(p) and L(p) have the same eigenvalues, then knowledge of the first coefficient uniquely determines the second up to average value. Further, we show that knowledge of the second coefficient uniquely determines the first. We derive precise eigenfunction asymptotics using resolvent perturbation theory and prove the result using a simple perturbation of basis argument.
Comprehension of standard English at varied speaking rates by children whose major dialect is black English

Abstract Comprehension of spoken Standard English was measured via a picture selection task for 80 Black English (BE) speaking and 80 Standard English (SE) speaking children at four age levels between 5 years, 6 months, and 9 years, 6 months. Test stimuli consisted of four syntactically matched groups of eight sentences divided into two levels of difficulty. The four groups of sentences were heard by all S s at four different speaking rates from 4.9 (fast) through 2.5 (slow) syllables per second. Results showed that BE speaking children had greater difficulty comprehending spoken SE than the SE speaking control S s. Significant age and difficulty effects were found for both groups; a significant rate effect was found for the BE speaking group only; and sentence difficulty was found to interact differently with age for the two groups.
Sound-propagation gap in fluid mixtures

We discuss the behavior of the extended sound modes of a dense binary hard-sphere mixture. In a dense simple hard-sphere fluid the Enskog theory predicts a gap in the sound propagation at large wave vectors. In a binary mixture the gap is only present for low concentrations of one of the two species. At intermediate concentrations sound modes are always propagating. This behavior is not affected by the mass difference of the two species, but it only depends on the packing fractions. The gap is absent when the packing fractions are comparable and the mixture structurally resembles a metallic glass.
Effects of carbon dioxide and nitrogen on the secretion of parabenzoquinones by Tribolium castaneum (Herbst)

Abstract Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is known to expel a defense secretion of parabenzoquinones under certain conditions of physical and thermal stress. Experiments were undertaken to determine the effects of a possible chemical stress on T. castaneum by subjecting adults to increased percentages of Carbon dioxide or Nitrogen in dry air. Carbon dioxide percentages from 40 to 96 per cent caused the beetles to secrete considerable quantities of p -benzoquinones These secretions did not occur in air containing increased percentages of N 2 . The data indicate that T. castaneum secretes p -benzoquinones only in a condition of partial narcosis. Results of this study are pertinent to current concepts in fumigation of grain storage containers which advocate purging with CO 2 or N 2 .
Inhibition of enzymic reactions by transition state analogs: An approach for drug design

Abstract 1. 1. Substrates in the transition state have a greater affinity for the enzyme than do the substrates in the ground state. Consequently, analogs of the transition state tend to be more potent inhibitors of enzymic reactions than substrate analogs. 2. 2. The theoretical basis of the enhanced transition state affinity and the tight binding of transition state analogs by enzymes is reviewed. 3. 3. Kinetic and energetic analyses lead to the same conclusion that the enhanced affinity of a substrate at the transition state of an enzymic reaction is favorable for catalysis and leads to maximal k cat / K m . 4. 4. Since transition state analogs are tight-binding inhibitors, they dissociate from enzymes very slowly, thus the steady state might not be reached during the duration of the rate measurement. 5. 5. Accordingly the classical steady state enzyme kinetics is not applicable and if used might lead to erroneous results. Instead, non-steady state kinetics must be used. 6. 6. Some problems, limitations, and future perspectives in the utilization of transition state analogs as potential drugs are indicated.
Xylose-linked proteoglycan synthesis does not have a primary role in the control of secretory cell differentiation in salivary glands.

Xylose-linked proteoglycans, particularly chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan, have been shown to play a significant role in the regulation of salivary gland morphogenesis. The purpose of this study was to determine if xylose-linked proteoglycans are involved in the regulation of differentiation of salivary gland secretory cells. Embryonic rat submandibular salivary gland rudiments were cultured for 120 hr in the presence or absence of 0.75 to 1.0 m M p -nitrophenyl- β - d -xylopyranoside ( β - d -xyloside), an inhibitor of xylose-linked proteoglycan assembly. β - d -Xyloside has been shown to block submandibular gland morphogenesis ( Thompson and Spooner, 1982 ). In the present study glandular morphogenesis was blocked in 93.3% of the rudiments cultured in the presence of β - d -xyloside. However, secretory cell differentiation was observed in 71.4% of those rudiments in which morphogenesis had been inhibited. Biochemical evaluation confirmed that xylose-linked proteoglycan assembly had been inhibited by xyloside. These results indicate that while xylose-linked proteoglycans play a significant role in the control of salivary gland morphogenesis these molecules are not primary regulators for secretory cell differentiation within developing salivary glands.
Analytical solutions to the shear strength of interfaces failing under flexure loading conditions

Abstract Flexure experiments have been performed on steel substrates having a rib of methacrylate resin cast as a stiffener on the steel. Samples were loaded until resin delaminated from the substrate and the load at failure was recorded. An analytical solution for a composite beam was used to relate the force at failure to interfacial shear stress. This resulted in an average estimated shear strength of 490 kPa (71 psi) for a resin/steel interface. The accuracy of the analytic solution was examined using a three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEA). The FEA was also used to examine the assumptions of the first approximation analytic solution. The analytic solution can be applied more generally, considering the mechanical characteristics of both constituents, to design experiments that lead to a simplified determination of interfacial shear strength.
Accounting for transients when estimating abundance of bottlenose dolphins in Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida

ABSTRACT We investigated the potential for using mark—recapture models to estimate abundance of bottlenose dolphin populations in open systems (e.g., bays, estuaries). A major challenge in these systems is that immigration and emigration occur during sampling, thus violating one of the most basic assumptions of mark—recapture models. We assumed that dolphins using our study site were composed of both residents (those that used the study area almost exclusively during our study), and transients (those that passed through our study area but did not remain long), and examined several mark-recapture estimators for their ability to accurately and precisely estimate the abundance of residents and the superpopulation (i.e., residents + transients). Using simulated data, we found that a novel approach accounting for transients resulted in estimators with less bias, smaller absolute relative error, and confidence interval coverage closer to nominal than other approaches, but this novel approach required intensive ...
Lateral hypothalamic reward decreased by intragastric feeding: Self-determined “threshold” technique

Intragastric feeding increased the threshold for lateral hypothalamic reward as measured by a modified self-selected threshold technique. Postingestional lethargy would have had the opposite effect and therefore does not account for the results. This supports the theory that food intake modulates the reward of self-stimulation.
Fascicular anatomy and surgical access of the human pudendal nerve

The ability to access selectively distal nerve branches at the level of the compound pudendal nerve (PN) would allow control of multiple neural pathways and genitourinary functions at a single location. Nerve cuff electrodes can selectively stimulate individual fascicles; however the PN fascicular anatomy is unknown. The fascicular representation of distal branches was identified and traced proximally to create fascicle maps of 12 compound PNs in seven cadavers. Distal nerves were represented as groups of individual fascicles in the PN. Fascicle maps were consistent between specimens and along the PN within specimens. PN branch free length was 26±7.7 mm. PN cross-sections were relatively flat with major and minor diameters of 4.3±0.90 and 1.7±0.45 mm, respectively. Placing a nerve cuff on the PN is anatomically and surgically feasible. The PN fascicular anatomy, branch free length, and cross-section geometry are conducive to selective stimulation of distal nerves with a single nerve cuff electrode.
Thermal Contact Conductance of Metal/Polymer Joints: An Analytical and Experimental Investigation

The heat e ow across a metal/polymer interface is a very important problem in many modern engineering applications. A thermal joint conductance model that employs the surface mechanics of a contact interface in conjunction with an existing elastic thermal contact conductance model was developed. In developing the model, an elastic contact hardness term was derived to predict the actual contact area of a metal/polymer interface under loading. The model predicts a microscopic resistance region where the interface resistance is dominant and a bulk resistance region where the thermal conductivity of the polymer is dominant. An experimental apparatus was fabricated, and a successful experimental program was conducted. New experimental data were gathered on different polymeric specimens over a pressure range of 138 ‐2758 kPa (20‐400 psi). The experimental data were compared to the proposed thermal joint conductance model. It was found that the proposed model predicted the data quite well. The data followed the predicted trends for both the microscopic and bulk resistance regions.
Kinetics of Thermally Induced Phase Separation in a Crystallizable Polymer Solution

Small angle light scattering, differential scanning calorimetry, and electron microscopy have been used to quantify the kinetics of liquid-liquid phase separation and crystallization during thermal quenching of a polyethylene copolymer in anisole solution. Measurements of the time dependence of the position of the light scattering maximum were made following temperature quenching to various regions of the phase diagram. For quenches to temperatures above the crystallization temperature, domain growth rates increase with increasing quench depth and decreasing overall polymer concentration. Light scattering and microscopy show that solutions quenched to regions below the crystallization temperature show a brief coarsening period before structure growth is arrested by crystallization. Simultaneous measurement of the transient solution temperature indicates that cessation of domain growth occurs when the solution temperature crosses the crystallization line.
The near U.V. absorption spectra of several aliphatic aldehydes and ketones at 300 K

Abstract Absorption cross-sections are reported for acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, n -butyraldehyde, acetone, 2-butanone, 2-pentanone, and 3-pentanone at wavelengths greater than 200 nm, a temperature of 300 K, and a spectral resolution of 0.50 nm. In general, the results are in good agreement with previous measurements of the spectra of these molecules, but are of higher precision than past measurements. For acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, isobutyraldehyde, and acetone the cross-section results are combined with previous experimental measurements of the primary quantum yield for photolysis to estimate photodissociation rate constants for a representative set of atmospheric conditions. For the other four carbonyl compounds, upper limits for the photodissociation rate constant are calculated assuming a primary quantum yield of unity at all wavelengths. For acetaldehyde, photolysis is slow in comparison with reaction with hydroxyl radical. For the larger aldehydes and for acetone, photolysis and reaction with OH radical take place at comparable rates. For larger ketones, if the quantum yields for photolysis are unity, as assumed in our calculations, the rate of loss of the compounds by photodissociation could be important compared to reaction with hydroxyl radical.
DFT-based reactivity study of (5,5) armchair boron nitride nanotube (BNNT)

Abstract In this Letter, through computational study based on density functional theory (DFT) methods, we report predictions of the electrophilic and nucleophilic centers for open-ended (5,5) armchair single-walled boron nitride nanotube (BNNT). By means of DFT-based local reactivity descriptors, we found that the BNNT exhibits positional preferences. Additionally, the observed reactivity trends of different electrophilic and nucleophilic centers on BNNT are in agreement with the electron density distributions of the molecular orbitals.
Receptor-mediated endocytosis of 125I-labelled transferrin by human choriocarcinoma (JAR) cells

The binding and subsequent internalization of 125I-labelled transferrin has been studied in the human choriocarcinoma cell line, JAR. At 4 degrees C, binding was time- and concentration-dependent and exhibited saturation kinetics. The results indicate 1.6 x 10(6) binding sites per cell surface with a Kd of 4.12 x 10(-9) M. Experiments with saponin-permeabilized cells revealed a large intracellular receptor pool constituting 72 per cent of the total cell receptor population. Evidence of ligand internalization at 37 degrees C was obtained by showing the progressive resistance of cell-associated radioactivity to acid treatment. Pulse-chase experiments showed that after internalization, ligand resided within the cell for about 6 min before being released back to the medium in an intact form. Ligand release, but not internalization, was almost completely inhibited by exposure to monensin. Preincubation of cells at 37 degrees C in the presence of monensin and under transferrin-free conditions had no effect on the subsequent binding of 125I-transferrin. Pulse-chase experiments using 125I-labelled anti-transferrin receptor antibody suggest that receptors are internalized in the absence of added transferrin with a rate coefficient of 0.036 min-1. In the presence of unlabelled transferrin, the initial rate of labelled antibody internalization was increased (rate coefficient was 0.23 min-1) but the maximal amount of antibody internalized remained virtually unchanged. Internalized antibody accumulated intracellularly with no evidence of release or degradation.
Mediated missions: The gospel according to women

Women televangelists from the US have garnered a significant following among people in various parts of the world, including Europe, Latin America, Africa and Asia. This paper looks at the influenc...
Autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation in Hodgkin's disease.

Abstract The use of HDT and AHCT in Hodgkin's disease patients with early relapsed and refractory disease is supported by historical comparisons. In regard to the late relapsed patient or the newly diagnosed high-risk patient, the role AHCT plays would ideally be answered by well-controlled phase 3 trials. A surrogate approach would be the comparison of AHCT data with well-matched historical controls. It is important, however, to be mindful of the changes that have occur red in the therapy of the newly diagnosed and relapsed HD patient (ABVD replacing MOPP regimens) and the impact these changes may or may not have on nonrelapse mortality in the autografted and nonautografted setting. In addition, the incorporation of consistent prognostic factors in any trial design may identify groups of relapsed or refractory and high-risk HD patients who may or may not gain benefit from HDT. The most effective and efficient route to answering these treatment questions is enrollment of patients in well-controlled and well-designed clinical trials. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2000;6(3A):289-300.
Cell-free transmission of vif mutants of HIV-1

To determine the phenotype of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) defective in the production of Vif, mutations were introduced into the vif gene of infectious molecular clones of the LAI, MAL, and ELI strains. Previous results had demonstrated that viruses derived from these wild type clones display different replicative capacities on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and different tropisms for CD4-positive cell lines. Using cell-free infection, Vif mutants of LAI, MAL, and ELI were found to have delayed kinetics and to produce less virus than their corresponding wild type viruses when propagated on most permissive cell lines. An additional mutation in the vpr gene in the LAI strain had no effect on this phenotype. However, on one T cell line, the H9 cell line, two Vif mutants of LAI and a Vif.Vpr double mutant were unable to replicate. Furthermore, Vif mutants from all three strains were only able to establish a productive infection on PBMC by coculture and not by cell-free infection. No defects in the processing of the virion proteins or the release of particles in the Vif mutants were detected.
Synthesis and Structural Determination of Four Novel Metal−Organic Frameworks in a Zn−3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole System

Four new coordination polymer compounds have been prepared using 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole (AmTRZ) as an organic linker, namely, ZnCl(AmTRZ) (1), Zn(HCO2)(AmTRZ) (2), Zn5(OH)2(AmTRZ)6(NO3)2·6H2O (3), and Zn5(OH)(AmTRZH)(AmTRZ)6(HCO2)3·5H2O (4). They were synthesized under mild hydro- or solvothermal conditions using water or dimethylformamide as solvent. Their crystal structures were characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction techniques, and thermal properties of all compounds were examined by thermogravimetric analysis. Isostructural compounds 1 and 2 (Pbca, a = 9.389(1) A, b = 10.115(1) A, c = 11.571(2) A, V = 1098.9(3) A3, Z = 8 for 1 and a = 9.198(1) A, b = 10.341(1) A, c = 12.577(2) A, V = 1196.2(3) A, Z = 8 for 2) display a two-dimensional layer structure where Zn centers are linked by AmTRZ molecules to form gridlike layers containing eight-membered rings. Structure 3 (Pa3, a = 15.0448(6) A, V = 3405.3(2) A3, Z = 4) is a dense three-dimensional framework, featuring seven-membered channels wher...
One-way image transmission via distorting media and real-time interferometry in photorefractive crystal

The problems of image transmission via distorting media have been discussed in literature and different methods have been suggested to solve these problems which include phase conjugation by four-wave mixing. Image by phase conjugation requires it to pass twice through the distortion. It is a major disadvantage in the practical field where the picture information is to be transmitted from one place to the other. In this paper we present our results of image transmission in transmission and reflection geometries. We have demonstrated the abilities of performing optical processing using two-wave and four-waving mixing of one- way phase conjugation with ferroelectric crystal BaTiO3.
Antibodies to acetaldehyde‐protein adducts: Epiphenomenon or pathogenic mechanism?

Immunization of mice with acetaldehyde conjugated to human plasma proteins resulted in the production of polyclonal antibodies that reacted with erythrocyte protein-acetaldehyde conjugates, but not with control erythrocyte proteins. Such antibodies recognized erythrocyte protein-acetaldehyde conjugates prepared with 20–100 μM acetaldehyde, concentrations that exist in the blood of alcoholics. The antibodies also recognized acetaldehyde condensation products with synthetic poly-(L-lysine). Immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-acetaldehyde conjugates resulted in antibodies against both plasma protein-acetaldehyde and erythrocyte protein-acetaldehyde conjugates, which did not cross-react with the respective unmodified carrier proteins. Immunization with human erythrocyte protein-acetaldehyde condensates led to the production of antibodies against both the protein moiety as well as the condensate. Monoclonal antibodies with affinities 50 times greater for the condensate than for the carrier protein were produced by hybridization of spleen cells from the immunized mice. Chronic alcohol administration to mice for 45–50 days led to the generation of antibodies that reacted against protein-acetaldehyde conjugates, suggesting that such adducts are formed in vivo and can act as neoantigens. Antibodies against acetaldehyde adducts should be of value in the identification of alcohol consumption and in the study of the biology of the adducts in relation to organ pathology.
Does Recipient Age Impact Functional Outcomes of Orthotopic Heart Transplantation

Background This study evaluated changes in physical functional performance after orthotopic heart transplantation (OHT) with particular attention to the impact of recipient age on functional outcomes. Methods Retrospective review of all first-time, single-organ adult OHTs in the United States between 2005 and 2010. Patients were primarily stratified by age. The validated Karnofsky performance scale, which ranges from 0 (death) to 100 (fully independent with no evidence of disease and no complaints), was used to measure functional status. Results A total of 10,049 OHT recipients were identified, with 1,431 (14%) aged 65 years or greater. Mean Karnofsky score prior to OHT was comparable between cohorts (younger: 50.7 ± 25.2 versus older: 50.1 ± 25.0; p = 0.38). At a median follow-up of 2.1 years (interquartile range 0.7 to 3.3 years), 64% of OHT recipients had improved functional performance. The mean improvement in Karnofsky score was similar between younger and older patients (19.6 ± 42.0 vs 17.5 ± 41.8; p = 0.10). Twenty percent of younger patients were functionally independent prior to OHT, with 67% being functionally independent at last follow-up ( p p Conclusions In the modern era, OHT is associated with improvements in functional performance in most recipients, and this beneficial effect is preserved across the age spectrum. These data provide a benchmark for functional outcomes after OHT and may have important implications in organ allocation.
Why Have Labour Market Outcomes of Youth in Advanced Economies Deteriorated

Abstract: Youth labour outcomes in comparison to those of prime-age adults have worsened across the OECD since the mid-1970s. English-speaking countries experienced mostly declines in relative pay; continental European countries experienced mostly declines in relative employment. This paper aims to explain these developments by estimating a system of simultaneous equations on a panel of 10 advanced economies. The results suggest that the deterioration in the youth labour market has been due to inward shifts in relative demand, offset only partially by reductions in relative supply. The heterogeneity in the deterioration across countries was caused partly by differential rates of relative pay adjustment, depending on each country’s mix of labour market institutions and the priority attached by social partners to youth employment.
An investigation of certain interactions between large CPA firms and accounting educators

Abstract Some accounting educators have questioned whether selected interactions between the “Big Eight” accounting firms (Firms) and accounting educators might affect the academic freedom and independence of accounting educators. This study compares the current and normative attitudes of accounting professors about certain areas of these interactions and concludes that a significant difference exists between the attitudes of the current and the normative groups. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Case study: parallelizing a sequential simulation model

Most successful examples of parallel simulation models were developed for parallel execution, from the beginning. A number of simulation models are designed only for sequential simulation, even in languages like PARSEC, that support both sequential and parallel simulation algorithms. Converting such simulation models to a form that yields good performance with a parallel implementation can be non-trivial. In this paper we describe a case study showing this conversion process for a simulation model of replicated file systems. The details of the major steps taken in converting the simulation into a parallel simulation are presented: correctness changes; performance changes such as communication topology simplification and lookahead specification; and modeling changes to eliminate performance bottlenecks. The details and performance improvements of each step are presented in this paper.
The effect of the relevancy of an observation stimulus on second learning in concept identification

Three groups of Ss, 12 each, learned two concept identification (CI) tasks. In the first task there was no observation stimulus (So). In the second task, one group had a relevant So, a second group had an irrelevant So, and a third group had no So. The So significantly affected CI learning as a direct function of the relevancy of the So, even though Ss had become familiar with the task involved.