cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pre-service teachers’ decision-making: Efforts to mediate learning with bilingual children with disabilities

Abstract Using Cultural Historical Activity Theory, this study explores how seven teacher candidates described the learning difficulties that bilingual children with disabilities experienced while learning in a bilingual afterschool program. This study also analyzes the volitional actions the candidates took as they aimed to achieve the fine balance between affording opportunities for compensation within “desirable difficulty” and ensuring there were no remaining barriers. We found that the candidates’ decision-making process, guided compensation, was highly complex and collective, and identified three forms of guided compensation: Cultivated, Renegotiated, and Pursued. We offer implications of these findings for researchers, teacher educators, and pre-service teachers.
MSE Analysis of Bi-scale LMS Used for Narrowband Interference Cancellation

Adaptive LMS (Least Mean Square) equalizers are widely used in digital communication systems for their simplicity of implementation. Conventional adaptive filtering theory suggests that the upper bound on performance of such an equalizer is determined by the performance of a Wiener filter of the same structure. However, in the presence of a narrowband interferer the performance of the (normalized) LMS equalizer can be better than that of its Wiener counterpart. The Bi-scale NLMS (BLMS) algorithm enhances this NLMS (Normalized LMS) characteristic by simultaneously using two instantiations of NLMS that run at very different time scales. In this paper, the derivation of a predictive model for the MSE (Mean Square Error) performance of the BLMS equalizer as narrowband interference canceler is shown. The predictive model can be used to adjust canceler parameters on the fly without the delay needed for time-consuming simulations. Simulation results validate the proposed MSE model, which is shown to predict performance of the BLMS equalizer over a wide range of parameters.
WHY HAVE A FRONTISPIECE? EXAMPLES FROM THE MICHALOWICZ COLLECTION AT AMERICAN UNIVERSITY

When Henry Savile, who was noted for his mathematical breadth and knowledge of ancient texts, initiated a series of lectures at Oxford on the Almagest of Ptolemy on October 10,1570, he began with these words of the Roman architect Vitruvius
Voice Pitch and Leadership: Moderating Effects of CEO Accentedness and Follower Native Status

We investigate whether vocal pitch of CEOs affects followers’ perception of leader trustworthiness and whether the foreign accentedness of the CEOs and the national origin of the followers moderate...
Cycle Resolved Turbulence Measurements in a Ported Engine With and Without Swirl

Measurements are presented of mean velocity and of turbulence intensity, energy spectrum, time scales and length scales in a ported engine with flat head and piston, motored at 1200, 1800 and 2400 RPM both with and without swirl. The measurements were made using laser Doppler velocimetry at data rates which were sufficiently high to allow the mean velocity in each cycle to be determined which enables one to separate the cyclic fluctuations of the mean velocity from the turbulence. The turbulence measurements near top dead center both with and without swirl showed relatively homogeneous turbulence intensity and time scales, approximately linear scaling of the turbulence intensity with RPM, decreasing time scales with increasing RPM and a shift in the turbulent energy spectrum to higher frequencies with increasing RPM. With swirl however, 25% to 50% greater turbulence intensity, higher frequency content and smaller cyclic fluctuations in the mean velocity were found.
Chronic Granulomatous Disease in a Child With Klinefelter's Syndrome

A 1-year-old white male child with Klinefelter9s syndrome (chromosomal count of 47 XXY) was diagnosed as having chronic granulomatous disease (CGD). As this association is previously unreported to our knowledge, the case is recorded briefly. CASE REPORT This 1-year-old white male child was followed in the pediatric clinic of the Bowman Gray School of Medicine since the age of 3 months for hepatosplenomegaly, recurrent ear infections and a persistent skin rash involving the external nares and right submandibular area. The genitalia were observed to be small by the attending physician although both testes were palpable in the scrotum. Laboratory studies at the age of 3 months included a hemoglobin of 9.6 gm/100 ml, hematocrit of 26%, red blood cell count of 3.2 million, white blood cell count of 24,300/cu mm, with a differential count of 55 neutrophils, 28 lymphocytes, 14 monocytes and 3 eosinophils.
Near-infrared tissue oximetry and digital image analysis: quantification of renal ischaemia in real time during partial nephrectomy

What’s known on the subject? and What does the study add? There is little known on how to objectively measure renal ischemia during partial nephrectomy. This study clemonstrates two potentially useful methods to measure renal ischemia during partial nephrectomy. OBJECTIVE • To determine the feasibility of using near-infrared tissue oximetry (TO) and digital image analysis for assessing renal function and to quantify local renal ischaemia in a porcine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS • Tissue oximetry was performed and red/blue (R/B) colour ratios were determined on renal units of Yorkshire swine. • Interval measurements were taken before clamping the renal hilum, during warm ischaemia, and after unclamping using a ViOptix T.OxTM Tissue Oximeter and Matlab® digital image analysis. • Matlab software analysed images from the laparoscopic camera and determined an R/B ratio to track renal ischaemia. • The tissue oximeter used direct infrared light and was placed adjacent to the kidney parenchymal surface. • The data were divided into preclamp, clamp and post-clamp, and compared between methodologies. RESULTS • The R/B ratio showed a higher rate of change compared with TO during clamp time in both the 15-min experiment (R/B = 96.0 vs. TO = 52.1 unit/reference) and the 30-min experiment (R/B = 97.6 vs. TO = 45.9). • The R/B ratio showed a higher rate of change compared with TO at 1 min after clamping in the 15-min experiment (R/B = 80.1 vs. TO = 12.4). • Both detection devices showed similar changes in pre- and post-clamp measurements in the 15- min experiment (R/B = 1.6 vs. TO = 3.8) and the 30-min experiment (R/B = 4.7 vs. TO =−4.5). • In the 30-min experiment the R/B ratio showed a significant difference between preclamp, clamp, and post-clamp states (P= 0.026). CONCLUSIONS • Both TO and digital image analysis were able to calculate an ischaemic drop in tissue oxygen saturation during periods of acute renal ischaemia. • The findings suggest that the R/B ratio observed during histogram analysis shows a greater sensitivity compared with TO in quantifying renal ischaemia.
Predesign Cost-Estimation Function for Buildings

A predesign cost-estimation function for quite arbitrary buildings is derived utilizing historical cost data. The assumed function is multilinear and its coefficients are determined by means of the least-squares estimation technique. The selection and measurement of the six independent variables of the cost function, the collection of limited but proper historical cost data, and the use of mathematical tools both as a means in arriving at the desired function and as an end in explaining the value and impact of estimation hypotheses are the real contribution of this work. The derived predesign cost-estimation function is subjected to an error analysis and tested with two actual buildings not belonging in the sample data.
How the Views of Rosemary Ruether and Josef Pieper Can Help Us to Restore Harmony and Accommodate Leisure Time in Our Busy Lives

Twentieth-first century society seems to be advancing and changing on a daily basis. The expectation and needs of culture often clash with technology, the latter constantly improves. Distractions from technology, demanding jobs and other pressures leave people with progressively less time to restore harmony in their lives and accommodate leisure time in today’s world. The views of Rosemary Ruether and Josef Pieper explain how people can achieve a harmonious life and implement leisure in today’s society.
Porosity of the Basement Membrane Overlying Peyer's Patches in Rats and Monkeys

The porosity of the epithelial basement membrane (basal lamina) overlying lymphoid follicles within Peyer's patches was studied in rats and monkeys by scanning electron microscopy. Basement membranes of lymphoid follicles are markedly porous, more conspicuously so than those of adjacent villus cores. The porosity increases centrifugally from the apex of the follicle to its periphery, where the basement membrane continues into the cul-de-sacs of the crypts. Such porosity may facilitate bidirectional passage of lymphocytes during an immune response. The unique structure of the basement membrane overlying lymphoid follicles suggests a biologic adaptation of this tissue boundary to a specific physiologic activity of the organism.
The class library concept: building a system analysis and design workbench

Creating a system analysis and design specific class library to store predefined data types that can be accessed and used in the development of future code applications is discussed. This library will expand on data types offered in packages such as MATLAB and provide for compilation. When writing code, one is always faced with the task of writing all the necessary underlying code to support the handling of data structures that are not built into the language. By creating a library of predefined data types, a system designer and analyst can create a working environment suited to the specific needs of system design and analysis. >
Interpreting an error correction model: Partial adjustment, forward‐looking behaviour, and dynamic international money demand

An error correction model is derived from a stochastic dynamic programming problem incorporating rational expectations. A parametric restriction is derived that allows a test for the theoretical proposition that the optimal strategy behind the error correction from entails the failure to asymptotically close the gap between the choice variable and the growing target. This is accomplished by nesting a partial adjustment model with forward-looking expectations within the error correction paradigm. The counterintuitive behaviour embodied in the error correction model is not supported by the data in the context of a cross-country comparison of cash balances relationships.
A Closer Look at Peer Discrimination, Ethnic Identity, and Psychological Well-being Among Urban Chinese American Sixth Graders

Recent research suggests that although ethnic discrimination may have negative consequences for psychological well-being among youth of Chinese descent as it does for other ethnic groups, ethnic identity beliefs may buffer against such effects. Data for this study were drawn from the Early Adolescent Cohort Study, an investigation of contextual influences on the social, emotional, and academic adjustment of youth in ethnically diverse New York City middle schools. The present study sample consists of Chinese American (n = 84) and African American (n = 119) sixth graders. Results suggest that Chinese American youths’ own positive affect toward their ethnic group (private regard) was positively associated with higher self-esteem. In addition, the more favorably Chinese American youth perceived that others view their group (public regard), the fewer depressive symptoms they reported. In addition, among Chinese American youth, more favorable public regard attenuated the negative relationship between peer ethnic discrimination and depressive symptoms. The implications of these findings are discussed in light of the commonalities among ethnic and racial minority groups’ experiences of discrimination as well as the unique challenges that Chinese American youth face.
Implementing an Obstetric Triage Nurse Competency Program

Poster Presentation Purpose for the Program The need for a method to validate the competency of the U.C. Davis Medical Center's labor and delivery (L&D) triage nurses was identified during a visit by the United States Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Deficiencies in Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA) compliance were noted in both the emergency room and the L&D triage unit, and there was no documentation of training specific to triage for the L&D nurses. Additionally, the unit lacked a consistent method of assigning acuity as patients presented for care. Our project involved the creation and implementation of both an obstetric (OB)‐specific acuity system, and a program to establish and validate the competency of the nurses from the L&D triage unit. Proposed Change A multidisciplinary committee was established and tasked with the development of a comprehensive program for the orientation, training, and ongoing competency validation of the L&D triage nurses. The L&D managers of other area hospitals were queried about their triage nurse competency validation tools and methods, and many quickly responded. We worked with the emergency room staff to develop an OB acuity system compatible with the Emergency Severity Index (ESI), a program already in use by the emergency room. The basic education and training requirements for the L&D triage registered nurses (RN) were delineated and some audit tools were developed: a medical screening exam competency assessment tool and an annual chart audit form. A standardized procedure for the medical screening examination, performed by the L&D triage nurse, in compliance with EMTALA regulations, was written and approved. A spreadsheet was developed to verify the current status of the training of each of the L&D triage nurses. Implementation, Outcomes, and Evaluation Core L&D RNs attended the emergency department's ESI training and became the trainers for the L&D staff. A PowerPoint presentation was developed, courses were scheduled, and all L&D triage staff attended a 2‐hour training session on the use of the newly developed "Emergency Severity Index for OB." Using the aforementioned competency validation tool, a trainer then tested each RN in his or her competency of a medical screening examination. An Intermediate Fetal Monitoring course of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) was scheduled. All OB triage nurses who had not previously attended were enrolled. The new, five‐tiered OB ESI acuity system was put into practice. These changes have allowed us to more efficiently triage and care for OB patients and improve documentation of the competency of our OB triage nurses. Implications for Nursing Practice The education and ongoing competency evaluation of OB triage nurses should be well documented. A standardized medical screening examination procedure and OB acuity system will enable OB triage nurses to improve patient flow and outcomes.
THE IMPACT OF FEDERAL INCOME DISBURSEMENTS ON THE SOUTHEASTERN STATES, 1929, 1939, 1949, AND 1957*

FEDERAL GOVERNMENT INCOME disbursements is an aggregate term which includes the following seven income components (in order of relative size in the southeastern states for 1957): federal transfer payments, federal military income, federal civilian income, federal grants-in-aid, federal interest payments, pay of military reservists, and federal work relief expenditures. This study has measured the impact of federal income disbursements on the southeastern states in the years 1929, 1939, 1949, and 1957. Primarily, it has attempted to answer two questions: first, To what extent have federal income disbursements affected state and regional per capita income? and, second, To what extent have these effects varied over a period of time? Three methods were used to measure the impact of federal income disbursements on any given state or region. First, per capita figures were derived to account for population variances. Second, the analysis made use of state, regional, and national relatives. A state relative, whether for per capita income or federal military income, provides for direct comparison of the changes in per capita income or federal military income with the changes in the national relatives. For example, a state federal military relative is the state's per capita federal military income expressed as a percentage of the continental United States per capita federal military income. If the federal military income for a particular state increases more between 1929 and 1939 than that of continental United States, the state relative will increase. Thus the changes in state relatives reflect increases or decreases in a state which are not proportional to the changes in the national average of states. Finally, a comparison was made of the various components of federal income disbursements as a percentage of per capita income by state, region, and nation. Although the federal income disbursement relative for the southeastern states increased considerably over the period under study
Protein kinase Cε makes the life and death decision

Cancer is caused by dysregulation in cellular signaling systems that control cell proliferation, differentiation and cell death. Protein kinase C (PKC), a family of serine/threonine kinases, plays an important role in the growth factor signal transduction pathway. PKCe, however, is the only PKCe isozyme that has been considered as an oncogene. It can contribute to malignancy by enhancing cell proliferation or by inhibiting cell death. This review focuses on how PKCe collaborates with other signaling pathways, such as Ras/Raf/ERK and Akt, to regulate cell survival and cell death. We have also discussed how PKCe mediates its antiapoptotic signal by altering the level or function of pro- and antiapoptotic Bcl-2 family members.
A simulated countercurrent moving-bed chromatographic reactor for the oxidative coupling of methane : experimental results

Abstract The simulated countercurrent moving-bed chromatographic reactor (SCMCR) is applied to the oxidative coupling reaction of methane (OCM). A four-section experimental apparatus, each section containing a reaction column and two separation columns, is used to quickly separate the reactants and products using the principles of simulated countercurrent flow. Rapid product separation inhibits side reactions. Microreactor trials with a samarium oxide catalyst give yields between 2% and 10%. Yields as high as 50% are observed with the same catalyst and run conditions in the SCMCR. The effects of temperature, feed switching time, and methane to oxygen feed ratio have been investigated. The reactor, while not fully optimized, does give promise as an alternative production method for ethylene.
On dielectric saturation modeling in a continuum solvent

Abstract The linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation is solved with a variable dielectric constant to account for dielectric saturation. Two different spatially dependent forms of the dielectric constant are compared. It is shown that the electrostatic repulsion between two flat plates is decreased by dielectric saturation and that it depends in a complicated way on both the dielectric constant and the electric field.
The role of competitive aggressiveness in the emergence of dominant design: A contingency approach

We advance the strategic choice perspective in the dominant design literature, examining the role of firm’s competitive actions on the emergence of dominant designs. Integrating literatures on dominant design, competitive dynamics and modularity, this study offers a contingency model to examine the relationships between the emergence of dominant designs, firms’ competitive moves, and the characteristics of product design and market dynamics. We test our hypotheses using a unique sample of 126 product classes and a total number of 279 technologies that competed for dominant designs. We found that a firm’s aggressiveness in undertaking competitive moves directly influences its chance to create a dominant design. However, the impact of firms’ competitive moves depends on (1) if technological design is a platform or a component, as well as (2) if the technological design is sold at a market for technology or a product market.
A contextual interference account of distinctiveness effects in recognition

In this article, we report on two experiments that aimed to shed light on the memorability effect that derives from varying the uniqueness of contextual cues presented at encoding and retrieval. We sought to understand the locus of the recognition advantage for studying and testing words with nominally irrelevant features that are rarely shared with other words (“low-fan” features) as compared with features that are studied with more words (“high-fan” features). Each word was studied with one high-fan feature and one low-fan feature, but only one of the two features was reinstated at test. Recognition judgments were more accurate when the low-fan feature was reinstated than when the high-fan feature was reinstated. The data suggest that encoding cues that suffer from contextual interference negatively affect retrieval and do so by hindering recollection-based processing.
Response corridors for the medial–lateral compressive stiffness of the human arm: Implications for side impact protection

The biofidelity of side impact anthropomorphic test devices (ATDs) is crucial in order to accurately predict injury risk of human occupants. Although the arm serves as a load path to the thorax, there are currently no biofidelity response requirements for the arm. The purpose of this study was to characterize the compressive stiffness of male and female arms in medial-lateral loading and develop corresponding stiffness response corridors. This was accomplished by performing a series of pendulum tests on 18 isolated post-mortem human surrogate (PMHS) arms, obtained from four male and five female surrogates, at impact velocities of 2m/s and 4m/s. Matched tests were performed on the arm of the SID-IIs ATD for comparison. The arms were oriented vertically with the medial side placed against a rigid wall to simulate loading during a side impact automotive collision. The force versus deflection response data were normalized to that of a 50th percentile male and a 5th percentile female using a new normalizing technique based on initial arm width, and response corridors were developed for each impact velocity. A correlation analysis showed that all non-normalized dependent variables (initial stiffness, secondary stiffness, peak force, and peak deflection) were highly correlated with the initial arm width and initial arm circumference. For both impact velocities the PMHS arms exhibited a considerable amount of deflection under very low force before any substantial increase in force occurred. The compression at which the force began to increase considerably was consistent with the average tolerable medial-lateral arm compression experienced by volunteers. The initial stiffness (K1), secondary stiffness (K2), peak force, and peak deflection were found to significantly increase (p<0.05) with respect to impact velocity for both the non-normalized and normalized PMHS data. Although the response of the SID-IIs arm was similar to that of the female PMHS arms for both impact velocities, the SID-IIs arm did not exhibit a considerable toe region and therefore did not fall within the response corridors for the 5th percentile female. Overall, the results of the current study could lead to improved biofidelity of side impact ATDs by providing valuable data necessary to validate the compressive response of the ATD arm independent of the global ATD thoracic response.
Large Scale Geometrical Aspects of Turbulent Jet Scalar Regions and Interfaces: Measurement and Modeling

This study focuses on the measurement and modeling of large scale geometrical aspects of turbulent jet scalar regions and interfaces. While several previous studies have focused on the small scale geometrical properties using fractal ideas, examination of the large scale geometrical aspects requires the development of what we call generalized fractals, i.e. the scale-dependent generalization of the original self-similar geometric framework. Our work involves the purely meshless approach to the determination of the generalized fractal properties, pioneered by Catrakis, that eliminates the need for grid-based box counting. We investigate the purely meshless generalized fractal approach using experimental databases generated in our laboratories on fully-developed turbulent jets with a Reynolds number of Re ∼ 20,000 and a Schmidt number of Sc ∼ 2,000. In our approach, we examine the dependence of the generalized fractal aspects of the turbulent interfaces at various spatial resolution scales. Our results indicate that the large scale geometrical aspects are strongly scale dependent and amenable to modeling using generalized fractal functions.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
A self-deactivating piston for a piston corer☆

Abstract Described is a piston containing an internal valve that is closed during penetration and open during extraction of the corer. It requires no cocking or other preparatory steps before use, and prevents liner collapse, core distortion, and consequent erroneous interpretation of the core materials as sometimes occurs when a conventional piston is used (i.e. without a deactivator).
Long-Term Infection Rates in Diabetic Patients Implanted With Antibiotic-Impregnated Versus Nonimpregnated Inflatable Penile Prostheses: 7-Year Outcomes

Abstract Background Diabetic patients may be more prone to penile-implant infections than other men. Objective We sought to determine whether revision surgeries due to infection were less common in diabetic men after implantation of an inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) impregnated with minocycline and rifampin (M/R) versus a nonimpregnated prosthesis. Design, setting, and participants Infection-related revisions for M/R-impregnated and nonimpregnated implants were compared during a retrospective review of patient-implant and removal data recorded in the manufacturer's database. The data set included men with diabetes as an etiology of erectile dysfunction and who were implanted with their first IPPs between 2001 and 2008. Intervention All men received three-piece IPPs. Measurements The number of first revisions due to infection reported at any time during the study period were summarized for each group. Freedom from infection-related revisions for initial M/R-impregnated implants were compared to nonimpregnated implants with ≤84 mo of follow-up using life-table survival analysis. Infection-free survival was also compared for diabetics versus nondiabetics. Results and limitations Mean age was 59.1 yr for the 6071 diabetic men in the M/R-impregnated group. The nonimpregnated group included 624 diabetics with a mean age of 57.6 yr. Initial revisions due to infection were reported for 1.47% of M/R-impregnated versus 4.17% of nonimpregnated implants. At 7 yr, the rate of infection-related revisions was significantly lower for M/R-impregnated (1.62%) than for nonimpregnated implants (4.24%; log-rank p p =0.0052). Conclusions This long-term evidence from the largest known database of diabetic IPP recipients establishes that the use of an antibiotic-impregnated IPP can decrease revisions due to infection. Reducing the incidence of this devastating complication represents a significant medical advance in erectile restoration for diabetic patients.
Prognosis of patients with ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation and a normal electrophysiologic study

The outcome of 26 patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia (n = 16) or ventricular fibrillation (n = 10) and no inducible ventricular tachycardia (less than or equal to 10 beats) by baseline programmed stimulation was studied. Coronary artery disease was present in 14 patients, dilated cardiomyopathy was seen in seven, valvular heart disease was present in two, and no apparent cardiac abnormalities were found in three. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction was 53 +/- 14%. During the follow-up period of 24 +/- 16 months, actuarial survival rates at 1 and 2 years were 95% and 89% for sudden death and 95% and 83% for total cardiac death, respectively. No patients with a known ejection fraction greater than 30% died suddenly during the follow-up. Noninducibility by programmed stimulation in patients with sustained ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation is associated with a relatively preserved ventricular function. It may predict a low risk of sudden death in patients with preserved ventricular function.
Veritistic Value and the Project of Social Epistemology

Until the late twentieth century social epistemology was a neglected subject. Alvin Goldman was one of the first epistemologists to recognize its importance, and, in a series of essays, he provided a conception of how social epistemology should be pursued and applied that conception to particular cases. Knowledge in a Social World develops the conception more systematically, and considers a broad range of social practices. The scope of Goldman's discussion and the characteristic clarity with which he approaches the issues make this book the first classic in the field. Throughout Goldman's epistemological work there is an emphasis on understanding the ways in which processes of belief-formation promote the acquisition of true beliefs. Yet, as he recognizes, not all truths are worth our belief. Any assessment of belief-forming processes should be sensitive to the differential worth of true beliefs. Noting that some truths are important to us because they enable us to reach practical goals, while others have intrinsic significance, he introduces a notion of "veritistic value" (87 ff.). This enables a crisp formulation of the project: "Veritistic social epistemology seeks to assess not only the practices currently employed by people and communities, but to inquire whether there might be better practices to replace those currently in use." (91) There are three points here that seem to me important and correct: first, the emphasis on truth, second the differentiation of kinds of truth, and third, the consequentialist focus on appraising practices and specifically on trying to improve the status quo. My principal concern about Goldman's treatment is that, so far as I can see, his notion of veritistic value is inadequate to the task he sets himself. In what follows, I'll try to explain why this is so and also to make clear why the project of meliorative social epistemology is so difficult. Veritistic value (V-value in his shorthand) is relativized to agents. If an agent is "totally uninterested" in certain questions, then the agent's lack of any belief with respect to those questions doesn't imply that his belief state has low V-Value. Intuitively, if I don't care how many people have walked
Phase II Study of Antineoplastons A10 (NSC 648539) and AS2-1 (NSC 620261) in Patients With Recurrent Glioma

Objective To assess the pharmacokinetics, toxicity, and efficacy of antineoplastons A10 (NSC 648539) and AS2-1 (NSC 620261). Design We initiated a phase II trial in order to determine whether evidence of antitumor activity of A10 and AS2-1 could be documented. Material and Methods Patients with anaplastic astrocytoma or glioblastoma multiforme recurring after radiation therapy were eligible for enrollment in the trial. Patients received escalating doses of A10 and AS2-1 by multiple intermittent intravenous injections with use of a portable programmable pump to the target daily dose of 1.0 g/kg for A10 and of 0.4 g/kg for AS2-1. Results Nine patients were treated, in six of whom the treatment response was assessable in accordance with protocol stipulations. No patient demonstrated tumor regression. Reversible grade 2 or 3 neurocortical toxicity, consisting of transient somnolence, confusion, and exacerbation of an underlying seizure disorder, was noted in five patients. Mean steady-state plasma concentrations of phenylacetate and phenylacetylglutamine after escalation to the target doses of A10 and AS2-1 were 177 ±101 μg/mL and 302 ± 102 μg/mL, respectively. Patients who exhibited confusion tended to have higher phenylacetate levels. Conclusion Although we could not confirm any tumor regression in patients in this study, the small sample size precludes definitive conclusions about treatment efficacy. Antineoplaston-related toxicity was acceptable in most patients with appropriate dose modification, although severe neurocortical toxicity may occur. Steady-state plasma concentrations of phenylacetate with use of A10 and AS2-1 were similar to those reported with use of similar doses of phenylacetate alone.
Importance of resolution in multiple-target tracking

Sensor resolution is crucial for the success of tracking in a dense multiple target environment. The probability of resolution (PR) and the probability of correct data association (PDA) are computed as a function of: (1) average object separation, (2) sensor resolution, and (3) one-sigma prediction error, for sensor measurements with dimensions n equals 1, 2, 3, ... . The values of PR and PDA are plotted versus the average object separation normalized by the sensor resolution, parameterized by the one-sigma prediction error, for values of n equals 1, 2, 3, ... . By inspection of these curves, it is obvious that PR is less than PDA for n equals 1, 2, 3, ... for any values of average object separation and sensor resolution, for almost any practical value of one-sigma prediction error of interest. This means that sensor resolution is a more important issue than data association in most practical applications. Nevertheless, 99 percent of the literature on multiple target tracking has ignored the issue of resolution.© (1994) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Air cavity effects on the radiation dose to the larynx using Co-60, 6 MV, and 10 MV photon beams

Purpose: To determine the perturbation effect in the surface layers of lesions located in the air-tumor tissue interface of larynx using 60Co, 6 MV, and 10 MV photon beams. Methods and Materials: Thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs), were embedded at 16 measurement locations in slab no. 8 of a humanoid phantom and exposed to two lateral-opposed beams using standard small 7 × 7 cm fields. Similarly, radiographic and radiochromic films were placed between slabs no. 7 and no. 8 of the humanoid phantom and exposed to two lateral-opposed radiation beams. The dosimeters were irradiated with 60Co, 6 MV, and 10 MV photon beams. Computer tomography (CT) treatment planning without inhomogeneity correction was performed. Results: At the tissue-air interface, the average measured percentage dose (% dosem) is about (108.7 ± 4.8)% with TLD data, (96.8 ± 2.5)% with radiographic film data, and (100.8 ± 4.9)% with radiochromic film data. Similarly, in the central part of the cavity, the % dosem is (98.4 ± 3.1)% with TLD data, (94.3 ± 3.3)% with radiographic film data, and (91.7 ± 5.0)% with radiochromic film data. Using the CT-based generated dose distribution (without inhomogeneity correction), the average calculated percentage dose (% dosec is (98.7 ± 1.0)% at the tissue-air interface and 98% in the central part of the air cavity. Conclusion: For the beam energies studied, the variation from the % dosem at the tissue-air interface for a given dosimetry technique is relatively small [< 5% (TLD), < 3% (radiographic), and < 5% (radiochromic)] and therefore should not be significant in clinical settings. The variation from the % dosem at the tissue-air interface is more significant for lower energies [8% (60Co), 7.3% (6 MV)]. This variation is about 4.3% for 10 MV photon beam, therefore, while our institutional practice favors lower energy (60Co to 6 MV) for node-negative glottic cancers, physical/dosimeterc evidence offers no disadvantage to the use of higher energy photons.
Failure of cannabinoid compounds to stimulate estrogen receptors

delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the primary active compound in Cannabis sativa (marihuana), and other cannabinoid receptor agonists exert potent effects on luteinizing hormone and prolactin release in animal models and humans. Compounds possessing the tricyclic cannabinoid structure, including delta 9-THC and cannabidiol, have been reported to interact with rodent uterine estrogen receptors in ligand binding assays. The present study tested the hypothesis that cannabinoid compounds produce a direct activation of estrogen receptors. We investigated whether cannabinoid compounds exhibit estrogen-induced mitogenesis in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Under conditions in which 10 pM estradiol promoted MCF-7 cell proliferation, no response was observed with biologically relevant concentrations (< = 10 microM) of delta 9-THC or its tricyclic analog desacetyllevonantradol. No response was observed with cannabidiol, a bicyclic cannabinoid compound that exhibits no cannabimimetic behavioral effects but has been reported to bind to the estrogen receptor in vitro. delta 9-THC also failed to antagonize the response to estradiol under conditions in which the antiestrogen LY156758 (keoxifene; raloxifene) was effective. The phytoestrogen formononetin behaved as an estrogen at high concentrations, and this response was antagonized by LY156758. We also investigated the ability of cannabinoid compounds to stimulate transcription of an EREtkCAT reporter gene transiently transfected into MCF-7 cells. Neither delta 9-THC, desacetyllevonantradol, nor cannabidiol stimulated transcriptional activity. We conclude that psychoactive or inactive compounds of the cannabinoid structural class fail to behave as agonists in appropriate assays of estrogen receptor responses in vitro.
Use of resident physicians: an evaluation of the effects of a significant increase.

Medical school graduates have become increasingly dependent on former community hospitals for residency programs because charitable institutions attached to medical schools are disappearing. It is not known what impact residencies have on hospitals that were community hospitals. We interviewed private practice physicians, residents, nurses, patients, and other groups in a large former community hospital. Overall, the interviews indicated good support for the hospital's new teach ing function. Furthermore, the residents were viewed in very favorable terms by all groups. There were two problem areas. One, some residents seem less sensitive to human relations than private practice physicians and other hospital groups. Two, many private practice physicians are concerned over the number of hospital-salaried physicians and the outpatient care offered by residents supervised by hospital-salaried physicians. This research suggested several recommendations that, if followed, would serve to increase the value of th...
Openness and conscientiousness predict 34-SSweek patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons

Abstract Studies have indicated that personality may be associated with inflammatory markers such as Interleukin (IL)-6. One pathway between personality and IL-6 may be health behaviors and conditions resulting in inflammation, while an alternate pathway involves activation of stress–response systems. In a clinical trial sample of 200 older adults, we examined associations between personality traits at baseline and three measures of IL-6 spanning 34 weeks of follow-up. Results indicate that IL-6 remained very stable over time, and that higher Conscientiousness and Openness were associated with lower IL-6 across the entire 34 week period. Goal striving was the active subcomponent of Conscientiousness, while aesthetic interests was the active subcomponent of Openness in IL-6 associations. Common health behaviors and chronic illness accounted for only a portion of these effects, suggesting that other behavioral and/or physiological processes may also predispose some persons to inflammation. Personality phenotype may provide useful prognostic information for inflammation. Older adults lower in Conscientiousness and Openness constitute a target population for anti-inflammatory interventions. Openness and Conscientiousness predicts 32-week patterns of Interleukin-6 in older persons.
Assessing the severity of behavior disorders: Rankings based on clinical and empirical criteria

School psychologists need to assess the severity of behavior disorders accurately to facilitate comprehensive diagnosis, to provide appropriate intervention, to enlighten research efforts, and to be in compliance with state and federal guidelines. Although clinicians in fields such as mental retardation categorize severity of behavior to make diagnostic and general treatment decisions, school psychologists rarely attempt to assess severity in any systematic or comprehensive way. The primary purpose of this study is to see how 92 practicing school psychologists rank 11 variables in their assessments of SED in school-age children. A secondary purpose is to examine the extent of school psychologists' reliance upon clinical and empirical criteria in assessing the severity of SED. It is concluded that school psychologists agree in their rankings of variables from most to least important and that they do not consider empirical criteria more important than clinically based criteria when assessing SED. Implications for practice are presented.
The future components of inclusive fitness: accounting for interactions between members of overlapping generations

Abstract Indirect fitness is the portion of an individual's inclusive fitness due to the effects of the individual's behaviour on the reproductive value of non-descendant kin. Indirect fitness may play a role in the evolutionary maintenance of cooperative breeding, in which some individuals help others to breed. Recently, theoretical and empirical studies have addressed the future component of indirect fitness, i.e. the effects of an individual's current behaviour on the subsequent survival and reproduction of nondescendant kin. A difficulty in accounting future fitness effects arises when generations overlap in a cooperative breeding system (as is normally the case). Individuals of one generation can serve as helpers to individuals of the previous generation, ‘returning from the future’ to compound their ancestors' fitness. This paper classifies the types of fitness effects arising from generational interactions in cooperative breeding systems. This classification is then used to suggest methods of measuring future indirect and future direct (individual) fitness so that they are directly comparable.
Relational representation: an agency-based approach to global justice

This paper argues that Amartya Sen’s comparative approach to justice requires a politics that is attentive to the agency of the other. Rethinking representation as a relational, rather than a sovereign, concept captures the relationship between agency and justice that is emerging in global politics today. It is increasingly common that non-governmental actors engage with communities through practices of trust and responsibility without appeal to political authority. Relational representation helps clarify the dynamics of these relationships and provides a way to think about their purpose. That purpose is to effect changes that ameliorate suffering and injustice, working to re-present the represented persons as more capable persons, more free to use their agency.
National Appropriations: Yaqui Autonomy, the Centennial of the Mexican Revolution and the Bicentennial of the Mexican Nation*

2010 marks the centennial of the Mexican Revolution and the bicentennial of the independent Mexican nation-state. As an opportunity to critique the role of national history and nationalism in producing mythologies that serve particular interests, this paper argues that certain historical flashpoints demonstrate how vehicles for national commemoration consolidate and suture the modernity embodied by the state on the one hand and the pre-modern objectification of the Yaqui on the other to foment state formation. In contrast, Yaqui enactments of historical memory consistently work against the Mexican state in multiple ways. To do so, the essay first, examines the ways in which Yaqui struggles for autonomy, pre and post revolution (1901-1910 and 1920-1935) were, and continue to be, written out of the history of the Mexican nation. Secondly, the essay examines the erasure of the violence enacted by the U.S., Mexican-American and Mexican state actors against the Yaqui peoples as part of multiple national projects that glorify mestizaje without a material attentiveness to histories of state violence (physical, epistemic and discursive). Thirdly, I examine how the state and transnational corporations deploy the image of the Danzante del venado (deer dancer) as both an object of nationalism and the site of epistemic violence. I demonstrate these points by presenting the counterpoint evidence of Yaqui struggles for autonomy.
Pulse Transit Time as a Measure of Arousal and Respiratory Effort in Children with Sleep-Disordered Breathing

The upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is associated with neurobehavioral morbidity in children. The diagnostic gold standard for UARS is esophageal manometry. However, this is invasive. Furthermore, upper airway obstructive events in sleeping children frequently terminate without visible electrocortical (EEG) arousal. The pulse transit time (PTT) is a noninvasive marker of blood pressure and, therefore, subcortical arousal. Blood pressure elevation, associated with respiratory arousal from sleep, results in a drop in the PTT. We hypothesized that: 1) the PTT is a more sensitive measure of respiratory arousal than EEG; and 2) the PTT arousal index can distinguish children with UARS from those with primary snoring. Polysomnography, including esophageal manometry and PTT, was measured prospectively in 24 symptomatic children and 10 normal controls. Apnea, hypopnea, and respiratory effort-related arousal events terminated in a PTT arousal 91%, 83%, and 80% of the time, and in an EEG arousal in 55%, 51%, and 43% (all p < 0.05), respectively. The PTT arousal index was significantly greater in children with UARS (6.8 events/h) than primary snoring (2.2 events/h) (p < 0.05). We conclude that, in children, PTT arousals are a more sensitive measure of obstructive events than visible EEG arousals.
The Emergence of Gabriel Faure's Late Musical Style and Technique

(2003). The Emergence of Gabriel Faure's Late Musical Style and Technique. Journal of Musicological Research: Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 223-276.
Advanced process control techniques for the food industry

Abstract The proper design and application of process controllers is essential for minimizing both operating costs and out-of-specification waste products in food processing operations. In this regard, advanced process controllers may perform significantly better than classical controllers. This article describes how advanced process controllers, particularly model-based controllers, are created and discusses the design criteria used to tune these controllers in the context of controlling food processes. A number of examples are reviewed that demonstrate the feasibility of applying model-based controllers to a variety of food processes. Guidelines for selecting appropriate advanced control strategies for particular types of dynamic processes are also presented.