cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Surface Grafting of Conjugated Polymers onto Self-assembled Monolayer Modified Conducting Substrates by Electrochemistry

A new method of grafting conjugated polymers onto solid substrates by self-assembled monolayers (SAM) and electrochemistry is described. The polyfluorene was designed to have the carbazole group as the pendant group to offer electropolymerizability. As has been studied, carbazole is easily electropolymerized by cyclic voltammetry at low oxidation potential. In our study, this copolymer was deposited and cross-linked on the carbazole-SAM modified ITO substrate through electrochemistry. Consistent with the oxidation potential differences between polyfluorene and the carbazole unit, electropolymerization of the pendant carbazole groups has no effect on the polymer backbone. The carbazole group was chosen because of its better band gap match between the anode and the polyfluorene and at the same time it gives better adhesion contact between ITO and the polymer layer. In addition, the electrochemically deposited polymer becomes cross-linked, rendering it insoluble in any solvent.
Altered regulation of the ET-1 cascade in lambs with increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension.

Plasma concentrations of endothelin-1 (ET-1) are increased in children with congenital heart disease associated with increased pulmonary blood flow. However, the role of ET-1 in the pathophysiology of pulmonary hypertension remains unclear. Preproendothelin-1 gene expression is increased in adults with advanced pulmonary hypertension. To characterize potential early molecular alterations in the ET-1 cascade induced by increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension, fetal lambs underwent in utero placement of an aortopulmonary vascular graft (shunt). RNase protection assays and Western blot analysis were performed on lung tissue prepared from 4-wk-old shunt lambs and age-matched controls. Endothelin-converting enzyme-1 [the enzyme responsible for the production of active ET-1 from big ET-1, mRNA (411%, p < 0.05)] and protein (170%, p < 0.05) were increased in lung tissue prepared from shunt lambs, compared with age-matched controls. Endothelin type A receptor (the receptor that mediates vasoconstriction), mRNA (246%, p < 0.05), and protein (176%, p < 0.05) also were increased in lung tissue prepared from shunt lambs compared with age-matched controls. Conversely, endothelin type B receptor (the receptor that mediates vasodilation), mRNA (46%, p < 0.05), and protein (65%, p < 0.05) were decreased in shunt lambs. Both the mRNA and protein levels for preproendothelin-1 were unchanged. Thus we conclude that increased pulmonary blood flow and pulmonary hypertension induce early alterations in the ET-1 cascade that result in increased ET-1 production, increased ET-1-mediated vasoconstriction, and decreased vasodilation. These early alterations in gene expression may contribute to the development of pulmonary hypertension and its associated enhanced pulmonary vascular reactivity.
Abstract 663: The comparative efficacy of the PARP inhibitors AG14361, ABT888 and AZD2281 in the treatment of triple negative and BRCA1 breast cancer

Introduction: Most preclinical studies have used “in vitro” animal cell lines, “in vivo” allografts and/or gene knockdowns to predict the clinical efficacy of PARP1 and PARP1 & 2 inhibitors in the treatment of human breast cancer. It has been shown however that “in vitro” experiments with human breast cancer cell lines are more useful in predicting the clinical performance of cancer drugs than these other methods. In this study, the PARP1 inhibitor AG14361 and the PARP1 & 2 inhibitors AZD2281 and ABT888 were tested against a panel of 25 human breast cancer cell lines. Methods: The MTT assay was used to determine the IC50 inhibitory effect of the PARP inhibitors against the human breast cancer cell lines over a 72 hour period with each experiment being replicated at least 10 times. The MTT assay was validated for each cell line using direct counting via hemacytometer & trypan blue staining. Human to mouse xenografts were then challenged by PARP inhibitors. The IC50 results were then correlated with the PARP activity of each cell line. Results: The PARP1 inhibitor AG14361 was 5 and 8 fold more effective in inhibiting human breast cancer growth than ABT888 and AZD2281 respectively. The average IC50 values for AG14361, ABT888 and AZD2281 against BRCA1-/- human breast cancer cell lines were 20, 120, and 190 micromolar respectively. The average IC50 values for non-BRCA1 triple negative breast cancer were 24, 110 and 165 micromolar respectively. ANOVA analysis sustained the null hypothesis between BRCA1-/- breast cancer and non-BRCA1 triple negative breast cancer. Xenograft studies mirrored the “in vitro results”. These IC50 values are significantly higher than previously published preclinical data that utilized BRCA1 -/- animal cell lines and human BRCA1 gene knockdowns. This suggests that BRCA1 animal cell lines are more sensitive to PARP1 inhibitors and that human BRCA1 -/- gene knockdowns may be fundamentally different from naturally derived BRCA1-/- breast cancer cell lines. Conclusion: The PARP1 inhibitor was more effective than the PARP1 & 2 inhibitors in inhibiting breast cancer growth. Non-BRCA1 triple negative breast cancers were at least as sensitive to PARP inhibition as BRCA1 breast cancers. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 663.
Targeting antigen to MHC Class I and Class II antigen presentation pathways for malaria DNA vaccines.

An effective malaria vaccine which protects against all stages of Plasmodium infection may need to elicit robust CD8+ and CD4+ T cell and antibody responses. To achieve this, we have investigated strategies designed to improve the immunogenicity of DNA vaccines encoding the Plasmodium yoelii pre-erythrocytic stage antigens PyCSP and PyHEP17, by targeting the encoded proteins to the MHC Classes I and II processing and presentation pathways. For enhancement of CD8+ T cell responses, we targeted the antigens for degradation by the ubiquitin (Ub)/proteosome pathway following the N-terminal rule. We constructed plasmids containing PyCSP or PyHEP17 genes fused to the Ub gene: plasmids where the N-terminal antigen residues were mutated from the stabilizing amino acid methionine to destabilizing arginine, plasmids where the C-terminal residues of Ub were mutated from glycine to alanine, and plasmids in which the potential hydrophobic leader sequences of the antigens were deleted. For enhancement of CD4+ T cell and antibody responses, we targeted the antigens for degradation by the endosomal/lysosomal pathway by linking the antigen to the lysosome-associated membrane protein (LAMP). We found that immunization with DNA vaccine encoding PyHEP17 fused to Ub and bearing arginine induced higher IFN-γ, cytotoxic and proliferative T cell responses than unmodified vaccines. However, no effect was seen for PyCSP using the same targeting strategies. Regarding Class II antigen targeting, fusion to LAMP did not enhance antibody responses to either PyHEP17 or PyCSP, and resulted in a marginal increase in lymphoproliferative CD4+ T cell responses. Our data highlight the antigen dependence of immune enhancement strategies that target antigen to the MHC Class I and II pathways for vaccine development.
Managing the manufacturing technology transfer process: experience of UK–based firms

This paper investigates the factors which contribute to the success of manufacturing technology transfer projects. Such projects may involve the acquisition of a new technology from outside the firm or the move of an existing technology within the company. Unlike more traditional technology transfer investigations, which tend to focus on how the new but proven technology such as MRP or CAD/CAM is introduced into an existing organization, this study looks at situations in which less is known about the technology to be transfered and which may also involve a move across political or cultural boundaries.
Acquisition of Competence to Condense Metaphase I Chromosomes during Spermatogenesis

Little is known about the timing of meiotic prophase events during spermatogenesis in the mouse or how these events are related to cell-cycle progression. This work was designed to test hypotheses about the timing and biochemical correlates of developmental acquisition of competence to condense bivalent pairs of homologous chromosomes held together by chiasmata. The experimental approach takes advantage of the fact that okadaic acid (OA) treatment of pachytene spermatocytes causes precocious entry into metaphase I (MI) of meiosis. Leptotene and zygotene (L/Z) spermatocytes are not competent to respond to OA with condensation of chiasmate bivalent chromosomes. Competence for MI condensation of chiasmate bivalents is acquired by the middle of the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase, several days after homologous chromosomes become fully synapsed. The acquisition of MI competence is paralleled by the accumulation of histone H1t in the nuclei of mid-pachytene spermatocytes. Biochemical differences also exist between the incompetent L/Z spermatocytes and the competent pachytene spermatocytes. Both have the molecular components of metaphase promoting factor, CDC2 and CYCLIN B1; however, the histone H1 kinase activity of metaphase promoting factor of incompetent L/Z spermatocytes is not activated by OA, as it is in competent pachytene spermatocytes. Additionally, the CDC25C protein phosphatase is present in competent pachytene spermatocytes, but not in incompetent L/Z or early pachytene spermatocytes. Both incompetent and competent spermatocytes accumulate MPM-2 phosphoepitopes and phosphorylated histone H3 in response to OA treatment, indicating that presence of these antigens is not sufficient to promote condensation of meiotic chromosomes. These data demonstrate that meiotic competence of spermatocytes is acquired after homologous chromosome pairing is established and is coincident with first appearance of histone H1t and CDC25C protein phosphatase in spermatocytes.
The x-phi(les): unusual insights into the nature of inquiry

Abstract Experimental philosophy is often regarded as a category mistake. Even those who reject that view typically see it as irrelevant to standard philosophical projects. We argue that neither of these claims can be sustained and illustrate our view with a sketch of the rich interconnections with philosophy of science.
Attitudes and Behaviors toward Lesbian and Gay Persons: Critical Correlates and Mediated Relations.

With data from 255 college women and men, this study examined the relative strength of relations of right-wing authoritarianism (RWA), social dominance orientation (SDO), and traditional gender role attitudes (TGRA) with anti-lesbian and gay (LG) attitudes. This study also tested the mediating role of anti-LG attitudes in the relations of RWA, SDO, and TGRA with LG-rejecting and -affirming behaviors. Results pointed to the importance of the relations of TGRA and RWA, but not SDO, with anti-LG attitudes and LG-rejecting behaviors. Furthermore, anti-LG attitudes mediated the links of RWA and TGRA with LG-rejecting behaviors. With regard to LG-affirming behaviors, TGRA was the only unique correlate, and anti-LG attitudes did not serve as a mediator. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.
Organizational approaches to shame : Avowal, management, and contestation

This article assesses the processes through which emotion, body, and experience are formulated within the context of appearance organizations. Fieldwork within Weight Watchers, Overaters Anonymous,...
Generalized addressing schemes for data graphs

Addressable data graphs enjoy structural properties which are at once mathematically attractive and practically useful. This paper is devoted to studying generalizations of addressability, with a twofold goal. The first aim of the paper is to gain understanding of what features of addressing schemes account for the attractive properties of addressable data graphs. The second purpose of the paper is to seek a variant of the property of addressability, which retains the practical concomitants of the original property, but which is enjoyed by a broader class of data graphs. Two such variants are discovered,quasi-addressability andweak-addressability. Although “most” data graphs do not enjoy any form of addressability, every data graph can be slightly modified to render it quasi or weakly addressable—in sharp contrast to the stringent demands of addressability. However, the added breadth of these new addressabilities is obtained at the expense of the invariance and selectivity which accompany the original property.
Follistatin specifically inhibits pituitary follicle stimulating hormone release invitro

Abstract Two forms of purified follistatin, a single-chain polypeptide of mol wt 35,000 (35 Kd) protein, and a related molecule of mol wt 32,000 (32 Kd), which differs from the 35 Kd form in glycosylation or carboxyl terminal truncation, specifically inhibit the release of immunoreactive FSH by primary cultures of rat pituitary cells. Both forms of follistatin and inhibin-A give similar dose-response curves, with identical slopes and maximal effects, suggesting that they may all act through the same mechanism on the pituitary cells. The median effective dose (ED50) of each of the follistatins is 6.2–7.3 ng/ml (1.8 × 10−10 M), which corresponds to ∼ 1 3 of the potency of inhibin. The effect of 35 Kd or 32 Kd follistatin is highly specific for suppressing the release of immunoreactive FSH since there is no demonstrable concomitant effect on the secretion of other pituitary hormones. The effect of follistatins, like that of inhibins, is different from that of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic factors, requiring ≧ 18 h of incubation in a pituitary monolayer culture system to demonstrate. Coincubation of inhibin and follistatin shows an additive effect in the suppression of FSH release. Pituitary cells exposed to follistatin have significantly less depletion of intracellular FSH (0.01) than those treated with inhibin, indicating that follistatin may act primarily on the suppression of FSH release rather than on both release and synthesis of FSH, as is the case with inhibin.
Idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy in children.

Idiopathic collapsing glomerulopathy (ICG) is a clinically and pathologically distinct variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, characterized clinically by rapid progression of renal insufficiency, a male and African-American racial predominance, and pathologically by segmental glomerular collapse, visceral epithelial cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, and the absence of endothelial tubuloreticular inclusions. Pathologically similar lesions have been reported in adult and pediatric patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and/or intravenous (IV) drug abuse. Most patients with ICG who have been reported in the literature are adults. Six children with ICG were retrospectively identified (two from East Carolina University, four from University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill). Clinical data and renal biopsy findings were reviewed for all patients. All six patients were male; five African-American and one Hispanic. Ages ranged from 2 to 17 years (mean 12 years). Steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome was the presenting clinical finding. Average 24-h urine protein excretion was 6.3 g (range 3.2–15 g). Five patients were serologically negative for HIV infection (one patient not tested) and none had a history of IV drug abuse or known HIV risk factors. Progression to end-stage renal insufficiency in two patients within 1 year of biopsy required renal transplantation, and within 1 month of biopsy one patient required dialysis. We report a series of pediatric patients with ICG, an aggressive variant of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. ICG in children is similar clinically and pathologically to this disease in adult patients.
Submillimeter Array Polarimetry with Hertz

We describe the characteristics of the 350 μm polarimeter Hertz learned from laboratory tests and recent observations at the Caltech Submillimeter Observatory. Hertz contains a pair of 32 element arrays with 18'' pixel spacing and 20'' resolution. The instrument has been improved since initial observations in 1994 and 1995; the detector noise is now below the sky background noise. In excellent weather conditions on Mauna Kea, the noise-equivalent flux density (NEFD) for the measurement of polarized flux is 3-4 Jy Hz-1/2. The subtraction of correlated sky noise accomplished by the two-array design is crucial for achieving this performance. A method for analysis of our polarization data in the presence of the correlated noise is described. The instrumental polarization of Hertz is less than 0.5% across the detector array. Systematic errors in the measurement of polarization are less than 0.2%. We present a 350 μm polarization map of Sgr B2 with 140 detections at greater than 3 σ significance. For our current database of all 350 μm polarization measurements, the median polarization is 1.1%.
Speculating on space futures

A volunteer group of engineers and scientists at NASA's Lewis Research Center is trying to push the frontiers of aerospace science and technology beyond the realm of conventional methods and concepts. The first step is to provide a supportive environment for ideas that are too speculative or high risk to warrant formal organizational responsibility. This report describes the motivation, birth and experiences of this group.
Instance-based clusters of fear and anxiety: is ambiguity an essential dimension?

Students rated instances of fear-like emotions on 34 attributes related to distinctions between fear and anxiety in the literature, and then on relative degree of fear vs anxiety produced. Instances rated most fear-like had been rated as higher than more anxiety-like instances in terms of clarity and reality of causes, but lower in terms of the clarity of understanding the situation and knowing what to do when in it. There were two distinct clusters of fear-like instances and two distinct “anxiety clusters;” the two fear clusters were more different from each other than from the two anxiety clusters in terms of ratings on these clarity-related attributes. Analysis suggested (a) that “pure fear” is less vague than anxiety in some ways but more vague in other ways and (b) that comparisons have to be qualified because emotion-labels usually encompass more than one kind of emotion. However, differences in present-centeredness and other factors may be reliable and general.
High-Precision, Three-Dimensional Tracking of Mouse Whisker Movements with Optical Motion Capture Technology

The mystacial vibrissae or whiskers in rodents are sensitive tactile hairs emerging from both sides of the face. Rats and mice actively move these whiskers during exploration. The neuronal mechanisms controlling whisker movements and the sensory representation of whisker tactile information are widely studied as a model for sensorimotor processing in mammals. Studies of the natural whisker movement patterns during exploration and tactile examination are still in their early stages. Tracking the movements of whiskers is technically challenging as they move relatively fast and are very thin, particularly in mice. Existing systems detect light-beam interruptions by the whiskers or use high-speed video to track whisker movements in one or two dimensions. Here we describe a method for tracking the movements of mouse whiskers in 3 dimensions (3D) using using optical motion capture technology. Optical motion capture technology tracks the movements of small retro-reflective markers attached to whiskers of a head-fixed mouse with a spatial resolution of <0.5mm in all three dimensions and a temporal resolution of 5msec (200 fps). The system stores the 3D coordinates of the marker’s trajectories onto hard disk allowing a detailed analysis of movement trajectories bilateral coordination.
Responsibility with Loyalty: Oral History Texts in Translation

Abstract: In the current trend toward greater reflexivity in scholarship, both translators and oral historians are re-examining their roles as mediators in the process of interpretation and representation. Based on my own interviews with Bulgarian women, I am attempting to develop model translation strategies for oral history narratives using Neubert and Shreve 's textual approach to translation. Guided in my decisions by the potential audience response, my objective is to provide historical information while retaining the emotional ring of the original interview and showcasing the unique features of the individual narrators ' voices. Wary of the need to avoid "doing violence " to the people whose stories I recorded, I want to practice enough resistance while translating to complicate the reading process without resorting to subversive tactics.Resume: Les traducteurs et historiens contemporains ont pris une conscience plus aigue de l'investissement subjectif dans leur travail d'interpretation et de representation des discours historiques. Cette nouvelle reflexivite inspire mes traductions des recits de vies de femmes bulgares. En me referant au modele textuel de Neubert et Shreve, j'essaie de mettre au point des strategies-types en vue de la traduction de ces recits. Guidee par l'horizon d'attente des lecteurs, ma demarche vise a concilier la restitution d'informations historiques et le respect de la valeur emotive de l'interview d'origine, tout en soulignant les particularites des voix des narratrices. N'ayant nullement l'intention de "faire violence" a celles qui m'ont raconte leurs histoires, je veux cependant conserver a ma version assez d'opacite pour complexifier le travail du lecteur, sans pour autant avoir recours a des strategies subversives.
Entry Bias and Product Substitutability

The literature has established two kinds of entry bias in imperfectly competitive markets. First, free entry may lead to excessive entry relative to the socially optimal level. Second, free entry may lead to the wrong technology (type of firm) in the market compared to the socially optimal technology. This paper finds a product selection bias, a third kind of entry bias. We show that, in a Cournot market with asymmetric firms and imperfectly substituting goods, free entry may lead to fewer types of goods, more types of goods, or even a different type of good, compared to the social optimum.
Structural and thermal stability studies of LiZn2CrO4 and Co2CrO4

Abstract X-ray powder diffraction studies have shown the lattice of LiZn2CrO4 to be disordered face centered cubic with a unit cell edge of 4·205 A. Above 800°C, lithium zinc chromite is completely transformed to zinc chromite and a lithium oxide-zinc oxide solid solution. The lattice of Co2CrO4 was shown to be diamond cubic with a unit cell edge of 8·173 a. A lattice structure in which the tetrahedral positions of a normal spinel are occupied by Co(II) and the octahedral positions shared by Cr(III) and Co(III) is proposed as the only structure consistent with both the observed X-ray data and previously established structures of multiple metal oxides of Co(II), Co(III), Cr(III) and Cr(IV).
Women with preterm birth have a distinct cervicovaginal metabolome

Objective Metabolomics has the potential to reveal novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of preterm birth (PTB). The objective of this study was to investigate whether the cervicovaginal (CV) metabolome was different in asymptomatic women destined to have a PTB compared with term birth. Study Design A nested case-control study was performed using CV fluid collected from a larger prospective cohort. The CV fluid was collected between 20-24 weeks (V1) and 24-28 weeks (V2). The metabolome was compared between women with a spontaneous PTB (n = 10) to women who delivered at term (n = 10). Samples were extracted and prepared for analysis using a standard extraction solvent method. Global biochemical profiles were determined using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. An ANOVA was used to detect differences in biochemical compounds between the groups. A false discovery rate was estimated to account for multiple comparisons. Results A total of 313 biochemicals were identified in CV fluid. Eighty-two biochemicals were different in the CV fluid at V1 in those destined to have a PTB compared with term birth, whereas 48 were different at V2. Amino acid, carbohydrate, and peptide metabolites were distinct between women with and without PTB. Conclusion These data suggest that the CV space is metabolically active during pregnancy. Changes in the CV metabolome may be observed weeks, if not months, prior to any clinical symptoms. Understanding the CV metabolome may hold promise for unraveling the pathogenesis of PTB and may provide novel biomarkers to identify women most at risk.
A nonsynonymous single-nucleotide polymorphism in the PDZ-Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor (Ser1416Gly) modulates the risk of lung cancer in Mexican Americans.

BACKGROUND Based on in vitro studies, Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs) are key regulators of mitogenic and transforming pathways. At least 1 family member, PDZ-RhoGEF, also integrates signaling between monomeric Rho G proteins and heterotrimeric G proteins through a so-called regulator of G-protein signaling (RGS) domain. Recently, the authors reported that 3 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 2 members of the RGS family were associated with significant reductions in the risk of cancer. METHODS For the current report, the authors studied the risk of lung cancer associated with a nonsynonymous SNP (rs868188; Ser1416Gly) in PDZ-RhoGEF in a large lung cancer case-control study of 2260 Caucasians and 369 Mexican Americans. RESULTS Compared with individuals who had the wild-type genotype (AA), Mexican Americans with the variant genotypes (AG and GG) had a significantly reduced risk for lung cancer (odds ratio [OR], 0.57; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 0.34-0.94). The protective effect appeared to be more evident in younger individuals (OR, 0.42; 95%CI, 0.20-0.91), men (OR, 0.36; 95%CI, 0.18-0.71), and ever smokers (OR, 0.50; 95%CI, 0.29-0.88). A joint effect was observed between Ser1416Gly and polymorphisms in 2 cell-cycle control genes: p53 (intron 3) and cyclin D1 (CCND1). Tallying the variant alleles of the 4 RGS gene SNPs, a gene-dosage effect was apparent. Compared with individuals who had <3 variant alleles, patients with ≥3 variant alleles had a 51% reduction in lung cancer risk (OR, 0.49; 95%CI, 0.28-0.88). CONCLUSIONS To the authors' knowledge, this is the first epidemiological study to link PDZ-RhoGEF polymorphisms with cancer risk. The results suggest that there are interactions between RGS2, RGS6, and PDZ-RhoGEF and validate this family of proteins as key regulators of tumorigenesis. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Essential Role for the C-Terminal Noncatalytic Region of SHIP in FcγRIIB1-Mediated Inhibitory Signaling

The inositol phosphatase SHIP binds to the FcgammaRIIB1 receptor and plays a critical role in FcgammaRIIB1-mediated inhibition of B-cell proliferation and immunoglobulin synthesis. The molecular details of SHIP function are not fully understood. While point mutations of the signature motifs in the inositol phosphatase domain abolish SHIP's ability to inhibit calcium flux in B cells, little is known about the function of the evolutionarily conserved, putative noncatalytic regions of SHIP in vivo. In this study, through a systematic mutagenesis approach, we identified the inositol phosphatase domain of SHIP between amino acids 400 and 866. Through reconstitution of a SHIP-deficient B-cell line with wild-type and mutant forms of SHIP, we demonstrate that the catalytic domain alone is not sufficient to mediate FcgammaRIIB1/SHIP-dependent inhibition of B-cell receptor signaling. Expression of a truncation mutant of SHIP that has intact phosphatase activity but lacks the last 190 amino acids showed that the noncatalytic region in the C terminus is essential for inhibitory signaling. Mutation of two tyrosines within this C-terminal region, previously identified as important in binding to Shc, showed a reduced inhibition of calcium flux. However, studies with an Shc-deficient B-cell line indicated that Shc-SHIP complex formation is not required and that other proteins that bind these tyrosines may be important in FcgammaRIIB1/SHIP-mediated calcium inhibition. Interestingly, membrane targeting of SHIP lacking the C terminus is able to restore this inhibition, suggesting a role for the C terminus in localization or stabilization of SHIP interaction at the membrane. Taken together, these data suggest that the noncatalytic carboxyl-terminal 190 amino acids of SHIP play a critical role in SHIP function in B cells and may play a similar role in several other receptor systems where SHIP functions as a negative regulator.
Lipid peroxidation contributes to hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells

Lipid peroxidation contributes to hydrogen peroxide induced cytotoxicity in renal epithelial cells. We have examined the role of lipid peroxidation in the cytotoxicity of H 2 O 2 in OK cells containing markedly differing amounts of cell membrane polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). In OK cells grown in a serum free medium, PUFA were undetectable. The membranes of these cells contained predominantly oleic, stearic and palmitic acids. When cultured in medium containing 10% calf serum, OK cells contained measurable amounts of PUFA [linoleic (5 ± 1%) and arachidonic acids (8 ± 1%)]. When the serum containing medium was supplemented with 60mm linoleic acid, the membrane content of both linoleic (21 ± 1%) as well as arachidonic acid (15 ± 1%) was substantially increased. The severity of injury induced by H 2 O 2 in OK cells was substantially altered by the PUFA content of the cell membrane. Exposure of OK cells to 1.25mm H 2 O 2 for one hour resulted in more cell death (determined by a trypan blue assay) in cells grown in serum supplemented with linoleic acid with "normal" PUFA content (90 ± 2%) than in cells with "reduced" levels of PUFA grown in unsupplemented calf serum (81 ± 3%). Cells grown in defined, serum free medium with undetectable levels of PUFA suffered the least H 2 O 2 -induced lethal cell injury (47 ± 8%). Comparable differences in the cytotoxicity of H 2 O 2 among cells with differing PUFA content were found using a clonogenic assay of cell viability. Malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation induced by 1.25mm H 2 O 2 was greater in cells with "normal" PUFA content (702 ± 103 pm/ µ g cell DNA/hr) than in cells with "reduced" PUFA (328 ± 112 pm/100 µ g DNA/hr) and was undetectable in cells grown in defined, serum free medium. In summary, the content of PUFA of cells in culture is profoundly influenced by culture conditions. Our data provide novel and direct evidence that peroxidation of cell membranes contributes directly to the severity of cell injury and death induced by H 2 O 2 .
CT liver volumetry using geodesic active contour segmentation with a level-set algorithm

Automatic liver segmentation on CT images is challenging because the liver often abuts other organs of a similar density. Our purpose was to develop an accurate automated liver segmentation scheme for measuring liver volumes. We developed an automated volumetry scheme for the liver in CT based on a 5 step schema. First, an anisotropic smoothing filter was applied to portal-venous phase CT images to remove noise while preserving the liver structure, followed by an edge enhancer to enhance the liver boundary. By using the boundary-enhanced image as a speed function, a fastmarching algorithm generated an initial surface that roughly estimated the liver shape. A geodesic-active-contour segmentation algorithm coupled with level-set contour-evolution refined the initial surface so as to more precisely fit the liver boundary. The liver volume was calculated based on the refined liver surface. Hepatic CT scans of eighteen prospective liver donors were obtained under a liver transplant protocol with a multi-detector CT system. Automated liver volumes obtained were compared with those manually traced by a radiologist, used as "gold standard." The mean liver volume obtained with our scheme was 1,520 cc, whereas the mean manual volume was 1,486 cc, with the mean absolute difference of 104 cc (7.0%). CT liver volumetrics based on an automated scheme agreed excellently with "goldstandard" manual volumetrics (intra-class correlation coefficient was 0.95) with no statistically significant difference (p(F≤f)=0.32), and required substantially less completion time. Our automated scheme provides an efficient and accurate way of measuring liver volumes.
A HYBRID NUMERICAL/EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE FOR DETERMINING THE HEAT DISSIPATED DURING LOW CYCLE FATIGUE

Abstract A hybrid numerical/experimental technique for determining the heat dissipated by a uniformly deforming specimen is presented. The method is applicable under steady as well as non-steady conditions, and the solution is independent of the amount of heat conducted from the grip sections. The technique was applied in a study of the heat dissipated from a specimen under high fatigue loads. For the aluminum alloy considered (6061-T6), it was found that between 85 and 95% of the irreversible work was dissipated as heat. The results also showed that the residue (i.e., the work absorbed by the material) may potentially be used to gauge the fatigue life of a component.
Services and the changing economic base of regions in the united states

This article presents estimates of the contribution of service industries to the economic base of regional economies in the United States over the 1995–2000 time period. The article utilises data for the 172 BEA Economic Areas, and directly confronts the change in statistical accounts in the United States from the SIC to NAICS classification system. The article documents the strong contribution of service industries to the growth in the economic base of these regions, and it also documents the uneven pattern of growth among regions in the United States during this time period.
Confederate Daughters: Coming of Age during the Civil War

"Confederate Daughters: Coming of Age during the Civil War" explores gender, age, and Confederate identity by examining the lives of teenage daughters of Southern slaveholding, secessionist families. Author Victoria E. Ott discusses how the loyalty of young Southern women to the fledgling nation, born out of a conservative movement to preserve the status quo, brought them into new areas of work, new types of civic activism, and new rituals of courtship during the Civil War.When differences between the North and South proved irreconcilable, Southern daughters demonstrated extraordinary agency in seeking to protect their futures as wives, mothers, and slaveholders. From a position of young womanhood and privilege, they threw their support behind the movement to create a Confederate identity, which was in turn shaped by their participation in the secession movement and the war effort."Confederate Daughters" reveals how these young women, in an effort to sustain their families throughout the war, took on new domestic duties and sought paid work outside their homes as a way of adjusting to the loss of slaves and to the financial strains of war. Despite changing conditions on the home front, teenage daughters, Ott argues, continued to uphold marriage and motherhood as the pinnacle of Southern womanhood. Even as war threatened to disrupt this life course by creating a dearth of male suitors, they adjusted their courtship rituals and marital expectations to the wartime circumstances.Drawing on their personal and published recollections of the war, slavery, and the Old South, Ott argues that young women created a unique female identity different from that of older Southern women, the Confederate belle image. This transformative female identity was an important aspect of the Lost Cause mythology - the version of the conflict that focused on Southern nationalism - and bridged the cultural gap between the antebellum and postbellum periods.Augmented by twelve illustrations, this book offers a generational understanding of the transitional nature of wartime and its effects on women's self-perceptions. "Confederate Daughters" reveals how significant the experiences of teenage daughters were to the development of a new identity for women in the New South.
SUPPRESSION OF AFTER-PULSING IN THE TYPE 58AVP PHOTOMULTIPLIER.

Abstract A technique for eliminating the after-pulse observed in photomultipliers after intense light pulses is described.
Tomato spotted wilt virus-positive steps towards negative success.

Abstract Taxonomy: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is the type member of the plant-infecting Tospovirus genus in the family Bunyaviridae, a large group of predominantly vertebrate- and insect-infecting RNA viruses. Physical properties: Virions are 80-120-nm pleomorphic particles with surface projections composed of two viral glycoproteins, G1 and G2 (Fig. 1). Virion composition is 5% nucleic acid, 70% protein, 5% carbohydrate and 20% lipid. The genome consists of three negative or ambisense ssRNAs designated S (2.9 kb), M (4.8 kb) and L (8.9 kb), with partially complementary terminal sequences that allow the RNA to adopt a pseudocircular or panhandle conformation. Each genomic RNA is encapsidated by multiple copies of the viral nucleocapsid (N) protein to form ribonucleoprotein structures also known as nucleocapsids. The nucleocapsids are enclosed in a host-derived membrane bilayer along with an estimated 10-20 copies of the L protein, the putative RNA-dependent RNA polymerase. Hosts: Over 800 plant species, both dicots and monocots, in more than 80 plant families are susceptible to TSWV (Goldbach and Peters, 1994). The Solanaceae and Compositae families contain the largest numbers of susceptible plant species (Prins and Kormelink, 1998). TSWV also replicates in its insect vector, thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) (Ullman et al., 1993; Wijkamp et al., 1993). Useful web site: http://www4.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/11050003.htm.
Technical Note: Rapid Measurement of Soil Sorptivity

A simple and fast method is described for measuring surface soil sorptivity, S. Rather than measure the progress of infiltration flux for a long initial period, the cumulative infiltration is measured in the early stage in which the gravity effect is negligible. The theory behind the method is sound and simple, and measurements may be taken in only a few minutes using a small single ring. It is applicable to find S for both ponded and flux surface boundary conditions.
Peripheral innervation of muscle from stress-susceptible pigs.

Abstract The peripheral nervous system in 6 stress-susceptible pigs of the Poland China (PC) breed and 2 stress-resistant pigs of the Chester White (CW) breed was examined. Increased mean maximum end plate diameter, increased complexity of the terminal ramification, increased ultraterminal sprouting and more double end plates were found in PC red and pale muscle samples and in CW red muscle samples as compared with CW pale muscle samples. PC muscle also had more sprouting from terminal axons. Growth of end plates in PC muscle was found to be in proportion to muscle fibre cross sectional area only during early phases of muscle fibre hypertrophy. A relationship between increased neural growth and muscle fibre hypertrophy related to the stress-susceptible condition was suggested.
Modeling Molecular Mechanisms of Binding of the Anaphylatoxin C5a to the C5a Receptor

This study presents the 3D model of the complex between the anaphylatoxin C5a and its specific receptor, C5aR. This is the first 3D model of a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) complex with a peptide ligand deduced by a molecular modeling procedure analyzing various conformational possibilities of the extracellular loops and the N-terminal segment of the GPCR. The modeling results indicated two very different ways of interacting between C5a and C5aR at the two interaction sites suggested earlier based on the data of site-directed mutagenesis. Specifically, C5a and C5aR can be involved in "mutual-induced fit", where the interface between the molecules is determined by both the receptor and the ligand. The rigid core of the C5a ligand selects the proper conformations of the highly flexible N-terminal segment of C5aR (the first interaction site). At the same time, the binding conformation of the flexible C-terminal fragment of C5a is selected by well-defined interactions with the TM region of the C5aR receptor (the second interaction site). The proposed 3D model of C5a/C5aR complex was built without direct use of structural constraints derived from site-directed mutagenesis reserving those data for validation of the model. The available data of site-directed mutagenesis of C5a and C5aR were successfully rationalized with the help of the model. Also, the modeling results predicted that the full-length C5a and C5a-des74 metabolite would have different binding modes with C5aR. Modeling approaches employed in this study are readily applicable for studies of molecular mechanisms of binding of other polypeptide ligands to their specific GPCRs.
Behavior of indivdual maternal pA+ RNAs during embryogenesis of Xenopus laevis

Abstract Of the 10 Xenopus oocyte cDNA clones previously examined in this laboratory ( L. Golden, U. Schafer, and M. Rosbash, 1980 , Cell 22, 835–844), 5 are complementary to RNAs which which decrease in abundance during early development. We have further examined the behavior during embryogenesis of these 5 sets of clone-complementary RNAs. The results indicate that for 3 of these 5 sets of RNAs there is an increase in the per embryo levels of RNA. Thus, 8 of the 10 clones originally examined are complementary to RNAs which increase in amount during early embryogenesis. One of the remaining two clones is complementary to (at least) 4 RNAs which vary somewhat in their levels during embryogenesis. The last clone (XOC 2–7) is complementary to an RNA species which is largely destroyed at late blastula or early gastrula. This RNA is therefore the only maternal sequence, of the ten clones examined, which unambiguously decreases in amount during embryogenesis. The data also show that XOC 2–7 RNA is largely adenylated at oocyte maturation and then deadenylated during subsequent embryogenesis while another clone, XOC 1–2, is largely dead-enylated at oocyte maturation. The results also suggest that a large fraction of oocyte RNAs are present in early embryos (and in liver) and are largely the same size as in oocytes.
Collection of airborne particles by a high-gradient permanent magnetic method ☆

Abstract We report on the use of magnetic force in collection of airborne particles by a high-gradient permanent magnetic separation (HGPMS) device. Three aerosol particles of different magnetic susceptibility (NaCl, CuO, and Fe3O4) were generated in the electrical mobility size range of 10–200 nm and were used to study HGPMS collection. One HGPMS matrix element, made of stainless steel wool, was used in the device configuration. Three flow rates were selected to simulate the environmental wind speeds of interest to the study. Magnetic force was found to exhibit an insignificant effect on the separation of NaCl particles, even in the HGPMS configuration. Diffusion was a major mechanism in the removal of the diamagnetic particles; however, diffusion is insignificant under the influence of a high-gradient magnetic field for paramagnetic or ferromagnetic particles. The HGPMS showed high-performance collection (>99%) of paramagnetic CuO and ferromagnetic Fe3O4 particles for particle sizes greater than or equal to 60 nm. As the wind speed increases, the influence of the magnetic force weakens, and the capability to remove particles from the gas stream diminishes. The results suggest that the HGPMS principle could be explored for development of an advanced miniaturized passive aerosol collector.
Genome Biology: The Sleek and Oh-So Chic Oxytricha Nanochromosomes

Summary The somatic nucleus of Oxytricha trifallax contains over 15,000 different chromosomes, most containing a single gene. Analysis of this 50 Mb genome uncovers novel regulatory strategies and adaptive potential when gene copy number and allelic frequency are no longer constrained by genetic linkage.
Nonaqueous solutions of DNA. Reversible and irreversible denaturation in methanol.

Abstract Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) undergoes denaturation in methanol-water mixtures. The region of solvent composition in which this transition occurs depends on the ionic strength and temperature but is little influenced by the average nucleotide composition of the DNA. As judged by both macromolecular and optical criteria, the disruption of secondary structure is almost complete, yet methanol denaturation is rapidly and readily reversible by water. The structural basis of this reversibility differs from that controlling the reversibility of partial denaturation in aqueous solution. An irreversible thermal transition has also been found to occur in methanol-rich solvents. The products of this transition may be reconverted to native DNA by water.
The Industrial Relations Of Rail Unions In Great Britain And West Germany: A Review Article In Comparative Industrial Ethnology.

Peter Seglow, Wolfgang Streeck And Patricia Wallace, 1982, Rail Unions In Britain And West Germany, London: Policy Studies Instit.
A decremental effect of redundancy in discrimination learning.

Abstract The finding was confirmed that pattern discrimination problems are more difficult with two different patterns on each stimulus card (double stimulus) rather than the usual one. performance on double stimulus problems having a single relevant dimension (color or form) was impaired if the two patterns on each card differed along the relevant dimension. Within-card differences along an irrelevant dimension did not reliably depress performance. Support was found for the general principle that additional relevant cues facilitate learning if they are attributes of a single stimulus but retard learning if they are spatially separated cues from the same relevant dimension. It is suggested that double stimuli divide attention or overload memory unless perceptually integrated.
Ethnicity and supra‐ethnicity in corpus planning: the hidden status agenda in corpus planning

Abstract. The ideals, goals, and challenges that inspire ethno-nationalist mobilizations also inspire their corpus planning. Nevertheless, just as even movements of self-protective differentiation also come to ultimately various interactions with the larger world, so corpus planning efforts inspired by purism, ausbau, classicism and uniqueness also compromise in varying degrees so as to pursue contact enrichment, einbau, vernacularization and internationalization as well. Profiles of various corpus planning efforts will be presented based upon the tensions between these four bipolar dimensions by means of which opposite tendencies can be simultaneously justified and attempted.
Modeling and Research on Research

Featured Article: Ioannidis JP. Why most published research findings are false. PLoS Med 2005;2:e124.5 The article featured here emerged as an effort to create an overarching modeling framework for proposed significant research findings and their validation, in line with accumulating empirical evidence on the replication rates of different types of research designs and settings. The main challenges behind the essay had occupied me and several other scientists over many years before its first draft was written in 2004. Some initial impetus was offered by the advent of systematic approaches to evidence, such as systematic reviews and metaanalyses. Since the early 1990s, there was growing excitement that these approaches would allow piecing together the fragments of published literature and obtain summary results with higher accuracy and less uncertainty. In theory, this could revolutionize the translation of best science into best practice (1). For example, the Cochrane Collaboration adopted this vision (2) and was populated by volunteers with the noblest intentions …