cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic imaging of atmospheric-pressure helium inductively coupled plasma (ICP) discharges

Spatially resolved information from atmospheric-pressure helium inductively coupled plasmas (He ICP) was acquired with a simple, inexpensive optical imaging spectrometer. The system uses a 35-cm focal length Czerny-Turner monochromator/spectrograph and a solid state charge-injection device (CID) or a charge coupled device (CCD). Quantitative image maps of the plasmas were produced with good resolution. For example, when the CID was used, the entire plasma image could be monitored with a spatial resolution of 0.13 and 0.10 mm in the horizontal and vertical directions. The spectral resolution was 4 nm. Lateral distributions of emission intensities were converted, using an Abel inversion routine, to radial distributions. Some unique features of the He ICP, compared to the commonly used Ar ICP, were identified at or around analytical conditions for elemental analysis of gaseous and aqueous samples.
Gas-phase driven nano-machined TiO2 ceramics

A simple, inexpensive gas phase reaction termed as “nanocarving process” converts TiO2 grains into arrays of single crystal nanofibers by selective and anisotropic etching. This process is conducted by exposing dense polycrystalline TiO2 to a H2/N2 environment at 700 °C. The dimensions of nanofibers are around 20 nm in diameter and 1 μm in length. The preferred crystallographic orientation for the nanocarving process is the direction. Nanoparticles composed of Fe and Ni were observed on the surface of TiO2 that formed nanofiber tips. Sintering parameters before the nanocarving treatment play a critical role in the formation of nanofibers. As sintering temperature and time increased, the rate of nanofiber generation decreased. Moreover, it was observed that by varying the heat treatment conditions, it is possible to create other structures like nanowhiskers and nanofilaments. Nanowhiskers were formed by reoxidation of nanofiber-formed TiO2 over 600 °C. Nano-filaments were generated by heat treating sintered TiO2 in N2-carrying water vapor at 700 °C.
A comprehensive analysis of the Greek key motifs in protein beta-barrels and beta-sandwiches.

The Greek key motifs are the topological signature of many beta-barrels and a majority of beta-sandwich structures. An updated survey of these structures integrates many early observations and newly emerging patterns and provides a better understanding of the unique role of Greek keys in protein structures. A stereotypical Greek key beta-barrel accommodates five or six strands and can have 12 possible topologies. All except one six-stranded topologies have been observed, and only one five-stranded topologies have been seen in actual structures. Of the representative beta-barrel structures analyzed here, half have left-handed Greek keys. This result challenges the empirical claim of the handedness regularity of Greek keys in beta-barrels. One of the five-stranded topologies that has not been observed in beta-barrels comprises two overlapping Greek keys. The two three-dimensional forms of this topology constitute a structural unit that is present in a vast majority of known beta-sandwich structures. Using this unit as the root, we have built a new taxonomy tree for the beta-sandwich folds and deduced a set of rules that appear to constrain how other beta-strands adjoin the unit to form a larger double-layered structure. These rules, though derived from a larger data set, are essentially the same as those drawn from earlier studies, suggesting that they may reflect the true topological constraints in the design of beta-sandwich structures. Finally, a novel variant of the Greek key motif (defined here as the twisted Greek key) has emerged which introduces loop crossings into the folded structures. Proteins 2000;40:409-419.
Neoatherosclerosis: Another Consequence of Endothelial Dysfunction?

The long-term vascular response to coronary stenting can involve transformation of an otherwise benign neointima to one that resembles de novo atherosclerosis in an unstented vessel. The neointima may be infiltrated by foamy macrophages, undergo neovascularization, and develop unstable thin-cap fibroatheromas (TCFA) that contribute to neointimal disruption and thrombus formation in situ, similar to what is observed in the presence of a vulnerable plaque.1,2 This process is known as neoatherosclerosis and is independently associated with mean in-stent neointimal thickness (odds ratio, 2.53; 95% confidence interval, 1.96–3.27; P <0.001). When present, neoatherosclerosis leads to high rates of target lesion revascularization and stent thrombosis.1,2 There has been growing interest in the use of intravascular optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging to examine neointimal tissue characteristics and detect neoatherosclerosis in bare metal stents (BMS) or drug-eluting stents (DES). Several small clinical studies using this approach found that early (<6 months) after BMS implantation, the neointima was thin and homogeneous; however, after 5 years, the neointima contained lipid pools and microvessels with areas of neointimal disruption consistent with neoatherosclerosis.3 Similar neoatherosclerotic changes have been observed in DES neointima, although the overall lipid content is reportedly higher than what was seen in BMS.4 In one study of 50 patients with DES in-stent restenosis, OCT revealed that 52% had ≥1 in-stent neointimal TCFA and 58% had ≥1 area of in-stent neointimal disruption, suggesting that neoatherosclerosis was highly prevalent in restenosis.5 DES neoatherosclerosis exhibits spatial heterogeneity with a predilection for the proximal and distal segments of the stent and occurs more frequently when there is an adjacent lipid-rich …
Progress toward valid transgenic mouse models for Alzheimer’s disease

A transgenic mouse model for Alzheimer's disease (AD) should mimic the age-dependent accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, neuronal cell death as well as display memory loss and behavioral deficits. Age-dependent accumulation of A beta deposits in mouse brain has been achieved in mice overexpressing mutant alleles of the amyloid precursor protein (APP). In contrast, mice bearing mutant alleles of the presenilin genes show increased production of the A beta42 peptide, but do not form amyloid deposits unless mutant alleles of APP are also overproduced. Furthermore, the onset of A beta deposition is greatly accelerated, paralleling the involvement of presenilins in early onset AD. Studies of APP and presenilin transgenic mice have shown 1) the absence of a requirement for a maturation step in dense core plaque formation, 2) evidence that beta-amyloid deposition is directed by regional factors, and 3) behavioral deficits are observed before A beta deposition. Crosses of APP transgenic mice with mice modified for known AD risk factors and "humanizing" the mouse may be necessary for complete replication of AD.
Regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis in adulthood

A substantial number of new granule neurons are produced in the dentate gyrus in adulthood in a variety of mammalian species, including humans. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the production and survival of new hippocampal neurons can be enhanced or diminished by hormones and experience. Steroid hormones of the ovaries and adrenal glands have been shown to modulate the production of immature neurons by affecting the proliferation of granule cell precursors. Aversive experiences have been demonstrated to decrease the production of immature granule cells, whereas enriching experiences, including learning, have been shown to enhance the survival of new hippocampal cells. These studies indicate that adult-generated neurons represent a unique form of structural plasticity that can be regulated by the environment, and furthermore suggest that new neurons play an important role in hippocampal function.
Energized cation transport by Complex III (ubiquinone-cytochrome c reductase)

Abstract Energized cyclical and net transport of cations and anions has been demonstrated in liposomes containing Complex III using a protamine-aggregation technique. Energization with reduced ubiquinone induces a rapid ion uptake followed by a more gradual efflux upon exhaustion of the available reductant. Both monovalent and divalent cations are transported, but at relatively high concentrations divalent cations are transported in preference to monovalent cations. Results are consistent with a cation:electron ratio of unity.
New crystalline phases of zirconium phosphate possessing ion-exchange properties

Abstract The preparation of two new crystalline zirconium phosphates, Zr(HPO4)2 and Zr(HPO4)2 · 2H2O, is reported. The compounds are characterized and formulated on the basis of their X-ray diffraction powder patterns, chemical analysis, thermal dehydration behaviour, and ion-exchange properties. Model structures for the new compounds are proposed on the basis of the previously known structure of Zr(HPO4)2·H20.
Central Nervous System Complications of Cystosarcoma Phyllodes

Background. Cystosarcoma phyllodes (CP) is an uncommon fibroepithelial breast neoplasm that rarely involves the central nervous system (CNS). Methods. The authors encountered two patients with CNS metastases and reviewed the literature to identify reports of CP affecting the nervous system. Patients must have been reported in sufficient detail to characterize clinical course, extent of tumor burden, and histologic type of the primary tumor and metastasis to be included in the study. Results. Eleven cases were identified from the literature, but only six were presented in sufficient detail for analysis. Including the current patients, the mean age of patients with CP metastases was 52 years. The time between initial diagnosis and CNS involvement was 5 years. Parenchymal brain metastases respond poorly to treatment, with a mean survival of 29 days, whereas survival is significantly longer with CNS involvement secondary to epidural extension of tumor from adjacent bony structures. Local recurrence or widespread metastases nearly always were present at the time of CNS involvement. Conclusions. Brain metastases from CP are refractory to therapy and carry a dismal prognosis. Patients with CP and brain metastases should undergo brain biopsy to exclude metastases from associated epithelial breast tumors, which have significantly better prognoses. Patients with compressive lesions arising from bone have a better prognosis and may benefit from aggressive management. Cancer 1993; 72:126–130.
INDOLYLACROYL GLYCINE EXCRETION IN A FAMILY WITH MENTAL RETARDATION.

Abstract Indolylacroyl glycine has been identified in the urine of 5 siblings and their mother. Large supplements of tryptophan did not appear to increase the excretion of this compound in one of these children. Neomycin eliminated its excretion temporarily in 4 of the 5 children. In the 5th child prolonged neomycin therapy had no effect. Small amounts of this compound have been found in 7 of 76 urines from a random group of children and their parents. The source and role of this compound in human metabolism is unknown. It may possibly be an inhibitor of tryptophan metabolism.
Sucrose metabolism contributes to in vivo fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae

We characterized two sucrose-metabolizing systems – sus and scr – and describe their roles in the physiology and virulence of Streptococcus pneumoniae in murine models of carriage and pneumonia. The sus and scr systems are regulated by LacI family repressors SusR and ScrR respectively. SusR regulates an adjacent ABC transporter (susT1/susT2/susX) and sucrose-6-phosphate (S-6-P) hydrolase (susH). ScrR controls an adjacent PTS transporter (scrT), fructokinase (scrK) and second S-6-P hydrolase (scrH). sus and scr play niche-specific roles in virulence. The susH and sus locus mutants are attenuated in the lung, but dispensable in nasopharyngeal carriage. Conversely, the scrH and scr locus mutants, while dispensable in the lung, are attenuated for nasopharyngeal colonization. The scrH/susH double mutant is more attenuated than scrH in the nasopharynx, indicating SusH can substitute in this niche. Both systems are sucrose-inducible, with ScrH being the major in vitro hydrolase. The scrH/susH mutant does not grow on sucrose indicating that sus and scr are the only sucrose-metabolizing systems in S. pneumoniae. We propose a model describing hierarchical regulation of the scr and sus systems by the putative inducer, S-6-P. The transport and metabolism of sucrose or a related disaccharide thus contributes to S. pneumoniae colonization and disease.
How you lie affects what you remember

Abstract We investigated how telling different types of lies may impact memory. Participants studied pictures of objects, and later lied and told the truth about these and new objects once or multiple times by describing them or by denying they had seen them. Forty-eight hours later, participants were tested on their source memory. Results revealed that participants had good memory for having falsely described a never-seen object, but relatively poor memory for having falsely denied seeing a studied object. These results suggest that telling certain types of lies may make a person more likely to forget having lied. In addition, repeated truthful denials of having seen a picture paradoxically increased false memories for having seen it. Thus, telling the truth does not always prevent the possibility of memory distortion.
Endothelium-dependent vasodilation is associated with exercise capacity in smokers and non-smokers

Smoking is an established cardiovascular risk factor that impairs endothelial function and reduces exercise capacity. Peripheral vascular endothelial function correlates with exercise capacity, but whether this association prevails in smokers is unknown. The purpose of this investigation was to examine the association between endothelial function and exercise capacity in chronic smokers and non-smoking controls. Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation (FMD, endothelium-dependent) following 5 minutes of upper arm occlusion was compared in 26 smokers (age 58 +/- 2 years; 15 female; BMI (body mass index) = 28 +/- 1) and 39 non-smokers (age 58 +/- 2 years; 24 female; BMI = 28 +/- 1) using ultrasound. Exercise treadmill time (ETT) was recorded from a standard Bruce protocol during symptom limited stress testing. There was found to be a significant positive association between FMD and ETT in smokers (r = 0.60, p < 0.05) and non-smokers (r = 0.28, p < 0.05). FMD was significantly lower in smokers versus non-smokers (8.9 +/- 0.9 vs 12.6 +/- 0.7%, p < 0.05). ETT was significantly lower in smokers (425 +/- 35 seconds) versus non-smokers (522 +/- 25 seconds, p < 0.05). After adjusting for FMD, there were no longer group differences in ETT. When patients were matched according to FMD, there were no differences in ETT between smokers and non-smokers. In conclusion, peripheral endothelial dysfunction is a correlate of low exercise capacity in smokers and non-smokers alike. Future research is needed to examine if improving endothelial function will lead to concomitant increases in exercise capacity in chronic smokers.
Metagenomics: microbial diversity through a scratched lens

Since nucleic acids were first extracted directly from the environment and sequenced, metagenomics has grown to one of the most data-rich and pervasive techniques for understanding the taxonomic and functional diversity of microbial communities. In the last decade, cheaper sequencing has democratized the application of metagenomics and generated billions of reads, revealing staggering microbial diversity and functional complexity. However, cheaper sequencing has come at the cost of reduced sequence length, resulting in poor gene annotation and overestimates of bacterial richness and abundance. Recent improvements in sequencing technology are beginning to provide reads of sufficient length for accurate annotation and assembly of whole operons and beyond, that will once again enable experimental testing of gene function and re-capture the early successes of metagenomic investigations.
Energy dependent analytical model for sustainable portable computing devices

The rapidly growing demand for portable devices brings new challenges for the research community. A great amount of prior research has focused on battery-life constraints of such portable devices. A cloud based thin client server software approach has been proposed to make these devices more energy efficient and maximize the battery lifetime [1][2]. In this paper we present an analytical model to characterize the sustainability of portable devices. Through this model we describe an approach that is not only beneficial in reducing the manufacturing energy and electronic waste, but also can help reduce entire lifecycle energy consumption.
Glucose ingestion induces an increase in intranuclear nuclear factor κB, a fall in cellular inhibitor κB, and an increase in tumor necrosis factor α messenger RNA by mononuclear cells in healthy human subjects

Because hyperglycemia is a major detrimental factor in the prognosis of acute cardiovascular conditions such as acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and stroke, and because an acute glucose challenge in healthy subjects has been shown to induce oxidative stress in mononuclear cells (MNCs), we have now investigated whether glucose induces inflammatory stress at the cellular and molecular level. Glucose ingestion (75 g in 300 mL water) in healthy human subjects resulted in an increase in intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) binding, the reduction of inhibitor kappaB alpha (IkappaBalpha) protein, and an increase in the activity of inhibitor kappaB kinase (IKK) and the expression of IKKalpha and IKKbeta, the enzymes that phosphorylate IkappaBalpha, in MNCs. Glucose intake caused an increase in NF-kappaB binding to NF-kappaB2, NF-kappaB2a, and NF-kappaB3 sequences in the promoter site of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) gene along with an increase in the expression of TNF-alpha messenger RNA in MNCs. Membranous p47(phox) subunit, an index of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase expression and activation, also increased after glucose intake. We conclude that glucose intake induces an immediate increase in intranuclear NF-kappaB binding, a fall in IkappaBalpha, an increase in IKKalpha, IKKbeta, IKK activity, and messenger RNA expression of TNF-alpha in MNCs in healthy subjects. These data are consistent with profound acute pro-inflammatory changes in MNCs after glucose intake.
Electron-dose distribution and range in vitreous silica from the dilatation determined photoelastically☆

Abstract The radiation-induced dilatation of vitreous silica along the path of a beam of fast electrons is found to be closely a hyperbola squared. Thus, the square root of the dilatation can be extrapolated to give a terminal range; and since the dilatation depends on the 2 3 power of dose, this is equivalent ti extrapolating the 2 3 power of dose. The former extrapolation is the more satisfactory because the tail of the dilatation curve is steeper. The dilatation as a function of depth (the path of the penetrating electron beam) was obtained from optical retardation measurements which had been improved to give a resolution of about 30 μm, corresponding to about 10 keV at 0.6 MeV. Data are given for 0.6 MeV electron irradiations in air and in vacuo. The effects of window and air paths are seen. The problem of voltage fluctuations is discussed and evidence of its effects is presented.
JECM and Taipei Medical University: What Are We About?

In December 2009, Taipei Medical University (TMU) staged a marvelous event. We unveiled the first issue of our new journal published by Elsevier: Journal of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (JECM). Fortunately, it coincided with TMU and President Wen-Ta Chiu hosting the congress of the Asia-Pacific Academic Consortium for Public Health (APACPH). This auspicious gathering provided our Executive Editor Dr. Kuang-Sheng Yeh the opportunity to monitor the JECM display table, recruiting potential authors by distributing gratis copies of Volume 1, Number 1.1–9 Dr. Yeh was also able to recruit potential authors for future issues, some of whom may appear in Volume 2, Number 1.10–14 Personal approaches are essential to our outreach strategy to ensure the future survival of JECM. We convened the first JECM Editorial Board meeting with the following members present (Wen-Ta Chiu, Founding Editor of JECM and President of TMU; Jacqueline Whang-Peng, Vice Editor-in-Chief and Chair of the Cancer Research Center, TMU Wan Fang Hospital; Yu-Chuan Li, Associate Editor of JECM and Vice President of TMU; Der-Zen Liu, Associate Editor of JECM and Director of the Office of Research and Development of TMU; Ching-Hua Su, Vice President of TMU; Ta-Liang Chen, Vice President of TMU; Yuan-Tseh Lee, Distinguished Research Fellow, Institute of Atomic and Molecular Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Cheng-Wen Wu, Honorary Investigator, Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institute, Taiwan; Che-Kun James Shen, Distinguished Research Fellow, Institute of Molecular Biology, Academia Sinica, Taiwan; Chun-Jen Shih, former Minister of Department of Health, Executive Yuan, Taiwan; Ming-Thau Sheu, Professor of Pharmacy, TMU; Shih-Yi Huang, Professor of School of Nutrition and Health Sciences, TMU; YungHsiao Chiang, Head of Department of Neurosurgery, TMU Hospital; Ching-Chang Hung, Professor of Department of Neurosurgery, TMU Hospital; Liang-Yo Yang, Head of Research Promotion Section, Office of Research and Development of TMU; Yuan-Soon Ho, Professor of School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotech nology, TMU). Because this meeting was in Taipei, only the editorial board members from Taiwan were present. The Executive Editor, Dr. Kuang-Sheng Yeh, indicated our current situation in a brief description. Many questions were posed to Ms. Sabine Yu, the representative from our publisher Elsevier, who provided a clear overview of JECM relationships. This included a rather lengthy discussion concerned with such crucial topics as SCI indexing and most especially that the attainment of an early Impact Factor (IF) is absolutely essential in Asian and European universities and other scientific institutions. Respectable IFs (i.e., high!) are keys to open JECM and Taipei Medical University: What Are We About?
Using Variability to Regulate Long Term Biological Rhythms

Abstract We present a model for the generation of precise, long term rhythms from a collection of imprecise, short term oscillators. The model uses variability between oscillators in conjunction with simple coupling rules to produce long term rhythms that are independent of rate equations (e.g. Arrhenius). The rhythms generated by the model are controlled by only two independent parameters and exhibit several physiologically interesting properties, including ready entrainment to external signals and splitting in response to strong constant signals. The model provides several predictions that can be tested in future experiments.
Abstract 5241: Assessing tumor response to anti-angiogenic therapy with novel DCE-MRI method

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Modulation of the tumor microenvironment by the anti-angiogenic component of combination therapy can result in multiple responses including suppression of aberrant neovascularization in the tumor and normalization of tumor vasculature that may improve delivery of cytotoxic compounds. However, important unresolved questions still exist regarding the role of anti-angiogenic therapy in tumor physiology and progression, particularly regarding its role in the induction or modulation of tumor hypoxia that is an important determinant of tumor aggressiveness. Dynamic contrast enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) can characterize tumor vascular parameters non-invasively and longitudinally. We developed a new MRI technique that provides quantitative measurements of tumor vascular parameters such as vascular volume (VV) and vascular permeability surface area product (PS) and is insensitive to water exchange kinetics between different in vivo compartments. Changes in tumor vascular parameters were monitored in the course of combination therapy with paclitaxel and bevacizumab in preclinical models of human breast carcinomas MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231. To assess the induction of tumor hypoxia by the therapy a clone of MDA-MB-231 cells engineered to express red fluorescence protein, tdTomato, under hypoxic conditions was used. MR images were acquired pre-, 5 and 10 day post-treatment. Vascular parameters, VV and PS, of the tumors were visualized and quantified using a horizontal bore Bruker Biospec 9.4T MR spectrometer with albumin-GdDTPA blood pool contrast agent. Additionally, top 50-percentile of the VV distribution represents the tumor microangiography map that reveals details of blood vessel morphology within the tumor. Tumor hypoxia was monitored non-invasively using a Xenogen in vivo optical imaging system in the course of the treatment. At the end-point, the tumors were excised, cut into 1 mm slices, and imaged with the Xenogen system. MR data were analyzed using in-house software written in the IDL programming environment. Image registration and 3D renderings were performed using Amira visualization software. Significant changes in tumor vascular parameters accompanied by increased hypoxia possibly as a result of decreased vascular supply were detected in treated animals. The new DCE-MRI method minimizes effects of water exchange and blood flow on the assessment of tumor microvasculature and provides a reliable determination of vascular parameters both in highly permeable tumor areas with potentially fast water exchange and in mature blood vessels that contain slowly exchangeable water. This method can improve noninvasive detection of the tumor therapeutic response to antiangiogenic treatment. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5241.
Oxidation in the nucleotide pool, the DNA damage response and cellular senescence: Defective bricks build a defective house

Activation of persistent DNA damage response (DDR) signaling is associated with the induction of a permanent proliferative arrest known as cellular senescence, a phenomenon intrinsically linked to both tissue aging as well as tumor suppression. The DNA damage observed in senescent cells has been attributed to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), failing DNA damage repair processes, and/or oncogenic activation. It is not clear how labile molecules such as ROS are able to damage chromatin-bound DNA to a sufficient extent to invoke persistent DNA damage and DDR signaling. Recent evidence suggests that the nucleotide pool is a significant target for oxidants and that oxidized nucleotides, once incorporated into genomic DNA, can lead to the induction of a DNA strand break-associated DDR that triggers senescence in normal cells and in cells sustaining oncogene activation. Evasion of this DDR and resulting senescence is a key step in tumor progression. This review will explore the role of oxidation in the nucleotide pool as a major effector of oxidative stress-induced genotoxic damage and DDR in the context of cellular senescence and tumorigenic transformation.
Vitamin D metabolites in plasma of cows fed a prepartum low-calcium diet for prevention of parturient hypocalcemia

Our objective was to characterize changes in vitamin D metabolites of plasma in Jersey cows fed a prepartum low-calcium diet. Eight cows were fed a high-calcium diet (80 g/day) and eight were fed a low-calcium diet (8 g/day) at least 14 days before parturition. Calcium concentrations in plasma decreased after initiation of feeding either diet, but cows fed low-calcium diet tended to have lower prepartum calcium and phosphorus and greater peripartal calcium in plasma. Hydroxyproline in plasma was greater during peripartal period in cows fed low-calcium diet. Prepartum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D in plasma tended to be greater in cows fed low calcium. Increases in 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were only 2 and 3 days after initiation of the low-calcium diet; during the first 2 days after parturition, however, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D tended to be lower in those cows fed low calcium. As parturition neared, 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D tended to be lower in cows fed the low calcium-diet. Usual early postpartum changes in calcium phosphorus, magnesium, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, and hydroxyproline were seen during first few days after initiation of feeding low calcium. Thus, we propose that the preventative action of the low-calcium diet is associated with preparation of the calcium homeostatic mechanism several days before the calcium demand of initiation of lactation.
Glucoprivic regulation of estrous cycles in the rat.

Previous research has shown that glucoprivation induced by chronic 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) treatment extends estrous cycle length and disrupts reproductive behaviors in female hamsters, similar to food deprivation. Such treatment also suppresses food intake, which is reversed in male rats by reducing brain histamine levels prior to 2DG treatment. We, therefore, determined if 2DG extends estrous cycles in the female rat and if this is due to elevated brain histamine levels. We measured estrous cycle length during 2DG-induced glucoprivation, in the presence and absence of alpha-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), a treatment that reduces brain histamine levels. Adult female rats were treated for 72 h with either saline (n = 8), 2DG (200 mg/kg S.C. every 6 h; n = 9), or FMH (100 mg/kg i.p. daily) + 2DG (200 mg/kg; n = 7). An additional group was treated with FMH (100 mg/kg i.p.; n = 5) alone. To determine if 2DG extends estrous cycles due to glucoprivation or to decreased caloric intake, a group of rats (n = 7) received a reduced diet equal to the mean daily food intake of rats receiving 2DG alone. 2DG induced more long estrous cycles compared to rats receiving saline, FMH + 2DG, or FMH alone. In rats treated with FMH + 2DG, the percentage of 4-5-day cycles was similar to that of saline-treated rats, and a high percentage of 4-5-day cycles was also observed in rats receiving a reduced diet. These data suggest that 2DG does not suppress estrous cycles through a decrease in total calorie intake, but rather by inducing glucoprivation. In addition, during 2DG-induced glucoprivation, elevated brain histamine levels contribute to the mechanism that suppresses reproductive function.
Economic viability of a reverse engineered algae farm (REAF)

Abstract Typically in algae farm economic feasibility analyses capital expenses (CAPEX), operating expenses (OPEX), and other parameters are assumed at the outset. In the reverse engineered algae farm (REAF) approach the production level is specified and then CAPEX, OPEX, and other parameters are set to provide a high probability of success. The Farm-level Algae Risk Model (FARM) is used for a technoeconomic analysis of a REAF farm. The analysis incorporates production, price, and financial risks the farms will likely face over a 10-year period. The base values assumed for CAPEX and OPEX are $20,000,000 and $3,600,000. Average production for the 485 ha farm is approximately 600,000 gal of lipid and 10,000 tons of lipid extracted algae per year. The base farm did not have a high probability of success; so, a sensitivity analysis for reductions in CAPEX and OPEX and increases in biomass production and lipid content were conducted. To generate a 95% or greater probability of economic success, 40% reductions in OPEX and CAPEX and 10% increases in biomass production and lipid content will be required. There are numerous scenarios which generate a 95% or greater probability of success but they require additional reductions in CAPEX.
Moisture Analysis and Estimation of Crystalline α-Lactose in Whey Powders

Abstract Chemical titration, azeotropic distillation, and vacuum dehydration techniques were evaluated for determining moisture in spray-dried whey powders. Total moisture contents of cottage and Cheddar cheese whey powders are best determined with the Karl Fischer titration and toluene distillation methods, respectively. Free moisture, exclusive of water of hydration of α-lactose • H 2 O crystals, may be measured by drying in vacuo at 65C at 100torr for 6h. Vacuum dehydration at higher temperature and prolonged toluene distillation of cottage cheese whey powder are complicated by lactic acid volatilization and by powder decomposition. High vacuum drying of sweet whey powder releases some of the water of hydration of α-lactose. Crystalline lactose contents of whey powders can be estimated within 10% of polarimetrically determined values by taking the differences between total and free moisture values. Thermogravimetry can provide a similar estimate of lactose crystallinity in dried products other than cottage cheese whey powder.
A model for effective classroom discourse: Predicated topics with reduced verbal memory demands

School failure often stems from a mismatch between the language used by children and the language used in schools. Central to the mismatch is the fact that schools use “extended texts”; (i.e., long stretches of language that expound a topic). Extended texts impose major and unique language processing demands that are unfamiliar to many children. At the same time, these texts cannot be abandoned since they are central to the school's educational mission. However, it is possible to modify the form they have commonly taken. This form, developed to meet the constraints of a prior time, is marked by dual disadvantages: a) it emphasizes memory for details, a skill that is problematic in many language disabled students and b) it is based upon “isolated”; decontextualized concepts that do not support coherent discussion. This paper offers an alternative model for classroom text which involves the use of a) memory aids (i.e., materials to reduce the need for recall of verbal details) and b) “predicated topics,”; (...
Anatomic findings and outcomes associated with upper extremity arteriography and selective thrombolysis for acute finger ischemia

Objective Limited evidence exists to guide clinical management of acute finger ischemia (AFI). To further inform diagnostic evaluation and decision making, we evaluated anatomic findings, procedural management, and amputation-free survival in an institutional cohort of patients with AFI. Methods Consecutive patients undergoing transfemoral upper extremity angiography for AFI were identified. Clinical, laboratory, and procedural data were collected retrospectively from medical records, and arteriograms were reviewed to characterize anatomic findings. Telephone interviews were used to determine long-term outcomes, and additional symptomatic assessments (Symptom Severity and Functional Status scale, the Cold Sensitivity Severity scale, and the McGill Pain Severity Scale) were available in a subgroup of patients. Outcomes included anatomic findings, use of thrombolysis, complications, and amputation-free survival. Descriptive statistics and survival analysis were used to evaluate results. Results Thirty-five patients (54% women) were analyzed with a median follow-up of 13.7 months. Symptom duration at time of presentation ranged from 1 to 28 days, and seven patients had tissue loss or gangrene, or both. Mean age was 47.7 ± 12.2 years. Baseline characteristics included smoking in 22 (65%), connective tissue disorder in 11 (31%), and history of repetitive hand trauma in 10 (29%). The most frequent anatomic location of arterial pathology identified during angiography was distal to the wrist (n = 32), including eight ulnar/radial aneurysms; upper arm (n = 3) and forearm (n = 8) lesions were less common. Sixteen patients were treated with catheter-directed thrombolysis, of which eight (50%) had interval anatomic improvement on repeat angiography. Procedure-related adverse events associated with angiography included bleeding (n = 3) and pseudoaneurysm (n = 1). Eleven of 35 patients had subsequent surgical revascularization at a median of 15 days after angiography. Estimated (standard error) amputation-free survival was 0.88 (0.07) at 1 month and 0.84 (0.08) at 6 months among patients without tissue loss or gangrene. Estimated 60-day amputation-free survival was 0.84 (standard error, 0.08). Overall amputation-free survival was similar between patients managed with vs without thrombolysis ( P = .61), but subgroup analysis of those patients without tissue loss or gangrene at the time of presentation revealed a trend toward improved amputation-free survival with use of thrombolysis, with 60-day amputation-free survival of 0.92 vs 0.75 ( P = .12). Persistent late symptoms were present in 17 patients (48.6%) at the last follow-up and were generally characterized as mild by functional and pain scale assessments. Conclusions Angiography performed for AFI frequently identifies distal occlusive disease, and catheter-directed thrombolysis may expand revascularization options in select patients.
Minus-end-directed motion of kinesin-coated microspheres driven by microtubule depolymerization.

DYNAMIC changes in microtubule (MT) length have long been thought to contribute to intracellular motility1. Both the polymerization2 and depolymerization3–5 of tubulin have been shown to do work in vitro, but the biochemical complexity of objects moved, such as chromosomes, has complicated the identifi-cation of proteins that couple MT dynamics with motility. Work with MTs grown from and tethered to pellicles of lysed Tetrahymena has shown that disassembly-dependent movement of chromo-somes in vitro can be inhibited with antibodies against the motor domain of kinesin6. To study proteins that can function in disassembly-dependent motion, we have refined this motility assay, replacing chromosomes with protein-coated latex microspheres. We report here the ability of several enzymes, including kinesin, to support in vitro motility of latex microspheres on disassembling MTs (Fig. la). The polarity of kinesin's motor activity can be reversed by MT disassembly and interactions between a motor and a MT end can either slow or speed the rate of tubulin depolymerization.
Effect of sodium hypochlorite on human pulp cells: an in vitro study.

Background The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) on human pulp cells to provide an aid in determining its optimum concentration in maintaining the viability of remaining pulp cells in the revascularization of immature permanent teeth with apical periodontitis. Study design Human pulp tissue cells taken from extracted third molars were plated, incubated, and subjected to various concentrations of NaOCl (0.33%, 0.16%, 0.08%, and 0.04%) for 5-, 10-, and 15-minute time intervals to simulate possible contact times in vivo. The Cell Titer–Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay was used to determine the number of viable cells present in culture following treatment. Results The results showed an increase in cell viability with the lowering of NaOCl concentration. The use of 0.04% NaOCl was similar to the control, indicating nearly complete preservation of cell viability at all time intervals tested. As sodium hypochlorite concentration increased from 0.04% to 0.33%, cell viability decreased correspondingly. Conclusions The results indicate that the lowest concentration of NaOCl tested did not affect the viability of cells. This may prove beneficial in developing a new treatment protocol to help preserve existing vital pulp cells in revascularization cases.
A Reevaluation of Carbon Monoxide: Past Trends, Future Concentrations, and Implications for Conformity; “Hot-Spot” Policies

Control of CO is one of the great air-quality management success stories of the past 20 years. This paper evaluates whether past progress will continue into the future and whether changes in microscale CO concentrations are comparable to reductions observed at the regional scale. Neighborhood and microscale CO concentrations were evaluated at six northern and southern California monitoring sites. The study also included a review of CO emission, concentration, and exposure trends and on-road motor vehicle-based CO emission control programs for California and the United States. Consistent with California and national trends, CO concentrations declined at each of the six study locations from 1988 through 1998. Microscale concentrations declined at the same rate as did neighborhood-scale concentrations. Rollback analyses demonstrated that microscale concentrations will continue to decline through at least 2010-2020. Within a few years, microscale violations of the CO National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) will be unlikely in California except under extraordinary circumstances.
Consumer Acceptance of the Internet as a Channel of Distribution

Abstract In this empirical study, the viability of the World Wide Web (WWW) as a channel of distribution is investigated. Two research questions are studied: (1) comparison of two non-store retailing channels with two store channels and the importance of risk relievers for each store type, and (2) consumer reaction when channel functions are transferred to the Internet. Respondents were asked to ignore security considerations in their evaluations of the Internet offers. An electronic mail questionnaire was used for data collection. Results indicate that WWW offers with a mix of risk relievers are evaluated favorably and can even challenge specialty store alternatives. Current Internet users do not seem to consider buying on the WWW to be equivalent to buying through mail order. Hence, the WWW medium may well represent the breakthrough of non-store retailing. Furthermore, the results confirm earlier findings that money-back guarantee is the most important risk reliever, followed by offering a well-known brand and a price reduction. As part of the second research question, different levels of channel functions performed by the Internet are evaluated, and the findings of this study reveal that the Internet as a reservation medium is already highly accepted. Its acceptance as a physical delivery channel is considerably lower.
Saliency Processing and Obesity: A Preliminary Imaging Study of the Stop Signal Task

Obesity has been associated with altered cerebral functions including cognitive control. The stop signal task (SST) has been widely used to study cognitive control by producing high conflict stop trials among many low conflict go trials. Contrasting these stop trials with go trials provides a measure of saliency processing and response inhibition. By comparing functional magnetic resonance images of obese (BMI >30) and lean (BMI <22) females performing the SST, we observed differences in regional brain activations despite similar behavioral performance between groups. Specifically, lean females had greater activations in the insula, inferior parietal cortex, cuneus, and supplementary motor area than obese females during stop as compared to go trials. This difference was caused by diminished brain activations in obese females in stop as compared to go trials. Furthermore, the brain activations in these regions inversely correlated to BMI across subjects. These preliminary findings suggest altered neural processes of cognitive control in obesity.
Contributions of the social milieu to changing individual political orientations

We proposed a model for examining the combination of individual perceptions of politics and intentions to engage in political activities (termed political orientations ) under the influence of social processes in organizations. The concept of political orientation is viewed as a fluid strategy for subjective influence which is affected by elements of the organizational context, work-group interactions, and leader/member relations. Research propositions are offered concerning the impact of selected variables on the adaptation of individual political orientations within organizations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.
A geochemical and Nd isotopic study of Barberton komatiites (South Africa): implication for the Archean mantle

Abstract The Komati Formation of the Barberton greenstone belt (BGB), South Africa, is composed of both Al-undepleted and -depleted komatiites. The Al-undepleted komatiites are characterised by Al2O3/TiO2 and CaO/Al2O3 ratios of 15–18 and 1.1–1.5, respectively, and exhibit chondritic trace element contents and (Gd/Yb)N ratios. In contrast, the Al-depleted komatiites show significantly lower Al2O3/TiO2 ratios of 8–12, highly variable CaO/Al2O3 (0.19–2.81) ratios combined with (Gd/Yb)N ratios varying from 1.08 to 1.56. A Sm–Nd whole rock isochron for komatiites of the Komati Formation gives an age of 3657±170 Ma. 147Sm/144Nd ratios (0.1704 and 0.1964) are all lower than the chondritic value of 0.1967. The komatiite ei,Nd(3.45) values cluster at +1.9±0.7. Trace element distribution indicates that most of the primary geochemical and isotopic features of the komatiites were preserved in line with the conservation of the primary chemical composition of clinopyroxene. High field strength element and rare earth element abundances indicate that crustal contamination and post-crystallisation processes did not disturb the primary features of komatiites. The Sm/Nd and Nb/U ratios of komatiites indicate that the Barberton greenstone belt mantle source has undergone melt extraction prior to komatiite formation. Variations of Al2O3/TiO2, (Gd/Yb)N, Zr/Sm and Sm/Nd ratios of komatiites indicate that a batch melting of slightly depleted mantle source during with garnet and/or clinopyroxene remained in the residue can produce the geochemical isotopic feature of the Barberton greenstone belt komatiites. Typical geochemical fingerprints of subduction-related processes (LILE enrichment, HFSE depletion compared to REE), as known from modern subduction zones, are not observed. Komatiites exhibit Ti/Zr, La/Nb, Nb/U, Sr/Nd and Ba/La ratios comparable to those of oceanic island basalt and mid-ocean ridge basalt. (La/Nb)PMN, (Sm/Yb)PMN, positive δNb values and flat or slightly enriched REE patterns suggest that BGB komatiites are part of an oceanic plateau rather than an oceanic island such as Iceland. Therefore, an oceanic plateau or mid-ocean ridge, in connection with an oceanic plateau, such as Ontong Java plateau or Caribbean–Colombian oceanic plateau, is a suitable tectonic setting for the formation of the BGB komatiites.
Novel photometric approach for the measurement of terrestrial dayglow emissions

Ground-based observations of terrestrial dayglow emissions requires the measurement of a small signal embedded in a large background. We report the development of an instrument to accomplish this. Under sky background dominated conditions, the signal to noise ratio achievable for the measurement of an airglow line feature with a filter photometer depends little on the filter bandwidth. Thus, apart from spectral purity considerations, the only value of using a smaller bandwidth is that it reduces the number of counts needed to obtain the same statistical S/N. Critical design aspects include the development of the detector techniques needed to count very large photon fluxes generated by the bright daytime sky, and to maintain very high relative stability between the sky background and the dayglow feature channels. High counting rates are achieved by operating in analog mode using high bulk resistivity, low noise silicon didoes in an electrometer integrator circuit. High stability is achieved by using high resistivity dual diodes on a single silicon wafer, and locating the electronics in the same controlled environment. We demonstrate the use of such a filter photometer by the measurement of the diurnal variation of the 630 nm (red line) dayglow emission.