cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Does Kripke’s Argument Against Functionalism Undermine the Standard View of What Computers Are?

Kripke’s argument against functionalism extended to physical computers poses a deep philosophical problem (not previously addressed in the literature) for understanding the standard view of what computers are. The problem puts into jeopardy the definition in the standard view that computers are physical machines for performing physical computations. Indeed, it is entirely possible that, unless this philosophical problem is resolved, we will never have a good understanding of computers and may never know just what they are.
Cotton Fiber Improvement Through Breeding and Biotechnology

Genetic improvement of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fiber quality is essential to meet demands of textile manufacturers and the international market while also increasing competitiveness with synthetic fibers. In this chapter, the current state of cotton fiber improvement through advances in breeding and biotechnology is described. In an effort to offer a future prospective of cotton fiber improvement, contemporary and emerging technologies for cotton fiber improvement are discussed.
Survey and Critique of the Literature: Empirical Studies of the German Macroeconomy

A complete literature survey for our study would encompass numerous theoretical and empirical contributions covering a wide spectrum of issues in “traditional” as well as open economy macroeconomics. Given the abundance of material available to the researcher and, hence, the need to be selective, this review highlights the findings of previous empirical studies which deal with the German macroeconomy either exclusively or in the context of cross-country comparisons. When of interest, studies of other open economies are also mentioned.
Geographic Identity and Attitudes toward Undocumented Immigrants

This article examines the extent to which economic attitudes, political predispositions, neighborhood context, and socio-demographic factors influence views toward adult, undocumented immigrants li...
Comparison of Services Available in 5-Star and Non-5-Star Patient Experience Hospitals.

This survey study uses data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services, the American Hospital Association, and US News & World Report to compare services available in hospitals with and without 5-star patient experience summary ratings.
Is It Terrorism?: Public Perceptions, Media, and Labeling the Las Vegas Shooting

AbstractWhen a mass casualty event occurs, why do some people label it terrorism while others do not? People are more likely to consider an attack to be terrorism when the perpetrator is Muslim, ye...
Data Protection Intents for Software-Defined Networking

The rise of intent-based networking (IBN) allows enterprises to use software-defined networking (SDN) architectures to specify what network requirements are needed rather than specify how such requirements will be implemented. For enterprises that process personal data, those network requirements must necessarily consider data protection by design to comply with new regulations such as the European Union's GDPR. We argue that the centralized data plane view of SDN architectures and the network intent abstractions of IBN can aid in the design of systems that require data protection. We propose a data protection intent framework that leverages SDN and network intents. We use the GDPR as a representative data protection framework and identify the applicable regulatory requirements for system and network design. Based on those requirements, we design an SDN-based architecture for data protection intents that allows data services to request network resources by using data protection abstractions. We implement a proof-of-concept network application for the ONOS SDN controller and explain how our framework can be useful in a representative data breach case study to aid in responding to regulator requests.
Diagnostic simulation of stuck-at faults in combinational circuits

Two faults are said to be equivalent, with respect to a test set τ, iff they cannot be distinguished by any test in τ. The sizes of the corresponding equivalence classes of faults are used as a basis for comparing the diagnostic capability of two given test sets. A novel algorithm, called “multiway list splitting,” for computing the Equivalence Classes of stuck-at faults, in combinational (full scan) circuits, with respect to a given test set is presented. Experimental results presented show the algorithm to be more efficient than previously known algorithms based on decision diagrams and diagnosibility matrix.
Perturbative study of the one-dimensional quantum clock model.

We calculate the ground-state energy density e(g) for the one-dimensional N-state quantum clock model up to order 18, where g is the coupling and N=3,4,5,...,10,20. Using methods based on the Pade approximation, we extract the singular structure of e^{″}(g) or e(g). They correspond to the specific heat and free energy of the classical two-dimensional (2D) clock model. We find that, for N=3,4, there is a single critical point at g_{c}=1. The heat capacity exponent of the corresponding 2D classical model is α=0.34±0.01 for N=3, and α=-0.01±0.01 for N=4. For N>4, there are two exponential singularities related by g_{c1}=1/g_{c2}, and e(g) behaves as Ae^{-c/|g_{c}-g|^{σ}}+analyticterms near g_{c}. The exponent σ gradually grows from 0.2 to 0.5 as N increases from 5 to 9, and it stabilizes at 0.5 when N>9. The phase transitions exhibited in these models should be generalizations of the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, which has σ=0.5.
Electrochemical Healing of Dendrites in Garnet-Based Solid Electrolytes

Garnet oxides are a promising material family for solid-state batteries (SSBs). Dendrite formation in solid electrolytes critically limits the applicability of SSBs because of limiting Coulombic ef...
Children’s Math Anxiety Predicts Their Math Achievement Over and Above a Key Foundational Math Skill

Math anxiety negatively predicts young children’s math achievement. While some researchers have suggested that math anxiety may stem from poor math ability, others have argued that math anxiety occ...
SU(2)N model of vector dark matter with a leptonic connection

Models of fermion and scalar dark matter abound. Here we consider instead vector dark matter, from an SU(2)N extension of the standard model. It has a number of interesting properties, including a possible implementation of the inverse seesaw mechanism for neutrino mass. The annihilation of dark matter for calculating its relic abundance in this model is not dominated by its cross-section to standard-model particles, but rather to other new particles which are in thermal equilibrium with those of the standard model.
Us and Others

Based on the principle of the social production of space, this chapter examines the dual role of digital technologies as technologies of control and technologies of freedom. The structures and biases that are imposed on public space and public life by the mediating role of digital technologies, both on regimes of control and on the exercise of free will in day-to-day life, is articulated. The metaphor of the interface is introduced to encompass commonalities between the affordances of digital technologies and the nature of public space. The role of spatiality in physical public space and the spatial metaphor applied to digital “spaces” is expanded upon.
Hepatic Lysosomal Acid Lipase Overexpression Worsens Hepatic Inflammation in Mice Fed a Western Diet.

Abstract Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterized by the accumulation of lipid droplets in hepatocytes. NAFLD development and progression is associated with an increase in hepatic cholesterol levels and decreased autophagy and lipophagy flux. Previous studies have shown that the expression of lysosomal acid lipase (LAL), encoded by the gene LIPA, which can hydrolyze both triglyceride and cholesteryl esters, is inversely correlated with the severity of NAFLD. In addition, ablation of LAL activity results in profound NAFLD. Based on this, we predicted that overexpressing LIPA in the livers of mice fed a Western diet would prevent the development of NAFLD. As expected, mice fed the Western diet exhibited numerous markers of NAFLD, including hepatomegaly, lipid accumulation, and inflammation. Unexpectedly, LAL overexpression did not attenuate steatosis and had only minor effects on neutral lipid composition. However, LAL overexpression exacerbated inflammatory gene expression and infiltration of immune cells in mice fed the Western diet. LAL overexpression also resulted in abnormal phagosome accumulation and lysosomal lipid accumulation depending upon the dietary treatment. Overall, we found that hepatic overexpression of LAL drove immune cell infiltration and inflammation and did not attenuate the development of NAFLD, suggesting that targeting LAL expression may not be a viable route to treat NAFLD in humans.
Onboard Dynamic Image Exposure Control for the Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat (SPARCS)

The Star-Planet Activity Research CubeSat (SPARCS) is a 6U CubeSat under development to monitor the flaring and chromospheric activity of M dwarfs at near-ultraviolet (NUV) and far-ultraviolet (FUV) wavelengths. The spacecraft hosts two UV-optimized delta-doped charge-coupled devices fed by a 9-cm telescope and a dichroic beam splitter. A dedicated science payload processor performs near real-time onboard science image processing to dynamically change detector integration times and gains to reduce the occurrence of pixel saturation during strong M dwarf flaring events and provide adequate flare light curve structure resolution while enabling the detection of low-amplitude rotational modulation. The processor independently controls the NUV and FUV detectors. For each detector, it derives control updates from the most recent completed exposure and applies them to the next exposure. The detection of a flare event in the NUV channel resets the exposure in the FUV channel with new exposure parameters. Implementation testing of the control algorithm using simulated light curves and full-frame images demonstrates a robust response to the quiescent and flaring levels expected for the stars to be monitored by the mission. The SPARCS onboard autonomous exposure control algorithm is adaptable for operation in future point source-targeting space-based and ground-based observatories geared towards the monitoring of extreme transient astrophysics phenomena.
Essential amino acid ingestion as an efficient nutritional strategy for the preservation of muscle mass following gastric bypass surgery

Loss of skeletal muscle in patients who have undergone gastric bypass is a consistent observation. Skeletal muscle constitutes the largest protein/amino acid pool in the body, and loss of skeletal muscle has important implications in health and disease. Sustaining a given level of muscle protein requires a balance between the rates of muscle protein synthesis and breakdown. Current evidence suggests that reduced rate of protein synthesis is implicated in the loss of muscle after gastric bypass. This is not surprising given a less than optimal dietary protein intake after the procedure and because, unlike other macronutrients, protein/amino acids are not stored in the body. Ingesting essential amino acids (EAAs), which cannot be synthesized de novo and have the primary role in the regulation of muscle protein synthesis, can potentially ameliorate loss of muscle protein after gastric bypass. At the same time, ingestion of EAAs provides a more efficient nutritional approach (i.e., greater stimulation of protein synthesis relative to the amount of amino acids ingested) to enhance muscle protein synthesis compared with the ingestion of intact protein. Changing current dietary practices toward increasing ingestion of EAAs provides an approach that can potentially prevent loss of lean body tissue and ultimately achieve a more sustained level of health in patients who have undergone gastric bypass.
Rendering Unto Caesar: Religious Approaches to the Progressive Income Tax

This paper discusses approaches to the progressive income tax by several major religious denominations, examining their use of Biblical and other source material and the manner in which they derive their positions for or against a progressive income tax. While a number of more conservative denominations have tended to oppose progressivity, frequently citing the Biblical tithe or 10 percent tax as a model flat income tax, a larger number of denominations - Protestant, Catholic, and Jewish - have tended to be more supportive, citing Biblical injunctions in favor of fairness and protection of the poor. More generally, The paper finds a surprising amount of convergence between liberal and conservative denominations on a number of tax issues, and suggests that religious groups can participate actively in public policy discussions without serious harm to secular values.
On the Process of Cellular Division in Escherichia coli VI. Use of a Methocel-Autoradiographic Method for the Study of Cellular Division in Escherichia coli

A technique allowing chain formation by Escherichia coli for the analysis of the segregation of certain cellular components by autoradiographic methods has been developed. Deoxyribonucleic acid labeled with (3)H-thymidine does not appear to segregate preferentially with one or another of the bacteria. Membrane lipids labeled with either (3)H-oleate or (3)H-glycerol are evenly distributed among all progeny cells. A similar pattern of distribution of cell wall material is observed when (3)H-diaminopimelate is used as the marker.
Topological distributions and the torsional rigidity of DNA. A Monte Carlo study of DNA circles.

Abstract Distributions of the linking number of circular DNA molecules, defined as the sum of twist and the writhing number, are obtained by Monte Carlo simulations of small, randomly closed DNA circles. We estimate the relative contributions of fluctuations in twist and writhe to the linking number distribution, as functions of DNA size. Published experimental data on topoisomer distributions in circular DNA molecules are interpreted to estimate the torsional rigidity of DNA in solution. We show that ignoring the writhe component of the linking number distribution, even for DNA circles as small as 250 base-pairs, leads to an underestimate for the torsional stiffness of the double helix. The value of the torsional modulus obtained from this analysis, C = 3.4 × 10−19 erg cm, is from 10 to 40% larger than that estimated by others and more than twice as large as the values obtained from fluorescence depolarization or other time-resolved spectroscopic measurements. We also develop further the theoretical treatment of ring closure probabilities for DNA described in the previous article. It is shown that the torsional part of the ring closure probability, Φ0,1(τ0) is a periodic function of DNA length that contributes strongly to the ring closure probability for short chains but makes negligible contributions for chains over 1000 base-pairs in length.
Understanding Disproportionate Representation in Special Education by Examining Group Differences in Behavior Ratings.

The aim of the current study was to examine mean-group differences on behavior rating scales and variables that may predict such differences. Sixty-five teachers completed the Clinical Assessment of Behavior–Teacher Form (CAB-T) for a sample of 982 students. Four outcome variables from the CAB-T were assessed. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to analyze variance components across three levels; examine mean-group differences across outcome variables for student gender, race/ethnicity, and free or reduced-price lunch status; and examine whether teacher variables predicted teacher-specific differences in ratings. Results revealed that a significant amount of variance was attributable to teacher- and school-level variables. Several mean-group differences emerged, and some teacher-specific differences in ratings across groups were predicted by teacher self-efficacy for behavior management and teacher age, but not for teacher race/ethnicity, gender, or years of experience.
A new Eulerian method to estimate “spicy” Agulhas leakage in climate models

The Agulhas leakage brings warm and saline water from the Indian Ocean into the South Atlantic, forming part of the returning branch of the global thermohaline circulation, an important component of climate. We develop a new method using the passive tracer spice, to estimate Agulhas leakage transport in an ocean eddy-resolving climate model that properly captures Agulhas Retroflection and leakage. We identify Agulhas leakage waters as positive spice anomalies (≥ +0.1) and are able to trace leakage to depths greater than 1000 m. Spice-based Eulerian Agulhas leakage captures spikes in Lagrangian leakage transport which coincide with the passage of Agulhas rings, yielding a statistically significant correlation (0.47). On interannual times scales, differences between Eulerian and Lagrangian transports are reduced and correlation increases to 0.77. We obtain a mean spice-based Eulerian Agulhas leakage of 17 ± 4 sverdrup (Sv) and Lagrangian Agulhas leakage of 18 ± 2 Sv, which are within the range of observational estimates.
The Effects of Verbally Violent Film Content on Aggressive Behavior.

Parents, educators, researchers, politicians, and others have been perennially concerned with the effects of television and film violence on the behavior of viewers. From this concern grew the obvious need For definitive research to assess accurately the relationships between violence in the mass media and the violent behavior of individuals in society. Laboratory research has provided many of the answers to various facets of the problem. This research has taken three approaches in isolating and measuring the effects of television and film violence on aggressive behavior, and all three approaches have yielded similar findings (see Bryan & Schwarz, 1971, for a complete literature review). Bandura (1965, 1969) has worked with children in his laboratory experiments; he and his research colleagues have documented on numerous occasions the effects of aggressive Film models in shaping and facilitating the aggressive responses of children (Bandura, Ross, & Ross, 1963a, 1963b; Bandura, 1965, 1969; Hicks, 1965, etc.). Waiters and Thomas (1963) have worked with older viewers-adolescents and young adults. Their studies have dealt with subjects who were not
A study of the properties of acetate-derived PLZT films on glass substrates

Crack-free PZT (lead zirconate titanate) 0/65/35 films of thicknesses up to 3 mu m were deposited onto glass and sapphire substrates using an acetate precursor system at a processing temperature of 500-550 degrees C. Ferroelectric, dielectric, and electrooptic properties were measured as a function of excess PbO content from 0 to 4 mol.%. Large tensile strains and the formation of a tetragonal phase upon incorporation of PbO into the rhombohedral structure produced directionally dependent properties in the film. The measurement of ferroelectric and dielectric properties in a direction parallel to the tension axis indicated an increase in polarization with PbO content while birefringence in the perpendicular direction was reduced. This effect was attributed to preferential domain alignment and crystallographic orientation. The coexistence of a rhombohedral and tetragonal phase was also thought to be a factor in reducing hysteresis and memory effects. >
Point Vortex Models and the Dynamics of Strong Vortices in the Atmosphere and Oceans

The models to be considered are the simplest imaginable: The flow is assumed two-dimensional and inviscid, and each strong vortex is represented as a δ-function singularity of the vorticity field. This simple Ansatz leads to what is called the point vortex model. It was introduced already by Helmholtz in his seminal 1858 paper on vortex dynamics [9] (English translation by Tait [21]) and has been a mainstay of fluid mechanics modeling ever since. J. G. Charney extolled the virtues of this approximation in the context of numerical simulations of atmospheric flows. He wrote [8]:
Purification and Characterization of the 2 S γ2-Globulin of Normal Human Plasma

Abstract A 2 S γ2-globulin was isolated from Cohn Fraction VI of pooled normal human plasma by chromatography on diethylaminoethyl and carboxymethyl cellulose columns and filtration through Sephadex G-100. Its plasma level was estimated to be approximately 0.1 mg/100 ml. Physicochemical and chemical characterization of this globulin revealed the following properties: molecular weight, 14,000; sedimentation coefficient, 1.9 S; diffusion constant, 13.5 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1; frictional ratio, 1.03; axial ratio, approximately 2; electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6 in Γ/2 = 0.1 diethylbarbiturate buffer, -1.5 x 10-5 cm2 sec-1 volt-1; and isoelectric and isoionic points at pH 5.9 and pH 9.0, respectively. The optical rotatory dispersion suggested the presence of a β conformation and the probable absence of α-helical structures. This protein, which was shown to be free of carbohydrates, probably possesses one polypeptide chain, as judged by the terminal amino acid analyses (1 mole of carboxyl-terminal valine and 1 mole of amino-terminal tyrosine). The amino acid composition of this globulin differed significantly from those of Bence-Jones proteins and of the L chain of the 7 S γ-globulin.
The Anatomy and Future of Pakistan's Afghan Interests

The relationship between the nation-building mission in Afghanistan and that country's connection with its influential neighbor Pakistan is very complex. The success of NATO's strategy to strengthen the new Kabul regime depends on its intersection with Pakistani policies. Pakistan's strategy in Afghanistan, in turn, is tied to its broader security policy against India. This is complicated by Afghan-Pakistan disputes over territory, Afghan refusal to recognize the Durand Line as the international border, Pakistan's interdiction of third party trade to and from Afghanistan, and a history of Afghan sponsorship of secessionism in Pakistan. All of these factors contribute to Pakistan's reluctance to contribute to the stabilization of Afghanistan by closing the insurgent sanctuaries in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. NATO has few non-escalatory military options. It has two remaining venues of influence. First, its presence acts as a restraint on Afghan provocation of secessionism, thereby satisfying one of Islamabad's goals. Second, NATO could offer trade and aid incentives to Pakistan to gradually withdraw its support to those elements of its society that foment Pakhtun insurgency in Afghanistan (and Pakistan). The long-term effect of such a strategy would be a gradual economic integration and normalization of the Afghan and Pakistan frontier areas.
Progress in 2D photonic crystal Fano resonance photonics

Abstract In contrast to a conventional symmetric Lorentzian resonance, Fano resonance is predominantly used to describe asymmetric-shaped resonances, which arise from the constructive and destructive interference of discrete resonance states with broadband continuum states. This phenomenon and the underlying mechanisms, being common and ubiquitous in many realms of physical sciences, can be found in a wide variety of nanophotonic structures and quantum systems, such as quantum dots, photonic crystals, plasmonics, and metamaterials. The asymmetric and steep dispersion of the Fano resonance profile promises applications for a wide range of photonic devices, such as optical filters, switches, sensors, broadband reflectors, lasers, detectors, slow-light and non-linear devices, etc. With advances in nanotechnology, impressive progress has been made in the emerging field of nanophotonic structures. One of the most attractive nanophotonic structures for integrated photonics is the two-dimensional photonic crystal slab (2D PCS), which can be integrated into a wide range of photonic devices. The objective of this manuscript is to provide an in depth review of the progress made in the general area of Fano resonance photonics, focusing on the photonic devices based on 2D PCS structures. General discussions are provided on the origins and characteristics of Fano resonances in 2D PCSs. A nanomembrane transfer printing fabrication technique is also reviewed, which is critical for the heterogeneous integrated Fano resonance photonics. The majority of the remaining sections review progress made on various photonic devices and structures, such as high quality factor filters, membrane reflectors, membrane lasers, detectors and sensors, as well as structures and phenomena related to Fano resonance slow light effect, nonlinearity, and optical forces in coupled PCSs. It is expected that further advances in the field will lead to more significant advances towards 3D integrated photonics, flat optics, and flexible optoelectronics, with lasting impact in areas ranging from computing, communications, to sensing and imaging systems.
Structure activity studies leading to a tissue-selective hypotensive prostaglandin analog, 13,14-dihydro-16-phenyl-omega-tetranor PGE2.

Abstract During our systematic search for prostaglandins with improved tissue selectivity and metabolic stability, we synthesized a series of PGE 2 analogs in which the n-amyl carbinol side chain was systematically substituted by a phenyl ring, based on structural considerations incorporating the 17,18- cis -double bond of PGE 3 into an aromatic ring. These compounds were evaluated for uterine stimulant, bronchodilator and hypotensive activity. Among the divergent biological profiles exhibited by these analogs, noteworthy was the tissue-selective hypotensive profile displayed by 13,14-dihydro-16-phenyl-ω-tetranor PGE 2 .
Dead-cell-associated proteins are an important source of antigens for cross-presentation by dendritic cells

Dead-cell-associated proteins are an important source of antigens for cross-presentation by dendritic cells
FIBROBLAST GROWTH FACTOR 23 INDUCES LEFT VENTRICULAR HYPERTROPHY

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of death in chronic kidney disease (CKD). Left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) mediates this relationship and its prevalence drastically rises throughout the course of CKD. Patients with CKD develop marked elevations in circulating levels of the phosphorus-
How do I find an article? Insights from a web usability study

Abstract This article reports on participants’ success in performing a common task, that of finding an article. In a Web usability study, participants’ search paths and comments revealed widespread confusion about the article-finding process and also pointed out weaknesses in our Web site. This information led to improvements in the site.
Region-based memory management for GPU programming languages: enabling rich data structures on a spartan host

Graphics processing units (GPUs) can effectively accelerate many applications, but their applicability has been largely limited to problems whose solutions can be expressed neatly in terms of linear algebra. Indeed, most GPU programming languages limit the user to simple data structures - typically only multidimensional rectangular arrays of scalar values. Many algorithms are more naturally expressed using higher level language features, such as algebraic data types (ADTs) and first class procedures, yet building these structures in a manner suitable for a GPU remains a challenge. We present a region-based memory management approach that enables rich data structures in Harlan, a language for data parallel computing. Regions enable rich data structures by providing a uniform representation for pointers on both the CPU and GPU and by providing a means of transferring entire data structures between CPU and GPU memory. We demonstrate Harlan's increased expressiveness on several example programs and show that Harlan performs well on more traditional data-parallel problems.
The Binghamton State Office Building PCB transformer incident: 1981–1987

Abstract The Binghamton State Office Building transformer fire of Feb. 5, 1981 was the first recognized incident of its type. An electrical transformer was involved in a fire which began in a nearby electrical panel. PCBs (65%) and polychlorinated benzenes (35%) constituted the transformer fluid. PCBs and chemicals formed during the fire, including chlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDDs and PCDFs), biphenylenes and napthalenes, spread throughout the building contaminating all floors of the then nine year old 18 story building. Cleanup is still underway. Reoccupancy is currently scheduled for 1988. Between 40 and 50 million dollars have been expended or appropriated for rehabilitation of the building which cost 17 million dollars to construct. Human studies indicate the PCDD/Fs and PCBs have been ingested by some emergency and cleanup workers. Persistent elevated PCDD/F tissue levels have been found in some workers. Animal studies indicate the chemicals still retain biological potency (despite the soot matrix) sufficient to not markedly change LD 50 or ED 50 values of the PCDF/Ds in the soot.
The transmaxillary approach (level V)

The transmaxillary approach (Level V), also known as the Le Fort I osteotomy approach, is indicated for midline extradural lesions of the upper two-thirds of the clivus. Extensive lateral and intradural access is limited with this approach. The most common pathology treated by using the Le Fort I osteotomy is clival chordoma, followed by chondrosarcoma. The use of the approach for clipping midbasilar and vertebrobasilar junction aneurysms has been reported. The transmaxillary approach can be divided into the following steps: incision, osteotomy, mobilization of the maxilla, pharyngotomy, clivectomy, dural opening, tumor removal, and closure. This article describes the surgical anatomy and techniques related to the transmaxillary approach and discusses the indications, the variants, and the possible complications of the procedure. Several case presentations are illustrated.
A numerical study of the effects of synoptic baroclinicity on stable boundary-layer evolution

The effects of synoptic baroclinicity on the evolution of the stable boundary layer are studied by using a numerical model in which the eddy exchange coefficients are determined from the turbulent kinetic energy and a local turbulent length scale. For model verification, several barotropic simulations are compared with those of higher-order closure models. The model predicts the existence of a value of geostrophic wind shear at which the nocturnal jet reaches its maximum intensity. The mechanism by which ageostrophic flow is generated and the role it plays in the development of the jet are explored. As baroclinicity increases, the directional shear in the wind near the level of the jet increases, thereby allowing the nocturnal inversion to grow to levels well above that of the jet.
Effect of the Tfm locus on the hepatic ethylmorphine N-demethylase system in mice.

The present study further investigates certain androgen specific and nonspecific responses in mouse liver. The hepatic cytochrome P-450-dependent ethylmorphine N-demethylase system of androgen-insensitive (Tfm/Y) mice and normal littermates was evaluated in response to sex steroids, phenobarbital, and 3- methylcholanthrene. Microsomes from normal male (+/Y) mice had the greatest level of cytochrome P-450, but exhibited a lower Vma]t and higher Km for ethylmorphine N-demethylation than normal female (+/+), carrier female (Tfm/+), and Tfm/Y mice. Androgen treatment decreased ethylmorphine N-demethylase activity of +/+ and +/Y mice but had no effect in animals with a defective androgen receptor (Tfm/Y). By contrast, estradiol decreased activity in both Tfm/Y and +/Y mice. Cytochrome P-450 content was decreased by testosterone only in +/+ mice whereas estradiol decreased levels in all mice. The progestins, cyproterone acetate and progesterone, increased N-demethylase activity and cytochrome P-450 content in a...
Recurrence of prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy in a 57-year-old man.

Challenging Case A 57-year-old man with mild renal insufficiency was noted to have a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level of 5.7 ng/mL. His past medical history was unremarkable except for a known serum creatinine level of 1.8 mg/dL. Imaging of his kidneys was normal. Medication controlled his mild hypertension. Digital rectal examination (DRE) was normal. A prostate biopsy revealed a Gleason score (GS) of 8 adenocarcinoma. The patient elected to have a radical prostatectomy. The pathology indicated a GS 8 (4 + 4) cancer that was pathologically confined to the prostate (lymph nodes, margins, and seminal vesicles were all negative). His postoperative PSA was undetectable for 18 months, then began to rise. Thirty months after the surgery, his PSA level was 0.19 ng/mL. His examination, including DRE, was also normal. The patient’s renal failure progressed and he began dialysis. He was also placed on a list for renal transplantation. He has no living related donor. How should the recurrence be treated, now or in the future? Also, the patient did not want the transplantation team to be aware of the PSA elevation. Is the urologist obligated to tell them if they do not ask for this information?
Retrospective of InSAR/DInSAR contributions to hydrogeology by way of bibliographic search

InSAR and DInSAR have contributed significantly to improved hydrogeologic information and advances in hydrogeology since the late 1990s. Most of the hydrogeologic applications were in the topic areas of land subsidence, hydrogeologic framework, landslides and soil moisture. The annual numbers of relevant citations from refined bibliographic searches show significant and episodic growth during 1998-2013, with generally twice as many annual citations during 2008-13 than during 2003-07. Applications in land subsidence research were predominant each year. The searches revealed a) articles and conference papers constituted 98% of citations; b) country affiliations for authors were broadly distributed but most of the citations were from authors in Europe (~30%), North America (~29%), and Asia (~18%); and c) the principal subject areas were in the Earth and Planetary Sciences, Engineering, and Environmental Science which constituted 69% of the citations, with Computer Science contributing 13%.
Phragmén-lindelöf type results for harmonic functions with nonlinear boundary conditions

This paper is concerned with investigating the asymptotic behavior of harmonic functions defined on a three-dimensional semi-infinite cylinder, where homogeneous nonlinear boundary conditions are imposed on the lateral surface of the cylinder. Such problems arise in the theory of steady-state heat conduction. The classical Phragmen-Lindelof theorem states that harmonic functions which vanish on the lateral surface of the cylinder must either grow exponentially or decay exponentially with distance from the finite end of the cylinder. Here we show that the results are significantly different when the homogeneous Dirichlet boundary condition is replaced by the nonlinear heatloss or heat-gain type boundary condition. We show that polynomial growth (or decay) or exponential growth (or decay) may occur, depending on the form of the nonlinearity. Explicit estimates for the growth or decay rates are obtained.
Challenges and Opportunities in Restoring Function After Paralysis

Neurotechnology has made major advances in development of interfaces to the nervous system that restore function in paralytic disorders. These advances enable both restoration of voluntary function and activation of paralyzed muscles to reanimate movement. The technologies used in each case are different, with external surface stimulation or percutaneous stimulation generally used for restoration of voluntary function, and implanted stimulators generally used for neuroprosthetic restoration. The opportunity to restore function through neuroplasticity has demonstrated significant advances in cases where there are retained neural circuits after the injury, such as spinal cord injury and stroke. In cases where there is a complete loss of voluntary neural control, neural prostheses have demonstrated the capacity to restore movement, control of the bladder and bowel, and respiration and cough. The focus of most clinical studies has been primarily toward activation of paralyzed nerves, but advances in inhibition of neural activity provide additional means of addressing the paralytic complications of pain and spasticity, and these techniques are now reaching the clinic. Future clinical advances necessitate having a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms, and having more precise neural interfaces that will ultimately allow individual nerve fibers or groups of nerve fibers to be controlled with specificity and reliability. While electrical currents have been the primary means of interfacing to the nervous system to date, optical and magnetic techniques under development are beginning to reach the clinic, and provide great opportunity. Ultimately, techniques that combine approaches are likely to be the most effective means for restoring function, for example combining regeneration and neural plasticity to maximize voluntary activity, combined with neural prostheses to augment the voluntary activity to functional levels of performance. It is a substantial challenge to bring any of these techniques through clinical trials, but as each of the individual techniques is sufficiently developed to reach the clinic, these present great opportunities for enabling patients with paralytic disorders to achieve substantial independence and restore their quality of life.
A new flowing afterglow-guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer. Applications to the thermochemistry of polyiodide ions

A new flowing afterglow-guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometer has been constructed. The tandem mass spectrometer has a linear quadrupole-octopole-quadrupole geometry. The apparatus has been successfully tested for the measurement of reaction rates and endothermic reaction thresholds. The new instrument has been used to determine 0 K bond strengths in two polyiodide ions: D(I2−I−)=126±6 kJ/mol and D(I2−I 3 − )=49±6 kJ/mol. These values compare well to recent computational results. Electron affinity (EA)(I3)=4.15±0.12 eV can be derived from this work and values in the literature.
Ovulation induced by progesterone in immature rats pretreated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin

Abstract Progesterone administered at 10:00 a.m. or earlier at 24 days of age markedly increased the incidence of ovulation in rats given single injection of 0.75 Cartland-Nelson Units of pregnant mare serum 2 days earlier. However, if the progesterone was not injected until 5:00 p.m. on day 24, the incidence of ovulation was not increased over that of the PMS treatment alone. Progesterone-induced ovulation was blocked by the injection of barbiturate or by hypophysectomy if done before 1:45 p.m. on day 24 but not if done after 5:00 p.m. The data indicate that ovulation was due to the release of pituitary ovulating hormone and that even at 24 days of age a central nervous system mechanism is capable of regulating ovulating hormone release. Either this mechanism is already mature at this time, or it is matured by the hormonal treatment.
Flow due to a stretching boundary with partial slip—an exact solution of the Navier–Stokes equations

Abstract The entrained flow due to a stretching surface with partial slip is solved by similarity transform.
Yeast replication factor-A functions in the unwinding of the SV40 origin of DNA replication

Cell-free replication systems for simian virus 40 (SV40) DNA are taken to be a model for the replication of eukaryotic chromosomes, because only one viral protein is required to supplement the replication proteins provided by a human cell extract. To prove that these cellular proteins function in chromosomal DNA replication we have begun to identify homologous proteins in an organism that can be genetically manipulated. Here we report the identification of yeast replication factor-A (yRF-A) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and show that it is functionally and structurally related to a human protein that is required for the initiation and elongation of SV40 DNA replication. Yeast RF-A, a multi-subunit phosphoprotein, is similar to the human protein in its chromatographic behaviour, subunit structure and DNA-binding activity. The yeast protein will fully substitute for the human protein in an early stage of the initiation of SV40 DNA replication. Substitution of yRF-A in the complete SV40 replication system, however, results in reduced DNA replication, presumably due to a requirement for species-specific interactions between yeast RF-A and the DNA polymerase complex.
A silicon flexode an adaptive p−n junction device

Abstract The lithium flexode, a p−n junction device whose I–V characteristic is reversibly adjustable and which heretofore has been made only with germanium, has now been made with silicon. The silicon flexode was batch fabricated by doping a silicon wafer with lithium to about 8 × 1017 atoms/cm3 and then forming a shallow p−n alloy junction using aluminum. Experimentally, the silicon flexode was evaluated primarily as a bistable switch operating between a rectifying or diode-state (D) and a conducting-state (C)). Electrical signals only (with their attendant Joulean heating) were used to obtain I–V adjustment. The largest change in back resistance obtained in the silicon flexode was about five orders of magnitude. Switching from the D- to C-states ordinarily took about 1 sec. However, the inverse C to D switching process required the input of substantial power (about 1 W) and usually took several minutes, although a switching time as low as 20 sec was measured. In addition, it was found that the silicon flexode can be switched in either direction to intermediate states which remain stable at room-temperature. Lithium precipitation, after cooling from the diffusion temperature, was not observed in our experiments with both quartz-crucible and floating-zone silicon. This is at variance with previously published findings. The difference is probably related to an effect, perhaps lattice strain, introduced by our diffusion technique.
A version of Brauer's theorem for integer central functions

In this article we prove an effective version of the classical Brauer’s Theorem for integer class functions on finite groups.
Knowledge through partnerships: integrating marine protected area monitoring and ocean observing systems

Escalating concern over the state of coastal marine ecosystems highlights the need for a better understanding of how such systems are structured by physical, biological, and chemical processes, and how human activities interact with these processes. Marine protected area (MPA) networks are being established around the world, in an effort to protect marine populations, communities, and ecosystems. Concurrently, ocean observing systems (OOSs) are being developed and implemented to identify and describe changes in the coastal oceans. Because marine ecosystems are strongly influenced by oceanographic processes, proper interpretation of ecological data to assess MPA performance requires information generated by coastal OOSs. At the same time, OOSs designed with the goal of identifying ecosystem responses to climate change require information from long-term ecological monitoring studies of MPAs. Collaborative integration between ecological and oceanographic monitoring programs is central to elucidating both the role of MPAs for conservation and the influence of climate change on marine ecosystems.
Spectral Imaging for Brain Tumor Margin Demarcation

The transition from probe-based spectroscopy to spectral imaging induces lineshape changes in fluorescence and diffuse reflectance. Correcting these effects enables discrimination algorithms determined from probe-based spectroscopy to be applied for surgical guidance with spectral imaging.
The Influence of Granular Base Characteristics on Upper Bound Shakedown of Pavement Structures

In this paper a numerical methodology for determining the upper bound shakedown load is presented. This methodology is used to study the shakedown load of typical pavement sections with granular bases. Results obtained from a matrix of numerical runs are used to establish empirical correlations between shakedown limit (i.e. applied pressure on the surface of the pavement at shakedown) and other system properties. Correlations are also established for the critical response parameters of the pavement components at shakedown. These correlations are used in a sensitivity analysis to determine the relative influence of the base characteristics on shakedown limit. The effect of loss of base modulus and shear strength as a result of increased pore water pressure under saturated conditions of the base is also investigated.
Alpha biofeedback therapy in alcoholics: An 18-month follow-up

In an earlier study on patients with alcohol problems, an experimental group given 10 hour-long alpha biofeedback training sessions showed greater improvement on State and Trait Anxiety scores than did a control sample. In the present study an 18-month follow-up was done on those Ss. The differences between the experimentals and controls in State and Trait Anxiety after 18 months were essentially identical to the differences between them immediately after treatment, which indicates that alpha training had long-range therapeutic effects. A difference between the groups on the Alcohol Rehabilitation Followup Questionnaire also suggested that alpha training may have been associated with some reduction in alcohol consumption as well.
Molecular Mechanism of Inositol Hexaphosphate-mediated Apoptosis in Human Malignant Glioblastoma T98G Cells

Glioblastoma is the deadliest brain tumor in humans. Current therapies are mostly ineffective and new agents need to be explored for controlling this devastating disease. Inositol hexaphosphate (IP6) is a phytochemical that is widely found in corns, cereals, nuts, and high fiber-content foods. Previous studies demonstrated anti-cancer properties of IP6 in several in vitro and in vivo tumor models. However, therapeutic efficacy of IP6 has not yet been evaluated in glioblastoma. Here, we explored the molecular mechanism of action of IP6 in human malignant glioblastoma T98G cells. The viability of T98G cells decreased following treatment with increasing doses of IP6. T98G cells exposed to 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mM IP6 for 24 h showed morphological and biochemical features of apoptosis. Western blotting indicated changes in expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins resulting in an increase in Bax:Bcl-2 ratio and upregulation of cytosolic levels of cytochrome c and Smac/Diablo, suggesting involvement of mitochondria-dependent caspase cascade in apoptosis. IP6 downregulated cell survival factors such as baculovirus inhibitor-of-apoptosis repeat containing-2 (BIRC-2) protein and telomerase to promote apoptosis. Upregulation of calpain and caspase-9 occurred in course of apoptosis. Increased activities of calpain and caspase-3 cleaved 270 kD α-spectrin at specific sites generating 145 kD spectrin break down product (SBDP) and 120 kD SBDP, respectively. Increased caspase-3 activity also cleaved inhibitor of caspase-3-activated DNase and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Collectively, our results demonstrated that IP6 down regulated the survival factors BIRC-2 and telomerase and upregulated calpain and caspase-3 activities for apoptosis in T98G cells.