cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Avian community response to pine flatwoods management

Across the southeastern United States, changing disturbance regimes threaten the integrity of pine flatwoods, reducing their suitability as habitat for a variety of avian species, many of which are considered of conservation priority. Prescribed burning and roller chopping are management practices widely used in pine flatwoods to control shrubs and increase the growth of herbaceous vegetation. However, the impacts these treatments have on this system and its associated avian communities are largely unknown. We examined the effects of prescribed burning and roller chopping on pine flatwoods avian communities using a paired sample approach. Avian communities were compared between treated (e.g., burned) and untreated areas. We considered abundance and richness of all birds, but also groups of conservation concern, and those likely impacted by seasonal management practices (e.g., breeding and non-breeding categories, and woodland, successional-scrub, and grassland guilds). Dormant season burning resulted in decreases in avian species richness and abundance within the non-breeding, overwintering community. In situations where the maintenance or enhancement of this avian group is desired, growing season burning appears beneficial and should be used in preference to dormant season burning. Growing season burning benefited breeding avian communities, resulting in increases in species richness and abundance within this group. Dormant season roller chopping had no effect on species richness or abundance of any avian category or guild. Increases in abundance within breeding avian communities were observed following growing season roller chopping and a roller chopping/burning combination. Grazing, did not mediate the effects of prescribed burning or roller chopping on avian species richness or abundance. The use of dormant season burning is likely inappropriate in situations where conservation and management of non-breeding, overwintering species is a priority. The use of growing season roller chopping appears to provide a potential treatment alternative in situations where positive effects on breeding species are desired. Overall, maintenance of avian abundance and richness may be best achieved through the diverse application of prescribed burning and roller chopping based on season, frequency, and space.
Catholic Charities and Community Services of the Archdiocese of Denver Kinship Care Program

Catholic Charities Kinship Care Program has been a member of the Relatives as Parents Program (RAPP) since 2002 and supports families that are raising relatives' children due to parents' death, dru...
A procedure for preparing a multielectrode lead for intracerebral recordings

Abstract The procedures followed at the Rochester State Hospital for making and properly connecting the multielectrode leads used in patients for intracerebral recordings have been described in this note.
Quasi-parton distribution functions: a study in the diquark spectator model

Abstract A set of quasi-parton distribution functions (quasi-PDFs) have been recently proposed by Ji. Defined as the matrix elements of equal-time spatial correlations, they can be computed on the lattice and should reduce to the standard PDFs when the proton momentum P z is very large. Since taking the P z → ∞ limit is not feasible in lattice simulations, it is essential to provide guidance for which values of P z the quasi-PDFs are good approximations of standard PDFs. Within the framework of the spectator diquark model, we evaluate both the up and down quarks' quasi-PDFs and standard PDFs for all leading-twist distributions (unpolarized distribution f 1 , helicity distribution g 1 , and transversity distribution h 1 ). We find that, for intermediate parton momentum fractions x, quasi-PDFs are good approximations to standard PDFs (within 20–30%) when P z ≳ 1.5 – 2 GeV . On the other hand, for large x ∼ 1 much larger P z > 4 GeV is necessary to obtain a satisfactory agreement between the two sets. We further test the Soffer positivity bound, and find that it does not hold in general for quasi-PDFs.
Ultrastructural architecture of pulmonary small‐granule cell clusters in adult syrian golden hamster

Throughout the epithelial lining of the respiratory system is a class of cells with characteristics similar to Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation (APUD) polypeptide hormone-producing cells. In the intrapulmonary airways, these small-granule cells (SGCs) occur either singly or in organized clusters. Although no specific peptide has yet been identified, subclasses have been postulated based on granule geometry or light microscopic staining. The present study characterizes the architectonic and cellular organization of clustered SGCs in the adult Syrian golden hamster. Two morphologically distinct cells can be defined in such clusters, "light" and "dark." Thid distinction was based primarily on differences in the electron density of the cytoplasmic matrix rather than on the remarkable variations in cellular organelles or dense-core secretory vesicles. Both cell types were normal as judged by uniform spherical nuclei, chromatin organization, and distribution of cellular organelles. The "dark" cells, however, presented the profile of a cell actively involved in synthesis with a markedly dilated perinuclear cisterna and endoplasmic reticulum. Additionally, the "dark" cells contained membrane-delimited structures containing concentric membranous whorls, clear vacuoles, and lipofuscin granules. Occasionally, cells were observed to contain features of both cell types, suggesting that they may represent a continuum of common cell lineage. Accordingly, in the absence of additional morphologic or biochemical data, the "light" and "dark" cells most probably correspond to different stages of functional activity or age-related changes of a single type of cell. Unmyelinated nerve endings were occasionally interposed between cells, but synaptic specializations were not observed. Beneath the clusters, nerve fibers were also present, but they were never observed to penetrate the basal lamina or contact any of the SGCs. Of equal occurrence were elements of the vascular system and smooth muscle, suggesting that some SGCs in the adult hamster may function in a paracrine or endocrine manner. Such knowledge is essential to any study attempting to delineate the functional role or roles of these enigmatic organoids.
The radioactive decay of 170Re

Abstract A new, highly neutron deficient isotope, 170 Re, T 1 2 = 8.0±0.5 s , has been produced via the 159 Tb( 20 Ne, 9n) reaction at beam energies of 180 MeV. The helium-jet transport technique was used to study the decay. Results from singles and coincidence γ -ray spectroscopy are reported.
The recovery of staphylococcal enterotoxin from bacterial culture supernatants by ion exchange

A method has been developed for the recovery of enterotoxin from bacterial culture supernatants of staphylococcus strain S-6 by use of the ion-exchange resin Amberlite XE-64 (IRC-50). The enterotoxin from 200 ml of bacterial culture supernatant diluted with one volume of water and adjusted to pH 6 can be removed with 1 g of resin pretreated with 0·02 M sodium phosphate, pH 6·2. The enterotoxin is recovered from the resin with 0·2 M sodium phosphate, pH 6·2, with subsequent precipitation with EtOH at −10°C, dialysis, and freeze drying. Partially purified preparations containing 1 emetic dose per 50μg were obtained.
High temperature deformation of NbTiAl alloys with σ + γ microstructure

Abstract The deformation behavior of an alloy with composition 27Nb33Ti40Al was evaluated at 1000 °C using compression and creep testing. In this alloy, σ -Nb 2 Al + γ -TiAl duplex microstructures with different degrees of coarseness and morphology but similar volume fractions of the phases were obtained through suitable aging treatments. The compressive flow curves of both microstructures revealed flow softening, which has been attributed to dynamic recrystallization of the γ phase. During deformation, the σ phase underwent a fragmentation process by which it broke up into smaller particles. The degree of fragmentation increased with decreases in strain rate and σ phase particle size. The main mechanism involved in the fragmentation process has been identified as grain boundary sliding. The coarser microstructure exhibited microcracking at high strain rates and large applied strains. The stress-strain rate relationship for both compression and creep tests followed a power law. For the specimen with a fine microstructure, the stress exponents were 1.9 and 3.1 while for the specimens with a coarse microstructure they were 3.2 and 4.5 for creep and compression testing respectively. These results are consistent with observation of grain boundary sliding in the σ phase and dislocation glide and twinning of the σ phase on deformation.
Dissolved-Oxygen Requirements of Three Species of Fish

Abstract Critical dissolved-oxygen levels and standard metabolic rates were determined for the bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus; largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides; and the channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, at 25° C., 30° C., and 35° C. Two types of experiments were conducted: shock tests in which the dissolved oxygen was dropped rapidly from near saturation to a critically low point; and acclimation tests in which the dissolved oxygen was lowered gradually over a longer period of time. The minimal dissolved oxygen survived by fish in acclimation tests was lower than that survived in shock tests at any given temperature. In shock tests the minimum dissolved oxygen survived by bluegills was 0.75 p.p.m. at 25° C., 1.00 p.p.m. at 30° C., and 1.23 p.p.m. at 35° C. Slightly higher values were obtained for the largemouth bass at all three temperatures and for the channel catfish at 25° C. and 30° C. At 35° C. the channel catfish was more tolerant of low dissolved oxygen than either the bluegill or largemou...
Susceptibility and Entropy of F -Centers in Alkali Halides below 1°K

The entropy and the paramagnetic susceptibility of $F$-centers in alkali halides below 1\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K for alkali nuclei with spin $\frac{3}{2}$ have been computed using the model of Kip et al. in which the predominant perturbation of the electron in the $F$-center is the magnetic interaction with the neighbor alkali nuclei. The lower limits of temperature possible by magnetic cooling of such systems are set forth and considerations are given as to the practical possibility of such cooling of $F$-center assemblies.
Modeling hysteretic nonlinear behavior of bridge aerodynamics via cellular automata nested neural network

A new approach to model aerodynamic nonlinearities in the time domain utilizing an artificial neural network (ANN) framework with embedded cellular automata (CA) scheme has been developed. This nonparametric modeling approach has shown good promise in capturing the hysteretic nonlinear behavior of aerodynamic systems in terms of hidden neurons involving higher-order terms. Concurrent training of a set of higher-order neural networks facilitates a unified approach for modeling the combined analysis of flutter and buffeting of cable-supported bridges. Accordingly the influence of buffeting response on the self-excited forces can be captured, including the contribution of damping and coupling effects on the buffeting response. White noise is intentionally introduced to the input data to enhance the robustness of the trained neural network embedded with optimal typology of CA. The effectiveness of this approach and its applications are discussed by way of modeling the aerodynamic behavior of a single-box girder cross-section bridge deck (2-D) under turbulent wind conditions. This approach can be extended to a full-bridge (3-D) model that also takes into account the correlation of aerodynamic forces along the bridge axis. This novel application of data-driven modeling has shown a remarkable potential for applications to bridge aerodynamics and other related areas.
Mechanisms of the catalytic carbon monoxide oxidation on Pt (110)

Abstract The kinetics of the carbon monoxide oxidation on a clean Pt (110) crystal were investigated in an ultra-high vacuum system by utilizing Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction and residual gas analysis. Two different catalytic reaction mechanisms were found to prevail for the experimental conditions chosen. In the temperature range, 100 T ⩽ 220°C, where essentially CO was preadsorbed on the Pt surface the subsequent adsorption of O 2 was competitive and the reaction exhibited the characteristics of a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism. In this case the onset of the CO 2 formation was delayed by a characteristic time which depended strongly on temperature (“induction period”). A simple model for the Langmuir-Hinshelwood reaction was developed which permitted a more detailed evaluation of the kinetic curves yielding an activation energy for the catalytic reaction of 2.9 kcal/mole. On the other hand, when oxygen was preadsorbed on the Pt surface ( T > 90°C) the subsequent reaction with CO occurred immediately and was temperature independent. This behavior was interpreted in terms of an Eley-Rideal mechanism. Both reactions were used for titration of the adsorbed species. From area measurements under the titration curves it was concluded that the saturation coverage for CO and oxygen on Pt(110) is approximately the same.
Indigenous Education and Grassroots Language Planning in the USA.

What if the children "forget" the heritage language? This testimony by Dorothy Begay, a grandmother and long-time resident of the Navajo community of Rough Rock, Arizona cuts to the heart of language planning issues in Native American communities. Her statement also captures the enormity of the task at hand: With the penetration of English into public and private domains so seemingly complete, can a stable balance between the heritage language and English be achieved?
Arm gesture variations during presentations are correlated with conjunctions indicating contrast

Studies in linguistics and psychology have long observed correlations between gestures and content in speech. We explore an aspect of this phenomena within the framework of the automatic classification of upper body gestures. We demonstrate a correlation between the variances of natural arm motions and the presence of those conjunctions that are used to contrast connected clauses ("but", "neither", etc.). We examine educational lectures automatically, by first modeling speaker head-torso-arms and then extracting statistical features of their image flows. An AdaBoost-based binary classifier using decision trees as weak learners classifies videos according to whether its speech content contains such conjunctions. Our database of 3.83 hours of video is segmented into 4243 clips, each with subtitles; speakers are of different ethnicities and genders, discussing a variety of subject matter. We show that training on the set of all conjunctions produces a classifier that performs no better than chance, but that training on sets of conjunctions indicating contrast are capable of achieving 55% accuracy on a balanced test set. We speculate that such gestures are used to emphasize underlying semantic complexity, and that such classifiers can be used in presentation video browsers to locate semantically significant video segments.
Methods for detecting DNA methylation in tumors: From bench to bedside

Tumor-acquired changes in DNA methylation are the focus of research in an increasing number of basic, translational, and clinical laboratories around the world. In the laboratory, genome-wide technologies such as expression and DNA microarrays have been adapted to analyze patterns of DNA methylation and to screen for novel disease markers. Other technologies that are relatively inexpensive and highly sensitive such as methylation-specific PCR (MSP), or quantitative, such as quantitative MSP and pyrosequencing are widely used in retrospective studies and have potential in a diagnostic setting. In the near future, it may be possible to screen patients for common cancers using DNA methylation signatures as well as to measure patient responses to treatment, to identify patients at increased risk, or to monitor interventions designed to reduce cancer incidence. In this article, we review genome-wide and quantitative, high- resolution methods for methylation analysis that are used in the laboratory and clinic, and discuss their potential for use in a clinical setting.
Review of nonlinear tracking and setpoint control approaches for autonomous underactuated marine vehicles

A review of different approaches to setpoint, trajectory tracking, and path following control for autonomous underactuated surface vessels is presented in this work. The review is focused on rigorous control approaches developed using planar autonomous surface vessel models over approximately the last two decades. The controllers are categorized into setpoint, trajectory tracking, and path following approaches with further classification into discontinuous and smooth time-varying control laws for the setpoint control approaches. An overview of the formulation, advantages, and disadvantages of each approach is presented. Although much progress has been made in autonomous underactuated surface vessel control, there remains a need for the evolution of these approaches to achieve robust, real-time control laws that can be implemented on actual autonomous Unmanned Surface Vessel (USV) platforms in the presence of high sea states and external disturbances in uncertain and unstructured environments.
Fast additions on masked integers

Suppose the bits of a computer word are partitioned into d disjoint sets, each of which is used to represent one of a d-tuple of cartesian indices into d-dimensional space. Then, regardless of the partition, simple group operations and comparisons can be implemented for each index on a conventional processor in a sequence of two or three register operations.These indexings allow any blocked algorithm from linear algebra to use some non-standard matrix orderings that increase locality and enhance their performance. The underlying implementations were designed for alternating bit postitions to index Morton-ordered matrices, but they apply, as well, to any bit partitioning. A hybrid ordering of the elements of a matrix becomes possible, therefore, with row-/column-major ordering within cache-sized blocks and Morton ordering of those blocks, themselves. So, one can enjoy the temporal locality of nested blocks, as well as compiler optimizations on row- or column-major ordering in base blocks.
Mitochondrial membrane fatty acids of liver and heart of the euthermic and hibernating ground squirrel (Citellus tridecemlineatus).

Abstract The fatty acid composition of liver and heart mitochondria of young and adult euthermic and hibernating ground squirrels Citellus tridecemlineatus were determined by gas chromatography. The liver mitochondria of young (first time in hibernation) have more palmitate and less stearic and linoleic than their euthermic controls. Arachidonic acid was absent in the control and hibernator and eicosapentaenoic and docosahexenoic acids were also absent only in the hibernators. The adult squirrels differed from young squirrels by the presence of arachadonic acid in the adult euthermic animals and its decline in the adult hibernator. A second major difference was the absence of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexenoic acids in the adult control and hibernator. The heart mitochondrial fatty acids, palmitic, stearic and oleic increased and linoleic acid decreased in the young hibernator. The unsaturation and polyunsaturation indexes fell and the monounsaturated index increased compared to the euthermic controls. The adult hibernator showed no significant changes in heart mitochondrial fatty acids when compared to the euthermic controls.
Adaptive feature-specific imaging

Adaptive feature-specific imaging is applied in two applications: image reconstruction and target detection. We demonstrate significant reduction in number of measurements required to achieve a given performance as compared to static feature-specific imaging.
Downstream variation in bankfull width of wadeable streams across the conterminous United States

Abstract Bankfull channel width is a fundamental measure of stream size and a key parameter of interest for many applications in hydrology, fluvial geomorphology, and stream ecology. We developed downstream hydraulic geometry relationships for bankfull channel width w as a function of drainage area A , w = α A β , (DHG wA ) for nine aggregate ecoregions comprising the conterminous United States using 1588 sites from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Wadeable Streams Assessment (WSA), including 1152 sites from a randomized probability survey sample. Sampled stream reaches ranged from 1 to 75 m in bankfull width and 1 to 10,000 km 2 in drainage area. The DHG wA exponent β , which expresses the rate at which bankfull stream width scales with drainage area, fell into three distinct clusters ranging from 0.22 to 0.38. Width increases more rapidly with basin area in the humid Eastern Highlands (encompassing the Northern and Southern Appalachians and the Ozark Mountains) and the Upper Midwest (Great Lakes region) than for the West (both mountainous and xeric areas), the southeastern Coastal Plain, and the Northern Plains (the Dakotas and Montana). Stream width increases least rapidly with basin area in the Temperate Plains (cornbelt) and Southern Plains (Great Prairies) in the heartland. The coefficient of determination ( r 2 ) was least in the noncoastal plains (0.36–0.41) and greatest in the Appalachians and Upper Midwest (0.68–0.77). DHG wA equations differed between streams with dominantly fine bed material (silt/sand) and those with dominantly coarse bed material (gravel/cobble/boulder) in six of the nine analysis regions. Where DHG wA equations varied by sediment size, fine-bedded streams were consistently narrower than coarse-bedded streams. Within the Western Mountains ecoregion, where there were sufficient sites to develop DHG wA relationships at a finer spatial scale, α and β ranged from 1.23 to 3.79 and 0.23 to 0.40, respectively, with r 2 > 0.50 for 10 of 13 subregions (range: 0.36 to 0.92). Enhanced DHG equations incorporating additional data for three landscape variables that can be derived from GIS—mean annual precipitation, elevation, and mean reach slope—significantly improved equation fit and predictive value in several regions, most notably the Western Mountains and the Temperate Plains. Channel width was also related to human disturbance. We examined the influence of human disturbance on channel width using several indices of local and basinwide disturbance. Contrary to our expectations, the data suggest that the dominant response of channel width to human disturbance in the United States is a reduction in bankfull width in streams with greater disturbance, particularly in the Western Mountains (where population density, road density, agricultural land use, and local riparian disturbance were all negatively related to channel width) and in the Appalachians and New England (where urban and agricultural land cover and riparian disturbance were all negatively associated with channel width).
A basic approach to CKD

Metabolic acidosis often complicates chronic kidney disease (CKD) and adversely affects bone, nutrition, and metabolism. Phisitkul et al. demonstrate that sodium citrate may ameliorate kidney injury in CKD patients not on dialysis. Further, they provide evidence in humans that treatment lowers urinary endothelin levels, and hence increased endothelin may be part of the mechanism whereby acidosis hastens CKD progression.
Flux Capacitors and the Origin of Inertia

The explanation of inertia based on “Mach's principle” is briefly revisited and an experiment whereby the gravitational origin of inertia can be tested is described. The test consists of detecting a small stationary force with a sensitive force sensor. The force is presumably induced when a periodic transient Mach effect mass fluctuation is driven in high voltage, high energy density capacitors that are subjected to 50 kHz, 1.3 kV amplitude voltage signal, and threaded by an alternating magnetic flux of the same frequency. An effect of the sort predicted is shown to be present in the device tested. It has the expected magnitude and depends on the relative phase of the Mach effect mass fluctuation and the alternating magnetic flux as expected. The observed effect also displays scaling behaviors that are unique to Mach effects. Other tests for spurious signals suggest that the observed effect is real.
Early detection of prenatal substance exposure and the role of child welfare

Abstract Substance use during pregnancy is a public health concern that has potential short- and long-term effects for infants and young children. Ongoing parental substance abuse and the home environment have significant consequences for infant and child development. Pregnancy may be an ideal time to address maternal substance abuse; however, early detection of prenatal substance use is complicated by a number of political/legal, economic, and social/attitudinal barriers. Addressing the needs of substance-exposed infants requires coordination of prevention (education and screening) and early intervention by multiple agencies, including child welfare. This article focuses on early detection of prenatal substance abuse, with attention to the role of the child welfare field. The article reviews the policy context for early detection and presents the results from a review of screening instruments for detecting substance use in pregnant women. The article concludes with a discussion of the implications of the findings for collaboration between programs and child welfare practice.
On improving line detection in noisy images

Abstract A method for optimizing the performance of the line detector described by Duda and Hart is presented. Comparisons of the error probabilities for the optimal and previous schemes are made. A method for approximating the optimal scheme is also presented.
Tri-phasic expression of posterior Hox genes during development of pectoral fins in zebrafish: implications for the evolution of vertebrate paired appendages.

Abstract During development of the limbs, Hox genes belonging to the paralogous groups 9–13 are expressed in three distinct phases, which play key roles in the segmental patterning of limb skeletons. In teleost fishes, which have a very different organization in their fin skeletons, it is not clear whether a similar patterning mechanism is at work. To determine whether Hox genes are also expressed in several distinct phases during teleost paired fin development, we re-analyzed the expression patterns of hox9–13 genes during development of pectoral fins in zebrafish. We found that, similar to tetrapod Hox genes, expression of hoxa/d genes in zebrafish pectoral fins occurs in three distinct phases, in which the most distal/third phase is correlated with the development of the most distal structure of the fin, the fin blade. Like in tetrapods, hox gene expression in zebrafish pectoral fins during the distal/third phase is dependent upon sonic hedgehog signaling (hoxa and hoxd genes) and the presence of a long-range enhancer (hoxa genes), which indicates that the regulatory mechanisms underlying tri-phasic expression of Hox genes have remained relatively unchanged during evolution. Our results suggest that, although simpler in organization, teleost fins do have a distal structure that might be considered comparable to the autopod region of limbs.
Education in the New Millennium: The Case for Design-Based Learning.

This article focuses on current examples of project or design-based learning at the secondary school level in the context of the increasing importance of creativity and innovative thinking in the twenty-first century. The authors argue that students today learn more effectively in pedagogical practices that emphasise holistic thinking, active learning, visual media and problem-solving. Design-based learning presents new ways for realising long-term goals and learning outcomes. The purpose of this article is to investigate best practices of design education in the community and to propose instructional resource examples on design to K-12 school teachers. This article points out the importance of systemised process for the work of design-based teachers and learners, addresses the study of design as a subject of investigation and a mode of inquiry that engages a variety of student learning styles and makes direct connections between subjects and problem-solving in daily life. Our belief is that the case studies explored in this article represent the seeds of a new model of education based on creative and applied learning. The exemplar communities chosen for onsite research are the education department of the Cooper-Hewitt National Design Museum in New York City and the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, California, USA.
The 8-hydroxyguanine content of isolated mitochondria increases with lipid peroxidation

Abstract When lipid peroxidation was induced in isolated mitochondria there was a marked increase in the 8-hydroxyguanine content of the nucleic acids extracted from these mitochondria. The elevation of 8-hydroxyguanine levels was associated with an extensive alteration of normal electrophoretic mobility of mitochondrial DNA. However, suppression of lipid peroxidation with α-tocopherol proportionally attenuated 8-hydroxyguanine production and limited the electrophoretic mobility change of mitochondrial DNA.
Perception of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) by loggerhead sea turtles: a possible mechanism for locating high-productivity oceanic regions for foraging

SUMMARY During their long-distance migrations, sea turtles of several species feed on jellyfish and other invertebrates that are particularly abundant in ocean regions characterized by high productivity. An ability to distinguish productive oceanic regions from other areas, and to concentrate foraging activities in locations where prey density is highest, might therefore be adaptive. The volatile compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS) accumulates in the air above productive ocean areas such as upwelling and frontal zones. In principle, DMS might therefore serve as an indicator of high prey density for turtles. To determine whether turtles perceive DMS, juvenile loggerhead sea turtles ( Caretta caretta ) were placed into a water-filled arena in which DMS and other odorants could be introduced to the air above the water surface. Turtles exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing 10 nmol l −1 DMS spent more time at the surface with their noses out of the water than control turtles, which were exposed to air that had passed over a cup containing distilled water. Odors that do not occur in the sea (cinnamon, jasmine and lemon) did not elicit increased surface time, implying that the response to DMS is unlikely to reflect a generalized response to any novel odor. The results demonstrate for the first time that sea turtles can detect DMS, an ability that might enable the identification of favorable foraging areas.
Theory of subsurface occupation, ordered structures, and order-disorder transitions for hydrogen on Pd(111).

The embedded-atom method (EAM) is applied to the calculation of the structure and phase diagram of H/Pd(111). Many-atom interactions are included inherently in the EAM, leading to substrate-mediated adatom interactions. The EAM predicts the occupation of both surface and subsurface sites forming two (\ensuremath{\surd}3 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} \ensuremath{\surd}3 )R30\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} structures at coverages of CTHETA=(1/3) and (2/3) monolayers. Zero-point energy corrections to the classical energies are required. In addition, the EAM is combined with Monte Carlo simulations to predict the critical temperatures of the order-disorder transformation. The symmetries of the predicted structures agree with the experimental low-energy electron diffraction patterns. The predicted critical temperatures of 120 and 110 K at CTHETA=(1/3) and (2/3) monolayers, respectively, are in excellent agreement with the experimental values of 85 and 105 K.
Energy-Aware Node Selection for Localization

This work presents node selection algorithms in a resource-constrained environment where the algorithms maintain a desirable geolocation accuracy while extending the tracking lifetime of the system. The sensor manager simply selects an active set of nodes for a given snapshot by maximizing a utility function under the geolocation constraint. The utility function serves as a surrogate for the effective network lifetime. Three utility functions are considered: energy consumption (EC), remaining energy (RE), and current lifetime (CL). A general h-horizon node selection algorithm is formulated for a generic utility function. Then, the node selection algorithms corresponding to the three utilities are tested for the myopic (h = 1) and h = 2 cases. The results indicate that the RE and CL utilities lead to longer effective network lifetimes than the EC utility.
Distribution of Dark and Luminous Mass in Galaxies

A uniform scale relation between dark and baryonic matter is observed in galaxies over a broad range of physical parameter space. The ratio of dark to baryonic mass is found to increase proportionately with radial distance in observational data spanning a wide dynamic range of morphological type, rotation velocity, radius, surface density, and mass. This close relation between dark and baryonic mass poses a fine-tuning problem for galaxy formation models. Such a uniform scale relation, extending from the inner galactic region to the outermost kinematic data point, may play a role in clarifying the dark matter phenomenon.
Wintgen Ideal Surfaces in Four-dimensional Neutral Indefinite Space Form \({R^4_2(c)}\)

For an oriented space-like surface M in a four-dimensional indefinite space form\({R^4_2(c)}\), there is a Wintgen type inequality; namely, the Gauss curvature K, the normal curvature KD and mean curvature vector H of M in \({R^4_2(c)}\) satisfy the general inequality: \({K+K^D \geq \langle H,H \rangle+c}\). An oriented space-like surface in \({R^4_2(c)}\) is called Wintgen ideal if it satisfies the equality case of the inequality identically. In this paper, we study Wintgen ideal surfaces in \({R^4_2(c)}\) . In particular, we classify Wintgen ideal surfaces in \({R^4_2(c)}\) with constant Gauss and normal curvatures. We also completely classify Wintgen ideal surfaces in \({\mathbb E^4_2}\) satisfying |K| = |KD| identically.
OSMOTIC PROPERTIES OF THE EGG CELLS OF THE OYSTER (OSTREA VIRGINICA)

Investigations of the osmotic properties of oyster eggs by a diffraction method for measuring volumes have led to the following conclusions: 1. The product of cell volume and osmotic pressure is approximately constant, if allowance is made for osmotically inactive cell contents (law of Boyle-van't Hoff). The space occupied by osmotically inactive averages 44 per cent of cell volume. 2. Volume changes over a wide range of pressures are reversible, indicating that the semipermeability of the cell during such changes remains intact. 3. The kinetics of endosmosis and of exosmosis are described by the equation, See PDF for Equation, where dV is rate of volume change; S, surface area of cell, (P-Pe), the difference in osmotic pressure between cell interior and medium, and K, the permeability of the cell to water. 4. Permeability to water during endosmosis is 0.6µ3 of water per minute, per square micron of cell surface, per atmosphere of pressure. The value of permeability for exosmosis is closely the same; in this respect the egg cell of the oyster appears to be a more perfect osmometer than the other marine cells which have been studied. Permeability to water computed by the equation given above is in good agreement with computations by the entirely different method devised by Jacobs. 5. Permeability to diethylene glycol averages 27.2, and to glycerol 20.7. These values express the number of mols x 10–15 which enter per minute through each square micron of cell surface at a concentration difference of 1 mol per liter and a temperature of 22.5°C. 6. Values for permeability to water and to the solutes tested are considerably higher for the oyster egg than for other forms of marine eggs previously examined. 7. The oyster egg because of its high degree of permeability is a natural osmometer particularly suitable for the study of the less readily penetrating solutes.
Improving the efficiency of drug use disorder screening in psychiatric settings: validation of a single-item screen.

AbstractBackground: Co-occurring drug use disorders are under-detected in psychiatrically ill populations highlighting the need for more efficient screening tools. Objectives: This study compares a single-item screening tool, previously validated in a primary care setting, to the 10-item Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) for identifying co-occurring drug use disorders among patients with severe psychiatric illness. Methods: A total of 395 patients attending a psychiatric partial hospital program completed both the single-item screen and DAST-10. A subsample of consecutive patients (n = 67) was also administered the Structure Clinical Interview for DSM-IV (SCID-IV) as a diagnostic reference standard. Results: Concordance between screening measures was moderate (κ = 0.4, p < 0.01). Sensitivity and specificity of the single-item screen and DAST-10 as compared to the SCID-IV were comparable, while area under the receiver operating curve showed better discriminatory power for the identification of drug use d...
The Index of Teaching Stress: A Measure of Student-Teacher Compatibility.

Abstract Student-teacher compatibility has been defined as the degree to which the capacities, motivations, and style of behaving of a student are compatible with the expectations, demands, and other characteristics of his or her teacher. Despite its conceptual appeal, student-teacher compatibility has been a difficult construct to operationalize and quantify. As a consequence, measures of student-teacher compatibility are scarce. In this article, we suggest that “teaching stress” be conceptualized as one possible gauge of student-teacher compatibility, in the same manner that parenting stress can be construed as an index of parent-child compatibility. We introduce the Index of Teaching Stress (ITS), an instrument distinguished by its focus on the stress experienced by a teacher in interactions with a specific student rather than on more global aspects of teacher stress assessed by existing measures. The potential practical and research applications of the ITS are also discussed.
Genetic engineering of rice to resist rice tungro disease

Rice tungro disease (RTD), caused by the co-infection of rice tungro bacilliform virus (RTBV) and rice tungro spherical virus, is one of the most important viral diseases of rice in South and Southeast Asia. The disease remains one of the major threats to sustainable rice production in many countries. The lack of resistance genes to RTBV—the causal agent of tungro disease—makes it even more difficult to manage RTD. In this review, we summarize previous and current research efforts to genetically engineer rice in order to increase the crop’s resistance to tungro disease, including the use of pathogen-derived resistance and of host genes that confer RTD resistance and/or that restrict feeding by the insect vector. The prospects of developing rice cultivars with durable resistance to RTD are also discussed.
Relation of endogenous opioid peptides and morphine to neuroendocrine functions

Abstract Morphine and the endogenous opioid peptides (EOP) exert similar effects on the neuroendocrine system. When adminstered acutely, they stimulate growth hormone (GH), prolactin (PRL), and adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) release, and inhibit release of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),and thyrotropin (TSH). Recent studies indicate that the EOP probably have a physiological role in regulating pituitary hormone secretion. Thus injection of naloxone (opiate antagonist) alone in rats resulted in a rapid fall in serum concentrations of GH and PRL, and a rise in serum LH and FSH, suggesting that the EOP help maintain basal secretion of these hormones. Prior administration of naloxone or naltrexon inhibited stress-induced PRL release, and elevated serum LH in castrated male rats to greater than normal castrate levels. Studies on the mechanisms of action of the EOP and morphine on hormone secretion indicate that they have no direct effect on the pituitary, but act via the hypothalamus. There is no evidence that the EOP or morphine alter the action of the hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones on pituitary hormone secretion; they probably act via hypothalamic neurotransmitters to influence release of the hypothalamic hormones into the pituitary portal vessels. Preliminary observations indicate that they may increase serotonin and decrease dopamine metabolism in the hypothalamus, which could account for practically all of their effects on pituitary hormone secretion.
Electrophysiologic testing in the upright position: Improved evaluation of patients with rhythm disturbances using a tilt table

Patients are traditionally evaluated in the supine position in the electrophysiology laboratory, although symptoms due to a cardiac rhythm disturbance are often maximal clinically during standing. The assumption of the upright position results in dependent displacement of blood, followed by prompt vasoconstriction to maintain arterial pressure. This normal response may aggravate tachyarrhythmias by increasing catecholamine levels or may precipitate vasodepressor syncope if the vasoconstrictor response is absent. The use of a tilt table during electrophysiologic testing was evaluated over a 12 month period in 104 patients having a mean age of 60 years (range 37 to 81): 59 with supraventricular tachycardia, 6 with vasovagal syncope and 39 with carotid sinus hypersensitivity. Twenty-three patients (22%) had significant abnormalities when upright that were not present when supine: eight patients with supraventricular tachycardia who had their clinical syndromes of palpitation and syncope reproduced when upright, but only minimal symptoms when supine; two patients with supraventricular tachycardia who had sustained atrioventricular reentry when upright, but only two to eight beats of tachycardia when supine; six patients with syncope and a normal cardiac evaluation before electrophysiologic testing who had their typical spells only after being placed upright during a vasovagal event and seven patients with carotid sinus hypersensitivity who had their clinical syndromes reproduced with carotid sinus massage only when upright, developing hypotension despite maintaining their heart rate with sinus rhythm or pacing (vasodepressor response). In 22% of patients, electrophysiologic testing in the upright position provided clinically important information that was not evident during standard testing in the supine position.
Intervention research: science, skills, and strategies

Despite a rich history of etiological research, the field of occupational safety and health does not have a rigorous history of research on what works and does not work to prevent and control occupational diseases and injuries. National and global transformations of economies and workplaces with enhanced competitiveness require more attention to options for interventions. A three-pronged approach to building a body of knowledge on intervention research in occupational health and safety is identified in this paper. The approach focuses on the science, skills, and strategies that can be useful in intervention research. Scientifically, researchers can draw on constructs and techniques from epidemiology, evaluation practice, and clinical trials. Experimental and nonexperimental approaches have value for occupational studies. The skills needed represent a range of disciplines beyond those traditional of health and safety; social scientists, economists, and organizational theorists often need to be part of research teams. Strategic approaches involve more labor-management partnerships, prospective study designs, and the use of intermediate and surrogate indicators. The strategic challenge will be to conduct intervention research against a backdrop of overriding political and economic pressures.
Dorsal Raphe Serotonin Neurons in Mice: Immature Hyperexcitability Transitions to Adult State during First Three Postnatal Weeks Suggesting Sensitive Period for Environmental Perturbation

Trauma during early life is a major risk factor for the development of anxiety disorders and suggests that the developing brain may be particularly sensitive to perturbation. Increased vulnerability most likely involves altering neural circuits involved in emotional regulation. The role of serotonin in emotional regulation is well established, but little is known about the postnatal development of the raphe where serotonin is made. Using whole-cell patch-clamp recording and immunohistochemistry, we tested whether serotonin circuitry in the dorsal and median raphe was functionally mature during the first 3 postnatal weeks in mice. Serotonin neurons at postnatal day 4 (P4) were hyperexcitable. The increased excitability was due to depolarized resting membrane potential, increased resistance, increased firing rate, lack of 5-HT1A autoreceptor response, and lack of GABA synaptic activity. Over the next 2 weeks, membrane resistance decreased and resting membrane potential hyperpolarized due in part to potassium current activation. The 5-HT1A autoreceptor-mediated inhibition did not develop until P21. The frequency of spontaneous inhibitory and excitatory events increased as neurons extended and refined their dendritic arbor. Serotonin colocalized with vGlut3 at P4 as in adulthood, suggesting enhanced release of glutamate alongside enhanced serotonin release. Because serotonin affects circuit development in other brain regions, altering the developmental trajectory of serotonin neuron excitability and release could have many downstream consequences. We conclude that serotonin neuron structure and function change substantially during the first 3 weeks of life during which external stressors could potentially alter circuit formation.
Scaling Usability in Terms of Requirements: A Method for Evaluating User Interfaces

Software usability should be scaled in terms of the probability that a user interface will meet established usability requirements. This paper describes a scaling procedure that first estimates the distribution of common usability metrics and then calculates the probability that a user interface will meet a specific requirement. A series of Monte Carlo simulations showed that even with a small sample of usability test participants, the scaling procedure remained unbiased and could accurately differentiate usable from unusable user interfaces.
Small intestinal incarceration through an omental rent in a horse

Summary Intestinal incarceration in an omental rent is a rare abdominal disorder in horses. A case of a horse with small intestinal incarceration in an omental rent is described here. The report includes description of the clinical presentation, surgical and post mortem findings and discusses the features unique to this case. The clinical presentation is similar to other small intestinal strangulation lesions; however, the location of the lesion is unusual and the anatomical relation to the gastrosplenic ligament interesting.