cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
p-Nitrophenylacetate hydrolysis by honey bee esterases: kinetics and inhibition.

1. The kinetics and inhibition of ρ-nitrophenylacetate hydrolysis by cytosolic esterases of 1-day old female honey bees, Apis mellifera L., were studied.2. The calculated values obtained were Km = 2.27x 10−5M and Vmax = 2.48 × 10−8mol/s per mg protein.3. The inhibition mechanisms examined for four organophosphorus insecticides were highly competitive in nature and based on competitive inhibition coefficients the order of toxicity was naled >dichlorvos>cis-mevinphos = trans-mevinphos.4. Comparisons are made with the alfalfa leafcutting bee, Megachile rotundata (Fab).
Population recovery following differential harvesting of Allium tricoccum Ait. in the southern Appalachians

Over 100 native herbaceous forest perennials are harvested in the United States. Management of these populations for continued survival requires information on the long-term effects of varied harvesting levels on populations of forest perennials. Allium tricoccum Ait. is a species that is harvested throughout its range for its edible bulb. We examined the recovery of A. tricoccum populations over a 5-year period following experimental harvests of different intensity to predict the number of years required to return to pre-harvest levels and to establish guidelines for sustainable harvesting. Our harvest treatments included removal of 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of plants within experimental plots. Treatments were repeated at three sites. Population recovery was monitored for 4 years at two sites and 7 years at one site. We found a relationship between the level of harvest and the negative impacts on populations of A. tricoccum, with limited population recovery in the 4 years following harvesting. We projected recovery times as a function of harvest level using a population projection model. Deterministic projections of recovery time ranged from 148 years for a 95% harvest to 2.5 years for a 5% harvest. Incorporating stochasticity into our projections increased the uncertainty in our estimates of recovery time. For example the recovery time from a 5% harvest ranged from 1 to 89 years (95% confidence limit). Based on our results, a 10% harvest once every 10 years would, on average, be a sustainable level of harvest for A. tricoccum in southern Appalachian forests.
Rare and unusual arthropod ecology, behavior and occurrence at hummingbird feeders in northern California

Abstract This paper reports eight rare and unusual arthropod occurrences at hummingbird feeders. A census was taken of a sucrose filled feeder that was observed for small arthropods from 1990–2001 in Sacramento, California. One water-filled control feeder was added on 1 May 1997 and data were collected twice daily at feeders. The following taxa were collected from the sucrose feeder except as indicated: 1) a new North American record for the psocid, Lachesilla quercus (Kolbe); 2) a new species of Megaselia (Phoridae) that is pending description; 3) the terrestrial chironomid, Smittia aterrima (Meigen) was also attracted to the water feeder; 4) the lepidopteran larva, Tineola basselliella (Hummel) (Tineidae); 5) a pupa of the aquatic chironomid, Heterotrissocladius sp.; 6) the rare soil mite, Iphidozercon corticalis Lindquist, may be associated with the Anna hummingbird, Calypte anna (Lesson) or insects (Diptera adults) as a phoretic host; 7) underwater funnel webs of the yellow sac spider, Cheirocanthium ...
Surface Plasmon Enabled Sub-Wavelength Nano-Cavity Laser

We propose a subwavelength diode laser structure enabled by the surface plasmonic nanocavity which possesses good thermal dissipation, strong optical confinement, and large effective index. The laser model is developed and the threshold current <25 muA is predicted with 5 quantum wells in the active region.
Historical Perspectives on Legal Pluralism

Historical research represents our richest vein of information about the workings of legal pluralism. Before the long nineteenth century, all legal orders featured jurisdictional tensions without strong claims of legal hegemony by states. In a world in which plural legal orders were the norm, multicentric jurisdictional orders created continuities across diverse regions and polities. What can we learn from the history of legal pluralism in considering its relation to economic development today? To begin, legal history can provide an analytic guide to grasping the complexities of current legal patterns and behavior. A particularly helpful rubric emerges out of studies of the legal history of empires. A second relevant fi nding confi rmed by historical studies of plural legal orders, including and especially empires, consists in the observation that legal actors — again, at all levels — tended to show a preference over time for adjudication in forums that seemed to provide a greater possibility of enforcement of rulings. This paper examines these phenomena in early modern societies in order to lay the groundwork for analyzing legal pluralism in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. By keeping in view the jurisdictional jockeying of imperial legal orders, we gain new perspective on the role of legal pluralism at major turning points in the development of international law. In particular, it becomes possible to understand nineteenth century prohibition regimes as forming through jurisdictional restructuring within and across global empires — a view that contrasts with traditional narratives of the rise of international law. Similarly, understanding the pervasiveness and persistence of strategies of appealing to imperial legal authority allows us to appreciate the effects on legal behavior of robust claims to the dominance of state law over subordinate jurisdictions in the twentieth century.
Validating Cyber Security Requirements: A Case Study

Vulnerabilities in a system may have widely varying impacts on system security. In practice, security should not be defined as the absence of vulnerabilities. In practice, security should not be quantified by the number of vulnerabilities. Security should be managed by pursuing a policy that leads us first to the highest impact vulnerabilities. In light of these observations, we argue in favor of shifting our focus from vulnerability avoidance/removal to measurable security attributes. To this effect, we recommend a logic be used for system security, which captures/represents security properties in quantifiable, verifiable, measurable terms - so that it is possible to reason about security in terms of its observable/ perceptible effects rather than its hypothesized causes. This approach is orthogonal to existing techniques for vulnerability avoidance, removal, detection, and recovery, in the sense that it provides a means to assess, quantify, and combine these techniques.
Inhibition of fatty acid synthase activity in prostate cancer cells by dutasteride.

PURPOSE With malignant progression to androgen independence, prostate cancer cells develop resistance to apoptosis and exhibit a variety of gene expression changes, including increased fatty acid synthase (FASN) expression. Increased FASN expression has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis, and correspondingly, the FASN gene has been proposed as a therapeutic target. Because FASN is an androgen regulated gene in the prostate, we have examined the effects of dutasteride on FASN in prostate cancer cells in vitro. Dutasteride is a novel dual inhibitor of the 5 alpha-reductase enzymes and is currently in use both for treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) and in the reduction by dutasteride of prostate cancer events (REDUCE) prostate cancer prevention trial. METHODS Microarray analysis was used to identify genes affected by treatment with dutasteride, followed by real time PCR confirmation. FASN expression at the protein level was examined using Western blotting and immunocytochemistry. Enzymatic activity of FASN was assayed by 14C-labeled malonyl-CoA incorporation. Viability after dutasteride treatment was assayed by MTS (Promega) and apoptosis via caspase 3/7 by DEVD cleavage assay. RESULTS We have demonstrated that the 5 alpha-reductase inhibitor dutasteride, at clinically relevant levels, inhibits FASN mRNA, protein expression and enzymatic activity in prostate cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to examine the effects of clinically relevant levels of dutasteride on prostate cancer cells at the molecular level and specifically, demonstrating the inhibition of FASN in these cells. Prostate 67: 1111–1120, 2007. © 2007 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Dynamic Output Feedback Control Synthesis for Continuous-Time T–S Fuzzy Systems via a Switched Fuzzy Control Scheme

This correspondence paper is concerned with the problem of designing switched dynamic output feedback H infin controllers for continuous-time Takagi-Sugeno (T-S) fuzzy systems. A new type of dynamic output feedback controllers, namely, switched dynamic parallel distributed compensation (SDPDC) controllers, is proposed, which are switched by basing on the values of membership functions. A new method for designing SDPDC controllers for guaranteeing stabilities and H infin performances of closed-loop nonlinear systems is presented, where the design conditions are given in terms of the solvability of a set of linear matrix inequalities. It is shown that the new method provides better or at least the same results of the existing design methods via a pure DPDC scheme. A numerical example is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Stages of change and physical activity among individuals with severe mental illness.

OBJECTIVE To apply the constructs of the transtheoretical model (TTM) of change to understand physical activity among individuals with severe mental illness. METHOD Predictions of stages of change of physical activity and self-reported physical activity were investigated among 92 adults with severe mental illness, using cognitive and behavioral processes of change, self-efficacy, and perceived pros and cons of exercise as predictors. RESULTS Separate logistic regression analyses for adjacent pairs of stages indicated that 33% of the variance was accounted for when predicting preparation versus action/maintenance stages, with behavioral processes making a significant unique contribution to prediction. A multiple-regression analysis was conducted to examine prediction of self-reported physical activity on the basis of all of the TTM measures, and the full model accounted for nearly 27% of the variance. CONCLUSION Results suggest that TTM constructs hold promise in understanding physical activity of people with severe mental illness with significant implications for clinical practice and future research.
Reduced c-Fos expression in medullary catecholaminergic neurons in rats 20 h after exposure to chronic intermittent hypoxia.

Persons affected by obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have increased arterial blood pressure and elevated activity in upper airway muscles. Many cardiorespiratory features of OSA have been reproduced in rodents subjected to chronic-intermittent hypoxia (CIH). We previously reported that, following exposure to CIH, rats have increased noradrenergic terminal density in brain stem sensory and motor nuclei and upregulated expression of the excitatory α1-adrenergic receptors in the hypoglossal motor nucleus. This suggested that CIH may enhance central catecholaminergic transmission. We now quantified c-Fos expression in different groups of pontomedullary catecholaminergic neurons as an indirect way of assessing their baseline activity in rats subjected to CIH or sham treatment (7 AM-5 PM daily for 35 days). One day after the last CIH exposure, the rats were gently kept awake for 2.5 h and then were anesthetized and perfused, and their pontomedullary brain sections were subjected to dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH) and c-Fos immunohistochemistry. DBH-positive cells were counted in the A1/C1, A2/C2, A5, subcoeruleus (sub-C) and A7 groups of catecholaminergic neurons, and the percentages of those expressing c-Fos were determined. We found that fewer DBH cells expressed c-Fos in CIH- than in sham-treated rats in the medulla (significant in the A1 group). In the pons (rostral A5, sub-C, and A7), c-Fos expression did not differ between the CIH- and sham-treated animals. We suggest that, when measured 20 h after the last CIH exposure, catecholaminergic transmission is enhanced through terminal sprouting and receptor upregulation rather than through increased baseline activity in pontomedullary catecholaminergic neurons.
Comparison of physical activity assessed using hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers.

Abstract Objectives It is unclear how physical activity estimates differ when assessed using hip- vs wrist-worn accelerometers. The objective of this study was to compare physical activity assessed by hip- and wrist-worn accelerometers in free-living older women. Design A cross-sectional study collecting data in free-living environment. Methods Participants were from the Women's Health Study, in which an ancillary study is objectively measuring physical activity using accelerometers (ActiGraph GT3X+). We analyzed data from 94 women (mean (SD) age = 71.9 (6.0) years) who wore a hip-worn and wrist-worn accelerometers simultaneously for 7 days. Results Using triaxial data (vector magnitude, VM), total activity volume (counts per day) between the two locations was moderately correlated (Spearman's r = 0.73). Hip and wrist monitors wear locations identically classified 71% individuals who were at the highest 40% or lowest 40% of their respective distributions. Similar patterns and slightly stronger agreements were observed when examining steps instead of VM counts. Conclusions Accelerometer-assessed physical activity using hip- vs wrist-worn devices was moderately correlated in older, free-living women. However, further research needs to be conducted to examine comparisons of specific activities or physical activity intensity levels.
An Investigation into Denotative Aspects of Word-Meaning:

Five tasks of restricted associations (synonyms, co-ordinates, superordinates, attributes, and antonyms) were applied to analyse some aspects of denotative meaning. Nine subjects gave two responses...
From Distance Education to Online Learning: Practical Approaches to Information Literacy Instruction and Collaborative Learning in Online Environments

The increasingly ubiquitous nature of online learning has necessarily changed pedagogical approaches in the 21st century. This article will present an overview of the evolution of distance learning with a particular emphasis on current models and emerging methods of instruction for online learners. The authors detail how various learning management systems and tools as well as online learning objects can be used as mechanisms for creating a platform for student investment and ownership in the learning process. Additional discussion will focus on how these methods and approaches can enhance teaching, training, and peer collaboration within the library workplace.
Discovery of Ac Activity Among Progeny of Tissue Culture-Derived Maize Plants

A high frequency of structurally altered chromosomes in maize plants regenerated from tissue culture led us to predict that newly activated transposable elements could be detected in regenerated plants. Test-crosses of 1,200 progeny from 301 regenerated maize plants resulted in 56 positive tests for the Activator (Ac) transposable element. Further testing of these progenies confirmed that ten regenerated plants from two independent embryo cell lines contained an active Ac element; indications that an eleventh regenerated plant from a third cell line may contain Ac have not yet been confirmed. Thus, Ac activity was observed in 2 to 3% of the embryo cell lines and regenerated plants tested. Ac activity has not been found in plants from noncultured control kernels, and only 30% of the plants regenerated from the positive cell lines had Ac activity, demonstrating that no active Ac elements were present in the explant sources. Nine regenerated plants derived from a single embryo cell line had Ac activity; this indicates that activation occurred during tissue culture rather than during plant regeneration. DNA analysis of the Ac-containing plants and noncultured control plants is now in progress.
An automated approach to program repair with semantic code search

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Accelerated molecular dynamics study of the GaAs ( 001 ) β 2 ( 2 × 4 ) / c ( 2 × 8 ) surface

We develop an accelerated molecular dynamics method that has several advantages over conventional rare-event methods. We apply our method using a semiempirical Tersoff-Abell potential to understand the disordered structure of the $\mathrm{GaAs}(001)\ensuremath{\beta}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ surface at various temperatures. Our simulations indicate that the self-reconstruction of this surface is mediated by As-row-dimer and As-trench-dimer shifting events that typically occur over microsecond-millisecond times at temperatures of interest and that trench-dimer shifting occurs more rapidly than row-dimer shifting. Our calculations indicate that the equilibrium surface consists of an approximately equal mixture of $\ensuremath{\beta}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ and $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)$ domains, in agreement with an experimental scanning-tunneling microscopy study. Due to strain along the $[1\overline{1}0]$ direction, there is a tendency for the surface to form long runs of in-phase As-row- and As-trench dimers. There are weak correlations between As-row-dimer pairs along the $[110]$ direction such that the free energy of the $c(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}8)$ surface is slightly lower than that of the $\ensuremath{\beta}2(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4)$ surface. This finding is also in agreement with the experiment and indicates the dynamical nature of this important substrate for thin-film growth.
Semiconducting organic assemblies prepared from tetraphenylethylene tetracarboxylic acid and bis(pyridine)s via charge-assisted hydrogen bonding.

Principles of crystal engineering have been applied toward the construction of supramolecular assemblies between an acid-functionalized tetraphenylethylene derivative and three different bis(pyridine)s [4,4′-bis(pyridyl)ethylene, 4,4′-bis(pyridyl)ethane, and 4,4′-bipyridine]. Each assembly was structurally characterized, and charge transfer interactions within each sample were visually apparent. Quantum chemical calculations were used to determine crystal band structure and band gap magnitude, and electrical properties of the materials were measured using conducting probe atomic force microscopy (CP-AFM). The crystals displayed charge-carrier capability, and the magnitude of semiconductivity varied systematically as a function of conjugation in the bis(pyridine) component. Crystals incorporating 4,4′-bis(pyridyl)ethylene and 4,4′-bipyridine displayed conductivities comparable to those of established organic semiconductors (μeff = 0.38 and 1.7 × 10–2 cm2/V·s, respectively).
Conservation Practices in Western Oregon Perennial Grass Seed Systems: III. Impacts on Gray‐Tailed Vole Activity

Decreased use of field burning to dispose of straw after harvest of temperate grass seed crops and the implementation of alternative conservation practices including direct seeding (DS) and maximal residue (HR) management have raised questions whether certain pests such as the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus) are worse than before these changes. The number of vole burrow holes was determined 15 Jan. 1999 at two research locations in western Oregon. Comparisons were made for the effects of DS and conventional tillage (CT) establishment, maximal and minimal residue (LR) management, present perennial seed crops, and immediate-prior crop in the rotation sequence and two-crops-prior in the rotation sequence. The treatments that most greatly influenced vole activity were crop establishment method and the previous crop in the rotation sequence. Vole activity was greatest in DS tillage establishment and when perennial grass seed was the prior crop in the rotation sequence. A possible production strategy to reduce vole activity could be to include meadowfoam (Limnanthes alba Benth.) or cereals in the rotation sequences when DS perennial grass seed crops are grown. This research demonstrates how vole activity can be reduced in perennial grass seed crops, without the need for tillage before establishment of new stands.
Simultaneous determination of HF,HCl and H_2SO_4 in workplace air by ion chromatography

Objective To establish and discuss a method for simultaneous determination of toxic substances HF,HCl and H2SO4in workplace air by ion chromatography with KOH as eluent and absorbing liquid. Methods The workplace air was sampled with porous absorbtion tube containing 10. 0 ml KOH absorption solution,and then determined by ion chromatograph coupled with EGC KOH eluent generator. Results In the range of 0 μg / ml ~ 100 μg / ml,the linear equation of HF was Y = 0. 457X + 0. 012,r = 0. 9997,the detection limit was 0. 02 μg / ml. In the range of 0 μg / ml ~ 300 μg / ml,the linear equation of HCL was Y = 0. 291X-0. 031,r = 0. 9995,the detection limit was 0. 04 μg / ml. In the range of 0 μg / ml ~ 300 μg / ml,the linear equation of H2SO4was Y = 0. 207X-0. 029,r = 0. 9998,the detection limit was 0. 16 μg / ml. The sampling efficiency of the method was above 94. 6 %,the RSDs of the precision and accuracy tests were both less than 10%,and the recovery was 98. 2% ~ 100. 2%. Conclusion The method is simple,rapid and pollution-free,and the sampling efficiency,linear range, detection limit sensitivity,precision and accuracy are all in line with the methodology requirements. It is suitable for determination of hydrogen fluoride,hydrogen chloride and sulfuric acid in workplace air by once sampling.
Detection of the content and activity of the transcription factor AP-1 in a multistage skin carcinogenesis model

Investigation of transcription factor activity in animal tissue during the early stage of cancer development can be difficult because of a low number of affected cells in a background of a large number of normal cells. We have used a well-established multistage skin carcinogenesis model to study the effect of manganese superoxide dismutase on the activity of AP-1 during an early stage of mouse skin carcinogenesis. The DNA binding activity of AP-1 proteins to a concensus DNA regulatory binding element known as TRE (TPA Responsive Element) is used as an in vitro assay for AP-1 activity in the nucleus of skin cells. This activity is detected by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) which is based on the ability of specific proteins to bind and retard the migration of radioactive labeled oligonucleotides on a native gel. The presence of a specific protein in the complex can be identified by adding to EMSA an antibody specific for that protein, which will result in supershift complexes on the gel. The presence of the proteins in question can be further verified by standard Western analysis of the nuclear proteins.
Nocturnal Hypermotor Activity during Apnea-Related Arousals

We present a case of a 50-year-old patient who exhibits nocturnal hypermotor activity occurring exclusively during apnea-related arousals consisting of repetitive lower extremity hip-flapping. This...
Effect of error and missing data on population structure inference using microsatellite data

Missing data and genotyping errors are common in microsatellite data sets. We used simulated data to quantify the effect of these data aberrations on the accuracy of population structure inference. Data sets with complex, randomly generated, population histories were simulated under the coalescent. Models describing the characteristic patterns of missing data and genotyping error in real microsatellite data sets were used to modify the simulated data sets. Accuracy of ordination, tree based, and model based methods of inference was evaluated before and after data set modifications. The ability to recover correct population clusters decreased as missing data increased. The rate of decrease was similar among analytical procedures, thus no single analytical approach was preferable. For every 1% of a data matrix that contained missing genotypes, 2-4% fewer correct clusters were found. For every 1% of a matrix that contained erroneous genotypes, 1-2% fewer correct clusters were found using ordination and tree based methods. Model-based procedures that minimize the deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in order to assign individuals to clusters performed better as genotyping error increased. We attribute this surprising result to the inbreeding-like nature of microsatellite genotyping error, wherein heterozygous genotypes are mischaracterized as homozygous. We show that genotyping error elevates estimates of the level of genetic admixture. Overall, missing data negatively impact population structure inference more than typical genotyping errors.
Resisting migrant precarity: a critique of human rights advocacy for marriage migrants in South Korea

ABSTRACTSince 2006, marriage migrants and their so-called multicultural families have been the recipients of considerable public resources and attention in the Republic of Korea. Thus, it could be said that marriage migrants constitute a relatively privileged group of migrants in South Korea. Yet significant human rights abuses, including domestic and sexual violence, widespread discrimination, and poverty, indicate that marriage migrants continue to face various forms of legal, social, and institutional precarity. By evaluating the specific trajectories by which human rights activists and organizations mobilize in the name of migrant rights, this paper argues that human rights-based activism has not been an effective means of mobilizing resistance to migrant precarity because of its failure to address precarity as a multi-layered and multi-sited reality. In consequence, marriage migrants in South Korea have turned to alternative methods for mobilizing resistance to precarity.
Retrospective cost adaptive control with concurrent closed-loop identification of time-varying nonminimum-phase zeros

We consider retrospective cost adaptive control (RCAC) of a plant whose NMP zeros are time-dependent. The goal is to estimate the NMP zeros and replicate the estimated NMP zeros in the target model used by RCAC. This problem is challenging due to the fact that the estimates of the locations of the NMP zeros must be sufficiently accurate at each instant of time so that the target model can correctly influence the controller adaptation. We use closed-loop identification to estimate the location of the NMP zeros. In order to enhance the accuracy of the estimation, we inject an additional noise term in order to improve persistency of the control signal. Numerical examples show the feasibility and performance of the overall approach.
Estimates of Surface Wind Stress and Drag Coefficients in Typhoon Megi

AbstractEstimates of drag coefficients beneath Typhoon Megi (2010) are calculated from roughly hourly velocity profiles of three EM-APEX floats, air launched ahead of the storm, and from air-deployed dropsondes measurements and microwave estimates of the 10-m wind field. The profiles are corrected to minimize contributions from tides and low-frequency motions and thus isolate the current induced by Typhoon Megi. Surface wind stress is computed from the linear momentum budget in the upper 150 m. Three-dimensional numerical simulations of the oceanic response to Typhoon Megi indicate that with small corrections, the linear momentum budget is accurate to 15% before the passage of the eye but cannot be applied reliably thereafter. Monte Carlo error estimates indicate that stress estimates can be made for wind speeds greater than 25 m s−1; the error decreases with greater wind speeds. Downwind and crosswind drag coefficients are computed from the computed stress and the mapped wind data. Downwind drag coeffici...
Orthogonal chirp division multiplexing in millimeter-wave fiber-wireless integrated systems for enhanced mobile broadband and ultra-reliable communications

We firstly propose to apply orthogonal-chirp-division-multiplexing in MMW fiber-wireless-integrated systems. It supports enhanced-mobile-broadband and ultra-reliable low-latency transmissions, and is more robust to system degradations and interferences, as experimentally demonstrated with up to 5-dB EVM improvement.
Bone healing is achievable despite extensive wound dehiscence and wide plate and screws exposure in children.

Abstract Background Extensive wound dehiscence and wide plate and screw exposure in the early weeks following orthopaedic surgery in children is usually managed either by extensive debridement, lavage and secondary closure or hardware removal and external fixation. Patients Three children with LCP plate and screws exposure were managed by simple repetitive debridement and local wound care without any IV antibiotics, nor secondary closure or hardware removal. All three cases occurred in the tibia, one following tibial osteotomy in lateral hemimelia with a long history of previous surgeries, one following wide excision of a tibial Ewing sarcoma with chemo- and radiotherapy, and the third following wide excision of a 12 cm necrotic tibial segment due to chronic osteomyelitis. Bone healing was uneventful in 2 cases and was in progress in the case with the Ewing sarcoma. Plate and screws were removed in all cases, following an obvious bone healing in 2 cases, and forced by the need for chemotherapy due to the presence of lung metastases in the third case. Spontaneous soft tissue healing occurred thereafter. Conclusion A stable fixation may lead to a good bone healing despite an extensive wound dehiscence and a wide plate and screws exposure with just a proper local wound care and without any major additional surgery. Level of evidence Level IV.
Survival from Traumatic Injury Does Not End at Hospital Discharge: Hospital-Acquired Infections Increase Post-Discharge Mortality.

Abstract Background: Hospital-acquired infections (HAI) in trauma patients increase inpatient morbidity and mortality. However, their impact on long-term mortality is not well understood. Patients and Methods: A retrospective trauma registry analysis of all patients admitted to an academic level I trauma center between July 1, 2008 and December 31, 2012 was performed. Patients included survived to discharge and were 18 years of age or older. Age, gender, Injury Severity Score (ISS), ventilator use, history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and HAI were reviewed. Name, social security number, and date of birth were used to extract National Death Index data from 2008–2013 for an outcome of mortality after discharge, time to death, and cause of death. Unadjusted logistic regression was performed. Multiple logistic regression was used to adjust for patient and injury characteristics and to determine odds of mortality in the post-discharge period. Results: A total of 8,275 patients met inclusion...
Nonlinear compressive sensing for distorted measurements and application to improving efficiency of power amplifiers

Compressive sensing, which enables signal recovery from fewer samples than traditional sampling theory dictates, assumes that the sampling process is linear. However, this linearity assumption may not hold in the analog domain without significant trade-offs, such as power amplifiers sacrificing substantial power efficiency in exchange for producing linear outputs. Since compressive sensing is most impactful when implemented in the analog domain, it is of interest to integrate the nonlinearity in compressive measurements into the signal recovery process such that nonlinear effects can be mitigated. As such, in this paper, we describe a nonlinear compressive sensing formulation and associated signal recovery algorithms, providing both compression and improved efficiency of a power amplifier simultaneously with one procedure. We present evaluations of the proposed framework using both measurements from real power amplifiers and simulations.
Structure of the tobacco mosaic virus particle; polymerization of tobacco mosaic virus protein.

Publisher Summary The chapter describes a critical analysis of the molecular weight of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and with polymerization of TMV protein. TMV has a very high molecular weight and measurements of double refraction of flow led to the conclusion that the particles are rod-shaped. The molecular weight of TMV has been determined adequately by physicochemical methods and measurements with the electron microscope. These yielded with fair uniformity a value close to 40 million. A value of about 23 A for the pitch of the helix of the virus was determined from X-ray diffraction measurements, and pertains to the virus in wet gels. In the determination of molecular weight with the electron microscope, it is desirable to utilize a technique that does not depend upon the retention of the wet particle dimensions. Some of the earliest determinations of molecular weight were done by sedimentation and diffusion. Molecular weights obtained by this method do not depend on assumptions about the molecular configuration. Light scattering has been used extensively for the determination of particle weight. The method is particularly useful because of its sensitivity over a wide range of particle sizes and its ability to provide information on particle shape. Subsequent studies have established the correctness of the assumption that water is released upon polymerization. TMV, a protein seems to be a trimer of the chemical subunit. Its polymerization has been studied primarily by light scattering and osmotic pressure methods. Within certain limits, the polymerization can be interpreted quite accurately in terms of the mathematics of condensation polymerization. Accompanying the release of water molecules upon polymerization is an increase in partial specific volume. Hydrogen ions are bound during polymerization.
Student perceptions of the classroom learning environment and motivation to learn Chinese

This study investigated the associations between student perceptions of their classroom psychosocial learning environment and their motivation to learn Mandarin Chinese in the United States. The students took two surveys that measured their perception of the Chinese classroom psychosocial learning environment and their motivation to learn Chinese. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. There were statistically significant associations between student perception and motivation for learning the Chinese language. The three scales of Task Orientation, Involvement, and Equity emerged as having the most influence on students’ motivation to learn Chinese. The Task Orientation scale had the strongest relationship with student motivation.
Trends in research productivity of residents applying for orthopedic sports medicine fellowship.

OBJECTIVES Though there are no research requirements to match into an orthopaedic sports medicine fellowship, many applicants are productive in research endeavors during residency. We hypothesize that the number of publications by Orthopaedic sports medicine applicants are increasing. METHODS A list of current and recent sports medicine fellows was compiled from publicly accessible information on sports medicine fellowship websites. Articles published while the fellow was a resident were identified via publicly available search engines. The following information was collected: year of fellowship and years of residency, fellowship program, geographic location of fellowship program, total number of publications (noting specifically first and last author publications), number of publications in high impact orthopaedic journals (AJSM, JBJS Am, JSES, or Arthroscopy). RESULTS Overall, 189 fellowship-matched surgeons from 2010 - 2017 were identified. There were 746 publications (average of 3.95 per fellow), with 218 (29.2%) in high impact orthopaedic journals. Surgeons who completed their fellowship during the 2016-17 academic year, published on average 5.42 publications per fellow. Fellowship applicants in the Northeast region had the highest number of total publications (359 publications, 48.1% of all publications; 6.41 publications per fellow). Applicants were listed most often as middle authors (462 publications, 61.9%). CONCLUSIONS There has been an overall increase in the number of publications among sports medicine fellowship applicants in the last several academic years. Fellowship programs in the northeast United States tended to match applicants with a higher number of publications.
Positron Emission Tomography and Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Study of Cognitively Normal Persons at Differential Genetic Risk for Alzheimer’s Dementia

Patients with Alzheimer’s dementia (AD) have characteristic and progressive reductions in fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) measurements of the cerebral metabolic rate for glucose and in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measurements of hippocampal and whole brain volume. We have been using PET and MRI to characterize and compare PET and MRI measurements in cognitively normal persons with two copies, one copy, and no copies of the apolipoprotein E e4 allele, a common AD susceptibility gene. This article reviews and updates our previously published PET and MRI findings. It indicates how these imaging techniques could be used to help bridge existing gaps between ante-mortem and post-mortem studies of AD, non-demented persons at risk for AD, and relevant animal models. It suggests how they could provide clues about the earliest brain changes involved in the pathogenesis of AD and assist in the identification of new targets for the discovery of drugs in the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Finally, it describes a brain imaging strategy for the efficient evaluation of prevention therapies, without having to conduct studies in thousands of research subjects, restrict these studies to those who are older or are already symptomatic, or wait many years to determine whether or when treated individuals develop mild cognitive impairment or AD.
A Three-Dimensional Sliding and Debonding Sensor based on Triaxial Optical Fiber Fabry-Perot Interferometers

We report a low-cost and compact extrinsic Fabry-Perot interferometer-(EFPI) based optical fiber sensor for measuring three-dimensional (3D) displacements, including interfacial sliding and debonding during a delamination process. The idea is to use three spatially-arranged EFPIs as the triaxial displacement sensing elements. The sensor consists of an optical fiber component and a mirror component. The fiber component includes three optical fibers, and their corresponding mirrors form the mirror component. Two coincident roof-like metallic structures are used to support the two components, making sure that the endfaces of the fibers and corresponding mirrors maintain a parallel relationship during measurements. As a result, three EFPIs are formed by the endfaces of the optical fibers and their corresponding mirrors. The prototype sensor was first calibrated, and then an experiment monitoring the interfacial sliding and debonding between a long square brick of mortar and its steel base plate support during the drying/curing process was conducted to demonstrate the practicability of the sensor. The experimental results show that our sensor can function continuously for a long period of time. The details obtained from the measured data were also discussed. The robust and low-cost three-dimensional sliding and debonding sensor has a high potential in various applications, especially in structural health monitoring.
Reaching and Supporting At-Risk Community Based Seniors: Results of a Multi-church Partnership

The purpose of this study was to determine the impact of a nurse-led, church-based educational support group for "at-risk," older African Americans on hospitalization and emergency department use. Study nurses enrolled 81 "at-risk" older adult members of ten churches. Participants completed a trifold pamphlet identifying personal health information and support, and they attended eight monthly educational/support group sessions in their church during the 10-month intervention. Study nurses completed a risk assessment interview with each senior both pre- and post-participation. The study nurse completed post-program assessments with 64 seniors, a 79% retention rate. At the program's conclusion researchers conducted a focus group with the study RNs and used an anonymous written survey to gather participant appraisals of program elements. Neither hospitalization nor emergency department/urgent care usage was significantly different from pre- to post-program. Session attendance was moderate to high and over half of the seniors brought a family member or friend to one or more sessions. The majority of seniors initiated positive health changes (e.g., smoking cessation, weight loss, or diet changes). Participants expressed high satisfaction and expressed satisfaction to perceive that they were supporting other seniors in their community. We conclude that this intervention was successful in engaging and motivating seniors to initiate health behavior change and contributed to a health-supportive church-based community. To demonstrate a statistically significant difference in hospital and ED usage, however, a stronger intervention or a larger sample size is needed.
Jets in Crossflow — Effects of Heat Release

Detailed measurements of the velocity field in the symmetry plane of two jets and two jet flames in crossflow are obtained using Particle Image Velocimetry. The jets issue into a wind tunnel at density-weighted jet-to-cross flow velocity ratios r = 10 and r = 21, with corresponding Reynolds numbers 6,000 and 12,800. The changes in the flow due to the effects of heat release are examined and ensemble statistics of the velocity field are derived from these datasets. Simultaneous Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence imaging of the OH radical is performed in selected regions of the flames. Results suggests that flame/flow interaction is strong near the lifted flame base, but increasingly weaker further downstream.
Electrochemical Potential and Free Energy

This chapter unifies the forces that cause charged solutes to move in solution. Fick’s law indicates that the flux is proportional to the negative of the concentration gradient. The electrical force on charged solutes is proportional to the negative of the electrical gradient. It is possible to define an electrochemical gradient so that the overall force on the charged particles is proportional to the negative of the electrochemical gradient. The equation for the electrochemical gradient is thus justified. It is further shown that the electrochemical gradient is the Gibbs free energy per mole. The sign of the free energy change is shown to indicate the direction of the completed reaction: all reactions must have a negative free energy change. The free energy of ATP hydrolysis is then discussed. The relationship between the standard free energy change and the equilibrium constant is discussed. How to calculate the free energy of ATP hydrolysis under different conditions is shown.
Molecular beam epitaxial growth of high quality Ga-catalyzed GaAs1–x Sb x (x > 0.8) nanowires on Si (111) with photoluminescence emission reaching 1.7 μm

The advancement of ternary GaAsSb mismatched alloy system toward the Sb-rich corner of the phase diagram in the nanowire (NW) configuration on silicon remains a challenge. A large lattice mismatch between the silicon substrate and GaAsSb with an Sb-rich composition, along with the low supersaturation and low solubility of Sb in the Ga droplet in the vapor–liquid–solid growth mechanism, causes significant issues during Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxial growth of these NWs. In this work, we have carried out a systematic study of Sb-rich GaAs1–x Sb x NWs grown on Si (111) using variations of the Ga, As, and Sb beam equivalent pressures (BEP) to minimize undesirable parasitic growth and achieve photoemission up to 1.7 μm. Ga-assisted molecular beam epitaxy is the enabling growth technology for the growth of these self-catalyzed GaAs1–x Sb x (x > 0.8) NWs. The use of a dual substrate temperature approach along with low As background pressure and a low Ga BEP were found to be the key growth components in achieving a well-faceted NW morphology with a low parasitic layer on the substrate. Energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy analysis confirms uniform compositional homogeneity along the NWs, while selected-area electron diffraction patterns in the transmission electron microscope revealed a zinc-blende crystal structure. A peak μ-photoluminescence emission of 1680 nm with a narrow FWHM was obtained at 4 K. Raman spectra at room temperature exhibit only GaSb related LO and TO modes, which attest to the high quality of the NWs grown. This is a promising approach due to the broad scope of applicability to grow other mismatched alloy material systems in a NW configuration.
Bottom trawl surveys in the northern Bering Sea indicate recent shifts in the distribution of marine species

The climate regime in the eastern Bering Sea has recently been dominated by a pattern of multi-year stanzas, in which several successive years of minimal sea-ice formation and warm summer temperatures (e.g., 2002–2005, 2014–2017) alternate with several years of relatively extensive sea-ice formation and cold summer temperatures (e.g., 2006–2013). This emerging climate pattern may be forcing long-term changes in the spatial distributions of the Bering Sea’s marine fauna. The National Marine Fisheries Service’s Alaska Fisheries Science Center recently conducted two bottom trawl surveys covering the entire Bering Sea shelf from the Alaska Peninsula to the Bering Strait. The first, in the summer of 2010, was conducted during a cold year when the majority of the continental shelf was covered by a pool of cold (< 2 °C) water. The second, in the summer of 2017, was during a warmer year with water temperatures above the long-term survey mean. These two surveys recorded significantly different spatial distributions for populations of several commercially important fish species, including walleye pollock (Gadus chalcogrammus), Pacific cod (Gadus macrocephalus), and several flatfish species, as well as jellyfishes. Population shifts included latitudinal displacement as well as variable recruitment success. The large-scale distributional shifts reported here for high-biomass species raise questions about long-term ecosystem impacts, and highlight the need for continued monitoring. They also raise questions about our management strategies for these and other species in Alaska’s large marine ecosystems.
Maximum value projection produces better en face OCT angiograms than mean value projection

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) images rely on en face data projections for both qualitative and quantitative interpretation. Both maximum value and mean value projections are commonly used, and many researchers consider them essentially interchangeable approaches. On the contrary, we find that maximum value projection achieves a consistently higher signal-to-noise ratio and higher image contrast across multiple vascular layers, in both healthy eyes and for each disease examined.
Supply and loading quality improvement in sinusoidal power systems with unbalanced loads supplied with asymmetrical voltage

Asymmetry of the supply voltage of a load and variation of its RMS value deteriorate supply quality, similarly as asymmetry of the load current, its reactive component, and variation of the current RMS value deteriorate loading quality. A method for adaptively improving the supply and loading quality with respect to the load unbalance and the voltage asymmetry is suggested and analyzed in this paper. The discussed method can be implemented for the development of an adaptive compensator for both the load balancing and supply voltage symmetrization. It was shown, moreover, that only three samples per periodT of two voltages and two currents are needed for generating the control signals for the adaptive operation of such a compensator.