cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Resting Metabolic Rates of Adult Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) Wintering in Northern Wisconsin

ABSTRACT Resting metabolic rate (RMR) represents a significant component of an animal’s energy budget and is correlated with ecological, physiological, and life-history parameters. We measured resting metabolic rates of 14 adult Northern Shrikes (Lanius excubitor) wintering in northern Wisconsin (Ashland and Bayfield Counties) over a 2-year period (Jan–Apr 2008 and 2009). The average (±SE) RMR was 3.09 ± 0.45 ml O2/g/hr (range 2.46–3.83) from the first reported RMR values for adults of this species from the Neartic. Our RMR values were 50% higher than RMRs gathered from summer adult Northern Shrikes in the Paleartic. These data suggest Northern Shrikes exhibit seasonal variation in their RMR as a potential means of winter acclimatization.
Real-World Use of Iron Chelators

Whereas RBC transfusion therapy is lifesaving in thalassemia, obligatory iron loading accompanies such treatment and chelation therapy to remove and detoxify iron resulting from these chronic transfusions must therefore be administered. Morbidity and mortality in thalassemia is linked closely to the adequacy of chelation. Three chelators are currently available worldwide-deferoxamine, deferasirox, and deferiprone, although the latter is available in North America only in research protocols and compassionate use programs. These chelators can be used as monotherapy or in combination, although only the combination of deferiprone and deferoxamine has been extensively studied to date. Several factors, including chelator availability and its properties, drug tolerability, degree of organ-specific iron loading, ongoing transfusional iron burden, and patient preference, must be considered in the design of optimal, individualized chelation regimens, and these factors must periodically be reviewed and chelation adjusted accordingly. Ultimately, comparative effectiveness trials may help to determine the ideal strategy (eg, intensification of monotherapy or combined therapy including agents and doses) for treating various scenarios of organ-specific iron loading.
Knee Problems in Adolescents

Among children and adolescents there are few, if any, anatomic regions giving rise to as many orthopedic problems as the knee. Not only is the knee most commonly injured in sports and recreational activities, it is also the anatomic area that most often requires surgical intervention as a result of the injuries. Unlike the ankle in which the majority of injuries are sprains (ligament injuries), the knee encompasses almost unparalled anatomic diversity, thus incurring injuries involving ligaments, tendon, articular cartilage, fibrocartilage (menisci), and bone—all with great frequency. Coexistence of many of these injuries makes establishing a precise diagnosis exceedingly difficult, even for the orthopedist specializing in knee problems. Yet in the majority of instances, absolute diagnostic precision is not necessary for appropriate management. Indeed, many if not the majority of knee injuries seem to heal themselves adequately if only given the appropriate opportunity. There are four conditions that merit immediate orthopedic referral: (1) intra-articular fractures, (2) grade III sprains (complete ligament tears), (3) grade III strains (complete muscle or tendon tears), and (4) mechanical blockage of normal knee motion. The majority of the remaining problems are initially managed nonoperatively and require referral only if recalcitrant. Thus, the initial evaluation of a knee problem requires that only two questions be answered: (1) should it be immediately referred, and (2) if not referred, how should it be managed?
Results of a Heart Disease Risk-Factor Screening Among Traditional College Students

The author collected data on serum cholesterol, blood pressure, and self-reported health behavior in 226 college students aged 18 to 26 years. Twenty-nine percent had undesirable total cholesterol levels, 10% had high cholesterol, 10% had high systolic blood pressure, and 11% had high diastolic blood pressure. Half or more of the participants consumed a diet high in saturated fats, engaged in binge drinking, had a parental risk for high cholesterol or blood pressure, or reported they experienced elevated stress levels. Men had higher risk-factor levels than women. Findings from a regression analysis revealed that smoking, binge drinking, lack of cardiovascular exercise, and eating a high saturated-fat diet were predictive of undesirable cholesterol levels. Study limitations included self-selection of participants and single measurements of blood pressure and cholesterol. Trained students served as screeners in the program for providing an effective, low-cost screening intervention.
Jefferson Island Salt Dome, Iberia Parish, Louisiana

Jefferson Island, an elevation on a dry plain, is one of the Five Islands of Louisiana. The salt dome is under Jefferson Island and Lake Peigneur; the mound was produced by a salt spine, and the lake by subsidence due to solution of a flat table of salt. More than 250 salt exploration, oil exploration, and sulphur exploration and producing wells have been drilled on this dome. Salt was discovered in 1894 in the drilling of a water well, and sulphur was discovered in 1929 in an oil test. The salt is mined from a depth of 800 feet in the salt spine. The sulphur is mined from a deposit between two faults in the cap rock at depths ranging from 600 to approximately 900 feet. More than 2,225,000 long tons of salt have been produced by the Jefferson Island Salt Mining Company, and more than 500,000 long tons of sulphur have been produced by the Jefferson Lake Oil Company, Incorporated, since 1932. Several geophysical surveys have been made on Jefferson Island dome. As a result of the first survey, an electrical one, sulphur was accidentally discovered at a depth of 660 feet in a supposedly deep flank oil test. Later, both torsion-balance and seismograph surveys were made for the purpose of outlining the cap-rock area of the dome. Evidence tends to show that the original cap rock of the dome is of sedimentary origin; however, solution of the salt, as shown by the subsidence of the lake bottom and by drilling, indicates that at least a portion of the cap rock immediately adjacent to the salt is of residual origin. The novel necessity of mining sulphur in the middle of the lake involved several new engineering problems. A floating barge was developed for the drilling of the sulphur wells. The power plant is situated on the shore of the lake. The hot water, steam, air, and sulphur lines are carried to the point of mining operations by means of a trestle. The Frasch process is used in the mining of sulphur. Liquid sulphur from the wells in the lake is pumped to the shore, where it is allowed to cool and solidify in the large vats. It is then blasted down and loaded into cars for shipment.
Stable therapeutic effects of mesenchymal stem cell-based multiple gene delivery for cardiac repair

Aims We have previously shown that transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) co-overexpressing angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) and Akt prevented cell apoptosis, enhanced angiogenesis, and improved left ventricular heart function. The present study was designed to determine the persistence of therapeutic benefits on longer term basis. Methods and results Acute myocardial infarction model was developed in 30 young female Fischer-344 rats by permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. The animals were grouped ( n = 10) to receive 70 µL Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) without cells (DMEM group 1) or containing 3 × 106 non-transduced male MSCs (MSC group 2) or transduced MSCs co-overexpressing Ang-1 and Akt (MAA group 3). The injections were carried out intramyocardially in the free wall of left ventricle at multiple sites. Three months after cell transplantation, real-time polymerase chain reaction for the rat sry gene, confocal imaging, and immunohistochemical studies revealed the extensive survival and myogenic differentiation of the PKH67-labelled cell graft. Blood vessel density was significantly higher in the MAA group ( P < 0.05) at 3 months compared with the other groups. Blood vessel maturation index as determined by double-fluorescent immunostaining for vWFactor VIII and smooth muscle actin showed that most of the newly formed vessels matured to develop a smooth muscle covering in MAA group. Sonographic assessment of heart function showed that heart function deteriorated in the DMEM group, whereas the functional benefits were stable over a period of 3 months following transplantation of transfected cells. Conclusion Engraftment of genetically modified MSCs co-overexpressing Ang-1 and Akt produced long-term histological and functional benefits in an infarcted heart.
Predictable 802.11 packet delivery from wireless channel measurements

RSSI is known to be a fickle indicator of whether a wireless link will work, for many reasons. This greatly complicates operation because it requires testing and adaptation to find the best rate, transmit power or other parameter that is tuned to boost performance. We show that, for the first time, wireless packet delivery can be accurately predicted for commodity 802.11 NICs from only the channel measurements that they provide. Our model uses 802.11n Channel State Information measurements as input to an OFDM receiver model we develop by using the concept of effective SNR. It is simple, easy to deploy, broadly useful, and accurate. It makes packet delivery predictions for 802.11a/g SISO rates and 802.11n MIMO rates, plus choices of transmit power and antennas. We report testbed experiments that show narrow transition regions (
Self-assembly of uniform nanoporous silica fibers

Self-assembly of nanoporous silica shapes is of great interest for modern nanotechnology because of uniform pore size, simplicity, and low cost of production. However, there are two major problems that prevent broad use of the self-assembly process. First, the process brings too broad a variety of the assembled shapes. Secondly, the yield of the desired shapes is far from 100%. Here, we describe a process of acidic self-assembly of silica shapes that is free of both of these problems. The process described results in virtually a 100% of very uniform fibers. Each fiber has a hexagonal cross section of approximately 2 /spl mu/m and a length of approximately 5 /spl mu/m. The highly uniform pores with periodicity of 3.8 nm are unidirectional along the fiber. These new fibers can be used in chromatography, drug delivery, manufacturing nanowires, nanoreactors for "one-dimensional" chemistry, etc.
Low power analog circuit techniques in the 5 th generation intel core TM microprocessor (broadwell)

Fabricated on a 14nm process technology node, the Intel CoreTM M and the 5th generation CoreTM processors (code named Broadwell) improve energy efficiency over the previous 22nm generation by up to 2.5x. Numerous optimizations were used in the analog circuits to achieve this power reduction. PLLs were designed to have low analog V min to enable operation without the use of a dedicated voltage rail. This enabled system level power optimization that yielded 28% lower power on that rail. Zero Distribution Latency to Full Distribution Latency (ZDL-to-FDL) mode was introduced in the PLLs, reducing clock distribution power and achieving ∼150mV reduction in the clock distribution supply's V min . DDR power was reduced by 3x through the use of VTT termination, instead of the traditional Center Tapped Termination (CTT). A new package Cstate (C7+) was introduced to reduce integrated voltage regulator losses under low load conditions. Duty cycling of the thermal sensor reduced average power 10x relative to the prior generation while a fast wakeup technique reduced convergence time to ∼10us.
Corrigendum to “Inhaled Milrinone After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation”

From the Division of Cardiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Cardiovascular Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; Pharmacy Practice, Lipscomb University College of Pharmacy, Nashville, Tennessee and Experimental Immunology Laboratory, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska.
Policy Considerations as Socioeconomic Status Continues to Affect the Achievement Gap

Students attending public schools in the United States represent a continuum across all socioeconomic statuses, ethnic groups, and gender. According to previous research, achievement gaps exist among students in these groups. The National Assessment of Educational Progress is a standardized test completed by students in all 50 states every two years. Previous research has focused on academic achievement in math and reading. However, research is needed to determine if the gaps among students are changing, especially related to socioeconomic status and ethnicity. By comparing the NAEP results for three years (2009, 2011, and 2013) by socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and gender, changes in achievement gaps can be examined. The findings suggested that achievement scores are increasing, with the achievement gap narrowing between Black and White students. However, the achievement gap continues to grow by students’ socioeconomic status. Policy issues should consider these findings in developing programs to improve children’s academic outcomes.
MODEL-THEORETIC METHODS AND RESULTS IN THE THEORY OF CYLINDRIC ALGEBRAS

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses model-theoretic methods and results in the theory of cylindric algebras. The principal model-theoretic method exploited here is that of ultra-products. The model-theoretic results are connected with the equational character of the class of representable cylindric algebras and with the problem of finite axiomatizability of this class. class of representable three-dimensional cylindric algebras is not finitely axiomatizable. Proofs of some elementary facts about cylindric algebras may be found in Henkin.
Davis and Whiting: QTIP Income Interests and Intent

It is somewhat difficult to anticipate when a court will reform a trust to conform to a testator's intent to qualify for the marital deduction. With this in mind, the author compares the recent Ninth Circuit case Davis to the recent Tax court opinion in Whiting.
Abstract 2064: Down-regulation of miR-31 is associated with metastatic potential of human and canine osteosarcoma

Proceedings: AACR 101st Annual Meeting 2010‐‐ Apr 17‐21, 2010; Washington, DC Osteosarcoma is the most common primary bone tumor in humans and dogs. The primary cause for the poor survival of patients with osteosarcoma in both species is the emergence of metastases in organs distant from the primary tumor, especially in the lung. Therefore, identification of molecular determinants of osteosarcoma metastasis is highly warranted. In order to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that regulate osteosarcoma metastasis, we examined, using qRT-PCR, levels of 10 miRNAs commonly associated with cancer metastasis (miR-10b, miR-146a, miR182, miR183, miR-206, miR-335, miR373, miR-520c-5p, miR-21 and miR-31) in total RNA samples prepared from canine parental osteosarcoma (POS) and highly metastatic POS (HMPOS) cells. Of the 10 miRNAs, only miR-31 showed differential expression between the two cell lines (reduced by 7.8-fold in HMPOS cells versus POS cells). Exposure of HMPOS cells to various chemopreventive agents (myo-inositol, indole-3-carbinol, diindolylmethane, deguelin, phenethyl isothiocyanate, cisplatin, and aza-2′-deoxycytidine) increased the level of miR-31 at least by two-fold, the most potent agents being deguelin and phenethyl isothiocyanate. Subsequently, we assessed the expression of miR-31 in additional canine osteosarcoma cell lines (three cell lines established from primary tumors and three cell lines developed from pulmonary metastases) and human osteosarcoma cell lines differing in metastatic potential (parental SaOS2, low- (LM2), and high- (LM7) metastatic cells). miR-31 levels decreased by 18-fold in canine cell lines derived from pulmonary metastatic tumors relative to that obtained from primary tumors and by 2-fold and 3-fold in LM2 and LM7 cells, respectively, compared to the expression in parental Saos-2 cells. Also, analysis of 3 primary human osteosarcoma tissues and 3 pulmonary metastatic tissues revealed a 13-fold reduction of miR-31 in metastatic tissues relative to primary tumor tissues. In preliminary experiments where attempts were made to identify potential targets of miR-31, exogenous over-expression of a synthetic miR-31 cassette in HMPOS cells negatively regulated a tight junction protein claudin-2, which is incriminated in cancer metastasis. In summary, our studies indicate that miR-31 is a promising marker for the metastatic potential of osteosarcoma and for disease prognosis. Moreover, reactivation of silenced miR-31 by chemopreventive/chemotherapeutic agents could reverse osteosarcoma metastasis. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 2064.
Lipolysis of Triglycerides during Cold Storage of Eggs of Corn Rootworms

During a study of the egg lipids of diapausing and nondiapausing species of corn rootworms, Diabrotica spp., extensive lipolysis of triglycerides during cold storage of whole insect eggs was observed. The present communication reports some qualitative aspects of this phenomenon.
Measures of Narcissism and Their Relations to DSM-5 Pathological Traits: A Critical Reappraisal

There exists substantial debate about how to best assess pathological narcissism with a variety of measures designed to assess grandiose and vulnerable narcissism, as well as the DSM-IV and DSM-5 b...
A comparison of Graham and Piotroski investment models using accounting information and efficacy measurement

We examine the investment models of Benjamin Graham and Joseph Piotroski and compare the efficacy of these two models by running backtest, using screening rules and ranking systems built in Portfolio 123. Using different combinations of screening rules and ranking systems, we also examine the performance of Piotroski and Graham investment models. We find that the combination of Piotroski and Graham investment models performs better than S&P 500. We also find that the Piotroski screening with Graham ranking generates the highest average annualized return among different combinations of screening rules and ranking systems analyzed in this paper. Overall, our results show a profound impact of accounting information on investor’s decision making.
Analysis of Laboratory Result on 155 Epidemic Cerebrospinal Meningitis Suspect Cases

Objective To analyze Laboratory results of ECM suspect cases and provide the basis for epidemic cerebrospinal meningitis Surveillance.Methods Blood and cerebrospinal fluid Samples in acute phase and convalescence phase of 155 ECM suspect cases were cultivated or detected for Neisseria meningitis and its Antigen,DNA and IgG antibody.Detection results were compared.Result 79 examples were made a definite diagnosis in the laboratory among the 155 suspect cases with positive rate of 54.1%.Of them,C serogroup accounted for 97.5%.Positive rate of 129 close contacts was 8.1%.Of them,C serogroup accounted for 79.8% 103/129.Positive rate of blood samples ranked the first.Positive rate of cerebrospinal fluid Samples ranked the second.Positive rate of blood cultivation was the lowest.Conclusion C serogroup was still the predominant serogroup of ECM.Detection results of close contacts were consistent with that of the suspect cases.In order to meet rapid diagnosis,cerebrospinal fluid and double blood examples are needed to collect.
The Innate Lymphoid Cell Precursor

The discovery of tissue-resident innate lymphoid cell populations effecting different forms of type 1, 2, and 3 immunity; tissue repair; and immune regulation has transformed our understanding of mucosal immunity and allergy. The emerging complexity of these populations along with compounding issues of redundancy and plasticity raise intriguing questions about their precise lineage relationship. Here we review advances in mapping the emergence of these lineages from early lymphoid precursors. We discuss the identification of a common innate lymphoid cell precursor characterized by transient expression of the transcription factor PLZF, and the lineage relationships of innate lymphoid cells with conventional natural killer cells and lymphoid tissue inducer cells. We also review the rapidly growing understanding of the network of transcription factors that direct the development of these lineages.
The Multi-dimensional Examination on Effects of Specialist-professor Running a University

The effects of specialist- professor running a university mainly incarnates at four aspects: the effects of leading the way and its demonstrating of the spirit of university,the effect of the core supporting inside the university running system,the effect of consultation on the decision- making of university development,the effect of dominant and deciding of teaching and scientific research work.Exertion of the effects of specialist- professor running a university is the core and key of modern university systems,as well as the important content and the main effective approach of university leadership running by leading of university Committee of the Communist Party.
Analysis on Main Characters and Discussion on High-yielding Breeding of Late-season Indica Hybrid Rice

Correlation analysis,stepwise regression analysis and path coefficient analysis on the main agronomic characters of 97 late-season indica hybrid rice combinations were conducted.The results showed that the sequence of main agro-characters contribution to the yield was panicles per plant,total grains per panicle,1000-grain weight and seed setting rate.They were closely related with yield,and their relationship each other was also very complex.The author pointed out that the ideal morphological characters of high-yielding late-season indica hybrid rice in Jiangxi province should be early or medium maturity,plenty of tillers.And at the same time we should take account of the other two main factors,i.e.total grains per panicle and 1000-grain weight under the condition of ensuring the normal seed setting rate.
Atrial Fibrillation Susceptibility in Obesity: An Excess Adiposity and Fibrosis Complicity?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most frequently observed arrhythmia in the clinic, affects ≈2 to 6 million people in the United States, and is known to increase the risk of stroke, heart failure, and sudden death.1 Epidemiological studies have identified multiple factors that enhance risk for susceptibility to AF, including age, coronary artery disease, heart failure, hypertension, and, more recently, obesity.1 The increase in the incidence of obesity is at alarming proportions; more than one third of the adult population in the United States is classified as obese, an observation that is expected to affect AF incidence.2 Several mechanisms have been proposed to underlie the observed association between obesity and AF, including increased left atrial dimensions, impaired diastolic function, and inflammatory processes, as well as enhanced fibrosis and fatty infiltration of the myocardium and associated comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnea. All such events lead to electrophysiological and structural remodeling of the atrium and predispose to AF induction and maintenance.3 In this brief viewpoint article, we will focus on the emerging evidence showing the importance of adipose tissue in increasing the risk of AF in obesity3 and outline possible molecular/ionic mechanism(s) involved. The fat in the atria is located either (1) on the outside of the visceral pericardium and on the external surface of the parietal pericardium (pericardial fat) or (2) between the myocardium and the visceral pericardium (epicardial fat).4 The embryonic origin of these fat depots and their composition is different in nature. Epicardial fat in particular has been the focus of adipose tissue studies in the atrium because of its contiguity with the myocardium and a shared vasculature (important for paracrine effects) and because it is a better predictor of metabolic syndrome.4 …
Dual effects of L-NAME during transient focal cerebral ischemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats

The role of nitric oxide (NO) in ischemic neuronal injury is unclear. In permanent focal ischemia models, NO release has been reported to be both neuroprotective, by virtue of actions to improve cerebral blood flow (CBF) within ischemic tissue, and neurotoxic. Very little attention has been given to determining the role of NO in transient focal ischemia. In the present studies, low-dose NO inhibition using NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 0.1 mg/kg bolus, 0.01 mg.kg-1.min-1 iv) reduced infarct volume after 180 min of middle cerebral arterial occlusion (MCAO) and 120 min of reperfusion as measured via 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride by 55% (P < 0.0001). Similar reductions occurred whether L-NAME was given throughout MCAO-reperfusion or just 30 or 60 min before reperfusion. L-NAME reduced CBF in the area of infarction at 30 and 180 min of MCAO by 36 and 33% (P < 0.02). In contrast, 15 min into reperfusion, L-NAME increased CBF in the area of infarction by 69% (P < 0.03) and by 27% in the contralateral homologous right hemisphere. Although vascular effects are present, these findings suggest a neurotoxic role for NO primarily during reperfusion after transient focal ischemic injury.
Task framing reduces emotion decoding negativity biases in social anxiety

Social anxiety is associated with difficulty in decoding emotional expressions. In this work, we present two experiments demonstrating that manipulating the apparent social relevance of an emotion-identification task can reduce these difficulties. In Experiment 1, we find that social anxiety predicts an oversensitivity to anger expressions when participants are told they are completing a task that measures social skills. However, when the same task is framed as a measure of intellectual skills, this oversensitivity to anger is eliminated. Experiment 2 finds that social anxiety interferes with participants' ability to discriminate real from fake smiles when participants are told they are completing a test of social skills, but not when they are completing an ostensible measure of intellectual skills.
Correction of Severe Penile Curves with Tunica Albuginea Autografts

AbstractNesbit’s technique of excising ellipses of the tunica albuginea has been effective in correcting penile curvatures. When this procedure is used for severe angulations, penile shortening can be significant. We report the use of Nesbit ellipses autografted to the contralateral corpus for correction of severe penile curvatures in 3 men. This method resulted in a straight penis with minimal shortening.
Sex differences in the effects of social defeat on brain and behavior in the California mouse: Insights from a monogamous rodent

Women are nearly twice as likely as men to be diagnosed with major depressive disorder, yet the use of female animal models in studying the biological basis of depression lags behind that of males. The social defeat model uses social stress to generate depression-like symptoms in order to study the neurobiological mechanisms. In general, social defeat is difficult to apply in female rodents. However, male and female California mice (Peromyscus californicus) are territorial. This allows defeat to be studied in both sexes. Males exposed to defeat tend to exhibit proactive coping mechanisms and demonstrate aggression and reduced cognitive flexibility. Females exposed to defeat engage more in reactive coping mechanisms which is highlighted by social avoidance and low aggression. Importantly, effects of defeat on social interaction behavior in females is independent of adult gonadal steroids. These behavioral phenotypes are associated with sex-specific changes in arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT), closely related peptides that regulate social behavior and stress reactivity. In brain regions associated with stress responses and social behavior, defeat induced long term decreases in AVP activity and increases in OT activity in males and females respectively. Intranasal OT administration was shown to mimic the effects of defeat-induced increases in endogenous OT activity, causing social withdrawal in undefeated females. This suggests that inhibition of OT activity could reduce the impact of stress on behavior in females. These results highlight the value of maintaining diverse rodent models in the search for sex-specific pharmacological approaches to treating mood disorders.
Contour-Mode Aluminum Nitride Piezoelectric MEMS Resonators and Filters

This chapter describes the aluminum nitride MEMS contour-mode resonator (CMR) technology and its application to RF filtering and frequency synthesis. The CMR technology is a new class of piezoelectric resonant devices that has the ability to span a broad range of frequencies from few MHz up to GHz on the same silicon chip and attain motional resistances in the range of 25–250Ω and quality factors above 1,000 in air over the entire frequency spectrum. These laterally vibrating AlN microstructures not only provide the advantages of compact size, low power consumption, and compatibility with high yield mass producible components but will also enable paradigm-shifting solutions for reconfigurable RF front ends and simpler frequency synthesizers. In this chapter, basic analytical design procedures are presented to explain the principle of operation of one and two port AlN CMRs and their use in oscillator circuits. Fundamentals of microfabrication techniques employed for making AlN CMR are briefly introduced. Different methods for arraying these devices and form either electrically or mechanically coupled filters are described. Key device parameters that affect filter insertion loss, bandwidth, and rejection are highlighted for the different kind of configurations. Finally, potential applications of these devices in next-generation cognitive radios and future research directions are presented.
Changing Philosophies of Economic Policy

The 1980s began with an external shock to most economies as the world price of oil rose by about 150 per cent. The years around 1980 also witnessed numerous changes in political leadership, as was noted in the previous chapter. Many, though not all, of the political shifts brought fundamental policy modifications. In some cases — Thatcher and Reagan especially — the new leaders were hedgehogs rather than foxes and acted to impose a new ideology that was closer to orthodoxy than what it replaced. In other cases the alteration in policies — also toward greater orthodoxy — came about through the force of circumstances and under the leadership of foxes like Mitterrand in France and Gonzalez in Spain. These are four selected examples from among the industrial countries. As our story unfolds we shall encounter other instances of striking shifts away from interventionist policies based on changes in economic philosophy — sometimes carried out by ideological hedgehogs and sometimes by pragmatic foxes.
Termination Was Not the End

We describe the treatment, five decades ago, of a 28-year-old gay man, who, at the end of psychotherapy, had become able for the first time to experience an intimate sexually satisfying relationship with a woman. Both he and the therapist were pleased with the outcome. The therapist imagined that heterosexuality would be stable and associated with a sense of contentment. Three years following termination the therapist was shocked to learn that her ex-patient had been murdered, possibly by a man he met in a gay bar. This article discusses the therapist's feelings about changes in psychoanalytic models of homosexuality and psychotherapeutic practices from the time she was a resident until the present.
Molecule-decorated rutile-type ZnF 2 (110): A periodic DFT study

Abstract Weak binding of small molecules onto surfaces is a powerful tool whereby interfacial phenomena are studied in atomistic level. It is well-recognized that physisorption is a precursor to chemisorption and the subsequent heterogeneous catalysis. Although at least in part overlooked, vdW-driven sorption of particles on rutile-like substrates is of potential value due to the wide variety of the applications it serves. Probing the acidity of rutile-structured adsorbents by means of molecular adsorption is the quintessential case of long-range-dominated adsorption on such materials. Monomer, half-layer and monolayer physisorption of gaseous CO and N2 at (110) facet of rutile-like ZnF2 was investigated through dispersion free and dispersion-corrected DFT. The PBE and optB88-vdW calculated stretching frequencies for freestanding and adsorbed CO and N2 were in excellent agreement with their experimentally observed counterparts, when available. Traditional vdW-DF, its successor, vdW-DF2, and RPBE-D3 predict surface energies that match well with B3LYP result. As well, outstanding consistency was found between the vdW-DF and vdW-DF2 computed binding energies and their highly accurate LMP2 equivalent. Whilst being computationally far more efficient, vdW-DF and vdW-DF2 attained interaction energies were closer to the LMP2 benchmark data than the previously reported B3LYP adsorption energy.
Overcoming alignment delay in RF+FSO networks

The use of highly directional antennae in wireless networks has been shown to increase network capacity. As the beamwidth decreases, near perfect alignment is required to achieve these capacity gains. This becomes particularly challenging in mobile adhoc networks, leading to high alignment delay. In this paper, we explore ways of mitigating alignment delay in practical delay tolerant networks (DTNs) where each node has both a radio frequency (RF) control and a free space optical (FSO) data channel. We show that overcoming alignment delay while multicasting data during contact opportunities is an abstraction of the minimum weighted set cover problem. An optimal multicast scheme is implemented in a DTN simulator over a new session-based MAC protocol. Thorough performance evaluation demonstrates that we can compensate for fixed alignment delay, paving the way for high capacity DTNs.
The Role of Educational Attainment in Supported Employment

Rehabilitation counselors provide vocational services to consumers living with serious mental illness (SMI) who have an estimated rate of workforce participation from 10% to 30%. Services, such as supported employment (SE), have strived to overcome these figures. Yet, people living with SMI are often only qualified for employment within the secondary labor market. Human capital theory offers a useful theoretical framework for employment for persons living with SMI. The Brief Symptom Inventory Global Severity Index (GSI) and educational level were used to predict employment outcomes in a sample which consists of 105 individuals with SMI recruited from five SE programs in the mid-Atlantic region. Logistic regression with the predictors of time in SE, GSI, and educational level achieved was used to predict whether someone became employed within the next 6 months. The variable educational level was a significant predictor of successful employment outcome at the 6-month follow-up, Wald χ2 = 7.6, p = .003. The ...
Epigenetic variation between urban and rural populations of Darwin’s finches

The molecular basis of evolutionary change is assumed to be genetic variation. However, growing evidence suggests that epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation, may also be involved in rapid adaptation to new environments. An important first step in evaluating this hypothesis is to test for the presence of epigenetic variation between natural populations living under different environmental conditions. In the current study we explored variation between populations of Darwin’s finches, which comprise one of the best-studied examples of adaptive radiation. We tested for morphological, genetic, and epigenetic differences between adjacent “urban” and “rural” populations of each of two species of ground finches, Geospiza fortis and G. fuliginosa, on Santa Cruz Island in the Galapagos. Using data collected from more than 1000 birds, we found significant morphological differences between populations of G. fortis, but not G. fuliginosa. We did not find large size copy number variation (CNV) genetic differences between populations of either species. However, other genetic variants were not investigated. In contrast, we did find dramatic epigenetic differences between the urban and rural populations of both species, based on DNA methylation analysis. We explored genomic features and gene associations of the differentially DNA methylated regions (DMR), as well as their possible functional significance. In summary, our study documents local population epigenetic variation within each of two species of Darwin’s finches.
Impact of Early Work Experiences on Subsequent Paid Employment for Young Adults With Disabilities

To better understand how early work experience shapes subsequent employment outcomes for young people (ages 18 to 20) with disabilities, we analyzed longitudinal data from the Youth Transition Demonstration (YTD) evaluation to test whether the employment experiences of 1,053 youth during the initial year after entry affected their employment during the third year after entry. To derive causal estimates, we used a dynamic-panel estimation model to account for time-invariant unobserved individual characteristics that may be correlated with youth’s self-selection into both early and later employment. We also controlled for other socioeconomic and health factors that may affect later employment. We found that early work experience increases the probability of being employed 2 years later by 17 percentage points. This estimate is an important advancement over the correlational approaches that characterize the current literature and provides stronger evidence that early work experience is a key determinant of s...
Herbal Supplements or Herbs in Heart Disease: History, Herbal Foods, Coronary Heart Disease

Herbs are natural form of dry whole plants or their parts such as dry flower, root, oil, and stem. The number of cardioprotective herbal remedies and herbal science is at rise. Adverse effects of cardiovascular treatment are unavoidable serious statin side effects and need attention of federal and regulatory bodies to search alternate methods of cardiovascular prevention or herbal treatment. Herbal formula serves the purpose of alternative or combinatorial treatment as safe, cheap, and effective complementary and alternative medicine with no side effect. Coronary heart disease and cardiovascular disease are major disorders of dyslipidemia or elevated lipids in blood to result with atherosclerosis and cardiac arrest. Biochemical mechanistic basis of changes in cardiovascular metabolites is described. New noninvasive herbal testing method is described based on in vivo magnetic resonance imaging and ex vivo magnetic resonance microscopy – histology correlation.
The Physical Properties of Infective Particles

Publisher Summary This chapter describes the physical properties of infective particles. It is found that when virus particles are harvested from infected tissues and purified, they are composed mainly of a nucleoprotein. The particles associated with a given disease are frequently found to be uniform in size and shape so that they can be conveniently termed macromolecules. In the study of viruses, it is observed that cursory examination of electron micrographs or ultracentrifuge patterns reveals evidence of polydispersity with respect to the size of the virus particles. Physical measurements made on objects as small as viruses must involve great numbers of particles. The process of identification consists in the separation of a virus-containing suspension. Separation may be achieved in several ways. One method is to disperse an aliquot of the particles for direct—but destructive—observation; the separation is then made mentally by recording numbers of objects in different morphological classes. The other methods require the virus suspension to be handled in a nondestructive manner because the material as separated must be assayed in that condition. Because virus particles are noninfectious subsequent to electron microscopy, morphologies must be related with infective assay by use of aliquot samples.
Impact of defects on efficiency of light emitters (Conference Presentation)

Nitride semiconductors are the key materials for solid-state lighting. Point defects may act as compensating centers, charge traps, or radiative or nonradiative recombination centers. Unintentional impurities often play an equally important role; for instance, carbon that is unavoidably incorporated during metal-organic chemical vapor deposition can act as a source of yellow luminescence. Theoretical advances now enable us to calculate the energetics as well as electronic and optical properties of point defects with unprecedented accuracy. We have developed a first-principles methodology to determine nonradiative carrier capture coefficients. Accurate calculations of electron-phonon coupling, combined with results for defect formation energies and charge-state transition levels, enable the calculation of nonradiative capture rates for electrons and holes and the evaluation of Shockley-Read-Hall coefficients. This approach allows us to identify specific defects that play a key role in limiting the efficiency of nitride semiconductor devices. ---Work performed in collaboration with A. Alkauskas, C. Dreyer, A. Janotti, J. Lyons, J. Shen, J. Speck, and D. Wickramaratne, and supported by DOE and NSF.
The Protecting Strong African American Families Program: A Randomized Controlled Trial with Rural African American Couples

This study presents results from a randomized controlled trial of the Protecting Strong African American Families (ProSAAF) program, a family-centered intervention designed to promote strong couple, coparenting, and parent-child relationships in two-parent African American families. A total of 346 African American couples with an early adolescent child participated; all families lived in rural, low-income communities in the southern USA. Intent-to-treat growth curve analyses involving three waves and spanning 17 months indicated that ProSAAF participants, compared with control participants, reported greater improvements in relationship communication, confidence, satisfaction, partner support, coparenting, and parenting. More than 80% of the couples attended all six of the in-home, facilitator-led sessions; costs to implement the program averaged $1739 per family. The findings inform the ongoing debate surrounding prevention programs for low-income and ethnic minority couples.
Photonic Network Architectures II: Wavelength Arbitration and Routing

Wavelength-routed networks use individual wavelengths which can be statically or dynamically allocated to source-destination pairs using combinations of modulators, filters, and waveguides. Wavelength-routed networks use wavelength selectivity in order to route data through the network, in contrast to circuit-switched networks which utilize wavelength selectivity for bandwidth aggregation. The wavelength arbitration technique limits the point-to-point bandwidth to a subset of the total number of wavelengths available in the system. This chapter considers architectures where each point-to-point link is composed of a single wavelength channel (unless specified) for simplicity of discussion. This assumption is true of most wavelength-routed networks that have been proposed in literature. These architectures typically exhibit lower latencies than circuit-switched architectures since they do not require the path-setup protocol. Fundamentally, the latency of wavelength-routed networks is only limited by the speed of light and the time required to perform CDR. This chapter describes some of the fundamental building blocks of wavelength-routed architectures and explores some examples of architectures that have been proposed.
Integrating Field Measurements with Flux Tower and Remote Sensing Data

Landscape-scale forest carbon cycle measurements are needed to map forest carbon cycles across space and time, and to identify the processes governing the associated fluxes. Landscape-scale forest carbon cycle measurements are intended to be integrated with flux tower and remote sensing measurements into a diagnosis of forest-atmosphere carbon fluxes referred to in this chapter as flux tower upscaling. Flux tower upscaling is intended to fill gaps in our current ability to diagnose the terrestrial carbon cycle. More complete diagnoses of contemporary fluxes will enable more accurate prediction of future fluxes. Flux tower upscaling is a portion of a broader North American sampling strategy that also includes biomass and atmospheric inventory measurements. Flux tower upscaling has the potential to yield more mechanistic understanding of the terrestrial carbon cycle than inventory approaches, understanding that is essential for developing prognostic skill. Initial demonstrations of flux upscaling in forest ecosystems exist, as well as initial comparisons to inventory methods. Research concerning the design of the landscape-scale forest carbon cycle measurement network required for effective flux tower upscaling is essential, as is research concerning integration of flux tower upscaling with inventory measurements, manipulative experiments, and integrative earth-system studies. This research should include integrative field experiments, and efforts to improve and create key observational methods. Centralized data management and coherent, long-term support for the network observations found essential to this effort are critical for the success of the flux tower upscaling effort, and the North American Carbon Program in general.
Scanning Electron Fractographic Study of Aluminum Oxide as a Function of Testing Temperature and Grain Size

Polycrystalline Lucalox of 5, 20, and 30 µ grain size was fractured at room temperature, 400°, 700°, and 1000°C. Extensive cleavage and intercrystalline fracture was observed using the scanning electron microscope. The extent of cleavage decreased with increase in temperature and grain size. These results are explained in terms of temperature dependence of fracture stress for cleavage and grain boundary fracture, stress concentration at sharp-edge pores, and favorable orientations of some grains relative to the loading axis for cleavage.
The Pathology of FXTAS

In 2002, a syndrome of tremor, ataxia, cognitive decline, and the presence of unique ubiquitin staining intranuclear inclusions in the brain was discovered in premutation males carrying an expansion of between 55 and 200 CGG trinucleotide repeats on the FMR1 gene. This clinical syndrome is now known as fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia (FXTAS) and has been found in both male and female carriers of the expanded premutation allele. The goal of this chapter is to summarize what is known about the anatomical pathology associated with the fragile X premutation and particularly in those individuals with FXTAS. Neuropathology in FXTAS was initially found in the central nervous system, but recent evidence has demonstrated pathological features, including intranuclear inclusions, in the peripheral nervous system, the enteric nervous system, and the neuroendocrine system. The precise cellular dysfunctions that underlie these pathologic features are currently under intense investigation with the goal of prevention and treatment of this devastating disorder.