cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Patents as Signals of Quality in Crowdfunding

Patents and crowdfunding both attempt to foster early stage innova-tions. In theory, patents signal quality and value to attract investment and buyers and ultimately facilitate commercialization. Crowdfunding allows multiple individuals to make small contributions to finance start-up ven-tures. This Article reports on two related studies investigating the interac-tion between these two innovation tools by determining the impact of a crowdfunding campaign’s patent status on the campaign’s success and de-livery. The first study examines 9,184 Kickstarter campaigns in patent-eli-gible categories to determine whether patented or patent-pending labeled projects are more likely to reach their funding goal and in turn achieve actual, on-time delivery when compared to non-patented projects. This studyfinds, perhaps surprisingly, that patented projects are not more likely to obtain funding compared to non-patented ones. In contrast, patent-pend-ing projects are more successful in getting funded. The second study con-firms this preference for patent-pending projects but not patented ones through a series of laboratory experiments on Amazon Mechanical Turk (“MTurk”). The MTurk results also indicate that patent-pending status, as compared to patented status, is more likely to be noticed by potential back-ers and an identified reason for such backers to invest and buy crowdfunded products. These results provide insight into whether patents (1) act as sig-nals to attract funding and buyers,and (2) assist in commercialization in the crowdfunding context. These results also inform the proper focus of pa-tent marking statutes
Who controls who (or what)

Language can be used to bridge the gap between expert knowledge and ability to act. I argue that this function is grammaticalized in imperatives (and in some languages, larger paradigms of directives), and that this becomes evident in restrictions on the (co-)reference of their subjects. I develop an account of the conventional semantics of imperatives and directives in general that associates the prohibited constellations with conflicting discourse requirements.
National Study of Telepsychiatry Use in U.S. Emergency Departments

Objective:The receipt of telemedicine for the management of mental illness, also known as telepsychiatry, is being adopted in emergency departments (EDs), but little is known about this approach. T...
Nuclear Weapons and the Treadmill of Destruction in the Making of the Anthropocene

This research analyzes the human dimensions of environmental degradation and injustice in the age of nuclear weapons. Human societies are fundamentally linked to global environmental systems and are transforming ecological conditions in dramatic ways, such that the current epoch has been termed the Anthropocene. This article highlights the human health consequences, ecological transformations, and threats to biodiversity imposed by military institutions in the Anthropocene; emphasizing how these outcomes can be traced to specific interrelated sets of processes and generative conditions. I advance the treadmill of destruction theory as one useful theoretical framework for examining these socio-ecological interrelationships. The investigation focuses on the institutional foundations of nuclear war strategy and preparations for nuclear war, and their interactions with ecosystems. I provide an analysis of the American nuclear weapons production process, revealing how a treadmill of destruction emerged after World War II. This analysis of how the developmental dynamics of nuclear weapons have changed over time brings greater clarity to the Anthropocene concept and the distinct role of military institutions in shaping the new era.
“Glaucomatous fields” after monthly intravitreal injections: Normal tension glaucoma or a Mimicker?

Abstract Purpose Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) injections, while used to effectively treat numerous retinal vascular conditions, can be associated with transient and prolonged ocular hypertension. There is minimal literature detailing the development of normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) following intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Observations A 38-year-old Caucasian male with no medical or ocular history was diagnosed with an inferior HRVO with macular edema in the left eye. The patient received a total of eleven monthly intravitreal aflibercept injections over one year, with maintenance of stable vision and intraocular pressure (IOP) throughout the treatment period and during follow-up. Nine months after the last aflibercept injection, cup-to-disc asymmetry, inferior thinning of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), and reduced superior visual field was evident in the left eye. Clinically, the patient was consistent with normal tension glaucoma and thus, the patient was started on daily timolol drops; however, the role of the glaucomatous findings being secondary to repeated injection-related IOP elevations is possible. Conclusions and Importance While the clinical features based on visual fields and RNFL thinning with unmedicated normotensive IOP may suggest NTG in a patient, this clinical presentation may be a masquerader of NTG with the etiology of the glaucoma optic neuropathy caused by cumulative impact of transient IOP elevations secondary to intravitreal injections.
Protecting Children, Creating Citizens: Participatory Child Protection Practice in Norway and the United States

This book examines a participatory approach in child protection practices in both Norway and the United States, despite key organizational differences. Križ explores ways that children can be empowered to participate in child protection investigations and decisions after removal from home. The author shows how children can be encouraged to develop and express their own opinions and explores tools for child protection workers to negotiate complex boundaries around the inclusion of children in decision-making. She presents valuable insights from front-line child protection professionals' unique perspectives and experiences within two very different systems, and evaluates the impacts of different organizational practices in promoting children's participation.
Does Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Diagnostic Ultrasound for Soft Tissue Masses Change Clinical Management

Objectives To evaluate whether a follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan performed after initial ultrasound (US) to evaluate soft tissue mass (STM) lesions of the musculoskeletal system provides additional radiologic diagnostic information and alters clinical management. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed of patients undergoing initial US evaluations of STMs of the axial or appendicular skeleton between November 2012 and March 2019. Patients who underwent US examinations followed by MRI for the evaluation of STM lesions were identified. For inclusion, the subsequent pathologic correlation was required from either a surgical or image-guided biopsy. Imaging studies with pathologic correlations were then reviewed by 3 musculoskeletal radiologists, who were blinded to the pathologic diagnoses. The diagnostic utility of MRI was then assessed on the basis of a 5-point grading scale, and inter-reader agreements were determined by the Fleiss κ statistic. Results Ninety-two patients underwent MRI after US for STM evaluations. Final pathologic results were available in 42 cases. Samples were obtained by surgical excision or open biopsy (n = 34) or US-guided core biopsy (n = 8). The most common pathologic diagnoses were nerve sheath tumors (n = 9), lipomas (n = 5), and leiomyomas (n = 5). Imaging review showed that the subsequent MRI did not change the working diagnosis in 73% of cases, and the subsequent MRI was not considered to narrow the differential diagnosis in 68% of cases. There was slight inter-reader agreement for the diagnostic utility of MRI among individual cases (κ = 0.10) between the 3 readers. Conclusions The recommendation of MRI to further evaluate STM lesions seen with US frequently fails to change the working diagnosis or provide significant diagnostic utility.
Toddler teacher job strain, resources, and classroom quality

Early care and education (ECE) settings are influential in shaping children’s early experiences. Informed by the Job Demands-Resources model, this study had two aims. First, we examined how ECE tea...
[11C]UCB-J PET imaging of synaptic vesicle protein SV2A in cognitive decline

1538 Objectives: [11C]UCB-J is a PET radioligand which specifically binds to synaptic vesicle protein SV2A and is designed to reflect synaptic density. As synaptic loss is a hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, PET imaging can provide for an in vivo analysis of synaptic density changes in Alzheimer’s Disease (AD). The purpose of this work is to investigate changes in [11C]UCB-J uptake in unique dementia cases across the clinical and pathological spectrum of AD. Methods: [11C]UCB-J dynamic PET imaging was conducted over 70 minutes in fifteen participants recruited from the UW ADRC. Amyloid (A+/-) and tau (T+/-) status was determined using [11C]PiB and [18F]MK-6240 PET scans, respectively. The participants included eleven CU (A-/T-), one CU (A+/T+), one MCI (A-/T-), one non-AD dementia (A-/T-), and one clinically-diagnosed AD with unknown amyloid and tau status (scans pending). Multiple ROIs were taken using FreeSurfer templates acquired using individual T1w MR images: hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, parahippocampus, frontal cortex, and the parietal cortex. Regional DVRs were calculated using SRTM2 with t* = 35min and a global clearance rate for the cerebellar reference region k’2fixed to a set of values which ranged from 0.01 to 1.0 min-1 with an increment of 0.01. Results: Relative to the CU (A-/T-) DVR, [11C]UCB-J DVR measures in the hippocampus were decreased in the CU (A+/T+), MCI (A-/T-), non-AD dementia (A-/T-), and AD (A?/T?) cases with 0.71, 0.52, 0.55, and 0.36 compared to 0.88±0.13 in CU. The parahippocampus also showed decreases in the MCI (A-/T-), non-AD dementia (A-/T-), and AD (A?/T?) cases (0.71, 0.43, 0.64 vs 0.90±0.14). The CU (A+/T+) and the non-AD dementia (A-/T-) subjects showed lower DVR values in the inferior parietal lobe (1.10, 1.14 vs 1.34±0.11) as well as in the medial frontal lobe (1.20, 1.14 vs 1.34±0.11). Decreases in the entorhinal cortex were also seen in the non-AD dementia (A-/T-) and the AD (A?/T?) cases (0.52, 0.34 vs 0.80±0.17). Conclusions: For all four subjects in cognitive decline, [11C]UCB-J binding is reduced in the hippocampus when compared to the cognitively unimpaired A-/T- subjects. Decreased binding in the parahippocampus, inferior parietal lobe, medial frontal lobe, and/or the entorhinal cortex was also observed in some of those cases. Ongoing, longitudinal studies with larger sample sizes will investigate associations between cognitive, amyloid, and tau status with [11C]UCB-J measured synaptic density.
Acoustic sensing with light

Optical acoustic sensors have gained interest for use in photoacoustic imaging systems, but can they dethrone conventional piezoelectric sensors altogether?
A spatially aware likelihood test to detect sweeps from haplotype distributions

Abstract The inference of positive selection in genomes is a problem of great interest in evolutionary genomics. By identifying putative regions of the genome that contain adaptive mutations, we are able to learn about the biology of organisms and their evolutionary history. Here we introduce a composite likelihood method that identifies recently completed or ongoing positive selection by searching for extreme distortions in the spatial distribution of the haplotype frequency spectrum relative to the genome-wide expectation taken as neutrality. Furthermore, the method simultaneously infers two parameters of the sweep: the number of sweeping haplotypes and the “width” of the sweep, which is related to the strength and timing of selection. We demonstrate that this method outperforms the leading haplotype-based selection statistics. Then, as a positive control, we apply it to two well-studied human populations from the 1000 Genomes Project and examine haplotype frequency spectrum patterns at the LCT and MHC loci. To facilitate use of this method, we have implemented it in user-friendly open source software.
Coupling trapped cold neutral atoms to a microring photonic circuit

The integration of cold neutral atoms with nanophotonic circuits offers significant potential as a light-matter interface for a wide range of applications ranging from fundamental studies in quantum optics, quantum many- body physics, quantum networks. Here, we demonstrate atom-photon interactions using an efficiently-coupled nanophotonic microring circuit on a chip. Cold atoms are prepared above the chip, and directed to the near field region of a whispering-gallery mode of a microring resonator by an optical dipole potential. Delivered atoms interact with the mode of a resonant light field coupled to the resonator. This demonstration of efficiently guided atoms and their interaction with a microring photonic circuit paves the way towards realizing an on-chip chiral atom-light interface.
Power Performance Analysis of Digital Standard Cells for 28nm Bulk CMOS at Cryogenic Temperature using BSIM models

Cryogenic CMOS is a crucial component in building scalable quantum computers, predominantly for interface and control circuitry. Further, high performance computing can also benefit from cryogenic boosters. This necessitates an in-depth understanding of the power and performance trade-offs in cryogenic operation of digital logic. In this paper, we analyze digital standard cells in 28nm High-K Metal Gate (HKMG) CMOS foundry Process Design Kit (PDK). We have developed BSIM4 models of cryogenic CMOS and calibrated with experimental measurements. Since, low temperature operation leads to an exponential decrease in the leakage current of the transistors, we further tune the threshold voltage of the devices to achieve iso-leakage. In this paper, we present inverter static and dynamic characteristics and multiple Ring Oscillator(RO) structures. The simulation study shows that we can achieve 28%(FO4-RO) – 59%(NAND3-RO) higher performance under iso-VDD scenario and up to 90% improvement in the Energy Delay Product (EDP) under iso-overdrive scenario at 6K compared to room temperature.
Strategic Thinking in Ocular Traumatology

What does a car driver do when given the task of driving from home to an unknown destination through unknown territory?
Dynamic FEM analysis of multiple cMUT cells in immersion [capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers]

This paper reports on the accurate modeling of immersion capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (cMUTs) using a time-domain, nonlinear FEM package. A cMUT device consists of many cells. In this paper, a square membrane was used as the unit cell to cover the transducer area by periodic replication on the surface. The FEM calculations were used to analyze the nonlinear operation regimes of the cMUT. Nonlinear operation regimes (collapsed and collapse-snapback) provided higher acoustic output pressures than the conventional operation. The FEM calculations were compared to transmit experiment results performed with a hydrophone, and good agreement was observed.
A note on location and the output effect of ad-valorem taxes under free entry oligopoly

This paper examines the output effect of an ad-valorem tax of undifferentiated oligopolistic firms in the Weber-Moses triangle. It shows that an increase in the ad-valorem tax will increase each firm’s output but may increase the number of firms and total output of firms if the inverse demand function is linear, concave or not too convex. This result is different from the well-known Tanaka’s result in non-spatial economy. It indicates that oligopolistic firm’s location decision has important influence on the output effect of the ad-valorem tax.
Rapid prototyping of multichip packages using computer-controlled, ink jet direct-write

A preliminary study is described that shows the feasibility of rapid prototyping for the multichip packages. This can ease the prototyping bottleneck in the multichip packaging process. A model of the ink-jet direct-write system was developed, and various inks were studied. It was found that liquid photoresist inks have the most promise. Well-defined interconnection patterns among chips can be obtained by writing the photoresist inks directly on metal-coated substrates and following with a metal film etching method. Conductive metal lines of 2 mil. in width or smaller can be achieved. >
A fast algorithm for approximate string matching on gene sequences

Approximate string matching is a fundamental and challenging problem in computer science, for which a fast algorithm is highly demanded in many applications including text processing and DNA sequence analysis. In this paper, we present a fast algorithm for approximate string matching, called FAAST. It aims at solving a popular variant of the approximate string matching problem, the k-mismatch problem, whose objective is to find all occurrences of a short pattern in a long text string with at most k mismatches. FAAST generalizes the well-known Tarhio-Ukkonen algorithm by requiring two or more matches when calculating shift distances, which makes the approximate string matching process significantly faster than the Tarhio-Ukkonen algorithm. Theoretically, we prove that FAAST on average skips more characters than the Tarhio-Ukkonen algorithm in a single shift, and makes fewer character comparisons in an entire matching process. Experiments on both simulated data sets and real gene sequences also demonstrate that FAAST runs several times faster than the Tarhio-Ukkonen algorithm in all the cases that we tested.
Incremental Mining of Constrained Associations

The advent of data warehouses has shifted the focus of data mining from file-based systems to database systems in recent years. Architectures and techniques for optimizing mining algorithms for relational as well as Object-relational databases are being explored with a view to tightly integrate mining into data warehouses. Interactive mining and incremental mining are other useful techniques to enhance the utility of mining and to support goal oriented mining. In this paper, we show that by viewing the negative border concept as a constraint relaxation technique, incremental data mining can be readily generalized to efficiently mine association rules with various types of constraints. In the general approach, incremental mining can be viewed as a special case of relaxing the frequency constraint. We show how the generalized incremental mining approach including constraint handling can be implemented using SQL. We develop performance optimizations for the SQL-based incremental mining and present some promising performance results. Finally, we demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach to several other data mining problems in the literature.
Efficient generation of endothelial cells from human pluripotent stem cells and characterization of their functional properties

Although endothelial cells (ECs) have been derived from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), large-scale generation of hPSC-ECs remains challenging and their functions are not well characterized. Here we report a simple and efficient three-stage method that allows generation of approximately 98 and 9500 ECs on day 16 and day 34, respectively, from each human embryonic stem cell (hESC) input. The functional properties of hESC-ECs derived in the presence and absence of a TGFβ-inhibitory molecule SB431542 were characterized and compared with those of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Confluent monolayers formed by SB431542 + hESC-ECs, SB431542- hESC-ECs, and HUVECs showed similar permeability to 10,000 Da dextran, but these cells exhibited striking differences in forming tube-like structures in 3D fibrin gels. The SB431542 + hESC-ECs were most potent in forming tube-like structures regardless of whether VEGF and bFGF were present in the medium; less potent SB431542- hESC-ECs and HUVECs responded differently to VEGF and bFGF, which significantly enhanced the ability of HUVECs to form tube-like structures but had little impact on SB431542- hESC-ECs. This study offers an efficient approach to large-scale hPSC-EC production and suggests that the phenotypes and functions of hPSC-ECs derived under different conditions need to be thoroughly examined before their use in technology development. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 104A: 678-687, 2016.
Nonlinear distortion and mixing processes in field-effect transistors

From the transfer characteristic of the junction-type field effect transistor, nonlinear distortion effects can be evaluated without difficulty. It is shown how the conversion transconductance can be calculated as a function of the operating point, the local oscillator voltage and the oscillator output resistance. A new method has been derived which permits a very precise evaluation of the conversion transconductance even if the operating point is chosen in the cutoff region. The investigations deal with the influence of the signal amplitude upon nonlinear distortion in mixer stages and also treat the generation of whistles. The conversion transconductance exhibits a flat maximum as a function of the gate bias voltage. Thus, an optimum operating range can be indicated where the ratio between mixing current and distortion product currents is most favorable. Finally, it is shown how the operating point can be preserved in stabilized mixer stages and some reference details for the behavior of FET stages at very high frequencies are given.
Foreword: In Honor of Peter Ward Jones

In 2009, the musical world celebrated the bicentenary of the birth of Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, whose music has experienced a strong revival over the past thirty years. An ever-increasing number...
Binding energies and bound-free transition matrix elements for an impurity atom in a hydrogen plasma

Abstract We have obtained potentials, energy levels, and bound-free transition matrix elements for an iron impurity atom in a hydrogen plasma, under varying conditions of density and temperature, according to the Thomas-Fermi (TF) and Debye-Huckel Thomas-Fermi (DHTF) statistical average-atom models. Shape resonance features in the two models are very different.
Teachers, please learn our names!: racial microagressions and the K-12 classroom

Many Students of Color have encountered cultural disrespect within their K-12 education in regards to their names. While the racial undertones to the mispronouncing of names in schools are often understated, when analyzed within a context of historical and current day racism, the authors argue that these incidents are racial microagressions – subtle daily insults that, as a form of racism, support a racial and cultural hierarchy of minority inferiority. Furthermore, enduring these subtle experiences with racism can have a lasting impact on the self-perceptions and worldviews of a child. Using a Critical Race Theory (CRT) framework and qualitative data, this study was designed to explore the racial microaggressions and internalized racial microaggressions of Students of Color in K-12 settings in regards to their names. Black, Latina/o Asian American, Pacific Islander and mixed race participants were solicited through various education electronic mail lists, and data was collected through short answer quest...
Thyroid Function During the Rebound Phase Following the Discontinuation of Antithyroid Drugs

Rats were fed PTU in a low-iodine diet (LID) with or without iodine supplementation for 7 days and thyroid function was assessed during the following 11 days. A peak rebound of 131I uptake and maximum thyroid weight was found at 4–5 days after drug withdrawal. The biosynthesis of labeled amino acids, as it resumed after the PTU block dissipated, was characterized by very high MIT*/DIT* and T3*/T4* ratios. All indices of thyroid function tended to return to the control level between the 6th and 11th day after PTU withdrawal. This was more marked in rats fed the iodine-supplemented LID. LID per se increased MIT*/DIT* and T3*/T4* ratios and greatly accentuated the shift in these ratios brought about by PTU. If perchlorate was substituted for PTU there was no overshoot of uptake after drug withdrawal and all changes of thyroid function appeared to be those of enhanced iodine deficiency. The most marked single alteration of biosynthesis in PTU and perchlorate withdrawn rats (as well as in LID-fed rats) was the...
Reconstitution of human factor VIII from isolated subunits.

Abstract Human factor VIII heterodimers were fractionated into component heavy and light chains using an anti-light chain specific monoclonal antibody immunosorbant. Neither the light chain nor the heavy chain alone possessed activity. Factor VIII activity was reconstituted by recombining the subunits in the presence of Mn2+ or Ca2+. Reconstitution of activity also showed ionic strength dependence suggesting the importance of hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions. All factor VIII heavy chains (93 to 210 kDa) recombined with the 83 kDa light chain as judged by retention of all reconstituted heterodimeric forms by the monoclonal immunosorbant. Maximum specific activity (3 units/μg) was obtained at a 1:1 molar ratio of light chain:heavy chain. The presence of von Willebrand factor enhanced the rate of factor VIII reconstitution as much as 5-fold. This effect was both ionic strength-dependent and dose-dependent up to a 25-fold weight excess of von Willebrand factor over factor VIII.
Perceived Fashionability Of A Garment As Inferred From The Age And Body Type Of The Wearer

Implicit personality theory predicts that individuals will make judgments of others based on salient visible cues in the absence of other information. This research examined the effects of age and body type of the wearer and the cur rency of fashion detail of the garment on the perceived fashionability of the gar ment. College-aged female respondents (N= 90) rated the fashionability of six garments, three dresses and three suits with varying fashion cues. The models wearing the garments represented three levels of age and body type. Subjects responded to a unipolar adjective trait scale. Results indicated that the respon dents used cues provided by the age and body type of the model in addition to fashion detail in making judgments of garment fashionability. Whereas past re search has shown that clothing worn by a person affects judgments of that person, these results clearly show that the person wearing the clothing also af fects judgments of the clothing.
The dynamic behavior of continuous solution polymerization reactors. VII: Experimental study of a copolymerization reactor

Abstract The dynamic behavior of continuous free-radical solution copolymerization reactors was studied, using VA (vinyl acetate) and MMA (methyl methacrylate) as comonomers. Due to the lack of data in the literature, a mathematical model was built and some kinetic parameters were determined for different operation conditions. This model was used to build a set of bifurcation diagrams, where oscillatory and ignition-extinction phenomena could be predicted as a function of operation conditions. Additional experiments validated the model predictions and showed that the dynamic behavior of these reactors may be extremely sensitive to changes in the feed composition.
Stimulation of hyaluronan metabolism by interleukin‐1α in human articular cartilage

Objective To determine the effects of interleukin-1α (IL-1α) on the expression of hyaluronan synthase (HAS), CD44, and aggrecan in human articular chondrocytes, and to assess the net result of these metabolic changes on the accumulation of hyaluronan within articular cartilage. Methods Normal human articular cartilage slices, as well as isolated chondrocytes, were treated with IL-1α. Changes in the relative expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) for HAS-2, CD44, and aggrecan were determined by competitive, quantitative reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Hyaluronan accumulation was characterized by staining with a hyaluronan-specific binding protein and by fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis, while proteoglycan content was determined by alcian blue and Safranin O staining, CD44 protein expression by immunohistochemistry, and aggrecan biosynthesis by 35S-sulfate incorporation. Changes in cell-associated matrix sizes were visualized by a particle exclusion assay. Results IL-1α stimulated the expression of HAS-2 and CD44 mRNA (3.5-fold and 3-fold, respectively), but inhibited the expression of aggrecan mRNA. In IL-1–treated chondrocytes, extracellular hyaluronan decreased, while intracellular accumulation of hyaluronan was enhanced. Together with the decrease in expression of aggrecan, a dramatic reduction in cell-associated matrix was observed. IL-1–treated cartilage slices displayed a prominent depletion of aggrecan as well as hyaluronan within the upper layers of the tissue. The regional loss of hyaluronan coincided with a regional up-regulation of CD44. Conclusion These data demonstrate that IL-1α stimulates HAS-2 at the same time as it inhibits the expression of aggrecan. Although hyaluronan biosynthesis is up-regulated, so too is the expression of CD44 and the internalization/catabolism of hyaluronan. The net result is a loss of hyaluronan in areas of the articular cartilage where increases in CD44 expression are most prominent. This depletion of hyaluronan in the upper layers of the tissue likely facilitates the prominent loss of aggrecan from the tissue.
NADP-malate dehydrogenase from leaves of Zea mays: purification and physical, chemical, and kinetic properties.

Abstract NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) from leaves of Zea mays has been purified and has a specific activity of 600–1000 μmol/min/mg protein. The native, inactive form of the enzyme is an 87.4-kDa, dimeric protein with a sedimentation coefficient of 5.5 S and a Stokes' radius of 3.62 nm. Isofocus analysis reveals the native enzyme preparation to contain two proteins of p I 4.88 and 4.90. The uv-visible absorbance spectrum reveals no chromophores on the protein. The inactive form of the enzyme contains three thiols and three disulfides per subunit. 2-Mercaptoethanol can reduce two of the three subunit disulfides without concomitant activation of the enzyme. Treating the enzyme with dithiothreitol reduces all three subunit disulfides and fully activates the enzyme. These results show that NADP-MDH activation is dependent on the reduction of a critical disulfide bond. The enzyme can use both NADPH and NADH for oxaloacetate (OAA) reduction and NADP and NAD for malate oxidation at the following measured specific activities (eu/mg protein) at pH 8.5 in Tris buffer: NADPH plus OAA (690), NADH plus OAA (260), NADP plus malate (82), and NAD plus malate (37). These activities vary as a function of pH and buffer composition. K m values for the substrate pairs are NADPH (24 μ m ) plus OAA (56 μ m ); NADH (0.83 m m ) plus OAA (61 m m ); NADP (73 μ m ) plus malate (32 m m ); and NAD (0.80 m m ) plus malate (29 m m ). The enzyme shows allosteric kinetics for NADP with a Hill number of 1.56. The enzyme is substrate-inhibited by malate for both NADP- and NAD-dependent activities.
On the mechanism of silylformylation catalyzed by Rh-Co mixed metal complexes

Possible mechanisms for the silylformylation of 1-alkynes catalyzed by Rh2Co2(CO)12 are investigated. Novel Rh-Co mixed metal complexes, (PhMe2Si)2Rh(CO)nCo(CO)4 (n = 2 or 3) (3) and RhCo(HC≡CBun)(CO)5 (5), are found to play important roles in this catalysis. The reaction of 3 with 1-hexyne and HSiMe2Ph at ambient temperature and pressure of CO gives n-BuC(CHO)=CHSiMe2Ph (1a, Z/E = 95/5), (PhMe2Si)2Rh(CO)3Co(CO)4 (3-B) and an Rh-Co mixed metal butterfly complex, h2Co2(HC≡CBun)(CO)10 (4). The reaction of 5 with 1-hexyne and HSiMe2Ph under the same ambient conditions affords 1a (100% Z) very cleanly as the sole reaction product. The crossover experiments u sing RhCo(DC≡CBun)(CO)5(5-d), 1-hexyne-1d and DSiMe2Ph strongly support the mixed metal bimetallic catalysis and involvement of bis(alkyne)-Rh-Co species. The most plausible catalytic cycle of silylformylation which can accommodate all the observed results is proposed.
The division of labor within the home: Have gender roles changed?

The purpose of this paper was to examine more recent time-use data regarding the division of labor in the home and compare those findings with that of previously reported data. A 1981 national sample of married Canadian men and women's time use was examined. Generalized least squares regression was employed to examine and predict time use by married men and women as a function of spouse's labor force status, number of children, age of youngest child, and day of the week data were collected. As compared to previous studies, results indicate that over time married women have reduced the amount of time spent in meal preparation while increasing time spent with children. Men increased the amount of time spent in food preparation and child care, although their participation appeared limited primarily to weekend days and invariant to wife's labor force participation.
Lung disease in FLNA mutation: Confirmatory report

Recently in this journal, Masurel-Paulet et al. reported the association between pulmonary disease and a mutation in X-linked FLNA in a male patient. We confirm this association in a female patient, showing that this complication is not sex-specific. Our patient has a FLNA missense mutation (c.220G > A) and presented with cerebral periventricular nodular heterotopia, cardiovascular abnormalities, and pulmonary disease consisting of lobar emphysema of the right middle pulmonary lobe with severe malacia of the right sided bronchus intermedius. Surgical resection of the right middle lobe was necessary and she had long-term oxygen dependency. Symptoms improved with age.
Age, sex, colour and disability discrimination in America

Presents a special issue, enlisting the help of the author’s students and colleagues, focusing on age, sex, colour and disability discrimination in America. Breaks the evidence down into manageable chunks, covering: age discrimination in the workplace; discrimination against African‐Americans; sex discrimination in the workplace; same sex sexual harassment; how to investigate and prove disability discrimination; sexual harassment in the military; when the main US job‐discrimination law applies to small companies; how to investigate and prove racial discrimination; developments concerning race discrimination in the workplace; developments concerning the Equal Pay Act; developments concerning discrimination against workers with HIV or AIDS; developments concerning discrimination based on refusal of family care leave; developments concerning discrimination against gay or lesbian employees; developments concerning discrimination based on colour; how to investigate and prove discrimination concerning based on colour; developments concerning the Equal Pay Act; using statistics in employment discrimination cases; race discrimination in the workplace; developments concerning gender discrimination in the workplace; discrimination in Japanese organizations in America; discrimination in the entertainment industry; discrimination in the utility industry; understanding and effectively managing national origin discrimination; how to investigate and prove hiring discrimination based on colour; and, finally, how to investigate sexual harassment in the workplace.
Two-stage ROC curve regression model when sampling a population of diagnosticians

This paper presents a statistical method to explore and assess variability among diagnosticians in their accuracy and the association between accuracy and characteristics of diagnosticians and patients. The method assumes random sampling from a population of patients. It is assumed the diagnosticians provide ordinal diagnostic ratings to all patients. In stage I, the Binormal Model is used to summarize the data into diagnostician-specific accuracy parameters at each patient covariate level. In stage II, the reduced data is then regressed on characteristics of the diagnosticians. Statistical inference is driven by bootstrapping. An application of the method to a national study of mammogram interpretation variability is presented. Empirical and theoretical evaluations are presented which substantiate the method. It will be shown that the model belongs to the well-known class of General Linear Models. The primary strength of the method is that it facilitates familiar and graphical approaches to the analysis of complex diagnostic ratings data arising from the simultaneous sampling of the population of diagnosticians as well as of the population of patients.© (2002) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A crystallographic study of the orthorhombic to cubic phase transition in ytterbium dihydride

Abstract The crystal structures of ytterbium and calcium dihydrides were investigated at temperatures from 25 ° to 600 °C by X-ray diffraction. The gradual transition of ytterbium dihydride from orthorhombic to face-centered cubic, beginning at 125 °C, was found. The kinetics of the transition were studied at 200 ° and 250 °C. The two cubic phases of Warf and Hardcastle , of lattice constants 5.192 ± 0.004 A and 5·253 ± 0.015 A , were confirmed. The latter was definitely metastable; the former was stable at room temperature for the duration of the investigation. Surface oxidation at and above 400 °C prevented investigation of a similar expected transition in calcium hydride. Coefficients of expansion and volume changes on transition were calculated. The role of polarization in the transition is discussed.
Magnetic manipulation of self-assembled colloidal asters

Self-assembled materials must actively consume energy and remain out of equilibrium to support structural complexity and functional diversity. Here we show that a magnetic colloidal suspension confined at the interface between two immiscible liquids and energized by an alternating magnetic field dynamically self-assembles into localized asters and arrays of asters, which exhibit locomotion and shape change. By controlling a small external magnetic field applied parallel to the interface, we show that asters can capture, transport, and position target microparticles. The ability to manipulate colloidal structures is crucial for the further development of self-assembled microrobots.
A one-dimensional model of piloted ignition

Abstract In this article a model of piloted ignition is analyzed. The two-dimensional coupled solid and gas phase problem is simplified by assuming that the mass evolution rate from the combustible solid is a known function of time and by employing a plane rather than a point ignition source. Thus only a transient one-dimensional analysis of the gas phase is necessary. The equations are solved numerically using a fast scheme especially suitable for combustion problems. The pilot flame is modeled as a thin slab of gas that is periodically raised to the adiabatic flame temperature of the stoichiometric mixture. The effects of (1) ignition source location, (2) fuel mass evolution rate from the surface, and (3) surface temperature of the solid are investigated. An explanation is offered for the preignition flashes often observed experimentally. A rational criterion for positioning of the pilot flame is proposed. The minimum fuel flow rate, by itself, is found insufficient for predicting the onset of piloted ignition; heat losses to the surface play an important role. Also, the conditions at extinction of a steady diffusion flame are found to be very similar to those for piloted ignition.
Lamellar liquid crystal and other phases in the system sodium dodecyl sulfate, hexylamine, water, and heptane

Abstract Phase equilibria have been studied for the system composed of sodium dodecyl sulfate, hexylamine, heptane, and water. Greatest emphasis has been placed on the lamellar liquid crystal region and X-ray diffraction measurements. Equations are developed or modified to allow determination of the degree of penetration of water into the amphiphilic double layer as a function of water or amphiphile concentration. It is found that the interfacial area occupied by the polar or ionic head groups of amphiphiles increases with increasing water content.
SLAMF6-driven co-stimulation of human peripheral T cells is defective in SLE T cells.

The CD28 co-stimulatory pathway is well established for T cell activation. However, there is evidence suggesting the existence of additional co-stimulatory pathways. Here we report that a member of the SLAM superfamily, SLAMF6, or CD352 plays an important role in T cell co-stimulation. Cross-linking of SLAMF6 with anti-CD3 primes human T cell to secrete Th1 cytokines. Among the T cell subsets, CD8+ and CD3+CD4− CD8− cells display the highest Th1 production responses. Engagement of SLAMF6 mobilizes the modulation of the same set of NF-κB-associated genes. Although the expression of SLAMF6 on the surface of T cells from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) T cells is comparable to that on the normal T cells, engagement of SLAMF6 results in severely reduced Th1 and IL-2 cytokine production. Our results suggest the existence of an additional co-stimulatory pathway in human T cells, which is defective in SLE T cells.
Short Term Metabolism of Urea and Purine Cytokinins

Approximately 20 to 25% of the cytokinin benzyladenine (BA) taken up by soybean tissues in culture is converted to a stable, long-lived derivative which contains BA as part of its structure. This derivative may be metabolically related to 6-benzylamino-9-β-d-ribofuranosylpurine 5′-monophosphate (BAMP). In in vivo incubations of 2 hours or less, we recover only BA, benzyladenosine, and BAMP. Benzyladenosine never accounts for more than 10% of the total radioactivity while BAMP builds up to about 20% of the total within 2 to 4 hours. After this period it begins to disappear, and a new, unidentified substance arises at a rate which roughly parallels the loss of BAMP. After about 48 hours this substance, which has good cytokinin activity, accounts for some 20 to 25% of the total radioactivity and persists at this level for at least 60 days. In the meantime the remainder of the BA, as well as benzyladenosine and BAMP, disappear completely. In addition, evidence is presented which suggests that the urea cytokinins are not active as such but first are metabolically transformed into other substances.
Improving the fermentation characteristics of corn through agronomic and processing practices.

This study determined the influence of corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids, N availability, grain harvest moisture, and drying temperatures on dry-mill ethanol production. Six hybrids, ranging from 92 to 108 d in relative maturity (RM), were planted at two locations over 2 yr. One of four N fertilizer treatments were applied. Grain was hand-harvested at grain moistures of 20 and 25%. Grain was dried to about 15% moisture at either 25, 38, 52, or 60°C in 2003, and 38, 66, 75, or 93°C in 2004. Ethanol was measured after grain was subjected to a small-scale bench fermentation process. Grain yield increased at all four site-years as available N increased to the recommended N application rate. Relative ethanol concentration was generally not affected by normal N fertilizer rates. Significant reductions in relative ethanol concentration occurred at the both the highest and lowest N rates in one-of-four site years. Hybrids designated as high fermentable starch (HS) by the company did not necessarily yield more ethanol than other hybrids. Ethanol concentration was reduced by 0.3% at Brookings for grain that was subjected to a killing frost. Ethanol concentration generally did not differ between grain dried at 38 and 52°C in 2003. Ethanol from grain harvested at 25% moisture and dried at 25°C was 0.1 to 0.3% lower than when grain was dried at 38 or 52°C. Drying temperatures of 25 to 52°C had no influence on relative ethanol concentration when the grain was harvested at 20% moisture. However, ethanol concentration was lowered 0.1 to 0.4% when drying temperature increased to 93°C in 2004. These results suggest that producers should apply the recommended N rates for maximum economic yield, plant adapted hybrids, and dry corn grain between 38 and 52°C to maximize relative ethanol concentration.
The law courts of medieval England

Originally published in 1973 The Law Courts of Medieval England looks at law courts as the most developed institutions existing in the medieval times. Communities crystallized upon them and the governments worked through them. This book describes the scope and procedures of the different courts, appointment of the judges, the beginnings of civil and criminal courts, the origin of the jury system and other aspects of the modern legal system. It is all shown by an analysis of actual reports of court cases of the time, giving a vivid picture of the life of the English people as well as of the ways of the professional lawyers, no less intricate than they are today.
STEROID REQUIREMENT OF ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA.

Abstract The modified Shaffer-Frye system for the cultivation of Entamoeba histolytica has been further modified to allow the investigation of the lipid requirements for amebal growth. The horse serum employed in the standard culture medium was replaced by a trace amount of rabbit Bacteroides symbiosus antiserum. This produced a medium containing the required bacterial agglutinin but deficient in sterol-containing lipids. This medium has been used to reexplore the steroid requirements of the NRS strain of E. histolytica. The lipid-deficient medium could be supplemented by lipids extracted from human or horse serum. Separation of the total horse serum lipid into neutral and phospholipid fractions indicated that the growth-promoting activity resided exclusively in the neutral lipid fraction. On further fractionation of the latter it was found that the activity concentrated in the free cholesterol-containing fraction, the cholesterol ester fraction being devoid of activity. Studies conducted with purified cholesterol and related substances to supplement the lipid-deficient medium have shown that cholesterol would completely fulfill the requirement for added lipid in this system. Suboptimal growth was obtained with β-sitosterol, but the other steroids tested were found not to support continuous ameba growth.
Social justice and the international flow of knowledge with specific reference to African scholars

Purpose – In the globalized world the movement of scholars facilitates the global flow of knowledge and supports the pillars of the knowledge economy as defined by the World Bank. But not all academics are born equal: African scholars face significant barriers with regard to freedom of movement. The purpose of this paper is to describe the processes that African scholars typically have to undertake to participate in the global academic community, to identify some of the potential difficulties in these processes and to articulate the moral concerns that arise from these processes.Design/methodology/approach – Both secondary data analysis to illustrate and support the arguments as well as anecdotal evidence to provide specific examples of African scholars' experiences are used.Findings – Justice is viewed as one of the most important virtues regulating the movement of people in the global knowledge society. It is used as a normative instrument to argue that the international community has a moral and legal ...
Kinship and covariance

Abstract Price's (1970) covariance theorem can be used to derive an expression for gene frequency change in kin selection models in which the fitness effect of an act is independent of the genotype of the recipient. This expression defines a coefficient of relatedness which subsumes r (Wright, 1922) , b (Hamilton, 1972) , ρ (Orlove & Wood, 1978) , and R (Michod & Hamilton, 1980) . The new coefficient extends the domain of Hamilton's rule to models in which the average gene frequency of actors differs from that of recipients.