cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Auditory brain-stem evoked potentials in cat after kainic acid induced neuronal loss. II: Cochlear nucleus

Auditory brain-stem potentials (ABRs) were studied in cats for up to 6 weeks after kainic acid had been injected unilaterally into the cochlear nucleus (CN) producing extensive neuronal destruction. The ABR components were labeled by the polarity at the vertex (P, for positive) and their order of appearance (the arabic numerals 1, 2, etc.). Component P1 can be further subdivided into 2 subcomponents, P1a and P1b. The assumed correspondence between the ABR components in cat and man is indicated by providing human Roman numeral designations in parentheses following the feline notation, e.g., P2 (III). To stimulation of the ear ipsilateral to the injection, the ABR changes consisted of a loss of components P2 (III) and P3 (IV), and an attenuation and prolongation of latency of components P4 (V) and P5 (VI). The sustained potential shift from which the components arose was not affected. Wave P1a (I) was also slightly but significantly attenuated compatible with changes of excitability of nerve VIII in the cochlea secondary to cochlear nucleus destruction. Unexpectedly, to stimulation of the ear contralateral to the injection side, waves P2 (III), P3 (IV), and P4 (V) were also attenuated and delayed in latency but to a lesser degree than to stimulation of the ear ipsilateral to the injection. Changes in binaural interaction of the ABR following cochlear nucleus lesions were similar to those produced in normal animals by introducing a temporal delay of the input to one ear. The results of the present set of studies using kainic acid to induce neuronal loss in auditory pathway when combined with prior lesion and recording experiments suggest that each of the components of the ABR requires the integrity of an anatomically diffuse system comprising a set of neurons, their axons, and the neurons on which they terminate. Disruption of any portion of the system will alter the amplitude and/or the latency of that component.
Blowing Renovated Butter Oil at Pasteurizing Temperature

Summary Renovated butter was made from a uniform grade of packing stock under factory conditions. The details of manufacture, except the blowing temperatures, were held as nearly alike as possible. Part was blown at the pasteurizing temperature, and the rest at the usual temperature. Samples were scored while fresh, and after holding three weeks in cold storage. No differences were found that could be ascribed to the blowing temperatures. From two and one-half to four and one-half hours were required to “sweeten” the butter oil at the pasteurizing temperature, while about fifteen hours were required to bring the butter oil blown at the usual temperature to the same condition, thus cutting down two-thirds of the operating time of this phase of the process.
Global warming: a review of this mostly settled issue

Global warming and attendant climate change have been controversial for at least a decade. This is largely because of its societal implications since the science is largely straightforward. With the recent publication of the Fourth Assessment Report of the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Working Group 1) there has been renewed interest and controversy about how certain the scientific community is of its conclusions: that humans are influencing the climate and that global temperatures will continue to rise rapidly in this century. This review attempts to update what is known and in particular what advances have been made in the past 5 years or so. It does not attempt to be comprehensive. Rather it focuses on the most controversial issues, which are actually few in number. They are: Finally there is a very brief discussion of the societal policy response to the scientific message. Note that much of the introductory material in each section is essentially the same as that which appears in Keller 2003 (hereafter referred to as OR = original review) and its update (Keller 2007). Despite continued uncertainties, the review finds an affirmative answer to these questions. Of particular interest are advances that seem to explain why satellites do not see as much warming as surface instruments, how we are getting a good idea of recent paleo-climates, and why the twentieth century temperature record was so complex. It makes the point that in each area new information could come to light that would change our thinking on the quantitative magnitude and timing of anthropogenic warming, but it is unlikely to alter the basic conclusions.
Strong consistency of the mean on randomly deleted sets

Suppose 0≤t 1<t 2<... are fixed points in time. At timet k , a unit with magnitudeX k and lifetimeL k enters a population or is placed into a system. Suppose that theX k 's are i.i.d. withEX 1=μ, theL k 's are i.i.d., and that theX k 's andL k 's are independent. In this paper we find conditions under which the continuous time process Avr{X k :t k ≤t<t k +L k } is almost surely convergent to μ. We also demonstrate the sharpness of these conditions.
Visual disembedding and injury in college football players

Visual perceptual characteristics have not been previously studied in relation to physical injury in athletics although injury clearly delimits competitive sport performance. Visual disembedding in particular may be an important variable in understanding the bases of certain decisions by football athletes, which apparently underlie physical injury, i.e., where and when to run, when to leap in attempting to catch the ball, which blocker to follow when running with the ball, etc. The relationship between perceptual style and brain function has been explored (1, 2, 3). It appears appropriate to determine if motor behavior involving physical trauma in sport is related to visual perception. This study was undertaken to compare uninjured, injured but not disabled, and injured and disabled football players with regard to their ability to disembed a complex visual field. Visual disembedding refers to the ability to isolate from an organized visual field a part as separate from its surroundings. The task is static like those used for depth perception and imagery and is claimed to be the core trait of global-analytic cognitive style (5). Thirty-three volunteer male (M.,. = 19.15, SD = 1.38) freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior varsity football players at Florida State University were administered the Group Hidden-figures Test, an adaptation of the Gottschaldt Figures Test (4). The test was administered immediately prior to the beginning of the fall football season. At the conclusion of the competitive season, subjects were classified as uninjured (n = 11, no medical record of visit to the trainer or team physician due to injury in practice or competition, during the entire season); injured, but not disabled (n = 11, at least one visit to the trainer or team physician due to injury in practice or competition, during the entire season, but no related absence from practice or competition); and disabled (n = 11, absence from at least two consecutive days of practice or competition immediately subsequent to injury). Subjects were not members of any varsity sport team other than football. A one-way analysis of variance of mean group scores on the Group Hidden-figures Test yielded a significant F of 3.48 (dl = 2/30, p < .OS). Ms and SDs were, for uninjured 21.36, 6.10; not disabled 17.09, 5.15; disabled 14.27, 7.55. Application of the Neuman-Keuls method of multiple comparisons indicated a statistically significant mean difference between athletes in the uninjured and disabled groups. The higher mean disembedding in a static visual field may relate to physical injury in football. Cross-validation is urged.
Chromatographic Assay for Determining the Effects of Microenvironment on Dimerization of Epithelial Cadherin K14E Mutant

The classical cadherin family is an extensively studied family of calcium- dependent homophilic cell adhesion proteins, which includes epithelial cadherin (ECAD) and neural cadherin (NCAD). ECAD plays essential roles in the formation and maintenance of epithelial tissues. The adhesive interface lies in the first of five similar tandemly repeated extracellular domains (EC1-EC5) and requires exchange of the N-terminal A-strand. The purpose of the experiments presented here is to develop a simple assay for dimerization using purified recombinant protein. A chromatographic assay has been developed for NCAD, which essentially involves trapping the protein in a dimeric state thus significantly reducing the exchange rate between states. This allows resolution of monomer and dimer peaks using size exclusion chromatography. No equivalent assay for the study of ECAD dimerization has been established until now. The K14E mutant of ECAD experiences slow exchange between monomer and dimer, although the dimerization affinity is unchanged by the mutation. Studies presented here establish a chromatographic assay for ECAD dimerization affinity using the K14E mutant. Control experiments demonstrate that equilibration requires 4 hours and dimerization occurs in a calcium and protein dependent manner. This assay is useful for determining the effect of microenvironmental factors that will influence dimerization by ECAD in vivo.NSF MCB 0950494 and DOEd GAANN P200A120046-13
Characterization of adenoviral gene expression in spinal cord after remote vector delivery.

OBJECTIVES: Recent work has established that the remote injection of attenuated adenoviral vectors may result in central nervous system (CNS) gene expression. These studies suggest that virus passes through peripheral nerves into the CNS. The present experiment attempts to characterize this phenomenon systematically. METHODS: Spinal cord cells staining for the reporter gene β-galactosidase were histologically quantified after microinjection of the viral vector Ad5RSVntLacZ into rat footpad, muscle, or sciatic nerve. The effects of injection location, titer, and time, as well as nerve crush and dexamethasone, were examined. RESULTS: Sciatic nerve viral vector injection results in significantly higher CNS uptake than intramuscular and subcutaneous injections (P < 0.05). Nerve crush injury caused a time-dependent reduction in spinal cord gene uptake after sciatic nerve adenoviral injection (P < 0.05). Neuronal staining reaches its peak at 6 days after injection (P < 0.002). Peripheral nerve delivery to the CNS increases with augmented titers (P < 0.03). Finally, gene expression is augmented by administration of dexamethasone (P < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Remote adenoviral vector injection represents a potential method for spinal cord gene therapy that avoids any manipulation of CNS tissue.
Automatic physical database tuning: a relaxation-based approach

In recent years there has been considerable research on automated selection of physical design in database systems. In current solutions, candidate access paths are heuristically chosen based on the structure of each input query, and a subsequent bottom-up search is performed to identify the best overall configuration. To handle large workloads and multiple kinds of physical structures, recent techniques have become increasingly complex: they exhibit many special cases, shortcuts, and heuristics that make it very difficult to analyze and extract properties. In this paper we critically examine the architecture of current solutions. We then design a new framework for the physical design problem that significantly reduces the assumptions and heuristics used in previous approaches. While simplicity and uniformity are important contributions in themselves, we report extensive experimental results showing that our approach could result in comparable (and, in many cases, considerably better) recommendations than state-of-the-art commercial alternatives.
Generalized spectral tests for serial dependence

Summary. Two tests for serial dependence are proposed using a generalized spectral theory in combination with the empirical distribution function. The tests are generalizations of the Cramer-von Mises and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests based on the standardized spectral distribution function. They do not involve the choice of a lag order, and they are consistent against all types of pairwise serial dependence, including those with zero autocorrelation. They also require no moment condition and are distribution free under serial independence. A simulation study compares the finite sample performances of the new tests and some closely related tests. The asymptotic distribution theory works well in finite samples. The generalized Cramer-von Mises test has good power against a variety of dependent alternatives and dominates the generalized Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. A local power analysis explains some important stylized facts on the power of the tests based on the empirical distribution function.
Type III Secretion: a Virulence Factor Delivery System Essential for the Pathogenicity of Burkholderia mallei

By creating mutations in the Burkholderia mallei ATCC 23344 animal pathogen-like type III secretion system (TTSS), this study analyzes the correlation between type III secretion and the pathogenicity of ATCC 23344 in vivo. Mutagenesis demonstrated that a functional TTSS was required for the full pathogenicity of ATCC 23344 in the BALB/c mouse and Syrian hamster models of infection. However, vaccination with each mutant failed to elicit a protective immunity against challenge with wild-type ATCC 23344.
The Effect of Journal Roughness and Foil Coatings on the Performance of Heavily Loaded Foil Air Bearings

Foil air bearing load capacity tests were conducted to investigate if a solid lubricant coating applied to the surface of the bearing's top foil can function as a break-in coating. Two foil coating materials, a conventional soft polymer film (polyimide) and a hard ceramic (alumina), were independently evaluated against as-ground and worn (run-in) journals coated with NASA PS304, a high-temperature solid lubricant composite coating. The foil coatings were evaluated at journal rotational speeds of 30,000 rpm and at 25 C. Tests were also performed on a foil bearing with a bare (uncoated) nickel-based superalloy top foil to establish a baseline for comparison. The test results indicate that the presence of a top foil solid lubricant coating is effective at increasing the load capacity performance of the foil bearing. Compared to the uncoated baseline, the addition of the soft polymer coating on the top foil increased the bearing load coefficient by 120% when operating against an as-ground journal surface and 85 percent against a run-in journal surface. The alumina coating increased the load coefficient by 40% against the as-ground journal but did not have any affect when the bearing was operated with the run-in journal. The results suggest that the addition of solid lubricant films provide added lubrication when the air film is marginal indicating that as the load capacity is approached foil air bearings transition from hydrodynamic to mixed and boundary lubrication.
Recreation and Children with Autism: A Critical Appraisal of the Topic

Often occupational therapists desire to recommend a meaningful activity that can help to decrease maladaptive behaviors in a child with an autism spectrum disorder to complement treatment goals for increased participation. There is some evidence that participation in recreation programs that provide movement and proprioceptive input may help decrease such behaviors. Thus, this critical appraisal of the topic was completed to answer the following focused question: For elementary- and middle school-age children with an autism spectrum disorder, does participation in a recreational program result in decreased maladaptive behaviors that disrupt participation in school and at home?
Fetal Glucocorticoid Exposure Is Associated with Preadolescent Brain Development

Background Glucocorticoids play a critical role in normative regulation of fetal brain development. Exposure to excessive levels may have detrimental consequences and disrupt maturational processes. This may especially be true when synthetic glucocorticoids are administered during the fetal period, as they are to women in preterm labor. This study investigated the consequences for brain development and affective problems of fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids. Methods Brain development and affective problems were evaluated in 54 children (56% female), aged 6 to 10, who were full term at birth. Children were recruited into two groups: those with and without fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids. Structural magnetic resonance imaging scans were acquired and cortical thickness was determined. Child affective problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist. Results Children in the fetal glucocorticoid exposure group showed significant and bilateral cortical thinning. The largest group differences were in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC). More than 30% of the rACC was thinner among children with fetal glucocorticoid exposure. Furthermore, children with more affective problems had a thinner left rACC. Conclusions Fetal exposure to synthetic glucocorticoids has neurologic consequences that persist for at least 6 to 10 years. Children with fetal glucocorticoid exposure had a thinner cortex primarily in the rACC. Our data indicating that the rACC is associated with affective problems in conjunction with evidence that this region is involved in affective disorders raise the possibility that glucocorticoid-associated neurologic changes increase vulnerability to mental health problems.
Assessment and management of patients with degenerative spine disease

Degenerative spine conditions can be asymptomatic but may present as back pain, leg pain, or both. Back pain is common, affecting over 80% of the population at some point. Many cases resolve with the passage of time, early rehabilitation and physiotherapy. Leg pain can either be referred, stenotic or radiculopathic in nature. Serious causes should be detected with the use of ‘red flags’ and surgery reserved for only the most severe cases that have not responded to conservative measures. The clinical features, investigations and management of the common degenerative spine pathologies are discussed here.
Behavioral and reproductive effects of ultrasound on the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella

The daily activity patterns of adult movement, female calling, and mating of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), were examined both in the absence and presence of ultrasound. Moths were exposed to ultrasound from a commercial ultrasonic device (Cix 0600) that produces constant sound patterns, and from a device developed at Kansas State University (KSU device) that produces random sound patterns. Daily activity patterns of adult movement, female calling, and mating followed a similar trend in the absence or presence of ultrasound. Female calling and mating, both in the absence and presence of ultrasound, primarily occurred during scotophase (21.00 ‐0 7.00 hours). Ultrasound from the two devices significantly reduced the frequency of female calling and mating relative to unexposed moths. Consequently, the number of spermatophores transferred by males to females and egg production were lower in females exposed to ultrasound compared with unexposed females. In the absence of ultrasound, female P. interpunctella mated 2.9 times, resulting in 2.8 spermatophores/female. In the presence of ultrasound from the Cix 0600 device, a female mated 2.1 times and had 1.7 spermatophores. Corresponding values for the KSU device were 1.9 and 1.4, respectively. In the absence of ultrasound, 78% of the matings lasted 30 ‐ 90 min, whereas in the presence of ultrasound 45 ‐ 58% of the matings lasted either less than 30 min or more than 90 min. Moths exposed to ultrasound laid 96 ‐130 eggs female − 1 compared with 229 eggs female − 1 for unexposed moths. Ultrasound did not affect the pre-oviposition period and adult longevity of P. interpunctella .
Photoregulation: diverse gene responses in greening seedlings

Abstract. Light effects on the expression of nuclear genes for plastid proteins and for the 18S, 5.8S and 25S ribosomal RNAs are discussed, together with some recent information concerning the expression of chloroplast genes in developing plastids. Emphasis is given to the diversity of different responses observed with different genes and evidence for light effects at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels.
Roles and Responsibilities of Adapted Physical Education Teachers in an Urban School District

The purpose of this study is to examine the roles and responsibilities of itinerant adapted physical education (APE) teachers at urban public schools. A second purpose is to determine how they execute their roles and responsibilities. Participants include six women with experience as itinerant APE teachers from the same urban school district. The research method is exploratory multiple-case study. Data are collected from focused interviews and on-site observations. Constant comparative procedures are used for within-case and cross-case analyses. Several themes emerge from the data. These themes are (a) teaching as obligatory, (b) self-reliant, and (c) teaching effectiveness relative and contextually situated. Gaining a better understanding of the experiences of practicing APE teachers in urban public schools who teach a diversity of students is important to the preparation of future teachers.
Peroxisome Proliferator-activated Receptor γ Coactivator 1β (PGC-1β), A Novel PGC-1-related Transcription Coactivator Associated with Host Cell Factor

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator-1 (PGC-1) plays a critical role in regulating multiple aspects of energy metabolism, including adaptive thermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, and fatty acid β-oxidation. Recently, this coactivator of nuclear receptors/transcription factors has been shown to control hepatic gluconeogenesis, an important component of the pathogenesis of both type-1 and type-2 diabetes. We described here the cloning of a novel bona fide homologue of PGC-1, PGC-1β (PGC-1 was renamed as PGC-1α), first identified through searches of new data base entries. Despite the fact that PGC-1α and -1β share similar tissue distributions with highest levels of expression in brown fat and heart, their mRNAs are differentially regulated in the brown adipose tissue upon cold exposure and during brown fat cell differentiation. Like PGC-1α, PGC-1β mRNA levels are increased significantly in the liver during fasting, suggesting a possible role for this factor in the regulation of hepatic gluconeogenesis and/or fatty acid oxidation. Consistent with this, PGC-1β was shown to physically interact and potently coactivate hepatic nuclear factor 4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α, nuclear receptors that are essential for hepatic adaptation to fasting. Finally, using sequence comparisons between PGC-1α and -1β, we have identified a conserved amino acid motif that serves as a docking site for host cell factor, a cellular protein implicated in cell cycle regulation and viral infection. HCF is shown to bind to both PGC-1α and -1β and augment their transcriptional activity.
Multisample Homogeneity Tests

Homogeneity techniques are needed to identify differences between two or more data sets. As with goodness-of-fit techniques, major differences occur between discrete and continuous data. Unlike symmetric techniques such as Fisher’s (1934) exact test, Pearson’s (1900) x 2 test, and Zelterman’s (1987) test, all of which are used to test homogeneity for discrete data, MRPP asymmetric techniques such as the Goodman and Kruskal (1954) test distinguish between the response categories and the possible differences among the data sets. For continuous data, the homogeneity techniques include the generalized runs test, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, and tests based on empirical coverages. Specific examples are given for both discrete and continuous data to show definitive differences among the operating characteristics of these techniques.
Prematurely Terminated Clinical Trials and Their Application to Cardiovascular Medicine

Controlled clinical trials in cardiovascular disease remain the cornerstone of field-specific therapeutic advances. Since the introduction of the concept of controlled clinical trials, there has been considerable fine-tuning of the design, conduct, and analysis of such studies. A growing awareness of ethical issues emerging from such trials has led to increased public and investigator scrutiny and the routine requirement for both interim data analysis and full conflict-of-interest disclosure. A be stopped if the observed findings warrant early termination. For example, highly positive findings, as were noted in the HOPE Study (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation), led to its closure after 4.5 years of treatment, which was 1 year earlier than anticipated. Also, the doxazosin treatment limb of ALLHAT (Antihypertensive and Lipid-Lowering Treatment to Prevent Heart Attack Trial) and the amlodipine treatment limb of AASK (African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension)were stopped early, because of negative findings in one of their treatment limbs. Finally, economic considerations can enter into the decision to close a study early, as was the case in the CONVINCE (Controlled-Onset Verapamil Investigation of Cardiovascular Endpoints)trial. Most such decisions rely heavily on information obtained from independent data and safety monitoring boards. Such boards ensure patient safety by providing an unbiased, ongoing review of data, which would otherwise be unavailable until a study's completion. Early termination of a clinical trial can have important clinical and economic implications and, in particular, can substantially redirect the pattern of clinical practice.
Zone model predictive control: a strategy to minimize hyper- and hypoglycemic events.

Background:Development of an artificial pancreas based on an automatic closed-loop algorithm that uses a subcutaneous insulin pump and continuous glucose sensor is a goal for biomedical engineering research. However, closing the loop for the artificial pancreas still presents many challenges, including model identification and design of a control algorithm that will keep the type 1 diabetes mellitus subject in normoglycemia for the longest duration and under maximal safety considerations.Method:An artificial pancreatic β-cell based on zone model predictive control (zone-MPC) that is tuned automatically has been evaluated on the University of Virginia/University of Padova Food and Drug Administration-accepted metabolic simulator. Zone-MPC is applied when a fixed set point is not defined and the control variable objective can be expressed as a zone. Because euglycemia is usually defined as a range, zone-MPC is a natural control strategy for the artificial pancreatic β-cell.Clinical data usually include disc...
Comparative dosimetry of dental CBCT devices and 64-slice CT for oral and maxillofacial radiology

Objectives This study compares 2 measures of effective dose, E1990 and E2007, for 8 dentoalveolar and maxillofacial cone-beam computerized tomography (CBCT) units and a 64-slice multidetector CT (MDCT) unit. Study design Average tissue-absorbed dose, equivalent dose, and effective dose were calculated using thermoluminescent dosimeter chips in a radiation analog dosimetry phantom. Effective doses were derived using 1990 and the superseding 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) recommendations. Results Large-field of view (FOV) CBCT E2007 ranged from 68 to 1,073 μSv. Medium-FOV CBCT E2007 ranged from 69 to 560 μSv, whereas a similar-FOV MDCT produced 860 μSv. The E2007 calculations were 23% to 224% greater than E1990. Conclusions The 2007 recommendations of the ICRP, which include salivary glands, extrathoracic region, and oral mucosa in the calculation of effective dose, result in an upward reassessment of fatal cancer risk from oral and maxillofacial radiographic examinations. Dental CBCT can be recommended as a dose-sparing technique in comparison with alternative medical CT scans for common oral and maxillofacial radiographic imaging tasks.
Das Verhalten von Lösungsmitteln und Bindemitteln im elektrostatischen Feld

Um eine Ubersicht uber das Verhalten von Lacken im elektrostatischen Feld zu gewinnen, werden die Tropfengeschwindigkeiten, die Tropfengrosen und die Spruhwinkel bei wechselnden Spannungen gemessen; ferner werden die Oberflachenspannung, die Leitfahigkeit und die Dielektrizitatskonstante der Bindemittel-Losungen bestimmt. Durch Auswerten der graphisch aufgetragenen Daten kann die fur das elektrostatische Spruhen geeignete Zusammensetzung eines Lackes ermittelt werden. The Behaviour of Solvents and the Binding Matter in the Electrostatic-Field In order to gain an insight into the behaviour of varnishes and surface coatings, the dropping velocities, the drop magnitudes and the spray angles with the changing potentials as well as the surface tensions, the conductivities and the dielectric constants of the varnish and resin solutions have been determined. With the help of the evaluation of the data illustrated graphically, it is possible to determine the composition of the surface coating which is most suitable for electrostatic spray.
Large Deformation of Particle-Filled Rubber Composites

Soft materials such as rubber may be stiffened by mixing with high modulus particles. In order to investigate their large behaviors at large deformation, particle-filled silicone rubber (RTV) specimens are fabricated. Although there have been numerous experiments for composites, a limited number of tests exists for finite deformation investigation of composites filled with uniformly shaped particles. In the tests, two types of particles are used. One is uniform glass beads with about 55 μm diameter and the other is spherical zirconia powder with diameters ranging from 30 to 80 μm. The former composites showed initial stiffening but the effects were limited as debonding of particles from matrix rubber occurs at large stresses. The latter composites showed better bonding as their surfaces are rough. Specimens are loaded multiple times in tension and compression. Their nonlinear behaviors as well as the Mullins effects are analyzed. The observed experimental results were compared with 3D finite element calculations as well as various nonlinear constitutive models and the rule of mixture.
I Ain't Going Back: Prisoner Reentry & the Gray Area Between Success & Failure

The empirical literature on prisoner reentry has documented what factors assist in reentry, but these scholars tend to conceptualize reentry as a dichotomous variable: One indicates “successful” reentry and zero is failure to reenter, as measured by re-arrest, re-conviction or re-incarceration, which raises interesting questions about the “gray area” between success and failure. This manuscript aims to analytically disaggregate this binary comparison to explore reentry as a complex lived experience in the “gray area,” which cannot be easily captured by a simple formula. Because reentry largely exists in the “gray area,” methodological pluralism, comprising of in-depth interviews, ethnography, participant-observations, and archival research, is utilized to conceptualize reentry as an embedded micro-level experience informed and shaped by a felony conviction and macro-level policies. By understanding reentry as a lived experience, I reveal the “gray zone” and its implications for why reentry is so challenging.
A Generic Synopsis Ojf the Ceratopogonidae (Heleidae) of the Americas, a Bibliography, and a List of the North American Species

This paper deals with a group of insects which until recently has been considered a subfamily of the Chironomidae. The group is rather compact and this led Malloch (1915 a ) to propose the separation of it from the Chironomidae as a distinct family. A basic work on this family was published many years ago by Winnertz (1852), and since then a number of more or less comprehensive papers with synoptic tables have appeared, among them, those of Malloch (1915 a ), Goetghebuer (1920, 1933, 1934), Kieffer (1925 a , 1926), Edwards (1926), Johannsen (1931), and Macfie (1940 a ). The works by Kieffer and Macfie include the genera of the world. The fact that some of the members of the family are blood suckers has in recent years aroused renewed interest in them with the result that a number of entomologists in different parts of the world are now engaged in a study of the species.
Where Exactly Does Ponatinib Fit in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

Ponatinib holds a unique place in the spectrum of drugs in use for the treatment of chronic myelogenous leukemia. It is perhaps the most active tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) among those currently licensed; 51% of patients resistant to or intolerant of second-generation TKIs experienced a major cytogenetic response and 70% of patients with the highly resistant T315I BCR-ABL1 mutation experienced a major cytogenetic response. However, 1 year after its accelerated approval by the FDA, and midway through its phase III pivotal trial, a high number of vascular occlusive events began to be reported. The FDA put a partial clinical hold on the drug and the phase III trial was halted. Dose-reduction recommendations were made, and the drug is now used in patients for whom no alternative TKI is available and those who have the T315I mutation. Currently, the substantial and durable responses that this drug provides are difficult to balance against the late-in-course vascular occlusive events. The hope is that ongoing research into the mechanism of presumed endothelial damage will provide a better understanding of how to position this drug for optimal use.
The Scope of Sociolinguistics

Chomsky’s (1965) work is a decisive step, not only in extending the scope of linguistic theory, but also in redefining the nature of its object. For ‘language’ Chomsky substitutes ‘competence,’ defined as a fluent native speaker’s knowledge (largely tacit) of grammaticality — of whether or not putative sentences are part of his language, and according to what structural relationships. The goal of linguistic description is thus changed, from an object independent of men, to a human capacity. Both changes (deep structure, human capacity) are felt to be so great as to lead transformational grammarians to reject ‘structural linguistics’ as a name for their work, and to use it solely to describe other schools as predecessors. From a social standpoint, transformational grammar might equally well be seen as the culmination of the leading theme of structural linguistics. To center analysis in a deep structure, one grounded in human nature, is to fulfill an impulse of structural linguistics to treat language as a sphere of wholly autonomous form. Such a theory perfects and gives the ultimate justification to a study of language at once of human significance and abstracted from actual human beings.
IMPROVED BOUNDS FOR COHERENT SYSTEM RELIABILITY

In this paper, we discuss the bounds of coherent system reliability in two different ways.The upper and lower bounds of reliability are derived for coherent system with independent components. These bounds improve and perfect the main results of Shathikumar (1986).Some bounds of this paper are better than the bounds of Barlow and Proschan (1981) in certain cases.
Abstract PR05: Mechanisms of tumor response and resistance to radiation and dual checkpoint blockade in mice and patients

Immune checkpoint inhibitors result in impressive clinical responses but optimal results will require combination with each other and other therapies. This raises fundamental questions about mechanisms of non-redundancy and resistance. Here, we report major tumor regressions in a subset of patients with metastatic melanoma treated with an anti-CTLA4 antibody (anti-CTLA4) and radiation (RT) on a phase one clinical trial and reproduced this effect in mouse models. Although combined treatment improved responses in irradiated and unirradiated tumors, resistance was common. Computational analysis of genome-wide and immune profiles of mice revealed resistance was due to T cell exhaustion driven by adaptive resistance and prolonged interferon-gamma exposure, resulting in STAT1-mediated upregulation of PD-L1 on melanoma cells and tumor macrophages. Accordingly, optimal response in melanoma and other cancer types requires RT, anti-CTLA4, and anti-PD-L1/PD-1. Anti-CTLA4 predominantly inhibits T regulatory cells, and macrophage depletion and/or PD-L1 blockade reverses T cell exhaustion. RT promotes the infiltration of intratumoral antigen-specific CD8 T cells and enhances the diversity of the T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire. RT with dual checkpoint blockade shapes the TCR repertoire of the expanded peripheral clones in a manner consistent with antigen-driven selection. Similar to results from mice, patients on our clinical trial with tumors showing high PD-L1 did not respond to RT + anti-CTLA4, demonstrated persistent T cell exhaustion, and rapidly progressed. In contrast, patients with low PD-L1 on melanoma cells or macrophages had markedly improved survival, with the best survival observed among those patients with low PD-L1 on both cell types. Thus, our results suggest that 1) RT can enhance response to anti-CTLA4 when the TCR and/or antigen repertoire are sub-optimal, 2) upregulation of PD-L1 through STAT1-mediated adaptive resistance mechanisms inhibits response to anti-CTLA4-based therapy unless PD-L1/PD-1 is blocked, and 3) the combination of RT, anti-CTLA4, and anti-PD-L1 promotes response and immunity through distinct mechanisms. Finally, although PD-L1 was a dominant resistance mechanism in our models, PD-L1-independent resistance mechanisms were also evident. The next generation of clinical trials based on these findings are underway. Citation Format: Christina Twyman-Saint Victor, Andrew Rech, Joseph Benci, Amit Maity, Ramesh Rengan, Kristen Pauken, Erietta Stelekati, Bihui Xu, Hannah Dada, Pamela Odorizzi, Ramin Herati, Ravi Amaravadi, Lynn Schuchter, Hemant Ishwaran, Rosemarie Mick, Daniel Pryma, Xiaowei Xu, Michael Feldman, Tara Gangadhar, Steve Hahn, John Wherry, Robert Vonderheide, Andy Minn. Mechanisms of tumor response and resistance to radiation and dual checkpoint blockade in mice and patients. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Fourth AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Basic Cancer Research; 2015 Oct 23-26; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(3 Suppl):Abstract nr PR05.
Gastric emptying and small intestinal mucosal injury in rats

A technique was developed to produce small intestinal mucosal injury in vivo by perfusing the mid-small intestine of rats with HCl, NaOH, FeSO4, and AgNO3. Three hours following injury, gastric emptying and small intestinal transit were measured by examining the gastrointestinal distribution of a non-absorbable radioisotope which had been placed in the stomach for 1 hour. There was a strong association between the degree of villus injury produced by various concentrations of the injurious agents and the degree of gastric retention. Necrosis of villus tips, as produced by AgNO3, was sufficient to cause marked gastric retention. Injury to the small intestinal mucosa of one parabiotic rat did not produce gastric retention in the partner. It is concluded that injury to small intestinal villi is sufficient to induce gastric retention and that the effect is most likely nerve-mediated.
Capacity enhancement of RF wireless mesh networks through FSO links

RF-based technologies are often used to address the last-mile problem. However, RF technologies generally create a bottleneck for the ever-increasing demand for bandwidth, causing the under-utilization of core network resources. Enhancing the capacity of wireless mesh networks can be done efficiently and cost effectively through boosting the capacity of some strategically located links. In this paper, we propose link augmentation via freespace optics (FSO) links. The high capacity of optical links is the key in link capacity enhancement in the resulting hybrid network. Adopting a TDMA-based framework, we formulate the problem of transceiver placement and the scheduling of RF links to maximize network capacity. To avoid the complexity of the ILP, we also propose a randomized greedy heuristic algorithm. In addition, simulated annealing is used to provide a baseline for comparison and to show the efficiency of our heuristic. We show by simulations that our heuristic, which can be implemented efficiently, achieves a high fraction of the optimal network capacity.
Effects of quasi-stationary wave anomalies on the regional hydrologie cycle in the continental United States

The interaction of large-scale quasi-stationary waves with regional forcing in the drought of 1988 and flood of 1993 in the north central United States was examined using a mesoscale numerical model. When the observed large-scale quasi-stationary wave anomalies in the dynamic and thermodynamic fields were filtered through adjustment of the observationally-based lateral boundary conditions, predicted rainfall and meteorological fields over the drought and flood regions tended toward those for normal years. This method for quantifying, isolating and filtering the relevant large-scale anomalies allows us to infer specific scale interaction mechanisms that produce regional hydrologic consequences of large-scale circulation patterns.
Integrating Weak Anion Exchange and Ultraviolet Photodissociation Mass Spectrometry with Strategic Modulation of Peptide Basicity for the Enrichment of Sulfopeptides

Tyrosine sulfation is an important post-translational modification but remains difficult to detect in biological samples owing to its low stoichiometric abundance and the lack of effective enrichment methods. In the present study, weak anion exchange (WAX) is evaluated for the enrichment of sulfopeptides that have been modified via carbamylation to convert all primary amines to less basic carbamates. The decrease in basicity enhanced the binding of carbamylated sulfopeptides to WAX resin relative to nonsulfated peptides. Upon elution and electrospray ionization in the negative mode, ultraviolet photodissociation (UVPD) was applied for peptide sequencing. Application of the method to a tryptic digest of bovine coagulation factor V resulted in identification of sulfation on tyrosine 1513.
Telecommunications & information technology network management; challenges in acquisition, design and systems development

Recent phenomenal growth in broadband technology, coupled with the need for organizations to stay competitive, requires a corresponding comprehensive understanding of new and advanced technologies. In this regard, new challenges have arisen with respect to mastering the intricacies related to acquisition, design, systems development and methodologies needed to manage these complex technologies. More than ever before network administrators are required to integrate and manage heterogeneous systems and a variety of applications effectively and efficiently. This paper proposes a systematic approach to tackling these challenges. It outlines an effective strategy and methodology for designing a mature industrial-based commercially available product that will provide satisfactory solutions.
Unanticipated Nocturnal Oxygen Requirement during Positive Pressure Therapy for Sleep Apnea and Medical Comorbidities.

Study Objectives:Home-based management of sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) generally excludes patients with significant medical comorbidities, but such an approach lacks scientific evidence. The cu...
First record of occurrence of the invasive hydroid Cordylophora caspia (Cnidaria: Hydrozoa) in Missouri

Abstract The Ponto-Caspian Cordylophora caspia (Pallas, 1771) is a euryhaline, invasive hydroid reported to occur for the first time in Missouri. We collected a colony of C. caspia on 3 December 2013 from substrate exposed to flow at an inspection area of Bagnell Dam, which impounds Lake of the Ozarks (22,460 ha) in the Osage River drainage basin. Although the ultimate ecological consequences associated with C. caspia invasion of freshwaters in North America are unknown, C. caspia is capable of fouling water management infrastructures and, therefore, monitoring the occurrence and distribution of this invasive hydrozoan is warranted.
Frequency noise reduction of heterogeneous Si/III-V lasers locked to ultra-high Q Si 3 N 4 resonators

A heterogeneous Si/III-V laser is frequency locked to a waveguide coupled ultra-high Q Si 3 N 4 resonator in the Pound-Drever-Hall configuration. The FM noise is reduced 33 dB to 103 Hz2/Hz, promising for stable integrated reference lasers.
Culturable bioaerosols along an urban waterfront are primarily associated with coarse particles.

The source, characteristics and transport of viable microbial aerosols in urban centers are topics of significant environmental and public health concern. Recent studies have identified adjacent waterways, and especially polluted waterways, as an important source of microbial aerosols to urban air. The size of these aerosols influences how far they travel, their resistance to environmental stress, and their inhalation potential. In this study, we utilize a cascade impactor and aerosol particle monitor to characterize the size distribution of particles and culturable bacterial and fungal aerosols along the waterfront of a New York City embayment. We seek to address the potential contribution of bacterial aerosols from local sources and to determine how their number, size distribution, and taxonomic identity are affected by wind speed and wind direction (onshore vs. offshore). Total culturable microbial counts were higher under offshore winds (average of 778 CFU/m3 ± 67), with bacteria comprising the majority of colonies (58.5%), as compared to onshore winds (580 CFU/m3 ± 110) where fungi were dominant (87.7%). The majority of cultured bacteria and fungi sampled during both offshore winds (88%) and onshore winds (72%) were associated with coarse aerosols (>2.1 µm), indicative of production from local sources. There was a significant correlation (p < 0.05) of wind speed with both total and coarse culturable microbial aerosol concentrations. Taxonomic analysis, based on DNA sequencing, showed that Actinobacteria was the dominant phylum among aerosol isolates. In particular, Streptomyces and Bacillus, both spore forming genera that are often soil-associated, were abundant under both offshore and onshore wind conditions. Comparisons of bacterial communities present in the bioaerosol sequence libraries revealed that particle size played an important role in microbial aerosol taxonomy. Onshore and offshore coarse libraries were found to be most similar. This study demonstrates that the majority of culturable bacterial aerosols along a New York City waterfront were associated with coarse aerosol particles, highlighting the importance of local sources, and that the taxonomy of culturable aerosol bacteria differed by size fraction and wind direction.
Physiological limits to endurance exercise performance: influence of sex.

This brief review summarizes factors associated with elite endurance performance, trends in distance running training, and participation by men and more recently women. It is framed in the context of key ideas about the physiological determinants of endurance performance but also touches on some historical and sociological factors relevant to the overall topic. Historical trends that served to increase women's participation in elite endurance events are also discussed as is the role of increased volume and intensity of training. The rapid improvement in women's world record marathon times in the 1970s and 80s are emblematic of these trends and represent a combination of increased training volume and intensity and more competitive opportunities. This occurred as bans on participation by women in endurance events were lifted. For men these same trends evolved over a much longer time frame. The main physiological factor responsible for 10-12% slower times in women compared to men at the elite level are also considered and probably centre aroundVO2 max .