cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Chromosome 18 allele loss at the D18S6 locus in human colorectal carcinomas

This is the first report of chromosome 18 allele loss in colorectal carcinomas from FAP patients and concurrent allele losses on chromosomes 5 and 18 in sporadic colorectal cancer. This is based on our investigation of twenty-two colorectal carcinomas from sporadic cases and FAP patients which revealed tumor-specific allele loss of at least 44% at the D18S6 locus on chromosome 18 in informative cases. These results coupled with the tentative assignment of an HNPCC gene to chromosome 18 suggests that a gene on chromosome 18 may be involved in the etiology of some colon cancers. Possible mechanisms involving genetic changes on chromosome 18 in colon cancer are discussed in relation to tumor- or growth-suppressor genes.
In and out of the curriculum: an historical case study in implementing interprofessional education

Although international reports have called for making interprofessional education an integral part of health professions education, most interprofessional learning activities remain voluntary and occur a single time. Barriers to implementing comprehensive interprofessional education come from forces both internal and external to institutions. Understanding the historical context for how one graduate health professions school attempted to overcome these barriers will provide a longitudinal perspective that may assist other institutions with their interprofessional education efforts. The case of the Massachusetts General Hospital Institute of Health Professions shows that, despite being founded with a mission to educate students from different professions together, interprofessional education does not emerge naturally. An analysis of archival documents, academic catalogs and oral history interviews revealed that early attempts focused on requiring students to take common courses. Later, the faculty created voluntary interprofessional learning activities. Neither approach achieved its intended goals until the Institute developed deliberate strategies to counter the internal and external barriers to integrating interprofessional education. This historical case study suggests that sustainable interprofessional education initiatives require both an organizational home and a permanent place in the curriculum.
An Experimental Study of the Effect of Grid Turbulence on Shear Layer Evolution

An experiment was performed in a shear layer water tunnel to determine the effect that grid turbulence, introduced within the meeting of the two streams, had on the evolution of a free shear layer DPIV results show that the presence of grid turbulence inhibited the growth of the large coherent structures formed in the undisturbed shear layer, and thus led to an alteration of the entrainment process of free stream fluid into the shear layer. This caused more symmetry and various growth rates in the shear layer evolution. Also, the peak Reynolds stress magnitudes increased with the presence of grid turbulence
Epidemiologic investigation of multiple primary cancer of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts. I. A retrospective study

In a retrospective investigation of 104 patients with multiple primary tumors of the upper alimentary and respiratory tracts, the data suggest that patients who smoke heavily before developing cancer are more likely to develop second, primary tumors. Continued smoking after initial diagnosis or radiation therapy for the first primary is associated with an increased frequency of second primary tumors. Discontinuance of smoking and drinking after the first primary provides no assurance against the development of a second primary cancer.
Mesothelioma of the tunica vaginalis: a series of eight cases with uncertain malignant potential

Well-differentiated papillary mesotheliomas have rarely been reported to involve the testis tunica vaginalis. While the classic histology of the originally described well-differentiated papillary mesotheliomas consisted of papillae lined by a single layer of bland cuboidal cells, more complex architectural patterns have been described. This report details our experience with eight paratesticular mesotheliomas that span the histological spectrum from classic well-differentiated papillary mesotheliomas to those with more complex patterns. We attempt to determine whether there are prognostic or immunohistochemical differences between these lesions and 28 diffuse malignant mesotheliomas. All cases had papillary/tubulopapillary in addition to more complex architectures (cribriform, condensed) and none showed evidence of invasion. Mitotic figures were present in seven cases and averaged 2.1 mitosis per 50 h.p.f. All cases showed ≤1% of positive cells staining for Ki-67 and p53, and only one case stained positive for GLUT-1 in comparison with 50% positivity for GLUT-1 in diffuse mesotheliomas. Of five patients with follow-up information of more than 1 year, three patients were alive at 2, 3 and 9 years, and two died of unknown causes at 5 and 47 years, suggesting that these lesions behave more indolently than typical malignant mesotheliomas of the tunica vaginalis. If these cases were diffuse malignant mesotheliomas, one would have expected at least some of the patients to have died of disease within a couple of years after diagnosis. However, detailed and long-term follow-up were not sufficiently available to reach definitive conclusions on the true biological behavior of these tumors. The morphological continuum noted between our cases and classic well-differentiated papillary mesotheliomas, combined with their immunohistochemical profile and indolent behavior, contrasts with that of diffuse malignant mesotheliomas. We propose that these tunica vaginalis mesotheliomas, which are more complex than the classic well-differentiated papillary mesotheliomas, and yet are not overtly histologically malignant, be classified as ‘mesotheliomas of uncertain malignant potential’.
Practical Considerations in the Modeling and Characterization of Printed-Circuit Board Wiring

The importance of increased accuracy in modeling and characterization of printed-circuit board wiring is highlighted through practical examples. Recommendations are given regarding model causality, bandwidth, measurement methodology improvement for both production-level and off line monitoring of impedance, roughness, and dielectric loss and their significance for system design, performance, delivery, and cost is discussed.
Percutaneous Nitroglycerin Absorption in Rats

Percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption was studied in shaved rats by monitoring unchanged plasma drug concentrations for up to 4 hr. Drug absorption from the neat liquid state or from an alcoholic solution was considerably poorer than that from a commercial ointment. This observation was unanticipated since the driving force for percutaneous drug absorption was assumed to be drug thermodynamics. Potential artifacts such as drug volatilization from the skin, reduction of surface area through droplet formation, and vehicle occlusion were investigated, but they did not appear to be responsible for the observed results. Two experimental aqueous nitroglycerin gels were prepared with polyethylene glycol 400. One gel contained just sufficient polyethylene glycol to solubilize the nitroglycerin; the other had excess polyethylene glycol to solubilize nitroglycerin far below saturation. Both gels gave extremely low plasma nitroglycerin levels. The composite data suggested that percutaneous nitroglycerin absorption is highly vehicle dependent and that this dependency cannot be explained by simple consideration of drug thermodynamic activity.
Chemical Evolution in Preprotostellar and Protostellar Cores

The chemistry of developing and collapsing low-mass protostellar cores is followed using a chemical code with a time-varying density. Two evolutionary scenarios are represented, gravitational collapse in the presence of magnetic fields and the slow core growth by accretion near equilibrium. The chemical code includes gas-phase reactions and depletion onto grains with both CO and H2O ice mantles. We find that various species will selectively deplete from the gas phase at times that correspond to the middle to late stages of dynamical evolution when the densities are highest. These depletions do not depend in detail on the dynamical solution and should exist for any centrally condensed density profile. Sulfur-bearing molecules are particularly sensitive to the density increase: CS, SO, and C2S show significant depletions both on a strongly bound water mantle and on the weakly bound CO-covered grain surface. In contrast, CO and HCO+ show large depletions only for an H2O grain mantle and remain in the gas phase for models with CO grain mantles. Two species, NH3 and N2H+, do not deplete from the gas phase for the densities considered in our models. We also find that for very high densities, nH2>106 cm-3, depletion becomes important for all molecules. The effects of coupling chemistry and dynamics on the resulting physical evolution are discussed. We compare our results with current high-resolution observations of preprotostellar cores and to more evolved objects and suggest that ratios of the abundances of few species can be used in concert with our models as sensitive discriminators between different stages of core and star formation.
Photochemical oligomerization pathways in 2,5-diiodothiophene film

Abstract The photochemical oligomerization mechanisms of 2,5-diiodothiopene in a multilayer film was studied with matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS). The photo-dissociation of 2,5-diiodothiophene and subsequent reactions of the dissociated radical with surrounding molecules and other radicals can lead to the growth of oligothiophene species. The molecular weight distribution of the oligothiophene products indicated that the average number of iodine atoms in the oligothiophene molecule increases with the number of thiophenyl units in the molecule. All possible oligomerization mechanisms could be categorized in two pathways—the oligomer growth by insertion of a thiophenyl unit versus the growth by insertion of an iodothiophenyl unit. Using a modified Flory's model for a linear step polymerization process, we found that the probability of thiophenyl and iodothiophenyl insertion in each C C bond formation is ∼0.63 and ∼0.37, respectively. The model also predicted the most probable oligomer length to be about 3–4, which was consistent with the photoluminescence and FTIR analysis.
A network synthesis model for generating protein interaction network families.

In this work, we introduce a novel network synthesis model that can generate families of evolutionarily related synthetic protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks. Given an ancestral network, the proposed model generates the network family according to a hypothetical phylogenetic tree, where the descendant networks are obtained through duplication and divergence of their ancestors, followed by network growth using network evolution models. We demonstrate that this network synthesis model can effectively create synthetic networks whose internal and cross-network properties closely resemble those of real PPI networks. The proposed model can serve as an effective framework for generating comprehensive benchmark datasets that can be used for reliable performance assessment of comparative network analysis algorithms. Using this model, we constructed a large-scale network alignment benchmark, called NAPAbench, and evaluated the performance of several representative network alignment algorithms. Our analysis clearly shows the relative performance of the leading network algorithms, with their respective advantages and disadvantages. The algorithm and source code of the network synthesis model and the network alignment benchmark NAPAbench are publicly available at http://www.ece.tamu.edu/bjyoon/NAPAbench/.
Expression of Cytokeratins 13 and 16 in Middle Ear Cholesteatoma

The accumulation of keratinizing epithelium in the middle ear cavity is a crucial factor in the pathogenesis of cholesteatoma. We hypothesize that keratinocytes from the skin of the ear canal migrate and hyperproliferate in response to inflammation in the middle ear cavity to cause accumulation of keratin debris. In the present study, we investigated the expression of specific cytokeratins (CKs) in the cholesteatoma matrix to determine whether cholesteatoma is a hyperproliferative disease. Cytokeratin expression was examined in cholesteatoma, meatal skin, and tympanic membrane with two monoclonal antibodies, one for both cytokeratins 13 and 16 (antibody K8.12), and another for cytokeratin 13 only (antibody KS-1A3). CK 13 (MW 51 KD) is a marker of differentiation and CK 16 (MW 48 KD) is a marker of hyperproliferation of keratinocytes. The use of immunoblot probes showed that CKs 13 and 16 were present in cholesteatoma. Immunofluorescent staining showed the presence of CK 16 in the suprabasal layer of cholesteatoma, which was located near the external ear canal. CK 13 was localized in the suprabasal layer of meatal skin and tympanic membrane. CK 13 was localized in the basal layer of the cholesteatoma, distal to the external ear canal, but not in the meatal skin and tympanic membrane. Taken together, the present data suggest that cholesteatoma is a hyperproliferative disease and that cholesteatoma expresses CK 16 near the external ear canal and transforms to express CK 13 during growth distally.
First-principles study of the preference for zinc-blende or rocksalt structures in FeN and CoN

The energies of zinc-blende and rocksalt structures FeN and CoN were calculated as function of lattice constant using the local density approximation and generalized gradient approximation density functional methods and the linear muffin-tin orbital band-structure method. The zinc-blende structure is found to be preferred in both cases at ambient pressure. The transition pressure for the zinc-blende to rocksalt phase transition is calculated to be about 50 and 30 GPa for FeN and CoN, respectively. Spin-polarized calculations indicate that rocksalt FeN has a small but nonzero magnetic moment near its equilibrium lattice constant, while CoN has zero magnetic moment below a certain critical value of the lattice constant. The magnetic moment increases abruptly near a certain critical lattice constant for both materials. The zinc-blende phases are found to be nonmagnetic. In FeN a ferromagnetic ordering is predicted but the energy difference with the antiferromagnetic AFM-I alignment is very small. Densities of states and band structures are given for both structures and used to discuss the structural preference and magnetic behavior.
An Error-resilient Image Coding and Packetization Scheme for Packet-switched Networks

An error-resilient image coding and fixed-length packetization scheme is presented to prevent packet loss from packet-switched networks. A wavelet coder based on set partition in hierarchy trees (SPIHT) algorithm encodes the wavelet coefficients into an embedded bitstream along with markers generated to record the order of bits within the bitstream. A fixed-length packetization scheme based on the error-resilient entropy code (EREC) is proposed to pack the encoded bitstream into fixed-length packets which can be transmitted over the physical packet-switched network. Any lost packets only have minor effects on other received packets. Computer simulations show that our proposed method provides both excellent compression performance with fast speed and graceful degradation under various packet erasure rates (PER).
Correlation of transverse rupture strength of WC–Co with hardness

The transverse rupture strength (TRS) of WC–Co composites is often loosely viewed as an equivalent of “toughness” which increases as hardness decreases in the industry. The results of this study, conducted using a controlled group of WC–Co samples with consistent TRS values, suggest a different correlation between the TRS and hardness of WC–Co composites. It was shown that TRS is closely related to the hardness and facture toughness. Within a hardness range of 800 <Hv < 1500 kg/mm2, TRS appears to first increase and then decrease as the hardness increases. It reaches a peak value at Hv ≈ 1300 kg/mm2. While in the past TRS of WC–Co has been used as a indicator of porosities of WC–Co materials, the result of this study is understood on the basis that these samples are porosity-free because most products of WC–Co today contains very little (if any) porosity owing to modern advances in processing technologies. When the effect of porosity is negligible, TRS is determined by intrinsic mechanical properties which are dependent of microstructure and compositions. The relationship between TRS and hardness and the fracture toughness is explained by a qualitative model based on the work hardening and flow stress of the cobalt binder phase.
Parathyroid Hormone-related Protein Enhances Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Expression by Fetal Rat Dermal Fibroblasts

Interactions between cells of differing embryonic origins comprise a common theme during tissue development and repair. Often, communication between them can be mediated by soluble growth mediators and in some cases is restricted in focus. That is, some cells respond to, but do not produce, mediators expressed by other cells within the tissue. Because keratinocytes respond to but do not express insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), another skin cell population, the dermal fibroblast, may supply this factor. However, keratinocytes express, but do not respond to parathyroid hormone related protein (PTHrp), which increases cAMP production by dermal fibroblasts. Based on earlier results where inducers of cAMP increase local IGF-I expression in skeletal tissue, we postulated that PTHrp might induce local IGF-I by dermal fibroblasts and provide a source of this factor for keratinocyte activity. Our studies reveal that IGF-I mRNA and protein levels increase in response to PTHrp in vitro, and that this effect is replicated by inducers of cAMP, but not by activators of protein kinase C. Consequently, these factors appear to comprise a paracrine loop within the skin, permitting focused but restricted IGF-I expression to support skin growth, remodeling, or repair.
Report of the ACA Ethics Committee: 1993–1994

The activities of the American Counseling Association (ACA) Ethics Committee are reviewed for the year 1993–1994. Summary data of ethical complaints and formal inquiries received during the year are presented followed by a brief discussion of trends noted. Updated information about the revision of the ACA Ethical Standards and the Policies and Procedures for Processing Complaints of Ethical Violations is also provided.
Implementation level of knowledge management critical success factors: Malaysia's perspective

This research examines the gap between the importance and the implementation of Knowledge Management (KM) critical success factors among the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) in Malaysia. Based on the data obtained from 282 owners/key managers, factor analysis confirmed that all the factors are in conformity to the literature. Paired t-test results revealed that there are significant differences between all the factors perceived as important and their levels of implementation. The findings offer useful information to the ICT SMEs in understanding their current stage of KM implementation and how their KM practices can be improved for business success.
Proceedings of the Eighth Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security

Welcome to the Eighth Symposium On Usable Privacy and Security! This year's program features 14 technical papers, one workshop, one tutorial, 14 posters, 13 posters published in the past year at other conferences, a panel, lightning talks and demo session, and an invited talk. On Thursday evening SOUPS 2012 attendees will enjoy a dinner at the Microsoft DC office. This year we received 67 technical paper submissions. The program committee provided two rounds of reviews. In the first round papers received an average of three reviews. In the second round, papers that had received one or more reviews better than "weak reject" in the first round received additional reviews. The goal of the second round was to ensure that a consistent standard of acceptance could be applied across all papers and, to this end, papers received as many as six reviews. We held an in-person program committee meeting on May 11. Fourteen papers were selected for presentation and publication.
Does aromaticity in a reaction product increase or decrease the intrinsic barrier? Kinetics of the reversible deprotonation of benzofuran-3(2H)-one and benzothiophene-3(2H)-one.

A kinetic study of the reversible deprotonation of benzofuran-3(2H)-one (3H-O) and benzothiophene-3(2H)-one (3H-S) by amines and hydroxide ion in water at 25 °C is reported. The respective conjugate bases, 3--O and 3--S, represent benzofuran and benzothiophene derivatives, respectively, and thus are aromatic. The main question addressed in this paper is whether this aromaticity has the effect of enhancing or lowering intrinsic barriers to proton transfer. These intrinsic barriers were either determined from Bronsted plots for the reactions with amines or calculated on the basis of the Marcus equation for the reaction with OH-; they were found to be lower for the more highly aromatic benzothiophene derivative, indicating that aromaticity lowers the intrinsic barrier. It is shown that the reduction in the intrinsic barrier is not an artifact of other factors such as inductive, steric, resonance, polarizability, and π-donor effects, although these factors affect the intrinsic barriers in a major way. Our res...
Morphology and microstructure of hydrating Portland cement and its constituents IV. Changes in hydration of A C3S, C3S, C3A, C4AF and gypsum paste with and without the admixtures triethanolamine and calcium lignosulphonate☆

Abstract Systematic sequential observations with the electron microscope were made of morphological changes which occurred during hydration of a paste mixture of C3S, C2S, C3A, C4AF and gypsum. The pronounced effect on rate of hydration of each of two organic admixtures was clearly observed. Differences could be seen also in the stability and habit of hydration products and in the microstructure itself. The electron micrographs shown illustrate the forms of the products at different hydration times.
A Policy Oriented Research Model For The Juvenile Justice Courts: Description And Demonstration Analysis:

Policymaking and planning in the juvenile court is a difficult undertaking because the decision-making environment is constantly changing and there is little goal consensus. A lack of adequate information on present practices and their impact further hinders assessment efforts. To address the problem of inadequate feedback, a policy-oriented research model that employs systems rates and rate determinants as the focus of analysis is developed. The model, which uses offender based transaction data available to virtually all courts with computerized data collection procedures, is described and its utility demonstrated in an analysis of the Maricopa County (Phoenix), Arizona Juvenile Court.
Instability analysis of space trusses using exact tangent-stiffness matrices☆

Abstract A simple (exact) expression for the tangent-stiffness matrix of a space truss undergoing arbitrarily large deformation, as well as member buckling, is given. An arc-length method is used to solve the tangent-stiffness equations in the post-buckling range of the structural deformation. Several examples to illustrate the viability of the present approaches in analyzing large space structures, simply, efficiently, and accurately, are given.
Metallurgy and Kinetics of Liquid-Solid Interfacial Reaction during Lead-Free Soldering

The wetting of a molten solder on metallic surfaces is a rather complex phenomenon. In addition to physical spreading due to surface tension reduction, there are interfacial metallurgical and flux chemical reactions with the metallic substrate surface. Substrate dissolution and intermetallic formation take place rapidly during soldering. Since lead-free soldering requires substantially higher soldering temperatures (around 250 � C), the rates of intermetallic growth and substrate dissolution for lead-free solders are expected to be significantly greater than those for the current Sn–Pb eutectic solder. This study systematically investigates the metallurgy of the solid–liquid interface reactions and intermetallic growth kinetics for three lead-free solders: Sn–Ag eutectic (96.5%Sn–3.5%Ag), Sn–Cu eutectic (99.3%Sn–0.7%Cu) and Sn–Ag– Cu eutectic (Sn–3.8Ag–0.7Cu, SAC 387) with three metallic substrates: Cu, Ni, and Alloy 42 (42%Ni–52%Fe) over temperatures ranging from 225 to 280 � C for reaction time from 10 s to 16 h. Wetting behavior of these three alloys on PCBs with OSP, immersion Sn, and Ni/Au finishes, was also examined from 220 � C up to 260 � C. A thorough understanding of lead-free solder/substrate interfacial reactions should give guidance to the optimum lead-free soldering processes and to the optimum lead-free coating thicknesses for component and PCB terminal finishes, as well as for under-chip metallurgical coatings for flip-chip and BGA applications.
Ly6G: a work in progress--author's reply to Yipp.

We are grateful to Drs Yipp and Kubes for their attention to our recent work and for adding an important new piece to the puzzle of Ly6G and its function in neutrophil-mediated immunity.[1][1],[2][2] We find no incompatibility between their observations and our own. As is well recognized, the
SOCIAL STATUS, ADOLESCENT BEHAVIOR, AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Education has long been recognized as an institution that plays a prominent role in the reproduction of social class. Children from socially advantaged backgrounds tend to achieve higher educational outcomes than children from more disadvantaged backgrounds. In this study, data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) were utilized to better understand the relationship between social advantage, high school educational achievements, adolescent behaviors, and educational attainment. It was found that individuals from socially advantaged backgrounds had greater high school educational achievements and were less likely to engage in problematic adolescent behaviors, and that these behaviors were, in fact, related to educational attainment. The socially advantaged did have greater levels of educational attainment. Most significantly, it was apparent that the socially advantaged were more likely to overcome low high school educational achievements and problematic adolescent behavior...
Compact Fluorescent Lamps Under Commercial Poultry House Conditions

Abstract The light output and lamp life of compact fluorescent (CF) lamps placed in three commercial caged-layer poultry facilities were studied. Only 7- and 9-watt CF lamps were used. This study revealed that the 7-watt lamp maintained 82% of its original light output with 34% of the lamps still operating after 23,000 hr of on time. The 9-watt lamps maintained 71.84% of their original light output with 34% of the lamps still operating after more than 23,000 hr of on time. The mean failure rate for both 7- and 9-watt lamps was 21,480 hr with no ballast failures.
Structural parameters, centrifugal distortion constants, and vibrational spectra of F2CNX (X = H, F, Cl, Br) molecules☆

Abstract Ab initio calculations with full electron correlation by the perturbation method to second order and hybrid density functional theory calculations by the B3LYP method utilizing the 6-31G(d) and 6-311+G(d,p) basis sets have been carried out for the F 2 C NX (X = H, F, Cl, Br) molecules. From these calculations, force constants, vibrational frequencies, infrared intensities, Raman activities, and structural parameters have been determined and compared to the experimental quantities when available. By combining previously reported rotational constants for all four F 2 C NX molecules with the ab initio MP2/6-311+G(d,p) predicted structural values, adjusted r 0 parameters have been obtained. The r 0 values for F 2 C NH and F 2 C NF are in excellent agreement with the previously determined values except for the difference in the two CF distances of F 2 C NH which differ by 0.017 A instead of the 0.008 A estimated distances. For F 2 C NCl [Br] the values are: distances (A) (ClN) = 1.713(5) [1.867(5)], (N C) = 1.260(3) [1.259(3)], (F t –C) = 1.304(3) [1.307(3)], (F c –C) = 1.307(3) [1.308(3)] and angles (°) ClNC = 113.2(5) [113.5(5)], F t CN = 120.3(5) [120.4(5)], F c CN = 129.7(5) [130.4(5)]. These reported values have much lower uncertainties than those previously reported from the microwave data alone but considering the relatively large uncertainties in the values given initially the two results are in near agreement. The centrifugal distortion constants have been calculated and are compared to the experimentally F 2 C NX (X = H, F, Cl, Br) determined values. These results are compared to several of the corresponding parameters of related molecules.
Comparison of two antibodies for immunohistochemical evaluation of epidermal growth factor receptor expression in colorectal carcinomas, adenomas, and normal mucosa.

BACKGROUND Immunohistochemical staining for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been used as a criterion for the selection of patients with colon cancer for anti-EGFR therapy. Two antibodies, the PharmDx kit and the 31G7 clone, are used commonly for immunohistochemistry by various laboratories. No comparative studies on the performance of these 2 antibodies are available. METHODS EGFR status was evaluated in 744 tissue microarray core samples from primary and metastatic colorectal carcinomas, colorectal adenomas, and normal colorectal mucosa with both the PharmDx kit and the clone 31G7 monoclonal antibodies. The stains were compared for staining intensity by using an automated image-analysis system. The intensity of positive staining (brown color) was measured on a scale from 0 to 255.The staining intensity also was scored manually as 0, 1 +, 2 +, and 3 +. RESULTS Statistically, the median staining intensities scored by the automated system between the 2 antibodies did not differ significantly, although, within each category of samples (normal, adenoma, carcinoma, and metastases), the PharmDx antibody staining was slightly more intense than the clone 31G7 antibody staining. There was a linear correlation between automated image-analysis and manual scoring categories. The median automated image-analysis intensity scores for the 4 manual scoring categories with the PharmDx kit were as follows: 0 staining, 67.5; 1 + staining, 75.5; 2 + staining, 89.6; and 3 + staining, 106.0. The median automated image-analysis intensity scores for the 4 manual scoring categories with the clone 31G7 antibody were as follows: 0 staining, 71.3; 1 + staining, 73.6; 2 + staining, 84.6; and 3 + staining, 99.1. The classification of tumors as EGFR-negative (0 staining) or positive (1 +, 2 +, or 3 + staining) was concordant in 151 of 160 carcinomas (94.4%) with 2 antibodies using manual scoring. Five samples (3%) that scored 1 + with the PharmDx kit antibody scored 0 with the clone 31G7 antibody; whereas 4 samples (2.5%) that scored 1 + with the clone 31G7 antibody scored 0 with the PharmDx kit antibody. CONCLUSIONS The EGFR expression results obtained by immunohistochemistry using both the EGFR PharmaDx kit and the 31G7 clone were comparable. Either antibody may be used for immunohistochemical detection of EGFR in colorectal carcinomas. In addition, manual scoring had an excellent correlation with automated scoring. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Social Theory and the Changing World: Mass Democracy, Development, Modernization and Globalization

Classical sociological theory is usually viewed as an account of the changing world in the long 19th century. It theorizes the great transformation from the agrarian, feudal to the industrial, capitalist mode of production (Marx), from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft (Tonnies), from traditional to rational social action (Weber). Like the late medieval theory of transition from nomadic pastoralism to urbanization or civilization by Ibn Khaldun (d. 1406), all but one of these theories are structural, and consider social change without direct reference to conscious human intention and motivation. The one exception is Max Weber, who formulated his theory with reference to the (conscious) purpose and meaning of social action, and included consideration of the epochal social change set in motion by the transcendent vision and objectives of the world religions. In a provocatively revealing recent statement, Stephen Turner (2004) considers social theory an autonomous and self-sufficient academic field with its own internal conversation based on a series of commentaries on classical texts. The marriage of social theory and empirical sociology, which was to be consummated in an ever closer approximation to theoretical closure with the accumulation of empirical findings, is, in his view, the result of ‘the great instauration of 1945’. It lasted abnormally long because of the unprecedented expansion of universities and the academic market from 1945 to 1970. But with the retirement of the generation of social scientists produced in this period, ‘the mutual irrelevance of empirical sociology and social theory’ is increasingly evident. Turner (2004: 159) admits, however, that social theory ‘scrutinizes its concepts and considers the world in the light of the problems of applying its concepts in new settings’. My argument, by contrast, is that the lodestars – value-ideas – that guide such conceptual reinterpretation and theorizing also set the
Information and biotechnological systems

Abstract A biotechnological system can be described and analyzed in terms of the information that it processes and the information of which it consists. The quality and the operational efficiency of the system, inversely related to the amount of irreversibilities that it contains, are measured by the average lifetime of the processed information and by the informational content of the system. The development of new biotechnological systems is treated for specific cases, and the results are compared with data on the development of the telephone and the computer.
Effects of a coding intervention on what teachers learn to notice during whole-group discussion

This article examines how a coding scheme for mathematics classroom discussion that was created to highlight how teachers negotiate student responses during whole-class discussion around high-level, cognitively demanding tasks was used to help teachers shift what they notice when analyzing classroom discourse. Data from an intervention that trained teachers how to use the coding scheme and then provided them opportunities to use the scheme to code transcripts of classroom discussion are presented. Results suggest that teachers’ ability to notice interactions between teacher and students when analyzing classroom discussion (as opposed to focusing on one actor or the other) can be increased and that teachers can learn to identify specific discourse moves teachers use to negotiate student responses. However, teachers’ capacity to identify how students’ opportunities to learn are related to teacher discourse moves did not change as a result of the intervention. The article goes on to examine how discussion during the intervention itself may have contributed to what teachers learned to notice. This research contributes to the body of work on teachers’ noticing by examining the feasibility and efficacy of using transcripts and a coding scheme to foster teachers’ ability to notice how they can increase their students’ opportunities to learn through mathematics discourse.
The Pharmacodynamics of Ascorbic Acid in Cattle. I. Absorption and Elimination

Summary 1The ascorbic acid content of whole blood and blood plasma was significantly increased within 15 minutes after placing ascorbic acid into the rumen, reticulo-omasal-abomasal orifice, small intestine, cecum, and colon. These increases persisted for only 2–3 hours. 2Holding ascorbic acid solution against the rumen wall significantly increased the ascorbic acid content of whole blood and blood plasma. 3Very little ascorbic acid was recovered in the urine following digestive tract administration, and only 9.2 and 12.3 per cent, respectively, were recovered following subcutaneous and intravenous administration. The recovery of ascorbic acid was greatly increased when these types of administration were made to steers receiving chlorobutanol. 4The administration of chlorobutanol into the rumen, colon, and cecum at the rate of 5g. daily for 15 days or subcutaneous administration at the rate of 3g. daily for 5 days significantly increased urinary elimination of ascorbic acid the fourth day after the start of treatment. Blood ascorbic acid was not increased by either method of chlorobutanol administration. 5Calculations made to determine the ascorbic acid content of blood cells indicated that the vitamin passed freely between blood cells and blood plasma, although in the case of subcutaneous or intravenous administration blood plasma values were at times considerably higher than for whole blood. 6The hemoglobin content of blood was significantly decreased by bleeding cattle at frequent intervals.
Measurement of semantic knowledge of object categories: Creating the Semantic Vanderbilt Expertise Test (SVET)

Poster presented at Vision Science Society Annual Meeting, May 2014, St. Pete Beach, FL A growing interest in individual differences in face and object recognition motivates the development of visual learning tests such as the Cambridge Face Memory Test (Duchaine & Nakayama, 2006) and the Vanderbilt Expertise Test (VET; McGugin et al., 2012). But experience with a category may also result in non-perceptual knowledge. We seek a reliable and valid measure of non-perceptual semantic knowledge in a standard format for a variety of object categories (rather than one category, Barton et al. 2009; Van Gulick & Gauthier, VSS2013) that applies to the full range of expertise in a domain. The Semantic Vanderbilt Expertise Test (SVET) focuses on one aspect of semantic knowledge that can be measured across categories: acquisition of relevant nomenclature. Each trial consists of a triplet of names, one real name of an object in that category and two foils. The SVET 1.0 includes 7 categories: birds, cars, dinosaurs, planes, shoes, Transformers, and trees. Through multiple iterations of data collected on Amazon Mechanical Turk test items were fine-tuned based on factor analysis, classical item analyses, and item response theory. In data from samples of 96-101 subjects per category, all tests showed good internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha). We validated each SVET against subjects’ self-reports of their category knowledge, assessed with 7 domain-specific questions (Gauthier et al., submitted). Across all categories, subjects’ general rating of their category experience was most strongly correlated with SVET performance (r=.38) followed by their rating of how detailed an essay they could write about the category (r=.35). Interestingly, just like perceptual performance on the VET, the SVET correlation with age and gender differed across categories, suggesting a role for experience. The SVET can provide assessment of semantic knowledge to complement visual measures, and to help understand how performance is determined by the interaction of perceptual and cognitive abilities with experience. This work is supported by NSF (SBE-0542013), the Vanderbilt Vision Research Center (P30-EY008126), and the National Eye Institute (R01 EY013441).
The Europeanisation of social policies in Portugal

This article analyses how three different instruments of European social policy have been implemented in Portugal. I claim that the reasons for compliance rest in the combination of a favourable context created by a strong European legacy in domestic policies, with the convergence between the European pressure and the domestic policy agenda in policy arenas, whose characteristics facilitate policy change. I make the case that there is no dualism between a politicisation and a socialisation approach to the Europeanisation of domestic public polices. When compliance occurs, both mechanisms are present. Responses to European pressures reflect both the introduction of new incentive structures and the creation of new patterns of social relations. This is particularly true for European social policies. Those resources have a delayed effect by formatting policy arenas and giving meaning to certain incentives and providing a social context in which pressures are perceived to be cost-effective and legitimate. There is no relation between a priori convergence capacity of European policy instruments and their de facto effectiveness − the distinctive traits of each is central to understand the extent to which EU policy initiatives mobilise domestic coalitions, which prove decisive for the resistance of policy innovation.
Defining and Implementing a Multilevel Design Representation with Simulation Applications

This paper describes the definition and implementation of a multilevel representation which includes both behavioral and structural information. Information for the representation is generated by the CMU-DA synthesis system. A timing abstraction aid which extracts logic level timing information from a detailed implementation and makes it available for the ISPS behavioral simulator is discussed. Such a multilevel representation and design aid allows the system level designers to be in a closed loop of design aids with the technology level designers.
Spline-based neural networks for digital image interpolation

Adaptive spline interpolation (which is equivalent to the use of a type of radial basis function neural network) is investigated for digital image interpolation (i.e., for resolution enhancement). Test image results indicate that adaptive spline interpolation of a low-resolution image is superior to non-adaptive interpolation if the adjustable parameters are chosen to yield the best match to a known object in a corresponding high-resolution image.
Borehole strainmeter measurements spanning the 2014 Mw6.0 South Napa Earthquake, California: The effect from instrument calibration

The 24 August 2014 Mw6.0 South Napa, California earthquake produced significant offsets on 12 borehole strainmeters in the San Francisco Bay area. These strainmeters are located between 24 and 80 km from the source, and the observed offsets ranged up to 400 parts per billion (ppb), which exceeds their nominal precision by a factor of 100. However, the observed offsets of tidally calibrated strains differ by up to 130 ppb from predictions based on a moment tensor derived from seismic data. The large misfit can be attributed to a combination of poor instrument calibration and better modeling of the strain field from the earthquake. Borehole strainmeters require in situ calibration, which historically has been accomplished by comparing their measurements of Earth tides with the strain tides predicted by a model. Although the borehole strainmeter accurately measures the deformation within the borehole, the long-wavelength strain signals from tides or other tectonic processes recorded in the borehole are modified by the presence of the borehole and the elastic properties of the grout and the instrument. Previous analyses of surface-mounted, strainmeter data and their relationship with the predicted tides suggest that tidal models could be in error by 30%. The poor fit of the borehole strainmeter data from this earthquake can be improved by simultaneously varying the components of the model tides up to 30% and making small adjustments to the point source model of the earthquake, which reduces the RMS misfit from 130 ppb to 18 ppb. This suggests that relying on tidal models to calibrate borehole strainmeters significantly reduces their accuracy.
Proverbs as Theoretical Frameworks for Lifelong Learning in Indigenous African Education.

Every aspect of a community’s life and values in indigenous Africa provide the theoretical framework for education. The holistic worldview of the traditional system places a strong emphasis on the centrality of the human element and orature in the symmetrical relationship between life and learning. This article focuses on proverbs and the words that form them as important sources of, and foundation for, indigenous African education. The article analyzes proverbs and the power of the spoken word in indigenous African pedagogy. The analysis is used to argue for an increased articulation of indigenous African knowledge into the dialogue on the inclusion of non-Western traditions in the theoretical frameworks for adult education. The article uses the traditional contexts of Ogu and Yoruba of West Africa but draws examples mostly from Yoruba proverbs to present their epistemological significance in traditional African education.
New serological biomarkers of inflammatory bowel disease.

Serological biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) are a rapidly expanding list of non-invasive tests for objective assessments of disease activity, early diagnosis, prognosis evaluation and surveillance. This review summarizes both old and new biomarkers in IBD, but focuses on the development and characterization of new serological biomarkers (identified since 2007). These include five new anti-glycan antibodies, anti-chitobioside IgA (ACCA), anti-laminaribioside IgG (ALCA), anti-manobioside IgG (AMCA), and antibodies against chemically synthesized (Σ) two major oligomannose epitopes, Man α-1,3 Man α-1,2 Man (ΣMan3) and Man α-1,3 Man α-1,2 Man α-1,2 Man (ΣMan4). These new biomarkers serve as valuable complementary tools to existing biomarkers not only in differentiating Crohn’s disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC), normal and other non-IBD gut diseases, but also in predicting disease involvement (ileum vs colon), IBD risk (as subclinical biomarkers), and disease course (risk of complication and surgery). Interestingly, the prevalence of the antiglycan antibodies, including anti-Saccharomyces cerevisiae antibodies (ASCA), ALCA and AMCA, was found to be associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of IBD susceptible genes such as NOD2/CARD15, NOD1/CARD4, toll-like receptors (TLR) 2 and 4, and β-defensin-1. Furthermore, a gene dosage effect was observed: anti-glycan positivity became more frequent as the number of NOD2/CARD15 SNPS increased. Other new serum/plasma IBD biomarkers reviewed include ubiquitination factor E4A (UBE4A), CXCL16 (a chemokine), resistin, and apolipoprotein A-IV. This review also discusses the most recent studies in IBD biomarker discovery by the application of new technologies such as proteomics, fourier transform near-infrared spectroscopy, and multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)’s (with an emphasis on cytokine/chemokine profiling). Finally, the prospects of developing more clinically useful novel diagnostic algorithms by incorporating new technologies in serological biomarker profiling and integrating multiple biomarkers with bioinformatics analysis/modeling are also discussed.
The New Legal Pluralism

Scholars studying interactions among multiple communities have often used the term legal pluralism to describe the inevitable intermingling of normative systems that results from these interactions. In recent years, a new application of pluralist insights has emerged in the international and transnational realm. This review aims to survey and help define this emerging field of global legal pluralism. I begin by briefly describing sites for pluralism research, both old and new. Then I discuss how pluralism has come to be seen as an attractive analytical framework for those interested in studying law on the world stage. Finally, I identify advantages of a pluralist approach and respond to criticisms, and I suggest ways in which pluralism can help both in reframing old conceptual debates and in generating useful normative insights for designing procedural mechanisms, institutions, and discursive practices for managing hybrid legal/cultural spaces.