cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effects of Blade Count on Linearized and Nonlinear Hot Streak Clocking Simulations

The temperature e eld exiting gas turbine combustors is highly nonuniform due to streaks of hot e uid directly downstream of combustor fuel nozzles. These hot streaks have been shown to limit the life of turbine blades. Adjusting the positions of hot streaks with respect to nozzle guide vanes, known as hot streak clocking, can be used to help control blade temperatures in gas turbines. Because hot streak clocking predictions require unsteady, three-dimensional simulations, they are very expensive, and various techniques are used to reduce their cost. Two of these techiques are examined, linearized Navier ‐Stokes solvers and reduced-blade-count simulations. Hot streak clocking simulations have been performed using nonlinear and linearized Navier ‐Stokes solvers for 1 ‐1‐1 and 3‐4‐3 blade-count (blades per row ) cone gurations. The blade-count effects were examined for each solution technique, and the two solution techniques were compared. It is shown that the linearized technique can be used to capture qualitatively hot streak clocking effects. It is also shown that the reduced-blade-count approximation has a signie cant impact on predicted surface temperatures.
O-ATOM TRANSFER VERSUS AROMATIC NITRATION REACTIONS OF PEROXYNITRITE

The O-atom transfer reactions of the cytotoxin peroxynitrite, ONOO− has been examined using thianthrene-5-oxide as a probe at various pH. Under basic conditions the product is a sulfide/sulfone derivative indicating strong nucleophilic oxidant character of peroxynitrite. Under acidic conditions the predominant product corresponds to ring nitration of the thianthrene. © 1997 Elsevier Science Ltd.
Teaching an online information literacy course

Academic librarians have been creating Web‐based tutorials in support of their institutions’ distance education course and remote students for some time. For‐credit, distance education, information literacy classes for undergraduate students, however, have not yet begun to appear in significant numbers. In creating such a course, LIBY 3200, California State University, Hayward, sought to meet the needs of its students better and to explore the potential of distance education. Findings from experience teaching LIBY 3200 suggest that many students are less prepared to function – technologically and cognitively – in a Web‐based distance education environment than might be predicted. Design and delivery of course content proved time‐consuming, with few possibilities for short‐cuts, and teaching methods had to be adapted to help the students become autonomous learners, meaningfully capable of self‐directed learning in a Web‐based environment.
Waveguide atom beam splitter for laser-cooled neutral atoms

A laser-cooled neutral-atom beam from a low-velocity intense source is split into two beams while it is guided by a magnetic-field potential. We generate our multimode beam-splitter potential with two current-carrying wires upon a glass substrate combined with an external transverse bias field. The atoms are guided around curves and a beam-splitter region within a 10-cm guide length. We achieve a maximum integrated flux of 1.5×105 atoms/s with a current density of 5×104 amp/cm2 in the 100‐µm-diameter wires. The initial beam can be split into two beams with a 50/50 splitting ratio.
Efficacy of Antibiotic Prophylaxis in Clean Neurosurgical Operations

Four controlled trials and one case control study have presented data supporting the efficacy of perioperative administration of antibiotics in reducing the rate of infection following clean neurosurgical procedures. Their results are, for the most part, consistent with uncontrolled studies reported since 1980. Taken together, these studies clearly and consistently demonstrate the value of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in clean neurosurgical operations.
Risk Management Research Design Ideologies, Strategies, Methods and Techniques

The researcher interviewed 11 doctoral students and 12 International Disaster Conference attendees to understand how research guidelines could be improved to help these emerging scholars achieve more publications. Empirical studies were cited to substantiate the need for better research method guidance. A research design model was then created as a top-down typology based on a literature review and practitioner experience. The design model consisted of four components: research ideology, unit and level of analysis strategy, formal research method, and analysis techniques. The discussion illustrated how all researcher philosophies can be simplified into one of three ideologies: post-positivist, pragmatic or social-constructivist. Additionally, the author explained how the level and unit of analysis goals are developed into an analysis strategy with research questions or hypotheses. Inquire strategy was integrated with formal research method and ideology, to facilitate the selection of data collection sampling and analysis techniques. Numerous research methods thought leaders were cited to direct new scholars towards best practices. A unique feature of the model was its simplicity and application across all the generally accepted research philosophies, methods and techniques as well as disciplinary fields. Although the study was directed toward risk management practitioners, it applies to any field or industry.
Larvae of a colonial ascidian use a non-contact mode of substratum selection on a coral reef

The rate at which larvae successfully recruit into communities of marine benthic invertebrates is partially dependent upon how well larvae avoid benthic predators and settle on appropriate substrata. Therefore, to be able to predict recruitment success, information is needed on how larvae search for settlement sites, whether larvae preferentially settle on certain substrata, and the extent to which there are adequate cues for larvae to find these substrata. This article describes how larvae of the colonial ascidian Diplosoma similis find settlement sites on a coral reef. Direct field observations of larval settlement were made on a fringing reef in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaii, between September 1985 and April 1986. A comparison of the substrata that larvae contacted prior to settlement relative to the percentage cover of these substrata on the study reef suggests that larvae are using a non-contact mode of substratum identification to locate suitable settlement sites. This mode of substratum identification allowed 74% of larvae to evade predation by benthic organisms who would otherwise have eaten larvae if they had been contacted. Of those larvae that evaded predation, 88% subsequently settled on the same two substrata upon which most adults are found (dead coral or the green alga Dictyosphaeria cavernosa). This pattern of settlement was probably a result of active selection, since the two substrata cover only 14.4% of the reef's surface and currents had little effect on the direction in which larvae swam. An important contributing factor to the high success rate of larval settlement on suitable substrata was the lack of any temporal decay in substratum preference. It is concluded that for Diplosoma similis larval supply is a sufficient predictor of larval settlement rate. However, for marine invertebrates whose larvae are passively dispersed and exhibit a greater temporal decay in substratum preference, larval settlement should generally have a greater dependency on spatial variation in the abundance of benthic predators and suitable substrata.
Comparison of continuous ST-segment recovery analysis with methods using static electrocardiograms for noninvasive patency assessment during acute myocardial infarction

Continuous ST-segment recovery analysis and 5 static methods using ST-segment comparison between a pre- and post-treatment electrocardiogram were compared for their ability to predict infarct-related artery patency in 82 patients with acute myocardial infarction who underwent angiography a median of 124 minutes after onset of thrombolytic treatment. Accuracy at the moment of angiography was 85% (95% confidence interval [CI] 77% to 93%) for the continuous method, and 68% (CI 57% to 78%), 78% (CI 69% to 87%), 83% (CI 74% to 91%), 82% (CI 73% to 90%), and 80% (CI 71% to 89%) for the static methods. At the moment of angiography the most accurate static method and the continuous method agreed in patency assessment in 90% of the patients (CI 84% to 97%). Agreement was reduced to 83% (CI 75% to 91%) of patients when a patency assessment was performed earlier at 90 minutes after treatment onset, and was only 77% (CI 68% to 86%), at 60 minutes. Early disagreement was mainly seen when the continuous ST recording showed ST recovery from a delayed peak ST elevation after the pretreatment static electrocardiogram or when dynamic ST changes suggesting cyclic reperfusion occurred. Continuous ST-segment recovery analysis appears to be as accurate as the most accurate static methods. Continuously updated reference points appear to give important additional information when ST recovery follows a delayed peak ST elevation or when re-elevation occurs, suggesting cyclic flow changes. Such findings appear to affect about half of patients with acute myocardial infarction treated with intravenous thrombolysis, particularly early after administration of therapy.
Labyrinth of High Parameter Valve Technology Application and Prospects in the Power Plant

In order to solve the domestic sub and super-critical unit import the high cost of procurement of high parameters of valves and valve operation in the common issues such as defects, and introduces the new valve of the Sino-ROK cooperative project--the labyrinth of high parameter control valve. First elaborates its structure characteristics, the core technology and application, and introduces concrete application for the settlement of condensate water pump recirculation valve defect. And we can see the labyrinth of high parameter control valve important role and development prospects in the future power plant.
Synthesis and hydrogen adsorption properties of a new phthalocyanine-based metal–organic framework

Abstract The first member of a new class of phthalocyanine-based metal–organic frameworks, MOF-IP, has been synthesized in order to gauge the potential of this type of materials for hydrogen storage. Preliminary studies indicate that MOF-IP is a robust material with a hydrogen uptake capacity of 1.15 wt% at 77 K under atmospheric pressure.
Chaoborus prey capture efficiency in the light and dark1

Ahs tract The strike efficiency of fourth-instar Chaoborus punctipennis larvae on different size copepods was measured in the light and dark in the laboratory. Dark measurements were made with near-infrared illumination and a closed circuit television system. There was no significant difference between strike efficiency in the light and dark during either day (0900-1800) or night (2100-0600). Strike efficiency generally increased as the prey size decreased, and the longest prey captured was about 1.4 mm. However, 29% of the larvae which contacted egg-bearing female copepods longer than 1.4 mm ingested all or part of the female’s egg sac. The lack of a measurable difference in larval strike efficiency in the light and dark suggests that the diel vertical migration pattern followed by Chaoborus larvae is not related to diel changes in prey vulnerability.
Dante, Bunyan and the Case for a Protestant Aesthetics

: This article argues that, despite common assumptions, Protestants possess a unique aesthetic framework. Building on seventeenth-century ideas of the ‘Protestant reader’, aesthetic attitudes in Dante's Divine Comedy are contrasted with those in Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress. Dante's emphasis on images which spark desire is contrasted with Bunyan's hermeneutic of suspicion; the role of seeing in one replaced by reading in the other. This leads to an aesthetic framework emphasizing the brokenness of the world and a distrust of earthly beauty; a preference for aesthetic forms whose ‘beauty’ is hidden or allusive; and a prophetic engagement and resistance against the world's brokenness.
The influence of river regulation and land use on floodplain forest regeneration in the semi-arid upper Colorado River Basin, USA†

Flow regulation effects on floodplain forests in the semi-arid western United States are moderately well understood, whereas effects associated with changes in floodplain land use are poorly documented. We mapped land cover patterns from recent aerial photos and applied a classification scheme to mainstem alluvial floodplains in 10 subjectively selected 4th order hydrologic units (subbasins) in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB) in order to document land use patterns (floodplain development) and assess their effects on Fremont cottonwood forest (CF) regeneration. Three of the mainstem rivers were unregulated, five were moderately regulated and two were highly regulated. We classified polygons as Undeveloped (with two categories, including CF) and Developed (with five categories). We ground-truthed 501 randomly selected polygons (4-28% of the floodplain area in each subbasin) to verify classification accuracy and to search for cottonwood regeneration, defined as stands established since regulation began or 1950, whichever is most recent. From 40% to 95% of the floodplain area remained undeveloped, but only 19-70% of the floodplain area was classified as forest. Regeneration occupied a mean of 5% (range 1-17%) of the floodplain. The likelihood of the presence of regeneration in a polygon was reduced 65% by development and independently in a complex manner by flow regulation. Our analyses indicate that floodplain forests may be in jeopardy on both regulated and unregulated rivers and that information on historical forest extent is needed to better understand their current status in the UCRB. Conservation efforts need to be coordinated at a regional level and address the potentially adverse affects of both flow regulation and floodplain development. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure and properties of tensile cracks in stainless steel films: In-situ, high-voltage electron microscope studies

Direct observations of crack propagation (or through-section tearing) in thin type 304 stainless steel films while straining in a high-voltage transmission electron microscope have shown the fracture to be generally discontinuous, and crack growth occurs by the production of microvoids and voids ahead of the advancing tip which coalesce causing crack growth. The plastic zone was observed to contain a magnetic gradient as a result of the formation of α′ (bcc) martensite at the intersections of slip band arrays containing dense dislocation configurations, stacking-faults and twin-faults forming the required stacking sequences which produce the perfect bcc structure. As the crack advances through this zone, the edges become lined with a region of a' martensite which extends roughly 2 μm into the material.
Lymph circulation in congestive heart failure: effect of external thoracic duct drainage.

The lymphatic circulation was evaluated after cannulation of the cervical thoracic duct in 12 patients with severe intractable congestive heart failure. After venting the distended duct, lymph flowed rapidly under increased pressure, and signs and symptoms of circulatory congestion were dramatically relieved. Dyspnea, orthopnea, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, peripheral and scrotal edema, and ascites diminished or disappeared. Central venous pressure fell and armto-tongue circulation time decreased. In some patients arterial pressure, amplitude of peripheral pulses, central venous Po2, and urinary output rose further suggesting enhanced cardiac output. Considered together with previous observations in experimental animals, the findings indicate that elevated systemic venous pressure greatly increases formation of thoracic duct lymph but at the same time impedes the return of lymph into the great veins. While therapeutic drainage of lymph from the thoracic duct in patie...
Energy conservation: a forgotten property of the turbulent point spread function

Energy conservation is an essential feature of the optical waves propagating through refractive turbulence. It was well understood for almost 30 years, that energy conservation has a very important consequence for the fluctuations in the images of the incoherent objects observed through turbulence. Namely the image of the uniformly illuminated areas of the object does not scintillate. As a consequence the low-contrast parts of the scene exhibit weak fluctuation even for very strong turbulence, but scintillations near the sharp edges can be strong even for the weak turbulence. Energy conservation property of the turbulent Point Spread Function (PSF) is essential for modeling of the turbulent image distortions, both for the development of the image processing techniques and for simulations of the turbulent imaging. However it is completely neglected in the current literature on the turbulent imaging theory and modeling. We discuss the relations between the energy conservation and anisoplanatism for the most common turbulence imaging models. Our analysis reveals that the only isoplanatic authentic turbulent PSF that is compliant with energy conservation corresponds to the thin aperture plane phase screen model of turbulence. This implies that for the near-the-ground imaging, and even for the astronomical-type imaging under strong turbulence conditions the turbulent PSF has to be modeled as a random function of four arguments with certain constraints. We show some practical ways how the three functional constrains on the turbulent PSF: nonnegative values, finite bandwidth and energy conservation can be complied with in practical generation of turbulent PSF.
Prognostic Criteria for Squamous Cell Cancer of the Skin

Background Non-well-differentiated cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas may display a more aggressive behavior. It is important to better define prognostic criteria for these tumors. Methods This was a retrospective case-control analysis of a squamous cell carcinoma database. Patients with non-well-differentiated and well-differentiated tumors were matched based on site of tumor, age, and immunocompromised status. Comparisons included demographics, histology, immunohistochemical protein expressions (Ki-67, p53, E-cadherin, cyclin D1), and clinical outcomes. Results Demographic features were similar between cases (n = 30) and controls (n = 30). Non-well-differentiated tumors were larger (1.8 cm versus 1.3 cm, P = 0.08), deeper (0.81 cm versus 0.32 cm, P < 0.0001), and had greater recurrence (P = 0.003). Non-well-differentiated tumors showed increased proliferation rate, Ki-67 index (77% versus 61%, P = 0.001); no significant difference in activity of p53, E-cadherin, and cyclin D1 between the two groups. Conclusions Tumor differentiation and depth are important pathologic and prognostic criteria for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry helps describe patterns of biomarker protein expression and may exemplify aggressive subtypes.
Use of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Healthcare Costs in Mild Persistent Asthma

Healthcare costs were determined for mild persistent asthma patients (n=796) who used inhaled corticosteroids infrequently (0 to 2 claims) or consistently (3 or more claims). Study patients, selected from a privately insured claims database (1999-2003), had at least one asthma diagnosis, no diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and mild persistent asthma as defined by the 2005 Health Plan Employer Data and Information Set (HEDIS), Leidy's reliever and oral steroid methods, and the 2004 Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guidelines. Healthcare and asthma-specific costs were significantly higher for the infrequent inhaled corticosteroid users than the consistent users. The infrequent inhaled corticosteroid users had significantly more hospitalizations and emergency department visits compared with consistent users.
Comparison between two theories of plasticity

Abstract Among numerous large strain elasto-plasticity theories, Green-Naghdi's theory and E. H. Lee's theory are distinguished and distinctive. In Green-Naghdi's theory, the Green-Lagrange strain tensor is decomposed into the elastic and the plastic parts. On the other hand, E. H. Lee started with a decomposition of the deformation gradient into a product of two parts: elastic and plastic. In the case of simple tension, the essential differences arc found between these two theories. In E. H. Lee's theory, the unloading curves are parallel on the plots of Cauchy stress vs natural strain. However, this parallel relation does not exist on the plots of Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs Green-Lagrange strain. In Green-Naghdi's theory, the results are reversed. The unloading curves are not parallel on the plots of Cauchy stress vs natural strain, but parallel on the plots of Piola-Kirchhoff stress vs Green-Lagrange strain. The significance of this finding is further discussed.
Addendum to the paper “two dimensional wave front shape induced in a homogeneously strained elastic body by a point perturbing body force”

In a previous paper PAYTON [1] (hereafter referred to as WF for wave front) considered the shape of the two dimensional wave front induced in a finitely strained elastic body by an impulsive point body force. This problem was characterized by three parameters ct, fl and ~ which were dependent upon the initial strain and the constitutive relations for the material in question. For certain regions of the (~t, fl, ~) space it was shown that the wave front normal curve possessed inflection points and that the associated wave front curve carried cuspoidal triangles. In WF the wave front shape was classified by the number (and location) of normal curve inflection points. It was remarked (through a note added in proof) that the classification of cases n. 5, n. 8 and n. 13, where n = 1, 2, 3 and 4, was incomplete. In cases 1.8 and 4.8 (where ct =fl) and in cases 2.8 and 3.8 (where ctf l=l) this incompleteness was removed but the remaining eight cases were left open. It is now possible to complete this classification through a unified approach.
Ionic Hydrogenation with Organosilanes under Acid-Free Conditions. Synthesis of Ethers, Alkoxysilanes, Thioethers, and Cyclic Ethers via rganosilyl Iodide and Triflate Catalyzed Reductions of Carbonyl Compounds and Their Derivatives

Abstract The general ether synthesis method based on the trialkylsilane/trialkylsilyl iodide or triflate reagent system has been extended to the syntheses of alkoxysilanes from ketones, tetrahydrofurans and tetrahydropyrans from dicarbonyl compounds, and thioethers by reductive cleavage of O-silylhemithioacetals.
Correlation and relativistic effects for the 4 f − nl and 5 p − nl multipole transitions in Er-like tungsten

Wavelengths, transition rates, and line strengths are calculated for the multipole ($E1$, $M1$, $E2$, $M2$, $E3$, and $M3$) transitions between the excited [Cd]$4{f}^{13}5{p}^{6}\mathit{nl}$, [Cd]$4{f}^{14}5{p}^{5}\mathit{nl}$ configurations and the ground [Cd]$4{f}^{14}5{p}^{6}$ state in Er-like ${\mathrm{W}}^{6+}$ ion ([Cd]=[Kr]$4{d}^{10}5{s}^{2}$). In particular, the relativistic many-body perturbation theory (RMBPT), including the Breit interaction, is used to evaluate energies and transition rates for multipole transitions in this hole-particle system. This method is based on the relativistic many-body perturbation theory that agrees with multiconfiguration Dirac-Fock (MCDF) calculations in lowest order, and includes all second-order correlation corrections and corrections from negative-energy states. The calculations start from a [Cd]$4{f}^{14}5{p}^{6}$ Dirac-Fock (DF) potential. First-order perturbation theory is used to obtain intermediate-coupling coefficients, and second-order RMBPT is used to determine the multipole matrix elements needed for calculations of other atomic properties such as line strengths and transition rates. In addition, core multipole polarizability is evaluated in random-phase and DF approximations. The comparison with available data is demonstrated.
Biochemical studies of the excitable membrane of Paramecium tetraurelia. V. Effects of proteases on the ciliary membrane.

Abstract The swimming behavior of Paramecium is regulated by an excitable membrane that covers the body and cilia of the protozoan. In order to obtain information on the topology and function of ciliary membrane proteins, Paramecia were treated with trypsin, chymotrypsin or pronase and the effects of these proteases were analyzed using electron microscopy, gel electrophoresis of ciliary fractions and behavioral tests. At the concentrations used, trypsin and chymotrypsin had little or no effect on the cells while pronase removed the cell surface coat, visible as fuzzy material covering the cell membrane. The same pronase treatment caused the specific removal of a high molecular weight protein (250 000), as judged by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This protein, the ‘immobilization antigen’, constitutes the major protein of the ciliary membrane. Although the immobilization antigen was removed (or markedly decreased), no marked and reproducible difference was observed in the swimming behavior of the treated cells. We also determined the effects of proteases on isolated ciliary fractions to explore the sidedness of ciliary membrane proteins. A set of proteins relatively resistant to protease digestion was identified; they may be intrinsic membrane proteins.
Tobacco consumption and disease duration are associated with fistulizing and stricturing behaviors in the first 8 years of Crohn's disease.

Tobacco Consumption and Disease Duration Are Associated With Fistulizing and Stricturing Behaviors in the First 8 Years of Crohn's Disease
Vapor−Liquid Equilibrium Measurements on Three Binary Mixtures: Difluoromethane/Hydrogen Chloride, cis-1,3-Dichloropropene/trans-1,3-Dichloropropene, and Pyrrole/Water

Vapor−liquid equilibrium measurements using the PTx method have been made on three binary mixtures: difluoromethane/hydrogen chloride, cis-1,3-dichloropropene/trans-1,3-dichloropropene, and pyrrole/water. Each binary mixture was studied at two temperatures. Equilibrium vapor and liquid-phase compositions were derived from the PTx data using the Soave−Redlich−Kwong equation of state to represent the vapor phase and the NRTL activity coefficient model to represent the liquid phase. The pyrrole/water system exhibited a region of immiscibility at the lower temperature at which it was studied. Karl Fischer titration was used to determine the compositions of the equilibrium liquid phases.
Role of current driven instabilities in the operation of plasma contactors used with electrodynamic tethers

The collection of current to an electrodynamic tether in low LEO is enhanced by a plasma cloud surrounding the anode (called a plasma contactor). The main mechanism by which this is achieved is the scattering, perpendicular to the lines of the magnetic field, of the electrons which enter the plasma cloud. The scattering may be a result of the interaction between the electrons and unstable EM waves, one example being lower-hybrid waves. The boundaries of instability are found for the lower-hybrid waves in a parametric study where, for the cases of Ar and NH3 clouds, the density, the ratio of electron to ion temperature, and the composition of the electron population, are varied. The main conclusion is that the lower-hybrid waves will be confined to the outer regions of the cloud and have the right properties to scatter electrons.
Hydrologic response to climatic variability in a Great Lakes Watershed: A case study with the SWAT model

Summary Process-based hydrologic models are usually calibrated prior to application to ensure that they closely match reality. However, different hydrologic response to varied climatic conditions might affect model calibration and validation. A case study was conducted for a 901 km 2 watershed of northern Michigan to compare the effects of calibrating the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) watershed model with different climatic datasets representing drought (1948–1949) versus average (1969–1970) conditions. The effects of the different climatic conditions on parameter response and sensitivity were evaluated, and performance of the two calibration versions was compared using a common validation period, 1950–1965. For the drought- and average-calibration periods, models were well calibrated, as indicated by high Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency coefficients ( E = 0.8 and 0.9), and low deviation of discharge values ( D = 2.9% and 3.4%). Evapotranspiration parameters differed under the two sets of climatic conditions. The plant water uptake compensation factor (EPCO), appropriately reflected plant water uptake patterns in varied climatic conditions. Snow melting parameters differed between the two scenarios. A comparison of baseflow values simulated by SWAT versus those computed by a hydrograph separation method showed that the SWAT method treated most snowmelt as surface runoff, whereas the latter method treated much of it as baseflow. The drought-calibrated version of the model performed much better during the validation period (1950–1965) ( E = 0.8, D = 2.6%) than did the average-calibrated version ( E = 0.4, D = 41.4%).
Anodic-biased titania nanotube growth in low-dielectric viscous media

The influence was investigated of aqueous electrolytes and organic-based electrolytes on nanopore growth. To create well-defined nanotubes with a high aspect ratio, it is important to maintain equilibrium between field-assisted metal oxide dissolution and field-assisted water dissociation, which influence the temperature and pH levels in TiO2 nanotubes (TiO2 NTs). This sought after balance in the net reactions of the TiO2 NT growth can be achieved by choosing the appropriate electrolytes that are a relatively low dielectric viscous media. Viscosity (η) and dielectrics (ϵ) can be a priority in designing the experiment since it is closely related to joule-heating, diffusion-driven metal ions dissolution and chemical etching of the metal oxide. Solvation and the hydrogen bonding ability are inter-correlated to the stability of the [TiF6]2– complex. In order to examine various electrolyte effects on the anodic-biased nanotube, different categories of electrolytes, each with different viscosity and dielectric ...
The interaction of optical phonons with magnetoplasma waves in ionic semiconductors

The interaction of magnetoplasma waves with optical phonons is investigated for propagation both parallel and perpendicular to the external de magnetic field. The low frequency region is considered where helicons and Alfven waves propagate for uncompensated and compensated materials, respectively. The results are applied to degenerate, ionic semiconductors where the plasma frequency is much larger than the infrared dispersion frequency and the cyclotron frequency. The theory is applied to heavily-doped InSb for the case of helicon-optical phonon interactions.
An empirical study on the automatic resolution of semantic ambiguity in social tags

Due to the popularity of collaborative tagging services and systems, the role of social tags in information organization and retrieval has become increasingly critical within the tagging system. Consequently, the resolution of semantic ambiguity of tag sense (i.e., meaning) plays an important role in the enhancement of information organization and retrieval in collaborative tagging applications. Our approach to tackle the task of automatic resolution of semantic ambiguity is based on the hypothesis that given a target tag, some of the co-occurring social tags that were selectively assigned by the same or by different people to the same resource can serve as a useful dataset. Four different methods (i.e., two LSA-based, LIN-based, and Co-occurrence method) for tag sense disambiguation are proposed and their results are compared, aiming to automatically rank the senses associated with a given target tag. The experimental results with a Delicious dataset indicate that LSA_w and LIN-based methods produce more stable performances, and suggest the same two methods for the Tag Sense Disambiguation task, particularly in the situation that the Boolean effect is more likely to arise.
The buckling of gridworks

Abstract A gridwork (or grillage) composed of a network of intersecting beams can buckle if axial loads are applied to the members. General equations governing the lateral and in-plane buckling of such systems are developed. It is shown that for certain boundary conditions simple and theoretically exact solutions for these equations may be derived.
Increasing Persistence of College Students in STEM

A 2012 report by the President's Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) predicts that the U.S. workforce will suffer a deficit of one million college graduates in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) over the next decade ( 1 ). The report calls for addressing the shortfall by increasing retention of college students in STEM. But many academic leaders have not responded aggressively to workforce needs by implementing measures that increase retention. Some of this nonaction is likely due to lack of knowledge about proven retention strategies.
Weak Convergence in Circulant Matrices

Necessary and sufficient conditions for convergence in distribution of products of i.i.d. d× d random circulant matrices are established here. The important role played by matrices in SO(d) is pointed out, and the validity of this result is shown to also hold for a class of Toeplitz matrices.
Screening for celiac disease in asymptomatic children with Down syndrome: cost-effectiveness of preventing lymphoma.

BACKGROUND. Studies demonstrate an increased prevalence of celiac disease in persons with Down syndrome, leading some organizations and authors to recommend universal screening of children with Down syndrome. However, many children with Down syndrome are asymptomatic, and the long-term implications of screening are unknown. The complication of celiac disease that leads to mortality in the general population is non-Hodgkin9s lymphomas. OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this research in asymptomatic children with Down syndrome was to (1) calculate the number needed to screen to prevent a single case of lymphoma and (2) present a cost-effectiveness study of screening. METHODS. We constructed a decision tree using probabilities derived from the published literature for Down syndrome or from the general population where Down syndrome-specific data were not available. Celiac disease was determined by serologic screening and confirmation with intestinal biopsy. Sensitivity analysis was used to alter probability estimates affecting the cost of preventing lymphoma. RESULTS. Using our baseline values, the no-screen strategy is dominant; that is, screening not only costs more but also results in fewer quality-adjusted life-years. A screening strategy costs more than $500000 per life-year gained. Screening all asymptomatic children with Down syndrome for celiac disease costs almost $5 million to prevent a single case of lymphoma. CONCLUSION. These analyses do not support the cost-effectiveness of screening, and more data are needed before recommendations to screen asymptomatic children with Down syndrome for celiac disease can be made.
Microstructure of ZnO shell on Zn nanoparticles

When exposed to air at room temperature, Zn nanoparticles oxidize gradually to form crystalline ZnO shells with a thickness of a few nanometers. Electron diffraction and high-resolution lattice imaging revealed that the ZnO layer on the Zn {0001} surface is composed of many epitaxial domains with small rotation angles relative to the lattice of the Zn core. The oxidized Zn particle bends when irradiated by the electron beam in a transmission electron microscope. This is due to the increase of internal stress in the ZnO layer as a result of the realignment of adjacent domains under electron beam irradiation. Corrosion of Zn nanoparticles was observed and the scaling and spalling start to occur on the {1010} prismatic faces.
Interpreting PET and fMRI measures of functional neural activity: the effects of synaptic inhibition on cortical activation in human imaging studies

Human brain imaging methods such as postiron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging have recently achieved widespread use in the study of both normal cognitive processes and neurological disorders. While many of these studies have begun to yield important insights into human brain function, the relationship between these measurements and the underlying neuronal activity is still not well understood. One open question is how neuronal inhibition is reflected in these imaging results. In this paper, we describe how large-scale modeling can be used to address this question. Specifically, we identify three factors that may play a role in how inhibition affects imaging results: (1) local connectivity; (2) context; and (3) type of inhibitory connection. Simulation results are presented that show how the interaction among these three factors can explain seemingly contradictory experimental results. The modeling suggests that neuronal inhibition can raise brain imaging measures if there is either low local excitatory recurrence or if the region is not otherwise being driven by excitation. Conversely, with high recurrence or actively driven excitation, inhibition can lower observed values.
The dynamics of Rayleigh quotient iteration

This paper analyzes the Rayleigh Quotient Iteration algorithm for symmetric matrices. Dynamical systems techniques are employed to characterize the sets of points for which the algorithm will converge to an eigenvector. It is shown that these sets have full measure and that their geometric nature is related to the spacing of the eigenvalues.
On the composition dependencies of self-diffusion coefficients in B2 intermetallic compounds

Abstract It is shown that the Huntington-McCombie-Elcock (HME) mechanism proposed for B2 intermetallic compounds is able to account for the compositional dependencies of the self-diffusion coefficients in the compositional vicinity of stoichiometry using thermodynamic arguments in terms of point defects in the lattice. However, this mechanism becomes unimportant at large deviations from stoichiometry. A new mechanism, termed the anti-structure bridge (ASB) mechanism, is proposed. In contrast to the HME mechanism, which requires the diffusion of the component elements to be correlated, the ASB mechanism allows the diffusion of the component elements to be independent. The ASB mechanism is dominant at large deviations from stoichiometry. Using thermodynamic arguments in terms of specific point defects in this class of intermetallic compounds, it was shown that a combination of these two mechanisms is able to account for the compositional dependencies of the experimentally determined self-diffusion coefficients of five B2 intermetallic compounds reported in the literature. The compositional dependencies of the prefactors and activation energies for the self-diffusion coefficients can be properly accounted for by the variation of the partial entropy and partial enthalpy with deviations from stoichiometry.
Traumatic stress and quality of attachment: Reality and internalization in disorders of infant mental health

This article describes the interface between the fields of attachment and child trauma, their respective contributions to an understanding of infant mental health disturbances, and the clinical appli- cations of an integration between attachment theory and trauma-informed treatment and research. The organizing theme is that a dual attachment and trauma lens must be used in the assessment and treatment of infants and toddlers with mental health and relationship problems. The quality of attachment is an important factor in children's capacity to process and resolve traumatic experiences. At the same time, traumatic events often have a damaging effect on the quality of existing attachments by introducing unmanageable stress in the infant- parent relationship. It is argued that trauma in the first years of life needs to be assessed and treated in the context of the child's primary attachments. Reciprocally, the etiology of attachment disturbances should include an assessment of possible exposure to trauma in the child and in the parents. Current conceptualizations of attachment and trauma are reviewed from this perspective, and a clinical illustration is presented to highlight how a traumatic stressor can trigger behaviors reminiscent of disorganized attachment.
Riot in Alexandria: Tradition and Group Dynamics in Late Antique Pagan and Christian Communities

By Edward J. Watts (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2010), xvi + 290 pp. $55.00/£37.95 cloth. This well-researched, carefully argued book, by an associate professor of History at Indi...
Low velocity impact properties of carbon nanofibers integrated carbon fiber/epoxy hybrid composites manufactured by OOA–VBO process

Abstract A nano-modified prepreg system was fabricated by impregnating T-300 carbon fiber with 1 wt.% oxidized carbon nanofibers (O-CNFs) modified EPON 862 epoxy resin system. The O-CNFs modified carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) prepregs were then molded and cured into CFRP laminates via an Out of Autoclave and Vacuum Bag Only (OOA–VBO) process. Samples of 100 × 100 mm were subjected to low velocity impact test using an instrumented falling weight impact machine at three different energy levels of 10, 20 and 30 J. Fracture surface analysis and projected damage area after low velocity impact test were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy and ultrasonic C-scan, respectively. Experimental analysis indicates that the incorporation of O-CNFs into carbon fiber/epoxy laminates has improved impact resistance in terms of enhanced peak load, damage initiation energy and reduced damage area in comparison to control laminates. However, the ductility index was found to be decreased with the increase of O-CNFs loading. Micrographs revealed uniform dispersion of O-CNFs in epoxy, good adhesion between O-CNFs and epoxy polymer, and improved interfacial bonding between fiber/matrix that lead to the stronger shift of the impact resistance of the hybrid composites.
Aedes japonicus japonicus (Diptera: Culicidae) arrives at the most easterly point in North America

Aedes japonicus japonicus(Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), the Asian bush mosquito, is a keen biter linked to the transmission to humans of a variety of diseases. It has moved significantly from its historical Asian distribution, with its arrival in North America first noted in 1998 in New York and New Jersey, United States of America. Here we report the presence of A. j. japonicus within our collections of mosquitoes in the capital city of the easternmost province in Canada: St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, in 2013. This observation provides further evidence of this mosquito's ability to significantly expand its geographic range, potentially affecting connectivity between subpopulations globally. Resume—Aedes japonicus japonicus (Theobald) (Diptera: Culicidae), le moustique asiatique Bush, transmet aux humains une variete de maladies via ses piqures. L'espece a augmente son aire de distribution de facon significative, a partir d'une repartition historique en Asie jusqu'a son arrivee en Amerique du Nord en 1998, a New York et a New Jersey, Les etats-unis d'Amerique. Nous rapportons ici la presence d'A.j.japonicus dans nos collections de moustiques dans la capitale provinciale la plus a l'est au Canada, St Jean, Terre-Neuve, en 2013. Cette observation fournit une preuve supplementaire de la capacite de ce moustique d'elargir considerablement son aire de repartition, impactant potentiellement la connectivite entre les sous-populations a l'echelle mondiale.
Batch verifying multiple DSA-type digital signatures

The digital signature standard proposed by the US government in 1991 is an ElGamal-type signature scheme based on the discrete logarithm problem. Since verifying each ElGamal-type signature requires at least two modular exponentiations, and modular exponentiation is a computationally intensive operation, it becomes desirable to use special purpose hardware or an efficient software algorithm to speed up the signature verification process. The author proposes efficient and secure algorithms to verify multiple digital signatures based on the discrete logarithm. Instead of verifying each individual signature separately. It is proposed to verify multiple signatures simultaneously. The proposed batch verification algorithm can maintain a constant verification time to verify a single signature.
Public Relations in Global Cultural Contexts: Multi-Paradigmatic Perspectives

Public Relations in Global Cultural Contexts: Multi-Paradigmatic Perspectives NILANJANA BARDHAN & C. KAY WEAVER (Eds.) New York, NY, Routledge, 2011 298 pp., ISBN: 978-0-415-87286-7 (US$39.95) This...
Circumcision Safety: A Case Study in the Failure of Leaderships

Male circumcision is central to the Jewish faith. It was a mitzvah given to Abraham, the first Jew, and it is practiced by members of all major Jewish communities throughout the world. Acutely aware of the centrality of circumcision to the Jewish people, history is replete with efforts by anti-Semites to uproot the practice. Such campaigns continue today and, at least in Europe, have managed some recent success. Efforts to ban circumcision in the United States, although apparently more frequently in the past few years, have been unsuccessful.Lately, however, a serious concern has arisen regarding the safety of one particular aspect of many Jewish circumcisions, a step known as Metzizah b’Peh or MBP. Neither the secular nor the Jewish leaderships in the United States has properly responded to this concern. In fact, most secular authorities have simply ignored the issue. Even the one notable exception, New York City’s Department of Health, has crafted a completely inadequate regulatory response, which, in any event, the New York City government fails to enforce. Important segments of the rabbinic leadership have blithely dismissed the concern out of hand and have actually supported litigation contesting New York City’s innocuous regulation. As a result, neither the secular nor the rabbinic leadership has appropriately protected the health of young children or ensured that parents will be in the position to make informed decisions as to their children’s welfare. The rabbinic leadership, however, has failed in at least two additional ways. First, safety is an extremely important factor in Jewish law, and by uncritically dismissing medical evidence about the harms of MBP, these rabbis may well reach incorrect Jewish law conclusions regarding MBP. Second, as a “political” matter, rabbinic leadership has contributed to the creation of a precedent for secular regulation of a fundamental Jewish religious rite. Even worse, the legal challenge to the regulation is likely to fail, further cementing this precedent. This experience underscores the critical importance of direct involvement by members of the Jewish community in selecting secular and rabbinic leaders and in holding them accountable for their decisions.
Convergence of the Complex Envelope of Bandlimited OFDM Signals

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems have been used extensively in wireless communications in recent years; thus, there is significant interest in analyzing the properties of the transmitted signal in such systems. In particular, a large amount of work has focused on analyzing the variation of the complex envelope of the transmitted signal and on designing methods to minimize this variation. In this paper, it is established that the complex envelope of a bandlimited uncoded OFDM signal converges weakly to a Gaussian random process as the number of subcarriers goes to infinity. This shows that the properties of the OFDM signal will asymptotically approach those of a Gaussian random process over any finite time interval. The convergence proof is then extended to two important cases, namely, coded OFDM systems and systems with an unequal power allocation across subcarriers.