cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Health Literacy in Vascular and Interventional Radiology: A Comparative Analysis of Online Patient Education Resources

Purpose The Internet is frequently accessed by patients as a resource for medical knowledge. However, the provided material is typically written at a level well above the recommended 7th grade level. A clear understanding of the capabilities, limitations, risks, and benefits of interventional radiology by patients, both current and prospective, is hindered when the textual information offered to the public is pitched at a level of sophistication too high for general comprehension.
Protection of coated superalloys from erosion in turbomachinery and other systems exposed to particulate flows

Abstract The design and development of high performance turbomachinery operating in an ambient with solid particles require a thorough knowledge of the fundamental phenomenon associated with particulate flows. This paper describes the overview of jet engines performance deterioration and retention. The ingestion of solid particles over period of time, will reduce the efficiency of the propulsion system, causing increased fuel consumption and thrust decrease. High pressure compressor and turbine design improvements are now developing and verifying experimentally different new ceramic coatings on superalloys such as INCO 718, Waspaloy and on SS410, subjected to gas particulate flows at high temperatures. The investigated coatings are produced by plasma spray, detonation guns, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and other methods. Experimental studies were conducted at the University of Cincinnati high temperature erosion wind tunnel to investigate the erosion behavior of coatings exposed to different types of solid particles. Some of the following coatings were evaluated: rhodium platinum aluminized, SDG-2207 (super D-gun product), CVD coatings, including TiC, TiN, Al2O3, and PVD coatings. The erosive wear of the samples was studied experimentally by exposing them to particle laden flow at velocities from 180 to 305 m s−1, temperatures from ambient to 815°C and impingement angles from 15° to 90°.
Mice lacking Smad3 are protected against cutaneous injury induced by ionizing radiation.

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and fibrotic diseases, including radiation-induced fibrosis. We previously reported that mice null for Smad3, a key downstream mediator of TGF-β, show accelerated healing of cutaneous incisional wounds with reduced inflammation and accumulation of matrix. To determine if loss of Smad3 decreases radiation-induced injury, skin of Smad3+/+ [wild-type (WT)] and −/− [knockout (KO)] mice was exposed to a single dose of 30 to 50 Gy of γ-irradiation. Six weeks later, skin from KO mice showed significantly less epidermal acanthosis and dermal influx of mast cells, macrophages, and neutrophils than skin from WT littermates. Skin from irradiated KO mice exhibited less immunoreactive TGF-β and fewer myofibroblasts, suggesting that these mice will have a significantly reduced fibrotic response. Although irradiation induced no change in the immunohistochemical expression of the TGF-β type I receptor, the epidermal expression of the type II receptor was lost after irradiation whereas its dermal expression remained high. Primary keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts prepared from WT and KO mice showed similar survival when irradiated, as did mice exposed to whole-body irradiation. These results suggest that inhibition of Smad3 might decrease tissue damage and reduce fibrosis after exposure to ionizing irradiation.
Laser-speckle angular-displacement sensor: theoretical and experimental study

A novel, to our knowledge, method for the measurement of angular displacement for arbitrarily shaped objects is presented in which the angular displacement is perpendicular to the optical axis. The method is based on Fourier-transforming the scattered field from a single laser beam that illuminates the target. The angular distribution of the light field at the target is linearly mapped on a linear image sensor placed in the Fourier plane. Measuring this displacement facilitates the determination of the angular displacement of the target. It is demonstrated both theoretically and experimentally that the angular-displacement sensor is insensitive to object shape and target distance if the linear image sensor is placed in the Fourier plane. A straightforward procedure for positioning the image sensor in the Fourier plane is presented. Any transverse or longitudinal movement of the target will give rise to partial speckle decorrelation, but it will not affect the angular measurement. Furthermore, any change in the illuminating wavelength will not affect the angular measurements. Theoretically and experimentally it is shown that the method has a resolution of 0.3 mdeg (≈5 μrad) for small angular displacements, and methods for further improvement in resolution is discussed. No special surface treatment is required for surfaces giving rise to fully developed speckle. The effect of partially developed speckle is considered both theoretically and experimentally.
The interplay of aspirations, enjoyment, and work habits in academic endeavors: Why is it so hard to keep long-term commitments?

This article describes our interest in bringing together students’ emotions and theirmotivation for academic work as these play out across the school year. We explore threemain issues. First, we consider what some view as an incompatibility between students’use of established work habits (volitional strategies) and real enjoyment of academictasks (what we call involvement). Rather than seeing these two approaches as di-ametrically opposed, we show how volitional control can be useful in getting a studentto experience involvement in a task. Conversely, we consider how involvement itselfcan be an incentive to students’ use of volitional strategies. A second issue has to dowith students realizing that long-term goals may require different volitional strategiesthan short-term goals. Finally, we discuss the need to encourage students to developthe habit of seeking enjoyment in academic tasks because the goal of enjoyment focusesthem on the rewards of deep concentration rather than on the elation of havingﬁnished a task.One of the loveliest things about academia is the rhythm of the school year.Each September, students begin anew establishing a relationship witha content area, a teacher or professor, and a community of peers in eachof the courses they are taking. From middle school on, students mustnegotiate this process with several courses, teachers, and peergroups. Oncethey enter college, the number of courses may be slightly fewer, four or ﬁve
Discourse-Based Methods Across Texts and Semiotic Modes Three Tools for Micro-Rhetorical Analysis

As the scope of rhetorical inquiry broadens to cover intersemiotic and intertextual phenomena, scholars are increasingly in need of new, defensible analytic procedures. Several scholars have suggested that methods of discourse analysis could enhance rhetorical criticism. Here, I introduce a discourse-based method that is empirical, delicate, and adaptive to the complexities of intertextual and multimodal rhetoric. Specifically, I argue that rhetorical scholars can productively integrate systemic-functional linguistics, multimodal text analysis, and micro-intertextual comparison. I illustrate how this micro-rhetorical toolkit can be employed to investigate the recontextualization of written political discourse in video journalism.
Memory-efficient implementation of a graphics processor-based cluster detection algorithm for large spatial databases

Numerous approaches have been proposed for detecting clusters, groups of data in spatial databases. Of these, the algorithm known as Density Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise (DBSCAN) is a recent approach which has proven efficient for larger databases. Graphical Processing Units (GPUs), used originally to aid in the processing of high intensity graphics, have been found to be highly effective as general purpose parallel computing platforms. In this project, a GPU-based DBSCAN program has been implemented: the enhancement in this program allows for better memory scalability for use with very large databases. Algorithm performance, as compared to the original sequential program and to an initial GPU implementation, is investigated and analyzed.
Electrical and optical gain lever effects in InGaAs double quantum-well diode lasers

In multisection laser diodes, the amplitude or frequency modulation (AM or FM) efficiency can be improved using the gain lever effect. To study gain lever, InGaAs double quantum-well (DQW) edge-emitting lasers have been fabricated with integrated passive waveguides and dual sections providing a range of split ratios from 1:1 to 9:1. Both the electrical and the optical gain lever have been examined. An electrical gain lever with greater than 7-dB enhancement of AM efficiency was achieved within the range of appropriate dc biasing currents, but this gain dropped rapidly outside this range. We observed a 4-dB gain in the optical AM efficiency under nonideal biasing conditions. This value agreed with the measured gain for the electrical AM efficiency under similar conditions. We also examined the gain lever effect under large signal modulation for digital logic switching applications. To get a useful gain lever for optical gain quenched logic, a long control section is needed to preserve the gain lever strength and a long interaction length between the input optical signal and the lasing field of the diode must be provided. The gain lever parameter space has been fully characterized and validated against numerical simulations of a semi-3-D hybrid beam propagation method (BPM) model for the coupled electron-photon rate equation. We find that the optical gain lever can be treated using the electrical injection model, once the absorption in the sample is known.
The alpha methyl dopa hypersensitive gene, l(2)amd, and two adjacent genes in Drosophila melanogaster: Physical location and direct effects of amd on catecholamine metabolism

The dopa decarboxylase gene (Ddc) is located in a very dense cluster of genes many of whose functions appear to be related to the physiological role of dopa decarboxylase (DDC) in catecholamine metabolism. In Drosophila melanogaster catecholamine metabolism is involved in the production of neurotransmitters and in the synthesis of cross-linking agents for cuticular sclerotization. In this report we consider three loci near Ddc that affect cuticle formation. The alpha methyl dopa hypersensitive gene, l(2)amd, is definitively assigned to a transcriptional unit 2 kb distal to Ddc. The assignment of l(2)37 Bd and l(2)37 Cc to coding regions in the immediate vicinity of amd and Ddc is examined. amd+ gene activity performs a vital function essential for the formation of insect cuticle and also determines the level of sensitivity to the DDC analogue inhibitor, alpha methyl dopa. We present data that provide direct evidence that the amd+ gene product is required for a step in the metabolism of dopa to one or more novel catecholamines involved in the colorless sclerotization of cuticle.
Partner Abuse and Women's Substance Problems: From Vulnerability to Strength

In this exploratory study, a convenience sample of 125 mostly low-income women of color who were in treatment for problems associated with misusing substances responded to standardized measures and researcher-developed questions about their use of substances and experiences with partner abuse. Most of the women stated that their substance problems began after their first incident of partner abuse and that their misuse of substances occurred before and after specific incidents of partner abuse. The women also described various strengths they had used to cope. Screening for substance problems and partner abuse in all settings, as well as the use of women's strengths in treatment, is suggested.
Large planar maneuvers for articulated flexible manipulators

An articulated flexible manipulator carried on a translational cart is maneuvered by an active controller to perform certain position control tasks. The nonlinear dynamics of the articulated flexible manipulator are derived and a transformation matrix is formulated to localize the nonlinearities within the inertia matrix. Then a feedback linearization scheme is introduced to linearize the dynamic equations for controller design. Through a pole placement technique, a robust controller design is obtained by properly assigning a set of closed-loop desired eigenvalues to meet performance requirements. Numerical simulations for the articulated flexible manipulators are given to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed position control algorithms.
Effect of jammer power on the performance of adaptive arrays

The effect of jammer power on the performance of adaptive arrays is studied. It is shown that the output signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of an adaptive array is a function of jammer power. In the presence of a wide-band jammer, the output SINR of the array decreases with an increase in jammer power and eventually goes to zero. Unlike continuous wave (CW) jammers, a wide-band jammer does not go through power inversion. Instead, as the jammer power is increased, the interference-to-noise ratio (INR) at the array output shows oscillations. For large jammer power, the output INR increases with an increase in jammer power.
An LQ-solution to a control problem associated with a solar thermal central receiver

The linearized process dynamics of the steam boiler in a solar-powered central receiver change abruptly when clouds interfere with the sun's rays. The steam temperature regulator used to maintain proper exit steam conditions must control a system with variable structure and discontinuous state trajectories. This paper investigates the quadratic-optimal control of such a system, and gives the design equations for the optimal regulator.
Damping of a crystal oscillator by an adsorbed monolayer and its relation to interfacial viscosity.

The acoustic impedance of a monolayer adsorbed on the surface of a resonating quartz microbalance produces a shift in both the frequency and vibrational amplitude of the oscillator. The relation between acoustic impedance and fluctuations in film momentum is rigorously derived via the fluctuation-dissipation theorem within the context of two-dimensional fluid mechanics. The calculations reveal that the film-substrate interfacial viscosity can be deduced from measurements of acoustic impedance.
Bi-directional heterologous desensitization between the major HIV-1 co-receptor CXCR4 and the κ-opioid receptor ☆

We previously characterized multiple interactions between chemokine and opioid G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR), and we found both mu and delta-opioid receptors cross-desensitize CCR1, CCR2, CCR5, but not CXCR4. Here we report that the kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) is able to cross-desensitize CXCR4, and this phenomenon is bi-directional. Chemotactic responses by KOR activation are diminished with prior activation of CXCR4. Additionally, calcium mobilization assays show these cross-desensitization processes occur within seconds of receptor activation, and target receptor internalization is not responsible for desensitization between these receptors. These results have implications for several essential processes including neuronal and lymphocyte development, inflammatory responses, and pain/sensitivity.
Endocrine responses and estrous activity in Holstein heifers fed supplemental beta-carotene.

Abstract Three trials involving 56 Holstein heifers were conducted to determine the effect of feeding supplemental beta-carotene (BC) on several reproductive parameters. Heifers were maintained in a loose housing system and group fed year-old brome hay ad libitum. All heifers were individually fed 2.73 kg of a concentrate mix daily. Half of the heifers received 300 mg BC/d (Trials 1 and 2) or 600 mg BC/d (Trial 3) blended in the concentrate mix. After 4 wk of dietary treatment, estrus was synchronized to facilitate observation for estrous activity and collection of blood samples. Two weeks after the treatment was initiated, concentrations of BC in blood serum were greater in the heifers that were fed supplemental BC as compared to control heifers. This difference increased to 6 wk. However, feeding supplemental BC had no effect on any of the reproductive parameters measured, including incidence of estrus and changes in progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations after PGF 2α , intervals from PGF 2α to estrus and LH peak, estrual activity or first service conception rate. The results indicate that feeding supplemental BC does not alter reproductive performance in Holstein heifers.
A Generalized Transfer-Function Based Array Calibration Technique for Direction Finding

This correspondence studies direction finding on sources of electromagnetic energy using a passive sensor array whose manifold is only nominally known. The problem of direction finding is studied in the context of an array that can observe a ground-based source from multiple angles, such as an airborne system. An array calibration technique utilizing multiple calibration matrices with angle dependent corrections is developed. Results on experimental data and comparisons with other array calibration techniques are shown to verify the efficacy of the proposed technique.
When science became Western: historiographical reflections.

ABSTRACT While thinking about the notion of the “global” in the history of the history of science, this essay examines a related but equally basic concept: the idea of “Western science.” Tracing its rise in the nineteenth century, it shows how it developed as much outside the Western world as within it. Ironically, while the idea itself was crucial for the disciplinary formation of the history of science, the global history behind this story has not been much attended to. Drawing on examples from nineteenth-century Egypt and China, the essay begins by looking at how international vectors of knowledge production (viz., missionaries and technocrats) created new global histories of science through the construction of novel genealogies and through a process of conceptual syncretism. Turning next to the work of early professional historians of science, it shows how Arabic and Chinese knowledge traditions were similarly reinterpreted in light of the modern sciences, now viewed as part of a diachronic and univer...
NEW COMPONENTS IN DEFENSIVE SECRETION OF THE STRIPED SKUNK, Mephitis mephitis

GC-MS analysis of the anal sac secretion of the striped skunk (Mephitis mephitis), shows seven major components: (E)-2-butene-1-thiol, 3-methyl-1-butanethiol, S-(E)-2-butenyl thioacetate,S-3-methylbutanyl thioacetate, 2-methylquinoline, 2-quinolinemethanethiol, andS-2-quinolinemethyl thioacetate. The following compounds previously reported from this secretion could not be confirmed: bis(2-butenyl) sulfide, (E)-2-Butenyl methyl disuffide, (E)-2-butenyl propyl sulfide, butyl 3-methylbutyl disulfide, and 2-butenyl butyl disulfide.
The separation and detection of PET tracers via capillary electrophoresis for chemical identity and purity analysis.

Abstract CE coupled with UV detection was assessed as a possible platform for the chemical identity and purity analysis of positron emission tomography (PET) tracers using [ 18 F]FAC and [ 18 F]FLT as examples. Representative samples containing mixtures of the tracers plus well-known impurities, as well as real radioactive samples (formulated for injection), were analyzed. Using MEKC with SDS in a neutral phosphate buffer, the separation of all compounds in the samples was achieved with baseline resolutions in less than 4.5 min and 3 min for FLT and FAC samples, respectively. In comparison to the gold-standard for chemical analysis (i.e. HPLC/UV), we have demonstrated improvements in analysis times, and comparable LOD. Although the reproducibility in migration time is slightly lower than that of the HPLC, identification of the compounds was still possible due to good peak separation. In addition, we show that CE can be used to identify and quantify Krytofix2.2.2 (a toxic and commonly used phase transfer catalyst) in less than 2 min and with a LOD of 45 μg/mL (non-optimized). These results demonstrate adequate performance for chemical identity and purity analysis. Combined with the potential for miniaturization into a microchip format, these results suggest the potential of CE as an integral part of a miniaturized quality control system for PET tracers.
Determination of the electronic state and concentration of nickel in NiSAPO catalysts by magnetic measurements

A method to determine the electronic state and concentration of Ni in Ni-loaded silicoaluminophosphate (NiSAPO-n) where n denotes the structure type (n=47, 18, 34, 44, 56and 17) is presented. The method involves measurements and analysis of the magnetization M versus magnetic field H (up to 55kOe at 2K) and M versus temperature (T=2–300K) data. The analysis yields spin S=1/2 corresponding to Ni(I) state for lightly doped samples, whereas for higher doping, both Ni(I) and Ni(0) are indicated. The concentration of Ni determined from these studies varies between the minimum of 0.2wt% for the n=47 sample to maximum of 1.75% for the n=17 sample.
MTA1 coregulator regulates LPS response via MyD88-dependent signaling

Although metastasis tumor antigen 1 (MTA1) contributes to the responsiveness of macrophages to LPS, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. Here, we investigated the role of MTA1 in the regulation of expression and function of MyD88, a proximal component of NF-κB signaling. We discovered that MTA1 targets MyD88 and that MyD88 is a NF-κB-responsive gene in LPS-stimulated macrophages. We found that MTA1 is required for MyD88-dependent stimulation of NF-κB signaling and expression of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, MIP2, and TNF-α as MTA1 depletion leads to a substantial reduction in the expression of NF-κB target genes. In addition, LPS-mediated stimulation of MyD88 transcription was accompanied by an enhanced recruitment of MTA1, RNA polymerase II, and p65RelA complex to the NF-κB consensus sites in the MyD88 promoter. Interestingly, the recruitment of both MTA1 and MyD88 expression is effectively blocked by NF-κB inhibitor parthenolide. Selective knockdown of MyD88 by a dominant negative mutant of MyD88 or selective siRNA also impairs the ability of LPS to stimulate the NF-κB target genes. These findings reveal an inherent coregulatory role of MTA1 upon the expression of MyD88 and suggest that MTA1 regulation of MyD88 may constitute at least one of the mechanisms by which MTA1 stimulates LPS-induced NF-κB signaling in stimulated macrophages.
An Investigation of Telephone Use Among Cochlear Implant Recipients

The purpose of this study was to examine telephone use among cochlear implant recipients. A questionnaire was constructed and mailed to 803 adults who received a Clarion cochlear implant system manufactured by Advanced Bionics Corporation. Question-naire recipients were implanted at least 12 months prior to receiving the questionnaire (i.e., they were implanted in 1998 or 1999). Approximately 60% (n = 478) responded, of whom 70% (n = 336) were considered "telephone users" (i.e., they answered the telephone and/or initiated calls). Telephone users were significantly younger and had significantly more daily hours of cochlear implant use than nonusers. Not surprisingly, there were differences between groups with respect to method of communication (i.e., more users employed oral communication, while more nonusers employed both oral and manual communication) and ability to understand words without lipreading (i.e., more users were able to understand). Thirty-seven percent of the telephone users were male, and ...
Structure and conformation of pyridino- and diesterpyridino-18-crown-6 complexes with primary ammonium salts in solution and crystalline states

Structures in CD3ODCDCl3 mixtures of pyridino-18-crown-6 and diesterpyridino-18-crown-6 complexes with primary ammonium cations containing an α-phenyl group were found to be significantly different. The π–π overlap between the α-phenyl group of the ammonium cation and the pyridine ring of the ligand occurs in the pyridino-18-crown-6 complexes but not in the diesterpyridino-18-crown-6 complexes. The solution structure of a diesterpyridino-18-crown-6 complex with an α-phenyl-containing primary ammonium cation was also found to differ markedly from the corresponding crystal structure in that π–π overlap occurs in the crystal structure, but not in the solution structure.
Modulation of apoptotic signalling by carotenoids in cancer cells

There is a growing body of literature on the role of beta-carotene and other carotenoids in human chronic diseases, including cancer. While epidemiological evidence shows that a high dietary intake of fruits and vegetables rich in carotenoids is associated with a reduced risk for cancer, results from intervention trials indicate that supplemental beta-carotene enhances the risk of developing lung cancer incidence and mortality among smokers. A possible mechanism which can explain the dual role of carotenoids as both beneficial and harmful agents in cancer is that their excess or deficiency may bring about changes in molecular pathways involved in apoptotic signalling. Carotenoid ability in inhibiting or in enhancing apoptosis depends on several factors: carotenoid concentration, concerted action of multiple micronutrients, cell type, and redox status. This review summarizes the available evidence for a modulatory action of carotenoids on apoptosis and focuses on the main molecular pathways involved in this process.
School Is Out: The Case of New York City

The example of individual cities can certainly provide important lessons for urban theory, but it is unwise for social scientists to think that any one city provides a controlling template for urban development in this (or any other) period. Instead, we need to base our theories on why patterns vary across cities. In this respect, New York offers a fruitful counterpoint to Los Angeles, with Chicago occupying an intermediate position on a number of critical dimensions.
Daisy Bates and the Little Rock School Crisis Forging the Way

The August23, 1963 March on Washington was a watershed event. For the first time in our nation's history, Black Americans collectively presented their grievances to a world that had been largely silent toward their battles for freedom. But there was something peculiar about this great moment in American history: Black women were virtually barred from participation, among them Rosa Parks, Diane Nash Revel, Gloria Richardson, and Daisy Bates. "The committee scheduled no female speakers during the entire three-hour program" (Branch, 1988, p. 880). Anna Arnold Hedgeman, author of The TrumphetSounds, recalls that "Mrs. Daisy Bates was asked to say a few words" (quoted in Giddings, 1984, p. 314). Thus the rhetorical space accorded Bates-civil rights activist, journalist, and lecturer-clearly did not reflect the essence of her achievements in the civil rights movement, especially in the South. Having successfully led the integration of Arkansas' Little Rock Central High School in 1957, Bates should have been a premier performer at the March on Washington when Martin Luther King, Jr. articulated and crystallized the Black movement toward justice; instead, she was relegated to the background. Bates spoke out at a time when women were supposed to be seen and not heard. Indeed, she was a key factor in shaping our social and educational history at a moment of constitutional crisis: the
Comparison of a Functional Obstacle Course With an Index of Clinical Gait and Balance and Postural Sway

BACKGROUND Older adults commonly experience falls because of balance and mobility problems. Better assessment methods are needed to understand and correct balance and mobility disorders. METHODS We used a low technology, functional obstacle course (FOC) to measure balance and mobility in 352 community-dwelling elderly participants. To establish concurrent validity of the FOC, we compared performance on the FOC with two established measures of balance and mobility: performance on the Tinetti Index (TI) and postural sway area measured on a force platform. RESULTS Bivariate correlation analyses revealed significant inverse correlations between FOC completion time, the TI balance and gait subscores, and the TI total score (r = -.73 to -.78). The FOC quality scores and TI balance and subscores gait and TI total scores (r = .76 to .82) were significantly positively correlated. FOC time had significant, but small, positive correlations with sway area with eyes open (r = .18) and closed (r = .17) and nonsignificant correlation with sway area with visual feedback. FOC quality also had significant, but smaller, inverse correlations with sway area with eyes open (r = -.024) and closed (r = -.015), and nonsignificant correlation with sway area with visual feedback. Regression analysis showed that TI gait and balance measures accounted for most of the variance found in FOC performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support the position that the FOC and the TI measure dynamic balance, whereas postural sway measures a different aspect of balance. Advantages of the FOC include the evaluation of environmentally influenced falls and balance problems.
A Diagnostic Indicator of the Stability of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in CCSM3

A diagnostic indicator DMov is proposed in this paper to monitor the stability of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The DMov is a diagnostic for a basinwide salt-advection feedback and defined as the difference between the freshwater transport induced by the AMOC across the southern border of the Atlantic Ocean and the overturning liquid freshwater transport from the Arctic Ocean to the North Atlantic. As validated in the Community Climate System Model, version 3 (CCSM3), for an AMOC in the conveyor state, a positive DMov (freshwater convergence) in the Atlantic basin indicates a monostable AMOC and a negative DMov (freshwater divergence) indicates a bistable AMOC. Based on DMov, the authors investigate the AMOC stability in the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and analyze the modulation of the AMOC stability by an open/closed Bering Strait. Moreover, the authors estimate that the real AMOC is likely to be bistable in the present day, since some observations suggest a negative DMov (freshwater divergence) is currently in the Atlantic basin. However, this estimation is very sensitive to the choice of the observational data.
Pericardiophrenic hernia secondary to a surgically created peritoneal and pericardial window

Intrapericardial herniation is rare; 40 cases have been reported. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a case resulting from a recently developed surgical procedure: the pericardial and peritoneal window technique. Diagnostic modalities included plain films, barium studies, and a computed tomography scan.
BIST for testing of delay

A circuit has been designed to determine if on-chip path delays are equal to a pre-specified target. The circuit uses a delay-locked loop to generate the target delay, combined with a phase detector to determine the delay of a path in comparison with this target delay. The circuit was implemented with 0.18 um CMOS and has been analyzed over process, supply, and temperature variations. Accuracies in delay detection are within 200 ps.
Quintet: Introduction to Post-Traditional Theory

Abstract Permeating the running of a democracy are five faintly recognized and imperfectly understood features of governance—a quintet of alternative macro features that characterize the traditional and post-traditional visions. They can be called governance who, how, what, where, and why. They can be illustrated by discussing, respectively, alternative visions of the human (governance who), alternative visions of institutions (governance how), alternative visions of norms (governance what), alternative visions of symbols (governance where), and alternative visions of understandings (governance why). This essay introduces post-traditional public administration theory and this symposium by discussing this quintet of features.
ASYMMETRY OF LEG SIZE AND DIFFERENTIAL LEG USAGE IN THE SAND FIDDLER CRAB, UCA PUGILATOR

Abstract In fiddler crabs, males develop profound left-right asymmetry as a large claw grows opposite a small feeding appendage. Females are symmetrical, with paired small feeding appendages. The claw, used in signaling and contests, may favor adaptive responses in walking legs. This study of sand fiddler crabs, Uca pugilator, investigates differences in leg size and proportion: 1) between major (with the claw) and minor (without the claw) sides, using 404 males from which a pair of legs was removed, and 2) between males and females, using 1085 adults from which a single leg was removed. Among males, only the first walking leg was longer on the major side. This was due to the much greater length of the merus, a proximal long segment that is held parallel to the ground. The merus was longer on the major side in all walking legs. This may permit the claw to be extended away from the body without loss of balance when males either engage in contests over breeding burrows or wave the claw to attract females to...
A regularized multi-dimensional data fusion technique

An uncertainty and data fusion approach was developed and tested. This fusion algorithm is based on the interaction between two constraints: (1) the principle of knowledge source corroboration, which tends to maximize the final belief in a given proposition (often modeled by a probability density function or fuzzy membership distribution), if either of the knowledge sources supports the occurrence of this proposition, and (2) the principle of belief enhancement/withdrawal, which adjusts the belief of one knowledge source according to the belief of the second knowledge source by maximizing the similarity between the two source outputs. This method has been tested using various features from synthetic and real data of various types of many dimensionalities, resulting fused data which satisfy both principles. >
Numerical modeling of melt-wave erosion in two-dimensional block armatures

The majority of published work on the transition to arcing contact in solid-armature railguns has focused on modeling the current melt wave, a localized front of molten material that erodes the perimeter of the armature. The most frequently cited models are based on two-dimensional (2-D) analytical formulations in which the dominant source of current concentration is due to the velocity skin effect (VSE). This paper compares the predictions of three such models with a 2-D numerical simulation that includes the effects of VSE, melting, and loss of molten material.
Cardiovascular consequences of obese and nonobese obstructive sleep apnea.

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) continues to garner widespread attention, mostly because of its health-related consequences such as cardiovascular disorders and associated comorbid symptoms such as daytime sleepiness and snoring. OSA is characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete upper airway closure during sleep, resulting in frequent arousals and sleep fragmentation, apneas and hypopneas, and intermittent hypoxemia. These perturbations can lead to chronic cardiovascular disorders such as hypertension. Among the many risk factors in the pathogenesis of OSA, obesity is one of the most important.1 Obesity, per se, may also predispose to cardiovascular disorders. In this review, the authors explore the complex interactions between obesity, cardiovascular diseases, and OSA.
Visual tracking for intelligent vehicle-highway systems

The complexity and congestion of current transportation systems often produce traffic situations that jeopardize the safety of the people involved. These situations vary from maintaining a safe distance behind a leading vehicle to safely allowing a pedestrian to cross a busy street. Environmental sensing plays a critical role in virtually all of these situations. Of the sensors available, vision sensors provide information that is richer and more complete than other sensors, making them a logical choice for a multisensor transportation system. We propose robust detection and tracking techniques for intelligent vehicle-highway applications where computer vision plays a crucial role. In particular, we demonstrate that the controlled active vision framework can be utilized to provide a visual tracking modality to a traffic advisory system in order to increase the overall safety margin in a variety of common traffic situations. We have selected two application examples, vehicle tracking and pedestrian tracking, to demonstrate that the framework can provide precisely the type of information required to effectively manage the given traffic situation.
Grid Convergence Error Analysis for Mixed-Order Numerical Schemes

New developments are presented in the area of grid convergence error analysis and error estimation for mixed-order numerical schemes. A mixed-order scheme is defined here as a numerical method where the order of the local truncation error varies either spatially (e.g., at a shock wave) or for different terms in the governing equations (e.g., first-order convection with second-order diffusion). The case examined herein is the Mach 8 laminar flow of a perfect gas over a sphere-cone geometry. This flowfield contains a strong bow shock wave where the formally second-order numerical scheme is reduced to first order via a flux limiting procedure. The mixedorder error analysis method allows for non-monotone behavior in the solutions variables as the mesh is refined. Non-monotonicity in the local solution variables is shown to arise from a cancellation of first- and second-order error terms for the present case. The proposed error estimator, which is based on the mixed-order analysis, is shown to provide good estimates of the actual error. Furthermore, this error estimator nearly always provides conservative error estimates, in the sense that the actual error is less than the error estimate, for the case examined.
A simulation of demand-driven dataflow: translation from Lucid into MDC language

Message Driven Computation (MDC) is a model of computation with which they have been experimenting at the Illinois Institute of Technology. The authors aim to prove the viability of MDC in practice for the expression of parallel algorithms and the implementation of functional and dataflow programming languages. In the paper they discuss their implementation of the Lucid programming language in MDC. The discussion presents a subset of Lucid which illustrates the principles of Lucid, Message Driven Computing, and the translation into and the interpretation of dataflow graphs. >
Learning about Difference, Learning with Others, Learning to Transgress

Emerging work in intergroup contact has vitalized a focus on processes affecting the impact of interventions on outcomes. We theorized that intergroup learning—learning about other groups, educating others about one's own groups, intention to bridge intergroup differences, and reflecting on one's own group—mediates the effect of a combined enlightenment-encounter curricular intervention on assessments of importance and confidence in taking action to reduce prejudice and promote diversity. Results from a pretest/posttest design with a diverse group of undergraduate social welfare majors (n = 175) show (a) increased motivation for intergroup learning, and importance of taking action, and confidence in doing so, and (b) intergroup learning partially or fully mediates the impact of enlightenment and/or encounter on taking action.
The uses of magnetic fields in the processing of solids

Abstract This paper shows how properly applied magnetic fields can advantageously be used to control the behavior of streams of solids which contain some magnetizable material. In particular, we describe the development of a new magnetic flow meter for solids, a quick acting on-off valve with no mechanical action, a sliding solids reactor which may be used for particle filtration and related operations, a positively controlled multistage moving bed contactor, fluidized beds with no gross bubbling or gas bypassing, and especially, a reliably operating distributor-downcomer for fluidized beds. The prospects are considered that these devices may open the way to new types of gas/solids contactors including non-plugging trouble-free multistage fluidized beds.
Internet Use and Sexual Health of Young Men Who Have Sex with Men: A Mixed-Methods Study

Young gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) experience sexual health disparities due to a lack of support in settings that traditionally promote positive youth development. The Internet may help to fill this void, but little is known about how it is used for sexual health purposes among young MSM. This mixed-methods study reports quantitative results of a large survey of 18- to 24-year-old MSM in an HIV testing clinic (N = 329) as well as qualitative results from interviews. Level of Internet use was high in this sample and the majority of participants reported using the Internet to find HIV/AIDS information. Black and Latino youth used the Internet less frequently than White youth, and after controlling for age, education, and frequency of Internet use, Black youth were 70% less likely to use the Internet to find HIV/AIDS information. Qualitative analyses identified themes related to the role of the Internet in finding sexual health information, sexual minority identity development, and sexual risk taking behaviors. Participants reported that the Internet filled an important and unmet need for sexual health education. It allowed for connections to the gay community and support during the coming out process, but also exposure to homophobic messages. There was no evidence of increased risk behaviors with partners met online, but at the same time the potential for the use of the Internet to facilitate safer sex communication was largely untapped. Our findings generally present an optimistic picture about the role of the Internet in the development of sexual health among young MSM.
The shear viscosity of polyampholyte (gelatin) stabilized colloidal dispersions

A micromechanical model for the zero shear viscosity of polyampholyte-stabilized colloidal dispersions based on the osmotic overlap potential is proposed and tested against model system measurements. This model relates the shear viscosity of polyampholyte-stabilized colloidal dispersions to the oncotic pressure of polyampholyte solutions through an interparticle potential and an effective hard-sphere scaling. The results of viscosity calculations based on independently measured parameters compare favorably to experimental measurements on model, silica dispersions stabilized with adsorbed photographic grade gelatin. The results support a direct link between the capacity of polyampholytes and polyelectrolytes to stabilize dispersions and control dispersion viscosity and their solution oncotic pressure. The model is also demonstrated to provide a master curve for literature data for the zero shear viscosity of polyampholyte stabilized colloidal dispersions.
Novel p27kip1 C-terminal scatter domain mediates rac-dependent cell migration independent of cell cycle arrest functions

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) signaling via its receptor, the proto-oncogene Met, alters cell proliferation and motility and has been associated with tumor metastasis. HGF treatment of HepG2 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells induces cell migration concomitant with increased levels of the p27kip1 cyclin-cdk inhibitor. HGF signaling resulted in nuclear export of endogenous p27 to the cytoplasm, via Ser-10 phosphorylation, where it colocalized with F-actin. Introduction of transducible p27 protein (TATp27) was sufficient for actin cytoskeletal rearrangement and migration of HepG2 cells. TATp27 mutational analysis identified a novel p27 C-terminal domain required for cell migration, distinct from the N-terminal cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) binding domain. Loss or disruption of the p27 C-terminal domain abolished both actin rearrangement and cell migration. The cell-scattering activity of p27 occurred independently of its cell cycle arrest functions and required cytoplasmic localization of p27 via Ser-10 phosphorylation. Furthermore, Rac GTPase was necessary for p27-dependent migration but alone was insufficient for HepG2 cell migration. These results predicted a migration defect in p27-deficient cells. Indeed, p27-deficient primary fibroblasts failed to migrate, and reconstitution with TATp27 rescued the motility defect. These observations define a novel role for p27 in cell motility that is independent of its function in cell cycle inhibition.
Generating higher output power signals for today's test applications

High test signal power provides multiple advantages within the RF test environment. It can mean greater accuracy of measurements and the ability to evaluate devices over a larger dynamic range. This in turn results in a wider breadth of capability from the test system ensuring coverage of the boundary conditions that may affect system readiness. Long cable runs and switch matrices that consume signal power before the test signal gets to the device under test aggravate the problem.
Early mission power assessment of the Dawn solar array

NASA's Discovery Mission Dawn was launched in September 2007. Dawn will be the first to orbit two asteroids on a single voyage. The solar array for the Dawn mission will provide power under greatly varying illumination and temperature conditions. Dawn's ion propulsion system (IPS) will provide the spacecraft with enough thrust to reach Vesta and Ceres and orbit both. The demanding mission would be impossible without ion propulsion — a mission only to the asteroid Vesta (and not including Ceres) would require a much more massive spacecraft and, a much larger launch vehicle.
Lysis of Staphylococcus aureus Cell Walls by a Soluble Staphylococcal Enzyme

Enzyme preparations of Staphylococcus aureus were examined for their ability to solubilize 32P-labeled cell walls of the parent organism. Enzymatic activity was observed in the growth medium, in soluble fractions, and associated with native cell walls. Enzyme associated with isolated cell walls could be inactivated with formaldehyde without reducing the susceptibility of the walls to the action of added enzyme. When cells are frozen and thawed, 50 to 75% of the intracellular enzyme is released along with 2% of the intracellular protein. This freeze-thaw extracted enzyme has little, if any, activity on intact S. aureus cells. It appears that the enzyme resides near the cell wall and acts on the cell-wall inner surface.