cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COGNITIVE STYLE AND DEFENSIVE STYLE

Summary.-This study examines psychoanalytic psychology, theories of cognitive style, and cognitive developmental psychology to examine the relationship between cognitive style and defensive style. A new set of cognitive styles of visual attention is formulated at the following developmental levels: (1) global, (2) local, (3) global-pluslocal at the concrete operational level, and (4) global-plus-local at the formal operational level. 50 subjects were administered global-local sorting tasks, the Sentence Preference Test, the Embedded Figures Test, and the Defense Style Questionnaire. Analysis provided mixed support for the hypothesized cognition-defense relationship. Results suggested that the "pure" character types are not typical and that their styles of cognition and defense are positively correlated, not independent as expected. However, possible measurement problems preclude any firm conclusions at this time. There has long been a chically observed association between cognitive style and defensive style as reported under the construct of "character" in the classical psychoanalytic literature (Freud, 1908; Fenichel, 1945; Reich, 1949) and "neurotic style" in the ego psychoanalytic school (Shapiro, 1965). For example, the hysterical cognitive style is "global, relatively f Kernberg, 1975; H. Lerner & P. Lerner, 1982; P. Lerner, 1991); (2) the initial choice of defense becomes fixated, thus becoming a defensive style (Freud, 1905, 1913, 1915, 1926; Fenichel, 1945); and (3) defense then has an "automatized" feedback effect to cognition which results in an originally defensive behavior becoming part of cognitive style and independent of defensive purposes (Hartmann, 1939, 1950).
An unusual microwave flare with 56 second oscillations on the M dwarf L726-8 A

Using the VLA, an unusual flare event has been observed on L726-8 A (dM5.5e), the primary star in the M dwarf system containing the prototype flare star UV Cet. This flare had a peak flux of 8 mJy at 6 cm and a corresponding brightness temperature greater than 10 to the 10th K, was almost entirely right-hand circularly polarized, showed large flux variations on the 10 s time resolution of the VLA, and exhibited quasi-periodic oscillations with a period of about 56 + or - 5 s. While periodic flux variations have been detected during solar flares and RS CVn type stellar flares, this is apparently the first detection of periodicity in microwaves from M dwarf stars. It is proposed that the observed radiation was due to maser action, probably an electron maser, and that the energy release mechanism was modulated.
Simulation of Empirical Correlations Between Temperatures and Blood Perfusion During Heating Using a Temperature-Dependent Blood Perfusion Model

This study applies a recently developed temperature-dependent blood perfusion model (TDBPM) coupled with a modified, one-dimensional Pennes bioheat transfer equation to predict the blood perfusion and temperature responses to step function microwave heating applied in the in vivo experiments performed by Sekins’ et al. [1] on human thigh muscle. The TDBPM model links the perfusion increase to the tissue temperature elevation based on physiological mechanisms underlying this temperature-blood-perfusion change phenomenon, i.e., a pharmacokinetic compartmental model. This physiology-based model avoids using ad hoc time delays between blood perfusion increases and tissue temperature elevations as done in previous efforts. It also includes a mechanism that produces the threshold temperature for blood flow increases that has been observed in vivo. In our recent study [2], the TDBPM model was used to simulate both the constant temperature water bath heating used in the in vivo experiments on rat leg muscle performed by Song et al. [3], and the step function microwave heating applied in the in vivo experiments on canine thigh muscle performed by Roemer et al. [4]. The blood perfusion rates predicted by the model are compared with those in vivo experimental data obtained in rat muscle and human muscle and good agreement was obtained. The TDBPM provides a possible explanation to the biochemical and biophysical origins of the relationships between temperature and blood flow that observed in rat muscle and human muscle. The physiology-based TDBPM is a simple, generic model of muscle blood flow responses of different animals to different heating conditions, which provides the type of fundamental information needed for the design of methods to thermally control blood flow in medical applications.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
Avoiding Complications in Hip Arthroscopy

Hip arthroscopy is becoming increasingly used to diagnose, classify, and treat hip pathology that has historically been unrecognized or treated exclusively with open surgical techniques. Complications, although rare in reported series, are often preventable with proper insight into their etiology and can be categorized in 2 main groups: perioperative complications and intraoperative complications. Perioperative complications include problems associated with adverse events that are not directly related to the hip arthroscopy itself, including patient positioning, heterotopic ossification, fluid management, pulmonary embolus, and deep venous thrombosis. Intraoperative complications include surgical maneuvers that may lead to immediate problems such as chondral scuffing or delayed complications such as avascular necrosis of the femoral head, femoral neck fracture, or the need for revision surgery because of incomplete treatment of the patient's hip pathology. To avoid the most common complications of hip arthroscopy, extra care should be taken in patient positioning, fluid management, portal placement, and working in close proximity to the blood supply to the femoral head. Awareness of potential pitfalls at all stages of peri- and intraoperative care of the patient allows the surgeon to prevent untoward events. Common complications of hip arthroscopy and techniques to prevent each are included here. Management strategies for each complication will be discussed where appropriate.
The National Science Foundation National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis

Abstract The National Science Foundation will soon establish a National Center devoted to geographical research and education based on geographical information systems (GIS). The Center will be located at a university chosen on the basis of competitive proposals that will be evaluated primarily on the quality of their research agendas. The winning institution will be expected to involve government agencies and private firms in Center operations and programmes, and it will be expected to serve the national GIS community. The Center arose from a suggestion made by a member of the GIS research community. A large-scale database initiative and a Foundation commitment to Science and Technology Centers provided an institutional environment hospitable to the Center. There are similarities and differences in the approach taken toward GIS research, policy and applications in the United Kingdom (UK) and in the United States (US). Those similarities and differences offer promising topics for collaborative research on...
Synthetic surfactants: the search goes on.

When Avery and Mead1 first described surfactant deficiency as being responsible for hyaline-membrane disease, it seemed as if the therapeutic implications would be simple: Because we knew that pulmonary surfactant was made up primarily of phosphatidyl choline, perhaps administering a solution or aerosol of this readily available lipid to the surfactant-deficient lung should solve the problem. Unfortunately, this simplistic approach did not work regardless of whether surfactant was delivered to humans2 or animals.3 Improving the spreading characteristics by adding alcohols or altering the physical preparation improved the function somewhat,4,5 but the first dramatic effect on pulmonary function and survival was shown only with modified natural surfactants that had been extracted from lung minces6,7 and airway washes of animal lungs.8 Various head-to-head trials of natural versus synthetic surfactants have consistently favored the natural preparations.9 Accordingly, although 2 synthetic surfactant preparations (Exosurf and Pumactant) were approved for commercial distribution in the United States and Britain, respectively, Exosurf is no longer readily available in the United States, and Pumactant was recently removed from the market in Britain. The search for a synthetic preparation that is equivalent or superior to the animal-derived surfactants has continued, because there has always been concern about the potential antigenic and infectious complications that might be associated with animal-derived … Address correspondence to John Kattwinkel, MD, Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908. E-mail: jk3f{at}virginia.edu
Bimodal regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor by estrogen in breast cancer cells.

In breast cancer, epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor (EGFR) expression is inversely correlated with expression of estrogen receptor (ER) and predicts the prognosis and failure of endocrine therapy. We report here, for the first time, that in ER-positive breast cancer cell lines, MCF-7, T47D, and BT474, 17 beta-estradiol (E2) transiently induced EGFR messenger RNA (mRNA) levels 2- to 3-fold; this induction was prevented by the presence of the antiestrogen ICI 164,384 and was also reflected in the level of EGFR protein. Up-regulation of EGFR mRNA is most likely due to a direct effect of ER on the EGFR gene, with no involvement of protein synthesis, as it was not inhibited in the presence of cycloheximide; however, the subsequent down-regulation of EGFR required de novo protein synthesis. E2 had no effect on EGFR mRNA stability, and EGFR transcript levels were found to parallel EGFR mRNA levels, further supporting a direct transcriptional mechanism in the regulation of EGFR expression by estrogens. Addit...
L-[3H]Glutamate binds to kainate-, NMDA- and AMPA-sensitive binding sites: an autoradiographic analysis

The anatomical distribution of L-[3H]glutamate binding sites was determined in the presence of various glutamate analogues using quantitative autoradiography. The binding of L-[3H]glutamate is accounted for by the presence of 3 distinct binding sites when measured in the absence of Ca2+, Cl- and Na+ ions. The anatomical distribution and pharmacological specificity of these binding sites correspond to that reported for the 3 excitatory amino acid binding sites selectively labelled by D-[3H]2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate (D-[3H]AP5), [3H]kainate ([3H]KA) and [3H] alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid ([3H]AMPA) which are thought to be selective ligands for the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), KA and quisqualate (QA) receptors, respectively.
A comparison of expanded-bed GAC reactor designs for the treatment of refractory/inhibitory wastewaters

Abstract A hybrid granular activated carbon (GAC) expanded-bed reactor designed to decouple biological removal from physical removal and a GAC expanded-bed reactor were studied under similar operating conditions. The hybrid GAC reactor consisted of a GAC expanded-bed reactor which was retrofitted with a GAC adsorber containing 11.1% of the total GAC mass in the system. A synthetic wastewater composed of acetate and 3-ethylphenol (3-EP) at influent concentrations of 5 g acetate/l and 1.5–2.5 g 3-EP/l was used at COD loadings of 18.7–23.8 kg COD/m3. Partial replacement of GAC in both reactors facilitated the physical removal of 3-EP. GAC was replaced from only the side adsorber in the hybrid GAC reactor while GAC was replaced directly from the GAC reactor. Previous studies indicated that increasing GAC replacement rates washed biomass out of the GAC reactor while the hybrid reactor was resilient to changes in operating conditions. This study compared the reactors while maintaining a constant GAC replacement rate with an increasing influent loading of the inhibitory/refractory compound, 3-EP. The performance of the GAC reactor deteriorated with increasing 3-EP loading rates until reactor failure occurred due to inhibition. The hybrid reactor responded to increases in the influent 3-EP loading rate with greater than 60% biological removal of 3-EP and only minor changes in effluent quality. Termination of GAC replacement in the hybrid reactor allowed for almost complete biological removal of 3-EP in the hybrid reactor. The resilience of the hybrid GAC reactor was attributed to the accumulation and maintenance of a stable microbial population capable of degrading an inhibitory substrate.
A single element NaI(Tl) light particle detector

Abstract The feasibility of resolving protons, deuterons, tritons, and alpha particles over a large energy range with a single NaI(Tl) scintillator is demonstrated. This is accomplished by combining light output, time-of-flight, and pulse shape information.
A life cycle assessment of end-of-life computer monitor management in the Seattle metropolitan region

Abstract A life cycle assessment was performed on the management of waste computer monitors from King, Pierce, Snohomish, and Kitsap counties in Washington State considering four options for the final destination of the monitors; reuse, recycling, sanitary landfilling, or hazardous waste landfilling. The system was interpreted in two ways; comparing the disposal of a single cathode ray tube (CRT) and liquid crystal display (LCD) monitor and the expected regional change in monitor disposals between 2008 and 2010. The results were separated into two scenarios, one in which credit was given for the avoidance of primary material production in response to the generation of recyclables and one where credit was not given. The effect of avoiding primary material production was large enough to change the impact assessment results from a system that consumed energy, contributed to global warming, and generated air emissions to one that produced energy, reduced global warming, and was a sink of air emissions. LCD monitor disposal had lower impacts than CRT monitor disposal in all impact categories except for the management of mercury. This translates into a reduction of the impact or an increase in the benefit for each impact category, except the management of mercury, for the system from 2008 to 2010 due to changing composition of the monitor disposal stream from CRT to LCD technology.
Glucose ester derivatives of aminosalicylic acids

Glucose esters of 4‐ and 5‐aminosalicylic acid were obtainable by reaction of the benzyloxynitrobenzoic acid chlorides with diacetone glucose, followed by catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro groups. Conversion of the amines to hydrochlorides removed one or both of the acetone groups from the glucose. Complete removal of the acetone groups gave a glucose ester that was unstable on standing, but the protected glucose esters were found to be stable. The free‐amino ester of 4‐amino‐salicylic acid was obtained in excellent yield for tuberculostatic and toxicity determinations.
The family life cycle concept revisited: a need for new considerations

While the family life cycle concept is widely used in the consumer behaviour literature, its value for explaining variation in buyer behaviour is less than it could be. The major problems with the concept as presently used are that: (1) it was borrowed from sociology without any basic revisions for consumer behaviour use; (2) it is presently generally operationalized as a static classificatory scheme and therefore cannot account for changing family structure; and (3) researchers have failed to link family life cycle to the concept lifestyle - another concept so crucial to explaining variations in buyer behaviour. The present paper focuses on these shortcomings and presents a model designed to make the concept more useful. Furthermore, a way of testing the model is offered. Data are presented which emphasize the need for any model to be able to incorporate the rapid change the American family is presently undergoing.
Respiration in the Crab, Cancer magister

1. Hcy containing blood of the crab, Cancer magister, has a P50 value of 19.6 mm Hg at normal arterial pH (7.7). The Bohr shift (-log P50/pH) was −0.27. Temperature had a marked effect on Oxy-Hcy affinity. Average oxygen capacity was 3.44 vol %. 2. Oxygen uptake was independent of ambient O2 tension down to about 50 mm Hg and showed an average value of 0.518 ml/kg/mm at 10° C in normoxic water. Oxygen extraction from the respiratory water current averaged 16 %. 3. Ventilation was measured directly using an electromagnetic flow meter technique. Ventilation values were high compared to other water breathers and averaged 625 ml/kg/min. 4. Arterial and venous blood were sampled from indwelling catheters in free moving, unrestrained animals. PaO2 averaged 91 mm Hg corresponding to nearly complete O2 saturation while PvO2 averaged 21 mm Hg giving a saturation of about 50 %. During activity both arterial and venous O2 tensions dropped but utilization of circulating O2 increased. The role of Hcy in O2 transport is discussed in the context of earlier studies on crustaceans which differ fundamentally from the results of the present study. 5. The average cardiac output value calculated from the Fick principle was 29.5 ml/kg/min. The ventilation perfusion ratio was about 22 and somewhat higher than reported for other water breathing animals. The average PO2 gradient from water to blood was 60.5 mm Hg which closely matches values from fishes and the cephalopod Octopus dofleini. 6. The results are analyzed and compared with similar information on gas exchange in other water breathers. It is concluded that effectiveness in gas exchange and gas transport is remarkably similar in widely diversified respiratory organs of aquatic animals.
On physical limits and challenges of interconnects for spin devices

In this paper, compact models of performance and energy dissipation of non-local spin torque devices as interconnects in an all-spin logic are obtained. Metallic interconnects such as Cu, Al, and single-layer graphene nanoribbons (GNR) may be used as conduits of spin information in spin-based circuits. Impact of size effects on the transport parameters and consequently on the circuit performance and energy dissipation of spin interconnects are exhaustively quantified. Spin interconnects are compacted against their CMOS counterparts at the 11.9nm technology node. Important insights into the physical limits and challenges of interconnects for future spin devices are identified to better guide the research in spintronics.
The effectiveness of visual and gustatory conditioned stimuli in human classical aversive conditioning with electric shock.

Abstract Thirty-six undergraduate volunteers, divided into three equal groups, were given electric shock while sipping a colored, unflavored solution (Group I): a flavored, colorless solution (Group 2); or a colored, flavored solution (Group 3), in order to determine whether human Ss respond differentially to visual and gustatory cues when the UCS is aversive electric shock. Using a standard classical discrimination procedure, the CS + was blue water for Group 1, citric acid solution for Group 2, and blue citric acid solution for Group 3. For all groups the CS- was plain water, which was never paired with electric shock. The dependent variables were derived from Staats' A-R-D theory: attitudinal change (A) and a performance measure of sip-size taken during conditioning trials (D) both confirmed the hypothesis that taste can be an effective CS when the UCS is shock, in contrast to results typically obtained with rats where visual but not taste cues are effective with a shock UCS.
Semiautomated computerized system for fracture assessment of spinal x-ray films

This report describes a computerized system for assisting with the image analysis of digitized spine x-ray films. It was developed for vertebral height assessment (morphometry), a procedure widely used in research and clinical trials of spinal osteoporosis. Good image presentation is important for effective, interactive analysis of x-ray images, and was achieved by using a 12-bit color map for the image display. This provides virtually instantaneous updating of image display parameters even with large (4 - 10 MB) image files. The software has both semi-automated and automated features, and is integrated with a relational database for the storage and retrieval of images and textual information. It contains an on-line tutorial and facilities for later review and editing of the analyzed data. An active contour model for obtaining additional indices of vertebral fracture has been incorporated, and is undergoing further development. We discuss the organization of the analysis software, the database and on-line tutorial, and present some of the details of the implementation of the active contour model.© (1996) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Pharmacists' earnings: their level and distribution.

Abstract Background From a methodological perspective, the central tendency and the spread of an earnings distribution are independent outcomes. Theoretically, they may be related to each other. Objective Explore the direction and magnitude of the effect of changes in the mean of pharmacists' wage-and-salary earnings on earnings inequality. Specifically, the probe focused on whether an increase in the central tendency led to a wider or a narrower spread. Methods The original data were collected using a survey questionnaire mailed to pharmacists in South Florida, USA. Earnings means and inequality indicators were calculated in a previous study for 41 groupings of pharmacists in 16 categories. Using ordinary least squares, a model was tested depicting five indicators of wage-and-salary earnings inequality (log earnings variance, coefficient of variation, lower median share, 90-10 decile ratio, and Gini coefficient) as a function of the earnings mean. Separate sets of equations were developed for all pharmacists in the data set and for only full-time pharmacists. Results A relationship was found between the central tendency and the dispersion of pharmacists' earnings, and this relationship was mediated by whether or not part-time pharmacists were included in the analysis. Higher levels of earnings led to less inequality for all pharmacists, but the opposite effect was observed for full-time pharmacists: higher earnings levels led to greater inequality in the distribution. Conclusion The mechanics of the earnings generation process of full-time pharmacists are different from those of part-time pharmacists. The opportunity cost of leisure, which is a determinant of practitioners' number of hours worked, affects patterns of earnings and also may affect other labor outcomes.
Early induction of feedback regulatory responses governing nodulation in soybean

Abstract Separately grown soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Bragg) plants of identical or different nodulation genotype were approach-grafted just below the cotyledons. Five days later, their roots were inoculated at different times to study the effects of prior inoculation of one root system on nodulation of the other. Time-separated inoculation of isografts showed that nodulation in parental Bragg was strongly suppressed, while no suppression was observed in the supernodulating mutant nts382. In Bragg isografts, inoculation of one root system resulted in 50–59% decrease in nodulation on the other if inucolation of the latter was delayed by 3 days. Upon grafting the non-nodulating soybean derivative nod139, which fails to induce cortical cell divisions, did not elicit feedback suppressive responses in Bragg. Instead, nodules emerged 4–6 days earlier in grafted Bragg and nodulation was clearly stimulated in Bragg and nts382. In contrast the non-nodulating mutant nod49, which induces some cortical cell divisions that do not develop beyond the very early stages of nodule ontogeny, systemically suppressed nodule formation in Bragg, but did not have stimulatory effects on nodulation of nts382. These results suggest that: (a) cortical cell division foci of early ontogeny elicit feedback suppressive responses that control nodule number systemically; (b) feedback regulation is present in wild-type soybean but is defective in the supernodulating mutant; (c) a counteracting stimulatory response is induced early during pre-infection before the formation of a nodule primordia. A model for regulation of nodule formation in soybean is proposed, in which cortical cell division foci induce negative regulatory responses in the shoot through systemic signaling that ultimately results in blockage of further nodule development in the roots.
Biosphere 2 nerve system

Biosphere 2 (Earth being Biosphere 1) is an experiment in closed system ecology. It is a steel and glass structure about the size of three football fields and has a volume of more than three million cubic feet. The purpose of the project is to demonstrate the viability of materially closed ecosystems—a sort of bioregenerative life support system—where water, air, and food are recycled. Later this year, eight people, called Biospherians, will be sealed inside Biosphere 2 for two years with only power and information being exchanged with the outside. A major part of this project is an expert system-based environmental control and monitoring system called the “Nerve System.”
Estimating Arizona residents’ willingness to pay to invest in research and development in solar energy

Abstract We estimate Arizona residents’ Willingness to Pay (WTP) to invest in a solar energy research and development fund using data obtained from a Dichotomous-Choice Contingent Valuation mail survey. We examine differences in WTP estimates using different categorizations for respondent uncertainty. We also employ both commonly used Maximum Likelihood and less frequently applied Bayesian estimation techniques. We find that respondent uncertainty has an economically significant impact on WTP estimates, while WTP estimates are robust to different estimation techniques. Our robust specification with strict uncertainty coding indicates the average Arizona household is WTP approximately $17 per month to invest in research and development in solar energy.
Method to Regenerate Ammonia for the Capture of Carbon Dioxide

Compared to the conventional MEA process for the capture of carbon dioxide from flue gas, the ammonia scrubbing technique provides advantages of lower material costs and less corrosion to absorber, as well as the potential for saving energy, which will eventually make the process less expensive. However, in addition to the highly volatile nature of ammonia, the lack of a method to separate ammonia from CO2 after thermal decomposition of ammonium bicarbonate also hinders the ammonia scrubbing technique from being applied in practice. This paper investigates a method to regenerate ammonia so as to allow for the ammonia scrubbing technique to be practical in the capture of CO2. In the new method, a weakly basic ion-exchange resin containing amine functional groups is used to regenerate ammonia through absorbing carbonic acid at ambient temperatures from ammonium bicarbonate, the main product formed after the absorption of CO2 by ammonia. The resin can then be regenerated when it is heated by water at tempera...
Enrollment in the Health Alliance Plan HMO is not an independent risk factor for coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Background Henry Ford Hospital is the sole provider of cardiac surgical services for the Health Alliance Plan, a health maintenance organization (HMO) that presently serves 450 000 enrollees. Methods and Results To determine the effect of managed care referral patterns on the outcome of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, we retrospectively reviewed two concurrent groups of patients, 569 HMO patients and 225 patients with fee-for-service (FFS) insurance, who had undergone isolated primary CABG surgery between January 1, 1990 and January 31, 1994. The 605 patients with Medicare operated on during the same time frame were excluded to obviate age bias. Age, sex, use of cardiac medications, history of prior percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy, history of recent and remote myocardial infarction, extent of coronary disease, presence of preexisting comorbid conditions, and incidence of unstable clinical syndromes and left ventricular dysfunction (ejection fraction<40%)...
Benefit of Feeding Assessment Before Pediatric Airway Reconstruction

Objectives/Hypothesis To determine the utility of preoperative feeding assessments in children undergoing airway reconstruction, identifying parameters that correlate with functional deficits in swallowing and postoperative feeding difficulties. Study Design Prospective, sequential enrollment. Methods Two hundred fifty-five patients with structural abnormalities of the upper aerodigestive tract underwent endoscopic swallow studies. Classification of preoperative feeding abilities, specific feeding disorders, and abnormal endoscopic feeding parameters were used to predict the postoperative course of patients undergoing airway reconstruction. The relationships between diagnoses and functional feeding categories and postoperative outcomes and functional feeding categories were appraised by χ2 analysis. Results The median age of the study population was 2.5 years. Fifty-three percent of the patients were tracheotomy dependent. Only 13% of the patients had diagnoses limited to the airway, with 45% of patients having three or more diagnoses. Worse preoperative feeding abilities were associated with the presence of a tracheotomy, age 2 years or less, and multiple underlying diagnoses. Neurological diagnoses were associated with worse feeding abilities. Preoperative feeding assessments directly altered the course of management of 15% of operative patients, by recommending a delay in the surgical correction, the placement of a gastrostomy tube preoperatively, or a modification in the surgical reconstruction planned for the patient. Postoperative airway protection predictions were 80% accurate. Twelve percent of the predictions involved patients who developed unforeseen complications that required additional treatments or prolonged the hospital stay secondary to difficulties with airway protection. There was no correlation between the preoperative feeding abilities of the patients and their postoperative course after airway reconstruction. Conclusion Transient dysphagia is common after laryngotracheal reconstruction. Preoperative feeding abilities do not correlate with the postoperative airway protection abilities of a patient. Feeding assessments before pediatric airway reconstruction provide a means of identifying patients with poor airway protection mechanisms that may compromise the patient after reconstruction. Findings on swallowing evaluations that predict poor airway protective mechanisms are 1) pooling of secretions in the hypopharynx, 2) poor oral motor skills, allowing premature spillage of material into the hypopharynx where it penetrates the larynx, and 3) residue that persists in the hypopharynx after multiple swallows. The integration of information generated from the preoperative swallowing assessment promotes the selection of operative procedures that are optimal for that patient and highlights specific therapy issues that may need to be addressed in the postoperative management of the patient that may not have been obvious without the study.
An assistive technology project for an HCI course

This presentation describes a project for a standard undergraduate human-computer interaction (HCI) course that incorporates issues related to users who are disabled. It is part of the 2-year project "Integrating Assistive Technology into an Undergraduate Computer Science Curriculum from an HCI Approach," funded by the National Science Foundation.
Pathfinder networks and author cocitation analysis: a remapping of paradigmatic information scientists

In their 1998 article "Visualizing a discipline: An author cocitation analysis of information science, 1972-1995," White and McCain used multidimensional scaling, hierarchical clustering, and factor analysis to display the specialty groupings of 120 highly-cited ("paradigmatic") information scientists. These statistical techniques are traditional in author cocitation analysis (ACA). It is shown here that a newer technique, Pathfinder Networks (PFNETs), has considerable advantages for ACA. In PFNETs, nodes represent authors, and explicit links represent weighted paths between nodes, the weights in this case being cocitation counts. The links can be drawn to exclude all but the single highest counts for author pairs, which reduces a network of authors to only the most salient relationships. When these are mapped, dominant authors can be defined as those with relatively many links to other authors (i.e., high degree centrality). Links between authors and dominant authors define specialties, and links between dominant authors connect specialties into a discipline. Maps are made with one rather than several computer routines and in one rather than many computer passes. Also, PFNETs can, and should, be generated from matrices of raw counts rather than Pearson correlations, which removes a computational step associated with traditional ACA. White and McCain's raw data from 1998 are remapped as a PFNET. It is shown that the specialty groupings correspond closely to those seen in the factor analysis of the 1998 article. Because PFNETs are fast to compute, they are used in AuthorLink, a new Web-based system that creates live interfaces for cocited author retrieval on the fly.
Irradiation performance of oxide dispersion strengthened copper alloys to 150 dpa at 415°C

Results have been obtained on the post-irradiation properties of various oxide dispersion strengthened copper alloys irradiated from 34 to 150 dpa at 415{degrees}C in the Fast Flux Test Facility. The GlidCop alloys strengthened by Al{sub 2}O{sub 3} continue to outperform other alloys with respect to swelling resistance, and retention of both electrical conductivity and yield strength. Several castable ODS alloys and a Cr{sub 2}O{sub 3}-strengthened alloy show increasingly poor resistance to radiation, especially in their swelling behavior. A HfO{sub 2}-strengthened alloy retains most of its strength and its electrical conductivity reaches a constant level after 50 dpa, but it exhibits a higher residual radioactivity.
Airway and tissue mechanics in a murine model of asthma: alveolar capsule vs. forced oscillations.

To better address the functional consequences of inflammation on bronchial responsiveness, we studied two groups of BALB/c mice: a nonimmunized control group (n = 8) and a group immunized and chall...
A 10-year update of 'Review and critique of empirical studies of rape avoidance'

Ullman’s review of empirical studies of rape avoidance is updated to illuminate what has been learned in the past 10 years and what is needed to continue to promote this important form of secondary prevention. Following a brief historical review, empirical studies of resistance strategies to sexual assaults since 1997 are reviewed. Studies of the effects of situational factors, rapist types, and victim-offender relationships on women’s resistance are included. Selected literature on self-defense training and rape prevention related specifically to women’s resistance also are reviewed, as these related areas of research have grown substantially in the past decade and can inform intervention and prevention efforts with women. Recommendations for future research and practice are offered.
The effect of the grounded tabular icebergs in front of Berkner Island on the Weddell Sea ice drift as seen from satellite passive microwave sensors

The huge grounded tabular icebergs in the southern Weddell Sea might have a significant influence on the sea ice drift, because they form a barrier to the clockwise circulation. The influence of these icebergs on the sea ice distribution is studied with ice concentration analyses from satellite passive microwave sensors over an eleven year period. Besides total ice concentration the fractions of the two different types distinguished in the NASA Team algorithm are studied. One is attributed to first-year ice and the other to deformed ice or ice with heavy snow cover. Results show that the ice coverage east of the icebergs has changed from 40% to between 80 and 90% in summer. This happens because the southward drifting sea ice is trapped between the continent on the right and the icebergs on the left. Therefore less ice formation in this area results in less heat exchange and brine release, which might effect the oceanic processes in front and under the ice shelfs.
Threshold discrimination and blanking for large near-far power ratios in UWB networks

A simple chip-discrimination technique is presented for use with ultra-wideband (UWB) impulse radio (IR) that improves performance for large near-far interference power ratios. A typical spread-spectrum IR that employs a matched-filter sum for bit decisions is susceptible to small numbers of large power pulses that can dominate the bit decision-threshold statistics. This letter describes a technique for chip discrimination prior to the spreading summation, that can greatly reduce the effects of large near-far power ratios among interferers. The technique exploits the very narrow pulsewidth and resulting low-duty-cycle characteristic only achievable with ultra-wide bandwidth. A statistical model is developed that predicts bit-error performance for binary offset pulse position modulation as a function of near-far density and power for varying discrimination thresholds. An analytic solution for perfect chip blanking is developed, and is in good agreement with chip discrimination for large near-far power ratios. We find that even a small number of very near interferers can greatly reduce the performance of a system without blanking or discrimination. Results show substantial improvement using this method for near interferers with near-far power ratios greater than 20 dB.
Posttranslational modification by an isolevuglandin diminishes activity of the mitochondrial cytochrome P450 27A1

Posttranslational modification by isolevuglandins (isoLGs), arachidonate oxidation products, is an important yet understudied process associated with altered protein properties. This type of modification is detected in cytochrome P450 27A1 (CYP27A1), a multifunction enzyme expressed in almost every cell and involved in the metabolism of cholesterol and other sterols. Previously, the CYP27A1 Lys358-isoLG adduct was found in human retina afflicted with age-related macular degeneration. Yet, the effect of Lys358 modification on enzyme activity was not investigated. Herein, we characterized catalytic properties of Lys358 as well as Lys476 CYP27A1 mutants before and after isoLG treatment and quantified the extent of modification by multiple reaction monitoring. The K358R mutant was less susceptible to isoLG-induced loss of catalytic activity than the wild type (WT), whereas the K476R mutant was nearly as vulnerable as the WT. Both mutants showed less isoLG modification than WT. Thus, modification of Lys358, a residue involved in redox partner interactions, is the major contributor to isoLG-associated loss of CYP27A1 activity. Our data show the specificity of isoLG modification, provide direct evidence that isoLG adduction impairs enzyme activity, and support our hypothesis that isoLG modification in the retina is detrimental to CYP27A1 enzyme activity, potentially disrupting cholesterol homeostasis.
Computational Diagnostics: A Novel Approach to Viewing Medical Data

A transition from traditional paper-based medical records to electronic health records is underway. The resulting massive amounts of electronic patient records offer tremendous potential to personalize patient diagnosis and treatment. In this paper, we discuss a computational diagnostics tool that uses digital medical records to help physicians gain better insight about a patient's medical condition. The paper details different interactive features of the tool and discusses the tool's potential in the practice of evidence-based medicine and for advancing patient diagnosis practices.
Microprocessor Architecture: Multithreading and (Chip) Multiprocessing

Parallel processing takes several flavors, depending on the unit of parallelism and the number of processing units. Early on in the development of computer systems, we saw the emergence of multiprogramming (Section 2.3), whereby several (portions of) programs share main memory. When the program currently executing requires some I/O processing, it relinquishes the use of the CPU via a context switch, and another program takes ownership of the CPU. Parallel processing occurs between the program using the CPU and the programs (there may be more than one) executing some I/O-related task. Here, the unit of parallel processing is a program, or process, and the parallelism is at the program level. An efficient implementation of multiprogramming requires the use of an operating system with a virtual memory management component. At the other extreme of the spectrum of granularity, we have the exploitation of instruction-level parallelism . Several instructions of the same program are executing simultaneously. Pipelining (Section 2.1) is the simplest form of the concurrent execution of instructions. Superscalar and EPIC processors (Chapter 3) extend this notion by having several instructions occupying the same stages of the pipeline at the same time. Of course, extra resources such as multiple functional units must be present for this concurrency to happen. In the previous chapter, we gave a strict definition of multiprocessing , namely, the processing by several processors of portions of the same program.
Seasonal Movement and Distribution of the Grape Mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): Developing a Sampling Program for San Joaquin Valley Vineyards

The grape mealybug, Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn), is an important pest of table grapes in California’s San Joaquin Valley. The mealybug causes direct damage by infesting grape bunches, resulting in very low economic injury levels. To develop a sampling program to help growers predict damage and make control decisions, we destructively sampled six entire grapevines each month to determine mealybug abundance and within-vine distribution. These absolute counts were then used to evaluate several relative sampling methods: sticky tape barriers on canes, excised spur samples, standard-sized pieces of bark, timed counts, and nondestructive counts on spurs. At midseason we sampled additional vines to correlate mealybug numbers with economic damage at harvest. Finally, mealybug life stages and natural enemies were recorded throughout the study. Timed 5-min counts show the strongest correlation with total mealybug numbers, and a simple count of mealybugs on three spurs per vine at midseason is the best predictor of economic damage. Mealybugs completed ≈2.5 generations in 1998. Comparison to data on mealybug development suggests that exceptionally long growing seasons could exacerbate infestations by allowing the completion of a third generation. No mealybugs were found on bunches before early August, when second-generation crawlers moved out of the bark. Grape bunches that touched old wood had significantly higher damage and mealybug densities. The majority of mealybugs were always found in protected locations (under the bark of the trunk, spurs or canes), indicating the need for chemical or biological controls that can penetrate these refugia.
Canonical Notch activation in osteocytes causes osteopetrosis

Activation of Notch1 in cells of the osteoblastic lineage inhibits osteoblast differentiation/function and causes osteopenia, whereas its activation in osteocytes causes a distinct osteopetrotic phenotype. To explore mechanisms responsible, we established the contributions of canonical Notch signaling (Rbpjκ dependent) to osteocyte function. Transgenics expressing Cre recombinase under the control of the dentin matrix protein-1 (Dmp1) promoter were crossed with Rbpjκ conditional mice to generate Dmp1-Cre(+/-);Rbpjκ(Δ/Δ) mice. These mice did not have a skeletal phenotype, indicating that Rbpjκ is dispensable for osteocyte function. To study the Rbpjκ contribution to Notch activation, Rosa(Notch) mice, where a loxP-flanked STOP cassette is placed between the Rosa26 promoter and the NICD coding sequence, were crossed with Dmp1-Cre transgenic mice and studied in the context (Dmp1-Cre(+/-);Rosa(Notch);Rbpjκ(Δ/Δ)) or not (Dmp1-Cre(+/-);Rosa(Notch)) of Rbpjκ inactivation. Dmp1-Cre(+/-);Rosa(Notch) mice exhibited increased femoral trabecular bone volume and decreased osteoclasts and bone resorption. The phenotype was reversed in the context of the Rbpjκ inactivation, demonstrating that Notch canonical signaling was accountable for the phenotype. Notch activation downregulated Sost and Dkk1 and upregulated Axin2, Tnfrsf11b, and Tnfsf11 mRNA expression, and these effects were not observed in the context of the Rbpjκ inactivation. In conclusion, Notch activation in osteocytes suppresses bone resorption and increases bone volume by utilization of canonical signals that also result in the inhibition of Sost and Dkk1 and upregulation of Wnt signaling.
Story Detection Using Generalized Concepts and Relations

A major challenge in automated text analysis is that different words are used for related concepts. Analyzing text at the surface level would treat related concepts (i.e. actors, actions, targets, and victims) as different objects, potentially missing common narrative patterns. Shallow parsers reveal semantic roles of words leading to subject-verb-object triplets. We developed a novel algorithm to extract information from triplets by clustering them into generalized concepts by utilizing syntactic criteria based on common contexts and semantic corpus-based statistical criteria based on "contextual synonyms". We show that generalized concepts representation of text (1) overcomes surface level differences (which arise when different keywords are used for related concepts) without drift, (2) leads to a higher-level semantic network representation of related stories, and (3) when used as features, they yield a significant 36% boost in performance for the story detection task.