cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Direct oxy-coal combustion with minimum or no flue gas recycle

Abstract: Oxy-coal combustion without flue gas recycle can potentially simplify the boiler design and improve the efficiency. In this chapter prior work on oxy-fuel combustion without flue gas recycle is reviewed first. Key technical issues and design considerations are discussed next. The chapter then presents several boiler design concepts to address technical issues.
Competitive inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meat products by lactic acid bacteria.

Forty-nine strains of lactic acid bacteria (LAB), isolated from commercially available ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products, were screened for their ability to inhibit the growth of Listeria monocytogenes at refrigeration (5°C) temperatures on agar spot tests. The three most inhibitory strains were identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus paracasei by 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Their antilisterial activity was quantified in associative cultures in deMan Rogosa Sharpe (MRS) broth at 5°C for 28 days, resulting in a pathogen reduction of 3.5 log 10 cycles compared to its initial level. A combined culture of these strains was added to frankfurters and cooked ham coinoculated with L. monocytogenes, vacuum packaged, and stored at 5°C for 28 days. Bacteriostatic activity was observed in cooked ham, whereas bactericidal activity was observed in frankfurters. Numbers of L. monocytogenes were 4.2 to 4.7 log 10 and 2.6 log 10 cycles lower than controls in frankfurters and cooked ham, respectively, after the 28-day refrigerated storage. In all cases, numbers of LAB increased by only 1 log 10 cycle. The strain identified as P. acidilactici was possibly a bacteriocin producer, whereas the antilisterial activity of the other two strains was due to the production of organic acids. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the antilisterial activity detected in frankfurters whether the LAB strains were used individually or as combined cultures. Further studies over a 56-day period indicated no impact on the quality of the product. This method represents a potential antilisterial intervention in RTE meats, because it inhibited the growth of the pathogen at refrigeration temperatures without causing sensory changes. Listeria monocytogenes est une bacterie pathogene particulierement presente dans les produits carnes prets a la consommation (PCPAC). Les objectifs de cette etude sont, d'une part, d'isoler, selectionner et identifier les souches de bacteries lactiques de PCPAC ayant une activite inhibitrice sur L. monocytogenes a des temperatures frigorifiques, d'autre part, de quantifier cette activite antagoniste, et d'examiner l'activite anti-Listeria des souches lactiques selectionnees, appliquees directement sur un PCPAC pendant un entreposage frigorifique. Enfin, elle identifie les substances inhibitrices predominantes et l'impact des bacteries lactiques sur les proprietes sensorielles du produit.
Points of View: Editorial: Climate Change, Tipping Points, and Partly Full Glasses

January 31, 2008, promises to be a momentous day for moving the United States towards a serious embrace with climate change. Focus the Nation, a non-profit organization, organized “teach-ins” around the country, and a multitude of universities, colleges, churches, and other groups participated.
Abstract 18842: Left Ventricular Dysfunction Development After Bortezomib Treatment in Patients With Oncologic Diagnoses

Background: Bortezomib (VELCADE ®) has been considered a milestone in the treatment of myeloma. Within three years of its approval by the Food and Drug Administration, the first case of severe reversible cardiac failure surfaced in 2006. Objective: Identify the incidence of left ventricular dysfunction in patients that received bortezomib. Methods: We identified 160 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, plasmocytoma, lymphoma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and leukemia, retrospectively. Patients were distributed according to treatment received, in 4 cohorts. Left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) was defined as LVEF Results: One hundred and sixty patients were identified and distributed in 4 cohorts, according to the treatment received: bortezomib (n=74); bortezomib and adriamycin (n=27); adriamycin (n=25) and melphalan (n=34). The mean age was 58 ±13 years and at least 54 % (n=87) were males. Patients were followed in a 21-day to 7-year time-frame period. LVD was present in 20% (15/74); 22% (6/27), 28% (7/25) and 18% (6/34) of patients that received bortezomib, bortezomib and adriamycin, adriamycin and melphalan, respectively. Adriamycin was give prior to bortezomib in combined treatment cohort and before melphalan in the last cohort. Of those who developed LVD at least we identified 5 patients who had CAD (2, 1,1 and 1 for each cohort, accordingly). Conclusion: Bortezomib may be associated with new onset left ventricular dysfunction when given as first line chemotherapy in the treatment of multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, plasmocytoma, lymphoma, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia and leukemia. It may also potentiate the cardiotoxicity of Adriamycin when used subsequently. Figure. Incidence of left ventricular systolic dysfunction.
In Vivo Electron Paramagnetic Resonance: Radical Concepts for Translation to the Clinical Setting

Abstract Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR)-based spectroscopic and imaging techniques allow for the study of free radicals—molecules with one or more unpaired electrons. Biological EPR applications include detection of endogenous biologically relevant free radicals as well as use of specially designed exogenous radicals to probe local microenvironments. This Forum focuses on recent advances in the field of in vivo EPR applications discussed at the International Conference on Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Imaging of Biological Systems (EPR-2017). Although direct EPR detection of endogenous free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo remains unlikely in most cases, alternative approaches based on applications of advanced spin traps and probes for detection of paramagnetic products of ROS reactions often allow for specific assessment of free radical production in living subjects. In recent decades, significant progress has been achieved in the development and in vivo ap...
Nonprofessional Antigen Presentation: New Rules and Regulations

Publisher Summary Nonprofessional antigen-presenting cells are not macrophages, dendritic cells, or B cells, and are poorly phagocytic. They do not constitutively express class II molecules and conventional costimulatory molecules for T-cell activation. The emerging concept is that interaction of T cells with such antigen-presenting cells results in the induction of anergy or no activation at all. This may be one of the bases for the prevention of autoimmune responses. Antigens that pass through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are affected by multiple factors that alter their form, including salivary secretions, gastric acid, pancreatic proteases, and bile acids. Thus, by the time Ags reach the mucosal immune system they may be nonantigenic (di- and tripeptides) or processed to a form that is distinct from that which would result from processing by systemic antigen presenting cells (APC)s.
Claims data-driven modeling of hospital time-to-readmission risk with latent heterogeneity

Hospital readmission risk modeling is of great interest to both hospital administrators and health care policy makers, for reducing preventable readmission and advancing care service quality. To accommodate the needs of both stakeholders, a readmission risk model is preferable if it (i) exhibits superior prediction performance; (ii) identifies risk factors to help target the most at-risk individuals; and (iii) constructs composite metrics to evaluate multiple hospitals, hospital networks, and geographic regions. Existing work mainly addressed the first two features and it is challenging to address the third one because available medical data are fragmented across hospitals. To simultaneously address all three features, this paper proposes readmission risk models with incorporation of latent heterogeneity, and takes advantage of administrative claims data, which is less fragmented and involves larger patient cohorts. Different levels of latent heterogeneity are considered to quantify the effects of unobserved factors, provide composite measures for performance evaluation at various aggregate levels, and compensate less informative claims data. To demonstrate the prediction performances of the proposed models, a real case study is considered on a state-wide heart failure patient cohort. A systematic comparison study is then carried out to evaluate the performances of 49 risk models and their variants.
Apo-10'-lycopenoic acid inhibits cancer cell migration and angiogenesis and induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ.

Abstract Scope We have previously shown that apo-10’-lycopenoic acid (ALA), a derivative of lycopene through cleavage by carotene-9’,10’-oxygenase, inhibits tumor progression and metastasis in both liver and lung cancer animal models. The underlying mechanism remains unknown. We hypothesized that ALA inhibits cancer cell motility and angiogenesis by up-regulating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) which is involved in controlling angiogenesis, tumor progression and metastasis. Methods and results ALA treatment, in dose-dependent manner, was effective at inhibiting migration and invasion of liver and lung cancer cells (HuH7 and A549) in both Transwell and wound-healing models, as well as suppressing actin remodeling and ruffling/lamellipodia formation in HuH7 and immortalized lung BEAS-2B cells. ALA treatment resulted in suppression of angiogenesis in both tube formation and aortic ring assays and inhibition of matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and activation in both HuH7 and A549 cells. Additionally, ALA dose-dependently increased the mRNA expression and protein levels of PPARγ in human THLE-2 liver cells. Conclusion ALA inhibits cancer cell motility and angiogenesis and induces PPARγ expression, which could be one of the potential mechanisms for ALA protecting against tumor progression.
Clinical Evolution in Patients With New-Onset Inflammatory Back Pain: A Population-Based Cohort Study.

Objective Inflammatory back pain (IBP) is often an early manifestation of spondyloarthritis (SpA), but the prognosis of patients with incident IBP is unknown. This study was undertaken to investigate long-term outcomes in patients with IBP, and predictors of progression to SpA, in a population-based cohort. Methods We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal study using the Rochester Epidemiology Project, a longstanding population-based cohort of residents of Olmsted County, MN. Patients ages 16-35 years with clinical visits for back pain from 1999 to 2003 were identified, and we screened these patients for the presence of new-onset IBP and performed medical record reviews to collect data on clinical, laboratory, and imaging features of SpA. Outcomes in these patients were followed up until July 2016. We used survival analysis for competing risks to examine progression to either SpA, a non-SpA diagnosis, or resolution of back pain. Recursive partitioning was used to identify predictors of progression to SpA. Results Among 5,304 patients with back pain, we identified 124 patients with new-onset IBP. After a median follow-up of 13.2 years, IBP had progressed to SpA in 39 patients, 15 patients developed a non-SpA diagnosis, and 58 patients had resolution of IBP. At 10 years, the probability of having SpA was 30%, while the probability of resolution of IBP was 43%. The most important predictors for progression to SpA were uveitis, male sex, and family history of SpA. Conclusion In a minority of patients, new-onset IBP progresses to SpA, while IBP resolves in many. That IBP often resolves may explain the difference between the prevalence of IBP (3-6%) and the prevalence of SpA (0.4-1.3%).
Atoning for the Sins of the Fatherland: The Gendered Nationalism of the Ecumenical Sisterhood of Mary

Germany’s Ecumenical Sisterhood of Mary and its resident theologian, Mother Basilea Schlink, sought to intercede in repentance on behalf of their nation for its sins in the Holocaust. This vision of intercessory repentance had its foundations in both their reading of the Hebrew Bible and in German nationalism. However, whatever resemblance between Schlink’s language and style and that of German nationalism, she utterly inverted its priorities, placing the people (Volk) of Israel above all other peoples. This inversion was part of the sisters’ self-empowerment as women, part of a paradoxical rhetoric which, on the one hand, professed their weakness and sinfulness while, on the other hand, emphasizing their worthiness and strength. Although they were sinful as Christians and as Germans, they represented a spiritual elite, among the few worthy to stand between Germany and God, holding back God's wrath. The gendered nationalism of Schlink and the sisters was defined by deference to God and to Israel, and by counter-cultural elevation of their roles as women.
Supply Chain Processes and Relationships for Electronic Commerce

In this chapter, I survey recent developments in supply chain relationships that have been designed to exploit technology. Firms are now in a position to more tightly link themselves with other firms through their use of supply chains in order to attain greater efficiencies.
New Insights into Neonatal Hypersensitivity

The skin, the largest sensory epithelium of the body, plays a pivotal role in the homeostasis of organisms and is densely innervated by a wide variety of sensory neurons that have evolved to safeguard its integrity. Nowhere is this more important than in newborns, whose immune systems are not yet fully mature and for whom skin damage can therefore have serious immediate and long-term impacts on the viability of the organism as well as overall function of the skin sensory system. Attesting to this early vulnerability, newborn mammals of all species, including man, display a pronounced hypersensitivity to tactile stimuli over a protracted post-natal period (reviewed in [1]). Throughout this period of cutaneous hypersensitivity, protective withdrawal reflexes exhibit inordinately low activation thresholds and thus can be triggered by relatively innocuous stimuli. Rather than representing a paradoxical, maladaptive behavioural response, this hypersensitivity is undoubtedly highly adaptive in view of the pivotal importance yet extreme vulnerability of the integument and its associated protective/immune functions during early ontogeny.
Natural evil: The comparative response

98119 Theists can respond to the problem of evil in four general ways. First, they can offer a theodicy, that is, an attempt to provide God's reasons (actual or possible) for permitting evil.1 Second, theists may seek to show that arguments purporting to demonstrate a problem of evil for theism are flawed, e.g., such arguments may involve a questionable inference from "As far as we know, there is no reason that would justify God in permitting horrors" to "There is no such reason." This response to the problem of evil has sometimes been called "Skeptical Theism."2 Third, theists may simply admit that the problem of evil is a special difficulty for theism (i.e., a greater difficulty for theism than for its metaphysical rivals - some of which may have no problem of evil); nevertheless, natural theology and/or religious experience provide adequate reasons or warrant for theism. We might call this response to the problem of evil, "The Overrider Response" as it involves the claim that some reason or warranting factor overrides the evidence evil provides against theism.3 Fourth, theists may argue that, although theism does not explain the presence of all evils well, it provides an explanation that is as good as (or better than) the explanation provided by some (or all) of theism's metaphysical rivals. Let us call this fourth approach "The Comparative Response" since it involves comparing theistic explanations of evil with explanations provided by theism's metaphysical rivals. In a recent paper I tried to develop the Comparative Response to moral evil, arguing that theism explains moral evil at least as well as naturalism does.4 To that paper a naturalist might well
The Value of Small Preserves in Chronically Fragmented Landscapes

The 1990s has ushered in a transition among conservation practitioners from focusing on maximizing quality in preserve acquisition to a “bigger is better” philosophy. This change seems to be driven both by the difficulty in managing many small preserves and an urge to incorporate the concepts of biological sustainability on a regional scale. Bioreserves, bioregions, biosphere reserves, and sustainable development areas are the popular conservation terms for the 1990s. Noss and Cooperrider (1994, 142) assert that the “old model of isolated parks has failed. Unless it contains many millions of acres, no reserve can maintain its biodiversity for long.” Similarly, Pickett and Thompson (1978, 34) define a minimum dynamic area for preserves the “smallest area with a natural disturbance regime which maintains internal recolonization sources.” A variety of authors who have focused on large-scale wilderness preserves have made estimates, based primarily on personal experience, to suggest that anywhere between 25% and 75% of a region must be dedicated to the maintenance of biodiversity to succeed over the long term (sources reviewed in Noss and Cooperrider 1994, 167–172). Within this context, Noss and Cooperrider (1994, 172) refer to U.S. Forest Service Research and Natural Areas with sizes under 1,000 ha as “tiny.”
Plan development, recommendations, and report writing

Abstract As part of a comprehensive service delivery process, assistive technology (AT) planning, recommendations, and report writing occur following a systematic assessment. Each stage of the process necessarily builds on the next toward AT user satisfaction and goal achievement. Employment goals are developed by a referral source, which reflect a consumer’s personal characteristics. An AT plan addressing identified consumer needs is developed by the AT provider including specific AT goals, which are aligned with the consumer’s employment goal. Recommendations and report writing are driven by the AT assessment process. The report summarizes the assessment and formalizes the recommendations. Reporting on the AT services provided facilitates the referral source’s expectations for implementation, training, support, and maintenance activity, and funding for continued services.
On the relative importance of HONO versus HNO2 in low-temperature combustion

Abstract This work investigates whether both HONO and HNO2 are essential in describing the reactivity for NO2-doped ignition experiments or if a strategy could be developed that lumps the two isomers into a single species without adversely affecting the model fidelity. First, the possibility of different product branching fractions is considered; temperature- and pressure-dependent rate constants are computed for H and CH3 addition to the N=O bond in both HONO and HNO2. These results suggest that addition of a radical to HONO and HNO2 do indeed have different products, but that the results are not likely to have a significant effect. Next, two different approaches to simplifying the HONO submechanism are considered. In the first, HNO2 is removed from the mechanism. In the second, HNO2 is replaced with HONO. These two strategies are implemented in different literature mechanisms and then used to compute ignition delay times for H2 and CH4. The results show that removing HNO2 has a modest effect on the ignition delay time, whereas systematically replacing HNO2 with HONO decreases the predicted ignition delay by approximately a factor of two. The recommendation is that for larger fuels, both HONO and HNO2 should be included in the mechanism.
Challenges in the assembly of electric vehicles

With its Touareg Hybrid, Volkswagen launched the group’s first production vehicle with a full hybrid drivetrain on the market this year. Assembly and commissioning of the new high-voltage components posed new challenges for assembly. New solutions had to be worked out, not only for the installation of the high-voltage components, but also for the handling of high-voltage systems during all stages of production.
Acculturative stress and native and U.S. culture immersion of international students at a community college

Research shows that international college students experience high levels of acculturative stress, which can adversely impact their health and college success. The levels of immersion in one’s native culture and the culture of the U.S. may impact levels of acculturative stress in international students. This cross-sectional study examined community college international students (n = 243). Immersion in a student’s native culture was positively associated with acculturative stress, while immersion in the U.S. culture was negatively associated with acculturative stress. Students who spoke English as their first language and whose families moved to the United States experienced lower levels of acculturative stress. The results of the study imply that some international students may require more support in order to succeed in their college environment.
Endovascular Treatment of Aortic Diseases

Diseases of the aorta include a wide spectrum of acute and chronic conditions ranging from aortic aneurysms and malformations to acute aortic syndromes (AAS), including acute aortic dissection (AD), intramural haematoma (IMH), penetrating aortic ulcer (PAU) and even traumatic aortic injury (TAI). Furthermore, pseudoaneurysm, atherosclerotic and inflammatory conditions can affect the aorta at any location. High risk for acute aortic syndrome and for congenital abnormalities including coarctation of the aorta is often associated with syndromic features and hereditary genetic underpinnings. Classic surgical strategies were for many years the gold standard to treat many aortic conditions; the last two decades, however, has seen the emergence of less traumatic endovascular management as an additional or alternative option to classic surgical strategies. In particular scenarios, endovascular management has already replaced open surgery, while the complexity of the underlying vascular disease, the comorbidity and the increasing age of patients render this cohort very special. Therefore, every patient with aortic disease should be discussed by a dedicated aortic team of specialists that normally consists of vascular interventionalists (cardiology or radiology) and surgeons (cardiac or cardiothoracic) and dedicated anaesthesiologists with the idea to offer the individually best approach to a complex problem: the team should at the same time cover screening for aortic disease and follow-up after surgery or intervention at a personal level.
Career Confidence: Fostering Professional Self-Efficacy Through Student-Run Agencies and Integrative Learning:

This quantitative study investigates linkages between integrative learning experiences provided by student-run firms and fostering professional self-efficacy or the confidence to do one’s job effec...
Imaging of scrotal masses

Testicular cancer is responsible for approximately 0.1% of all cancer deaths in the USA, and seminoma is the most common type of testicular tumor. Ultrasonography is the primary imaging modality for accessing testicular and extratesticular lesions, while magnetic resonance imaging can be used for problem solving in lesion characterization in certain cases. CT imaging is usually performed for retroperitoneal staging of testicular cancer metastasis and follow-up after treatment. Extratesticular masses are common, yet rarely malignant. Imaging plays an important role in primary diagnosis of testicular cancer and differentiating it from common non-neoplastic findings. The purpose of this article is to review various imaging findings in testicular and extratesticular masses.
Social contact and grooming predicts infection status with whipworm (Trichuris sp.) in wild vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)

Social grooming in the animal kingdom is common and serves several functions, from removing ectoparasites to maintaining social bonds between conspecifics. We examined whether time spent grooming with others in a highly social mammal species was associated with infection status for gastrointestinal parasites. Of six parasites detected, one ( Trichuris sp.) was associated with social grooming behaviors, but more specifically with direct physical contact with others. Individuals infected with Trichuris sp. spent significantly less time grooming conspecifics than those not infected, and time in direct contact with others was the major predictor of infection status. One model correctly predicted infection status for Trichuris sp. with a reliability of 95.17% overall when the variables used were time spent in direct contact and time spent grooming others. This decrease in time spent grooming and interacting with others is likely a sickness behavior displayed by individuals with less energy or motivation for non-essential behaviors. This study highlights the need for an understanding of a study population9s parasitic infections when attempting to interpret animal behavior.
Unemployment and intimate partner violence: A Cultural approach

Abstract This paper analyzes the relationship between unemployment and intimate partner violence (IPV). I argue that local social predominance of different family structures (stem vs nuclear) in the past shaped distinct present cultural norms regarding the appropriate role of men and women, and that as a result IPV responds differently to changes in relative unemployment rates of men vs women. Coresidence of younger couples with in-laws in stem families in the past reduced the burden of household work, allowing a higher contribution of the younger wife to nondomestic work. In nuclear families, conversely, wives’ activities were more confined to the domestic sphere. I construct an exogenous measure of unemployment and find heterogeneous impacts: for individuals living in territories with a nuclear-family tradition, a decrease in female unemployment relative to male unemployment increases IPV, potentially because men feel their traditional breadwinner role threatened. These effects are offset for individuals living in provinces where the stem family was socially predominant in the past. I discuss different potential mechanisms for these results and propose a new gender-identity explanation for IPV in which violence is a way to reinstate the loss of utility generated by what men from certain social context perceive as a menace.
Distancing, Movement and Gathering Restrictions, and Business and Activity Control Measures

Community mitigation measures that limit contacts between people can be an effective strategy to reduce the spread of COVID-19. Government powers can be used to require or encourage these measures through an array of social distancing strategies such as movement and gathering restrictions, closure of in-person operations of non-essential personal, recreational, and commercial activities, and physical separation and facemask-wearing requirements. Such strategies have been integral to the COVID-19 pandemic response in the United States. This Chapter examines the legal, ethical, and political issues raised by the government’s use of these social distancing strategies, highlighting how state governments in particular have used these tools and how they have been adapted over time as successive waves of COVID-19 cases have emerged. Often politically controversial, numerous legal challenges have been brought against government orders that restrict movement, impose gathering limits, and close businesses. The government has prevailed in most of these legal challenges, due to the deference typically given by courts to government-imposed restrictions that seek to balance public health and other considerations under circumstances of scientific uncertainty. However, recent Supreme Court rulings portend changes to the legal landscape that may render government public health powers more vulnerable to challenge when religious exercise rights are implicated. Government officials have an obligation to take affirmative steps to minimize the need for social distancing orders and to ensure that when restrictions and closures are in place that supportive policies mitigate disparate burdens on vulnerable and marginalized communities. This paper was prepared as part of the COVID-19 Policy Playbook: Legal Recommendations for a Safer, More Equitable Future, a comprehensive report published by Public Health Law Watch in partnership with the de Beaumont Foundation and the American Public Health Association.
Device-measured sedentary behavior in oldest old adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sedentary behavior contributes to health decline and frailty in older adults, especially the oldest old. The purpose of this systematic review was to synthesize evidence describing the volume of device-measured sedentary behavior and factors that influence sedentary behavior in community-dwelling adults aged 80 and older. Four electronic databases were searched in August 2018; the search was updated in September 2019 and December 2020. Twenty-one articles representing 16 unique datasets from six countries met inclusion criteria. Various devices and data processing methods were used to measure sedentary behavior; the most common device was the ActiGraph accelerometer. Sedentary time during the waking day ranged from 7.6 to 13.4 h/day. Studies using similar measurement methods (hip-worn ActiGraph with uniaxial cut-point <100 counts per minute) had a weighted mean of 10.6 h/day. Subgroup analyses revealed that male gender and age ≥85 may contribute to increased sedentary behavior. Only seven individual articles examined factors that influence sedentary behavior in the 80 and older age group; older age, male gender, non-Hispanic white race/ethnicity, social disadvantage, and declining cognitive function (in men) were associated with increased sedentary behavior. In conclusion, the oldest old are highly sedentary and little is known about factors that influence their sedentary behavior.
Shallow groundwater chemical evolution, isotopic hyperfiltration, and salt pan formation in a hypersaline endorheic basin: Pilot Valley, Great Basin, USA

Endorheic basin brines are of economic significance as sources of boron, iodine, magnesium, potassium, sodium sulfate, sodium carbonate, and tungsten, and they are a major source of the critical metal lithium. Although evaporation is the primary hypersalinization driver for evaporative water bodies, recent investigations have proposed more novel mechanisms for some subsurface brine. This investigation explores shallow groundwater hypersalinization. The chemical evolution and isotopic fractionation of shallow hypersaline groundwater in the clay-rich arid endorheic basin sediments of Pilot Valley, Great Basin (USA), were investigated. Groundwater evolves from fresh in the mountain bedrock and alluvial fans, to brackish and saline at the alluvial fan–playa interface, and to hypersaline in the upper 12 m of basin sediments. Alluvial fan systems are isolated from each other and have varying groundwater 3H and 14C travel times. Nonevaporative in-situ isotopic fractionation of up to −8‰ in δ18O is attributed to clay sequence hyperfiltration. Groundwater flow-path sulfate and chloride mineral dissolution is the primary driving mechanism for both interface and basin groundwater evolution. Evaporation only impacts the groundwater quality in a small portion of the basin where the groundwater is within ~1 m of the ground surface. Here capillary action carries dissolved soluble salts to the land surface. Episodic flooding redissolves and carries the precipitated salt to the annually flooded salt pan where it accumulates as a salt crust during the dry season. The Pilot Valley model may help explain the buildup accumulative layers of soluble salt that when remobilized becomes subsurface brine.
Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes: An Integrative Review

Abstract Problem Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) is a complex chronic condition that impacts physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in adolescents. Adolescents with T1D experience anxiety and depressive symptoms at 2 to 3 times the rate of the general adolescent population. Anxiety and depressive symptoms negatively impact disease management. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered the gold standard therapeutic technique for treating anxiety and depressive symptoms. The aim of this integrative review was to examine and synthesize the extant literature exploring the effect of CBT on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in adolescents with T1D. Eligibility criteria Electronic databases were searched with the terms “type 1 diabetes” and “cognitive behavioral therapy.” Studies were included if they were published between 2000 and 2020, evaluated a pediatric population (≤18 years of age), and included individuals with diagnosed T1D. Sample 475 articles were identified in our initial search, and after removal of duplicates 353 articles remained. 339 did not meet inclusion criteria. A total of 14 papers met inclusion criteria. Results All studies included CBT, but differed in delivery methods. Several studies demonstrated evidence of the feasibility and acceptability; however, there were mixed results regarding improvement of physiologic and psychosocial outcomes. Conclusions CBT is a feasible and acceptable intervention in adolescents with T1D. It may be a method of improving psychologic and psychosocial outcomes for this high-risk population. Implications In adolescents with T1D, screening and treatment for psychosocial comorbidities should occur regularly at endocrinology visits. CBT can be operationalized to fill this gap.
Targeting the Myeloid Lineages and the Immune Microenvironment in Myelodysplastic Syndromes: Novel and Evolving Therapeutic Strategies.

Objective:To discuss the recent and emerging data for novel targeted therapies in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS).Data Sources:A literature search from January 2015 to June 2021 was performed using...
The potential of virtual tourism in the recovery of tourism industry during the COVID-19 pandemic

The COVID-19 pandemic has imposed tremendous impacts on the tourism industry worldwide. The tourism sector can take advantage of the new technology (e.g. virtual tourism), to respond to the challen...
Concrete Buckle-Shell Model Study

A method of forming latex-modified fiberglass-reinforced concrete shell roof structures with pneumatically supported foamed plastic forms is presented. Observations of the shell model during the application of the mortar indicated that on the prototype shell concrete application will have to proceed in layers and in a planned pattern of progress over the surface of the shell. The experimental and numerical elastic responses corroborated one another. In addition, the failure crack pattern reflects positions of maximum tensile strain which are presented. The ultimate load carrying capacity of the shell provides a factor of safety of about 2.5 over a design loading of 30 psf (1,440 N/m²). The shell structure could be realized either as a concrete shell or as a plastic sandwich shell as witnessed by the plastic foam form.
Micro- and Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Electrostatics and Electrodynamics

This text is primarily concerned with the behavior of fluids in micro- and nanofabricated systems; however, the ubiquity of diffuse charge in solution and the routine use of applied electric fields requires that the electrodynamic equations be solved simultaneously with the fluid equations, leading to a body force term that modifies the fluid velocity fields. This chapter summarizes the fundamental equations of electrostatics and electrodynamics with specific focus on aqueous solutions with boundary conditions typical of microfluidic devices. A description of electrical circuits, which describe the electrostatics and electrodynamics of discretized elements, is also presented. ELECTROSTATICS IN MATTER Electrostatics describes the effects caused by stationary source charges or static electric fields on other charges, termed test charges . The electrostatic limit applies when all charges are stationary and the current is zero. The equations and boundary conditions of electrostatics are all derived from Coulomb's law. We study charges in matter , usually in an aqueous solution (we also call this an electrolyte solution) or in a metal conductor. In matter, it becomes unwieldy to keep track of all of the electrostatic interactions. To simplify things, we distinguish between free charge and bound charge and keep detailed track of only the free charge. Free charge implies a charge that is mobile over distances that are large relative to atomic length scales. Free charge typically comes from electrons (in a metal) or ions (in an aqueous solution).
The Book in the Renaissance. By Andrew Pettegree. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2011. Pp. xvi, 421. $25.00.)

European scholars have trumpeted the printing press as a world‐altering technology since its invention. The most enthusiastic historians have channeled the first generations' triumphant declaration...
Conditioned place preference successfully established in typically developing children

Affective processing, known to influence attention, motivation and emotional regulation is poorly understood in young children, especially for those with neurodevelopmental disorders characterized by language impairments. Here we faithfully adapt a well-established animal paradigm used for affective processing, conditioned place preference for use in typically developing children between the ages of 30-55 months. Children displayed a conditioned place preference, with an average 2.4 fold increase in time spent in the preferred room. Importantly, associative learning as assessed with conditioned place preference was not correlated with scores on the Mullen Scales of Early Learning, indicating that conditioned place preference can be used with children with a wide range of cognitive skills.
Harnessing Adversarial Process: Optimal Strategic Complementarities in Litigation

This paper studies the evidence production game in adversarial litigation, wherein litigating parties choose how much to spend amassing evidence for their side. The payoff structure of this game is such that one party strategically complements (i.e. mimics her opponent's advances and retreats) while the other strategically substitutes (i.e., does the opposite of her opponent). Which party plays which role depends on how litigation is structured. The question thus arises: should litigation be designed to induce the plaintiff to complement and the defendant to substitute, or vice versa? The paper argues that the answer depends on whether and whose primary activity incentives are being set by the particular evidentiary contest in question. Within each subsidiary evidentiary contest, the "incentive target" should be induced to complement and her adversary to substitute. In some cases the defendant will be the incentive target, as when the issue is the defendant's negligence or contractual breach. In other cases, the plaintiff will be the target, as when the defendant defends by claiming that the plaintiff has been "contributorily negligent" or has herself failed to meet a prior contractual obligation. These results resonate with current law. (A companion paper A Primary Activity Approach to Proof Burdens applies these results to the problem of allocating the burden of proof.)
Defamation of Religion: Rumors of Its Death Are Greatly Exaggerated

This Article explores the recent decisions by the United Nations (“UN”) Human Rights Council and General Assembly to adopt consensus resolutions aimed at “combating intolerance, negative stereotyping and stigmatization of, and discrimination, incitement to violence and violence against, persons based on religion or belief.” These resolutions represent an effort to move past a decade’s worth of contentious roll call votes in favor of prohibiting defamation of religion within the international human rights framework. Although labeled “historic” resolutions, this Article argues that the UN’s new compromise approach endorsed in 2011 — and motivated in part by the desire to end years of acrimonious debate over the acceptability of shielding religious beliefs from insult and criticism — is problematic because it risks being exploited to sanction the continued prohibition on defamation of religion and perpetuation of ensuing human rights violations on the ground.After briefly considering the history of defamation of religion at the UN and the strategies employed by its principal proponent, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation (“OIC”), this Article turns to an assessment of the UN Human Rights Council’s 2011 consensus Resolution 16/18. In light of the resolution’s objectives, this Article explores the viability of the new international consensus around “combatting intolerance” and tests to what extent, if any, the concept of defamation of religion may be waning in practice. To this end, this Article weighs statements, resolutions, and other undertakings of the OIC and its member states with a particular emphasis on activities that follow the adoption of Resolution 16/18.Based on this analysis, the Article concludes that the resolutions on combatting intolerance passed in 2011 represent a Clausewitzian moment for many governments, particularly among OIC member states. Essentially, support for the new international consensus on combatting intolerance represents a cynical and strategic decision to continue the campaign to legitimate a ban on defamation of religion by other means. Accordingly, even if defamation of religion per se is on hiatus from the UN, absent additional measures — including a decisive repudiation of the concept’s validity — further international efforts to implement measures for combatting intolerance risk enabling an alternative framework in which governments continue justifying, in the name of protecting religious belief, domestic measures that punish the exercise of freedom of expression and freedom of thought, conscience, and religion or belief.
Local NLLS estimation of semi‐parametric binary choice models

In this paper, nonlinear least squares (NLLS) estimators are proposed for semiparametric binary response models under conditional median restrictions. The estimators can be identical to NLLS procedures for parametric binary response models (e.g. Probit), and consequently have the advantage of being easily implementable using standard software packages such as Stata. This is in contrast to existing estimators for the model, such as the maximum score estimator (Manski, 1975, 1985) and the smoothed maximum score (SMS) estimator (Horowitz, 1992). Two simple bias correction methods—a proposed jackknife method and an alternative nonlinear regression function—result in the same rate of convergence as SMS. The results from a Monte Carlo study show that the new estimators perform well in finite samples.
Management practices and their association with reproductive health and performance in Colorado beef herds

An observational study was conducted to quantify the effects of management practices on reproductive performance and disorders of beef cows. The study population consisted of 44 randomly selected Colorado cow-calf herds monitored for disease and reproductive events as part of the National Animal Health Monitoring System. The managers of the herds were surveyed with a standardized questionnaire to determine specific management characteristics of their operations. Data were analyzed using the random-effects multiple logistic regression model. Outcomes of interest were calving rate, herd incidence rates of dystocia and combined reproductive disorders, and calf mortality rate. A higher calving rate was associated (P less than .01) with a decreased percentage of replacement females in the herd, a shorter breeding season, a smaller herd size, and a lower percentage of bulls being used as yearlings. Incidence rates of both dystocia and combined reproductive disorders were found to be lower (P less than .01) in herds that were fed cottonseed cake as a winter supplement, but higher (P less than .01) in herds that were fed grass hay as a winter supplement. Herds located in the mountains of Colorado had lower (P less than .01) incidence rates of dystocia and reproductive disorders than herds located in the eastern plains. Calf mortality rate was found to be higher (P less than .05) with calving seasons that began earlier in the year. Higher calf mortality rates were associated (P less than .05) with an increased incidence of dystocia, the commingling of cattle on summer range, and smaller herd size.
A scalable random telegraph signal simulation based on experimentally — Identified gate oxide defects

This paper presents a new statistical RTS model and a simulation tool to predict and replicate the RTS in time and frequency domains. This new developed RTS model and its simulation tool are constructed based on first-principles, taking into account Coulombic scattering effect, considering the non-uniformity in doping concentration in the channel and the non-uniformity in the trap distribution in the oxide, incorporating the effect of both linear and saturation regions of operation of MOSFETs, including the temperature effect on all temperature dependent parameters, and is fully scalable from single switching electron to ensembles 1/f noise. The RTS simulation (RTSSIM) generates the RTS in time domain based on the electrical properties that are associated with the identified trap. RTSSIM produces smooth transition from the RTS in time domain to 1/f noise and it takes into account the device scalability. The total power spectral density (PSD) for a number of active trap(s) less than 20 is computed directly from the generated RTS waveforms using Welch's PSD method. For 20+ active traps, RTSSIM evaluates the total PSD based on the summation of the RTS spectra.
Malignant Mesothelioma: Epidemiology

Primary malignant neoplasms of the pleura and peritoneum originate from the mesothelial cells that line the respective cavities. The majority of these tumors are mesotheliomas. Mesothelioma is a relatively rare but very severe neoplasm, Exposure to asbestos (primarily on the workplace) is the main cause of mesothelioma. All types of asbestos fibers cause mesothelioma, but the potency of amphiboles is greater than that of chrysotile. The main determinant of mesothelioma risk is time since first asbestos exposure; duration and level of exposure play a minor role.
The History of the Countermajoritarian Difficulty, Part Four: Law?s Politics

This paper takes a somewhat novel approach to problems regarding the separation of law and politics raised by Roosevelt's Court-packing plan. Most scholarship about the New Deal focuses on the Court's response to the threat of political retribution that the plan represented. This article argues that if one is concerned about questions regarding the separation of law and politics raised by the Court's doctrinal change following the defeat of the Court-packing plan, it is more profitable to examine public reaction to the Court, rather than the more common scholarly approach of examining the Court's reaction to political pressure. Thus, this paper is a study of popular understandings about democracy, judicial supremacy, constitutional interpretation and the role of judicial review in the 1930's. The thesis of the article is that these deeper strains in public thought at the time of the New Deal can explain why the Court-packing plan was a logical proposal, as well as why it was defeated. Public understandings about the proper role of judicial review also mirror the doctrinal direction taken by the Court beginning in 1937, suggesting at the least that there is some "empirical legitimacy" to the Court's change in direction.