cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Computer controlled picture scanning with application to labeled biological cells.

Abstract High speed automatic processing of photographic images is of considerable value in the fields of medicine and biological research. Tests of routine and research nature are often time consuming because they must be done visually. The time factor often limits the capability for large scale microscopic examination of tissue specimens. One of the main obstacles to accomplishing the above is a limitation on the number of picture points which can be stored in a digital computer memory. This paper concerns an elementary method for computer examination of photographic images without the necessity for storing an entire digitized picture in computer memory (which can be impossible). The method involves using digital feedback from the optical processing equipment (flying spot scanner) to isolate the most important regions of the picture.
Uptake and Processing of Dopamine by Cells of the Anterior Pituitary Gland

The capacity of cells of the anterior pituitary gland to internalize dopamine and incorporate it into subcellular particles was investigated in vivo and under in vitro conditions. Most (75–85%) of the dopamine in the anterior pituitary gland was found to be associated with dense subcellular particles that could not be distinguished from particles, i.e. secretory granules, containing PRL. The amount of dopamine associated with the dense particles was greater in anterior pituitary glands from rats which had been treated with the dopamine precursor, L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), than in anterior pituitary glands from untreated animals. The effect of L-dopa was attenuated when the rats were pretreated with the dopamine agonist, bromocriptine. It was found that incubation of anterior pituitary glands with dopamine resulted in a dose-related increase in the amount of dopamine associated with the dense subcellular particles and that the incorporation of dopamine into these particles occurred within 15 min. ...
Observations on the solitary cilium of rabbit oviductal epithelium: Its motility and ultrastructure

Solitary cilia have been observed on rabbit oviductal epithelial cells. In tissue cultures of fimbrial epithelium of 3- and 4-day-old animals observed by phase microscopy, most of these single cilia exhibited a vortical or funnel-type movement while others had the usual to-and-fro motility. Primary cilia are usually considered immotile. Transmission electron microscopy of specifically identified single cilia revealed differences between the ciliary shafts and basal bodies of the single cilia as compared to those of mature oviductal ciliated cells. The basal body of the solitary cilium often had at least two triangular, striated, basal foot processes, lacked electron-dense satellite material around its basal end, and occasionally had striated rootlets. In contrast, the cilia of mature ciliated cells had only one basal foot, exhibited much electron-dense satellite material, and lacked rootlets. Cross sections of the single cilia showed patterns of microtubules different from the usual 9 + 2 axonemal complexes of normal cilia and included 9 + 0, 10 + 2 singlets, 7 + 2 doublets, and 8 + 1 doublet and 2 singlets; one did have the usual 9 + 2 arrangement. We postulate that the presence of more than one basal foot process may be responsible for the vortical motility observed. The primary cilia are shorter than normal cilia; the longest one measured was 1.86 micron in length, 0.28 micron in width at its base, and 0.14 micron at its tip. Based on the light-microscopic, scanning-electron-microscopic and transmission-electron-microscopic observations, such solitary cilia were observed more frequently in the oviductal tissues of the 3- to 4-day postnatal rabbits grown in tissue culture and in ovariectomized and ovariectomized/progesterone-treated adult animals than in estrous, ovulatory, or ovariectomized/estradiol-treated rabbits.
Laser induced ion emission from wide bandgap materials

Abstract At fluences well below the threshold for plasma formation, we have characterized the direct desorption of atomic ions from fused silica surfaces during 157 nm irradiation by time-resolved mass spectroscopy. The principal ions are Si + and O + . The emission intensities are dramatically increased by treatments that increase the density of surface defects. Molecular dynamics simulations of the silica surface suggest that silicon ions bound at surface oxygen vacancies (analogous to E′ centers) provide suitable configurations for the emission of Si + . We propose that emission is best understood in terms of a hybrid mechanism involving both antibonding chemical forces (Menzel–Gomer–Redhead model) and repulsive electrostatic forces on the adsorbed ion after laser excitation of the underlying defect.
The Effects of Punishment on Resurgence in Laboratory Rats

The resurgence of a previously extinguished response can be an undesired result when implementing behavioral interventions in applied settings. The present study evaluated in rats a potential strategy for reducing resurgence, arranging punishment as well as extinction for the initially reinforced response. Ten rats pressed a lever (the B1 response) that was initially established with food reinforcement, then extinguished. For half of the rats, electric shock punishment was also arranged for the B1 response. Subsequently, nose poking (B2) was established with food reinforcement, then extinguished. During extinction of B2, substantial levels of B1 responses, that is, of resurgence, were evident in four of five rats not exposed to punishment of the B2 response. Resurgence was evident in only one of five rats exposed to punishment. These results suggest that arranging concurrent punishment and extinction of inappropriate responding merits attention as a technique for reducing resurgence of that response in applied settings, although this strategy would be viable only if an innocuous and socially acceptable form of punishment proved effective.
Utilizing Hospital Catering to Enhance Nutrition Education

Abstract Utilization of six different box lunches prepared by hospital catering service assists the registered dietitian in helping work site wellness clients identify foods which can be incorporated into their own individualized pyramid. Menus, with emphasis on a different food group each lunch, reinforce healthy eating as recommended by the food guide pyramid. Food items include recipes the class participants are encouraged to try at home such as brownies modified to be lower in fat and calories. The lunches resulted in improved understanding of the nutrition lesson by providing a visual example of healthy eating. This is consistent with adult learning theory. In addition, improved participant satisfaction was reported with class surveys indicating participants found the lunches to be a significantly positive part of the program. When lunch meals were developed to enhance the nutrition program, requests for worksite classes increased. Improved communication and collaboration between the registered dietitian and hospital catering resulted in a winning situation for both. Increased revenue for catering services has occurred through the use of lunches in the education programs, and requests for individual menu items by area business for use at health fairs. The catering menu has been expanded to include these healthy items on a regular basis for all customers. This has improved customer satisfaction as well as revenue. The registered dietitian has been able to incorporate catered items into other wellness programs and promotions, increasing the opportunities for nutrition education.
Synergy between a collagen IV mimetic peptide and a somatotropin-domain derived peptide as angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis inhibitors.

Angiogenesis is central to many physiological and pathological processes. Here we show two potent bioinformatically-identified peptides, one derived from collagen IV and translationally optimized, and one from a somatotropin domain-containing protein, synergize in angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis assays including cell adhesion, migration and in vivo Matrigel plugs. Peptide-peptide combination therapies have recently been applied to diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), but remain uncommon thus far in cancer, age-related macular degeneration and other angiogenesis-dependent diseases. Previous work from our group has shown that the collagen IV-derived peptide primarily binds β1 integrins, while the receptor for the somatotropin-derived peptide remains unknown. We investigate these peptides’ mechanisms of action and find both peptides affect the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) pathway as well as focal adhesion kinase (FAK) by changes in phosphorylation level and total protein content. Blocking of FAK both through binding of β1 integrins and through inhibition of VEGFR2 accounts for the synergy we observe. Since resistance through activation of multiple signaling pathways is a central problem of anti-angiogenic therapies in diseases such as cancer, we suggest that peptide combinations such as these are an approach that should be considered as a means to sustain anti-angiogenic and anti-lymphangiogenic therapy and improve efficacy of treatment.
Opposite effects of transforming growth factor alpha and epidermal growth factor on mouse placental lactogen I secretion.

Abstract This study was undertaken to determine whether transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) regulates the production of mouse placental lactogen I (mPL-I) and mPL-II in a manner that is similar to that of epidermal growth factor (EGF), which was previously shown to stimulate mPL-I secretion and inhibit mPL-II secretion. In contrast to the activity of EGF, human (h) and rat (r) TGF-alpha (each at 100 ng/ml) inhibited secretion of mPL-I by placental cells isolated from mice on day 7 of pregnancy. Maximum inhibition of mPL-I secretion occurred on the third day of a 5-day culture period and ranged between 37% and 56% in multiple trials. Incubation of cells with hTGF-alpha and EGF was not followed by a change in the mPL-I concentration of the medium, suggesting the peptides antagonized each other's effects. hTGF-alpha and rTGF-alpha inhibited secretion of mPL-II; maximum inhibition ranged between 62% and 84% in multiple trials. The lowest concentrations of hTGF-alpha that affected mPL-I and mPL-II secretion were 10 ng/ml and 1 ng/ml, respectively. EGF and hTGF-alpha bound to the same receptors on placental cells, as assessed by cross-linking, and both peptides stimulated receptor phosphorylation, as assessed by Western blot analysis. There are three types of mPL-containing cells in placental cultures: cells that contain only mPL-I, cells that contain only mPL-II, and cells that contain both mPLs. The percentage of each type of mPL-containing cell in the culture was determined by immunostaining. hTGF-alpha affected the differentiation of the subpopulations of PL-containing cells in a manner that differed from that of EGF. The data suggest that TGF-alpha and EGF do not regulate the production of mPL-I and mPL-II in a similar manner.
Diagnosis of ADHD in adults: what is the appropriate DSM-5 symptom threshold for hyperactivity-impulsivity?

Objective: To empirically identify the appropriate symptom threshold for hyperactivity-impulsivity for diagnosis of ADHD in adults. Method: Participants were 88 adults (M [SD] age = 41.69 [11.78] y...
Accessory Protein Recruitment Motifs in Clathrin-Mediated Endocytosis

Clathrin-mediated endocytosis depends upon the interaction of accessory proteins with the alpha-ear of the AP-2 adaptor. We present structural characterization of these regulatory interactions. DPF and DPW motif peptides derived from eps15 and epsin bind in type I beta turn conformations to a conserved pocket on the alpha-ear platform. We show evidence for a second binding site that is DPW motif specific. The structure of a complex with an AP-2 binding segment from amphiphysin reveals a novel binding motif that we term FxDxF, which is engaged in an extended conformation by a unique surface of the platform domain. The FxDxF motif is also used by AP180 and the 170 kDa isoform of synaptojanin and can be found in several potential endocytic proteins, including HIP1, CD2AP, and PLAP. A mechanism of clathrin assembly regulation is suggested by three different AP-2 engagement modes.
Service Courses in Computing and Electronics for Mechanical Engineering Technology and Manufacturing Engineering Technology Programs

There are approximately 85 4-year institutions in the U.S. with programs in mechanical engineering technology accredited by TAC of ABET. There are also approximately 28 TAC of ABET-accredited 4-year programs in manufacturing engineering technology. Most of these mechanical and manufacturing engineering technology programs require their students to take at least one class in computing or electronics. The purpose of this paper is to provide a descriptive comparison of these 4-year programs in mechanical and manufacturing engineering technology, focusing on the computing and electronics requirements for their students. The details include courses, course titles, and topics covered.Copyright © 2007 by ASME
Teaching Four and Five-Axis CNC Machining

Traditional metal-based manufacturing processes are being driven to multi-axis machining. Manufacturing time studies have proven that there are significant cycle time reductions using multi-axis CNC machining as compared to multi-fixture CNC machining. Four and five-axis machining requires the use of software to produce both required part geometry and the resulting tool paths. However, while the software and machine tool technology are present, engineers with the appropriate educational background are harder to find. The skills required to design, tool, program, and machine four and five-axis parts are part of few, if any, educational programs. The manufacturing engineering technology program at Arizona State University is actively addressing this shortfall. Educational materials have been developed, tested and employed in classes supporting simultaneous 4-axis machining utilizing a Haas VF2 and HRT210 4th axis rotary table. Similar materials for a Haas VF2 with TR160 5-axis trunnion, capable of simultaneous 5-axis machining, are being beta tested.Copyright © 2004 by ASME
The effect of Sb surfactant assisted growth on SiGe surface morphology

Abstract A scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) investigation into the surface morphology of Si and Si0.8Ge0.2 films grown at 500 °C on Si (100) with and without 0.8 monolayers (ML) of an Sb surfactant is presented. The presence of Sb induces the formation of large three-dimensional islands in Si and Si0.8Ge0.2 leading to a rougher surface morphology than films grown without Sb. The roughness of the Sb/SiGe surface is greater than Sb/Si surface, which we propose is due to more favorable exchange energetics between Sb and Ge than between Sb and Si. Encapsulation of the SiGe surface by an Si top layer results in the burial of the SiGe islands leading to compositional abrupt but physically rough interfaces.
Consumer complaints by e-mail: an exploratory investigation of corporate responses and customer reactions

Abstract Effective consumer complaint handling via postal mail, telephone, and in-person has been shown to increase customer satisfaction and build long-term relationships. Is the same true for complaints by e-mail? This study fills a void in the literature by exploring company responses to genuine complaints via e-mail and consumer reactions to these responses. In this study 47% of the firms responded to complaint e-mails and this resulted in higher customer satisfaction, purchase likelihood, and other perception measures. Additionally, response e-mails that were received quickly, addressed the specific problem, and were signed with an employee's name resulted in higher consumer satisfaction. Many unexpected results emerged in this study, especially relating to response content variables such as addressing the customer by name and forms of customer redress: important CRM findings.
Dangerous and Endangered Youth: Social Structures and Determinants of Violence

Structural violence is violence that is permissible, even encouraged. It refers to the invisible social machinery of inequality that reproduces social relations of exclusion and marginalization via ideologies, stigmas, and dangerous discourses (such as "youth violence" itself) attendant to race, class, sex, and other invidious distinctions. Structural violence "naturalizes" poverty, sickness, hunger, and premature death, erasing their social and political origins so that they are taken for granted and no one is held accountable except the poor themselves. Structural violence also refers to the ease with which humans are capable of reducing the socially vulnerable (even those from their own class and community) into expendable non-persons, thus allowing the licence--even the duty--to kill them. I exemplify this through two ethnographic critical case studies: the operation of a virulent death squad in Northeast Brazil that mobilized the support of ordinary people in an almost genocidal attack against Afro-Brazilian street kids and young "marginals"; and the uneasy truce with, and incomplete integration of "dangerous and endangered" youth still living in squatter camps and shack communities of urban South Africa.
Corrosion behavior of Ni-base alloys in aqueous HCl solution of pH 2 at high temperature and pressure

Abstract The unique properties of supercritical water (SCW) have enabled its application in the destruction of aqueous organic wastes. However, drastic changes in properties of SCW as it approaching the critical point also affect the degradation behavior of constructional alloys. The corrosion behavior of Ni-base alloys was studied at pH 2, water temperature in the range 300–425 °C, and at a constant pressure of 24.1 MPa. Aggressive corrosion is observed at high subcritical temperature and minimal corrosion is observed at supercritical temperature. At subcritical temperatures, selective dissolution of Ni and the oxidation of Cr have been observed, and increasing Cr content improved corrosion resistance.
Linear viscoelastic materials with environmental dependent properties

Abstract This study expands on the linear theory of thermo-viscoelasticity to include a larger group of materials and environmental effects. The development rests on the observation that for many materials the creep curve which results from a test at one steady value of an environmental parameter can be mapped onto the creep curve at another value of the environmental parameter by: (1) displacing the curve along the logarithmic time axis, (2) scaling the initial elastic response, and (3) scaling the long term or residual response. A thickwall, environmental-dependent, incompressible, viseoelastic cylinder is analyzed for a material that can be modeled by the proposed mapping. It is found that this mapping can have a profound effect on the resulting stress distributions. Further, using the above mapping a constitutive relationship is developed for transient environmental fields.
Cloning and sequence analysis of cDNA for bovine carboxypeptidase E.

Carboxypeptidase E (enkephalin convertase) was first identified as the carboxypeptidase B-like enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of enkephalin in bovine adrenal chromaffin granules1. A similar enzyme is present in many brain regions1,2 and in purified secretory granules from rat pituitary3 and rat insulinoma4. Within the secretory granules, carboxypeptidase E (CPE) activity is found in both a soluble and a membrane-bound form1, which differ slightly in relative molecular mass (Mr)5. Here, to investigate whether the CPE activities in the various tissues are produced from a single gene, purified CPE was partially sequenced and oligonucleotide probes were used to isolate a clone encoding CPE from a bovine pituitary complementary DNA library. This cDNA hybridizes to bovine pituitary poly(A)+ RNAs of approximately 3.3, 2.6 and 2.1 kilobases (kb), with the 3.3-kb messenger RNA the predominant species. The predicted amino-acid sequence of the cDNA clone contains the partially determined sequences of CPE, several pairs of basic amino acids and displays some homology with both carboxypeptidases A and B. Restriction analysis of bovine genomic DNA suggests only one gene for CPE. This is consistent with a broad role for CPE in the biosynthesis of many neuropeptides.
Bound magnetic polaron hopping and giant magnetoresistance in magnetic semiconductors and nanostructures

A theory of bound magnetic polaron (BMP) hopping, driven by thermodynamic fluctuations of the local magnetization, has been developed. It is based on a two-site model of the BMP. The BMP hopping probability rate was calculated in the framework of the ``golden rule'' approach by using the Ginzburg-Landau effective Hamiltonian method. The theory explains the main features of the hopping resistivity observed in a variety of experiments in dilute magnetic semiconductors and magnetic nanocomposites, namely, (a) the negative giant magnetoresistance, the scale of which is governed by a magnetic polaron localization volume, and (b) the low-magnetic-field positive magnetoresistance which usually precedes the negative magnetoresistance. It is shown that the positive magnetoresistance is a signature of the fluctuation-driven bound magnetic polaron hopping. This effect is related to the vector nature of the magnetic order parameter affected by the presence of the localized-electron spin.
A dairy-based high calcium diet improves glucose homeostasis and reduces steatosis in the context of preexisting obesity†‡

Objective: High dietary calcium (Ca) in the context of a dairy food matrix has been shown to reduce obesity development and associated inflammation in diet-induced obese (DIO) rodents. The influence of Ca and dairy on these phenotypes in the context of preexisting obesity is not known. Furthermore, interpretations have been confounded historically by differences in body weight gain among DIO animals fed dairy-based protein or high Ca. Design and Methods: Adiposity along with associated metabolic and inflammatory outcomes were measured in DIO mice previously fattened for 12 week on a soy protein-based obesogenic high fat diet (45% energy, 0.5% adequate Ca), then fed one of three high fat diets (n = 29-30/group) for an additional 8 week: control (same as lead-in diet), high-Ca (1.5% Ca), or high-Ca + nonfat dry milk (NFDM). Results and Conclusion: Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had modestly, but significantly, attenuated weight gain compared to mice fed high-Ca or versus controls (P < 0.001), whereas mice fed high-Ca alone had increased weight gain compared to controls (P < 0.001). Total measured adipose depot weights between groups were similar, as were white adipose tissue inflammation and macrophage infiltration markers (e.g. TNFα, IL-6, CD68 mRNAs). Mice fed high-Ca + NFDM had significantly improved glucose tolerance following a glucose tolerance test, and markedly lower liver triglycerides compared to high-Ca and control groups. Improved metabolic phenotypes in prefattened DIO mice following provision of a diet enriched with dairy-based protein and carbohydrates appeared to be driven by non-Ca components of dairy and were observed despite minimal differences in body weight or adiposity.
Advances in Molecular and Clinical Subtyping of Breast Cancer and Their Implications for Therapy

The identification of the intrinsic molecular subtypes of breast cancer has enhanced our understanding of tumor biology, informing therapeutic targets, and clinical trial design. This article reviews the intrinsic classification system and the clinically defined subtypes of breast cancer. We review the molecular drivers of each subtype and discuss implications for prognosis, clinical management, and future directions.
Using multiple sources of data for surveillance of postoperative venous thromboembolism among surgical patients treated in Department of Veterans Affairs hospitals, 2005–2010

Background There are limitations to using administrative data to identify postoperative venous thromboembolism (VTE). We used a novel approach to quantify postoperative VTE events among Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) surgical patients during 2005–2010.
The influence of impurity content on the radiation sensitivity of pressure vessel steels: Use of electron microprobe for irregular surfaces

Abstract A basic study of the radiation sensitivity of common residual impurity elements in pressure vessel steel, A302-B, was conducted. It was found that a carefully controlled heat of “laboratory-pure” A302-B is insensitive to neutron irradiation in terms of the 30 ft-lb transition temperature of the Charpy-V notch impact test when irradiated at a typical reactoroperating temperature of 300 °C. Addition of 0.02 wt% sulfur to this heat did not change the transition temperature after irradiation, but reduced the uppershelf energy corresponding to the high-temperature ductile fracture. This was explained in terms of the manganese-iron sulfide inclusions removing the added sulfur from the matrix, thereby keeping the matrix essentially free of sulfur. Further addition of 0.03 wt% phosphorus to this heat caused an upward shift of the transition temperature after irradiation by 45 °C (80 °F). Electron-probe work on this specimen elucidated that phosphorus is microscopically uniformly dissolved in the matrix and it was postulated that the radiation-induced defects interact with this uniform phosphorus, forming stable defect-impurity clusters at 300 °C.
Local strain measurement in a strain-engineered complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor device by geometrical phase analysis in the transmission electron microscope

Local strains in the channel and source/drain (S/D) of an advanced complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor device were measured by the geometric phase analysis applied to high resolution transmission electron microscope images. Two-dimensional strain maps were reconstructed for a 45nm p-type metal-oxide-semiconductor device which was strain-engineered using a recessed Si0.82Ge0.18 S/D. Lateral strains were uniform across the channel but vertical strains were found to vary considerably in the channel. Measured strains were used to estimate stresses and hole mobility enhancements.
Pressure force transition and mixture morphology evolution in heterogeneous mixtures

The pressure gradient terms in multifluid dynamical descriptions with separate momentum equations for each species or material have different forms depending on the mixture morphology. As the mixture evolves from chunk to molecular mixing, the form of the pressure gradient terms should evolve accordingly. This paper presents a new formulation of the pressure gradient terms which exhibits the appropriate smooth transition in form as the mixture evolves from chunk to molecular mixing, including intermediate stages in which both types of mixing are present. This transition is accomplished by introducing appropriate mixture morphology variables βi to describe the degree of molecular vs. chunk mixing for each species. A simple provisional relaxation-time model for the time evolution of the βi is also presented.
Agriculture, Climate, and Technology: Why Are the Tropics Falling Behind?

The tropics,sadly,continues to be a belt of poverty. The countries of the tropics all have low or middling incomes,with a few tiny or natural-resource-rich exceptions,and few of the poorest countries are outside of the tropics. The causes of tropical poverty are surely complex,involving initial endowments (Diamond),history,especially colonization, and geographical isolation (Gallup and Sachs 1999a). Central to the tropical poverty trap, though,is the impact of climate on productivity through the channels of tropical disease ecology and agriculture. This paper investigates the last channel: the causes of lower agricultural productivity in the tropics. The disparity in agricultural productivity between the tropics and the temperate zones is even greater than the disparity in income levels (figure 1). Income per capita in nontropical countries was 3.3 times the level of income per capita in tropical countries in 1995,but agricultural output per worker in the non-tropical countries was 8.8 times the level in the tropics. 1
Adaptive Load-Balancing Algorithms Using Symmetric Broadcast Networks

In a distributed computing environment, it is important to ensure that the processor workloads are adequately balanced. Among numerous load-balancing algorithms, a unique approach given by Das and Prasad defines a symmetric broadcast network (SBN) that provides a robust communication pattern among the processors in a topology-independent manner. In this paper, we propose and analyze three efficient SBN-based dynamic load-balancing algorithms, and implement them on an SGI Origin2000. A thorough experimental study with Poisson-distributed synthetic loads demonstrates that our algorithms are effective in balancing system load. By optimizing completion time and idle time, the proposed algorithms are shown to compare favorably with several existing approaches.
Achieving Accountable MapReduce in cloud computing

MapReduce is a programming model that is capable of processing large data sets in distributed computing environments. The original MapReduce model was designed to be fault-tolerant in case of various network abnormalities. However, fault-tolerance does not guarantee that each working machine will be completely accountable; when nodes are malicious, they may intentionally misrepresent the processing result during mapping or reducing, and they may thus make the final results inaccurate and untrustworthy. In this paper, we propose Accountable MapReduce, which forces each machine to be held responsible for its behaviors. In our approach, we set up a group of auditors to perform an Accountability Test ( A -test) that checks all of the working machines and detects malicious nodes in real time. The A -test can be implemented with different options depending upon how the auditors are assigned. To optimize the utilization resource, we also formalize the Optimal Worker and Auditor Assignment (OWAA) problem, which is aimed at finding the optimal number of workers and auditors in order to minimize the total processing time. Our evaluation results show that the A -test can be practically and effectively applied to existing cloud platforms employing MapReduce. Propose Accountable MapReduce, which forces each machine to be held responsible for its behavior.To optimize the utilization resource, we formalize the Optimal Worker and Auditor Assignment (OWAA) problem.Our evaluation results show that the A -test can be practically and effectively applied to existing cloud platforms employing MapReduce.
Golgicide A reveals essential roles for GBF1 in Golgi assembly and function

ADP ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) plays a critical role in regulating secretory traffic and membrane transport within the Golgi of eukaryotic cells. Arf1 is activated by guanine nucleotide exchange factors (ArfGEFs), which confer spatial and temporal specificity to vesicular transport. We describe here the discovery and characterization of golgicide A, a potent, highly specific, reversible inhibitor of the cis-Golgi ArfGEF GBF1. Inhibition of GBF1 function resulted in rapid dissociation of COPI vesicle coat from Golgi membranes and subsequent disassembly of the Golgi and trans-Golgi network. Secretion of soluble and membrane-associated proteins was arrested at the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, whereas endocytosis and recycling of transferrin were unaffected by GBF1 inhibition. Internalized shiga toxin was arrested within the endocytic compartment and was unable to reach the dispersed trans-Golgi network. Collectively, these results highlight the central role for GBF1 in coordinating bidirectional transport and maintaining structural integrity of the Golgi.
RF frequency properties of a reverse biased thick switching PIN-diode

Some important frequency properties of the reverse biased thick silicon PIN-diode has been studied using computer simulation based on different mathematical and physical models. There is a comparison between theoretical and experimental results.
Student Discovery of Network Security Ethics (Abstract Only)

In this poster we present a new approach to teaching ethics in a Network Security Programming course. Ethics is a crucial component of any network security course. As students learn to protect network services, they necessarily learn to attack network services, disguise their identities, et cetera. While a few colleges have gone as far as giving students background checks before teaching hacking skills, some simple new tactics can motivate students to employ their skills legally and ethically. These tactics lead students to discover what is ethical for themselves, rather than being told what is or is not ethical.
facts and opinion: Iron‐Deficiency Anemia: How Long Must It Be With Us?

Iron‐deficiency anemia persists in the face of a simple solution. The plight of the infant and younger child is emphasized; the needs of the menstruating and pregnant woman are also considered.
Ultrafast Dynamics of Metal Nanospheres and Nanorods

The optical properties of metal nanoparticles have played a key role in the development of physical chemistry and nanotechnology. The existence of metal particles in solution was first recognized by Faraday in 1857, and a quantitative explanation of their colour was given by Mie in 1908. Mie’s theory allows the extinction spectra of spherical particles to be calculated from the dielectric constants of the metal and the surrounding medium. These calculations show that the distinctive colours of metal particle solutions arise from a collective dipolar oscillation of the conduction electrons, which is called the surface plasmon band. The position of the plasmon band depends on the identity of the metal and the surroundings and is also sensitive to the distance between particles. For example, the characteristic purple colour of flocculated Au sols arises from dipolar coupling between the plasmon oscillations of neighbouring particles. For Au, Ag and Cu the plasmon band falls in the visible region of the spectrum, and is responsible for the brilliant colours of solutions of these particles. For most other metals the plasmon band occurs in the UV, yielding solutions with a drab grey or brown colour. Mie’s theory is extremely successful, so much so that deviations from it are automatically assigned to changes in the dielectric constant of the material. For example, the broadening of the plasmon band for small Au or Ag particles is attributed to electronic scattering at the particle surface, which becomes significant when the particle diameter is less than the mean free path of the electrons in the metal. Recent optical experiments with metal nanoparticles have concentrated on using time-resolved techniques to study the electron dynamics. The majority of these experiments (ours included) have been performed with ca. 100 fs laser pulses, which provide sufficient time resolution to study coupling between the excited electron distribution and the phonon modes of the particles. Our view of the photophysics of these materials is that the ultrafast laser pulse excites single electrons, that rapidly redistribute their energy over the entire electron distribution, causing an increase in the electronic temperature. This broadens the plasmon band, causing a strong
Contours of the hominoid lateral tibial condyle with implications for Australopithecus

Tibial condyle shape is alleged to vary among fossil tibiae attributed to Australopithecus, and has been argued to reflect functional differences of the knee. Convex anteroposterior curvature of the lateral tibial condyle in A. africanus has been interpreted to indicate a more chimpanzee-like locomotor repertoire than the flatter lateral tibial condyles of A. afarensis (Berger and Tobias, 1996, J. Hum. Evol. 30, 343). Alternatively, Latimer, Ohman, and Lovejoy (1987, Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 74, 155) have suggested that in response to increased transarticular loads accompanied by larger body mass, joints should become flatter as size increases, both within and among species, so that the variation observed among hominin fossils reflects size alone rather than functional differences. In this study, three-dimensional surface areas of the lateral tibial condyle of humans, chimpanzees, and gorillas were computed using a Digibot II (Digibotics) laser scanner and the DataSculpt v.4.6 engineering software package to evaluate joint surface contours, and compared to two-dimensional surface area and arc and chord length measurements of the anteroposterior and mediolateral axes. Extant species measurements were then compared to those of A. afarensis (A.L. 129-1b, A.L. 288-1aq, A.L. 333x-26, A.L. 333-42) and A. africanus (Stw 514a). Results do not support the hypothesis that A. afarensis and A. africanus differ in condylar topology. They also do not support the hypothesis that joint surfaces become flatter with increased transarticular load accompanying increased body size, as curvature of the lateral tibial condyle in anteroposterior and mediolateral planes is not negatively allometric. However, femoral condylar shape is not included in this study, which may better reflect joint surface responses to increased body size. Finally, there is no basis from this study to reconstruct differences in locomotor behavior among fossil hominin taxa based on lateral tibial condyle morphology.
Creating a Broader Context for Research on Coal Miners

Three recent books offer an opportunity to consider the research on labour history in the coal industry. Thomas Andrews offers an absorbing account of the development of the coal fields in Colorado from their beginnings to the horrific events of the Ludlow Massacre in 1914. Ronald Lewis writes a lively account, chock full of individual stories, of assimilation of Welsh immigrants and their children in the coal fields of America. Leighton James performs a comparative analysis of the “lifeworlds” of miners in south Wales and in the Ruhr valley of Germany with a focus on the changing nature of discourse by union leaders and political leaders. All three works rely on extensive archival research from a wide variety of sources. Andrews and Lewis write for a more general audience and tell fascinating stories in ways that could allow them to reach an audience outside of academics. Leighton’s work is more explicitly driven by historical theory and thus is more clearly focused on a specific academic audience within labour history. All three provide valuable information on the experiences and perspectives of miners, and Ron Lewis provides some much needed information on the perspectives of miners who later became review essay / note critique
Overview of molecular, cellular, and genetic neurotoxicology.

The field of neurotoxicology has grown immensely in the last 2 decades. One indication of this expansion is the ever-growing list of societies related to neurotoxicology or a neurotoxicologic field (eg, the International Neurotoxicology Association and the Society of Toxicology, with the latter having subsections for those individuals with interest in neurotoxicology or a related field). Increased interest is due in part to the growth of pharmaceuticals with central nervous system (CNS) activity. The list of agents that have the potential to cause neurotoxic insult is continually growing. Not only are prescription/illicit pharmaceuticals of concern but the increasing number of agents that can be found in the environment (heavy metals, pesticides, ionizing radiation, and so forth) and in the workplace (industrial pollution, combustion by-products, and so forth) also suggests that the broad area of neurotoxicology will only continue to grow. Recently, there has been heightened interest in the actions of toxins from bacterial or viral sources in the CNS. In late-stage AIDS, one clinical manifestation is AIDS-related dementia. At least in part, this clinical manifestation may be due to the toxic effects of two HIV-associated proteins. Thus, microbial toxins are another source of potential neurotoxic insult. In addition to the aforementioned areas, the field of alternative medicine, which includes herbal and other ‘‘natural’’ products, has greatly contributed to the need for further neurotoxicologic studies. In most cases, alternative remedies are relatively benign, but through interactions with other exogenous agents or through their own bioaccumulation, CNS toxicity can be observed. The newest area of neurotoxicologic focus has been on the effects of biological weapons or weapons of mass destruction. As the specter of terrorism shadows everyday life, the need to understand the mechanism or mechanisms of action for
Entangling two transportable neutral atoms via local spin exchange

To advance quantum information science, physical systems are sought that meet the stringent requirements for creating and preserving quantum entanglement. In atomic physics, robust two-qubit entanglement is typically achieved by strong, long-range interactions in the form of either Coulomb interactions between ions or dipolar interactions between Rydberg atoms. Although such interactions allow fast quantum gates, the interacting atoms must overcome the associated coupling to the environment and cross-talk among qubits. Local interactions, such as those requiring substantial wavefunction overlap, can alleviate these detrimental effects; however, such interactions present a new challenge: to distribute entanglement, qubits must be transported, merged for interaction, and then isolated for storage and subsequent operations. Here we show how, using a mobile optical tweezer, it is possible to prepare and locally entangle two ultracold neutral atoms, and then separate them while preserving their entanglement. Ground-state neutral atom experiments have measured dynamics consistent with spin entanglement, and have detected entanglement with macroscopic observables; we are now able to demonstrate position-resolved two-particle coherence via application of a local gradient and parity measurements. This new entanglement-verification protocol could be applied to arbitrary spin-entangled states of spatially separated atoms. The local entangling operation is achieved via spin-exchange interactions, and quantum tunnelling is used to combine and separate atoms. These techniques provide a framework for dynamically entangling remote qubits via local operations within a large-scale quantum register.
Autologous Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer

Purpose Therapeutic outcomes of definitively treated non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unacceptably poor. A wealth of preclinical information, and a modest amount of clinical information indicate that dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have therapeutic potential. Only a handful of NSCLC patients have been included in DC clinical trials. We delivered autologous DC vaccines to 16 individuals with stage IA to IIIB NSCLC treated with surgery, chemoradiation, or multimodality therapy. The objectives of the study were to evaluate tolerability and measure immunologic responses to DC vaccines in a heterogeneous group of NSCLC patients. Methods DC vaccines were generated from CD14+ precursors, pulsed with apoptotic bodies of an allogeneic NSCLC cell line that overexpressed Her2/neu, CEA, WT1, Mage2, and survivin. DCs were partially matured with a factor that induced surface molecule expression but minimal cytokine production. Individuals were immunized intradermally two times, 1 month apart. Peripheral blood was dr...
Wideband time-varying interference suppression using matched signal transforms

We develop an interference suppression scheme for wideband jamming interference in direct sequence spread spectrum communication systems. We consider interference with time-varying spectral components that can be spread both in time and frequency. Our methodology uses the matched signal transform that is highly localized for signals with nonlinear phase along their frequency-modulation (FM) rate. We compare this method with the use of the more computationally intensive quadratic time-frequency representations whose performance is reduced when the interference is multicomponent.
Improving Individual Flow Performance with Multiple Queue Fair Queuing

Fair Queuing (FQ) algorithms provide isolation between packet flows, allowing max-min fair sharing of a link even when flows misbehave. However, fairness comes at the expense of per-flow state. To keep the memory requirement independent of the flow count, the router can isolate aggregates of flows, rather than individual flows. We investigate the feasibility of protecting individual flows under such aggregate isolation in the context of Multiple Queue Fair Queuing (MQFQ), where the router maintains a fixed number of queues and allows each flow to access multiple queues. MQFQ places packets into the shortest queue associated with their flow. The extra queues protect the flow against congestion caused by a misbehaving flow in a shared queue. However, multiple per-flow queues also enable the misbehaving flow to increase its unfairly acquired fraction of the link capacity. We discuss avoidance of packet reordering within a flow and compare MQFQ with prior schemes for aggregate scheduling.
RAGE Blockade Stabilizes Established Atherosclerosis in Diabetic Apolipoprotein E–Null Mice

Background— Previous studies suggested that blockade of RAGE in diabetic apolipoprotein (apo) E–null mice suppressed early acceleration of atherosclerosis. A critical test of the potential applicability of RAGE blockade to clinical settings was its ability to impact established vascular disease. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that RAGE contributed to lesion progression in established atherosclerosis in diabetic apoE-null mice. Methods and Results— Male apoE-null mice, age 6 weeks, were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin or treated with citrate buffer. At age 14 weeks, certain mice were killed or treated with once-daily murine soluble RAGE or albumin; all mice were killed at age 20 weeks. Compared with diabetic mice at age 14 weeks, albumin-treated animals displayed increased atherosclerotic lesion area and complexity. In diabetic mice treated with sRAGE from age 14 to 20 weeks, lesion area and complexity were significantly reduced and not statistically different from those observed in diabetic...
Portable acoustic wave sensor systems

A portable acoustic wave chemical sensor system that has the unique advantage of providing two independent responses, doubling the amount of information provided by the sensor, is described. These sensors utilize surface acoustic wave (SAW) devices coated with viscoelastic polymers that absorb a wide variety of volatile organic species, including chlorinated hydrocarbons (CHCs). A comparison of the relative magnitudes of these two responses, specifically the wave velocity and the wave attenuation can be used to discriminate between different isolated chemical species. This allows species identification and quantification using a single SAW sensor. Tests of this portable acoustic wave sensor (PAWS) system using polymer-coated SAW devices show rapid, reversible detection of gas phase species, rapid reestablishment of sensor baseline using an activated carbon scrubber, and discrimination of species based on a comparison of the attenuation and velocity responses. >