cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Trigeminal Neuralgia: Surgical Perspective

Trigeminal neuralgia, characterized by intermittent sharp, lancinating pain in the distribution of one or more branches of the trigeminal nerve, is the most common facial pain syndrome in the United States, with approximately 15,000 cases diagnosed each year [1]. Although a minority of cases are caused by spaceoccupying posterior fossa lesions such as tumors or vascular malformations, it is now well accepted that in most cases, the disorder results from vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve root [2]–[5]. The majority of patients respond, at least initially, to medical management, with surgery reserved for patients who do not respond to medications. Surgical options range from percutaneous, destructive procedures (glycerol or radiofrequency rhizotomy, balloon compression) to the invasive but nondestructive microvascular decompression. This chapter will review each of these surgical methods of treatment and compare and contrast them with stereotactic radiosurgery in the broader context of clinical decision-making.
Aircraft Cost Analysis

An introduction to the state of the GA industry is provided, using industry data dating back to 1945. Reasons for its current state, including liability costs, are discussed to shed light on the volatility of the GA market. Then methods to calculate project development and operational costs are presented. The development cost is estimated using the so-called Eastlake model, which is based on the so-called DAPCA-IV aircraft procurement cost analysis method that has been especially tailored for GA aircraft. This is presented for conventional GA aircraft and business aircraft. Then, methods to help estimate the operational cost of operating GA and business aircraft is presented. Such methods are essential when trying to demonstrate whether the new aircraft will be more or less expensive to operate than competitor aircraft.
Dementia caregiver intervention development and adaptation in the Vietnamese American community: A qualitative study.

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to obtain input and feedback on a proposed intervention to reduce stress and enhance the health of Vietnamese dementia caregivers.MethodsSixteen semi-structu...
Management of spontaneous temporal bone cerebrospinal fluid leak: A 30-year experience.

Abstract Purpose The goal of this study was to describe the incidence of and our long-term results in the management of spontaneous temporal bone CSF leak and to determine if there is any association with an increase in body mass index (BMI). Methods This was an Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved retrospective review of 58 patients who underwent repair of spontaneous temporal bone CSF leaks by a single surgeon at a tertiary care academic medical center between 1988 and 2017. Patients with CSF leaks due to trauma, iatrogenic injury, or chronic infection were excluded. Surgical approaches included middle cranial fossa, transmastoid, or a combination of both. Cases were divided into three decades. Patient demographics, clinical features, audiologic results, imaging studies, operative findings, complications, and long-term results were reviewed with a specific emphasis on the potential correlation with BMI. Results The average BMI was 32. There was a statistically significant increase in BMI between the two most recent decades (p = 0.044). The middle cranial fossa was the most commonly utilized approach. Multiple tegmen defects were often noted on imaging and intraoperatively. Conclusion There is an increase in the incidence of spontaneous CSF leaks possibly associated with an increase in BMI in the United States over the last 30 years.
Reply to Ledgerwood: Predictions without analysis plans are inert

Ledgerwood (1) argues that there are two independent uses of preregistration that are conflated in Nosek et al. (2) and elsewhere: “Preregistering theoretical predictions enables theory falsifiability. Preregistering analysis plans enables type I error control.” We appreciate that the comment elevates the complementary roles of prediction and analysis plans in preregistration. We disagree that they are conflated in the sense of being “two types of preregistration.” To enable theory falsification, we agree that a preregistration should offer a prediction derived from theory and provide the theoretical context. However, a prediction without an analysis plan is inert for falsification. An analysis plan is necessary to specify how the prediction will be tested with … [↵][1]1To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: nosek{at}virginia.edu. [1]: #xref-corresp-1-1
Association of opioid overdose with opioid prescriptions to family members.

Importance Prescription opioid misuse is a public health problem that leads to overdose. Although existing interventions focus on limiting prescribing to patients at high risk, individuals may still access prescription opioids dispensed to family members. Objective To determine whether opioid prescriptions to family members were associated with overdose for individuals who themselves did not have an opioid prescription. Design, Setting, and Participants We conducted a 1:4 matched case-control study using health care utilization data from 2004 through 2015 from a large US commercial insurance company. Eligible individuals were required to have at least 12 months of continuous enrollment and 1 or more family members in the database. Individuals who experienced overdose were identified by their first opioid overdose after the baseline period and matched to control participants by time in the database, calendar time, age, sex, and number of individuals in the family unit. Both groups were restricted to individuals with no prior opioid dispensing of their own. Data analysis was conducted from January 2018 to August 2018. Exposures Any prior opioid dispensing to a family member, total morphine milligram equivalents dispensed to family members, and the type of opioid product dispensed. Main Outcomes and Measures Individual odds of opioid overdose resulting in an emergency department visit or hospitalization were the primary end point. The primary analysis evaluated the odds of overdose among individuals whose family members had been dispensed an opioid. Sensitivity analyses examined the odds stratified by age and timing relative to the dispensing of opioids to family members. Results A total of 2303 individuals who experienced opioid overdose and 9212 matched control individuals were identified. The mean (SD) age was 23.2 (18.1) years; 1158 affected individuals and 4632 control individuals (50.3%) were female. The mean (SD) time in the database before an overdose case was 3.2 (3.3) years. Prior opioid dispensing to family members was associated with individual overdose (odds ratio [OR], 2.89 [95% CI, 2.59-3.23]). There was a significant dose-response association between increasing amounts of opioids dispensed to family members and odds of overdose (>0- Conclusions and Relevance In this analysis, opioid prescriptions to family members were associated with overdose among individuals who do not receive opioid prescriptions. Interventions may focus on expanding access to opioid antagonists, locking prescription opioids in the home, and providing greater patient education to limit fatal overdose among family members.
Atomically Dispersed Metal Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction

The unprecedented oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity of atomically dispersed and nitrogen-coordinated metal site (e.g., Fe, Co, or Mn) catalysts makes them promising low-cost candidates to re...
Los derechos de la libre expresión en la política uniforme de resolución de controversias de la ICANN

The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of how the applica- tion of the UDRP, a mechanism for resolving disputes between domain name registrants and trademark holders, has become an instrument to restrict freedom of expression over Internet
Reducing peripherally inserted central catheters and midline catheters by training nurses in ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement

Background Training nurses in ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement might reduce the use of more invasive venous access devices (peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) and midline catheters). Methods We implemented an abbreviated training in ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement for nurses on an inpatient medical unit and provided a portable ultrasound device for 10 months. Results Nurses on this unit placed 99 ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheters with a high level of success. During the implementation period, PICC and midline catheter placement decreased from a mean 4.8 to 2.5 per month, meeting criteria for special cause variation. In the postimplementation period, the average catheter use reverted to 4.3 per month on the intervention unit. A comparison inpatient medical unit without training or access to a portable ultrasound device experienced no significant change in PICC and midline catheter use throughout the study period (mean of 6.0 per month). Conclusions These results suggest that an abbreviated training in ultrasound-guided peripheral intravenous catheter placement for nurses on an inpatient medical unit is sufficient to reduce PICC and midline catheters.
The Effect of Prenatal Dexamethasone Treatment on Oxygen Toxicity in the Newborn Rat

To determine whether prenatal corticosteroid therapy had adverse effects on the tolerance of the newborn lung to prolonged high O2 exposure, pregnant rats were given injections of dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg) at 48 and 24 hours prior to parturition, and the newborn pups were placed in 96% to 98% O2 for the first seven days of life. Dexamethasone treatment resulted in significant decreases in body weight (-17%), lung weight (-30%), lung weight/body weight (-22%), and lung DNA (-18%) compared to untreated rat pups. Despite this growth inhibition, the dexamethasone-treated pups had improved survival in hyperoxia (36/48 = 75% vs 29/48 = 60% for untreated rats, P = .055). In addition, substantial "catch-up" lung growth had occurred by seven days and was complete in 28-day-old rats. Dexamethasone did not interfere with normal pulmonary antioxidant enzyme responses to hyperoxia. Thus, prenatal dexamethasone did not compromise the relative tolerance of the newborn to pulmonary O2 toxicity.
143 Baltimore’s underground gun market: availability of and access to guns

Statement of Purpose Underground gun markets create opportunities for individuals who are prohibited from gun ownership to gain access to them. Understanding how these individuals obtain guns, as well as their unsuccessful attempts to get guns, is key to developing interventions that effectively restrict the supply of guns in an underground market. Methods/Approach We recruited 195 men outside of parole and probation centers in Baltimore City. We conducted surveys with these criminal justice system-involved men about their experiences in the underground gun market. The survey data was gathered using an audio-assisted computer survey instrument. The survey was composed of questions about ability to acquire firearms, why they were desired, and selling/trading behaviors. Results 30% of respondents (n=58) reported having experience in the underground gun market. More than half of these individuals were unsuccessful in their most recent attempt to obtain a firearm due to cost- or source-related barriers. Over 80% of individuals who did not already have access to a gun but wanted one (31/38) reported wanting to acquire one for safety or protection. Most respondents who had access to firearms had handguns (90%). Individuals reported selling or trading a gun (n=35) for money (69%), drugs (46%), or other guns (23%), or accepting guns as payment for drugs. Conclusions Although an underground market can facilitate access to firearms, barriers exist that can prevent acquisition by high risk individuals. Significance and Contributions to Injury and Violence Prevention Science This is the first study to understand the availability of and access to guns in Baltimore’ underground gun market. Efforts should focus on strategies that increase accountability and restrict the supply of guns in an underground market or those that provide alternatives to gun carrying to feel safe.
Adolescent sleep is critical for the developmental shaping of social novelty preference

Sleep takes one-third of our lives, yet its functions remain largely unknown. A large proportion of young patients with neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) and schizophrenia have sleep problems, including delayed sleep onset, shortened sleep duration and sleep fragmentation, which have been linked to social interaction deficit, a shared symptom of these disorders. However, the causal relationship between sleep disruption and social defects as well as the underlying mechanisms have not yet been established despite its importance in understanding the etiology of these disorders and developing potential therapeutic means. Here using the three-chamber social interaction test, we found that developmental sleep disruption (SD) in adolescent mice caused significant and long-lasting impairment in the preference towards social novelty during adult social interactions without affecting the overall sociality. Interestingly, SD performed in the adulthood did not induce any social defect, indicating a critical period within adolescence during which sleep shapes social novelty preference. Furthermore, by analyzing the adolescent sleep and adult social behavior in a mouse model of Shank3 mutation that mimics a genetic aberrance in ASDs, we found that the development of sociality is correlated with adolescent NREM sleep while social novelty preference is correlated with adolescent REM sleep. Collectively, these results demonstrate a critical role of adolescent sleep in the forming of social novelty preference and the developmental shaping of social behavior.
"Living life as if I never had cancer": A study of the meaning of living well in adolescents and young adults who have experienced cancer.

Background Cancer diagnoses pose challenges to adolescents' and young adults' (AYA) physical, mental, and emotional health, and developmental tasks. In order for AYAs, caregivers, clinicians, and other collaborators to optimize health outcomes (coproduction of health), understanding what living well means for AYAs who have experienced cancer is necessary. The objective was to develop an empirical definition of "living well" for AYAs who have experienced cancer to broadly understand AYA values and priorities. This definition may ultimately guide future conversations between caregivers and AYAs, eliciting thorough, personal definitions of living well from individual AYAs. Such conversations may enhance AYA participation in coproducing their health. Procedure Qualitative analysis using a phenomenological approach of N = 30 structured Respecting Choices interviews conducted with AYAs (14-21 years; mean 84.2 [SD 69] months postcancer diagnosis with 21% on active treatment) from four tertiary pediatric hospitals in the context of a primary study of a pediatric advance care planning intervention trial. Results AYAs who have experienced cancer conceptualized "living well" as maintaining physical, mental, and emotional health, as well as engaging in purposeful, age-appropriate activities with people important to them. Living well had three components: living mindfully, living an identity as a healthy AYA, and spending time with friends and family. Conclusions Conversations with AYAs who have experienced cancer elicited rich, complex concepts of "living well." Provider initiation of discussions about living well may facilitate personalized goals of care conversations. This study may serve as the basis to design and prototype future clinical interventions to enhance AYA engagement.
When Is Pure Bundling Optimal

We study when pure bundling, i.e., offering only the grand bundle of all products, is optimal for a multi-product monopolist. Pure bundling is optimal if consumers with higher values for the grand bundle have higher relative values for smaller bundles compared to the grand bundle. Conversely, pure bundling is not optimal if consumers with higher values for the grand bundle have lower relative values. We prove the results by decomposing the problem into simpler ones in which types can be ranked according to their values for the grand bundle.
Spatial Data in Undergraduate Statistics Curriculum

In this article we present and discuss the importance and relevance of the inclusion of spatial data analysis as part of the undergraduate statistics curriculum. Given its usefulness and applicabil...
A Model for Energy Buildup and Eruption Onset in Coronal Mass Ejections

Coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and eruptive flares (EFs) are the most energetic explosions in the solar system. Their underlying origin is the free energy that builds up slowly in the sheared magnetic field of a filament channel. We report the first end-to-end numerical simulation of a CME/EF, from zero-free-energy initial state through filament channel formation to violent eruption, driven solely by the magnetic-helicity condensation process. Helicity is the topological measure of linkages between magnetic flux systems, and is conserved in the corona, building up inexorably until it is ejected into interplanetary space. Numerous investigations have demonstrated that helicity injected by small-scale vortical motions, such as those observed in the photosphere, undergoes an inverse cascade from small scales to large, “condensing” at magnetic-polarity boundaries. Our new results verify that this process forms a filament channel within a compact bipolar region embedded in a background dipole field, and show for the first time that a fast CME eventually occurs via the magnetic-breakout mechanism. We further show that the trigger for explosive eruption is reconnection onset in the flare current sheet that develops above the polarity inversion line: this reconnection forms flare loops below the sheet and a CME flux rope above, and initiates high-speed outward flow of the CME. Our findings have important implications for magnetic self organization and explosive behavior in solar and other astrophysical plasmas, as well as for understanding and predicting explosive solar activity.
Effect of Adjunctive Pimavanserin on Sleep/Wakefulness in Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: Secondary Analysis From CLARITY.

Objective This was an analysis of the effect of pimavanserin, a 5-hydroxytryptamine-2A antagonist and inverse receptor agonist, on dysregulated sleep in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) by DSM-5 criteria and an inadequate antidepressant response. Methods For this analysis of CLARITY, a phase 2 study of adjunctive pimavanserin (N = 207) conducted between December 2016 and October 2018, sleep/wakefulness disturbances were measured with the 17-item Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS₁₇) insomnia items (sum of items 4, 5, and 6) and the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS). Outcomes included change from baseline in HDRS₁₇ insomnia factor score and KSS score, correlation between the HDRS₁₇ insomnia factor score and KSS score, and change from baseline in the Sheehan Disability Scale (SDS) total score and Unproductive Days subscore in patients with a baseline KSS score ≥ 6. Results At baseline, HDRS₁₇ insomnia factor score ≥ 3 occurred in 76% of patients receiving placebo and 85% of patients receiving pimavanserin. The overall least squares (LS) mean weighted difference (SE) was -0.5 (0.32) with a 95% CI of -1.2 to 0.1 (P = .088) at week 5. Improvement was observed with pimavanserin versus placebo at weeks 2, 3, and 4, with effect sizes (ESs) of 0.370 to 0.524 (P Conclusions Adjunctive pimavanserin significantly improved sleep/wakefulness disturbance during treatment of MDD, an improvement that was associated with greater improvement in function. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03018340.
Comorbidity Risk Factors Contributing to COVID-19 Related Deaths in Florida, March 1, 2020-January 16, 2021

ObjectivesTo assess the association of specific comorbid conditions to COVID-19 deaths in Florida among decedents 16 to 64 years of age. MethodsThis report uses Florida vital statistics death data over the period of March 1, 2020 through January 16, 2021, to estimate the effects of comorbid conditions on COVID-19 mortality for decedents 16 to 64 years of age. All cases of COVID-19 death occurring in Florida, regardless of resident status, were evaluated. The comorbidities, or contributing causes of death, identified in this report include Down syndrome, asthma, diabetes, pulmonary fibrosis, obesity, dementia, immunodeficiency, kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, heart disease, and chronic liver disease and cirrhosis. The study uses a binary logistic regression to examine the relationship between COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 death and contributing causes of death based on information in the death record. Odds ratios were calculated as a residual of the logistic regression. ResultsAmong COVID-19 deaths, Down syndrome was 15.26 times more likely to be a contributing cause of death compared to non-COVID-19 deaths followed by asthma (OR 7.74), diabetes (OR 6.11), pulmonary fibrosis (OR 5.13), obesity (OR 4.66), dementia (OR 4.51), immunodeficiency (OR 2.49), and kidney disease (OR 2.13). Chronic liver disease and cirrhosis (OR 0.95) and cancer (OR 0.79) had lower odds of being a contributing cause of death. ConclusionsHeart disease, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis, and cancer were not risk factors for death from COVID-19 among decedents. Additional studies are needed to elucidate associations between race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and behavioral factors.
COVID-19: Acoustic Measures of Voice in Individuals Wearing Different Facemasks.

Abstract Aim The global health pandemic caused by the SARS-coronavirus 2 (COVID-19) has led to the adoption of facemasks as a necessary safety precaution. Depending on the level of risk for exposure to the virus, the facemasks that are used can vary. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of different types of facemasks, typically used by healthcare professionals and the public during the COVID-19 pandemic, on measures of voice. Methods Nineteen adults (ten females, nine males) with a normal voice quality completed sustained vowel tasks. All tasks were performed for each of the six mask conditions: no mask, cloth mask, surgical mask, KN95 mask and, surgical mask over a KN95 mask with and without a face shield. Intensity measurements were obtained at a 1ft and 6ft distance from the speaker with sound level meters. Tasks were recorded with a 1ft mouth-to-microphone distance. Acoustic variables of interest were fundamental frequency (F0), and formant frequencies (F1, F2) for /a/ and /i/ and smoothed cepstral peak prominence (CPPs) for /a/. Results Data were analyzed to compare differences between sex and mask types. There was statistical significance between males and females for intensity measures and all acoustic variables except F2 for /a/ and F1 for /i/. Few pairwise comparisons between masks reached significance even though main effects for mask type were observed. These are further discussed in the article. Conclusion The masks tested in this study did not have a significant impact on intensity, fundamental frequency, CPPs, first or second formant frequency compared to voice output without a mask. Use of a face shield seemed to affect intensity and CPPs to some extent. Implications of these findings are discussed further in the article.
Future of HPC: The Internet of Workflows

Driven by convergence with artificial intelligence and data analytics, increased heterogeneity, and a hybrid cloud/on-premise delivery model, dynamic composition of workflows will be a key design criteria of future high-performance computing (HPC) systems. While tightly coupled HPC workloads will continue to execute on dedicated supercomputers, other jobs will run elsewhere, including public clouds, and at the edge. Connecting these distributed computing tasks into coherent applications that can perform at scale is what we call “Internet of Workflows.”
Meta-analysis of immune induced gene expression changes in diverse Drosophila melanogaster innate immune responses

Abstract Background Organisms are commonly infected by a diverse array of pathogen types including bacteria, fungi, viruses, and parasites, and mount functionally distinct responses to each of these varied immune challenges. Host immune responses are characterized by the induction of gene expression in response to infection. However, the extent to which expression changes are shared among responses to distinct pathogens is largely unknown. Results We performed meta-analysis of gene expression data collected from Drosophila melanogaster following infection with a wide array of pathogens. We identified 62 genes that are significantly induced by infection. While many of these infection-induced genes encode known immune response factors, we also identified 21 genes that have not been previously associated with host immunity. Examination of the upstream flanking sequences of the infection-induced genes lead to the identification of two conserved enhancer sites. These sites correspond to conserved binding sites for GATA and nuclear factor κB (NFκB) family transcription factors and are associated with higher levels of transcript induction. We further identified 31 genes with predicted functions in metabolism and organismal development that are significantly downregulated following infection by diverse pathogens. Conclusions Our study identifies conserved gene expression changes in Drosophila melanogaster following infection with varied pathogens, and transcription factor families that may regulate this immune induction. These findings provide new insight into transcriptional changes that accompany Drosophila immunity. They may suggest possible roles for the differentially regulated genes in innate immune responses to diverse classes of pathogens, and serve to identify candidate genes for further empirical study of these processes.
Next Generation Wireless LANs: Throughput, Robustness, and Reliability in 802.11n

If you've been searching for a way to get up to speed quickly on IEEE 802.11n without having to wade through the entire standard, then look no further. This comprehensive overview describes the underlying principles, implementation details, and key enhancing features of 802.11n. A detailed discussion of the key throughput, robustness, and reliability enhancing features (such as MIMO, 40 MHz channels, and packet aggregation) is given, in addition to a clear summary of the issues surrounding legacy interoperability and coexistence. Advanced topics such as beamforming and fast link adaption are also covered. With numerous MAC and physical layer examples and simulation results included to highlight the benefits of the new features, this is an ideal reference for designers of WLAN equipment, and network managers whose systems adopt the new standard. It is also a useful distillation of 802.11n technology for graduate students and researchers in the field of wireless communication.
13.56 MHz 1.3 kW resonant converter with GaN FET for wireless power transfer

This paper presents a 1.3 kW resonant power amplifier using a Gallium Nitride (GaN) device at 13.56 MHz for wireless power transfer (WPT). The power amplifier driving the power transmitting coils is based on a Class Φ 2 inverter, a single switch topology with low switch voltage stress and fast transient response. This implementation utilizes a recently available GaN device in a low inductance package that is compatible with operation in the 10's of MHz switching frequency. These power GaN switching devices have low gate resistance RG and low capacitance C GS which greatly reduces the power requirements of the gate drive circuitry. This paper shows experimental measurements of the inverter in a WPT application and characterization of the system performance over various distances and operating conditions.
Compliance with doxycycline therapy for outpatient treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease.

ABSTRACT:Women discharged from a municipal emergency department with the diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease were surveyed by telephone about their compliance with a standard 10-day regimen of doxycycline. Of the 386 women who completed the survey, 31% reported complete compliance; 28% reported
\mathbb{C}^2/\mathbb{Z}_{n} Fractional Branes and Monodromy

We construct geometric representatives for the $$\mathbb{C}^{2}/\mathbb{Z}_{n}$$ fractional branes in terms of branes wrapping certain exceptional cycles of the resolution. In the process we use large radius and conifold-type monodromies, and also check some of the orbifold quantum symmetries. We find the explicit Seiberg-duality which connects our fractional branes to the ones given by the McKay correspondence. We also comment on the Harvey-Moore BPS algebras.
The Role of Antiviral Strategies for the Prevention of Childhood Asthma

This chapter reviews antiviral treatments of interest to decrease the risk for childhood-onset asthma. Most antiviral options are aimed at treating the acute effects of virus infection that provoke wheezing or are prophylactic treatments administered to high-risk infants. Alternatively, antiviral vaccines would have the advantage of stimulating an adaptive immune response to modify the adverse effects of the same viral pathogen later on. However, effective vaccines for the respiratory syncytial virus and rhinovirus, the pathogens most often associated with wheezing, have been difficult to produce. Other environmental risk factors, in particular sensitization and exposure to environmental allergens, also influence the development of asthma. Thus, it may be necessary to combine specific antiviral treatments with methods to counter the adverse effects of allergic inflammation, and/or to normalize gut, skin, and airway microbiota to decrease the risk for future wheeze.
Hausdorff Dimension and Limits of Kleinian Groups

In this paper we prove that if M is a compact, hyperbolizable 3manifold, which is not a handlebody, then the Hausdor dimension of the limit set is continuous in the strong topology on the space of marked hyperbolic 3-manifolds homotopy equivalent to M .W e similarly observe that for any compact hyperbolizable 3-manifold M (including a handlebody), the bottom of the spectrum of the Laplacian gives a continuous function in the strong topology on the space of topologically tame hyperbolic 3-manifolds homotopy equivalent to M.
Drug effects upon choice behavior in mixed motive games

It was hypothesized that strategic choice behavior is sensitive to changes in utility or affectively toned expectancies resulting from ingestion of mood-active drugs. A series of symmetrical two-person, mixed motive games was constructed upon the four non-trivial archetypes defined by Rapoport (1967). To heighten conflict, these were played for substantial amounts of real money. D-amphetamine, amobarbital, and a mixture of the two were selected as treatments likely to produce significant affective changes, and hence by hypothesis to alter volitional outcome. Both of the amphetamine conditions produced the expected changes in mood self-ratings. They also significantly influenced several dimensions of choice behavior, thus establishing that the latter are sensitive to mood-active agents. However, the directions of change in choice behavior were not predictable from the directions of mood change, and some could better have been oppositely predicted.
High-Speed MR Imaging of Ischemic Brain Injury Following Stenosis of the Middle Cerebral Artery

Magnetic susceptibility contrast-enhanced and diffusion-weighted echo planar magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was performed using a cat model of acute regional cerebral ischemia induced by partial stenosis of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). The imaging data were correlated with triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC)-stained histopathologic coronal brain sections to determine the prognostic efficacy of high-speed MR imaging techniques in differentiating mild, moderate, and severe cerebral hypoperfusion. Brains of animals without cortical injury on TTC staining were found to have a reduction in peak contrast enhancement of 32 ± 6% (mean ± SD) below control values with no significant change in the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), determined from the diffusion-weighted MR images. In cases where moderate ischemic injury was observed in the TTC-stained sections, a 10–20% drop in the ADC was found over the 6-h study period, accompanied by a much wider variation in peak contrast enhancement. Finally, whe...
Central leptin gene delivery evokes persistent leptin signal transduction in young and aged-obese rats but physiological responses become attenuated over time in aged-obese rats.

The purpose of this study was to determine if long-term leptin treatment desensitizes leptin signal transduction and the subsequent downstream anorexic and thermogenic responses in normal and leptin-resistant age-related obese rats. To this end, we administered, i.c.v., recombinant adeno-associated virus encoding rat leptin cDNA (rAAV-leptin) or control virus into young and aged-obese rats and after 9 or 46 days, examined food intake, oxygen consumption, body weight, serum leptin, STAT3 phosphorylation, hypothalamic NPY and POMC mRNAs, and UCP1 expression and protein level in brown adipose tissue (BAT). In young rats, rAAV-leptin depleted body fat and both anorexic and thermogenic mechanisms contributed to this effect. Moreover, leptin signal transduction was not desensitized, and there were persistent physiological responses. Similarly, in the aged-obese rats, there was unabated leptin signal transduction, however, both the anorexic and thermogenic responses completely attenuated sometime after day 9. This attenuation, downstream of the leptin receptor, may be contributing to the leptin-resistance and age-related weight gain in these aged-obese rats. Finally, in young rats, although the initial responses to rAAV-leptin were dominated by anorexic responses, by 46 days, the predominant response was thermogenic rather than anorexic, suggesting that energy expenditure may be an important component of long-term weight maintenance.
Information processing capacities of the firm

Abstract We analyze the informational structure of a one-top and one-subordinate organization of the firm facing an uncertain environment. Before the realization of the true state, the top manager must choose the information processing capacity of the subordinate, which is an ability to discern the local aspect of the environment and depends upon the global aspect of the environment observed by the top manager. We examine how uncertainty in the environment affects the degree of specialization in the optimal capacity and the amount of knowledge resources in the firm, and discuss its implications for comparisons between Japanese management and American management. J. Japan. Int. Econ. , September 1987, 1 (3), pp. 299–326. Graduate School of Business, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305.
When narcissism drives project champions: A review and research agenda

Abstract Narcissism is a psychological state or personality disorder that is characterized by high self-regard and desire for personal aggrandizement. In an organization setting, narcissistic behavior of individuals can impact a number of operational initiatives, including new product development and other project ventures. As many projects in an organization receive sponsorship from key executives, the question must be considered: do narcissistic behaviors in project champions have any impact on the selection and governance of these projects? The purpose of this paper is to investigate the potential impact on projects of narcissism in project champions. In particular, the impacts of narcissistic behavior on project choices and project governance were investigated. Propositions for future research are presented. Challenges and suggested methodologies for studying narcissism and championing behavior are also discussed. Finally, we offer an agenda for future research.
Latent behavioural toxicity of copper to sea catfish, Arius felis, and sheepshead, Archosargus probatocephalus

To assess quantitatively the latent (delayed) toxicity of acutely sublethal exposure to copper on the locomotor and orientation behaviour of marine teleosts, the movements of individual sea catfish, Arius felis, and sheepshead porgy, Archosargus probatocephalus, were monitored electronically in a multiple-choice rosette tank immediately after 72-h static exposure to copper (0.0, 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg Cu l−1) and 1 week later. Initial hyperactivity following copper-exposure was exhibited by all fish of both species (except controls), as indicated by significant changes in the behavioural variables used to quantify locomotor activity. In addition, the orientation angles of successive movements in the monitor tank increased significantly for sea catfish, producing a decrease in the frequency of turning. Orientation angles of sheepshead showed a significant enhancement of the ‘normal’ tendency of this species to make small-angle turns in the tank, and to return immediately to the compartment just vacated (indicative of an increase in the frequency of turning). One week following exposure, all copper-exposed fish exhibited extreme hypoactivity which was significantly different from their behaviour immediately after exposure, and from the behaviour of control fish. This hypoactivity did not correspond, therefore, to ‘normal’ activity in either species. The delayed effect of copper exposure on orientation was to exacerbate significantly the species specific turning behaviour seen immediately following exposure. These results are discussed in terms of presumed accumulated physiological damage resulting from the exposure to copper and the initial hyperactivity such exposure elicits, and of general behavioural ecology.
Genome encapsidation by orthobunyavirus nucleoproteins

All negative-sense, single-stranded RNA (−ssRNA) viruses encode a nucleoprotein (NP), the major function of which is to bind viral RNAs and encapsidate them as ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNPs) (1, 2). Consequently, the genomes of −ssRNA viruses do not exist as naked RNA but rather as protein–RNA complexes with high-order structures. In PNAS, Li et al. (3), Niu et al. (4), and Reguera et al. (5) report the crystal structures of NP-RNA complexes from three orthobunyaviruses, namely the Bunyawera virus (BUNV), Leanyer virus (LEAV), and La Crosse virus (LACV). Meanwhile, the apo-NP structure from another orthobunyavirus, the Schmallenberg virus (SBV), has been reported by Dong et al. (6). The structures of the BUNV NP-RNA complex and SBV apo-NP have also been reported by Ariza et al. (7). Altogether, these findings make a significant impact on our understanding of Orthobunyavirus genome encapsidation and condensation.
Effects of intraperitoneal and intraventricular d-amphetamine administration on active avoidance performance in the rat.

Abstract Intraventricular and intraperitoneal administration of d-amphetamine impaired asymptotic shuttle box avoidance performance in rats. Low ip doses (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0 mg/kg) had no effect whereas higher ip doses (2.5, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0 mg/kg) impaired performance in a dose-related fashion. An inverted U-shaped function was obtained with the ivent doses; low dose (25 ug) and high doses (200 and 400 ug) impaired performance whereas intermediate doses (50 and 100 ug) had little effect. The cannulation procedure itself produced only minimal acquisition effects. The data tend to support the contention that amphetamine acts on the brain to cause the deterioration of well learned avoidance responding.
From the Comfort of Your Office: Facilitating Learner-Centered Continuing Education in the Online Environment

Continuing education for library cataloging is increasingly available. Instructors who are developing and facilitating these education opportunities can adopt a learner-centered approach. This approach uses a variety of techniques that place the learners' needs at the center of the course design, enabling online education to meet the diverse needs of the participants.
Crises and the International System

This paper reviews the recent experience of financial crises since 2007, including the continuing crisis in the euro zone. I seek to answer three main questions: In what respects (if any) is the recent experience of crises novel? How special is the euro crisis? And what changes in the international financial architecture can reduce the chances of future crises?
Differences in neuronal and glial cell phenotypic expression in neuron-glia cocultures: influence of glia-conditioned media and living glial cell substrata.

Abstract Neuronglia cocultures were prepared using, as a source for glial cells, either C6 glia (2B clone) of early (2B23) or late (2B111) passages or advanced passages of glial cells derived from primary cultures prepared from aged mouse cerebral hemispheres (MACH). Sixday-old chick embryo cerebral hemispheres (E6CH) were the source of neuron-enriched cultures. Glutamine synthetase (GS) activity was used as a marker for astrocytes and 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphohydrolase (CNP) activity was used as a marker for oligodendrocytes. GS activity was markedly enhanced in cocultures of E6CH neurons and 2B23 glioblastic cells, whereas GS activity was reduced in cocultures of E6CH neurons and 2B111 astrocytic glia. In contrast, CNP activity was enhanced in cocultures of C6 glial cells with E6CH neurons. Glial cells from aged mouse brain did not respond to coculturing with E6CH neurons. It appears from these findings that neuronal input enhances the differentiation of glioblastic cells to either astrocytic or oligodendrocytic expression, whereas it decreases the activity of committed astrocytes. In contrast, glial cells from aged mouse brain do not respond to neuronal input. Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity, a marker for cholinergic neurons, was enhanced only when E6CH cultures were grown in conditioned medium (CM) from 2B23 glioblastic cells. In contrast, ChAT activity was markedly diminished when E6CH neurons were cocultured with MACH glial cells but not when grown in CM from MACH glial cells. Thus, humoral factors from immature glial cells appear to enhance cholinergic neuronal phenotypic expression whereas cell-cell membrane contacts with aged glial cells diminish cholinergic phenotypic expression. The findings present supportive evidence that neuron-glia interrelationships are age dependent.
Evolution of major mineral compositions and trace element abundances during fractional crystallization of a model lunar composition

The evolution of major mineral compositions and trace element abundances during perfect fractional crystallization of a model lunar magma ocean was calculated. The minerals in the model lunar composition were olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase. Lunar bulk composition data, major mineral/melt equilibria data, and trace element partition data were taken from published sources. The results show olivine beginning to crystallize at 1380 C. Approximately 50% of the system crystallizes as olivine. From 50 to 60% solidification, orthopyroxene crystallizes alone. During the final 40% solidification, Ca-rich clinopyroxene and plagioclase crystallize together. Various changes in composition of all these minerals are also noted during the process. Concomitant evolution of major element abundances in the melt is followed along with that of trace element abundances. Consequences of the results for constraints on some aspects of the composition of the lunar magma ocean and of the primitive moon are discussed.
Lowering manufacturing cost of material by formulating it through statistical modeling and design

Abstract At Hoechst Celanese, the methods of statistical modeling (experimental design) and multivariate analysis are used extensively to enable scientists and engineers to better understand their processes, improve the quality of existing products, develop new processes/products and often reduce the manufacturing cost. As an example we discuss how a commercially available material AA (polyester bend) was reformulated through a series of experiments, and a series of relevant properties were analyzed by multivariate analysis (PCA and PLS) techniques with two objectives: (a) reproduce and/or improve the performance properties of the material and (b) reduce the raw material cost by at least 25%. By using statistical design we were able to plan experiments more effectively; by using multivariate techniques we were able to analyze a series of highly correlated properties, derive mathematical models, and identify the formulation(s) that not only have acceptable performance but also reduce the manufacturing cost. All the methods and techniques used to help us achieve our objectives are discussed in this paper.
CORR Insights: Ultrasound as a first-line test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a cost-effectiveness analysis.

This CORR Insights™ is a commentary on the article ‘‘Ultrasound as a first line test in the diagnosis of carpal tunnel syndrome: a cost effectiveness analysis” by John R Fowler and colleagues available at DOI 10.1007/s11999-012-2662-3.
Reduction of myocardial infarct size by poloxamer 188 and mannitol in a canine model

Abstract Poloxamer 188 has been reported to inhibit thrombosis, decrease whole blood viscosity, and improve perfusion of damaged tissue. Mannitol has free radical scavenging capabillties that might contribute to myocardial salvage after ischemia. Because these agents appear to work in different ways, we studied their cardioprotective properties when they were used separately and in combination. After 75 minutes of left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) occlusion, dogs recelved poloxamer 188 (48 mg/kg), mannitol (0.5 gm/kg), or both intravenously during an additional 15 minutes of LAD occlusion and for 45 minutes of reperfusion, whereas control dogs received an equal volume of saline solution. After surgery the animals were maintained for 24 hours and then killed. Areas of myocardial infarction (MI) and risk of infarction (R) were calculated by means of planimetric analysis of slices of myocardium stained with 1.5% triphenyltetrazolium and 0.5% Evans blue dye. The ratio of MI R (mean ± standard error of the mean) were: control, 25.6 ± 1.8% (n = 10); poloxamer 188, 12.7 ± 2.0% (n = 10); mannitol, 10.6 ± 2.5% (n = 11); and poloxamer 188 plus mannitol, 8.0 ± 4.1% (n = 10). Measurement of microvascular blood flow indicated a similar 86% to 91% reduction of blood flow to the area at risk in all treatment groups. Consequently both poloxamer 188 and mannitol appear to increase salvage of ischemic myocardium and a combination of the two may be more effective than either agent alone.