cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Elements of paradoxes in supply chain management literature: A systematic literature review

Abstract This study reports the results of a systematic literature review investigating paradoxes in supply chain management. This issue is important because supply chain practitioners frequently face paradoxes in industry with little direction provided in supply chain literature. Investigating the years 1997 through 2019, we identified 64 articles as the basis of our research containing a total of 68 unique paradoxes. In identifying the paradox elements (PEs), we adopted paradox theory (PT) as the base theoretical approach, which was utilized in only 7 of the articles. We employed contingency theory, institutional complexity theory, and complexity theory to support our findings. For each paradox, we also extracted and summarized managerial insights for practitioners. This study addresses the emergent needs of investigating paradoxes in the supply chain management domain to extend the use of PT and complementary theories that can aid practitioners in how to efficiently manage the paradoxes they encounter in industry.
Are We Involving Patients in Shared Decision-Making in Young Adult Hip Surgery? A Systematic Review of Patient Engagement Initiatives in Hip Preservation:

There are limited published studies on patient engagement, including shared decision-making, in adolescents and young adults with complex congenital or post-traumatic hip disorders. Despite the limited number of papers, we aim to clearly summarize what is currently available in the literature using a systematic review approach. We hope this serves as a call to action and catalyst for more work in this field. Future research must focus on awareness of what matters most to patients (values), and the development, implementation, and barriers to the use of decision aids and patient engagement optimization specific to hip disease in young adults.
If Corporations Are People, Why Can’t They Play Tag?

The Supreme Court’s decision in Burnham v. Superior Court — despite producing a splintered vote with no opinion garnering a majority of the Court — made one thing clear: an individual defendant can be subject to personal jurisdiction simply by being served with process while he or she happens to be in a forum regardless of whether the defendant has any contacts with that forum. This method of acquiring personal jurisdiction is called transient or “tag” jurisdiction. Tag jurisdiction is older than minimum contacts jurisdiction, and used to be the primary method for determining whether an out of state defendant could be haled into a court. While Burnham held that tag jurisdiction remained constitutionally valid, the court split on the justification for allowing this form of jurisdiction, with four Justices approving the practice under an originalist methodology, and four others approving it based on contemporary notions of fairness.This article argues that both the originalist and fairness-based tests proposed by the principal opinions in Burnham support allowing the assertion of tag jurisdiction over corporations and other entity defendants through in-state service on their officers. This article shows that at the time of the Fourteenth Amendment’s ratification, corporations were often subject to personal jurisdiction based only on their officers’ physical presence in a forum when served with process. The article also demonstrates that the fairness considerations that led four Members of the Court to endorse tag jurisdiction in Burnham apply with even greater force to modern corporations because of their greater ability to take advantage of the protections and services offered by states outside of their own. Finally, the article examines how the application of tag jurisdiction to corporate entities would be in accord with general trends in constitutional law affording corporations rights equivalent to those of natural persons.
A Person-centered Approach to Violence Exposure in Postwar Colombian Youth: Demographic Covariates and Positive Youth Development Outcomes:

While the negative impact of extensive exposure to community violence and armed conflict is known, less emphasis has been focused on outcomes supportive of resilience. It is critical to begin explo...
A Colonial Empire Without Colonies: Russia’s State Colonialism in Comparative Perspective

Syrien unter der Herrschaft der Osmanen bietet Anlass, das Konzept von Kolonialismus zu hinterfragen. Uber vier Jahrhunderte hinweg (1516–1918) herrschte das Osmanische Reich uber die vorwiegend arabischsprachige Bevolkerung des syrischen Gebiets. Aufgrund der Ansiedlung neuer Bevolkerungsgruppen, der okonomischen Ausbeutung durch Beamte und der Kooptation von „kriegerischen“ oder „tribalen“ Gemeinschaften in die imperiale Ordnung hat die osmanische Herrschaft in Syrien eine zumindest oberflachliche Ahnlichkeit mit dem modernen Kolonialismus. Allerdings ist die Geschichte des Osmanischen Reiches in Syrien komplizierter, als es die binare Unterscheidung von Kolonisatoren und Kolonialisierten den Anschein erweckt. Denn das Osmanische Sultanat verwandelte sich selbst aus einem machtigen vormodernen Imperium in einen bedrangten modernen Staat mit defensiver Haltung. Die osmanische Herrschaft in Syrien veranschaulicht weniger einen „turkischen Kolonialismus“ als vielmehr den Versuch einer alteren imperialen Herrschaftsordnung, sich den neuen und widrigen Umstanden moderner Staatlichkeit anzupassen.
Safety and tolerability of liquid amikacin in antibiotic-loaded bone cement – a case series

Abstract. High-dose liquid antibiotics are uncommon in bone cement. We present a case series of patients in which up to 16 mL of liquid amikacin (250 mg mL −1 ) was successfully incorporated into bone cement to treat periprosthetic joint infections. We did not observe adverse drug reactions definitively attributed to its use.
Lysosomal proton pump activity: supravital cell staining with acridine orange differentiates leukocyte subpopulations.

Publisher Summary Lysosomes are known to be internally acidic and to require metabolic energy to maintain an intralysosomal pH of about 4.8. It appears that an adenosine tri-phosphate (ATP)-dependent proton (H+) pump is responsible for the internal acidic environment of lysosomes. Many uncharged, lipophilic substances are able to cross biological membranes by an unselective permeation mechanism. Some of these substances, such as the fluorescent dye acridine orange (AO), are weak bases. At acid pH, weak bases will accept a proton and be converted to a positively charged substance that is no longer capable of passing freely through cellular membranes. Thus, AO, like other lysosomotropic agents, will accumulate and become trapped within the lysosomes of living cells. Aggregates of AO are known to luminesce red as compared to the normal green fluorescence associated with the monomer form of the dye that would be expected to predominate at low AO concentrations. Under appropriate staining conditions, the intensity of AO red luminescence is a function of both total lysosomal volume and the capacity of the lysosomal membrane to maintain a proton gradient.
Market Incentives for Recycling – The Tax Credit and Product Charge Compared

The need for a reliable waste policy is clearly seen and has not yet been formulated. The Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 was the initial Federal response to the solid-waste problem. The Act recognized the necessity of stimulating additional materials recycling and established a framework for both financial and technical assistance to local and state agencies for development of resource recovery and solid-waste disposal programs. This article explores recent congressional proposals in two closely related areas: materials recycling and waste reduction efforts. As used in this article, ''recycling'' means ''the recovery of specific reprocessed secondary materials.'' For example, the reuse of a returnable beverage container does not constitute recycling unless that container has been broken down and remade. Waste reduction, on the other hand, refers to ''prevention of waste at its source,'' and is generally accomplished through extended product lives or less-materials-intensive product designs. Reuse of a returnable bottle would, therefore, constitute waste reduction. The first section of this article reviews the seriousness of the solid waste problem. Following is a brief discussion of Federal action to date, and a comparison of two recent recycling proposals: the Senate Finance Committee's tax credit for recycling, and the House Commerce Committee'smore » national product charge. (MCW)« less
Bitcoin Transaction Graph Analysis

Bitcoins have recently become an increasingly popular cryptocurrency through which users trade electronically and more anonymously than via traditional electronic transfers. Bitcoin's design keeps all transactions in a public ledger. The sender and receiver for each transaction are identified only by cryptographic public-key ids. This leads to a common misconception that it inherently provides anonymous use. While Bitcoin's presumed anonymity offers new avenues for commerce, several recent studies raise user-privacy concerns. We explore the level of anonymity in the Bitcoin system. Our approach is two-fold: (i) We annotate the public transaction graph by linking bitcoin public keys to "real" people - either definitively or statistically. (ii) We run the annotated graph through our graph-analysis framework to find and summarize activity of both known and unknown users.
Distribution of FGF-5 in the rhesus macaque retina

Purpose To determine the distribution of mRNA transcribed from the FGF-5 gene and the distribution of FGF-5 protein in the normal adult retina of the rhesus macaque. Methods Freshly enucleated globes from rhesus macaque were prepared for Northern blot analysis, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical studies. A 350 base pair sequence from the human FGF-5 was subcloned and used to prepare 35S-labeled cRNAs for Northern and in situ experiments. Antipeptide antibodies were raised against an aminoterminal sequence as well as an internal sequence and were affinity purified on recombinant FGF-5 coupled to AffiGel-10. The specificity of antibody probes was verified by dot blot and Western blot analyses. Results Ganglion cells and photoreceptors express the highest levels of FGF-5 mRNA, although all neurons and the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) were clearly labeled. Immunohistochemical staining similarly revealed a widespread distribution of the protein, with prominent labeling observed in photoreceptor inner segments, especially in cone cells. Plexiform layers and RPE cells were also clearly labeled. Conclusions Clear evidence was established for the expression of FGF-5 in the retina, where it may play an important extracellular role as a secreted member of the FGF gene family.
Harvey Sarcoma Virus: A Second Murine Type C Sarcoma Virus with Rat Genetic Information

The nucleic acid sequences found in the Harvey strain of murine sarcoma virus have been analyzed by RNA.[(3)H]DNA and [(3)H]RNA.DNA hybridization techniques. The Harvey strain of murine sarcoma virus has been found to possess at least two sets of nucleic acid sequences. One set of sequences is contained in the Moloney strain of mouse type-C virus, and the other set is contained in DNA transcripts synthesized in endogenous reactions containing rat type-C virus(es). The nucleic acid sequences that are detected in the Harvey sarcoma virus with the DNA probes synthesized from the rat type-C virus(es) are related to the rat sequences detected in the Kirsten strain of murine sarcoma virus. The results support the model that both Kirsten and Harvey sarcoma viruses arose through a process of recombination or reassortment between mouse type-C viruses and sequences in rat cells and suggest that the information for transformation of fibroblasts may be contained in the rat type-C or cellular genome.
Yanaconas: Indios conquistadores y colonizadores del Nuevo Reino de Granada, siglo XVI.

Resumen es: Este articulo examina el rol de los yanaconas en las huestes conquistadoras de Sebastian de Belalcazar en lo que hoy es el sur de Colombia, asi como algu...
Physical Factors Effecting Cerebral Aneurysm Pathophysiology

Many factors that are either blood-, wall-, or hemodynamics-borne have been associated with the initiation, growth, and rupture of intracranial aneurysms. The distribution of cerebral aneurysms around the bifurcations of the circle of Willis has provided the impetus for numerous studies trying to link hemodynamic factors (flow impingement, pressure, and/or wall shear stress) to aneurysm pathophysiology. The focus of this review is to provide a broad overview of such hemodynamic associations as well as the subsumed aspects of vascular anatomy and wall structure. Hemodynamic factors seem to be correlated to the distribution of aneurysms on the intracranial arterial tree and complex, slow flow patterns seem to be associated with aneurysm growth and rupture. However, both the prevalence of aneurysms in the general population and the incidence of ruptures in the aneurysm population are extremely low. This suggests that hemodynamic factors and purely mechanical explanations by themselves may serve as necessary, but never as necessary and sufficient conditions of this disease’s causation. The ultimate cause is not yet known, but it is likely an additive or multiplicative effect of a handful of biochemical and biomechanical factors.
Locating Man-Made Objects In Low-Resolution Outdoor Scenes

This paper describes an approach to the problem of finding small-sized man-made objects in outdoor scenes, and gives some initial results of using this approach. In many military applications, the objects of interest in low-resolution imagery encompass areas covering less than 10 x 10 pixels. In such situations, there are no d.etailed geometrical features present in objects that may be used for recognizing them in a large field of view. A characteristic often used for finding small objects is the contrast between the objects and background. The contrast-based features work adequately in simple scenes with relatively clean back-ground and absence of clutter. The problem becomes much more difficult when the objects are located in outdoor scenes with real noise (bushes and other natural terrain). We believe that some gross structural properties of man-made objects, for example "blockiness" of object boundary, can serve as strong features in distinguishing them from background. clutter. Our preliminary results on this work look very encouraging and are presented. in this paper.© (1977) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Inhibition of Toll-like Receptor Signaling in Primary Murine Microglia

Microglial cells respond to the herpes simplex virus (HSV)-1 by producing proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. After this inflammatory burst, these cells undergo apoptotic cell death. We have recently demonstrated that both virus-induced immune mediator production and apoptosis were induced through Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) signaling. Based upon these findings, we hypothesized that the inhibition of TLR2 signaling may serve as a means to alleviate excessive neuroinflammation. In the present study, we cloned four vaccinia virus (VV) proteins, which have been reported to disrupt either TLR signaling or NF-κB activation, and overexpressed them in HEK293T cells stably expressing murine TLR2 and in primary murine microglia. Using an NF-κB-driven luciferase reporter gene assay, we show that upon stimulation with HSV and Listeria monocytogenes, all four vaccinia proteins inhibited TLR2 signaling with different levels of inhibition in the TLR2-expressing cell line and primary microglia. We found similar results when microglial cells were stimulated with the TLR4 ligand LPS and the TLR9 ligand CpG ODN. Taken together, these data provide evidence that these VV proteins can function as inhibitors of TLR signaling in primary microglial cells.
Party Identification in Emotional and Political Context: A Replication

While testing an affective measure of party identification Burden and Klofstad (2005) found that using the phrase, “feel that you are,” in place of, “think of yourself as,” significantly shifted PID in a Republican direction. I adopt the theoretical framework of Affective Intelligence (Marcus, Neuman, & MacKuen, 2000) to specify how the timing of their question-wording experiment may have influenced the results. I suggest that the outcome was a function of (a) anxiety present during the survey, which ran just after 9/11 of 2001, coupled with (b) a political environment that favored Republicans. In a 2005 survey I replicate the experiment and collect new measures with which to test expectations. I find no significant shift in PID, and provisional support for the Affective Intelligence explanation. The results validate Burden and Klofstad's measure, qualify their findings, and test the application of the theory of Affective Intelligence to party dispositions. Alternative explanations and directions for further research are discussed.
Antiestrogenic and DNA damaging effects induced by tamoxifen and toremifene metabolites.

The antiestrogen, tamoxifen, has been extensively used in the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Although tamoxifen showed benefits in the chemotherapy and chemoprevention of breast cancer, epidemiological studies in both tamoxifen-treated breast cancer patients and healthy women indicated that treatment caused an increased risk of developing endometrial cancer. These troubling side effects lead to concerns over long-term safety of the drug. Therefore, it is important to fully understand the relationship between the antiestrogenic and the genotoxic mechanisms of tamoxifen, other antiestrogens, and their metabolites. Previously, we have shown that o-quinone formation from tamoxifen and its analogues, droloxifene and 4-hydroxytoremifene, may not contribute to the cytotoxic effects of these antiestrogens; however, these o-quinones can form adducts with deoxynucleosides and this implies that the o-quinone pathway could contribute to the genotoxicity of the antiestrogens in vivo. To further investigate...
Predictors of Coping Strategies among Adults with Cancer

The predictive utility of emotional distress, social support, and satisfaction with health care for use of particular coping strategies (confrontation, avoidance, acceptance-resignation) was examined in 130 adults with cancer. Analysis indicated that emotional distress was the most salient predictor of adults' use of coping strategies characterized by avoidance and acceptance-resignation, after controlling for the effects of duration of disease and relevant demographic characteristics. Emotional distress, social support, and satisfaction with health care did not account for a significant percentage of the variance in coping strategies characterized by confrontation.
Determination of trace elements in biological standard kale by neutron activation analysis

Fifteen elements at trace levels have been determined by neutron activation analysis in the biological standard kale distributed byBowen. La, Br, As, Se, Sc, Ag, Zn, Co, Cr, Sb, Eu, Fe, and Zr have been determined by a nondestructive technique using a high-resolution Ge(Li) detector. Two more elements, Au and Hg, have been determined after radiochemical separation. The nondestructive procedure is shown to yield data in generally good agreement with those obtained by destructive techniques. Potential sources of error in the nondestructive technique are discussed.
Shadow prices for project evaluation under alternative macroeconomic specifications

For purposes of social cost-benefit analysis, a project may be viewed as a disturbance to the economy, displacing it from some initial equilibrium to a new one. But the new configuration will depend on which particular variables adjust to restore equilibrium. This paper examines the shadow prices for project evaluation under alternative assumptions about how equilibrium is restored. When the government reacts by altering its foreign exchange reserves, the shadow prices coincide with those advocated in the manuals on social cost-benefit analysis. However, if the government adjusts its domestic expenditures or tariff rates, the shadow prices will differ from those of the manuals, except insofar as the relative shadow prices of tradeables remain their relative border prices. The paper first presents the model, followed by two cases in which domestic prices and wage rates do not vary because ad valorem tariffs are fixed and one case in which they are endogenous.
Multidetector computed tomography in the evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department.

Traditional evaluation of chest pain in the emergency department (ED) with history and physical, electrocardiogram (ECG), and cardiac biomarkers is often inconclusive and frequently requires hospital admission for continued workup. The development of newer generations of multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) capable of providing accurate assessment of the coronary arteries along with the increasing placement of computed tomographic (CT) scanners near the emergency suite has raised the possibility of using CT to provide a comprehensive imaging evaluation in patients presenting with acute chest pain. This article reviews the current diagnostic workup for acute chest pain, the potential value of using CT, and the challenges that remain before implementing it for routine clinical use. Chest pain is among the most common symptoms of patients presenting to the ED with over 5 million patients presenting annually in the United States with a chief complaint of chest pain. 1 Emergency physicians face the diagnostic challenge of rapidly separating benign chest pain etiologies from life-threatening conditions such as pulmonary embolism, aortic dissection, and esophageal perforation. Perhaps the most important diagnosis to establish is that of coronary artery disease, which frequently presents in the ED as stable angina or the acute coronary syndrome (ACS). ACS compromises the most serious forms of symptomatic coronary artery disease, including acute myocardial infarction, nontransmural myocardial infarction (non q-wave), and unstable angina. The established diagnostic triad in the initial evaluation of chest pain is history and physical, ECG, and cardiac biomarkers. Cardiac chest pain is classically described as a chest pressure or heaviness that radiates to the arms or neck and occurs during exertion. The characteristic ECG finding of myocardial infarction is ST segment elevation or t-wave inversion. Troponin is a specific biomarker of myocardial damage and is often positive by 6 hours after the onset of chest
A glass spherule of questionable impact origin from the Apollo 15 landing site: Unique target mare basalt

A 6 mm-diameter dark spherule, 15434,28, from the regolith on the Apennine Front at the Apollo 15 landing site has a homogeneous glass interior with a 200 microns-thick rind of devitrified or crystallized melt. The rind contains abundant small fragments of Apollo 15 olivine-normative mare basalt and rare volcanic Apollo 15 green glass. The glass interior of the spherule has the chemical composition, including a high FeO content and high CaO/Al2O3, of a mare basalt. Whereas the major element and Sc, Ni, and Co abundances are similar to those of low-Ti mare basalts, the incompatible elements and Sr abundances are similar to those of high-Ti mare basaits. The relative abundance patterns of the incompatible trace elements are distinct from any other lunar mare basalts or KREEP; among these distinctions are a much steeper slope of the heavy rare earth elements. The 15434,28 glass has abundances of the volatile element Zn consistent with both impact glasses and crystalline mare basalts, but much lower than in glasses of mare volcanic origin. The glass contains siderophile elements such as Ir in abundances only slightly higher than accepted lunar indigenous levels, and some, such as Au, are just below such upper limits. The age of the glass, determined by the Ar-40/Ar-39 laser incremental heating technique, is 1647 +/- 11 Ma (2 sigma); it is expressed as an age spectrum of seventeen steps over 96% of the Ar-38 released, unusual for an impact glass. Trapped argon is negligible. The undamaged nature of the sphere demonstrates that it must have spent most of its life buried in regolith; Ar-38 cosmic ray exposure data suggest that it was buried at less than 2m but more than a few centimeters if a single depth is appropriate. That the spherule solidified to a glass is surprising; for such a mare composition, cooling at about 50 C/s is required to avoid crystallization, and barely attainable in such a large spherule. The low volatile abundances, slightly high siderophile abundances, and the young age are perhaps all most consistent with an impact origin, but nonetheless not absolutely definitive.
On the contributions of NMR spectroscopy to clathrate science

This paper presents a short overview of the contribution that NMR spectroscopy has made to clathrate science. Both have been in the realm of the experimental scientist for about 50 years. Different degrees of development of NMR spectroscopy have led to increasing sophistication in the kind of information available, best exemplified by consideration of studies on clathrate hydrates. Initially most results related to guest and host dynamics, progressing to site and structure specific measurement of chemical shift tensors and isotropic shifts that led to the ability to measure sample compositions. Currently developments are leading to time-resolved information, providing new insights into processes such as hydrate formation, as well as magnetic resonance imaging, leading to space-resolved studies of hydrate formation and decomposition.
Breeding Habits, Growth and Stomach Contents of the Steller Sea Lion in Alaska

Steller sea lions ( Eumetopias jubata ) were observed from May to July. Harem boundaries were indistinct, and the size of a harem varied from day to day as did the number of unattached males near a harem. Copulation was observed from 31 May to 10 July, parturition from 24 May to 27 June. A cow nursed only her own pup or yearling. Harem groups slowly disbanded as pups learned to swim. Lengths of pups, yearlings, cows and bulls are summarized. Only noncommercial fishes, with the exception of one pink salmon, were found in 114 stomachs. Invertebrates were more frequent than fishes.
Incidence of PTSD Among Staff Victims of Patient Violence

This study clearly demonstrated that traumatically stressful events occurred fairly frequently among clinical and nonclinical staff. The clinical staff reported a very high rate of PTSD-related symptoms. No evidence was found that clinicians were immune to traumatic events. Indeed, clinicians reported reactive symptoms at a higher rate than nonclinicians. Eighty-six percent of the nonclinicians who experienced traumatic events reported later symptoms; all but one of the 138 clinicians who had such experiences reported symptoms. If one in ten employees in an industry was expected to develop a job related psychiatric disorder, the industry would likely face intense pressure to address the issue. This study shows that quite the opposite is the case in mental health facilities. Should these findings prove typical, it may be, ironically, that one of the most hazardous work settings for employee mental health is the local mental health facility.
Directional Solidification of the ZrO2‐MgO Eutectic

The eutectic between ZrO2 and MgO was located at 27 wt% MgO. Directional solidification of this composition yields MgO rods in a cubic ZrO2 matrix. Plane front growth occurred at solidification rates of <2.0 cm/h. The interfiber spacing was proportional to the inverse square root of the solidification rate. In samples where cellular growth occurred, the colony size was not affected by the solidification rate. The room-temperature fracture strength, ∼23,000 psi, which was not affected by the MgO fiber size, was controlled by the colony size. Annealing for 24 h at 1200°C increased the fracture strength by 50% as a result of a compressive stress in the matrix caused by the cubic-to-monoclinic transformation in the ZrO2.
Curriculum Professors' Curriculum Work, or, Can We Expand Our Practice While We Teach?

1 Revised and expanded version of a paper delivered at the meeting of the Professors of Curriculum, San Antonio, Texas, March 2, 1990.
A problem of data mining in E-commerce

Abstract Data mining is generally defined as the science of nontrivial extraction of implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information from datasets. There are many websites on the Internet that provide extensive information about products and allow users post comments on various products and rate the product on a scale of 1 to 5. During the past decade, the need for intelligent algorithms for calculating and organizing extremely large sets of data has grown exponentially. In this article we investigate the extent to which a product’s average user rating can be predicted, using a manageable subset of a data set. For this we use a linearization-algorithm based prediction model and sketch how an inverse problem can be formulated to yield a smooth local volatility function of user ratings. The MAPLE programs that implement the proposed algorithm show that the method is reasonably accurate for the reconstruction of volatility of user ratings, which is useful both in accurate user predictions as well as computing sensitivity.
Shear Stress Exposure Measurements on the Motionless Fluid Diode Valve in the Pulmonary Position

Pulmonary insufficiency is one of the consequences of congenital heart disease, and currently no permanent solution exists. The concept of a motionless diode valve to regulate the pulmonary circulation has been proposed and previously studied. The diode valve has shown the ability to regulate flow with levels of regurgitation and pressure gradient that are acceptable within the pulmonary circulation [1].Copyright © 2010 by ASME
Coupling Path Visualization using a movable scatterer

Suppressing the coupling path between aggressors and victims is always a major issue in EMC design. However, it would be difficult to identify it. In this paper the coupling paths between two monopole antennas were identified using a movable scatterer. By post processing the data, the coupling paths could be visualized as surface plots.
Developmental alterations of frontal-striatal-thalamic connectivity in obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Objective Pediatric obsessive-compulsive disorder is characterized by abnormalities of frontal–striatal–thalamic circuitry that appear near illness onset and persist over its course. Distinct frontal-striatal-thalamic loops through cortical centers for cognitive control (anterior cingulate cortex) and emotion processing (ventral medial frontal cortex) follow unique maturational trajectories, and altered connectivity within distinct loops may be differentially associated with OCD at specific stages of development. Method Altered development of striatal and thalamic connectivity to medial frontal cortex was tested in 60 OCD patients compared with 61 healthy control subjects at child, adolescent, and adult stages of development, using resting-state functional connectivity MRI. Results OCD in the youngest patients was associated with reduced connectivity of dorsal striatum and medial dorsal thalamus to rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, respectively. Increased connectivity of dorsal striatum to ventral medial frontal cortex was observed in patients at all developmental stages. In child patients, reduced connectivity between dorsal striatum and rostral anterior cingulate cortex correlated with OCD severity. Conclusions Frontal–striatal–thalamic loops involved in cognitive control are hypoconnected in young patients near illness onset, whereas loops implicated in emotion processing are hyperconnected throughout the illness.
Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath and pigmented villonodular synovitis: Immunophenotype suggests a synovial cell origin

Abstract Giant cell tumor of tendon sheath (GCTS) and pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) are common synovial “tumors.” Their immunohistochemical profile, however, has not been well characterized, and uncertainty exists regarding their histogenesis and relationship to fibroma of tendon sheath. In an effort to clarify these uncertainties and to better define the immunohistochemical profile of GCTS/ PVNS, we examined formalin fixed tissue from 35 specimens of GCTS, 12 specimens of PVNS, and three cases of reactive synovitis using avidin biotin complex (ABC) and streptavidin immunohistochemical methods. Antibodies to vimentin, CD68, HAM56, cytokeratins, EMA, S100, HMB45, leukocyte common antigen, CD34, desmin, and smooth muscle actin were used in the study. The proliferating mononuclear cells and surface synovial cells in GCTS/PVNS and reactive synovitis stained positively for CD68, HAM56, and vimentin only. Multinucleated cells stained for CD68, vimentin, and leukocyte common antigen. All other stains were negative. Our results suggest that GCTS/PVNS are tumors of synovial cell origin, and do not support an association between GCTS and fibroma of tendon sheath.
Quasibound states in a chaotic molecular system

We show the influence of stable and unstable periodic orbits on the energy eigenstates of the HOCl molecule, both below and above dissociation. The energy range considered is low enough to hold the HO bond fixed, allowing a two-dimensional model of the molecule. Above dissociation unstable periodic orbits, in a chaotic sea, anchor quasibound states of the molecule. Quasibound states are calculated using reaction matrix theory and are found to have lifetimes ranging over five orders of magnitude.
Using Mathematics Strategies in Early Childhood Education as a Basis for Culturally Responsive Teaching in India.

The objective of this small study was to elicit responses from early childhood teachers in India on mathematics learning strategies and to measure the extent of finger counting technique adopted by the teachers in teaching young children. Specifically, the research focused on the effective ways of teaching mathematics to children in India, and examined teachers’ approach to number counting. In India, children were taught by their parents or by their teachers to use fingers to count. The qualitative study conducted by the researcher further enriched the topic with first‐hand comments by the teachers. Although the finger counting method was not the only process that teachers would adopt, it was embedded in the culture and taken into consideration while infusing mathematics skills. The teachers confirmed adopting the Indian method of finger counting in their teaching strategy; some specified that the method helped children to undertake addition and subtraction of carrying and borrowing, as counting by object...
The many roles of social workers in the prevention and treatment of alcohol and drug addiction: a major health and social problem affecting individuals, families, and society. Introduction.

We are pleased to offer you this special edition of Social Work in Public Health that focuses on the problem of addiction (substance use disorders) in the United States. All articles were written b...
Plenary talk - normal and superconducting radio-frequency cavities for high energy particle accelerators

Advanced type-II superconductors are being developed for winding the high field dipole magnets that guide high energy elementary particles around their circular paths in colliding synchrotrons such as the Tevatron (at the Fermi national Accelerator Laboratory, FNAL, Chicago, IL) and the Large Hadron Collider (LHC, at Geneva, Switzerland). But an essential component of colliding synchrotrons, as well as linear accelerators (such as the proposed International Linear Collider, ILC), is the cluster of radio-frequency (RF) cavities that accelerator the particles to final energy.
Applying Academic Research on Monetary Policy Rules: An Exercise in Translational Economics

Recent progress in the practical application of research on monetary policy rules in the United States during the 1990s is examined. The paper focuses on how simple policy rules that describe how the central bank’s interest rate responds to the economy have provided a useful framework for actual decision making. It is argued that the process by which economic research is put into practice—called translational economics—is fascinating and worthy of careful study in general; several recent examples from research on monetary policy rules are offered to show why.
A homogenized energy framework for ferromagnetic hysteresis

This paper focuses on the development of a homogenized energy model which quantifies certain facets of the direct magnetomechanical effect. In the first step of the development, Gibbs energy analysis at the lattice level is combined with Boltzmann principles to quantify the local average magnetization as a function of input fields and stresses. A macroscopic magnetization model, which incorporates the effects of polycrystallinity, material nonhomogeneities, stress-dependent interaction fields, and stress-dependent coercive behavior, is constructed through stochastic homogenization techniques based on the tenet that local coercive and interaction fields are manifestations of underlying distributions rather than constants. The resulting framework incorporates previous ferromagnetic hysteresis theory as a special case in the absence of applied stresses. Attributes of the framework are illustrated through comparison with previously published steel and iron data
THE FUNCTION OF P700 AND CYTOCHROME f IN THE PHOTOSYNTHETIC REACTION CENTER OF SYSTEM 1 IN RED ALGAE

— Kinetics and quantum yields of light-induced oxidation of P700 and the f-type cytochrome were measured in marine red algae from absorbance changes in the region 420, 435 and 705 nm. The quantum yield for cytochrome oxidation in Iridaea splendens and Schizymenia pacifica was 0.5-0.65 in far-red light, at 20d and at 0dC. Oxidation rates of P700 measured when varying amounts of cytochrome were in the oxidized state indicated that a reaction center of system 1 in Iridaea contains 1 P700 and 4 cytochrome molecules. Oxidized P700 only accumulates when all 4 cytochromes are oxidized. The rate of photochemistry of system 1, measured as the sum of the rates of P700 and cytochrome oxidation, was independent of the oxidation level of cytochrome, but decreased with accumulation of oxidized P700. This decrease was less than proportional to the fraction of P700 that was in the oxidized state, which suggested transfer of excitation energy between reaction centers. The quantum yield for cytochrome oxidation after dark periods of 1 min or more was only about 0.2. This effect was tentatively ascribed to a dark reduction of the cytochrome coupled to phosphorylation.
DIETARY EXPOSURE MODELS FOR NITRATES AND NITRITES

Abstract Models to assess dietary exposure of population groups to nitrates and nitrites should be based on the major sources of these substances in foods. Most models require the use of food consumption information and will, therefore, be flawed by the problems that exist with current dietary intake assessment methods. The Total Diet Study model would probably not provide representative coverage of the nitrites in processed meats. A nitrate/nitrite database model requires the gathering and compiling of published data and data from industry on the nitrate and nitrite content of foods. A nitrate/nitrite core food model requires the identification of the foods most responsible for nitrate/nitrite consumption in the U.S. and routine collection and analyses of these products. The large database model uses the database of a national food consumption survey and assigns nitrate and nitrite values to all the foods (based on available data and imputation). A processed meat production/consumption model focuses only on nitrites added to processed, cured meats. The nitrate/nitrite core food model is the preferred approach.
Lymphokines and immunoregulatory molecules in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis.

Abstract Frozen brain specimens from six patients with subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) were analyzed immunohistochemically for the presence of leukocyte subpopulations and specific cytokines. In brain regions demonstrating perivascular cell infiltration and gliosis, CD4 and CD8 positive cells were identified within the brain parenchyma. Cytokine analysis revealed cells staining positively for tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ. These results were similar to those observed in multiple sclerosis (MS) and progressive rubella panencephalitis tissue and were different from other predominantly noninflammatory neurologic diseases and normal controls. Although SSPE and MS differ significantly in their etiology and histopathology, the similarities in leukocyte and cytokine staining patterns suggest a common mechanism of disease progression.
40- $\mu{\rm m}$ Cu/Au Flip-Chip Joints Made by 200 $^{\circ}{\rm C}$ Solid-State Bonding Process

Flip-chip interconnect joints of copper/gold (Cu/Au) with 40-μm diameter and 100-μm pitch were made between silicon (Si) chips and Cu substrates using solid-state bonding at 200°C with a static pressure of 250-400 psi (1.7-2.7 MPa). The array of 50 × 50 Cu/Au columns was first created. In fabrication, photoresist with 50 x 50 cavities of 40-μm diameter and 45-μm depth were produced on Si wafers, which were first coated with 30 nm chromium and 100 nm Au films. Cu of 25-μm thickness was electroplated in the cavities, followed by 10 μm of Au. After stripping the photoresist, the array of 50 x 50 Cu/Au columns was obtained on a chip region of the wafer. The 50 x 50 Cu/Au columns on the chip were bonded to a Cu substrate by solidstate bonding. No molten phase was involved and no flux was used. No underfill was applied. The corresponding load for each column was only 0.22-0.35 g. Cross-section scanning electron microscopy images show that Cu/Au columns were well bonded to the Cu substrate. Despite the large mismatch in the coefficient of thermal expansion between Si and Cu, no joint breakage was observed. The pull test was performed and the fracture modes were evaluated. The fracture force and fracture strength obtained were 11.2-14.2 kg and 35-44 MPa (5000-6400 psi), respectively. The measured fracture force is four times larger than the criterion of the pull-off test in MIL-STD-883E.
Photochemistry of multiply bonded dimolybdenum phosphate complexes in acidic solution: photoinduced two-electron oxidation of Mo2(HPO4)44- ion

The multiply bonded dimolybdenum phosphate dimers Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 4 -/ and Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 3 -/ have been prepared and spectroscopically and electrochemically characterized. The electronic absorption spectrum of the quadruply bonded complex Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 4 -/ in H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/ is typical of many M/sup n/-M species with the sigma/sup 2/ ..-->.. sigmasigma* (/sup 1/A/sub 2u/ withdraws /sup 1/A/sub 1g/) transition occurring at 516 nm. Cyclic voltammograms of phosphoric acid solutions of Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 4 -/ are characterized by two reversible waves at -0.67 and -0.25 V vs. SCE that they have attributed to the Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 3-/3-/ and Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 2-/3-/ couples, respectively. Oxidation of Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 4 -/ produces the mixed-valence dimer Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 3 -/, which exhibits an intense near-infrared absorption band that they have assigned to the sigma ..-->.. sigma* (/sup 2/B/sub 1u/ withdraws /sup 2/B/sub 2g/) transition. Solid K/sub 3/Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4/ is paramagnetic and follows Curie law behavior (..mu.. = 1.58 ..mu../sub B/). The EPR spectrum of K/sub 3/Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4/ at 5 K shows an axial signal (g perpendicular to = 1.894, g parallel tomore » = 1.886). Whereas Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sup 4 -/ thermally reacts in 2 M H/sub 3/PO/sub 4/ to produce Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sup 43 -/ and hydrogen over a period of days, irradiation (lambda greater than or equal to 335 nm) of phosphoric acid solutions of the dimer leads to the facile production of Mo/sub 2/(HPO/sub 4/)/sub 4//sup 2 -/ and hydrogen.« less
Organisational Development Diagnostic Categories: A Clinical Approach

It is recommended that the OD Community develop a taxonomical diagnostic guide concerning organisational pathologies similar to APA′s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Part of such an effort would be the classification of the subset of organisational maladies that derive from the subconscious dimensions of organisational behaviour. As an example of how such a schemata can be created, a non‐directive psychological depth approach was applied to a decade‐long conflict between the engineering and operating divisions of a Fortune 500 company. It was found that the source of the difficulty was subconscious paradigmatic differences between the two groups; engineers exhibiting a scientific, positivistic world view; operating managers an entrepreneurial one. Symptoms of such a conflict are long term (years) normative, moral rigid disagreements over how the affairs of the company should be conducted. Thus paradigmatic conflict would constitute one type of organisational disorder that could be i...
Reactive silica: XV. Some properties of solids prepared by the reaction of trimethylaluminum with silica

Abstract Infrared spectrocopic studies confirm earlier work that when trimethylaluminum (TMA) reacts with silica, the surface is dehydroxylated and Si-CH3 and A1-CH3 species are formed; H2O hydrolizes the latter. H2O partially hydroxylated the surface; two types of adsorbed water formed, absorbing at 1670 and 1640 cm−1. Degassing the TMA-treated samples caused them to become partially activated, but deactivation occurred readily. Degassed samples could be partially reduced with H2, resulting in the formation of silanols and species thought to be Al+HO− and Al-H.
Imagine a journey through time and space

The hippocampus, a structure critical for memory and navigation, contains both place and episodic cell assemblies. Synchronous input from the medial septum is crucial for inducing spatial and temporal neural sequences. These sequences are, in turn, necessary for constructing episodic cells and, in the absence of sensory input, place cells.
Intraplate earthquakes in Northern Svalbard

Abstract A temporary network of microearthquake seismographs deployed in the northern part of Svalbard recorded numerous earthquakes during the summer of 1982. Most of the earthquakes occurred in concentrated zones in restricted portions of three fault complexes in central Nordaustlandet, but minor activity also occurred to the east and west of these complexes. Within the uncertainty of the epicentral locations, most earthquakes which occurred on land in regions not covered by glaciers could be associated with segments of mapped faults. There are numerous fault segments and even entire faults, however, along which no recorded earthquake occurred. The concentrated spatial locations of these earthquakes along preferred portions of mapped faults, and the absence of throughgoing lines of activity, suggest that these are intraplate earthquakes occurring along existing faults in response to an applied stress field. Composite fault-plane solutions for the three most active regions each include one nodal-plane which can be associated, at least roughly, with a trend of seismicity and trend of a mapped fault. The directions of greatest principle stress for the three fault plane solutions vary between N90°W and N55°W, directions which agree approximately with maximum stress directions determined for a region about 200 km to the south. The consistency of the directions of maximum principle stress obtained for earthquakes throughout a broad region of Svalbard suggests that the earthquakes there occur in response to a stress field which is of plate tectonic origin.