cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Studying access-control usability in the lab: lessons learned from four studies

In a series of studies, we investigated a user interface intended to help users stay aware of their access-control policy even when they are engaged in another activity as their primary task. Methodological issues arose in each study, which impacted the results. We describe the difficulties encountered during each study, and changes to the methodology designed to overcome those difficulties. Through this process, we shed light on the challenges intrinsic to many studies that examine security as a secondary task, and convey a series of lessons that we hope will help other researchers avoid some of the difficulties that we encountered.
Kynurenate and 7-chlorokynurenate formation in chronically epileptic rats.

Summary: Purpose: The tryptophan metabolite kynurenic acid (KYNA) and its synthetic derivative, 7-chlorokynurenic acid (7-Cl-KYNA), are antagonists of the glycine co-agonist (“glycineB”) site of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-receptor. Both compounds have neuroprotective and anticonvulsive properties but do not readily penetrate the blood‐brain barrier. However, KYNA and 7-Cl-KYNA can be formed in, and released from, astrocytes after the peripheral administration of their transportable precursors kynurenine and 4-chlorokynurenine, respectively. The present study was designed to examine these biosynthetic processes, as well as astrogliosis, in animals with spontaneously recurring seizures. Methods: The fate and formation of KYNA and 7-Cl-KYNA was studied in vivo (microdialysis) and in vitro (tissue slices) in rats exhibiting chronic seizure activity (pilocarpine model) and in appropriate controls. Neuronal loss and gliosis in these animals were examined immunohistochemically. Results: In vivo microdialysis revealed higher ambient extracellular KYNA levels and enhanced de novo formation of 7-ClKYNA in the entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in epileptic rats. Complementary studies in tissue slices showed increased neosynthesis of KYNA and 7-Cl-KYNA in the same two brain areas. Microscopic analysis revealed pronounced astrocytic reactions in entorhinal cortex and hippocampus in epileptic animals. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that the epileptic brain can synthesize glycineB receptor antagonists in situ. Astrogliosis probably accounts for their enhanced production in chronically epileptic rats. These results bode well for the use of 4-chlorokynurenine in the treatment of chronic seizure disorders. Ke yW ords: Anticonvulsants—Astrocytes—Gliosis— Kynurenines—NMDA—Pilocarpine—Temporal lobe epilepsy.
Theory of an Inhomogeneously Broadened Laser Amplifier

Atomic coherence and inhomogeneous broadening effects on laser amplifier ultrashort electromagnetic high peak power pulses
Neuroimmune Mechanisms of Intestinal Responses to Stress: Role of Corticotropin-Releasing Factor and Neurotensin

Previous studies showed that exposure of experimental animals to immobilization stress increases colonic motility and that these effects are mediated by release of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), Studies from our laboratory showed that 30-min immobilization stress of rats caused several not previously described colonic responses to stress, including increased colonic mucin and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) secretion, increased colonic mucosal levels of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA, and degranulation of colonic mast cells. These stress-associated colonic changes were reproduced by intravenous or intracerebral injection of CRF in conscious, nonstressed rats. Furthermore, pretreatment of rats with the CRF antagonist alpha-helical CRF9-41, hexamethonium, or the mast cell stabilizer lodoxamide inhibited our observed colon responses to immobilization stress. Our results indicate that CRF released during immobilization stress increases colonic transit via a neuronal pathway and stimulates colonic mucin release via activation of neurons and colonic mast cells. These results provide support for an important role for CRF in stress-mediated colonic responses and a link between the nervous and the immune systems.
Studying New Physics Using Ultrahigh-Energy Cosmic-Ray γ-FAMILY Data

This review discusses some recent developments in the study of ultrahigh-energy interactions using cosmic-ray γ-family data obtained with emulsion chambers at mountain altitudes. The apparent excess of the event rate at large transverse momenta with respect to the prediction based on perturbative QCD indicates new interaction mechanisms at Elab≃104–105 TeV, an energy regime beyond the reach of existing colliders. To reconcile the data with a compositeness model of quarks, the characteristic energy scale would have to be as low as Λc≤0.1 TeV, in conflict with the lower limit of Λc>1.4 TeV or a possible value of Λc≃1.6 TeV obtained by the CDF experiment at Tevatron. Possible new physics beyond the standard model, together with future experiments at the LHC, are also discussed.
Discrimination of recovery in the treatment of elderly patients with recurrent major depression: Limits of prediction

The aim of this work was to determine: (1) the temporal course of recovery in elderly patients with recurrent major nonpsychotic depression treated with combined pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy; (2) the point at which recovering patients can be reliably distinguished from those who will not recover; and (3) the limits of accuracy in predicting recovery. The study group consisted of 101 elderly patients: 82 recovered, 19 no recovered. The method used was random regression and discriminant junction analyses. Reliable and persistent differences between recovering and no recovering elderly patients in Hamilton depression ratings were detected by week 4 of treatment in a random regression model. Discrimination of final outcome, using Hamilton ratings, current age, episode duration, and personality pathology score (derived from the Personality Assessment Form) increased greatly between weeks 4 and 5 of treatment, reaching a ceiling of 75-80%. The ability to predict eventual treatment outcome for major depressive episodes in late life rests upon changes in clinical condition during the first 4 to 5 weeks of treatment. Under highly standardized treatment conditions, 75-80% of patients can be reliably discriminated during early treatment with respect to eventual treatment outcome. Depression 2:218–222 (1994/1995). © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Efficient Multiphoton Excitation of Multiply Excited States

It is shown that if an atomic excitation involves the absorption of more than one photon above the ionization limit, then the total population transfer depends not only on the two-photon generalized excitation cross section but also on the one-photon loss cross section. In the limit of large population transfers, the efficiency can be dominated by the one-photon loss cross section.
The role of protein kinase D in neurotensin secretion mediated by protein kinase C-α/-δ and Rho/Rho kinase

Neurotensin (NT) is a gut peptide that plays an important role in gastrointestinal (GI) secretion, motility, and growth as well as the proliferation of NT receptor positive cancers. Secretion of NT is regulated by phorbol ester-sensitive protein kinase C (PKC) isoforms-alpha and -delta and may involve protein kinase D (PKD). The purpose of our present study was: (i) to define the role of PKD in NT release from BON endocrine cells and (ii) to delineate the upstream signaling mechanisms mediating this effect. Here, we demonstrate that small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeted against PKD dramatically inhibited both basal and PMA-stimulated NT secretion; NT release is significantly increased by overexpression of PKD. PKC-alpha and -delta siRNA attenuated PKD activity, whereas overexpression of PKC-alpha and -delta enhanced PKD activity. Rho kinase (ROK) siRNA significantly inhibited NT secretion, whereas overexpression of ROKalpha effectively increased NT release. Rho protein inhibitor C3 dramatically inhibited both NT secretion and PKD activity. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that PKD activation plays a central role in NT peptide secretion; upstream regulators of PKD include PKC-alpha and -delta and Rho/ROK. Importantly, our results identify novel signaling pathways, which culminate in gut peptide release.
Microparticles as autoantigens in human and murine lupus

Systemic lupus erythematosus is a systemic inflammatory disease characterized by anti-DNA production in association with immune complex deposition. These complexes can deposit in the tissue to incite inflammation as well as stimulate cytokine production by plasmacytoid dendritic cells. While the properties of anti-DNA antibodies have been extensively characterized, little is known about the nature of the DNA in the immune complexes although its origin is generally considered to be cell death. Among sources of extracellular DNA, microparticles (MPs) are small membrane-bound vesicles released from activated and dying cells by a blebbing process. As shown by flow cytometry, these particles display DNA as well as other nuclear molecules in an antigenically accessible form as indicated by the binding of monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies as well as plasma from patients with lupus. Furthermore, plasma from patients with lupus contains increased number of particles with bound IgG, suggesting that MPs can form immune complexes found in lupus. To assess whether MPs play a similar role in murine lupus, we used flow cytometry to measure the presence of MPs with bound IgG in the blood of MRL-lpr/lpr and NZB/W mice; in addition, we tested the binding of plasma of these mice to MPs from apoptotic cells. The results of these studies showed important differences in the serological findings of the two strains as reflected by the much higher numbers of MPs with bound IgG in the blood of MRL-lpr/lpr compared with NZB/W mice. These studies also showed that antibodies from MRL-lpr/lpr mice bound much better to MPs from apoptotic cells than those from NZB/W mice. Since particles in NZB/W blood bound to monoclonal anti-nuclear antibodies as well as MRL-lpr/lpr plasma, these findings indicate antigenic activity despite the lack of particle IgG complexes in NZB/W blood. Together, these studies indicate important differences in the serological features of the two strains as reflected by the capacity of antibodies to bind to MPs. These differences may impact on the process of immune complex formation and its consequences as well as the respective role of anti-DNA and other autoantibodies in nephritis in NZB/W mice.
Prolonged cognitive planning time, elevated cognitive effort, and relationship to coordination and motor control following stroke

Understanding cortical function can provide accurately targeted interventions after stroke. Initially, stroke survivors had prolonged cognitive planning time and elevated cognitive effort, highly correlated with motor control impairments. Exploratory results suggest that neurorehabilitation, accurately targeted to dyscoordination, weakness, and dysfunctional task component execution, can improve cognitive processes controlling motor function.
An autocrine/paracrine role of human decidual relaxin. I. Interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and tissue plasminogen activator.

Decidual and placental relaxins have been proposed as autocrine/paracrine hormones in the remodeling of collagen in the amnion and chorion in the last weeks of pregnancy. The matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) is a key enzyme in the degradation of the interstitial collagens which predominate in the fetal membranes. Distribution of the MMP-1 gene and of the MMP-1 protein was shown by in situ hybridization and immunolocalization, respectively, in amnion, chorion, and decidua collected from patients before the onset of spontaneous labor. The distribution of MMP-1 in the chorionic cytotrophoblast and decidua coincided with that of the human relaxin receptor, detected by tissue section autoradiography in tissues collected at the same stage of pregnancy. Fetal membrane explants were used to study the effect of exogenous human relaxin H2. These responded by a dose-dependent increase in expression of the MMP-1 gene, in its secreted protein, and in its enzyme activity in the medium. A similar dose-dependent increase in the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) gene and protein upon exposure of the explants to relaxin H2 suggested a coordinated cascade system, resulting in increases in secreted activities of MMP-1, MMP-3 (stromelysin), and MMP-9 (gelatinase B). There was no effect on the genes or proteins for MMP-2 (gelatinase A) or tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), showing the specificity of the response. This coordinated regulation by relaxin H2 of tPA, MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-9 would result in more complete degradation of the fetal membrane extracellular matrix components.
THE IMPACT OF FUELS ON AIRCRAFT TECHNOLOGY THROUGH THE YEAR 2000

The impact that the supply, quality, and processing costs of future fuels may have on aircraft technology is assessed. The potential range of properties for future jet fuels is discussed along with the establishment of a data base of fuel property effects on propulsion system components. Also, the evolution and evaluation of advanced component technology that would permit the use of broader property fuels and the identification of technical and economic trade-offs within the overall fuel production-air transportation system associated with variations in fuel properties are examined.
Information flow in nondeterministic systems

An analysis of some recent combinatorial theories of computer security is presented from the perspective of information theory. The theories analyzed are information-flow theories based on the concept of nondeducibility. They are intended to be applicable to nondeterministic systems that may be networked. >
3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a modified two-photon microscope(1). As opposed to conventional approaches (raster scan or wide field based on a stack of frames), the 3D orbital tracking allows to localize and follow with a high spatial (10 nm accuracy) and temporal resolution (50 Hz frequency response) the 3D displacement of a moving fluorescent particle on length-scales of hundreds of microns(2). The method is based on a feedback algorithm that controls the hardware of a two-photon laser scanning microscope in order to perform a circular orbit around the object to be tracked: the feedback mechanism will maintain the fluorescent object in the center by controlling the displacement of the scanning beam(3-5). To demonstrate the advantages of this technique, we followed a fast moving organelle, the lysosome, within a living cell(6,7). Cells were plated according to standard protocols, and stained using a commercially lysosome dye. We discuss briefly the hardware configuration and in more detail the control software, to perform a 3D orbital tracking experiment inside living cells. We discuss in detail the parameters required in order to control the scanning microscope and enable the motion of the beam in a closed orbit around the particle. We conclude by demonstrating how this method can be effectively used to track the fast motion of a labeled lysosome along microtubules in 3D within a live cell. Lysosomes can move with speeds in the range of 0.4-0.5 µm/sec, typically displaying a directed motion along the microtubule network(8).
Service Life Forecasting for Reinforced Concrete Incorporating Potential-Dependent Chloride Threshold

The chloride corrosion threshold of steel in concrete depends not only on concrete and steel properties but also on the potential of the steel while it is still in the passive condition. An innovative model to predict corrosion in reinforced concrete structures is presented, incorporating potential dependence and corrosion macrocell effects. The novel approach integrates the initiation and the propagation stages of corrosion in a single predictive model. The model is applied to a generic, partially submerged, reinforced concrete marine pile. The purpose of this paper was to establish and illustrate the concept of a functional approach to implement potential-dependent chloride threshold in corrosion damage projections, plus articulation of the initiation and propagation stages, in one predictive model. The long-term damage projection results are markedly lower contrasted with those of an identical system with a time-invariant chloride threshold. The results show that implementing chloride threshold depende...
MARVEL — Malicious alteration recognition and verification by emission of light

This paper presents a new technique for detecting chip alterations using intrinsic light emission in combination with electrical test. The key idea of this method is based on the fact that any active device emits infrared light emission when it is powered on. High sensitivity photon detectors can be employed to capture the weak emission while the chip under test is powered on and electric stimuli are applied to it. In particular, two main families of electrical test modes, static and dynamic, can be applied. Positive results of the application of this methodology as well as key challenges will be discussed in the paper, including spatial resolution, imaging processing, data interpretation, etc.
Thy Word In Me: On the Prayer of Union in St. Teresa of Avila's Interior Castle*

When Michel de Certeau writes, "[i]t is ways of acting that guide the creation of a body of mystical writings," he asserts the corporeal authority inherent in a language that speaks an ab-solute (un-bound) "only by erasing itself."' This essay seeks to extend de Certeau's correspondence between "ways of acting" and the "creation of a body of mystical writings" by mining the correlation of act and word in St.
Finite-Element Analogue of Navier-Stokes Equation

The purpose of this note is to present brief derivations of the finite element equations describing a discrete model of compressible and incompressible Stokesian fluids. The ideas presented represent extensions and elaborations of a similar procedure described elsewhere.
Engaging students through mobile game development

This paper describes using mobile game development as a motivational tool to engage students early in the curriculum. Mobile devices have become an integral part of everyday lives of modern students; using these devices as a part of the coursework may help them see the immediate connections between Computer Science and real-world technology. Compared to traditional game development, programming mobile games is less complex, which enables students with limited programming experience to create playable mobile games within the scope of a single course. Experience presented in this paper may be easily duplicated, but it may be especially useful in the first college-level course for students with CS AP credits.
An Open Letter to Jacalyn D. Harden

Frankly, I was stunned by your misrepresentation of my work, as well as, I believe, that of the late Dave M. Okada and Eugene S. Uyeki. And since most of your readers will be unfamiliar with our unpublished theses and dissertations, I am writing to set the record straight and to ask you and your publisher, the University of Minnesota Press, as a matter of professional ethnics, to publish and to circulate a retraction of the errata.
Functional MRI: How far are we with the localization of language areas?

Functional MRI (fMRI) is a non-invasive method and has proven to be a clinically useful tool for the lateralization of language. The presurgical localization and delineation of language areas using fMRI is under debate, as the method does not measure neuronal activity directly – the BOLD phenomenon is measured within the small venous vessels in the vicinity of clusters of active neurons which introduces spatial uncertainty. This talk will review existing case series comparing pre- or perioperative brain mapping using fMRI and cortical stimulation (CS). Another small series comparing both fMRI and CS with postsurgical language outcome from Bethel Epilepsy center will be presented. Our results suggest that resection in regions with presurgical fMRI language activation is not without risk for a postsurgical loss of language function, even when CS results were negative for language function in these areas. Furthermore, using fMRI activations might be specifically helpful to plan the resection when CS delivered inconclusive results. Advocated as complementary part of a sequence of tests in patients with surgically remediable lesions close to eloquent cortex, the utility of fMRI is still unclear. Main reason for this unclear situation is the lack of large enough studies, resulting amongst other things from a lack of standardization between fMRI labs.
The role of health behaviors and food insecurity in predicting fruit and vegetable intake in low-income children

ABSTRACTResearch supports the importance of adequate fruit and vegetable intake during childhood. The current study examines relationships between physical activity, sedentary behavior, sleep, food insecurity, and fruit and vegetable intake in a sample of low-income, elementary-aged children. 148 participants were recruited from several agencies serving low-income families in a large midwestern metropolitan area. A measurement model was specified to ensure good fit between the data and predictive model. A structural model was run and several significant findings emerged. Food insecurity significantly predicted vegetable intake (latent regression coefficient = −0.18, p < 0.05), such that children with higher food insecurity consumed fewer servings of vegetables. Physical activity also significantly predicted fruit intake (latent regression coefficient = 0.32, p < 0.01) and vegetable intake (latent regression coefficient = 0.26, p < 0.01), such that children who were more physically active consumed more ser...
Elastic Equilibrium Of A Semi-stripUndergoing A Point Body Force

The influence matrix of a body force concentrated at a point is obtained for a semi-strip composed of an isotropic homogeneous elastic material. The semi-strip is located between two absolutely rigid half-planes t/ b as shown in Figure 1. Contact without friction and detachment is assumed along the edges y = 0 and y = 6, while the edge x = 0 is assumed fixed. The entries of the influence matrix are obtained in a form of trigonometric series which are entirely summed up to elementary functions allowing direct computational implementations.
Effective field theory for nuclear vibrations with quantified uncertainties

The authors develop an effective field theory for low-energy nuclear vibrations and use Bayesian statistics to estimate uncertainties for the model energies and transition rates. From the consistent description of a range of Ni, Ru, Pd, Cd, and Te isotopes within the theoretical uncertainties, they conclude that these nuclei can be described as anharmonic vibrators, consistent with older ``textbook'' interpretations but in contrast to some more recent interpretations.
Transvaginal rectocele repair with human dermal allograft interposition and bilateral sacrospinous fixation with a minimum eight-year follow-up.

Human dermal allografts have been used for over a decade for interpositional repair of rectoceles. How do dermal allografts perform with regards to success rate and complications with 8 years’ minimum follow-up?
Cholinergic mechanisms in mood: neuroendocrine aspects

Central cholinergic mechanisms are thought to play key roles in such critical and diverse brain functions as motor tone and coordination, sleep and dreaming, analgesia, cognition and memory, and neuroendocrine regulation (Risch and Janowsky 1984). In addition, acetylcholine has been implicated in the regulation of mood and in the pathogenesis of affective illness (Janowsky et al. 1972 a). Data derived from both animal and human studies suggest that the relative balance between central cholinergic and adrenergic tone may play a role in the modulation of mood. Further, preliminary evidence suggests that patients suffering from affective disorders may be hypersensitive, both in terms of behavioral and neuroendocrine responses, to the pharmacologic effects of centrally acting cholinomi- metic agents. Such hypersensitivity may be a reflection of central cholinergic receptor hypersensitivity.
A model for a two-source illuminant allowing daylight colour adjustment

A model is presented which determines the optimal placement of narrow-band emitters in a pair of light sources, where the correlated colour temperature (CCT) of the illumination is controlled by varying the relative intensity of the light sources. This model was exercised to determine optimally-placed 30 nm and 60 nm bandwidth emitters across the target range of CCTs. The results suggest that a lamp capable of high Colour Rendering Index values with respect to daylight illumination across CCT values between 4000 K and 10 000 K can be formed from as few as three independently-selected 30 or 60 nm bandwidth emitters within each source. However, when the model is constrained to require the same emitters in both light sources, adequate colour rendering requires at least four 30 nm or three 60 nm bandwidth emitters.
Methods to Refine Macromolecular Structures in Cases of Severe Diffraction Anisotropy

Diffraction anisotropy is characterized by variation in diffraction quality with reciprocal lattice direction. In the example presented here, diffraction extended to 2.1 A resolution along a* and c* directions but only to 3.0 A along the b* direction. Severe anisotropy such as this is often associated with lack of detail in electron density maps, stalled model improvement, and poor refinement statistics. Published methods for overcoming these difficulties have been combined and implemented in the diffraction anisotropy server. Specifically, the server offers information to diagnose the degree of anisotropy, and then applies ellipsoidal resolution boundaries, anisotropic scaling, and B-factor sharpening to the data set to compensate for the deleterious effects of diffraction anisotropy. Here, I offer advice on implementing these methods to facilitate refinement of macromolecular structures in cases of severely anisotropic data.
Educational Experiences That Matter to Seniors Graduating From an Urban Early College High School

Preparing underrepresented students in urban settings for college and career is the focus of this study: Nine students graduating from a diverse, urban early college high school describe their experiences. Using narrative inquiry methods, conversations from nine students are examined to uncover crucial points of convergence: all nine engaged in self-awareness, developed relationships with people, looked toward the future, embraced school as a place of learning, and experienced school as “family.” Powerful experiences unique to each student are also highlighted. From students themselves, researchers and educators can learn what it takes to graduate high school ready for college and career.
Globalization, Environmental Change, and Coping Strategies Among the Ifugao of the Philippine Cordillera Mountains

As Ifugao people have become more extensively integrated into the global market economy, their ability to adapt to the environment in the Philippine Cordillera Mountains has involved an expansion of the scope of the sources of livelihood available to them. Ifugao people have faced difficult environmental and social conditions in recent decades, including a growing population, deforestation, and rice terrace degradation. From engaging in tourism, transnational labor migration, craft production for global exportation, and international development programs, to maintain swiddens to raise particular crops, Ifugao people have coped with these challenges by finding creative ways to diversify their livelihoods and participate in opportunities both within and outside of the Cordillera Mountains. These labor practices have enhanced the ability of their culture, as well as their kin groups, to thrive and change in relation to their shifting social and natural environment. But this process has also been an uneven one among different social groups. This anthropological political ecology analysis assesses class and gender differences in approaches to coping with a changing social, cultural, and natural environment among Ifugao people in the Cordillera Mountains during the late twentieth century.
B-Cell Malignancies

The mature B-cell neoplasms include numerous subtypes of B-cell leukemias and lymphomas (BCL), as well as plasma cell neoplasms. BCL represent 80–90 % of mature lymphoid leukemias and non-Hodgkin lymphomas (NHL) in the Western world. BCL subtypes include numerous distinct diseases, with different biologies, natural histories, morphologic characteristics, immunophenotypes, genetic features, prognoses, and responses to therapy. BCL also include the majority of immunodeficiency-associated lymphomas. Accurate subclassification of BCL has been a challenge for pathologists, resulting in early application of new techniques in molecular analysis to improve diagnostic accuracy. Today, the molecular features of BCL are used to aid in rendering an accurate diagnosis, to predict prognosis, to help determine optimal therapy, and to assess for minimal residual disease (MRD) after therapy. The molecular abnormalities in BCL have commonly been evaluated for clinical purposes, including those occurring in genes coding for antigen receptor (AgR) molecules and those occurring in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes. This chapter will discuss current molecular testing methods for BCL, as well as some of the newer methods being developed for BCL.
Atmospheric General Circulation and Climate

Chapter Summary Geographic variation in the annual radiative balance at the top of the atmosphere drives the general circulation of the atmosphere and produces the major patterns of climate on Earth. The latitudinal gradient in net radiation results in an equator-to-pole temperature gradient. However, if only radiative processes determined temperatures, the tropics would be tens of degrees warmer than they actually are, and polar regions would be much colder than they actually are. Instead, the uneven geographic distribution of radiation produces winds, set in motion by differences in air pressure, that redistribute heat from the tropics to the poles. Winds are a balance of the pressure gradient force, Coriolis force, and friction acting simultaneously. These forces produce the general circulation of the atmosphere. The continents alter this idealized circulation because landmasses heat and cool faster than oceans. In winter, when the landmasses of the Northern Hemisphere are colder than oceans, high pressure systems form over land while low pressure systems are most pronounced over oceans. The opposite pattern occurs in summer when continents are warmer than oceans. Oceans also influence climate by transporting heat poleward. Prominent ocean circulations are wind-driven surface currents and the density-driven thermohaline circulation. The general circulation of the atmosphere varies over the course of a year in response to seasonal changes in solar radiation. These seasonal changes in surface high and low pressure regions and atmospheric circulation drive seasonal changes in precipitation. Monsoons are one such prominent large-scale seasonal atmospheric circulation. Air Pressure Air pressure is the force exerted over a given area by the movement of air molecules. Air pressure is also a measure of the mass of air above a given point. Air pressure decreases with greater height above sea level because there are fewer air molecules, and less mass, with greater altitude. The change in air pressure with height is described by the hydrostatic equation, which relates the upward force on a parcel of air due to the decrease in pressure with height to the downward force from gravity.
Properties and Uses of Herbicides

The well-developed classification system used herein is based on the site of herbicide action in plants. The September 11, 2016 revision is available on the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) website (http://wssa.net/wp-content/uploads/WSSA-Herbicide-MOA-20160911.pdf) and on pages 11–15 of the 10th edition of the Herbicide Handbook of the WSSA (Shaner, 2014). Each is a summary of herbicide sites of action according to the WSSA and the Herbicide Resistance Action Committee (HRAC) classification. The classification necessarily includes comments on chemical structure. The Herbicide Handbook includes time of use, observed effect, site of absorption, and selectivity. These details are included herein when essential to understanding, but they are not emphasized. This chapter and the aforementioned references are not and should not be used as use recommendations.
Complete Genome Sequences of the Historical Legionella pneumophila Strains OLDA and Pontiac.

ABSTRACT Here, we report the complete genome sequences of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 strains OLDA and Pontiac, which predate the 1976 Philadelphia Legionnaires9 disease outbreak. Strain OLDA was isolated in 1947 from an apparent sporadic case, and strain Pontiac caused an explosive outbreak at a Michigan health department in 1968.
Elevated Methylmalonic Acid (MMA) and Homocysteine (Hcys) Levels in Patients with Normal Serum Cobalamin (Cbl) Values: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) and Age as a Possible Causes of Cbl Resistance.

Survey studies consistently show that 7–30% of older subjects with normal serum Cbl values have elevated levels of the Cbl-dependent metabolites, MMA and HCys, even when renal function is normal. Although this finding may reflect insensitivity of the measurement of total serum Cbl to early Cbl depletion, the possibility of Cbl “resistance” with “functional” Cbl deficiency should also be considered. I recently reported that Cbl, MMA and HCys levels are not predictive of clinical responses to Cbl therapy (Blood2005;105, 2005). Interestingly, 8 of the 30 neurologic responders had DM and 5 of these DM pts had elevated MMA values despite normal serum Cbl levels. DM is common in the elderly and produces neurologic changes similar to those of Cbl deficiency. Thus, a retrospective review of Cbl, MMA and HCys levels in patients evaluated for Cbl deficiency during a 10 year period at a staff model HMO was performed with particular attention to the presence of DM. Since both MMA and HCys increase in renal disease, men with serum creatinine >1.5 mg/dl and women with serum creatinine >1.3 mg/dl were excluded from analysis. MMA was measured in 406 subjects, including 49 pts with DM and 357 non-diabetic pts (Non-DM). HCys levels were considered evaluable in 223 non-alcoholic pts (30 DM pts and 193 Non-DM pts) all of whom had normal serum or red cell folate values and normal thyroid function. When serum Cbl levels were ≤ 300 pg/ml, high MMA values (>250 nmol/l) occurred with similar frequency in DM pts (7 of 16; 44%) and in Non-DM pts (93 of 153; 61%)(χ 2=0.305; NS). In contrast, when Cbl values were >300 pg/ml, MMA was significantly more likely to be increased in DM pts (20 of 33; 61%) than in Non-DM pts (70 of 204; 34%)(χ 2=7.238; p 600 pg/ml, MMA values were increased in 6 of 8 DM pts (75%) and in only 10 of 41 Non-DM pts (24%)(χ2=5.813;p 7.0% (71%) and in only 7 of 17 pts with A1C values ≤ 7.0% (41%)(χ2=3.936; p 70 years old (53%)(χ 2=7.395; p 12.1 μmol/l) were also more frequent in DM pts (9 of 22; 40%) than in Non-DM pts (29 of 115; 25%) when serum Cbl was >300 pg/ml, but this difference was not statistically significant (χ2= 2.452; p=0.12). It is concluded that 1) DM is associated with “functional” Cbl deficiency and a role for pharmacologic doses of Cbl in the therapy of diabetic neuropathy should be further explored; and 2) age is also a determinant of MMA in Non-DM pts with normal serum Cbl levels and normal renal function suggesting that other age-related disorders can impair Cbl utilization.
Bayesian inference with Monte Carlo approximation: Measuring regional differentiation in ceramic and glass vessel assemblages in Republican Italy, ca. 200 BCE–20 CE

Methods of measuring differentiation in archaeological assemblages have long been based on attribute-level analyses of assemblages. This paper considers a method of comparing assemblages as probability distributions via the Hellinger distance, as calculated through a Dirichlet-categorical model of inference using Monte Carlo methods of approximation. This method has application within practice-theory traditions of archaeology, an approach which seeks to measure and associate different factors that comprise the habitus of society. It is implemented here focusing on the question of regional food consumption habits in Republican Italy in the last two centuries BCE, toward informing a perspective on mass social change.
A phase I study of mFOLFOX6 and ADI-PEG-20 in patients (pts) with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and other gastrointestinal (GI) malignancies.

384Background: ADI-PEG-20 (pegylated arginine deiminase), an arginine degrading enzyme, and FOLFOX each exhibit clinical activity in a HCC pt subset. Preclinical data indicate that arginine depletion interferes with folate and pyrimidine metabolism as well as DNA damage repair pathways, suggesting a role for pairing AGI-PEG-20 with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Methods: This is a single center phase 1 trial of mFOLFOX-6 and ADI-PEG-20 in treatment-refractory advanced GI tumors to assess safety and tolerability, and to identify the recommended phase 2 dose (R2PD). mFOLFOX6 was administered intravenously biweekly at standard fixed doses and ADI-PEG-20 intramuscularly weekly at 18 or 36 mg/m2. Toxicity was assessed by CTCAE v4.03 and efficacy by RECIST v1.1. A HCC RP2D expansion was completed to explore efficacy. Serum arginine, citrulline, and anti-ADI-PEG-20 antibodies were monitored every other week. Results: 17 pts were treated—7 pts with GI tumors in dose escalation and 10 HCC pts in RP2D dose expansion. Hist...
Transversal Affectivity and the Lobster: Intimate Advances of Deleuze and Guattari, Rodrigo García and La Carnicería Teatro, Jan Lauwers and Needcompany, and Alice in Wonderland

When we buy lobsters from grocers, or have them flown in by FedEx from Maine, or when we choose them from the tank at the seafood restaurant, where they crawl around on top of each other, antennae slowly waving, we experience a distinct and oddly excited perplexity. We might arrive at home with the lobsters in a paper bag or box, still alive, claws softly scraping the paper or cardboard—horror-film like—with the slow but persistent motions lobsters make while living. We take the lobsters out and, claws safely held together with rubber bands, place them on the table or perhaps the floor.
Pediatric Aerosol Therapy

Inhaled medications are the mainstay of therapy for many pediatric pulmonary diseases. Device and delivery technique selection is key to improving lung deposition of inhaled drugs. This paper will review the subject in relationship to several pediatric clinical situations: acute pediatric asthma, transnasal aerosol delivery, delivery through tracheostomies, and delivery during noninvasive and invasive mechanical ventilation. This review will focus on the pediatric age group and will not include neonates.
Why dissect a frog when you can simulate a lion

We are concerned with creating computer-based learning environments which provide students with opportunities to develop causal explanations of complex phenomena through experimentation and observation. We combine video and simulation to facilitate such exploration in high school biology classrooms. Specifically, we focus on issues in behavioral ecology and the predation behaviors of the Serengeti lion. The question explored by students concerns the effectiveness of the lion’s hunting strategies. Although popularized as a skilled predator, only 1530% of the hunts attempted by lions result in the successful capture of prey (Schaller 1972). Explaining the causal factors underlying this statistic requires an understanding of cooperative behavior, optimality, resource competition, and variation. The conjecture is that active explanation will result in a greater understanding of these concepts than passive lecture/textbook teaching approaches. Students first watch a collection of video clips showing lions employing various hunting strategies. Their task is to create narratives by explaining and comparing features of the videos. Video is useful for detecting dynamic features such as speed or use of cover, but factors that are “implicit” (e.g., time of day), invisible (e.g., wind direction), or ob scured (e.g., spatial positioning of predator/prey) in the film can be difficult to isolate and understand. To highlight such salient events, we are building a simulation of the lion hunt called the Animal Landlord. Animals are behavioral agents possessing perceptual, motor, and action selection routines. Students observe an aerial view of the creatures and can manipulate parameters influencing their behaviors (e.g., number of predators, vegetation density). Thus, the simulation provides a setting in which further data can be collected to investigate questions raised during the video exercise. Students require assistance in open-ended experimentation tasks, so unlike similar systems (e.g., Resnick 1994), we provide domain-specific guidance. We monitor the progress of agents to structure a debriefing episode (Johnson 1994) upon completion of a hunt. The rule system and logic-based truth maintenance system described in (Everett & Forbus 1996) records logical dependencies between aspects of the environment, creatures and their actions, and justifications for these actions. Agents can be queried about all actions taken during the hunt through a multimedia interface. The dependencies are
Abstract 587: Absence of Coronary Calcium on Non-contrast Enhanced, Non ECG-gated CT Correlates with Non-obstructive Coronary Artery Disease. A Retrospective Data Analysis of Liver Transplant Recipients

Background: Coronary angiography (CAG) remains the gold standard to diagnose coronary artery disease (CAD). However, it is associated with multiple risks and its utility is not well defined in the liver transplant population. Alternatives to evaluate for CAD such as coronary artery calcium score (CACS) are being increasingly investigated. Hypothesis: To determine if the absence of coronary arterial calcium (CACS=0) on non-contrast, non-ECG gated chest CT scan can exclude obstructive CAD in liver transplant patients. Methods: We performed a retrospective analysis of data collected from liver transplant recipients. We included patients who had a CT chest without contrast and CAG less than one year apart. Agatston score was derived from non-IV contrast, non-ECG gated chest CT’s utilizing the syngo.via platform (Siemens Healthcare). CACS was compared against CAG. Patients with coronary stents were excluded. We determined NPV, PPV, sensitivity and specificity of using CACS = 0 as predictor of the absence of obstructive CAD. Results: Mean age at date of transplant was 59.03 and males accounted for 68.8% of our population. The negative predictive value for CACS=0 as a predictor of non-obstructive CAD was 100%. Positive predictive value for CACS≥1 was 6.8%. Sensitivity and specificity for the correlation between CACS and CAD were 100% and 33% respectively (Figure 1). CACS was stratified into four subgroups based severity, and we found that all patients with obstructive CAD had scores >400 (Figure 2). Conclusion: The absence of coronary arterial calcium (CACS=0) on non-contrast, non ECG gated chest CT has a high negative predictive value and can exclude the presence of obstructive CAD.
Premature Ventricular Contraction-induced Cardiomyopathy

Premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are very common and usually do not require treatment. However, in the clinical setting of troublesome symptoms, or when PVCs trigger polymorphic ventricular tachycardia or cause cardiomyopathy, proper treatment is critical. In this review, the clinical syndrome of PVC-induced cardiomyopathy, including risk factors for development and treatment, is discussed. Although PVC-induced cardiomyopathy is typically associated with frequent PVCs there are also patients with this burden that do not develop cardiomyopathy, suggesting a differential susceptibility. Treatment often consists of catheter ablation, although antiarrhythmic medications may also provide both reduction in PVC frequency and resolution of left ventricular dysfunction.
Predicting Psychiatric Hospitalizations among Elderly Veterans with a History of Mental Health Disease

Introduction: Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT) care managers are tasked with identifying aging Veterans with psychiatric disease in attempt to prevent psychiatric crises. However, few resources exist that use real-time information on patient risk to prioritize coordinating appropriate care amongst a complex aging population. Objective: To develop and validate a model to predict psychiatric hospital admission, during a 90-day risk window, in Veterans ages 65 or older with a history of mental health disease. Methods: This study applied a cohort design to historical data available in the Veterans Affairs (VA) Corporate Data Warehouse (CDW). The Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) regularization regression technique was used for model development and variable selection. Individual predicted probabilities were estimated using logistic regression. A split-sample approach was used in performing external validation of the fitted model. The concordance statistic (C-statistic) was calculated to assess model performance. Results: Prior to modeling, 61 potential candidate predictors were identified and 27 variables remained after applying the LASSO method. The final model’s predictive accuracy is represented by a C-statistic of 0.903. The model’s predictive accuracy during external validation is represented by a C-statistic of 0.935. Having a previous psychiatric hospitalization, psychosis, bipolar disorder, and the number of mental-health related social work encounters were strong predictors of a geriatric psychiatric hospitalization. Conclusion: This predictive model is capable of quantifying the risk of a geriatric psychiatric hospitalization with acceptable performance and allows for the development of interventions that could potentially reduce such risk.
Personality in Context: Reflections on the Contributions of David Shapiro

The enormous contribution of David Shapiro to our understanding of personality and of clinical phenomena arose in the context of a psychoanalytic world that was largely dominated by what has now come to be called the one-person point of view. In this chapter, I will reexamine Shapiro’s contribution from the vantage point of the two-person, intersubjective viewpoint that has emerged as a central contribution of psychoanalytic thought in recent decades.
The Sun-Earth Connection

We are protected from the full blast of the Sun’s violent activity by a dipolar magnetic field that diverts charged particles around the Earth and forms a cavity, called the magnetosphere, within the Sun’s relentless winds. The Earth’s magnetic barrier is nevertheless imperfect, and some of the tempestuous solar wind can buffet and even penetrate the magnetosphere. Intense, non-recurrent geomagnetic storms, accompanied by exceptionally bright auroras, occur at times of high solar activity when fast coronal mass ejections hit the Earth’s magnetosphere and have the right magnetic alignment with it. When the Sun is near a lull in its 11-year activity cycle, magnetic waves formed by the Sun’s interacting winds strike the Earth’s magnetic field and connect with it, producing moderate geomagnetic storms and less bright auroras.