cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Adult neurogenesis: integrating theories and separating functions

The continuous incorporation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the adult hippocampus raises exciting questions about memory and learning, and has inspired new computational models to understand the function of adult neurogenesis. These theoretical approaches suggest distinct roles for new neurons as they slowly integrate into the existing dentate gyrus network: immature adult-born neurons seem to function as pattern integrators of temporally adjacent events, thereby enhancing pattern separation for events separated in time; whereas maturing adult-born neurons possibly contribute to pattern separation by being more amenable to learning new information, leading to dedicated groups of granule cells that respond to experienced environments. We review these hypothesized functions and supporting empirical research and point to new directions for future theoretical efforts.
Effect of pokeweed mitogen (PWM) on lymphocyte lysosomes.

Resting blood lymphocytes in vitro undergo transformation into large, blastlike, dividing cells following incubation with phytohemagglutinin (PHA), a plant lectin from Phaseolus vulgaris (1). Farnes et al. (2) found another phytomitogen in saline extracts of the plant Phytolacca americana (pokeweed). Although both PHA and the pokeweed mitogen (PWM) induce nonspecific transformation of lymphocytes which differs markedly from specific transformation by antigens (3), the chemical composition and the biological effects of these agents are by no means entirely identical. PWM has been shown to possess a molecular weight much lower than that of PHA (4, 10), and to induce in vitro the formation not only of blasts like PHA-induced ones but also of a unique intermediate-sized cell type with cytoarchitectural features of plasmablasts (5). In previous studies (6, 7), we have demonstrated the presence in human peripheral blood lymphocytes of acid hydrolase-rich granules which display many of the biochemical and structural characteristics of lysosomes in other tissues. Between 30 and 120 min after addition of PHA to intact, purified lymphocytes, redistribution of acid hydrolases (beta-glucuronidase, acid phosphatase) from a 20,000 g X 20 min granular fraction into the corresponding supernatant was observed. These changes were associated with increased fragility of hydrolase-rich granules derived from PHA-stimulated lymphocytes upon subsequent incubation with membrane-disruptive agents in vitro. For these, and other reasons, it was suggested that redistribution of acid hydrolases may play a role in remodeling processes of lymphocytes stimulated by PHA (6, 7). As a necessary test of this hypothesis, we have, therefore, determined whether pokeweed mitogen could also produce changes in enzyme distribution among subcellular fractions of human lymphocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS
The Value of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles as Grid Resources

Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) can become valuable resources for an electric power system by providing vehicle to grid (V2G) services, such as energy storage and ancillary services. We use a unit commitment model of the Texas power system to simulate system operations with different-sized PHEV fleets that do and do not provide V2G services, to estimate the value of those services. We demonstrate that a PHEV fleet can provide benefits to the system, mainly through the provision of ancillary services, reducing the need to reserve conventional generator capacity. Moreover, our analysis shows that PHEV owners are made better off by providing V2G services and we demonstrate that these benefits can reduce the time it takes to recover the higher upfront capital cost of a PHEV when compared to other vehicle types.
Surgical treatment of metastatic spinal tumors.

Spinal metastases represent a significant cause of morbidity in patients diagnosed with malignancies. Metastases to the spine can cause severe pain, paralysis, and impairment of activities of daily living. The treatment paradigm for spinal metastases involves a cohesive multidisciplinary approach that allows treatment plans to be made in the context of a patient's overall condition. There have been significant advances in the surgical treatment of spinal metastases that can significantly improve a patient's quality of life. Mt Sinai J Med 77:124&–129, 2010. © 2010 Mount Sinai School of Medicine
The Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit Network of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development

The Pediatric Pharmacology Research Unit (PPRU) Network was established to help address a long-standing problem that was a barrier to optimal health and well-being of children: lack of testing in children of drugs used to treat children. The PPRU Network was developed in 1994 to address the industry concern that there was no satisfactory place to test drugs in children, to provide top quality data that would facilitate pediatric labeling, and to demonstrate that this could be done. The network accomplishes these goals by solicited cooperative agreement grants from leading pediatric pharmacology experts. The network’s developments, accomplishments to date, and plans for the 21st century are covered.
Parallel algorithms for circle detection in images

Abstract The detection of circles in images is an important task in many computer vision applications. When the three parameters (center coordinates and radius) of a circle are quantized into O(n) values each, a sequential algorithm using the Hough transform runs with a time complexity of O(n4), where n × n is the size of the image. When information about the gradient direction is also used, the complexity of the sequential algorithm reduces to O(n3). This paper proposes three parallel algorithms for circle detection on an n × n mesh of processing elements operating in the SIMD mode. The first two algorithms use the Hough transform and the third is based on a tracing algorithm. The first algorithm uses only the gradient magnitude and takes O(n3) time. The second uses both the gradient magnitude and gradient direction and runs in O(n2) time. The third method uses a midpoint circle scan conversion algorithm and runs with a complexity of O(n2). This algorithm is the most efficient of the three. It does not use the gradient direction and offers an improvement of O(n2) over its sequential counterpart that runs in O(n4) time. When implemented with a table look-up operation, this algorithm has a low proportionality constant and offers a significant improvement in computational speed.
Alteration of Lipid Membrane Rigidity by Cholesterol and Its Metabolic Precursors

Caused by biosynthesis defects, cholesterol deficiency can lead to developmental disorders and malformations, with possible implication of lipid membrane properties. We show that modification of sterol chemical structure alters membrane physical properties significantly. By X-ray diffraction and osmotic stress, we measure changes in the bending rigidity of bilayers containing either cholesterol or one of its metabolic precursors. Membrane elasticity differs dramatically between slightly different sterols and varies in the sequence lanosterol < 7-dehydrocholesterol < lathosterol < cholesterol. We interpret the results in terms of sterol location within lipid structures and modification of lateral stress, a structural feature relevant to interactions within biological membranes. We find that cholesterol is most efficient in enhancing membrane rigidity, a possible clue to why depletion or replacement with other sterols can affect cellular structures.
Framing Domestic Violence Fatalities: Coverage by Utah Newspapers

This study explores the framing of one year's worth of domestic violence fatality coverage by newspapers in Utah, which are embedded within a strong patriarchal culture. Deductive and inductive framing analyses were used to identify the primary content-related frames and determine whether coverage included views that challenged patriarchy. Most coverage portrayed domestic violence fatalities in ways that supported patriarchal institutions. However, a small group of articles acknowledged domestic violence's roots in patriarchy and men's subordination of women, confirming that mainstream newspapers can and sometimes do publish views that challenge the dominant ones. This coverage may help point to ways to reframe coverage of domestic violence fatalities.
John F. Fulton, M.D., and the founding of the Journal of Neurosurgery

✓ The Journal of Neurosurgery, although the idea of a Chilean neurosurgeon, Alfonso Asenjo, was the product of a well-placed and energetic charter member of the Harvey Cushing Society, John F. Fulton. In the researched files the first formal correspondence is that of Asenjo dated May 20, 1943. When he received Paul Bucy's encouraging reply of June 19, 1943, he promptly betook himself to New Haven, where he spent July 3 and 4 with Fulton. Within a week of that visit, Fulton was writing to the Executive Committee of the Harvey Cushing Society recommending the establishment of such a journal. Fulton contacted his friend and publisher, Charles C. Thomas, and by the end of October he was meeting with representatives of the Banta Publishing Company to discuss matters relating to the printing of the Journal of Neurosurgery, in particular, the scarcity of paper. The twin problems of shortages of paper and financing were soon resolved under the guidance of Thomas, but other details remained. Thus, the first issue,...
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON ENRICHMENT ALTERS NITROGEN DYNAMICS IN A FOREST STREAM

Dissolved organic carbon, DOC, is an important source of carbon for stream heterotrophs. In many systems, bacteria and fungi are carbon limited. Thus, carbon avail- ability may control both the availability and the dynamics of other nutrients (N or P) in heterotrophic systems. To test the interdependence of C and N cycles in forested streams, we continuously added DOC, as potassium acetate, to the stream draining Watershed six at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, New Hampshire, for six weeks during summer 1999. For two months prior to and throughout the addition, we monitored streamwater N03- and NH4+ concentrations throughout the 70-m upstream reference and the 70-m downstream treatment reaches. We also estimated uptake lengths and uptake rates of N03- and NH4+ using back-to-back, short-term enrichments in both the treatment and reference reaches. The change in N03- concentration during the NH4+ addition was used to estimate whole-stream nitrification. Once before the DOC addition and once during the DOC addition we measured denitrification rates and whole-stream respiration in both reaches. In the treatment reach, the increase in labile DOC caused nitrate concentrations to decrease from pretreatment concentrations during the DOC addition. Metabolism was higher in the treat- ment than in the reference reach during that addition, while metabolism had been similar in the two reaches before the DOC addition. Prior to that addition, uptake lengths for both N03- and NH4+ were longer in the treatment reach than in the reference reach. During the DOC addition, the uptake lengths for both forms of nitrogen were much shorter in the treatment than in the reference reach. Contrary to expectations, the DOC enrichment did not lead to increased rates of denitrification. The principal effect of DOC enrichment was to stimulate bacterial growth, leading to high respiration and a corresponding increase in the assimilative demand for nitrogen. Results from this experiment demonstrate tight link- ages between DOC and nitrogen availability in headwater streams.
The Effect of Interleukin-1β or Transforming Growth Factor-β on Radiation-Impaired Murine Skin Wound Healing

The ability of exogenous interleukin-1β (IL-1β) or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) to reverse radiation-induced defective wound healing was investigated. Mice were irradiated with 8.5 or 11 Gy to total body (TB), 12 or 16 Gy to hemibody (HB), or 20 or 26 Gy to skin alone immediately prior to surgical wounding in order to determine the effect of hematopoietic system depletion on cytokine action. A single dose of IL-1β or TGF-β or vehicle control was applied to each wound. All radiation doses and types resulted in a deficit in wound healing when measured on Days 11 and 14. IL-1β enhanced wound tensile strength (WTS) in TB-irradiated mice, while TGF-β enhanced WTS in HB-irradiated mice. Neither cytokine was effective at enhancing WTS in unirradiated or skin-only irradiated animals. In addition IL-1β and TGF-β showed distinct differences in their effects on the kinetics of healing with time after wounding. The effects of TGF-β appeared to be transient with compromise of the gain in WTS. The differences in the effects of these two cytokines in affecting wound healing reflect their involvement in different cellular events in the wound healing process.
Chemical Reactions of Wellbore Cement Under CO2 Storage Conditions: Effects of Cement Additives

Abstract Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the impact of pozzolanic additives on the reaction of well cement paste under sequestration conditions. Two common blends consisting of class H cement and pozzolan/cement ratios of 35:65 and 65:35 were studied under CO 2 exposure conditions of 2200 psi and 50 ∘ C. Although the rate of chemical reaction is significantly greater than with neat cement paste, the alteration of physical properties is not sufficient to compromise sealing integrity under the conditions of the experiments.
Dialysis-induced Respiratory Acidosis

The inability to increase alveolar ventilation can lead to CO2 retention and acute respiratory acidosis in patients with ventilatory limitation. In this case, a young woman receiving maximum ventilatory support was unable to excrete excess CO2, associated with increasing dianeal concentrations of peritoneal dialysis. Since the patient's lung disease had necessitated a large amount of ventilatory support, the patient was unable to increase Ve appropriately to handle excess CO2. Peritoneal dialysate was an additional source of carbohydrates. Peritoneal dialysate is an additional carbohydrate source that may result in hypercapnia and respiratory acidosis in patients with respiratory compromise. To our knowledge, this is the first case report in an adult which demonstrates that peritoneal dialysis with high glucose loads produced an acute respiratory acidosis that was reversed by decreasing the glucose concentrations in the dialysate. Excess CO2 production should be considered with respiratory disorders associated with dialysis.
Ketotifen increases cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate in intact human lymphocyte and potentiates other adenylate cyclase activating agents.

We have investigated the effects of ketotifen on the cyclic adnosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) response of intact human lymphocyte and its interaction with adenylate cyclase activating agents. In the presence of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor (3-isobutyl-1-methyl -xanthine), ketotifen (10−8-10−4 M) caused an 80% increase in cyclic AMP content of human lymphocyte, a magnitude similar to that observed with hydrocortisone. The cyclic AMP level peaked at about 15 minutes and remained elevated for at least 45 minutes. In addition, ketotifen (10−6 -10−4 M) markedly potentiated the effect of several adenylate cyclase stimulating agents, including L-isoproterenol, prostaglandin E1 and forskolin. The biochemical mechanisms underlying these effects are unknown. It may be at least partly related to the ability of ketotifen to reverse and prevent beta2 adrenoceptor desensitization and to promote the formation of hormone - nucleotide - high affinity receptor complex. These effects may contribute to its prophylactic effect in the treatment of bronchial asthma.
Offensive Language Spoken on Morning Radio Programs

A content analysis examined offensive language spoken on popular morning radio programs on the five highest-rated radio stations offering live-streaming audio over the Internet in the top 10 US markets. While concerns over indecency have long existed, renewed interest in the issue of indecency on television and radio was sparked during the 2004 Super Bowl half-time show and, as evident in the 2007 firing of radio personality Don Imus, continues to be of concern today. The purpose of this study was to identify the amount and kind of offensive language spoken on-air. Overall, there were 872 instances of offensive language or 4.36 words spoken per hour. Of these, words classified as mild (words such as “hell” and “damn”) were the largest proportion (40.9%). The bulk of crude language was spoken on Rock and Popular formats. Additionally, broadcasts in the northeast part of the country contained significantly more instances of offensive language.
A Numerical Investigation of Transient Flow and Cavitation Within Minisac and VCO Diesel Injector Nozzles

Cavitating flow within diesel injector passages has been investigated numerically using the Homogeneous Equilibrium Model (HEM), which uses the barotropic assumption and the variable speed of sound of the mixture. To apply the HEM, the KIVA-3V code was modified to implement a generalized equation of state, and injector needle movement is simulated by the Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) approach and the snapper algorithm. It is demonstrated that the model can predict the effect of nozzle passage geometry on the flow structure and cavitation. The model is able to reproduce the transient fuel injection rate as a function of the needle lift profile. Special interest is focused on the transient behavior during the nozzle closing period, which shows that the fast decrease in flow rate can increase the cavitation in the nozzle passage. The effects of the pressure difference and environment pressure on cavitation augmentation at the end of the injection were also investigated. Flow characteristics due to different shapes of the nozzle flow passage in axisymmetric single hole nozzles and multi hole nozzle configurations (mini-sac and VCO eight-hole nozzles) were compared with emphasis on the end of injection period.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
Quadruples of orthoprojectors connected by a linear relationship

In the explicit form, we deduce formulas for all quadruples of orthoprojectors P 1 , P 2 , P 3 , and P 4 irreducible to within unitary equivalence and connected by the linear relationship α1 P 1 + α2 P 2 + α3 P 3 + α4 P 4 = λI, where (α1, α2, α3, α4) ∈ ℝ+.
Edmund Burke, the Warren Hastings Trial, and the Moral Dimension of Corruption

Recent literature dealing with problems of corruption has done much to advance our understanding of how to approach many of the practical issues of combating it. However, this scholarship normally engages in a self-conscious move away from dealing with questions of morality. This essay argues that an explicit invocation of moral language may in some cases aid anticorruption efforts. Edmund Burke's long effort to bring Warren Hastings to justice and expose the corrupt activities of the British East India Company provides one example of how this might be accomplished in a manner somewhat different from the normal mode of prosecuting offenders, and Burke's example suggests that a kind of moral demonstration might prove more effective in mobilizing civil society to combat corruption.
Compact demultiplexers with narrow spectral width channels using alternating-defect coupled-cavity waveguides (AD-CCWs)

This paper presents a photonic crystal based compact demultiplexer design that can be implemented using III-V and II-VI material system for 1.55 mum fiber optical applications for dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. The design using alternate-defect coupled cavity waveguide (AD-CCW) channels is compared with traditional arrayed waveguides (AWGs) as well as photonic crystal demultiplexers using defect and coupled-cavity waveguides.
Structure-activity Relationships of Hygromycin A and Its Analogs: Protein Synthesis Inhibition Activity in a Cell Free System

Several analogs of hygromycin A were tested in an Escherichia coli cell free protein synthesis inhibition assay and in a Serpulina hyodysenteriae whole cell assay. The aminocyclitol moiety is essential for antibacterial activity in both cell free and whole cell assays. However a 4'-O-allyl ether of hygromycin A aglycone showed an equivalent MIC to hygromycin A, while having a less potent IC50 in the cell free assay. Hence 6-deoxy-5-keto-D-arabino-hexofuranose can be replaced by a hydrophobic allyl group and still retain antibacterial activity. However, this replacement reduces the intrinsic protein synthesis inhibition activity. The loss of intrinsic activity with replacement by the allyl group may be compensated for by better transport into the bacterial cell. In addition to the SAR analysis, we demonstrated that the ineffectiveness of hygromycin A against Gram-negative enteric bacteria such as Escherichia coli is mainly due to the efflux mechanism (Acr A/B pump) existing widely among the enteric bacteria rather than the impermeable barrier of the outer membrane.
Using Functional Models to Understand the Four-Electron Reduction of Dioxygen by Cytochrome c Oxidase Under Steady State Conditions

A new functional biomimetic model of cytochrome c oxidase is reported. It is synthesized in 32 steps. Single turnover reaction with oxygen leads to the same intermediates as the ones reported in the enzyme: Fe(III)O2·-/Cu(I)/PhOH (oxygen complex), and Fe(IV)=O/Cu(II)/PhO· (PM). A sister model derivatized with an alkyne was immobilized on azide-functionnalized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) coated gold electrodes by Cu(I)-catalyzed click chemistry. The rate of electron transfer from the electrode to the model was controlled by the length of the linker in the SAM. Steady-state turnover was achieved at biologically relevant electron transfer, where CuB and Tyr244 mimics rapidly deliver their electrons, hence minimizing the release of partially reduced oxygen species (PROS).
Mass-selective trapping of pulsed charged particle beams

The phase-space method is used to evaluate the mass-selective ion confinement properties of the radio-frequency (rf) quadrupole ion trap with phase-synchronized switching-on of the driving rf field for pulsed ion injection from an external source. The results are of interest for on-line investigations of both short-lived isotopes and stable highly charged ions. In particular, singly charged ions with an energy of 10 eV and a mass in the neighborhood of 100 amu, injected along the gap or through an aperture on one of the electrodes, are considered. Mass-selective storage of the injected ions is possible for any trap operation point within the stability region by allowing a field-free drift distance before ion injection. It is shown that after appropriate scaling the results apply to the trapping of any pulsed beam of charged particles.
Conduction, automaticity, and tonus of visceral muscles.

Les muscles lisses des Vertebres appartiennent a deux categories: ceux des visceres, lesquels ont une fonction automatique, et ceux qui comme les muscles des vaisseaux sanguins sont innerves par les nerfs moteurs. Les proprietes physiologiques des muscles lisses visceraux sont tres semblables a celles du muscle cardiaque ainsi que l'a montre l'etude de la conduction, du potentiel d'action et des effets du courant electrique. Les particularites des muscles lisses visceraux tiennent en grande partie a la lenteur de leur reaction et aux fluctuations que presente leur excitabilite. Cette derniere est influencee par des facteurs tels que des hormones, des excitations transmises par les nerfs extrinseques et, dans le cas de l'intestin, par le systeme nerveux intrinseque. Les contractions spontanees debutent par une activite locale qui augmente lentement et se manifeste par un changement du potentiel et un accroissement du «tonus». Le tonus se produit dans les muscles lisses par diverses modifications de l'etat physiologique. Rien ne prouve qu'il soit provoque par un mecanisme essentiellement different de celui des contractions rapides.
Radioimmunoassay for the envelope glycoprotein of subgroup E avian leukosis-sarcoma viruses.

Abstract The envelope glycoprotein of subgroup E avian leukosis viruses (gpE) was purified from Rous-associated virus type 0 (RAV-0) and used in double-antibody competition radioimmunoassays (RIA) and radioimmune precipitations (RIP). When embryo extracts from various inbred lines of chickens were tested, the results of assays for chick helper factor (chf) and RAV-0 were in complete phenotypic agreement with those of RIA for gpE. The expression of genes at the gs and gp loci varied among inbred lines. Normal line 15I 5 embryos contained gpE but not group-specific (gs) antigens, whereas extracts from virus-free lines 15 1 and 6 1 contained both classes of antigen. Line 15 B embryo extracts were negative for both gpE and gs antigen. Soluble gpE was found in sera of all chf-positive chickens from RAV-0-free lines. Sera from adult line 15 B birds were categorized as: (1) positive for RAV-0 but negative for antibody; (2) negative for RAV-0 but positive for gpE and antibody to gpE; and (3) negative for RAV-0, antibody to gpE, and gpE. Evidence of antibody production was completely correlated in RIP of iodinated gpE and serum neutralizations of subgroup E virus. Results of RIP and gpE RIA indicated that half of the sera from nonviremic line 15 B chickens contained antibodies to gpE as well as gpE.
Psychopathology and resilience following traumatic injury: a latent growth mixture model analysis.

Objective: To investigate trajectories of PTSD and depression following traumatic injury using latent class growth curve modeling. Method: A longitudinal study of 330 injured trauma survivors was conducted and participants were assessed during hospitalization, and at 1, 3, and 6 months follow-up. Acute Stress Disorder (ASD) was assessed during hospitalization using the Acute Stress Disorder Interview (ASD-I), PTSD was measured at all follow-up with the Post-Traumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS) and depression was measured at hospitalization with the (BSI) and at follow-up with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESDS). Covariates were explored, including coping self-efficacy, anger, education level, and mechanism of injury. Results: Four latent classes were identified for PTSD and Depression symptoms: chronic distress, delayed distress, recovered, and resilience. When compared to the resilient group, individuals with chronic distress were more likely to have been assaulted, had higher levels of anger, and had less coping self-efficacy. The delayed distress group had lower education levels, higher levels of coping self-efficacy, and higher levels of anger. Individuals in the recovered group had fewer years of education, and higher levels of anger. Conclusion: The majority of the injured trauma sample demonstrated resiliency, with those exhibiting distress doing so as a delayed, chronic, or recovered trajectory. Coping self efficacy, education, assaultive trauma type, and anger were important covariates of depression and PTSD trajectories. These results are similar to studies of individuals who experienced a major health threat and with survivors from the World Trade Center attacks in the U.S.
Compression, segmentation, and modeling of filamentary volumetric data

We present a data structure for the representation of filamentary volumetric data, called the L-block. While the L-block can be used to represent arbitrary volume data sets, it is particularly geared towards representing long, thin, branching structures that prior volumetric representations have difficulty dealing with efficiently. The data structure is designed to allow for easy compression, storage, segmentation, and reconstruction of volumetric data such as scanned neuronal data. By "polymerizing" adjacent connected voxels into connected components, L-block construction facilitates real-time data compression and segmentation, as well as subsequent geometric modeling and visualization of embedded objects within the volume data set. We describe its application in the context of reconstruction of brain microstructure at a neuronal level of detail.
Polar bears and energy-efficient lightbulbs: strategies to bring climate change home

Global climate change is the focus of climate politics organized across scales by a range of organizations. These organizations represent climate change in ways they hope will make the problem relevant to people and thereby inspire political action. The strategies require a choice of objects to bring climate change home to constituents. Some objects are 'more local' to certain constituenciesˆ that is, they are more meaningful. Greenpeace Canada represents the impact of climate change via the object of the hungry polar bear. The Cities for Climate Protection campaign makes climate change relevant, in part, by its focus on the cost-saving benefits of energy efficiency. The process of localizing climate change constitutes society. I use feminist science studies as a theoretical basis to support my argument that organizations localizing climate change might choose objects that are more account- able to their constitutive effects on societies. I point out potential pitfalls in the choice of the polar bear and energy efficiency, and suggest some possibility in these objects.
Structural and geochemical characteristics of faulted sediments and inferences on the role of water in deformation, Rio Grande Rift, New Mexico

The San Ysidro fault is a spectacularly exposed normal fault located in the northwestern Albuquerque Basin of the Rio Grande Rift. This intrabasin fault is representative of many faults that formed in poorly lithified sediments throughout the rift. The fault is exposed over nearly 10 km and accommodates nearly 700 m of dip slip in subhorizontal, siliciclastic sediments. The extent of the exposure facilitates study of along-strike variations in deformation mechanisms, architecture, geochemistry, and permeability. The fault is composed of structural and hydrogeologic components that include a clay-rich fault core, a calcite-cemented mixed zone, and a poorly developed damage zone primarily consisting of deformation bands. Structural textures suggest that initial deformation in the fault occurred at low temperature and pressure, was within the paleosaturated zone of the evolving Rio Grande Rift, and was dominated by particulate flow. Little geochemical change is apparent across the fault zone other than due to secondary processes. The lack of fault-related geochemical change is interpreted to reflect the fundamental nature of water-saturated, particulate flow. Early mechanical entrainment of low-permeability clays into the fault core likely caused damming of groundwater flow on the up-gradient, footwall side of the fault. This may have caused a pressure gradient and flow of calcite-saturated waters in higher-permeability, fault-entrained siliciclastic sediments, ultimately promoting their cementation by sparry calcite. Once developed, the cemented and clay-rich fault has likely been, and continues to be, a partial barrier to cross-fault groundwater flow, as suggested by petrophysical measurements. Aeromagnetic data indicate that there may be many more unmapped faults with similar lengths to the San Ysidro fault buried within Rio Grande basins. If these buried faults formed by the same processes that formed the San Ysidro fault and have persistent low-permeability cores and cemented mixed zones, they could compartmentalize the basin-fill aquifers more than is currently realized, particularly if pumping stresses continue to increase in response to population growth.
Enhanced efficacy of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles against antibiotic-resistant biofilms in the presence of metabolites.

Antibiotic resistance and the lack of new antibacterial agents cause major challenges for the treatment of infections. Here, we describe a simple, broad-spectrum, and low-cost dual-sided approach which uses superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPION) in combination with fructose metabolites as an alternative to existing antibacterial strategies. This strategy offers further improved efficacy of SPION against persistent gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria infections by manipulating the biofilm metabolic microenvironment and outperforms vancomycin (the antibiotic of last resort), creating a new nanotechnology-driven approach.
Holocellulose Nanocrystals: Amphiphilicity, Oil/Water Emulsion, and Self-Assembly

Amphiphilic holoCNCs were derived from rice straw holocellulose by sulfuric acid hydrolysis (64%, 45 °C, 45 min) at 11.6% yield (8.8% of rice straw). HoloCNCs are similar in lateral dimensions (4.1 ± 1.6 nm thick, 6.4 ± 1.8 nm wide), but shorter and more heterogeneous in lengths (113 ± 70 nm long), less negatively charged (0.128 mmol/g) and less crystalline (CrI 84.4%) than CNCs. HoloCNCs were also more thermally stable (Tmax =284 °C), attributed to the presence of residual lignosulfonate, hemicellulose, and silica. Most remarkable, the amphiphilic holoCNCs were more hydrophobic than CNCs, exhibiting distinct surface active behaviors and lowering equilibrium surface tension to 49.2 mN/m at above 0.57% critical aggregation concentration. HoloCNCs not only stabilize 30% more oil-in-water (O/W) emulsion and formed droplets (1.2–1.6 μm) doubled the sizes of those with CNCs, but also self-assembled into highly mesoporous structures with up to 3× higher specific surface (111 m2/g) and total pore volume (0.40 cm...
Quenching of Photoconductivity in Cadmium Sulfide

The spectral distribution and the temperature dependence of quenching of the photoconductivity in cadmium sulfide crystals have been investigated. Taft and Hebb reported two quenching bands in the infrared region and suggested that infrared radiation excites trapped holes from their ground states to levels of higher energy, from which the excited holes ionize thermally and recombine with trapped electrons. In the present experiments, the following has been observed. Of the two quenching bands which are resolved at room temperature in “pure” crystals, one, the 1.4-micron band, is no longer resolved at −75°C and lower, although some quenching is still observed in this wavelength region at −185°C. In copper-doped crystals, on the other hand, only one quenching band has been observed, at 1.4-microns, which completely disappears at temperature below −80°C. These results imply that the quenching process at the 1.4 micron peak involves excitation of the trapped holes and thermal ionization of the excited holes. The quenching peak at 0.9 micron, on the other hand, remains at −185°C in “pure” crystals, although the quenching efficiency reduces to some extent. Addition of infrared radiation to green light on CdS crystals causes at first a transient increase in photoconductivity in the crystals followed by a decay. Measurements of the temperature dependence of this infrared stimulation of photocurrent have been carried out. The results, together with the results of “glow curve” measurements, indicate that the transient increase in photoconductivity on application of infrared radiation is due to the temporary increase of conduction electrons created by infrared light which ejects trapped electrons from traps into the conduction band.
Humeral technique in total shoulder arthroplasty

The first total shoulder arthroplasty was performed in 1893 by the French surgeon Jules E. Pean, using a platinum and rubber implant designed by a dentist named Michaels, to replace a shoulder joint destroyed by tuberculosis. 21 Neer, in 1951, designed the prosthesis and surgical technique that pioneered modern total shoulder arthroplasty. Indeed, today the Neer II prosthesis remains the standard by which all other prostheses and techniques are judged, a testament to the ingenuity of the original design. There are two methods of anchoring the humeral component in a shoulder hemiarthroplasty or total shoulder arthroplasty, either cemented or noncemented press fit fixation. This article describes the indications and technical aspects of cemented and press fit humeral fixation in shoulder replacement arthroplasty.
Extreme Ultraviolet Transmission of Crystalline and Amorphous Silicon

High-resolution ${L}_{\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I},\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}\mathrm{I}\mathrm{I}}$ absorption spectra are presented for well-characterized films of amorphous and crystalline silicon. The crystalline spectrum shows features which are related to the detailed conduction-band structure of silicon. These features are not seen for the amorphous material presumably because of the lack of long-range order. The amorphous spectrum rises less steeply than the crystalline and has a broad peak near threshold.
Polarized Infrared Spectra of Single Crystals Using a Diamond Window High Pressure Cell

Abstract The use of polarized infrared spectra is a great aid in the assignment of the molecular vibrations of crystals. In spite of this well-known fact, comparatively little use has been made of this powerful tool for studying crystals. The major reason for this lack of use is the difficult, tedious process of growing a single crystal followed by the problems involved in cutting crystal layers thin enough for infrared measurements.
Determination of the kerma factors in tissue‐equivalent plastic, C, Mg, and Fe for 14.7‐MeV neutrons

Microdosimetric measurements were made with tissue-equivalent plastic, (TEP), C-, Mg-, and Fe-, walled proportional counters filled with propane-based TE gas and Ar gas and irradiated with 14.7-MeV neutrons. A theoretical model was used for the analysis of energy deposition in spherical detectors. An effective average mass stopping-power ratio and a W correction were calculated to convert the gas ionization to the kerma in the wall material. The neutron fluence at the position of microdosimetric measurements was determined with an associated particle chamber mounted with surface barrier detectors. The experimental measurements along with the calculated correction factors yielded kerma factors of 0.660 x 10/sup -8/ cGy cm/sup 2/ for TEP, 0.219 x 10/sup -8/ cGy cm/sup 2/ for C, 0.122 x 10/sup -8/ cGy cm/sup 2/ for Mg, and 0.479 x 10/sup -9/ cGy cm/sup 2/ for Fe. The estimated uncertainties are 8.0% for TEP, 10.5% for C, and 9.3% for Mg and Fe.
Convexity preserving and predicting by Bernstein polynomials

Abstract It is known that the Bernstein polynomials of a function f defined on [0, 1 ] preserve its convexity properties, i.e., if f ( n ) ⩾ 0 then for m ⩾ n , ( B m f ) ( n ) ⩾ 0. Moreover, if f is n -convex then ( B m f ) ( n ) ⩾ 0. While the converse is not true, we show that if f is bounded on ( a , b ) and if for every subinterval [ α , β ] ⊂ ( a , b ) the n th derivative of the m th Bernstein polynomial of f on [α, β] is nonnegative then f is n -convex.
The effect of thermodynamic properties of zirconia-supported Fe3O4 on water-gas shift activity

Abstract The thermodynamics of the oxidation and reduction of a series of zirconia- and alumina-supported iron-oxide catalysts were measured using coulometric titration and then compared to their activity for the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction. For the supported iron oxide catalysts with weight loadings of 5–30 wt%, the Gibbs free energy for the phase transition between Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 decreased by factor of two compared to that for bulk, unsupported iron oxide. This difference in thermodynamic properties was also found to affect the WGS reaction rates, with the rates on the supported catalysts being an order of magnitude lower than that for bulk iron oxide. We propose that the differences in the thermodynamic properties of the supported and unsupported catalysts are due to lattice strain in the supported iron oxide resulting from interactions at the FeO x -support interface.
Johannes Kuchlinus, the 'Faithful Teacher': His Role in the Arminian Controversy and His Impact as a Theological Interpreter and Educator

Johannes Kuchlinus (1546-1606) was a Reformed pastor in Amsterdam and the founding regent of the theological college at Leiden University. Modern scholarship has overlooked the impact he had during his tenure at the university. Part of his impact has to do with his ability to keep relative peace in the midst of a boiling faculty controversy between Jacobus Arminius and Franciscus Gomarus. His greatest influence, though, is seen in his work as an interpreter and teacher of the Heidelberg Catechism. His first-hand knowledge of the Catechism and one of its authors, Zacharias Ursinus, combined with his prominent position of training pastors, uniquely qualified him as a proponent of the Catechism in the low countries. The disputations on the catechetical topics that he composed for student defenses, a list of which appears at the conclusion of this article, not only comprise a vast wealth of material for further study of this figure who influenced a generation, but also represent another source for the "Leiden theology" during this controversial period.
Disulfide and thioether linked cytochrome c-oligoarginine conjugates in HeLa cells.

Abstract The intracellular processing and the apoptotic activity of conjugates of oligoarginine and cytochrome c (Cyt c ) were studied. Disulfide and thioether linked conjugates were prepared by coupling Cyt c to cysteinyl-nonaarginine, C(R) 9 , through SPDP and SMPB cross-linkers, respectively. Internalization of the radiolabeled conjugates was measured, and biological activity via induction of apoptosis was determined using the annexin V and the acridine orange assays in HeLa cells. The internalization of both conjugates is increased when compared to that of Cyt c alone. However, the biological activity of the internalized Cyt c , indicated by apoptosis in HeLa cells, was expressed only in the thioether (SMPB) conjugate, but not the disulfide (SPDP) conjugate or free Cyt c . The addition of the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 increased the apoptotic activity of both the disulfide conjugate and free Cyt c , but not the thioether conjugate. Our results suggest that the intracellular cleavage of the linker in cell penetrating peptide conjugates is critical in determining the fate and activity of biologically degradable cargo molecules.
Treatment of severe hemolytic anemia caused by Clostridium perfringens sepsis in a liver transplant recipient.

Abstract Background: Clostridium perfringens bacteremia accompanied by extensive intravascular hemolysis is an almost inescapably fatal infection. Methods: Case report and literature review. Results: A 52-year-old man with a recent history of liver transplantation developed sepsis and severe hemolytic anemia. The patient had multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and required aggressive transfusion, antibiotics, and continuous hemodialysis. Blood cultures grew C. perfringens. With appropriate resuscitation and antibiotic treatment, the patient had a complete, although complicated recovery. Conclusion: This is the first reported case of a liver transplant patient developing fulminant C. perfringens sepsis with hemolysis. This infection usually kills patients within hours of presentation. Early recognition and aggressive treatment is necessary to avoid this outcome.
Characterization of Tissue Scaffolds Fabricated by Rapid Prototyping Techniques Aided by Finite Element Analysis

Numerous techniques for fabricating tissue engineering scaffolds have been proposed by researchers covering many disciplines. While literature regarding properties and efficacy of scaffolds having a single set of design parameters is abundant, characterization studies of scaffold structures encompassing a wide range of design parameters are limited. A Precision Extrusion Deposition (PED) system was developed for fabricating poly-e-caprolactone (PCL) tissue scaffolds having interconnected pores suitable for cartilage regeneration. Scaffold structures fabricated with three-dimensional printing methods are periodic and are readily modeled using Computer Aided Design (CAD) software. Design parameters of periodic scaffold architectures were identified and incorporated into CAD models with design parameters over the practical processing range represented. Solid models were imported into a finite element model simulating compression loading. Model deformation results were used to identify apparent modulus of elasticity of the structure. PCL scaffold specimens with design parameters within the modeled range were fabricated and subjected to compression testing to physically characterize scaffold modulus. Results of physical testing and finite element models were compared to determine effectiveness of the method.Copyright © 2006 by ASME
A Survey of Design Rationale Systems: Approaches, Representation, Capture and Retrieval

This paper provides a survey on recent research in the area of design rationale. The study of design rationale spans a number of diverse disciplines, touching on concepts from research communities in mechanical design, software engineering, artificial intelligence, civil engineering, computer-supported cooperative work, and human-factors and human-computer interaction research. We focus this survey on prototype design rationale systems for these application domains, and put forward several major criteria with which to describe and classify design rationale systems, including argumentation-based, descriptive, process-based approaches. Further, we attempt to abstract the place of systems and tools for design rationale capture and retrieval in the context of contemporary knowledge-based engineering and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools. This survey is structured around classes of fundamentally different approaches, their representation schema, their capture methods and retrieval techniques. A number of recent design rationale systems, including JANUS, COMET, ADD. REMAP, HOS, PHIDIAS, DRIVE and IBIS are analysed. We conclude with an assessment of current state-of-the-art and a discussion of critical open research issues.