cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Deferred Parathyroid Autografts With Cryopreserved Tissue After Reoperative Parathyroid Surgery

• Between August 1975 and March 1981, 12 patients underwent forearm parathyroid autotransplantation with cryopreserved tissue following reoperative parathyroid surgery. Tissue had been cryopreserved two to 18 months. Follow-up ranged from four to 66 months (median, 18 months) following autotransplantation. All patients required calcium supplementation as a condition for autografting; six patients were no longer receiving calcium supplementation at most recent follow-up and in one patient the dosage was being tapered. The presence of a parathyroid hormone gradient of 2:1 or greater correlated well with freedom from calcium supplementation. Of seven patients with preautograft and postautograft urinary cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) determinations, three with increases following transplantation did not require calcium, three without increases continued to require calcium, and the patient whose dosage was being tapered had increased urinary cAMP levels. (Arch Surg1982;117:538-543)
Development of a Unique, Passive, Microgravity Vortex Separator

In the microgravity environment experienced by space vehicles, liquid and gas do not naturally separate as on Earth. This behavior presents a problem for two-phase space systems, such as environment conditioning, waste water processing, and power systems. Furthermore, with recent renewed interest in space nuclear power systems, a microgravity Rankine cycle is attractive for thermal to electric energy conversion and would require a phase separation device. Responding to this need, researchers have conceived various methods of producing phase separation in low gravity environments. These separator types have included wicking, elbow, hydrophobic/hydrophilic, vortex, rotary fan separators, and combinations thereof. Each class of separator achieved acceptable performance for particular applications and most performed in some capacity for the space program. However, increased integration of multiphase systems requires a separator design adaptable to a variety of system operating conditions. To this end, researchers at Texas A&M University (TAMU) have developed a Microgravity Vortex Separator (MVS) capable of handling both a wide range of inlet conditions as well as changes in these conditions with a single, passive design. Currently, rotary separators are recognized as the most versatile microgravity separation technology. However, compared with passive designs, rotary separators suffer from higher power consumption, more complicated mechanical design, and higher maintenance requirements than passive separators. Furthermore, research completed over the past decade has shown the MVS more resistant to inlet flow variations and versatile in application. Most investigations were conducted as part of system integration experiments including, among others, propellant transfer, waste water processing, and fuel cell systems. Testing involved determination of hydrodynamic conditions relating to vortex stability, inlet quality effects, accumulation volume potential, and dynamic volume monitoring. In most cases, a 1.2 liter separator was found to accommodate system flow conditions. This size produced reliable phase separation for liquid flow rates from 1.8 to 9.8 liters per minute, for gas flow rates of 0.5 to 180 standard liters per minute, over the full range of quality, and with fluid inventory changes up to 0.35 liters. Moreover, an acoustic sensor, integrated into the wall of the separation chamber, allows liquid film thickness monitoring with an accuracy of 0.1 inches. Currently, application of the MVS is being extended to cabin air dehumidification and a Rankine power cycle system. Both of these projects will allow further development of the TAMU separator.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Proposal for experiments for the investigation of exciton coherence

Abstract We present a theoretical analysis of proposed Ronchi grating experiments directed specifically at transport coherence and vibrational relaxation of triplet excitons in molecular crystals.
Optimization-based heuristics for underground mine scheduling

Abstract Underground mine production scheduling possesses mathematical structure similar to and yields many of the same challenges as general scheduling problems. That is, binary variables represent the time at which various activities are scheduled. Typical objectives seek to minimize costs or some measure of production time, or to maximize net present value; two principal types of constraints exist: (i) resource constraints and (ii) precedence constraints. In our setting, we maximize “discounted metal production” for the remaining life of an underground lead and zinc mine that uses three different underground methods to extract the ore. Resource constraints limit the grade, tonnage, and backfill paste (used for structural stability) in each time period, while precedence constraints enforce the sequence in which extraction (and backfill) is performed in accordance with the underground mining methods used. We tailor exact and heuristic approaches to reduce model size, and develop an optimization-based decomposition heuristic; both of these methods transform a computationally intractable problem to one for which we obtain solutions in seconds, or, at most, hours for problem instances based on data sets from the Lisheen mine near Thurles, Ireland.
Damage Resistance of Fortified Surfaces of a Cordierite‐Based Crystallized Glass

The effect of “fortification” on the mechanical damage resistance and strength degradation of a crystallized, cordierite glass was studied. The effect of hardness indents on the room-temperature strength of fortified and unfortified bars was compared. Fortified specimens underwent significant strength degradation only after an order of magnitude greater indent load was applied compared to unfortified specimens.
Role of Substance Use in the Battering Relationship

Qualitative and quantitative data from a longitudinal study of 98 primarily (80%) African American women's responses to battering was used to analyze the complex relationship of substance use to intimate partner violence against women. Approximately one third of the women used alcohol and/or drugs, while almost 60% of their partners did. The partner's substance abuse was a significant predictor of the dangerousness and severity of physical abuse, while her substance abuse was inversely related to lethality risks and physical and nonphysical abuse in multi-variate analysis, controlling for demographics. Battered women perceived substance abuse as a significant problem in their relationships and said it contributed to their decisions about how to address the violence in their lives.
Evaluating the capabilities of SOA security testing tools

This paper presents a systematic approach for a context-based evaluation of SOA testing tools, with an emphasis on security. An evaluation framework is used to structure a case study with a selection of SOA testing tools. The evaluation data are analyzed and discussed to show the tools' strengths and weaknesses. This research reveals three main results. The first result highlights the gap between research works in the literature and the capabilities of the existing tools. The second result is a qualitative evaluation of the capabilities of the tools under study with respect to the case study context. The third result is general conclusions and lessons learned from the application of the evaluation process.
Integration of Rotation and Piston Motions in Coiled-Coil Signal Transduction

A coordinated response to a complex and dynamic environment requires an organism to simultaneously monitor and interpret multiple signaling cues. In bacteria and some eukaryotes, environmental responses depend on the histidine autokinases (HKs). For example, VirA, a large integral membrane HK from Agrobacterium tumefaciens, regulates the expression of virulence genes in response to signals from multiple molecular classes (phenol, pH, and sugar). The ability of this pathogen to perceive inputs from different known host signals within a single protein receptor provides an opportunity to understand the mechanisms of signal integration. Here we exploited the conserved domain organization of the HKs and engineered chimeric kinases to explore the signaling mechanisms of phenol sensing and pH/sugar integration. Our data implicate a piston-assisted rotation of coiled coils for integration of multiple inputs and regulation of critical responses during pathogenesis.
Intelligent control using a neuro-fuzzy network

Intelligent control techniques have emerged to overcome some deficiencies in conventional control methods in dealing with complex real-world systems. These problems include knowledge adaptation, learning, and expert knowledge incorporation. In this paper, a hybrid network that combines fuzzy inferencing and neural networks is used to model and to control complex dynamic systems. The network takes advantage of the learning algorithms developed for neural networks to generate the knowledge base used in fuzzy inferencing. The network as used to model and to control a robot arm with flexible pneumatic actuator. Comparison with a nonlinear control technique used for the robot joints is also presented.
Changes in lipid composition of chicken muscle during frozen storage.

SUMMARY —Fresh chicken muscle contained about 1.1% lipids, of which more than half was made up of phospholipids. Lipids from fresh muscle also contained about 30% triglycerides and small amounts of cholesterol, cholesterol esters, and free fatty acids. During storage at — 10°C, the phospholipid content of the muscle decreased and the free fatty acid and triglyceride contents increased. The decrease in phospholipid content resulted from loss of lecithins and cephalins. The sphingo-myelin content remained the same, and the lysolecithin content increased. The results suggest that lipolysis occurred during frozen storage, and that lipid hydrolysis and protein denaturation may be interdependent phenomena.
Initial flight test results from the EO-1 Advanced Land Imager: radiometric performance

The Advanced Land Imager (ALI) is one of three instruments flown on the first Earth Observing mission (EO-1) under NASA's New Millennium Program (NMP). The primary NMP mission objective is to flight-validate advanced technologies that will enable dramatic improvements in performance, cost, mass and schedule for future, Landsat-like, Earth remote sensing instruments. ALI contains a number of innovative features, including all the Category 1 technology demonstrations of the EO-1 mission. These include the basic instrument architecture which employs a push-broom data collection mode, a wide field of view optical design, compact multispectral detector arrays, non-cryogenic HgCdTe for the short wave infrared bands, silicon carbide optics and a multi-level solar calibration technique. The Earth Observing-1 spacecraft was successfully launched on November 21, 2000. During the first sixty days on orbit, several Earth scenes were collected and on-orbit calibration techniques were exercised by the Advanced Land Imager. This paper presents the status of ALI radiometric performance characterization obtained from the data collected during that period.
Introduction: Contingency and Creativity: South Africa after Apartheid

In recent years, South Africa has been the subject of intense international interest and investigation as the end of apartheid brought rapid and far-reaching changes in the lives of South Africans. These changes have by no means been uncomplicated or always positive for its citizens. Of course, it is not just South Africa that is in a state of uncertainty, of frustration with "modernity and its postponements" (Comaroff and Comaroff 2000:292). No corner of the globe has lingered untouched by the disruptions of a globalizing late/postmodern moment. Further, though South Africa has recently been in a particularly dramatic state of flux, these changes did not begin with the end of apartheid in 1994. They have their roots in a long and violent history of encounters between North and South, Europe and Africa (see Terreblanche 2003). Nonetheless, the dismantling of white, minority rule did introduce new challenges, new energies and new modes of change into the South African landscape. The end of apartheid has also sparked a new set of personal, moral, social, political, and economic crises in South African communities. The list of ills that burden the country has become (over-)familiar both inside and outside the country. The gap between the rich and the poor has widened. The Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) unearthed distressing memories and volatile information about past atrocities without providing adequate followup in the form of promised reparations (for victims) or prosecutions (of perpetrators). Political violence has been replaced with a surge in criminal violence. HIV/AIDS is widespread and growing and the government response to the crisis has been uninspired at best. So far, renewed access to global markets, combined with neoliberal economic policies at home, has not reduced unemployment or inflation (see South African Human Rights Commission 2003 for the most recent, critical overview of the "state of the nation"). But this litany of catastrophes, this way of cataloguing current or emerging disasters has itself become a (problematic) form of political discourse and practice. Witness the much discussed flight of the white middle class (to London, Sydney, or Atlanta), which some describe as racist "Afro-pessimists" unreasonably abandoning a country that has great potential and vitality. Opposition parties in the country, despite the precious chance to contribute to building a political culture of democratic debate and dissent, keep raising the (racially coded) scepter of "yet another African state gone mad." The ruling African National Congress seems happy to keep pushing them into this trap and taking the moral high ground since debate and dissent do not seem to be high on its agenda either. In the process, an old and destructive discourse (though one that has never been far below the surface) of European enlightenment and its noble battle against a dark, primitive, unknowable African heart of darkness has been revived.
Community-based ranking of the social web

The rise of social interactions on the Web requires developing new methods of information organization and discovery. To that end, we propose a generative community-based probabilistic tagging model that can automatically uncover communities of users and their associated tags. We experimentally validate the quality of the discovered communities over the social bookmarking system Delicious. In comparison to an alternative generative model (Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA), we find that the proposed community-based model improves the empirical likelihood of held-out test data and discovers more coherent interest-based communities. Based on the community-based probabilistic tagging model, we develop a novel community-based ranking model for effective community-based exploration of socially-tagged Web resources. We compare community-based ranking to three state-of-the-art retrieval models: (i) BM25; (ii) Cluster-based retrieval using K-means clustering; and (iii) LDA-based retrieval. We find that the proposed ranking model results in a significant improvement over these alternatives (from 7% to 22%) in the quality of retrieved pages.
Identifying association under a previous linkage peak on chromosome 16 for body mass index using cross-sectional and longitudinal data of the Framingham Heart Study

We performed association analysis under a previous linkage peak on chromosome 16 with genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data to identify genetic variants underlying body mass index (BMI). Data from all subjects with baseline measures and a subgroup who had complete data at four selected time points from the Framingham Heart Study were analyzed. The cross-sectional measures include BMI at baseline for all subjects, as well as BMI at selected time points for the subgroup. The longitudinal measure is the within-subject mean of BMI for the subgroup at the four time points.
A shift in temperature

On August 9, 1968, the President signed the Metric Systems Study Bill, PL 90-472, and investigations are now being conducted under the direction of the Secretary of Commerce. If it should be decided that sometime we shall shift from the Fahrenheit temperature scale to a metric one, it must also be decided whether the Celsius or the Kelvin scale is to be used. In European countries, this is a difficult problem since the population is so well accustomed to the freezing temperature being zero and boiling temperature being 100. In this country, we are in a more favorable situation: freezing and boiling temperatures have odd numbers in the Fahrenheit system anyhow; and to change from 32 to 273, and from 212 to 372 seems to be less difficult. Thus, why not skip the intermediate step of going from Fahrenheit to Celsius? We could go all the way from Fahrenheit to Kelvin. The reaction of the concerned community to this suggestion might prove interesting.
Determination of metoprolol and its α-hydroxide metabolite in serum by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method for the simultaneous quantitation of metoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol concentrations in serum is developed. Analysis is performed on a C18 column using a 70:30 mixture of two solutions, A and B respectively. Solution A is 1 L of a 1% acetic acid solution with 25 mL of 0.005 M 1-heptanesulfonic acid. Solution B is 1 L of acetonitrile with 25 mL of 0.005 M 1-heptanesulfonic acid. Column effluent is monitored by fluorescence detection at an excitation wavelength of 225 nm. A 320-nm band pass filter is employed. The limit of sensitivity is approximately 2 ng/mL for both compounds. No potential sources of interference are identified. A coefficient of variation of less than 10% is observed on replicate determinations at 10 ng/mL for both compounds and at 300 and 180 ng/mL for metoprolol and alpha-hydroxymetoprolol, respectively. The method has the advantages of complete resolution of the metabolite of metoprolol, a high degree of reproducibility, adequate sensitivity, and an easily accessible internal standard.
Adaptive sensor integration for mobile robot navigation

Adaptive sensor integration (ASI) to navigate mobile robot in partially known and changing environments is described in this paper. The relationship between the "clutterness" of the robot's environment at any given time, speed of the robot, and the configuration of sensors on board of the robot is explored. Quantitative relationships are obtained to maximize the safe speed of travel from the initial position to the goal position. Experimental results are provided to illustrate this method. >
A review of experimental and natural infections of animals with monkeypox virus between 1958 and 2012

Monkeypox virus (MPXV) was discovered in 1958 during an outbreak in an animal facility in Copenhagen, Denmark. Since its discovery, MPXV has revealed a propensity to infect and induce disease in a large number of animals within the mammalia class from pan-geographical locations. This finding has impeded the elucidation of the natural host, although the strongest candidates are African squirrels and/or other rodents. Experimentally, MPXV can infect animals via a variety of multiple different inoculation routes; however, the natural route of transmission is unknown and is likely to be somewhat species specific. In this review we have attempted to compile and discuss all published articles that describe experimental or natural infections with MPXV, dating from the initial discovery of the virus through to the year 2012. We further discuss the comparative disease courses and pathologies of the host species.
Optimization of quiescent response in partially adaptive beamformers

The adaptive weights utilize only a fraction of the available degrees of freedom in partially adaptive LCMV (linearly constrained minimum-invariance) beamformers. Two procedures are presented for incorporating unused degrees of freedom into the beamformer's quiescent response. In one case the quiescent response is chosen to approximate a desired quiescent response, and in the other case it is chosen to maximize the average interference cancellation over a set of likely interference scenarios. A sidelobe-canceling interpretation indicates that maximization of average interference cancellation results in quiescent weights that optimize the sum of the white noise gain and the error between the quiescent response and the class of responses which the adaptive branch can synthesize. Simulations illustrate the utility of the methods. >
Synthesis of functional polyolefin copolymers with graft and block structures

Abstract This paper reviews a very useful approach in the preparation of polyolefin graft and block copolymers, containing both polyolefin block (PE, PP, s -PS, EP, etc.) and functional polymer block (acrylic and methacrylate polymers), with good control of molecular structure. The chemistry involves polyolefin ‘intermediates’ containing reactive borane, p -methylstyrene, and divinylbenzene units in the side chains or at the chain end, which are prepared by the combination of metallocene catalysts and reactive comonomers and chain transfer agents. The incorporated borane and p -MS groups can be transformed into ‘living’ radical and anion, respectively, for initiating graft-from polymerization. On the other hand, the incorporated DVB unit resembles to a styrene monomer that can involve the subsequent polymerization reactions. A broad range of polyolefin graft and block copolymers have been prepared, which have high functional (polar) group concentration without compromising the desirable polyolefin properties, such as crystallinity, melting temperature, elasticity, etc. They are very effective interfacial agents to improve compatibility of polyolefin in polymer blends and composites.
Social Support and Mental Health

In this article, we review research and models linking social support to mental health outcomes. Although perceived support has positive influences on mental health, received support has in some contexts demonstrated detrimental links. We discuss potential factors that can influence when receiving support has either beneficial or negative influences on mental health, including stressor, provider, and recipient processes. Gender, age, ethnic, and technological influences on social support are also discussed. Finally, intervention and policy implications of this research are described, including how to be a more effective support provider.
Comparison of nanosilver and ionic silver toxicity in Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas.

The increasing use of nanosilver in consumer products and the likelihood of environmental exposure warrant investigation into the toxicity of nanosilver to aquatic organisms. A series of studies were conducted comparing the potency of nanosilver to ionic silver (Ag+) at acute and sublethal levels using two test organisms (Daphnia magna and Pimephales promelas). The 48-h D. magna median lethal concentration (LC50) of multiple sizes (10, 20, 30, and 50 nm) of commercially prepared nanosilver (nanoComposix) ranged from 4.31 to 30.36 µg total Ag L−1 with increasing toxicity associated with decreasing particle size. A strong relationship between estimated specific particle surface area and acute toxicity was observed. Nanosilver suspensions (10 nm) treated with cation exchange resin to reduce the concentration of Ag+ associated with it were approximately equally toxic to D. magna compared to untreated nanosilver (48-h LC50s were 2.15 and 2.79 µg total Ag L−1, respectively). The 96-h LC50 and 7-d sublethal 20% effective concentrations (EC20s) for P. promelas were 89.4 and 46.1 µg total Ag L−1, respectively, for 10 nm nanosilver and 4.70 and 1.37 µg total Ag L−1, respectively, for Ag+; the resulting ratios of 96-h LC50 to 7-d EC20 were not significantly different for nanosilver and ionic silver. Overall, these studies did not provide strong evidence that nanosilver either acts by a different mechanism of toxicity than ionic silver, or is likely to cause acute or lethal toxicity beyond that which would be predicted by mass concentration of total silver. This in turn suggests that regulatory approaches based on the toxicity of ionic silver to aquatic life would not be underprotective for environmental releases of nanosilver. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2012; 31: 2557–2563. © 2012 SETAC
The Relative Movements of Real and Money Wage Rates

Purpose of the article, 130. — I. Dunlop's analysis of English data, 130. — Criticisms: movements of real wage rates in periods of rising money wages not very different from those in other periods, 132; rise in real wage rates due in some instances to a fall in the cost of living, 132. — Tarshis' analysis of data for the United States, 135. — His use of coefficient of association open to question, 135. — Other objections, 135. — Richardson's analysis of the English data involves analogous difficulties, 136. — II. Re-analysis of the English data, 137; of the American data, 143. — III. The concept of real wage rates used in these studies is of doubtful validity, 146. — Money wages and welfare, 148. — Conclusions, 149.
Planar Cell Width Minimization

In Chapter 3, we presented an exact width minimization method for the layout of dual series-parallel circuits, which are a subset of the class of dual planar circuits. In this chapter, we generalize that method to apply to a special class of nonseriesparallel circuits, thus relaxing assumption 2 of the Uehara-vanCleemput layout style described in Fig. 2.1. The circuits in question are those that can be modeled by planar graphs, that is, graphs that can be drawn in a plane with no edges crossing. Planar graphs constitute the largest class of graphs that have graphical duals [Ha69]. We develop a new algorithm P-TrailTrace to handle any static CMOS circuit that can be modeled as a dual pair of two-terminal planar multigraphs (TTPMs), including both the series-parallel and nonseries-parallel cases.
Determinants of terminal mesenteric artery resistance during the first postnatal month.

Experiments were conducted to delineate the vascular effector systems that contribute to setting mesenteric vascular tone in swine during the first postnatal month. Terminal mesenteric arteries (TM...
Destruction of the Gastric Mucosal Barrier by Detergents and Urea

Summary The effects of natural and synthetic detergents (sodium taurocholate, bile, decyl sulfate) and urea in breaking the gastric mucosal barrier were studied by irrigating the separated, vagally denervated pouches of the oxyntic glandular area of the dog stomach first with a test solution of 100 mm HCl + 54 mm NaCl, then with a solution of the detergent or urea, and again with the acid test solution. Fluxes of Na + , K + , and H + were measured, and changes over the control fluxes were taken as evidence that the barrier had been broken. Bile salts (10, 20, and 40 mm in neutral solution, 40 mm in a liquid meal, and 10 mm in acid solution), decyl sulfate (10 or 20 mm in neutral solution), and urea (1, 2, and 4 lvt in neutral solution) all break the gastric mucosal barrier.
The pressures and temperatures of meteorite impact: Evidence from micro-Raman mapping of mineral phases in the strongly shocked Taiban ordinary chondrite

Taiban is a heavily shocked L6 chondrite showing opaque melt veins. Raman spectroscopy was used to characterize the high-pressure silicate assemblages in a thin section crossed by a shock-created 4 mm wide melt vein. Raman spectra using different excitation wavelengths allowed identification of mineral phases such as olivine, wadsleyite, ringwoodite, high-Ca clinopyroxene, majorite-pyrope, jadeite, maskelynite, and lingunite. Olivine is Fe depleted in contact with the ringwoodite, which suggests chemical fractionation during a solid-state olivine-ringwoodite transformation. Raman imaging revealed a close correlation between the blue ringwoodite color and the peak observed at 877 cm−1; this signal shows strong near-resonance Raman enhancement when measured with near-IR excitation lines (785 and 830 nm) close to the optical absorption bands of the ringwoodite. We propose that the blue color of the ringwoodite is due to a small amount of iron in fourfold coordination inside the spinel structure, and that yields the observed spectral features in differently colored ringwoodite. Under the formation conditions of the studied silicate pocket, all enstatite transformed to a majorite-pyrope solid solution, whereas the high-Ca clinopyroxene likely remained unchanged. Maskelynite grains in the margins of the pocket often contain lingunite or are totally transformed to jadeite. Based on static high-pressure results, the mineral assemblages in the pocket suggest peak pressure in the 17–20 GPa range with maximum temperature ( T max) in the range 1850–1900 K as the formation conditions for this Taiban chondrite during shock.
Removing shear artifacts in acoustic wave propagation in orthorhombic media

In this abstract, we present a method for removing the shear wave artifacts that occur in anisotropic modeling under the acoustic approximation. The proposed method is based on an eigenvalue decomposition of the differential operator in the wavenumberdomain. Applicationtoahomogeneousorthorhombic medium shows that the shear wave artifacts are removed completely.
Key Factors Controlling the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Porous Media

The current study investigated the mobility of four silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) stabilized using different capping agents and represent the common stabilization mechanisms as well as surface charging scenarios in reactive and nonreactive porous media. The AgNPs were (1) uncoated H2-AgNPs (electrostatically stabilized) and (2) citrate coated AgNPs (Citrate-AgNPs) (electrostatically stabilized), (3) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated AgNPs (PVP-AgNPs) (sterically stabilized), and (4) branched polyethyleneimine coated AgNPs (BPEI-AgNPs) (electrosterically stabilized). The porous media were (1) quartz sand (QS), (2) ferrihydrite-coated sand (FcS), and (3) kaolin-coated sand (KcS). The H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs were readily mobile in QS but significantly retained in FcS and KcS with more deposition achieved in the KcS media. The deposition of the H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs followed the order of KcS > FcS > QS. The PVP-AgNPs breakthrough occurred more rapid as compared to the H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs but the deposition of PVP-AgNPs followed the same order of the electrostatically stabilized AgNPs (KcS > FcS > QS). The BPEI-AgNPs were readily mobile regardless of the porous media reactivity. Physicochemical interactions were the dominant filtration mechanism in the majority of the investigated cases but straining played the major role in the deposition of the electrostatically stabilized H2-AgNPs and Citrate-AgNPs in the KcS media. The results highlight the importance of both the stabilization mechanism and capping agent chemistry as key factors governing the transport of AgNPs in the environment.
New MAC protocol based on power control for wireless sensor networks

This paper presented a basing on power control wireless sensor networks MAC protocol. This protocol used the node receive threshold value, then calculated the optimize transmission power. It could ultimately reduce node consume energy. In order to reduce the collision between node and the duration of the idle listening time, it added self-adaptive contention window size and fast back off scheme to make further save node energy. The result shows that the new MAC reduces the node energy consume and improves the throughput.
Experimental Research on Hot Washing Efficiency of 220 kV Substation Equipment

Hot washing efficiency represents the cleanliness of insulators after hot washing. Through multiple tests, we researched the washing efficiency of ESDD NSDD for 220 k V substation post insulators.Four water guns with nozzles of 3 mm in diameter were used to wash typical 220 k V post insulators to different contamination degrees, and the washing efficiency with different washing angles was measured. According to the experimental results, when the ESDD or NSDD is less than a-level contamination degree,or the contamination degree is reduced by more than 90% as the goal, it takes 51 seconds and 137 L water to wash e-level contaminated equipment including disconnectors, voltage transformers, and current transformer insulators. The required washing time increases with the target's diameter: with washing angle of 30°, for every 10 cm increase in insulator diameter, it takes one more second to clean every 5 pieces of umbrella. The time also gets longer with increasing washing angle. Increasing the contamination level from c to e, the required washing time increases significantly, namely from 7 s to 17 s for disconnectors, 25 s to 38 s for voltage transformer, and 30 s to 51 s for current transformer insulator. The results are of practical significance to determining the washing time and realizing cleanliness quality control for the hot washing of 220 k V substation equipment.
Saharan dust nutrients promote Vibrio bloom formation in marine surface waters

Vibrio is a ubiquitous genus of marine bacteria, typically comprising a small fraction of the total microbial community in surface waters, but capable of becoming a dominant taxon in response to poorly characterized factors. Iron (Fe), often restricted by limited bioavailability and low external supply, is an essential micronutrient that can limit Vibrio growth. Vibrio species have robust metabolic capabilities and an array of Fe-acquisition mechanisms, and are able to respond rapidly to nutrient influx, yet Vibrio response to environmental pulses of Fe remains uncharacterized. Here we examined the population growth of Vibrio after natural and simulated pulses of atmospherically transported Saharan dust, an important and episodic source of Fe to tropical marine waters. As a model for opportunistic bacterial heterotrophs, we demonstrated that Vibrio proliferate in response to a broad range of dust-Fe additions at rapid timescales. Within 24 h of exposure, strains of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio alginolyticus were able to directly use Saharan dust–Fe to support rapid growth. These findings were also confirmed with in situ field studies; arrival of Saharan dust in the Caribbean and subtropical Atlantic coincided with high levels of dissolved Fe, followed by up to a 30-fold increase of culturable Vibrio over background levels within 24 h. The relative abundance of Vibrio increased from ∼1 to ∼20% of the total microbial community. This study, to our knowledge, is the first to describe Vibrio response to Saharan dust nutrients, having implications at the intersection of marine ecology, Fe biogeochemistry, and both human and environmental health.
New (Other?) Directions in Corporate Social Responsibility

The purpose of this article is to challenge scholars of corporate social responsibility and CSR officers of private corporations to rethink their subject matter and their approach. The fundamental problem that needs to be addressed in CSR scholarship is whether it is descriptive or normative or something else. I maintain that much of the current literature is inadequately descriptive and philosophically deficient with regard to norms. I suggest a number of additional activities for CSR research (e.g., consumer responsibility) compatible with a morally pluralistic world that is hospitable to a market economy.
A Historical Perspective on Clinical Research

This chapter provides an overview of the history and clinical practices of clinical research. The earliest clinical research is traced back to as early as Judeo-Christian and Eastern civilizations. There is also evidence that ancient Chinese medicine included clinical studies. Hippocrates, the father of modern medicine, is considered as the first clinical researcher for his disciplined investigations. Clinical research was greatly influenced by the Greek and Roman researchers of their times. They laid the foundations of modern day sciences. During the middle ages and the Renaissance, the improvements in medicine became evident and the infrastructure for clinical research began to develop. The Renaissance (1453-1600) represented the revival of learning and transition from medieval to modern conditions; many great clinicians and scientists prospered. Studies of blood began in the 17th century. The 18th century brought extraordinary advances in the biological sciences and medicine. In the 20th century, clinical research began to flourish with the help of well-established medical colleges. Two other dominant drivers of the progress in medicine through clinical research were government investment in biomedical research and private investment in the pharmaceutical industry.
A wide field of view plasma spectrometer

Here we present a fundamentally new type of space plasma spectrometer, the wide field of view plasma spectrometer, whose field of view is >1.25π ster using fewer resources than traditional methods. The enabling component is analogous to a pinhole camera with an electrostatic energy-angle filter at the image plane. Particle energy-per-charge is selected with a tunable bias voltage applied to the filter plate relative to the pinhole aperture plate. For a given bias voltage, charged particles from different directions are focused by different angles to different locations. Particles with appropriate locations and angles can transit the filter plate and are measured using a microchannel plate detector with a position-sensitive anode. Full energy and angle coverage are obtained using a single high-voltage power supply, resulting in considerable resource savings and allowing measurements at fast timescales. Lastly, we present laboratory prototype measurements and simulations demonstrating the instrument concept and discuss optimizations of the instrument design for application to space measurements.
Flatland Optics with Hyperbolic Metasurfaces

In this Perspective, we discuss the physics and potential applications of planar hyperbolic metasurfaces (MTSs), with emphasis on their in-plane and near-field responses. After revisiting the governing dispersion relation and properties of the supported surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs), we discuss the different topologies that uniaxial MTSs can implement. Particular attention is devoted to the hyperbolic regime, which exhibits unusual features, such as an ideally infinite wave confinement and local density of states. In this context, we clarify the different physical mechanisms that limit the practical implementation of these ideal concepts using materials found in nature, and we describe several approaches to realize hyperbolic MTSs, ranging from the use of novel 2D materials such as black phosphorus to artificial nanostructured composites made of graphene or silver. Some exciting phenomena and applications are then presented and discussed, including negative refraction and the routing of SPPs within th...
A Hybrid Molecular Dynamics/Multiconformer Continuum Electrostatics (MD/MCCE) Approach for the Determination of Surface Charge of Nanomaterials

The surface charge of nanomaterials determines their stability in solution and interaction with other molecules and surfaces, yet experimental determination of surface charge of complex nanomaterials is not straightforward. We propose a hybrid approach that iteratively integrates explicit solvent molecular dynamics simulations and a multiconformer continuum electrostatic model (MCCE) to efficiently sample the configurational and titration spaces of surface ligands of nanomaterials. Test calculations of model systems indicate that the iterative approach converges rapidly even for systems that contain hundreds of titratable sites, making the approach complementary to more elaborate methods such as explicit solvent-based constant-pH molecular dynamics. The hybrid method is applied to analyze the pKa distribution of alkylamines attached to a carbon-based nanoparticle as a function of ligand density, nanoparticle surface curvature, and ligand heterogeneity. The results indicate that functionalization strategie...
How to Write a Research Paper

Writing a scientific manuscript can be broken down into readily achievable defined steps. Authors should first select a topic and perform a literature search. When the topic of the manuscript is se...
Dielectric Resonator Integrated 2D Material Structures

2D semiconductors have recently emerged as promising optoelectronic materials. We report hybrid nanophotonic devices, including light sources and nonlinear optical devices using cavity integrated 2D materials.
Elaboration in Memory

This article examines the role of elaboration in memory. Elaboration is defined as the association of to-be-remembered information with information stored in memory during study. The article traces the development of the elaboration construct from filter models of attention and stage models of memory, emphasizing the importance of conscious intentional processing in this development. The specific genesis of the modern construct of elaboration in the levels-of-processing literature is discussed with a focus on how the elaboration construct was used to account for the congruity effect—the finding that orienting questions producing positive or ‘yes’ responses produce better memory than orienting questions producing negative or ‘no’ responses. Theoretical accounts of the beneficial effects of elaboration on memory are presented. These accounts describe how elaborative processes can create multiple distinctive cues enhancing later retrieval. Extensions of these accounts to the effects of encoding variability, imagery, and hierarchical organization are also discussed. The article closes by reviewing a wide variety of empirical domains in which the elaboration construct has been applied including: memory problems in older adults and younger children, the effects of participants prior knowledge on memory, the effects of the semantic relatedness of the to-be-learned material on memory, and the distinction between implicit and explicit memory tests.
The Politics of Chineseness in South Africa: From Apartheid to 2015

South Africa is one of very few African countries with three distinct Chinese communities. Issues of community and identity in the country that perfected and codified racial segregation have been complicated by fault lines of ethnicity, generation (or the length of time in South Africa), language, region of origin, education and class, as well as nation (specifically, South Africa, Taiwan and mainland China) and citizenship. The state and larger society often fail to see these intragroup differences and on numerous occasions have treated the Chinese as alien, different, or “other.” Ethnic Chinese communities have also defied or co-opted these assigned identities to their own advantage. I focus on the fluidity of “Chineseness” both in terms of its content and its uses, the differences between the three main communities of Chinese in South Africa, and the shifting connections and identifications with China and Chineseness over time. Material for this chapter was culled from in-depth interviews with Chinese South Africans conducted in 1999, interviews with newer Chinese migrants conducted between 2007 and 2010, more recent interviews conducted in 2015, and close participant observation between 1999 and 2015 when I was resident in South Africa.
An atlas of silencer elements for the human and mouse genomes

The study of gene regulation is dominated by a focus on the control of gene activation or controlling an increase in the level of expression. Just as critical is the process of gene repression or silencing. Chromatin signatures have allowed for the global mapping of enhancer cis-regulatory elements, however, the identification of silencer elements by computational or experimental approaches in a genome-wide manner are lacking. We present a simple but powerful computational approach to identify putative silencers genome-wide. We used a series of consortia data to predict silencers in over 100 human and mouse cell or tissue types. We performed several analyses to determine if these elements exhibited characteristics expected of a silencers. Motif enrichment analyses on putative silencers determined that motifs belonging to known transcriptional repressors are enriched, as well as overlapping known transcription repressor binding sites. Leveraging promoter capture HiC data from several human and mouse cell types, we found that over 50% of putative silencer elements are interacting with gene promoters having very low to no expression. Next, to validate our silencer predictions, we quantified silencer activity using massively parallel reporter assays (MPRAs) on 7500 selected elements in K562 cells. We trained a support vector machine model classifier on MPRA data and used it to refine potential silencers in other cell types. We also show that similar to enhancer elements, silencer elements are enriched in disease-associated variants. Our results suggest a general strategy for genome-wide identification and characterization of silencer elements.
Challenges of Designing and Implementing High Consequence Infectious Disease Response

Ebola is a high consequence infectious disease-a disease with the potential to cause outbreaks, epidemics, or pandemics with deadly possibilities, highly infectious, pathogenic, and virulent. Ebola's first reported cases in the United States in September 2014 led to the development of preparedness capabilities for the mitigation of possible rapid outbreaks, with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) providing guidelines to assist public health officials in infectious disease response planning. These guidelines include broad goals for state and local agencies and detailed information concerning the types of resources needed at health care facilities. However, the spatial configuration of populations and existing health care facilities is neglected. An incomplete understanding of the demand landscape may result in an inefficient and inequitable allocation of resources to populations. Hence, this paper examines challenges in implementing CDC's guidance for Ebola preparedness and mitigation in the context of geospatial allocation of health resources and discusses possible strategies for addressing such challenges. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:563-566).
Mendelson Maneuver and Masako Maneuver

This chapter reviews the effects of the Masako (aka, tongue-hold) and Mendelsohn swallow maneuvers on swallow ­physiology for patients with dysphagia. The indications for use of these maneuvers are reviewed, as is treatment efficacy. Future research needs are also discussed.