cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The Morphology of Platinum Black Electrodeposited on Highly Oriented Pyrolytic Graphite Studied with Scanning Electron Microscopy and Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Abstract Scanning electron and scanning tunneling microscopies have been used to study the morphology of Pt films electrodeposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG); deposition was from solutions containing K 2 PtCl 6 and Pb(C 2 H 3 O 2 ) 2 in order to produce films of Pt black. The resulting films consisted of mixed regions of Pt black and Pt gray surrounding bare patches of HOPG. Microscopic analyses reveal that the gray areas contain Pt islands which form patterns consistent with deposition preferentially at defects on the electrode surface. These islands grow as large as 1 μm in diameter before coalescing. The black areas exhibit a greater density of Pt with deposition occurring both at defects and on the flat areas between them. Pt islands in the black areas grow to only ca. 0.2 μm before coalescing. The aggregates formed in the black region have a rougher morphology due to the smaller size which islands reach before they coalesce. The presence of both gray and black areas is attributed to two factors: the role of adsorbed Pb 2+ ions and the deposition rate gradients created by pockets of N 2 gas trapped on the HOPG surface.
Practical high-efficiency partial-Envelope Tracking power amplifier system with broadband applications

Spectrally-efficient high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) waveforms exhibit disadvantages compared to constant-envelope waveforms for frequency-agile systems when power-efficiency is paramount. EER and Envelope Tracking offer high efficiency but require precise adjustment and wide bandwidth power supplies/modulators. Frequency agility introduces implementation complexities when systems must tune wide frequency ranges or cover multiple channels. Combining advantages of Envelope Tracking and EER, a partial-envelope tracking power amplifier system demonstrates robust operation across multiple channels, requires no frequency dependent adjustments, and exhibits excellent spectral purity combined with high power-efficiency. Experimental UHF data shows 135 watts of output power with 55% efficiency using LDMOS devices, for uplink WCDMA (approximately 4dB PAPR).
Distribution and Functional Significance of Sodium and Potassium Channels in Normal and Acutely Demyelinated Mammalian Myelinated Nerve

The density of sodium channels in the axonal membrane of normal mammalian nodes of Ranvier is much higher than in any other excitable tissue. In contrast, there are few if any potassium channels. However, experiments in which the myelin is acutely removed show that the internodal axonal membrane, which lacks sodium channels, is rich in potassium channels. This complementary distribution may, it is speculated, be related to the fact that the functional specialization of the mammalian fiber for rapid passage of impulses (high sodium channel density and low potassium channel density at the node) may require some stabilizing influence in the paranodal region to prevent re-entrant type phenomena (hence the internodal potassium channels).
Transient boiling of water under exponentially escalating heat inputs. Part II: Flow boiling

Abstract This paper presents an investigation of forced convection effects on transient boiling heat transfer of water on plate-type heaters, at atmospheric pressure, under exponentially escalating heat fluxes. It complements the work performed under pool boiling conditions presented in the companion paper (Part I). Infrared (IR) thermometry and high-speed video (HSV) were used to gain insight into the physical phenomena and generate data that can be used for development and validation of accurate models of transient flow boiling heat transfer. Exponential power escalations with periods in the range from 5 to 500 ms, and subcooling of 10, 25 and 75 K were explored. The Reynolds number was varied from 25,000 to 60,000, depending on the subcooling. Single-phase heat transfer, onset of the boiling driven (OBD) heat transfer regime and overshoot (OV) conditions were identified. The experimental data suggest that during the single-phase heat transfer regime, forced convection is the dominant heat transfer mechanism for long periods, whereas transient conduction is more important for short periods. A criterion based on the normalized time scale for turbulent heat transfer is shown to capture all single-phase heat transfer data on a single curve. At a given period, OBD heat flux and wall superheat, as well as OV wall superheat increase with increasing subcooling and increasing Reynolds number. For a given Reynolds number and a given subcooling, they decrease with increasing periods at short periods, when the dominant heat transfer mechanism is transient conduction, whereas they barely change for long periods, as the dominant single-phase heat transfer mechanism is forced convection. Once boiling is fully developed, the heat transfer coefficient is proportional to the wall superheat to the fourth power and increases with increasing subcooling.
Microaggressions, Injustices, and Racial Identity An Empirical Assessment of the Theory of African American Offending

Inspired by the recent theory of African American offending and the lack of race-centered concepts in criminological literature, I aim to answer four general research questions: (a) Do criminal justice injustices impact African Americans differently than other forms of racism? (b) Do different emotional states increase African Americans’ likelihood of offending? (c) Does having a positive racial identity buffer against the negative effects of racial discrimination? and (d) Do the effects of racial discrimination and racial identity vary between African American males and females? Using a subsample of African American youth and young adults from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods data, I find microaggressions and criminal justice injustices independently predict serious and violent offending. Anger and depression likewise serve as independent predictors, though anger suppresses the effects of depression when considered simultaneously. Racial identity also moderately buffers the negat...
Attraction and avoidance detection from movements

With the development of positioning technology, movement data has become widely available nowadays. An important task in movement data analysis is to mine the relationships among moving objects based on their spatiotemporal interactions. Among all relationship types, attraction and avoidance are arguably the most natural ones. However, rather surprisingly, there is no existing method that addresses the problem of mining significant attraction and avoidance relationships in a well-defined and unified framework.In this paper, we propose a novel method to measure the significance value of relationship between any two objects by examining the background model of their movements via permutation test. Since permutation test is computationally expensive, two effective pruning strategies are developed to reduce the computation time. Furthermore, we show how the proposed method can be extended to efficiently answer the classic threshold query: given an object, retrieve all the objects in the database that have relationships, whose significance values are above certain threshold, with the query object. Empirical studies on both synthetic data and real movement data demonstrate the effectiveness and efficiency of our method.
Continuous Shape Functions and Time Varying Boundary Conditions for Beam Dynamics

Predicted solutions to flexible beam dynamics problems involving large overall prescribed motion are investigated. In particular, the beam deformations are described by continuous shape functions, chosen by one of three different approaches: traditional cantilever beam eigenfunctions, free-interface component modes, and fixed-interface component modes. The beam is cantilevered to a rigid rotating table at one end and attached to the table by way of a tether spring at the other end. The resulting boundary conditions for the end of the beam attached to the tether spring are fundamentally different from previous studies. In those studies, the boundary conditions were explicit descriptions of zero displacement, axial strain, or shear force. In this case, the boundary conditions are relationships between displacements, axial strain, and shear force; therefore, the individual quantities are time-varying. The predicted solutions are compared based upon displacement and stress responses. These comparisons provide sufficient evidence to demonstrate the superiority of the free-interface component mode approach, which is implemented in this paper for the first time. In addition, the component mode synthesis approach discussed in this paper is implemented more efficiently than in previous work. ∗ 1
A method to evaluate haptic interfaces for working dogs

Working dogs perform a variety of essential services for their human partners, from assisting people with disabilities, to Search and Rescue, police, and military work. Recent interest in the nascent field of Animal-Computer Interaction has prompted research in computer-mediated technology for communication between working dogs and their handlers. Haptic (touch) interfaces in the form of vibrating motors are a promising approach for handler-to-dog communication. Haptic interfaces can provide a silent, long-range method of sending commands to a dog, when voice or hand signals are inappropriate or impossible. However, evaluating haptic interfaces for dogs, who cannot self-report sensations, creates interesting challenges. This study draws on human-computer interaction concepts, such as Just Noticeable Difference, to explore methods and issues in evaluating haptic interfaces for working dogs. We created a haptic system and developed an evaluation method, reporting results for ten dogs of widely varying breeds, sizes, and coat types. Provides a new method to evaluate haptic interfaces, solving the inability of dogs to self-report.Addresses how to mitigate the "Clever Hans" effect through double blind and randomized studies.Stresses the importance of training "reporting" behavior to reliable haptic cues.
Systemic manifestations of Alzheimer’s disease

Several lines of evidence indicate that tissues other than the brain are also affected in Alzheimer’s disease. The protein precursor of the characteristic brain amyloid is expressed at the level of mRNA in most tissues. A large number of studies have shown a variety of abnormalities in different Alzheimer tissues compared to those from matched cognitively intact controls. A group of studies suggest the existence of a generalized membrane abnormality in Alzheimer’s disease, identified in red cells and platelets using biophysical techniques as well as in studies of transport. Cellular calcium homeostasis appears to be abnormal in Alzheimer’s disease, in cultured cells from skin and in lymphocytes as well as in the affected neurons. Metabolic abnormalities in glucose oxidation are well documented in Alzheimer’s brain in vivo, and abnormalities in these processes have also been found in ex vivo studies of brain biopsies and in studies of cultured cells from skin. A recent observation that skin cells grown under special conditions express antigens normally associated with the brain — and that Alzheimer cells from skin can make antigens reacting with antibodies to paired helical filaments — strengthens the hypothesis that changes observed in the peripheral cells may be relevant to the brain. Mechanisms can be proposed to link the generalized cellular changes to damage of certain populations of neurones in Alzheimer brains. Future research on non-neural Alzheimer cells is likely to emphasize the search for abnormalities significant for cellular pathophysiology in Alzheimer’s disease and for means to ameliorate such abnormalities.
Motor responses of cultured rat cerebral vascular smooth muscle cells to intra- and extracellular pH changes

Alkalizing perivascular fluid constricts, whereas acidification dilates, cerebral arterioles. It is not known whether vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), endothelium, or neuronal elements sense p...
Plasmodium and Leishmania: the role of mdr genes in mediating drug resistance.

Abstract Chow, L. M. C., and Volkman, S. K. 1998.Plasmodium and Leishmania: The Role ofmdrGenes in Mediating Drug Resistance.Experimental Parasitology90, 135–141.
Alternative Axiom Systems

This chapter is a digression. We pause in the development of our axiom system to take a quick look at some other axiom systems for geometry. It is intended that this chapter be read rather quickly and not studied in detail at this time. Most imperative, the reader should understand that none of the postulates, definitions, notation, or theorems is to be assumed in the other chapters!
Inadequate Weight Loss after Gastric Bypass and Sleeve Gastrectomy

Despite a multidisciplinary approach and an emphasis on long-term follow-up, 5–15 % of patients are found to have inadequate weight loss (IWL) after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) or sleeve gastrectomy (SG). The etiology is multifactorial and involves anatomic, behavioral, and socioeconomic components. Weight regain after SG can be effectively treated with conversion to RYGB or duodenal switch. Selected patients with weight regain after RYGB may benefit from pouch revision or limb lengthening procedures. The decision to modify the existing anatomy must be made after a careful evaluation of possible causes. The following chapter aims to provide strategies to evaluate and treat IWL based on current available evidence.
Biogenesis of the Rauwolfia alkaloids alkaloids—II : The incorporation of tryptophan into serpentine and reserpine

Abstract Radioactive serpentine which was obtained from Rauwolfia serpentina plants which had been fed tryptophan-2-C14 was degraded systematically and was found to be labeled solely at C-5. This result indicates that tryptophan is a direct precursor of the β-carboline moiety of this alkaloid. Radioactive reserpine which was obtained from the same feeding experiment was labeled only on the reserpic acid part of the alkaloid.
The visual narrative reader, by Neil Cohn, London, Bloomsbury Academic, 2016, xxiv + 350 pp., US$128.00 (hardback), ISBN 978-1-4725-7790-0/US$39.95 (paperback), ISBN 978-1-4725-8559-2/US$39.95 (ebk), ISBN 978-1-4725-7790-0

Neil Cohn finds that human beings expressively communicate through spoken, sign, or visual languages, all of which have distinct properties but may be used simultaneously as multimodal communicatio...
Philanthropy, Race, and Religion: The Gustav Adolf Association and National Socialism

Through his study of the Gustavus Adolphus Association, Kevin Cramer argues that after World War I the Association redefined its religious philanthropic mission to align it more closely with the secular nationalism of the Weimar period without breaking the foundational connection between nationalism and Protestantism. By using the concept of a “political theology of philanthropy,” Cramer investigates how a racially inflected nationalism infiltrated the Associations’ apolitical charitable mission. Hoping to maintain its relevance in the radicalized public discourse in the Weimar Republic—and to adapt to the Nazi seizure of power—the Association distanced itself from its original religious conservatism.
A Zeroth Order resonant element for MRI transmisson line RF coil

A Zeroth Order microstrip resonator (ZOR) is proposed as an element for a MRI transmission line RF coil. This paper discusses a design of the ZOR for the RF coil for a 7T MRI system. A balanced metamaterial line is used to achieve broadside radiation. The design has the advantage of generating uniform strong near field up to a vicinity of 3 cm from its surface, and requires minimal tuning and matching when loaded with a phantom. The design can be made for any physical length as it is designed to have its propagation parameter set to zero.
Association of irritability and anxiety with the neural mechanisms of implicit face emotion processing in youths with psychopathology

Importance Psychiatric comorbidity complicates clinical care and confounds efforts to elucidate the pathophysiology of commonly occurring symptoms in youths. To our knowledge, few studies have simultaneously assessed the effect of 2 continuously distributed traits on brain-behavior relationships in children with psychopathology. Objective To determine shared and unique effects of 2 major dimensions of child psychopathology, irritability and anxiety, on neural responses to facial emotions during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional functional magnetic resonance imaging study in a large, well-characterized clinical sample at a research clinic at the National Institute of Mental Health. The referred sample included youths ages 8 to 17 years, 93 youths with anxiety, disruptive mood dysregulation, and/or attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorders and 22 healthy youths. Main Outcomes and Measures The child’s irritability and anxiety were rated by both parent and child on the Affective Reactivity Index and Screen for Child Anxiety Related Disorders, respectively. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, neural response was measured across the brain during gender labeling of varying intensities of angry, happy, or fearful face emotions. In mixed-effects analyses, the shared and unique effects of irritability and anxiety were tested on amygdala functional connectivity and activation to face emotions. Results The mean (SD) age of participants was 13.2 (2.6) years; of the 115 included, 64 were male. Irritability and/or anxiety influenced amygdala connectivity to the prefrontal and temporal cortex. Specifically, irritability and anxiety jointly influenced left amygdala to left medial prefrontal cortex connectivity during face emotion viewing ( F 4,888 = 9.20; P χ 2 1 = 21.3; P F 2, 888 ≥ 13.45; all P Conclusions and Relevance These data extend prior work conducted in youths with irritability or anxiety alone and suggest that research may miss important findings if the pathophysiology of irritability and anxiety are studied in isolation. Decreased amygdala–medial prefrontal cortex connectivity may mediate emotion dysregulation when very anxious and irritable youth process threat-related faces. Activation in the ventral visual circuitry suggests a mechanism through which signals of social approach (ie, happy and angry expressions) may capture attention in irritable youth.
Variations in the Life Histories of Incarcerated Parents by Race and Ethnicity: Implications for Service Provision

ABSTRACTIncarcerated parents have complex life histories that often remain unresolved during incarceration, can continue to create barriers to prosocial success on release, and present similar intergenerational challenges for their children. This study examines the life histories of incarcerated fathers and mothers from the Pacific Northwest and how their experiences vary based on race and ethnicity. Five areas examined were exposure to trauma, child welfare involvement, mental health and substance abuse problems, juvenile justice and adult criminal justice involvement, and intergenerational criminal justice involvement. The sample comprised 359 incarcerated parents, and their racial/ethnic composition was 59% White, 14% African American, 11% multiracial, 8% Native American, and 7% Latino. Few differences were found across racial and ethnic groups. Mothers appeared more similar to each other across groups than fathers. Results illustrated similarities yet some surprising differences with national trends o...
Diagnostic dilemmas in HLH: Can T-cell phenotyping help?

The diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) can be a difficult one, and the distinction between primary versus secondary HLH can be particularly challenging during the early stages of diagnosis. This distinction is important to make as primary HLH requires allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for a definitive cure. Flow cytometric screening tests for many of the genetic forms of HLH are available. However, not all patients with primary HLH are captured by these screening tests, due to the fact that no screening test is 100% sensitive, and additionally, some patients with "primary" forms of HLH may have mutations in genes which are yet to be discovered. In this issue of the European Journal of Immunology, Ammann et al. [Eur. J. Immunol. 2017. 47: 364-373] compare T-cell phenotype patterns among patients with primary and secondary HLH, and find that assessment of T-cell activation and differentiation may assist with the diagnosis of HLH. Furthermore, this phenotypic analysis has the potential to help make the important distinction between primary and secondary HLH.
Effect of Displacement Damage on Tantalum Oxide Resistive Memory

The radiation environment of space poses a challenge for electronic systems, in particular flash memory, which contains multiple radiation-sensitive parts. Resistive memory (RRAM) devices have the potential to replace flash memory, functioning as an inherently radiation resistant memory device. Several studies indicate significant radiation resistance in RRAM devices to a broad range of radiation types and doses. In this study, we focus on the effect of displacement damage on tantalum oxide-based RRAM devices, as this form of damage is likely a worst-case scenario. An Ar+ (170 keV) ion beam was used to minimize any contribution from ionization damage, maximizing the effect of displacement damage. Fluence levels were chosen to generate enough oxygen vacancies such that devices in the high resistance state (HRS) would likely switch to the low resistance state (LRS). More than half of devices tested at the highest fluence level (1.43E13 ions/cm2) switched from HRS to LRS. The devices were then switched for 50 set/reset cycles, after which the radiation-induced resistance shift disappeared. These results suggest that device switching may mitigate radiation damage by accelerating oxygen vacancy-interstitial recombination.
Applications of q methodology to a variety of policy process theories and frameworks

This paper provides an overview of a form of factor analysis, Q Methodology, and suggests how it might be applied in an institutional analysis setting. Q Methodology provides for a middle ground between positivist and phenomenological methods, and that its usage will not necessarily result in overly contextualized findings that render generalization impossible. The paperʼs primary focus is to suggest several uses of Q Methodology within different established policy studies frameworks, namely the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework, the Advocacy Coalition Framework (ACF), and the policy process as conceptualized by Lasswellʼs Policy Sciences approach.
Abstract 2898: ST8SIA1 is up-regulated in triple negative breast cancer and its expression is positively correlated withTP53mutations and a cancer stem cell gene signature

We discovered ganglioside GD2 as a breast cancer stem cell (BCSCs) marker in triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). GD2 biosynthesis is tightly regulated by the enzyme ST8SIA1 (GD3 synthase). However, expression of ST8SIA and its association with different breast cancer sub-types is not known. Here we hypothesize that ST8SIA1 is up-regulated in TNBC or “basal-type” breast tumors and associated with stemness in primary breast tumors. To investigate ST8SIA1 expression in primary tumors, we analyzed RNAseq data from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) data base, which includes data from 1105 primary and metastatic breast tumors as well as adjacent normal tissues. We found that ST8SIA1 expression varied widely among different breast tumors. Interestingly, “basal-type” tumors expressed the highest levels of ST8SIA1 compared to all other types of breast cancers including luminal-A or luminal-B or HER2-enriched tumors (p 2-fold higher in TP53-mutated compared to wild type tumors. The other positively correlated mutation was a nuclear envelop protein called the spectrin repeat containing protein (nuclear envelope 1 or SYNE1; p Citation Format: V. Lokesh Battula, Yuanqing Yan, Khoa Nguyen, Kim-Anh Do, Michael Andreeff. ST8SIA1 is up-regulated in triple negative breast cancer and its expression is positively correlated with TP53 mutations and a cancer stem cell gene signature [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2898. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-2898
Polarization-enhanced InGaN/GaN-based hybrid tunnel junction contacts to GaN p–n diodes and InGaN LEDs

Improved turn-on voltages and reduced series resistances were realized by depositing highly Si-doped n-type GaN using molecular beam epitaxy on polarization-enhanced p-type InGaN contact layers grown using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. We compared the effects of different Si doping concentrations and the addition of p-type InGaN on the forward voltages of p–n diodes and light-emitting diodes, and found that increasing the Si concentrations from 1.9 × 1020 to 4.6 × 1020 cm−3 and including a highly doped p-type InGaN at the junction both contributed to reductions in the depletion width, the series resistance of 4.2 × 10−3–3.4 × 10−3 Ωcm2, and the turn-on voltages of the diodes.
Degree of homogeneity on suspensions of manifolds

Abstract Let M n be a closed connected finite dimensional manifold. The suspension Σ M n of M n is homogeneous if and only if M n is homeomorphic to a topological sphere S n . Furthermore, Σ M n is 1 2 -homogeneous if and only if M n is not homeomorphic to S n .
Optimizing the Performance of Wind-driven Alternators

ABSTRACT Efficiency of a wind-energy conversion system (WECS) rotor is greatly dependent on the ratio of the rotational or tip speed to the wind speed driving it. Unless some provision is made for varying the rotor pitch or speed, optimum tip-speed/wind-speed (TS/WS) ratios normally will not be maintained over a wide range of wind speeds. Maximum efficiency, therefore, will not be obtained, and less than optimum power output will result. Approaches for controlling the field of an alternator driven by a fixed-pitch rotor are described that optimize the TS/WS ratio and thus enhance the efficiency of a wind system. Improvements in power output of wind systems from use of the field controls have been significant, ranging from 10% to 80%. At wind speeds of 8–12 m/s, power-output increases have ranged from approximately 1 to 5.5 kW for a typical 10–kW machine, depending on the wind system characteristics.
The Morality of Using “Nigger”

The black experience in what is now the United States of America has been one of perpetual racial injustice from the arrival of the first enslaved Africans in the early seventeenth century to the present day. Significant among the phenomena that have contributed to this perpetual state are cross-burning, lynching, and using “nigger” to refer to black folk. Since the word has been an integral part of lynching, cross-burning and other anti-black violence, it is understandable that it has come to be characterized as both the ultimate American insult and the ultimate expression of racism and white superiority. Although black folk have historically used the word amongst themselves with a number of different meanings, some, mostly younger, white folk, have taken to using the word to address black folk with the belief that doing so is morally benign. In this chapter I argue for a negative answer to the question: Are there good reasons for thinking that the use of “nigger” by white folk to address black folk is not morally objectionable?
ACA Marketplace Premiums Grew More Rapidly In Areas With Monopoly Insurers Than In Areas With More Competition

Premiums have increased rapidly in the two most recent years of the health insurance Marketplaces, with notable variation across state rating areas. Some experts have speculated that these increase...
Using machine learning to identify in-situ melt pool signatures indicative of flaw formation in a laser powder bed fusion additive manufacturing process

Abstract Because many of the most important defects in Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) occur at the size and timescales of the melt pool itself, the development of methodologies for monitoring the melt pool is critical. This works examines the possibility of in-situ detection of keyholing porosity and balling instabilities. Specifically, a visible-light high speed camera with a fixed field of view is used to study the morphology of L-PBF melt pools in the Inconel 718 material system. A scale-invariant description of melt pool morphology is constructed using Computer Vision techniques and unsupervised Machine Learning is used to differentiate between observed melt pools. By observing melt pools produced across process space, in-situ signatures are identified which may indicate flaws such as those observed ex-situ. This linkage of ex-situ and in-situ morphology enabled the use of supervised Machine Learning to classify melt pools observed (with the high speed camera) during fusion of non-bulk geometries such as overhangs.
How to Play with Maps

Abstract. Introduction: Cartographic design guidelines are traditionally grounded in the concept of work, striving for optimal efficiency and effectiveness when accomplishing tasks (Roth 2013a). Much like traditional maps, video game maps help players navigate through and make sense of complex and often realistic virtual geographies. While maps in video games have evolved with similar technology to traditional cartography (Ahlqvist 2011), these playful maps deviate from real-world maps in that they are designed to facilitate play and adhere to game design principles to create a challenging yet satisfying experience. My research investigates how the playful purpose of video game maps informs unique design choices in cartographic representation and interaction. Specifically, I examined how video game maps exhibit interactivity, immersiveness, incompleteness, and inclusiveness characteristics of playful maps through traditional cartographic frameworks and how video game maps utilize elements of interaction and representation as cartographic tools for play.
Past and future interannual variability in Arctic sea ice in coupled climate models

Abstract. The diminishing Arctic sea ice pack has been widely studied, but previous research has mostly focused on time-mean changes in sea ice rather than on short-term variations that also have important physical and societal consequences. In this study we test the hypothesis that future interannual Arctic sea ice area variability will increase by utilizing 40 independent simulations from the Community Earth System Model's Large Ensemble (CESM-LE) for the 1920–2100 period and augment this with simulations from 12 models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). Both CESM-LE and CMIP5 models project that ice area variability will indeed grow substantially but not monotonically in every month. There is also a strong seasonal dependence in the magnitude and timing of future variability increases that is robust among CESM ensemble members. The variability generally correlates with the average ice retreat rate, before there is an eventual disappearance in both terms as the ice pack becomes seasonal in summer and autumn by late century. The peak in variability correlates best with the total area of ice between 0.2 and 0.6 m monthly thickness, indicating that substantial future thinning of the ice pack is required before variability maximizes. Within this range, the most favorable thickness for high areal variability depends on the season, especially whether ice growth or ice retreat processes dominate. Our findings suggest that thermodynamic melting (top, bottom, lateral) and growth (frazil, congelation) processes are more important than dynamical mechanisms, namely ice export and ridging, in controlling ice area variability.
Effect of dexraoxane on impaired mitochondrial structure and function in doxorubicin-treated childhood ALL survivors.

9530 Background: Cardiotoxicity in doxorubicin (DOX)-treated long-term childhood cancer survivors is characterized by impaired cardiac function which is partly mediated by mitochondrial (mt) energy...
Proportional Preferences in Mesopotamian Architecture

Proportion and proportionality have been one of the active concerns in studying the aesthetics of art and architecture. Researchers have always sought for the origin of proportion into the art and Architecture of ancient Egypt and Classical Greece. Studies also have examined Mesopotamian art, but not its architecture. This paper investigates Proportion and proportionality in Mesopotamian architecture. The research is based on the assumption that: any architectural decision concerning the measurements of any major built space was subject to the effect of a symbolically favorite proportion. This proportion is related to the symbolism of numbers, widely known in Mesopotamia. The paper aims to unravel the preferred proportion that was implemented in Mesopotamian architecture, by exploring the proportions of the main inner and outer spaces in several buildings of the neo- Sumerian and old Babylonian epochs during which mathematics flourished and consciousness of numbers got matured.
Parents, Peers, and Trajectories of Cigarette Smoking: A Group-Based Approach:

This study examines the independent, relative, and additive associations between both parent and peer role models and longitudinal patterns of smoking across adolescence and early adulthood. An ana...
Abstract P138: Perivascular Adipose Tissues (pvats) Home Distinct 'Active' Immune Cell Niches, Denser Than Non-pvat Adipose Tissues of Healthy Rats

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is protective and reduces the contraction of blood vessels in health. Eosinophils are one of the key players to the anti-contractile nature of PVAT in health. Thi...
Keeping the family together: Sustainability and modularity in community source development

Abstract Community-based open source software development (“community source”) is an approach that leverages selected strengths of both the commercial and open source software development. The community source approach centers on the formation of formal communities among institutions based on principles of shared investment and collaborative action to achieve mutually-desired goals. However, as with ordinary open source projects, sustainability can be a significant challenge as development communities grow and evolve. In the present study, we explore the opportunities and challenges to the community source approach through a longitudinal study of a real world community source project, Kuali. Specifically, we apply the principles of modular systems design and design structure matrix modeling to achieve an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms for sustainability in collaborative systems development. In so doing, we introduce a quantitative measure of architectural modularity within an inter-organizational structure. A number of implications are presented for the conduct of research on community source development as well as the design of collaborative communities more broadly defined.
Chapter 26 – Cytogenetics of bone tumors

The presence or absence of specific cytogenetic rearrangements has been routinely used to classify hematological neoplastic disorders, as well as to provide management guidance, and to predict the outcome of these hematological disorders. Compared to hematological neoplastic disorders, the cytogenetic data of bone tumors is limited. This is due in part to the fact that bone tumors are extremely rare; they represent only 0.2% of all human malignancies, and it is more challenging to perform a chromosome analysis of a bone tumor. Also, it is extremely difficult, sometimes impossible, to analyze intratumoral karyotypic heterogeneity in bone tumors. Here, we intend to provide the current status of the cytogenetic aspects of bone tumors.
Huntington’s Disease

Huntington’s disease (HD) research is aimed at understanding the root cause of the disorder, for the thrill of uncovering new biology, and for the serious purpose of finding effective therapeutic agents. Molecular genetics has revealed the disease trigger, an inherited unstable CAG expansion in a novel 4p16.3 gene (HD), that lengthens a polyglutamine segment in huntingtin. Now studies with HD patients and model systems that are genetic HD replicas are homing in on the trigger mechanism and the first formative steps that cast HD as a distinct clinical entity. At the same time, assays at the biochemical, cellular, and whole organism levels are starting to yield potential disease modifying genes and candidate drugs. These can be prioritized by testing in a panel of genetic and phenotypic HD mouse models to yield analytical tools for dissecting the early and late stages of the disease process and to maximize the chance of success in trials with HD patients.
Coarse-to-Fine Memory Matching for Joint Retrieval and Classification.

We present a novel end-to-end language model for joint retrieval and classification, unifying the strengths of bi- and cross- encoders into a single language model via a coarse-to-fine memory matching search procedure for learning and inference. Evaluated on the standard blind test set of the FEVER fact verification dataset, classification accuracy is significantly higher than approaches that only rely on the language model parameters as a knowledge base, and approaches some recent multi-model pipeline systems, using only a single BERT base model augmented with memory layers. We further demonstrate how coupled retrieval and classification can be leveraged to identify low confidence instances, and we extend exemplar auditing to this setting for analyzing and constraining the model. As a result, our approach yields a means of updating language model behavior through two distinct mechanisms: The retrieved information can be updated explicitly, and the model behavior can be modified via the exemplar database.
The Law of Employee Data: Privacy, Property, Governance

The availability of data related to the employment relationship has ballooned into an unruly mass of personal characteristics, performance metrics, biometric recordings, and creative output. The law governing this collection of information has been awkwardly split between privacy regulations and intellectual property rights, with employees generally losing on both ends. This Article rejects a binary approach that either carves out private spaces ineffectually or renders data into isolated pieces of ownership. Instead, the law should implement a hybrid system that provides workers with continuing input and control without blocking efforts at joint production. In addition, employers should have fiduciary responsibilities in managing employee data, and workers should have collective governance rights over the data’s collection and use.
Context Matters: Stress for Minority Students Who Attend Minority-Majority Universities.

Research on college student stress has typically focused on institutions where the student population is predominately White and continuing-generation. This study explored student stress in a unique context-a public regional university where the majority of students are Latinx, first-generation (FGCS), and of low socioeconomic status (SES). Of the 355 participants in the study, 72.4% self-identified as Latinx and 59.7% were FGCS. Additionally, on a subjective scale of socioeconomic status (1 = lowest, 10 = highest), the mean response was 5.76 (SD = 1.56). Participants (18 years old or older) who were enrolled in a first-year seminar course were recruited for this study. Through an online survey during Fall 2018, first-year students reported levels of perceived and experienced stress related to academic, economic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal concerns. Results of regression analyses indicated that most types of stress were predicted by students' Latinx identity status and SES; FGCS status did not significantly predict stress. These findings highlight the need to explore solutions to address stress for Latinx and/or low SES students. Additionally, the study underscores the necessity of conducting research at educational institutions in which Latinx, FGC, and low SES students comprise the majority of the student body.
Racial similarity in the relationship between poverty and homicide rates: Comparing retransformed coefficients

Abstract Criminologists have shown great interest in comparing the strength of the relationship between poverty and violent crime for whites and blacks. The present paper argues that the standard approach of comparing race-specific coefficients from logarithmic metric OLS and/or Poisson-based regressions has led to erroneous conclusions in this literature. Unlike researchers in other disciplines (especially economics), criminologists have largely ignored the need to “retransform” coefficients to their linear-effect representations before making comparisons between groups. The current study illustrates the importance of this methodological issue for the substantive question of whether poverty’s relationship to homicide is racially invariant ( N = 134 cities). Similar to previous studies, initial results indicated that poverty’s effect on the natural logarithm of the homicide rate was dramatically stronger for whites than blacks (nearly 300% stronger for whites). However, after applying a broadly useful retransformation formula, poverty’s effect on the homicide rate actually appeared somewhat stronger for blacks. Further application of bootstrap simulations necessary to calculate the standard error of the difference in coefficients suggested that this racial discrepancy was not statistically significant.
Measurement of latent cognitive abilities involved in concept identification learning

Introduction: We used cognitive and psychometric modeling techniques to evaluate the construct validity and measurement precision of latent cognitive abilities measured by a test of concept identification learning: the Penn Conditional Exclusion Test (PCET). Method: Item response theory parameters were embedded within classic associative- and hypothesis-based Markov learning models and were fitted to 35,553 Army soldiers’ PCET data from the Army Study to Assess Risk and Resilience in Servicemembers (Army STARRS). Results: Data were consistent with a hypothesis-testing model with multiple latent abilities—abstraction and set shifting. Latent abstraction ability was positively correlated with number of concepts learned, and latent set-shifting ability was negatively correlated with number of perseverative errors, supporting the construct validity of the two parameters. Abstraction was most precisely assessed for participants with abilities ranging from 1.5 standard deviations below the mean to the mean itse...
Publication of Information and Market Response: The Case of Airline on Time Performance Reports

This paper investigates market response to publication of on time performance information. Theory suggests that reduction in search costs generates more honest airlines and better quality service, a distribution of price-quality bundles, increased demand, exit by inefficient airlines and reduction of price rigidity. An ARIMA study of U.S. domestic airline operations finds that after publication of performance information the market generated better performance, increased quality distribution, enhanced demand, exit by four of fourteen airlines and reduced price-quality rigidity. Publication of information may improve performance in markets characterized by asymmetric information and high search costs.
Microsoft's 'Applications Barrier to Entry': The Case of the Missing 70,000 Programs

Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson bases his ruling against Microsoft on the claim that the company's monopoly in operating systems is protected by an "applications barrier to entry" made up of 70,000 Windows-based software programs. Without an entry barrier, any dominant producer that seeks to restrict sales in order to raise prices above competitive levels will find its market share eroded as new entrants capture price-sensitive customers. But, according to Judge Jackson, to enter the operating system market a newcomer would need a large and varied base of compatible applications like those available to consumers who might otherwise choose Windows. He concludes that "the amount it would cost an operating system vendor to create [70,000] applications is prohibitively large." Judge Jackson seems unaware that the mere existence of a large number of Windows-based applications proves that Microsoft has stirred competition among software developers ? leading to better products and falling prices, and raising the value of both hardware and software to consumers. That said, there is a fatal flaw in the judge's argument: The overwhelming majority of the 70,000 Windows applications that make up the supposed impregnable barrier to entry either never existed as unique products, no longer exist, or are totally out of date. When only unique Windows applications are counted ? setting aside various versions of the same program ? the number of applications is a small fraction of the judge's count. Moreover, survey data, documented in this study, indicate that the needs of active computer users are satisfied by a very small number of applications. That means the barrier to entry into the operating system market is nowhere near as impregnable as the judge has claimed, which in turn helps explain many of Microsoft's aggressive business tactics to preserve its market position. Considering that the judge's most essential finding is clearly erroneous, it cannot support his conclusions of law.
When Mohammed Goes to the Mountain: The Evidentiary Value of a View

“If the hill will not come to Mahomet, Mahomet will go to the hill.” “The courts, like [Mohammed] have sensibly recognized that if a thing cannot be brought to the observer, the observer must go to the thing.” An official excursion by a fact-finder to a site that bears relevance to litigation is known as a “view.” Views have long been recognized as appropriate procedure in certain circumstances, going back virtually to
Perturbative Analysis of the MSSM Electroweak Phase Transition

Light stops can give a strong first order electroweak phase transition in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) satisfying one of the necessary conditions for electroweak baryogenesis. I discuss the region of parameter space where this occurs using a perturbative analysis of the Higgs effective potential. Two-loop QCD corrections associated with stop loops are crucial to open this baryogenesis window, which corresponds to 2.25 120 GeV and a light Higgs boson with m_h < 85 GeV. This region will be explored by LEP II very soon.
An Empirical Study Of Hospitality Management Student Attitudes Toward Group Projects: Instructional Factors And Team Problems

The development of positive attitudes in team-based work is important in management education. This study investigates hospitality students’ attitudes toward group projects by examining instructional factors and team problems. Specifically, we examine how the students’ perceptions of project appropriateness, instructors’ support, and evaluation fairness influence their attitudes toward group projects. Also the effect of students’ team problems on their attitudes toward group projects is examined. This study has highlighted the criticality of the instructor’s role in group project management for achieving a high level of positive attitudes toward group projects among the hospitality management students.