cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Structural elucidation and complete assignment of a novel class of sulfonamides: bridgehead tricyclic sultams

Endocyclic sulfonamide templates bearing both an exocyclic ketone function and an internal olefin underwent reaction with a variety of hydroxylamines to effect an intramolecular nitrone–olefin cycloaddition to afford a new class of compounds suitable for derivatization by high-throughput medicinal chemistry. Structural elucidation via complete assignment of the 1H and 13C NMR spectra of this new class of compounds was achieved using gradient-COSY, gradient heteronuclear multiple quantum-coherence spectroscopy and gradient heteronuclear multiple bond correlation spectroscopy. Additionally, double pulsed field gradient spin echo–nuclear Overhauser effect experiments were carried out in order to study the spatial conformation of this new type of molecule and assess the stereo- and regio-selectivity of the chemical transformation. The unequivocal molecular framework and structural conformation was confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of antisense RNA to help identify a genomic clone for the 5′ region of mouse β-glucuronidase

Since the discovery of its natural occurrence in bacteria (l), antisense RNA has been used in attempts to study the function of eukaryotic genes both in adult tissues (2) and in embryonic systems (3-6). Antisense molecules are thought to prevent the expression of an mRNA by hybridizing either with the heterogeneous nuclear RNA and blocking its normal processing (7), or with the cytosolic mRNA and inhibiting its expression by a number of possible mechanisms: by forming a double-stranded RNA which is rapidly degraded (8); by hybridizing with the 5' untranslated sequence, including the ribosome binding site, and preventing the initiation of translation (9); or even by preventing post-transcriptional activation of dormant mRNAs (10). Thus, hybridization to the 5' untranslated region of a number of mRNAs is necessary for efficient inhibition. We have previously used antisense RNA to inhibit the increase in pglucuronidase activity observed between the four-cell and the blastocyst stages of mouse preimplantation development (5), and obtained approximately 75% inhibition. The antisense RNA employed in that study was synthesized on a cDNA that lacked a large portion of the 5' region, including the untranslated sequence. We have used the same experimental approach to test whether an antisense RNA complementary to the 5' region of P-glucuronidase yields a
Quality of Commercial Buttermilk

Abstract Eight brands of cultured buttermilk available in local retail outlets were evaluated organoleptically and analyzed for diacetyl, acetoin, acetaldehyde, and microbial quality. A majority (73%) of samples examined on the day of purchase rated poor to fair (mean flavor score 2.2 to 3.2 on a scale 1 unacceptable to 5 excellent). Variations in concentrations of diacetyl, acetoin, and acetaldehyde were large. Acetoin increased and diacetyl concentration decreased in buttermilk samples stored for 7 days at 7 C. All brands showed a high total bacterial count and psychrotrophic bacterial count. Seven of the eight brands were contaminated with coliforms.
Efficient and specific trypsin digestion of microgram to nanogram quantities of proteins in organic-aqueous solvent systems.

Mass spectrometry-based identification of the components of multiprotein complexes often involves solution-phase proteolytic digestion of the complex. The affinity purification of individual protein complexes often yields nanogram to low-microgram amounts of protein, which poses several challenges for enzymatic digestion and protein identification. We tested different solvent systems to optimize trypsin digestions of samples containing limited amounts of protein for subsequent analysis by LC−MS−MS. Data collected from digestion of 10-, 2-, 1-, and 0.2-μg portions of a protein standard mixture indicated that an organic−aqueous solvent system containing 80% acetonitrile consistently provided the most complete digestion, producing more peptide identifications than the other solvent systems tested. For example, a 1-h digestion in 80% acetonitrile yielded over 52% more peptides than the overnight digestion of 1 μg of a protein mixture in purely aqueous buffer. This trend was also observed for peptides from dig...
Negative refraction in the third photonic band of a two-dimensional elliptical rod photonic crystal in a centered rectangular lattice

Study of structures that demonstrate negative refraction is important in the search for metamaterials suitable for imaging capabilities below the diffraction limit. In this work, we study negative refraction behavior for the third photonic band of two dimensional elliptical rod photonic crystals in a centered rectangular lattice in air background using analysis of the equifrequency contours of this band combined with FDTD simulations. Hyperbolic equifrequency contours on the third photonic band indicate both negative and positive refraction at different angles. FDTD simulations are used to verify negative and positive refraction in the third band and search for potential imaging capabilities. If these behaviors are found, this photonic crystal design could potentially find use in sub-diffraction limit imaging applications.
Growth Hormone Induction of Ornithine Decarboxylase in Rat Liver

The effect of growth hormone on hepatic ornithine decarboxylase (L-ornithine carboxy- lyase, EC 4.1.1.17) (ORD) activity was studied in adult and weanling rats. Single injections of growth hormone produced up to 30-fold increases in ORD activity in both adults and weanlings. However, with lower doses of growth hormone, a greater increase in ORD activity occurred in weanlings than in adults. Both adult and weanling rats showed the same time course of ORD activity enhancement after growth hormone with peak enzymatic activity at 4 hr and a decline to basal levels by 8 hr after hormone administration. In weanling rats, cycloheximide completely prevented the elevation of ORD activity at 4 hr after growth hormone if administered any time up to 3 hr after the hormone. If given simultaneously with growth hormone, actinomycin D almost totally supressed the enhanced ORD activity 4 hr after growth hormone. However, the ability of actinomycin D to prevent increased ORD activity decreased as the time after growth horm...
Mapping strategy for web-driven magazines with personalized advertisement and content

"There will always (I hope) be print books, but just as the advent of photography changed the role of painting or film changed the role of theater in our culture, electronic publishing is changing the world of print media. To look for a one-to-one transposition to the new medium is to miss the future until it has passed you by."--Tim O'Reilly (2002). It is not hard to envisage that publishers will leverage subscribers' information, interest groups' shared knowledge and others sources to enhance their publications. While this enhances the value of the publication through more accurate and personalized content, it also brings a new set of challenges to the publisher. Content is now driven by web and in a truly automated system, that is, no designer "re-touch" intervention is envisaged. This paper introduces an exploratory mapping strategy to allocate web driven content in a highly graphical publication like a traditional magazine. Two major aspects of the mapping are covered, those enable different level of flexibility and address different content flowing strategies. The last contribution is an evaluation of existing standards, which potentially can leverage this work to incorporate flexible mapping, and subsequently, composition capabilities. The work published here is an extended version of the article presented at the Eight ACM Symposium on Document Engineering in fall 2008 (Giannetti 2008).
Continuous I/O robust control of SISO time-varying systems

Abstract In this paper output tracking problem of timevarying systems is investigated. A system under consideration contains time-varying parameters which may change very fast and may be subjected to high-order nonlinear disturbances. A robust controller requiring only input-output measurement is proposed. The control guarantees at least stability of uniform ultimate boundedness which can be made arbitrarily close to asymptotic stability through choosing a design constant. The resulting control is continuous, uniformly bounded, and designed by a recursive mapping procedure. The only information of unknown systems required by the robust control approach are the bounding function on the magnitude of nonlinear disturbances and the bounds on the parameters and their derivatives, which represent the distinct feature of the proposed result. That is, time-varying parameters are not restricted to be either slow time-varying or of known structure.
Bonferroni-type inequalities for conditional scan statistics

Scan statistics have been extensively used in many areas of science to analyze the occurrence of observed clusters of events in time or space. Since the scan statistics are based on the highly dependent consecutive subsequences of observed data, accurate probability inequalities for their distributions are of great value. We derive accurate second-order Bonferroni-type inequalities for the distribution of linear and circular scan statistics. Our approach is based on the scanning window representation of scan statistics. Both the one-dimensional continuous and discrete cases are investigated. Based on the numerical results presented in this article, it is evident that the Bonferroni-type inequalities are tight. For all practical purposes, they determine the scan statistics probabilities used in testing. Based on the probability inequalities for the distribution of scan statistics accurate inequalities for the expected size of a possible cluster are derived. Numerical results presented in this article indicate that these inequalities are tight; thus, providing valuable information on the expected size of the largest cluster of events.
Role Migration and Advancement Processes in OSSD Projects: A Comparative Case Study

Socio-technical processes have come to the forefront of recent analysis of the open source software development (OSSD) world. Interest in making these processes explicit is mounting, from industry and the software process community, as well as among those who may become contributors to OSSD organization. This paper serves to close this gap by providing an empirical analysis of the role migration and project career advancement process, and role-sets within, that we have observed through comparative case studies within three large OSSD project organizations: Mozilla.org, Apache.org, and NetBeans.org.
The Revenge of Swamp Thing: Wetlands, Industrial Capitalism, and the Ecological Contradiction of Great Expectations

This essay places Charles Dickens' Great Expectations in the context of nineteenth-century understandings of England's wetlands. By offering a new reading of a well-known novel the essay seeks to understand the ecological inflection of Dickens' work, and more broadly the Victorian novel's mediation between environmental and socio-economic history. Focusing on the marshes as a space of criminality and liminality, composed partly of land and partly of water, partially industrialized and partially "wasted," this study argues that the construction of this space and its subjects as "criminal" derives from its very resistance to being made useful and (re)productive. More broadly, the essay suggests that a perspective combining ecocriticism with cultural materialism reveals how the novel's contradictory representations of nature are intimately related to the contradictory status of these peripheral spaces under the regime of industrial capitalism.
Overexpression of miR-146a in basal-like breast cancer cells confers enhanced tumorigenic potential in association with altered p53 status

The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated gene in human cancers, mutated in 25-30% of breast cancers. However, mutation rates differ according to breast cancer subtype, being more prevalent in aggressive estrogen receptor-negative tumors and basal-like and HER2-amplified subtypes. This heterogeneity suggests that p53 may function differently across breast cancer subtypes. We used RNAi-mediated p53 knockdown (KD) and antagomir-mediated KD of microRNAs to study how gene expression and cellular response to p53 loss differ in luminal versus basal-like breast cancer. As expected, p53 loss caused downregulation of established p53 targets (e.g. p21 and miR-34 family) and increased proliferation in both luminal and basal-like cell lines. However, some p53-dependent changes were subtype specific, including expression of miR-134, miR-146a and miR-181b. To study the cellular response to miR-146a upregulation in p53-impaired basal-like lines, antagomir KD of miR-146a was performed. KD of miR-146a caused decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis, effectively ablating the effects of p53 loss. Furthermore, we found that miR-146a upregulation decreased NF-κB expression and downregulated the NF-κB-dependent extrinsic apoptotic pathway (including tumor necrosis factor, FADD and TRADD) and antagomir-mediated miR-146a KD restored expression of these components, suggesting a plausible mechanism for miR-146a-dependent cellular responses. These findings are relevant to human basal-like tumor progression in vivo, since miR-146a is highly expressed in p53 mutant basal-like breast cancers. These findings suggest that targeting miR-146a expression may have value for altering the aggressiveness of p53 mutant basal-like tumors.
Young people's images of cigarettes, alcohol and drugs.

To meet their aim of reducing the acceptability of psychoactive substances to young people, the designers of drug prevention programmes need to have a thorough understanding of the personal views already held by their audience with respect to the object of attitude and behavioural change. However, few studies involving younger adolescents have collated participant-generated impressions of a range of legal and illegal substances. The present study used a word association methodology to explore adolescents' impressions of cigarette smoking, drinking alcohol and taking a range of illegal drugs. In total, 3571 images were generated which were placed into 24 categories on the basis of content analysis. The predominance of negative imagery was of note, particularly for cigarette smoking and drug taking and there was little evidence of a simplistic generic attitude to substance use. Images of alcohol, especially alcopops, were markedly more positive and were much less likely to contain reference to specific heal...
AN IMPROVED METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS OF SMALL LABORATORY ANIMALS.

A modified procedure for the estimation of urinary 17-ketosteroids includes the addition of formalin to urine before hot-acid hydrolysis and a separation of Zimmerman chromogen from nonspecific chromogen. Values of 17-ketosteroids are reported for the castrate rat and the intact guinea-pig following ACTH administration.
Efficient Risk Hedging by Dynamic Forward Pricing: A Study in Cloud Computing

Commodities such as cloud resources storage, computing, bandwidth are often sold to clients on a pay-as-you-go basis. Thus, resource providers absorb all risk arising from end users' demand volatilities. We focus on the revenue risk management of commodities with highly volatile demand profiles using cloud computing as the application domain and bandwidth as the exemplar commodity. We extend the state of the art in risk hedging by introducing a new concept of dynamic forward contracts where a provider and a client flexibly interact through offers and responses over a set of time periods in a horizon. We develop an optimal pricing mechanism that takes into account the risk propensities of the provider and the client. The overall mechanism is modeled as a pair of nested dynamic programs denoting the offer-response interactions. The mechanism also incorporates two learning components: short-term learning on the client's demand and long-term learning on the client's risk propensity. We characterize two approaches for predicting the client's demand---a recursive demand prediction model and an aggregate demand prediction model. Detailed experimental studies of the proposed mechanism using real Web traffic data on the clients of Amazon Web Services have been carried out. The empirical results clearly demonstrate the superiority of the proposed mechanism over benchmark mechanisms such as the current industry practice of spot markets and static forward pricing mechanisms proposed in the literature in ex ante and ex post settings. The results also highlight key interaction effects among parameters controllable by a provider and the risk propensities of the market players, leading to valuable managerial implications for the practical adoption of the proposed mechanism.
14th International Headache Congress: Basic Science Highlights

During the 14th International Headache Congress the results of several innovative studies that contribute to our understanding of headache pathophysiology and treatment were presented. Here we summarize work expected to contribute substantially to understanding headache mechanisms, while an accompanying manuscript summarizes presentations regarding the treatment of headache. This manuscript highlights research on mechanisms of photophobia and phonophobia, pharmacologic inhibition of cortical spreading depression, a proposed mechanism by which oxygen effectively treats cluster headache, identification of functional and structural aberrations in people with hypnic headache, and research on functional imaging markers of a migraine attack.
Effect of endostatin on spontaneous tumorigenesis of mammary adenocarcinomas in a transgenic mouse model

A transgenic mouse model was used to evaluate the effect of endostatin treatment on spontaneous tumorigenesis. In this model system, female mice develop multiple mammary adenocarcinomas and male mice develop prostate cancer. Female mice treated with mouse endostatin during a 12-15-week period showed delayed tumor development by 4-6 weeks and significantly decreased tumor burden. Furthermore, endostatin treatment reduced the number of malignant lesions per mouse. In a separate set of experiments, male mice treated with endostatin showed a survival advantage, and their life spans were prolonged by 10.5 weeks over control animals. These data demonstrate that mouse endostatin is effective in delaying spontaneous tumor development and growth.
Control of Deep-Space Formation-Flying Spacecraft; Relative Sensing and Switched Information

Spacecraft formations in deep space can be specified in terms of the relative spacecraft positions and absolute spacecraft orientations. Accurate absolute position measurements are not available, and a formation control design approach, based on relative position information, is presented. This approach exploits the redundancy inherent in ar elative position specification to develop a family of equivalent control topologies for optimal formation control. Switching between topologies provides redundancy and allows combinations of measured relative positions and communicated estimates to be used in the implementation of the optimal formation control. Redundancy can also exist in the actuation specification, and this can be exploited to control the formation centroid, or to implement the minimum fuel control. Information and control switching can be implemented asynchronously without requiring supervisory control. A four-spacecraft, two-dimensional simulation example is used to illustrate the concepts.
Morphological Divergence and Genetic Variation in the Triploid Parthenogenetic Teiid Lizard, Aspidoscelis neotesselata

Abstract The parthenogenetic triploid lizard Aspidoscelis neotesselata originated from a hybridization event between a female of diploid parthenogenetic Aspidoscelis tesselata (pattern class C) and a male of Aspidoscelis sexlineata viridis, and A. neotesselata is morphologically more similar to its maternal progenitor, A. tesselata. The geographic distribution of A. neotesselata is characterized by localized arrays of individuals located within a four-county area in southeastern Colorado, and postorigin divergence is visually evident in its four allopatric color pattern classes (A, B, C, and D). A fundamental pattern of morphological divergence was revealed by a multivariate partitioning of its four color pattern classes into two basic groups: an A group (pattern classes A and D) and a B group (pattern classes B and C). A problem introduced by this grouping is the incongruence between the multivariate similarity of pattern classes A and D and the closer geographic proximity of other color pattern classes ...
Rapid Simultaneous Hypersonic Aerodynamic and Trajectory Optimization Using Variational Methods

Traditional multidisciplinary design optimization methodologies of hypersonic missions often employ population-based global searching methods that rely on shooting methods to perform trajectory optimization. In this investigation, a rapid simultaneous hypersonic aerodynamic and trajectory optimization methodology is constructed based on variational methods. This methodology is constructed from two enabling advancements in analytic hypersonic aerodynamics and rapid trajectory optimization. Comparisons made with a single and multi-objective particle swarm optimizer highlight the computational advantages and improved solutions obtained through continuation of variational methods. The incorporation of trajectory constraints into the particle swarm optimization process through penalty functions or as additional objectives is shown to greatly increase the complexity of the design process. Alternatively, variational methods are able to precisely satisfy trajectory constraints without this added complexity. Examples demonstrate that Pareto frontiers in both vehicle and trajectory objectives can be constructed using variational methods. For convex frontiers, this is performed using a weighted sum of the objectives. For nonconvex frontiers, the optimization is performed through continuation of a set of constrained objectives.
Persistence of Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) Antibodies After One Year in Children Receiving Cryopreserved Valved Allografts

This study shows that the broad anti-HLA antibody response against cryopreserved valved allografts used for surgical repair of congenital heart disease persists beyond 1 year after implantation. In 3 patients, there were clearly defined HLA antibody specificities consistent with the HLA phenotypes of the patients, i.e., the panel-reactive antibody was directed against major alloantigen groups that were not expressed by the antibody responders.
Elevations of Intracellular Ca2+as a Probable Contributor to Decreased Viability in Cerebellar Granule Cells Following Acute Exposure to Methylmercury

In these experiments we examined whether the elevations in intracellular Ca2+concentration ([Ca2+]i) induced by methylmercury (MeHg) (described in our previous study) might contribute to cerebellar granule cell mortality following exposure to MeHgin vitro.Cells were exposed to 0.5 μM MeHg for 45 min or 1 μM MeHg for 38 min, conditions previously shown to induce elevations in [Ca2+]iin these cells. Control cells were exposed to buffer alone for 60 min. Viability was assessed using the Live/Dead viability/cytotoxicity kit. At 30 min post-MeHg exposure, there was no immediate increase in cell mortality; however, by 3.5 h after the onset of MeHg exposure, cell viability decreased to 74 and 54% of control values for 0.5 and 1.0 μM MeHg, respectively. At 24.5 h after MeHg exposure, cell viability declined to approximately 27%. Losses in cell viability at 3.5 h were prevented by pretreating the granule cells for 65 min with the Ca2+chelator 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl)ester (BAPTA; 10 μM), then exposing the cells to MeHg in the continued presence of BAPTA; however, at 24.5 h, BAPTA no longer prevented MeHg-induced cell death. Exposure to the Ca2+channel blockers ω-conotoxin MVIIC (1 μM) or nifedipine (1 μM), previously shown to delay elevations in [Ca2+]iwith MeHg exposurein vitro,protected granule cells from MeHg-induced mortality at 3.5 h postexposure. These data suggest that at early time points, MeHg-induced increases in [Ca2+]imay contribute to granule cell mortality; however, the role of Ca2+at later time points is unclear.
T-cell immunodeficiencies

Primary T-cell immunodeficiencies are rare inherited disorders that affect T-cell development and function. These disorders usually present in infancy or early childhood; however, the age of symptom onset may vary depending on the underlying gene defect. Although T-cell immune responses may be selectively affected, abnormal B-cell function often is associated, in part because of concomitant intrinsic B-cell defects but also because production of most antibodies is dependent on T-cell help.
Synthesis and characterization of an N-coordinated amidate copper(II) complex of deprotonated N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(bis-(2-pyridylmethyl))aminoethanamide

Abstract The title ligand, N-(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-2-(bis-(2-pyridylmethyl))aminoethanamide (DIPMAE-H), was prepared by a nucleophilic substitution reaction between N-(2,6-diisopropyl)phenyl-2-bromoethanamide and bis-(2-pyridylmethyl)amine. An analogous ligand (TBPMAE-H) in which the 2,6-diisopropylphenyl group was substituted for a tert-butyl group was also prepared in this manner. Then, [(DIPMAE-H)CuBr]+Br− and [(TBPMAE-H)CuBr]+Br− were prepared by heating one equivalent of ligand and CuBr2 in CH3CN. In both compounds the geometry about the copper center is square pyramidal with distortions due to the geometrical constraints of the ligand. The amide oxygen occupies the axial position, and the three amine nitrogens and the bromide ligand form the basal plane of the square pyramid. Pairs of complexes in the unit cell are associated via weak donation of a lone pair on the bromide ligand of one complex to the copper center of another (Cu⋯Br distances in the range of 3.3576–3.4022 A). The title compound, (DIPMAE)CuBr, was prepared by deprotonation of [(DIPMAE-H)CuBr]+Br− using NaH. The key feature of (DIPMAE)CuBr is the amidate group η1- and N-coordinated to the copper center. The compound also exhibits distorted trigonal bipyramidal coordination geometry with the bromide and tertiary amine donors occupying the axial sites and the amidate and pyridyl donors occupying the equatorial positions. The copper atom is displaced from the trigonal plane towards the bromide donor apex due to the geometrical demands of the ligand.
Heart failure disease management: A critical review

Abstract Background: Despite major advances in the pharmacotherapy of heart failure, hospitalization rates remain high, owing in large part to a multitude of psychosocial, behavioral, and financial factors that serve as barriers to effective compliance with prescribed treatment. To deal with these issues, many centers have adopted a multidisciplinary approach to heart failure disease management. Methods and Results: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using the Medline database supplemented by reference lists from published articles. From 1983 to 1998, 16 studies describing multidisciplinary heart failure disease management programs were published in the English language literature. Of these, 10 were nonrandomized, observational studies and 6 were randomized clinical trials. All studies reported significant benefits in terms of reducing hospital utilization, and several studies reported improved quality of life, functional capacity, patient satisfaction, and compliance with diet and medications. In all studies in which a cost analysis was performed, heart failure disease management programs were found to be cost-effective. The limitations of the current data include concerns about the generalizability of published findings to the large and heterogenous population of patients with heart failure in the community, the feasibility of translating specific disease management programs into diverse practice environments, uncertainty about how to design and implement a maximally cost-effective heart failure disease management strategy, and how to best tailor the treatment program to the needs of each individual patient. The impact of heart failure disease management programs on survival is also unknown. Conclusion: Based on currently available data, heart failure disease management programs appear to be a cost-effective approach to reducing morbidity and enhancing quality of life in selected patients with heart failure. However, additional study is needed involving larger and more diverse populations to define the optimal approach to heart failure disease management.
Exhaustive database searching for amino acid mutations in proteomes

Motivation: Amino acid mutations in proteins can be found by searching tandem mass spectra acquired in shotgun proteomics experiments against protein sequences predicted from genomes. Traditionally, unconstrained searches for amino acid mutations have been accomplished by using a sequence tagging approach that combines de novo sequencing with database searching. However, this approach is limited by the performance of de novo sequencing. Results: The Sipros algorithm v2.0 was developed to perform unconstrained database searching using high-resolution tandem mass spectra by exhaustively enumerating all single non-isobaric mutations for every residue in a protein database. The performance of Sipros for amino acid mutation identification exceeded that of an established sequence tagging algorithm, Inspect, based on benchmarking results from a Rhodopseudomonas palustris proteomics dataset. To demonstrate the viability of the algorithm for meta-proteomics, Sipros was used to identify amino acid mutations in a natural microbial community in acid mine drainage. Availability: The Sipros algorithm is freely available at\newline http://code.google.com/p/sipros. Contact: [email protected] Supplementary information:Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online
COMPARATIVE ENERGETICS OF A POLLUTED STREAM

An attempt was made to relate changes in production to variation in stream ecology within a 48.3 km section of a polluted warm-water stream. Energy budgets were constructed for the entire river and for five different ecological zones. The greatest variations were associated with industrial and domestic pollution and the inflow of inorganic sediment from an area of highway construction. Net yield of various aquatic invertebrates was determined from changes in population size between sampling periods. Average net yields for the summer of 1961 were 17 cal mm2 day-l for the herbivorous aquatic insects, and 13 cal mm2 day-l for the tubificid worms. Photosynthetic efficiency was estimated to be 0.045% of the solar energy available at the surface of the stream.
Promotion of acetylene reduction by Rhizobium-soybean cell associations in vitro.

Nitrogenase activity, determined by the acetylene reduction assay, in soybean cell suspensions infected with Rhizobium, was stimulated significantly by the addition of succinic acid or glutamine. Acetylene-dependent ethylene values as high as 4.6 μmoles of ethylene/gram dry weight·hour were observed.
Genome-wide linkage analysis of the tracking of systolic blood pressure using a mixed model

Elevated blood pressure in middle age is a major risk factor for subsequent cardiovascular complications. An important longitudinal characteristic of blood pressure is the "tracking phenomenon". Tracking is defined as the persistence of the rank of a person's blood pressure level in a group over a long period of time. In this analysis, we used the Framingham data to investigate whether there are some genes responsible for this phenomenon. Both two-point and multipoint linkage analyses were applied to family members with complete data only and to all family data with missing values imputed by a Gaussian model. The results of two-point linkage analysis indicated that two loci for linkage with the intercept were on chromosomes 10 and 13, and two loci for linkage with both slope and intercept were on chromosomes 1 and 3. Multipoint linkage analysis indicated only one region, 200–240 cM on chromosome 1, to be linked with both intercept and slope. For the intercept of SBP, the highest LOD (4.43) was found at 214 cM when missing data were imputed, and the highest LOD (2.81) was at 231 cM for the complete case data. For the slope of SBP, the highest multipoint LODs were 3.63 at 227 cM and 2.02 at 234 cM for the complete case data and imputation data, respectively. One or more genes in the range of 200–240 cM on chromosome 1 may be related to the tracking phenomenon of SBP.
Are anesthesia start and end times randomly distributed? The influence of electronic records.

Abstract Study Objective To perform a frequency analysis of start minute digits (SMD) and end minute digits (EMD) taken from the electronic, computer-assisted, and manual anesthesia billing-record systems. Design Retrospective cross-sectional review. Setting University medical center. Measurements This cross-sectional review was conducted on billing records from a single healthcare institution over a 15-month period. A total of 30,738 cases were analyzed. For each record, the start time and end time were recorded. Distributions of SMD and EMD were tested against the null hypothesis of a frequency distribution equivalently spread between zero and nine. Main Results SMD and EMD aggregate distributions each differed from equivalency ( P P P P P Conclusion An electronic anesthesia record system, with automated time capture of events verified by the user, produces a more unified distribution of billing times than do more traditional methods of entering billing times.
Tools For Productive Development Of Image Analysis Algorithms

A critique is provided which first analyzes the nature of image processing (machine vision) algorithm development. The critical need for, and the pre-requisite techniques for, addressing improved productivity of algorithm development are discussed. Results and directions of development toward a high-productivity "vision solution factory" are discussed.
Biology, Crop Injury, and Management of Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) Infesting Cotton Seedlings in the United States

Several species of thrips are known to infest cotton seedlings in the United States and constitute one of the most common insect pest challenges for growers. The species complex, species abundance, extent of crop injury, and impact on lint yield varies widely across the cotton states. Cotton seedlings are most susceptible to thrips injury during the first 4 to 5 weeks after plant emergence. Feeding by thrips results in distortion, malformation and tearing of seedling leaves, reduced leaf area and plant height, reduced root growth, and injury to or death of the apical meristem, the latter of which leads to excessive vegetative branching. Plant maturity (i.e., fruit production) can be delayed and in extreme cases, losses of as much a 30-50% of lint yield potential have been reported. To date, no varieties of cotton have resistance to thrips, so controls are based solely on insecticide applications. Treatment thresholds and control practices (e.g., insecticide seed treatments, in-furrow or foliar applied insecticides) vary widely across cotton states. This article provides a brief summary of the various species of thrips present in U.S. cotton, their plant host range and injury to cotton, a general description of thrips biology, and management practices currently available to growers.
Sensitivity of CFD Based Hemodynamic Results in Rabbit Aneurysm Models to Idealizations in Surrounding Vasculature

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) studies provide a valuable tool for evaluating the role of hemodynamics in vascular diseases such as cerebral aneurysms and atherosclerosis. However, such models necessarily only include isolated segments of the vasculature. In this work, we evaluate the influence of geometric approximations in vascular anatomy on hemodynamics in elastase induced saccular aneurysms in rabbits. One representative high aspect ratio (AR—height/neck width) aneurysm and one low AR aneurysm were created at the origin of the right common carotid artery in two New Zealand white rabbits. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions of the aneurysm and surrounding arteries were created using 3D rotational angiographic data. Five models with varying extents of neighboring vasculature were created for both the high and low AR cases. A reference model included the aneurysm sac, left common carotid artery (LCCA), aortic arch, and downstream trifurcation/quadrification. Three-dimensional, pulsatile CFD studies were performed and streamlines, wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index, and cross sectional velocity were compared between the models. The influence of the vascular domain on intra-aneurysmal hemodynamics varied between the low and high AR cases. For the high AR case, even a simple model including only the aneurysm, a small section of neighboring vasculature, and simple extensions captured the main features of the steamline and WSS distribution predicted by the reference model. However, the WSS distribution in the low AR case was more strongly influenced by the extent of vasculature. In particular, it was necessary to include the downstream quadrification and upstream LCCA to obtain good predictions of WSS. The findings in this work demonstrate the accuracy of CFD results can be compromised if insufficient neighboring vessels are included in studies of hemodynamics in elastase induced rabbit aneurysms. Consideration of aspect ratio, hemodynamic parameters of interest, and acceptable magnitude of error when selecting the vascular domain will increase reliability of the results while decreasing computational time.
Transitioning Care Across Various Health Care Organizations

Health care is continuously undergoing evolutionary changes. These changes have been very dramatic for the end users. Instead of simple physician office visits and lengthy hospital stays, we are now faced with short hospital stays, office visits to different specialty providers, and an array of choices around them. With the present highway of choices between illness and wellness, it is important for transitions between these two to be affordable, advantageous to patients, and uncomplicated. This article discusses the choices patients and health care providers must make as the number of care options increase along with the risks and benefits.
Recovery of Eucosma sonomana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Populations After Mating-disruption Treatments

Where damage by western pine shoot borers, Eucosma sonomana Kearfott, was initially reduced ca. 80% by pheromone mating-disruption treatments, damage began to increase one to two generations (years) after treatment. Most benefits of treatment were realized within two and, at most, three generations. Plots treated in successive years maintained reduced damage levels.
Low-Temperature Diffusivity of Hydrogen in Different Silicon Substrates

The diffusivity of deuterium (D) at 250°C was determined in silicon samples grown by different techniques. It is found that the diffusivity increases with the growth speed, increase in carbon content and a decrease in oxygen concentration of the substrate. These growth conditions correlate well with the concentration of vacancy-type defects in the as-grown state. Hence, we conclude that a vacancy mechanism is responsible for low-temperature hydrogen diffusion in silicon. The highest diffusivity for hydrogen, calculated from these data, was found to be 3 × 10−7 cm2/s.
“My Understanding Has Grown, My Perspective Has Switched” Linking Informal Writing to Learning Goals

The use of informal writing is common in sociology. This article presents one model for integrating informal written work with learning goals through a theoretical framework known as concentric thinking. More commonly referred to as "the PTA model" because of the series of cognitive tasks it promotes—prioritization, translation, and analogy (PTA)—concentric thinking practiced through PTA provides a basis for structuring students’ informal writing over the course of a semester. The authors present data in which students use PTA to assess their journal entries as text at the end of the semester. The students’ informal responses to their own writing demonstrate the achievement of an important course goal—the development of sociological mindfulness—while they also reveal a deeper understanding of the important features of written work. The authors conclude that when informal writing is purposefully linked to a set of thinking goals and learning outcomes that are necessary to complete formal course requirements, it can serve as a powerful teaching tool to enhance both thinking and the ability to convey thoughts in writing. Structured in this way, informal written work can enable us to observe and assess changes in students’ learning that would otherwise remain invisible, and it can alter our pedagogy in fundamental ways.
Inactivation of Vitamin B1 by Raw Fish.

SummaryPrevious observations that a dietary deficiency disease, produced in foxes by feeding raw fish, is fundamentally a B1 avitaminosis, have been confirmed in the chick. The additional observation has been made that this condition can be reproduced in foxes which have recovered from a previous attack. Evidence obtained from experimentation in vitro confirms the observation previously made in vivo that the inactivation of vitamin B1 by raw carp occurs within the feed mixture itself. The level of inactivation depends upon the length of time that the fish is in contact with the feed mixture. Studies to standardize the conditions of the reaction are now in progress. Present evidence indicates that the reaction may be enzymatic in nature.
Self-limited recurrent multifocal neurological symptoms, headache, and cerebrospinal fluid lymphocytic pleocytosis : A benign syndrome with a predilection for young adult men

Two young men, aged 34 and 30 years, developed transient recurrent multifocal neurological symptoms with associated severe headache over a 2-week period. Both had a lymphocytic pleocytosis in their cerebrospinal fluid. Cranial imaging studies were normal. All symptoms resolved without recurrence. Although the cause and pathogenesis are undefined, this self-limited benign neurological syndrome may be more common than previously recognized and has a predilection for young adult men.
Open Hepatic and Biliary Procedures

In this chapter, the operative conduct of common hepatobiliary procedures will be described. It is important to recognize that the surgical management of many hepatobiliary disorders will require a combination of procedures; for example, surgical extirpation of hilar cholangiocarcinoma with predominant left-sided involvement will require cholecystectomy, extrahepatic bile duct resection, portal lymphadenectomy, left hemihepatectomy, and biliary-enteric reconstruction. Operations of the liver and bile ducts demand solid familiarity with hepatobiliary anatomy, which can vary greatly from patient to patient. Therefore, careful preoperative study of individual patient imaging studies is of critical importance.
Fréchet Means and Nonparametric Inference on Non-Euclidean Geometric Spaces

Frechet means as minimizers of expected squared distances are used for nonparametric inference on geometric spaces M. Applications are provided to paleomagnetism (M = S2 or spheres) and landmarks based image analysis (M = Kendall’s planar shape space).
Halochromism and protonation-induced assembly of a benzo[g]indolo[2,3-b]quinoxaline derivative

A new halochromic compound is reported with pronounced UV/Vis spectral responses that depend on the extent of protonation and on the counter-ion structure. The absorption can be controlled over the entire visible spectrum and into the near-IR via a protonation-induced assembly mechanism. Thin-films were used for colorimetric detection of acid vapors.
Comparison of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mettilus

Increased understanding of the role of incretin hormones in maintaining glucose homeostasis has enabled the development of pharmacotherapies that target deficient incretin activity in type 2 diabetes mellitus.lncretin-based therapies could be classified into 2 categories with different mechanisms of action:glucagon-like peptide 1 ( GLP-1 ) receptor agonists ( e.g.liraglutide,exenatide twice daily,and exenatide once weekly),and the dipeptidyl peptidase 4 ( DPP-4 ) inhibitors ( e.g.sitagliptin,linagliptin,saxagliptin,and vildagliptin),which inhibit the breakdown of endogenous GLP-1.Both categories share some specific characteristics,such as glucose-dependent insulin stimulation and low incidence of hypoglycemia.But there are also different profiles in efficacy between these 2 classes.This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and clinical aspects of efficacy and safety of these 2 classes of incretin-based therapies and elucidates their roles in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus. Key words: Incretins; Diabetes mellitus, type 2; Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist; Dipeptidylpeptidase 4 inhibitor
#Socialmedia: A Preliminary Report of Social Networking Use Among University and College Counseling Center Mental Health Providers

ABSTRACTThe social networking use of university and college counseling center (UCCC) mental health providers has not been widely researched. Most of the 20 providers surveyed in this preliminary study reported engaging in social networking despite identifying pros and cons to its use. Participants’ reported use of social media may indicate that social networking sites are used primarily to glean information. Risks associated with social networking for UCCC practitioners are discussed and implications for training and social media use are provided.
IFITM1 suppression blocks proliferation and invasion of aromatase inhibitor-resistant breast cancer in vivo by JAK/STAT-mediated induction of p21

Interferon induced transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) belongs to a family of interferon stimulated genes (ISGs) that is associated with tumor progression and DNA damage resistance; however, its role in endocrine resistance is not known. Here, we correlate IFITM1 expression with clinical stage and poor response to endocrine therapy in a tissue microarray consisting of 94 estrogen receptor (ER)-positive breast tumors. IFITM1 overexpression is confirmed in the AI-resistant MCF-7:5C cell line and not found in AI-sensitive MCF-7 cells. In this study, the orthotopic (mammary fat pad) and mouse mammary intraductal (MIND) models of breast cancer are used to assess tumor growth and invasion in vivo. Lentivirus-mediated shRNA knockdown of IFITM1 in AI-resistant MCF-7:5C cells diminished tumor growth and invasion and induced cell death, whereas overexpression of IFITM1 in wild-type MCF-7 cells promoted estrogen-independent growth and enhanced their aggressive phenotype. Mechanistic studies indicated that loss of IFITM1 in MCF-7:5C cells markedly increased p21 transcription, expression and nuclear localization which was mediated by JAK/STAT activation. These findings suggest IFITM1 overexpression contributes to breast cancer progression and that targeting IFITM1 may be therapeutically beneficial to patients with endocrine-resistant disease.