cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Phrenic Nerve Injury Complicating Closed Cardiovascular Surgical Procedures for Congenital Heart Disease

Phrenic nerve injury (PNI) with resulting hemidiaphragmatic paralysis occurred in 19 (2.1 +/- 0.5%) of 891 closed cardiac surgical procedures during a twenty-three-year period. Diagnosis was confirmed by standard radiographic criteria. Phrenic nerve injury was most commonly noted following systemic-pulmonary artery anastomosis, ligation of persistent ductus arteriosus plus pulmonary artery banding, and atrial septectomy. Most patients were managed conservatively (nasotracheal or orotracheal intubation and positive end-expiratory pressure). Although no deaths were a direct result of PNI, major complications occurred in 15 of the 19 instances of PNI (79% +/- 10%). The serious morbidity and the hospital costs associated with this complication, however, underscore the cardinal importance of prevention. If injury does occur, early surgical intervention (diaphragmatic plication) in very young infants may reduce the attendant morbidity, but the complete role of diaphragmatic plication remains to be defined.
Escherichia coli for biofuel production: bridging the gap from promise to practice

The anticipated shift of biofuel feedstocks from maize to lignocellulose presents challenges in developing effective biomass pretreatment approaches, which impacts the selection and capabilities of fuel-producing organisms. For a viable biofuel production process, the ideal fuel-producing organism must be able to efficiently convert a variety of sugars to fuels anaerobically at near-theoretical yields, resist inhibitors generated by biomass pretreatment and exhibit low product toxicity. Escherichia coli finds extensive use as a model system, but has not been widely used as an industrial host. This review highlights recent advances in metabolic engineering of biofuel-synthesis pathways in E. coli and summarizes insights gained into regulation of those pathways, and describes progress toward overcoming the challenges facing its adoption as a biofuel-production strain.
Melanomatosis involving the heart.

Abstract A case of metastatic melanoma of the heart is reported, adding another to the increasing number of similar cases reported in recent medical literature. This case, like the majority of others, was associated with a generalized melanosis, which in turn followed surgical manipulation of the primary lesion for one reason or another. Surgical “manipulation” of the primary lesion, no doubt, might be imperative in many cases, and when such is the case, the most meticulous and complete dissection should be undertaken to preclude the possible hazard of general metastasis with cardiac involvement. The rapidly increasing number of cases of metastatic melanoma of the heart reported since 1951 provides a question: Should every “black mole” be removed?
Glycosyltransferase activities of Ehrlich ascites tumor cells: detection, isolation, and characterization using oligosaccharide-synsorb beads

Detergent extracts of Ehrlich tumor cell membranes exhibit a host of glycosyltransferase activities which have been investigated using oligosaccharides immobilized to Synsorb beads as acceptors. Glycosidase digestions in combination with methylation analysis of the insoluble products have demonstrated the presence of an alpha(1,3)-galactosyltransferase and a beta(1,3)-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase, enzymes that utilize N-acetyllactosamine as their acceptor substrate. The two enzymes are presumably involved in the biosynthesis of alpha-D-galactosyl-terminated poly-N-acetyllactosamine glycans that occur on the surface of Ehrlich cells. In addition, a beta-galactosyltransferase acting on N-acetylglucosamine and a separate beta-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase that is capable of incorporating GlcNAc into the trisaccharide beta-D-GlcNAc(1,3)-beta-D-Gal(1,4)-beta-D-Glc-Synsorb have been identified. The Ehrlich cell alpha- and beta-galactosyltransferases have been separated by chromatography on beta-GlcNAc-Synsorb beads. In the presence of MnCl2 and UDP the beta-galactosyltransferase is specifically adsorbed to the monosaccharide column whereas the alpha-galactosyltransferase passes through unretarded.
Effect of Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) on yield, quality, and economics of tomato production

Abstract The twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch, is an important and consistent pest of vegetables in central and western North Carolina, particularly on tomatoes, Solanum lycopersicum L. Small plot experiments were conducted in 2007, 2008 and 2009 in which acaricides were applied to early and late-planted staked tomatoes based on threshold levels ranging from 0 to 50 mites per leaflet, with a non-treated control included. Vine ripe fruit were harvested at weekly intervals from all plots, and fruit were weighed and graded for size and quality. A partial budget analysis was conducted to compare net profitability among treatments. Results from 2007 to 2008 showed that total and marketable yield was higher in plots with low versus high densities of T. urticae, and that yield differences were mostly due to number of fruit harvested rather than size of fruit. In 2009 there were no differences in yields among treatments. Gold fleck caused by T. urticae feeding directly on the fruit was another factor that influenced marketability, with more fruit affected and a higher percentage of surface area affected in higher densities versus lower densities of T. urticae. Net profitability varied considerably among planting dates and years, but an action threshold level to avoid yield losses by T. urticae injury on staked tomatoes appeared to be about eight mites per leaflet on a second or third recently expanded leaf.
The Urban Homeless: Estimating Composition and Size

Although homelessness has been recognized as a serious and growing urban social problem, scientifically acceptable methods for estimating the composition and size of the homeless population have been lacking. A new research approach to estimating the size and composition of undomiciled urban populations is presented, and its utility is illustrated through a description of the literal homeless of Chicago. The homeless in the Chicago sample are unaffiliated persons living in extreme poverty, with high levels of physical and mental disability. Homelessness is interpreted as a manifestation of extreme poverty among persons without families in housing markets with declining stocks of inexpensive dwelling units suitable for single persons.
Video luminescent barometry - The induction period

Video monitoring of oxygen quenching of the photoluminescence of platinum octaethylporphyrin (PtOEP) in silicone polymer resin may be used to measure pressure distribution over an airfoil. A continuous increase of the luminescence intensity of PtOEP on exposure to the exciting light is known as the induction effect. The effect of several factors on PtOEP photoluminescence and the induction effect was investigated. The experimental apparatus is described and results are presented. It was observed that the relative induction amplitude and induction time increase at higher oxygen pressure and with thicker films. These observations may be explained if the singlet oxygen produced by oxygen quenching is consumed by the polymer and is therefore unavailable for further quenching. Researchers using this method for measuring pressure distribution on airfoil surfaces should be aware of the induction effect and its implications.
Investigation of Crater “Saturation” Using Spatial Statistics

Abstract Conventional techniques for investigation of crater populations make use of size–frequency distributions, but typically disregard the statistical properties of the spatial distribution of craters. Cratering of a surface is generally a spatially random process, so the distributions of craters on lightly cratered surfaces can be expected to be random. As crater obliteration becomes important, however, the situation changes. Every random distribution has regions of sparseness and regions of clustering. Craters that form in areas of sparseness obliterate few older craters, so the sparseness is filled in. Craters that form in areas of clustering obliterate more older craters, relatively reducing the clustering. As sparseness is filled in and clustering is reduced, the spatial distribution should progress from one that is random to one that is more uniform than random. We show that the spatial distribution of craters on a lightly cratered lunar maria surface is consistent with randomness, but that the distributions on heavily cratered portions of Rhea and Callisto are markedly more uniform than random. We develop a simple model of crater formation and obliteration, and use it to investigate the statistical behavior of crater spatial distributions as crater “saturation” is approached. We find that the use of spatial distributions to investigate saturation is more robust to model uncertainties than is the use of crater density alone. Using a simple statistical parameter, the “ Z -statistic,” we find that ≳ 25% of the craters formed to date on our study areas on Rhea and Callisto have been obliterated by subsequent cratering. Adjusting the Z -statistic for crater floor area effects, we find evidence that crater saturation has been reached on Rhea.
Cerebral lysosomes. IV. The regional and intracellular distribution of arylsulfatase and evidence for two populations of lysosomes in rat brain

1. The activities of arylsulfatase andN-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase were determined in 6 regions of rat brain. 2. The degree of structural latency of the two hydrolases was estimated. 3. The intracellular distribution of arylsulfatase was studied in the cortex, thalamus and striatum and a lysosomal localization could be established. 4. Centrifugation of the cortical crude lysosomal fraction on continuous sucrose density gradients revealed the existence of a minority population of lysosomes which, unlike the bulk, sedimented through the gradient and could be recovered in pellet form. Proportionately more sulfatase than glucosaminidase was found in this lysosomal population. 5. The main lysosomal population was well separated from mitochondria but was contaminated by the membranes bearing acetylcholine esterase and soluble lactic dehydrogenase. The pellet fraction was virtually free of contamination. 6. Evidence for the presence of more than one population of lysosomes in the thalamus and the hypothalamus of rat brain was also obtained.
Phase diagrams of salt-free polyelectrolyte semidilute solutions

We analyze the phase behavior of polyelectrolyte salt-free solutions using the random phase approximation (RPA). Within this approximation, the phase diagrams of salt-free polyelectrolyte solutions show phase separation even without including short-range attractions or ion condensation. We find that the phase behavior of large chains resembles the phase diagram of polymer network solutions. That is, the equilibrium is established between a swollen network phase and a chain-free phase. Even though RPA is capable of reproducing certain aspects of the phase diagram, the model has to be modified to include ion condensation self-consistently in the analysis.
Reticle inspection optimization for 90-nm and 130-nm technology nodes using a multibeam UV wavelength inspection tool

ABSTRACT As the lithography design rule of IC manufacturing industry migrates into sub-130nm nodes, low k 1 factor prevails, themask error enhancement factor (MEEF) increases. Low k 1 processing calls for aggressive sub-resolution assist featuresand the use of attenuated phase shift masks (AttPSMs). The aggressive OPC features pose challenges to reticleinspection due to high false detection, which is time-consuming for defect classification and impacts the throughput ofmask manufacturing. Moreover, the high transmission of the shifter material of 193nm AttPSM also challenges the UV-based reticle inspection tools with high nuisance counts due to undesirable optical diffraction effects.For a given reticle inspection tool, it is necessary to calibrate the system contrast between the clear and opaque regions(quartz/chrome or quartz/MoSi) of the reticles. In this study, we present the influences of various calibration conditionson sensitivity, false and nuisance detection of reticle inspections. Both the STARlight contamination inspections and thedie-to-die pattern inspections were carried out using the KLA-Tencor TeraStar inspection tools with production masksand programmed defect test masks including binary intensity masks (BIMs) and AttPSMs. Successful applications withlow false detection and adapted sensitivity will be illustrated in terms of optimizing the calibration setup.Keywords: reticle inspection, light calibration, AttPSM, grayscale, STARlight, sensitivity, OPC
β-oxa-γ,δ-enones, II. Rearrangement and intramolecular cycloaddition of 1-cyclopentenyloxy-2-propanone.

Abstract The title compound 1 undergoes an intramolecular photocycloaddition reaction to yield the bis-oxetane 2 and a formal 1,3-shift to yield the 1,4-diketone 3. This work reveals a novel aspect of the photochemistry of β-oxa-γ,δ-enones.
SU-E-T-478: Prescription to 50–75% Isodose Line May Be Optimum for Linac Radiosurgery of Cranial Lesions

Purpose: The percentage‐isodose‐line to prescribe (RxIDL) in linac‐based SRS varies among institutions. An optimal RxIDL may lead to a treatment plan with the highest therapeutic ratio. Gradient index (GI), defined as the ratio of total volume receiving 50% of prescription dose and target volume receiving prescription dose, is an important parameter to characterize dose falloff. For radiosurgery prescribed at 16–20Gy, GI corresponds to the normal brain volume receiving 8–10Gy (V8–10Gy), which has been found to correlate to brain necrosis. Thus, GI can be considered as a clinically relevant criteria correlating to therapeutic ratio. This study aims to explore the optimal RxIDL using the GI criteria. Methods: 30 patients with brain tumors were retrospectively studied using iPlan system (BrainLAB, Feldkirchen, Germany). MLC‐based dynamic conformal arc technique was used for planning. For each patient, 6–8 plans with different RxIDLs were generated with different MLC margins. All plans were normalized so that 95% of target volume receives prescription dose. RxIDL was calculated as prescription dose divided by maximum dose. GI was calculated for each plan and the plan with minimum GI was considered optimal. Results: GI decreases (6.3 to 2.4) as target volumes increases (0.15cm3 to 50.09cm3), and the optimal RxIDL shifts to higher percentile. Median optimal RxIDL is 52.7±8.8% for targets 5cm3. Average actually treated RxIDL is 83.6±3.1%. The lower optimal RxIDL results in smaller V8–10Gy and higher mean dose to target volume. About 22cm3 reduction in V8–10Gy is observed in the case that has the largest tumor volume. Conclusion: The optimal RxIDL appears to be between 50% and 75% which is lower than the treated RxIDL. Larger targets tend to have higher optimal RxIDLs. By choosing an optimal RxIDL, we could reduce the volume of irradiated normal brain while delivering higher dose to target volume.
The Adaptor Protein and Arf GTPase-activating Protein Cat-1/Git-1 Is Required for Cellular Transformation

Cat-1/Git-1 is a multifunctional protein that acts as a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Arf GTPases, as well as serves as a scaffold for a number of different signaling proteins. Cat-1 is best known for its role in regulating cell shape and promoting cell migration. However, whether Cat-1 might also contribute to cellular transformation is currently unknown. Here we show that ∼95% of cervical tumor samples examined overexpress Cat-1, suggesting that the up-regulation of Cat-1 expression is a frequent occurrence in this type of cancer. We demonstrate further that knocking down Cat-1 from NIH3T3 fibroblasts expressing an activated form of Cdc42 (Cdc42 F28L), or from the human cervical carcinoma (HeLa) cell line, inhibits the ability of these cells to form colonies in soft agar, an in vitro measure of tumorgenicity. The requirement for Cat-1 when assaying the anchorage-independent growth of transformed fibroblasts and HeLa cells is dependent on its ability to bind paxillin, while being negatively impacted by its Arf-GAP activity. Moreover, the co-expression of Cat-1 and an activated form of Arf6 in fibroblasts was sufficient to induce their transformation. These findings highlight novel roles for Cat-1 and its interactions with the Arf GTPases and paxillin in oncogenic transformation.
Predictive client-side profiles for personalized advertising

Personalization is ubiquitous in modern online applications as it provides significant improvements in user experience by adapting it to inferred user preferences. However, there are increasing concerns related to issues of privacy and control of the user data that is aggregated by online systems to power personalized experiences. These concerns are particularly significant for user profile aggregation in online advertising. This paper describes a practical, learning-driven client-side personalization approach for keyword advertising platforms, an emerging application previously not addressed in literature. Our approach relies on storing user-specific information entirely within the user's control (in a browser cookie or browser local storage), thus allowing the user to view, edit or purge it at any time (e.g., via a dedicated webpage). We develop a principled, utility-based formulation for the problem of iteratively updating user profiles stored client-side, which relies on calibrated prediction of future user activity. While optimal profile construction is NP-hard for pay-per-click advertising with bid increments, it can be efficiently solved via a greedy approximation algorithm guaranteed to provide a near-optimal solution due to the fact that keyword profile utility is submodular: it exhibits the property of diminishing returns with increasing profile size.We empirically evaluate client-side keyword profiles for keyword advertising on a large-scale dataset from a major search engine. Experiments demonstrate that predictive client-side personalization allows ad platforms to retain almost all of the revenue gains from personalization even if they give users the freedom to opt out of behavior tracking backed by server-side storage. Additionally, we show that advertisers can potentially increase their return on investment significantly by utilizing bid increments for keyword profiles in their ad campaigns.
Statistical variation of NMOSFET hot-carrier lifetime and its impact on digital circuit reliability

The statistical variation of NMOSFET hot-carrier lifetime is studied. The variation in lifetime among spatially separate dies is more significant than the variation within each die. Due to the statistical nature of device hot-carrier lifetime, hot-carrier induced circuit delay degradation in critical paths is a statistical distribution rather than a deterministic parameter. A statistical hot-carrier simulator has been developed to predict the impact that statistical variation of device hot-carrier lifetime has on circuit reliability.
New Estimates of Climate Demand: Evidence from Location Choice☆

Abstract We develop and apply to Census data a new method for estimating climate demand. The method is useful for ranking quality of life based upon a willingness to pay criterion. Our two major findings are that the willingness to pay quality of life index is correlated with the hedonic approach's ranking but that the migration approach generates much larger estimates of willingness to pay for a more moderate climate. This finding is relevant for evaluating the economic impact of global warming.
Anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria from extreme environments

A diverse group of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria thrive in habitats characterized by extremes of temperature, pH, or salinity. These ‘extremophilic’ anoxygenic phototrophs are optimally adapted to the conditions of their habitats and are ideal model systems for defining the physiochemical limits of photosynthesis. Extremophilic phototrophs have provided new insight into the evolution of photosynthesis and play ecological roles as primary producers in their unusual habitats.
Growth Rates and Age Estimations of the Fuzzy Pigtoe, Pleurobema strodeanum: A Species Newly Listed Under the Endangered Species Act

Abstract Pleurobema strodeanum (Fuzzy Pigtoe), is listed as threatened under the Endangered Species Act. The purpose of this study was to estimate growth rate, morphometric ratios, and ages for this species. One hundred and sixty-one P. strodeanum were originally tagged and measured in 2004 at Eightmile Creek, Walton County, FL. In 2011, 28 of those 161 were recovered and re-measured. Growth-rate percentages were determined based on length, width, height, and volume. Age was estimated using the von Bertalanffy growth equation. Results indicate that over a period of seven years, P. strodeanum grew 0.48 mm/year (SD = 0.14) in length. The age estimations in this study ranged from 48.7 to 74.5 years. The growth constant (K) was 0.018 per year, and the asymptotic length L∞) was 71.97 mm. Natural history data such as these will be useful in understanding the basic biology of P. strodeanum and may assist in successful mussel management.
Palaeopressures of South Indian two‐pyroxene garnet granulites from thermochemically calibrated CMAS barometers

The enthalpy of reaction of plagioclase and pyroxene to produce garnet and quartz has been a major source of error in granulite geobarometry because of relatively uncertain enthalpy values available from high-temperature solution calorimetry and compiled indirectly from experimental phase equilibria. Recent, improved calorimetric measurements of ΔHR are shown to yield palaeopressures which are internally consistent between orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene calibrations for many South Indian granulites from the Archaean high-grade terranes of southern Karnataka and northern Tamil Nadu. This represents a considerable improvement over previous calibrations, which gave disparate results for the two independent barometers involving orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene, requiring a 2-kbar ‘empirical adjustment’to force agreement. Palaeopressures thus calculated for 30 well-documented two-pyroxene garnet granulites from South India give internally consistent pressures with a mean of 8.1°1.1 kbar at 750°C, consistent with the presence of both kyanite and sillimanite in many areas. Those samples for which garnet–pyroxene exchange thermometers give plausible granulite-range temperatures and whose minerals are minimally zoned give the best agreement of the two barometers. Samples which yield low palaeotemperatures and different rim and core compositions of minerals yield pressures for the orthopyroxene assemblage as much as 2 kbar lower than for the assemblage with clinopyroxene. This disparity probably represents post-metamorphic-peak re-equilibration. We conclude that considerable confidence may be placed in geobarometry of two-pyroxene granulites where apparent palaeotemperatures are in the granulite facies range (>700°C) and where mineral zonation is minimal. Of the several possible sets of activity–composition relations in use, those constructed from analysis of phase equilibria give slightly higher palaeopressures and appear more consistent with analytical data from the Nilgiri Hills uplift, where kyanite is the only aluminium silicate reported to be stable in peak-metamorphic assemblages. The present results support a palaeopressure gradient, increasing generally from south to north, across the Nilgiri Hills as inferred by previous geobarometry.
History of Heat-Resistant Polymers

Abstract Thermally stable polymers can be traced back to the late 1950s when structures were first synthesized which could exist above 300°C in air. Perhaps the first two types of polymers most significant here were aromatic polyamides and polybenzimidazoles. The latter was important because its discovery opened the field of polyheterocycles as heat-resistant backbone functions. The impetus for this field of study was originally aerospace technology (ablation shields, coatings, and adhesives). Since that time, however, other needs have been filled with these types of polymers: high modulus fibers, flame-proof clothing, and reverse osmosis membranes. These new, unexpected advantages have provided the need for further research to replace the decrease in aerospace efforts. Research has continued, not to find a material which is more thermally stable, but to enable better processing of the polymers at hand. This change is due to a plateau seen in thermal stability (up to 600°C in air and up to 800°C in nitrog...
Sport-Related Concussion and Sensory Function in Young Adults

Context: The long-term implications of concussive injuries for brain and cognitive health represent a growing concern in the public consciousness. As such, identifying measures sensitive to the sub...
Optimal overlapped message passing decoding for quasi-cyclic low-density parity-check codes

In this paper, we first present a general scheduling model for the overlapped message passing (OMP) decoding of LDPC codes, and show that maximizing the throughput amounts to minimizing the intra- and inter-iteration waiting times. Then we focus on maximizing the throughput for OMP decoders of quasi-cyclic (QC) LDPC codes using a partly parallel hardware structure, which can be modelled as a data dependency and hardware constrained optimization problem. Finally, we propose a scheduling scheme, which gives the optimal solution to the optimization problem under certain conditions. In comparison to previously proposed scheduling schemes, our new scheduling scheme leads to both higher hardware utilization efficiency (HUE) and greater throughput gain
On the crest of a new ocean agenda

The International Year of the Ocean provides an excellent opportunity for nations around the world to reexamine their commitment, individually and in aggregate, to ocean science. Changes of the last several decades in world geopolitical structure, movement of populations to the coasts, new
Risk Tolerance and Retirement Income Composition

Proposed changes to the Social Security system will affect the financial risk workers will face in their retirement differently across the income distribution. This study examines levels of financial risk workers face at different points in the lifetime earnings distribution. To do so, we use a microsimulation model that projects individual demographic and economic characteristics within the context of the Social Security system and the macroeconomy to assess the impact of two policy changes on the levels of lifetime benefits available to current and future retirees. Further, we incorporate data on pensions and savings to illustrate differences in the level and distribution of retirement funds across the earnings distribution. This exercise allows us to assess the financial risk workers face in their retirement, both within the Social Security system itself and within a broader view of the stream of total available retirement funds. We also use survey data to show that low earners are the least willing to tolerate such risk.
Very Fast Fourier Transform Algorithms Hardware for Implementation

A new method of deriving very fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithms is described. The resulting algorithms do not employ multiplication and have a form suitable for high performance hardware implementations. The complexity of the algorithms compares favorably to the recent results of Winograd [1].
Dietary fish oil reduces oxidative DNA damage in rat colonocytes.

Abstract Prolonged generation of reactive oxygen species by inflammatory mediators can induce oxidative DNA damage (8-oxodG formation), potentially resulting in intestinal tumorigenesis. Fish oil (FO), compared to corn oil (CO), has been shown to downregulate inflammation and upregulate apoptosis targeted at damaged cells. We hypothesized FO could protect the intestine against 8-oxodG formation during dextran sodium sulfate- (DSS-) induced inflammation. We provided 60 rats with FO- or CO-supplemented diets for 2 weeks with or without 3% DSS in drinking water for 48 h. Half the treated rats received 48 additional h of untreated water before termination. Due to DSS treatment, the intestinal epithelium had higher levels of 8-oxodG (p = .04), induction of repair enzyme OGG1 mRNA (p = .02), and higher levels of apoptosis at the top of colonic crypts (p = .01) and in surface cells (p
Dissecting Political Violence

Rethinking Violence: States and Non-State Actors in Conflict. Edited by Erica Chenoweth, Adria Lawrence . Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010. 285 pp., $25.00 paperback (ISBN-13: 978-0262514286). This pithy and persuasive volume brings together a remarkable range of theoretical and methodological approaches to understanding the origins, dynamics, and consequences of political violence by dissecting it into more analytically coherent components. The theoretical glue that holds it together is the sustained focus on the micro-dynamics of violence, on disaggregating nonviolence into more rigorous subtypes, and on distinguishing violence from conflict. This focus affords readers with a novel research agenda that contributes appreciably to the growing literature on political violence and motivates the ten articles that comprise the volume. It should therefore be of general interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students of political science, as well as to the mounting number of policy analysts and international affairs practitioners confronting ethno-nationalist conflicts and political violence around the world. Scholars of other disciplines who are interested in violence and conflict, including economists, psychologists, and sociologists, should also find plenty of food for thought. It has long been the hope of many that a better understanding of violence would reduce its incidence, and this book certainly contributes to a more profound appreciation of the micro-dynamics of violence. Rethinking Violence has three primary strengths, in my view, and the sum of them is wholly impressive. The first contribution is the seamless blending of intrastate and interstate logics in explaining outcomes that have been traditionally relegated to one or the other domain, emphasizing …
Crossing Borders: The Case Of Mexican Tomatoes

The case involves distributors who import Mexican produce into the United States. To-Mex faces several problems. First, U.S. homeland security is at an all time high and is likely to continue growing tighter. The potential for delays at customs is significant. Second, Mexican produce has image issues in the U.S. market. Some American consumers have the perception that Mexican produce may not be safe to eat. Changing those perceptions is critical. The third issue relates to product strategies, including a possible move from predominantly field grown tomatoes to greenhouse operations, possible development of consumer brands for produce, and the potential effects of country of origin labeling on consumer produce preferences.
Improving Diabetes Care in the Latino Population: The Emory Latino Diabetes Education Program.

Background: The incidence of diabetes in Latinos is 12.8% compared to 9.3% of the general population. Latinos suffer from a higher prevalence of diabetic complications and mortality than whites yet receive less monitoring tests and education. Purpose: (1) Identify changes in clinical indicators among subjects with type 2 diabetes participating in the Emory Latino Diabetes Education Program (ELDEP), (2) identify changes in risk reduction examinations, and (3) describe the independent contribution of sociodemographic characteristics and biomedical indicators as predictors of class return. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was conducted over 5 years in Latinos with type 2 diabetes mellitus. One hundred forty-two patients receiving culturally appropriate diabetes self-management education and support (DSME/S) were included from 7 primary care clinics in Georgia. Questionnaires and biomedical markers were collected at baseline and 3-month follow-up. Results: Results from this study show that A1C was lowered ...
The pattern of craniofacial encephalocel in Bethel Teaching General Hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Craniofacial encephaloceles are commonly seen birth defects. The incidence is 1 in every 100, 000 live births. Six patients with craniofacial encephaloceles are treated by a combined craniofacial approach. The corrective measure allows reduction of the herniated encephalocele and correction of the craniofacial deformity in the same operation procedure. All cases admitted from May 2013 until June 13, 2014 to Bethel Teaching General Hospital were identified, and data were collected retrospectively, including demographics, clinical events, MRI and or CT scan findings, surgical techniques, complications and outcomes were analyzed using SPSS.
Distal humerus articular malunion after an open reduction–internal fixation of a capitellum-trochlea shear fracture: a case report

We present a unique case of a capitellum-trochlea malunion after failed open reduction–internal fixation in a 50year-old active woman. The patient presented with pain, flexion/ extension arc of motion from 55° to 70°, instability, and ulnar nerve palsy. Reconstructive surgery included a capitellumtrochlea osteotomy, revision reduction and internal fixation of the humeral articular surface, contracture release, lateral collateral ligament repair, and ulnar nerve transposition. Reconstruction was successful in re-establishing anatomic alignment, joint congruity, and stability. The patient was managed with an early active range of motion protocol. At 2 years postoperatively, the patient has a pain-free stable elbow and range of motion of 25° to 130° with full pronation and supination, and her ulnar neuropathy has improved with patient-reported increased grip strength and return of intrinsic hand function.
Neck Pain, Stiffness, and Periorbital Edema in a Man With Diabetes

A 61-year-old man with history of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and hypothyroidism presented for evaluation of neck pain, stiffness, and occipital headaches lasting 4 years. Acetaminophen and meloxicam provided only partial relief. He also noted progressive thickening of skin in the nape of his neck. He denied any prior history of Raynaud phenomenon; heart, kidney, or liver disease; diabetic retinopathy; nephropathy; or neuropathy. He had quit smoking 24 years ago and reported currently drinking 3 glasses of wine per week. His medications included rosiglitazone, glimepiride, and levothyroxine.
Reading Analytic Philosophy in its Time and Place

Once upon a time, there were seemingly no interesting questions to ask about the contextual history of the rise of analysis. The pursuit of timeless truths through logical analysis rendered the his...
Structural Characterization of OC3OPor Capped Porphyrins: H2(OC3OPor), Fe(OC3OPor)(Cl), Fe(OC3OPor)(CO)(1-MeIm), and Fe(OC3OPor)(CO)(1,2-Me2Im)

The sterically encumbered OC3OPor system consists of a 1,2,4,5-substituted benzene cap with five-atom arms of the type −O(CH2)3O− linking the benzene cap to the ortho positions of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin. The structures of the following compounds have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction methods: H2(OC3OPor) (1), Fe(OC3OPor)(Cl) (2), Fe(OC3OPor)(CO)(1-MeIm) (3), and Fe(OC3OPor)(CO)(1,2-Me2Im) (4). Structures 1−3 pack as one crystallographically independent porphyrin with solvate molecules, whereas structure 4 packs with half of a crystallographically independent porphyrin molecule and a solvate molecule. In compound 2 the Cl ligand is bound to the Fe center on the unprotected side of the porphyrin. In 3 and 4, which represent R-state (relaxed) and T-state (tense) models for hemoglobin, respectively, CO is bound underneath the cap and either 1-MeIm (3) or 1,2-Me2Im (4) is bound to the sixth coordination site, opposite the CO and outside the cap. The bulkier 1,2-Me2Im in 4 forces the...
Maternal Mortality in the Mississippi Delta Region

Objective To compare the maternal mortality rate (MMR) in the Mississippi Delta region of the United States with that of the non-Delta region states. Methods Analyzed data come from national birth certificate and death certificate data for 1999-2007. Data were aggregated for analysis by region, counties of the Delta Regional Authority, non-Delta regions of the eight Delta states, and the 42 non-Delta states. The MMR was calculated using birth data as the denominator and maternal mortality data as the numerator. Results During the 9 years of the study, there were more than 36 million births in the United States and 5002 reported maternal deaths. The national MMR was 13.5/100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 13.1-13.9/100,000). The MMR reported in the non-Delta states was 13.6/100,000 (95% CI 13.2-14.0/100,000); in the non-Delta counties of the Delta states, the MMR was 13.1/100,000 (95% CI 12.1-14.0/100,000); and the MMR was 18.5/100,000 (95% CI 16.1-20.9/100,000) in Delta counties. The odds of maternal death in Delta counties is 1.39 times (95% CI 1.22-1.59) higher compared with non-Delta counties or non-Delta states. There was no statistically significant difference between the MMR in non-Delta states and the MMR in non-Delta counties of Delta states. After controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, age, marital status, and education in a multivariable model, the MMR in the Delta counties compared with non-Delta counties and non-Delta states remains significantly increased (odds ratio 1.16, 95% CI 1.01-1.32). Conclusions Overall, maternal mortality is significantly greater in the Delta region of the United States compared with the non-Delta portion. After controlling for maternal race/ethnicity, age, marital status, and education, the odds of maternal death remains 16% higher in the Delta region of the United States compared with the non-Delta United States.
Antiphospholipid antibodies and stroke.

The clinical study of stroke is a recent occurrence. The clarion call awakening interest consisted of two reports that appeared during the years following World War II : the detailed description by Kubik and Adams [1) of the clinical and pathologic findings in patients with basilar artery occlusion, and C. Miller Fisher's monograph [2] directing attention to the signs and symptoms found in patients with carotid artery disease in the neck. During the next three decades, pathologists , clinicians, and radiologists worked to clarify the anatomy, pathology, and imaging features of strokes involving the large and small blood vessels of the brain. During the last decade, stroke clinicians have rediscovered that blood flows through the blood vessels. Diseases of the blood and blood vessels can cause or contribute to thromboembolism and bleeding, with resultant brain damage. Blood disorders in the most general sense are diseases detected or monitored by tests of the blood rather than imaging or sonographic studies of the anatomy and function of the brain and its vascular supply. During the past 5 years, many advances have been made in understanding the complex process of clot formation, clot lysis, and treatment of thrombosis. Table 1 lists broad categories of blood abnormalities that predispose to thrombosis and brain ischemia [3). In this issue of the AJNR, Pulpeiro and colleagues [4] discuss the MR findings in a patient with a syndrome in one of these categories of blood disorders: the antiphospholipid antibody (.A.PLA) syndrome, a type of immunological disorder that has recently received much attention [5-1 0). The nomenclature of the APLA syndrome is confusing. Antiphospholipid antibodies are immunoglobulins (lgG, lgM,
Biosolids and sludge management

The advancements in the field of sludge and biosolids have been made over the past year. This review outlines the major contributions of researchers that have been published in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings throughout 2018. The review is organized in sections including regulatory developments and market analysis; analysis and quantification of characteristics including microconstituents and metals; treatment advances for the conversion of sludge to biosolids including pretreatment and sludge minimization, conditioning and dewatering, digestion, composting, and innovative technologies; product development and reuse including adsorbents and thermal products, agricultural and other uses, and innovative uses; odor and air emissions; and energy factors. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Summary of advances in the field of residuals and biosolids research in 2018. This review outlines the major contributions of researchers that have been published in peer-reviewed journals and conference proceedings. Topics covered range from regulation to innovation.
What Steps to Take? How to Approach Concerning Anxiety in Youth

Anxiety in youth is a concern, and stepped care provides appropriate services for differential levels of distress and increases the number of youth able to receive services. Youth, and families, with mild anxiety benefit from print and Internet resources. Youth whose anxiety persists can receive direct guidance (e.g., computer-assisted programs). A third step increases the intensity of services (e.g., therapy). Finally, for severely problematic anxiety, intensive programs may be needed. Throughout, it is important to monitor anxiety and related impairment as well as to take into account client and family characteristics. Research on interventions within each step has identified many to be efficacious, but studies are needed to examine the decision-making features as well as the effectiveness of a stepped care approach.
Disentangling density‐dependent dynamics using full annual cycle models and Bayesian model weight updating

Summary Density dependence regulates populations of many species across all taxonomic groups. Understanding density dependence is vital for predicting the effects of climate, habitat loss and/or management actions on wild populations. Migratory species likely experience seasonal changes in the relative influence of density dependence on population processes such as survival and recruitment throughout the annual cycle. These effects must be accounted for when characterizing migratory populations via population models. To evaluate effects of density on seasonal survival and recruitment of a migratory species, we used an existing full annual cycle model framework for American black ducks Anas rubripes, and tested different density effects (including no effects) on survival and recruitment. We then used a Bayesian model weight updating routine to determine which population model best fit observed breeding population survey data between 1990 and 2014. The models that best fit the survey data suggested that survival and recruitment were affected by density dependence and that density effects were stronger on adult survival during the breeding season than during the non-breeding season. Analysis also suggests that regulation of survival and recruitment by density varied over time. Our results showed that different characterizations of density regulations changed every 8–12 years (three times in the 25-year period) for our population. Synthesis and applications. Using a full annual cycle, modelling framework and model weighting routine will be helpful in evaluating density dependence for migratory species in both the short and long term. We used this method to disentangle the seasonal effects of density on the continental American black duck population which will allow managers to better evaluate the effects of habitat loss and potential habitat management actions throughout the annual cycle. The method here may allow researchers to hone in on the proper form and/or strength of density dependence for use in models for conservation recommendations.
Retrieval Practice Benefits Deductive Inference

Retrieval practice has been shown to benefit learning. However, the benefit has sometimes been attenuated with more complex materials that require integrating multiple units of information. Critically, Tran et al. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 22, 135–140 (2015) found that retrieval practice improves sentence memory but not the drawing of inferences from the same sentences. In three experiments, we investigated whether this lack of benefit of retrieval practice for inferential ability was due to the presentation format of the material. Participants studied four sets of seven to nine related sentences by practicing retrieval for two sets and rereading the other two sets. A final test was given 2 days later. When sentences were presented one at a time during study/practice as in Tran et al., we found no effect of retrieval practice on a test requiring inferential reasoning. When sentences in a set were presented simultaneously during study/practice, retrieval practice in the form of fill-in-the-blank testing (experiments 1 and 2) and free recall (experiment 3) aided later deductive inference more than rereading. Our findings suggest that retrieval practice can improve deductive inference, but in order to optimize its utility, the format in which the material is presented during practice must not hinder relational processing of the individual sentences.
Local Infiltration of Analgesics at Surgical Wound to Reduce Postoperative Pain After Laparotomy in Rats.

Background and Objectives There is an increasing use of local infiltration analgesia (LIA) to reduce postoperative pain. Despite widespread use of LIA, wide variations in drug combinations and concomitant use of systemic analgesics have made it difficult to determine the optimal drug combinations for LIA. Using a previously validated rat laparotomy model, the optimal LIA combination of medications to reduce postoperative pain was determined. Methods Laparotomy was performed in an adult rat model under isoflurane anesthesia. During surgery, combinations of bupivacaine, ketorolac, and dexamethasone were injected over the sutured muscle wound before skin closing, and compared to saline (placebo). The same medications were injected systemically as controls. Postoperative pain was assessed by measuring spontaneous rearing activity. Results A high-dose 3-drug LIA combination (50 μL of bupivacaine 0.75%, ketorolac 6.0 mg-mL, and dexamethasone 2.0 mg-mL) increased rearing (decreased pain) at 2 hours (P = 0.0032) postsurgery compared to saline. However, the same 3 drugs injected systemically had a similar analgesic effect (P = 0.0002). Bupivacaine 0.75% alone was not effective for LIA. When low-dose (9-fold reduction) 3-drug LIA combination was used, LIA increased rearing (P = 0.0034) whereas the same 3 drugs injected systemically had no effect. Low-dose LIA ketorolac-dexamethasone (2-drug combination) also increased rearing (P = 0.0393). Conclusions Our animal study suggests that clinical trials with low-dose LIA combinations of local anesthetic, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and corticosteroid may be useful for reducing postoperative pain after laparotomy.
Special Considerations for Conducting Psychotherapy over Videoteleconferencing

Innovative technologies are increasingly utilized in order to address gaps in access to mental health care. Videoteleconferencing (VTC) is one technological modality in which mental health-care services, including psychotherapy, can be delivered. The authors discuss current issues related to delivering psychotherapy over VTC including why this modality is necessary for delivery, how psychotherapy is delivered, who can deliver psychotherapy over VTC, and what kinds of psychotherapy have been delivered over VTC. Additionally, the authors briefly address emerging technologies related to psychotherapy.
Statewide Alternate Reading Assessment of Students Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing With Additional Disabilities:

This study presents longitudinal data analysis of 6 years of reading scores on a large-scale statewide performance-based alternate assessment for 214 students who are deaf/hard of hearing and have ...