cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Gold Nanoshells in Biomedical Applications

The sections in this article are Introduction Physical Properties of Gold Nanoshells Overview of General Optical Properties The Physics of Gold Nanoshells The Dielectric Function of Gold The Quasi-Static Approximation and Conditions for Surface Plasmon Resonance Mie Theory Near-Field Enhancement Photoluminescence Photo-Thermal Material Characteristics Synthesis and Bioconjugation Synthesis Bioconjugation: Smarter Nanoshells Biodistribution, Toxicity Profile and Transport Biodistribution Studies Transport Mechanisms Toxicity Biomedical Applications In Vitro Cancer Detection and Imaging In Vivo Detection and Imaging Integrated Cancer Imaging and Therapy Agents In Vitro Studies In Vivo Photothermal Therapy Drug Delivery Tissue Welding Biosensors Absorbance-Based Biosensing SERS Biosensing Concluding Remarks Keywords: gold nanoparticles; gold nanoshells; photothermal therapy; contrast agents; targeted cancer therapy; biosensors; cellular imaging
Comments on Point:Counterpoint: Muscle lactate and H⁺ production do/do not have a 1:1 association in skeletal muscle. Calculations of Robergs support the view of Vinnakota and Kushmerick.

Comments on Point: Counterpoint: Muscle lactate and H⁺ production do/do not have a 1:1 association in skeletal muscle. Why add complexity/confusion to a simple issue?
Chemical Ecology of Vertebrates

1. The odorsphere: the environment for transmission of chemical signals 2. Properties of vertebrate semiochemicals 3. Odor production and release 4. Chemical cues in orientation and navigation 5. Chemoreception 6. Signaling pheromones 7. Priming pheromones 8. Development of intra- and interspecific chemical interactions 9. Chemical defense by animals 10. Herbivores' exposure to chemical defenses of plants 11. Kairomones and synomones 12. Practical applications of semiochemicals Glossary References.
Effect of antilymphocyte serum on animals experimentally infected with Histoplasma capsulatum or Cryptococcus neoformans.

The anti-mouse and anti-guinea pig antilymphocyte sera (ALS) prepared for this study were shown to contain cytoxic and leucoagglutinating antibodies, and were capable of producing severe lymphopenia in these animals. Guinea pigs treated weekly with ALS were more susceptible to development of fatal infection when inoculated with Histoplasma capsulatum. No fatalities occurred in guinea pigs infected with equal doses of H. capsulatum but treated with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or saline. The time necessary to reach 50% fatality in mice infected with Cryptococcus neoformans was greatly reduced by pretreatment with ALS in comparison with infected controls treated with NRS or saline. When low dosages were used (0.1 ld50), the effect was even more pronounced. Spleen homogenates from mice infected with equal dosages of H. capsulatum and treated with ALS or NRS were cultured. More than 150 times as many organisms were present in the spleens of the ALS-treated group. Similar results were obtained from culturing the lungs and liver. Delayed hypersensitive skin reactions were radically decreased or abrogated in H. capsulatum-infected guinea pigs inoculated intraperitoneally with ALS 12 hr before skin testing with histoplasmin. When ALS was given weekly, the influence on skin reactivity was less notable. Given intradermally, ALS was shown to inhibit the delayed reaction to histoplasmin within a radius of 40 mm.
Solar radiation and sunshine duration in East Asia

The relationship between solar radiation and sunshine duration is studied for 132 stations in East Asia. Regression coefficientsa andb in the modified Angstrom formulaQ/Qa = a + b n/N are found to be systematically distributed in the area with low values ofa and high values ofb in the winter maximum/summer minimum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N, and high values ofa and low values ofb in the winter minimum/summer maximum regime ofQ/Qa andn/N. This shows that the distribution of regression coefficients is more closely related to the local seasonal radiation climate controlled by the prevailing winter monsoon, Bain, and the terrain features rather than to latitude or meann/N.
DARC 2.0: Improved Docking and Virtual Screening at Protein Interaction Sites.

Over the past decade, protein-protein interactions have emerged as attractive but challenging targets for therapeutic intervention using small molecules. Due to the relatively flat surfaces that typify protein interaction sites, modern virtual screening tools developed for optimal performance against “traditional” protein targets perform less well when applied instead at protein interaction sites. Previously, we described a docking method specifically catered to the shallow binding modes characteristic of small-molecule inhibitors of protein interaction sites. This method, called DARC (Docking Approach using Ray Casting), operates by comparing the topography of the protein surface when “viewed” from a vantage point inside the protein against the topography of a bound ligand when “viewed” from the same vantage point. Here, we present five key enhancements to DARC. First, we use multiple vantage points to more accurately determine protein-ligand surface complementarity. Second, we describe a new scheme for rapidly determining optimal weights in the DARC scoring function. Third, we incorporate sampling of ligand conformers “on-the-fly” during docking. Fourth, we move beyond simple shape complementarity and introduce a term in the scoring function to capture electrostatic complementarity. Finally, we adjust the control flow in our GPU implementation of DARC to achieve greater speedup of these calculations. At each step of this study, we evaluate the performance of DARC in a “pose recapitulation” experiment: predicting the binding mode of 25 inhibitors each solved in complex with its distinct target protein (a protein interaction site). Whereas the previous version of DARC docked only one of these inhibitors to within 2 A RMSD of its position in the crystal structure, the newer version achieves this level of accuracy for 12 of the 25 complexes, corresponding to a statistically significant performance improvement (p < 0.001). Collectively then, we find that the five enhancements described here – which together make up DARC 2.0 – lead to dramatically improved speed and performance relative to the original DARC method.
Spatial modeling for risk assessment of extreme values from environmental time series: a Bayesian nonparametric approach

We propose an approach to modeling and risk assessment for extremes of environmental processes evolving over time and recorded at a number of spatial locations. We follow an extension of the point process approach to analysis of extremes under which the times of exceedances over a given threshold are assumed to arise from a non-homogeneous Poisson process. To achieve flexible shapes and temporal heterogeneity for the intensity of extremes at any particular spatial location, we utilize a logit-normal mixture model for the corresponding Poisson process density. A spatial Dirichlet process prior for the mixing distributions completes the nonparametric spatio-temporal model formulation. We discuss methods for posterior simulation, using Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques, and develop inference for spatial interpolation of risk assessment quantities for high-level exceedances of the environmental process. The methodology is tested with a synthetic data example and is further illustrated with analysis of rainfall exceedances recorded over a period of 50 years from a region in South Africa. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mediation of Trypsin Inhibitor-Induced Pancreatic Hypersecretion by Secretin and Cholecystokinin in Rats

We investigated a hormonal mechanism in a trypsin inhibitor-induced pancreatic hypersecretion in rats. Intraduodenal administration of a synthetic trypsin inhibitor, camostat, resulted in significant increases in plasma concentration of both secretin and cholecystokinin in a dose-related manner that paralleled a significant increase in exocrine pancreatic secretion. To eliminate the effect of circulating secretin in rats, a rabbit antisecretin serum was given IV that resulted in a 77% reduction in bicarbonate secretion stimulated by intraduodenal camostat. A cholecystokinin receptor antagonist, MK-329, also inhibited significantly the camostat-induced increase in pancreatic secretion; volume and bicarbonate output were reduced by 35% each and amylase output by 73%. The combined administration of antisecretin serum and MK-329 completely abolished the pancreatic exocrine secretion stimulated by camostat. These observations indicate that the camostat-stimulated pancreatic exocrine secretion is mediated by the increased release of both secretin and cholecystokinin in rats.
Interference by Formaldehydogenic Drugs in the Quantitative Determination of Urinary Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid

The administration of methenamine mandelate (Mandelamine) to normal individuals and patients with carcinoid resulted in a marked reduction in apparent urinary hydroxyindoleacetic acid (HIAA) as determined by the quantitative nitroso-naphthol method. Mandelamine, methenamine, and formaldehyde inhibited the normal color development in vitro. The interfering reaction is dependent on an acid pH and is not reversed by raising the pH. It is suggested that formaldehyde is the active substance and the role of mandelamine and methenamine is that of a precursor of this substance in acid solution. Chloride and sulfate ions, per se, caused a definite but limited interference with the color reaction. Under the conditions of this study, mandelamine did not prevent detection of elevated urinary HIAA by the qualitative test for HIAA.
How is model selection determined in a vocal mimic?: Tests of five hypotheses

Many animal species imitate the sounds of other species, but we know little about why vocal mimics copy some species while failing to copy other species, i.e., ‘model selection’. In this observational study of free-living northern mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos), I tested five hypotheses of model selection: (1) Proximity hypothesis: preferential imitation of species found in close proximity to the vocal mimic, (2) Aggression hypothesis: preferential imitation of species with which the mimic interacts aggressively, (3) Passive sampling hypothesis: preferential imitation of species heard frequently by the mimic, (4) Acoustic similarity hypothesis: preferential imitation of species whose sounds are acoustically similar to the non-imitative songs of the vocal mimic and (5) Alarm hypothesis: preferential imitation of alarm-associated vocalisations. The data supported only the acoustic similarity hypothesis. Given that this hypothesis has been supported in two additional mimicking lineages, it suggests a potential non-adaptive explanation for the evolution of vocal mimicry. Species that learn vocalisations are already predisposed toward learning sounds with key acoustic characteristics. Whenever natural selection favours a widening of the auditory template that guides model selection, vocal imitation of heterospecifics becomes more likely because of ‘learning mistakes’.
Response of juvenile freshwater prawn, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, to different levels of a cod liver oil/corn oil mixture in a semi-purified diet

Abstract Two separate experiments were conducted to determine the level of a dietary cod liver oil/corn oil (2:1, w/w ) mixture needed for maximum weight gain of juvenile freshwater prawns, Macrobrachium rosenbergii . Seven isoenergetic and isonitrogenous purified diets with levels ranging from 0 to 12% in 2% increments were evaluated in each experiment that began with newly metamorphosed postlarvae. Diets used in the first experiment had protein and estimated digestible energy levels that were slightly higher than those used in the second experiment. After termination of both experiments, juveniles receiving the diet without the oil addition had significantly lower weight gains. Significant differences in weight gain responses to different levels of lipid were identified. Some relationships differed between experiments. Neither survival nor the time interval between molts was influenced by the level of the oil mixture. A dietary lipid level ranging from 2 to 10% under a wide range of dietary lipid:carbohydrate ratios appears to be satisfactory, indicating that juvenile freshwater prawns do not require a specific level of dietary lipid. Rather, the optimal amount of dietary lipid depends upon the amount and quality of dietary protein, the level of available dietary energy, and satisfaction of specific fatty-acid requirements.
Nonnative Fish Control and Endangered Fish Recovery: Lessons from the Colorado River

Abstract Native freshwater fish populations are declining in North America and more than 100 fishes are federally listed as threatened or endangered. The Colorado River system in the southwestern United States has been especially affected. Most of its native fish populations are in decline, including four “big river” fishes, Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius), humpback chub (Gila cypha), bonytail (G. elegans), and razorback sucker (Xyrauchen texanus), whose populations have declined so precipitously that they are endangered. Physical habitat alteration caused native fish declines, but nonnative fishes pose a more serious threat to native fishes than previously thought. Nonnative fish control measures needed in the upper Colorado River system, identified in part by a workshop of experts, include: (1) preventing movements of game fishes out of impoundments and curtailing future stockings, (2) reducing numbers of small, nonnative cyprinids in shoreline habitat used as rearing areas by young native fi...
Ultrafast relaxation in picosecond photolysis of nitrosylhemoglobin.

Abstract We report the successful observation of a picosecond transient difference spectrum in human nitrosylhemoglobin. The sample (23 °C) is excited with an ~8 ps, ~ 10 μJ pulse at 353 nm that generates a prompt transient having a two-component decay: the first is approximately exponential with τ = 17 ± 4 ps, whereas the second is much weaker with an approximate τ = 100 ps. At slightly lower temperature (4 °C), the spectrum and time dependence are essentially unchanged. In contrast to our previous observations on carboxyhemoglobin and oxyhemoglobin, we find no longlived photoproduct in nitrosylhemoglobin. We tentatively attribute the 17 ± 4 ps decay to geminate recombination. These results, in conjunction with our previous work in HbO 2 † and HbCO, show that the rate of geminate recombination for 5 ns > gt >5 ps increases through the series HbCO 2 2 ≈ HbNO and for the kinetic co-operativity ratio HbCO > HbO 2 > HbNO. A “critical onbarrier” model is presented that provides a consistent representation of these results. We suggest that spin-orbit effects could be a major contribution to the different recombination characteristics exhibited by the three ligands.
Dantrolene and azumolene inhibit [3H]PN200-110 binding to porcine skeletal muscle dihydropyridine receptors.

Abstract We tested whether the hydantoin muscle relaxants dantrolene, azumolene, or aminodantrolene could alter the binding of [3H]PN200-110 to transverse tubule dihydropyridine receptors or the binding of [3H]ryanodine to junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release channels. All three drugs inhibited [3H]PN200-110 binding with azumolene (IC50≈20 μM) 3–5 times more potent than dantrolene or aminodantrolene. In contrast, 100 μM azumolene and dantrolene produced a small inhibition of [3H]ryanodine binding (
The Incredible Elastic Brain: How Neural Stem Cells Expand Our Minds

Brain development was thought to be largely hardwired and accomplished by birth, and the brain was thought to have essentially no regenerative capacity. The remarkable discovery of adult neurogenesis and neural stem cells (NSCs) existing in the mature CNS changed that, allowing us to think optimistically about CNS repair. These discoveries helped to generate a robust field of neural progenitor cell biology, with relevance to CNS development, pathogenesis, the search for novel neurological therapies, as well as our understanding of how the brain works.
Stability of enzymes in post-mortem rat brain.

— Enzyme activities were measured in rat brains kept at room temperature for various intervals after death by decapitation. Tytosine hydroxylase, monoamine oxidase, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholinesterase show a substantial decline in activity over 14h reaching 64, 78, 60 and 58%, respectively. of the zero-time activity. DOPA decarboxylase, glutamic acid decarboxylase, lactate dehydrogenase, Na-K-ATPase and Mg-ATPase show less than a 15% decline in activity. The activities of most of the enzymes studied show little change time period when human brain specimens are likely between the 6th and 14th hour after death, the to be obtained for biochemical studies
Serum half-life and tumor localization of a chimeric antibody deleted of the CH2 domain and directed against the disialoganglioside GD2

Abstract Recombinant techniques allow one to engineer an antibody molecule and, in this way, manipulate its properties and functions. We engineered a chimeric human/mouse antibody to the tumor-associated antigen ganglioside GD2, with the aim of decreasing its serum half-life, maintaining its full antigen-binding capacity, and deleting its effector functions, thus making it a potentially useful reagent for the radioimaging of tumors. To this end, the constant region of the human gamma 1 chain was mutated by deleting the second domain (CH2). Here we show that the CH2-deleted antibody (ch14.18-delta CH2) was cleared from the blood of athymic (nu/nu) mice bearing human melanoma tumors with the same kinetics as human IgG F(ab')2. At a beta t1/2 of 12 hr, 0.9% of the injected dose of 125I-labeled ch14.18-delta CH2 was found per milliliter of blood 24 hr after i.v. injection. In biodistribution experiments, 125I-labeled ch14.18-delta CH2 targeted specifically to melanoma xenografts, achieving optimal tumor-to-tissue ratios 12-16 hr after i.v. injection. ch14.18-delta CH2 was localized to the melanoma tumors more rapidly and with better localization ratios than the intact chimeric antibody ch14.18. Sixteen hours after i.v. injection, the tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-liver ratios of ch14.18-delta CH2 were 5 and 12, respectively, while optimal localization ratios obtained for ch14.18 were 1 and 5, respectively, but 96 hr after injection. A reagent such as ch14.18-delta CH2 should be useful for radioimmunodetection of human tumors because of reduced immunogenicity, increased targeting specificity, and rapid clearance from circulation.
Blind robust watermarking of 3d motion data

The article addresses the problem of copyright protection for 3D motion-captured data by designing a robust blind watermarking mechanism. The mechanism segments motion capture data and identifies clusters of 3D points per segment. A watermark can be embedded and extracted within these clusters by using a proposed extension of 3D quantization index modulation. The watermarking scheme is blind in nature and the encoded watermarks are shown to be imperceptible, and secure. The resulting hiding capacity has bounds based on cluster size. The watermarks are shown to be robust against attacks such as uniform affine transformations (scaling, rotation, and translation), cropping, reordering, and noise addition. The time complexity for watermark embedding and extraction is estimated as O(n log n) and O(n2 log n), respectively.
Neurotoxic effects of AZT on developing and adult neurogenesis

Azidothymidine (AZT) is a synthetic, chain-terminating nucleoside analog used to treat HIV-1 infection. While AZT is not actively transported across the blood brain barrier, it does accumulate at high levels in cerebrospinal fluid, and subsequently diffuses into the overlying parenchyma. Due to the close anatomical proximity of the neurogenic niches to the ventricular system, we hypothesize that diffusion from CSF exposes neural stem/progenitor cells and their progeny to biologically relevant levels of AZT sufficient to perturb normal cell functions. We employed in vitro and in vivo models of mouse neurogenesis in order to assess the effects of AZT on developing and adult neurogenesis. Using in vitro assays we show that AZT reduces the population expansion potential of neural stem/progenitor cells by inducing senescence. Additionally, in a model of in vitro neurogenesis AZT severely attenuates neuroblast production. These effects are mirrored in vivo by clinically-relevant animal models. We show that in utero AZT exposure perturbs both population expansion and neurogenesis among neural stem/progenitor cells. Additionally, a short-term AZT regimen in adult mice suppresses subependymal zone neurogenesis. These data reveal novel negative effects of AZT on neural stem cell biology. Given that the sequelae of HIV infection often include neurologic deficits –subsumed under AIDS Dementia Complex (Brew, 1999) - it is important to determine to what extent AZT negatively affects neurological function in ways that contribute to, or exacerbate, ADC in order to avoid attributing iatrogenic drug effects to the underlying disease process, and thereby skewing the risk/benefit analysis of AZT therapy.
Nonlinear Scaling of Surface Water Diffusion with Bulk Water Viscosity of Crowded Solutions

The translational hydration dynamics within 0.5–1.5 nm of the surface of a DPPC liposome, a model biomacromolecular surface, is analyzed by the recently developed Overhauser dynamic nuclear polarization (ODNP) technique. We find that dramatic changes to the bulk solvent cause only weak changes in the surface hydration dynamics. Specifically, both a >10-fold increase in bulk viscosity and the restriction of diffusion by confinement on a multiple nm length-scale change the local translational diffusion coefficient of the surface water surrounding the lipid bilayer by <2.5-fold. By contrast, previous ODNP studies have shown that changes to the biomacromolecular surface induced by folding, binding, or aggregation can cause local hydration dynamics to vary by factors of up to 30.(1, 2) We suggest that the surface topology and chemistry at the ≤1.5 nm scale, rather than the characteristics of the solvent, nearly exclusively determine the macromolecule’s surface hydration dynamics.
In-Rich Surface Growth on P-Rich InP(001) (2 × 1) Surface: Structural and Mechanistic Study

Metal−organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) is a widely used method for the growth of compound semiconductor surfaces using gas-phase precursors. In this work, we have used density functional calculations and cluster models to investigate the growth of the In-rich indium phosphide surface resulting from the chemical reaction of InH3 with the P-rich (2 × 1) surface. In particular, the thermodynamics and kinetics of the individual steps involved in the growth are considered thoroughly. The highest barrier corresponds to the initial reaction involving InH3 dissociation on the phosphorus dimer. The detailed mechanisms as well as the energetics of the different steps are discussed.
Native state energetics of the Src SH2 domain: Evidence for a partially structured state in the denatured ensemble

We have defined the free-energy profile of the Src SH2 domain using a variety of biophysical techniques. Equilibrium and kinetic experiments monitored by tryptophan fluorescence show that Src SH2 is quite stable and folds rapidly by a two-state mechanism, without populating any intermediates. Native state hydrogen–deuterium exchange confirms this two-state behavior; we detect no cooperative partially unfolded forms in equilibrium with the native conformation under any conditions. Interestingly, the apparent stability of the protein from hydrogen exchange is 2 kcal/mol greater than the stability determined by both equilibrium and kinetic studies followed by fluorescence. Native-state proteolysis demonstrates that this “super protection” does not result from a deviation from the linear extrapolation model used to fit the fluorescence data. Instead, it likely arises from a notable compaction in the unfolded state under native conditions, resulting in an ensemble of conformations with substantial solvent exposure of side chains and flexible regions sensitive to proteolysis, but backbone amides that exchange with solvent ∼30-fold slower than would be expected for a random coil. The apparently simple behavior of Src SH2 in traditional unfolding studies masks the significant complexity present in the denatured-state ensemble.
Laboratory Evaluation of Malathion as a Protectant for Natural Raisins

Malathion protected natural raisins from 3 species of stored-product insects, the Indian-meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hubner); the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.); and the merchant grain beetle, O. mercator (Fauvel). A 4th species, a dermestid beetle, Trogoderma inclusum Leconte, was not controlled by the malathion deposits on the raisins, except in a high dust treatment with residues above 12 ppm. The protection lasted for 12 months against all the species in adult, larval, and egg stages except against the mature larvae of the Indian-meal moth.
Marrow Scanning in Evaluation of Hemopoiesis After Radiotherapy

Focal ablation of erythropoiesis in the bone marrows of five patients who had received radiotherapy for malignant lymphoma was demonstrated by erythropoietic marrow scanning with radioactive iron ( 59 Fe). Concomitant clinical, morphologic, and ferrokinetic studies confirmed the findings obtained from whole-body linear profiles and erythropoietic marrow scans. These techniques permitted distinction between focal and generalized hemopoietic insufficiency and should prove useful in evaluating the distribution and function of erythropoietic tissue. Results of these preliminary studies suggest that doses of irradiation commonly employed in the initial treatment of malignant lymphoma may prevent repopulation of bone marrow in radiated areas for at least one to three years. Compensatory hyperplasia of hemopoietic tissue occurred in the ribs and axial skeleton of several adult patients.
Detecting impact damage in experimental composite structures: an information-theoretic approach

This work describes a procedure for detecting the presence of damage-induced nonlinearities in composite structures using only the structure's vibrational response. Damage is assumed to change the coupling between different locations on the structure from linear to nonlinear. Utilizing concepts from the field of information theory, we are able to deduce the form of the underlying structural model (linear/nonlinear), and hence detect the presence of the damage. Because information theoretics are model independent they may be used to capture both linear and nonlinear dynamical relationships. We describe two such metrics, the time delayed mutual information and time delayed transfer entropy, and show how they may be computed from time series data. We make use of surrogate data techniques in order to place the question of damage in a hypothesis testing framework. Specifically, we construct surrogate data sets from the original that preserve only the linear relationships among the data. We then compute the mutual information and the transfer entropy on both the original and surrogate data and quantify the discrepancy in the results as a measure of nonlinearity in the structure. Thus, we do not require the explicit measurement of a baseline data set. The approach is demonstrated to be effective in diagnosing the presence of impact damage in a thick composite sandwich plate. We also show how the approach can be used to detect impact damage in a composite UAV wing subject to ambient gust loading.
Modeling thermal conductivity of thermal spray coatings: comparing predictions to experiments

Thermal conductivity plays a critical role in the thermal transport of thermal-sprayed coatings. In this article, a combined image analysis and finite-element method approach is developed to assess thermal conductivity from high-resolution scanning electron microscopy images of the coating microstructure. Images are analyzed with a collection of image-processing algorithms to reveal the microscopic coating morphology. The processed digital image is used to generate a two-dimensional finite-element mesh in which pores, cracks, and the bulk coating material are identified. The effective thermal conductivity is then simulated using a commercial finite-element code. Results are presented for three coating material systems [yttriastabilized zirconia (YSZ), molybdenum, and NiAl], and the results are found to be in good agreement with the experimental values obtained using the laser flash method. The YSZ coatings are also annealed, and the analysis procedure was repeated to determine whether the technique can accurately assess changes in coating morphology.
MANAGEMENT OF SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR IN THE ELDERLY

Suicidal behavior in older people is more often lethal than in any other age group. Social isolation, losses and physical illness, a past history of suicide attempts, and psychiatric illness are risk factors with implications for prevention of late life suicide. Preliminary indications are that community outreach to elders at risk and educational programs for primary care providers on the identification and treatment of late life depression are effective at lowering suicide rates.
BAYESIAN SINGLE-LEVEL BINOMIAL AND EXPONENTIAL RELIABILITY DEMONSTRATION TEST PLANS

Bayesian reliability demonstration test plans are developed for binomial and exponential sampling distributions using mixtures of beta and inverse gamma prior distributions, respectively. Both types of plans consider a single specified target reliability and rectify an important drawback of an existing well-known classical single-level test planning procedure. The plans are developed in such a way that they attain a specified probability of passing the test when the target reliability has been met as well as provide desired confidence that the target reliability has been met given that the test has been passed.
NATIVE LANGUAGE, ENGLISH PROFICIENCY, AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE TEST OF ENGLISH AS A FOREIGN LANGUAGE

Responses on the TOEFL© test may reflect both the influence of the examinees' native language and their level of English proficiency. The aim of this study was to appraise the effect of these examinee variables on the structure of the test. The interrelations among TOEFL items, using all of the information provided by the various responses to the items (the four alternatives, omitted, and not reached), were analyzed by three-way multidimensional scaling for samples of examinees systematically varying in native language and level of English proficiency. Four dimensions were identified: three corresponded to the sections of the test, and the fourth was an end-of-test phenomenon. The dimensions were predominantly defined by easy items and were most salient for low-scoring examinees. The salience of the dimensions did not differ for the various language groups, except for the end-of-test dimension. Major conclusions were that the TOEFL's construct validity is supported, the test's interpretation varies with the examinees' English proficiency, easy and difficult items differ in their potential for diagnosis and global screening, and the dimensionality of the TOEFL and of competence in English depend on the examinees' English proficiency.
Room temperature flow and fracture of Fe-40at.%Al alloys

Abstract The room temperature tensile behavior of Fe-40at.%Al alloys was investigated. Extrusion of both prealloyed powders and castings was performed to produce a wide range of grain sizes for characterization of mechanical properties. In addition, directionally solidified single crystals were also studied. It was found that the influence of processing variables such as extrusion temperature or the form of the starting material (powder vs. cast ingot) on mechanical properties could be explained primarily by their effects on grain size. Grain refinement improved both ductility and strength, whereas rapid quenching after annealing resulted in increases in yield strength and decreases in ductility. The effects of quenching were explained by the evidence of large numbers of quenched-in vacancies. In the binary alloy, fracture was primarily intergranular irrespective of cooling rate, while alloys containing boron or Zr+B failed transgranularly and maintained their ductility in the rapidly quenched condition. Single crystals oriented in the [100] direction showed evidence of slip behavior yet did not exhibit significant tensile ductility. This lack of ductility was attributed to an early onset of cleavage failure.
The Machine in the Garden: Computers and Literary Scholarship, 1970'

processing is now a decade old. Judging from the level of activity reported in the four or five periodicals devoted to the field, it is a thriving enterprise. But most literary scholars have yet to taste the forbidden fruit, and some that have, have returned to their gardens of blissful ignorance. Meanwhile, the exiles, toiling in their vineyards, slowly increase in number. Some produce the vin ordinaire, concordances, indices, collations. Very often, their products turn out to be the best buy. Others produce a vin supbrieur, a study of style, of authorship, of poetics, or perhaps a content analysis. Too often, their products deliver less than they claim. And what of the promised land, where all texts are optically scanned and the machine pours out in succession a variorum edition, a concordance, and all the textual, linguistic, rhetorical and semantic analyses necessary for a divine, and divining, literary critique? The workers in the vineyards are not leaning on their hoes, waiting for this to take place. They know that genuine progress is seldom rapid, that even in long established fields the good work is always in the minority. They may also suspect that their most valuable contribution lies not so much in their own work as in the way they train their graduate students. But more of that later. I shall not attempt a detailed report on the year's work. That would take too much space, and the pages of this journal stand themselves as the best such guide. This article will be confined to an assessment of the state of the art, or rather, the state of the toil. It has often been noted that in producing concordances, computers have their finest hour. The Cornell series stands as an example of what knowledgeable people can accomplish with hard work. Most of them are, however, printed entirely in upper case, which is no longer a necessary abomination. In this day of upper and lower case print chains and remote typewriter terminals, there is little excuse for a thoroughly bad concor
Design and construction of an ultraprecision 84 inch diamond turning machine

Abstract Lawrence Livermore Laboratory are currently designing and constructing a diamond turning machine which, when completed in 5 years time, will be the world's most accurate lathe. It will handle components up to 84 in (2.1 m) in diameter and weighing up to 10 000 lbs (4500 Kg).
Crystal plasticity and the delamination theory of wear

Abstract Some implications of crystal plasticity effects with respect to the delamination theory of wear are discussed. Critical experiments to clarify the soft versus hard surface question, of interest with respect both to wear and to deformation in general, are suggested. A specific dislocation model for hexagonal close-packed (h.c.p.) metals under wear conditions is proposed and a correlation with stacking fault energy for face-centred cubic (f.c.c.) and h.c.p. metals is discussed.
Inhibition of tubulin polymerization with ribose-modified analogs of GDP and GTP: reduced inhibition with microtubule-associated proteins and magnesium

Abstract Inhibitory effects of ribose-modified GDP and GTP analogs on tubulin polymerization were examined to explore nucleotide structural requirements at the exchangeable GTP binding site. With microtubule-associated proteins and Mg2+, GTP-supported polymerization was only modestly inhibited by GDP, and still weaker inhibitory activity was found with two analogs, dGDP and 9-β- D -arabinofuranosylguanine-5′-diphosphate (araGDP). Omission of Mg2+ significantly enhanced the inhibitory effects of GDP, dGDP and araGDP and resulted in weak inhibition of the reaction by several other GDP analogs. The relative inhibitory activity of the GDP analogs had no discernable relationship to the relative activity of cognate GTP analogs in supporting microtubule-associated protein-dependent polymerization. One GTP analog, 2′,3′-dideoxyguanosine 5′-triphosphate (ddGTP), supports polymerization both with and without microtubule-associated proteins. The inhibitory activity of GDP and GDP analogs in ddGTP-supported polymerization was much greater in the absence of microtubule-associated proteins than in their presence; and both reactions were more readily inhibited than was microtubule-associated protein-dependent, GTP-supported polymerization. Microtubule-associated protein-independent, ddGTP-supported polymerization was also potently inhibited by GTP and a number of GTP analogs. GTP was in fact twice as inhibitory as GDP. The relative inhibitory activity of the GTP analogs was comparable to the relative inhibitory activity of the cognate GDP analogs and very different from their relative activity in supporting polymerization.
Skill retention following proficiency-based laparoscopic simulator training.

Background Proficiency-based curricula using both virtual reality (VR) and videotrainer (VT) simulators have proven to be efficient and maximally effective, but little is known about the retention of acquired skills. The purpose of this study was to assess skill retention after completion of a validated laparoscopic skills curriculum. Methods Surgery residents (n = 14) with no previous VR or VT experience were enrolled in an Institutional Review Board–approved protocol and sequentially practiced 12 Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer-VR and 5 VT tasks until proficiency levels were achieved. One VR (manipulate diathermy) and 1 VT (bean drop) tasks were selected for assessment at baseline, after training completion (posttest), and at retention. Results All residents completed the curriculum. Posttest assessment occurred at 13.2 ± 11.8 days and retention assessment at 7.0 ± 4.0 months. After an early performance decrement at posttest (17%-45%), the acquired skill was maintained up to the end of the follow-up period. For VR, scores were 81.5 ± 23.5 at baseline, 33.3 ± 1.8 at proficiency, 48.4 ± 9.2 at posttest, and 48.4 ± 11.8 at retention. For VT, scores were 49.4 ± 12.5 at baseline, 22.0 ± 1.4 at proficiency, 25.6 ± 3.6 at posttest, and 26.4 ± 4.2 at retention. Skill retention was better for VT, compared with VR (P < .02). The extent of skill deterioration did not correlate with training duration or resident level. Conclusions Although residents do not retain all acquired skills (more so for VR than for VT) according to simulator assessment, proficiency-based training on simulators results in durable skills. Additional studies are warranted to further optimize curriculum design, investigate simulator differences, and establish training methods that improve skill retention.
Holocene Mollusk Distribution Patterns in Northern Gulf of Alaska: ABSTRACT

Three recurring mollusk association types are defined in the northern Gulf of Alaska: (1) the shallow-water Yoldia-Siliqua-Lyonsia sand association; (2) the shallow to intermediate depth Cyclocardia-boreal turrid mud association (with a typical phase developing in offshore muds and a Clinocardium-Nitidella nearshore mud phase developing in Yakutat and Icy Bays); and (3) the deep-water Cadulus-thin shelled protobranch mud association. Associations are defined from 148 bottom samples containing 113 species. Substrate exerts a strong influence on shallow-water species composition. An unidentified depth-related factor, independent of substrate type, influences both species composition and taxonomic structure. Dramatic changes in taxonomic structure that occur with depth on fine-grained glacial marine sediments in the Gulf of Alaska provide a model for paleobathymetric interpretation of high latitude late Cenozoic fossil mollusk faunas. The major structural shifts include: decrease in the proportion of heterodont, suspension-feeding bivalves; increase in the proportion of thin-shelled, deposit-feeding protobranch bivalves; and increase in the proportion of carnivorous neogastropods, particularly small-shelled, toxoglossate turrids. The most abrupt and most readily recognized faunal break occurs at 200 m, separating the typical Cyclocardia-boread turrid mud association from the Cadulus-thin shelled protobranch mud association. Although the two associations have species in common, many species drop out as the 200-m isobath is approached and others appear at or not far below it. More precise definition of this faunal break should be explored because of its potential application in paleoecologic analysis. End_of_Article - Last_Page 444------------
The search for complex disease genes: fault by linkage or fault by association?

With the human DNA sequence nearing completion, the search for complex disease genes is gaining momentum, as is the debate over gene-finding strategies. This overview contrasts two pivotal methods: linkage analysis and association mapping. Linkage analysis has been used successfully to identify the genes underlying rare mendelian disorders. It has also played a role in attempts to map genes for common non-mendelian (also known as ‘complex’ or ‘multifactorial’) diseases such as psychiatric disorders. However, despite extensive efforts progress has been slow, marred by inconsistent or ambiguous results. Uncertainties about the utility of the linkage approach for complex genetic traits has spurred interest in association studies with candidate genes, as an alternate strategy. Recently, with the advent of new molecular tools, in particular high-density, single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) maps, it has been argued that, while linkage analysis may retain some role, genome-wide association studies with SNPs offer a superior strategy for unraveling genetic complexity. In this paper I review these issues, stressing the pros and cons of the various strategies. I propose that: (1) the uncertainties in association studies may have been underestimated; (2) neither method is sufficient or optimal; and (3) a joint linkage and association approach, together with genomic, statistical and computational advances, may have greater promise for understanding the genetic underpinnings of complex disorders in the new millennium.
Identification of three distinct papillomavirus genomes in a single patient with epidermodysplasia verruciformis

Benign papillomas from a patient with a family history of epidermodysplasia verruciformis were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA. Employing stringent hybridization conditions that allow identification of a single type of HPV and radioactively labeled HPV-5 DNA as a probe, we have detected HPV DNA exhibiting sequence homology to HPV-5 in these tumors. Restriction endonuclease analysis of this HPV DNA confirmed its identity as HPV type 5. However, when hybridization was performed under less stringent conditions that allow all of the known types of HPV to react with the radioactively labeled HPV-5 DNA probe, two additional species of HPV DNA unrelated to HPV-5 were identified. As these two HPV types do not hybridize with HPV 1, 2, 3, or 4 under stringent conditions, they appear unique and have, as yet, not been reported to be associated with patients exhibiting epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Thus we have observed three distinct HPV species in benign papillomas from a single patient. These observations have important implications when attempting to correlate the type of HPV present in the various wart disease syndromes that have been described to date and further suggest that extreme care must be taken when analyzing carcinomas, occupying similar anatomic sites and suspected to have arisen from papillomas, for HPV species.
Income level, gender, ethnicity, and household composition as predictors of children's peer companionship outside of school

Abstract Companionship among peers, though widely believed to have salutary effects on children's development, has received relatively little research attention. In a large, heterogeneous sample of elementary school children, we studied the role of family income level, ethnicity, household composition, and gender as predictors of the extent of same-aged peer companionship in activities outside of the classroom. Results revealed that children from low-income homes experienced less peer companionship overall, and were isolated from peers in more out-of-school activities than were children from middle-income homes. The results suggest that, relative to their more affluent classmates, children growing up in low-income homes had less companionship from same-aged peers outside of their school classrooms.
Bloom's syndrome and EM9 cells in BrdU-containing medium exhibit similarly elevated frequencies of sister chromatid exchange but dissimilar amounts of cellular proliferation and chromosome disruption

Bloom's syndrome (BS) and EM9 cells both display elevated frequencies of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) following growth for two rounds of DNA replication in bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)-containing medium. To learn whether hyperresponsiveness to BrdU itself might play a role in causing the SCE elevation, the effects of BrdU on two other parameters, cellular proliferation and chromosome disruption, were examined, comparing the responses of BS and normal lymphoblastoid cells and of EM9 and CHO cells. BS and normal cells responded similarly with respect to growth for 4 days in BrdU-containing medium (0, 1, 3, and 5 micrograms/ml). Chromosome aberrations were increased only slightly in the BS and normal cells after 2 days in BrdU. CHO cells responded to growth in BrdU-containing medium like BS and normal cells; however, little growth of EM9 was detected at any of the BrdU concentrations employed. CHO and EM9 cells also exhibited strikingly different amounts of chromosome damage following growth in BrdU. After 2 days in 1, 3, and 5 micrograms/ml BrdU 21%, 46%, and 50%, respectively, of the CHO cells had chromosome aberrations in contrast to 92%, 96%, and 98% of the EM9 cells. Most of the aberrations in the BrdU-treated CHO cells consisted of what appeared to be polycentric and ring chromosomes or chromosomes exhibiting telemere association. Acentric fragments were absent from most cells with polycentric and ring chromosomes, indicating either that the abnormal chromosomes were formed during an earlier cell cycle or that the abnormal chromosomes represent a form of association in which the telomeres are apposed so tightly that the juncture between chromosomes cannot be identified microscopically.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Giant Metal−Cyanide Coordination Clusters: Tetracapped Edge-Bridged Cubic Cr12Ni12(CN)48 and Double Face-Centered Cubic Cr14Ni13(CN)48 Species

The crystal structures of two new metal−cyanide clusters with record high nuclearities are reported. A direct assembly reaction involving [(Me3tacn)Cr(CN)3] (Me3tacn = N,N‘,N‘‘-trimethyl-1,4,7-triazacyclononane), NiI2, and KCN in aqueous solution affords [(Me3tacn)12Cr12Ni12(CN)48]12+. The structure of this 24-metal cluster features a cube of eight CrIII centers linked along the edges by 12 trans-coordinated [Ni(CN)4]2- units, and capped on four faces by [(Me3tacn)Cr]3+ moieties. Its metal−cyanide cage encloses a 900 A3 cavity that is accessible through the two noncapped cube faces. A still larger cluster, [(Me3tacn)14Cr14Ni13(CN)48]20+, was obtained from a related reaction excluding the addition of KCN. This 27-metal species possesses a highly anisotropic geometry in which two face-centered cubic units are fused through a common NiII vertex.