cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Writing by Caste, Counting the Past: Alphabetic Literacy and Age Consciousness in the Colonial Pátzcuaro Region, 1680-1750

In June of 1739, what might have proven to be a festive early-summer afternoon celebrating the fiesta of Corpus Christi in Patzcuaro (Mexico), instantaneously veered toward deadly combat when a fight broke out in the streets near a commonly used well in the San Augustin neighborhood, close by where the Corpus procession passed. The turn to violence occurred when two groups of men settled an apparently petty dispute with physical measures that ultimately claimed one participant's life. Two Indian nobles, don Juan de Vargas and his nephew, Santiago Valerio, and a Spaniard, Joseph Ruiz (alias Alvarez), composed one party. Two coyotes, Augustin Calvillo and Matias Martinez Serrillo, and a mulatto, Juan Joseph de los Santos, made up the other. The men knew one and other prior to the argument, though it is impossible to glean from the criminal record of the event whether any festering rivalry played into the dispute. Available evidence suggests that Vargas' refusal to accept a sip of charape (a type of pulque) from Ruiz triggered the incident. This rebuff represented an affront that drew Calvillo, Martinez, and Santos into the fray, siding against the native nobles. In the ensuing upheaval, Valerio sustained a fatal stomach wound.
Development of discontinuous Galerkin methods for Maxwell's equations in metamaterials and perfectly matched layers

The discontinuous Galerkin method has proved to be an accurate and efficient way to numerically solve many differential equations. In this paper, we extend this method to solve the time-dependent Maxwell's equations when metamaterials and perfectly matched layers are involved. Numerical results are presented to demonstrate that our method is not only simple to implement, but also quite effective in solving Maxwell's equations in complex media.
Steroid receptors in health and disease An Oakland University-Serono Symposia, USA Conference, September 20–23, 1987, Meadow Brook Hall, Rochester. MI 48309-9908, USA

Steroid hormones are widely known to influence expression of the hormone-responsive genes in target cells. The action of steroid hormones is known to be mediated by their initial binding to specific ‘receptor’ proteins. The exact sequence of events, which follow hormone binding and lead to a cellular response, has remained unclear. This timely meeting has provided a forum for discussion of the recent advances in the field, which explore the structure and function of steroid receptors in health and disease.
Sketching in 3D

Of the numerous changes to the implements for creating 2D images and 3D models, one of the most radical has been the recent adoption of WIMP interfaces. Ironically, there is good reason to believe that WIMP interaction for 3D modeling is actually inferior to the real-world interfaces (pencils, large sheets of paper, clay, paint palettes) that it supplants. In fact, WIMP interaction's principal benefit is its straightforward integration with computer 3D model representations which have many advantages including ease of transformation, archival, replication and distribution.Instead of interpreting user compliance as an affirmation of WIMP interaction, we explore the dichotomy of how easy it is to depict a 3D object with just a pencil and paper, and how hard it is to model the same object using a multithousand dollar workstation. Our challenge is to blend the essence of pencil sketching interfaces with the power of computer model representations.This paper presents an overview of ongoing research in "sketch-like" 3D modeling user interfaces. The objective of this research is to design interfaces that match human ergonomics, exploit prelearned skills, foster new skills and support the transition from novice to skilled expert. Thus pencil sketching is an interaction ideal, supporting users ranging from children to adults, and from doodlers to artists. Perhaps the best testament to the effectiveness of the pencil and paper interface is that very few people even consider it a user interface.
Bayesian Active Learning for Drug Combinations

The dynamics of complex diseases are governed by intricate interactions of myriad factors. Drug combinations, formed by mixing several single-drug treatments at various doses, can enhance the effectiveness of the therapy by targeting multiple contributing factors. The main challenge in designing drug combinations is the highly nonlinear interaction of the constituent drugs. Prior work focused on guided space-exploratory heuristics that require discretization of drug doses. While being more efficient than random sampling, these methods are impractical if the drug space is high dimensional or if the drug sensitivity is unknown. Furthermore, the effectiveness of the obtained combinations may decrease if the resolution of the discretization grid is not sufficiently fine. In this paper, we model the biological system response to a continuous combination of drug doses by a Gaussian process (GP). We perform closed-loop experiments that rely on the expected improvement criterion to efficiently guide the exploration process toward drug combinations with the optimal response. When computing the criterion, we marginalize out the GP hyperparameters in a fully Bayesian manner using a particle filter. Finally, we employ a hybrid Monte Carlo algorithm to rapidly explore the high-dimensional continuous search space. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach on a fully factorial Drosophila dataset, an antiviral drug dataset for Herpes simplex virus type 1, and simulated human Apoptosis networks. The results show that our approach significantly reduces the number of required trials compared to existing methods.
Magnetic and Charge Fluctuations in High-Tc Superconductors

Neutron scattering has been used to study the spin fluctuations in the YBa2Cu3O7−δ and Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8 materials. Evidence is found for both incommensurate fluctuations and a commensurate resonance excitation. Measurements on the lattice dynamics for YBa2Cu3O6.6 show incommensurate structure that appears to stem from charge fluctuations that are associated with the spin fluctuations.
Neuroticism and Longitudinal Change in Caregiver Depression: Impact of a Spouse-Caregiver Intervention Program

Purpose: We examined the impact of caregiverneuroticism on longitudinal change in depressionamong spouse-caregivers of individuals with Alz-heimer’s disease receiving either enhanced psycho-social treatment or usual care. We were interested inwhether high levels of caregiver neuroticism wouldlead to a diminished response to the enhancedtreatment and whether neuroticism affected thelongitudinalcourseofcaregiverdepressionregardlessof intervention. Design and Methods: We analyzeddata from the NYU Spouse-Caregiver InterventionStudy, which randomly assigned caregivers either toan enhanced treatment group that received a compre-hensive intervention with counseling, support, andconsultation, or to a usual-care control group. Thepresent study analyzed data from 320 caregivers,160 in each group, who completed the NEOquestionnaire. We used random-effects growth curvemodelingtoexaminechangesindepressionintheﬁrstyear after intake, examining possible effects ofneuroticism on the course of caregiver depressionandonresponsetointervention. Results: Caregivershigh in neuroticism showed a worse longitudinalcourse of depression compared with those low inneuroticism in both the enhanced treatment and usual-care groups after we adjusted for baseline depressionas a covariate. Caregivers showed beneﬁts from theenhanced treatment compared with usual care, re-gardless of neuroticism score. However, caregiverslow in neuroticism responded to treatment withdeclining levels of depression, whereas caregivershigh in neuroticism maintained their baseline level ofdepression. Implications: Caregiver neuroticism isa risk factor for increased caregiver depression overtime. High neuroticism does not preclude successfulcaregiver intervention with a highly individualizedintervention like ours, but expectations of outcomeshould be different than for caregivers low inneuroticism. Future studies should investigate therelationship between neuroticism and response toless individualized interventions and the impact ofother personality characteristics on response totreatment.Key Words: Caregiver intervention, Neuroticism,Depression, Alzheimer’s disease
Estimating required habitat size for fish conservation in streams

1. A procedure is described to estimate viable population size and the area of habitat needed to support an endangered stream fish population. Monte Carlo simulations were used to evaluate population fates with stochastic demography and random variation simulated to cause age class 0 failures in some years. Viable population was defined in this paper to be large enough to have less than a 10% chance of extinction in 100 years and to have a long-term effective size of at least 500 breeding adults, although the method could be applied for any assumed extinction rate and effective size. 2. Using data for Rio Grande cutthroat trout (Oncorhynchus clarkii virginalis) in an age class model, it was inferred from simulations that minimum viable population size was 2750 fish, which would require 2.2 ha of habitat at median density of the subspecies in New Mexico streams. 3. Minimum viable population size occurred at the highest survival rate of young of year and no population-wide year class failures. Viable population size, and hence required habitat size, increased as the failure rate for age class 0 increased or when the survival rate from age 0 to 1 declined. This suggested that managers should avoid managing for smallest possible viable population size and instead plan for much larger population sizes to accommodate temporal variation in demography and habitat quality. 4. Decreased survival rate of young of year caused the stable age class distribution to be skewed toward the age class 0, which profoundly reduced effective population size. This suggested that habitat restoration that improves survival of young of year would be a good strategy to increase effective size over the long term. 5. Estimating required habitat size could improve introductions of fish to create new populations. Although requiring time-consuming simulations, the procedure can be used to estimate required habitat size for any species for which population and demographic data are available. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnostic value of left ventricular outflow area in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy: a real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic study.

Background Earlier studies demonstrated the ability of real-time 3-dimensional (3D) echocardiography (3DE) to measure left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) area (A LVOT ) in patients with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). However, its clinical value is unknown. Objective We sought to investigate the feasibility and accuracy of real-time 3DE-derived A LVOT to diagnose significant LVOT obstruction in a large number of patients with HCM. Methods A total of 162 patients with HCM had 3DE by using a volumetric system. The smallest A LVOT during systole was determined by moving a 2-dimensional plane in 3D space. The pressure gradient across LVOT was assessed by continuous wave Doppler method. Provocation was performed in patients without significant LVOT obstruction (pressure gradient across LVOT Results Twenty (12%) patients with poor image quality of 3DE were excluded; 16 (28%) patients with a volumetric system, but only 4 (4%) patients with commercial equipment ( P LVOT inversely correlated with pressure gradient across LVOT both at rest ( r = 0.82, P r = 0.60, P LVOT less than 0.85 cm 2 and less than 2.0 cm 2 predicted resting and provokable LVOT obstruction with sensitivity of 87% and 81%, and specificity of 77% and 90%, respectively. Conclusions Real-time 3DE measurement of A LVOT was successful in diagnosing and quantifying LVOT obstruction at rest and after provocation in a large number of patients with HCM.
Web-site selection strategies of linyphiid spiders in alfalfa: implications for biological control

Site-specific foraging can enhance the ability of generalist predators to provide effective and sustainable levels of pest control in agroecosystems. This can result from increased growth rates, higher population densities, and improved capture frequencies of pests at high prey density microsites. We tested the hypothesis that linyphiid spiders would exhibit microhabitat-specific web-site selection strategies in alfalfa. This was predicted to result in high prey densities at web-sites compared to paired non-web-sites through direct, or indirect, selection of prey-rich habitats. A total of 22,242 potential prey items were collected from mini-sticky traps located at 896 microsites. Web-centered mini-sticky traps on the ground, representative of Erigone autumnalis Emerton (Araneae: Linyphiidae) webs, captured similar numbers of potential prey as paired non-web-centered traps nearby. However, aerial sticky traps at web-sites of Bathyphantes pallidus (Banks) (Araneae: Linyphiidae) contained significantly more Diptera and Empoasca fabae (Harris) (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) than paired non-web-centered sticky-traps. Prey activity-densities also varied between web-sites of E. autumnalis and B. pallidus. Diptera were dominant at aerial microsites of B. pallidus whilst Collembola were abundant on ground-based traps of E. autumnalis. These results suggest that in alfalfa, the pressure for selecting prey-rich web-sites by erigonine spiders is low, but B. pallidus exhibits a selective web-location strategy targeted towards high quality dipteran prey. These sites also captured large numbers of E. fabae, a major pest of alfalfa, thus implicating aerial-based linyphiines as valuable predators in biological control.
Fatty Acid Modulation of Epidermal Growth Factor-Induced Mouse Mammary Epithelial Cell Proliferation in Vitro

Abstract Mammary epithelial cells were isolated from mid-pregnant BALB/c mice, grown in primary culture within collagen gels, and maintained with serum-free medium containing 10 ng/ml epidermal growth factor (EGF) as the mitogen. Supplementation of culture medium with the saturated fatty acid, Na-stearate (18:0), significantly attenuated, whereas treatment with the unsaturated fatty acid, Na-arachidonate (20:4), significantly enhanced mammary epithelial cell proliferation, as compared to untreated controls. Treatment with various doses of either 18:0 or 20:4 was also found to result in a direct dose-dependent enrichment of mammary epithelial cell membrane fatty acid composition and a concurrent decrease in the relative levels of other membrane fatty acids, as determined by gas chromatography. Administration of the prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor, indomethacin, significantly inhibited EGF-induced cell growth in all treatment groups, but did not alter the relative inhibitory (18:0) or stimulatory (20:4) effects of fatty acid treatment. EGF-induced PKC translocation into the membrane fraction of mammary epithelial cells was enhanced in 20:4 and attenuated in 18:0 treatment groups, as compared to controls. Western blot analysis of phospholipid-dependent protein kinase C isoenzymes showed that PKCα was the predominant isoenzyme present in mouse mammary epithelial cells grown in primary culture, and the molecular weight of this PKC isoenzyme was determined to be 85 kDa. These results suggest that supplementation of culture media with specific fatty acids is associated with significant alterations in mammary epithelial cell membrane fatty acid composition, PKC activation, and mitogenic responsiveness. Since EGF can induce both PKC activation and cell proliferation, and because PKC activation requires membrane-derived phospholipids and diacylglycerol, these data suggest that specific fatty acid modulation of mammary epithelial cell mitogenesis is mediated through alterations in PKCα activation.
Sahlman-Karlsson, Siiri. Specimens of American Finnish. A Field Study of Linguistic Behavior

Jen unu el la malmultaj studoj pri la finna lingvo en Usono, verkita de autorino kies unua studo pri la temo aperis jam en 1949. Si esploris la finnlingvajn komunumojn de la orienta kaj mez-okcidenta Usono dum tri jardekoj, kun interrompoj, kaj bedaurinde, sen sonbendaparato, manko kiu cefe sentigas en la fonologia parto. Do sia metodo ne estis tiel science rigora kiel tiu de la samfakulo Virtaranta, kies studoj tamen nur nun ekaperas.La stilo estas neformala, verkita por europa leganto sen profunda scio pri Usono. La recenzanto trovas interesa la komparon inter la fresdata materialo kolektita de Sahlman-Karlsson, kaj la uson-finna lingvo de sia propra juneco, en nord-okcidenta Usono inter la du Mondmilitoj. Ekde tiam fortege kreskis la usona influo. Multaj nunaj formoj montras nivelon de angligo, kiu estus nepensebla en la antaumilitaj jaroj, cu kiel vortoj, cu kiel esprimoj au fonologiaj formoj. Oni povas kontrastigi ilin multnombre.La fonologia capitro cefe pritraktas la finnan influon sur la angla, pli ol inverse. La intonacio persistas, kie la cetera finna influo velkas.Dum Virtaranta taksas la uson-finnan esti variajo de la finna, Sahlman-Karlsson preskau nornas gin alia lingvo, 'finnangla' ('Finglish'), sed ne vere pruvas tian aserton. Si prave notas, ke la dua generacio regajnas la fieron pri sia finneco, kontraste kun la unua generacio de enmigrintoj. Tio estas tipa fenomeno ce la usonaj etnaj grupoj.Si tamen ne bone konas la usonan edukadon, se si ne konscias ke, unuflanke, dum la Unua Mondmilito en kelkaj statoj oni perforte provis sufoki la fremdajn lingvojn, sed, aliflanke, hodiau ekfloras stata dulingva edukado.La uson-finna estas mortanta lingvo. La enmigrado ne helpos gin, car la novaj enmigrantoj jam iome lernis la anglan en la lernejo, kaj ne bezonas miksitan helplingvon. Pro tiu formorto, urge necesas pliaj sciencaj studoj, aparte pri tiuj aspektoj, ne traktitaj en la nuna studo, kiel la vortordo kaj la lingvaj sintenoj, ekzemple rilate lingvo-elekton en diversaj situacioj. Eble la autorino mem verkos tiajn.
Biased Multicomponent Reactions to Develop Novel Bromodomain Inhibitors

BET bromodomain inhibition has contributed new insights into gene regulation and emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy in cancer. Structural analogy of early methyl-triazolo BET inhibitors has prompted a need for structurally dissimilar ligands as probes of bromodomain function. Using fluorous-tagged multicomponent reactions, we developed a focused chemical library of bromodomain inhibitors around a 3,5-dimethylisoxazole biasing element with micromolar biochemical IC50. Iterative synthesis and biochemical assessment allowed optimization of novel BET bromodomain inhibitors based on an imidazo[1,2-a]pyrazine scaffold. Lead compound 32 (UMB-32) binds BRD4 with a Kd of 550 nM and 724 nM cellular potency in BRD4-dependent lines. Additionally, compound 32 shows potency against TAF1, a bromodomain-containing transcription factor previously unapproached by discovery chemistry. Compound 32 was cocrystallized with BRD4, yielding a 1.56 A resolution crystal structure. This research showcases new applications o...
Research in industrial and organizational psychology from 1963 to 2007: Changes, choices, and trends.

The authors conducted a content analysis of all articles published in the Journal of Applied Psychology and Personnel Psychology from January 1963 to May 2007 (N = 5,780) to identify the relative attention devoted to each of 15 broad topical areas and 50 more specific subareas in the field of industrial and organizational (I-O) psychology. Results revealed that (a) some areas have become more (or less) popular over time, whereas others have not changed much, and (b) there are some lagged relationships between important societal issues that involve people and work settings (i.e., human-capital trends) and I-O psychology research that addresses them. Also, much I-O psychology research does not address human-capital trends. Extrapolating results from the past 45 years to the next decade suggests that the field of I-O psychology is not likely to become more visible or more relevant to society at large or to achieve the lofty goals it has set for itself unless researchers, practitioners, universities, and professional organizations implement significant changes. In the aggregate, the changes address the broad challenge of how to narrow the academic-practitioner divide.
Epistemology and School Counseling

Because a counselor's interactions with his clients should be an out-growth of his philosophical commitments, he must grapple with certain epistemological questions: (a) Can human beings know the extramental world or merely their own ideas? (b) Is human knowledge a valid representation of the extramental world? (c) Can human beings reach agreement about the nature of extramental realities? The counselor can assume two possible stances. First, there is the “realist” position which states that there is an extramental world, we can achieve valid knowledge of it, and the knowledge of various observers can agree. Second is the “phenomenalist” position: There is an extramental world, but no one can achieve valid knowledge of it, nor can various observers easily agree regarding its nature. The realist counselor should help his client perceive his problem situation as it “really” is and as it appears to others. The phenomenalist counselor cannot do this instead, he can only try to enter the client's subjectivity and to help him deepen and enrich his unique perception of the problem situation.
Arrangement of the ribosomal RNA genes in chloroplast DNA of Leguminosae

The circular chloroplast DNA from three species of plants in the taxonomic family Leguminosae were examined using electron microscopic techniques and restriction endonuclease digestion. Chloroplast DNAs from chickpea (Cicer arietinum), mung bean (Vigna radiata), and soy bean (Glycine max) were found to range in size from 119–151 kilobase pairs by contour length measurements. Sizes of the chloroplast DNAs have been further confirmed using different restriction endonucleases. Two of the chloroplast DNAs examined, soy bean and mung bean, contain a region approximately 15.9–18% of their monomer length that is repeated in reverse polarity. This repeated region separates a small unique region that ranges in size from 18.75–20.4 kilobase pairs and a large unique region that ranges in size from 73.4–85 kbp. This feature was not found in the chloroplast DNA of chickpea. R-loop hybridizations performed using chloroplast ribosomal RNAs demonstrate that the two ribosomal gene sets of the mung been and soy bean are arranged in inverted orientation within this repeated region. In contrast, the chickpea chloroplast DNA posesses a single ribosomal RNA gene set in the circular molecule. In all three chloroplast DNAs examined, the genes encoding the chloroplast 23S and 16S ribosomal RNA genes are separated by a spacer region which ranges in size from 2.2 to 2.48 kbp.
Response to Letter by Schäbitz et al

Response: We appreciate the comments of Drs Schabitz and Schneider regarding our review article on the neuroprotective effect of granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF).1 A great deal of attention has been focused on the nonhematopoietic functions of hematopoietic factors in other tissues, including the central nervous system (CNS). Hematopoietic factors not only play an important role in the development of the CNS,2 but they also play a role in neuroprotection and neural tissue repair after various types of experimental CNS injuries.1,3–6 Recent experimental …
Hierarchical Bayes Models for Response Time Data

Human response time (RT) data are widely used in experimental psychology to evaluate theories of mental processing. Typically, the data constitute the times taken by a subject to react to a succession of stimuli under varying experimental conditions. Because of the sequential nature of the experiments there are trends (due to learning, fatigue, fluctuations in attentional state, etc.) and serial dependencies in the data. The data also exhibit extreme observations that can be attributed to lapses, intrusions from outside the experiment, and errors occurring during the experiment. Any adequate analysis should account for these features and quantify them accurately. Recognizing that Bayesian hierarchical models are an excellent modeling tool, we focus on the elaboration of a realistic likelihood for the data and on a careful assessment of the quality of fit that it provides. We judge quality of fit in terms of the predictive performance of the model. We demonstrate how simple Bayesian hierarchical models can be built for several RT sequences, differentiating between subject-specific and condition-specific effects.
In vivo metabolism and excretion of propoxur and malathion in the rat: Effect of lead treatment

Abstract Lead was administered to Long-Evans rats by daily oral gavage for 30 days at doses of 200, 400, or 600 mg lead/kg/day. The rats were then administered one of the radiolabeled insecticides and the metabolic products examined. The lead-treated rats had blood lead concentrations of ca. 200 μg/dl in the 200 mg/kg/day group and ca. 475 in the 400 mg/kg/day group. Concentrations of lead in the femur were 500 μg/g or higher. Despite this high body burden of lead (accompanied by a 30% weight deficit at 600 mg/kg/day), no difference in the rate of elimination of radiolabeled material was observed. Furthermore, the lead treatments did not change the relative proportions of the detected metabolites. Thus, despite the known effects of lead on heme synthesis, these treatments had no detectable effect in vivo on the metabolism of propoxur or malathion.
The effects of L-arginine on the release of prolactin from decidual explants in vitro

Abstract Objective: Our aim was to elucidate a role for the L -arginine–nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway in the control of decidual prolactin release in vitro. Study Design: In decidua obtained from normal vaginal deliveries, we examined the effects of L -arginine; a stable analog of cyclic guanosine monophosphate, 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate; and two nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, L -nitro arginine methyl ester (L -NAME) and L -nitro monomethyl arginine (L -NMMA) on the release of prolactin from decidual tissue in vitro. Results: L -arginine, at 100 μmol/L, produced an increase in medium prolactin concentration after a 2-hour exposure; however, its inactive isomer, D -arginine, at the same concentration, did not. The increase in prolactin release initiated by L -arginine was sustained after a 24-hour incubation. In addition, 8-bromo-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (10 μmol/L) stimulated prolactin release. At 2 hours, the effects of L -arginine were reversed by L -NAME (100 μmol/L), which by itself was without effect. Incubation of tissue with L -NAME for 24 hours inhibited prolactin secretion (24 hours; P Conclusions: These results suggest that the L -arginine–nitric oxide–cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway is involved in the regulation of prolactin secretion by decidual tissue. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000;182:497-502.)
Corneal Endothelial Cell Loss 9 Years After Excimer Laser Keratorefractive Surgery

OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term changes in the corneal endothelium after laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) and photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS Twenty-nine eyes (16 patients) received myopic LASIK or PRK, with intended correction to emmetropia. Central endothelial photographs were taken before and 9 years after surgery and were analyzed by the same masked investigator after appropriate calibration for magnification. Comparisons were made by using generalized estimating equation models to account for any correlation between fellow eyes of the same patient. The annual exponential rate of cell loss was compared with cell loss during a 10-year period in 42 normal (unoperated) corneas of 42 subjects. RESULTS Endothelial cell density 9 years after LASIK and PRK had decreased by 5.3% from preoperative density (P < .001), whereas coefficient of variation of cell area (P = .24) and percentage of hexagonal cells (P = .19) did not change. The mean annual rate of cell loss after refractive surgery (0.6% [standard deviation, 0.8%]) was not different from that in normal corneas (0.6% [0.5%], P = .88; minimum detectable difference = 0.5%; alpha = .05; beta = .20). CONCLUSIONS Laser in situ keratomileusis and PRK had no long-term effect on the corneal endothelium. Corneas that have undergone LASIK or PRK can be considered for use as donors for posterior lamellar keratoplasty procedures.
Neural Correlates of a Computerized Attention Modification Program in Anxious Subjects

Computerized attention modification is a relatively new and empirically validated treatment approach for different types of anxiety disorders. However, its neural basis and processes involved are poorly understood. This study examined the effect of a one-time application of an attention modification program (AMP) on neural substrates underlying emotion processing in individuals with high social anxiety. Fourteen individuals with elevated social anxiety symptoms completed an emotional face processing task during functional magnetic resonance imaging before and after AMP, and were subsequently exposed to a laboratory stressor. Results revealed the following: First, there was attenuated activation from pre- to post-AMP in the bilateral amygdala, bilateral insula and subgenual anterior cingulate cortex. Second, post-AMP, individuals exhibited increased activation in several regions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Third, those individuals with greater enhancement of ventromedial PFC activation after AMP showed diminished attentional allocation for threat and attenuated anxiety reactivity to the stressor. We conclude that AMP exerts effects that are similar to those previously reported for standard anxiolytics; however, it also appears to foster deployment of top–down brain processes aimed to regulate anxiety.
Linezolid eradicates MRSA better than vancomycin from surgical-site infections.

Abstract Background The purpose of this analysis was to compare the efficacy of linezolid versus vancomycin in patients with suspected or proven gram-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) surgical-site infections. Methods An open-label, randomized, comparator-controlled, multicenter, multinational study was conducted in hospitalized patients. Patients were randomized 1:1 to receive linezolid 600 mg (intravenous [IV] or oral) every 12 hours (n = 66) or vancomycin 1 g every 12 hours IV (n = 69) for 7 to 21 days. Patients were assessed at the test-of-cure (TOC) visit, 7 days after completing therapy. Results Clinical success at TOC was documented in similar proportions of patients treated with linezolid or vancomycin. Of those with MRSA isolated, significantly more patients who received linezolid compared with those who received vancomycin were microbiologically cured (87% vs 48%, respectively; 95% confidence interval 16.51 to 60.27; P = 0.0022). Conclusion Intravenous or oral linezolid was well tolerated and superior to vancomycin in treating patients with MRSA-infected surgical-site infections.
Las gramáticas de la ciudadanía. Inclusión / exclusión entre derechos de primera y cuarta generación

Partimos del principio del derecho como garante de la igualdad y la libertad a traves del Estado. Los diferentes acontecimientos diarios en el mundo nos lleva a una discusion en la que se puede ver el mantener la soberania o no de un Estado y a preguntarnos ?Que nos hace ciudadanos si se disloca el principio juridico de la igualdad? ?Como construimos la diferencia con respecto al otro? En los siguientes apartados trataremos de dar respuestas a la complejidad de los temas expuestos y para ello tomamos en extremo la forma de la inclusion de los derechos humanos y la forma de la inclusion de los derechos de cuarta generacion o culturales. Extremos que nos permitiran observar si podemos hablar de una gramatica o de las gramaticas de la ciudadania, o si sencillamente ?podremos vivir juntos?
Audio–Visual Environment and the Religious Experiences in Green Church Buildings: A Cross‐Case Study

This embedded cross-case study examined two innovative green religious buildings in the same climatic zone of Wisconsin. Both organizations used green building certification as a way to express their missions of earth stewardship. The study aimed at understanding: (1) the degree of success in expressing the mission of earth stewardship through the buildings; and (2) the relationships between the audio–visual environment and the religious experiences during Sunday worship in their main assembly rooms. The study findings suggest that both organizations succeeded in their mission delivery through their green buildings. It also indicates that the users were generally satisfied with the audio–visual environment of the assembly rooms, but significant acoustic and glare issues existed, as the buildings were designed to bring in an ample amount of daylight according to green building principles. The conflicting issues were explored through both subjective and objective assessment. Finally, while audio–visual environmental factors critically shaped three major outcome variables of overall satisfaction, adequacy for prayer, and place attachment, factors such as acoustics and window views played more significant roles than the glare issues. The study suggested various ways to solve the identified issues and to further enhance users' worship experiences.
Octylcyanoacrylate for the treatment of contaminated partial-thickness burns in swine: a randomized controlled experiment.

Objective: To compare infection and reepithelialization rates of contaminated second-degree burns treated with octylcyanoacrylate (OCA), silver sulfadiazine (SSD), polyurethane (PU) film, and dry gauze (control; C) in swine. Methods: Eighty standardized burns were created by applying an aluminum bar preheated to 80°C to the backs and flanks of young pigs for 20 seconds. All burns were immediately contaminated with 0.1 mL of Staphylococcus aureus 105/mL and randomly treated with OCA spray, SSD, PU, or dry gauze (C). Full-thickness biopsies were taken at 3, 7, and 14 days for blinded histopathologic evaluation using hematoxylin and eosin (HE p = 0.40 (Kruskal-Wallis test). At day 7, infection rates were 35% (OCA), 85% (SSD), 70% (PU), and 65% (C); p = 0.01. Median bacterial counts at day 3 were 6,500 (OCA), 20,000 (SSD), 1,000,000 (PU), and 650,000 (C); p = 0.29. The proportion of completely reepithelialized wounds at day 14 were 75% (OCA), 90% (SSD), 85% (PU), and 90% (C); p = 0.50. Conclusions: Treatment of contaminated partial-thickness burns with OCA spray resulted in fewer infections at one week than with the other three treatments.
EFFECTIVE WATER MODEL FOR MONTE CARLO SIMULATIONS OF PROTEINS

We present an effective theory for water. Our goal is to formulate on accurate model for the effects of solvation on protein dynamics, without incurring the huge computational cost and the slow temporal evolution typical of molecular dynamics simulations of liquids. We replace the individual water molecules in an all-atom potential with a local dielectric density field, with self interactions given by the Landau-Ginzburg free energy and external interactions by Lennard-Jones forces at the surface of the protein atoms. We explore conformational space with finite temperature Monte Carlo dynamics, using parallel Langevin and Fourier acceleration algorithms well suited to data-parallel computer architectures such as the Connection Machine. To establish the validity of our approximations, we compare our electrostatic contribution to the solvalion energy with the results of Lim, Bashford, and Karplus using a conventional static continuum dielectric cavity model, and the non electrostatic contributions with estimates of hydrophohic surface free energy. Our model can also accommodate ionic charges and temperature fluctuations, We propose future investigations extending our effective theory of solvation to include explicit orientational entropy and hydroxen-bonding terms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Depression in the elderly: A review and update

Depression is a major source of suffering and disability among the elderly. It may be overlooked among elders because of its co-occurrence with the aging process, grief, dementia, and medical illness. The author reviewed the field in 1994, and in this paper describes important developments of the past two decades. These include evolving concepts in diagnosis such as minor depression, vascular depression, and the depression of Alzheimer's disease. Complex inter-relationships among depression and medical diseases have been explored, especially cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease. During this period selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin/norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors have largely replaced tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors, while electroconvulsive therapy has continued to be utilized. Repetitive transcranial stimulation is in its infancy and its role in geriatric depression is being defined. Developments in psychotherapy have solidified its place in the treatment of geriatric depression, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy.
Participatory Evaluation in Adult and Nonformal Education

This article examines the usefulness of participatory evaluation in program development. The emphasis is on formative evaluation undertaken primarily by practitioners for purposes of planning and improving programs. After a brief discussion of rationale, dimensions and needs in respect to participatory evaluation, approaches are suggested for planning participa tion in evaluation and adapting methods to facilitate the use of participatory evaluation in adult and nonformal education programs. A three-dimensional reference grid is proposed as a framework for decision making in planning for optimal participation.
Model Based Analysis and Test Generation for Flight Software

We describe a framework for model-based analysis and test case generation in the context of a heterogeneous model-based development paradigm that uses and combines MathWorks and UML 2.0 models and the associated code generation tools. This paradigm poses novel challenges to analysis and test case generation that, to the best of our knowledge, have not been addressed before. The framework is based on a common intermediate representation for different modeling formalisms and leverages and extends model checking and symbolic execution tools for model analysis and test case generation, respectively. We discuss the application of our framework to software models for a NASA flight mission.
Amplitude based spatial signal processing using high-order statistics

This paper introduces and analyzes a near-optimal solution to a spatial signal processing problem. While it has other potential applications, it was initially designed for very low frequency (VLF) signals where only signal amplitude-based information is available from the antenna array. A collection of linear filters is determined which attempts to decompose the antenna outputs into independent signal components, one of which should be the signal of interest. The remaining components could be additional communication signals or directional atmospheric noise due to thunderstorm activity. The linear filters are determined using standard and high-order correlation functions between the outputs of the antennas. There are no restrictions on the interferer modulation type or, when used properly, on the signal to interference ratio. >
Assessing the Risk of Crime Victimization: The Integration of Personal Victimization Experience and Socially Transmitted Information

To adapt effectively to environmental hazards such as the risk of crime victimization, individuals should not rely solely upon their direct personal experience. Instead, they should use information about the environment gained from others' experiences in estimating risks and in determining the appropriate type and number of behaviors to undertake in order to avoid victimization. Such information can come either through social networks (i.e., through talking to friends, family, or neighbors) or via the mass media (newspapers, television, radio, magazines, and pamphlets). Although experiences conveyed by family, friends, and neighbors have been found to influence risk estimates and prevention behaviors, mass media experiences have not been found to influence such judgments or behaviors. This lack of mass media influence has been found both in studies of naturally occurring crime-risk judgments and in evaluations of media campaigns, such as the recent national campaign urging citizens to “take a bite out of crime.” This paper reviews the literature concerning the influence of indirect experiences upon fear of crime, with a focus on trying to understand why citizens fail to use the mass media as a source of information about personal crime risk.
Update on Pressure Ulcer Management and Deep Tissue Injury

Objective:To review recent literature regarding therapeutic management of pressure ulcers and to discuss the potential implications of the newly recognized entity, deep tissue injury (DTI).Data Sources:A MEDLINE search was conducted of pressure ulcer therapy published between January 2001 and October 2009. Key search terms included pressure ulcers, deep tissue injury, nutrition, antibiotics, and therapy.Study Selection and Data Extraction:Comparative clinical trials involving pharmacologic agents in the treatment of pressure ulcers and DTI were evaluated. Included trials were those with defined interventions and outcome parameters for wound healing.Data Synthesis:Pressure ulcers remain an important issue in the care of elderly and immobilized patients. DTI has been recently added by the National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel as a separate category in the staging of pressure ulcers. There is currently a lack of consensus on how to identify and treat DTI. but preventive measures typically employed in the ma...
Metamorphosed Silurian Brachiopods from New Hampshire

Generically identifiable Silurian brachiopods from rocks of the staurolite and sillimanite zones of regional metamorphism have been found at a number of localities in the Clough Formation of west-central New Hampshire. They include representatives of 19 brachiopod genera, 1 gastropod, 1 trilobite, and 1 pelmatozoan. The fossils occur as two faunas. The first, characterized by Stricklandia lens cf. S. lens ultima, is probably of C4 to C5 or C6 age; the second, characterized by Eocoelia hemisphaerica, is of C3 to C5 age. Paleogeographically these New Hampshire fossils demonstrate that during late Llandovery time Appalachia was quite narrow, even if allowance is made for subsequent deformation. The present distance from Utica, New York (where marine beds of Clinton age occur to the west and nonmarine beds to the east), to the Connecticut River valley (where the widely distributed Clough Formation contains marine fossils of late Llandovery age) is about 140 miles. The northern and southern bounds of Appalachia are not well delimited for this time interval. The northern limit may have been an area east of Lake Temiscouata, Quebec, and the southern limit an area in northwestern Georgia. Thus Appalachia during this time is reconstructed as a narrow, elongate island or archipelago extending from Quebec to Georgia. A brachiopod (Howellella sp.) from the Shaw Mountain Formation of eastern Vermont indicates an age of C3 to early Gedinnian for that unit. The brachiopods of Ludlow age from the type Fitch Formation of northern New Hampshire are redescribed.
VAGINAL SEPTA FREQUENCY INFLUENCED BY MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX, H‐2

SUMMARY Dorso-ventral vaginal septa were observed in congenic mouse strains. Strain C57BL/10Sn, H-2b, had the highest frequency, 22%; B10.A/SgSn, H-2a, had the lowest frequency, 4%, P <0.001. The frequency was about 17% in the F1, females. Septa were found in 16% and 15% of the B10.D2/nSn and B10.BR/SgSn strains, respectively, indicating that at least two loci within the H-2 complex influence its frequency.
Women High School Principals: Perspectives on Role Conflict, Role Commitment, and Job Satisfaction

This study is an investigation of women high school principals in terms of the challenges they face, role conflicts they experience, their role commitment, and their job satisfaction. The purpose i...
Tensile properties of LIGA nickel

This paper presents the results and conclusions from tensile tests performed on four lots of microtensile specimens produced by the LIGA method. The specimens tested are 3 millimeters long, 0.2 millimeters wide and 0.2 millimeters thick. The specimen is held in specially designed grips, and friction is eliminated by the use of a linear air bearing in the load train. Strain is measured by laser interferometry between two Vickers microhardness indentations placed 0.2 millimeters apart in the center of the specimen. Two sets of pure nickel specimens from two different Microelectronics Center of North Carolina (MCNC) LIGA Multi-User MEMS Process (LIGAMUMPs) runs were tested along with one set of pure nickel specimens from the HI-MEMS Alliance. In addition, four tests were conducted on a 0.03 millimeter thick nickel-iron alloy with a target composition of 78% Ni, 22% Fe. One set of LIGAMUMPs specimens had an average Young's modulus of 181 GPa, which was almost exactly the same as measured on the HI-MEMS material. However, the other set showed a much lower modulus of 158 GPa. Modulus measurements of the nickel-iron alloy were inconclusive. The two LIGAMUMPs materials had yield and ultimate strengths on the order of 330 and 530 MPa respectively, while the HI-MEMS material was stronger at 420 MPa and 600 MPa. The nickel-iron alloy was considerably stronger, with a yield strength of 1.8 GPa and an ultimate strength of 2.4 GPa.
Netrace: dependency-driven trace-based network-on-chip simulation

Chip multiprocessors (CMPs) and systems-on-chip (SOCs) are expected to grow in core count from, a few today to hundreds or more. Since efficient on-chip communication is a primary factor in the performance of large core-count systems, the research community has directed substantial attention to networks-on-chip (NOCs). Current NOC evaluation methodologies include analytical modeling, network simulation, and full-system simulation. However, as core count and system complexity grow, the deficiencies of each of these methods will limit their ability to meet the demands of developers and researchers. Developing efficient NOCs requires high-fidelity, low-overhead NOC evaluation techniques and metrics. To address these challenges, this paper describes a new trace-based network simulation methodology that captures dependencies between network messages observed in full-system simulation of multithreaded applications. We also introduce Netrace, a library of tools and traces that enables targeted NOC simulators to track and replay network messages and their dependencies.