cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Functional effects of protein sequence polymorphisms in the organic cation/ergothioneine transporter OCTN1 (SLC22A4).

Background OCTN1 is a multispecific transporter of organic cations and zwitterions, including several clinically important drugs as well as the antioxidant ergothioneine. OCTN1 is highly expressed in the kidney, where it is thought to aid in active secretion of organic cations, and may facilitate the active reabsorption of ergothioneine. Genetic variation in OCTN1 may help to explain interindividual variability in the pharmacokinetics of many cationic or zwitterionic drugs. Methods We screened for human genetic variants in the OCTN1 coding region by direct sequencing in a large sample (n=270) of ethnically diverse healthy volunteers. Results Six protein sequence-altering variants were identified, including five-amino-acid substitutions and one nonsense mutation. Two of the variants, T306I and L503F, were polymorphic, occurring at frequencies of 37 and 19%, respectively, in the total sample. Allele frequencies are varied by ethnicity. In biochemical assays, two of the variants (D165G and R282X) resulted in complete loss of transport function, and one variant (M205I) caused a reduction in activity to approximately 50% of the reference sequence protein. One variant, L503F, showed altered substrate specificity; this variant occurred at particularly high allele frequency (42%) in the European-American participants in our sample. Subcellular localization and ergothioneine inhibition kinetics were similar among the common amino-acid sequence variants of OCTN1. Conclusions The common OCTN1-L503F variant may explain a significant amount of population variation in the pharmacokinetics of OCTN1 substrate drugs. The rare loss-of-function variants provide a rational tool for studying the importance of ergothioneine in humans in vivo.
Simultaneous Pre- and Post-synaptic Electrophysiological Recording from Xenopus Nerve-muscle Co-cultures

Much information about the coupling of presynaptic ionic currents with the release of neurotransmitter has been obtained from invertebrate preparations, most notably the squid giant synapse1. However, except for the preparation described here, few vertebrate preparations exist in which it is possible to make simultaneous measurements of neurotransmitter release and presynaptic ionic currents. Embryonic Xenopus motoneurons and muscle cells can be grown together in simple culture medium at room temperature; they will form functional synapses within twelve to twenty-four hours, and can be used to study nerve and muscle cell development and synaptic interactions for several days (until overgrowth occurs). Some advantages of these co-cultures over other vertebrate preparations include the simplicity of preparation, the ability to maintain the cultures and work at room temperature, and the ready accessibility of the synapses formed2-4. The preparation has been used widely to study the biophysical properties of presynaptic ion channels and the regulation of transmitter release5-8. In addition, the preparation has lent itself to other uses including the study of neurite outgrowth and synaptogenesis9-12, molecular mechanisms of neurotransmitter release13-15, the role of diffusible messengers in neuromodulation16,17, and in vitro synaptic plasticity18-19.
Structural Control of Phase Formation in Low-Tem perature AIPO4—Sio2 Reactions

The phase relation along the binary join of AIPO4-SiO2 were investigated up to 400°C using starting materials made by a solution route. Precursor structures used were boehmite (AIOOH), H3PO4, noncrystalline silica, and quartz. The silica precursors acted as structural seeds for the epitaxial growth of AIPO4. Studies showed that SiO2 and AIPO4 were the only crystalline and noncrystalline phases present along the binary join, and no substantial crystalline solution or any ternary phase was observed. Three polymorphic forms of AIPO4, i.e., berlinite, tridymite, and cristobalite, coexisted as low as 200°C. The nature of the silica precursor greatly influenced the development of the polymorphic phases of AIPO4. The low-quartz precursor suppressed the formation of the cristobalite form of AIPO4 and favored berlinite (AIPO4 quartz) production. On the other hand, noncrystallin silica with a cristobalite-like broad XRD peak suppressed the formation of berlinite and enhaned that of the cristobalite form of AIPO4. These precursor effects indicate that heteroepitaxy is very significant during the nucleation and growth of AIPO4 phases on the surface of SiO2 particles even in these low-temperature reactions.
Instrumental HPTLC of Aflatoxins: Fluorescence Enhancement by Corn Free Fatty Acids

Abstract Greater than 100% recoveries using instrumental HPTLC were observed for aflatoxin (AFT) analysis in spiked corn samples. I2 detection of spots over-laying AFT B1 and B2 were identified by GLC as C16 −c18 free fatty acids (FFA). These FFA were found to enchance the fluorescence of AFT B1 from 13.7% to 35.7% greater than controls resulting in >100% recoveries. The inclusion of glacial acetic acid in the TLC mobile phase resulted in an increased mobility of the FFA which eliminated the positive interference on AFT fluorescence. Recoveries using the modified developing solvent then gave values in acceptable ranges.
Multiple‐order light scattering from ringed spherulites

Light scattering from polymer films containing ringed spherulites may show multiple-order intensity maxima directly related to the period of the banded structure. Calculations based on spherulite models where the angle of twist of lamellae ω varies linearly with radial distance predict only first-order peaks. If the variation of ω is nonlinear, even though the ring spacing remains constant, higher-order intensity maxima will result. Other sources of multiple-order scattering are considered. It is concluded that for polyethylene the presence of multiple-order scattering is due to non-uniform twisting of the lamellae.
Chromosomal Variation in the New England Cottontail, Sylvilagus transitionalis

Les types de bandes G et C de S.t., des parties nord et sud de l'habitat de S.t., sont examines afin de determiner si deux ou plus types de chromosomes discontinus, ou cytotypes, existent chez cette espece reconnue monotypique
Stability and change in patterns of coping with Parkinson's disease.

This study examined how Parkinson's disease patients cope with disease-related stressors over time. Of interest was whether patterns of coping would support a dispositional model of coping (i.e., stability) or a contextual model of coping (i.e., change). The influence of stability and change in coping on mental and physical health outcomes was also examined. As expected, results showed that as the disease progressed, severity and distress increased and quality of life decreased. There was no change overall in the symptoms perceived as most stressful or the coping strategies employed to manage them. However, stability within individuals was associated with poorer mental and physical outcomes, whereas change in coping strategies was associated with more optimal outcomes. Evidence supporting both models of coping was found, and the potential applications of these findings for psychosocial intervention are discussed.
Comparison of diffuse sky irradiance calculation methods and effect on surface reflectance retrieval from an automated radiometric calibration test site

The Remote Sensing Group (RSG) at the University of Arizona is currently refining an automated system for the absolute radiometric calibration of earth-observing sensors. The Radiometric Calibration Test Site (RadCaTS) relies on semi-permanent instrumentation at the Railroad Valley (RRV) test site to collect data from which surface reflectance and an atmospheric characterization is determined. Multispectral surface reflectance is determined from calibrated ground viewing radiometers and assimilated to determine the hyperspectral reflectance used in radiative transfer calculations. The reflectance retrieval algorithm relies on an accurate determination of the diffuse sky irradiance for the time of interest. Currently, diffuse sky irradiance is modeled using the atmospheric characterization as input into MODTRAN5. This work investigates the accuracy of the diffuse sky modeling by comparing modeled results to measurements made at the test site. Diffuse sky irradiance from several alternative methods are also presented. Surface reflectance is computed and compared to in-situ measurements taken with a portable spectoradiometer.
Arm regeneration in the field in Ophiocoma echinata (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea): effects on body composition and its potential role in a reef food web

Eighteen percent and 47% of two populations of Ophiocoma echinata in the Florida Keys were undergoing regeneration. An individual would take approximately 720 days to completely regenerate three arms. Regeneration of three arms had a greater effect on gonad production in females than in males, and reduced storage material in the stomach of both. Regeneration in O. echinata was estimated to be 0.07 kJ m–2 day–1, which could provide the equivalent of 0.07% of primary production on a reef to higher trophic levels per day.
The statistical structure of real-income changes

Abstract An autoregressive process for real-income changes is considered. This process is useful for statistical simulation in demand studies.
Diversity goals: Reframing the debate and enabling a fair evaluation

Abstract While diversity has enjoyed significant popularity in the corporate world for the last two decades, researchers continue to put forward conflicting results regarding the business benefits of workplace diversity. Some say workplace diversity is good for businesses; others argue it is an undertaking full of challenges; and yet others assert that it doesn’t really matter. With this in mind, we attempted to synthesize the research that evaluates the impact of workplace diversity on the organizational bottom line. We find an over-emphasis on demonstrating the business case of diversity in economic denominations, which—to some extent—has limited our understanding of the complex dynamics associated with diversity. We identify a lack of attention toward institutional forces as one of the reasons that has restricted our focus on mere economic gains. Overall, we recommend broadening our definition of goals that organizations have when adopting diversity initiatives by including ‘gain of legitimacy’ and ‘creation of goodwill’ as part of the essential consequences of diversity programs.
An experimental assignment on random processes

Although I still generally use standard problem sets in my theory classes, I find myself experimenting more and more with alternatives, including more open-ended assignments. One big motivation for this change is to put some science back in my computer science class, by making assignments more like laboratory exercises in chemistry and biology: students have to experiment to find an answer. One of the great things about studying randomness is that the results sometimes lend themselves quite naturally to experimental assignments, as is the case for the assignment I describe here. Before going on, I will present the assignment.
Neutron flux characterization techniques for radiation effects studies

In the field of radiation effects in materials, a detailed and precise description of the radiation environment used to damage samples is often required to make sense of subsequent materials analysis. The types of reactions and extent of damage that occur during irradiation strongly depend on the flux spectrum of the particular facility. Different neutron activation techniques for characterizing neutron flux spectra were performed on the University of Texas at Austin TRIGA research reactor’s in-core facilities. The results were compared in terms of spectral detail and precision. Activation of Au foils with multiple correction factors, and multiple foil activation employing different deconvolution techniques comprise the methods tested.
Paradoxical sleep and memory storage processes.

This paper advances the view that during the paradoxical sleep (PS) phase, the brain sets in motion a “chain-of-events” that is necessary for learning ability and that these events are an integral component of memory storage processes. The evidence supporting the position taken in this paper comes from experiments showing that: (1) PS deprivation (PSD), prior to training or immediately thereafter, impairs the formation of a permanent memory trace; (2) prolonged PSD following learning interferes with the state of a consolidated memory trace; (3) in the course of distributed learning, each learning session is followed by a brief augmentation of PS; (4) massed learning, in which registration of a learned response is incomplete, is followed by a protracted augmentation of PS; (5) pharmacological alterations of brain protein synthesis, cholinergic and catecholaminergic neurotransmitter activity are paralleled by the appearance or disappearance of PS periods, with concomitant changes in memory. The accumulated data suggest that the events occurring during the PS phase play an integral part in memory storage processes in two ways: (1) provide conditions which facilitate the conversion of a learned response into a stable long-term memory, and (2) actively maintain the stability of a consolidated memory trace.
Measurement of ion mobilities in air and sulfur dioxide-air mixtures as a function of temperature☆

Abstract Ion mobilities have been measured for air with varying concentrations of water vapor and for dilute sulfur dioxide-air mixtures. The conditions used were fairly comparable to those experienced in electrostatic precipitators, both laboratory and full-scale units. The mobilities of the negative ions exhibited a fairly strong temperature dependence. The reduced mobilities for sulfur dioxide-air mixtures were comparable to the reduced mobility for air. The results should be useful in precipitator modeling applications.
Beta-blocking Agents With Vasodilator Activity

Use of non-selective β-blockers: Non-selective β-blockers reduce blood pressure by reducing cardiac output. They have a proven record of efficacy, alone or in combination with other drug classes, in the treatment of hypertension, ischemic heart disease and some tachyarrhythmias. They have also prove
Aptitude, learner control, and adaptive instruction

‘'Learner control'’ refers to the proposal that learners will benefit if given more control over the pace or style of instruction they receive. It is often assumed that providing increased learner control will “accommodate”; individual differences. This article argues that such a view is naive. It is argued that research on learner control will benefit from (a) avoidance of reference to panacea, (b) basic work on a detailed taxonomy of the various forms learner control might take, and (c) a substantial review of related research which, while not labelled “learner control,”; has implications for the educational benefits that can be expected from giving learners control of certain aspects of instruction. Research examples are used to explicate these suggestions. It is concluded that no form of individualization of instruction, including learner control, has yet been shown to erase the relevance of prior individual differences to learning from instruction.
Flash Lamp Heat Flux Requirements For Thermographic Inspection Of Fiber Composite Laminates

A numerical approximation was used to determine the ability of a thermographic imaging camera to detect defects in a panel of graphite epoxy composite while excitation is provided by a specific, commercially available high-energy pulsed xenon flash lamp capable of repetitive pulses of 600 J each. A three-dimensional mathematical model was developed, which simulated the composite panel. The panel consisted of eight plies and included implanted circular defects. Defects modeled included delaminations, overlaps, and teflon inserts. During the first second of the simulation, six heat pulses of 0.2 msec duration were applied to the front surface of the sample. Temperature variations appear on the rear surface of the sample due to the presence of defects inside the panel, which cause the heat to diffuse through the sample at modified rates. A minimum temperature difference of 0.18 °F (0.1 °C) was detectable by the thermal imaging camera. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the purchase of a xenon flash lamp system was warranted for thermographic nondestructive testing (NDT) on graphite epoxy laminates.
A linear-switched observer for large-signal state estimation in power electronics

In this paper, we describe the design and implementation of a state observer for power electronics converters, the dynamics of which can be described by a linear-switched state-space model. The observer is also described by a linear-switched state-space model, and for each particular subsystem, the observer essentially behaves as a Luenberger observer. As part of the design procedure, we provide sufficient conditions that guarantee the stability of the observer. In order to experimentally demonstrate its feasibility, the observer is implemented in a dedicated real-time processor architecture. We present experimental results that illustrate the observer behavior when used for state estimation in single-phase and two-phase boost converters.
War of the Mobile Browsers

Wireless applications for mobile Web browsers can enrich user experience beyond the desktop environment. Server-transcoding and client rendering enable the wireless Web, while open platforms give applications developers extensions to expand mobile software's future.
Standardization vs globalization: a new perspective of brand strategies

This paper argues that meanings given to “standardization” and “globalization” might have created some confusion and precipitated potentially misleading research results in the literature. The paper discusses the basic assumptions underlying the marketing function as a necessary point of departure to build a sounder theory around these concepts. Findings confirm the lack of formal definitions of these concepts in the marketing and management literatures. The authors “redefine” the concepts of globalization, standardization, adaptation and customization with the help of the AMA’s and Webster’s dictionaries. The new conceptualization is applied to a brand strategy framework. Preliminary results show that standardization and globalization may be at opposite ends of an evolutionary brand strategy process, whereas adaptation and customization are intermediary stages. The paper discusses the findings and suggests future research possibilities.
Novel polymers containing carbon-anchored organotin groups

Three polymers containing Bu2SnX (X=OAc or Cl) groups linked to the polymer through a C–Sn bond have been prepared by hydrostannation (via Bu2Sn HCl) of the following CH=CH2h-containing polymers: (1) a polybutadiene containing approx. 70% of 1,2 CH=CH2 units; (2) poly(allyl methacrylate); (3) poly(tetraethylene glycol monoallyl ether methacrylate). The first and third were tested for activity against a number of marine organisms and found to be inactive. Presumably this observed biological inactivity arises from the fact that R3Sn(H2O) ions are not released into the aqueous medium.
Reference Groups, Congruity Theory and Cross‐Cultural Persuasion

Certain hypotheses concerning persuasive communications, based on reference-group and congruity theory were tested in the field in France and Egypt. The research design involved three levels of identified sources, two levels of attribution of the source of the message, two levels of translation of the message, and five widely-used consumer products. The persuasive messages used were five print advertisements which had been run quite successfully in mass-circulated magazines in the United States. Findings suggest that persuasive messages are easier to transfer from one culture to another than is generally supposed. With the audience tested here, it seemed to make little difference whether the source was native or foreign, whether the message was attributed or not, or even whether it was illustrated. There was some support for the hypothesis that a message translated idiomatically is not as effective as one stressing the same point which is composed from scratch in the language of the intended audience. The study suggests that general theories such as reference group and consistency theories may need refinement and possible modification when they are applied to cultures other than the one in which they were developed.
Maternal Hyperglycemia Activates an ASK1–FoxO3a–Caspase 8 Pathway That Leads to Embryonic Neural Tube Defects

Neural tube defects result from failure to completely close neural tubes during development. Maternal diabetes is a substantial risk factor for neural tube defects, and available evidence suggests that the mechanism that links hyperglycemia to neural tube defects involves oxidative stress and apoptosis. We demonstrated that maternal hyperglycemia correlated with activation of the apoptosis signal–regulating kinase 1 (ASK1) in the developing neural tube, and Ask1 gene deletion was associated with reduced neuroepithelial cell apoptosis and development of neural tube defects. ASK1 activation stimulated the activity of the transcription factor FoxO3a, which increased the abundance of the apoptosis-promoting adaptor protein TRADD, leading to activation of caspase 8. Hyperglycemia-induced apoptosis and the development of neural tube defects were reduced with genetic ablation of either FoxO3a or Casp8 or inhibition of ASK1 by thioredoxin. Examination of human neural tissues affected by neural tube defects revealed increased activation or abundance of ASK1, FoxO3a, TRADD, and caspase 8. Thus, activation of an ASK1–FoxO3a–TRADD–caspase 8 pathway participates in the development of neural tube defects, which could be prevented by inhibiting intermediates in this cascade.
U.S. neurologists in Iraq: Personal perspective

It didn’t seem real until that nighttime helicopter ride. Lights out, machine guns up, and skimming a mere 50 feet over rooftops at over 150 miles per hour. We were en route to the Combat Support Hospital (CSH) located in Baghdad at the frontline of the Global War on Terror. That is when we came to the full realization that we were joining a long line of neurologists going to war with U.S. forces that stretches back at least to Dr. S. Weir Mitchell, who joined the Union Army during the Civil War. In 2005, it was our turn—one of us in the spring (figure 1) and the other in the fall (figure 2). Figure 1. COL Maher checking results in the CSH clinical lab. Figure 2. The Neuro team in full battle rattle outside the 86th CSH front entrance in Baghdad, Iraq. (From left to right) COL Geoffrey Ling (neurology and critical care) and COL James Ecklund (neurosurgery). Why send neurologists to war? Simply, neurologic disease is found everywhere, including the modern battlefield of Operation Iraqi Freedom. Among severe battle injuries, head wounds lead. Even among non–battle-related injuries, neurologic causes are common. Headache, seizure, neuropathy, alteration in mental status, and back pain are as frequent in this community as elsewhere. It began with a phone call—one that put the rest of our lives on hold. With a couple weeks’ notice, we had barely enough time to find clinical coverage, cancel appointments, and hug our families. Our odyssey officially began at the Continental United States Replacement Center or CRC. Here, we were issued three duffle bags full of equipment. Notably, we each got weapons—typically a 9-mm pistol and/or M-16 plus full “battle rattle”: a helmet, armored vest with ceramic plates, holster, and the other accoutrements of the properly attired …
It's how leaders behave that matters, not where they are from

Purpose – The purpose of this study was to examine how national culture might impact both how leaders behave as well as their effectiveness as leaders.Design/methodology/approach – Healthcare leaders and their constituents in Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, and the Philippines were surveyed about their leadership behaviors and their effectiveness. Analyses both across and within countries from self and constituent perspectives were conducted.Findings – Leadership practices varied across countries but within the countries their impact was the same. Within each country the more frequently leaders used these leadership practices the more effective they were viewed by their constituents, and the more favorable were their own workplace attitudes.Research limitations/implications – The study involved a cross‐section of leaders who may not be representative of organizational managers, did not have direct reports, were from a specialized field, and utilized a single conceptual framework and scale. Future studies shoul...
Simulation: Enhancing Pediatric, Advanced, Practice Nursing Education

Abstract High-fidelity simulation (HFS) is considered as a standard training in high-risk industries to provide an avenue for safe and deliberate practice. Health care professionals have been using low-fidelity simulation in education for many years to teach physical assessment and psychomotor skills. However, it is only in recent years that advanced practice nursing educators have begun to use HFS in an integrated approach to teaching cognitive skills with technical skills to augment clinical experience. The purpose of this manuscript is to describe the creation of an HFS learning experience to augment the advanced practice education of both primary care and acute care pediatric nurse practitioner students. The curricular innovations designed to foster competence using evidence-based guidelines and interventions within a simulation learning center are described. The critical role of debriefing and guided reflection is delineated. Implications for practice and significance for nursing education and practice are discussed.
High expression of the Met receptor in prostate cancer metastasis to bone

Abstract Objectives Expression of the active Met receptor tyrosine kinase causes tumor metastasis in animal models. To begin to analyze whether Met expression might be related to the spread of prostate cancer cells, we investigated whether its expression correlates with prostate-specific antigen recurrence and whether its expression depends on the site of metastasis. Methods Ninety radical prostatectomy specimens with a Gleason sum of 6 or 7 and 86 specimens of bone, lymph node, and soft-tissue metastasis were immunohistochemically stained for Met, and a semiquantitative scoring system for Met in heterogeneously positive prostate cancers was applied. Met protein in prostate cancer cell lines was measured by Western blotting. Results With the exception of two lymph node metastases, all metastases and 51% of the primary prostate cancers expressed Met. Moreover, the bone metastases expressed significantly more Met than did the lymph node metastases. However, in prostate cancer with a Gleason sum of 6 or 7, Met was not a prognostic marker for prostate-specific antigen recurrence. In prostate cancer cell lines, Met expression correlated inversely with expression of the androgen receptor. Conclusions The high expression of the Met receptor tyrosine kinase in bone metastasis renders Met a promising target for nuclear imaging and treatment of metastatic prostate cancer.
Latent root regression: a biased regression methodology for use with collinear predictor variables

Many different biased regression techniques have been proposed for estimating parameters of a multiple linear regression model when the predictor variables are collinear. One particular alternative, latent root regression analysis, is a technique based on analyzing the latent roots and latent vectors of the correlation matrix of both the response and the predictor variables. It is the purpose of this paper to review the latent root regression estimator and to re-examine some of its properties and applications. It is shown that the latent root estimator is a member of a wider class of estimators for linear models
Intra-Atrial Block

Attention is drawn to differences of opinion regarding the upper normal limit of P-wave duration and the definition of intra-atrial block. There seems to be good reason for accepting 0.11 sec. as the upper limit of normal and a P-wave duration of 0.12 sec. or more as indicative of intra-atrial block. By this criterion 4,500 consecutive electrocardiograms taken in a general hospital were examined and the findings are reported.
Psychoanalytic psychotherapy with children: current research trends and challenges.

Abstract. To advance the field of dynamic child psychotherapy research, a shift in emphasis from questions examining treatment outcome only, to those that address treatment process, is required. Child psychoanalytic psychotherapy provides a unique set of factors for assessing what occurs between analyst and child in the consulting room and for exploring the link between the inner life of the child and symptomatic behavior. Continued development of rigorous methods for collecting and evaluating clinical data is needed. Past and current efforts in this area are presented in the description of child psychoanalytic research projects.
BILIRUBIN: EFFECT ON UREA AND WATER FLOW

Urinary concentrating and diluting defects have been described in hyperbilirubinemic Gunn rats. Renal medullary Na and urea concentrations are decreased in these animals (JCI 55:319-329, 1975) suggesting a possible association between solute reabsorption and the urinary defects. While Na transport may be adversely influenced by bilirubin (BR) (Ped Res 16:319A, 1982), the effects of BR on transepithelial fluxes of urea and water have not been studied. Therefore, urea and water flux measurements were made in responsive epithelia (bladders) isolated from the Dominican toad (Bufo marinus). Tissues were acutely exposed to amphibian HCO3- Ringers, pH 8.1 containing BR (0.1 mM) and 0.05% bovine serum albumin (BSA) or BSA alone. Urea permeability (K trans) was calculated from the mucosal to serosal flux of 14C labeled urea in short circuited bladders. Water movement was gravimetrically determined by the Bentley bag technique. Tissues were stimulated with vasopressin (VP) 40 mU/ml for urea and 20 mU/ml for water studies. The hydroosmotic response to VP was likewise unaffected by BR in the serosal bath; control 46.5 ± 2.7 mg/min vs. exp. 45.5 ± 3.3 mg/min (n=9). Although VP induced active Na transport is inhibited by BR, BR appears to have no effect on VP induced cell membrane permeability changes that allow for passive transepithelial movement of urea and water.
Lethal congenital non-spherocytic, non-immune hemolytic anemia with genital and other anomalies in two brothers

Non-consanguineous healthy parents had 2 boys with severe, non-spherocytic, nonimmune hemolytic anemia, abnormalities of their external genitalia, flat occiput, dimpled earlobes, deep plantar creases, and increased space between their first and second toes. The birth of these children was separated by a spontaneous abortion at 3 months and delivery of a normal girl. We propose that these boys have a heretofore undescribed autosomal or X-linked recessive syndrome.
Piston-core based biostratigraphic constraints on Pleistocene oscillations of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in western Ross Sea between North Basin and AND-1B drill site

Abstract New diatom-biostratigraphic age data derived from piston core were used to constrain the chronology for a seismic-based interpretation of West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) advance and retreat from the North Basin outer shelf in western Ross Sea. The data demonstrates that grounded ice occupied the outer shelf on at least ten occasions during the last 2.0 Ma of the Pleistocene. Although the biostratigraphic resolution is low, the constraints permit correlations to coeval section recently drilled in South McMurdo Sound at the AND-1B drill site. Our interpretation of regional-scale correlations suggests that the Pleistocene dynamics of the WAIS involved grounding-line translations in excess of 600 km. However, the data also suggests that only two major advances of grounded ice occurred since ~ 0.71 Ma. In other words, several of the late Pleistocene sediment cycles at AND-1B must represent only minor advance and retreat of grounded ice to and from South McMurdo Sound. The results prove false the long-standing tacit assumption that the WAIS experienced major advances in association with peak glacials and eustatic lowstands during the last 700 ka of the Pleistocene. These results show that piston cores can be used to constrain the timing of pre-Holocene grounding events. These data also highlight the need for regional-scale correlations to distinguish between major versus minor grounding-line translations of grounded ice in the marine setting.
Government digital cartographic data policy and environmental research needs

Abstract Governmental digital cartographic data distribution policies can benefit environmental efforts and global change research. Currently, there are two main approaches towards data dissemination. The UK represents the cost-recovery approach where the data users help cover the costs of data creation and data are copyrighted. Alternately, the U.S. federal government distributes data on the basis of the marginal dissemination costs and does not copyright data that have been generated using public funds. The UK approach, which is typical of most of Europe, is more responsive to its data users and can engage in partnerships with private companies in data development efforts, but the cost of data may limit basic research as its cost goes beyond the reach of many users and the copyright restrictions prevent open data sharing between scientists. This can have a significant impact in the area of basic environmental research, which is data intensive, and often requires many data sets from different time periods. In the United States, data are freely available at minimal cost and unrestricted by copyrights. This has allowed wide dissemination and supports greater innovation and public participation in environmental research. Interestingly, both of these policies find supporters in the business community. Government policy can also benefit environmental efforts by leading in standardization and cooperation on issues of scale, geodetic datum, terminology definition, and measurement consistency; both within country by coordinating local and national data, and as a part of a larger regional and global realm. As data dissemination becomes a global issue, and as the demand for digital map and other data to support environmental problem-solving becomes of critical importance, governments will increasingly have to choose a pathway between these dissemination strategies. This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of each approach, and offers some results and case studies to highlight the problems for those nations that are only now becoming involved with digital maps for decision-making and information management.
Mexican-American Preservice Teachers and the Intransigency of the Elementary School Curriculum.

Abstract Perhaps the intense focus on the lack of minority teachers in the US has obstructed the study of those students of color who do enter teacher education programs. In particular, few research studies examine Mexican-American preservice teachers and their negotiation of the learning-to-teach process. This study addresses how Mexican-American student teachers “use” their ethnicity during student teaching. For instance, do Mexican-American teachers express their cultural knowledge in lesson planning and implementation? Semi-structured interviews with four Mexican-American student teachers revealed little ethnic expression, even when teaching Mexican-American children. Implications for teacher education programs are also discussed.
A general progress curve method for the kinetic analysis of suicide enzyme inhibitors.

Abstract The efficiency of suicide inhibitors is expressed in terms of the kinetic parametersKIandkinactand the partition ratio, which are commonly determined by the well-known dilution assay method. Progress curve analysis methods have been widely used in the determination of the kinetic parameters of active-site-directed affinity labels and have also been applied to a few suicide inhibitors where the turnover rate of the regular substrate could be measured independently of the turnover rate for the inhibitor, when both the substrate and the inhibitor are present in the assay medium. However, the progress curve analysis method for suicide inhibitors has not been applied to the most common case where the progress curve is a result of the turnover of both substrate and inhibitor. In the present study we have attempted to apply this method to a well-characterized suicide inhibitor of dopamine β-monooxygenase (EC 1.14.17.1) where the progress curve is a result of the turnover of both substrate and inhibitor. These results demonstrate that the kinetic constants determined by this method are highly reproducible and are also in excellent agreement with those previously determined by the dilution assay method. Efficiency and reproducibility, as well as the adaptability of commercially readily available curve-fitting programs such as Sigma Plot for routine use, are major advantages of this procedure.
Magnetocardiography-Guided Management of an Unusual Case of Isoimmune Complete Atrioventricular Block Complicated by Ventricular Tachycardia

A fetus who was diagnosed at 25 weeks of gestation with isoimmune AV block presented at 34 weeks with a precipitous fall in ventricular rate and periods of tachycardia. Magnetocardiography revealed the tachycardia to be ventricular. After delivery, nonsustained ventricular tachycardia continued. The baby then successfully paced, and at higher ventricular rates the tachycardia resolved. Five years later the child has normal ventricular function and is doing well.
Queueing analysis of nonpreemptive reservation priority discipline

Analysis is given to a nonpreemptive priority queueing system with P classes of messages where the class of message to be served next is the highest priority class waiting at the time of service start. (If this were the highest priority class waiting at the service completion epoch, we would have a classical nonpreemptive head-of-line priority queueing system.) We assume that the message service time distribution is identical for all classes. The mean message waiting time is obtained explicitly for each class, and numerically compared to the values in the corresponding head-of-line system. We have also proposed and evaluated a fairness measure to demonstrate the degree of discrimination. This model can be applied to the performance analysis of the prioritized token-ring scheme in local area computer networks when the propagation delay and bit latency are negligible compared to the frame transmission time.
EFFECT OF FORMALIN ON THE VIRUS OF VESICULAR STOMATITIS OF HORSES

The virus of vesicular stomatitis is not readily killed by formalin. This chemical is one of a group which coagulates the proteins of the medium in which the virus is usually contained. It has already been found7 that other reagents of the protein-coagulating group are not actively virucidal) and the effect of formalin in this instance is therefore characteristic of the group. The so called formalinized vaccines which give rise to immunity can be shown to have done so because of the presence of living virus. A single injection of such so called "vaccine," or of other material containing living virus, is capable of inducing immunity in guinea pigs. No protection, however, follows a single injection of dead virus. Furthermore, repeated inoculations of virus killed by formalin likewise fail to induce resistance against subsequent injections of the living virus. It is concluded, with respect to the virus of vesicular stomatitis, that the use of formalin has failed to solve the problem of active immunization with dead virus.
Archaic black flies and ancient forests: Conservation of Parasimulium habitats in the Pacific Northwest

1. Parasimulium (Diptera: Simuliidae) is one of the most distinctive, enigmatic and poorly collected groups of black flies in North America. The genus is confined to streams in the mesic coniferous forests of the Pacific Northwest, from southern British Columbia to northern California. 2. The immature stages of these unusual flies are specialized for life in the hyporheic zone, a region of flowing water beneath and lateral to the stream bed. Parasimulium shares this habitat with a diverse assemblage of subterranean aquatic invertebrates. 3. Most Parasimulium research has been conducted in the Cascade Range of Oregon, particularly streams in the Columbia River Gorge. Collection records suggest a correlation between the distribution of some species of Parasimulium and that of ancient forests in the Pacific Northwest. However, definitive evidence that Parasimulium is an ecologically sensitive ‘indicator’ species awaits additional observations on the group's distribution and habitat requirements. 4. This paper discusses the potential role of aquatic invertebrates in studies of ancient forests, and concludes that it may be especially great for hyporheic species, which typically inhabit zones of marked environmental stability. Data on these and other ecologically sensitive taxa will provide valuable insights into the management and conservation of surface and groundwater habitats of the Pacific Northwest.
An fMRI Study of Bilingual Sentence Comprehension and Workload

To examine the relation between the cortical substrates that support the comprehension of one's native language and those that support a second language, fMRI measures of cortical activation were taken as native Japanese participants, who had acquired moderate fluency in English, listened to auditory sentences in Japanese and English. In addition, to examine the impact of processing difficulty within a language, sentence difficulty was manipulated by including affirmative (easy) and negative (hard) sentences. The volume of activation was greater for English in most of the cortical regions, suggesting that more cognitive effort was required to process English. Also, a high percentage of the voxels that were activated for the Japanese condition were also activated for the English condition, with as much overlap between Japanese and English as between the processing of affirmative and negative sentences within Japanese. Negative sentences elicited greater activation than affirmative sentences primarily for English, indicating that the structural difficulty of negation has a larger impact on cortical activation if it occurs in the context of the second language, which may serve as another source of difficulty. These results suggest that a shared network of cortical regions supports the processing of both a first and a second language, such that the second language requires more computation and activity from the network.
Integration of light signaling with photoperiodic flowering and circadian rhythm

Plants become photosynthetic through de-etiolation, a developmental process regulated by red/far-red light-absorbing phytochromes and blue/ultraviolet A light-absorbing cryptochromes. Genetic screens have identified in the last decade many far-red light signaling mutants and several red and blue light signaling mutants, suggesting the existence of distinct red, far-red, or blue light signaling pathways downstream of phytochromes and cryptochromes. However, genetic screens have also identified mutants with defective de-etiolation responses under multiple wavelengths. Thus, the optimal de-etiolation responses of a plant depend on coordination among the different light signaling pathways. This review intends to discuss several recently identified signaling components that have a potential role to integrate red, far-red, and blue light signalings. This review also highlights the recent discoveries on proteolytic degradation in the desensitization of light signal transmission, and the tight connection of light signaling with photoperiodic flowering and circadian rhythm. Studies on the controlling mechanisms of de-etiolation, photoperiodic flowering, and circadian rhythm have been the fascinating topics in Arabidopsis research. The knowledge obtained from Arabidopsis can be readily applied to food crops and ornamental species, and can be contributed to our general understanding of signal perception and transduction in all organisms.
230Th/U dating of a late Pleistocene alluvial fan along the southern San Andreas fault

U-series dating of pedogenic carbonate-clast coatings provides a reliable, precise minimum age of 45.1 ± 0.6 ka (2σ) for the T2 geomorphic surface of the Biskra Palms alluvial fan, Coachella Valley, California. Concordant ages for multiple subsamples from individual carbonate coatings provide evidence that the 238 U- 234 U- 230 Th system has remained closed since carbonate formation. The U-series minimum age is used to assess previously published 10 Be exposure ages of cobbles and boulders. All but one cobble age and some boulder 10 Be ages are younger than the U-series minimum age, indicating that surface cobbles and some boulders were partially shielded after deposition of the fan and have been subsequently exhumed by erosion of fine-grained matrix to expose them on the present fan surface. A comparison of U-series and 10 Be ages indicates that the interval between final alluvial deposition on the T2 fan surface and accumulation of dateable carbonate is not well resolved at Biskra Palms; however, the “time lag” inherent to dating via U-series on pedogenic carbonate can be no larger than ∼10 k.y., the uncertainty of the 10 Be-derived age of the T2 fan surface. Dating of the T2 fan surface via U-series on pedogenic carbonate (minimum age, 45.1 ± 0.6 ka) and 10 Be on boulder-top samples using forward modeling (preferred age, 50 ± 5 ka) provides broadly consistent constraints on the age of the fan surface and helps to elucidate its postdepositional development.
Many faces of risk: Free speech versus public safety

National controversy erupted when students at a public university invited a man who was on death row for killing a police officer to speak at their graduation ceremony.
Genital findings in prepubertal girls selected for nonabuse: a descriptive study

This project was designed to collect normative data on the genital anatomy from a sample of nonabused prepubertal girls. A total of 114 girls between the ages of 10 months and 10 years were examined and photographed with a colposcope. After screening for the onset of puberty and the possibility of undetected abuse, 93 subjects remained. Examination techniques included a supine labial separation approach, a supine labial traction method, and a prone knee-chest position. Common genital finding included erythema of the vestibule (56%), periurethral bands (50.6%), labial adhesions (38.9%), lymphoid follicles on the fossa navicularis (33.7%), posterior fourchette midline avascular areas (25.6%), and urethral dilation with labial traction (14.9%). The hymenal orifice opened more frequently during the knee-chest (95.2%) and the labial traction (90.5%) methods than with the supine separation (79.3%) approach. Hymenal findings included mounds (33.8%), projections (33.3%), and "septal remnants"/midline hymenal tags (18.5%). Intravaginal findings of vaginal ridges (90.2%) and rugae (88.7%) were found primarily through the labial traction approach. The cervix was visualized without the use of speculum in 69% of the children during the knee-chest examination. Unusual findings included posterior fourchette friability (4.7%), anterior hymenal clefts (1.2%), and notches of the hymen (6%). One child had an imperforate hymen (1.2%) and 2 (2.5%) had hymenal septa. A vaginal discharge was detected in 2 (2.6%) and a foreign body in 1 (1.3%). Tables that include the vertical and horizontal hymenal orifice diameters by age group and by method are presented.