cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Authoring Tutors with SimStudent: An Evaluation of Efficiency and Model Quality

Authoring Intelligent Tutoring Systems is expensive and time consuming. To reduce costs, the Cognitive Tutor Authoring Tools and the Example-Tracing Tutor paradigm were developed to make the tutor authoring process more efficient. Under this paradigm, tutors are constructed by demonstrating behavior directly in a tutor interface, reducing the need for programming expertise. This paper evaluates the efficiency of authoring a tutor with SimStudent, an extension to the Example-Tracing paradigm that is designed to produce greater generality in less time by induction from past demonstrations and feedback. We found that authoring an algebra tutor in SimStudent is faster than Example-Tracing while maintaining equivalent final model quality. Furthermore, we found that the SimStudent model generalizes beyond the problems that were used to author it.
Relationship between method of detection of breast cancer and stage of disease, method of treatment, and survival in women aged 40 to 49 years

The optimal breast cancer screening program for women 40 to 49 years of age remains controversial. To help assess the value of screening mammography for this age group, we studied the relationship between the method of breast cancer detection and stage, therapy, and survival. Cases of breast cancer diagnosed at Sinai Hospital (Detroit, MI) between January 1985 and December 1994 were reviewed. A total of 181 cases involving 40- to 49-year-old women were available for analysis. The distribution of stage of disease significantly differed among the three methods of detection (P < 0.0001). Breast-conserving surgery was more commonly performed in cases detected by screening mammography and clinical breast examination than in cases detected by breast self-examination (P = 0.001). Variation in the stage of disease resulted in improved survival for cases detected by screening mammography and clinical breast examination when compared with those detected by breast self-examination (P = 0.019). Women diagnosed with breast cancer between the ages of 40 and 49 years had earlier stage disease, were more likely to be treated with breast-conserving therapy, and had better survival if their disease was first recognized by screening mammography. Screening mammography has an important role for women of this age.
Stability of shear banded flow for a viscoelastic constitutive model with thixotropic yield stress behavior

Abstract A viscoelastic constitutive model which combines the partially extending strand convection model and a Newtonian solvent is used in the regime of large relaxation time. Prior work on one dimensional time-dependent solutions at prescribed shear stress predicts some of the features expected of thixotropic yield stress fluids, such as delayed yielding. In this paper, we present the linear stability analysis of two-dimensional plane Couette flow, for parameter regimes that support a two-layer arrangement consisting of an unyielded layer and a yielded layer. Asymptotic analysis and computational techniques are applied. We find that the one layer yielded flow can have bulk instabilities which also emerge in the two-layer flow. Bulk instabilities in the yielded phase appear not to have been observed in prior literature. For some parameters, an interfacial mode is unstable and is driven by the normal stress difference across the interface. The yielded zone has the higher first normal stress difference, as for the well-studied Johnson–Segalman model. In order to assess the importance of the sign of the first normal stress difference at the interface, we specifically design a modification to the model to reverse the sign. It is found that instabilities still occur.
Short-duration, high-intensity bouts of physical therapy to increase self-efficacy, confidence, and function in an individual with incomplete spinal cord injury: A case report

ABSTRACTHigh intensity and frequency of task-specific practice is required to produce functional change in individuals with neurologic conditions. Self-efficacy is an important predictor of engagement in physical activity in individuals with spinal cord injury. Combining these two rehabilitation concepts has the potential for lasting functional improvement. The purpose of this case report is to describe the management of a patient with incomplete spinal cord injury (iSCI) using a model of concentrated bouts of physical therapy with an emphasis on techniques to increase self-efficacy. The patient is a 70-yr old female who sustained C5/C6 vertebral fractures in a fall, resulting in incomplete tetraplegia. She participated in a pilot program of 1 week of intensive physical therapy every 10–12 weeks over the course of 5.5 months. Interventions included functional activities important to the patient, therapeutic exercise, and home exercise program. Confidence and self-efficacy were shaped using patient-directe...
Self-monitoring of blood glucose did not improve HbA1c or QoL at 1 year in non-insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.

Source Citation Young LA, Buse JB, Weaver MA, et al; Monitor Trial Group. Glucose self-monitoring in non-insulin-treated patients with type 2 diabetes in primary care settings: a randomized trial. ...
Social Psychiatry: Definitions and Scope

As pointed out in the preceding chapter, interest in social psychiatry rises during periods of rapid social change and when certain societal health problems are manifest, such as those presented by our current “culture of violence.”2 The past 25 years have been characterized by dramatic evidence of accelerated social and culture change—the rural-urban shift, widespread geographic mobility, the black-white confrontation, and changing roles and statuses for women. During this time mental illness has emerged as one of the major public health problems. Various definitions of social psychiatry have been proposed and have sparked debate about its legitimate areas of activity and inquiry. And its status as a field of psychiatry has been challenged. Is social psychiatry an evanescent topical concern, or an umbrella-like label under which a wide array of therapists from different disciplines gather? Or is it an evolving branch of psychiatry that has potential for supplying vitally needed information about the interplay between social forces and individuals’ mental processes and the developing of appropriate therapies?
A Finite Strain Plasticity Theory for Transversely Isotropic Materials

A finite strain theory for anisotropic elastic-plastic materials is presented. The example of a metal-matrix composite reinforced by aligned fibers is analyzed in detail. The plastic spin W p, which is the average spin of the continuum as seen by an observer spinning with the substructure (fiber), is shown to be W p = nn⋅D p-D p⋅nn, where D p is the plastic part of the deformation rate, and n is the unit vector in the direction of the fiber. The numerical implementation of the developed model is briefly discussed and the example of finite simple shear is presented.
The Role of Folates in Methanol Toxicity

In the monkey and human, methanol toxicity is characterized by a metabolic acidosis and an ocular toxicity which occur coincident with an accumulation of formate in blood. In contrast, methanol insensitive species such as the rat do not accumulate formate after methanol administration. Folate-dependent reactions are involved in the oxidation of formate to CO2 in both the rat and the monkey. Monkey liver contains a significantly lower hepatic folate level than does rat liver and, thus, formate accumulation in the monkey may be related to a functional folate deficiency in this species. Formate metabolism in the monkey can be stimulated with folate administration. After methanol administration, treatment of monkeys with repetitive doses of either 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid or folic acid results in a marked decrease in blood formate accumulation, an absence of metabolic acidosis and no blood bicarbonate depletion. Also, methanol toxicity, once established in the monkey, can be reversed with 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid administration. The results indicate that 5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid decreases formate accumulation after methanol by stimulating the rate of formate oxidation or utilization and provide additional evidence for the involvement of folate-dependent reactions in the metabolism and toxicity of methanol in the monkey.
Lack of birth seasonality in a nineteenth-century agricultural population: Escazu Costa Rica.

Demographic studies repeatedly indicate that human births tend to fluctuate in a seasonal pattern, particularly in agricultural groups. Interestingly, lack of seasonal variation has been infrequently reported. Recently, Arcury et al. (1990) indicated that only one published study identified a population in which no seasonality of births was demonstrated. Here, I report the results of a historical demographic study that investigates whether Escazu, a nineteenth-century population from Costa Rica, experienced birth seasonality. The data set consists of certificates of baptisms from 1851 to 1901 collected at the Parish of San Miguel de Escazu, Costa Rica. The data are an accurate reflection of the actual number of births in the population because even newborn infants who appeared to be in imminent danger of dying (and who subsequently did) were baptized. The baptism series was analyzed by fitting an ARIMA model (0, 1, 1) and cross-correlating it with two climatic series: rainfall and temperature. The autocorrelation analysis of the baptism data fails to demonstrate any cyclical pattern of births in Escazu. Moreover, there is no indication that temperature or rainfall influences the frequency of births. This lack of seasonality is unexpected in an agrarian population such as Ecazu. The results of this analysis indicate that human fertility cycles might not be as prevalent as previously thought.
Microstructural evolution of titanium nitride (TiN) coatings produced by reactive ion beam-assisted, electron beam physical vapor deposition (RIBA, EB-PVD)

Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings have been successfully deposited on 304 stainless steel substrates by reactive ion beam-assisted, electron beam-physical vapor deposition (RIBA, EB-PVD). The hardness values of the TiN coatings varied from 800 to 2500 VHN depending on the processing condition. The lattice parameter and hardness variation were correlated with processing parameters such as: deposition rate, bias, ion source energies, process gas, substrate temperature, and coating composition. The hardness of the TiN coatings increased with increasing ion energy. The ion energies combined with the deposition rate were the limiting factors controlling the degree of surface texturing. Surface texturing was only observed for those coatings deposited >8 A/s.
On the Diffusion of Administrative Innovation: Performance, Fashion, or Legitimacy

IT-enabled administrative innovation has been increasingly important to managers, both in the private and public sectors, as it is considered the “silver bullet” to revive organizations out of poor performance or turbulent times. This review article examines four alternative diffusion theories of administrative innovation, namely, the performance-and-then-legitimacydriven theory, the diminishing-mimetic-isomorphism theory, the fashion-and-then-abandon-by-performance theory, and the performance-fashion-legitimacy theory. The conclusion is that each theory appears likely to hold only in certain conditions, and none of them comes out as the absolute explanation for the diffusion process. The possibility of multiple adoption pathways or conditional diffusion trajectories is suggested, and future theoretical development as well as empirical research is needed to understand the diffusion process.
IMPlanner-MAS: A Multiagent System for Distributed Manufacturing Process Planning

Abstract The paper reports development of the multiagent-based framework for distributed manufacturing process planning. The research builds on previous results in developing intelligent manufacturing planning platform and extends it into agent-based modeling. Both, design and manufacturing tasks are defined as sequences of steps to be performed by highly intelligent autonomous agents. Autonomous agents are classified into two categories: task agents, which are responsible for completing design or manufacturing tasks, and service agents, which provide services for individual steps of those tasks. For multiagent implementation, we have chosen JADE framework and both task agents and service agents have been implemented by extending agents from JADE. Thus, the JADE’s message passing mechanism has been adopted for inter-agent communication and appropriate ontologies for the message passing have been built from planning classes and objects. The brief overview of IMPlanner functionalities has been provided and development and implementation of service agents for several typical manufacturing planning tasks have been explained. The proposed framework has been executed in the context of the simulation model for evaluation of dynamic routing policies.
Workplace Behaviors That Demonstrate Love for God and Our Workplace Neighbors

In this chapter, I present manager-desired employee attitudes and actions studied by organizational leadership researchers over the years. I contend that rather than expect managers to entice, guide, motivate employees to engage in the desired attitudes and behaviors, employees should take the initiative and provide the desired attitudes and behaviors as a means of demonstrating love for God and love for our neighbors (Matt. 22:37–40 and Col 3:23–24).
An Experiment with Link Prediction in Social Network: Two New Link Prediction Methods

This paper investigates link prediction methods in social networks (Facebook) and discusses two new link prediction methods. The two methods are structural based methods, which implies they are not based on any content of user profiles, but instead they are based on connections of the users in the social network. These two methods are the Common Neighbors of Neighbors and Node Connectivity prediction methods. The first introduced method can be considered as an extension to the Common Neighbors link prediction method. The second method is based on average connections of neighbors. Both methods are discussed in this paper and have been used in experiment. Additionally, Formulas, explanation, Pseudocode and an example is included about some preexisting methods of link prediction and the introduced methods considered in this paper. This paper also includes detailed applications of link predictions methods, and experimental results that compare the new methods with well-known methods in link prediction. Results show better performance for the proposed link prediction method when applied to a friendship Facebook dataset, which is characterized in this paper. The experiment is described in details and the results (precision and number of positives) shows superiority of proposed methods in terms of performance over well-known link prediction methods.
Bandit join: preliminary results

Join is arguably the most costly and frequently used operation in relational query processing. Join algorithms usually spend the majority of their time on scanning and attempting to join the parts of the base relations that do not satisfy the join condition and do not generate any results. This causes slow response time, particularly, in interactive and exploratory environments where users would like real-time performance. In this paper, we outline our vision on using online learning and adaptation to execute joins efficiently. In our approach, scan operators that precede a join, learn which parts of the relations are more likely to join during the query execution and produce more results faster by doing fewer I/O accesses. Our empirical studies using standard benchmarks indicate that this approach outperforms similar methods considerably.
The SARS-CoV-2 Cytopathic Effect Is Blocked by Lysosome Alkalizing Small Molecules.

Understanding the SARS-CoV-2 virus' pathways of infection, virus-host-protein interactions, and mechanisms of virus-induced cytopathic effects will greatly aid in the discovery and design of new therapeutics to treat COVID-19. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, extensively explored as clinical agents for COVID-19, have multiple cellular effects including alkalizing lysosomes and blocking autophagy as well as exhibiting dose-limiting toxicities in patients. Therefore, we evaluated additional lysosomotropic compounds to identify an alternative lysosome-based drug repurposing opportunity. We found that six of these compounds blocked the cytopathic effect of SARS-CoV-2 in Vero E6 cells with half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values ranging from 2.0 to 13 μM and selectivity indices (SIs; SI = CC50/EC50) ranging from 1.5- to >10-fold. The compounds (1) blocked lysosome functioning and autophagy, (2) prevented pseudotyped particle entry, (3) increased lysosomal pH, and (4) reduced (ROC-325) viral titers in the EpiAirway 3D tissue model. Consistent with these findings, the siRNA knockdown of ATP6V0D1 blocked the HCoV-NL63 cytopathic effect in LLC-MK2 cells. Moreover, an analysis of SARS-CoV-2 infected Vero E6 cell lysate revealed significant dysregulation of autophagy and lysosomal function, suggesting a contribution of the lysosome to the life cycle of SARS-CoV-2. Our findings suggest the lysosome as a potential host cell target to combat SARS-CoV-2 infections and inhibitors of lysosomal function could become an important component of drug combination therapies aimed at improving treatment and outcomes for COVID-19.
IPO Underpricing Over Time: Evidence from the UK

The changing nature of initial public offering (IPO) underpricing is examined using a sample of 513 IPOs launched in the UK from 1993 to 2001. It is found that the mean UK underpricing is initially less than that in the USA, reverses itself in the mid-1990s, returns to a lower level during the bubble period, but exceeds US underpricing for the last years of the sample. A growing amount of money left-on-the-table by UK underwriters is also observed. The analysis of IPO characteristics shows the simultaneous presence of changing composition and incentive realignment effects in the UK IPO market. These effects are most evident during the technology/internet equity bubble, which spans the last two subperiods of this study. It is concluded that although the market frenzy of the technology/internet bubble was present in the UK IPO market, its influence appears more limited than that documented for the US.(Publication abstract)
Lessons Learned From the First Pilot Study of the Compensatory Reserve Index After Congenital Heart Surgery Requiring Cardiopulmonary Bypass.

Background:Early warning systems that utilize dense physiologic data and machine learning may aid prediction of decompensation after congenital heart surgery (CHS). The Compensatory Reserve Index (...
Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans in pregnancy: a case series and review of the literature.

Background Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a rare cutaneous sarcoma, which has been reported in pregnancy. This case series reports the clinical and histopathological findings of DFSP in pregnancy. Methods Eighteen cases of DFSP, including six unreported cases and 12 cases from the literature, were identified. Age, anatomic location, tumor size, changes in tumor characteristics during pregnancy, histopathological features, and treatment were recorded. Follow-up data, when available, were noted. Results The average age of the cohort was 30.6 years (range 19-38). Ten tumors (55.6%) were located on the trunk, four (22.2%) on the head and neck, three (16.7%) on the extremities, and one (5.6%) in the genitalia. Most tumors demonstrated features of conventional DFSP (12/18, 66.7%), while the remaining were identified as DFSP with fibrosarcomatous (FS) change (3/18, 16.7%), atrophic DFSP (2/18, 11.1%), and myxoid DFSP (1/18, 5.6%). Treatment was reported in 17 cases, at least nine of which were treated postpartum. Ten patients were treated with excision, while seven underwent Mohs micrographic surgery. Three patients recurred on follow-up, one with local recurrence and two with distant metastasis. Conclusions DFSP can undergo enlargement or change in size or color in pregnancy, possibly mediated by hormones. While the majority of cases in this series represented conventional DFSP, unusual clinical and histopathological variants were also present. Treatment in most cases can be safely delayed until after delivery, but recurrent or very large tumors may require treatment prepartum. Close monitoring for recurrence or metastasis is advised.
Comparability of teachers’ educational background items in TIMSS: a case from Turkey

Large-scale international assessment studies such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) or Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) provide researchers and policy makers the opportunity to conduct secondary analyses to answer questions related to educational outcomes and compare the impact of certain inputs on student outcomes across countries. These comparisons are made under the assumption that the questionnaire items translated to different languages are understood in the same way by its participants. Presenting a case from Turkey, this paper shows that equivalency of questionnaire items is not always achieved. The case explores demographic information related to teacher preparation and the sample is drawn from eighth grade science and mathematics teachers participated in TIMSS 2007, 2011, and 2015 in Turkey. Descriptive analysis of data collected from these teachers and comparisons across subjects and years show that teachers may have misunderstood a question regarding their major, thus limiting potential claims related to teacher preparation in Turkey. Researchers and policy analyst who use secondary data collected by international assessment studies should be aware of such comparability issues in adapted items prior to conducting any secondary analyses.
Designing Technologies to Support Parent-Child Relationships: A Review of Current Findings and Suggestions for Future Directions

Diverse fields, including CSCW, Communication, and Human Development studies, have investigated how technologies can better support parent-child relationships. While these studies are scattered across literature, little effort has been made to synthesize the findings. We conducted a review of studies that examined the factors associated with parent-child relationships that are mediated by technologies. Specifically, we synthesized previous studies based on children's age groups and different family contexts, including cohabitation. From a total of 12,942 search results from two databases, and 32 results from the hand-searching process, we conducted a full-text review of 190 articles and identified 19 suitable studies. An additional search during the revision cycle resulted in 6 more full-text reviews and 1 additional study being included in the data analysis. We analyzed challenges and facilitators in designing CSCW systems supporting parent-child relationships for families living together or apart and families with children of different developmental stages. Findings showed two common challenges, which should be addressed in technology designed to support parent-child relationships: discrepancies in expected communication between parents and child(ren) and the complex emotions of parents toward parenting caused by their busy schedules. Challenges specific to families who are living apart included consequences from being physically distant and having limited access to communication resources. The following factors commonly helped facilitate parent-child relationships: (1) reciprocity norms of the family (2) reinforcement of transparency, affection, and trust, (3) a physical proxy of each other through an object or interface design, (4) accessibility, the sophistication level of technology, and communication resources, (5) enjoyable, age-appropriate shared content among parents and children, and (6) situational awareness and routine as ways to increase parent-child relationships. Media richness and synchronicity in system design and privacy preservation without interruption facilitated parent-child relationships of families living apart. Based on the findings, we discuss opportunities for technological innovation for physically co-located families and the importance of considering children's age and developmental stages in designing technology for parent-child relationships.
Conservation Reserve Program to Row Crop Demonstration

Materials and Methods The CRP demonstration site contained various prairie plant species that were established beginning in 1999. The native species were allowed to grow wild except for an annual fire burn each spring. No plans were made prior to last winter to do away with the CRP demonstration, so all techniques used in the CRP to row crop demonstration were based on a process that started in the spring.
Fast protons and alpha particles from the /sup 12/C+/sup 60/Ni reaction

The emission of energetic light ions from heavy-ion induced reactions was studied by measuring coincidences of protons and alpha particles with (1) Z = 1 to 7 particles, (2) discrete ..gamma.. rays, and (3) ..gamma..-ray multiplicities from bombardment of /sup 60/Ni with /sup 12/C ions. Incident beam energies were 136 and 194 MeV. Discrete ..gamma.. rays were used to identify the residual target-like fragments. Most of the particle-particle coincident angular correlations are strongly peaked in the forward direction; the full width of half maximum of the proton distributions are typically 50/sup 0/, those of the alpha particles are 30/sup 0/. The N-Z distributions of the residual nuclei peak around /sup 60/Ni. The ..gamma..-ray multiplicities are insensitive to the energy of the gating energetic light ion and are about 9 for 136-MeV /sup 12/C projectiles and 10 for 194 MeV. The results indicate the contribution of more than one mechanism in producing the high-energy light ions. In part the energetic light ions are emitted in association with a projectilelike fragment. A major component of the energetic light ions can be explained as emission from the projectilelike fragment during the collision process followed by fusion of the remainder of the fragment withmore » the target.« less
Borrelia burgdorferi B31 Erp Proteins That Are Dominant Immunoblot Antigens of Animals Infected with Isolate B31 Are Recognized by Only a Subset of Human Lyme Disease Patient Sera

Sera from animals infected with Borrelia burgdorferi isolates yield intense immunoblot signals from the B31 ErpA/I/N and ErpB/J/O proteins, which have apparent molecular masses of 19 and 60 kDa, respectively. Since B. burgdorferi proteins with those molecular masses are of immunodiagnostic importance, Lyme disease patient sera were used in studies of B31 lysates and recombinant B31 ErpA/I/N and ErpB/J/O proteins. Immunoblot analyses indicated that only a minority of the patients produced antibodies that recognized the tested B31 Erp proteins. Southern blot analyses of Lyme disease spirochetes cultured from 16 of the patients indicated that all these bacteria contain genes related to the B31 erpA/I/N and erpB/J/O genes, although signal strengths indicated only weak similarities in many cases, suggestive of genetic variability of erp genes among these bacteria. These data indicate that Erp proteins are generally not the 19- and 60-kDa antigens observed on serodiagnostic immunoblots.
Internal endometriosis (adenomyosis) of the urinary bladder

Abstract The origin of the endometrial structures from the bladder epithelium is demonstrated in a case of internal endometriosis of the bladder. The causative role of ovarian hormones in the genesis of endometriosis of the bladder is unproved. Once established, however, endometriosis is functionally connected with the ovary.
Estimation of Shallow-Water Breaking-Wave Height From Synthetic Aperture Radar

The relationship between synthetic aperture radar (SAR) signatures of depth-limited breaking waves and wave height is studied. Wave height is estimated from SAR images using an empirically derived relationship that exploits the azimuthal shift in SAR images associated with moving scatterers. This relationship is derived from in situ measurements rather than from an idealized model of breaking waves as was done in a previous study. We find that the lengths of the SAR signatures are correlated with the observed significant wave height (the correlation coefficient is 0.78) for a range of wave conditions. The relationship between the wave heights and velocity bandwidths from the field data is similar to that between simulated (with a Boussinesq surface wave model) wave heights and velocity ranges (correlation $\mbox{coefficient}=0.82$ ).
Etch chamber condition-based process control model for shallow trench isolation trench depth control

This paper discusses the development and implementation of an etch chamber condition-based process control model for shallow trench isolation (STI) trench depth (TD) control The novel aspects of the controller are discussed, including PM cycle-based tuning, and measures for excursion protection. The implementation has eliminated the need for manual process recipe adjustment and improved process capability by approximately 30%. Actual process data from pre- and post-implementation demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach
Initiation and Characterization of Photoautotrophic Suspension Cultures

A review of the literature shows that photoautotrophic cultures of the following 16 different species have been established: Nicotiana tabacum (Bergmann 1967, 1968), Ruta graveolens (Corduan 1970), Chenopodium rubrum (Husemann and Barz 1977), Cytisus scoparius (Yamada and Sato 1978), Peganum harmala (Barz et al. 1980), Spinacia oleracea (Dalton 1980), Datura stramonium (Yasuda et al. 1980), Hyoscyamus niger (Yasuda et al. 1980), Arachis hypogea (Bender et al. 1981), Asparagus officinalis (Peel 1982), Marchantia polymorpha (Katoh 1983), Glycine max (Horn et al. 1983b), Solanum tuberosum (LaRosa et al. 1984), Morinda lucida (Igbavboa et al. 1985), Catharanthus roseus (Tyler et al. 1986), and Euphorbia characias (Hardy et al. 1987). While this number (16) is not small it should be pointed out that the establishment of photoautotrophic cultures which are convincingly photoautotrophic, i.e., cultures which can be grown for many subcultures in medium without sugar or other energy sources, is usually a time-consuming and often difficult task. Several of the cultures listed above are grown on agar-containing medium which can complicate the definition since McHale (1985) has shown that agar or agarose-containing medium without sucrose can support the growth of green Nicotiana tabacum cells incubated in light in CO2-free air.
Metabolic flux analysis of Escherichia coli expressing the Bacillus subtilis acetolactate synthase in batch and continuous cultures.

Metabolically engineered Escherichia coli expressing the B. subtilis acetolactate synthase has shown to be capable of reducing acetate accumulation. This reduction subsequently led to a significant enhancement in recombinant protein production. The main focus of this study is to systematically examine the effect of ALS in the metabolic patterns of E. coli in batch and continuous culture. The specific acetate production rate of a strain carrying the B. subtilis als gene is 75% lower than that of the control strain (host carrying the control plasmid pACYC184) in batch cultures. The ALS strain is further demonstrated to be capable of maintaining a reduced specific acetate production rate in continuous cultures at dilution rates ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 h-1. In addition, this ALS strain is shown to have a higher ATP yield and lower maintenance coefficient. The metabolic flux analysis of carbon flux distribution of the central metabolic pathways and at the pyruvate branch point reveals that this strain has the ability to channel excess pyruvate to the much less toxic compound, acetoin.
Galactic Lyman Alpha and the Interstellar Shock Wave

A THEORY originally proposed by Patterson et al.1 and recently extended by Blum and Fahr2 suggests that the collision of interstellar hydrogen with the solar system produces an anisotropic distribution of fast neutral hydrogen atoms. This theory has been used by Chambers et al.3 to interpret their Vela 7 Lyman alpha results. They have shown that a peak in the Lyman alpha brightness occurs in a direction very close to the velocity vector of the solar system as given by Allen4, implying that the radiation originates in the shock front which surrounds the solar system. Despite the plausibility of the shock wave theory, it seems that the interpretation of Chambers et al. of their data may be erroneous.
Distributed data structures and algorithms for Gro¨bner basis computation

We present the design and implementation of a parallel algorithm for computing Grobner bases on distributed memory multiprocessors. The parallel algorithm is irregular both in space and time: the data structures are dynamic pointer-based structures and the computations on the structures have unpredictable duration. The algorithm is presented as a series of refinements on atransition rule program, in which computation proceeds by nondeterministic invocations of guarded commands. Two key data structures, a set and a priority queue, are distributed across processors in the parallel algorithm. The data structures are designed for high throughput and latency tolerance, as appropriate for distributed memory machines. The programming style represents a compromise between shared-memory and message-passing models. The distributed nature of the data structures shows through their interface in that the semantics are weaker than with shared atomic objects, but they still provide a shared abstraction that can be used for reasoning about program correctness. In the data structure design there is a classic trade-off between locality and load balance. We argue that this is best solved by designing scheduling structures in tandem with the state data structures, since the decision to replicate or partition state affects the overhead of dynamically moving tasks.
Continuous monitoring of electrodermal activity during epileptic seizures using a wearable sensor

We present a novel method for monitoring sympathetic nervous system activity during epileptic seizures using a wearable sensor measuring electrodermal activity (EDA). The wearable sensor enables long-term, continuous EDA recordings from patients. Preliminary results from our pilot study suggest that epileptic seizures induce a surge in EDA. These changes are greater in generalized tonic-clonic seizures and reflect a massive sympathetic discharge. This paper offers a new approach for investigating the relationship between epileptic seizures and autonomic alterations.
Consequences of Value in Retail Markets

Abstract We suggest that merchandise value, affect and two types of loyalty are related in the retail domain. Based on ideas from cognitive psychology on the structure of value we suggest that merchandise value is directly related to repurchase loyalty but indirectly related to attitudinal loyalty via the construct of store affect. Additionally, our model proposes that attitudinal loyalty is related to willingness to pay a price premium while repurchase loyalty is not. We also control for the effects of store familiarity and convenience. We test our hypotheses in three studies and find that, in general, our model is well supported at the level of both individual consumers and stores. Additionally, we find that perceived retailer differentiation moderates the effect of merchandise value on store affect.
Comparing households’ total economic values and recreation value of instream flow in an urban river

The empirical importance of non-use values relative to use values appears to vary by uniqueness of the natural environment being valued. At one extreme is the Grand Canyon, where non-use values are orders of magnitude higher than use values. For protecting water quality used for water-based recreation and drinking water, non-use values are still significant, but about half the magnitude of these two use values. In this paper we investigate the relative importance of non-use values for maintaining instream flows in an urban river in the City of Fort Collins, Colorado, USA. At the request of the City Council, a contingent valuation method (CVM) survey was conducted. A dichotomous choice CVM survey of households estimated that the Total Economic Values (TEV – sum of non-use and recreation) of city households is $234 per year. A second CVM question specifically about recreation use value of the same households yielded an estimated annual WTP of $90 per year. Thus, the TEV to maintain current instream flow is ...
Single dilution radio-immune assay for the determination of anti-Rho (D) content of Rho (D) immune globulin

Abstract A radio-immune assay is described for determining the anti-Rho (D) content of Rho (D) Immune Globulin. The methods for iodination, assay and calculations are described. The significance of this assay is the use of one test dilution and the direct calculation of the concentration of anti-Rho (D).
Visual and Conceptual Hierarchy: A Paradigm for Studies of Automated Generation of Recognition Strategies

The purpose of this correspondence is to show the design considerations in the choice of mechanisms when a flexible querysystem of visual scenes is being constructed. More concretely, the issues are: ? flexibility in adding new information to the knowledge base; ? power of inferencing; ? avoiding unnecessary generation of hypotheses where a great deal of image processing has to be perfected in order to test it; ? having the power of automatic generation of recognition strategies.
Interpretation of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure in mechanically ventilated patients with large respiratory excursions in intrathoracic pressure

Objective: To assess the reliability of the pulmonary artery occlusion pressure (Ppao) when respiratory excursions in intrathoracic pressure are prominent. Design: We studied 24 critically ill patients who had 15 mmHg or more of respiratory excursion in their Ppao tracing. Large respiratory excursions resulted from respiratory muscle activity that persisted despite sedation and mechanical ventilation in the assist-control mode. From the Ppao tracing, the end-expiratory and mid-point values were recorded; the latter was measured halfway between end-expiration and the nadir due to inspiratory triggering. The Ppao was then re-measured after administration of a non-depolarizing muscle relaxant. Setting: Medical intensive care unit of a university-affiliated teaching hospital. Measurements and results: The difference between the pre-relaxation end-expiratory Ppao and the relaxed Ppao was larger than the difference between the pre-relaxation mid-point Ppao and the relaxed Ppao (11 ± 5 vs 3 ± 3 mmHg, p<0.01). In 21 of 24 (88 %) cases, the relaxed Ppao was more closely approximated by the mid-point Ppao than by the end-expiratory Ppao. The difference between the end-expiratory Ppao and the relaxed Ppao increased as the amount of respiratory excursion increased (r=0,51; p<0.01). Conclusions: In mechanically ventilated patients whose respiratory muscles produce large excursions in the Ppao, the end-expiratory Ppao is often much higher than the Ppao measured after muscle relaxation. The pre-relaxation mid-point Ppao and the relaxed Ppao are usually similar, but this may not be true in individual patients. In this setting, the Ppao measured after muscle relaxation probably provides the most clinically reliable estimate of left heart filling pressure.
Lagrangean decomposition: A model yielding stronger lagrangean bounds

Given a mixed-integer programming problem with two matrix constraints, it is possible to define a Lagrangean relaxation such that the relaxed problem decomposes additively into two subproblems, each having one of the two matrices of the original problem as its constraints. There is one Lagrangean multiplier per variable. We prove that the optimal value of this new Lagrangean dual dominates the optimal value of the Lagrangean dual obtained by relaxing one set of constraints and give a necessary condition for a strict improvement. We show on an example that the resulting bound improvement can be substantial. We show on a complex practical problem how Lagrangean decomposition may help uncover hidden special structures and thus yield better solution methodology.
A Case Study of Guiding Versus Instructing

Effective leadership development is a major goal of many college outdoor recreation programs. Twelve elements have been identified that contribute to effective outdoor leadership (Priest, 1987; Priest & Gass, 2005). These include technical skills, safety skills, environmental skills, organization skills, instructional skills, facilitation skills, flexible leadership style, experience- based judgment, problem-solving skills, decision-making skills, effective communication, and professional ethics. This case study examines how the experience of guiding versus instructing contributes to the twelve different leadership attributes within the context of an outdoor leadership preparation program.
Copper films from aqueous solutions of copper nitrate trihydrate

Abstract The production of copper films by the thermal decomposition of liquid solutions of copper compounds was examined. Aqueous solutions of copper nitrate trihydrate were found to contain 19.7 wt.% Cu and after firing in a forming gas produced highly conductive copper films. The rheological variation of aqueous copper-containing solutions is discussed. The application of this work to the production of copper films in hybrid and integrated circuits as well as to high temperature, copper-oxide-based superconductors is mentioned.
The compositional dependence of antiphase-boundary energies and the mechanism of anomalous flow in Ni3 Al alloys

Abstract The theory of the anomalous flow behaviour of Ll2 compounds has developed over the last 30 years. This theory has a foundation in the early estimates of the crystallographic anisotropy of antiphase-boundary (APB) energy in these compounds. In spite of this critical aspect of the theory, it is only in the last 5 years that electron microscopy has been employed to quantify the APB energies and to determine the detailed nature of dislocation structures at each stage of deformation. The present study examined binary Ni3Al single crystals having compositions which span the single-phase region, and selected ternary compositions expected to have a dominant influence on either {001} or {111} plane APB energies. Crystals were deformed in compression at an orientation near the [001] direction over the temperature range from — 196 to 700°C. Weak-beam dark-field microscopy was employed to quantify the APB energies and the APB energy anisotropy over the composition range. Experimental uncertainties associated...
Genomic evidence that simian virus 2 and six other simian picornaviruses represent a new genus in Picornaviridae

Analysis of the VP1 capsid protein coding region of simian virus (SV) 2, SV16, SV18, SV42, SV44, SV45, and SV49 demonstrates that they are clearly distinct from members of the Enterovirus genus and from members of other existing picornavirus genera. To further characterize this group of viruses and to clarify their classification within the Picornaviridae, we have determined the complete genomic sequence of SV2 (8126 nucleotides). The genome was typical of members of Picornaviridae, encoding a single open reading frame. The putative polyprotein contained typical picornavirus protease cleavage sites, yielding mature proteins homologous to each of the known picornavirus proteins. SV2 contained an amino-terminal extension of the reading frame, which was analogous to the leader protein of members of the Aphthovirus, Cardiovirus, Erbovirus, Kobuvirus, and Teschovirus genera, but there was no significant amino acid homology with any of these known leader proteins. The 2A protein also aligned poorly with the 2A proteins of other picornaviruses. The deduced amino acid sequences of the SV2 structural and nonstructural proteins were related to but phylogenetically distinct from those of enteroviruses and human rhinoviruses. The major distinguishing features of SV2 were the presence of a type 2 internal ribosome entry site in the 5'-NTR, a putative leader protein encoded upstream of the structural proteins, and an unusually large 2A protein. On the basis of the molecular analysis, we propose that SV2, SV16, SV18, SV42, SV44, SV45, SV49, and porcine enterovirus 8 be classified as members of a new genus in Picornaviridae and that SV2 (strain 2383) be designated as the type strain.
P04-01. Simultaneous enumeration of HIV-1 gp41 Env-specific IgG and IgM antibody-secreting cells with a multiplex B-cell fluorospot assay

Background Understanding antibody generation and maintenance in the context of HIV-1 infection and vaccination are key for the development of an AIDS vaccine. Antigen-specific Bcells can be enumerated with the ELISpot assay but B-cell availability is generally limited. Therefore, a multiplex detection system is needed to study multiple antibody types. We report a multiplex B-cell fluorospot assay in which the chromogenic reaction was replaced by a fluorescent detection system for the simultaneous enumeration of total and Env-specific IgG and IgM antibodysecreting cells (ASCs).
DIURNAL ACETYLENE REDUCTION BY MATS OF BLUE‐GREEN ALGAE IN SUB‐TROPICAL GRASSLAND: USE OF SHORT‐TERM AND LONG‐TERM IN SITU ASSAYS

Mats of blue-green algae in sub-tropical grassland in Florida show the same pattern of diurnal acetylene reduction as algal mats from similar habitats in South Africa. In situ short-term-cumulative assays (2 h) gave higher amounts of acetylene reduction during daylight than long-term assays (dawn to dusk), even when temperatures were not inhibitory. However, the rates of acetylene reduction at night were the same whether obtained using long-term or short-term-cumulative assays. Therefore, when measuring the daily rate of acetylene reduction by algal mats, day-time assays should be short and cumulative whereas night-time assays should be long-term.
Elementary operators which are m-isometries

Abstract The study of m -isometry elementary operator of length one is initiated by Botelho and Jamison. Several authors have contributed to obtain this result: if the two operator coefficients involved are m -isometries then the elementary operator is m -isometry on the Hilbert–Schmidt operator ideal. In this paper we show that the converse of this result is also true. We also give a necessary and sufficient condition for the generalized derivation to be an m -isometry. The sufficiency follows from results on the sum of m -isometries and nilpotent operators in two recent papers.
Does the Society of Thoracic Surgeons risk score accurately predict operative mortality for patients with pulmonary hypertension

Objective This study assessed the impact of pulmonary hypertension (PH) on morbidity and mortality after the most common cardiac operations and evaluated the accuracy of the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS) risk model for patients with PH. Methods At a single center between 1994 and 2010, all adult cardiac operations performed with recorded preoperative mean pulmonary arterial pressure (MPAP) and STS predicted mortality were reviewed. MPAP was defined as normal ( Results In all, 3343 patient records were reviewed. Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was the most common procedure (67.5%), followed by aortic valve replacement (24.9%) and mitral valve procedures (6.3%). Postoperative complications and mortality increased with increasing MPAP. Multivariable analysis found that both moderate (odds ratio, 7.17; P P P Conclusions Morbidity and mortality were independently associated with PH. Observed mortality was significantly higher than predicted by the STS model for patients with moderate and severe PH, particularly in isolated CABG. Addition of PH to the STS risk model should be considered, or alternative tools should be used to assess risk in these patients.