cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Automated Oscillometric Versus Auscultatory Blood Pressure Measurement

Most clinical offices rely on automated oscillometric devices to measure blood pressure (BP), but the accuracy of this technique versus auscultatory determination using a mercury manometer is controversial. To assess the accuracy of automated oscillometric readings, BP was measured from the same site and cuff, in 337 consecutive patients seen in a routine cardiology office, using a simultaneous connection to an automated oscillometric and a mercury manometer technique. The mean systolic BP (133 ± 20 mm Hg) and diastolic BP (72 ± 11 mm Hg) were significantly greater using the mercury manometer than the automated oscillometric technique (systolic 131 ± 18 and diastolic 70 ± 12 mm Hg, p 65 years. In conclusion, the mercury manometer technique resulted in consistently greater BP values than oscillometric devices. These findings have important clinical implications, including the concept that patients whose BP appears to be under control using the oscillometric technique might not be at their goal BP and might have been undertreated.
Sex Differences in Support for Organizational Advancement

While women workers have often been thought to receive less support than men to advance in organizations, these sex differences have not been systematically explored. Using a sample of 486 male and...
Facing up to Janus

Abstract The so-called “new social history,” which in the 1970s intended to reconstruct the past from the bottom up, made it possible for my cohort of graduate students to put a human face on race, ethnicity, class, gender, and age. At the same time, gerontology's gatekeepers were receptive to joining artists and experts in the humanities in their explorations of aging—if the latter were willing to advance the theoretical dimensions and empirical rules of that scientific field of inquiry. Over the course of a generation, important advances have occurred. Historical research has made a difference, broadening gerontological research. That said, there remains much to learn about the meanings and experiences of growing old(er) over time, and few younger historians in tenure lines are poised to promote historical gerontology.
On-site detection of explosives in groundwater with a fiber optic biosensor

Two primary explosives involved in groundwater contamination, 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) and hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), were detected on-site at low ppb levels with a semiautomated fiber optic biosensor. Validation of the Analyte 2000 (manufactured by Research International Inc., Woodinville, WA) for TNT and RDX detection was performed at two Superfund sites, Umatilla Army Depot and Naval Surface Weapons Center Crane. Samples from monitoring wells were split for analysis using the fiber optic biosensor on-site and using U.S. EPA SW-846 Method 8330 (reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography) in an offsite laboratory. The Analyte 2000, a multifiber probe fluorimeter, was coupled to a fluidics unit for semiautomated operation. The fiber optic biosensor assay is based on a competitive fluorescent immunoassay performed on the silica core of a fiber probe. From these studies, the limit of detection was determined to be 5 μg/L for both TNT and RDX. In addition to the field samples...
Cardiomyopathy-inducing premature ventricular contractions: not all animals are equal?

Isolated premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are common in clinical practice and occur in patients with any form of structural heart and valvular disease as well as in normal hearts when they are usually considered benign. However, an improvement in the left ventricular (LV) systolic function after pharmacologic PVC suppression or ablation in patients with cardiomyopathy (CMP) 1,2 has led to the realization that frequent PVCs themselves sometimes can cause reversible LV dysfunction and PVC-induced CMP (PVC-CMP). At the first clinical encounter, patients often present with both PVCs and LV dysfunction, raising the question which condition came first. 3 Factors associated with the risk to develop PVC-CMP have been in the focus of intense investigations and include the PVC burden, duration of symptoms, QRS width, site of origin, and others. 4‐8 A significant overlap in these parameters usually exists between groups with and without PVC-CMP, limiting their prognostic utility. The current issue of HeartRhythm presents 2 retrospective studies examining the role of the PVC QRS duration on the development and regression of PVC-CMP. 7,9 Both studies used similar criteria to define PVC-CMP (ejection fraction [EF] 50%) and technical criteria for ablation success (80% PVC suppression) and had comparable PVC frequency in PVC-CMP groups (27%‐32%). Yokokawa et al 7 studied 294 patients with frequent PVCs referred for ablation. Of those, 113 were found to have a decreased LV EF. Other causes of CMP were excluded by thorough evaluation including cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (CMRI), rendering ventricular ectopy the only presumed cause of CMP. Patients with decreased LV function had longer PVC QRS duration than did those with normal LV EF (mean 164 ms vs 149 ms), and successful ablation resulted in the reversal of PVC-CMP in all cases. The study by Deyell et al 9 included 114 patients with frequent PVCs of which 48 had reduced LV EF. Longer PVC QRS duration also was associated with the presence of CMP. However, in a subgroup of patients with very wide PVCs (mean QRS duration 173 ms), successful suppression of PVCs failed to normalize LV function. There are several possible explanations for the difference in the study outcomes. First, some of the patients in the “irreversible” group of Deyell et al could have had a component of LV dysfunction unrelated to PVCs. (CMRI was not routinely performed in all patients but in 2 out of 3 patients in that group was abnormal.) Such patients would have been excluded by routine MRI screening in the study of Yokokawa et al. Of note, PVC frequency in the “irreversible” group was lower than in the “reversible” PVCCMP group, further suggesting that PVCs were an epiphenomenon.
Procedure for isolation of Escherichia, Salmonella, and Pseudomonas mutants capable of growth at the refractory temperature of 54°C

Abstract When fully grown cultures of the genetically well characterized genera Escherichia, Salmonella and Psuedomonas were placed at 48°C for at least 4 days a few (frequency ≈ 10 −8 ) mutants able to grow continuously at 48°C were isolated. None were ever obtained immediately, implying mutation by heat stress but not selection of preexisting mutants. These mutants (thermotolerant or T48 mutants) capable of growth at 48°C had a generation time of ≈35 min at 48°C. Incubation of the T48 mutants at 54°C for at least 4 days yielded a few (frequency ≈ 10 −8 ) mutants (mesothermophilic or T54 mutants) able to grow continuosly with division every 30–40 min at 54°C. Thus, by the stepwise procedure of prolonged thermal stress, mutants which grow at 54°C were obtained from these three mesophilic genera. Isolation of mesothermophilic Salmonella (T54) mutants was also achieved directly from mesophilic parents at a frequency of −10 when the mesophilic strain was incubated for at least 10 days at 54°C suggesting two stepwise mutational events can take place during a very prolonged exposure to thermal stress. T48 and T54 mutants were found to require cellobiose as an energy source for growth on minimal agar and exhibition of parental auxotrophic genotypes in the thermal environment.
Postpartum copulation and induction of pregnancy in roof rats (Rattus rattus)

Abstract Two groups of 10 female roof rats were mated either in cycling or postpartum estrus to provide a quantitative comparison of copulatory behavior and to compare the stimulus requirements for the initiation of pregnancy. Animals in both estrous conditions were mated to one ejaculation, three ejaculations and to sexual satiety in repeated tests. The results indicate there were no differences between estrous conditions in the qualitative patterns of copulation but that males achieved more intromissions in the first series of postpartum tests than in cycling estrous tests. The stimulus requirements for pregnancy initiation were not found to vary as a function of estrous condition, however it was found that postpartum matings resulted in more pups per litter than did cycling estrous matings. The results were discussed with regard to the functional significance of species differences in copulatory behavior and in stimulus requirements for pregnancy.
Composite Severity Indices Reflect Sleep Apnea Disease Burden More Comprehensively Than the Apnea-Hypopnea Index:

ObjectiveTo compare 2 composite indices of sleep apnea disease burden with the commonly used apnea-hypopnea index with regard to baseline measurement of subjective and objective disease burden.Stud...
Modification of the lattice thermal conductivity in silicon quantum wires due to spatial confinement of acoustic phonons

Lattice thermal conductivity in silicon quantum wires is theoretically investigated. The bulk of heat in silicon structures is carried by acoustic phonons within a small region in the first Brillouin zone. Our formalism rigorously takes into account modification of these acoustic phonon modes and phonon group velocities in free- and clamped-surface wires due to spatial confinement. From our numerical results, we predict a significant decrease (more than an order of magnitude) of the lattice thermal conductivity in cylindrical quantum wires with diameter D = 200 A. The decrease is about two times stronger in quantum wires than in quantum wells of corresponding dimensions. Our theoretical results are in qualitative agreement with experimentally observed drop of the lattice thermal conductivity in silicon low-dimensional structures.
Deep computing for the life sciences

Information technology, from software applications to special high-speed computers, networks, and storage, has transformed the life sciences. This paper is a brief overview of some of the biological processes and concepts that are central to the life sciences. It also relates how deep computing plays a key role for the life sciences. The papers in this issue of the IBM Systems Journal, and a companion issue of the IBM Journal of Research and Development, provide an outline of the methods and technologies by which an understanding of the basic molecules of life can lead to the treatment of disease and other benefits to humankind.
News or Noticias: A Social Identity Approach to Understanding Latinos’ Preferred Language for News Consumption in the United States

For Latinos in the United States, decisions reflecting which language they prefer for news media consumption can have substantial effects on the quality of the content they receive. However, little is known about what influences Latinos’ language preferences for news media consumption. This project looks to fill that void to the immediate appeal of academics and media analysts by asking, What influences Latinos’ language preference for news? This project builds on social psychology theories highlighting the role played by social identity and self-categorization for inspiring culturally consistent behaviors. This social identity approach focuses on the embrace of Latino characteristics and the complementary nature of Spanish-language media outputs relative to those characteristics. Using the 2006 Latino National Survey, the role of identity is explored. The results indicate that language preferences for news consumption are indeed related to various social identity measures among Latinos in the United States.
Evidence for involvement of serine proteases in the late stages of the natural killer cell lytic reaction.

Abstract An irreversible inhibitor ( l -1-tosylamide-2-phenylethyl-chloromethylketone) and substrate (N-acetyl- l -tyrosineethylester) of the neutral serine protease chymotrypsin were evaluated for their effects on the natural killer cell lytic reaction sequence. During direct cell-mediated cytolysis these inhibitors had no effect on natural killer cell binding to target cells but were able to inhibit the “trigger” mechanism which initiates killing. In addition, they inhibited later calcium-dependent events in the lytic reaction and killer cell-independent lysis. These findings suggest that serine proteases may be required during several stages of natural killer cell lysis, including calcium-dependent programming as well as the actual lethal hit.
The marine chemistry of iodine in anoxic basins

Abstract The distribution of dissolved iodate and iodide has been determined in two anoxic basins, the Black Sea and the Cariaco Trench; and the oxic Venezuela Basin which serves as a comparison for normal oceanic conditions. In normal oceanic waters, iodate is the predominant species; its concentration is lowest at the surface (ca. 0.3 μM) and increases with depth to ca. 0.5 μM. In contrast, the iodide concentration shows maximum values in surface waters and rapidly decreases to The total iodine to salinity ratio is lower in the surface waters with a range of 7.3–12.1 nmoles/g suggesting a possible depletion by organisms. In the anoxic basins, a maximum in this ratio is observed just above the oxygen-sulfide boundary (15–17 nmoles/g) and is indicative of particle dissolution in a strong pycnocline. In the anoxic zone of the Cariaco Trench, the ratio is constant at 12.3 nmoles/g, whereas in the Black Sea, it increases with depth from 10.0 to 19.3 nmoles/g, suggesting a possible flux of iodide from the bottom sediments. By considering the distribution of iodate and iodide in oxic and anoxic basins, the lower limit of the pE of the oxic ocean is estimated to be 10.7, given our present analytical capability. Thermodynamic considerations further suggest that the iodide-iodate couple is a poor indicator for the pE of the oceans with a limited usable range of 10.0–10.7.
Organophosphine Oxide/Sulfide-Substituted Lanthanide Binaphtholate Catalysts for Enantioselective Hydroamination/Cyclization

A series of chiral organophosphine oxide/sulfide-substituted binaphtholate ligands have been prepared ({(R)-H2BINOL-[P(O)R2]2}2-, R = Ph, Et, tBu, 3,5-xylyl, Bn, and OEt; {(R)-H2BINOL-[P(S)Ph2]2}2-). The X-ray crystal structures of (R)-H2BINOL-[P(O)R2]2 (R = Ph, Et, and tBu) evidence the varying binaphtholate dihedral angles and conformational flexibility possible for these ligands. Precatalysts for enantioselective intramolecular aminoalkene hydroamination/cyclization are conveniently generated in situ from the metal homoleptic dialkylamido precursors Ln[N(SiMe3)2]3 (Ln = La, Nd, Sm, Y, Lu, and Sc) and the above binaphthols. The crystal structure of La2{(R)-BINOL-[P(O)Ph2]2}3 reveals strong coordination of lanthanide ion by the phosphine oxide moieties. Enantioselectivities as high as 65% ee for the hydroamination/cyclization of 2,2-dimethylpent-4-enylamine are obtained with {(R)-BINOL-[P(O)Et2]2}NdN(SiMe3)2 at room temperature. Lanthanide catalysts having varying organophosphine oxide-substituted binaph...
Racial/ethnic and socioeconomic disparities in the use of helmets in children involved in bicycle accidents

PURPOSE: While bicycle helmet use reduces bicycle-related head injury, few children wear them regularly. We aimed to describe racial/ethnic and socioeconomic differences in pediatric helmet use in Los Angeles County (LAC) to help target groups for injury prevention programs. METHODS: A retrospective review of all pediatric patients involved in bicycle-related accidents in LAC between 2006 and 2011 was performed. Our primary analysis examined the association between helmet use and age, gender, insurance status, and race/ethnicity. We also evaluated the association between helmet use and the need for emergency surgery, mortality, and length of hospital stay (LOH), after adjusting for injury severity score (ISS), age, insurance status, and race/ethnicity. RESULTS: Of 1248 patients, 11.3% wore helmets, with decreased use among children 12years and older, minorities, and those without private insurance. Overall, 5.9% required an emergency operation, 34.1% returned to their pre-injury capacity, and mortality was 0.7%. On multivariable analysis, higher ISS increased LOH, the risk for emergency surgery, and mortality. CONCLUSION: Nearly 90% of children involved in bicycle-related accidents were not wearing helmets. Helmet use was lower among older children, minorities, and those from a low socioeconomic status. Injury prevention programs targeting low-income middle and high schools and minority communities may help increase helmet use in children in LAC. Language: en
Damage accumulation and failure of HSLA-100 steel

Strain-induced damage accumulation in the form of void volume fractions and number densities has been experimentally characterized for an HY-100 steel subjected to tensile failure over a range of temperatures (−85 °C to 25 °C), strain rates (10−3/s to 103/s), and stress states (stress triaxiality ratios of 0.8 to 1.3). While the strain-induced evolution of damage is relatively insensitive to temperature and strain rate, it increases very rapidly with increasing stress triaxiality. In particular, the large body of void-growth data presented suggests the presence of an initially slow void-growth stage that can be described by a relationship with a form similar to that predicted by Rice and Tracey (but with increased dependence on stress triaxiality). The damage results also indicate a transition to rapid void growth (and imminent coalescence by a void-sheet mechanism) at a critical void volume fraction that decreases slowly with an increasing stress triaxiality ratio. A straightforward analysis, based on the experimental observations, relates the observed experimental dependence of failure strains on stress triaxiality for this steel.
Photophysical Characterization, Two-Photon Absorption and Optical Power Limiting of Two Fluorenylperylene Diimides

Perylene diimides have unique optical and electronic properties and have attracted interest in fields ranging from nonlinear optics to photovoltaics. The steady-state linear photophysical properties, two-photon absorption (2PA) spectra, and optical limiting behavior of fluorenylperylene diimide-based derivatives were investigated in solution at room temperature. An efficient intramolecular energy transfer and specific strong dependences of fluorescence quantum yield on solvent properties were observed. The 2PA spectra were measured over a broad spectral region by two-photon induced fluorescence and open aperture Z-scan methods under femtosecond and picosecond excitation, respectively. The maximum values of pure 2PA cross sections, up to ∼3500 GM, were obtained for fluorenylperylene diimide-based derivatives under picosecond excitation, when excited-state absorption and stimulated emission processes were taken into account. These perylene derivatives exhibited efficient two-photon optical power limiting un...
Telling the past – doing the truth: Toni Morrison's beloved

Abstract This essay challenges the concept of historical truth by arguing that history is only true within its own parameters.One of the main interests of history is to organize (evaluate) events that were important in shaping the world as it presents itself today. What history neglects to describe are the forces and interests that structure that hierarchical system that history applies when writing its text, i.e.history. Taking Toni Morrison's Beloved as an example of writing the past that sets itself apart from writing history, the essays follows a narrative that is doing the truth by giving voice to the repressed fears of a white and black world that do(es) not dare investigate the parameters of existence.
QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF RED CELL AGGLUTINATION: THE ANALYSIS OF A PATTERN OF AGGLUTINATION PRODUCED BY HUMAN GROUP B CELLS AND ANTI-B SERUM.

The methods of quantitating the agglutination of red cells have been extended to provide information on the pattern of aggregates formed During the process. A B-anti-B system has been studied to illustrate the determination of the size spectrum, the mean cell content and the percentage of two-cell forms of aggregates. Such data have been used to provide a more complete description of the second stage of red cell agglutination and have been applied to the investigation of the stable state of agglutination resulting from both the aggregation and disaggregation methods of preparation.
Weighing risks in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Best repaired in an elective, not an emergency, procedure.

PREVIEWSurgery is the only effective treatment for an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Unless serious contraindications prohibit it, repair should be undertaken in all patients with a known aneurysm while it is still an elective procedure. Complication and mortality rates increase dramatically when an aneurysm ruptures and surgery becomes an emergency procedure. In this article, the authors discuss what is known about formation and rupture of aneurysms, including patients at risk. In addition, they summarize diagnostic procedures and preoperative, operative, and nonoperative patient care.
Protectionist response to import competition in declining industries reconsidered

Abstract This paper reconsiders the political economy of protection in declining industries. I return to the Stigler–Peltzman specification of the political support function and show that this specification can be used to portray temporary protection and by assuming partially mobile capital with convex adjustment costs, realistic adjustment paths: protection is gradually reduced in response to the decline in the world price until protection is completely withdrawn. The decrease in endogenous protection is, however, not a direct consequence of the decrease in the world price as in the standard portrait of senescent industry protection. It is rather self-inflicted by the perspicacious owners of specific capital.
Effects of Temperature on Adult Velvetbean Caterpillar Oviposition, Egg Hatch, and Longevity

Effects of temperature on velvetbean caterpillar (VBC), Anticarsia gemmatalis HA¼bner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), oviposition, egg hatch, and adult longevity were investigated at 3 regimes: (1) constant temperatures of 21.1°, 23.9°, 26.7°, 29.4°, and 32.2°C (on artificial diet); (2) variable temperatures simulating “summer” at Gainesville, FL (artificial diet and soybean foliage); (3) field-reared adults (in cages on soybean). Mean oviposition was highest at 26.7°C (842.2 egg/female) and lowest at 32.2° (310.0 eggs/female) constant. Peak average daily oviposition was higher for young females and was delayed as temperatures decreased. Mean egg hatch was high initially but decreased with maternal age. Female longevity varied from a mean of 24.8 days (21.1°C) to 11.2 days (32.2°C). Unmated females lived significantly (I± = .05) longer than mated females at a given temperature.
Establishment of Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a biological control agent of purple loosestrife, in Virginia

Abstract Hylobius transversovittatus Goeze (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), an exotic root feeding weevil, has been released in the USA and Canada for biological control of purple loosestrife Lythrum salicaria L. (Lythraceae), an aggressive emergent aquatic weed of Eurasian origin that has replaced native wetland vegetation. Questions have remained about the establishment and impact of this agent on purple loosestrife in North America. In this report, we present the first detailed account of the establishment and impact of H. transversovittatus in Coeburn and Goshen, Virginia. The weevil was imported from Germany. Adults of H. transversovittatus (n=53) and eggs (n=3935) were first released in Coeburn between 1992 and 1994. After the site was dredged in 1995, 512 eggs were placed in plants in 1995/96, followed by a release of 30 adults in 1999. In Goshen, 19 adults and 2800 eggs were released from 1994 to 1996. Adult weevils were placed on plants at the center of an infested field and eggs were placed in plants or in soil near roots. Establishment was based on digging whole plants and examining roots for larvae. In Coeburn, recovery of H. transversovittatus larvae ( X =0.33 larva per root) was first detected in 1994 at the original release site and larvae were found in roots 400 m downstream of the release point in 2000. Thirteen percent of the roots excavated (n=135) were infested with H. transversovittatus. In Goshen, H. transversovittatus larvae were first detected in 1997 with 2% of the roots infested ( X =0.02 larva per root, n=60). By 2000, the infestation rate increased to 28%. Dry weights of infested and noninfested roots at each site were not different. There was also no difference in mean dry root weight of purple loosestrife between the two sites. Excavation of roots to determine the presence and quantity of H. transversovittatus larvae is laborious but it is more accountable than searching for adults or eggs. H. transversovittatus is well established at both sites in Virginia.
Redox Buffering of Hypochlorous Acid by Thiocyanate in Physiologic Fluids

The major antimicrobial products of neutrophilic myeloperoxidase (MPO) in physiologic fluids are hypochlorous acid (HOCl) and hypothiocyanite (OSCN-), and the former is generally believed to be the killing agent. However, we have determined that HOCl oxidizes SCN- in a facile nonenzymic reaction. The observed kinetics and computational models substantiate the hypothesis that SCN- serves to moderate the potential autotoxicity of HOCl by restricting its lifetime in physiologic fluids. Furthermore, the oxidizing equivalents of HOCl are preserved in OSCN-, a more discriminate biocide that is not lethal to mammalian cells.
Fabrication of ceramic coatings by improved plasma chemical vapour deposition

Abstract A triode plasma chemical vapour deposition (CVD) technique has been recently developed. A grid electrode was added to our unique diode plasma CVD apparatus which was developed and produced on the basis of the CVD method. The triode system produced TiN and Al 2 O 3 films deposited at low temperatures (773–873 K) with adhesion equivalent to or better than that of ion plated films. The films were coated onto cemented carbide inserts to evaluate their cutting performance, with results showing excellent properties.
GreenCharge: Managing RenewableEnergy in Smart Buildings

Distributed generation (DG) uses many small on-site energy harvesting deployments at individual buildings to generate electricity. DG has the potential to make generation more efficient by reducing transmission and distribution losses, carbon emissions, and demand peaks. However, since renewables are intermittent and uncontrollable, buildings must still rely, in part, on the electric grid for power. While DG deployments today use net metering to offset costs and balance local supply and demand, scaling net metering for intermittent renewables to a large fraction of buildings is challenging. In this paper, we explore an alternative approach that combines market-based electricity pricing models with on-site renewables and modest energy storage (in the form of batteries) to incentivize DG. We propose a system architecture and optimization algorithm, called GreenCharge, to efficiently manage the renewable energy and storage to reduce a building's electric bill. To determine when to charge and discharge the battery each day, the algorithm leverages prediction models for forecasting both future energy demand and future energy harvesting. We evaluate GreenCharge in simulation using a collection of real-world data sets, and compare with an oracle that has perfect knowledge of future energy demand/harvesting and a system that only leverages a battery to lower costs (without any renewables). We show that GreenCharge's savings for a typical home today are near 20%, which are greater than the savings from using only net metering.
Antihypertensive Medications and Depression

The association between antihypertensive medications and depression has been recognised for over 40 years. More recently, our understanding of the role of neurotransmitters in the aetiology of depression has helped us understand how antihypertensive drugs cause depression. Biogenic amine depletion is now believed to underlie the organic nature of depression, and many of the drugs used to treat hypertension interfere with this system. There is now compelling evidence that both reserpine and alpha-methyldopa can induce or worsen depression through their actions on the central nervous system. beta-Blockers have also been implicated, but the data supporting the link between these drugs and depression are not as certain. Guanethidine, clonidine, hydralazine, and prazosin appear to pose little risk in causing depression, although rare occurrences have been reported. Diuretics, calcium channel blockers, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors appear to have the lowest association with depression and are therefore the drugs of choice when depression is a risk. Physicians should know which drugs introduce the risk of causing or worsening depression. The wide array of medications now available to treat hypertension offers alternatives that pose low risk. All patients receiving medication to treat hypertension should be evaluated periodically for depression, and if depression occurs, medication should be suspected as playing a role in its aetiology.
Designing for context: usability in a ubiquitous environment

Freeing users from the desktop is now a practical reality in many environments. The implications for mobility are both far-reaching and under-realized in many of the current scenarios we have seen. Our work has focused on the integration of user input into the iterative design process used to develop a contextually aware application for use in an educational environment. We discuss the design and development of Semaphore, a contextually aware tool for use in wireless networked environments, and the unique opportunities an iterative design process presents for our work.
Membranes of mammary gland. VII. Stability of milk fat globule membrane in secreted milk

Abstract Milk samples obtained from cows 1h after normal milking were separated into milk fat globule and serum fractionsat intervals during 96h of quiescent incubation. Fat globule membrane phospholipid decreased only slightly and structural enzymes 5′-nucleotidase and adenosine triphosphatase did not decrease during the 96h after collection of milk. These results together with previous observations argue against recent suggestions that the membrane surrounding milk fat globules is lost by vesiculation and shedding.
Reflecting corporate strategy in manufacturing decisions

Abstract Top management often fails to consider manufacturing as a key resource in attaining corporate objectives. The author suggests some ways of meshing corporate and manufacturing decisions.
A physically based mobility model for MOSFET numerical simulation

A new modeling for the surface mobilities based on theoretical and experimental surface mobility studies has been implemented in the MINIMOS two-dimensional MOSFET current-voltage characterization program. The new model includes the following scattering mechanisms: surface and bulk acoustical and optical-intervalley phonons, bulk ionized impurities, oxide charges, surface roughness, dipoles or neutral surface states at the oxide-silicon interface, as well as hot-carrier mobility reduction in high longitudinal electric fields. The resultant combined mobility of this model is compared with Selberherr's mobility model, which he employed in the MINIMOS program. Selberherr's surface mobility is smaller at low fields than this, as well as other experimentally observed mobilities, However, a detailed comparison of the computed drain current-voltage characteristics of many devices showed excellent agreement between the Selberherr model and this model in the subthreshold range and a less than about 20-percent difference in the strong inversion range. The new model may be preferred since it has no adjustable parameters and all parameters were obtained by careful independent measurements on large-area and long-channel devices and data analyses based on fundamental physical models.
Pulmonary blood volume: analysis during exercise in patients with left ventricular dysfunction.

Recent reports have demonstrated substantial increases in pulmonary activity during radionuclide stress exercise studies in patients with coronary heart disease. These studies have shown that the degree of the increase reflected the severity of the underlying disease. We studied the effects of supine exercise on systolic function and pulmonary activity in ten normal control subjects and 20 patients with congestive cardiomyopathy (12 ischemic and 8 idiopathic). Ejection fraction rose in the normals (P<0.001), end-diastolic volume increased slightly but significantly (P<0.05), and pulmonary activity rose by less than 16%, (mean 10%) while cardiac output increased by 162%. On the other hand, the myopathy patients demonstrated a small increase in cardiac output, (+49%) with a more substantial increase in pulmonary activity (+25%, P<0.05 vs normals). In these patients, ejection fraction did not change during exercise, while end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes rose. In the myopathy patients, the cause for an increase in cardiac output was a rise in heart rate, with little change in stroke volume. We conclude that pulmonary activity rises in myopathy patients to a greater extent than in normal controls. This probably reflects the greater elevation in filling pressures these patients need to maintain forward cardiac output.
Linear-Nonlinear Interfaces: Results from Full-Wave, Vector Maxwell Equation NL-FDTD Simulations

In this paper we discuss the characteristics of the scattering of pulsed Gaussian beams from a variety of linear-nonlinear interfaces. These results are obtained [R. W. Ziolkowski and J. Judkins, “Full-wave vector Maxwell equation modeling of the self-focusing of ultrashort optical pulses in a nonlinear Kerr medium exhibiting a finite response time”, to appear in JOSA B, January 1993.] with a multi-dimensional, full- wave, vector Maxwell’s equation solution method that models the interaction of ultra-short, pulsed optical beams with a nonlinear Kerr material having a finite response time. This nonlinear finite difference time domain (NL-FDTD) approach combines a nonlinear generalization of a standard, FDTD, full-wave, vector, linear Maxwell’s equation solver with a currently used phenomenological time relaxation (Debye) model of a nonlinear Kerr material. In contrast to a number of recently reported numerical solutions of the full-wave, vector, time-independent Maxwell’s equations and of vector paraxial equations, the FDTD approach is a time-dependent analysis which accounts for the complete time evolution of the system with no envelope approximations.
A COMPARISON OF THE ECONOMIC ORDER QUANTITY AND QUICK RESPONSE INVENTORY REPLENISHMENT METHODS

When determining order quantity, logistics managers can choose between ordering the Economic Order quantity (EOQ) or a Quick Response (QR) quantity. QR is a general term that collectively describes several rapid-replenishment inventory methods such as Just-In-Time or Continuous Replenishment. The QR order quantity is defined as the minimum inventory needed to support operations until the next delivery. The EOQ and the QR methods are substantially different because the EOQ minimizes the joint cost of ordering and holding inventory whereas the QR method minimizes only the cost of holding inventory. The goals of this research are to compare the costs of the two methods and to propose rules that help managers select the more appropriate method to use in specific situations.
Comparison of amorphous iridium water-oxidation electrocatalysts prepared from soluble precursors.

Electrodeposition of iridium oxide layers from soluble precursors provides a route to active thin-layer electrocatalysts for use on water-oxidizing anodes. Certain organometallic half-sandwich aqua complexes of iridium form stable and highly active oxide films upon electrochemical oxidation in aqueous solution. The catalyst films appear as blue layers on the anode when sufficiently thick, and most closely resemble hydrous iridium(III,IV) oxide by voltammetry. The deposition rate and cyclic voltammetric response of the electrodeposited material depend on whether the precursor complex contains a pentamethylcyclopentadieneyl (Cp*) or cyclopentadienyl ligand (Cp), and do not match, in either case, iridium oxide anodes prepared from non-organometallic precursors. Here, we survey our organometallic precursors, iridium hydroxide, and pre-formed iridium oxide nanoparticles. From electrochemical quartz crystal nanobalance (EQCN) studies, we find differences in the rate of electrodeposition of catalyst layers from ...
Synthesis and Evaluation of Cu/SAPO-34 Catalysts for NH3-SCR 2: Solid-state Ion Exchange and One-pot Synthesis

Abstract Cu/SAPO-34 catalysts are synthesized using two methods: solid-state ion exchange (SSIE) and one-pot synthesis. SSIE is conducted by calcining SAPO-34/CuO mixtures at elevated temperatures. For the one-pot synthesis method, Cu-containing chemicals (CuO and CuSO4) are added during gel preparation. A high-temperature calcination step is also needed for this latter method. Catalysts are characterized with surface area/pore volume measurements, temperature programmed reduction (TPR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Catalytic properties are examined using standard ammonia selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) and ammonia oxidation reactions. For Cu/SAPO-34 samples prepared by SSIE, Cu presents both as isolated Cu2+ ions and unreacted CuO. The former are highly active and selective in NH3-SCR, while the latter catalyzes a side reaction; notably, the non-selective oxidation of NH3 above 350 °C. Using the one-pot method followed by a high-temperature aging treatment, it is possible to form Cu/SAPO-34 samples with predominately isolated Cu2+ ions at low Cu loadings. However at much higher Cu loadings, isolated Cu2+ ions that bind weakly with the CHA framework and CuO clusters also form. These Cu moieties are very active in catalyzing non-selective NH3 oxidation above 350 °C. At very low reaction temperature temperatures (
Image restoration based on multiscale relationships of image structures

Aerial photographs sometimes suffer from artifacts caused by vignetting effects and changing topographic Sun-canopy-sensor geometry. We present an empirical image restoration method that is based on multiscale relationships of image structures. The fine-scale image structures depict tree crowns in a deciduous forest and serve as units in the restoration process. The color image is initially converted to the intensity, hue, saturation (IHS) system. For the I-band, two different types of variables are estimated for each segment: the local intensity difference of neighboring segments (affinity) and the mean intensity per segment. For the H- and S-bands, the mean value per segment is estimated. Regression analysis is used to model the relationship of these four variables with the coarse-scale intensity values of the corresponding segments. The correction results in new feature values that are uncorrelated with the coarse-scale intensity values. The method is evaluated on three digital aerial photographs with a ground reference dataset from the Eastern Deciduous Forest in West Virginia, USA. The image correction method is shown to result in a significant improvement for tree species classification.
Research in the Psychological Laboratory Truth or Triviality

This article examines the truism that studies from psychological laboratories are low in external validity. Past rational and empirical explorations of this truism found little support for it. A broader empirical approach was taken for the study reported here; correspondence between lab and field was compared across a broad range of domains, including aggression, helping, leadership style, social loafing, self-efficacy, depression, and memory, among others. Correspondence between lab- and field-based effect sizes of conceptually similar independent and dependent variables was considerable. In brief, the psychological laboratory has generally produced psychological truths, rather than trivialities. These same data suggest that a companion truism about field studies in psychology—that they are generally low on internal validity—is also false.
A task-difficulty artifact in subliminal priming

Subliminal priming is said to occur when a subliminal prime influences the classification of a subsequent target. Most subliminal-priming claims are based on separate target- and prime-classification tasks. Because primes are intended to be subliminal, the prime-classification task is difficult, and the target-classification task is easy. To assess whether this task-difficulty difference accounts for previous claims of subliminal priming, we manipulated the ease of the prime-classification task by intermixing long-duration (visible) primes with short-duration (near liminal) ones. In Experiment 1, this strategy of intermixing long-duration primes raised classification of the shortduration ones. In Experiments 2 and 3, prime duration was lowered in such a way that prime classification was at chance in intermixed presentations. Under these conditions, we failed to observe any priming effects; hence, previous demonstrations of subliminal priming may simply have reflected a task-difficulty artifact.
Measurement of the third‐order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) for the 1002‐cm–1 mode of benzenethiol using coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering with continuous‐wave diode lasers

The components of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility χ(3) for the 1002-cm–1 mode of neat benzenethiol have been measured using coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering with continuous-wave diode pump and Stokes lasers at 785.0 and 852.0 nm, respectively. Values of 2.8 ± 0.3 × 10–12, 2.0 ± 0.2 × 10–12, and 0.8 ± 0.1 × 10–12 cm·g–1·s2 were measured for the xxxx, xxyy, and xyyx components of |3χ(3)|, respectively. We have calculated these quantities using a microscopic model, reproducing the same qualitative trend. The Raman cross-section σRS for the 1002-cm–1 mode of neat benzenethiol has been determined to be 3.1 ± 0.6 × 10–29 cm2 per molecule. The polarization of the anti-Stokes Raman scattering was found to be parallel to that of the pump laser, which implies negligible depolarization. The Raman linewidth (full-width at half-maximum) Γ was determined to be 2.4 ± 0.3 cm–1 using normal Stokes Raman scattering. The measured values of σRS and Γ yield a value of 2.1 ± 0.4 × 10–12 cm·g–1·s2 for the resonant component of 3χ(3). A value of 1.9 ± 0.9 × 10–12 cm·g–1·s2 has been deduced for the nonresonant component of 3χ(3). Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Policy Implications of the New Keynesian Phillips Curve

This article surveys recent advancements in the theory of optimal monetary policy in models with a New Keynesian Phillips curve. It identifies four policy implications. First, near price stability is optimal. Second, simple interest rate feedback rules that respond aggressively to price inflation deliver near-optimal equilibrium allocations. Third, interest rate rules that respond to deviations of output from trend may carry significant welfare costs. Fourth, the zero bound on nominal interest rates does not appear to be a significant obstacle for the actual implementation of low and stable inflation.
A New Buffer Cache Design Exploiting Both Temporal and Content Localities

This paper presents a Least Popularly Used buffer cache algorithm to exploit both temporal locality and content locality of I/O requests. Popular data blocks are selected as reference blocks that are not only accessed frequently but also identical or similar in content to other blocks that are being accessed. Fast delta compression and decompression are used to satisfy as many I/O requests as possible using the popular reference blocks together with small deltas inside the buffer cache. The popularity of a reference block is calculated based on the statistical analysis of data contents and access frequency. A prototype LPU has been implemented as a new cache layer for Kernel Virtual Machine (KVM) on Linux system. Experimental results show LPU is effective for a variety of workloads with the maximum speed up of over 300% compared with LRU.
Computational approaches to metabolic engineering utilizing systems biology and synthetic biology

Metabolic engineering modifies cellular function to address various biochemical applications. Underlying metabolic engineering efforts are a host of tools and knowledge that are integrated to enable successful outcomes. Concurrent development of computational and experimental tools has enabled different approaches to metabolic engineering. One approach is to leverage knowledge and computational tools to prospectively predict designs to achieve the desired outcome. An alternative approach is to utilize combinatorial experimental tools to empirically explore the range of cellular function and to screen for desired traits. This mini-review focuses on computational systems biology and synthetic biology tools that can be used in combination for prospective in silico strain design.
Development of a polyimide based potassium ion-selective membrane for ISFET sensor

A potassium-ion-selective sensor based on valinomycin-doped polyimide film is reported. Different substrates were used to study the response of the potassium-ion-sensing polyimide membrane. The preliminary results obtained with a silver substrate demonstrate the feasibility of using polyimide as a matrix support membrane for ion-selective sensors. Poor results were observed with other substrates. The sources for the sub-Nernstian response are under investigation. >
The optimization of fresnel zone plates for use in focused-beam measurement systems

Fresnel zone plates have been used as replacements for doubly-hyperbolic lenses in free-space, focused-beam systems to measure the electrical properties of materials [1]. These zone plates were designed using the traditional method for determining the profile of a zone plate, which is based on optical, ray-tracing principles [2]. In this work, a non-traditional, optimization-based design methodology featuring the genetic algorithm will be explored to determine if the performance of a zone plate can be improved for the focused-beam application. Results will be presented that compare the optimized design to the traditional zone plate and to a doubly-hyperbolic lens.
Multiple Phases of Molybdenum Carbide as Electrocatalysts for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction

Molybdenum carbide has been proposed as a possible alternative to platinum for catalyzing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Previous studies were limited to only one phase, β-Mo2C with an Fe2N structure. Here, four phases of Mo-C were synthesized and investigated for their electrocatalytic activity and stability for HER in acidic solution. All four phases were synthesized from a unique amine-metal oxide composite material including γ-MoC with a WC type structure which was stabilized for the first time as a phase pure nanomaterial. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and valence band studies were also used for the first time on γ-MoC. γ-MoC exhibits the second highest HER activity among all four phases of molybdenum carbide, and is exceedingly stable in acidic solution.
Method for measuring the Raman gain tensor in optical fibers

We present a technique to measure the tensor components of the Raman gain spectrum in a short piece of optical fiber. Using this approach, we obtain results for the frequency dependence of the Raman gain tensor in a silica-based fiber for Raman shifts from less than 1 to over 15 THz. We compare these data with measurements of spontaneous Raman scattering in bulk silica and find good agreement for the depolarization ratio, including in the low-frequency regime.