cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A transient liquid-like phase in the displacement cascades of zircon, hafnon and thorite

The study of radiation effects in solids is important for the development of ‘radiation-resistant’ materials for fission-reactor applications1. The effects of heavy-ion irradiation in the isostructural orthosilicates zircon (ZrSiO4), hafnon (HfSiO4) and thorite (ThSiO4) are particularly important because these minerals are under active investigation for use as a waste form for plutonium-239 resulting from the dismantling of nuclear weapons2,3,4. During ion irradiation, localized ‘cascades’ of displaced atoms can form as a result of ballistic collisions in the target material, and the temperature inside these regions may for a short time exceed the bulk melting temperature. Whether these cascades do indeed generate a localized liquid state5,6,7,8 has, however, remained unclear. Here we investigate the irradiation-induced decomposition of zircon and hafnon, and find evidence for formation of a liquid-like state in the displacement cascades. Our results explain the frequent occurrence of ZrO2 in natural amorphous zircon9,10,11,12. Moreover, we conclude that zircon-based nuclear waste forms should be maintained within strict temperature limits, to avoid potentially detrimental irradiation-induced amorphization or phase decomposition of the zircon.
The relationship among registered nurses' weight status, weight loss regimens, and successful or unsuccessful weight loss.

Purpose: To investigate relationships between body mass index (BMI), personality type, weight loss regimens, and successful or unsuccessful weight loss. Data sources: Seven hundred and twenty-one registered nurses (RNs) were recruited from the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, the membership of a nursing honor society, and RNs at a large state university. Participants completed the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI), a demographic survey (age, gender, height, weight, ethnicity, education status, disability, shift work hours, and prescription medication use), and questions related to their weight status, weight loss attempts, and motivation. Conclusions: RNs who had a lower BMI were more successful in losing weight than RNs who had a higher BMI. They were also more successful in their weight loss attempts if they did not use a diet regimen. Implications for practice: RNs who were successful in losing weight did not use a specified dietary regimen.
Heart beats in the cloud: distributed analysis of electrophysiological ‘Big Data’ using cloud computing for epilepsy clinical research

Objective The rapidly growing volume of multimodal electrophysiological signal data is playing a critical role in patient care and clinical research across multiple disease domains, such as epilepsy and sleep medicine. To facilitate secondary use of these data, there is an urgent need to develop novel algorithms and informatics approaches using new cloud computing technologies as well as ontologies for collaborative multicenter studies. Materials and methods We present the Cloudwave platform, which (a) defines parallelized algorithms for computing cardiac measures using the MapReduce parallel programming framework, (b) supports real-time interaction with large volumes of electrophysiological signals, and (c) features signal visualization and querying functionalities using an ontology-driven web-based interface. Cloudwave is currently used in the multicenter National Institute of Neurological Diseases and Stroke (NINDS)-funded Prevention and Risk Identification of SUDEP (sudden unexplained death in epilepsy) Mortality (PRISM) project to identify risk factors for sudden death in epilepsy. Results Comparative evaluations of Cloudwave with traditional desktop approaches to compute cardiac measures (eg, QRS complexes, RR intervals, and instantaneous heart rate) on epilepsy patient data show one order of magnitude improvement for single-channel ECG data and 20 times improvement for four-channel ECG data. This enables Cloudwave to support real-time user interaction with signal data, which is semantically annotated with a novel epilepsy and seizure ontology. Discussion Data privacy is a critical issue in using cloud infrastructure, and cloud platforms, such as Amazon Web Services, offer features to support Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act standards. Conclusion The Cloudwave platform is a new approach to leverage of large-scale electrophysiological data for advancing multicenter clinical research.
La investigación bioacústica de las aves del Archipiélago de Revillagigedo: un reporte de avance

A b s t r a c t Bioacoustic research of Revillagigedo Archipielago birds: a progress report Bird vocalizations have become important tools in the study of taxonomic relationships, behavioral ecology, and sexual selection. In this paper, we present and compare vocalizations of 12 avian species at Socorro and Clarion islands in the Revillagigedo Archipelago. We present sonograms of some vocalizations as well as a discussion of their characteristics and geographic differences - at the level of demes, subspecies, or species. We compare vocalizations of some species with those of their continental counterparts. We document some relevant acoustic events such as female songs, antiphonal duets by Socorro Wrens, and matched countersinging offered by neighboring Socorro Mockingbirds at dawn and dusk. Also, we discuss the use of some songs and calls in certain conservation tasks such as, censusing populations, identifying sex, or in determining the number of mated and unmated individuals. We finish this contribution by making some suggestions for future studies in this insular region.
Kidney, Prostate, Testicle, and Uterus of Subjects Studied by MRS

The sections in this article are 1 Kidney 2 Prostate 3 Testicle 4 Uterus 5 Acknowledgements 6 Biographical Sketch Related Articles
Should safety concerns with available ulcer treatment influence drug selection

With the identification of the parietal cell receptors for gastric acid secretion coupled with the introduction of cimetidine in 1977, treatment of acid-peptic diseases was transformed from empiric therapy to an approach based on a clearer understanding of human physiology. Today, physicians are confronted with an array of antiulcer agents that differ within their drug class (e.g., the H2-receptor antagonists) as well as in their mechanisms of action (e.g., neutralize acid, alter mucosal defensive factors, or suppress acid secretion). With minor exceptions, the clinical efficacy of the available antiulcer drugs can be regarded as comparable. Thus, the safety profile becomes the next consideration when choosing among similarly effective drug products. Of the available antiulcer agents, the H2-receptor antagonists as a class have an excellent safety profile, as indicated by more than 25 years of cumulative clinical experience and postmarketing surveillance. Important safety issues with currently available antiulcer drugs, i.e., H2-receptor antagonists, sucralfate, prostaglandin E analogues, and the newest antiulcer agent, omeprazole, are reviewed to place them into perspective for the clinician.
ANALOGIES BETWEEN URINARY 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND URINARY “ESTROIDS,” AS DETERMINED MICROCHEMICALLY

SEVERAL years ago Callow and Callow (1) demonstrated that the microchemieal determination of 17-ketosteroids could yield valuable information regarding endocrine function in man and other animals. This finding has since been substantiated in many other laboratories (2–6). Nevertheless, considerable opposition to the procedure was raised originally on the grounds that: (a) the urinary 17-ketosteroids constitute a mixture; (b) their value is considerably higher than a biologically equivalent amount of androsterone; and (c) they vary with changes in both testicular and adrenal function. Similar objections can be raised with respect to urinary components related to estradiol. Degradation products of estradiol in urine Like testosterone, estradiol is converted within the human organism into degradation products of lower biological potency. The best known of such degradation compounds in the female are estrone and estriol (6). Smith and Smith (7) have also concentrated from human urine a substance which tentati...
Quantitative and qualitative methods for human-subject experiments in Virtual and Augmented Reality

This tutorial is for researchers and engineers, working in the field of Virtual and Augmented Reality, who wish to conduct user-based experiments and/or evaluations for assessing usability. We propose a full-day tutorial presenting both quantitative and qualitative approaches to conducting human-subject experiments. It will cover (1) the basic principles of experimental design and analysis, with an emphasis on human-subject experiments in AR (Swan), and (2) qualitative studies (e.g., formative evaluation methods) for assessing and improving AR user interfaces and user interaction along with lessons learned from conducting many user-based studies (Gabbard). Swan, Gabbard, and other co-presenters have taught pre-cursor versions of this tutorial 11 previous times at IEEE Virtual Reality, IEEE Visualization, and ISMAR. This tutorial was most recently given at ISMAR 2012, where we included updated examples from our research and further expanded upon qualitative approaches for assessing usability and lessons learned from conducting studies. We both have current, active AR human-subject research projects, and if this tutorial is accepted to be presented at VR 2014, we will discuss some of these projects as case studies.
Unproductive alternative splicing and nonsense mRNAs: A widespread phenomenon among plant circadian clock genes

Recent mapping of eukaryotic transcriptomes and spliceomes using massively parallel RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has revealed that the extent of alternative splicing has been considerably underestimated. Evidence also suggests that many pre-mRNAs undergo unproductive alternative splicing resulting in incorporation of in-frame premature termination codons (PTCs). The destinies and potential functions of the PTC-harboring mRNAs remain poorly understood. Unproductive alternative splicing in circadian clock genes presents a special case study because the daily oscillations of protein expression levels require rapid and steep adjustments in mRNA levels. We conducted a systematic survey of alternative splicing of plant circadian clock genes using RNA-seq and found that many Arabidopsis thaliana circadian clock-associated genes are alternatively spliced. Results were confirmed using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and/or Sanger sequencing. Intron retention events were frequently observed in mRNAs of the CCA1/LHY-like subfamily of MYB transcription factors. In contrast, the REVEILLE2 (RVE2) transcript was alternatively spliced via inclusion of a "poison cassette exon" (PCE). The PCE type events introducing in-frame PTCs are conserved in some mammalian and plant serine/arginine-rich splicing factors. For some circadian genes such as CCA1 the ratio of the productive isoform (i.e., a representative splice variant encoding the full-length protein) to its PTC counterpart shifted sharply under specific environmental stress conditions. Our results demonstrate that unproductive alternative splicing is a widespread phenomenon among plant circadian clock genes that frequently generates mRNA isoforms harboring in-frame PTCs. Because LHY and CCA1 are core components of the plant central circadian oscillator, the conservation of alternatively spliced variants between CCA1 and LHY and for CCA1 across phyla [2] indicates a potential role of nonsense transcripts in regulation of circadian rhythms. Most of the alternatively spliced isoforms harbor in-frame PTCs that arise from full or partial intron retention events. However, a PTC in the RVE2 transcript is introduced through a PCE event. The conservation of AS events and modulation of the relative abundance of nonsense isoforms by environmental and diurnal conditions suggests possible regulatory roles for these alternatively spliced transcripts in circadian clock function. The temperature-dependent expression of the PTC transcripts among members of CCA1/LHY subfamily indicates that alternative splicing may be involved in regulation of the clock temperature compensation mechanism. This article was reviewed by Dr. Eugene Koonin, Dr. Chungoo Park (nominated by Dr. Kateryna Makova), and Dr. Marcelo Yanovsky (nominated by Dr. Valerian Dolja).
Biblical Theology and Systematic Theology

rule of faith and practice the theological systems of the schoolmen were doomed. As the work of Luther and Calvin shows, theology became exegetical theology. Luther proudly pointed out that his academic work consisted in teaching the Bible, and it is well-known that both Melanchthon's Loci and the first edition of Calvin's Institutes go back to Paul's Epistle to the Romans. Nevertheless, the subsequent development showed that the church could not completely dispense with systematic theology. Not only the attacks of the Catholic polemists, but also the intrinsic logic of their own method of Bible study induced the theologians to proceed beyond their exegetical work to a rational arrangement of their biblical insights. Yet though the theological systems of Protestant orthodoxy pretended to be but systematization of the propositions found in the Bible, with this very claim the Protestant schoolmen had de-
State Efforts to Improve Students' Reading and Language Arts Achievement: Does the Left Hand Know What the Right Is Doing?.

Abstract This study examined officials’ efforts to improve third grade students’ reading and language arts performances with newly developed curriculum guides and assessment. We focused on (a) why officials developed their guidelines and assessment, (b) how they informed principals, curriculum directors, and teachers of their reform goals, and (c) practitioners’ understanding of how they should change their instruction to prepare students for the assessment. State officials (n = 4), third‐grade teachers (n = 21) from seven schools, their principals (n = 7), and building‐level curriculum directors (n = 7) were interviewed. Interviews indicated that officials assumed that the assessment would change teachers’ instruction, thereby improving students’ performances. Prinicipals, curriculum directors, and teachers did not understand how they should prepare students for the assessment because officials failed to inform them of their new expectations. Those practitioners who attended the state's training workshop...
When affective cues broaden thought: Evidence from event-related potentials associated with identifying emotionally expressive faces

Divergent theoretical perspectives predict that the valence of affective cues impacts the breadth and flexibility of cognition, but extant data have not clarified whether such effects transpire extemporaneously or only later via processes of evaluation or selection from among thoughts already generated. The present investigation found more prominent electro-cortical event-related-potential (P3) responses among participants focused on identifying a positively valenced social target (an individual with a happy facial expression) than a negatively valenced social target (an individual with a disgusted facial expression). Indeed, even obvious non-targets (scrambled faces) evoked more-prominent P3 responses among participants in the happy-target than the disgusted-target condition, thereby implicating an effect of the valence of affective cues on the extent of cognitive processing as it unfolds.
High-temperature superconductivity: How the cuprates hid their stripes

Extensive mapping of local electronic structure in copper oxide superconductors reveals fluctuating stripe-like electron patterns that appear as a high-temperature precursor to superconductivity. See Letter p.677 A long-standing question in the superconductor field is the nature of the interplay between the pseudogap, which is generic to all hole-doped copper oxide superconductors, and stripes, whose static form occurs in only one family of copper oxides over a narrow range of the phase diagram. Parker et al. report observations of the spatial reorganization of electronic states with the onset of the pseudogap state at T* in the high-temperature superconductor Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+x using scanning tunnelling microscopy. They find that the onset of the pseudogap phase coincides with the appearance of electronic patterns that have the predicted characteristics of fluctuating stripes. The experiments indicate that stripes are a consequence of pseudogap behaviour rather than its cause.
Cross-modal transfer of a discrimination by retarded children

Abstract A miniature experiment design was employed to test transfer of a discrimination from visual- to tactual-kinesthetic (active touch), and tactual-kinesthetic to visual sense modes. Cross-modal transfer was exhibited by retarded Ss when cues were identical for both modalities. When only information about the dimension relevant to task solution was available, no cross-modal transfer was demonstrated.
Zinc for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: placebo-controlled double-blind pilot trial alone and combined with amphetamine.

Abstract Objective: To explore effects of zinc supplementation in American children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Mideastern trials reported significant benefit from 13–40 mg elemental zinc as the sulfate. Method: We randomly assigned 52 children aged 6–14 with DSM-IV ADHD to zinc supplementation (15 mg every morning [qAM] or two times per day [b.i.d.] as glycinate, n = 28) or matched placebo (n = 24) for 13 weeks: 8 weeks monotherapy and then 5 weeks with added d-amphetamine (AMPH). AMPH dose was weight-standardized for 2 weeks and then clinically optimized by week 13. Zinc glycinate was chosen as having less gastrointestinal discomfort than sulfate. Hypotheses were that zinc would improve inattention more than placebo by effect size of d > 0.25 at 8 weeks; zinc+AMPH would improve ADHD symptoms more than placebo+AMPH by d > 0.25, and optimal dose of AMPH with zinc would be 20% lower than with placebo. An interim analysis requested by the National Institute of Mental Health resulte...
Prognostic significance of microalbuminuria in postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Patients who survive the acute phase of postdiarrheal hemolytic uremic syndrome (D+ HUS) may develop renal complications after years of apparent recovery. The optimal regimen for monitoring these children is unclear. We therefore determined if screening for microalbuminuria, in the absence of overt proteinuria at follow-up, increased the sensitivity for predicting long-term renal-related sequelae. We found that screening for microalbuminurea, within the first 6–18 months following an episode of HUS, increased the sensitivity for predicting later sequelae from 22 to 66.7%, compared to screening for overt proteinuria alone. These findings, if confirmed by a larger cohort with more years of follow-up, may facilitate early initiation of intervention strategies designed to reduce progressive renal damage.
Interplay of DNA repair with transcription: from structures to mechanisms

Many DNA transactions are crucial for maintaining genomic integrity and faithful transfer of genetic information but remain poorly understood. An example is the interplay between nucleotide excision repair (NER) and transcription, also known as transcription-coupled DNA repair (TCR). Discovered decades ago, the mechanisms for TCR have remained elusive, not in small part due to the scarcity of structural studies of key players. Here we summarize recent structural information on NER/TCR factors, focusing on bacterial systems, and integrate it with existing genetic, biochemical, and biophysical data to delineate the mechanisms at play. We also review emerging, alternative modalities for recruitment of NER proteins to DNA lesions.
Keep your friends close: The effect of local social networks on child human capital outcomes

Abstract Social networks can affect demand for human capital investments by relaxing household time or budget constraints or by defining and reinforcing human capital preferences. However, empirically identifying the effect of social networks on human capital investment is usually problematic because households self-select their networks in ways that may be correlated with their abilities to make these investments. In Northern Ugandan Internally Displaced Persons Camps, networks were not entirely self-selected. Rebel activity, which forced households into camps in 2002, disrupted pre-existing social networks in ways that were exogenous to household human capital preferences. This paper uses the exogenous variation in network disruption to identify a positive impact of networks on children's long-term nutritional outcomes.
Genetic events associated with an insertion mutation in yeast

The his4-912 mutation shares similar genetic properties with mutations promoted by procaryotic insertion elements. This mutation lacks all three his4 functions. Many different classes of His+ revertants have been obtained from his4-912. The most frequent class of His+ revertants results from a site mutation which confers a cold-sensitive His- phenotype. Other classes of revertants contain translocations (one between chromosomes I and III and the other between chromosomes III and XII), a transposition of the his4 region to chromosome VIII, and an inversion of most of the left arm of chromosome III. Another class contains deletions which extend from his4-912 into the his4 region. In each of these classes of revertants, the his4 region is closely linked to the chromosomal aberration. Many of these revertants contain additional changes in chromosome structure (duplication, deletion and aneuploidy) that are unrelated to the reversion of his4-912 to His4+.
Microwave absorption by single and polycrystals of Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ

Abstract X-band (∼ 9.4 GHz) microwave-absorption measurements have been performed on single and polycrystals of the high- T c superconducting material Bi 2 Sr 2 CaCu 2 O 8+δ in the temperature range 4.2–100 K. The microwave absorption indicated the onset of the transition to the superconducting phase at 89 K, the transition to the superconducting phase being complete at 84 K. Low-field microwave absorptions were recorded at temperatures below 89 K. These absorptions exhibited large anisotropies with respect to the relative orientations of the microwave and external magnetic fields; as well, they exhibited dependence on the orientation of the c -axis of the crystals relative to the external and microwave fields. The magnetic hysteresis, as well as the effect of field cooling on microwave absorption were also investigated and the equilibrium fields, B eq , were determined. In addition, the value of the lower critical field B ⊥ c1 has been estimated. Itis concluded that, although some features of microwave absorptions are common to the various samples investigated, there exist some significant differences in the natures of the microwave absorption by the samples; an explanation based on the existence of isolated superconducting grains and defects has been provided.
Finite element method for structural design of heavy duty granular pavements

Abstract The objective of this paper is to present a finite element method (FEM) for the design of granular pavements. A computer program was developed by idealizing a flexible pavement into a finite element continuum. The validity of the finite element computer program was established by comparing the results with those in the literature. An iterative technique was developed in the FEM program for accounting the nonlinear properties of the pavement materials. The elastic deflection measurements were carried out on 15 test sections of the national highways of India. The deflections predicted by the FEM program were in close agreement with the measured deflections. A comprehensive table was recommended providing guidelines to choose the stiffnesses and the Poisson ratios of the pavement materials used in the computer program. These values could be selected from the CBR and liquid limit values of the materials. Finally, a chart was prepared for the design of granular pavements.
The Kπ system in the channel K+π−Δ++ at 9 GeV/c☆

Abstract The study of the Kπ system in the channel K+π−Δ++ is complicated by the presence of the broad low-mass Δ++π− enhancement centered near 1580 MeV. A cut which removes this effect reveals a break in the t′ distribution at |t′| ≈ 0.05 (GeV/c)2, with a very steep forward peak of slope a = 23.6±5.2 (GeV/c)−2 for 2. |t′| ;.sfnc;t′| ⩾ 0.05 (GeV/c) We associate this forward peak with a single-pion-exchange mechanism. A small enhancement at M(K+π−) ≈ 1100 MeV is observed in a t′ region dominated by non-pion-exchange mechanisms.
Optimizing for reduced code space using genetic algorithms

Code space is a critical issue facing designers of software for embedded systems. Many traditional compiler optimizations are designed to reduce the execution time of compiled code, but not necessarily the size of the compiled code. Further, different results can be achieved by running some optimizations more than once and changing the order in which optimizations are applied. Register allocation only complicates matters, as the interactions between different optimizations can cause more spill code to be generated. The compiler for embedded systems, then, must take care to use the best sequence of optimizations to minimize code space.Since much of the code for embedded systems is compiled once and then burned into ROM, the software designer will often tolerate much longer compile times in the hope of reducing the size of the compiled code. We take advantage of this by using a genetic algorithm to find optimization sequences that generate small object codes. The solutions generated by this algorithm are compared to solutions found using a fixed optimization sequence and solutions found by testing random optimization sequences. Based on the results found by the genetic algorithm, a new fixed sequence is developed to reduce code size. Finally, we explore the idea of using different optimization sequences for different modules and functions of the same program.
A network approach to clinical social work

This article describes a technique that attempts to combine the best of the traditional clinical psychotherapeutic method with the advantages of a social systems approach. The technique is based on the assumption that the solution to a variety of human dilemmas lies within the collective resources of an individual's social network. The vehicle for accomplishing this is the “Network Session” in which professional, care-givers meet with a client and his natural social network to facilitate client growth, and to design and implement a strategy for more effective service delivery. Two case studies are included to demonstrate the method.
On the solution of the equations governing the coupled emission of gravitational and electromagnetic radiation

ABS>Some of the analytic properties of the system of differential equations governing the emission of electromagnetic and gravitational radiation due to the radial infall of an unchanged particle of mass m in a Reissner- Nordstrom metric are examined, and the integration technique is amplified. (LBS)
Polyurethane elastomers with hydrolytic and thermooxidative stability. II. Polyurethanes with n‐alkylated polyurethane soft blocks

Preparation par reaction d'oligourethannes N-alkyles obtenus a partir du bis-chloroformate de butene et de N,N'-dialkyl hexanediamine, avec des diisocyanates et l'hexanediol. Les polymeres obtenus presentent une resistance a l'hydrolyse comparable et une stabilite thermooxydante superieure a celle de polyurethannes precedemment obtenus. Les proprietes mecaniques en traction sont mesurees en fonction de la masse moleculaire des segments mous
The geometry of comecon trade

The essay interprets Western empirical research on COMECON trade in the light of neoclassical principles familiar in Western trade theory. An attempt is made to clarify in what respects COMECON trade conforms to and in what respects diverges from the neo-classical principles, as represented by some early geometry of Meade. Attention is focussed on the volume, structure and terms of trade between the Soviet Union and Eastern European members of COMECON. The essay may also shed further light on the recurring question as to the losses and gains that the two sides experience from COMECON trade.
Patents as information ― An unused resource

La documentation de brevets stimule l'invention, encourage l'innovation et l'investissement et facilite la divulgation et la diffusion de l'information technologique. Autour d'associtions professionnelles, telle l'IFLA, les applications de cette documentation doivent etre coordonnees et mises en valeur de facon a satisfaire aussi bien un utilisateur local qu'une demande de large envergure
Independent alignment of RNA for dynamic studies using residual dipolar couplings

Molecular motion and dynamics play an essential role in the biological function of many RNAs. An important source of information on biomolecular motion can be found in residual dipolar couplings which contain dynamics information over the entire ms-ps timescale. However, these methods are not fully applicable to RNA because nucleic acid molecules tend to align in a highly collinear manner in different alignment media. As a consequence, information on dynamics that can be obtained with this method is limited. In order to overcome this limitation, we have generated a chimeric RNA containing both the wild type TAR RNA, the target of our investigation of dynamics, as well as the binding site for U1A protein. When U1A protein was bound to the portion of the chimeric RNA containing its binding site, we obtained independent alignment of TAR by exploiting the physical chemical characteristics of this protein. This technique can allow the extraction of new information on RNA dynamics, which is particularly important for time scales not covered by relaxation methods where important RNA motions occur.
EFFECT OF FOOD REDUCTIONS ON TERRITORIAL BEHAVIOR OF PURPLE-THROATED CARIBS

Abstract We experimentally reduced the number of flowers of two species of Heliconia (H. caribaea and H. bihai) by 50% on territories defended by male Purple-throated Caribs (Eulampis jugularis). Following reductions, males decreased the amount of time they spent feeding on their territories and lost a significant amount of weight, but increased their time feeding and regained weight to premanipulation levels following restoration of flower abundance. Territorial males also spent less time in defense following flower reductions, in part by reducing the durations of chases of female intruders. Significantly fewer females intruded onto male territories following reductions in only 1 of 3 years; in all 3 years, significantly more females intruded onto the more rewarding H. caribaea territories, which offered a greater number of flowers per inflorescence than H. bihai territories. Efectos de la Disminucion de la Cantidad de Alimento sobre el Comportamiento Territorial de Eulampis jugularis Resumen. Disminuimo...
Tolerization with Hsp65 induces protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis by modulating the antigen-directed interferon-γ, interleukin-17, and antibody responses

Objective Pretreatment of Lewis rats with soluble mycobacterial Hsp65 affords protection against subsequent adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA). This study was aimed at unraveling the mechanisms underlying mycobacterial Hsp65–induced protection against arthritis, using contemporary parameters of immunity. Methods Lewis rats were given 3 intraperitoneal injections of mycobacterial Hsp65 in solution prior to the initiation of AIA with heat-killed Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Thereafter, mycobacterial Hsp65–specific T cell proliferative, cytokine, and antibody responses were tested in tolerized rats. The roles of anergy and the indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO)–tryptophan pathway in tolerance induction were assessed, and the frequency and suppressive function of CD4+FoxP3+ Treg cells were monitored. Also tested was the effect of mycobacterial Hsp65 tolerization on T cell responses to AIA-related mycobacterial Hsp70, mycobacterial Hsp10, and rat Hsp65. Results The AIA-protective effect of mycobacterial Hsp65–induced tolerance was associated with a significantly reduced T cell proliferative response to mycobacterial Hsp65, which was reversed by interleukin-2 (IL-2), indicating anergy induction. The production of interferon-γ (but not IL-4/IL-10) was increased, with concurrent down-regulation of IL-17 expression by mycobacterial Hsp65–primed T cells. Neither the frequency nor the suppressive activity of CD4+FoxP3+ T cells changed following tolerization, but the serum level of anti–mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies was increased. However, no evidence was observed for a role of IDO or cross-tolerance to mycobacterial Hsp70, mycobacterial Hsp10, or rat Hsp65. Conclusion Tolerization with soluble mycobacterial Hsp65 leads to suppression of IL-17, anergy induction, and enhanced production of anti–mycobacterial Hsp65 antibodies, which play a role in protection against AIA. These results are relevant to the development of effective immunotherapeutic approaches for autoimmune arthritis.
Urinary Free Bisphenol A and Bisphenol A-Glucuronide Concentrations in Newborns

Infants are exposed to the endocrine disruptor bisphenol A (BPA) through breast milk and baby formula. Detoxication by conjugation of BPA may be limited in infants. We demonstrate BPA exposure in 11 neonates and 1 young infant, but find no evidence of a low capacity for BPA conjugation.
A man and a dog in a lifeboat: Self-sacrifice, animals, and the limits of ethical theory

In discussions of animal ethics, hypothetical scenarios are often used to try to force the clarification of intuitions about the relative value of human and animal life. Tom Regan requests, for example, that we imagine a man and a dog adrift in a lifeboat while Peter Singer explains why the life of one's child ought to be preferred to that of the family dog in the event of a house fire. I argue that such scenarios are not the usefully abstract analytic tools they purport to be, but indirectly reinforce assumptions that are not only anthropocentric, but also tied to racist, sexist and ethnocentric stereotypes. An analysis of some of the cultural and ethical associations of the notion of self-sacrifice proves especially useful in revealing some of the limitations of certain popular Western approaches to animal ethics.
On the mechanism for the reaction of fluoroformyl radicals radicals with NO: a theoretical study

Abstract The key features of the potential energy surface of the reaction between fluoroformyl radicals (FCO) radical with NO have been determined using ab initio molecular orbital theory. Instead of direct abstraction of fluorine from FCO by NO to yield FNO and CO, the reaction is found to instead add NO to FCO to form a FC(O)NO adduct first. FNO and CO can be produced with a lower activation barrier from FC(O)NO via a three-center transition state.
The TRAIL decoy receptor TRUNDD (DcR2, TRAIL-R4) is induced by adenovirus-p53 overexpression and can delay TRAIL-, p53-, and KILLER/DR5-dependent colon cancer apoptosis.

The cell surface decoy receptor proteins TRID (also known as DcR1 or TRAIL-R3) and TRUNDD (DcR2, TRAIL-R4) inhibit caspase-dependent cell death induced by the cytotoxic ligand TRAIL in part because of their absent or truncated cytoplasmic death domains, respectively. We previously identified the death domain containing proapoptotic TRAIL death receptor KILLER/DR5 (TRAIL-R2) as an upregulated transcript following exposure of cancer cells, with wild-type but not with mutant or degraded p53 proteins, to a cytotoxic dose of adriamycin. In the present studies we provide evidence that expression of the TRAIL decoy receptors TRUNDD and TRID increases following infection of cancer cells with p53-expressing adenovirus (Ad-p53), in a manner similar to other p53 target genes such as KILLER/DR5 and p21WAF1/CIP1. Subsequent overexpression of TRUNDD in colon cancer cell lines caused a significant delay in killing induced by TRAIL. Furthermore, cotransfection of TRUNDD with either p53 or KILLER/DR5 (at a 4:1 DNA ratio) in colon cancer cells decreased cell death caused by either gene. This protective effect of TRUNDD was not dependent on the presence of TRAIL, and overexpression of TRUNDD did not alter the protein levels of either p53 or KILLER/DR5. Further deletion studies showed that whereas protection by TRUNDD against TRAIL-mediated apoptosis did not require an intact intracellular domain (ICD), the first 43 amino acids of the ICD of TRUNDD were needed for protection against cell death induced by p53 or KILLER/DR5. Our results suggest a model in which the TRAIL decoy receptors may be induced by p53, thereby attenuating an apoptotic response that appears to involve KILLER/DR5. Therefore, the p53-dependent induction of TRUNDD may provide a mechanism to transiently favor cell survival over cell death, and overexpression of TRUNDD may be another mechanism of escape from p53-mediated apoptosis in gene therapy experiments.
Active-learning activities that introduce students to software engineering fundamentals

First-year students select a program of study for a variety of reasons. As a result, many students are not familiar with the basic concepts and career opportunities that exist. At the Rochester Institute of Technology, first-year Software Engineering students participate in a seminar to orient them to the discipline. The course has been redesigned from a lecture format to an active-learning format. The new format uses a set of hands-on and community-building activities to demonstrate basic concepts, with little programming. The more engaging format enables students to explore concepts, gain experience working in teams, and have ownership over their own learning. The seminar structure and activities will be discussed, along with an analysis of student feedback, and lessons learned. The value of the seminar's approach can be used to introduce computing students to fundamental software engineering concepts in a variety of contexts.
Generalization of the equations for frame-type structures; a variational approach

The differential equations for frame-type structures with elastically deformable joints, derived recently by A. D. Kerr and A. M. Zarembski [1], are genealized first by including the translational inertia terms. The corresponding variational principle is then derived formally, and the mechanical meaning of each term is established. The variational principle is then generalized by including a geometrical non-linearity, the effect of thermal and variable axial forces, and the variation of sectional properties. The corresponding differential equations are derived and the admissible boundary and matching conditions are discussed. As examples, formulations for two problems are presented.
Climate variability and the daily agroecosystem forecasting accuracy plateau

Changing climate conditions have exacerbated the need for early warning systems that integrate with agroecosystem decision support. Short term forecasts are becoming more common, but it is not clear how current forecasting can practically be improved beyond the accuracy of current federal weather data forecast sources. One possibility is to systematically incorporate trends that are interannual or multidecadal in nature, as well as locally rare events, into current forecasting systems. We examine four types of long term variability that impact the eastern US, including the long term annual trend, El Nino Southern Oscillation, Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, and tropical cyclone frequency. Risks associated with two critical crop diseases, Fusarium head blight of small grains and late blight of potato, are assessed for the sixty year period 1950–2009 with respect to these aspects of climate variability. Each of these aspects of variability was significantly related regionally to daily crop disease risk forecasts. These results should be of interest to those implementing ecologically responsible integrated pest management strategies at various spatial and temporal scales as interannual patterns, multidecadal trends and rare events often confound the accuracy of short term forecasts.
Against Chapter XXXVI: Sequels and Remakes of Collodi's Pinoccohio in Italian Literature

This article discusses the last chapter of Collodi's Pinocchio in its relationship with the rest of the novel, and analyzes how several other authors responded to the very content of that chapter. Many 20th-century authors have in fact noticed a deep discrepancy between the adventures contained in the body of the novel and the brusque, somehow extrinsic and unprepared happy ending. They have consequently created alternative versions of Pinocchio that end before Collodi's original ending, or that depart from the penultimate chapter of the novel to move in new directions. In other cases, authors have created sequels of Collodi's story where Pinocchio, now a boy, attempts to return to being a puppet. The examples discussed include short stories by Arpino and Malerba, plays by Salvini and Benni, a rhyme version by Trinci, a comic book by Bilotta and Mammucari, and a mock official dossier by Placido. The analysis emphasizes the strategies these authors have used to give open endings to their works in response ...
A Digital Filter for Data Smoothing With Application to Relative Permeability Estimation

Automatic data acquisition systems that allow data to be sampled very rapidly can provide much more information from experiments than manual data sampling. Computer storage and work requirements for interpretive procedures for calculating rock properties from measured data, however, generally increase significantly with the number of data. Rather than choosing a sampling rate on the basis of work requirements of the interpretive procedure, the authors recommend sampling as frequently as possible. Improved estimates for data values to be used in the interpretive procedure can then be obtained by a smoothing process. They present a simple digital filter for data smoothing. They evaluate improvements in relative permeability estimates that may be obtained when the digital filter is used with data collected from displacement experiments. The use of the digital filter can result in significant improvement in the accuracy of relative permeability estimates.
Developmental differences in the encoding of spatial-orientation information

Wickens’s (1970) release-from-proactive-interference procedure was used to estimate developmental differences in the encoding of spatial-orientation information from pictorial stimuli. Forty subjects from each of three grade levels—first grade, sixth grade, and college—participated in the study. Results indicated proactive interference buildup for all grades; however, proactive-interference release was suggested only for the sixth-grade and college subjects. The results are discussed in terms of Hasher and Zacks’s (1979) views concerning automatic encoding of spatial information from stimuli.
Repair of giant paraesophageal hernias routinely produces improvement in respiratory function

Objective Assessment of the clinical impact of giant paraesophageal hernias have historically focused on upper gastrointestinal symptoms. This study assesses the effect of paraesophageal hernia repair on respiratory function. Methods All patients undergoing repair of giant paraesophageal hernia were prospectively entered into a database approved by the institutional review board. Patients had symptoms documented preoperatively, including dyspnea. Pulmonary function tests (PFTs) were done preoperatively and repeated a median of 106 days after repair (range, 16-660 days). Results Preoperative and postoperative PFTs were obtained in 120 unselected patients treated for paraesophageal hernia between 2000 and 2010. Patients' median age was 74 years (range, 45-91 years), 74 (62%) were female, and median body mass index was 28.0 (range, 16.8-46.6). Median length of stay was 4 days (range, 3-10 days), and perioperative mortality was zero. Hernias were classified as type II in 3 (3%) patients, III in 92 (77%), and IV in 25 (21%). Percent of intrathoracic stomach was assigned from preoperative contrast studies and grouped as less than 50% (n = 6; 5%), 50% to 74% (n = 35; 29%), 75% to 99% (n = 29; 24%), and 100% (n = 50; 42%). Preoperative symptoms included heartburn 71 (59%), early satiety 65 (54%), dyspnea 63 (52%), chest pain 48 (40%), dysphagia 56 (47%), regurgitation 47 (39%), and anemia 44 (37%). PFTs significantly improved after paraesophageal hernia repair (mean volume change, percent reference change): forced vital capacity +0.30 L,+10.3%pred; FEV 1 +0.23 L,+10.4%pred (all P −1 · min −1 ( P = .004), and +2.9%pred ( P = .002). Greater improvements were documented in older patients with significant subjective respiratory symptoms and higher percent of intrathoracic stomach ( P Conclusions Paraesophageal hernia has a significant effect on respiratory function, which is largely underappreciated. This study demonstrates that these repairs can be done safely and supports routine consideration for elective repair; older patients with borderline respiratory function may achieve substantial improvements in their respiratory status and quality of life.
Changing Views of the Millennium in the Davidian Tradition

The Davidian/Branch Davidian movement derives from the Seventh-day Adventist movement and has throughout its history been shaped by its central belief in the imminent return of Christ. In addition to this core doctrine, however, the six major leaders of the Davidians and Branch Davidians have each added to the Davidian belief system. The task of this paper is to explain these changing views of the signs of millennial dawn in the Davidian tradition by examining the way Davidian leaders provided new understandings of the millennium. This study finds that just as founder Victor Houteff relied heavily on Ellen White and added his own interpretation, later leaders followed a similar approach. Each created distinctive interpretations of the approaching millennial reign of Christ, variously emphasizing key factors of Christ's return and rule, such as the notions of the elect, the time, the place, the gender, the messiah, and the final conflict.
Carotid calcification on panoramic radiographs: An important marker for vascular risk

Abstract Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether carotid calcifications are harbingers of future vascular events. Study Design. Between 1986 and 2000, 71 patients were found to have carotid artery calcifications on routine panoramic films. Medical records were reviewed for vascular risk factors existing before and vascular end points subsequent to the radiographs. Results. The mean age of our patients was 68 years. Sixty-one (86%) had preexisting vascular risk factors, 73% with multiple risk factors. Forty-one end points occurred in 29 patients. The average time to an end point was 2.7 years. The end points included myocardial infarction (8, 11%), stroke (5, 7%), death (11, 15%), revascularization procedures (8, 11%), transient ischemic attack (2, 3%), and angina (7, 10%). Twenty-three patients (34%) had major end points of myocardial infarction, stroke, or death. Conclusions. Carotid calcifications identified on panoramic radiographs are powerful markers for subsequent vascular events. Patients found to have carotid calcification on panoramic radiographs should be referred for cerebrovascular and cardiovascular evaluation and aggressive management of vascular risk factors. (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:510-4)
Well-posedness of the full Ericksen-Leslie model of nematic liquid crystals

Abstract The Ericksen–Leslie model of nematic liquid crystals is a coupled system between the Navier–Stokes and the Ginzburg–Landau equations. We show here the local well-posedness for this problem for any initial data regular enough, by a fixed point approach relying on some weak continuity properties in a suitable functional setting. By showing the existence of an appropriate local Lyapunov functional, we also give sufficient conditions for the global existence of the solution, and some stability conditions.