cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Summer Habitat Use by Young Salmonids and Their Responses to Cover and Predators in a Small Southeast Alaska Stream

Abstract We observed young coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch, steelhead O. mykiss, and Dolly Varden Salvelinus malma in a second-order stream on Prince of Wales Island, Alaska, to assess differences between species in habitat use and response to cover and predators. Habitat use by subyearlings of the three species differed primarily in depth of water and position in the water column. Coho salmon selected the relatively deep areas of the small stream; steelhead were more evenly spread across the bottom, regardless of depth; and Dolly Varden were close to the bottom in water less than 20 cm deep. All three species selected lower positions in the water column in pools without cover than in pools with riparian or instream cover. We detected no shift in habitat use in response to fish predators.
Method to improve the sensitivity of flow cytometric membrane potential measurements in mouse spinal cord cells

We have developed a technique to improve the sensitivity of relative membrane potential measurements in mouse spinal cord cells using the fluorescent, anionic, voltage sensitive dye, DiBa-C4(3) (Oxonol) and flow cytometry. In order to attribute cellular fluorescence primarily to membrane potential, signal variability due to cell size and shape was reduced by dividing the log fluorescence signal from each cell by either its log forward angle light scatter or log side scatter signals. The use of these ratios in place of log oxonol fluorescence reduced the coefficient of variation of the distributions while leaving the changes in mean fluorescence largely unaffected. Kolmogorov-Smirnov analysis of pre- vs. postkainate stimulation (an excitatory amino acid) showed improved sensitivity of the assay with the use of this ratio technique.
VLA observations of the OH emission from Comet Wilson (1986) - The value of high resolution in both spatial and velocity coordinates

In comparison with Comet Halley, the radio OH emission from Comet Wilson behaved very erratically, changing rapidly in position as well as in velocity, while the emission and brightness distribution from Comet Halley displayed apparent stability. A few months later, nearer perihelion, just the opposite behavior was observed at UV wavelengths. Another difference between the two comets is that the OH emission from Comet Halley seemed confined to a region a few times 100.000 km in size, while the emission from Comet Wilson showed up in sporadic blobs, with variable intensities and velocities, at distances as far as 10 to the 6th km from the nucleus. This behavior in Comet Wilson may be associated with the disintegration of the outer frosting associated with new comets and possibly with the fragmentation and ejection of cometesimals from the nucleus. As part of the data analysis, it is demonstrated that lengthening the integration time and lowering the velocity resolution affects the symmetry of the OH images and spectral-line profiles. As a consequence, asymmetric cometary OH line profiles may be more common than previously thought.
Structure of an electrorheological fluid in steady shear.

We report a real-time, two-dimensional light scattering study of the structure of an electrorheological fluid under steady shear. When an electric field is applied to the quiescent fluid, particles chain along the electric field lines and cause strong light scattering lobes to appear at a finite scattering wave vector q orthogonal to the field lines. We find that when the sample is subjected to steady shear a steady state scattering pattern emerges with lobes that are rotated in the direction of fluid vorticity. The angle of rotation is found to increase as the cube root of the shear rate, in agreement with a theoretical prediction of the steady state structure of fragmenting particle droplets.
Identification of an Adipogenic Niche for Adipose Tissue Remodeling and Restoration

The regulatory events guiding progenitor activation and differentiation in adult white adipose tissue are largely unknown. We report that induction of brown adipogenesis by β3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB3) activation involves the death of white adipocytes and their removal by M2-polarized macrophages. Recruited macrophages express high levels of osteopontin (OPN), which attracts a subpopulation of PDGFRα+ progenitors expressing CD44, a receptor for OPN. Preadipocyte proliferation is highly targeted to sites of adipocyte clearance and occurs almost exclusively in the PDGFRα+ CD44+ subpopulation. Knockout of OPN prevents formation of crown-like structures by ADRB3 activation and the recruitment, proliferation, and differentiation of preadipocytes. The recruitment and differentiation of PDGFRα+ progenitors are also observed following physical injury, during matrix-induced neogenesis, and in response to high-fat feeding. Each of these conditions recruits macrophages having a unique polarization signature, which may explain the timing of progenitor activation and the fate of these cells in vivo.
The films we never saw: American movies view organized labor, 1934–1954

(1986). The films we never saw: American movies view organized labor, 1934–1954. Labor History: Vol. 27, No. 4, pp. 564-580.
Insect Biodiversity and Conservation in Australasia

Australasia, which consists of Australia and the adjacent islands of the southwestern Pacific Ocean, has an insect diversity approximately proportional to the land mass. This diversity is distinctive, with some major groups missing and others having radiated. Iconic species are familiar to most people living in Australia and New Zealand, and a range of insects once contributed to Aboriginal Australian culture and diet. Conservation of Australasian entomological biodiversity is an increasing challenge for contemporary scientists. Examples are provided of insect conservation schemes from New Guinea, New Zealand, and Australia. Funding for insect biodiversity studies beyond flagship species is needed.
Surf and Turf: Approaching Single and Multiple Die-offs of Free-living Species

Abstract Field necropsies of individual or multiple animals can be fraught with difficulty and frustration. Planning and preparation for these events, including development of required supplies and equipment checklists, necropsy forms, designated test sites, and a personnel pool, can alleviate many problems. Flexibility is paramount in field situations as is the need for individuals from multiple disciplines to collaboratively collect, record, disseminate, and interpret findings.
Increased nitric oxide production following chronic hypoxia contributes to attenuated systemic vasoconstriction.

Attenuated vasoconstrictor reactivity following chronic hypoxia (CH) is associated with endothelium-dependent vascular smooth muscle (VSM) cell hyperpolarization and diminished intracellular [Ca2+]...
Jump Bidding Strategies in Internet Auctions

Abidding strategy commonly observed in Internet auctions is that of "jump bidding," or entering a bid larger than what is necessary to be a currently winning bidder. In this paper, we argue that the cost associated with entering online bids and the uncertainty about future entry--both of which distinguish Internet from live auctions--can explain this behavior. We present a simple theoretical model that includes the preceding characteristics, and derive the conditions under which jump bidding arises in a format commonly used for online trading, the ascending-price auction. We also present evidence, recorded from hundreds of Internet auctions, that is consistent with some of the basic predictions from our model. We find that jump bidding is more likely earlier in an auction, when jumping has a larger strategic value, and that the incentives to jump bid increase as competition increases. Our results also indicate that jump bidding is effective: Jump bidders place fewer bids overall, and increased early jump bidding deters entry later in the auction. We also discuss possible means of reducing bidding costs and evidence that Internet auctioneers are pursuing this goal.
Comparison of metal concentrations in Corbicula fluminea and Elliptio hopetonensis in the Altamaha River system, Georgia, USA.

The present study evaluated the use of the invasive clam Corbicula fluminea as a surrogate for metal accumulation in native mussels. The tissue concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn were analyzed in Corbicula and a native Unionid mussel species (Elliptio hopetonensis) collected from 13 sites in the Altamaha River system (GA, USA). Corbicula accumulated greater concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Ni when compared toE.hopetonensis at the same sites. The reverse was true for the metals Mn and Zn, with E. hopetonensis accumulating greater concentrations than Corbicula. Concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, and Pb were found to be significantly (a ¼ 0.05) positively correlated between the two species. Greater water alkalinity and hardness tended to negatively correlate with metal accumulation, while organism size tended to correlate positively with tissue concentrations. Tissue Cd, Cu, and Pb concentrations demonstrated a correlation between bivalve tissues and concentrations of those metals in fine sediments. These correlations were significant (a ¼ 0.05) for Cd and Cu concentrations in Corbicula and Pb concentrations in E. hopetonensis. The present findings support the hypothesis that bioaccumulation of some metals by Corbicula can be used to approximate levels accumulated by co-occurring native mussel species. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2010;29:2026-2033. # 2010 SETAC Keywords—Corbicula fluminea Elliptio hopetonensis Trace metals Biomonitor Cross-species comparison
Direction-dependent localization errors in SPECT images

Purpose: Single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is being investigated for imaging inside radiation therapy treatment rooms to localize biological targets. Here, computer simulations were used to analyze locational and directional dependencies in localization errors and to assess the effects of spatial resolution modeling and observer normalization on localization performance. Methods: SPECT images of the XCAT phantom, containing 12 hot tumors, were reconstructed with detector response function compensation (DRC) and without DRC (nDRC). Numerical observers were forced to select the most suspicious tumor location, using normalized cross correlation (NXC) or un-normalized cross correlation (XC), from 3 cm diameter search volumes that each contained only one tumor. For each tumor site, localization was optimized as a function of the iteration number and postreconstruction smoothing. Localization error, the distance between true and estimated tumor positions, was calculated across the ensembles of 80 images. Direction-dependent localization bias and precision were estimated from the image ensemble. Results: For the six superficial tumors in close proximity to the detector trajectory, mean localization errors were <2 mm and were lowest or comparable using DRC-NXC, though differences from DRC-XC and nDRC-NXC were not statistically significant. DRC-NXC did provide statistically significantly better localization than nDRC-XC for five ofmore » these six tumors. At the other six sites where attenuation was more severe and the distance was generally greater between the tumor and detector, DRC typically did not show better localization than nDRC. Observer normalization improved the localization substantially for a tumor near the hotter heart. Localization errors were anisotropic and dependent on tumor location relative to the detector trajectory. Conclusions: This computer-simulation study compared localization performance for normalized and un-normalized numerical observers, which were used to estimate tumor positions in SPECT images, reconstructed with and without DRC. For tumors localized to <2 mm on average, which are good candidates for SPECT-guided radiation therapy, localization performance typically improved by compensating for the detector response function and by using a normalized observer. The observed direction-dependent localization errors have important implications for radiation therapy and are relevant to SPECT imaging in general.« less
A novel approach to grid sensor networks

A novel approach to information processing in grid sensor networks is presented. Based on the Fornasini-Marchesini (FM) model, this highly scalable method can implement any general linear system in a grid sensor network in a fully distributed manner. It can significantly reduce the communication overhead and enable local actuation in response to local events. Quantization effects on the stability of such distributed filters are briefly discussed with models for quantization nonlinearities. A real world implementation of this distributed processing method on a sensor network is also presented.
Identity, Stress, and Resilience in Lesbians, Gay Men, and Bisexuals of Color:

The author addresses two issues raised in Moradi, DeBlaere, and Huang's Major Contribution to this issue: the intersection of racial/ethnic and lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) identities and the question of stress and resilience. The author expands on Moradi et al.'s work, hoping to encourage further research. On the intersection of identities, the author notes that LGB identities among people of color have been construed as different from the identities of White LGB persons, purportedly because of an inherent conflict between racial/ethnic and gay identities. The author suggests that contrary to this, LGB people of color can have positive racial/ethnic and LGB identities. On the question of stress and resilience, hypotheses have suggested that compared with White LGB individuals, LGB people of color have both more stress and more resilience. The author addresses the competing hypotheses within the larger perspective of minority stress theory, noting that the study of stress and resilience among LGB people of color is relevant to core questions about social stress as a cause of mental disorders.
The Role of Planetary Waves in the Downward Influence of Stratospheric Final Warming Events

AbstractStratospheric final warming events are simulated in an idealized atmospheric model by imposing a winter-to-summer transition in radiative equilibrium temperature only in the stratosphere. Large ensembles of events are simulated with different strengths of topographic forcing. It is found that the dates of final warmings become earlier and their downward influence on the troposphere becomes stronger for greater topographic amplitudes. This result is similar to observed differences between the downward influence of the final warming in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres. The mechanisms through which the final warming exerts its influence on the tropospheric circulation are investigated using a zonally symmetric model. It is found that lower-stratospheric wave driving induces a residual circulation that affects the tropospheric circulation. The stratosphere also affects the propagation of planetary waves in the upper troposphere, resulting in a burst of wave activity and a rapid deceleration of tr...
Natural Enemies of the Bandedwing Whitefly in Louisiana

Species of the genera Eretmocerus and Encarsia (Order: Hymenoptera, Family: Eulophidae) are parasites of the bandedwing whitefly, Trialeurodes abutilonea (Haldeman) in Louisiana cotton and soybean agroecosystems. In the order of their prevalence, they are: Eretmocerus haldemani Howard, Encarsia species (undescribed), Encarsia quaintancei Howard, and Encarsia pergandiella Howard. E. haldemani is the predominant species both in cotton fields and in other host crop fields within cotton producing areas, accounting for ca. 70% of all parasites. Pupal parasitism was lower in cotton than other crop fields. Insect predators of the whitefly in Louisiana are as follows: Coleomegilla maculatalengi Timberlake, Coccinella novemnotata Herbst, Hippodamia convergens Guerin-Menaville, Olla abdominalis (Say), Delphastis pusillus LeConte; Geocoris punctipes (Say), Orius insidiosus (Say); species of Chrysopidae and Hemerobiidae; and Nabis species. Mixtures of broad spectrum insecticides such as methyl parathion, toxaphene and DDT used in cotton fields for the control of boll weevil and Heliothis species were extremely harmful to both parasites and predators of T. abutilonea .
A comparison of the trophic ecology of the crayfishes (Orconectes nais (Faxon) and Orconectes neglectus (Faxon)) and the central stoneroller minnow (Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque)): omnivory in a tallgrass prairie stream

Omnivorous fish, such as the central stoneroller minnow (Campostoma anomalum(Rafinesque)), and crayfish often play important roles in the trophic dynamics of streams. The trophic role of these two omnivores has not been compared within a system even though they both consume algae, detritus and invertebrates and often co-occur in streams in the Midwestern United States. Natural abundance of 15N and 13C isotopes and a whole stream 15N-labeled ammonium chloride release were used to compare the trophic ecology of the central stoneroller minnow (Campostoma anomalum (Rafinesque)) and two species of crayfish (Orconectes neglectus (Faxon) and Orconectes nais (Faxon)) in a tallgrass prairie stream. The δ15N and δ13C values of Orconectes spp. were more similar to coarse benthic organic matter (CBOM) and filamentous green algae than to invertebrates, fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), and periphyton. Values for δ15N and δ13C in C. anomalum were more similar to grazer and collector invertebrates and filamentous green algae than to FBOM and periphyton. Results from a 15N tracer release also indicated a portion of algae and/or invertebrates were a component of nitrogen assimilated in Orconectes spp. and C. anomalum diets. Gut contents of C. anomalum were also analyzed. In contrast to stable isotope data, amorphous detritus was a significant component of C. anomalum guts, followed by diatoms and filamentous green algae. A significant percentage of invertebrate material was found in C. anomalum guts sampled in the spring. Experiments were conducted in artificial streams to determine if Orconectes spp. and C. anomalum could reduce epilithic algal biomass in small streams. Algal biomass on clay tile substrata was decreased relative to controls in artificial stream channels containing O. neglectus (3.4 fold, p=0.0002), C. anomalum (2.1 fold, p=0.0012), and both species combined (3.0 fold, p=0.0003). Results indicate that Orconectes spp. are functioning more as algal and detrital processors than as predators in Kings Creek. Isotope and gut content data show that C. anomalum includes invertebrates as well as algae and detritus in its diet. Both species have the potential to affect algal biomass and are important omnivores in the stream food web.
Sati Worship and Marwari Public Identity in India

The legal debate in india over the worship and glorification of sati (widow burning, previously spelled “suttee”) stands unresolved at present. After several years of controversy, the practice of worshipping sati was made illegal in 1987 after the death of a young Rajput woman named Roop Kanwar. At that time the Indian government revised the colonial legislation banning widow immolation to include sati glorification and thereby outlawed ceremonies, processions, or functions that eulogize any historical person who has committed sati. The law furthermore prohibited the creation of trusts or fundraising to preserve the memory of such persons. This legal debate over sati worship provides the context in which this essay examines the cultural politics of how Calcutta Marwaris, a wealthy business community, have been among the most vehement defenders of sati worship in the last several decades.
Acute Biventricular Pacing After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Decreases Myocardial Dyssynchrony and Increases Cardiac Index

p w v w e IGHT VENTRICULAR (RV) apical pacing frequently worsens ventricular dyssynchrony. Data suggest that RV pical pacing is associated with an increase in hospitalizations or heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF).1 Cardiac esynchronization therapy (CRT) improves hemodynamic, unctional, and quality of life indices in patients with chronic F.2-5 After cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), a number of paients may exhibit symptoms of heart failure with interventriclar and intraventricular dyssynchrony. Patients may require trioventricular (AV) pacing in the immediate post-CPB peiod. RV pacing may result in worsened septal dyssynchrony nd hemodynamic profiles. The authors report a case in which arly implementation of biventricular pacing (BiVP) in the ost-CPB period resulted in the resolution of septal dyskinesia nd an immediate improvement in hemodynamic function.
Minimally invasive percutaneous endovascular therapies in the management of complications of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): A case report

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents a spectrum of disorders from simple steatosis to inflammation leading to fibrosis, cirrhosis, and even hepatocellular carcinoma. With the progressive epidemics of obesity and diabetes, major risk factors in the development and pathogenesis of NAFLD, the prevalence of NAFLD and its associated complications including liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma is expected to increase by 2030 with an enormous health and economic impact. We present a patient who developed Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) from nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) cirrhosis. Due to morbid obesity, she was not an optimal transplant candidate and was not initially listed. After attempts for lifestyle modifications failed to lead to weight reduction, a transarterial embolization of the left gastric artery was performed. This is the sixth such procedure in humans in literature. Subsequently she had a meaningful drop in BMI from 42 to 36 over the following 6 months ultimately leading to her being listed for transplant. During this time, the left hepatic HCC was treated with chemoembolization without evidence of recurrence. In this article, we wish to highlight the use of minimally invasive percutaneous endovascular therapies such as transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) in the comprehensive management of the NAFLD spectrum and percutaneous transarterial embolization of the left gastric artery (LGA), a novel method, for the management of obesity.
Patterns of communicative interaction in small groups

(1970). Patterns of communicative interaction in small groups. Speech Monographs: Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 257-263.
Advances in reproductive management: pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants

During the last 10 years the U.S. dairy industry has experienced a reversal of the decades-long trend in declining fertility traits. In fact, there is evidence that, nationally, this is contributing to improvements in pregnancy rates. And while these measures are still close to their historical lows, there is reason for optimism that this reversal will continue into the future. The reasons for improved pregnancy rates are related to use of biotechnologies and improved management practices for high producing dairy cows as well as greater emphasis on genetic selection for fertility-related traits. Combined, these factors have resulted in a reduction in the average days to first service in our national dairy herd of approximately 10 days over the past decade and a reduction in calving interval of approximately 15 days. However, current challenges include accurate identification of cows that fail to conceive following insemination and their timely reinsemination. The primary metric for success of pregnancy diagnosis is the inter-service interval, or the number of days between insemination and the subsequent insemination in a cow that fails to conceive or that loses an established pregnancy. This trait is directly affected by the choice of pregnancy diagnosis method. Pregnancy diagnosis methods include estrous detection (visual or assisted), transrectal palpation of uterine contents, transrectal ultrasound visualization of uterine contents and assay for hormones in blood, milk or other body fluids. Each of these methods has advantages and disadvantages. Presently, ultrasound and blood hormone assay at 28 days after insemination offer the earliest specific diagnostics for determining pregnancy status. However, other methods are on the horizon that may provide opportunities to further reduce the interval between insemination and accurate diagnosis of pregnancy status of dairy cattle. One of these targets identification of failed inseminations 18 to 20 days after insemination. This approach, if successful, would allow identification of a portion of open cows prior to their expected return to estrus. The ultimate goal is to identify cows that fail to conceive to an insemination in time to reinseminate them at a normal cycle interval (21 to 23 days) while achieving high conception rates. Reproductive management programs that utilize early pregnancy diagnosis will reduce the interservice interval and improve pregnancy rate, which is a key metric in determining profitability on dairy farms.
Role of Nrf2 and Autophagy in Acute Lung Injury

Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are the clinical manifestations of severe lung damage and respiratory failure. Characterized by severe inflammation and compromised lung function, ALI/ARDS result in very high mortality of affected individuals. Currently, there are no effective treatments for ALI/ARDS, and ironically, therapies intended to aid patients (specifically mechanical ventilation, MV) may aggravate the symptoms. Key events contributing to the development of ALI/ARDS are: increased oxidative and proteotoxic stresses, unresolved inflammation, and compromised alveolar-capillary barrier function. Since the airways and lung tissues are constantly exposed to gaseous oxygen and airborne toxicants, the bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells are under higher oxidative stress than other tissues. Cellular protection against oxidative stress and xenobiotics is mainly conferred by Nrf2, a transcription factor that promotes the expression of genes that regulate oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism and excretion, inflammation, apoptosis, autophagy, and cellular bioenergetics. Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of Nrf2 activation in the protection against ALI/ARDS, as pharmacological activation of Nrf2 prevents the occurrence or mitigates the severity of ALI/ARDS. Another promising new therapeutic strategy in the prevention and treatment of ALI/ARDS is the activation of autophagy, a bulk protein and organelle degradation pathway. In this review, we will discuss the strategy of concerted activation of Nrf2 and autophagy as a preventive and therapeutic intervention to ameliorate ALI/ARDS.
Learning Payoffs in Large Symmetric Games

Game theory offers powerful tools for reasoning about agent behavior and incentives in multi-agent systems. Most of these reasoning tools require a game model that specifies the outcome for all possible combinations of agent behaviors in the subject environment. The requirement to describe all possible outcomes often severely limits the fidelity at which we can model agent choices, or the feasible scale in agent population. Thus, game theorists must select with extreme care the scale and detail of the system to model, balancing fidelity with tractability. This tension comes to the fore in simulation-based approaches to game modeling [3, 4], where filling in a single cell in a game matrix may require running many large-scale agent-based simulations. It is often feasible to simulate large numbers of agents interacting, but infeasible to sample all ( P+S−1 P ) combinations of strategies in a symmetric game with P players and S strategies. If the payoff matrix must be filled completely to perform analysis, this combinatorial growth severely restricts the size of simulation-based games. Our alternative approach accommodates incomplete specification of outcomes, extending the game model to a larger domain through an inductive learning process. We take as input data about outcomes from selected combinations of agent strategies in symmetric games, and learn a game model over the full joint strategy space. By doing so we can scale game modeling to a large number of agents without unduly restricting the size of strategy sets considered. Our primary aim is to identify symmetric mixed-strategy -Nash equilibria and calculate social welfare for symmetric mixed strategies. We measure the quality of approximate equilibria using regret (·), the the maximum gain any player can achieve by switching to a pure strategy. We measure the accuracy of social welfare estimates by absolute error.
Synthesis of Mixed Ceramic MgxZn1–xO Nanofibers via Mg2+ Doping Using Sol–Gel Electrospinning

We report on the synthesis of tuned energy band gap MgxZn1–xO nanofibers (NFs) with different Mg2+ content via the sol–gel electrospinning (ES) technique wherein the addition of the doping material affects not only the morphologies of as-spun ZnAc/PVA and MgAc/ZnAc/PVA nanofibers but also the crystal microstructure and optical properties of calcined ZnO and MgxZn1–xO nanofibers. Following an appropriate aqueous solution preparation of magnesium acetate (MgAc) and zinc acetate (ZnAc) with poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), electrospinning is performed and then as-spun nanofibers are calcined in an air atmosphere at 600 °C for 3 h. As-spun and calcined nanofiber diameters and morphologies are evaluated with scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopies, whereas crystalline microstructural interpretations of ZnO and MgxZn1–xO are conducted with wide-angle X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD). Surface chemical composition and elemental evaluation of calcined nanofibers are examined with X-ray photoelectron s...
A pilot trial of 5-FU, leucovorin, and cisplatin with or without adriamycin in advanced cancer.

In a pilot trial, we treated patients with solid tumors with 5-FU (5-fluorouracil), leucovorin (LV), and cisplatin (FLP) with Adriamycin in selected patients (FLAP). 5-FU/LV were administered weekly for 6 weeks, with cisplatin at two dose levels (and Adriamycin in some patients) at weeks I and 4. Nine patients received FLP ; 11 received FLAP. FLP was able to be administered with a cisplatin dose of 75 mg/m 2 ; the maximum-tolerated dose of FLAP included a cisplatin dose of60 mg/m 2 . Significant toxicities included granulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia, and diarrhea. Preliminary activity was demonstrated with FLAP in patients with adenocarcinomas ofthe stomach and gastroesophageal (GE) junction. Ongoing trials of FLAP are underway in patients with gastric and GE junction carcinomas in the neoadjuvant and advanced disease settings.
Live and Dressed Weights of American Bison

The American bison herd on the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge, Comanche County, Oklahoma, was established in 1907 by the donation of fifteen animals from the New York Zoological Park. The herd has increased to 922 animals as of January, 1956. …
Fracture of Thin Tantalum Nitride Films on Ain Substrates

Nanoindentation, continuous nanoscratch testing, and transmission electron microscopy were used in this study to determine the structure-property relationships of thin tantalum nitride resistor films on aluminum nitride substrates. The films were sputter-deposited to a nominal thickness of 200 nm during one production run and then tested at room temperature. Most films were uniform in structure and thickness, consisting of fine equiaxed crystallites along the film-substrate interfaces and long columnar grains further away from the interface. However, one film varied greatly in thickness across the substrate. It had large crystallites along the film-substrate interface and clusters of columnar grains. Most importantly, it contained a far greater amount of porosity than the other films. The high porosity content led to significantly lower elastic moduli and hardness values than the low porosity films and a much greater susceptibility to fracture.
Monitoring fungi in ecological restorations of coastal Indiana, U.S.A.

Monitoring of ecological restorations has rarely focused on fungi. In this study, we conduct a first-ever monitoring of macrofungi in ecological restorations of coastal Indiana (U.S.A.) and present an approach and considerations that can be followed elsewhere. Forty-two sites were surveyed over a 2-year period for the presence of saprotrophic, mycorrhizal, and parasitic macrofungi. Sites included those considered to be restoration, prerestoration, or reference and were in wooded, semiwooded, or grassland habitats. With 1,103 observations, 277 species of fungi were identified. Most fungi were found in wooded habitats though some were in grassland restorations. Invasive plant cover negatively impacted fungal species richness. Monitored sites were compared to a set of reference sites using two different similarity indices (overlap and Jaccard), as well as the ratios of different fungal functional guilds, revealing that choice of index can impact how restorations are perceived to match targets. Last, we present a novel, tractable, and conservative way to assess and rank sites by the functional trait guilds of fungi. We show that such an approach can provide important additional information about the success of restorations such that functional guild ratios could be used as an indicator of restoration progress early-on while functional values are better used in later phases.
Liberalism and Nationalism in Liang Ch'i-Ch'ao's Thought

Liang Ch'i-ch'ao g£ $ Jg was profoundly influenced by eighteenth and nineteenth-century English liberal thinkers. His writings, especially those between the years 1898 and 1903, abounded in references to Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832), John Stuart Mill (18061873), Herbert Spencer (1820-1903), and to the favorite phrases of these men " the greatest happiness of the greatest number," " liberty of thought and discussion," " struggle for existence," and " survival of the fittest."
The Whirl Cookstove: A Novel Development for Clean Biomass Burning

ABSTRACTAn innovation in cookstove design was developed through a simple change in the natural-draft air entrainment pattern. The new concept is based on the establishment of a whirl in the combustion chamber, with air being introduced only tangentially through lateral slots in the cookstove walls. The whirl configuration creates better mixing between fuel and oxidizer, more uniform burning, and a reduction in pollutant emissions. Water boiling tests revealed significant improvements with respect to the ordinary natural draft mode of operation, the so-called rocket mode, including: a 13% average increase in the thermodynamic efficiency and a decrease in total particulate emissions by 53%. In water simmering tests, the gain in thermodynamic efficiency is estimated at 24% and the reduction in particulate mass and number are 70% and 44%, respectively. The particle abatement is more significant for sizes larger than 0.5 um. A whirl retrofit can be introduced in almost any existing cookstove design and is well...
American Diplomacy and the Anglo-Egyptian Treaty

From June 1953 to July 1954, the primary aim of the United States was to resolve the Anglo-Egyptian base dispute. This was the first test of the administration’s policy of attempting to influence Egypt by accommodating certain objectives of the Free Officers. This episode also marks the American attempt to remodel British presence in the region and thus achieve a viable defense for the containment of the Soviet Union. Both of these goals required a quick resolution to the acrimonious conflict that was increasing neutralist trends in the Middle East and offering the Russians an opportunity for mischief and exploitation. The tortuous course of American diplomacy and the type of treaty that was finally produced are the subject of this chapter.
Complementary and Alternative Medicine Interventions for Male Infertility/Subfertility: First Do No Harm

Oxidative stress is associated with up to 80 % of the male subfertility cases. A notable Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews provided one of the most extensive analyses of 34 randomized trials of supplements for male subfertility during ART (assisted reproductive technologies). It found a highly statistically significant increased chance of pregnancy and live birth for men that used one or several dietary supplements, with side effects that were identical to placebo. Critics might argue that the pregnancy rate (96 pregnancies, 15 clinical trials, 964 couples) and especially the live birth rate (20 events, 3 clinical trials, 214 couples) were not large enough to endorse some supplementation for male subfertility. I strongly disagree because when considering the cost of ART, the added cost of supplementation is just pennies per day for most science-based products, and I believe the benefit greatly outweighs the risk.
Retroperitoneal Hematoma Causing Peritoneal Dialysis Catheter Malfunction.

Background We present the unusual complication of peritoneal dialysis (PD) catheter dysfunction in a patient who developed a retroperitoneal hematoma following an endoscopic procedure and review the existing literature regarding this rare complication. Case report A 60-year-old man with end stage renal disease presented with PD catheter dysfunction. Computed tomography scan of his abdomen showed a large left retroperitoneal hematoma. He underwent a diagnostic laparoscopy and PD catheter revision. The retroperitoneal hematoma had ruptured into the peritoneum with clots clogging the catheter. Clots were evacuated and the catheter was flushed. He restarted on low volume PD three days after surgery and increased to full volume within a week with no further issues. Conclusions This case summarizes the very unusual complication of a retroperitoneal bleed from an endoscopic procedure that manifested as PD catheter dysfunction. The increasing utilization of PD catheters requires that surgeons remain aware of potential complications.
Experimental test for approximately dispersionless forces in the Aharonov-Bohm effect

A new class of forces, approximately dispersionless forces, were recently predicted as part of a semiclassical description of the Aharonov-Bohm effect. Electron time-of-flight measurements have been performed that test for such forces. Magnetized iron cores used in the previous time-of-flight experiment may affect potential back-action forces and have, therefore, been eliminated. We report that no forces were detected. This finding supports the local and nonlocal, quantum descriptions of the AB effect and rules out local, semiclassical descriptions.
Capital Meets Democracy: Representative Institutions and the Rise of Mass Suffrage in Sovereign Bond Markets

How compatible is mass democracy with financial capitalism? We examine this classic debate through the reaction of sovereign bond markets to the rise of mass suffrage in Europe and the Americas during the nineteenth century, which represented both the “first wave of democracy” and “age of capital”. Utilizing detailed panel data (1800-1920) on suffrage reforms and sovereign bond yields, we identify two distinct trajectories. In countries with strong pre-existing representative institutions, measured in terms of the frequency of meetings by representative assemblies during the eighteenth century, suffrage expansion had little impact on sovereign bond yields. In countries with weak pre-existing representative institutions, however, suffrage expansion contributed to large long-term increases in the premium that investors demanded to hold sovereign debt. The findings reveal how the strength of historically inherited representative institutions structured the threat of political uncertainty, instability, and expropriation posed by suffrage expansion, with important consequences for sovereign credibility in capital markets.
Targeting the Court with Presidential Appeals

Lacking the power to enforce its decisions, the Supreme Court must rely on other actors to ensure that its dictates are carried out. One such actor is the president, who can support or oppose the Court’s decisions in his public speeches in an effort to promote or hinder their implementation. Using an original dataset, we investigate the tone of presidential speeches about Supreme Court cases to understand why sitting presidents target Supreme Court decisions in their public rhetoric. We find that presidents discuss cases based primarily on their ideological (dis)agreement with the decision, whether the decision declared a law unconstitutional, and whether the case was decided by a minimum winning coalition. These results inform our understanding of presidential speechmaking, executive-judicial relations, and the ways in which presidents implement legal decisions.
Coupled fluid flow-geomechanics simulation in stress-sensitive coal and shale reservoirs: Impact of desorption-induced stresses, shear failure, and fines migration

Abstract Long-term pore pressure depletion significantly alters reservoir stresses, which are known to have a substantial impact on permeability in fractured reservoirs. Increased effective stresses resulting from depletion often induce a decrease in permeability. The opposite has been observed in some reservoirs with an organic rock matrix that exhibits strong sorption-mechanical coupling. With depletion, adsorbed gas desorbs from micropores resulting in shrinkage of the rock matrix, relaxation of effective stresses, and opening of fractures. In addition, reservoir depletion results in an increased stress anisotropy, which may lead to potential reactivation of critically oriented natural fractures and shear failure. The objective of this study is to develop a reservoir simulator with a full poromechanical coupling accounting for sorption-induced change of stresses, shear failure, fines production, and their effect on permeability. This paper aims to estimate the influence of the various mechanical and transport parameters affecting reservoir permeability and to predict its evolution during reservoir depletion. We compare two natural gas reservoirs with strong (San Juan coal basin) and weak (Barnett shale formation) sorption-mechanical coupling. The results of the study highlight the interplay between mechanical moduli, swelling isotherm parameters, fracture compressibility, and rock strength in determining their impact on fracture permeability evolution during depletion. We show that simple stress-dependent permeability models cannot capture permeability evolution in the presence of shear failure and fines production. A modified permeability equation is introduced to describe fines migration and shear dilation. Numerical simulation confirmed that desorption-induced strains in shales may induce changes of horizontal stresses of several MPa. These changes of stress may have a minor effect on permeability but can significantly affect horizontal stress anisotropy and should be considered while planning refracturing.
Characterizing the Response of Commercial and Industrial Facilities to Dynamic Pricing Signals from the Utility

We describe a method to generate statistical models of electricity demand from Commercial and Industrial (CI the latter quantifies deviations from the baseline model due to dynamic pricing signals from the utility. Three regression-based baseline computation methods were developed and analyzed. All methods performed similarly. To understand the diversity of facility responses to dynamic pricing signals, we have characterized the response of 44 C&I facilities participating in a Demand Response (DR) program using dynamic pricing in California (Pacific Gas and Electric's Critical Peak Pricing Program). In most cases, facilities shed load during DR events but there is significant heterogeneity in facility responses. Modeling facility response to dynamic price signals is beneficial to the Independent System Operator for scheduling supply to meet demand, to the utility for improving dynamic pricing programs, and to the customer for minimizing energy costs.
Identifying Traits of Leaders in Movement Initiation

How do leaders lead? Are individuals with influence always at the front of their group? Do they initiate travel in new directions or are they first to start moving? Which attempts to initiate movement translate to leadership? In this paper we present a computational method to characterize and classify the types of leaders in movement initiation. We adapt a leadership inference framework, FLICA, to extract information about which individuals act as leaders. We then propose a framework for ranking leaders according to their position, velocity, and heading relative to the group and perform hypothesis testing of correlations between target features and leadership ranking. We use a time series of GPS positions of wild olive baboons (Papio anubis) as an application of our approach. Our results demonstrate that there is no correlation between leadership and early movement, there is negative correlation between leadership and new directions, while leadership and new area exploration are positively correlated. Thus, as an example, in baboons, our approach shows that while leaders are not the first to move, they are typically at the front and move in a new area with everybody immediately aligning in the direction of leader. Our simple scheme is flexible to be applied to other data sets and sets of traits to characterize leadership.
Metadata for Improving Transparency in the Credentialing Marketplace

This presentation describes the Credential Transparency Description Language (CTDL) --an RDF schema-- and a set of open source applications intended to support rich description of credentials througout the credentialing ecosystem. The metadata infrastructure enabled by the CTDL and the open-licensed software will continuously capture, connect, archive and share metadata about credentials, credentialing organizations, quality assurance organizations, competency frameworks, and additional metadata as needed to support an open applications marketplace. The presentation includes a review of the CTDL resources and development processes and will demonstrate how the CTDL schema is used for publishing RDF metadata to the Credential Engine Registry (CER), how an application profile of the CTDL is used by the CER to validate the quality of incoming metadata, and how the open application marketplace can evolve by demonstrating the Workit Search App prototype that consumes metadata from the CER. The presentation will include discussion of the planned development of CTDL-Lite as a markup extension to schema.org.
Determinants of translation speed are randomly distributed across transcripts resulting in a universal scaling of protein synthesis times

Ribosome profiling experiments have found greater than 100-fold variation in ribosome density along mRNA transcripts, indicating that individual codon elongation rates can vary to a similar degree. This wide range of elongation times, coupled with differences in codon usage between transcripts, suggests that the average codon translation-rate per gene can vary widely. Yet, ribosome run-off experiments have found that the average codon translation rate for different groups of transcripts in mouse stem cells is constant at 5.6 AA/s. How these seemingly contradictory results can be reconciled is the focus of this study. Here, we combine knowledge of the molecular factors shown to influence translation speed with genomic information from Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Homo sapiens to simulate the synthesis of cytosolic proteins in these organisms. The model recapitulates a near constant average translation rate, which we demonstrate arises because the molecular determinants of translation speed are distributed nearly randomly amongst most of the transcripts. Consequently, codon translation rates are also randomly distributed and fast-translating segments of a transcript are likely to be offset by equally probable slow-translating segments, resulting in similar average elongation rates for most transcripts. We also show that the codon usage bias does not significantly affect the near random distribution of codon translation rates because only about 10% of the total transcripts in an organism have high codon usage bias while the rest have little to no bias. Analysis of Ribo-Seq data and an in vivo fluorescent assay supports these conclusions.