cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synergism in Carcinogenesis

Six examples of exposure of humans to two carcinogens were found that satisfied the minimum requirements for analysis of whether the carcinogens acted in synergism. In all instances, the risk ratio for cancer in the group exposed to both carcinogens was equal to or greater than the product of the risk ratios of the singly exposed groups. These findings underline the danger of double exposure, even though they imply that some and not all pairs of carcinogens act in this way. Because the six studies did not extend to the end of the life-spans of the exposed individuals, the data may be skewed by the life-shortening effect of promoters. Nevertheless, the findings have implications regarding the employment of people who already having been exposed to one recognized carcinogen are in a job where they may receive additional exposure from a second carcinogen known to multiply their risk of cancer. Analyses of animal tests on synergism indicated that most published studies lack dose-response data for each of the two carcinogens, which are vital for definitive proof of synergism. Suggestions for performance of such tests are given. The theoretical basis underlying the concept of synergism is examined, equations for its evaluation are given, and examples of statistical tests for its presence are presented. The conclusion regarding the mechanism of action was that synergism occurs if the rate-limiting step in the generation of a single type of tumor differs for each of two interacting carcinogens.
Visual Coding and Tracking of Speech Related Facial Motion

We present a new method for video-based coding of facial motions inherent with speaking. We propose a set of four Facial Speech Parameters (FSP): jaw opening, lip rounding, lip closure, and lip raising, to represent the primary visual gestures in speech articulation. To generate a parametric model of facial actions, first a statistical model is developed by analyzing accurate 3D data of a reference human subject. The FSP are then associated to the linear modes of this statistical model resulting in a 3D parametric facial mesh that is linearly deformed using FSP. For tracking of talking facial motions, the parametric model is adapted and aligned to a subject's face. Then the face motion is tracked by optimally aligning the incoming video frames with the face model, textured with the first image, and deformed by varying the FSP, head rotations, and translations. Finer details of lip and skin deformation are modeled using a blend of textures into an appearance model. We show results of the tracking for different subjects using our method. Finally, we demonstrate the facial activity encoding into the four FSP values to represent speaker-independent phonetic information and to generate different styles of animation.
Associations between alcohol use, polypharmacy and falls in older adults

Aims To describe the prevalence of alcohol intake, medication use and falls, evaluate the association between alcohol intake and medication use, and assess the effects of use of alcohol, medication and/or both on the occurrence of falls. METHOD Trained interviewers collected information on self-reported frequency of alcohol consumption, medication use and falls in a cross-sectional sample of 2,444 community-dwelling older adults in rural US. Polypharmacy was defined as taking five or more medications. RESULTS Of the sample, 38% consumed alcohol, 83% used medication and 19% had fallen. The ingestion of alcohol was inversely associated with the likelihood of taking medication, but had no statistically significant association with incidence of falls. Analyses with logistic regression indicated that alcohol intake was not a significant predictor of falls. Medication was positively related to, and a significant predictor of, falls. CONCLUSION Nurses working with older people should be aware of medications that increase the risk of falls. Potentially deleterious falls may be prevented through ongoing risk-benefit assessment of prescribed medicines and, when feasible, use of non-pharmacological interventions. Language: en
Decreased Shoulder Range of Motion on Paretic Side After Stroke

The purposes of this investigation of patients with stroke were to 1) determine and compare shoulder lateral rotation range of motion (SLRROM) measured at the threshold of pain on the paretic and nonparetic sides; 2) establish the intrarater and interrater reliability of the measurements; and 3) determine the relationship between SLRROM measurements and the independent variables of age, sex, and time since onset of stroke. Subjects were 25 rehabilitation inpatients. The two investigators each measured the patients' SLRROM twice on both the paretic and nonparetic sides using a gravity goniometer. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) demonstrated that SLRROM was significantly less on the paretic side than on the nonparetic side (F = 28.98, p less than .001). The ANOVA demonstrated no difference in the two raters' measurements of SLRROM. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC[3,1]) and interrater reliability coefficients were all good to high (.874-.989). The SLRROM on the paretic side correlated significantly with time since onset of stroke (r = -.538, p less than .01). As a consequence of this study, we concluded that 1) patients with stroke tend to lose SLRROM on the paretic side, 2) SLRROM tends to decrease with time, and 3) measurements of SLRROM obtained with a gravity goniometer are reliable and sensitive.
Ultra High Bypass Ratio Engine Sizing and Cycle Selection Study for a Subsonic Commercial Aircraft in the N+2 Timeframe

This paper presents an engine sizing and cycle selection study of ultra high bypass ratio engines applied to a subsonic commercial aircraft in the N+2 (2020) timeframe. NASA has created the Environmentally Responsible Aviation (ERA) project to serve as a technology transition bridge between fundamental research (TRL 1–4) and potential users (TRL 7). Specifically, ERA is focused on subsonic transport technologies that could reach TRL 6 by 2020 and are capable of integration into an advanced vehicle concept that simultaneously meets the ERA project metrics for noise, emissions, and fuel burn. An important variable in exploring the trade space is the selection of the optimal engine cycle for use on the advanced aircraft. In this paper, two specific ultra high bypass engine cycle options will be explored: advanced direct drive and geared turbofan. The advanced direct drive turbofan is an improved version of conventional turbofans. In terms of both bypass ratio and overall pressure ratio, the advanced direct turbofan benefits from improvements in aerodynamic design of its components, as well as material stress and temperature properties. By putting a gear between the fan and the low pressure turbine, a geared turbo fan allows both components to operate at optimal speeds, thus further improving overall cycle efficiency relative to a conventional turbofan. In this study, sensitivity of cycle design with level of technology will be explored, in terms of both cycle parameters (such as specific thrust consumption (TSFC) and bypass ratio) and aircraft mission parameters (such as fuel burn and noise). To demonstrate this sensitivity, engines will be sized for optimal performance on a 300 passenger class aircraft for a 2010 level technology tube and wing airframe, a N+2 level technology tube and wing air-frame, and finally on a N+2 level technology blended wing body airframe with and without boundary layer ingestion (BLI) engines.© 2011 ASME
Oral History and Business History

The attitude of historians toward business and its history reflects the state of the larger culture. During the Progressive period historians wrote about business villains who were responsible for a capitalism that exploited its workers, while in the New Deal era business was suspect because it had "caused" the Great Depression. In the aftermath of World War II, individual entrepreneurs portrayed as business heroes took center stage in the historiography, for they had been an essential element in the victory over Germany, Italy, and Japan. During the past twenty years business history has altered its emphasis, largely in response to the pioneering efforts of Alfred D. Chandler, Jr. Chandler's work stressed the changing nature of business organization, from a personal capitalism of unified enterprises dominated by owner-managers to a managerial capitalism of multiple operating units run by a group of middle and top managers. The latter stage has its counterpart in the larger culture where individualism struggles in an increasingly anonymous, bureaucratized world. In an attempt to understand business as a changing institution, the new business history has focused on corporate culture, the meanings and symbols shared by employees at all levels within an industry.' Oral history-with its ability to customize evidence by the careful crafting of questions and its emphasis on all groups within a population or organization, from the lowest to the highest is well suited to the study of business history through investigation of corporate culture. Oral history is a particularly valuable tool because it can fill in gaps in the historical record created by the practice of making important decisions without much paper documentation and can provide information about members of the work force for whom few archival records are maintained. This essay addresses three major points: the nature of existing collections of business oral history; the particular methodological and ethical problems that confront creators and consumers of business oral history; and the way future business oral history should be pursued.
Technology advancement and the future of HRD research

The effects Internet Technologies (IT) have on our society are pervasive and the impact is complex and far-reaching. Amazon has changed the way we purchase products, Facebook has changed the way we...
Pathogenesis and management of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis.

Hypercalciuria has long been recognized as an important metabolic derangement associated with the formation of calcareous renal stones. Hypercalciuria increases the saturation of the urine with respect to stone-forming salts and reduces inhibitor activity. There is now ample evidence that 'idiopathic hypercalciuria' is a heterogeneous disorder, comprising several entities including absorptive, renal and resorptive forms of hypercalciuria. Absorptive hypercalciuria is the most common variety, and recent studies suggest that in a large subset of these patients, increased intestinal calcium absorption is caused by increased production of calcitriol or greater sensitivity to calcitriol (e.g. upregulation of vitamin D receptors). Reduced spinal bone density found in these patients may relate to increased action of calcitriol on bone or to other factors. Since patients with vitamin D-dependent absorptive hypercalciuria may develop negative calcium balance when placed on diets restricted in calcium, therapy is shifting from severe dietary calcium restriction and sodium cellulose phosphate (calcium-binding resin) to thiazides and orthophosphates, which promote calcium retention. For each form of hypercalciuria, selective therapy should provide the best results.
Second Harmonic Tomography for Highly Scattering Tissues

We present a novel, symmetry and morphology sensitive tomographic technique based on second harmonic generation(SHG) to image multi-layered surface and subsurface structures in highly scattering biological tissues.
Distributional patterns of adult male loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) in the vicinity of Cape Canaveral, Florida, USA during and after a major annual breeding aggregation

Satellite transmitters were attached to 25 reproductively active and four inactive adult male loggerhead sea turtles (86.6–107.0 cm SCLmin) captured from the Port Canaveral, FL, USA shipping channel to assess horizontal and vertical distributions. During the breeding period, male loggerheads aggregated (44% of 755 turtle days) in a 117.6 km2 core area that encompassed the shipping channel. Median dive duration during the breeding period was 27 min (IQR = 15–42 min) and males spent 4% (IQR = 3–5%) of the time at the surface, with significantly shorter dives associated with reproductively active males. Migrant and resident males dispersed concurrently, with residents shifting > 30 km east across the continental shelf over a more protracted departure schedule than migrants. Dive duration and time spent at the surface increased through the fall. Cluster analysis revealed the strongest association for dive duration with sea state during and after the breeding period, with significantly longer dives during more turbulent conditions. In contrast, univariate associations with surface interval duration were not elucidated.
Practical advice on eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection

Peptic ulcer disease associated with H pylori infection is curable. The important factors in selecting therapy are efficacy of eradication, prevention of resistance, avoidance or minimization of adverse effects, patient compliance, and cost. The most effective regimens include a bismuth preparation or antisecretory drug (proton pump inhibitor or H2 receptor antagonist) plus two antibiotics administered for 14 days. Dual-drug therapies are not recommended. Triple-drug regimens are more likely to eradicate H pylori and less likely to generate resistant strains among surviving organisms. In general, cure of the infection should be confirmed 4 weeks after completion of the treatment. Antibiotic resistance is an important consideration in choosing therapy, and patients should be taught the importance of compliance. When treatment fails, antibiotic combinations should not be repeated. Considerations for anti-H pylori treatment in a managed care environment mirror those for good medical practice in general, with special attention to stringent cost-control or outcomes-driven measures.
Direct Current and Induced Polarization Methods

This Chapter examines in detail the first class of electrical geophysical methods – the DC methods. While both electromagnetic and DC methods first came into use in the early part of the 20th century, the DC methods gained early acceptance because of less demanding theoretical and instrumentation considerations. DC methods have become the most widely used geoelectric method. We discuss three important groups of DC electric techniques including those known as vertical electric sounding (VES), horizontal profiling, and the electrical mapping methods. A highly important time-varying electrical method called Induced Polarization (IP) method is presented as well. In this method, it is recognized that the current flow in the earth represents a very complex EM phenomenon characterized by charge polarization and accumulation in the rocks. Mathematically, the IP phenomena can be analyzed based on models with frequency-dependent complex conductivity distribution, e.g., a Cole-Cole model. We also consider a generalized effective-medium theory of induced polarization (GEMTIP) which was introduced recently in order to provide a link between the petrophysical properties of the rocks and their complex conductivity spectra
Fast Tomographic TIE-Based Phase Imaging Using SLM

We purpose to use a SLM in a 4f TIE-based setup to acquire fast 3D tomographic images of phase objects. This setup reduces the acquisition time making the TIE technique useful for dynamic biological samples.
The Economic Impact of Short-term IMF Engagement in Low-Income Countries

Summary This study estimates the economic impact of IMF-supported programs addressing policy and exogenous shocks in low-income countries (LICs) using the propensity score matching approach. Focusing on a more homogenous group of financing events greatly improves the specification and predictive power of the selection model as compared to earlier studies, which is the key requirement to control for selection bias. This paper looks into a wide range of potential economic and political determinants of participation. Lower reserve coverage, deterioration in the current account balance, a weaker real GDP growth, increased macroeconomic instability (evident in higher fiscal deficits, inflation and exchange market pressures), and lagged elections would increase the probability of participation, i.e., propensity scores. Moreover, global conditions, including changes in real oil and non-oil commodity prices and world trade, are also significant; therefore, adverse global shocks could create cycles in demand for IMF financing. The short-term IMF engagement is positively associated with a wide range of macroeconomic outcomes. Notably, the impact on the short-term growth is the greatest and becomes significant only for LICs facing substantial macroeconomic imbalances or large exogenous shocks. When matching accounts for propensity scores and institutional quality, program countries in this group have changes in growth 1.5 and 3.5 percentage points higher than the control group.
Targeted cancer immune therapy

Targeted cancer immune therapy , Targeted cancer immune therapy , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Linear Solution Scheme for Microstructure Design with Process Constraints

This paper addresses a two-step linear solution scheme to find an optimum metallic microstructure satisfying performance needs and manufacturability constraints. The microstructure is quantified using the orientation distribution function, which determines the volume densities of crystals that make up the polycrystal microstructure. The orientation distribution function of polycrystalline alloys is represented in a discrete form using finite elements, and the volume-averaged properties are computed. The first step of the solution approach identifies the orientation distribution functions that lead to the set of optimal engineering properties using linear programming. This step leads to multiple solutions, of which only a few can be manufactured using traditional processing routes such as rolling and forging. In the second step, textures from a given process are represented in a space of reduced basis coefficients called the process plane. This step involves generation of orthogonal basis functions for rep...
UV-visible transmission through nanohole arrays in aluminum and magnesium

Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) is a classic phenomenon in plasmonics. The study of plasmonic nanostructures in the ultraviolet (UV) is a relatively uncharted field due to challenges in both engineering (nanostructure design, optimization, and fabrication) and materials science (detailed composition analysis). Our previous research has been mainly focused on UV field enhancement ofdifferent Al nanostructures. In this work, two-dimensional periodic nanohole arrays in Aluminium (Al) and Magnesium (Mg) films were fabricated using Ga focused ion beam (FIB) lithography. Optical transmission through the arrays was obtained in the UV and visible range, with varying array periodicity. Transmission results showed strong resonance enhancement in the UV and visible region resulting from SPP coupling, with corresponding red-shift as the period increases, while waveguide mode peaks remain in place. Comparing Al and Mg EOT results, Al hole-array enabled larger transmission than that of Mg. Dips in transmission through Al arrays occur at similar spectral positions to those of Mg arrays with same periods. Numerical analysis was carried out through finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) method, which showed far-field transmission consistent with experiments in general. The model was constructed based on transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) of cross-sectioned samples. The effect of Gallium (Ga) implantation from FIB fabrication was qualitatively studied, which indicated Ga implants inside the hole bottom as well as higher implantation within Mg than that within Al. The model also takes into account sidewall geometry and undercut into the substrate.
Validation of Satellite-Derived Salinity in the Equatorial Pacific With Specific Emphasis on the 2014–15 ENSO Event

This letter compares satellite and in situ sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements in the tropical Pacific Ocean and validates the performance of satellite products during the 2014–15 El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event. SSS measurements from NASA’s Aquarius salinity mission and the European Space Agency’s Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) are compared with Argo float data. This comparison shows that the Aquarius and SMOS satellites are generally able to resolve the SSS in the tropical Pacific, despite some discrepancies in regions of upwelling and high precipitation. The two satellites perform better with respect to Argo in Nino 4 than in Nino 3 and Nino 1+2. However, in each region, Aquarius and SMOS are highly correlated with each other. During the 2014–15 ENSO event, each data set observes similar SSS, although some discrepancies exist. Analysis of anomalous evaporation minus precipitation during this event demonstrates that the differences between each data set are not fully explained by precipitation patterns.
Effects of Crop Insurance Premium Subsidies on Crop Acreage

Crop insurance premium subsidies affect patterns of crop acreage for two reasons. First, holding insurance coverage constant, premium subsidies directly increase expected profit, which encourages more acreage of insured crops (direct profit effect). Second, premium subsidies encourage farms to increase crop insurance coverage. With more insurance coverage, farms obtain more subsidies, and farm revenue becomes less variable as indemnities offset revenue shortfalls, so acreage of insured crops likely increases (indirect coverage effect). By exploiting exogenous policy changes and using approximately 180,000 county-crop-year observations, we estimate the sum of these two effects of premium subsidies on the pattern of U.S. acreage across seven major field crops. We estimate that a 10% increase in the premium subsidy causes a 0.43% increase in the acreage of a crop in a county holding the premium subsidy of its competing crop constant. Taking into account the small share of premium subsidies in expected crop revenue, this subsidy impact is analogous to an own-subsidy acreage elasticity of 1.24, which exceeds own-price acreage elasticity estimates in the literature. One explanation for the larger acreage response to premium subsidies is that insurance causes an indirect coverage effect in addition to a direct profit effect.
Curating Revolution: Politics on Display in Mao's China

How did China's Communist revolution transform the nation's political culture? In this rich and vivid history of the Mao period (1949–1976), Denise Y. Ho examines the relationship between its exhibitions and its political movements. Case studies from Shanghai show how revolution was curated: museum workers collected cultural and revolutionary relics; neighborhoods, schools, and work units mounted and narrated local displays; and exhibits provided ritual space for ideological lessons and political campaigns. Using archival sources, ephemera, interviews, and other materials, Ho traces the process by which exhibitions were developed, presented, and received. Examples under analysis range from the First Party Congress Site and the Shanghai Museum to the 'class education' and Red Guard exhibits that accompanied the Socialist Education Movement and the Cultural Revolution. Operating in two modes - that of a state in power and that of a state in revolution - Mao era exhibitionary culture remains part of China's revolutionary legacy.
Phase 1b/2 study of tivozanib in patients with advanced inoperable hepatocellular carcinoma.

364Background: Sorafenib has been the only FDA-approved medication for inoperable HCC (iHCC) as first line. Agents with better tolerability and potential to improve progression-free-survival (PFS) are needed. Tivozanib (TIVO) is an inhibitor of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) tyrosine kinase, inhibiting angiogenesis critical in HCC. Methods: This is a phase 1b/2 study with HCC patients (pts) having a measurable disease, Child-Pugh class A, and no prior systemic therapy. Phase 1b portion followed a modified 3 + 3 design; phase 2 portion was a two-stage, single arm, un-blinded study. Adverse events were categorized based on CTCAE, and tumor imaging was assessed per RECIST. Results: At 3 centers with IRB approval, 21 eligible pts were enrolled. In phase 1b, 8 pts were enrolled at a starting dose of 1mg once daily q21days with one week off. Upon escalation to 1.5mg, two pts had dose limiting toxicities (DLTs, grade 3 mucositis and hypertension) and came off study without completing the DLT period. T...
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOW DIASTOLIC BLOOD PRESSURE, ALL-CAUSE MORTALITY AND CARDIOVASCULAR OUTCOMES

While the relationship between increased systolic (SBP) or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) with cardiovascular outcomes and mortality is well known, there is paucity of literature on low DBP with CV outcomes. This is important because coronary perfusion is dependent on DBP. We searched the PubMed
What You Need to Know About Video Files

At the foundations of every digitally produced film are video files. These are the files that result from pressing record on your camera or export on your video editing program. Not all video files are created equally. Some are higher resolution, meaning viewers will see more detail when played. Others use fewer images per second, which result in smaller video files. Additionally, video files can be compressed (simplified to save data space). While it is impossible to add resolution to an original video file, it is easy to convert them into files with less detail. The option to reduce file size can expand your choices of avenues to broadcast a film. Oppositely, using the highest quality footage will give viewers the best screening experience - if the venue can play it without a hitch. Knowing the qualities of video files is critical as you step into making your own movies.
Cardiac Bypass and Ventricular Assist Devices

This chapter discussed cardiac bypass—origin of coagulation defects, preparing the patient for surgery, and management of bleeding. Issues with ventricular assist devices will also be discussed. More than 100,000 patients undergo cardiopulmonary bypass surgery each year. Patients presenting for cardiac surgery may have a preexisting bleeding defects or may develop severe defects during or after surgery. Increasingly over the past decade more patients are having ventricular assist devices implanted either as a bridge to cardiac transplant or permanently to improved cardiac function.
Molecular Systematics at the Species Boundary: Exploiting Conserved and Variable Regions of the Mitochondrial Genome of Animals via Direct Sequencing from Amplified DNA

Traditional morphological characters have provided a wealth of systematic information. This information has been used to establish phylogenetic relationships which we refine today using a wide variety of techniques. A common result of traditional morphological analyses has been identification of groups of related taxa. Relationships within and/or among these groups were often uncertain (e.g. orders of flowering plants, Heywood 1978; species groups of kangaroo rats, Hall 1981). Very closely related species were particularly difficult to connect phylogenetically using morphological characters (e.g. Hawaiian Drosophila Hardy 1965; cichlid fishes, Fryer and Isles 1972). The addition of detailed morphometric analyses in the 1970’s and 1980’s increased our ability to identify taxa and discriminate among them but did not prove useful for deciphering relationships among taxa (Rohlf and Bookstein 1990).
Dimensionality-reducing expansion, boundary type quadrature formulas, and the boundary element method

This paper discusses the connection between boundary quadrature formulas constructed by using solutions of partial differential equations and boundary element schemes.
Using adsorbent mixtures to mitigate membrane fouling and remove NOM with microgranular adsorptive filtration

Abstract This study investigated the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) from water, and its effect on membrane fouling, by mixtures of heated aluminum oxide particles (HAOPs) and powdered activated carbon (PAC) in both batch and microgranular adsorptive filtration (µGAF) reactors. In batch reactors, increasing the portion of HAOPs in the adsorbent mixture led to a steady increase in membrane fouling. However, this trend was reversed when the water was pretreated with the same adsorbent mixtures in µGAF reactors. The opposing trends tracked the trend for removal of the biopolymer fraction of the NOM. The results are consistent with a hypothesis that the fouling was caused primarily by formation of a condensed, biopolymer-rich gel layer on the membrane surface. According to this hypothesis, when the feed was pretreated in batch reactors, some foulants were collected on each adsorbent, with PAC collecting more foulant than HAOPs did, but the accumulated material did not condense into a gel. However, when μGAF reactors were used instead of batch reactors for pretreatment, the tight packing of the adsorbent particles promoted the formation of a gel, leading to increased NOM removal in general and increased foulant removal in particular. The fact that fouling mitigation increased with increasing amounts of HAOPs and decreasing amounts of PAC in the μGAF adsorbent layer suggests that HAOPs are much more effective than PAC at promoting formation of the gel layer. Generalizing this result, it appears that pretreatment by mixtures of adsorbents in μGAF reactors could have significant advantages over conventional approaches in which a single adsorbent is applied in a well-mixed reactor.
A High-Gain Extremely Low-profile Antenna for Low-VHF Band Applications

In this paper, an extremely low-profile antenna with high gain assisted by parasitic elements is presented. This work is based on a previously-designed short monopole antenna. By introducing eight parasitic elements with identical structures, the proposed antenna achieves substantial gain enhancement compared with the short monopole while maintaining the same height (λ0/150). The antenna is then modified for frequency tuning by adding a tunable trimmer capacitor to the feed. This simple tuning technique significantly improves the fractional bandwidth of the antenna and provides a return loss of better than 10dB within the entire tuning range.
Novel Process for 3D Printing Decellularized Matrices.

3D bioprinting aims to create custom scaffolds that are biologically active and accommodate the desired size and geometry. A thermoplastic backbone can provide mechanical stability similar to native tissue while biologic agents offer compositional cues to progenitor cells, leading to their migration, proliferation, and differentiation to reconstitute the original tissues/organs1,2. Unfortunately, many 3D printing compatible, bioresorbable polymers (such as polylactic acid, PLA) are printed at temperatures of 210 °C or higher - temperatures that are detrimental to biologics. On the other hand, polycaprolactone (PCL), a different type of polyester, is a bioresorbable, 3D printable material that has a gentler printing temperature of 65 °C. Therefore, it was hypothesized that decellularized extracellular matrix (DM) contained within a thermally protective PLA barrier could be printed within PCL filament and remain in its functional conformation. In this work, osteochondral repair was the application for which the hypothesis was tested. As such, porcine cartilage was decellularized and encapsulated in polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres which were then extruded with polycaprolactone (PCL) into filament to produce 3D constructs via fused deposition modeling. The constructs with or without the microspheres (PLA-DM/PCL and PCL(-), respectively) were evaluated for differences in surface features.
26 Developmental Technologies

New technologies are having an impact on young people, and we need more research to understand this impact. Young people use computers to communicate with friends, to listen to and exchange music, to meet new people, to share stories with relatives, to organize civic protests, to shop for clothing, to blog, to create videos, to find romantic partners, and to learn new things in new ways. This chapter reviews the role of new technologies with regards to child and youth development. One of the constants of new technologies is that they will always be changing; there will always be newer and faster technologies. It is necessary to understand if and how these technologies support developmental milestones at different ages. Furthermore, due to the ever-changing nature of new technologies, a framework in which to evaluate these new technologies should be used. This chapter focuses on positive behaviors in which new technologies might engage children and youth, while also reviewing potential harmful activities, following the framework of positive technological development (PTD). Keywords: new technologies; digital worlds; programming; developmental milestones; positive technological development; positive youth development; internet; digital technology
CXCR4, CCR2 and CCR5 expression in subsets of tumor cells with stem and/or EMT features

Abstract Background Numerous investigations have been focused on the role of CXCR4, CCR2 and CCR5 in solid tumors, including breast cancer. These chemokine receptors make cancer cells move out of the circulation and traffic into organs with high amounts of chemokines, and thus forming metastases. In this connection, the objective of our stady was to investigate CXCR4, CCR2 and CCR5 expression in subsets of tumor cells with stem and/or EMT features in primary tumor and peripheral blood in breast cancer patients. Methods Twenty-three patients with breast cancer, between 29 and 69 years of age, were included in this study. Five-color confocal microscopy was used to investigate tumor cells with stem and/or EMT features, CXCR4, CCR2 and CCR5 expression in primary tumor. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the similar phenotypes of circulating tumor cells (CTC). All patients signed an informed consent for voluntary participation. Results In the primary tumor, CXCR4 was expressed on subsets of non-stem and stem-like tumor cells with EMT features. CCR5 was more often expressed by tumor cells with stem and EMT features. The count of such cells in the tumor decreased after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT). CK7+CD45-CD44-CCR2+ and CK7+CD45-CD44-CXCR4+ CTC (without stem features) were detected in breast cancer patients with and without NACT. At the same time, the count of non-stem CXCR4+ CTC was significantly higher in the blood of patients after NACT. CK7+CD45-CD44-N-cadh+CCR5+ CTC (with EMT features) were more frequent in the blood of breast cancer patients after NACT, and its count was significantly higher. It is interesting to note that stem-like CTC didn’t express CCR2 and CCR5. Stem-like CXCR4+ CTC were rarely detected and had no EMT features in patients, regardless of the NACT performance. The count of CCR5+ tumor cells without stem and EMT features correlates with the count of non-stem CCR5+ CTC. The count of CXCR4+ tumor cells with stem and EMT features correlates with the count of non-stem CXCR4+ CTC with EMT features. Conclusions Thus, the potency for recruitment into the circulation is found in tumor cells with EMT features, regardless of the stemness status. The study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (grant 19-75-30016). Legal entity responsible for the study The authors. Funding Russian Science Foundation. Disclosure All authors have declared no conflicts of interest.
A Comparison of the Menstrual Cup and the Intrauterine Device: Attitudes and Future Intentions

AbstractStigma can affect the types of products women know about and feel comfortable using. In the present study, we examined the extent to which message framing, prior awareness, attitudes toward...
Sensory profiles, functional magnetic resonance imaging, and temporal binding windows: a comparison of data of autistic individuals

Date Presented 04/04/19 This study examined sensory profile scores of 17 individuals with autism spectrum disorder and 15 neurotypical individuals’ sensory profile scores compared to temporal binding window and functional magnetic resonance imaging data to determine a relationship. There were significant differences between groups that could guide treatments for autism. This benefits OTs to assist individuals to overcome the neuronal deficits impacting sensory and behavioral responsiveness. Primary Author and Speaker: Kelsey Long Additional Authors and Speakers: Amy Kurowski-Burt Contributing Authors: Paula Webster, James Lewis
When faultless disagreement is not so faultless: What widely-held opinions can tell us about subjective adjectives

When two people disagree about matters of taste, neither of them is in the wrong: There is nothing contradictory in an exchange where one person says 'The rollercoaster was fun!' and the other responds 'No, it was not fun.' This is in sharp contrast to disagreements about objective facts. This phenomenon is known as faultless disagreement, and is at the heart of theorizing about subjective adjectives. Despite this fundamental role, little scrutiny has been given to the empirical profile of faultless disagreement. Our experiment addresses two questions: (i) Is faultless disagreement a property of predicates, or of pairs of a predicate and an argument? (ii) Is faultless disagreement a binary phenomenon? Our results show that judgments of faultless disagreement (i) are modulated by the choice of argument, reflecting the prevalence of opinions in the relevant population, and (ii) fall into at least three distinct tiers, suggesting that faultless disagreement is a gradient phenomenon.
Gold nanocages for effective photothermal conversion and related applications

Gold nanocages (AuNCs) are a class of hollow nanocrystals with ultrathin and porous walls made of Au or Au-based alloys. When interacting with light, AuNCs exhibit a large absorption cross section and a high efficiency for light-to-heat conversion, making them effective photothermal transducers. Significantly, their absorption peak can be easily and precisely tuned through the visible and near-infrared regions to optimize their interaction with light of different wavelengths. As an inorganic nanomaterial, AuNCs have much better photo-stability compared to conventional organic dyes. This perspective summarizes recent progress in controlling the synthesis of AuNCs, together with their use in applications involving photothermal conversion. In the synthesis part, we pay particular attention to the strategies developed for tuning their size, shape, and composition, as well as the thickness and porosity of the walls. We then discuss the photothermal properties of AuNCs in terms of both theoretical calculations and experimental measurements, followed by a number of examples to highlight their applications in the context of light detection, water evaporation, phase transition, controlled release, and photothermal therapy. At the end, we offer some perspectives on the challenges and opportunities with respect to both the synthesis and application of AuNCs.
Beeporter: a high-throughput tool for non-invasive analysis of honey bee virus infection

ABSTRACT Honey bees face numerous pests and pathogens but arguably none are as devastating as Deformed wing virus (DWV). Development of antiviral therapeutics and virus-resistant honey bee lines to control DWV in honey bees is slowed by the lack of a cost-effective high-throughput screening of DWV infection. Currently, analysis of virus infection and screening for antiviral treatments in bees and their colonies is tedious, requiring a well-equipped molecular biology laboratory and the use of hazardous chemicals. Here we utilize a cDNA clone of DWV tagged with green fluorescent protein (GFP) to develop the Beeporter assay, a method for detection and quantification of DWV infection in live honey bees. The assay involves infection of honey bee pupae by injecting a standardized DWV-GFP inoculum, followed by incubation for up to 44 hours. GFP fluorescence is recorded at intervals via commonly available long-wave UV light sources and a smartphone camera or a standard ultraviolet transilluminator gel imaging system. Nonlethal DWV monitoring allows high-throughput screening of antiviral candidates and a direct breeding tool for identifying honey bee parents with increased antivirus resistance. For even more rapid drug screening, we also describe a method for screening bees using 96-well trays and a spectrophotometer.
Challenges and Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Asylum Seeker Health at the U.S.-Mexico Border

Purpose: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic presents health care challenges to asylum seekers living in congregate encampments, including those along the U.S.-Mexico border. It is necessary to understand the impact of the pandemic among this population to address health care needs, reduce transmission, and diminish COVID-19-related morbidity. Methods: Thirty interviews were conducted with asylum seekers and health care professionals in a temporary camp in Matamoros, Mexico to determine challenges, perceptions, and effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Interviews were coded in NVivo12 by using a team-based approach. Results: The pandemic caused significant mental health burdens but no perceived adverse physical effects, with the U.S. border closure and health care access barriers as more pressing concerns. Participants reported access to information about COVID-19 but had varied levels of knowledge and adherence to disease reduction strategies due to camp conditions. Most participants believed that they had special protection from COVID-19, including strong immune systems or from God. The nongovernmental organizations providing health care and sanitation faced multiple challenges to implement new policies to manage COVID-19. The institution of required temperature checks and quarantine of COVID-19 positive patients led to distrust, decreased seeking of health care services among asylum seekers, and possible underreporting of COVID-19 cases. Conclusion: Our findings among asylum seekers in a Matamoros camp highlight the challenges to implementing disease reduction policies in low-resource congregate camps. Policies to address disease outbreaks focusing on the social determinants of health, health care access barriers, and community engagement may be more acceptable to asylum seekers, suggesting the need for effective strategies to provide prevention information that complements such measures.
Taxation and Law and Political Economy

The Law and Political Economy (LPE) project seeks to reorient legal thought by centering considerations of power, equality, and democracy. This reorientation would supplant approaches to legal thought that prioritize efficiency and neutrality, and that imagine a pre-political market “encased” from legal scrutiny or intervention. This Article seeks to advance dialogue between LPE and tax scholarship. The Article first describes the areas of intersection between the two literatures and then offers general insights each can learn from the other as a basis for further engagement. The Article describes both why taxation is central to LPE and the project’s importance for the future of tax scholarship and policy. Unlike many other areas of law, the tax system explicitly accounts for economic differences and serves an overt distributive function—two considerations that LPE would center in legal thought. Tax scholarship also reflects both the priorities and considerations at the center of LPE and the market-based frames it would supplant, and thereby offers lessons for how LPE might navigate the insights and limitations of current legal thought and reshape its future. At the same time, LPE offers an opportunity to envision new priorities and analytic modes for tax scholarship, and future possibilities for the tax system.
Comparison of criteria for determining appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes.

BACKGROUND Measuring the appropriateness of antibiotic prescribing in nursing homes remains a challenge. The revised McGeer criteria, which are widely used to conduct infection surveillance in nursing homes, were not designed to assess antibiotic appropriateness. The Loeb criteria were explicitly designed for this purpose but are infrequently used outside investigational studies. The extent to which the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria overlap and can be used interchangeably for tracking antibiotic appropriateness in nursing homes remains insufficiently studied. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional chart review study in 5 Wisconsin nursing homes and applied the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria to all nursing home-initiated antibiotic treatment courses. Kappa (κ) statistics were employed to assess level of agreement overall and by treatment indications. RESULTS Overall, 734 eligible antibiotic courses were initiated in participating nursing homes during the study period. Of 734 antibiotic courses, 372 (51%) satisfied the Loeb criteria, while only 211 (29%) of 734 satisfied the revised McGeer criteria. Only 169 (23%) of 734 antibiotic courses satisfied both criteria, and the overall level of agreement between them was fair (κ = 0.35). When stratified by infection type, levels of agreement between the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria were moderate for urinary tract infections (κ = 0.45), fair for skin and soft-tissue infections (0.36), and slight for respiratory tract infections (0.17). CONCLUSIONS Agreement between the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria is limited, and nursing homes should employ the revised McGeer and Loeb criteria for their intended purposes. Studies to establish the best method for ongoing monitoring of antibiotic appropriateness in nursing homes are needed.
A real-time energy management method for electric-hydrogen hybrid energy storage microgrid based on DP-MPC

With increasing presence of intermittent energy resource in microgrid, it is so difficult to precisely predict the output of renewable resources and the load demand. In order to realize the economical operation of the system, an energy management method based on model predictive control (MPC) and dynamic programming (DP) algorithm is proposed. This method can reasonably distribute the energy of battery, fuel cell, electrolyzer and external grid, and maximize the output of distributed power supply while ensuring the power balance and cost optimization of the system. Based on the ultra-short-term forecast, the output power of photovoltaic array and the demand power of system load are predicted. The off-line global optimization of traditional dynamic programming is replaced by the repeated rolling optimization in a limited period of time to obtained power values of each unit in the energy storage system. Compared with the traditional DP, MILP-MPC and the logic based real-time management method, the proposed energy management method is proved to be feasible and effective.
A 2D kinetic model for crowd dynamics with disease contagion.

We focus on the modeling and simulation of an infectious disease spreading in a medium size population occupying a confined environment, such as an airport terminal, for short periods of time. Because of the size of the crowd and venue, we opt for a kinetic type model. The paper is divided into two parts. In the first part, we adopt the simplifying assumption that people's walking speed and direction are given. The resulting kinetic model features a variable that denotes the level of exposure to people spreading the disease, a parameter describing the contagion interaction strength, and a kernel function that is a decreasing function of the distance between a person and a spreading individual. Such model is tested on problems involving a small crowd in a square walkable domain. In the second part, ideas from the simplified model are used to incorporate disease spreading in a kinetic theory approach for crowd dynamics, i.e. the walking speed and direction result from interaction with other people and the venue.