cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of noncovalent bonds to intermolecular separation: hydrogen, halogen, chalcogen, and pnicogen bonds

It is well known that noncovalent bonds are weakened when stretched from their equilibrium intermolecular separation. Quantum chemical calculations are used to examine and compare the sensitivity to stretches of hydrogen, halogen, chalcogen, and pnicogen bonds. NH3 was taken as the universal electron donor, paired with HOH and FH in H-bonds, as well as with FPH2, FSH, and FCl. Even though the binding energies span a wide range, stretching the intermolecular separation by 1 A cuts this quantity by the same proportion, roughly in half, for each system. Taking the sum of van der Waals radii as an arbitrary cutoff, the H-bond energy in FH⋯NH3 remains at 5.5 kcal mol−1 while the binding energy of the other three bond types is only slightly smaller at 4.5–4.7 kcal mol−1.
Tetraploid induction by meiosis inhibition in the dwarf surfclam Mulinia lateralis (Say 1822): effects of cytochalasin B duration

Diierent durations of a cytochalasin B (CB) treatment were tested for tetraploid induction by meiosis inhibition in the dwarf surfclam Mulinia lateralis Say. Cytochalasin B, 0.67 mg L 1 , was applied to newly fertilized eggs at 8^10-min post fertilization and removed when in the untreated eggs: (1) Polar body 1 (PB1) was released in 90% of the eggs and polar body 2 (PB2) began to form (T1); (2) Polar body 2 was released in about 25^30% of the eggs (T2); (3) Polar body 2 was released in about 70^75% of the eggs (T3); or (4) eggs began to enter mitosis I or the polar lobe began to form (T4). Three replicates were produced using diierent sets of parents. The ploidy of resultant larvae and juveniles was determined by £ow cytometry. Blocking PB1 alone in T1 groups produced mostly tetraploids, and longer CB treatments in T2 and T3 resulted in increasing numbers of pentaploids. In T4 groups where both PB1 and PB2 were inhibited, larvae were predominantly pentaploids. Pentaploid larvae were arrested at the trochophore stage. The majority of tetraploid larvae died as trochophores, although a small fraction reached D-stage. Among 478 juvenile clams sampled from a T1 group, three (0.6%) were con¢rmed as tetraploids. This study shows that tetraploid embryos can be produced at high e⁄ciencies (40^90%) by blocking meiosis I. Tetraploids produced by meiosis inhibition in normal eggs are viable in M. lateralis, but their survival beyond metamorphosis is extremely low.
Lack of TXNIP protects β-cells against glucotoxicity

Glucotoxicity plays a major role in pancreatic β-cell apoptosis and diabetes progression, but the factors involved have remained largely unknown. Our recent studies have identified TXNIP (thioredoxin-interacting protein) as a novel pro-apoptotic β-cell factor that is induced by glucose, suggesting that TXNIP may play ar ole inβ-cell glucotoxicity. Incubation of INS-1 β-cells and isolated primary mouse and human islets at high glucose levels led to a significant increase in TXNIP as well as in apoptosis. Very similar results were obtained in vivo in islets of diabetic mice. To determine whether TXNIP plays a causative role in glucotoxic β-cell death, we used TXNIP-deficient islets of HcB-19 mice harbouring a natural nonsense mutation in the TXNIP gene. We incubated islets of HcB-19 and C3H control mice at low and high glucose levels and assessed them for TXNIP expression and apoptosis. Interestingly, whereas in C3H islets, high glucose levels led again to significant elevation of TXNIP and apoptosis levels as measured by TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labelling) and cleaved caspase 3, no increase in apoptosis was observed in TXNIP-deficient HcB-19 islets, indicating that TXNIP is required for β-cell death caused by glucotoxicity. Thus inhibition of TXNIP protects against glucotoxic β-cell apoptosis and therefore may represent a novel therapeutic approach to halt diabetes progression.
An Object-Based Approach for Quantification of GCM Biases of the Simulation of Orographic Precipitation. Part I: Idealized Simulations

AbstractAn object-based evaluation method to quantify biases of general circulation models (GCMs) is introduced using the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmosphere Model (CAM). Idealized experiments with different topography are designed to reproduce the spatial characteristics of precipitation biases that were present in Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project simulations using the CAM finite volume (FV) and CAM Eulerian spectral dynamical cores. Precipitation features are identified as “objects” to understand the causes of the differences between CAM FV and CAM Eulerian spectral dynamical cores. Three different mechanisms of precipitation were simulated in idealized experiments: stable upslope ascent, local surface fluxes, and resolved downstream waves. The results indicated stronger sensitivity of the CAM Eulerian spectral dynamical core to resolution. The application of spectral filtering to topography is shown to have a large effect on the CAM Eulerian spectral model simul...
Physiology of water motion detection in the medicinal leech.

1.Neuronal activity resulting from stimulation by water waves occurs in ventral nerve cord-body wall preparations of the medicinal leech, Hirudo medicinalis. In segmental nerves, this activity consists of afferent compound action potentials with graded amplitudes resulting from simultaneous action potentials in many small sensory axons. Afferent input impinging on one segmental ganglion activates neuronal activity along much of the ventral nerve cord. 2.Previously identified tactile mechanoreceptors are insensitive to low-amplitude wave stimulation. Touch-cell impulse activity can be evoked by moderate or strong wave stimulation, but these impulses appear to arise near the cell body, not from the peripheral receptor endings. 3.The transduction sites for wave stimulation are localized at or very near the segmental sensilla. Because of their location and modality the receptors were named ‘sensillar movement receptors’ (SMR). 4.S cells (Rohde9s fibre) receive suprathreshold excitatory input during SMR activation without concomitant activity in the tactile mechanoreceptors. 5.The annulus erector motor neurones contralateral to the afferent SMR inflow are inhibited by SMR activation. This inhibition is also observed in ganglia adjacent to the ganglion receiving the afferent input and provides a neuronal basis for reflexive smoothing of the leech body wall. 6.Two neurones in the anterior median packet of segmental ganglia receive powerful synaptic input during SMR activation. One, cell 202, receives 10 mV excitatory potentials while the other, cell 201, receives 10 mV inhibitory potentials.
Analysis of Polygenic Mutants Suggests a Role for Mediator in Regulating Transcriptional Activation Distance in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Studies of natural populations of many organisms have shown that traits are often complex, caused by contributions of mutations in multiple genes. In contrast, genetic studies in the laboratory primarily focus on studying the phenotypes caused by mutations in a single gene. However, the single mutation approach may be limited with respect to the breadth and degree of new phenotypes that can be found. We have taken the approach of isolating complex, or polygenic mutants in the lab to study the regulation of transcriptional activation distance in yeast. While most aspects of eukaryotic transcription are conserved from yeast to human, transcriptional activation distance is not. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the upstream activating sequence (UAS) is generally found within 450 base pairs of the transcription start site (TSS) and when the UAS is moved too far away, activation no longer occurs. In contrast, metazoan enhancers can activate from as far as several hundred kilobases from the TSS. Previously, we identified single mutations that allow transcription activation to occur at a greater-than-normal distance from the GAL1 UAS. As the single mutant phenotypes were weak, we have now isolated polygenic mutants that possess strong long-distance phenotypes. By identification of the causative mutations we have accounted for most of the heritability of the phenotype in each strain and have provided evidence that the Mediator coactivator complex plays both positive and negative roles in the regulation of transcription activation distance.
An Embodied Approach to Perceptual Grouping

This paper presents a new embodied approach for object segmentation by a humanoid robot. It relies on interactions with a human teacher that drives the robot through the process of segmenting objects from arbitrarily complex, non-static images. Objects from a large spectrum of different scenarios were successfully segmented by the proposed algorithms.
Valuing preservation and restoration alternatives for ecosystem services in the southwestern USA

Conservation of freshwater ecosystems in the semi-arid southwestern USA is a critical issue as these systems support habitat for wildlife and provide consumptive use for humankind. Economists have utilized stated preference techniques to value non-marketed goods and services such as freshwater ecosystems for much of the last four decades. Recently, Boyd and Banzhaf (2007) have advocated for ecosystem accounting units to be created in valuing ecosystem services such as freshwater ecosystems. Working collectively, a team of physical and social scientists developed a set of ecological endpoints for two river regions in the southwestern USA and used these ecological endpoints in a contingent valuation survey to obtain willingness to pay values for restoration and preservation alternatives. The results demonstrate statistically significant preservation and restoration estimates for the Upper San Pedro and restoration estimates for the Middle Rio Grande ecosystems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single-cycle SIV: a novel AIDS vaccine approach

The search continues for an AIDS vaccine approach with a suitable safety and efficacy profile for use in individuals at risk of HIV-1 infection. A number of vaccine regimens based on recombinant DNA and/or viral vectors are now in clinical trials. However, these approaches may not provide adequate protection against the natural transmission of genetically diverse HIV-1 field isolates. Live attenuated strains of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) still afford the most reliable protection in animals. Unfortunately, justifiable safety concerns will likely preclude the use of live attenuated HIV-1 in humans for the foreseeable future. Genetically engineered strains of SIV, which are limited to a single cycle of infection have been recently developed and may provide a more promising safety and efficacy profile. These strains preserve many of the advantageous properties of live attenuated viruses but cannot regain a pathogenic phenotype through continuous cycles of virus replication.
The katX Gene, Which Codes for the Catalase in Spores of Bacillus subtilis, Is a Forespore-Specific Gene Controlled by ςF, and KatX Is Essential for Hydrogen Peroxide Resistance of the Germinating Spore

Previous work has shown that the katX gene encodes the major catalase in dormant spores of Bacillus subtilis but that this enzyme has no role in dormant spore resistance to hydrogen peroxide. Expression of a katX-lacZ fusion began at approximately h 2 of sporulation, and >75% of the katX-driven β-galactosidase was packaged into the mature spore. A mutation in the gene coding for the sporulation-specific RNA polymerase sigma factor ςF abolished katX-lacZ expression, while mutations in genes encoding ςE, ςG, and ςK did not. Induction of ςF synthesis in vegetative cells also resulted in katX-lacZ expression, while induction of ςG expression did not; the katX-lacZ fusion was also not induced by hydrogen peroxide. Upstream of the in vivo katX transcription start site there are sequences with good homology to those upstream of known ςF-dependent start sites. These data indicate that katX is an additional member of the forespore-specific ςF regulon. A mutant in the katA gene, encoding the major catalase in growing cells, was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide during sporulation, while a katX mutant was not. However, outgrowth of katX spores, but not katA spores, was sensitive to hydrogen peroxide. Consequently, a major function for KatX is to protect germinating spores from hydrogen peroxide.
Monitoring of Power System Topology in Real-Time

Power system topology is defined by the connectivity among power system components such as generators, power transformers, transmission lines, loads, etc. The knowledge about topology is important for correct execution of many monitoring, control and protection actions. This paper introduces an approach that assures accurate determination of the topology in real-time. To be able to justify why this approach is important, the paper gives a background of the topology determination problem and discusses the impact on various application functions. An implementation of the proposed approach consisting of hardware and software modules is outlined. Examples of the functional improvements due to the increased accuracy of topology determination at both the substation and system-wide level are presented at the end.
Evolutionary biology redux.

This article offers a novel, enlightened concept for determining the mechanism of evolution. It is based on homeostasis, which distinguishes life from non- life and as such is the universal mechanism for the evolution of all living organisms. This view of evolution is logical, mechanistic, non-scalar, predictive, testable, and falsi- fiable, and it illuminates the epistemological relationships between physics and biology, ontogeny and phylogeny, development and aging, ultimate and proximate causation, health and disease. In addition to validating Haeckel's biogenetic law and Lamarckian epigenetics, reflecting the enabling value of the cellular approach, this perspective also expresses the evolutionary process at the cell-molecular level, since the mechanism of cell communication itself is universal in biology, in keeping with a Kuhnian paradigm shift. This approach may even elucidate the nature and evolution of consciousness as a manifestation of the cellular continuum from unicellular to multicellular life. We need such a functional genomic mechanism for the process of evolution if we are to make progress in biology and medicine. Like Copernican heliocentrism, a cellular approach to evolution may fundamentally change humankind's perceptions about our place in the universe.
Relay Station Placement for Cooperative Communications in WiMAX Networks

The recently emerging WiMAX (IEEE 802.16) is a promising telecommunication technology to provide low-cost, high-speed and long-range wireless communications. To meet the growing demand for throughput, Relay Station is introduced by IEEE 802.16$j$ to relay traffic for Subscriber Stations. By incorporating Cooperative Communications scheme in WiMAX, we can further improve the network capacity. In this paper, we study the Relay Station placement problem, which seeks to deploy a minimum number of Relay Stations to satisfy all data rate requests from Subscriber Stations via Cooperative Communications. We analyze the computational complexity of the problem and prove it to be NP- Complete. Then we present efficient algorithms with guaranteed approximation ratios. Extensive experiments show that the number of Relay Stations returned by our algorithms is close to those returned by optimal solution.
Various causes for frontal sinus obstruction

Abstract Purpose A variety of inflammatory and structural conditions can cause frontal sinusitis. The present study was conducted as pilot study to determine the primary cause of frontal sinusitis at the time of endoscopic sinus surgery. Materials and methods Retrospective chart review was performed from 1997 to 2004 of patients who underwent endoscopic frontal sinus surgery at the University of Virginia. Demographic data, intraoperative frontal recess findings, and history of prior sinus procedures were collected. Results There were 102 patients, and 176 endoscopic frontal sinus surgeries were performed with mean follow-up of 29 months. The major causes for frontal sinusitis were polyp (53%), frontal recess synechia (21%), agger nasi cell (12%), and narrow osteomeatal complex (5%). Frontal recess synechia was present only in patients who had prior surgery. Conclusions Inflammatory polyps, followed by synechia, were the most common causes of chronic frontal sinusitis requiring frontal sinus surgery. Further investigation is warranted to identify the sources of frontal recess synechia and to develop preventative strategies of this iatrogenic problem.
Novel Crash Recovery Approach for Concurrent Failures in Cluster Federation

In this paper, we have proposed a simple and efficient approach for check pointing and recovery in cluster computing environment. The recovery scheme deals with both orphan and lost intra and inter cluster messages. This check pointing scheme ensures that after the system recovers from failures, all processes in different clusters can restart from their respective recent checkpoints; thus avoiding any domino effect. That is, the recent check points always form a consistent recovery line of the cluster federation. The main features of our work are: it uses selective message logging which enables the initiator process in each cluster to log the minimum number of messages, the recovery scheme is domino effect free and is executed simultaneously by all clusters in the cluster federation, it considers concurrent failures, message complexities in each cluster for both check pointing and recovery schemes are just O (n), where n is the number of processes in a cluster.These features make our algorithm superior to the existing works.
Asymmetric Chromatid Segregation in Cardiac Progenitor Cells Is Enhanced by Pim-1 Kinase

Rationale: Cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) in the adult heart are used for cell-based treatment of myocardial damage, but factors determining stemness, self-renewal, and lineage commitment are poorly understood. Immortal DNA strands inherited through asymmetric chromatid segregation correlate with self-renewal of adult stem cells, but the capacity of CPCs for asymmetric segregation to retain immortal strands is unknown. Cardioprotective kinase Pim-1 increases asymmetric cell division in vivo, but the ability of Pim-1 to enhance asymmetric chromatid segregation is unknown. Objective: We aimed to demonstrate immortal strand segregation in CPCs and the enhancement of asymmetric chromatid distribution by Pim-1 kinase. Methods and Results: Asymmetric segregation is tracked by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. The CPC DNA was labeled for several generations and then blocked in second cytokinesis during chase to determine distribution of immortal versus newly synthesized strands. Intensity ratios of binucleated CPCs with bromodeoxyuridine of ≥70:30 between daughter nuclei indicative of asymmetric chromatid segregation occur with a frequency of 4.57, and asymmetric chromatid segregation is demonstrated at late mitotic phases. Asymmetric chromatid segregation is significantly enhanced by Pim-1 overexpression in CPCs (9.19 versus 4.79 in eGFP-expressing cells; P =0.006). Conclusions: Asymmetric segregation of chromatids in CPCs is increased nearly two-fold with Pim-1 kinase overexpression, indicating that Pim-1 promotes self-renewal of stem cells.
Thelma Estrin, biomedical engineer: a pioneer of applied computing

An account is given of the career of Thelma Estrin. Estrin entered engineering because of the urgent need for workers in the defense industries during World War II. After earning a Ph.D degree in electrical engineering in 1951, she worked in medical electronics (mainly electroencephalography) and on the design and construction of a digital computer (the WEIZAC). In 1960 she began a long association with UCLA's Brain Research Institute, where she organized and directed the Data Processing Laboratory. Estrin pioneered in the application of computers to biomedical research-especially in the areas of data acquisition and graphic display-and health-care delivery. In addition, she has done much to increase the number of women in engineering, both by direct efforts to assist others and by providing a role model. >
P63 in cytologic material is helpful for detection of squamous differentiation in non-small cell carcinomas of lung and treatment selection

18052 Background: Bevacizumab in combination with carboplatin and paclitaxel improves overall response and survival in patients with advanced or recurrent non-small cell lung carcinoma. However, th...
The Nucleolus in the Ascocarp Somatic Cells in Pyronema Domesticum

Cytologically, Pyronema probably is one of the most often studied genera among the Ascomycetes. However, the status of the nucleolus in the somatic cells of the ascocarp has scarcely been investigated. McIntosh (1954) briefly reported that each nucleus in the ascogenous hyphae possesses a single large nucleolus, but in contrast, nucleoli could not be detected in the nuclei of paraphyses. McIntosh (1954) speculated that the apparent absence of nucleoli in the somatic nuclei in the paraphyses was due to the compactness of the chromosomes which obscured the nucleoli while the chromosomes in the ascogenous hypha were only faintly stained. McIntosh's observation was made using light microscopy. For better resolution, the present electron microscopic study was undertaken.
Comparative Bconomics of Several Alternatives for Bulk Utilization of Fly Ash and Coal Gsification Ash

Fly ash and gasification ash have been evaluated economically for the following uses: partial replacement of Portland cement; mineral wool; blended cement; Sulfurcrete®, high flexural strength ceramic products; ash to upgrade roads; glazed ceramic wall tile; and unglazed floor tile. The ash evaluated is a high-calcium, high-sodium material derived from the Beulah-Zap lignite mined in the Beulah region of North Dakota. Of the uses examined, concrete replacement provided an 8.0% cost saving, blended cement 37.3%, high flexural strength ceramics 52.8%, ash in road construction 44.4%, and wall tile 5.2%. Mineral wool had no replacement savings calculated because blast furnace slag is not available locally to provide a consistent basis. Sulfurcrete® did not provide a cost saving over concrete but its use life and properties are sufficiently different from those of concrete to justify use in some applications, provided that the raw materials are readily available.
Tracheobronchial amyloidosis: A case report and review of the literature

Objectives. This is a case report on tracheobronchial amyloidosis. This disease may provide a diagnostic challenge for otolaryngologists due to its rarity and relative lack of literature. Our case highlights presentation and workup of this disease. Methods. The index patient's workup included clinical exam, CT of the neck and chest, direct laryngoscopy, bronchoscopy, and biopsy. Additional reports of tracheobronchial amyloidosis were identified in a PubMed database search. Results. Our index patient presented with dyspnea and hoarseness. Clinic laryngoscopy showed a tracheal mass. Radiology demonstrated an irregular tracheal soft tissue lesion. The patient underwent biopsy, and pathology was consistent with amyloidosis. He had no systemic signs of amyloidosis. He underwent local resection to improve his airway diameter, with no complications. Conclusions. Tracheobronchial amyloidosis should be kept in an otolaryngologist's differential diagnosis for patients with nonspecific upper airway symptomatology and radiographic lesions in the trachea or bronchi.
Strain-Balanced InGaAsP/GaInP Multiple Quantum Well Solar Cells With a Tunable Bandgap (1.65–1.82 eV)

Currently available materials for III–V multijunction solar cells lattice matched to GaAs covering the spectral range from 1.65 to 1.82 eV are composed of either immiscible quaternary alloys or contain aluminum. We report the fabrication of a novel aluminum-free In $_x$ Ga $_{1-x}$ As $_{1-z}$ P $_z$ /Ga $_{1-y}$ In $_y$ P ( x > y ) strain-balanced multiple quantum-well (SBMQW) p-i-n solar cell structure lattice matched to GaAs, grown by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. SBMQWs consist of alternating layers of In $_x$ Ga $_{1-x}$ As $_{1-z}$ P $_z$ wells and Ga $_{1-y}$ In $_y$ P barriers ( x > y ) under compressive and tensile strain, respectively. When compared with standard GaInP devices, SBMQW structures exhibit longer photoluminescence wavelength (680–780 nm) emission and enhanced light absorption with improved short-circuit current density. In this study, the SBMQW emission and absorption wavelength is controlled by adjusting the layer thickness of InGaAsP wells, while the arsenic and indium compositions are fixed. We show that carriers generated in QWs are extracted via thermionic emission. The proposed SBMQWs allow more flexibility in the design of current multijunction solar cells and future cells with more than four junctions. InGaAsP/GaInP SBMQWs may also be used in applications other than solar cells, such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and lasers, with the advantages of tuning the emission and absorption processes.
Astrochemistry: Complex organic matter in Titan's aerosols?

Arising from: G. Israel et al. Nature 438, 796–799 (2005); Israel et al. reply On 14 January 2005, the Huygens probe entered the atmosphere of Titan after a seven-year interplanetary flight as part of the Cassini mission to Saturn. Huygens carried, among other instruments, an aerosol collection and pyrolysis (ACP) device1. Its designers, Israel et al.2, now claim to have detected complex organic matter in two aerosol samples collected at different altitudes (130–35 km and 25–20 km, respectively), on the basis of their detection of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) when the sample oven was heated to 600 °C. However, the authors' remarkable conclusions, which would have far-reaching consequences for our understanding of the chemical environment prevailing on Saturn's largest moon, are not supported by their limited data.
Neutrophils Identification by Deep Learning and Voronoi Diagram of Clusters

Neutrophils are a primary type of immune cells, and their identification is critical in clinical diagnosis of active inflammation. However, in H&E histology tissue slides, the appearances of neutrophils are highly variable due to morphology, staining and locations. Further, the noisy and complex tissue environment causes artifacts resembling neutrophils. Thus, it is challenging to design, in a hand-crafted manner, computerized features that help identify neutrophils effectively. To better characterize neutrophils, we propose to extract their features in a learning manner, by constructing a deep convolutional neural network (CNN). In addition, in clinical practice, neutrophils are identified not only based on their individual appearance, but also on the context formed by multiple related cells. It is not quite straightforward for deep learning to capture precisely the rather complex cell context. Hence, we further propose to combine deep learning with Voronoi diagram of clusters (VDC), to extract needed context. Experiments on clinical data show that (1) the learned hierarchical representation of features by CNN outperforms hand-crafted features on characterizing neutrophils, and (2) the combination of CNN and VDC significantly improves over the state-of-the-art methods for neutrophil identification on H&E histology tissue images.
Operative Start Time Does Not Affect Post-Operative Infection Risk.

Abstract Background: Surgical care is delivered 24 h a day at most institutions. Alarmingly, some authors have found that certain operative start times are associated with greater morbidity and mortality rates. This effect has been noted in both the public and private sector. Although some of these differences may be related to process, they may also be caused by the human circadian rhythm and corresponding changes in host defenses. We hypothesized that the time of day of an operation would impact the frequency of certain post-operative outcomes significantly. Methods: Cases at a single tertiary-care center reported to the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program over a 10-year period were identified. Operative start times were divided into six-hour blocks, with 6 am to noon serving as the reference. Standard univariable techniques were applied. Multivariable logistic regression with mixed effects modeling then was used to determine the relation between operative start ti...
Leg wound complications associated with coronary revascularization

One percent of 2,545 patients undergoing coronary revascularization with the saphenous vein over a 5 year period sustained leg wound complications which necessitated extra care. Fourteen complications were minor and required only drainage, a new antibiotic, and dressing changes. Thirteen major wound complications required wide debridement and, of these, five could be closed only with skin grafts. Eight wounds were infected, two with Staphylococcus aureus and six with mixed gram-negative flora. Ninety-three percent of these wounds were in the thigh. Average weight of patients with leg wound complications was 73.5 ± 3.5 kg and not different from that of a randomly selected control group (73.8 ± 1.2 kg). However, 40% of the patients were women, a much higher incidence than control (p
The individual with high quadriplegia.

Persons with quadriplegia resulting from disease or trauma have an array of disabling impairments that involve virtually every body system. During the rehabilitation process, each impairment is addressed. This article presents alternatives in three areas: respiration, communication, and environmental control. The importance of tailoring strategies to the individual is emphasized throughout. Appropriate rehabilitation of the person with high quadriplegia goes beyond maintenance of life and health. An interdisciplinary team that includes the patient unites dreams, knowledge, skills, and technology so that the patient has the possibility of noninstitutional living, major control over his or her own destiny, some autonomy, and participation in a full spectrum of life activities. As Maddox noted: "Life is a fragile, fleeting thing, under any circumstances, and living it can be comic or tragic, weird or wonderful--regardless of one's motor limitations."
Lower factor VIII coagulant in daughters of subjects with hemophilia A compared to other obligate carriers

Abstract Studies of factor-VIII-related activities were performed in 62 obligate carriers of hemophilia A. comparing 23 daughters of hemophilic men (paternal carriers) with 39 mothers of hemophilic sons whose fathers were normal by history (maternal carriers). Nineteen of the maternal carriers were mothers of at least 2 hemophiliacs and 20 were mothers of one, but from families whose other close male members were known to be affected. Fifty-three control subjects (age range 1-65, the same as the carriers) were also evaluated for factor VIII coagulant (Vll:C), factor-VIII-related antigen (VIIIR:Ag), and the Vll:C to VIIIR:Ag ratio. As expected, Vll:C was lower and VIIIR:Ag was higher in the carrier group than in control subjects, and the mean of the carrier Vll:C to VIIIR:Ag ratio was about 50% of the mean Vll:C to VIIIR:Ag ratio of the control group (0.47 and 0.97, respectively). Within the carrier group there were statistically significant differences in Vll:C levels; lower values were found in paternal carriers as compared to maternal carriers (p
Anxious and fearful

Introduction With the ultimate goal of ascertaining whether the situations underlying 1 and 2 Thessalonians are compatible, in the preceding chapter we turned our attention to 1 Thess. 4:13–18. Although relatively neglected in comparison to that text, 5:1–11 is equally fundamental for understanding the nature of the eschatological confusion underlying 1 Thessalonians. On the basis of this passage it has been variously suggested that the Thessalonian community are expecting the parousia with deep imminentist excitement or restless impatience, that they are falsely secure, that they are unwilling to live with the ‘uncertainty’ of a future eschatology, and that they are worried that more might die before the parousia finally occurs or worried that they might be unprepared for it when it does come. Unfortunately, however, there has been a notable dearth of constructive scholarly interaction and debate regarding the situation of 5:1–11. In this chapter we shall attempt to cut a fresh path through this difficult terrain, all the while critically assessing previous contributions, with a view to establishing the background situation giving rise to this section. Does idle speculation underlie the Thessalonians' question? Paul opens 5:1–11 with πeρὶ δέ, which in 1 Corinthians is employed to demarcate the commencement of his response to specific questions posed by his addressees in a letter (7:1, 25; 8:1; 12:1; 16:1, 12).
Human Evolution and Christian Ethics: Faith, creation, and evolution

This chapter examines three meanings of the term “evolution” and then turns to a more extended discussion of its theological interpretation. It concerns the theological perspective from within which Christian ethics responds to claims about human evolution. THE MEANINGS OF EVOLUTION The meanings of “evolution” include (1) the fact of evolution, (2) the scientific theory of evolution, and (3) ontological or other ideological extrapolations from evolution. This book will use the first two major senses of the term “evolution” and reject the third. The National Academy of Science describes evolution as “the most important concept in modern biology, a concept essential to understanding key aspects of living things.” It is no longer possible, the National Academy points out, “to sustain scientifically the view that living beings did not evolve from earlier forms or that the human species was not produced by the same evolutionary mechanisms that apply to the rest of the living world.” The term “evolution” is used in many ways. The most general use of the term is found in its etymological root, the Latin, evolutio , which means to unfold or develop from pre-existing structures. In this very broad sense we talk about the evolution of painting, the evolution of democracy, cosmic evolution, and so forth. The pre-Darwinian use of the term usually concerned a natural unfolding of steps in a prearranged sequence, the paradigm of which is embryonic development.
A density functional theory based approach for predicting melting points of ionic liquids

Accurate prediction of melting points of ILs is important both from the fundamental point of view and from the practical perspective for screening ILs with low melting points and broadening their utilization in a wider temperature range. In this work, we present an ab initio approach to calculate melting points of ILs with known crystal structures and illustrate its application for a series of 11 ILs containing imidazolium/pyrrolidinium cations and halide/polyatomic fluoro-containing anions. The melting point is determined as a temperature at which the Gibbs free energy of fusion is zero. The Gibbs free energy of fusion can be expressed through the use of the Born–Fajans–Haber cycle via the lattice free energy of forming a solid IL from gaseous phase ions and the sum of the solvation free energies of ions comprising IL. Dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT) involving (semi)local (PBE-D3) and hybrid exchange–correlation (HSE06-D3) functionals is applied to estimate the lattice enthalpy, entropy, and free energy. The ions solvation free energies are calculated with the SMD-generic-IL solvation model at the M06-2X/6-31+G(d) level of theory under standard conditions. The melting points of ILs computed with the HSE06-D3 functional are in good agreement with the experimental data, with a mean absolute error of 30.5 K and a mean relative error of 8.5%. The model is capable of accurately reproducing the trends in melting points upon variation of alkyl substituents in organic cations and replacement one anion by another. The results verify that the lattice energies of ILs containing polyatomic fluoro-containing anions can be approximated reasonably well using the volume-based thermodynamic approach. However, there is no correlation of the computed lattice energies with molecular volume for ILs containing halide anions. Moreover, entropies of solid ILs follow two different linear relationships with molecular volume for halides and polyatomic fluoro-containing anions. Continuous progress in predicting crystal structures of organic salts with halide anions will be a key factor for successful prediction of melting points with no prior knowledge of the crystal structure.
Keeping Apace with Progress in Natural Language Processing

Increasingly central to online search and information discovery are methods from Natural Language Processing (NLP). Research in the field, however, is progressing at what feels a frenetic pace, making it a daunting task to keep up with the latest results. This talk will describe some of the tasks and sub-areas of NLP that have experienced fundamental advances in the state of the art over past few years, focusing on what these advances mean for understanding and extracting information from online text.
Characteristic performance investigation of a photon counting detector for x-ray fluorescence imaging applications

The characteristic performance of a photon counting detector for X-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) is investigated. The investigations are first performed in three aspects: X-ray photon energy (keV) to pulse height (mV) conversion, noise floor determination, and linear detection ranges. Then, theoretical models are applied to evaluate the detection efficiency of X-ray photons with respect to an increased incident photon rate. Last, through exciting 100% pure GNPs by a conventional X-ray tube operated at a voltage of 110kVp, we acquire XRF spectrum in the threshold mode, based on which multi-energy thresholds are selected for XRF imaging of GNPs with low concentrations. Preliminary XRF imaging results of GNPs obtained in the imaging mode are presented and analyzed. This investigation study is essential to the development of fast and accurate XRF imaging of GNPs as well as other high atomic (Z) imaging contrast agents absorbed in cancerous cells.
Classifying oxidative stress by F2-isoprostane levels across human diseases: A meta-analysis

The notion that oxidative stress plays a role in virtually every human disease and environmental exposure has become ingrained in everyday knowledge. However, mounting evidence regarding the lack of specificity of biomarkers traditionally used as indicators of oxidative stress in human disease and exposures now necessitates re-evaluation. To prioritize these re-evaluations, published literature was comprehensively analyzed in a meta-analysis to quantitatively classify the levels of systemic oxidative damage across human disease and in response to environmental exposures. In this meta-analysis, the F2-isoprostane, 8-iso-PGF2α, was specifically chosen as the representative marker of oxidative damage. To combine published values across measurement methods and specimens, the standardized mean differences (Hedges' g) in 8-iso-PGF2α levels between affected and control populations were calculated. The meta-analysis resulted in a classification of oxidative damage levels as measured by 8-iso-PGF2α across 50 human health outcomes and exposures from 242 distinct publications. Relatively small increases in 8-iso-PGF2α levels (g<0.8) were found in the following conditions: hypertension (g=0.4), metabolic syndrome (g=0.5), asthma (g=0.4), and tobacco smoking (g=0.7). In contrast, large increases in 8-iso-PGF2α levels were observed in pathologies of the kidney, e.g., chronic renal insufficiency (g=1.9), obstructive sleep apnoea (g=1.1), and pre-eclampsia (g=1.1), as well as respiratory tract disorders, e.g., cystic fibrosis (g=2.3). In conclusion, we have established a quantitative classification for the level of 8-iso-PGF2α generation in different human pathologies and exposures based on a comprehensive meta-analysis of published data. This analysis provides knowledge on the true involvement of oxidative damage across human health outcomes as well as utilizes past research to prioritize those conditions requiring further scrutiny on the mechanisms of biomarker generation.
Frequency of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations in a clinic-based series of breast and ovarian cancer families.

Mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 account for a significant proportion of hereditary breast and ovarian cancer cases. In this study, we sought to determine the frequency of BRCA1- and BRCA2-mutation carrier families in a hospital-based cancer family registry. The frequency of families with germline truncating mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 was 17.3% (18/104) and 1.9% (2/104), respectively. Two novel truncating mutations, BRCA1 1848delGA and BRCA2 5694insT, were identified. We also sought to determine the carrier frequency of other affected family members for which the mutation lineage could be established within these families. Not including the probands, 72% (18/25) of the affected family members within the BRCA1 mutation-associated families were carriers, and all four affected members of the BRCA2 families were carriers. These data imply that risk evaluation based on cancer family history alone may result in inaccurate estimates, and where possible, mutation testing should be considered in other affected family members to verify carrier status. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Social Equity in the Trump Era: What Can Local Public Administrators Do to Improve Social Equity for Their Residents and Community in the Face of Federal Cuts?

While not yet certain, Trump administration proposals to cut federal programs, including support for low-income housing, economic development in distressed rural communities, and workforce training...
Editing the Phenotype: A Revolution for Quantitative Genetics.

Quantitative trait genes have been difficult to analyze because of the subtle effects of their natural variation. Rodriguez-Leal et al. now develop a promoter-editing approach to generate a range of effective alleles for analysis, providing an avenue to investigate complex interactions among such genes.
A call for tutorials on alternative approaches to the study of verbal behavior.

In conversations with Hank Schlinger, the new editor of The Analysis of Verbal Behavior, concerning the future of the journal, I suggested that he solicit special tutorial articles on topics in related fields to supplement the empirical and theoretical articles that are the mainstay of the journal. He requested that I submit a written proposal to that effect, to be shared with the readership. Most of the readers of this journal are professional behavior analysts with a general interest in the extension of fundamental principles to all behavioral phenomena; only a handful, I dare say, are specialists in verbal behavior. Consequently, few of us are well read in the vast literature of closely allied fields, to say nothing of traditional linguistics, psycholinguistics, or developmental psychology. Because our approach differs so fundamentally from that of traditional scholars, much of this literature will be of little use to us. But not all: I have commonly found that, if one sets aside the theoretical interpretation of an article in, say, psycholinguistics or cognitive psychology, what remains is a kernel of useful or at least provocative data. If we, collectively, are to provide a comprehensive interpretation of verbal behavior, we must avail ourselves of all of the relevant data. Of secondary importance, if we are to persuade those outside our field of the validity of our approach, we must at least know the kinds of questions that trouble them. Because it
UNDERSTANDING AND EVALUATING RELEVANCE IN IS RESEARCH

This commentary examines two questions of interest to the relevance debate in IS research: why is relevance a problematic issue in IS research, and how can IS research relevance be assessed accurately and fairly. Answers to these questions are centered around the pluralistic and dynamic nature of IS research: that IS research is influenced by multiple stakeholder groups with conflicting perspectives, and continual changes in this domain prevented the formation of a shared consensus of what IS research should be. Since such a consensus is unlikely to emerge, given the nature of the discipline, any evaluation of IS research relevance must take into account the target audience for that research and yardsticks appropriate for the intended stakeholder groups.
Synthesis and evaluation of an AZD2461 [18F]PET probe in non-human primates reveals the PARP-1 inhibitor to be non-blood-brain barrier penetrant.

Abstract Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 inhibitor (PARPi) AZD2461 was designed to be a weak P-glycoprotein (P-gp) analogue of FDA approved olaparib. With this chemical property in mind, we utilized the AZD2461 ligand architecture to develop a CNS penetrant and PARP-1 selective imaging probe, in order to investigate PARP-1 mediated neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. Our work led to the identification of several high-affinity PARPi, including AZD2461 congener 9e (PARP-1 IC50 = 3.9 ± 1.2 nM), which was further evaluated as a potential 18F-PET brain imaging probe. However, despite the similar molecular scaffolds of 9e and AZD2461, our studies revealed non-appreciable brain-uptake of [18F]9e in non-human primates, suggesting AZD2461 to be non-CNS penetrant.
CHAPTER 1 – Scope and Significance of Biological Control

This chapter introduces the scope and significance of biological control. It is important to place the forms of biological control in the context of animal and plant protection schemes often discussed today. The true biological control is considered as one that is self-sustaining or partially so and that is achieved by parasites, predators, and pathogens, including antagonists of plant pathogens. There are three recognized forms of biological control: one that is naturally self-sustained, one in which augmentation is utilized, and one that uses conservation of natural enemies through management practices. This chapter also deals with theories and mechanisms of natural population regulation covering single-species populations, interspecific competition, host–parasitoid systems, host–pathogen systems, and multispecies systems. The principal aim of biological control is the reduction of negative impact of pest species, including both pest suppression and pest regulation. The dynamic behavior involved can be one with a density-dependent nature for the pest and the natural enemy, and can involve specific search behavior, more than a single natural enemy, the patchiness of the environment, and both behavioral and stochastic interactions.