cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics: Spherical Bubble Dynamics

Introduction Having considered the initial formation of bubbles, we now proceed to identify the subsequent dynamics of bubble growth and collapse. The behavior of a single bubble in an infinite domain of liquid at rest far from the bubble and with uniform temperature far from the bubble will be examined first. This spherically symmetric situation provides a simple case that is amenable to analysis and reveals a number of important phenomena. Complications such as those introduced by the presence of nearby solid boundaries will be discussed in the chapters which follow. Rayleigh-Plesset Equation Consider a spherical bubble of radius, R(t) (where t is time), in an infinite domain of liquid whose temperature and pressure far from the bubble are T ∞ and p ∞( t ) respectively. The temperature, T ∞, is assumed to be a simple constant since temperature gradients were eliminated a priori and uniform heating of the liquid due to internal heat sources or radiation will not be considered. On the other hand, the pressure, P ∞( t ), is assumed to be a known (and perhaps controlled) input which regulates the growth or collapse of the bubble. Though compressibility of the liquid can be important in the context of bubble collapse, it will, for the present, be assumed that the liquid density, ρ L , is a constant. Furthermore, the dynamic viscosity, μ L , is assumed constant and uniform. It will also be assumed that the contents of the bubble are homogeneous and that the temperature, T B (t) , and pressure, p B (t) , within the bubble are always uniform.
Characterization of antigenic components from circulating immune complexes in patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia.

The authors have studied serial circulating immune complex (CIC) levels in 15 patients with gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) for several reasons. Gestational trophoblastic neoplasia can easily be followed from presentation to remission, and CIC changes can be compared with changes in human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) which is a specific and quantitative marker of trophoblastic tumor load. Twelve patients with hydatidiform molar pregnancy presented with normal CIC levels (255 δ OD450 ± 97, mean SE [standard error]) as measured by our antigen nonspecific polyethylene glycol (PEG) turbidity assay. Only after reduction in tumor load as monitored by a fall in HCG did CIC rise. In contrast, three patients with choriocarcinoma presented with significantly elevated CIC levels (513 δ OD450 ± 147, P < 0.05 compared to normals) which slowly declined in parallel with HCG levels following evacuation and chemotherapy. Sera at peak PEG-CIC from three patients with molar pregnancy or choriocarcinoma were precipitated with 3.75% polyethylene glycol to concentrate circulating immune complexes. Circulating immune complex levels were fractionated on Sephadex G-200 in an acid buffer (pH = 2.8). An identifiable antigenic component of the CIC in both diseases was found to be paternal HLA antigen. This was demonstrated by the ability of the latest eluting CIC fraction to inhibit paternal lymphocyte lysis using anti-HLA antisera against the husband's HLA tissue type. In each case, this fraction contained no immunoglobulin or beta-2 microglobulin and was antigenically crossreactive with only one of the husband's HLA haplotypes. The authors believe the PEG-CIC assay has allowed them to define the kinetics of host humoral response in GTN, and has provided a method for recovering immunogenic tumor-associated antigens from these complexes which may apply to other solid tumors. Cancer 53:1316-1321, 1984.
Experimental analysis of deformation mechanisms in a closed-cell aluminum alloy foam

Abstract The evolution of plastic deformation in a cellular Al alloy upon axial compression is monitored through a digital image correlation procedure. Three stages in the deformation response have been identified. The first involves localized plastic straining at cell nodes. It occurs uniformly and leads to a nominal loading modulus appreciably lower than the stiffness. The second comprises discrete bands of concentrated strain containing cell membranes that experience plastic buckling, elastically constrained by surrounding cells. In this phase, as the loading increases, previously formed bands harden, giving rise to new bands in neighboring regions. The localized bands exhibit a long-range correlation with neighboring bands separated by 3–4 cells along the loading direction. This length scale characterizes the continuum limit. Thirdly, coincident with a stress peak, σo, one of the bands exhibits complete plastic collapse. As the strain increases, this process repeats, subject to small stress oscillations around σo.
Relativistic constituent quark model of electroweak properties of baryons.

We calculate the electroweak properties of nucleons and hyperons in a relativistic constituent quark model using the light-front formalism. The parameters of the model, namely, the constituent quark mass and the confinement scale, can be uniquely chosen for both the electromagnetic and weak experimental data. A consistent physical picture of the $\mathrm{qqq}$ system appears in this work with a symmetric nucleon wave function and an asymmetric hyperon wave function. Only for the strangeness-changing weak decays do we need nontrivial form factors of the constituent quark.
RESOLUTION AND ETCH RESISTANCE OF A FAMILY OF 193nm POSITIVE RESISTS

Our approach to the design of positive, single layer resists for 193nm lithography will be discussed. Phenolic resins, the archetype in positive photoresist materials, cannot be used at this wavelength due to optical opacity. Acrylic polymers combine the required optical transparency at 193nm with easily tailored properties. With a design based on methacrylate terpolymers, we developed a high resolution positive resist for 193nm lithography with excellent imaging at both 193 and 248nm. Our recent work has centered on gaining further insight into methacrylate polymer structure/property relationships, improving the imaging performance and finally increasing the etch resistance. Towards that end, we have employed a class of dissolution inhibitors for 193 nm resists that are combined with methacrylate polymers to provide 3-component resists.[1] A family of 5B-steroid dissolution inhibitors that also increase etch resistance will be described. Imaging and etch performance of four versions of our resist will be disclosed. These methac ylate resists show resolution capability below 0.25 micron, etch rates 20% higher than novolak resins, good environmental stability in contrast to traditional DUV resists and dual wavelength (193/248nm) imaging.
ACP Journal Club. Review: Antihypertensive treatment prevents cardiovascular events and mortality in cardiovascular disease without hypertension.

Source Citation Thompson AM, Hu T, Eshelbrenner CL, et al. Antihypertensive treatment and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease events among persons without hypertension: a meta-analysis. ...
From the phenomenology to the mechanisms of consciousness: Integrated Information Theory 3.0.

This paper presents Integrated Information Theory (IIT) of consciousness 3.0, which incorporates several advances over previous formulations. IIT starts from phenomenological axioms: information says that each experience is specific – it is what it is by how it differs from alternative experiences; integration says that it is unified – irreducible to non-interdependent components; exclusion says that it has unique borders and a particular spatio-temporal grain. These axioms are formalized into postulates that prescribe how physical mechanisms, such as neurons or logic gates, must be configured to generate experience (phenomenology). The postulates are used to define intrinsic information as “differences that make a difference” within a system, and integrated information as information specified by a whole that cannot be reduced to that specified by its parts. By applying the postulates both at the level of individual mechanisms and at the level of systems of mechanisms, IIT arrives at an identity: an experience is a maximally irreducible conceptual structure (MICS, a constellation of concepts in qualia space), and the set of elements that generates it constitutes a complex. According to IIT, a MICS specifies the quality of an experience and integrated information ΦMax its quantity. From the theory follow several results, including: a system of mechanisms may condense into a major complex and non-overlapping minor complexes; the concepts that specify the quality of an experience are always about the complex itself and relate only indirectly to the external environment; anatomical connectivity influences complexes and associated MICS; a complex can generate a MICS even if its elements are inactive; simple systems can be minimally conscious; complicated systems can be unconscious; there can be true “zombies” – unconscious feed-forward systems that are functionally equivalent to conscious complexes.
Structural organization of a sex-comb-on-midleg/polyhomeotic copolymer

The polycomb group proteins are required for the stable maintenance of gene repression patterns established during development. They function as part of large multiprotein complexes created via a multitude of protein-protein interaction domains. Here we examine the interaction between the SAM domains of the polycomb group proteins polyhomeotic (Ph) and Sex-comb-on-midleg (Scm). Previously we showed that Ph-SAM polymerizes as a helical structure. We find that Scm-SAM also polymerizes, and a crystal structure reveals an architecture similar to the Ph-SAM polymer. These results suggest that Ph-SAM and Scm-SAM form a copolymer. Binding affinity measurements between Scm-SAM and Ph-SAM subunits in different orientations indicate a preference for the formation of a single junction copolymer. To provide a model of the copolymer, we determined the structure of the Ph-SAM/Scm-SAM junction. Similar binding modes are observed in both homo- and heterocomplex formation with minimal change in helix axis direction at the polymer joint. The copolymer model suggests that polymeric Scm complexes could extend beyond the local domains of polymeric Ph complexes on chromatin, possibly playing a role in long range repression.
Minimizing the total cost of network measurements in a distributed manner: a primal-dual approach

We consider the Active Min-Cost Measurement problem to minimize the cost incurred by measuring network link delays. Although the problem has a polynomial representation, its covering LP formulation, for which most of the previous distributed algorithms apply, has an exponential number of variables, one for each path.We present first known distributed (1+e) approximation algorithm for this problem that converges in time that is linear in the maximal path length and poly-logarithmic in the size of the entire network and has polynomial computational overhead. Previous distributed solutions achieving similar approximations required either convergence time that is polynomial or computational overhead that is exponential in the size of the entire network.
Nocturnal vs Diurnal Cardiac Arrhythmias in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Continuous electrocardiograms were recorded from ten patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. During 24 hours of recording, the patients breathed air; and for 24 hours, they breathed oxygen at 2 L/min by nasal cannula. Oxygenation, as monitored by ear oximetric studies and by periodic analysis of arterial blood, showed frequent nocturnal desaturation. Nine patients demonstrated arrhythmias during the monitoring period, and the frequency of premature ventricular contractions was significantly greater at night. Therapy with supplemental oxygen dramatically reduced the frequency of premature ventricular contractions in four patients, but the reduction in frequency of arrhythmias in the total group did not reach statistical significance. These results show that cardiac arrhythmias occur commonly at night during sleep in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The data suggest that arterial desaturation may be responsible for some of these arrhythmias.
Habronemiasis: Biology, Signs, and Diagnosis, and Treatment and Prevention of the Nematodes and Vector Flies

Habronemiasis is a parasitic disease of horses and other equids which is caused by the invasion of Draschia megastoma, Habronema majus, and H. muscae nematodes and is transmitted by house flies, face flies, and stable flies. The adult nematodes live in the horse's stomach, laying eggs, which pass out in the horse's feces. The carrier flies lay eggs in the horse's manure, which becomes infested with larvae while the flies feed in the manure. The nematode larvae molt while in the fly larvae and develop into infective L3 larvae by the time the adult flies emerge from their pupal stage. The infective larvae are then transmitted to the horse when flies feed on secretions or discharges from hosts' eyes, nostrils, mouths, wounds, and other openings. The L3 larvae are ingested by the horse and are then able to complete their lifecycle. The most common aberrant forms (conjunctival and cutaneous habronemiasis) are associated with the nematode larvae being deposited in these areas, not completing its life cycle, with resultant signs probably associated with local hypersensitivity. This article details the biology of nematode parasites, diagnosis and treatment of this condition, and methods of prevention and control of the transmitting flies.
Temperature and velocity fields in turbulent liquid flow adjacent to a bubbly boiling layer

Abstract Turbulent velocity and temperature fields were measured in the all-liquid region adjacent to a subcooled flow boiling layer formed at the heated inner wall of a vertical concentric annular channel. Refrigerant-113 was the working fluid and measurements were performed at two pressures and inlet liquid Reynolds numbers of 24,400 and 33,400 over a wall heat flux range of 30,000–80,000 W/m2. Selected measurements in nonboiling turbulent liquid flow through the same channel are also presented for comparison. The data show that significant changes in the turbulent structure of the all-liquid region are brought about by its proximity to the bubbly boiling layer.
Internet-based facility for physical laboratory experiments

An existing challenge for engineering educators is that of providing students with an adequate laboratory experience at a time and place convenient to the students along with maximizing the use of existing laboratory facilities. One potential solution is to create an Internet-based physical laboratory that enables students to conduct all necessary experiments at a time and place of their own choosing and to do so at their own pace. The paper describes the development of an Internet-based physical laboratory facility that will enable students to perform experiments involving real-life experiments over the Internet. A live video and audio will also be available to the user to monitor the physical motion involving an experiment. The uniqueness of the developed system is its cost effectiveness, modularity in design, web security, and evaluation facility. A provision has also been made to monitor the extent of utilization of this facility, which can be used to assess the usefulness of this facility along with student evaluation.
Strengthening of Feldspathic Porcelain by Ion Exchange and Tempering

This study investigated the effectiveness of tempering and ion-exchange treatments on crack growth and bi-axial flexural strength of seven feldspathic porcelains. The results showed that tempering treatment was more effective in strengthening porcelain than was the ion-exchange process as measured by the bi-axial flexural strength. However, the results of initial crack size induced by a microhardness tester showed that ion-exchange yielded a surface that was more resistant to crack initiation than was that yielded by the tempering treatment. EDX and microprobe analyses showed that there was evidence of exchange between Na+ within the porcelain surface and K+ from the ion-exchange agent applied on the surface.
The Demand for Expert Opinion: Bordeaux Wine*

In this paper, we use unique data from the market for Bordeaux wine to test the hypothesis that consumers are willing to pay for expert opinion because it is accurate. Using proprietary indicators of the quality of the vintage, which are based on both publicly and privately available information, we find that additional publicly available information on the weather improves the expert's predictions of subsequent prices. This establishes that the expert opinions are not efficient, in the sense that they can be easily improved, and that these opinions must be demanded, at least in part, for some purpose other than their accuracy. (JEL Classification: D8, Q13)
Authorship and criticism in self-reflexive African cinema

Many theories and criticisms have been devoted to analysing various modes and themes of presentation in a postcolonial context in dealing with African cinema. Topics range from authenticity, cultural identity, decolonization, to the influence of oral tradition on cinema. However, little has been said about a type of criticism that comes from within cinema itself through a reflexive directorial intrusion. As a political tool to address continual cultural imperialism of the former colonial power and as a type of criticism on cinema as an art form, self-referentiality is often overlooked, and yet is capable of travelling freely between the filmmaker and the spectator like an organic agency that inherently resides within to manifest itself as criticism, to satirize, and to self-deconstruct in the Derridaian sense the very process of filmmaking. This article examines the self-critiquing nature of Abderrahmane Sissako's La Vie sur terre (Mali, Mauritania and France, 1998), Mahamat-Saleh Haroun's Bye Bye Africa ...
Calcium-Dependent Interactions of Calmodulin with Calcineurin: Evidence for Domain-Reversal in Target Recogition

Cardiac hypertrophy results from stress on cardiomyocytes, which contributes to heart failure. Constitutive activation of calcineurin (CaN), a dimeric Ser/Thr phosphatase, induces hypertrophic responses. Ca2+-CaM is essential for CaN activation; however, the mechanism of activation is not fully understood. Recent reports have raised new questions regarding the stoichiometry of the CaM:CaNp complex, in vitro and in vivo. A recent structure showed CaM forms a novel 2:2 complex with the CaM-binding domain of CaN (CaNp, 2R28.pdb).Hydrodynamic methods were used to determine the stoichiometry of the complex formed between Ca2+-saturated Paramecium CaM1-148 (PCaM) and CaNp. Stokes radius (Rs) and sedimentation coefficient (s) values were consistent with a 1:1 complex. At higher protein concentration, 15N T2 relaxation rates of (Ca2+)4-15N-PCaM1-148 in the presence of CaNp or melittin were compared. Results support a model in which CaM associates with CaN with a 1:1 stoichiometry. Under the same solution conditions, (Ca2+)4-PCaM1-148 has a very high affinity for CaNp (estimated Kd of 1 pM).The response of individual PCaM residues to CaNp binding was studied. 15N-HSQC spectra of 15N-(Ca2+)4-PCaM1-148 showed that the addition of CaNp caused dramatic peak shifts. Backbone assignments for 13C,15N-(Ca2+)4-PCaM1-148 in the presence of CaNp were determined with standard 3D NMR experiments. This showed that residues from both domains of CaM experience conformational changes when bound to CaNp; however, the N-domain was perturbed to a greater extent. This is unusual when compared to all 17 known compact CaM-target structures, where the C-domain of CaM preferentially serves as a target-docking site. Support by AHA & UI CBB Predoctoral Fellowships to SEO, NIH R01 GM57001 to MAS.
The Conflict over Origins: A Discourse Analysis of the Creationism Controversy in American Newspapers

The debate about human origins between creationists and biologists is hardly a new one. In its latest cycle, the dispute concerns the status of Intelligent Design and the teaching of evolutionary theory in public schools. The controversy is primarily political, motivated by deeply held feelings about identity. A discourse analysis using network modeling was applied to newspaper coverage of the controversy from September to December 2005, around the time of the Dover trial (Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District). The present study investigated how newspaper coverage of the trial framed the controversy. Arguments from the creationist viewpoint tended to portray the conflict as a dispute between “Darwinism” and a new theory. Arguments from the science position focused on the consensus regarding current knowledge and science teaching in public schools among professional biologists. Results suggest the elite frame was more common, just as other studies of science journalism have found. No significant differ...
Family Quality of Life: Moving From Measurement to Application

Noting the absence of sound theoretical underpinnings for family quality of life (FQoL) research and work, the authors note that, to guide FQoL practice, research findings must be schematically organized so as to enable practitioners to implement empirical findings effectively. One way to meet this goal is to introduce a theoretical model that clearly displays and describes the relationships among variables that explain FQoL. Thus, the authors propose a theory of FQoL designed to explain how various concepts—systems, performance, individuals, and family units—influence variations in FQoL. In defining each of the concepts, they describe the theory's application within the context of a family vignette, illustrating how professionals might apply theoretical propositions to their practice. In their application, they stress that the application of the FQoL theory they presented is not an end but rather a developmental stage that leads to further refinement of the FQoL theory. The application and development of this theory is a reciprocal process among researchers, practitioners, and families. Further, their FQoL theoretical model can serve to enable practitioners to examine which family, ecological, and programmatic variables are amenable to change to positively impact FQoL. Given this, they assert that FQoL is not a static concept but, instead, ebbs and flows during the course of raising a child with a disability. They call for further collaborative work among workers to continually improve the FQoL theory and to successfully implement it in practice.
Multimodal detection of human interaction events in a nursing home environment

In this paper, we propose a multimodal system for detecting human activity and interaction patterns in a nursing home. Activities of groups of people are firstly treated as interaction patterns between any pair of partners and are then further broken into individual activities and behavior events using a multi-level context hierarchy graph. The graph is implemented using a dynamic Bayesian network to statistically model the multi-level concepts. We have developed a coarse-to-fine prototype system to illustrate the proposed concept. Experimental results have demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approaches. The objective of this research is to automatically create concise and comprehensive reports of activities and behaviors of patients to support physicians and caregivers in a nursing facility.
Application of a 3D volume 19F MR imaging protocol for mapping oxygen tension (pO2) in perfluorocarbons at low field.

A limited flip angle gradient-echo 3D volume acquisition imaging protocol for mapping partial pressure of oxygen (pO 2 ) in perfluorocarbon compounds (PFCs) at low field (0.14 T) is presented. The pO 2 measurement method is based on the paramagnetic effect of dissolved molecular oxygen (O 2 ) which reduces the PFC 19 F T 1 . Specific objectives related to imaging of PFCs through use of the protocol include improved image signal-to-noise characteristics and elimination of 19 F chemical shift artifacts. A parametric Wiener deconvolution filtering algorithm is used for suppression of 19 F chemical shift artifacts. Application of the protocol is illustrated in a series of calculated pO 2 maps of a gas equilibrated, multi-chamber phantom containing perfluorotributylamine (FC-43). The utility of the protocol is demonstrated in vivo through images of a commercially available perfluorocarbon based blood substitute emulsion containing FC-43 sequestered in the liver and spleen of a rat.
Alkyl chain homologs of platelet-activating factor and their effects on the mammalian heart

Platelet-activating factor (PAF; AGEPC) is a potent negative inotropic and coronary-vasoconstricting agent. Minor structural alterations in the PAF molecule are known to greatly affect its biological activity; thus, we have investigated the effects of selected synthetic saturated and unsaturated alkyl chain PAF homologs on the isolated guinea pig heart. The rank order of potency for the negative inotropic effect was C16:0- greater than C18:1- greater than beef-heart AGEPC greater than C15:0- greater than C18:0- greater than C14:0-AGEPC; the rank order for the coronary-vasoconstricting effect was C16:0- approximately C18:1- approximately beef-heart AGEPC greater than C15:0- greater than C18:0- approximately C14:0-AGEPC. With the exception of C16:0- and C18:1-AGEPC, the relative potencies for the cardiac and coronary effects of the alkyl chain AGEPC homologs did not correlate well with their relative potencies in stimulating rabbit platelets and human neutrophils. The differences in the rank order of potency for these AGEPC homologs suggest the presence of species and/or target cell PAF receptor heterogeneity.
The angular distribution of Auger transitions in N2

Abstract The angular distributions of Auger electrons emitted by nitrogen molecules are reported. The distributions are measured relative to the orientation of the internuclear axis of the molecule. The initial inner-shell vacancies are produced by bombardment with 1634 eV electrons. The ensuing Auger transitions are followed promptly by the dissociation of the doubly charged molecular ions. The experiment measures the counting rate for the coincident detection of an N+ fragment and an Auger electron of the appropriate energy. Since rotation times are long compared to dissociation times, the axial recoil approximation holds, and detection of the N+ fragment serves to determine the orientation of the target molecule. The data will be discussed in terms of a two-center model in which prolate spheroidal functions are employed.
The Surface Electronic Structure Of Gaas(100) And GaAs(111) From Angle Resolved Photoemission

Angle resolved photoemission spectra have been measured for the polar (III) and (100) surfaces of GaAs. Strong differences exist in both cases between Ga-rich and As-rich surfaces in the energy region near the valence band maximum. Comparison of the spectra for the As-rich GaAs(111) (2x2) surface with a calculation of the location expected for bulk-derived features shows that the bulk bands appear to be folded back into the (2x2) surface Brillouin zone. No such effect is seen for the GaAs(100) c(4x4) surface.© (1984) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Role of neutrophil purinergic receptors in organ dysfunction

Neutrophils [polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)] express several purinergic receptors, including the nucleotide receptors P2Y2 and P2X7 and the adenosine receptor subtypes A1, A2A and A3. Activation of these receptors modulates PMN function and ultimately, in concert with other cells, affects the host's innate inflammatory response. PMN activities that can be altered by purinergic receptor stimulation include adhesion, aggregation, migration, phagocytosis, microbicidal function, release of tissue-damaging products and apoptosis. Interventions that alter PMN purinergic receptor stimulation are being developed to reduce organ dysfunction in conditions such as sepsis, ischemia–reperfusion injury and the acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Being and Becoming through Being Heard: Listener Effects on Stories and Selves

In this article, we review our own and others’ work on how listeners shape the selves of speakers through narrative processes. We begin with an overview of narrative work on self that illustrates features of narratives that are conceptually and empirically related to selves, including self and identity judgments, story content, story structure, and story performance. We then consider how listeners can shape those aspects of narrative and self throughout the process of narration, from whether people choose to narrate an experience to how they narrate the event. We frame this review in terms of listeners’ attentiveness, agreement, scaffolding, and expertise, since these dimensions are all relevant to the way that listeners influence storytelling. Our own and others’ work in this area provide substantial evidence for the importance of listeners, as well as specificity about the processes by which listeners affect speakers’ selves through narration. Finally, we conclude by considering future directions that w...
4,4‐Difluoro‐1,3,5,7‐tetra­methyl‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene

The structure of the title compound (TM-BODIPY), C13H15BF2N2, which can be used to synthesize mol­ecular probes for labelling DNA and proteins, has been determined using a very small single crystal employing Cu Kα radiation and a two-dimensional multi-wire proportional detector. The mol­ecules stack perpendicular to (90\overline{4}), forming a corrugated sheet-like structure when viewed along (3,0,10).
Year-Class Component, Growth, and Movement of Juvenile Red Drum Stocked Seasonally in a South Carolina Estuary

Abstract Red drum Sciaenops ocellatus have been classified by the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission as overfished in the Atlantic off the southeastern USA. A study was conducted to evaluate stocking hatchery-reared fish as a management tool to increase abundance of red drum in South Carolina estuaries. Multiple groups of juveniles, at mean sizes of 22–56 mm total length, were released after being marked by immersion in 15 g/L salinity brackish water containing oxytetracycline HCl (500 mg/L active). Fish were released into a small (535-ha) part of the available nursery habitat (total = 25,000 ha) in the Port Royal Sound estuary each fall and spring from fall 1995 through spring 1997. During fall 1995 and spring 1996, 347,000 fish were stocked; during fall 1996 and spring 1997, the number was 1,228,000. Movement of hatchery fish from the release site was monitored for at least 2 years after release. Overall, hatchery fish accounted for 19.0% of the 627 fish (age 0 to age 2) captured from the 1995 ...
Learning progressions: Aligning curriculum, instruction, and assessment

Scholarship on learning progressions (LPs) in science has emerged over the past 5 years, with the first comprehensive descriptions of LPs, on the nature of matter and evolution, published as commissioned reports (Catley, Lehrer, & Reiser, 2005; Smith, Wiser, Anderson, & Krajcik, 2006). Several recent policy reports have advocated for the use of LPs as a means of aligning standards, curriculum, and assessment (National Research Council [NRC], 2005, 2007). In some ways, LPs are not a new idea; developmental psychologists have long been examining the development of childrens' ideas over time in several scientific domains. However, the emerging research offers renewed interest, a new perspective, and potentially new applications for this construct. For these reasons, this special issue of the Journal for Research in Science Teaching is timely. Our goal in this introduction is to explain the motivation for developing LPs, propose a consensual definition of LPs, describe the ways in which these constructs are being developed and validated, and finally, discuss some of the unresolved questions regarding this emerging scholarship. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 46: 606–609, 2009
Ultrastructure of the metrial gland cell in the pregnant rat.

The metrial gland cells of the pregnant rat were studied with the electron microscope from day 12 through day 15 of pregnancy. Prominent features of their fine structure included abundant granular endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi complex, and numerous dense granules. These granules were bounded by a single membrane and contained a dense material, smooth vesicles, and membranous whorls. It is suggested that the dense material is aggregated in the mature granules by the coalescence of smaller progranules that are derived from the Golgi apparatus. The nature and fate of these granules is discussed in relation to the possible secretion of relaxin by metrial cells.
Can a decay process explain the timing of conditioned responses

To explain time-scale invariant distributions of response latencies, it appears to be necessary to postulate scalar noise in the remembered intervals, against which the subjective measure of the currently elapsing interval is compared. At least in some cases, the observed variability cannot be due to variability in the subjective intervals written to memory; it must come from noise (variability) in the reading of a memory. The Staddon and Higa proposal offers no explanation for the observed variability, and it is unclear what noise assumption would yield the observed variability, given their assumption that intervals are timed by a nonlinear decay process. The decay process cannot plausibly be represented by the logarithmic function, because it begins and ends at infinity. The assumption of any form of nonlinear timing is inconsistent with the most important result of the time-left experiment, which is that the changeover time increases linearly with the comparison-standard difference.
The reaction of 65Zn with the surfaces of bone and bone mineral

Abstract 1. 1. The uptake of 47 Ca and 65 Zn by bone powder and by inorganic bone was determined in the presence of various carriers. The uptake of 65 Zn by bone powder shaken for 2 h at pH 6 with solutions of the radioisotopes, whether without added carrier or in the presence of 2.5 mM of stable calcium, was about 90%, greatly exceeding the uptake of 47 Ca. The addition of 2.5 mM of zinc carrier, however, decreased the uptake of both 65 Zn and 47 Ca. 2. 2. The uptake of 65 Zn by inorganic bone was even greater than that by bone powder, approaching 100% in 5 min, and made it clear that the mineral part of bone showed a great preference for 65 Zn. 3. 3. Experiments on radioisotope uptake at pH 7.0, in the presence of creatinine to prevent precipitation of the zinc, gave results similar to those obtained at pH 6. 4. 4. The uptake of 65 Zn by bone was reduced by ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, a strong chelating agent, to about 0.3% at pH values from 5 to 9, while the uptake of 65 Zn by inorganic bone was reduced under the same conditions to about 1%. 5. 5. The effect of natural chelating agents in binding serum zinc explains why zinc does not occur in even higher concentrations than are actually found in bones and teeth.
Effects of supportive-expressive group therapy on survival of patients with metastatic breast cancer: A randomized prospective trial

One hundred twenty-five women with confirmed metastatic (n 5 122)or locally recurrent (n 5 3) breast cancer were randomly assigned either to the sup-portive-expressive group therapy condition (n 5 64), where they received educa-tional materials plus weekly supportive-expressive group therapy, or to the controlcondition (n 5 61), where they received only educational materials for a minimumof 1 year. The treatment, 90 minutes once a week, was designed to build new bondsof social support, encourage expression of emotion, deal with fears of dying anddeath, help restructure life priorities, improve communication with family mem-bers and healthcare professionals, and enhance control of pain and anxiety.
Spectroscopic studies of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid oxidase: Molecular mechanism and CO2 activation in the biosynthesis of ethylene

1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase (ACCO) catalyzes the last step in the biosynthesis of the gaseous plant hormone ethylene, which is involved in development, including germination, fruit ripening, and senescence. ACCO is a mononuclear non-heme ferrous enzyme that couples the oxidation of the cosubstrate ascorbate to the oxidation of substrate ACC by dioxygen. In addition to substrate and cosubstrate, ACCO requires the activator CO(2) for continuous turnover. NIR circular dichroism and magnetic circular dichroism spectroscopies have been used to probe the geometric and electronic structure of the ferrous active site in ACCO to obtain molecular-level insight into its catalytic mechanism. Resting ACCO/Fe(II) is coordinatively saturated (six-coordinate). In the presence of CO(2), one ferrous ligand is displaced to yield a five-coordinate site only when both the substrate ACC and cosubstrate ascorbate are bound to the enzyme. The open coordination position allows rapid O(2) activation for the oxidation of both substrates. In the absence of CO(2), ACC binding alone converts the site to five-coordinate, which would react with O(2) in the absence of ascorbate and quickly deactivate the enzyme. These studies show that ACCO employs a general strategy similar to other non-heme iron enzymes in terms of opening iron coordination sites at the appropriate time in the reaction cycle and define the role of CO(2) as stabilizing the six-coordinate ACCO/Fe(II)/ACC complex, thus preventing the uncoupled reaction that inactivates the enzyme.
Accuracy and Exaggeration in Occupational Stereotypes Exemplified with Clinical Psychology

Abstract Little is known about the differences between the perceptions of occupations by occupational deciders and by nondeciders who participate in laboratory research on stereotypes. Several types of inaccuracies exist and their relationships may be complex, e.g., judges who can identify a stereotype's most and least salient features may also exaggerate these features. The present study used the results of previous research on stereotypes to prepare judges to perceive the occupation of clinical psychology accurately. Twenty-five practicing clinical psychologists provided criterion data. Profile accuracy, exaggeration, and elevation bias were evaluated with regression measures of profile similarity. Profile accuracy was unusually high, but the judges overdifferentiated the stereotype: The clinician's most salient interests were overestimated and their least salient interests underestimated. Such exaggerations may result from an effort to rank scales accurately and may facilitate the comparison of similar occupational profiles. In real decision-making stereotypic exaggeration may also index ego-involvement with a specific occupation.
Misanthropy, idealism and attitudes towards animals

AbstractWhen evaluating the ethical status of an action that harms a nonhuman animal (henceforth animal), one might weigh the benefit to humankind against the cost of the harm done to the animal. To the extent that one does not like humans (is misanthropic), one will not be likely to think that benefits to humans can justify doing harm to animals. We hypothesized that misanthropy would be less strongly related to support for animal rights among idealists (who tend not to do cost-benefit analysis) than among nonidealists. College students (n=154) completed a questionnaire which included questions designed to measure their ethical idealism (ten items), misanthropy (five items), and attitudes towards animal rights and animal research (28 items). Respondents were classified as being idealistic if their score on the idealism scale was greater than the median score. The regression lines for predicting attitudes towards animals from misanthropy differed significantly between idealists and nonidealists. Among non...
Petrologic models for the Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Abstract Serpentinites and metabasites (metabasalts and metagabbros) occur in association with unmetamorphosed basalts in transverse fracture zones cutting deeply across the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. The serpentinites appear to have been formed by hydration of upper mantle peridotites. From alternative interpretations of their modes of occurrence, two petrologic models have been formulated for the Ridge. In the first, the anomalous upper mantle with a low seismic velocity beneath the Ridge as well as the main layer of the oceanic crust is considered to be mainly made up of serpentinites accompanied by metabasite masses. The serpentinite-metabasite complexes appear to be covered by a thin layer of basaltic volcanic rocks. In the second, the serpentinites in fracture zones are regarded as being formed by hydration of the peridotites intruded into the zones, and the main part of the crust is assumed to be made up of metabasites, being covered by a thin layer of basaltic volcanic rocks. The anomalous upper mantle is considered to be made up partly of plagioclase peridotite and partly of fractured amphibole peridotite. The second appears to be in better harmony with the existing petrologic and geophysical data than the first.
Tripling crop yields in tropical Africa

Between 1960 and 2000, Asian and Latin American food production tripled, thanks to the use of high-yielding varieties of crops. Africa can follow suit, but only if depletion of soil nutrients is addressed.
Adsorption dynamics and interfacial properties of α-lactalbumin in native and molten globule state conformation at air–water interface

Abstract The effect of conformation of α-lactalbumin on the dynamics of adsorption as well as on the properties of adsorbed layer at air–water interface were investigated. The surface hydrophobicity of molten globule conformation of α-lactalbumin (prepared by lowering pH to 2) was found to increase by 15-fold compared to the protein in its native form (pH 7) with increased flexibility as evidenced by a much smaller hysteresis area of spread surface pressure isotherms. This higher surface hydrophobicity resulted in (i) higher surface activity of α-lactalbumin in its molten globule conformation compared to the native form inspite of a much higher electrical energy barrier due to much higher net charge and (ii) diffusion controlled adsorption for much longer times and surface pressures than the native form. The diffusion coefficient of α-lactalbumin in molten globule state was lower than that for native form (2.22×10−10 m2 s−1 vs 4.65×10−10 m2 s−1) and increased for the former at higher ionic strength. The area per molecule during the dynamics of adsorption was found to be the same at a fixed surface pressure for both the conformations and lower than the corresponding value for fully denatured protein thus indicating that α-lactalbumin does not fully unfold at the interface in both the conformations. Even though α-lactalbumin adsorbed much more in its molten globule conformation, it gave poor interfacial rheological properties compared to the native form. Ionic strength did not influence the relationship between the interfacial elasticity and surface concentration for both the conformations.
Three dimensional viscous analysis of a hypersonic inlet

The flow fields in supersonic/hypersonic inlets are currently being studied at NASA Lewis Research Center using 2- and 3-D full Navier-Stokes and Parabolized Navier-Stokes solvers. These tools have been used to analyze the flow through the McDonnell Douglas Option 2 inlet which has been tested at Calspan in support of the National Aerospace Plane Program. Comparisons between the computational and experimental results are presented. These comparisons lead to better overall understanding of the complex flows present in this class of inlets. The aspects of the flow field emphasized in this work are the 3-D effects, the transition from laminar to turbulent flow, and the strong nonuniformities generated within the inlet.
Dynamic coupling between a human user and haptic virtual environment

In a teaching lab focused on embedded control, students create and interact with virtual environments using a haptic interface. Coupling physical (in particular physiological) environments to virtual environments gives rise to many interesting phenomena, one of which is the appearance of dissipativity in the coupled dynamics, the source of which is difficult to identify. Simple harmonic oscillators without damping exhibit damped behavior and diminished peak amplitudes when students excite them with their best manual approximations of step inputs. Motivated in part by our desire to develop teaching materials, we seek a simple human user model that describes the observed phenomena. We have found that a second order spring-mass-damper model describes the source impedance with which a human user is able to impose a position input on the haptic device, and that this impedance model can be incorporated into a model of the user's neuromotor intent by placing the spring as a series elastic element with a motion source. We use simple models to describe smooth inputs generated by the user's neuromotor system, and these are expressed as displacements of the motion source. We use the same haptic device to conduct system identification experiments using frequency domain techniques to estimate the driving point impedance of the human hand, and have recently incorporated these experiments into lab exercises.
Posaconazole liquid suspension in solid organ transplant recipients previously treated with voriconazole.

Background Posaconazole (PCZ) has become an attractive alternative to voriconazole (VCZ) in transplant recipients with suspected or proven invasive filamentous fungal infections, given fewer drug interactions. Here, we describe our experience with PCZ after VCZ in solid organ transplant (SOT) recipients.
Homogeneously representable interval graphs

Abstract We characterize those interval graphs G with the property that, for every vertex v , there exists an interval representation of G in which the interval representing v is the left-most (or right-most) interval in the representation.
On-wafer spectrofluorometric method for determination of relative quantum yields of photoacid generation in chemically amplified resists.

Chemically amplified resists (CARs) that employ acid catalysts are widely used throughout the semiconductor industry due to the need for high throughput in the lithography process. The quantum yiel...
Vascular oxidative stress upregulates angiotensin II type I receptors via mechanisms involving nuclear factor kappa B

AbstractThe association of oxidative stress with hypertension is well known. However, a causal role of oxidative stress in hypertension is unclear. Vascular angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) upregulation is a prominent contributor to pathogenesis of hypertension. However, the mechanisms causing this upregulation are unknown. Oxidative stress is an important regulator of protein expression via activation of transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB). The present study was carried out to test the hypothesis that oxidative stress contributes to vascular AT1R upregulation via NFκB in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMC) and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). HASMC exposed to oxidative stress exhibited a robust increase in AT1R mRNA in HASMC. Furthermore, oxidative stress failed to upregulate AT1Rs in the presence of either an antioxidant catalase or siRNA against p65 subunit of NFκB. To test the role of oxidative stress and NFκB in hypertension, prehypertensive SHR were treated wi...