cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Tourism management on American Indian lands in the USA

Abstract Indian reservations in the USA hold considerable opportunity for visitors interested in both the cultural and natural resources available. In recent years, gaming has added another dimension to the spectrum of activities available on reservations. A survey of 118 tribes, most of which have some interest or involvement in tourism, found a diversity of ways in which tourism was managed. In part, this diversity reflected the different needs of tribes — ranging from those with a small land and population base to very large reservations. Variations in management style, however, also reflect cultural differences between tribes in the eastern and western USA. Most tribes have a very simple form of administration, although those involved in gaming have the most developed management infrastructure. Examples from several tribes show this diversity. Overall, much more could be done in tribal tourism management, both from a development perspective and a cultural protection orientation.
Alteration of antioxidant enzymes with aging in rat skeletal muscle and liver

Maximal activities of antioxidant enzymes involved in oxygen free radical metabolism in skeletal muscle and liver were investigated in 4-, 26-, and 31-mo-old male Wistar-Furth rat at rest and after a single bout of treadmill exercise. In skeletal muscle, cytosolic (Cu-Zn) and mitochondrial (Mn) superoxide dismutase (SOD) specific activities were significantly higher in the aged rats and at 31 mo reached 135 and 218%, respectively, of those at 4 mo. Resting catalase activity was doubled at 31 mo compared with that at 4 mo. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) activity increased twofold in muscle cytosol and by 47% in mitochondria of aged rats. Glutathione S-transferase (GST), glutathione reductase (GR), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G-6-PDH) activities in muscle were also significantly elevated. Hepatic antioxidant enzymes were altered differentially with aging. Cytosolic SOD and GST activities were decreased, whereas mitochondrial GPX, GR, and G-6-PDH activities were increased. Lipid peroxidation was greater in skeletal muscle homogenate and mitochondria but lower in liver homogenate in the aged rats. An acute exercise bout had little effect on muscle or liver antioxidant enzymes regardless of the animal's age. It is concluded that aging is accompanied with an elevation of antioxidant enzyme activities and lipid peroxidation in skeletal muscle probably due to the increased oxygen free radical production and reaction.
CHARACTERIZATION OF THE OREGON ISOLATE OF NEOSPORA HUGHESI FROM A HORSE

Neospora hughesi was isolated in cell cultures inoculated with homogenate of spinal cord from a horse in Oregon. Tachyzoites of this Oregon isolate of N. hughesi were maintained continuously by cell culture passage and tachyzoites were infective to immunosuppressed mice. Gamma interferon gene knockout (KO) mice injected with tachyzoites developed fatal myocarditis and numerous tachyzoites were seen in lesions. Gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) inoculated with tachyzoites developed antibodies (≥1:500) as indicated by the Neospora caninum agglutination test but did not develop clinical signs, and Neospora organisms were not demonstrable in their tissues. Tissue cysts were not found in gerbils, nude mice, KO mice, immunosuppressed outbred Swiss Webster mice, or BALB/c mice injected with the Oregon isolate of N. hughesi. Ultrastructurally, tachyzoites of the Oregon isolate from the myocardium of infected KO mice and from cell culture were similar to N. caninum tachyzoites. Western blot analysis using NcSAG1 and...
The Modern Parol Evidence Rule and its Implications for New Textualist Statutory Interpretation

Part I of this article focuses on the history of parol evidence in contract interpretation, describing both Williston's and Corbin's definition and application of the parol evidence rule. With the adoption of the UCC and the Second Restatement, we suggest that Corbin's position-that expansion of admissibility of parol evidence will more accurately reflect the drafters' manifest intentions and minimize the judge's personal biases-has been accepted by experts and legislators alike. In Part II, we summarize the use of legislative history in statutory interpretation, focusing on the rise of the New Textualism and its critique of the use of legislative history in statutory interpretation. Our analysis reveals that interpretation based on a judge's view of a text's "ordinary meaning" combined with the use of interpretive canons does not seriously constrain judicial discretion. Part III compares and contrasts the use of parol evidence in contract interpretation with the use of legislative history in statutory interpretation. We identify differences that actually strengthen the argument for extrinsic aids as a means of limiting the effects of judicial bias in statutory interpretation, and differences that do not affect the strong analogy between contract and statutory interpretation; we then conclude with a response to formalist objections to the use of legislative history.
The Effect of Extensional Strains on Molecular Orientation, Polymer Free Volume Distribution and Crystallization

Mechanical properties and morphological attributes of polymeric fibers and films are highly depended on amount of draw induced in them [1]. Morphological characteristics, such as free volume distribution, crystallite size and orientation are nanoscale attributes that determine the mechanical and physical properties of the resulting polymeric material. In particular, stretching enhances the crystallization rate by orders of magnitude. Thus, understanding the changes in nanoscale morphological parameters when a polymer sample is subjected to axial extensional strains is of significant importance in predicting mechanical properties as well as to design polymeric materials for specific applications.
Ambient and induced pressure fluctuations in supersonic jet flows

An experimental investigation of the ambient static pressure fluctuations and induced acoustic fields in supersonic jet flows has been undertaken to identify possible noise sources and the mechanisms involved in the propagation of disturbances within the flows. The axisymmetric cold air jet under investigation exhausted from a 7-in. exit diameter C-D nozzle run in two conditions: one yielding a fully expanded flow and the other an overexpanded flow. The survey of static pressure fluctuations consisted of measurements of the overall levels and spectra of the fluctuations along the centerline of the two flows and the variation in level across various transverse sections. The second aspect of the study involved the development of a procedure for tracing the propagation of externally induced periodic pressure disturbances inside the jet.
Morphology and Physiology of a New Species of Lambertella on Coptis Trifolia

(1963). Morphology and Physiology of a New Species of Lambertella on Coptis Trifolia. Mycologia: Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 595-607.
Cycles of Renewal, Transportable Assets: Aspects of Ancestral Apache Housing

Ancestral Apachean groups in the mountainous American Southwest used huts or wickiups rather than tipis and so their habitation sites tend to defy recognition. The housing types used by these southernmost and westernmost ancestral Apache are much more subtle, variable, and blend into the mountainous terrain, unlike their later conical tipi counterparts in this area and on the Southern Plains. Elsewhere some of the correlates for these types of structure have been discussed but here some of the reasons for this difference are explained from a Southwestern perspective, including factors that relate to distinctions in household size, the focus of household activities, the purposeful nature of constructed space, approach to selection of place, and the nature of movement in versus through a region. Other differences between tipi and wickiup use can be explained by a number of practical factors that relate to terrain, resource availability, climate, and proximity to and nature of interaction with neighboring groups. Comparisons are made between the heart of the mountainous Southwest, the fringe, and the adjacent plains.
Wi-Fi Fingerprint Localization Algorithm Based on Sliding Window Combined with Longest Common Subsequence

To reduce the negative effect in the Wi-Fi fingerprint localization algorithm caused by the fluctuation of the received signal strength( RSS),a Wi-Fi fingerprint localization algorithm based on sliding window combined with the longest common subsequence was proposed.First,the time sequence RSS fingerprints were converted to the sliding window data model to increase the fingerprint characteristic information and improve the matching accuracy.And then,the requesting location data and the longest common subsequence were calculated to get the similarity of sampling points,which could solve the problem caused by the window scaling or the individual sampling point without signal in the sliding window,thereby the localization accuracy and robustness were improved.The results showed that the proposed localization algorithm was superior to the instantaneous fingerprints localization algorithm.
Ultrathin Body InGaAs MOSFETs on III-V-On-Insulator Integrated With Silicon Active Substrate (III-V-OIAS)

Thin-body self-aligned InGaAs MOSFETs are fabricated on a III-V-On-Insulator structure on a silicon active substrate (III-V-OIAS). The p-type Si active substrate acts as a back gate that can modulate the threshold voltage and other electrical characteristics of the device. This paper explores the physics behind this effect through 2-D simulations and comparison with experiments. In the off-state, we find that the application of a positive body-to-source ( $V_{\mathrm{ bs}}$ ) voltage increases the subthreshold swing but reduces drain-induced barrier lowering. The first effect is related to the electron profile and the location of the centroid of electron charge in the channel while the second is closely associated with the modulation of a depletion region in the silicon substrate. In the on-state, the series resistance is observed to improve under positive $V_{\mathrm{ bs}}$ due to the increased accumulation of electrons in the extrinsic portion of the device. In addition, the channel mobility exhibits a two-branch behavior in its dependence on the average vertical electric field in the channel. This is explained by the different interfacial scattering that takes place at the front and back channel surfaces. This paper highlights the tradeoffs involved in attempting to exploit the body bias in the operation of QW-MOSFETs in III-V-On-Insulator with active substrate.
Editorial Commentary: Your Surgical "Tool Box" Just Got a Little Bit Bigger.

There is currently no "gold standard" for the surgical repair of a partial-thickness rotator cuff tear. Ranalletta et al. have made a meaningful contribution to the orthopaedic literature with this study that reports the clinical outcomes of 80 patients who underwent arthroscopic transtendon repair of high-grade, articular-sided partial-thickness rotator cuff tears. At a mean follow-up of 62 months, they noted significant improvement in pain, range of motion, and a number of objective shoulder outcome measures. Perhaps most importantly, 92.5% rated their shoulder as "good" or "excellent." Unfortunately, we cannot definitively state whether or not these repairs actually healed given the lack of postoperative imaging, nor do we know the actual depth of these partial tears that can be difficult to objectively quantify. Despite these shortcomings, arthroscopic surgeons who treat rotator cuff disorders will be able to use this information in treating their patients irrespective of their preferred surgical technique. Future studies are needed to definitively determine which repair method, if any, is better.
The Rodent Model of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy (rNAION)

Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is a focal ischemic lesion of the optic nerve that affects 1/700 individuals throughout their lifetime. NAION results in optic nerve edema, selective loss of the retinal ganglion cell neurons (RGCs) and atrophy of the optic nerve. A rodent model of NAION that expresses most NAION features and sequelae has been developed, which is applicable to both rats and mice. This model utilizes a focal laser application of 532 nm wavelength to illuminate a photoactive dye, Rose Bengal (RB), to cause capillary damage and leakage at the targeted anterior optic nerve (the laminar region). After rNAION induction, there is an early optic nerve ischemia, optic nerve edema, and intraneural inflammation, followed by selective RGC and axonal loss. Since the optic nerve is a CNS white matter tract, the rNAION model is applicable to mechanistic studies of selective white matter ischemia, as well as neuroprotective analyses and short and long-term mechanisms of glial and neuronal response to ischemia.
Optical investigation of radiation induced conductivity changes in STT-RAM cells

Plasmonic defect spectroscopy of STT-RAMs under high energy radiation is proposed here. We show that engineered constellation designs of the STT-RAMs can be used to understand radiation defects by measuring optical reflectivity, diffraction, or absorption.
AMPK improves gut epithelial differentiation and barrier function via regulating Cdx2 expression

Impairment in gut epithelial integrity and barrier function is associated with many diseases. The homeostasis of intestinal barrier is based on a delicate regulation of epithelial proliferation and differentiation. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a master regulator of energy metabolism, and cellular metabolites are intrinsically involved in epigenetic modifications governing cell differentiation. We aimed to evaluate the regulatory role of AMPK on intestinal epithelial development and barrier function. In this study, AMPK activator (AICAR) improved the barrier function of Caco-2 cells as indicated by increased transepithelial electrical resistance and reduced paracellular FITC-dextran permeability; consistently, AICAR enhanced epithelial differentiation and tight junction formation. Transfection of Caco-2 cells with AMPK WT plasmid, which enhances AMPK activity, improved epithelial barrier function and epithelial differentiation, while K45R (AMPK dominant negative mutant) impaired; these changes were correlated with the expression of caudal type homeobox 2 (CDX2), the key transcription factor committing cells to intestinal epithelial lineage. CDX2 deficiency abolished intestinal differentiation promoted by AMPK activation. Mechanistically, AMPK inactivation was associated with polycomb repressive complex 2 regulated enrichment of H3K27me3, the inhibitory histone modification, and lysine-specific histone demethylase-1-mediated reduction of H3K4me3, a permissive histone modification. Those histone modifications provide a mechanistic link between AMPK and CDX2 expression. Consistently, epithelial AMPK knockout in vivo reduced CDX2 expression, impaired intestinal barrier function, integrity and ultrastructure of tight junction, and epithelial cell migration, promoted intestinal proliferation and exaggerated dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. In summary, AMPK enhances intestinal barrier function and epithelial differentiation via promoting CDX2 expression, which is partially mediated by altered histone modifications in the Cdx2 promoter.
Keeping the customers stratified: moving toward genetics-based treatment options in childhood NS

In this issue, Bierzynska et al. report the results of analyzing a cohort of children with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS) of childhood, correlating genetic studies with clinical outcomes. This approach has the potential to advance both our research into the causes and treatments of childhood SRNS and our ability to stratify patients into groups that are likely to be responsive to specific treatments. Here, we discuss some of the strengths and limitations of this report.
Mediated Neo-extractivism and National Development

By examining three case studies of environmental contestation in Latin America, we bring new understanding to how local politics are channeled and defined through mediated mechanisms into national and international arenas. The analysis of mediated content regarding political battles over the control and management of natural resources allows a glimpse into the media’s role in the social construction of environmental news in Latin America, a region that is underexplored in terms of environmental communication
Surface tension sensor meshes for rapid alcohol quantification

A surface tension sensor detects alcohol in solution by determining the transition of a liquid droplet from a non-wetted to a wetted state. Results from testing commercial wines are presented along with the fabrication of electrospun two-layer polymeric sensor arrays, which exhibit controlled wettability.
Recent developments in RFe12-type compounds for permanent magnets

Abstract This article discusses the recently intensified studies on the ThMn 12 -type hard magnetic compounds. Among the important developments were the synthesis of compounds superior to the Nd 2 Fe 14 B in saturation magnetization, the increased interest on Ce-substituted and rare-earth-free compounds and also the emergence of mechanochemistry as a method for manufacturing anisotropic powders with high coercivity. The theoretical studies might have had a greater impact if more attention was paid to the structural stability of these compounds. Little information is available on the fabrication of dense three-dimensional magnets; these efforts must be intensified for a successful implementation of the most advanced RFe 12 -type materials.
Measurement and Correlates of Foster Care Placement Moves.

Abstract Placement stability is a major priority in the foster care system. The measurement of placement stability and the reasons children move are complex issues that warrant considerable attention. In this study, we used a two-year Texas foster care entry cohort to examine the extent to which children experience “progress moves”, such as moving to a sibling placement or to live with a relative, versus non-progress moves, such as moving due to risk of abuse. Our sample consisted of 23,760 children and 66,585 placements statewide. Using two methods of classifying moves as either progress or non-progress, we found, of placements that ended with a move to a new placement, 29–43% ended with a progress move, and 57–71% ended with a non-progress move. Classification of move types was consistent across methods overall, but far less consistent when the pre-move placement was in a shelter or restrictive setting. Additional analyses showed that the prevalence and risk factors for non-progress moves varied across placement setting. Implications for the measurement and improvement of placement stability are discussed.
Functional properties and concept formation

Previous research in Machine Learning suggests that the process of concept formation can be divided into three distinct components. The first of these — aggregation — involves grouping instances of experience into collections. The second component — characterization — involves generating a description of the instances in the aggregate. The final process — utilization — consists of making use of the resulting description. These components are examined in more detail in this paper and the derivation of functional properties of a real—world environment is discussed within this framework.
Current Perspectives on Probiotics in Poultry Preharvest Food Safety

In the United States, consumption of chicken and turkey continues to increase and there has been a shift in the dynamics of poultry production. With these significant changes, effective strategies for intervention are required to maintain the food safety of these products to protect public health. In recent years, there have been growing concerns regarding antibiotic resistance, prohibition of growth promoters, and consumer demand for antibiotic or chemical-free produce. Such factors are critical in identifying potentially safe and alternative strategies in bird production. In this context, considering the use of probiotics in poultry production would be prudent as food safety remains a contemporary issue. Their implementation has great potential in delivering promising results by reducing the intestinal pathogenic load and thereby reducing the subsequent contamination in poultry production. Several mechanisms of action have been proposed including resistance to colonization, competitive exclusion, production of toxic and inhibitory compounds, competition for nutrients and stimulation of the immune system. Probiotics also offer potential host-protective health effects and bird growth benefits by modulating the gut microflora.
Realistic implementation of massive Yang-Mills theory for ρ and a 1 mesons

Local gauge theories are a guiding principle in describing elementary particle interactions. The massive Yang-Mills approach embodies this principle by implementing axial-/vector mesons into the chiral pion Lagrangian, but it has difficulties in describing experimentally measured spectral functions. Here we advance massive Yang-Mills by implementing a dressed $\ensuremath{\rho}$-meson propagator into the self-energy of the ${a}_{1}$ meson while preserving the chiral symmetry of the low-energy strong interaction. This achievement, combined with the concept of a universal high-energy continuum in vector and axial-vector channels, enables us to reconcile the calculated spectral functions with experiment. The thus obtained framework provides a realistic basis for future investigations of the long-standing question of chiral symmetry restoration in the context of dilepton data in heavy-ion collisions.
Internal Motions of Faint PN Halos

We have obtained long-slit echelle observations of faint halos for 10 PNe — NGC 2022, 2438, 6210, 6309, 6543, 6720, 6151, 6826, 6891, and 7662. Only NGC 2022 and 6720 have linesplits indicative of a hollow expanding-shell structure. The others have observed FWHM ranging from 13 to 47 km/s in the [O III]λ5007 line, with an instrumental FWHM of 9– 10 km/s. We have subtracted the instrumental and thermal widths and made geometric corrections to derive the expansion velocities.
Isolated Amylase Deficiency in Children and Its Clinical Implication.

OBJECTIVES Among the 3 lines of pancreatic enzymes, amylase secretion develops last and it is not detected in duodenal aspirates of infants in the first month after birth. The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence and symptoms of isolated amylase deficiency in children. METHODS During a 6-year period, we performed endoscopic pancreatic function tests (ePFT) in 712 children. Isolated amylase deficiency was defined as activity that was below the third percentile of our referenced population with normal lipase and protease activities. RESULTS Seventy-two children between age 0.21 and 15.7 years (boys, n = 35) had isolated amylase deficiency. The highest prevalence of isolated amylase deficiency was found in patients less than 6 months of age (52.9%). From 6 months to 1 year of age, the prevalence was 40%. The prevalence gradually decreased until 18 months. Failure to thrive, poor weight gain, diarrhea, and abdominal bloating were the most frequent indications for ePFT. Eleven children had repeat ePFT after initial diagnosis and 6 had normal enzyme activity, whereas 5 had remained amylase-deficient an average of 1.65 years later. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of selective amylase deficiency was 10.1% in the 712 children who underwent ePFT with the suspicion of malabsorption. Low amylase activity is "physiologic" in infants <6 months of age, however, this study supports that it should be considered in the differential diagnosis in children older than 6 months of age.
Jingju lishi wenxian huibian: Qingdai juan: Xubian 京劇歷史文獻彙編: 清代卷, 續編

These four volumes follow the format of the original set of ten volumes (see volume 30 of this journal for a short research note on them), but present material not included in them and in some case...
A hybrid approach to solve the high-frequency Helmholtz equation with source singularity in smooth heterogeneous media

Abstract We propose a hybrid approach to solve the high-frequency Helmholtz equation with point source terms in smooth heterogeneous media. The method is based on the ray-based finite element method (ray-FEM) [29] , whose original version can not handle the singularity close to point sources accurately. This pitfall is addressed by combining the ray-FEM, which is used to compute the smooth far-field of the solution accurately, with a high-order asymptotic expansion close to the point source, which is used to properly capture the singularity of the solution in the near-field. The method requires a fixed number of grid points per wavelength to accurately represent the wave field with an asymptotic convergence rate of O ( ω − 1 / 2 ) , where ω is the frequency parameter in the Helmholtz equation. In addition, a fast sweeping-type preconditioner is used to solve the resulting linear system. We present numerical examples in 2D to show both accuracy and efficiency of our method as the frequency increases. In particular, we provide numerical evidence of the convergence rate, and we show empirically that the overall complexity is O ( ω 2 ) up to a poly-logarithmic factor.
Synaptic plasticity in an artificial Hebbian network exhibiting continuous, unsupervised, rapid learning

CAL (Context Aware Learning) is an artificial Hebbian network that simulates neurological structure and processes. Hebb's rules for synapse creation and weight update permit CAL to learn rapidly, from few examples, continuously and without supervision. This paper describes recent, neurologically inspired, modifications to the algorithms that lead to faster learning and to greater accuracy of prediction. The importance of plasticity, both structural and in synaptic weights, is illustrated. A mechanism to limit the plasticity of the most relevant synapses leads to minimal forgetting of previously learned sequences.
IFN-α augments natural killer-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of HIV-1-infected autologous CD4+ T cells regardless of major histocompatibility complex class 1 downregulation.

DESIGN We have previously shown that IFN-α stimulation augments direct natural killer (NK) cell lysis of autologous CD4 primary T cells infected with certain HIV-1 isolates based upon major histocompatibility complex class 1 (MHC-1) downregulation capacity. Here, we investigated if antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) could trigger lysis of HIV-1 isolates that were resistant to direct NK lysis and if IFN-α prestimulation of NK cells could further enhance ADCC. METHODS Using broadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against gp120 (VRC01 or PGV04) or plasma from HIV-1-infected patients (ART-suppressed or elite controller) to trigger ADCC, we measured NK cell chromium release cytotoxicity against HIV-1-infected autologous CD4 primary T cells and NK cell CD107a degranulation against gp120-coated CD4 T cells. Total or NK-depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cells were used as effectors in the presence or absence of IFN-α prestimulation. RESULTS Plasma from HIV-1-infected patients and monoclonal antibodies against gp120 could trigger NK-dependent ADCC lysis of viral isolates that were resistant to direct NK cell lysis following IFN-α stimulation. In contrast, viral isolates that exhibited potent MHC-I downregulation capacity could be lysed by NK cells through either IFN-α stimulated direct cytotoxicity or through ADCC. When utilized in combination, IFN-α prestimulation significantly augmented ADCC lysis of HIV-1-infected target cells and increased NK cell CD107a degranulation against gp120-coated ADCC targets (P < 0.05, n = 6). CONCLUSION HIV-1 isolates with lower MHC-I downregulation capacity are resistant to direct lysis following IFN-α stimulation but retain sensitivity to ADCC. IFN-α prestimulation can significantly increase NK-mediated clearance of HIV-1-infected target cells by both ADCC and/or direct cytotoxicity depending on MHC downregulation status.
Dynamic Motions of Molecular Motors in the Actin Cytoskeleton

During intracellular transport, cellular cargos, such as organelles, vesicles, and proteins, are transported within cells. Intracellular transport plays an important role in diverse cellular functions. Molecular motors walking on the cytoskeleton facilitate active intracellular transport, which is more efficient than diffusion-based passive transport. Active transport driven by kinesin and dynein walking on microtubules has been studied well during recent decades. However, mechanisms of active transport occurring in disorganized actin networks via myosin motors remain elusive. To provide physiologically relevant insights, we probed motions of myosin motors in actin networks under various conditions using our well-established computational model that rigorously accounts for the mechanical and dynamical behaviors of the actin cytoskeleton. We demonstrated that myosin motions can be confined due to three different reasons in the absence of F-actin turnover. We verified mechanisms of motor stalling using in vitro reconstituted actomyosin networks. We also found that with F-actin turnover, motors consistently move for a long time without significant confinement. Our study sheds light on the importance of F-actin turnover for effective active transport in the actin cytoskeleton.
Muscle Synergies are Robust across Participants in Upper Limb Rotational Motion

Muscle synergies are defined as the specific co-activation of muscle groups to accomplish function level targets. The hypothesis of muscle synergies helps simplify the motor coordination problem by decreasing the numbers of central nervous system signals. The purpose of this research was to discuss how muscle coordination works across different individuals during the performance of a cyclic movement at specific force levels. We acquired Electromyography (EMG) signals from seven right upper-limb muscles of four participants as they operated the hand-cycle ergometer. Non-negative matrix factorization (NNMF) was used to extract muscle synergies from the EMG signals and compared across the participants at a specific power level. We found that five synergies were shared across participants. Also, the recruitment profile for those synergies appeared to be similar with only slight deviations. Therefore, we conclude that during a constrained rotational motion at constant speed (50 r.p.m) and constant power level (20 watts), the muscle synergies were preserved across participants. The results of this study would be useful in designing assistive devices for rehabilitation purposes.
Did the America Invents Act Change University Technology Transfer

University technology transfer offices (TTOs) are the gatekeepers to groundbreaking innovations sparked in research laboratories around the U.S. With a business model reliant on patenting and licensing out for commercialization, TTOs were positioned for upheaval when the America Invents Act (AIA) transformed U.S. patent law in 2011. Now almost ten years later, this article examines the AIA’s actual effects on this patent-centric industry. It focuses on the five key areas of most interest to TTOs: i) first to file priority; ii) broadening of the universe of prior art; iii) carve-out to the prior commercial use defense; iv) micro-entity fees; and v) post grant proceedings to challenge patent validity. For the most part, TTOs have adapted well to the AIA changes. This is not least because universities have a widespread pro-publication culture that caused TTOs to adopt policies that were already AIA-friendly. But some AIA changes have caused TTOs to rethink certain patent filing strategies and in some cases shift how they work with their university faculty clients. TTOs are also facing other cultural challenges to their licensing model that they must address with creative solutions, some of which may push the boundaries of the traditional TTO mission. This article presents and analyzes the AIA changes. It then discusses their effect on university technology transfer by relaying anecdotes and explanations collected directly from the TTOs through interviews. Beyond reporting about policy shifts, the nuanced and at times surprising explanations also convey the tensions faced by TTOs as they market innovation, including balancing earning revenue for the inventor and the university with a mission to transfer the innovation into the world for impact. The article can therefore serve as a springboard for discussing broader questions, including the AIA’s effect on all industries that are reliant on patent value, and extrapolating generally to reflect on the true impact of the AIA.
Tube-Shunt Bleb Pathophysiology, the Cytokine Story.

Purpose To define tube bleb-pathophysiology, outlining factors that may play a major role in the ultimate success or failure of the bleb. Methods that may be used to advance success of these blebs are discussed. Materials and methods The study describes the importance of tube shunt bleb pathophysiology, including the role of cytokines, relating to bleb failure or success. Methods to influence these outcomes, are outlined. Results Understanding the various parameters involved with the pathophysiology of tube shunt blebs, especially intraocular pressure (IOP), and cytokine content of aqueous. The production of cytokines by tube shunt blebs, and the possible adverse results of this action on a second tube shunt in a different quadrant of the eye. Conclusions Tube shunts are conduits transporting aqueous from within the eye to the subconjunctival space. The ultimate end result is to create a drainage bleb over the tube plate. The formation of the bleb is controlled by multifactorial components, including age of the patient, racial background, presurgical IOP, and thereby aqueous cytokine content, and patient's individual reaction to the presence of a foreign body beneath the conjunctiva. Prolonged IOP within the bleb results in cytokine production by the bleb lining. Occluding the tube of a failed implant can prevent damage to a new implant in a different eye quadrant.
Factor VIII concentrate dosing with lean body mass, ideal body weight and total body weight in overweight and obesity: A randomized, controlled, open-label, 3 × 3 crossover trial

INTRODUCTION Obesity alters the pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of drugs making it difficult to determine the appropriate dose when administering weight-based medications. Alternative descriptors of body weight, such as lean body mass (LBM) and ideal body weight (IBW), are sometimes used in these situations. METHODS We performed a single-centre, randomized, controlled, open-label, 3 × 3 crossover trial to determine whether recombinant factor VIII (rFVIII) dosing based on LBM and IBW achieves a targeted FVIII recovery with better precision than based on total body weight (TBW) in overweight and obese, adult males with haemophilia A. Participants were randomized to 1 of 6 possible FVIII concentrate dosing sequence scenarios (TBW, LBM and IBW). Recombinant FVIII was administered on 3 separate weeks following a washout period of at least 72 hours. RESULTS A total of 19 participants were randomized and completed the study. FVIII recovery was lower at 30 minutes post-rFVIII infusion in LBM vs TBW and IBW vs TBW-based dosing, mean difference -0.38 (95% CI: -0.56, -0.20) and -0.28 (95% CI: -0.47, -0.10) IU/dL per IU/kg, respectively. In LBM vs TBW and IBW vs TBW-based dosing, there was a non-significant increase in the proportion of participants with a targeted FVIII recovery of 2.00 ± 0.20 IU/dl per IU/kg, OR = 1.93 (95% CI: 0.44, 8.55) and OR = 3.65 (0.80, 16.72), respectively. DISCUSSION Based on our study's findings, overweight and obese patients with haemophilia A may benefit from an individualized PK analysis using LBM and IBW to determine the most accurate, and potentially cost-effective, method of achieving targeted FVIII recovery.
Machine-Learning Modeling of Asphalt Crack Treatment Effectiveness

AbstractAlthough many research projects have been completed to investigate asphalt crack treatment/repair effectiveness, all of them reported local investigation results with small sample sizes, in...
The Influence of Barn Design on Dairy Cow Hygiene, Lameness and Udder Health

A system of hygiene scoring is described which charts the distribution of manure over three areas of the body; udder, lower legs, and upper leg and flank. The practical relevance of quantifying hygiene is described in relation to the prevalence of mastitis and lameness. Aspects of freestall and tiestall design which impact hygiene and lying times are reviewed and the link between cow comfort and lameness is explored.
Customized Monte Carlo Tree Search for LLVM/Polly's Composable Loop Optimization Transformations.

Polly is the LLVM project's polyhedral loop nest optimizer. Recently, user-directed loop transformation pragmas were proposed based on LLVM/Clang and Polly. The search space exposed by the transformation pragmas is a tree, wherein each node represents a specific combination of loop transformations that can be applied to the code resulting from the parent node's loop transformations. We have developed a search algorithm based on Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS) to find the best combination of loop transformations. Our algorithm consists of two phases: exploring loop transformations at different depths of the tree to identify promising regions in the tree search space and exploiting those regions by performing a local search. Moreover, a restart mechanism is used to avoid the MCTS getting trapped in a local solution. The best and worst solutions are transferred from the previous phases of the restarts to leverage the search history. We compare our approach with random, greedy, and breadth-first search methods on PolyBench kernels and ECP proxy applications. Experimental results show that our MCTS algorithm finds pragma combinations with a speedup of 2.3x over Polly's heuristic optimizations on average.
Beliefs and Experience of Journaling in Mothers of Adult Children With Substance Use Problems: A Pilot Study.

BACKGROUND The challenges experienced by mothers supporting an adult child with substance use problems suggest intervention is needed to improve such mothers' psychosocial well-being through adaptive coping. AIMS This study examined beliefs about journaling as well as changes in stress, cortisol levels, and mental health after a 6-week intervention by mothers whose adult children had substance use problems. In addition, the study explored coping methods used and the experience of writing among these mothers. METHODS A purposeful sample of 17 mothers completed the pretest and posttest. Participating mothers were asked to make journal entries at least 3 times per week for 6 weeks. RESULTS The mothers used diverse adaptive coping methods to manage stress. In particular, they frequently used religious and meaning-focused coping. The mothers perceived journaling as a highly valuable coping method for daily stress. The findings of paired t tests indicated no statistically significant differences in the stress, mental health variables, and cortisol levels between pretest and posttest. However, participants shared the positive experiences of journaling: emotional well-being, stress management, perspective changes, focus, self-regulation, clarity, and gratitude. CONCLUSION The present finding suggests journaling is a practical means to promoting adaptive coping in mothers with adult children who have substance use problems.
Time‐Efficient Inspiratory Muscle Strength Training Lowers Blood Pressure and Improves Endothelial Function, NO Bioavailability, and Oxidative Stress in Midlife/Older Adults With Above‐Normal Blood Pressure

Background High‐resistance inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) is a novel, time‐efficient physical training modality. Methods and Results We performed a double‐blind, randomized, sham‐contr...
A Digital Television System for Astronomy

Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of a digital television system for astronomy. The digital television system is intended for use at the Cassegrain focus of the Steward Observatory 90 inch telescope on Kitt Peak. In addition to direct viewing, the system may be used with grating and echelle spectrographs now being used with image tubes at the telescope. The detector package itself is located at the telescope. The signal processing circuits are in close proximity, which provide basic system timing, control the television scan, and encode the video signal. The resulting digital information is then transmitted to the telescope control room 50 ft away for data processing. The basic two-dimensional detector is an intensified silicon target (SIT) camera. The system uses a three stage, electrostatically focused image tube, optically coupled to the SIT tube. The data handling electronics that follow the camera are located near the detector at the telescope. The experimental results with this system suggest that the digital television system is an effective photon counting instrument. It is anticipated that it will be used by many astronomers at Steward Observatory in a variety of observing programs, both for direct imagery as well as spectroscopic work.
Changing Hazing Attitudes (and Hopefully Behavior) Among Black 'Greeks'

Hazing has been a persistent issue in collegiate fraternities and sororities, generally, and black Greek-letter organizations (BGLOs) specifically for decades. Interested, BGLO stakeholders have struggled for many years to develop a solution to the problem. In this article we provide two solutions; both stem from the well-researched premise that in order the effectuate a change in human attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors with regard to a concept, augmenting one’s knowledge about that concept is an effective approach. As such, the authors seek to augment BGLO members’ attitudes and beliefs with regard to the notion (1) that hazing is a linear and consistent concept within their organizations and (2) that the stakes associated with hazing are not significant. A change in such attitudes and beliefs may significantly impact BGLO members hazing-related behavior.
“My Penis Is Shrinking and People Can Tell”: A Confusing Case of Apparent Body Dysmorphic Disorder

Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by an intense preoccupation with a slight or imagined defect in physical appearance. Its onset, frequently in adolescence, involves an anxiety that curtails social involvement, derails a developing positive sense of self, and often predisposes those afflicted to chronic mental-health problems. Convinced their condition is genuinely physical, BDD patients seek help from internists, dermatologists, and even plastic surgeons rather than mental-health practitioners. Treatment of any kind has limited success with BDD; the disorder tends to be long term and debilitating. This article presents a case that illustrates the uncertain work of diagnosing and treating the disorder in the hope that the challenges of the case will be educative for others.
Micro-fiscal planning in the regional economy: A general equilibrium approach

Abstract The paper presents a general equilibrium model of the effects of grants-in-aid in a many city regional economy using local property taxation. The effects of aid on land values (the Tiebout process) and household and firm investment behavior are explicitly incorporated into the analysis. Failure to consider these feedbacks of aid on land values and investment lead to prediction errors ranging from 2% to 20% of the new local expenditure levels. Conditions for stability of the adjustment, time lags to adjustment, and the impact of adjustment of optimal (SWF maximizing) policies are discussed.
Reversible and Irreversible Flow‐Induced Phase Transitions in Micellar Solutions

It is well known that rodlike/wormlike micelles can self‐organize under flow to form viscoelastic gel phases. Flow‐induced structure (FIS) formation is typically accompanied by an enhancement in the shear viscosity. While configurational dynamics of and collisions between micelles in flow and electrostatic inter‐micelle interactions are recognized as the key factors that influence such phase transitions, there are no universally applicable criteria for the onset strain rate as function of salt/surfactant concentration. Further, FIS formation is generally considered reversible, i.e., the structure disintegrates quickly upon flow cessation. In this work, first, we examine the effect of salt concentration on the critical strain rate for CTAB/NaSal solutions of rodlike micelles and show that a “self‐similar” phase transition regime, characterized by a constant critical strain, exists. Second, we show that under strong (elongational) flow conditions, the phase transition is irreversible, leading to the formation of permanent nanogels that are stable long after the flow is stopped. Atomic force microscopy shows that the gel phase obtained under strong flow conditions consists of highly aligned micelles.
Furosemide Concentrations in Serum and Urine, and Its Binding by Serum Proteins as Measured Fluorometrically

We describe a modification of the fluorometric method of Haussler and Hajdu [ Arzneim. Forsch. 14, 704 and 709 (1964)] for assay of furosemide in either serum or urine. A 1-ml sample, acidified to pH 2, is extracted with 5 ml of diethyl ether; 4 ml of the ether is back-extracted into 1 ml of phosphate buffer (pH 7.0, 0.1 mol/liter), and finally acidified with 1 ml of dilute HCl (0.6 mol/liter). A procedure for estimating blanks in urine was derived to correct for dilution caused by diuresis. Internal standards are used, and the "effective" extraction ratio is used to correct for the effects of quenching and extraction differences. In equilibrium, 93% of the drug is bound to serum proteins; 65% is tightly bound. Erythrocytes contain less than 5% of the drug. Quantum yield of fluorescence at pH 1 is 0.0496 for furosemide and is 0.0163 for 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid. Furosemide fluorescence diminishes with increasing pH, while that of 4-chloro-5-sulfamoylanthranilic acid (a degradation product) increases.
Adaptation frameworks used by US decision-makers: a literature review

Many government officials and organizations have begun to consider climate resilience efforts to prepare and plan for, absorb, recover from, or more successfully adapt to actual or potential adverse events. Unfortunately, decision-makers have not yet developed a standardized approach. Since choosing a framework often requires significant time and resources, obtaining a better understanding of how often, and in what context, frameworks are currently used will likely save time for future decision-makers. In this literature review, we seek to determine whether certain commonly referenced frameworks (“triple value,” “triple bottom line,” “pressure state response (PSR),” “vulnerability,” and “risk”) are implemented more frequently than others, and if so, assess which attributes contribute to framework implementation. We obtained 212 relevant documents from one climate adaptation database, the Georgetown Climate Center’s Adaptation Clearinghouse. We then implemented a simplified text classifier and employed statistical analysis to identify the use and frequency of key terms linked to specific frameworks. We found that four of the five frameworks (“triple bottom line,” “risk,” “vulnerability,” and “PSR”) appear in at least 7 % of the documents, suggesting that they are commonly used by decision-makers. On the other hand, the “triple value” framework does not appear to be frequently implemented by practitioners. Date of publication, discussion of social/cultural/financial sectors, discussion of the environmental sector, discussion of the infrastructure sector, discussion of human health/safety impacts, and discussion of ecosystem/biological impacts are all statistically significant factors in determining the implementation of the above frameworks. While current practices do not necessarily translate into future practices, the understanding of current practices as described in this study may help inform this future resilience framework.