cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Measuring efficiency of physician practices using data envelopment analysis.

Purpose Medical-group practices are becoming increasingly common-place, with more than a third of licensed physicians in the United States currently working in this mode. While previous studies have focused on physician practices, little attention has been focused specifically on the contribution of internal organizational factors to overall physician practice efficiency. This paper develops a model to help determine best practices of efficient physician offices while allowing for choices between inputs. Measuring how efficient practices provide services yields useful information to help improve performance of less efficient practices. Design Data for this study were obtained from the 1999 Medical Group Management Association (MGMA) Cost Report. In this study, 115 primary care physician practices are analyzed. Outputs are defined as gross charges; inputs include square footage and medical, technical, and administrative support personnel. Methodology Data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used in this study to develop a model of practice outputs and inputs to help identify the most efficient medical groups. DEA is a linear programming technique that converts multiple input and output measures to a single comprehensive measure of efficiency. These practices are used as a reference set for comparisons with less efficient ones. Conclusion The overall results indicate that size of physician practice does not increase efficiency. There does not appear to be extensive substitution among inputs. Compared to other practices, efficient practices seem to manage each input well.
Ambient-Pressure X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Characterization of Radiation-Induced Chemistries of Organotin Clusters

Advances in extreme ultraviolet (EUV) photolithography require the development of next-generation resists that allow high-volume nanomanufacturing with a single nanometer patterning resolution. Organotin-based photoresists have demonstrated nanopatterning with high resolution, high sensitivity, and low-line edge roughness. However, very little is known regarding the detailed reaction mechanisms that lead to radiation-induced solubility transitions. In this study, we investigate the interaction of soft X-ray radiation with organotin clusters to better understand radiation-induced chemistries associated with EUV lithography. Butyltin Keggin clusters (β-NaSn13) were used as a model organotin photoresist, and characterization was performed using ambient-pressure X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The changes in relative atomic concentrations and associated chemical states in β-NaSn13 resists were evaluated after exposure to radiation for a range of ambient conditions and photon energies. A significant reductio...
The Tri-phasic Role of Hydrogen Peroxide in Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial cells

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) plays an important role physiologically as the second messenger and pathologically as an inducer of oxidative stress in injury, ischemia and other conditions. However, it is unclear how H2O2 influences various cellular functions in health and disease differentially, particularly in the blood-brain barrier (BBB). We hypothesized that the change in cellular concentrations of H2O2 is a major contributor in regulation of angiogenesis, barrier integrity/permeability and cell death/apoptosis in BBB endothelial cells. Rat brain microvascular endothelial cells were exposed to various concentrations of H2O2 (1 nM to 25 mM). BBB tight junction protein (zonula ocludens-1; ZO-1) localization and expression, cytoskeletal organization, monolayer permeability, angiogenesis, cell viability and apoptosis were evaluated. H2O2 at low concentrations (0.001 μM to 1 μM) increased endothelial cell tube formation indicating enhanced angiogenesis. H2O2 at 100 μM and above induced monolayer hyperpermeability significantly (p < 0.05). H2O2 at 10 mM and above decreased cell viability and induced apoptosis (p < 0.05). There was a decrease of ZO-1 tight junction localization with 100 μm H2O2, but had no effect on protein expression. Cytoskeletal disorganizations were observed starting at 1 μm. In conclusion H2O2 influences angiogenesis, permeability, and cell death/apoptosis in a tri-phasic and concentration-dependent manner in microvascular endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier.
Material characteristics of binder jet 3D printed hydrated CSA cement with the addition of fine aggregates

Abstract Recent advances in additive manufacturing technologies for cementitious construction have mainly focused on low resolution fused deposition methods, herein the authors aim to advance high resolution binder jet printing methods. The inherent challenge of additive binder jet cement-based printing is to achieve adequate mechanical strengths and maintain geometry without the agitation and casting of conventional fabrication. The authors utilize a commercially available binder jet printer to fabricate sample specimens that are used to assess material and geometric properties. A novel water-based binder formulation, compatible with concrete chemistry and piezoelectric jetting, is developed. This study examines a dry cementitious mix comprised of round grain fine aggregates and calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement. The printed samples have a density of 1474–1501 kg/m3, 28-day compressive strengths of 5.94–6.70 MPa, and flexural strengths of 1.76–2.39 MPa. The results indicate that binder jet printed CSA cement with the addition of fine aggregates possess the strength and the resolution to produce high detail objects with rapid production capability and compatibility in applications with conventional construction materials.
Ultrastructure of the Photoreceptors of the Bovine Retina

The bovine retina is the tissue studied in greatest detail by the vision biochemist but from the standpoint of gross morphology and ultrastructure it has been neglected. From the present observations of the bovine retina, it appears that this visual tissue is similar in some respects to the primate retina (1,2,7) but unique in many respects. In addition, the possible existence of cone photoreceptor structures in the cattle retina has been considered but never investigated in any detail. We have therefore undertaken to study the ultra structure of the bovine retina by electron microscopy.
Limits of Equivalence: Thinking Gay Male Subjectivity Outside Feminist Theory

I’d like to begin by citing one of the great feminists of our time, Brittany Spears, who hypnotically rouses us to “give them a freak show.” My own attraction to this invitation, and no doubt I’m not alone in this, lies precisely in the desire for an encounter with the extra-ordinary. Judith Butler even gives such a desire for the “outside” normative value when she situates critique, and critical imagination, in relation to such encounters with the exceptional, the strange, the freakish. While this may seem a strange horizon against which to begin an exposition on the limits of equivalency confronted by efforts to theorize gay male subjectivity through feminist discourses, my goal is to, from the outset, open the space to problematize this project. In other words, if the problem is a dissolution of the force of feminist “descriptive” and “prescriptive” or normative discourses when taken up by gay men, how does Brittany’s ventriloquial repetition expose the potential futility of a certain response to this dissolution, or this limit of equivalence?
Synthesis of mayolene-16 and mayolene-18: larval defensive lipids from the European cabbage butterfly

A tandem Wittig approach has been employed for the synthesis of both (11S,9Z,12Z,15Z)- and (11R,9Z,12Z,15Z)-hydroxyoctadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid (11-hydroxylinolenic acid, 11-HLA) from (R)-glyceraldehyde acetonide. From (11R)-HLA we have prepared the corresponding palmitic acid and stearic acid esters, mayolene-16 (1) and mayolene-18 (2), insect defensive compounds recently identified from Pieris rapae larvae. In addition, we describe the synthesis of three macrocyclic oligomers (24-26) derived from (11R)-HLA.
Improved outcomes in neonates who require venoarterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after the Norwood procedure.

Background:Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation after the Norwood procedure has historically been associated with poor outcomes, with reported hospital survival rates of 13%–48%. We hypothesized tha...
Gamma-ray spectrum variations for surface measurements of uranium hexafluoride cylinders

Abstract This work aims to characterize features that contribute to the spectral variations that appear in gamma-ray spectra of filled uranium hexafluoride (UF6) cylinders. While the enrichment of the UF6 in a cylinder can greatly affect gamma-ray spectra at peaks such as the 185.7 keV peak and be used to verify enrichment, many other characteristics of a filled UF6 cylinder can affect the spectra. These characteristics vary on a per-cylinder basis and can include: the time between when a cylinder was filled and when it was measured; the previous fill history of a cylinder; how the cylinder was most recently filled; the UF6 geometric distribution within the cylinder; and the measurement location along the cylinder. This work explores spectral variations seen in measurement data and uses validated simulation models to find trends in these uncertainties. These trends are analyzed to observe how each parameter can contribute to the overall uncertainty of UF6 spectral measurements.
Large Momentum Transfer Clock Atom Interferometry on the 689 nm Intercombination Line of Strontium.

We report the first realization of large momentum transfer (LMT) clock atom interferometry. Using single-photon interactions on the strontium ${^{1}S}_{0}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{^{3}P}_{1}$ transition, we demonstrate Mach-Zehnder interferometers with state-of-the-art momentum separation of up to $141\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\hbar}k$ and gradiometers of up to $81\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\hbar}k$. Moreover, we circumvent excited state decay limitations and extend the gradiometer duration to 50 times the excited state lifetime. Because of the broad velocity acceptance of the interferometry pulses, all experiments are performed with laser-cooled atoms at a temperature of $3\text{ }\text{ }\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{K}$. This work has applications in high-precision inertial sensing and paves the way for LMT-enhanced clock atom interferometry on even narrower transitions, a key ingredient in proposals for gravitational wave detection and dark matter searches.
Correction to: Antineutrino Detectors Remain Impractical for Nuclear Explosion Monitoring

In the original article the exponent in the following sentence has been corrected incorrectly. It should be read.
Chapter 17 – Kidney Function

Publisher Summary In mammals, the kidneys function as a major excretory organ for elimination of metabolic wastes from the body. In most species, death occurs within a week after total cessation of renal function. Partial loss of renal function results in variable deviations from normal, depending on the quantity of functional tissue remaining. The term “azotemia” refers to accumulation of nitrogenous wastes in the blood. Blood concentrations of creatinine and urea are measured as indices of azotemia, although neither imparts significant toxicity because of its accumulation. Animals with moderate to severe azotemia may have a constellation of clinical signs, including lethargy, anorexia, mucosal ulcers, vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss, anemia, and altered urine output. These signs are referred to as renal failure, uremia, or uremic syndrome, and reflect the development of abnormalities in a multitude of tissues secondary to subnormal renal functions. The role of the kidneys in maintaining life is a composite of several functions. Water and many electrolytes are conserved by the kidneys in times of negative body balance and are excreted in times of positive balance. The evolutionary development of the kidney has clinical relevance. In renal failure, one must deal not only with problems of inadequate excretion because of decreased glomerular filtration but also with problems of excess losses arising from alterations in function of the tubular system reclaiming filtrate.
Management of the Clinical and Academic Mission in an Urban Otolaryngology Department During the COVID-19 Global Crisis.

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to assess the strategic changes implemented in the departmental mission to continue safe delivery of otolaryngology care and to support the broader institut...
Cognitive and Linguistic Contributions to Masked Speech Recognition in Children

Purpose The goal of this study was to examine the effects of cognitive and linguistic skills on masked speech recognition for children with normal hearing in three different masking conditions: (a) speech-shaped noise (SSN), (b) amplitude-modulated SSN (AMSSN), and (c) two-talker speech (TTS). We hypothesized that children with better working memory and language skills would have better masked speech recognition than peers with poorer skills in these areas. Selective attention was predicted to affect performance in the TTS masker due to increased cognitive demands from informational masking. Method A group of 60 children in two age groups (5- to 6-year-olds and 9- to 10-year-olds) with normal hearing completed sentence recognition in SSN, AMSSN, and TTS masker conditions. Speech recognition thresholds for 50% correct were measured. Children also completed standardized measures of language, memory, and executive function. Results Children's speech recognition was poorer in the TTS relative to the SSN and AMSSN maskers. Older children had lower speech recognition thresholds than younger children for all masker conditions. Greater language abilities were associated with better sentence recognition for the younger children in all masker conditions, but there was no effect of language for older children. Better working memory and selective attention skills were associated with better masked sentence recognition for both age groups, but only in the TTS masker condition. Conclusions The decreasing influence of vocabulary on masked speech recognition for older children supports the idea that this relationship depends on an interaction between the language level of the stimuli and the listener's vocabulary. Increased cognitive demands associated with perceptually isolating the target talker and two competing masker talkers with a TTS masker may result in the recruitment of working memory and selective attention skills, effects that were not observed in SSN or AMSSN maskers. Future research should evaluate these effects across a broader range of stimuli or with children who have hearing loss.
A Dynamical System Perspective for Escaping Sharp Local Minima in Equality Constrained Optimization Problems

This paper provides a dynamical system perspective on the escape of sharp local minima in constrained optimization problems. The dynamical system view models a perturbed projected first-order optimization algorithm and translates the problem of escaping local minima in constrained optimization problems to that of escaping regions of attraction of the corresponding dynamical system. We develop the notion of biased perturbation and show that it gives a quantitative view of the notion of small regions of attraction that can be escaped. As a counterpart, we explain why the dynamics is stable in a wide region of attraction around a strongly stable equilibrium. Numerical examples are provided to illustrate the usefulness of the developed concepts.
cytoNet: Network Analysis of Cell Communities

We introduce cytoNet, a method to characterize multicellular topology from microscopy images. Accessible through a web-based interface, cytoNet quantifies the spatial relationships in cell communities using principles of graph theory, and evaluates the effect of cell-cell interactions on individual cell phenotypes. We demonstrate cytoNet’s capabilities in two applications relevant to regenerative medicine: quantifying the morphological response of endothelial cells to neurotrophic factors present in the brain after injury, and characterizing cell cycle dynamics of differentiating neural progenitor cells. The framework introduced here can be used to study complex cell communities in a quantitative manner, leading to a deeper understanding of environmental effects on cellular behavior.
Lead uptake into calcified and keratinized compartments of horns from a convenience sample of lead-dosed goats.

Hair and/or nail analyses are sometimes used in biomonitoring studies due to the convenience of sample collection, storage, and transport, as well as the potential to assess past exposures to toxic...
The utility of transcutaneous carbon dioxide measurements in the emergency department: A prospective cohort study

Background Rapid identification of patients with occult injury and illness in the emergency department can be difficult. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide (TCO2) and oxygen (TO2) measurements may be non-invasive surrogate markers for the identification of such patients. Objectives To determine if TCO2 or TO2 are useful adjuncts for identifying severe illness and the correlation between TCO2, lactate, and end tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2). Methods Prospective TCO2 and TO2 measurements at a tertiary level 1 trauma center were obtained using a transcutaneous sensor on 300 adult patients. Severe illness was defined as death, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, bilevel positive airway pressure, vasopressor use, or length of stay >2 days. TCO2 and TO2 were compared to illness severity using t tests and correlation coefficients. Results Mean TO2 did not differ between severe illness (58.9, 95% CI 54.9-62.9) and non-severe illness (58.0, 95% CI 54.7-61.1). Mean TCO2 was similar between severe (34.6, 95% CI 33-36.2) vs non-severe illness (35.9, 95% CI 34.7-37.1). TCO2 was 28.7 (95% CI 24.0-33.4) for ICU vs. 35.9 (95% CI 34.9-36.9) for non-ICU patients. The mean TCO2 in those with lactate > 2.0 was 29.8 (95% CI 25.8-33.8) compared with 35.7 (95% CI 34.9-36.9) for lactate < 2.0. TCO2 was not correlated with ETCO2 (r = 0.32, 95% CI 0.22-0.42). Conclusion TCO2 could be a useful adjunct for identifying significant injury and illness and patient outcomes in an emergency department (ED) population. TO2 did not predict severe illness. TCO2 and ETCO2 are only moderately correlated, indicating that they are not equivalent and may be useful under different circumstances.
Law and the Open Internet

I. INTRODUCTION II. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS DOES NOT PROVIDE POLICY GUIDANCE A. Is Vertical Foreclosure the Right Lens for Network Openness? B. Is Foreclosure a Reasonable Concern? 1. The Single Monopoly Rent Theorem, Vertical Integration Stories, and Broadband C. Does Characterizing Broadband Service Provision as a Two-Sided Market Further the Analysis? 1. Does Two-Sided Market Analysis Apply to Broadband Service Provision? D. Does Anyone Know Anything About Dynamic Efficiency? III. NETWORKS DISCRIMINATE, AND NETWORK ENGINEERING GIVES POLICY MEANS NOT ENDS A. Selecting Where and What to Build B. Configuring to Discriminate 1. "Best Effort" 2. "Quality of Service" C. Selective and "Fair" Interconnection IV. AN EMPIRICAL, NONTHEORETICAL LAW OF THE OPEN INTERNET A. BitTorrent-Comcast Controversy B. Cogent-Sprint Disconnection C. Madison River V. A JURISDICTIONAL POSTSCRIPT VI. CONCLUSION I. INTRODUCTION The FCC has recently issued a new set of Internet access regulations and policies: the Open Internet Proceeding Report and Order) This order culminates over a decade of intense policy debate on whether any rules, and, if so, which rules will work best to structure the Internet's component markets. Advocates of regulation frame it as an effort to preserve "net neutrality." (2) They fear dominant broadband providers, such as ATT Comcast might block or degrade online video downloads from Netflix, a competitor in cable television services; or any of them might accept money from Google to degrade Yahoo's traffic. The FCC Open Internet Order employs the normative principle of "reasonable discrimination" as the legal standard for Internet regulation, (8) following the FCC's analysis in the NPRM. (9) Applying this principle to how the network transmits packets of data, some phrase the rule as requiring that "like content" gets "like treatment" without discriminating based on the type of application or discriminating by the identity of the sender or receiver. The Open Internet Order applies this principle to broadband access providers. (11) This Article first shows that this regulatory approach and the attendant scholarly debate are fatally narrow. With their noses buried in the last mile, commentators and regulators do not account for the full range of tactics available to a network when it wants to discriminate. Internet networks--beginning with those networks adjacent to the last mile---enable alternate modes of control over user traffic. Beyond merely discriminating among packets of data upon entry into the last mile (the exclusive concern of the FCC proposals), a broadband provider can also discriminate among interconnecting networks. Comcast or Verizon could thereby "outsource" the discrimination deeper into the network by the terms and conditions under which it interconnects with these other networks. …
Banks and Inner Cities: Market and Regulatory Obstacles to Development Lending

Why are poor inner cities underserved by financial institutions, and why is it so difficult to find a solution to this problem? Explanations of the lending shortfall problem range between theories based on discrimination to the view that the lending market is working flawlessly. Drawing largely on the economic development literature, I elaborate an alternative explanation here. The asymmetric information theory I offer yields the prediction that urban minority communities will be underserved by financial institutions even in the absence of discriminatory intent. I claim that the existing framework of banking regulation is in part responsible for the difficulty in finding a solution to the lending shortfall problem. The existing regulatory framework makes it difficult for large scale development-oriented lending institutions to emerge. This is a result of the conflict between fair lending and safety regulation. Relatively small development-oriented banks are constrained by their own prudence or by safety regulators to diversify their loan portfolios, limiting the amount of lending geared toward community development. However, fair lending regulators, specifically Community Reinvestment Act examiners, give banks poor evaluations on the basis of a conservative lending policy. Banks that are forced to choose between satisfying the safety and the fair lending requirements will choose the former, since a failure to satisfy safety demands can lead to harsh disciplinary action by regulators. An ideal regime would encourage development-oriented banks to expand and adopt a safety regulation scheme that gives banks greater freedom to lend in poor communities. This implies both that the CRA should be modified so that it no longer prevents the expansion of small development-oriented banks that have followed a conservative lending policy and that deposit insurance should be privatized. In spite of the potential benefits from these changes, they are unlikely to be observed in the near future, because the existing regime represents a political equilibrium supported by dominant interest group coalitions. Lending pressure groups, regulators, virtually all local politicians, and some national politicians generally benefit from the existing enforcement regime for the CRA. More surprisingly, large banks enjoy some benefits and probably benefit overall from the existing CRA enforcement regime.
Signature of a topological phase transition in the Josephson supercurrent through a topological insulator

Topological insulators (TIs) hold great promise for topological quantum computation in solid-state systems. Recently, several groups reported experimental data suggesting that signatures of Majorana modes have been observed in topological insulator Josephson junctions (TIJJs). A prerequisite for the exploration of Majorana physics is to obtain a good understanding of the properties of low-energy Andreev bound states (ABSs) in a material with a topologically nontrivial band structure. Here, we present experimental data and a theoretical analysis demonstrating that the band-structure inversion close to the surface of a TI has observable consequences for supercurrent transport in TIJJs prepared on surface-doped ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ thin films. Electrostatic carrier depletion of the film surface leads to an abrupt drop in the critical current of such devices. The effect can be understood as a relocation of low-energy ABSs from a region deeper in the bulk of the material to the more strongly disordered surface, which is driven by the topology of the effective band structure in the presence of surface dopants.
Impact of communication medium and computer support on group perceptions and performance: a comparison of face-to-face and dispersed meetings*

Economic, social, and political institutions worldwide are relying increasingly on communication technology to perform a variety of functions: holding electronic town meetings where hundreds of people in numerous cities participate simultaneously; forging strategic links with business partners, thereby forming "virtual corporations" that can be instantly disbanded; redefining the conventional notion of a college campus by offering classes via interactive media to non-traditional students; and enabling consumers with personal digital assistants to remain connected with their children and families at all times. In this environment, where geographic and temporal boundaries are shrinking rapidly, electronic meeting systems (EMS) are playing an important role. This study examines the impact of teams on using EMS in dispersed and face-to-face settings. The results suggest that EMS can be effective in augmenting traditional audio-conferencing by strengthening the medium and allowing additional communication use to be exchanged among participants. They also indicate that EMS can improve decision-making performance, given proper task-technology fit and adequate facilitation. As businesses expand globally, such systems will provide instant communication capabilities and help coordinate dispersed decision-making activities.
Life-Cycle Fertility and Human Capital Accumulation ∗

This paper develops and implements a semiparametric estimator for investigating, with panel data, the importance of human capital accumulation, non-separable preferences of females and child care costs on females life-cycle fertility and labor supply behaviors. It presents a model in which the agents’expectations are correlated with their future choices and provides a set of conditions under which statistical inferences are possible from a short panel. Under the assumption that observed allocations are Pareto optimal or that the utility function is quasi linear, a dynamic model of female labor supply, labor force participation and fertility decisions is estimated. In that model,
Coarse graining and control theory model reduction

We explain a method, inspired by control theory model reduction and interpolation theory, that rigorously establishes the types of coarse graining that are appropriate for systems with quadratic, generalized Hamiltonians. For such systems, general conditions are given that establish when local coarse grainings should be valid. Interestingly, our analysis provides a reduction method that is valid regardless of whether or not the system is isotropic. We provide the linear harmonic chain as a prototypical example. Additionally, these reduction techniques are based on the dynamic response of the system, and hence are also applicable to nonequilibrium systems.
The pituitary-adrenal response to stress in the iron-deficient rat.

This study was designed to determine the ACTH-corticosterone response to two types of stress in relation to the daily rhythm of food and water intake in the iron-deficient rat. Rats were fed diets containing 2, 10 or 50 mg iron/kg diet between weaning at 21 days and the stress experiments at 38 or 42 days of age. The two iron-deficient diets (2 and 10 mg iron/kg) resulted in mean hemoglobin concentrations of about 6.0 and 8.5 g/dl, respectively, in contrast to about 12.5 g/dl in the control group receiving 50 mg iron/kg diet. Food and water consumption followed the normal nocturnal pattern, irrespective of iron intake. ACTH and corticosterone showed the normal baseline peaks at the 2000 hour lights-out point in all groups. Responses to handling and placement into another cage were similar in most respects but suggested an inappropriately low corticosterone response despite high ACTH values only at the 2000 hour point. However, there was no evidence of similar differences in response to the more potent stress of an i.p. injection of histamine 1 mg/100 g body weight. In contrast to the reports of more clear-cut effects of iron deficiency on norepinephrine, the changes in ACTH and corticosterone response to stress seem relatively modest.
Fourth generation b' decays into b+Higgs boson

If a fourth generation quark exists whose mass is below 255 GeV, then the only two-body charged current decay, ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}c+W,$ is doubly Cabibbo suppressed. For this reason, CDF has searched for the one-loop neutral current decay ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+Z,$ assuming that the branching ratio into $b+Z$ is 100%; an analysis giving the bounds on ${m}_{{b}^{\ensuremath{'}}}$ for smaller branching ratios is in preparation. In this Brief Report, we examine the neutral current decay ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+H,$ which will occur if the Higgs boson mass is less than ${m}_{{b}^{\ensuremath{'}}}\ensuremath{-}{m}_{b}.$ Four different cases are examined: the sequential case, the non-chiral isosinglet case, the non-chiral isodoublet case, and a two-Higgs-doublet model with flavor-changing neutral currents. In the first three of these, the rates for ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+Z$ and ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+H$ are comparable, assuming comparable phase space factors; in the fourth, ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+H$ is completely dominant. Thus, we emphasize the importance of giving ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass bounds as a function of the branching ratio into $b+Z,$ since the assumption of a 100% branching ratio for ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}b+Z$ may only be valid if the Higgs boson mass is near or above the ${b}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ mass.
Simultaneous classification and community detection on heterogeneous network data

Previous studies on network mining have focused primarily on learning a single task (such as classification or community detection) on a given network. This paper considers the problem of multi-task learning on heterogeneous network data. Specifically, we present a novel framework that enables one to perform classification on one network and community detection in another related network. Multi-task learning is accomplished by introducing a joint objective function that must be optimized to ensure the classes in one network are consistent with the link structure, nodal attributes, as well as the communities detected in another network. We provide both theoretical and empirical analysis of the framework. We also show that the framework can be extended to incorporate prior information about the correspondences between the clusters and classes in different networks. Experiments performed on both real-world and synthetic data sets demonstrate the effectiveness of the joint framework compared to applying classification and community detection algorithms on each network separately.
Cross allergenicity among grasses determined by tissue threshold changes.

Abstract Twenty-seven volunteers with grass-pollen allergy who had not received prior immunotherapy had titrated prick tests with fivefold dilutions of 10 grasses (timothy, Bermuda, smooth brome, grama, salt, quack, western wheat, Johnson, June, and Bahia) to a final dilution of 1:3,906,250 wv. Ten subjects served as untreated control subjects. Seventeen subjects received immunotherapy with an extract containing equal parts of timothy and Bermuda. Twelve months later subjects had repeat titrated skin testing with reconstituted aliquots of the same lyophilized extract, at the same time of day, and at the same location on the back as in the initial testing period. Nine treated subjects and eight control subjects completed the study protocol. The skin test areas with all 10 grass extracts were significantly decreased in the treated group compared to the control group ( p
Actinides and Life's Origins.

There are growing indications that life began in a radioactive beach environment. A geologic framework for the origin or support of life in a Hadean heavy mineral placer beach has been developed, based on the unique chemical properties of the lower-electronic actinides, which act as nuclear fissile and fertile fuels, radiolytic energy sources, oligomer catalysts, and coordinating ions (along with mineralogically associated lanthanides) for prototypical prebiotic homonuclear and dinuclear metalloenzymes. A four-factor nuclear reactor model was constructed to estimate how much uranium would have been required to initiate a sustainable fission reaction within a placer beach sand 4.3 billion years ago. It was calculated that about 1–8 weight percent of the sand would have to have been uraninite, depending on the weight percent, uranium enrichment, and quantity of neutron poisons present within the remaining placer minerals. Radiolysis experiments were conducted with various solvents with the use of uranium- a...
New advances in thermal plasma research.

Recent measurements obtained of the cold or thermal plasma of the earth's magnetosphere, which is believed to originate in the ionosphere, are reviewed. Consideration is given to the results of ATS 6 measurements which indicated unexpectedly high plasma temperatures and varied pitch-angle distributions, and the data from the low-energy plasma experiments on board GEOS 1 and 2 and ISEE 1, which were intended to clarify the ATS 6 results. These later measurements of ion composition, plasma energy and plasma distribution are noted to have confirmed earlier data and discovered new plasma components (D(+) or He(+2)), an intermixing of cold ionospheric plasma and hot magnetospheric plasma, the ordering of the plasma by the magnetic field rather than the ram direction in the outer magnetosphere, and wave phenomena. Questions remaining concerning the temperature and composition distributions of the plasmasphere and plasma trough, the relative densities of the cold and warmer components of the magnetosphere, plasma energization mechanisms, and the relative mix of the various plasma distributions are indicated.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Very Bulky Phenols Ar*OH and Ar′OH (Ar* = C6H3‐2,6‐Trip2, Trip = C6H2‐2,4,6‐iPr3; Ar′ = C6H3‐2,6‐Dipp2, Dipp = C6H3‐2,6‐iPr2) and Their Lithium and Sodium Derivatives (LiOAr′)2 and (NaOAr*)2

The very bulky phenols Ar*OH (1) and Ar′OH (2), where Ar* = C6H3-2,6-Trip2 (Trip = C6H2-2,4,6-iPr3) and Ar′ = C6H3-2,6-Dipp2 (Dipp = C6H3-2,6-iPr2), as well as their lithium and sodium derivatives (LiOAr*)2 (3), (LiOAr′)2 (4) and (NaOAr*)2 (5) have been synthesized and characterized. The terphenols 1 and 2 were obtained by the reaction of the aryllithium reagents with nitrobenzene and were isolated in ca. 70% yield. The lithium or sodium salts 3−5 were isolated by the reaction of 1 or 2 with nBuLi or sodium metal. All compounds were characterized spectroscopically, and by X-ray crystallography in the case of 1, 2, 4 and 5. The large terphenyl substituents prevent hydrogen-bonded association of the phenols 1 and 2. Instead, the O−H hydrogens interact with the π-electron cloud on one of the flanking Trip or Dipp rings. The dimeric structures of 4 and 5 are relatively rare examples of structurally characterized alkali metal phenoxides that are unsolvated by internal electron pair donors or classical Lewis bases such as ethers or amines. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2003)
International Grading Scheme for Acute Cellular Rejection in Small-Bowel Transplantation: Single-Center Experience

A standardized grading scheme for the assessment of acute cellular rejection (ACR) in small-intestine transplantation was proposed in 2003 at the Eighth International Small Intestinal Transplantation Symposium. We have implemented the current grading scheme for ACR in small-bowel transplantation since October 2003. The pathologic diagnoses of those small-intestine biopsy samples, including ACR grade and other supplementary findings were evaluated. A total of 3484 small intestine biopsy samples from 155 patients were available for evaluation in this study. Frequency of grades 0, indeterminate, 1, 2, and 3 acute cellular rejection was 33.9%, 49.1%, 12.6%, 3.7%, and 0.8%, respectively. Duration of ACR episode strongly correlated with grade of ACR episode (P < .001). Other supplementary findings included acute vascular rejection component, 2.2%; increase in lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate in lamina propria, 15.7%; mucosal fibrosis, 0.4%; and regenerative changes, 0.3%. Our data substantiate that this grading system is reliable and useful for clinical decision making in bowel transplantation. We suggest that an assessment and quantification of supplementary findings be considered a component of the International Pathology Grading Scheme.
Steroidal control of sexual behavior in the rough-skinned newt (Taricha granulosa): effects of testosterone, estradiol, and dihydrotestosterone.

Adult, sexually mature, male rough-skinned newts (Taricha granulosa) obtained from a wild population were castrated and received Silastic capsules containing testosterone (T), estradiol (E), or 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT). The newts received three capsules of T, either one or three capsules of E or DHT, or combined treatments with these two steroids. When tested for sexual responsiveness after 32 and 34 days of steroid treatment, no group differed from the castrated controls (C). After 74 and 75 days of treatment, more T-implanted than C newts were sexually responsive, but the newts treated with E, DHT, or these two steroids in combination did not differ behaviorally from the C group. The diameter of the vas deferens was greater in the T- and DHT-treated males than in the C males, indicating that the implants adequately replaced testicular androgens. Together with other studies on this and other species, these results confirm the participation of testosterone in the regulation of sexual behaviors in male amphibians. Furthermore, these results indicate that in this amphibian, the behavioral effects of T are mediated directly by this steroid, not indirectly by enzymatic conversion to DHT or E.
Bäcklund transformation, local and non-local conservation laws for super-chiral fields

Abstract New non-local conservation laws, parametric Backlund transformation and local conservation laws are constructed for super-chiral fields in general, using similar methods for ordinary chiral fields. We thus have a unified view of these field theories.
Attention, impulsivity, and cognitive flexibility in adult male rats exposed to ethanol binge during adolescence as measured in the five-choice serial reaction time task: the effects of task and ethanol challenges

Rationale Alcohol abuse is prevalent in adolescent humans, but the long-term behavioral consequences of binge alcohol drinking are unknown.
Folk Retributivism And The Communication Confound

Retributivist accounts of punishment maintain that it is right to punish wrongdoers, even if the punishment has no future benefits. Research in experimental economics indicates that people are willing to pay to punish defectors. A complementary line of work in social psychology suggests that people think that it is right to punish wrongdoers. This work suggests that people are retributivists about punishment. However, all of the extant work contains an important potential confound. The target of the punishment is expected to be aware of the punitive act. Thus, it's possible that people punish because they want to communicate something to the wrongdoer, e.g. disapproval, the presence of a norm, etc. In three studies, we examine whether people will punish even when the punishee will be ignorant. We find that people are no less likely to punish when the punishee will be ignorant. This finding emerges both in a survey study and in a monetized behavioural decision study.
Interaction of relativistic helium projectile fragments in nuclear emulsions

Estimates of the mean free path of relativistic $^{6}\mathrm{He}$ in nuclear emulsion strongly suggest that it is much shorter than the $^{3}\mathrm{He}$ or $^{4}\mathrm{He}$ mean free path. A discussion is given of the important implications of this difference for the interpretation of recent data on secondary helium fragments produced in interactions of relativistic primary beams.
Geometric phase gate with a quantized driving field

ABSTRACT We have studied the performance of a geometric phase gate with a quantized driving eld numerically, anddeveloped an analytical approximation that yields some preliminary insight on the way the qubit becomesentangled with the driving eld.Keywords: Quantum computation, adiabatic quantum gates, geometric quantum gates 1. INTRODUCTION It was rst suggested by Zanardi and Rasetti, 1 that the Berry phase (non-abelian holonomy) 24 might in principleprovide a novel way for implementing universal quantum computation. They showed that by encoding quantuminformation in one of the eigenspaces of a degenerate Hamiltonian H one can in principle achieve the fullquantum computational power by using holonomies only. It was then thought that since Berrys phase is apurely geometrical eect, it is resilient to certain errors and may provide a possibility for performing intrinsicallyfault-tolerant quantum gate operations. In a paper by Ekert et.al, 5 a detailed theory behind the implementationof geometric computation was developed and an implementation of a conditional phase gate in NMR was shownby Jones et.al.
Norms, Heresthetics, and the End of the Cold War

The academic debate about the end of the Cold War has reached an impasse. Realists draw on evidence of economic decline and external pressure to explain the Soviet Union's retrenchment. Constructivists emphasize ideational change and Mikhail Gorbachev's “new thinking” as the source of accommodation. Neither approach sufficiently accounts for the fact that many powerful Soviet institutions did not support Gorbachev's approach from early on, well before his decisions contributed to the disintegration of the country. Even so, Gorbachev persuaded influential people who disagreed with him to accept his policy proposals. William Riker's concept of heresthetics—the use of language to manipulate the political agenda—goes a long way toward explaining Gorbachev's success. Heresthetics could be a way to bridge the gap between realist and constructivist approaches to international relations.
Imaging of Intermittency in Ripple-Wave Turbulence

The dynamics of a fluid surface filled with high-amplitude ripples were studied with a technique (diffusing light photography) that resolves the height at all locations instantaneously. Even when nonlinearities are strong enough to generate a (Kolmogorov) cascade from long wavelength (where energy is input) to shorter wavelength, the resulting turbulent state contains large coherent spatial structures. The appearance of these structures in a thermal equilibrium state (with the same average energy) would be highly improbable.
Dorsal Raphe Nucleus Modulates Sensory Evoked Responses in Caudate and Septum

The dorsal raphe nucleus (DR) was examined for its possible modulatory effects on sensory input to the caudate nucleus (CN) and lateral septum (Spt) in freely behaving rats. Three types of DR stimulation were tested for their effects on sensory evoked responses: (1) a single pulse of electrical stimulation of the DR prior to each sensory stimulus, (2) a 5-20 min burst of 20 Hz stimulation of the DR prior to sensory stimulation, and (3) a combination of the single pulse and the 5-20 min burst (20 Hz) stimulation of the DR prior to the sensory stimulation. Each of the three forms of DR stimulation caused a decrease in the amplitudes of the sensory-evoked responses recorded from the CN and Spt. Combination of DR stimulation caused stronger (summation) attenuation of the sensory responses. Thus, DR was shown to affect sensory input recorded in CN and Spt.
A new soil test for simultaneous extraction of macro‐ and micro‐nutrients in alkaline soils

Abstract A new soil test was developed for simultaneous extraction of NO3, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn from alkaline soils. The new extraction solution is 1 M in ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HCO3), 0.005 M in Diethylene Triamine Pentaacetic Acid (DTPA) and has a pH of 7.6. The new extracting solution should be stored under mineral oil. Ten grams of soil are weighed out into 125 ml Erlenmeyer flasks. Two 2.5 ml scoops of Fisher G carbon black (to remove color for colorimetric determination of nitrates) are added to each soil, followed by 20 ml extracting solution. The soil mixture is then shaken on an Eberbach reciprocal shaker for 15 minutes at 180 cycles per minute. The extract is then filtered through a Whatman 42 filter paper or its equivalent for NO3, P, K, Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn determinations. The results obtained with the new procedure are highly correlated with results obtained with Olsen's P test, ammonium acetate K test, and Lindsay and Norvell's DTPA‐Zn, Fe, Cu and Mn test. Regression equations between the ...
Path Integral Simulation of Charge Transfer Dynamics in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers

We present accurate path integral simulations of the primary charge separation in bacterial photosynthesis. The process is modeled in terms of the three coupled electronic states corresponding to the photoexcited special pair (the electron donor), the reduced accessory bacteriochlorophyll (the bridge), and the reduced bacteriopheophytin (the primary electron acceptor) of the L branch which interact with a dissipative medium of protein and solvent degrees of freedom. The electronic state populations are followed over 17 ps via an iterative procedure that employs a propagator functional [Comput. Phys. Commun. 1997, 99, 335]. In a previous article [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996, 93, 3926] the free energy of the reduced accessory bacteriochlorophyll state and its coupling to the excited special pair were estimated by comparing the simulation results against available experimental observations on wild-type and modified reaction centers. The determined optimal parameters correspond to a simple two-step ele...
Signaling and priming communication: Independent roles in the reproductive isolation of spatially-separated populations of rodents

This research concerned the relative potential for signaling and priming incompatibilities to promote reproductive isolation in rodents. Signaling is defined here as involving behavioral responses, while priming involves endocrine responses. Compatibility of both types of communications was tested between two widely separated and markedly diverging populations of deermice, and between equally separated but much less divergent populations of house mice. Signaling compatibility was assessed by comparing the amount of aggression toward young females by adult males when the two sexes were of the same vs the different stock of the same species. Priming compatibility was tested by measuring the relative amounts of uterine growth induced in young females by exposure to adult males.
Bountiful Surface Waves with Sculptured Thin Films

Electromagnetic surface waves travel along a bimedium interface. Periodic nonhomogeneity in at least one of the partnering mediums engenders dramatic changes. This talk will focus on multiple surface plasmon polariton waves, Dyakonov waves, and Dyakonov-Tamm waves when a sculptured thin film is a partnering medium. Article not available.