cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Top-Heavy IMFs in Starburst Galaxies

Evidence for abnormal IMFs in some starburst galaxies is reviewed. Recent determinations of the near-infrared extinction in M82 weaken, or at least complicate, the suggestion that a large lower mass limit m l is required to account for the 2µm luminosity. Weak Balmer absorption lines in several interacting and blue compact starburst galaxies may indicate a large lower mass limit, but a definite conclusion must await comparison with galaxy evolution models which include the pre-main sequence phase of stellar evolution. Three additional approaches to the problem are considered: 1. Comparison of stellar mass produced in starbursts with dynamical masses; 2. Comparison of models with observed ratios of ultraviolet absorption line equivalent widths; 3. Comparison of models with observed nebular emission line ratios. These three methods all point to an excess of massive stars in a significant fraction (~10–50 percent) of starburst galaxies if the upper mass limit is not significantly larger than about 80–100 M⊙. Difficulties involved in testing for very large upper mass limits are outlined. It is also emphasized that the majority of starburst galaxies do not seem to require a top-heavy IMF, so models postulating a feedback between the star formation rate and the IMF must be taken with reservation. The dependence of the yield of metals on ml suggests that ml cannot be much larger than about 1M⊙ in blue compact dwarfs if the chemical mixing is confined to HII regions.
SMART/sup Wheeler/, a clinical workstation interface for the analysis of wheelchair propulsion

Presents an important step in the progression of the development of a clinical work-station for the real time analysis of wheelchair propulsion. The design described is a PC interface for the analysis and simultaneous display of kinematic data and the net joint forces and moments in the sagittal plane at the wrist, elbow, and shoulder of a wheelchair user during the propulsion stroke. Implementation of this analysis system in software serves as a vital step in integrating real-time data acquisition from a wheelchair work-station into clinically useful information. Additionally, an efficient and effective method for analyzing and evaluating upper extremity kinematic and kinetic data during wheelchair propulsion is presented. >
Fine-needle aspirations of pancreatic serous cystadenomas: improving diagnostic yield with cell blocks and α-inhibin immunohistochemistry.

BACKGROUND The diagnosis of serous cystadenoma (SCA), a rare benign pancreatic neoplasm, can alter the management of patients with pancreatic masses. Although characteristic imaging findings and fluid chemical analysis have been described, SCAs are not always recognized preoperatively. Furthermore, scant cellular yield on fine-needle aspiration (FNA) often leads to a nondiagnostic or nonspecific benign diagnosis. α-Inhibin (AI), a sensitive marker for SCA, is infrequently required for diagnosis in surgical specimens due to their characteristic histologic appearance. The objective of the current study was to determine whether AI staining can improve SCA diagnosis on FNA specimens. METHODS Fifteen confirmed cases of SCA with prior FNA specimens were selected for this study. FNAs were evaluated for cellularity, cellular arrangement, and cytomorphology. Resection specimens were reviewed. RESULTS Of the 15 FNA cases, approximately 75% demonstrated scant cellularity (11 of 15 cases). On smears, the cells were arranged as flat sheets, corresponding to strips of cells on cell block sections. The cells were small and round to cuboidal, with clear cytoplasm; occasional plasmacytoid cells and oncocytic cells were identified. Flattened cells, corresponding to attenuated epithelial cells lining macrocysts on the resections, were also noted. Stromal fragments were present in 5 FNAs and correlated with the hyalinized stroma in the resection specimens. AI immunostaining was positive in 88% of cases (7 of 8 of cases), thereby supporting the diagnosis of SCA. CONCLUSIONS The results of the current study indicate that low cellularity and bland cytology are inherent to SCAs. Performing cell blocks and AI staining on FNA specimens is useful for establishing the diagnosis of SCA. An immunohistochemical panel including AI, chromogranin, and synaptophysin may enhance the diagnostic accuracy of pancreatic FNA specimens. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2014;122:33–39. © 2013 American Cancer Society.
Distributed Faulty Sensor Detection in Sensor Networks

In wireless sensor networks, faulty sensors may produce incorrect data and transmit the data to other sensors. They may cause inappropriate data fusion. Furthermore, they would consume the limited energy and bandwidth of sensor networks. In this paper, we propose a distributed faulty sensor detection scheme, in which we assume that the sensor fault probability or reliability is unknown and data to be sensed has Gaussian distribution with unknown parameters. In the proposed method, each sensor obtains a global convergency data through data fusion and makes a local 3-level decision by hypothesis testing against the global convergency data. A final decision about the sensor is then obtained by fusing the decisions of its neighbors. The detection is carried out in a distributed fashion as each sensor only communicates with its neighbors in the entire process. Experiment results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm is able to achieve higher detection accuracy than existing methods even without the knowledge of sensor reliability and parameters of data distribution.
Density, Viscosity, Speed of Sound, and Electrolytic Conductivity for the Ionic Liquid 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and Its Mixtures with Water†

Thermophysical properties were measured at ambient pressure for a high-purity sample of the ionic liquid 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide, [C6mim][Tf2N], and its mixtures with water. Density was measured with two vibrating tube densimeters in the temperature range (258.15 to 373.15) K. Dynamic viscosity was determined with a rotational coaxial cylinder measuring system over the temperature range (258.15 to 373.15) K, and kinematic viscosity was measured at (293.15 and 298.15) K with an Ubbelohde capillary viscometer. Speed of sound was measured in a pulse-echo cell over the temperature range (283.15 to 343.15) K. Electrolytic (ionic) conductivity was determined by use of the AC impedance bridge technique over the temperature range (288.15 to 323.15) K. For all of these measurements, special care was taken to control the concentration of water in the sample. The viscosity and electrolytic conductivity of ([C6mim][Tf2N] + H2O) depend strongly on the concentration of water. By Ka...
The time course of xylem differentiation and its relation to deoxyribonucleic Acid synthesis in cultured coleus stem segments.

The relationship between DNA synthesis and wound xylem differentiation was investigated in cultured stem segments of Coleus blumei. The addition of 50 micrograms of indoleacetic acid per liter to the culture medium resulted in a 400 to 500% increase in the number of wound vessel members formed in 7 days. However, the time course of wound vessel member formation was similar in segments cultured in the presence and absence of auxin. In either case, no wound vessel members appeared before the 3rd day of culture, while the majority of wound vessel members appeared on the 4th and 5th days of culture. 3H-Thymidine incorporation into DNA was used to measure changes in the DNA synthetic activity of the tissues during the culture period. Comparatively little 3H-thymidine incorporation occurred during the 1st day of culture. Maximum 3H-thymidine incorporation was observed on the 2nd day of culture, 2 days before the peak period of xylem differentiation. The rate of incorporation of 3H-thymidine into DNA decreased with increasing time in culture after the 2nd day. Auxin at 50 micrograms per liter had no effect on the time course of 3H-thymidine incorporation, although somewhat more 3H-thymidine was incorporated into DNA throughout the culture period in the presence of auxin. The magnitude of this effect was small when compared to the effect of auxin on xylem differentiation. The antimetabolite 5-fluorodeoxyuridine was shown to block DNA synthesis in the cultured stem segments. When the tissues were isolated on media containing 10−6m 5-fluorodeoxyuridine, wound vessel member differentiation was inhibited by approximately 80%, in both the presence and absence of auxin. Thymidine at 10−5m completely overcame the 5-fluorodeoxyuridine inhibition of wound vessel member formation. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine was effective in blocking xylogenesis only when this substance was supplied to the tissues during the early part of the culture period. 5-Fluorodeoxyuridine had no effect on xylem differentiation when it was applied after the 3rd day of culture.
Monte Carlo simulations of the Oort comet cloud

Abstract The evolution of the Oort comet cloud between 10,000 and 40,000 AU is simulated using Monte Carlo techniques. In total, over 40 million comets are evolved for a period of 250 million years and 1.5 million comets for 4.5 billion years. Perturbations from both the Galactic tidal field and passing stars are included. The loss cone is filled for semimajor axes ⪆30,000 AU , so that comets at greater distances do not contribute to showers. Over the age of the Solar System the comet cloud beyond ∼20,000 AU loses about half its members. If comets are distributed in density as r −3.5 beyond r = 3000 AU, then the background flux of new comets within 2 AU of the Sun should be ∼0.2 comets/year for a cloud of 10 11 comets beyond 3000 AU, with 2% of the time spent in showers, events where the comet flux is more than five times the background rate. Furthermore, the energy distribution of new comets outside of showers should be strongly peaked at 1/ a = 35 × 10 −6 AU −1 .
Hypertext: An Emerging and Important Medium of Business and Technical Communication.

Hypertext, an electronic communication medium in which information is structured and accessed according to the audience's needs and interests, is increasingly used in business and technical communication. That use may justify curricula expansion in the development of the ability to communicate in hypertext from specialty courses to a variety of business and technical courses, including the foundation course. This article provides a concise overview of hypertext for instructors who may be considering this expansion but who need to become more familiar with the medium. The basic information that is provided includes the definition, uses, and advantages of hypertext. In addition, the terminology, theoretical bases, and essential structure of hypertext are discussed. Of particular concern to business and technical communication instructors who may be considering adding hypertext to their courses are the problems that the medium presents. Discussion includes considerations of linguistic design, computer capabi...
STUDIES ON THE IMMUNE RESPONSE OF THE RHEUMATIC SUBJECT AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO ACTIVITY OF THE RHEUMATIC PROCESS : III. OBSERVATIONS ON THE REACTIONS OF A RHEUMATIC GROUP TO AN EPIDEMIC INFECTION WITH HEMOLYTIC STREPTOCOCCUS OF A SINGLE TYPE.

This study of an isolated colony showed that of seven children who escaped the epidemic streptococcus infection none developed rheumatic symptoms; and that of seventeen children who contracted the epidemic streptococcus infection, fourteen developed acute rheumatism and three showed no recognizable rheumatic manifestations. The seven children who failed to contract infection with Streptococcus hemolyticus showed clearly that susceptible individuals may live in dose association with an epidemic of acute rheumatism, develop no rise in antistreptolysin titer and maintain excellent health. The patient with congenital heart disease demonstrated that a non-rheumatic subject may be infected with a highly effective strain of hemolytic streptococcus, and develop a typical antibody response, yet escape all rheumatic manifestations. The two patients who, although infected with the epidemic strain, failed to show any antibody response, also failed to develop rheumatic recrudescences. Environmental, dietary, age and the other factors investigated did not appear to be significant in this outbreak of acute rheumatism. Three factors appeared to determine the development of the fourteen recrudescences: (1) infection with a highly effective agent; (2) the disease pattern, peculiar to each rheumatic subject; (3) the intensity of the immune response of the patient as indicated by the rise in antistreptolysin titer.
Free radicals and new end groups resulting from chain scission: 2. Mechanical degradation of polyethylene

Abstract The number of chain scissions accompanying mechanical degradation of polyethylene has been estimated from i.r. analysis of new end group concentrations. Polyethylene specimens fractured in tensile deformation and ground under liquid nitrogen were examined. The results are compared to the number of free radicals generated during mechanical degradation and measured by e.s.r. In comparison with previous results in the literature our results are lower by 1–2 orders of magnitude and in better agreement with estimates of the number of chain scissions from viscosity measurements. An ultra high molecular weight polyethylene was examined as a control specimen containing few end groups. The change in the number of vinyl groups resulting from grinding of this specimen were estimated to be at least an order of magnitude lower than that found for lower molecular weight polyethylenes. This finding suggests that large errors may be introduced into the determination of concentrations of end groups through subtraction of relatively intense absorption bands.
Inverse Reaction Chromatography. 1. Computer Simulation of Hydrogen/Deuterium Exchange on Oxide Surfaces

This Article concerns the mathematical model of reaction chromatography. It considers a chromatographic column whose stationary phase, e.g., an oxide, contains OH groups on its surface. The mobile ...
Nitrogen and phosphorus recycling in Lake Sammamish, a temperate mesotrophic lake

This paper presents nitrogen and phosphorus budgets for spring and summer for the trophogenic (0–9 m) and tropholytic (9–27 m) zones of Lake Sammamish. The objective of constructing the budgets is to evaluate the efficiency of nutrient recycling and increase knowledge of the overall nutrient dynamics.
Synthesis, characterization, and conductivity measurements of hybrid membranes containing a mono-lacunary heteropolyacid for PEM fuel cell applications

Abstract Hybrid inorganic/organic membranes using a lacunary heteropolyacid proton conductor, H 8 SiW 11 O 39 , in stable polymer matrices based on polyethylene glycol were prepared by a sol–gel method. NMR and IR measurements indicate that this improved sol–gel membrane contains robust covalent bonds between the proton conductor and polymer backbone. However, the polymer in these model systems is not expected to be oxidatively stable. Diffusion coefficients measured for this material, 1.2 × 10 −6 cm 2 s −1 , are of the same order of magnitude as for to that of Nafion ® whilst ion exchange capacities, 2–2.5 meq g −1 , are twice that of Nafion ® 117. The temperature dependence of the conductivity increases exponentially with temperature. However, fuel cell performance of this material is poor when compared to a Nafion ® 117 membrane electrode assembly (MEA). One possible explanation is that there is a lack of organization of the proton conducting elements in the hybrid material. In addition, ex situ membrane conductivity measurements compared to in situ MEA polarization measurements reveal large interfacial resistances in the hybrid membrane MEAs. Further, it appears that these membranes, as currently formulated, require quite stringent humidification requirements for maximum performance.
Characterization of bacterial spore germination using integrated phase contrast microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical tweezers.

We present a methodology that combines external phase contrast microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical tweezers to monitor a variety of changes during the germination of single Bacillus cereus spores in both nutrient (l-alanine) and non-nutrient (Ca-dipicolinic acid (DPA)) germinants with a temporal resolution of ∼2 s. Phase contrast microscopy assesses changes in refractility of individual spores during germination, while Raman spectroscopy gives information on changes in spore-specific molecules. The results obtained include (1) the brightness of the phase contrast image of an individual dormant spore is proportional to the level of CaDPA in that spore; (2) the end of the first Stage of germination, revealed as the end of the rapid drop in spore refractility by phase contrast microscopy, precisely corresponds to the completion of the release of CaDPA as revealed by Raman spectroscopy; and (3) the correspondence between the rapid drop in spore refractility and complete CaDPA release was observed not ...
Relationships between daytime carbon dioxide uptake and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation for three different mountain/plains ecosystems

[1] Mean midday values of eddy covariance CO2 flux and absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR), derived from solar irradiance and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), were measured from May to September 1999 with an aircraft at 60–90 m above ground level over three different ecosystems dominated by native plant species in southeastern Wyoming (mixed conifer forest, mixed short-grass prairie, and sagebrush shrubland). The midday net CO2 uptake at each site followed seasonal trends, with summer values occurring later over the forest than over the other sites. At the landscape scale, linear relationships were observed between CO2 uptake and APAR for the grassland and shrubland, with increasing APAR leading to increasing CO2 uptake. Over the forest, however, the CO2 uptake was only weakly related to APAR, but an additional linear relationship with infrared surface temperature (TIR) implied that respiration may have been more important than APAR in determining net CO2 uptake by the forest. The regression slope for net CO2 uptake versus APAR for the grassland data agreed with those from other observations.
16,000-RPM Interior Permanent Magnet Reluctance Machine with Brushless Field Excitation

This paper introduces a high speed brushless field excitation (BFE) machine that offers high torque per ampere (A) per core length at low speed and weakened flux at high speed. Lower core losses at high speeds, are attained by reducing the field excitation. Safety and reliability are increased by weakening the field when a winding short-circuit fault occurs. For a high-speed motor the bridges that link the rotor punching segments together must be thickened for mechanical integrity; BFE can ensure sufficient rotor flux when needed. Projected efficiency map including losses of the excitation coils confirms the advantage of this technology.
Risk factors which predict persistent cancer in the abnormal larynx following definitive irradiation

Laryngeal abnormalities following definitive irradiation for carcinoma of the larynx are common. The objective of this study was to identify risk factors for persistent cancer in such patients who were found to have abnormal larynges following definitive irradiation. A retrospective evaluation of 185 consecutive patients undergoing primary irradiation for a glottic or supraglottic laryngeal squamous carcinoma treated between 1976 and 1990 at the Affiliated Hospitals of the Medical College of Wisconsin was performed. From chart review, data concerning site, stage, intent of treatment, smoking history, treatment dose, fraction size, failure patterns, and outcome were obtained. In addition, worrisome signs and symptoms including ulceration, dysphasia, odynophagia, airway distress, aphonia, blood, pain, oedema, aspiration, and pneumonia were recorded. Univariate association with failure and a persistently abnormal laryngeal examination was assessed using the Mantel-Haenszel test. The odds ratio was used to estimate relative risk associated with dichotomous risk factors. Disease-free and overall survival were estimated using Kaplan-Meier methodology. The log rank test was used to compare survival as defined by the levels of various risk factors. Two-year disease-free survival was 83% (T1 = 93%, T2 = 72%, T3/T4 = 66%). Primary failure was associated with the presence of an abnormal examination (P = 0.001), tracheotomy (P = 0.001), symptom index (P = 0.002), aphonia (P = 0.003), advanced T stage (P = 0.03), and lower total dose (P = 0.03). Of 151 patients who survived 6 months disease-free with an intact larynx, an abnormal examination was seen in those with advanced T stage (P = 0.002), supraglottic primary (P = 0.003), symptom index (P = 0.008), eventual failure at the primary site (P = 0.008), continued smoking (P = 0.01), and higher total dose (P = 0.01). The symptom index (total signs and symptoms of airway distress, aphonia, ulceration, pain, oedema, dysphagia, blood production, aspiration, pneumonia, and odynophagia) was correlated with primary failure and continued smoking. Of 37 patients with continually normal examinations, only 1 (3%) failed at the primary site. Of 102 who survived 6 months but with an abnormal examination, 22 (22%) eventually developed a primary failure. Persistently abnormal larynges are common after radiation therapy, yet not all harbour cancer. Risk factors for persistent cancer include stage, airway, total dose, and symptom index. Patients whose larynges return to normal after radiation rarely fail at the primary site.
Update on Epidermal Nevi and Associated Syndromes

There are several different types of epidermal nevi, including keratinocyte epidermal nevi, nevus sebaceous, nevus comedonicus, and Becker nevus. This article highlights the varied clinical and histologic features of epidermal nevi, discusses recent data on pathogenesis, and provides an update on treatment options. Syndromes associated with epidermal nevi also are described.
The family investment model: A formalization and review of evidence from across immigrant groups

In what has become known as the Family Investment Model, several scholars have hypothesized that financing investment in host-country skills by immigrant husbands is a factor affecting the labor force decisions and human capital investment of immigrant married women. This paper reviews empirical evidence from one stream of research on the family investment model. I also formalize the family investment hypothesis and incorporate it into a traditional model of female labor force participation. The formalization provides a simple way to conceptualize the family investment hypothesis. Including it in a conventional model of female labor force participation emphasizes that the effect of a family investment strategy on the work behavior of immigrant women must be understood in the context of a woman's level of host country-specific skills, as well as all other factors generally included in models of female labor force participation.
Discovery of gaseous S2 in Io's Pele plume.

Spectroscopy of Io9s Pele plume against Jupiter by the Hubble Space Telescope in October 1999 revealed absorption due to S 2 gas, with a column density of 1.0 ± 0.2 × 10 16 per square centimeter, and probably also SO 2 gas with a column density of 7 ± 3 × 10 16 per square centimeter. This SO 2 /S 2 ratio (3 to 12) is expected from equilibration with silicate magmas near the quartz-fayalite-magnetite or wustite-magnetite buffers. Condensed S 3 and S 4 , probable coloring agents in Pele9s red plume deposits, may form by polymerization of the S 2 , which is unstable to ultraviolet photolysis. Diffuse red deposits near other Io volcanoes suggest that venting and polymerization of S 2 gas is a widespread feature of Io volcanism.
Mu (μ) Opioid Receptor Regulation of Ethanol-Induced Dopamine Response in the Ventral Striatum: Evidence of Genotype Specific Sexual Dimorphic Epistasis

Background Ethanol stimulates the dopaminergic mesoaccumbal pathway, which is thought to play a role in ethanol reinforcement. Mu (μ)-opioid (MOP) receptors modulate accumbal dopamine activity, but it is not clear whether MOP receptors are involved in the mechanism of ethanol-stimulated accumbal dopamine release. Methods We investigated the role that MOP receptors play in ethanol (2.0 g/kg)-stimulated accumbal dopamine release by using MOP receptor knockout mice (C57BL/6J-129SvEv and congenic C57BL/6J genotypes) along with blockade of MOP receptors with a μ1 selective antagonist (naloxonazine). Results Both gene deletion and pharmacological antagonism of the MOP receptor decreased ethanol-stimulated accumbal dopamine release compared with controls with female mice showing a larger effect in the C57BL/6J-129SvEv genotype. However, both male and female mice showed reduced ethanol-stimulated dopamine release in the congenic MOP receptor knockout mice (C57BL/6J). No differences in the time course of dialysate ethanol concentration were found in any of the experiments. Conclusions The data demonstrate the existence of a novel interaction between genotype and sex in the regulation of ethanol-stimulated mesolimbic dopamine release by the MOP receptor. This implies that a more complete understanding of the epistatic influences on the MOP receptor and mesolimbic dopamine function may provide more effective pharmacotherapeutic interventions in the treatment of alcoholism.
Tight-binding molecular-dynamics study of liquid Si

We have carried out molecular-dynamics simulation of liquid Si using the tight-binding Hamiltonian proposed by Goodwin, Skinner and Pettifor. The simulation results on the structural and dynamical properties (radial and angular distribution functions, the electronic density-of-states, and the diffusion constant) are presented and compared with results from classical-potential simulation and ab initio molecular dynamics (Car-Parrinello method).
Facial asymmetry in posed and spontaneous expressions of emotion

Patterns of facial asymmetry (i.e., extent of movement) as a function of elicitation condition, emotional valence, and sex of subjects are examined. Thirty-seven right-handed adult males and females were videotaped making positive and negative expressions of emotion under posed (verbal, visual) and spontaneous conditions. There were no differences in facial asymmetry as a function of condition. Overall, expressions were significantly left-sided, a finding implicating the right hemisphere. When sex and valence were considered, negative expressions were left-sided for all subjects, while positive expressions were left-sided for males only. Further, positive expressions were significantly less lateralized than negative ones for females. Measures of hemiface mobility and ocular dominance did not mediate these patterns of facial lateralization.
Phase I clinical trial and pharmacokinetic evaluation of 4'-0-tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (THP-adriamycin).

Tetrahydropyranyladriamycin (THP-adriamycin) is an anthracycline analogue currently under development in Europe and Japan. Preclinical studies suggest that it may have greater activity and less cardiac toxicity than doxorubicin. We conducted a phase I clinical and pharmacologic study of THP-adriamycin given as a weekly 15-min infusion for 3 weeks, followed by 1 week of observation. Therapy was associated with minimal acute toxicity. The dose-limiting toxicity was neutropenia, usually maximal during the 4th week after treatment; alopecia was rare. The maximum tolerated dose was 25 mg/m2; for phase II studies using this schedule, a dose of 20 mg/m2 weekly for 3 weeks is recommended. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed a triphasic elimination of the parent compound with α, β, and γ half-lives of 5.6 min, 1.4 h, and 9.3 h, respectively. THP-adriamycin was rapidly taken up by blood cell components, with concentrations in red blood cells (RBCs), lymphocytes, and polymorphonuclear cells exceeding those in plasma. In all, <10% of the compound was eliminated in the urine within 24 h.
Models of the urinary concentrating mechanism

The ability of mammals to excrete urine either more or less concentrated than plasma permits them to maintain the osmolality of body fluids within the very narrow range compatible with normal cellular function in the face of wide variations in water and solute intake. This ability has played an essential role in the emergent evolution of mammals [1], permitting them to maintain homeostasis of body fluids in a terrestrial or even desert environment. Although in a general way it is clear that an increased solute load or restricted water intake demand production of a hypertonic urine and that a water load requires a dilute urine, the quantitative relations between urine flow and osmolality and changes in osmolality of body fluids are less obvious. In the next section we develop these ideas of whole body solute and water balance. Essentially the same conservation relations apply to the whole kidney or to any part of it, and mass balance relations applying to the whole kidney and to the renal medulla are developed in subsequent sections.
Structural development of the fictional narratives of African American preschoolers.

Purpose This study examined the structural development of African American preschoolers' narratives. It also investigated the effect of background variables (e.g., gender, maternal education, stimu...
Cationic microemulsion-mediated synthesis of silicalite-1

Abstract The low temperature synthesis of silicalite-1 in the presence of cationic microemulsions is explored. The results presented here outline the effects of the zeolite synthesis mixture composition, microemulsion composition, and surfactant identity on the morphology of silicalite-1 obtained. The results can be summarized as follows: the formation of silicalite-1 is dependent on the surfactant identity, as microemulsions formed with a straight-chained surfactant (CTAB) lead to amorphous silica, whereas microemulsions formed with a branched surfactant lead to the formation of silicalite-1. The morphology of silicalite-1 crystals obtained in these microemulsions is much better defined than the silicalite-1 crystals formed in the absence of the microemulsion under the same conditions, and the crystal size is tunable between approximately 240 and 540 nm. The crystal morphology is strongly sensitive to salt content, consistent with the salt screening surfactant–silicate electrostatic forces. Syntheses performed with surfactant, cosurfactant, and silicalite-1 mixture, but no oil support this conclusion. Finally, the results indicate the silicalite-1 particles do not nucleate in the microemulsion, but rather nucleate and grow heterogeneously after the amorphous silica particles formed in the microemulsion phase separate. Our results indicate that the morphology observed is due to surfactant adsorption on the silicate surface rather than the microemulsion presenting a confined space for zeolite nucleation and growth.
Epidermal culture and grafting. A brief review

In summary, technological advances in culturing epidermis for the purpose of grafting allow this approach in the treatment of cutaneous wounds. Certainly, full- and split-thickness autografts offer immediate availability and permanent wound coverage, but they also involve a large, painful donor site. Cultured epidermal autografts can provide permanent wound coverage, but the delay required for cultivation of confluent sheets of keratinocytes makes them somewhat less desirable. Both allografts and cultured allografts, on the other hand, are available for immediate use, but the possibility of infectious disease transmission may be a concern. In any case, all types of skin grafts function as biological dressings that promote the proliferation of the host's epidermis and, thus, facilitate the ability of the patient's skin to repair itself.
The spatial organization of food sharing in Early Postclassic households: an application of soil chemistry in Ancient Oaxaca, Mexico

Abstract This article considers the relationship between food sharing, commensality, and household social organization at the site of Rio Viejo in coastal Oaxaca, Mexico, through a study of the distribution of soil chemical residues in contemporaneous occupation surface and floor deposits in two residential neighborhoods dating to the Early Postclassic (AD 975–1220). Based on the analysis of 12 chemicals in 475 samples using inductively coupled plasma–atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP/AES), I show that these two neighborhoods differ significantly from each other in the amount of deposited residues of organic debris, both inside and outside house buildings, which suggests economic variation and/or differences in the length of occupation between the two neighborhoods. Variation within neighborhoods is present in the form of burn features with higher levels of enrichment within buildings, suggesting some repetition in the use of the interior house space, which could be indicative of multiple households. Soil chemistry also confirms the presence of chemically enriched midden deposits located in the narrow exterior corridors between houses. Soil chemistry did not successfully identify cooking facilities in open, presumably shared, public spaces outside of houses. For this reason, I argue that cooking likely occurred beyond the limits of excavation, and thus, would have socially linked members of multiple households to one another and would have integrated the larger community.
Bilateral nummiform fibromyomas of the nipples with unilateral fibromyoma and papilloma mamillae

Abstract 1. 1. The various tumors of the nipple have been compiled. 2. 2. The case of a forty-two year old woman is described presenting bilateral nummiform fibromyomas of the nipples with a papilloma superimposed on the one side. 3. 3. The fibroids of the nipples were accompanied by fibroids of the uterus.
Underwriter warrants, underwriter compensation, and the costs of going public☆

Abstract Warrants are sometimes granted to underwriters in initial public offerings as part of the compensation for their services. We examine the effects of underwriter warrants in a sample of firm commitment offerings from 1983 through 1987. These warrants represent a significant component of the compensation to the underwriter and are associated with greater total costs of going public. Warrants appear to provide a mechanism for circumventing otherwise binding regulatory constraints, allowing issuers to offer extra compensation to underwriters marketing especially risky offerings.
Heisenberg-limit interferometry with four-wave mixers operating in a nonlinear regime

A model of a four-wave mixer operated in a nonlinear regime, studied by Yurke and Stoler [Phys. Rev. A 35, 4846 (1987)], is reexamined. Yurke and Stoler have shown that this device, under a certain condition, acts as an even-odd filter, switching even-photon-number states from the pump mode to the signal mode. An initial coherent state in the pump is converted into an entanglement of even and odd coherent states with vacuum states in the output signal and pump modes. We point out that under a different condition and with an even-photon-number state initially in the pump and a vacuum in the signal, the device creates a maximally entangled state between the number state and the vacuum. Using the device to replace the first beamsplitter of a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, phase uncertainties at the Heisenberg limit $(\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\varphi}=1/n)$ can be obtained. Since number states are difficult to generate, we point out that an even coherent state obtained from the output of one device can be used as input to a second to achieve the phase uncertainties $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\varphi}{=1/n}_{e},$ where ${n}_{e}$ is the average photon number of the even coherent state.
Bounds on the number of switchings for trajectories of piecewise analytic vector fields

Abstract We study the trajectories of systems x = X(x) , where X is a continuous “extendably piecewise analytic” vector field, i.e., a continuous vector field X such that the domain of ƒ admits a locally finite partition I into sets such that for each A ∈ I there is a vector field XA which is analytic on a neighborhood of the closure of A and whose restriction to A coincides with that of X. We prove that the trajectories are piecewise analytic, with a priori bounds on the number of switchings for all trajectories that stay in a fixed compact set and whose duration does not exceed a fixed number T. This result implies the existence of a regular synthesis for optimal control problems with a strictly convex Lagrangian, and a linear dynamics with polyhedral constraints on the controls.
Urinary Concentrations of Dialkylphosphate Metabolites of Organophosphorus Pesticides: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

Organophosphorus (OP) insecticides were among the first pesticides that EPA reevaluated as part of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. Our goal was to assess exposure to OP insecticides in the U.S. general population over a six-year period. We analyzed 7,456 urine samples collected as part of three two-year cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 1999–2004. We measured six dialkylphosphate metabolites of OP pesticides to assess OP pesticide exposure. In NHANES 2003–2004, dimethylthiophosphate was detected most frequently with median and 95th percentile concentrations of 2.03 and 35.3 µg/L, respectively. Adolescents were two to three times more likely to have diethylphosphate concentrations above the 95th percentile estimate of 15.5 µg/L than adults and senior adults. Conversely, for dimethyldithiophosphate, senior adults were 3.8 times and 1.8 times more likely to be above the 95th percentile than adults and adolescents, respectively, while adults were 2.1 times more likely to be above the 95th percentile than the adolescents. Our data indicate that the most vulnerable segments of our population—children and older adults—have higher exposures to OP pesticides than other population segments. However, according to DAP urinary metabolite data, exposures to OP pesticides have declined during the last six years at both the median and 95th percentile levels.
Cp2TiCl‐catalyzed living radical polymerization of styrene initiated from peroxides

The effects of the reaction conditions and nature of the initiator were investigated in the Cp 2 Ti(III)Cl-catalyzed living radical polymerization of styrene initiated by benzoyl peroxide (BPO), tert-butyl peroxide (TBPO), tert-butyl peroxybenzoate (TBPOB), dicumyl peroxide (CPO), and tert-butylperoxy 2-ethylhexyl carbonate (TBPOEHC). The reversible termination of the growing chains with Cp 2 Ti(III)Cl affords a linear dependence of molecular weight on conversion over a wide range of temperatures (60-120 C) with an optimum in polydispersity (M w /M n TBPOB ∼ TBPO > CPO > TBPOEHC.
Adrenocortical cells immortalized by telomerase: Potential use for ex vivo gene therapy

Telomerization, the process of immortalization of normal cells by expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT), could be of great use in biomedicine if the process allows cells to retain their normal properties and does not promote neoplastic transformation. In this article, we review the data on the potential uses of telomerized cells in ex vivo gene therapy, and discuss the issue of the potential risks of the use of this technology. We present preliminary data on the transplantation of telomerized bovine adrenocortical cells in the rat brain. Like other cell types, adrenocortical cells may be engineered to secrete desirable gene products. Currently, problems of immune rejection limit the usefulness of this potential therapy. We discuss future improvements in this cell transplantation system that could address these questions. Telomerization, by removing the senescence barrier to unlimited cell proliferation, will greatly aid the genetic modification of cells in order to solve the issue of immun...
Simple multicystic dysplastic kidney disease: end points for subspecialty follow-up

Simple multicystic dysplastic kidney (MCDK) disease, defined as unilateral MCDK without other genitourinary tract involvement, portends an excellent prognosis. Nevertheless, its long-term management remains undefined. This study aims to provide subspecialty discharge recommendations for these patients. We identified eighty patients with simple MCDK disease by renal ultrasound between 1996 and 2006. Their charts were reviewed for growth of the contralateral kidney, involution of the MCDK, and incidence of complications, specifically hypertension, chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), urinary tract infection (UTI), and malignancy. Mean follow-up was 5 years. At approximately 1 year, 59% of unaffected kidneys were hypertrophied (≥95th percentile for age/height) and 100% were >50th percentile. With continued follow-up, 80.3% of unaffected kidneys were hypertrophied. Likewise, at 1 year, 71.2% of MCDKs assessed were either involuting or had disappeared; on further follow-up, this increased to 89.6%. No patient had hypertension, CRI, or malignancy. Four patients (5%) developed nonrecurrent UTIs, none leading to renal scarring or growth impairment. These data suggest that subspecialty follow-up may be discontinued once contralateral hypertrophy and ipsilateral involution occur, assuming that the patient has not experienced hypertension, CRI, or UTI. These criteria are often met by 1 year of age, which would preclude repeated visits, uncomfortable investigations, and unnecessary costs.
High-frequency response functions for composite plate monitoring with ultrasonic validation

In this study, frequency response functions (FRF) measured by piezoelectric Macro-Fiber Composite (MFC) actuators/sensors are used to detect subsurface delamination in a composite plate. The plate is impacted to seed damage in the form of ply delamination. Then, the MFCbased active-sensing system exerts an excitation into the plate, and measures the subsequent responses. Traditional piezoceramic materials are also mounted in comparable locations on the plate to compare their performances. FRF and damage indicator features are derived from the measured signals and used to assess the condition of the plate. Validation of the delamination is completed using an ultrasonic C-scan method. The effective area of observed damage is well correlated to the damage indicator feature.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Catalytic Activity of Nickel(II) Alkyl Complexes Supported by Pyrrole–Diphosphine Ligands

The organometallic Ni(II) chemistry of the pyrrole-based pincer ligands (P2RPyr)− (P2RPyr = 2,5-(R2PCH2)2C4H2N, R = Ph, Cy) is reported. Reactions of Grignard reagents with [NiCl(P2RPyr)] afford a variety of alkyl and aryl complexes (methyl, ethyl, benzyl, phenyl, and allyl) that all display square-planar geometries about nickel. The hydride complex [NiH(P2CyPyr)] can also prepared either through treatment of [NiCl(P2CyPyr)] with LiHBEt3 or by reaction of H(P2RPyr) with [Ni(COD)2] (COD = 1,4-cyclooctadiene). Reactions of the methyl and hydride complexes with CO and CO2, respectively, evince clean migratory insertion chemistry of the Ni–C and Ni–H bonds. Both the alkyl and chloride complexes are active catalysts for the Kumada coupling of aryl chlorides and aryl or alkyl Grignard reagents at room temperature. The solid-state structures of several of the complexes are reported.
Haematopoietic stem cells participate in muscle regeneration

It has previously been shown that bone marrow cells contribute to skeletal muscle regeneration, but the nature of marrow cell(s) involved in this process is unknown. We used an immunocompetent and an immunocompromised model of bone marrow transplantation to characterize the type of marrow cells participating regenerating skeletal muscle fibres. Animals were transplanted with different populations of marrow cells from Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP) transgenic mice and the presence of GFP(+) muscle fibres were evaluated in the cardiotoxin-injured tibialis anterior muscles. GFP(+) muscle fibres were found mostly in animals that received either CD45(-), lineage(-), c-Kit(+), Sca-1(+) or Flk-2(+) populations of marrow cells, suggesting that haematopoietic stem cells (HSC) rather than mesenchymal cells or more differentiated haematopoietic cells are responsible for the formation of GFP(+) muscle fibres. Mac-1 positive population of marrow cells was also associated with the emergence of GFP(+) skeletal muscle fibres. However, most of this activity was limited to either Mac-1(+) Sca(+) or Mac-1(+)c-Kit(+) cells with long-term haematopoietic repopulation capabilities, indicating a stem cell phenotype for these cells. Experiments in the immunocompromised transplant model showed that participation of HSC in the skeletal muscle fibre formation could occur without haematopoietic chimerism.
Singaporean students' mathematical thinking in problem solving and problem posing: an exploratory study

This study explored Singaporean fourth, fifth, and sixth grade students' mathematical thinking in problem solving and problem posing. The results of this study showed that the majority of Singaporean fourth, fifth, and sixth graders are able to select appropriate solution strategies to solve these problems, and choose appropriate solution representations to clearly communicate their solution processes. Most Singaporean students are able to pose problems beyond the initial figures in the pattern. The results of this study also showed that across the four tasks, as the grade level advances, a higher percentage of students in that grade level show evidence of having correct answers. Surprisingly, the overall statistically significant differences across the three grade levels are mainly due to statistically significant differences between fourth and fifth grade students. Between fifth and sixth grade students, there are no statistically significant differences in most of the analyses. Compared to the findings...
The Interrelationship Between Hypertension and Blood Pressure, Attendance at Religious Services, and Race/Ethnicity

The relationships between race/ethnicity and hypertension or blood pressure (BP), as well as frequency of religious services attendance and hypertension/BP are well documented. However, the association between these three factors is poorly understood. Using national data, this interrelationship was assessed in non-Hispanic whites and blacks, and Mexican-Americans (n = 12,488). Compared to those who never attended services, whites who attended services weekly had lower odds of hypertension, as did blacks who attended more than weekly. There was no relationship between attendance and hypertension among Mexican-Americans. Attendance was inversely related to systolic BP for all groups, but more so for whites and blacks compared to Mexican-Americans. These results further demonstrate the benefits of increased attendance at religious services on hypertension/BP, but suggest that these benefits were not as advantageous for all.
The Use of the Critical Edition in Literary Translation

Author's summary.— The failure of the English translators of Buchner's Dantons Tod to use the Bergemann critical edition gives rise to several defects in the translation.