cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Optimum block codes for noiseless input restricted channels

A method for determining maximum-size block codes, with the property that no concatenation of codewords violates the input restrictions of a given channel, is presented. The class of channels considered is essentially that of Shannon (1948) in which input restrictions are represented through use of a finite-state machine. The principal results apply to channels of finite memory and codes of length greater than the channel memory but shorter codes and non-finite memory channels are discussed briefly. A partial ordering is first defined over the set of states. On the basis of this ordering, complete terminal sets of states are determined. Use is then made of Mason's general gain formula to obtain a generating function for the size of the code which is associated with each complete terminal set. Comparison of coefficients for a particular block length establishes an optimum terminal set and codewords of the maximum-size code are then obtained directly. Two important classes of binary channels are then considered. In the first class, an upper bound is placed on the separation of 1's during transmission while, in the second class, a lower bound is placed on this separation. Universal solutions are obtained for both classes.
4H–SiC BJTs with current gain of 110

Abstract 4H–SiC BJTs with a common emitter current gain of 110 have been demonstrated. The high current gain was attributed to a thin base of 0.25 μm which reduces the carrier recombination in the base region. The device open base breakdown voltage (BV CEO ) of 270 V was much less than the open emitter breakdown voltage (BV CBO ) of 1560 V due to the emitter leakage current multiplication from the high current gain by “transistor action” of BJTs. The device has shown minimal gain degradation after electrical stress at high current density of >200 A/cm 2 up to 25 h.
Asymmetry and Conformational Changes of the E. Coli Ribose ABC Transporter

The ABC transporter superfamily of proteins is diverse, ubiquitous, and related to a number of genetic diseases as well as multidrug resistance in bacteria and cancer. The ribose transport complex may serve as a model for understanding how this clinically relevant protein family functions. An open question in the field is how ATP hydrolysis is linked to transport, and the stoichiometry of this process. Typical ABC transport systems possess two equivalent sites of ATP hydrolysis, while the ribose transporter possesses an intact active site and a degenerate site. To address how transport is fulfilled by asymmetric ATP hydrolysis, different ribose transport complexes associated with sequential stages of the transport cycle were isolated in the presence of different substrates, and these complexes were studied using Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy to observe how substrate variation affected their formation and nature. The results show ribose disrupts the interaction of the transmembrane domain (TMD), RbsC, with ribose-binding protein, RbsB. Additionally, apo-RbsB interacts with RbsC to yield the outward-facing conformation of the TMD. In turn, the association of RbsB and RbsC disrupts interactions with the nucleotide-binding domain (NBD), RbsA. This suggests a transport model whereby the apo state of the NBD has a weak interaction with the outward-facing TMD, non-canonical behavior for an ABC system. Mg-ATP loaded RbsA then binds the complex, and is required to return RbsC to an inward-facing state. Subsequent ATP hydrolysis destabilizes the interaction between RbsC and RbsB, completing the transport cycle.
Progressive NKCC1-Dependent Neuronal Chloride Accumulation during Neonatal Seizures

Seizures induce excitatory shifts in the reversal potential for GABA(A)-receptor-mediated responses, which may contribute to the intractability of electro-encephalographic seizures and preclude the efficacy of widely used GABAergic anticonvulsants such as phenobarbital. We now report that, in intact hippocampi prepared from neonatal rats and transgenic mice expressing Clomeleon, recurrent seizures progressively increase the intracellular chloride concentration ([Cl(-)](i)) assayed by Clomeleon imaging and invert the net effect of GABA(A) receptor activation from inhibition to excitation assayed by the frequency of action potentials and intracellular Ca(2+) transients. These changes correlate with increasing frequency of seizure-like events and reduction in phenobarbital efficacy. The Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl(-) (NKCC1) cotransporter blocker bumetanide inhibited seizure-induced neuronal Cl(-) accumulation and the consequent facilitation of recurrent seizures. Our results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which seizure activity leads to [Cl(-)](i) accumulation, thereby increasing the probability of subsequent seizures. This provides a potential mechanism for the early crescendo phase of neonatal seizures.
Specific recognition of the isolated R17 replicase initiator region by R17 coat protein

COAT proteins from the RNA bacteriophages of groups I (R17, MS2,f2) and III (Qβ) specifically bind to their homologous RNAs and serve as translational repressers of replicase synthesis1. In the case of R17, a fragment of the genome which is protected by coat protein from T1 RNase digestion2 contains not only the ribosome binding site of the replicase cistron3, but also the preceding intercistronic region and 23 nucleotides (including the terminator triplets) from the coat gene4. Physical studies described in the previous papers5,6 suggest that the structure of this isolated R17 fragment consists of two hairpin loops joined by a single-stranded region; the coat protein binds in such a way as to alter the behaviour of only one of these helical regions5, that which contains the initiation site for the replicase gene. Here I show that this portion of the fragment alone is sufficient for recognition by the coat protein.
Show me the dog.

The News Focus article “New signs of ancient life in another martian meteorite?” (R. A. Kerr, 31 Mar., p. [1858][1]) repeats the allegation that the 1911 Nakhla meteorite fall in Egypt killed a dog. Kevin Kichinka argues persuasively that this is more likely fiction than fact ([1][2]). The essence of the argument is that there is no corroboration of the “dog” story and that the stones fell around the town of El Nakhla el Baharia and none fell on Denshal, where the dog is reported to have been struck. So, no dog, no tail—er, tale. 1. 1.[↵][3] 1. K. Kichinka , The Art of Collecting Meteorites (Bookmasters, Mansfield OH, 2005). [1]: /lookup/doi/10.1126/science.311.5769.1858a [2]: #ref-1 [3]: #xref-ref-1-1 "View reference 1. in text"
Urine Cortisol:Creatinine Ratio in Healthy and Sick Cats

Urine cortisokcreatinine ratios (UCCR) were determined from single urine samples obtained by cystocentesis in 47 cats allotted into 2 groups: 31 healthy cats and 16 sick, hospitalized cats with assorted clinical illnesses. The mean (± standard deviation) UCCR for healthy cats was 5.9 ± 7.0 (median, 3.2; range, 0.6 to 27.8). Age or gonadal status had no significant effect on the magnitude of UCCR within this group. However, sick cats had significantly higher UCCR (P = .002) when compared with healthy cats. The mean UCCR for sick cats was 19.6 ± 19.2 (median, 14.8; range, 1.7 to 75.1). This report establishes a reference range for UCCR in 31 normal cats and provides evidence that health status affects UCCR in cats. J Vet Intern Med 1996;10:123–126. Copyright © 1996 by the American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine.
A Story of Breakthrough vs. Incremental Innovation: Corporate Entrepreneurship in the Global Pharmaceutical Industry

Breakthrough innovations are difficult to create; yet they are critical to long term competitive advantage. This highlights the considerable opportunities and risks that face corporate entrepreneurs. We study the complex explorative and exploitative entrepreneurial processes of multinational firms operating in the global pharmaceutical industry. We analyze over 1,500 new drug approvals by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). We find that a successful track record in breakthrough innovation significantly increases the likelihood of a current breakthrough, while achievements in non-generic incremental innovation do not have a significant effect. A strong foundation in generic incremental innovation hinders breakthrough performance. Thus, incremental innovation processes appear to be heterogeneous. Products that emerge from joint ventures and alliances are more likely to be breakthroughs. Foreign subsidiary participation in innovation processes did not significantly inhibit breakthroughs. These suggestive findings support the decentralization literature that highlights the benefits associated with exploiting knowledge from foreign centers of excellence. Contrary to the literature arguing that younger firms tend to have greater advantages in “exploration”, we do not find firm age to be a significant predictor of the likelihood of breakthrough innovation.
Regeneration of Adhesive Bonding in Fiber/Resin Systems

Abstract The bond between a fiber and a surrounding polymer matrix can be weakened or completely broken by mechanical shearing. In some cases bond strength can be reduced by exposure to active environments (for example, hot water or steam). Obviously, it would be of considerable practical value if weakended or lost bonding could be regenerated. This paper presents the first results of an ongoing study of the possibility of bond repair in fiber/resin systems. The use of the TRI microbond shear strength measurement technique makes it possible to study bond regeneration with individual fiber/resin specimens. Since the microdrop is displaced only a very short distance along the fiber during the shear strength measurement, it is a simple matter to treat a sheared drop without removing it from the fiber and then perform a second shear strength evaluation. Several systems have been studied in this manner, involving both thermosetting and thermoplastic resins. Examples of significant regeneration of both mechanic...
Quantification and FTIR characterization of dissolved organic carbon and total dissolved nitrogen leached from litter: a comparison of methods across litter types

Quantification and characterization of dissolved organic matter (DOM) leached from leaf litter in the laboratory may well depend on the method used to leach the litter. However, we lack a comparative assessment of the available methods. Here, we test how: i) four commonly used methods to leach plant litter, ii) cutting of the litter, and iii) litter species affect the quantity and composition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total dissolved nitrogen (TDN) leached using fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). We tested how soaking litter in water, dripping water over litter, and shaking litter in two different volumes of water affected leaching of both cut and whole leaves of alfalfa (Medicago sativa), ash (Fraxinus excelsior), big bluestem grass (Andropogon gerardii), oak (Quercus macrocarpa) and pine (Pinus ponderosa) litter. We measured DOC and TDN on the leachate to quantify how much DOM was leached by each method. We used the DOC:TDN ratio and FTIR to analyze the composition of the DOM leached. The leaching method and cutting had an impact on the amount of DOM leached from the litter. The amount of DOM leached was also affected by the litter species and its interaction with leaching method and cutting. FTIR analysis identified the same main functional groups of plant litter leachates across all of the litter species. Leaching method, cutting and litter type affected the concentration of the leachate and the resolution of the FTIR spectral data but not the relative contribution of the main functional groups. Methods of leaching should be chosen consistently with experimental objectives and type of litter examined. The leaching method, cutting of the litter and litter species should be taken into consideration when comparing data on DOM amounts obtained from different leaching methods but the leachate consists of similar functional group components across method, cutting and litter species.
Understanding nano-bio interactions to improve nanocarriers for drug delivery

The ability of cancer-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) to reach their site of action and evoke a desired biological response after intravenous injection is critical to achieve clinically significant in vivo efficacy. Throughout their journey in the body, NPs must successfully traverse biological environments such as blood circulation and tumor microenvironments. The interactions that occur at the interface between NPs and biological components are complex, requiring a thorough understanding of the “nano-bio” interactions to design NPs with maximal therapeutic indices. In this article, we review the challenges presented by the multiscale, important biocompartments that NPs face, describe the crucial nano-bio interactions present at each stage, and discuss potential strategies to overcome those challenges. This review suggests design considerations for NPs to optimally modulate their physicochemical properties to achieve desired biological responses, which are expected to aid chemists, engineers, and clinical scientists to design and develop highly effective delivery platforms for cancer therapy.
A Conceptual Framework for Problems in Elastostatics

In finite elasticity, the traditional local boundary-value problems are rarely appropriate. More often one has to consider non-local environmental loads. This paper gives a general description of schemes for formulating such non-local problems. Interesting examples are cavity problems, special cases of which are what I call basketball problems and tire problems. The actual solution to these problems I leave to future work.
Coping with stress : ATF6α takes the stage

In this issue of Developmental Cell , two groups, Yamamoto et al. and Wu et al., describe the generation of mice with targeted deletion of the ATF6 α gene. While ATF6 α is nonessential for embryonic and postnatal development, deletion has a profound effect on the transcriptional program elicited by endoplasmic reticulum stress, revealing a broader than anticipated role for ATF6 in this signaling network.
Applications of constraints to general nonlinear least squares calculations. second order reversible consecutive reactions

Abstract It is often advantageous to formulate least squares problems so that theoretical constraints on the parameters can be determined directly from the experimental observations and do not have to be incorporated into the model equations. An example occurs in kinetics problems dealing with reversible reactions, where microscopic reversibility requires that the ratio of the forward and reverse rate constants, k 1 / k 2 , must equal the equilibrium constants K eq . In previous methods of treating second order reversible reactions, k 1 and k 2 are automatically constrained so that k 1 / k 2 = k eq . An alternative approach is to omit the constraint and then find the best k 1 and k 2 which described the data. A comparison of k 1 / k 2 with K eq serves as an additional criteria for establishing the uniqueness of the proposed model. Successful implementation of this technique usually requires subsets of observations, corresponding to different experimental conditions, and a mechanism for manipulating constraints which are imposed on the parameters and which relate the parameters of one data subset to those of another subset. In the present paper, a new method of organizing a general least squares program is presented which allows full exploitation of multiple subsets of data from different experiments and permits a general system of linear and nonlinear constraints to operate on the least squares parameters. An important advantage for a general least squares program is that linear constraints are not explicitly recognized when the function and its derivatives are evaluated. Consequenlty, linear constraints can be added, deleted or modified without any changes in programming. Nonlinear constraints are imposed as “observations” and, once coded in the program, can be deleted or relaxed through the program's input without further programming changes. The technique is applied to two types of second order reversible reactions where traditional least squares methods are not easily employed.
ANALYSIS OF EUROPEAN AMBER BY CARBON-13 NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY

Amber, a class of fossil resins, comprises largely terpenoid components. The structure of the major, insoluble portion has not been defined previously. We report the analysis of European amber by carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy directly on solid samples. Two major types are defined, depending on the appearance of the alkene resonances. Baltic amber (succinite), along with other northern ambers such as gedanite, has a pronounced resonance from an exomethylene group. The southerly ambers (rumanite, schraufite, walchowite, delatynite and true simetites) lack the exomethylene resonances. The succinite group gives spectra consistent with a labdane-type precursor and the rumanite-like ambers give spectra consistent with an abietane-type precursor. These results are best explained by at least two different palaeobotanical sources of the fossil resins.
Characterization of estrogen receptors in the hamster brain.

Although the hamster is frequently used as an experimental animal for studying reproductive neuroendocrinology and sex behavior, estrogen receptors (ER) in the central nervous system have not been fully characterized. Using Sephadex LH-20 gel filtration and DNA-cellulose affinity chromatography, estrogen binding macromolecules having the physicochemical properties of classical ER were identified in cytosolic and nuclear extracts of brain tissues. These receptors exhibited high affinity for estradiol (Kd = 10−9 M), limited capacity (30–50 fmol/g tissue), and estrogen specificity; however, competition studies indicate that brain and uterine ER have different binding kinetics. The neuroanatomic distribution of ER was similar in males and females with highest levels in the limbic brain and consistently low levels in remaining forebrain and mid/hindbrain. No sex differences in receptor number or other binding parameters were evident. Sucrose gradient centrifugation showed that cytosolic ER sedimented in the 7–8S region of a 5–20% linear gradient (no salt), whereas nuclear ER had a sedimentation coefficient of5S under high ionic strength. On DNA-cellulose affinity columns, these receptors had an elution maximum of 0.18 M NaCl. After a single injection of estradiol, nuclear ER increased and cytosolic ER were depleted. The lower estradiol binding affinity and receptor levels in hamster brain as compared to the rat are consistent with observed species differences in neural sensitivity to estrogen. We expect these data in hamsters, a markedly photosensitive species, to provide a basis for future studies examining the role of receptors in mediating the effects of day-length on steroid dependent feedback and behavioral responses.
SystemML: Declarative machine learning on MapReduce

MapReduce is emerging as a generic parallel programming paradigm for large clusters of machines. This trend combined with the growing need to run machine learning (ML) algorithms on massive datasets has led to an increased interest in implementing ML algorithms on MapReduce. However, the cost of implementing a large class of ML algorithms as low-level MapReduce jobs on varying data and machine cluster sizes can be prohibitive. In this paper, we propose SystemML in which ML algorithms are expressed in a higher-level language and are compiled and executed in a MapReduce environment. This higher-level language exposes several constructs including linear algebra primitives that constitute key building blocks for a broad class of supervised and unsupervised ML algorithms. The algorithms expressed in SystemML are compiled and optimized into a set of MapReduce jobs that can run on a cluster of machines. We describe and empirically evaluate a number of optimization strategies for efficiently executing these algorithms on Hadoop, an open-source MapReduce implementation. We report an extensive performance evaluation on three ML algorithms on varying data and cluster sizes.
How Does Bone Strength Compare Across Sex, Site, and Ethnicity?

Background The risk of fragility fractures in the United States is approximately 2.5 times greater among black and white women compared with their male counterparts. On average, men of both ethnicities have wider bones of greater cortical mass compared with the narrower bones of lower cortical mass among women. However, it remains uncertain whether the low cortical area observed in the long bones of women is consistent with their narrower bone diameter or if their cortical area is reduced beyond that which is expected for the sex differences in body size and external bone size.
Isn’t This Just Bedtime Snacking?: The potential adverse effects of night-eating symptoms on treatment adherence and outcomes in patients with diabetes

OBJECTIVE —Night-eating syndrome is characterized by excessive eating in the evening and nocturnal awakening with ingestion of food. Psychosocial variables and emotional triggers may be associated with these behaviors. In patients with diabetes, such behaviors may lead to glucose dysregulation and contribute to obesity and complications. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS —In 714 tertiary care patients with type 1 and 2 diabetes, we determined the proportion of patients reporting eating >25% of their daily food intake after regular suppertime. We also screened patients for major depression, childhood maltreatment histories, nonsecure attachment styles, and emotional eating triggers. We examined whether patients reporting night-eating behaviors had greater psychosocial distress, higher HbA 1c (A1C) levels, more obesity, and more diabetes complications compared with patients without night-eating behaviors. RESULTS —Night-eating behaviors were reported in 9.7% of patients. Compared with patients without night-eating behaviors, those with these behaviors were less adherent with diet, exercise, and glucose monitoring and more likely to be depressed, to report childhood maltreatment histories, to have nonsecure attachment styles, and to report eating in response to anger, sadness, loneliness, worry, and being upset. Controlling for age, sex, race, and major depression, patients with night-eating behaviors, compared with patients without night-eating behaviors, were more likely to be obese (odds ratio 2.6 [95% CI 1.5–4.5]), to have A1C values >7% (2.2 [1.1–4.1]) and to have two or more diabetes complications (2.6 [1.5–4.5]). CONCLUSIONS —Night-eating behaviors are associated with adverse outcomes in patients with diabetes. Use of clinical screening tools may help identify patients with night-eating behaviors.
MARKET SUCCESS OR FEMALE AUTONOMY?: Income, Ideology, and Empowerment among Microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic

This article examines the impact of gender on the relative economic success of microentrepreneurs, their contributions to family income, and the impact of gender ideology and income on household decision making. The concept of economic success is problematized by examining how these businesses, even those of limited assets and income generation, offer women increased autonomy in household budgetary matters and decision making. The analysis draws on data from a representative survey of 201 male and female microentrepreneurs in the Dominican Republic. The findings show that household decision making is influenced by variations in economic power but that gender ideologies structure the direction and extent of this influence, reflected in distinct “gender thresholds,” or the point at which income contributions start to matter.
Club Sport National Tournament: Economic Impact of a Small Event on a Mid-Size Community

Recreational sporting events are big business and cities throughout the United States are competing fiercely to host events (Saayman, & Saayman, & du Plessis, 2005). March (1984) suggested that the reason why smaller sporting events have received relatively little attention is because it is assumed that they are economically less significant. The purpose of this study was to estimate the economic impact of hosting a club sport national tournament on a midsize community. The current study estimates the economic impact of hosting the American Collegiate Hockey Association (ACHA) Division II National Championship. The survey consisted of 105 questionnaires that were completed during the three day tournament of which all 105 were used. The findings of the survey indicated that hosting a national tournament can have a positive effect on the local economy. It was estimated that nearly $2 million of new money may have been injected into the community of Fort Collins, Colorado. This research provides midsize citi...
Diverse tastes: Genetics of sweet and bitter perception

Humans will eat almost anything, from caribou livers to rutabagas, but there are some types of foods, and their associated taste qualities, that are preferred by large groups of people regardless of culture or experience. When many choices are available, humans chose foods that taste good, that is, create pleasing sensations in the mouth. The concept of good taste for most people encompasses both flavor and texture of food, and these sensations merge with taste proper to form the concept of goodness. Although we acknowledge the universality of the goodness (sweet) or badness (bitter) of basic taste qualities, we also find that people differ, sometimes extremely so, in their ability to perceive and enjoy these qualities and, by extension, food and drink. The reasons for these differences among people are not clear but are probably due to a combination of experience beginning at an early age, perhaps in utero; learning, for example, as with conditioned taste aversions; sex and maturity; and perceptual differences that arise from genetic variation. In this review, we focus on individual variations that arise from genetic differences and review two domains of science: recent developments in the molecular biology of taste transduction, with a focus on the genes involved and second, studies that examine biological relatives to determine the heritability of taste perception. Because the receptors for sweet, savory (umami), and bitter have recently been discovered, we summarize what is known about their function by reviewing the effect of naturally occurring and man-made alleles of these receptors, their shape and function based on receptor modeling techniques, and how they differ across animal species that vary in their ability to taste certain qualities. We discuss this literature in the context of how taste genes may differ among people and give rise to individuated taste experience, and what is currently known about the genetic effects on taste perception in humans.
Candida albicans Induces Arginine Biosynthetic Genes in Response to Host-Derived Reactive Oxygen Species

The interaction of Candida albicans with phagocytes of the host's innate immune system is highly dynamic, and its outcome directly impacts the progression of infection. While the switch to hyphal growth within the macrophage is the most obvious physiological response, much of the genetic response reflects nutrient starvation: translational repression and induction of alternative carbon metabolism. Changes in amino acid metabolism are not seen, with the striking exception of arginine biosynthesis, which is upregulated in its entirety during coculture with macrophages. Using single-cell reporters, we showed here that arginine biosynthetic genes are induced specifically in phagocytosed cells. This induction is lower in magnitude than during arginine starvation in vitro and is driven not by an arginine deficiency within the phagocyte but instead by exposure to reactive oxygen species (ROS). Curiously, these genes are induced in a narrow window of sublethal ROS concentrations. C. albicans cells phagocytosed by primary macrophages deficient in the gp91phox subunit of the phagocyte oxidase do not express the ARG pathway, indicating that the induction is dependent on the phagocyte oxidative burst. C. albicans arg pathway mutants are retarded in germ tube and hypha formation within macrophages but are not notably more sensitive to ROS. We also find that the ARG pathway is regulated not by the general amino acid control response but by transcriptional regulators similar to the Saccharomyces cerevisiae ArgR complex. In summary, phagocytosis induces this single amino acid biosynthetic pathway in an ROS-dependent manner.
Thyroid Function and Metabolic Syndrome: A Cross-Sectional Study in Obese and Overweight Patients

ABSTRACT Objective: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is associated with increased risks of developing cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Thyroid dysfunction is also a known cardiovascular risk factor. In obese patients, serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels tend to be higher than in lean controls. The objective of this study was to assess potential associations between serum TSH levels and MetS as well as individual components of MetS. Methods: This was a cross-sectional observational study of obese and overweight patients seen for initial evaluation at the Boston Medical Center weight-management clinic between February 1, 2013 and February 1, 2014. Demographic, anthropometric, and laboratory data including serum TSH, insulin, glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and lipid levels were obtained from electronic medical records. Associations between serum TSH levels and presence of MetS and its components were assessed. Results: A total of 3,447 patients, 75.6% female and 38% African American, without known t...
Influence of environmental factors on mycotoxin toxicity as evidenced by studies with aflatoxin.

(1972). Influence of Environmental Factors of Mycotoxin Toxicity as Evidenced by Studies with Aflatoxin. Clinical Toxicology: Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 517-528.
Small firms in the SSBF

This paper uses Survey of Small Business Finance data to better understand how the owners of small firms use decisions about legal organization, firm size, capital structure, and owner investment in the firm to manage firm risk. The main findings are: Firms with unlimited liability are smaller, both when measured by assets and number of employees, and tend to be less leveraged than those whose owners limit personal exposure to firm liabilities. Entrepreneurs tend to hold largely undiversified positions by investing heavily in their firms, and this does not differ appreciably by legal organization. The percentage of firms with limited liability has remained virtually constant through time, although within this group there is a trend toward hybrid legal organizations with beneficial tax treatment. We estimate return on assets and find that entrepreneurship is a very risky undertaking, with high upside gain. The possibility of high future returns helps explain the coexistence of a large percentage of firms with negative equity and low default rates. The shape of the return distribution and limited liability interact; the option to declare bankruptcy shields owners from personal loss in the lower tail of the distribution while preserving the potential for significant firm returns in the upper tail.
EFFECT OF RECOIL ON THE VELOCITY DISTRIBUTION OF METASTABLE ATOMS PRODUCED BY ELECTRON IMPACT

Supported in part by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. $^{1}$ W. E. Lamb, jr. and R. C. Retherford. Phys. Rev. 79, 549 (1950). $^{2}$ W. Lichten, Phys. Rev. 126, 1020 (1962). $^{3}$ R. Freund and W. Klemperer, J. Chem. Phys. 47, 2897 (1967); R. Clampitt and A. S. Newton, J. Chem. Phys. 50, 1997 (1969). $^{4}$ D. A. Crosby and J. C. Zorn, J. Vac. Sci. Tech. 6, 82 (1969).
AlGaN/GaN Recessed MIS-Gate HFET With High-Threshold-Voltage Normally-Off Operation for Power Electronics Applications

This letter reports normally-off operation of an AlGaN/GaN recessed MIS-gate heterostructure field-effect transistor with a high threshold voltage. The GaN-based recessed MIS-gate structure in conjunction with negative polarization charges under the gate allows us to achieve the high threshold voltage, whereas the low on-state resistance is maintained by the 2-D electron gas remaining in the channel except for the recessed MIS-gate region. The fabricated device exhibits a threshold voltage as high as 5.2 V with a maximum field-effect mobility of 120 cm2/Vmiddots, a maximum drain current of over 200 mA/mm, and a breakdown voltage of 400 V.
Drug screening of pharmaceutical discovery compounds by micro-size exclusion chromatography/mass spectrometry

Micro-size exclusion chromatography coupled with capillary liquid chromatography (capLC) and mass spectrometry (MS) provides a rapid and simple approach to the preliminary screening of active ligands toward a specific target macromolecule. In this study, the effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by a number of small molecule ligands with known binding affinities towards the protein target. All ligands were incubated together with a target protein under native conditions. Separation was then achieved by microcentrifugation where the high molecular weight (MW) compounds were selectively passed through the size-exclusion material. The retained low MW compounds were then recovered and analyzed by capLC/MS. The absence of the ligand indicated strong affinity towards the target, while ligand detection indicated inactivity. This assay demonstrated the drugs that were acting as strong inhibitors of Co-PDF from those showing to be comparatively inactive. The relative binding rank order of the drugs towards Co-PDF was also determined. The results were validated by a corresponding set of control experiments in which the target molecules were excluded from the process. In principle, high-throughput micro-size exclusion chromatography, coupled with capLC/MS, offers a powerful technique as a preliminary screen in determining both the strong binding affinity and the relative affinity rank ordering of ligands towards a specific target macromolecule, and is complementary with other analytical drug screening techniques.
Dispersed spatial development: Hong Kong's new city form and its economic implications after 1997

Abstract The shift of Hong Kong's economic base from manufacturing to services requires a stronger emphasis on a dispersed spatial development strategy away from the central urban area surrounding the inner harbor and a re-orientation toward the Pearl River Delta region of China in Hong Kong's port development after 1997. To compete successfully with its neighbors in the Asia Pacific region and with Chinese counterparts such as Shanghai and Guangzhou, Hong Kong has to anticipate the impact of the new informational technologies on urban development, which has brought about a multinucleation process for cost-minimization as has been occurring in the US. This paper examines Hong Kong's evolving ecological structure and the importance of its Port and Development (PAD) Strategy in shaping a new outer port area oriented toward the Pearl River Delta of China and a decentralization of economic activities away from the inner port area after 1997. An extended shift-share analysis and spatial development simulation have presented four scenarios of development. The decentralization scenario with emphasis on the development of self-contained new towns is the preferred choice if Hong Kong is to improve its space of flows. With the construction of the new airport in Chek Lap Kok in Lantau Island, Hong Kong is well prepared to maintain its importance as one of the world's financial and transshipment center after the sovereignty transfer of 1997.
Non-Lie Symmetries and Supersymmetries

Appeared more than one century ago, the classical Lie approach serves as a powerful toolin investigations of symmetries of partial diﬀerential equations. In the last three decadesthere appear essential generalizations of this approach. They are the modern version ofthe Lie-B¨acklund symmetries [1], the non-Lie approach [2–4], the conditional symmetryapproach [5–7], etc.I will speak about non-Lie symmetries of equations of mathematical physics. The term”non-Lie symmetries” has appeared in papers of Fushchych [2], the main ideas and basicresults of the non-Lie approach are outlined in our books [3, 4].To formulate the general idea of non-Lie symmetries, we consider a linear diﬀerentialequationL
Histochemical localization and possible antibacterial role of xanthine oxidase in the bovine mammary gland

Xanthine oxidase (XO) was demonstrated to be present in the teat canal and secretory tissue of the bovine mammary gland by histochemical techniques. Homogenates of these tissues were able to replace XO in an antibacterial assay with Streptococcus uberis. The action of XO on its substrate hypoxanthine was shown to provide an essential component for anti-streptococcal activity mediated by lactoperoxidase. A mechanism is proposed whereby the interaction of XO, lactoperoxidase and thiocyanate may provide antibacterial activity in the teat canal.
Estrogen, cardiac protection and aging

Estrogen loss and aging are inexorably linked. 17β-Estradiol (E2) can protect the heart from injury, but its effects are reduced in aging. Aging and estrogen loss contribute to a pro-inflammatory state and a decreased ability to handle ROS. This is further complicated by loss of the protective heat shock response with aging. E2 has many protective properties, including reducing cardiac injury and protecting the mitochondria, but the confounding effects of aging have not been well studied. E2 has a positive impact on pathologic cardiac hypertrophy and there are distinct differences in the roles of ERα and ERβ in hypertrophy, but whether this persists with aging is unknown. Clinically, postmenopausal women have an acceleration of atherosclerosis. Unexpectedly, double-blind randomized clinical trials of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) showed increased cardiovascular events and cancer with HRT. However HRT was initiated on average 10 years postmenopause and this likely contributed to the increase in cardiovascular events. Although our understanding of estrogen has come far over the last 20 years, much more basic research is needed to understand the consequences of aging and estrogen loss.
Digging at the Roots: The Logic of the Hindu Tradition

This chapter examines Mehta’s late work on the Hindu tradition. After engaging Heideggerian ontology and Gadamerian hermeneutics, and having critiqued the facility with which many have too easily engaged in comparative philosophical projects, Mehta presents a post-metaphysical reading of the Hindu tradition. He does this obliquely, to be sure, but all the same this chapter teases out what Mehta considers to be a uniquely Hindu logic. From the aggressive subject of the egveda to the devoted subject of the Bhagavata Puraoa, Mehta presents a Hindu logic that recognizes that the transcendental subject’s other is not coming but rather is withdrawing. To make this case, Mehta privileges the particular scene in the tenth canto of the Bhagavata Puraoa wherein Kcuoa has withdrawn from his loving devotees. Mehta suggests that this is the true nature of the religious subject, that is, the one for the whom the other is always, already withdrawn from the subject’s intentional activities. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the gender of this devoted subject. Significantly, both Mehta and Emannuel Levinas employ the feminine gender to challenge the supposed masculinity of transcendental subjectivity.
A Model of Inequities in Campaign Money in State Legislative Elections

This study considers inequities in campaign money in state legislative elections. We first describe large inequities in campaign money, even for candidates to the same state legislative chambers. The study considers two possible sources of inequities: candidates with exceptionally many donors, and candidates with exceptionally large donors. The theoretical model focuses primarily on the first explanation, and argues that exceptionally large donors have a lesser explanatory role. We derive both the micro- and aggregate-level implications of the model. These implications are tested using data on over 1.7 million contributions in 2008 and receive strong support from the empirical tests.
The Impact of CEO Turnover On Security Analysts Forecast Accuracy

This paper reports the results of a study on the impact of CEO turnover on the accuracy of financial analysts earnings forecasts. Using Value Lines earnings forecasts and a control sample design, the study reveals marginally more accurate earnings forecasts for CEO change firms after CEO turnover. This result may be attributed to the publicity surrounding the CEO replacements.
Bibliometrics: The best available information?

This commentary raises significant cautions related to inherent shortcomings in the use of bibliographic analytic technology, and in particular its use in substantive decision making around promotion and tenure. Questions are raised concerning the continued use of scholarly energy for bibliometric analysis of subtly different settings. The recommendation is offered that future efforts in bibliometrics must target methods to reduce methodological shortcomings. These include clarifying the metric used to “count” sole/multiple authorship, and to evaluate the “merit” of manuscripts as well as journals in which they appear. Finally, the fundamental meaning of the information produced in these analyses (i.e., the validity of the measure) must be clearly presented in order for it to be credibly used.
Flight test validation of tow target trajectory predictions

INTRODUCTION A recently developed tow target launch trajectory prediction code was previously validated with wind tunnel data and limited flight test data. A recent series of flight tests has resulted in a significant quantity of flight test data to allow a more complete validation of the trajectory program. Discussions of the inputs to the code and comparisons of predicted trajectories to the flight test data are presented.
Effects of mosquitoes on the average daily gain of feedlot steers in southern Louisiana.

During a 2-year study (1969-70), Psorophora confinnis (Lynch-Arribalzaga), Anopheles quadrimaculatus Say, and A. crucians Wiedemann populations caused statistically significant and economically damaging reductions in the average daily gain of feedlot steers. Steers on a high-energy-level ration (20% roughage) and steers on a low-energy-level ration (60% roughage) that were protected from mosquito attack gained significantly more ( P ‘0.01) during certain periods than steers on the same rations exposed to mosquito attack in 1969 and 1970. During these periods of loss in weight-gain efficiency, 6.8-114.7 blood-fed mosquitoes/ft2 wall were observed in the unscreened barn from 30 to 120 min after official sunset. Steers on the low-energy-level ration which were protected from mosquito attack gained in 1969 18.2 lb/head and sold for $5.78/head and in 1970 gained 45.5 lb/head and sold for $13.12/head more than unprotected steers on the same ration. Mosquito attack did not reduce the economic value of the steers on the high-energy level ration in 1969 and reduced their value only by $0.35/head in 1970 No overall significant difference was found between the average daily feed intake of the steers which were exposed to mosquito attack and those protected by screen wire. Larger numbers of blood-fed mosquitoes were observed in the barn 60, 90, and 120 min after official sunset than at 30 minutes after sunset ( P ‘0.01). However, the rate of increase from 90 to 120 minutes after official sunset was much less than that observed during the 1st 90 minutes.
Increased speed of premixed laminar flames in a microwave resonator

Long autoignition delay time and low lateral flame propagation speed are among the key problems in developing high-speed combustors for ram/scramjet engines. Plasma-assisted combustion can help to solve these problems. Estimates indicate that uniform volumetric nonequilibrium cold plasma ignition of fuel-air mixtures in ram/scramjet combustors can require large amounts of power to be deposited into the flow. Therefore, in this paper, we explore a possibility of increasing flame propagation speed that would be complementary to plasma ignition, allowing the latter to be applied to a smaller volume. The approach suggested in this paper is to use microwaves for flame speed enhancement. A rectangular microwave cavity was used to incorporate the burner which produces floated propane-air and methane-air flames. The microwave source is capable of providing microwave power in the range of 1300 W to 4500 W at 2.45 GHz. Successful experiments with laminar premixed flames at standard atmospheric pressure in a microwave resonant cavity have demonstrated the flame speed increase up to 68% in methane-air flame at the equivalence ration of 0.7 and up to 57% in propane-air flame at the equivalence ratio of 0.6. The microwave field in the experiments was subcritical, i.e., its intensity was below that required for breakdown, and a small amount of power (on the order 10 W) was absorbed in the flame. Theoretical estimates indicate that microwave absorption in the thin flame front, where radical reactions produce electrons and ions, can increase the flame temperature by up to a few hundred degrees Kelvin, resulting in a substantial flame speed increase with a relatively low absorbed power. These theoretical estimates support the observed experimental data.
Isolation of an Agent Belonging to the Psittacosis-Lymphogranuloma Group of Viruses

As part of a study of the common cold, an attempt was made to isolate an etiological agent from the nasal secretions of patients with this disease. Since previous work' had indicated that the inciting agent was a virus, methods were selected to demonstrate the presence of such organisms. As a result of this work, a virus has been isolated which apparently belongs to the psittacosis-lymphogranuloma group, and while it has not been shown to have any etiological relation to the common cold, and may not have originated in man, it is of interest as another member of this group of viruses.
Experimental immunologic thrombocytopenia in dogs: a study of thrombocytopenia and megakaryocytopoiesis.

Immunologic thrombocytopenia was induced in dogs by intravenous or intraperltoneal injection of rabbit anti-canine platelet serum (APS) or by intraperitoneal injection of the IgG fraction of the APS. In contrast, dogs injected with normal rabbit serum (NRS) or the IgM fraction of the APS did not develop thrombocytopenia. Marrow samples obtained at 24–96 h after inoculation of the IgG fraction contained megakaryocytes giving a positive reaction with fluorescein isothio- cyanate or horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti- rabbit globulin. In contrast, negative results were obtained with megakaryocytes in marrow samples collected before injection of the IgG fraction or after injection of the IgM fraction or NRS. The attachment of anti-platelet antibody to the surface of megakaryocytes was associated with appearance of morphologic abnormalities, particularly in mature megakaryocytes. Simultaneously, the number of immature megakaryocytes and acetylcholine esterase (AChE)-positive small cells (presumably megakaryocyte precursors) increased considerably. These changes coincided with the development of thrombocytopenia, and subsided as recovery ensued.