cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of growth and measurement temperature on the activity of the alternative respiratory pathway

A postulated role of the CN-resistant alternative respiratory pathway in plants is the maintenance of mitochondrial electron transport at low temperatures that would otherwise inhibit the main phosphorylating pathway and prevent the formation of toxic reactive oxygen species. This role is supported by the observation that alternative oxidase protein levels often increase when plants are subjected to growth at low temperatures. We used oxygen isotope fractionation to measure the distribution of electrons between the main and alternative pathways in mung bean (Vigna radiata) and soybean (Glycine max) following growth at low temperature. The amount of alternative oxidase protein in mung bean grown at 19°C increased over 2-fold in both hypocotyls and leaves compared with plants grown at 28°C but was unchanged in soybean cotyledons grown at 14°C compared with plants grown at 28°C. When the short-term response of tissue respiration was measured over the temperature range of 35°C to 9°C, decreases in the activities of both main and alternative pathway respiration were observed regardless of the growth temperature, and the relative partitioning of electrons to the alternative pathway generally decreased as the temperature was lowered. However, cold-grown mung bean plants that up-regulated the level of alternative oxidase protein maintained a greater electron partitioning to the alternative oxidase when measured at temperatures below 19°C supporting a role for the alternative pathway in response to low temperatures in mung bean. This response was not observed in soybean cotyledons, in which high levels of alternative pathway activity were seen at both high and low temperatures.
Retroviral Gene Transfer Using Safe and Efficient Packaging Cell Lines

One of the requirements for the use of retroviral vectors in human gene therapy is a packaging cell line which is incapable of producing replication-competent virus and which produces high titers of replication-deficient vector virus. Wild-type virus may be produced through recombinational events between the helper virus and a retroviral vector. We have constructed an ecotropic packaging cell line, GP + E-86, and an amphotropic packaging cell line, GP + envAm12, in which the viral gag and pol genes are on one plasmid and the viral env gene is on another plasmid. Both plasmids contain deletions of the packaging sequence and the 3' LTR. The fragmented helper virus genomes, when introduced into 3T3 cells, produce titers of retrovirus which are comparable to the titers produced from packaging cells containing the helper virus genome on a single plasmid. We have found no evidence for the generation of wild-type retrovirus using the GP + E-86 and GP + envAm12 packaging lines, either alone or in combination with the N2 retroviral vector. We also show that these packaging cell lines can be used to transfer the neoR gene of the N2 vector into mouse hematopoietic cells, followed by successful (48-52%), long-term (up to 200 days) transplantation into irradiated recipients. These results indicate that these packaging lines are safe and efficient for use in experiments designed for murine (using GP + E-86) and human (using GP + envAm12) gene therapy.
Why and how to coat ophthalmic lenses

Antireflection coated ophthalmic lenses, both glass and plastics, are very popular in Europe and Asia, while in the U.S. the ophthalmic lens manufacturers are just beginning to discover this add-on value. The reasons for the wide acceptance of, particularly, highly efficient broad band antireflection coatings in Europe and Asia are investigated, together with the reasons for their slow acceptance in the United States. Other types of coatings for ophthalmic lenses, for sun protection and laser protection, are also introduced. The discussion leads to deposition processes useful for coatings on plastic lenses. A brief evaluation of coating of prescription lenses vs. stock lenses, and of quality criteria for both types concludes this review paper.© (1991) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Suppression of reproductive maturation in male-stimulated virgin female microtus by a female urinary chemosignal.

Urine from female Microtus ochrogaster possesses a chemosignal that suppresses reproductive maturation in other females. Uterine enlargement in virgin females stimulated by a male was suppressed by subsequent association with another female or by application of female urine on the nose. Females so suppressed are not able to achieve estrus. Urine from virgin sibling and non-sibling females and from pregnant females possesses the suppressing effect.
Essential roles of the κ light chain intronic enhancer and 3′ enhancer in κ rearrangement and demethylation

The kappa intronic (MiE(kappa)) and 3' (3'E(kappa)) enhancers are both quantitatively important to, but not essential for, immunoglobulin kappa rearrangement. To determine the functional redundancy between these two enhancers, B cells derived from mutant embryonic stem cells--in which both MiE(kappa) and 3'E(kappa) were deleted on both kappa alleles--were analyzed for kappa rearrangement. Our findings indicate that these double-mutant B cells have essentially no kappa rearrangement but do rearrange and express lambda. Therefore, these two kappa enhancers share essential roles in activating V(kappa)J(kappa) rearrangement. Our findings also indicate that the two kappa enhancers play overlapping and distinct roles in the demethylation of kappa in B cells.
Quantifying the behavioral response of spawning chum salmon to elevated discharges from Bonneville Dam, Columbia River, USA

Chum salmon Oncorhynchus keta that spawn in main-stem habitats below Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River, USA, are periodically subjected to elevated discharges that may alter spawning behaviour. We investigated behavioural responses of spawning chum salmon to increased water velocities associated with experimental increases in tailwater elevation using acoustic telemetry and a dual-frequency identification sonar. Chum salmon primarily remained near their redds at base tailwater elevations (3.5 m above mean sea level), but displayed different movement and behavioural responses as elevations were increased to either 4.1 or 4.7 m for 8-h periods. When velocities remained suitable (<0.8 m s−1) during elevated-tailwater tests, female chum salmon remained near their redds but exhibited reduced digging activity as water velocities increased. However, when velocities exceeded 0.8 m s−1, the females that remained on their redds exhibited increased swimming activity and digging virtually ceased. Female and male chum salmon that left their redds when velocities became unsuitable moved mean distances ranging from 32 to 58 m to occupy suitable velocities, but returned to their redds after tailwaters returned to base levels. Spawning events (i.e. egg deposition) were observed for five of nine pairs of chum salmon following tests indicating any disruptions to normal behaviour caused by elevated tailwaters were likely temporary. We believe a chum salmon's decision to either remain on, or leave, its redd during periods of unsuitably high water velocities reflects time invested in the redd and the associated energetic costs it is willing to incur. Published in 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From driving cycle analysis to understanding battery performance in real-life electric hybrid vehicle operation

Abstract This paper proposes a methodology and approach to understand battery performance and life through driving cycle and duty cycle analyses from electric and hybrid vehicle (EHV) operation in real-world situations. Conducting driving cycle analysis with trip data collected from EHV operation in real life is very difficult and challenging. In fact, no comprehensive approach has been accepted to date, except those using standard driving cycles on a dynamometer or a track. Similarly, analyzing duty cycle performance of a battery under real-life operation faces the same challenge. A successful driving cycle analysis, however, can significantly enhance our understanding of EHV performance in real-life driving. Likewise, we also expect similar results through duty cycle analysis for batteries. Since 1995, we have been developing tools to analyze EHV and power source performance. In particular, we were able to collect data from a fleet of 15 Hyundai Santa Fe electric sports utility vehicles (e-SUVs) operated on Oahu, Hawaii; from July 2001 to June 2003 to allow driving and duty cycle analyses in order to understand battery pack performance from a variety of EHV operating conditions. We thus developed a comprehensive approach that comprises fuzzy logic pattern recognition (FL-PR) techniques to perform driving and duty cycle analyses. This approach has been successfully applied to EHV performance analysis via the creation of a compositional driving profile called “driving cycle profile” (DrCP) for each trip. The same approach was used to analyze battery performance via the construction of “duty cycle profile” (DuCP) to express battery usage under various operating conditions. The combination of the two analyses enables us to understand both the usage profile of EHV and battery performance in synergetic details and in a systematic manner using a pattern recognition technique.
New prospects for the treatment of lysosomal storage diseases.

Although individually rare, lysosomal storage disorders constitute a significant burden on society. To date, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has been the most successful therapeutic approach for lysosomal storage disorders. ERT reverses systemic manifestations of Gaucher disease but does not effectively treat the neurological complications. Recently, ERT produced a reduction of severe neuropathic pain, stabilisation of renal disease, and improved vascular function and structure in short-term, placebo-controlled trials in patients with Fabry's disease. Long-term studies are necessary to evaluate the full potential of ERT in this disease. In patients with Pompe disease, a fatal cardiac and skeletal muscle disorder, ERT improved cardiac function and structure, and increased overall muscle strength. It has already increased survival in a small number of affected infants. ERT also decreased liver and spleen size, joint mobility and quality of life in patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type I, but when the therapeutic protein is administered intravenously, it is unlikely to modify the neurological outcome in this or in other similar disorders. Bone marrow transplantation continues to be effective in Gaucher disease, in some forms of mucopolysaccharidosis and in mild forms of Krabbe disease, but it has high morbidity and mortality that limits its use in lysosomal storage disorders. Drugs that slow the rate of formation of accumulating glycolipids are being developed and one of them, OGT-918 (N-butyldeoxynojirimycin), is showing promise in patients with Gaucher disease. Gene therapy for lysosomal storage disorders holds promise as a replacement for the other therapies described here but requires much more development before clinical efficacy trials.
Assessing prognosis for high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas: search for a marker.

Background: Although improved staging technology, limb-sparing surgery, and adjunctive radiation and chemotherapy have improved the outlook for patients with malignant soft-tissue tumors of the trunk and extremities, it is evident that we cannot predict which patients will develop distant metastases. Although local control is now frequently achieved, most series of high-grade soft-tissue sarcomas carry a mortality rate of >50%. Methods: In a retrospective study of 93 patients with high-grade sarcomas treated between 1986 and 1992 for whom complete studies including size and volume measurements and DNA ploidy determinations as assessed by flow cytometry were available, a search for a marker for increased risk of metastasis or death was performed. Results: Grade of the lesion, sex, diagnosis, anatomical site, ploidic data (including mean DNA index and presence of an aneuploid peak), and treatment factors (including type of surgery, local recurrence, or radiation protocol) did not correlate with outcome. Age (younger patients did better), size (greatest diameter) and volume, and positive margins at surgery correlated with total survival. Conclusions: The results of the study, although negative, point out that using anatomical site, diagnosis, or ploidic analysis offers little toward anticipating outcome, whereas the size of the tumor is important.
Determination of the nonlinear optical coefficient and SHG coherence length for crystal single zinc selenide

Abstract Zinc selenide is characterized by very low infrared absorption and a high threshold for optical damage making its use as high power laser windows almost universal. Since the meterial is a member of the 4 3 m (zinc-blende) crystal class, it possesses a second order electric susceptibility tensor. We have measured the absolute value of the tensor components by the method of second harmonic generation of 10.6 micrometer radiation using a properly oriented single crystal wedge. Furthermore, the coherence length for the second harmonic process was accurately determined for various CO2 laser lines. The results of the susceptibility measurement are compared to the results of Miller's phenomenological analysis while the coherence length measurements are compared to that quality derived from previously available refractive index data.
Putative Health Risks Associated with Vasectomy

Vasectomy is widely regarded as a safe method of contraception, but over the years there have been many reports suggesting putative health risks associated with the procedure. Concerns over the possible association of vasectomy with a number of medical conditions, including cardiovascular disease, testicular cancer, prostate cancer, psychologic distress, and a variety of immune complex-mediated disease processes have been reported. Most recently, a manuscript from the neurology literature has described an association between vasectomy and primary progressive aphasia, a rare variety of frontotemporal dementia. This article reviews the literature surrounding each of these purported health concerns. Because the ultimate findings have important ramifications for both informed consent of vasectomy patients and for public health, the reported health risks in question should be critically evaluated.
AIDS education on the college campus: Roy's adaptation model directs inquiry.

A 1990 study found HIV seroprevalence to be 2/1000 in the college population; AIDS is the 6th leading cause of death for people aged 15-24 years. 50-70% of youths are sexually active by age 19 but only 1/3 report always using a condom. Despite the AIDS pandemic this low level of condom use persists and reports even suggest that college students are actually increasing their number of sex partners compared to previous cohorts. This study was conducted to describe college students AIDS beliefs condom beliefs and behaviors related to AIDs prevention and to explore the relationship between those variables and Roys interdependence self-concept and role function modes. Although evidence shows that high levels of AIDS knowledge do not predict AIDS preventive behavior the authors also tested the hypothesis that a 2-hour safer sex education module would change students AIDS beliefs condom beliefs sexual regard and safer sex practices. 49 white self-reported heterosexual residence hall students aged 18-22 years at a state university in New England were sampled. 80% were female and 20% were male while the initial participation response rate was only 30%. The overrepresentation of women may be due to a greater tolerance of AIDS among women and male fears of being considered homosexual. Very positive beliefs were observed for AIDs and condoms. Safer sex however was practiced only selectively with most reporting to avoid high-risk partners and 39% using condoms. No significant associations were found among the independent measures of AIDs beliefs condom beliefs self-esteem and sexual regard or with the dependent measure of AIDs safer sex practices. The safer sex module changed several beliefs but did not increase safer sex practices. Finally most claimed to have a good understanding of how AIDS is spread that they knew how to use condoms correctly and that they discussed AIDS with friends and parents.
Xenogeneic immunotherapy of transplantable guinea pig hepatoma with primate leukocyte lysates

Injection of leukocyte lysates prepared from rhesus monkeys xenografted with syngeneic strain-2 guinea pig line 10 hepatoma cells had the ability to increase survival times in guinea pigs receiving lethal, metastasizing doses of the tumor cells. Immunotherapy of the line 10 hepatoma with these xenogeneic anti-line 10 leukocyte lysates resulted in 5 out of 11, or 45.4%, of the animals surviving tumor challenge. Substantially increased survival times were observed in groups of animals treated with lysates from normal or anti-line 1 hepatoma sensitized rhesus monkeys as well. All survivors possessed in vivo skin reactivity and in vitro positive cell-migration inhibition against the line 10 antigen and purified protein derivative. The survivors exhibited negative or marginal immune reactivity against line 1 antigen, strain-2 salt-extracted liver antigen, and a nonspecific antigen, keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). Intact leukocyte lysates from line 10 xenografted baboons, rhesus monkey lysate dialysates, RNA extracts of leukocyte lysates, or lysates of nonlymphoid liver cells obtained from line 10 sensitized rhesus monkeys all failed to extend survival times significantly in strain-2 guinea pigs bearing the line 10 tumor.
Posterior approach for subtalar joint distraction arthrodesis by compact external fixation: a technique guide.

Abstract Subtalar joint arthrodesis is a commonly used surgical procedure for the management of rearfoot pathologic features. We present a technique guide for a posterior incisional approach to subtalar joint arthrodesis for correction of a calcaneal deformity secondary to calcaneal fracture malunion. This technique uses a monolateral external fixation device for controlled distraction and intercallary allograft placement. In contrast to a standard lateral approach, this incision provides better visualization of the joint space, and the use of a distractor enhances access to the joint surfaces for fusion preparation and maintains alignment while internal fixation is applied. A 44-year-old male underwent isolated subtalar joint arthrodesis to repair a malunion of a nonsurgically managed calcaneal fracture sustained 1 year before the surgical intervention. Controlled distraction was applied using a Hoffmann ® Compact™ MRI external fixation device. This device maintained distraction and tibial–calcaneal alignment until placement of the allograft–bone marrow aspirate. The use of external fixation is a viable option for distraction arthrodesis in subtalar joint fusions. It facilitates frontal plane deformity correction. We have described the surgical technique and presented a case in which the posterior approach with distraction was successfully used in subtalar joint arthrodesis. At 12 weeks postoperatively, serial radiographs displayed incorporation of the graft, with distraction maintained at the subtalar joint arthrodesis site. At the 3-month follow-up visit, the patient had successfully transitioned to weightbearing in a CAM walker without any complications.
Intentions of older homebound women to reduce the risk of falling again.

PURPOSE: Researchers have tested interventions to prevent recurrent falls for older people without exploring their intentions to prevent another fall. Lack of knowledge about such intentions is an impediment to intervention effectiveness. The purpose was to describe intentions to prevent another fall as discerned during a study with older homebound women. METHODS: Data were obtained during a series of four in-home interviews over 18 months with monthly telephone contacts between interviews; fall history was updated at each contact. A descriptive phenomenological method was used to analyze data. FINDINGS: Of the 40 women, 36 (aged 85 to 98 years) had fallen at home at least once before enrolling in the study, or had a subsequent or initial fall during the study. The overall intention was reducing my risk of falling again at home, with its components figuring out the reason that I fell and changing my ways to reduce my risk of falling again at home. Most women explained reasons for a fall and voiced intentions to prevent a similar fall. Women who viewed falls as unexpected events were uncertain that they could prevent a fall or felt unable to do so and voiced few preventive intentions. A few women voiced generalized preventive intentions to change health-related behaviors or habits. CONCLUSIONS: Most intentions were tied directly to the situation in which a fall had occurred. Such specificity could limit effectiveness of personal efforts to prevent falls in other situations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Practitioners should converse with older women who have fallen about their intentions to prevent another fall and weigh the need to help them generalize both the risk of falling again and their risk reduction intentions. Language: en
Measurement of Orthogonal Stress Gradients Due to Impact Load on a Transparent Sheet using Digital Gradient Sensing Method

A full-field optical method called Digital Gradient Sensing (DGS) for measuring stress gradients due to an impact load on a planar transparent sheet is presented. The technique is based on the elasto-optic effect exhibited by transparent solids due to an imposed stress field causing angular deflections of light rays quantified using 2D digital image correlation method. The measured angular deflections are proportional to the in-plane gradients of stresses under plane stress conditions. The method is relatively simple to implement and is capable of measuring stress gradients in two orthogonal directions simultaneously. The feasibility of this method to study material failure/damage is demonstrated on transparent planar sheets of PMMA subjected to both quasi-static and dynamic line load acting on an edge. In the latter case, ultra high-speed digital photography is used to perform time-resolved measurements. The quasi-static measurements are successfully compared with those based on the Flamant solution for a line-load acting on a half-space in regions where plane stress conditions prevail. The dynamic measurements, prior to material failure, are also successfully compared with finite element computations. The measured stress gradients near the impact point after damage initiation are also presented and failure behavior is discussed.
Contrast Gain in the Brain

Human sensory systems have the remarkable ability of adjusting sensitivity to the surrounding environment. In this issue of Neuron, Gardner and colleagues used fMRI to show how the visual system shifts its sensitivity to contrast. This process may be helpful for keeping the appearance of contrast constant across a range of spatial frequencies.
Young's Modulus of B. Subtilis Cell Wall: Measuring and Modeling the Elasticity of Rod-Like Bacteria

The peptidoglycan layer is the principle structural component of load baring cell wall in rod-like bacteria. As a polymer cross-linked into a rigid scaffold, peptidoglycan is responsible for characteristic shape of bacterial cells, their mechanical strength and durability. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is an ideal tool to make highly precise measurements, to analyze multiple isolated cells, and to compare the mechanical properties between the individual bacterial cells. We can then investigate how the biology of the cells (deletion of specific proteins) or treatment and stresses to the cells (exposure to antibiotics) can affect the mechanics of their cell walls. Although there have been many studies of the mechanics of bacteria using AFM, many of them treat the force-indentation relationship in the terms of the standard Hertz model (i.e. approximate the cell as a uniform elastic solid). Of the few studies that treat the compression of a cell as the deformation of a thin elastic shell, none treat bacteria as a rod-like structure, which it resembles. We used large radii colloidal probes to obtain force-compression curves on multiple individual cells of wild type B. Subtilis and a mutant deficient in the protein mbl (Δmbl) that plays a key role in cell wall synthesis. To interpret the data in a quantitative manner, we developed a variety of analytical models for a rod-like elastic shell filled with incompressible fluid. We applied these models to describe the stretching of the cell wall and to calculate the Young's modulus of peptidoglycan in hydrated rod-like bacteria. Compared to wild type cells, the Young's modulus of the peptidoglycan in mutant bacterial cells is reduced by a third.
Calculation of ternary and quaternary III–V phase diagrams

The models used to calculate binary and ternary III–V phase diagrams are reviewed. The simple solution model with Ω=a−bT is found to satisfactorily describe the liquid phase and the solid phase is adequately described using the regular solution model. The DLP (delta lattice parameter) model of the solid, based on the concept that the bonding in alloys is determined largely by the energy of the electrons, is found to be capable of predicting accurately the magnitudes of the solid interaction parameters knowing only the lattice parameters of the pure III–V compounds. The simple solution model with Ω=a−bT for the liquid and DLP model for the solid is then used in the calculation of the quaternary III–V phase diagrams. One outcome of the calculation is the establishment of a condition which can be used to check the consistency of the parameters Δ H F , T F and Ω 1 of the four solid III–V compounds bounding the solid phase field, against the solution model. The agreement of the calculated quaternary results with experiment in the Ga x In 1− x As y P 1− y system is satisfactory. In the Al x Ga 1− x P y As 1− y system, the consistency condition is not satisfied, and thus the calculation cannot agree with previous ternary calculations for the (Al,Ga)As, (Al,Ga)P and Ga(As,P) systems simultaneously. Parameters were chosen so that good agreement is established with all except the (Al,Ga)P ternary.
Longitudinal versus cross‐sectional estimation of lung function decline–further insights

This paper explores the extent to which differences in longitudinal versus cross-sectional inference may be influenced by the choice of statistical models. Using lung function data on 524 working men, we first compare the goodness-of-fit and implication for longitudinal decline of a variety of cross-sectional models. We then compare the predicted longitudinal patterns from these models with those observed over a period of four years. In general, both approaches provide qualitatively, if not quantitatively, similar messages concerning the relative effects of smoking and age on lung function decline. Nonetheless, we acknowledge the existence of real selection and cohort effects. Although we recognize the utility of cross-sectional designs, we discourage quantitative comparisons between studies, especially longitudinal versus cross-sectional.
"Progress through Novelty": The Kavli Frontiers of Science Symposium

ABSTRACT This report on the first-ever Art-Science Interface session at the annual Kavli Frontiers of Science Symposium collects reflections from a number of the session’s invited participants as well as its organizers. What impact does the participation of artists have at an elite science research symposium? How does cross-disciplinary engagement of this kind both reflect on, and take part in, the larger conversation concerning art-science collaborations and the significance of their outcomes? These questions and others are briefly explored.
Ice nucleation by silver iodide: Influence of an electric field

Abstract The ice nucleating properties of silver iodide can be changed temporarily by the application of an electric field. This change can be reasonably explained by assuming an electrostatic interaction between filled surface states and water molecules.
Model-Based Sampling Design for Multivariate Geostatistics

The quality of inferences made from geostatistical data is affected significantly by the spatial locations, or design, of the sites that are sampled. A large body of published work exists on sampling design for univariate geostatistics, but not for multivariate geostatistics. This article considers multivariate spatial sampling design based on criteria targeted at classical co-kriging (prediction with known covariance parameters), estimation of covariance (including cross-covariance) parameters, and empirical co-kriging (prediction with estimated covariance parameters). Through a combination of analytical results and examples, we investigate the characteristics of optimal designs with respect to each criterion, addressing in particular the design’s degree of collocation. We also consider the robustness of the optimal design to the strength of spatial correlation and cross-correlation; the effects of smoothness and/or separability of the sampled process on the optimal design; the relationship between optim...
Multiconfigurational Theoretical Study of the Octamethyldimetalates of Cr(II), Mo(II), W(II), and Re(III): Revisiting the Correlation between the M-M Bond Length and the δ → δ* Transition Energy

Four compounds containing metal−metal quadruple bonds, the [M2(CH3)8]n- ions (M = Cr, Mo, W, Re and n = 4, 4, 4, 2, respectively), have been studied theoretically using multiconfigurational quantum-chemical methods. The molecular structure of the ground state of these compounds has been determined and the energy of the δ → δ* transition has been calculated and compared with previous experimental measurements. The high negative charges on the Cr, Mo, and W complexes lead to difficulties in the successful modeling of the ground-state structures, a problem that has been addressed by the explicit inclusion of four Li+ ions in these calculations. The ground-state geometries of the complexes and the δ → δ* transition have been modeled with either excellent agreement with experiment (Re) or satisfactory agreement (Cr, Mo, and W).
Ab initio characterization of HBrO2 isomers: implications for stratospheric bromine chemistry

Equilibrium geometries, dipole moments, harmonic vibrational frequencies, and IR intensities are determined for the BrOOH, HOBrO, and HBrO2 molecules using the CCSD(T) correlation method in conjunction with a TZ2P one-particle basis set. Accurate heats of formation are evaluated using the CCSD(T) method together with spdfg one-particle basis sets. BrOOH is the lowest energy isomer, although HOBrO is predicted to be less than 5 kcal/mol higher in energy. The torsional barrier for trans-BrOOH is 2.9 kcal/mol (0 K), while for cis-BrOOH it is 5.4 kcal/mol. BrOOH is shown to be stable with respect to thermal dissociation and implications for stratospheric bromine chemistry are discussed.
Static Testing High-Pressure Piping Components

A method for testing high-pressure piping systems for service in the 20,000 to 40,000-psi range is described. Tubing systems were pressure tested and their behavior followed by means of resistance-wire strain gages mounted on the exterior surface. A method is described for graphically determining the pressure at which a tube wall becomes fully plastic. The allowable working pressure of a tube is determined by applying a safety factor to this pressure. Tubing bends and fittings, including metal gaskets, flanges, and tees, are evaluated by comparing their behavior under pressure with that of the tube with which they are to be used.
Successful dieters have increased neural activity in cortical areas involved in the control of behavior.

Successful dieters have increased neural activity in cortical areas involved in the control of behavior
Prognostic significance of flow cytometry deoxyribonucleic acid analysis of human oligodendrogliomas.

Flow cytometry was used to determine the deoxyribonucleic acid ploidy and proliferative activity of 60 oligodendrogliomas and oligoastrocytomas. The relationships among survival, ploidy, proliferation, histological features, and clinical variables were analyzed. Survival was strongly associated with the S-phase fraction (P 6%. Significant associations between survival and age at diagnosis (P < 0.001), tumor grade (P < 0.001), and extent of surgery (P < 0.01) were found also. The poor correlation between mitotic figures and survival in oligodendrogliomas that has been reported previously emphasizes the need for an accurate method to measure proliferative activity. Our study demonstrated the usefulness of the flow cytometry-determined S-phase fraction in this regard and demonstrated that specific reference ranges could be defined for clinical application. In contrast, the determination of ploidy by flow cytometry was not useful in the evaluation of oligodendrogliomas.
Beckmann's transportation network equilibrium model: Its history and relationship to the Kuhn–Tucker conditions

During 1952–54, Martin Beckmann, and his colleagues, formulated a nonlinear programming problem corresponding to behavioral assumptions from the viewpoint of an individual traveler concerning travel demand and cost-minimizing route choice over a congested road network. Their formulation was based on the conditions for a constrained maximum, recently derived by Kuhn and Tucker. This formulation was evidently the first time that economists used the Kuhn–Tucker conditions to formulate a new problem in economics, one of substantial practical importance and consequence, and quite possibly the first to use these conditions to formulate a new, large-scale problem in all fields of engineering. In this paper, an overview of the research leading to the formulation is offered. Then, the derivation presented in their monograph is described and explored in more detail. Finally, the impacts of this model on the field of transportation economics and the associated fields of transportation engineering and regional science are examined.
Synthesis and Analysis of Symmetrical and Nonsymmetrical Disaturated/Monounsaturated Triacylglycerols

Symmetrical disaturated triacylglycerols of the structure SUS, where S is stearic acid (18:0) and U is an unsaturated fatty acid, either oleic (O; 9cis-18:1), linoleic (L; 9cis,12cis-18:2), or lino...
Foveated Object Recognition Using Corners

We present a gray scale object recognition system that is based on foveated corner finding and that uses elements of Lowe's SIFT algorithm. The principles behind the algorithm are the use of high-information gray-scale corners as features, and an efficient corner- finding strategy to find them. The system is tested on a set of tool and airplane images and shown to perform well.
An equation of state/chemical association model for fluorinated hydrocarbons and HF

Abstract A modification of the Peng-Robinson equation of state (PR EOS) is described that has been used to calculate physical properties and phase equilibria for fluorinated hydrocarbons, HF, and mixtures containing these compounds. The key modifications are improved mixing rules for mixtures containing hydrofluorocarbons and an association model for HF that assumes a chemical equilibrium between HF monomers and hexamers. Equation-of-state parameters are presented for 21 pure compounds, including many halogenated compounds, ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, dimethyl ether, n-butane, and water. Generalized correlations are also presented that allow estimation of the EOS parameters for other compounds based on the measurement of liquid density and vapor pressure at a single temperature. Chemical association constants for HF and the PR EOS parameters for HF monomer and hexamer are also reported over the temperature range from −78 to 180 °C.
The surface tension of sodium dodecylsulfate solutions and the phase separation model of micelle formation

Abstract A method for obtaining accurate and precise surface tension measurements of surfactant solutions above the c.m.c. is described. It depends on purification by foaming below the c.m.c., followed by fractionation into a more concentrated and more dilute solution. Data are obtained as the concentration is varied by recombining the two solutions until a return to the initial value shows the absence of contamination during the whole operation, which is performed in a compact apparatus. The effect of typical contaminants was also studied and their complete removal ascertained. A modified equilibrium Wilhelmy method was used and its accuracy is discussed. The results show a significant decrease of the surface tension of solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate above the c.m.c. proving that its activity increases in this range. This finding places a definite limit upon the validity of the approximation represented by the phase separation theory of micelle formation. On the other hand, another approximation, a simple mass action calculation, accounts remarkably well for the data. Measurements below the c.m.c. obtained by essentially the same method indicate a significant increase of adsorption throughout this region.
An experimental study of fatigue crack initiation and growth from coldworked holes

Abstract The behavior of specimens with holes that were coldworked by radial expansion was studied. The initiation and growth of fatigue cracks was observed for a remote cyclic loading that generated stresses at the hole edge slightly above the yield stress. Coldworking affected the growth rate, not the initiation. Strains near the hole were measured with the moire technique and used to predict the initiation of cracks in the noncoldworked specimens with reasonable accuracy. Stress intensity factors computed with a linear elastic superposition procedure compared favorably with those measured by crack growth and displacement techniques for cracks longer than 1 mm.
What is the Added Value of Biomedical Engineering Technologies

All the Nations are convinced the Research and Development (RD) in general and in the Biomedical Engineering (BME) area in particular, will save the present growing problems of the planet and accordingly, try to convince the tax payers to invest money and human resources for a better future quality of life. Of course this assumption is valid but, learnt from the last 3 century history of BME, must be documented. The first naive approach is to be convinced a magic unknown new technology will solve tomorrow the present global health and medical problems. The second approach highlights the economical impact including employment in the relevant industry. Many others approaches focuses on the progress of knowledge and sciences, on the global competition and others competitive advantages. But two main lessons are learnt from the past: 1) the impact of technologies are peanuts without an ad hoc implementation systems, and 2) the present "patient and disease centered Healthcare delivery systems" are the common paradigms for reasoning and are based on the assumption "sciences will save me".
Rapid expression of novel proteins in goldfish retina following optic nerve crush

Polyadenylated messenger RNA was isolated from goldfish retinas at various times following unilateral crush of the optic nerve. RNA was translated in a cell-free system and product proteins analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and autofluorography. Poly(A)+ mRNA-directed protein synthesis revealed an 8-fold increase in the labeling of polypeptides of about 30 kd Mr and a pI of 5.5 in retinas 2 d following optic nerve crush, compared with control retina mRNA translation products. In vitro labeling of retinal proteins revealed the enhanced synthesis of comparable 30 kd proteins in 2 d post-crush retinas. Evidence presented suggests that this 30 kd protein cluster may correspond to fish 30 kd stress or heat-shock proteins (hsp-30).
Tertiary climatic changes at middle latitudes of western North America

Abstract A new multivariate analysis of leaf physiognomy provides the basis for estimating various climatic parameters for angiosperm leaf assemblages. Estimates from this Climate-Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program ( clamp ) are both accurate (valid) and precise (repeatable). Application of clamp to fossil-leaf assemblages from western North America confirms that Eocene mean annual temperature ( mat ) was generally high (early Eocene mat ≈ 19°C at paleolat. 70°N and >27°C at paleolat. 45°N). Significant fluctuations (≈5–8°) in mat occurred during the Eocene. Each successive warm period was cooler than the preceding warm period. Mean annual range of temperature ( mart ) was generally low during the Eocene, especially at middle latitudes, but then markedly increased by ≈ 12–13°C at ≈33 Ma as mat decreased by ≈ 7–8°C. These changes at ≈ 33 Ma largely involved a decrease in cold-month mean temperature, which continued to decline into the early Miocene but then increased significantly into the mid-Miocene thermal optimum. Warm-month mean temperature changed little from the Eocene through the early Miocene; this parameter, however, markedly decreased at ≈ 13 Ma, which coincides with the growth of the east Antarctic ice sheet. clamp also indicates that the coastal region of western North America had significantly higher mat than interior regions such as the Great Basin and Rocky Mountains. These differences in mat appeared by, or during, the Eocene and indicate that much of the interior had high altitudes in the Paleogene. These inferences have a significant bearing on global circulation models proposed for Tertiary climates.
Thickening the string. I. The string perfect dust

The classical theory of the geometrical string is developed as the theory of a simple, surface-forming timelike bivector field in an arbitrary background space-time. The stress-energy tensor for a perfect dust of such strings is written down, and the conservation laws for such a dust, as well as the equations of motion of the string, are derived from the vanishing of the divergence of the stress-energy tensor. (The boundary conditions for the open string are also derived from the junction conditions for the stress-energy tensor in Appendix A.) The generalization of this model to null strings, and to a perfect fluid of strings, are discussed, and will form the subject of the second and third papers in this series. The problem of a fully general-relativistic string theory, and an alternate approach to the string, based upon defining an acceleration tensor for two- (and higher) dimensional subspaces, are also discussed.
LXXXVII. The effect of an electric current on the photo-electric effect

(1921). LXXXVII. The effect of an electric current on the photo-electric effect. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 41, No. 246, pp. 916-921.
The effect of a university information security survey on instruction methods in information security

This paper reports on the need for Information Security Awareness educational programs to supplement teaching in Information Security. The need for such a program is demonstrated by findings resulting from a survey of university faculty and staff at Armstrong Atlantic State University conducted from February through April 2005 regarding the information security behaviors of such employees.
The Animal Behavior Society: An Intersociety Organization

The rapidly expanding field of animal behavior achieved organizational maturity through the formation of the Animal Behavior Society in Montreal on December 28, 1964, during the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Objectives of the Society, as stated in its constitution, are "to promote and encourage the biological study of animal behavior in the broadest sense ... using both descriptive and experimental methods under natural and controlled conditions." Officers of the Animal Behavior Society are: President, E. B. Hale, Pennsylvania State University; First President-Elect, H. E. Winn, University of Maryland; Second President-Elect, M. W. Schein, Pennsylvania State University; Secretary, J. A. King, Michigan State University; Treasurer, J. C. Braddock, Michigan State University; Program Officer, E. M. Banks, University of Illinois; Editor, L. R. Aronson, American Museum of Natural History. The Society plans to affiliate with both the AAAS and the American Institute of Biological Sciences. The Animal Behavior Society has been designed to accommodate the mutual interests of scientists from many disciplines who, because they belong to many different professional organizations with only a secondary orientation to animal behavior, have until now been separated professionally. Among the specialties which will be represented in the new Society are anthropology, ecology, entomology, physiology, psychology, sociology, wildlife management, and zoology. Membership is open to anyone interested in the field of animal behavior; application blanks are available from the Secretary, Dr. J. A. King, Department of Zoology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan. The annual dues of $8 include a subscription to the journal Animal Behaviour. Student membership, at $6 annually, is open to students in good standing at any recognized college or un versity. The Animal Behavior Society represents a unique venture at maintaining unity among biological disciplines while at the same time providing opportunity for specialized activities. The Society is an outgrowth of the combined Section of Animal Behavior and Sociobiology (of the Ecological Society of America) a d the Division of Animal Behavior
A Historically Based Review of Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children

Book reviewed in this article: Preventing Reading Difficulties in Young Children. Catherine E. Snow, Susan Burns, and Peg Griffin (Eds.). 1998.
Entrepreneurial motives and characteristics: An analysis of small restaurant owners

Abstract The purpose of this study was to gain information about the characteristics of small restaurant owners in China. The data for the study were hand-collected by survey questionnaires in four cities across three provinces in China. We found three main results. First, small restaurant entrepreneurs were characterized by one of three distinct motives in that they were autonomy seekers, family protectors, or profit seekers. Second, their funding sources were predominantly private rather than institutional. And third, the entrepreneurial business was the main source of the family's income. These findings have implications for development programs, financing, and education in developing China's restaurant industry. This study appears to be the first to investigate empirically entrepreneurial activity among small business owners in the Chinese restaurant industry.
Searching for the vibrational signatures of the Zn-Zn stretching mode in decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5-Cp*)2): The first organometallic compound with a metallic homonuclear Zn-Zn bond

Decamethyldizincocene (Zn2(η5-Cp*)2) is the first example of a stable organometallic compound with a homonuclear metal Zn–Zn bond. Although its structural properties have been characterized by X-ray diffraction and high-resolution mass spectroscopy, it has been suggested that its experimental infrared and Raman spectra might not be particularly useful in identifying the Zn–Zn stretch mode in Zn2(η5-Cp*)2. We have used density-functional theory (DFT) to calculate both an infrared (IR) and Raman spectra for Zn2(η5-Cp*)2. In particular, our results clearly identify a number of low frequency Raman active modes wherein Zn–Zn twist and stretch modes are clearly identifiable.