cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Depletion of brain serotonin does not alter 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-induced starvation syndrome in the rat.

Abstract We have previously reported a series of biological events in 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD)-intoxicated rats which resulted in elevated brain serotonin (5-HT) levels, offering a possible explanation of the acute toxicity (reduced feed intake and death) in these animals. It was thus hypothesized that depletion of central 5-HT stores should alter the TCDD-induced starvation syndrome. Brain 5-HT was selectively depleted by intracerebroventricular infusions of the neurotoxin 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine (5,7-DHT). Subsequently the animals were given a lethal dose of TCDD. In rats treated with 5,7-DHT hypothalamic 5-HT was depleted up to 90% compared to control animals, yet TCDD induced the expected reduction of bodyweight and feed intake. These results suggest that although TCDD increases central 5-HT levels as a result of increased plasma tryptophan, this may not be the main cause for reduced feed intake and lethality in these animals.
Interorganizational Conflict, Linkage, and Exchange: A Study of Industrial Salesmen

This study focuses on industrial salesmen as interface managers who link their employer with their customers. The linking process behavior of salesmen as an approach to interorganizational coordina...
Structure−Activity Relationship Study on a Simple Cationic Peptide Motif for Cellular Delivery of Antisense Peptide Nucleic Acid

Improving cellular uptake and biodistribution remains one of the major obstacles for a successful and broad application of peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) as antisense therapeutics. Recently, we reported the identification and functional characterization of an antisense PNA, which redirects splicing of murine CD40 pre-mRNA. In this context, it was discovered that a simple octa(l-lysine) peptide covalently linked to the PNA is capable of promoting free uptake of the conjugate into BCL1 cells as well as primary murine macrophages. On the basis of this peptide motif, the present study aimed at identifying the structural features, which define effective peptide carriers for cellular delivery of PNA. While the structure−activity relationship study revealed some clear correlations, only a few modifications actually led to an overall improvement as compared to the parent octa(l-lysine) conjugate. In a preliminary PK/tissue distribution study in healthy mice, the parent conjugate exhibited relatively broad tissue di...
Short-Term Integration of Cdc25 Dynamics Controls Mitotic Entry during Drosophila Gastrulation

Summary Cells commit to mitosis by abruptly activating the mitotic cyclin-Cdk complexes. During Drosophila gastrulation, mitosis is associated with the transcriptional activation of cdc25 string , a phosphatase that activates Cdk1. Here, we demonstrate that the switch-like entry into mitosis observed in the Drosophila embryo during the 14 th mitotic cycle is timed by the dynamics of Cdc25 string accumulation. The switch operates as a short-term integrator, a property that can improve the reliable control of timing of mitosis. The switch is independent of the positive feedback between Cdk1 and Cdc25 string and of the double negative feedback between Cdk1 and Wee1. We propose that the properties of the mitotic switch are established by the out-of-equilibrium properties of the covalent modification cycle controlling Cdk1 activity. Such covalent modification cycles, triggered by transcriptional expression of the activating enzymes, might be a widespread strategy to obtain reliable and switch-like control of cell decisions.
Physiologic distribution and differentiation of melanocytes in human fetal and neonatal skin equivalents.

There is evidence that epidermal keratinocytes play a critical role in melanocyte position and differentiation in the epidermis, although little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved. We have used an in vitro skin equivalent as a model system in which to study keratinocyte/melanocyte interactions in both fetal and neonatal skin. Because the skin equivalent model has been shown to closely simulate the morphologic and biochemical features of differentiated epidermis we hypothesized that the factors that influence melanocyte position and differentiation would also function in this system. Localization of melanocytes in skin equivalents, using the monoclonal antibody HMB-45, established that melanocytes in fetal skin equivalents are grouped and distributed both basally and suprabasally, whereas melanocytes in neonatal skin equivalents are singly distributed among basal epidermal keratinocytes, similar to the distributions of fetal and neonatal melanocytes, respectively, in vivo. Similarly, in fetal and neonatal skin equivalents the patterns of expression of a number of melanoma/melanocyte-associated antigens closely parallels that seen in vivo. These results suggest that the skin equivalent model is an excellent system in which to study the dynamic factors that regulate melanocyte migration, proliferation, and dIfferentiation during ontogeny and post-natal differentiation of the skin.
Partial purification and characterization of a proteoglycan-degrading neutral protease from bovine epiphyseal cartilage

Degradation of the proteoglycan matrix is considered an essential step in the process of calcification in the growth plate. This laboratory has just described the presence of a protease in human growth plate cartilage that degrades proteoglycan at neutral pH. We report here the isolation, partial purification, and characterization of these proteoglycan-degrading neutral proteases of bovine epiphyseal cartilage. It appears that there is more than a single enzyme active at neutral pH. These enzymes are of low molecular weight (below 30,000), poorly charged, and inhibited by metal chelating agents. Activity is best restored in the presence of zinc. This represents the first characterization of this important enzyme group.
Beyond the small-angle approximation for MBR anisotropy from seeds.

In this paper we give a general expression for the energy shift of massless particles traveling through the gravitational field of an arbitrary matter distribution as calculated in the weak field limit in an asymptotically flat space-time. It is [ital not] assumed that matter is nonrelativistic. We demonstrate the surprising result that if the matter is illuminated by a uniform brightness background that the brightness pattern observed at a given point in space-time (modulo a term dependent on the observer's velocity) depends only on the matter distribution on the observer's past light cone. These results apply directly to the cosmological MBR anisotropy pattern generated in the immediate vicinity of an object such as a cosmic string or global texture. We apply these results to cosmic strings, finding a correction to previously published results in the small-angle approximation. We also derive the full-sky anisotropy pattern of a collapsing texture knot.
Laser fluorescence detector for capillary electrophoresis

Abstract A simple, rugged, and relatively inexpensive laser-based fluorometer for detection in capillary electrophoresis is described. This is assembled from commercially available components and requires minimal experience for operation. Yet, the detection performance is comparable to those achieved in laser laboratories with sophisticated layouts. As an example, detection of a 3 pM solution of fluorescein is demonstrated. The design principles of laser fluorometric detection are critically examined, and the special adaptation for the present detection arrangement is discussed.
Foot Soldiers of the Final Solution: The Trawniki Training Camp and Operation Reinhard

The “Trawniki men” were indigenous collaborators who provided auxiliaries essential to “Operation Reinhard”—the murder of all Jews in the Government General. As architects of mass robbery, mass enslavement, and mass murder, the SS created in the Trawniki men a ruthless force bound neither to territory nor to nationalist aims, but rather to commanders and missions. The Germans’ provision of military benefits, their extension of awards and status, and even the respect they showed their helpers tightened the bond. Nicknamed for the earlier German colonial “askaris” in East Africa, the Trawniki-men were not so much reminiscent of the past as they were enforcers of the Nazi future.
A real-time 32.768-kHz clock oscillator using a 0.0154-mm 2 micromechanical resonator frequency-setting element

A capacitive-comb transduced micromechanical resonator using aggressive lithography to occupy only 0.0154-mm2 of die area has been combined via bond-wiring with a custom ASIC sustaining amplifier and a supply voltage of only 1.65V to realize a 32.768-kHz real-time clock oscillator more than 100× smaller by area than miniaturized quartz crystal implementations and at least 4× smaller than other MEMS-based approaches, including those using piezoelectric material. The key to achieving such large reductions in size is the enormous rate at which scaling improves the performance of capacitive-comb transduced folded-beam micromechanical resonators, for which scaling of lateral dimensions by a factor S provides an S2× reduction in both motional resistance and footprint for a given resonance frequency. This is a very strong dependency that raises eyebrows, since the size of the frequency-setting tank element may soon become the most important attribute governing cost in a potential MEMS-based or otherwise batch-fabricated 32.768-kHz timing oscillator market. In addition, unlike quartz counterparts, the size reduction demonstrated here actually reduces power consumption, allowing this oscillator to operate with only 2.1μW of DC power.
Diffusional coupling between microfractures and pore structure and its impact on nuclear magnetic resonance measurements in multiple-porosity systems

ABSTRACTNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation time measurements, although among the most accurate methods to estimate formation porosity, have been considered conventionally as insensitive to the presence of microfractures. Hence, the NMR responses in multiple-porosity systems, which may contain intergranular pores, microfractures, or channel-like inclusions, have not yet been thoroughly investigated. NMR pore-scale simulations using a random-walk algorithm enabled us to quantify the impact of microfractures/channels on NMR measurements and to propose a new concept of fracture-pore diffusional coupling in such heterogeneous systems. We randomly distributed and oriented microfractures (or channels) in 3D pore-scale images of different rock matrices. We then quantified the sensitivity of NMR T2 (spin-spin relaxation time) distribution to the presence of microfractures (or channels) and compared the pore-scale simulation results against a previously published experimental study. The pore-scale simulati...
Training of Residents for Their Role as Flight Physicians: A Survey of Emergency Medicine Training Programs

Objective: To determine the number of emergency medicine (EM) residency programs in which residents serve as helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) crew, the extent of training provided for this role, and how HEMS residents are evaluated. Methods: Accredited EM residency programs were contacted by telephone to determine which programs had residents serving as HEMS physicians. A self-administered survey was then mailed to the medical directors of the HEMS programs. Descriptive statistics were determined for each question. Results: Surveys were returned by 18 of the 20 residency programs (90%) where residents served as HEMS physicians. In the majority (94%), residents work with one other crew member, typically a nurse or paramedic. The amount of flight hours for a resident ranged from 25 to 500. The number of flights ranged from five to 225. The amount of HEMS training was highly variable. Four programs (22%) did not require any orientation flights with patients; 12 (67%) did not require any proficiency testing; direct attending supervision was rare (6%); and written feedback occurred in only 28% of programs. Conclusions: The training of residents for their role as flight physicians is highly variable, considering the amount of air transport time they perform. Direct faculty supervision, proficiency testing, and written feedback are rarely utilized.
On the final sequence of a finitary set functor

A standard construction of the final coalgebra of an endofunctor involves defining a chain of iterates, starting at the final object of the underlying category and successively applying the functor. In this paper we show that, for a finitary set functor, this construction always yields a final coalgebra in ω2 = ω + ω steps.
Pronounced effects of additional resistance in Andreev reflection spectroscopy

We present a systematic investigation of the additional resistance $({R}_{E})$, which is an unavoidable consequence of pseudo-four-probe electrical measurements, on the point-contact Andreev reflection (PCAR) spectrum by both modeling and experiments. Instead of considering the total resistance between the two voltage leads across a point contact as a sum of a contact resistance $({R}_{C})$ and a fixed sample resistance $({R}_{S})$, it is essential to treat the total resistance as a sum of the Andreev resistance ${R}_{\text{AR}}$ and the additional resistance ${R}_{E}$, which are, respectively, the resistances affected and unaffected by the Andreev reflection process. We show a detailed formalism of taking ${R}_{E}$ into account in modeling and demonstrate that the PCAR spectrum can be drastically affected by the presence of ${R}_{E}$. Experimentally, we have found that not only ${R}_{E}$ cannot be readily measured or even estimated, it is in fact different for each contact, depending on the contact resistance and whether the contact is near the purely ballistic regime or the purely diffusive regime. A self-consistent process is necessary to analyze the entire PCAR spectrum, properly normalize the conductance, determine ${R}_{E}$, and other parameters including the spin polarization and the superconducting gap for each contact. We determine ${R}_{E}$ for various contacts on specimens with different resistivity and resolve the causes of ${R}_{E}$. For contacts close to the diffusive regime, there are two sources of ${R}_{E}$: a dominant contribution which is linearly proportional to the total resistance and a constant value from the sample resistance. We also address the effects of additional resistance when PCAR is administered in the ballistic limit and in the diffusive limit. With the proper treatment of the additional resistance, we demonstrate that PCAR can quantitatively extract essential information of spin polarization and superconducting gap.
In-situ evaluation of lower limb prosthesis fit by spiral-computed tomography

Spiral x-ray computed tomography (SXCT) volumetric imaging was applied to in situ goodness of fit evaluation for lower extremity (LE) prostheses with and without axial loading. SXCT data was obtained (Siemens Somatom PLUS-S) with and without the prosthesis in place. An algorithm was developed to map and measure the residuum bony and soft tissue structure and their relationship to the rigid prosthesis socket. A transform was applied along the main axis of the structure to estimate the local soft tissue thickness relative to bone and map it from a Cartesian coordinate voxel array into cylindrical and spherical (Lambert projection) maps. Interval changes in the soft tissue envelope relative to the underlying skeleton were measured by comparing maps obtained from serial examinations. The test-retest repeatability and validity of SXCT methods was assessed using cadaver parts, phantom test objects, and human volunteers. The soft tissue envelope of lower limb residua were successfully determined, and the precision (repeatability) of SXCT was consistently better than 90%. Soft tissue SXCT mapping of a lower limb residuum is feasible with the prosthesis in situ and provides comprehensive information on the geometry and tissue characteristics for static evaluation of prosthesis fit.
Efficient synthesis of high purity homo-arm and mikto-arm poly(ethylene glycol) stars using epoxide and azide-alkyne coupling chemistry.

High purity homo-arm and mikto-arm poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) stars are successfully prepared by the combination of epoxide ring-openings and azide–alkyne click reactions. First, monohydroxy-PEG was modifi ed via epoxide chemistry to bear one hydroxyl and one azide functionality at the same end. An alkyne-functionalized PEG chain was then coupled to the azide. Subsequently, the remaining hydroxyl could be reactivated to an azide again and again to enable stepwise addition of alkyne-functionalized polymer arms. The use of effi cient reactions for this iterative route provides star polymers with an exact number of arms, and a tailorable degree of polymerization for each arm. Detailed characterization confi rms the high purity of multiarm polyethylene glycol products.
Formation of V2O3 nanocrystals by thermal reduction of V2O5 thin films

Abstract We report the formation of homogeneous and stable V2O3 nanocrystals, directly from V2O5 thin films, at 600 °C, as observed by using in situ electron microscopy experiments. Thermally-induced reduction of V2O5 thin films in vacuum is remarkably different when compared to reduction of V2O5 single crystals and results in the formation of nanophase V2O3. Thermally grown V2O3 nanocrystals exhibit hexagon or square shape and are stable at higher temperature as well as room temperature. The formation of stable nanocrystals through the reduction process in a non-chemical environment (vacuum) could provide a basis for understanding the complex processes of vanadium oxide phase transitions and for controlling the chemical processes to produce oxide nanocrystals.
Stability of films with nanoparticles

Numerous products (such as paints, inks, foods, and beverages) and processes (such as coating, coagulation, sedimentation, lubrication, and paper-making) depend on the stability of the liquid films separating the dispersed phase from the continuous phase in the presence of nanoparticles or surfactant micelles. Nanoparticles exhibit a tendency to form ordered layers (i.e., stratification) and particle in-layer structures in these thin films at a sufficiently high concentration, resulting in a structural force that stabilizes the dispersion. The dispersion stability depends on the film size and the nanoparticle concentration.
Russia in the Post-Western World: The End of the Normalization Paradigm?

If the relative decline of the West and the great power shift defined as "the rise of the rest" are approaching, there are important implications for Russia's foreign policy. Drawing on the work of Russian and Western commentators, this article offers a preliminary assessment of the post-Western world's implications for Russia and its foreign policy. The challenge of the emerging post-Western world and the manifestations of the West's declining hard and soft power dimensions are described; several schools of Russian thought on current international conditions and Russia's own domestic capabilities are identified and analyzed; and Russia's potential to act as a post-Western great power is assessed.
Autoxidation of Milk Lipids. I. Identification of volatile Monocarbonyl Compounds from Autoxidized Milk Fat

Summary The C 1 through C 10 n-alkanals, the C 5 through C 11 alk-2-enals, and acetone were conclusively identified as 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones, from the volatile material of milk fat oxidized to a TBA No. of 15 and a peroxide value of 14.3. In addition, presumptive evidence is presented for the identification of but-2-enal and the odd-numbered C 5 through C 15 n-alkan-2-ones. Approximately 63% of the isolated monocarbonyl compounds were n-alkanals and 34% alk-2-enals. The possible origin of the identified compounds, their role in the oxidized flavor of milk fat, and the relationship of the results of this paper to the findings of other workers are discussed.
Electro-Thermal MEMS Switch With Latching Mechanism: Design and Characterization

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and characterization of a proprietary metallic microelectromechanical systems switch with unique latching and switching mechanisms that are driven electro-thermally by a set of V-shaped actuators (VSA) and modified Guckel U-shaped actuators. These distinctive actuators are specifically designed and uniquely integrated to provide desired large in-plane traveling distance and force for the switch contact and latching mechanisms. Due to the structural symmetry of the VSA, the out-of-plane displacements are minimized in the entire system. The latching mechanism reduces the total power consumption of the switch while providing a large mechanical contact force for a reliable switching function. This switch with latching capability only consumes power at the time of changing states. MetalMUMPs is employed to fabricate the device, in which electroplated nickel is used as the structural material. Using the metallic structure allows a low operating voltage. At 1.0 V with an electrical power of ~ 0.67 W, each nickel 4-arm VSA generates ~ 13.5-μm displacement and ~ 8-mN force.
Effect of temperature and photoperiod on the induction of diapause in the mite Metaseiulus occidentalis.

Abstract Diapause in a predaceous mite, Metaseiulus occidentalis , from a Californian vineyard population is a photoperiodically induced, facultative, adult reproductive diapause in females. The laboratory-determined critical photophase at 19°C was estimated at 11·2 hr. At 16°C, the critical photophase under laboratory conditions was approximately 11·6 hr. Temperature influenced the photoresponse of M. occidentalis so that diapause was entirely averted at temperatures of 22, 25, and 30°C. Aestival diapause at higher temperatures and long photophases was lacking. Development was continuous under constant darkness at all the temperatures tested. Diapause termination in laboratory-reared mites occurred spontaneously under the inductive conditions. Under constant 19°C temperatures, females responded to photophases so that diapause was terminated most rapidly under a 16 hr photophase (in 18·6 days); the 12 and 8 hr photophases, at this temperature, were next in their effectiveness, with 27·9 and 73·0 days, respectively, required for termination.
Estrogen and raloxifene stimulate transforming growth factor-beta 3 gene expression in rat bone: a potential mechanism for estrogen- or raloxifene-mediated bone maintenance

Estrogen or raloxifene (LY156758) prevent estrogen deficiency-induced bone loss in animals and humans. We demonstrated in the rat that a 22% reduction in bone mineral density generated by ovariectomy was associated with a 2-fold reduction of transforming growth factor-beta 3 (TGF beta 3) messenger RNA expression in the femur. Administration of 17 beta-estradiol or raloxifene to ovariectomized rats restored both bone mineral density and TGF beta 3 messenger RNA expression in the femur to levels measured in intact animals. In transient transfection assays, the promoter sequence from -38 to + 110 of the human TGF beta 3 gene, which contains no palindromic estrogen response element, was sufficient to mediate 17 beta-estradiol or raloxifene induced-reporter gene expression in presence of the estrogen receptor. Raloxifene activated TGF beta 3 promoter as a full agonist at nanomolar concentrations. In the same cellular system, raloxifene inhibited the estrogen response element-containing vitellogenin promoter expression as a pure estrogen antagonist. In two well characterized osteoclast differentiation models, TGF beta 3 significantly inhibited the differentiation and bone-resorptive activities of murine and avian osteoclasts. These findings suggest that regulation of TGF beta 3 gene expression by raloxifene or estrogen in bone may be an important target to mediate bone maintenance.
Promoting Intergenerational Interaction through Collaborative Learning: “Growing and Aging” Community Reading Program

Gerontology programs often provide opportunities for students to interact with older adults. It is typical for students to visit a nursing home or volunteer at a senior care facility, for example, ...
Lectin and Neuropeptide Labeling of Separate Populations of Dorsal Root Ganglion Neurons and Associated “Nociceptor” Thin Axons in Rat Testis and Cornea Whole-Mount Preparations

As part of a program to explore patterns of innervation by nociceptor-related thin sensory axons in a variety of peripheral regions, we have labeled calcitonin gene-related peptide immunoreactive (CGRP-IR) nerve fibers in whole mounts of rat testicular tunica vasculosa and cornea. Efforts were undertaken to visualize the numerically significant fluoride-resistant acid phosphatase (FRAP)-containing axon population, whose peripheral endings have heretofore remained undemonstrable due to technical limitations of currently available acid phosphatase methods. Various histochemical markers that colocalize with FRAP in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord were examined, and a plant lectin, Griffonia simplicifolia I-B4, has been identified that not only selectively labels FRAP(+) sensory ganglion cells and central terminals in spinal cord, but also differentially stains a large number of thin axons in testicular and corneal whole mounts. Slender lectin-labeled fibers are abundant in cornea, and are distributed throughout tunica vasculosa preparations unrelated to blood vessels. CGRP-IR axons, in contrast, maintain close adherence to vascular patterns and are more coarse and varicose in appearance. Lectin staining therefore provides the first practical and specific method for visualization of peripheral FRAP(+) axons consisting principally of sensory C fibers but possibly including a small number of unmyelinated autonomic axons. It should now be feasible, using individual whole-mount preparations from various peripheral nociceptor-innervated tissues, to examine the distributions of both peptidergic and FRAP(+) fibers, which together comprise the vast majority of thin sensory axons. It may then be possible to correlate the observed anatomical patterns with knowledge regarding properties of corresponding physiologically characterized receptive fields.
A Model for Promoting Adolescents' Adherence to Treatment for Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Treatment for type 1 diabetes mellitus involves a multifaceted regimen that includes daily blood glucose monitoring, insulin injections, a dietary plan, and regular exercise. Although treatment for diabetes is essential for survival and good health, adolescents show a precipitous decline in treatment adherence from childhood to adolescence and thus warrant clinical attention. Several variables have been linked to poor adherence, but to date, these variables have not been integrated into a cogent framework for clinicians and researchers. Hence, the purpose of this article is to review the current literature on significant correlates and to propose a model that organizes these variables into a practical framework for conceptualizing adolescents' adherence to diabetes treatment.
Preparing for the aftermath: Using emotional agents in game-based training for disaster response

Ground truth, a training game developed by Sandia National Laboratories in partnership with the University of Southern California GamePipe Lab, puts a player in the role of an incident commander working with teammate agents to respond to urban threats. These agents simulate certain emotions that a responder may feel during this high-stress situation. We construct psychology-plausible models compliant with the Sandia Human Embodiment and Representation Cognitive Architecture (SHERCA) that are run on the sandia cognitive runtime engine with active memory (SCREAM) software. SCREAM's computational representations for modeling human decision-making combine aspects of ANNs and fuzzy logic networks. This paper gives an overview of ground truth and discusses the adaptation of the SHERCA and SCREAM into the game. We include a semiformal description of SCREAM.
ATLAS Muon Endcap Alignment

To align the endcap muon chambers of the ATLAS experiment, an optical grid is set up between aluminum “alignment bars” nested in each layer of chambers. Optical lines are made of laser diodes and CCD cameras that form an alignment grid. The alignment bars are self-aligning. They are then carefully measured using a large coordinate measuring machine (CMM). The subsequent shape changes of the bar are determined by calculations that are corrected by the readings of the internal monitors. The relationship between the bars is then established by a network of sensors that measure the bearing angle of light sources on the other parts of the system. The system is over-determined and the location and orientation of each bar is determined using a fitting program. Chambers are then referenced to the alignment grid using proximity sensors. This information is used to provide corrections to the nominal chamber positions before calculating track momentum. The performance of the system has been validated in a test beam at CERN. We have been able to track changes in muon sagitta's to an accuracy of about 15 microns under normal temperature variation and controlled movements. The system is stable over a period of months.
Triple Stigma in Forensic Psychiatric Patients: Mental Illness, Race, and Criminality

Stigma involves negative beliefs and devaluations of people in socially identified groups, which some people internalize. Research has increasingly explored mental illness self-stigma, when people with mental illness believe society's negative beliefs are true of them (e.g., they are hopeless due to mental illness). Self-stigma predicts poorer functional and treatment outcomes. Forensic psychiatric patients experience multiple stigmas, yet no research has explored how stigmas due to mental illness, race, and criminal history influence each other. This review discusses relevant stigma research, which suggests that self-stigma in forensic psychiatric populations likely interferes with rehabilitation and avoiding re-arrest. Forensic psychiatric stigma is particularly relevant given increasing social attention on violence, incarceration, mental illness, and race. Conclusions discuss targets for future research.
In vitro Production of Galls Induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes on Vitis and Rubus

Summary Galls were induced on in vitro shoots of Vitis and Rubus through inoculations with Agrobacterium tumefaciens and A. rhizogenes . Several inoculation procedures were evaluated based on mean fresh weights of galls produced on Vitis shoots following inoculation with A. tumefaciens strains A208 and 14aA208Hpaf. Piercing shoots with a needle carrying Agrobacterium was found to produce a larger mean gall weight than dipping shoot bases into Agrobacterium colonies and then inverting the shoots into the medium. Decapitating shoot tips prior to inoculation did not increase gall weights. Gall weights varied according to the bacterial strain used. The largest Vitis galls were induced by A. rhizogenes , while A. tumefaciens strains produced larger galls in the Rubus cultivars tested. A. rhizogenes inoculations led to the formation of abnormal roots near the inoculation sites in both Vitis and Rubus . Some of these roots were presumably transformed and demonstrated both an abnormal thickening and lack of geotropism. The potential usefulness of such in vitro produced roots and galls for gene transfer studies, anatomical studies, and studies on the genetic basis for host plant resistance is discussed.
Selective elution of zones from preparative isoelectric focusing gels by ampholytes or buffers

Abstract Protein zones formed by isoelectric focusing on polyacrylamide gels (IFPA) can be eluted without mechanical disruption of the gels. Specific elution is achieved by replacement of the original anolyte, a strong acid, with an ampholyte of a p I higher than that of the protein which is to be eluted. Alternatively, the anolyte may be a buffer of a pH higher than the p I of the focused protein zone. A rudimentary apparatus and procedures for the application of this method of zone elution are described but are not as yet sufficiently developed to provide a ready-to-use preparative IFPA procedure.
Thermoremanence and Meissner effect in QMG and single-crystal YBCO

Abstract We compare flux pinning in a single crystal (twinned and detwinned) of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− x (YBCO) with that in a quench-melt-growth (QMG) bulk YBCO sample using measurements of the thermoremanent magnetization and Meissner effect. For temperatures up to 50 K, there is practically no difference in the thermoremanent magnetization of the crystal in the twinned and detwinned states, while above 50 K the remanent flux in the twinned state is larger. The rate of decrease of thermoremanent magnetization with temperature is much lower for the QMG material. The QMG material has practically no Meissner effect over a wide range of applied fields, whereas a considerable difference in Meissner effect is seen between the twinned and detwinned states of the single crystal.
Reply to ''Investigation with low-energy electron diffraction of the adsorbate-induced metal relaxations in the Cu(100)-(2 x 2)-S surface structure''

We have compared the structures of p(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}2)S/Cu(001) determined by angle-resolved photoemission extended fine structure (ARPEFS) and low-energy electron diffraction (LEED). Several questions are raised regarding the treatment of the inner potential in standard LEED analysis. The need for future experiments that permit a detailed comparison between the two techniques is addressed.
Breast cancer susceptibility alleles and ovarian cancer risk in 2 study populations

Recent genome-wide scans identified several novel breast cancer risk alleles, including variants of the FGFR2, MAP3K1 and LSP1 genes, and a study of associations between these alleles and characteristics of breast cancer patients reported a borderline significant correlation between the number of FGFR2 minor alleles and family history of breast/ovarian cancer. Given these results and similarities in the etiology of breast and ovarian cancer, we examined the association between 7 novel breast cancer susceptibility alleles and epithelial ovarian cancer risk in 2 large study populations. Our analysis included 1,173 cases and 1,201 controls from a New England-based Case–Control study and 210 cases and 603 controls from the prospective Nurses' Health Study. We used logistic regression to estimate the odds ratio (OR) for individuals heterozygous or homozygous for the minor allele at each locus, compared to individuals with the wild-type genotype. We examined the associations separately in each population and, after testing for heterogeneity in the results, pooled the estimates using a random effects model. There was no clear association between these polymorphisms and ovarian cancer risk in either population. The pooled per allele OR for FGFR2 was 1.06 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.95–1.18) for rs1219648 and 1.04 (95% CI = 0.93–1.15) for rs2981582. We had more than 80% power to detect a log-additive OR of 1.16–1.18 per allele at the alpha = 0.05 level in the pooled analysis. Our results do not provide strong support for an association between these breast cancer susceptibility alleles and epithelial ovarian cancer risk. © 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
New Mos1 mariner transposons suitable for the recovery of gene fusions in vivo and in vitro.

Abstract The Drosophila Mos1 element can be mobilized in species ranging from prokaryotes to protozoans and vertebrates, and the purified transposase can be used for in vitro transposition assays. In this report we developed a ‘mini-Mos1’ element and describe a number of useful derivatives suitable for transposon mutagenesis in vivo or in vitro. Several of these allow the creation and/or selection of tripartite protein fusions to a green fluorescent protein–phleomycin resistance (GFP-PHLEO) reporter/selectable marker. Such X-GFP-PHLEO-X fusions have the advantage of retaining 5′ and 3′ regulatory information and N- and C-terminal protein targeting domains. A Mos1 derivative suitable for use in transposon-insertion mediated linker insertion (TIMLI) mutagenesis is described, and transposons bearing selectable markers suitable for use in the protozoan parasite Leishmania were made and tested. A novel ‘negative selection’ approach was developed which permits in vitro assays of transposons lacking bacterial selectable markers. Application of this assay to several Mos1 elements developed for use in insects suggests that the large mariner pM[cn] element used previously in vivo is poorly active in vitro, while the Mos1-Act-EGFP transposon is highly active.
Iron hydrolysis and solubility revisited: observations and comments on iron hydrolysis characterizations

Abstract This work describes and evaluates previous hydrolysis characterizations relevant to the behavior of iron in natural solutions, with special emphasis given to the physical chemistry of iron in seawater. New potentiometric data are used in this work to extend FeOH 2+ hydrolysis constant characterizations to 6 M ionic strength. These results obtained in NaClO 4 are in excellent agreement with previous spectrophotometric characterizations over the range of conditions of those previous works. The enthalpy for the first Fe 3+ hydrolysis step (Δ H 1 *) is 10.2 kcal mol −1 and the molal scale hydrolysis constant appropriate to the first hydrolysis step ( β 1 *=[FeOH 2+ ][H + ][Fe 3+ ] −1 ) is log β 1 *=−2.71±0.03 at 25°C and the ionic strength of seawater. Recalculations of previous data, as well as new experimental analyses in this work indicate that Fe(OH) 2 + hydrolysis constants ( β 2 *=[Fe(OH) 2 + ][H + ] 2 [Fe 3+ ] −1 ) for ionic strengths between 0.7 and 3.0 M are on the order of log β 2 *≤−7. This constant is, like β 1 *, expected to be strongly temperature-dependent (Δ H 2 *≅16.9 kcal mol −1 ). Previous estimates for β 3 * derived from solubility analyses are operationally defined and model-dependent. At 25°C and the ionic strength of seawater β 3 * is estimated as log β 3 *≤−13.6. Enthalpy estimates appropriate to β 3 * (Δ H 3 *≅23.9 kcal mol −1 ) indicate that this upper bound decreases strongly with decreasing temperature. Our current understanding of the pH dependence of Fe III solubility behavior is closely tied to assumptions about the form of Fe(OH) 3(s) solubility products in aqueous solution. Evidence is presented which indicates that the Fe(OH) 3(s) solubility product, K so *=[Fe 3+ ][H + ] − n , should be written with n
Addiction potential of benzodiazepines and non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics.

This paper reviews the addiction potential of all benzodiazepines currently available in the U.S.A. as well as several non-benzodiazepine anxiolytic drugs. Addiction potential was assessed by separately considering the potential for these drugs to produce three different phenomena of addiction; namely, physical dependence, psychological dependence and deleterious consequences. This review focuses on human studies conducted with research volunteers outside the therapeutic context and also on clinical studies conducted with patients receiving treatment in the therapeutic context. It is concluded that benzodiazepines have a reduced addiction potential in comparison to the predecessor barbiturates. Conclusions regarding the relative addiction potential of several non-benzodiazepine anxiolytics are difficult due to a paucity of data; however limited evidence suggests a reduced addiction potential for several of these compounds. Within the benzodiazepine class, qualitative differences in addiction potential bet...
Probing the molecular-level control of aluminosilicate dissolution: A sensitive solid-state NMR proxy for reactive surface area

Abstract For two suites of volcanic aluminosilicate glasses, the accessible and reactive sites for covalent attachment of the fluorine-containing (3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)dimethylchlorosilane (TFS) probe molecule were measured by quantitative 19F nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The first set of samples consists of six rhyolitic and dacitic glasses originating from volcanic activity in Iceland and one rhyolitic glass from the Bishop Tuff, CA. Due to differences in the reactive species present on the surfaces of these glasses, variations in the rate of acid-mediated dissolution (pH 4) for samples in this suite cannot be explained by variations in geometric or BET-measured surface area. In contrast, the rates scale directly with the surface density of TFS-reactive sites as measured by solid-state NMR. These data are consistent with the inference that the TFS-reactive M-OH species on the glass surface, which are known to be non-hydrogen-bonded Q3 groups, represent loci accessible to and affected by proton-mediated dissolution. The second suite of samples, originating from a chronosequence in Kozushima, Japan, is comprised of four rhyolites that have been weathered for 1.1, 1.8, 26, and 52 ka. The number of TFS-reactive sites per gram increases with duration of weathering in the laboratory for the “Icelandic” samples and with duration of field weathering for both “Icelandic” and Japanese samples. One hypothesis is consistent with these and published modeling, laboratory, and field observations: over short timescales, dissolution is controlled by fast-dissolving sites, but over long timescales, dissolution is controlled by slower-dissolving sites, the surface density of which is proportional to the number of TFS-reactive Q3 sites. These latter sites are not part of a hydrogen-bonded network on the surface of the glasses, and measurement of their surface site density allows predictions of trends in reactive surface area. The TFS treatment method, which is easily monitored by quantitative 19F solid-state NMR, therefore provides a chemically specific and quantifiable proxy to understand the nature of how sites on dissolving silicates control dissolution. Furthermore, 27Al NMR techniques are shown here to be useful in identifying clays on the glass surfaces, and these methods are therefore effective for quantifying concentrations of weathering impurities. Our interpretations offer a testable hypothesis for the mechanism of proton-promoted dissolution for low-iron aluminosilicate minerals and glasses and suggest that future investigations of reactive surfaces with high-sensitivity NMR techniques are warranted.
Diamond in the USA

Abstract Major highlights of the history of diamond in the USA are presented from its embryonic beginnings until the present. New approaches are presented for understanding diamond nucleation and growth. The approaches are seen to be complementary and, if properly integrated, synergistic in nature.
Ethanol-mediated taste aversions and state-dependency in preweanling (16-day-old) rats.

Requirements for conditioning of an ethanol-mediated taste aversion in 16-day-old rat pups were examined. Experiment 1 demonstrated that preweanling rats are capable of acquiring, in two trials, an aversion to a 15% sucrose solution when followed by intragastric intubation of a 1.2 g/kg dose of 17% v/v ethanol, but not when followed by a 0.4 g/kg dose. Comparison was with control animals given sucrose followed by an equivalent volume isocaloric Half and Half. When the 0.4 g/kg dose of ethanol preceded sucrose presentation by 30 min (Experiment 2), the aversion was learned, suggesting that the effective delay between the sucrose and the critical consequences of the ethanol had been too long with the former procedure. Expression of the sucrose aversion required, however, the reinstatement of the context of intoxication—state-dependent retention. Finally, the results of Experiment 3B indicated that, in addition to the association between the sucrose and the aversive consequences of alcohol intoxication, the orosensory cues resulting from alcohol's direct elimination, via such processes as respiration and salivation, became associated with the appetitive properties of the sucrose. This was evidenced by a conditioned increase in preference for ethanol odor. Possible age-related differences in the ability to associate stimuli with alochol's unconditioned consequences, and in state dependency are discussed.
Limiting the Scope of the Spacial Model of Communication Effects.

An experiment tested the hypothesis that cognitive change resulting from information inputs can be represented as linear motion of concepts in multidimensional space. The theoretical background is reviewed and the mathematical derivation of the hypothesis is given. A set of 15 nations was scaled using Woelfel’s Galileo system of multidimensional scaling. Experimental messages were introduced and the posttest interconcept distances compared with those predicted by theory. The crucial partial correlations were low, a failure to confirm the hypothesis. Secondary analyses suggested that the failure may have resulted from inadequate control of message content and failure to ensure that the concepts scaled compose a cognitive domain. The theory made better predictions for a subset of the concepts that might be a domain. An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that cognitive change resulting from information inputs can be represented as linear motion of concepts in a multidimensional space. This research may be considered as an attempt to extend the bounds of the spacial model of cognition, a paradigm increasingly influential on communication research; the results may be considered as evidence of limits to the model’s scope. The following sections will discuss the theoretical background of the research and present the derivation of the experimental hypothesis, describe the design, procedures, and analysis of the study, present the results, and consider alternative explanations.
Low-energy effective theory, unitarity, and nondecoupling behavior in a model with heavy Higgs-triplet fields

We discuss the properties of a model incorporating both a scalar electroweak Higgs doublet and an electroweak Higgs triplet. We construct the low-energy effective theory for the light Higgs doublet in the limit of small (but nonzero) deviations in the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ parameter from one, a limit in which the triplet states become heavy. For $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}g0$, perturbative unitarity of $WW$ scattering breaks down at a scale inversely proportional to the renormalized vacuum expectation value of the triplet field (or, equivalently, inversely proportional to the square root of $\ensuremath{\Delta}\ensuremath{\rho}$). This result imposes an upper limit on the mass scale of the heavy triplet bosons in a perturbative theory; we show that this upper bound is consistent with dimensional analysis in the low-energy effective theory. Recent articles have shown that the triplet bosons do not decouple, in the sense that deviations in the $\ensuremath{\rho}$ parameter from one do not necessarily vanish at one-loop in the limit of large triplet mass. We clarify that, despite the nondecoupling behavior of the Higgs triplet, this model does not violate the decoupling theorem since it incorporates a large dimensionful coupling. Nonetheless, we show that if the triplet-Higgs boson masses are of order the grand unified theory scale, perturbative consistency of the theory requires the (properly renormalized) Higgs-triplet vacuum expectation value to be so small as to be irrelevant for electroweak phenomenology.