cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Warm-based basal sediment entrainment and far-field Pleistocene origin evidenced in central Transantarctic blue ice through stable isotopes and internal structures

Stable isotopes of water (δ18O and δ2H) were measured in the debris-laden ice underlying an Antarctic blue ice moraine, and in adjoining Law Glacier in the central Transantarctic Mountains. Air bubble content and morphology were assessed in shallow ice core samples. Stable isotope measurements plot either on the meteoric waterline or are enriched from it. The data cluster in two groups: the ice underlying the moraine has a δ2H:δ18O slope of 5.35 ± 0.92; ice from adjoining portions of Law Glacier has a slope of 6.69 ± 1.39. This enrichment pattern suggests the moraine's underlying blue ice entrained sediment through refreezing processes acting in an open system. Glaciological conditions favorable to warm-based sediment entrainment occur 30–50 km upstream. Basal melting and refreezing are further evidenced by abundant vapor figures formed from internal melting of the ice crystals. Both the moraine ice and Law Glacier are sufficiently depleted of heavy isotopes that their ice cannot be sourced locally, but instead must be derived from far-field interior regions of the higher polar plateau. Modeled ice flow speeds suggest the ice must be at least 80 ka old, with Law Glacier's ice possibly dating to OIS 5 and moraine ice older still.
Low-Shot Learning for the Semantic Segmentation of Remote Sensing Imagery

Recent advances in computer vision using deep learning with RGB imagery (e.g., object recognition and detection) have been made possible thanks to the development of large annotated RGB image data sets. In contrast, multispectral image (MSI) and hyperspectral image (HSI) data sets contain far fewer labeled images, in part due to the wide variety of sensors used. These annotations are especially limited for semantic segmentation, or pixelwise classification, of remote sensing imagery because it is labor intensive to generate image annotations. Low-shot learning algorithms can make effective inferences despite smaller amounts of annotated data. In this paper, we study low-shot learning using self-taught feature learning for semantic segmentation. We introduce: 1) an improved self-taught feature learning framework for HSI and MSI data and 2) a semisupervised classification algorithm. When these are combined, they achieve the state-of-the-art performance on remote sensing data sets that have little annotated training data available. These low-shot learning frameworks will reduce the manual image annotation burden and improve semantic segmentation performance for remote sensing imagery.
The impact of inter-organizational alignment (IOA) on implementation outcomes: evaluating unique and shared organizational influences in education sector mental health

Integrated healthcare delivered by work groups in nontraditional service settings is increasingly common, yet contemporary implementation frameworks typically assume a single organization—or organizational unit—within which system-level processes influence service quality and implementation success. Recent implementation frameworks predict that inter-organizational alignment (i.e., similarity in values, characteristics, activities related to implementation across organizations) may facilitate the implementation of evidence-based practices (EBP), but few studies have evaluated this premise. This study’s aims examine the impact of overlapping organizational contexts by evaluating the implementation contexts of externally employed mental health clinicians working in schools—the most common integrated service delivery setting for children and adolescents. Aim 1 is to estimate the effects of unique intra-organizational implementation contexts and combined inter-organizational alignment on implementation outcomes. Aim 2 is to examine the underlying mechanisms through which inter-organizational alignment facilitates or hinders EBP implementation. This study will conduct sequential, exploratory mixed-methods research to evaluate the intra- and inter-organizational implementation contexts of schools and the external community-based organizations that most often employ school-based mental health clinicians, as they relate to mental health EBP implementation. Aim 1 will involve quantitative surveys with school-based, externally-employed mental health clinicians, their supervisors, and proximal school-employed staff (total n = 120 participants) to estimate the effects of each organization’s general and implementation-specific organizational factors (e.g., climate, leadership) on implementation outcomes (fidelity, acceptability, appropriateness) and assess the moderating role of the degree of clinician embeddedness in the school setting. Aim 2 will explore the mechanisms through which inter-organizational alignment influences implementation outcomes by presenting the results of Aim 1 surveys to school-based clinicians (n = 30) and conducting semi-structured qualitative interviews. Qualitative data will be evaluated using an integrative inductive and deductive approach. The study aims are expected to identify intra- and inter-organizational constructs that are most instrumental to EBP implementation success in school-based integrated care settings and illuminate mechanisms that may account for the influence of inter-organizational alignment. In addition to improving school-based mental health, these findings will spur future implementation science that considers the relationships across organizations and optimize the capacity of implementation science to guide practice in increasingly complex systems of care.
Competitive blind spots and the cyclicality of investment: Experimental evidence

We report laboratory experiments investigating the cyclicality of profit‐enhancing investment in a competitive environment. In our setting, optimal investment is counter‐cyclical when investment costs fall following market downturns. However, we do not observe counter‐cyclical investment. Instead, we see much less strategic behavior than our rational investment model anticipates. Our participants exhibit what Porter (1980) terms a competitive blind spot, and heuristic investment models where individuals invest a fixed percentage of their liquidity, or a fixed percentage of anticipated market demand, better fit our data than does optimal investment. We also report a control treatment without cost changes and a treatment with asymmetric investment liquidity. Both of these extensions support our main result.
Marx, the Predisposition to Reject Markets and Private Property, and Attractive Alternatives to Capitalism

Ever since capitalism came to be recognized as a new economic system, its principal institutions of private property and markets have had vociferous critics, of whom none was more wide-ranging and influential than Karl Marx. Marx claimed that not only were private property and markets critical to creating an ideological patina of freedom behind which, as in slavery and feudalism, a small class extracted from the mass of producers practically all output above that necessary for bare subsistence, they were also corrupting. Yet Marx recognized that capitalism, unlike earlier exploitative systems, was radically dynamic, producing unprecedented wealth, while transforming not only all it inherited from the past, but also its own nature so as to eventually empower even the producers, who he believed would abandon these capitalist institutions. This article claims Marx was correct in identifying the core problem of capitalism to be its extreme inequality in the ownership and control of the means of production, but that finding fault with private property and markets has been a mistake that has impeded the generation of an attractive and viable alternative to capitalism. It concludes with an outline of an alternative which would eliminate the core problem of exploitation due to unequal ownership and control of the means of production, while retaining roles for private property and markets. It would entail two components: Guaranteed employment at living wages and democratic worker control of firms.
Emissions reductions or green booms? General equilibrium effects of a renewable portfolio standard

Renewable portfolio standards (RPS) are commonly promoted as a policy tool to reduce emissions associated with fossil generation, while also stimulating development of local renewable resource endowments. We develop a general equilibrium model of an RPS policy that captures key features such as a fixed factor renewable endowment, substitution across sectors of the economy, and endogenous price responses. We analytically decompose the effects of an RPS into a) a substitution effect, b) an output-tax effect, and c) an output effect. We show that an increase in the RPS can either deliver large resource booms or large emissions savings but not both. Our framework can translate different renewable resource endowments and pre-existing standards across states into economic and environmental impacts to inform current renewable energy and climate policies.
Cavitation on hydrofoils with leading edge protuberances

Abstract Cavitation characteristics and hydrodynamic forces of hydrofoils with bioinspired, wavy leading edges were examined experimentally in a water tunnel. Force measurements were carried out using a waterproof load cell, and cavitation patterns were recorded by directly imaging the hydrofoil surface. All semi-span hydrofoils had an underlying NACA 634-021 profile with either a rectangular or swept leading edge planform. The sinusoidal leading edge geometries were defined by three amplitudes of 2.5%, 5%, and 12% and two wavelengths of 25% and 50% of the mean chord length. Results revealed that cavitation on the modified hydrofoils with the two larger amplitudes was largely confined to the regions directly behind the protuberance troughs, whereas a baseline with flat leading edge and the smaller amplitude hydrofoils exhibited sheet cavitation over the entire span. Additionally, cavitation on the modified hydrofoils appeared at consistently lower angles of attack than on the baseline model. Lift coefficient for the baseline model was generally comparable to or greater than that of the modified hydrofoils at the angles of attack considered. Except for the largest amplitude hydrofoils, drag for the modified hydrofoils was equal to the baseline model for nearly the entire angle of attack range.
Delay embedding of periodic orbits using a fixed observation function

Abstract Delay coordinates are a widely used technique to pass from observations of a dynamical system to a representation of the dynamical system as an embedding in Euclidean space. Current proofs show that delay coordinates of a given dynamical system result in embeddings generically with respect to the observation function (Sauer et al., 1991). Motivated by applications of the embedding theory, we consider flow along a single periodic orbit where the observation function is fixed but the dynamics is perturbed. For an observation function that is fixed (as a nonzero linear combination of coordinates) and for the special case of periodic solutions, we prove that delay coordinates result in an embedding generically over the space of vector fields in the C r − 1 topology with r ≥ 2 .
Tubular Excretory Canal Structure Depends on Intermediate Filaments EXC-2 and IFA-4 in Caenorhabditis elegans

The excretory canals of Caenorhabditis elegans are a model for understanding the maintenance of apical morphology in narrow single-celled tubes. Light and electron microscopy shows that mutants in exc-2 start to form canals normally, but these swell to develop large fluid-filled cysts that lack a complete terminal web at the apical surface, and accumulate filamentous material in the canal lumen. Here, whole-genome sequencing and gene rescue show that exc-2 encodes intermediate filament protein IFC-2 EXC-2/IFC-2 protein, fluorescently tagged via clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats/Cas9, is located at the apical surface of the canals independently of other intermediate filament proteins. EXC-2 is also located in several other tissues, though the tagged isoforms are not seen in the larger intestinal tube. Tagged EXC-2 binds via pulldown to intermediate filament protein IFA-4, which is also shown to line the canal apical surface. Overexpression of either protein results in narrow but shortened canals. These results are consistent with a model whereby three intermediate filaments in the canals-EXC-2, IFA-4, and IFB-1-restrain swelling of narrow tubules in concert with actin filaments that guide the extension and direction of tubule outgrowth, while allowing the tube to bend as the animal moves.
In vivo analyses of radial spoke transport, assembly, repair and maintenance

Radial spokes (RSs) are multiprotein complexes that regulate dynein activity. In the cell body, RS proteins (RSPs) are present in a 12S precursor, which enters the flagella and converts into the axoneme-bound 20S spokes consisting of a head and stalk. To study RS dynamics in vivo, we expressed fluorescent protein (FP)-tagged versions of the head protein RSP4 and the stalk protein RSP3 to rescue the corresponding Chlamydomonas mutants pf1, lacking spoke heads, and pf14, lacking RSs entirely. RSP3 and RSP4 mostly co-migrated by intraflagellar transport (IFT). The transport was elevated during flagellar assembly and IFT of RSP4-FP depended on RSP3. To study RS assembly independently of ciliogenesis, strains expressing FP-tagged RSPs were mated to untagged cells with, without, or with partial RSs. Tagged RSPs were incorporated in a spotted fashion along wild-type-derived flagella indicating an exchange of RSs. During the repair of pf1-derived axonemes, RSP4-FP is added onto the preexisting spoke stalks with little exchange of RSP3. Thus, RSP3 and RSP4 are transported together but appear to separate inside flagella during the repair of RSs. The 12S RS precursor encompassing both proteins could represent a transport form to ensure stoichiometric delivery of RSPs into flagella by IFT.
Differentially Private Bayesian Inference for Exponential Families

The study of private inference has been sparked by growing concern regarding the analysis of data when it stems from sensitive sources. We present the first method for private Bayesian inference in exponential families that properly accounts for noise introduced by the privacy mechanism. It is efficient because it works only with sufficient statistics and not individual data. Unlike other methods, it gives properly calibrated posterior beliefs in the non-asymptotic data regime.
Budget Allocation for Power Networks Reliability Improvement: Game-Theoretic Approach

Budget allocation for power system reliability improvement is considered among the sophisticated problems because of its nonlinear nature. This nonlinearity makes the problem intractable for large-scale power systems. This paper compares two approaches for budget allocation for power system reliability improvement. The first method is the traditional one, which suffers from the non-convexity and nonlinearity. In the second approach, a linear zero-sum mixed-strategy game is proposed where a limited budget is allocated among the network elements based on the game variables along with an iterative algorithm to find the solution. Both models are applied to the modified RTBS system. The results show that while each strategy adopts a different tactic for reliability improvement, both strategies improve the system reliability to the same level for a given budget.
Hospital variation in utilization and success of trial of labor after a prior cesarean.

Background Trial of labor after cesarean delivery is an effective and safe option for women without contraindications. Objectives The objective of the study was to examine hospital variation in utilization and success of trial of labor after cesarean delivery and identify associated institutional characteristics and patient outcomes. Study Design Using linked maternal and newborn hospital discharge records and birth certificate data in 2010–2012 from the state of California, we identified 146,185 term singleton mothers with 1 prior cesarean delivery and no congenital anomalies or clear contraindications for trial of labor at 249 hospitals. Risk-standardized utilization and success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery were estimated for each hospital after accounting for differences in patient case mix. Risk for severe maternal and newborn morbidities, as well as maternal and newborn length of stay, were compared between hospitals with high utilization and high success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery and other hospitals. Bivariate analysis was also conducted to examine the association of various institutional characteristics with hospitals’ utilization and success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery. Results In the overall sample, 12.5% of women delivered vaginally. After adjusting for patient clinical risk factors, utilization and success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery varied considerably across hospitals, with a median of 35.2% (10th to 90th percentile range: 10.2–67.1%) and 40.5% (10th to 90th percentile range: 8.5–81.1%), respectively. Risk-standardized utilization and success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery demonstrated an inverted U-shaped relationship such that low or excessively high use of trial of labor after cesarean delivery was associated with lower success rate. Compared with other births, those delivered at hospitals with above-the-median utilization and success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery had a higher risk for uterine rupture (adjusted risk ratio, 2.74, P Conclusion Utilization and success rates of trial of labor after cesarean delivery varied considerably across hospitals. Strategies to promote vaginal birth should be tailored to hospital needs and characteristics (eg, increase availability of trial of labor after cesarean delivery at hospitals with low utilization rates while being more selective at hospitals with high utilization rates, and targeted support for lower capacity hospitals).
The electronic complexity of the ground-state of the FeMo cofactor of nitrogenase as relevant to quantum simulations

We report that a recent active space model of the nitrogenase FeMo cofactor, proposed in the context of simulations on quantum computers, is not representative of the electronic structure of the FeMo cofactor ground-state. A more representative model does not affect much certain resource estimates for a quantum computer such as the cost of a Trotter step, while strongly affecting others such as the cost of adiabatic state preparation. Thus, conclusions should not be drawn from the complexity of quantum or classical simulations of the electronic structure of this system in this active space. We provide a different model active space for the FeMo cofactor that contains the basic open-shell qualitative character, which may be useful as a benchmark system for making resource estimates for classical and quantum computers.
Effects of bisphosphonate ligands and PEGylation on targeted delivery of gold nanoparticles for contrast-enhanced radiographic detection of breast microcalcifications

Abstract A preclinical murine model of hydroxyapatite (HA) breast microcalcifications (µcals), which are an important clinical biomarker for breast cancer detection, was used to investigate the independent effects of high affinity bisphosphonate (BP) ligands and a polyethylene glycol (PEG) spacer on targeted delivery of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) for contrast-enhanced radiographic detection. The addition of BP ligands to PEGylated Au NPs (BP-PEG-Au NPs) resulted in five-fold greater binding affinity for targeting HA µcals, as expected, due to the strong binding affinity of BP ligands for calcium. Therefore, BP-PEG-Au NPs were able to target HA µcals in vivo after intramammary delivery, which enabled contrast-enhanced radiographic detection of µcals in both normal and radiographically dense mammary tissues similar to previous results for BP-Au NPs, while PEG-Au NPs did not. The addition of a PEG spacer between the BP targeting ligand and Au NP surface enabled improved in vivo clearance. PEG-Au NPs and BP-PEG-Au NPs were cleared from all mammary glands (MGs) and control MGs, respectively, within 24–48 h after intramammary delivery, while BP-Au NPs were not. PEGylated Au NPs were slowly cleared from MGs by lymphatic drainage and accumulated in the spleen. Histopathology revealed uptake of PEG-Au NPs and BP-PEG-Au NPs by macrophages in the spleen, liver, and MGs; there was no evidence of toxicity due to the accumulation of NPs in organs and tissues compared with untreated controls for up to 28 days after delivery. Statement of Significance Au NP imaging probes and therapeutics are commonly surface functionalized with PEG and/or high affinity targeting ligands for delivery. However, direct comparisons of PEGylated Au NPs with and without a targeting ligand, or ligand-targeted Au NPs with and without a PEG spacer, on in vivo targeting efficiency, biodistribution, and clearance are limited. Therefore, the results of this study are important for the rationale design of targeted NP imaging probes and therapeutics, including the translation of BP-PEG-Au NPs which enable improved sensitivity and specificity for the radiographic detection of abnormalities (e.g., µcals) in women with dense breast tissue.
Fourier-transform Raman instrumentation.

The steps required to convert and FTIR interferometer, with near-IR capability, into a near-IR FT Raman spectrometer are outlined. The conversion of a Perkin-Elmer 1720X FTIR instrument is described, and explanations are given for the choice of particular components. Two examples of possible accessories are given, for the acquisition of depolarization ratios and for obtaining remote Raman spectra.
Robust Super-Level Set Estimation Using Gaussian Processes

This paper focuses on the problem of determining as large a region as possible where a function exceeds a given threshold with high probability. We assume that we only have access to a noise-corrupted version of the function and that function evaluations are costly. To select the next query point, we propose maximizing the expected volume of the domain identified as above the threshold as predicted by a Gaussian process, robustified by a variance term. We also give asymptotic guarantees on the exploration effect of the algorithm, regardless of the prior misspecification. We show by various numerical examples that our approach also outperforms existing techniques in the literature in practice.
Racial and Socioeconomic Disparities in Cancer-Related Knowledge, Beliefs, and Behaviors in Indiana.

Background: This statewide survey examined differences in cancer-related knowledge, beliefs, and behaviors between racial and socioeconomic groups in select counties in Indiana. Methods: A stratified random sample of 7,979 people aged 18–75 who lived in one of 34 Indiana counties with higher cancer mortality rates than the state average, and were seen at least once in the past year in a statewide health system were mailed surveys. Results: Completed surveys were returned by 970 participants, yielding a 12% response rate. Black respondents were less likely to perceive they were at risk for cancer and less worried about getting cancer. Individuals most likely to perceive that they were unlikely to get cancer were more often black, with low incomes (less than $20,000) or high incomes ($50,000 or more), or less than a high school degree. Black women were greater than six times more likely to be adherent to cervical cancer screening. Higher income was associated with receiving a sigmoidoscopy in the last 5 years and a lung scan in the past year. Those with the highest incomes were more likely to engage in physical activity. Both income and education were inversely related to smoking. Conclusions: Socioeconomic and racial disparities were observed in health behaviors and receipt of cancer screening. Black individuals had less worry about cancer. Impact: Understanding populations for whom cancer disparities exist and geographic areas where the cancer burden is disproportionately high is essential to decision-making about research priorities and the use of public health resources.
Scalable Language Model Adaptation for Spoken Dialogue Systems

Language models (LM) for interactive speech recognition systems are trained on large amounts of data and the model parameters are optimized on past user data. New application intents and interaction types are released for these systems over time, imposing challenges to adapt the LMs since the existing training data is no longer sufficient to model the future user interactions. It is unclear how to adapt LMs to new application intents without degrading the performance on existing applications. In this paper, we propose a solution to (a) estimate n-gram counts directly from the hand-written grammar for training LMs and (b) use constrained optimization to optimize the system parameters for future use cases, while not degrading the performance on past usage. We evaluated our approach on new applications intents for a personal assistant system and find that the adaptation improves the word error rate by up to 15% on new applications even when there is no adaptation data available for an application.
Pro-market institutions and global strategy: The pendulum of pro-market reforms and reversals

We review the literature analyzing the impact of pro-market institutions on firms’ global strategy. We propose that the ideological tension between whether the government or the market should drive economic development results in a pendulum of pro-market reforms and reversals that drive changes in firm strategy and performance. Much progress has been made in the analyses of pro-market reforms and their impact on firms’ international strategies and performance. However, there is a need to further learn about four areas: (1) the concept of pro-market institutions, in particular the variety of institutional dimensions, the measures, and the influence of informal institutions on firm strategies; (2) the drivers of changes in pro-market institutions, especially firms’ influences and the co-evolution of firm strategies and institutional changes; (3) the implications of changes in pro-market reforms for the interactions among integration, diversification, and internationalization strategies, the causality chains connecting institutions and strategies, and the reconfiguration of activities globally; and (4) the non-traditional moderators that alter the impact of pro-market institutional dynamics on firms’ strategies, such as country-level political systems, industry-level competitor reactions, and individual-level managerial capabilities and perceptions.
A Comparison of Scoring Systems for Predicting Short- and Long-term Survival After Trauma in Older Adults.

Objectives Early identification of geriatric patients at high risk for mortality is important to guide clinical care, medical decision making, palliative discussions, quality assurance, and research. We sought to identify injured older adults at highest risk for 30-day mortality using an empirically derived scoring system from available data and to compare it with current prognostic scoring systems. Methods This was a retrospective cohort study of injured adults ≥ 65 years transported by 44 emergency medical services (EMS) agencies to 49 emergency departments in Oregon and Washington from January 1, 2011, through December 31, 2011, with follow-up through December 31, 2012. We matched data from EMS to Medicare, inpatient, trauma registries, and vital statistics. Using a primary outcome of 30-day mortality, we empirically derived a new risk score using binary recursive partitioning and compared it to the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI), modified frailty index, geriatric trauma outcome score (GTOS), GTOS II, and Injury Severity Score (ISS). Results There were 4,849 patients, of whom 234 (4.8%) died within 30 days and 1,040 (21.5%) died within 1 year. The derived score, the geriatric trauma risk indicator (GTRI; emergent airway or CCI ≥ 2), had 87.2% sensitivity (95% confidence interval [CI] = 83.0% to 91.5%) and 30.6% specificity (95% CI = 29.3% to 31.9%) for 30-day mortality (area under the receiving operating characteristic curve [AUROC] = 0.589, 95% CI = 0.566 to 0.611). AUROC values for other scoring systems ranged from 0.592 to 0.678. When the sensitivity for each existing score was held at 90%, specificity values ranged from 7.5% (ISS) to 30.6% (GTRI). Conclusions Older, injured adults transported by EMS to a large variety of trauma and nontrauma hospitals were more likely to die within 30 days if they required emergent airway management or had a higher comorbidity burden. When compared to other risk measures and holding sensitivity constant near 90%, the GTRI had higher specificity, despite a lower AUROC. Using GTOS II or the GTRI may better identify high-risk older adults than traditional scores, such as ISS, but identification of an ideal prognostic tool remains elusive.
HPV Status and Survival in Non-Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Head and Neck.

BACKGROUND/AIM HPV-mediated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma is associated with an increased survival. The prognostic value of HPV status for other primary sites is unclear. We aimed to assess the effect of HPV status on overall survival in patients with non-oropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (non-OPSCC) using the National Cancer Database (NCDB). PATIENTS AND METHODS Adults with non-OPSCC [gum, lip, floor of mouth, tongue (excluding base), hypopharynx, nasopharynx, other pharynx] and known HPV status were included in our study. Associations between HPV status, primary site, patient characteristics and overall survival (OS) were assessed. RESULTS HPV positivity was associated with a better OS compared to HPV-negative patients (HR=0.83, 95%CI=0.74-0.93, p<0.001). Female gender, gum, lip, nasopharynx primaries, and private insurance predicted for improved OS. CONCLUSION HPV positivity and female gender are good prognostic factors in non-OPSCC. Routine HPV testing should be considered for HPV positive non-OPSCC, as well as studies evaluating de-escalation of treatment if this association is confirmed.
A two-site survey of medical center personnel's willingness to share clinical data for research: implications for reproducible health NLP research.

A shareable repository of clinical notes is critical for advancing natural language processing (NLP) research, and therefore a goal of many NLP researchers is to create a shareable repository of clinical notes, that has breadth (from multiple institutions) as well as depth (as much individual data as possible). We aimed to assess the degree to which individuals would be willing to contribute their health data to such a repository. A compact e-survey probed willingness to share demographic and clinical data categories. Participants were faculty, staff, and students in two geographically diverse major medical centers (Utah and New York). Such a sample could be expected to respond like a typical potential participant from the general public who is given complete and fully informed consent about the pros and cons of participating in a research study. Two thousand one hundred forty respondents completed the surveys. 56% of respondents were “somewhat/definitely willing” to share clinical data with identifiers, while 89% of respondents were “somewhat (17%)/definitely willing (72%)” to share without identifiers. Results were consistent across gender, age, and education, but there were some differences by geographical region. Individuals were most reluctant (50–74%) sharing mental health, substance abuse, and domestic violence data. We conclude that a substantial fraction of potential patient participants, once educated about risks and benefits, would be willing to donate de-identified clinical data to a shared research repository. A slight majority even would be willing to share absent de-identification, suggesting that perceptions about data misuse are not a major concern. Such a repository of clinical notes should be invaluable for clinical NLP research and advancement.
Approximate Counting, the Lovász Local Lemma, and Inference in Graphical Models

In this article, we introduce a new approach to approximate counting in bounded degree systems with higher-order constraints. Our main result is an algorithm to approximately count the number of solutions to a CNF formula Φ when the width is logarithmic in the maximum degree. This closes an exponential gap between the known upper and lower bounds. Moreover, our algorithm extends straightforwardly to approximate sampling, which shows that under Lovasz Local Lemma-like conditions it is not only possible to find a satisfying assignment, it is also possible to generate one approximately uniformly at random from the set of all satisfying assignments. Our approach is a significant departure from earlier techniques in approximate counting, and is based on a framework to bootstrap an oracle for computing marginal probabilities on individual variables. Finally, we give an application of our results to show that it is algorithmically possible to sample from the posterior distribution in an interesting class of graphical models.
Malnourished adults' receipt of hospital discharge nutrition care instructions: a pilot study.

Background Malnutrition remains an important yet under-recognised problem among hospitalised adults. Although interventions exist aiming to improve nutritional status beyond hospitalisation, few studies examine how often and what type of nutrition care instructions are given at discharge. The present study sought to review nutrition-focused discharge care provided to malnourished adults. Methods We reviewed the electronic medical record for discharge nutrition care instructions provided to adult patients identified by dietitians as malnourished over a 4-month period. Results Seventy-six eligible patients were identified during the study period. More than half of malnutrition cases (64.5%) were attributed to chronic illness. According to electronic medical record documentation, 6.6% received discharge instructions to consume oral nutrition supplements and 30.3% received new or changed prescriptions for vitamins/noncaloric supplements. Almost half of patients (47.4%) received general diet instructions that did not address malnutrition and 44.8% received inappropriate instructions to limit caloric intake. Conclusions A majority of malnourished adult patients receive inappropriate or inadequate nutrition care instructions at the time of discharge. Clinician education and redesign of nutrition care options in the electronic medical record may improve the provision of post-discharge nutrition care instructions.
Incidence, Risk Factors, and Prevention Strategies for Venous Thromboembolism after Cytoreductive Surgery and Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy

The risk factors and incidence of venous thromboembolism (VTE) are not well defined in patients undergoing cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (CRS/HIPEC). We sought to characterize the incidence, risk factors, and pharmacothromboprophylaxis strategies for VTE after CRS/HIPEC. We performed a retrospective study of CRS/HIPEC procedures at our institution from 8/2007 to 11/2017, examining the 60-day VTE incidence. Baseline, potential risk factor, and prevention strategy data were collected. Univariate and multivariate regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with 60-day VTEs. We identified 25 60-day VTEs among 447 CRS/HIPEC procedures (5.6%). VTEs were discovered on median postoperative day 20 (range 2–59); pulmonary emboli (68%) were the most common type of VTE. The 60-day VTE rate was 10.2% before versus 4.9% after initiation of a policy to discharge patients on pharmacothromboprophylaxis (p = 0.10). Patients with 60-day VTEs had longer average length of stay (14 vs. 11 days, p = 0.01) and higher 60-day mortality rate (4% vs. 0.2%, p = 0.02) than those without VTEs. Caprini score (odds ratio [OR] 1.53, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.10–2.15, p = 0.01), preoperative serum albumin level (OR 0.40, 95% CI 0.16–1.00, p = 0.05), and 60-day non-VTE serious morbidity (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.25–9.51, p = 0.02) were risk factors associated with 60-day VTEs on multivariate analysis. VTEs are relatively common after CRS/HIPEC and are associated with high Caprini scores, low serum albumin levels, and additional inpatient comorbidities. They result in longer length of stay and higher mortality rate. Compliance with current guidelines for extended postoperative thromboprophylaxis was likely associated with reduced VTE rate.
Synthesis of 2H-pyrroles via the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile ylides with acrylamides

3,4-Dihydro-2H-pyrrole derivatives were synthesized by the 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction of nitrile ylides with acrylamides. Acrylamide substitution patterns and benzimidoyl chloride equilibration were investigated.
Asymmetric syntheses of β-lactams and determination of their absolute configuration

Abstract Reactions of chiral imines derived from D-glyceraldehyde and threonine derivatives with Oxyglycylchloride gave optically active cis-substituted β-lactams. The absolute configuration of key intermediates were determined by X-ray analysis and chemical degradation.
Preparation and characterization of micro-bore wall-coated open-tubular capillaries with low phase ratios for fast-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry: Application to ignitable liquids and fire debris.

Abstract Fast Gas Chromatography (GC) allows for analysis times that are a fraction of those seen in traditional capillary GC. Key modifications in fast GC include using narrow, highly efficient columns that can resolve mixtures using a shorter column length. Hence, a typical fast GC column has an inner diameter of 100–180 μm. However, to maintain phase ratios that are consistent with typical GC columns, the film thickness of fast GC stationary phases are also low (e.g., 0.1–0.18 μm). Unfortunately, decreased film thickness leads to columns with very low sample capacity and asymmetric peaks for analytes that are not sufficiently dilute. This paper describes micro-bore (50 μm i.d.) capillary columns with thick films (1.25 μm), and low phase ratios (10). These columns have greater sample capacity yet also achieve minimum plate heights as low as 110 μm. Hence, separation efficiency is much higher than would be obtained using standard GC columns. The capillary columns were prepared in-house using a simple static-coating procedure and their plate counts were determined under isothermal conditions. The columns were then evaluated using temperature programming for fast GC–MS analysis of ignitable liquids and their residues on fire debris exemplars. Temperature ramps of up to 75 °C min−1 could be used and separations of ignitable liquids such as gasoline, E85 fuel, and lighter fluid (a medium petroleum distillate) were complete within 3 min. Lastly, simulated fire debris consisting of ignitable liquids burned on carpeting were extracted using passive headspace absorption-elution and the residues successfully classified.
Chiral Lewis acids derived from 1,8-Naphthalenediylbis(dichloroborane)

Abstract Chiral Lewis acids derived from 1,8-Naphthalenediylbis(dichloroborane), a novel bidentate Lewis acid, have been found to be active catalysts for the asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction. Utilizing chiral ligands derived from amino acids and diols, a range of enantioselectivities have been achieved with cyclopentadiene and various α,β-unsaturated aldehydes.
New mixed phosphonate esters by transesterification of pinacol phosphonates and their use in aldehyde and ketone coupling reactions with nonstabilized phosphonates.

Alkylpinacol phosphonates were prepared by rhodium-catalyzed olefin hydrophosphorylation, and attempted α-deprotonation of the pinacol derived alkyl phosphonates resulted in ring cleavage. The propensity of the alkylpinacol phosphonates to undergo ring opening was exploited to prepare phosphonic acid monomethyl esters in high yield by transesterification in acidulated methanol. Esterification and alkylation with aldehydes or ketones gave β-hydroxy mixed phosphonate esters. tert-Butyl and benzylic phosphonate ester protective groups were introduced to improve the efficiency and functional group compatibility of β-hydroxy phosphonate saponification. The β-hydroxy phosphonic acid monomethyl esters were dehydrated with diisopropylcarbodiimide, which gave oxaphosphetane intermediates that collapse to an olefin. The overall reaction sequence complements the arsenal of Horner−Wadsworth−Emmons-type coupling reactions.
Lithium Hexamethyldisilazide: A View of Lithium Ion Solvation through a Glass-Bottom Boat

During the course of our investigations into organolithium structures and reactivities, we were drawn to lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS; (Me3Si)2NLi) by its prominence as a selective Bronsted base in organic chemistry.1 However, the synthetic importance of LiHMDS that had piqued our interest was soon overshadowed by the importance of LiHMDS as a vehicle to study the basic principles of lithium ion coordination chemistry.2 Understanding how solvation influences organolithium structure and stability (reactivity) is difficult due to (1) homonuclear and heteronuclear (mixed) aggregation, (2) the dual role of the solvents as both medium and ligand, (3) widely varying coordination numbers, (4) extremely rapid solvent exchanges, (5) competitive and cooperative (mixed) solvation in commonly employed solvent mixtures, and (6) the superposition of primary shell and secondary shell solvation. To establish the tenor of this Account, we graphically illustrate the complex relationship of solvation and aggregation (eq 1): the monomer-dimer distribution of LiHMDS shows no obvious correlation with the perceived coordinating capacities of the solvents.3 The NMR spectroscopic investigations described in this Account are targeted toward understanding such complex relationships. We will restrict the discussion to solution-phase studies; however, Williard has created a database from crystallographic investigations of LiHMDS worthy of its own Account.4
Synthesis and anticonvulsant activity of 2‐aryl‐3,4‐dialkyltetrahydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazines and 2‐aryl‐3,4‐dialkyltetrahydro‐1,3,4‐oxadiazin‐5‐ones

Several 2-aryl-3,4-dialkyltetrahydro-1,3,4-oxadiazines have been synthesized from 2-(1,2-dialkylhydrazino)ethanol (2) and aromatic aldehydes. Also, three 2-aryl-3,4-dialkyltetrahydro-1,3,4-oxadiazin-5-ones were obtained from the reaction of 1,2-dialkylglycolylhydrazine (5) and aromatic aldehydes. These compounds exhibited activity in the maximal electroshock seizure test.
Direct Kinetic Studies of Silicon Hydride Radicals

Laser-based techniques have been developed to directly study the kinetics of the reactions of the mono-silicon hydride radicals SiH, SiH2 and SiH3. A summary of rate constants obtained from these studies is presented along with a discussion of the implications of these results for present mechanistic models of the PECVD of amorphous hydrogenated silicon from silane.
Optimization of the Ni−Y Catalyst Composition in Bulk Electric Arc Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Use of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy

The influence of Ni−Y catalyst composition on the bulk scale synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) is studied using solution phase near-infrared spectroscopy. We found that a wide ran...
A new polymorph of ZrW2O8 prepared using nonhydrolytic Sol-Gel chemistry

A new polymorph of ZrW{sub 2}O{sub 8}, structurally related to trigonal ZrMo{sub 2}O{sub 8}, has ben prepared at low temperatures using nonhydrolytic sol-gel chemistry. Its identity was established by powder C-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray analysis, and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS). This material is denser than the previously reported cubic and orthorhombic forms of ZrW{sub 2}O{sub 8} and decomposes into the binary oxides on prolonged heating at 700 C. An EXAFS investigation of the crystallization of ZrW{sub 2}O{sub 8} gels, prepared by nonhydrolytic methods, suggests that the coordination environments of the cations in the heat-treated gels evolve toward those found in the new form of ZrW{sub 2}O{sub 8} prior to the crystallization of this product.
Stereocontrolled and enantioselective synthesis of the branched 6-amino-4,6-deoxyheptopyranuronic acid component of amipurimycin

Abstract A stereocontrolled and enantioselective synthesis of the branched 6-amino-4,6-deoxyheptopyranuronic acid component of amipurimycin is reported. Key stages in the synthesis include the stereodivergent assembly of the dihydropyrones 12 and 14 from serinal derivatives (S)-10 and (R)-10, elaboration of the tetrahydropyran ring to give 26 and 31, and finally, introduction of the cis-2-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid moiety to produce the diastereomeric peptides 28 29 and 32 33 .
Chemoselectivity in the Reactions of Acetylketene and Acetimidoylketene: Confirmation of Theoretical Predictions.

Acetylketene (1) was generated by flash pyrolysis of 2,2,6-trimethyl-4H-1,3-dioxin-4-one (6). The selectivities of 1 toward a number of representative functional groups were measured for the first time in a series of competitive trapping reactions. The trend in reactivities toward 1 follows the general order amines > alcohols ≫ aldehydes ≈ ketones and can be rationalized by considering both the nucleophilicity and the electrophilicity of the reacting species. Alcohols show significant selectivity based on steric hindrance, with MeOH ≈ 1° > 2° > 3°. These selectivities are consistent with the activation energies and the pseudopericyclic transition structure previously calculated for the addition of water to formylketene. The results, presented here, of ab initio transition structure calculations for the addition of ammonia to formylketene are qualitatively consistent with the experimental trends as well. N-Propylacetacetimidoylketene (2) was generated by the solution pyrolysis of tert-butyl N-propyl-3-amin...
The Frondosins: An Unusual Synthetic and Stereochemical Journey

Isolated from the marine sponge Dysidea frondosa, the frondosin family of meroterpenoid natural products were shown to be antagonists of the binding of the cytokine interleukin-8 to its receptor. With implications of interleukin-8 management being associated with a wide range of acute and chronic inflammatory disorders, as well as tumor progression and/or metathesis, there have been a multitude of syntheses of these natural products in the hopes of developinging new pharmacological agents. However, assignment of the absolute configurations of these natural products became unclear, because the first two syntheses of frondosin B, by Danishefsky and by Trauner, produced conflicting assignments for the single stereogenic center at C8. Here we describe the initial stereochemical mystery surrounding the Danishefsky and Trauner syntheses and provide evidence through ensuing syntheses of frondosins B and A that resolve this issue. These subsequent asymmetric syntheses have established that (1) the natural product occurs as the R enantiomer, and (2) a late-stage stereochemical inversion occurred during the Trauner and Wright syntheses of frondosin B.
1-ALKYL-3-(1-NAPHTHOYL)PYRROLES : A NEW CLASS OF CANNABINOID

Abstract The design and synthesis of a series of 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)pyrroles is described. Molecular modeling studies were employed to aid in the design of these compounds. During the course of the synthesis the Friedel-Crafts reactions of N-aryl sulfonyl pyrroles were reinvestigated. The title compounds (4) were subjected to pharmacological evaluation and the data obtained have enabled these pyrroles to be classified as cannabinoids.