cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Experiências interdisciplinares como incentivo a pós-graduação: Um relato de caso / Interdisciplinary experiences as a post-graduate incentive: A case report

A interdisciplinaridade promove a integracao do conhecimento abordado nao so entre disciplinas de um mesmo curso mas entre as experiencias vividas pelos docentes e profissionais de outros cursos. Buscando como objetivo esclarecer o papel das atividades interdisciplinares como incentivo a pos-graduacao, este estudo relata a experiencia de docentes do Ensino Superior de uma Instituicao provada no interior de Goias, como o desenvolvimento de um evento que abordou somente essa narrativa. A I Inter Week (semana interdisciplinar) e I Mostra Cientifica, foi desenvolvida por tres cursos do Ensino Superior. O evento ocorreu no periodo noturno, durante uma semana. O evento tratou de assuntos como saude fisica e mental, alem de ter incluido a I mostra cientifica, na qual os alunos apresentaram trabalhos cientificos de autoria propria. Alem da troca de experiencias, que permitem futuras colaboracoes ou o desenvolvimento de melhores maneiras de trabalhar em conjunto, eventos interdisciplinares como esse, incentivo as publicacoes cientificas que sao importantes ferramentas para o ingresso na pos-graduacao, da qual, a maioria necessita de uma analise curricular.
Planning and Driving a Digital Strategy

This precis argues that in the Internet of Things organizations must embrace the digital world if they are to survive and, preferably, thrive. Irrespective of the sector or industry an organization is in, digital transformation enables fundamentally different ways for it to think about clients, audiences, and partners, and to engage with them.
Augmentations in Graph Contrastive Learning: Current Methodological Flaws & Towards Better Practices.

Graph classification has applications in bioinformatics, social sciences, automated fake news detection, web document classification, and more. In many practical scenarios, including web-scale applications, where labels are scarce or hard to obtain, unsupervised learning is a natural paradigm but it trades off performance. Recently, contrastive learning (CL) has enabled unsupervised computer vision models to compete well against supervised ones. Theoretical and empirical works analyzing visual CL frameworks find that leveraging large datasets and domain aware augmentations is essential for framework success. Interestingly, graph CL frameworks often report high performance while using orders of magnitude smaller data, and employing domain-agnostic augmentations (e.g., node or edge dropping, feature perturbations) that can corrupt the graphs' underlying properties. Motivated by these discrepancies, we seek to determine: (i) why existing graph CL frameworks perform well despite weak augmentations and limited data; and (ii) whether adhering to visual CL principles can improve performance on graph classification tasks. Through extensive analysis, we identify flawed practices in graph data augmentation and evaluation protocols that are commonly used in the graph CL literature, and propose improved practices and sanity checks for future research and applications. We show that on small benchmark datasets, the inductive bias of graph neural networks can significantly compensate for the limitations of existing frameworks. In case studies with relatively larger graph classification tasks, we find that commonly used domain-agnostic augmentations perform poorly, while adhering to principles in visual CL can significantly improve performance. For example, in graph-based document classification, which can be used for better web search, we show task-relevant augmentations improve accuracy by 20%.
An analysis of Charpy impact testing as applied to cemented carbide

In an effort to better understand the nature and the limitations of impact testing, the Charpy impact test was studied in detail via instrumentation of both the tester and the specimen. It was found that the energy associated with the impact testing of cemented carbide consists mainly of elastic bending energy and absorption of energy by the testing machine. The vibrational and plastic components are insignificant. The toss energy and energy necessary to create new surfaces can be fairly well calculated from other considerations. The tests have shown no rate effects in cemented carbides, and the state of stress in the beam is uniaxial tension. Thus the test does not describe the material's propensity for cleavage or brittle failure, but rather describes mainly the modulus and strength of cemented carbides (which are routinely and more easily measured in other ways), and the stiffness of the testing machine-all of which have very little bearing on the toughness of the cemented carbide. The components which describe this are the energy of plastic work and the energy necessary to create two new surfaces, and these consist of only a few percent of the total measured energy. The amount of energy which the machine absorbs will vary with the modulus and strength of the material being tested. In the case of a hard low-strength grade like Carboloy 2 Grade 320, the anvil sees very little load before failure and thus the energy partitioning will be significantly different than that for a stronger grade. The Charpy test conducted with the conditions in this study has little value in ascertaining the toughness of cemented carbide; in fact, results from it may be misleading. When cemented carbide is evaluated for toughness by impact testing of any kind, careful attention must be given to the aforementioned factors because they are encountered to a large extent in most, if not all, types of impact tests. Charpy impact-type tests on cemented carbide are essentially fast transverse-rupture strength tests on a "soft" test machine.
Characterization of clay composite ballistic witness materials

Mechanical and thermal properties of Roma Plastilina Clay #1 (RP1) were studied through small-amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS), large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supplemented with thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray florescence. Rheological characterizations of RP1 through SAOS indicate that the clay composite softens as it is worked and slowly stiffens as it rests. Upon heating, the clay composite softens, prior work history is erased, and the composite undergoes a melting transition, although melted clay is significantly stiffer when returned to the usage temperature. Continuing mechanical characterizations into the LAOS or nonlinear region, RP1 transitions from a transient network to a viscous shear-thinning material as the temperature is increased. Using the MITlaos framework, RP1 exhibits intra-cycle strain stiffening and intra-cycle shear thinning at all temperatures.
Reduction of oviposition time and enhanced larval feeding: two potential benefits of aggregative oviposition for the viburnum leaf beetle

Although aggregation in non-social arthropods is common, its adaptive value is not always clear. Oviposition behaviour of the viburnum leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta viburni) is aggregative, with females preferring to lay eggs on twigs already infested by conspecifics. We previously showed that aggregative oviposition aided in overcoming host plant defences. Here we explore two additional benefits of this behaviour: reduction of time investment in oviposition; and improvement of host use by larval group feeding. In video-recorded trials, the presence of conspecific egg masses did not have an impact on the time associated with oviposition, but it did affect females' pre-oviposition behaviour: the length of foraging movements was 21% shorter on infested than on non-infested twigs, and was concentrated near the infested area. In two separate studies of insect performance, larvae were reared to maturity in groups of different densities (five or 10, and five or 20, respectively) on several hosts (four and 17 Viburnum spp., respectively). Independent of host species, adults were > 13% heavier (groups of 10 vs. five), and pupation success was 27% higher (groups of 20 vs. five) at higher larval density. Two additional effects were dependent on host species: larval survivorship (groups of 10 vs. five), and adult mass (groups of 20 vs. five). These effects were not associated with plant defensive traits (i.e. trichomes or leaf toughness), but adult mass was associated with host nutritional quality (i.e. foliar nitrogen content). These results show that several traits of P. viburni larval performance are positively density-dependent, and suggest that benefits of group feeding could have played a role in the evolution of oviposition behaviour in P. viburni. Our results also demonstrate that plant quality can mediate benefits of aggregation, underscoring the importance of ecological context in understanding the feeding strategies of insects.
Custodial Grandparents and Intergenerational Support in Rural China

China has the world’s largest scale of internal migration because a surplus of rural labourers has forced working age adults to look for opportunities in cities (Cai 2006; Giles and Mu 2007). Rural migrants had high demands for childcare because of barriers to bringing their children with them, caused by high living and education expenses associated with Hukou (the household registration system, which separated rural and urban areas) (Bai and Song 2002; Li and Zahniser 2002; Wang and Fan 2006). Silverstein et al. (2006) found that about 20% of elders in a rural area with high migration rates lived in ‘skipped-generation’ households, taking the full custody of grandchildren, even though grandparents in China traditionally were not obliged to be the primary caregivers (Chao 1983; Secondi 1997).
Application of rejection criteria for stool ovum and parasite examinations.

We retrospectively determined the yield of 2,015 stool ovum and parasite (OP for 18, two of two examinations were positive; and for 15, three of three examinations were positive. The remaining seven patients had at least one negative examination in a series, but pathogenic intestinal parasites were detected in only three of these patients. Seventeen patients with positive O&P examinations were inpatients: seven of nine patients examined for O&P within 3 days of admission had stool specimens that contained recognized pathogens, in contrast to only two of eight patients examined after 3 days of hospitalization. After reviewing the data and informing hospital clinics, wards, and physicians, we instituted the following policy for screening stool specimens submitted for O&P examination. Only one O&P examination was performed for each outpatient visit and for inpatients hospitalized for 3 days or less, and examinations were not performed on stools submitted after 3 days of hospitalization unless the clinician arranged for the examination on the basis of clinical need. Over the 6-month follow-up period, 29.9% of O&P requests were rejected, 22% for patients in hospital for longer than 3 days and 7.9% for multiple O&P requests. Of 265 initially rejected specimens, 22 (8.3%) were examined after the referring physician contacted the laboratory. None of these specimens was positive. We conclude that eliminating O&P examinations of patients hospitalized for more than 3 days and initially performing only one examination per patient significantly reduces the number of examinations performed and reduces laboratory charges without adversely affecting patient care.
A three dimensional projection algorithm for evaluating the radiation integral on a curved surface with application to reflector antennas

A method of evaluating the radiation integral on the curved surface of a reflecting antenna is presented. A three-dimensional Fourier transform approach is used to generate a two-dimensional radiation cross-section along a planar cut at any angle \phi through the far-field pattern. Salient to the method is a new algorithm for evaluating a subset of the total three-dimensional discrete fourier transform results. The subset elements are selectively evaluated to yield data along a geometric plane of constant \phi . The algorithm is extremely efficient so that computation of the induced surface currents via the physical optics approximation dominates the computer run-time required to compute a radiation pattern. Application to paraboloid reflectors with off-focus feeds is presented, but the method is easily extended to offset antenna systems and reflectors of arbitrary shapes. Numerical results have been computed for both gain and phase and are compared with other published work.
Novel advanced X-ray source concepts based on Compton scattering and Bragg resonance channeling

Summary form only given, as follows. The main thrust of our research program is the development of novel concepts for advanced x-ray sources with applications in the field of protein crystallography and structural genomics, or proteomics. This rapidly growing field is expected to dominate molecular biology in the first half of the 21/sup st/ Century, as it offers a new paradigm for rational drug design, which is revolutionizing modem medicine. Such new sources must be compact, tunable, relatively inexpensive, and capable of delivering the average X-ray brightness required for these applications. Within this broad context, two specific devices will be discussed: first, a Compton scattering X-ray source based on the interaction of a terawatt-class laser pulse and a high-brightness, relativistic electron beam; second, a new radiation source concept using a low energy electron beam scattering photons off the periodic potential in a crystal lattice, at the Bragg resonance angle. In the case of Compton scattering, particular attention will be paid to a novel interaction geometry, which greatly alleviates timing jitter and synchronization issues.
Topical antibiotic monotherapy prescribing practices in acne vulgaris.

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the frequency of dosing topical antibiotics as monotherapy in the treatment of acne vulgaris, and physician specialty prescribing these medications. Methods: This study is a retrospective review of all visits with a sole diagnosis of acne vulgaris (ICD-9-CM code 706.1) found on the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) in 1993–2010. We recorded the number of visits surveyed where acne vulgaris was the sole diagnosis, number of visits where topical antibiotics were the only treatment prescribed, and the specialty of physician in each encounter. Results: Topical erythromycin or clindamycin were the sole medication prescribed in 0.81% of the visits recorded, with 60% of these prescriptions arising from dermatologists and 40% from non-dermatologists. The trend of prescribing topical antibiotic monotherapy is declining (p < 0.001) over the 18-year study period. Conclusions: The development of resistance of Propionibacterium acnes to topical ant...
A Commentary: Calming Brown's Critics, Still Queasy After All these Years

This essay acknowledges some of the disappointing consequences of the Brown v. Board of Education (1954) decision. It urges, however, that the strategic choices underlying that decision and the principle it articulates are sound and worthy of celebration 50 years later.
Imaging Tumors of the Penis and Urethra

In penile and urethral cancers, imaging has come to play a crucial role in enhancing the precision of clinical staging and facilitating optimal surgical planning. Over the years, great improvements have occurred in imaging. High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) now represents the gold standard for evaluating the primary tumor and its local extension. Lymphotropic nanoparticle-enhanced MRI, dynamic sentinel lymph node biopsy, and ultrasonography with fine-needle aspiration seem to be the superior modalities for detecting malignant regional lymph nodes. Positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography has shown great promise as a whole body screen for the detection of distant metastases. Ultimately, the ability of imaging to augment clinical evaluation and enhance the accuracy of staging penile and urethral cancers will translate into improved surgical decision making and overall superior patient outcomes.
Urethral pressure changes in women with detrusor instability. Bladder or urethral pathologic process

Abstract One hundred and fourteen female patients had clinical and urodynamic diagnosis of detrusor instability. They all received oxybutynin chloride (Ditropan) 5 mg t.i.d. for four weeks and evaluation repeated. Sixty-six of the 114 patients (58%) responded favorably to antieholinergic treatment while 48 patients (42%) did not. Based on urethrocystometry, two groups of patients were identified: Group I consisted of 73 women with bladder contraction that preceded any change in urethral pressure. Group II consisted of 41 patients with urethral pressure drop that preceded the detrusor contraction by a few seconds. Sixty-one of the 73 women (84%) in Group I responded favorably to four weeks of anticholinergic therapy while 88 percent (36 of 41) of women in Group II did not (P
Pleasure from Activities and Self-Defeating Personality

As predicted, people who scored higher on a measure of Self-defeating Personality reported experiencing less pleasure and enjoyment from individual and social activities as well as from personal accomplishments. The results were consistent with the idea that these people maintain a self-image of "loser" by minimizing or discounting positives in their lives. Results were also consistent with prior research showing a positive relationship between self-defeating personality and depressive affect.
BIOFUEL USE IN ASIA AND ACIDIFYING EMISSIONS

Abstract An inventory of biofuel use in Asia has been developed at the regional level for the year 1990. It is estimated that biofuel use amounts to about 22 000 PJ (1 PJ=10 15 J), almost 24% of the total energy use in Asia. China and India are the two largest consumers. A relation is developed between the GDP of Asian countries and the percent contribution of biofuels to total primary energy supply. The biofuel energy estimates are used to calculate atmospheric emissions of SO 2 and NO x . It is estimated that SO 2 emissions from biofuel combustion amount to 1.65 Tg (1 Tg=10 12 g), about 4.9% of total emissions. The emissions of NO x are estimated to be 1.47 Tg or 7.7% of the total. These energy and emission estimates are designed to be used in the RAINS-Asia computer model, a comprehensive analytical tool used to study energy use in Asia, its effects on the atmospheric environment, and its subsequent damage to ecosystems.
Observation of Multiple Peaks in Field-Emission Energy Distributions from Silicon

Field-emission energy distributions are presented for $n$-type Si (0.001 \ensuremath{\Omega} cm), with both field-desorbed and flash-recrystallized surfaces, indicating that emission occurs primarily from surface states \ensuremath{\sim}0.4 eV below the Fermi level, ${E}_{\mathrm{F}}$, and lower. At reduced temperature and high field, emission begins to appear at higher energy up to ${E}_{\mathrm{F}}$. Further, for smooth, recrystallized surfaces, multiple peaks are observed in the energy distributions, of 0.1- to 0.2-eV separation.
Cytochrome P4501A induction and inhibition by 3,3',4,4'-tetrachlorobiphenyl in an Ah receptor-containing fish hepatoma cell line (PLHC-1)

The induction of cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1) in rat hepatoma cells has been used by some investigators to determine ‘dioxin equivalents’ in environmental samples, including extracts of fish tissues. However, the relative potency of inducing compounds may vary between species, suggesting the need for taxon-specific model systems. In this paper we present an initial characterization of CYP1A induction in one such system, a teleost liver cell line (PLHC-1) derived from a hepatocellular carcinoma of Poeciliopsis lucida (Hightower, L.E. and Renfro, J.L., 1988. J. Exp. Zool. 248, 290). Specific binding of the photoaffinity ligand 2-azido-3-[125I]iodo-7,8-dibromodibenzo-p-dioxin([125I]N3Br2DD) to proteins in PLHC-1 cytosol indicated the presence of the Ah receptor, which is known to control CYP1A induction in mammals. 3,3′,4,4′-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) induced a microsomal protein in PLHC-1 cells that was recognized by monoclonal antibody (MAb) 1-12-3 to scup CYP1A1 (P450E) on immunoblots. Immunohistochemical staining of whole cells with MAb 1-12-3 showed specific recognition of CYP1A induced by TCB. No staining was seen in untreated or vehicle-treated cells. There was an excellent quantitative correlation between amounts of CYP1A protein detected immunohistochemically and in immunoblots of cell homogenates. In a dose response experiment, maximal induction of ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) activity occurred at 0.1 μM TCB; at higher concentrations (1 and 10 μM), EROD activity was reduced as compared to the activity at 0.1 μM TCB. In contrast, immunoreactive CYP1A protein increased with increasing TCB concentration up to 10 μM. The loss of EROD activity at high concentrations of TCB did not result from changes in cell number or viability. The apparent inhibition or inactivation of CYP1A catalytic activity by the higher concentrations of halogenated biphenyls has been seen, but not generally recognized, both in vivo and in cultured cells from diverse vertebrate species. PLHC-1 cells may be a good model system for studying Ah receptor-mediated regulation of gene expression, for determining the fish-specific toxic or inducing potency of halogenated aromatic hydrocarbon congeners, and for investigating the mechanism of CYP1A inhibition or inactivation by environmental contaminants such as TCB.
Convulsant and anticonvulsant properties of electroconvulsive therapy: towards a focal form of brain stimulation

Abstract Electroconvulsive therapy is the most rapidly acting and effective antidepressant treatment. For decades it was believed that the generalized seizure provided the necessary and sufficient conditions for efficacy, while the type and quantity of electricity determined the magnitude of cognitive effects. A series of randomized, double-masked trials at the New York State Psychiatric Institute has disproved this view. By systematically varying electrode placement, electrical dosage, and stimulus waveform, this work demonstrated that efficacy and cognitive effects are highly dependent on current paths and the current density within those paths. Specifically, antidepressant effects are contingent on the recruitment of a sufficiently large neuronal population in prefrontal cortex in seizure initiation. The anticonvulsant properties of ECT are reviewed and it is hypothesized that the magnitude of surround inhibition in a PFC network is the critical feature underlying these effects on efficacy. Given this localization, new forms of brain stimulation that elicit focal PFC seizures should have superior benefit/risk ratios. Magnetic seizure therapy has shown promise, but its development may be hindered by technical problems in delivering a sufficiently powerful stimulus. A new alternative, focal electrically administered seizure therapy (FEAST), is described and early work with non-human primates indicate that FEAST achieves a degree of focality in seizure expression that is not possible with traditional ECT.
Does Competitor Grade Level Influence Perception of Cybersecurity Competition Design Gender Inclusiveness

Lack of gender diversity is a recognized issue within STEM. As a result, much effort has been invested in alternative means of recruitment and education. One example are cybersecurity competitions serving as popular training mechanisms. Yet, earlier research found that competitors perceive these competitions to be designed in a non-gender inclusive manner. The prior work did not consider potential biases in competitors however. Motivationally, future competition design may be misguided if competitors' perceptions were skewed due to exposure and social desirability. This led to the general question of whether grade level is related to identification of such competitions as non-gender inclusive in design. Accordingly, this study measured if U.S. collegiate upperclassmen and underclassmen participating in competitions are equally likely to identify cybersecurity competitions as non-gender inclusive. To that end, a chi-square statistic was used to compare the rates of identification of competition design gender inclusiveness amongst 104 cyber competitors. The results of the analysis indicated that upperclassmen are no more likely than underclassmen to identify a cybersecurity competition as non-gender inclusive. Thus, gender non-inclusiveness of competitions may be inherent in the design of such as opposed to a subjective experience of competitors.
An Inhibitor of Urokinase and Tissue Plasminogen Activators in Dunning R3327H Prostate Tumors of Rats Treated with D-Trp6-LH-RH

The antifibrinolytic activity of cytosol from Dunning R3327H rat prostate tumors was studied. The prostate tumors from rats treated with D- Trp6-LH-RH had 2.5 times lower
Conjugation, Distribution, and Biological Half-Life (t ½) of Radioactive Progesterone in Plasma and Red Cells of Bovine Blood,

Summary A study was made of the fate in the blood of labeled progesterone injected intravenously into the bovine. The biological half-lives (t ½) of progesterone in the free (ether-extractable) fraction of the plasma of two pregnant cows at the 60th and 180th day of pregnancy were 25.4 and 21.1 min, respectively, averaging 23.3 min. The half-lives and distribution of radioactivity were found to be approximately the same in the red cells as in the plasma. The conjugated (butanol-extractable) fraction of plasma and cells was determined in the 6-months-pregnant cow. The radioactivity reached a peak within 10 min and disappeared within 45 min. The conjugated radioactivity represented about 10% of the free radioactivity. The biological half-lives were determined in the plasma free fraction of nine nonpregnant cows. The t ½’s averaged 36.3 min and varied from 18.8 to 59 min. The difference between the average t ½ values of progesterone for the pregnant and nonpregnant animals is not statistically significant. The average half-life of all eleven animals was found to be 33.8 min.
A Prospective Evaluation of Nutritional Outcomes After Acute Spinal Cord Injury

Abstract Six patients admitted to our institution with complete traumatic quadriplegia were studied for up to 4 weeks post injury to determine the effect of individualized nutritional support on nitrogen balance and visceral protein synthesis. Energy expenditure was estimated using the Harris Benedict equation multiplied by an activity and injury factor upon initial assessment. Protein need was estimated at 2.0gm/kg or 0.23gm nitrogen/kg/actual body weight/day. Mean 24 hour total energy expenditure (TEE) and respiratory quotient (RQ) measurements were obtained utilizing the Puritan Bennett 7250 Metabolic Monitor between post injury days #3-7 and were repeated weekly for up to 4 weeks. All patients received continuous enteral support based upon the initial predicted requirements; support was then evaluated and modified considering TEE and RQ after each 24 hour measurement. Nitrogen balance and serum prealbumin (PAB) were obtained weekly. Poor tolerance to gastric administration of enteral formula frequently precluded rapid achievement of target enteral support. However, all patients eventually received ≥100% of measured TEE with significant improvement noted between initial and final energy (p=0.014) and protein (p=0.025) delivery. Mean nitrogen balance was less negative (mean−10g/d vs −4.6g/d p=NS) over the 4 week period despite a rise in the mean urine urea nitrogen excretion, while mean serum PAB levels significantly improved (mean 12.83 to 29.7mg/dl p=0.002). Positive nutritional outcomes were realized in this patient population despite the observed catabolic processes.
Reply [to “Comment on ‘Climate control requires a dam at the Strait of Gibraltar’”]

In regard to the role of Mediterranean outflow water increase in initiating the last ice age and the proposal to eliminate the threat of new glaciation by a partial dam at Gibraltar, Marotzke and Adcroft question the wisdom of publishing a hypothesis “not substantiated through quantitative reasoning supported by data.” A hypothesis meeting these two requirements would have to be indicated by a well-established numerical model. By these standards, Alfred Wegener's “outlandish” continental drift hypothesis would never have been published, and the fascinating development of the Cretaceous-Tertiary impact hypothesis for extinction would have remained hidden within a narrow segment of the scientific community for many years. However, the data supporting the hypothesis of ice-age initiation [Johnson, 1997] are quite substantial, and all of the supporting data should be carefully considered before the hypothesis is rejected or accepted.
Sequential conversion of the glutathionyl side chain of slow reacting substance (SRS) to cysteinyl-glycine and cysteine in rat basophilic leukemia cells stimulated with A-23187.

Abstract In rat basophilic leukemia (RBL-1) cells stimulated with A-23187, the major slow reacting substance (SRS) species contain glutathione, cysteinyl-glycine, or cysteine in their side chains, corresponding or closely related to leukotrienes LTC 4 , LTD 4 , and LTE 4 , respectively. 3 Evidence is presented that most of the SRS produced during the first few minutes of stimulation by the ionophore has a glutathionyl side chain which is sequentially converted to cysteinyl-glycine and cysteine.
High-Dimensional Exploratory Item Factor Analysis by a Metropolis-Hastings Robbins-Monro Algorithm.

A Metropolis–Hastings Robbins–Monro (MH-RM) algorithm for high-dimensional maximum marginal likelihood exploratory item factor analysis is proposed. The sequence of estimates from the MH-RM algorithm converges with probability one to the maximum likelihood solution. Details on the computer implementation of this algorithm are provided. The accuracy of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated with simulations. As an illustration, the proposed algorithm is applied to explore the factor structure underlying a new quality of life scale for children. It is shown that when the dimensionality is high, MH-RM has advantages over existing methods such as numerical quadrature based EM algorithm. Extensions of the algorithm to other modeling frameworks are discussed.
Relationships among children's health-related behaviors: a multivariate, developmental perspective.

Abstract Considerable evidence documents the aggregation of cardiovascular risk factors in children; yet, very little is known about the covariation of children's health practices. Accordingly, using a multivariate and developmental perspective, the present research examines the interrelationships among multiple health behaviors (i.e., physical activity, eating habits, smoking, alcohol use, and stress-related behaviors) in 1,092 predominantly low-socioeconomic status, rural schoolchildren (ages 11–18, grades 6–12). Our data provide support for a multidimensional view of children's health habits and suggest that patterns of interrelationships may vary at different developmental levels. Implications of these results are discussed and directions for future research are highlighted.
Brachioradial pruritus: Mayo Clinic experience over the past decade.

SummaryBackground Brachioradial pruritus (BRP) is a fascinating condition that is seen increasingly often, but any additional data from retrospective observational studies can still enhance our understanding. Objectives To review our experience at the Mayo Clinic with patients presenting with BRP. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the clinical records of patients diagnosed with BRP between 1999 and 2011. Results In total, 111 patients (80 female, 72%) had been diagnosed with BRP. Their mean age was 59 years, range 12–84 years. Symptoms were bilateral in 84 (75·7%). Fifty-four patients (48·6%) reported prolonged exposure to the sun, and 16 had a history of neck concerns. Forty-five (40·5%) had undergone imaging studies of the neck; of these, eight had foraminal stenosis, six had protrusion of the intervertebral disk and six had stenosis of the spinal canal; 10 had more than one cervical abnormality. Thirty-one patients had been referred to neurology; eight of these had BRP attributed to a radiculopathy or peripheral neuropathy. Several topical and oral medications were prescribed. Seventy-five patients had a follow-up; of these, nine (12%) had complete resolution, 13 (17%) had improvement, four (5%) showed no change and 49 (65%) had no mention of BRP. Conclusions Brachioradial pruritus presented most commonly in female patients and was observed over a wide age range. Although a third of patients with imaging studies had cervical abnormalities, the significance of these findings is unclear, as no structural causes of BRP were found in most cases. Some treatments were more successful than others.
Growth of the Chick Embryo In Vitro

Abstract An improved technique is described for in vitro culture of the chick embryo from three days through 21 days of total incubation (three days in shell plus 18 days in culture). Mean survival time for cultured embryos is 18 days of total incubation, and mean morphological stage is Hamburger-Hamilton stage 41 (15 days). Mean measurements of wet weight, dry weight, and right third toe length for stage 45 (partial or complete abdominal yolk sac retraction, 19–20 days) cultured embryos are comparable with corresponding means for stage 42–43 (16–17 days) embryos from control intact eggs. Possible causes of growth retardation in vitro are briefly discussed.
A Novice Teacher's Beliefs About Socially Just Teaching: Dialogue of Many Voices

This case study explores the reality shock experienced by a White novice teacher, committed to socially just teaching, in her first year in an urban context. The apparently successful novice held three beliefs about her practice and herself: that socially just teaching was a holistic practice; that it could and should be done “right”; and that, based on her previous levels of success, she should be able to succeed in implementing this practice. These beliefs, derived from various voices and interacting in ongoing dialogue, produced negative effects in the teacher. Implications for teacher educators preparing novice teachers are given.
Vital Signs in Older Patients: Age-Related Changes

Vital signs are objective measures of physiological function that are used to monitor acute and chronic disease and thus serve as a basic communication tool about patient status. The purpose of this analysis was to review age-related changes of traditional vital signs (blood pressure, pulse, respiratory rate, and temperature) with a focus on age-related molecular changes, organ system changes, systemic changes, and altered compensation to stressors. The review found that numerous physiological and pathological changes may occur with age and alter vital signs. These changes tend to reduce the ability of organ systems to adapt to physiological stressors, particularly in frail older patients. Because of the diversity of age-related physiological changes and comorbidities in an individual, single-point measurements of vital signs have less sensitivity in detecting disease processes. However, serial vital sign assessments may have increased sensitivity, especially when viewed in the context of individualized reference ranges. Vital sign change with age may be subtle because of reduced physiological ranges. However, change from an individual reference range may indicate important warning signs and thus may require additional evaluation to understand potential underlying pathological processes. As a result, individualized reference ranges may provide improved sensitivity in frail, older patients.
Three-Dimensional Nacelle Aeroacoustics Code With Application to Impedance Education

A three-dimensional nacelle acoustics code that accounts for uniform mean flow and variable surface impedance liners is developed. The code is linked to a commercial version of the NASA-developed General Purpose Solver (for solution of linear systems of equations) in order to obtain the capability to study high frequency waves that may require millions of grid points for resolution. Detailed, single-processor statistics for the performance of the solver in rigid and soft-wall ducts are presented. Over the range of frequencies of current interest in nacelle liner research, noise attenuation levels predicted from the code were in excellent agreement with those predicted from mode theory. The equation solver is memory efficient, requiring only a small fraction of the memory available on modern computers. As an application, the code is combined with an optimization algorithm and used to reduce the impedance spectrum of a ceramic liner. The primary problem with using the code to perform optimization studies at frequencies above I1kHz is the excessive CPU time (a major portion of which is matrix assembly). The research recommends that research be directed toward development of a rapid sparse assembler and exploitation of the multiprocessor capability of the solver to further reduce CPU time.
Dissociation of liquid silica at high pressures and temperatures.

Liquid silica at high pressure and temperature is shown to undergo significant structural modifications and profound changes in its electronic properties. Temperature measurements on shock waves in silica at 70-1000 GPa indicate that the specific heat of liquid SiO{sub 2} rises well above the Dulong-Petit limit, exhibiting a broad peak with temperature that is attributable to the growing structural disorder caused by bond-breaking in the melt. The simultaneous sharp rise in optical reflectivity of liquid SiO{sub 2} indicates that dissociation causes the electrical and therefore thermal conductivities of silica to attain metallic-like values of 1-5 x 10{sup 5} S/m and 24-600 W/m.K respectively.
Interactions between adenovirus proteins and the p53 pathway: the development of ONYX-015

dl1520 (ONYX-015) is an adenovirus mutant that lacks the E1b 55K gene. As a result it cannot neutralize p53. Therefore dl1520 should only grow in cells that lack p53, and should replicate selectively in cancer cells. However, there is no correlation between replication and p53 status, in cancer cells. This is for two reasons: (1) E1B 55K has additional functions, that are necessary in some tumor cells and not in others. (2) p53 function can be lost by alternative mechanisms such as loss of p14ARF. In normal cells, dl1520 induces p53, and is generally strongly attenuated for replication. ONYX-015 is currently being tested in clinical trials, and is a promising new therapeutic agent in cancer.
Slowing the revolving door: stabilization programs reduce homeless persons' substance use after detoxification

This study examined whether homelessness predicted earlier resumption of substance use after detoxification, and sought evidence concerning the impact of post-detoxification stabilization programs among homeless and nonhomeless individuals. Kaplan-Meier plots and proportional hazards models were used to determine the association between homelessness, stabilization program use, and recurrent substance use in a prospective cohort of persons entering inpatient detoxification (n=470). Among 254 persons available at 6 months, 76% reported recurrent substance use. Homeless persons not using stabilization programs experienced the highest hazard of return to substance use after detoxification, Hazard Ratio (HR) 1.26, 95% CI (0.88, 1.80). Homeless persons using these programs had the lowest rate of return to substance use: HR 0.61, 95% CI (0.40, 0.94). A similar impact of stabilization programs was not seen among nonhomeless subjects. Post-detoxification stabilization programs were associated with improved outcomes for homeless addicted persons. This treatment modality may slow the "revolving door" phenomenon of relapse after detoxification among homeless persons.
Wideband multibeam millimeter wave arrays

Monolithic millimeter wave Butler matrix and Rotman lens array topologies built using surface micromachining are presented. By using wideband couplers and transmission lines, instantaneous bandwidths of 50 GHz and 100 GHz are achieved. Measurements, including radiation patterns in W band confirm both, their good performance, and overall operating bandwidth.
Chlorhexidine prophylaxis for chemotherapy-and radiotherapy-induced stomatitis: A randomized double-blind trial

Patients receiving cytotoxic antineoplastic therapy often have treatment-associated stomatitis. A 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate mouthrinse was evaluated (15 ml, three times a day) in a prospective, double-blind randomized trial as prophylaxis against cytotoxic therapy-induced damage to oral soft tissues. Seventy subjects, forty inpatients receiving high-dose chemotherapy and thirty outpatients receiving high-dose head and neck radiation therapy, were evaluated. Chlorhexidine mouthrinse significantly reduced the incidence of oral mucositis in the chemotherapy group on day 14 (p less than 0.02) and at 1 week follow-up on day 28 (p less than 0.002). Mucositis in the patients undergoing chemotherapy who received chlorhexidine also resolved more rapidly. Mucositis severity was significantly less compared to the control chemotherapy group on day 14 (p less than 0.03), day 21 (p less than 0.04), and on 1 week follow-up (p less than 0.02). Concomitant trends in the reduction in oral streptococci and yeast were noted in the chemotherapy group receiving chlorhexidine mouthrinse. Although no differences were observed in oral mucositis between the control and chlorhexidine groups of patients undergoing high-dose radiotherapy, similar reductions of oral microflora to those seen in the chemotherapy population were also noted for patients undergoing radiation therapy who received chlorhexidine. Although generally not significant, some increase in gram-negative bacilli was noted in the chlorhexidine-treated patients in both the chemotherapy and radiotherapy groups, but there was no correlation with increased systemic infection. Prophylactic chlorhexidine mouthrinse reduces oral mucositis and microbial burden in patients with cancer undergoing intensive chemotherapy.
Rehabilitative neurosurgery: posttraumatic syndromes.

Distinct chronic posttraumatic syndromes, ascribed to neurological deficits of patients suffering severe head injuries and being in prolonged coma, are much less frequently encountered in the literature than acute traumatic syndromes. The major components of the posttraumatic midbrain syndrome, resulting from compressive necrosis or vascular infarction at the midbrain level, are ipsilateral cerebellar signs (the predominant one being intention tremor), contralateral pyramidal signs (the predominant one being a spastic-dystonic hemiparesis), dysarthria, and mild to moderate intellectual impairment. Significant bilateral cerebellar dysfunction following head injury, without pyramidal, extrapyramidal, or pseudobulbar signs, constitutes a posttraumatic cerebellar syndrome. lts most disabling component, namely posttraumatic intention tremor, may be alleviated by thalamotomy. Following severe closed head injury, an infrequently encountered posttraumatic entity of dystonic hemiplegia or hemiparesis, which may be alleviated by thalamotomy, can occur, but does not have a specific neuroanatomical basis. Intention tremors following severe head injuries, rarely associated with hydrocephalus and without other significant cerebellar findings, can develop as a dysfunction of the cerebellofugal outflow system. While chronic posttraumatic syndromes can be complex and difficult to treat, cerebellar stimulation has been utilized ipsilaterally to modulate limb spasticity, and bilateral ventrolateral cryothalamectomies staged 4–6 months apart have been successful in alleviating severe (intractable) intention tremors.
Current daylighting design practice: a survey

What are the current daylighting design practices among design teams with an explicit interest in sustainable design? A survey was undertaken: (1) to understand which daylight performance indicators and design tools are currently used by design practitioners to integrate daylighting in their projects; (2) to identify the additional information needed beyond that available in current design guides; and (3) to advise on the content and format of a new daylighting design guide that addresses these needs. The responses obtained from 177 participants showed that over 90% of the practitioners surveyed support the development of a new daylighting design guide that would provide online access to both simple calculation methods as well as more advanced daylighting design tools. Survey results also showed that a variety of non-standardized daylight prediction methods – primarily rules of thumb – are currently being used, and that there is no commonly acknowledged method of how to assess the performance and quality ...
Children in Deuteronomy: The Partisan Nature of Divine Justice

It is sometimes argued that the god of Israel has a universal concern for children. Like adults, they are made in his image. Abortion and exposure seem relatively unattested in ancient Israel and the law forbade parents from passing their children “through the fire” (Deut. 18:10). Children are among the most vulnerable in the ancient world and, like the poor, the widow and orphan, God's justice displays particular concern for their care. Using theories of childhood development, this paper proposes perspectives of children on how divine justice affects children in Deuteronomy. This paper argues that for children in Deuteronomy, the god of Israel can be a source of protection and sustenance for some, while a source of terror and death for others. Concern for children is not universal. Deut. 6:7 and 6:20-25 stipulate that Israelite parents nurture and educate their children in the law, ensuring their protection and sustenance in the land God gifted them. By contrast, for children in Deut. 20:14 the god of Israel means terror, sanctioning the destruction of their households and their enslavement. The children in Deut. 20:16-17 receive no mention. They are collateral damage in the laws of Deuteronomy.
Nonlinear scalar field dynamics in the Schwarzschild geometry

The dynamics of the nonlinear massless scalar field described by D/sup 7/AlembertianPhi = 4lambdaPhi/sup 3/ is numerically studied in the Schwarzschild geometry. It is found that such a scalar field is entirely radiated away during the gravitational collapse of a scalar charged star. Sawyer has argued that a quantum fluctuation can give rise to a quasistatic component of the scalar field which will trap subsequent scalar radiation and grow to a singular field. A phenomenological model used to study this situation leads to no such singular growth. All results, in fact, suggest that the dynamics of weak nonlinear fields in a black-hole background is qualitatively similar to that of linear fields.
Epidemiology using a GIS: The need for caution

Abstract This paper argues that a more cautionary and critical approach needs to be adopted in applied Geographic Information System (GIS) research. The substantive area for discussion lies in epidemiology but practitioners from other areas of application may identify with the mainpoints. Health is an emotive area. Researchers must base their work on clean data and present clear results based on theoretically sound and applicable techniques. Only then can their findings and recommendations for either health care service planning or disease control be truly appropriate. Many of the issues discussed here are not inherent to GIS research but merely reflect the kinds of difficulties researchers usually encounter in their work. The present euphoria surrounding GIS provides a seed-bed where basic mistakes could be generated which could lead to erroneous findings and policy recommendations. Such events would deflect attention away from the relevant research currently being pursued and the true potential which GIS seems to offer the scientific research community. Garbage in, garbage out must be avoided and the integrity of our work secured. There must be respect for problems which arise in three areas of a research project: input, analysis and output, or as they are referred to here as data issues, statistical issues, and mapping issues.