cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Completions of Representable and Archimedean ℓ-groups

The idea of constructing a completion for a lattice-ordered group arises in two rather different contexts. On the one hand, it is natural to inquire as to the relationship .between an l-group and the l-group inside of which it might be represented by one of the representation theorems discussed in Chapters 2 through 5. Can the target l-groups for these representation theorems be described algebraically in terms of the l-group to be represented? One might naturally expect such results to be phrased in terms of the larger l-group being complete in some sense.
NATURAL SELECTION OF INDIVIDUALLY HARMFUL SOCIAL ADAPTATIONS AMONG SIBS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO SOCIAL INSECTS

The adaptive nature of most of the normal relationships between members of one species is usually apparent. Active participants seem to derive benefits from these relationships. Several individuals working cooperatively, for instance, might accomplish what would be impossible for the same individuals working independently. Pack-forming behavior of wolves may be an example. Presumably it was developed because of increased reproductive success of individuals that had greater than average inclinations to form cooperative groups. The development of a placental attachment by a foetus, a very different sort of "social" phenomenon, also has patent survival value to the foetus. Sometimes, however, active participation in a social activity places an individual at a personal disadvantage, for instance, the mother in the foetal-maternal relationship. At best, the mother must sacrifice some food energy, and there may be other disadvantages, such as increased predator liability. The sacrifices made by the mother may sometimes result in her death, but they cannot be regarded as deleterious in an evolutionary sense, because they play an essential part in reproduction. The immediate sacrifices involved in any type of parental care may be regarded as a price paid for attendant reproductive advantages, and no special explanation is required. Parental care probably accounts for most of the examples of social activities in which one individual sacrifices or endangers its own well-being for the benefit
Anionic substituent control of the electronic structure of aromatic nitrenes.

The electronic structures of phenylnitrenes with anionic π-donating substituents are investigated by using mass spectrometry and electronic structure calculations. Reactions of para-CH2–-substituted phenylnitrene, formed by dissociative deprotonation of p-azidotoluene, with CS2 and NO indicate that it has a closed-shell singlet ground state, whereas reactions of p-oxidophenylnitrene formed by dissociative deprotonation of p-azidophenol indicate either a triplet ground state or a singlet with a small singlet–triplet splitting. The ground electronic state assignments based on ion reactivity are consistent with electronic structure calculations. The stability of the closed-shell singlet states in nitrenes is shown by Natural Resonance Theory to be very sensitive to the amount of deprotonated-imine character in the wave function, such that large changes in state energies can be achieved by small modifications of the electronic structure.
The influences of soft and stiff inclusions on the mechanical properties of cementitious composites

Abstract The embedment of microencapsulated phase change materials (PCMs) is a promising means for improving the thermal inertia of concrete. However the addition of such soft microcapsules degrades the mechanical properties, i.e., the elastic moduli and compressive strength, of cement-based composites. This study experimentally quantifies the effects of stiff quartz inclusions and soft PCM microcapsules, individually, and when added together, on the mechanical properties of cementitious composites. In addition, a variety of effective medium approximations (EMAs) were evaluated for their ability to predict the experimentally measured composite effective moduli. The EMAs proposed by Hobbs and Garboczi and Berryman (G-B) reliably estimate experimental data. The experimental data and the EMAs were applied to develop a design rule for performance equivalence, such that the composite modulus of elasticity can be maintained equivalent to that of the cementitious paste matrix, in spite of the addition of soft PCM microcapsules.
Value of Serum Procalcitonin Levels in Early Diagnosis of Neonatal Infection

Objective To explore the value of serum procalcitonin(PCT)in early diagnosis of neonatal infection.Methods The levels of serum PCT were detected by semi-quantitative solid phase immunoassay with automatic fluorescence immunoassay analyzer and the levels of serum C-reactive protein(CRP)were measured by immune scattered nephelometry with automatic biochemical analyzer in 78 neonates with suspected infection(infection group)and 82 neonates without infection(control group).The sensitivity,specificity,positive predictive value,negative predictive value and cutoff value were compared between the two groups.Results The levels of serum PCT and CRP in infection group were significantly higher than those in control group(P0.01).The area under ROC curve was 0.879 for PCT(cutoff value,0.51 μg·L-1)and 0.694 for CRP(cutoff value,8.01 mg·L-1).Compared with CRP,the specificity and positive predictive value of PCT significantly decreased but the area under ROC curve,sensitivity,negative predictive value and Youden's index of PCT obviously increased(P0.05).
Surveillance report of schistosomiasis in potential prevalent areas in Chongqing city from 2008 to 2010

Objective To understand the factors for the potential prevalence of schistosomiasis so as to provide forecast information on schistosomiasis transmission in potential areas in Chongqing city. Methods Fixed and mobile surveillance sites were chosen in potential prevalent areas of Wanzhou and Kaixian, which are located on the middle of the Three Gorges Reservoir areas. The prevalence of schistosomiasis infection in local residents, mobile populations and livestock was investigated. The imported Oncomelania snails were surveyed in at fixed risk areas and mobile areas of suspected infection. Results 2006 local residents were examined by ELISA and the serum positive rate of schistosome antibody was 1.50% (30 / 2006 . 1 970 mobile populations were investigated,including 1 578 people returned from schistosomiasis endemic areas and 392 people came from endemic areas. The serum positive rate of schistosome antibody was 2.39% (47 / 1970). The serum positive rate (2.92%) of people returned from endemic areas was significantly higher than those (0.26%) came from endemic areas (χ2=9.54, P0.01). The positive rate (3.61%) of Wanzhou was significantly higher than those (1.32% ) of Kaixian (χ2= 11.03, P0.01). There was no livestock imported from schistosomisis endemic areas and none tested positive of local livestock. No snail was found at the fixed surveillance sites of 133 875 m2 and the mobile sites of 545 530 m2. Conclusion There were potential risk factors for schistosomiasis transmission in the potential endemic areas in Chongqing city. The surveillance and control of sources of imported infection and prevent Oncomelania snails from spreading into the potential endemic areas in Chongqing city should be strengthened.
Differential Effects of LiCl on Growth of ClavibacterMichiganense ssp. Nebraskense Recovered from Infected Corn Plants and Broth Culturers

Cells of Clavibacter michiganense ssp. nebraskense (CMN) from broth cultures grew in equal numbers when plated onto NBY medium or CNS, a semi-selective medium for this bacterium which contains LiCl, antibiotics and a fungicide. CMN is the causal agent of Goss’ bacterial wilt and blight of corn. When cells were isolated from inoculated corn plants, recoveries were less than 10% on CNS compared with NBY. Recoveries of nearly 100% were obtained from infected plants only when LiCl was omitted from the CNS. After broth-grown cells were inoculated into plants, the cells grew into two distinct populations. The larger population showed sensitivity to LiCl within 24 h, while the smaller population of LiCl- resistant cells grew more slowly after a lag of about 24 h. Four d after inoculation, cells were reisolated into NBY broth from infected plants. The LiCl-sensitive cells rapidly became LiCl-resistant so that nearly 100% were resistant after 2 h incubation. The metabolic requirements for this rapid change were examined.
Enabling Predictive Simulation and UQ of Complex Multiphysics PDE Systems by the Development of Goal-Oriented Variational Sensitivity Analysis and a-Posteriori Error Estimation Methods

This project addressed the challenge of predictive computational analysis of strongly coupled, highly nonlinear multiphysics systems characterized by multiple physical phenomena that span a large range of length- and time-scales. Specifically, the project was focused on computational estimation of numerical error and sensitivity analysis of computational solutions with respect to variations in parameters and data. In addition, the project investigated the use of accurate computational estimates to guide efficient adaptive discretization. The project developed, analyzed and evaluated new variational adjoint-based techniques for integration, model, and data error estimation/control and sensitivity analysis, in evolutionary multiphysics multiscale simulations.
Membrane Transport, General Concepts

The term 'membrane transport' refers to processes that bring about the movement of solutes and water across the barrier, or envelope that surrounds all living cells in the animal and plant kingdoms. These processes are responsible for two ubiquitous characteristics of living cells, namely: (1) the ability to maintain constant, or near constant, intracellular compositions that differ from the extracellular environment, containing the highly specialized molecules essential for metabolism and replication and, at the same time, (2) the ability to selectively exchange matter and energy with that environment.
Selections From the ABC 2016 Annual Conference, Albuquerque, New Mexico: Bright as Stars in the Albuquerque Desert Sky: Classroom-Tested Business Communication Assignments:

This article, the first of a two-part series, presents 13 teaching innovations debuted at the 2016 Association for Business Communication’s annual conference. The second edition of My Favorite Assignment will be published in the fall 2017 Business and Professional Communication Quarterly. Assignments include international collaborative projects, students’ professional development, fast skill-building exercises, data interpretation, event planning, and more. Additional assignment support materials—instructions to students, stimulus materials, slides, grading rubrics, frequently asked questions, and sample student projects—are posted on these websites: http://www.businesscommunication.org/page/assignments and http://salesleadershipcenter.com/research.
Contact Geometry and Quantum Mechanics

Abstract We present a generally covariant approach to quantum mechanics in which generalized positions, momenta and time variables are treated as coordinates on a fundamental “phase-spacetime”. We show that this covariant starting point makes quantization into a purely geometric flatness condition. This makes quantum mechanics purely geometric, and possibly even topological. Our approach is especially useful for time-dependent problems and systems subject to ambiguities in choices of clock or observer. As a byproduct, we give a derivation and generalization of the Wigner functions of standard quantum mechanics.
Virtual Reality Applications for the Assessment and Treatment of PTSD

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) continues to be a significant issue for veterans of the Iraq and Afghanistan combat environments. A growing literature has now evolved that supports the idea that Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) may be a useful approach for addressing this healthcare challenge. This chapter will describe the history and implementation of the Virtual Iraq/Afghanistan system (now referred to as BRAVEMIND) for the delivery of VRET for PTSD in United States Service Members and Veterans. The original VR system, implemented in 2007, was rebuilt in 2013 using the latest available software and it leveraged feedback from clinical users of the first system to inform its design. The BRAVEMIND content and functionality was also expanded to support the specific VRET needs of combat medics/corpsmen and persons who have experienced military sexual trauma (MST). The chapter presents the context, rationale, and the early research with phobias that informed the development of these VR systems. It also reviews the literature applying the system for the treatment of PTSD and discusses new research efforts on the use of this software for the assessment of PTSD.
The Role of Unimodularity in Applying Linear Inequalities to Combinatorial Theorems

In this lecture we are concerned with the use of linear programming duality to prove combinatorial theorems, and the role played in such investigations by ummodular matrices and related concepts.
Oxidative metabolism: glucose versus ketones.

The coupling of upstream oxidative processes (glycolysis, beta-oxidation, CAC turnover) to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) under the driving conditions of energy demand by the cell results in the liberation of free energy as ATP. Perturbations in glycolytic CAC or OXPHOS can result in pathology or cell death. To better understand whole body energy expenditure during chronic ketosis, we used a diet-induced rat model of ketosis to determine if high-fat-carbohydrate-restricted “ketogenic” diet results in changes in total energy expenditure (TEE). Consistent with previous reports of increased energy expenditure in mice, we hypothesized that rats fed ketogenic diet for 3 weeks would result in increased resting energy expenditure due to alterations in metabolism associated with a “switch” in energy substrate from glucose to ketone bodies. The rationale is ketone bodies are a more efficient fuel than glucose. Indirect calorimetric analysis revealed a moderate increase in VO2 and decreased VCO2 and heat with ketosis. These results suggest ketosis induces a moderate uncoupling state and less oxidative efficiency compared to glucose oxidation.
Generative adversarial interpolative autoencoding: adversarial training on latent space interpolations encourage convex latent distributions

We present a neural network architecture based upon the Autoencoder (AE) and Generative Adversarial Network (GAN) that promotes a convex latent distribution by training adversarially on latent space interpolations. By using an AE as both the generator and discriminator of a GAN, we pass a pixel-wise error function across the discriminator, yielding an AE which produces non-blurry samples that match both high- and low-level features of the original images. Interpolations between images in this space remain within the latent-space distribution of real images as trained by the discriminator, and therfore preserve realistic resemblances to the network inputs. Code available at this https URL
Resident Clinical Experience in the Emergency Department: Patient Encounters by Postgraduate Year

Background During emergency medicine (EM) training, residents are exposed to a wide spectrum of patient complaints. We sought to determine how resident clinical experience changes based on training level in relation to the patient acuity levels, chief complaints, and dispositions. Methods We performed a retrospective chart review of patients seen at a safety-net, academic hospital in Los Angeles from July 1, 2015, to June 30, 2016. Resident postgraduate year (PGY) level and specialty, patient acuity (based on the Emergency Severity Index), chief complaint (based on one of 30 categories), and disposition were abstracted. Our primary objective was to examine the progression of EM resident experience throughout the course of training. As a secondary objective, we compared the cases seen by EM and off-service PGY-1s. Results A total of 49,535 visits were examined, and of these, 32,870 (66.4%) were in the adult ED (AED) and 16,665 (33.6%) were in the pediatric ED (PED). The median acuity level was 3, and 27.4% of AED patients and 7.3% of PED patients were admitted. Data from 126 residents were analyzed. This included 94 PGY-1 residents (16 EM and 78 off-service), 16 PGY-2 EM, and 16 PGY-3 EM residents. Residents of different training levels evaluated different types of patients. Senior EM residents were more likely to care for higher-acuity patients than junior EM residents. EM PGY-3s saw higher percentages of acuity level 1 and 2 patients (2.3 and 37.8%, respectively, of their total patients) than EM PGY-1s (0.3 and 18.7%, respectively). Conversely, EM PGY-1s saw higher percentages of acuity level 4 and 5 patients (27.9 and 1.6%, respectively) compared to EM PGY-3s (10.7 and 0.7%, respectively). There was a significant linear trend for increasing acuity with training year among EM residents (p < 0.001). EM PGY-1s saw more patients than off-service PGY-1s with slightly higher acuities and admission rates. Conclusion The clinical experience of EM residents varies based on their level of training. EM residents show a progression throughout residency and are more likely to encounter higher volumes of patients with higher acuity as they progress in their training. When designing EM residency curriculums, this is a model of an EM residency program.
ORM 2

Object-role Modeling (ORM) is a fact-oriented modeling approach for specifying, transforming, and querying information at a conceptual level. Unlike Entity-Relationship modeling and Unified Modeling Language class diagrams, fact-oriented modeling is attribute-free, treating all elementary facts as relationships. For information modeling, fact-oriented graphical notations are typically far more expressive than other notations. Introduced 30 years ago, ORM has evolved into closely related dialects, and is supported by industrial and academic tools. Industrial experience has identified ways to improve current ORM languages (graphical and textual) and associated tools. A project is now under way to provide tool support for a second generation ORM (called ORM 2), that has significant advances over current ORM technology. This paper provides an overview of, and motivation for, the enhancements introduced by ORM 2, and discusses an open-source ORM 2 tool under development.
Redefining the IBDs using genome-scale molecular phenotyping

The IBDs, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, are chronic inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract resulting from an aberrant immune response to enteric microbiota in genetically susceptible individuals. Disease presentation and progression within and across IBDs, especially Crohn’s disease, are highly heterogeneous in location, severity of inflammation and other phenotypes. Current clinical classifications fail to accurately predict disease course and response to therapies. Genome-wide association studies have identified >240 loci that confer risk of IBD, but the clinical utility of these findings remains unclear, and mechanisms by which the genetic variants contribute to disease are largely unknown. In the past 5 years, the profiling of genome-wide gene expression, epigenomic features and gut microbiota composition in intestinal tissue and faecal samples has uncovered distinct molecular signatures that define IBD subtypes, including within Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. In this Review, we summarize studies in both adult and paediatric patients that have identified different IBD subtypes, which in some cases have been associated with distinct clinical phenotypes. We posit that genome-scale molecular phenotyping in large cohorts holds great promise not only to further our understanding of the diverse molecular causes of IBD but also for improving clinical trial design to develop more personalized disease management and treatment. Disease presentation and progression within and across IBD are highly heterogeneous, particularly in Crohn’s disease. Here, the authors summarize genomic, epigenomic and gut microbiota studies in adult and paediatric patients that have identified different IBD subtypes.
Tau underlies synaptic and cognitive deficits for type 1, but not type 2 diabetes mouse models

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the most devastating diseases that currently affects the aging population. Recent evidence indicates that DM is a risk factor for many brain disorders, due to its direct effects on cognition. New findings have shown that the microtubule-associated protein tau is pathologically processed in DM; however, it remains unknown whether pathological tau modifications play a central role in the cognitive deficits associated with DM. To address this question, we used a gain-of-function and loss-of-function approach to modulate tau levels in type 1 diabetes (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) mouse models. Our study demonstrates that tau differentially contributes to cognitive and synaptic deficits induced by DM. On one hand, overexpressing wild-type human tau further exacerbates cognitive and synaptic impairments induced by T1DM, as human tau mice treated under T1DM conditions show robust deficits in learning and memory processes. On the other hand, neither a reduction nor increase in tau levels affects cognition in T2DM mice. Together, these results shine new light onto the different molecular mechanisms that underlie the cognitive and synaptic impairments associated with T1DM and T2DM.
Meta-Analyses of simultaneous interpreting and working memory

Abstract This article adopts a meta-analytic research framework to examine the strength of the relationship between working memory and simultaneous interpreting. This quantitative analysis utilizes a random effects model to combine multiple studies in an examination of differences between professional interpreters and various comparison groups as well as the relationship between working memory capacity and interpreter performance. Moderating and control variables are discussed, and a classification scheme for work on these topics is proposed. Two moderating variables are examined by testing the difference between working memory tests relying on auditory and visual stimuli as well as storage tasks (short-term memory) and processing tasks (working memory). Published studies were collected from several field-specific databases by querying working memory and simultaneous interpreting as key terms, and then supplemented by reviewing references, searching Google Scholar, and reviewing the work of scholars known to work in the area. Results are indicative of differences between professional and comparison groups, with professional interpreters exhibiting greater working memory capacity. Additionally, an overall positive correlation was observed between working memory capacity and measures of the quality of simultaneous interpreting.
Open versus thoracoscopic thymectomy for juvenile myasthenia gravis.

Abstract Background Juvenile myasthenia gravis (JMG) is an antibody mediated autoimmune disorder that manifests as progressive voluntary muscle weakness and fatigue. In medically refractory cases, thymectomy has been shown to abrogate symptoms and reduce glucocorticoid dependence. While transcervical or transsternal incisions have been the traditional approach, adult trends now favor thoracoscopic thymectomy. Little data exist to support this approach in children. Methods A retrospective review of all patients younger than 20 years of age who underwent a thymectomy for JMG at two pediatric institutions between 2001 and 2018 was performed. Children were divided into either an open (transcervical or transsternal) or thoracoscopic group and baseline characteristics, perioperative, and postoperative outcomes were compared. Results Thirty-four thymectomies were performed during the 18-year study period; 18 via an open and 16 via a thoracoscopic approach. The operative time was shorter for open procedures compared thoracoscopic ones (108 ± 49 and 145 ± 43 min, respectively, p = 0.025). Thoracoscopic thymectomy was associated with less intraoperative blood loss (5.5 ± 6.0 vs 55 ± 67 ml, p = 0.007), decreased duration of postoperative intravenous narcotic use (5.0 ± 1.5 vs 20 ± 23 h, p = 0.018), and a shorter length of hospitalization (1.7 ± 1.0 vs 2.7 ± 1.1 days, p = 0.009). No perioperative complication occurred in either group. Clinical improvement was reported in 94% of children in both groups. Conclusions Thoracoscopic thymectomy in children is a safe and effective surgical technique for the treatment of JMG. Increased acceptance of this minimally invasive approach by children, families, and referring neurologists may enable earlier surgical intervention. Type of study Clinical research paper. Level of evidence III
Forage management practices used in production of US grass-fed beef.

ABSTRACT Objective Management of forage resources is critical to ensuring animals destined for the grass-fed beef (GFB) market have access to quality forage needed for growth and development for acceptable meat products. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage management systems and species used by US GFB producers, adoption rates of rotational grazing systems, producers’ perceptions of the profitability associated with rotational grazing systems, and the economic effect of intensive grazing systems on GFB production costs and profitability. Materials and Methods A survey questionnaire was mailed to 1,052 US GFB producers to examine forage management systems used in US GFB production. A total of 384 completed questionnaires were received. An ordered probit model was used to determine the types of farms and demographics of producers more likely to be involved in an intensive rotational grazing system. Results and Discussion A total of 59 different forage species and types were listed in the study. In all US regions represented in the study, the average and median farm reported use of 3 to 4 forage species or types in their systems. More than half of the respondents indicated rotational grazing increased farm profit by greater than 20% relative to continuous grazing. Implications and Applications The level of rotational grazing differed by region with producers in the Pacific region rotating the least relative to others. Producer demographics and farm size also significantly affected the frequency of rotation.
Performing Vygotsky to Change the World: Vygotsky at Work and Play, by Lois Holzman, New York: Routledge, 2009, 168 pp., $54.50 (hardcover).

Lois Holzman's Vygotsky at Work and Play is both an overview of the work of Holzman and several of her colleagues, from its roots to its future, and an introduction to this work that is accessible ...
What does consolidation mean for performance? Concentration, competition, and defense contracting outcomes:

How does industrial concentration influence performance outcomes in government contracting? This paper hypothesizes that concentration influences contract performance directly, as well as indirectl...
Postobesity Surgery Esophageal Dysfunction: A Combined Cross-Sectional Prevalence Study and Retrospective Analysis

Introduction Esophageal dysmotility including features of achalasia may develop because of bariatric surgery. However, the prevalence of these complications is unknown. We sought to define the prevalence of dysphagia and major esophageal motility disorders including achalasia after bariatric surgery through a large retrospective database review. Methods Patients with a history of laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy or Roux-en-Y gastric bypass who underwent a diagnostic high-resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) either before or after bariatric surgery across 3 large tertiary referral sites from June 2012 through February 2019 were identified from a procedural database. HRIM studies were interpreted per the Chicago classification v3.0 by a blinded investigator (K.R.). Demographic/clinical features were collected. In addition, patients who underwent bariatric surgery from January 2014 to April 2015 were contacted and administered a validated symptom assessment survey to gauge the overall prevalence of dysphagia in a postbariatric population. Results A total of 137 patients were identified, including 97 who underwent HRIM after bariatric surgery (laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy [n = 39, 40.1%]; Roux-en-Y gastric bypass [n = 58, 59.8%]) at a median of 5.84 years (interquartile range 2.1-12.5) postoperatively and 40 preoperative bariatric surgery candidates with medically complicated obesity. A manometric pattern consistent with achalasia was identified in 7 (7.2%) postsurgical patients compared with none in the preoperative group (P = 0.08). We further identified a separate achalasia-like pattern defined by aperistalsis and increased intragastric pressure (postobesity surgery esophageal dysfunction [POSED]) in 5 (5.2%) postsurgical patients vs none found preoperatively (P = 0.14). Achalasia or POSED was associated with postbariatric surgery (12.4% vs 0%, P = 0.02). Increasing time since surgery was independently associated with the development of achalasia (median 12.5 vs 5.8 years, P = 0.02), POSED (median 15.0 vs 5.8 years, P = 0.02) and major motility disorders (6.6 vs 4.9 years, P = 0.01). Furthermore, among 271 postbariatric surgery patients contacted for symptom assessment via survey, the prevalence of dysphagia was 13.7% at a mean 3.9 years after surgery. Discussion Postoperative dysphagia is a common long-term complication of bariatric surgery. This is potentially the consequence of a time-dependent association with the development of postoperative esophageal dysmotility, particularly achalasia and POSED. Consequently, esophageal dysmotility may be an important under-recognized complication of bariatric surgery.
Diffusing a Movement: An Analysis of Strategic Communication in a Transnational Movement

This research explores how and by which mechanisms and processes a social movement diffuses to other countries or regions and the role of communication management in this spread. Findings suggest a...
Association of Hyperchloremia and Acute Kidney Injury in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury.

Introduction:Hypertonic saline is often used to treat patients with traumatic brain injury. It carries the undesired side effect of hyperchloremia, which has been linked to acute kidney injury (AKI...
Impact of altitude on COVID-19 infection and death in the United States: A modeling and observational study.

BACKGROUND: COVID-19, the disease caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused a pandemic, sparing few regions. However, limited reports suggest differing infection and death rates across geographic areas including populations that reside at higher elevations (HE). We aimed to determine if COVID-19 infection, death, and case mortality rates differed in higher versus low elevation (LE) U.S. counties. METHODS: Using publicly available geographic and COVID-19 data, we calculated per capita infection and death rates and case mortality in population density matched HE and LE U.S. counties. We also performed population-scale regression analysis to investigate the association between county elevation and COVID-19 infection rates. FINDINGS: Population density matching of LA ( 2133m, n = 58) counties yielded significantly lower COVID-19 cases at HE versus LE (615 versus 905, p = 0.034). HE per capita deaths were significantly lower than LE (9.4 versus 19.5, p = 0.017). However, case mortality did not differ between HE and LE (1.78% versus 1.46%, p = 0.27). Regression analysis, adjusted for relevant covariates, demonstrated decreased COVID-19 infection rates by 12.82%, 12.01%, and 11.72% per 495m of county centroid elevation, for cases recorded over the previous 30, 90, and 120 days, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This population-adjusted, controlled analysis suggests that higher elevation attenuates infection and death. Ongoing work from our group aims to identify the environmental, biological, and social factors of residence at HE that impact infection, transmission, and pathogenesis of COVID-19 in an effort to harness these mechanisms for future public health and/or treatment interventions.
CS+Social Good: building a curricular ecosystem for impact at stanford and beyond

This submission introduces CS+Social Good, a student organization at Stanford University, which works at the intersection of tech and social impact. In this paper, we introduce one of our educational initiatives that might be of interest to the SIGCSE community, focusing specifically on our Studio program, which is offered as CS51 and CS52 from the Stanford University Computer Science Department. For this student-taught class, student teams partner with nonprofits and social ventures to build impactful technical projects over the course of two quarters.
The Idea of Development in Africa: A History

The Idea of Development in Africa challenges prevailing international development discourses about the continent, by tracing the history of ideas, practices, and 'problems' of development used in Africa. In doing so, it offers an innovative approach to examining the history and culture of development through the lens of the development episteme, which has been foundational to the 'idea of Africa' in western discourses since the early 1800s. The study weaves together an historical narrative of how the idea of development emerged with an account of the policies and practices of development in colonial and postcolonial Africa. The book highlights four enduring themes in African development, including their present-day ramifications: domesticity, education, health, and industrialization. Offering a balance between historical overview and analysis of past and present case studies, Elisabeth McMahon and Corrie Decker demonstrate that Africans have always co-opted, challenged, and reformed the idea of development, even as the western-centric development episteme presumes a one-way flow of ideas and funding from the West to Africa.
A novel technique for real-time ion identification and energy measurement for in situ space instrumentation

Abstract The AGILE (Advanced enerGetic Ion eLectron tElescope) project focuses on the development of a compact low-cost space-based instrument to measure the intensities of charged particles and ions in space. Using multiple layers of fast silicon sensors and custom front-end electronics, the instrument is designed for real-time particle identification of a large variety of elements from H to Fe and spanning energies from 1 to 100 MeV per nucleon . The robust method proposed in this work uses key defining features of electronic signals generated by charged particles (ions) traveling through silicon layers to reliably identify and characterize particles in situ. AGILE will use this real-time pulse shape discrimination technique for the first time in space based instrumentation.
How LTER Site Communities Can Address Major Environmental Challenges

Long-term, place-based research programs in the National Science Foundation-supported Long Term Ecological Research (LTER) Network have had profound effects on public policies and practices in land use, conservation, and the environment. While less well known than their contributions to fundamental ecological science, LTER programs’ commitment to serving broad public interests has been key to helping achieve their mission to advance basic science that supports society’s need to address major environmental challenges. Several attributes of all LTER programs are critical to these accomplishments: highly credible science, strong site-level leadership, long-term environmental measurements of ecosystem attributes that are relevant to the public and to resource managers, and effective and accessible information that supports sound management practices. Less recognized attributes of three case study LTER sites (Andrews Forest, Harvard Forest, Hubbard Brook) which have contributed to major impacts include strong interdisciplinary research communities with cultures of openness, dispersed leadership within those communities, a commitment to carry science perspectives to society through multiple governance processes, strong public-private partnerships, and communications programs that facilitate the exchange of information and perspectives among science communities, policy-makers, land managers, and the public. Taken together, these attributes of sites drive on-the-ground outcomes. These case studies reveal a virtue of the long-term nature of LTER not anticipated when the program began: that the decades-long engagement of a place-based, science community can have a major impact on environmental policies and practices. These activities, and the cultivation of science communities that can accomplish them, go beyond the initial directives and review criteria for LTER site proposals and programs.
Opioid prescribing practices in academic otolaryngology: A single institutional survey.

Abstract Objectives Opioids are highly addictive medications and otolaryngologists have a responsibility to practice opioid stewardship. We investigated postoperative opioid prescribing patterns among resident and attending physicians as an educational platform to underscore the importance of conscientious opioid prescribing. Methods This quality improvement study was designed as a cross-sectional electronic survey. Residents and attending clinical faculty members at a single academic institution were queried from February through April 2020. An electronic survey was distributed to capture postoperative opioid prescribing patterns after common procedures. At the conclusion of the study, results were sent to all faculty and residents. Results A total of 29 attending otolaryngologists and 22 residents completed the survey. Resident physicians prescribed on average fewer postoperative opioid pills than attendings. Among attendings, the largest number of opioids were prescribed following tonsillectomy (dose varied by patient age), neck dissection (12.6 pills), brow lift (13.3 pills), facelift (13.3 pills), and open reduction of facial trauma (10.7 pills). For residents, surgeries with the most postoperatively prescribed opioids were for tonsillectomy (varied by patient age), neck dissection (13.4 pills), open reduction of facial trauma (10.5 pills), parotidectomy (10.0 pills), and thyroid/parathyroidectomy (9.0 pills). The largest volume of postoperative opioids for both groups was prescribed following tonsillectomy. Attendings prescribed significantly more opioids after facelift and brow lift than did residents (p = 0.01 and p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusion There was good concordance between resident and attending prescribers. Improvement in opioid prescribing and pain management should be an essential component of otolaryngology residency education and attending continuing medical education. Level of evidence: 4.
The influence of gain-loss framing and its interaction with political ideology on social distancing and mask wearing compliance during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused millions of cases and over half a million deaths in the United States. While health experts urge citizens to adopt preventative measures such as social distancing and wearing a mask, these recommended behaviors are not always followed by the public. To find a way to promote preventative measures, the present study examined the role of gain-loss framing of COVID-19 related messages on social distancing and mask wearing compliance. Moreover, the study also tested potential moderating effects on framing with three individual characteristics: political ideology, subjective numeracy, and risk attitude. A sample of 375 U.S. adult residents were recruited from Amazon Mechanical Turk. Each participant read either a gain or loss-framed message related to practicing protective behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic. Participants also completed scales of preventative behaviors, risk attitude, subjective numeracy, political ideology, and other demographic variables. It was found that those who were more liberal, risk-averse and had greater subjective numeracy were more likely to wear a mask and/or follow social distancing. Furthermore, in the presence of demographic and psychological factors, the study found participants in the loss-framed condition than in the gain-framed condition were more likely to adopt both preventative measures, supporting the notion of loss aversion. Additionally, the framing effect was also moderated by political ideology on mask-wearing, with the effect being stronger in liberals than in conservatives. Collectively, the study implies message framing may be a useful means to promote preventative measures in the current pandemic.
The French Who Fought for Hitler: Memories from the Outcasts

Thousands of Frenchmen volunteered to provide military help to the Nazis during World War II, fighting in such places as Belorussia, Galicia, Pomerania, and Berlin. Utilizing these soldiers' memoirs, The French Who Fought for Hitler examines how these volunteers describe their exploits on the battlefield, their relations to civilian populations in occupied territories, and their sexual prowess. It also discusses how the volunteers account for their controversial decisions to enlist, to fight to the end, and finally to testify. Coining the concepts of 'outcast memory' and 'unlikeable vanquished', Philippe Carrard characterizes the type of bitter, unrepentant memory at work in the volunteers' recollections and situates it on the map of France's collective memory. In the process, he contributes to the ongoing conversation about memory, asking whether all testimonies are fit to be given and preserved, and how we should deal with life narratives that uphold positions now viewed as unacceptable.
The hemagglutination-inhibition assay for thrombopoietin.

A sensitive immunoassay procedure for the detection of the thrombopoietic-stimulating factor (TSF) has been developed. This procedure is similar to the hemagglutination-inhibition (HAI) technique that is available for erythropoietin. For the production of TSF, sheep were made thrombocytopenic by the injection of antiplatelet serum. TSF from sheep sera was partially purified by column chromatography and tested for biological activity in thrombocythemic mice. A TSF-rich serum fraction was used to immunize rabbits, and the immune serum was tested for hemagglutinating antibodies. The hemagglutinating antisera were absorbed with normal sheep serum to remove antibodies not specific to TSF. The absorbed antisera containing TSF-specific antibodies were then used to detect TSF in platelet-depleted sheep sera by use of the HAI assay procedure. The data indicate that TSF can be detected and quantified in sheep serum by use of this technique.
Retrograde NGF axonal transport--motor coordination in the unidirectional motility regime.

Abstract We present a detailed motion analysis of retrograde nerve growth factor (NGF) endosomes in axons to show that mechanical tugs-of-war and intracellular motor regulation are complimentary features of the near-unidirectional endosome directionality. We used quantum dots to fluorescently label NGF and acquired trajectories of retrograde quantum-dot-NGF-endosomes with
Human placental lipid metabolism. I. Synthesis of phosphatidylcholine from lysophosphatidylcholine.

The arterial circulation of human placentas was perfused to remove fetal erythrocytes. This perfused tissue as well as amnion and chorion laeve were homogenized and incubated with C14 oleic acid and lysolecithin to demonstrate the activity of acyl GPC acyltransferase. This enzymatic activity was present in all three tissues. These results allow the speculation that placental enzymatic activity may influence maternal and fetal lipid patterns.
CARBOHYDRATE AND LIPID CONTENT OF RADIATION-RESISTANT AND -SENSITIVE STRAINS OF ESCHERICHIA COLI

Abstract Woodside, E. E. (U.S. Army Medical Research Laboratory, Fort Knox, Ky.), and W. Kocholaty. Carbohydrate and lipid content of radiation-resistant and -sensitive strains of Escherichia coli. J. Bacteriol. 87:1140–1146. 1964.—Total lipid contents of acetate minimal medium cultures of Escherichia coli, strains B, B/r, and Bs, were not significantly different when identical pretreatment and extraction procedures were compared. Wide variations in intracellular hexose and pentose derivatives of E. coli B, B/r, and Bs were induced by changes in carbon and nitrogen sources and by changes in the growth phases. The three strains produced more intracellular carbohydrate when grown in nutrient broth-glucose medium than when grown in unsupplemented nutrient broth. Acetate minimal medium cultures of the radiation-sensitive mutant, E. coli Bs, contained the least, and the radiation-resistant mutant, E. coli B/r the largest, amounts of intracellular hexoses. Environmental conditions which increased the radiation resistance of E. coli B/r were similar to the environmental conditions which favored increased intracellular hexose accumulation. After X ray of E. coli B/r, considerable amounts of hexoses and pentoses were released into the growth medium. Alterations in hexose distribution patterns of X-rayed E. coli B/r preceded alterations in pentose distribution patterns. Prolonged postirradiation incubation resulted in a net synthesis of extracellular hexose, with concomitant loss of intracellular hexose accumulation.
The Influence of Carrier of Gustatory Stimulation on the Cephalic Phase of Canine Pancreatic Secretion

The pancreatic secretory responses of dogs to various taste stimuli were examined in this study. Additionally, taste preferences were examined in 24-hour exposure tests to taste stimulus solutions as well as in short exposure tests to taste solutions mixed with commercial stock diet. The liquid and solid food preference tests produced quite different results. In dogs with cannulated gastric and duodenal fistulas, gustatory receptors were stimulated orally with 100 ml of taste stimulus solution (water 0.05 M monosodium glutamate (MSG), 0.05 M citric acid or 0.3 M sucrose) mixed with 25 g of a carrier (commercial stock diet, purified diet or cellulose). Pancreatic secretory responses to the taste stimuli varied with the type of carrier. Stock diet carrier was a better stimulant than the purified diet for both protein output and volume flow. Taste stimuli with a cellulose carrier did not produce any pancreatic response at all. The differences in responses to the different carriers were greater than the differences between taste stimuli when the same carrier was used. This experiment indicates that gustatory stimulation does influence the function of pancreatic secretion depending on the carriers used.
Magnetic Nanoparticle Arrays Self-Assembled on Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Media

We study magnetic-field directed self-assembly of magnetic nanoparticles onto templates recorded on perpendicular magnetic recording media, and quantify feature width and height as a function of assembly time. Feature widths are determined from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) images, while heights are obtained with Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). For short assembly times, widths were ~150 nm, while heights were ~14 nm, a single nanoparticle on average with a 10:1 aspect ratio. For long assembly times, widths approach 550 nm, while the average height grows to 3 nanoparticles, ~35 nm; a 16:1 aspect ratio. We perform magnetometry on these self-assembled structures and observe the slope of the magnetic moment vs. field curve increases with time. This increase suggests magnetic nanoparticle interactions evolve from nanoparticle–nanoparticle interactions to cluster–cluster interactions as opposed to feature–feature interactions. We suggest the aspect ratio increase occurs because the magnetic field gradients are strongest near the transitions between recorded regions in perpendicular media. If these gradients can be optimized for assembly, strong potential exists for using perpendicular recording templates to assemble complex heterogeneous materials.