cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
AI Grand Challenges for Education

This article focuses on contributions that AI can make to address long-term educational goals. It describes five challenges that would support: (1) mentors for every learner; (2) learning twenty-first century skills; (3) interaction data to support learning; (4) universal access to global classrooms; and (5) lifelong and life-wide learning. A vision and brief research agenda are described for each challenge along with goals that lead to access to global educational resources and the reuse and sharing of digital educational resources. Instructional systems with AI technology are described that currently support richer experiences for learners and supply researchers with new opportunities to analyze vast data sets of instructional behavior from big databases, containing elements of learning, affect, motivation, and social interaction. Personalized learning is described using computational tools that enhance student and group experience, reflection, and analysis, and supply data for development of novel theory development.
Top honors go to math with a physics flavor

BERLIN-- Mathematicians officially anointed four new superstars when the 1998 Fields Medals were presented here last week at the opening ceremonies of the International Congress of Mathematicians. There is no Nobel Prize in mathematics, and the Fields Medal, awarded every 4 years by the International Mathematical Union (IMU), has become the discipline9s highest honor. Unlike Nobels, Fields Medals are traditionally awarded only to mathematicians no older than 40 and are intended as much to encourage future work as to recognize past achievement.
$M_\pi^2$ versus mq: comparing CP-PACS and UKQCD data to Chiral Perturbation Theory

I present a selection of CP-PACS and UKQCD data for the pseudo-Goldstone masses in N f =2 QCD with doubly degenerate quarks. At least the more chiral points should be consistent with Chiral Perturbation Theory for the latter to be useful in an extrapolation to physical masses. I find consistency with the chiral prediction but no striking evidence for chiral logs. Nonetheless, the consistency guarantees that the original estimate, by Gasser and Leutwyler, of the N f =2 QCD low-energy scale $\Lambda_3$ was not entirely wrong.
The arthroscopic and ultrasonographic boundaries of the equine femorotibial joints

Summary Reasons for performing study: While descriptions of the visible soft tissues of the femorotibial joints exist for both arthroscopy and ultrasonography, there are few examples in the literature that discuss in detail the combined findings of these modalities. Objectives: To further elucidate the ultrasonographic and arthroscopic boundaries of the normal equine femorotibial joints and improve the understanding of the benefits and limitations of each individual modality. Methods: Simultaneous arthroscopy and ultrasonography were performed in 10 equine cadaver stifles as well as bilateral stifles on a horse that underwent nonrecovery surgery. The arthroscopic probe was visualised ultrasonographically and concurrent video and still images acquired. Results: Arthroscopy provided good visualisation of the cranial meniscal ligaments, the distal portion of the cranial cruciate ligament, proximal portion of the medial collateral ligament within the fibrous tissue of the joint capsule and a limited view of the abaxial border of meniscus. Ultrasonography allowed for almost complete visualisation of the menisci, collateral ligaments and cranial meniscal ligaments and a portion of the cranial cruciate ligament. Conclusions: By comparing the ultrasonographically and arthroscopically visible structures, this study allowed for a more complete understanding of the advantages and limitations of each modality. The ability of ultrasonography to resolve mild pathological changes should be further explored. Potential relevance: When used together, these modalities can provide a more global image of the femorotibial joints.
Slow growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis at acidic pH is regulated by phoPR and host‐associated carbon sources

During pathogenesis, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) colonizes environments, such as the macrophage or necrotic granuloma, that are acidic and rich in cholesterol and fatty acids. The goal of this study was to examine how acidic pH and available carbon sources interact to regulate Mtb physiology. Here we report that Mtb growth at acidic pH requires host-associated carbon sources that function at the intersection of glycolysis and the TCA cycle, such as pyruvate, acetate, oxaloacetate and cholesterol. In contrast, in other tested carbon sources, Mtb fully arrests its growth at acidic pH and establishes a state of non-replicating persistence. Growth-arrested Mtb is resuscitated by the addition of pyruvate suggesting that growth arrest is due to a pH-dependent checkpoint on metabolism. Additionally, we demonstrate that the phoPR two-component regulatory system is required to slow Mtb growth at acidic pH and functions to maintain redox homeostasis. Transcriptional profiling and functional metabolic studies demonstrate that signals from acidic pH and carbon source are integrated to remodel pathways associated with anaplerotic central metabolism, lipid anabolism and the regeneration of oxidized cofactors. Because phoPR is required for Mtb virulence in animals, we suggest that pH-driven adaptation may be critical to Mtb pathogenesis.
A new approach to inhomogeneous cosmologies: Intrinsic symmetries. III. Conformally flat slices and their analysis

We have already obtained an invariant characterization and classification of the Szekeres inhomogeneous cosmological models. In the present paper, we present a detailed study of the hierarchy of solutions. The approach adopted suggests simple generalizations of the Szekeres models, and we present a number of results and ideas for further study.
Prognostic implications of response to preoperative infusional chemoradiation in locally advanced rectal cancer.

Abstract Background and purpose : To evaluate the influence of response to preoperative infusional chemoradiation on outcome parameters among patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Materials and methods : Preoperative chemoradiotherapy, 45 Gy in 25 fractions over 5 weeks with continuous infusion 5-fluorouracil (300 mg/m 2 per day), was given to 117 patients. As determined by pretreatment endorectal ultrasound (EUS), 96% of cases were Stage T3, and 51% had EUS evidence of perirectal adenopathy. Surgery was performed approximately 6 weeks after chemoradiation therapy. Postoperatively adjuvant systemic therapy, consisting of 400–425 mg/m 2 of 5-fluorouracil plus 20 mg/ m 2 leucovorin for 5 days, was administered every 28 days for six cycles. Outcome parameters of local control (LC), freedom from distant metastases (DMC), disease-free survival (DFS) and cancer specific survival (CSS) were evaluated relative to primary tumor characteristics. Results : The final post-treatment pathological tumor stages were complete response in 27%, Tis-2 N0 in 26%, T2 N1 in 5%, T3 N0 in 21%, T3 N1 in 15%, T4 N0 in 5% and T4 N1 in 1%. Down-staging occurred in 61% of cases. The pretreatment primary tumor size only influenced rates of local control ( P P P P P P P P Conclusion : Consistent with other reports, disease free survival and subsequent development of distant metastases is reduced in the more than 60% of patients who respond to preoperative infusional chemoradiation. Evidence of response appears more significant than the degree of response. At present, no impact is seen on cancer specific survival rates. Consideration should be given for strategies that base selection of subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy on response to preoperative chemoradiation.
Age-dependent cerebral metabolic effects of unilateral nucleus basalis magnocellularis ablation in rats.

Abstract To investigate the age-dependent functional importance of cholinergic neocortical inputs, and to explore whether cortical cholinergic denervation in aged animals might better model the cerebral metabolic changes of Alzheimer's disease, the effects of unilateral ablation of the nucleus basalis magnocellularis (NBM) on cerebral glucose metabolism were studied in young and aged rats. Regional cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (rCMRglc) were determined, using the [ 14 C]deoxyglucose method, in 48 brain regions of 3- and 24-month old Fischer-344 rats at 3, 7, 14 and 28 days after stereotaxic injection of ibotenate into the right NBM, and in sham-operated animals at 3 and 14 days later. For both ages the peak effect of unilateral NBM ablation occurred 3 days later: in young rats, rCMRglc was significantly reduced (compared to the contralateral side) in all 24 anterior cortical areas examined (mean decline 20%), whereas in aged animals, only 9 of 24 areas showed a significant decline in glucose utilization, and the magnitude of rCMRglc reduction (9%) was smaller. Near complete recovery of rCMRglc occurred by 7 days in young and old rats. We conclude that the basalocortical cholinergic projection plays a smaller role in neocortical function of aged rats, possibly because its tonic activity is reduced. Both young and aged rats undergo cortical metabolic normalization after unilateral NBM ablation; hence the NBMlesioned aged rat is not a better model of the progressive decline in rCMRglc that occurs in Alzheimer's disease.
Professional school accreditation: a case in public trust and professional dominance.

The historical, social, and political conditions that underlie the accreditation process by which an agency evaluates and recognizes an institution or program of study are examined. Professions are entrusted by the community at large to set credentials for their members. The health professions accomplish this task by three activities: licensure, certification, and accreditation. This paper explores the historical, social, and political conditions that underlie the accreditation process. Recently, public and governmental interest has been expressed in the activities of accrediting agencies. The power to set credentials was delegated from the community to the professions, and the wisdom of that delegation is now under question. One can expect the health professions to seek accommodation with public interests to maintain their dominance in the accreditation process. In that light, the recent establishment of the Commission on Accreditation of Dental and Dental Auxiliary Educational Programs can be understood as an adaptation of the dental profession to the changing environment. More reform can be expected as the health professions seek to satisfy public expectations and maintain professional dominance.
The MARCKS brothers: a family of protein kinase C substrates.

Laboratory of Signal Transduction The Rockefeller University New York, New York 10021 The protein kinase C (PKC) family are diacylglycerol- activated, calcium-dependent protein kinases that regu- late a large number of cellular responses. An intensive, decade-long research effort has yielded much insight into the structure, catalytic mechanism, and regulation of PKC. More recently, the emphasis has shifted to the identifica- tion of physiologically important substrates of PKC, since the characterization of these proteins is essential for an understanding of the mechanism of PKC action. The myristoylated alanine-rich C-kinase substrate, MARCKS, is a widely distributed, specific PKC substrate, whose phosphorylation has been used as a marker of PKC activation in vivo. MARCKS binds both calmodulin and actin (Graff et al., 1989b; Hartwig et al., 1992) and has been implicated in secretion and membrane trafficking, cell motility, the regulation of the cell cycle, and transfor- mation (Wu et al., 1982; Rozengurt et al., 1983; Kligman and Patel, 1986; Blackshear et al., 1986; Wolfman et al., 1987; Aderem et al., 1988; Simek et al., 1989; Thelen et al., 1990). All of these processes necessitate regulated rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Recent data sug- gest that MARCKS has a role in translating extracellular signals into alterations in actin plasticity and changes in
Medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics among U.S. high school seniors.

Objectives To examine the lifetime prevalence of medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics among U.S. high school seniors and to assess substance use behaviors based on lifetime histories of medical and nonmedical use of prescription benzodiazepine anxiolytics.
Information ethics for twenty‐first century library professionals

Purpose – To provide an introduction to concepts and resources that will be useful to library professionals learning about information ethics.Design/methodology/approach – This paper argues for the importance of information ethics to twenty‐first century library professionals. It describes what various authors have said about how information ethics can be applied to the ethical dilemmas faced by library professionals.Findings – In order to deal effectively with their ethical dilemmas, library professionals must have a good working knowledge of information ethics. Codes of professional ethics can help to provide such knowledge, but they are not sufficient. Courses on information ethics must be part of the education of information professionals. Such courses should provide library professionals with an understanding of ethical theories and how they apply to concrete practical cases. Such courses should also make explicit the connection between information ethics and the mission of the library professional.R...
A Telecommunications Project to Empower Kansas Elementary/Middle Level Teachers as Change Agents for Integrated Science and Mathematics Education

Nineteen elementary and 5 middle school in-service teachers served as regional lead teachers to provide 13 two- and four-day workshops for 235 in-service teachers. The lead teachers attended 100 hours of inservice training on national science/math reform curricula, cognitive theory, pedagogical strategies for enhancing problem solving, and authentic assessment procedures. The lead teachers then selected $30,000 worth of instructional materials for use in their classrooms. Subsequently, they developed four hands-on-manipulative-based workshops through extensive use of video-teleconferencing technology. The lead teachers strongly believe that this extensive project has made a permanent positive impact on the quality and quantity of integrated science and math instruction in Kansas.
Imaging Modalities to Access Bony Tumors and Hyperplasic Reactions of the Temporomandibular Joint

Benign and malignant tumors in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are rare. However, when a patient presents with clinical findings such as altered occlusion or facial asymmetry, a morphologic alteration in the condyle should be ruled out. The differential diagnosis for benign hyperplastic bony lesions in the TMJ should include condylar hyperplasia, osteochondroma, osteoma, chondroma, and osteoblastoma. If malignant features are present, chondrosarcoma and osteosarcoma should be considered. For the differential diagnosis, imaging is the most noninvasive method to evaluate the integrity of the TMJ. Imaging can be classified as morphologic or functional according to the information provided. The current scientific data have shown that panoramic images have 97% sensitivity and 45% specificity for identifying hyperplastic conditions in the TMJ. The sensitivity and specificity of medical computed tomography (CT) and cone-beam CT is 70% and 100%, and 80% and 100%, respectively, for the detection of bony abnormalities. To differentiate benign and malignant bony tumors, magnetic resonance imaging has a sensitivity and specificity of 44% and 95%, respectively. The corresponding percentages for single positron emission CT are 91% and 94%, for single positron emission CT/CT are 100% and 100%, for positron emission tomography are 88% and 72%, and for positron emission tomography/CT are 100% and 97%. The combination of morphologic and functional (single positron emission CT and positron emission tomography) modalities appears to improve the sensitivity and specificity to assess a hyperplastic condyle, facilitating treatment planning and providing a better prognosis for the patient.
Depressive symptoms and risk of uterine leiomyomata

Objective Uterine leiomyomata (UL) are a major source of gynecologic morbidity and the primary indication for hysterectomy. Depression can cause dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which may affect the synthesis of reproductive hormones involved in UL pathogenesis. We assessed the association between depressive symptoms and UL among 15,963 premenopausal women. Study Design Data were derived from the Black Women's Health Study, a prospective cohort study. In 1999 and 2005, the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was used to ascertain depressive symptoms. On biennial follow-up questionnaires from 1999 through 2011, women reported physician-diagnosed depression, antidepressant use, and UL diagnoses. Incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were estimated using multivariable Cox regression. Results There were 4722 incident UL cases diagnosed by ultrasound (n = 3793) or surgery (n = 929) during 131,262 person-years of follow-up. Relative to baseline CES-D scores P -trend = .001). IRRs for current and past physician-diagnosed depression relative to no depression were 1.15 (95% CI, 0.98–1.34) and 1.25 (95% CI, 1.13–1.39), respectively. Results persisted after further control for antidepressant use. IRRs for current and past use of antidepressants (any indication) relative to never use were 1.11 (95% CI, 0.97–1.28) and 1.32 (95% CI, 1.14–1.52), respectively. Conclusion In this cohort of black women, greater depressive symptoms were associated with UL, independent of antidepressant use, supporting the hypothesis that dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis increases UL risk.
Beneficial effects of nitroglycerin on abnormal ventricular wall motion at rest and during exercise in patients with previous myocardial infarction

The effects of sublingually administered nitroglycerin on segmental left ventricular wall motion determined by videotracking and radiographic left heart size were evaluated at rest and during submaximal handgrip exercise in 10 patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction. After nitroglycerin, diastolic left heart size decreased in the resting state from an average of 49.5 ± 5.7 (standard deviation) to 47.9 ± 5.6 mm/m2 body surface area (P < 0.01) and during handgrip exercise from a mean of 50.7 ± 5.0 to 49.1 ± 4.7 mm/m2 (P < 0.05). In the resting state, the average maximal velocity of shortening in segments with normal wall motion increased after nitroglycerin from 18.1 ± 3.0 to 23.5 ± 5.5 mm/sec (P < 0.01), whereas during handgrip exercise alone, the velocity of shortening averaged 25.6 ± 6.9 mm/sec and increased further after nitroglycerin to 30.1 ± 10.6 mm/sec (P < 0.05). The effects of nitroglycerin on the average extent of shortening in normal segments were similar. In all 10 patients, there was a decrease-in the number of segments with abnormal wall motion. The number of sites with dyssynergy decreased after nitroglycerin from 24 to 15 in the resting state and from 40 to 22 when nitroglycerin was administered before handgrip exercise. Sublingually administered nitroglycerin appears to decrease left heart size, increase the velocity and extent of shortening in normal left ventricular segments and often reduce the extent of left ventricular wall motion abnormalities at rest and during isometric exercise in patients with previous transmural myocardial infarction.
Critical Realism and Religion: Objectivity and the Insider/Outsider Problem

This article uses the insider/outsider problem in the study of religion and a critical realist interpretation of objectivity to discuss two dialectics present in geography of religion literature: geography of religion versus religious geography, and politics versus poetics. Recent developments in critical realism include a “spiritual turn” in which critical realism as both a metaphilosophy and a method is applied to religious thought. A critical realist understanding of objectivity can effectively address tensions in geography of religion literature by suggesting that the insider/outsider problem is not the most appropriate filter to discriminate between religious geography and geography of religion or the politics and poetics of religion. I suggest that an Eliadian fear of reductionism is not necessary and that epistemic relativism coupled with reflexivity can coexist with an ontological approach.
Some classical problems of catalytic science: resolution and implications

Abstract The discovery of the catalytic capabilities of the aluminum-containing siliceous zeolites has resulted in an exponential growth of research in and applications of heterogeneous catalysis. In the multitude of diverse observations and findings that continue to be reported at many symposia and in ever more numerous journals, there are also contained some answers to long-sought fundamental questions and issues of catalytic science. They primarily relate to the identification of a catalytic site, the site–reactant mechanisms and the magnitudes of the intrinsic activity per site. Some insights to these, and their potential cross-disciplinary implications for future basic and applied science, are noted.
Understanding Natural Language

Abstract This paper describes a computer system for understanding English. The system answers questions, executes commands, and accepts information in an interactive English dialog. It is based on the belief that in modeling language understanding, we must deal in an integrated way with all of the aspects of language—syntax, semantics, and inference. The system contains a parser, a recognition grammar of English, programs for semantic analysis, and a general problem solving system. We assume that a computer cannot deal reasonably with language unless it can understand the subject it is discussing. Therefore, the program is given a detailed model of a particular domain. In addition, the system has a simple model of its own mentality. It can remember and discuss its plans and actions as well as carrying them out. It enters into a dialog with a person, responding to English sentences with actions and English replies, asking for clarification when its heuristic programs cannot understand a sentence through the use of syntactic, semantic, contextual, and physical knowledge. Knowledge in the system is represented in the form of procedures, rather than tables of rules or lists of patterns. By developing special procedural representations for syntax, semantics, and inference, we gain flexibility and power. Since each piece of knowledge can be a procedure, it can call directly on any other piece of knowledge in the system.
Myocyte interconnections at gap junctions and the development of anatomic substrates of ventricular arrhythmia's.

Spontaneous ventricular tachyarrhythmias causing sudden death occur often in patients with healed myocardial infarcts. A reentrant mechanism has been implicated that depends, in part, on slow heterogeneous conduction and block in critical regions that have been mapped to the borders of the healed infarcts. The electrophysiological derangements responsible for initiation and maintenance of the reentrant tachycardia circuit appear to be attributable largely to abnormalities in current transfer between myocytes in the fibrotic border zone region. This review summarizes recent advances in understanding the role of gap junctions in intercellular electrical coupling in the normal heart and mechanisms of altered junctional coupling in the pathogenesis of reentrant ventricular tachycardia.
Tolman's δ, Surface Curvature, Compressibility Effects, and the Free Energy of Drops†

An extension of a treatment by Laaksonen and McGraw leads to an analytical expression for the variation of Tolman's δ with drop size. According to this approach, the change in sign of δ as a drop becomes large is a consequence of compressibility. An expression for the reversible work to produce a small drop from bulk liquid is given that corrects conventional expressions for effects of compressibility and Tolman's δ. It is shown, however, that when this expression is applied to the formation of a drop from the supersaturated vapor, the reversible work, Wrev‘, in excess of volume work no longer explicitly involves the Tolman δ or the compressibility, in agreement with treatments by Gibbs and by Debenedetti and Reiss. Nevertheless, if the expression for Wrev‘ is to be related to directly measurable quantities, compressibility and δ still play a role.
A role for endocytic recycling in hyphal growth

Actin plays multiple complex roles in cell growth and cell shape. Recently it was demonstrated that actin patches, which represent sites of endocytosis, are present in a sub-apical collar at growing tips of hyphae and germ tubes of filamentous fungi. It is now clear that this zone of endocytosis is necessary for filamentous growth to proceed. In this review evidence for the role of these endocytic sites in hyphal growth is examined. One possibility if that the role of the sub-apical collar is associated with endocytic recycling of polarized material at the hyphal tip. The 'Apical Recycling Model' accounts for this role and predicts the need for a balance between endocytosis and exocytosis at the hyphal tip to control growth and cell shape. Other cell differentiation events, including appressorium formation and Aspergillus conidiophore development may also be explained by this model.
Barriers to entry: heterodox publishing in mainstream journals

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to empirically ascertain whether an ideological barrier to entry exists, preventing heterodox economists from publishing in mainstream journals.Design/methodology/approach – The empirical results were obtained from a questionnaire asked of heterodox economists. The ten questions include where respondents submitted their research; their treatment by editors and referees; and whether an ideological barrier to publication exists.Findings – The evidence overwhelmingly supports the existence of an ideological entry barrier. This barrier goes beyond the normal competitive nature of journal publishing, that is limited journal pages constricting the number of “good papers” that can be published, suggesting that there is an insidious ideological entry barrier preventing heterodox ideas from being published.Originality/value – Based on this evidence, the last section proffers several research suggestions, including more sophisticated models predicting the likelihood of a heter...
Optimizing the size and locations of facilities in competitive multi-site service systems

We propose a multi-site location-allocation model for selecting locations in competitive service systems. Examples are typical franchise systems or retailers with multiple outlets. The proposed objective function maximizes a measure of spatial utility of users subject to constraints on waiting time of users and budget of the multi-site facility owners. The intent is to provide model support in assisting with decisions by one multi-facility owner about locating new sites or closing current sites in the presence of one or more competitors, each of which control several sites. Algorithms and spatial data necessary for solving the problem are described. The model is described in the context of locating bank branches though it is applicable in many other contexts.
Autobiography as a Spiritual Practice

In this article autobiography is defined as a dialogue of the self with itself in the present about the past for the sake of self-understanding. Spirituality involves connectedness to oneself, others, nature and to a larger meaning. It is associated with creativity, play, wisdom, faith, and a sense of oneness. Writing and reflecting on one's autobiography enhances spiritual growth and can be therapeutic freeing people from outlived roles and self-imposed images. After discussing the history of spiritual autobiography as a genre, the author compares and contrasts four approaches to autobiography: the structured life review, the guided autobiography, the intensive journal workbook, and autobiographical work in twelve step programs. For those who work with older persons these techniques should prove very useful.
Emotion regulation and understanding: implications for child psychopathology and therapy

This paper considers the role of emotion regulation (i.e., extrinsic and intrinsic monitoring and adjusting of emotion) and emotion understanding (i.e., comprehension of the signs of, causes of, and ways to regulate emotion) in childhood adjustment. Developmental and clinical research focused on emotion regulation and emotion understanding are reviewed with an emphasis on studies including psychopathological samples. The implications of emotion research for the study of child psychopathology and child therapy are examined.
CRT-210 Intravascular Ultrasound in the Treatment of Infrainguinal Vessels: Indications of Usage and Efficacy Analysis

Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) is used in infrainguinal vessels in a variety of fashions, the results of which are not well understood in terms of improving procedure efficiency and reducing complications. We retrospectively selected 38 endovascular procedures between 2007 and 2013 from the
Characterization of Si/SiO2 interface defects by electron spin resonance

Abstract The defect structure of the Si/SiO 2 interface is increasingly important as the size of metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) integrated circuits shrinks into the submicron regime. Extensive electrical studies of the interface over the past two decades, interpreted via indirect physico-chemical theory, have yielded useful, but empirical, interface models. Electron spin resonance (ESR) has now given a spectroscopic identification of the trivalent silicon or P b center (·Si≡Si 3 ) at the interface. This center is perhaps the most important characteristic defect at the interface. Its specific detection and identification allow a better diagnosis of interface and oxide electrical properties. This paper reviews the present status and historical development of ESR application to the Si/SiO 2 system, and includes a background of relevant ESR research on other materials systems. A very brief overview of popular electrical characterization methods is included, and also a short review of the basic principles of ESR spectroscopy. The detection and identification of the critical trivalent silicon defect (·Si≡Si 3 ) on oxidized Si wafers (111, 110, 100 orientations) is presented in detail. The correlation of this center with interface traps is shown over a variety of device-pertinent thermal processes. The nearly 1:1 quantitative relation between ·Si≡Si 3 and interface trap concentration is emphasized. The response of ·Si≡Si 3 to light and electric field is explored in order to define its physical and electrical nature. These results, in comparison with similar defects in bulk Si and SiO 2 , are interpreted to yield a tentative working model of the ·Si≡Si 3 interface defect. It is thus shown to be a plausible source for the majority of interface bandgap traps. A variety of other pertinent ESR centers in oxidized Si, including radiation-induced defects, is surveyed briefly. A few oft-expected centers, such as the silica E′ center, are not found in significant concentration.
Phase II Study of Ketoconazole Plus Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor for Prostate Cancer: Effect of Extent of Disease on Outcome

Purpose: The efficacy of ketoconazole plus the immunostimulatory cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor was prospectively evaluated in patients with castration resistant prostate cancer with and without metastases.Materials and Methods: Eligible patients had progressive castration resistant prostate cancer by consensus criteria and had received no prior immunotherapy, chemotherapy or ketoconazole. Patients received 400 mg ketoconazole orally 3 times daily, and 20 mg hydrocortisone orally each morning and 10 mg hydrocortisone orally each evening. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (250 μg/m2) was administered subcutaneously on days 15 to 28 of each 28-day cycle. Progression was defined as disease progression or toxicity.Results: A total of 49 patients were enrolled, including 37 with radiographically evident metastases and 12 with prostate specific antigen only disease. Median patient age was 68 years (range 52 to 84) and median prostate specific antigen was 23.1 ng/ml (ran...
Interleukin-15 (IL-15) and IL-15 receptor alpha fusion protein enhances antitumor activity of myxoma virus

Meeting abstracts Myxoma virus, a rabbit poxvirus, can efficiently infect various classes of mouse and human cancer cells. It is a strict rabbit-specific pathogen, safe to use in all non-rabbit hosts tested including mice and humans. Recombinant viruses were previously engineered to express
Semiconductor nanowires embedded in optical microcavities

Optical loss of a chemically-synthesized light-emitting nanowire can be reduced by embedding the nanowire in an optical microcavity. Design of nanowire/photonic crystal platform as well as characterization of nanowire embedded in race-track microresonator are presented.
DOS‐tips: Batch Files à la MODE

One of the more powerful features of MS‐DOS microcomputers (such as the IBM PC and the OCLC M300 Workstation) is the ability to create and run a special type of “program” called a batch file. Although fully documented in the DOS manual, batch files remain poorly understood by many users. This is too bad, because even occasional PC users can use batch files to simplify and streamline day‐to‐day use of their machines.
Material Properties and Cytocompatibility of Injectable MMP Degradable Poly(lactide ethylene oxide fumarate) Hydrogel as a Carrier for Marrow Stromal Cells

Injectable in situ crosslinkable biomaterials seeded with multipotent progenitor cells and coupled with minimally invasive arthroscopic techniques are an attractive alternative for treating irregularly shaped osteochondral defects. An in situ crosslinkable poly(lactide-co-ethylene oxide-co-fumarate) (PLEOF) macromer has been developed with ultralow molecular weight poly(L-lactide) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) units linked by fumaryl unit. The PLEOF macromer was crosslinked with the MMP-13 degradable peptide sequence QPQGLAK with acrylate end-groups or the methylene bisacrylamide (BISAM) crosslinker to form enzymatically or hydrolytically degradable hydrogels, respectively. Cell viability of the peptide crosslinker was significantly higher than that of BISAM. The relatively higher molecular weight peptide crosslinker significantly affected the water content and the rate of crosslinking (e.g., sol vs gel fraction). The addition of a small fraction of a highly reactive BISAM crosslinker to the PLEOF/peptide mixture reduced the gelation time and increased the elastic modulus while retaining enzymatic degradability of the hydrogel. Bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells were encapsulated in the peptide crosslinked PLEOF hydrogel; 84% of the encapsulated cells was viable after 1 week of incubation in osteogenic media. The encapsulated BMS cells differentiated to osteoblasts and produced a mineralized matrix, as measured by ALPase activity and calcium content. The degradation rate of the hydrogel depended on the ratio of the peptide to the BISAM crosslinker, MMP-13 concentration, and incubation time. The results demonstrate that the peptide crosslinked PLEOF hydrogel with tunable degradation characteristics is potentially useful as an injectable in situ crosslinkable carrier for bone marrow stromal cells.
EUV patterning Characterization Using a 3D Mask Simulation and Field EUV Scanner

In the field of lithography technology, EUV lithography can be a leading candidate for sub-30 nm technology node. EUVL expose system has different characteristics compared to DUV exposure system. EUV source wavelength is short and no material is transparent to the source. So off-axis reflective optic system is used for patterning in place of on-axis refractive system of DUV system. And different reticle design is needed that consists of 40 pair of Mo/Si multi layer and absorber layer in place of conventional mask. Because of the oblique incidence on the mask, shadowing effect is occurred such as pattern asymmetry, shift and pattern bias depending on pattern orientation. For non-telecentric characteristics of EUV scanner, shadowing effect produces CD variation versus field position[1][2]. Besides, it is well known that EUV scanner has bigger flare than conventional DUV scanner. Therefore, the correction of mask shadowing effect and flare level are one of the important issues for EUV lithography. In this paper, process window and MEF of EUV lithography has been examined by 3D mask simulation. CD variation by shadowing is simulated for various pattern orientations. A shadowing correction method has been calculated due to field position to reduce shadowing effect. And the correction effect is examined by simulation and Experimental results. Principle of radial overlay shift due to field position is verified then the shift length of line and space pattern is calculated.
Radiation hygiene in dental offices

A survey was conducted of x-ray facilities in 2000 dental offices under actual operating conditions. Each of 10 dental schools in the United States collected data on 200 local dental offices to implement geographic analysis of the status of radiation hygiene in the offices. The data provided records of roentgen (r) output of each machine, relative r dose to patient, and dose to operator. In addition, specific information relating to both operator and machine was coiiected and evaluated. Some dentists were found to be operating under unsafe conditions, but the average dentist covered in the survey was statistically safe. On the basis of the survey, it was concluded that the probiem of radiation hazards in dentistry will be resolved when all dental x-ray machines are properly filtered and collimated and high-speed dental x-ray film is used. (P.C.H.)
Regulation of Endothelial Glutathione by ICAM-1 governs VEGF-A mediated eNOS Activity and Angiogenesis

Previous studies suggest that inflammatory cell adhesion molecules may modulate endothelial cell migration and angiogenesis through unknown mechanisms. Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo approaches, herein we reveal a novel redox-sensitive mechanism by which ICAM-1 modulates endothelial GSH that controls VEGF-A-induced eNOS activity, endothelial chemotaxis, and angiogenesis. In vivo disk angiogenesis assays showed attenuated VEGF-A-mediated angiogenesis in ICAM-1(-/-) mice. Moreover, VEGF-A-dependent chemotaxis, eNOS phosphorylation, and nitric oxide production were impaired in ICAM-1(-/-) mouse aortic endothelial cells (MAEC) compared to WT MAEC. Decreasing intracellular GSH in ICAM-1(-/-) MAEC to levels observed in WT MAEC with 150 microM buthionine sulfoximine restored VEGF-A responses. Conversely, GSH supplementation of WT MAEC with 5 mM glutathione ethyl ester mimicked defects observed in ICAM-1(-/-) cells. Deficient angiogenic responses in ICAM-1(-/-) cells were associated with increased expression of the lipid phosphatase PTEN, consistent with antagonism of signaling pathways leading to eNOS activation. PTEN expression was also sensitive to GSH status, decreasing or increasing in proportion to intracellular GSH concentrations. These data suggest a novel role for ICAM-1 in modulating VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis and eNOS activity through regulation of PTEN expression via modulation of intracellular GSH status.
Event-by-event fluctuations of mean transverse momentum in Au+Au collisions in STAR experiment at relativistic heavy-ion collider

We report results on event-by-event fluctuations in mean transverse momentum in AuAu collisions at\(\sqrt {^s NN} = 130\) GeV measured by the STAR experiment at RHIC. The dynamical fluctuations,\(\sigma _{\langle P_t \rangle ,dynam} \) is found to be about 1.2 ±02% of the mean transverse momentum for particles in pseudo-rapidity range of −0.5 < η < 0.5 and for the top 6% central collisions.
A systematic modeling theory for solid state devices

Abstract A theory is formulated for systematically modeling solid state devices from physical make-up. The theory consists of three general guidelines for deriving desired models and four explicit approaches for implementing the guidelines. The guidelines and approaches are stated in general terms to enhance the applicability of the theory to a broad range of different devices. Models which are derived by application of this theory (1) involve component parts which are explicit functions of the physical construction and which exhibit a one-to-one correspondence with physical processes, (2) are amenable to the techniques of network analysis and network synthesis and (3) involve a degree of approximation sufficient to enhance qualitative understanding while maintaining desired quantitative accuracy. The models thus can serve as tools for the analysis and design of both circuits and devices. Several important aspects of the theory are illustrated by applying it to the diffusion transistor and the field-effect transistor. Models obtained for the diffusion transistor are related to, though more general than, those published previously; models obtained for the field-effect transistor are new.
Stereochemical Models for the Enantiocontrolled Construction of Fully Functionalized C Rings via Intramolecular Aldolization in Advanced Precursors to Paclitaxel

Six transition-state models for intramolecular aldol C-ring annulation in suitably substituted bicyclo[6.2.1]undecanones have been defined. The first consideration is the inherent conformational flexibility of the nine-membered ketonic ring which does not limit effective deprotonation to a single C-8 epimer. When the oxygen substituents at C-4 and C-5 are not covalently linked, the configuration at C-5 defines the stereochemical course of the ring closure, with only the β series being amenable to the proper elaboration of paclitaxel. When C-4 and C-5 are incorporated into a 1,3-dioxane ring instead, the principal stereocontrol element is translocated into the aryl-substituted carbon of the cyclic acetal. To the extent that the Ar group remains equatorially disposed, then proper aldolization will materialize in only one of the four possible diastereomers. Experimental tests that are provided for three of the models are shown to conform to expectations. This analysis of the origin of stereoselectivity has, ...
Diversity of Speed-Ups and Embeddability in Computational Complexity

The theory of computational complexity deals with those functions which can be computed subject to certain restrictions on the resources (for instance, time or memory) available for computation. Blum [5] gave an axiomatic characterization of some of the properties which should be possessed by a measure of computational complexity and established the existence of speed-upable functions—computable functions which fail to possess optimal programs in a particularly strong sense. Recursion theorists tend to like such functions, and people concerned with the specifics of real computing tend to consider such functions somewhat pathological. In Theorem 2 we show that such pathology is rampant: there is a great diversity of behavior among the collections of “run-times” of different functions which do not possess optimal programs, where such diversity is gauged by certain algebraic criteria which have computational significance. Roughly speaking, these algebraic criteria concern the ways in which various functions can be intermixed to satisfy requirements that certain functions can or cannot be computed more easily than certain other functions. (More detailed motivation for the relevance of these algebraic notions is given later.) Specifically, in Theorem 2 we generalize the embeddability theorem of McCreight and Meyer [12] (discussed below) by making speed-upable functions responsible for the embedding.
Axial forcing of an inviscid finite length fluid cylinder

Current interest in microgravity materials processing has focused attention upon the finite fluid column. This configuration is used in the modeling of float zones. In this Brief Communication, the incompressible inviscid finite length fluid column is subjected to an axial, time‐dependent disturbance. The response of the fluid system and the resulting interface location are determined via Laplace transform methods.
Programming matter through strain

Abstract We describe the use of light in a lithographic form of grayscale patterning as a means to program the properties and folding mechanics of flat, thin-film-polymeric materials. In this process, a finely dispersed (phase-separated) mixture of photoresist (SU-8 50) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is irradiated with ultraviolet light through a photomask. The subsequent photoresist cross-linking in the exposed regions causes changes in the material’s chemo-mechanical properties (notably making it stiffer and more resistant to solvent-induced swelling in the area of exposure). Light scattering due to the dispersed, non-index-matched photoresist domains leads to an intrinsic grayscale profile of the pattern width through the depth of the exposure field, a feature bringing significant and previously unexplored consequences for strain-induced folding dynamics. Solvent induced swelling, where PDMS absorbs a nonpolar solvent, is used to actuate folding mechanics with complex temporal and spatial profiles that explicitly follow the design rules established by the gradient cross-link density, features that elicit a programmable swelling (and therefore, folding) of the two-dimensional sheets. During investigation and optimization of the system, we observed an interesting temporal and biomimetic folding phenomenon that distinguishes the current results from other forms of strain induced folding reported in the literature. Under specific fabrication parameters, an evolution through an intermediate metastable state is observed, one in which the material will fold in one direction, then flatten and fold in the opposite direction. Mechanics modeling and finite element simulations have led to a detailed understanding of the system and the dynamics that allow a temporal evolution of 3-D structure through a double mode of folding. Insights into these mechanisms provide an advanced understanding of strain-induced folding in the field of soft materials.
In vitro adrenal mitochondrial 11 beta-hydroxylation following in vivo adrenal stimualtion or inhibition: enhanced substrate utilization.

Adrenal mitochondria from rats administered 7 daily injections of either ACTH or the synthetic steroid, cyanotrimethylandrostenolone (CTA), showed increased utilization of isocitrate, succinate or malate for support of in vitro 11β3-hydroxylation of deoxycorticosterone into corticosterone (B). Short-term treatment, 1, 2 or 24 hr, resulted in increased utilization of succinate or malate but led to decreased utilization of isocitrate by the experimental groups. A study of the activities of mitochondrial isocitric dehydrogenase, malic enzyme and malic dehydrogenase was undertaken in adrenal tissue obtained after short- and long-term treatment with CTA and ACTH. The activity of malic enzyme was markedly lower than that of malic dehydrogenase. The evidence does suggest that the enzyme activities are increased following ACTH or CTA. It is likely that the response to CTA reflects in vivo release of ACTH. The increased substrate-supported B production in vitro is probably related to an effect of ACTH on mitochond...