cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A new semiempirical model of the peak electron density of the Martian ionosphere

[1] Observations of the ionosphere of Mars have now reached a sufficient number to begin discussions on how best to create an empirically based model of its global morphology. Here we use nearly 113,000 values of maximum electron density (Nmax) obtained from 2005 to 2012 by the Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionospheric Sounding on board the Mars Express satellite. At the altitude of peak density, photochemical processes dominate over dynamical effects, and thus values of Nmax can be organized using three basic parameters: solar flux, solar zenith angle, and orbital distance. The model can be used retrospectively to provide Nmax values for any date starting in 1965. Forecasts are possible using predicted solar flux values extending to the end of solar cycle 24. Validations using Viking in situ observations and radio occultation measurements from several satellite missions provide encouraging results for a useful semiempirical climatological model.
Evolving détente: the origin of warning signals via concurrent reciprocal selection

Casualties and impediments inflicted on consumers by defended prey, and vice versa, may be averted by vocalizations, postures, coloration, scents, and other warning, or so-called aposematic, displays. The existence of aposematic signals has challenged biologists who have sought plausible mechanisms for their evolution. Here, we elaborate on the rationale for the hypothesis that aposematic signals arise via concurrent reciprocal selection (CRS) enacted between inimical signal receivers and signal emitters, where signal emitters, e.g., defended prey, select against non-discriminating signal receivers, e.g., predators, and signal receivers select against unrecognized signal emitters. It is postulated that this mutual selective interaction culminates in the survival of discriminating signal receivers that avoid signal emitters, and recognized (distinctive) signal emitters that are avoided by signal receivers. A CRS hypothesis for the evolution of aposematism, therefore, maintains that distinctive features of prey arise in response to selection imposed by consumers, and that avoidances of those features by consumers arise in response to selection imposed by defended prey. We discuss the plausible inception of aposematism via CRS in light of related hypotheses, and describe points of concordance with previous observations and suggestions on the origin of aposematism. Aposematism arising via CRS is not contingent upon the relatedness of signallers, aversions acquired by learning, or other conditions postulated for some other evolutionary hypotheses. CRS is a credible alternative hypothesis for the evolution of warning signals in diverse consumer-prey interactions.
Symposium on Surge Voltage Investigations Surge Voltage Investigation on Transmission Lines

This paper and companion papers discuss the surge voltage investigation on six power systems in the lightning season of 1927. Valuable data have been secured as to the nature and polarity, magnitude, wave-front and attenuation of surges, also the effect of overhead ground wires, choke coils, and lightning arresters. Especially interesting is the attenuation formula A = k e2, the form of which indicates a close connection between attenuation and corona loss. Further investigations are being carried on in the present year to secure more complete and exact data on wave shape and attenuation, effect of ground wires, lightning arresters, and choke coils.
Competing epidemics on complex networks

Human diseases spread over networks of contacts between individuals and a substantial body of recent research has focused on the dynamics of the spreading process. Here we examine a model of two competing diseases spreading over the same network at the same time, where infection with either disease gives an individual subsequent immunity to both. Using a combination of analytic and numerical methods, we derive the phase diagram of the system and estimates of the expected final numbers of individuals infected with each disease. The system shows an unusual dynamical transition between dominance of one disease and dominance of the other as a function of their relative rates of growth. Close to this transition the final outcomes show strong dependence on stochastic fluctuations in the early stages of growth, dependence that decreases with increasing network size, but does so sufficiently slowly as still to be easily visible in systems with millions or billions of individuals. In most regions of the phase diagram we find that one disease eventually dominates while the other reaches only a vanishing fraction of the network, but the system also displays a significant coexistence regime in which both diseases reach epidemic proportions and infect an extensive fraction of the network.
Cuticular sorption and desorption of a nonionic diethylene glycol monooleate surfactant

Sorption and desorption of ‘Pegosperse’ 100-O(PEG 100-O; diethylene glycol monooleate, containing 15% diester) surfactant by unaltered (CM) and dewaxed (DCM) adaxial cuticle membranes isolated from apple (Malus pumila M.) leaves were studied. The aim of this study was to understand interactions between surfactants and cuticles. Enzymatically isolated cuticles were soaked in buffer or PEG 100-O solution (pH 7–0). and the weight changes of cuticles were measured to determine the amount of surfactant sorbed or desorbed by the cuticles. For very low surfactant concentrations, sorption was measured by changes in the surface tension of the solutions. PEG 100-O sorption by both the CMs and the DCMs occurred mainly in the first three hours and was concentration-dependent. The DCMs always sorbed more surfactant than the CMs. Desorption of PEG 100-O from both CMs and DCMs was rapid in the first few hours and then decreased to a relatively low rate until the surfactant was totally desorbed from the cuticles after about two months. The sorption and complete desorption of the surfactant by both CMs and DCMs show that PEG 100-O interacts with both cutins and waxes of the cuticles and the interactions are reversible.
Correlation between type I uterine cancer and diet and lifestyle in US-born versus immigrant Asian subgroups

Objectives: To examine outcomes in stage III endometrial cancer with respect to treatment with chemotherapy +/− radiation and the difference between lowand high-risk histology. Methods: We conducted a single-institution retrospective cohort study. All patients with stage III epithelial endometrial cancer were reviewed for clinicopathologic characteristics, cancer treatment, and outcomes. Patients with endometrioid and mucinous histology were grouped as low-risk and patients with a serous or clear cell component as high-risk histology. Results: A total of 80 patients with stage III endometrial cancer were included (60 with endometrioid and 20 with serous/clear cell). The median age was 58 and 62 years and body mass index was 32 and 30, respectively, for endometrioid and serous/clear cell. Ninety-six percent of patients had complete surgical staging. Overall recurrence was 26% and was lower in the endometrioid compared to serous/clear cell histology (15% vs. 60%, P b 0.0001). Of the 53 patients with endometrioid adenocarcinomawho received adjuvant therapy, 17% of those with chemotherapy only, 12% of thosewith chemotherapy/PVRT, and 0/ 4with chemotherapy/brachytherapy recurred. However, of the patients with high-risk histology, 56% recurred after chemotherapy only compared with 78% after chemotherapy/PVRT (P= 0.63). Five-year progression-free survival (PFS) for endometrioid histology was 83% whereas the median PFS for serous/clear cell was 22 months (P b 0.001). Five-year PFS for endometrioid histology was 87% with chemotherapy/PVRT vs. 83% with chemotherapy only (P= 0.63); 5year overall survivalwas 86% vs. 83% (P= 0.44).Median PFS for serous/ clear cell was 32 months for chemotherapy only and 13 months with chemotherapy/PVRT (P= 0.47). Median overall survival was 33 and 37 months, respectively (P= 0.91). For endometrioid histology, 71% of recurrences were extrapelvic, with one vaginal recurrence in chemotherapy/PVRT and one pelvic in chemotherapy only. For serous/clear cell histology, 83% of recurrences were distant, with one vaginal recurrence in each treatment group. Conclusions: Outcomes for patients with stage III endometrioid endometrial cancer are very favorable (15% recurrence) and similar for patients treated with chemotherapy +/− radiation. As expected, outcomes for serous and clear cell uterine cancers are poor and not significantly different for patients treated with chemotherapy +/− radiation. This provides further evidence that rare tumors such as serous and clear cell uterine cancers should be studied separately and that there is a desperate need for novel therapies in this group.
Numerical modeling of valley glacier stagnation as a paleoclimatic indicator

Stagnation of the terminal region of a glacier occurs in response to sufficiently large and rapid climatic warming, so the presence of stagnation deposits provides quantitative information on the climate change that forced retreat. Here we use a simple flow-line glacier model to investigate the relationship between stagnation, climate forcing and aspects of the glacier bed. For climatic warming greater than the threshold to cause stagnation, larger or faster warming events cause longer regions of a glacier to stagnate. Smaller or slower warming episodes, below the threshold for stagnation, cause retreat while active flow persists along the entire glacier length. The threshold for stagnation depends not only on the climatic forcing but also on many other aspects of the glacier, with stagnation favored by factors including a lower mean bed slope with greater roughness. Quantitative determination of the climatic forcing consistent with the occurrence or absence of stagnation deposits requires that these site-specific characteristics be incorporated in modeling.
Networks and entrepreneurial development: the shadow of borders

This paper develops and tests a model that incorporates the social networks of individual entrepreneurs, the interorganizational networks of their firms, and entrepreneurial behaviour. In a transnational context the dynamics embedded in these relationships are likely to be affected by the density of these networks. A less dense local network makes access to networks in other countries or regions more important. Technological developments have enhanced information transfer, but there are political, social, cultural and economic factors embedded in national or regional borders that inhibit this tendency toward freer flows of information. In a time of growing international interdependence, borders can be viewed as constraints to the free flow of information and access to social and technical interorganizational networks that are so important to the encouragement of entrepreneurship.
The effect of extrusion cooking on iron absorption from maize and potato.

Maize and potato samples were extruded at high temperature (120–140°C) and pressure (500–900 p.s.i.) and the effect on Fe absorption was measured by whole body counting in rats using 59Fe as an extrinsic label. The equipment used in the extrusion process considerably increased the Fe content of the products but the processing itself had no effect on % Fe absorption: maize, non-extruded 59.6 (SEM 1.5), extruded 59.9 (SEM 1.7); potato, non-extruded 41.5 (SEM 1.5), extruded 35.5 (SEM 2.8). A similar percentage of Fe was absorbed from a commercially available extruded maize snack: 63.0 (SEM 1.2). The Fe in maize was 85.90% and in potato 70.82%, as well absorbed as Fe from FeSO4. These studies indicate that extrusion cooking has no effect on the amount of Fe absorbed and that any Fe picked up in the extrusion process is as available for absorption as the endogenous Fe in the food.
Extraction of moving object descriptions via differencing

Abstract In the analysis of scenes containing objects in motion a primary concern is the ability to identify and derive descriptions of moving objects. The motion of these objects introduces changes in the images of the scene. A system has been developed which detects changes due to motion and examines these changes to obtain samples of the objects. A “region growing” process uses these samples to derive image plane descriptions of the moving objects in the scene.
Interaction of cupric ions with calcium hydroxylapatite

Abstract The interaction of aqueous cupric ions with calcium hydroxylapatite produces cupric orthophosphate, Cu 3 (PO 4 ) 2 ·3H 2 O, and libethenite, Cu 2 (OH)PO 4 . The latter product was identified and characterized by chemical analysis and powder X-ray diffraction. The orthophosphate itself changes to libethenite under various experimental conditions. Contrary to a published report, it was not cupric hydroxylapatite that was previously identified. These findings are important to understand the chemistry of and composite bonding to bone and teeth.
Educational Attainment as Process: Using Hierarchical Discrete-Time Event History Analysis to Model Rate of Progress

Variables that address student enrollment patterns (e.g., persistence, enrollment inconsistency, completed credit hours, course credit load, course completion rate, procrastination) constitute a longstanding fixture of analytical strategies in educational research, particularly research that focuses on explaining variation in academic outcomes. However, nearly all measures of enrollment patterns are handicapped by untested assumptions about a more fundamental measure, namely students’ rate of progress. In this paper, I first explain how a variety of widely used measures of enrollment patterns are inextricably linked to students’ rate of progress. I then describe a method of modeling mathematically students’ rate of progress that employs hierarchical (multilevel) discrete-time event history analysis of repeated events. I conclude with an empirical example of the application of this method in which I test several hypotheses concerning students’ rate of progress through the remedial math sequence toward the outcome of college-level math competency. In addition to the utility of the method that is proposed here, the issues discussed in this paper have important practical implications for institutional research, particularly with respect to the use of the various measures of enrollment patterns to explain variation in students’ attainment.
Critical behavior of a three-dimensional dimer model

The phase transition behavior of a dimer model on a three-dimensional lattice is studied. This model is of biological interest because of its relevance to the lipid bilayer main phase transition. The model has the same kind of inactive low-temperature behavior as the exactly solvable Kasteleyn dimer model on a two-dimensional honeycomb lattice. Because of low-temperature inactivity, determination of the lowest-lying excited states allows one to locate the critical temperature. In this paper the second-lowest-lying excited states are studied and exact asymptotic results are obtained in the limit of large lattices. These results together with a finite-size scaling ansatz suggest a logarithmic divergence of the specific heat aboveTc for the three-dimensional model. Use of the same ansatz recovers the exact divergence (α=1/2) for the two-dimensional model.
Hair Mineral Content as a Predictor of Learning Disabilities

Recent research has discovered childhood learning disabilities are related to the presence in the body of above--normal levels of certain mineral elements, especially lead. This study investigated the relationships between hair mineral elements and childhood learning disabilities and determined which minerals, if any, separated a group of learning disabled children with a normal control group. The learning disabled group had significantly raised hair--lead concentrations. There were also differences in the mean levels of ten other minerals. Discriminant function analysis revealed by using lead, calcium, silicon, aluminum, vanadium, mercury, and zinc, subjects could be correctly classified as normal controls or learning disabled with 91.7% and 76.1% accuracy, respectively. It is concluded continuing research is needed to study the relationships between hair mineral element patterns and childhood learning disabilities.
Commitment to Employees: Does It Help or Hinder Small Business Performance?

This study used a sample of 4,637 small businesses to test the relationship between organizational commitment to employees (OCE) and company performance. OCE was significant in all five of the performance models. The results of the employee productivity model revealed a significant positive relationship between OCE and company performance, suggesting that small businesses might be able to realize some benefit in employee productivity from OCE programs. In addition, results from the return on assets, return on sales, return on cashflow, and employee growth models indicated that some OCE programs might be more beneficial to small businesses than others. Potential antecedents of OCE were also examined. Company size, owner education, and gender of the owner had positive relationships with OCE. Partial support was also found for a positive relationship between owner experience and OCE. Differences in the results of this study compared to studies for larger corporations and suggestions for future research are also discussed.
Dynamics of filament formation in a Kerr medium

We have studied the large-scale beam breakup and filamentation of femtosecond pulses in a Kerr medium. We have experimentally monitored the formation of stable light filaments, conical emission, and interactions between filaments. Three major stages lead to the formation of stable light filaments: First the beam breaks up into a pattern of connected lines (constellation), then filaments form on the constellations, and finally the filaments release a fraction of their energy through conical emission. We observed a phase transition to a faster filamentation rate at the onset of conical emission. We attribute this to the interaction of conical emissions with the constellation which creates additional filaments. Numerical simulations show good agreement with the experimental results.
Local structure of tangent-hard-sphere diatomic fluids

The local structure of tangent hard sphere diatomics is investigated via the reference interaction site model (RISM) integral equation theory of Chandler and Anderson and the diagramatically proper theory of Chandler, Silbey, and Ladanyi (CSL). A comparison with Monte Carlo simulation data shows that, in contrast to previous investigations of Lennard-Jones diatomics, the CSL theory is very accurate for g(r) over the entire range of fluid densities, and performs much better than the RISM theory, especially at low densities. The CSL theory is also more accurate than RISM (when compared with simulations) for the compressibility equation of state.
A Wavelet Optimized Adaptive Multi-Domain Method

The formulation and implementation of wavelet based methods for the solution of multi-dimensional partial differential equations in complex geometries is discussed. Utilizing the close connection between Daubechies wavelets and finite difference methods on arbitrary grids, we formulate a wavelet based collocation method, well suited for dealing with general boundary conditions and nonlinearities. To circumvent problems associated with completely arbitrary grids and complex geometries we propose to use a multi-domain formulation in which to solve the partial differential equation, with the ability to adapt the grid as well as the order of the scheme within each subdomain. Besides supplying the required geometric flexibility, the multi-domain formulation also provides a very natural load-balanced data-decomposition, suitable for parallel environments. The performance of the overall scheme is illustrated by solving two dimensional hyperbolic problems.
Bidirectional Placental Transfer of Glucose and Its Turnover in Fetal and Maternal Sheep

SUMMARY: Glucose biokinetics were assessed simultaneously in the pregnant ewe and its fetus by a primed constant infusion of 2-1H glucose and U-1 C glucose. Late in gestation fetal glucose turnover was 27.3 ± 3.7 mg/min; expressed in terms of fetal weight this is 6 to 10 mg/kg/min. In the fed state the results indicated that all of the fetal glucose turnover was derived from the mother via placental transfer and there was no evidence that the fetus was capable of glucose production. Maternal glucose turnover was 145.6 ± 9.3 mg/min (2.8 mg/kg/min). There was a significant amount of glucose (16.3 ± 2.3 mg/min) transferred from the fetus to the mother. This feto-maternal transfer of glucose accounted for 11% of the maternal glucose turnover and approximately 50% of the total glucose coming to the fetus from the mother. This study provides the first in vivo simultaneous quantification of the bidirectional glucose transfer across the placenta. Speculation: In the fed state all the fetal glucose is derived from the mother, and the fetus does not produce glucose. A large portion of the glucose coming from the mother to the fetus is returned to the mother, despite glucose concentrations that are threefold higher in the mother than fetus. Thus, the transplacental passage of glucose is bidirectional, this bidirectionality may be responsible for maintaining the concentration gradient that always keeps fetal glucose ooncentration at a lower level than that of the mother, and thereby facilitates fetal glucose supply.
Social attachment in giraffe: response to social separation.

Attachment relationships between animals are often studied by separating a pair of individuals and recording their subsequent behavior. Studies of non-human primates have shown that separation results in changes that are indicative of both psychological and physiological stress. Similar results have been found in several non-primate species with differing social structures. This study examined the behavior of two female giraffe at Zoo Atlanta after the removal of the resident male. Data were collected on the giraffe before and after separation, using an instantaneous scan sampling technique to record levels of activity, social behaviors, solitary behaviors, proximity, and habitat utilization. After the removal of the resident male, both giraffe exhibited increased levels of activity, stereotypical behavior, contact behavior (particularly neck-rubbing), and decreased habitat utilization. These results are similar to those found in earlier primate separation studies, supporting the hypothesis that complex social structure is not necessary for the formation of social attachments. Because social separation is often accompanied by behavioral and physiological indications of stress, an understanding of the variables involved in a species' response to separation is vital to the promotion of the psychological and physical well-being of captive animals. Zoo Biol 19:41–51, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Comprehensive Behavioral Intervention to Improve Occupational Performance in Children With Tourette Disorder

OBJECTIVE. We evaluated the efficacy of a comprehensive behavioral intervention for tics (CBIT) program to reduce tic severity and improve occupational performance in children with tic disorder using a one-group pretest-posttest design. METHOD. Thirty children with tic disorder completed an eight-session CBIT program. The program focused on habit reversal, relaxation training, and function-based approaches to address how the environment and social situations (antecedents and consequences) sustain or influence tic severity. RESULTS. We observed significant reduction in the number of tics and improvement in scores on the Parent Tic Questionnaire, Subjective Units of Distress Scale, and Child Occupational Self Assessment after CBIT compared with scores at baseline. CONCLUSION. Findings provided support that CBIT reduced the number of tic expressions, tic severity, and level of distress associated with tic and improved these children's self-perception of their competence in and importance of performing everyday activities (i.e., occupational performance).
PHARMACOKINETICS AND PHARMACODYNAMICS OF CONTINUOUS AND INTERMITTENT CEFTAZIDIME DURING THE TREATMENT OF NOSOCOMIAL PNEUMONIA

Objective: This study aimed too compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of intermittent and continuously infused ceftazidime in patients with nosocomial pneumonia.
Sensitivity Study of the South Texas Project Power Plant Steady-State Simulations Using RELAP5-3D Coupled With Dakota

A RELAP5-3D input deck of the South Texas Project (STP) power plant was created in order to study the thermal-hydraulic behavior of the plant during normal operation (steady-state) and during a Loss of Coolant Accident (LOCA). It is important to study the sensitivity of selected output parameters such as the total coolant mass flow rate, the peak clad temperature, the secondary pressure, as a function of specific input parameters (reactor nominal power, vessel inlet temperature, steam generators primary side heat transfer coefficient, primary pressure etc.) in order to identify the variables that play a role in the uncertainty of the thermal-hydraulic calculations. RELAP5-3D, one of the most used best estimate thermal-hydraulic system codes, was coupled with DAKOTA, developed by Sandia National Laboratory for Uncertainty Quantification and Sensitivity Analysis in order to simplify the simulation process and the analysis of the results. In the present paper, the results of the sensitivity study for selected output parameters of the steady-state simulations are presented. The coupled software was validated by repeating one set of simulations using the RELAP5-3D standalone version and by analyzing the simulation results with respect of the physical expectations and behavior of the power plant. The thermal-hydraulic parameters of interest for future uncertainty quantification calculations were identified.Copyright © 2012 by ASME
Immigration and Intimate Partner Violence: Exploring the Immigrant Paradox

Recent evidence indicates that contrary to some criminological theories, immigrants are less violent than native-born Americans. The relationship between immigrant status and reduced violence appears to hold at both the individual and neighborhood levels of analysis. This phenomenon has been referred to as the immigrant or Latino paradox. It has been suggested, although rarely examined, that cultural differences and strong social networks among immigrants account for their lower violence rates. These factors even appear strong enough to counterbalance the crime-promoting effects of economic disadvantage. This study investigates whether such patterns extend to intimate partner violence. Consistent with research on other forms of violence, we find that neighborhoods with greater concentrations of immigrants have lower levels of intimate partner violence. This relationship appears to be partially mediated by cultural norms and social ties.
Preliminary investigation of polarization effects during metal cutting

Under certain conditions, the polarization state of infrared light emitted by metal changes when the metal is strained. During cutting, metal is severely strained. Assessing both strain and strain rate is of interest to the metal cutting research community. Over large areas, Digital Image Correlation (DIC) performed on high-speed video can provide approximate values for the average strain and strain rate. However, small areas such as the shear zone are difficult to image with enough resolution to perform DIC. If the thermal radiation emitted by these small areas is polarized, there is the potential to provide valuable information to the metal cutting community. This paper is an initial investigation into that possibility, as well as the use of the polarization information for uncertainty analysis, reflection detection, and region of interest classification. A rotating polarizer is used that triggers a thermal spectrum camera to acquire images at specific polarization angles. When cutting, the metal is constantly moving and the material imaged is different from one moment to the next. At each angle of the polarizer, a sufficiently long integration time is used so the material is severely motion blurred, resulting in an image which estimates the typical intensity for that angle. By comparing the typical intensities, and assuming the light is linearly polarized, the polarization state may be estimated.
Aerobic fitness: II. Orthostasis and VO2peak following head-down tilt.

WILLIAMSON, J. W., X. SHI, J.-J. CHEN, C. G. CRANDALL, W. G. SQUIRES, L. P. KROCK, and P. B. RAVEN. Aerobic fitness: II. Orthostasis and VO2peak following head-down tilt. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc., Vol. 24, No. 9, pp. 999–1006, 1992. To determine whether endurance exercise trained (ET) subjects would experience greater reductions in peak oxygen delivery and orthostatic tolerance (OT) than untrained (UT) subjects, both peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) during upright bicycle ergometry and tolerance time during 70° head-up tilt (HUT) were compared within and between groups before and after 4 h of −6° head-down tilt (HDF). Eight ET subjects with a mean JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199209000-00008/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160650Z/r/image-pngO2peak of 61.7 ± 1.6 ml·kg-1·min-1 were matched for age, height, and weight with eight UT subjects (JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199209000-00008/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160650Z/r/image-pngO2peak = 38.4 ± 1.7 ml·kg-1·min-1). Following HDT, decreases in plasma volume (PV) were larger for ET subject (−3.7 ± 0.5 ml·kg-1) than for UT subject (−2.3 ± 0.3 ml·kg-1), P < 0.03. Reductions in JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199209000-00008/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160650Z/r/image-pngO2peak for ET subjects (−5.4 ± 1.1 ml·kg-1·min-1) were also greater than for UT subjects (−2.4 ± 0.8 ml·kg·min-1), P < 0.05. The ET (N = 6) subjects also had a significant decrease in OT time (−13 0 ± 4.2 min) during post-HDT HUT, which was not observed for the UT group (N = 6). A significant inverse correlation was found pre-HDT JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199209000-00008/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160650Z/r/image-pngO2peak and the change in OT time, r = −0.74, P < 0.01. The decrease in OT was also significantly correlated to the PV decrease, r = 0.59, P < 0.04. The UT subjects had significantly augmented pressor responses to HUT manifested by the increases in both HR and MAP following HDT. However, after HDT, the ET subjects failed to demonstrate an immediate increase in HR with the initiation of HUT. These data suggest that ET individuals may experience a greater PV loss than UT individuals following acute simulation of microgravity. The greater reduction in PV may also explain the greater reductions in both JOURNAL/mespex/beta/00005768-199209000-00008/ENTITY_OV0312/v/2017-05-02T160650Z/r/image-pngO2peak and OT experienced by the ET subjects following 4 h of HDT.
Detecting potential erosion threats to the coastal zone: St. John, Usvi

Islands, by definition, contain more coastal zone than mainland coastal regions of similar area, yet island coastal zone management (CZM) plans are typically adapted from existing mainland plans, which often results in narrowly defined and inadequate island coastal zones. Typically, these zones are threatened as much by land use practices employed in adjoining upland watersheds as by practices within the coastal zones themselves. The U.S. Virgin Islands (USVI) are no exception. This research identifies areas with high erosion potential in the upland watersheds of St. John, USVI, given current development trends, land management policy, and land use control. To characterize erosion hazard, an erosion model, integrating the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE) with a digital terrain model (DTM) is built within a geographic information system (GIS). Using quantitative multivariate analysis in the model, a hierarchical assessment of potential soil erosion on development sites that lie outside, yet thr...
Activation of the complement system in patients with porphyrias after irradiation in vivo.

Abstract Irradiation of the forearms of two patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and one patient with porphyria cutanea tarda resulted in an in vivo activation of the complement system, as assessed by diminution of the hemolytic titers of the third component of complement by 23-57%, and of the fifth component of complement (C5) by 19-47%. Such treatment also generated chemotactic activity for human polymorphonuclear cells; the chemotactic activity was stable at 56 degrees C and antigenically related to human C5. On Sephadex G-75 chromatography the chemotactic activity eluted with an apparent molecular weight of 15,000. These in vivo results extend our previous in vitro observation of photoactivation of complement in sera from patients with erythropoietic protoporphyria and porphyria cutanea tarda, and suggest that the complement system may participate in the pathogenesis of cutaneous phototoxicity in these patients.
Dissociative Nucleophilic Substitution of η2-Olefin Complexes via a Novel η2-Vinyl Cation Intermediate

A series of η2-[Os(NH3)5(vinyl ether)]2+ complexes have been prepared by three independent methods that involve direct coordination of a vinyl ether, alcohol addition to an η2-alkyne complex, or nucleophilic substitution of an η2-vinyl ether species. In the presence of an acid catalyst, the vinyl ether ligand undergoes a novel acid-catalyzed substitution reaction at the α-carbon with a broad range of nucleophiles that includes alcohols, amines, carboxylates, hydrides, silylated enols, nitriles, phosphines, and dialkyl sulfides. These reactions appear to proceed through an elimination−addition process where the first step is loss of an alcohol to form an η2-vinyl cation intermediate. In cases where the α-carbon bears an alkyl group, an η2-vinyl cation species can be isolated and characterized. For example, protonation of [Os(NH3)5(η2-2-methoxypropene)]2+ (3) in neat HOTf allows the characterization of the substitution reaction intermediate η2-[Os(NH3)5(C3H5)]3+ (32), formally a metallocyclopropene that beh...
Detection of Salmonella by indicator agar media and PCR as affected by alfalfa seed homogenates and native bacteria

Aims: To investigate and prevent the undesirable effect of native bacteria and alfalfa seed homogenates on detection of Salmonella in alfalfa seeds by indicator agar media and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods and Results: The relative sensitivity of five indicator agar media, including modified semisolid RV (MSRV), xylose-lysine-Tergitol 4 (XLT4), Hektoen enteric agar (HEA), brilliant green agar (BGA) and bismuth sulphite agar (BSA), for detection of Salmonella in the presence of a large number of native bacteria from alfalfa seeds was examined. The detection limit as measured by the ratio between the numbers of native bacteria and Salmonella was estimated to be 106 to 1 for MSRV and 103 to 1 for XLT4, HEA, BGA or BSA. Presence of alfalfa seed homogenates markedly reduced the sensitivity of Salmonella detection by PCR. The minimal number of Salmonella detectable by PCR was determined to be 1–10 and 100–1000 CFU in the absence and presence of seed homogenate, respectively. Application of anti-Salmonella immunomagnetic beads permitted detection of 2–5 CFU of heat-injured cells in 25 g of seeds within 24 h by PCR. Conclusions: The MSRV medium is more sensitive than other indicator agars for detecting a small number of motile Salmonella in samples containing a large number of native bacteria. Application of immunomagnetic beads eliminates the PCR-inhibitory activity of seed homogenates and improves the detection of Salmonella in inoculated seeds. Significance and Impact: The results generated from this study will aid the seed distributors, sprout growers and public health officials to identify and recall the Salmonella-contaminated seed lots to be used for sprout production.
TECHNIQUES FOR CURE MONITORING OF THERMOSET RESINS AND COMPOSITES - A REVIEW

ABSTRACT The efforts to ensure the manufacturing reliability and reproducibility of composite parts must start with the implementation of proper quality assurance and well-established processing procedures. These procedures are required to determine the curing kinetics, thermal stability, and optimum cure cycles of a matrix resin. The next key step is then to precisely control the curing process. A sensor to monitor the cure state in real-time during composite curing is important to the future automation of composite manufacturing. The present report begins by briefly reviewing the techniques for quality assurance and processability assessment. Also concisely presented are the concepts of cure environment modeling and expert systems, which are followed by a discussion on the various methods that are more feasible for in-process cure monitoring and management. This report also summarizes our efforts in cure sensor research and concludes by pointing out future research directions in cure control during comp...
The s‐version of the finite element method for multilayer laminates

SUMMARY A methodology has been developed to accurately resolve the stress field in the vicinity of free edges as well as the overall response of laminated plates without significantly affecting the computational cost. This is accomplished by enriching a set of classical smooth interpolants throughout the thickness direction with Co continuous displacement interpolants (piecewise continuous strain field) in the regions where the most critical behaviour is anticipated. Co continuity of the displacement field is maintained by imposing homogeneous boundary conditions on the superimposed field in the portion of the boundary which is not contained within the boundary of the problem. Numerical experiments for both cylindrical bending and uniform extension of cross-ply laminates are presented to validate the present formulation.
Opiate antagonists, morphine and spatial memory in rats.

Abstract To assess the possible role of endogenous opioids on spatial memory, rats were administered morphine (1–15 mg/kg), naloxone (1–10 mg/kg), or naltrexone (0.1-–10 mg/kg) at varying times after or prior to completing the first 4 choices in an 8 arm radial maze. None of these agents consistently affected retention, suggesting that endogenous opioid systems do not play a major role in modulating neural mechanisms that maintain accurate spatial memory.
On an efficient and effective Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) using field and simulation data

Intelligent transportation system (ITS) applications are expected to provide a more efficient, effective, reliable, and safe driving experience, which can minimize road traffic congestion resulting in a better traffic flow management. To efficiently manage traffic flows, in this paper, we compare the effectiveness of two well-known vehicle routing algorithms: the Dijkstra's shortest path algorithm and the A* (Astar) algorithm in terms of the total travel time and the travel distance. To this end, we built a generic ITS test-bed and created several real-world driving scenarios using field and simulation data to evaluate the performance of these two routing algorithms. The dataset used in our simulation is six weeks traffic volume data from 08/01/2012 to 09/27/2012 in the Maryland (MD)/Washington DC and Virginia (VA) area. Our simulation data shows that an increase in network size results in scalability problems as the efficiency and effectiveness of these algorithms diminishes in larger road networks with greater traffic volume densities, flow rates, and congested conditions. In addition, the imprecision of the road network increases as the network size and the traffic volume density increases. Our study shows that the ability of these vehicular routing algorithms to adaptively route traffic depends on the size and type of road networks, and the current roadway conditions.
A Multiple-Grid Primitive Equation Model to Simulate the Development of an Asymmetric Hurricane (Isbell, 1964)

Abstract A four-level primitive equation model is integrated to 96 hr. A multiple-grid system is used to increase the resolution near the center of the hurricane. The convective and nonconvective release of latent heat, surface friction, transfer of sensible and latent heat from the sea surface to air, and the variation of Coriolis parameter with latitude are incorporated in the model. The initial balanced state is derived from conventional and aircraft reconnaissance data over the Gulf of Mexico on 10 October 1964, defining a weak tropical depression. Results of the integration show that the model simulates fairly well the movement, the rate of intensification, the asymmetries in the wind field in the lower and the middle troposphere, and the banded structure in the vertical motion field which were observed in Isbell 1964. The temperature lapse curve at the center of the simulated hurricane lies close to the lapse curve that was observed in the eye of Isbell. Numerical results suggest three stages in the...
Quality of life after thyroid cancer: an assessment of patient needs and preferences for information and support.

Background. In this article, we desscribe the quality of life and central information and support needs of people with thyroid cancer. We also describes patients’ preferences for services to address their needs. This report may help patients to anticipate how thyroid cancer will affect them and inform physicians on useful ways to help address their patients’ needs. Methods. We collected data through a survey (n=62) of people who had been treated for thyroid cancer. Results. Most respondents indicated that quality of life was quite good, and most of their information needs were adequately addressed during routine care. However, respondents also indicated a desire for ongoing access to information, including information about lifestyle factors that might affect risk of recurrence, signs and symptoms of recurrence, and recent developments in thyroid cancer diagnostics and treatments. They also reported some unmet social and emotional support needs. Respondents reported a strong preference for gaining access to information through convenient resources such as the Internet. Conclusions. Patient care following thyroid cancer treatment could be improved by providing ongoing education about lifestyle factors related to cancer risk, disease surveillance, and resources for treating and coping with cancer. Health care providers should become familiar with local and Internet-based sources of information and support related to thyroid cancer to improve patient access to this information.
Molecular fine structure and transition dipole moment of NO2 using an external cavity quantum cascade laser

Abstract Rotational vibrational fine structure and transition dipole moment of NO2 is measured using Doppler free saturation spectroscopy with an external grating cavity quantum cascade laser (QCL). The QCL wavelength is calibrated using a 310 cm long internally coupled Fabry–Perot interferometer. We obtain a frequency splitting of 139.68 ± 0.06 MHz (0.0047 cm−1) between the spin doublets P 4 ± (17) of 000 → 001 transition of NO2. The resolution of the QCL based saturation spectrometer is limited by the QCL linewidth of ∼ 3.99 MHz (∼ 0.00013 cm−1) deduced from the half width of the Lamb dips. The Lamb dip spectroscopy is utilized to obtain a vibrational dipole moment of ∼0.37 Debye for the P 4 ± (17) transitions.
Retained Foreign Bodies: A Serious Threat in the Indian Operation Room

Retained foreign bodies (RFBs) are a surgical complication resulting from foreign materials accidently left in a patient’s body. This review attempts to give an overview of different types of RFBs, problems related to them and their management after the surgical operation. The internet was searched using the Google and Google scholar. In addition, relevant electronic journals from the University’s library such as Entrez (including PubMed and PubMed central), Since Direct, Scirus, NIH.gov, Medknow.com, Medscape.com, Scopus, MedHelp.org, Cochrane library, WebMD.com, and World Health Organization Hinari. It shows that the major reasons of RFBs are emergency surgical operation with unplanned changes, patient high body mass index, and poor communication. To prevent this textile material should be radiopaque marked and must be counted once at the start and twice at the conclusion of all surgical procedures. If the count is incorrect, then radiography or manually reâÂÂexploration should be performed. Ultrasonography, computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and radio frequency identification are also used in the proper identification of RFBs. Safety practice should be robust and simple enough to protect patient under the most chaotic of circumstances. Proper communication among the personnel participating in surgery aimed at preventing this medical negligence would help in mitigating such errors. Finally, the surgeon should not only follow the standard recommended procedure, but also report cases of RFBs.
Free radical desorption in continuous emulsion polymerization

Abstract A mathematical model for continuous emulsion polymerization which accounts for the desorption of radicals from polymer particles is presented. The desorption factor has been incorporated into the Sato-Taniyama model and the resulting systems of equations solved iteratively. The effects of desorption on variables such as concentration of particles, polymerization rate, and average number of radicals per particle are illustrated. Fit of the model to experimental data is presented and discussed.
Size-dependent collisional incorporation of D2O into (H2O)−n around n = 15: implications on the origin of magic numbers in the hydrated electron cluster distribution

Abstract We report a rapid increase in the propensity of D 2 O molecules to incorporate into (H 2 O) − n clusters upon collisions between D 2 O and a distribution of (H 2 O − n , 6 n n 2 O) − n distribution are discussed.
Optical transmissivity of superlattices with nonlinear magnetic susceptibility and absorption

The optical transmissivities of model superlattices, which include nonlinear response and absorption, are calculated. We assume that the nonlinearity has its origin in the spins of the antiferromagnetic layer which, when illuminated with frequency near resonance, exhibits absorption. We find that the absorption can be minimized by appropriate selection of the superlattice geometry and that the gap soliton resonance, while significantly damped, should remain a distinctive characteristic.