cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Extended Subject Access to Hypertext Online Documentation. Parts I and II: The Search-Support and Maintenance Problems.

The DFT (DOCUMENT, FIND, THESEUS) online documentation system resembles other hypertext software in managing a full-text database with reference links (pointers) between passages (nodes). But DFT's prime role as an end-user reference service at a computer center where text updates are frequent required extra access methods often neglected in hypertext systems. To solve the problem of rapid, high-recall search for specific answer passages we combined syntactical interface features (substring and fuzzy matching of search terms) with a semantic expansion of the system's entry vocabulary. Extensive aliasing increased the number of descriptions under which any passage could be found. Conversion of the NBS GAMS classification scheme for mathematical software into descriptors allowed us to impose a virtual organization on our subroutine documentation that supports easy, task-oriented retrieval without tedious path walking. To solve the problem of reliable database maintenance amid frequent passage revisions we developed software tools for flexible input of text and entry-term changes, as well as for thorough and versatile status reporting. These, together with special features for testing and privately simulating changes and for coordinating the sequence of text and entry-term updates for maximum efficiency, yielded a robust and practical answer-delivery system. © 1991 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ulnar nerve neurapraxia in the presence of instability and anomalous ossicles at the elbow: a case report.

t b A s p a F o a ubital tunnel syndrome is a well-described clinical roblem associated with the anatomic relationship of the lnar nerve as it passes through the cubital tunnel renering it susceptible to injury and compressive neuropthy. Cases of ulnar tunnel syndrome due to compresion of the ulnar nerve by lesions such as ganglia, alcific neuritis, calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate crysals, synovial cysts, vascular abnormalities, ligamenous attachments, and anomalous musculature ave also been reported. We describe the case and maging studies of a patient in whom a previous bony nd/or ligamentous injury precipitated ulnar nerve comression after blunt trauma.
Structural transformation in a Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 lithium-ion battery cathode during high-voltage hold

A decrease in the c-lattice parameter was observed in Li1.2Co0.1Mn0.55Ni0.15O2 during constant voltage holding at 4.5 V by in situ X-ray diffraction. Comparison of magnetic susceptibility data before and after high-voltage hold reveals the change in average oxidation states of transition metal ions during high-voltage holding process. Transmission electron microscopy studies show the spinel reflections with fundamental trigonal spots from the particles after high-voltage hold indicating substantial structural modification. The structural transformation was believed to occur due to the oxygen release and/or the migration of transition metal cations to lithium layer during constant voltage holding.
Government free riding in the public provision of higher education: panel data estimates of possible crowding out

This article employs panel data on more than 1000 US public colleges and universities to investigate the effect of private giving on state government funding. Government free riding is at question and is found to be active in that private donations partially displace state government funding at the rate of 83 cents on the dollar. That compares to the 45 cents political substitution of the 1960s but is much diminished from the $1.07 of the 1980s. Those are aggregate comparisons for all public institutions. A disaggregated approach in this article additionally reveals that doctoral granting research universities are somewhat lesser victims of crowd out in experiencing a 71 cents cut. At master level colleges and universities and associate 2 year degree granting colleges, crowding out is estimated to be on the order 87 cents and $1.10, respectively. Relative to the academic year 2000 to 2001, publicly controlled colleges and universities are found to experience significant reductions in state appropriated fu...
Tariff games: Cooperation with random variation in political regimes

Abstract This paper analyzes consequences of diverse political parties in the context of international tariff policy. We consider a noncooperative infinitely repeated tariff game between two countries and derive conditions under which free international trade can be sustained as an equilibrium of the game when the governments of the participating nations are subject to random variation in their type. It is shown that the uncertain future can create an incentive for trade agreements: since payoffs of all players are subject to political changes, trade agreements that limit policy variations can provide long-run gains. It is shown, however, that maintenance of free trade may not be feasible if an international trade agreement does not pay attention to the distribution of gains within countries. If compensating side payments between political interest groups are feasible, then it may be possible to maintain free trade indefinitely, given that political conditions of the nations satisfy certain restrictions. Generally, maintenance of permanent free trade requires higher probabilities of protectionist governments in both countries. But, we argue that even when trade cooperation is feasible, such cooperation will be very susceptible to small variations in the countries' political climates.
Holocene flooding and species diversity in southwestern Amazonia

A thick blanket of Holocene alluvium lies over southwestern lowland Amazonia, and may possibly occur throughout much of the Amazon Basin. These deposits resulted from massive, seasonal flooding from about 11,000 to about 5000 yr B.P. that was followed by two cycles of erosion and deposition. Interpretations based on these geologic data suggest that southwestern lowland Amazonia is ecologically an “island” in a state of supersaturated disequilibrium as a result of colonization from Pleistocene refugia on its perimeter, and that habitats of highest diversity may be the most recent in origin. Conservation efforts and studies of Amazonian biogeography, soils, and paleoethnography should be reevaluated in light of the geologic data.
Madness in the Family: The “Windigo”

ABSTRACT This paper looks at a particular Native American narrative used to explain problems in biopsychosocial functioning. Specific to the Cree, Ojibwa, and other Algonkian speaking peoples, the windigo is seen as the underlying force behind things that go wrong in life, from bad luck to mental illness. Centered outside of the individual, the windigo effectively separates the person from the problem and serves as a means to not only explain behavior and functioning but to give meaning and empower the individual.
Substrate-dependent inhibition of yeast enolase by fluoride.

Abstract A possibly physiologically significant inhibition of yeast enolase by fluoride occurs in the absence of inorganic phosphate. The inhibition increases with time, is strongly dependent on fluoride concentration and requires substrate and “catalytic” Mg 2+ . The inhibition increases more slowly in the presence of product (phosphoenolpyruvate) than substrate (2-phosphoglycerate). The dependence on fluoride concentration and the spans of substrate analogue displacement titrations suggest the inhibition is produced by two moles of fluoride per active site.
Folate Intake, Alcohol Consumption, Cigarette Smoking, and Risk of Colorectal Adenomas

Background Recent evidence suggests that folic acid (and derivatives) could contribute to the protective effect of fruits and vegetables against the risk of large-bowel cancer. Other evidence indicates that alcohol drinking and cigarette smoking may impair the biologic actions of folate. We used data from an adenoma prevention trial to investigate the occurrence of colorectal adenomas (possible precursors of colorectal cancer) in association with folate intake, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking. Methods Patients with at least one recent large-bowel adenoma were followed with colonoscopy 1 year and 4 years after their qualifying colon examinations. Adenomas detected after the year 1 examination were used as end points. A food-frequency questionnaire was administered at study entry and at study completion; nutrient intake at study entry was used in this analysis. All statistical tests were two-sided. Results After adjustment for caloric intake, dietary folate had a significant protective association with the risk of recurrence of large-bowel adenoma (P for trend = .04). However, this inverse association was attenuated by further adjustment for intake of dietary fiber and fat. Use of folate supplements was not associated with a reduction in risk. Alcohol intake (seven or more drinks/week) was associated with increased risk (odds ratio = 2.04; 95% confidence interval = 1.28-3.26). Cigarette smoking, even smoking for long duration, was not related to adenoma recurrence. Conclusions These data provide only modest support for previous findings suggesting beneficial effects of folate on colorectal adenoma risk. We find no evidence that cigarette smoking increases risk. These findings do suggest a substantial increase in risk with alcohol consumption.
Tectonics, sedimentation, and erosion in northern California: submarine geomorphology and sediment preservation potential as a result of three competing processes

Abstract On the continental margin of northern California, north of the Mendocino triple junction, the geomorphic grain varies dramatically between the coast and the toe of the accretionary wedge. This grain represents the composite signature of three competing processes: tectonics, sedimentation and erosion. All three are active across the region, but their rates and orientations vary spatially and temporally, affecting the resultant grain and preservation potential in this rapid-sedimentation environment. At the toe of the accretionary wedge, the relative rate of tectonic deformation exceeds the rate of sediment accumulation, and erosion is largely limited to areally restricted (but at times large) mass-wasting features. In this region, isobaths (representing the geomorphic grain) are parallel to structural highs and lows, as in most forearcs, and sediment accumulation is restricted to small basins located between anticlinal ridges. The slope between the shelf break and the accretionary complex shows the competing effects of sediment accumulation, erosion and tectonism. Slope-perpendicular gullies are the prominent erosional features in this area, especially in the region surrounding the Trinity submarine canyon. Anticlinal ridges crop out on the seafloor, although the ridge crests decrease in bathymetric expression both up- and down-slope. On the shelf, the rate of sediment accumulation (6–12 mm/yr) exceeds the relative rate of tectonic deformation, with 1–3 mm/yr of active uplift on land. In this region, the geomorphic grain is controlled by sediment accumulation, with compressed but continuous stratigraphic sections above anticlinal highs and expanded sections in actively subsiding regions.
Analysis of Breeding Systems, Ploidy, and the Role of Hexaploids in Three Hypericum perforatum L. Populations.

Hexaploid seeds are produced by predominantly tetraploid populations of Hypericum perforatum, but the fate of hexaploid seedlings and their reproductive behavior have not been closely examined. We used flow cytometry to analyze single seeds and individual plant samples of three accessions of H. perforatum to determine ploidy levels and reproductive pathways. Seed samples of all three accessions were facultative apomicts, with tetraploid cytotype predominant (85–91%) and a lower frequency of hexaploids (9–14%), with diploids (5%) detected in only one population. Seedling populations consisted of tetraploids (87–97%) and hexaploids (3–13%). Hexaploid embryos are most likely generated by a 2n gamete of the tetraploid and fertilized by a normal, reduced tetraploid male gamete. These hexaploids are expected to produce unbalanced gametes because they possess chromosome complements that include two triploid sets originally derived from two different species. The observation that some tetraploid seeds had endosperm with high cellular DNA content indicates that some unbalanced male gametes produced by hexaploids were evidently viable and could effect fertilization. Whether this mechanism is also true for egg cells or whether the hexaploids are capable of producing unreduced embryo sacs is uncertain. Because of severe reproductive difficulties, hexaploid seedlings may play a very minor role in gene flow and the further evolution of H. perforatum. The likelihood that hexaploids will evolve to types with an increased frequency of bivalent paring in meiosis is relatively low. However, hexaploids may include novel chemotypes, which could be vegetatively propagated if valuable, medicinal types can be identified among them.
Hypomorphic phenotype in mice with pituitary-specific knockout of steroidogenic factor 1.

Summary: The bacteriophage Cre recombinase provides a powerful approach for tissue-specific gene inactivation. Using a Cre transgene driven by the common alpha subunit of glycoprotein hormones (αGSU-Cre), we have previously inactivated steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1) in the anterior pituitary, causing hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with sexual infantilism, sterility, and severe gonadal hypoplasia. We now explore the molecular mechanisms underlying a hypomorphic gonadal phenotype in mice carrying two floxed SF-1 alleles (F/F) relative to mice carrying one recombined and one floxed allele (F/R). Because their Cre-mediated disruption of the locus encoding SF-1 was less efficient, αGSU-Cre, F/F mice retained some gonadotropin-expressing cells in the anterior pituitary, thereby stimulating some gonadal function. This novel in vivo model for exploring the effects of differing levels of gonadotropins on gonadal development highlights the need for careful genotype-phenotype comparisons in studies using Cre recombinase to produce tissue-specific knockouts. genesis 30:65–69, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A new double crucible technique for LEC growth of In-doped GaAs crystals

Abstract A new double crucible technique was used in the liquid-encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) growth of In-doped GaAs to grow single crystals homogeneous in composition (0.04 and 0.1 mol% InAs). The inner crucible holding the melt for crystal growth was slightly smaller in diameter than the outer crucible holding the melt for replenishing. Unlike in previous studies, the replenishing melt did not have to go through a hole or tube at the bottom of the inner crucible, which can be plugged by the liquid encapsulant B 2 O 3 during crystal growth. Rather, the replenishing melt was forced to go up through the narrow gap between the crucibles and enter the inner crucible from the top. Initially, a ring-shaped baffle was provided at the top of the inner crucible to make the replenishing melt mix well with the growth melt as it entered the inner crucible. Later, however, such a baffle was found unnecessary. Single crystals were grown with uniform InAs concentrations both in the axial and radial directions, without as well as with a baffle.
The stability of arterial blood gases during transportation of patients using the RespirTech PRO.

The transportation of critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation is recognized as a high-risk and expensive procedure. Approaches have included using manual bag-type valve resuscitators and expensive portable transport ventilators. This study evaluated the effectiveness of the inexpensive portable RespirTech PRO (RTP) gas-powered automatic resuscitator during intrahospital transport of critically ill mechanically ventilated patients. Twenty medical intensive care patients on stable mechanical ventilator settings had arterial blood gas and vital sign determination before routine transport out of the intensive care unit (ICU). Repeat measurements were made during transport approximately 30 minutes after being placed on the RTP portable pressure-cycled automatic resuscitator using an FiO2 of 100%. During use of the RTP for transport, there were no statistically significant variations observed in mean arterial blood pressure [82 +/- 11 SD (range 65 to 112) mm Hg before transport versus 85 +/- 14 SD (range 59 to 110) mm Hg during transport], heart rate [94 +/- 16 SD (range 74 to 127) beats/min) before versus 96 +/- 17 SD (range 69 to 132) beats/min during], arterial pH [7.41 +/- 0.07 SD (range 7.31 to 7.58) before versus 7.42 +/- 0.05 SD (range 7.37 to 7.52) during], and PaCO2 [43 +/- 10 SD (range 26 to 65) mm Hg before versus 43 +/- 10 SD (range 27 to 61 mm Hg) during]. Because the FiO2 before transport was 63 +/- 26 SD (range 30% to 100%) versus 100% during transport using the RTP, the mean PaO2 was significantly increased from 124 +/- 86 SD (range 57 to 367) mm Hg before transport to 297 +/- 168 SD (range 65 to 537) mm Hg during (P< .001). No transportation associated clinical adverse events were noted. Several previous investigations have shown that portable ventilators are safe and effective in intrahospital transport of mechanically ventilated patients. This study showed that the portable pressure-cycled RTP also allows safe transportation of mechanically ventilated ICU patients. By analogy, the RTP is potentially useful as an automatic resuscitator for emergency medical care. This RTP is a disposable resuscitator/ventilator device that provides an inexpensive alternative for transporting ventilator-dependent patients.
Spectrophotometric determination of tetrafluoroborate with ferroin.

Abstract A spectrophotometric method for determination of the tetrafluoroborate anion with ferroin is described. The ferroin tetrafluoroborate is selectively extracted in the presence of excess of ferroin into n-butyronitrile, and the absorbance of the organic extract is measured at 520 mμ. Beer's law is followed over a wide range of tetrafluoroborate concentrations when a single extraction procedure is used. Exhaustive extractions indicate that 74 % of the tetrafluoroborate is removed in a single extraction.
Trace ideal criteria for Hankel operators, and applications to Besov spaces

V. V. Peller has characterized the Hankel operators which belong to the Schatten class , 1≦p<∞. We extend this characterization to 0<p<1 and give applications involving commutators and rational functions.
Single-crystal structural investigation of BaO2

Abstract This paper reports the first structural study of BaO2 by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Crystals grown from the melt of Ba(NO3)2 in an Ag tube often show twin boundaries. Twinning can also be induced by further pressing of the crystal surface with a needle. BaO2 is tetragonal I4/mmm, with a=3.8114(6) (or F4/mmm, with a=5.3901(6)) and c=6.8215(11) A. The structure of BaO2 is sodium chloride-like with the peroxide groups aligned along the c-axis. Each Ba is coordinated to a total of 10 oxygens with eight of the Ba…O distances being 2.797(1) A and the other two 2.664(2) A. The O-O length in the peroxide unit is found to be 1.493(2) A, which follows the trend of bond lengths versus bond order in a series of homoatomic oxygen molecules and ions. The crystal appears to be stoichiometric in oxygen.
Exploiting optical waveguides in general-purpose parallel computing

We motivate our interest in examining how optics can be used in a class of general purpose parallel computer architectures called Distributed Shared Memory (DSM). We describe an abstract DSM architecture called Beehive that incorporates a weak memory model called Buffered Consistency. We propose a specific optical implementation of Beehive called OBee. This optical implementation uses optical waveguides to implement an interconnection network called Optical Broadcast Rings (OBRs). The OBRs are used in OBee as part of the hybrid electronic/optical hardware support for cache coherency and three types of synchronization (locks, barriers, and combining F&OPs). We also use the OBRs to propose purely optical hardware support for the locks and barriers.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Splendor and Misery: Semiotics and the End of Rhetoric

Abstract Beginning with Roland Barthes9 “The Old Rhetoric: an aide-memoire” (1964–65), semioticians have shown a remarkable interest in the history of rhetoric. Writers like Barthes, Tzevtan Todorov, Gerard Genette, and Paul Ricoeur have offered accounts of rhetoric9s past that invariably concluded with rhetoric9s demise and its replacement with semiotics. These writers typically portray rhetoric9s history as one of a brief rise followed by a very long decline, a pattern, says Todorov, of “splendor and misery.” This essay examines the semioticians9 predictions of rhetoric9s demise as well as semiotics9 attempt to claim elements of rhetoric as its own. The essay concludes by considering the present state of semiotics9 aspiration to supersede rhetoric as a theory of language and human affairs.
Using botulinum toxin therapy in the laryngopharynx

Now generally accepted as the gold-standard treatment of the symptoms of spasmodic dysphonia, botulinum toxin has become a powerful tool in the treatment of a variety of disorders affecting the laryngopharynx. A high degree of efficacy and reproducible effects and a low incidence of adverse effects make this an excellent drug to help control hyperactive and hyperkinetic behavior of the laryngeal musculature. In addition to spasmodic dysphonia, there are a number of other hyperactive disorders that affect the quality of speech and voicing. These include the following: tremor, stuttering, vocal tics, ventricular dysphonia, and others. By applying carefully directed injection of botulinum toxin into various laryngeal muscles, many of the symptoms of these disorders can be controlled. Botulinum toxin injections are effective for hyperkinetic conditions and can help diminish the need for systemic medications, time-consuming and often ineffective speech therapy, and the psychological stress of having a voicing disorder. Similarly, botulinum toxin has been used in the larynx by various groups to help “rebalance” the opposing laryngeal adductory and abductory muscles and diminish abusive contact that leads to nodules and granuloma formation. Used as an adjunct in the healing process, botulinum toxin has been helpful in decreasing scar formation and synechiae. In addition, botulinum toxin therapy has emerged as beneficial for the treatment of hyperactive cricopharyngeal muscular contraction in swallowing disorders and failed tracheo-esophageal speech. ESSENTIAL VOICE TREMOR
Opioidergic modulation of ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in obese Zucker rats.

Objective: To determine whether altered central and/or peripheral opioidergic mechanisms contribute to the altered ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in obese Zucker rats. Research Methods and Procedures: Eight lean (176 ± 8 [SEM] g) and eight obese (225 ± 12 g) Zucker rats were studied at 6 weeks of age. Pulmonary ventilation (VE), tidal volume (VT), and breathing frequency (f) at rest and in response to sustained (30 minutes) hypoxic (10% O2) challenges were measured on three separate occasions by the barometric method after the randomized, blinded administration of equal volumes of saline (control), naloxone methiodide (NM; 5 mg/kg, peripheral opioid antagonist), or naloxone hydrochloride (NHCl; 5 mg/kg, peripheral and central opioid antagonist). Results: Administration of NM and NHCl in lean animals had no effect on VE either at rest or during 30 minutes of sustained exposure to hypoxia. Similarly, NM failed to alter VE in obese rats. In contrast, NHCl significantly (p < 0.05) increased VE and VT both at rest and during 2 to 10 minutes of hypoxic exposure in obese rats. After 20 to 30 minutes of hypoxic exposure, VT remained elevated with NHCl, but the earlier elevation of VE seemed to be attenuated due to a decrease in f at 20 minutes of exposure to hypoxia. Discussion: Thus, endogenous opioids modulate both resting VE and the ventilatory response to sustained hypoxia in obese, but not in lean, Zucker rats by acting specifically on opioid receptors located within the central nervous system.
High preoperative range of motion is a significant risk factor for dislocation in primary total hip arthroplasty.

Dislocation after total hip arthroplasty (THA) is multifactorial and is dependent on surgical, implant, and patient factors. We hypothesized that high preoperative hip range of motion is an important variable contributing to instability after THA. We retrospectively reviewed 3379 THAs performed during a 21-year period. Average follow-up was 6.6 years. We examined the effect of surgical approach, femoral head size, and preoperative range of motion on dislocation rates. Patients with a posterior approach and 115° or greater of combined preoperative flexion, adduction, and internal rotation dislocated at a significantly higher frequency than those with less than 115° of combined motion (odds ratio, 1.9; P = .007). High preoperative motion in conjunction with a posterior approach and femoral head size less than 32 mm had the highest dislocation rate in our sample (5.9%). Preoperative range of motion is an important variable that should be taken into consideration during operative planning to help reduce the risk of dislocation.
Evaluation of 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-fluoroalkyl-α-hydroxy-α-phenylacetates as potential ligands for the study of muscarinic receptor density by positron emission tomography

Abstract Both 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-(1-fluoroeth-2-yl)-α-hydroxy-α-phenylacetate (FQNE, 5) and 1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl α-(1-fluoropent-5-yl)-α-hydroxy-α-phenylacetate (FQNPe, 6) were prepared and evaluated as potential candidates for the determination of muscarinic cholinergic receptor (mAChR) density by positron emission tomography (PET). The results of in vitro binding assays demonstrated that although both 5 and 6 had high binding affinities for m 1 and m 2 mAChR subtypes, 6 displayed a higher affinity (nM, m 1 ; K D , 0.45, m 2 ; K D , 3.53) as compared to 5 (nM, m 1 K D , 12.5, m 2 ; K D , 62.8). It was observed that pretreatment of female Fisher rats with either 5 or 6 prior to the i.v. administration of Z-(−)(−)-[ 131 I]-IQNP, a high-affinity muscarinic ligand, significantly blocked the uptake of radioactivity in the brain and heart measured 3 h postinjection of the radiolabeled ligand. These new fluoro QNB analogues represent important target ligands for evaluation as potential receptor imaging agents in conjunction with PET.
Calibration of data from the first RADARSAT-1 antarctic mapping mission

Abstract In September 1997 the Canadian spacecraft RADARSAT-1 maneuvered from a right-looking to a left-looking mode. In the subsequent 24 days approximately 22.5 hours of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were acquired in an effort to create the world's first complete high-resolution radar map of Antarctica. This paper presents the calibration strategy employed for the Antarctic Mapping Mission (AMM) and summarizes the data collected. Preliminary calibration results show that the science requirements for the data set are being met.
Passage of a liquid drop through a bifurcation

Abstract Numerical simulations of the motion of a viscous liquid drop through a two-dimensional bifurcating channel are conducted using a boundary-element method for Stokes flow. The drop viscosity is assumed to be equal to the ambient fluid viscosity and the drop interface is assumed to exhibit uniform surface tension. The mean fluid pressures are prescribed at the channel inlet and two outlets, and the corresponding flow rates are computed as part of the solution. Preliminary simulations show that the shape of a two-dimensional drop moving through a channel with parallel walls is similar to that of an axisymmetric drop moving along the centerline of a circular tube. The ability of a drop to remain intact as it passes through the bifurcation is determined by the drop size and capillary number expressing the significance of surface tension. For a given drop size and channel inlet and outlet pressures, there is a critical capillary number above which a drop splits into two pieces connected by a thinning bridge. The presence of the drop has a weak effect on the inlet and outlet flow rates throughout its passage. Simulations based on a boundary-element method for a rigid particle with circular or elliptical shape reveal a significantly stronger effect due to the absence of interfacial mobility.
Acaricidal activities of clove bud oil and red thyme oil using microencapsulation against HDMs

The purpose of this study was to produce a safer microcapsule loaded with clove bud oil and red thyme oil to reduce the population of house dust mites (HDMs). Gelatin-based microcapsules 4–85 µm in size were created, with agitation speed and type of oil playing a critical role in governing their size. Microcapsules made up of single spherical units less than 30 µm in diameter remained separate on the fibre, whereas larger microcapsules of over 30 µm ruptured or aggregated. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated that microcapsules containing red thyme oil showed a more consistent range of oil loading, from 50 to 80%, than microcapsules containing clove bud oil, which ranged from 30 to 80% (more deviated). Mortality tests on Dermatophagoides farinae conducted on fabric with attached microcapsules showed that clove bud oil, containing a more phenolic monoterpenoid (eugenol), was more effective at reducing the live HDMs (94% mortality).
Reverse redistribution of thallium-201: a sign of nontransmural myocardial infarction with patency of the infarct-related coronary artery

The pattern of reverse redistribution on the day 10 poststreptokinase resting thallium-201 myocardial scintigrams is a common finding in patients who have undergone streptokinase therapy in evolving myocardial infarction. To investigate this phenomenon, 67 patients who underwent streptokinase therapy were studied preand 10 days poststreptokinase therapy resting thallium-201 studies, poststreptokinase therapy resting radionuclide ventriculography and coronary arteriography (60 of the 67 patients). Of the 67 patients, 50 (75%) showed the reverse redistribution pattern on the day 10 thallium-201 study (Group I), 9 (13%) had a nonreversible defect (Group II) and the remaining 8 (12%) had a normal study or showed a reversible defect (Group III). The reverse redistribution pattern was associated with patency of the infarct-related artery (100%), quantitative improvement in resting thallium-201 defect size from day 1 to day 10 study (94%) and normal or near normal wall motion on day 10 radionuclide ventriculography (80% of segments with marked and 54% of those with mild reverse redistribution). In contrast, nonreversible defects were associated with significantly less frequent patency of the infarct-related artery (67%, p = 0.01), improvement in defect size (11%, p The findings indicate that the reverse redistribution pattern results from a higher than normal washout rate of thallium-201 and suggest that this pattern is a sign of nontransmural myocardial infarction with a patent infarct-related coronary artery.
The estimated prevalence and incidence of HIV in 96 large US metropolitan areas

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to estimate the size and direction of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic in US metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) with populations greater than 500,000. METHODS: A "components model" from review of more than 350 documents, several large datasets, and information from 220 public health personnel was used. Data review focused on injection drug users, men who have sex with men, and high-risk heterosexual men and women. RESULTS: In the 96 MSAs, there are, broadly, an estimated 1.5 million injection drug users, 1.7 million gay and bisexual men, and 2.1 million at-risk heterosexuals, and, among them, an estimated 565,000 prevalent and 38,000 incident HIV infections. This implies about 700,000 prevalent and 41,000 new HIV infections yearly in the United States. Roughly half of all estimated new infections are occurring among injection drug users, most of them in northeastern cities, Miami, and San Juan. Gay and bisexual men still represent most prevalent HIV infectio...
Fast high performance liquid chromatography separations for proteomic applications using Fused-Core® silica particles.

The separation range of superficially porous particles (Fused-Core®) has been extended by design of particles with 160 A pores. These particles show superior kinetics (lower resistance to mass transfer), allowing fast separations of peptides and small proteins (molecular weights of <15,000). The high efficiency and relatively low back pressure of these 2.7 μm Fused-Core particles has been maintained so that separations can be performed with conventional HPLC instruments. Longer columns can be used for higher resolution of complex mixtures of peptides, such as proteolytic digests. Highly reproducible separations of peptides at elevated temperatures with low pH mobile phases are maintained as a result of a stable bonded stationary phase. The utility of such highly stable materials is exemplified by separations of problematic amyloid peptides at low pH (TFA mobile phase) at an operational temperature of 100 °C. To address the issue of poor peptide peak shape in formic acid-containing mobile phases we show that the addition of 10-20 mM ammonium formate improves peak shape, retention and load tolerance of peptides. Use of the Fused-Core particle materials for separations of synthetic peptides and tryptic digests yields peak capacities that are comparable to those obtained using columns packed with sub-2-μm particles, but with less than one-half of the operating back pressure. A peak capacity of 530 was obtained in 150 min on coupled columns of HALO Peptide ES-C18 with a combined length of 250 mm.
Possible Dopamine Derivatives capable of Crossing the Blood-Brain Barrier in relation to Parkinsonism

THE exact neurophysiological role of dopamine is still unclear, but it has been implicated in the functioning of the extra-pyramidal motor system (EPS)1,2. Experiments on animals and humans, however, indicate that the smooth functioning of the EPS depends on a fine balance between several biogenic amines3–5. Nevertheless, deficiencies of brain dopamine resulting from degeneration of the substantia nigra seem to be associated with the extrapyramidal symptoms of Parkinson's disease1–6. In accordance with these observations, attempts have been made to raise brain dopamine levels in patients suffering from Parkinsonism. Dopamine itself cannot be used, for it is incapable of crossing the blood-brain barrier, and therefore dopamine precursors, in particular L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-dopa), have been used7–10. Although such treatment apparently relieves the symptoms of hypokinesia, rigidity and posture, tremor is little affected and the necessity for large daily dosage and the side-effects of nausea and hypotension remain as serious drawbacks to the therapeutic use of L-dopa. Stock11 has recently suggested that 2-amino-4-hydroxy-6,7-dimethyltetrahydropteridine may be a potential anti-parkinsonism agent since this tyrosine hydroxylase cofactor may be deficient in patients suffering from Parkinsonism12.
Performance evaluation of the binary logarithmic arbitration method (BLAM)

The binary logarithmic arbitration method (BLAM) is currently under review by the IEEE 802.3 standards committee for possible standardization. BLAM is a new arbitration algorithm for Ethernet that is backwards compatible with the existing binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm. Simulation models of BEB and BLAM are developed. Using these models, four experiments evaluating BEB and BLAM under overload conditions are described. The experiments focus on a small population Ethernet, scaling to large population Ethernets, BLAM and BEB compatibility, and the ability to transmit 64-kbps voice streams. It is shown that BLAM supports higher throughput and lower delay than BEB. BLAM also demonstrates notably lower variability in delay than BEB. For the transmission of voice streams, it is shown that BLAM offers outstanding performance in the percentage of voice packets successfully transmitted within a hard deadline of 10 or 20 milliseconds.
RENAL TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN WITH SEVERE LOWER URINARY TRACT DYSFUNCTION

AbstractPurpose: Renal transplantation in children with end stage renal disease due to congenital urological malformations has traditionally been associated with a poor outcome compared to transplantation in those with a normal urinary tract. In addition, the optimal urological treatment for such children remains unclear. To address these issues, we retrospectively reviewed our experience with renal transplantation in this population.Materials and Methods: Between 1986 and 1998, 12 boys and 6 girls a mean age of 8.4 years with a severe dysfunctional lower urinary tract underwent a total of 15 living related and 6 cadaveric renal transplantations. Urological anomalies included posterior urethral valves in 8 cases, urogenital sinus anomalies in 4, the prune-belly syndrome in 2, and complete bladder duplication, ureterocele, lipomeningocele and the VATER syndrome in 1 each. In 11 children (61%) bladder augmentation or continent urinary diversion was performed, 2 (11%) have an intestinal conduit and 5 (28%) h...
No Place Like Home: A Survey of American Home Economics History

The history of home economics covers a wide range of topics and issues, most of which are strikingly relevant both to everyday lived experience and to other topics studied by historians. Historians of home economics write about rural life, nutrition, interior space, consumer society, education, human development, marriage, gender, social control, and institutional management, among many other subjects. I argue that understanding home economics is a good way to understand much of contemporary mainstream culture as it shapes and is shaped by anything having to do with topics traditionally associated with the home. This article identifies the major works in the field since the 1990s, when scholars outside of home economics began to write the history of the field. It also draws attention to contemporary trends in writing about home economics history and suggests important avenues for research while also acknowledging challenges that scholars in the field face.
Impedance of a short dipole antenna in a cold plasma

This paper presents the analysis of the impedance of a short dipole antenna in a cold plasma using a quasi-static approach. Two radically different current distributions on the antenna are considered and their influences on the antenna impedance are studied. These distributions include a one-dimensional (1-D) triangular distribution and a three-dimensional (3-D) exponential current distribution. Balmain (1964) analytically solved the first problem. Staras (1964) proposed the second one. In this paper, we offer an analytical solution for the second one as proposed by Staras. We compare both distributions and find that impedances resulting from them are remarkably close. We conclude that the impedance of a short antenna, as derived using the quasi-static approximation, is insensitive to the choice of current distribution. Therefore, any of these two theories can be used when analyzing data from an impedance probe immersed in a space plasma.
Education, Eco-Progressivism and the Nature of School Reform

This article is an attempt to critique some of the limitations of dominant school reform discourses in education, drawing upon the work of Michel Foucault, Michael Apple, Maxine Greene, and Dennis Carlson, in addition to writers in the emerging field of what might be called “eco-progressivism.” The intersections between ecology and education can help construct a distinct counternarrative of progressive educational reform that is informed by ecological discourses, movements, and zeitgeists. Through the field of conservation biology, I hope to connect both ecology and education as crisis disciplines and suggest that the reform discourse in the field of biology utilizes a much different framework than that of current school reform orthodoxy. These differences have powerful and real consequences for the ways in which children and teachers experience school. Utilizing the well documented case of the failure of the Biosphere 2 research project as a grounding metaphor and cautionary tale, I plan to show not only...
CrowdHydrology: Crowdsourcing Hydrologic Data and Engaging Citizen Scientists

Spatially and temporally distributed measurements of processes, such as baseflow at the watershed scale, come at substantial equipment and personnel cost. Research presented here focuses on building a crowdsourced database of inexpensive distributed stream stage measurements. Signs on staff gauges encourage citizen scientists to voluntarily send hydrologic measurements (e.g., stream stage) via text message to a server that stores and displays the data on the web. Based on the crowdsourced stream stage, we evaluate the accuracy of citizen scientist measurements and measurement approach. The results show that crowdsourced data collection is a supplemental method for collecting hydrologic data and a promising method of public engagement.
Effect of carbon nanofibers on tensile and compressive characteristics of hollow particle filled composites

The effect of presence of carbon nanofibers on the tensile and compressive properties of hollow particle filled composites is studied. Such composites, called syntactic foams, are known to have high specific modulus and low moisture absorption capabilities and are finding applications as core materials in aerospace and marine sandwich structures. The results of this study show that addition of 0.25 wt.% carbon nanofibers results in improvement in tensile modulus and strength compared to similar syntactic foam compositions that did not contain nanofibers. Compressive modulus decreased and strength remained largely unchanged for most compositions. Tensile and compressive failure features are analyzed using scanning electron microscopy.
Enhanced protein adsorption at the solid-solution interface: dependence on surface charge.

By the use of infrared internal reflection spectroelectrochemistry, it has been possible to observe an enhanced adsorption of porcine fibrinogen onto a germanium surface at potentials more positive than —200 millivolts relative to a saturated calomel electrode. The enhanced adsorption was observed directly at the interface between the solid and the aqueous solution.
Developmental changes in food transfers in cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)

We investigated the development of food transfer and independent feeding in cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) families. We studied the relationship between infant-directed vocalizations and food transfers on the development of independent feeding in infants. We experimentally tested ten infants (eight twins and two singletons) three times a week for 17 weeks from before weaning through 20 weeks. Food transfers and vocalizations made during tests were recorded and analyzed to determine (1) the role of vocalizations (C- and D- chirps and D-chirp series) in food acquisition, (2) the relationship between food transfers and individual food acquisition, and (3) whether, owing to energetic costs of nursing and carrying twins, food is transferred to twins sooner than to singletons. Infants were more successful in acquiring food via begging when adults produced repeated vocalizations than when adults did not vocalize. Adults emitted more food-related vocalizations in rapid series when in the presence of infants, whereas during feeding in the absence of infants only single unit vocalizations were produced. Begging occurred frequently. Changes over infant age were not significant when all infants were included in analysis. However, when twin data were analyzed alone, begging success changed significantly over months, with successful begging peaking in month 3 (week 12). Begging success rate did not differ between twins and singletons, although twins fed independently sooner and at a higher rate than did singletons.
A curve evolution approach to object-based tomographic reconstruction

We develop a new approach to tomographic reconstruction problems based on geometric curve evolution techniques. We use a small set of texture coefficients to represent the object and background inhomogeneities and a contour to represent the boundary of multiple connected or unconnected objects. Instead of reconstructing pixel values on a fixed rectangular grid, we then find a reconstruction by jointly estimating these unknown contours and texture coefficients of the object and background. By designing a new "tomographic flow", the resulting problem is recast into a curve evolution problem and an efficient algorithm based on level set techniques is developed. The performance of the curve evolution method is demonstrated using examples with noisy limited-view Radon transformed data and noisy ground-penetrating radar data. The reconstruction results and computational cost are compared with those of conventional, pixel-based regularization methods. The results indicate that the curve evolution methods achieve improved shape reconstruction and have potential computation and memory advantages over conventional regularized inversion methods.
Academic Vulnerability and Resilience during the Transition to High School: The Role of Social Relationships and District Context

The transition to high school is a critical stage in students’ academic trajectories and can be especially difficult for middle school students who struggle academically. Starting high school on a low academic track and with low academic performance often leads to dropping out of high school. This study investigates what might protect academically vulnerable students during the transition to high school by exploring the potential effects social relationships and changing context have on academic outcomes in high school. As students move from middle school to high school, their social relationships are transformed. The degree to which social relationships change is in part a function of the way school districts are organized. The results suggest that middle school social relationships are protective against low academic outcomes in the first year of high school, but not for low-achieving middle school students. In addition, a district context characterized by greater reconfiguration of peer social relation...
Object sharing in Pfair-scheduled multiprocessor systems

We consider the problem of object sharing in Pfair-scheduled multiprocessor systems. We primarily focus on systems that use lock-free shared objects, although some lock-based alternatives are briefly considered as well. Our work demonstrates that the tight synchrony that exists in Pfair-scheduled systems can be exploited to reduce object-sharing overheads when lock-free objects are used.
Suppressed follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasms.

Plasma FSH, human chorionic gonadotropin, and estradiol, and urinary FSH and total gonadotropins were measured in eight women with gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. Absolute or relative FSH suppression occurred in 7 of the 8 women when plasma hCG exceeded 50 ng/ml and total urinary gonadotropins were greater than 500 mouse uterine units/24 hr. FSH suppression could not be related to levels of plasma estradiol in all cases.