cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Synthetic Aragonite (CaCO3) as a Potential Additive in Calcium Phosphate Cements: Evaluation in Tris‐Free SBF at 37°C

Conventional SBF (simulated/synthetic body fluid) solutions are buffered at pH 7.4 degrees C and 37 degrees C using 50mM Tris [(HOCH2)(3)CNH2]. Tris is not present in human blood or metabolism and its high concentration makes it the third major component of SBF solutions. All three crystalline polymorphs of calcium carbonate (calcite, aragonite and vaterite) have never been tested simultaneously in an SBF solution. This study presents the SBF-testing of the particles of these polymorphs at 37 degrees C in Na-L-lactate (22mM)-buffered Lac-SBF solution. While the calcite rhombohedra remained completely inert in the solution, vaterite spherulites and aragonite needles accrued apatitic CaP (calcium phosphate) deposits on their surfaces. Mg-doped (1050ppm) synthetic aragonite particles did not transform into calcite for 96h in the Lac-SBF solution while increasing their BET surface area by about 560% via the apatitic CaP deposits. Given the well-established use of calcite powders in CaP cement formulations, synthetic aragonite particles may be a potential replacement for calcite due to their rapid response to blood plasma-like solutions in between 24 and 48h at 37 degrees C.
Immunosuppression and the Role of Suppressive Factors in Cancer

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the immunosuppressive factors associated with tumors and their relationship to the malignant process per se. Some tumors influence humoral immunity and others affect cell-mediated immunity. The chapter describes a variety of immunosuppressive factors associated with tumor growth. It explores the ways these factors affect the host's immune response system, along with the mechanisms involved. It also presents “factors” directly secreted by tumor cells or by host cells responding to the tumor that can be regarded as immunoregulatory molecules and can suppress immunity. These factors are considered tumor-specific. The chapter considers soluble factors possibly involved in the immunologic responses of tumor-bearing individuals. It also reviews concepts that suggest that tumor cells directly, without intervention of soluble factors, can influence the immune responsiveness of the host. One of the advantage of studying immunosuppressive factors in vitro is that by the utilization of well established physicochemical and biochemical means it can be possible to purify and characterize “factors” that are associated with tumor growth.
Risk-Adjusted Performance Monitoring in Healthcare Quality Control

With the growing emphasis and concerns on quality of health care, performance monitoring of care providers has received much attention recently. Performance measures used as monitors are typically clinical outcomes, utilization of health services, and cost. By monitoring these measures continuously, changes in the performance of care providers can be detected promptly to avoid serious consequences as well as provide valuable information on the care delivery system for quality improvement.
A Multicultural Approach to Health Psychology

The North American continent comprises a diverse array of individuals. Although the majority of them prescribe to the beliefs and treatments of Western biomedicine, a substantial number also practi...
Sentinel Lymph Node Mapping for Endometrial Cancer: A Modern Approach to Surgical Staging

Most patients with endometrial cancer will present with early-stage disease. Although the rate of metastasis in these patients is low, proffering excellent prognoses, the standard of treatment in many practices still includes a complete or selective pelvic and para-aortic lymphadenectomy for staging; and accurate surgical staging is the most important prognostic factor. Many patients will undergo a comprehensive lymphadenectomy despite having disease confined to the uterus, resulting in prolonged operating time, additional cost, and potential side effects, such as lower extremity lymphedema. However, recent studies show that a complete lymphadenectomy may have no therapeutic benefit in patients with early-stage endometrial cancer. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping, which has been used in other cancer types, may be an acceptable surgical strategy between a complete lymphadenectomy and no nodal evaluation in patients with endometrial cancer. SLN mapping is based on the concept that lymph node metastasis is the result of an orderly process; that is, lymph drains in a specific pattern away from the tumor, and therefore, if the SLN, or first node, is negative for metastasis, then the nodes after the SLN should also be negative. This approach can help patients avoid the side effects associated with a complete lymphadenectomy, although disease must be thoroughly staged for accurate prognosis and determination of appropriate treatment approach. Surgeon experience, adherence to an SLN algorithm, and the use of pathologic "ultrastaging" are key factors for successful SLN mapping.
Investigation on Immunization Status of Children in Jiangmen City in 2003

Objective To study the immunization status of children in Jiangmen city,and provide scientific basis to set the immunization strategy.Method 420 children from Jiangmen and Penjiang section in Jiangmen city were sampled.Spot check was made on immunization.Indexes were analyzed.Result It was found that the rate of establishing immunization record cards for every child reached 100%.The rate of children joining the immunization insurances was 98.1%.The rates for completed the whole course of vaccination and four vaccines(BCG,OPV,DPT,MV)exceeded 95%.Over 90 percent children were immunized with all vaccines in time.Disqualification rate of immunizarion was 5%.Conclusion The data above indicated that the(EPI)of children in Jiangmen city is satisfactory.
REVIEW OF STUDIES OF RHYMING IN POETRY BEFORE THE 20~(TH) CENTURY

One of the most important methods used in Chinese phonology studies is to study rhymes employed in verses inherited from generations.Scholars in the Tang Dynasty first introduced such studies but their studies were not systematic enough.Many valuable ideas were presented in phonology studies in the Song Dynasty,but they lack significance in the methodology sense.Studies in the Yuan Dynasty were at the beginning stage of application of inductive method and provide reference for later researches in both research procedures and results.With open mindedness,scholars in the Ming Dynasty did a systematic phonology research on the verses by using an almost inductive method.Text research in the Qing Dynasty,with specific purposes and mature methods,was based on reliable text materials and thus is of reference at present.
Subliminal gait initiation deficits in rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder: A harbinger of freezing of gait?

Background Muscle activity during rapid eye movement sleep is markedly increased in people with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and people with Parkinson's disease (PD) who have freezing of gait. This study examined whether individuals with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder who do not have a diagnosis of PD show abnormalities in gait initiation that resemble the impairments observed in PD and whether there is a relationship between these deficits and the level of rapid eye movement sleep without atonia. Methods Gait initiation and polysomnography studies were conducted in 4 groups of 10 participants: rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, PD with and without freezing of gait, and controls. Results Significant reductions were seen in the posterior shift of the center of pressure during the propulsive phase of gait initiation in the groups with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder and PD with freezing of gait when compared with controls and PD nonfreezers. These reductions negatively correlated with the amount of rapid eye movement sleep without atonia. The duration of the initial dorsiflexor muscle burst during gait initiation was significantly reduced in both PD groups and the rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder cohort. Conclusions These results provide evidence that people with rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder, prior to a diagnosis of a degenerative neurologic disorder, show alterations in the coupling of posture and gait similar to those seen in PD. The correlation between increased rapid eye movement sleep without atonia and deficits in forward propulsion during the push-off phase of gait initiation suggests that abnormities in the regulation of muscle tone during rapid eye movement sleep may be related to the pathogenesis of freezing of gait. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Insect Visitors to Flowering Buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum (Polygonales: Polygonaceae), in North-Central Florida

Abstract We provide the first extensive documentation of insect visitors to buckwheat (Fagropyrum esculentum Moench; Polygonales: Polygonaceae) in Florida. We visually surveyed eight 2 ha fields of buckwheat in north-central Florida and documented 5,300 visits by Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae)—the western honey bee—and 3,422 non-Apis insect visits, with the majority of non-Apis visitors being wasps native to Florida or the southeastern United States (81.3%), followed by Diptera (12.5%) and non-Apis bees (5.8%). Sixteen families of insects composed of at least 62 species of flower visitors were observed within the buckwheat fields, with the most common species being the wasp Scolia nobilitata F. (Hymenoptera: Scoliidae). Most of the insect species were parasitoid wasps of various arthropod pests, and many parasitoids may also act as pollinators. Our data suggest that buckwheat attracts a great diversity of beneficial parasitoids, predators, and pollinators; thus, buckwheat possibly could be used a...
Modeling and simulating the cost and impact of cyber attacks: malware threats

This study's goal is to model and simulate the impact and cost a malware threat has on an organizations and its subsidiaries. The model's purpose is to measure both direct and indirect cost and impact of a given malware. Currently, a model of campus is being developed. Given the ability to visualize and reasonably assess the impact of a given malware and the potential cost incurred, organizations can have a better grasp of its current ability to prevent, address, and mitigate future potential threats. Additionally, it would have a more clearer picture of future implementations and action items needed to manage the risk responsibly. Simply, with the ability to model and simulate a given malware threat of a specific organization gives knowledge and insight to develop a thorough and reliable risk management system.
Conclusion: Going beyond the Epitaph

A traditional biography would end with an account of the subject's death, which might also describe the gravesite or quote the tombstone's epitaph to find closure. But such a conventional conclusion poses several problems. First, it implies a false ordering of events, namely, that the biographical text is somehow coterminous with the life. A biography is not the same as the subject's actual life. Second, contemporary historians do not know where or how Paul died, nor whether his remains survive (see Chapter 2). How do we tackle these problems? As the Introduction explained, my historical solution has been to take up the form of antibiography and study many different Pauls. In that goal, let's find not one but several epitaphs. The traditional epitaph of Paul is located at the ancient (and modern) pilgrimage site of the apostle's legendary tomb. On June 29, 2009, in Rome and broadcast live on Italian television, an emotional Pope Benedict XVI announced that carbon dating of the bones inside the marble sarcophagus under Rome's second largest basilica, Saint Paul Outside-the-Walls (Italian Basilica Papale di San Paolo fuori le mura ), “seems to confirm the unanimous and uncontested tradition that they are the mortal remains of the Apostle Paul.” The announcement was a bombshell, and a carefully orchestrated papal performance – it came in a homily on the successful closure of a pastoral effort to celebrate the “Year of St. Paul” worldwide for Roman Catholics in the name of all Christians. Six years previously, Vatican archaeologists had, under the pavement of the basilica, unearthed the sarcophagus, which dates from the reign of the fourth-century emperor Theodosius I and bears the epitaph “Apostle Paul, Martyr” (Latin Paulo apostolo mart ). Vatican authorities had declared, “At last, today pilgrims visiting the basilica can see the side of the sarcophagus through a small window we left open under the papal altar.” The epitaph points to an important theme that I have explained in the second part of this book – that Christians in late antiquity mostly viewed Paul as a martyr, not as the paradigmatic “sinner.”
Changes in forest habitat classes under alternative climate and land-use change scenarios in the northeast and midwest, USA

Large-scale and long-term habitat management plans are needed to maintain the diversity of habitat classes required by wildlife species. Planning efforts would benefit from assessments of potential climate and land-use change effects on habitats. We assessed climate and land-use driven changes in areas of closed- and open-canopy forest across the Northeast and Midwest by 2060. Our assessments were made using projections based on A1B and A2 future scenarios developed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Presently, forest land covers 70.2 million ha and is evenly divided between closed- and open-canopy habitats. Projections indicated that total forest land would decrease by 3.8 or 4.5 million ha for A2 and A1B, respectively. Within persisting forest land, the balance between closed- and open-canopy habitats depended on assumed harvest rates of woody biomass. Standard harvest rates led to closed-canopy habitat attaining a slight majority of total forest land area. Intensive harvest rates resulted in the majority of forest land being in open-canopy habitat for A1B or maintained the even split between closed- and open-canopy habitats for A2. Ultimately, managers need to identify benchmark habitat conditions informed by historical conditions and wildlife population dynamics and plan to meet these benchmarks in dynamic forest landscapes.
Adenosine Signaling Regulates Adult Erythropoiesis.

Abstract Adenosine signal transduction in human cells is achieved through four distinct G-protein-coupled receptors named A1, A2A, A2B and A3. Adenosine signaling events affect several physiological processes including growth regulation and cellular responses to hypoxia. Despite extensive studies of native and pharmacologically-targeted adenosine signal transduction, the potential for adenosine to regulate erythropoiesis remains largely unexplored. Here we systematically studied adenosine receptor expression, activation, and inhibition among CD34+ human erythroid progenitor cells cultured in the presence of erythropoietin. This 14 day culture system has been studied extensively in the context of erythroblast commitment and terminal differentiation (BLOOD 99(8):3005–13). Using real-time RT-PCR, we demonstrated that the A2A, A2B and A3 adenosine receptors are expressed in highly regulated patterns. The expression of A2A and A2B were highest early in the culture period and later declined as the cells underwent terminal differentiation. Receptor A3 gene expression gradually increased during the terminal differentiation. Expression of the A1 receptor gene was not detected above background levels at any stage of differentiation (compared with the positive control). Based upon those receptor expression patterns, several adenosine receptor signaling agonists and antagonists were screened for possible effects on erythroblast growth and differentiation. Among those screened molecules, the selective A3 adenosine receptor agonist, CI-IB-MECA, had effects on the proliferation and differentiation of the cells without overt toxicity in the dose range of 10–100uM. CI-IB-MECA significantly inhibited the proliferation of the cells with resulting cell counts being only 10% of those in matched controls after 14 days. Cell cycle analyses demonstrated that the growth inhibitory effects of CI-IB-MECA were largely due to a significant reduction in the percentage of S-phase proerythroblasts (S-phase: 16 ± 5% in CI-IB-MECA versus 51 ± 2% in matched controls; p 80%) in the matched controls. Consistent with the morphological examination, HPLC analyses revealed barely detectable levels of hemoglobin in the presence of CI-IB-MECA after 14 days. These finding suggest that selective activation of adenosine A3 receptors permits erythroid commitment, but profoundly inhibits the proliferation of those committed cells and retards their terminal differentiation. As a novel regulator of erythropoiesis, adenosine A3 receptor signaling should be explored in patients with growth-related erythroid diseases.
ABC Supramolecular Triblock Copolymer by ROMP and ATRP

We report the controlled polymerization of three heterotelechelic polymers from supramolecular motif-bearing initiators, their assembly into supramolecular A/B/C triblock copolymers, the morphology of the resulting block copolymers, and their disassembly. The individual blocks are synthesized in a controlled or living fashion via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of norbornenes (block B) or atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrenes (block A) and methacrylates (block C). The building blocks are assembled via metal-coordination between blocks A and B using a palladated SCS pincer complex and pyridine, and hydrogen bonding between blocks B and C using Hamilton Wedge and barbituric acid derivatives. Scanning-transmission electron microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering reveal lamellar domains of approximately 23, 15, and 21 nm for bulk samples of the A/B and B/C diblock copolymers and A/B/C triblock copolymers, with 1:1 and 1:1:1 block feed ratios, respectively. Nanoscale feature...
Pragmatism, Apriority, and Modality: C.I. Lewis Against Russell’s Material Implication

On the standard interpretation of Lewis’s criticism of Russell, Lewis takes his own account of strict implication to be more intuitive than the paradoxes to which Russell’s material implication leads. This chapter argues against the standard interpretation by showing that Russell’s views are not counterintuitive, but that appeals to “intuition” are not the substance of Lewis’s criticism of Russell. Lewis’s debate with Russell undergoes two main phases. In the first phase, Lewis argues both that the logic of material implication fails to represent correctly the distinction between correct and incorrect inferences and that the logic of material implication is not useful. In the second phase, Lewis argues that Russell’s explication of implication neither coheres fully with Russell’s deductive practices nor can Russell avoid appealing to strict implications. A better understanding of the Russell-Lewis dispute points to a conception of the nature of logic: it must be possible for logical principles to play a practical role in reasoning, else logic becomes disconnected from rational thought and discourse.
Traditional CFD Boundary Conditions Applied to Blood Analog Flow through a Patient-Specific Aortic Coarctation

Flow of a blood analog is modeled through a patient-specific aortic coarctation using ANSYS Fluent software. Details of the patient data aortic geometry and prescribed flow conditions were provided by the MICCAI-STACOM CFD Challenge website. The objective is to predict a blood pressure difference across the rigid coarctation under both rest and exercise stress conditions. The supplied STL geometry was used to create coarse and fine viscous meshes of 250K and 4.6M cells. Our CFD method employed laminar, Newtonian flow with a total pressure inlet condition and special outlet BCs derived from reconstructed flow waveforms. Analysis setup and outlet BCs were treated as a traditional non-physiological CFD problem. CFD results demonstrate that the supplied AscAo pressure waveform and flow distributions are well matched by our simulations. A non-uniform pressure gradient field is predicted across the coarctation with strong interactions with each supra-aortic vessel branch.
Investigation of cooling structure design for PET detector thermal regulation methods

Temperature is an essential factor for stable performance of the positron emission tomography (PET). Some of the PET detector components produce significant heat (e.g. readout integrated circuits) that affects its performance. The temperature alters the breakdown voltage of photodetectors, which in turn affects the gain, cross talk, dark count rate and after-pulsing. One of the thermal regulation methods is to use an air/liquid cooling pipe embedded in a cold plate broadly distributing the temperature to the PC board; the gold vias in the board then conduct the temperature to the other side of the board. This paper concentrates on investigating the temperature distribution from various cooling structure configurations. The simulation software COMSOL was used with heat transfer and pipe flow modules to assess the thermal behavior of the cooling system. Two types of cooling pipe arrangements were simulated; a simple and a more complex curve arrangement. For the cold plates, a ceramic (92 W/m-K) and a thermally conductive plastic (10 W/m-K) were simulated. Full as well as “patchy” gold via configurations were also simulated. The simulation was performed for 300 seconds (real time) and the average and the standard deviation temperature of each SiPM was analyzed. With the complex cooling pipe arrangement, the temperature variation throughout all SiPMs was on average 37.9±5.2% higher for ceramic cold plates. For the cold plate materials, the ceramic showed 33.9±15.4% smaller thermal variation and −1.1±0.6% lower temperature compared to the thermally conductive plastic. The patchy vias resulted in 218.2±74.9% larger thermal variation when compared to the patchy vias. In summary, we have simulated various cooling pipe designs, cold plates and gold via distribution configurations to analyze the temperature variation across a PET detector PC board. The thermally conductive ceramic cold plate with as many vias as possible resulted in the most stable temperature variation.
Does acute care for the elderly (ACE) unit decrease the incidence of falls

To determine whether acute care for the elderly (ACE) units decrease the incidence of patient falls compared to general medical and surgical (GMS) units, a non-concurrent prospective study included individuals aged 65 and older admitted to ACE or GMS units over a 2-year span was done. There were 7069 admissions corresponded to 28,401 patient-days. A total of 149 falls were reported for an overall incidence rate (IR) of 5.2 falls per 1000 patient-days, 95% CI, 4.4/1000-6.1/1000 patient-days. The falls IR ratio for patients in ACE unit compared to those in non-ACE units after adjusting for age, sex, prescribed psychotropics and hypnotics, and Morse Fall Score was 0.27/1000 patient-days; 95% CI, 0.13-0.54; p < 0.001. So, an estimated 73% reduction in patient falls between ACE unit and non-ACE units. Hospitals may consider investing in ACE units to decrease the risk of falls and the associated medical and financial costs.
Spinal Surgery Positioning Overview

Patient positioning is often underappreciated, but it is critical to the success of spinal surgical procedures. When optimized, it maximizes the likelihood of accomplishing the surgical goals in a timely manner and decreases the risk for complications. The three positions that are most commonly utilized in spinal surgery are the supine, prone, and lateral positions. These positions are discussed in detail in the following chapters. Less common positions such as the sitting position are also described. In this chapter, we present an overview of positioning for spinal surgery and discuss some positioning pearls that we have found to be quite useful. The goals of successful positioning are to provide optimal exposure to the pathology while ensuring the overall safety of the patient.
Gender and Counter-Terrorism

“Most of the kids were sick and coughing. Our answer was handing out stuffed animals. Then we gave the women toothpaste and hygiene products and began to explain what they were. “We know what they are,” one woman said, “We just don’t have them.” I quickly felt the impact of our good intentions running head-long into systemic issues and our own ignorance.” (Tessa Poppe qtd. in Ricks 2016 [np])
Altered microRNA regulation of short chain fatty acid receptors in the hypertensive kidney is normalized with hydrogen sulfide supplementation.

Abstract Hypertension affects nearly one third of the adult US population and is a significant risk factor for chronic kidney disease (CKD). An expanding body of recent studies indicates that gut microbiome has crucial roles in regulating physiological processes through, among other mechanisms, one mode of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and their target receptors. In addition, these SCFA receptors are potential targets of regulation by host miRNAs, however, the mechanisms through which this occurs is not clearly defined. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important gasotransmitter involved in multiple physiological processes and is known to alleviate adverse effects of hypertension such as reducing inflammation in the kidney. To determine the role of host microRNAs in regulating short chain fatty acid receptors in the kidney as well as the gut, C57BL/6J wild-type mice were treated with or without Ang-II and H2S donor GYY4137 (GYY) for 4 weeks to assess whether GYY would normalize adverse effects observed in hypertensive mice and whether this was in part due to altered gut microbiome composition. We observed several changes of SCFA receptors, including Olfr78, Gpr41/43 and predicted microRNA regulators in the kidney among the different treatments. Increased expression of inflammatory markers Il6 and Rorc2, along with Tgfβ, were found in the hypertensive kidney. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was improved in mice treated with Ang-II + GYY compared with Ang-II only, indicating improved kidney function. The Erysipelotrichia class of bacteria, linked with high fat diets, was enriched in hypertensive animals but reduced with GYY supplementation. These data point towards a role for miRNA regulation of SCFA receptors in hypertensive kidney and are normalized by H2S supplementation.
Single-Port Technique and Robotics in Ventral Hernia Repair

Ventral hernia can be broadly divided into primary and secondary. Secondary hernias are mainly incisional hernias, and the complexity of these hernias still poses a challenge to the surgeons. Open approach for these complex hernias can be associated with a prolonged hospital stay and poor pain control. The laparoscopic approach has given hope for this particular group of patients by minimizing the surgical trauma and minimizing the postoperative pain and complications.
Three-dimensional basin and fault structure from a detailed seismic velocity model of Coachella Valley, Southern California

The Coachella Valley in the northern Salton Trough is known to produce destructive earthquakes, making it a high seismic hazard area. Knowledge of the seismic velocity structure and geometry of the sedimentary basins and fault zones is required to improve earthquake hazard estimates in this region. We simultaneously inverted first P wave travel times from the Southern California Seismic Network (39,998 local earthquakes) and explosions (251 land/sea shots) from the 2011 Salton Seismic Imaging Project to obtain a 3‐D seismic velocity model. Earthquakes with focal depths ≤10 km were selected to focus on the upper crustal structure. Strong lateral velocity contrasts in the top ~3 km correlate well with the surface geology, including the low‐velocity (<5 km/s) sedimentary basin and the high‐velocity crystalline basement rocks outside the valley. Sediment thickness is ~4 km in the southeastern valley near the Salton Sea and decreases to <2 km at the northwestern end of the valley. Eastward thickening of sediments toward the San Andreas fault within the valley defines Coachella Valley basin asymmetry. In the Peninsular Ranges, zones of relatively high seismic velocities (~6.4 km/s) between 2‐ and 4‐km depth may be related to Late Cretaceous mylonite rocks or older inherited basement structures. Other high‐velocity domains exist in the model down to 9‐km depth and help define crustal heterogeneity. We identify a potential fault zone in Lost Horse Valley unassociated with mapped faults in Southern California from the combined interpretation of surface geology, seismicity, and lateral velocity changes in the model.
Design and characterization of a solar-enhanced microwave plasma reactor for atmospheric pressure carbon dioxide decomposition

The decomposition of carbon dioxide (CO2) is a primary step in carbon re-utilization approaches aimed to fulfill fuels and chemicals demands and mitigate environmental emissions. Plasmachemical CO2 decomposition processes can be highly efficient; however, their reliance on electrical energy can limit their economic viability and sustainability advantage. In contrast, solar thermochemical CO2 decomposition approaches can have limited efficiency, but their direct use of the most abundant form of renewable energy affords them the greatest sustainability potential. Solar-enhanced microwave plasma (SEMP) chemical synthesis, based on the direct interaction between microwave plasma and concentrated solar radiation, is investigated as a novel approach to combine the advantages of plasmachemical and solar thermochemical processes. SEMP is motivated by the potential for synergistic effects between solar photons and plasma species, implied by the markedly greater spectral absorption of nonequilibrium CO2 plasma compared to that of equilibrium CO2, to lead to enhanced chemical decomposition. The design, development, and characterization of a SEMP reactor for atmospheric pressure CO2 decomposition is presented. The reactor is powered by a 1.25 kW magnetron and by up to 525 W of incident radiative power from a high-flux solar simulator. Experimental results reveal that the microwave plasma absorbs up to 20% of concentrated solar radiation at a solar-to-electrical power ratio of 0.5, and that relative absorption decreases with increasing solar input power. However, conversion efficiency and plasma energy efficiency increase with increasing solar power, up to 9% and 25% respectively, for a solar-to-electrical power ratio of 0.75. The enhanced process performance appears to be a consequence of the greater power density in the plasma caused by the direct absorption of solar radiation.
Conclusion: Netflix and the New Telenovela

This chapter will tie the diverse materials together and offer suggestions for future research.
Cmos Controlled Ghz Ultrasonic Impedance Imager

This paper presents a demonstration of CMOS driven 1-2 GHz ultrasonic imager that can be monolithically integrated in a single-chip and operate at 1.5V battery voltages. The pulse transmit/receive operation of a single AlN transducer pixel driven by custom 180nm CMOS RF circuits is demonstrated. The pixel transducer is scanned in two dimensions to image fingerprints and leaves with 254 dpi resolution. Based on a single pixel imaging time, frame rate is estimated to be 500 fps at 13.6 μJ/frame. The contrast of returned signal between rubber and air is 3.3:1 for dry rubber and 1.5:1 for wet rubber. This work shows a pathway towards single chip GHz ultrasonic imager.
Green Chemistry Coverage in Organic Chemistry Textbooks.

This paper examines the current state of the implementation of green chemistry into organic chemistry textbooks. Content analysis of the 15 most used organic chemistry textbooks revealed that only ...
Development of the alcohol use discrepancy instrument (AUDI): An instrument for measuring a purported mechanism of behavior change underlying self-regulation theory

Abstract Self-regulation theory (SRT) posits that individuals make decisions regarding behavior change based on a comparison of their actual (e.g., excessive alcohol use) and desired (e.g., abstinence) behaviors. This comparison must result in a discrepancy of sufficient magnitude to motivate an individual toward behavior change. It appears that this purported mechanism of behavior change (MOBC) has not been tested with regards to alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment. Furthermore, there seems to be no psychometrically sound instrument for assessing such discrepancies in a clinical sample. The purpose of this study was to establish the psychometric properties of an instrument developed to assess actual versus desired alcohol use discrepancies that could be used to test this purported MOBC underlying SRT. The Alcohol Use Discrepancy Instrument (AUDI) was administered to 235 individuals participating in the Clifford et al. (2007) alcohol treatment outcome study that centered on research assessment exposure reactivity effects. Principal axis factor analysis yielded a unidimensional construct (Cronbach’s α = 0.80). Baseline and six-month AUDI scores were correlated with concurrent alcohol use (proportion days abstinent, drinks per drinking day, and proportion heavy days, p The AUDI has good psychometric properties and is likely to prove useful for assessing discrepancies between actual and desired alcohol use behavior, which, according to the principles of SRT, is essential for behavior change and maintenance.
[Status of child health services in less developed areas in Sichuan province, 2014-2018].

Objective To understand the status of child health services by primary medical institutions in less developed areas in Sichuan province and provide evidence for the development of health policy for poverty alleviation. Methods Annual child health records in the primary medical institutions selected through multistage stratified sampling in 21 prefectures in Sichuan were extracted during 2014-2018. Field survey and telephone interview were used to evaluate the performance of child health services provided and the child guardian’s satisfaction degree. Sample descriptive statistics, pair sample t-test, χ2 test, trend χ2 test, Pearson correlation analysis were used for statistical analysis. Results Except child system management rate, the other indicators reflecting the status of child health service in less developed areas in Sichuan were on rise (P<0.05), and close to average level of whole province in 2018. Except child system management rate, the other indicators reflecting the status of child health management in less developed counties were lower than those in developed counties in Sichuan, most differences were significant (P<0.05). Except child health management rate of traditional Chinese medicine, the other indicators reflecting the status of child health management in less developed counties were higher than those in poverty-stricken counties in Sichuan, most differences were not significant (P≥0.05). Except child systematic management rate, the gap in indicators reflecting child health service status between less developed area and developed area was in reduction, some difference were significant (P<0.05). The child guardian satisfaction degree was associated with true child health management rates (r=0.947, P=0.015), and child health management rate of traditional Chinese medicine (r=0.996, P<0.001). Conclusions Some achievements have been made in child health services provided by primary medical institutions in less developed areas in Sichuan. To achieve the 2020 poverty alleviation goal, it is necessary to take measures to increase input and improve service level. Key words: Child health services; Primary medical institution; Less developed area
Chapter 11 – A Look to the Future

Publisher Summary The democratic nature of the standardization process makes it impossible to know with certainty what the future may bring for the Structured Query Language (SQL) standard. Both the ISO group and the ANSI group have, since late 1999, been busy working on the next generation of the SQL standard, which was initially given the working title ‘‘SQL:200n.” The name SQL:200n was chosen to help encourage republication of the standard about three years after SQL:1999, thus avoiding the extremely long seven-year cycle between SQL-92 and SQL:1999. In recent months, the schedule has become a bit firmer, and it is predicted that ‘‘200n” will actually be ‘‘2003.” One important implication of the use of date-based project nomenclature is that the standards organizations have adopted the goal of becoming more schedule-driven and less feature-driven. Whether this attitude will result in more-timely publication of less-ambitious editions of the standard remains to be seen, but the change is quite promising.
Tocolytic Therapy in Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes.

"Trials evaluating tocolytic use in preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) have been small and lacked adequate power to evaluate uncommon outcomes. There still is much controversy on the benefit, length of use, route, and drug of choice among clinicians treating patients with PPROM. Most professional medical societies would propose to consider the use of tocolytics for 48 hours to allow for corticosteroid administration or to allow for maternal transfer to a higher level of care. Longer treatment regimens may lead to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. Insufficient data are available to make stronger and more definitive recommendations."
The Time is Now: The Critical Role of the Neurology Diversity Officer in Serving Our Patients, Profession, and the Neurology Pipeline.

We write this editorial after experiencing a 10-month global pandemic that has disproportionately affected marginalized racial and ethnic communities. We write this editorial with heightened focus on the historical impact that structurally racist policies have had on justice, housing, education, and (most applicably to this readership) health care systems. We write this editorial after this last year also revealed some hard truth(s) regarding the direct and historic connections between the institution of slavery and current medical research,1 medical education,2 and the traditions and practices of some of our most respected academic medical centers.3 This contextual lens placed even greater relevance to the article by Mohile et al.,4 “Developing the Neurology Diversity Officer: A Roadmap for Academic Neurology Departments,” in this issue of Neurology ®. The authors present various roles and unique challenges that the neurology diversity officer or equity, diversity, inclusion (EDI) equivalent officers (NDOE) and the academic community must consider to create inclusive academic neurology communities. Arguably, the events and experiences over the last year provide the most substantial evidence for the requisite role of the NDOE in our effort to fulfill the oath to serve the following stakeholders: (1) our patients (who are becoming increasingly diverse as noted in the article),4 (2) ourselves and our pipeline (who are not only expecting but increasingly demanding a greater focus on EDI in the interprofessional healthcare environment),5 and (3) our research (which increasingly requires the inclusion of a diverse participant enrollment in all clinical and therapeutic research protocols).6,7 Dating back to 1957, Merton spoke of the critical role of the medical education experience in cultivating the professional identity of a physician.8 More recently, the Carnegie Foundation developed this concept further by citing professional identity formation as 1 of the 4 primary concepts to target in medical curricular reform.9 Professional identity formation is defined as the process by which the learner is shepherded through his or her transformation into a “physician with the values, disposition, and aspirations of the physician community.”8 A strong professional identity has been linked to training physicians who deliver higher-quality care.10 Progress toward fulfilling the oath to serve our 3 aforementioned stakeholders makes it increasingly apparent that the presence of NDOE is paramount to both the transformation and maintenance of the neurologist's professional identity.9
Build. No Exceptions.

Where should we begin? If we are going to wrestle with the role of the built in architecture and architectural pedagogy, then I propose we begin where Howard Davis did: begin with all that is built...
A More Comprehensive Climate Vulnerability Assessment Framework for Fisheries Social-Ecological Systems

Understanding and anticipating the effects of climate change on fisheries social-ecological systems (FSESs) is central to proactive fisheries management in a changing global climate. With fisheries management increasingly striving to consider interactions and feedbacks among people, targeted species, and the broader ecological and human communities, fisheries managers and participants need tools to help them assess these complex systems. We developed a new climate vulnerability assessment framework for analyzing the impacts of a climate-induced trend or event on a FSES. The framework divides the FSES into four interrelated and interacting domains: Ecological Community, Fished Species, Fishery, and Human Community. The framework provides a systematic approach to account for indirect as well as direct effects, links among subsystems, and multiple climate change-induced stressors. We demonstrate the framework’s utility by applying it to three case studies: the effects of a marine heatwave on the Dungeness crab FSES, the effects of a marine heatwave on the red sea urchin FSES, and the effects of long-term climate trends on North Pacific albacore. We found that the effects of a climatic trend or event on a FSES are often indirect and can trigger diverse and important feedbacks. These examples also showed that the climatic trend or event may cause changes in the temporal and spatial distribution of fishing effort and fished species that have a more significant impact on the FSES than changes to species abundance per se. Unlike other climate vulnerability assessment frameworks and applications, ours is designed to enable consideration of the range of feedbacks within and among both the ecological and human communities. As such, it is a valuable tool to guide the holistic examination and assessment of potential impacts to FSESs.
Reconceptualizing the audition for the 21st century music student

The purpose of this quality improvement project was to examine a newly-implemented music admissions assessment process at a small liberal arts university and students’ perceptions of that process, ...
Narratives of Persistence: Indigenous Negotiations of Colonialism in Alta and Baja California: by Lee M. Panich, Tucson, AZ, University of Arizona Press, 2020, xii + 240 pp., $55.00 (hardcover), ISBN 978-0816540778, $55.00, (ebook), ISBN 978-0816541409.

In Narratives of Persistence, Panich counters myths of tribal extinction in lands that were once Alta and Baja California, by examining indigenous negotiations of Spanish and American colonialism a...
Current and prospective antibody-based therapies in multiple myeloma

Abstract Multiple Myeloma (MM) is a hematologic malignancy involving clonal plasma cell proliferation. Unfortunately, MM remains an incurable disease. Over the past five years, the incorporation of novel monoclonal antibodies has synergized with standard of care to improve patient outcomes in both newly diagnosed MM as well as relapsed and refractory MM. This manuscript reviews current and prospective antibody-based treatments including naked monoclonal antibodies, immunoconjugates, and Bi-specific T-cell engagers (BiTE).
A Framework for Quality Assurance of Machine Learning Applications

Some machine learning applications are intended to learn properties of data sets where the correct answers are not already known to human users. It is challenging to test and debug such ML software, because there is no reliable test oracle. We describe a framework and collection of tools aimed to assist with this problem. We present our findings from using the testing framework with three implementations of an ML ranking algorithm (all of which had bugs).
Logic programming for knowledge representation

This note provides background information and references to the tutorial on recent research developments in logic programming inspired by needs of knowledge representation.
Identification of a Polar Region in Transmembrane Domain 6 That Regulates the Function of the G Protein-Coupled α-Factor Receptor

The alpha-factor pheromone receptor (Ste2p) of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae belongs to the family of G protein-coupled receptors that contain seven transmembrane domains (TMDs). Because polar residues can influence receptor structure by forming intramolecular contacts between TMDs, we tested the role of the five polar amino acids in TMD6 of the alpha-factor receptor by mutating these residues to nonpolar leucine. Interestingly, a subset of these mutants showed increased affinity for ligand and constitutive receptor activity. The mutation of the most polar residue, Q253L, resulted in 25-fold increased affinity and a 5-fold-higher basal level of signaling that was equal to about 19% of the alpha-factor induced maximum signal. Mutation of the adjacent residue, S254L, caused weaker constitutive activity and a 5-fold increase in affinity. Comparison of nine different mutations affecting Ser254 showed that an S254F mutation caused higher constitutive activity, suggesting that a large hydrophobic amino acid residue at position 254 alters transmembrane helix packing. Thus, these studies indicate that Gln253 and Ser254 are likely to be involved in intramolecular interactions with other TMDs. Furthermore, Gln253 and Ser254 fall on one side of the transmembrane helix that is on the opposite side from residues that do not cause constitutive activity when mutated. These results suggest that Gln253 and Ser254 face inward toward the other TMDs and thus provide the first experimental evidence to suggest the orientation of a TMD in this receptor. Consistent with this, we identified two residues in TMD7 (Ser288 and Ser292) that are potential contact residues for Gln253 because mutations affecting these residues also cause constitutive activity. Altogether, these results identify a new domain of the alpha-factor receptor that regulates its ability to enter the activated conformation.
The fine structure of the alga Brachiomonas submarina bohlin after X- and γ-irradiation

Abstract The green alga, Brachiomonas submarina , was subjected to varying exposures of X- and γ-radiation and the fine structure examined at various postirradiation times. Exposures were in the range of those inhibiting colony formation rather than causing cell lysis. Discernible effects of irradiation were most prominent in cells fixed 5 hr after an exposure of X-rays sufficient to inhibit colony formation 50 per cent and in cells examined at daily intervals following an exposure of γ-rays sufficient to inhibit colony formation completely. The cytological effects observed included rupture of the nuclei and nuclear envelopes, presence of cells with lobed nuclei or two nuclear bodies, enlarged vacuoles, swollen and distorted mitochondria with changes in the cristae, an increased number of mitochondria, increased amounts of starch, and possible changes in the chloroplast and dictyosomes. None of these effects was observed in control cells. Nuclear and cytoplasmic damage was observed concurrently at certain postirradiation times but not necessarily in the same cells. Fine structural damage was similar to that which is known to occur in other cell types following exposure to ionizing radiation. The cytoplasmic damage could be sufficient to result in cell death, but until it can be quantified and its physiological significance interpreted and extended to various species, the nucleus should continue to be considered the most probable primary site of radiation damage.