cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Who Decides What Is Acceptable Speech on Campus? Why Restricting Free Speech Is Not the Answer.

Recent protests on dozens of campuses have led to the cancellation of controversial talks, and violence has accompanied several of these protests. Psychological science provides an important lens through which to view, understand, and potentially reduce these conflicts. In this article, we frame opposing sides’ arguments within a long-standing corpus of psychological research on selective perception, confirmation bias, myside bias, illusion of understanding, blind-spot bias, groupthink/in-group bias, motivated skepticism, and naive realism. These concepts inform dueling claims: (a) the protestors’ violence was justified by a higher moral responsibility to prevent marginalized groups from being victimized by hate speech, versus (b) the students’ right to hear speakers was infringed upon. Psychological science cannot, however, be the sole arbiter of these campus debates; legal and philosophical considerations are also relevant. Thus, we augment psychological science with insights from these literatures to s...
Extra-Chromosomal DNA Sequencing Reveals Episomal Prophages Capable of Impacting Virulence Factor Expression in Staphylococcus aureus.

Staphylococcus aureus is a major human pathogen with well-characterized bacteriophage contributions to its virulence potential. Recently, we identified plasmidial and episomal prophages in S. aureus strains using an extra-chromosomal DNA (exDNA) isolation and sequencing approach, uncovering the plasmidial phage ϕBU01, which was found to encode important virulence determinants. Here, we expanded our extra-chromosomal sequencing of S. aureus, selecting 15 diverse clinical isolates with known chromosomal sequences for exDNA isolation and next-generation sequencing. We uncovered the presence of additional episomal prophages in 5 of 15 samples, but did not identify any plasmidial prophages. exDNA isolation was found to enrich for circular prophage elements, and qPCR characterization of the strains revealed that such prophage enrichment is detectable only in exDNA samples and would likely be missed in whole-genome DNA preparations (e.g., detection of episomal prophages did not correlate with higher prophage excision rates nor higher excised prophage copy numbers in qPCR experiments using whole-genome DNA). In S. aureus MSSA476, we found that enrichment and excision of the prophage ϕSa4ms into the cytoplasm was temporal and that episomal prophage localization did not appear to be a precursor to lytic cycle replication, suggesting ϕSa4ms excision into the cytoplasm may be part of a novel lysogenic switch. For example, we show that ϕSa4ms excision alters the promoter and transcription of htrA2 , encoding a stress-response serine protease, and that alternative promotion of htrA2 confers increased heat-stress survival in S. aureus COL. Overall, exDNA isolation and focused sequencing may offer a more complete genomic picture for bacterial pathogens, offering insights into important chromosomal dynamics likely missed with whole-genome DNA-based approaches.
Dominance of persistence over adaptation in forward masking

Persistence of excitation and neural adaptation are competing theories proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying psychophysical forward masking. Previous research has been directed towards finding models that accurately describe the phenomenon but cannot account for the underlying explanation. The current study was designed to determine which theory best accounts for results obtained from behavioral gap duration adjustment tasks. Thirteen adults adjusted the gap within asymmetrical noise markers to be subjectively equal to the gap within equal-intensity-noise markers. The duration of the perceived gap between the asymmetrical markers is expected to vary depending on which theory dominates perception. The persistence of excitation mechanism would lead to longer duration gaps when the second noise marker is lower in intensity than the preceding. Neural adaptation would result in matched gaps that are shorter in duration when the second noise marker was lower in level. The outcome of our data analysis is consistent with the persistence of excitation as a dominant mechanism in forward masking.
Dune Restoration Over Two Decades at the Lanphere and Ma-le’l Dunes in Northern California

Coastal dune restoration on the west coast of North America has focused on the removal of invasive plants that reduce biodiversity and/or alter ecosystem processes. Manual removal (digging) of Ammophila arenaria and other non-native plants was carried out from 1992 to 1998 at the Lanphere Dunes, and from 2005 to 2010 at the Ma-le’l Dunes, both currently part of Humboldt Bay National Wildlife Refuge. The earlier project removed Ammophila over several years in a patchwork fashion to avoid mobilizing dunes. Over the ensuing two decades vegetation recovered without assistance and is now similar in cover and species composition to nearby uninvaded dunes. In contrast, Ammophila removal at the Ma-le’l Dunes was not spatially phased, and increased foredune erosion was observed. The native dune grass Leymus mollis was planted and continues to spread. Vegetation at the Ma-le’l Dunes, representing an earlier point along the temporal restoration continuum, is currently lower in cover than the Lanphere restoration and lower in species diversity than both the earlier restoration project and the uninvaded dunes. Manual removal was costly, but reduced or eliminated the need for revegetation. Community volunteers were engaged and continue to support both projects, improving the long-term outlook for preventing reinvasion.
Early High-Fat Diet Exposure Causes Dysregulation of the Orexin and Dopamine Neuronal Populations in Nonhuman Primates

Maternal obesity and consumption of a high-fat diet (HFD) during pregnancy has a negative impact on offspring, including an increased risk for the development of obesity in adolescence. The mechanism for this transferred metabolic risk is unclear, but many studies have focused on the brain due to its important role in appetite and body-weight regulation. Two main pathways regulate appetite in the brain; homeostatic regulation that occurs predominantly in hypothalamic circuits and hedonic regulation of feeding that occurs via dopaminergic pathways. The current proposal examined the impact of early HFD exposure on the dopaminergic control of hedonic feeding pathways in a translational nonhuman primate model. Japanese macaque offspring from mothers consuming a control (CTR) or HFD were weaned onto control or HFD at an average 8 months of age yielding four groups: maternal and post-weaning control diet (mCTRpCTR), maternal control diet and post-weaning HFD (mCTRpHFD), maternal HFD and post-weaning control diet (mHFDpCTR) and maternal and post-weaning HFD (mHFDpHFD). Brains from 13-month-old offspring were evaluated for expression of neuropeptides that regulate dopaminergic pathways including orexin, melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and tyrosine hydroxylase expression in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Orexin cell numbers in the LH were significantly increased in animals exposed to a post-weaning HFD, while no difference was observed for orexin mRNA content or MCH cell numbers. Orexin fiber projections to the rostral VTA were significantly reduced in mCTRpHFD, mHFDpCTR, and mHFDpHFD groups, but these differences were not significant in the caudal VTA. There was no difference in the percentage of dopamine neurons receiving close appositions from orexin fibers in either the rostral or caudal VTA, nor was there any difference between groups in the number of orexin contacts per TH cell. In conclusion, the current study finds that prolonged early exposure to HFD during the in utero and postnatal period causes alterations at several levels in the dopaminergic circuits regulating reward.
Functional Family Therapy in Clinical Practice: An Evidence-Based Treatment Model for Working With Troubled Adolescents

Functional Family Therapy in Clinical Practice develops a comprehensive presentation that serves as a systematic guide to understanding the Functional Family Therapy (FFT) clinical model, the FFT service delivery system, the theoretical principles that serve as the foundation of FFT, and the mechanism of therapeutic change that gives FFT its potency. Clinically relevant, theoretically sound, and scientifically based, this book contains systematic discussions of topics and theoretical perspectives, as well as illustrative clinical examples that demonstrate the manner in which principles are applied in Family Focused Therapy.
Getting the most out of your crystals: Data collection at the new high-flux, microfocus MX beamlines at NSLS-II

Advances in synchrotron technology are changing the landscape of macromolecular crystallography. The two recently opened beamlines at NSLS-II—AMX and FMX—deliver high-flux microfocus beams that open new possibilities for crystallographic data collection. They are equipped with state-of-the-art experimental stations and automation to allow data collection on previously intractable crystals. Optimized data collection strategies allow users to tailor crystal positioning to optimally distribute the X-ray dose over its volume. Vector data collection allows the user to define a linear trajectory along a well diffracting volume of the crystal and perform rotational data collection while moving along the vector. This is particularly well suited to long, thin crystals. We describe vector data collection of three proteins—Akt1, PI3Kα, and CDP-Chase—to demonstrate its application and utility. For smaller crystals, we describe two methods for multicrystal data collection in a single loop, either manually selecting multiple centers (using H108A-PHM as an example), or “raster-collect”, a more automated approach for a larger number of crystals (using CDP-Chase as an example).
Supporting healthier urban environments with a sound and noise curriculum for students

While urban environments do indeed have sounds that are exhilarating and exciting, people also comment that these environments are too often loud and uncomfortable. New York City excites people wit...
Measures of skin conductance and heart rate in alcoholic men and women during memory performance

We examined abnormalities in physiological responses to emotional stimuli associated with long-term chronic alcoholism. Skin conductance responses (SCR) and heart rate (HR) responses were measured in 32 abstinent alcoholic (ALC) and 30 healthy nonalcoholic (NC) men and women undergoing an emotional memory task in an MRI scanner. The task required participants to remember the identity of two emotionally-valenced faces presented at the onset of each trial during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. After viewing the faces, participants saw a distractor image (an alcoholic beverage, nonalcoholic beverage, or scrambled image) followed by a single probe face. The task was to decide whether the probe face matched one of the two encoded faces. Skin conductance measurements (before and after the encoded faces, distractor, and probe) were obtained from electrodes on the index and middle fingers on the left hand. HR measurements (beats per minute before and after the encoded faces, distractor, and probe) were obtained by a pulse oximeter placed on the little finger on the left hand. We expected that, relative to NC participants, the ALC participants would show reduced SCR and HR responses to the face stimuli, and that we would identify greater reactivity to the alcoholic beverage stimuli than to the distractor stimuli unrelated to alcohol. While the beverage type did not differentiate the groups, the ALC group did have reduced skin conductance and HR responses to elements of the task, as compared to the NC group.
Four Decades of Increasingly Pleasant Weather in the United States: 1974-2013

We hypothesize that changes in weather patterns in the United States over recent decades have combined to produce an important--and heretofore overlooked--phenomenon: daily weather has become more pleasant for a substantial majority of Americans since the climate change issue emerged in the public sphere. We investigate this hypothesis using daily weather data gathered from weather stations across the United States over the past four decades. We examine county-level data on how winter and summer weather conditions along with annual precipitation have changed over this period. We use these data to develop an index of weather pleasantness derived from previous research on how weather conditions affect population growth in the United States. We estimate that 84 percent of Americans currently live in counties that are experiencing more pleasant weather now than they did three decades ago. Spanning a range that includes much of the Mountain West, the Southwest, the South and the lower Midwest, the counties whose weather has improved the most are growing more rapidly and have younger populations than counties that have experienced poorer weather. Given previous research showing that the public relies on local weather to understand the problem of global warming, we anticipate that improvement in daily weather patterns may represent yet another challenge to raising Americans’ interest in and concern about the consequences of climate change.
Children Bewitched–Children Possessed: Three Early Modern Examples

Gerhild Williams reviews texts about children or very young adolescents who are being led to the witches’ sabbath by adults, usually their mothers or aunts, to be offered to Satan. We also meet a boy who changes into a werewolf terrifying the neighbors (Pierre de Lancre 1612). Sensational news about children accused of and instructed in black magic appears in chapbooks, demonologies, and pamphlets all across early modern Europe, telling us of a community fearful and suspicious of the outsider, the witch, the shapeshifter. The texts under discussion here argue that the Devil relentlessly pursues the young in his efforts to seduce and destroy them. Perhaps less intentionally these texts also demonstrate that he thrives on despair, sadness, poverty, and abuse. These childhoods are not ours, we do not look at children as potential victims of evil forces, except for the real threat visited upon them by adults. But since Satan exercised his powers over all humanity, the child as victim is present in many early modern demonologies and trial records.
Accurate Pouring using Model Predictive Control Enabled by Recurrent Neural Network

Humans perform the task of pouring often and in which exhibit consistent accuracy regardless of the complicated dynamics of the liquid. Model predictive control (MPC) appears to be a natural candidate solution for the task of accurate pouring considering its wide use in industrial applications. However, MPC requires the model of the system in question. Since an accurate model of the liquid dynamics is difficult to obtain, the usefulness of MPC for the pouring task is uncertain. In this work, we model the dynamics of water using a recurrent neural network (RNN), which enables the use of MPC for pouring control. We evaluated our RNN-enabled MPC controller using a physical system we made ourselves and averaged a pouring error of 16. 4mL over 5 different source containers. We also compared our controller with a baseline switch controller and showed that our controller achieved a much higher accuracy than the baseline controller.
Microbial Alterations and Risk Factors of Breast Cancer: Connections and Mechanistic Insights

Breast cancer-related mortality remains high worldwide, despite tremendous advances in diagnostics and therapeutics; hence, the quest for better strategies for disease management, as well as the identification of modifiable risk factors, continues. With recent leaps in genomic technologies, microbiota have emerged as major players in most cancers, including breast cancer. Interestingly, microbial alterations have been observed with some of the established risk factors of breast cancer, such as obesity, aging and periodontal disease. Higher levels of estrogen, a risk factor for breast cancer that cross-talks with other risk factors such as alcohol intake, obesity, parity, breastfeeding, early menarche and late menopause, are also modulated by microbial dysbiosis. In this review, we discuss the association between known breast cancer risk factors and altered microbiota. An important question related to microbial dysbiosis and cancer is the underlying mechanisms by which alterations in microbiota can support cancer progression. To this end, we review the involvement of microbial metabolites as effector molecules, the modulation of the metabolism of xenobiotics, the induction of systemic immune modulation, and altered responses to therapy owing to microbial dysbiosis. Given the association of breast cancer risk factors with microbial dysbiosis and the multitude of mechanisms altered by dysbiotic microbiota, an impaired microbiome is, in itself, an important risk factor.
Frequency of MicroRNA Response Elements Identifies Pathologically Relevant Signaling Pathways in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.

Summary Complex interactions between mRNAs and microRNAs influence cellular functions. The mRNA-microRNA interactions also determine the post-transcriptional availability of mRNAs and unbound microRNAs. MicroRNAs binds to one or more microRNA Response Elements (MREs) located on the 3’untranslated regions (3’UTR) of mRNAs. In this study, we leveraged MREs and their frequencies in cancer and matched normal tissues to obtain insights into disease-specific interactions between mRNAs and microRNAs. We developed a bioinformatics method ‘ReMIx’ that utilizes RNA-Seq data to quantify MRE frequencies across the transcriptome. We applied ReMIx to Triple Negative (TN) breast cancer tumor-normal adjacent pairs and identified MREs specific to TN tumors. ReMIx identified candidate mRNAs and microRNAs in the MAPK signaling cascade. Further analysis of MAPK gene regulatory networks revealed microRNA partners that influence and modulate MAPK signaling. In conclusion, we demonstrate a novel method of using MREs in the identification of functionally relevant mRNA-microRNA interactions in TN breast cancer.
Acute Transverse Myelitis and Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

1. Ilana Kahn, MD* 1. *Children’s National Health System, George Washington University Medical School, Washington, DC * Abbreviations: ADEM: : acute disseminated encephalomyelitis ADS: : acquired demyelinating syndrome AQP4: : aquaporin-4 ATM: : acute transverse myelitis CNS: : central nervous system CSF: : cerebrospinal fluid IgG: : immunoglobulin G IVIg: : intravenous immunoglobulin MOG: : myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein MRI: : magnetic resonance imaging MS: : multiple sclerosis NMO: : neuromyelitis optica NMOSD: : neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder OCB: : oligoclonal band Most pediatricians report lack of knowledge related to the understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of both acute disseminating encephalomyelitis and acute transvers myelitis. Pediatric providers should understand presenting symptoms, initial diagnostic testing, and acute treatment. Clinicians should know when to refer to a neurologist for evaluation of long-term treatment. After completing this article, readers should be able to: 1. Define and characterize acquired demyelinating syndromes. 2. Identify the prevalence, etiology, and clinical presentations of acute disseminating encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and acute transverse myelitis (ATM). 3. Initiate a diagnostic evaluation, including an evaluation for medical emergencies. 4. Make treatment decisions for acute management. 5. Counsel patients on long-term outcomes after ADEM and ATM. 6. Counsel patients on recurrence risks for multiphasic or chronic demyelinating diseases. Acquired demyelinating syndromes (ADSs) encompass a group of immune-mediated disorders in which there is breakdown of the myelin sheath, the lipid-rich covering around the axon that increases conduction speed and metabolic efficiency of the neuron. ADSs are characterized by a sudden onset of new neurologic symptoms in concurrence with neuroimaging evidence of demyelination. Outcomes vary from full neurologic recovery to long-term severe disability. ADSs are characterized based on location and frequency of the demyelinating events. Location is either focal, limited to 1 specific location, or polyfocal, involving several areas of the central nervous system (CNS). Frequency is classified as monophasic or multiphasic, meaning either a single 1-time event or a recurrent, potentially chronic, disease. It is important to keep at the forefront of your mind, however, that over time what seems to be a monophasic event may, in fact, turn out to be the initial or first attack of a multiphasic disorder. (1) …
Case Report: Long-term Structural and Functional Effects of Ethambutol Optic Neuropathy

Significance This case report demonstrates reduction in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and an abnormal electroretinogram after toxic optic neuropathy from ethambutol, more than 1 year after improvements in visual acuity (VA) and visual fields (VFs) were seen. Although many studies have described complications of ethambutol, continuing reduction in RNFL thickness 2 years after discontinuation has not been described elsewhere. Purpose It is well known that ethambutol can cause optic nerve toxicity, visual impairment, and VF loss. Visual acuity can be regained after stopping the drug; however, the amount and time frame are variable. There are few data on long-term follow-up of these cases to direct clinicians how to proceed once VA has stabilized. Here we present a case with 2 years of follow-up for a patient with ethambutol toxicity, showing the condition change even after VA becomes normal. Case report A 61-year-old man presented shortly after discontinuing ethambutol for Mycobacterium avium complex. Visual acuity values were 20/70 in the right eye and 20/125 in the left eye with cecocentral VF scotomas. Optical coherence tomography showed normal RNFL. Visual-evoked potentials were significantly reduced and delayed. Over the course of 2 years, the patient became asymptomatic as VA and VF returned to normal and visual-evoked potential improved. However, the optical coherence tomography RNFL was reduced from each visit to the next, and the electroretinogram showed decreased scotopic and photopic amplitudes. Conclusions Signs of ethambutol toxicity may remain or worsen years after discontinuation, even in the absence of patient symptoms and with normal VA and VF.
Association Between Midpregnancy Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels and Offspring Autism Spectrum Disorder in a California Population-Based Case-Control Study.

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are critical for brain development and have been linked with neurodevelopmental outcomes. We conducted a population-based case-control study in California to examine the association between PUFAs measured in midpregnancy serum samples and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in offspring. ASD cases (n = 499) were identified through the California Department of Developmental Services and matched to live-birth population controls (n = 502) on birth month, year (2010 or 2011), and sex. Logistic regression models were used to examine crude and adjusted associations. In secondary analyses, we examined ASD with and without co-occurring intellectual disability (ID; n = 67 and n = 432, respectively) and effect modification by sex and ethnicity. No clear patterns emerged, though there was a modest inverse association with the top quartile of linoleic acid level (highest quartile vs. lowest: adjusted odds ratio = 0.74, 95% confidence interval: 0.49, 1.11; P for trend = 0.10). Lower levels of total and ω-3 PUFAs were associated with ASD with ID (lowest decile of total PUFAs vs. deciles 4-7: adjusted odds ratio = 2.78, 95% confidence interval: 1.13, 6.82) but not ASD without ID. We did not observe evidence of effect modification by the factors examined. These findings do not suggest a strong association between midpregnancy PUFA levels and ASD. In further work, researchers should consider associations with ASD with ID and in other time windows.
Successful closure of a large abdominal wall defect using endoscopic component separation technique in an infant with a giant ventral hernia after staged surgery for omphalocele

The management of large abdominal wall defects, such as omphalocele or gastroschisis, remains a challenge for pediatric surgeons. Though several techniques have been described to repair those conditions, there is no procedure considered to be the standard worldwide. We report an infant girl with a giant ventral hernia after staged surgery for omphalocele in whom delayed closure of a large abdominal wall defect was performed successfully using “endoscopic component separation technique (ECST)” without serious complications. A baby girl was admitted to our hospital because of a giant omphalocele, which had been prenatally diagnosed. The omphalocele was supraumbilical and included the entire liver. After staged surgery, a large abdominal wall defect was closed by skin, creating a giant ventral hernia. We performed endoscopic separation component technique (ECST) for the closure of her abdominal wall defect when she was 11 months of age. ECST was initiated with placement of a 5.0-mm port just above the inguinal ligament and under the external oblique muscle. The space between the external and internal oblique muscles was created by the insufflation pressure, and a second 5.0-mm port was placed at 1.0 cm below the inferior edge of the rib into the space. As the further dissection was carried, the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle was identified as a white line, running vertically from the epigastrium to inguinal ligament. It was transected longitudinally using electrocautery over its full length. The same procedure was performed on the contralateral side and the abdominal wall was successfully closed. Postoperative course was uneventful. The technique of ECST, described here, is simple and safe for infants, and the cosmetic result is satisfactory.
Phylogeny, function and ecology in the deep evolutionary history of the mammalian forelimb.

Mammals are the only living members of the larger clade Synapsida, which has a fossil record spanning 320 Ma. Despite the fact that much of the ecological diversity of mammals has been considered i...
Current Conceptualizations of the Transfer of Learning and Their Use in STEM Education Research

In this chapter, we trace the evolution of transfer research in the field of mathematics education (and associated domains, such as science education and computer science education), from the rejection of the transfer of learning construct to the recent flowering of research from progressive transfer perspectives. In the main body of the chapter, we present the key features of six progressive perspectives on the transfer of learning, using examples of their recent use in STEM education research. Finally, we end with a discussion of the motivation for and organization of this book.
Feeding the World through Improved Animal Health and Genetic Selection

Animal health is a complex interaction of the genetics of the individual, the environment in which they live, and the management practices that influence the animal’s pathogen exposures. To efficiently maximize production and meet the increasing global demand for meat and dairy protein, cattle health must be improved. The use of genetic selection to choose cattle that are less susceptible to disease has not been extensively explored. The availability of new genetic tools makes the identification of loci associated with disease more efficient and provides an opportunity to use genomic selection to increase the rate of genetic gains in production and health traits. The genetic gains from these advances have begun to be realized in the dairy industry. This review discusses the potential for improvement in cattle production and health through genetic selection as a means of meeting the global demands for beef and dairy protein for human consumption.
Acculturation and Subsequent Oral Health Problems Among Foreign-Born Older Chinese Americans: Does Neighborhood Disorder Matter?

Objectives:To investigate the relationship between acculturation and subsequent oral health problems in older Chinese Americans and to further test the moderating role of neighborhood disorder in s...
Comparison of quantitative internal and external measures of performance for trainees in cytopathology fellowships.

Introduction Cytopathology fellowships need measures to assess performance of fellows. We sought to compare several internal quantitative assessment metrics in our fellowship with external metrics, such as performance on the American Society of Cytopathology (ASC) Progressive Evaluation of Competency (PEC) examination and United States Medical Licensing Examination (USMLE). Methods Quantitative parameters generated from our laboratory information system (LIS) on cytopathology fellows were evaluated over 6 years, including case volume and diagnostic discrepancies, in addition to ASC PEC and USMLE scores. For discrepancy reports, interpretations made by the fellow were compared with that of the cytopathologist, and classified as none (concordant), minor ( Results We evaluated internal and external metrics on 13 fellows over 6 years. The program average diagnostic concordance rate was 89.9%, with an average major discrepancy rate of 1.5%, and an average monthly case volume of 260 cases. More fellows with above-average ASC PEC performance showed above-average concordant diagnoses and lower case volume, while below-average PEC scores were seen more often with higher major discrepancy rates. More fellows with above-average USMLE scores had higher case volumes, while low USMLE scores showed a trend towards higher major discrepancy rates. Conclusion Our fellowship program has used a variety of internal and external measures of performance for cytopathology fellows. Although the findings show no statistically significant finding correlating performance, these quantitative parameters generated from our LIS were helpful to identify areas of improvement, facilitate comparison to peers, and provide case volume documentation.
Do Current Measures of Social Exclusion Depict the Multidimensional Challenges of Marginalized Urban Areas? Insights, Gaps and Future Research.

According to the United Nations, 70% of the world’s population will live in cities by 2050, increasing the proliferation of areas of social exclusion and thus polarization and segregation. The establishment of multidimensional measures seeks to identify such situations of social exclusion to inform social policies and interventions. However, some concerns emerge: Are these measures catching the needs of people living in particularly disadvantages areas? Do they offer a human-centred approach or a territorial focus? Is the multidimensionality of such measures reflecting nonmaterial aspects such as health, access to liveable environments or political participation? To analyse how the scientific literature is addressing the measurement of social exclusion to tackle such urban challenges, a systematic review following the PRISMA guidelines was performed in the Web of Science database. After screening following the inclusion criteria, 28 studies were identified that analysed systems of indicators that multidimensionally examined social exclusion at the individual and/or family level in urban contexts. Despite studies being eminently limited to some Western countries, the results revealed a broad diversity. However, very few of them fully focused on the specific characteristics of marginalized urban areas, and most found serious difficulties in overcoming a material approach.
Disentangling the association between PTSD symptom heterogeneity and alcohol use disorder: Results from the 2019–2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study

Veterans are at increased risk of comorbid posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and alcohol use disorder (AUD) relative to civilians. Few studies have explored the association between distinct PTSD symptoms and AUD in veterans, and existing findings are highly discrepant. This study aimed to address this gap and equivocal association by evaluating which PTSD symptom clusters are most associated with AUD in a veteran sample using the 7-factor 'hybrid' model of PTSD. Data were analyzed from the 2019-2020 National Health and Resilience in Veterans Study (NHRVS), a nationally representative survey of 4069 U.S. veterans. Veterans completed self-report measures to assess current PTSD symptoms and AUD. Multivariable logistic regression and relative importance analyses were conducted to examine associations between the 7-factor model of PTSD symptoms and AUD. Adjusting for sociodemographic, military, trauma factors, and depressive symptoms, scores on the dysphoric arousal (20.7% relative variance explained [RVE]) and externalizing behaviors (19.0% RVE) symptom clusters were most strongly associated with AUD in the full sample, while externalizing behaviors (47.7% RVE), anxious arousal (23.9% RVE), and dysphoric arousal (12.4%) accounted for the majority of explained variance in veterans who screened positive for PTSD. Results of this nationally representative study of U.S. veterans highlight the importance of externalizing behaviors and arousal symptoms of PTSD as potential drivers of AUD in this population. The 7-factor hybrid model of PTSD provides a more nuanced understanding of PTSD-AUD associations, and may help inform risk assessment and more personalized treatment approaches for veterans with and at-risk for AUD.
Tissue schematics map the specialization of immune tissue motifs and their appropriation by tumors

A schematic of a biological system, i.e., a representation of its pieces, how they are combined, and what they do, would facilitate understanding its essential organization and alteration in pathogenesis or evolution. We present a computational approach for constructing tissue schematics (TSs) from high-parameter imaging data and a biological model for interpreting them. TSs map the spatial assembly of cellular neighborhoods into tissue motifs, whose modular composition, we propose, enables the generation of complex outputs. We developed our approach in human lymphoid tissue (HLT), identifying the follicular outer zone as a potential relay between neighboring zones and a core lymphoid assembly with modifications characteristic of each HLT type. Applying the TS approach to the tumor microenvironment in human colorectal cancer identified a higher-order motif, whose mutated assembly was negatively associated with patient survival. TSs may therefore elucidate how immune architectures can be specialized and become vulnerable to reprogramming by tumors.
Evaluating Recycled Concrete Aggregate as Hot Mix Asphalt Aggregate

The use of recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) in asphalt mix is a sustainable construction practice, provided that the addition of RCA does not adversely affect the performance of the asphalt mix. In this study, the effects of RCA on the performance behavior of hot mix asphalt (HMA) were examined. The mixes were produced by blending RCA with virgin aggregate at six different percentages (0 %, 20 %, 40 %, 60 %, 80 %, and 100 %). The mix design results indicate that the RCA is highly absorptive, and that as the percentage of RCA in the mix increases, the optimum asphalt content increases significantly. In terms of performance behavior, the addition of RCA to the HMA mix reduced the modulus, resistance to rutting, fatigue, thermal cracking, and resistance to moisture damage of the asphalt mix. Considering the performance behavior and the need for a higher asphalt content, the use of RCA as HMA aggregate is not recommended, even though all the RCA mixes met the volumetric requirements. More important, the findings in this study indicate that the absorbed asphalt might play a significant role at high temperatures, likely because of expansion of the asphalt.
The utility of probabilistic models to identify individuals with future high medical expenditures

The utility of probabilistic models to identify individuals with future high medical expenditures1 Steven B. Cohena,∗, Trena Ezzati-Riceb and William Yub aCenter for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA Tel.: +1 301 427 1466; Fax: +1 301 427 1276; E-mail: scohen@ahrq.gov bDivision of Statistical Research and Methods, Center for Financing, Access and Cost Trends, Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, 540 Gaither Road, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
The Exponential Map

In this chapter we introduce the exponential map of a Lie group, which is a canonical smooth map from the Lie algebra into the group, mapping lines through the origin in the Lie algebra to one-parameter subgroups. As our first application, we prove the closed subgroup theorem, which says that every topologically closed subgroup of a Lie group is actually an embedded Lie subgroup. Next we prove a higher-dimensional generalization of the fundamental theorem on flows: if G is a simply connected Lie group, then any Lie algebra homomorphism from its Lie algebra into the set of complete vector fields on a smooth manifold M generates a smooth action of G on M. Using this theorem, we prove that there is a one-to-one correspondence between isomorphism classes of finite-dimensional Lie algebras and isomorphism classes of simply connected Lie groups. At the end of the chapter, we show that connected normal subgroups of a Lie group correspond to ideals in its Lie algebra.
Effects of Finite Water Depth on Natural Frequencies of Suspended Water Tanks

Linear sloshing problems (inviscid irrotational flows) in suspended tanks are revisited, with an intention to address some issues in the previous study based on shallow water wave theory. Time-periodic solutions are considered, which describe the synchronized oscillation of the water and tank, reached after the initial transient dies out. The solutions are developed for arbitrary water depths, and separate explicitly the propagating and evanescent wave components of the fluid motion, illuminating clearly the physics and converging rapidly. At the limit of infinite string length, these solutions describe the sloshing motions in tanks that are free to oscillate horizontally on a frictionless plane. Various effects on the lowest sloshing mode are discussed, emphasizing the physical interpretations and examining the limitations of the shallow water approximations. Comparisons with existing laboratory experiments are made, showing agreements with the analysis.
Load miss performance analysis methodology using the PowerPC 604 performance monitor for OLTP workloads

This paper describes a methodology via which the PowerPC 604 Micro Processor (abbreviated 604 in the remainder of this paper) performance monitor can be used to examine and contrast the effects of hardware variations on system performance. We present performance measurement data and analysis of an On-Line Transaction Processing (OLTP) workload, which are derived via repeated runs using a database software engine with several different memory and processor speeds. We show for our workload that variations in the easily measured load miss sojourn can be used to approximate the valuable but difficult to measure composite cache miss penalty. We also show interesting variations in bus utilization versus bus to processor clock ratios.
A Brief History of U.S. Agricultural Policy and the Farm Bill

This textbook chapter kicks off the groundbreaking Food, Agriculture, and Environmental Law, in which leading environmental legal scholars Mary Jane Angelo, Jason Czarnezki, and Bill Eubanks, along with five distinguished contributing authors, undertake an exploration of the challenging political and societal issues facing agricultural policy and modern food systems through the lens of environmental protection laws. It is the first book to examine both the impact of agricultural policy on the environment and the influence of environmental law on food and agriculture. The focus of this chapter is the historical shift in the purposes and missions underlying our farm policy over the past century, and the implications of that transition for farmers, consumers, and the federal government in terms of food availability, nutrition, rural development, and conservation. The copyright is held by the Environmental Law Institute/Thomson Reuters and may be purchased on their website.
Structure-Guided Discovery of New Antimicrobial Agents

This review provides the current status of structure-guided drug discovery, with examples from antibiotic drug discovery. The article aims to show where and when structural biology has been used “early and often” during the process of antibiotic drug discovery, primarily against novel antibacterial targets. The vast majority of examples are derived from the use of protein crystallization and diffraction information and the high-resolution protein structures that those tools provide. The review provides key examples and a range of methods that have effectively used structural information in various stages of the antibacterial drug discovery process. The starting point for structure-guided drug discovery is most often a high-resolution structure of the target protein. Over the past decade, the publicly funded Protein Structure Initiatives have solved a large number of bacterial protein structures, often from clinically important bacterial species. The public release of these high-resolution structures has enabled structure-guided efforts for antibacterial drug discovery. Many structure-guided methods overcome challenges raised by the limited chemical diversity found in existing chemical diversity libraries.
Lesion of septal-hippocampal neurons with 192 IgG-saporin alters function of M1 muscarinic receptors

Abstract Cholinergic neurons projecting from the medial septum to the hippocampus were lesioned with the selective neurotoxin 192 IgG-saporin. Injection of 300 ng of 192 IgG-saporin into the medial septum produced a 60% decrease in choline acetyltransferase activity. M1 muscarinic receptor function was examined by measuring enhancement of evoked release of norepinephrine from rat hippocampal slices by the M1 selective agonist McN-A-343. In hippocampal slices from rats which were lesioned with 192-saporin, the response to McN-A-343 was reduced compared to sham-operated controls. Pirenzepine binding demonstrated no change in M1 receptor number or affinity. However, the curve for displacement of pirenzepine by the muscarinic agonist oxotremorine-M was shifted to the right in hippocampal tissue from lesioned rats. This shift was identical to that produced by addition of the non-hydrolyzable GTP analogue GppNHp, which uncouples the M1 muscarinic receptor/G-protein complex. These results suggest that lesion of septal-hippocampal cholinergic inputs causes uncoupling of the M1 muscarinic receptor, decreasing responsiveness to stimulation. These findings are similar to reports of decreased M1 muscarinic receptor coupling to G-proteins and loss of function in Alzheimer’s disease. The 192 IgG-saporin lesion may provide a viable animal model in which to study uncoupling of G-proteins and M1 muscarinic receptors.
ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF TRANSPORTATION NETWORK CHANGES: IMPLEMENTATION OF A COMBINED TRANSPORTATION NETWORK AND INPUT-OUTPUT MODEL

This article estimates and evaluates the economic impacts from a catastrophic earthquake within regional and national contexts, emphasising the inter-industry relationship in conjunction with regional commodity flows and the assessment of seismic damages on a transportation network. The analytical methods employed are twofold: a multi-regional input-output model and a regional commodity flow model. Using the above analytical framework, the economic impacts from a catastrophic earthquake are estimated and evaluated based on hypothetical scenarios of the event, by analysing the magnitude and extent of direct and indirect impacts. Furthermore, as possible extensions, the models developed here can be used as tools for strategic management of the recovery and reconstruction efforts after the event.
Willingness to Pay for Sensory Properties in Washington State Red Wines

In this article, we evaluate how sensory qualities of wine, such as astringency, bitterness, aroma, and flavor, affect consumers' willingness to pay for wine. In order to accomplish this objective, we utilize data collected from untrained consumers, a trained panel, and laboratory measurements of tannin intensity. From this data, a consumer-preference model, a consumer-intensity model, a trained-panel model, and an instrumental-measurement model are estimated and compared. Overall, the consumer-preference model is the most accurate in predicting consumers' willingness to pay. As expected, the closer a wine is to a consumer's ideal, the more they are willing to pay. Astringency has a mostly positive effect, and bitterness has a negative effect. Comparing the accuracy of the other models, the instrumental-measurement model is the next best, followed by trained-panel model, and the consumer-intensity model. This suggests that the instrumental measurements can be used as an effective alternative to trained panels. This is important because trained panels may be less practical to use on an ongoing basis. (JEL Classification: Q13, M31)
Multimodal signal detection: Independent decisions vs. integration

The pooling of information from simultaneous, spatially congruent auditory and visual stimuli is examined in a signal detection task. The paradigm used permits discrimination among a number of models of the decision mechanisms involved in processing multiple component stimuli. Parameter-free predictions are presented for the weighted integration model and for three versions of the independent decisions model. The data support an independent decisions model of the bimodal detection process in which attention is shared equally between modalities.
Oviposition in Triatoma protracta: Role of mating and relationship to egg growth

Abstract Yolk deposition begins in the terminal oocytes of virgins of Triatoma protracta a few days after adult eclosion, and while a few eggs may be matured before vitellogenesis ceases, none are laid. Mating at day four stimulates egg maturation and oviposition in fed and unfed females, egg-laying beginning as early as nine days after eclosion. If mating is delayed until day 16, by which time vitellogenesis normally has ceased, stored eggs are laid within two to four days and yolk deposition is resumed. Removal of the brain prevents oviposition, as does the severance of the ventral nerve cord. Thus, an intact central nervous system is required for egg-laying. Also, since neither operation inhibits egg maturation or ovulation, it appears that the latter reproductive responses to mating are independent of oviposition.
An efficient method for conjugation of thiamine to proteins

Abstract New derivatives of thiamine were prepared by reacting succinic, glutaric or maleic anhydride with the hydroxyl group of thiamine. The resulting free carboxyl group was then activated using N, N, N′, N′-tetramethyl-O-(-N-succinimidyl)uronium tetrafluoroborate 1 3 and conjugated to proteins. Alternatively, proteins were reacted with 2-iminothiolane and the resulting sulfhydryl groups were then added across the double bond of thiamine monomaleiate 2c prepared by the above method.