cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Pastoral Effectiveness: To Measure or Not to Measure

Interviews were conducted with 101 senior pastoral leaders from a variety of denominations in order to identify the ways in which pastors and those in authority positions over senior pastoral leaders measure their own effectiveness. The findings of these interviews revealed 23 measures of effectiveness in five categories, including leader outcomes, congregational outcomes, and objective outcomes. Based on the effectiveness taxonomy described in the current study, a process is suggested for a preliminary discussion among church leadership teams, congregational boards, and denominations to identify their primary mission, constituencies served, and related effectiveness priorities.
The Oregonian ICU: Multi-Tiered Monetarized Morality in Health Insurance Law

Resource finitude, cost containment, and a purchaser monopsony market have created public concern-about the moral and legal responsibility for quality assurance in health plans. Resource allocation and standards of care represent a clash of moral values in intensive care treatment. This essay advances a procedural model, based on legislation passed in Oregon, that could govern the incorporation of private sector health insurance plans in Oregon to assure democratic input from consumers, providers, and employers into a limited vision of individual entitlement to consume futile or inappropriate care in intensive care units (ICUs). The model, which I call the Oregonian ICU, presumes that rationing of care is implicit and not publicly disclosed under managed care. It focuses on maximizing the quality of limited benefits available in the basic managed care insurance tier. Limitations to futile and inappropriate care are developed on the basis of morally weighted prognostic scoring systems that inform the creation of negotiated private sector contracts.
The serological specificity of the poly-alanine immune system

Abstract The specificity of rabbit antisera prepared against polyalanine ( L -, D -, and DL -) hapten was examined by micro C′ fixation and hapten inhibition. Antisera were found to be highly stereospecific. Studies were performed on the inhibition of BSA-poly- L -Ala-anti BSA-poly- L -Ala reaction by (1) oligopeptides of L -Ala from the dimer to the hexamer; (2) oligopeptides of L- and D- alanine with known sequence; and (3) poly- L -alanyl-e-amino caproate. As the size of the L -Ala oligopeptides was increased from the dimer to the pentamer the effective molar inhibition progressively increased. The size of the poly L-Ala antibody site is such as to accumodate a maximum of five L -Ala residues. The contribution of the link between the hapten and carrier protein to the specificity of anti-BSA-poly L -Ala was shown to be negligible. Inhibitory effectiveness of various mixed DL -oligopeptides appeared to reflect the size of the uninterrupted L -alanine sequence regardless of its position in the oligopeptides.
Creating efficient programs by exchanging data for procedures

Abstract We present a programming style which fosters the rapid development of programs with low asymptotic complexity. The crucial idea behind the new programming style is that mutually recursive procedures, each assigned the task of returning the solution of a subproblem of the given problem, are constructed directly from the problem instance. That is, the input data is compiled into procedures.
An APL function for the asymptotic test of significance for Goodman and Kruskal's gamma statistic

Goodman and Kruskal's (1954) gamma is a measure of association that is often used to measure the degree of association between two cross-elassified ordinal variables. Gamma is a symmetric measure of ordinal association that utilizes infonnation only from concordant and discordant (i.e., untied) object pairs; Somers' (1962) d, on the other hand, is an asymmetric measure of ordinal association that utilizes the infonnation from the concordant and discordant object pairs, but adjusts for additional object pairs that are tied on the dependent variable but not on the independent variable. Although these two measures examine somewhat different kinds of object pairs obtained from the two ordinal variables, they both estimate the degree to which knowledge of order on one variable predicts order on the other variable. Several APL routines exist to compute Goodman and Kruskal's (1954) symmetric measure of ordinal association, gamma, as well as Somers' (1962) asymmetric measures, dre , with row variable dependent, and den with column variable dependent (Berry & Mielke, 1986; Brennan, Nitz, & Daly, 1988). Unfortunately, none of these routines provides the probability value, under the null hypothesis, for any of the three measures. The function GAMMA is a noniterative APL function that calculates the three coefficients of ordinal association-gamma, drc> and der-the associated two-sided probability values, and the 95% and 99% confidence limits, under full multinomial sampling. The probability values and the confidence limits are computed using the asymptotic standard errors developed by Goodman and Kruskal (1963, 1972) and, specifically, do not use the approximate standard errors given in many textbooks. The approximate tests are based on the maximum standard error (Goodman & Kruskal, 1963), which yields a conservative test with a probability of falsely rejecting the null hypothesis known only to be less than some nominal value, or they assume unifonn marginals (Somers, 1980), which may yield inaccurate test results for cross classifications with severely skewed marginal distributions. Moreover, because the approximations introduced by Somers (1980) are based on null populations, they preclude the computation of confidence limits. Procedure. Consider a full multinomial sample of n discrete objects, which are cross classified by two ordi-
Modeling of output characteristics in erbium-doped fiber ring lasers for effective active fiber lengths and input pump powers

Erbium-doped fiber lasers (EDFL) are attracting a great deal of attention in the optical communications industry. This is due mainly to the fact that the gain spectrums of these lasers are well matched to the output spectrum of erbium doper fiber amplifiers (EDFA) in the 1550 nm operating window. Many different configurations for the fiber lasers have been developed in recent years. The two most popular are ring and linear cavity lasers. Ring lasers can be designed to have a large tuning range when consideration is given to active fiber length and output coupling ratios. Here an erbium-doped fiber ring laser is modeled for comparison of input pump powers and active fiber lengths. Theoretical analysis is given based on values of optical component losses for couplers, splices, and tuning elements. We will present the laser output powers that are dependent on the output couplers reflectivity for a range of optical pump powers and various active fiber lengths.
Coupled Sr-O isotope variations as an indicator of source heterogeneity for the Northern peninsular ranges batholith

Primary δ^(18)O values for tonalitic rocks from the San Jacinto Intrusive Complex range from +9.0 to +10.6; initial ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr for the same samples varies from 0.7058 to 0.7076. Rocks with low δ^(18)O tend to have higher initial ^(87)Sr/^(86)Sr. The majority of samples have a limited range of δ^(18)O values (+10.0–+10.4) that is anticorrelated with colour index; this variation is compatible with crystallization of rocks with varying mineral abundances from an homogeneous (for oxygen) reservoir. More mafic rocks show a large range of δ^(18)O values, reflecting original variations in source material compositions. The combined Sr-O isotope data demonstrate that three or more distinct components were involved in the genesis of these rocks; these three components are also seen in batholithic rocks from the Mojave Block and Sierra Nevada to the north. These data are interpreted as indicating a 0–35% (oxygen atom basis) contribution to the San Jacinto rocks from an old continental lithosphere source.
Durkheim, Schopenhauer and the Relationship Between Goals and Means: Reversing the Assumptions in the Parsonian Theory of Rational Action*

Scholars have approached Durkheim's thought primarily from the starting point that he was a positivist. Although Schopenhauer's philosophy is not generally invoked in Durkheim's work, it appears that Schopenhauer's philosophy supplanted Comte's positivism at the turn of the century and that Durkheim was enamored with Schopenhauer's philosophy. In this essay Schopenhauer's influence upon Durkheim is traced, and the implications of this influence are discussed in terms of their effect upon sociology. By applying this starting point to Durkheim's thought and the Parsonian-Mertonian goals-means schema, it is demonstrated that Durkheim, like Schopenhauer, assumed the opposite of the Enlightenment belief that human reason could dominate passion. Implications for interpreting Durkheim's work are also discussed.
Distinct rates and patterns of human CD4+ t-cell depletion in hu-PBL-SCID mice infected with different isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus

The most fundamental question about infection with the human immunodeficiency virus is the mechanism by which infection leads to depletion of CD4+ T lymphocytes, a critical cell type for the regulation of both cellular and humoral immunity. We have studied this issue using a unique small-animal model that is highly susceptible to infection with human immunodeficiency virus. Severe combined immune deficient mice are transplanted with human peripheral blood leukocytes to create hu-PBL-SCID mice, which maintain human T and B lymphocytes and some elements of functional immunity. The hu-PBL-SCID mice respond to human immune deficiency virus infection by the relatively rapid loss of human CD4+ T cells, while other human cells remain unaffected. In this paper, we review evidence showing that different isolates of human immunodeficiency virus-1 or human immunodeficiency virus-2 cause different rates of CD4+ T-cell depletion and that these rates reflect differences in local spread of infection within lymphoid organs.
The social impact of anthropogenic landscape modification in the Río Verde drainage basin, Oaxaca, Mexico

This article examines the effects of anthropogenic landscape modification in the upper drainage basin of the Rio Verde on environments and populations of the lower Rio Verde Valley, Oaxaca, Mexico. Archaeological and geomorphological research conducted by the Rio Verde Formative Project indicates that Late Formative (400–100 B.C.) population growth and agricultural intensification in the Oaxaca and Nochixtlan valleys increased erosion and runoff from the Verde's upper drainage. This geomorphic change in the highland valleys altered the drainage system and led to increased flooding and alluviation in the lower Rio Verde Valley. The environmental effect in the lower valley may have increased the agricultural potential of the region, leading to population growth, and at least indirectly to social change.
Evaluation of Input Control Type and Screen View Orientation for a Hand-Held Radiation Detector:

Current radiation detectors are unwieldy, heavy, difficult to use and thus are not ergonomically designed. Easily usable control mechanisms are imperative for comfort, usability and accuracy for hand-held tools such as radiation detectors. A study, employing participants, examined the usability, design, and comfort of different handle designs and control mechanisms The purpose was to evaluate the prototypes for the main effects of control mechanism type, control orientation and word orientation on performance time. According to research findings for control type, the fastest performance time was found with vertically oriented push buttons and a vertical word orientation. The subjective results also showed a user preference for the vertical push button control. The results from this study can be used to drive future research and help develop a working prototype for a hand-held neutron detector.
A framework for 3D interactive applications on the web

Increasing capabilities of the latest web browsers have facilitated the accessibility, interoperability and mobility of the web. Platform-independent applications run directly through the web browser and a minimal operating system on various devices. It is now possible to develop complex computational environments including 3D graphics directly using the web browser. Recently, the emergence of the WebGL 3D graphics API's. coupled with high performance JavaScript engines, have shown many interesting variations in creating new generation of applications in the web environment. The WebGL accesses the GPU by the use of JavaScript language to efficiently present high quality 3D graphics directly on the web browser as it delivers text, pictures, and movie clips. An important benefit of this technology is that there is no need to install any additional software or plug-ins. In this paper, we introduce a web browser-based software framework for 3D interactive applications that include three essential modules: visualization, simulation and hardware integration. It can be applied to various platform independent applications that require 3D graphics technology, i.e. visualization, computer animation, gaming, and medical simulation.
Personalizing your pixels

Tired of the same old pre-packaged display modules? Does your project need more visual oomph? Then make your own display! In this studio you will learn how to design and build novel, application-specific displays. We will cover the basic operating principles of many popular displays, including electroluminescent displays, liquid crystal displays, vacuum fluorescent displays, and organic light-emitting diode (OLED) displays. We will demonstrate how you can build displays using simple design tools and fabrication techniques. Finally you will design and build your own screen-printed electroluminescent display.
Ordmet: A general algorithm for constructing all numerical solutions to ordered metric structures

The algorithm is applicable to structures such as are obtained from additive conjoint measurement designs, unfolding theory, general Fechnerian scaling, some special types of multidimensional scaling, and ordinal multiple regression. A description is obtained of the space containing all possible numerical representations which can satisfy the structure, the size and shape of which is informative. The Abelson-Tukey maximinr2 solution is provided.
An Integrative Approach to Teaching the Undergraduate Geography Course Aboriginal Peoples of the United States and Canada

Many Canadian and American academics teach about Aboriginal peoples within their own countries. However, students are left with an inaccurate and incomplete understanding if they learn only about Aboriginal peoples in the United States without including overlapping cultures in Canada and vice versa. Differences and similarities between Canadian and U.S. relationships with Aboriginal peoples need delineation. The retirement of a faculty member who taught Geography 337: American Indian led to a major course restructuring. Issues of geography, terminology, semantics, perceptions, politics, and pedagogy all factored into a shift to incorporate Canadian content. The resulting course transformation included a name change to Aboriginal Peoples of the United States and Canada, a revised course description, and corresponding revisions to course content and approach. These necessary modifications were instituted to reflect a more accurate northern North American reality.
Factors involved in resolution of placenta previa diagnosed on second trimester ultrasound

ON SECOND TRIMESTER ULTRASOUND BRIAN WAGNER, RODNEY WRIGHT, JOHN ILAGAN, PETER S. BERNSTEIN, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/ Montefiore Medical Center, Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women’s Health, Bronx, New York OBJECTIVE: Placenta previa is commonly diagnosed on second trimester ultrasounds causing patient and provider anxiety. Our objective was to determine factors associated with the persistence of placenta previa diagnosed on prenatal ultrasound in order to guide patient counseling. STUDY DESIGN: A retrospective cohort review was performed on all patients diagnosed with placenta previa and marginal placenta previa on ultrasound from 2003 to 2005. Using the AS-OBGYN computerized patient record, those patients with the terms ‘‘placenta previa’’ or ‘‘marginal placenta previa,’’ within the ultrasound reports were identified. A medical records review was then undertaken to identify those factors that are related to the resolution or continuance of the previa. Information including type of previa, gestational age at diagnosis, maternal age, parity, previous uterine surgery including cesarean delivery, curettage and myomectomy, race and smoking history were recorded. RESULTS: 532 patients were identified and after exclusion for incomplete data collection, 511 records were available for this analysis. In univariate analysis, later mean gestational age at diagnosis (22.5G5.52 v. 19.1G3.79 weeks, p!0.04), smoking (OR 8.14; 95% CI 4.18,15.92), complete previa (OR 16.98; 95% CI 9.36, 30.95), multiparty (OR 3.81; 95% CI 2.02-7.28), previous uterine curettage (OR 1.62; 95% CI 1.01, 2.62) and previous cesarean delivery (OR 16.98; 95% CI 7.93, 24.15) were all independent risk factors for persistence of placenta previa to delivery. In a multivariate analysis, only later gestational age at diagnosis, complete previa and previous cesarean delivery remained risk factors for persistence until delivery. CONCLUSION: Type of placentation, history of prior cesarean delivery, and gestational age at diagnosis are all important factors that modify the risk that a previa will persist to delivery. Using these risk factors providers may be able to individualize patient counseling on the risk of persistence of placenta previa diagnosed during second trimester ultrasounds.
Evaluating Academic Productivity and Quality.

Evaluation of academic productivity is a complex undertaking and often a taboo subject in higher education. The authors investigate factors that increase or restrict academic productivity through a review of recent studies and their own empirical research.
Reason, ridicule and religion: The age of enlightenment in England 1660–1750

(1981). Reason, ridicule and religion: The age of enlightenment in England 1660–1750. History of European Ideas: Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 79-82.
Human copper-dependent amine oxidases

Copper amine oxidases (CAOs) are a class of enzymes that contain Cu(2+) and a tyrosine-derived quinone cofactor, catalyze the conversion of a primary amine functional group to an aldehyde, and generate hydrogen peroxide and ammonia as byproducts. These enzymes can be classified into two non-homologous families: 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine quinone (TPQ)-dependent CAOs and the lysine tyrosylquinone (LTQ)-dependent lysyl oxidase (LOX) family of proteins. In this review, we will focus on recent developments in the field of research concerning human CAOs and the LOX family of proteins. The aberrant expression of these enzymes is linked to inflammation, fibrosis, tumor metastasis/invasion and other diseases. Consequently, there is a critical need to understand the functions of these proteins at the molecular level, so that strategies targeting these enzymes can be developed to combat human diseases.
Prenatal depression predicts postpartum maternal attachment in low-income Latina mothers with infants

Although maternal attachment is an important predictor of infant attachment security and other developmental outcomes, little is known about the formation of maternal attachment in the first few months of the infant's life, particularly among ethnic minority mothers. The current study examined the predictors of postpartum maternal attachment in a sample of 217 Latina women enrolled in a perinatal depression prevention trial. Mothers' attachment to their infants was measured at 6-8 weeks postpartum using the Maternal Postnatal Attachment Scale. A variety of predictors of early attachment were explored including: depressive symptoms during pregnancy, pregnancy intention, feelings about the pregnancy, and the quality of the partner relationship. The strongest predictor of lower maternal attachment was depressive symptoms late in pregnancy; pregnancy intention was marginally predictive of attachment, with lower scores being associated with unwanted pregnancies. The study fills a critical gap in our understanding of the role of depressive symptoms during pregnancy in shaping mothers' early attachment to their infants.
Strategies to overcome the action of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes for treating resistant bacterial infections

Shortly after the discovery of the first antibiotics, bacterial resistance began to emerge. Many mechanisms give rise to resistance; the most prevalent mechanism of resistance to the aminoglycoside (AG) family of antibiotics is the action of aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs). Since the identification of these modifying enzymes, many efforts have been put forth to prevent their damaging alterations of AGs. These diverse strategies are discussed within this review, including: creating new AGs that are unaffected by AMEs; developing inhibitors of AMEs to be co-delivered with AGs; or regulating AME expression. Modern high-throughput methods as well as drug combinations and repurposing are highlighted as recent drug-discovery efforts towards fighting the increasing antibiotic resistance crisis.
Modes of Foreign Entry: A Transaction Cost Analysis and Propositions

A “frontier issue” in international marketing is the appropriate choice of entry mode in foreign markets. The objective of this paper is to offer a transaction cost framework for investigating the entry mode decision. This framework provides 1) a theoretical basis for systematically interrelating the literature into propositions, 2) propositions about interactions which resolve the apparently contradictory arguments advanced to date. Specifically, the paper: The entry mode literature is reviewed in the context of these propositions, and guidelines are derived for choosing the appropriate mode of entry, given certain characteristics of the firm, the product, and the environment.
Infrared Spectrum, Force Constants, and Thermodynamic Functions of SiF2

The infrared spectrum of gaseous SiF2 has been recorded from 1050 to 400 cm−1. Two bands centered at 872 and 855 cm−1 are, respectively, assigned to the antisymmetric stretching (ν3) and symmetric stretching (ν1) frequencies of the molecule. The symmetric bending frequency (ν2) as determined from the earlier ultraviolet absorption studies lies at 345 cm−1 and could not be observed because this was well below the low‐frequency limit of the spectrometer used. The observed vibrational frequencies are combined with the available microwave data to obtain the following values of the quadratic force constants:fr=5.019 mdyn/A, frr=0.310 mdyn/A, fα/r2=0.440 mdyn/A, fαr/r=0.123 mdyn/A. Two cubic potential constants have been evaluated, K222=−9.5 cm−1 and K122=9.9 cm−1. The average structure of SiF2 in its ground state is computed and found to be 〈r〉=1.5947 A, 〈α〉=100°53′, where r is the Si–F bond distance and α the F–Si–F angle. A table of thermodynamic functions of SiF2 is presented.
The timed-token protocol for real-time communications

The timed-token protocol is a token-passing protocol in which each node receives a guaranteed share of the network bandwidth. Partly because of this property, the timed-token protocol has been incorporated into a number of network standards, including the IEEE 802.4 token bus, the Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI), and the Survivable Adaptable Fiber Optic Embedded Network (Safenet). Networks based on these standards are becoming increasingly popular in new generation real-time systems. In particular, the IEEE 802.4 standard is included in the Manufacturing Automation Protocol (MAP), which has been widely used in computer-integrated manufacturing and industrial applications. Meeting message deadlines requires proper control of medium access. In the timed-token protocol, access to the communication medium is controlled by a token that is passed among the nodes in a circular fashion. Messages are segregated into two separate classes: synchronous and asynchronous. Synchronous messages, used for real-time communication, can have deadline constraints and thus are given a guaranteed share of the network bandwidth. The authors focus on meeting the deadlines of synchronous messages. >
INTERLOCKING SCHEDULES: THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN RESPONSE AND TIME REQUIREMENTS1

Rats were exposed to an interlocking fixed-ratio 150 fixed-interval 5-minute schedule of food reinforcement and then to yoked variable-ratio schedules in which individual ratios corresponded exactly to the ratios of responses to reinforcement obtained on the interlocking schedule. After additional training with the interlocking schedule, the rats were exposed to yoked variable-interval schedules in which intervals corresponded to the intervals between successive reinforcements obtained on the second interlocking schedule. Response rates were highest in the yoked VR condition and lowest in the yoked VI, while intermediate rates characterized the interlocking schedule. Break-run patterns of responding were generated by the interlocking schedule for all subjects, while both the yoked VR and VI schedules produced comparatively stable local rates of responding. These results indicate that responding is sensitive to the interlocking schedule's inverse relationship between reinforcement frequency and responses per reinforcement.
Physical limits of acuity and hyperacuity

An ideal detector is derived for the discrimination of arbitrary stimuli in the two-alternative forced-choice paradigm. The ideal detector's performance is assumed to be limited only by quantal fluctuations, the optics of the eye, and the size and spacing of the receptors in the retinal mosaic. Detailed predictions are presented for two-point acuity and hyperacuity tasks. The ideal detector's two-point resolution, over a wide range of luminances, is approximately 10 times worse than its two-point vernier acuity or separation discrimination. Furthermore, twopoint resolution is shown to vary in proportion to the -1/4 power of spot intensity, but vernier acuity and separation discrimination vary in proportion to the -1/2 power of spot intensity. It is shown that this ideal detector can be implemented by the use of appropriately shaped receptive fields. The derivation provides a simple way to determine the shapes of these optimal receptive fields for arbitrary stimuli. The sensitivities of real (human) and ideal detectors are compared. Under many circumstances, the eye is capable of resolving changes in position that are nearly an order of magnitude smaller than the 0.5-min diameter of a foveal photoreceptor. For example, observers can reliably detect an 8-10-sec instantaneous displacement of a short line or bar,' a 2-4-sec
Using QR Codes to Differentiate Learning for Gifted and Talented Students

QR codes are two-dimensional square patterns that are capable of coding information that ranges from web addresses to links to YouTube video. The codes save time typing and eliminate errors in ente...
Correlation of experimental data with analytical predictions for GaAs FET in MMIC transmitter module in a subarray

Under the microwave/millimeter-wave monolithic integrated circuit (MIMIC) Phase 1 DARPA sponsored development program, a comprehensive integrated finite element model of a transmitter module which is based on MMIC technology was developed and exercised. This model determined FET channel temperature sensitivity to system and/or chip level design variations. Module thermal measurements were taken during operation of a brassboard assembly, and the results were compared with the predictions. These showed excellent agreement, validating the model and the approach. The authors describe the tests and compare the experimental and analytical results. >
Light Curves of Pair‐Instability Supernovae

For the initial mass range 140<M<260 M⊙, stars die in a thermonuclear runaway triggered by the pair‐production instability. Their supernovae can be remarkably energetic and synthesize considerable amounts of radioactive isotopes. We present a set of calculations modeling the evolution, explosion, and observational signatures of pair‐instability supernovae spanning a range of initial masses and envelope structures. We compare the resulting light curves and spectra to recent observations of luminous nearby supernovae, including the most compelling candidate pair‐instability event to date, SN2007bi.
Neurogenic T Waves Preceding Acute Ischemic Stroke

A 52-year-old woman presented to the emergency department complaining of atypical chest and epigastric pain. Although her neurological examination was completely normal, her ECG revealed deep, symmetric T-wave inversions in all vascular distributions, consistent with neurogenic T waves (Figure 1). Fifty minutes after the initial ECG, the patient developed left-sided hemiplegia, …
Biomechanical performance of rigid compared to dynamic anterior cervical plating: analysis of adjacent upper and lower level compressive forces

Dynamic anterior cervical plating is well established as a means of enhancing graft loading and subsequent arthrodesis. Current concerns center on the degree of adjacent-level stress induced by these systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the load transferred to adjacent levels for single-level anterior cervical discectomy and fusion utilizing rigid compared to dynamic anterior plating systems. Nine cadaveric adult human cervical spine specimens were subjected to range-of-motion testing prior to and following C5–C6 anterior cervical discectomy and fusion procedures. Interbody grafting was performed with human fibula tissue. Nondestructive biomechanical testing included flexion/extension and lateral bending loading modes. A constant displacement of 5 mm was applied in each direction and the applied load was measured in newtons (N). Specimens were tested in the following order: intact, following discectomy, after rigid plating, then after dynamic plating. Adjacent level (C4–C5 [LS] and C6– C7 [LI]) compressive forces were measured using low profile load cells inserted into each disc space. The measured load values for plating systems were then normalized using values measured for the intact specimens. Mean loads transferred to LS and LI during forced flexion in specimens with rigid plating were 23.47 N and 8.76 N, respectively; while the corresponding values in specimens with dynamic plating were 18.55 N and 1.03 N, respectively. Dynamic plating yielded no significant change at LI and a 21.0% decrease in load at LS when compared with rigid plating, although the difference was not significant. The observed trend suggests that dynamic plating may diminish superior adjacent level compressive stresses.
Land-Use Concomitants of Urban Fiscal Squeeze

A case study of the Denver metropolitan area is presented to document how local governments' responses to fiscal pressure are changing the pattern of land use within metropolitan areas from one of relative specialization within constituent jurisdictions to one of metropolitan complexes composed of communities indistinct in terms of their land use. The discussion illustrates that the trade-offs which exist between fiscal productivity and environmental quality in land use decisions have the potential to compel all but high income residential communities to strive for similar mixes of land use.
The Nonreceptor Tyrosine Kinase Fer Mediates Cross-Talk between N-Cadherin and β1-Integrins

Cadherins and integrins must function in a coordinated manner to effectively mediate the cellular interactions essential for development. We hypothesized that exchange of proteins associated with their cytoplasmic domains may play a role in coordinating function. To test this idea, we used Trojan peptides to introduce into cells and tissues peptide sequences designed to compete for the interaction of specific effectors with the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin, and assayed their effect on cadherin- and integrin-mediated adhesion and neurite outgrowth. We show that a peptide mimicking the juxtamembrane (JMP) region of the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin results in inhibition of N-cadherin and β1-integrin function. The effect of JMP on β1-integrin function depends on the expression of N-cadherin and is independent of transcription or translation. Treatment of cells with JMP results in the release of the nonreceptor tyrosine kinase Fer from the cadherin complex and its accumulation in the integrin complex. A peptide that mimics the first coiled-coil domain of Fer prevents Fer accumulation in the integrin complex and reverses the inhibitory effect of JMP. These findings suggest a new mechanism through which N-cadherin and β1-integrins are coordinately regulated: loss of an effector from the cytoplasmic domain of N-cadherin and gain of that effector by the β1-integrin complex.
On the rate of electron transfer in metal deposition reactions as a function of crystal face

Summary Single crystal surfaces of Cu having faces near to 001 and 111 have been prepared with a series of known angles of misorientation. Such surfaces were thermally faceted before use as electrodes in a pre-electrolysed solution of 0.5 M CuSO4+0.75 M H2SO4. Galvanostatic transients were observed on these electrodes at a series of current densities. Exchange current densities were determined by a process which did not involve modelistic considerations. In contrast to previous work, the exchange current densities for Cu2++ze→Cu were found to be independent of crystal plane. It is demonstrated that the thermodynamic reversible potential should be independent of crystal plane. If double layer effects are neglected, change of crystal face should have no effect on the deposition rate of Cu2++ze→Cu, where the rate determining step is in solution. This is inconsistent with the experimental results of Damjanovic et al.5, who found (i0)001/(i0)111≏3.5 for the same reaction, but in more dilute solutions than those of our system. (i0)hkl/(i0)h′k′l′ for Cu2++ze→Cu is evaluated in terms of diffuse double layer effects. If specific adsorption is absent, [(i0)001/(i0)111]d.l.≏9 for the dilute solutions of Damjanovic et al. Specific adsorption is shown to diminish this effect. A rough estimate, based upon ellipsometric measurements of ionic adsorption on Cu, is made. Such calculations indicate significant effects (3–4 times) for the ratio in solutions of Damjanovic et al. These disappear as the concentration is increased to that of the present work.
E QBAL A HMAD , Terrorism: Theirs and Ours (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2001). Pp. 59. $6.95 paper R AHUL M AHAJAN , The New Crusade (New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002). Pp. 160. $17.95 paper H OWARD Z INN , Terrorism and War (New York: Seven Stories Press, 2002). Pp. 159. $9.95 paper

The term “terrorism” is normally applied to activities of small and scattered groups who pursue their goals with fanaticism and press their political and religious agenda by the force of fear and insecurity. There are also states that sponsor terrorism. However, whether a major country such as the United States can be labeled a terrorist country is not often addressed. A few writers on the left have explored that notion. They claim that the United States' militarism abroad is similar to what terrorist groups do. Moreover, most terrorists, from the Islamic fundamentalists of the Middle East to the right-wing assassins of Latin America, are products of U.S. imperial policies. Osama bin Laden was groomed by the CIA, as were Manuel Noriega of Panama and Roberto D'Aubuisson of El Salvador.
How and when do students use flashcards

Previous survey research has documented students’ use of self-regulated study strategies, with a particular interest in self-testing. These surveys indicate that students frequently use flashcards to selftest and that self-testing is primarily used as a way to monitor learning. Whereas previous surveys provide information about whether and why students self-test, they provide minimal information about how and when students choose to self-test. Accordingly, the primary purpose of the current survey was to explore how and when students engage in self-testing. We surveyed 374 undergraduates about the amount of practice and the timing of practice, two factors that strongly affect the efficacy of selftesting. Results indicate that students understand the benefits of practising to higher criterion levels (amount of practice) but do not typically implement or understand the benefits of practising with longer lags (timing of practice). We discuss practical implications for supporting more successful student learning.
Bioavailability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in field‐contaminated Anacostia River (Washington, DC) sediment

Sediment-water partitioning behavior and bioavailability of five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs; phenanthrene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[k]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene) were measured in field-contaminated sediment collected from moderately polluted regions of the Anacostia River (Washington, DC, U.S.A.). Much of the sediment PAH burden was resistant to desorption: Effective partition coefficients were 2- to 10-fold greater than expected from literature values, and more than 80% of PAHs remained sorbed after treatment of the sediment with a nonionic polymeric adsorbent (Amberlite XAD-2) for 20 h. Bioaccumulation, elimination, and assimilation of each PAH in the deposit-feeding tubificid oligochaete Ilyodrilus templetoni were measured and compared with the equivalent measurements from laboratory-inoculated sediment. Ilyodrilus templetoni effectively accessed the desorption-resistant fraction of these organic contaminants, as exhibited by high single-gut passage assimilation efficiencies (ASEs) of the five PAHs (60% < ASE < 90%). However, steady-state accumulations of PAHs by I. templetoni were very low and consistent with low pore-water concentrations. The present results suggest that steady-state accumulation of PAHs is controlled by pore-water concentrations and is not necessarily related to route of uptake or assimilation efficiencies.
Streaming k-means approximation

We provide a clustering algorithm that approximately optimizes the k-means objective, in the one-pass streaming setting. We make no assumptions about the data, and our algorithm is very light-weight in terms of memory, and computation. This setting is applicable to unsupervised learning on massive data sets, or resource-constrained devices. The two main ingredients of our theoretical work are: a derivation of an extremely simple pseudo-approximation batch algorithm for k-means (based on the recent k-means++), in which the algorithm is allowed to output more than k centers, and a streaming clustering algorithm in which batch clustering algorithms are performed on small inputs (fitting in memory) and combined in a hierarchical manner. Empirical evaluations on real and simulated data reveal the practical utility of our method.
Stability of an N-loop ensemble-reference phase control system

This correspondence demonstrates a closed-form, linearized solution of the general N-element adaptive optics system in terms of the feedback parameters of the separate control loops. It is shown that the stability of the Nth-order loop is nearly identical with that of the separate (decoupled) loops.
Use of airborne hyperspectral image data to assess winter wheat yield

PHI (pushbroom hyperspectral imager) is a hyperspectral imaging sensor which was developed by Chinese Academy of Science. From April to May of 2002, three airborne PHI images were obtained over a winter wheat field near Beijing. In this paper, wheat yield prediction models are established using PHI spectrum information and after-harvest grain yields data. Within-field yield variability was mapped for entire wheat field based on the models. A yield map was produced from the combine harvest yield data to evaluate those models. The analysis results indicates that (1) hyperspectral remote sensing data could be used to estimate yields in winter wheat yield, (2) new and more effective indicators are needed to capture more of the factor's that affect crop yield, and such parameters should be extracted from remote sensing data
QUICKER: A Model-Driven QoS Mapping Tool for QoS-Enabled Component Middleware

This paper provides three contributions to the study of quality of service (QoS) configuration in component-based DRE systems. First, we describe the challenges associated with mapping the platform-independent QoS policies of an application into platform-dependent values of QoS parameters used to configure the behavior of QoS-enabled component middleware. Second, we describe a novel approach that uses model-transformation to map these QoS policies onto component middleware QoS configuration parameters. Third, we demonstrate the use of model-checking to verify the properties of the transformation and automate the synthesis of configuration parameters required to tune the QoS-enabled component middleware. Our results indicate that model-transformation and model-checking provide significant benefits with respect to automation, reusability, verifiability, and scalability of the QoS mapping process compared with conventional middleware configuration techniques
Performance Measurement of Name-Centric Content Distribution Methods

The recently proposed Named Data Networking (NDN) architecture and the widely deployed HTTP infrastructure both support content distribution in a name-centric fashion. In this paper, we evaluated the content distribution performance of NDN-based and HTTP-based content distribution solutions.
Quantitative Measures and Ecological Hierarchy

Societies are becoming increasingly vulnerable to the multiple negative impacts associated with environmental changes. Societal vulnerability includes both (a) the risks associated with disturbances and (b) coping measures available to mitigate the consequences of disturbances (Turner et al. 2003). Because risks and availability of coping measures vary spatially and temporally, understanding the spatiotemporal pattern of vulnerability is central to managing environmental changes. Quantifying vulnerability is challenging because the social and ecological processes that respond to and cause vulnerability vary at scales from individuals to the entire earth. Meeting this challenge requires an interdisciplinary approach reconciling pattern, process, and scale between social and ecological sciences. Landscape ecology provides both a guiding theory and methodology for conducting such interdisciplinary research. In this chapter we provide a conceptual framework for the quantification of ecological hierarchies and then discuss the uses of different quantitative approaches to understand these hierarchies. We conclude by describing how these approaches can be used and identifying important problem domains where quantitative analyses of ecological hierarchies are needed to better understand vulnerability.
Xpatch 4: the next generation in high frequency electromagnetic modeling and simulation software

Xpatch, developed at SAIC-DEMACO under the leadership of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), has become the premier high frequency simulation code suite for radar signature predictions. Xpatch applies the shooting and bouncing ray (SBR) method to realistic 3D targets in order to generate 0D through 3D radar signatures. The Xpatch prediction codes and analysis tools for measured and predicted radar cross section (RCS), high resolution range profile (HRR), and synthetic aperture radar (SAR) imagery are unparalleled in accuracy and speed across industry and the government. The Xpatch toolset is the basis for multiple DoD programs and is used by over 420 organizations across the USA.
The DARPA Cyber Grand Challenge: A Competitor's Perspective

In June 2014, DARPA launched the Cyber Grand Challenge (CGC) to spur innovation in fully automated software vulnerability analysis and repair. The competitors' automated systems evaluated challenges in the CGC Qualifying Event, with the top seven including the University of Idaho's Center for Secure and Dependable Systems team moving on to the fully automated capture-the-flag competition, which will be held in August 2016.
Dissociation of contact-noninhibition in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo.

For cell lines, the correlation of the in vitro expression of contact-inhibition to the in vivo expression of the nontumorigenic phenotype, and the correlation of the expression of contact-noninhibition (i.e., focus formation) to the expression of the tumorigenic phenotype are commonly used as a means to identify, in vitro, cells which presumably have undergone malignant transformation such that, if tested, they would grow as tumors in vivo. In this report we show that while this correlation is true for contact-noninhibited transformants induced by benzo(a)pyrene (BP), a DNA mutating and demethylating agent, it is not true for contact-noninhibited transformants induced by 5-azacytidine (AZC), a DNA demethylating agent which does not have mutagenic activity. The in vitro treatment of a contact-inhibited cell line with 5-azacytidine (AZC) results in the expression of contact-noninhibited transformants, which, in vitro quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those induced by BP but unlike BP, treatment with AZC does not result in the in vivo expression of tumorigenicity.
Ultimate Properties of Stereoregular and Stereoirregular 1,4-Polybutadiene Networks and Their Correlation with Theories

Abstract The ultimate properties of stereoregular and stereoirregular 1,4-polybutadiene (PB) networks covering a range in micro-chemical structure (cis-trans-vinyl) have been investigated. The dependence of the ultimate properties, namely the ultimate strength and the maximum extensibility, on sterochemical structure, has been demonstrated at different temperatures. Also, dependence of the ultimate properties on temperature has been apparent. Focusing special attention on the physical processes that culminate in rupture of the network, confirmed and extended the primary role played by strain-induced crystallization. More specifically, strain-induced crystallization enhances attainment of greater values of strength and extensibility. Noncrystallizable elastomers were found to have lower ultimate properties due to the absence of rupture-impeding mechanisms and consequently they become incapable of reaching their maximum extensibility. The frequently observed maximum in plots of the ultimate strength fr vs. ...
Thealpha-oxidation system of brain microsomes. Cofactors foralpha-hydroxy acid decarboxylation.

A one-carbon degradation of long-chain fatty acids, which was found to occur in the brains of rats in vivo, has been investigated in a brain microsomal fraction in vitro. Decarboxylation of the α-hydroxy acid, a possible intermediate product between the substrate and the next shorter acid, in the presence of brain microsomal fraction was enhanced by ATP, NAD, and a dialyzable fraction from the supernatant fraction. The cofactor requirement for the decarboxylation of the α-hydroxy acids provided by the dialyzable fraction can be met by several reducing agents or ferrous ion. The effectiveness of several possible cofactors for the decarboxylation of α-hydroxy acids has been evaluated.