cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of film thickness and domain spacing on defect densities in directed self-assembly of cylindrical morphology block copolymers

Directed assembly of block copolymer thin films is recognized as a high-throughput, low-cost complement to optical lithography with the ability to overcome the 32 nm natural resolution limit of conventional lithographic techniques. For bulk block copolymer systems, desired feature sizes ranging from 5 to 100 nm can be obtained by controlling the molecular weight and composition of a block copolymer, as long as the bulk order–disorder temperature (ODT) is such that the copolymer is well-segregated at the processing conditions. However, our studies on graphoepitaxially aligned cylindrical morphology block copolymer monolayer and bilayer films demonstrate that, as domain sizes are reduced, the block copolymer becomes increasingly susceptible to an unacceptably high density of thermally generated defects, resulting in a significant reduction of the ODT. Thus, in thin films, the minimum feature spacing accessible is limited by thermal defect generation and not by the bulk ODT. Our experimental studies on monol...
Rutile formation and oxygen diffusion in oxygen PIII-treated titanium

Abstract Using oxygen plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) into pure titanium with 30-kV pulses at different temperatures between 265 and 550°C, pure, stoichiometric rutile without oxygen vacancies was obtained with Raman spectroscopy. Ion beam analysis — elastic recoil detection analysis (ERDA) and Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) — was employed to determine the oxygen depth profiles. A thermally activated growth of this stoichiometric rutile layer is observed with a sharp interface to the bulk titanium. No broadening of the interface beyond 15–20 nm, the depth resolution of the profiling methods, accompanies this process. In contrast, at temperatures above 400°C a deep tail of oxygen diffusing into the titanium is found, reaching more than 0.5 μm within 1 h. This oxygen depth distribution can be described by a complementary error function. Again, the diffusion constant and the activation energy were derived from the measurements. For the second process a higher activation energy of 0.85 eV, compared with 0.5–0.6 eV for the bulk growth of TiO 2 is found.
The behavior of arsenic trioxide in non-ferrous extractive metallurgical processing

Study of the acid bake-leach process has shown potential advantages for the treatment of enargite (Cu3 AsS4 ) concentrates. Among the most important advantages of the process is the transformation of enargite to water-soluble copper sulfate and highly soluble arsenic trioxide (arsenolite). Because arsenic is retained in the condensed phase during the baking, the vapor pressure of arsenic trioxide should be estimated at typical baking temperatures (e.g. 473 K). To that end, the vapor pressure of As4 O6 (g) was estimated under the baking conditions based on published thermodynamic values. The vapor pressure of arsenolite at 473 K was found to be approximately 9.03 × 10-4 atm. Based on the linear regression analysis of the published vapor pressure values for arsenolite in the temperature range 366−579 K, the equation for the best fit line was found to be as follows, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9973:logPArsenolite (atm) = (-5780.7)/(T (K))+9.16. Available information on arsenic trioxide does not allow a definite conclusion regarding the arsenolite/claudetite transformation temperature and their exact melting points. However, the transition temperature has been reported to be in the wide range of 240−506 K in different references. Furthermore, the thermodynamic information concerning arsenolite/claudetite is sparse and at times not consistent. An effort has been made in this paper to compile the most reliable thermodynamic information for arsenic trioxide (arsenolite and claudetite).
Pedagogical Issues in Teaching Macroeconomics

Six themes for teaching macroeconomics at the intermediate college level are presented with recommendations for improvement that are based on a conference held at Miami University of Ohio in the fall of 1994.
Instructional applications of personal computers and spreadsheet software in accounting: A taxonomy of objectives and methods

Abstract Three major classes of instructional objectives that make use of personal computers and spreadsheet software are differentiated and discussed. The three major classes are distinguished by the extent to which they emphasize: (a) specific computer-modelling skills and techniques; (b) strategic, decision-making skills which rely upon computer models; and (c) general, non-computer-related accounting concepts. Instructional strategies, allocations of resources and methods of evaluation are discussed for each class of objectives. Examples are given for the implementation of each objective.
Protect New York News

As members of Protect New York look forward to 2008, let me put forward some thoughts on new challenges in urban security, these thoughts framed as a response to John Robb's book, Brave New War (Wi...
pH-dependent swelling of hydrogels containing highly branched polyamine macromonomers

Abstract We examine the pH-dependent swelling of end-linked hydrogels containing high concentrations of amine-functional macromonomers. Gels are formed by end-linking of epoxide-terminated, linear poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) to either amine-terminated poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers or highly branched poly(ethyleneimine) (PEI). After extraction in neutral water, the hydrogels are swollen in aqueous solutions of HCl or NH 4 OH to vary the external pH. Equilibrium volume swelling ratios ( Q s ) pass through a maximum value ( Q max ) at an external pH denoted as pH ∗ which is approximately 4–5 for the gels studied. The swelling behavior is modeled using Donnan equilibrium theory to describe the ion swelling pressure, with the Flory–Rehner phantom network expression representing the elastic and mixing contributions to the free energy. The model accurately predicts the maximum in swelling near pH = 4–5, but overestimates Q max for several of the gels due to neglecting the finite extensibility of the short linear PEG chains.
Reproductive consequences of infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus

Reproductive efficiency is imperative for the maintenance of profitability in both dairy and cow-calf enterprises. Bovine viral diarrhea virus is an important infectious disease agent of cattle that can potentially have a negative effect on all phases of reproduction. Reduced conception rates,early embryonic deaths, abortions, congenital defects, and weak calves have all been associated BVDV infection of susceptible females. In addition, the birth of calves PI with BVDV as a result of in utero fetal exposure is extremely important in the perpetuation of the virus in an infected herd or spread to other susceptible herds. Bulls acutely or PI with BVDV may bea source of viral spread through either natural service or semen used in artificial insemination. Management practices including elimination of PI cattle, biosecurity measures and strategic use of vaccination can be implemented to reduce the risk of BVDV related reproductive losses. Development of vaccines and vaccine strategies capable of providing better protection against fetal infection would be of benefit.
Utilization of standardized patients to evaluate clinical and interpersonal skills of surgical residents.

Background This project was designed to determine the growth of interpersonal skills during the first year of a surgical residency. Methods All categorical surgical residents were given a clinical skills examination of abdominal pain using standardized patients during their orientation (T1). The categorical residents were retested after 11 months (T2). The assessment tool was based on a 12-item modified version of the 5-point Likert Interpersonal Scale (IP) used on the National Board of Medical Examiners prototype Clinical Skills Examination and a 24-item, done-or-not-done, history-taking checklist. Residents’ self-evaluation scores were compared to standardized patients’ assessment scores. Data were analyzed using the Pearson correlation coefficient, Wilcoxon signed rank test, Student t test, and Cronbach alpha. Results Thirty-eight categorical residents were evaluated at T1 and T2. At T1, in the history-taking exercise, the scores of the standardized patients and residents correlated (Pearson = .541, P = .000). In the interpersonal skills exercise, the scores of the standardized patients and residents did not correlate (Pearson = −0.238, P = .150). At T2, there was a significant improvement in the residents’ self-evaluation scores in both the history-taking exercise ( t = −3.280, P = .002) and the interpersonal skills exercise ( t = 2.506, P = 0.017). In the history-taking exercise, the standardized patients’ assessment scores correlated with the residents’ self-evaluation scores (Pearson = 0.561, P = .000). In the interpersonal skills exercise, the standardized patients’ assessment scores did not correlate with the residents’ self-evaluation scores (Pearson = 0.078, P = .646). Conclusions Surgical residents demonstrate a consistently low level of self-awareness regarding their interpersonal skills. Observed improvement in resident self-evaluation may be a function of growth in self-confidence.
Zinc halide complexes of 2,2-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)propane and the identity of the stereoselected conformer characteristic of the zinc halide complexes of 1,1,1-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)ethane

Abstract The identification of the frozen TTNZnX 2 conformer generated upon coordination of 1,1,1-tris(dimethylaminomethyl)ethane (TTN) with zinc halides (ZnX 2 ) has been investigated through comparative studies with the new “model” complexes, BTNZnX 2 , where BTN [2,2-bis(dimethylaminomethyl)propane] is a bidentate analogue of TTN. The BTNZnX 2 complexes are characterized by a tetracoordinated zinc atom and a six-membered chelate ring. As the ring is symmetrically substituted, the BTNZnX 2 molecules exist at room temperature in a 1 : 1 ratio of two indistinguishable rapidly interconverting pseudo-chair conformers, in contrast to the rigid TTNZnX 2 system. The latter stereoselectively exists as the AE conformer in which the C(5) methyl group is axial and the C(5) dimethylaminomethyl group is equatorial. That this diastereomeric isomer is exclusively preferred is due to the steric control of the bulky C(5) dimethylaminomethyl group. The successful identification of the TTNZnX 2 conformer is a result of the pseudocyclohexane nature of the chelate ring, in which the ZnX 2 moiety behaves as an ideal carbonoid and permits correlation of 1 H NMR data of ring substituents with orientation. The correlations agree quantitatively with those for structurally similar organic compounds.
The Balance Theory and the Work System Model … Twenty Years Later

This article describes the origins of the work system model and the Balance Theory, which were developed as a way of integrating knowledge about work from various bodies of literature: job/organizational design, job stress, and human factors and ergonomics. Key concepts of the Balance Theory are reviewed. The work system model and associated design principles are described. Originally, the Balance Theory emphasized the impact of work on job stress; other worker outcomes were later described such as job satisfaction, and worker health, safety, and well-being. In conclusion, the article describes four emerging areas of application of the Balance Theory: (a) impact of the work system on worker performance, (b) multilevel analysis of the work system, (c) understanding the nonwork sphere, and (d) application to health care and patient safety, also known as the Systems Engineering Initiative for Patient Safety model of work system and patient safety.
Biomimetic Synthesis of the Tetracyclic Core of Berkelic Acid

Acid-catalyzed condensation of 2,6-dihydroxybenzoic acid 3 with ketal aldehyde 14 in methanol at 25 °C, followed by CH2N2 esterification, gave a 4:1:4:1 mixture of diastereomers 15b−18b in 60% yield. Equilibration of this mixture with TFA in CDCl3 provided tetracycle 15b (83% yield) with the complete skeleton of berkelic acid. A similar condensation at 0 °C afforded 15b−18b and a reduction product 19b, which was probably formed by a 1,5-hydride shift.
Herpes Simplex Virus and Meniere's Disease

Objective/Hypothesis This study was designed to investigate the hypothesis that Meniere's disease is associated with herpes simplex virus (HSV) reactivation in the vestibular ganglion. Study Design Case control study. Methods Vestibular ganglia were obtained from archival surgical pathology specimens from patients undergoing vestibular neurectomy for vertigo caused by Meniere's disease. All patients met criteria for classification as definite Meniere's disease according to American Academy of Otolaryngology/Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS) criteria. Control specimens were obtained from willed body donors. Sections from each ganglion were studied for prevalence of viral DNA using a nested polymerase chain reaction designed to amplify the HSV DNA polymerase gene. Quantitative analysis determined the number of viral copies per standard unit of ganglionic DNA. Results HSV DNA was more prevalent in paraffin embedded ganglia from patients with Meniere's disease (100%) than in fresh-frozen control ganglia (81%) (P = .02). Fixation and paraffin embedding substantially reduced recovery of HSV virus in selected control specimens. Quantitative analysis found no correlation between viral copy number in control ganglia processed frozen versus formalin fixed and paraffin embedded. Conclusions HSV is more commonly isolated from vestibular ganglia of patients with Meniere's disease than the general population. The routine histologic preparation of formalin fixation and paraffin embedding significantly altered the quantity of virus detected though not in a predictable manner. The study provides supportive evidence for a viral etiology in Meniere's disease.
Statistical zero-knowledge languages can be recognized in two rounds

Abstract Recently, a hierarchy of probabilistic complexity classes generalizing NP has emerged in the work of Babai [2], Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff [8], and Goldwasser and Sipser [12]. The class IP is defined through the computational model of an interactive prover-verifier pair. Both Turing machines in a pair receive a common input and exchange messages. Every move of the verifier as well as its final determination of whether to accept or reject w is the result of random polynomial time computations on the input and all messages sent so far. The prover has no resource bounds. A language, L , is in IP if there is a prover-verifier pair such that (1) when ϵ ϵ L , the verifier accepts with probability at least 1–2 −|w| and (2) when ω ∉ L , the verifier interacting with any prover accepts with probability at most 2 −|w| . Such a prover-verifier pair is called an interactive proof for L . In addition to defining interactive proofs, Goldwasser, Micali, and Rackoff [8] further defined zero-knowledge interactive proofs. Informally, an interacting pair is a zero-knowledge proof for a language, L , if it is an interactive proof for L with the additional constraint that the prover reveals “nothing” (except language membership) to any verifier that the verifier could not have computed itself. There are three formal definitions for “nothing” which lead to three types of zero-knowledge: perfect, statistical, and computational, each more restrictive than the next. We show that the first and second definitions are very restrictive. Specifically, any language, L , that has a statistical zero-knowledge interactive proof with an unbounded number of interactions has an interactive proof with two interactions. This complements a result by Fortnow [7] who showed that under the same hypothesis, the complement of L has an interactive proof with two interactions.
Thermal Conductivity Measurements of Thin Aluminum Layers Using Steady State Joule Heating and Electrical Resistance Thermometry in Suspended Bridges

Thin metallic film layers are extensively used as the constituents of the micro-devices. The reliability of these devices, therefore, strongly depends on the thermal behavior of such film layers. Aluminum thin film layers are of particular interest in this respect. The lateral thermal conductivity of the aluminum film layers is measured, using the steady state electrical Joule heating and electrical resistance thermometry technique. Aluminum suspended microbridges of identical thicknesses (500 nm) and variable widths (16 to 18 μm) and/or lengths (200 to 500 μm) are fabricated, using conventional microfabrication processes. The lateral thermal conductivity of the 500 nm thick Aluminum film layer was found to be k = 174 ± 13 Wm−1 K−1 , at room temperature (300 K).Copyright © 2003 by ASME
Agreement between two structured psychiatric diagnostic interviews: DIS and the PDI.

Abstract Agreement between two structured, criterion-based, diagnostic interviews was determined for 86 psychiatric inpatients. The patients were given the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and the Psychiatric Diagnostic Interview on two separate occasions by two teams of trained interviewers who were blind to the patients' hospital diagnoses. Agreement between the two procedures was quite high with respect to (a) total number of positive syndromes, (b) identification of specific syndromes, (c) final diagnoses, and (d) ratings of clinical compatibility by experienced psychiatrists. Diagnostic discrepancies were primarily due to differences in the way the two instruments approach patients who fulfilled inclusive diagnostic criteria for two or more psychiatric syndromes. Although both interviews provide similar diagnostic information, the relative ease of administration and scoring of the PDI recommend it for clinical use.
Effect of bradykinin on cytosolic calcium in neuroblastoma cells using the fluorescent indicator fluo-3

Neuroblastoma cells were used to examine the effect of chronic exposure to increased concentrations of glucose, galactose, or L-fucose on bradykinin-stimulated intracellular calcium release using the calcium indicator fluo-3. Bradykinin caused a concentration dependent increase in the intracellular calcium concentration and phosphoinositide hydrolysis in neuroblastoma cells. Norepinephrine, carbachol, serotonin, and thapsigargin also increased the calcium concentration. Treatment of the cells with 10(-6) M bradykinin exhausts calcium release such that the successive treatment of the cells with norepinephrine, carbachol, or serotonin results in no secondary response. In contrast, bradykinin treatment of the cells following exposure to norepinephrine, carbachol, or serotonin caused a secondary increase in calcium release. These results suggest that several hormone responsive calcium pools may exist in neuroblastoma cells or that norepinephrine, carbachol, or serotonin may not fully stimulate calcium release. Bradykinin-stimulated calcium release is not effected by chronic exposure of the cells to increased concentrations of glucose, galactose, or L-fucose. Suggesting that hormone-stimulated calcium release is not an abnormality that develops in neural cells exposed to conditions that mimic the diabetic milieu. In addition, these studies provide evidence that fluo-3 is a good fluorescent indicator for the study of calcium mobilization in cultured neuroblastoma cells.
Production of expansin from light/dark growing Trichosanthes kirilowii var. Japonicum root cultures

Actively growing Trichosanthes kirilowii var. Japonicum root culture grown under light produces two proteins that are similar to the S1 and S2 proteins (expansin) extracted from Cucumis sativus cv Burpee Pickler stems. These proteins play a role in the expansion (swelling) of cell walls. Since the root cultures can be easily handled and scaled up, root cultures may be an alternative source for the production of expansin.
Characterization of electrode fouling and surface regeneration for a platinum electrode on an electrophoresis microchip.

A method of electrochemically cleaning noble metal electrodes is presented and characterized for electrophoresis microchips with electrochemical detection. First, the loss of sensitivity due to electrode fouling by serotonin is characterized as a function of injection number and analyte concentration. Signal attenuation is observed to be greater at high concentrations (100 μM) and negligible at very low concentrations (∼1 μM). Next, an electrochemical treatment procedure is optimized to yield sensitive and reproducible amperometric detection of the highly adsorptive compounds, serotonin and histamine. Thus, the performance of the electrode is reproducibly regenerated following as much as a ∼99% reduction in surface activity. Utilizing the optimized three-level waveform, derived from that used for pulsed amperometric detection, detection limits as low as 78 nM and 17 μM have been obtained for serotonin and histamine, respectively. In the case of serotonin, this represents the lowest detection limit for a n...
Modeling self-assembly of surfactants at solid–liquid interfaces. II. hydrophilic surfaces

Abstract The self-assembly of cationic and nonionic surfactants on hydrophilic surfaces is considered. By computing the equilibrium free-energy for the formation of a given structure, the critical surfactant concentration for the formation of surface aggregates (CAC) and the surface morphology are predicted. The CAC is always predicted to be lower than the bulk phase critical micelle concentration (CMC). In addition to the full spheres and cylinders that have been proposed in the literature, a series of composite structures are proposed which are composed of monolayers oriented with head groups in contact with the surface and covered with either hemispheres, hemicylinders, finite disks, or another monolayer (making the full structure a bilayer). It is shown that for several illustrative cases, composite hemicylinders will form at the CAC. Since the surfactant concentration required for the formation of full spherical and full cylindrical surface aggregates is largely comparable to the bulk CMC, it is likely that the surface structures observed in atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments conducted near the bulk CMC are not full spheres or cylinders, but the corresponding composite structures made up of hemispheres or hemicylinders.
Dermal Fibroblasts Genetically Modified to Express Runx2/Cbfa1 as a Mineralizing Cell Source for Bone Tissue Engineering

Cell-based bone tissue engineering strategies have been effectively applied toward the development of grafting templates for skeletal repair and regeneration, but remain limited by inadequate availability of a robust mineralizing cell source. Dermal fibroblasts have emerged as a particularly promising cell alternative because they are harvested from autologous donors through minimally invasive skin biopsy and display a high capacity for in vitro expansion. In the present study, we investigated retroviral gene delivery of the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 as a mineralization induction strategy in primary dermal fibroblasts. We demonstrate that constitutive overexpression of Runx2 induced osteogenic gene expression and mineralized nodule deposition in fibroblasts cultured on 3-dimensional fibrous collagen disks in vitro. Fourier transform infrared analysis revealed that Runx2 expressing fibroblasts deposit a carbonate-containing, poorly crystalline hydroxyapatite, whereas control constructs did not contain biologically-equivalent mineral. Importantly, Runx2-transduced fibroblasts formed mineralized templates in vivo after implantation in a subcutaneous, heterotopic site, whereas minimal mineralization was evident in control constructs. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analysis indicated that Runx2-engineered cells co-localized with mineral deposits in vivo, suggesting that nodule formation primarily originated from transplanted donor cells. These results establish Runx2-genetic engineering as a strategy for the conversion of a non-osteogenic cellular phenotype into a mineralizing cell source for bone repair applications. Cellular therapies based on primary dermal fibroblasts would be particularly beneficial for patients with compromised ability to recruit endogenous osteoprogenitors to the site of injury as a result of extreme trauma, age, radiation treatment, or osteolytic disease.
Large Eddy Simulation of Mixed Convection in a Vertical Turbulent Annular Pipe Flow

The goal of the present study is to perform a large eddy simulation of vertical turbulent annular pipe flow under conditions in which fluid properties vary significantly, and to investigate the effects of buoyancy on the turbulent structures and transport. Isoflux wall boundary conditions with low and high heating are imposed. The compressible filtered Navier-Stokes equations are solved using a second order accurate finite volume method. Low Mach number preconditioning is used to enable the compressible code to work efficiently at low Mach numbers. A dynamic subgrid-scale stress model accounts for the subgrid-scale turbulence. Comparisons were made with available experimental data. The results showed that the strong heating and buoyant force caused distortions of the flow structure resulting in reduction of turbulent intensities, shear stress, and turbulent heat flux, particularly near the wall.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
Detection of minelike targets using grayscale morphological image reconstruction

Automatic target detection is the primary goal of many imaging systems both in defense and manufacturing industries. Advances in methods and equipment for image acquisition, processing, and analysis are required to effectively deal with this problem. Towards this goal, we discuss here a target detection algorithm based on mathematical morphology. Mathematical morphology is an image processing tool that is used for designing nonlinear operators for image representation, processing, and analysis. In particular, the proposed approach is based on a morphological reconstruction algorithm for detecting targets of interest appearing on a scene. We apply this algorithm to the problem of detecting minelike targets in multispectral images, provided to us by the Coastal Systems Station, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Panama City, Florida. The proposed technique is relatively simple and only requires approximate knowledge of target size. The algorithm also effectively incorporates fusion of data from different bands. The implementation has been done in the KHOROS signal and image processing environment with encouraging results.
THE COMPLEX STATISTICS PARADIGM AND THE LAW OF LARGE NUMBERS

The five basic axioms of Kolmogorov define the probability in the real set R and do not take into cons ideration the imaginary part which takes place in the complex set C, a problem that we are facing in applied mathematics. Whatever the probability distribution of the random variable in R is, the corresponding probability in the whole set C equals always to one , so the outcome of the random experiment in C can be predicted totally. This is the consequence of the f act that the probability in C is got by subtracting the chaotic factor from the degree of our knowledge of the syst em. In this study, I will evaluate the complex rand om vectors and their resultant that represents the who le distribution and system in the complex space C. I will also define imaginary and complex expectations and variances and I will prove the law of large numbers usin g the concept of the resultant complex vector. In fact, a fter extending Kolmogorov’s system of axioms, the new axioms encompass the imaginary set of numbers and this by adding to the original five axioms of Kolmog orov an additional three axioms. Hence, the concept of c omplex random vector becomes clear, evident and it follows directly from the new axioms added. This re sult will be elaborated throughout this study using discrete probability distributions. Moreover, any experiment executed in the complex set C is the sum of the re al set R and the imaginary set M. Therefore, the whole probability distribution of random variables can be repr esented totally by the resultant complex random vector Z th at is used subsequently to prove the very well know n law of large numbers. In addition to my previous first paper, this second one elaborates the new field of “Complex Statistics” that considers random variables in the complex set C. Thus, the law of large numbers proves that this complex extension is successful and fruitful.
Bone-imaging and semiconductor probe measurements of technetium-99m-polyphosphate in the detection of periapical pathology in the dog

Abstract A comparison was made between the external detection of an injected, bone-seeking radiopharmaceutical, technetium-99m-polyphosphate (Tc-PP), and intraoral radiography in the diagnosis of acute pulp infections of dog molars resulting in apical radiolucencies. Skeletal radioactivity was measured qualitatively by bone imaging and quantitatively with a small semiconductor probe inserted in the oral cavity. Both radionuclide methods detected abnormally high Tc-PP uptake at the root apices within 1 week of infection as opposed to 4 weeks required for the appearance of periapical radiolucencies. However, Tc-PP data gave rise to false positive diagnoses in that a normal tooth could not be differentiated from its two infected neighbours. The semiconductor probe was found to provide more accurate diagnostic information than bone imaging.
Thermal and chemical energy in laundering to maximize methyl parathion removal from cotton/polyester fabric

Thermal or chemical energies may be used to compensate for each other when one is available in lesser quantity. Thermal energy (temperature of washing) and chemical energy (detergent type, detergent concentration, prewash product use, and level of water hardness) were evaluated relative to residues of methyl parathion on unfinished and repellent finished cotton/polyester poplin fabric. The results showed that the repellent finish was effective in limiting methyl parathion absorption; however, after-laundering residues were greater for the repellent finished fabric than for the unfinished fabric. The residue remaining was significantly less when specimens were laundered at 60°C. As detergent concentration increased, residue retention decreased when laundering was done at 30°C, but limited contribution of increasing detergent concentration was seen at the higher temperature. Use of a prewash product enhanced removal and was especially important when laundering had been done with the anionic phosphate detergent. Increasing the detergent concentration was more important when laundering was done without the use of a prewash product.
Cousins, N. Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient. New York: Norton, 1979

(1983). Cousins, N. Anatomy of an Illness as Perceived by the Patient. New York: Norton, 1979. American Journal of Clinical Hypnosis: Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 61-62.
Dopaminergic and Enkephalinergic Involvement in the Regulation of Blood Glucose in the Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii

Abstract In in vivo experiments injection of dopamine (DA) or leucine enkephalin (L-Enk) produced hypoglycemia in intact red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii . In contrast neither compound had a significant effect on the circulating glucose concentration in eyestalkless individuals. With intact crayfish spiperone, a DA receptor blocker, inhibited this hypoglycemic action of DA but not this action of L-Enk. In contrast, in intact crayfish naloxone, a competitive opioid antagonist, inhibited the in vivo hypoglycemic actions of both L-Enk and DA. In vitro , both DA and L-Enk reduced the rate of release of the crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) front isolated eyestalk neuroendocrine tissue. These results suggest that both DA and L-Enk act to inhibit release of CHH by affecting the eyestalk neuroendocrine complex and that the enkephalinergic inhibitory neuron follows the dopaminergic inhibitory neuron in the chain of neurons which leads to the neuroendocrine cells that secrete CHH.
Oculomotor effects upon binocular rivalry

Binocular rivalry was generated by projecting dissimilar Julesz-type patterns to each eye. The minimum angular width of the patterns needed to observe rivalry was measured at four retinal eccentricities for two simulated viewing distances: 200 and 20 cm. The angular width needed to just detect rivalry was up to 50% greater for the 20 cm viewing distance as compared with the threshold width measured at 200 cm. This increased tolerance for rivalry for near fixation was inversely proportional to the change in apparent size. The results suggest that the lateral geniculate nucleus is the site of size-scaling or “zooming”.
Intradermal radioisotope is superior to peritumoral blue dye or radioisotope in identifying breast cancer sentinel nodes.

Background Sentinel lymph node (SLN) mapping and biopsy have emerged as the technique of choice for axillary staging of breast cancer. Several methods have been developed to identify SLNs, including peritumoral or intradermal injection of isosulfan blue dye or technetium sulfur colloid (TSC). We hypothesize that intradermal TSC is the optimal mapping technique and can be used alone to identify SLNs. Study design From March 1997 through January 2001, 180 women with T1 and T2 invasive breast cancer and clinically negative axilla underwent SLN mapping and biopsy. Peritumoral TSC was injected in 74 patients, 62 of whom also received peritumoral blue dye. Intradermal TSC (above tumor) was performed in 94 patients, 76 of whom also received peritumoral blue dye. Technetium-rich nodes were identified intraoperatively using a hand-held gamma probe and blue nodes were identified visually. Hematoxylin- and eosin-stained SLN sections were examined by light microscopy for breast cancer metastases. Results Overall, the SLN mapping procedures were successful in 91% of patients. Peritumoral and intradermal TSC were successful in identifying SLNs in 78% and 97% of patients, respectively. Peritumorally injected isosulfan blue was successful in identifying 83% of SLNs. Intradermal TSC was found to be superior to peritumoral TSC and peritumoral blue dye in identifying SLNs (p = 0.00094, chi-squared, and p=0.020, ANOVA). Conclusions SLN mapping by intradermal TSC has a significantly higher success rate than peritumoral TSC or blue dye. There was minimal benefit in identifying additional SLNs with addition of peritumoral blue dye to intradermal TSC. So, SLN mapping and biopsy using intradermal-injected TSC can be used alone to effectively stage the axilla for breast cancer.
Theory of vortices in weakly-Josephson-coupled layered superconductors.

We present a theory for a vortex lattice in a layered superconductor, with very weak coupling between the layers. We use the Lawrence-Doniach model to show that only the component of the magnetic field that is perpendicular to the layers can give rise to an Abrikosov vortex lattice. The parallel component penetrates completely into the superconductor, which behaves as if it were magnetically transparent. The actions of these two components are very different, and almost completely decoupled. We find the lower critical fields, as well as the torque.
Counselling in colleges of education

Abstract Information on the form and functioning of student welfare services in colleges of education is reported from evidence supplied by college principals, by counsellors, and by student bodies reporting through their union presidents. The personal tutor system is ubiquitous, but is supplemented in two-fifths of the colleges by full-time and/or part-time ‘trained’ counsellors.1 Where the personal tutor system operates alone, a modest degree of effectiveness can be claimed in dealing with academic and vocational problems, but little success in identifying and resolving the more personal problems of students. Various inferences are drawn for the further development of counselling services in colleges of education.
Minimizing the sum of weighted completion times of n-independent jobs when resource availability varies over time: performance of a simple priority rule

Developpement d'un modele de programmation lineaire pour fournir une base d'evaluation de l'heuristique du temps de traitement pondere le plus court
Silicon Tetrafluoride dopant gas for silicon ion implantation

Silicon Tetrafluoride (SiF 4 ) is a dopant gas of choice for different silicon ion implantation processes used in semiconductor device engineering. It is a primary source of atomic dopants like Si and F, and a potential source of molecular dopants (e.g. Si 2 , SiF x , x=1–3). A significant challenge associated with the use of SiF 4 is that it can compromise ion source performance, resulting in poor beam stability and source life. This is primarily the result of the formation of a halogen cycle that takes place due to the presence of fluorine from the SiF 4 molecule along with tungsten materials that are present in the ion source (e.g. liners, walls). A second challenge associated with SiF 4 can be limited beam current. In order to improve implant tool performance when using SiF 4 , the following investigations have been performed: (1) Characterization of SiF 4 / H 2 mixtures: The addition of hydrogen co-gas can effectively mitigate the halogen cycle and improve source performance. Using the magnitude of the resulting WF x peaks as an indicator, the degree to which the halogen cycle is mitigated is shown as a function of H 2 flow rate. Also, in that single packages may impart various advantages, SiF 4 / H 2 co-mixture stability data are provided. (2) Characterization of enriched (en) 28SiF 4 : The additional enrichment can enable higher beam currents of 28Si+. The effect of En-28SiF 4 flow rate on beam current is presented, along with the resulting WF x spectra. (3) Initial observations of SiF 3 + beams are provided, along with the potential benefits that may be obtained in selecting this molecular ion.
UV-induced damage and repair in centromere DNA of yeast

The centromere is the region within a chromosome that is required for proper segregation during mitosis and meiosis. Lesions in this sequence represent a unique type of damage, as loss of function could result in catastrophic loss of the genetic material of an entire chromosome. We have measured the induction by ultraviolet (UV) light of pyrimidine dimers in a 2550-bp restriction fragment that includes the centromere region of chromosome III in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast cells were exposed to ultraviolet light, cellular DNA was gently extracted, and subsequently treated with a UV-specific endonuclease to cleave all pyrimidine dimers. The sites of UV-specific nuclease scission within the centromere were determined by separating the DNA according to molecular weight, transferring the fragments to nitrocellulose, and hybridizing to a radiolabeled 624-bp fragment homologous to the centromere DNA from chromosome III. Several hotspots were identified in chromatin DNA from cells, as well as in irradiated deproteinized DNA. Double strand damage due to closely opposed pyrimidine dimers was also observed. At biological doses (35% survival) there are approximately 0.1 to 0.2 pyrimidine dimers per centromere. These dimers are efficiently repaired in the centromere and surrounding region.
Essay: Mr Medina plants a forest

Tracking the fate of Amazonian timber could be a pretty soul-destroying task for a tree ecologist, but all is not lost, as Louis Putzel found outl
Calcium inhibition of the activation of protein C by thrombin Role of the P3 and P3′ residues

Protein C, a precursor to a natural plasma anticoagulant, and the platelet thrombin receptor, involved in cell activation, both require proteolytic cleavage to be activated. In humans, the sequences adjacent to the scissile bond of protein C, DPR/LID and the thrombin receptor DPR/SFL are similar. Previous studies with AspGly mutants indicated that both the P3 and the P3′ Aspresidues make either peptides or protein C a poor substrate for free thrombin, but thrombin interaction with thrombomodulin overcomes these inhibitory interactions. Similar mechanisms are probably operative in the thrombin receptor. In rodents, the P3 Asp residue of the human thrombin receptor is replaced by Asn and in protein C, the P3′; residue is Asn. To determine the functional significance of these AspAsn substitutions, the Asp in the P3 or P3′ position of human protein C was changed to Asn. The resultant mutants were still resistant to activation by thrombin, and still required Ca2+ for activation by thrombin-thrombomodulin complex. We conclude that, unlike activation of the AspGly mutants by thrombin, activation of the P3 and P3′ AspAsn mutants is still potently inhibited by physiological Ca2+. Furthermore, even though the charge has been deleted, thrombomodulin acceleration is retained.
Where credit is due.

> Scholarship builds not only from published results, but also from the unpublished work, ideas, reagents and goodwill of others. We need to acknowledge this – to celebrate this – every chance we get Anyone who has done biomedical research knows that a lot of work precedes a single meaningful
Statistical models for prevalent cohort data

In prospective cohort studies individuals are sometimes recruited according to a certain cross-sectional sampling criterion. A prevalent cohort is defined as a group of individuals who have a certain disease at enrollment into the study. Statistical models for the analysis of prevalent cohort data are considered when the onset or diagnosis time of the disease is known. The incident proportional hazards model, where the time scale is duration with disease, is compared to the prevalent proportional hazards model, where the fundamental time scale is follow-up time. In certain cases the time of enrollment may coincide with another event (such as the initiation of treatment). This situation is also considered and its limitations highlighted. To illustrate the methodological ideas discussed in the paper, the analysis of data from an observational study of zidovudine (ZVD) in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is presented.
Increased expression and activity of sodium channels in alveolar type II cells of hyperoxic rats

Abstract We investigated the cellular and molecular events associated with the increase in sodium transport across the alveolar epithelium of rats exposed to hyperoxia (85% O2 for 7 days followed by 100% O2 for 4 days). Alveolar type II (ATII) cell RNA was isolated and probed with a cDNA for one of the rat colonic epithelial sodium channel subunits (alpha rENaC). The alpha rENaC mRNA (3.7-kb transcript) increased 3-fold in ATII cell RNA isolated from rats exposed to 85% O2 for 7 days and 6-fold after 4 days of subsequent exposure to 100% O2. In situ hybridization revealed increased expression of alpha rENaC mRNA transcripts in both airway and alveolar epithelial cells of hyperoxic rats. When immunostained with a polyclonal antibody to kidney sodium channel protein, ATII cells from hyperoxic rats exhibited a significant increase in the amount of immunogenic protein present in both the plasma membrane and the cytoplasm. When patched in the whole-cell mode, ATII cells from hyperoxic rats exhibited amiloride and 5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-2',4'-amiloride (EIPA)-sensitive currents that were 100% higher compared with those obtained from air-breathing rats. Single-channel sodium currents (mean conductance of 25 pS) were seen in ATII cells patched in both the inside-out and cell-attached modes. The number and open probability of these channels increased significantly during exposure to hyperoxia. Exposure to sublethal hyperoxia up-regulated both alpha rENaC mRNA and the functional expression of sodium channels in ATII cells.
A theoretical model for creep crack growth

A theory of creep crack growth has been developed with the presumption that the crack growth occurs by the diffusion of vacancies along the grain boundaries. This is consistent with many experimental results that show that creep fracture is generally of intergranular type and the activation energies for crack growth rates fall within the range of grain boundary diffusion energies. The theory is based on the concept that creep crack growth results from a balance of two competing processes-the diffusion of point defects that contributes to the growth and the creep deformation process that retards the growth and causes even its arrest. The present analysis shows that crack growth via grain boundary diffusion occurs within some temperature range. The upper limiting temperature is determined by the bulk diffusion process which disperses the vacancies, that are diffusing to the crack tip, to the plastic zone ahead of the crack front. The lower temperature limit is set by the fact that the grain boundary diffusion rates decrease with the decrease in temperature and thus large stress intensities approaching the fracture toughness value are required to accomplish crack growth by the grain boundary diffusion. Outside these limits creep crack growth occurs via deformation which is significantly slower than growth by the grain boundary diffusion process. The importance of the present analysis rests on the fact that service conditions for many high temperature structural materials fall within the regime wherein creep crack growth occurs via grain boundary diffusion.
Natural organic matter and the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrates in lime-stabilized smectites: A thermal analysis study

Abstract Processes accounting for the negative effects of soil organic matter on strength development in lime-stabilized soils are not clearly understood. We used heat-flow differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetry to elucidate how natural organic matter (NOM) content and source influences the formation of calcium-silicate-hydrates (CSHs) in lime-stabilized smectites. The formation of CSH, was strongly correlated with strength (r ≥ 0.95) and decreased with increasing NOM content indicating that organic matter influenced strength development in lime-stabilized soils largely by inhibiting the formation of pozzolanic reaction products such as the CSHs. The degree of inhibition was also dependent on the type of pozzolanic reaction product and the NOM source. For example, the formation of CSH2 was less inhibited by NOM, than was the formation of CSH1. Inhibitory effects of NOM sources followed the order fulvic acid > humic acid > lignite and could be explained by considering their acid–base properties.
Nitrogen adsorption in carbon aerogels: A molecular simulation study

We present a molecular model for carbon aerogel in which the mesopore space is represented by carbon spheres in a connected network. This matrix was prepared by first generating a random close-packed structure of slightly overlapping spheres, followed by removal of spheres to match the targeted porosity, while maintaining connectivity. The spheres were then replaced by a model microporous carbon generated by applying the Reverse Monte Carlo method to fit the experimental carbon radial distribution function, g(r), obtained by X-ray diffraction. The resulting model aerogel had a surface area, porosity, and pore size distribution that closely matches that of the experimental material. We used a parallelized Grand Canonical Monte Carlo algorithm to study nitrogen adsorption in this model aerogel. The resulting adsorption isotherm shows satisfactory agreement with the experimental results. Adsorption occurred in the micropores at very low pressure, followed by adsorption in the mesopores, with capillary conden...