cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Compensatory Trunk Movements in Naturalistic Reaching and Manipulation Tasks in Chronic Stroke Survivors

Impairment of arm movements poststroke often results in the use of compensatory trunk movements to complete motor tasks. These compensatory movements have been mostly observed in tightly controlled conditions, with very few studies examining them in more naturalistic settings. In this study, the authors quantified the presence of compensatory movements during a set of continuous reaching and manipulation tasks performed with both the paretic and nonparetic arm (in 9 chronic stroke survivors) or the dominant arm (in 20 neurologically unimpaired control participants). Kinematic data were collected using motion capture to assess trunk and elbow movement. The authors found that trunk displacement and rotation were significantly higher when using the paretic versus nonparetic arm (P = .03). In contrast, elbow angular displacement was significantly lower in the paretic versus nonparetic arm (P = .01). The reaching tasks required significantly higher trunk compensation and elbow movement than the manipulation tasks. These results reflect increased reliance on compensatory trunk movements poststroke, even in everyday functional tasks, which may be a target for home rehabilitation programs. This study provides a novel contribution to the rehabilitation literature by examining the presence of compensatory movements in naturalistic reaching and manipulation tasks.
Lung Transplantation as Acute ‘Rescue’ Therapy

Purpose Lung transplantation (LT) is an effective treatment of end-stage lung disease. Despite recommendations for optimal referral for LT, some patients still present in distress seeking emergent rescue LT. Traditionally, these patients have been considered too ill to benefit from LT. Clinical outcomes for this population remain uncertain. Here, we compare outcomes between emergently transplanted patients with standard LT recipients. Methods A retrospective review of all LT recipients at our center between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2019 was performed. 204 patients underwent standard evaluation and ten patients were referred for and underwent rescue LT. The rescue cohort consisted of patients not previously known to the transplant team but were urgently evaluated and listed for LT, after presenting in respiratory distress (oxygen needs ≥ 60% FiO2 or need for mechanical ventilation +/- ECMO support). Results Mean LAS at LT was 81.99 in the rescue group (RG) and 39.19 in the standard group (SG) (student's t test: p Conclusion Compared to patients referred in accordance with published guidelines, the RG experienced no worse 1 year post-LT survival but did have increased index ICU stays, HD needs, and need for post-hospitalization inpatient care. Given these observances, our results support continuing to offer LT as a rescue therapy.
Approach to the diagnosis of aplastic anemia

Establishing a diagnosis of aplastic anemia (AA) can be challenging, but it is absolutely critical to appropriate management, especially differentiating between acquired and inherited forms of the disease. The hematology field requires updated diagnostic guidelines to ensure that appropriate clinical pathways are pursued for patients and their safety. There are increasing clinical options for patients with immunosuppressive therapy and transplant once the diagnosis is made. In a case-based format, this review emphasizes the newer data on molecular (somatic and germline) findings in AA and how they are (or are not) helpful during diagnosis. There are key details on somatic mutation profiles and stated evidence where available for prognostic and treatment indications. Germline details of newer syndromes are also outlined, which make this review modern and reflect areas of uncertainty for clinicians.
Patient and Provider Interaction: A Global Health Communication Perspective, by Lisa Sparks and Melinda Villagran

Communication scholars Lisa Sparks and Melinda Villagran offer a unique summary and analysis of scholarship that draws from national and international data on the topic of patient and provider inte...
Quantifying the Dynamic Ocean Surface Using Underwater Radiometric Measurements

Abstract : The ultimate goal is to develop direct-simulation/physics-based forward and inverse capabilities for radiance prediction in a dynamic ocean environment. The simulation-based model includes and integrate all of the relevant dynamical processes in the upper ocean surface boundary layer into a physics-based computational prediction capability for the time-dependent radiative transfer (RT). The model is applied to investigate and characterize the ocean surface using underwater radiance measurements. This research builds the foundation for advancing above water imaging as well as sensing of surface and near-surface wave and flow features using passive underwater optical measurements.
Theories of the theatre : a historical and critical survey,from the Greeks to the present

Beginning with Aristotle and the Greeks and ending with semiotics and post-structuralism, Theories of the Theatre is the first comprehensive survey of Western dramatic theory. In this expanded edition the author has updated the book and added a new concluding chapter that focuses on theoretical developments since 1980, emphasizing the impact of feminist theory.
Structural studies by nuclear magnetic resonance—XIX : N,N-dimethylhydrazones and general comments on configurational and conformational isomerism

Configurations and conformations were assigned to several aldehyde and ketone N,N-dimethyldrazones from analyses of their 60-Mc NMR spectra. Aldehyde, but not ketone, N,N-dimethylhydrazones exist exclusively in the syn configuration. Interpretation of the vicinal spin-spin coupling constants, JH1Hα, led to the conclusion that II and III are the minimum energy conformations of these compounds. The ΔH0 values for II ⇋ III were found to be more positive than those of N-Me imines (Z = Me) but less positive than those of oximes (Z = OH) and their O-methyl ethers (Z = Me). General comments are made on several aspects of configurational and conformational isomerism about single, double and partial double bonds, and on the usefulness and limitations of NMR in studying various problems associated with such isomerism.
Mechanism of the cholesteryl ester transfer protein-mediated uptake of high density lipoprotein cholesteryl esters by Hep G2 cells.

Abstract Plasma cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) mediates the transfer of cholesteryl esters (CE) between lipoproteins and was reported to also directly mediate the uptake of high density lipoprotein (HDL) CE by human Hep G2 cells and fibroblasts. The present study investigates that uptake and its relationship to a pathway for "selective uptake" of HDL CE that does not require CETP. HDL3 labeled in both the CE and apoprotein moieties was incubated with Hep G2 cells. During 4-h incubations, CE tracer was selectively taken up from doubly labeled HDL3 in excess of apoA-I tracer, and added CETP did not modify that uptake. However, during 18-20-h incubations, CETP stimulated the uptake of CE tracer more than 4-fold without modifying the uptake of apoA-I tracer. This suggested that secreted products, perhaps lipoproteins, might be required for the CETP effect. Four inhibitors of lipoprotein uptake via low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptors (heparin, monensin, an antibody against the LDL receptor, and antibodies against the receptor binding domains of apoB and apoE) effectively blocked the CETP stimulation of CE tracer uptake. Heparin caused an increase in CE tracer in a d less than 1.063 g/ml fraction of the medium that more than accounted for the heparin blockade of CETP-stimulated CE uptake. CETP did not affect the uptake of doubly labeled HDL3 by human fibroblasts, even at twice plasma levels of activity, and heparin did not modify uptake of HDL3 tracers. Thus the CETP effect on Hep G2 cells can be accounted for by transfer of HDL CE to secreted lipoproteins which are then retaken up, and there is no evidence for a direct effect of CETP on cellular uptake of HDL CE.
Mid-Infrared Laser Applications in Spectroscopy

The vast majority of gaseous chemical substances exhibit fundamental vibrational absorption bands in the mid-infrared spectral region (≈ 2–25 µm), and the absorption of light by these fundamental bands provides a nearly universal means for their detection. A main feature of optical techniques is the non-intrusive in situ detection capability for trace gases. The focus time period of this chapter is the years 1996–2002 and we will discuss primarily CW mid-infrared laser spectroscopy. We shall not attempt to review the large number of diverse mid-infrared spectroscopic laser applications published to date. The scope of this chapter is rather to discuss recent developments of mid-infrared laser sources, with emphasis on established and new spectroscopic techniques and their applications for sensitive, selective, and quantitative trace gas detection. For example, laboratory based spectroscopic studies and chemical kinetics, which will also benefit from new laser source and technique developments, will not be considered.
Biological and Biochemical Aspects of Tellurium Derivatives

Biological and biochemical studies of inorganic and organic complexes of tellurium are reviewed. Subject areas include the biosequestration and bioincorporation of tellurite and other inorganic tellurium compounds as well as tellurite-resistant bacteria. The incorporation of tellurium into amino acids (tellurocysteine) and the formation of unnatural glutathione peroxidases and thioredoxin reductases incorporating tellurocysteine are also described. Low molecular weight organotellurium compounds that mimic glutathione peroxidase and the thioredoxin reductases are discussed as are inorganic and organic tellurium compounds that inhibit cysteine proteases and related enzymes. The interactions of P-glycoprotein with organotellurium compounds to give stimulators and inhibitors of ATPase activity in the enzyme are described. The role of tellurium-containing chromophores in the photodynamic therapy of cancer and the photodynamic inactivation of viral and bacterial pathogens is also reviewed. The binding modes of tellurium-containing chromophores to DNA are also described. Keywords: tellurite; organotellurides; diorgano ditellurides; inorganic tellurium complexes; glutathione peroxidase; thioredoxin reductase; tellurocysteine; P-glycoprotein; photodynamic therapy; anti-microbial activity
Mid-pacific mountains revisited

The Mid-Pacific Mountains are guyots whose volcanic pedestals have been constructed on a broad basement plateau, the flanks of which are downfaulted. Edifice construction may have been controlled by an orthogonal system of intersecting faults trending roughly ENE and NNW. Low amplitude gravity anomalies observed over the Mid-Pacific Mountains indicate complete Airy-Heiskanen isostatic compensation, crustal thickening, and eruption on thin elastic lithosphere. Tholeiites of the Mid-Pacific Mountains resemble lavas of Iceland and the Galapagos Islands. The orthogonal fault system, low gravity anomalies, and lava chemistry of the Mid-Pacific Mountains can be explained by eruption on or near a great ENE-trending rift system.
University schools of education in the twentieth century

(1976). University schools of education in the twentieth century. Peabody Journal of Education: Vol. 54, No. 1, pp. 3-20.
High-throughput co-encapsulation of self-ordered cell trains: cell pair interactions in microdroplets

Droplet microfluidics is a booming sub-field of microfluidics that adds the benefits of confinement, including signal accumulation and isolation, to cell analysis. However, controlling the number of cells per droplet has been limited to using Poisson (random) encapsulation for the highest throughputs. The Poisson probability of a droplet containing one and only one cell is limited to 36.8%, and the probability of pairing two distinct cell types in a droplet is limited to 13.5%. Combining droplet microfluidics with inertial microfluidics, we present a device which efficiently co-encapsulates cell pairs in droplets at rates on the order of 6 kHz. We demonstrate particle co-encapsulation where 64% of droplets contained the correct one-to-one pairing, representing a nearly fivefold improvement to Poisson co-encapsulation. We also apply the device to encapsulate two separate strains of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. C. reinhardtii is a single-cell microalgae with applications as a model organism, recombinant protein source, and potential source of multiple biofuels. After inducing gametogenesis by nitrogen starvation and thermally inducing flagella loss, we co-encapsulate separate mating-type plus (mt+) and mating-type minus (mt−) C. reinhardtii cells in droplets. Here, 29% of droplets contained one and only one cell of each mating type, over a twofold improvement to the Poisson co-encapsulation probability of 13%. Approximately one hour following deflagellation, gametes regained flagellar motility and mating ability within the droplets. The mated zygotes were stored in emulsion form without nutrient replenishment. After 17 days, both zygospores and, remarkably, some unmated gametes remained viable. When the emulsion was broken and plated on full-nutrient agar, zygospore germination, tetrad hatching, and then mitosis followed. In addition to algae, the device has the potential for confined interaction studies for a variety of cell types.
Solution of heat transfer problems on a digital computer

Abstract This paper presents a nodal formulation of heat-transfer systems which can be applied to a large class of practical problems. The form of the resulting equations is either a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations or a system of nonlinear algebraic equations. Traditionally, the numerical solution of these two classes of heat-transfer problems have stressed methods that were originally developed for hand calculations. With the general availability of high-speed digital computers, more powerful numerical methods can be used. A solution technique which utilizes a digital computer is presented for both steady state and transient problems.
Comparison of habitual masticatory patterns in men and women using a custom computer program

Abstract Statement of problem. Though computer-based systems for recording three-dimensional jaw motion and muscle activity during mastication are common, few computer programs are available to analyze the resultant data. Few studies have discussed the variability over time of the many parameters of the masticatory cycle now measurable by computer systems. Purpose. The purposes of this study were to (1) use a custom computer program, (MAS), for analysis of long-term repeated measurements of mandibular motion and muscle activity; (2) determine sex differences for mandibular movements and activity of the muscles involved during mastication; and (3) determine the variability over time and the statistical power of these methods. Materials and methods. Masticatory cycles of 20 normal men and 17 normal women were examined during mastication of a constant bolus at a sampling rate of 500 fps. Measurements included duration of chewing cycle and its component phases, mandibular displacement in three dimensions, and electromyographic activity in the temporalis and masseter muscles. The MAS custom computer program was used for analysis. Two-way repeated measures analysis of variance was used to compare the men with the women over three trials at 0, 6, and 12 months. The variability over time associated with each measurement was also estimated. Results. Timing of the phases of the chewing cycle were most repeatable between trials, whereas lateral excursions and muscle force magnitudes were the least repeatable measures. Durations of total cycle, its slow-open and fast-close phases, were significantly longer for the female group, and their bursts of muscle activity tended to be longer. The amount of vertical mandibular excursion tended to be greater for men. There were no gender-related differences in the amplitude of muscle activity. Conclusions. This study demonstrated that men have significantly shorter chewing cycles with faster velocities than women. Men used significantly greater chewing force than women, although their electromyographic activity levels were equivalent. The masticatory measurements made by the MAS program had differing amounts of variation over time. Total duration of the chewing cycle and amount of opening varied the least, whereas amount of lateral excursion and jaw muscle electromyographic magnitudes exhibited the greatest variation. (J Prosthet Dent 1997;78:179-86.)
Solution of linear degenerate systems of differential equations

We propose a new method for the solution of linear degenerate systems of differential equations in which the zero eigenvalues of the matrix coefficient of the derivative are simple.
Multi-model habitat suitability index analysis in the Red River Valley

Recent developments in habitat modeling have led to a situation where landscape architects, planners and wildlife biologists can study proposed landscape modifications and configurations simultaneously upon multiple species. Proposed development of the M.B. Johnson nature interpretive area in Clay County Minnesota illustrates this multi-model process. Nineteen species were studied: Blackcapped Chickadee (Parus atricapillus), Gray Partridge (Perdix perdix), Yellow warbler (Dendroica magna), Downy Woodpecker (Picoides pubescens), Beaver (Castor canadensis), Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), Gray Squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), Fox Squirrel (Sciurus niger), Pileated Woodpecker (Dryocopus pileatus), Mink (Mustela vison), Pine Warbler (Dendroica pinus), Yellow-headed Blackbird (Xanthocephalus xanthocephalus), Red-winged Black-bird Agelaius phoeniceus), Great Blue Heron (Adrea herodias), Ruffed Grouse (Bonasa umbellus), Veery (Catharus fuscescens) and Belted Kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon). Landscape iterations were examined to increase species diversity as measured by fauna richness number, Simn's Index and Shannon-Weiner Index. In addition, aesthetic values, hydrological constraints, cost criteria and time-benefit criteria affected the development of the landscape. The modeling process led to the creation of a prairie-scape matrix, shrubland patches, cropland patches, wetland patch and additional woodland matrix features. The multi-modeling procedure is described as a decision tool, as a form giver, as an indicator of goal achievement, as a time saver, as a communication device and as a temporary technology. In addition, the multi-modeling procedure is described within a human behavioral context and within the political arena.
Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging.

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging allows simultaneous spectral characterization of large spatial areas due to its multichannel detection advantage. The acquisition of large amounts of data in the multichannel configuration results, however, in a poor temporal resolution of sequentially acquired data sets, which limits the examination of dynamic processes to processes that have characteristic time scales of the order of minutes. Here, we introduce the concept and instrumental details of a time-resolved infrared spectroscopic imaging modality that permits the examination of repetitive dynamic processes whose half-lives are of the order of milliseconds. As an illustration of this implementation of step-scan FT-IR imaging, we examine the molecular responses to external electric-field perturbations of a microscopically heterogeneous polymer-liquid crystal composite. Analysis of the spectroscopic data using conventional univariate and generalized two-dimensional (2D) correlation methods emphasizes an additional capability for accessing of simultaneous spatial and temporal chemical measurements of molecular dynamic processes.
Technical and Biological Considerations for the Analysis of Brain Cholinesterase of Rainbow Trout

Abstract This study was conducted in order to determine how various technical and biological factors affect brain cholinesterase (ChE) activity of rainbow trout Salmo gairdneri. Brain ChE activity increased in proportion to increasing temperature to 20°C, but at higher temperatures, the ChE activity increased at a slower rate and was absent at 45°C. Brain ChE activity remained stable for a long time when the rainbow trout were stored at −20°C or lower, and short (2-d) storage at 4°C was not detrimental; dead fish left 1 d at ambient water temperature also did not have lower ChE activities. Habitat temperature did not affect brain ChE activity significantly. Small rainbow trout had markedly higher brain ChE activities than large fish.
Heterogeneous interactions of chlorine nitrate, hydrogen chloride, and nitric acid with sulfuric acid surfaces at stratospheric temperatures

The heterogeneous interactions of ClONO2, HCl, and HNO3 with sulfuric acid surfaces were studied using a Knudsen cell flow reactor. The surfaces studied, chosen to simulate global stratospheric particulate, were composed of 65-75 percent H2SO4 solutions at temperatures in the range -63 to -43 C. Heterogeneous loss, but not reaction, of HNO3 and HCl occurred on these surfaces; the measured sticking coefficients are reported. Chlorine nitrate reacted on the cold sulfuric acid surfaces, producing gas-phase HOCl and condensed HNO3. CLONO2 also reacted with HCl dissolved in the 65-percent H2SO4 solution at -63 C, forming gaseous Cl2. In all cases studied, the sticking and/or reaction coefficients were much larger for the 65-percent H2SO4 solution at -63 C than for the 75-percent solution at -43 C.
A Negativity Gap? Voter Gender, Attack Politics, and Participation in American Elections

The effect of negative campaigning on voter turnout has been a major focus of research in recent years. The general finding from this large literature is that negative campaigning does not depress voter turnout overall; however, it may still be that certain portions of the electorate are differentially mobilized or demobilized by negativity. In particular, scholars have neglected to examine whether men and women react differently to campaign attacks. This article begins by showing that evidence drawn from a variety of relevant fields outside of political science point toward the general expectation that men will be mobilized by negativity to a greater degree than women. Associated hypotheses are then tested using data from both real campaigns and experiments. In each analysis, the evidence supports the hypothesis that a “negativity gap” exists. Specifically, men are disproportionately mobilized by the most negative campaign messages as compared to women. Partisanship is also found to interact significantly with gender and message tone to affect the likelihood of voting. These results highlight the importance of studying subgroup differences when establishing the effects of campaign tone on the public.
Fatigue crack growth of Ti-62222 titanium alloy under constant amplitude and miniTWIST flight spectra at 25°C and 175°C

Abstract Fatigue crack growth behavior was investigated for Ti-62222 titanium alloy under constant amplitude (R = 0.1 and 0.5) and miniTWIST flight spectra at 25 and 175°C. Crack closure was observed at threshold and near threshold for both temperatures with R = 0.1 but not for R = 0.5. Based upon applied or effective ΔK, fatigue crack growth behavior for a given R ratio showed no significant temperature effect. MiniTWIST flight spectra fatigue crack growth life at 175°C, however, was 2.5–3.5 times greater than at 25°C. Fatigue crack growth life calculations using NASA/FLAGRO were conservative. Fatigue crack growth was transgranular with SEM fracture surface morphology dependent upon both ΔK and temperature with significant increase in secondary cracking at 175°C.
A FINITE ELEMENT LARGE DEFLECTION RANDOM RESPONSE ANALYSIS OF BEAMS AND PLATES SUBJECTED TO ACOUSTIC LOADING

A finite element formulation is presented for the analysis of beams and rectangular plates undergoing large deflections subjected to Gaussian white noise excitations. Single-mode response is assumed in the present formulation. Root-mean-square (RMS) maximum deflections for simply supported and clamped beams and plates at various sound spectrum levels are obtained and compared with solutions using the Fokker-Planck-Kolmogorov equation and the equivalent linearization methods. RMS maximum stains and equivalent linear frequencies are compared with the equivalent linearization results for assessment of the accuracy of the finite element method.
Predicting Binding to P-Glycoprotein by Flexible Receptor Docking

P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is an ATP-dependent transport protein that is selectively expressed at entry points of xenobiotics where, acting as an efflux pump, it prevents their entering sensitive organs. The protein also plays a key role in the absorption and blood-brain barrier penetration of many drugs, while its overexpression in cancer cells has been linked to multidrug resistance in tumors. The recent publication of the mouse P-gp crystal structure revealed a large and hydrophobic binding cavity with no clearly defined sub-sites that supports an "induced-fit" ligand binding model. We employed flexible receptor docking to develop a new prediction algorithm for P-gp binding specificity. We tested the ability of this method to differentiate between binders and nonbinders of P-gp using consistently measured experimental data from P-gp efflux and calcein-inhibition assays. We also subjected the model to a blind test on a series of peptidic cysteine protease inhibitors, confirming the ability to predict compounds more likely to be P-gp substrates. Finally, we used the method to predict cellular metabolites that may be P-gp substrates. Overall, our results suggest that many P-gp substrates bind deeper in the cavity than the cyclic peptide in the crystal structure and that specificity in P-gp is better understood in terms of physicochemical properties of the ligands (and the binding site), rather than being defined by specific sub-sites.
Topoi and Literary Interpretation: The Effects of a Critical Reading and Writing Intervention on High School Students' Analytic Literary Essays.

Abstract Literary scholars use specific critical lenses called topoi ( Fahnestock & Secor, 1991 ) to read literature and write their interpretations of these texts. Literary topoi are used in the discourse of modern college literature classrooms ( Wilder, 2002 ) and are associated with higher grades in students’ literature classes ( Wilder, 2002 , Wilder, 2005 ). However, research shows that high school students are generally unable to justify their literary interpretations ( Marshall, 2000 ). In this study, six high school students were taught a strategy to recognize and use topoi to form an interpretation of literature, and then write an argument to support that interpretation. Three of the students were taught to recognize repeated examples of single patterns of symbolism and imagery that support a theme, i.e., the ubiquity topos. The other three were taught to recognize opposing patterns of symbolism and imagery that support a theme, i.e., the paradox topos. All participants were then taught to form arguments based on the topoi, to utilize direct quotations to back their arguments, and to write “tie-in sentences” that link the quotations to the writers’ arguments. Instruction about these topoi resulted in higher quality argumentative essays that provided more textual evidence to support their literary interpretations.
Stimulation of neuronal acetylcholine receptors induces rapid gene transcription

Cholinergic agonists rapidly and transiently induced transcription of the c-fos protooncogene and one or more actin genes in neuronally differentiated PC12 cells. Transcription was activated within minutes after stimulation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and required an influx of extracellular Ca2+ ions through voltage-sensitive calcium channels. Nicotine activation proceeded by a different pathway from activation by nerve growth factor, whose stimulation of these genes is independent of extracellular Ca2+ ions. These findings suggest that neurotransmitters may rapidly activate specific gene transcription in nondividing neuronally differentiated cells. They also suggest a functional role for neurotransmitter induction of c-fos and actin expression in the nervous system.
Allergenic activity of soluble fractions ofDermatophagoides farinae

Abstract D. farinae mite fluids were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Four prominent bands were selected from stained gels, and corresponding gel regions eluted from unstained gels. Eluates and controls were used to scratch test 17 patients, all of whom had demonstrated positive wheal-flare immediate responses to house dust and D. farinae extracts, but negative to other known, non-mite dust components. Intensity and number of patient reactions varied with the eluates. Our data suggest that there may be as few as 2, and as many as 5, allergens in or on D. farinae mite, and capable of producing immediate wheal-flare responses in humans.
Induction of protective immune responses against Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) virus aerosol challenge with microencapsulated VEE virus vaccine

Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) virus, a member of the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, causes disease in humans and equids. The virus is normally transmitted by the bite of an infected mosquito however, it can also be highly infectious by aerosol. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effectiveness of formalin-fixed, 60Co-irradiated VEE virus microencapsulated in poly dl-lactide-co-glycolide in inducing immune responses protective against aerosol challenge with virulent VEE virus. Balbc mice were primed by subcutaneous injection of microencapsulated VEE virus vaccine, followed 30 days later by a single immunization with the same vaccine given via the oral, intratracheal (i.t.) or subcutaneous (s.c.) route. Mice boosted by the i.t. or s.c. route had higher plasma IgG anti-VEE virus levels than orally immunized animals. The responses in the former groups were similar in magnitude to those seen in mice primed and boosted by the i.t. route. Antibody activity was detected in bronchial-alveolar and intestinal washes, fecal extracts and saliva from immunized animals. The levels of IgG and IgA antibody activity in bronchial-alveolar wash fluids from mice boosted by the i.t. route were higher than those seen in animals immunized by the oral or s.c. route with the microsphere vaccine. Mice immunized with the microencapsulated VEE virus vaccine were protected from lethal VEE virus infection following aerosol challenge at approximately three months after the initial immunization. Mucosal immunization via the i.t. route appeared to be the most effective regimen, since 100% of the mice resisted aerosol challenge.
Control and Communication Challenges in Networked Real-Time Systems

A current survey of the emerging field of networked control systems is provided. The aim is to introduce the fundamental issues involved in designing successful networked control systems, to provide a snapshot assessment of the current state of research in the field, to suggest useful future research directions, and to provide a broad perspective on recent fundamental results. Reflecting the goals of the Special Issue itself, this paper surveys relevant work from the areas of systems and control, signal processing, detection and estimation, data fusion, and distributed systems. We discuss appropriate network architectures, topics such as coding for robustly stable control in the presence of time-varying channel capacity, channels with fixed versus adaptively variable data width, issues in data rate problems in nonlinear feedback problems, and problems in routing for stability and performance. In surveying current research on networked control systems, we find that recent theoretical advances and target applications are intimately intertwined. The common goal of papers in the Special Issue which follows is to describe key aspects of this relationship. We also aim to provide a bridge between networked control systems and closely related contemporary work dealing with sensor networks and wireless communication protocols
Pathophysiology of Placenta Creta: The Role of Decidua and Extravillous Trophoblast

Placenta creta is associated with massive postpartum hemorrhage and commonly leads to emergency hysterectomy. While the exact pathogenesis of placenta creta is unknown, proposed hypotheses include a primary deficiency of decidua, abnormal maternal vascular remodeling, excessive trophoblastic invasion, or a combination thereof. To assess these changes in placenta creta, we retrospectively reviewed 49 cases of gravid hysterectomy, 38 with and 11 without the diagnosis of creta, gathered clinical data, and evaluated histopathology of extravillous trophoblast. Specifically, we evaluated maternal vessels for remodeling by endovascular trophoblast, as well as the morphology and depth of invasion of interstitial trophoblast at the implantation site. Compared to controls, cases with creta had decreased proportion of remodeled vessels, with many vessels displaying partial physiologic change. Cases with creta also demonstrated vascular remodeling deeper in the myometrium; however, vascular remodeling of large outer myometrial vessels was only demonstrated in increta and percreta cases, and was absent in both non-creta and accreta. As previously reported, interstitial trophoblast invaded the uterine wall to a significantly greater depth in placenta creta; however, there was no significant difference between creta subtypes. Finally, Ki-67 staining was rarely observed in extravillous trophoblast, except in the trophoblast columns of first trimester creta cases. We, therefore, conclude that the pathogenesis of placenta creta is multi-dimensional, involving increased, but incomplete trophoblast invasion in a background of absent decidua. We further propose that placenta increta and percreta are not due to a further invasion of extravillous trophoblast in the uterine wall, rather they likely arise secondary to dehiscence of a scar, leading to the presence of chorionic villi deep within the uterine wall, and thus give extravillous trophoblast greater access to the deep myometrium.
Ablation of the CLP-1 gene leads to down-regulation of the HAND1 gene and abnormality of the left ventricle of the heart and fetal death.

Abstract We have recently reported that cardiac lineage protein-1 (CLP-1), a nuclear protein with an acidic region that constitutes a potential protein–protein interaction domain, regulates transcription of the cardiac myosin light chain-2v (MLC-2v) gene promoter in a manner consistent with its being a transcriptional co-activator or regulator. To test the postulate that CLP-1 is a regulator of cardiac genes we ablated the CLP-1 gene in mice. Past embryonic day (E)16.5, CLP-1 null alleles did not show Mendelian inheritance suggesting that absence of CLP-1 was lethal in late fetal stages. CLP-1 (−/−) fetal hearts exhibited a reduced left ventricular chamber with thickened myocardial walls, features suggestive of cardiac hypertrophy. Electron microscopic analysis of E16.5 CLP-1 (−/−) ventricular myocardium showed a marked decline in cell density and altered nuclear and myofibril morphologies similar to that seen in animal models of hypertrophic heart. Analysis of contractile and non-contractile protein genes known to be re-expressed during cardiac hypertrophy showed them to have higher expression levels in CLP-1 (−/−) hearts thereby confirming the hypertrophic phenotype at the molecular level. Analysis of cardiac development genes showed that expression of the HAND1 transcription factor, a gene involved in patterning of the heart tube and down-regulated in hypertrophic hearts, was also significantly reduced in CLP-1 (−/−) fetal hearts. CLP-1 and HAND1 have similar expression patterns in the developing heart ventricles. These data suggest that CLP-1 and the HAND transcription factors may be part of a genetic program critical to proper heart development, perturbation of which can lead to cardiomyopathy.
A note on the blood analog for in-vitro testing of heart valve bioprostheses

Glycerol solution with the viscosity coefficient similar to that of blood is used in evaluating the performance characteristics of prosthetic heart valves in the laboratory. However, physiological saline solution is used as a test fluid in testing tissue heart valves even though the viscosity coefficient does not match that of human blood. It is commonly believed that glycerol is absorbed by the tissue valves and hence the leaflets become stiff, making the test results invalid. However, in our laboratory a comparison of tissue valves exposed to glycerine solution at various times does not indicate any difference in the leaflet opening characteristics. Hence, it is suggested that glycerine solution be used as a test fluid for the evaluation of tissue valves also.
REDUCTION OF HPV INFECTIONS THROUGH VACCINATION AMONG AT-RISK URBAN ADOLESCENTS

Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine trials have demonstrated high efficacy in preventing HPV infections and HPV related disease in females ages 16–26. However, there is no source data to demonstrate the impact of the vaccine in other populations who may be at higher risk for HPV related disease. This study examines the impact of HPV vaccination on subsequent HPV detection and sexual behaviors among urban adolescents in a clinical setting.
A Structural Approach to Esthetics: Toward a Definition of Art in Anthropology1

THE general recognition of art as a primary means by which individual and social values are expressed is oddly incompatible with the neglect of the subject in anthropological theory. Psychological studies of art have revealed the intimate connection between individual style and personality and, to some extent, have shown a connection between style and the individual's mode of social integration. Historical studies have attempted to demonstrate a close relation between epochs of social development and the character of their arts. The "styles" of whole cultures have been dealt with by anthropologists in terms of broad constructs such as "ethos," "orientations," or "configuration" which are intended to present comprehensive statements of the world-view of given societies. But art itself does not emerge as a distinct system of social relations and cognition contributing in specific ways to the integration, reinforcement, or change of society and its values; nor does it emerge explicitly in theory as an important vehicle for the expression of these values. Shapiro (1953:311) writes:
Metal ion separations in polyethylene glycol-based aqueous biphasic systems: correlation of partitioning behavior with available thermodynamic hydration data

Abstract Solvent extraction, utilizing an oil-water mixture (e.g, chloroform-water) and a suitable complexant, is a proven technology for the selective removal and recovery of metal ions from aqueous solutions. Aqueous biphasic systems (ABS), formed by mixing certain inorganic salts and water-soluble polymers, or by mixing two dissimilar water-soluble polymers, have been studied for more than 40 years for the gentle, non-denaturing separation of fragile biomolecules, yet ABS have been virtually ignored as a possible extraction technology for metal ions. In this report we review our metal ion partitioning work and discuss the three major types of partitioning: (1) those rare instances that the metal ion species present in a given solution partitions to the PEG-rich phase without an extractant; (2) the use of halide salts which produce a metal anion complex that partitions to the PEG-rich phase; and (3) the use of a water-soluble extractant which distributes to the PEG-rich phase. In addition, we correlate the partitioning behavior we observed with available thermodynamic data for metal ions and their complexes.
The closed room

The most significant model of reasoning to come out of Cognitive Science began with the early work of Newell and Simon (1972) on human problem solving and has developed into an architecture for cognition SOAR (Newell, 1990). A significant feature of this tradition in Cognitive Science is that it renders the cognitive as analytic. This article will analyze the assumptions of this tradition. A first set of arguments explores the consequences of the metaphor of the closed room as introduced by Newell. A second set of arguments develops the notion of an average everyday task environment. The latter parts of the article present For Lack Of A Better Name (FLOABN; Alterman, Zito‐Wolf, & Carpenter, 1998), a computational cognitive model of everyday activity in the usage of household and office devices. FLOABN models cognition in the everyday task environment. The roots of FLOABN are clearly in the tradition of SOAR but they have been transformed by critiques that originate in the literature on everyday activity a...
Mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics analysis of the molecular-level mechanisms of vibrational frequency shifts

A detailed analysis of the origins of vibrational frequency shifts of diatomic molecules (I 2 and IC1) in a rare gas (Xe) liquid is presented. Specifically, vibrationally adiabatic mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics simulations are used to obtain the instantaneous frequency shifts and correlate the shifts to solvent configurations. With this approach, important mechanistic questions are addressed, including the following: How many solvent atoms determine the frequency shift? What solvent atom configurations lead to blue shifts, and which lead to red shifts? What is the effect of solute asymmetry? The mechanistic analysis can be generally applied and should be useful in understanding what information is provided by infrared and Raman spectra about the environment of the probed vibrational mode.
Speciation and Microalgal Bioavailability of Inorganic Silver

Silver accumulation in aquatic organisms is primarily attributed to the bioavailability of the free Ag ion (Ag+). Some reports suggest that AgCl(aq) is also available for biological uptake, but few studies of Ag bioavailability used the range of chloride concentrations over which AgCl0(aq) is the dominant Ag species. None used environmentally realistic, low Ag concentrations (10−200 pM). To assess the bioavailability of inorganic Ag species and the importance of the low polarity AgCl(aq) complex to biological uptake, we determined the octanol−water partition coefficient of Ag over a range of chloride concentrations (0−50 mM) representative of fresh to brackish waters and measured short-term Ag uptake rates in the euryhaline marine microalga Thalassiosira weissflogii exposed to a total silver concentration of 50 pM. Overall octanol−water partition coefficients (Dow) of inorganic silver ranged from 0.02 to 0.06. The Kow of AgCl(aq) calculated using Dow values measured at 0.5, 5, and 50 mM Cl- and the Kow of...
Lanthanide-binding tags with unnatural amino acids: sensitizing Tb3+ and Eu3+ luminescence at longer wavelengths

Lanthanide-binding tags (LBTs) are small, genetically encoded, versatile protein fusion partners that selectively bind lanthanide ions with high affinity. The LBT motif features a strategically positioned tryptophan residue that sensitizes Tb3+ luminescence upon excitation at 280 nm. Herein, we describe the preparation of new LBT peptides that incorporate unnatural amino acids in place of tryptophan, and which sensitize both Tb3+ and Eu3+ luminescence at lower energies. We also report the semisynthesis of proteins tagged with these new LBTs using native chemical ligation. This expands the scope of LBTs and will enable their wider use in luminescence applications.
VARIATIONS IN THE CAUSES OF ETHNONATIONALIST VIOLENCE: NORTHERN IRELAND, 1969–72

Theories of ethnic conflict often assume that the cause of political violence is the same across actors and constant over time. I propose that causes differ, depending upon the identity, grievances, and strategy of the perpetrator as influenced by the cultural, economic, and political contexts in which they operate. Together with Granger causality tests, multivariate time‐series analyses of political deaths in Northern Ireland support a multi‐causal perspective. Reflecting identity differences, Loyalist violence but not Republican violence was likely to increase during months when high levels of protest coincided with annual commemorations. By deepening grievances related to ethnic stratification, rising unemployment contributed to Republican violence, but not to Loyalist violence. Repression of Nationalists increased Republican violence but decreased Loyalist violence, supporting a see‐saw conceptualization of political opportunities in divided societies. The findings highlight the need for sensitivity in both conflict research and management to differences between actors and across social contexts.
Selenium, but Not Lycopene or Vitamin E, Decreases Growth of Transplantable Dunning R3327-H Rat Prostate Tumors

BACKGROUND Lycopene, selenium, and vitamin E are three micronutrients commonly consumed and supplemented by men diagnosed with prostate cancer. However, it is not clear whether consumption of these compounds, alone or in combination, results in improved outcomes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS We evaluated the effects of dietary lycopene (250 mg/kg diet), selenium (methylselenocysteine, 1 mg/kg diet), and vitamin E (gamma-tocopherol, 200 mg/kg diet) alone and in combination on the growth of androgen-dependent Dunning R3327-H rat prostate adenocarcinomas in male, Copenhagen rats. AIN-93G diets containing these micronutrients were prefed for 4 to 6 weeks prior to tumor implantation by subcutaneous injection. Tumors were allowed to grow for approximately 18 weeks. Across diet groups, methylselenocysteine consumption decreased final tumor area (P = 0.003), tumor weight (P = 0.003), and the tumor weight/body weight ratio (P = 0.003), but lycopene and gamma-tocopherol consumption intake did not alter any of these measures. There were no significant interactions among nutrient combinations on tumor growth. Methylselenocysteine consumption also led to small, but significant decreases in body weight (P = 0.007), food intake (P = 0.012), and body weight gain/food intake ratio (P = 0.022). However, neither body weight nor gain/food intake ratio was correlated with tumor weight. Methylselenocysteine, lycopene, and gamma-tocopherol consumed alone and in combination did not alter serum testosterone or dihydrotestosterone concentrations; tumor proliferation or apoptosis rates. In addition, the diets also did not alter tumor or prostate androgen receptor, probasin, selenoprotein 15, selenoprotein P, or selenium binding protein 2 mRNA expression. However, using castration and finasteride-treated tissues from a previous study, we found that androgen ablation altered expression of these selenium-associated proteins. CONCLUSIONS Of the three micronutrients tested, only methylselenocysteine consumption reduced growth of transplantable Dunning R3327-H prostate tumors, albeit through an unresolved mechanism.