cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Targeted therapy for oesophageal cancer: an overview

Oesophageal cancer (OC), is an aggressive cancer constituting a major cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent advances in surgical techniques, incorporation of new therapeutic approaches—adjuvant/neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy—and integration of new cytotoxic drugs into the management of oesophageal cancer have increased the response rate percentages to 40–50%, with minor impact on the overall survival. The need for an efficacious therapy with minimal toxicity along with a better understanding of molecular pathways of oesophageal carcinogenesis has led to the development of novel anticancer agents. These agents have targeted mechanisms of action such as: (1) inhibitors of the ErbB receptor family, (2) vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, (3) selective inhibitors of cycloxygenase-2, (4) matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors, (5) cell-cycle regulators, and (6) promoters of apoptosis. The incorporation of these agents into combined modality treatment schedules for advanced and early stage tumors together with the identification of patients who will most likely benefit will provide novel opportunities in the treatment of oesophageal cancer.
Identifying effective software metrics using genetic algorithms

Various software metrics may be used to quantify object-oriented source code characteristics in order to assess the quality of the software. This type of software quality assessment may be viewed as a problem of classification: given a set of objects with known features (software metrics) and group labels (quality rankings), design a classifier that can predict the quality rankings of new objects using only the software metrics. We have obtained a variety of software measures for a Java application used for biomedical data analysis. A system architect has ranked the quality of the objects as low, medium-low, medium or high with respect to maintainability. A commercial program was used to parse the source code identifying 16 metrics. A genetic algorithm (GA) was implemented to determine which subset of the various software metrics gave the best match to the quality ranking specified by the expert. By selecting the optimum metrics for determining object quality, GA-based feature selection offers an insight into which software characteristics developers should try to optimize.
Examining The Effectiveness Of Interventions Designed To Increase Mammography Adherence Among African American Women

The objective of this paper was to assess and synthesize the key findings, conclusions, and recommendations of mammography interventions targeting African American women conducted between 1999 and 2010. Collection of materials for this study included searches of academic databases using the following inclusion criteria: 1) publication in the English language, 2) between 1999 and 2010, 3) conducted in the United States, 4) targeting African American women. Titles and abstracts of identified studies were evaluated independently by two researchers. A total of 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. Interventions were categorized as either practice-based or community-based. Classifications were then sub-categorized based on the employment of targeted or tailored strategies. Culturally-appropriate tailored and targeted messages are an effective approach to increase screening mammography adherence. Community-wide interventions that employ lay health advisors were found to assist in offsetting issues related to trust and access. Interventions delivered in faith-based settings were effective mediums for increasing adherence to screening guidelines. Stepped-care interventions were an efficient, cost-effective method for increasing adherence among non-compliant populations. The majority of the identified studies relied upon theoretical frameworks to guide the intervention. Community-based interventions should progress from atheoretical to theory-based intervention frameworks.
금융교육의 효과 : 증거 있나? 없나? (Evidence and Ideology in Assessing the Effectiveness of Financial Literacy Education)

English version available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=1098270. Financial literacy education has long been promoted as key to consumer financial well-being. Yet the claim has never had more than negligible statistically significant empirical support. This review (1) sets forth the model of financial literacy education underlying public support for these programs today, (2) identifies pervasive and serious limitations in existing empirical research used by policymakers as evidence of the effectiveness of this education, and (3) recommends a number of alternative public policies suggested by the existing research.
Integrating quality and safety education into clinical nursing education through a dedicated education unit

The Institute of Medicine and American Association of Colleges of Nursing are calling for curriculum redesign that prepares nursing students with the requisite knowledge and skills to provide safe, high quality care. The purpose of this project was to improve nursing students' knowledge of quality and safety by integrating Quality and Safety Education for Nurses into clinical nursing education through development of a dedicated education unit. This model, which pairs nursing students with front-line nursing staff for clinical experiences, was implemented on a medical floor in an acute care hospital. Prior to implementation, nurses and students were educated about the dedicated education unit and quality and safety competencies. During each clinical rotation, students collaborated with their nurses on projects related to these competencies. Students' knowledge was assessed using questions related to quality and safety. Students who participated in the dedicated education unit had higher scores than those with traditional clinical rotations. Focus groups were held mid-semester to assess nurses' perceptions of the experience. Five themes emerged from the qualitative data including thirsting for knowledge, building teamwork and collaboration, establishing trust and decreasing anxiety, mirroring organization and time management skills, and evolving confidence in the nursing role.
Welfare Assessment of the Renewable Fuel Standard: Economic Efficiency, Rebound Effect, and Policy Interactions in a General Equilibrium Framework

In this paper, we have shown that partial equilibrium evaluations of biofuels policies can lead to misleading results. We develop a stylized theoretical model to show how a general equilibrium setup can improve the analysis of price, welfare, rebound, and other impacts. We then implement an empirical analysis of the US corn ethanol mandate and show that inclusion of agricultural subsidies and income tax impacts are very important. Previous work has seriously underestimated the price impacts on coarse grains because the financing of the implicit subsidy did not consider the reduction of agricultural subsidies. Also, other studies in the literature have estimated huge gasoline price decreases due to the US ethanol program. We show that the gasoline price impact is essentially negligible. These other studies did not include all the economy wide impacts. We also show the rebound, trade, and welfare impacts of the policy cases. The land use impact varies significantly with implemented ethanol policy, but the welfare impacts do not differ meaningfully across the cases.
Poster Abstract: XBOS: An Extensible Building Operating System

We present XBOS, an eXtensible Building Operating System for integrated management of previously isolated building subsystems. The key contribution of XBOS is the Building Profile, a canonical, executable description of a building and its subsystems that changes with a building and evolves control processes and applications accordingly. The design and implementation of XBOS addresses the six dimensions of an effective BAS -- hardware presentation layer, canonical metadata, control process management, building evolution management, security, scalable UX and API.
Crossed and Locked Quotes in a Multi-Market Simulation

Financial markets are often fragmented, introducing the possibility that quotes in identical securities may become crossed or locked. There are a number of theoretical explanations for the existence of crossed and locked quotes, including competition, simultaneous actions, inattentiveness, fee structure and market access. In this paper, we perform a simulation experiment designed to examine the effect of simple order routing procedures on the properties of a fragmented market consisting of a single security trading in two independent limit order books. The quotes in the two markets are connected solely by the routing decision of the market participants. We report on the health of the consolidated market as measured by the duration of crossed and locked states, as well as the spread and the volatility of transaction prices in the consolidated market. We aim to quantify exactly how the prevalence of order routing among a population of market participants affects properties of the consolidated market. Our model contributes to the zero-intelligence literature by treating order routing as an experimental variable. Additionally, we introduce a parsimonious heuristic for limit order routing, allowing us to study the effects of both market order routing and limit order routing. Our model refines intuition for the sometimes subtle relationships between the prevalence of order routing and various market measures. Our model also provides a benchmark for more complex agent-based models.
Substrate Promotes Productive Gas Binding in the α-Ketoglutarate-Dependent Oxygenase FIH.

The Fe2+/α-ketoglutarate (αKG)-dependent oxygenases use molecular oxygen to conduct a wide variety of reactions with important biological implications, such as DNA base excision repair, histone demethylation, and the cellular hypoxia response. These enzymes follow a sequential mechanism in which O2 binds and reacts after the primary substrate binds, making those structural factors that promote productive O2 binding central to their chemistry. A large challenge in this field is to identify strategies that engender productive turnover. Factor inhibiting HIF (FIH) is a Fe2+/αKG-dependent oxygenase that forms part of the O2 sensing machinery in human cells by hydroxylating the C-terminal transactivation domain (CTAD) found within the HIF-1α protein. The structure of FIH was determined with the O2 analogue NO bound to Fe, offering the first direct insight into the gas binding geometry in this enzyme. Through a combination of density functional theory calculations, {FeNO}7 electron paramagnetic resonance spectr...
Risk Evaluation and the NFPA 654 Layer Depth Criteria for Dust Explosion and Flash Fire Hazards

What is an acceptable thickness of accumulated combustible dust in an industrial facility?Combustible dusts present both flash fire and explosion hazards. Companies which generate, handle, process, store, or distribute combustible dusts need to cost-effectively manage these hazards. In the United States, the Occupational Health and Safety Administration (OSHA) has stepped up its enforcement activity and is conducting inspections at these locations to verify that the facility is being operated in accordance with recognized and generally accepted good engineering practices (RAGAGEP). The combustible dust safety standard from the National Fire Protection Association, NFPA 654 (1) is often cited as the RAGAGEP for combustible dust risk management. One aspect of combustible dust risk management is the monitoring and control of fugitive dust accumulation on horizontal surfaces. NFPA 654 gives specific guidance on how to determine an acceptable level of combustible dust accumulation using different risk scenarios. These acceptable levels or thresholds were only recently added as requirements in the 2013 edition of NFPA 654 and there is debate as to whether they are accurate. An examination of this guidance reveals that it is very conservative because it omits consideration of several distinct events necessary for a dust deflagration or flash fire to occur.NFPA 654, 2013 edition presents four techniques to determine if a flash fire or explosion hazard exists in a building or enclosure. These are: the layer depth criterion, Mass Method A, Mass method B, and Risk Evaluation. The standard gives explicit directions on how to calculate critical layer thickness using the first three methods. The standard does not give guidance on how to conduct a risk evaluation. In this paper we present a risk evaluation based on the NFPA 654 layer depth criteria. We formulate the dust accumulation scenario as a sequence of distinct events, estimate probabilities for each event, and illustrate how the NFPA 654 guidelines generally skew the layer depth criteria towards lower values. It is argued that the NFPA 654 guidance may result in layer depth criteria that are too conservatively low for facilities that manage marginally combustible dusts. In those facilities a more quantitative risk analysis will likely yield better, i.e., more practical criteria.Copyright © 2015 by ASME
Multipage Read for nand Flash

nand flash memories achieve very high densities through a series connection of all cells in a bitline. In current memories, each wordline is read independently by biasing all the other cells to act as pass transistors and sensing all the bitlines in parallel. This brief proposes a new method that reads multiple wordlines simultaneously and returns a combination of their stored information. This multipage read method is shown to be useful for equalizing the intercell interference, reduce the damage caused by erase operations, and speed up the decoding of a certain class of codes.
Cobalt nanoparticles embedded in nitrogen-doped carbon for the hydrogen evolution reaction.

There is great interest in renewable and sustainable energy research to develop low-cost, highly efficient, and stable electrocatalysts as alternatives to replace Pt-based catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Though nanoparticles encapsulated in carbon shells have been widely used to improve the electrode performances in energy storage devices (e.g., lithium ion batteries), they have attracted less attention in energy-related electrocatalysis. Here we report the synthesis of nitrogen-enriched core–shell structured cobalt–carbon nanoparticles dispersed on graphene sheets and we investigate their HER performances in both acidic and basic media. These catalysts exhibit excellent durability and HER activities with onset overpotentials as low as ∼70 mV in both acidic (0.5 M H2SO4) and alkaline (0.1 M NaOH) electrolytes, and the overpotentials needed to deliver 10 mA cm–2 are determined to be 265 mV in acid and 337 mV in base, further demonstrating their potential to replace Pt-based catalysts. ...
Neuregulin 1-activated ERBB4 interacts with YAP to induce Hippo pathway target genes and promote cell migration

The receptor tyrosine kinase ERBB4, a member of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family, is unusual in that ERBB4 can undergo intramembrane proteolysis, releasing a soluble intracellular domain (ICD) that modulates transcription in the nucleus. We found that ERBB4 activated the transcriptional coactivator YAP, which promotes organ and tissue growth and is inhibited by the Hippo tumor-suppressor pathway. Overexpressing ERBB4 in cultured mammary epithelial cells or adding the ERBB4 ligand neuregulin 1 (NRG1) to breast cancer cell cultures promoted the expression of genes regulated by YAP, such as CTGF. Knocking down YAP or ERBB4 prevented the induction of CTGF expression by NRG1, as did treating cells with the ERBB inhibitors lapatinib or erlotinib, which reduced ERBB4 cleavage. NRG1 stimulated YAP activity to an extent comparable to that of EGF (epidermal growth factor) or LPA (lysophosphatidic acid), known activators of YAP. NRG1 stimulated YAP-dependent cell migration in breast cancer cell lines. These observations connect the unusual nuclear function of a growth factor receptor with a mechanosensory pathway and suggest that NRG1-ERBB4-YAP signaling contributes to the aggressive behavior of tumor cells.
Clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of tuberculosis cases hospitalised in the intensive phase in Fiji.

Settings: Tuberculosis (TB) is an ongoing public health challenge in Fiji. Clinical case detection and management are critical for effective TB control. Most TB cases in Fiji are hospitalised for the intensive phase of treatment. Objectives: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics, comorbidities and final treatment outcomes of TB patients hospitalised for the intensive phase of treatment in Fiji. Design: A retrospective, descriptive study of all TB cases hospitalised during the intensive phase over a 3-year period (2010–2012). Results: A total of 395 TB hospitalised cases were included, of whom 61% were sputum smear-positive. The largest proportions of cases were among young adults (15–34 years) and the unemployed, respectively 43% and 71%. Diabetes (13%) and smoking (22%) were common comorbidities. Final anti-tuberculosis treatment outcomes were available for 96% of cases; 81% were cured or completed treatment. Default was more common in those with current employment. Death was the final treatment outcome in 4%, and was more common (11%) in the oldest group aged 355 years (OR 5.7, 95%CI 1.9–17). Conclusion: This study provides original and comprehensive descriptive data on TB cases in Fiji and identifies characteristics associated with poor treatment outcomes.
Conversion total hip arthroplasty: Primary or revision total hip arthroplasty

Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is an increasingly common procedure among elderly individuals. Although conversion THA is currently bundled in a diagnosis related group (DRG) with primary THA, there is a lack of literature supporting this classification and it has yet to be identified whether conversion THA better resembles primary or revision THA. This editorial analyzed the intraoperative and postoperative factors and functional outcomes following conversion THA, primary THA, and revision THA to understand whether the characteristics of conversion THA resemble one procedure or the other, or are possibly somewhere in between. The analysis revealed that conversion THA requires more resources both intraoperatively and postoperatively than primary THA. Furthermore, patients undergoing conversion THA present with poorer functional outcomes in the long run. Patients undergoing conversion THA better resemble revision THA patients than primary THA patients. As such, patients undergoing conversion THA should not be likened to patients undergoing primary THA when determining risk stratification and reimbursement rates. Conversion THA procedures should be planned accordingly with proper anticipation of the greater needs both in the operating room, and for in-patient and follow-up care. We suggest that conversion THA be reclassified in the same DRG with revision THA as opposed to primary THA as a step towards better allocation of healthcare resources for conversion hip arthroplasties.
Predicting Tobacco Use across the First Year of College.

OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to assess patterns of tobacco use across the first year of college, transitions in use, and associated predictors. METHODS The frequency of tobacco use (cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookah) during the fall and spring of 4073 college students' first year at college were used as indicators in latent class (LCA) and latent transition analyses (LTA). RESULTS The LCA yielded 3 classes that represent levels of use frequency and not specific tobacco product classes: non-using, experimenting, and frequent using. The LTA results demonstrate stability in class membership from fall to spring. The most common transition was for the fall experimenters to transition out of experimentation. A series of demographic, environmental, and intrapersonal predictors were found to influence both fall class membership, and transitions from fall to spring. CONCLUSIONS Students are likely to use multiple alternative tobacco products along with cigarettes. Their frequency of use of these products is fairly stable across the first year of college. Predictors reflecting experiences during the first year of college had the greatest impact on college tobacco use, demonstrating the importance of the college experience on young adult tobacco use.
The Metabolism of Biotin and Analogues

Publisher Summary Biotin is required by animals and some microorganisms in extremely small amounts. Biotin is determinable in physiological amounts only by microbiological methods and it is synthesized by many microorganisms including those of the intestinal tract so that the production of a deficiency in humans and other animals is complicated, and it is covalently bound to apoenzymes rendering resolution of holoenzymes virtually impossible. The role of pimelic acid as a growth factor seems restricted to that of a precursor of biotin. Pimelic acid has been reported to be a vitamin for the larvae of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum , but the activity recorded may be due to conversion to biotin by the flora of the intestinal tract. Pimelic acid fails to satisfy the biotin requirement of at least Lactobacillus casei , Lactobacillus arabinosus , biotin-requiring fungi, yeast, or Rhizobium trifolii , a very significant study of biotin biosynthesis in Achromobacter sp., which was isolated from the bovine rumen. The organism is rather anomalous because it fails to grow on media containing glucose as the main energy source, and it does not synthesize increased amounts of biotin when the medium is supplemented with pimelic acid.
General Issues in International Investment

While allegations about the effects of foreign direct investment on “host” countries abound, the imagination and emotions of commentators on the subject have far outrun the supply of carefully evaluated empirical facts, never mind analysis. The dramatic expansion of international investment by firms in the period since World War II has raised issues at a variety of levels in both economic science and policy formation. These issues have been extensively analysed by professional economists in many countries and they will be briefly surveyed in the following pages.
Robert P Heaney, MD: 1927–2016

Dr. Robert P. Heaney's six decades of research investigating bone physiology and biology have had a profound impact in the field of osteoporosis. His early work at Creighton included the Creighton University “Nun” Study. Many persons in the field recognize this study when it is mentioned. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved
Human and Animal Studies With Cholinergic Agents: How Clinically Exploitable is the Cholinergic Deficiency in Alzheimer’s Disease

Studies of brain neurotransmitter systems in patients with a diagnosis of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) repeatedly demonstrated a deficit in the cholinergic system (Davies and Maloney, 1976) suggesting that a rational treatment approach would be the pharmacologic enhancement of cholinergic activity. Pharmacologic strategies employed in this attempt included: increasing Acetylcholine (ACh) synthesis by precursor loading; limiting ACh breakdown by inhibiting Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE); administration of direct receptor agonists; a combination of two pharmacologic strategies. This paper reviews animal and clinical data that attempt central cholinergic augmentation.
From uncertainty to secrecy: A dynamic approach

Uncertainty is the pseudonym for many unfavorable effects in both wired and wireless communications. When uncertainty presents itself, a receiver suffers from information loss and communication efficiency is limited. Moreover, an adversary eavesdropping on the communication also faces inevitable information loss. This information loss can be utilized by legitimate users for security purposes. In this paper, we introduce the framework of utilizing adversary's information loss as a security measure. Moreover, we propose a set of light-weight algorithms to generate a series of hash values, namely dynamic secrets, from communication traffic and then apply dynamic secrets to secure the communications.
Audit based privacy preservation for the OpenID authentication protocol

This paper studies a privacy vulnerability within OpenID, a distributed single sign on protocol. An OpenID system consists of three components: User Agent (UA); Relying Party - A web application that a UA would like to authenticate with using their unique identifier; and Identity Provider - A web server that provides a globally unique identifier for the UA and validates the identity of UAs on behalf of Relying Parties. The privacy vulnerability has been identified in existing literatures. However, no effective solution has been proposed to date. In this paper, we present an effective scheme to mitigate this vulnerability. In order for OpenID to gain wider acceptance, this vulnerability must be addressed with a solution that is convenient to the users of single sign on. We propose a method for mitigating this vulnerability by creating vertical levels of trust between constituents of an OpenID network through expanding the role of OpenID Identity Providers to include auditing OpenID Relying Parties for privacy vulnerabilities. In addition, Identity Providers may keep records of audits that identify Relying Parties that do not protect the privacy of OpenID users. The primary issue with this privacy vulnerability is that it is completely transparent - it occurs without the user ever being aware that it is happening. We cannot force Relying Parties to guarantee the privacy of OpenID users, nor would we like to burden individual users with browser level solutions that are often overly technical and difficult to understand. We have designed an audit solution at the level of the Identity Provider, which can accurately inform users when Relying Parties may be sharing information with third parties, therefore giving OpenID users the ability to make a conscious choice to share that information. We have performed real network experiments to validate our scheme, and the experimental results show that our scheme is effective.
The Science, Sighs, and Signs of Interpretation: An Asian American Post-Pentecost-al Hermeneutics in a Multi-, Inter-, and Trans-cultural World

Amos Yong provides an Asian American hermeneutical approach that frames the contextualization of contemporary theology in the vast multiplicity of overlapping commitments and situations. Yong situates his own theological hermeneutics through Acts 2 and the paradigmatic significance of the Day of Pentecost for the renewal of Christian theology in the late modern world. In a significant update to his hermeneutical and methodological work, he addresses the important issue of contemporary multi-culturalism for hermeneutics in relation to the “science, sighs, and signs,” that is, “the rules, affections/motivations, and behaviors/purposes” involved in interpretation.
Anisotropic Growth of Otavite on Calcite: Implications for Heteroepitaxial Growth Mechanisms

Elucidating the molecular-scale mechanisms driving complex growth behaviors during heteroepitaxial growth in aqueous media has remained a challenging endeavor. Toward this goal, in situ atomic force microscopy was employed to image the heteroepitaxial growth of otavite (CdCO3) at the (1014) surface of calcite (CaCO3) single crystals in static aqueous conditions. Heteroepitaxial growth proceeded via spreading of three-dimensional (3D) islands and two-dimensional (2D) atomic layers at low and high initial saturation levels, respectively. Experiments were carried out as a function of applied force and imaging mode thus enabling determination of growth mechanisms unaltered by imaging artifacts. This approach revealed the significant anisotropic nature of heteroepitaxial growth on calcite in both growth modes and its dependence on supersaturation, film thickness, and substrate topography. The 3D islands not only grew preferentially along the [421] direction relative to the [010] direction, resulting in rod-l...
A zebrafish model of infection-associated acute kidney injury.

Sepsis-associated acute kidney injury (S-AKI) independently predicts mortality among critically ill patients. The role of innate immunity in this process is unclear, and there is an unmet need for ...
Colocaciones con verbos delexicalizados, ¿son más difíciles de aprender?

Este articulo recoge un estudio de aula llevado a cabo con tres grupos, dos en condiciones experimentales (uno en el que se promovio la captacion de las colocaciones en el input y otro en el que se promovio su aprendizaje a traves de actividades explicitas) y un tercer grupo de control (en el que no se presto atencion alguna a las colocaciones). Las colocaciones meta se dividieron en aquellas con el verbo delexicalizado y en otras colocaciones. A la luz de los resultados obtenidos, podemos concluir que no hay diferencia en el aprendizaje de ambos tipos de colocaciones en los grupos experimentales. Sin embargo, el grupo de control solo obtuvo aprendizaje de las llamadas otras colocaciones.
"Fresher Than You": Commercial Use of YouTube-Native Dance and Videographic Techniques

This article focuses on four examples of commercial use of web-native and amateur video and dance aesthetics, including music videos and videos promoting clothing brands, and how corporate logics have adopted these genres and caused them to adapt in turn. Commercial use both subsumes and broadcasts the innovations of dance communities, amateur filmmakers, and subcultural entrepreneurs. At the same time, I argue that the possibility of greater self-control for the making and distributing of filmed popular dance in the social media context renders commercial mediation of popular dance more desirable to many communities of practice. Through looking at generic and technical attributes of the examples, I address the continued rhetorical power of binaries like amateur and professional, commercial and participatory, categories the reality of dance in social media in fact undermine. The commercial use of web-native videographic and dance styles is complicated by new opportunities for representation, remuneration, and creative control that come with the new platforms and modes of production. These music videos and advertisements transmit social media-native movement, videographic, and promotional techniques, but still do so within longstanding infrastructures that primarily benefit those with preexisting economic and cultural capital, and along lines of class and race.
A Characterization of Interregional Transport of Ozone and Precursors into an Urban Area

Evidence of the interregional transport of ozone and its precursors has been documented by many investigators. Monitoring air pollution upwind of urban areas in order to characterize the ozone and precursor transport into the city is not common, however, and understanding this phenomenon is essential to properly design control strategies to attain and maintain the ozone ambient air quality standard, and to develop models for assessing the impact of interregional transport of ozone and precursors.
Reaction of Trimethylsilylmethyl Substituted Silanes with Alkali Metals: Syntheses of Polycarbosilanes and Polysilanes

During the last decade, silicon-containing polymers such as polysilanes and polycarbosilanes have attracted much attention because of their potential applications as ceramics precursors,1 binders for ceramics2 and for powder metallurgy,3 photoresistors4 and photoinitiators,5 and non-linear optical materials.6 The first practical use of a polysilane was in the production of β-silicon carbide by the Yajima process (Eq. 1).7
Recap of the Joint Symposium of the 12th Annual Conference on Financial Economics and Accounting and the 9th Conference on Pacific Basin Finance, Economics, and Accounting, September 21-22, 2001

The 12th Conference on Finance Economics and Accounting was held at Rutgers University, School of Business on September 21–22, 2001. The result was exciting and outstanding. This conference has become one of the most prestigious academic conferences in finance and accounting both nationally and internationally. See the attached program for the details of the two-day event. During the conference, we decided that the 13th conference on Finance Economics and Accounting will be held at the University of Maryland in October 2002. The 10th Conference on Pacific Basin Finance, Economics, and Accounting will be held at Nanyang Technological University in August 2002. The following is the fifteen-member executive committee (alphabetically), which coordinated the program:
Protein Specificity in Plant Disease Development: Protein Sharing Between Host and Parasite

The phenomenon of protein sharing or common antigens between plant hosts and parasites has been interpreted in different ways in attempts to explain the basis of susceptibility of plants to disease or the reason for host specificity of plant pathogens. These views encompass immunogenetic responses, cytoplasmic reactions involving common (proteins) antigens, and lectin-protein reactions between host and parasite.
Concerning strain-gage measurement of creep of plastics

The m e a s u r e m e n t of strain wi th high sens i t iv i ty and accuracy invo lves m a n y difficulties. M a n y of these difficulties were reduced if no t e l iminated b y the d e v e l o p m e n t of the res is tance f i lament which could be c e m e n t e d on the desired region. Th i s device , k n o w n as the SR-4 gage, has t w o inherent troubles o m e features which are particularly impor tant w h e n the gage is to be used to measure strain in a s tructure or t e s t spec imen m a d e of plastics. T h e s e features are (a) the heat diss ipated in the gage due to i ts electrical resistance, and (b) the stiffening effect of the gage. In the present paper, a m e a n s of mini miz ing the effect of the former w h e n used for creep
Mechanisms of nitrogen attenuation from seawater by two microbial mats.

Abstract Microbial mats, due to their high microbial diversity, have the potential to express most biogeochemical cycling processes, highlighting their prospective use in bioremediation of various environmental contaminants. In this study the mechanisms of nitrogen attenuation were investigated in naturally occurring microbial mats from Elkhorn Slough, Monterey Bay, CA, USA, and Baja California Sur, Mexico. Key processes responsible for this removal were evaluated using quantification of functional genes related to nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation. Both microbial mats were capable of removing high (up to 2 mM) concentrations of ammonium and nitrate. Ammonium assimilation rates measured for Elkhorn Slough mats showed that this process was responsible for most of the ammonium uptake in these mats. While Elkhorn Slough mats did not show any evidence of nitrogen removal pathways other than microbial assimilation, Baja mats exhibited the potential for nitrification, denitrification, and DNRA as well as assimilation. The results of this study demonstrate the potential of microbial mats for bioremediation of nitrogenous pollutants independent of the mechanisms responsible for their removal.
AGE AND SUBJECTIVE SPIRITUALITY, BUT NOT GENERATIVITY, PREDICT SHORT-TERM CHANGES IN LIFE SATISFACTION

Using longitudinal growth models (N = 169, M age = 40), we examined whether age, spirituality,and generative behaviors influenced changes in life satisfaction over a 2-year span. Life satisfaction increased over time. Age was significantly associated with the initial levels of satisfaction, but not the rate of change. Middle-aged and older adults initially reported lower life satisfaction. Spirituality was associated with both the intercept and the slope of life satisfaction. Adults reporting higher initial spirituality also reported higher life satisfaction at Time 1. Of note, those reporting higher spirituality at Time 1 demonstrated greater improvements in life satisfaction over time. No significant effects on life satisfaction were detected for generative behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of the importance of examining the covariation of age, spirituality, generative behaviors, and life satisfaction across time, with an eye toward the methodological challenges of doing so.
Estimating the energy expenditure of free-ranging polar bears using tri-axial accelerometers: A validation with doubly labeled water.

Measures of energy expenditure can be used to inform animal conservation and management, but methods for measuring the energy expenditure of free‐ranging animals have a variety of limitations. Advancements in biologging technologies have enabled the use of dynamic body acceleration derived from accelerometers as a proxy for energy expenditure. Although dynamic body acceleration has been shown to strongly correlate with oxygen consumption in captive animals, it has been validated in only a few studies on free‐ranging animals. Here, we use relationships between oxygen consumption and overall dynamic body acceleration in resting and walking polar bears Ursus maritimus and published values for the costs of swimming in polar bears to estimate the total energy expenditure of 6 free‐ranging polar bears that were primarily using the sea ice of the Beaufort Sea. Energetic models based on accelerometry were compared to models of energy expenditure on the same individuals derived from doubly labeled water methods. Accelerometer‐based estimates of energy expenditure on average predicted total energy expenditure to be 30% less than estimates derived from doubly labeled water. Nevertheless, accelerometer‐based measures of energy expenditure strongly correlated (r 2 = 0.70) with measures derived from doubly labeled water. Our findings highlight the strengths and limitations in dynamic body acceleration as a measure of total energy expenditure while also further supporting its use as a proxy for instantaneous, detailed energy expenditure in free‐ranging animals.
Plasmonic Spin-Hall Effect in Surface Plasmon Polariton Focusing

Surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are fundamental collective charge density excitations at surfaces of solid-state plasmas. They can energize physical and chemical processes at the nanoscale, but control of the spatiotemporal evolution of their energy, momentum, and spin is necessary to effectively transfer their quantum properties to molecules and other nanoscopic objects. Thus, to design the coupling of SPPs into other modes of an electronic system, it is important to describe and control their nanofemto spatiotemporal distributions. We investigate the spatial SPP field and spin distributions when launched by illuminating a converging lens coupling structure in an Ag film with obliquely incident linearly or circularly polarized femtosecond light pulses. The propagation and focusing of SPPs are recorded as movies by scanning the pump–probe pulse delay and recording the evolving interference patterns between the SPP and optical fields by ultrafast interferometric time-resolved two-photon photoemission ele...
Nonlinear and quantum optics with whispering gallery resonators

Whispering Gallery Mode resonators made from optically nonlinear crystals have small mode volume and extremely high quality factor which makes them ideal for various nonlinear conversion process at low power, ultimately at single photon level.
Injuries sustained during high intensity interval training: are modern fitness trends contributing to increased injury rates?

Background Over the past decade, interest in high intensity interval training (HIIT) has increased considerably. The objective of this study was to determine injury incidence coinciding with increased popularity of HIIT and identify ways physicians can advise patients prior to participation. Methods The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS) was queried from 2007 through 2016 to estimate injury incidence related to exercises such as burpees, push-ups, and lunges and exercise equipment such as barbells, kettle bells, and boxes, which are representative of HIIT exercise programs. Injury incidences were calculated and compared between 2007-2011 and 2012-2016. Over the same time period, Google Trends was used to determine the popularity of HIIT. Results There were an estimated 3,988,903 injuries, most often in males (58%) aged 20 to 39 years (39%). Most commonly, injuries were in the lower extremity (35.3%), trunk (28.5%), and upper extremity (19.6%). From 2012-2016 versus 2007-2011, there was a 144% increase in all injuries including a 159% increase in trunk injuries, a 137% increase in lower extremity injuries, and a 132% increase in upper extremity injuries. There was also a 127% increase in lower extremity strains and a 124% increase in upper extremity strains. Additionally, knee and ankle sprains increased 125%. These increases in injury incidence correlated with a 274% increase in HIIT interest. Conclusions Given increases in injuries related to high-intensity workout programs, athletes should be educated on how to minimize preventable injuries. With particularly high rates of knee and ankle sprains and strains, neuromuscular training and pre-strengthening programs, which have been previously demonstrated to be effective among young athletes, may be particularly worthwhile in prospective participants. Physicians must be up to date with current fitness trends to best advise patients appropriately.
The Gothic Grotesque: Disability, Deformity, and Monstrosity in Faulkner's Sanctuary

Faulkner is often associated with the Southern Gothic, a genre that features Freudian repression, horror, and the grotesque. The article considers the relationship between disability and the Gothic...
Board Structure, CEO Turnover, and Bank Performance

This study systematically investigates the impact of board structure on forced bank CEO turnovers. Using a sample of 149 bank CEO turnovers, I show that forced CEO turnover is motivated more by high risk level than by poor performance, suggesting that bank directors place “safety and soundness” before profitability. This study is the first to document that occupational background of independent directors can have a significant impact on forced bank CEO turnovers. In contrast with previous studies, I do not find any significant correlation between board independence ratio and the probability of forced bank CEO turnover, or changes in post-turnover performance.
Extreme and Inconsistent: A Case-Oriented Regression Analysis of Health, Inequality, and Poverty:

A methodological paradox characterizes macro-comparative research: it routinely violates the assumptions underlying its dominant method, multiple regression analysis. Comparative researchers have s...
Healing Hurt People-Chicago: Supporting Trauma Recovery in Patients Injured by Violence

Despite the fact that many survivors of serious violent injury experience levels of posttraumatic stress reactions consistent with those of traumatized combat veterans, they rarely have access to psychological support or intervention. In addition to their discrete injuries, survivors from communities with high levels of violence also contend with chronic adversity, developmental trauma, and continuous traumatic stress; all of these, along with post-traumatic stress disorder, heighten the risk for violent reinjury. Trauma centers that care for patients with gunshot wounds and other violent injuries have both an opportunity and an ethical obligation to intervene in the cycle of violence in which many patients are caught. Healing Hurt People (HHP) is a hospital-based violence intervention model created at Drexel University that seeks to address unresolved psychological trauma as an often overlooked, key driver of risk for violent injury. HHP works to interrupt the cycle of violence with trauma-informed approaches that promote opportunities for acknowledging, addressing, and healing from trauma. This chapter briefly reviews literature on the traumatic effects of violent injury and the role that traumatization plays in risk for violent injury. After discussing the ethical, clinical, and economic rationales for trauma-informed, hospital-based violence intervention, the authors describe their experience adapting and implementing the HHP model in Chicago over several years while the city dealt with its highest levels of violence in decades.
Vorpal: A novel RNA virus feature-extraction algorithm demonstrated through interpretable genotype-to-phenotype linear models

In the analysis of genomic sequence data, so-called alignment free approaches are often selected for their relative speed compared to alignment-based approaches, especially in the application of distance comparisons and taxonomic classification. These methods are typically reliant on excising K-length substrings of the input sequence, called K-mers. In the context of machine learning, K-mer based feature vectors have been used in applications ranging from amplicon sequencing classification to predictive modeling for antimicrobial resistance genes. This can be seen as an analogy of the bag-of-words model successfully employed in natural language processing and computer vision for document and image classification. Feature extraction techniques from natural language processing have previously been analogized to genomics data; however, the bag-of-words approach is brittle in the RNA virus space due to the high intersequence variance and the exact matching requirement of K-mers. To reconcile the simplicity of bag-of-words methods with the complications presented by the intrinsic variance of RNA virus space, a method to resolve the fragility of extracted K-mers in a way that faithfully reflects an underlying biological phenomenon was devised. Our algorithm, Vorpal, allows the construction of interpretable linear models with clustered, representative degenerate K-mers as the input vector and, through regularization, sparse predictors of binary phenotypes as the output. Here, we demonstrate the utility of Vorpal by identifying nucleotide-level genomic motif predictors for binary phenotypes in three separate RNA virus clades; human pathogen vs. non-human pathogen in Orthocoronavirinae, hemorrhagic fever causing vs. non-hemorrhagic fever causing in Ebolavirus, and human-host vs. non-human host in Influenza A. The capacity of this approach for in-silico identification of hypotheses which can be validated by direct experimentation, as well as identification of genomic targets for preemptive biosurveillance of emerging viruses, is discussed. The code is available for download at https://github.com/mriglobal/vorpal.