cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Controlling the mode volume in high-Q microcavities with high refractive index coatings

Developing optical resonators with high quality factors, small mode volumes, and high refractive index contrast is important for many integrated optics and communications applications. High quality factors and small mode volumes are especially desirable to maximize the circulating intensity and Purcell factor for laser applications. However, controlling an optical resonator’s mode volume and refractive index contrast can be difficult as they depend primarily on the inherent material properties of the resonator. One approach to reduce mode volume and control refractive index contrast is to apply high refractive index polymer coatings. However, polymer coatings are not compatible with all fabrication processes and not as robust as silica and silicon. Recently, we developed and characterized high refractive index silica films containing small amounts of titanium dopant. The silica films are fabricated using a sol gel method with methyl triethoxysilane (MTES) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) precursors. Depending on the amount of titanium added, the refractive index of the resulting film can be tuned from 1.44 to 1.62, as measured by spectroscopic ellipsometry. By spin coating these high index silica films onto silica toroid resonators, we experimentally and numerically obtain a significant reduction in mode volume while maintaining high quality factors. Additionally, the presence of the high refractive index coating allows tuning of the circulating light’s position, shape, and interaction with the coating. Therefore, these high refractive index films offer a useful and more robust method to optimize the properties of optical devices for communications and integrated optics applications.
The Importance of Hydrogen Bonding to Stereoselectivity and Catalyst Turnover in Gold-Catalyzed Cyclization of Monoallylic Diols

Density functional calculations and experiment were used to examine the mechanism, reactivity, and origin of chirality transfer in monophosphine Au-catalyzed monoallylic diol cyclization reactions. The lowest energy pathway for cyclization involves a two-step sequence that begins with intramolecular C–O bond formation by anti-addition of the non-allylic hydroxyl group to the Au-coordinated alkene followed by concerted hydrogen transfer/anti-elimination to liberate water. Concerted SN2′-type transition states were found to be significantly higher in energy. The two-step cyclization pathway is extremely facile due to hydrogen bonding between diol groups that induces nucleophilic attack on the alkene and then proton transfer between diol groups after C–O bond formation. Importantly, intramolecular proton transfer and elimination provides an extremely efficient avenue for catalyst regeneration from the Au–C σ-bond intermediate, in contrast to other Au-catalyzed cyclization reactions where this intermediate se...
Effect of value-enhanced texturized soy protein on the sensory and cooking properties of beef patties

Texturized soy protein (TSP) originating from varieties of value-enhanced soybeans and commodity soybeans, which were processed by extrusion-expelling, were incorporated into ground-beef patties. The soybean varieties included high-cysteine, low-linolenic, lipoxygenase-null, high-sucrose, low-saturated-fat, and high-oleic. The lower the bulk density was, the better the water-holding capacity of TSP. Neither property was affected by the protein dispersibility index or residual oil of the low-fat soy flours from which the TSP was prepared. All extruded-expelled processed flours from value-enhanced soybeans made acceptable TSP. The high-sucrose soybeans produced TSP with higher expansion and improved water-holding capacity. There were no differences in cooking properties or proximate compositions of patties for all treatments. Inside and outside colors were darker for the TSP-extended patties than for the all-beef control, and there was little difference among soybean varieties. The patties containing TSP had significantly more soy flavor and were harder than the all-beef control patties. Some TSP treatments produced more tender and less cohesive cooked patties than did the all-beef control.
Quadrupole bremsstrahlung in the scattering of identical charged bosons and fermions

In a nonrelativistic formulation employing noncovariant perturbation theory in the Born approximation and including exchange effects, the differential cross section for bremsstrahlung is derived for scattering by identical charged particles of arbitrary spin. The problem is first treated in a general manner, giving the expression for the total direct amplitude for the complete process (photon emission in scattering) for the case where the scattering potential is arbitrary. The derivation by means of perturbation theory demonstrates the critical role played by the small momentum associated with the emitted photon. Graviton bremsstrahlung is discussed briefly and the corresponding quadrupole cross section is given by a simple comparison with the photon bremsstrahlung formula.
Global existence of small solutions to a class of nonlinear evolution equations

On etudie le comportement global des solutions d'une classe d'equations d'evolution non lineaires. On considere le probleme aux valeurs initiales pour des equations quasilineaires qui sont des perturbations d'equations lineaires dissipatives
Oxovanadium alkoxide complexes. Syntheses and crystal structures of (Ph4P)2[(VO)2Cl4(OR)2] (R = −CH3, −CH2CH2Cl) and [(VO)2Cl2MeC(CH2OH) (CH2O)22]

Abstract The reactions of (Ph4P) [VO2Cl2] in various alcohols yield complexes of the type (Ph4P)2[(VO)2Cl4(OR)2] (R=−CH3(1), −CH2CH2Cl (2)). Similarly, the reaction of (BzPh3P) [VO2Cl2] with tris(hydroxymethyl)ethane yields [(VO)2Cl2MeC(CH2OH)(CH2O)22]∗d2BxPh3PCl∗d2CH3OH (3∗d2BzPh3PCl∗d2CH3OH). The molecular anions of complexes 1 and 2 consist of binuclear units of edge-sharing V(IV) square pyramids. The alkoxy groups bridge the two V(V) sites and the ∗ V=O ∗ groups adopt the anti-orientation with respect to the V2O2 rhombus of the bridging unit. In contrast, the neutral [(VO)2Cl2MeC(CH2OH)(CH2O)22] consists of the edge-sharing V(V) octahedra. The tridentate ligands each provide one alkoxy oxygen adopting a bridging mode between V(V) sites, an alkoxy oxygen as a terminal ligand to one V(V) site and an alcohol oxygen donor as a terminal ligand to the other V(V) site. The terminal oxo-groups occupy positions approximately coplanar to the V2O2 rhombus of the bridging unit. Crystal data: (Ph4P)2[(VO)2Cl4(OCH3)2]∗d2CH3OH (1∗d2CH3OH), monoclinic P2 1 /n, a = 12.068(2), b = 16.388(3), c = 12.893(3) A , β = 100.72(2)°, Z =2 . (Ph4P)2[(VO)2Cl4-(OCH2CH2Cl)2] (2), triclinic P l , a = 11.227(2), b = 12.496(2), c = 10.609(2) A , α = 109.78(2), β = 114.68(3), γ = 85.46(3)°, Z = 1 . [(VO)2Cl2MeC(CH2OH)(CH2O)22]∗d2BzPh3PCl∗d2CH3OH (3∗d2BzPh3PCl∗d2CH3OH), triclinic P 1 , a = 10.361(2), b = 15.762(3), c = 10.125(2) A , α = 105.72(3), β = 90.02(3), γ = 79.86(3)°, Z = 1 .
Postharvest handling of soybeans: Effects on oil quality

Effects of postharvest handling (such as storage and transportation) of soybeans on the quality of extracted oil were evaluated. Identity-preserved export shipments of soybeans were sampled at origin points and at destination ports. Samples of new crop beans were also acquired from domestic elevators. Lots were separated to yield three fractions each: original, whole beans, and split beans. Crude oil extracted from each fraction was characterized for free fatty acid content, iron content, peroxide value, phosphatide, nonhydratable phosphatide, color, Chromatographic refining loss, and fatty acid composition. Oil extracted from split beans had free fatty acid and iron contents significantly greater than those of oil from whole beans. These two deleterious qualities of crude oils were found to increase during shipment. Degumming studies showed an increase in the nonhydratable phosphatide content of extracted oil due to shipment.
Luther's View of Man in His First Published Work

Considerable interest attaches, or should attach, to Martin Luther's tract entitled “Die Sieben puszpsalm mit deutscher auszlegung nach dem schrifftlichen synne tzu Christi vnd gottis gnaden, neben seyns selben ware erkentniss grundlich gerichtet.” Appearing in the early spring of 1517, approximately half a year before the posting of the Ninety-five Theses, it is the first original publication that Luther himself saw through the press. Its success was instantaneous and widespread. As prominent a man as Johann von Staupitz lost no time in recommending it warmly. Luther's searching analysis of the human situation made a deep impression upon the many readers who, like the author's superior in the Augustinian order, gave the slender volume an enthusiastic reception. It is important to bear in mind that the book, besides stirring Luther's scholarly friends as well as the learned in general rather more than he himself had anticipated, found immediate favor also with the “common man” for whom it had primarily been written. There is no exaggeration in the claim that Luther's earliest publication straightway established him as one of the most widely read writers in the German tongue: his unparalleled success as an author can safely be said to have begun with the very first book he ever put out. The popular demand for “Die sieben Busspsalmen” reached such proportions that the second printing was already underway before the first had been completely finished. The book then went through a number of editions both regular and pirated: Wittenberg, Leipzig, Strassburg, and Erfurt printers published it between 1517 and 1525.
One really big liquid sphere: Reply to Lewis

(1999). One really big liquid sphere: Reply to Lewis. Australasian Journal of Philosophy: Vol. 77, No. 2, pp. 213-215.
The beat and rhythm of competency development over two years

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to show that research supports competencies can be developed in adults; however, even in these “model programs” for developing emotional intelligence and social intelligence competencies, little is known about what goes on inside the “black box” of change. How does the change occur?Design/methodology/approach – In an attempt to help adults develop emotional, social, and cognitive intelligence competencies, the model of intentional change theory was applied during the first of the required courses, entitled Leadership Assessment and Development in the Master of Business Administration program at Weatherhead School of Management, Case Western Reserve University. About 26 students in the program were solicited to participate in the longitudinal study, where they were assessed periodically for competency development (about six to eight weeks) during their two‐year program.Findings – The results indicated that certain type of competencies were developed much earlier in th...
Marching toward a Harmonious Society: Happiness, Regime Satisfaction, and Government Performance in Contemporary Urban China

This study examined the happiness of citizens in urban China. Empirical measurements were made of the relationship of reported happiness to economic variables, as well as to citizens' satisfaction with government policies. Employing the 2002 Asian Barometer Survey and the Amelia statistical software package, I found that happiness is strongly correlated both to absolute economic conditions and to relative economic status. Furthermore, citizens who perceived government policies as being responsive to their needs were more likely to report a high level of personal well-being. This empirical analysis confirms the direction of Chinese leader Hu Jintao's development strategy, which seeks to promote widespread economic prosperity among Chinese citizens. The study results indicate that a healthy and balanced economy is essential in improving urban happiness in China. Based on these results, I argue that the Chinese government can further improve citizen happiness by providing ample employment opportunities and promoting progressive housing policies.
Aluminum Schottky contacts to n-type 4H-SiC

Aluminum Schottky contacts to n-type 4H-SiC were fabricated, and the results of electrical measurements on the devices are presented along with the Schottky barrier height and ideality factor. Furthermore, two different samples having different surface treatments were investigated. The barrier heights obtained from current-voltage (I-V) measurements on both samples are essentially identical, with an average value of 0.64 eV. The ideality factor of Sample 2, which had an HF-dip surface treatment, had an average value of 1.66. The ideality factor of Sample 1, which had a surface treatment similar to the other sample but with the addition of an RCA-like clean, had an average value of 2.60. Measurements on some control devices with Au contacts showed that no significant Fermi-level pinning occurred, and the barrier-height results for all devices approached the Schottky-Mott limit. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements on the Al devices from Sample 1 yielded barrier heights that were much smaller than those obtained from the I-V curves; however, for Sample 2, the barrier heights obtained from both C-V and I-V methods were comparable. Based on these results, we propose a model that accounts for the measured results in terms of a thin interfacial layer produced in Sample 1, which screens the depletion region from the applied electric field. This model yields a possible explanation of how the two surface treatments result in devices with the same barrier height but different ideality factors. The results in this paper represent some of the first experimental data on Al/4H-SiC Schottky contacts.
Heat Pain Increases the Perceived Magnitude of an Innocuous Electrical Stimulus: Evidence for a Peripheral Mechanism

Painful heat produced an increase in the perceived magnitude of an innocuous electrical stimulus applied either to the sural nerve or to the skin of the dorsum of the foot. The increased sensitivity was observed when the painful heat was spatially coincident with the electrical stimulus, and when it was not coincident but adjacent within the same dermatome. Painful heat had no effect when it was applied to the contralateral foot, which makes it unlikely that attention or arousal played any role in the increased electrical sensitivity produced by ipsilateral heat. The painful heat also produced an increase in the amplitude of the sural nerve compound action potential (CAP). The heat-pain-related changes in the CAP and subjective magnitude ratings were in the same direction, which suggests that the latter were due at least in part to a temperature-dependent change in the electrical sensitivity of the peripheral afferents.
Automatic red-eye detection and correction

"Red-eye" is a phenomenon that causes the eyes of flash photography subjects to appear unnaturally reddish in color. Though commercial solutions exist for red-eye correction, all of them require some measure of user intervention. A method is presented to automatically detect and correct redeye in digital images. First, faces are detected with a cascade of multi-scale classifiers. The red-eye pixels are then located with several refining masks computed over the facial region. The masks are created by thresholding per-pixel metrics, designed to detect red-eye artifacts. Once the redeye pixels have been found, the redness is attenuated with a tapered color desaturation. A detector implemented with this system corrected 95% of the red-eye artifacts in 200 tested images.
Tissue-Specific Expression of an Anti-ras Ribozyme Inhibits Proliferation of Human Malignant Melanoma Cells

In this study, we have compared the efficacy of a tissue-specific promoter (tyrosinase promoter) with a viral promoter to express anti-ras ribozyme RNA in human melanoma cells. The retroviral vector containing the tyrosinase promoter was superior in its ability to suppress the human melanoma phenotype in vitro as characterized by changes in growth, melanin synthesis, morphology and H-ras gene expression. These data support the use of tissue-specific expression of anti-oncogene ribozymes as a rational therapeutic strategy in human cancers.
The Year 2013 in Sociocultural Anthropology: Cultures of Circulation and Anthropological Facts

In this review essay, I explore the relationship between cultures of circulation and anthropological facts. Research published in 2013 advanced the field by attending to the coproduction of globally circulating things (commodities, race, brands, authenticity, blood) and specific cultural landscapes. Building on the field's renewed interest in materiality, scholars showed how anthropological facts are produced at the intersection of interlocking cultural classification systems and a world that is heterogeneous and dynamic. Moving beyond the notion that shared meanings and categories are attached to or layered on people and things, this approach conceptualized such relations recursively. Scholars suggested that race—as an anthropological fact—becomes biological through social practice and, similarly, that cultural assumptions and political biases become environmental because they are embedded in our infrastructures and built landscapes. This approach permeates many of the articles reviewed and links the clusters into which I have grouped them: “Value and Incommensurability,” “Brands and Authenticity,” “Race and Blood,” and “Infrastructure and Citizenship.” I conclude by discussing the challenges and opportunities for a sociocultural anthropology that recognizes the transformative power of global connection while refusing to give up its long-running pursuit of cultural wisdom and more humane social configurations.
X Chromosomal short tandem repeat polymorphisms near the phosphoglycerate kinase gene in men with chronic prostatitis.

Abstract Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) causes substantial morbidity afflicting approximately 10% of adult males. Treatment is often empirical and ineffective since the etiology is unknown. Other prostate and genitourinary diseases have genetic components suggesting that CP/CPPS may also be influenced by genetic predisposition. We recently reported a highly polymorphic short tandem repeat (STR) locus near the phosphoglycerate kinase gene within Xq11–13. Because this STR is in a region known to predispose towards other prostate diseases, we compared STR polymorphisms in 120 CP/CPPS patients and 300 control blood donors. Nine distinct allele sizes were detected, ranging from 8 to 15 repeats of the tetrameric STR plus a mutant allele (9.5) with a six base deletion in the flanking DNA sequence. The overall allele size distribution in the CP/CPPS patients differed from controls (Chi-square=19.252, df=8, P =0.0231). Frequencies of two specific alleles, 9.5 and 15, differed significantly in CP/CPPS vs. control subjects and allele 10 differed with marginal significance. Alleles 9.5 and 10 were both more common in CP/CPPS patients than controls while allele 15 was less common. These observations suggest that Xq11–13 may contain one or more genetic loci that predispose toward CP/CPPS. Further investigations involving family studies, larger patient populations, and other control groups may help elucidate this potential genetic predisposition in CP/CPPS.
A Communication Virtual Machine

The convergence of data, voice and multimedia communication over digital networks, coupled with continuous improvement in network capacity and reliability has significantly enriched the ways we communicate. However, the stovepipe approach used to develop today?s communication applications and tools results in rigid technology, limited utility, lengthy and costly development cycle, difficulty in integration, and hinders innovation. In this paper, we present a fundamentally different approach, which we call Communication Virtual Machine (CVM) to address these problems. CVM provides a user-centric, modeldriven approach for conceiving, synthesizing and delivering communication solutions across application domains. We argue that CVM represents a far more effective paradigm for engineering communication solutions. The concept, architecture, modeling language, prototypical design and implementation of CVM are discussed.
Relationship between woody biomass and PAR conversion efficiency for estimating net primary production from NDVI

Abstract Terrestrial net primary production (NPP) may be determined from remotely-sensed vegetation indices by estimating the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) absorbed by vegetation. Studies from the literature were used to determine the upper limit of the PAR conversion efficiency (e) as a function of woody biomass for forest vegetation. Without climatic or other limitations, the upper limit was about 3·5gMJ-1 of absorbed PAR at very low values of stem biomass. Because of increased maintenance respiration with increasing woody biomass, the upper limit decreased to 2·0g MJ-1. Therefore, global estimates of NPP based on vegetation indices should include a classification among established forest, young forest and non-forest ecosystems to account for differences in e.
Exploiting structure in fast aerial image computation for integrated circuit patterns

Modeling aerial images has recently become a crucial component of semiconductor manufacturing. As all steppers employ partially coherent illumination, such modeling has been computationally intensive for all but elementary patterns. In this paper we describe a fast computational method for calculating aerial images of integrated circuit masks produced by a partially coherent optical projection system. The method described relies on two tools to realize fast computation: (1) coherent decompositions of partially coherent imaging system models as proposed by Pati and Kailath (1994), and (2) the use of "basis" (or building block) images that are well-suited to describe integrated circuit patterns. Examples are presented in which aerial images are computed for large mask areas. The proposed method represents a speed improvement of several orders of magnitude over a more traditional, and more general, approach (SPLAT from the University of California, Berkeley).
PBR vs. checklist: a replication in the n-fold inspection context

Inspection is considered a powerful method to check software documents for defects. Many published work shows that inspections in requirements specification phase are particularly effective and efficient. Perspective-Based Reading (PBR) is one of the systematic techniques to support defect detection in requirements documents. In this paper we describe an experiment to validate the effectiveness of PBR in a meeting-based N-fold inspection. Our goals were: (1) re-test the hypothesis of the original experiment that PBR helps to increase individual and team defect detection effectiveness compared to an checklist approach; (2) investigate the different impact of PBR and checklist on the effectiveness of N-fold team meeting; and (3) investigate some interesting characteristics of PBR (e.g. the relationship between background experiences and performance of the subjects). The results of the study showed that PBR was significantly more effective than checklist (supporting the original study). We also found that the team meeting is much more important for checklist teams, based on the number of meeting gains and the number of false defects eliminated. Finally, we found that teams using the PBR techniques have less overlap in their defect detection than those using checklist. The ultimate goal is to provide best practices (guidance) for applying PBR in software inspection and also some advice for PBR (or software inspections) process improvement.
Inferring the Serotype Associated with Dengue Virus Infections on the Basis of Pre- and Postinfection Neutralizing Antibody Titers

Background Currently, the only tests capable of determining the serotype of a dengue virus (DENV) infection require sampling during the acute viremic period. No test can accurately detect the serotype of past DENV infections. The standard assay for detecting serotype-specific antibody against DENV is PRNT though the performance of this test continues to be evaluated.
Molecular karyotyping of multiple yeast species isolated from nine patients with AIDS during prolonged fluconazole therapy

Variations in molecular karyotype and fluconazole susceptibility of serial yeast isolates from the oral cavities of nine patients with AIDS receiving fluconazole for single or multiple episodes of oropharyngeal candidiasis were monitored. Multiple yeast species were isolated from the initial oral specimens in six patients. Molecular karyotyping identified at least eight different DNA subtypes of C. albicans, at least eight of T. glabrata and only one DNA subtype each of C. krusei, C. tropicalis and C. parapsilosis. Among isolates of T. glabrata, fluconazole MICs in each patient were consistently within one or two dilutions, regardless of strain variations. Similarly, among five patients monitored during one course of therapy, the MICs of fluconazole of C. albicans isolates of either the same or different DNA subtypes remained within two dilutions. However, increases in MICs of fluconazole of C. albicans were observed in four patients who received two or more courses of fluconazole, three of whom had the s...
Monovision outcomes in presbyopic individuals after refractive surgery.

Abstract Purpose: To characterize monovision outcomes and patient satisfaction with conventional monovision (dominant eye corrected for distance) and crossed monovision (dominant eye corrected for near) in presbyopic individuals after excimer laser photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK). Design Retrospective observational case series. Participants One hundred forty-four consecutive patients, 45 years or older, who were treated with excimer laser refractive surgery between December 1995 and June 1998. Methods Patients in whom the surgical outcome was monovision (MV) (distance vision spherical equivalent [SE] −0.50 to +0.50 diopter (D), near vision SE −3.75 to −1.00 D and anisometropia 1.00 D or greater), crossed MV (dominant eye corrected for near vision and the nondominant eye for distance vision) and full correction (bilateral SE −0.50 to +0.50) were identified. Data were abstracted and analyzed statistically. Main outcome measures Preoperative and postoperative visual acuity and refraction. Patient satisfaction with monovision Results Forty-two patients had surgical outcome of MV. In MV patients, the average distance vision SE, near vision SE, and anisometropia were −0.04 ± 0.27 D, −1.95 ± 0.70 D, and 1.92 ± 0.74 D, respectively. Patient satisfaction was 88% with MV. Twelve patients attained crossed MV. All patients with crossed MV were satisfied with their vision. Patient satisfaction with MV showed no relationship to gender, age at initial surgery, preoperative trial of monovision, laterality of treatment, type of monovision, or predictability of outcomes. Conclusions Monovision may be a valuable option for presbyopic individuals considering refractive surgery. Crossed monovision can result in satisfactory visual outcomes.
Analysis of Corkscrew Signaling in the Drosophila Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Pathway During Myogenesis

The Drosophila nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase, Corkscrew (Csw), functions positively in multiple receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways, including signaling by the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Detailed phenotypic analyses of csw mutations have revealed that Csw activity is required in many of the same developmental processes that require EGFR function. However, it is still unclear where in the signaling hierarchy Csw functions relative to other proteins whose activities are also required downstream of the receptor. To address this issue, genetic interaction experiments were performed to place csw gene activity relative to the EGFR, spitz (spi), rhomboid (rho), daughter of sevenless (DOS), kinase-suppressor of ras (ksr), ras1, D-raf, pointed (pnt), and moleskin. We followed the EGFR-dependent formation of VA2 muscle precursor cells as a sensitive assay for these genetic interaction studies. First, we established that Csw has a positive function during mesoderm development. Second, we found that tissue-specific expression of a gain-of-function csw construct rescues loss-of-function mutations in other positive signaling genes upstream of rolled (rl)/MAPK in the EGFR pathway. Third, we were able to infer levels of EGFR signaling in various mutant backgrounds during myogenesis. This work extends previous studies of Csw during Torso and Sevenless RTK signaling to include an in-depth analysis of the role of Csw in the EGFR signaling pathway.
Aerosol Wall Losses in Electrically Charged Chambers

Wall deposition of aerosol particles in spherical, electrically charged chambers is investigated theoretically and experimentally. The theory accounts for transport by convection, Brownian diffusion, gravitational sedimentation, and electrostatic drift. Experiments involved measurements of loss rates for particles of known size and charge in 250-liter FEP Teflon film bags. Agreement between theory and experiment is satisfactory provided that charging and neutralization of aerosol particles by ions is taken into account. It is shown that under these experimental conditions, charge can have a dominant effect on deposition rates, depending on particle size and on electric field strength. For example, wall loss rates of singly charged 0.1 μm diameter particles were a factor of 100 greater than wall loss rates of neutral particles of the same size in these experiments. The theory is valid for any distribution of electric fields near the interior surface of the chamber. A general result of the theory is that po...
The relative uptake of Ca and Sr into tree foliage using a whole-watershed calcium addition

The use of strontium isotopes and ratios of alkaline earth elements (i.e., 87Sr/86Sr and Ca/Sr) to trace Ca sources to plants has become common in ecosystem studies. Here we examine the relative uptake of Ca and Sr in trees and subsequent accumulation in foliage. Using a whole-watershed Ca addition experiment at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest in N.H., we measured the uptake of Ca relative to Sr in foliage and roots of sugar maple (Acer saccharum), yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis), American beech (Fagus grandifolia), and red spruce (Picea rubens). Vegetation was analyzed for Ca and Sr concentrations and the 87Sr/86Sr ratio. A comparison of the Ca/Sr ratio in the vegetation and the Ca/Sr ratio of the applied mineral allows for the calculation of a discrimination factor, which defines whether Ca and Sr are incorporated and allocated in the same ratio as that which is available. A discrimination factor greater than unity indicates preferential uptake of Ca over Sr; a factor less than unity reflects preferential uptake of Sr over Ca. We demonstrate that sugar maple (SM) and yellow birch (YB) have similar and small discrimination factors (1.14 ± 0.12,1σ and 1.16 ± 0.09,1σ) in foliage formation and discrimination factors of less than 1 in root formation (0.55–0.70). Uptake into beech suggests a larger discrimination factor (1.9 ± 1.2) in foliage but a similar root discrimination factor to SM and YB (0.66 ± 0.06,1σ). Incorporation into spruce foliage occurs at a much slower rate than in these other tree species and precludes evaluation of Ca and Sr discrimination in spruce foliage at this time. Understanding the degree to which Ca is fractionated from Sr in different species allows for refinement in the use of 87Sr/86Sr and Ca/Sr ratios to trace Ca sources to foliage. Methods from this study can be applied to natural environments in which various soil cation pools have different 87Sr/86Sr and Ca/Sr ratios. The results reported herein have implications for re-evaluating Ca sources and fluxes in forest ecosystems.
Invasive plants in wildland ecosystems: merging the study of invasion processes with management needs

Increasing numbers of non-native species threaten the values of wildland ecosystems. As a result, interest in and research on invasive plant species in wildland settings has accelerated. Nonetheless, the ecological and economic impacts of non-native species continue to grow, raising the question of how to best apply science to the regulation and management of invasive plants. A major constraint to controlling the flow of potentially undesirable plant species is the lack of a strong regulatory framework concurrent with increases in trade volume. To address this, ecologists have been developing models to predict which species will be harmful to wildland values and are working with the horticultural industry to apply this information to the sale of species. The management of established invasive plants is hampered by conflicting goals, a lack of information on management outcomes, and a lack of funding. Ecologists and weed scientists can provide a scientific basis for prioritizing species for control and for managing species composition through the application of control technology, which can take place simultaneously with the manipulation of the ecological processes that influence community susceptibility to invasion. A stronger scientific basis for land management decisions is needed and can be met through nationally funded partnerships between university and agency scientists and land managers.
An Investigation of State Feedback Gain Sensitivity Calculations

*† ‡ § A nonlinear feedback control strategy is presented where the feedback control is augmented with feedback gain sensitivity partial derivatives for handling model uncertainties. Applications to optimal feedback and robust control theories are presented. The OCEA (Object Oriented Coordinate Embedding) computational differentiation method is used for generating the partial derivatives. An array.of.arrays data structure is introduced for (1) tracking the derivative terms arising during a derivation of the tensor necessary conditions, and (2) assembling a generalized state space model for integrating the state and tensor differential equation models. Both scalar and vector applications are presented. Sensitivity calculations are developed for open.loop and feedback solutions for optimal control and robust control problem formulations. The pre. calculation of the sensitivity gains significantly reduces the computational effort required for implementing the handling of real.time plant parameter variations and equation of motion nonlinearities. The methodology is demonstrated on a general tracking problem which uses Taylor expansions of the gain calculations for handling nonlinear parameter and model errors. Several examples are presented that demonstrate the impact of nonlinear response behaviors, as well as the effectiveness of the generalized sensitivity enhanced feedback control strategy. A nonlinear spacecraft attitude tracking problem is presented for demonstrating the effectiveness of the proposed approach. The methodology of this paper is expected to be broadly useful for applications in science and engineering.
The Curriculum Shadow

AbstractThis article presumes that the curriculum field needs to be semantically rich so that practitioners and researchers may enhance their educational perceptions. Languag enables us to communicate and it helps us to “see” what otherwise may go unnoticed. Hence, this article propounds a new term, the “curriculum shadow,” to refer more precisely to aspects sometimes viewed as what is commonly called the “downsides” of curricula. The new term reveals how every discrete curriculum has a shadow that can be found by reflecting on what the curriculum privileges and what it disdains. What the curriculum apparently disdains could actually augment the curriculum, and may, in fact, be vital in creating a balanced curricular unit.This article begins with an overview of some critical Jungian concepts, and then distinguishes the curriculum shadow from the hidden and the null curricula. The idea of the curriculum shadow is then applied to the teaching of science, liberal arts, and reading. My analysis suggests that ...
A revision of the genus Lypoglossa Fenyes, 1918 (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Aleocharinae)

The genus Lypoglossa Fenyes, 1918 is revised and redescribed. Descriptions and a key to species are provided. Four valid species are recognized: the Nearctic Lypoglossa angularis (M klin, 1853), L. franclemonti Hoebeke, 1992 and L. manitobae Gusarov, sp. n. (described from Manitoba), and the Palaearctic L. lateralis (Mannerheim, 1830). Euryusa obtusa LeConte, 1866 is transferred to Lypoglossa and considered a valid subspecies of L. angularis. Three subspecies are recognized within Lypoglossa angularis: L. a. angularis (M klin, 1853), distributed in coastal Alaska, British Columbia, and western Washington and Oregon; L. a. fenyesi (Bernhauer, 1907), from interior Alaska, Yukon Territory, interior British Columbia, and south through the high mountains of the western United States, to Arizona and New Mexico; and L. a. obtusa (LeConte, 1866), known from Quebec, Newfoundland, Maine and New Hampshire.
The number of males in primate social groups: a comparative test of the socioecological model

As applied to polygynous mammals, the socioecological model assumes that environmental risks and resources determine the spatial and temporal distribution of females, which then sets male strategies for monopolizing fertile matings. The effects of female spatial distribution (i.e., female number) and temporal overlap (female mating synchrony) have been examined in comparative studies of primates, but the relative influence of these two factors on male monopolization potential (the number of males) remains unclear. One particular problem is that female synchrony is more difficult to estimate than female number. This paper uses multivariate statistical methods and three independent estimates of female synchrony to assess the roles of spatial and temporal effects in the context of a phylogenetically corrected dataset. These analyses are based on sensitivity analyses involving a total of four phylogenies, with two sets of branch length estimates for each tree, and one nonphylogenetic analysis in which species values are used (because male behavior may represent a facultative response to the distribution of females). The results show: (1) that breeding seasonality predicts male number (statistically significant in six out of nine sensitivity tests); (2) that expected female overlap, after controlling for female group size using residuals, also accounts for the number of males in primate groups (significant in eight out of nine tests), and (3) that actual estimates of female mating synchrony predict male number, again after correcting for female group size (significant in five out of nine tests). Nonsignificant results are in the predicted direction, and female group size is significant in all statistical tests. These analyses therefore demonstrate an independent influence of female temporal overlap on male monopolization strategies in mammalian social systems.
"Managing" the Enlisted Force: Whisking in the Wind?

The enlisted force will face changing roles and responsibilities as we move into the future. A central issue is whether the current management system will adequately meet these new challenges. In order to answer this question, we need a critical evaluation of how well the current system has functioned in the past. This article focuses primarily on the management of the experience and grade distribution-arguably one of the most difficult and least successful policies in the history of enlisted management. Its main thesis is that factors other than management policies and practices have had an important impact in shaping the force and that the inability to manage to stated goals may not be entirely the fault of the managers. Unless these trends are factored into future decisions regarding enlisted force management, future policies are likely to be as unsuccessful as they have been in the past.
US trends in survival disparities among adolescents and young adults with non-Hodgkin lymphoma

Purpose Improvement in US survival rates among adolescents and young adults (AYAs, ages 15 through 39 years inclusive) diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) has been documented over the last two decades. We examined national trends in survival disparities for AYAs with NHL by race/ethnicity and socioeconomic status (SES, county-level poverty) to further understand NHL and to begin monitoring health outcome disparities for this disease.
Exploring new product innovation types and performance: the roles of project leadership, functional influences, and design integration

This research study explores the impacts of project management on performance in three empirically identified new product development (NPD) project contexts: incremental NPD projects; architectural NPD projects; radical NPD projects. Each project type involves different levels and types of uncertainty. An information processing view of NPD suggests that different aspects of project leadership, functional influences, and design integration might be more or less important to project performance, depending on the project setting. The results of an exploratory analysis of 137 NPD projects confirm this expectation, suggesting that NPD project managers would benefit from recognising and acting upon these differences. Similarly, researchers should develop a contingent approach to project management reflecting the differing nature of uncertainties associated with different types of NPD.
John Randolph Haynes and his work for direct government

The story of the untiring devotion and leadership of the man most responsible for the adoption and retention of the initiative, referendum, and recall in California.
Analysis of nystagmus induced by pseudorandom rotations

A method is described for the analysis of nystagmus evoked by a pseudorandom rotational stimulus composed of a summation of sinusoidal components. This method allows for the rapid identification of the dynamic response properties of vestibulo-ocular and visual-vestibulo-ocular reflexes over a wide bandwidth. The results of applying the technique to VOR eye movements evoked by rotation about a vertical axis in the dark are shown and discussed, as well as VVOR, VOR, and OKR (optokinetic reflex) gain and phase data derived from responses to pseudorandom rotation. >
Crystallization during processing of nuclear waste glass

Under typical glass-processing conditions, crystals nucleate, grow, and dissolve in a nonuniform temperature field in a melt subjected to deformation and flow. Using examples of the results obtained on nuclear waste glasses, this paper describes various phenomena associated with crystallization under non-static conditions, such as crystal formation during batch melting, crystal settling at the melter bottom, and crystal precipitation during glass cooling, including its impact on glass corrosion resistance.
Species Difference in Glucuronidation Formation Kinetics with a Selective mTOR Inhibitor

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein kinase that shows key involvement in age-related disease and promises to be a target for treatment of cancer. In the present study, the elimination of potent ATP-competitive mTOR inhibitor 3-(6-amino-2-methylpyrimidin-4-yl)-N-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)imidazo[1,2-b]pyridazin-2-amine (compound 1) is studied in bile duct–cannulated rats, and the metabolism of compound 1 in liver microsomes is compared across species. Compound 1 was shown to undergo extensive N-glucuronidation in bile duct–catheterized rats. N-glucuronides were detected on positions N1 (M2) and N2 (M1) of the pyrazole moiety as well as on the primary amine (M3). All three N-glucuronide metabolites were detected in liver microsomes of the rat, dog, and human, while primary amine glucuronidation was not detected in cynomolgus monkey. In addition, N1- and N2-glucuronidation showed strong species selectivity in vitro, with rat, dog, and human favoring N2-glucuronidation and monkey favoring N1-glucuronide formation. Formation of M1 in monkey liver microsomes also followed sigmoidal kinetics, singling out monkey as unique among the species with regard to compound 1 N-glucuronidation. In this respect, monkeys might not always be the best animal model for N-glucuronidation of uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A9 or UGT1A1 substrates in humans. The impact of N-glucuronidation of compound 1 could be more pronounced in higher species such as monkey and human, leading to high clearance in these species. While compound 1 shows promise as a candidate for investigating the impact of pan-mTOR inhibition in vivo, opportunities may exist through medicinal chemistry efforts to reduce metabolic liability with the goal of improving systemic exposure.
Information Transmission Over Fading Channels

We consider the lossy transmission of source information over Rayleigh fading channels. We investigate the utility of two channel capacity definitions, ergodic capacity, where it is assumed that the channel cycles through all fading states, and outage capacity, where the source is transmitted at a constant rate with a specified outage probability. We also study the outage rate and expected source distortion for different outage probabilities. It is observed that the outage probabilities required to maximize outage rate and minimize expected distortion are quite different. This implies that schemes based on maximizing capacity might not lead to the most efficient design for lossy transmission of source information over wireless networks. We show that minimizing expected distortion over a wireless link does not necessarily minimize the variance of the distortion, and hence parameter selection based on minimizing expected distortion can lead to a high distortion for a specific realization. We also introduce different performance measures that take into account the variance of source distortion and might be more suitable for source transmission over fading channels. Finally, we observe that in a Rayleigh fading channel in the presence of channel state information (CSI) at both the transmitter and receiver, in addition to a capacity distribution, there is a source distortion distribution at the receiver for a memoryless Gaussian source. A careful investigation of the capacity and source distortion distributions reveal that the probability of achieving the average source distortion increases with an increase in average signal to noise ratio (SNR) while the probability of achieving the average capacity does not change significantly with SNR.
Current-sensitive path planning for an underactuated free-floating ocean Sensorweb

This work investigates multiagent path planning in strong, dynamic currents using thousands of highly underactuated vehicles. We address the specific task of path planning for a global network of ocean-observing floats. These submersibles are typified by the Argo global network consisting of over 3000 sensor platforms. They can control their buoyancy to float at depth for data collection or rise to the surface for satellite communications. Currently, floats drift at a constant depth regardless of the local currents. However, accurate current forecasts have become available which present the possibility of intentionally controlling floats' motion by dynamically commanding them to linger at different depths. This project explores the use of these current predictions to direct float networks to some desired final formation or position. It presents multiple algorithms for such path optimization and demonstrates their advantage over the standard approach of constant-depth drifting.