cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Sleep and Biological Rhythms

The circadian system is responsible for organizing the 24-hour oscillations of many physiological and behavioral processes, including neuroendocrine function, core body temperature, metabolic function, cognitive function, activity, and sleep. Although the circadian system orchestrates the timing of most mammalian physiology and behavior, both the quality and duration of sleep also have significant modulatory effects on many of these physiological and behavioral variables. As a result of the complex and reciprocal interactions of the circadian timekeeping system and sleep, it is impossible for the circadian system to effectively organize physiology and behavior if sleep occurs at a less than optimal time, nor can it perform its job if sleep is of insufficient duration; alterations in the sleep and circadian timing systems have significant consequences for mental and physical well-being, safety, and productivity. In the first part of this chapter we review the anatomical and functional substrates responsible for the generation of sleep and circadian rhythms. Next we highlight the behavioral and physiological processes that are modulated by the reciprocal interaction between circadian rhythmicity and the sleep-wake cycle under normal conditions. The last section is dedicated to pathological conditions that result from disruptions in circadian rhythms, sleep regulation, or both. Keywords: sleep; sleep deprivation; electroencephalogram ; neurobiology; circadian rhythms; circadian clock genes
Relative and potential income and fertility

The effects of substituting measures of husbands relative and family potential income for the commonly used husbands current income were examined discussing the concepts of potential and relative income and their operationalization reviewing the interrelationships between potential income and its components and using data from a consumer panel study to relate the various measures of income to fertility. Data for the analysis were collected in a panel study of a marriage cohort. Respondents were married in the summer of 1968 in Peoria and Decatur Illinois and resided in the standard metropolitan statistical areas of these 2 cities immediately after marriage. Only couples in which the husband was under age 30 at the time of marriage and in which the combined annual income of both partners was at least $5000 were eligible for inclusion in the panel. The couples were interviewed approximately every 6 months beginning in the fall of 1968. The analysis uses data from the 1st 10 interviews. Much of the income data are taken from 10 interviews which took place in April 1975. Of the original panel of 266 couples 154 nonseparated or divorced couples remained in the panel at the 10th wave. 71% of the respondents want to complete childbearing with a 2-child family. In the 7th year of marriage 92% had at least 1 child and 62% already had at least a 2-child family. Potential family income (Pf) as operationalized here is the income a family would earn if both spouses worked full time. Neither husbands current income nor any of the suggested substitutes--potential family income husbands potential income at age 40 husbands reference group income and husbands relative income--were significantly related to either current fertility which is the number of children after approximately 7 years of marriage to desired family size or to the timing of the 1st birth. Only wifes potential income her actual income and actual family income were significantly related to current fertility. Women with higher actual and potential incomes had fewer children. Only actual family income in 1974 was significantly related to desired family size. Since none of the measures of wifes income were significantly related to desired family size it appears that the relationships to family size after 7 years of marriage resulted from the relationship between the timing of children and wifes working in the early stages of marriage. When current fertility was regressed on the wifes potential income and the husbands or familys income measures the wifes potential income had a significant negative effect on current fertility.
Simplification of swimmeret musculature and innervation in the hermit crab,Pagurus pollicarus, in comparison to macrurans

The swimmerets (pleopods) of the abdomen of the hermit crab,Pagurus pollicarus, are found only on the left side of the abdomen. The muscles of the swimmeret of the 3rd segment are described; they are similar to each other in average sarcomere length, muscle fiber diameters, junction potential amplitudes and facilitation indices. In comparison with shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), lobster (Homarus americanus) and crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) swimmerets, those of the hermit crab appear morphologically simplified. Reflex activation of power and return stroke muscles differs from that described for the lobster, suggesting physiological as well as morphological plasticity in decapod swimmeret systems.
A search-theoretic model of legal and illegal currency

Abstract Using a search-theoretic model of money, we explore the conditions under which two currencies, domestic and foreign, will co-exist despite legal restrictions on the use of foreign currency for internal trade. We study how changes in government policy (i.e., its enforcement of currency laws through fines or the rate of enforcement) affects the acceptability of illegal currency, the equilibrium value of both currencies and the implicit exchange rate. First we construct a model with indivisible goods to show conditions under which legal currency is fully acceptable but illegal currency circulates with varying acceptability. We then introduce bargaining to determine prices in legal and illegal currency. We show that some enforcement polices can create multiple equilibria while others will not. Also, some methods of enforcement are capable of driving the illegal currency out of circulation while others are not.
Community-Based Approaches to Strengthen Cultural Competency in Nursing Education and Practice:

This article explores existing informal as well as formal approaches that address health disparities in the communities where they occur, enhancing the opportunity to strengthen the cultural competency of providers, students, and faculty. A particular focus centers on the community-based participatory research approaches that involve community members, providing opportunities to develop mutually respectful, trusting relationships through co-teaching and co-learning experiences. With community-based participatory research approaches to community involvement in place, the stage is set for partnerships between communities and schools of nursing to collaboratively design, implement, and integrate informal and formal cultural competence components in nursing curricula.
Genetics and Clinical Destiny: Improving Care in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

The greatest opportunity afforded by discovering the genetic basis of human heart disease is accurate prediction and prevention of illness. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) provides a paradigm to fulfill this opportunity. Human genetics research has identified many gene mutations that result in cardiac hypertrophy, of which HCM is the most common and well-characterized. Sarcomere gene mutations in HCM result in left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), myocardial fibrosis and disarray, diastolic dysfunction, and increased risk for arrhythmias, sudden death, and heart failure. Making the clinical diagnosis of HCM currently hinges on identifying unexplained hypertrophy, but LVH is a sign of established disease only. This finding cannot identify at-risk mutation carriers and cannot discriminate HCM from other forms of cardiac hypertrophy, either genetic or acquired. Response by Landstrom on p 2440 In contrast, gene-based diagnosis is not constrained in this manner. Defining the mutation that causes LVH in an individual provides an accurate diagnosis for that patient and, therefore, considerable information about their prognosis. Moreover, unlike clinical diagnosis which only identifies overt disease, genetic diagnosis can also identify patients at risk for developing disease. There are certainly many challenges to realizing the full potential of genetics, but such information provides unprecedented promise. Continued efforts to refine and clinically implement genetic testing in HCM will bring important payoffs in the future, and will serve as a model for other genetic cardiovascular diseases. By identifying at-risk individuals prior to clinical diagnosis, characterizing disease pathogenesis, and fostering development of novel therapies to delay or prevent phenotypic expression, genetic discoveries will improve the lives of our patients with HCM. ### Genetics of HCM The familial, autosomal-dominant nature of HCM has long been recognized, but the precise genetic etiology was discovered through genome-wide linkage studies in the 1980s. This seminal work identified pathogenic mutations in genes encoding contractile proteins and established the paradigm …
Enhanced GABAA Receptor-Mediated Activity Following Activation of NMDA Receptors in Cajal-Retzius Cells in the Developing Mouse Neocortex

Cajal-Retzius (CR) cells are among the earliest generated population of neurons in the developing neocortex and have been implicated in regulating cortical lamination. In rodents, CR cells are transient, being present only up to 2–3 weeks after birth. Although previous electrophysiological studies have demonstrated the presence of NMDA and GABAA receptors in CR cells, little is known about the functional properties of these receptors. Using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques in neocortical slices, we confirmed the presence of D-aminophosphonovaleric acid (APV)- and ifenprodil-sensitive NMDA receptors, and found that the functional expression of this receptor subtype is strain specific. The NMDA-induced response was consistently accompanied by overriding current transients that were blocked by APV and ifenprodil. In addition, bicuculline readily abolished these transients without affecting the NMDA-induced current response. The generation of these overriding current transients was dependent upon intracellular Ca2+ and was prevented by dialysis with the high-affinity Ca2+-chelator BAPTA. Overall, this study uncovered a synergistic interaction between these receptors, whereby activation of NMDA receptors leads to enhanced GABAA receptor-mediated activity through a Ca2+-dependent mechanism.
Dimensionality dependence of mode-locking dynamics in charge-density-wave transport.

We estimate the widths of the harmonic mode-locked steps observed on the dc I-V characteristic of charge-density-wave (CDW) conductors when ac and dc voltages are applied together using the classical deformable medium model. For weakly pinned CDW's in the high-velocity limit, \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}/1}$/${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{T}}$ =2\ensuremath{\Vert}${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{p}}$(${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{c}0}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{c}}$/${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\omega}}}_{\mathit{a}\mathit{c}}$${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{T}}$)${\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Vert}}}^{4/(4\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{D})}$ where \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}/1}$ is the width in electric field of the p/1 step and D is the effective dimension of the pinning. An analytic argument suggests that the phase deformations are much larger in the mode-locked state than in the normal sliding state. They are largest for ac amplitudes that yield maxima in the step width. On the p/1 step the time-averaged phase-phase correlation length is predicted to vary as \ensuremath{\delta}${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{p}/1}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1/2}$. These analytic estimates are supported by numerical simulations. Measurements of the step width variation with ac amplitude and frequency for ${\mathrm{NbSe}}_{3}$ crystals whose static pinning is two dimensional (2D) are consistent with the 2D step width prediction.
Emotionality in two strains of mice as a function of maternal handling

Handling mothers in two strains of mice for 12 consecutive days resulted in reduced emotionality in the adult offspring of BALB/c mice, but not in the offspring of C57BL/6 mice.
LATE CRETACEOUS HISTORY OF EOLIAN DEPOSITION IN THE MID-PACIFIC MOUNTAINS, CENTRAL NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN

Rea, D. K. and Janecek, T. R., 1981. Late Cretaceous history of eolian deposition in the Mid-Pacific Mountains, central North Pacific Ocean. Palaeogeogr., Palaeoclimatol., Palaeoecol., 36: 55--67. Eolian dust preserved in deep-sea sediment can provide a direct historical record of global atmospheric circulation. Data from a reasonably complete Upper Cretaceous section of pelagic sediments recovered at DSDP Site 463 in the central North Pacific provides a good record of eolian activity during the time period between about 112 hnd 66 m.y. ago. We have isolated the eolian component from these sediments, determined its mass accumulation rate and combined these data with the mineralogy of the inorganic fraction determined by others to construct a record of eolian deposition. Volcanic input is significant during Aptian--Albian and Maastrichtian times, otherwise continentally derived minerals dominate. Mass accumulation rates of the continental eolian component range from over 500 mg/cm~/103yr during the late Albian to a low of 5 mg/cm2/10~yr during Coniacian time. (For comparison, the upper Miocene to Pleistocene rate averages about 20 mg/cm2/103yr.) The temporal pattern of Late Cretaceous eolian accumulation of Site 463 generally matches known changes in sea level, suggesting that source availability is the dominant control of eolian sedimentation during that time.
Ground state of a triangular quantum antiferromagnet: Fixed-node Green-function Monte Carlo study.

A recently proposed ``fixed-node'' quantum Monte Carlo scheme for lattice Hamiltonians is adopted to study antiferromagnetic order of the N\'eel type in the ground state of the two-dimensional spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic Heisenberg model on the triangular lattice. Fixed-node Green-function Monte Carlo simulations, based on an antiferromagnetically correlated trial wave function, are performed on lattices of up to 324 sites. Extrapolation of the results to the thermodynamic limit indicates that an ordered ground state may exist with a sublattice magnetization of as much as \ensuremath{\sim} 60% of the classical value; an upper bound of -0.5431\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.0001 J is found for the ground-state energy per site.
Algorithms for list structure condensation

The need to detect and merge redundant information is a familiar problem in data management. This paper presents a particular definition of redundancy in list structures, along with algorithms for its removal. The process, termedcondensation, transforms a list structure into a minimally sized equivalent structure in which each cell has a unique information content. The resulting structure is often smaller than the original, and permits substructure equivalence testing to be done by trivial address identity comparison. Three algorithms are presented, two for noncyclic structures and one for cyclic. The best time result in both cases isO(mn) for ann-cell structure withm cell equivalence classes. In the case of noncyclic structures, that speed is attained under bounded workspace if a free mark bit is assumed in each cell. The cyclic algorithm is illustrated by application to themode equivalence problem ofalgol 68.
Brain Uptake and Utilization of Fatty Acids, Lipids and Lipoproteins: Application to Neurological Disorders

Transport, synthesis, and utilization of brain fatty acids and other lipids have been topics of investigation for more than a century, yet many fundamental aspects are unresolved and, indeed, subject to controversy. Understanding the mechanisms by which lipids cross the blood brain barrier and how they are utilized by neurons and glia is critical to understanding normal brain development and function, for the diagnosis and therapy of human diseases, and for the planning and delivery of optimal human nutrition throughout the world. Two particularly important fatty acids, both of which are abundant in neuronal membranes are: (a) the ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acid docosahexaenoic acid, deficiencies of which can impede brain development and compromise optimal brain function, and (b) the ω6 polyunsaturated fatty acid arachidonic acid, which yields essential, but potentially toxic, metabolic products. There is an exciting emerging evidence that modulating dietary intake of these fatty acids could have a beneficial effect on human neurological health. A workshop was held in October, 2004, in which investigators from diverse disciplines interacted to present new findings and to discuss issues relevant to lipid uptake, utilization, and metabolism in the brain. The objectives of this workshop were: (1) to assess the state-of-the-art of research in brain fatty acid/lipid uptake and utilization; (2) to discuss progress in understanding molecular mechanisms and the treatment of neurological diseases related to lipids and lipoproteins; (3) to identify areas in which current knowledge is insufficient; (4) to provide recommendations for future research; and (5) to stimulate the interest and involvement of additional neuroscientists, particularly young scientists, in these areas. The meeting was divided into four sessions: (1) mechanisms of lipid uptake and transport in the brain, (2) lipoproteins and polyunsaturated fatty acids, (3) eicosanoids in brain function, and (4) fatty acids and lipids in brain disorders. In this article, we will provide an overview of the topics discussed in these sessions.
Beta adrenergic and cholinergic stimulants from the cardioaccelerator nerve of the domestic fowl

The effects of electrical stimulation of the right cardioaccelerator nerve in adult White Leghorn cocks was studied. Stimulations were performed before and after propranolol alone and in combination with atropine, also after reserpine pretreatment alone and in combination with atropine and propranolol. The results of these stimulations suggest that both a beta adrenergic stimulant and a cholinergic depressant are capable of being released by the cardioaccelerator of birds.
Cardiovascular risk factors in a tri-ethnic population: Houston, Texas 1972-1975

Abstract Distributions of plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, blood pressure, weight and height are described by age, sex and ethnicity for 2304 tenth grade students and 1443 of their parents in Houston, Texas. The pattern of sex and ethnic differences observed among Mexican American, Black, and Non-Hispanic White adolescents is dissimilar from that observed among their parents. Some of the differences may have biological importance. The sex differential in weight, for example, is much larger for Non-Hispanic White parents than for the other two ethnic groups. Among the ethnic groups, the mean value for weight is similar for male parents; yet is different for each of the three groups of female parents. The height of the Mexican-Americans is markedly less than that of the other two ethnic groups, for both males and females and for students and for parents. Quantification of increased or decreased risk of disease suggested by these observed ethnic differences requires longitudinal data for these three ethnic groups.
BUREAU OF RECLAMATION EXPERIENCES WITH PVC SEAMS

Abstract The Bureau of Reclamation has been using polyvinyl chloride (PVC) plastic in its buried membrane canal lining work for over 20 years. Results of tests conducted on samples of inservice linings indicate that the factory-fabricated seams retain excellent shear and peel strength properties with no apparent signs of deterioration. The practice of using a 1-m overlap unbonded PVC field seam proven has adequate for most irrigation canal lining applications, but would not be suitable for applications requiring 100% seepage control. Results of laboratory investigations conducted in conjunction with a study on the underwater lining of operating canals with PVC indicate that an adhesive formulated for the repair of vinyl swimming pool liners can be used to make underwater PVC field seams. Results of these investigations also indicate that field seams made in the dry can achieve enough early peel and shear strength development (within 15 min) for placement underwater.
CD43, a molecule defective in Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, binds ICAM-1

THE protein CD43 (also known as sialophorin, leukosialin, large sialoglycoprotein or gp115) is expressed on the surface of T lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, platelets and some B lymphocytes. Expression of CD43 is deficient and/or defective in the X-chromosome-linked immunodeficiency disorder Wiscott-Aldrich syndrome, suggesting that CD43 might have a role in T-cell activation. We have shown that expression of human CD43 in an HLA-DR-specific murine T-cell hybridoma enhances the antigen-specific response to stimulation by the human lymphoblastoid cell line Daudi, and that Daudi cells bind specifically to purified immobilized CD43. These data indicate that the specific interaction of CD43 with a ligand on the surface of Daudi cells might contribute to T-cell activation. Here we report evidence that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1, or CD54), is a ligand for CD43.
Message in a Bottle: A Gallery of Social/Political Cartoons from Burma

In Burma or Myanmar where the ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) seeks control over public discourse, social and political criticism must be carefully disguised. Cartoons, featured in privately published monthly magazines, play an important role in the circulation of critical discourse. Cartoons allow for multiple interpretations and thus can carry social messages through the strict censorship system. Eleven cartoons are presented, suggesting some current popular concerns. They satirize state propaganda and raise questions about the impact of new foreign investment. More generally, they reflect a worldview which sees norms of morality and rationality being steadily eroded under SLORC rule.
Grape phylloxera (Homoptera: phylloxeridae) temperature threshold for establishment of feeding sites and degree-day calculations

In laboratory bioassays with grape, Vitis vinifera L., roots, grape phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifoliae (Fitch), did not develop beyond egg hatch when held at a constant 18°C. However, a 2-d exposure to 24°C during the 1st instar prompted some insects to develop. On preformed feeding sites, phylloxera were able to develop at 18°C without any exposure to 24°C. These data suggest that the threshold temperature for establishment of a feeding site is >18°C, and that the temperature threshold for maintenance of the feeding site, nutrient extraction and development is <18°C. Calculations of degree-days necessary for development from egg hatch to the adult stage in temperature regimes that are not constant give values different from calculations from bioassay data collected at constant temperatures. Therefore, current threshold and degree-day data for grape phylloxera are insufficient for predicting population growth in the field where temperatures vary.
Freedom Tide? Ideology, Politics, and the Origins of Democracy Promotion in U.S. Central America Policy, 1980–1984

The Reagan administration came to power in 1981 seeking to downplay Jimmy Carter's emphasis on human rights in U.S. policy toward Latin America. Yet, by 1985 the administration had come to justify its policies towards Central America in the very same terms. This article examines the dramatic shift that occurred in policymaking toward Central America during Ronald Reagan's first term. Synthesizing existing accounts while drawing on new and recently declassified material, the article looks beyond rhetoric to the political, intellectual, and bureaucratic dynamics that conditioned the emergence of a Reaganite human rights policy. The article shows that events in El Salvador suggested to administration officials—and to Reagan himself—that support for free elections could serve as a means of shoring up legitimacy for embattled allies abroad, while defending the administration against vociferous human rights criticism at home. In the case of Nicaragua, democracy promotion helped to eschew hard decisions between ...
Ethanol inhibits methionine adenosyltransferase II activity and S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and enhances caspase-3-dependent cell death in T lymphocytes: relevance to alcohol-induced immunosuppression.

Abstract An important aspect in alcohol abuse-associated immune suppression is the loss of T helper CD4 + lymphocytes, leading to impairment of multiple immune functions. Our work has shown that ethanol can sensitize CD4 + T lymphocytes to caspase-3-dependent activation-induced cell death (AICD). It has been demonstrated that the formation of S -adenosylmethionine (SAMe) catalyzed by methionine adenosyltransferase (MAT) II is essential for CD4 + T-cell activation and proliferation. Since ethanol is known to affect SAMe metabolism in hepatocytes, we investigated the effect of ethanol on MAT II activity/expression, SAMe biosynthesis and cell survival in CD4 + T lymphocytes. We demonstrate for the first time that ethanol at a physiologically relevant concentration (25 mM) substantially decreased the enzymatic activity of MAT II in T lymphocytes. Ethanol was observed to decrease the transcription of MAT2A , which encodes the catalytic subunit of MAT II and is vital for MAT II activity and SAMe biosynthesis. Furthermore, correspondent to its effect on MAT II, ethanol decreased intracellular SAMe levels and enhanced caspase-3-dependent AICD. Importantly, restoration of intracellular SAMe levels by exogenous SAMe supplementation considerably decreased both caspase-3 activity and apoptotic death in T lymphocytes. In conclusion, our data show that MAT II and SAMe are critical molecular components essential for CD4 + T-cell survival that are affected by ethanol, leading to enhanced AICD. Furthermore, these studies provide a clinical paradigm for the development of much needed therapy using SAMe supplementation in the treatment of immune dysfunction induced by alcohol abuse.
A numerical study of the effects of heat diffusion through the base of the mixed layer

In the present paper, a simple numerical model is used to study the warming of the mixed layer during the early summer. It is shown that the springtime temperature increase in the layer below the mixed layer (for example, in the cold pool on a continental shelf) has a maximum value which occurs for a limiting value of the surface heat flux. This is a result of the positive feedback at large Richardson numbers between stability and vertical diffusion of heat. The springtime temperature increase in the mixed layer increases nonlinearly with surface heat flux, because of the same positive feedback. The effects of interseasonal fluctuations of the surface heat flux on the spring and summer mixed layer and deeper temperature increases can be as great as the effect of interseasonal fluctuations of the average heat flux.
Control of postural changes of end expiratory volume (FRC) by airways slowly adapting mechanoreceptors.

We recorded the e.m.g. activity of the diaphragm and of an abdominal muscle (ext. oblique) and the respiratory volume in anesthetized rabbits challenged with head-up tilting and positive pressure breathing (PPB). Both maneuvers determined an inhibition of inspiratory activity and an activation of abdominal muscles, the latter being especially marked with tilting. After cervical vagotomy neither the inspiratory inhibition nor the abdominal recruitment was present during tilting and PPB and the FRC increase was more pronounced. Sulphur dioxide was given in the inspired air (200 ppm) to selectively block the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors. Such blockade was indicated by the absence of the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex. The permanence of other respiratory reflexes was shown by a parodoxical response to inflation and by a still evident response to deflation. With SO2 block, both tilting and PPB did not elicit either the inspiratory inhibition or the abdominal muscles activation, leading to an FRC shift similar to that observed after vagotomy. We conclude that the slowly adapting mechanoreceptors subserve a reflex mechanism relevant in controlling FRC.
GON-1 and fibulin have antagonistic roles in control of organ shape.

Abstract Most developing organs are surrounded by an extracellular matrix (ECM), which must be remodeled to accommodate growth and morphogenesis. In C. elegans , the GON-1 ADAMTS metalloprotease regulates both elongation and shape of the developing gonad [1]. Here, we report that either human ADAMTS-4 or ADAMTS-9 can substitute for GON-1 in transgenic worms, suggesting functional conservation between human and nematode homologs. We further identify fibulin (FBL-1), a widely conserved ECM component [2], as critical for gonadal morphogenesis. FBL-1 is expressed in nongonadal tissues but is present at the surface of the elongating gonad. A fibulin deletion mutant has a wider than normal gonad as well as body size defects. We find that GON-1 and fibulin have antagonistic roles in controlling gonadal shape. Depletion of fbl-1 , but not other ECM components, rescues gon-1 elongation defects, and removal of gon-1 rescues fbl-1 width defects. Therefore, the GON-1 protease normally promotes tissue elongation and expansion, whereas the fibulin ECM protein blocks these key morphogenetic processes. We suggest that control of organ shape by GON-1 and fibulin in C. elegans may provide a model for similar cellular processes, including vasculogenesis, in humans.
A hierarchical networked micro-simulator to study grid-integration of renewables and electric vehicles

The effect of integrating intermittent renewable generation such as wind and solar, as well as plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) on a grid is an important area of study. Renewable generation depends on weather. Energy consumption, storage, and emergency usage of battery-stored power in PEVs are dependent on the spread of such vehicles in a geographical area, commute patterns, and hours of long-term parking. These are stochastic in nature. We have developed a hierarchical networked micro-simulation environment to characterize their effect on the grid's load-carrying capacity, reliability of unit commitment and planning, and boundaries of grid safety, etc. We have used this micro-simulation environment for a number of studies based on 4-year real data from New York City's weather and load profiles, projected PEV population, and current commute profiles. In this paper, we describe our micro-simulator's architecture, and its ability to scale various abstraction levels depending on the accuracy needed, study objective, and computational time and resources.
Carpometacarpal boss: an unusual cause of extensor tendon ruptures.

Ruptures of tendons are rare and usually result from attritional wear caused by chronic inflammation or mechanical attrition against bony prominences. The classically described Vaughn-Jackson and Mannerfelt lesions result when a tendon ruptures from attritional wear on a dorsally subluxated ulna [15] or scaphoid osteophyte, respectively [9]. Rare reports exist of carpal bosses and intratendinous ganglions resulting in extensor tendon ruptures [3, 7, 16]. We describe a patient with a rupture of the extensor indicis proprius (EIP) and extensor digitorum communis (EDC) tendons to the index finger secondary to attritional wear against a carpometacarpal (CMC) boss of the index and middle fingers. The utility of ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis is described, as well as its treatment, and outcome of surgery.
Numerical Method for Interaction Among Multi-particle, Fluid and Arbitrary Shape Structure

We propose a numerical method for handling interaction among multiple particles, fluid and structure of arbitrary shape. The method is based on the level set method, the DEM (discrete element method), the CIP (Cubic Interpolated Propagation) method and the ghost fluid method. In this formulation, interfaces of particles, liquid and structures are represented by the level set functions. Those level set functions are also used to impose fluid boundary condition on structure and particle, and to detect collisions between particle and structure. Numerical results show that this proposed method can robustly simulate those interactions.
Synapses on demand require dendrites at the ready: how defining stages of dendritic development in vitro could inform studies of behaviorally driven information storage in the brain.

Bill Greenough's work provides a framework for thinking about synaptogenesis not only as a key step in the initial wiring of neural systems according to a species typical plan (i.e., experience-expectant development), but also as a mechanism for storing information based an individual's unique experience over its lifetime (i.e., experience-dependent plasticity). Analysis of synaptic development in vitro brings a new opportunity to test the limits of expectant-expectant development at the level of the individual neuron. We analyzed dendritic growth, synapse formation, and the development of specialized cytoplasmic microdomains during development in cultured hippocampal neurons, to determine if the timing of each of these events is correlated. Taken together, the findings reported here support the hypotheses that (1) dendritic development is rate limiting in synapse formation and (2) synaptic circuits are assembled in a step-wise fashion consistent with a stage-specific shift from genomically pre-programmed to activity-dependent mechanisms. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 53:443–455, 2011.
Ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas and associated tissues of the chelicerate arthropod, Limulus polyphemus.

The ultrastructure of the hepatopancreas and associated tissues of Limulus is described. All hepatopancreatic tubules contain L- and D-cells. L-cells exhibit apical pinocytosis and contain many different types of inclusions, including lipid containing calcium spherules of unique structure. They also produce a complex secretory product released by apocrine secretion. D-cells contain much rough endoplasmic reticulum, and show other evidence of active protein synthesis. They produce a single type of secretory granule released by merocrine activity. The appearance of L- and D-cells in tubules of various sizes and in fed and starved animals is described. Both cell types may produce digestive enzymes and absorb and transport nutrients to the hemolymph, but neither serves as a major storage site. Storage is an important function of the intertubular R-cells. The appearance of R-cells in fed and starved animals is described. A previously undescribed hemocyte is reported, as are apparent gap junctions between L- and R-cells. A structural and functional comparison of these glands with those of other arthropods is presented.
Catalytic conversion of alcohols: V. Selectivity properties of Y2O3

Abstract Yttria was active for both dehydrogenation and dehydration of alcohols; it was more selective for dehydration of acyclic alcohols than for cyclic alcohols. The dehydration selectivity increased with increasing temperature and with increasing time-on-stream. The temperature coefficients for dehydration and dehydrogenation for both cyclic and acyclic alcohols were similar to those obtained with an alumina catalyst. Yttria was very selective in forming 1-alkenes from 2-ols. Cis- or trans-2-methylcyclohexanol was isomerized to the equilibrium cis/trans composition more rapidly than the combined dehydration-dehydrogenation reaction. It appears that the major pathway for the elimination of water from 2-methylcyclohexanol was an anti mechanism.
The Effect of Pinealectomy on Metabolism and Somatic Growth of Immature Cockerels

Fifty-four 1-day-old Single Comb White Leghorn cockerels were randomly assigned to 18 brooder cages across three surgical treatments, pinealectomy (PX), sham-operated (PN), and non-operated controls (C). Pinealectomy and sham-operations were performed at 9 days of age. The birds were maintained for 28 days, during which time body weight, feed consumption, and oxygen consumption were measured. All parameters were similar for all treatments during the week before surgery. During the first week after surgery, the PX birds had a lower (P less than .05) oxygen consumption and lowered (P less than .05) body weight gains compared to PN and C birds. Shortly after recovering from surgery, the PX birds became very docile and engorged their crops. This unusual behavior was not seen in the PN or C birds. By the second week after surgery, the oxygen consumption was similar for all treatments. At 21 days of age the PX birds had a significantly (P less than .05) lower body weight compared to the PN and C birds.
“I Don’t Want to be a Burden”: Japanese Immigrant Acculturation and Their Attitudes Toward Non-Family-Based Elder Care

Elder care remains primarily in the family sphere in Japan while elderly Japanese immigrants in the U.S. are actively planning to utilize formal care services. Although social structural conditions may explain these differences, they do not fully explain “how” Japanese immigrants have developed norms of independent living as it relates to the utilization of formal care services. This study examines how Japanese immigrant women’s value acculturation leads to their cultural preference for non-family-based care using qualitative analyses of data gathered through participant observations and 31 in-depth interviews. Findings suggest that Japanese immigrant women tend to accept the U.S. norms of the independent parent–child relationship and see their children as “other” individuals rather than “inseparable” family members who are obligated to fulfill their filial duty. This value acculturation appears to manifest in their preference for independent living, friend-based support, and utilization of formal care services. Showing no expectation of the family care also serves as an important strategic means to ensure their middle-aged children’s freedom from filial care duty.
Emergency medicine tools to manage smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination complications: Clinical practice guideline and policies and procedures

Abstract In December 2002, the federal government began a program to immunize approximately 500,000 civilian public health and health care workers with smallpox (vaccinia) vaccine as a part of our pre-event defense against bioterrorism. First responders will likely follow, and the general US population might be offered vaccination in the next 1 to 2 years. Recent reports that suggest the possible association of the vaccine to adverse cardiac events (including deaths), liability concerns for hospitals, and the availability of compensation for workers with vaccine complications have significantly reduced voluntary participation. Vaccinees might experience robust primary takes or serious adverse events, including viral or even bacterial cellulitides, encephalitis, progressive skin destruction, and other life-threatening complications. With the increasing prevalence of immune suppression from both diseases and immunosuppressive medications, complications might be seen in higher frequency than previously reported. Emergency medicine providers and staff must become familiar with clinical presentations and management of vaccine complications. In addition, policies and procedures must be developed to prevent unimmunized providers from inadvertently contacting the active vaccination sites of their patients and, if the providers themselves have active vaccination sites, to protect their patients and their own families.
Immediate and short-term benefit of multilesion coronary angioplasty: influence of degree of revascularization.

The safety and short-term therapeutic benefit of multilesion percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty was assessed in 135 patients, 66 of whom had a minimum of 6 months of follow-up study. Primary success, defined as successful dilation of the most critical lesion or all lesions attempted without major in-hospital complications was obtained in 117 (87%) of the 135 patients. Cardiac complications associated with the procedure were uncommon; prolonged angina occurred in 5% and myocardial infarction in 3%; emergency coronary bypass surgery was performed in 4% of the patients. There were no deaths. Complete revascularization was achieved in 46% of the 117 patients with a primary success. Of the 66 patients eligible for 6 month follow-up, 80% had an uncomplicated course and required no further procedures. Clinical improvement by at least one angina functional class was observed in 90% of the patients. Cardiac events such as the need for a second revascularization procedure were significantly more common in patients who had incomplete versus complete revascularization (35 versus 9%; p = 0.018). Repeat coronary angiography performed an average of 5 months after angioplasty revealed restenosis in 18 of 22 symptomatic patients and 3 of 9 asymptomatic patients. Restenosis occurred at the site of a single dilation in 12 patients, at two sites in 8 patients and at three sites in 1 patient. Thus, multilesion coronary angioplasty is an important therapeutic option for selected patients with multivessel disease and can be performed with relatively low risk. Improvement in angina status can be expected even in patients who have incomplete revascularization. The need for a second revascularization procedure is significantly greater when incomplete revascularization is obtained.
Palmitoyl acyltransferase assays and inhibitors (Review).

Palmitoylated proteins have been implicated in several disease states including Huntington's, cardiovascular, T-cell mediated immune diseases, and cancer. To proceed with drug discovery efforts in this area, it is necessary to: identify the target enzymes, establish efficient assays for palmitoylation, and conduct high-throughput screening to identify inhibitors. The primary objectives of this review are to examine the types of assays used to study protein palmitoylation and to discuss the known inhibitors of palmitoylation. Six main palmitoylation assays are currently in use. Four assays, radiolabeled palmitate incorporation, fatty acyl exchange chemistry, MALDI-TOF MS and azido-fatty acid labeling are useful in the identification of palmitoylated proteins and palmitoyl acyltransferase (PAT) enzymes. Two other methods, the in vitro palmitoylation (IVP) assay and a cell-based peptide palmitoylation assay, are useful in the identification of PAT enzymes and are more amenable to screening for inhibitors of ...
Theory of laminar mixing

An expression is derived for the increase in mixedness due to an arbitrary deformation of a material. For mixtures having initial orientation this expression is a function of the principal values of the strain tensor and the orientation of the fluid. For mixtures without initial orientation, this expression is simply a function of the principal values of the strain tensor. Mixing in pure shear, simple shear, and pure elongation is determined. The rate of mixing for each of these deformations in steady flow is derived. A comparison of these rates of mixing with the energy consumed in the deformation shows that simple shear flow is a very inefficient way to accomplish mixing. For the example cited, five orders of magnitude greater energy is required to accomplish mixing in shear flow as opposed to extensional flows.
Similarity of iris texture between siblings

Prior research has shown that twins' irises are similar enough in appearance for the untrained human observer to correctly determine whether an iris image pair comes from twins or from unrelated persons. We conducted a similar image pair classification study that asked participants to classify an image pair as “siblings” or “unrelated”. We found that untrained human observers can classify pairs of siblings with over 57% accuracy using the appearance of the iris alone, without any proximal image content. This result is statistically greater than the accuracy of random guessing, which indicates that there is some degree of inherited texture similarity between siblings. This raises the question of how accurately one could classify siblings based on automated texture analysis.
Responses to Taste Stimulation in the Ventroposteromedial Nucleus of the Thalamus in Rats

Extracellular action potentials were recorded from 73 neurons in the parvicellular division of the ventroposteromedial (VPMpc) nucleus of the thalamus of anesthetized Wistar rats during gustatory, ...
Achieving Science-Based Practice Through Response to Intervention: What It Might Look Like in Preschools

The purpose of this manuscript is to conceptualize a unified Response to Intervention (RTI) model that may be applied to Head Starts or preschools with typical children and those identified as “at risk,” or “children with disabilities.” RTI basically provides a specific and discrete cumulative intervention history of services which also may be used as evaluation data. Intervention sequences may include universal and classwide (Tier 1), embedded and small group (Tier 2), and individualized interventions (Tier 3) on a continuum defined by intervention intensity. Advantages, challenges, limitations, criticism, and opportunities for RTI consultation and support are discussed.
Evidence for oxidative damage in a murine leukemia virus‐induced neurodegeneration

Vacuolation in cellular organelles within the central nervous system is a common manifestation of oxidative injury. We found that the spongiform vacuolation observed in PVC-211 murine leukemia virus (PVC-MuLV) neurodegeneration was associated with oxidative damage as detected by immunoreactivity for 3-nitrotyrosine and protein carbonyl groups. This oxidative injury was present in brain before or concomitant with the appearance of activated microglia, vacuolation, and gliosis that characterize PVC-MuLV neuropathology. Treatment of infected F344 rat pups with the antioxidant vitamin E transiently protected and prolonged the latency of PVC-MuLV neurodegeneration. Taken together, these findings implicate oxidative damage and lipid peroxidation in the pathogenesis of PVC-MuLV neurodegeneration. This animal model may be useful for studies of mechanisms and potential therapies for progressive neurodegeneration following a well-defined insult.
Effect of chronic caffeine intake on myocardial function during early growth.

ABSTRACT: The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the effects of chronic caffeine ingestion on the myocardium during fetal and neonatal growth and development. The isolated perfused working heart preparation was used to evaluate cardiac function. During gestation and lactation, one group of dams consumed a caffeine supplemented diet (10 mg/kg/day). Their offspring were sacrificed and the hearts analyzed 50 days after birth. We found that the intake of caffeine by the dams resulted in significant increases in the offspring's coronary flow, peak systolic pressure, and myocardial work. A second group of dams ingested a diet containing caffeine (10 mg/kg/day) during lactation only. Their pups continued to consume the caffeine diet until 50 days. Pup hearts exhibited significant reductions in cardiac output, stroke volume, pressure development, myocardial work, and external efficiency when compared to controls. Caffeine did not affect (a) body or heart weight or (b) adipose size or number in these experiments. Thus, continued caffeine consumption following birth may alter cardiac performance of the offspring.
14 MeV neutron irradiation effects in macor glass-ceramic

Abstract Samples of MACOR machinable glass-ceramic were irradiated at room temperature to fluences of 10 20 and 10 22 n/m 2 . No significant volume changes or deterioration in thermal conductivity were detected, while strength appeared to increase slightly. A slight increase in electrical conductivity, which disappeared with annealing, was noted for the higher fluence. Examination of ion-thinned samples by TEM showed only minor damage from the high-fluence neutron irradiation, where ionizing doses are estimated to be 10 7 Gy. Exposure to higher doses from 200-KeV electrons in the TEM caused the formation of pore-like aggregates.