cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Stability of multi-generator power system with penetration of renewable energy sources

In this paper, the power system with penetration of renewable energy sources is represented as a multi-machine interconnected system. The power system comprises of conventional synchronous generators and renewable energy sources via rectifier-inverters. A novel controller has been proposed for the inverter that connects the renewable source to the grid while each conventional synchronous generator is equipped with an automatic voltage regulator (AVR) that can be accompanied by a power system stabilizer (PSS). The proposed inverter controller utilizes a dynamically varying gain such that the dynamics of the renewable power source is similar to that of the conventional synchronous generators. Subsequently, stability of the power system is achieved by employing a conventional damping controller. Simulation results on the IEEE 14-bus power system with the proposed renewable energy source controller are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach in damping oscillations that occur after disturbances are removed. The end result is a feedback controller that makes possible for power systems with penetration of renewable energy sources the application of conventional multi-machine stabilizing techniques such as PSS.
Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone

The identification of GRH has been followed by an extraordinarily rapid rate of knowledge accumulation. Within a period of slightly more than 3 yr since the structure of the GRH was determined, nearly 500 papers have been published pertaining to the hormone. Extensive knowledge of its anatomy, chemistry, molecular biology, physiology, and pathology has been gathered and, in particular, studies in humans have proceeded faster than with any other of the hypophysiotropic hormones. New insights have been gained with respect to the pathogenesis of both GH deficiency and GH excess states, and the use of GRH and its analogs as diagnostic and therapeutic agents already represents a reality.
RIEMANN-EINSTEIN STRUCTURE FROM VOLUME AND GAUGE SYMMETRY

It is shown how a metric structure can be induced in a simple way starting with a gauge structure and a preferred volume, by spontaneous symmetry breaking. A polynomial action, including coupling to matter, is constructed for the symmetric phase. It is argued that assuming a preferred volume, in the context of a metric theory, induces only a limited modification of the theory.
The use of computer-assisted instruction in support of psychotherapeutic processes

Abstract This article explores the use of computer-assisted instruction (CAI) in support of psychotherapeutic processes. Specific topics include: the role of information in the behavior change process, the effectiveness of CAI, integrating client needs and CAI, the use of CAI outside of psychotherapy, the use of CAI as a component of psychotherapy, the process of developing and evaluating CAI, ethical issues, professional standards, and future developments.
Nonoperative treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures compared with a historical control group.

Background: Few data are available regarding the results of nonoperative treatment of distal biceps ruptures. The present study was designed to assess the outcomes associated with unrepaired distal biceps tendon ruptures. Methods: Eighteen patients with twenty unrepaired distal biceps tendon ruptures were assessed retrospectively. The median duration of follow-up was thirty-eight months. Sixteen of the eighteen patients were male, and the median age at the time of the injury was fifty years (range, thirty-five to seventy-four years). Supination strength and elbow flexion strength were measured bilaterally, and patient outcomes were assessed with use of the Broberg and Morrey Functional Rating Index, the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire. Data were compared with historical controls compiled from six published series of operatively treated patients. Results: The median supination and elbow flexion strengths for the injured arm were 63% (mean, 74%; range, 33% to 162%) and 93% (mean, 88%; range, 58% to 110%) of those for the contralateral arm, compared with values of 92% (mean, 101%; range, 42% to 297%) and 95% (mean, 97%; range, 53% to 191%) for the historical controls that had been treated surgically. The difference between the mean values was significant for supination strength (p = 0.002) but not for flexion strength (p = 0.164). Patients had satisfactory outcomes overall, with median scores on the Broberg and Morrey Functional Rating Index, the Mayo Elbow Performance Index, and the Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand questionnaire of 85, 95, and 9, respectively. Conclusions: Nonoperative treatment of distal biceps tendon ruptures can yield acceptable outcomes with modestly reduced strength, especially supination. Level of Evidence: Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Model polyurethane elastomers prepared from noncrystallizable poly(propylene oxide) chains

Elastomers of controlled molecular structure were prepared from hydroxyl-terminated atactic poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) chains having number-average molecular weights Mn in the range 800–4360 g mole−1. The chains were end-linked into noncrystallizable trifunctional networks using a specially prepared aromatic triisocyanate. The networks thus obtained were studied with regard to their stress–strain isotherms in the unswollen state, in elongation at 25°C, and with regard to their equilibrium swelling in benzene at 61°C. Values of the modulus in the limit at high deformation were in good agreement with corresponding results previously obtained on networks of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS). This is of considerable importance since use of the widely used “plateau modulus” as a measure of interchain entangling would suggest that the networks of PPO would have a much higher density of such entanglements than would the corresponding networks of PDMS. The close similarity between the moduli of the two types of networks therefore argues against the idea that such entanglements make large contributions to the equilibrium elastomeric properties of a polymer network. These values of the high deformation modulus are also in good agreement with recent molecular theories as applied to the nonaffine deformation of a “phantom” network. The values of the low deformation modulus were considerably smaller than the values predicted for an affine deformation, however, suggesting that the junction points were not firmly embedded in the network structure. This is presumably due to the relatively low degree of chain-junction entangling in the case of relatively short network chains. The swelling equilibrium results were in very good agreement with the new theory of network swelling developed by Flory.
Multiple translational products from a five-nucleotide ribozyme

An indispensable step in protein biosynthesis is the 2′(3′) aminoacylation of tRNA by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases. Here we show that a similar activity exists in a tiny, 5-nt-long RNA enzyme with a 3-nt active center. The small ribozyme initially trans-phenylalanylates a partially complementary 4-nt RNA selectively at its terminal 2′-ribose hydroxyl using PheAMP, the natural form for activated amino acid. The initial 2′ Phe-RNA product can be elaborated into multiple peptidyl-RNAs. Reactions do not require divalent cations, and have limited dependence on monovalent cations. Small size and minimal requirements for regiospecific translational activity strongly support the hypothesis that minuscule RNA enzymes participated in early forms of translation.
Teaching ‘Evolution readiness’ to fourth graders

We describe a National Science Foundation-funded project called ‘Evolution Readiness’ that used computer-based interactive models as well as hands-on activities to help fourth grade students learn Darwin's model of natural selection as the process primarily responsible for evolution. The inclusion of ‘readiness’ in the title is important to keep in mind. A full understanding of evolution would require the acquisition of a detailed model of how information is encoded in DNA, interpreted in cells, and manifested in organisms and species. To understand the evidence presented by the fossil record and its implications for evolutionary theory would require an appreciation of the immensity of geologic time as well as a substantive introduction to geology and paleontology. These topics are not easily accessible to ten-year-olds, but we have found that children can successfully perform virtual experiments that explore the connection between the interdependence of species and their remarkable adaptations and recognize the latter as arising gradually from small variations that affect reproductive success. Working in three school districts, located in Texas, Missouri, and Massachusetts, we implemented a curriculum unit covering 16 class periods. In each state the elementary science standards include all the concepts we cover, but traditional curricula do not attempt to integrate these concepts or to use them to explain observations of the natural world. We compared students who had used our materials to a baseline cohort taught by the same teachers but exposed only to the traditional curriculum. The treatment students outscored the baseline students, demonstrating the feasibility of teaching young students the fundamental concepts behind the theory of evolution and thus preparing them to deepen their understanding when they next encounter the topic.
EXPRESSION OF RHEUMATOID FACTOR IDIOTYPES 17.109, 6B6.6 AND 4C9 IN THE SERA OF PIMA INDIANS

This study was undertaken to determine whether the expression of 17.109, 6B6.6 and 4C9 rhematoid factor (RF) idiotypes is predictive of the development of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and whether the RF response is idiotypically restricted in an inbred population of Pima Indians who have a genetic predisposition for the disease.Serial sera were obtained from 25 subjects who developed RA and 25 RF-positive subjects who did not develop RA over the course of a longitudinal community health survey. RF titers and titers of the RF-associated idiotypes 17.109, 6B6.6 and 4C9 were determined by ELISA, and the relationship between 6B6.6 and 4C9 was analyzed by cross-absorption studies.Expression of the three RF-associated idiotypes was found in both the subjects who developed RA and those who did not. The amount of idiotype expressed was variable, but a few subjects in both groups had high levels indicative of an oligoclonal RF response. Reactivity with 6B6.6 and 4C9 antiidiotypes overlapped, with 4C9 appearing to mar...
Simulation of long time scale plasma opening switches

Summary form only. The two-dimensional implicit ANTHEM code has been used to examine the feasibility of plasma opening switch operation at conduction times ranging from 500 ns to 3 mu s. The classical bicylindrical switch is examined with a cathode radius of 8 cm, an anode radius of 11.5 cm, and a plasma length of 20 cm as typical dimensions. The generator current rises linearly to 1 MA. The plasma dynamics of operation is described for fill electron number densities from 10/sup 13/ to 10/sup 15/ cm/sup -3/ and for loads ranging from a short circuit to 5 Omega . >
Automatic detection and diagnosis of faults in generated code for procedure calls

In this paper, we present a compiler testing technique that closes the gap between existing compiler implementations and correct compilers. Using formal specifications of procedure-calling conventions, we have built a target-sensitive test suite generator that builds test cases for a specific aspect of compiler code generators: the procedure-calling sequence generator. By exercising compilers with these specification-derived target-specific test suites, our automated testing tool has exposed bugs in every compiler tested on the MIPS and one compiler on the SPARC. These compilers include some that have been in heavy use for many years. Once a fault has been detected, the system can often suggest the nature of the problem. The testing system is an invaluable tool for detecting, isolating, and correcting faults in today's compilers.
Coordinated reconstruction with bilateral condylar replacement and dental implant rehabilitation: A clinical report

The evaluation of complex facial-cranial trauma and subsequent restoration requires multidisciplinary treatment planning for optimal success and patient satisfaction. Patients with bilateral subcondylar fractures and facial-dental trauma are invariably challenging. Consideration of total joint replacement, along with the comprehensive evaluation of facial-dental esthetics and occlusion is critical for an optimal long-term outcome and for patient comfort. This patient treatment illustrates team cooperation and an optimal patient treatment outcome with long-term follow-up in the reconstruction of a complex cranial-facial injury from an unrestrained motor vehicle accident. The treatment included bilateral temporomandibular joint replacement with computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing fitted total temporomandibular joint reconstruction, grafting of a deficient anterior maxillary alveolar ridge, and dental implant placement and subsequent restoration with a partial fixed dental prosthesis.
Single‐component mass transfer in a cosurfactant‐water‐surfactant system

A mass transfer system has been designed to allow transport of only one component and over small changes in concentration. One of the phases was always lamellar liquid crystals, the other was micellar or its inverse structure. It can be argued that the kinetics of phase transformation at the interphase would be important in such systems; in fact, the measurements of individual phase volumes show overshoots that are not explained by classical mass transfer mechanisms. It is suggested that the intermediate structures that are formed during transport are not thermodynamically favored, and consequently the condition of local equilibrium does not hold. Using developments for such systems in diffusion in polymers, the breakdown of local equilibrium has been shown to be adequate in explaining the observations qualitatively. A parallel development for adsorption has not been undertaken.
New n.m.r.-spectroscopic approaches for structural studies of polysaccharides: application to the Haemophilus influenzae type a capsular polysaccharide.

Abstract The extension of several modern nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopic techniques to polysaccharides is discussed and illustrated, using the native Haemphilus influenzae type a capsular polysaccharide. These techniques provide for the unambiguous assignment of all n.m.r. resonances (1H, 13C, and 31P) via high-sensitivity homonuclear and 1H-detected heteronuclear correlations, and they are capable of locating the intersaccharide linkages (both O-linked and phosphoric diester-linked) and appended groups (e.g.O-acetyl groups). To illustrate the power and sensitivity of these methods, a 10-mg sample of the H. Influenzae type a polysaccharide (repeat unit mol. wt. = 376) was studied. The combined acquisition time for the two-dimensional 1H-13C correlation data (one-bond and multiple-bond), the 1H-31P correlation data, and the 1H-1H (homonuclear Hartmann-Hahn) data was ∼18 h.
Use of Life Tables in a Bioclimatic Study of an Experimental Aphid-Braconid Wasp Host-Parasite System

to environmental extremes of drought and flash floods. 2. The natural life span for most Rhinichthys oscults in the Chiricahua Mountains is less than 3 years. None was found to reach 4 years. 3. High mortality rates during summer drought must be interpreted, in part, as an acceleration of death among older fish since most fish are expected to die before they are 3 years old. Among younger fish, drought directly elevates the mortality rate. 4. Mortalities during a drought are caused directly by the disappearance of water and indirectly by starvation of the fish which are crowded into reduced habitat with inadequate food. 5. Flash floods are an important cause of mortality among fish of the year if they occur while the fish are very small. The greatest potential loss of fish of the year occurs in late summer when the initial flash flood induces major reproduction and is then followed by another flash flood. 6. Flash floods are not a significant cause of mortality among older fish. 7. Temporary waters may persist in some sections through a period of wet years. The populations of fish inhabiting them are derived from upstream sections during a flash flood. All fish that were located in downstream temporary sections in the spring of 1960, were one-year-olds. 8. Temperatures do not rise to lethal levels in any of the flowing streams. In exposed shallow isolated pools, the temperatures may become lethal for oldcr fish, but not for fish of the year. 9. Predators play a minor role. Only one, the garter snake, Thamnophtis cyrtopsis, is common and apparently important. 10. Although fish populations are greatly reduced by a year of drought, there is no immediate threat of their local extinction.
Activation of a retroviral membrane fusion protein: soluble receptor-induced liposome binding of the ALSV envelope glycoprotein.

It is not known how membrane fusion proteins that function at neutral pH, for example the human immunodeficiency virus envelope (Env) glycoprotein and intracellular fusion machines, are activated for target bilayer binding. We have addressed this question using a soluble oligomeric form of an avian retroviral Env glycoprotein (API) and soluble forms of its receptor. Binding of soluble receptor to API induces API to bind to liposomes composed of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol at neutral pH. Liposome binding only occurs at fusion permissive temperatures (T > 20°C), is complete between 2 to 5 min at 37°C, and is stable to high salt, carbonate, and urea. Liposome binding is mediated by the ectodomain of the transmembrane subunit of API, and a mutant with a Val to Glu substitution in the Env fusion peptide (located in the ectodomain of the transmembrane subunit) shows significantly reduced liposome binding. Moreover, under conditions of equivalent binding to API, a mutant receptor that does not support infection (Zingler, K., and J.A.T. Young. 1996. J. Virol. 70:7510–7516) does not induce significant liposome binding. Our results indicate that a highly specific interaction between an avian retroviral Env and its receptor activates the retroviral glycoprotein for target bilayer binding at neutral pH in much the same way as low pH activates the influenza hemagglutinin. Our findings are discussed in terms of the mechanisms of viral and cellular fusion proteins that function at neutral pH.
Role of Neuropeptides in Memory

Neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, and hormones are being studied extensively to determine their role in memory processes. The research in this area has become complicated with the increasing number of neuropeptides found in the brain. In addition to the classic neurotransmitters (acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin, etc.), at least 30 to 40 new neuropeptides have been discovered in the last two decades. It is expected that 200 to 400 neuropeptides ultimately will be identified. Most of the neuropeptides so far studied appear to influence memory processes in some manner. Thus a single system of neuropeptides does not control memory processes. A brief review of the research is presented for each of the systems studied so far.
Unnatural parity levels populated in the 16O(6Li, d)20Ne reaction

Abstract The 16O(6Li, d)20Ne reaction to the 2−, 4.97 MeV, 3−, 5.63 MeV, and 4−, 7.01 MeV members of the Kπ = 2− band has been studied. Angular distributions were measured at 32 MeV from 7.5° to 145° (lab). Excitation functions were measured at 15° (lab) and 145° (lab) from 31 to 33 MeV and 31.75 to 32.5 MeV, respectively. Results of multi-step and compound nuclear calculations are compared to the data. At this incident energy, both mechanisms appear to contribute to the population of the unnatural parity levels.
High performance VMM-bypass I/O in virtual machines

Currently, I/O device virtualization models in virtual machine (VM) environments require involvement of a virtual machine monitor (VMM) and/or a privileged VM for each I/O operation, which may turn out to be a performance bottleneck for systems with high I/O demands, especially those equipped with modern high speed interconnects such as InfiniBand. In this paper, we propose a new device virtualization model called VMM-bypass I/O, which extends the idea of OS-bypass originated from user-level communication. Essentially, VMM-bypass allows time-critical I/O operations to be carried out directly in guest VMs without involvement of the VMM and/or a privileged VM. By exploiting the intelligence found in modern high speed network interfaces, VMM-bypass can significantly improve I/O and communication performance for VMs without sacrificing safety or isolation. To demonstrate the idea of VMM-bypass, we have developed a prototype called Xen-IB, which offers InfiniBand virtualization support in the Xen 3.0 VM environment. Xen-IB runs with current InfiniBand hardware and does not require modifications to existing user-level applications or kernel-level drivers that use InfiniBand. Our performance measurements show that Xen-IB is able to achieve nearly the same raw performance as the original InfiniBand driver running in a non-virtualized environment.
Delayed hypertrophic differentiation of epiphyseal chondrocytes contributes to failed secondary ossification in mucopolysaccharidosis VII dogs

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) VII is a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by deficient β-glucuronidase activity, which leads to the accumulation of incompletely degraded glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). MPS VII patients present with severe skeletal abnormalities, which are particularly prevalent in the spine. Incomplete cartilage-to-bone conversion in MPS VII vertebrae during postnatal development is associated with progressive spinal deformity and spinal cord compression. The objectives of this study were to determine the earliest postnatal developmental stage at which vertebral bone disease manifests in MPS VII and to identify the underlying cellular basis of impaired cartilage-to-bone conversion, using the naturally-occurring canine model. Control and MPS VII dogs were euthanized at 9 and 14 days-of-age, and vertebral secondary ossification centers analyzed using micro-computed tomography, histology, qPCR, and protein immunoblotting. Imaging studies and mRNA analysis of bone formation markers established that secondary ossification commences between 9 and 14 days in control animals, but not in MPS VII animals. mRNA analysis of differentiation markers revealed that MPS VII epiphyseal chondrocytes are unable to successfully transition from proliferation to hypertrophy during this critical developmental window. Immunoblotting demonstrated abnormal persistence of Sox9 protein in MPS VII cells between 9 and 14 days-of-age, and biochemical assays revealed abnormally high intra and extracellular GAG content in MPS VII epiphyseal cartilage at as early as 9 days-of-age. In contrast, assessment of vertebral growth plates and primary ossification centers revealed no significant abnormalities at either age. The results of this study establish that failed vertebral bone formation in MPS VII can be traced to the failure of epiphyseal chondrocytes to undergo hypertrophic differentiation at the appropriate developmental stage, and suggest that aberrant processing of Sox9 protein may contribute to this cellular dysfunction. These results also highlight the importance of early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention to prevent the progression of debilitating skeletal disease in MPS patients.
Perception at equiluminance: an adaptive model of motion metamers

When the perceived intensities of a moving color pattern are equalized the pattern will seem to slow down or stop moving. This situation creates motion metamers-two different motions can be perceived as equivalent. Motion metamers present a very difficult problem for classical models of machine motion perception. In this paper we present an adaptive filter model of motion interpretation which describes human motion perception performance at equiluminance. This model strongly suggests that the interaction between the pathways is defined by a specific structure and the learning parameter between the pathways are different. This result makes several predictions about the human motion processing and places some performance limits on machine vision models.
Law, custom, and social order : the colonial experience in Malawi and Zambia

This book explores the historical formation during the colonial period of that part of African law known as customary law. In treating the emergence of the customary law as part of the history of the social and economic transformation of African societies under colonial rule, it also provides an interpretation of the ways in which people tried to control the disrupting effects of the changes which they experienced. Martin Chanock shows how African ideas, aspirations and activities regarding law were shaped by interaction with the legal ideas of the British colonisers, their understandings of African societies, and the judicial institutions of the colonial state. These thematic considerations are illustrated by studies of how the customary law developed alongside criminal law in colonial society in Malawi and Zambia as part of the moral weaponry of a changing social order, and more specifically by describing the role of the customary law of the family in conflicts between men and women in the new colonial political economy.
Thermal Requirements for Northern Corn Rootworm Egg Hatch

Eggs of Diabrotica longicornis (Say) were extracted from soil and incubated at constant temperatures during the early spring of 1967, 1968, and 1969. At 25°C, 1st hatch occurred in 12.4 days, and 20.6 days were needed for median hatch. Comparable results at 20 were 20.2 and 32.7 days, respectively, while at 15°C some 39.9 and 78.8 days were required for 1st and median hatch, respectively. Developmental threshold temperatures based on 1st and median hatch were 10.66 (51.2°F) and 11.43 (52.6°F) respectively. Work with 2193 eggs, indicated temperature accumulations above base 52°F (11.1) of 304.2 and 529.9 degree-days for 1st and median hatch, respectively. Median hatch of eggs buried 2 in. deep occurred June 13 in 1970 when official air temperatures indicated 533 degree-days above base 52°F. Timing of a postemergence insecticidal application for larval control might be associated with such a temperature accumulation.
Wavelet Filter Banks for Super-Resolution SAR Imaging

This paper discusses Innovative wavelet-based filter banks designed to enhance the analysis of super resolution Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) images using parametric spectral methods and signal classification algorithms, SAR finds applications In many of NASA's earth science fields such as deformation, ecosystem structure, and dynamics of Ice, snow and cold land processes, and surface water and ocean topography. Traditionally, standard methods such as Fast-Fourier Transform (FFT) and Inverse Fast-Fourier Transform (IFFT) have been used to extract Images from SAR radar data, Due to non-parametric features of these methods and their resolution limitations and observation time dependence, use of spectral estimation and signal pre- and post-processing techniques based on wavelets to process SAR radar data has been proposed. Multi-resolution wavelet transforms and advanced spectral estimation techniques have proven to offer efficient solutions to this problem.
Dielectric and Phase Behavior of Dipolar Spheroids

The Stockmayer fluid, composed of dipolar spheres, has a well-known isotropic-ferroelectric phase transition at high dipole densities. However, there has been little investigation of the ferroelectric transition in nearly spherical fluids at dipole densities corresponding to those found in many polar solvents and in guest-host organic electro-optic materials. In this work, we examine the transition to ordered phases of low-aspect-ratio spheroids under both unperturbed and poled conditions, characterizing both the static dielectric response and thermodynamic properties of spheroidal systems. Spontaneous ferroelectric ordering was confined to a small region of aspect ratios about unity, indicating that subtle changes in sterics can have substantial influence on the behavior of coarse-grained liquid models. Our results demonstrate the importance of molecular shape in obtaining even qualitatively correct dielectric responses and provide an explanation for the success of the Onsager model as a phenomenological representation for the dielectric behavior of polar organic liquids.
Fixation of 5-hydroxytryptamine by brain mitochondria.

SummaryDistribution of 5-hydroxytryptamine (HT) in various cytoplasmic fractions of rat brain has been determined, and the neurohumor was confined almost exclusively to the mitochondrial fraction. Numerous inhibitors of oxidative phosphorylation were tested for ability to release HT from mitochondria or to prevent binding. Reserpine completely depleted mitochondria of HT, but did not alter their ability to reabsorb HT, while phenyl ether and LSD partly prevented mitochondrial fixation of HT.
Search for virus in human malignancies. 2. In vivo studies.

SummaryExhaustive investigations were made employing cell culture methods to recover virus from specimens from human cases of leukemia and other malignancies. Altogether, 316 clinical specimens were tested. Primary culture of the human malignant tissue and passage of extracts of clinical specimens to primary cell cultures and to a cell strain were done. The specimens were tested crude and after treatment to remove hypothetical inhibitors and the cultures were observed by a variety of procedures to detect virus by direct and indirect methods as well as before and after treatment to remove inhibitors. No detectable virus or virus-like agent of human malignant tissue origin was recovered. The finding of a simian virus multinucleating agent, MNA, emphasized the need for reliable controls and for caution in interpretation. The negative findings in these experiments were interpreted as examples of methods which failed and were not construed as positive evidence for a non-viral etiology of malignancies in man.W....
SpinoTemplate: A Platform for MRI-Guided Spinal Cord Injections

Patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis have limited treatment options and a 20% survival rate within five years of diagnosis. Small animal models show promise for halting the associated neurodegeneration when cellular therapeutics are delivered to the ventral horn of the spinal cord. A template-based guidance system was developed to facilitate percutaneous injections under MRI guidance to improve upon existing invasive and time-consuming surgical techniques. Procedure duration was 30min plus 5min per insertion, with a mean error of <2mm.
Arzelà's Dominated Convergence Theorem for the Riemann Integral

(1971). Arzela's Dominated Convergence Theorem for the Riemann Integral. The American Mathematical Monthly: Vol. 78, No. 9, pp. 970-979.
Social Media and Time

This essay emphasizes the importance of incorporating historical methods and sensibilities into the study of social media and proposes using periodization as a heuristic device to highlight historical change.
Regulation of the GLUT1 glucose transporter in cultured myocytes: total number and subcellular distribution as determined by photoaffinity labelling

We have used the impermeant photoaffinity label 2-N-4-(1-azi-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)benzoyl-[2-3H] 1,3-bis-(D-mannos-4-yloxy)-2-propylamine (ATB-[2-3H]BMPA) to identify and quantify the glucose transporters on the surface of BC3H-1 cells, a continuously cultured skeletal-muscle cell line lacking the MyoD transcription factor required for cell fusion. ATB-[2-3H]BMPA was used in combination with immunoprecipitation of the GLUT1 glucose transporter, the only isoform expressed in these cells. The total cellular GLUT1 content was also determined by photolabelling and immunoprecipitation after cell permeabilization with digitonin (0.025%). In glucose-starved cells, 85% of the glucose transporters were present at the cell surface in the basal state, with little change in response to insulin (200 nM), correlating with lack of additional 2-deoxyglucose uptake in response to insulin. Feeding the cells with glucose (25 mM) for 24 h resulted in an 80% decrease in the total GLUT1 content relative to starved cells, of which only 25% were present on the cell surface. This was associated with an 85% decrease in 2-deoxyglucose uptake. In addition, acute stimulation of the fed cells with insulin or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) led to an increase in GLUT1 at the cell surface, and, in correspondence, an increase in 2-deoxyglucose uptake by approx. 2- and 4-fold respectively. We conclude that exofacial photoaffinity labelling of glucose transporters with ATB-[2-3H]BMPA in the presence and absence of digitonin, followed by specific immunoprecipitation, provides an accurate measure of total and cell-surface glucose transporters in differentiated BC3H-1 muscle cells. This technique demonstrates that glucose pre-feeding (1) decreases the total number of GLUT1 and (2) redistributes the majority of the remaining transporters to an intracellular site, where they can now be translocated to the cell surface in response to insulin and PMA.
NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION AND ITS PHARMACOLOGICAL BLOCKADE. PART 1 :NEUROMUSCULAR TRANSMISSION AND GENERAL ASPECTS OF ITS BLOCKADE

Blockade of neuromuscular transmission is an important feature during anaesthesia and intensive care treatment of patients. The neuromuscular junction exists in a prejunctional part where acetylcholine is synthesized, stored and released in quanta via a complicated vesicular system. In this system a number of proteins is involved. Acetylcholine diffuses across the junctional cleft and binds to acetylcholinereceptors at the postjunctional part, and is thereafter metabolized by acetylcholinesterase in the junctional cleft. Binding of acetylcholine to its postjunctional receptor evokes muscle contraction. Normally a large margin of safety exists in the neuromuscular transmission. In various situations, apart from up‐and‐down regulation of acetylcholine receptors, adjustment of acetylcholine release can occur.
Inhibition of adhesion reformation in the rabbit model by meclofenamate: an inhibitor of both prostaglandin and leukotriene production.

Objective To determine the relative ability of meclofenamate sodium, a water-soluble inhibitor of both prostaglandin and leukotriene synthesis, to inhibit adhesion reformation. Design Prospective, randomized study in a rabbit model. Interventions Laparotomies were performed on mature New Zealand White rabbits, and each uterine horn was devascularized and traumatized with unipolar electrocautery. One week later, adhesions were microsurgically lysed. Each rabbit was randomly assigned to one of five different groups, and different solutions or an adhesion barrier were placed into the peritoneal cavities before closure: [1] control, 40mL of normal saline (n=8); [2] meclofenamate, 1.75 mg/mL in 40mL of normal saline (n=7); [3] Hyskon, 40mL of 32% dextran-70 (n=6); [4] meclofenamate 1.75 mg/mL in 40mL of 32% dextran-70 (n=6); and [5] TC-7, 40mL of normal saline plus oxidized regenerated cellulose fabric, Interceed, placed over the site of adhesion lysis (n=6). Two weeks later, adhesion reformation was scored according to percent involvement of each uterine horn (0 to 4), and adhesion density (0 to 1) and compared using a one-factor analysis of variance. Results Adhesion reformation was greatest in the control group (mean score±SEM, 3.7±0.4) and was decreased, but not significantly, in the Hyskon group (2.7±0.4). Compared with the control group, reformation was significantly decreased in the meclofenamate group (2.3±0.2), the TC-7 group (2.0±0.5), and the meclofenamate/Hyskon group (1.1±0.3). This last group was also decreased compared with the meclofenamate and Hyskon groups. Conclusion Meclofenamate significantly inhibits adhesion reformation in the rabbit model, especially when used in combination with a 32% dextran-70 solution.
Analysis of Genetic Variation across the Encapsidated Genome of Microplitis demolitor Bracovirus in Parasitoid Wasps.

Insect parasitoids must complete part of their life cycle within or on another insect, ultimately resulting in the death of the host insect. One group of parasitoid wasps, the ‘microgastroid complex’ (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), engage in an association with beneficial symbiotic viruses that are essential for successful parasitism of hosts. These viruses, known as Bracoviruses, persist in an integrated form in the wasp genome, and activate to replicate in wasp ovaries during development to ultimately be delivered into host insects during parasitism. The lethal nature of host-parasitoid interactions, combined with the involvement of viruses in mediating these interactions, has led to the hypothesis that Bracoviruses are engaged in an arms race with hosts, resulting in recurrent adaptation in viral (and host) genes. Deep sequencing was employed to characterize sequence variation across the encapsidated Bracovirus genome within laboratory and field populations of the parasitoid wasp species Microplitis demolitor. Contrary to expectations, there was a paucity of evidence for positive directional selection among virulence genes, which generally exhibited signatures of purifying selection. These data suggest that the dynamics of host-parasite interactions may not result in recurrent rounds of adaptation, and that adaptation may be more variable in time than previously expected.
Beneficial Effects of Chromium(III) and Vanadium Supplements in Diabetes

Abstract Chromium and vanadium are neighboring first row transition metals in the periodic table. Vanadium has never been formally recognized as essential and probably has no role in normal mammalian biology. In contrast, chromium has been accepted as an essential trace element for three decades; however, this status has received serious challenge such that chromium will probably be removed from the list of essential elements for mammals. While having quite distinct chemical properties, both have been proposed for use in treating the symptoms of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. The proposed mechanisms for the biological activity of the elements are distinct. Vanadium appears to serve as an insulin mimetic, while chromium(III) apparently can amplify insulin sensitivity. Herein is described the current status of the potential use of chromium and vanadium compounds as pharmacological agents to treat the symptoms of diabetes, most notably type 2 diabetes.
Modeling and Algorithms

The main objective of this chapter is to explain the machine learning concepts, mainly modeling and algorithms; batch learning and online learning; and supervised learning (regression and classification) and unsupervised learning (clustering) using examples. Modeling and algorithms will be explained based on the domain division characteristics, batch learning and online learning will be explained based on the availability of the data domain, and supervised learning and unsupervised learning will be explained based on the labeling of the data domain. This objective will be extended to the comparison of the mathematical models, hierarchical models, and layered models, using programming structures, such as control structures, modularization, and sequential statements.
Encouraging Signs—Advocacy, Biliteracy, and Creativity

The collaborative partnership of government, education, and business and industry has been the most effective driver of, and offers the capability to effectively address and even eliminate, the U.S. foreign language deficit. The ability to use more than one language is widely considered to be an important workplace skill, and more than a dozen states provide an official seal on diplomas and related documents that confirms that graduates are proficient in more than one language. Promotion is an ongoing process to support foreign language awareness and education, and advocacy comes into play primarily to support programs that are at risk. The linkages between multilingualism and creativity have been examined, are credible, and warrant further study.
Psychological Impact of Severe Obesity

The causes of severe obesity are multifactorial and include metabolic, dietary, physical, and psychological aspects. Additionally, the impact of severe obesity affects more than one's physical health. This article attempts to explore the psychological impact of severe obesity specifically in the areas of mood, eating disorders, sleep disturbance, chronic pain, and quality of life. Additionally, obesity treatment options of lifestyle modification and bariatric surgery that include psychological assessment and/or cognitive behavioral intervention are discussed.
Reconfigurable MIMO transceiver design using the tunable channel decomposition

Available spectrum resources are becoming scarcer, while additional services are being integrated into wireless devices. Cognitive radio and multiple-antenna (MIMO) techniques can be combined to provide a solution to this dilemma. Given the currently available frequency bands and a set of bit-rate constrained services to be transmitted, the antennas can be partitioned among frequency bands and the recently proposed tunable channel decomposition (TCD) may be applied to obtain subchannels having prescribed gains. We present a reconfigurable closed-loop transceiver design which can adapt to various partitioning scenarios. As a result, our system has the potential to deliver the required services with reduced transmitting power.
A local-magnitude scale for the western Great Basin-eastern Sierra Nevada from synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms

Abstract We have computed synthetic Wood-Anderson seismograms for over 1100 arrivals at 10 three-component, broadband digital stations in the UNR western Great Basin-eastern Sierra Nevada network. These represent all the available records from local earthquakes over magnitude 3.5 between 1990 and June of 1993, plus selected events of smaller magnitude. There were 77 events ranging in magnitude from 2.2 to 5.9, including four events over magnitude 5. The distances considered ranged from 15 to 600 km, with the best-represented range being from 30 to 450 km. We invert these measurements to determine distance and station corrections appropriate for a local-magnitude scale, constrained by Richter9s original definition that an earthquake of M L = 3 will cause a 1-mm zero to peak deflection of the Wood-Anderson seismogram at 100 km from the epicenter. The results between 30 and 450 km were essentially independent of choice of curve-fitting parameters. In the 30- to 500-km distance region, the smooth distance-correction curves were very similar to that determined by Richter (1958), which is still used for southern California earthquakes. We propose to use Richter9s distance-correction curve in reporting amplitude magnitudes from our digital network.
Shortest Paths for a Two-robot Rendez-vous.

ShortestPathsforaTwo-Rob otRendez-VousErik L. WyntersyJosephS. B. MitchellAbstractIn this pap er, we consider an optimal motion planningproblemfor a pair of p ointrob otsin a planar envi-ronment with p olygonal obstacles.We seek a pair ofpaths up on which the rob ots can travel to moe fromtheirinitial p ositions top ositions in which theyareable to communicate.In order to communicate, therob otsneedtob evisibleoneanother.Wegivecient algorithms for minimizing either the sum orthe maximum of the two path lengths.1Intro ductionImagine that two mobile rob ots are working simulta-neously but separately on related tasks.Supp ose thatthey must \rendez-vous" p erio dically to shareinfor-mation which one rob ot has acquired which may b euseful to the other rob ot in carrying out its assignedtask.Dep endingup on themo del of communicationused, the rob ots may need to travel to the same lo ca-tion to shareinformation, or theymay only have tomove so that they are within a prescrib ed distance ofone another or so that they are visible to one another.We assume that the rob ots use a line-of-sight com-municationsystem.Therefore,weseekapairofrendez-vouspathsup onwhichtherob otscantravelto b ecomevisible to eachother.Our goal is to ndoptimal solutionstotwovariations of thisproblem.Inone,we wishto minimize thesumof thelengthsMathCinother,wewishtominimize themaximumof the path lengths.Given the situation describ ed ab ove, our goal is to nd a pair of paths for the rob ots up on which they cantraeltoreachacon guration(apairofp ositions)that p ermits them to communicate.Furthermore, werequirethepathstob eoptimal accordingto oneoftwodistancemeasures:seekminimizeeitherthe sum of the path lengths or the maximum of thepath lengths.In addition to its application to rob ot motion plan-ning, our work is applicable to the design of commu-nicationnetworks.Considertheproblemofestab-lishingamicrowve linkb eteentositesthatarenot visible to each other.Given that we wish to min-imizethetotalcostofrouting cablesfrom thesitestothebasesofwersandthatsuchcostsareprop ortional to the total length of cable needed, ourmetho ds can b e used to nd optimal lo cations for thetwo toers (the toers must b e visible to each otherfor a microwave link to b e established).Themetho dsdescrib edherecomplementsomeofour earlier work. In [4] we discuss how to nd optimalpaths for two rob ots that must maintain line-of-sightcommunication while moving. In that pap er we startwith rob ots that are able to communicate and ensurethat communication is not broken during the motion.In this pap er, we start with rob ots that are not able tocommunicate and move them to establish communi-cation.Together, these results allow us to nd pathsthatbringtherob otsquicklytop ositionsinwhichthey can communicate b efore continuing on to theirdestinations, maintaining communication.In the next section , we give an algorithm that ndsoptimalrendez-vouspathsaccordingtothe\min-sum"criterion.InSection3wediscussthe\min-max" version of the problem.Page 1
The tumor suppressor, P53, decreases the metal transporter, ZIP14

Loss of p53's proper function accounts for over half of identified human cancers. We identified the metal transporter ZIP14 (Zinc-regulated transporter (ZRT) and Iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like Protein 14) as a p53-regulated protein. ZIP14 protein levels were upregulated by lack of p53 and downregulated by increased p53 expression. This regulation did not fully depend on the changes in ZIP14's mRNA expression. Co-precipitation studies indicated that p53 interacts with ZIP14 and increases its ubiquitination and degradation. Moreover, knockdown of p53 resulted in higher non-transferrin-bound iron uptake, which was mediated by increased ZIP14 levels. Our study highlights a role for p53 in regulating nutrient metabolism and provides insight into how iron and possibly other metals such as zinc and manganese could be regulated in p53-inactivated tumor cells.
Designs for Linearized Aircraft Models

Actuator failures encountered in aircraft flight control systems may cause severe performance deterioration and even catastrophic instability. The nature of such failures, in terms of which actuators have failed, failure parameters (e.g., position of a stuck control surface), and the time of failures are usually not known. Adaptive failure compensation designs are desirable for handling such system uncertainties, as shown by recent research results (see Section 1.1.1). The goal of this chapter is to apply several adaptive actuator failure compensation control schemes to a linearized aircraft model to verify the desired system performance under different actuator failure situations.