cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enabling Collaborative Distance Robotics Education for Novice Programmers

Distance education has gained significance recently. However, its application to robotics education presents challenges as physical access to hardware is typically required. While educational robotics simulation platforms exist, most are limited in scope or do not facilitate remote collaboration well. This paper proposes a novel networked robotics simulator for education, where students are able to collaborate in a shared 3D virtual space their robots inhabit. The framework combines these simulated worlds with a block-based programming environment to enable distance robotics education for a wider audience. The users' programs run in a web browser on their computers and they issue commands to the virtual robots through a network protocol abstracted to simple-to-use blocks. Robots send back acknowledgements and sensor values through the same protocol. Interactive environments provide students with a more immersive educational experience, and allow for automatically evaluating student performance. In addition to sharing the virtual worlds remotely, students can also develop their programs together since the block-based environment supports both synchronous and asynchronous remote collaboration. The paper presents two scenarios showing a robotics challenge and an extension of the concept to a smart city scenario controlling traffic lights. Reduced barriers to entry for both robotics education and curriculum creation will allow for a more diverse set of students and course materials.
Subgaleal drains may be associated with decreased infection following autologous cranioplasty: a retrospective analysis.

BACKGROUND Autologous bone is often the first choice in cranioplasty following a decompressive craniectomy. However, infection is a common complication, with reported rates up to 25%. While the incidence and management of infection are well documented, the risk factors associated with infection remain less clear. The current study aims to identify predictors of infection risk following autologous cranioplasty. METHODS A retrospective analysis was conducted on patients who underwent decompressive craniectomy and cranioplasty using cryopreserved autologous bone flaps between 2010 and 2020. Patient demographics and factors related to both surgeries and infection rates were recorded from patient records. Logistic regressions were conducted to determine which factors were implicated in the development of infection. RESULTS In our cohort, 126 patients underwent autologous cranioplasty. A total of 10 patients (7.9%) developed an infection following reconstruction, with half resulting in implant failure. We did not identify any significant risk factors for infection. Regression analysis identified placement of subgaleal drain following cranioplasty as a protective factor against the development of infection (OR: 0.16, p = 0.007). On average, drains remained in for 3 days, with no difference between the length of drains for those with infection vs. those without (p = 0.757). CONCLUSIONS The current study demonstrates an infection rate of 7.9% in patients who receive an autologous cranioplasty following decompressive craniectomy, which is consistent with previous data. Half (4%) of patients who experienced an infection ultimately required removal of the implant. While it is common practice for neurosurgeons to use drains to prevent hematomas and fluid collections, we found that subgaleal drain placement following cranioplasty was associated with decreased infection, thus demonstrating another benefit of a commonly used tool.
Science and Religion

This article is a revision of the previous edition article by C.A. Russell, volume 12, pp. 13621–13625, © 2001, Elsevier Ltd.
Predicting resting energy expenditure in young adults.

Summary Purpose To develop and validate a REE prediction equation for young adults. Methods Baseline data from two studies were pooled ( N = 318; women = 52%) and randomly divided into development ( n = 159) and validation samples ( n = 159). REE was measured by indirect calorimetry. Stepwise regression was used to develop an equation to predict REE (University of Kansas (KU) equation). The KU equation and 5 additional REE prediction equations used in clinical practice (Mifflin–St. Jeor, Harris–Benedict, Owens, Frankenfield (2 equations)) were evaluated in the validation sample. Results There were no significant differences between predicted and measured REE using the KU equation for either men or women. The Mifflin–St. Jeor equation showed a non-significant mean bias in men; however, mean bias was statistically significant in women. The Harris–Benedict equation significantly over-predicted REE in both men and women. The Owens equation showed a significant mean bias in both men and women. Frankenfield equations #1 and #2 both significantly over-predicted REE in non-obese men and women. We found no significant differences between measured REE and REE predicted by the Frankenfield #2 equations in obese men and women. Conclusion The KU equation, which uses easily assessed characteristics (age, sex, weight) may offer better estimates of REE in young adults compared with the 5 other equations. The KU equation demonstrated adequate prediction accuracy, with approximately equal rates of over and under-prediction. However, enthusiasm for recommending any REE prediction equations evaluated for use in clinical weight management is damped by the highly variable individual prediction error evident with all these equations.
Why “Do No Harm”?

Edmund Pellegrino has argued that the dramatic changes in American health care call for critical reflection on the traditional norms governing the therapeutic relationship. This paper offers such reflection on the obligation to “do no harm.” Drawing on work by Beauchamp and Childress and Pellegrino and Thomasma, I argue that the libertarian model of medical ethics offered by Engelhardt cannot adequately sustain an obligation to “do no harm.” Because the obligation to “do no harm” is not based simply on a negative duty of nonmaleficence but also on a positive duty of beneficence, I argue that it is best understood to derive from the fiduciary nature of the healing relationship.
FDTD modeling of thin wires for simulating common-mode radiation from structures with attached cables

The analysis of shielding enclosures is complicated by the existence of apertures and cables. The finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) method can model shielding enclosures with complex geometries, but has difficulty modeling wires and cables of arbitrary radii. Modeling the wire by setting the axial component of the electric field to zero in the FDTD results in a wire with a radius determined by the mesh discretisation. Neglecting wire radius in applications such as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or printed circuit board modeling may result in gross errors because near field quantities are typically sensitive to wire thickness. Taflove (1990) developed a wire modeling algorithm for FDTD analysis which models wires well for far-field calculations such as the radar cross section. The method uses a quasi-static field approximation to model wires with a user-specified radius. The wire model is reviewed and investigated for near-field accuracy via input impedance computations, since FCC class A and B regulations are tested in the near field. The input impedance for a center-fed dipole antenna is computed with FDTD methods and compared to the input impedance results from moment methods. A simulation of a shielding enclosure with an attached cable demonstrates the utility of FDTD analysis in EMC applications.
The Id, the ego, and the temporal lobe.

Publisher Summary This chapter represents an interdisciplinary philosophy of approach to theories of brain organization. Clinical observations of patients with intractable temporal limbic seizures allow for the formation of hypotheses about brain–behavior relationships, particularly the structure of mind as theorized by Sigmund Freud. History and observations of behavior, with attention to the timing of the behavioral symptomatology, provide insights into the interplay between unconscious, primary process thinking, and reality oriented responses, when the ego is in charge and defenses are fulfilling their protective role. Seizure discharge can be seen to release, probably by disconnection, expression of unconscious, primary process thinking, with emotional feeling tone consonant with the patient's true reactions, untempered by reality factors or by ego–superego shaping. Cognitive impairment, primarily of memory, contributes, at times, to the behavioral distortions.
Ar+ plasma-induced damage to DNA in bacteriophage lambda: implications for the arrangement of DNA in the phage head.

Abstract Bacteriophage lambda was bombarded with low-energy Ar+ ions with the goal of determining whether particular regions of the DNA genome are found preferentially in the outer portion of the packaged DNA mass. The strategy was to fragment the DNA selectively near the surface of the virus by exposing intact phage to Ar+ ions energetic enough to break covalent chemical bonds in DNA but not energetic enough to penetrate deeply beneath the viral capsid shell. Broken DNA was then isolated, and its genomic origin was identified by Southern hybridization to mapped restriction fragments of lambda DNA. Analysis of such Southern blots revealed that all regions of the lambda genome were represented among the small DNA fragments generated during all times of Ar+ bombardment examined. Depending on the duration of exposure, however, particular regions of the genome were found to be enriched in the small-fragment population. After short periods of exposure, sequences from the leftmost 10% and from the right half of the standard genetic map were enriched in the broken-DNA fraction. Among sequences in the right half of the genome, the enrichment was progressively more pronounced beginning in the middle of the genetic map and proceeding toward the right end. In phage bombarded for longer periods of time, rightward sequences were preferentially depleted in the small-fragment population. In contrast, when Ar+ bombardment was carried out with free lambda DNA rather than intact phage, small DNA fragments arose uniformly from all regions of the genome at all times of exposure examined. The results indicate that in the intact phage, DNA sequences from the right half and from the very leftmost regions of the genome have a tendency to lie closer to the capsid than does the remainder of the genome. Since DNA is packaged into the prohead beginning at the left end, our results suggest that packaging occurs in such a way that newly entering DNA tends to be disposed externally to that packaged at earlier times.
Goα Regulates Volatile Anesthetic Action in Caenorhabditis elegans

To identify genes controlling volatile anesthetic (VA) action, we have screened through existing Caenorhabditis elegans mutants and found that strains with a reduction in Go signaling are VA resistant. Loss-of-function mutants of the gene goa-1 , which codes for the α-subunit of Go, have EC 50 s for the VA isoflurane of 1.7- to 2.4-fold that of wild type. Strains overexpressing egl-10 , which codes for an RGS protein negatively regulating goa-1 , are also isoflurane resistant. However, sensitivity to halothane, a structurally distinct VA, is differentially affected by Go pathway mutants. The RGS overexpressing strains, a goa-1 missense mutant found to carry a novel mutation near the GTP-binding domain, and eat-16(rf) mutants, which suppress goa-1(gf) mutations, are all halothane resistant; goa-1(null) mutants have wild-type sensitivities. Double mutant strains carrying mutations in both goa-1 and unc-64 , which codes for a neuronal syntaxin previously found to regulate VA sensitivity, show that the syntaxin mutant phenotypes depend in part on goa-1 expression. Pharmacological assays using the cholinesterase inhibitor aldicarb suggest that VAs and GOA-1 similarly downregulate cholinergic neurotransmitter release in C. elegans. Thus, the mechanism of action of VAs in C. elegans is regulated by Goα, and presynaptic Goα-effectors are candidate VA molecular targets.
Relationship between cucurbitacins reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography hydrophobicity index and basal cytotoxicity on HepG2 cells

Drug development of cucurbitacins requires derivatives that have lower cytotoxicity. Therefore, the effect of structural modification on in vitro cytotoxicity has been investigated. Lipophilicity or chromatographic hydrophobicity index (CHI) was chosen as molecular property. CHI was determined by RP-HPLC in both aqueous acetonitrile and aqueous methanol. Compounds CHI range was wide and better defined in acetonitrile (CHI(ACN)=46-88 and 38-102) than in methanol (CHI(MeOH)=56-78). Higher resolution was achieved in acetonitrile, and higher precision on the shorter C18 column. Cucurbitacins cytotoxicity (IC(50)) was measured on the hepatocyte-derived HepG2 cells. Strong relationship between CHI and logarithmic IC(50) was found. As a result, cytotoxicity increased linearly with increasing hydrophobicity (r>/=0.90). Other lipophilicity parameters, such as logP and ClogP were also estimated. Cytotoxicity correlated well with logP (r=0.95) and slightly with ClogP (r=0.74). The logP and ClogP data showed good correlation with CHI (r>0.92). Overall, alkylation of C1 hydroxyl, unsaturation of C1C2 bond, and acetylation of C25 hydroxyl increased both lipophilicity and cytotoxicity. This assay should prove useful for monitoring cucurbitacin homologues or other drug candidates for their cytotoxicity.
Food Protein-induced Enterocolitis Syndrome: Insights from Review of a Large Referral Population

Background Food protein–induced enterocolitis (FPIES) is a rare non-IgE mediated disease. Most studies have been limited in nature, with the largest cohort being 66 patients. The most common foods that have been reported are milk and soy. Objective A retrospective chart review of patients seen in the Allergy Section at The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia with International Classification of Diseases Ninth Revision code of 558.3 (Allergic Gastroenteritis and Colitis) between 2007 and 2012 was conducted to identify patients with suspected FPIES. Diagnosis of FPIES was confirmed based on meeting clinical criteria of delayed reaction with pronounced vomiting and/or diarrhea. Data regarding patient characteristics and features of their reactions were collected for analysis and comparison with existing studies. Results A total of 462 cases were identified in our chart review. Patients had a similar demographic profile to the normal allergy patients seen in our clinic. The most common foods identified were milk (67%), soy (41%), rice (19%), oat (16%), and egg (11%). Patients had onset of FPIES to milk and soy around 7 months of age compared with 12 months of age for solid foods. FPIES reactions were identified to meats, tree nuts, peanuts, fruits, and vegetables; 70% of the patients reacted to one or two foods. Skin prick testing and atopy patch testing were not helpful in identifying the foods. Conclusion FPIES reactions were seen more frequently than previously described. However, the presentation and clinical features were similar to previous reports. Milk- and soy-triggered FPIES were common, and 43.5% of patients who had a milk trigger reacted to soy. There is no laboratory test to identify foods that cause FPIES, and clinician-supervised oral food challenge is the only definitive test available.
Le signe en personne chez Peirce, avec échos wittgensteiniens

Cet article explore certains aspects fondamentaux de la theorie semiotique de Peirce dans ses ecrits de jeunesse et de maturite afin de dresser un cadre logique capable d’elucider le processus conduisant a l’emergence de ce qu’il convient d’appeler une personne. Comme tant Peirce que Wittgenstein s’efforcerent d’apprehender ce processus sans recourir a un vocabulaire psychologique pour eviter les pieges du psychologisme et de l’anthropocentrisme, cet article accompagne chaque etape de son argumentation peirceenne d’une comparaison avec des vues wittgensteiniennes paralleles. Partant de la realisation precoce de Peirce qu’il vaut mieux concevoir le soi ou ego, non pas comme une source generatrice de representations, mais plutot comme leur resultat teleologique continument exprime dans la forme generale d’une hypothese unificatrice parfois appelee “unite de coherence”, notre etude examine successivement comment Peirce separe le concept de personne de celui d’individu, comment il elabore une analogie entre personne et symbole, et comment il analyse le symbole comme type de signe specifique, en insistant surtout sur deux de ses proprietes essentielles (indetermination du vague et du general, et teleologie en evolution). L’article se termine en montrant comment cette analyse s’applique effectivement et de maniere eclairante au concept de “personne”.
Global Modeling of Active Terahertz Plasmonic Devices

In this study, a full wave numerical technique is employed to characterize the propagation properties of 2-D plasmons along two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) layers of biased hetero-structures at terahertz frequencies. This method is based on a coupled solution of Maxwell and hydrodynamic transport equations. In this manner, a complete description of carrier-wave interactions inside the 2DEG layer is obtained. Particularly, this simulator is employed to investigate the 2-D plasmon variations initiated by the application of an external bias along the hetero-structure. Substantial changes in the plasmon characteristics such as wavelength and decay length are reported. It is also revealed that two symmetrical plasmonic modes along the unbiased 2DEG layer split into new asymmetrical ones after applying the bias voltage. The simulation has been performed in different structures to examine the effects of various electron densities and the presence of periodic metallic gratings on the plasmon properties. Moreover, the 2-D plasmon reflections from boundaries terminated by ohmic contacts are separately studied. This research demonstrates the potentials of the 2-D conductors in the design of novel active terahertz plasmonic devices as modulators and amplifiers while proposing a new approach for their modeling. The results of this simulation are verified independently with an analytical model.
Multi-dimensional transfer functions for effective visualization of streaming ultrasound and elasticity images

The low-cost and minimum health risks associated with ultrasound (US) have made ultrasonic imaging a widely accepted method to perform diagnostic and image-guided procedures. Despite the existence of 3D ultrasound probes, most analysis and diagnostic procedures are done by studying the B-mode images. Currently, multiple ultrasound probes include 6-DOF sensors that can provide positioning information. Such tracking information can be used to reconstruct a 3D volume from a set of 2D US images. Recent advances in ultrasound imaging have also shown that, directly from the streaming radio frequency (RF) data, it is possible to obtain additional information of the anatomical region under consideration including the elasticity properties. This paper presents a generic framework that takes advantage of current graphics hardware to create a low-latency system to visualize streaming US data while combining multiple tissue attributes into a single illustration. In particular, we introduce a framework that enables real-time reconstruction and interactive visualization of streaming data while enhancing the illustration with elasticity information. The visualization module uses two-dimensional transfer functions (2D TFs) to more effectively fuse and map B-mode and strain values into specific opacity and color values. On commodity hardware, our framework can simultaneously reconstruct, render, and provide user interaction at over 15 fps. Results with phantom and real-world medical datasets show the advantages and effectiveness of our technique with ultrasound data. In particular, our results show how two-dimensional transfer functions can be used to more effectively identify, analyze and visualize lesions in ultrasound images.
Reconstructed protein arrays from 3D HPLC/tandem mass spectrometry and 2D gels: complementary approaches to Porphyromonas gingivalis protein expression

We compare typical qualitative protein identification data from two-dimensional (2D) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reconstructed protein arrays, in the context of measuring protein expression by the Gram-negative periodontal pathogen Porphyromonas gingivalis. The arrays were assembled computationally from genome annotations and tandem mass spectrometry data from an off-line HPLC fractionation combined with 2D capillary HPLC analysis of whole proteome enzymatic digests. The 2D separation was carried out with a standard binary gradient HPLC system, modified only slightly with readily available components. Compared to 2D gels, the number of annotated open reading frames identified using the 3D HPLC approach was typically larger by at least a factor of 30. However, the newer technology is currently limited in its ability to reflect the many protein variants derived from posttranscriptional and posttranslational processing.
Kinetic characterization of human phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase.

Abstract Phosphopantothenoylcysteine synthetase (PPCS) catalyzes the formation of phosphopantothenoylcysteine from ( R )-phosphopantothenate and l -cysteine with the concomitant consumption of a nucleotide triphosphate. Herein, the human coaB gene encoding PPCS is cloned into pET23a and overexpressed in E. coli BL21(DE3), to yield 10 mg of purified enzyme per liter of culture. Detailed kinetic studies found that this PPCS follows a similar Bi Uni Uni Bi Ping Pong mechanism as previously described for the E. faecalis PPCS, except that the human enzyme can use both ATP and CTP with similar affinity. One significant difference for human PPCS catalysis with respect to ATP and CTP is that the enzyme shows cooperative binding of ATP, measured as a Hill constant of 1.7. PPCS catalysis under CTP conditions displayed Michaelis constants of 265 μM, 57 μM, and 16 μM for CTP, PPA, and cysteine, respectively, with a k cat of 0.53 ± 0.01 s − 1 for the reaction. Taking into account the cooperativity under ATP condition, PPCS exhibited Michaelis constants of 269 μM, 13 μM, and 14 μM for ATP, PPA, and cysteine, respectively, with a k cat of 0.56 s − 1 for the reaction. Oxygen transfer studies found that 18 O from [ carboxyl - 18 O] phosphopantothenate is incorporated into the AMP or CMP produced during PPCS catalysis, consistent with the formation of a phosphopantothenoyl cytidylate or phosphopantothenoyl adenylate intermediate, supporting similar catalytic mechanisms under both CTP and ATP conditions. Inhibition studies with GTP and UTP as well as product inhibition studies with CMP and AMP suggest that human PPCS lacks strong nucleotide selectivity.
Design of an upgraded DØ silicon microstrip tracker for Run IIb at the tevatron

Abstract The DO collaboration planned to upgrade the Silicon Tracker to withstand the radiation dose corresponding to above 2 fb −1 of data. This new detector was designed to be functional up to at least 15 fb −1 . We report on the design of the new Silicon Tracker with details of the innermost layer.
Patterns of alternative tobacco use among adolescent cigarette smokers.

Introduction Alternative tobacco use among adolescents who smoke cigarettes is a growing public health concern, and evidence suggests that patterns of alternative tobacco use varies with respect to cigarette consumption and frequency of cigarette use. This study aimed to examine (a) whether variations in adolescent cigarette smoking and alternative tobacco use can be explained by underlying subtypes and (b) if these subtypes differ in their demographic and psychosocial characteristics.
Claudin multigene family in channel catfish and their expression profiles in response to bacterial infection and hypoxia as revealed by meta-analysis of RNA-Seq datasets

Abstract Claudins are one of the major groups of transmembrane proteins that play crucial roles in tight junctions. In addition to their function in the regulation of paracellular permeability, claudins are also involved in a number of biological processes related to pathogen infection, embryonic development, organ development and hypoxia response. Despite its importance, analyses of claudin genes in channel catfish have not been systematically performed. In this study, a total of 52 claudin genes were identified and characterized in channel catfish. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted to determine their identities and identify a number of lineage-specific claudin gene duplications in channel catfish. Expression profiles of catfish claudin genes in response to enteric septicemia of catfish (ESC) disease and hypoxia stress were determined by analyzing existing RNA-Seq datasets. Claudin genes were significantly down-regulated in the intestine at 3 h post-infection, indicating that pathogens may disrupt the mucosal barrier by suppressing the expression of claudin genes. A total of six claudin genes were significantly regulated in the gill after hypoxia stress. Among them, the expressions of cldn-11b and cldn-10d were dramatically altered when comparing hypoxia tolerant fish with intolerant fish, though their specific roles involved in response to hypoxia stress remained unknown.
Genotypic variations of type III collagen in patients with cerebral aneurysms

It has been hypothesized that either qualitative or quantitative abnormalities in type III collagen may be involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral aneurysms. The current study investigated allele frequencies for the type III collagen gene in patients with cerebral aneurysms. A diallelic Ava II polymorphism defined the type III collagen gene. The smaller of the two alleles was found in 11 of 19 aneurysm patients (58%) versus two of 15 controls (13%) (p = .006). The overall frequency of this allele was 0.34 in aneurysm patients versus 0.10 in controls (p = .011). This significant difference in allele frequency suggests that genotypic variations in the type III collagen gene may be etiologically related to aneurysm formation.
Omission training and positive conditioned suppression in the rat

Suppression of operant responding during a conditioned stimulus (CS) was studied in two procedures. In both procedures, operant leverpressing was maintained by a variable-interval 1-min food-delivery schedule, and insertion of a second lever served as the CS. In the first procedure, autoshaping, food followed each CS presentation irrespective of a subject’s behavior during the CS. In the second procedure, omission training, contact with the CS canceled the delivery of food scheduled for the end of that CS. In the first experiment, subjects were exposed to omission training followed by autoshaping; these procedures were reversed in the second experiment. In each experiment, the omission contingency resulted in fewer CS contacts and less suppression of operant responding during the CS than did autoshaping. These differences were more notable in subjects receiving the sequence autoshaping→omission training (Experiment 2). Direct observations in Experiment 2 revealed that, for subjects that were contacting the CS frequently when the omission contingency was introduced, reductions in signal contacts were accompanied by redistributions of behavior. The form of these redistributions depended upon behavior allocation at the time the omission contingency was imposed.
Fatal Hemorrhage as a Complication of Neurofibromatosis

Rupture of a major artery occurred in a patient with Von Recklinghausen's disease. The adventitia and media of the artery in the region of the rupture were invaded by neurofibroma.Numerous cases of hemorrhage into neurofibromata have been reported1 2, 3, several of these with a fatal outcome. Cases have been reported describing neurofibromatous involvement of the adventitia of blood vessels with the devel opment of aneurysms 4, 5 and hypertension 5,6. In 1882, Frederick Von Reckling hausen reported a case of neurofibromatosis with rupture of a pulmonary artery aneurysm 7, 8. Unfortunately, microscopic examination of the vessel was not performed. We report a fatal case of rupture of a major artery secondary to neurofibromatous involvement of the adventitia and media of the vessel.
Sensitivity Analysis of the Extended Bouc-Wen Model of Hysteresis

The extended Bouc-Wen differential model is one of the most widely accepted phenomenological models of hysteresis in random vibration. It is routinely used in the characterization of nonlinear damping and in system identification. In this paper, the differential model of hysteresis is carefully re-examined and two significant issues are uncovered. First, it is found that the unspecified parameters of the model are functionally redundant. One of the parameters can be eliminated through suitable transformations in the parameter space. Second, local and global sensitivity analyses are conducted to assess the relative sensitivity of each model parameter. Through extensive Monte Carlo simulations, it is found that some parameters of the hysteretic model are rather insensitive. If the values of these insensitive parameters are fixed, a greatly simplified model is obtained.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
An N,N′-Diamidocarbene: Studies in C−H Insertion, Reversible Carbonylation, and Transition-Metal Coordination Chemistry

Treatment of dimethylmalonyl dichloride with N,N′-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-N-trimethylsilylformamidine followed by trimethylsilyl triflate (TMS·OTf) afforded the pyrimidinium salt [1H][OTf] in >99% yield. Subsequent deprotonation of this salt led to the formation of the corresponding free N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1. Exhibiting a reactivity profile that is characteristic of traditional electrophilic carbenes, 1 was found to insert into a tertiary C−H bond and reversibly fix carbon monoxide (CO) under mild conditions to afford the first example of a diamidoketene. Remarkably, the aforementioned carbonylation reaction was found to be thermally reversible (Keq = 2.62 M−1 at 30 °C; ΔH° = −35.33 kJ mol−1 and ΔS° = −109.5 J mol−1 K−1). NHC 1 also displayed nucleophilic characteristics. Treatment of 1 with [Ir(COD)Cl]2 (COD = 1,5-cyclooctadiene) afforded 1−[Ir(COD)Cl], a complex with bond lengths and angles that were in accord with known NHC analogues. Treatment of 1−[Ir(COD)Cl] with CO afforded the carbony...
Habituation of subjective anxiety during flooding in imagery.

Abstract Patterns of habituation of subjective anxiety during flooding in fantasy are delineated for eleven obsessive-compulsive and six agoraphobic patients. The majority showed a curvilinear pattern of subjective anxiety response, while three patients showed a linear decelerating pattern. Habituation was found both within and across sessions. The results are compared with habituation patterns in physiological responses during flooding in fantasy and in vivo.
An Analysis of Cross-modulation Distortion in Ultra Wideband OFDM Receivers

Cross-modulation distortion in Ultra Wideband OFDM receivers is analyzed using the statistical properties of a QPSK baseband signal. A closed form expression relating the cross-modulation power spectral density to the jammer power and the third-order nonlinearities in the receiver is provided. The derived power spectral density is compared with results obtained from a full system simulation and the expression is used to relate system performance to third-order nonlinearities in the receiver front end.
SU-D-137-01: Prediction of Multi-Categorical Radiation Pneumonitis Status in Lung Cancer Patients Using Machine Learning Approaches

Purpose: Using machine learning approaches, dosimetric variables predictive of severity of radiation pneumonitis (RP) were investigated and the performance of predictive models in conjunction with those variables was assessed. Methods: We analyzed 209 non‐small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) patients treated at Washington University School of Medicine in 1991–2001. All RP events were graded according to Washington University Lung Toxicity Criteria. The patients were categorized into three groups. We employed machine learning‐based multi‐categorical classification methods to predict the severity of RP. For the unbiased performance test, leave‐one‐out cross validation (LOOCV) was used in machine learning methods including support vector machine (SVM), linear discriminant analysis (LDA), kernel LDA, and fast kernel discriminant analysis (FKDA) published in our previous study (IEEE/ACM TCBB 2011, Oh et al.). At each iteration of LOOCV, analysis of variance (ANOVA) test was used to rank variables. After the whole iteration, the variables were ranked based on the frequency of occurrence in best models. Results: The number of patients in each grade was 102 (48.8%), 59 (28.2%), 26 (12.5%), 13 (6.2%), 5(2.4%), and 4 (1.9%) from grade 0 to 5, respectively. Among several scenarios, the categorization of 0,1 vs 2 vs 3,4,5 in grade using FKDA yielded the best performance (Spearman correlation coefficient (Rs_cv) = 0.356, p < 0.001) with lung D30 (minimum dose to the hottest 30% volume of lung) and heart D10. Another categorization (0,1 vs 2,3 vs 4,5) produced slightly worse performance (Rs_cv = 0.336, p < 0.001) with lung D30, heart D10, and heart V75 (percentage volume of heart receiving at least 75 Gy). Conclusion: Multi‐categorical RP status was predicted using machine learning methods that helped identify relevant variables and build predictive models.
Elastic properties of Ca-based metallic glasses predicted by first-principles simulations

First-principles simulations of Ca-based metallic glass-forming alloys yield sample amorphous structures whose structures can be compared to experiment and whose properties can be analyzed. In an effort to understand and control ductility, we investigate the elastic moduli. Calculated Poisson ratios depend strongly on alloying elements in a manner that correlates with ionicity (charge transfer). Consequently, we predict that alloying Ca with Mg and Zn should result in relatively ductile glasses compared to alloying with Ag, Cu, or Al. Experimental observations validate these predictions.
Correlative study of neutral winds and scintillation drifts measured near the magnetic equator

[1] Measurements of the thermospheric neutral wind at Arequipa, Peru, and observations of the drift of the irregularities at Ancon, Peru, are used to study the coupling that exists between ions and neutrals at equatorial latitudes and the variability of this coupling as a function of the occurrence of scintillations. This study is based on data collected at the Arequipa and Ancon stations between 1996 and 1998. Our comparative analysis indicates that the relative wind-drift values vary depending on season and the solar flux level. We found that during the equinoxes and low solar flux values, the averaged zonal drift is larger than the wind by 15 m s−1, but for solar flux values above 130 units, the average wind exceeds the drift values by 10 to 20 m s−1. We suggest that the occurrence of larger equinoctial drifts can be explained by the existence of altitude gradients in the zonal wind during that season. During the June solstice the zonal wind seems to exceed the irregularity drift by ∼10–20 m s−1 independent of the solar flux. We also find that the meridional wind shows a modest dependence on the scintillation activity during the June solstice. During scintillation events and between 2000 and 2400 LT the averaged meridional wind observed to the south and north of Arequipa exceeds their corresponding no-scintillation values by 20 m s−1. We present likely explanations of this effect.
Focus on infantile colic.

UNLABELLED Infantile colic is a widespread clinical condition in the first 3 months of life, which is easily recognized, but incompletely understood and difficult to solve. The available evidence suggests that infantile colic might have several independent causes. The medical hypotheses include food hypersensitivity or allergy, immaturity of gut function and dysmotility, and the behavioural hypotheses include inadequate maternal-infant interaction, anxiety in the mother and difficult infant temperament. Other recent hypotheses, such as hormone alterations and maternal smoking, still need confirmation, whereas the new concept of alterations in the gut microflora, have been reported. A number of interventions, including pharmacological agents, are discussed, but it is probable that infants with colic require a graded strategy. CONCLUSION Considering the favourable clinical course and the wide range of manifestations, a safe approach should be adopted, which is proportional to the intensity of the infantile colic. However, further research and guidelines are still needed.
Nucleotide analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid containing deoxybromouridylic acid.

Abstract A method of direct fractionation of deoxyribonucleotides containing deoxybromouridylic acid on diethylaminomethyl-polyacrylamide gel has been described. In addition, a method of employing thin-layer electrophoresis to further analyze the fractionated nucleotides has been presented. These techniques were tested with T5 DNA's with varying amounts of dBrUMP substitution and compared with the values obtained from buoyant density in CsCl. The methods agree with each other. The combination of the chromatography and thin-layer electrophoresis will be most useful in accurately analyzing small amounts of dBrUMP in the presence of the other deoxyribonucleotides, for example, in DNA repaired in the presence of dBrUrd.
Are genetically robust regulatory networks dynamically different from random ones

Abstract We study a genetic regulatory network model developed to demonstrate that genetic robustness can evolve through stabilizing selection for optimal phenotypes. We report preliminary results on whether such selection could result in a reorganization of the state space of the system. For the chosen parameters, the evolution moves the system slightly toward the more ordered part of the phase diagram. We also find that strong memory effects cause the Derrida annealed approximation to give erroneous predictions about the model’s phase diagram.
DEVELOPMENT OF LIPID OXIDATION AND INACTIVATION OF ANTIOXIDANT ENZYMES IN COOKED PORK AND BEEF

. Ground pork and beef were heated to internal temperatures of 35, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90C to determine the effect of cooking on antioxidant enzyme activity and the development of lipid oxidation. The activity of catalase (CAT) decreased over 85% (compared to uncooked meat) in both pork and beef cooked to 60C. Glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity decreased 97 and 83% in pork and beef, respectively, cooked to 80C while superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was not observed to decrease until an internal temperature of 90C was reached. The development of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) increased rapidly in stored meat which had been cooked to 70C or greater suggesting that the inactivation of GSH-Px and CAT could be partially responsible for the development of lipid oxidation in cooked meats.
Investigation of the Neighborship Properties of Several Monatomic Liquids

The neighborship properties of several monatomic liquids are investigated. This builds upon indirect methods (numerical techniques) explored in experiments with 2D foams (Graham et al., J. Phys. Chem. B 1997, 101, 11211). In the foundation study, the methods were applied to the radial distribution function G(r) for foams and liquid sodium. Further development is presented here so as to widen the method applicability and to learn more about neighborship distributions. The method is demonstrated using G(r) for hard spheres; favorable comparisons are found between the distributions so obtained and via the theory of Mazur (J. Chem. Phys. 1992, 97, 9276). Using published G(r) data, application is made to a diverse set of monatomics: lithium, potassium, argon, indium, gallium, and mercury. Overall, this research offers structure comparisons among different liquids and identifies neighborship trends. In addition, a simple way to partition G(r) is further established which requires no specification of the intera...
Azaprostanoids I. Synthesis of (RAC)-8-aza-11-deoxy-15-deoxy-16-hydroxy-16-methylprostaglandins☆

Abstract A total synthesis of the title compounds by employing a stereo-selective Wittig reaction is described.
Comparative plasma salicylate and urine salicylurate levels following administration of aspirin, magnesium salicylate, and choline magnesium trisalicylate

Eighteen healthy volunteers were administered single doses of commercially available solid dosage forms of aspirin, magnesium salicylate (I), and choline magnesium trisalicylate (II), equivalent to ∼500 mg of salicylic acid, in a randomized, complete crossover design. Plasma salicylate and urine salicylurate levels were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography at frequent intervals following dosing; the resultant profiles, areas under the curve (AUC), and percentages of dose excreted as salicylurate were statistically analyzed by an analysis of variance. The plasma salicylate levels following the two dosage forms containing I and II were virtually identical when corrected for small differences in the dose. The plasma salicylic acid level following aspirin was ∼10% lower during the 1.5–3.0-hr interval due to a portion of unhydrolyzed aspirin, but the dose-corrected AUC for the products tested did not differ significantly (p < 0.05). During the 24 hr following dosing, 66.5 ± 12.1, 68.4 ± 7.1, and 60.9 ± 14.1% of the salicylic acid were excreted as urine salicylurate for aspirin, I, and II, respectively, with no significant difference (p < 0.05). Based on this study, there are no significant differences in the rate and extent of absorption of salicylate following the three dosage forms tested, and the elimination kinetics of salicylic acid are not altered by these dosage forms.
Sediment deposition in cutoff meander bends and implications for effective management

Cutoff bends along modified, stabilized streams often constitute a valuable recreational, ecological, and aesthetic resource. However, their resource value rapidly declines as they fill with sediment, and new cutoff bends do not form to replace them in highly managed rivers. Data from repetitive hydrographic surveys of 20 cutoff bends along four rivers in the southeastern United States were examined using conceptual and analytical models in order to provide a more objective basis for bend management. Bend volume was found to be a log-decay function of cumulative water discharge through the cutoff reach. Regression analyses were used to generate functions to predict the log-decay constant. The log-decay constant varied directly with master stream suspended bed-material concentration and inversely with variables describing the geometry of the upstream entrance of the old bend. Management of cutoff bends should focus on sequencing construction activities and modification of the upstream bend entrance geometry to reduce the quantity of bed material diverted into the bend. Construction of blockage structures to top-bank elevation in upstream entrances of cutoff bends is recommended for systems with average suspended bed-material concentrations greater than about 50ppm. Blockage or modification of entrance geometry of longer bends preserves more aquatic habitat longer than similar levels of effort directed toward shorter bends. Maintenance of a hydraulic connection between the river and at least one end of the cutoff bend is recommended.
On the necessity of full-state measurement for state-space network reconstruction

Network reconstruction is an important research topic in many different applications, including biochemical reactions, critical infrastructures, social media, and wireless mesh networks. This paper shows that, for a certain important class of systems, all the states in a system must be measured in order to ensure correct reconstruction of the network. Furthermore, we show that this result is strongly necessary, in that if only one state is not measured, the structure of the recovered network could be arbitrarily different from the structure of the actual network. Finally, we note that our results motivate the need for dynamical structure functions, a partial structure system representation that reveals important structural information about the system but requires much less a priori information (than knowledge of full state measurements) for reconstruction from data.
Dynamic connectivity of temporary wetlands in the southern Great Plains

We quantified fluctuations in the status of individual patches (wetlands) in supporting connectivity within a network of playas, temporary wetlands of the southern Great Plains of North America that are loci for regional biodiversity. We used remote sensing imagery to delineate the location of surface waters in >8,000 playa basins in a ~31,900 km2 portion of Texas and quantified connectivity in this region from 2007 to 2011. We ranked playas as stepping-stones, cutpoints, and hubs at different levels of environmental conditions (regionally wet, dry, and average periods of precipitation) for dispersal distances ranging from 0.5 to 34 km, representing a range of species’ vagilities, to provide baseline dynamics within an area likely to experience disrupted connectivity due to anthropogenic activities. An individual playa’s status as a stepping-stone, cutpoint, or hub was highly variable over time (only a single playa was a top 20 stepping-stone, cutpoint, or hub in >50 % of all of the dates examined). Coalescence of the inundated playa network usually occurred at ≥10 km dispersal distance and depended on wetland density, indicating that critical thresholds in connectivity arose from synergistic effects of dispersal ability (spatial scale) and wet playa occurrence (a function of precipitation). Organisms with dispersal capabilities limited to <10 km routinely experienced effective isolation during our study. Connectivity is thus a dynamic emergent landscape property, so management to maintain connectivity for wildlife within ephemeral habitats like inundated playas will need to move beyond a patch-based focus to a network focus by including connectivity as a dynamic landscape property.
Student participation styles in adventure education

Sport pedagogy researchers have contributed much to the literature on physical education teaching by describing the participation styles of children, youth and young adults in various settings. The purpose of this study was to describe the participation styles of children enrolled in two consecutive week-long summer adventure camps. Primary participants were 31 elementary and middle school students. Secondary participants were the two adventure educators (AEs) responsible for carrying out all the instruction at the camps. Data were collected using a variety of qualitative techniques and analysed using standard interpretive methods. Nine participation styles were identified indicating that the children in the camps had differing experiences of adventure education and varying degrees of success. Some of the participation styles had similar characteristics to those discovered previously in middle school physical education. Despite these similarities and unlike the middle school setting, there was no indicati...