cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Numerical Investigation of the Performance of a High Pressure Direct Injection (HPDI) Natural Gas Engine

High Pressure Direct-Injection (HPDI) is a technology option for engines used in mobile equipment applications where use of LNG as a fuel is desired. Using the combination of a diesel pilot injection and direct gas injection, HPDI has the potential to deliver low emissions, excellent transient performance, high efficiency, and high gas substitution. When the HPDI program was initially undertaken, in order to aid in initial hardware design, 3-dimensional computational fluid dynamic modeling was conducted to understand the mixing and reaction processes in the combustion chamber of an HPDI engine. Gaining insight into qualitative trends of operation parameters and hardware configurations was a first critical step toward delivering a hardware set to demonstrate HPDI natural gas combustion system capabilities.To model the combustion of multi-component fuel at arbitrary constituent ratios, a combustion model based on a detailed chemical kinetics approach was employed. Several published mechanisms and combinations of established mechanisms were tested by comparing results with existing fumigated dual fuel engine results. The result shows that some of combined mechanisms for n-heptane combustion and methane combustion are capable of adequately predicting combustion behavior in diesel-natural gas dual fuel combustion systems. One of the reduced n-heptane mechanisms (by Patel et al.) also matched dual fuel combustion results reasonably well.This preliminary simulation study was conducted with typical trapped air conditions and fuel quantities matching the energy delivery for a 100 % load condition in existing DI diesel engines. A full 360-degree mesh at intake valve closing was constructed and a detailed geometry of the gas injector nozzle and sac area was modeled in locally refined grids using a Caterpillar proprietary CFD code that accepts industry standard mechanisms. The diesel pilot injection followed by gas injection and resulting combustion inside an HPDI engine was simulated from IVC through the compression and combustion strokes. The operating parameters — such as diesel pilot injection timing, pilot injection amount, and start of gas injection — were varied, and the effect on IMEP, NOx, CO and cylinder pressure were investigated. It was shown that the start of gas injection is the strongest parameter for control of combustion. Subsequent to the work discussed in this paper, the hardware configuration established as optimal during the modeling work was carried forward to the physical engine testing and was successful in delivering the performance and emissions goals without modification, demonstrating the accuracy and value of modern combustion modeling.Copyright © 2014 by ASME
A combined computer simulation, RHEED intensity dynamics and photoluminescence study of the surface kinetics controlled interface formation in MBE grown GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs(100) quantum well structures

We report some illustrative results of a multi-pronged approach to examining the connection between the chosen growth condition dependent surface kinetics and the nature and consequences of the resulting interfaces in MBE grown GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs(100) ultra-thin quantum well structures. The approach involves (i) computer simulations of the MBE growth process, (ii) systematic measurements of the RHEED intensity behavior of static and dynamic surfaces as a function of both, the diffraction and growth conditions, (iii) growth of quantum well structures under conditions indicated by combination of (i) and (ii) to imply specific behavior of interfaces, and (iv) their examination via photoluminescence and excitation spectra studies. A connection between these aspects is thus established for the first time.
Structure of an unsymmetrical isomer from the attempted synthesis of 1,8-dicyclooctatetraenylnaphthalene.

Attempted synthesis of 1,8-dicyclooctatetraenylnaphthalene (1) by the palladium(0)-catalyzed coupling of 1,8-dibromonaphthalene with cyclooctatetraenyltrimethylstannane afforded a single unsymmetrical isomer of 1 in 88% yield. Two-dimensional NMR methods and spectral synthesis were employed to assign the structure of the isomer (2). AM1 geometry-optimized structures of 2 and its isomers showed that the unexpected unsymmetrical structure of 2 results from the minimization of repulsive inter-ring H−H interactions. Compound 2 is postulated to arise via tandem [2 + 2] cycloaddition and 6π → 4π + 2σ electrocyclization reactions of 1.
Separation of bovine pigmented ciliary epithelial cells by density gradient and further characterization in culture.

Abstract Dissociated pigmented epithelial (PE) cells from ciliary processes (CP) of bovine eyes were separated by isopycnic centrifugation in metrizamide gradients and further cultivated. The level of cellular contamination during separation of PE by non-pigmented epithelial (NPE) cells was estimated to be 5–10% and by non-epithelial cells (i.e. endothelial, fibroblasts and blood cells) less than 1%. Bovine PE cells were found to have different serum requirements than NPE to grow in vitro. PE cells were actively stimulated to proliferate in the presence of fetal calf serum for a few generations. Short-term culture of NPE was only obtained in media containing a low concentration of l -tyrosine and no serum. Two morphological markers, namely desmosomes and intermediate-sized filaments (IF) of the vimentin type, were found by immunolabeling to be coexpressed in cultured PE and were used as criteria to define the epithelial identity of these cells. The present study was unable to detect any tyrosinase activity in cultured PE cells.
Alternative Indicators for the Risk of Non-response Bias: A Simulation Study

The growth of nonresponse rates for social science surveys has led to increased concern about the risk of nonresponse bias. Unfortunately, the nonresponse rate is a poor indicator of when nonresponse bias is likely to occur. We consider in this paper a set of alternative indicators. A large-scale simulation study is used to explore how each of these indicators performs in a variety of circumstances. Although, as expected, none of the indicators fully depicts the impact of nonresponse in survey esti mates, we discuss how they can be used when creating a plausible account of the risks for nonresponse bias for a survey. We also describe an interesting characteristic of the FMI that may be helpful in diagnosing NMAR mechanisms in certain situations.
The Unwinding of a Transformer

The usefulness of passive radio-frequency identification (RFID) and general passive sensor technology is currently limited by relatively low field strengths due to regulations, giving a notoriously short reader-to-tag link range. The energizing and thus communication strength from receiver to detector depends on the amount of dc voltage that a chip can rectify from an interrogating electromagnetic field. Voltage-amplification/rectification methods employ multi-stage charge pumps, using nonlinear circuit components that incur significant losses, with diminishing returns for increasing stages. In RFID/sensor technology, where field strength is limited by regulations, technology, or distance, there is an opportunity for an alternate approach to RF-generated dc voltage. The proposed solution uses the Ferranti effect, where, for certain lengths and distributed parameter values, the voltage amplitude at the receiving end of a transmission line is greater than that of the sending end. As the Ferranti effect is typically an issue in high-voltage, low-frequency, long-distance power transmission, this problem poses significant design puzzles at RFID frequencies, transmission-line lengths, and voltage scales. By extending the formalism of the relevant transmission-line theory to the domain of common microstrip structures, microstrip transmission lines have been investigated and tested to demonstrate the effect. Because significant voltage gains (between two and five times the input amplitude) have been observed at a number of frequencies in the practical or RFID application range, it is concluded that the Ferranti effect is indeed a viable means of voltage amplification for RFID and related passive sensor applications.
Differential effects of natural rewards and pain on vesicular glutamate transporter expression in the nucleus accumbens

Pain and natural rewards such as food elicit different behavioral effects. Both pain and rewards, however, have been shown to alter synaptic activities in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a key component of the brain reward system. Mechanisms by which external stimuli regulate plasticity at NAc synapses are largely unexplored. Medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from the NAc receive excitatory glutamatergic inputs and modulatory dopaminergic and cholinergic inputs from a variety of cortical and subcortical structures. Glutamate inputs to the NAc arise primarily from prefrontal cortex, thalamus, amygdala, and hippocampus, and different glutamate projections provide distinct synaptic and ultimately behavioral functions. The family of vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs 1–3) plays a key role in the uploading of glutamate into synaptic vesicles. VGLUT1-3 isoforms have distinct expression patterns in the brain, but the effects of external stimuli on their expression patterns have not been studied. In this study, we use a sucrose self-administration paradigm for natural rewards, and spared nerve injury (SNI) model for chronic pain. We examine the levels of VGLUTs (1–3) in synaptoneurosomes of the NAc in these two behavioral models. We find that chronic pain leads to a decrease of VGLUT1, likely reflecting decreased projections from the cortex. Pain also decreases VGLUT3 levels, likely representing a decrease in projections from GABAergic, serotonergic, and/or cholinergic interneurons. In contrast, chronic consumption of sucrose increases VGLUT3 in the NAc, possibly reflecting an increase from these interneuron projections. Our study shows that natural rewards and pain have distinct effects on the VGLUT expression pattern in the NAc, indicating that glutamate inputs to the NAc are differentially modulated by rewards and pain.
Water Content of Sludge-injected Soil Growing Wheat

Municipalities are injecting sewage sludge into soil—as a means of disposal, to avoid the problems of odours, pests, and runoff, and to avert public disapproval associated with application on the surface. The sludge injected is mainly liquid (94–99%), but its effect on soil-water content in the field has not been sufficiently reported on. The objective of the project here described was to determine, in a subhumid region, whether the liquid in sludge changed the water status of soil compared with that of soil with inorganic fertilizer. In addition, growth of Winter Whẽat ( Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.), grown on dryland and fertilized with the sludge or with inorganic fertilizer, was monitored. The experiment, carried out during the 1980–81 growing-season, was done at the Manhattan, Kansas, sewage-sludge farm, where aerobically digested sludge has been injected since 1976.
Reasons for Participation in Adult Education Courses: a Multivariate Analysis of Group Differences:

Recent research studies on the reasons which individuals have for participating in adult education courses have primarily focused on the development of survey instruments. Little or no data regard ...
The Impact of HIPAA and HITECH: New Standards for Confidentiality, Security, and Documentation for Marriage and Family Therapists

The Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act (HITECH Act) of 2009 established criminal and civil penalties for violations of HIPAA regulations, and included funding for audits. HIPAA privacy protections include the systems that store, maintain, and transmit it. HIPAA will soon set the industry standard for privacy and documentation in marriage and family therapist's practice. This article presents a primer on HIPAA privacy and security rules for marriage and family therapists.
Ventilation rates in European office buildings: A review

The current review creates, for the first time, a comprehensive dataset of ventilation rates measured in European office buildings. This dataset can provide input to modelling studies. A review of ...
An Empirical Model for the Description of Moisture Sorption Curves

Published sorption curves in the form of moisture vs time relationships of milk powder and rice, exposed to moist atmosphere or soaked In water, were fitted by a two parameter, nonexponential empirical model. The model enabled prediction of moisture contents after long exposure from experimental data obtained in relatively short time, i.e., well before the moisture level appeared to reach a plateau. The model implied that the moisture equilibrium was somewhat higher than that determined on the assumption that the sample reached a constant weight, but there was no conclusive evidence that this was really the case.
Estimation of daily cortisol production and clearance rates in normal pubertal males by deconvolution analysis.

To investigate daily cortisol production and clearance rates in a group (n = 18) of normal unstressed pubertal males, we applied deconvolution analysis to serum cortisol concentrations obtained every 20 min for 24 h. Subject-specific characterization of adrenocortical secretory episodes, cortisol production rate, and serum hormone half-life for nine early pubertal (Tanner I or II; early) and nine late pubertal (Tanner IV or V; late) subjects was undertaken to assess potential roles of sexual maturation and changing gonadal steroid hormone concentrations on glucocorticoid physiology. The estimated cortisol production rate for the early group [16.8 +/- 1.3 mumol/m2 x day (6.1 +/- 0.4 mg/m2 x day)] was indistinguishable from that of the late subjects [14.8 +/- 1.4 mumol/m2 x day (5.3 +/- 0.5 mg/m2 x day)]. No differences were observed between the two pubertal groups in the secretory burst frequency and half-duration, mass of cortisol released per secretory episode, average maximal rate of hormone secretion, ...
Speech-in-noise measures: variable versus fixed speech and noise levels.

AbstractObjective: The purpose was to determine if speech-recognition performances were the same when the speech level was fixed and the noise level varied as when the noise level was fixed and the speech level varied. Design: A descriptive/quasi-experimental experiment was conducted with Lists 3 and 4 of the revised speech perception in noise (R-SPIN) test, which involves high predictability (HP) and low predictability (LP) words. The R-SPIN was modified into a multiple signal-to-noise paradigm (23- to −1-dB in 3-dB decrements) from which the 50% points were calculated with the Spearman-Karber equation. Study sample: Sixteen young listeners with normal hearing and 48 older listeners with pure-tone hearing losses participated. Results: The listeners with normal hearing performed better than the listeners with hearing loss on both the HP and LP conditions. For both groups of listeners, (1) performance on the HP sentences was better than on the LP sentences, and (2) the mean 50% points were 0.1 to 0.4 dB lo...
Transnational Activist Networks and the Emergence of Labor Internationalism in the NAFTA Countries

Recent accounts of transnational activism have examined a variety of social movement organizations (SMOs) but have paid little attention to labor transnationalism. This article utilizes and adapts this new transnational social movements scholarship to understand contemporary labor activism in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. Exploring the preexisting networks and intramovement cleavages that helped spawn labor opposition to NAFTA, it focuses on labor activists' complaints under the treaty's labor side accord. I explore how rising political opportunities associated with the treaty and its new institutions created new political arenas, targets for activists, and incentives for cross-border collaboration. The cross-border political exchanges that formed part of labor activists' strategies to utilize these new institutions helped activists create new movement frames, transnational identities, and coalitions. While these outcomes support the findings of literature on transnational SMOs, they point to the particular dilemmas labor activists faced in confronting these issues due to their vulnerability, the status of unions as formal organizations embedded in national institutional structures, and the difficulty of imagining policies and strategies that might be effective in this new transnational sphere.
Learning During Stressful Times

Stressful life events can have profound effects on our cognitive and motor abilities, from those that could be construed as adaptive to those not so. In this review, I discuss the general notion that acute stressful experience necessarily impairs our abilities to learn and remember. The effects of stress on operant conditioning, that is, learned helplessness, as well as those on classical conditioning procedures are discussed in the context of performance and adaptation. Studies indicating sex differences in learning during stressful times are discussed, as are those attributing different responses to the existence of multiple memory systems and nonlinear relationships. The intent of this review is to highlight the apparent plasticity of the stress response, how it might have evolved to affect both performance and learning processes, and the potential problems with interpreting stress effects on learning as either good or bad. An appreciation for its plasticity may provide new avenues for investigating its underlying neuronal mechanisms.
The oculogyral illusion: retinal and oculomotor factors

Subjects in a dark chamber exposed to angular acceleration while viewing a head-fixed target experience motion and displacement of the target relative to their body. Competing explanations of this phenomenon, known as the oculogyral illusion, have attributed it to the suppression of the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) or to retinal slip. In the dark, the VOR evokes compensatory eye movements in the direction opposite to body acceleration. A head-fixed visual target will tend to suppress these eye movements. The VOR suppression hypothesis attributes the oculogyral illusion to the signals that prevent reflexive deviation of the eyes from the target thus resulting in apparent target displacement in the direction of acceleration. The retinal slip hypothesis attributes the illusion to inadequate fixation of the target with the eyes being involuntarily deviated in the direction opposite acceleration, the retinal slip being interpreted as target displacement in the direction of acceleration. Another possibility is that the illusion could arise from a change in the representation of the perceived head midline. To evaluate these three alternative hypotheses, we tested 8 subjects at 4 acceleration rates (2, 10, 20, 30°/s²) in each of three conditions: (a) fixate and point to a target light; (b) fixate to the target light and point to the head midline; (c) look straight ahead in the dark. The displacement magnitude of the oculogyral illusion was least at 2°/s² ≈ 2° and was ≈10° at the other acceleration rates. The presence of the target light significantly attenuated eye movements relative to the dark condition, but eye movements were still present at the 10, 20, and 30°/s² accelerations. The eye velocity profiles in the dark at different acceleration rates did not show a one-to-one inverse mapping to the magnitude of the oculogyral illusion at those rates. The perceived head midline was not significantly displaced at any of the acceleration rates. The oculogyral illusion thus has at least two contributing factors: the suppression of nystagmus at low acceleration rates and at higher acceleration rates, a partial suppression coupled with an integration of the drift of the eyes with respect to the fixation target.
The mutagenicity and DNA-modifying effect of haloalkanes.

Summary A series of haloalkanes, some of them widely used in industry and in the home, are shown to be mutagenic for Salmonella typhimurium and preferentially to inhibit the growth of DNA polymerase-deficient (pol A1-) Escherichia coli. It was found that the relative activities of the test substances differed when examined in these systems and that one of the agents was active in the pol A1- system only. In view of these results it is suggested that both assays be used in routine screening of environmental agents.
Determination of the value of information in large vehicle arrays

An approach for determining the value of information required in the coordination of an array of vehicles is formulated as a data rate optimization of the linear-quadratic-Gaussian (LQG) problem. Two essential notions are used to decompose a centralized controller into a distributed controller. The first is that for each vehicle a special cost criterion is formulated. Secondly, a data rate parameter is introduced into the measurement power spectral densities, which is to be determined through an optimization of a multi-criteria problem. This optimization is performed by first assuming that the data rate variables are fixed, so that the optimal controller, which is affine, is determined and substituted back into the cost criteria. After taking the expectation in each cost criterion, a deterministic multi-cost criterion problem in the system variance dynamics results that is to be minimized by the data rate functions assuming a Nash equilibrium exists. For the current formulation, this decouples into a decoupled set of optimization problems. The data rate functions enter linearly into the optimization process. Their optimal values lie either on their bounds of full data rate or zero data rate or can take on intermediate values as a singular arc in the calculus of variations. If the data rate is zero, then that transmission of that measurement is removed and no longer used in the local state estimator. If the control used by a vehicle is not transmitted, then that control has to be constructed from the local estimates. The value of a control transmission is again obtained from the construction of a deterministic multi-cost criterion problem subject to the system variances which is to be minimized by the data rate functions associated with both the measurement and control transmissions. A Nash equilibrium is assumed to exist, since there is now coupling between the vehicle system variances. To simplify the computations, a static optimization problem is also suggested to obtain suboptimal solutions.
Stability of intersecting aircraft flows under centralized and decentralized conflict avoidance rules

Considering two intersecting flows of aircraft, this paper provides new stability proofs of aircraft deviation boundedness under decentralized, sequential conflict avoidance rules. In particular, proofs are provided to handle lateral displacement and offset maneuvers. Turning then towards the case of three intersecting aircraft flows using a simplified offset model, this paper provides evidence that simple decentralized conflict avoidance rules may not be closed-loop stable. However, centralized conflict resolution algorithms are proven to be stabilizing, that is, a suitable maneuver pattern is displayed that is resulting in bounded aircraft deviations.
Self-Reported Sex Crimes of Nonincarcerated Paraphiliacs

This article will present data gathered by the authors through structured clinical interviews of 561 paraphiliacs regarding demographic characteristics, frequency and variety of deviant sexual acts, and number and characteristics of victims. Results show that nonincarcerated sex offenders (1) are well educated and socioeconomically diverse; (2) report an average number of crimes and victims that is substantially higher than that represented in the current literature; and (3) sexually molest young boys with an incidence that is five times greater than the molestation of young girls. The relevance of these findings is discussed.
Using nanoliter plugs in microfluidics to facilitate and understand protein crystallization

Protein crystallization is important for determining protein structures by X-ray diffraction. Nanoliter-sized plugs--aqueous droplets surrounded by a fluorinated carrier fluid--have been applied to the screening of protein crystallization conditions. Preformed arrays of plugs in capillary cartridges enable sparse matrix screening. Crystals grown in plugs inside a microcapillary may be analyzed by in situ X-ray diffraction. Screening using plugs, which are easily formed in PDMS microfluidic channels, is simple and economical, and minimizes consumption of the protein. This approach also has the potential to improve our understanding of the fundamentals of protein crystallization, such as the effect of mixing on the nucleation of crystals.
Robot Vision System using a Single DSP Chip

Semiconductor technology has reached the point where a complete processor system can be placed on a single chip. This paper will describe how such a chip can be used in a robot vision system.
Preliminary findings on OSHA's refinery NEP †

On June 7, 2007, the US Occupational Safety & Health Administration initiated a Petroleum Refinery Process Safety Management (PSM) National Emphasis Program (Refinery NEP) in response to a large number of fatal or catastrophic incidents in the petroleum refining industry. The program's intent is to inspect all refineries under federal jurisdiction within 2 years using a newly developed inspection protocol. This article briefly describes the inspection protocol, progress in completing the inspections, and review findings from this NEP and other PSM inspections conducted since 1992. Data on which paragraphs of the PSM standards were most frequently cited is included. Published 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2010
Synergistic effect of co-exposure to carbon black and Fe2O3 nanoparticles on oxidative stress in cultured lung epithelial cells

There is a need to better understand synergism in the biological effects of particles composed of multiple substances. The objective of this study was to determine if the oxidative stress in cultured cells caused by co-exposure to carbon black and Fe2O3 nanoparticles was significantly greater than the additive effects of exposure to either type of particles alone; and to determine a possible cause for such synergistic effect if one was found. Cultured A549 human lung epithelial cells were exposed to (1) carbon black nanoparticles alone, (2) Fe2O3 nanoparticles alone, and (3) both types of particles simultaneously. Protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and cellular uptake of Fe in these cells were measured after 25 hours of exposure. The reduction of solubilized Fe3+ by the carbon black nanoparticles was measured separately in a cell-free assay, by incubating the carbon black and the Fe2O3 nanoparticles in 0.75 M sulfuric acid at 40°C and measuring the amount of reduced Fe3+ at different time points up to 24 hours. Cells exposed to carbon black particles alone did not show protein oxidation, nor did the cells exposed to Fe2O3 particles alone, relative to the control. However, cells co-exposed to both carbon black and Fe2O3 particles showed up to a two-fold increase in protein oxidation relative to the control. In addition, co-exposure induced significant lipid peroxidation, although exposure to either particle type alone did not. No significant difference in cellular iron uptake was found between single exposure and co-exposure, when the Fe2O3 dosing concentration was the same in each case. In the cell-free assay, significant reduction of Fe3+ ions by carbon black nanoparticle was found within 2 hour, and it progressed up to 24 hours. At 24 hours, the carbon black nanoparticles showed a reductive capacity of 0.009 g/g, defined as the mass ratio of reduced Fe3+ to carbon black. Co-exposure to carbon black and Fe2O3 particles causes a synergistic oxidative effect that is significantly greater than the additive effects of exposures to either particle type alone. The intracellular redox reaction between carbon black and Fe3+ is likely responsible for the synergistic oxidative effect. Therefore elemental carbon particles and fibres should be considered as potential reducing agents rather than inert materials in toxicology studies. Acidified cell organelles such as the lysosomes probably play a critical role in the solubilization of Fe2O3. Further research is necessary to better understand the mechanisms.
Socializing efficacy: a reconstruction of self-efficacy theory within the context of inequality*

Bandura's self-efficacy (SE) theory claims that if people believe that they can control the outcome of their behaviour, then they can. SE theory positions the self as the centre and originator of change, beginning with control over belief systems, which determine levels of performance. This conception depoliticizes social mechanisms of control, internalizing them within individual cognitive processes. We argue that SE theory emanates from culturally-positioned and ideologically informed functional trends in US psychology, which perpetuates a blaming-the-victim approach to social problems. Through an examination of the way gender and disability are manipulated in SE research, we show that efficacy is socially construed, and is actually about control over and access to power and the ideological, institutional, and social resources that provide the foundation for taking certain actions. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple Valued Logic Using 3-State Quantum Dot Gate FETs

This paper presents fundamental logic structures designed using novel quantum dot gate FETs with three-state characteristics. This three-state FET manifests itself as a transistor with a stable "intermediate" state, where the drain current remains constant over a range of input gate voltages due to a change in the threshold voltage over this range. We have developed a simplified circuit model that accounts for this intermediate state. Using this model, we have designed rudimentary logic circuits for use in multiple-valued logic circuits.
Line search algorithms for adaptive filtering

Line search algorithms for adaptive filtering that choose the convergence parameter so that the updated filter vector minimizes the sum of squared errors on a linear manifold are described. A shift invariant property of the sample covariance matrix is exploited to produce an adaptive filter stochastic line search algorithm for exponentially weighted adaptive equalization requiring 3N+5 multiplications and divisions per iteration. This algorithm is found to have better numerical stability than fast transversal filter algorithms for an application requiring steady-state tracking capability similar to that of least-mean square (LMS) algorithms. The algorithm is shown to have faster initial convergence than the LMS algorithm and a well-known variable step size algorithm having similar computational complexity in an adaptive equalization experiment. >
Anaglyph 3D in vascular neurosurgery: excellent exercise for the neurosurgeon's brain.

naglyph 3D” is the name given to the stereoscopic 3-dimensional (3D) effect achieved by means of encoding each eye’s image using filters of different colors, typically red and cyan (between blue and green). Anaglyph 3D images contain 2 differently filtered colored images, 1 for each eye. When viewed through the color-coded anaglyph glasses, each of the 2 images reaches 1 eye, revealing an integrated stereoscopic image. The visual cortex of the brain fuses this into perception of a 3D scene or composition.
The Effect of Proteolytic Enzymes on E. coli Phages and on Native Proteins

Lambda coli phage is not inactivated by chymotrypsin, trypsin, or ficin. T2 phage is slowly inactivated by high concentrations of (α-, β-, γ-, or Δ-chymotrypsin, but not by trypsin or ficin. P1 phage is slowly inactivated by α-, β-, or γ-chymotrypsin, or ficin, more rapidly by Δ-chymotrypsin, and much more rapidly by trypsin. Crystalline egg albumin, crystalline serum albumin, E. coli nucleoprotein, and yeast nucleoprotein are hydrolyzed slowly by α-chymotrypsin. Yeast nucleoprotein, like P1 phage, is hydrolyzed more rapidly by Δ-chymotrypsin than by α-chymotrypsin, but not by trypsin or ficin. Neither phages nor native proteins were attacked by papain, carboxypeptidase, deoxyribonuclease, or ribonuclease.
ADDITIONS TO THE TERTIARY DECAPOD FAUNA OF THE PACIFIC NORTHWEST OF NORTH AMERICA

Abstract Previously undescribed fossil material from the late Eocene Hoko River Formation and the Oligocene Makah Formation, Olympic Peninsula, Washington, provides new insight into the evolution and biogeography of five families of decapod crustaceans. New taxa include Homola vancouverensis, Xeinostoma? antiqua, and Daldorfia himaleorhaphis. New material makes it possible to provide a complete reconstruction of the dorsal carapace of Macrocheira teglandi, and a possible juvenile Branchioplax washingtoniana is described for the first time. The range of the genus Homola, known in modern oceans, has been extended into the late Early Cretaceous, and the occurrence of that genus in rocks of the Pacific coast of North America marks the first authentic report of the Homolidae from that region. The Cyclodorippidae is now known to have inhabited the Pacific coast of North America as early as the late Eocene. The geologic range of the genus Daldorfia now extends into the Oligocene, and its earliest known occurrenc...
The Value of Prevention

There is a delicate balance between the cost and the value of health care delivered by medical providers. One specific area in medicine that is continually evolving is preventative care. There are many national organizations who release clinical guidelines on prevention and screening. Clinical guidelines incorporate evidence-based medicine as a means to unify management and minimize practice variation. However there is variability on implementation in clinical practice. The myriad of sources releasing guidelines can create conflict and confusion on the level of the provider and the patient and create difficulty for both in navigating the complex interconnection between cost and value. In Chap. 8, we will focus on breast cancer, prostate cancer, and cervical cancer screening guidelines as examples that highlight this concern. Breast and prostate cancer screening guidelines vary between national bodies and create conflict at the patient-provider level, requiring enhanced communication between provider and patient often without adequate information or knowledge for true informed decision making. Conversely, cervical cancer screening is a success story in screening and prevention given its long-standing history of effectively reducing cervical cancer. It is even more successful in that there is alignment between professional organizations. Finally, we will introduce the concept of medical rationing, which is inherent in the discussion of screening guidelines and their application in clinical practice. For providers, preserving the provider-patient relationship is imperative to the success of any preventative plan and should remain the focus of guideline-driven preventative care.
Effects of Rubber-Curing Chemicals on Tensile Strength of Polyester Yarns

Abstract The degradative effects of accelerators of the sulfenamide and thiuram types on polyester tire yarns depends on the stability of the accelerator and the reactivity of the amines generated. Thermal decomposition of the accelerator alone is not sufficient to explain the degradative effects reported by other workers. The complexes formed by the accelerators in the presence of activators, such as zinc oxide and stearic acid, have lower thermal stability than the accelerators alone and release amines at lower temperatures. The formation of the complexes can be shown by differential scanning calorimetry. The findings of this investigation may have important implications with regard to the release of amines during the life of a tire and to the efficient compounding of rubber stock. If, as it appears, the decomposition of TMTM and TBBS occurs more efficiently if they are previously allowed to form a complex, there may be advantages in forming such complexes before addition of the ingredients to the rubbe...
Impaired Cell Surface Expression of ATP1A3 Mutations Associated with Alternating Hemiplegia of Childhood

Mutations in ATP1A3 have been identified as the genetic cause of alternating hemiplegia of childhood (AHC). Loss of Na/K-ATPase activity has been proposed as the likely functional consequence of mutations, but specific mechanisms have not been demonstrated. We performed experiments designed to ascertain the functional and biochemical consequences of the three most common ATP1A3 mutations (D801N, E815K, G947R) associated with AHC. For functional studies, we adapted a fluorescence-based thallium uptake assay system to monitor time-dependent uptake into HEK-293 cells stably expressing either wildtype (WT) or AHC-associated mutant alleles of ATP1A3. A FLAG epitope was added to the distal carboxyl terminus to enable biochemical studies. Thallium update assays demonstrated greatly reduced function for the three AHC-associated mutations compared with WT-ATP1A3. Using cell surface biotinylation and immunofluorescence microscopy, we observed heterogeneity among the four ATP1A3 alleles with regard to plasma membrane expression; WT-ATP1A3 and D801N exhibited similar levels of cell surface expression, whereas both E815K and G947R had greatly reduced plasma membrane expression. These findings suggested that E815K and G947R may have impaired protein trafficking to surface membranes. A screen for small molecules that could correct impaired trafficking and restore cell surface expression of mutant pumps, identified four compounds with activity in the fluorescence-based thallium uptake assay system. In subsequent validation experiments using cell surface biotinylation coupled with western blot analysis, two of the compounds including one with weak proteasome inhibitory activity exhibited partial rescue of plasma membrane expression. In separate proof-of-concept experiments, we demonstrated that the potent proteasome inhibitor bortezomib restored plasma membrane expression of E815K and G947R to levels similar to WT-ATP1A3. We conclude that reduced cell surface expression may contribute to ATP1A3 loss-of-function in AHC and may be reversible with proteasome inhibition.
Soldier Performance and Functionality: Impact of Chemical Protective Clothing

This article describes the components of the chemical protective uniform used by U.S. Army infantry and other ground troops and presents research on the effects of the clothing on soldier performan...
Academic Library Directors: What Do They Do?

Eleven library directors recorded their work-related activities for twelve days. The activities depicted show them as both managers and leaders, and reflect contact with various individuals within and beyond the institution as the directors deal with local, regional, and national issues. This paper also highlights how previously identified attributes compare with their everyday work.
Personalized Active Learning for Activity Classification Using Wireless Wearable Sensors

Enabling accurate and low-cost classification of a range of motion activities is important for numerous applications, ranging from disease treatment and in-community rehabilitation of patients to athlete training. This paper proposes a novel contextual online learning method for activity classification based on data captured by low-cost, body-worn inertial sensors, and smartphones. The proposed method is able to address the unique challenges arising in enabling online, personalized and adaptive activity classification without requiring training phase from the individual. Another key challenge of activity classification is that the labels may change over time, as the data as well as the activity to be monitored evolve continuously, and the true label is often costly and difficult to obtain. The proposed algorithm is able to actively learn when to ask for the true label by assessing the benefits and costs of obtaining them. We rigorously characterize the performance of the proposed learning algorithm and Our experiments show that the proposed algorithm outperforms existing algorithms.
Iterative Knowledge-Based Scoring Functions Derived from Rigid and Flexible Decoy Structures: Evaluation with the 2013 and 2014 CSAR Benchmarks

In this study, we developed two iterative knowledge-based scoring functions, ITScore_pdbbind(rigid) and ITScore_pdbbind(flex), using rigid decoy structures and flexible decoy structures, respectively, that were generated from the protein–ligand complexes in the refined set of PDBbind 2012. These two scoring functions were evaluated using the 2013 and 2014 CSAR benchmarks. The results were compared with the results of two other scoring functions, the Vina scoring function and ITScore, the scoring function that we previously developed from rigid decoy structures for a smaller set of protein–ligand complexes. A graph-based method was developed to evaluate the root-mean-square deviation between two conformations of the same ligand with different atom names and orders due to different file preparations, and the program is freely available. Our study showed that the two new scoring functions developed from the larger training set yielded significantly improved performance in binding mode predictions. For bindin...
Catch-up growth for the extremely low birth weight infant.

Purpose: This retrospective chart review describes the growth of extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit. Design: A descriptive design was used to collect data from 60 hospital records. Results: Gains were noted between assessment periods (discharge ― 6 months and 6-12 months) (t = 4.57, t = 5.60, t = 10.77, p < 0.001) for weight, length, and head circumference, respectively. A negative change in weight (z = -1.9; CI = -3.1, -0.66) within the discharge to 6-month assessment period and a positive change in length (z = 0.54, CI = 0.05, 1.04) within the 6 to 12-month assessment were noted. Each assessment was significantly below the 50th percentile of full-term infants with weight at the 7th percentile at 12 months. Discussion: The ELBW infants showed gains relative to the full-term infant but lagged behind on each growth parameter at each assessment.
Improving Compliance with Guidelines for Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) Prophylaxis Significantly Reduces VTE Events.

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is reported in about five percent of patients with malignancy and is often associated with serious clinical outcomes such as major infarction, hemorrhage and death. The prevalence rates of malignancy-related VTE is most likely underestimated, in part because of the frequent presence of confounding risk factors, such as advanced age, prolonged immobilization, surgical procedures, and chemotherapeutic regimens. Occurrence of VTE can increase the likelihood of death for cancer patients by 2- to 8-fold. Prophylactic anticoagulation therapy and mechanical prophylaxis is recommended for all inpatients with a diagnosis of active malignancy. Mechanical prophylaxis alone is recommended for patients if contraindication to anticoagulation therapy exists. Roswell Park Cancer Institute (RPCI), a Comprehensive Cancer Center with 24,000 active patients under its care, initiated an Institute-Wide Quality Improvement Initiative in 2006 to improve the rates of VTE prophylaxis for all adult inpatient admissions. The objectives were to improve compliance with national guidelines on VTE prophylaxis and to reduce future VTE events in our patient population. Methods: VTE prophylaxis based on National Comprehensive Cancer Network (NCCN) guidelines was instituted on all Medical services. Surgical services followed guidelines in accordance with NCCN and Surgical Best Practice and published standards. Mandatory physician order entry forms including computerized physician order entry were implemented. VTE awareness and staff education was promoted via informational materials, field in-services and seminars. In order to track compliance, manual audits of patient charts were performed every 3 months. Results: Results: Initial surveys revealed 61% compliance with guidelines on the medicine service and 86% on the surgical services. Overall institute-wide VTE Prophylaxis compliance improved from 80% to 95% following implementation of the initiative (shown in table 1). This has resulted in a decrease in VTE incidence from 0.39% in the last quarter of 2006 when the initiative was launched to 0.13% and 0.08% seen in the first and second quarters of 2008 respectively (P Conclusions: Implementation of our VTE Prophylaxis Initiative resulted in improved compliance with national guidelines at RPCI and has resulted in a highly significant and clinically relevant reduction of VTE in our vulnerable patient population. Table 1: Institute Compliance rate on VTE prophylaxis Table 2: VTE events
MECC-3, A Monte Carlo Intranuclear-Cascade Code for Medium-Energy (<3500 MeV) Particle-Nucleus Collisions

(1971). MECC-3, A Monte Carlo Intranuclear-Cascade Code for Medium-Energy (<3500 MeV) Particle-Nucleus Collisions. Nuclear Science and Engineering: Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 437-438.
Variation in Music Player Listening Level as a Function of Campus Location.

Background: There has been significant discussion in the literature regarding music player use by adolescents and young adults, including whether device use is driving an increase in hearing loss in these populations. While many studies report relatively safe preferred listening levels, some studies with college student participants have reported listening habits that may put individuals at risk for noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL) if those listening habits continue over the long term. Purpose: The goal of the current investigation was to extend listening level data collection sites from urban city settings studied by others to a more rural campus setting. Research Design: This was a prospective study. Study Sample: Participants were 138 students on the University of Florida campus (94 males, 44 females), 18 years or older (mean = 21 years; range: 18–33 years). Data Collection and Analysis: In this investigation, the current output level (listening level) was measured from personal listening devices used by students as they passed by a recruiting table located in one of three areas of the University of Florida campus. One location was in an open-air campus square; the other two locations were outside the campus recreation building (“gym”) and outside the undergraduate library, with participants recruited as they exited the gym or library buildings. After providing written informed consent, participants completed a survey that included questions about demographics and typical listening habits (hours per day, days per week). The output level on their device was then measured using a “Jolene” mannequin. Results: Average listening levels for participants at the three locations were as follows: gym: 85.9 ± 1.4 dBA; campus square: 83.3 ± 2.0 dBA; library: 76.9 ± 1.3 dBA. After adjusting to free-field equivalent level, average listening levels were gym: 79.7 ± 1.4 dBA; campus square: 76.9 ± 2.1 dBA; library: 70.4 ± 1.4 dBA. There were no statistically significant differences between male and female listeners, and there were no reliable differences as a function of race. After accounting for daily and weekly use patterns, 5% were deemed at risk based on the criteria put forward by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, and 9% were deemed at risk based on the guidance provided by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Conclusions: Some 5–10% of the participants were deemed at risk; this finding is consistent with other studies using similar methods. It is possible that the same listeners would have selected different listening levels in other noise backgrounds, however. This unknown variable makes it difficult to estimate risk with a single listening level measurement.