cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Restoration of renal and mesenteric hemodynamics by felodipine in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock.

The effects of felodipine, a dihydropyridine vasodilator, were investigated in a canine model of hemorrhagic shock. Mongrel dogs were anesthetized with sodium pentobarbital and subjected to hemorrhagic shock by allowing the animals to bleed into a reservoir. After maintaining the hypotensive state (mean blood pressure: 40–60 mmHg) for a period of 150 min, the blood was reinfused and the recovery of the various parameters were monitored for an additional 120 min. These studies were conducted in three different groups of dogs: (A) controls, (B) felodipine, 0.01 μmol/kg i.v., was administered before reinfusion of the blood and (C) felodipine, 0.01 μmol/kg i.v., was administered prior to hemorrhage. In all the three groups, arterial blood pressure returned essentially to pre-hemorrhage levels following reinfusion; in the groups A and B, there was about 80% recovery of the cardiac output, whereas in the group C cardiac output returned completely to the basal values. During the hemorrhagic hypotension, renal and mesenteric blood flows fell to 10–40% of the basal values in all the three groups. In the control group A, there was only 40 to 45% recovery in the renal and mesenteric flows after reinfusion indicating sustained vasoconstriction in these vascular beds. Felodipine administration before reinfusion (group B), resulted in 70% to 90% recovery in the renal and mesenteric flows after reinfusion. In the group C (felodipine before hemorrhage) there was 85% recovery in the renal flow and 100% in the mesenteric blood flow after reinfusion. The observations made in this study suggest that felodipine, an arteriolar dilator, may be clinically useful in restoring organ blood flows which are seriously compromised during the hemorrhagic shock.
Upward Self-Revision: Constructing Possible Selves

This research examined how and when people engage in upward self-revision to embrace new possible selves in response to social validation. First, the present study (n = 67) predicted and found that upward self-revision was more likely to occur when validations fully specify the meaning of the positive discrepancy between the desired self and the alternative self into the explicit prospect of the desired self as more likely to occur. Second, initial elevations in self-confidence mediated the effect of social validations on possible selves. The discussion focuses on implications and future directions of the present work.
Vortex mode selection of a rigid cylinder subject to VIV at low mass-damping

Abstract We present direct numerical simulations results of vortex-induced vibrations of a freely vibrating rigid cylinder with low mass-damping parameter using a spectral/hp element method. We investigate several reduced velocities to assess the validity of the “three-branch response” and its sensitivity to Reynolds number in the range 1000–3000. This study addresses the numerical challenge of capturing large amplitude responses in the upper branch and the 2P vortex shedding mode in the lower branch, which has been observed in experiments. We focus, in particular, on the region of reduced velocities around the mode transition between the upper and the lower branch of response. In this region, there exists a sharp drop in the spanwise correlation of the wake and forces, which, surprisingly, does not diminish the response of the cylinder. Therefore, detailed measurements of the phasing along the span are crucial to understanding the system and its mechanism for vortex mode selection. We use complex demodulation analysis to quantify the spatio-temporal phase relationship between the forces and cylinder displacement. We also compute the correlation length of the forces along the span of the cylinder.
Scalar generalized‐screen algorithms in transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis

The scalar generalized‐screen method in isotropic media is extended here to transversely isotropic media with a vertical symmetry axis (VTI). Although wave propagation in a transversely isotropic medium is essentially elastic, we use an equivalent “acoustic” system of equations for the qP‐waves which we prove to be accurate for both the dispersion relation and the polarization angle in the case of “mild” anisotropy. The enhanced accuracy of the generalized‐screen method as compared to the split‐step Fourier methods allows the extension to VTI media. The generalized‐screen expansion of the one‐way propagator follows closely the method used in the isotropic case. The medium is defined in terms of a background and a perturbation. The generalized‐screen expansion of the vertical slowness is based upon an expansion of the medium parameters simultaneously into magnitude and smoothness of variation. We cast the theory into numerical algorithms, and assess the accuracy of the generalized‐screen method in a partic...
Oral Kaposi's sarcoma: a review and update

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) is an important mucocutaneous neoplasm with four well-known clinicopathologic types. Involvement of the oral cavity may be seen in all variants but is most common with AIDS-KS. The latter may signal undiagnosed HIV infection. Its common association with disseminated disease has potentially important diagnostic and therapeutic implications. Oral KS (OKS) most often affects the hard and soft palate, gingiva, and dorsal tongue with plaques or tumors of coloration ranging from non-pigmented to brownish-red or violaceous. Its involvement ranges from an incidental finding to proliferative tumor formation that interferes with mastication. OKS needs to be distinguished clinically from other entities, including pyogenic granuloma, hemangioma, bacillary angiomatosis, and gingival enlargement caused by cyclosporine, a drug frequently used in recipients of organ transplantation. KS may flare as part of the immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV patients or develop in the context of iatrogenic immunosuppression. Management, which may depend upon a variety of factors including the clinicopathologic type of KS and results of staging, ranges from no treatment to local measures such as intralesional vinblastine or systemic administration of cytotoxic chemotherapy for disseminated disease. Modification of immunosuppressive regimens often helps control post-transplant OKS but enhances the risk of graft rejection. Screening donors and recipients of organ transplants for HHV-8, with prophylactic treatment if infected as well as institution of sirolimus early after transplantation, are proposed strategies aimed at preventing post-transplant OKS.
A general method for evaluation of functions and computations in a digital computing

This paper presents a recently discovered general computational method, amenable for efficient implementation in digital computing systems. The method provides a unique, simple and fast algorithm for solving many computational problems, such as the evaluation of polynomials, rational functions and arithmetic expressions, or solving a class of systems of linear equations, or performing the basic arithmetics. In particular, the method, is well suited for fast evaluation of commonly used, mathematical functions.
Beyond the 1990 national jewish population Survey: a research agenda

In the post NJPS-1990 period, research on American Jewry faces key challenges: 1) reexamination of basic conceptual issues, including “who is a Jew,” selection of the most appropriate indicators of Jewish identity, and understanding the interrelations among contextual factors, national linkages, social networks, and Jewish identity; 2) methodological issues such as fuller achievement of representative and standardized national coverage, development of indepth and follow-up studies, more effective comparative research among communities and between Jews and non-Jews, and greater reliance on multi-disciplinary perspectives and qualitative approaches; 3) fuller integration of research with planning; and 4) expansion of personnel resources.
The Significance and Management of Incidental [18F]Fluorodeoxyglucose-Positron-Emission Tomography Uptake in the Thyroid Gland in Patients with Cancer

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Incidental positron-emission tomography (PET) uptake in the thyroid bed represents a diagnostic dilemma. Currently, there is no consensus regarding the significance of this finding or the most appropriate approach to management. The purpose of this study was to determine the significance of incidental fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in the thyroid gland on [18F]FDG–positron-emission tomography (FDG-PET/CT) in patients being initially staged for lymphomas and/or cancers other than of thyroid origin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted on patients who were incidentally found to have focal FDG uptake in the thyroid bed on initial staging for cancer. Patient records were assessed for age, sex, clinical presentation, standard uptake values (SUVmax), on FDG-PET/CT, and CT findings in those patients undergoing FDG-PET/CT, fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology, and surgical pathologic examination. RESULTS: Thirty patients were identified with incidental FDG-PET uptake in the thyroid bed from 630 studies performed for evaluation of cancer between March 2004 and June 2006. Complete records were available for 18 patients (6 men, 12 women). Five (27.8%) of 18 patients with incidental focal FDG-PET/CT uptake in the thyroid gland demonstrated papillary thyroid carcinoma on final pathologic findings. The mean and SD of SUVmax was 3.0 ± 1.8 (range, 1.1–7.4) overall, 2.9 ± 1.6 (range, 1.1–6.8) in the patients without malignant growth, and 3.4 ± 2.6 (range, 1.1–7.4) in the 5 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. No statistical difference in SUVmax was noted between patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma and patients with benign pathologic findings (P = .63). CONCLUSIONS: Incidental FDG-PET uptake in the thyroid gland in patients with cancer of nonthyroidal origin is associated with a 27.8% risk for well-differentiated thyroid carcinoma; however, there seems to be no correlation between intensity of FDG uptake and the risk for a malignant process.
The ultrastructure of the paraquat lung lesion in the rat

Abstract Adult female Sherman strain rats were fed 500 ppm paraquat (1,1-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridylium dichloride) in their diet. Four poisoned as well as three control rats were sacrificed 1, 3, 5, 7 and 11 wk after onset of exposure. Two well-developed paraquat lung lesions were encountered. The alveoli of these lesions contained a very prominent amorphous material which was highly osmiophilic when examined with the electron microscope. It consisted of concentrically arranged whorls which were surrounded by or next to less electrondense lattice-like material. Additional ultrastructural findings in those and other lungs consisted of edematous and vacuolated membranous pneumocytes (type I) as well as endothelial cells. The granular pneumocytes were increased in 3 of 20 lungs of exposed animals.
A model for semantic localization

We propose a model for Semantic Localization, i.e. establishing positional relations on meaningful objects, to enable the principled integration of heterogeneous localization clues -- such as those derived from ubiquitous sensors in the Internet of Things. Our approach is two-pronged: we consider relation-structured Phenomenal Maps alongside spatially-organized Physical Maps. Phenomenal Maps may be used to answer semantic queries about the relative position of objects without necessarily resorting to physical coordinates. Physical Maps are not restricted to purely Euclidian spaces, to the contrary we identify useful applications for topological, and metrical maps among others. We give the framework for a structured mechanism through which localization information in all these representations may be reconciled.
The Height and Weight of West Point Cadets: Dietary Change in Antebellum America

A decline in nutritional status is inferred from data on the height and weight of West Point cadets in the antebellum period. The decline was geographically widespread and affected farmers and blue-collar workers the most; middle-class cadets did not experience a decline in nutritional status until the Civil War. Nutritional status declined because meat output did not keep pace with population growth. Urbanization and the expansion of the industrial labor force increased the demand for food. However, the agricultural labor force grew at a slower pace, and productivity growth in food production was insufficient to redress the imbalance.
Arsenic and Fluoride Removal Using Simple Materials

Since many at risk to arsenic and fluoride contamination cannot afford or do not have access to modern, centralized water treatment facilities, simple and low-cost solutions must be found. Bone char, goethite coated sand (G-IOCS) and hematite coated sand (H-IOCS) were evaluated for treating water with elevated levels of arsenic and fluoride present individually or together. Results obtained were compared to conventional media used in developed countries; activated alumina and granular ferric oxide. Fluoride adsorption capacity was higher in bone char than in G-IOCS and H-IOCS. Fluoride removal was not affected by the presence of environmentally significant arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) concentrations. On a mass basis, bone char’s fluoride adsorption capacity was comparable to that of activated alumina both in the presence and absence of 0.25 mg/L of arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) in solution. Bone char also showed higher capacity to remove arsenic (III) and arsenic (V) from solution than both G-IOCS and H-...
A new FPGA detailed routing approach via search-based Boolean satisfiability

Boolean-based routing methods transform the geometric FPGA routing task into a large but atomic Boolean function with the property that any assignment of input variables that satisfies the function specifies a valid routing solution. We present a new search-based satisfiability (SAT) FPGA detailed routing formulation that handles all channels in an FPGA simultaneously. The formulation has the virtue that it considers all nets concurrently allowing higher degrees of freedom for each net, in contrast to the classical one-net-at-a-time approaches and is able to prove the unroutability of a given circuit by demonstrating the absence of a satisfying assignment to the routing Boolean function. To demonstrate the effectiveness of this method, we first present comparative experimental results between integer linear programming (ILP)-based routing, which is an alternative concurrent method, and SAT-based routing. We also present the. first comparisons of search-based Boolean SAT routing results to other conventional routers and offer the first evidence that SAT methods can actually demonstrate the unroutability of a layout. Preliminary experimental results suggest that our approach compares very favorably with both the ILP-based approach and conventional FPGA routers.
Antibody catalyzed hydrolysis of a quorum sensing signal found in Gram-negative bacteria

Abstract N -(3-Oxo-acyl) homoserine lactones are used by Gram-negative bacteria to signal the establishment of specific population densities and coordinate population-wide gene expression. Herein we report the antibody-catalyzed hydrolysis of N -(3-oxo-acyl) homoserine lactone (AHL) using a reactive immunization strategy with a squaric monoester monoamide hapten. Kinetic analysis of the most efficient antibody revealed a modest k cat , with AHL hydrolysis competitively inhibited by original squaric monoester monoamide hapten. These studies suggest that antibody catalysis could provide a new avenue for blocking quorum sensing in bacteria.
Characterization of hydrogenated amorphous silicon thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering

Abstract Magnetron sputtered hydrogenated amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) thin films have been characterized. Hydrogen (H2) with argon (Ar) was introduced into the sputtering chamber to create the plasma. A sudden increase in the deposition rate occurred when the hydrogen was added. The maximum hydrogen content of 16 atomic percent (at.%) was achieved and a bandgap of about 2.07 eV was determined from the spectral investigations of the hydrogenated films. The effect of radio frequency (RF) power on the deposition rate, as well as on the hydrogen content was investigated. To change the hydrogen content in the films, the hydrogen flow rate was varied while keeping the argon flow rate constant. The hydrogen content in the films increased with increasing hydrogen flow rate up to the maximum content of 16 at.% and then decreased for further increases in hydrogen flow.
Spatial problem solving: the integration of independently learned cognitive maps.

The process of mentally integrating separate regions of a layout into a unified representation is a critical component in generating inferred spatial information. Blindfolded subjects learned two different paths by tactual exploration. The subjects were then given information that permitted them to integrate the two cognitive maps of the paths into one map. In Experiment I, the speed and accuracy of originally learned and inferred movements within a path were equivalent, whereas inferred movements between the two paths were significantly slower and less accurate. In Experiment 2, the subjects could request additional training on the paths before they were given the integration information, and they also rated how well they knew the path on which they were tested. When the subjects judged that they remembered all or most of the path information, movements between two paths and within one path were performed with the same accuracy. The equivalent accuracy of all the movements suggests that cognitive integration can generate an accurate representation of an integrated layout when the path information is recalled.
Emphatic ne in informal spoken French and implications for foreign language pedagogy

This paper investigates the variable retention vs deletion of the negative particle ne in a corpus of informal spoken French, and compares the results with previous studies in which a variationist approach was used. A qualitative analysis of ne use revealed that the negative particle co-occurs most often with a number of prosodic features of discourse used for emphasis. The final part of this paper provides a number of recommendations for teaching and learning the sociolinguistics and pragmatics of verbal negation in conversational French, and discusses broader implications for the treatment of variation in foreign language education. Cet article explore l’omission variable de la particule negative ne dans un corpus de francais parle de tous les jours et situe les resultats de cette recherche par rapport aux etudes variationnistes anterieures. Une analyse qualitative de l’emploi du ne met en lumiere la correlation entre la presence de la particule negative et l’accentuation prosodique. La fin de cet article se concentre sur l’enseignement et l’apprentissage de la negation verbale en mettant en valeur les aspects sociolinguistiques et pragmatiques de la particule negative dans le francais parle de tous les jours. Par extension suit une discussion des implications plus larges quant au traitement de la variation linguistique dans les cours de langues etrangeres.
Growth and single-crystal refinement of phase-III potassium nitrate, KNO3

Oriented single crystals of the high-temperature phase of KNO3 (phase III), a ferroelectric compound that may also occur as an atmospheric aerosol particle, were grown at room temperature and pressure by atomizing a solution of KNO3 in water and allowing droplets to dry on a glass substrate. The crystals are up to 1 mm across and are stable unless mechanically disturbed. There is no evidence of the spontaneous transformation of phase III to the room-temperature stable phase (phase II), even after several months. Single-crystal structure determinations of phase III were obtained at 295 and 123 K. The unit cell regained its room-temperature dimensions after warming from 123 K. The phase-III KNO3 structure can be viewed as the stacking parallel to the c axis of alternating K atoms and planar NO3 groups. The NO3 groups connect the planes of K atoms, where each O is fourfold coordinated to one N and three K. Each K atom has nine O nearest neighbors, with three bonds at 2.813 and six at 2.9092 A. The interatomic K—N—K distance alternates from 5.051 to 3.941 along the c axis. The N—O distances increase from 1.245 (2) A at 295 K to 1.2533 (15) A at 123 K. The nitrate group has a slight non-planarity, with the N atoms 0.011 A above the O plane and directed toward the more distant K of the K—N—K chain.
Parental home smoking policies: The protective effect of having a young child in the household

Abstract Objective To examine selected social determinants of a home smoking policy among US households with children and whether these associations vary by the presence of a smoker and children's ages. Methods In the 2006/2007 US Tobacco Use Supplement to the Current Population Survey there were 30,874 parents with 0–17-year-olds. Results 83.9% of parents reported that no one was allowed to smoke inside the home. However, a no smoking policy varied by the presence of a smoker (93.6% of non-smoking households; 55.8% of smoking households) and children's ages (87.1% of parents with any 0–5-year-olds; 82.1% with 6–17-year-olds only; 79.2% with 14–17-year-olds only). In smoking and non-smoking households, parents of 6–17-year-olds were 25%–46% less likely to have a no smoking policy than parents of younger children. Among smoking households, Hispanic and Asian parents were over twice as likely to not allow smoking inside the home as white parents, while Black parents were half as likely. Parents from more disadvantaged circumstances were less likely to have a no smoking policy. Conclusions Parents of 6–17-year-olds are less likely to have a no smoking policy than parents of younger children. Parents with children of all ages should enact a smoking policy that promotes a smoke-free home.
Gamma-aminobutyric acid synthesised in the olfactory nerve.

WE have found the candidate neurotransmitter γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and its biosynthetic enzyme in the olfactory nerve of two fish. In the light of these findings current concepts of GABA as an exclusively inhibitory transmitter may have to be reconsidered. The olfactory nerve is a component of the rhinencephalon, a phylogenetically primitive part of the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to its receptive sensory function, the olfactory nerve conducts impulses. Fish have either short olfactory nerves and long olfactory tracts, as do most vertebrates, or long nerves and short tracts, as found in the gar fish (Lepisosteus osseus) and the pike (Esox estor)1. The olfactory cilia and nerve cell body are in the olfactory mucosa, from where the nerve action potentials are propagated to the olfactory bulb, 3 cm (pike) to 15 cm (gar) away, depending on the size of the animal. The primary synapse occurs within the olfactory bulb with the mitral cells. The olfactory nerve in the gar and the pike contains no motor nor other known sensory fibres2,3. Furthermore, it is neurally homogeneous, sensory, unmyelinated and is of a reasonable size for biochemical study (50–150 mg per nerve per fish).
Iodination of Specific Sites on Bovine Serum Albumin

SERUM albumins have been widely studied with respect to their ability to bind a wide range of substances1–3. Of particular interest are the nature of the binding sites and the question of whether the same sites are involved in binding different substances. Attempts have been made to elucidate the nature of the binding sites by determining the effect of chemical alteration of the serum albumin molecule on its binding properties3,4. Unfortunately direct chemical alteration does not permit evaluation of whether loss of binding is due to an alteration of the site itself or some non-specific alteration of the molecule elsewhere, resulting in either a subsequent disruption of the site or to a non-specific effect on the site.
A MOUSE MODEL FOR THE DIGEORGE PHENOTYPE ASSOCIATED WITH ABNORMALITIES OF THE HAND GENES. • 212

Conotruncal and aortic arch anomalies represent a subclass of congenital heart disease which may share a common pathogenesis. Abnormalities of the cardiac neural crest have been implicated in these disorders, but identification of specific gene defects remains incomplete. dHAND and eHAND are two closely related basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors which are expressed at high levels in the developing conotruncus and aortic arches as well as other neural crest derived cell types. Mice null for the endothelin-1 (ET-1) peptide have a phenotype resembling DiGeorge syndrome with craniofacial, conotruncul, and aortic arch defects. Examination of the expression of dHAND and eHAND in the ET-1 null mice revealed that both genes were down-regulated in the pharyngeal arch which gives rise to craniofacial structures as well as in the truncus arteriosus and developing aortic arches. Cardiac muscle expression of the HAND genes was unaltered in the ET-1 null mice, suggesting that separable elements control the lateral mesodermal and neural crest components of expression of these genes. These data provide a genetic model for studying the potential interaction of multiple genes in the regulation of certain neural crest derived tissues including the cardiac outflow tract.
Firm suburbanization and urban subcenters

Abstract The theory of firm location within an urban area is extended to consider a city in which firms can export their output via a suburban terminal as well as via the usual CBD terminal. Firms benefit from suburbanization since freight transport costs are reduced and since they can pay lower wages, but labor may be scarce in the suburbs. This forces suburban firms to readjust their wages, causing some workers to out-commute and giving all workers an incentive to relocate. The existence of an employment subcenter under labor scarcity conditions is shown to cause household utility levels to rise, the size of the metropolitan area to increase, and overall urban land value to change indeterminately. Finally, determination of the optimal location for a suburban terminal is considered.
Effects of four normalizing methods on data analytic results in functional brain imaging

Functional brain imaging data may contain large individual differences in information about whole brain and regional levels of activity, and it is common to remove these differences using arithmetic transformation (normalization) prior to statistical analysis. As no single transformation is widely accepted, we examine the effects of four normalizing methods (ratioing, residuals from regressions on global cerebral blood flow, Z scores, and subject residual profiles) on 1) profile shape, 2) correlations between regions, 3) correlations between subjects, and 4) analysis of variance results. These effects are evaluated using an empirical data set consisting of regional cerebral blood flow values from 22 regions of interest in 46 depressed adults and 48 age-matched normal controls obtained by 133 Xe single photon emission computed tomography. Results show that normalization method has substantial but different effects on characteristics of the data and statistical results. The ratioing method appears to be an optimal choice for most analyses.
A Decade of Treating Networks Seriously

In the years since O'Toole called for scholars to “[treat] network seriously,” research has progressively improved our understanding of how organizations collaborate in the development and implementation of public policy. This essay reviews recent important texts in the area of policy networks. Together the works illustrate that the scholarship on network governance should move to documenting the diversity and dynamics of policy networks. The article concludes with a discussion of what these texts reveal about the most important standing questions in the study of networks and the methods that need to be brought to bear to investigate these systems.
Burden of phase-specific sexual dysfunction with SSRIs.

Abstract Objective This study examines phase-specific sexual dysfunction among patients who are being treated for major depression and who do not meet criteria for global sexual dysfunction. Methods 6297 adult outpatients receiving antidepressant monotherapy completed the Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). The sub-sample for this study ( n = 3114) comprises participants who were receiving treatment with a SSRI or SNRI and did not meet the gender-specific criterion for global sexual dysfunction on the CSFQ. Results Among this sub-sample, 95.6% of women and 97.9% of men exhibited impairment in at least one phase of sexual functioning. Men were significantly more likely than women to experience dysfunction in the desire phase (91.2% vs. 79.0%; OR = 2.76; 95% C.I. = 2.14 to 3.5) and the orgasmic phase (85.1% vs. 45.4%; OR = 6.9; 95% C.I. = 5.6 to 8.4) but were significantly less likely than women to experience dysfunction in the arousal phase (71.9% vs. 83.3%; OR = .51; 95% C.I. = .43 to .62). The prevalence of phase-specific dysfunction did not vary significantly by SSRI/SNRI for males or females. Conclusion Among patients who do not experience clinically significant global sexual dysfunction on SSRI/SNRI monotherapy, dysfunction in at least one phase of the sexual response cycle is very common and may reduce sexual health-related quality of life.
Parathyroid hormone as a calcium ionophore in bone cells: tests of specificity.

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) stimulates calcium entry into bone cells in vitro, and this effect has been proposed to mediate the actions of PTH on bone. Using cells harvested from infant rat calvaria by collagenase digestion, we evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of this phenomenon. Calcium uptake was temperture dependent, and was increased by PTH over the concentration range 0.01 to 0.50 units/ml. A series of nonhormonal peptides obtained during the purification of a single batch of PTH was found to stimulate calcium uptake. In addition, isoproterenol, ACTH, calcitonin, and glucagon stimulated calcium uptake. In no case, however, was the degree of stimulation as great as that produced by biologically active PTH. Prostaglandins are also potent resorbers of bone, and a series of prostaglandins also stimulated calcium uptake into bone cells. These results are compatible with a calcium ionophore model of PTH and prostaglandin action on bone.
On the contribution of conditional then

This paper addresses the question of whether the appearance ofthen in a conditional construction has any effect on the meaning of the sentence as a whole. It will be suggested thatthen does make a contribution by way of a particular presupposition associated with it. This also results inthen sometimes conflicting with the intended meaning of the sentence; in such cases its appearance is precluded. Certain aspects of the syntax ofthen will be discussed in parallel.
Central Nervous System Anomalies Associated with Meningomyelocele, Hydrocephalus, and the Arnold-Chiari Malformation: Reappraisal of Theories Regarding the Pathogenesis of Posterior Neural Tube Closure Defects

Complete gross and microscopic neuropathological examinations of 25 children who died with meningomyelocele, the Arnold-Chiari malformation, and hydrocephalus revealed a wide range and frequency of associated central nervous system malformations. The most remarkable of these anomalies were hypoplasia or aplasia of cranial nerve nuclei (20%), demonstrable obstruction of cerebrospinal fluid flow within the ventricular system (92%), cerebellar dysplasia (72%), a disorder of migration of cortical neurons (92%), fusion of the thalami (16%), agenesis of the corpus callosum (12%), and complete or partial agenesis of the olfactory tract and bulb (8%). The anomalies associated with posterior neural tube closure defects can no longer be considered secondary, but rather must be considered part of a spectrum of malformations caused by an unidentified primary insult to the central nervous system. The frequency and pattern of brain malformations associated with neural tube defects of some children with meningomyelocele suggest that such malformations may seriously affect intellectual outcome.
Information cost, amount of payoff, and level of aspiration as determinants of information seeking in decision making

How does a man select a wife, or a car, or a candy bar? An obvious answer is that his choice depends on his information about the available alternatives. But how does he acquire this information? How does he select and organize it? On what basis does he decide that he has assimilated enough information to make a decision? This paper describes an attempt to determine the parameters of one of these variables—the amount of information acquired before a decision is made.
Improved autoregressive forecasts in the presence of non-normal errors

This paper is concerned with obtaining more accurate point forecasts in the presence of non-normal errors. Specifically, we apply the residual augmented least-squares (RALS) estimator to autoregressive models to utilize the additional moment restrictions embodied in non-normal errors. Monte Carlo experiments are performed to compare our RALS forecasts to forecasts based on the ordinary least-squares estimator and the least absolute deviations (LAD) estimator. We find that the RALS approach provides superior forecasts when the data are skewed. Compared to the LAD forecast, the RALS forecast has smaller mean squared prediction errors in the baseline case with normal errors.
A quantitative study of magnetization transfer in MAGIC gels

Magnetization transfer (MT) has been measured quantitatively as a function of radiation dose in MAGIC polymer gels. The MT rates between the free and immobile macromolecular proton pools (kmr and kfm), and the ratio of the sizes of these coupled proton pools (Pm/Pf), were measured by analysing the response to an inversion recovery sequence. While pm/pf increases linearly with dose, the fast MT rate kmf also increases with dose, unlike previous measurements in BANG gels. This dependence of kmf on dose suggests there are additional factors that modify spin exchange in MAGIC gels as irradiation occurs.
Applied Welfare Economics: Discussion

During the past decade applied welfare economics has been put onto a rigorous footing, first, by developing rigorous econometric techniques for modeling aggregate consumer behavior and, second, by strengthening the measurability and comparability of individual welfare indicators. I have presented a review of these developments in Jorgenson (1990). The three papers included in this session demonstrate the importance of these advances through practical applications in agricultural and environmental economics. All the authors deserve congratulations for their contributions to the field.
Cost-Utility Analysis of Rimonabant in the Treatment of Obesity

Objective: To estimate the incremental cost-utility ratio (ICUR) of rimonabant 20 mg/day in the treatment of obesity from a third-party payer’s perspective. Methods: Pooled data from three randomized clinical trials were used to develop a decision tree with five treatment alternatives: 1- and 2-year treatment with rimonabant, 2-year placebo, 1-year rimonabant followed by 1-year placebo, and no treatment. All alternatives, except no treatment, were accompanied by lifestyle interventions. Treatment benefits included gains in quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) and reduced incidence of type-2 diabetes mellitus and coronary heart disease (CHD). Drug acquisition cost was based on the average wholesale price of a comparator drug minus 15%. One-way and probabilistic sensitivity analyses were conducted to assess the stability of the base-case results. Results: One-year rimonabant and 1-year rimonabant followed by placebo were extendedly dominated. Rimonabant for 2 years showed an average weight reduction of 8.49 kg, a body mass index reduction of 2.98 kg/m 2 and reduced waist circumference by 8.24 cm (placebo: 3.55 kg, 1.22 kg/m 2 , 4.18 cm). Two-year rimonabant was associated with a relative reduction in the 5-year incidence of CHD by 7.15% and of diabetes by 9.28%. Incremental benefits (costs) were 0.0984 QALYs ($5209) compared to no treatment and 0.0581 QALYs ($4182) compared to placebo, producing ICURs of $52,936/QALY (95% confidence interval $39K– $69K) and $71,973/QALY ($51K–$98K), respectively. Conclusions: Rimonabant combined with lifestyle interventions has the potential to decrease the rate of obesity-related comorbidities and improve health-related quality of life,
A prescriptive method for rating models

This is the age of the model builder. Models are often labeled as such, but they also assume aliases. For instance, the very popular technique of simulation wherein a computer performs as if it were the subject system, is a model. Also, the increasingly popular technique of gaming which uses decisions made by humans as inputs is a model. As the mathematical subculture grows, the complexity of models grows also. Many models are constructed only with an eye toward the advancement of science. There should be and are uses for models in the business areas. But how is one to select a model for use, keeping in mind that in business there is little time for trial and no time for error? In this article a framework for a qualitative test and subsequent rating of models will be proposed.
Pediatric Psychiatry at Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford

This article describes the historical evolution of the Comprehensive Pediatric Care Unit (CPCU), a pediatric psychiatry inpatient service at Lucile Salter Packard Children’s Hospital at Stanford. The CPCU developed initially as an inpatient treatment program for children with a variety of somatoform disorders, but has evolved to become the interconnecting link for pediatric consultation and a flexible resource for intensive treatment needs of a wide range of children and adolescents with combined medical and psychiatric problems.
Arthur M. Sackler and science.

In an era of superspecialists, Arthur M. Sackler (1913–1987) was one of the few 20th century renaissance figures. He made major contributions as a psychiatrist, researcher, innovative business executive, and one of the world's great art collectors and philanthropists. Besides bridging disciplines, Dr. Sackler created links between nations and cultures through philanthropic activities, such as establishing a museum in China and creating museums of Chinese art in the United States. His appreciation of globalization is exemplified in his own words: “It is clear that bridges must be built to unite peoples in mutual respect and reciprocal esteem in a shared striving for great common goals. I believe that the arts, sciences and humanities can best create those bridges of understanding essential for a world in which all people can link their aspirations to achieve their potentials and the abundances now possible to assure for all the blessings of peace.”
Two novel compressed-sensing algorithms for NBI detection in OFDM systems

We propose two novel algorithms based on compressed-sensing theory to estimate and cancel narrow band interference (NBI) in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed algorithms in estimating the NBI frequency support and approaching the performance with no NBI.
IMMUNE DEFENSE AND REPRODUCTIVE PACE OF LIFE IN PEROMYSCUS MICE

Immune activity is variable within and among vertebrates despite the potentially large fitness costs of pathogens to their hosts. From the perspective of life history theory, immunological variability may be the consequence of counterbalancing investments in immune defense against other expensive physiological processes, namely, reproduction. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that immune defense among captive-bred, disease-free Peromyscus mice would be influenced by their reproductive life history strategies. Specifically, we expected that small species that reproduce prolifically and mature rapidly (i.e., fast pace of life) would favor inexpensive, nonspecific immune defenses to promote reproductive proclivity. Alternatively, we expected that large species that mature slowly and invest modestly in reproduction over multiple events (i.e., slow pace of life) would favor developmentally expensive, specific immune defenses and avoid cheap, nonspecific ones because such defenses are predisposed to self-damage. We found that species exhibited either strong ability to kill (gram-negative) bacteria, a developmentally inexpensive defense, or strong ability to produce antibodies against a novel protein, a developmentally expensive defense, but not both. Cell-mediated inflammation also varied significantly among species, but in a unique fashion relative to bacteria killing or antibody production; wound healing was comparatively similar among species. These results indicate that Peromyscus species use immune strategies that are constrained to a dominant axis, but this axis is not determined solely by reproductive pace of life. Further comparisons, ideally with broader phylogenetic coverage, could identify what ecological and evolutionary forces produce the pattern we detected. Importantly, our study indicates that species may not be differentially immunocompetent; rather, they use unique defense strategies to prevent infection.
Foley feeding catheter migration into the small bowel

Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy provides a non-surgical alternative to enteral feeding. The tube may deteriorate or be expelled accidentally from the stomach and require replacement. We report a patient in whom the replacement Foley catheter migrated into the jejunum, resulting in impaction of the hub into the abdominal wall with resultant localized infection and impaction at the stoma site. We review this problem and suggest a simple technique to prevent the complication.
The symmetric turbulent plane wake downstream of a sharp trailing edge

The analysis and modeling of the symmetric turbulent plane wake downstream of a sharp trailing edge is addressed. A compact description of the flow near the trailing edge is formulated using the results of a previous asymptotic analysis. The new description retains the two-layered structure identified in the previous work, and it clarifies the principal dynamics of the flow in the near-wake outer layer, away from the wake centerline. For zero-pressure-gradient flow, the near-wake outer layer is shown to be represented to leading order by the similarity solution that governs the outer region of the surface boundary layer. The leading perturbation in the outer layer due to the developing near-wake inner-layer flow is identified, and this is shown to be asymptotically smaller than undetermined higher-order terms associated with the surface boundary-layer flow. Results of the new near-wake analysis are used to formulate an algebraic eddy viscosity model for wake flow predictions at arbitrary distances from the trailing edge. The model is used in a numerical solution of the boundary layer equations, and computed velocity and Reynolds stress profiles are shown to compare well with experimental data.
Nonparticipatory Stiffness in the Male Perioral Complex

Purpose The objective of this study was to extend previous published findings in the authors' laboratory using a new automated technology to quantitatively characterize nonparticipatory perioral st...
Iodine: Its possible role in tropospheric photochemistry

A detailed study of the photochemistry of iodine and its oxides indicates that iodine species may play an important role in the tropospheric photochemical system. Methyl iodide, often observed in the marine troposphere with an average concentration of 5-10 ppt, is photolyzed and thereby produces I atoms. Chemical interactions with O3, HxOy, and NOx cause I to be converted to other inorganic compounds such as IO, HOI, IONO2, and I2. The production of these species and their subsequent recycling back to I can lead to the catalytic removal of tropospheric O3, the enhancement of the NO2/NO ratio, the destruction of HxOy free radicals, and the conversion of HO2 to OH. Ultimately, tropospheric inorganic iodine is removed by heterogeneous processes. Calculations using a numerical model to simulate tropospheric photochemistry indicate that iodine may have a strong impact upon the atmospheric O3-NOx-HxOy system. The magnitude of these effects is dependent upon the value of several uncertain rate constants and the primary source distributions of CH3I and other organic and inorganic iodine compounds.
Rearing methods and subsequent sexual behaviour of male chickens

Abstract Cockerels were reared in sex-intermingled flocks until 58, 70 and 84 days of age, when they were placed at random into either all-male flocks or individual cages. Cages were constructed to prevent physical contact. Audio-contact was not prevented and visual contact was limited to sight through the front of the cage. Mating behaviour was studied from 217 to 231 days of age. Results showed that the age when males were placed in cages influenced their mating ability and suggests the existence of a sensitive period when physical contact at earlier ages influences behaviour at subsequent ages.
11-Year solar cycle in the stratosphere extracted by the empirical mode decomposition method

Abstract We apply a novel method to extract the solar cycle signal from stratospheric data. An alternative to traditional analysis is a nonlinear empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method. This method is adaptive and therefore highly efficient at identifying embedded structures, even those with small amplitudes. Using this analysis, the geopotential height in the Northern Hemisphere can be completely decomposed into five non-stationary temporal modes including an annual cycle, a QBO signal, an ENSO-like mode, a solar cycle signal and a trend. High correlations with the sunspot cycle unambiguously establish that the fourth mode is an 11-year solar cycle signal.
Prognostic Value of Discs Large Homolog 7 Transcript Levels in Prostate Cancer

Hypoxia has been associated with malignant progression, metastasis and resistance to therapy. Hence, we studied expression of hypoxia–regulated genes in 100 prostate cancer (CaP) bulk tissues and 71 adjacent benign tissues. We found 24 transcripts significantly overexpressed (p≤0.02). Importantly, higher transcript levels of disc large (drosophila) homolog-associated protein 5 (DLGAP5)/discs large homolog 7 (DLG7)/hepatoma up-regulated protein (HURP), hyaluronan-mediated motility receptor (HMMR) and cyclin B1 (CCNB1) were associated with higher Gleason score and more advanced systemic progression. Since the products of HMMR and CCNB1 have been identified recently as molecular markers of CaP progression, we postulated that DLG7 has prognostic value too. To test this hypothesis, we measured transcript levels for DLG7 in a 150-pair case-control cohort. The cases (progression to systemic disease within six years of surgery) and controls (no progression within eight years) were matched for clinical and pathologic prognostic variables, including grade, stage, and preoperative serum levels of PSA. The overall prognostic ability of DLG7, as tested in receiver operating characteristic analysis was of 0.74 (95% CI, 0.68 to 0.8). Overall, our data indicate that expression of DLG7, a hypoxia-controlled gene, holds prognostic potential in high-risk CaP; this also demonstrates that variation of oxygen tension may constitute a tool for identification of novel biomarkers for CaP.