cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Probing reaction pathways on model catalyst surfaces: Vinyl acetate synthesis and olefin metathesis

Abstract The reaction pathway for the palladium-catalyzed synthesis of vinyl acetate from acetic acid, ethylene and oxygen is investigated using reflection–absorption infrared spectroscopy by monitoring the rate of acetate titration by gas-phase ethylene. This reveals that acetate species are removed by reaction with gas-phase ethylene resulting in vinyl acetate formation. Reaction with C2D4 reveals a large (∼6) isotope effect indicating that hydrogen is involved in the rate-limiting step. This also results in the appearance of an infrared feature that is assigned to an acetoxyethyl-palladium intermediate. Acetate reaction rates are different for the isotopomers, CH2CD2 and CHDCHD. These observations are consistent with a reaction pathway first proposed by Samanos in which ethylene reacts with an acetate species to form an acetoxyethyl-palladium intermediate, which then reacts to form vinyl acetate by a β-hydride elimination reaction. The Herisson–Chauvin pathway for olefin metathesis, which proposes that reaction occurs between a surface carbene and alkene to form a C3 metallacycle, which decompose by the reverse of this pathway to form metathesis products, is tested on a MoAl alloy formed by reactions with Mo(CO)6 with an alumina thin film grown on a refractory metal substrate. This is the accepted pathway in homogeneous phase, and is demonstrated to occur on the alloy surface by grafting intermediates using iodine-containing precursors.
Steric and Electronic Effects of Carbene Substitution in Grubbs First-Generation Catalysts

The relative energies of the carbene species in a variety of metathesis reactions catalyzed by Grubbs first-generation catalyst (Cy3P)2Cl2Ru═CHC6H5 have been determined. High-quality equilibrium data are obtainable by 1H NMR methods. In the case of para-substituted aromatic derivatives (Cy3P)2Cl2Ru═CH(p-C6H4X), the carbenes are stabilized by donor substituents, and energies may be determined indirectly by use of either NMR data or Hammett correlations, because only electronic effects are operative. Four systems have been characterized by X-ray crystallography. The energies of alkyl-substituted carbenes (Cy3P)2Cl2Ru═CHR are almost entirely dependent on steric interactions.
A leg configuration measurement system for full-body pose estimates in a hexapod robot

We report on a continuous-time rigid-body pose estimator for a walking hexapod robot. Assuming at least three legs remain in ground contact at all times, our algorithm uses the outputs of six leg-configuration sensor models together with a priori knowledge of the ground and robot kinematics to compute instantaneous estimates of the 6-degrees-of-freedom (6-DOF) body pose. We implement this estimation procedure on the robot RHex by means of a novel sensory system incorporating a model relating compliant leg member strain to leg configuration delivered to the onboard CPU over a customized cheap high-performance local wireless network. We evaluate the performance of this algorithm at widely varying body speeds and over dramatically different ground conditions by means of a 6-DOF vision-based ground-truth measurement system (GTMS). We also compare the odometry performance to that of sensorless schemes - both legged as well as on a wheeled version of the robot - using GTMS measurements of elapsed distance.
Effect of pressure on the carbon deposition route in CO2 reforming of 13CH4

Abstract In production of synthesis gas (syngas) from natural gas, carbon deposition is the major cause of catalyst deactivation, specifically on Ni-based catalysts. Because the rate of carbon formation is greater than the rate of carbon gasification, carbon accumulates in the catalyst bed. In order to better understand the carbon deposition process at high pressure during dry reforming, we have tested a series of noble metal and Ni-based catalysts at pressures of one, and 14 bar using 13 C -labeled methane. The source of the carbon deposition during the reactions was then studied using temperature-programmed oxidation (TPO). The results indicated that the source of carbon is different for the reactions conducted at low pressure compared to those performed at higher pressure over noble metal catalysts. At high pressure a significant amount of carbon formed on the catalysts and both methane and carbon dioxide equally contributed to carbon deposition. However, at low pressure the amounts of carbon formed on these catalysts were insignificant and came predominantly from 12 CO 2 . It was also found that at high pressure the total amount of carbon was higher regardless of catalyst type or composition.
The Wisconsin Assessment of the Social and Built Environment (WASABE): a multi-dimensional objective audit instrument for examining neighborhood effects on health

Growing evidence suggests that mixed methods approaches to measuring neighborhood effects on health are needed. The Wisconsin Assessment of the Social and Built Environment (WASABE) is an objective audit tool designed as an addition to a statewide household-based health examination survey, the Survey of the Health of Wisconsin (SHOW), to objectively measure participant’s neighborhoods. This paper describes the development and implementation of the WASABE and examines the instrument’s ability to capture a range of social and built environment features in urban and rural communities. A systematic literature review and formative research were used to create the tool. Inter-rater reliability parameters across items were calculated. Prevalence and density of features were estimated for strata formed according to several sociodemographic and urbanicity factors. The tool is highly reliable with over 81% of 115 derived items having percent agreement above 95%. It captured variance in neighborhood features in for a diverse sample of SHOW participants. Sidewalk density in neighborhoods surrounding households of participants living at less than 100% of the poverty level was 67% (95% confidence interval, 55-80%) compared to 34% (25-44%) for those living at greater than 400% of the poverty level. Walking and biking trails were present in 29% (19-39%) of participant buffer in urban areas compared to only 7% (2-12%) in rural communities. Significant environmental differences were also observed for white versus non-white, high versus low income, and college graduates versus individuals with lower level of education. The WASABE has strong inter-rater reliability and validity properties. It builds on previous work to provide a rigorous and standardized method for systematically gathering objective built and social environmental data in a number of geographic settings. Findings illustrate the complex milieu of built environment features found in participants neighborhoods and have relevance for future research, policy, and community engagement purposes.
Structured programming is reductionistic

It is not necessary to define structured programming in detail, but allow me to characterize it in terms that will be useful later. Structured programming is a way to reduce the complexity of the programming process by several means. First, it limits the allowed control structures to sequencing, looping, and alternation. These structures all have the property of one input and one output. Closely related to this is the idea of block structure, or localization of actions that are only relevant to a particular part of the computation. Similarly connected is the idea of closed subroutines and modules which do specific functions and can be understood independently of the context of the program in which they appear.
Identification of genes differentially induced by hypoxia in pancreatic cancer cells.

A hypoxic microenvironment is characteristic of many solid tumors, including pancreatic cancer, the fifth leading cause of cancer death in the United States. Hypoxia causes the stabilization of the HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor-1) transcription factor and the induction of many genes that promote angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. We performed representational difference analysis (RDA) using mRNA extracted from hypoxic and normoxic Capan-2, a human pancreatic cancer cell line. cDNAs corresponding to hypoxia-inducible genes were cloned and sequenced. We identified GPI/NLK/AMF (glucose phosphate isomerase/neuroleukin/autocrine motility factor) as a hypoxic inducible gene. In addition, hexokinase II and DEC1/Stra13, genes known to be hypoxia inducible in other systems, were found to be hypoxia inducible in our pancreatic cancer system. We thus identified three genes that are induced by hypoxia in a human pancreatic cancer, including GPI/NLK/AMF, which was not previously known to be hypoxia inducible in any other system. These genes may provide new targets for diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer.
In vitro high resolution 1h-spectroscopy of the human prostate: Benign prostatic hyperplasia, normal peripheral zone and adenocarcinoma

1H-spectra at 360 MHz from perchloric extracts of 35 human prostate specimens were obtained. First, we sought to define what peaks can be assigned in vitro, and thus, potentially seen in vivo. Second, we sought to try to discriminate between adenocarcinoma, normal peripheral zone and benign prostatic hyperplasia using spectral fingerprints. Thirteen samples of adenocarcinoma, 11 samples of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and 11 samples of normal contralateral peripheral zone were analyzed by obtaining a ratio from the maximum area of each major peak and the area of an added standard (3-trimethyl-silyl-propionic acid). There was a significantly larger benign prostate hyperplasia citrate standardized peak area when compared to the adenocarcinoma citrate standardized peak area for each patient (P < 0.05). However, the citrate standardized peak areas from the normal peripheral zones were not significantly different from those found in the adenocarcino-mas. Four out of 13 cases of stromal hyperplasia had similarly low levels of citrate as their respective gland's adenocarcinoma. We also found a sharp peak at 2.05 ppm that was seen in 4 out of 13 adenocarcinoma samples and in only 1 out of 13 of the benign prostate hypertrophy samples which has tentatively been assigned to N-acetyl neuraminic acid. Further studies are required to assess whether low citrate levels alone can serve to exclusively diagnose adenocarcinoma of the prostate.
A Model of Manual Control with Perspective Scene Viewing

A model of manual control during perspective scene viewing is presented, which combines the Crossover Model with a simpli ed model of perspective-scene viewing and visual- cue selection. The model is developed for a particular example task: an idealized constant- altitude task in which the operator controls longitudinal position in the presence of both longitudinal and pitch disturbances. An experiment is performed to develop and vali- date the model. The model corresponds closely with the experimental measurements, and identi ed model parameters are highly consistent with the visual cues available in the perspective scene. The modeling results indicate that operators used one visual cue for position control, and another visual cue for velocity control (lead generation). Additionally, operators responded more quickly to rotation (pitch) than translation (longitudinal).
Characterization of organics in aqueous effluents of coal conversion processes

Abstract High-resolution liquid chromatography is being applied to the characterization of refractory organic compounds present in coal conversion streams at concentrations as low as a few micrograms per liter. The chromatographic system, which was previously developed for the analysis of the molecular biochemical constituents in human body fluids, is capable of analyzing for compounds that are u.v.-absorbing and/or oxidizable with sulfatoceric acid. Aqueous samples from various coal-liquefaction experiments have been collected, concentrated when necessary, and chromatographed. The chromatographic fractions have then been subjected to a multiple-analytical identification procedure utilizing, in sequence, UV-spectrometry, gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. With this procedure, 18 organics were identified and 15 were quantified in the effluent from the product scrubber of a bench-scale hydrocarbonization unit. In addition, numerous unknown constituents have been characterized with respect to gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric properties.
The Role of Organizational Learning in the Opportunity-Recognition Process

Firms engage in entrepreneurship to increase performance through both strategic renewal and the creation of new venture opportunities. Organizational learning (OL) has become an effective avenue fo...
Planning corporate growth with inverted product life cycles

Abstract The boomtime periods of growth enjoyed by U.S. corporations during the 1950s and 1960s are not likely to return. Firms desiring to realize consistent and continuous sales volume growth in the years ahead will need new perspectives and tools to actively and systematically plan that growth. Traditional approaches to planning growth are too unsophisticated for today's complex and competitive marketplace. Computerized simulations and other advanced techniques available today are, on the other hand, a step too far into the future for most business planners. This article presents a new framework and new perspectives for viewing and considering alternative growth opportunities. The framework—the “Inverted Product Life Cycle”—takes something with which most managers are very familiar (the product life cycle concept) and expands it into an analytical yet intuitive and useful tool for planning future growth.
Development in electrofused conjugants of tetrahymena thermophila.

Abstract Electric shock can create parabiotic fusions of living Tetrahymena cells. In this study, cells were mated and successful pairs were electrofused with either vegetatively growing cells or other mating pairs. In particular, we electrofused pairs from normal [diploid × diploid] matings with vegetatively dividing cells in G- or M-phase of the cell cycle. We also fused [diploid × diploid] conjugants with mating pairs involving an aneuploid partner [diploid × “star”], which typically undergo an abortive conjugal pathway termed genomic exclusion. Using such parabiotic fusions we identified and characterized two developmentally critical landmarks: 1) the “abort” signal, which is initiated in pairs with nuclear defects (this first becomes evident soon after the completion of Meiosis I or the beginning of Meiosis II); and 2) the “terminal commitment point”, a developmental stage in normal [diploid × diploid] pairs after which conjugation no longer responds to a parabiotically transmitted abort signal (this...
Teen Pregnancy in Texas: 2005 to 2015

Objectives Texas birth records and population projections were used to simulate pregnancy rates among women ages 15–19 years from 2005 to 2015. Methods Monte Carlo simulation based on historical rates of natural increase, contraceptive failure and sexual experience among racial/ethnic groups of teenaged women was used for numerical projections. These projections were used in a systems dynamics model which posits teen pregnancy risk as a stochastic process of contraceptive failure and sexual activity. The PRI was constructed as a logistic function of sexual experience, the weighted average contraceptive failure rates and time-varying probabilities of natural increase among racial/ethnic sub-groups of adolescent women. Results From 2005 to 2015, the number of adolescent, Hispanic females in Texas is expected to increase by 45%. During this same period, the expected pregnancy risk for 15 to 19 year old females is expected to increase to 13% or 127 per 1,000 women. This increase is due largely to the rise in the pregnancy risk among the growing population of Hispanic adolescents. Conclusions Changing population characteristics in Texas and differences in sexual activity and contraceptive failure among racial/ethnic groups indicate that teenage pregnancy will not continue to decline in the coming decade. The adolescents most at risk for pregnancy are expected to increase significantly. Pregnancy prevention programs need to be intensified and adapted to the changing Texas social climate in order to preempt dramatic increases in teenage pregnancy.
Facebook and dramauthentic identity: A post-Goffmanian theory of identity performance on SNS

Early and persistent scholarly concerns with online identity emphasized the ways that computer–mediated communications have allowed new, inventive, and creative presentations of self, and the lack of connection between online identity and the facts of off–line life. After the ascendency and following ubiquity of Facebook, we find our online lives transformed. We have not only seen online identity reconnected to off–line life, but we have seen, through the particular structures of social networking sites, our online lives subjected to newfound pressures to unify self–presentations from various constitutive communities; pressures different from and in some ways greater than those of off–line life. After describing identity in computer–mediated communications prior to Facebook, and investigating the kinds of changed conditions brought about in social networking sites, I put forth a dramauthentic model of post–Facebook online identity. This model is comprised of three methods of exposure through multiply anchored self–presentation ( mixed, agonistic , and lowest–common–denominator ) and four strategies of interaction ( spectacular, untidy, distributed , and minimized ), each of which are employed non–exclusively and at different moments by most social networking site users.
Examining Learning Research Studios at San Diego State University

San Diego State University widely promotes the inclusion of technology in all campus learning spaces to encourage innovative course design and promote student learning. With support from Instructional Technology Services, state-of-the-art Learning Research Studio (LRS) spaces are having a profound, positive effect on the campus at large and beyond the university. The LRS fosters collaboration and innovation with faculty and university stakeholders in the design, development, effective use and evaluation of learning environments and emerging educational technology. Plans are underway to redesign and further enhance the LRS spaces to foster an ongoing venue for faculty to explore dynamic new ways to design their courses and for students to engage in a contemporary learning milieu.
Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT): Image Construction Algorithms

The Wide-Field Imaging Interferometry Testbed (WIIT) is a wide-field spectral imaging Michelson interferometer designed and developed at the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. WIIT is now operational and is being used to demonstrate imaging and spectroscopy over fields-of-view larger than the typically narrow primary beam footprint of a conventional Michelson interferometer. At the heart of this technique is the "double-Fourier" approach whereby the apertures and a delay line are both moved to collect interferograms over a 2D wide field detector grid simultaneously; one interferogram per detector pixel. This aggregate set of interferograms, as a function of baseline and delay line, is algorithmically processed to construct a hyperspectral image cube. Herein is developed and discussed the algorithm that constructs the image cube. We show our preliminary results using observed laboratory WIIT data and discuss our ongoing work for image deconvolution.
Diagnosis and management of temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome

Abstract This report describes the clinical experience gained from the management of 55 patients with temporomandibular joint dysfunction syndrome, and characterized by the principal symptoms of preauricular pain accompanied by limited mandibular movements. Eighty per cent of the patients were women. Dental history indicated that their tooth loss and replacement experience and the incidence of clenching and bruxism were similar to those of a group of control patients. However, clicking in the joint was approximately twice as frequent as in the control group. No correlation was made between the incidence of temporomandibular joint symptoms and the presence of systemic disease in these groups. Half of the patients exhibited some evidence of emotional tension; of these, 15 individuals had emotional problems which were considered to be sufficiently serious to interfere with their usual daily life. Clinical examination revealed principally the presence of limited mandibular movements and tenderness of the muscles of mastication. Occlusal analysis indicated that 21 of the 55 patients required occlusal adjustment. Treatment consisted of (1) relieving painful symptoms by means of therapeutic exercises and other auxiliary methods, and (2) eliminating etiologic factors such as occlusal disharmony or emotional problems. Half of the patients were successfully treated without any occlusal adjustment. The results of this conservative approach are considered to be effective in the management of most patients with this problem.
Maintaining stream statistics over sliding windows: (extended abstract)

We consider the problem of maintaining aggregates and statistics over data streams, with respect to the last N data elements seen so far. We refer to this model as the sliding window model. We consider the following basic problem: Given a stream of bits, maintain a count of the number of 1's in the last N elements seen from the stream. We show that using O(1/e log2N) bits of memory, we can estimate the number of 1's to within a factor of 1 + e. We also give a matching lower bound of Ω(1/e log2N) memory bits for any deterministic or randomized algorithms. We extend our scheme to maintain the sum of the last N positive integers. We provide matching upper and lower bounds for this more general problem as well. We apply our techniques to obtain efficient algorithms for the Lp norms (for p e [1, 2]) of vectors under the sliding window model. Using the algorithm for the basic counting problem, one can adapt many other techniques to work for the sliding window model, with a multiplicative overhead of O(1/elog N) in memory and a 1 + e factor loss in accuracy. These include maintaining approximate histograms, hash tables, and statistics or aggregates such as sum and averages.
Vitamin B12‐Binding Protein Abnormality in Subjects without Myeloproliferative Disease: II. THE PRESENCE OF A THIRD VITAMIN B12‐BINDING PROTEIN IN SERUM

Summary. An elevated unsaturated vitamin B12 binding capacity (UBBC) had been observed in the sera of most subjects with leucocytosis of varying degrees and a few without evident leucocytosis. Although true alpha- and beta-globulin binder increases of varying degree occurred, the increase in UBBC in most subjects was due mainly to a third vitamin B12-binding protein. In addition, when UBBC fell as leucocytosis subsided, the third binder was no longer detectable. This protein resembles alpha-globulin binder, or Transcobalamin (TC) I, in molecular weight, antigenic characteristics, and poor mediation of 57Co B12 uptake by reticulocytes. It resembles beta-globulin binder, or TC II, in its behaviour on DEAE-cellulose batch separation, electrophoretic mobility at pH 8.6, and, as suggested by indirect evidence, probably not carrying endogenous vitamin B12. Thus it appears identical to a serum binder previously thought to occur only in polycythaemia vera. It is apparent that the protein is present in large amounts in a variety of conditions involving leucocytosis, and possibly occurs in normal serum in small quantities also. It is possible that the binder may be an altered form of TCI. The reason for the predominance of TCI in some conditions involving granulocytic proliferation, and this binder in others, is unknown.
Growth factors, wound healing, and neoplasia platelet‐derived growth factor as a model cytokine

Cytokines such as the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) appear to initiate and mediate a number of the many biological activities that sequentially occur in inflammation and wound healing. PDGF is a potent mitogen which may be used to illustrate how cytokines stimulate a cascade of events which culminate in wound healing. Through the capability of PDGF to chemotactically attract and activate cells of importance in wound healing and to initiate increased expression of a number of quiescent early and early intermediate response genes, PDGF fulfills the predictions anticipated of a candidate wound hormone. PDGF added directly to experimental wounds in animals enhances healing, suggesting that cytokines will become increasingly important as therapeutic agents in the treatment of wounds in humans. Also, the similarity of responses of cells in inflammation as well as in the wound healing cells neoplastically transformed suggests that aspects of neoplastic transformation may be viewed as a failure to fully regulate the cellular proliferative responses in wounds.
Compressed sensing and linear codes over real numbers

Compressed sensing (CS) is a relatively new area of signal processing and statistics that focuses on signal reconstruction from a small number of linear (e.g., dot product) measurements. In this paper, we analyze CS using tools from coding theory because CS can also be viewed as syndrome-based source coding of sparse vectors using linear codes over real numbers. While coding theory does not typically deal with codes over real numbers, there is actually a very close relationship between CS and error-correcting codes over large discrete alphabets. This connection leads naturally to new reconstruction methods and analysis. In some cases, the resulting methods provably require many fewer measurements than previous approaches.
Point and Area Precipitation Probability Forecasts: Some Experimental Results

An experiment was conducted at the National Weather Service Forecast Office in St. Louis, Missouri, to investigate the ability of forecasters to differentiate among different points in a forecast area with regard to the likelihood of the occurrence of measurable precipitation and the relative ability of forecasters to make point and area precipitation probability forecasts. On each forecasting occasion in the experimental period (November 1972 to March 1973), the forecasters made an average point probability forecast for the St. Louis metropolitan area, point probability forecasts for five specific points in the area, an are a probability forecast, and an expected areal coverage forecast. The results indicate that the forecasters did not differentiate among the five points very often, but that this absence of differences among the point probabilities was justified by the lack of variability exhibited by the observations of precipitation occurrence at these points during the experimental period. Evaluations of the average point probability forecasts, individual point probability forecasts, and expected areal coverage forecasts reveal that these forecasts were quite reliable and accurate and that they were also internally consistent. The area probability forecasts, however, tended not to be consistent with the other forecasts, and the average area probability forecast was considerably lower than the relative frequency of occurrence of precipitation "somewhere in the area." The implications of these results for precipitation probability forecasting in meteorology are briefly discussed.
Perspectives on … Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc

Founded in 1969, Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) jas become the world's leader in providing geographic information system (GIS) software and solutions.
Evaluation and performance analysis of energy efficient wireless NoC architecture

As Network-on-Chip (NoC) architectures become more relevant with an increasing number of cores on a chip, research into emerging technologies and devices to replace power hungry global metallic interconnects has become critical. In this paper, we propose a practical wireless architecture called GLOW, a global wireless interconnect for NoCs. With our ultra-low power transceivers centered at a 100 GHz carrier frequency, we present a wireless topology with a maximum bandwidth of 80 GHz. Both frequency and spatial division multiplexing (FDM and SDM) are used in GLOW on a near-term 64-core architecture. We are able to achieve a power savings up to 56% compared to mesh, torus and CMesh while improving speedup by 2.1× on average on real application benchmarks
A new distortion energy-based equivalent stress for multiaxial fatigue life prediction

Abstract A new equivalent stress amplitude expression has been developed for the assessment of fatigue life in components under multiaxial loading. The expression was generated by incorporating non-linear/plastic stress–strain relation into a mechanical energy calculation, and then applying the calculation to the distortion energy theory for a cyclic loading case. Therefore, the new uniaxial equivalent stress expression determines an appropriate stress amplitude value for multiaxial cyclic loading. The purpose of the equivalent stress value is to determine multiaxial fatigue failure using an energy-based fatigue life prediction criterion. The governing understanding behind the criterion states that the physical damage quantity for failure is equal to the accumulated strain energy in a monotonic fracture, which is also equal to the accumulated strain energy during fatigue failure. Using the new equivalent stress amplitude expression and the energy-based life prediction method, a comparison is made between prediction results and multiaxial empirical data. The multiaxial data was acquired by a vibration-based biaxial bending fatigue test and a torsion fatigue test with an assumed axial misalignment. The results of the comparison provide encouragement regarding the capability of the newly developed equivalent stress amplitude expression for fatigue life prediction.
Determination of iron absorption by rat bioassay. Evaluation of methods of dosing 59Fe on radioiron absorption from plant diets.

We studied the potential of an animal model to predict nonheme iron absorption in humans and tested a feasible and easy technique of dosing59Fe to evaluate bioavailability of dietary nonheme iron. Plant diets containing about 20 ppm or 75 ppm iron were the nonheme iron sources with ferrous sulfate (75 ppm) as a reference. Radioiron was administered by (a) gavaging in water, 1 h after a meal; (b) mixing with the meal; and (c) making a slurry with the meal and gavaging. No significant differences were found (P≤0.05) in59Fe absorption among the three methods of administering radioiron. Absorption of59Fe was similar to apparent iron absorption for all diets tested, whether the animals consumed the same diet as that of the test meal or a different diet. A high correlation (r=0.88) obtained between the apparent iron absorption and59Fe iron absorption for different dosing techniques, indicates that extrinsic iron tag administered by any of these methods is valid to measure nonheme iron absorption. Apparent iron absorption values determined by rats fed 20 ppm or 75 ppm dietary iron from plant sources were similar to reported values for humans. It is concluded that the normal adult rat is an appropriate model to study iron bioavailability of human foods when iron status, maturity, iron intake relative to requirement, and method of measurement are similar to the human situation.
Examining the Pledge of Allegiance

To prepare students for effective citizenship, the author examines the Pledge of Allegiance and explores its meaning, history, and role in American history. The author includes quotes presenting different views of the U.S. Pledge of Allegiance and examples of pledges from different countries. Teachers are encouraged to have students examine their own interpretation of the Pledge. Through this lesson, teachers can promote content and critical-thinking skills as part of citizenship preparation.
Pustular drug reactions

A leads to confusion. The presence of pustules is indicative of infection to any sensible physician and it is understandable that pustular drug reactions are often misdiagnosed. The appearance of pustular drug reactions varies and is only drug specific in two instances, corticosteroid acne and halogenoderma. Biopsy is usually of little value in diagnosis and serves more to rule out other diseases. Specific mechanisms by which pustular drug reactions arise are poorly understood. Stimulation of neutrophil function probably plays a role in some reactions (eg, lithium) but cannot directly be invoked with most other drugs. In general, little work has been performed in this area, and the majority of reports catalog drugs and reaction types.
Dislocation filtering at the interfaces between AlxIn1−xSb and AlyIn1−ySb layers

Abstract We have investigated the filtering of dislocations at the interfaces between Al x In 1− x Sb and Al y In 1− y Sb layers. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis shows that the threading dislocation (TD) density is reduced by 30–50% at the Al 0.12 In 0.88 Sb/Al 0.24 In 0.76 Sb interfaces studied. Analysis based on the invisibility criterion was performed for a representative dislocation: through a glide motion in the {1 1 1} plane, a TD is bent out at the interface to make a 〈1 1 0〉-directional 60° misfit dislocation (MD) segment. Splitting and no-splitting crossings of MDs are observed. This suggests that the elongation of MDs during the layer growth, which may be a crucial process of the TD annihilation mechanism, can occur even if other orthogonal MDs are situated in the elongation path.
Flow field modelling near a well with a conductive fracture

In the technology of oil recovery the oil production rate can be increased by generation of a vertical sand-filld conductive fracture on the wall of the well. Oil diffuses through the conductive fracture to the well. In this paper the seepage flow and isothermal deformation fields in both the formation and fracture and the oil production rate at the well are studied by modelling the formation as an infinite poroelastic medium saturated with a one-phase compressible fluid. The fracture is treated as a one-dimensional poroelastic medium. Darcy flows are considered in both the formation and fracture. The plane strain condition is imposed. Our solution is obtained numerically by a finite element method based on a variational principle. The accuracy of the analysis is studied by comparison of the numerical solutions of some problems with their analytical solutions. Since we are dealing with the transient flow problem of an infinite region, an extrapolation technique is employed to find the finite element solution. The production rate of a well with the conductive fracture is compared with that of a well without the conductive fracture.
Spectral Sets Whose Spectrum Is a Lattice with a Base

Abstract Let L be a finite subset of Euclidean d -dimensional space R d and let S be a lattice in R d such that { l − l ′ : l , l ′∈ L }∩ S ={0}. A classification of all Lebesgue measurable subsets Ω of R d for which the functions e λ ( x )=exp( i 2 πλx ), x ∈ Ω , λ ∈ L + S ={ l + s : l ∈ L , s ∈ S } form an orthogonal basis for L 2 ( Ω ) is given in terms of geometric and combinatorial data; the data is derived from L and S .
A “sufficient” condition combination for rapid intensifications of tropical cyclones

[1] Rapid Intensifications (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) provide major error sources in the challenging task of TC intensity forecasting. There are many factors that affect the RI processes of TCs, and identifying the combination of conditions most favorable to RI development is very time consuming when using traditional statistical data analysis methods. Data mining techniques are implemented to the data for SHIPS (Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme), an operational hurricane intensity forecasting model, to identify the “optimal” RI condition combinations when the number of affecting factors is given. One such combination (high latitude, low longitude, the TC being in an intensification phase, an initial intensity far away from the maximum potential intensity, high steering layer value, and low relative eddy flux convergence) gives such a high RI probability that the combination can be considered as a sufficient condition for RI, which almost guarantees that an RI will take place.
Stress threshold for drivers under various combinations of discrete and tracking workload

The purpose of this study was to determine a stress threshold for drivers under various combinations of discrete and tracking workload. For example, if a driver was given a tracking (steering) workload of 50%, the objective would be to determine the largest percentage of discrete workload (such as sign reading) he could handle simultaneously. The 15 subjects in the study first carried out a series of tracking tasks, and the workload on each difficulty level was measured with a secondary task. They then executed a number of discrete tasks, and the workload on each difficulty level was measured. Various workload levels were then combined in an effort to discover the stress threshold for different combinations of discrete and tracking tasks. Study results indicated that subjects are unable to simultaneously execute two tasks, each of which occupies 50% of their attention when executed alone. A regression analysis was performed on the data to determine what levels of tracking workload can be executed simultan...
Market, State, and Community National Urban Policy in the 1980s

In this article, central elements making up national urban policy are reviewed and evaluated critically in light of the assumptions New Federalists make about market, state, and community. It is argued that the key challenge for urban theory and urban policy in the 1980s is to reconcile economic planning with political democracy in the city.
A MODEL FOR LEARNING RESOURCE NETWORKS FOR SENIOR ADULTS

One way to combat the national tendency to ignore and neglect senior adults is to develop educational programs that specifically assist them in meeting their needs and expanding their interests. Thus, a model for learning resource networks is being proposed that (1) involves senior adults as resource people and permits them to plan their own educational programs, (2) takes advantage of their previous experience and knowledge, (3) assists them in better utilizing existing learning resources, (4) does not lock senior adults into a fixed time schedule or location, and (5) allows senior adults to pursue their interests.
Review and history of photon cross section calculations.

Photon (x-ray, gamma-ray, bremsstrahlung) mass attenuation coefficients, mu/rho, are among the most widely used physical parameters employed in medical diagnostic and therapy computations, as well as in diverse applications in other fields such as nuclear power plant shielding, health physics and industrial irradiation and monitoring, and in x-ray crystallography. This review traces the evolution of this data base from its empirical beginnings totally derived from measurements beginning in 1907 by Barkla and Sadler and continuing up through the 1935 Allen compilation (published virtually unchanged in all editions up through 1971-1972 of the Chemical Rubber Handbook), to the 1949 semi-empirical compilation of Victoreen, as our theoretical understanding of the constituent Compton scattering, photoabsorption and pair production interactions of photons with atoms became more quantitative. The 1950s saw the advent of completely theoretical (guided by available measured data) systematic compilations such as in the works of Davisson and Evans, and by White-Grodstein under the direction of Fano, using mostly theory developed in the 1930s (pre-World War II) by Sauter, Bethe, Heitler and others. Post-World War II new theoretical activity, and the introduction of the electronic automatic computer, led to the more extensive and more accurate compilations in the 1960s and 1970s by Storm and Israel, and by Berger and Hubbell. Today's mu/rho compilations by Cullen et al, by Seltzer, Berger and Hubbell, and by others, collectively spanning the ten decades of photon energy from 10 eV to 100 GeV, for all elements Z= 1 to 100, draw heavily on the 1970s shell-by-shell photoabsorption computations of Scofield, the 1960s coherent and incoherent scattering computations of Cromer et al, and the 1980 computations of electron-positron pair and triplet computations of Hubbell, Gimm and Overbo, these names being representative of the vast legions of other researchers whose work fed into these computations.
Cytomegaloviruria in older infants in intensive care nurseries.

Over a four-month period, urine specimens for viral isolation were obtained weekly from all infants older than three weeks in two intensive care nurseries. These babies comprised 43% of the patients in the nurseries surveyed. Cytomegalovirus was cultured from 13 of 93 (14%) of these infants. Eleven of 13 infants who developed cytomegaloviruria were born prematurely, and nine of these 11 were found to be excreting CMV before they reached 40 weeks postconception. Infants excreting CMV received blood transfusions from a mean of 10.45 (±1.80 SE) different donors versus 5.10 (±0.55 SE) for infants without viruria ( P P
Quantum Theory of an Optical Maser. V. Atomic Motion and Recoil

Laser quantum theoretical analysis, considering atomic thermal motion, photon emission and absorption induced recoil effects on lasing threshold and operating frequency
Reducing the Risk of Heart Attack and Stroke The American Heart Association/American College of Cardiology Prevention Guidelines

A 58-year-old man, JB, schedules a visit with his primary care physician to explore what he could do to prevent a heart attack or stroke. He previously considered himself in good health and is not aware of any medical problems or symptoms. His visit is prompted by his best friend having a heart attack and the recollection that his father suffered a massive heart attack at age 59. JB continues to smoke ≈10 cigarettes a day. He plays an occasional game of pick-up basketball with friends but has a sedentary job. Over the past 20 years, he acknowledges that he has accumulated ≈25 pounds of excess weight. JB cautions his physician that he does not want to take a lot of pills, but is not clear how best to improve his chances of avoiding his father’s fate. On physical examination, JB’s weight is 230 pounds, height 72 inches, corresponding to a body mass index of 31.2 kg/m2, classified as obese. His blood pressure is 160/95 mm Hg, heart rate 78 beat/min and regular. Apart from his truncal obesity, the remainder of his physical examination is normal. His physician orders blood work, a cholesterol panel, and a blood sugar. After the results are available, he begins a discussion with JB. Approximately every 34 seconds, someone in the US has a heart attack. Research has shown that there are major risk factors which significantly increase the risk of angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, and sudden cardiac death—all part of the cardiovascular disease (CVD) spectrum. The modifiable risk factors—factors that can be influenced by healthy behaviors—include hypertension, smoking, elevated blood cholesterol (lipids), and diabetes mellitus. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the chances of developing some form of CVD. Also, the greater the level of each risk factor, …
MPTP-Induced hemiparkinsonism in nonhuman primates 6-8 years after a single unilateral intracarotid dose.

Abstract Five female adultMacaca nemestrinamonkeys, given a unilateral intracarotid (ic) infusion of 2.3–3.5 mg of MPTP-HCl, were studied for 6–8 years. Two to 3 days after MPTP, the animals developed hemiparkinsonism characterized by rigidity and flexed posture of the arm contralateral to the side of infusion with episodes of tremor, circling ipsilateral to the lesioned side, a slight balance disturbance, and stooped posture. Rating of parkinsonian features 4 months after ic infusion, and yearly thereafter, did not show any statistically significant changes. The animals maintained their usual appetite and body weight increased normally. Each animal responded to l -DOPA methyl ester with decreased parkinsonian signs and symptoms and increased contralateral turning. In contrast, after control vehicle administration, the animals continued to have the same parkinsonian signs and predominant ipsilateral turns. In three of the five monkeys, contralateral turns after vehicle significantly increased after 6–8 years. Unilateral intracarotid MPTP induced asymmetric motor behavior that remained stable after 6–8 years. Animals that showed an increased frequency of contralateral circling after control vehicle showed a decrease in contralateral turns after l -DOPA methyl ester, suggesting neuroplastic changes over the years.
Bacterial Action in Pond-stored Logs

EXTREME porosity was found in sapwood lumber produced from logs of Pinus ponderosa and P. lambertiana which had been stored in a pond from one to several months. The extreme porosity resulted in substantial over-absorption of water-repellent preservative solutions which are normally applied to millwork, with consequent difficulties in painting and utilization.
Parturition in a Feral Baboon (Papio anubis)

During a study of feral baboons at the Gombe Stream National Park, Tanzania, the premature birth of a dead, breechborn infant was observed and photographed. The placenta was immediately eaten and the dead infant carried by the mother for two days. The birth itself attracted little attention from other troop members, but the dead infant was investigated by several baboons, especially three females who had recently become dominant to the mother in a fight.
A negotiated congestion based router for simultaneous escape routing

The negotiated congestion based routing scheme finds success in FPGA routing and IC global routing. However, its application in simultaneous escape routing, a key problem in PCB design, has never been reported in previous literature. In this paper, we investigate how well the negotiated congestion based router performs on escape routing problems. We propose an underlying routing graph which correctly models the routing resources of the pin grids on board. We then build a Negotiated Congestion based Escape Router (NCER) by applying the negotiated congestion routing scheme on the constructed routing graph. We compare the performance of NCER with that of Cadence PCB router Allegro on 14 industrial test cases, and experimental results show that the two routers have comparable routability: each of them completely routes 7 test cases. Moreover, we observe that NCER and Allegro exhibit complementary behaviors: each is able to solve most of the test cases that the other cannot solve. Together, they completely route 11 test cases. Therefore, by using NCER as a supplement to Allegro, we can solve a broader range of escape routing problems.
Plastic incompatibility and crack nucleation during deformation on four independent slip systems in tungsten carbide-cobalt

Abstract The problem of slip transfer across grain boundaries is considered for the case of a hexagonal material that is plastically inextensible along [0001]. The discontinuity in tensile strain that must necessarily exist across a grain boundary is a cause of intergranular and transgranular cracking on the basal plane. Intergranular cracking at many grain junctions and two-grain junctions is shown to arise out of in-plane and normal strain differences across grain boundaries, respectively. Experimental evidence from deformed WC-Co is adduced to support these predictions. Transgranular cracking on the basal plane is found to occur only in coarse grained material. Thin (− 500 A) layers of cobalt between carbide grains do not appear to appreciably affect the onset of cracking if it is expected from an incompatibility standpoint. The implications of these results are discussed for the general case of deformation of brittle solids, both with and without a superimposed constraining pressure.