cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Biological Activity of Proinsulin and Related Polypeptides in the Fat Tissue

Abstract A number of insulin-like and proinsulin-like polypeptides were employed in the study of the structure-activity relationship of proinsulin. Glucose incorporation into CO2 and lipids, and the antilipolytic activity, were used as parameters to measure the biological activity of these polypeptides. The split proinsulin and the long A chain proinsulin, with 2 connecting amino acid residues, Arg-Arg, missing, have little more activity over that of native proinsulin. The long B chain proinsulin, with the absence of 2 connecting amino acid residues, Lys-Arg, has a 3- to 4-fold increase in activity compared to proinsulin. Further removal of amino acid residues from proinsulin molecule beyond Lys-Arg level can progressively increase proinsulin activity. These studies suggest that the decreased biological activity of proinsulin may be due essentially to the blocking of the A chain of insulin part in proinsulin molecule rather than the blocking of B chain. Insulin, with 1 or 2 arginine residues attached to COOH-terminal of B chain, loses 60% biological activity when compared to insulin molecule. The effect of positively charged groups may alter the insulin conformation or decrease the binding capacity between the insulin derivatives and the insulin receptor site, or both. C-peptide, a by-product in the proinsulin conversion to insulin, shows no insulin-like activity in homologous and heterologous fat tissues. No antagonistic or potentiating effect of C-peptide for insulin or proinsulin can be demonstrated in homologous and heterologous fat tissues. The feedback control of C-peptide on insulin or proinsulin action is not likely to exist in the adipose tissue.
Mutation Scheduling: A Unified Approach to Compiling for Fine-Grain Parallelism

Trade-offs between code selection, register allocation, and instruction scheduling are inherently interdependent, especially when compiling for fine-grain parallel architectures. However, the conventional approach to compiling for such machines arbitrarily separates these phases so that decisions made during any one phase place unnecessary constraints on the remaining phases. Mutation Scheduling attempts to solve this problem by combining code selection, register allocation, and instruction scheduling into a unified framework in which trade-offs between the functional, register, and memory bandwidth resources of the target architecture are made “on the fly” in response to changing resource constraints and availability.
Reproduction in the Invasive Lizard, Carlia ailanpalai (Squamata: Scincidae) from Oceania

We examined the reproductive cycle of Carlia ailanpalai in the Mariana Islands by a histological examination of gonadal material. Reproduction appears to occur year-round in this locality. The mean clutch size was 2.0 ( n = 20), and females may produce multiple clutches in the same year. The smallest reproductively active male measured 42 mm SVL, and the smallest reproductively active females measured 43 mm SVL. The collection of neonates at different times of the year suggests a wide period of egg production. In view of the prolonged period of reproduction, the potential of transmitting Salmonella sp. to humans and the deleterious effects of C. ailanpalai on native lizards, colonization by this species should be closely monitored and discouraged.
Promoting Social Interaction through Teaching Generalized Play Initiation Responses to Preschool Children with Autism.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of play initiation training on subsequent social interactions between students with severe disabilities and their nonhandicapped peers within play contexts. In both studies, five nonhandicapped peers were used as training confederates, and generalization probes were conducted within unstructured free-play situations with a larger number of peers who did not participate in training. In Experiment 1, a preschool student with autistic behaviors was integrated into a regular preschool The effects of two treatment conditions were compared: (a) providing an awareness activity plus rewards for the nonhandicapped peers who initiated interactions and (b) teaching initiations and play behaviors to the student with severe disabilities. The results indicated that although the awareness activity plus reward condition increased the frequency of peer initiations, peer responsivity to the initiations by the student with severe disabilities remained low. When the s...
New and Improved Emission Models in the Finite-Element Gun Code MICHELLE

We continue to research and develop better emission models for gun codes. We describe our recent efforts to improve the thermal aspects of space-charge-limited emission, the transition from temperature-limited emission to space-charge-limited emission, and photoemission.
Rice mill feed as a replacement for broiler litter in diets for growing beef cattle

The efficacy of replacing broiler litter with rice mill feed was evaluated in four experiments. In Exp. 1, 40 predominantly Angus steers (initial BW = 277+/-18.2 kg) were fed four dietary treatments for 112 d (five steers per pen; two pens per diet). Dietary treatments (DM basis) were as follows: 1) 47% broiler litter:53% corn; 2) 60% rice mill feed:40% corn; 3) 50% rice mill feed:50% corn; and 4) 40% rice mill feed:60% corn. All diets, along with bermudagrass hay, were fed free choice. Daily gains were faster (P 0.10) among diets. Nutrient digestibilities did not differ among diets (P > 0.10). In Exp. 3, 40 Continental cross steers (initial BW = 257+/-21.3 kg) were fed one of four dietary treatments for 112 d (five steers per pen; two pens per diet). On a DM basis, diets were as follows: 1) 47% broiler litter:53% soyhulls; 2) 70% rice mill feed:30% soyhulls; 3) 60% rice mill feed:40% soyhulls; and 4) 50% rice mill feed:50% soyhulls. All diets, along with bermudagrass hay, were fed free choice. Daily gains were less (P 0.10) among treatments; however, CP digestibility was greatest (P < 0.10) for the 60:40 diet, and NDF digestibility was least (P < 0.10) for the 70:30 diet. Rice mill feed can be used to replace broiler litter to formulate low-cost diets for stocker calves. Soyhulls and corn can be blended with rice mill feed to produce acceptable backgrounding diets for growing beef calves.
Studies on the regulation of hepatic bile flow

Summary Eight mongrel dogs were prepared with cholecystectomy, ligation of the minor pancreatic duct, gastric and duodenal cannulas, and Thiry-Vella fistulas of the total duodenum and jejunum. Perfusion of the distal duodenum or jejunum with acid caused significant increases in biliary volume and bicarbonate concentrations as well as gastric acid output. Acid perfusion of the jejunum also caused an increase in chloride concentration. Responses similar to those of jejunal perfusion were noted when cholecystokinin-pancreozymin, 2 units per kilogram per hour, was given intravenously. Although the additional simultaneous infusion of secretin, 4 units per kilogram per hour, accentuated the changes in biliary volume and bicarbonate concentration, gastric acid output was reduced. Perfusion of the duodenum with a 5 per cent Bacto-Peptone solution caused no significant change in biliary flow. The physiologic effects of acid perfusion of the distal duodenum or jejunum are best explained by the simultaneous release of both secretin and cholecystokinin-pancreozymin.
Isolation and characterization of cell surface mutants of Candida albicans.

Abstract Mutant strains of Candida albicans were obtained by selecting for cells that escaped agglutination by a polyclonal antiserum raised against standard C. albicans serotype A isolate B311. Mutants were obtained from strains B311 and B792 and from four strains isolated from patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. All 15 tested mutants retained characteristic sugar assimilation patterns. All but one of the mutants retained the ability to form germ tubes and chlamydospores. Two mutants from an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-derived isolate were deficient in binding complement ligands iC3b and C3d, whereas another mutant was deficient in binding ligand iC3b but not C3d. The hyphae of these three mutants lacked antigens when examined by Western immunoblotting with monoclonal antibody Ca-A, which detects several glycoproteins, including C3d-binding proteins. One of the complement-binding-deficient mutants was tested for its ability to colonize the gastrointestinal tract of rabbits but did not differ from the wild-type parent in site or degree of colonization. The proton magnetic resonance spectra of bulk mannan carbohydrate extracted from tested mutants showed the loss of a signal characteristic of the mannosyl alpha-PO4 linkage; each mutant also had a distinct pattern of other changes.
On the notion of essential dimension for algebraic groups

We introduce and study the notion of essential dimension for linear algebraic groups defined over an algebraically closed fields of characteristic zero. The essential dimension is a numerical invariant of the group; it is often equal to the minimal number of independent parameters required to describe all algebraic objects of a certain type. For example, if our groupG isSn, these objects are field extensions; ifG=On, they are quadratic forms; ifG=PGLn, they are division algebras (all of degreen); ifG=G2, they are octonion algebras; ifG=F4, they are exceptional Jordan algebras. We develop a general theory, then compute or estimate the essential dimension for a number of specific groups, including all of the above-mentioned examples. In the last section we give an exposition of results, communicated to us by J.-P. Serre, relating essential dimension to Galois cohomology.
Automated Generation of Symmetric Lunar Free-Return Trajectories

A procedure for free-return trajectory generation in a simplified Earth-moon system is presented. With two-body and circular restricted three-body models, the algorithm constructs an initial guess of the translunar injection state and time of flight. Once the initial trajectory is found, the Jacobian of the constraints is derived analytically using linear perturbation theory, and a square system of nonlinear equations is solved numerically to target Earth entry interface conditions leading to feasible free-return trajectories. No trial and error is required to generate the initial guess. Possible free returns include departures from both posigrade and retrograde Earth orbits coupled with circumlunar or cislunar flight, in and out of the Earth-moon plane.
Increased PTPN22 Expression and Defective CREB Activation Impair Regulatory T-Cell Differentiation in Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndromes

AbstractBackground: Critical impairment of adaptive immune response has been observed in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) with reduced expansion of regulatory T cells (Treg) and enhance...
Toll-like receptors and atherosclerosis: key contributors in disease and health?

The identification of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) as key patten-recognition receptors of innate immunity has opened inquiries into previously unknown disease mechanisms. The ability of TLRs to detect a spectrum of pathogen-derived molecules defines their importance in innate immunity and provides a mechanistic link between infection and disease. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease where immune and metabolic factors interact to initiate and propagate arterial lesions. An understanding of TLRs in atherosclerosis could clarify the etiology of this complex process. Furthermore, the existence of host-derived endogenous TLR ligands may implicate TLR involvement in disease mechanisms beyond innate immunity, such as a role in homeostatic mechanisms to resolve injury. Our current knowledge of TLRs in atherosclerosis is discussed in this review with emphasis on experimental studies in atherosclerosis-susceptible mouse models. Highlights from studies of TLR involvement in other disease processes have demonstrated that TLR-dependent mechanisms probably parallel those found in atherosclerosis, some of which could be important in mitigating atherosclerotic injury. Finally, an appreciation of the pro- and anti-atherosclerotic mechanisms of TLR activation over the entire lifetime of an organism will provide clues to the role of TLRs in both health and disease.
Comparison of the behavioral depressant effects of biogenic amine depleting and neuroleptic agents following various 6-hydroxydopamine treatments.

The effects of prior catecholamine reductions produced by 6-hydroxydopamine on the behavioral depressant effects of catecholamine depleting and neuroleptic drugs were examined using a continuously reinforced bar-press response. In spite of large depletions, 6-hydroxydopamine treated rats showed no deficits in performance. Similarly, animals preferentially depleted of norepinephrine or dopamine showed no deficit in this task. When α-methyltyrosine or reserpine were administered at a dose which had minimal effect on responding in control animals, the 6-hydroxydopamine group in which both amines were reduced and the group preferentially depleted of dopamine showed severe deficits in bar-press responding. Responding in rats preferentially depleted of norepinephrine was slightly reduced but not to the extent observed in animals depleted of dopamine. Administration of the dopamine-Β-hydroxylase inhibitor, U-14,624, depressed responding but did not produce differential effects which correlated with brain norepinephrine concentration in the 6-hydroxydopamine-treated groups. Furthermore, the behavioral depression produced after treatment with chlorpromazine, haloperidol, and pimozide was not altered by any of the 6-hydroxydopamine treatments. These findings provide further evidence for the view that dopamine depletion plays a major role in the behavioral depressant effects of α-methyltyrosine and reserpine, but do not eliminate a role for brain norepinephrine.
Dynamics of up-conversion from simultaneously excited pairs of Er3+ ions in crystals of CsMgCl3, CsMgBr3 and CsCdBr3

Abstract Crystals of CsMgCl 3 , CsMgBr 3 and CsCdBr 3 doped with Er 3+ exhibit an intense up-conversion luminescence in the UV region when the 4 S 3 2 (E) state of Er 3+ is pumped by pulsed excitation between 546 and 550 nm. The primary up-conversion process is associated with doubly excited Er 3+ -vacancy-Er 3+ centers. The most intense emissions arise from the 4 G 9 2 (T) state at 36 200 cm −1 and the 4 G 11 2 (L) state at 26 000 cm −1 . The time resolved emissions which exhibit rise and fall kinetics provide reasonably precise lifetimes for the relaxation of the doubly excited centers. The relaxation lifetimes range from roughly 3 to about 25 μs depending on temperature and host lattice. These lifetimes are more than an order of magnitude shorter than the lifetimes of the pumped 4 S 3 2 (E) state which fall between 160 and 600 μs. It appears that energy transfer between ions (presumably up-conversion) is the dominant relaxation process for simultaneously excited pairs. There is evidence of weak up-conversion luminescence from other doubly excited Er 3+ centers and from encounters between pairs of 4 S 3 2 (E) excited states migrating through the lattice (exciton transport).
Fundamental Chemistry of Cesium Extraction from Acidic Media by HCCD in FS-13

Abstract We previously published a model for cesium extraction from acidic media by the protonated form of the hexachlorinated derivative of the chloro‐protected cobalt bis(dicarbollide), HCCD, dissolved in trifluoromethylphenyl sulfone, FS‐13. The model indicated that Cs extraction proceeds through a series of ion‐paired and/or dissociated extraction equilibria. Additional Cs distribution ratio data has been obtained and the model refined and simplified. It is demonstrated that the equilibrium exclusively involving the exchange of proton for cesium by formation of ion‐paired CsCCD models the Cs distribution data very well, particularly for the concentrations of HCCD greater than ∼0.0005 M (0.5 mM). Finally, activity corrections for the aqueous phase to the Cs distribution data results in good agreement to the theoretical value of −1 for slope (log‐log) analysis of the data over a wide range of HNO3 and HCCD concentrations.
On a theorem of Shchepin and Repovš concerning the smoothness of compacta

Abstract We show that a theorem of Shchepin and Repovs concerning the smoothness of compacta follows from the theory of semicontinuous relations.
Cytomegalovirus infection causes morbidity and mortality in patients with autoimmune diseases, particularly systemic lupus: in a Chinese population in Taiwan

To investigate the clinical outcome of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in febrile hospitalized patients with autoimmune diseases, mostly systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Fifty-four febrile patients were analyzed retrospectively. Half were diagnosed as CMV infection, by positive CMV pp65 antigenemia assay. Clinical and laboratory data between two groups were compared. Correlation between laboratory data and SELENA-SLEDAI scores/mortality were analyzed in the CMV infection group. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was performed to determine the cutoff points of different parameters for predicting mortality or morbidity. The CMV infection group received a higher corticosteroid dosage (mean 26.3 mg/day) and a higher percentage of azathioprine use before admission than the non-CMV infection group. In the former, the deceased subgroup had a significantly higher number of infected leukocytes for CMV (shortened as CMV counts, P = 0.013), more cases of bacterial infection (P = 0.090), and a higher SLE disease activity index score (P = 0.072) than the alive subgroup. The CMV infection group had lower lymphocyte count and more positive bacterial infection than the non-CMV infection group did (P = 0.013 and P = 0.027, respectively). A level of 25 CMV particles/5 × 105 polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) was the best cutoff point for predicting CMV-associated mortality, with a sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 72.2%. Moderate dose (30 mg/day) of prednisolone or azathioprine use predisposes patients with autoimmune diseases to CMV infection with concurrent bacterial infection. In particular, peak CMV counts at 25/5 × 105 PMN or low lymphocyte counts predict mortality or morbidity, respectively.
Base and concentration effects on the product distribution in copper-promoted alkyne–azide cycloaddition: additive-free route to 5-iodo-triazoles

Formation of 5-iodo-triazoles in CuI-promoted cycloadditions between alkynes and azides is controlled by DMAP and low alkyne concentrations.
Anemia in cancer and critical care patients: Pharmacoeconomic considerations

Purpose. The elements and limitations of pharmacoeconomic models, types of analytic methods used in pharmacoeconomic evaluations, outcomes used in studies of anemia treatments, and comparative efficacy and cost-effectiveness of the two available erythropoietic therapies in the treatment of anemia in cancer and critical care patients are discussed. Summary. Clinical, humanistic, and economic outcomes should be taken into consideration in pharmacoeconomic models. The validity of such models may be compromised by a lack of outcome data, unreasonable assumptions, the heterogeneity of the patient population, patient selection bias in comparative studies, and inconsistent use of instruments to measure outcomes. The degree of anemia in patients with cancer correlates with health-related quality of life (QOL). Erythropoietic therapy increases hemoglobin concentrations and QOL, reduces the need for blood transfusions, and is cost-effective for treating anemia in cancer and critical care patients. Epoetin alfa may provide a more rapid hemoglobin response and improvement in QOL at a lower cost than darbepoetin alfa. Front loading with weekly doses of either erythropoietic agent followed by a three-week-long dosing interval for maintenance treatment may be used to quickly correct anemia, improve convenience, and reduce costs. Conclusion. Erythropoietic therapy for the treatment of anemia in cancer and critical care patients is cost-effective.
Transcallosal and transhippocampal evoked potentials in developing guinea pig brain.

Transcallosal and transhippocampal evoked responses were studied in the guinea pig from 50 days of fetal life to adulthood. Variations in the time of appearance and in response latency of these 2 evoked potentials were observed during maturation. In 50-day fetuses transcallosal responses could not be elicited; however, transhippocampal responses were present. In newborn animals, latency of transhippocampal responses was the same as that observed in adults, whereas latency of transcallosal responses was 3-4 times longer than the adult response.
Examining tectonic‐climatic interactions in Alaska and the northeastern Pacific

Southeastern Alaska, encompassing the glaciated Chugach-St. Elias range (Figure 1), is one of the premier locations where tectonics, orogenesis, glacial erosion, landscape modification, and continental margin sedimentation can be studied in unison, allowing for quantitative models to be developed linking this suite of processes [e.g., Jaeger et al, 2001 ]. This area is an exceptional natural laboratory for studying a range of geologic problems (Figures 2 and 3), including the links between orogenic processes and continental accretion, glacial landscape modification, and sedimentation. Geologic processes operate at rapid rates along the margin, which allows concurrent data collection on tectonic deformation, uplift, erosion, and sedimentation and development of comprehensive geodynamic models connecting these diverse processes.The active processes in southeastern Alaska are comparable or significantly greater than those studied in the Himalayan orogeny, and include extremely high sediment yields, active faults associated with mountains and valley glaciers, and orogeny coinciding with extensive glacial cover.
Models for neural discharge which lead to Markov renewal equations for probability density

Abstract Two discrete input models of neural discharge are analyzed using a Markov renewal equation. These models treat the cell as a counter which is not necessarily reset to 0 by an inhibitory input, and can be considered as generalizations of renewal process models in which inhibitory inputs do erase all stored excitation.
Effects of 5,8-dideazaisopteroylglutamate (IAHQ) on L1210 leukemia in mice when given alone and in combination with methotrexate, probenecid, or verapamil.

The folate analogue 5,8-dideazaisopteroylglutamate (IAHQ; NSC-289517) inhibits the growth of a variety of human tumor cells in vitro such as colon, breast and osteosarcoma. Since IAHQ has only modest activity against L1210 leukemia in mice, it was tested in combination with methotrexate (MTX), probenecid, or verapamil in an effort to enhance efficacy. Single drug or drug combinations were administered every other day 3 or 5 times beginning on day 1 following the administration of 106 L1210 cells per animal. The combination of IAHQ (100 mg/kg) plus MTX (10 mg/kg) produced a decrease in mean survival time compared to that of MTX alone, regardless of whether the drugs were initiated on the same day or whether either one was started 2 days prior to the other. IAHQ (150 mg/kg) plus verapamil (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg) did not alter significantly the results produced by IAHQ alone. However, the combination of IAHQ (150 mg/kg) plus probenecid (250 mg/kg) augmented the increase in mean survival time above that produced by IAHQ alone by 82% (p=>0.001). The results suggest that probenecid could be used to enhance the effectiveness of IAHQ against solid tumors such as colon adenocarcinoma.
Correlation functions in two-dimensional quantum gravity coupled to a compact scalar field

We consider the free fermion theory of the finite radius c = 1 matrix model truncated to singlet states. This truncation is expected to be exact for radius R > R KT because the non-singlet states implement the effects of the Kosterlitz-Thouless vortices. We calculate correlation functions of the eigenvalue density, and derive a simple general expression for finite radius correlators in terms of the non-compact ones. We give some explicit genus expansions for correlation functions of momentum operators, and obtain correlators of winding operators by the dual transformation. In conclusion, we discuss continuation to real time and physical interpretation in terms of a massless (1+1)-dimensional theory at finite temperature.
The pitting corrosion of amorphous Ni63Cr12.5Fe4Si8B12.5 alloy in chloride solution

Abstract The pitting corrosion behavior of amorphous Ni 63 Cr 12.5 Fe 4 Si 8 B 12.5 alloy in NaCl solution was studied using electrochemical methods. Hemispherical pits were found to initiate along mechanic polishing lines on the surface. Electropolishing improved pitting resistance greatly. Potentiostatic anodic polarization tests showed an incubation time for pit nucleation after which the pits propagated very quickly. The poor pitting resistance of this amorphous alloy was ascribed to its repassivation characteristics.
Thin film NiTi microthermostat array

Abstract An autonomous flow restricting microthermostat array was successfully designed and fabricated using thin film nickel–titanium (NiTi) shape memory alloy (SMA). The device relies on changes in the environmental fluid temperature for closing without external electric sources. The array of 88 microthermostats was tested at pressures ranging from 6.9 to 34.5 kPa and water temperatures of room temperature and 80 °C. At 34.5 kPa and room temperature, the flow rate was 722.8 ml/min. As the temperature of the water increased to 80 °C, the flow rate was reduced by 90% depending on the pressure. Finite element predictions are in relatively good agreement with the measured flow rates.
Perspective---Cognitive Reactions to Rare Events: Perceptions, Uncertainty, and Learning

Research provides some observations about learning from events that appear to be rare or quite unusual. All learning has uncertain consequences, but learning from rare events is especially problematic. Learners see many idiosyncrasies and exogenous interference, tendencies that suppress learning on an organizational scale. Rare events also rouse uncertainty and bring on reactions to uncertainty such as wishful thinking, reliance on prior beliefs, biased probabilities, a search for more data, cautious action, and playing to audiences. The most important contingencies affecting these reactions are the content and strength of prior beliefs: people are unlikely to learn if they think they have nothing to learn. Although learning from rare events is statistically unusual, and effective learning from rare events is rare, both individuals and organizations can benefit significantly from active efforts to learn from rare events.
Spectroscopic diagnosis and imaging of invisible pre-cancer

The theme of this paper is the use of optical spectroscopy to diagnose invisible pre-cancer in patients undergoing endoscopy and similar medical procedures. We describe three techniques that provide diagnostic information and two instruments to implement them, the FastEEM for studying small regions of tissue and the LSS (light scattering spectroscopy) imaging system for wide-area surveillance. The FastEEM is an optical fiber clinical device that collects spectra of reflected light and fluorescence at multiple excitation wavelengths from the tissue, all in a fraction of a second. Quantitative information is obtained in real time, without removing the tissue and without the need for staining and fixation. Three types of spectral information are extracted intrinsic fluorescence, diffuse reflectance and elastic light scattering. Each of the three analyses is based on a biophysical model, and each provides complementary quantitative physical and chemical information about cellular/tissue structures. This information is used to make a combined spectral diagnosis, a method we call tri-modal spectroscopy (TMS). Promising clinical studies are being carried out on patients undergoing routine pre-cancer surveillance in the oral cavity, the uterine cervix and the gastrointestinal tract. The LSS imaging system provides wide-area spectroscopic images of the epithelium, typically 2 cm in each dimension, depicting the size distribution and chromatin content of the cell nuclei, which are key parameters in diagnosing pre-cancer. This instrument is in preclinical stages of development, although a laboratory prototype has been used to create diagnostic images in resected colon polyp samples. The combination of the TMS/FastEEM and LSS imaging instrument will constitute a powerful new diagnostic tool, with LSS imaging to provide wide area surveillance and the TMS probe to provide detailed information on suspect tissue sites.
A Study of Occupational Radiation Exposure in New York State.

Abstract A statistical study of occupational radiation exposure in New York State industry, based on personnel monitoring records, survey data and results of medical examinations, was made by the Labor Department. Exposures were classified by source, occupation and industry. The results indicated that over 90% of the exposures were below the NCRP recommended dose limit of 100 mrem/week, and that the contribution of occupational exposure to the general population dose was less than 0.3%. The highest external exposures noted were among workers in radium processing, luminous dial painting, industrial radiography and nuclear fuel element fabrication. Sampling results indicated that air-borne concentrations of radioactive contaminants in all but a few installations were below 10% of the MAAC.
Natural frequencies for cantilevered laminated composite right triangular and trapezoidal plates

Abstract The first known natural frequencies for cantilevered laminated composite angle-ply triangular and trapezoidal plates are presented. The Ritz method with non-orthogonal algebraic polynomials has been used to obtain them. Detailed convergence studies are made and show that relatively accurate results can be obtained. Comparisons with experimental and analytical frequencies available in the literature for isotropic cantilevered triangular plates are made. The present method is shown to be superior to other methods used previously to obtain natural frequencies for this problem. Results are then obtained and listed for the lowest six frequencies, and for a set of various shapes of right triangular and trapezoidal thin plates.
Is the Metabolic Syndrome a Discrete Diagnostic Category or the End of a Continuum? Taxometric Evidence for Dimensionality in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2004

PURPOSE: To determine whether the metabolic syndrome is a discrete diagnostic category or the end of a continuum. METHODS: The study sample consisted of 3959 individuals from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004. The taxometric methods of mean above minus mean below a cut (MAMBAC) and maximum covariance (MAXCOV) were used. The primary numerical outcome was the comparative curve fit index (CCFI). RESULTS: For men, the CCFI from MAMBAC and MAXCOV analyses were 0.290 and 0.260, respectively. Likewise, for women, the CCFI from MAMBAC and MAXCOV analyses were 0.317 and 0.311, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that the metabolic syndrome is continuously distributed in nature, rather than a discrete diagnostic category.
The Influence of Strain Rate and Porosity on the Deformation and Fracture of Titanium and Nickel

The influence of strain rate on the tensile deformation and fracture behavior of powder-fabricated titanium and nickel containing porosity has been investigated. Measurements of uniform strain, local fracture strains, and elongations to failure show that, over the range of strain rates from 10−4 to 102 s−1, there is little or no effect of the strain rate on the fracture behavior of these materials at any of the porosity levels studied. In contrast, increasing porosity causes significant decreases in the yield stress, strain-hardening exponent, and ductility; these effects are more pronounced in the titanium than in the nickel. The porosity-induced loss of ductility can be understood in terms of the combined effects of enhanced geometric softening and shear localization due to a network of imperfections introduced into the materials by the presence of porosity. Secondary effects due to hydrogen embrittlement and thermal gradients forming during deformation are also noted.
Induction of heat shock proteins by heregulin β1 leads to protection from apoptosis and anchorage-independent growth

Elevation of heat shock protein (HSP) levels is widespread in cancer and predicts a poor prognosis and resistance to therapy. We show that HSP elevation in tumor cells can be induced by the highly malignant factor heregulin beta1 (HRGbeta1), which induces HSP expression through heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1). Inactivation of the hsf1 gene prevents HSP induction by HRGbeta1. HSP expression is induced through a cascade response initiated by HRGbeta1 binding to c-erbB receptors on the cell surface and which leads to the inhibition of intracellular HSF1 antagonist glycogen synthase kinase 3. HSF1 activated by this pathway plays a key role in the protection of cells from apoptosis and the mediation of anchorage independent growth by HRGbeta1, indicating a role for HSF1 in this tumorigenic pathway.
Cu(I) substitutions. furo[3,2-b] pyridines, furo[3,2-c] pyridines and 1h-thieno[3,4-b] 2-pyran-l-ones from cuprous acetylides

The reaction of cuprous acetylides with aryl halides bearing a nucleophilic ortho substituent provides a versatile route to heterocyclic substances. The present work portrays the ease with which polyheterosystems can be constructed with this reaction. The synthesis of 2-substituted 7-iodofuro[3,2-c]pyridines, 2-substituted furo[3,2-b]pyridines, and 3-substituted lH-thieno-[3,4-b]-2-pyran-l-ones (thiaisocoumarins) is described. The latter two ring systems have not been previously reported.
A Critical Analysis of Computer Simulations for Conducting Team Research

This article discusses issues involved with the computer simulation of experimental tasks and settings used in team research with human participants. First, the purpose and components of simulation...
Plasma-transport property correlation using ionization fraction.

Ionization fraction as independent variable in plasma transport correlation, noting role in pressure effect increase
The effects of heating and cooling in water on the heart rate of the bullfrog.

Abstract 1. 1. No differences in heating and cooling rates were found for the bullfrog in water. 2. 2. The heart rate during heating was significantly higher than the heart rate during cooling in water. 3. 3. There was no difference in heating and cooling heart rates in air. 4. 4. The differences in heart rate during heating and cooling in water could be related to cutaneous respiration.
CSAP localizes to polyglutamylated microtubules and promotes proper cilia function and zebrafish development.

The diverse populations of microtubule polymers in cells are functionally distinguished by different posttranslational modifications, including polyglutamylation. Polyglutamylation is enriched on subsets of microtubules including those found in the centrioles, mitotic spindle, and cilia. However, whether this modification alters intrinsic microtubule dynamics or affects extrinsic associations with specific interacting partners remains to be determined. Here we identify the microtubule-binding protein centriole and spindle–associated protein (CSAP), which colocalizes with polyglutamylated tubulin to centrioles, spindle microtubules, and cilia in human tissue culture cells. Reducing tubulin polyglutamylation prevents CSAP localization to both spindle and cilia microtubules. In zebrafish, CSAP is required for normal brain development and proper left–right asymmetry, defects that are qualitatively similar to those reported previously for depletion of polyglutamylation-conjugating enzymes. We also find that CSAP is required for proper cilia beating. Our work supports a model in which polyglutamylation can target selected microtubule-associated proteins, such as CSAP, to microtubule subpopulations, providing specific functional capabilities to these populations.
Contribution of the pentose cycle to lipogenesis in bovine adipose tissue.

Abstract The metabolism of 1, 6, and U-14C-labeled glucoses and the incorporation of label from[3-3H]glucose into fatty acids were utilized to calculate the contribution of the pentose cycle to de novo fatty acid synthesis in bovine subcutaneous adipose tissue slices. Due to the low rates of glucose utilization in bovine adipose tissue (less than 1% of those reported for rat adipose tissue), estimates of glucose flux through the pentose cycle that were based on the relative specific activities of triose phosphates were considered unreliable. Estimates based primarily on CO2 production indicated that 12% of the total utilized glucose was metabolized via the pentose cycle in the absence of other exogenous substrates. Acetate and lactate (± acetate) increased this value to 22 and 37%, respectively, but had no effect on total glucose utilization. Based on 14CO2 production from [1-14C]glucose by the pentose cycle and the yield of tritium from [3-3H]glucose recovered in fatty acids, 30% (glucose alone), to 72% (glucose + acetate and lactate) of the pentose cycle-derived NADPH was utilized for lipogenesis. Calculations of glucose metabolism via the pentose cycle and the incorporation of label from [3-3H]glucose in fatty acids also were used to estimate the percentage of NADPH required for lipogenesis supplied by the pentose cycle. Both methods indicated that the pentose cycle provided 7% of the NADPH required for lipogenesis from lactate, and 33 to 43% of that required from acetate (± lactate). NADP-Isocitrate dehydrogenase and NADP-malate dehydrogenase provided the remainder, with NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase providing 36 to 60% of the reducing equivalents required for lipogenesis, depending on the specific substrate availability. The data indicate that there was little correlation between the rate of incorporation of acetyl units into fatty acids and glucose carbon flux through the pentose cycle in bovine adipose tissue in vitro.
Bipolar-FET hybrid-mode operation of quarter-micrometer SOI MOSFETs (MESFETs read MOSFETs)

A hybrid mode of device operation, in which both bipolar and MOSFET currents flow simultaneously, has been experimentally investigated using quarter-micrometer-channel-length MOSFET's which were fabricated on SIMOX silicon-on-insulator substrates. This mode of device operation is achieved by connecting the gate of a non-fully-depleted SOI MOSFET to the edges of its floating body. Both the maximum G/sub m/ and current drive at 1.5* higher than the MOSFET's normal mode. Bipolar-junction-transistor (BJT)-like 60-mV/decade turn-off behavior is also achieved. This mode of operation is very promising for low-voltage, low-power, very-high-speed logic as well as for on-chip analog functions. >
Physiological factors limiting work tolerance in chemical protective clothing

Abstract Work tolerance in protective clothing (PC) is greatly limited compared to normal clothing. The purpose of this study was to determine if this limitation is attributable to any readily identifiable aspect of physiology. Male volunteers (N = 15) completed an average of 263 min of endurance exercise at a metabolic cost of 40–44% of maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) which consisted of repeated bouts of 15 min treadmill walking followed by 5 min of arm curls. Subjects continued to walk-arm curls to exhaustion. For safety reasons, they were also stopped if their rectal temperature (Tre) exceeded 39°C. The termination of work by either of these criteria ended a work “cycle”. On completion of a cycle, subjects rested 48 min then resumed exercise. The exercise day ended when the subject refused to continue or experiment time equaled 8 h. All 15 subjects completed two work cycles and 8 completed three cycles. Work ended on 28 work cycles due to fatigue and on 10 cycles due to Tre. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion, maximal voluntary ventilation, thermal comfort, oxygen uptake (VO2), blood lactic acid levels, and 3 measures of breathing comfort were measured throughout testing. Significant changes across time were seen only in HR and the subject's perceptions of the stressors but, HR increases were insufficient to explain the termination of work. Work tolerance in this situation apparently cannot be extended by resolving any simple physiological limitations.
Quantitative comparison of functional MRI and direct electrocortical stimulation for functional mapping.

Background Mapping functional areas of the brain is important for planning tumour resections. With the increased use of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for presurgical planning, there is a need to validate that fMRI activation mapping is consistent with the mapping obtained during surgery using direct electrocortical stimulation (DECS).
Plasma boundary considerations for the national compact stellarator experiment

Abstract The national compact stellarator experiment (NCSX) [EPS 2001, Madeira, Portugal, 18–22 June 2001] is a new fusion project located at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory, Princeton, NJ. Plasma boundary control in stellarators has been shown to be very effective in improving plasma performance [EPS 2001, Madeira, Portugal, 18–22 June 2001] and, accordingly, will be an important element from the very beginning of the NCSX design. Plasma-facing components will be developed systematically according to our understanding of the NCSX boundary, with the eventual goal to develop a divertor with all the benefits for impurity and neutrals control. Neutrals calculations have been started to investigate the effect of neutrals penetration at various cross-sections.
Externalisation, délocalisations et mesure de la productivité dans l'industrie aux États-Unis

Resume. Les gains de productivite sont a la source des augmentations de salaires dans un secteur d'activite ou dans l'ensemble d'une economie. Dans les pays developpes, la multiplication des externalisations, interieures ou a l'etranger, complique gravement le calcul et l'interpretation de cet indicateur essentiel, en induisant une surestimation trompeuse des gains de productivite. S'agissant de l'industrie aux Etats-Unis, l'auteur met en evidence plusieurs elements indiquant que les effets de l'externalisation et des delocalisations sur la mesure de la productivite seraient significatifs. Ce qui expliquerait la modeste hausse des salaires aux Etats-Unis malgre une forte augmentation de la productivite, telle qu'elle est mesuree.
Linear decay of islands on metal surfaces.

Scanning-tunneling-microscope studies of mass flow on (111) Au have shown that the rate of decay of the area of monolayer islands is linear in time. We demonstrate by Monte Carlo simulation that a proper accounting of the detachment and reattachment rates of kink site atoms produces a linear decay. In our simulation, adatoms emitted from kink sites on mesa edges execute an unbiased random walk and may reattach to the home mesa or be absorbed by an outer ledge, possibly after several reflections from the step down at the outer ledge. The linear decay of mesa areas is found to be rather insensitive to variations in the probability of reflection from the outer ledge.
Psychosocial Correlates of Medical Mistrust Among African American Men

The current study proposed and tested a conceptual model of medical mistrust in a sample of African American men (N = 216) recruited primarily from barbershops in the Midwest and Southeast regions of the United States. Potential psychosocial correlates were grouped into background factors, masculine role identity/socialization factors, recent healthcare experiences, recent socioenvironmental experiences (e.g., discrimination), and healthcare system outcome expectations (e.g., perceived racism in healthcare). Direct and mediated relationships were assessed. Results from the hierarchical regression analyses suggest that perceived racism in healthcare was the most powerful correlate of medical mistrust even after controlling for other factors. Direct effects were found for age, masculine role identity, recent patient–physician interaction quality, and discrimination experiences. Also, perceived racism in healthcare mediated the relationship between discrimination experiences and medical mistrust. These findings suggest that African American men’s mistrust of healthcare organizations is related to personal characteristics, previous negative social/healthcare experiences, and expectations of disparate treatment on the basis of race. These findings also imply that aspects of masculine role identity shape the tone of patient–physician interactions in ways that impede trust building processes.
Making Bodies Matter:: Adolescent Masculinities, the Body, and Varieties of Violence

Previous studies of adolescent male violence have ignored, inter alia, offender agency, body, and gender. The life-history method offers a means to explore, concurrently, all three. In this article, the life histories of two white working-class adolescent male violent offenders are juxtaposed and analysed. Although both boys initially constructed culturally idealized hegemonic masculinities, bodily and sexual practices institutionalized in the school played a major role in the construction of two differing forms of masculinity (subordinate and opposition) as well as corresponding types of violence (sexual and assaultive).
Analysis of high-resolution melting (thermal dispersion) of DNA. Methods.

We describe the capabilities of a method for obtaining high-resolution melting profiles of short, homogeneous DNAs using a thermo-differential absorbance technique. The absorbance difference of two identical DNA solutions, raised linearly in temperature and maintained at a constant temperature difference, is monitored using a double-beam spectrophotometer. A specially constructed temperature controller and cell holder enable the temperature of the DNA samples to be controlled and monitored directly. A heating rate of 6.75°C/hr has been found to give reproducible results at ionic strengths > 0.01M. A method of reconstructing the true derivative from experimental data using a Taylor series expansion is described and shown to work well when the difference in temperature between samples is in the range of 0.2°C. Reconstructed derivative profiles are further analyzed by deconvolution into distinct Gaussian components. The melting profile of PM-2 DNA is shown to consist of 14 components, while the much longer lambda DNA yields 55. Related techniques such as data management and analysis for the fractional G·C content of specific domains are also described.
Implications of Member Role Differentiation Analysis of a Key Concept in the Lmx Model of Leadership

Recent research exploring the leader-member exchange (LMX) model of leadership has suggested that members within the same work unit are differentiated in terms of their level of negotiating latitude. In this study, the possible impact of this role differentiation on member affective reactions was explored. As hypothesized, groups whose members experienced higher levels of negotiating latitude tended to have higher overall satisfaction with the leader, task, and co-workers. Contrary to expectations, however, the differentiation of follower roles was negatively related both to the level of negotiating latitude in the group and to member satisfaction with the task.