cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Recasting the Revolution: The Media Debate Between Edmund Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Thomas Paine

This essay contends that the exchange ignited by Edmund Burke's 1790 Reflections on the Revolution in France should be seen as an early media debate. Since the late eighteenth-century, the conversation between Burke, Mary Wollstonecraft, and Thomas Paine has been characterized as a type of competition among genres with each writer seeking to control the textual representation of the French Revolution. However, in addition to arguing that certain characteristics of the revolution as well as representations of the revolution make them better suited for some genres than others, each writer also argues that these same characteristics make them better suited for some media than for others. In other words, all three writers' textual representations mobilize other media in order to make their case. Therefore, addressing the debate in terms of genre and textuality elides the rhetorical role other media – including staged tragedy and history painting – played in the discourse on the revolution. Building on recent ...
Neonatal seizures and neonatal epileptic syndromes

The neonatal period is defined as the first 28 days of life of a term infant; for premature infants the limit of this period is 44 completed weeks of the infant's conceptional age (CA)-defined as the chronological age plus gestational age (GA) at birth. The clinical and electroencephalographic (EEG) manifestations of seizures during this period are determined primarily by the development features of the immature brain at the time of seizure onset, but are also related to the type and diversity of etiologies and risk-factors for seizures neonates may face early in life. Neonatal seizures may be strikingly different from the clinical and electrical seizures of older children and adults. In addition, findings from basic science investigations suggest that immature animals are more likely to experience seizures in response to injury than more mature animals, although the developing brain is less susceptible to seizure-induced injury.
A fluorogenic method for the demonstration of human serum 5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase isozymes after polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Abstract A rapid fluorogenic method for the demonstration of 5′-nucleotide phosphodiesterase in human serum has been developed. This method uses the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl 5′-thymidylate impregnated in agarose gels or filter paper strips. Zymograms are developed in less than 30 min at 25°C, and the sensitivity of this method has been compared with that of the indigogenic method.
Influence of design parameters on seismic response of post-tensioned steel MRF systems

Post-tensioned (PT) steel moment-resisting frame (MRF) systems are a new system and little is known about the influence of design parameters on their seismic response. This paper reports on a study that evaluates the influence of three different design parameters on the seismic response of PT MRFs. The three design parameters are: the connection strength, the panel zone strength, and an increase in the connection strength in the upper floors. Five prototype six-storey steel PT MRFs were designed with different combinations of these design parameters. Nonlinear dynamic time history analyses of the five PT MRFs were used evaluate the influence of these parameters on the seismic response. A practical range of connection strength was identified that provides acceptable performance. The analyses indicated that the panel zone strength does not significantly affect the seismic response, and that increasing the connection strength in the upper floors improves the seismic response of the frame.
A review of carbon blooms on JET and TFTR

Abstract Operation of JET and TFTR at high auxiliary heating power has resulted in the occurrence of phenomena called carbon blooms. The carbon bloom is characterized by a rapid increases in the emission of carbon spectral lines, the Z eff , the radiated power, and the plasma density. There is also a concurrent decrease in the neutron emission rate, stored energy, and plasma pressure. On both machines the source of the carbon is observed to be at localized (both toroidally and poloidally) hot spots on either the divertor plates or limiters. The localized hot spots are due to one or more of the following: disruption damage spots, misalignment of tiles, and/or exposed edges of tiles. The occurrence of carbon blooms limits the performance of the highest input power plasmas on both machines. This paper reviews the carbon bloom phenomenon as it occurs on both JET and TFTR.
Adaptation of Innate Lymphoid Cells to a Micronutrient Deficiency Promotes Type 2 Barrier Immunity

How the immune system adapts to malnutrition to sustain immunity at barrier surfaces, such as the intestine, remains unclear. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the most common micronutrient deficiencies and is associated with profound defects in adaptive immunity. Here, we found that type 3 innate lymphoid cells (ILC3s) are severely diminished in vitamin A–deficient settings, which results in compromised immunity to acute bacterial infection. However, vitamin A deprivation paradoxically resulted in dramatic expansion of interleukin-13 (IL-13)–producing ILC2s and resistance to nematode infection in mice, which revealed that ILCs are primary sensors of dietary stress. Further, these data indicate that, during malnutrition, a switch to innate type 2 immunity may represent a powerful adaptation of the immune system to promote host survival in the face of ongoing barrier challenges.
Your dinner's calling: supporting family dinnertime activities

Families want to eat dinner together, but lack the time or resources to achieve their desires. A human-centered research and design process explores dual-income American families to better understand their needs and desires to see if technology can help them achieve their goal of having dinner together more often. Literature review, observations, contextualized interviews, and journaling aided the development of concepts which where validated by families. A conceptual service leveraging the existing family infrastructure of mobile phones and personal computers is also explored through scenarios.
TaintEraser: protecting sensitive data leaks using application-level taint tracking

We present TaintEraser, a new tool that tracks the movement of sensitive user data as it flows through off-the-shelf applications. TaintEraser uses application-level dynamic taint analysis to let users run applications in their own environment while preventing unwanted information exposure. It is made possible by techniques we developed for accurate and efficient tainting: (1) Semantic-aware instruction-level tainting is critical to track taint accurately, without explosion or loss. (2) Function summaries provide an interface to handle taint propagation within the kernel and reduce the overhead of instruction-level tracking. (3) On-demand instrumentation enables fast loading of large applications. Together, these techniques let us analyze large, multi-threaded, networked applications in near real-time. In tests on Internet Explorer, Yahoo! Messenger, and Windows Notepad, Taint- Eraser generated no false positives and instrumented fewer than 5% of the executed instructions while precisely scrubbing user-defined sensitive data that would otherwise have been exposed to restricted output channels. Our research provides the first evidence that it is viable to track taint accurately and efficiently for real, interactive applications running on commodity hardware.
STUDIES OF THE TRIAD I. Structure of the Junction in Frog Twitch Fibers

The structure of the junction between sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and transverse tubular (T) system at the triad has been studied in twitch fibers of the frog. The junction is formed by flattened surfaces of the SR lateral sacs and the T-system tubule, which face each other at a distance of 120–140 A. At periodic intervals of about 300 A, the SR membrane forms small projections, whose tips are joined to the T system membrane by some amorphous material. The SR projections and the amorphous material are here called SR feet. The feet are disposed in two parallel rows, two such rows being present on either side of the T-system tubule. The junctional area between the feet is apparently empty. The feet cover no more than 30% of the T system surface area and 3% of the total SR area. The functional significance of this interpretation of the junctional structure is discussed.
Some electrical measurements of cortical elements and neuronal responses to direct stimulation with particular reference to input resistance

Abstract Electrical properties of the cerebral cortical elements were examined by passing current through intracellular micropipette electrodes. It was found that the threshold strength for direct excitation of neurons was 0.20–0.40 × 10−9 amp. Upon supramaximum strength of stimulation, the neurons discharged at high frequencies up to 500/sec; the frequency of discharges rapidly reduced and in 40–110 msec became fairly constant at 45–200/sec. The response to direct excitation was followed by hyperpolarization; however, if the excitation was immediately preceded by a prolonged passage of negative current, hyperpolarization tended to be replaced by depolarization and spike discharges. Further, during the period of hyperpolarization the input resistance of the neuron was markedly reduced. Resting membrane potentials of cortical neurons were found to be 59.92 ± 7.45 mv; of the inexcitable elements, presumably glial cells, 70.08 ± 8.62 mv. Of the neurons, the resistance was 9.17 ± 2.68 × 106 ohms; capacitance, 0.69 ± 0.35 × 10−9 farads; and time constant, 5.69 ± 1.34 × 10−3 sec. Of the inexcitable elements, the resistance was in the order of 2.40 × 106 ohms; capacitance, 1.36 × 10−9 farads; and time constant, 2.83 × 10−3 sec.
Adaptive sampling for coordinate metrology

An iterative sampling process for dimensional measurement is presented. The strategy is based upon the use of surface normal measurement data to develop an interpolating curve between sample points. The interpolant is used to select subsequent measurement targets iteratively. The process is repeated until the measurement converges to a complete and accurate evaluation of the surface. The required sample size is proportional to part quality. The most accurate parts will require the least sample points; whereas, lower quality parts will require a greater number of total samples. The method is particularly applicable to measurement of complex surfaces with coordinate measuring machines (CMMs).
Basalt generation at the Apollo 12 site. Part 2: Source heterogeneity, multiple melts, and crustal contamination

The petrogenesis of Apollo 12 mare basalts has been examined with emphasis on trace-element ratios and abundances. Vitrophyric basalts were used as parental compositions for the modeling, and proportions of fractionating phases were determined using the MAGFOX prograqm of Longhi (1991). Crystal fractionation processes within crustal and sub-crustal magma chambers are evaluated as a function of pressure. Knowledge of the fractionating phases allows trace-element variations to be considered as either source related or as a product of post-magma-generation processes. For the ilmenite and olivine basalts, trace-element variations are inherited from the source, but the pigeonite basalt data have been interpreted with open-system evolution processes through crustal assimilation. Three groups of basalts have been examined: (1) Pigeonite basalts-produced by the assimilation of lunar crustal material by a parental melt (up to 3% assimilation and 10% crystal fractionation, with an 'r' value of 0.3). (2) Ilmenite basalts-produced by variable degrees of partial melting (4-8%) of a source of olivine, pigeonite, augite, and plagioclase, brought together by overturn of the Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) cumulate pile. After generation, which did not exhaust any of the minerals in the source, these melts experienced closed-system crystal fractionation/accumulation. (3) Olivine basalts-produced by variable degrees of partial melting (5-10%) of a source of olivine, pigeonite, and augite. After generation, again without exhausting any of the minerals in the source, these melts evolved through crystal accumulation. The evolved liquid counterparts of these cumulates have not been sampled. The source compositions for the ilmenite and olivine basalts were calculated by assuming that the vitrophyric compositions were primary and the magmas were produced by non-modal batch melting. Although the magnitude is unclear, evaluation of these source regions indicates that both be composed of early- and late-stage Lunar Magma Ocean (LMO) cumulates, requiring an overturn of the cumulate pile.
The geometry of visual space and the nature of visual experience

Some recently popular accounts of perception account for the phenomenal character of perceptual experience in terms of the qualities of objects. My concern in this paper is with naturalistic versions of such a phenomenal externalist view. Focusing on visual spatial perception, I argue that naturalistic phenomenal externalism conflicts with a number of scientific facts about the geometrical characteristics of visual spatial experience.
Mössbauer spectra of unstable iron porphyrins Models for compound II of peroxidase

Abstract Experimental methods are detailed for the preparation of samples of thermally unstable, air-sensitive iron-porphyrin complexes for Mossbauer spectroscopy. Results obtained for the μ-peroxo iron(III) dimer (TPP)Fe-OO-Fe(TPP) in frozen toleune solution corroborate the structure assigned to it from NMR methods. The recently proposed S =1 iron(IV) complex, FE(O)(TPP)(1-MeIm), has also been studied by the Mossbauer effect in frozen toluene solution and the solid state. The low isomer shift (0.11 mm/s at 4.2 K) and its magnetic features strongly support the integral spin iron(IV) assignment. Moreover, there is a close similarity of the spectra of Fe(O)(TPP)(L) (L=1-methylimidazole, pryridine) with those of compound ES of cytochrome c peroxidase. This congruence supports the ‘ferryl’ Fe(IV)=O structure of these intermediates in hydroperoxidases.
Biomechanical comparison between C-7 lateral mass and pedicle screws in subaxial cervical constructs. Presented at the 2009 Joint Spine Meeting. Laboratory investigation.

Object The aim of this study was to conduct the first in vitro biomechanical comparison of immediate and postcyclical rigidities of C-7 lateral mass versus C-7 pedicle screws in posterior C4–7 constructs. Methods Ten human cadaveric spines were treated with C4–6 lateral mass screw and C-7 lateral mass (5 specimens) versus pedicle (5 specimens) screw fixation. Spines were potted in polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and placed on a materials testing machine. Rotation about the axis of bending was measured using passive retroreflective markers and infrared motion capture cameras. The motion of C-4 relative to C-7 in flexion-extension and lateral bending was assessed uninstrumented, immediately after instrumentation, and following 40,000 cycles of 4 Nm of flexion-extension and lateral bending moments at 1 Hz. The effect of instrumentation and cyclical loading on rotational motion across C4–7 was analyzed for significance. Results Preinstrumented spines for the 2 cohorts were comparable in bone mineral densit...
Surface reactions of poly(ether ether ketone) with He2+ ions

Abstract Room temperature irradiation of poly(ether ether ketone) (PEEK) films with He2+ ions in the range of 0.78 × 1015 – 12.5 × 1015 ions cm−2 produces surface changes detectable by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy. Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, with a sampling depth of several micrometres, reveals no compositional changes during irradiation. Surface reactions that proceed during irradiation yield highly oxidized species, hydroxylated moieties and carbonized regions with loss of the aromatic character within the upper 5 nm of the surface. The surface compositions after various irradiation times are constant indicating that no loss of material takes place. This behaviour is compared to the surface evolution of PEEK following other types of surface modification methods.
Watching reality television beauty shows is associated with tanning lamp use and outdoor tanning among college students

Background Ultraviolet radiation exposure through natural sunlight or tanning lamps is a risk factor for skin cancer. Objective As the media can influence behavior, we studied whether watching reality television (TV) beauty shows is associated with tanning lamp use or outdoor tanning. Methods College students (n = 576) were surveyed on their reality TV beauty show watching, their use of tanning lamps, and outdoor tanning behavior. We asked media attitude questions about connectivity with reality TV shows and Internet use of Facebook to discuss reality TV shows. Results Those who did versus did not watch reality TV beauty shows used tanning lamps (12.9% vs 3.7%, P P Limitations The specific names of the reality TV beauty shows watched were not obtained and therefore we cannot determine if particular shows were more or less associated with this behavior. Conclusion Watching reality TV beauty shows is associated with both tanning lamp use and outdoor tanning. Dermatologists should consider discussing the potential harmful aspects of tanning beds and outdoor tanning, especially with their patients who watch reality TV beauty shows.
Dispensable But Not Irrelevant

In the left upper quadrant of the abdomen lies the spleen, functioning in two major capacities—filtering and storing blood cells, and acting as an immune tissue, where antibody synthesis occurs and certain pathogens are eliminated. Yet the spleen lacks the gravitas of neighboring organs because we can survive without it, albeit with some inconveniences. Its surgical removal causes modest increases in circulating white blood cells and platelets, diminished responsiveness to certain vaccines, and increased susceptibility to infection with certain bacteria and protozoa. But on page 612 in this issue, the organ gains some new respect, as Swirski et al. ( 1 ) show that in the mouse, the spleen serves as a reservoir for immune cells (monocytes) that function in repairing the heart after myocardial infarction.
Sick Heil: Self and Illness in Nazi Germany

ABSTRACT Illness in Nazi Germany was a site of contestation around the existing modern self. The Nazis mobilized the professions of medicine and psychology, two disciplines built around self, to exploit physical and mental capacity. Nazi projects thus instrumentalized the individual and essentialized a self of race and will. A cruel and anxious obsession with health as a means of racial exclusion was a monstrous form of the modern turn inward to agency of body and mind. The Nazis regulated the individual through family and factory (social control), areas of ordinary life in which modernity located human activity and meaning, and propagandized traditional values the populace internalized (social discipline). A Nazi premodern warrior ethos was served by a liberal ethic of productivity and an absolutist tradition of state control. Medicalization and commodification of health was continuous with modern trends and became a wartime site of attempted well‐being of the self at the expense of the Nazi ethnic commu...
A test of interventions for security threats from social engineering

– Recently, the role of human behavior has become a focal point in the study of information security countermeasures. However, few empirical studies have been conducted to test social engineering theory and the reasons why people may or may not fall victim, and even fewer have tested recommended treatments. Building on theory using threat control factors, the purpose of this paper is to compare the efficacy of recommended treatment protocols., – A confirmatory factor analysis of a threat control model was conducted, followed by a randomized assessment of treatment effects using the model. The data were gathered using a questionnaire containing antecedent factors, and samples of social engineering security behaviors were observed., – It was found that threat assessment, commitment, trust, and obedience to authority were strong indicators of social engineering threat success, and that treatment efficacy depends on which factors are most prominent., – This empirical study provides evidence for certain posited theoretical factors, but also shows that treatment efficacy for social engineering depends on targeting the appropriate factor. Researchers should investigate methods for factor assessment, and practitioners must develop interventions accordingly.
Management Control of Blood Through a Short-Term Supply-Demand Forecast System

Design, development, implementation and operation of a short-term blood inventory level forecast system is described. The primary purpose of the forecast system is to alert blood center management to the short-term inventory level of blood supplies so that they can take corrective notion to either reduce or increase blood collections. A test is performed on the system, and it is demonstrated that, management took action to reduce collections in response to higher than necessary inventory levels and increased collections during a period when insufficient inventory levels were forecast.
Choice of screen-film systems for cerebral angiography

With the availability of fast RP X-Omat processable film, medium and slow speed intensifying screens can be used in place of the widely used fast speed screen-medium speed film combination to produce sharper images of blood vessels in cerebral angiography. Physical measurements were made utilizing a 0.5 and 1.0 mm diameter blood vessel phantom to obtain the X-ray patterns of the vessels. With the X-ray pattern and line spread functions of the screen systems the outputs corresponding to presently available high speed, medium speed and slow speed screens were calculated and intercompared. Output of the medium speed screen (fast speed film) showed significantly greater contrast and sharpness of the blood vessel profile than the fast screen system (medium speed film). This was accomplished without an exposure increase. Outputs with slower screens showed even greater contrast and sharpness. Due to limits on tube load, however, alterations in the technique such as fewer frames/s or increased kVp setting must be made. Outputs of the screens using the X-ray pattern obtained at slightly higher and lower kVp settings were also discussed. Test object radiographs and clinical radiographs demonstrated the conclusions reached from the physical measurements for blood vessel imaging in cerebral angiography.
Use-Value Land Taxation and Conservation Economics: An Assessment of Tax-Zoning, with Implications for Conservation Easements

Conservation economics of use-value land taxation is used to explain the intertemporal incentive effects of progressive versus regressive taxes on the stock and flow component of land into different uses. Such an approach is used to resolve inconsistencies between traditional rent theory, land-use policy, and tax assessment practices in Hawaii. Analytical implications also extend to the problem of valuing conservation easements with respect to urban pressure on prime irrigable lands.
BLOWOUT OF THE FLAT END OF A HYDRAULICALLY PRESSURIZED CYLINDRICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

Abstract Steady-state two-dimensional incompressible potential flow analysis provides a sequence of free streamlines for the jet emerging from a ruptured pressure vessel and impacting on the blown-out fragment; these are adapted to three-dimensional flow. Thus the force acting on the blown-out end can be determined, the equation of motion solved, and the maximum rise of the fragment calculated. For the proposed design, the fragment — with the canopy on top — acquires a velocity of 22.6 ft/sec and rises 0.1 ft while the pressure in the vessel declines (in 6 msec) from 105 psi to atmospheric value; it rises perhaps 1 2 ft while the honeycomb structure supporting the canopy collapses, and it rises less than another 1 2 ft in the subsequent free travel. Thus the proposed design may be regarded as safe when the end of the container is blown out upward. The case when, during rupture, the fragment hinges, and then is propelled out sidewise, at a large angle to the vertical, requires special attention.
Synthesis of Petrosins C and D

Petrosins C and D (5 and 6), diastereomers of the known natural products petrosin (1), petrosin A (2), and petrosin B (3), have been prepared. The synthetic route involved initial creation of a 16-membered bis-pyridine intermediate, exemplified by compounds 7, 28, and 52. Several different methods for formation of the macrocycle were evaluated, and the most efficient (Schemes 7−9) involved use of Z double bonds in the six-carbon chains linking the two pyridine rings. This approach permitted the two pyridine subunits (37 and 39) to be joined by alkylation of a lithiated α-methylpyridine with an allylic chloride (e.g., 37 + 39 → 40 and 49 → 45). Bisannulation of compounds 7 and 28 was complicated by a surprising lack of acidity of the α-pyridyl methylene groups. Eventually, this problem was solved by stepwise introduction of two allyl groups, using the more acidic sulfone for introduction of the first (e.g., 52 → 53) and direct allylation to introduce the second (e.g., 54 → 55 + 56). The bisannulation was c...
A New Method for Determining the Relative Phase with Which Slow Neutrons Are Scattered by Nuclei

To determine the relative phase with which neutrons are scattered by an element $A$, cross-section measurements are obtained for $A$, for a reference element $B$, and for a substitutional solid solution of $A$ and $B$. The experimental value of the effective coherent scattering cross section, $\ensuremath{\sigma}_{\mathrm{coh}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, for the solid solution, when compared with the values calculated from the data for pure $A$ and $B$, shows whether the two constituent elements scatter neutrons in the same or in opposite phases. Measurements made with the Columbia neutron velocity spectrometer show that copper and nickel scatter with the same phase, and manganese and nickel with opposite phases, in agreement with other methods of phase determination. The following more accurate values of the free scattering cross sections, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{f}}$, and new values of the effective coherent scattering cross sections, $\ensuremath{\sigma}_{\mathrm{coh}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}$, were obtained: copper, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{f}}=8.2$ barns, $\ensuremath{\sigma}_{\mathrm{coh}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}=6.6$ barns; nickel, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{f}}=17.4$ barns, $\ensuremath{\sigma}_{\mathrm{coh}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}=13.9$ barns; manganese, ${\ensuremath{\sigma}}_{\mathrm{f}}=1.80$ barns. $\ensuremath{\sigma}_{\mathrm{coh}}^{}{}_{}{}^{\ensuremath{'}}=\ensuremath{\sim}1.9$ barns.
The chorus-line hypothesis of manoeuvre coordination in avian flocks

Thousands of birds flying together at high speeds are able to execute abrupt manoeuvres with such precise coordination that some investigators have postulated that ‘thought transference’1 or electromagnetic communication2 must be taking place. Recently, Davis proposed that coordination is achieved by a ‘threshold’ number of birds executing ‘preliminary movements’ which signal to the flock that a turn is imminent3. Here I show by analysis of film of dunlin (Calidris alpina) flocks that a single bird may initiate a manoeuvre which spreads through the flock in a wave. The propagation of this ‘manoeuvre wave’ begins relatively slowly but reaches mean speeds three times higher than would be possible if birds were simply reacting to their immediate neighbours. These propagation speeds appear to be achieved in much the same way as they are in a human chorus line: individuals observe the approaching manoeuvre wave and time their own execution to coincide with its arrival.
Inequalities for generalized hypergeometric functions

Abstract It is shown that some well-known Pade approximations for a particular form of the Gaussian hypergeometric function and two of its confluent forms give upper and lower bounds for these functions under suitable restrictions on the parameters and variable. With the aid of the beta and Laplace transforms, two-sided inequalities are derived for the generalized hypergeometric function p F q , p = q or p = q + 1, and for a particular form of Meijer's G -function. Several examples are developed. These include upper and lower bounds for certain elementary functions, complete elliptic integrals, the incomplete gamma function, modified Bessel functions, and parabolic cylinder functions.
The Injustice of Enforced Equal Access to Transplant Operations: Rethinking Reckless Claims of Fairness

The globalizing or totalizing imposition of a particular understanding of justice, fairness, or equality, as seen, for example, in Canada's single health care system, which forbids the sale of private insurance and the purchase of better basic health care, cannot be justified in general secular terms because of the following limitations: (1) the plurality of understandings of justice, fairness, and equality, and (2) the inability to establish one understanding as canonical. The secular state lacks plausible moral authority for the coercive imposition of one such account on peaceable, consenting adults. This state of affairs, with regard to the weakness of human moral epistemological powers, means that the secular state fails to have the moral authority to forbid coercively the sale and purchase of organs. It further lacks the secular, moral authority to impose equal access to organ transplantations. Assertions of such authority amount to reckless claims of fairness, and for this reason, health care policy must be set within the constraints of limited, constitutional regimes.
Students at Risk for School Dropout: Supporting Their Persistence

A critical need exists for research on high school dropout that goes beyond individual student characteristics to include the influence of school factors on students' educational decisions. In this article, the author summarizes the findings of a qualitative case study of a group of high school students at risk for dropping out but still attending school. Analysis focused on understanding the students' persistence within the context of their school. Four factors emerged as critical to supporting student persistence: (a) listening to students, (b) communicating caring, (c) the school's role in dropout prevention, and (d) students' role in dropout prevention.
Lost Mold-Rapid Infiltration Forming of Mesoscale Ceramics: Part 2, Geometry and Strength Improvements

Iterative process improvements have been used to eliminate strength-limiting geometric flaws in mesoscale bend bars composed of yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (Y-TZP). These improvements led to large quantities of high bend strength material. The metrology of Y-TZP mesoscale bend bars produced using a novel lost mold-rapid infiltration-forming process (LM-RIF) is characterized over several process improvements. These improvements eliminate trapezoidal cross sections in the parts, reduce concave upper surfaces in cross section, and minimize warping along the long axis of 332 × 26 × 17 μm mesoscale bend bars. The trapezoidal cross sections of earlier, first-generation parts were due to the absorption of high-energy ultraviolet (UV) light during the photolithographic mold-forming process, which produced nonvertical mold walls that the parts mirrored. The concave upper surfaces in cross section were eliminated by implementing a RIFbuffing process. Warping during sintering was attributed to impurities in the substrate, which creates localized grain growth and warping as the tetragonal phase becomes destabilized. Precision in the part dimensions is demonstrated using optical profilometry on bend bars and a triangular test component. The bend bar dimensions have a 95% confidence interval of < ±1 μm, and the tip radius of the triangular test component is 3 μm, consistent with the UV-photolithographic process used to form the mold cavities. The average bend strength of the mesoscale Y-TZP bend exceeds 2 GPa with a Weibull modulus equal to 6.3.
Group Gradings and Recovery Results for Generalized Incidence Rings

Abstract We investigate the structure of incidence rings in situations where the underlying set is not necessarily preordered. We then modify the techniques used by Haack in his study of incidence rings of partially ordered sets to obtain a recovery result in this more general setting. Finally, we use these ideas to investigate a recovery question for group-graded rings.
Aluminum resistance mechanisms in oat ( Avena sativa L.)

Enhanced aluminum (Al) resistance has been observed in dicots over-expressing enzymes involved in organic acid synthesis; however, this approach for improving Al resistance has not been investigated in monocots. Among the cereals, oat (Avena sativa L.) is considered to be Al resistant, but the basis of resistance is not known. A hydroponic assay and hematoxylin staining for Al accumulation in roots were used to evaluate Al resistance in 15 oat cultivars. Malate and citrate release from roots was measured over a 24 h period. A malate dehydrogenase gene, neMDH, from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) was used to transform oat. Oat seedlings were highly resistant to Al, as a concentration of 325 μM AlK(SO4)2 was needed to cause a 50% decrease in root growth. Most oat cultivars tested are naturally resistant to high concentrations of Al and effectively excluded Al from roots. Al-dependent release of malate and Al-independent release of citrate was observed. Al resistance was enhanced in a transgenic oat line with the highest accumulation of neMDH protein. However, overall root growth of this line was reduced and expression of neMDH in transgenic oat did not enhance malate secretion. Release of malate from oat roots was associated with Al resistance, which suggests that malate plays a role in Al resistance of oat. Over-expression of alfalfa neMDH enhanced Al resistance in some lines but was not effective alone for crop improvement.
Cooperative Learning in the Tutorials of a Large Lecture Physics Class.

The introduction of in-class cooperative learning to a two semester large lecture college physics sequence was evaluated using both qualitative and quantitative measuremets. The first semester of the sequence was taught using traditional formats for lectures, tutorials and laboratories. A group of six students with apparent weaknesses in their academic backgrounds (from a class size of 200) was examined closely through weekly group meetings, journal writing and formal interviews. After several weeks, the group meetings became cooperative learning sessions, and the meetings appear to have helped the students to achieve at a higher level than expected. In addition, a classroom environment survey was administered during the first semester. During the second semester, in-class cooperative learning was implemented in tutorials. Student reaction to the new tutorial format, as measured by the survey, was positive. Field notes taken during the tutorials in the second semester revealed additional positive aspects of this reform. Many of the data support the hypothesis that in-class cooperative learning addressed student concerns about the learning environment and was perceived as an effective reform by most students.
Measurements of the Vapor Pressures of Coal Tars Using the Nonisothermal Knudsen Effusion Method

The vapor pressures of primary coal tars have been determined using a modified Knudsen effusion method. Vapor pressure data are correlated with the molecular weight and temperature for tars from three Argonne coal samples (Pittsburgh No. 8, Upper Freeport, and Wyodak). These results show significant differences in the vapor pressures of similar molecular-weight tars from different coals. The results likewise warn that the commonly used estimation techniques for vapor pressures of the coal tars oversimplify the actual behavior but at the same time provide reasonable estimates for some modeling applications.
Ochratoxin A, an in vivo inhibitor of renal phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase.

Abstract Ochratoxin A, a nephrotoxin produced as a secondary metabolite by A. ochraceus, is a potent inhibitor of renal PEPCK activity, in vivo. When fed orally to rats for 2 days, renal PEPCK activity is reduced 50% by a total dose of 0.3-0.5 mg toxin. Renal gluconeogenic capacity is reduced only after PEPCK activity is inhibited by 50%. Hepatic PEPCK activity is unaffected up to 1.5-2.0 mg ochratoxin A, which were the highest doses tested. Other enzymes located in proximal convoluted tubules, including phosphatedependent glutaminase, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, pyruvate carboxylase, and Na,K-ATPase, are not affected. Renal protein synthesis from [3H]phenylalanine or [3H]leucine is inhibited 30–40% by ochratoxin A in vivo. By covalently coupling the toxin to albumin with carbodiimide or mixed anhydride, the inhibitory effect on renal PEPCK activity is retained, but protein synthesis is not affected and cytological evidence of nephrotoxicity is lost. Injection of the ochratoxin A-albumin carbodiimide complex results in a decrease of hepatic PEPCK activity as well. Removal of the phenylalanine group from the toxin prevents the in vivo inhibition of PEPCK activity, as well as protein synthesis. We conclude that the decrease in renal PEPCK activity, in vivo, requires the phenylalanine group of ochratoxin A, and occurs by a mechanism independent of the known nephrotoxicity effects.
Lingual Propulsive Pressures Across Consistencies Generated by the Anteromedian and Posteromedian Tongue by Healthy Young Adults

Purpose In the present study, the authors investigated lingual propulsive pressures generated in the normal swallow by the anterior and posterior lingual segments for various consistencies and maxi...
Structural elements pertinent to the interaction of cyclosporin a with its specific receptor protein, cyclophilin

Cyclophilin (163 amino acids; 17,737 daltons) is a ubiquitous cytosolic protein that specifically binds the potent immunosuppressive drug cyclosporin A (CsA). To characterize the structural details of this interaction, extensive use has been made of two-dimensional (2D) NMR methods. For studies on CsA, these methods are being used to assign the conformational space accessible to CsA by analysis of the spectra from the multiple CsA conformers present in slow exchange in mixed solvent systems. These same 2D NMR methods also have been used for extensive studies of the major bovine thymus cyclophilin (CyP) isoform and its complex with stoichiometric amounts of CsA. In the former case, these studies have revealed 81% of the 156 expected HN-H alpha crosspeaks. The complete spin-coupled spin systems for one-third of these amide resonances have been assigned according to amino acid type. After exhaustive D2O exchange, there remain 44 amide protons which exhibit 2D NMR features indicative of a hydrophobic domain with beta-sheet secondary structure. The CsA-complexed form of CyP exhibits a discrete structure and set of resonances in slow exchange with the drug-free CyP. The amino acids that have been specifically identified to be affected by the interaction are limited in number and include three Phe residues, the unique Trp at position 120, and two Ala residues.
Minimally invasive myomectomy using unidirectional knotless barbed suture.

Abstract Study Objective To demonstrate the technique for closure of the uterine wall defect during minimally invasive myomectomy using unidirectional knotless barbed suture. Design Step-by-step explanation of the technique using videos and pictures (educational video). Setting Women have a 70% to 80% lifetime risk of developing uterine leiomyomas. Myomectomy is a common procedure performed for conservative treatment of leiomyomas that is frequently performed using a minimally invasive technique. Knotless barbed sutures have recently been used successfully in minimally invasive myomectom procedures. Advantages of using barbed sutures in this setting include the ability to perform knotless suturing and rapid suture deployment, which may result in decreased operative time and blood loss. In addition, the tensile strength of the suture is maintained by the barbs, which facilitates the operative procedure and may potentially lead to a more even distribution of tension along the closure. Interventions Closure of the uterine wall defect using unidirectional knotless barbed suture during minimally invasive myomectomy. Conclusion The use of unidirectional knotless barbed suture substantially facilitates closure of uterine defects during minimally invasive myomectomy and may offer additional advantages such as minimizing operative time.
A numerical analysis of factor X activation in the presence of tissue factor-factor VIIa complex in a flow reactor

A mathematical model has been developed to investigate previously obtained experimental findings relating to the activation of factor X by surface-bound tissue factor--factor VIIa (TF:VIIa) in a tubular flow reactor. In those experiments, factor X was perfused through a microcapillary tube over a range of flow (shear) conditions and the activated product, factor Xa, was measured at the outlet of the tube using a chromogenic assay. In the present study, the steady-state convection-diffusion equation with Michaelis-Menten kinetics used to describe the reaction at the wall was numerically integrated using an implicit method based on linear systems of ordinary differential equations. The results from the numerical analysis indicated that shear rate directly affects both Km and Vmax. Values of Km decreased from 151 to 16 nM as the shear rate increased from 25 to 2400 sec-1. Additionally, there was a twofold increase in Vmax from 1.4 to 3.0 pmol/cm2/min as the shear rate increased from 25 to 300 sec-1. These findings are in contrast with classical enzyme behavior and imply a direct effect of fluid flow on the kinetics of factor X activation.
Unexpected heavy-electron behavior at low temperatures in PrInAg2

Specific heat, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical resistivity were measured as a function of temperature in polycrystalline PrInAg2. A broad peak, similar to a conventional Kondo anomaly, occurs in the specific heat at 400 mK. Below the peak, an enhanced linear contribution is observed with a Sommerfeld coefficient of ∼ 6.5 J/mol K2. This is the first Pr-based compound to display heavy-fermion behavior, and it has a Kondo temperature of ∼ 1 K. Inelastic -neutron-scattering experiments by Galera et al. found that the non-Kramers doublet (Γ3) in PrInAg2 is the ground state with a first excited level at 5.9 meV. Since the ground state does not have a magnetic moment, our results point to the possibility of a new type of interaction between the conduction electrons and the quadrupolar moments of the localized 4f electrons. The magnetic susceptibility follows a Curie-Weiss law above ∼ 50 K with an effective moment of 3.67 μB. At low temperatures, the susceptibility falls below simple Curie-Weiss behavior, and it has a value close to that estimated for a Van Vleck contribution with the crystal electric field levels observed in neutron scattering. The electrical resistivity monotonically decreases with temperature and then saturates below ∼ 10 K. A weak decrease is observed in the resistivity around 1 K which is consistent with the small Kondo temperature.
Incremental treatments with laser therapy augments good behavioral outcome in the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model

Transcranial near-infrared laser therapy (TLT) improves behavioral outcome in animal stroke models when applied as single treatment within the 24 h of the stroke onset. It is unknown if the multiple TLT treatments have an added beneficial effect. We aim to determine whether multiple irradiations with TLT would have further improvement in behavioral outcomes in the rabbit small clot embolic stroke model (RSCEM). Using the RSCEM, two and three TLT treatments (7.5–20 mW/cm2) were compared against single laser treatment alone (7.5–10.8 mW/cm2). Two sham irradiation groups were added for the control curves. The double treatment group received TLT at 3 and 5 h and the triple treatment group at 2, 3, and 4 h after embolization. Behavioral analysis was conducted 24 h after embolization using a dichotomized behavioral score. The determination of the effective clot amount (milligrams) that produces neurological deficits in 50 % of the rabbits (P 50) was used to compare TLT treatments with the sham. The P 50 for double treatment was 5.47 ± 0.90, with n = 39; the corresponding P 50 value for a single treatment was 3.87 ± 0.73, with n = 38; and the corresponding control curve was 3.25 ± 0.4, n = 32. The P 50 for triple treatment was 5.91 ± 0.49, with n = 23; the corresponding P 50 value for a single treatment was 3.09 ± 0.59, with n = 15, and the corresponding control curve was 1.71 ± 0.26, with n = 17. The triple treatment had 91 % improvement when compared with the single treatment and 245 % improvement when compared with the sham. The present study suggests that the additional TLT treatments provide further behavioral improvement when given during the acute ischemic stroke phase.
Aristotle and Confucius on the Socioeconomics of Shame

The sociopolitical significance Aristotle and Confucius attribute to possessing a sense of shame serves to emphasize the importance of its development. Aristotle maintains that social class and wealth are prerequisites for its acquisition, while Confucius is optimistic that it can be developed regardless of socioeconomic considerations. The difference between their positions is largely due to competing views of praiseworthy dispositions. While Aristotle conceives of praiseworthy dispositions as “consistent” traits of character, traits that calcifiy as one reaches adulthood, Confucius offers us an alternative picture, one that affords a greater plasticity to praiseworthy dispositions by treating them as situational character traits. I argue that the Confucian conception of praiseworthy dispositions, combined with several strategies for developing a sense of shame discussed in the Analects, renders Confucius’s optimism defensible.