cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Screening and Routine Supplementation for Iron Deficiency Anemia: A Systematic Review

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Supplementation and screening for iron-deficiency anemia (IDA) in young children may improve growth and development outcomes. The goal of this study was to review the evidence regarding the benefits and harms of screening and routine supplementation for IDA for the US Preventive Services Task Force. METHODS: We searched Medline and Cochrane databases (1996–August 2014), as well as reference lists of relevant systematic reviews. We included trials and controlled observational studies regarding the effectiveness and harms of routine iron supplementation and screening in children ages 6 to 24 months conducted in developed countries. One author extracted data, which were checked for accuracy by a second author. Dual quality assessment was performed. RESULTS: No studies of iron supplementation in young children reported on the diagnosis of neurodevelopmental delay. Five of 6 trials sparsely reporting various growth outcomes found no clear benefit of supplementation. After 3 to 12 months, Bayley Scales of Infant Development scores were not significantly different in 2 trials. Ten trials assessing iron supplementation in children reported inconsistent findings for hematologic measures. Evidence regarding the harms of supplementation was limited but did not indicate significant differences. No studies assessed the benefits or harms of screening or the association between improvement in impaired iron status and clinical outcomes. Studies may have been underpowered, and control factors varied and could have confounded results. CONCLUSIONS: Although some evidence on supplementation for IDA in young children indicates improvements in hematologic values, evidence on clinical outcomes is lacking. No randomized controlled screening studies are available.
Comparison of organic and conventional farms: challenging ecologists to make biodiversity functional

With the rise of organic farming in the United States and worldwide, ecologists are being presented with new opportunities to link basic and applied ecology through research on biodiversity and ecosystem services. We present evidence from our own research and a review of the literature to assess the evidence for enhanced insect pest control as a consequence of greater biodiversity on organic farms. Despite the frequency of claims in the literature that biodiversity is beneficial, we found that few studies have measured biodiversity effects on pest control and yield on organic farms compared to conventional farms. Relevant studies in agricultural or natural settings suggest that an increase in the diversity of insect predators and parasitoids can have positive or negative effects on prey consumption rates. We therefore call for a stronger scientific basis for evaluating pest suppression effects due to enhanced natural enemy diversity. We suggest several avenues of research to assess the relationship between biodiversity and effective biological control, to obtain the information needed to manage natural enemy diversity, and to estimate the value-added component of on-farm biodiversity in terms of pest control services.
Survey of plants for enterokinase inhibitors.

Abstract A radioisotopic assay procedure was developed for the assay of enterokinase inhibitors. This assay was used to test a number of plant species for enterokinase inhibiting activity. Enterokinase inhibiting activity was found in 5 of the tissues surveyed. These included peanut seeds, leaves of two tomato varieties, and tubers of two potato cultivars. Peanut seeds contained protein enterokinase inhibitors that were separated by gel filtration on Sephadex G-50 after quantitative recovery by affinity chromatography on anhydrotrypsin-Sepharose. Enterokinase inhibiting activity was found to accumulate in tomato leaves as a result of wounding. It was concluded that some plants contain enterokinase inhibitors.
Integrating Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) competencies: a novel approach undertaken in the preoperative assessment clinic

surveys of recent graduates from our program have identified a need for an introduction to the skills necessary to accomplish excellent patient care with efficiency in this setting. Introduced in July 2004, senior residents, under close supervision by the attending anesthesiologist, are performing a supervisory role—the junior attending—in the management of a 4-room outpatient/short-stay surgical unit. During this 1-month rotation, they gain valuable experience with regard to all aspects of perioperative management and case coordination. The curriculum is novel and under development. Methods: The senior resident received an orientation with literature pertaining to the supervision of nurse anesthetists, including American Society of Anesthesiologists position statements [1] and financial [2] practice information. Clinical activities included evaluation of each patient and discussion of the plan with attending staff and the nurse anesthetist. They supervised all perioperative management. In consultation with the nurse managers, they coordinated cases and personnel to improve the efficiency of the unit. At the conclusion of the day, the faculty member and resident reviewed the events of the day, and feedback was obtained. The residents were evaluated for medical knowledge and patient care. They were also evaluated for the efficient organization and implementation of anesthetic management at multiple sites and communication skills with nursing and surgical teams. A 360-degree evaluation is in preparation, including patient satisfaction. The residents evaluated the rotation. Results: Six residents have participated in the rotation. Residents report high satisfaction in developing autonomy and developing important communication skills that facilitate working within the banesthesia teamQ model. Their satisfaction is proportional to their autonomy. In addition, residents stated that this rotation has greatly enhanced their ability to multitask and manage personnel. Discussion: Improving the resident’s understanding of varied types of anesthesia practice is a goal of resident training. In the rotation under development, we have exposed the senior resident to the responsibility of certified registered nurse anesthetist supervision in the multiple location setting. It is expected that this experience will improve the resident’s understanding of the system-based practice and communication skills essential to this setting. It will help in career decisions and prepare them for efficient and safe operating room management.
Nonanatomic Tunnel Position in Traditional Transtibial Single-Bundle Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction Evaluated by Three-Dimensional Computed Tomography

Background: Transtibial drilling techniques are widely used for arthroscopic reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament, most likely because they simplify femoral tunnel placement and reduce surgical time. Recently, however, there has been concern that this technique results in nonanatomically positioned bone tunnels, which may cause abnormal knee function. The purpose of this study was to use three-dimensional computed tomography models to visualize and quantify the positions of femoral and tibial tunnels in patients who underwent traditional transtibial single-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament and to compare these positions with reference data on anatomical tunnel positions. Methods: Computed tomography scans were performed on thirty-two knees that had undergone transtibial single-bundle reconstruction of the anterior cruciate ligament. Three-dimensional computed tomography models were aligned into an anatomical coordinate system. Tibial tunnel aperture centers were measured in the anterior-to-posterior and medial-to-lateral directions on the tibial plateau. Femoral tunnel aperture centers were measured in anatomic posterior-to-anterior and proximal-to-distal directions and with the quadrant method. These measurements were compared with reference data on anatomical tunnel positions. Results: Tibial tunnels were located at a mean (and standard deviation) of 48.0% ± 5.5% of the anterior-to-posterior plateau depth and a mean of 47.8% ± 2.4% of the medial-to-lateral plateau width. Femoral tunnels were measured at a mean of 54.3% ± 8.3% in the anatomic posterior-to-anterior direction and at a mean of 41.1% ± 10.3% in the proximal-to-distal direction. With the quadrant method, femoral tunnels were measured at a mean of 37.2% ± 5.5% from the proximal condylar surface (parallel to the Blumensaat line) and at a mean of 11.3% ± 6.6% from the notch roof (perpendicular to the Blumensaat line). Tibial tunnels were positioned medial to the anatomic posterolateral position (p < 0.001). Femoral tunnels were positioned anterior to both anteromedial and posterolateral anatomic tunnel locations (p < 0.001 for both). Conclusions and Clinical Relevance: Transtibial anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction failed to accurately place femoral and tibial tunnels within the native anterior cruciate ligament insertion site. If anatomical graft placement is desired, transtibial techniques should be performed only after careful identification of the native insertions. If anatomical positioning of the femoral tunnel cannot be achieved, then an alternative approach may be indicated.
Phosphorylation of Two Serine Residues Regulates Human T-Cell Leukemia Virus Type 2 Rex Function

The function of the human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) Rex phosphoprotein is to increase the level of the viral structural and enzymatic gene products expressed from the incompletely spliced viral RNAs containing the Rex-responsive element. The phosphorylation of HTLV type 2 Rex (Rex-2), predominantly on serine residues, correlates with an altered conformation, as detected by a gel mobility shift, and is required for specific binding to its viral RNA target sequence. Thus, the phosphorylation state of Rex in the infected cell may be a switch that determines whether the virus exists in a latent or a productive state. A mutational analysis of Rex-2 that focused on serine and threonine residues was performed to identify regions or domains within Rex-2 important for function, with a specific emphasis on identifying Rex-2 phosphorylation mutants. We identified mutations near the carboxy terminus that disrupted a novel region or domain and abrogated Rex-2 function. Mutant M17 (with S151A and S153A mutations) displayed reduced phosphorylation that correlated with reduced function. Replacement of both serine residues 151 and 153 with phosphomimetic aspartic acid restored Rex-2 function and locked Rex-2 in a phosphorylated active conformation. A mutant containing threonine residues at positions 151 and 153 displayed a phenotype indistinguishable from that of wild-type Rex. Furthermore, this same mutant showed increased threonine phosphorylation and decreased serine phosphorylation, providing conclusive evidence that one or both of these residues are phosphorylated in vivo. Our results provide the first direct evidence that the phosphorylation of Rex-2 is important for function. Further understanding of HTLV Rex phosphorylation will provide insight into the regulatory control of HTLV replication and ultimately the pathobiology of HTLV.
Spray detection of phospholipids on thin-layer chromatograms

A new spray reagent with copper, ammonium molybdate, and sulphuric acid for the detection of phospholipids on thin-layer chromatograms is described. The specificity and sensitivity of the spray reagent is also shown.
Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Utilization of General Dental Care Services Among US Adults: Medical Expenditure Panel Survey 2012

The objective of this study was to examine racial/ethnic disparity and associated factors in general dental care utilization among US adults. Data were adults 18–85 years old (N = 27,394) from the 2012 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS). The outcome was the receipt of general dental care, measured by (1) whether the individual has ever had a general dental visit and (2) the number of general dental visits the individual has had during the past year. Race/ethnicity was the primary interest. Logistic regressions and negative binomial regressions were conducted using STATA version 12 to assess the effect of race/ethnicity on the receipt of general dental care both independently and adjusted for other demographic and socioeconomic factors. Non-Hispanic blacks (odds ratio (OR) 0.39, 95 % confidence intervals (CI) 0.37–0.43), Hispanics (0.34, 0.43–0.37), and other minorities (0.61, 0.56–0.68) were less likely to report general dental visits both independently and adjusted for other demographic and socioeconomic factors, compared with non-Hispanic whites. General dental visits were more likely to be observed among individuals who were female, married, native speakers, living in a metropolitan statistical area, and with dental insurance, and the number of visits was increasing with age, educational level, and family income. The race/ethnicity disparity in the utilization of general dental care still existed. Policy makers and dental care providers should promote dental insurance coverage and language support programs, and increase the diversity of dental professionals among minorities to encourage their visits to dentists.
Working stiff: How obesity boosts cancer risk

Obesity promotes breast cancer by enhancing the stiffness of breast adipose tissue through changes in the extracellular matrix (Seo et al., this issue).
SINGLE BOOK REVIEWS

Human Remains: Guide for Museums and Academic Institutions. Vicki Cassman, Nancy Odegaard, and Joseph Powell, eds. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007. 310 pp.
Development of a Picosecond Cryo-Sampler Using Electro-Optic Techniques

The first all-superconducting sampler, with a rise time of 26 ps, was reported by Faris in 1980 [1]. Recently, an improved version was developed by Wolf et al. with a 2.1 ps response [2]. In this approach, a Faris puiser [1] is used to superimpose a fast current spike on an unknown waveform. This sum signal is then applied to a sense junction, whose dc bias is adjusted to reach the switching threshold. By sweeping the fast pulse in time, the unknown signal can be replicated. The speed of these systems was limited by the response time of the superconducting Josephson junctions, although junctions with switching speeds on the order of one picosecond are possible.
INCIDENCE ESTIMATES FOR LENS CHANGES, MACULAR CHANGES, OPEN-ANGLE GLAUCOMA AND DIABETIC RETINOPATHY

Incidence data are lacking for common eye conditions. The authors previously developed a method for estimating incidence from age-specific prevalences for diseases that are irreversible and not associated with differential mortality (Am J Epidemiol 1981;113:606-13). This method is now used to estimate age-specific incidences for senile lens changes, senile cataracts, macular changes, senile macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Using age-specific prevalence data from the Framingham Eye Study, five-year incidence rates were estimated for ages 55, 60, 65, 70, and 75. For each condition, estimated incidence increased with age: incidence estimates ranged from 10% to 37% for senile lens changes, from 1% to 15% for senile cataracts, from 3% to 6% for macular changes, from 0.5% to 7% for senile macular degeneration, from 0.2% to 1% for open-angle glaucoma, and, among diabetics, from 3% to 5% for diabetic retinopathy. Standard errors were small for senile lens changes and senile cataracts, but large (of about the same magnitude as the incidence estimates) for macular changes, senile macular degeneration, open-angle glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. These estimates may be useful as approximations of the true incidence rates in planning epidemiologic research.
Does the inscription with the Word “amridaha/amridae” After All not Refer to Amida-buddha?

In 1982 the late Prof. Brough published a very interesting article concerning a Gandharan inscription. According to him, the inscription contains two words “amridaha” and “oloispare, ” which he took to express the well-known names of the Mahayana Buddha Amitabha and Bodhisattva Avalokitesvara. Exactly twenty years later, Profs. Salomon and Schopen published under their joint authorship another article dealing with the inscription. In it they rejected Brough's interpretation. Their argument is persuasive; thus it seems that in general their conclusions are admissible, except for one point of interpreting the ‘difficult, ’ according to their wording, word “oloispare.” Regarding this word, they proposed a different interpretation from that of Brough, taking it as indicating a toponym of an ‘unknown’ place. But it is problematic (at least to the present author). The present author wants to give the word another interpretation than the above-mentioned two, taking it to denote an ‘epithet’ of the Central Buddha of the Triad. His overall conclusion to the inscription is that it does refer, though not directly, to Amida-buddha—according to his opinion, neither Amitabha nor Amitayus but Amrda (<Am-drta)—himself.
Membrane Microdomains Defining Cell Adhesion and Signaling

Following a retrospective view on development of the present concept of microdomain, current views of multiple microdomains are briefly presented. Based on physical properties of membrane components, some lipids are clustered, segregated from other lipids, and organized with cytoplasmic lipophilic signal transducer molecules and with transmembrane receptors with hydrophobic domain, and their associated partners. Typical examples are: (i) glycosphingolipids (GSLs) and sphingomyelin organized with cSrc, Src family kinases, and small G-proteins, collectively termed “glycosignaling domain (GSD)” and involved in GSL-dependent cell adhesion and signaling; (ii) caveolae and caveolar membrane, characterized by high content of cholesterol and caveolin, organized with GPI-anchors and signal transducers, and involved in endocytosis and signal transduction; (iii) integrins and tetraspan membrane proteins (TMP) complexed with some type of GSL; (iv) growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinases complexed with cholesterol-enriched domain, with or without some type of GSL. The defined composition and association of signal transducer molecules in microdomain iii and iv is yet unclear. Relative quantity and proportion of these types of microdomain differs and is characteristic for different types of cells.
The Application of Studies in Hydrogen Ion Concentration to Entomological Research.

In all living matter biochemical reactions within and without the cell are continually influenced by hydrogen and hydroxyl ions which have, therefore an important significance in all biological studies. Although this phase of investigation upon insects has hitherto received little attention, there are many problems in which a knowledge of the concentration of these ions is of significance in entomological research. A few typical examples may be cited to indicate the relationship.
Reproduction in a mongoloid.

Reproduction in mongoloids is a rarity. Allen and Baroff (1955) cite only four reports prior to 1949 which described such instances and Oster (1953) considered the diagnoses uncertain in two of those reports. At least seven more recent instances have been recorded (Le Long, Borniche, Kreisler, and Baudy, 1949; Sawyer, 1949; Forsmann and Thysell, 1957; Rehn and Thomas, 1957; Schlaug, 1957; Mullins, Estrada, and Gready, 1960; and Hanhart, 1960). In four of those cases the offspring were non-mongoloid and in three, mongoloid. The case described by Rehn and Thomas (op. cit.) is the subject of this report. Because those authors were aware of the present comprehensive study, their diagnoses of mongolism were based on only routine clinical examinations. The purpose in making this investigation was to determine whether or not both the mother and her female offspring were mongoloid. Toward that end the mother and child were examined carefully for the presence of the various stigmata of mongolism. The results of those examinations are presented below. The mother in the present case was living at home when 19 years of age and would probably not have been committed to an institution had she not become pregnant. She was committed with the diagnosis of mongolism and pregnancy three months prior to delivery and remained a patient at the institution until released on home parole a few months following delivery. Her child was committed with a diagnosis of mongolism shortly after birth and has never been away from the institution. Paternity is unknown, though the mother's father has been suspected.
Analysis of Microelectrode-Recorded Signals from a Cardiac Cell Line as a Tool for Pharmaceutical Screening

A platform is described for the study of toxins and pharmacological agents, based on the extracellular detection of the electrical activity of immortalized cardiac myocytes. Dose-response curves were generated for various antiarrhythmic drugs using the action potential amplitude, beat rate, duration, phase, and phase variation as parameters. The analysis of microelectrode-recorded signals from a cardiac cell line is a suitable platform for toxin detection and pharmaceutical screening.
The History of Cartography, Volume Six: Cartography in the Twentieth Century

Mark Monmonier, ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2015. 1,960 pp., set of 2 volumes, 805 color plates, 119 halftones, 242 line drawings, 61 tables. $500.00 cloth (ISBN 978-0-226-53469-5...
Chapter 45 – Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy and Image Guidance

External beam radiotherapy is the most common nonsurgical approach to the treatment of locally advanced prostate cancer. Over the last several decades, significant advances in radiation treatment delivery, planning, and image guidance have resulted in the ability to significantly reduce radiation exposure to normal tissues while simultaneously allowing for increased radiation dose delivery to the prostate in men with localized prostate cancer. This has resulted in improved cure rates with a reduction in toxicity of treatment. The ability to deliver more conformal radiation to higher doses to the prostate is made possible with the advent of intensity-modulated radiation paired with image guidance techniques such as fiducial markers, cone beam CT, and implanted radiofrequency transponders. The evolution of such technologies and a review of the resulting disease control and toxicity rates are described.
Material point methods applied to one-dimensional shock waves and dual domain material point method with sub-points

Using a simple one-dimensional shock problem as an example, the present paper investigates numerical properties of the original material point method (MPM), the generalized interpolation material point (GIMP) method, the convected particle domain interpolation (CPDI) method, and the dual domain material point (DDMP) method.For a weak isothermal shock of ideal gas, the MPM cannot be used with accuracy. With a small number of particles per cell, GIMP and CPDI produce reasonable results. However, as the number of particles increases the methods fail to converge and produce pressure spikes. The DDMP method behaves in an opposite way. With a small number of particles per cell, DDMP results are unsatisfactory. As the number of particles increases, the DDMP results converge to correct solutions, but the large number of particles needed for convergence makes the method very expensive to use in these types of shock wave problems in two- or three-dimensional cases.The cause for producing the unsatisfactory DDMP results is identified. A simple improvement to the method is introduced by using sub-points. With this improvement, the DDMP method produces high quality numerical solutions with a very small number of particles.Although in the present paper, the numerical examples are one-dimensional, all derivations are for multidimensional problems. With the technique of approximately tracking particle domains of CPDI, the extension of this sub-point method to multidimensional problems is straightforward. This new method preserves the conservation properties of the DDMP method, which conserves mass and momentum exactly and conserves energy to the second order in both spatial and temporal discretizations.
Mitigation of implosion energy from aluminum structures

Abstract This study aims to develop an experimental scheme to determine the localized energy emitted during the dynamic collapse of aluminum structures. Upon collapse, these structures release damaging pressure pulses into the surrounding fluid; to mitigate this effect, the structures are coated with polyurea. The new energy scheme is used to analyze the energy emission from coated structures. Specifically, aluminum tubular structures with polyurea coatings on their interiors or exteriors are used. Furthermore, the technique combines the information obtained from pressure sensors, located near the collapsing structure, and high-speed images taken during the collapse event. These images are processed through a 3D Digital Image Correlation technique to obtain full deformation and velocity fields. Results show that the energy history can be successfully obtained experimentally. Moreover, the energy emitted from coated aluminum structures is significantly less than the uncoated structures; more so with interior coated structures, and doubling the coating volume does not significantly improve this mitigation effect. Additionally, collapse volume has a direct relationship with energy and is a dominant factor in determining the energy release.
Teaching NeuroImages: Multicompartmental intracranial hemorrhage in a pediatric patient

A previously healthy 9-year-old girl presented with sudden-onset headache followed by confusion. In the emergency department, she was hypertensive, bradycardic, and no longer responsive to any stimuli. An emergent head CT scan demonstrated a left frontal intraparenchymal hematoma with intraventricular and subarachnoid extension as well as subfalcine herniation (figure). She underwent decompressive hemicraniectomy, and digital subtraction angiography confirmed a 7-mm left middle cerebral artery aneurysm (figure).
From EMT to HSC to AML: ZEB2 is a cell fate switch.

In this issue of Blood, complimentary studies by J. Li et al1 and H. Li et al2 identify the transcription factor ZEB2 as a critical regulator of multilineage differentiation in both normal and malignant hematopoiesis. In particular, these studies show that ZEB2 is an inhibitor of normal granulocyte production, and in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), antagonizing ZEB2 function releases the granulocytic differentiation block, creating an antileukemic therapeutic effect.
Vinasse from Sugarcane Ethanol Production: Better Treatment or Better Utilization?

Ethanol production from sugarcane in Brazil is a well-established industry, with relatively simple operations and high yield. The ethanol primarily serves as a renewable fuel blending with gasoline and diesel to increase the energy security in Brazil. Several environmental concerns are emerged around the by-products from this industry. Vinasse, the liquid fraction generated from the rectification and distillation operations of ethanol, is a sulfur-rich, low pH, dark-colored, and odorous effluent, produced at volumes as high as 20 fold of ethanol. Traditional wastewater treatments, such as bioprocessing, advanced oxidative processes, anaerobic digestion, and chemical-based processes, have been applied to vinasse management. Despite most of its utilization being in fertirrigation practices, vinasse may represent a key factor in enhancing profitability and environmental outcomes of a sugarcane-to-ethanol plant. The application of some upgrade solutions to sugarcane-derived vinasse may represent additional sources of energy, production of animal feed components, and reduction in water consumption within a plant. The use of mature technologies, yet not widespread in the sugarcane-to-ethanol industry, could help attenuate environmental concerns. Oxidation and chemical processes, anaerobic digestion, and microbial fermentation have been presented as alternative impactful alternatives to (i) reduce its organic and mineral load, converting it to a feedstock with fewer environmental applications when applied as fertilizer, and (ii) to convert organic matter and nutrients to a nutritious biomass, simultaneously increasing water reclamation potential by plants. This mini-review article provides a critical and comprehensive summary of the alternatives developed or under development to vinasse management.
Fetishism and Hysteria: The Economies of Feminism Ex Utero

Laurie Foos's feminist novel Ex Utero is a comic exploration of the value of the uterus. Simultaneously recursive and resistant, Foos's novel reenacts, with a difference, two confining essentialisms: hysteria, a female disorder, and fetishism, whether understood as the psychosexual response to female lack, or as capitalism's motor, the displacement of desire onto commodities. The essay explores how, if we think of the womb neither as individual possession or commodified object, we can create a new space of possibility for women at the end of the millennium.
Management Practices of Successful Female Business Owners

This research project examines management techniques used by 58 female owners of small businesses in three eastern metropolitan areas. Data indicate that financially successful women owners delegat...
Preadolescents' Daily Peer Victimization and Perceived Social Competence: Moderating Effects of Classroom Aggression.

Few studies have assessed children’s daily peer experiences, and even fewer have considered their daily self-perceptions. This daily diary study examined relations between preadolescents’ daily rep...
Merits of Maintenance Phototherapy for Psoriasis

Psoriasis is a chronic skin condition that requires long-term maintenance therapy, sometimes lifelong. Phototherapy (narrowband ultraviolet B, broadband ultraviolet B, and psoralen plus ultraviolet...
Building on the HIV chronic care platform to address noncommunicable diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: a research agenda.

Objective The remarkable progress made in confronting the global HIV epidemic offers a unique opportunity to address the increasing threat of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). However, questions remain about how to enhance the HIV platforms to deliver integrated HIV and NCD care to people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). We aimed to develop a priority research agenda to advance this effort. Methods Researchers, policymakers, and implementers from the United States and SSA conducted three scoping reviews on HIV/NCD prevention and care focused on clinical, health system, and community levels. Based on the review findings and expert inputs, we conducted iterative consensus-development activities to generate a prioritized research agenda. Results Population-level data on NCD prevalence among PLHIV in SSA are sparse. The review identified NCD screening and management approaches that could be integrated into HIV programs in SSA. However, few studies focused on the effectiveness, cost, and best practices for integrated chronic care platforms, making it difficult to derive policy recommendations. To address these gaps, we propose a prioritized research agenda focused on developing evidence-based service delivery models, increasing human capacity through workforce education, generating data through informatics platforms and research, managing the medication supply chain, developing new financing and sustainability models, advancing research-informed policy, and addressing other crosscutting health system issues. Conclusion Based on collaborative, interdisciplinary efforts, a research agenda was developed to provide guidance that advances efforts to adapt the current health system to deliver integrated chronic care for PLHIV and the population at large.
Introduction to Psychotic Disorders Responsive to Lithium

During the past few years, several advances have emerged from studies in the biology of the schizophrenias. Essentially, several groups of investigators have reported data which suggests multimodal distribution of certain biological parameters in groups of patients generally diagnosed “schizophrenic”. Other groups of investigators working in diagnostic and genetic areas, have suggested that certain subgroups of patients who are commonly diagnosed as “schizophrenic” typically show a good outcome of their illness and have genetic patterns more consistent with an affective illness. Still other investigators have found that in spite of diagnosable “schizophrenia”, some patients respond well to lithium as well as neuroleptics.
On the Evolution of SOI Materials and Devices

This paper retraces the evolution of SOI materials and devices over a period of roughly twenty years. Initial SOI materials were designed as a replacement to SOS and to fabricate 3D integrated circuits. It was soon realized that, unlike early SOS material, SOI films could be used to make fully depleted devices. SOI devices enjoy unprecedented flexibility because of the full dielectric isolation. This has enabled the design and fabrication novel types of devices, such as double-, triple- and quadruple-gate MOSFETs. These devices make it possible to push device scaling to new horizons.
Effect of hook characteristics on the fracture behaviour of dissimilar friction stir welded aluminium alloy and mild steel sheets

Under tensile shear loading, fracture modes of dissimilar lap welds produced by friction stir scribe technology were studied. Three fracture modes were observed. For zone A fracture, the initial cr...
Impact of Antidepressant Use on the Trajectory of Alzheimer’s Disease: Evidence, Mechanisms, and Therapeutic Implications

The relationship between antidepressants and Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is very complex, and the literature is mixed regarding the effect of these medications on the trajectory of the disease. This paper reviews findings from relevant clinical studies that have assessed the impact of antidepressants on AD onset and disease progression. To date, these medications seem to attenuate the risk of developing the disease without affecting the rate of progression. However, most evidence stems from observational studies that are subject to methodological bias. Serotonergic antidepressants are thought to affect AD pathophysiology by reducing β-amyloid (Aβ) plaque formation and promoting hippocampal neurogenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying their effect need to be examined further, especially in humans. Moreover, more robust clinical studies in terms of design (randomized controlled trials) and longer duration of follow-up are needed. Variables, including depression timeline/onset and its clinical course, apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype status, sex, dose/duration of antidepressant treatment, and AD biomarkers need to be incorporated in future trials to better elucidate the effect of antidepressants on AD risk.
Cooling of Windings in Electric Machines via 3D Printed Heat Exchanger

This paper presents a novel use of 3D printed heat exchangers for advanced thermal management of electric machines. Thermal and computational fluid dynamics models are used to quantify the effectiveness of the 3D printed, Direct Winding Heat eXchangers (3D-DWHX). 3D printing enables complex flow geometries to be produced which facilitates the integration of the heat exchanger and reduces component count. The use of dielectric polymer for the heat exchanger allows direct contact with high voltage components to minimize the thermal resistance between windings and coolant. By occupying the otherwise unused space between double layer concentrated windings, there is no significant impact on the electromagnetic design. The result is an increased continuous power rating and power density of electric machines.
Diagnosing Object Agreement vs. Clitic Doubling: an Inuit Case Study

Much recent literature has focused on whether the verbal agreement morphology cross-referencing objects is true φ-agreement or clitic doubling. I address this question on the basis of comparative d...
Mechanisms of Fibrosis Development in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent liver disease worldwide, affecting 20%–25% of the adult population. In 25% of patients, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), which increases the risk for the development of cirrhosis, liver failure, and hepatocellular carcinoma. In patients with NASH, liver fibrosis is the main determinant of mortality. Here, we review how interactions between different liver cells culminate in fibrosis development in NASH, focusing on triggers and consequences of hepatocyte–macrophage–hepatic stellate cell (HSC) crosstalk. We discuss pathways through which stressed and dead hepatocytes instigate the profibrogenic crosstalk with HSC and macrophages, including the reactivation of developmental pathways such as TAZ, Notch, and hedgehog; how clearance of dead cells in NASH via efferocytosis may affect inflammation and fibrogenesis; and insights into HSC and macrophage heterogeneity revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing. Finally, we summarize options to therapeutically interrupt this profibrogenic hepatocyte-macrophage-HSC network in NASH.
How to train and evaluate minimally invasive pancreas surgery

Training for minimally invasive pancreas surgery is critical as an evolving body of literature supports its use with acceptable outcomes during training and improved short term outcomes following completion. Although case volume needed to achieve mastery remains unclear, improved outcomes for both laparoscopic and robotic pancreatectomy are demonstrated following a learning curve and inflection point. Therefore, dedicated training curricula for both laparoscopic and robotic pancreatectomy have been developed to mitigate this learning curve and improve outcomes.
Do Typical States Have Firewalls

Does a typical state of black hole entangled with a second purifying system have a firewall? The answer is subtle and depends on what we mean by typical. There are a number of different situations.
Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm: a clinicopathologic review.

Blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm is a rare entity grouped with the acute myeloid leukemia–related precursor neoplasms in the 2008 World Health Organization classification. It was previo...
Multiscale Modeling of Defect Phenomena in Platinum Using Machine Learning of Force Fields

Computational methodologies have been critical to our understanding of defects at nanometer scales. These methodologies have been dominated by two classes: quantum mechanics (QM)-based methods and semiempirical/classical methods. The former, while accurate and versatile, are time consuming, while the latter are efficient but limited in versatility and transferability. Recently, machine learning (ML) methods have shown initial promise in bridging these two limitations due to their accuracy and flexibility. In this work, the true capability of ML methods is explored by simulating defects in platinum over several length/time scales. We compare our results with density functional theory (DFT) for atomic-level defect behavior and with experiments for nanolevel behavior. We also compare our predictions with several classical potentials. This work aims to showcase the length/time scales attainable using ML, as well as the complexity they are capable of capturing, demonstrating that these methodologies may be effectively used, in the future, to bridge experiments and QM methods.
The Impact of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund on African Sustainability and Growth in the Era of Globalization

This chapter by Billie Dee Tate deals with poverty as the scourge of a civilized society. He probes the following questions: What comes to mind when one tries to define abject poverty? Do we think about starvation? Do we think about contaminated water sources? Does the lack of adequate healthcare and access to free education constitute poverty? Who defines poverty? Is it the government’s responsibility to address poverty or the perpetual suffering of the people? Does governmental policies and fiscal ineptness cause poverty? Is poverty the result of systematic policies instituted through the evils of colonialism, imperialism, and Western capitalist institutions and policies? He then proffers that one has to wonder how the African continent which holds much of the world’s natural resources has the highest levels of poverty and despair. Africa and perpetual poverty, he posits, seem to go hand-in-hand and are interwoven in virtually all aspects of everyday life for most Africans. Consequently, he points out, Africa constitutes the majority of the world’s poorest population.
Insights into codeswitching from online communication: Effects of language preference and conditions arising from vocabulary richness

Twitter data from a crisis that impacted many English–Spanish bilinguals show that the direction of codeswitches is associated with the statistically documented tendency of single speakers to prefer one language over another in their tweets, as gleaned from their tweeting history. Further, lexical diversity, a measure of vocabulary richness derived from information-theoretic measures of uncertainty in communication, is greater in proximity to a codeswitch than in productions remote from a switch. The prospects of a role for lexical diversity in characterizing the conditions for a language switch suggest that communicative precision may induce conditions that attenuate constraints against language mixing.
Ipsilateral carotid bypass outcomes in hostile neck anatomy

Abstract Objective To determine differences in outcomes among patients undergoing ipsilateral carotid bypass with hostile or normal neck anatomy. Methods Single-center retrospective review of all ipsilateral extracranial carotid bypasses performed between 1998 and 2018. Results Forty-eight patients underwent ipsilateral carotid bypass from the common carotid artery to either the internal carotid artery or carotid bifurcation during the study period. Seven patients were excluded owing to either a lack of follow-up or missing data. The indications for intervention included infected patches, aneurysmal degeneration, symptomatic and asymptomatic stenosis or restenosis, carotid body tumors, neck malignancy, and trauma. In 25 procedures (61%), there was a hostile neck anatomy defined as a prior history of external beam neck irradiation or neck surgery. Among this group, 12 pectoralis muscle flaps were performed for reconstructive coverage. Conduits included polytetrafluorethylene (n = 21), great saphenous vein (n = 9), superficial femoral artery (n = 7) and arterial homograft (n = 4). All superficial femoral artery conduits were used in the hostile neck group (P = .03). The overall mean time of follow-up was 22 months, with all bypasses remaining patent with no significant clinical stenosis. The 30-day ipsilateral stroke and myocardial infarction rates were 4.88% each, all within the hostile neck group, with no 30-day mortalities for the entire cohort. One-third of the muscle flaps were performed in the setting of infected patches (P = .02) with no significant differences in perioperative outcomes with use. The overall median hospital length of stay was significantly increased in patients receiving muscle flap coverage (3.0 vs 7.0 days; P = .04). Conclusions In patients with a complex carotid pathology, ipsilateral carotid bypass is an effective solution for carotid reconstruction. Different conduits should be used depending on the indication. Muscle flap coverage should be considered in hostile settings when primary wound closure is not feasible.
Indigenous Peoples, Land Claims and Control of Mineral Development: Australian and U.S. Legal System Compared

Indigenous populations in Australia and the United States, a small minority, tend to have economic disadvantages, a sensitivity to social and environmental change and in these circumstances, mineral development is a two-edged sword, as it can offer material benefit while at the same time posing threats to the social structure and cultural importance to these peoples. In the United States, final resolution involved a complex interplay among moral, legal, political principles and among governmental institutions, however in Australia, resolution became more tangled because the issues so far were mostly dealt with by the separate states.
The Nature Theatres of the Occult Revival: Performance and Modern Esoteric Religions

This essay explores the specific way in which two of the leading figures of the Occult Revival – Katherine Tingley and Gerald Gardner (who established Wicca, the modern witchcraft religion) – related nature to theatre and dramatic rituals as they sought to embody their spiritual teachings through theatre, drama, and performance. Tingley was leader of the Universal Brotherhood and Theosophical Society, which promoted ideas concerning humaneness and reincarnation in Point Loma, California in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Gardner established the Goddess-centered current of modern witchcraft known as Wicca, which still flourishes to this day. Although Tingley and Gardner held very different spiritual ideas, both agreed that nature was an expression of the divine and that a carefully-crafted performance set in natural settings could raise the spiritual consciousness of human beings. This exploration into their works provides insights into a legitimately religious current of nature-focused theatre that seems to have been a part a broader nature theatre movement acknowledged by theatre scholars in the early twentieth century. This essay demonstrates that the sacred, natural theatre that they anticipated have contemporary forms of alternative spiritual and religious performance that are rooted in Western “Ecospirituality.” Ecospirituality is a contemporary religious perspective that expands the conventional Western sense of the sacred beyond human-centeredness and incorporates everything that occurs in the natural world, such as soil, water, plants, animals, and the atmosphere. The relationship between nature and the performance of theatre and rituals that was established by spiritual teachers such as Tingley and Gardner marked an early stage of a relationship between ecological concerns, religion, and art that exists today.
The Law of Patronage at a Crossroads

Six years have passed since the Supreme Court held that patronage hiring, transfers, demotions, and other adverse job actions against public employees were unconstitutional; politically motivated firing has been illegal since 1976. Yet the Supreme Court remains sharply divided over patronage. Indeed, Justice Antonin Scalia has predicted that prohibiting patronage will have dire consequences for the American political system, the courts, and the implementation of public policy. Circuit court opinions over the last five years reflect the deep rift on the Court. As a result, the law which courts apply to patronage decisions often drifts away from the Supreme Court's announced decisions and produces conflicts. In response, the Supreme Court granted certiorari to review two public contract cases in the 1996 term, one of which directly involves patronage in awarding government contracts.
Software Requirements: Objects, Functions and States

1. Introduction. 2. Problem Analysis. 3. The Software Requirements Specification. 4. Specifying Behavioral Requirements. 5. Specifying Nonbehavioral Requirements. 6. Requirements Prototyping. 7. Some Final Thoughts. Glossary. Annotated Bibliography.