cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Micro Surfacing Performance Under Accelerated Pavement Testing

Micro surfacing is a treatment capable of addressing minor surface defects, protecting the pavement structure from moisture, and overall extending pavement life when applied to structurally sound pavements. This treatment is suitable for use on high traffic volume roads, providing a cost-effective alternative for state highway agencies. To better evaluate field performance of micro surfacing, a full-scale test section was placed on the National Center for Asphalt Technology (NCAT) Test Track during its fifth research cycle in 2014. An existing pavement section constructed in 2009 was identified as a suitable candidate for pavement preservation. The pavement consisted of 7 in. of asphalt concrete over 4.8 in. of aggregate base and had started to show signs of deterioration after receiving over 17.5 million equivalent single axle loads (ESALs), but was in overall good condition. The section was split into two subsections, leaving one untreated and placing a type II micro surface on the other. Both subsections have been monitored periodically, measuring performance indicators such as cracking, rutting, IRI and friction. Since treatment, an additional 17 million ESALs have been applied to the pavement over the course of five years. The observed results show that micro surfacing has been effective in slowing down pavement deterioration compared to the control section. Findings are similar to those observed on other NCAT full-scale test sections located on open roadways, which are not subjected to accelerated testing.
Euler’s Partition Theorem and Refinements Without Appeal to Infinite Products

We present a new proof of Euler’s celebrated theorem that the number of partitions of an integer into odd parts equals the number of partitions of that integer into distinct parts without using infinite product representations but only certain “amalgamation” properties and dissections of their series generating functions. Our approach also yields a simpler and more direct proof of a well known refinement of Euler’s theorem due to Fine. We then use the same ideas along with conjugation of partitions into distinct parts to improve Fine’s theorem and also to obtain a dual of a refinement of Euler’s theorem due to Bessenrodt. Finally we discuss links between our approach and the Rogers-Fine identity.
Perioperative Considerations in Osteogenesis Imperfecta: A 20-Year Experience with the Use of Blood Pressure Cuffs, Arterial Lines, and Tourniquets

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare genetic connective-tissue disorder with bone fragility. To avoid iatrogenic fractures, healthcare providers have traditionally avoided using non-invasive blood pressure (NIBP) cuffs and extremity tourniquets in the OI population in the perioperative setting. Here, we hypothesize that these procedures do not lead to iatrogenic fractures or other complications in patients with OI. A retrospective study of all children with OI who underwent surgery at a single tertiary care children’s hospital from 1998 to 2018 was performed. Patient positioning and the use of NIBP cuffs, arterial lines, and extremity tourniquets were documented. Fractures and other complications were recorded. Forty-nine patients with a median age of 7.9 years (range: 0.2–17.7) were identified. These patients underwent 273 procedures, of which 229 were orthopaedic operations. A total of 246 (90.1%) procedures included the use of an NIBP cuff, 61 (22.3%) an extremity tourniquet, and 40 (14.7%) an arterial line. Pediatric patients with OI did not experience any iatrogenic fractures related to hemodynamic monitoring or extremity tourniquet use during the 20-year period of this study. Given the benefits of continuous intra-operative hemodynamic monitoring and extremity tourniquets, we recommend that NIBP cuffs, arterial lines, and tourniquets be selectively considered for use in children with OI.
Handling Imbalanced Data for Real-Time Crash Prediction: Application of Boosting and Sampling Techniques

AbstractWith a growing number of intelligent transportation system sensors and the networkwide deployment of those across the nation’s roadway facilities, current research and practices should conc...
The Effect of Unemployment on Food Spending and Adequacy: Evidence from Coronavirus-Induced Firm Closures

Abstract We estimate the impact of involuntary unemployment following employer shutdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic on American households' past-week food expenditures, free food receipt, and food sufficiency, as well as confidence about next month's food adequacy Over April to June 2020, compared with households containing employed respondents, households with respondents who lost their jobs due to coronavirus-induced firm closures spent 15% less on food, were 36% more likely receive free food, were 10% less likely to have enough food to eat, and were 21% less likely to report at least moderate confidence in their future ability to afford needed foods JEL CLASSIFICATION I12;J21;J63
Neuronal plumes initiate spreading depolarization, the electrophysiologic event driving migraine and stroke.

In this issue of Neuron, Parker et al. discover neuronal plumes of glutamate release that initiate spreading depolarization, the electrophysiologic event underlying migraine. Mice with human migraine mutations express spontaneous and frequent plumes, which may explain the propensity to develop migraine attacks and the increased stroke risk in migraine-susceptible brains.
D-Day to December 1944: The odyssey of the third auxiliary surgical group in World War II.

ABSTRACT: As a Major in the US Army Medical Corps, Darrell A. Campbell, MD, led Team 13 of the Third Auxiliary Surgical Group in Europe in World War II. The team began work on June 7, 1944, in a clearing station tent near the beach at Normandy. Subsequently, over the next 7 months, it was assigned to mobile hospitals in 15 different locations in France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Germany. Major Campbell kept the log books used to record all of the operations done by his team during this time and brought them home where three were discovered more than 70 years later. These log books contain descriptions of more than 500 consecutive operations done by Team 13. They provide a unique insight into the activities of the surgeons who worked to save lives on the front lines of battle in the European Theater of Operations between June and December 1944 and form the basis for this historical perspective.This is an article on the history of surgery.
Diet reveals potential for competition and coexistence among coyotes (Canis latrans), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus)

Species can alleviate competition by reducing diet overlap. Nonnative coyotes (Canis latrans (Say, 1823)) and historically native gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus (Schreber, 1775)) have expande...
Protein synthesis and the onset of intracellular bacteriophage growth: III. Replication of the genome of a secondary phage

Further experiments were carried out to test for the “individually specific” nature of the protein which T4 bacteriophages synthesize at the outset of their intracellular growth and which is necessary for the onset of replication of the phage genome. Escherichia coli bacteria were infected with a primary T4 phage and intracellular growth was allowed to proceed for 7 min before protein synthesis was inhibited by addition of chloramphenicol to the culture. The infected bacteria were then superinfected with a secondary T4 phage, differing from the primary phage at several genetic loci, and incubated for 50 min in the presence of the mutagen 5-bromodeoxyuridine. At the end of this incubation period, both mutagen and chloramphenicol were removed. A final period of incubation then followed during which infective progeny phage were formed. Among these progeny phage there appeared individuals that carried bromodeoxyuridine-induced mutations at a genetic locus of the secondary phage . Hence the genome of the secondary phage must have replicated while protein synthesis was held in abeyance. It follows from this result that the protein formed at the initial stages of intracellular growth of the primary T4 phage, can serve also for the replication of the genome of the secondary phage. The function of the early protein in preparing the infected bacterium for the onset of replication of the T4 phage genome cannot, therefore, be individually specific. Theories on the mechanism of phage DNA replication that gnvisage a transfer of genetic information from the DNA of the infecting virus to a protein-containing structure as a necessary prelude to replication of the viral genome thus appear to be ruled out.
Resonance Raman spectra of the Pr-form of phytochrome.

— Resonance Raman spectra of the Pr-form of oat phytochrome have been obtained at 77 K. Interference from phytochrome fluorescence is avoided by employing far-red 752 nm excitation. Vibrational assignments are suggested for the tetrapyrrole chromophore in phytochrome by comparison with previously published model compound spectra and by examining the characteristic shifts induced by deuteration of the pyrrole nitrogens. The lack of carbonyl intensity, the frequencies of the 1626 and 1644 cm-1 C=C stretching modes, and the presence of an intense mode at 1326 cm-1 are all consistent with a protonated structure for the tetrapyrrole chromophore in Pr. This suggests that the -50 nm red-shift of the protein-bound chromophore absorption compared to the chromophore in vitro is caused by protonation of the pyrrole nitrogen.
Инновации в Сфере Денежных Платежей и Спрос На Деньги в России (Innovations in the Sphere of Payments and the Money Demand in Russia)

Russian Abstract: Работа посвящена анализу спроса на деньги в России в период с 1995 по 2010 г., в том числе исследуется вопрос о том, оказывает ли использование платежных карт населением России значимое влияние на спрос на наличные деньги. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о том, что денежный агрегат М1 может быть использован в качестве инструмента при проведении денежно-кредитной политики.English Abstract: This publication deals with the money demand in Russia from 1995 through 2010. Specifically, the work addresses the issue whether the use of payment cards has a significant impact on the money demand. The results indicate that the monetary aggregate M1 can be a tool in conducting monetary policy)
Critical Issues for Substance Abuse Prevention Targeting American Indian Youth

This paper examines prevention programs targeting alcohol and other drug use among American Indian youth. We start with a review of what is known about substance use by this population. We provide consideration of specific prevention programs for Indian youth within these frameworks: Cognitive/Information Dissemination, Affective Education, Social Influence, and Personal and Social Skills Training. A particular focus is on the manner in which issues of culture are incorporated into prevention programs. A detailed overview of the diversity of the American Indian population is presented and its implications for prevention work with Indian youth are discussed. A major conclusion is that there is not one type of prevention program that is likely to work with American Indian youth since there is no such thing as a typical American Indian.
The Legality of School Vouchers: Round Two.

ABSTRACT In 2002 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that state-supported vouchers, which parents can redeem in private schools, do not offend the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Thus, the legality of government vouchers to fund education will be determined primarily on the basis of state law. Specifically, programs are being challenged under state constitutional provisions calling for the legislature to provide for a uniform system of education or provisions prohibiting the use of public funds in sectarian institutions. This article explores legal developments in this regard, with particular emphasis on implications of the recent state supreme court decisions striking down challenged voucher programs. Also addressed is current legislative activity, which will likely generate additional litigation pertaining to school vouchers. doi:10.1300/ J467v01n03_05
Management of labor and delivery in a woman with Morquio syndrome

Morquio syndrome, a congenital mucopolysaccharidosis, presents several challenges for the provision of effective labor analgesia. We report the case of a woman admitted for induction of labor who received an early epidural and subsequently required cesarean delivery. Optimal bilateral labor analgesia was not achieved despite multiple adjustments, and systemic analgesia was needed for cesarean delivery.
Multiple model adaptive controller for the STOL F-15 with sensor/actuator failures

A multiple-model adaptive controller that provides for reconfiguration in response to sensor and/or actuator failures is developed for an approach and landing profile for the short-take-off-and-landing (STOL) F-15 aircraft. Each elemental controller within the multiple model controller is based on a command-generator-tracker/proportional-plus-integral/Kalman-filter design employing reduced-order models, and each assumes a particular system status: no failures or a single failed surface or sensor. Filter residual monitoring is used as the mechanism for selecting the appropriate weighting coefficients for blending the outputs of the elemental controllers. The entire controller is evaluated against a higher order truth model with a selected failure, and the process is repeated for all failure modes of interest. >
Functional Conduit Disorder Complicating Esophagectomy

Esophagectomy remains a key component of treatment for esophageal cancer and is also required in certain benign conditions. The functional sequelae of esophageal resection and reconstruction have taken on increasing importance due to the impact on long-term patient quality of life. Surgeons should be committed to a meticulous approach to conduit construction, avoid anastomoses in the mid and lower chest, and should also commit to careful long-term functional follow-up in their postesophagectomy patient population. Operative strategies to minimize functional disorders have been developed and all surgeons should have a structured approach to dealing with functional issues when they occur.
Densin-180 Forms a Ternary Complex with the α-Subunit of Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II and α-Actinin

Densin-180 is a transmembrane protein that is tightly associated with the postsynaptic density in CNS neurons and is postulated to function as a synaptic adhesion molecule. Here we report the identification of the α-subunit of Ca^(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and α-actinin-4 as potential binding partners for the densin-180 intracellular segment. We demonstrate by yeast two-hybrid and biochemical assays that the intracellular portion of densin-180, the α-subunit of CaMKII (CaMKIIα), and α-actinin interact with each other at distinct binding sites and can form a ternary complex stabilized by multiple interactions. Densin-180 binds specifically to the association domain of CaMKIIα and does not bind with high affinity to holoenzymes of CaMKII that contain β-subunit. The PDZ (PSD-95, DIg, Z0-1) domain of densin contributes to its binding to α-actinin. A distinct domain of α-actinin interacts with the kinase domains of both α- and β-subunits of CaMKII. Autophosphorylation of CaMKII increases its affinity for densin-180 from an EC_(50) of >1 µm to an EC_(50) of <75-150 nM. In contrast, phosphorylation of densin-180 by CaMKII at serine-1397 only slightly decreases its affinity for CaMKII. The specific interaction of densin-180 with holoenzymes of CaMKII containing only α-subunit and the increased affinity of CaMKII for densin-180 after autophosphorylation suggest that densin-180 may be involved in localization of activated CaMKII synthesized in dendrites.
Somatostatin depresses GABA receptor-mediated inhibition in the rat dorsolateral septal nucleus.

Abstract The effect of somatostatin-14 (SS-14) on γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-mediated inhibitory neurotransmission in the dorsolateral septal nucleus (DLSN) was investigated using a submerged slice preparation and intracellular recording techniques. Somatostatin-14 applied by superfusion or by pressure ejection from micropipettes predominantly inhibited the intracellularly recorded fast inhibitory postsynaptic potential (fIPSP) and late hyperpolarizing potential (LHP) elicited by focal electrical stimulation of the DLSN. The decreases in LHP and fIPSP amplitude occurred at low concentrations of peptide, in the absence of appreciable changes in the passive-membrane properties of postsynaptic neurons, and outlasted the membrane hyperpolarizing effect produced by SS-14 at higher concentrations. The ability of SS-14 to modulate postsynaptic GABA receptor responses underlying the fIPSP and LHP were investigated by applying baclofen, a selective GABA B receptor agonist, and isoguvacine, a selective GABA A receptor agonist, by pressure ejection. Hyperpolarizing responses to GABA A and GABA B receptor stimulation were significantly decreased during superfusion of SS-14. Tetrodotoxin applied by superfusion blocked electrically evoked synaptic potentials but not the depressant effect of SS-14 on baclofen- or isoguvacine-induced hyperpolarization. Facilitation of the fIPSP or LHP by SS-14 also occurred but less frequently and consistently than the depressant action. Excitatory postsynaptic potentials and membrane response to NMDA or quisqualate appeared unaltered by bath-applied SS-14. These findings suggest a novel postsynaptic action of SS-14 leading to depression of synaptic responses mediated by GABA A and GABA B receptors. Synaptically released SS-14 in the DLSN may participate in modulation of feedforward and/or feedback inhibitory mechanisms coordinating DLSN function in the septo-hippocampal system.
Effect of Magnetic Field on NiCu Electrodeposition from Citrate Plating Solution and Characterization of Deposit

The effect of an external in-plane magnetic field (B = 0.1 T) on the electrodeposition of NiCu films from a citrate bath solution was studied. The application of the magnetic field showed the following effects: (i) an increase of limiting current for Cu 2 + reduction, (ii) an increase of plating rate of NiCu by ∼17%, (iii) an increase of Cu content in NiCu deposit of 4.9%, (iv) a decrease of tensile stress on NiCu films, (v) a strong influence on the texture, and (vi) a strong influence on surface morphology resulting in three-dimensional (3D) growth without applied magnetic field and 2D growth with applied magnetic field.
Institutions and the adoption of rights: political and property rights in Colombia

Citizenship rights are the result of specific political bargains between different collective actors and state authorities (Tilly Theory and Society 26(34):599–602, 1997). The political bargains for rights are encoded in institutions, and these institutions develop independently from each other and take organizational characteristics that make certain rights easier to adopt than others. I argue that these institutions vary along two dimensions that affect the extent to which states can adopt rights successfully: one dimension is distributional and the second is the depth or extension of the rules that frame a given right. This article focuses on the institutional differences between property rights, especially land property, and political rights, and on the consequences of those differences on their adoption. I then illustrate my argument with examples from Colombia since 1980.
Psychosexual effects of three doses of testosterone cycling in normal men.

Abstract Background: Testosterone is receiving increased attention for contraceptive and therapeutic indications. The potential psychosexual side effects of testosterone therapy and withdrawal are unclear. Methods: Healthy men between the ages of 21 and 40 years were recruited via advertisement for a randomized, controlled, double-blind study of acute and withdrawal effects of three doses of testosterone. Two weeks of placebo injections were followed by one of three randomized weekly doses of testosterone cypionate (100 mg, 250 mg, or 500 mg) for the next 14 weeks. Twelve weeks of placebo injections followed during the withdrawal phase of the study. Psychosexual effects were monitored throughout the study. Results: All doses of testosterone demonstrated only minimal effects on measures of mood and behavior during acute and withdrawal phases for all study completers. There were no effects on psychosexual function. There was no evidence of a dose-dependent effect on any measure. One noncompleter on 500 mg of testosterone developed a brief syndrome with symptoms similar to an agitated and irritable mania. Conclusions: Doses of testosterone up to five times physiologic replacement dose appear to have minimal risk of adverse psychosexual effects in the majority of normal men; however, beginning at around 500 mg per week of testosterone cypionate, a minority of normal men may experience significant adverse psychological effects. Because illicit anabolic steroid users may use larger doses of multiple drugs under less restrictive conditions, our study may significantly underestimate the psychological effect of steroid use in the community.
Assimilation of multiresolution radiation products into a downwelling surface radiation model: 2. Posterior ensemble implementation

[1] Satellite-derived radiation products are used to condition a high-resolution estimate (space and time) of total downwelling radiation within a data assimilation (DA) framework. The prior ensemble (part 1 of this study) is conditioned using existing, multiresolution radiation products in an ensemble-based DA scheme to yield a high-resolution posterior ensemble. The resulting posterior ensemble implicitly captures the complex spatiotemporal uncertainties inherent in satellite-derived radiative flux estimation. In addition, application of the DA framework reduces these uncertainties while simultaneously downscaling coarse-scale spatial information content from the existing, multiresolution radiation products. Results suggest that the magnitude of the gain matrix is greatest when longwave (LW) estimates assimilate LW measurements and shortwave (SW) estimates assimilate SW measurements. Correlations in space are less pronounced between broadband fluxes of different type. The greatest reduction in uncertainty was achieved via simultaneous assimilation of North American Land Data Assimilation–LW and Pinker-SW products. Comparison of the conditioned posterior ensemble against a network of independent, ground-based radiometer observations in the Southern Great Plains of the United States during the 14 month study period showed a maximum reduction of 8 W m−2 (∼32%) in LW uncertainty and 2 W m−2 (∼6%) in SW uncertainty. The posterior (conditioned) ensemble could eventually be used as forcing in distributed terrestrial hydrologic model applications or land data assimilation systems with the goal of better understanding and characterizing the variability and uncertainty of the hydrologic response at the land surface.
Alternative protein blends as a replacement for fish meal in diets for white seabass, Atractoscion nobilis

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to determine the effectiveness of replacing fish meal (FM) with blends of alternative proteins in diets for white seabass (WSB, Atractoscion nobilis) at a starting weight of 5.6 g. Five diets were formulated with 400–440g kg−1 crude protein (380g kg−1 digestible). These included a high 520g kg−1 FM control diet, a series of three diets with a sequential replacement of FM containing 410g kg−1, 510g kg−1 and 630g kg−1 of a soy-based protein blend (SPC) and 200g kg−1, 100g kg−1 and 0g kg−1 FM, respectively and a fifth diet containing 550g kg−1 of a corn-based protein blend (CGM) and 100g kg−1 FM. Survival was highest in the FM control group at 99% but all other performance measures (weight gain, feed conversion ratio, specific growth rate and protein retention efficiency) were worse than the other treatment groups. Weight gain reached a maximum of 595% in the SPC 200g kg−1 FM treatment group. Performance decreased as inclusion of the soy-based protein blend increased. The CGM treatment performed comparably to the SPC 100g kg−1 FM treatment among all measures, except for survival, which was higher in the CGM 100g kg−1 FM treatment. With nutrient levels and alternative protein blends used in this study, FM can be reduced to 100g kg−1 of the diet for WSB without reductions in performance.
Summing planar diagrams by an integrable bootstrap. II

Correlation functions of matrix-valued fields are not generally known for massive renormalized field theories. We find the large-N limit of form factors of the (1+1)-dimensional sigma model with SU(N) X SU(N) symmetry. These form factors give a correction to the free-field approximation for the N=infinity Wightman function. The method is a combination of the 1/N-expansion of the S-matrix and Smirnov's form-factor axioms. We expand the renormalized field in terms of a free massive Bosonic field as N goes to infinity.
163. Inflammation and post-stroke depression: Preliminary progress

Inflammation can be a consequence of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), and a possible risk for neurobehavioral recovery. Moreover, a subset of AIS patients develop post-stroke depression (PSD), which can slow recovery and increase risk of recurrent stroke and mortality. Because proinflammatory cytokines can induce depression-like symptoms, AIS-related inflammation may influence the development of PSD. Therefore, we initiated recruitment of AIS patients to assess general and executive cognitive functioning, clinical depression, and proinflammatory cytokine levels. Assessments were conducted at three time points following hospital admission for AIS: (i) 1–2 days, (ii) 5–7 days, and (iii) 90 days. Depressive symptoms were measured using standard instruments (Hamilton Depression Scale, Beck Depression Inventory), with a structured diagnostic interview for clinical depression (SCID) given on Day 90. Cognitive function was measured using the RBANS. Additional measures of functional and neurological status were obtained using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS) and the NIH Stroke Scale. In this initial phase, only patients scoring mild-to-moderate on the NIHSS are included. To date, of patients completing all three assessments ( N = 9), five showed elevated plasma IL-6 on admission, which receded on subsequent days. Further, PSD at Day 90 ( N = 2 patients) was not associated with detectable IL-6 at any time point. Recruitment and assay for inflammatory indicators are ongoing to determine associations between proinflammatory cytokines, AIS and PSD.
Identical orocecal transit time and serum motilin in hyperthermia and normothermia.

Fever, exercise, and exposure to a hot environment can all cause symptoms of gastrointestinal dysfunction as they elevate body temperature. Nonetheless, the link between hyperthermia per se and these symptoms is unknown. To test the functional significance of increased body temperature, we investigated the influence of substantial passive hyperthermia on orocecal transit in 12 young, healthy men. Transit time was determined by a consistent rise in H2 concentration in a rebreathing apparatus after oral ingestion of 0.7 g lactulose/kg body weight. Lactulose was given in combination with a 350-ml liquid meal (360 kcal). After raising core temperature in warm water to 38.3° C, orocecal transit time was identical to control (90±13 min at 38.3° C, 92±13 min at 37.1° C). While hyperthermia did elevate heart rate and minute ventilation, serum motilin, gastrin, and cortisol were similar in the two conditions. The failure of a passive core temperature rise to alter mouth-to-cecum transit suggests that this aspect of alimentary function is independent of body temperature.
Nanoscale changes in chromatin organization represent the initial steps of tumorigenesis: a transmission electron microscopy study

Background: Nuclear alterations are a well-known manifestation of cancer. However, little is known about the early, microscopically-undetectable stages of malignant transformation. Based on the phenomenon of field cancerization, the tissue in the field of a tumor can be used to identify and study the initiating events of carcinogenesis. Morphological changes in nuclear organization have been implicated in the field of colorectal cancer (CRC), and we hypothesize that characterization of chromatin alterations in the early stages of CRC will provide insight into cancer progression, as well as serve as a biomarker for early detection, risk stratification and prevention. Methods: For this study we used transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images of nuclei harboring pre-neoplastic CRC alterations in two models: a carcinogen-treated animal model of early CRC, and microscopically normal-appearing tissue in the field of human CRC. We quantify the chromatin arrangement using approaches with two levels of complexity: 1) binary, where chromatin is separated into areas of dense heterochromatin and loose euchromatin, and 2) grey-scale, where the statistics of continuous mass-density distribution within the nucleus is quantified by its spatial correlation function. Results: We established an increase in heterochromatin content and clump size, as well as a loss of its characteristic peripheral positioning in microscopically normal pre-neoplastic cell nuclei. Additionally, the analysis of chromatin density showed that its spatial distribution is altered from a fractal to a stretched exponential. Conclusions: We characterize quantitatively and qualitatively the nanoscale structural alterations preceding cancer development, which may allow for the establishment of promising new biomarkers for cancer risk stratification and diagnosis. The findings of this study confirm that ultrastructural changes of chroma tin in field carcinogenesis represent early neoplastic events leading to the development of well-documented, microscopically detectable hallmarks of cancer.
Optical injection locking of a coupled optoelectronic oscillator

A semiconductor based, injection locked coupled optoelectronic oscillator is presented, operating at 10.25 GHz and seeded with a narrow linewidth CW laser operating at 1550 nm. Optical supermode suppression is demonstrated via increased comb visibility.
Understanding Social Partnerships: An Evolutionary Model of Partnership Organizations

A model of the evolutionary process of developing social partnerships is presented. The model focuses on the interorganizational context out of which partnerships originate and proposes that six types of forces in the environment foster interaction. Next, processes of issue crystallization, coalition building, and purpose formulation, which originate in an "initiation" stage and focus the content of the partnership, are described. The evolutionary stages of social partnership are identified as (1) a context of forces generating a recognition of the need/use of partnership, (2) initiation of the partnership (encompassing issue crystallization, coalition building, and purpose formulation), (3) establishment, and (4) maturity. Processes are seen to be repetitive and cyclical, and purpose in successful partnerships tends to broaden over time. A case example is used to illustrate the model.
New pneumatic cylinders for improving servo actuator positioning accuracy

Positioning accuracy of pneumatic servo actuators depends on parameters of the actuator and control system, and also on the friction force. This paper reports on new constructions of the pneumatic cylinders, which are the integral part of the servo actuator. Experimental examination of these servo actuators has shown that they could provide improved accuracy performance over the system with ordinary pneumatic cylinder.
Publicity and the control of corporate behavior: The case of infant formula

Special ironies attend the public controversy concerning the marketing of infant formula in less developed countries (LDCs). While the conditions concerning which controversy arose existed in LDCs, claims‐making proponents enjoyed their greatest success in the United States, and the primary target of their claims was a European‐based corporation. Until the late 1960s, marketing practices of companies selling infant formula in LDCs were non‐controversial. During the 1970s, however, claims‐making by groups critical of these practices resulted in the emergence of a social problem of international significance. This paper describes how activists critical of corporate activities initiated a publicity campaign aimed at changing corporate behavior. Using the framework developed by Fisse and Braithwaite (1983), we demonstrate that infant formula activists were able to generate pressure on corporations through publicity. Corporate response to this pressure, and the solution reached between the activists and one of...
Characteristics of iron uptake from hydroxamate siderophores by Chlorella vulgaris and the correlation between uptake and reduction

Iron uptake by Chlorella vulgaris from ferric‐rhodotorulic acid (Fe(III)‐RA), ferrioximine B (Fe(III)‐DFOB), ferric‐caffeic acid (Fe(III)‐Caf) and ferric‐citrate (Fe(III)‐Cit) was investigated to further describe this uptake and probe the possible link between ferric reduction and iron uptake. Fe‐59 was used to follow iron uptake, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was used to observe the reduction of ferric iron. Maximal growth occured when excess chelator was used. Iron was taken up in a biphasic manner with a rapid initial rate that after five minutes slowed to a linear rate of uptake. Cyanide decreased the first, rapid rate for Fe(III)‐RA and Fe(III)‐DFOB, while having no apparent effect on the slower rate. This slow rate was sensitive to 10 μM carbonylcyanide m ‐chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP). Ferric reduction was closely correlated to iron uptake with Fe(III)‐RA and Fe(III)‐DFOB, while the EPR method does not appear to be applicable to Fe(III)‐Cit. CCCP inhibits uptake and reduction for both Fe...
Generalized edge frequency polygon for density estimation

Abstract Jones et al. (Biometrica 85, 235) proposed an edge frequency polygon estimator to estimate a probability density function. Their estimator has a smaller asymptotic mean integrated squared error than that of the frequency polygon estimator. In this paper we introduce a generalized edge frequency polygon estimator. Instead of averaging heights of two bins at each bin edge, we take weighted averages of the heights in the neighboring 2k (k⩾1) bins, which further reduces the asymptotic mean integrated squared error.
SU‐E‐T‐44: Phantom 3D Dose Calculation and Anatomy Based DVH Evaluation On VMAT Patient QA Using the Newest Version of Delta4 Dosimetry System

Purpose: To validate the two new patient QA methods on ScandiDos Delta4 system: (1) Phantom 3D dose calculation (2) Anatomy DVH evaluation, compared with conventional gamma analysis criteria. Methods: Phantom 3D dose calculation and anatomy DVHs evaluation have the capability to perform gamma analysis on critical organ contours and calculate DVHs from Delta4 measurement and calculation on either phantom or patient anatomy. The calculation speed, performance time and algorithm accuracy were investigated on these two novel methods. Elekta Synergy beam PDDs and output factors were characterized by importing plans from Pinnacle (v9.2). VMAT H&N QA plans were performed. The patient CT images and contours were transferred from Pinnacle to Delta4. Three critical structures (PTV, Brainstem and Cord) were analyzed using gamma analysis, phantom 3D dose calculation and anatomy DVH evaluation. Results: Conventional gamma pass rate is analyzed by combining the dose difference and distance to agreement on each detector. 3D dose calculation is implemented on the homogeneous phantom using ray‐tracing algorithm. Patient anatomy dose is calculated using the fluence map and kernel‐based pencil beam algorithm. The average calculation time is 1.1, 5.3 and 25.5 minutes for each method. The performance time is 22, 30, and 55 minutes for each patient QA, since anatomy evaluation needs CT images and anatomy structures. Regarding the algorithm accuracy, conventional gamma analysis and phantom based PTV 3D‐dose are correlated. The passing rate difference are insignificant (P>0.2, t test). There are discrepancies when the phantom 3D‐Dose gamma and DVH are compared with anatomy based evaluation. The passing rate difference are significant (P<0.005, t test). Conclusion: Conventional gamma analysis has weak correlation to critical DVH errors. Phantom 3D dose and anatomy DVH evaluation on Delta4 are sensitive and specific for VMAT patient QA. Further investigation on accuracy and potential errors of anatomy DVH will be performed.
The cauchy and characteristic boundary value problems of random rigid-perfectly plastic media

Abstract Effects of spatial random fluctuations in the yield condition of rigid-perfectly plastic continuous media are analysed in cases of Cauchy and characteristic boundary value problems. A weakly random plastic microstructure is modeled, on a continuum mesoscale, by an isotropic yield condition with the yield limit taken as a locally averaged random field. The solution method is based on a stochastic generalization of the method of sliplines, whose significant feature is that the deterministic characteristics are replaced by the forward evolution cones containing random characteristics. Comparisons of response of this random medium and of a deterministic homogeneous medium, with a plastic limit equal to the average of the random one, are carried out numerically in several specific examples of the two boundary value problems under study. An application of the method is given to the limit analysis of a cylindrical tube under internal traction. The major conclusion is that weak material randomness always leads to a relatively stronger scatter in the position and field variables, as well as to a larger size of the domain of dependence—effects which are amplified by both presence of shear traction and inhomogeneity in the boundary data. Additionally, it is found that there is hardly any difference between stochastic slipline fields due to either Gaussian or uniform noise in the plastic limit.
Thermally activated viscous remanence in some magnetite‐ and hematite‐bearing dolomites

A Brunhes-age viscous remanent magnetization (VRM) carried by magnetite and hematite in the El Paso and Montoya dolomite formations has unblocking temperatures significantly higher than those predicted by single-domain theory. The samples appear to contain a substantial fraction of pseudo-single domain magnetite, suggesting transdomain processes may be responsible for the stable VRM. A strong inverse correlation between the occurrence of high unblocking temperatures and high isothermal remanence fractions acquired above 0.3 Tesla suggests that the hematite grain size may also be important in determining the range of observed temperatures. Larger grains are inferred to have lower coercivities but higher unblocking temperatures. An older, reverse-polarity component is also observed, and appears to be a record of late Cretaceous-Tertiary tectonic activity.
Boundary layer growth on a circular cylinder in a semi-infinite fluid

In this paper we study the problem of the boundary layer growth on a circular cylinder in a planar stagnation flow by the method of inner and outer expansions at small times and for finite but large Reynolds numbers. The emphasis is on the influence of the plane wall on the boundary layer detachment from the cylinder and the interaction between the cylinder and the flow. Certain correlations between some of the basic parameters are shown graphically.
Evaluation of complete dentures lined with resilient silicone rubber.

Twenty-four complete dentures were relined with a soft, resilient silicone rubber (Silastic 390), a liner that has certain applications in patients with special dental problems.
Patent ductus arteriosus ligation: Are we doing better?

Limitation on health care resource use is stimulating critical evaluation of previous preoperative standards. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and hospital financial records of all children admitted for patent ductus arteriosus ligation from July 1984 to April 1994 for age, perioperative length of stay, readmissions for postoperative surgical problem, and hospital charges adjusted to 1994 dollars. Patients with an isolated patent ductus arteriosus, greater than 3 months of age, without preoperative or postoperative complications were included in this study and stratified into two groups based on date of operation. Group I had operation before January 1, 1991, and group II had operation on or after January 1, 1991. Comparison of these two groups revealed a significant difference in perioperative length of stay (group I, 3.9 ± 1.2 days [mean ± standard deviation]; group II, 2.7 ± 0.9 days; p p
Rural-urban differences in radiation therapy for ductal carcinoma in-situ of the breast.

Purpose. Rural women in the United States are at a documented disadvantage with regard to breast cancer detection, diagnosis, and treatment and generally do not receive state-of-the-art therapy. The objective of the study was to determine if, and to what extent, rural women were less likely to receive radiation therapy (XRT) following breast conserving surgery (BCS) for ductal carcinoma in-situ (DCIS). Methods. Our analyses were based on 1991–1996 data provided by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Only women who were diagnosed with their first primary, microscopically confirmed DCIS breast cancer were included. BCS and XRT were defined according to SEER definitions. Multiple logistic regression was used in the analysis. Results. During this time period, 6,988 women were treated with BCS for DCIS, 50.1% of whom received XRT. In multivariate analysis, rural women in general (OR=0.58) and younger women (<65) in particular (OR=0.38) were less likely to receive XRT. Local availability of XRT was not associated with receipt among younger women, while older women without this availability were less likely to receive XRT (OR=0.48). Conclusions. Barriers to XRT following BCS for DCIS may be different between younger and older rural women relative to their urban counterparts.
The influence of environmental temperature on the course of experimental herpes simplex infection.

tion of body temperature. Since adverse environmental temperatures are known to influence the pathogenesis of several other viral diseases (1-9), it seemed likely that abnormal temperatures might also affect resistance to herpetic infection, in which an apparent relationship exists between the physiological state and susceptibility of the host. This paper summarizes experiments designed to determine the effect of abnormal ambient temperatures on the course of experimental herpes simplex infections and to study the mechanism (s) by which the action is mediated.
Density changes accompanying the annealing of wrought thoriated tungsten wire

Density measurements were made on 0.762 mm W-l wt pct ThO2 wires which had been annealed at temperatures between 1000°C and 2000°C for times up to 120 min. Selected specimens were examined using optical and scanning electron microscopy. The results of this study indicate that the low, as-worked wire density is a result of large cracks associated with the ThO2 particles. Time-temperature annealing regimes, significantly below those necessary for recrystallization of the wire, result in partial healing of the cracks. This crack healing process can be followed qualitatively by observing longitudinal fracture surfaces in the scanning electron microscope and quantitatively by changes in the density of the wire. The apparent activation energy for the crack healing process was found to be 57.8 kcal/mole. The results suggest that crack closure is a result of both shear and grain boundary diffusion transport processes. It is concluded that the presence of cracks can influence the morphology of the recrystallized grains.
College student stereotypes of female behavior: Maternal professional women and assertive housewives

Traditional gender stereotypes were normative in that it was believed good mental health depended on members of each gender acquiring the appropriate gender role. Current research that describes subcategories of females (housewife, professional woman, Playboy bunny) suggests that the traditional stereotype cannot be normative. Two studies investigated college student's stereotypic expectations about female behavior related to five role characteristics: maternal sensitivities, financial provider responsibilities, interpersonal tendencies, instrumental tendencies, and passivity. Subject stereotypic expectations indicated that women in all subcategories are expected to be maternal and to be more assertive than passive. For the other role characteristics, women representing the different subcategories are expected to vary. The results were inconclusive about which aspects of the stereotypes are normative.
THE MORPHOGENESIS AND REVERSIBILITY OF EXPERIMENTAL HYPERKINETIC PULMONARY VASCULAR LESIONS IN THE DOG.

Abstract Hyperkinetic pulmonary hypertension has been produced in dogs with an aorta-left pulmonary artery anastomosis. The pulmonary artery proximal to the shunt was banded so as to restrict the increased pressure to a segment of the pulmonary vasculature. Pulmonary hypertension was observed when the shunt was directed into the entire left lung of the dog, but no vascular lesions were demonstrated after as long a period of time as 93 weeks. Pulmonary hypertension and arterial lesions were found when the shunt was directed into the left lower lobe of the lung. Study of the lesions produced by this form of hyperkinetic pulmonary hypertension revealed them to be quite different in appearance and morphogenesis from lesions produced by autogenous clot embolism. The reversibility of arterial lesions was studied by restoring normal pressure in the left lower lobe. Vascular lesions characterized by medial hypertrophy of muscular arteries, muscular arterioles, and minimal to moderate degree of intimal thickening were observed to resolve. Marked intimal thickening and plexiform lesions did not resolve when followed for as long as 37 weeks.
Sex Differences in Giraffe Feeding Ecology: Energetic and Social Constraints

Sex ratios of giraffe groups differ in different habitats, with open vegetation having female-biased groups, and tall, thick vegetation having male-biased groups. On a ranch in south-central Kenya, we quantified habitat differences of male and female giraffe groups and showed that the preference for open habitats by female groups was limited to groups with young. We suggest that this difference is due to the avoidance of predators of young giraffes. We also showed that rates of giraffe feeding peaked at intermediate feeding heights equal to approximately 60% of adult giraffe height. In the dense habitats with a variety of tree heights used by male groups and female groups without young, both male and female giraffes fed most at heights where they could feed fastest. However, in the open habitats used by female groups with young, females fed mostly at heights below optimum because these habitats are dominated by short food plants. On the other hand, the dominant males accompanying these female groups fed at heights above optimum on rare tall trees, possibly to increase intrasexual vigilance. Apparently, both male and female giraffes sometimes forfeit feeding efficiency tor short-term reproductive gains.