cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Multiple aperture imaging of millimeter sources via image-plane interferometry

Our goal is to perform real time detection and direct high resolution imaging of millimeter continuum sources with multiple aperture interferometry. This is done by coupling a millimeter wave array to an optical interferometer via an electro-optic modulator array. We choose a concentric ring antenna array to efficiently snapshot sample the Fourier plane uniformly and isotropically, and minimize the maximum sidelobes of the point spread function. For direct imaging, we implement a Fizeau interferometer backend.
From Myocardial Cell Models to Action Potential Propagation

Membrane equations that describe sarcolemmal currents and ion transfer processes are important building blocks for theoretical studies of action potential propagation in cardiac tissue. Introduction of such ionic models into cellular and tissue networks allows analyses of passive contributions associated with tissue structure to be considered alongside active contributions from myocytes themselves in studies involving arrhythmia initiation, maintenance and termination. Maturation of contemporary membrane equations that attempt to replicate voltage clamp experiments from different species and tissue types with specific examples of modifications to extend those equations for simulations under conditions of rapid pacing, myocardial ischemia and remodeling following myocardial infarction are considered. Additionally, the integrating of membrane equations into models where coupling to represent current flow paths associated with the anisotropic tissue structure is described.
Increased nitric oxide activity in early renovascular hypertension

A decreased influence of nitric oxide (NO) in the peripheral vasculature is associated with the pathophysiology of established hypertension, and some studies suggest that increased blood pressure positively correlates with decreased NO production. If so, then the increased arterial pressure in one-kidney, one-clip (1K1C) hypertensive rats should be associated with decreased circulating levels of nitrite/nitrate (NO2/NO3; stable metabolites of NO) and guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP; mediator of NO action). We measured serum NO2/NO3 and cGMP levels in early hypertensive 1K1C (2 wk after clipping) and shamoperated one-kidney (1K) normotensive rats, treated orally with or without the NO-synthase inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 2 wk). Compared with those in 1K rats, NO2/NO3 and cGMP levels were increased in 1K1C hypertensive rats but not in 1K1C rats treated with L-NAME. NO2/NO3 and cGMP levels in L-NAME-treated 1K and 1K1C rats were similar. Compared with that in 1K rats, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was increased in 1K1C rats and in L-NAME-treated 1K and 1K1C rats. The SBP increase in L-NAME-treated 1K1C rats was more rapid than in untreated 1K1C rats. In early hypertension, increases in SBP positively correlated with increases in serum NO2/NO3 and cGMP. After 2 wk of hypertension, circulating NO2/NO3 levels gradually declined and reached prehypertension levels by the fifth week of hypertension. These results provide evidence for increased NO synthesis in early hypertensive 1K1C rats, and this increased NO could be a compensatory mechanism to slow the development of hypertension in these animals.
Stem architecture in Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa (Cyperaceae): Evidence of dynamic morphological evolution in a group of pantropical sedges

We examined phylogenetic relationships and patterns of stem structural evolution in Eleocharis subgenus Limnochloa , an ecologically and economically important group of tropical to temperate-growing sedges, whose stems serve as the primary photosynthetic organs. We used maximum parsimony, likelihood, and Bayesian inference to develop phylogenetic trees and stochastic mapping and a Markov one-rate model to develop character history reconstructions of stem architecture. A complex history of stem shape evolution characterized by a high degree of homoplasy and rapid rates of change (an average of 13 transitions per character history for about 25 species) was identifi ed across subgenus Limnochloa . Character states transition much more frequently in some lineages than others, but tend to follow a consistent directional pattern of evolutionary change. Our data also suggest that changes in stem shape and anatomy may be associated with speciation events in the subgenus (Pagel ’ s κ = 0.3503, P = 0.04579) and may have some adaptive signifi cance. The potential adaptive roles of stem structural traits are unclear, but may be elucidated by further studies. This work serves as a starting point for future evolutionary studies of stem shape and structure in monocots and provides important background knowledge for further studies of ecological adaptations of Eleocharis .
Retention of Beach Sands by Dams and Debris Basins in Southern California

ABSTRACT The sediment budgets of most beaches in southern California are dominated by sand contributions from coastal streams. Extensive alteration of fluvial systems by the construction of dams and debris basins has reduced substantially the volume of sand reaching the shore. This is one factor in the chronic erosion of these beaches. The purpose of this research is to assess the magnitude of the impacts of coastal dams and debris basins on sand delivery using direct measurements of sediment impoundment rates within eight watersheds. Sediment impoundment data were obtained for 28 dams and more than 150 debris basins in the watersheds of eight rivers: the Santa Ynez, Ventura, Santa Clara, Los Angeles, San Gabriel, Santa Ana, San Dieguito, and San Diego. The cumulative effect of these structures is the impoundment of more than 4,000,000 m3 yr−1 of sediment. This is equivalent to a potential deprivation of beach sand of roughly 3 m3 yr−1 per m of shoreline in the five southern California coastal counties. T...
Questionable relevancy of fixed priority assignment in distributed object design

The following fundamental issues in establishing sound architectures for object oriented (OO) real time (RT) distributed computing systems (DCSs) are briefly discussed: (1) How much is the fixed priority assignment relevant to the activities of distributed object designers? (2) Can the event-triggered architecture and the time-triggered architecture be combined into a unified architecture?.
Coexamination of Site-Specific Transcription Factor Binding and Promoter Activity in Living Cells

Previously, we have used a chromatin cross-linking and immunoprecipitation protocol for the analysis of Myc and USF binding to the cad promoter. The adaptation of this technique for the study of mammalian transcription factors was a big step forward in the analysis of transcription factor family member specificity, allowing for the first time a definitive knowledge of which factor binds to a promoter region under normal physiological conditions. However, due to limitations of the assay, our previous studies could not definitively prove that both Myc and USF bound to the exact same site on the cad promoter, nor could we directly correlate loss of in vivo binding of a particular factor with loss of transcriptional activity. Therefore, we have further modified the chromatin immunoprecipitation protocol to alleviate these problems. We have now shown that it is possible to coexamine growth-regulated transcriptional activity and promoter occupancy by using stably integrated promoter constructs. We show that both Myc and USF bind to the exact same E box on the cad promoter, suggesting that competition between these two factors for a single site occurs in living cells. We also find that cad promoter constructs that retain USF binding but lose Myc binding in vivo no longer display an increase in transcriptional activity in mid- to late G(1) phase of the cell cycle. Finally, we propose that cell cycle-regulated transcriptional activation of the cad promoter may be a stochastic, rather than a predetermined, process.
Cost-Effectiveness of IV-to-Oral Switch Therapy: Azithromycin vs Cefuroxime with or Without Erythromycin for the Treatment of Community-Acquired Pneumonia

Study objective: To conduct a cost-effectiveness analysis of IV-to-oral regimens of azithromycin vs cefuroxime with or without erythromycin in the treatment of patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Patients: Of the 268 evaluable patients enrolled into a randomized, multicenter clinical trial of adults, 266 patients had sufficient data to be included in this cost-effectiveness analysis. One hundred thirty-six patients received azithromycin, and 130 patients received cefuroxime with or without erythromycin. Methods: A pharmacoeconomic analysis from the hospital provider perspective was conducted. Health-care resource utilization was extracted from the clinical database and converted to national reference costs. Decision analysis was used to structure and characterize outcomes. Sensitivity analyses were performed, and statistics were applied to the cost-effectiveness ratios. Results: The clinical success and adverse event rates and antibiotic-related length of stay were 78%, 11.8%, and 5.8 days for the azithromycin group and 75%, 20.7%, and 6.4 days for the group receiving cefuroxime with or without erythromycin, respectively. Geometric mean treatment costs were $4,104 (95% confidence interval [CI], $3,874 to $4,334) for the azithromycin group, and $4,578 (95% CI, $4,319 to $4,837) for the group receiving cefuroxime with or without erythromycin (p 0.06). The cost-effectiveness ratios were $5,265 per expected cure for the azithromycin group, and $6,145 per expected cure for group receiving cefuroxime with or without erythromycin (p 0.05). Conclusions: Despite a higher per-dose purchase price, overall costs with azithromycin tended to be lower due to decreased duration of therapy, lower preparation and administration costs, and reduced hospital length of stay. As empiric therapy, azithromycin monotherapy was cost-effective compared to cefuroxime with or without erythromycin for patients hospitalized with CAP who have no underlying cardiopulmonary disease, and no risk factors for either drug-resistant pneumococci or enteric Gram-negative pathogens. (CHEST 2002; 122:1271–1279)
Monitoring of aortic valve opening and systolic aortic insufficiency in optimization of continuous-flow left ventricular assist device settings.

d v w a AORTIC INSUFFICIENCY (AI) in patients after left ventricular assist device (LVAD) implantation is one of the nintended and potentially harmful consequences.1,2 Excessive LVAD flows, resulting in diminished and infrequent aortic valve (AV) opening, may facilitate AI progression and extend its duration to the systolic phase of the cardiac cycle.2,3 The igh temporal resolution of the echocardiographic M mode akes it very effective in monitoring the effects of LVAD speeds n AV function in real time. This case report describes the pathohysiology of AV leaflets akinesis and systolic aortic insufficiency n patients supported with continuous-flow LVAD and shows the rayscale and color M-mode AV surveillance in the perioperative ptimization of the LVAD setting.
W. E. B. Du Bois: Reform, Will, and the Veil

While W. E. B. Du Bois is widely recognized for his contributions to the sociology of race, his contributions to the foundations of sociology are largely ignored. His sociology is based on African American reformism, a version of pragmatism, and a contingent historicism. The basic view of sociology is one that emphasizes the role of chance and will as opposed to law and certainty. He called sociology “the science of free will.” His view of society is one that focuses on the historical contingency of the structure of society, the malleability of society, and the fundamental feature of American society: a society built around the “color line” or “veil.” This view of society is not merely an interesting historical anomaly, but has significant implications for the understanding of and development of contemporary sociology.
Mechanism of high-density power-gated hole burning in Eu 2+ -doped sulfides

The mechanism for highly efficient photoionization spectral hole burning in the 4f7–4f65d1 transition of Eu2+ in MgS host is investigated in detail. The time and power dependencies of the hole depth and its photoerasure are analyzed assuming that a resonant two-photon ionization process initiates the hole burning. The near-room-temperature cycling shifts the hole to low energies, demonstrating the relaxation of an unstable lattice resulting from the hole burning. The characteristics of hole burning change significantly in samples codoped with Ce and Eu. All of these studies support that the mechanism of hole burning is the electron transfer from the Eu2+ ion to the Eu3+ deep trap, both of which are located at the substitutional octahedral sites.
Calibration of an astronomical spectrograph using a 25 GHz laser frequency comb

A 25 GHz frequency comb for calibration of astronomical spectrographs in the 1.4–1.65 μm region is demonstrated with the R=50,000 λ/Δλ Pathfinder spectrograph at the Hobby-Eberly telescope.
Modulation of the vascular response to injury by autologous blood-derived outgrowth endothelial cells

Delivery of a heterogeneous population of cells with endothelial phenotype derived from peripheral blood has been shown to improve vascular responses after balloon arterial injury in an endothelium-dependent manner. Refinement of culture techniques has enabled the generation of outgrowth endothelial cells (OECs), a homogeneous population of distinctly endothelial cells expanded from circulating progenitor cells. The present study tested the hypothesis that OEC delivery would confer vascular protection after balloon arterial injury in a rabbit model. Rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were cultured in endothelial growth medium for 4-5 wk, yielding proliferative OECs with distinct endothelial phenotype (morphology, incorporation of acetylated LDL, and expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and caveolin-1 but not CD14). Animals underwent balloon carotid injury immediately followed by local delivery of autologous OECs for 20 min. Fluorescent-labeled OECs were detected in all layers at 4 wk, with immunostaining revealing maintenance of endothelial phenotype (von Willebrand factor-positive and RAM-11-negative) by luminal and nonluminal cells. To evaluate functional effects, additional animals received autologous OECs, saline, or freshly harvested PBMCs as noncultured cell controls by local dwell after balloon injury. Local OEC delivery improved endothelium-dependent vasoreactivity (P < 0.05 vs. saline and PBMC) and similarly reduced neointimal formation (P < 0.05 vs. saline and PBMC). These data suggest that OECs can be detected in injured arterial segments at 4 wk. Moreover, delivery of OECs confers greater vascular protection than PBMCs or saline controls and may thus offer a novel, autologous strategy to limit the response to mechanical injury.
Mixed-signal parallel compressed sensing and reception for cognitive radio

A parallel structure to do spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR) at sub-Nyquist rate is proposed. The structure is based on compressed sensing (CS) that exploits the sparsity of frequency utilization. Specifically, the received analog signal is segmented or time-windowed and CS is applied to each segment independently using an analog implementation of the inner product, then all the samples are processed together to reconstruct the signal. Applying the CS framework to the analog signal directly relaxes the requirements in wideband RF receiver front-ends. Moreover, the parallel structure provides a design flexibility and scalability on the sensing rate and system complexity. This paper also provides a joint reconstruction algorithm that optimally detects the information symbols from the sub-Nyquist analog projection coefficients. Simulations showing the efficiency of the proposed approach are also presented.
Scapular Bracing and Alteration of Posture and Muscle Activity in Overhead Athletes With Poor Posture

Context: Overhead athletes commonly have poor posture. Commercial braces are used to improve posture and function, but few researchers have examined the effects of shoulder or scapular bracing on posture and scapular muscle activity. Objective: To examine whether a scapular stabilization brace acutely alters posture and scapular muscle activity in healthy overhead athletes with forward-head, rounded-shoulder posture (FHRSP). Design: Randomized controlled clinical trial. Setting: Applied biomechanics laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-eight healthy overhead athletes with FHRSP. Intervention(s): Participants were assigned randomly to 2 groups: compression shirt with no strap tension (S) and compression shirt with the straps fully tensioned (S + T). Posture was measured using lateral-view photography with retroreflective markers. Electromyography (EMG) of the upper trapezius (UT), middle trapezius (MT), lower trapezius (LT), and serratus anterior (SA) in the dominant upper extremity was measu...
Gut Microbiota: Impact of Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, Pharmabiotics, and Postbiotics on Human Health

Multidisciplinary approaches enabled a better understanding of the connection between human gut microbes and health. This knowledge is rapidly changing how we think about probiotics and related -biotics (prebiotics, synbiotics, pharmabiotics, and postbiotics). Functional -omics approaches are very important tools used to understand interindividual diversity of gut microbiota. Despite diverse gut microbial composition, individuals demonstrated similar microbial metabolic pathways, emphasizing the importance of functional genes. Dysbiosis observed in chronic illnesses such as obesity, diabetes, and inflammatory bowel disease could be an important therapeutic target. Commensal bacteria delivered in the form of fecal transplant, stress-adapted probiotic bacteria, pharmabiotic agents derived from beneficial bacteria, and postbiotic bioactive compounds have enormous potential in the therapeutics and supplement industries for targeting dysbiosis. Several relevant questions are raised in this chapter that will provide a framework to evaluate exponentially increasing data related to the gut microbiome and human health.
African Intellectuals in the Belly of the Beast: Migration, Identity, and the Politics of Exile

When W.E.B. Du Bois wrote of the “double consciousness” of Africans in America, he was reflecting on the complex identities of the “talented tenth,” the educated minority of a minority like himself who felt alienated because of their awareness that their qualifications meant little in a racist society. Though written in reference to the African American intellectual, this duality, this sense of “two-ness,” is even more acute for African exiles today because they have fewer social and cultural ties to the West than African Europeans and African Americans. The exiles are much closer to the African “soul” Du Bois referred to and are less prepared for the pervasive racism and second-class status that they have to overcome in the West.
Global governance: present and future

Globalization, the end of the Cold War and increased involvement of non-state actors in global affairs represent fundamentally shifting relations of power, speeding up national economiesâ integration and contributing to the convergence of policies in different issue domains. This review considers the state of global governance by presenting a variety of global governance arrangements, key challenges facing governance in an increasingly globalized context and possibilities for the future governance. Current global governance arrangements favour flexibility over rigidity, prefer voluntary measures to binding rules and privilege partnerships over individual actions. This synopsis of the state of global governance examines the evolving role that sovereignty and the enduring human struggles for power and equity are playing in shaping international relations and governance. This contribution argues that individual empowerment, increasing awareness of human security, institutional complexity, international power shifts and the liberal world political paradigm will define the future of global governance. This article is published as part of a thematic collection dedicated to global governance.
Acute dyspnea and tachycardia in a cigarette smoker.

A 75-year-old woman presented to the emergency department with exacerbation of dyspnea, wheezing, and swelling of the legs that had begun 24 hours earlier. The patient had been treated for lung disease for many years and her usual symptoms were dyspnea on very little exertion, a chronic nonproductive cough, and episodic wheezing. She had smoked cigarettes for 55 years but had stopped five years ago. Her medications included meprobamate, chlorothiazide- triamterene, loratadine, clonazepam, oxaprozin, montelukast, ipratropium, and home oxygen.The patient appeared thin and dyspneic. Her temperature was 37.2°C; radial pulse, 125 bpm; respirations, 36 per min; blood pressure, 105/55 mm Hg; and oxygen saturation, 98% while receiving 3 L per minute by nasal canula. Jugular venous pressure was slightly elevated. Breath sounds were diffusely faint, with prolonged expiration but no crackles or wheezes. Cardiac rhythm was irregular at 135 beats per minute with normal heart sounds. Mild edema of the ankles was presen...
Host defenses in murine malaria: successful vaccination of mice against Plasmodium berghei by using formolized blood parasites.

Abstract Infections of normal ICR mice with the NYU-2 strain of Plasmodium berghei (Pb) are uniformly fatal. However, a proportion of mice that have been vaccinated with a formalin-killed antigen prepared from the blood stages of Pb survive an otherwise lethal challenge. Such immunity is not induced by immunization with normal mouse erythrocytes. The level of acquired anti-malarial immunity is related to the size and number of doses of antigen, and intravenous injection is superior to the subcutaneous route of vaccination. The addition of the adjuvants BCG and Corynebacterium parvum to the immunizing regimen improved the level of protection to a variable extent, depending on the batch of plasmodial antigen with which they were used. The adjuvants were most efficacious when used with batches of antigen which were poorly protective when used alone. These adjuvants were found never to protect ICR mice against Pb unless used in combination with specific antigen.
The Effect of Carbon Nanofibers on the Strength of Concrete with Natural and Recycled Aggregates

This work reports on an experimental investigation about the effect of carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the compressive strength of: (1) hardened portland cement paste and (2) two types of concrete; with natural and recycled coarse aggregates. It was observed that the incorporation of nanofibers caused a slight increase in the compressive strength of cement paste. However, for each type of aggregate, the strength of CNF-incorporated concrete was lower than that of control plain concrete. Based on the SEM studies and visual observations of the hardened paste specimens, the reason for these different behaviors was found to be the different dominating mechanisms by which bleeding is controlled in paste and concrete mixes; in paste CNF clumps partially block the pores and bleed water channels, while in concrete a portion of free water is adsorbed on the surfaces introduced by aggregates.
Viral dynamic modelling of Hepatitis C and resistance-associated variants in haemophiliacs.

Aim Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is an important source of morbidity and mortality among haemophiliacs. Limited data are available regarding treatment intervention using direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) and theoretical concerns regarding accumulation of drug-associated resistance variants (RAVs) remain. We conducted a pilot study of treatment with telaprevir/pegylated interferon-alfa/ribavirin to evaluate treatment response and the role of lead-in DAA therapy on mutational selection of resistance variants. Methods Ultra-deep sequence analysis was performed at baseline, 48 hours and 168 hours after treatment initiation. Results No dominant RAVs were identified at baseline, but low-level RAVs were noted at baseline in all subjects. Viral dynamic models were used to assess treatment responses. The efficacy parameter (Ɛ) for lead-in ranged from 0 to 0.9745 (mean = 0.514). Subsequent addition of telaprevir resulted in a mean efficacy of more than 0.999. This was comparable to subjects who started all three medications simultaneously. A total of 80% achieved SVR. While rapid shifts in the RAV population following DAA initiation were observed, treatment failure associated with A156V was observed in only one patient. Adverse event profiles were similar to that observed in non-haemophilia cohorts. There was no evidence of factor inhibitor formation. There was no evidence that lead-in provided benefit in terms of response efficacy. Conclusion These data support DAA-based therapy in those with inherited bleeding disorders.
Aquatic macroinvertebrates in an irregularly flooded salt marsh: diversity and seasonal variation

In this study we investigated the aquatic macroinvertebrate community structure in a coastal Virginia salt marsh. Sixteen samples were taken weekly from two different sites on Smith Island, Va., from April to mid-October 1982. Bimonthly samples were taken during the months of March and November, due to low density of organisms and reduced growth rates at these times. A total of 46 macroinvertebrate taxa were collected, with 17 occurring in at least 5% of the samples, indicating a relatively diverse fauna. Temporal changes in the macroinvertebrate community could not be attributed to the wide fluctuations observed in the physical environment except during extremes. Seasonal changes in the community were attributed to cycling due to individual life cycles of the resident organisms and drying and flooding of the marsh. Species diversity remained high throughout the summer months and was only reduced drastically during drought periods. Fast recolonization of prey species resulted in higher densities at the site with the most severe conditions (highest frequency of drying). We thought this was due to predator elimination caused by drying.
Sustainable Grassland Management: An Exploratory Study of Progressive Ranchers in Nebraska

Well-managed grasslands provide numerous ecosystem services. Ranchers who employ sustainable grazing practices limit grassland conversion and conserve critical habitats. This phenomenological study explored the grassland management decisions of progressive ranchers in Nebraska. Each individual interviewed for this study is proactive about the state of their grasslands, whether they are motivated by financial or conservation factors. Throughout the evolution of their businesses, these ranchers have taken steps to improve their management techniques and continue to employ new strategies while planning for the long-term productivity of their grasslands. For policy makers and educators seeking to improve grassland management decisions, demonstrating new methods to be economical, promoting stewardship, and allowing for flexible implementation may increase acceptance of recommendations. Because progressive ranchers’ livelihoods are connected to the land, and they are long-term goal oriented, they closely scrutinize, yet are open to advancing grassland management practices that benefit their cash flow, their pastures, their animals, and their families.
Mining Large Dense Subgraphs

Several applications including community detection in social networks and discovering correlated genes involve finding large subgraphs of high density. We propose the problem of finding the largest subgraph of a given density. The problem is a generalization of the Max-Clique problem which seeks the largest subgraph that has an edge density of 1. We define an objective function and prove that its optimization results in the largest graph of given density. We propose an algorithm that finds the subgraph by running multiple local search heuristics with random restarts. For massive graphs, where running the algorithm directly may be intractable, we use a sampling technique that reduces the graph to a smaller one which is likely to contain large dense subgraphs. We evaluate our algorithm on multiple real life and synthetic datasets. Our experiments show that our algorithm performs as well as the state-of-the-art for finding large subgraphs of high density, while providing density guarantees.
Goniometry and Limb Girth in Miniature Dachshunds

Purpose. To report the mean and median pelvic limb joint angles and girth measurements in miniature Dachshunds presenting with varying degrees of pelvic limb weakness secondary to thoracolumbar intervertebral disc extrusion. Methods. 15 miniature Dachshunds who presented to WSU-VTH for thoracolumbar disc extrusion. Dachshunds varied in neurologic status from ambulatory paraparetic to paraplegic at the time of measurements. Results. There were no significant differences in joint angles or girth among the three groups (ambulatory paraparetic, nonambulatory paraparetic, or paraplegic) (P > 0.05). When group was disregarded and values for extension, flexion, and girth combined, no differences existed. Conclusions. Goniometry and limb girth measurements can successfully be made in the miniature Dachshund; however, the shape of the Dachshund leg makes obtaining these values challenging. There were no differences in joint angle or girth measurements between dogs with varying neurologic dysfunction at the time of measurement.
Economic competitiveness of III–V on silicon tandem one-sun photovoltaic solar modules in favorable future scenarios

Tandem modules combining a III–V top cell with a Si bottom cell offer the potential to increase the solar energy conversion efficiency of one-sun photovoltaic modules beyond 25%, while fully utilizing the global investment that has been made in Si photovoltaics manufacturing. At present, the cost of III–V cells is far too high for this approach to be competitive for one-sun terrestrial power applications. We investigated the system-level economic benefits of both GaAs/Si and InGaP/Si tandem modules in favorable future scenarios where the cost of III–V cells is substantially reduced, perhaps to less than the cost of Si cells. We found, somewhat unexpectedly, that these tandems can reduce installed system cost only when the area-related balance-of-system cost is high, such as for area-constrained residential rooftop systems in the USA. When area-related balance-of-system cost is lower, such as for utility-scale systems, the tandem module offers no benefit. This is because a system using tandem modules is more expensive than one using single-junction Si modules when III–V cells are expensive, and a system using tandem modules is more expensive than one using single-junction III–V modules when III–V cells are inexpensive. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to Find Your Path in Academic Medicine

Academic medicine exists to create a better future for all of humanity. Medical school faculty fulfill this awesome responsibility through present-day effort in five interdependent realms: advancing science, engaging in clinical innovation and ­service, fostering multidisciplinary education, collaborating to address societal needs, and nurturing leadership and professionalism. Faculty investigators seek new knowledge to help understand the biological basis of health and disease as well as the psychological, cultural, and social determinants of illness. Academic clinicians apply scientific evidence to help individual patients, to establish better practices, and to create effective systems of care for entire populations.
Abstract P3-13-10: A comparison of the micro-impulse radar SAVI SCOUT to the radioactive I125 seed in localization of non-palpable breast cancer for breast conserving therapy

Breast conservation and primary radiation (BCT) is a widely used treatment for early stage breast cancer patients. Studies report a 20-40 percent re-excision rate to obtain clear margins. Current localization practices include needle, radioactive seed and intraoperative U/S. Seed localization has been found to decrease tissue volume excision and improve patient satisfaction. However, radioactive seed programs are difficult to implement due to cumbersome regulations by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). SAVI SCOUT® is a new technology cleared by the FDA for tumor localization. This device utilizes non-radioactive, micro-impulse radar (radar) to provide surgical guidance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the SCOUT® and determine its equivalence to seed localization by comparing re-excision rates and specimen volume. 70 patients with clinical stage 0, I, or II breast cancer who were treated with BCT were included in this IRB approved review. 35 patients were compared using the SCOUT radar localization technique with 35 patients using the radioactive iodine 125 seed localization technique. All patients received a wide segmental resection. The tissue was oriented and assessed clinically (visualization and palpation) and radiographically (Kubtec9s XPERT 40 Digital Specimen Radiography System) in the operating room. Additional margins were excised if deemed to be suspicious by the surgeon (unless the anterior margin was skin or the posterior margin was the pectoral muscle fascia). Final margin status for both groups was compared. A positive margin was any margin with tumor on ink. The total volume of the excised specimen plus additional margins was recorded by the pathologist. In all 70 patients, the targeted lesions, seed and/or reflectors were successfully removed. There were 420 margins assessed (6 for each specimen), using the additional margins excised as the final margin for evaluation of tumor on ink. Of the 210 final margins in the specimens excised using the seed, 5 margins (2.38%) in 4 patients were positive. 5 margins (2.38%) were also positive in 4 patients using the SCOUT. Nine patients in total returned to the operating room for re-excision. [One re-excision was performed as physician preference for close ( The use of SCOUT for non-palpable tumor localization was equivalent to seed localization when comparing margin re-excision rate and tissue volumes. We conclude that SCOUT is an excellent alternative in breast cancer localization and can be easily implemented in most hospitals for breast conservation therapy. Citation Format: Nolano SE, Thalhiemer LO, Yu E, Grujic E, Carter WB, Frazier TG. A comparison of the micro-impulse radar SAVI SCOUT to the radioactive I125 seed in localization of non-palpable breast cancer for breast conserving therapy [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P3-13-10.
CHA2DS2-VASC SCORE PREDICTS INCIDENT ATRIAL FIBRILLATION/FLUTTER IN A REFERRAL POPULATION

Background: CHA2DS2-VASc score has been shown to predict occurrences of perioperative atrial fibrillation (A-Fib) in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. However, data on whether if CHA2DS2-VASc score would predict incidence of A-Fib/ Flutter in non-operative setting is lacking. Methods: From 1993
Silicon heterojunction solar cell with interdigitated back contacts for a photoconversion efficiency over 26

The efficiency of silicon solar cells has a large influence on the cost of most photovoltaics panels. Here, researchers from Kaneka present a silicon heterojunction with interdigitated back contacts reaching an efficiency of 26.3% and provide a detailed loss analysis to guide further developments.
A Guide to Central Nervous System Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Monitoring

Non-invasive transcranial and peri-spinal near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) measures regional oxygen saturation (rSO2), i.e., the balance of oxygen supply and demand within the local microcirculation. Since normative rSO2 values vary widely, the primary monitoring objective is typically to detect noteworthy change in tissue oxygen balance suggestive of developing tissue injury. The robust rSO2 signal may be obtained even during pulseless perfusion, deep hypothermia, circulatory arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Integration of rSO2 with arterial blood pressure, CO2 partial pressure and EEG, respectively, permits continuous measurement of cerebral autoregulation, vasomotor reactivity and vasoneural coupling.
Performance Funding Policy Effects on Community College Outcomes: Are Short-Term Certificates on the Rise?

Objective: Performance funding (PF) policies allocate a portion of state funding to colleges based on student outcomes. This study is the first to account for policy type and design differences, and explores the impact of performance funding on three levels of credential completions: short-term certificates, medium-term certificates, and associate’s degrees. Method: We create a panel dataset of 751 two-year colleges from years 1990 to 2013 using data from the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System. We conduct a series of analyses using difference-in-differences with the inclusion of college- and state-level control variables. Results: We find that, on average, performance funding produces no significant changes in completions of any of the three credentials. Policy types characterized by a greater proportion of funding tied to the base budget, mission differentiation in performance metrics, inclusion of underrepresented student metrics, and longer periods of operating years produce an increase in ...
They aren’t like me, they are bad, and they are to blame: A theoretically-informed study of stigma of hoarding disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder

Abstract There are no systematic investigations of public stigma of hoarding disorder (HD), and although there have been some studies on the public perception of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), such research has not examined three theoretically informed facets of stigma: difference (“They aren’t like me”), disdain (“They are bad”), and blame (“They are to blame”). The current Internet study evaluated these three facets of stigma in a general sample of 591 adults by comparing ratings of public perception for HD, OCD, serious mental illness (SMI), substance use disorders (SUD), and those in jail. Results indicate that HD is mostly associated with a neutral or negative public perception across all stigma facets, but OCD is associated with mostly positive or neutral public perception. Across all stigma ratings, HD was viewed more negatively than OCD. Comparison of ratings across conditions and the three facets of stigma suggest a nuanced picture in which HD and OCD demonstrate differences in public perceptions compared to jail, SMI, and SUD, some in the positive direction and some in the negative. In addition, among those who scored in a clinically elevated range of HD symptom severity, one facet of public stigma (i.e., a proxy for self-stigma) was negatively correlated with an index of treatment-seeking willingness, implicating stigma as a potential factor in the treatment ambivalence commonly associated with HD treatment.
Criteria for the Selection of Corrosion Inhibitors for Arctic and Subsea High Velocity Flowlines

Qualifying corrosion inhibitors for use in high velocity multiphase flowlines in arctic or subsea environments is discussed. The tests include high velocity flow loop corrosion tests, pumpability through 0.125 (0.318 cm) inch capillary at low temperatures, compatibility with Nylon 11, emulsion tendency testing, and partitioning characteristics. Laboratory and field data show the importance for using the above criteria for inhibitor selection.
No Rest for the Nasty: Mentoring as Mobilizing for Change and Advocacy:

This paper presents the continuing need for effective mentoring in the face of social justice inequities in higher education and the larger society. The importance of persistence and resistance as ...
Love, Respect, and Being Centered Upon: Loewald’s Image of Development in Childhood and the Consulting Room

This contribution begins from two Loewaldian formulations: one, the patient becomes a centered unit by being centered upon by the analyst, and two, analytic neutrality and the analytic attitude begin from love and respect for the individual and individual development. Loewald elaborates these aspects of the analytic attitude, as he emphasizes affective as well as semantic uses of language and an attunement to the patient’s particular developmental place and possibility for understanding. Loewald’s developmental view of change in analysis ties him to Erikson and points the analyst to age and the life cycle. I describe some of the goals and challenges of working with older patients and bring in Settlage’s writings on adult development and analysis in old age.
Incentives and Investment Timing: Real Options in a Principal-Agent Setting

In the standard real options approach to investment, the owner of the option decides when to exercise the investment option. However, in many real-world settings, investment decisions are delegated to managers. This article provides a model of optimal contracting in a continuous-time principal-agent setting in which there is both moral hazard and adverse selection. We show that the underlying option can be decomposed into two components: A manager's option and an owner's option. The specification of the manager's option is determined by a compensation contract, and must provide an incentive for the manager to both extend effort and to exercise as close to the value-maximizing stopping time as possible. The residual option payout goes to the owner. The implied investment behavior differs significantly from that of the first-best no-agency solution. In particular, there will be greater inertia in investment, in that the model leads to the manager having an even greater "option to wait" than the owner. The interplay between the twin forces of hidden information and hidden action leads to markedly different investment outcomes than when only one of the two forces is at work.
Area of City Impact Agreements

Area of city impact agreements, or growth management tools negotiated between cities and counties, are required by Idaho Code section 67-6526 “to delineate areas of future contiguous growth in order to assure their orderly development and thereby reconcile potentially competing designs for boundary expansion with accepted land use planning principles.” City of Garden City v. City of Boise, 104 Idaho 512, 514 (1983). In Fall, 2012, the University of Idaho College of Law’s Economic Development Clinic worked with a coalition of partners to review existing area of city impact agreements. The Clinic obtained 125 area of city impact agreements, one of the largest collections of local government agreements addressing growth management ever assembled in Idaho, and likely anywhere in the country. Based upon its research, the Clinic drafted this report with detailed guidance for Idaho cities and counties negotiating future area of city impact agreements. Outside of Idaho, this report will be of use to state and local government law and land use law scholars interested in growth management, smart growth, and extra-territorial powers of cities. The Clinic's guidance document and the original agreements are available in this file.
Lactic Acid Bacteria in Cheddar Cheese Made with Sodium Chloride, Potassium Chloride or Mixtures of the Two Salts.

Three different split lots of Cheddar cheese curd were prepared with added sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl) or mixtures of NaCl/KCl (2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 3:4, all on wt/ wt basis) to achieve a final salt concentration of 1.5 or 1.75%. At intervals during ripening at 3±1 o C, samples were plated with All-Purpose Tween (APT) and Lactobacillus Selection (LBS) agar. Isolates were obtained of bacteria that predominated on the agar media. In the first trial (Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis plus L lactis subsp. cremoris served as starter cultures), L. lactis subsp. lactis, Lactobacillus casei and other lactobacilli were the predominant bacteria regardless of the salting treatment received by the cheese. In the second trial (L. lactis subsp. lactis served as the starter culture), unclassified lactococci, L. lactis subsp. lactis, unclassified lactobacilli and L. casei predominated regardless of the salting treatment given the cheese. In the third trial (L. lactis subsp. cremoris served as the starter culture), unclassified lactococci, unclassified lactobacilli, L. casei and Pediococcus cerevisiae predominated regardless of the salting treatment applied to the cheese. Thus use of KCl to replace some of the NaCl for salting cheese had no detectable effect on the kinds of lactic acid bacteria that developed in ripening Cheddar cheese
Gesell: The First School Psychologist Part I. The Road to Connecticut

(1987). Gesell: The First School Psychologist Part I. The Road to Connecticut. School Psychology Review: Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 103-107.
What about Elementary Level Teachers: A Closer Look at the Intersection between Standardization and Multilingualism.

The specialized literature in the field of education has not focused in what ways the multilingual classroom setting exacerbates teachers’ tension concerning the need to comply with standards, on the one hand, and the aspiration to embrace diversity, on the other hand. That is to say, there is a need to understand how teachers adapt to confront the tension between standardization and multilingualism. Understanding teachers’ experiences will be important to inform policy with regards to the implementation of standardized testing in multilingual settings and how these affect the cultural rights of minority students. The way teachers surf or navigate the tension will inform to what extent cultural rights of ethnic minority students are jeopardized due to the increasing interest in standardization. Therefore, the purpose of this grounded study is to explore the adaptive process of elementary teachers in multilingual classrooms as they confront the tension between meeting the educational needs of multilingual students, while complying with the mandated standardization requirements in Miami public schools. The study adds to the vast literature on standardized testing by providing information about teachers’ experiences in highly multilingual settings, such in the public schools in Miami Dade County. Understanding teachers’ experiences will be important to inform policy with regards to the implementation of standardized testing in multilingual settings and how these affect the cultural rights of minority students. The way teachers surf or navigate the tension will inform to what extent cultural rights of ethnic minority students are jeopardized due to the increasing interest in standardization. Therefore, the purpose of this grounded study is to explore the experience and strategies of elementary teachers in multilingual classrooms as they confront the tension between meeting the educational needs of multilingual students while complying with the mandated standardization requirements in Miami public schools. The study adds to the vast literature on standardized testing by providing information about teachers’ experiences in highly multilingual settings, such in the public schools in Miami Dade County.