cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Model Theory of R-trees

We show the theory of pointed $\R$-trees with radius at most $r$ is axiomatizable in a suitable continuous signature. We identify the model companion $\rbRT_r$ of this theory and study its properties. In particular, the model companion is complete and has quantifier elimination; it is stable but not superstable. We identify its independence relation and find built-in canonical bases for non-algebraic types. Among the models of $\rbRT_r$ are $\R$-trees that arise naturally in geometric group theory. In every infinite cardinal, we construct the maximum possible number of pairwise non-isomorphic models of $\rbRT_r$; indeed, the models we construct are pairwise non-homeomorphic. We give detailed information about the type spaces of $\rbRT_r$. Among other things, we show that the space of $2$-types over the empty set is nonseparable. Also, we characterize the principal types of finite tuples (over the empty set) and use this information to conclude that $\rbRT_r$ has no atomic model.
Double Blind T -Private Information Retrieval

Double blind $T$ -private information retrieval (DB-TPIR) enables two users, each of whom specifies an index ( $\theta _{1}, \theta _{2}$ , resp.), to efficiently retrieve a message $W(\theta _{1},\theta _{2})$ labeled by the two indices, from a set of $N$ servers that store all messages $W(k_{1},k_{2}), k_{1}\in \{1,2,\ldots, K_{1}\}, k_{2}\in \{1,2,\ldots, K_{2}\}$ , such that the two users’ indices are kept private from any set of up to $T_{1},T_{2}$ colluding servers, respectively, as well as from each other. A DB-TPIR scheme based on cross-subspace alignment is proposed in this paper, and shown to be capacity-achieving in the asymptotic setting of large number of messages and bounded latency. The scheme is then extended to $M$ -way blind $X$ -secure $T$ -private information retrieval (MB-XS-TPIR) with multiple ( $M$ ) indices, each belonging to a different user, arbitrary privacy levels for each index ( $T_{1}, T_{2},\ldots, T_{M}$ ), and arbitrary level of security ( $X$ ) of data storage, so that the message $W(\theta _{1},\theta _{2},\ldots, \theta _{M})$ can be efficiently retrieved while the stored data is held secure against collusion among up to $X$ colluding servers, the $m^{th}$ user’s index is private against collusion among up to $T_{m}$ servers, and each user’s index $\theta _{m}$ is private from all other users. The general scheme relies on a tensor-product based extension of cross-subspace alignment and retrieves $1-(X+T_{1}+\cdots +T_{M})/N$ bits of desired message per bit of download.
Kosovo: A Powerful Precedent for the Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention

NATO's action in Kosovo constitutes the most important modern precedent for the legitimacy of unauthorized humanitarian intervention in appropriate cases. The article briefly examines the fact and shows that NATO countries evinced humanitarian intent. It then discusses the arguments against the legitimacy of the intervention and finds them wanting. In particular, critics of the intervention fail to explain why the incident is discarded as state practice. The article claims that world reaction to Kosovo, as well as appropriate interpretation of applicable law, confirm the validity of the precedent.
Taxation as Regulation: Carbon Tax, Health Care Tax, Bank Tax and Other Regulatory Taxes

This paper addresses three questions: 1. Is regulation a legitimate goal for taxation? 2. Which tax is best suited for regulation? 3. Would it be better to allocate just one goal per tax among the major taxes (individual and corporate income tax and VAT)? It then analyzes the proposed bank tax and the enacted health care tax as regulatory taxes, and concludes that the first is desirable (as is a carbon tax) but the second is not.
Ultraviolet Detection of Interstellar 12C17O and the CO Isotopomeric Ratios toward X Persei

We report the detection of fully resolved absorption lines of A-X bands from interstellar 12C17O and 12C18O, through high-resolution spectroscopy of X Persei with the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph*. The first ultraviolet measurement of an interstellar 12C17O column density shows that its isotopomeric ratio is 12C16O/12C17O = 8700 ± 3600. Simultaneously, the second ultraviolet detection of interstellar 12C18O establishes its isotopomeric ratio at 3000 ± 600. These ratios are about five times higher than local ambient oxygen isotopic ratios in the ISM. Such severe fractionation of rare species shows that both 12C17O and 12C18O are destroyed by photodissociation, whereas 12C16O avoids destruction through self-shielding. This is to be contrasted with our ratio of 12C16O/13C16O = 73 ± 12 toward X Per, which is indistinguishable from 12C/13C, the result of a balance between the photodissociation of 13C16O and its preferential formation via the isotope exchange reaction between CO and C+.
Avoiding Constitutional Cases

Why does the Supreme Court avoid deciding cases it accepts for review? In this article, I contend that the Court uses procedural access doctrines such as standing, ripeness, and mootness to sidestep constitutional cases when confronted with certain internal and external pressures. Using data from 1946 to 2001, the results suggest that the Court utilizes procedural tools to dismiss constitutional cases when preference heterogeneity on the Court increases and when the justices are confronted with issues about which groups feel strongly and are deeply divided. Although the Court does not appear to be influenced by the threat of political opposition, it is more reluctant to resolve disputes when members of Congress file an amicus brief. The results offer a first glimpse into how often the Court invokes the “passive virtues.” They also have implications for our understanding of agenda setting, decision-making in access cases, and normative constitutional theory.
Measuring the pulse of an organization: Integrating physiological measures into the organizational scholar's toolbox

This goal of this chapter is to build a bridge between psychophysiology and organizational behavior in an effort to extend organizational theories and enhance the precision of organizational research. The first section describes psychophysiological systems and theories that can inform organizational scholars’ understanding of the biological bases of behavior in organizations. The second section discusses the advantages and challenges associated with incorporating psychophysiological measures into organizational research. The third section speculates on some possible domains where the use of psychophysiological measures may provide novel insights into key organizational phenomena. In sum, this chapter provides an opportunity for organizational scholars to think about how incorporating physiological measures and outcomes into organizational research can deepen theoretical insights and enrich our understanding of human behavior in organizations.
Walking Hand in Hand: Fiscal Policy and Growth in Advanced Economies

Implementation of fiscal consolidation by advanced economies in coming years needs to take into account the short and long-run interactions between economic growth and fiscal policy. Many countries must reduce high public debt to GDP ratios that penalize long-term growth. However, fiscal adjustment is likely to hurt growth in the short run, delaying improvements in fiscal indicators, including deficits, debt, and financing costs. Revenue and expenditure policies are also critical in affecting productivity and employment growth. This paper dicusses the complex relationships between fiscal policy and growth both in the short and in the long run.
“There Must be Some Way Out of Here”: Why the Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities is Potentially the Best Weapon in the Fight Against Sanism

It is impossible to consider the impact of anti-discrimination law on persons with mental disabilities without a full understanding of how sanism permeates all aspects of the legal system – judicial opinions, legislation, the role of lawyers, juror decision-making – and the entire fabric of society. For those unfamiliar with the term, I define “sanism” as an irrational prejudice of the same quality and character as other irrational prejudices that cause and are reflected in prevailing social attitudes of racism, sexism, homophobia, and ethnic bigotry, 1 that permeates all aspects of mental disability law and affects all participants in the mental disability law system: litigants, fact finders, counsel, and expert and lay witnesses. 2 Notwithstanding over two decades of anti-discrimination laws 3 and, in many jurisdictions, an impressive corpus of constitutional case law and state statutes, 4 the attitudes of judges, jurors and lawyers often reflect the same level of bigotry that defined this area of law ...
Predicting Bankruptcy Resolution

This study examines classification and prediction of the bankruptcy resolution event. Filing of bankruptcy is resolved through one of three alternative resolutions: acquisition, emergence or liquidation. Predicting the final bankruptcy resolution has not been examined in the prior accounting and finance literature. This post-bankruptcy classification and prediction of the final resolution is harder than discriminating between healthy and bankrupt firms because all filing firms are already in financial distress. Motivation for predicting the final resolution is developed and enhanced. A sample of 237 firms filing for bankruptcy is used. Classification and prediction accuracies are determined using a logit model. A ten-variable, three-group resolution logit model, which includes five accounting and five non-accounting variables is developed. The model correctly classifies 62 percent of the firms, significantly better than a random classification. We conclude that non-accounting data add relevant information to financial accounting data for predicting post bankruptcy resolution. Further, public policy implications for investors, researchers, bankruptcy judges, claimants and other stakeholders are discussed.
Fiscal sustainability and monetary versus fiscal dominance: evidence from Brazil, 1991–2000

Under a monetary dominant (MD) regime, the primary surplus adjusts to limit debt growth, permitting monetary policy to be conducted independently of fiscal financing requirements. In Brazil, some evidence favours an MD regime for 1995–1997, but not for the decade of the 1990s as a whole. While fiscal adjustments of 1999 yielded a primary surplus of about 3% of GDP, consistent with solvency, a credible MD regime would require further adjustments of the primary surplus if debt increases, growth falls, or interest rates rise.
Does Public Ownership of Equity Improve Earnings Quality

ABSTRACT: We compare the quality of accounting numbers produced by two types of public firms—those with publicly traded equity and those with privately held equity that are nonetheless considered p...
One Kind of Freedom: Reconsidered (and Turbo Charged)

Abstract Since One Kind of Freedom was published in 1977 there have been enormous advances in computer technology and statistical software, and an impressive expansion of microlevel historical data sets. In this essay we “reconsider” our earlier findings on the consequences of emancipation in terms of what might be accomplished using the new technology, methods, and data. We employ the entire sample of 11,202 farms collected for the Southern Economic History Project, not the subsample used to prepare One Kind of Freedom. We revisit the question of declining production of foodstuffs, examining the data this time on a farm-by-farm basis. We conclude that 30% of farms in the cotton regions were “locked-in” to cotton production and another 16% were producing too much food in an effort to avoid the trap of debt peonage. Using probit methods to control for the effects of age, farm size, literacy, family workers, and willingness to assume risk, we find that race accounts for two-thirds of the gap between black and white ownership of farms. Comparing sharecropping and renting, we find that race was much less of a factor in tenure choice. We note that these efforts only scratch the surface of what remains to be done.
Financial repression and economic growth

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical and empirical analysis of the relation between policies of financial repression and long-term growth. We present a model of financial repression, inflationary finance and endogenous growth. The model suggests that governments might choose to repress the financial sector because this policy increases the demand for money and delivers easy inflationary revenues. We also show that policies of financial repression reduce the growth rate of the economy. Next, we present the empirical evidence on the relation between measures of financial repression and growth in a large cross-section of countries. The implications of the theory are confirmed in that, after controlling for other determinants of growth, various measures of financial repression affect growth negatively, inflation rates (and banks' reserve ratios) and growth are negatively related. We also find that, after controlling for policies of financial repression, a regional dummy for Latin America in growth regressions tends to be insignificant. This suggests that a fraction of the weak growth experience of the Latin American countries might be explained by the policies of financial repression followed by the governments in this region.
Optimal currency hedging

Abstract This paper characterizes optimal currency hedging in several models of downside risk. We consider, in turn, three models of hedging: (i) a firm that chooses its hedging policy in the presence of bankruptcy costs; (ii) an all-equity firm that faces a convex tax schedule; and (iii) a firm whose manager is subject to loss aversion. In all these models, and contrary to conventional wisdom, we show that forwards dominate options as hedges of downside risk.
Audit quality and earnings management by seasoned equity offering firms

Abstract We investigate the relationship between audit quality as measured by audit firm size and industry specialisation, and earnings management as measured by discretionary current accruals, for companies making seasoned equity offerings (SEOs). Earnings management in the SEO process is of concern because of the underperformance of seasoned equity offering firms. We find evidence that Big 5 auditors are associated with lower earnings management in the years before, during, and subsequent to the SEO. Industry specialist auditors are associated with lower earnings management only in the year of the SEO. Our study contributes to the literature by demonstrating that audit quality reduces earnings management by SEO companies, and that industry specialisation, as a measure of audit quality, also constrains earnings management.
Immigration policy and counterterrorism

Abstract In a developing country, terrorists recruit and allocate their capital, skilled labor, and unskilled labor between domestic and foreign targets. Domestic targets require less skilled labor than foreign targets. Under various strategic scenarios, we show how countermeasures against the different terrorist inputs alter the amount and mix of targets, as well as how skilled and unskilled immigration quotas by a targeted foreign country affect this mix of attacks. We find that increases in skilled labor quotas generally reduce terrorist attacks in the foreign country, especially when the terrorists reside in a skill-scarce country. A number of different strategic scenarios, including leader–follower, are investigated.
Divergence in Patent Systems: A Discussion of Biotechnology Transgenic Animal Patentability and US Patent System Reform

While the US patent system has no doubt provided valuable incentives to researchers to innovate, culminating in new discoveries, the same system has restricted the research it seeks to promote. Part 1 of this article addresses the history and present state of the US patent system. In Part 2, biotechnology transgenic animal patentability is discussed, with the 'OncoMouse' technology's impact on major research initiatives as a model for why the US patent system does not work. Part 3 addresses proposed avenues for balancing the various purposes of patents as they relate to biotechnology research and medical inventions.
Bank loan spread and private information: pending approval patents

This study examines a specific source of lenders’ ex ante information advantage, private information about borrowers’ forthcoming patents. We examine this setting to provide evidence of the impact of such private information on borrowers’ cost of debt. We find evidence consistent with lenders incorporating private information by charging borrowers with forthcoming patents a lower spread than borrowers that lack that private information. We document a negative association between loan spread and the citation count on forthcoming patents, consistent with borrowers providing lenders with detailed information regarding future expected cash flows from forthcoming patents and lenders responding through a reduction in interest costs for those borrowers. We also show that the reduction in loan spreads is related to the expected value of the forthcoming patent and is greater for borrowers with higher initial information uncertainty and default risk, and when the lead lender has greater loan concentration in the borrower’s industry. Our results suggest that forthcoming patents are a significant source of private information useful to borrowers and employed by lenders.
Growth, Death, and Taxes

Abstract Recent theories of endogenous growth suggest that changes in tax rates may permanently affect growth. However, attempts to quantify these growth effects have reached very different conclusions in spite of a common theoretical framework: the neoclassical growth model with human capital accumulation by infinitely lived households. This paper shows that a model which explicitly specifies human capital accumulation over the life-cycle provides sharper answers. In such a model, a plausible range for the growth effects of eliminating taxes in the United States is between 0.5 and 1.3 percentage points compared with 0 to 4 percentage points in the infinite horizon model. The much wider range found in the literature is due to two assumptions which are commonly viewed as innocuous simplifications but contrast sharply with traditional human capital theory: that households are infinitely lived and face constant point-in-time returns in human capital accumulation. The widely held view that long, finite horizons are closely approximated by infinite horizons is generally invalid. Abstracting from finite horizons leads to a systematic overstatement of the growth effects of taxes. Journal of Economic Literature Classification Numbers: J24, O41.
Disease stigma in U.S. public health law.

Stigma has become an important concept in public health law. It is widely accepted that certain diseases are disfavored in society, leading to discrimination against people identified with them, which in turn has the tendency to drive an epidemic underground—i.e., to make it more difficult for voluntary public health programs to reach and succeed among populations bent on concealing their disease or risk status. The need to reduce stigma and its effects has been used to justify the passage of privacy and antidiscrimination law to protect people with HIV. More recently, stigma has been part of the arsenal of justification for special genetic antidiscrimination and privacy law. Despite its importance, however, there is no single widely accepted definition of stigma in social science, and its relationship to law has been generally under-theorized and unsupported by data, reducing our ability to effectively deploy law and other tools in the anti-stigma cause.
Asymmetric Information and the Pecking (Dis)Order

In this paper we show that when growth options represent a signicant component of overall rm value, equity nancing can dominate (i.e., be less dilutive than) debt
What has the invisible hand achieved

This paper was commissioned for the Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales Information for Better Capital Markets Conference held on 19-20 December 2005. It evaluates the effect of...
Four Questions on Critical Race Praxis: Lessons from Two Young Lives in Indian Country

We are a part of the analysis. We experience the impact of race, color, and culture in the context of power. It is in the stories of our fathers, our sisters, our children, all those within our communities. It is a compelling story that must be told and must be included in the analyses of the law that our profession engages in. If we don't speak them, no one else will. Intertwined in the legal issues our clients present to us, their lawyers, are stories, histories, both public and private, justice, and healing quests. The stories our clients bring to us, their lawyers, are always much more poignant and far-reaching than the lawyering profession typically trains us to inquire into and utilize in their representation. These stories are important in our own development as lawyers who represent and advocate for others individually and collectively. I relate an idea of lawyering that seeks to identify, understand, and utilize these intertwined matters that clients bring to their legal advocates. These intertwined matters can be used in individual cases and over the long term in advocacy for Native rights and in indigenizing 4 justice in Native communities.15 I am actively engaged in the practice of Indian law and in the representation of Native clients. Race, color, and culture are imbedded in my work as a lawyer because of the law I practice, the 13. Reciprocal Tiwa term for god-parent. 14. I use the term "indigenizing" to describe the process of refraining justice systems within the indigenous community to be compatible to the indigenous community world view. For a discussion of indigenization, see Robert B. Porter, Pursuing the Path of Indigenization in the Era of Emergent International Law Governing the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 5 Yale Hum. Rts. & Dev. L.J. 123 (2002). For a related idea, see Wallace Coffey & Rebecca Tsosie, Rethinking the Tribal Sovereignty Doctrine: Cultural Sovereignty and the Collective Future of Indian Nations, 12 Stan. L. & Pol'y Rev. 191 (2001). 15. See Robert B. Porter, Strengthening Tribal Sovereignty Through Peacemaking: How the Anglo-American Legal Tradition Destroys Indigenous Societies, 28 Colum. Hum. Rts. L. Rev. 235 (1997); Christine Zuni Cruz, Tribal Law As Indigenous Social Reality and Separate Consciousness [Re]Incorporating Customs and Tradition into Tribal Law, 1 Tribal L.J. 1 (2000). 20051 2137
Government deficits and aggregate demand

Abstract The evidence presented in this paper indicates that changes in government spending, transfers and taxes can have substantial effects on aggregate demand. The estimates also indicate that the promise of future social security benefits significantly reduces private saving. Each the basic implications of the so-called ‘Ricardian equivalence theorem’ is contradicted by the data. The results are consistent with the more general view of the effects of fiscal actions and fiscal expectations that is described in the paper.
RECIPROCATED UNILATERALISM IN TRADE REFORMS WITH MAJORITY VOTING

This paper shows how unilateral liberalization in one country can increase the voting support for reciprocal reduction in trade barriers in a partner country. When trade policies are determined simultaneously in the two countries, we show the possibility of multiple political equilibria — one in which the countries are both protectionist and another in which they trade freely with each other. Starting with trade protection in both countries, a unilateral reform in one country is shown to bring about a free trade equilibrium that obtains majority support in both countries.
On the Invention of Identity Politics: The Buraku Outcastes in Japan

Using 14 national censuses and a wide variety of first-hand accounts, I trace the creation of a largely fictive identity for Japan’s putative outcastes and the transformation of their nominal human rights organization into (on several crucial dimensions) a heavily criminal extortion machine. Scholars have long described the outcastes – the “burakumin” – as descended from a pre-modern leather-workers’ guild. Their members suffer discrimination because their ancestors handled carcasses, and ran afoul of a traditional Japanese obsession with ritual purity.
Optimal Discretion in the Application of Rules

Discretion is examined as a feature of the design of rule-guided systems. That is, given that rules have to be administered by some group of persons, called adjudicators, and given that their goals may be different from society's (or a relevant organization's), when is it socially desirable to allocate discretionary authority to the adjudicators and, if so, to what extent? The answer reflects a tradeoff between the informational advantage of discretion?that adjudicators can act on information not included in rules?and the disadvantage of discretion?that decisions may deviate from the desirable because adjudicators' objectives are different from society's. The control of discretion through limitation of its scope, through decision-based payments to adjudicators, and through the appeals process, is also considered.
School Attrition Through Enforcement: Title VI Disparate Impact and Verification of Student Immigration Status

In recent years, efforts in state legislatures to enact comprehensive immigration regulations have become increasingly pervasive. When Alabama enacted a comprehensive immigration law in 2011, it became only the third state in three decades to require public school personnel to inquire into schoolchildren’s immigration status. Although section 28 of the Beason-Hammon Alabama Taxpayer and Citizen Protection Act differed significantly from its two more restrictive predecessors, which expressly denied a free public education to unlawfully present children, all three laws have been invalidated on equal protection grounds. Despite that result, this Note argues that the differences between Alabama’s provision and its predecessors may allow other state laws modeled after section 28 to survive constitutional scrutiny in the future. Consequently, this Note maintains that federal regulations promulgated under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibit actions by recipients of federal funding that have a disproportionately adverse impact on individuals on the basis of their race, color, or national origin, provide a more promising avenue for the federal government to challenge state laws patterned on section 28 that tend to chill educational opportunity for Hispanic students.
CONTRACEPTION AND CONTRACTIONS: A DIVERGENT DECADE FOLLOWING JOHNSON CONTROLS

This article attempts to illuminate current pregnancy discrimination decisions by examining the ramifications of this case of first impression in reference to the split in the courts of appeals. Part I examines the Supreme Courts most recent guidance on pregnancy discrimination Johnson controls issued more than a decade ago. Part II identifies the split among the courts of appeals concerning the application and coverage of the PDA. A comprehensive review of appellate courts pregnancy discrimination decisions in the decade following Johnson Controls evidences a distinct preference between contracting the scope of the PDA and interpreting it as granting broad protections. Part III analyzes the Erickson decision itself and the underlying EEOC decision as well as related district court interpretations of Title VII and the PDA. (excerpt)
Monetary–fiscal policy interactions and fiscal stimulus

Abstract Increases in government spending trigger substitution effects—both inter- and intra-temporal—and a wealth effect. The ultimate impacts on the economy hinge on current and expected monetary and fiscal policy behavior. Studies that impose active monetary policy and passive fiscal policy typically find that government consumption crowds out private consumption: higher future taxes create a strong negative wealth effect, while the active monetary response increases the real interest rate. This paper estimates Markov-switching policy rules for the United States and finds that monetary and fiscal policies fluctuate between active and passive behavior. When the estimated joint policy process is imposed on a conventional new Keynesian model, government spending generates positive consumption multipliers in some policy regimes and in simulated data in which all policy regimes are realized. The paper reports the model's predictions of the macroeconomic impacts of the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act's implied path for government spending under alternative monetary–fiscal policy combinations.
Constitutional Law, Moral Judgment, and the Supreme Court as Super-Legislature

I propose to defend and explore three claims in this Essay. First, there is very little actual “law” in federal constitutional law in the United States, especially with respect to cases that end up at the Supreme Court. There, the Court operates as a kind of super-legislature, albeit one with limited jurisdiction. The jurisdiction is limited in two important ways: first, the Court can only pass on issues that are brought before it; and second, the Court is constrained, to some extent, by its past decisions and by constitutional and legislative texts. The problem, however, is that those constraints underdetermine the Court’s decisions in most cases, so the Court essentially makes its final choice among the legally viable options based on the moral and political values of the Justices, and not simply on the basis of legally binding standards. The latter claim is, in part, a jurisprudential thesis about what constitutes “legally binding standards.” I shall defend the first claim by reference to the most plausible account of the nature of law—the legal positivist theory developed by H.L.A. Hart and Joseph Raz. Second, the absence of law in so many parts of federal constitutional law means that the quality of moral and political judgment exercised by judges is of decisive importance in how they fulfill their role. Thus, it
The Nutrition Transition in the Developing World

This article explores shifts in nutrition transition from the period termed the receding famine pattern to one dominated by nutrition-related non- communicable diseases (NR-NCDs). It examines the speed of these changes summarises dietary and physical activity changes and provides some sense of the health effects and economic costs. The focus is on the lower- and middle-income countries of Asia Africa the Middle East and Latin America. The article shows that changes are occurring at great speed and at earlier stages of countries economic and social development. The burden of disease from NR-NCDs is shifting towards the poor and the costs are also becoming greater than those for under- nutrition. Policy options are identified. (authors)
Mind the Gap: Disentangling Credit and Liquidity in Risk Spreads

Euro-area sovereign bond and interbank interest rate spreads spiked in the 2007–2009 Global Financial Crisis and the subsequent European Debt Crisis, substantially elevating financing costs. I use a model-free measure of market liquidity to precisely identify the relative contribution of credit versus liquidity to spreads in these episodes. In the Financial Crisis, liquidity is paramount, accounting for 36% of trough-to-peak widening, after controlling for credit. However, default risk becomes relatively more important to sovereign spreads in the Debt Crisis. Aggregate bond liquidity explains a substantial portion of interbank spreads throughout the sample.
Causal effects of mental health treatment on education outcomes for youth in the justice system

This study assesses whether mental health interventions can improve academic outcomes for justice-involved youth. Only a limited number of studies have linked justice policies to outcomes beyond crime, particularly education, which carries large monetary and non-monetary benefits. The current study relies on detailed administrative data and unique policy rules under which youth are assigned to behavioral treatment programs. The administrative data allow for a rich set of controls for observed family- and youth-specific heterogeneity. In addition, the treatment assignment rules create discontinuous thresholds among youth who are deemed eligible or not eligible for treatment, rules which the study exploits empirically to address the non-random selection bias in estimating plausibly causal effects of treatment eligibility and treatment receipt. Estimates indicate that certain types of intensive mental health intervention can lower dropout and increase high-school completion for justice-involved youth. Effects on grades are negative or not significant, possibly due to the greater retention of less academically-skilled students. We also assess heterogeneity in the treatment effects, and find that the effects on dropout tend to be greater among youth believed to be less academically engaged prior to treatment. The positive effects on education, and the earnings returns alone, are large enough to produce benefits in excess of the cost for the more intensive of the mental health interventions.
The Laptop-Free Zone

This new article, "The Laptop-Free Zone," addresses the hotly debated issue of laptops in law school classroom; those debates are ongoing on countless blogs, on NPR, in national newspapers, and across law school campuses. This article reports and analyzes the data collected through an IRB-approved survey of almost 450 law school students at three different law schools regarding the students' views of laptops and reported distractions caused by laptops. To provide context, the article also addresses the current arguments against laptops, negating those points as being outweighed by the proper and beneficial use of laptops. Additionally, the article provides information to be considered in teaching adults and to different learning styles, namely, global and analytic learners, and how those concerns are matters to consider in the laptop debate. According to the survey results, students who do not use a laptop are overwhelmingly more likely to be distracted by others' laptops than students who are using their own laptops. In other words, yes, laptops cause distractions, but that primarily affects students who are not using a laptop. Accordingly, based on the learning style information and my survey results, I suggest that laptops not be banned from law school classrooms. Instead, I argue that professors must do their best to teach to all students - to those who feel they learn best by using a laptop as an aid and to those who complain of the distractions caused. I do this by implementing a laptop-free zone, restricting the first or first few rows in my classrooms to no laptops. This creates an area where students who are distracted by neighboring screens and nearby typing are free (as possible without an all-out ban) from those distractions. Further, doing so still respects those students who have learned to use a laptop as an educational tool. As a surprise to me, the survey also showed that many students make the decision to give up their laptop after experiencing attending a class without one, noting they would not have been willing to go through such an experience by their own decision. However, once they experience not using a laptop in the law school classroom environment, they often change their method of taking notes and report improved learning and classroom experiences. Accordingly, I also suggest that instead of banning laptops, we provide beginning students with only a week or two of a laptop ban at some time during the first semester of school. This compromise will serve the interest of the most students most effectively, respecting them as adults while providing supportive guidance to their own decisions about their learning environment.
Shaped by Booms and Busts: How the Economy Impacts CEO Careers and Management Styles

We show that economic conditions when managers enter the labor market have long-run effects on their career paths and managerial styles. Managers who began their careers during recessions become CEOs more quickly, but at smaller firms. They also have more conservative styles, such as lower investment in capital expenditures and research and development, more cost cutting, and lower leverage and working capital needs. These recession effects appear to be largely driven by the characteristics of the CEO’s first job (recession CEOs tend to start in smaller or private firms), which suggests that the early work environment is important to the formation and selection of managers.
On the Emergence, Current State, and Future Perspectives of Socially Responsible Investment (SRI)

In recent decades Socially Responsible Investment (SRI) emerged into an en vogue investment philosophy. Originating from religious and moral considerations, SRI evolved in the wake of socio-political deficiencies and corporate social conduct. In the global rise of financial social conscientiousness, differing national legislations and regulatory traditions have led to various SRI practices, which are harmonized by the United Nations (UN). Building on the historic advancement of Financial Social Responsibility in the wake of socio-ethical deficiencies, this paper highlights the future potential of SRI in the aftermath of the 2008/09 World Financial Crisis as a means to avert economic market downfalls. During the current financial market reform, additional micro- and macro-research on financial social conduct could foster the idea of Financial Social Responsibility and aid a successful implementation of SRI.
Tariff Choice with Consumer Learning and Switching Costs

Abstract Consumers choosing flat-rate contracts tend to have insufficient usage to warrant the cost, particularly for new products. We propose and estimate a Bayesian learning model of tariff and usage choice that explains this flat-rate bias without relying on behavioral misjudgments or tariff-specific preferences. For new products, consumers are uncertain about both their utility relative to the population mean and the mean itself. We show that this latter uncertainty inflates prior variances, which leads consumers to weight their private signals more heavily when updating beliefs. Posteriors are unbiased across products. For a given product, however, the unknown mean yields a “winner's curse”: Consumers with high posteriors tend to overestimate their utility. these consumers choose fixed-rate tariffs and lower their usage as they correct their beliefs. the flat-rate bias arises when switching costs deter them from changing tariffs. Using the estimated model, the authors find that tariff menus are ineff...
Price behavior in the light of balance of payments theories

Abstract The price predictions of the elasticity and monetary theories of balance of payments adjustment are compared with actual price behavior. Price behavior differs more from the relatively demanding monetary approach in that price levels and price movements for GDP as a whole and for specific types of export goods varied substantially even among major industrial countries. As for the elasticity approach, price levels tended to rise with appreciations and fall with depreciations, as expected.
Intertemporal data and travel cost analysis

This paper considers the use of multi-year data in travel cost analysis. To exploit the information embedded within intertemporal data, two broad approaches are examined: multiple year cross sections and panel models. Multiple year cross sections can be used to detect trends, and to test for stability of behavior. Panel models can be used to control for unobservable factors that are individual specific. Unfortunately, the low intertemporal variability of travel cost data sets weakens the power of panel estimators. Using aggregate data from the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, the stability of demand processes over the 1980–1986 period is investigated, as well as the problems inherent in using panel estimators in travel cost analysis.
The Media and the Courts: Towards Competitive Supervision?

Scholarship on Chinese governance has examined a range of factors that help to explain the resilience of authoritarianism. One understudied aspect of regime resilience and institutionalization has been the growing importance of supervision by a range of party-state entities. Examining court–media relations in China demonstrates that “competitive supervision” is an increasingly important tool for increasing state responsiveness and improving accountability. Court–media relations suggest that China is seeking to develop novel forms of horizontal accountability. Placing such relations in a broader institutional context also helps to explain why common paradigms used to analyse them may be inapplicable in China.
The politics of Europe 2003: differences and disagreements

The European Union (EU) was supposed to make a great leap forward in 2003. In many ways, it did. The European Convention presented its draft constitutional treaty. The 10 candidate countries signed and ratified their treaties of accession, and the EU and the North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) agreed to share institutional resources. However, the year was marked more by division than by achievement. A series of crises over Iraq, the Stability and Growth Pact and the intergovernmental conference together shook confidence in the future of Europe. This essay examines what the implications of these crises are for Europe’s future. It argues that they represent important disagreements––but not lasting differences––between the member states. The politics of Europe remains on track at the intergovernmental level. If there are problems in Europe’s future, they are more likely to arise between elites and voters than between the member states.
Putting the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act in context.

On May 21, 2008, President Bush signed into law the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (GINA). Because the issue of genetic discrimination had been considered for 13 years in Congress, and even longer in genetics circles, many of the advocates who worked on this legislation expressed an understandable sense of relief and exhilaration. Now that the ink has dried on the President’s signature, and before GINA takes effect, it is appropriate to consider what GINA does and - perhaps more importantly - what it does not do.
Trade Liberalization and Embedded Institutional Reform: Evidence from Chinese Exporters

If trade barriers are managed by inefficient institutions, trade liberalization can lead to greater-than-expected gains. We examine Chinese textile and clothing exports before and after the elimination of externally imposed export quotas. Both the surge in export volume and the decline in export prices following quota removal are driven by net entry. This outcome is inconsistent with a model in which quotas are allocated based on firm productivity, implying misallocation of resources. Removing this misallocation accounts for a substantial share of the overall gain in productivity associated with quota removal. (JEL F13, F14, L67, O14, O19, P23, P33) Institutions that distort the efficient allocation of resources across firms can have a sizable effect on economic outcomes. Hsieh and Klenow (2009), for example, estimate that distortions in the Chinese economy reduce manufacturing productivity by 30 to 50 percent relati ve to an optimal distribution of capital and labor across existing manufacturers. While research in this area often concentrates on misallocation among existing firms, distortions can also favor incumbents at the expense of entrants. Trade barriers such as tariffs and quotas can obviously distort resource allocation along these “intensive” and “extensive” margins, and estimation of the productivity growth associated with their removal is a traditional line of inquiry in international trade. But gains from trade liberalization may be larger than expected if the institutions created to manage the barriers impose their own, additional drag on productivity (e.g., arbitrary enforcement of quotas and tariffs). In that case, trade liberalization induces two gains: the first from the elimination of the embedded institution, and the second from the removal of the trade barrier itself. In this article, we examine productivity growth among Chinese exporters following the removal of externally imposed quotas. Under the global Agreement on Textile and Clothing, previously known (and referred to in this article) as the Multifiber Arrangement (MFA), textile and clothing exports from China and other de veloping
Lucky: The Sequel

Lucky: The Sequel is a review essay based on Alice Sebold’s 1999 memoir Lucky in which Sebold describes her own rape as a college student, her experiences as a rape victim and her navigation of the legal system. Chamallas uses Sebold’s rape narrative to explore themes of particular interest to feminist legal scholars. She discusses the intersection of race and rape, the continuing controversy surrounding the categorization of rape as a crime of violence versus a sex crime and the usefulness of considering the social and cultural dimensions of the trauma of rape.
On the Life and Death of Wildlife Treaties

The great conundrum at the heart of the 1946 whaling regime1The key institutions of the regime are the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) [161 U.N.T.S, 72, signed 2 Decem...
Sketches for a Hamiltonian Vernacular as a Social Function of Property

When Leon Duguit laid out his concept of the social function of property in his Buenos Aires lectures a century ago, he had in mind not only the general idea that ownership entails obligation, but also a quite specific kind of affirmative duty. To Duguit, the particular role that owners play in society requires that they put their property to productive use for the sake of social solidarity.1 If owners fail to live up to this developmental imperative, Duguit argued, the state can enforce a mandate to do so as it would any other internal aspect of property law.2 Although scholars in the United States have explored versions of the social function of property, the vision that emerges from this nascent discourse tends to ground the obligations of ownership in conceptions of shared sacrifice and interpersonal reliance. 3
Copyright and Commerce: The DMCA, Trusted Systems, and the Stabilization of Distribution

The Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA) has been criticized for granting too much power to copyright holders, offering them new technological controls that may harm the public interest. But by considering this exclusively as a copyright issue, we overlook how the DMCA anticipates a technological and commercial infrastructure for regulating not only copying but every facet of the purchase and use of cultural goods. In upholding the law in Universal v. Reimerdes, the courts not only stabilized these market-friendly arrangements in cultural distribution; they extended these arrangements into realms as diverse as encryption research and journalism, with consequences for the very production of knowledge.
The adding up problem: a targeting approach

This paper looks at the problem of making multiple lending decisions which affect the supply of the product when the consequences of these lending decisions are interrelated via the effect on the world price of the product. This is termed the ‘adding up problem’. It is argued that thinking of this problem from the point of view of the targeting literature helps to clarify the nature of optimal polices.