cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Predatory Globalization and Democracy in the Islamic World

The rise of Islamic activism worldwide, including the appearance of illiberal politics in Islamic cultural areas (ICAs), is usually seen as a reaction to globalizing modernization. Based on the assumption of an elective affinity between Western cultural assets and liberal democracy, most analysts neglect to see globalization, particularly, in its predatory form, as a constitutive condition of Islamism. Accentuating the cultural divide within ICAs, predatory globalization strives to constrict political space for democratic expression. The growing disconnect between an already fractured political community and an increasingly illegitimate state provides Islamicists the opening to capture key institutions in civil society or to create alternative avenues of communal identity, participation, and civic action. Prospects for building a liberal democratic order hinge mainly on a resolution of the internal dialectic within ICAs. The unstoppable march of predatory globalization, however, appears unlikely to yield ...
Dynamic Habitat Selection by Two Wading Bird Species with Divergent Foraging Strategies in a Seasonally Fluctuating Wetland

ABSTRACT. Seasonal and annual variation in food availability during the breeding season plays an influential role in the population dynamics of many avian species. In highly dynamic ecosystems like wetlands, finding and exploiting food resources requires a flexible behavioral response that may produce different population trends that vary with a species' foraging strategy. We quantified dynamic foraging-habitat selection by breeding and radiotagged White Ibises (Eudocimus albus) and Great Egrets (Ardea alba) in the Florida Everglades, where fluctuation in food resources is pronounced because of seasonal drying and flooding. The White Ibis is a tactile “searcher” species in population decline that specializes on highly concentrated prey, whereas the Great Egret, in a growing population, is a visual “exploiter” species that requires lower prey concentrations. In a year with high food availability, resource-selection functions for both species included variables that changed over multiannual time scales and ...
The justification of morality

The most basic problem of moral philosophy concerns the rational justification of morality. While the justification may have various interpretations, in an especially stringent sense it involves proving that any agent contradicts himself if he rejects the moral requirement that he must act with favorable consideration for the important interests of other persons even when this goes against his self-interest. An apodictic justification of this sort serves to explain, among other things, how and why the precepts of morality are categorically obligatory, in that compliance with them is rationally mandatory for all actual or prospective agents regardless of their personal desires or institutional affiliations. In Reason and Morality' I have tried to provide such a justification of morality by giving a detailed argument for a certain substantial moral principle, the Principle of Generic Consistency (PGC). Addressed to every actual or prospective agent, the PGC says: "Act in accord with the generic rights of your recipients as well as of yourself." The generic rights are rights to have one's behavior characterized by the generic features of action and successful action in general: freedom (consisting in control of one's behavior by one's unforced choice while having knowledge of relevant circumstances) and well-being (consisting in having the general abilities and conditions needed for achieving one's purposes). According to the PGC, then, it is incumbent on every actual or prospective agent to actwith favorable consideration for the freedom and well-being of other persons as well as of himself or herself; and such action is a matter of the rights of the persons concerned. My general line of argument has undertaken to prove that any agent who rejects the PGC contradicts himself, so that in this way the PGC, as the supreme principle of morality, is given the rational justification referred to above. Such an ambitious project has naturally received much critical
A survey of transforms of the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram with some new non-linear transforms and histological illustrations of their utility

Summary Surveys are presented of the published data on colour matching, and of the published transforms of the CIE 1931 chromaticity diagram. All transforms are given in the form of standardized equations and tables of coefficients. Both linear and non-linear transforms are considered, although the latter are given special attention. The concept of a uniform chromaticity space (TTCS) is discussed, and the published transforms are assessed for uniformity using the colour matching data. 2 series of new, non-linear transforms are presented, both based on 2-dimensional polynomial equations, and both derived using iterative optimization techniques. The 1st series attempts to approximate Farnsworth's (1961) diagram. The 2nd uses Nutting's colour matching points directly. The coefficients of these transforms are tabulated. It was found that increasing the number of coefficients in the 2-dimensional polynomial, beyond 15 each for x and y, does little to increase the uniformity of the resulting transform. The usefulness of UCS's in assessing stain performance is illustrated by examples drawn from the areas of azure B/eosin staining of blood cells and Papanicolaou staining of epithelial cells from the uterine cervix.
Combining structural and functional testing for detection of glaucoma.

Purpose To assess whether the combined use of both structural and functional tests improves discrimination between healthy and glaucomatous eyes over either type of testing alone. Design Observational cross-sectional study. Participants One hundred twenty-three eyes of 123 participants enrolled in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. Methods Because both structural and functional tests were evaluated, 2 definitions of glaucoma were used: glaucomatous visual field (VF) damage based on repeatable abnormal standard automated perimetry results (n = 43) and glaucomatous optic disc (glaucomatous optic neuropathy [GON]) based on masked assessment of optic disc stereophotographs (n = 65). Participants had scanning laser polarimetry, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy imaging in addition to frequency-doubling technology (FDT) perimetry and short-wavelength automated perimetry (SWAP) testing completed within a 6-month interval. Main Outcome Measures For each glaucoma definition, sensitivities and specificities were calculated for the best structural parameters, FDT perimetry pattern standard deviation (PSD), and SWAP PSD/glaucoma hemifield test, and then for each possible pairwise combination of one structural and one functional parameter. Results The best structural parameters for discriminating between glaucoma and control eyes were nerve fiber indicator for scanning laser polarimetry, inferior average retinal nerve fiber layer thickness for OCT, and Moorfields regression classification for confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Sensitivities and specificities for detecting glaucomatous VF damage for scanning laser polarimetry, OCT, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, FDT perimetry, and SWAP were 41.9% and 98.3%, 58.1% and 98.3%, 58.1% and 84.5%, 44.2% and 98.3%, and 65.1% and 86.2%, respectively. Adding FDT perimetry to each of the best structural parameters led to a significant ( P Conclusions A combination of parameters from structural tests and functional tests can improve the sensitivity of glaucoma detection. The sensitivity and specificity desired for a particular clinical application will determine the selection of the particular diagnostic tests.
Massless neutrinos and the stellar stopping power via the V-A and Weinberg interactions

A formula for the stopping power of matter for neutrinos and antineutrinos interacting with electrons via the weak interaction in the context of both the V-A theory and the Weinberg theory is derived in the high-Q approximation and applied to study the solar-neutrino anomaly. The result shows that neutrinos extending in energy from 1 to 10 MeV produced inside the sun escape it essentially without any loss of energy. In agreement with previous investigators, Rustgi, Leung, Turner, and Brandt, it is found that the neutrinos should retain the energy given them at their creation essentially forever and permeate the universe uniformly rather than cluster around galaxies.
Reversibly Cross-Linked Polymer Gels as Healing Agents for Epoxy−Amine Thermosets

The Diels−Alder reaction was used to develop a reversibly cross-linking gel as a healing agent for traditional epoxy−amine thermosets. Direct application of the reversibly cross-linking network to a crack surface in an epoxy−amine thermoset resulted in the recovery of 37% of the initial epoxy−amine network’s strength. Composites in which the reversibly cross-linking gel was incorporated as a secondary particulate phase recovered 21% of the initial composite strength after the first healing cycle, with healing possible up to five times.
Responsibility and National Memory: Israel and the Palestinian Refugee Problem

How are Israelis to incorporate the Palestinian refugee problem in their national memory? Scholarly historical accounts of the 1948 period can play an important role in this regard. Benny Morris's account allows them to take responsibility while maintaining the integrity of their national identity. Shabtai Teveth's account allows them to avoid responsibility, but at the cost of ignoring mountains of evidence. Nur Masalha's account in contrast, burdens them with a responsibility that jeopardizes their national bond. It is reasonable to expect them to adopt the first and reject the second, but it is unreasonable to expect them to adopt the third, irrespective of its scholarly merits.
Three Case Reports of Behavioral Disinhibition with Clonazepam

Recent reports have supported the innovative use of clonazepam in the treatment of various psychiatric conditions. This report alerts clinicians that, although helpful in some patients, clonazepam can cause behavioral disinhibition and worsening of symptoms in other patients.
Monitoring during and after antiviral therapy for hepatitis B.

Recent studies suggest that long-term suppression of viral replication is critical to reducing the complications of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Monitoring for continued virological response during and after treatment is essential because current treatment options have limited success in achieving durable endpoints, and antiviral resistance may emerge during long-term therapy. Methods of monitoring treatment response include tests for serum aminotransferase levels, HBV DNA level, hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody (anti-HBe), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) or antibody (anti-HBs), and liver histology. Virological suppression and loss of HBeAg or HBsAg with or without seroconversion play a prominent role in decision-making regarding the success and duration of antiviral therapy. Guidelines recommend that testing for serum markers be repeated every 12-24 weeks during antiviral therapy and every 6-12 months afterward. Recent data also suggest that serum HBV DNA levels should be assessed at weeks 12 and 24 of therapy, because early viral response may predict the likelihood of sustained response and antiviral resistance. The use of serum HBV DNA levels for this purpose requires an assay with a wide range of quantification, such as real-time polymerase chain reaction assays, which have a 7-8 log10 dynamic range. Newer, investigational methods for monitoring treatment response include quantitative measurement of HBsAg, HBeAg, and intrahepatic covalently closed circular DNA. Conclusions: Better methods for defining durable treatment endpoints are needed. Other areas requiring further research include the optimal treatment duration and the establishment of the optimal use of early viral kinetics for decision-making during antiviral therapy. (HEPATOLOGY 2009;49:S166–S173.)
The Audience for Thailand's Booming Community Radio System

Community radio has become an important alternative to mainstream media in many countries. Since 2001 more than 7,000 stations have begun broadcasting in Thailand, making it the global leader in this type of broadcasting. This study surveyed Thai radio listeners and found community stations enormously popular; nearly two-thirds of respondents listened daily, mainly for music and local information programs. However, many listeners did not have a good understanding of community radio, and this likely hampered stations' ability to recruit volunteer workers needed for day-to-day operations. Stations therefore need to educate listeners about this medium in order to build community support.
Distinct Actions of Akt1 on Skeletal Architecture and Function

Skeletal integrity is dependent on the coordinated actions of bone-forming osteoblasts and bone-resorbing osteoclasts, which recognize and respond to multiple environmental inputs. Here we have studied the roles in bone development and growth of Akt1 and Akt2, two closely related signaling proteins, by evaluating mice lacking either of these enzymes. Global deficiency of Akt1 but not Akt2 caused a reduction in whole body and femoral bone mineral density, in femoral cortical thickness and volume, and in trabecular thickness in both males and females when measured at 20-weeks of age, which was reflected in diminished femoral resistance to fracture. Haplo-deficiency of Akt1 in male mice also decreased femoral cortical and trabecular skeletal parameters, and reduced bone strength. Cell-based studies showed that genetic Akt1 deficiency diminished the rate of proliferation of osteoblast progenitors and impaired osteoclast differentiation in primary culture but that loss of Akt2 did not. Our results demonstrate differential effects of Akt1 and Akt2 on skeletal maturation and architecture through actions on both osteoblast and osteoclast precursors.
PROPAGATION OF OPTICAL EXCITATIONS BY DIPOLAR INTERACTIONS IN METAL NANOPARTICLE CHAINS

Dispersion relations for dipolar modes propagating along a chain of metal nanoparticles are calculated by solving the full Maxwell equations, including radiation damping. The nanoparticles are treated as point dipoles, which means the results are valid only for $a∕d\ensuremath{\leqslant}\frac{1}{3}$, where $a$ is the particle radius and $d$ the spacing. The discrete modes for a finite chain are first calculated, then these are mapped onto the dispersion relations appropriate for the infinite chain. Computed results are given for a chain of $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\mathrm{diam}$ Ag spheres spaced by $75\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$. We find large deviations from previous quasistatic results: Transverse modes interact strongly with the light line. Longitudinal modes develop a bandwidth more than twice as large, resulting in a group velocity that is more than doubled. All modes for which ${k}_{\text{mode}}\ensuremath{\leqslant}\ensuremath{\omega}∕c$ show strongly enhanced decay due to radiation damping.
How Big Should an Integrated Health Care Delivery System Be at an Academic Medical Center

The author defines integrated health care delivery systems and comments that there are few such systems now but many in various stages of development. The size of such a system can be described in terms of the number of patients it serves, including their health status and utilization of care, the geographic configuration of the served area, the number of physicians, and the scope and extent of the facilities network. There are a variety of factors that influence a system's size; the author concentrates on the factors that an academic medical center must consider when formulating system-size goals. He discusses (1) the influence of how the institution structures itself to survive; (2) the effects of technology, innovation, and health care costs on the size and organization of these systems; and (3) the effects of the specific characteristics of the institutions' missions of education, research, and patient care. Real numbers describing integrated systems are presented as they relate to three possible institutional goals: economic viability, academic viability, and academic leadership. The author explains why academic medical centers should not try to be only tertiary or quaternary care providers for other integrated health care delivery systems, but at the same time emphasizes that there is no easy or inexpensive way for centers to develop their own systems. Alternative structures for integrated systems are discussed, such as "disease management systems" being developed by the pharmaceutical industry, an "end-to-end linkage" approach, and various ideas to include "captive markets," such as prisoners, university students, and members of communities for the elderly.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Re‐evaluation of vitamin E supplementation of practical diets for channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, production

A 10-month feeding trial was performed with channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to re-evaluate the minimum level of dietary vitamin E supplementation required under conditions of commercial production. Four levels (0, 15, 30 and 60 mg kg−1 diet) of supplemental vitamin E were added as DL-α-tocopherol acetate to a typical commercial catfish diet. Sixteen 0.04-ha ponds were stocked in July, at a rate of 25 000 fish ha−1, with two size classes (averaging 18 and 265 g fish−1) of fingerling channel catfish, and each diet was fed to fish in four replicate ponds once daily to satiation. After 10 months of feeding, a total harvest was performed to obtain final production data, and samples were obtained from fish in all ponds. Liver and plasma samples were obtained for α-tocopherol determination, and liver, heart and muscle samples were processed for histological evaluation. No discernible differences occurred among fish fed the different diets with respect to weight gain or survival. Mean production rate was 9734 kg ha−1, with a final average fish weight of 0.53 kg. A significant (P < 0.05) effect of diet was noted in plasma and liver α-tocopherol levels, which increased with dietary supplementation. An effect of size also was apparent, with plasma and liver α-tocopherol levels being higher in larger fish compared with smaller fish within a dietary treatment. Histological evaluation revealed no differences among fish fed the different dietary treatments. Based on the lack of overt histological signs of deficiency, it appears that the current level of vitamin E supplementation of commercial catfish diets may be reduced considerably with no detriment to channel catfish health or production.
E-aigebras in switching theory

Certain classes of switching functions, notably the symmetric functions, are realizable by iterative networks.1?3 It is the purpose of this paper to generalize this concept.
The Roberts Court and Police Practices: The Impact of Chief Justice Roberts and Justice Alito in Police Practices Cases

In police practices cases, the Supreme Court decides issues that determine when the law enforcement interest in solving crimes must give way to the interest of individuals to be left alone by the government. The replacement of Chief Justice Rehnquist with John Roberts and Justice Sandra Day O’Connor with Samuel Alito has now been in place for more than four terms. The time is appropriate to assess the likely impact of these two new members of the Court on police practices cases. This article examines that question by analyzing both the police practices opinions written by Roberts and Alito while they served on U.S. Courts of Appeals and their opinions while on the Supreme Court through the 2008-09 term. The conclusion is that the previous pattern of the police prevailing in the vast majority of these cases is unlikely to change. In addition, there is some evidence to suggest that Chief Justice Roberts is aligning himself closely with Justice Scalia in these cases and may be setting the stage for a significant modification or even elimination of the exclusionary rule.
Language, identity, and education of Caribbean English speakers

: The large-scale ongoing migration of Anglophone Caribbean natives to North America, particularly to New York City, in the last two decades, has brought an influx of Caribbean English (CE)-speaking students into US and Canadian schools and colleges. This article discusses the extent to which such students, who publicly identify themselves as native speakers of English but whose variety of English is often misunderstood by North American teachers, challenge the latter to examine their tacit assumptions about the English language, ownership of English, and linguistic identity. The author provides examples of commonly used features of CE that are likely to create misunderstanding in American classrooms. She argues that teachers of Caribbean English speakers will need to explore new paradigms for language placement, assessment and development, and finally proposes an agenda for responding to the linguistic and broader educational needs of CE-speaking students.
The role of mechanical properties in low-stress fatigue crack propagation

An experimental investigation was undertaken to study the relationship between mechanical properties and low stress fatigue crack propagation. Attention was focused on the “fatigue” or “reversed plastic zone” at the crack tip, since it was felt that material properties in this region were of prime importance in the crack propagation process. An effort was made to simulate this region through fully reversed strain-cycling tests on tensile specimens. Mechanical properties obtained from a number of materials before and after strain cycling were correlated with crack propagation data from the same materials. Evidence indicated that while monotonic tensile properties are inadequate for correlation purposes, the cyclic strain-hardening coefficient, the cyclic yield strength, and the elastic modulus appear to be important parameters. This was felt to be an indication of the importance of strain cycling in the reversed plastic zone in influencing the rate-governing mechanisms in fatigue crack growth.
The cross-linking of 125I-labelled transferrin to rabbit reticulocytes.

Abstract 125 I-labelled transferrin has been covalently linked to proteins of rabbit reticulocyte membranes using three different cross-linking reagents: (a) bis(methyl) suberimidate (b) 4-methyl mercaptobutirimidate and (c) Cu- o -phenanthroline. Analysis of the products of the cross-linking reactions by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed three radioactively labelled components. The major component correspondends to non-cross-linked transferrin while a second smaller component represent a complex (125 000 daltons) of membrane protein and transferrin. A third component (210 000 daltons) was observed when 4-methyl mercaptobutirimidate was used as a cross-linking reagent. The possibility that the two higher molecular weight complexes contain the receptor protein for transferrin is discussed.
Cytology of Puccinia Sorghi

The genetic analysis of pathogenic variability in Puccinia sorghi Schw. was expanded to include a comprehensive examination of nuclear and chromosomal behavior during nuclear fusion and subsequent meiosis and mitosis. Knowledge concerning the regularity of chromosome behavior during the course of these events is essential for a rational interpretation of genetic data on variability. The teliospore as well as the basidium ai(l the sporidia resulting from its germination provide the key structures for a study of nuclear and chromosomal behavior. The dicaryotic phase of the life cycle in this group of fungi terminates with nuclear fusion in the cells of the teliospore. Information on the regularity of consummation of these fusions in breeding stocks such as inbred lines is relevant in estimating sterility. The developing hasidium is the site of meiosis leading to the new haploid phase. A further check on chromosome behavior in the haploid phase is possible during germination of the sporidia. These processes, since they occur in structures exterior to the host, are amenable to manipulation and cytological study. A comparison of nuclear behavior within the urediospore lines employed in investigations of variability in pathogenicity and serology of P. sorghi (4) is reported in the present paper. The analysis covers the nuclear fusion which produces the diploid nucleus, chromosome behavior (luring meiosis and mitosis, sporidial formation and subsequent germination. On the basis of preliminary data on inbred lines, nuclear fusion to initiate the diploid phase occurs with decreasing frequency following continued inbreeding. The resulting sterility plays an important role in the regulation of variability extremes. Therefore, chromosome behavior during meiosis and subsequent mitosis in the fertile lines should be
Chronic duodenal obstruction: A mechano-vascular etiology of pancreatitis

1. Six cases are presented that indicate that chronic duodenal obstruction from a variety of causes, such as superior mesenteric compression, proximal loop obstruction, inflammatory stricture, annular pancreatic stenosis, and malignant constriction, is an etiologic factor in the induction of pancreatic inflammatory disease.
9.4: MEMS fabrication of 0.22 THz sheet beam TWT circuit

0.22 THz sheet beam traveling wave tube amplifier (TWTA) circuits fabricated by microelectro mechanical system (MEMS) processes are under investigation for submillimeter wave applications. Currently, we are investigating three different methods; KMPR UV-LIGA and nano CNC machining. Eigenmode transient simulations show that, accounting for realistic values of our currently achievable fabrication tolerances, the transmission, and dispersion properties of the operation modes of a TE-mode, staggered, double grating circuit are maintained within less than 1 dB and 2% deviation, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy analyses of the fabricated circuit samples demonstrate that both of the MEMS fabrication approaches produce circuits with ± 3 – 5 µm dimensional tolerance and ∼ 30 nm surface roughness. Currently, the fabricated circuits are being cold-tested and process conditions will be re-adjusted with respect to a test result for optimization.
Effect of carbon nanofibre structure on the binding of antibodies

Potential biomedical applications for carbon nanofibres include, but are not limited to, biosensors and drug delivery vehicles. For such applications, it is essential to know how carbon nanotubes interact with antibodies and proteins. We report on the successful adsorption of monoclonal CD3 antibodies on two types of carbon nanofibre produced by the same method and having the same average size and shape, but differing in surface structure and chemistry due to dissimilar post-treatments. Binding of proteins to nanofibres is enhanced by poly (L-lysine) (PLL) and improves with increasing disorder and hydrophilicity of the nanofibres' surface. Oxidized and disordered surfaces of pyrolytically stripped nanofibres show improved wetting and attachment of PLL and proteins compared to hydrophobic and well-ordered surfaces of heat-treated nanofibres. These results show that the surface of carbon nanofibres can be tailored for their use in biomedical applications.
A cross-case comparison of hypothermia prevention methods and continuous improvement culture between aesthetic plastic surgery sites.

The Patient Safety Committee of The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ASAPS) has initiated a new patient safety training program. The pilot module of this program will focus on hypothermia prevention, with the goal of decreasing the negative effects of hypothermia for surgery patients. Previous literature has shown that hypothermia can result in a higher incidence of surgical wound infections and longer postanesthesia recovery times, among other adverse effects. Therefore, educating medical personnel on patient safety techniques like hypothermia prevention is important for achieving positive patient outcomes. However, organizational research indicates that implementing and sustaining improvements system-wide requires a “continuous improvement culture.” Earlier research has identified concepts such as double-loop learning, problem-solving, error management, and organizational routines as key elements of a continuous improvement culture. Antecedent to the ASAPS training program, a case study analysis of three surgery practices was performed to better understand the relationship between organizational structure, hypothermia domain knowledge, and continuous improvement culture characteristics. The data analysis indicates a positive correlation between hypothermia prevention and elements of a continuous improvement culture. These findings suggest that a patient safety training program, which includes learning objectives directed at improving organizational culture in addition to specific research-based preventative techniques, is more likely to achieve sustained improvements in patient outcomes than training focused on preventative techniques alone.
Substantia gelatinosa neurones hyperpolarized in vitro by enkephalin

The sensation of pain is carried to the central nervous system by small-diameter fibres which terminate in the superficial layers of the spinal grey matter, particularly the substantia gelatinosa. Opiate drugs administered into the substantia gelatinosa inhibit the excitation of deeper dorsal horn neurones by noxious peripheral stimuli while sparing the responses to other sensations such as touch. It has been suggested that opiates impair the release of the transmitter from the small-diameter nociceptive fibres, but it is also possible that opiates directly depress the responses of cells in the substantia gelatinosa which serve as interneurones in the pain pathway. We have made intracellular recordings from substantia gelatinosa neurones in a slice of rat spinal cord, and report here that morphine and enkephalin directly hyperpolarize substantia gelatinosa cells by opening membrane K+ channels. This inhibitory action of exogenous morphine provides a likely cellular mechanism for its analgesic properties. Moreover, enkephalin is an endogenous constituent of some cells of the substantia gelatinosa, where it is concentrated within terminals making synaptic contacts with other cell bodies and dendrites. The present findings thus strongly suggest that enkephalin serves as an inhibitory neurotransmitter within the substantia gelatinosa.
Flocculation of microcrystalline cellulose with cationic ionene polymers

Suspensions of microcrystalline cellulose particles were flocculated with two cationic ionene polymers differing only in charge density. A comparison of the flocculation (residual absorbance) and electrophoretic data showed that optimum destabilization corresponded to neutralization of the particle charge and that both polyelectrolytes had the same flocculating ability on a charge basis. These results, when combined with specific adsorption measurements, suggest that flocculation of the cellulose particles is accomplished by a recently proposed, “mosaic” charge neutralization mechanism.
Adenosine Induced Intraatrial Block

Adenosine, an endogenous nucleoside with potent negative chronotropic and dromotropic effects on the sinus and AV nodes, is thought to have little if any antiarrhythmic effect on normal atrial tissue. However, there may be an electrophysiological basis for an adenosine effect on atrial tissue with atypical conduction properties. We examined the electrophysiological effects of adenosine in a patient with decremental atrial conduction properties. During incremental pacing from the high right atrium there was gradual prolongation of the intraatrial interval between the high right atrium and the low septal atrium, from 180 to 280 msec, until 2:1 intraatrial block occurred at a pacing cycie length of 280 msec. Adenosine (6 mg IV) resulted in transient intraatrial block followed by prolonged intraatrial conduction during high right atrial pacing at a cycle length of 400 msec. Thus, similar to its effects on the AV node and decremental AV accessory pathways, adenosine may also slow and abolish conduction in decremental atrial issue, an effect that is likeiy attributed to adenosine induced hyperpolarizing K+ current in partially depolarized atrial tissue.
Interaction of cavities with misfit dislocations in SiGe/Si heterostructures

Consequences of the strong, short-range attractive interaction between cavities and misfit dislocations are examined in SiGe/Si heterostructures. When He is implanted at the SiGe/Si interface, either in situ during epitaxial growth or by post-growth treatment, cavities form and locate on the misfit dislocation cores. The misfit dislocations are no longer straight lines extending over several microns, but form a network with jogs and intersections at the cavities. The He-implanted cavity layer enhances thermal relaxation of the strained alloy and may increase the achievable degree of relaxation by lowering dislocation energies.
Investigation of performance metrics for interconnect stack architectures

This paper discusses metrics involving the bandwidth and energy characteristics of arbitrary interconnect stacks. Front-end dimensions are set by lithography and related fabrication restrictions and its performance is easily quantified using well-known metrics such as FO4 or ring oscillator delays, Ioff, and Ion. Back-end dimensions are not similarly constrained yet there are no comparable back-end metrics. In this study we seek figures-of-merit for interconnect architectures (stacks) that describe performance in terms of bandwidth and energy while considering issues such as via blockage and repeaters. A definition of bandwidth is presented and then appropriate via blockage models for interconnect stacks are investigated. In this paper, we improve existing bandwidth and throughput-driven design methodologies by looking at the entire stack rather than a single wiring layer. We also propose the use of bandwidth per unit energy. We evaluate and discuss these metrics in current 130nm and 90nm interconnect technologies.
Political Marriage Alliances at the Shi'i Court of Awadh

A marriage expresses a mutual recognition of some degree of shared identity. The wedding ceremony confirms these links and creates new ones, although to an extent variable with the culture and the specific case. The affinity can be between individuals acting for themselves, for families, or for larger social or national groups. At one extreme would be the temporary liason, stemming from personal whim or passion, between individuals who share little more than common acceptance of the culture which recognizes the form. A Las Vegas marriage followed by a quickie Mexican divorce, a Hindu Gāndharva marriage consummated without any ceremony, or a Shi'i mut 'ah (marriage of pleasure) of contractually stipulated length might typify this end of the continuum. At the other end would be the purely political marriage that links social groups, parties, or even nations together but which disregards the desires of the principals. Richard II's diplomatic marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine, a Kulin Brahmin's ritual marriage with dozens of women, or Asaf al-Daula's apparently unconsummated marriage with Shams al-Nisā' Begum (discussed later) exemplifies this extreme. Between lie a diversity of forms within a variety of cultures.
The uptake of cyclic AMP by human erythrocytes and its effect on membrane phosphorylation

Abstract The effects of time and cyclic AMP concentration on cyclic AMP uptake and membrane phosphorylation were studied using intact human erythrocytes. The rate of uptake of cyclic [ 3 H]AMP was nearly linear with respect to cyclic AMP concentration. The amount taken up was small compared to the extracellular cyclic AMP concentration, but was sufficient to significantly increase the intracellular cyclic AMP concentration. Incubation with cyclic AMP resulted in increased incorporation of 32 P i into several phosphorylated membrane peptides of the intact erythrocytes. Although cyclic AMP altered the distribution of radioactivity among the membrane components, the total amount of incorporation was not increased. The effect of cyclic AMP on phosphorylation of membrane peptides was observed with extracellular cyclic AMP concentrations as low as 1 μ m and was most pronounced in incubations of 1 to 4 h. These results indicate that cyclic AMP can enter erythrocytes in sufficient amounts to alter the activity of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases, or to alter the rate of turnover of certain phosphorylated membrane peptides.
Paleoecology and taphonomy of trace fossils in the eolian Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic Nugget Sandstone, northeastern Utah

ABSTRACT The Upper Triassic/Lower Jurassic Nugget Sandstone represents a portion of a vast inland erg of eolian sand dunes that were populated by diverse vertebrates and invertebrates, represented primarily by their trace fossils. Body fossils are rare, making the trace fossil record essential for deciphering the paleoecology of the ancient dune system. Trace fossils in the Nugget Sandstone near Vernal, Utah, include invertebrate burrows (Entradichnus meniscus, Entradichnus isp., Planolites beverleyensis, Taenidium isp. “A”, Taenidium isp. “B”, Skolithos, and Planolites isp., burrow clusters, large oblique burrows, flared burrows) and trackways (Paleohelcura and Octopodichnus). Arthropods (insects and arachnids) probably were the tracemakers of most, if not all, the trace fossils. Sediment moisture must have played a key role in the production and preservation of the trace fossils, indicating that moisture was important for supporting such complex ecosystems. Extended wet climatic intervals must have pers...
Physical principles of ultrasound.

U LTRASOUND has characteristics that enable it to yield information concerning internal body structures. Let us first describe what ultrasound is and then consider those characteristics that make it useful in sonography. Then we will discuss the means by which ultrasound is generated and received. A list of definitions is presented in the Glossary for ready reference. Greater detail may be found in the References.le3
Radiation shielding for high energy muons: The case of a cylindrically symmetrical shield and no magnetic fields

Abstract At proton accelerators with energies of tens of geV and more, the shielding problems are dominated by the requirement of reducing the flux of muons to tolerable levels. This is especially true for accelerators making extensive use to extracted proton beams. We present a technique for calculating the profile of the radiation shield for muons for a number of practical situations of interest, viz., beam loss in an internal target area, beam loss during transport of the extracted proton beam down a long narrow pipe, and the case in which the extracted proton beam is dumped in a backstop. Results obtained from a computer program are presented graphically for different possible shield materials — heavy concrete, iron, lead, and depleted uranium. The results span four orders of magnitude in muon flux normalized to the rate of interacting protons, so that one can obtain useful results by interpolation for a wide variety of beam loss and desired shielding situations. The primary proton energies used in the calculations −25, 70, 200 and 300 GeV - will be recognized as corresponding to the energies of proton accelerators at present either operating or under design.
The Calcimimetic Cinacalcet Normalizes Serum Calcium in Subjects with Primary Hyperparathyroidism

Calcimimetics increase the sensitivity of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) to circulating serum calcium, reducing the secretion of PTH and the serum calcium concentration. We evaluated the calcimimetic cinacalcet, a novel therapy for the management of primary hyperparathyroidism. In this randomized, double-blind, dose-finding study, patients (n = 22) with primary hyperparathyroidism were given cinacalcet (30, 40, or 50 mg) or placebo twice daily for 15 d and observed for an additional 7 d. Serum calcium, plasma PTH, and 24-h and fasting urine calcium were measured. Baseline mean serum calcium was 10.6 mg/dl for the combined cinacalcet-treated patients (normal range, 8.4-10.3 mg/dl), compared with 10.4 mg/dl for the placebo group. Mean PTH at baseline was 102 pg/ml (normal range, 10-65 pg/ml) for the combined cinacalcet-treated patients, compared with 100 pg/ml in the placebo group. Serum calcium normalized after the second dose on d 1 and remained normal through d 15 in all cinacalcet dose groups. Maximum decreases in PTH of over 50% occurred 2-4 h after dosing in all cinacalcet-treated groups. The fasting and 24-h urine calcium to creatinine ratios were similar in the cinacalcet and placebo groups. This study demonstrates that cinacalcet safely normalized serum calcium and lowered PTH concentrations without increasing urinary calcium excretion in the study subjects, indicating the potential benefit of cinacalcet as a medical treatment for primary hyperparathyroidism.
Widths and strengths of vibration-rotation lines in the fundamental band of nitric oxide

Abstract Spectra of self-broadened vibration-rotation lines of the 5.3μ NO fundamental band were obtained on an Ebert grating spectrometer which had a spectral slit width of about 0.1 cm−1. The integrated absorptances of the observed vibration-rotation lines of each sub-band were measured at 300°K for different path lengths and total pressures of NO. The pressure dependent behavior of the integrated absorptances is compared with the effects expected from the unresolved Λ doubling of each line. The self-broadened half-widths and the line strengths of over 70 lines of the band were measured by using a curve of growth technique. The half-widths decrease with increasing | m | values and no measurable difference in half-widths is observed for lines of the same | m | value in the R and P branches of each sub-band. From the individual line strengths a total band strength of 122 ± 6 cm−2 atm−1 was obtained. No vibration-rotation interaction effect on line intensities was observed.
The tentative recognition of psychrotrophic Gram-negative bacteria in 48 h by their surface growth at 10°C

Abstract Employing 153 species and strains of Gram-negative bacteria representing 20 genera, 79 produced visible growth on brain heart infusion agar (BHIA) at 7°C in 10 days and thus conformed to the definition of psychrotrophs. All but 5 of the 79 (93.7%) grew on BHIA plates at 10°C in 2 days. At 12°C, 13 psychrotrophs did not grow in 24 h while in 2 days 28 nonpsychrotrophs grew. Surface plating for colony enumeration generally required 3 days, and pour plating 4 days for countable colonies. It is suggested that those bacteria that grow rapidly at 7°C but not at 40°C be designated stenopsychrotrophs while those that can grow at 40°C or above and generally more slowly at 7°C be designated eurypsychrotrophs. The use of 10°C for 2 days may be used to make a rapid and tentative designation of Gram-negative psychrotrophs when turbid broth cultures are streaked on BHIA plates.
CONTROL OF REGENERATIVE POWER FROM PIEZOELECTRIC ACTUATORS

The drive amplifiers for piezoelectric and electrostrictor actuators have received some attention lately [2-91. The design of these amplifiers must take into account the reactive (capacitive) nature of the smart actuators. These reactive loads require a significant amount of electrical energy to be cycled between the actuator and amplifier. The amplifier must not only deliver power but it must be able to accept regenerative power from the actuator. Switching amplifiers offer attractive alternatives for these actuators when efficiency is required. They also appear to be naturally suited for integration into the next generation power distribution systems on aircraft. Switching amplifiers achieve their efficiency by essentially connecting the actuator directly to the power bus. This topology allows the energy to be circulated between the actuator and the power bus. Most power distribution systems are not configured to accept this regenerative power flow, however. For smart structures with many actuators, this regenerative pow’er flow can lead to,voltage spikes of unacceptable magnitude and possible loss of stability of the power distribution system. Hence, the regenerative power flow from the smart actuators must be taken into consideration in the design of the power distribution system. A simplified schematic of the actively controlled tail surface is shown in Figure 1.
The Teenage Brain Functional Connectivity

Distant brain regions are organized into large-scale functional networks specialized for specific cognitive processes. The brain’s functional-network architecture and its development can be investigated using functional connectivity MRI (fcMRI), which measures correlations in spontaneous fluctuations of brain activity. fcMRI studies have provided important insights into typical brain organization and development, as well as insights into the atypical organization of the brain in neuropsychiatric disorders. fcMRI data can be easily collected and carry much information. Therefore, they are now being analyzed using powerful multivariate-pattern-analysis (MVPA) methods, with the goal of one day being able to diagnose disease states in individuals. However, great care must be taken during these analyses to eliminate confounds such as head movement.
A recent survey of naturally occurring organohalogen compounds

Environmental context The general perception that nature does not produce compounds containing halogens – chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine – is now known to be erroneous. Modern isolation and identification techniques have led to the discovery of more than 5000 halogen-containing compounds from myriad marine and terrestrial plant and animal sources. Many of these compounds possess extraordinary biological activity, including anticancer, antiviral and antibacterial activity of potential human benefit. Abstract This short review presents the naturally occurring organohalogen compounds discovered and characterised in 2014. They include compounds from both marine and terrestrial organisms, such as algae, sponges, corals, tunicates, bryozoans, fungi, bacteria, cyanobacteria and plants. Several novel structural types have been characterised. From only ~24 in 1968, naturally occurring organohalogens currently number more than 5000, and they continue to be discovered in all regions of the world. This review presents the 114 discovered organohalogens from natural sources in the year 2014.
A silicon-based, three-dimensional neural interface: manufacturing processes for an intracortical electrode array

A method is described for the manufacture of a three-dimensional electrode array geometry for chronic intracortical stimulation. This silicon based array consists of a 4.2*4.2*0.12 mm thick monocrystalline substrate, from which project 100 conductive, silicon needles sharpened to facilitate cortical penetration. Each needle is electrically isolated from the other needles, and is about 0.09 mm thick at its base and 1.5 mm long. The sharpened end of each needle is coated with platinum to facilitate charge transfer into neural tissue. The following manufacturing processes were used to create this array: thermomigration of 100 aluminum pads through an n-type silicon block, creating trails of highly conductive p/sup +/ silicon isolated from each other by opposing pn junctions; a combination of mechanical and chemical micromachining which creates individual penetrating needles of the p/sup +/ silicon trails; metal deposition to create active electrode areas and electrical contact pads; and array encapsulation with polyimide. >