cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The all applications digital computer

This paper describes the AADC Data Processing Element (DPE) developed and being built by Raytheon for the Navy to be used for multiplatform (air, land, seas, and underseas) applications in the 1978-1990 time frame. It was the intent of the designers of this computer to: achieve a Syntax-oriented internal architecture (Ref. 1) so that application programs written in a higher level language (HLL) would run efficiently, and to make use of a memory heiracy system to minimize the number of page faults generated by the virtual addressing mechanisms.
A PDMS-on-Silicon Deformable Grating for Spectral Differentiation of Mixed Wavelength Signals

We present an innovative optical MEMS device containing a polymer micro-bridge with a tunable diffraction grating period. A periodicity tunability of 12% is measured, and high speed spectroscopic measurements with the use of only a single photodetector are demonstrated. The optical setup analyzes a continuous spectrum of wavelengths with a range up to 70 nm and at kHz speed. We demonstrate the spectral acquisition capabilities by differentiating the intensity from two lasers of wavelength 593 nm and 633 nm. This device may be suitable for integration with a microfluidics system for high speed, highly sensitive multiple wavelength detection in lab-on-a-chip biological assay settings.
J. Arch Getty and Oleg V. Naumov, The Road to Terror: Stalin and the Self- Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932-1939. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1999. xxvii + 635 pp. $35.00 cloth.

Until the 1980s, historians of Soviet Russia could be divided into those who subscribed to the totalitarian theory of Soviet history and those who subscribed to a more nuanced view. In his landmark book, Origins of the Great Purges (Cambridge, 1985), J. Arch Getty single-handedly split Russian historians into two new camps: those who were horrified by Getty's work and those who were not. At the root of the controversy was Getty's provocative challenge that historians “rethink Stalinism,” taking into account that one man could in no way be solely responsible for the Terror of the 1930s. Getty turned his attention to provincial party officials, documenting the way the purges assumed their own momentum away from Moscow. In so doing, he seemed to minimize Stalin's role and, according to his critics, Stalin's culpability.
Comparison of FDA Reports of Patient Deaths Associated with Sildenafil and with Injectable Alprostadil

BACKGROUND:Sildenafil (Viagra) has been linked to 240 deaths (128 verified, 112 unverified) reported to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) during 7.5 months of availability, and to 522 reported deaths after 13 months of availability. To date, no updated information about FDA-reported deaths has emerged, and no comparative analyses have been published.OBJECTIVE:To compare the mortality rates between sildenafil and injectable alprostadil, both of which are used exclusively for treating erectile dysfunction.METHODS:A comparison of the number of deaths per filled prescriptions reported to the FDA involving sildenafil and injectable alprostadil was undertaken to perhaps provide further insight into this issue. Materials included FDA statements on sildenafil adverse event reports to the FDA involving sildenafil and injectable alprostadil, and data on prescriptions filled for sildenafil and injectable alprostadil.RESULTS:The number of deaths per prescriptions filled reported in association with sildenafil wa...
Pattern recognition with new class discovery

Classification problems with non-mutually exclusive classes are discussed. A method, new class discovery (NCD), is proposed which can discover potentially unknown or untrained classes. It is formally proved that, in the non-mutually exclusive case, the error probability of the NCD method is less than the conventional classification method using Bayes's rule. Application of the method to real entomological data was successful: a species was discovered that had been independently verified by taxonomists. >
Observation of clinically negative central compartment lymph nodes in papillary thyroid carcinoma.

Background The role of prophylactic central neck dissection in the management of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is controversial. We report our experience of an observational approach to the cN0 neck in PTC. Methods We reviewed 1,129 patients with PTC who had total thyroidectomy between 1986 and 2005. In that group, 470 patients were pN1; 384 had benign nodes removed (pN0); and the remaining 275 had no nodes removed (pNx). The pNx group formed the cohort for this study. Results With a median follow-up of 70 months, the 10-yr disease-specific survival was 100%. We found 4 patients who had evidence of radioactive iodine uptake on scans performed during follow-up without diagnostic cytology. All subsequently received radioactive iodine and are considered disease free. Three patients had biopsy-proven lateral-neck recurrence and underwent neck dissection; 1 patient developed a low-level thyroglobulin suspicious for recurrence; and 1 patient had a subcentimeter level VI node suspicious for recurrence, which has been observed. Therefore, the rate of structural recurrence in the central neck was 0.4% (1/275), and the rate of reoperation on the central neck was 0. Conclusion Our results suggest that properly selected patients can be managed safely with observation of the central neck rather than prophylactic central neck dissection, which has a higher complication rate.
Chronic footshock, but not a physiological stressor, suppresses the alcohol deprivation effect in dependent rats.

Aims: Unlike in humans, the link between chronic stress and increased alcohol consumption in laboratory animals is equivocal. Two factors may contribute to this: a lack of studies examining the effects of stress on consumption in dependent rats and differences in the nature of the stressor. Moreover, to our knowledge, the effects of different types of stress on the alcohol deprivation effect (ADE), the temporary increase in alcohol consumption seen after periods of abstinence, has not been previously examined. Methods: In the present study, dependent rats previously trained to self-administer alcohol, received either no stress, chronic daily intermittent footshock (10 min/day for 7 days) or daily (for 7 days) injections of lipopolysaccharide, a physiological stressor. Alcohol- reinforced responding was then measured for 20 days. Results: Only control animals and those treated with LPS exhibited an alcohol deprivation effect and increased consumption. Conclusions: Taken together, these data suggest that chronic footshock may not be an appropriate paradigm to study the impact of stress on alcohol consumption.
Diet formulation as an effective tool for mitigating nitrogen excretion in dairy systems

Nitrogen (N) losses and ammonia emissions from livestock operations represent a significant water and air pollutant. It has been repeatedly demonstrated that reduction in dietary protein input results in improved N utilization efficiency and reduced N losses with manure in dairy cows. Reducing dietary protein can also benefit the producer by reducing feed cost. These interventions, however, have to be balanced with the risk of decreased productivity. If animal requirements for metabolizable protein (MP) are not met, productivity cannot be sustained. Supplementation with rumen-protected (RP) amino acids (AA) limiting milk production and milk protein synthesis may compensate for the lack of MP in dairy cow diets. Long-term experiments at Penn State University demonstrated reduced urinary N losses, blood urea, milk urea N, and ammonia emissions from manure with MP-deficient v. MP-adequate diets. In some trials, however, milk production and milk protein yield were decreased with the MP-deficient diets. Supplementation of these diets with RPAA (Lys, Met and His) increased dry matter intake and milk yield of the cows to levels comparable with MP-adequate diets and can be a successful strategy for reducing N losses and maintaining productivity in lactating dairy cows fed low-protein diets.
NONADDITIVE EFFECTS OF TERRESTRIAL AND AQUATIC PREDATORS ON JUVENILE ESTUARINE FISH

Small fish frequently avoid large fish predators by moving into shallow refuges, but this can increase encounters with terrestrial piscivores. In previous experiments, we documented that juvenile spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) respond to southern flounder (Paralichthys lethostigma) by moving into shallow water. This might increase their risk of predation by birds. We conducted a pond-scale field experiment to test the hypothesis that predation by birds and flounder will have nonadditive effects on spot survival and size. We expected spot to have lower survival in the presence of both predators than expected based on their additive effects (i.e., facilitation among predators). The experiment was a 2 3 2 factorial with and without flounders and bird access. Flounder significantly reduced spot survival while birds did not, but there was a significant interaction effect. Spot survived better with both predators than expected based on adding separate predator effects. Mean spot growth rate was unaffected by treatment. Spot moved to shallow water in the presence of flounder and aggregated more tightly in the presence of birds. The observed nonadditive effects could have been due to interference between flounder and birds. However, because all the flounder in our experiments survived and their growth was unaffected by birds, we favor the idea that behavioral changes (increased aggregation) by spot to avoid bird pre- dation also further reduced their vulnerability to flounder. Our results suggest that modeling the effects of multiple predators will be more complicated than simply adding up the effects observed in experiments with single predators.
Marriage and Divorce Among Firefighters in the United States

It is a common belief in the fire service that the divorce rate for firefighters is higher than that in the general population. However, no data exists to substantiate this concern. We conducted surveys in 31 U.S. fire departments to assess relationship status, history of divorce, and key health outcomes. Prevalence of divorce among male firefighters was similar to the general population. In contrast, age-standardized prevalence of current divorce among female fighters (32.1%) was more than three times that for females in the general population (10.4%). Prevalence of ever divorce was substantially higher among female (40.0%) compared with male firefighters (24.4%). Married firefighters were less likely to report heavy alcohol use or depression, whereas single firefighters had more favorable body composition. These findings suggest that the rate of divorce among male firefighters is similar to that found in the general public. In contrast, female firefighters report high rates of divorce.
Aggregation effects on the compressive flow properties and drying behavior of colloidal silica suspensions

The influence of aggregation phenomena on the compressive flow properties and drying behavior of nonaqueous and aqueous silica (SiO 2 ) suspensions of varying electrolyte (NH 4 Cl) concentrations were studied. Compressive rheology measurements, including sedimentation and centrifugal consolidation, were first conducted to investigate consolidation behavior in the absence of solvent evaporation. The volume-fraction-dependent osmotic pressure and compressive yield stress were determined for dispersed and flocculated SiO 2 suspensions, respectively. Consolidation behavior then was studied in situ by simultaneously measuring stress evolution and solvent loss as a function of drying time. The observed drying stress histories of the films were complex, consisting of several characteristic regions. First, there was an initial period of stress rise to a maximum drying stress. These measured stress values exhibited good agreement with the osmotic pressure and compressive yield stress at equivalent SiO 2 volume fractions for the dispersed and flocculated systems, respectively. Beyond the maximum drying stress there was a subsequent region of stress decay, which coincided with the draining of liquid-filled pores. No residual drying stress was detected for films prepared from salt-free SiO 2 suspensions, whereas salt-containing films exhibited residual drying stresses likely due to salt-bridging effects. Microstructural characterization of dried films prepared from aqueous SiO 2 suspensions revealed nonuniformities in the spatial distribution of colloidal particles and precipitated salt, with the highest concentrations located at the outer edges of the films. Such features result from capillary-induced transport of these species during drying, and they have important implications on colloidal processing of ceramic thick films and bulk forms.
Measuring the utility of a real-time transit information system

We report the overall use patterns for a transit application that features graphical positioning of transit buses in real-time. Its purpose is to provide information to travelers that is not available from static schedules and thereby allow them to make better, informed travel decisions. Busview is accessed via the World Wide Web. Analysis of Web server logs enables judgments to be made concerning user behavior and feature utility.
Designing a community-based social trust system in public health using Service Oriented Architecture

One of the major challenges of community-based research is recruitment of community members who will participate in clinical trials, continue for the duration of the trial, and provide accurate, sensitive personal information. This challenge can be overcome by establishing greater trust between researchers and communities.
Rolling Out the Welcome Mat: State and City Immigrant Affairs Offices in the United States

Introduction Since 1965, the United States has admitted over 36 million legal immigrants, and millions more have entered the country clandestinely. Compared with the white Europeans who dominated the great wave of migration at the turn of the twentieth century, today’s immigrants tend to be people of color from Asia, Latin America, the Caribbean, and Africa. While bifurcated in terms of skills and human capital, many of the newer immigrants lack formal educational credentials, have limited En...
Adapting Your Technological Base: The Organizational Challenge

A common mistake in assessing an organization's technological base is narrowing the review to matters of technical competence. Managers need a framework for assessing the much broader question of how well their organizations are positioned to derive competitive advantage from technology. A step-by-step guide is presented that leads managers through the 4 components of the technological base: 1. technological assets, 2. organizational assets, 3. external assets, and 4. project management. Case studies of organizations in the defense industry illustrate how 2 companies' strategies for moving into a new business were shaped by the strengths and weaknesses of their respective technological bases. Of the 4 dimensions, it is usually the organizational assets that prove to be the limiting element. A hierarchy was found among the organizational assets: 1. skills, 2. procedures, 3. structure, 4. strategy, and 5. culture.
Evidence from FTIR difference spectroscopy that D1-Asp61 influences the water reactions of the oxygen-evolving Mn4CaO5 cluster of photosystem II.

Understanding the mechanism of photosynthetic water oxidation requires characterizing the reactions of the water molecules that serve as substrate or that otherwise interact with the oxygen-evolving Mn4CaO5 cluster. FTIR difference spectroscopy is a powerful tool for studying the structural changes of hydrogen bonded water molecules. For example, the O–H stretching mode of water molecules having relatively weak hydrogen bonds can be monitored near 3600 cm–1, the D-O-D bending mode can be monitored near 1210 cm–1, and highly polarizable networks of hydrogen bonds can be monitored as broad features between 3000 and 2000 cm–1. The two former regions are practically devoid of overlapping vibrational modes from the protein. In Photosystem II, water oxidation requires a precisely choreographed sequence of proton and electron transfer steps in which proton release is required to prevent the redox potential of the Mn4CaO5 cluster from rising to levels that would prevent its subsequent oxidation. Proton release ta...
Inhibitive influence of sugars and salt on viability, growth, and toxin production of B. botulinus. XVII

Matzuschita 1 reported an optimum of from 2-10% of glucose for the growth of B. botulinus, with a maximum of 55%. Dickson, Burke and Ward's 2 work showed "certain fruits which have been canned in sugar form suitable mediums for the growth of B. botulinus and the development of its toxin." They found, "the addition of cane sugar to beef broth in concentrations up to 64% does not prevent the growth of B. botulinus or the formation of its toxin." Their criteria of growth after incubation at 30 C. for 3 and 1 months, respectively, were presence of toxin and growth in transplants. Measuring growth by presence of toxin, Thom, Edmondson and Giltner 3 report positive findings in cooked meat medium containing 35% of glucose but not in 45%, after an incubation period of 7 days at 37 C. No further evidence was found by me concerning the inhibitive effect of sugars on the growth of B. botulinus, although a recent editorial 4 states: "Growth is hindered by a high concentration of sugar or brine."
Effect of Hyperthyroidism on Sympathetic Nervous System

Much has been written concerning the influence of the sympathetic nervous system upon the thyroid; relatively little on the effect of excessive thyroid secretion upon the sympathetic. The general s...
Recent improvements in efficiency, accuracy, and convergence for implicit approximate factorization algorithms

In 1977 and 1978, general purpose centrally space differenced implicit finite difference codes in two and three dimensions have been introduced. These codes, now called ARC2D and ARC3D, can run either in inviscid or viscous mode for steady or unsteady flow. Since the introduction of the ARC2D and ARC3D codes, overall computational efficiency could be improved by making use of a number of algorithmic changes. These changes are related to the use of a spatially varying time step, the use of a sequence of mesh refinements to establish approximate solutions, implementation of various ways to reduce inversion work, improved numerical dissipation terms, and more implicit treatment of terms. The present investigation has the objective to describe the considered improvements and to quantify advantages and disadvantages. It is found that using established and simple procedures, a computer code can be maintained which is competitive with specialized codes.
Analysis of Unsteady Behavior in Shock/Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions with Large-Eddy Simulations

Various numerical and physical aspects of shock/turbulent boundary layer interactions (STBLI) are discussed in the context of Large-Eddy Simulations (LES). A spatially developing incoming equilibrium turbulent boundary layer is obtained with a force based tripping mechanism. Previous results are augmented with a detailed analysis of this procedure. In particular, it is shown that relatively coarser meshes may be employed if the strength of the trip is increased, together with an adjustment of the wall thermal condition for a short distance downstream of the trip. This approach yields both adiabatic as well as constant wall temperature results. Additionally, it is shown that precursor events provide estimates for the size of the trip with only a small portion of the domain in the vicinity of the trip, thus yielding an efficient technique. A simulation of a STBLI using this spatially developing incoming turbulent boundary layer confirms the low frequency signal observed in the STBLI by other approaches which use recycling techniques, and reproduces the particular unsteadiness shown in a reference experiment. A detailed analysis is performed of the evolution of the Reynolds stresses through the interaction. The amplification of turbulence energy is quantified, and the evolution of two point correlations is explored. The results indicate that the spanwise decorrelation distance first decreases and then increases through the interaction. A preliminary assessment of the effect of pulsed arc filament based actuators is provided. The results indicate a reduction in the separation length when pulsed at a St corresponding to the peak frequency near the reattachment point.
Pre-assessment of Occupational Hazards in a Construction Project of Elevator Manufacture

[Objective]To identify and analyze the possible occupational hazards in the construction project,evaluate the hazard degree,determine the type of the hazard factors,assess the feasibility of this project from the view of occupational health,and provide the necessary protective countermeasures and suggestions of occupational hazards for design of this construction project.[Methods] The analogy and checklist method were adopted to analyze and assess.[Results]The main occupational hazard factors in the production process of this construction project were nitrogen oxides,carbon monoxide,ozone,manganese,copper mist,welding fumes, noise,ultraviolet light,power frequency electric field and so on.[Conclusion]The constructive project was classified as severe occupational hazard project. The possible occupational hazards in production process of this project can be prevented. From the view of occupational health,the construction project is feasible.
Arthrochalasis multiplex congenita; congenital flaccidity of the joints.

Arthrochalasis multiplex congenita is a distinct clinical entity characterized by a multiple congenital flaccidity of the joints. It may be associated with laxity or hyperelasticity of the skin defined as Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, or it may exhibit hypermobility of the joints without involvement of the skin. The degree of the severity of the condition may vary from mild hyperextension of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints, classified as an aborted form of the disease, to flaccidity, subluxation, and complete dislocation of the joints. The condition is frequently heredofamilial and is apparently due to a constitutional dyscrasia of the mesenchyma.
Beginning with Swem: One Hundred Years of Innovations in the Library of Virginia's Map Collection

The Library of Virginia (LVA) in Richmond was established as the state library in 1823. Maps were a part of the library's early collections. A glimpse into the library's early map collecting efforts and the collection itself highlights innovations in conserving, cataloging, and promoting the library's maps. An exploration of the challenges that arose in this early map collection reveals the accomplishments of librarians and archivists who worked closely with LVA's map collection. Earl Gregg Swem compiled the seminal Virginia cartobibliography, referred to as “Swem.” Wilmer L. Hall applied a map classification system for LVA's maps. And Marianne McKee spearheaded the online cataloging of LVA's map collection, collaborated with philanthropist Alan Voorhees to digitize United States Civil War maps with the Library of Congress and the Virginia Historical Society, and promoted scholarship using the map collection in publications, symposia, exhibitions, and lectures. Hence, Swem, Hall, and McKee, through their ...
EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. II. Total Culturable Virus Assay.

A standardized method is required when national studies on virus occurrence in environmental and drinking waters utilize multiple analytical laboratories. The U.S Environmental Protection Agency’s (USEPA) Method 1615 was developed with the goal of providing such a standard for measuring Enterovirus and Norovirus in these waters. Virus is concentrated from water using an electropositive filter, eluted from the filter surface with beef extract, and then concentrated further using organic flocculation. Herein we present the protocol from Method 1615 for filter elution, secondary concentration, and measurement of total culturable viruses. A portion of the concentrated eluate from each sample is inoculated onto ten replicate flasks of Buffalo Green Monkey kidney cells. The number of flasks demonstrating cytopathic effects is used to quantify the most probable number (MPN) of infectious units per liter. The method uses a number of quality controls to increase data quality and to reduce interlaboratory and intralaboratory variation. Laboratories must meet defined performance standards. Method 1615 was evaluated by examining virus recovery from reagent-grade and ground waters seeded with Sabin poliovirus type 3. Mean poliovirus recoveries with the total culturable assay were 111% in reagent grade water and 58% in groundwaters.
The WISE Census of Young Stellar Objects and Clusters in Canis Major

The photometric data returned by WISE, the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, can be used to search the sky for young stellar objects (YSOs) away from the molecular clouds studied in detail by Spitzer and Herschel. We present updated results for a 100 deg2 region centered on Canis Major, including a look at the clustering properties of YSOs in the region.
The Travails and Tragedies of a Market Civilization: A Psychology of Faith Perspective

In this article, I consider how the emergence of a market society, dominated by a neoliberal capitalist ethos, fosters a market faith and entrepreneurial subjects. More particularly, I argue that market faith is contractual and accompanies a calculative, reifying rationality that contrasts with social-communal faith that is ideally unconditional, covenantal, and personalizing. Since faith is inextricably linked to subjectivity, I contend and describe two subjectivities associated with a market society’s disciplinary regimes and faith. The first subject of a market society is a neoliberal subject with sociopathic tendencies. The second subject that a market society fosters is a depleted subject—a depleted homo oeconomicus—forced to live beyond his/her psychological means.
POOR AGREEMENT BETWEEN TRANSTHORACIC ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY AND RIGHT HEART CATHETERIZATION FOR ASSESSMENT OF PULMONARY HYPERTENSION SEVERITY: CLINICAL APPLICATIONS IN THE TAVR ERA

Background: Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is common and prognostically important in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR). However, the accuracy of PH severity assessment by transthoracic echocardiogram (TTE) when compared to gold standard right heart catheterization (RHC)
An Integrated Approach for the Effective Management of Limb-Threatening Ischaemia in the Diabetic Foot

Non-communicable diseases became the leading cause of global mortality almost a decade ago and the epidemic of diabetes is one of its major contributors. Diabetes affects more than 415 million people across the world and the diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is one of its prime manifestations. The magnitude of this problem, which impacts 1 in 4 people with diabetes during his or her lifetime, necessitates an organized response to care delivery. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that amputation rates in people with diabetes can be dramatically reduced when patients with diabetes receive care from an integrated, coordinated team of dedicated clinicians from multiple disciplines, especially teams that include foot specialists and vascular specialists. This chapter begins with a brief outline of the history and evolution of the team approach. It then presents in detail an organized algorithm based on the underlying pathophysiology of the DFU and the skillsets needed to manage it to create a model for integrated diabetic foot care to prevent unnecessary amputations and improve quality of life for those affected.
Spontaneous Intracranial Hemorrhage in Pregnancy: A Systematic Review of the Literature

Stroke in pregnant women has a mortality rate of 1.4 deaths per 100,000 deliveries. Vascular malformations are the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke in this population; preeclampsia and other risk factors have been identified. However, nearly a quarter of strokes have an undeterminable cause. Spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) is less frequent but results in significant morbidity. The main objective of this study is to review the literature on pregnant patients who had a spontaneous ICH. A systematic review of the literature was conducted on PubMed and the Cochrane library from January 1992 to September 2016 following the PRISMA guidelines. Studies reporting pregnant patients with spontaneous intraparenchymal hemorrhage (IPH), subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and subdural hemorrhage (SDH) were selected and included if patients had non-structural ICH during pregnancy or up to 6 weeks postpartum confirmed by imaging. Twenty studies were included, and 43 patients identified. Twenty-two patients (51.3%) presented with IPH, 15 patients (34.8%) with SAH, and five patients (11.6%) with SDH. The most common neurosurgical management was clinical in 76.7% of patients, and cesarean section was the most common obstetrical management in 28% of patients. The most common maternal outcome was death (48.8%), and fetal outcomes were evenly distributed among term delivery, preterm delivery, and fetal or neonatal death. Spontaneous ICH carries a high maternal mortality with IPH being the most common type, most frequently presenting in the third trimester. Diagnosis and management do not differ for the parturient compared to the non-pregnant woman.
Large Deviations and Equilibrium Macrostate Phase Transitions

The application of the aggregate path coupling method to prove rapid mixing takes advantage of large deviations estimates that these models satisfy. In this chapter, we first give a brief summary of large deviation theory used in this book, written in the context of Gibbs ensembles defined in Chapter 2 For a more complete theory of large deviations see for example [14] and [22]. We then define the set of equilibrium macrostates in terms of the large deviation principle upper bound, as originally defined in [24]. In Section 3.1, we define the types of phase transitions in terms of the sets of equilibrium macrostates and, in the following sections, we give descriptions of the phase transition behaviors of the four classes of models introduced in Chapter 2
Elementary vectors and two polyhedral relaxations

Two new results are proved concerning polyhedra that arise as relaxations of systems of the form Ax=b, x≥0. One of these theorems is used to relate elementary vectors and blocking polyhedra. In particular, a canonical blocking pair that arises from elementary vectors is described; all blocking pairs arise as minors of blocking pairs of this type. It is noted that a similar relationship between elementary vectors and antiblocking polyhedra follows from the second relaxation theorem.
Economics of the Regulating Services

There is increasing concern over the loss of regulating services, which are the benefits obtained from regulatory ecosystem processes. Many regulating services are not marketed, and often there is inadequate knowledge to link changes in ecosystem structure and function to the production of these valuable benefits. These measurement issues are important limitations to the valuation of regulating services. An example of mangrove conversion to shrimp farming in Thailand illustrates the importance of valuing regulating services in land use decisions. Progress has also been made in integrated ecological-economic modelling to determine the value of multiple ecosystem services, including regulating benefits.
Solving Influence Diagrams Using Gibbs Sampling

We describe a Monte Carlo method for solving influence diagrams. This method is a combination of stochastic dynamic programming and Gibbs sampling, an iterative Markov chain Monte Carlo method. Our method is especially useful when exact methods for solving influence diagrams fail.
On Uncensored Mean First-Passage-Time Performance Experiments with Multi-Walk: a New Stochastic Optimization Algorithm

A rigorous empirical comparison of two stochastic solvers is important when one of the solvers is a prototype of a new algorithm such as multi-walk (MWA). When searching for global minima in $\mathbb{R}^{p}$, the key data structures of MWA include: $p$ rulers with each ruler assigned $m$ marks and a set of $p$ neighborhood matrices of size up to $m\ast(m - 2)$, where each entry represents absolute values of pairwise differences between $m$ marks. Before taking the next step, a controller links the tableau of neighborhood matrices and computes new and improved positions for each of the m marks. The number of columns in each neighborhood matrix is denoted as the neighborhood radius $r_{n} < = m - 2$. Any variant of the DEA (differential evolution algorithm) has an effective population neighborhood of radius not larger than 1. Uncensored first-passage-time performance experiments that vary the neighborhood radius of a MW-solver can thus be readily compared to existing variants of DE-solvers. This paper considers seven test cases of increasing complexity and demonstrates, under uncensored first-passage-time performance experiments: (1) significant variability in convergence rate for seven DE-based solver configurations, and (2) consistent, monotonic, and significantly faster rate of convergence for the MW-solver prototype as we increase the neighborhood radius from 4 to its maximum value.
The AAA+ ATPase TorsinA polymerizes into hollow tubes with a helical periodicity of 8.5 subunits per turn

Abstract TorsinA is an ER-resident AAA+ ATPase, whose single residue deletion of glutamate E303 results in the genetic neuromuscular disease primary dystonia. TorsinA is a highly unusual AAA+ ATPase in that it needs an external activator. Also, it appears not to thread a peptide substrate through a narrow central channel, in contrast to its closest structural homologs. Here, we examined the oligomerization of TorsinA to get closer to a molecular understanding of the still enigmatic function of it. We observe TorsinA to form helical filaments, which we analyzed by cryo-electron microscopy using helical reconstruction. The 4.4 A structure reveals long hollow tubes with a helical periodicity of 8.5 subunits per turn, and an inner cavity of ∼4 nm diameter. We further show that the protein is able to induce tubulation of membranes in vitro, an observation that may reflect an entirely new characteristic of AAA+ ATPases. We discuss the implications of these observations for TorsinA function.
Data Science Summer Academy for Chicago Public School Students

In this article, we describe DePaul University's summer data science academy for Chicago Public School students which was, in part, funded through the SIGKDD Impact Award program in 2018. The goal of the academy was to increase awareness about data science among high school students. The program specifically aimed to broaden participation of underrepresented groups in computing by targeting economically disadvantaged, African American, Hispanic, and female students. A cohort of 15 high school students from the Chicago Public School system participated in this week-long lab-based data science program learning about a variety of data science methods and their applications, including data visualization, distance-based methods, classification, clustering and others. The group comprised of 75% African American and Hispanic students, 58.3% of whom were female.
Zigzag search for multi-objective optimization considering generation cost and emission

Abstract The zigzag search algorithm has been applied in engineering fields, such as oil well placement, with satisfactory results. In this paper, the zigzag search algorithm is introduced, modified with enhancement, and effectively applied to solve an economic emission dispatch problem and to demonstrate its practicability in power systems. The problem is formulated as a non-linear multi-objective optimization model taking energy constraints, generation limits, and transmission constraints into consideration. A set of non-dominant solutions can be obtained to form the Pareto front. Case studies are carried out with the IEEE 30-bus system and IEEE 118-bus system. The results indicate that the proposed zigzag search algorithms have the ability to deal with relevant power system problems. Comparisons are made with algorithms which have been widely used in literatures, such as the genetic algorithm (GA) and particle swarm optimization (PSO). This demonstrates that the zigzag search is easy to implement and is superior to other multi-objective (MO) techniques in both accuracy and efficiency.
Reduction of Bias from Parameter Variance in Geophysical Data Estimation: Method and Application to Ice Water Content and Sedimentation Flux Estimated from Lidar

AbstractThis paper addresses issues of statistical misrepresentation of the a priori parameters (henceforth called ancillary parameters) used in geophysical data estimation. Parameterizations using...
Mimesis and Myth: Evolutionary Roots of Psychological Self-Understanding

In accounting for themselves as psychological beings, humans either (1) attribute traits to the self or (2) tell stories about their lives. We examine the possible evolutionary origins of these two modes of self-understanding. Trait-based, semantic understandings of self develop from the outside in as social actors gradually come to comprehend their social reputations in groups. We suggest that this psychological challenge was first negotiated in the pre-linguistic, mimetic culture developed by Homo erectus. The subsequent emergence of language made for greater articulation and precision in the attribution of traits to the self. Moreover, language served as the main evolutionary midwife for the proliferation of storytelling among Homo sapiens, and the eventual creation of personal myths, or self-defining life stories. Individuals came to see themselves as carrying stories in their minds about their own lives, articulating a sense of a narrative self that develops from the inside out.
Joint Models for Event Prediction From Time Series and Survival Data

We present a nonparametric prognostic framework for individualized event prediction based on joint modeling of both time series and time-to-event data. Our approach exploits a multivariate Gaussian...
Convergent and Stereoselective Method for the Synthesis of Acyclic α-Chloroenamides.

A direct, stereocontrolled synthesis of acyclic α-chloroenamides is presented. Our methodology showed good yields and substrate scope. Mechanistic insights are provided that account for the high le...
Camphill and the Future : Spirituality and Disability in an Evolving Communal Movement (Edition 1)

The Camphill movement, one of the world’s largest and most enduring networks of intentional communities, deserves both recognition and study. Founded in Scotland at the beginning of the Second World War, Camphill communities still thrive today, encompassing thousands of people living in more than one hundred twenty schools, villages, and urban neighborhoods on four continents. Camphillers of all abilities share daily work, family life, and festive celebrations with one another and their neighbors. Unlike movements that reject mainstream society, Camphill expressly seeks to be “a seed of social renewal” by evolving along with society to promote the full inclusion and empowerment of persons with disabilities, who comprise nearly half of their residents. In this multifaceted exploration of Camphill, Dan McKanan traces the complexities of the movement’s history, envisions its possible future, and invites ongoing dialogue between the fields of disability studies and communal studies. “Dan McKanan knows Camphill better than anyone else in the academic world and has crafted an absorbing account of the movement as it faces challenges eighty years after its founding.” TIMOTHY MILLER, author of The Encyclopedic Guide to American Intentional Communities “This book serves as a living, working document for the Camphill movement. McKanan shows that disability studies and communal studies have more to offer each other than we recognize.” ELIZABETH SANDERS, Managing Director, Camphill Academy “With good research and wonderful empathy, McKanan pinpoints not only Camphill’s societal significance but also how this eighty-year-old movement can still bring potent remediation for the values and social norms of today’s world.” RICHARD STEEL, CEO, Karl Konig Institute DAN MCKANAN is the Emerson Senior Lecturer at Harvard Divinity School. His research focuses on religion and social transformation, with special emphasis on intentional communities, sustainable agriculture, and leftist activism. His most recent book is Eco-Alchemy: Anthroposophy and the History and Future of Environmentalism.
How Well Do Commonly Used Co-contraction Indices Approximate Lower Limb Joint Stiffness Trends During Gait for Individuals Post-stroke?

Muscle co-contraction generates joint stiffness to improve stability and accuracy during limb movement but at the expense of higher energetic cost. However, quantification of joint stiffness is difficult using either experimental or computational means. In contrast, quantification of muscle co-contraction using an EMG-based Co-Contraction Index (CCI) is easier and may offer an alternative for estimating joint stiffness. This study investigated the feasibility of using two common CCIs to approximate lower limb joint stiffness trends during gait. Calibrated EMG-driven lower extremity musculoskeletal models constructed for two individuals post-stroke were used to generate the quantities required for CCI calculations and model-based estimation of joint stiffness. CCIs were calculated for various combinations of antagonist muscle pairs based on two common CCI formulations: Rudolph et al. (2000) (CCI1) and Falconer and Winter (1985) (CCI2). CCI1 measures antagonist muscle activation relative to not only total activation of agonist plus antagonist muscles but also agonist muscle activation, while CCI2 measures antagonist muscle activation relative to only total muscle activation. We computed the correlation between these two CCIs and model-based estimates of sagittal plane joint stiffness for the hip, knee, and ankle of both legs. Although we observed moderate to strong correlations between some CCI formulations and corresponding joint stiffness, these associations were highly dependent on the methodological choices made for CCI computation. Specifically, we found that: (1) CCI1 was generally more correlated with joint stiffness than was CCI2, (2) CCI calculation using EMG signals with calibrated electromechanical delay generally yielded the best correlations with joint stiffness, and (3) choice of antagonist muscle pairs significantly influenced CCI correlation with joint stiffness. By providing guidance on how methodological choices influence CCI correlation with joint stiffness trends, this study may facilitate a simpler alternate approach for studying joint stiffness during human movement.
Greater intolerance to uncertainty predicts poorer quality of life in adults with cyclic vomiting syndrome.

Background Cyclic vomiting syndrome (CVS) is an idiopathic disorder of gut-brain interaction characterized by recurrent bouts of nausea and vomiting. Although CVS negatively impacts quality of life (QOL), the determinants of impaired QOL among adult CVS sufferers are not fully understood. The unpredictability of CVS attacks may generate anticipatory anxiety and worsen quality of life in a substantial proportion of patients with CVS. Intolerance to uncertainty (IU) is a cognitive trait in which individuals experience distress when faced with unpredictable situations, particularly those with potentially negative consequences. Higher trait IU is a well-established vulnerability factor linked to the development of multiple psychiatric conditions, including anxiety. However, the extent to which higher IU is associated with impaired QOL in adults with CVS is not known. Methods To explore this issue, we surveyed 118 adult CVS patients and obtained demographic information, clinical features, reported healthcare utilization, and standardized assessments of IU, anxiety and panic, and QOL. Key results Adult CVS patients with higher IU did not report a greater frequency of CVS attacks or overall CVS-related healthcare utilization than those with lower IU. Yet, this group demonstrated substantially poorer physical and mental health-related QOL and higher rates of anxiety-spectrum disorders. Conclusions & inferences Higher degrees of IU are associated with increased anxiety and reduced QOL in patients with CVS. IU is a malleable cognitive trait that can be targeted by cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Our results suggest that some CVS patients may benefit from non-pharmacologic therapies such as CBT.
Correction to: Two-stage simulation–optimization profit maximization model

The text currently reads “Use Standard GRG Nonlinear Engine” in sections “Stage 1 model” and “Stage 2 model,” but it should read “Use Standard Evolutionary Engine” in both places.
Fostering Geological Thinking Through Virtual Strike and Dip Measurements

Fast-tracked by need for field trip alternatives during the Covid-19 pandemic, the Strike and Dip (SaD) tool uses structure from motion 3D models of rocks in a virtual environment to facilitate teaching students how to measure the orientation of rock faces, necessary for the completion of geologic maps. Spatial reasoning is a difficult skill to master for geology students, although a significant component of their studies involves visualising 3D structures from 2D representations, in particular, maps. More time and experience is necessary for students to practice their spatial reasoning skills, but this is a logistical challenge. The SaD tool provides an interface that resolves these logistics of practice time and field site access. Geology is often first characterised as a field science, but recent and increasing efforts to make a more inclusive environment have shown a demand to establish a comprehensive alternative to fieldwork/trips. The SaD tool is malleable, and while providing an inclusive way to teach core components, it is also capable of an array of field experiences for almost every sub-field within the geosciences. In this pilot study, introductory geoscience students were assigned a geologic mapping lab using the SaD tool. Results overall were positive in regard to the usefulness of the tool and provide us with three main directions for next steps in research and development.
Parental perception and guideline awareness of children's lifestyle behaviours at ages 5 to 14 in Singapore

Introduction There are limited data on the descriptive lifestyle behaviour of school-age children in Singapore. Methods A total of 100 parents of children ages 5 to 14 participated in a parents' proxy-reported survey. Frequency of moderate physical activity (PA) and vigorous PA was assessed, while t-tests or chi-square test was used to examine differences between weekdays and weekends for sleep, screen viewing time (SVT) and sedentary behaviour (SB). Results Of the 100 children (68% of Chinese ethnicity, 59% boys, mean age 9.1±2.9 years), 31% were overweight or obese, with body mass index z-score of >1. For moderate and vigorous PA participation in a typical week, 32.0% and 43.0%, respectively, did not participate, while median (interquartile range) days of participation were 3 (2-3) days/week and 2 (1-3) days/week for a duration of 60 (interquartile range 30-120) minutes/session. When comparing weekends with weekdays, the means (standard deviation) of both SVT and sleep duration were higher on weekends (SVT: 4.1 [2.9] versus 3.3 [3.1] hours/day, P=0.07; sleep: 8.8 [1.5] vs 8.3 [1.3] hours/day, P=0.02), while there were no significant differences for SB. A higher proportion of children had SB of ≥10 hours/day and slept 0.05; sleep:18.8% vs 2.1%, P Conclusion Lifestyle behaviours were suboptimal in Singapore children compared with existing overseas guidelines, indicating a need for an integrated guideline with greater dissemination.