cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An exploratory study of the relationship between socioeconomic status and motor vehicle safety features

Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess the association between motor vehicle owners' socioeconomic status (SES) and the safety of their motor vehicles. Methods: Truncated vehicle identification numbers (VINs) were obtained from the Maryland Motor Vehicle Administration office. ZIP code–level income and educational data were assigned to each VIN. Software was used to identify safety-related vehicle characteristics including crash test rating, availability of electronic stability control and side impact air bags, age, and weight. Correlations and analyses of variance were performed to assess whether a ZIP code's median household income and educational level were associated with its proportion of registered vehicles with safety features. Results: For 13 of the 16 correlations performed, SES was significantly associated with the availability of vehicle safety features in a direction that favored upper-income individuals. Vehicle weight was not associated with income or education. When ZIP codes we...
Statistical and subjective weights. Some problems and proposals

Abstract Problems concerning the use of statistical importance indices as feedback to human decision makers are discussed. A review of studies employing statistical feedback as a means of improving human decisions showed that a variety of indicants of the importance of specific variables have been used. Analysis of several sets of data revealed that there are large differences among these weights particularly when one looks at their absolute values. Future research should include (a) efforts directed toward finding the subject's most “usable” index, (b) definition and simulation of the effect of degree of redundancy among predictor variables, (c) the use of rank order methods of cue importance or simple unit weights, and (d) the use of experimental designs with no feedback groups. Finally, the importance of research directed to an understanding of subjective weights is emphasized.
The role of meltwater-induced subsurface ocean warming in regulating the Atlantic meridional overturning in glacial climate simulations

The Community Climate System Model version 3, (CCSM3) is used to investigate the effect of the high latitude North Atlantic subsurface ocean temperature response in idealized freshwater hosing experiments on the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). The hosing experiments covered a range of input magnitudes at two locations in a glacial background state. Subsurface subpolar ocean warms when freshwater is added to the high latitude North Atlantic (NATL cases) and weakly cools when freshwater is added to the Gulf of Mexico (GOM cases). All cases show subsurface ocean warming in the Southern Hemisphere (SH). The sensitivity of the AMOC response to the location and magnitude of hosing is related to the induced subsurface temperature response, which affects the magnitude of the large-scale meridional pressure gradient at depth through the effect on upper ocean density. The high latitude subsurface warming induced in the NATL cases lowers the upper ocean density in the deepwater formation region enhancing a density reduction by local freshening. In the GOM cases the effect of SH warming partially offsets the effect of the high latitude freshening on the meridional density gradient. Following the end of hosing, a brief convective event occurs in the largest NATL cases which flushes some of the heat stored in the subsurface layers. This fuels a rapid rise in AMOC that lasts less than a couple of decades before subsequent freshening from increases in precipitation and sea ice melt reverses the initial increase in the meridional density gradient. Thereafter AMOC recovery slows to the rate found in comparable GOM cases. The result for these glacial transient hosing experiments is that the pace of the longer recovery is not sensitive to location of the imposed freshwater forcing.
Metabolism-directed structure optimization of benzimidazole-based Francisella tularensis enoyl-reductase (FabI) inhibitors

1. FabI is a potential antibiotic target against Francisella tularensis, which has been classified as a Category A biowarfare agent of high risk to public health. Our previous work demonstrated that N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds possess promising FabI inhibitory activity, but their druggability properties, including metabolic stability, are unknown. 2. The objective of this study was to characterize structure-metabolism relationships of a series of N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds to guide chemical optimization for better metabolic stability. To this end, metabolic stability data were obtained for 22 initial lead compounds using mouse hepatic microsomes. 3. Metabolic hotspots on the benzimidazole core structure as well as the benzyl ring were identified and verified by metabolite identification studies of four model compounds. Interestingly, the proposed structure-metabolism relationships did not apply to nine newly synthesized cyclopentane or oxacyclopentane derivatives of N-benzyl benzimidazole. 4. Subsequently, in silico quantitative structure-property relationship models were developed. Four molecular descriptors representing molecular polarity/polarisability, symmetry and size were identified to best explain variability in metabolic stability of different compounds. Multi-linear and non-linear regression models based on the selected molecular descriptors were developed and validated. 5. The structure-metabolism relationships for N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds should help optimization of N-benzyl benzimidazole compounds for better pharmacokinetic behavior.
Concurrent and longitudinal correlates of preschool peer sociometrics: Comparing rating scale and nomination measures

Abstract Nomination and rating scale measures of preschool sociometric status were compared with respect to their patterns of concurrent and longitudinal developmental correlates. The study was undertaken to help fill a void in the empirical literature on young children's peer adjustment. Subjects were 79 4–5 year-old children, currently enrolled in preschool classes. In addition to the sociometric interviews, diverse measures of children's social and cognitive competence were administered concurrently, and longitudinally one year later. These measures included teacher ratings of peer acceptance and behavior problems, and performance measures of social problem-solving ability, impulse control, and vocabulary competence. As expected, the reliability of the rating scale technique was superior to that of the nomination measures. Furthermore, all three sociometric measures had modest but meaningful patterns of concurrent and longitudinal correlates. However, the negative nomination measure was distinguished from the others by its consistent association with measures of impulsivity, and its predictive link with aggressive social problem solving. Therefore, negative peer nomination measures supply unique information about children's social functioning that should be represented in studies of children at risk for social maladjustment.
The Pursuit of Quality over Quantity in TESOL Teacher Education: Coursework versus Test Only.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether licensed in-service teachers of English for speakers of other languages (ESOL) in K–12 schools are more knowledgeable in the area of applied linguistics than their nonlicensed counterparts, and whether the ESOL-licensed teachers who have taken courses toward their licensure are more knowledgeable in applied linguistics than their counterparts who have not taken any courses before being licensed. Data were collected from 201 PK–12 in-service teachers in Kansas. A chi-square statistical test was used to analyze the association between and among the above-mentioned variables. The results of this study suggest that teachers who are ESOL licensed and also those who have taken ESOL coursework are more knowledgeable in applied linguistics than teachers who are not ESOL licensed or those who have not taken any ESOL courses.
GaAs/AlGaAs MULTI-QUANTUM WELL-BASED INFRARED FOCAL PLANE ARRAYS FOR INFRARED IMAGING APPLICATIONS

New infrared focal plane arrays (FPAs) with multi-spectral coverage, high sensitivity, and lower manufacturing costs are required for many ground-based and space-based infrared imaging applications, One of the most promising FPA technologies is a GaAs/AlGaAs based Quantum Well Infrared Photodetector (QWIP) FPAs. In this paper we discuss the importance of focal plane array non-uniformity on the performance, demonstrations of varies infrared imaging cameras based on narrow-band QWIP FPAs, demonstration of long-wavelength/very long-wavelength dual-band QWIP imaging camera, demonstration of the first broad-band QWIP imaging camera, and a novel multi-quantum-well based infrared detection device structure for low-background and low-temperature operations.
Collisional metastability of high rotational states of CN(X2Σ+, = 0)☆

Abstract CN(X 2 Σ + , v ′' = 0) high rotational states relax slowly via 300 K collisions with Ar and Kr. Relaxation decreases with increasing rotation, and the partially relaxed distributions are bimodal, with low N ′' thermalized (300 K), and N ′' = 80 unrelaxed after 1000 collisions. Relaxation by N 2 , CO, and Xe is similar to Ar and Kr, but more efficient. He and NO remove many quanta in a single collision.
Reading and Writing (to) the Devi: Reflections on Unanticipated Ritualized Ethnography

This article relates an event that effectively erases the distinguishing markers between the practices of fieldwork, writing, and ritual. This merging of performance genres provides an opportunity to consider three themes that surface regularly in recent ethnographic and ritual theory: bodily knowledge, reflexivity, and indeterminacy. In this article I will explore how these themes are relevant not only to ritual and ethnographic practice in general but to rituals performed at a Sri Lankan goddess temple in the town of Rush outside Rochester, New York, where I have conducted fieldwork since 1998. My aim in speaking about ritual and ethnography in the same breath, framed by my experience of collapsing practices, is to highlight what these endeavors have to say about our multifaceted ways of perceiving and knowing.
Polariton spectrum of one-dimensional photonic crystals based on MQW structures

We study spectra of one-dimensional multiple quantum well photonic crystals. Properties of these structures depend on interplay between spatial modulation of the refractive index and interaction between light and excitons. We described this interplay for an arbitrary angle of incidence and polarization by renormalizing exciton-light coupling strength and optical path.
Parallel solid-phase synthesis of 2-imino-4-oxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles via tandem aza-Wittig/heterocumulene-mediated annulation reaction.

The parallel synthesis of a large number of 2-imino-4-oxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazole derivatives via a solid-phase 1,3,5-triazino-annulation reaction is described. The solid-phase approach involves the in situ generation of iminophosphorane derivatives derived from resin-bound 2-aminobenzimidazoles employing Mitsunobu conditions. The subsequent Aza-Wittig reaction of the iminophosphoranes with isocyanates leads to highly reactive carbodiimides, which undergo an intramolecular heterocyclization reaction to form tetrasubstituted 2-imino-4-oxo-1,3,5-triazino[1,2-a]benzimidazoles in high yields (74−94%) and good purity (>80%).
A new understanding in the epidemiology of melanoma

The incidence of melanoma is continuing to increase worldwide. UV exposure is a known risk factor for melanoma. Geographic location is known to influence UV exposure and the distribution of the incidence of melanoma. Furthermore, epidemiologic data suggest that gender and genetics may influence the distribution of melanoma on the body surface and histopathologic characteristics of the lesion. This article describes what is known about the impact of gender, ethnicity and geography on the progression of melanoma. Advanced-stage cutaneous melanoma has a median survival time of less than 1 year. Surgical removal, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, targeted therapies and a variety of immunotherapies have been utilized in the treatment of melanoma. Current treatment strategies and the results of recent clinical trials are also discussed in this article.
Interaction of Tannins and Other Sorghum Phenolic Compounds with Starch and Effects on in Vitro Starch Digestibility

This study investigated interactions of sorghum proanthocyanidins (PAs) with starch molecules and the effect on in vitro starch digestibility. High tannin (predominant in PA), black (monomeric polyphenols), and white (low in polyphenols) sorghum phenolic extracts were mixed and cooked with starches varying in amylose content. Starch pasting properties, polyphenol profile, and resistant starch (RS) were determined. PAs decreased setback of normal starch and were least extractable after cooking with all starches. Pure amylose interacted more strongly with oligomeric and polymeric PA compared to amylopectin. The PA extract increased the net RS in normal starch by about 2 times more than the monomeric polyphenol extract; debranching amylopectin increased the difference by 4.3 times. Only treatments with PA increased RS in high amylose starch (52% higher than the control). Sorghum PAs interact strongly with starch, decreasing starch digestibility. The interactions appear to be specific to amylose and linear fragments of amylopectin, suggesting hydrophobic interactions are involved.
Evaluation of a Kit for Estimating Organic Matter Concentrations in Bottom Soils of Aquaculture Ponds

The Hach CEL/700 Organic Matter Laboratory provided estimates of organic carbon concentrations in pond soil samples comparable to those obtained by the commonly-used Walkley-Black method. Dry ashing at 350–400 C tended to overestimate soil organic matter concentrations, and this procedure requires too much equipment and laboratory expertise for use on most aquaculture farms. The Hach kit can provide practical aquaculturists a simple and reliable method for measuring organic matter in pond soils. Samples from brackishwater ponds should be treated with mercuric sulfate to prevent chloride interference and overestimation of organic matter.
Recent empirical evidence on the impact of the primary budget deficit on nominal longer term treasury note interest rate yields

This study empirically investigates the impact of the federal budget deficit on the nominal interest rate yields on seven and ten year treasury notes over the 1992?2003 period. To measure the budget deficit, the primary budget deficit, which excludes net interest payments by the treasury, is adopted. In a loanable funds model that includes the monetary base, expected inflation, an ex ante real short term interest rate yield and an ex ante real intermediate term interest rate yield, the percentage growth rate of real GDP, and the percentage growth rate of the S&P 500 stock index, instrumental variables estimations using quarterly data reveal that the primary deficit has raised the nominal interest rate yields on both seven year and ten year treasury notes over the study period, raising serious concerns about the currently surging national debt.
Computing heats of formation from CBS-Q total energies and the experimental heats of vaporization of graphite and rhombic sulfur

Abstract Evaluations of heats of formation (HOFs) for small inorganic and organic molecules were computed from their total energies and the total energies of their component elements which were obtained by CBS-Q computational studies. The computed HOFs are in good agreement with experimental values and CBS-Q is recommended as the method of choice when HOFs for small molecular systems are investigated.
Effect of spatial resolution on apparent sensitivity to initial conditions of a decaying flow as it becomes turbulent

Grids with 32(exp 3), 64(exp 3), and 128(exp 3) points are used in numerical solutions for a decaying flow. The sensitivity of initially neighboring solutions to small changes in initial conditions increases as the spatial resolution improves. A fourth-order finite-difference method is used for the solutions with 32(exp 3) and 64(exp 3) grid points, and a pseudospectral method is used for 128(exp 3) grid points. The latter solutions appear to be rather well-resolved, in spite of the formation of steep velocity gradients in the flow.
Three-dimensional versus conventional volcanic hazard maps

Volcanic hazard maps inform the public on the nature and extent of the hazards that threaten them, but these maps are often challenging for those who are not trained in map use or geology. This study focuses on hazard maps showing lahars—a dangerous, fast, and far-reaching volcanic hazard that can be avoided through preemptive evacuation or escaped with sufficient warning and awareness of affected areas. We evaluate the effectiveness of conventional contour lines versus 3D perspective maps for relief representation and the effectiveness of point markers versus isochrones (lines of equal time delay) for the visualization of lahar travel time. Four maps, each with a unique combination of these variables, were tested in a user study at Mount Hood, Oregon, USA. Each participant was given one of the maps and assigned tasks concerning: (1) terrain interpretation, (2) estimation of lahar travel times, and (3) selection of evacuation routes. Participants were then shown all four maps and asked to indicate which design they liked best and worst for each task. Thirty-four pilot surveys and 80 regular surveys were conducted. Participants clearly preferred the 3D isochrone map the most and the 2D point marker map the least for all tasks. Participants were better able to interpret terrain on the 3D maps and selected better evacuation routes on 3D maps. Participants showed similar performance with point markers and isochrones when reading lahar travel times. These findings suggest that 3D maps are better suited to communicate volcanic hazards than traditional contour maps.
Multi-stage purchase decision models: Accommodating response heterogeneity, common demand shocks, and endogeneity using disaggregate data

Abstract The most comprehensive models of purchase behavior for frequently purchased supermarket items explain households' purchase incidence decisions (whether to buy), brand choice decisions (what to buy), and purchase quantity decisions (how much to buy). In this study, we develop a three-stage purchase incidence/brand choice/purchase quantity model for household-level data in which all three stages are specified with (i) random coefficient distributions for model covariates and (ii) random effect distributions to account for unobserved factors affecting demand (known as common demand shocks), while also (iii) controlling for the effects of endogeneity on prices. Compared to current state-of-the-art models for multi-stage purchase decisions, the results show improvements in fit and forecasting accuracy when purchase behaviors are modeled with all of these components in combination. Perhaps more importantly, when common demand shocks are ignored, substantial differences in parameter estimates and diagnostic information about consumer behavior are likely (median differences in parameter estimates are 10% and 20% in two product categories), which impact managerial deliberations about price and promotion policies. Further, failure to account for common demand shocks affects the mean and variance of random coefficient distributions in unpredictable directions, which could produce results that encourage managers to pursue inappropriate and costly micro-level product marketing strategies.
Morphine reduces mortality in mice following ocular infection with HSV-1.

Abstract To determine the effect of chronic opioid treatment on mice infected with herpes simplex virus (HSV-1), female ICR mice were administered saline or morphine (25 mg/kg) subcutaneously (s.c.) 3×/day and infected five days later via corneal scarification and inoculation with 150–210 plaque forming units of HSV-1. Mice deprived of morphine succumbed following infection faster than morphine- or saline-maintained mice, and morphine-maintained mice had a higher cumulative survival than either saline-maintained or morphine-deprived mice. There was no significant difference in cytokine mRNA or protein levels by RT-PCR and ELISA, respectively, in the eyes, trigeminal ganglia, cerebellum, or brain stem, comparing morphine-maintained to saline-treated mice. Similarly, there were no differences in the viral load in the eyes and trigeminal ganglia during the acute infection comparing these two groups assayed three and six days post-infection. While there were no differences in the expression of viral transcripts in the eyes and trigeminal ganglia during the acute infection, HSV-1 infected cell polypeptide 27 expression was reduced in the brain stem of morphine-maintained mice. Collectively, the results suggest that mice maintained on morphine antagonize the spread of HSV-1 in the central nervous system and thus, reduce the incidence of viral-induced encephalitis.
Gadolinium deposition in nephrogenic systemic fibrosis: An examination of tissue using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy

Background Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a fibrosing disorder associated with gadolinium (Gd)-based contrast agents dosed during renal insufficiency. Objective In two patients, Gd deposition in tissue affected by nephrogenic systemic fibrosis was quantified using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The presence of Gd was confirmed and mapped using synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy. Results Affected skin and soft tissue from the lower extremity demonstrated 89 and 209 ppm (μg/g, dry weight, formalin fixed) in cases 1 and 2, respectively. In case 2, the same skin and soft tissue was retested after paraffin embedding, with the fat content removed by xylene washes, and this resulted in a measured value of 189 ppm (μg/g, dry weight, paraffin embedded). Synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy confirmed Gd in the affected tissue of both cases, and provided high-sensitivity and high-resolution spatial mapping of Gd deposition. A gradient of Gd deposition in tissue correlated with fibrosis and cellularity. Gd deposited in periadnexal locations within the skin, including hair and eccrine ducts, where it colocalized to areas of high calcium and zinc content. Limitations Because of the difficulty in obtaining synchrotron x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy scans, tissue from only two patients were mapped. A single control with kidney disease and gadolinium-based contrast agent exposure did not contain Gd. Conclusions Gd content on a gravimetric basis was impacted by processing that removed fat and altered the dry weight of the specimens. Gradients of Gd deposition in tissue corresponded to fibrosis and cellularity. Adnexal deposition of Gd correlated with areas of high calcium and zinc content.
Dimensions of social interaction tempo: A factor analytic study of time and frequency domain indexes of interaction structure

On-off vocal activity in 130 getting-acquainted conversations between strangers was analyzed using four types of statistics including vocalization, pause and interruption durations, basic descriptive statistics, time series regression, and frequency domain analysis. The resulting 14 indexes of interaction structure were factor-analysed; four dimensions were obtained. These factors were labeled partner coordination, within-speaker predictability, interruptions/pauses, and talkativeness. Results highlight the equivalence between time and frequency domain analysis. The autoregressive R2 predicting speaker activity from speaker's own past behavior in time series regression was highly correlated with a rhythm index derived from frequency domain analysis. These statistics can both be interpreted as indications of the strength of “internal determinants” of behavior described by Jones and Gerard (1967). On the other hand, the coordination factor represents a collection of statistics that assess “social determinants” of behavior. The information provided by these two sets of variables (predictability and coordination) is distinct from the information provided by the mean durations of vocalizations, pauses, and interruptions. It may be useful to include variables that represent all four of these dimensions in future research.
Selective loss of responsiveness to alpha adrenergic receptor stimulation after cold storage of the rabbit intestine

Abstract Dose-ratio experiments on fresh preparations of isolated rabbit duodenum and ileum showed that phentolamine (an alpha adrenergic blocking agent) effectively antagonized the intestinal relaxation induced by methoxamine (an alpha receptor stimulant) but not that produced by is oproterenol (a beta receptor stimulant). The converse was found with the use of pronethalol, a beta adrenergic blocking agent. These results are consistent with the proposal that intestinal relaxation can be produced by stimulation either of alpha or beta receptors. Storage of the duodenum and jejunum at 6–8°C for 24 hours or longer reduced or abolished the intrinsic activity of methoxamine but not those of isoproterenol, epinephrine or norepinephrine. The procedure thus appears to produce an impairment of alpha but not beta receptor activity. The ileum was somewhat more resistant to this effect of storage than the jejunum and duodenum.
Transport of arsenic in grassland microcosms and field plots

Two sizes of excised microcosms (15 and 30 cm in diameter) and 30 cm diameter homogenized microcosms were compared with field plots to assess the transport of As in a grassland ecosystem. The purpose of the experiment was to determine the suitability of using microcosms for measuring the transport of toxic substances through grassland ecosystem components (soil, grass, and soil water). Arsenic was applied to each set of microcosms and the field plots, at rates of 0, 0.5, and 5.0 mg cm−2. Results show that As was highly assimilated by grass, with the greatest concentration being 720 ppm. The microcosms were found to represent the field plots in terms of As transport, and offer several advantages over field testing of toxic substances.
Genetic control of anti-Sm autoantibody production in NOD congenic mice narrowed to the Idd9.3 region.

Anti-Smith (anti-Sm) autoantibodies are directed to proteins in the small-nuclear ribonucleoprotein (snRNP) family and are considered specific for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) in both humans and mice. We previously established that NOD.c3c4 mice, carrying B6 and B10 congenic segments from chromosomes 3 to 4 on an nonobese diabetic (NOD) background, and NOD.Idd9R28 mice, carrying a B10 segment on c4 alone, developed significant penetrance of anti-Sm antibody production. Here we determine autoantibody incidence in additional NOD.Idd9 congenic strains and use a congenic mapping approach to narrow the interval necessary for enhanced autoantibody production to a ∼5.6-Mb region containing insulin-dependent diabetes (Idd)9.3. The Idd9.3 interval contains the candidate molecule cluster of differentiation (CD)137, which is a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor superfamily, functions as an inducible costimulator of T cells, and controls T–B interactions. The NOD and B10 CD137 alleles have sequence polymorphisms and different functional effects on T cells; the NOD CD137 allele mediates weaker T cell proliferative responses and decreased interleukin (IL)-2 production after CD137-mediated costimulation. Our work establishes CD137 as a candidate gene for control of autoantibody production in NOD.Idd9.3 congenic mice.
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seafood from the gulf of Alaska following a major crude oil spill

More than ten million gallons of Prudo Bay crude oil spilled into Prince William Sound, Alaska, when the supertanker EXXON VALDEZ ran aground March 1989. The oil spread over thousands of square miles of prime commercial fishing waters, causing State and Federal agencies to initiate immediate controls to ensure that seafood contaminated with this crude oil did not enter commercial channels. Consequently, the 1989 herring fishery was closed for the season, and other fisheries were closely monitored. Whenever there was visible evidence of oil in an area, the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADFG) closed that area to commercial fishing. Salmon harvested from open areas during the remainder of that season were screened organoleptically as they were being off-loaded from the vessels. PAHs were selected for analysis because they are constituents of crude oil and some are carcinogenic. During the 1990 herring fishing season, ADFG collected samples at the various catch sites prior to the season opening. Only when there was no evidence of oil contamination was the herring fishery allowed to open. In addition, samples were collected during the course of the harvest season and similarly analyzed. The 1990 salmon fishery was controlled in a like manner. Aftermore » the fishery was allowed to open, catches continued to be monitored organoleptically by ADEC and FDA investigators. Negative organoleptic samples continued to be sent to the ADEC, Palmer Laboratory, selective tissue portions removed and sent to the FDA laboratory where they were further analyzed for PAH levels by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 4 refs., 2 figs., 5 tabs.« less
Convergence properties of relaxation algorithms

Nonadaptive relaxation algorithms require strong continuity assumptions and adaptive relaxation algorithms are computationally costly. To remedy that situation, an anti-jamming procedure similar to the one used by the author for the method of feasible directions is proposed. The resulting algorithms are compared with the existing ones for solving unconstrained optimization problem inE n .
Persistence of Overflowing Manifolds for Semiflow

This paper, which is a sequel to a previous one [4] by the same authors, is devoted to the persistence of overflowing manifolds and inflowing manifolds for a semiflow in a Banach space. We consider a C1 semiflow defined on a Banach space X; that is, it is continuous on [0,∞)×X , and for each t ≥ 0, T t : X → X is C1, and T t ◦ T (x) = T t+s(x) for all t, s ≥ 0 and x ∈ X . A typical example is the solution operator for a differential equation. In [4] we proved that a compact, normally hyperbolic, invariant manifold M persists under small C1 perturbations in the semiflow. We also showed that in a neighborhood of M , there exist a center-stable manifold and a center-unstable manifold that intersect in the manifold M . In [4] the compactness and invariance of the manifold M were important assumptions. In the present paper, we study the more general case where the manifold M is overflowing (“negatively invariant and the semiflow crosses the boundary transversally”) or inflowing (“positively invariant and the semiflow crosses the boundary transversally”). We do not assume that M is compact or finite-dimensional. Also, M is not necessarily an imbedded manifold, but an immersed manifold. As an example, a local unstable manifold of an equilibrium point is an overflowing manifold. In brief, our main results on the overflowing manifolds may be summarized as follows (the precise statements are given in Section 2). We assume that the immersed manifoldM does not twist very much locally,M is covered by the image under T t of a subset a positive distance away from boundary, DT t contracts along the normal direction and does so more strongly than it does along the tangential direction, and DT t has a certain uniform continuity in a neighborhood of M . If the C1 perturbation T t of T t is sufficiently close to T t, then T t has a unique C1 immersed overflowing manifold M nearM . Furthermore, if T t isCk and a spectral gap condition holds, then M isCk. Similar results for inflowing manifolds are also obtained and given in Section 7.
Pion-nucleon scattering up to 10 Gev/c

Abstract Pion-nucleon data in the momentum range 1.6 to 10 GeV/c are analyzed. As an intermediate step in the analysis, an impact parameter model, which describes the data primarily in terms of diffractive and peripheral contributions, is used. Many of the resulting partial wave amplitudes show strong resonance-like behavior. The masses, widths and elasticities of resonances with spins j = 7 2 ,…, 21 2 are estimated.
Constraint respecters, constraint challengers, and crisis decision making in democracies: a case study analysis of Kennedy versus Reagan

Models linking domestic political constraints (audience costs, pressures for the diversionary use of force, democratic norms and institutions) to foreign policy behavior generally assume that leaders simply recognize and submit to constraints in their domestic environments--a strong structural argument. In contrast, research on political leadership and decision making suggests that leaders vary systematically in their orientations toward constraints: "constraint respecters" tend to internalize potential constraints, while "constraint challengers" are more likely to view them as obstacles to be overcome. This article develops an integrative theoretical framework that explicitly incorporates these insights and applies them to the domain of crisis decision making. After identifying leaders' expected orientations toward constraints via at-a-distance methods, the plausibility of hypotheses derived from this framework is examined through case studies that explore the decision-making processes employed by President Kennedy (a "constraint respecter") and President Reagan (a "constraint challenger") during international crises. The results suggest that there is important variation in how leaders perceive and respond to domestic constraints, and that leadership style is one--though not the only--important source of this variation. Language: en
Death Education and its Effect on the Death Anxiety Level of Nurses

The purpose of the present srudy was to determine the effect of a death education program for registered nurses upon their level of death anxiety. Ss were 30 female nurses, ranging from 22 to 58 yr. of age with a mean of 32.80 yr. They were randomly selected from 330 registered nurses employed by a 500-bed general medical and surgical hospital in New York City. The program consisted of six 1%-hr. sessions spaced 1 wk. apart, with relevant readings distributed at the end of each session The methods used included lecture-discussion, audio-visual presentations, group dynamics, role playing, and sensitiviry exercises. It is acknowledged that it is not possible in this article to describe the program thoroughly enough for replication.' However, the primary intent of this study was to determine the effectiveness of such a program, with analysis of the therapeutic ingredients being left for fume research. Ss were administered Templer's (1969, 1970) Death Anxiery Scale at the beginning of Session 1, on the completion of the program, and 4 wk. later. The nurses obtained Death Anxiery Scale means of 6.70 on pretest, 6.36 on posttest
Long-term effects of the anticholinesterases sarin and soman on latencies of muscle action potentials in mouse diaphragm muscle.

— In-vivo administration of the irreversible anticholinesterases sarin and soman has been shown to produce long-term effects on latency and variability of latency of muscle action potentials in in-vitro mouse diaphragm muscle preparations. The maximum observed effects occurred three days post-soman administration and seven days post-sarin administration, and were no longer detectable 28 days later. With both anticholinesterases the increase in latency, and variability of latency, was reduced by pyridostigmine pretreatment. Therapeutic administration of pralidoxime mesylate effectively prevented the sarin-induced effects when given after a delay of 24 h. In contrast, the effectiveness of pralidoxime mesylate declined rapidly when its administration was delayed following soman. These findings are consistent with this action of soman and sarin being a product of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. The results obtained with sarin suggest that a period of acetylcholinesterase inhibition in excess of 24 h is required to trigger the events leading to the production of this long-term effect.
Interaction and recognition challenges in interpreting children's touch and gesture input on mobile devices

As mobile devices like the iPad and iPhone become increasingly commonplace, touchscreen interactions are quickly overtaking other interaction methods in terms of frequency and experience for many users. However, most of these devices have been designed for the general, typical user. Trends indicate that children are using these devices (either their parents' or their own) for entertainment or learning activities. Previous work has found key differences in how children use touch and surface gesture interaction modalities vs. adults. In this paper, we specifically examine the impact of these differences in terms of automatically and reliably understanding what kids meant to do. We present a study of children and adults performing touch and surface gesture interaction tasks on mobile devices. We identify challenges related to (a) intentional and unintentional touches outside of onscreen targets and (b) recognition of drawn gestures, that both indicate a need to design tailored interaction for children to accommodate and overcome these challenges.
The impact of imagined audiences on self-appraisals

The concept of the relational self suggests that simply imagining significant others produces shifts in self-assessments consistent with one’s roles and experiences with those others. To test relevant hypotheses, college women (from the United States) imagined a significant other as part of a visualization task. After imagining parents as compared to peers, participants described themselves as less sensual, dominant, and adventurous (Experiment 1), a pattern consistent with other women’s ratings of how they actually felt with those others. Supporting the idea that self-esteem differences emerge in more evaluative contexts, self-esteem moderated self-assessments on key dimensions (Experiment 2). After imagining a romantic other but not a best friend, self-esteem was directly related to women’s self-ratings of sensuality, physical attractiveness, and being at ease.
Charisma Is Contagious: The Effect of Leaders’ Charisma on Observers’ Affect1

Two studies were conducted to test the hypothesis that charismatic leadership, characterized by nonverbal expressiveness and immediacy, would lead via emotional contagion to the imitation of the leader's nonverbal behavior. In Study I, charismatic leaders were college students whose performance of a simulated campaign speech included more smiles, more intense smiles, and longer and more frequent visual attention to the audience. Observers showed higher levels of all 4 relevant behaviors while watching charismatic leaders. In Study 2, college student participants watched more and less charismatic excerpts selected from President Clinton's and ex-President Bush's responses during their first 1992 televised debate. Comparing the same behaviors, there was a similar pattern to Study I for responses to the Clinton excerpts, and an almost reversed pattern for the Bush excerpts. The overall results support an emotional contagion effect of charismatic leadership when the leader exhibits truly charismatic behavior.
Undercompressive shock waves and the Dafermos regularization

For a system of conservation laws in one space dimension, we identify all structurally stable Riemann solutions that include only shock waves. Shock waves are required to satisfy the viscous profile criterion for a given viscosity (B(u)ux)x. Undercompressive shock waves are allowed. We also show that all such Riemann solutions have nearby smooth solutions of the Dafermos regularization with the given viscosity.
Escape probabilities in a cylindrically expanding medium

Abstract The escape probability in the Sobolev limit in 1-D cylindrical symmetry is derived. The result is an integral, a function of the optical depth τ, and another variable determined by the velocity field. Evaluating the integral on the cylindrical axis gives an analytic expression involving Bessel functions, a result which is also valid for self-similarly expanding or contracting media. Off-axis, the integral is approximated by three series expansions. One series is an expansion about the axial result. For velocity fields in which the velocity gradient v ' dominates the ratio v / R , the integral reduces to the appropriate formula for 1-D slab symmetry. The second series is an expansion about this slab result. The third expansion is valid for small optical depth τ. As τ increases, the escape probability becomes asymptotically equal to (3τ) -1 . The escape probability is used in a simulation of a cylindrical X-ray laser experiment. The simulation is characterized by large velocity gradients. Therfore, it is ideally suited to the Sobolev theory of escape probabilities. The cylindrical escape probability is always greater than the analogous slab result which results in an electron shell population distribution that is more favorable for lasing. Use of the cylindrical instead of the slab formula results in higher values of the laser gain. These higher values are in better agreement with the experiment.
Comparison of Xenon Arc and Argon Laser Photocoagulation in the Treatment of Choroidal Melanomas

We analyzed the follow-up data in 38 consecutive patients with selected choroidal melanomas that were treated by photocoagulation between 1971 and 1980. Indications for treatment included photographic documentation of tumor growth or an unequivocally positive radioactive phosphorus uptake test, or both. Xenon arc photocoagulation was used in 22 patients (58%) and argon laser was used in 16 patients (42%). At the time of data analysis, the length of follow-up was at least 58 months in all patients. Although all treated tumors were initially eradicated according to ophthalmoscopic and fluorescein angiographic criteria, there was subsequent regrowth in three of the 22 patients (14%) treated with xenon photocoagulation and in ten of the 16 patients (64%) treated with argon laser. The recurrences were observed on an average of 71 months after completion of treatment in the xenon-treated group and on an average of 30 months in the argon-treated group. More treatment sessions were required in the argon laser group to achieve tumor control. Complications of vitreous hemorrhage, cystoid macular edema, and retinal detachment were greater in the xenon photocoagulation group.
Justice and the Foundations of Economic Thought

. Justice in the economy is a subject of renewed interest among contemporary economists. In the growing literature, Joseph A. Spengler's Origins of Economic Thought and Justice may become a standard reference work. Its great merit is the way it handles values and value judgments. Economics as an objective science cannot tell us anything about ends, Spengler holds, but it illuminates Valuation and facilitates isolation of costs and some benefits of realizing ends. Still, economists “need to base their policy-oriented arguments on distributive justice and not on efficiency.”
Time-resolved Macromolecular Crystallography Workshop at BioCARS

On November 20–22, 2008, BioCARS, a member of the Center for Advanced Radiation Sources at The University of Chicago, hosted a three-day workshop on Time-resolved Macromolecular Crystallography (TRMC) that introduced participants to the principles of synchrotron-based Laue diffraction for time-resolved crystallography and provided hands-on instruction in both data acquisition and analysis. Thirty-one participants represented 21 research groups from the US and internationally from the Czech Republic, Denmark, Canada, and Australia.
Uncertainty Forecasts Improve Decision Making Among Nonexperts

The objective of this research was to evaluate the impact of weather uncertainty information on decision making in naturalistic settings. Traditional research often reveals deficits in human decision making under uncertainty as compared with normative models of rational choice. However, little research has addressed the question of whether people in naturalistic settings make better decisions when they have uncertainty information as compared with when they have only a deterministic forecast. Two studies investigated the effect of several types of weather uncertainty information on the quality of decisions to protect roads against icing and on temperature predictions and compared them with a control condition that provided deterministic forecast only. Experiment 1 was a Web-based questionnaire that included a single trial. Experiment 2, conducted in lab, included 120 trials and provided outcome feedback and a reward based on performance. Both studies indicated enhanced performance with uncertainty informa...
Pelvic Examination: Patient Safety and Comfort

For the female patient, one of the most anxiety producing and physically uncomfortable procedures is the pelvic examination. Active consideration given to the patient may lessen her anxiety. Presented below is a series of actions to promote the safety and comfort of patients as they are assisted into and out of the lithotomy position.
Ultrabright supramolecular beacons based on the self-assembly of two-photon chromophores on metal nanoparticles.

Silver nanoparticles coated with a self-assembled layer of ∼2500 chromophoric alkylthiol ligands, that exhibit a huge per particle two-photon absorption cross section (2.7 × 10-45 cm4 s photon-1) and a high fluorescence quantum yield (0.33), are reported. Polyfunctionalized variants of these nanoparticles have been produced that show reasonable solubility in water/ethanol mixtures. By virtue of the large number of tethered chromophores, these particles act as strongly two-photon absorbing nanobeacons and may have applications in fluorescence imaging and sensing.
Subcapsular liver hematoma after colonoscopy diagnosed by emergency department bedside ultrasonography.

Abstract Background Hepatic subcapsular hematoma is an uncommon cause of right upper quadrant pain in the Emergency Department. It must be recognized early, as large volumes of acute blood loss and rupture into the peritoneum carry significant morbidity and mortality. In the absence of gallbladder disease, the differential diagnosis should include liver pathology. Bedside ultrasonography can be used to identify such lesions. Objectives To discuss the presentation, evaluation, and management options of hepatic subcapsular hematoma. Case Report We report a case of a 30-year-old woman who presented with the chief complaint of right upper quadrant pain radiating to the right scapula 6 h after a screening colonoscopy for intestinal polyps. Emergency physician-performed bedside ultrasound revealed a large hyperechoic mass in the right lobe of the liver. Radiology-performed comprehensive ultrasound and subsequent computed tomography scan of her abdomen and pelvis revealed a subcapsular hematoma without intestinal perforation. Conclusion In a patient with undifferentiated right upper quadrant abdominal pain, bedside ultrasonography is a rapid and effective modality in the diagnosis of liver masses, including subcapsular hematoma.
Omnidirectional reflector using nanoporous SiO 2 as a low-refractive-index material

Triple-layer omnidirectional reflectors (ODRs) consisting of a semiconductor, a quarter-wavelength transparent dielectric layer, and a metal have high reflectivities for all angles of incidence. Internal ODRs (ambient material's refractive index n >> 1.0) are demonstrated that incorporate nanoporous SiO2, a low-refractive-index material (n = 1.23), as well as dense SiO2 (n = 1.46). GaP and Ag serve as the semiconductor and the metal layer, respectively. Reflectivity measurements, including angular dependence, are presented. Calculated angle-integrated TE and TM reflectivities for ODRs employing nanoporous SiO2 are R(int)/TE = 99.9% and R(int)/TM = 98.9%, respectively, indicating the high potential of the ODRs for low-loss waveguide structures.