cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Pharmacodynamic Basis of Herbal Medicine

The Pharmacokinetic Basis of Therapeutics Pharmacodynamics Adverse Reactions and Drug-Drug Interactions Herb-Drug Interactions Natural Products as a Resource for Established and New Drugs Alternative Therapies Herbal Therapeutics Then and Now Dietary Antioxidants Herbal Drugs and Their High Demand in Treating Diseases Algae Alkaloids Aloe and Colon Function Banisterine, Selegiline, and Parkinson's Disease Belladonna Alkaloids: Autonomic Drugs Blueberry (Vaccinium) Botulinum Toxin Brussels Sprouts Cannabis Capsicum, Rosemary, and Turmeric Carotenoids Chocolate Cinchona Tree Coca Colchicine and Gout Compositae Curare and Neuromuscular Blockade Daffodil and Alzheimer's Disease Eggplant Ephedrine (Ma Huang): A Decongestant and Vasopressor Ergot, Its Alkaloids, and Headache Flavonoids Flaxseed Folate in Fruit Food-Drug Interactions Foxglove, Cardiac Glycosides, and Congestive Heart Failure Ginkgo biloba Ginseng and Cholinergic Transmission Green, White, and Black Teas Herbal Plants and Tuberculosis Herbal Products for the Chemotherapy of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Honey: The Nectar of Life Horseradish and Antiplatelet Actions Hypericum (St. John's Wort) and Depression Ipecac Manuka and Fungal Disease Marine Therapeutics Morphine:Papaver somniferum Oats (Avena sativa L.) and Their Antioxidant Activity Olives and Olive Oil Onion and Garlic Immunoenhancing Actions of Plantain Plants and Diabetes Pomegranate Pycnogenol Pygeum africanum and Permixon for the Treatment of Patients with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia Reserpine Rhubarb Saffron Salicylate Sex Herbs Sponges and Steroids Taxol (Paclitaxel) and Cancer Chemotherapy Tomatoes Ulcer Therapy with Herbal Medicine Valerian Vitamins and Diet Wheat Germ Wine Yogurt and the Immune System Specific References General References Index
Mathematical Status of the Fission Theory

A review is given of the current mathematical and theoretical status of the possibility of the formation of binary stars by fission. It is emphasized that none of the competing theories is completely deductive: each begins with a preconception of how fission might occur, and considers mathematical problems that bear on the viability of that preconception. The classical fission theory turned out to lack internal consistency. The present author’s version of the theory, revised from the classical theory in that viscosity plays a negligible rather than a dominant role, appears to be internally consistent and compatible with the idea that close binaries with mass ratios near one may form in this way. The version of the theory described elsewhere in this volume by Durisen, which fails to produce binaries, is based on a preconception of the route to fission different from the classical one. Its failure to produce binaries therefore reflects only on that route, and not on other possible routes to fission.
Random laser with ultra-high concentration of dye

We have studied stimulated emission in rhodamine 6G - TiO2 random laser. The minimal threshold has been found at ultra-high concentrations of both dye and TiO2 nanoparticles.
Some Graphs Related to Thompson’s Group F

The Schreier graphs of Thompson’s group F with respect to the stabilizer of 1/2 and generators x 0 and x 1 , and of its unitary representation in L 2 ([0, 1]) induced by the standard action on the interval [0, 1] are explicitly described. The coamenability of the stabilizers of any finite set of dyadic rational numbers is established. The induced subgraph of the right Cayley graph of the positive monoid of F containing all the vertices of the form x n v, where n ≥ 0 and v is any word over the alphabet {x 0 , x 1 }, is constructed. It is proved that the latter graph is non-amenable.
Cyclopolymerization of N-substituted diacryltriazine monomers with hydrophilic comonomers to yield polymeric herbicides

Abstract N , N -Diacryloyl metribuzin (DAMB) was synthesized by acylation of metribuzin with acryloyl chloride and then polymerized using free-radical initiation to obtain the polymerbound herbicide as a candidate for hydrolytic controlled-release applications. The diacrylamide structure allowed cyclopolymerization resulting in polymers having cyclic imide units along the chain. Copolymerizations with acrylamide (AM) and acrylic acid (AA) were conducted in order to increase hydrophilicity. Reactivity ratios indicated DAMB to be the more reactive comonomer. Both the DAMB/AM and DAMB/AA systems produced random copolymers; the latter, however, showed less tendency for blackness. Studies in aqueous buffer systems indicated that hydrolysis of the labile bond to release metribuzin was occurring at low rates. The rates increased with increasing pH of the medium or hydrophilic content of the polymer.
A micromethod for the detection and assay of steroid C21 17-hydroxy-α-glycols☆

Abstract A procedure has been described for the detection and assay of steroid C21, 17-hydroxy-α-glycols. It involves oxidation with periodic acid followed by a micro determination of 17-ketosteroids. The technique is sensitive to 5–10 μg. of material and is applicable to nonacetylated chromatographic fractions or purified preparations. At least three 17-hydroxy-α-glycols were found in normal male urine, totaling 526 μg. androsterone equivalent per 24 hr.
PREREQUISITES FOR THE GROWTH OF CONSUMER INSTALMENT CREDIT

CONSUMER CREDIT IS an ancient institution. In one form or another it has existed in most money-using societies known to history-it may even be older than money-and today it is used not only in the economically developed countries but also in the relatively less developed ones. Consumer instalment credit, on the other hand, is a relatively recent development. Instalment selling, it is true, is also known to have existed a very long time ago, but only in exceptional instances. Thus in ancient Rome houses were once sold on the instalment plan, while in seventeenth-century Britain Scottish weavers sold suit "lengths" on instalments on a door-to-door basis to wage earners in the north of England. In its modern form, however, consumer instalment buying dates back to the middle of the nineteenth century. At that time furniture, sewing machines, pianos, and even encyclopedias began to be sold on the instalment plan not only in the United States but also in most western European countries and in some of the overseas countries of the British Commonwealth. Today, of course, instalment credit is very much more important in this country than abroad. The revolution in consumption that made it possible and that in turn was accelerated by the growth of instalment credit in this country is admirably described in the study by the Federal Reserve Board of Governors of consumer instalment credit, in a chapter prepared by Robert Solomon.' In this paper I have been asked to look outside the United States and to discuss the factors behind the much slower and very uneven expansion of consumer instalment credit abroad. The basic prerequisites for the growth of such credit can best be discussed under three headings: (1) the fundamental economic factors, of which the most important is a standard of living well above the subsistence level; (2) the community attitudes; and (13) the financing facilities.
Bayesian semiparametric ROC curve estimation and disease diagnosis

We develop a novel semiparametric modeling framework involving mixtures of Polya trees for screening data with the dual purpose of diagnosing infection or disease status and of assessing the accuracy of continuous diagnostic measures. In this framework, we obtain (i) predictive probabilities of 'disease' based on continuous diagnostic test outcomes in conjunction with other information, including relevant covariates and results from one or more independent binary diagnostic tests. An example would be the modeling of a serum enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) procedure for detecting antibodies to an infectious agent when used in conjunction with culture for antigen detection. Our second goal is to (ii) characterize measures of diagnostic performance of continuous tests by estimating receiver-operating characteristic curves and area under the curve, primarily when such extra information is available. When true disease status is unknown, parametric and nonparametric analyses require sufficient separation between the distributions of outcome values for the diseased and nondiseased populations. However, this overlap becomes less problematic when additional information in the form of either an informative 'prior' that is based on real (preferably data-based) scientific input, or when additional information, or both, are available. The additional information can be used to distinguish 'diseased' from 'nondiseased' individuals. We present an example using simulated data that illustrates this point. We also present an example involving data from an animal-health survey for Johne's disease, where the performance of a serum ELISA is evaluated using additional information obtained from fecal culture. Issues related to identifiability and partial identifiability are also discussed.
Evaluation of postpartum culture techniques

SummaryA ‘tube within a tube’ technique for obtaining postpartum endometrial cultures was compared to the usual transcervical method of collection of material for culture in a total of 603 patients. The patients were randomly assigned to one of the methods of collection. The double tube method markedly decreased contamination from the vagina and enhanced the recovery of anaerobic organisms.
A computational unification of cognitive behavior and emotion

Existing models that integrate emotion and cognition generally do not fully specify why cognition needs emotion and conversely why emotion needs cognition. In this paper, we present a unified computational model that combines an abstract cognitive theory of behavior control (PEACTIDM) and a detailed theory of emotion (based on an appraisal theory), integrated in a theory of cognitive architecture (Soar). The theory of cognitive control specifies a set of required computational functions and their abstract inputs and outputs, while the appraisal theory specifies in more detail the nature of these inputs and outputs and an ontology for their representation. We argue that there is a surprising functional symbiosis between these two independently motivated theories that leads to a deeper theoretical integration than has been previously obtained in other computational treatments of cognition and emotion. We use an implemented model in Soar to test the feasibility of the resulting integrated theory, and explore its implications and predictive power in several task domains.
Potential tissue damage from transcutaneous recharge of neuromodulation implants

The magnetic-field-driven heat generation in neuromodulation systems consisting of implanted and skin-surface-mounted components gives rise to the potential of discomfort, cell damage, and possible necrosis. The skin-surface-mounted component, commonly termed the antenna, serves the function of the primary of a transformer, and the implant is the secondary. Heating occurs in both of these components during the recharging of a battery situated in the implant. Previously reported experimental data for the heat generation characteristics of three commercially available neurostimulation systems has been enhanced by further experiments carried out as part of this investigation. A numerical simulation of the temperature distribution in tissue beds adjacent to the implant and the antenna has been performed here. The aggregated data have been used as input information to a bio-heat-transfer model which yields both the spatial and temporal variations of the temperature field. It was found that during long-duration recharging periods, the temperature of the tissue rises in response to the heat generation. This information enables the identification of the magnitude and location in the tissue of the hot-spot temperature. The temporal temperature variation at the hot spot was employed in conjunction with a tissue-damage integral to identify the possibility of cell damage and/or necrosis. It was found that two of the three investigated neuromodulation systems did not give rise to temperature levels that may cause tissue damage. However, the third of the systems caused temperatures of sufficient elevation so that for recharging periods on the order of 2 h, necrosis was found to be likely in situations where heat transfer is suppressed at the surface of the skin.
A conceptual model for the identification, organization, and measure of influence of fertility policies and programs

Abstract The conceptual model presented allows for the identification and organization of different kinds of fertility policies and programs, as they affect fertility, and the relevant elements of the sociocultural variables, dichotomized into “structural” and “cultural” components, that can be associated with fertility. Support for the model was obtained by “fitting” Puerto Rican fertility policies and programs, and structural and cultural components, to the model. Seventeen regression equations using polynomials to the third degree are used for the statistical interpretation of the Puerto Rican data. The results indicate that the use and interpretation of the model and some of the polynomial regression analyses are successful.
An intercomparison of cross-flow filtration techniques used for sampling marine colloids: Overview and organic carbon results

An intercomparison was conducted between 14 different cross-flow filtration (CFF) systems. Each CFF membrane had a 1000 nominal molecular weight cut-off, and five different manufacturers' membranes were tested. The goal of this exercise was to examine whether the different CFF systems were behaving in a well-defined and operationally reproducible manner in marine applications. Surface seawater from Woods Hole and mid-depth waters from Hawaii were prefiltered ( 100 μM. The variation in OC blanks between CFF systems, even of a single type, suggested that cleaning and handling protocols were critical. One of the primary features of this intercomparison was the large range in apparent retention characteristics of the different CFF systems when used on natural seawater samples. In both settings, the quantity of colloidal material retained by the CFF systems followed the order: Amicon > Filtron ≥ Osmonics > Membrex. For example, in the Hawaii sample, the Amicon CFF system retained on average 43% colloidal OC, while the Filtron, Osmonics and Membrex retained < 4%. Variations within a factor of 2–5 were found within a single membrane type. Other results from this intercomparison suggested that these same relative retention characteristics hold for Fe and Al, organic nitrogen and organic phosphorus, optical properties, and colloid standards. Time-series samples of permeate showed a generally increasing OC concentration with time or concentration factor which must be taken into account when interpreting CFF data. We recommend that considerable care be taken in quantifying CFF blanks and in assessing the CFF cut-off for each system prior to use in marine applications. Time-series sampling and the use of standard molecules in controlled experiments are encouraged in order to further our understanding of the behavior of natural compound assemblages during CFF processing.
RecBCD-dependent joint molecule formation promoted by the Escherichia coli RecA and SSB proteins.

Abstract We describe the formation of homologously paired joint molecules in an in vitro reaction that is dependent on the concerted actions of purified RecA and RecBCD proteins and is stimulated by single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB). RecBCD enzyme initiates the process by unwinding the linear double-stranded DNA to produce single-stranded DNA, which is trapped by SSB and RecA. RecA uses this single-stranded DNA to catalyze the invasion of a supercoiled double-stranded DNA molecule, forming a homologously paired joint molecule. At low RecBCD enzyme concentrations, the rate-limiting step is the unwinding of duplex DNA by RecBCD, whereas at higher RecBCD concentrations, the rate-limiting step is RecA-catalyzed strand invasion. The behavior of mutant RecA proteins in this in vitro reaction parallels their in vivo phenotypes, suggesting that this reaction may define biochemical steps that occur during homologous recombination by the RecBCD pathway in vivo.
A One-to-One Correspondence Between the Static Einstein-Maxwell and Stationary Einstein-Vacuum Space-Times

A one-to-one correspondence is established between the static solutions of the Einstein-Maxwell equations and the stationary solutions of the Einstein-vacuum equations, that enables one to directly write down a solution for the one from a known solution of the other, and conversely, by a simple transcription. The directness of the correspondence is achieved by writing the metric for static Einstein-Maxwell space-times in a coordinate system and a gauge adapted to the two-centre problem and the metric for stationary Einstein-vacuum space-times in a coordinate system and a gauge adapted to black holes with event horizons.
An English Plato: J. S. Mill's Gorgias

Because of its familiarity, Plato's Gorgias frequently is treated as if it is stable in its material composition and meaning. However, closer attention to historical reception reveals that the text is not as stable as it might first appear. For example, today, we take for granted that Plato's text is available to English-only readers in clear and engaging prose, but until the nineteenth century, most intellectuals would have considered a “popular Plato” to be a contradiction of terms. This article examines the complex ideology that prompted John Stuart Mill to publish a “popular” translation of Plato's Gorgias (1834). By exploring the motivation behind Mill's English text, we illuminate key assumptions that have shaped the modern reception of ancient Greek rhetoric.
Review of "Business Computer Systems and Applications, by Eliason, Alan L. and Kent D. Kitts", Science Research Associates, Inc., 1979

For individuals without a diverse background of business applications, the above two books are essential. The Business Systems book provides a batch orientation to the major business applications and has generated the demands for the second application book by Eliason. The On-line Applications updates the basic applications of the business to the on-line environment and notes some of the problems associated with the processing change.
Fully associative cache partitioning with don't care bits for real-time applications

The usage of cache memories in time-critical applications has been limited as caches introduce unpredictable execution behavior. Cache partitioning techniques have been developed to reduce the impact of unpredictability owing to context switch effects. However, partitioning reduces the cache size available for each task resulting in capacity related cache misses. This paper introduces a fully associative cache architecture for multi-tasking applications where effective partition sizes are increased by tag compression in the cache. The proposed scheme uses a few don't care cells in its least significant bits of the tag to aggregate multiple tag entries into a single entry. The experimental results indicate that the proposed scheme is context switch resilient when eight different real-time benchmarks use the cache concurrently. Further, this cache architecture requires less time and less energy to perform tag table search compared to contemporary fully associative caches of the same size.
β2-MICROGLOBULIN IN CEREBROSPINAL FLUID FROM CHILDREN WITH DIFFERENT DISEASES

. Kaas Ibsen, K. (The University Clinic of Paediatrics, Children's Hospital Fuglebakken, Copenhagen, Denmark). β2-microglobulin in cerebrospinal fluid from children with different diseases. Acta Paediatr Scand, 69: 633, 1980.—β2-microglobulin concentrations in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured in a prospective study on 56 children 0–12 years old. In all the patients with virus meningitis values of β2-microglobulin exceeded 3000 µg/l (x=10.825 µg/l). The highest value (48.096 µg/l) of β2-microglobulin in CSF was found in a 13-day-old infant with serious herpes simplex meningitis. The value was 50 times the values found in normal children. None of the patients with fever of other origin had values exceeding 3500 µg/l, except for one patient with facial nerve paresis and 3 patients with sepsis. Some correlation between the concentrations of β2-microglobulin and albumin was found in the diagnostic groups as a whole, while this correlation disappeared when considering each patient individually. The significance of β2-microglobulin as a guide in serious infections is discussed.
Tide Gage Response to Tsunamis. Part II: Other Oceans and Smaller Seas

Abstract Extending previous work in the North Pacific, tsunami response was examined in the Atlantic and Indian oceans, and in three smaller seas, with the objective of exploring scale effects. Energy diffusing from the Chilean tsunami of 22 May 1960 was tracked through windows around Antarctica into all three oceans, simultaneously reaching maximum intensity about 39 h after quake time. In smaller seas, spectral response was, again, characteristically an exacerbation of normal background, with principal energy in the fundamental pumping mode of the local coastal shelf. Subsequent to diffusion, isotropic energy decay was uniformly exponential, except that the diffusion and decay (e-folidng) times were different in each sea. An ad hoc, energy-flux decay model, with a constant, linear friction coefficient, suffices to explain the observed decay times in terms of basin geometries. The model has several spinoffs: it accounts for about half the observed coastwise variation in tsunami intensity; it may possibly...
The high latitude circulation and temperature structure of the thermosphere near solstice

Abstract The neutral gas temperature and circulation of the thermosphere are calculated for December solstice conditions near solar cycle maximum using NCAR's thermospheric general circulation model (TGCM). High-latitude heat and momentum sources significantly alter the basic solar-driven circulation during solstice. At F -region heights, the increased ion density in the summer hemisphere results in a larger ion drag momentum source for the neutral gas than in the winter hemisphere. As a result there are larger wind velocities and a greater tendency for the neutral gas to follow the magnetospheric convection pattern in the summer hemisphere than in the winter hemisphere. There is about three times more Joule heating in the summer than the winter hemisphere for moderate levels of geomagnetic activity due to the greater electrical conductivity in the summer E -region ionosphere. The results of several TGCM runs are used to show that at F -region heights it is possible to linearly combine the solar-driven and high-latitude driven solutions to obtain the total temperature structure and circulation to within 10–20%. In the lower thermosphere, however, non-linear terms cause significant departures and a linear superposition of fields is not valid. The F -region winds at high latitudes calculated by the TGCM are also compared to the meridional wind derived from measurements by the Fabry-Perot Interferometer (FPI) and the zonal wind derived from measurements by the Wind and Temperature Spectrometer (WATS) instruments onboard the Dynamics Explorer ( DE −2) satellite for a summer and a winter day. For both examples, the observed and modeled wind patterns are in qualitative agreement, indicating a dominant control of high latitude winds by ion drag. The magnitude of the calculated winds (400–500 m s −1 ) for the assumed 60 kV cross-tail potential, however, is smaller than that of the measured winds (500–800 m s −1 ). This suggests the need for an increased ion drag momentum source in the model calculations due to enhanced electron densities, higher ion drift velocities, or some combination that needs to be further denned from the DE −2 satellite measurements.
Changes in voluntary quadriceps activation predict changes in muscle strength and gait biomechanics following knee joint effusion.

Abstract Background It has been hypothesized that arthrogenic muscle inhibition is responsible for altering physical function following knee injury. The association between the onset of arthrogenic muscle inhibition, measured using voluntary quadriceps activation, and changes in muscle strength and gait biomechanics are unknown. Methods Outcomes were collected before and following a 60 ml experimental knee effusion in eighteen healthy participants. Voluntary quadriceps activation was the predictor variable, while the criterion variable included, maximal voluntary isometric strength, peak knee flexion angle, peak internal knee extension moment, and peak vertical ground reaction forces during the first half of stance phase upon stair descent. Percent change scores (Δ) were imputed into linear regression equations to determine associations between predictor and criterion variables. Findings The variance in Δ voluntary quadriceps activation significantly predicted 87% the variance in the Δ strength (R 2 = 0.87, P Δ voluntary quadriceps activation ) and 25% of the Δ vertical ground reaction force following effusion (R 2 = 0.25, P = 0.04; Δ vertical ground reaction force = − 6.1 + 0.57 Δ voluntary quadriceps activation ). After accounting for Δ knee flexion angle, Δ voluntary quadriceps activation predicted an additional 29% (Δ R 2 = 0.29, P = 0.007) of the variance in the Δ knee extension moment (R 2 = 0.54, P = 0.003, Δ knee extension moment = − 10.79 + 0.74 Δ knee flexion angle + 1.64 Δ voluntary quadriceps activation ) following knee effusion. Interpretation Immediate quadriceps activation deficits following joint effusion result in immediate alterations in muscle strength, knee extensor moment and vertical ground reaction force during gait.
Recurrent vomiting in children

Summary Recurrent or cyclic vomiting is a definite clinical entity seen in certain children, more often in private than in hospital practice in this country. The children usually come from families whose members are high-strung, of above average intelligence, and in which there is a definite family tendency to migraine, cyclic vomiting, and prematurely gray hair, especially on the maternal side. A number of children with cyclic vomiting grow up to have migraine in adolescence or young adult life. Some become gray before they are thirty. The effect of treatment with sedatives or analgesics in both conditions also points to a conclusion that recurrent vomiting is a childhood equivalent for migraine. Ketosis accompanies the attacks, but it remains to be proved that it causes the vomiting. Treatment of the ketosis with rectal or intravenous glucose has no effect on the vomiting, and ketosis may be disregarded except in neglected patients who have been vomiting several days. Administration of bromide by rectum, or codeine hypodermatically will abort most attacks in a few hours. In the intervals between attacks the child should be given a full nourishing diet. There is no reason for restriction of fats. He should be spared fatigue and excitement as much as is humanly possible. He needs extra rest periods and a carefully planned daily regime.
MicroRNAs in breast cancer initiation and progression

The emerging role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the epigenetic regulation of many cellular processes has become recognized in both basic research and translational medicine as an important way that gene expression can be fine-tuned. Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer in women, with about one million new cases diagnosed each year worldwide. Starting with the early work of miRNA profiling, more effort has now been put on functions of miRNAs in normal mammary stem cells, breast cancer initiating cells and metastatic cells, and therapy-resistant cancer cells. Future translational studies may focus on identifying miRNA signatures as cancer biomarkers and developing miRNA-based targeted therapeutics.
Markets as Mobilizers of Firms: Models for Capital Valuations From Economic Sociology

Guidance to how capital values of firms change comes from a model of performance in which firms cue on peer producers in their particular market. My model lays out a two-dimensional map of market varieties, each dimension being a ratio assessing sensitivity upstream to sensitivity downstream in valuations for a representative firm. The projections examine market viabilities and invoke substitutabilities and boundary mechanisms of markets. They point to the importance of discontinuities and switches. The paper goes on to probe the network phenomenology which underlies this model of firms in markets, and thereby it suggests new ‘takes’ on ‘network firms’ and ‘new economy’.
On the diurnal variation of noctilucent clouds

The relationship between nuctilucent clouds (NLC), which are observed from the ground usually within 2 or 3 hrs of local midnight, and the polar mesospheric clouds (PMC), which are observed by satellites in full daylight, as well as the reason for the differences in their optical properties and their observed heights are investigated. Based on a suggestion that these differences can be attributed to a diurnal variation in the properties of a single type of cloud, two published models of the diurnal and semidiurnal variations of temperature, vertical wind speed, and eddy diffusion coefficient at high latitude to simulate the evolution of ice clouds over a 24-hr period. The results show that the minimum in temperature at about 2000 hours LT causes a sharp maximum in scattered brightness to occur about 1 hour before local midnight, with up to a factor of 7 variation in cloud brightness between noon and midnight. It is noted, however, that considerable uncertainties exist in these tidal models.
Band calculation of the effect of magnetic impurity atoms on the properties of superconductors

Magnetic impurity atoms scatter the conduction electrons of a host metal because of the exchange interaction. The phase shifts caused by this scattering are calculated from a crude model for conduction electrons with spin parallel or antiparallel to the spin of the impurity atom, for various alloy systems of interest (Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni in Al, Zn, Nb, In, Sn, Tl, and Pb). From the calculated phase shifts, the expected depression in the host metal's superconducting transition temperature is calculated, and the results are compared with experimental data. Partial waves beyond $s$ waves are found to be essential; in fact, the $p$- and $d$-wave scattering dominate the $s$-wave scattering in many cases. The superconducting electronic density of states can also be calculated from the phase shifts, and good agreement with our results has been found with tunneling data obtained by Tsang and Ginsberg for In-Mn alloys.
Re‐dyeing the cloth: The women's political platform and Trinidad and Tobago's general election of 1995

This paper explores the relationship among political action, gender identities, and the post‐colonial nation‐building project in Trinidad and Tobago. Specifically, it discusses the role of the Women's Political Platform during the 1995 General Elections. It shows how this gender‐specific group's focus on issues re‐framed the historical relationship between ethnicity and politics in this setting. Finally, it suggests why women in Trinidad and Tobago are singularly positioned to “redye” the nation.
Sexually dimorphic effects of unpredictable early life adversity on visceral pain behavior in a rodent model.

Abstract Visceral pain is the hallmark feature of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a gastrointestinal disorder, which is more commonly diagnosed in women. Female IBS patients frequently report a history of early life adversity (ELA); however, sex differences in ELA-induced visceral pain and the role of ovarian hormones have yet to be investigated. Therefore, we tested the hypothesis that ELA induces visceral hypersensitivity through a sexually dimorphic mechanism mediated via estradiol. As a model of ELA, neonatal rats were exposed to different pairings of an odor and shock to control for trauma predictability. In adulthood, visceral sensitivity was assessed via a visceromotor response to colorectal distension. Following ovariectomy and estradiol replacement in a separate group of rats, the visceral sensitivity was quantified. We found that females that received unpredictable odor-shock developed visceral hypersensitivity in adulthood. In contrast, visceral sensitivity was not significantly different following ELA in adult males. Ovariectomy reversed visceral hypersensitivity following unpredictable ELA, whereas estradiol replacement reestablished visceral hypersensitivity in the unpredictable group. This study is the first to show sex-related differences in visceral sensitivity following unpredictable ELA. Our data highlight the activational effect of estradiol as a pivotal mechanism in maintaining visceral hypersensitivity. Perspective This article directly implicates a critical role for ovarian hormones in maintaining visceral hypersensitivity following ELA, specifically identifying the activational effect of estradiol as a key modulator of visceral sensitivity. These data suggest that ELA induces persistent functional abdominal pain in female IBS patients through an estrogen-dependent mechanism.
Introducing Noddings and the Symposium

Abstract ‘Introducing Noddings and the Symposium’ is an overview in three parts following an opening comment The three are these: Noddings’s biography highlighting personal background and professional accomplishments; papers overview pointing to key ideas and themes as well as philosophical, literary and metaphorical inspiration; and response comments that take up ideas from the symposium papers and Noddings’s text in brief reconsideration. These ideas are connection of care theory to Noddings’s happiness, recognition of an ethics in doing philosophy, conceptions of needs and wants, and promotion of critical thinking especially in schools.
Resistance of H-2 Heterozygous Mice to Parental Tumors

Hybrid resistance to the C57BL lymphoma EL-4 and to two 3-methylcholanthrene-induced B10.A(4R) fibrosarcomas of recent origin was studied in H-2 heterozygous mice. Histocompatible tumor recipients were derived from mating C57BL/10, B10.A, and H-2 a /H-2 b intra- H-2 recombinant mice in such a way as to provide heterozygosity at defined portions of the H-2 complex. Hybrid resistance was assessed by comparing the mean survival times and tumor incidence of H-2 heterozygotes with those of homozygous 4R (sarcomas) or B10 (EL-4) mice. The results reveal that heterozygosity at the D end of the H-2 complex controls hybrid resistance to fibrosarcomas as well as to lymphomas. Evidence is discussed which suggests that the locus controlling hybrid resistance, Hh-1 , is located within the H-2 complex between the S and D regions. Hh-1 -controlled hybrid resistance was clearly demonstrable when tumor cells were inoculated by the intraperitoneal route but was not detected if tumor cells were injected subcutaneously. Both Hh-1 -controlled hybrid resistance and its in vitro correlate, natural cytotoxicity, appear to be most strongly expressed in the peritoneum. Pretreatment of Hh-1 heterozygous mice with Hh-1-H-2D b parental spleen cells consistently reduced tumor resistance compared to mice pretreated with reciprocal parental Hh-1-H-2D d splenocytes. This suggests that Hh-1 codes for or regulates the expression of cell-surface antigens found on normal H-2 b parental cells. In addition, we have found that other H-2 genes, probably I region immune response genes, also influence fibrosarcoma growth in F 1 hybrid hosts. Thus, several loci within the H-2 complex appear to play a role in the polygenic control of the immune response to fibrosarcomas.
Optimal inventory policies for substitutable commodities with stochastic demand

In this article we consider a stochastic model for two products which have a single-period inventory structure and which can be used as substitutes for each other should the need arise. Substitution will occur with probability one, but at perhaps a different revenue level. We prove that the expected profit function is concave, allowing us to find optimal stocking levels for the two products. We compare optimum inventory levels for the case of single substitution with that where there is no substitution. It is demonstrated for the case of single substitution that total optimum order quantities can actually increase or decrease with the substitution revenue.
Literacy education as treatment for depression in patients with limited literacy and depression: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with limited literacy and those with depression share many characteristics, including low self-esteem, feelings of worthlessness, and shame. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether literacy education, provided along with standard depression treatment to adults with depression and limited literacy, would result in greater improvement in depression than would standard depression treatment alone. DESIGN: Randomized clinical trial with patients assigned either to an intervention group that received standard depression treatment plus literacy education, or a control group that received only standard depression treatment. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy adult patients of a community health center who tested positive for depression using the 9-question Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and had limited literacy based on the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM). MEASUREMENTS: Depression severity was assessed with PHQ-9 scores at baseline and at 3 follow-up evaluations that took place up to 1 year after study enrollment. Changes in PHQ-9 scores between baseline and follow-up evaluations were compared between the intervention and control groups. RESULTS: The median PHQ-9 scores were similar in both the intervention and control groups at baseline (12.5 and 14, respectively). Nine-question Patient Health Questionnaire scores improved in both groups, but the improvement was significantly larger in the intervention group. The final follow-up PHQ-9 scores declined to 6 in the intervention group but only to 10 in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: There may be benefit to assessing the literacy skills of patients who are depressed, and recommending that patients with both depression and limited literacy consider enrolling in adult education classes as an adjuvant treatment for depression.
What Influences IT Professional Psychological Contract Violation

As the requests for technical solutions to meet the changing demands of the struggling US economy grow, the IT professional is once again in the spotlight. While a significant stream of research has studied IT professionals within the context of the job and/or organization, to date little research has focused on the context of the IT profession. We address this gap with a study of the psychological contract that IT professionals have with their profession. We surveyed 686 IT professionals working in a variety of industries to explore the potential antecedents to psychological contract violation. In this exploratory study, we found that six variables explained 45% of the variance in psychological contract violation.
Agreement and Repeatability for Standard Automated Perimetry and Confocal Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy in the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study

Purpose To assess agreement between structural and functional testing in classifying eyes as normal or abnormal and their repeatability on two consecutive visits by means of standard automated perimetry (SAP) and confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy. Design Analysis of selected data obtained from a prospective longitudinal observational cohort study, the Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study. Methods One hundred fifty-one participants with a SAP and a Heidelberg Retina Tomograph (HRT) test within a three-month window at two visits within 15 months were included. Eyes were classified by SAP and HRT at each visit. Agreement and repeatability were assessed by κ statistics. Results At visit 1, 33 (22%) of 151 eyes had only SAP defects, 11 (7%) eyes had only HRT defects, and 35 (23%) eyes had both SAP and HRT defects. Seventy-two eyes (48%) were classified as normal by both tests. Similar results were obtained for visit 2. The agreement between SAP and HRT in classifying eyes was 70% (κ = 0.393) at visit one and 68% (κ = 0.363) at visit 2. Repeatability of classification by SAP alone, HRT alone, and both SAP and HRT between visits 1 and 2 was 84% (κ = 0.693), 89% (κ = 0.752), and 90% (κ = 0.723), respectively. Conclusions Agreement between SAP and HRT was only fair at both visits. Repeatability across visits was substantial for SAP alone, HRT alone, and for the combination of SAP and HRT. These results suggest that detection of particular features of glaucomatous damage depends on the technique used. Structural and functional tests appear complementary, and both should be used for early detection of glaucoma.
An adult survivor of child sexual abuse and her breastfeeding experience: a case study.

PURPOSE: To increase clinicians' understanding of the impact that child sexual abuse can have on women's breastfeeding experiences. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This was a holistic, single-case study. Data were collected via the Internet. One mother sent her story of her childhood sexual abuse and its impact on her breastfeeding experiences by attachment to the researcher. Yin's pattern matching was used to develop the case description. A combination of linear-analytic and chronological structures was used to write up this case study. RESULTS: This case study vividly and painfully describes the impact of Marilyn's childhood sexual abuse not only on her labor and delivery but also on how it permeated her breastfeeding attempts. Breastfeeding triggered panic attacks, dissociation, and flashbacks to the child sexual abuse. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: When women seem to be struggling with breastfeeding and sinking deeper into what could be depression or posttraumatic stress disorder due to childbirth, nurses might need to help them by giving permission to stop breastfeeding if that is what they need to do for their own mental health. Language: en
A secreted MMP is required for reepithelialization during wound healing

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular proteases highly expressed at wound sites. However, the precise function of MMPs during reepithelialization in vivo has been elusive in mammalian models because of the high level of redundancy among the 24 mammalian MMPs. For this reason we used Drosophila melanogaster, whose genome encodes only two MMPs-one secreted type (Mmp1) and one membrane-anchored type (Mmp2)-to study the function and regulation of the secreted class of MMPs in vivo. In the absence of redundancy, we found that the Drosophila secreted MMP, Mmp1, is required in the epidermis to facilitate reepithelialization by remodeling the basement membrane, promoting cell elongation and actin cytoskeletal reorganization, and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling. In addition, we report that the jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) pathway upregulates Mmp1 expression after wounding, but that Mmp1 is expressed independent of the JNK pathway in unwounded epidermis. When the JNK pathway is ectopically activated to overexpress Mmp1, the rate of healing is accelerated in an Mmp1-dependent manner. A primary function of Mmp1, under the control of the JNK pathway, is to promote basement membrane repair, which in turn may permit cell migration and the restoration of a continuous tissue.
Hierarchical Task Prioritization Behavior in Two- and Four-Task Scenarios

This paper describes an empirical study conducted to validate a computational model of dynamic task prioritization based on a framework proposed by Zhang and Feyen (2005). Three key factors in task...
Improving Care for Women with a History of Gestational Diabetes: A Provider Perspective

To identify perceived roles with regard to care for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) history and resources for improving care among women with a history of GDM from the perspective of obstetrician/gynecologists (OB/GYNs), certified nurse midwives (CNM), family practitioners, and internists. In 2010, a survey was sent to a random sample of OB/GYNs, CNM, family practitioners, and internists (n = 2,375) in Ohio to assess knowledge, attitudes, and postpartum practices regarding diabetes prevention for women with a history of GDM. A total of 904 practitioners completed the survey (46 %). Over 70 % of CNMs strongly agreed it is part of their job to help women with GDM history improve diet and increase exercise, compared with 60 % of family practitioners/internists and 55 % of OB/GYNs (p < 0.001). More OB/GYNs and CNMs identified a need for more local nutrition specialists and patient education materials, compared with family practitioners/ internists. Between 60 and 70 % of OB/GYNs and CNMs reported lifestyle modification programs and corresponding reimbursement would better support them to provide improved care. Health care providers giving care to women with GDM history have varying perceptions of their roles, however, there was agreement on resources needed to improve care.
Sonic hedgehog is indirectly required for intraretinal axon pathfinding by regulating chemokine expression in the optic stalk

Successful axon pathfinding requires both correct patterning of tissues, which will later harbor axonal tracts, and precise localization of axon guidance cues along these tracts at the time of axon outgrowth. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons grow towards the optic disc in the central retina, where they turn to exit the eye through the optic nerve. Normal patterning of the optic disc and stalk and the expression of guidance cues at this choice point are necessary for the exit of RGC axons out of the eye. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) has been implicated in both patterning of ocular tissue and direct guidance of RGC axons. Here, we examine the precise spatial and temporal requirement for Hedgehog (Hh) signaling for intraretinal axon pathfinding and show that Shh acts to pattern the optic stalk in zebrafish but does not guide RGC axons inside the eye directly. We further reveal an interaction between the Hh and chemokine pathways for axon guidance and show that cxcl12a functions downstream of Shh and depends on Shh for its expression at the optic disc. Together, our results support a model in which Shh acts in RGC axon pathfinding indirectly by regulating axon guidance cues at the optic disc through patterning of the optic stalk.
On conjugacies of the 3x+1 map induced by continuous endomorphisms of the shift dynamical system

Lagarias showed that the shift dynamical system S on the set Z"2 of 2-adic integers is conjugate to the famous 3x+1 map T under a conjugacy @F. Thus for each continuous endomorphism f"~ of S there is a corresponding endomorphism H"f=@F@?f"~@?@F^-^1 of T and a map @J"f from the coimage of H"f to itself defined by @J"f([x])=[T(x)]. In this paper, we completely classify all continuous endomorphisms f"~ of S for which @J"f is conjugate to T. We then define an infinite family of such maps, @J"M"""k, that are ''neutral'' modulo 2^k^-^1 in the sense that each element of the domain is a complete residue system modulo 2^k^-^1. By investigating the relationships between T-cycles and the @J"M"""k-cycles that contain them, we obtain an alternate method for studying the dynamics of T. This method is used to prove several new results pertaining to T-cycles, which are then applied to yield several possible approaches to the 3x+1 conjecture.
Electrical properties of ICl, Br2 and CuCl2 intercalated pitch-based carbon fibers

Abstract In this paper we report mainly on the electrical properties of pitch-based fibers heat treated to above 3000 °C and then intercalated. The electrical resistivities both above and below room temperature and reported. In very high magnetic fields at 4 K the CuCl 2 intercalated P100-4 fibers exhibited large Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations. They were also found to be thermally stable up to 100 °C, and to have electrical resistivities as low as 12.9 μω cm at room temperature. These pitch-based fibers are mass producible, so are potentially useful in applications.