cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A tumor necrosis factor-responsive long-term-culture-initiating cell is associated with the stromal layer of mouse long-term bone marrow cultures.

Abstract Long-term bone marrow cultures provide a model for the study of hematopoiesis. Both an intact, adherent stromal layer and hematopoietic stem cells are necessary components in these cultures. Mycophenolic acid treatment of mouse long-term bone marrow cultures depletes them of all assayable hematopoietic precursors. The residual stromal cells are functional and support hematopoiesis if new progenitor cells are supplied. We now show that these mycophenolic acid-treated stromal cell cultures contain cells capable of hematopoietic differentiation without the addition of new progenitors. When treated with tumor necrosis factor alpha (20-200 units/ml), the apparently pure stromal cultures undergo an intense burst of hematopoietic activity. After 4 days such cultures contain approximately 2 x 10(6) hematopoietic cells and, by 1 week, they are indistinguishable from control long-term cultures that were not treated with mycophenolic acid. These results suggest that the stromal cultures either contain hematopoietic stem cells that are maintained quiescent and mycophenolic acid-resistant, perhaps by intimate contact with the stroma, or contain adherent cells that can be induced to differentiate into hematopoietic stem cells. These stem cells are primitive, in that they are capable of multilineage development in the long-term cultures, but are unable to form spleen colonies or myeloid colonies in semisolid medium. These data demonstrate that the adherent fraction of cultured bone marrow contains very primitive hematopoietic cells and that tumor necrosis factor alpha activates their proliferation and differentiation. They also suggest a strategy for obtaining the earliest progenitors free of other, more mature cell types.
Resolving the Vexing Question of Credentialing: Finding the Aristotelian Mean

_____________________________________________________________________________________ Jeffrey P. Spike, Ph.D., Professor in the John P. McGovern, M.D., Center for Health, Humanities, and the Human Spirit, Director of the Campus Wide Ethics Program, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin, JJL 400, Houston, Texas 77030; email: jeffrey.spike@uth.tmc.edu. Resolving the Vexing Question of Credentialing: Finding the Aristotelian Mean
Co‐operation: The Proper Study of Economics

Argues for a reorientation of economic theory around the concept of co‐operative production. Suggests that by definition, co‐operative production exists when different people take different, complementary roles in production. Argues that, while the proposed reorientation has clear roots in the ideas of Adam Smith, it also synthesizes several other key insights of the classical economists, and at the same time leads, by implication, both to the major topics of neoclassical economics and to some important topics of modern applied economics that are often treated in an ad hoc fashion, such as economies of agglomeration, dualism in development and X‐inefficiency.
Analysis of the efficiency of four marketing methods for slaughter cattle

Four marketing methods for slaughter cattle were analyzed and examined for pricing efficiency. Profits per head were found to be significantly different under the various marketing methods. Greater price discrimination occurred as carcass information increased. Increased price discrimination led to greater dispersion of profit from one marketing method to another. Different marketing methods appeared to send different production signals to producers. The desires of the consumer for less fat and a high-quality product did not appear to be reaching the producers in the form of profit incentives under the most widely used marketing method. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Expression of Extracellular Matrix Metalloprotease Inducer in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Objectives/Hypothesis Head and neck cancer tumor cell invasion is responsible for both local destruction and distant metastasis. Invasion is largely mediated by matrix metalloproteases that are thought to be induced by tumor cell derived extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) in surrounding fibroblasts. We hypothesize that EMMPRIN is overexpressed in laryngeal cancer. Study Design Retrospective analysis of patients with supraglottic laryngeal cancer. Methods Total protein immunoblotting and immunohistochemical analysis of normal and malignant tissue were performed to determine EMMPRIN expression. EMMPRIN immunoreactivity in 33 patients was correlated with clinicopathological features and survival. Results Whole-tissue lysates of tumors (n = 8) and metastatic lymph nodes (n = 2), but not normal skin (n = 8) or mucosa (n = 6), expressed significant amounts of EMMPRIN by immunoblotting. EMMPRIN membrane immunoreactivity (transmembrane EMMPRIN score) was associated with nodal positivity (P = .07), and it was a borderline significant predictor of survival (Hazards Ratio = 2.4; 95% CI, 0.88–6.55). As a categorical variable, higher transmembrane EMMPRIN score was associated with higher mortality. Conclusions The present study helps to establish EMMPRIN as a widely expressed protein in dysplastic mucosa and supraglottic laryngeal cancer, but not in normal epithelial counterparts.
Alendronate‐Associated Osteonecrosis of the Hard Palate After Harvesting of a Connective Tissue Graft: A Case Report

Introduction: Much attention has been given to the development of osteonecrosis of the jaws, concomitant with a history of bisphosphonate usage, particularly regarding inciting dental procedures. This report describes a case of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the hard palate after the harvesting of a subepithelial connective tissue (CT) graft for treatment of gingival recession (GR) in the mandible.Case Presentation: A 60-year-old female sought periodontal therapy for GR. Her medical history revealed the use of alendronate for osteopenia, hypothyroidism, sulfa allergy, and >18 regimens of steroid formulations (oral, inhaled, and topical) for various upper respiratory and dermatologic disorders. The hard palate was selected as the donor site for the subepithelial CT graft. At a 4-month postoperative evaluation, osteonecrosis was evident in the palatal site. Successful clinical outcome was achieved after conservative debridement, antibiotics, and use of chlorhexidine gluconate.Conclusions: It is adv...
Forming a More Perfect Union: Racial Perceptions of Unity and Division in the United States

Abstract This research analyzes 105 interviews from the Lilly Survey of Attitudes and Friendship to assess attitudes on bridging U.S. cultural difference. Interviewees across social categories were most likely to identify freedom as the principle that unites Americans and racial issues as that which divides. The data reveal racial variation, however. White participants often talked about unity and division in terms that did not implicate societal transformation, while many black interviewees were reluctant to endorse traditional values they think perpetuate racial inequality. In addition, whites were more likely to suggest that race is problematic because of the public's obsession with it, whereas nonwhites often commented on ongoing problems created by racism. Apparently, “traditional” core values, as easily appropriated symbols, help people define national identity, providing attributes they think tie people together. Racial groups talk past one another, however, as they refer to different value orienta...
Kleptoplastic sacoglossan species have very different capacities for plastid maintenance despite utilizing the same algal donors

The sea slug Elysia clarki sequesters photosynthetically functional chloroplasts from at least a dozen algal species and maintains these plastids for up to 4 months. Elysia papillosa and Placida kingstoni also feed on some of the same, or congeneric species such as Bryopsis plumosa and Penicillus lamourouxii, but cannot maintain plastids longer than 2 weeks. Photosystem II maximum quantum efficiency (ϕIIe-max) was measured in freshly fed specimens of E. clarki, E. papillosa, and P. kingstoni using pulse amplitude modulated (PAM) fluorescence. The slugs were then immediately starved, and PAM fluorescence measurements continued with starvation until ϕIIe-max reached near 0 or animals expired. Initially, E. clarki fed either P. lamourouxii or B. plumosa had ϕIIe-max values that were statistically equivalent. However, as length of starvation increased, ϕIIe-max decreased differently. After 12 weeks, E. clarki fed B. plumosa had no ϕIIe-max activity, while those fed P. lamourouxii still had low ϕIIe-max levels. Freshly fed E. papillosa had ϕIIe-max > 0.5 initially, which declined over the next 12 days of starvation. Freshly fed P. kingstoni specimens also had ϕIIe-max > 0.5 immediately, but it rapidly dropped to near 0 over the next 4 h of starvation. Thus, the algal source of sequestered chloroplasts in E. clarki has a minor effect on chloroplast longevity and ϕIIe-max values during prolonged starvation. However, among slug species, specific adaptations account for the tremendous variation in the length and functionality of these kleptoplastic associations.
Free vortex calculations using analytical/numerical matching with solution pyramiding

The motion of a free vortex system is predicted using a novel method called analytical/numerical matching (ANM). Analytical/numerical matching is a hybrid mathematical and numerical technique that results in a new problem formulation with high accuracy and increased computational efficiency. The approach capitalizer on the disparity of characteristic length scaler that occur in many fluid dynamics problems. Accordingly, many problems can be decomposed into two distinct problems involving a local high-resolution near field, often solvable analytically, end a global, low-resolution far field, solved numerically. The ANM technique breaks the free vortex problem into these local and global problems each of which are easier end more efficient to solve than the traditional problem formulation. In addition, the ANM decomposition can be repeated to form a hierarchy of nested problems of increasing resolution using a method called pyramiding. The ANM method with pyramiding, called ANM/P, is studied to assess its accuracy and computational efficiency for two-dimensional and three-dimensional vortex dynamics problems. In calculations of vortex sheet rollup end vortex ring motion and interactions, this method war found to be relatively easy to implement end exhibited reductions in computational time from a factor of three to more than an order of magnitude
Clinical Oncology and Chemical Thermodynamics

The development of oncolytic agents for cancer chemotherapy is often based on chance discovery and intensive structure modification. A mechanistic understanding of the essential biochemistry of many anticancer drugs remains elusive because of the biological complexity of drug-drug and drug-target interactions. The potential of computational science to analyze and quantify these interactions may provide a rational basis for drug modification and clinical trial design.
A Martin-Puplett architecture for polarization modulation and calibration

We introduce an architecture for changing the polarization state of far-infrared through submillimeter radiation that employs two Martin-Puplett interferometers. One interferometer is oriented with its beam-splitting grid at an angle of 22.5 degrees with respect to the Stokes Q axis. The second is oriented with its beam-splitting grid at an angle of 45 degrees. By modulating one of the arms of each interferometer, it is possible to arbitrarily adjust the polarization state that a polarization-sensitive detector measures when placed at the output of the device. Because of this flexibility, one application of this device is as a calibrator for a polarimeter. In addition, it is conceivable to use such a device as a modulator for a far-infrared/submillimeter polarimeter. As such, this system has several advantages over a half-wave plate. First, the capability to measure circular polarization will provide the instrument with a novel method for checking systematic errors, as the circular polarization of most astronomical continuum sources is expected to be near zero. Second, such a device is easily adapted to work at different wavelengths, thus facilitating the construction of far-infrared and submillimeter polarimeters with multiple passbands. Finally, the small linear throws necessary for modulation eliminate the need for complicated systems of gears and low temperature bearings that are common in wave plate systems and often prone to failure. We present a Jones matrix analysis of this modulator architecture and compare the performance of this device with that of a half-wave plate.
Magnetic properties of aerosol synthesized iron oxide particles

Abstract Fine iron oxide particles have been prepared by an aerosol technique. The particles are spherical with a mean size of 0.1 μm. Heat treatment in air or nitrogen at various temperatures for various times leads to a variety of phase mixtures of α-Fe 2 O 3 , γ-Fe 2 O 3 and Fe 3 O 4 . The magnetic properties of these various samples are presented.
Detection of human herpesvirus-8 DNA in Kaposi's sarcomas from iatrogenically immunosuppressed patients.

Abstract Background: Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) accounts for more than 5% of malignancies in immunosuppressed organ transplant patients (OKS). A new herpesvirus (HHV-8) was identified with high prevalence in biopsy specimens of AIDS-KS, endemic KS, and classic KS and in OKS. KS has also been associated with other underlying diseases in patients treated with corticosteroids, but this subset of KS has been reported to contain HHV-8 in only a few case reports. Objective: In this larger study, we determined the prevalence of HHV-8 in seven patients of Jewish origin in whom KS developed during immunosuppressive therapy for different primary diseases (ISKS). Methods: The study included HHV-8 DNA detection by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) coupled with Southern blot and sequence analysis as well as by in situ hybridization. Results: HHV-8 sequences were detected by PCR with confirmation by Southern blot and sequence analysis in 100% of the ISKS samples. Direct sequencing revealed several previously unknown base changes within the 208 bp region from open reading frame 26 (ORF26 208 ) of HHV-8 in ISKS. Conclusion: Ours is the largest known study describing the presence of HHV-8 in iatrogenic KS from immunosuppressed nontransplant patients and provides data of previously unknown sequence variations within the ORF26 of HHV-8 DNA. (J Am Acad Dermatol 1998;38:429-37.)
The toxicity of sulfur to microtox® from acetonitrile extracts of contaminated sediments

Toxicity bioassays of solvent extracts of sediments are used to evaluate the toxicological effects of extracted hydrophobic organic contaminants. However, this type of bioassay assesses the toxicity of all extracted compounds, natural or anthropogenic. Sediment extracts are typically subjected to cleanup procedures before chemical analysis to remove interfering, coextracted substances. This study evaluated the effect of cleanup procedures on the toxicity of acetonitrile extracts of contaminated sediments by using the Microtox® bioluminescence bioassay. Extract cleanup significantly reduced toxicity of most extracts when copper powder was added to remove coextracted sulfur. Microtox was shown to be highly sensitive (EC50 of 24.7-35.8 μg/L) to elemental sulfur dissolved in several organic solvents. Toxicity tests utilizing solvent extracts of sediments must take into account the toxic effects of coextracted sulfur on bioassay organisms to accurately assess the environmental impacts of extracted hydrophobic contaminants.
Depression Symptom Prevalence and Demographic Risk Factors Among U.S. Women During the First 2 Years Postpartum

Objective To examine differences in depression symptom rates and severity and factors associated with depression ratings. Participants Cross‐sectional sample of 1,359 American women who had delivered a single, live infant within the previous 2 years. Design Data were collected using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale online to screen for depression symptoms as part of Listening to Mothers, a national survey sponsored by Childbirth Connection of New York City and administered by Harris Interactive between May and June 2002. Results Evidence of continued mild and moderate‐to‐severe depression symptom rates throughout the first 2 years postpartum was found. Age, income, education, and employment had significant negative associations with depression symptom severity, and parity had a significant positive association with depression symptom severity. Race was not associated with depression symptom severity. Conclusions Long‐term screening for childbearing women is justified based on the study findings. The ease in survey administration suggests potential for online depression screening by health care providers and researchers. Furthermore, risk factors identified from this large‐scale national survey, specifically young maternal age, low income, low education, not being employed full time, and multiparity, merit evaluation in clinical practice and future research.
Pre- and Post-Mined Bauxite Soils of Jamaica: Physical and Chemical Properties

Earthy bauxite (aluminum ore) deposits over limestone bedrock cover over 20% of Jamaica's surface area. With the shortage of arable land in Jamaica, there is great interest in using post-mined bauxite lands for agriculture. The purpose of this study was to compare physical and chemical properties of pre- and post-mined bauxite soils that are relevant in assessing suitability of these lands for small-scale agriculture. Pedons were described and sampled for characterization at two pre-mined sites and four post-mined sites near Mandeville, Jamaica. Post-mined soils were generally steeper, shallower, and higher in limestone rock fragments than pre-mined soils. Pre-mined soils consisted of Ap and Bo horizons making up clayey Oxisols with low charge and low bulk density. The new caret (^) symbol, which indicates horizons formed from human transported material, was helpful in describing pedons of post-mined soils. Post-mined soils consisted of ^Ap horizons (replaced topsoil) and 2^C horizons (fill material) over limestone. Some post-mined pedons also had 2Bob or 3Bob horizons (Bo in situ buried by replaced topsoil and/or fill material). Post-mined soils had higher bulk density in the ^Ap horizons than pre-mined Ap horizons and higher pH throughout due to the incorporation of limestone rock fragments. In ^Ap horizons, organic matter and granular structure increased with time after reclamation and establishment of grass cover.
Smartphone haptic feedback for nonvisual wayfinding

We explore using vibration on a smartphone to provide turn-by-turn walking instructions to people with visual impairments. We present two novel feedback methods called Wand and ScreenEdge and compare them to a third method called Pattern. We built a prototype and conducted a user study where 8 participants walked along a pre-programmed route using the 3 vibration feedback methods and no audio output. Participants interpreted the feedback with an average error rate of just 4 percent. Most preferred the Pattern method, where patterns of vibrations indicate different directions, or the ScreenEdge method, where areas of the screen correspond to directions and touching them may induce vibration.
Repair of Combined Cheek and Nose Defects: Categorization and Utilization

Combined cheek and nose soft tissue defects can represent a formidable challenge to the reconstructive surgeon. It is important for the surgeon to think of these defects as four separate categories: cheek with nasal sidewall, cheek with nasal sidewall and exposed bone, cheek with nasal sidewall plus ala, and cheek with simple posterior ala defect. This categorization will help the surgeon plan the repair and provide a successful aesthetic outcome. There are multiple repair options that the surgeon can use, and the surgeon should be facile with all types. It is universally agreed that the cheek defect must be repaired prior to undertaking the repair of the nasal defect.
Addressing difficulties with student-centered instruction

ABSTRACT We identify and analyze some recurrent problems with the implementation of cooperative and active learning strategies. Specifically, we address the use of questions, management of instructor-centered activities, management of in-class group activities, and giving up forms of control in the classroom. We provide suggestions for dealing with each of these difficulties.
El Anatsui: Art and Life

Susan Mullin Vogel’s El Anatsui: Art and Life examines the artist’s recent studio practice and the bottle-top tapestries that have won him international acclaim. Vogel’s meticulous investigation of Anatsui’s experiment with medium and process and his commitment to nonfixed forms presents the metal sculptures as complex hybrid objects and the artist as a cultural nomad, escaping the static “African artist” identity for the global arena. But by focusing entirely on the bottle-top projects of the last decade, Vogel takes an equivocal position with regard to Anatsui’s creative identity and in the process succumbs to a naive view of “globalism” as an uncomplicated utopia.
Triple nuclear NMR studies of cerebral metabolism during generalized seizure.

Noninvasive NMR spectroscopy of 1H, 31P, and 23Na is performed simultaneously to study brain metabolism during grand mal seizures. Decreases in PCr and increases in lactate associated with seizure as well as an intracellular shift of the Na+ ion pool are demonstrated. A close correlation between the phosphate potential and the intensity of the seizure, as well as the intra/extracellular ionic gradient, is shown. © 1988 Academic Press, Inc.
Pain following breast cancer surgery: a quality-of-life issue.

JAMA Prevalence of and Factors Associated With Persistent Pain Following Breast Cancer Surgery Rune Gartner, MD; Maj-Britt Jensen, MSc; Jeanette Nielsen, RN; Marianne Ewertz, MD, DMSc; Niels Kroman, MD, DMSc; Henrik Kehlet, MD, PhD Context: Persistent pain and sensory disturbances following surgical treatment for breast cancer is a significant clinical problem. The pathogenic mechanisms are complex and may be related to patient characteristics, surgical technique, and adjuvant therapy. Objective: To examine prevalence of and factors associated with persistent pain after surgical treatment for breast cancer. Design, Setting, and Patients: A nationwide cross-sectional questionnaire study of 3754 women aged 18 to 70 years who received surgery and adjuvant therapy (if indicated) for primary breast cancer in Denmark between January 1, 2005, and December 31, 2006. A study questionnaire was sent to the women between January and April 2008. Main Outcome Measures: Prevalence, location, and severity of persistent pain and sensory disturbances in 12 well-defined treatment groups assessed an average of 26 months after surgery, and adjusted odds ratio (OR) of reported pain and sensory disturbances with respect to age, surgical technique, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Results: By June 2008, 3253 of 3754 eligible women (87%) returned the questionnaire. A total of 1543 patients (47%) reported pain, of whom 201 (13%) had severe pain, 595 (39%) had moderate pain, and 733 (48%) had light pain. Factors associated with chronic pain included young age (18-39 years: OR, 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.25-5.82; P P = .03), but not chemotherapy (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.85-1.21; P = .91). Axillary lymph node dissection (ALND) was associated with increased likelihood of pain (OR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.43-2.19; P P P P Conclusion: Two to 3 years after breast cancer treatment, persistent pain and sensory disturbances remain clinically significant problems among Danish women who received surgery in 2005 and 2006.
The Subjective Bases of Abortion Attitudes: A Cross National Comparison of Religious Traditions

The subjective correlates of abortion attitudes for six different religious traditions (Roman Catholicism, Protestantism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Buddhism, Hinduism, and Islam). For all six groups, attitudes toward sexual morality exhibit the strongest relationship with abortion attitudes, followed by the effects of attitudes toward human life. Gender role attitudes are much less powerful predictors of abortion attitudes. Further, the multivariate models which explain abortion attitudes are remarkably similar across religious traditions, with inter-religious differences largely being attributable to differences in the marginal distributions of the independent variables.
When Older African American Women Are Affected by Violence in the Home: A Qualitative Investigation of Risk and Protective Factors

A growing body of work has begun to recognize that the problem of older women affected by family violence (FV) deserves special consideration. Because risk and protective factors for FV can vary by social and cultural context, it is imperative that more focused attention be paid to vulnerable populations such as older African American women. This article reports on the results of a qualitative inquiry into individual, dyadic, and community-level variables that influence the risk of FV among older African American women receiving primary care at an inner-city hospital. An explanatory model that integrates these variables is presented.
Comment on "How effective and efficient are multiobjective evolutionary algorithms at hydrologic model calibration?" by Y. Tang et al., Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci., 10, 289-307, 2006

jectives to create the initial sample of points. The results presented in Vrugt et al. (2003) have demonstrated that this alternative search strategy provides a computational efficient and robust alternative to multiobjective optimization. It is surprising however that TRW have not considered this second or alternative optimization strategy in their paper. I believe that this alternative sampling approach should have been used in conjunction with the various algorithms, to appropriately disseminate and implement the ideas presented in Vrugt et al. (2003). If correctly used, this alternative search strategy would have provided the entire Pareto tradeoff surface as depicted in Fig. 5, at far less computational costs than the SPEA2 and "-NSGAII algorithms. For example, preliminary analyses of the identification problem discussed in Fig. 5, suggest that state-of-the-art single objective search algorithms can identify the single criterion solutions of RMSE(R) and RMSE(T) in less than 20 000 function evaluations. Experience further suggests that about 2000 additional function evaluations would have been needed to sample the entire Pareto front using this prior information. This is considerably less than the 15 000 000 number of SAC-SMA model evaluations used to construct the results presented in TRW. Thus, in practice, this alternative search strategy using prior information from the single criterion ends of the Pareto front would have consistently received superior performance to the SPEA2 and "-NSGAII algorithms. This would especially be true for the hydrologic model calibration problems, discussed in case study (2) and (3). Nevertheless, the work presented in TRW addresses a number of critical issues related to the use of multiobjective optimization for the calibration of hydrologic models, and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of current available evolutionary search algorithms. In response to this, we (Vrugt and Robinson, 2007) have recently developed a new method called A Multi-ALgorithm Genetically Adaptive Multiobjective or AMALGAM method, that combines two new concepts, simultaneous multi-method search,
Positive feedback sharpens the anaphase switch.

The cell cycle couples growth and cell division to ensure the consistent size and shape of individual cells. This involves a vast array of genes and proteins, and requires sophisticated mechanisms to keep them acting in step. Two reports in this issue focus on different points in the cell cycle of the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and find that in each case, positive feedback keeps the process on the rails. Skotheim et al. studied the Start checkpoint in the G1 cell cycle phase, where cells irreversibly commit to cell division. Single-cell analysis reveals that Start is a positive feedback-dependent switch that coordinates the simultaneous transcription of a large group of cell cycle genes and the budding of a daughter cell. Holt et al. studied the onset of anaphase in mitosis, at which chromosome pairs separate abruptly and simultaneously. Cohesion between sister chromatids is dissolved by the enzyme separase, which is held in check by securin. A positive feedback loop regulating the ubiquitination and destruction of securin appears to make anaphase a switch-like event. Chromosomes separate abruptly during anaphase of mitosis, but how this switch-like behaviour is achieved is unclear. Cohesion between sister chromatids is dissolved by the protease separase, which is held in check by securin. In this paper, a positive feedback loop regulating the ubiquitination and destruction of securin is proposed to make anaphase more switch-like. At the onset of anaphase, sister-chromatid cohesion is dissolved abruptly and irreversibly, ensuring that all chromosome pairs disjoin almost simultaneously. The regulatory mechanisms that generate this switch-like behaviour are unclear. Anaphase is initiated when a ubiquitin ligase, the anaphase-promoting complex (APC), triggers the destruction of securin, thereby allowing separase, a protease, to disrupt sister-chromatid cohesion1,2,3,4. Here we demonstrate that the cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1)-dependent phosphorylation of securin near its destruction-box motif inhibits securin ubiquitination by the APC. The phosphatase Cdc14 reverses securin phosphorylation, thereby increasing the rate of securin ubiquitination. Because separase is known to activate Cdc14 (refs 5 and 6), our results support the existence of a positive feedback loop that increases the abruptness of anaphase. Consistent with this model, we show that mutations that disrupt securin phosphoregulation decrease the synchrony of chromosome segregation. Our results also suggest that coupling securin degradation with changes in Cdk1 and Cdc14 activities helps coordinate the initiation of sister-chromatid separation with changes in spindle dynamics.
Time to Be SHY? Some Comments on Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis

Sleep must serve an essential, universal function, one that offsets the risk of being disconnected from the environment. The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis (SHY) is an attempt to identify this essential function. Its core claim is that sleep is needed to reestablish synaptic homeostasis, which is challenged by the remarkable plasticity of the brain. In other words, sleep is “the price we pay for plasticity.” In this issue, M. G. Frank reviewed several aspects of the hypothesis and raised several issues. The comments below provide a brief summary of the motivations underlying SHY and clarify that SHY is a hypothesis not about specific mechanisms, but about a universal, essential function of sleep. This function is the preservation of synaptic homeostasis in the face of a systematic bias toward a net increase in synaptic strength—a challenge that is posed by learning during adult wake, and by massive synaptogenesis during development.
Evaporative Deposition of Bacteria and Microspheres on Mica from a Sessile Drop: The Use of Surface Conditioning in a Laboratory Atmosphere to Control Drop Spreading and Particle Deposition Patterns

Evaporative deposition from a sessile drop is an appealing way to deposit materials on a surface due to the simplicity of the technique. In this work we deposit aqueous solutions of two types of colloidal particles, namely bacteria and microspheres, on mica. We show that by controlling the extent of initial drop spreading through subtle changes in surface conditioning caused by exposure to the laboratory atmosphere in a laminar flow hood it is possible to systematically vary the particle deposition patterns. On freshly cleaved mica the contact angle of water is < 5°. Drops of bacterial and microsphere solutions deposited on freshly cleaved mica spread to cover a large surface area. Drying occurs through pinning and depinning events leaving a series of colloidal particle rings. We found in our laboratory that the contact angle of water on mica exposed to a constant flow of filtered laboratory air in a laminar flow hood gradually increases with time. For drops of both bacterial and microsphere solutions there is a corresponding decrease in the extent of drop spreading with increasing exposure of the mica surface to laboratory air. This results in a profound change in the colloidal particle deposition pattern. Short exposures of minutes to hours are enough to decrease spreading and affect the resulting deposition pattern. For our longest mica surface exposure times (months to 1 year) the contact angle of water reaches values near 20°. Spreading of the bacterial and microsphere drops is substantially decreased. A portion of the colloidal particles are deposited in an outer deposition ring which marks the extent of drop spreading and the remainder of the particles are deposited in the drop interior as a honeycomb or cellular film. The fraction of the drop residue covered with the cellular film increases with particle concentration as well as the length of time the mica is exposed to the laboratory atmosphere. This work shows that evaporative deposition on mica is very sensitive to surface conditioning through atmospheric exposure and also suggests that particle deposition patterns can be tuned by small changes in drop spreading.
Current trends in platelet transfusions practice: The role of ABO-RhD and human leukocyte antigen incompatibility

Platelet transfusions have contributed to the revolutionary modern treatment of hypoproliferative thrombocytopenia. Despite the long-term application of platelet transfusion in therapeutics, all aspects of their optimal use (i.e., in cases of ABO and/or Rh (D incompatibility) have not been definitively determined yet. We reviewed the available data on transfusion practices and outcome in ABO and RhD incompatibility and platelet refractoriness due to anti-human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies. Transfusion of platelets with major ABO-incompatibility is related to reduced posttransfusion platelet (PLT) count increments, compared to ABO-identical and minor, but still are equally effective in preventing clinical bleeding. ABO-minor incompatible transfusions pose the risk of an acute hemolytic reaction of the recipient that is not always related to high anti-A, B donor titers. ABO-identical PLT transfusion seems to be the most effective and safest therapeutic strategy. Exclusive ABO-identical platelet transfusion policy could be feasible, but alternative approaches could facilitate platelet inventory management. Transfusion of platelets from RhD positive donors to RhD negative patients is considered to be effective and safe though is associated with low rate of anti-D alloimmunization due to contaminating red blood cells. The prevention of D alloimmunization is recommended only for women of childbearing age. HLA alloimmunization is a major cause of platelet refractoriness. Managing patients with refractoriness with cross-matched or HLA-matched platelets is the current practice although data are still lacking for the efficacy of this practice in terms of clinical outcome. Leukoreduction contributes to the reduction of both HLA and anti-D alloimmunization.
Transactions section: Preprint of corresponding pages from the current annual transactions volume

The primary purpose of rating an electrical machine is to give the user an idea of what he may expect from the unit which he purchases. It is the purpose of this paper to propose a method of rating arc-welding generators and transformers which will give a truer picture of their working ability than is afforded by the present one-hour rating. Such a method of rating will be beneficial both to the customer who buys and uses arc welders and to the manufacturers who produce and market the units. The user will be better able to select a machine which will do the job to be performed, and at the same time he will be assured that he is not purchasing a machine unduly large for his requirements. The present custom is to give welding transformers and generators a one-hour rating, specifying the current they can deliver for a one-hour period, starting cold, without exceeding the permissible temperature rise. The plan here proposed is to give them a current rating indicative of their normal operating capacity, or short-time welding ability; and an additional service factor rating, indicative of their continuous current capacity, as limited by thermal considerations. All electric apparatus has these two major limitations on its output, one a “size” limit expressed by breakdown torque, commutation limit, or voltage drop; and the other a thermal limit expressed by the degrees temperature rise permissible for the type of insulation used. These two limits are usually quite independent of each other, so that no single number, such as a one-hour rating, can fully describe the usability of the apparatus. The proposed service factor rating gives both of these limits, and therefore gives the user the data for applying the apparatus to a variety of duty cycles. In conclusion, it is suggested that welding generators and transformers be designed for a service-factor rating of 75 per cent, since this corresponds best to typical welding duty cycles. It is also proposed that the standard AIEE values of temperature rise by resistance for continuous rated machines, 60 degrees centigrade for class A, or 80 degrees centigrade for class B insulation, be recognized as the limiting values in continuous operation at the service-factor rating. Rating for Welding Service Before proposing a method of rating, it is advisable to consider the purpose of rating. “The rating of a machine or other equipment is a set of performance characteristics which are subject to verification by test under specified conditions and which by mutual agreement between buyer and seller may serve as a basis of specifications and contracts covering the purchase and sale of the machine or other equipment. The rating is used by the manufacturer in the design and fabrication of the equipment and is used by the purchaser as the basis for application; therefore, the terms in which the rating is stated should be definite, easily verified, of such a nature as to permit intelligent use of the equipment, and as far as possible inclusive of usual conditions as found in practice.”1
Predicting cyanobacteria dominance in lakes

A controversial precept of aquatic ecology asserts that low ratios of nitrogen to phosphorus (N:P) lead to noxious and sometimes toxic blooms of Cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria dominance is a major ri...
Morphology at the Interfaces: Reduplication and Noun Incorporation in Uto-Aztecan

This monograph addresses morphology and its interfaces with phonology and syntax by examining comparative data from the Uto-Aztecan language family, and analyses involving reduplication as well as noun incorporation and related derivational morphology are provided within the framework of Distributed Morphology. Reduplication is treated by analyzing reduplicative morphemes (reduplicants) as morphological pieces (Vocabulary Items) inserted into syntactic slots at Morphological Structure. Noun incorporation constructions are analyzed as involving either incorporation (head movement in syntax, a la Baker 1988), or conflation, involving direct merger of a nominal root into verbal position (a la Hale and Keyser 2002). It is argued that denominal verb constructions should be treated as a sub-case of NI, as in Hale and Keyser (1993). Finally, the historical development of the polysynthesis parameter in Nahuatl is discussed, and a reconstruction of the likely stages of development, each of which is attested elsewhere in the family, is presented.
Phillis Wheatley's TO THE REV. DR. THOMAS AMORY ON READING HIS SERMONS ON DAILY DEVOTION, IN WHICH THAT DUTY IS RECOMMENDED AND ASSISTED

Phillis Wheatley's credentials in the field of eighteenth-century evangelical Christianity are unassailable. The list of notable members of the clergy and their families that we know her to have as...
Transonic store separation using a three-dimensional chimera grid scheme

The development of a numerical simulation capabihty using finite-difference techniques for flows about aircraft carrying stores is described. Since a single global mesh a t o u t the aircraft with stores is very difficult t o generate, a multiple overset mesh approach called the chimera scheme is used. In the chimera scheme, a complex configuration such as a wing with stores beneath it is mapped with a global mesh about the main component, the wing, and minor overset meshes are generated about each additional component such as the stores. The minor meshes are overset on the global mesh without matching any boundaries. As such, these minor meshes can be freely moved with respect to the global mesh. and the time-accurate simulation of a moving store beneath a wing is possible without regridding the configuration. The use of the chimera scheme combined with a time-dependent Euler algorithm is shown to be a viable technique for the simulation of flows about separating stores. Tests run in this paper show that the time accuracy is adequately maintained, the bookkeeping routines are capable of tracking the moving grids in three dimensions, and simulation of the flow field aerodynamics is clearly possible.
Reducing the Breakdown Threshold in DC Microdischarges via Metal Nanoparticle Seeding

In this work, we present findings of significant reduction of the breakdown threshold in a DC microdischarge via seeding metal nanoparticles. Reductions in the breakdown voltage were found to be between 5 to 25% for PD values (the product of pressure and electrode gap distance) of 20 to 40 Torr-cm. These reductions were achieved be seeding aluminum and iron nanoparticles with mean diameters of 75 and 80 nm, respectively. This technique required no secondary energy source to achieve this breakdown threshold reduction. Through high-speed chemiluminescence imaging of the discharge evolution it was found that the increase in temperature following breakdown ignited some of the nanoparticles near the cathode. It is postulated that the breakdown threshold reduction is achieved by an effective reduction in the electrode gap distance due charging of the nanoparticles.
Presidentas Rise: Consequences for Women in Cabinets?

Since 1999, women have democratically won the presidency eight times in Latin America and have named hundreds of ministers. This study argues that under certain conditions, presidentas are more likely than male presidents to improve women's cabinet representation. Two mechanisms, presidenta mandates and gendered networks, appear to drive the relationship. Furthermore, because the pool of ministerial candidates is shallower for women than for men, presidentas are most likely to advance women's representation in cabinets at the beginning of their term and for “feminine” ministries. A case study of Michelle Bachelet's 2006 ministerial appointments reveals initial evidence for the argument. Empirical implications are then tested with an original dataset of 1,908 ministers of all democratically elected Latin American presidents since 1999. Model results are consistent with the theory that presidentas are most likely to “make a difference” when they are least constrained by the supply of female ministerial candidates.
The Magic of Orpheus and the Ambiguities of Language

Language is among the most mysterious of man's attributes. Its power not only to communicate truths about reality, but also to compel assent in the face of reality has often appeared miraculous, magical, and also dangerous. The marvel that mere words could impel men to the most momentous actions, and the admiration or fear that this fact inspires, are recurrent themes in classical literature. To express and understand this power Greek myth early framed the figure of Orpheus, a magical singer, half-man, half-god, able to move all of nature by his song. How that myth shifts in meaning and emphasis in representing that power is the subject of this essay. Though primarily concerned with classical writers, I shall also consider how a few modern poets used and transmuted this mythic material. My reading of the myth is both diachronic and synchronic. I attempt to study some aspects of its historical development and also to interpret it (especially in part I) as if all of its versions, taken together, form a contemporary statement about the relation of art and life. Orpheus is a complex, multifaceted figure. For the ancients he is not only the archetypal poet, but also the founder of a mystical religion known as Orphism, with a well-developed theology, cosmogony, and eschatology of which much survives in hymns and short epics, mostly of late date. The ‘poetic’ Orpheus inevitably overlaps with the founder of Orphism, but it is the Orpheus of the poetic tradition that this essay discusses.
Dendrite and spine modifications in autism and related neurodevelopmental disorders in patients and animal models

Dendrites and spines are the main neuronal structures receiving input from other neurons and glial cells. Dendritic and spine number, size, and morphology are some of the crucial factors determining how signals coming from individual synapses are integrated. Much remains to be understood about the characteristics of neuronal dendrites and dendritic spines in autism and related disorders. Although there have been many studies conducted using autism mouse models, few have been carried out using postmortem human tissue from patients. Available animal models of autism include those generated through genetic modifications and those non-genetic models of the disease. Here, we review how dendrite and spine morphology and number is affected in autism and related neurodevelopmental diseases, both in human, and genetic and non-genetic animal models of autism. Overall, data obtained from human and animal models point to a generalized reduction in the size and number, as well as an alteration of the morphology of dendrites; and an increase in spine densities with immature morphology, indicating a general spine immaturity state in autism. Additional human studies on dendrite and spine number and morphology in postmortem tissue are needed to understand the properties of these structures in the cerebral cortex of patients with autism. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Develop Neurobiol 77: 419-437, 2017.
Charles Lamb (1775–1834)

Charles Lamb met Wordsworth in London during the summer of 1797. His pleasant manners, as well as his serene acceptance of the shortcomings of others, impressed Wordsworth, who soon found multiple occasions to praise Lamb’s writings (both prose and poems) for having provided him with ‘April weather of smiles & tears’, his command of Latin, and his sensible critical judgments.