cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Enantioselective Construction of Modular and Asymmetric Baskets.

The precise positioning of functional groups about the inner space of abiotic hosts is a challenging task and of interest for developing more effective receptors and catalysts akin to those found in nature. To address it, we herein report a synthetic methodology for preparing basket-like cavitands comprised of three different aromatics as side arms with orthogonal esters at the rim for further functionalization. First, enantioenriched A (borochloronorbornene), B (iodobromonorbornene), and C (boronorbornene) building blocks were obtained by stereoselective syntheses. Second, consecutive A-to-B and then AB-to-C Suzuki-Miyaura (SM) couplings were optimized to give enantioenriched ABC cavitand as the principal product. The robust synthetic protocol allowed us to prepare (a) an enantioenriched basket with three benzene sides and each holding either tBu, Et, or Me esters, (b) both enantiomers of a so-called "spiral staircase" basket with benzene, naphthalene, and anthracene groups surrounding the inner space, and (c) a photo-responsive basket bearing one anthracene and two benzene arms.
Reflection High Energy Electron Diffraction Studies of Diffusion and Cluster Formation During Molecular Beam Epitaxy

Understanding the surface processes controlling molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is crucial to the growth of high quality epitaxial structures. The fundamental mechanisms involved in the growth include adatom and impurity adsorption, surface reconstruction, surface diffusion, cluster formation, step propagation, and evaporation. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) is useful because it probes the surface reconstruction and the step structure during the growth process. In particular, the competing processes of cluster formation and step propagation are followed as a function of growth conditions. The growth of GaAs and Ge by MBE has been investigated in detail with RHEED. Layer-by-layer growth is observed on these surfaces over a range of conditions. In both systems, the growth mode changes from cluster formation at low substrate temperatures to step propagation at high temperatures. The underlying step morphology also affects the growth mode. By introducing an array of steps due to a misorientation from a low-index plane, step propagation is strongly enhanced. The step motion and stability is interpreted within the framework of several growth models. The models give insight into why the MBE layers can be grown so smoothly.
Electron microscopy of cytochrome c oxidase crystals. Monomer-dimer relationship and cytochrome c binding site.

Abstract Cytochrome c oxidase was isolated from beef heart mitochondria by detergent extraction yielding two different crystal forms. Extraction with Triton detergents produced vesicular crystals with two-dimensional crystalline arrays of cytochrome c oxidase dimers while extraction with sodium deoxycholate produced crystalline sheets of cytochrome c oxidase monomers. The structures of both crystal forms were determined in two-dimensional projection along an axis normal to the plane of the membrane by cryoelectron microscopy of crystals embedded in vitreous ice (frozen-hydrated). The projection structures of unstained frozen hydrated monomers and of dimers are similar to the structures of the crystals in negative stain. The molecular outline of dimers can be approximated by a parallelogram 44 A by 82 A with an included angle of 80°. Monomers are less regular consisting of two large domains with a smaller domain at one end and a total length of approximately 82 A. Comparison of the two structures reveals the orientation of cytochrome c oxidase monomers within dimers, an orientation which is different from earlier models of monomer-monomer interaction, and suggests a very close interaction between monomers when they associate to form dimers. The crystalline sheets of cytochrome c oxidase monomers bind tightly the small peripheral membrane protein substrate, cytochrome c , and this binding accentuates a tendency of these crystals to stack upon one another. Images of crystals of the cytochrome c oxidase/cytochrome c complex were analyzed by crosscorrelation analysis versus the monomer crystal image. Two types of two-layer crystals have been identified. Both types have one layer rotated by 180° with respect to the other, but they differ in the shifts of origin along crystal axes of the two layers. Difference images formed by subtracting simulated multilayered crystal images (which have no bound cytochrome c) from the complex crystals (cytochrome c oxidase plus cytochrome c) contain one positive difference peak for each cytochrome oxidase monomer within a unit cell. Comparison of the difference peak loci among the different crystal forms is interpreted based upon a consensus cytochrome c binding site in the single layer cytochrome oxidase monomer crystal image.
Coral recruitment patterns in the Florida Keys.

This study examines scleractinian zooxanthellate coral recruitment patterns in the Florida Keys to determine if differences in density or community composition exist between regions. From July to September 2002, nine patch reefs, three in each of the upper, middle and lower Keys, were surveyed for coral recruits (colonies <5 cm in diameter) using randomly placed quadrats and transects. Coral recruits were enumerated, measured, and identified to genus. Fourteen genera of corals were observed across all sites and ranged from five to 13 per site. Densities ranged from 6.29 ± 1.92 (mean ± SE) to 39.08 ± 4.53 recruits m-2, and there were significant site and regional differences in recruit densities. The density of recruits in the upper Keys was significantly lower than in the middle and lower Keys. In addition, the upper Keys were less diverse and had a different recruit size-frequency distribution. The majority of recruits were non-massive scleractinian species that contribute relatively little to overall reef-building processes, a finding that is similar to previous studies. Fewer recruits of massive species were found in the upper Keys compared to the middle and lower Keys. The recruitment patterns of the reefs in the upper Keys could potentially hinder their ability to recover from stress and disturbances.
The enzymology of virus-infected bacteria. II. Demonstration of two forms of thymidylate kinase in infected Escherichia coli.

Abstract Thymidylate kinase, an enzyme that increases in activity after infection of Escherichia coli with T2 bacteriophage has been shown to differ from the thymidylate kinase of uninfected bacteria in two respects: 1. 1. It is separable from the enzyme in uninfected bacteria by chromatography on columns of diethylaminoethylcellulose. 2. 2. It is inhibited by deoxyguanylate, whereas the enzyme from uninfected cells is not. These results are interpreted as evidence for the individuality of the enzymes from the two sources.
Chapter 11 at Twilight

In The End of Bankruptcy we detailed the forces that have rendered obsolete traditional conceptions of corporate reorganization. In a response to our article, Lynn LoPucki asserts that our paper lacked empirical foundation. In this response, we draw on LoPucki's data set of the reorganization of large, publicly held entities to show the robustness of our claims, both empirical and theoretical. Looking in detail at the firms whose Chapter 11 cases ended in 2002, most of which concluded after we completed our original piece, we find that in over 80% of the cases the assets of the firm were either sold or the bankruptcy proceeding put in place a restructuring plan agreed to before bankruptcy was filed. The remaining firms evince little in the way of going-concern value. Moreover, equityholders are nearly always wiped out, and the board of directors is usually replaced. Today's bankruptcy practice reveals creditors, particularly the senior lenders, in control. They use their powers to remove managers in whom they have lost confidence, replace the board of directors, put the corporation on the auction block and terminate the interest of equityholders. This paper provides further evidence that issues of control rather than priority dominate modern reorganization practice.
Effective dielectric constant prediction of polymer-ceramic composite based on self-consistent theory

Nanostructure polymer-ceramic composite with high dielectric constant (/spl epsi//sub r//spl sim/100) has been developed for embedded capacitor application. This polymer-ceramic system consists of lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) ceramic particle and modified high dielectric low viscosity epoxy resin. In order to obtain precise prediction of effective dielectric constant of this composite, a closed form prediction model based on self-consistent theory is proposed. The electrical polarization mechanism and interaction between epoxy resin and ceramic filler has been studied. This model can establish the relevant constitutional parameters of polymer-ceramic composite materials such as particle shape, composition, and connectivity that determine the dielectric properties of the composite. This model is simpler, uses fewer parameters and its prediction compares better with experiment (error<10%). The precision and simplicity of the model can be exploited for predictions of the properties and design of nano-structure ferroelectric polymer-ceramic composites. Self-consistent theory has been proved a good tool to predict effective properties of nano-composites.
Haptic rendering of data on unstructured tetrahedral grids

An algorithm is developed to interpolate data in unstructured tetrahedral meshes for improved real-time haptic rendering. Given a Cartesian location in the data set, the containing tetrahedral element in the unstructured mesh must be located. Then the data at the nodes of this tetrahedral element are interpolated to yield the proper data value(s) to render. Comparisons are made with a previously developed algorithm for structured hexahedral meshes in terms of storage requirements and off-line and on-line computational complexities, providing guidelines on when to decompose hexahedral meshes into tetrahedral meshes for haptic rendering.
In-plane spectroscopy of microfluidic systems made in photosensitive glass

This work manifests the use of microstructures made in Apex™ photosensitive glass for in-plane investigation of microfluidic systems by demonstrating the ability to detect chemical fluids through etched glass sidewalls. Absorption spectra of liquid ethanol in the near infrared (NIR) region and Raman spectroscopy of dimethyl sulfoxide in microcuvettes made in Apex™ photosensitive glass demonstrate the high potential of photosensitive glass processing in microfluidic applications in which stacks of microfluidic systems are analyzed from the sidewalls. This eliminates the need for non-planar observation of microfluidic systems.
Synthesis of phenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3-O-α-l-fucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and related compounds

Abstract The reaction of phenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6- O -( p -methoxybenzylidene)-β- d -glucopyranoside with 2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- l -fucopyranosyl bromide under halide ion-catalyzed conditions proceeded readily, to give phenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-4,6- O -( p -methoxybenzylidene)-3- O -(2,3,4-tri- O -benzyl-α- l -fucopyranosyl)-β- d -glucopyranoside ( 8 ). Mild treatment of 8 with acid, followed by hydrogenolysis, provided the disaccharide phenyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3- O -α- l -fucopyranosyl-β- d -glucopyranoside. Starting from 6-(trifluoroacetamido)hexyl 2-acetamido-3,4,6-tri- O -acetyl-2-deoxy-β- d -glucopyranoside, the synthesis of 6-(trifluoroacetamido)hexyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3- O -β- l -fucopyranosyl-β- d -glucopyranoside has been accomplished by a similar reaction-sequence. On acetolysis, methyl 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-3- O -α- l -fucopyranosyl-α- d -glucopyranoside gave 2-methyl-[4,6-di- O -acetyl-1,2-dideoxy-3- O -(2,3,4-tri- O -acetyl-α- l -fucopyranosyl)-α- d -glucopyrano]-[2, 1- d ]-2-oxazoline as the major product.
A hypothesis on the allantoic origin of the distal midgut

No satisfactory explanation for the absence of the ileocecal portion of the digestive system in the newborns with cloacal exstrophy has been offered previously. This is a report of such a case in which the lymphocytes and plasma cells were used as tissue markers to identify the origin of the lymphatic-rich ileocecal portion of the digestive tract. The absence of these cells, in this case demonstrated immunohistochemically, is suggestive of a dual origin of the midgut. Normal embryogenesis of the digestive system is reviewed and the possibility of participation of the allantois, in addition to the yolk sac, in the embryogenesis of the ileocecal segment of the gastrointestinal tract is discussed.
Masochism in the laboratory rat: An experimental demonstration

In an attempt to replicate and extend an experimental demonstration by Keller and Schoenfeld concerning transformation of electric shock into a secondary reinforcer, separate groups of rats learned to lever press for either food or reinforcing electrical stimulation (ESB) to the medial forebrain bundle. The secondary reinforcer was mild footshock, presented through the lever during conditioning. In extinction trials, continued footshock produced greater resistance to extinction than did no shock in both food and ESB groups, suggesting that footshock had assumed the properties of a secondary reinforcer.
Solubility products of salts of selected metal ions and anionic C12 surfactants

Abstract The solubilities of metal-surfactant salts in aqueous systems influence foam separation processes. The solubility products of selected salts of metal ions with anionic C 12 surfactants were determined. Lead dodecylsulfate, lead dodecylsulfonate, lead dodecanoate and chromium dodecylsulfate have solubility products of 1.9 × 10 −10 , 5.0 × 10 −12 4.4 × 10 −16 (mol dm −3 ) 3 , and 6.9 × 10 −14 (mol dm −3 ) 4 , respectively, as determined from turbidity measurements. Copper and cadmium dodecylsulfates have significantly higher solubility products of 3.79 × 10 −3 and 3.18 × 10 −2 (mol dm −3 ) 3 respectively, determined by chemical analysis of supernatants produced after precipitation of the salts.
The child care dilemma: Expanding nurse practitioner involvement

Abstract As a result of various economic and social factors, a significant increase in the number of women with young children in the labor force has occurred. This trend has resulted in an unprecedented demand for both public and private child care. Consequently, most parents today are grappling with a host of child care issues. This article discusses the child care needs of working parents and effective interventions by nurse practitioners within their practices and communities.
Comment on some evidence of a date of first humans to arrive in Brazil

J Archaeol Sci 30 (2003) 351 reported extremely interesting dates on a calcite layer covering a pictograph at the Toca da Bastiana rock shelter within the Serra da Capivara National Park, Piaui, Brazil. Thermoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance ages indicate that humans were present in Brazil prior to 35 ky ago. We report radiocarbon dates for rock paintings at the same rock shelter and other nearby shelters that contradict Watanabe et al.'s results.
Water immersion simplifies cecal intubation in patients with redundant colons and previous incomplete colonoscopies

Background Interest in effective ways to complete colon examinations in patients who had previously undergone failed colonoscopies has increased recently. Objective To determine whether water immersion decreased the need for ancillary equipment to achieve cecal intubation in patients who had previously undergone incomplete colonoscopies. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Tertiary academic center. Patients A total of 345 consecutive patients referred to a tertiary center for the indication of a previous incomplete colonoscopy. Interventions Colonoscopy with or without water immersion insertion. Main Outcome Measurements Cecal intubation rates, type of equipment, and maneuvers used. Results Cecal intubation was achieved in 332 of 345 patients (96.2%) and was similar in those with and without water immersion (170/178, 95.5% vs 162/167, 97%, P = .58). An external straightening device was used in 6 of 178 cases with water immersion (3.4%) compared with 25 of 168 cases with air insufflation (15%) ( P P P = .01). Limitations Retrospective review; single-center, single-endoscopist study. Conclusion Water immersion decreases the need for external straightening devices and position change maneuvers in patients with redundant colons and previously incomplete colonoscopies.
Cathodoluminescence of uranium oxides

The cathodoluminescence of uranium oxide surfaces prepared in-situ from clean uranium exposed to dry oxygen was studied. The broad asymmetric peak observed at 470 nm is attributed to F-center excitation.
Racial differences in renal allograft survival : the role of systemic hypertension

Racial differences in renal allograft survival: The role of systemic hypertension. The rate of decline in the number of functioning renal allografts beyond the first year after transplantation has changed little in the last 25 years, and during long-term follow-up most allografts are lost due to chronic transplant rejection or patient death. The recipient race correlates with allograft survival, and African American recipients have a lower allograft survival than Caucasians. The goal of the present study was to identify clinical variables present during the first six months after transplantation that predict the loss of renal allografts beyond six months after transplantation, and in particular to determine the role of systemic hypertension on renal allograft survival in black and white recipients. This study includes 547 recipients of first cadaveric renal allografts performed at The Ohio State University. All patients were treated with a uniform immunosuppressive protocol and had a follow-up of at least three years. By multivariate analysis the following variables correlate with poor allograft survival: an elevated serum creatinine concentration measured six months after transplantation (SCr 6mo ) (P
Separation and identification of bovine lymphocyte populations.

Abstract Various methods for separation of lymphocyte populations have been modified and adapted for use in isolating and identifying bovine lymphocytes. Ficolldiatrizoate (F-D) with a specific density of 1.084 was found to be superior to those with densities of 1.080 and 1.077 which were developed originally for the mouse and human mononuclear cells, respectively. F-D with a density of 1.084 attained a lymphocyte (absolute number) recovery rate of 92% whereas those with densities of 1.080 and 1.077 yielded 81% and 71% recovery rate of lymphocytes, respectively. Subsequent separation of T lymphocytes was achieved best by nylon wool column whereas separation of B lymphocytes was attained best by complement-mediated depletion of T lymphocytes with the T lymphocyte specific monoclonal antibody (MAb), BLT-l. The former yielded 95±3% T lymphocytes with 47±9% recovery rate, and the latter gave 96±3% B lymphocytes with 71±9% recovery rate. In comparison, direct panning of F-D gradient separated mononuclear cells with goat anti-bovine IgG coated plates yielded 80% B lymphocytes with 31% recovery rate and indirect panning of MAb BLT-l treated F-D gradient-separated mononuclear cells with goat anti-mouse IgG coated plates yielded 89% T lymphocytes with 35% recovery rate.
An electronic flight bag for NextGen avionics

The introduction of the Next Generation Air Transportation System (NextGen) initiative by the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) will impose new requirements for cockpit avionics. A similar program is also taking place in Europe by the European Organisation for the Safety of Air Navigation (Eurocontrol) called the Single European Sky Air Traffic Management Research (SESAR) initiative. NextGen will require aircraft to utilize Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) in/out technology, requiring substantial changes to existing cockpit display systems. There are two ways that aircraft operators can upgrade their aircraft in order to utilize ADS-B technology. The first is to replace existing primary flight displays with new displays that are ADS-B compatible. The second, less costly approach is to install an advanced Class 3 Electronic Flight Bag (EFB) system. The installation of Class 3 EFBs in the cockpit will allow aircraft operators to utilize ADS-B technology in a lesser amount of time with a decreased cost of implementation and will provide additional benefits to the operator. This paper describes a Class 3 EFB, the Nexis TM Flight-Intelligence System, which has been designed to allow users a direct interface with NextGen avionics sensors while additionally providing the pilot with all the necessary information to meet NextGen requirements.
Depositional Systems of Alabama-Mississippi Coastal Zone: ABSTRACT

The northeastern Gulf of Mexico, from the Mississippi River to Desoto Canyon, is a complex of interrelated depositional systems. Alluvial-deltaic, estuarine, barrier-island, and marine-shelf systems characterize this part of the Gulf. The Pearl, Pascagoula, and Mobile fluvial-deltaic systems are major sources of sediment to the area. This complex is similar to that of the Texas coastal zone, but specific facies, geometry, and spatial relations differ. Mobile Bay and Mississippi Sound are the most striking of the several estuaries in the area. Mobile Bay is shallow (average depth, 11 ft) and elongate (31 by 10 mi). Salinity varies locally within the bay and at any particular location between periods of high and low stream flow. Most of the bay is floored by clay and silty clay, with the shallow periphery underlain by sand. Sedimentation rates of 1.7 ft per century have been calculated. Mississippi Sound is a shallow, bar-built estuary approximately 85 mi long and 7-15 mi wide, bounded on the south by a chain of barrier islands. The mainland side of the sound is fronted by grassy tidelands and artificial beach. Current patterns are complex due to the influence of the tidal passes; however, there is a slow westward longshore current. Most of the sound is floored by silt and clay, with the shallow periphery underlain by fine sand. The Mississippi-Alabama barrier-island system is part of a chain of small, low-relief, barrier islands and spits that extend from Cat Island, Mississippi, to Choctawhatchee Bay, Florida. Westward-flowing longshore currents accrete sediments to the western ends of the islands while eroding the eastern ends. The rate of accretion is greater than that of erosion so that the islands lengthen and migrate westward. The Mississippi-Alabama shelf system is that part of the shelf between the Mississippi River delta and Desoto Canyon. The topography of the shelf bottom is relatively smooth and has uniform slope. Minor topographic irregularities occur at depths of 100-150 ft. Wave action is of moderate intensity and sediment transport mainly the result of longshore currents. Sediments End_Page 1827------------------------------ on the shelf occur as 6 well-defined facies: (1) the Alabama-Mississippi sand facies; (2) The Alabama-Mississippi reef and interreef facies; (3) the St. Bernard prodelta facies; (4) the Chandeleur Islands sand facies; (5) a facies transitional between facies 1 and 3; and (6) an estuary-influenced fine-grained facies. Recognition of these aspects of the Alabama-Mississippi coastal zone depositional systems is an important consideration in planning and developing a petroleum exploration program. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1828------------
Nonfrontal/nonideal iris localization and acquisition

Iris and face biometric systems are under intense study as a multimodal pair due in part to the ability to acquire both with the same capture system. While several successful research efforts have considered facial imagesas part of an iris-face multimodal biometric system, there is little work in the area exploring the iris recognition problem under different poses of the subjects. This is due to the fact that most commercial iris recognition systems depend on the high performance algorithm patented by Daugman, which does not take into consideration the pose and illumination variations in iris acquisition. Hence there is an impending need for sophisticated iris detection systems that localize the iris region for different poses and different facial views. In this paper we present a non-frontal/non-ideal iris acquisition technique where iris images are extracted out of regular visual video sequences. This video sequence is captured 3 feet around the subject in a 90-degree arc from the profile view to the frontal view. We present a novel design for an iris detection filter that detects the location of the iris, the pupil and the sclera using a Laplacian of Gaussian ellipse detection technique. Experimental results show that the proposed approach can localize the iris location in facial images for a wide range of pose variations including semi-frontal views.© (2004) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Nebular turbulence, chondrule formation, and the composition of the Earth

Abstract Cosmochemical fractionations have been traditionally explained by the segregation of fine condensate dust, yet nebular turbulence prevents this dust from separating from the gas. Dense chondrules may form accumulations in stagnant zones which can settle to the midplane and be accreted to planetesimals and terrestrial planets. This is supported by the observation that Type I (MgO-rich) chondrules are more similar to mantle peridotite from Earth in lithophile major and trace element abundances than bulk chondrites are.
Detection of Salmonella typhimurium using polyclonal antibody immobilized magnetostrictive biosensors

Novel mass-sensitive, magnetostrictive sensors have a characteristic resonant frequency that can be determined by monitoring the magnetic flux emitted by the sensor in response to an applied, time varying, magnetic field. This magnetostrictive platform has a unique advantage over conventional sensor platforms in that measurement is wireless or remote. These biosensors can thus be used in-situ for detecting pathogens and biological threat agents. In this work, we have used a magnetostrictive platform immobilized with a polyclonal antibody (the bio-molecular recognition element) to form a biosensor for the detection of Salmonella typhimurium . Upon exposure to solutions containing Salmonella typhimurium bacteria, the bacteria were bound to the sensor and the additional mass of the bound bacteria caused a shift in the sensor's resonant frequency. Responses of the sensors to different concentrations of S. typhimurium were recorded and the results correlated with those obtained from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of samples. Good agreement between the measured number of bound bacterial cells (attached mass) and frequency shifts were obtained. The longevity and specificity of the selected polyclonal antibody were also investigated and are reported.© (2006) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
A rectangular-component two-dimensional alternating-current potentiometer

Abstract 1. (1) The principle of the a – c . rectangular potentiometer here described is not new, but the form of the instrument appears to be new. 2. (2) By the use of this instrument, alternating p.d.s. can be measured, to rectangular coordinates, up to at least 2000≈ with only a small expenditure of power. 3. (3) The use of the instrument shows the marked influence of distributed capacitance in a – c . apparatus, and the importance of reducing this disturbing effect when measurements are made. 4. (4) The importance of a proper ground connection in the working circuit is emphasized. 5. (5) The a – c . rectangular potentiometer escapes the necessity of measuring the strength of alternating current in either the potentiometer circuit, or the working circuit, provided that the relative method is used, and that the impressed frequency is maintained constant. 6. (6) Owing to the effects of distributed capacitance, the voltage distribution in a simple series resistance box, carrying alternating currents, fails to follow a vector straight-line law. The deviation tends to increase with the impressed frequency. 7. (7) The importance of reducing the mutual capacitance between the concentric primary and secondary windings of the toroidal induction coil, at high frequencies, is emphasized as the result of experimental tests.
Corrections to carbon isotopic data of Gulf Coast salt-dome cap rock

Abstract Corrections to the carbon isotopic data indicate that the Gulf Coast salt-dome cap rock has a mean of − 36·2‰ and a sample standard deviation of 6·2‰.
Linguistic analysis of interpersonal forgiveness: Process trajectories

Expressive writing benefits with clinical treatment protocols have been shown in a variety of mental health and medical settings, though the unfolding processes involved in interpersonal forgiveness is undetermined. Using linguistic analysis methodology, this study determined the trajectories of positive and negative emotions and time orientation associated with forgiveness. Over five weeks, 123 participants showed quadratic effects for positive emotional responses, linear decreases of negative emotional responses, and expected changes in time orientation. Additional analyses revealed forgiveness change differences based on contact status, including more positive and negative emotional content, and anger. Linguistic analysis in forgiveness research has significant potential to determine interpersonal forgiveness change processes.
Immediate effects and short-term retention of multi-modal instruction compared to written only on muscle activity during the prone horizontal abduction exercise in individuals with shoulder pain.

In rehabilitation, exercise instructions are multi-modal and can include a focus of increasing mean activity of a target muscle and inhibiting aberrant synergistic muscle activity, particularly during shoulder exercises, such as the prone horizontal abduction (PHA). The objective was to compare the immediate effects and short-term retention of multi-modal exercise instruction by a physical therapist written only instruction on normalized mean upper and lower trapezius muscle activity during three phases (concentric/isometric/eccentric) versus of an isotonic PHA exercise between participants with and without shoulder pain. Surface electromyography (EMG) was recorded from fourteen healthy participants and twelve participants with shoulder pain during the PHA exercise under two conditions: (1) written only instructions and (2) multi-modal instruction. Retention of multi-modal instruction on muscle activity was assessed one week later. Results demonstrate 12.8–16.0% increase in lower trapezius muscle activity during the concentric and isometric phases with multi-modal instructions in both groups. Inhibition of the upper trapezius did not occur in either group. Facilitation effects were maintained in short-term follow-up. Findings suggest that regardless of shoulder pain, multi-modal instruction by a physical therapist facilitates greater neuromuscular activity of a targeted muscle compared to written instructions alone and these effects are retained.
A Method for Measurement of the Transient Response of Semisolid Foods Under Steady Shear

A Weissenberg Rheogoniometer was interfaced to a microcomputer for data acquisition, filtering, and processing. Reproducible and accurate measurements were made during steady shear of the transient stress response, characteristic of time-dependent semisolid foods. Differences between the initial flow process were found between two brands of commercial mayonnaise and one of spoonable salad dressing.
The effect of charge neutral doping and oxygenation on the magnetic properties of melt textured YBa2Cu3O7-δ

Abstract The effects of charge neutral doping on the magnetic properties of melt textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7− δ are reported. Additions of Ca ions in combination with Ce and Hf ions were considered. By coupling dopants it was found degradation of T c could be reduced (relative to 2+ doping alone) and a peak effect could be produced in the magnetization curve. The peak effect in Y123 co-doped with Ca–Ce is not completely removed with extensive 1 atm or high-pressure (100 bar) oxygenation. The observed peak effect is thought to be due to a combination of chemical doping and oxygenation effects.
Embodied Knowledge: The Textual Representation of Embodied Sensory Information in a Dynamic and Uncertain Material Environment

This article examines the highly specific problems of roof support in coal mines to construct a theoretical framework that describes how texts represent information that is embodied, sensory, and u...
Reliability of recalled physical activity, cigarette smoking, and alcohol consumption.

Reliability of recalled measures of physical activity and alcohol and tobacco use was examined in a cohort of 873 men and women in three California communities. In personal interviews in 1972, participants provided baseline data on these three habits. In repeat interviews in 1983, they recalled their habits in 1972 and reported their current habits. On average, recalled physical activity levels significantly exceeded those originally reported (1899 kcal/d versus 1345 kcal/d, P < 0. 001) and were similar to current reported levels(1822 kcal/d). Similarly, recalled alcohol and cigarette consumption was higher than the original reports (alcohol: 126 versus 119 g/wk; cigarettes: 8.5 versus 6.2/d). By contrast, current reported alcohol (103 g/wk) and cigarette consumption (4.6/d) were lower than at baseline. Analysis of variance was used to partition the variation in recalled and original habits into components due to interpersonal variation in true measures, errors in recall, and residual reporting error. Interpersonal variation accounted for only 20% of the total variation in physical activity, but for 48 to 60% of total variation in cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption. These results suggest that inconsistencies among studies of chronic disease and physical activity may arise from either large random measurement errors in individual assessments or from homogeneity of activity levels among the populations studied.
The use of parameter ratios to characterize the formal order of chemical bonds

Abstract While bonding parameters such as electron localization function (ELF) bond basin populations and atoms-in-molecules (AIM) delocalization indices may not in an absolute sense reflect our simple ideas of bond orders, ratios of these parameters referenced to a suitable standard may be a more viable measure of the bonding situation. In the present paper we have calculated both these quantities for the bonds between heavy atoms for all the simple two-heavy-atom hydrides and diatomics capable of multiple bond formation for elements in the first two long rows of the periodic table and have compared the ratios of these parameters relative to the arbitrarily chosen double bond case. We find that a division into clearly defined formal bond-order classes occurs for the AIM delocalization index and is apparent thought less clear for ELF bond basin populations. The division agrees with our intuitive chemical ideas regarding formal bond order and should be a useful tool in characterizing general bonding situations.
Leptin-Induced Spine Formation Requires TrpC Channels and the CaM Kinase Cascade in the Hippocampus

Leptin is a critical neurotrophic factor for the development of neuronal pathways and synaptogenesis in the hypothalamus. Leptin receptors are also found in other brain regions, including the hippocampus, and a postnatal surge in leptin correlates with a time of rapid growth of dendritic spines and synapses in the hippocampus. Leptin is critical for normal hippocampal dendritic spine formation as db/db mice, which lack normal leptin receptor signaling, have a reduced number of dendritic spines in vivo. Leptin also positively influences hippocampal behaviors, such as cognition, anxiety, and depression, which are critically dependent on dendritic spine number. What is not known are the signaling mechanisms by which leptin initiates spine formation. Here we show leptin induces the formation of dendritic protrusions (thin headless, stubby and mushroom shaped spines), through trafficking and activation of TrpC channels in cultured hippocampal neurons. Leptin-activation of the TrpC current is dose dependent and blocked by targeted knockdown of the leptin receptor. The nonselective TrpC channel inhibitors SKF96365 and 2-APB or targeted knockdown of TrpC1 or 3, but not TrpC5, channels also eliminate the leptin-induced current. Leptin stimulates the phosphorylation of CaMKIγ and β-Pix within 5 min and their activation is required for leptin-induced trafficking of TrpC1 subunits to the membrane. Furthermore, we show that CaMKIγ, CaMKK, β-Pix, Rac1, and TrpC1/3 channels are all required for both the leptin-sensitive current and leptin-induced spine formation. These results elucidate a critical pathway underlying leptin's induction of dendritic morphological changes that initiate spine and excitatory synapse formation.
An analysis of strong discontinuities in multiplicative finite strain plasticity and their relation with the numerical simulation of strain localization in solids

Abstract This paper presents an analysis of strong discontinuities in inelastic solids at finite strains. Solutions exhibiting this type of discontinuities, characterized by a discontinuous displacement field, are shown to make physical and mathematical sense in a classical multiplicative plasticity continuum model if the softening modulus is reinterpreted as a singular distribution.Physically, the strainsoftening is localized along the discontinuity. Conditions for the appearance of strong discontinuities in the geometrically nonlinear range are characterized, as it is the response of the material during localization. In addition, these analytical results are exploited in the design of a new class of finite element methods. The proposed methods fall within the class of enhanced strain methods, and lead to solutions independent of the mesh size and insensitive to mesh alignment, without requiring any regularization of the solutions by numerical parameters like a characteristic length.
Laminaria augmentation of intra-amniotic PGF2α for midtrimester pregnancy termination

Abstract In our hands, intra-amniotic PGF2α 40 mg for midtrimester pregnancy termination had a mean infusion to abortion interval of 29.4 hr. However, pretreatment of 230 patients with laminaria tents inserted 14–18 hr before PGF2α infusion resulted in a dramatically reduced time to abortion (14.3 hr mean) with a low incidence of gastrointestinal and other side effects. Laminaria tents inserted at the same time as PGF2α infusion in 26 patients also resulted in reduced time to abortion (18.6 hr mean). In the laminaria pretreated group, the infusion to abortion interval was indirectly related to the number of laminaria inserted and not to the nulliparous or parous state. Although we have made significant strides in shortening the abortion interval in the hospital, retained placentae and blood loss persist as problems related to the use of prostaglandin for abortion.
Quinidine reduces clearance of (+)-propranolol more than (-)-propranolol through marked reduction in 4-hydroxylation.

Because both quinidine and propranolol bind to the cytochrome P-450 responsible for the oxidation of debrisoquin, six healthy male subjects were studied to determine whether an interaction occurred between the two drugs and the pharmacodynamic consequences of that interaction. The coadministration of quinidine resulted in a doubling of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of (+/-)-propranolol (530 +/- 99 versus 1051 +/- 138 ng.hr/ml; p less than 0.05) and a reduction in the clearance of (+/-)-propranolol from 3087 +/- 648 to 1378 +/- 173 ml/min (p less than 0.05). The metabolism of propranolol by the 4-hydroxylation pathway was almost abolished by quinidine, resulting in a fall in the partial metabolic clearance by this pathway from 678 +/- 246 to 56 +/- 11 ml/min (p less than 0.05). Quinidine differentially affected the metabolism of (+)-propranolol and (-)-propranolol, resulting in an increase of 176.6% +/- 45.5% and 100.4% +/- 25.5% in the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of (+)-propranolol and (-)-propranolol, respectively (p less than 0.05). The pharmacokinetic changes were associated with pharmacodynamic effects. The combination of propranolol and quinidine resulted in increased beta-blockade measured by reduction in exercise heart rate and prolongation of the QTc and PR intervals. We conclude that quinidine stereoselectively inhibits the metabolism of propranolol through inhibition of the debrisoquin isozyme. The increased concentration of propranolol produced by quinidine results in increased beta-blockade.
On Tail Biting Convolutional Codes

In this paper, we introduce generalized tail biting encoding as a means to ameliorate the rate deficiency caused by zero-tail convolutional encoding. This technique provides an important link between quasi-cyclic block and convolutional codes. Optimum and suboptimum decoding algorithms for these codes are described and their performance determined by analytical and simulation techniques.
Effect of impurity atom size on grown-in dislocation density of crystals of III–V compounds

Abstract A study of the literature on reduction of grown-in dislocation density in crystals of III-V compounds by heavy doping with various impurities has uncovered errors and probable misinterpretation. On re-evaluation of the available data from the viewpoint of atomic size, a rather consistent picture has been obtained. Impurity atoms smaller than the host atoms they displace bring about a major reduction in etch pit density while those larger than the host atoms also have a beneficial effect, though of a lesser magnitude. The new interpretation leads to a suggested method for preparation of dislocation-free and precipitate-free crystals with a lower impurity concentration.
Towards the Development of Optogenetically-Controlled Skeletal Muscle Actuators

Engineered skeletal muscle tissue has the potential to be used as dual use actuator and stress-bearing material providing numerous degrees of freedom and with significant active stress generation. To exploit the potential features, however, technologies must be established to generate mature muscle strips that can be controlled with high fidelity. Here, we present a method for creating mature 3-D skeletal muscle tissues that contract in response to optical activation stimuli. The muscle strips are fascicle-like, consisting of several mm-long multi-nucleate muscle cells bundled together. We have found that applying a tension to the fascicle-like muscle tissue promotes maturation of the muscle. The fascicle-like muscle tissue is controlled with high spatiotemporal resolution based on optogenetic coding. The mouse myoblasts C2C12 were transfected with Channelrhodopsin-2 to enable light (∼470 nm) to control muscle contraction. The 3D muscle tissue not only twitches in response to an impulse light beam, but also exhibits a type of tetanus, a prolonged contraction of continuous stimuli, for the first time. In the following, the materials and culturing method used for 3D muscle generation is presented, followed by experimental results of muscle constructs and optogenetic control of the 3D muscle tissue.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Effects of overlapping parametric resonances on the particle diffusion process

The evolution of the beam distribution in a double-rf system with a phase modulation on either the primary or secondary rf cavity was measured. We find that the particle diffusion process obeys the Einstein relation if the phase space becomes globally chaotic. When dominant parametric resonances still exist in the phase space, particles stream along the separatrices of the dominant resonance, and the beam width exhibits characteristic oscillatory structure. The particle-tracking simulations for the double-rf system are employed to reveal the essential diffusion mechanism. Coherent octupolar motion has been observed in the bunch beam excitation. The evolution of the longitudinal phase space in the octupole mode is displayed.
The Hanford Advisory Board: participatory democracy, technology, and representation

The Hanford Advisory Board (HAB) is a broadly representative, deliberative body that provides formal policy advice on Department of Energy (DOE) proposals and decisions at the Hanford nuclear cleanup site near Richland, Washington. Despite considerable skepticism about the effectiveness of citizen advisory boards, we contend that the HAB offers promising institutional innovations. Drawing on our analysis of the HAB’s formal advice as well as our interviews with board members and agency officials, we explore the HAB’s unique design, outline a normative framework for evaluating participatory institutions, and assess the HAB’s effectiveness in rendering the DOE accountable to the local public.
Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Ferromagnetic Au/Co Nanoparticles

The synthesis of bimetallic magnetic nanoparticles is very challenging because of the agglomeration and non-uniform size. In this paper, we present the synthesis of monodispersed 3-5 nm sized thiolated bimetallic alloyed Au/Co nanoparticles with decahedral and icosahedral shape, their characterization using Cs-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and magnetic measurements using superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer. The Z-contrast imaging and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping showed an inhomogeneous alloying with minor segregation between Au and Co at nanoscale and the SQUID measurement exhibited the ferromagnetic behavior.
Adenocarcinoma of the duodenum: importance of accurate lymph node staging and similarity in outcome to gastric cancer.

Background: This study examined prognostic discrimination by lymph node staging for duodenal adenocarcinoma and compared the nodal stage–specific survival with that associated with gastric antral adenocarcinoma.
Sensitivity of large-field electron beams to variations in a Monte Carlo accelerator model

Adjustments made to Monte Carlo models during the commissioning of the simulation should be physically realistic and correspond to actual machine characteristics. Large electron fields, with the jaws fully open and the applicator removed, are sensitive to important source and geometry parameters and may provide the most accurate beam models, including those collimated by an applicator. We report on the results of a comprehensive Monte Carlo sensitivity study documenting the response of these large fields to changes in the configuration of a Siemens Primus linear accelerator. The study was performed for 6, 9 12, 15, 18 and 21 MeV configurations, and included variations of thickness, position and lateral alignment of all treatment head components. Variations of electron beam characteristics were also included in the study. Results were classified by their impact on central-axis depth dose distributions, including the bremsstrahlung tail, and on beam profiles near Dmax? and in the bremsstrahlung region. Low-energy results show an increased sensitivity to electron beam properties. High-energy bremsstrahlung profiles are shown to be useful in determining misalignments between the beam axis and mechanical isocentre. For all energies, the alignment of the secondary scattering foil and monitor chamber are shown to be critical for correctly modelling beam asymmetries. The results suggest a methodology for commissioning of electron beams using Monte Carlo treatment head simulation.