cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Continuous Hydrogen Sulfide Gas Monitoring using the PortaSens II Portable Gas Leak Detector Model C16 during Laparoscopic or Robotic Surgery Cannot Be Used Intraoperatively to Detect Bowel Injury.

ABSTRACT Study Objective To determine the feasibility of measuring hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas in the insufflated abdomen during laparoscopic surgery after transmural bowel injury as a marker of unrecognized bowel injuries. Design This is a feasibility study performed on swine models during a robotic training course. We aimed to determine baseline H2S levels and subsequent elevations in H2S levels after enterotomy of the large and small intestines. Setting University-based robotic training lab. Participants Three swine participants. Interventions During initial insufflation of the swine abdominal cavity, baseline H2S levels were recorded over 15-second intervals for 10 minutes using the PortaSens II Portable Gas Leak Detector Model C16 (Analytical Technology, Inc., Collegeville, PA). The same values were recorded in separate studies after transmural transection of the small intestine and the large intestine using laparoscopic shears with and without monopolar electrosurgery. Measurements and Main Results Baseline H2S level over the initial 10 minutes of insufflation was 0 parts per million (ppm). The device is calibrated to detect levels of H2S of 0 ppm to 200 ppm. H2S levels after small and large bowel enterotomies without monopolar electrosurgery initially showed a rise to 1 ppm to 2 ppm. However, repeat confirmatory testing failed to show any elevation in H2S levels. H2S levels after small and large bowel enterotomies with monopolar electrosurgery both showed increases to 108 ppm and 74 ppm with a duration of elevation measuring 4 minutes and 4 minutes 15 seconds, respectively. Although our study did show elevations in H2S after transection with monopolar electrosurgery, this was later determined to be the result of cross contamination with carbon monoxide, which was a confounding factor. Conclusion Our study demonstrated that using the methodology and detection methods described, H2S cannot be used to detect unrecognized bowel injury during laparoscopic surgery. Our results were due to cross contamination with other gases created with the use of electrosurgery, and we were unable to reproduce initial testing results, which did show slight rises in H2S levels after enterotomies without monopolar electrosurgery. Further testing of other gases produced by the gastrointestinal tract or the use of alternative detection methods may provide more clinically relevant results.
The paradox of diminishing returns: Measurement and metrics for valuation of B2C sales professionals

The realization of channel multiplicity is increasingly present in retail exchanges. Retailers understand that consumers may seek information in one channel and complete their purchases in another ...
Endothelial p300 Promotes Portal Hypertension and Hepatic Fibrosis Through C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2-Mediated Angiocrine Signaling.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS During liver fibrosis, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) release angiocrine signals to recruit inflammatory cells into the liver. p300, a master regulator of gene transcription, is associated with pathological inflammatory response. Therefore, we examined how endothelial p300 regulates angiocrine signaling and inflammation related to portal hypertension and fibrogenesis. APPROACH AND RESULTS CCl4 or partial inferior vena cava ligation (pIVCL) was used to induce liver injury. Mice with LSEC-specific p300 deletion (p300LSECΔ/Δ ) or C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (Ccl2) deficiency, nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-p50 knockout mice, and bromodomain containing 4 (BRD4) inhibitors in wild-type mice were used to investigate mechanisms of inflammation regulation. Leukocytes were analyzed by mass cytometry by time-of-flight. Epigenetic histone marks were modified by CRISPR endonuclease-deficient CRISPR-associated 9-fused with the Kruppel associated box domain (CRISPR-dCas9-KRAB)-mediated epigenome editing. Portal pressure and liver fibrosis were reduced in p300LSECΔ/Δ mice compared to p300fl/fl mice following liver injury. Accumulation of macrophages was also reduced in p300LSECΔ/Δ mouse livers. Ccl2 was the most up-regulated chemokine in injured LSECs, but its increase was abrogated in p300LSECΔ/Δ mice. While the macrophage accumulation was increased in NFκB-p50 knockout mice with enhanced NFκB activity, it was reduced in mice with LSEC-specific Ccl2 deficiency and mice treated with specific BRD4 inhibitors. In vitro, epigenome editing of CCL2 enhancer and promoter regions by CRISPR-dCas9-KRAB technology repressed TNFα-induced CCL2 transcription through H3K9 trimethylation. In contrast, TNFα activated CCL2 transcription by promoting p300 interaction with NFκB and BRD4, leading to histone H3 lysine 27 acetylation at CCL2 enhancer and promoter regions. CONCLUSIONS In summary, endothelial p300 interaction with NFκB and BRD4 increases CCL2 expression, leading to macrophage accumulation, portal hypertension, and liver fibrosis. Inhibition of p300 and its binding partners might serve as therapy in the treatment of liver diseases.
Vascular disease prevention and screening in women

Abstract We will describe the prevention and screening recommendations from the US Preventive Task Force (USPTF), which are related to cardiovascular disease in women. Four main recommendations for preventive treatments from the USPTF are reviewed, including statin therapy, aspirin therapy, tobacco cessation, and vitamin supplementation. Similarly, we outline the screening recommendations put forth by the USPTF, including screening for abdominal aortic aneurysm. Future research to encourage the use of preventive therapies and appropriate screening tests are necessary to ensure high-quality vascular care for women.
Editor's Introduction to Issue #14

The Arizona Anthropologist typically employs a process of peer review, but this edition presents three papers that have not been reviewed in the ordinary way. Rather, the three submissions by Green, Smith, and LaMotta are included because they were selected by the faculty of our Department to receive the prestigious Dozier Award. Publication in our modest volume seemed more than appropriate, and it was determined that they would best serve our audience not only for their content but as models of the standards of the Dozier competition. As a result, we have chosen to reprint the articles as they were submitted, and even in cases where the authors might have wished to expand or modify their submissions, we have prevented them. Save for the correction of the occasional typographical or other insignificant error, the papers are presented exactly as they were read and approved by the faculty members of the various Dozier committees in their respective years. Meredith Green's paper received the Dozier Award in Spring 1998. Since entering the U of A program in 1993 she has focused on Linguistic and Cultural Anthropology; her Master's thesis was a study of the political rhetoric associated with the neo-Nazi movement in post-1989 Germany. Originally interested in nationalism, racism, and education, Ms. Green has turned her attention to issues of the elderly and aging; she has worked with a Tucson firm in the field of retirement and assisted living, and her fieldwork and dissertation will examine the assisted living industry in Arizona and on aging and social class. Carolyn Smith's paper also received the Dozier Award in Spring 1998. Since that time she has received her PhD and married; Dr. SmithMorris now holds the position of Visiting Assistant Professor at Pomona College in Claremont, California, where she teaches courses in Medical and Applied Anthropology and an area course on Native Americans of the Southwest. Vincent M. LaMotta's submission was originally prepared for a class in ethnoarchaeology. This paper, which received the Dozier Award in 1999, represents some of his early thinking on the topic of mortuary behavior and its archaeological correlates. Now ABD, his interests include the archaeological correlates of ritual, mortuary studies, formation processes, and developing archaeological theory and methods.
Atypical cortical gyrification in adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure

Prenatal alcohol exposure can adversely affect brain development, although little is known about the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on gyrification. Gyrification reflects cortical folding complexity and is a process by which the surface of the brain creates sulci and gyri. Prior studies have shown that prenatal alcohol exposure is associated with reduced gyrification in childhood, but no studies have examined adolescents. Subjects (12-16 years) comprised two age-equivalent groups: 30 adolescents with histories of heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (AE) and 19 non-exposed controls (CON). A T1-weighted image was obtained for all participants. Local gyrification index (LGI) was estimated using FreeSurfer. General linear models were used to determine between group differences in LGI controlling for age and sex. Age-by-group interactions were also investigated while controlling for sex. The AE group displayed reduced LGI relative to CON in the bilateral superior parietal region, right postcentral region, and left precentral and lateral occipital regions (ps<.001). Significant age-by-group interactions were observed in the right precentral and lateral occipital regions, and in the left pars opercularis and inferior parietal regions (ps<.01). The AE group showed age-related reductions in gyrification in all regions whereas the CON group showed increased gyrification with age in the lateral occipital region only. While cross-sectional, the age-related reduction in gyrification observed in the AE group suggests alterations in cortical development throughout adolescence and provides further insight into the pathophysiology and brain maturation of adolescents prenatally exposed to alcohol.
"Always in My Face": An Exploration of Social Class Consciousness, Salience, and Values.

This qualitative study explores social class consciousness, salience, and values of White, low-income, first-generation college students. Overall, participants minimized the salience of social class as an aspect of their identity with many of them expressing that they did not want their social class to define them. Although participants largely did not feel as if social class was an important aspect of their identity, it became clear through their stories that this aspect of their identity influenced how they viewed themselves, the world around them, and their higher SES peers in college. Implications for higher education research and practice are discussed.
MMPI-A: Assessing Adolescent Psychopathology

Dr. Archer's 1987 text, "Using the MMPI With Adolescents," received outstanding critical reviews and served as a comprehensive guide to the application of the original MMPI with teenagers. This text included a series of practical recommendations concerning the interpretive practices uniquely suited for this age group. The University of Minnesota Press has recently developed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory - Adolescent (MMPI-A) which represents the first revision of the MMPI for use specifically with adolescents. As a member of the University of Minnesota Adolescent Project Committee responsible for the development of the MMPI-A, Dr. Archer is uniquely qualified to provide an in-depth introduction to this new instrument. The MMPI-A features the release of new dolescent norms based on a contemporary sample of 1620 adolescents, the revision of many traditional items to increase readability and relevance to adolescent development and psychopathology, and the inclusion of new items and scales. This guide was written to provide facts and recommendations on the essential features of the MMPI-A for those clinicians, students, and researchers interested in understanding and using this new instrument. The text reviews the reasons for the development of the MMPI-A, and discusses its salient features including new validity, content, and supplementary scales. MMPI-A single-scale and codetype correlates are presented, as well as clinical case examples illustrating interpretive principles. Throughout this book, emphasis is placed on presenting information that is of direct clinical relevance for practitioners, while also providing sufficient technical information and research data to serve as a guide for research efforts in this field.
An automatic approach to the analysis, quantitation and review of perfusion and function from myocardial perfusion SPECT images

We have developed a software suite that automatically selects, analyses, quantitates and displays all the key image data in a myocardial perfusion SPECT study. Methods: The files automatically selected (upon specification of the patient name) are rest and stress projections, rest and stress short axis and gated short axis files, and all ‘snapshot’ files. The projection data sets are presented in cine mode for evaluation of patient motion, while the lung/heart ratio at rest and stress is calculated from regions of interest (ROIs) that are automatically derived and overlayed on the LAO 45 images. Left ventricular (LV) cavity volumes at rest and stress are calculated from the short axis data sets, and the related transient ischemic dilation (TID) ratio derived and displayed. Quantitative measurements of global (ejection fraction) and regional function parameters are performed from the gated short axis dataset. All algorithms use the C++, X-Windows and OSF-Motif standards. The overall suite executes in less than 1 minute on a SunSPARC5 with 32 Mb of RAM and no proprietary hardware. Results: The software was validated on 144 patients (118 rest201 Tl/post-stress 99mTc-sestamibi, 18 post-stress 99mTc-sestamibi, 8 rest 201Tl) acquired on a 90° dual detector (ADAC Vertex, 91 patients) and a triple detector camera (Picker Prism 3000, 53 patients). Overall, the individual algorithms for the analysis of projection, short axis and gated short axis images were successful in 622/660 (94.2%) of the images. In 80.5% of the patients (73/91+43/53) all algorithms executed successfully, without significant difference in success rates for201 Tl versus 99mTc-sestamibi images. Conclusion: Our automated approach to myocardial perfusion SPECT analysis and review is highly successful, intrinsically reproducible, and can produce time and cost savings while improving accuracy in a clinical or teleradiology-type environment.
Effects of channel and potential radiative transitions in the /sup 17/O(. gamma. ,n/sub 0/)/sup 16/O reaction

The angular distribution for the $^{17}\mathrm{O}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, {n}_{0})^{16}\mathrm{O}$ reaction was observed throughout the excitation energy region 4.3-7 MeV and at angles of 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}. The ground-state radiation widths for resonances in this energy region were extracted from the data. The value of the radiation width for the ${d}_{\frac{5}{2}}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{d}_{\frac{3}{2}}$ spin-flip transition at 5.08 MeV was found to be approximately $\frac{1}{3}$ of the value expected for a pure single-particle transition. The implications that this result has for the nuclear structure of $^{17}\mathrm{O}$ is discussed. The effects of potential radiative capture were observed directly in a photoneutron reaction for the first time. At the location of the 5.38-MeV, $\frac{3}{{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}}$ resonance in $^{17}\mathrm{O}$, an anomalous symmetric dip was observed in the cross section at both reaction angles. The data were interpreted in terms of a general $R$-matrix reaction theory which includes the effects of internal, channel, and potential radiative capture in a self-consistent manner. The neutron channel was defined by incorporating an $R$-matrix analysis of the $^{16}\mathrm{O}(n, n)^{16}\mathrm{O}$ reaction into the present interpretation. The anomalous minimum at 5.38 MeV was found to be due to a unique feature of channel capture. The $R$-matrix prediction for the total cross section was extrapolated into the keV region and the significance that this cross section has for stellar nucleosynthesis is discussed.NUCLEAR REACTIONS $^{17}\mathrm{O}(\ensuremath{\gamma}, {n}_{0})^{16}\mathrm{O}$; observed angular distribution; ${E}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}}=4.3\ensuremath{-}7$ MeV; $\ensuremath{\theta}=90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}$; $R$-matrix analysis; measured ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{\ensuremath{\gamma}0}$ for $E1$ and $M1$ resonances.
Modelling and verification of circulation in an arctic barrier island lagoon System — an ecosystem process study

The topic of this conference is “Mathemtical Modelling of Estuarine Pnysics”. Later in the program we shall near details of the first operational numerical model for storm surge prediction. The modelling of estuarine physics has thus become a daily routine procedure.
Relationship between seismic P-wave velocity and the composition of anhydrous igneous and meta-igneous rocks

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union 2003. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geochemistry Geophysics Geosystems 4 (2003): 1041, doi:10.1029/2002GC000393.
The Tragedies of Ezekiel

The Hellenistic drama Exagoge by Ezekiel, preserved only in fragments, can be seen to conform to classical rules of unity of plot and time if we posit that the quotations derive not from a single play but from a tetralogy, whose contours can be suggested.
Genetically modified pigs for medicine and agriculture.

The ability to genetically modify pigs has enabled scientists to create pigs that are beneficial to humans in ways that were previously unimaginable. Improvements in the methods to make genetic modifications have opened up the possibilities of introducing transgenes, knock-outs and knock-ins with precision. The benefits to medicine include the production of pharmaceuticals, the provision of organs for xenotransplantation into humans, and the development of models of human diseases. The benefits to agriculture include resistance to disease, altering the carcass composition such that it is healthier to consume, improving the pig’s resistance to heat stress, and protecting the environment. Additional types of genetic modifications will likely provide animals with characteristics that will benefit humans in currently unimagined ways.
Interpretations of systematic errors in the NCEP Climate Forecast System at lead times of 2, 4, 8, ..., 256 days

[1] The climatology of mean bias errors (relative to 1-day forecasts) was examined in a 20-year hindcast set from version 1 of the Climate Forecast System (CFS), for forecast lead times of 2, 4, 8, 16, … 256 days, verifying in different seasons. Results mostly confirm the simple expectation that atmospheric model biases should be evident at short lead (2-4 days), while soil moisture errors develop over days-weeks and ocean errors emerge over months. A further simplification is also evident: surface temperature bias patterns have nearly fixed geographical structure, growing with different time scales over land and ocean. The geographical pattern has mostly warm and dry biases over land and cool bias over the oceans, with two main exceptions: (1) deficient stratocumulus clouds cause warm biases in eastern subtropical oceans, and (2) high latitude land is too cold in boreal winter. Further study of the east Pacific cold tongue-Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) complex shows a possible interaction between a rapidly-expressed atmospheric model bias (poleward shift of deep convection beginning at day 2) and slow ocean dynamics (erroneously cold upwelling along the equator in leads > 1 month). Further study of the high latitude land cold bias shows that it is a thermal wind balance aspect of the deep polar vortex, not just a near-surface temperature error under the wintertime inversion, suggesting that its development time scale of weeks to months may involve long timescale processes in the atmosphere, not necessarily in the land model. Winter zonal wind errors are small in magnitude, but a refractive index map shows that this can cause modest errors in Rossby wave ducting. Finally, as a counterpoint to our initial expectations about error growth, a case of non-monotonic error growth is shown: velocity potential bias grows with lead on a time scale of weeks, then decays over months. It is hypothesized that compensations between land and ocean errors may cause this behavior.
Understanding innovative professional development for educators through the analysis of intersubjectivity in online collaborative dialogues

Effectiveness of professional development is affected by the quality of social interaction. This study examines how online collaborative dialogues might influence teachersâ€™ decisions in their classroomsâ€”sometimes hurting when not appropriated well. This theoretical article extends principal sociocultural approaches to a cognitive concept called intersubjectivity through illustrations of empirical data. Part of a larger innovative professional development involving four classroom locations across Missouri, synchronous chatroom dialogues comprising teachers and researchers, and pre- and post-unit interviews underwent qualitative discourse and focused microanalyses. We argue that teachers purposefully used their dynamic intersubjective spaces and strategies in the management of meaning-making negotiations within an online interactive environment. The findings reveal two novel variable forms of intersubjectivity: (a) temporary suspension, and (b) resistance and disagreement. These findings inform teacher educators and practitioners of online learning about the cognitive and sociocultural processes and tension of learning within advanced interactive learning environments.
Computational Methods for Continuum Models of Platelet Aggregation

Platelet aggregation plays an important role in blood clotting. Robust numerical methods for simulating the behavior of Fogelson's continuum models of platelet aggregation have been developed which in particular involve a hybrid finite-difference and spectral method for the models' link evolution equation. This partial differential equation involvesfourspatial dimensions and time. The new methods are used to begin investigating the influence of new chemically induced activation, link formation, and shear-induced link breaking in determining when aggregates develop sufficient strength to remain intact and when they are broken apart by fluid stresses.
Elevated temperature stability of the Al-Al 3 Ni eutectic composite

The elevated temperature stability of the Al−Al3Ni rod eutectic is reexamined at 600°C. The original coarsening process is found to be two-dimensional Ostwald ripening. The morphology produced by this process is intrinsically stable but is subject to subsequent breakdown which is most likely due to the presence of longitudinal growth defects. Coarsening resumes after breakdown of the stable structure and is characterized by two-dimensional anisotropic Ostwald ripening. Extensive fiber shortening also takes place in this latter stage of coarsening.
Three level signal transduction cascades lead to reliably timed switches

Signaling cascades proliferate signals received on the cell membrane to the nucleus. While noise filtering, ultra-sensitive switches, and signal amplification have all been shown to be features of such signaling cascades, it is not understood why cascades typically show three or four layers. Using singular perturbation theory, Michaelis–Menten type equations are derived for open enzymatic systems. Cascading these equations we demonstrate that the output signal as a function of time becomes sigmoidal with the addition of more layers. Furthermore, it is shown that the activation time will speed up to a point, after which more layers become superfluous. It is shown that three layers create a reliable sigmoidal response progress curve from a wide variety of time-dependent signaling inputs arriving at the cell membrane, suggesting the evolutionary benefit of the observed cascades.
World population: The next 20 years 1

(1980). World population: The next 20 years. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology: Vol. 9, Children in the 21st century, pp. 128-129.
Maturation of auditory evoked potentials from 6 to 48 months: prediction to 3 and 4 year language and cognitive abilities.

Abstract Objective To investigate the maturation of long-latency auditory evoked potentials (LLAEP) from 6 to 48months in infants with a family history of language impairment (FH+) and control infants (FH−). Methods LLAEPs of seventeen FH+ infants were compared to 28 FH− infants at 6, 9, 12, 16, 24, 36 and 48months. Participants received a passive oddball paradigm using fast- and slow-rate non-linguistic auditory stimuli and at 36 and 48months completed a battery of standardized language and cognitive tests. Results Overall, the morphology of LLAEP responses differed for fast- versus slow-rate stimuli. Significant age-related changes in latency and amplitude were observed. Group differences, favoring FH− infants, in the rate of maturation of LLAEPs were found. Responses to fast-rate stimuli predicted language abilities at 36 and 48months of age. Conclusions The development of LLAEP in FH+ children is modulated by differences in the rate of maturation as well as variations in temporal processing abilities. Significance These findings provide evidence for the role of non-linguistic auditory processes in early language development and illustrate the utility of using a perceptual-processing skills model to further our understanding of the precursors of language development and impairment.
Recreational weight lifting and aortic dissection: Case report

Although there have been previous cases of ascending (type I) aortic dissection recognized in young weight lifters, this is the first reported instance of a descending (type III) dissection in such an individual. Successful treatment included aortic fenestration and an aortoiliac bypass. A new entity of aortic dissection in young weight lifters may be emerging.
Differentiated P19 cells express N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 mRNA binding trans-acting proteins and four N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor 1 splice variants comparable to those in cultured fetal cortical neurons.

Differentiated P19 cells naturally express N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and serve as a good in vitro model system with which to study NMDA receptor regulation. Here we examined expression of NR1 mRNA binding trans-acting proteins and NR1 splice variants in P19 cells. After exposure to retinoic acid, P19 cells were differentiated for 2, 4, 6, and 8 days in vitro (DIV). Total RNA and protein extracts from differentiated P19 cells were utilized to examine NR1 and NR2B expression. A steady increase in NR1 and NR2B mRNA and protein levels was observed with respect to days of differentiation. NR2B mRNA was detected within 2 DIV. However, NR2B protein appeared only at 4 DIV. By contrast, minimal expression of NR1 mRNA could be detected in undifferentiated P19 cells, whereas NR1 protein was detected at 4 DIV. RT-PCR analysis identified expression of four of eight full-length NR1 splice variants, similar to the expression pattern seen in fetal cortical neurons (FCN). These data were confirmed by ribonuclease protection assays. RNA gel shift assays and Northwestern analysis revealed the expression of NR1 mRNA binding trans-acting proteins in P19 neurons comparable to those expressed in FCN. RNA super gel shift assays confirmed the presence of the NR1 mRNA binding trans-acting protein GIIβ in the NR1–3′UTR–P19 protein complex. Levels of GIIβ polypeptide increased with increase in days of differentiation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that differentiated P19 cells are comparable to FCN and hence provide an excellent in vitro model for studying NR1 mRNA regulation at the posttranscriptional level. © 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
The large subunit of the DNA replication complex C (DSEB/RF-C140) cleaved and inactivated by caspase-3 (CPP32/YAMA) during Fas-induced apoptosis.

Abstract We report the identification of the large subunit of the DNA replication factor, DSEB/RF-C140, as a new substrate for caspase-3 (CPP32/YAMA), or a very closely related protease activated during Fas-induced apoptosis in Jurkat T cells. DSEB/RF-C140 is a multifunctional DNA-binding protein with sequence homology to poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This similarity includes a consensus DEVD/G cleavage site for caspase-3. Cleavage of DSEB/RF-C140 is predicted to occurs between Asp706 and Gly707, generating 87-kDa and 53-kDa fragments. An antiserum raised against the amino-terminal domain of DSEB/RF-C140 detects a new 87-kDa protein in Jurkat T cells in which apoptosis is activated by a monoclonal antibody to Fas. This cleavage occurs shortly after PARP cleavage. In vitro translated DSEB/RF-C140 is specifically cleaved into the predicted fragments when incubated with a cytoplasmic extract from Fas antibody-treated cells. Proteolytic cleavage was prevented by substituting Asp706 by an alanine in the DEVD706/G caspase-3 cleavage site. The cleavage of DSEB/RF-C140 is prevented by iodoacetamide and the specific caspase-3 inhibitor, tetrapeptide aldehyde Ac-DEVD-CHO, but not by the specific ICE (interleukin-1-converting enzyme) inhibitors: CrmA and Ac-YVAD-CHO, indicating that the protease responsible for the cleavage of DSEB/RF-C140 during Fas-induced apoptosis in Jurkat cells is caspase-3, or a closely related protease. This conclusion is reinforced by the fact that recombinant caspase-3 but not caspase-1 reproduced the “in vivo” cleavage. Inasmuch as the cleavage of DSEB/RF-C140 separates its DNA binding from its association domain, required for replication complex formation, we propose that such a cleavage will impair DNA replication. Recent in vitromutagenesis support this proposal (Uhlmann, F., Cai, J., Gibbs, E., O’Donnel, M., and Hurwitz, J. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 10058–10064).
A substitution test of long-run money demand

Abstract Using a cash-credit cash-in-advance model, we derive a key long-run substitution condition between interest rates and ratios of alternative means of payment (such as inside and outside monies) which we test as an alternative to the standard money demand function specification of Meltzer (1963). The theoretical model thus eliminates one source of nonstationarity resulting in a more powerful test of the stability of money demand. Using the recent cotintegration techniques of Park (1992) and Johansen (1988), we find strong support for the long-run stability of this alternative money demand specification. Unlike prior research, the findings imply support for long-run money demand stability for narrow monetary aggregates.
Regulation of anoikis by deleted in breast cancer-1 (DBC1) through NF-κB

Anoikis-resistance of tumor cells is critical for anchorage-independent growth and metastasis. The inflammatory-response transcription factor NF-κB contributes to anoikis-resistance and tumor progression through mechanisms that are understood incompletely. Deleted in breast cancer-1 (DBC1) protein (KIAA1967) is over-expressed in several tumor types, and correlates with a poorer prognosis in some cases. We report here that DBC1 suppressed anoikis in normal epithelial and breast cancer cell lines. DBC1 interacted with IKK-β, stimulating its kinase activity, promoting NF-κB transcriptional activity through the phosphorylation of relA serine-536 and enhancing the expression of the NF-κB target genes, c-FLIP and bcl-xl. Our results indicate that DBC1 is an important co-factor for the control of the IKK-β-NF-κB signaling pathway that regulates anoikis.
Field correction windings for iron magnets

Abstract A method is described that allows modification of the field distribution in the iron-free region of magnets. The field modification is obtained by energizing conductors that are imbedded in the iron. The effects of these correction windings are described and rules are given for their proper placement and excitation.
Human immunoglobulin variable region gene analysis by single cell RT-PCR

This protocol describes application of single cell reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to the study of human immunoglobulin V region usage. The procedure begins with separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from human blood. The PBMC are stained with the B cell selective marker, anti-CD19. Stained B cells are sorted by flow cytometry and deposited, consecutively, one cell into each of an array of tubes. cDNA for one or more antibody variable regions (VH and/or VL) is synthesized with a primer (or primers) complementary to sequence(s) within the constant region (Cmu, Cgamma, Ckappa and/or Clambda). The cDNA is used as template for PCR amplification with gene or gene family specific primers. A second PCR is then performed with two nested primers to increase both the specificity and quantity of V region PCR products. The purified PCR products are sequenced directly and aligned to V region germline database and the Genbank database. Single cell RT-PCR is a fast and convenient way to analyze V region gene expression. It avoids the bias that may be introduced into V region cDNA library construction by the presence of highly variable levels of mRNA in different cells. The PCR products are obtained in quantities that can be cloned into bacterial expression vectors for production of recombinant V region protein domains.
A black mutant of Neurospora crassa. mode of action of the mutant allele and action of light on melanogenesis

Abstract A colonial, nutritionally normal, spontaneous mutant of Neurospora , named black , has been isolated. It produces melanin to a far greater extent than its parent strain or any wild type. The phenotype black is due to a single gene mutation; the gene is close to the centromere of the sex chromosome. An analysis is made of the mode of action of the gene; increased melanogenesis is satisfactorily explained by the increased tyrosinase activity found in the mutant. But it could not be decided whether the increased activity is due to the presence of a larger amount of enzyme or to a block in the synthesis of a tyrosinase inhibitor normally produced by the mold. It is shown, however, that the block can be at most only partial. Tyrosinase activity is not detected in Neurospora during its early growth; this activity may be a short-lived phenomenon if an excess of substrate is available to the enzyme. Visible light, mainly blue-violet light, applied during the growth of the mutant, depresses both melanogenesis and tyrosinase activity in the mycelium. This light effect seems not to be mediated by the action of a tyrosinase inhibitor. Light is therefore believed to induce either a decreased production or an inactivation of the enzyme.
Overview Of Near Millimeter Wave Propagation

Near millimeter wave (NMMW) propagation problems are divided into three classes: propagation through homogeneous, turbid, and turbulent atmospheres. These classical forms include anomalous water vapor absorption in a homogeneous atmosphere as well as scintillation phenomena associated with propagation through severe weather and "dirty battlefield" environments. Examples of the existing, inadequate, scintillation data base are given and the lack of supporting meteorological data noted. Carefully designed NMMW scintillation experiments with equally carefully designed micro-meteorological support are needed.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Detection Within The Wellbore Of Seismic Signals Created By Hydraulic Fracturing

Early in 1978, Sandia Labs participated in massive hydraulic fracture mapping experiments with Amoco in the Wattenburg area. On two of these massive hydraulic fractures in the Sussex formation, a downhole, wall clamped, three-axis geophone was tested. On the first experiment, the system was clamped in the open hole section during the breakdown phase. On the second experiment, the system was located in the lubricator during the main fracture and was lowered into place after shut-in. Breakdown pump of the first experiment was conducted in four phases. The formation was first broken down and shut-in for a quiet period and then three 5000 gallon stages of fluid without proppant were pumped with a quiet period after each one. Following the last quiet period, flow back was started and half way through a shut-in was scheduled for the fifth and last quiet period. During even the smallest flow rates, the noise induced into the geophones was extremely large and masked any other seismic activity. During the quiet periods, several seismic events were observed. These apparently are from two sources: (1) motion associated with permanent movements of the fracture face and (2) high frequency impulsive sources possibly associated with thermal fracturing. Followingmore » the 124,000 gallon fracture on the second experiment, the seismic system was lowered into place and clamped into the casing 50 feet above the open hole section that had been fractured. Seismic signals were recorded for approximately six hours after shut-in when the test was terminated. Both types of signals seen on the early experiment also appear to be present after the fracture treatment.« less
Wheat streak mosaic virus genotypes introduced to Argentina are closely related to isolates from the American Pacific Northwest and Australia

Wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) was first detected in Argentina in 2002. Comparison of 78 WSMV coat protein sequences revealed that three Argentine isolates were closely related to isolates from the American Pacific Northwest (APNW) and Australia. Complete sequences were determined for one Argentine isolate, four APNW isolates, and three additional isolates from other regions of the USA. Comparison of these eight new sequences with five previously sequenced isolates of WSMV confirmed close affinity of WSMV from Argentina with APNW isolates. Collectively, these results indicate concurrent establishment of the same WSMV lineage in both Argentina and Australia.
Energy landscape of streptavidin-biotin complexes measured by atomic force microscopy.

The dissociation of ligand and receptor involves multiple transitions between intermediate states formed during the unbinding process. In this paper, we explored the energy landscape of the streptavidin−biotin interaction by using the atomic force microscope (AFM) to measure the unbinding dynamics of individual ligand−receptor complexes. The rupture force of the streptavidin−biotin bond increased more than 2-fold over a range of loading rates between 100 and 5000 pN/s. Moreover, the force measurements showed two regimes of loading in the streptavidin−biotin force spectrum, revealing the presence of two activation barriers in the unbinding process. Parallel experiments carried out with a streptavidin mutant (W120F) were used to investigate the molecular determinants of the activation barriers. From these experiments, we attributed the outer activation barrier in the energy landscape to the molecular interaction of the ‘3-4' loop of streptavidin that closes behind biotin.
Exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium: synthesis, regulation and symbiotic function.

Abstract Exopolysaccharides of Rhizobium have long been suspected, and are now known, to function in the Rhizobium-legume root module symbiosis. Recent studies have enhanced our knowledge of these extracellular polymers as symbiotic signals and have elucidated their biosynthesis and regulation.
The Making of an Enemy: How Welfare Policies Construct the Poor

The issue of public welfare in the United States, and the controversy that seems perpetually to swirl around it, is both overly familiar and inadequately understood. Welfare is a public function that almost everyone seems to resent, including its providers, its supposed beneficiaries, and the citizenry whose taxes pay for it. Its disrepute is so familiar as to be susceptible to caricature. For example, President Ronald Reagan liked to regale the press with anecdotes about poor people cheating on welfare and fraudulently claiming disability benefits. Confronted with a demand for evidence, then press secretary David Gergen replied that the stories were merely "parables" and that evidence was unnecessary "so long as the symbolic truth is defensible."'
A Central Source of Movement Variability

Movements are universally, sometimes frustratingly, variable. When such variability causes error, we typically assume that something went wrong during the movement. The same assumption is made by recent and influential models of motor control. These posit that the principal limit on repeatable performance is neuromuscular noise that corrupts movement as it occurs. An alternative hypothesis is that movement variability arises before movements begin, during motor preparation. We examined this possibility directly by recording the preparatory activity of single cortical neurons during a highly practiced reach task. Small variations in preparatory neural activity were predictive of small variations in the upcoming reach. Effect magnitudes were such that at least half of the observed movement variability likely had its source during motor preparation. Thus, even for a highly practiced task, the ability to repeatedly plan the same movement limits our ability to repeatedly execute the same movement.
A 243-GHz F/sub t/ and 208-GHz F/sub max/, 90-nm SOI CMOS SoC technology with low-power mm-wave digital and RF circuit capability

A 90-nm silicon-on-insulator (SOI) CMOS system on-chip integrates high-performance FETs with 243-GHz F/sub t/, 208-GHz F/sub max/, 1.45-mS//spl mu/m gm, and sub 1.1-dB NFmin up to 26 GHz. Inductor Q of 20, VNCAP of 1.8-fF//spl mu/m/sup 2/, varactor with a tuning range as high as 25:1, and a low-loss microstrip. Transmission lines were successfully integrated without extra masks and processing steps. SOI and its low parasitic junction capacitance enables this high level of performance and will expand the use of CMOS for millimeter-wave applications.
AN ATTEMPT TO ENHANCE MORAL JUDGMENT OF OFFENDERS

Lawrence Kohlberg's theory suggests that there are qualitative differences or levels of moral judgment. This study attempted to enhance the moral judgments of 134 young men incarcerated in a military training program. It failed. These findings indicate that, while the theory of moral development is appealing to those working in correctional settings, its application may be fruitless.
Tolerance to Ethanol Hypothermia in HOT and COLD Mice

COLD and HOT mice have been selected to be sensitive or resistant, respectively, to the acute hypothermic effect of ethanol. Previous studies have found HOT mice to be relatively resistant to the development of tolerance to this effect, whereas COLD mice readily develop tolerance. By administering several doses of ethanol and recording multiple postdrug temperatures, in the current study we equated the selected lines for area under the curve describing initial hypothermic response over time, a measure reflecting both maximal hypothermia achieved and the duration of total hypothermic response. The dose-response function for COLD mice was much steeper than that for HOT mice, and HOT mice recovered to baseline body temperatures more slowly. Doses were administered daily for 5 days. Both lines developed tolerance to ethanol hypothermia. The magnitude of tolerance developed was greater in COLD than in HOT mice. At higher doses, HOT mice showed a progressively enhanced hypothermic response over days (i.e., sensitization).
Can duplex scan arterial mapping replace contrast arteriography as the test of choice before infrainguinal revascularization

Abstract Purpose: Arteriography is the diagnostic test of choice before lower extremity revascularization, because it is a means of pinpointing stenotic or occluded arteries and defining optimal sites for the origin and termination of bypass grafts. We evaluated whether a duplex ultrasound scan, used as an alternative to arteriography, could be used as a means of accurately predicting the proximal and distal anastomotic sites in patients requiring peripheral bypass grafts and, therefore, replace standard preoperative arteriography. Methods: Forty-one patients who required infrainguinal bypass grafts underwent preoperative duplex arterial mapping (DAM). Based on these studies, an observer blinded to the operation performed predicted what operation the patient required and the best site for the proximal and distal anastomoses. These predictions were compared with the actual anastomotic sites chosen by the surgeon. Results: Whether a femoropopliteal or an infrapopliteal bypass graft was required was predicted correctly by means of DAM in 37 patients (90%). In addition, both anastomotic sites in 18 of 20 patients (90%) who had femoropopliteal bypass grafts and 5 of 21 patients (24%) who had infrapopliteal procedures were correctly predicted by means of DAM. Conclusion: DAM is a reliable means of predicting whether patients will require femoropopliteal or infrapopliteal bypass grafts, and, when a patient requires a femoropopliteal bypass graft, the actual location of both anastomoses can also be accurately predicted. Therefore, DAM appears able to replace conventional preoperative arteriography in most patients found to require femoropopliteal reconstruction. Patients who are predicted by means of DAM to require crural or pedal bypass grafts should still undergo preoperative contrast studies to confirm these results and to more precisely locate the anastomotic sites. (J Vasc Surg 1999;29:100-9.)
Teacher candidates’ epistemological beliefs, dispositions, and views on teaching as persuasion

Abstract Alexander and her colleagues proposed teaching as persuasion as a guiding metaphor for conceptual change pedagogy ( Alexander, Fives, Buehl, & Mulhern, 2002 ). However, there is reason to suspect that the term persuasion can have negative connotations for some individuals ( Dole & Sinatra, 1999 ; Murphy, 2001 ). Therefore, we examined 182 primarily preservice teachers’ views of teaching as persuasion, and related those views to their openness/resistance to new ideas as measured by selected epistemological belief scales and dispositional measures. Consistent with our hypotheses, our results indicated that teacher candidates who believed that knowledge evolves, that beliefs can be revised, and that learning is a process of constructing knowledge were more open to persuasive teaching. Our findings provide support for Murphy’s (2001) view of persuasion and suggest further that the teaching as persuasion metaphor would be more successful embedded in an instructional context designed to broaden teachers’ epistemological worldviews.