cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
College Students’ Reasons for Depression Nondisclosure in Primary Care

ABSTRACTUnwillingness to share depression experiences with primary care physicians contributes to the undertreatment of depression. This project examined college students’ reasons for depression nondisclosure to primary care providers (PCPs). Undergraduate participants read a vignette describing someone with depression and completed measures of disclosure barriers. Analyses indicated 26% of respondents would NOT disclose depression symptoms to PCPs. Reasons for nondisclosure included difficulty initiating the depression conversation, medication aversion, and fear of referral to a psychologist. Also, anger toward the vignette character varied with disclosure willingness, suggesting that nondisclosers feel more stigma than disclosers and are less likely to engage in psychotherapy. Because engagement in pharmacological and/or psychotherapeutic treatment requires identification of depression in healthcare settings, increased understanding of disclosure barriers could increase students’ access to depression tr...
Vestibulo-ocular reflexes: effects of vestibular nuclear lesions.

Publisher Summary Recent studies have shown that primary afferent fibers from the semicircular canals and otolith organs end in portions of the vestibular nuclei, which are largely separate from each other. This suggests that activity from the semicircular canals and otolith organs may be integrated in different parts of the vestibular nuclei. There is little information on this subject, which is of clinical and of physiological interest. There are no studies to our knowledge, which describe changes in otolith-ocular reflexes after discrete vestibular nuclei lesions. There were changes in caloric nystagmus after medial vestibular nucleus lesions, but there is little detail about exactly what these hancges might be. Caloric nystagmus was reported to be unaffected when the descending vestibular nucleus was destroyed in the cat. There is also relatively little detail about spontaneous nystagmus after vestibular nuclei lesions. Contralateral nystagmus has been described after lesions of the vestibular complex, or after lesions of the medial, or descending vestibular nuclei. After lesions of the supramedullary portion of the juxtarestiform body, nystagmus was to the ipsilateral side. In earlier studies, vestibular testing was generally inadequate by present standards, and there was little attempt at quantitation. Because vestibular response can be strongly inhibited in light, testing should be done in darkness using recording techniques such as electrooculography (EOG) or electronystagmography (ENG).
Tissue factor (TF) expression in primary invasive breast cancer correlates with tumor size and grade but not with outcome

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006 3606 Tissue factor (TF) and coagulation factor VIIa activate the extrinsic coagulation pathway and protease-activated receptors. These events and direct intracellular signaling induce gene expression regulating cell growth, motility, invasion and angiogenesis. Increased TF tissue levels have been observed in high grade cancers of various sites and have been associated with aggressive behavior of some tumors. The role of TF expression as a prognostic factor in primary breast carcinoma is not known. The aim of this study is to determine whether TF expression in breast tumors is associated with tumor characteristics and survival outcomes in stage 1 breast carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry with anti-TF monoclonal antibody 4509 (American Diagnostica) was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues arranged into a tissue microarray of 243 subjects with primary invasive breast carcinoma (pT1N0) operated in 1983-87 at the Institute of Oncology, Ljubljana, Slovenia with a median follow-up of 19 years. Scoring took into account intensity and percentage of cells staining in each tissue core. Results showed a range of 0.00 - 2.60 (mean, 1.016; median 1.000); less than 1 = 42 tumors (17.3%); equal to 1 = 136 tumors (56.0%) and greater than 1 = 65 tumors (26.7%). TF expression data was grouped into 2 categories: less than 1 and greater than or equal to 1. TF expression was significantly related to tumor size (p = 0.004), histologic type (p = 0.043) and histologic grade (p = 0.033) by Pearson chi-square test. By Kaplan-Meier univariate analysis, TF expression was not associated with distant metastasis free survival (DMFS) (p = 0.48) or cancer specific survival (CSS) (p = 0.36). By multivariate analysis, only lymphovascular invasion, mitotic index and histologic type were associated with DMFS and CSS. Although TF expression is related to tumor characteristics (size, grade and histologic type) it does not seem to have a direct prognostic significance in patients with primary stage 1 breast cancer.
Antibiotics at the time of induced abortion: the case for universal prophylaxis based on a meta-analysis.

Objective: To determine the efficacy of periabortal antibiotics in preventing postabortal upper genital tract infection using data from published trials. Data Sources: We performed a literature search of all studies published from January 1966 to September 1, 1994, using MEDLINE, and we manually searched bibliographies of published articles. MEDLINE search terms included: abortion, infection, prophylaxis, antibiotics, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and suction curettage. Methods of Study Selection: Randomized, controlled trials comparing antibiotics with placebo in women undergoing suction curettage abortion before 16 weeks' gestation were identified. Tabulation, Integration, and Results: Data were extracted independently by two reviewers, one of whom was blinded to journal, year of publication, authors, and institution. Data from 12 studies were combined using meta-analytic techniques based on a fixed-effects model. The overall summary relative risk (RR) estimate for developing postabortal upper genital tract infection in women receiving antibiotic therapy compared with those receiving placebo was 0.58 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47–0.71). Of high-risk women, those with a history of PID had a summary RR estimate of 0.56 (95% CI 0.37–0.84); women with a positive chlamydia culture at abortion had a summary RR estimate of 0.38 (95% CI 0.15–0.92). Of low-risk women, those with no reported history of PID had a summary RR estimate of 0.65 (95% CI 0.47–0.90); in women with a negative chlamydia culture, the summary RR estimate was 0.63 (95% CI 0.42–0.97). The lowest summary RR estimate was among women drawn from populations with a low incidence (5–6%) of postabortal infection (summary RR estimate 0.22, 95% CI 0.11–0.42). The overall 42% decreased risk of infection in women given periabortal antibiotics is similar to the risk reduction demonstrable when only studies published before 1985 are combined (summary RR estimate 0.63, 95% CI 0.44–0.89). Conclusion: Our meta-analysis revealed a substantial protective effect of antibiotics in all subgroups of women undergoing therapeutic abortion, even women in low-risk groups. No more placebo-controlled trials should be performed, because women assigned to placebo are exposed to preventable risk. Routine use of periabortal antibiotics in the United States may prevent up to half of all cases of postabortal infections.
Computing optimal local cover set for broadcast in ad hoc networks

Broadcast service is fundamental in ad hoc networks for different applications and dynamic source routing protocols. One problem that makes the traditional broadcast protocol inefficient is the broadcast storm problem. To alleviate the broadcast storm problem, the number of re-transmissions for a broadcast needs to be reduced. One possible solution is to use the node's geometric location information to obtain a smaller subset of neighbors (called local cover set) for re-transmissions. In this paper, we investigate the unique existence of the optimal local cover set. Based on the proof, we construct a location-based algorithm to compute the local cover set. We prove the correctness of our algorithm and discuss the time complexity of the algorithm. The simulation shows that the local cover set generated by our algorithm is significantly smaller than the graph-based broadcast protocol of Wu and Li (see Proc. DIAL M, Aug. 1999, p.7-14).
Carl Menger's evolutionary and John R. Commons' collective action approach to institutions: a comparison

This essay examines the relation between Carl Menger's and John R. Commons' approaches to institutional analysis. It draws attention to certain aspects of their respective approaches which are of systematic relevance to the ongoing debate on the direction into which an adequate economic theory of institutions ought to be developed. It is argued that – contrary to a common perception – Menger's and Commons' concepts of institutions represent compatibleand complementaryrather than conflicting, alternative theoretical perspectives. It is suggested that the explanatory power of an economics of institutions can be enriched by incorporating both perspectives; Commons' collective action perspective as well as Menger's evolutionary perspective. Law, language, the state, money, markets, all these social structures …are to no small extent the unintended result of social development, The prices of goods, interest rates, ground rents, wages, and a thousand other phenomena of social life in general and of economy in p...
Hemobilia developing from an aneurysm of the left gastric artery

In the case reported herein, hemobilia was caused by an aneurysm of the left gastric artery which arose as a separate vessel from the aorta. The role of subselective angiography in the evaluation of hemobilia is emphasized.
Down Syndrome and Hospitalizations due to Respiratory Syncytial Virus: A Population-Based Study

Objective To assess the risk estimates for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalization in children with Down syndrome (DS) and the clinical features and severity of RSV lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in hospitalized children. Study design Statewide hospitalization data for children with DS for 1995 through 2006 from the Colorado Health and Hospital Association database were combined with birth data from the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment to obtain population-based estimates of RSV LRTI hospitalization for children with DS in the first 2 years of life. RSV hospitalization data for children with DS at the Children’s Hospital Colorado for 2000 through 2006 were used to compare the course and severity of hospitalization of DS LRTI admissions with those of matched control subjects. Results There were 85 RSV LRTI hospitalizations in 630 children born with DS in Colorado, with 50 having no concurrent underlying conditions identified. Children with DS had a significantly higher risk than did those without DS for being hospitalized with RSV LRTI (OR, 5.99; 95% CI, 6.68-5.38), even in the absence of other underlying conditions (OR 3.5; 95% CI, 3.10-4.12). In the case-control study, children with DS hospitalized for RSV presented more frequently with fever ( P = .005), had consolidation reported more often on chest radiography ( P = .003), and were given bronchodilator therapy more often during the hospital stay ( P = .002). Conclusions Children with DS have a higher risk of being hospitalized with RSV LRTI even in the absence of coexisting risk factors. They present more often with fever and more often have radiographic consolidation detected on chest radiography.
Nanotechnology approaches to crossing the blood-brain barrier and drug delivery to the CNS

Nanotechnologies are materials and devices that have a functional organization in at least one dimension on the nanometer (one billionth of a meter) scale, ranging from a few to about 100 nanometers. Nanoengineered materials and devices aimed at biologic applications and medicine in general, and neuroscience in particular, are designed fundamentally to interface and interact with cells and their tissues at the molecular level. One particularly important area of nanotechnology application to the central nervous system (CNS) is the development of technologies and approaches for delivering drugs and other small molecules such as genes, oligonucleotides, and contrast agents across the blood brain barrier (BBB). The BBB protects and isolates CNS structures (i.e. the brain and spinal cord) from the rest of the body, and creates a unique biochemical and immunological environment. Clinically, there are a number of scenarios where drugs or other small molecules need to gain access to the CNS following systemic administration, which necessitates being able to cross the BBB. Nanotechnologies can potentially be designed to carry out multiple specific functions at once or in a predefined sequence, an important requirement for the clinically successful delivery and use of drugs and other molecules to the CNS, and as such have a unique advantage over other complimentary technologies and methods. This brief review introduces emerging work in this area and summarizes a number of example applications to CNS cancers, gene therapy, and analgesia.
Applied geophysical techniques to evaluate earth dams and foundations

Mill Creek Dam, near Walla Walla, Washington has experienced anomalous seepage since its first filling in 1941. Various attempts to abate and control the seepage, including construction of a concrete wall, have not been completely successful. Construction of the cutoff wall reduced the seepage by about 30 percent, from 33 cubic feet per second to 22 cubic feet per second, and downstream saturated farmland was reduced by 56 percent. However, there are indications of increased seepage pressures in a conglomerate formation in the right abutment. A comprehensive, integrated geophysics investigation of the right abutment area of the dam was conducted to detect and map anomalous conditions and assist in the evaluation of remedial measures. The geophysics program consisted of microgravity, ground penetrating radar, seismic reflection, electromagnetic conductivity, and electrical resistivity surveying. Results of the program indicate anomalous conditions extending from the reservoir area through the right abutment. The aspects of the program planning leading to technique selection and field procedures are emphasized, as well as the role of different geophysical techniques in defining the nature of anomalous condition.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Transceiver array development for submillimeter-wave imaging radars

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is developing compact transceiver arrays housing discrete GaAs Schottky diodes with integrated waveguides in order to increase the frame rate and lower the cost of active submillimeter-wave imaging radar systems. As part of this effort, high performance diode frequency multiplier and mixer devices optimized for a 30 GHz bandwidth centered near 340 GHz have been fabricated using JPL’s MoMeD process. A two-element array unit cell was designed using a layered architecture with three-dimensional waveguide routing for maximum scalability to multiple array elements. Prototype two-element arrays have been built using both conventionally machined metal blocks as well as gold-plated micromachined silicon substrates. Preliminary performance characterization has been accomplished in terms of transmit power, and conversion loss, and promising 3D radar images of concealed weapons have been acquired using the array.
Systematic biases in particle lifetime measurements

In this paper it is shown that particle lifetime measurements based on reconstruction of charged decay products are subject to a bias arising from correlations of the tracking errors. The effects of correlated tracking errors on existing lifetime measurements of charm and bottom hadrons and the [tau] lepton are examined. The bias can be significant in the case of the [tau].
Representing Nursing Knowledge: Applications for Database Design

With the integration of health information available on the World Wide Web (WWW) in clinical practice, information management becomes more important than ever before. Although an on-line system could provide nurses with timely and convenient access to health information for discharge teaching, most nurses still rely on traditional practices such as written discharge notes and brochures. Nurses find the volume of information on the WWW overwhelming, the task of sorting out irrelevant and inaccurate information too difficult, and the time to search for information too long.Professional use of these resources requires an alternative organization, such as data repositories (i.e. electronic databases.) These are organized collections of information resources with indexes that support precise and sensitive retrieval. The paper reflects on consideration that organizing and indexing of on-line health information resources for professional use has a pragmatic facet: meet actual and future needs and requests for in...
The absence of clinically significant tracheomalacia in patients having esophageal atresia without tracheoesophageal fistula

The association of tracheomalacia (TM) with esophageal atresia (EA) has been well described. This study attempted to find a correlation between the severity of TM and the presence or absence of an associated tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF) in patients with EA. A review of all patients presenting at this institution with EA through the years 1970 to 1990 was carried out. Six patients with EA without fistula (type A) and 61 patients having EA with fistula (types B, C, D, and E) were analyzed. Five of the six type A patients required esophageal dilatations and antireflux procedures; none had clinically significant TM. Thirty-five of the 61 patients with fistula required esophageal dilatation, and 8 had an antireflux procedure; 11 (18%) required either long-tube tracheostomy or aortopexy for TM. This small study supports a recent hypothesis of different embryological events resulting in different types of esophageal and tracheal anomalies. When EA occurs without fistula, it appears that no significant alteration in tracheal development occurs.
Relationships between tropical cyclone attributes and precipitation totals: considerations of scale

In this study, a heavy rain climatology is constructed that relates precipitation totals estimated over a range of spatial scales (i.e. circular regions from 2500 to 500 000 km2) to tropical cyclone attributes. To carry this out, an automated algorithm is developed that identifies 2 day precipitation totals across the Cooperative Observer Network and estimates the greatest precipitation amounts over each spatial scale for all events from 1950 through to 1996. These maximum mean precipitation amounts are related to the tropical cyclone attributes of strength, size, and speed of movement. The resulting relationships are found to vary significantly according to the scale of precipitation. Precipitation amounts over the largest scales are most highly associated with the size of tropical cyclones, and precipitation amounts over the smallest scales are most highly connected with the speed of movement of the tropical cyclones. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Non-resonant multiphoton ionization of small cyclic molecules : a comparison of fragmentation pathways for ethylene sulfide, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and cyclopropane

Abstract We report non-resonant multiphoton ionization time-of-flight mass spectra for ethylene sulfide (thiirane), ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and cyclopropane for 355 nm excitation over a wide range of laser pulse energies. The fragmentation pathways are laser energy independent for energies greater than approximately 5 mJ pulse −1 . The results indicate that the major fragmentation patterns are molecule specific and cannot be generalized for the analogous ring systems. The fragmentation mechanism is discussed separately for each molecule.
Ecosystem management for supression of vectors of human malaria and schistosomiasis

Abstract Ecologically oriented tactics to present systems of controlling biological vectors of human schistosomiasis and malaria are discussed. Weaknesses and failures of current operations for suppression of vectors of these maladies and discussion of various alternative approaches are presented. No attempt is made to deal in depth with practices such as source reduction, cultural controls, vector exclusion, etc., although the general importance and some examples of these are cited. More emphasis is given to useful or potentially useful biological control tactics and the feasibility of combining them with general control programs. The authors stress the need to integrate these tactics into the entire economic, political and environmental context of affected societies looking toward long-term solutions. Successes in control of these diseases reported by the People's Republic of China are discussed as a possible pattern for other societies to adapt to their own needs.
Bias systems for resonance transformer million-volt electron beam generators

ELECTRON beam generating or X-ray equipment with the self-rectifying tube connected directly across the high-voltage resonance transformer1?5 is a very reliable and economical type of high-voltage apparatus. The principal disadvantage of the spread of the electron energy during the useful half-cycle may be greatly reduced by the application of a periodically varying negative bias applied between a control electrode of the electron gun and the filament, so that current flow can take place only during the central portion of the half-wave of voltage.
Massive Mitral Regurgitation from Chordal Rupture and Coronary Artery Disease

The precise mechanism that causes spontaneous rupture of chordae tendineae remains unknown. That it may occur in patients with no disease other than underlying or associated coronary artery occlusion has not been previously reported. Six patients with chordal rupture were found among 600 patients who underwent operation for mitral regurgitation in a 6-year period. All 6 patients without exception underwent simultaneous mitral valve replacement and coronary revascularization. The salient clinical features of these patients are summarized, and 1 case is reported in detail.
BIORTHOGONAL WAVELETS WITH SIX-FOLD AXIAL SYMMETRY FOR HEXAGONAL DATA AND TRIANGLE SURFACE MULTIRESOLUTION PROCESSING

This paper discusses the construction of highly symmetric compactly supported wavelets for hexagonal data/image and triangle surface multiresolution processing. Recently, hexagonal image processing has attracted attention. Compared with the conventional square lattice, the hexagonal lattice has several advantages, including that it has higher symmetry. It is desirable that the filter banks for hexagonal data also have high symmetry which is pertinent to the symmetric structure of the hexagonal lattice. The high symmetry of filter banks and wavelets not only leads to simpler algorithms and efficient computations, it also has the potential application for the texture segmentation of hexagonal data. While in the field of computer-aided geometric design (CAGD), when the filter banks are used for surface multiresolution processing, it is required that the corresponding decomposition and reconstruction algorithms for regular vertices have high symmetry, which make it possible to design the corresponding multiresolution algorithms for extraordinary vertices. In this paper we study the construction of six-fold axial symmetric biorthogonal filter banks and the associated wavelets, with both the dyadic and -refinements. The constructed filter banks have the desirable symmetry for hexagonal data processing. By associating the outputs (after one-level multiresolution decomposition) appropriately with the nodes of the regular triangular mesh with which the input data is associated (sampled), we represent multiresolution analysis and synthesis algorithms as templates. The six-fold axial symmetric filter banks constructed in this paper result in algorithm templates with desirable symmetry for triangle surface processing.
Microcanonical Ensemble Formulation of Lattice Gauge Theory

A new formulation of lattice gauge theory without explicit path integrals or sums is obtained by using the microcanonical ensemble of statistical mechanics. Expectation values in the new formalism are calculated by solving a large set of coupled, nonlinear, ordinary differential equations. The average plaquette for compact electrodynamics calculated in this fashion agrees with standard Monte Carlo results. Possible advantages of the microcanonical method in applications to fermionic systems are discussed.
Determination of toluenediamines in polyurethane foams by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection

Abstract A method is presented for the determination of 2,4- and 2,6-toluenediamine (TDA) in aqueous extracts of polyurethane foams. Foam samples are extracted with methyl-tert.-butyl ether followed by back extraction into dilute hydrochloric acid. The method utilizes reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. The lower limit of detection is 1.0 ppb (ng/g) for a 10.0-g sample. The response of TDA is linear over three orders of magnitude and recovery data averaged 50% for samples spiked in the 25–50 ppb range. Confirmation of peaks attributed to TDA in the chromatographic analyses was carried out using liquid chromatography—mass spectrometry.
Image-guided radiosurgery in the treatment of spinal metastases.

Object The authors describe a new method for treating metastatic spinal tumors in which noninvasive, image-guided, frameless stereotactic radiosurgery is performed. Stereotactic radiosurgery delivers a high dose of radiation in a single or limited number of fractions to a lesion while maintaining delivery of a low dose to adjacent normal structures. Methods Image-guided radiosurgery was developed by coupling an orthogonal pair of real-time x-ray cameras to a dynamically manipulated robot-mounted linear accelerator that guides the radiation beam to treatment sites associated with radiographic landmarks. This procedure can be conducted in an outpatient setting without the use of frame-based skeletal fixation. The system relies on skeletal landmarks or implanted fiducial markers to locate treatment targets. Four patients with spinal metastases underwent radiosurgery with total prescription doses of 1000 to 1600 cGy in one or two fractions. Alignment of the treatment dose with the target volume was accurate t...
Combined loop transformation and hierarchy allocation for data reuse optimization

External memory bandwidth is a crucial bottleneck in the majority of computation-intensive applications for both performance and power consumption. Data reuse is an important technique for reducing the external memory access by utilizing the memory hierarchy. Loop transformation for data locality and memory hierarchy allocation are two major steps in data reuse optimization flow. But they were carried out independently. This paper presents a combined approach which optimizes loop transformation and memory hierarchy allocation simultaneously to achieve global optimal results on external memory bandwidth and on-chip data reuse buffer size. We develop an efficient and optimal solution to the combined problem by decomposing the solution space into two subspaces with linear and nonlinear constraints respectively. We show that we can significantly prune the solution space without losing its optimality. Experimental results show that our scheme can save up to 31% of on-chip memory size compared to the separated two-step method when the memory hierarchy allocation problem is not trivial. Also, run-time complexity is acceptable for the practical cases.
Organismic sets: Outline of a general theory of biological and social organisms

The discussion as to whether societies are organisms andvice versa has been going on for a long time. The question is meaningless unless a clear definition of the term “organism” is made. Once such a definition is made, the question may be answered by studying whether there exists any relational isomorphism between what the biologist calls an organism and what the sociologist calls society. Such a study should also include animal societies studied by ecologists. Both human and animal societies are sets of individuals together with certain other objects which are the products of their activities. A multicellular organism is a set of cells together with some products of their activities. A cell itself may be regarded as a set of genes together with the products of their activities because every component of the cell is either directly or indirectly the result of the activities of the genes. Thus it is natural to define both biological and social organisms as special kinds of sets. A number of definitions are given in this paper which define what we call here organismic sets. Postulates are introduced which characterize such sets, and a number of conclusions are drawn. It is shown that an organismic set, as defined here, does represent some basic relational aspects of both biological organisms and societies. In particular a clarification and a sharpening of the Postulate of Relational Forces given previously (Bull. Math. Biophysics,28, 283–308, 1966) is presented. It is shown that from the basic definitions and postulates of the theory of organismic sets, it folows that only such elements of those sets will aggregate spontaneously, which are not completely “specialized” in the performance of only one activity. It is further shown that such “non-specialized” elements undergo a process of specialization, and as a result of it their spontaneous aggregation into organismic sets becomes impossible. This throws light on the problem of the origin of life on Earth and the present absence of the appearance of life by spontaneous generation. Some applications to problems of ontogenesis and philogenesis are made. Finally the relation between physics, biology, and sociology is discussed in the light of the theory of organismic sets.
Thermal wave behavior in high-speed penetration

Abstract Temperature rise in the local area adjacent to the nose of a penetrator is studied in an uncoupled approach. The high-rate of change in temperature in penetration is modelled by the thermal wave model. For steel penetrating into an aluminum target, the cavity-expansion model is used to estimate the particle velocity and the radial stress at the wall. Both effects of heat generation by high-speed friction and intensified plasticity are included. The thermal wavefront in relation to the particle velocity is specially emphasized. Depending on the penetration speed, it has been found that the local temperature rise in the aluminum target ranges from several hundred to a thousand degrees over the ambient. The material boundary layer in which such a temperature rise occurred is on the order of microns.
Standardized transportation of human islets: An islet cell resource center study of more than 2,000 shipments

Preservation of cell quality during shipment of human pancreatic islets for use in laboratory research is a crucial, but neglected, topic. Mammalian cells, including islets, have been shown to be a...
The diafiltration method for the study of the binding of macromolecules to heavy metals

Abstract A membrane process known as continuous diafiltration has been utilized as an effective method for the study of the binding of macromolecules to ions. Data from one experiment will result in an entire isotherm when temperature and pH are closely controlled. This paper discusses the theory of continuous diafiltration and describes a procedure for quantifying variable membrane rejection behavior. The binding of five heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn) individually and collectively, to natural lecithin was studied. Copper exhibited stronger binding when it was the lone ion compared to when it was in a mixture of the five metals. Further, the membrane rejected copper at a constant rate of 10% in the first case compared to a variable rate with an average of 79% in the second. This work was performed to characterization the binding of lecithin to heavy metals as a step in the development of a treatment technique termed micellar enhanced ultrafiltration.
Nonmedical use of stimulants among medical students

Context: Proliferation of the use of psychopharmacologic drugs for the treatment of individuals with attention and behavior disorders has promoted discussion of the illicit use of such drugs to enhance academic performance. Previous research has focused on the use of such drugs by undergraduate students; however, inquiry into the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants by medical students is warranted because of the unique qualities of the medical school environment (including academic pressure, stress, and competition with peers) and the demographic characteristics common to many medical students. Objective: To examine the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants among osteopathic medical students, focusing on such key associated variables as academic stress, social network connections, and use of other substances. Methods: In 2012, first- and second-year students at a large osteopathic medical school were surveyed on the nonmedical use of prescription stimulants, stress, social networks, perceptions of drug use, and related topics. Data were compared with national data and assessed using analysis of variance and χ 2 statistical tests. Results: A total of 380 students completed the survey. Of those, 56 (15.2%) reported using prescription stimulants nonmedically to help them study in medical school. This percentage is significantly higher than the national estimated rate of diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in similar populations ( t=3.72, P<.001). Both positive perceptions of the nonmedical use of stimulants (F=14.89, P<.001) and the use of other substances (χ 2 =18.00, P<.001) were positively associated with the nonmedical use of stimulants. Social network connections did not positively predict use by medical students, and certain types of social connectivity had a negative association with use. Conclusion: In contrast with research on undergraduate populations, addressing academic stress and feelings of competitiveness may not be viable strategies for mitigating nonmedical use of stimulants among medical students.
Large hexagonal arrays of aligned ZnO nanorods

Large-scale truly periodic arrays of vertically aligned zinc oxide nanorods were grown on pre-patterned and pre-annealed gold dots on a-plane sapphire substrates via the vapor–liquid–solid mechanism. Periodic arrays of triangular gold islands were first patterned on the a-plane sapphire substrates by the nanosphere self-assembly technique. Zinc has been found to be an effective interfacial modifier between gold and sapphire to form single catalytic dots from triangular islands. The successful fabrication of zinc oxide nanowires in truly periodic arrays opens up the possibility of achieving enhanced room-temperature ultraviolet lasing and photonic crystal based devices and sensors.
Group B streptococcus colonization in pregnant diabetic women

Objective To evaluate the influence of maternal diabetes on the risk of group B streptococcus colonization during pregnancy. Methods We prospectively analyzed data on 105 pregnant women with diabetes mellitus, both pregestational and gestational, and a control group of 300 pregnant women without carbohydrate intolerance. All had singleton gestations, negative tests for human immunodeficiency virus, and intact membranes at enrollment. Culture specimens for group B streptococcus were obtained from the lower vaginal walls and rectum. Two-tailed unpaired Student t test, Mann-Whitney U test, and χ 2 test were used as appropriate. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the independent influence of maternal diabetes on the rate of group B streptococcus colonization. Results Compared to controls, diabetic women had a higher colonization rate (43.8 versus 22.7%, odds ratio [OR] 2.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6, 4.1). The prevalence of group B streptococcus colonization in pregestational diabetic women was 54.1% and in women with gestational diabetes it was 35.1% ( P = .05). Among women with pregestational diabetes, the prevalence of group B streptococcus colonization was 59.1% in class B and 50.0% in class C to R ( P = not significant). After we adjusted for maternal age, race, and obesity, diabetic women continued to be at increased risk of group B streptococcus colonization (OR 3.1, 95% CI 1.8, 5.2). Conclusion Carbohydrate intolerance appears to be an independent risk factor for group B streptococcus colonization during pregnancy.
Think It Gooder

Which would you rather hear: a Haydn quartet on the car radio, low fidelity, marred by static or discordant, computer-composed, Moog-performed noise through four perfectly balanced exponential speakers with all the tweeters and woofers, cycles and overtones just where they were intended to be? Me, I'll take Haydn. The beauty of sound is an important part of the musical whole: even Haydn is better with high-fidelity reproduction than with static. To have the sound clear and appropriate and correct is important for many reasons. The sound is, to begin with, not only the medium by which the artistic message is transmitted, but it itself is, in fact, a part of the message; if it is unclear, a part of the message is lost. The artistic compatibility of the sound and the composition, the appropriateness of the sound, is important because it puts and keeps the listener in touch with a cultural heritage. (Would the Mozart posthorn serenade sound right on a cimbalom?) And at least one psychological reason why the correctness of sound is important is that its absence is distracting it disturbs the listener's concentration on essentials and subliminally shakes his faith in the validity of the work as a whole. I mean to be drawing an analogy: music is mathematics, and static is bad diction, bad syntax, bad style. Intended conclusion: good language is important in the exposition of mathematics, but, just as in music, it is nowhere near so important as the intrinsic beauty of what's being said. The first duty of one who would communicate mathematics is to offer plausible motivations and unambiguous statements, appropriately organized and convincingly proved. Surprise: it can be done, all of it, with misspelled (or misused) false cognates, in mispunctuated (or mispronounced) sentences, with the number of the verb failing to agree with that of the noun, and with attributive adjectives predicatively used. It shouldn't be done that way, but it can come out sounding like a Haydn quartet just the same, marred by static, to be sure. Some editors insist that good mathematical communication means good diction and good grammar, and hardly anything else. I disagree. I remember the time when after a lecture in Moscow I found myself at the blackboard having an excited, detailed, complicated, and rewarding mathematical conversation with a member of the audience. It was only after we were finished, and both my newly found friend and I knew more about weighted shifts than we knew before, that I realized that we had no language in common. I could speak a hundred words of Russian (mainly having to do with breakfast), and my friend had somewhat less English than that. No matter by writing symbols on the board, by saying the crucial nominatives and infinitives loudly, and being forced to arrange our thoughts in nearly perfect order, we could overcome the obstacle of our lexical, syntactic, and stylistic deficiences.
The therapeutic community inpatient ward: Does it really work?

Abstract This study compared ward atmosphere, member satisfaction, and treatment effectiveness on community-oriented and medical model psychiatric inpatient wards. The method used for comparison was the Community Oriented Program Environment Scale (COPES) developed by Moos. The results showed that the community-oriented ward has greater patient autonomy, interpersonal involvement, and practical orientation than the medical model ward, whereas the medical model ward shows more order and organization. These results suggest that a community orientation sacrifices the appearance of an orderly ward for increased patient activity and involvement. In addition, the members of the community-oriented ward showed significantly greater satisfaction than the members of the medical model ward, suggesting that the community approach is more effective at creating a helpful level of morale and confidence in the treatment approach. A check of hospital records revealed that neurotics treated on the community-oriented ward were readmitted twice as frequently as neurotics on the medical model ward. Also, character disorder patients left the hospital against medical advice more frequently on the community-oriented ward.
Effect of surface oxidation treatments on DC charge injection into polyethylene from aqueous electrolytes

Polyethylene film contacted with 1M H2SO4 + 1M FeCl3 on one side and 1M NaCl on the other has been shown to transport higher current densities when polarized than polyethylene contacted by 1M NaCl on both sides [3] or by polyethylene contacted on both sides by metal electrodes. The reason for this enhanced current density was examined through the use of current-voltage (I-V) tests following different pretreatments of the polyethylene films with ferric chloride electrolytes. The ferric chloride solutions in the pretreatment introduce chemical changes to the surface of polyethylene. The surface changes were evaluated with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and fluorescence spectroscopy. Both spectroscopic techniques identified increased carbonyl group concentration in the areas of polyethylene that were exposed to 1M H2SO4 + 1M FeCl3. These carbonyl groups are thought to aid in the charge injection process.
Mathematics Instruction for Students with Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: A Best-Evidence Synthesis.

The authors report findings of a best-evidence synthesis of the effects of mathematics instruction on the mathematics skills of students with emotional and behavioral disorders. The goal of the synthesis was to extend previous research by (a) detailing independent variables, instructional components, and outcome measures for each study; (b) analyzing study outcomes using improvement rate difference and percentage of nonoverlapping data; and (c) summarizing literature on mathematics interventions conducted with students with emotional and behavioral disorders over four decades (from 1968 to present). Highly effective mathematics intervention studies conducted with students with emotional and behavioral disorders, limitations, and future research directions are presented and discussed.
Estimates of Glomerular Filtration Rate From MR Renography and Tracer Kinetic Models

Purpose To compare six methods for calculating the single-kidney glomerular filtration rate (GFR) from T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR) renography (MRR) against reference radionuclide measurements.
A novel model of drug hapten-induced hepatitis with increased mast cells in the BALB/c mouse

Clinical evidence suggests that idiosyncratic hepatitis following administration of halogenated volatile anesthetics is mediated by autoimmune responses. No murine model to study mechanisms of anesthetic-induced or any other form of drug-induced idiosyncratic hepatitis exists. Anesthetics are believed to trigger hepatitis by covalently linking a trifluoroacetyl (TFA) chloride hapten to hepatic proteins, forming haptenated self-proteins. To test this hypothesis, we developed a hapten-induced model of hepatitis by immunization with syngeneic S100 liver proteins covalently coupled to TFA (TFA-S100). We found that TFA-S100 induced hepatitis was more severe than disease induced by S100 plus adjuvants or by the adjuvant alone and was characterized by neutrophil, mast cell, and eosinophil infiltration. TFA-specific IgG1 antibodies directly correlated with hepatitis, whereas S100 autoantibodies did not. TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, and IL-6 released from splenocytes collected 2 weeks after TFA-S100 inoculation were increased resembling the elevated serum cytokines reported in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). Three weeks after inoculation, the peak of hepatitis, we noted decreased numbers of Kupffer cells and lower levels of IL-6 and IL-10 in the liver, cytokines produced by Kupffer cells. This is the first report, to our knowledge, of a hapten-induced model of hepatitis with immune and autoimmune features.
Liquid-gas phase transitions in a multicomponent nuclear system with Coulomb and surface effects

The liquid-gas phase transition is studied in a multicomponent nuclear system using a local Skyrme interaction with Coulomb and surface effects. Some features are qualitatively the same as the results of M\"uller and Serot where a relativistic mean field was used without Coulomb and surface effects. Surface tension brings the coexistence binodal surface to lower pressure. The Coulomb interaction makes the binodal surface smaller and causes another pair of binodal points at low pressure and large proton fraction with fewer protons in the liquid phase and more protons in the gas phase.
Forensic Linguistics: An Overview of the Intersection and Interaction of Language and Law

Forensic Linguistics (FL) is a relatively new subfield within applied linguistics that studies the different intersections between language and the legal field, which is heavily linguistic by nature. In order to have a fair, legal and effective procedure, anyone involved in a legal process (lawyers, judges, police officers, members of a jury, etc.) benefits from possessing a certain awareness of linguistic principles. With this purpose, the expert testimony of a linguist could contribute to the understanding or recognition of possible interpretations or points of view that might have gone otherwise unnoticed. This article provides the general linguist with an overview of the broad field of FL and highlights the different ways the discipline can contribute to the criminal justice system. It presents a summary of some of the most well-known and discussed legal cases and outlines the intersections between applied linguistics (mainly pragmatics, discourse analysis, and sociolinguistics) and this emerging field in three interrelated areas: (1) language as the medium of communication between law enforcement authorities and suspects/witnesses or as the medium of legal argumentation in the courtroom, (2) language of the law (issues of intelligibility, interpretation and construction of legal language), and (3) crimes of language and linguistic evidence (use, validity, and reliability in the courtroom). Challenges and limitations of the field are also discussed. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sal.0.23.5020
The heating field in an asymmetric hurricane— Part II: Results of computations

This is the second part of a paper on the distribution of heating fields in a hurricane. The first part dealt with the mathematical framework. The second part, i. e. the present paper deals with numerical calculations for an actual hurricane. The following sequence of calculations has been performed after the analysis and tabulation of an initial field of the tangential velocityU (r, ϑ, p): (1) the radial equation of motion is used to determine the geopotential heights; (2) the hydrostatic equation is used to determine the temperature field; (3) the tangential equation and the mass continuity equation are combined to obtain an omega equation whose solution determines the vertical velocity; (4) the radial velocity is next determined from the mass continuity equation; and (5) the heating function is finally determined from the first law of thermodynamics. The results of this study show an asymmetric banded structure (eye wall and rainband) of the vertical motion field as well as the heating field; these show close resemblence to observations. An analysis of the non-linearities of the asymmetric momentum distribution is shown to be crucial in the analysis of the hurricane heat sources.