cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Radiation effects in insulators: past, present, future

Abstract Interest in the structure and chemical and physical properties of irradiated ionic crystals in the 1960s and 1970s lead to the initiation of this series of conferences with REI-1 at Arco, Lago di Garda (Italy) in 1981. The early programs focused on treatment of collisional events in insulators (mainly from ions) and the physical and chemical properties of defects. Studies were about evenly distributed among halides, oxides, glasses and organic polymers. Radiation effects in nuclear waste materials and “hot” chemistry were important subjects during the mid to late 1980s but interest in these areas has decreased. In recent years, the addition of laser-induced effects has grown and the interest in polymers has focused on tailoring surfaces for specific applications, e.g. biomedical. Researches on covalent-bonded materials (SiC and diamond), complex oxides (spinels, etc.) and nanoclusters have become more prevalent. Theoretical and modeling treatments have moved from treatment of single collision events to molecular dynamics modeling of events associated with cascades. Many fundamental questions remain that will be studied by increasingly improved experimental techniques and modeling. The modeling studies will progress from describing events that occur during the first few picoseconds to description of microstructural developments. There should be renewed interest in secondary effects such as the influence of electronic excitation on defect diffusion and stability. The future of ion beam produced nanoclusters rests upon a demonstration of its ability to satisfy the demands of some unique application.
The absence of cytoplasm ribosomes on the envelopes of chloroplasts and mitochondria in plants: Implications for the mechanism of transport of proteins into these organelles

Chloroplasts and mitochondria ofChlamydomonas were examined by electron microscopy to determine if cytoplasmic ribosomes were associated with the envelopes of these organelles. Cells were treated with cycloheximide to prevent polypeptide chain completion, and resultant dissociation of envelope-ribosome associations. No extensive association of cytoplasm ribosomes with envelopes of chloroplasts, or mitochondria was detected in intact cells or in damaged cells in which cytoplasm was partly removed. Our results indicate that association of cytoplasm ribosomes with envelopes of chloroplasts or mitochondria is not an essential requirement for transport of polypeptides from cytoplasm to organelle.
Using Structural Information to Create Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Models for all Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are useful in describing the distribution, metabolism, and fate of xenobiotics across multiple species. The eventual goal of the present research is to create PBPK models for all 209 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Key parameters in any PBPK model are the tissue-to-blood partition coefficients. Tissue:blood partition coefficients relate the compound's concentration in a target tissue to its concentration in blood under equilibrium conditions. Data on the adipose:plasma partition coefficients of 24 PCBs were used in a regression analysis to find an expression for the adipose:plasma partition coefficient as a function of molecular structure. Using stepwise regression, it was found that three simple structural descriptors were sufficient to predict adipose:plasma partition coefficients for all 209 PCB congeners. Data on the distribution of PCBs among blood components were used to derive the adipose:blood partition coefficient from the adipose:plasma partition coefficient. The lipid contents of liver, muscle, and skin were used to derive the tissue:blood partition coefficient for those tissues from the adipose:blood partition coefficient. These results allow for the calculation of tissue:blood partition coefficients for liver, skin, muscles, and fat for all 209 PCB congeners.
Performance of space-time coded CDMA systems for wireless communication

The performance of a space-time coded, synchronous code division multiple access (CDMA) system is investigated over Rayleigh fading channels. An exact pairwise error probability is derived based on which an analytical estimate for bit error probability is computed. The analytical results are verified by computer simulation.
The role of defects on thermophysical properties : thermal expansion of V, Nb, Ta, Mo and W

Abstract Thermophysical properties at high temperatures and pressures are difficult to measure. Many reviews have approximated experimental data with empirical polynomial functions. In the case of thermal expansion and molar volume, extensive results for refractory body centered cubic (BCC) metals have been published. A critical evaluation of these experimental data is essential for many other studies. We provide this evaluation in terms of models that interrelate the thermophysical properties, self diffusion, and high temperature thermal defects. Experimental and theoretical methods for measuring and representing thermal expansion and the limitations of such methods are also briefly reviewed. Results for V, Nb, Ta, Mo, and W fall into two distinct subgroups relating to their elemental positions in the periodic table. The thermal expansions for these elements are analyzed within the constraints of a simple vibrational model and its equation of state. This approach represented the thermal expansion as the contributions from a perfect crystal and the crystal's high temperature anharmonicity as well as its thermal defects. Quantitative expressions, neglecting electronic contributions, are provided for the coefficient of thermal expansion and the expansivities for these five BCC metals from near 20°K to their melting temperatures. Vacancy formation enthalpies and entropies are also estimated. Our vacancy thermodynamic results are compared with earlier predictions and results from positron annihilation, thermal expansion, and specific heat measurements.
Poultry coccidiosis: recent advancements in control measures and vaccine development

Coccidiosis is recognized as the major parasitic disease of poultry and is caused by the apicomplexan protozoan Eimeria. Coccidiosis seriously impairs the growth and feed utilization of infected animals resulting in loss of productivity. Conventional disease control strategies rely heavily on chemoprophylaxis and, to a certain extent, live vaccines. Combined, these factors inflict tremendous economic losses to the world poultry industry in excess of USD 3 billion annually. Increasing regulations and bans on the use of anticoccidial drugs coupled with the associated costs in developing new drugs and live vaccines increases the need for the development of novel approaches and alternative control strategies for coccidiosis. This paper aims to review the current progress in understanding the host immune response to Eimeria and discuss current and potential strategies being developed for coccidiosis control in poultry.
Time-dosage relationship in the treatment of treponemal diseases with a new combination of three penicillin salts; laboratory and clinical basis for effective therapy

This study f deals with the evaluation of a new combination of three penicillin salts in the treatment of treponemal diseases. This combination was so formulated as to provide 300,000 units of buffered potassium penicillin G, 300,000 units of procaine penicillin G and 600,000 of N,N' dibenzylethylenediamine dipeni-cillin G as an aqueous suspension in a 2 ml. quantity. The product is not new in the sense that the three penicillin salts included in the formulation are untried in medical practice. It was conceived by Buckwalter on the basis that the solubility variations of each penicillin salt when administered as a single intramuscular injection should provide an initial high blood concentration within one hour due to the rapid solubility and absorption of the potassium penicillin G, an intermediate blood concentration for 24 to 36 hours due to the less soluble procaine penicillin G, and finally a prolonged blood concentration for at least 15 days or longer in the majority of patients due to the relative insolubility of N,N' dibenzylethylenediamine dipenicillin G.
SUBJECTIVITY AND BELIEF

What I attempt to trace out in this essay are the ways my work and thinking have been effected by, first, my experience of being 'outed' by several conservative members of a divinity school and, second, the publication of my book Sex and the Church. Four years after these events, I find myself asking a series of questions that potentially shed light not only on matters of faith but also on the issues of human subjectivity.
Protein translocation: tunnel vision.

We apologize to colleagues whose important work could only be covered by reference to reviews and discussions in other papers. We thank M. Rolls, C. Shamu, W. Prinz, and P. Silver for valuable comments on the manuscript. After completion of this manuscript we became aware of a recent review by R. S. Hegde and V. R. Lingappa (Cell 91, 575–582), to which the reader is referred for a more detailed discussion on membrane protein biogenesis.
VOLUME SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS FOR MANUFACTURING CELLS: A GENETIC ALGORITHM APPROACH

The machine cell formation is the first major step in the design of Cellular Manufacturing Systems (CMS). Several production data such as production volume, operation sequences, and processing times have been found to influence machine cell formation. Of particular interest is the production volume of components, the most unpredictable of such factors. Production volume has been proven to influence the machine cells and component groups formed significantly. Machine cells designed for a particular production volume may not be appropriate for others. This paper discusses the development of a Volume Sensitivity Model (VSM) which generates the upper and the lower volume limits of production volume within which a designed cell performs satisfactorily. Knowledge about such limits is critical for decision making on layouts and process routings.
Mako and porbeagle: Warm-bodied sharks

Abstract 1. 1. Mako and porbeagle sharks are able to conserve metabolic heat and maintain their bodies 7–10°C above ambient temperatures. 2. 2. Highly developed countercurrent heat exchangers located in the vascular system of these fish form a thermal barrier which prevents heat from being carried off by the circulating blood and lost in the gills.
“Making Place” at the United Nations: Indigenous Cultural Politics at the U.N. Working Group on Indigenous Populations

neva, Switzerland, has since its beginnings escaped anthropological attention to a large degree.' Yet it is a site where notions of indigenous culture have been articulated systematically and with striking consistency for nearly two decades. It is the only global institution at which indigenous identity has for years been discussed. It is also a place to which indigenous delegates have traveled in numbers that have increased dramatically over the last eighteen years. The WGIP has offered them the possibility to comment on local, regional, national, and international developments pertaining to the situations of indigenous peoples, and to participate actively in the development of international legal standards for the protection of their rights. No other global forum has ever enabled such a large and diverse group of activists and their organizations to fully articulate their problems on a regular, that is, yearly, basis, and to voice their opinion on how these problems should be solved. Indeed, the WGIP is a "unique exercise in international affairs" (Burger 1994:90) and "an exceptional U.N. forum in this regard" (Lam 1992:617). The arguments brought forth by indigenous representatives are breathtaking in their breadth and complexity, while the host of actors and institutions involved directly or indirectly is virtually innumerable. As a site of particular discursive density where indigenous identities and cultures are generated and articulated during intense encounters between indigenous and nonindigenous individuals, groups, institutions, organizations, and state-representatives, the WGIP is a vital nodal point in the global "indigeno-scape" (Beckett 1996). If the transnational indigenous social movement is to be understood "from above and below" (Brysk
Cross-cultural differences in perception of time: Implications for multinational teams

Members of multinational teams likely have different perspectives on a variety of factors stemming from their different cultural backgrounds. The use and perception of time is one of the specific cultural values that differ cross- culturally and may have implications for the group dynamics and team effectiveness in multinational teams. Concepts such as time orientation, punctuality and pace of life are influenced by time-related differences among cultures. In the present article, it is argued that temporal diversity in multinational teams may serve as an input within the Input-Mediator-Output- Input model of team effectiveness (Ilgen, Hollenbeck, Johnson, & Jundt, 2005) and influence the team processes and outputs. Implications of cross-cultural differences in perception of time on multinational team functioning are discussed within the framework of the Marks, Mathieu, and Zaccaro (2001) taxonomy of team processes, which consists of 3 higher order team processes (i.e., transition processes, action processes, and interpersonal processes) that encompass 10 distinct, more specific processes. Propositions regarding the impact of temporal diversity on many of the distinct team processes and outcomes are put forward to help provide a temporal lens to future research on multinational teams.
Genetic pathways to colorectal cancer

The colorectal cancer paradigm explains how genetic and histological changes lead normal epithelial cell to transform into pre-malignant adenomas then progress to malignant carcinomas. Using the Genetic Alterations in Cancer Knowledge System intragenic allele loss and gene mutation data from approximately 9000 colorectal tumors were compared to the model of colorectal tumor development. The distribution of mutations along the TP53 codons as a function of tumorigenesis also was analyzed. Alterations of APC, KRAS and TP53 were observed in a higher percentage of adenocarcinomas compared to adenomas (P<0.05) indicating that the alterations accumulated with malignancy. Alterations in BRAF, CTNNB, HRAS and NRAS were infrequent regardless of morphology. Differences were observed in the distribution of TP53 mutations with tumorigenesis. Mutations (single base substitutions) occurred most frequently at codons 175 and 273 in both tumor types; however, in adenocarcinomas the mutation incidence at codon 248 was approximately three times that reported in adenomas. It is proposed that the higher incidence of mutation at codon 248 is a later event in colorectal tumorigenesis that occurs as the tumors become malignant.
Umbilical vein entering the right atrium: comments on a previously reported human case.

An abnormal umbilical vein that terminated in the right atrium, which was described by Mende in 1826, is considered to be an example of persistence of the right umbilical vein in man. A similar abnormality has been found in rat fetuses following the administration of certain teratogens to females during pregnancy.
Single Mothers Raising Children with "Male-Positive" Attitudes

Among the challenges facing single mothers, a particularly difficult one is how to help children develop "male-positive" attitudes in situations when the parents have broken up and children have no active relationship with the father. Despite a large academic literature on single mothering, there is strikingly little discussion on this topic. Using symbolic interactionism and family systems theory, we offer psychoeducational messages for single mothers who want to raise their children with male-positive attitudes. We also call for a new cultural conversation on an issue ignored for too long.
Fuel Equivalence Ratio Imaging for Methane Jets

A 2-D fuel/oxygen equivalence ratio imaging system has been developed. The technique exploits the efficient quenching of the fluorescence of organic molecules by molecular oxygen in order to determine the fuel and oxygen partial pressures simultaneously. Following pulsed planar laser excitation of fluoranthene—a specially selected fluorescent dopant—two images of the fluorescence were recorded, with the second image being delayed by several nanoseconds. Use of a rapid lifetime determination algorithm yielded first a fluorescence lifetime image, and subsequently, with the assumption of Stern-Volmer quenching, an intensity image corrected for quenching. Images of the air pressure, fuel pressure, and the equivalence ratio were obtained. The technique, which uses dual gated intensifiers coupled to a sensitive CCD camera, requires only two integrated fluorescence intensities to calculate the fluorescence lifetime accurately. In the current work, images of the turbulence-induced mixing of a methane jet into quiescent air are displayed. Images can also be obtained in flames, but the analysis of the data is uncertain because the fluorescence lifetime of fluoranthene is temperature dependent.
Cultivating Public Service Motivation through AmeriCorps Service: A Longitudinal Study

The public service motivation literature has helped scholars and practitioners better understand who is attracted to public service and why. However, little is understood about how public service motivation in individuals may be cultivated or how it changes over time. This article uses panel data collected by the Corporation for National and Community Service to track the longitudinal effects of participation in the AmeriCorps national service program on participants’ public service motivation. Findings reveal that participation in AmeriCorps programs had positive effects on participants’ levels of commitment to the public interest and civic awareness immediately after the program; many of these program effects were sustained seven years later. However, when observed in isolation, the comparison group showed significant declines in levels of commitment to public interest and civic awareness over an eight-year period, suggesting that public service motivation may initially decline upon entry into a public service career.
On the Anthropology of Literacy

Literacy, Emotion, and Authority: Reading and Writing on. Polynesian Atoll. Niko Besnier. Studies in the Social and Cultural Foundations of Language, 16. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. 234 pp.
Shifts in the Membrane Fatty Acid Profile of Streptococcus mutans Enhance Survival in Acidic Environments

Acid adaptation of Streptococcus mutans UA159 involves several different mechanisms, including the ability to alter its proportion of long-chain, monounsaturated membrane fatty acids (R. G. Quivey, Jr., R. Faustoferri, K. Monahan, and R. Marquis, FEMS Microbiol. Lett. 189:89-92, 2000). In the present study, we examined the mechanism and timing of changes in fatty acid ratios and the potential benefit that an increased proportion of long-chained fatty acids has for the organism during growth at low pH. Cells taken from steady-state cultures at intermediate pH values of 6.5, 6, and 5.5 showed incremental changes from the short-chained, saturated membrane fatty acid profile normally seen in pH 7 cultures to the long-chained, monounsaturated fatty acids more typically observed in acidic cultures (pH 5). Our observations showed that the bacterium was capable of effecting the majority of changes in approximately 20 min, far less than one generation time. However, reversion to the distribution of fatty acids seen in cells growing at a pH of 7 required a minimum of 10 generations. Fatty acid composition analysis of cells taken from cultures treated with chloramphenicol suggested that the changes in fatty acid distribution did not require de novo protein synthesis. Cells treated with the fatty acid biosynthesis inhibitor cerulenin were unable to alter their membrane fatty acid profiles and were unable to survive severe acidification. Results presented here indicate that membrane fatty acid redistribution is important for low pH survival and, as such, is a component of the S. mutans acid-adaptation arsenal.
Expanders from symmetric codes

(MATH) A set S in the vector space FFpn is "good" if it satisfies the following (almost) equivalent conditions:S is an expanding generating set of Abelian group FFpn.S are the rows of a generating matrix for a linear distance error-correcting code in FFpn.All (nontrivial) Fourier coefficients of S are bounded by some e ξ 1 (i.e. the set S is e-biased). .A good set S must have at least cn vectors (with cρ1). We study conditions under which S is the orbit of only constant number of vectors, under the action of a finite group G on the coordinates. Such succinctly described sets yield very symmetric codes, and "amplifies" small constant-degree Cayley expanders to exponentially larger ones [19, 2].For the regular action (the coordinates are named by the elements of the group G), we develop representation theoretic conditions on the group G which guarantee the existence (in fact, abundance) of such few expanding orbits. The condition is a (nearly tight) upper bound on the distribution of dimensions of the irreducible representations of G, and is the main technical contribution of this paper. We further show a class of groups for which this condition is implied by the expansion properties of the group G itself! Combining these, we can iterate the amplification process above, and give (near-constant degree) Cayley expanders which are built from Abelian components.For other natural actions, such as of the affine group on a finite field, we give the first explicit construction of such few expanding orbits. In particular, we can completely derandomize the probabilistic construction of expanding generators in [2].
Are anemia and blood group types related to Japanese encephalitis and dengue

Introduction: Dengue and Japanese encephalitis (JE) are flaviviruses causing significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Previous studies had found an association between dengue infection and particular blood group antigen and also the susceptibility to aplastic anemia by dengue. Aims and Objective: The present study was conducted to find any association between dengue and JE immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody with blood group antigen or anemia. Methodology: The study was conducted in 2 slums of Delhi in 2013 in the interepidemic period. 5 mL blood from 239 samples were taken and processed for IgG levels of dengue and JE and rest used to test hemoglobin and blood group. Results and Discussion: No association has been found between blood group types and dengue IgG antibody positivity ( P = 0.42) or JE IgG antibody positivity ( P = 0.148). Nor did anemia established any association with dengue ( P = 0.185) or JE IgG antibody ( P = 0.277). IgG status of dengue and JE could be used as proxy markers of any past subclinical infection (includes clinically manifested cases also). Further studies in large settings and other areas could be done to validate the results. This was the first study of its kind in such settings.
Songbird chemosignals: volatile compounds in preen gland secretions vary among individuals, sexes, and populations.

Chemical signaling has been documented in many animals, but its potential importance in avian species, particularly songbirds, has received far less attention. We tested whether volatile compounds in the preen oil of a songbird (Junco hyemalis) contain reliable information about individual identity, sex, or population of origin by repeated sampling from captive male and female juncos originating from 2 recently diverged junco populations in southern California. One of the populations recently colonized an urban environment; the other resides in a species-typical montane environment. The birds were field-caught as juveniles, housed under identical conditions, and fed the same diet for 10 months prior to sampling. We used capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry to quantify the relative abundance of 19 volatile compounds previously shown to vary seasonally in this species. We found individual repeatability as well as significant sex and population differences in volatile profiles. The persistence of population differences in a common environment suggests that preen oil chemistry likely has a genetic basis and may thus evolve rapidly in response to environmental change. These finding suggest that songbird preen oil odors have the potential to function as chemosignals associated with mate recognition or reproductive isolation. Key words: birds, chemical communication, Junco hyemalis, olfaction, pheromones. [Behav Ecol]
Enacting language games: the development of a sense of ‘we‐ness’ in online forums

A sense of ‘we-ness’– enacted through collective identity and culture – is both crucial in online, remote contexts, and particularly difficult to develop in such settings. Using Wittgenstein's concept of language games, we examine how participants of two online forums construct collective identity and culture through their discursive practices. We suggest a strong performative interpretation of the notion of language games, i.e. members of a community produce a sense of we-ness through their participation in the language game while also defining their expected behaviours and actions. We illustrate how the notion of language games offers an approach for researching and analysing the emergence of collective identity and culture in online forums.
Biobehavior Analysis of Self-Injurious Behavior in a Person with Profound Handicaps:

Two studies investigated self-injurious behavior (SIB) in a man with profound handicaps. Study 1 examined the effects of contextual variables on the rate of SIB during differing environmental conditions and behavioral states such as drowsy, quiet alert, active alert, agitated/crying. Results indicated that the rate of SIB varied depending on contextual conditions and behavioral state. The results also suggested that the function of SIB changed depending on the behavior state of the individual. Study 2 examined the effects of a treatment program that involved manipulating the environment depending on behavioral states, and then adding medication to the treatment plan. Results indicated that the treatment plan was effective in reducing self-injurious behavior and that the percentage of time spent in alert states increased when the treatment plan was implemented. Both SIB and behavioral state were positively affected when Fluphenazine was added to the treatment plan.
Bevacizumab for acute neurologic deterioration in patients with glioblastoma

SUMMARY Aim: Glioblastoma causes neurologic dysfunction owing to the tumor’s location and peritumoral edema. Bevacizumab improves symptoms and steroid dependence, and may rescue glioblastoma patients hospitalized for acute neurologic dysfunction, allowing them to return home for outpatient treatment. Materials & methods: We carried out a retrospective review of glioblastoma patients with severe neurologic dysfunction who received bevacizumab as inpatients. Results: Nine patients (median age: 51 years; median Karnofsky Performance Status [KPS]: 40%) received one dose of bevacizumab while admitted for neurologic deterioration. Seven patients were treated at recurrence, two at diagnosis. Six patients clinically improved and continued outpatient treatment, while five decreased/discontinued dexamethasone. Conclusion: Single bevacizumab treatment administered to naive hospitalized patients with glioblastoma improves function and quality of life through avoidance of prolonged hospitalization and rehabilitation a...
Quantitative Models of Developmental Pattern Formation

Pattern formation in developing organisms can be regulated at a variety of levels, from gene sequence to anatomy. At this level of complexity, mechanistic models of development become essential for integrating data, guiding future experiments, and predicting the effects of genetic and physical perturbations. However, the formulation and analysis of quantitative models of development are limited by high levels of uncertainty in experimental measurements, a large number of both known and unknown system components, and the multiscale nature of development. At the same time, an expanding arsenal of experimental tools can constrain models and directly test their predictions, making the modeling efforts not only necessary, but feasible. Using a number of problems in fruit fly development, we discuss how models can be used to test the feasibility of proposed patterning mechanisms and characterize their systems-level properties.
Salesperson Empathy and Listening: Impact on Relationship Outcomes

This study fills an important gap in the literature by developing a conceptual model that links salesperson empathy and listening skills to three outcome variables. Responses from a mail survey of 162 buyers from a variety of business organizations were used to test this model using structural equation modeling. The model has an excellent fit (X2 = 1.511, GFI = 0.99, AGFI = 0.94), and indicates a strong positive relationship between empathy and the following: salesperson listening, trust in the salesperson, and satisfaction with the salesperson. Also, listening is positively related to buyer’s trust in and satisfaction with the salesperson, but not with future interaction expectations. Trust in and satisfaction with the salesperson were positively related to future interaction expectations.
Compelled Self-Reporting and the Principle Against Compelled Self-Incrimination: Some Comparative Perspectives

This article examines the tension between mandatory self-reporting and identification statutes and the right to be free of compelled self-incrimination. The author reviews decisions addressing this issue taken by the European Court of Human Rights ('ECtHR'), the Privy Council, and the Supreme Courts of Canada and the United States. He then analyses applicable public policies and assesses the alternative approaches available to accomodate these conflicting interests.
Comment on "Ideal strength and phonon instability in single-layer MoS 2 "

Li's paper [Phys. Rev. B 85, 235407 (2012)] presents density functional theory (DFT) results of stress as a function of different strain states. The work of Cooper et al. [Phys. Rev. B 87, 035423 (2013)] performs the same DFT calculations as part of an investigation into the nonlinear elastic properties of ${\mathrm{MoS}}_{2}$. Some of the DFT results of Li are substantially different from our recently published paper, Cooper et al. [Phys. Rev. B 87, 035423 (2013)]. Although both papers agree on states of equibiaxial stress, there is substantial disagreement on states of uniaxial tensile stress. In this Comment we show that our DFT computations are properly executed and consistent across three different DFT codes, including the one used by Li.
Overview and Lessons Learned from the Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop

The AIAA Aeroelastic Prediction Workshop (AePW) was held in April, 2012, bringing together communities of aeroelasticians and computational fluid dynamicists. The objective in conducting this workshop on aeroelastic prediction was to assess state-of-the-art computational aeroelasticity methods as practical tools for the prediction of static and dynamic aeroelastic phenomena. No comprehensive aeroelastic benchmarking validation standard currently exists, greatly hindering validation and state-of-the-art assessment objectives. The workshop was a step towards assessing the state of the art in computational aeroelasticity. This was an opportunity to discuss and evaluate the effectiveness of existing computer codes and modeling techniques for unsteady flow, and to identify computational and experimental areas needing additional research and development. Three configurations served as the basis for the workshop, providing different levels of geometric and flow field complexity. All cases considered involved supercritical airfoils at transonic conditions. The flow fields contained oscillating shocks and in some cases, regions of separation. The computational tools principally employed Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes solutions. The successes and failures of the computations and the experiments are examined in this paper.
Power System Reliability Assessment Incorporating Cyber Attacks Against Wind Farm Energy Management Systems

By exploiting the vulnerabilities in cyber components, an attacker could intrude in the wind farm supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system and energy management system (EMS), and maliciously trip one or multiple wind turbines. The reliability of the overall power system could thus be impacted by the performance of wind farms. In this paper, cyber attack scenarios concerning cyber components or networks are considered in the integrated wind farm SCADA/EMS system architecture. Two Bayesian attack graph models are adopted to represent the procedures of successful cyber attacks, and a mean time-to-compromise model is used by considering different attack levels and various vulnerabilities. Frequencies of successful cyber attacks on the wind farm SCADA/EMS system are estimated. A procedure for evaluating the power system reliability is proposed by considering wind turbine trips caused by various cyber attacks. Simulations are conducted based on a typical IEEE reliability test system. Simulation results indicate that the overall system reliability decreases when the frequency of successful attacks on the wind farm SCADA/EMS system and skill levels of attackers increase.
Comparative study on several modified sorbents for simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification

The performances of several modified sorbents of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification were investigated comparatively in a fixed bed with simulated flue gas.The results show that the desulfurization efficiencies of sorbents increased slightly via Fe2+EDTA,H2O2,urea,Fe(II)-cysteine,M,and complex additive F(N/NaClO2) modified,while denitrification effects show obvious difference,among of which,complex additive F had the best removal efficiencies,least used amount,most economic.By orthogonal experiment,the best experimental conditions of sorbents of simultaneous desulfurization and denitrification modified by complex additive F are as follows: content of F additive is 0.2%,reaction temperature is 60 ℃,and Ca/(S+N) is 1.2.
Topography of normal and high-amplitude esophageal peristalsis

Topographic plots were created from esophageal manometric tracings in 12 asymptomatic volunteers and 10 symptomatic patients with high-amplitude peristaltic contraction waves (nutcracker esophagus) to identify segmental contraction differences between the two groups. Median waves at each centimeter of esophageal length were spatially interconnected using a computerized gridding and plotting system, and a characteristic peristaltic contraction from the proximal esophageal body through the lower sphincter was constructed for each subject. Contour plots in the volunteers revealed three amplitude troughs dividing the peristaltic contraction into four sequential segments: the skeletal muscle body, the proximal and distal segments of the smooth muscle body, and the lower sphincter region. In nutcracker-esophagus patients, only the first and third troughs could be identified, since augmented contraction in the distal smooth muscle segment blurred separation of the smooth muscle body segments. Volume measurements under the topographic plots showed no significant intergroup differences in contraction of the skeletal muscle region or lower sphincter but modest increase in contraction of the proximal smooth muscle segment [1.7 times normal, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.2-2.0; P = 0.002 comparing 2 groups] and marked increase in the distal smooth muscle segment (2.7 times normal, 95% CI 2.0-3.3; P < 0.0001). These data indicate that normal peristalsis through the esophageal body and lower sphincter includes four separate contraction segments that can be distinguished with intraluminal manometry and the topographic analysis method. The nutcracker esophagus primarily affects the distal segment in the smooth muscle body.
A cascade of degradative hydrolase activity contributes to hepatocyte necrosis during anoxia

Calpain proteases contribute to hepatocyte necrosis during anoxia. Our aim was to ascertain the mechanism causing calpain activation during anoxia. In rat hepatocytes, a twofold increase in calpain...
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome: phenotypic comparisons with other movement disorders.

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this paper is to review the typical cognitive and motor impairments seen in fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), essential tremor (ET), Parkinson disease (PD), spinocerebellar ataxias (SCAs), multiple system atrophy (MSA), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) in order to enhance diagnosis of FXTAS patients. Methods: We compared the cognitive and motor phenotypes of FXTAS with each of these other movement disorders. Relevant neuropathological and neuroimaging findings are also reviewed. Finally, we describe the differences in age of onset, disease severity, progression rates, and average lifespan in FXTAS compared to ET, PD, SCAs, MSA, and PSP. We conclude with a flow chart algorithm to guide the clinician in the differential diagnosis of FXTAS. Results: By comparing the cognitive and motor phenotypes of FXTAS with the phenotypes of ET, PD, SCAs, MSA, and PSP we have clarified potential symptom overlap while elucidating factors that make these disorders...
No unique effect of intergroup competition on cooperation: non-competitive thresholds are as effective as competitions between groups for increasing human cooperative behavior

Abstract Explaining cooperation remains a central topic for evolutionary theorists. Many have argued that group selection provides such an explanation: theoretical models show that intergroup competition could have given rise to cooperation that is costly for the individual. Whether group selection actually did play an important role in the evolution of human cooperation, however, is much debated. Recent experiments have shown that intergroup competitions do increase human cooperation, which has been taken as evidence for group selection as a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation. Here we challenge this standard interpretation. Competitions change the payoff structure by creating a threshold effect whereby the group that contributes more earns an additional prize, which creates some incentive for individuals to cooperate. We present four studies that disentangle competition and thresholds, and strongly suggest that it is thresholds – rather than competitions per se – that increase cooperation. Thus, prior intergroup competition experiments provide no evidence of a unique or special role for intergroup competition in promoting human cooperation, and shed no light on whether group selection shaped human evolution.
Design of monolithic master-slave SC power converter for ultra-low power energy-harvesting microsensors

Driven by the proliferation of self-powered biomedical and wireless sensing microsystems, integrated high-efficiency, low-voltage DC-DC converters are in high demand. This paper first analyzes the state-of-the-art switched-capacitor (SC) power converter topologies, with a focus on minimizing the reversion power in the charge pump power stage and the static power in the controller. A new SC power converter is then proposed, with a master-slave complementary charge pump power stage and a feedback controller that purely operates in ultra-low-power subthreshold operation region. The SC power converter was designed with IBM 180-nm CMOS process. Fully transistor-based HSPICE simulation results show that the efficiency of the converter stays above 76.7 % from 100 µW to 1 mW, with a maximum efficiency of 87.9 %. The subthreshold controller consumes only 20-µW power. In comparison with the state-of-the-art counterparts, the load transient performance is also significantly improved.
Entry, Descent, and Landing technological barriers and crewed MARS vehicle performance analysis

Abstract Mars has been explored historically only by robotic crafts, but a crewed mission encompasses several new engineering challenges – high ballistic coefficient entry, hypersonic decelerators, guided entry for reaching intended destinations within acceptable margins for error in the landing ellipse, and payload mass are all critical factors for evaluation. A comprehensive EDL parametric analysis has been conducted in support of a high mass landing architecture by evaluating three types of vehicles −70° Sphere Cone, Ellipsled and SpaceX hybrid architecture called Red Dragon as potential candidate options for crewed entry vehicles. Aerocapture at the Martian orbit of about 400 km and subsequent Entry-from-orbit scenarios were investigated at velocities of 6.75 km/s and 4 km/s respectively. A study on aerocapture corridor over a range of entry velocities (6–9 km/s) suggests that a hypersonic L/D of 0.3 is sufficient for a Martian aerocapture. Parametric studies conducted by varying aeroshell diameters from 10 m to 15 m for several entry masses up to 150 mt are summarized and results reveal that vehicles with entry masses in the range of about 40–80 mt are capable of delivering cargo with a mass on the order of 5–20 mt. For vehicles with an entry mass of 20 mt to 80 mt, probabilistic Monte Carlo analysis of 5000 cases for each vehicle were run to determine the final landing ellipse and to quantify the statistical uncertainties associated with the trajectory and attitude conditions during atmospheric entry. Strategies and current technological challenges for a human rated Entry, Descent, and Landing to the Martian surface are presented in this study.
Consuming Palestine: anticapitalism and anticolonialism in Jean-Luc Godard’s Ici et ailleurs

This article examines the historical conjunction of anticapitalist and anticolonial movements in France in the late 1960s and early 1970s through a close reading of Jean-Luc Godard’s short film on ...
Characteristics Associated With Parent-Teacher Concordance on Child Behavior Problem Ratings in Low-Income Preschoolers.

Abstract Objective Assessment of pediatric behavior problems often requires rating scales from multiple reporters in different settings (eg, home and school); however, concordance between reporters may be low. Pediatricians must reconcile differences to inform treatment. We sought to examine characteristics predicting parent–teacher concordance on ratings of preschoolers' behavior problems. Methods Data from 562 preschoolers were used from the Growing Healthy study, an obesity prevention trial in Head Start programs (2011–2015). Parents and teachers completed the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI)/Student Behavior Inventory (SBI) and the Social Competence and Behavior–Evaluation (SCBE). Outcome variables were: parent–teacher concordance (teacher minus parent score on each subscale of ECBI/SBI and SCBE); teacher reports problem behavior, parent does not (children rated in the top quintile of challenging behavior by teacher but not parent); and parent reports problem behavior, teacher does not (children rated in the top quintile of challenging behavior by parent but not teacher). Multiple linear and logistic regression models were created for each subscale outcome, including the following covariates: child sex, child race/ethnicity, parent age, parent education, family structure, parent depressive symptoms, and parenting self-efficacy, and time of school year. Results Lower concordance was associated with child female sex, and child black or Hispanic race/ethnicity; parent older age, lower education, more depressive symptoms, and greater self-efficacy; and beginning of school year. Conclusions Low parent–teacher concordance may reflect different perceptions of child behavior. Pediatricians could consider parent depressive symptoms, culture, and implicit bias when interpreting differences in behavior ratings by parents and teachers.
Chinese–African encounters in high‐tech sectors: Comparative investigation of Chinese workplace regimes in Ethiopia

Studies on Chinaâ€“Africa coâ€ operation have revealed increasing diversification of China's onâ€ theâ€ ground practices in Africa. However, engaged research has yet to examine the situated experiences of Chinese and African individuals whose activities shape and are shaped by Chinese multinationals, especially those in the growing yet underexplored highâ€ tech sectors. To address this gap, this article investigates the workplace regimes of two Chinese companies in Ethiopia. Using a mixedâ€ method approach, it articulates the contradictory nature of Chinese investment and its diverse manifestations in work relations between Chinese expatriates and local Ethiopians. Our findings suggest that Chinese and Ethiopian employees are proactive yet constrained agents in exploiting work opportunities for their own economic interests and professional development.
Cobalt-Base Alloys for Space-Power Systems

The high-temperature strength and ductility of cobalt — refractory-metal alloys designed for advanced turboelectric space-power systems were investigated. An average life of over 200 hr was obtained at 1800°F and 15,000 psi with the strongest alloy, Co-25W-1Ti-1Zr-0.4C. Workability of the stronger alloys was demonstrated by rolling.
Morality Versus Sociology Theories: Explanation of Financial Reporting Fraud

Previous studies had attributed the management fraud to different reasons. Williams (2012) suggested that the management fraud is motivated by proposed unrealistic goals supported by attractive compensations. Frankel (2012) attributed the management fraud to CEO's unethical financial decisions and the complexity of information technology. The manager fraud behavior is influenced by several factors such as an intrapersonal (attitude, values, belief, and personality traits), social (social norms and controls), institutional (policies, laws, rules and regulations), and ethical factors (personal moral value and organization value/culture). In other words, the management fraud is the outcome of the management decision-making, which is influenced by managers’ personal values, personal beliefs, organizational factor, and social factors. To detect and prevent fraud, it is helpful to know its root causes, thereby manage the fraud risk exposure. Previous studies have linked the management fraud to various theoretical frameworks such as a differential association theory, a general stain theory, and business ethics theory.
Hamiltonian methods of modeling and control of AC microgrids with spinning machines and inverters

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach to the modeling and control of AC microgrids that contain spinning machines, power electronic inverters and energy storage devices. The inverters in the system can adjust their frequencies and power angles very quickly, so the modeling focuses on establishing a common reference frequency and angle in the microgrid based on the spinning machines. From this dynamic model, nonlinear Hamiltonian surface shaping and power flow control method is applied and shown to stabilize. From this approach the energy flow in the system is used to show the energy storage device requirements and limitations for the system. This paper first describes the model for a single bus AC microgrid with a Hamiltonian control, then extends this model and control to a more general class of multiple bus AC microgrids. Simulation results demonstrate the efficacy of the approach in stabilizing and optimization of the microgrid.