cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Interpretation of machine-learning-based disruption models for plasma control

While machine learning techniques have been applied within the context of fusion for predicting plasma disruptions in tokamaks, they are typically interpreted with a simple 'yes/no' prediction or perhaps a probability forecast. These techniques take input signals, which could be real-time signals from machine diagnostics, to make a prediction of whether a transient event will occur. A major criticism of these methods is that, due to the nature of machine learning, there is no clear correlation between the input signals and the output prediction result. Here is proposed a simple method that could be applied to any existing prediction model to determine how sensitive the state of a plasma is at any given time with respect to the input signals. This is accomplished by computing the gradient of the decision function, which effectively identifies the quickest path away from a disruption as a function of the input signals and therefore could be used in a plasma control setting to avoid them. A numerical example is provided for illustration based on a support vector machine model, and the application to real data is left as an open opportunity.
Reduced Expression of Foxp1 as a Contributing Factor in Huntington's Disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is an inherited neurodegenerative disease caused by a polyglutamine expansion in the huntington protein (htt). The neuropathological hallmark of HD is the loss of neurons in the striatum and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex. Foxp1 is a member of the Forkhead family of transcription factors expressed selectively in the striatum and the cortex. In the brain, three major Foxp1 isoforms are expressed: isoform-A (∼90 kDa), isoform-D (∼70 kDa), and isoform-C (∼50 kDa). We find that expression of Foxp1 isoform-A and -D is selectively reduced in the striatum and cortex of R6/2 HD mice as well as in the striatum of HD patients. Furthermore, expression of mutant htt in neurons results in the downregulation of Foxp1 Elevating expression of isoform-A or -D protects cortical neurons from death caused by the expression of mutant htt On the other hand, knockdown of Foxp1 promotes death in otherwise healthy neurons. Neuroprotection by Foxp1 is likely to be mediated by the transcriptional stimulation of the cell-cycle inhibitory protein p21Waf1/Cip1 Consistently, Foxp1 activates transcription of the p21Waf1/Cip1 gene promoter, and overexpression of Foxp1 in neurons results in the elevation of p21 expression. Moreover, knocking down of p21Waf1/Cip1 blocks the ability of Foxp1 to protect neurons from mut-Htt-induced neurotoxicity. We propose that the selective vulnerability of neurons of the striatum and cortex in HD is related to the loss of expression of Foxp1, a protein that is highly expressed in these neurons and required for their survival.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the mutant huntingtin gene is expressed widely, neurons of the striatum and cortex are selectively affected in Huntington's disease (HD). Our results suggest that this selectivity is attributable to the reduced expression of Foxp1, a protein expressed selectively in striatal and cortical neurons that plays a neuroprotective role in these cells. We show that protection by Foxp1 involves stimulation of the p21Waf1/Cip1 (Cdkn1a) gene. Although three major Foxp1 isoforms (A, C, and D) are expressed in the brain, only isoform-A has been studied in the nervous system. We show that isoform-D is also expressed selectively, neuroprotective and downregulated in HD mice and patients. Our results suggest that Foxp1 might be an attractive therapeutic target for HD.
Clinical responses of patients with diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumors to chemotherapy.

Diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumors (DLGT) have been recognized in the most recent WHO classification as a distinct entity. We describe seven pediatric cases of DLGT and the responses to therapy and outcome. We conducted a retrospective review of charts from 1985 to 2013. DBS is an effective therapeutic modality for intractable TLE, particularly in patients with lateralized EEG A total of seven patients were identified. Median age at diagnosis was 3 years. Three months was the median time from symptom development to diagnosis. Common MRI findings included diffuse leptomeningeal thickening, nodularity, or coating of the subarachnoid or ependymal surfaces. The leptomeningeal lesions often appear cystic and contrast enhancement was variable. Six patients had leptomeningeal involvement of the brain and spine. All patients had a negative CSF cytology. Biopsies demonstrated thickened meninges infiltrated by a monotonous population of oligodendrocyte-like cells. Immunohistochemistry revealed variable features of neuronal and/or glial differentiation. All samples were negative for BRAF V600E mutation by immunohistochemistry. Therapy included one patient treated with craniospinal irradiation followed by vincristine, etoposide, cyclophosphamide, and cisplatin with stable disease for 164 months. Six patients received carboplatin and vincristine with a median duration of response of 20+ months (15–122+). Three patients received temozolomide upfront and progressed at 3, 4, and 27 months. No patients demonstrated complete or partial responses to any chemotherapy regimens. Progression-free survival ranged from 3 to 164+ months; 4/7 patients remained free of progression. All patients are alive. DLGT are rare tumors that lack imaging responses; however, there was clinical/ symptom improvement in 100% of the patients. A better understanding of the tumor biology is necessary to improve the diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease.
Classifying continuous hand grips and movements using myoelectric and accelerometer signals

Activities of Daily Living (ADLs) are personal functional activities performed by individuals to carry out their daily lives, allowing them to live independently. Finding relationships between surface electromyograms (sEMG) measured in the arm and movements of the hand and wrist needed to perform ADLs can help address performance deficits and be exploited in designing myoelectric control systems. This paper reports on applying machine learning techniques to discover the electromyogram patterns present when using the hand to perform 47 typical fine motor functional activities used to accomplish ADLs. A Hidden Markov Model (HMM) combined with Random Forest (RF) classification is employed to learn the patterns needed to identify 10 second segments of continuous movement. The HMM/RF model was applied using two feature sets: one consisting entirely of sEMG signals, the other adding accelerometer data. Results show an accuracy improvement of the HMM/RF model over RF-only classification, and further improvement using the combined sEMG+ACC features, with a range of 74.99% to 84.09% and average of 79.06% for five subjects.
Molecular dynamics based enhanced sampling of collective variables with very large time steps

Enhanced sampling techniques that target a set of collective variables and that use molecular dynamics as the driving engine have seen widespread application in the computational molecular sciences as a means to explore the free-energy landscapes of complex systems. The use of molecular dynamics as the fundamental driver of the sampling requires the introduction of a time step whose magnitude is limited by the fastest motions in a system. While standard multiple time-stepping methods allow larger time steps to be employed for the slower and computationally more expensive forces, the maximum achievable increase in time step is limited by resonance phenomena, which inextricably couple fast and slow motions. Recently, we introduced deterministic and stochastic resonance-free multiple time step algorithms for molecular dynamics that solve this resonance problem and allow ten- to twenty-fold gains in the large time step compared to standard multiple time step algorithms [P. Minary et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 150201 (2004); B. Leimkuhler et al., Mol. Phys. 111, 3579-3594 (2013)]. These methods are based on the imposition of isokinetic constraints that couple the physical system to Nose-Hoover chains or Nose-Hoover Langevin schemes. In this paper, we show how to adapt these methods for collective variable-based enhanced sampling techniques, specifically adiabatic free-energy dynamics/temperature-accelerated molecular dynamics, unified free-energy dynamics, and by extension, metadynamics, thus allowing simulations employing these methods to employ similarly very large time steps. The combination of resonance-free multiple time step integrators with free-energy-based enhanced sampling significantly improves the efficiency of conformational exploration.
Customizing a Field Experience for CS Undergrads in Teaching Computer Science for Your School Context: (Abstract Only)

This workshop's goal is to help faculty who want to establish a course (or alternate vehicle) for mentoring undergraduates with some CS background to participate in K-12 teaching CS in local schools with engaging pedagogy. The workshop leverages the experiences and lessons learned from ten semesters of the organizers leading a course that meets once a week on campus for mentoring to support the undergraduates' field experience in local schools and libraries. The workshop will dive deep into logistics including how to establish and maintain strong teacher partnerships, establishing student-teacher matches and weekly field experience schedules, weekly in-class activities and assignments to support the field experience, weekly student reflective journal prompts, and surveys for formative evaluation. Participants will actively reflect on their own contexts with potential opportunities and challenges, and organizers will facilitate small group discussions of how to address the challenges, different models for different contexts, and how to get started. Participants should leave with a plan for next steps toward offering a mentored undergraduate field experience in teaching computer science and access to a community of faculty who are working to help to broaden participation in computer science in K-12 while providing opportunities for undergraduates to hone their communication and leadership skills, increase their self confidence, and participate in giving back to the community using their technical skills. The activities do not require a laptop, only pens and handouts provided by the organizers.
Neural Networks and Fuzzy Logic

In Chapter 9 (this volume), Pedrycz, Kandel and Zhang present an extensive survey of Neurofuzzy systems. The authors give a clear exposition of the complementary technologies offered by fuzzy logic and neural networks. The basic functions of a “fuzzy neuron” are developed and learning algorithms for neurofuzzy systems are presented. In this chapter, we briefly discuss the Synergistic issues in the integration of these technologies. The development and results of an integrated system are presented.
Imaging Thresholds of Salvageability of Life, Limb, and Eyesight

Important considerations in triage and re-triage are identifying the most critical casualties and separating out those who can be saved, and injuries so severe (expectant) that trying to save would unnecessarily drain resources from those who could live. The challenge of recent advances now saving more lives than ever is shifting the mortality threshold toward the more severe injuries; many considered expectant in prior conflicts and put to the side to die in the past are now saved. Perhaps, the most dramatic example of this is in head injuries with advent of faster transport times to neurosurgical capability on the battlefield as mentioned previously, and MDCT availability with correlations showing better survival predictability. Additionally, extremities not previously salvageable now are readily diagnosed by CTA (for example) with volume rendered 3D and multiplanar reformations with tools such as vessel tracking.
Interactions among Glyphosate and Phosphate in Soils: Laboratory Retention and Transport Studies

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of PO on the sorption and transport of glyphosate [-(phosphonomethyl) glycine, GPS] in soils. The results of batch experiments indicated significant competition between PO and GPS in two different soils, with PO being preferentially sorbed. The 24-h Freundlich partitioning coefficients for GPS sorption were decreased by 50 to 60% with PO in solution. High sorptive capacities exhibited by soils in the presence of PO suggest the existence of both competitive and ion specific sites in either soil. Miscible displacement transport studies indicated limited effects of competition when GPS was applied in conjunction with or subsequent to pulses of PO. However, when a PO pulse was applied after the application of a GPS pulse, a secondary GPS breakthrough was observed where an additional 4% of the applied herbicide mass was recovered in the effluent solution. This is likely attributed to the PO-mediated displacement of GPS bound to competitive sites. These results are further emphasized by the distribution of residual herbicide in this column, with enrichment of mass at lower depths in the column and a corresponding decrease in GPS mass closer to the column surface. These results indicate that the timing of inorganic P fertilizers relative to GPS applications has a significant impact on the fate of the herbicide in soils. In particular, these findings suggest that GPS may be more liable to leaching in scenarios in which P fertilizers are applied after the application of GPS-based herbicidal formulations.
Incremental Adaptive Attack Synthesis

Information leakage is a significant problem in modern software systems. Information leaks due to side channels are especially hard to detect and analyze. In this paper, we present techniques for automated synthesis of adaptive side-channel attacks that recover secret values. Our attack synthesis techniques iteratively generate inputs which, when fed to code that accesses the secret, reveal partial information about the secret based on the side-channel observations, reducing the remaining uncertainty about the secret in each attack step. Our approach is incremental, reusing results from prior iterations in each attack step to improve the efficiency of attack synthesis. We use symbolic execution to extract path constraints, automata-based model counting to estimate probabilities of execution paths, and meta-heuristics to maximize information gain based on entropy in order to minimize the number of synthesized attack steps.
On-table modification of self-expanding covered stents for hybrid aortobifemoral revascularization.

Abstract Femoral endarterectomy with iliac stenting is a safe and effective minimally invasive alternative to aortobifemoral bypass. However, TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus D lesions with contiguous iliofemoral occlusion are challenging cases for hybrid repair. Herein, we present a unique approach for iliofemoral revascularization by on-table modification of self-expanding covered stents.
Early Maternal Sensitivity and Teacher-Student Relationship Quality Across Grade School: Enduring or Transient Associations?

Although teacher?student relationships are assumed to in part reflect early caregiving quality, their social provisions also undergo notable normative change over the course of primary school, shifting from a secure base for social exploration to an instrumental relationship centered on achieving academic goals. This report leveraged prospective, longitudinal data from the Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development (N = 1,306, 52% male, 77% White/non-Hispanic) to investigate whether the association between early caregiving and subsequent teacher?student relationship quality remains stable or diminishes in magnitude over time. Associations between early maternal sensitivity and teacher?student closeness faded from Kindergarten to Grade 6. In contrast, associations between early caregiving and teacher?student conflict endured and were partially accounted for by child externalizing problems.
Loop Recorder Implantation on a Telemetry Ward

The implantable loop recorder (ILR) is a valuable tool used in the evaluation of syncope, arrhythmia, and cryptogenic stroke. In the inpatient setting, ILRs are routinely implanted in the electrophysiology (EP) lab despite the low complication rate. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety, feasibility, and cost of implanting ILRs at the patient's bedside by both electrophysiologists and advanced practice providers (APPs). This was a single center, retrospective study of consecutive ILR implantations performed from February 2018 to May 2019. We examined 3 groups: implantations in the EP lab by electrophysiologists (EP Lab/MD), implantations at the bedside by electrophysiologists (Floor/MD), and implantations at the bedside by APPs (Floor/APP). Over 15 months, 152 patients underwent ILR implantation: 48 in the EP Lab/MD group, 57 in the Floor/MD group, and 47 in the Floor/APP group. The procedure duration was longer in the Floor/APP group (14.2 ± 5.9 minutes) compared with the EP Lab/MD and Floor/MD groups (6.8 ± 4.3 minutes, 9.1 ± 4.9 minutes, p
SUMMARY OF REPORT TO COGENE OF THE WORKING GROUP ON RECOMBINANT DNA GUIDELINES

Publisher Summary This chapter presents a summary of report to COGENE of the working group on recombinant DNA guidelines. The working group was charged with the responsibility of (1) obtaining information about the status and content of Recombinant DNA Guidelines in different nations and (2) analyzing, comparing, and evaluating the provisions of the various national guidelines and the premises on which these provisions are based. The accumulated questionnaire data and the results of the Working Group's review and analysis of the guidelines documents themselves form the basis for this report. Other information available to the committee includes reports and compilations furnished by European Molecular Biology Organization (EMBO), National Institutes of Health, and other sources. The information contained in the report to COGENE may be of value to individual scientists as well as to recombinant DNA national advisory committees.
A continuum framework for coupled solid deformation–fluid flow through anisotropic elastoplastic porous media

Abstract We present a continuum framework for coupled solid deformation–fluid flow in anisotropic elastoplastic porous media. A thermodynamic formulation of the coupled processes gives rise to an anisotropic Biot tensor that is a function of drained elastic tangent moduli tensor of the solid skeleton and the intrinsic bulk modulus of the solid constituent. Two effective stress measures emerge from the formulation, namely, σ ′ , which is energy-conjugate to the elastic strain, and σ ′ ′ , which is energy-conjugate to the plastic strain. For the special case of transverse isotropy that is commonly encountered in natural rocks, the Biot tensor can be expressed in terms of its normal and tangential components to the bedding plane, along with a microstructure tensor. Apart from its thermodynamic consistency, an advantage of this new formulation is that standard mixed finite element formulation can be employed to discretize the domain and solve initial boundary-value problems. We conduct plane strain simulations of coupled solid deformation–fluid flow in a transversely isotropic porous medium to demonstrate the impacts of material anisotropy, stress history, and the Biot tensor on the system response.
Association of early hypotension in pediatric sepsis with development of new or persistent acute kidney injury

To determine how hypotension in the first 48 h of sepsis management impacts acute kidney injury (AKI) development and persistence. Retrospective study of patients > 1 month to < 20 years old with sepsis in a pediatric ICU between November 2012 and January 2015 (n = 217). All systolic blood pressure (SBP) data documented within 48 h after sepsis recognition were collected and converted to percentiles for age, sex, and height. Time below SBP percentiles and below pediatric advanced life support (PALS) targets was calculated by summing elapsed time under SBP thresholds during the first 48 h. The primary outcome was new or persistent AKI, defined as stage 2 or 3 AKI present between sepsis day 3–7 using Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes creatinine definitions. Secondary outcomes included AKI-free days (days alive and free of AKI) and time to kidney recovery. Fifty of 217 sepsis patients (23%) had new or persistent AKI. Patients with AKI spent a median of 35 min under the first SBP percentile, versus 4 min in those without AKI. After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds of AKI increased by 9% with each doubling of minutes spent under this threshold (p = 0.03). Time under the first SBP percentile was also associated with fewer AKI-free days (p = 0.02). Time spent under PALS targets was not associated with AKI. The duration of severe systolic hypotension in the first 48 h of pediatric sepsis management is associated with AKI incidence and duration when defined by age, sex, and height norms, but not by PALS definitions.
Morphology Control in the Hydrothermal Synthesis of FeS Nanoplatelets

FeS nanoplatelets were synthesized using a surfactant-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. The product is highly crystalline and has a preferred growth direction with a [001] plate normal. The platelet...
"Oh, this is actually okay": Understanding how one state child welfare training system adapted to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Abstract Background Training for new and existing child protection system (CPS) caseworkers is critical to developing and maintaining a competent workforce that effectively works towards safety, permanency, and wellbeing outcomes for children in the system. The COVID-19 pandemic required a shift to virtual training to continue training CPS professionals safely. Objective The purpose of our project was to determine if there were differences in learning outcomes between learners who completed training in the usual delivery methods (Pre-COVID) and the fully virtual delivery methods (Post-COVID). We also sought to understand any factors that facilitated or impeded successful virtual training during the pandemic. Participants and setting Caseworkers-in-training completed learning and satisfaction assessments through standard continuing quality improvement efforts. Training facilitators, course developers, and leadership completed qualitative interviews. Methods We assessed quantitative differences in one US state in learner knowledge, satisfaction, and behaviors before and during the COVID-19 pandemic and conducted a qualitative thematic analysis of interviews with training system employees. Results Overall, there were limited differences in learner outcomes before and after the transition to virtual training delivery. Across the employee interviews, three main themes emerged: organizational culture facilitated the transition, external constraints caused challenges during the transition, and there were opportunities to evolve training practices positively. Conclusions The shift to a virtual learning environment had little impact on learner knowledge or satisfaction. Employee perspectives indicated that the pre-COVID investment in organizational culture has substantial dividends for performance during the crisis.
"The Customs of our Ancestors": Cora Religious Conversion and Millenarianism, AD 1722-2000

Using documentary and ethnographic information, an analogy is drawn between conquest-period (ca. 1722) and contemporary political and religious institutions among the Cora (Nayari) people of the Sierra del Nayar in the Sierra Madre Occidental of Mexico. Fundamental to these political and religious institutions--then and now--is the idea that the deceased elders of the Cora people continue as active agents in the lives of living Coras, particularly as the seasonal rains. Based on this analogy, an inference is extended from contemporary attitudes of Cora people in the town of Santa Teresa toward the political and religious customs that mediate their relationships with these deceased ancestors, to the possible attitudes of Cora people toward their religious customs at the time of the Spanish conquest of the region. Millenarian fear, an anxiety that is widespread in Santa Teresa as contemporary Coras confront their own failure to adequately continue the customs of their ancestors, is inferred to have been a motivating factor in the Cora's acceptance of Catholic religious customs during the colonial period of their history.
Tongue root position in Hijazi arabic voiceless emphatic and non-emphatic coronal consonants

The longstanding interest in Arabic emphatic consonants stems in part from their articulatory variability across dialects. In different dialects, emphatics are variously described as pharyngealized, uvularized, velarized, or even glottalized consonants. This pilot study analyzes ultrasound images of the voiceless coronal emphatic consonants (traditionally transcribed as pharyngealized /t/ and /s/), and compares them with the corresponding non-emphatics (/t/ and / s/), and with the uvular /q/ in identical vocalic environments. We also examine coarticulatory interactions between emphatic consonants and adjacent vowels. Data from two native speakers of Hijazi Arabic showed more retracted tongue root in emphatics compared to non-emphatics. The emphatics are different from uvulars, in that the tongue dorsum is not raised toward the uvular place of articulation. Non-emphatic coronals are potentially velarized, or even palatalized, especially in the context of a front vowel. Short vowels (/a/, /i/, /u/) were more affected by emphasis in the adjacent consonant than the long vowels (/a:/, /i:/, /u:/), with more retracted tongue root position in the context of emphatic consonants. The high back vowels (/u/, / u:/) were less affected by emphasis than the other vowels.
Algorithm 988: AMGKQ: An Efficient Implementation of Adaptive Multivariate Gauss-Kronrod Quadrature for Simultaneous Integrands in Octave/MATLAB

The algorithm AMGKQ for adaptive multivariate Gauss-Kronrod quadrature over hyperrectangular regions of arbitrary dimensionality is proposed and implemented in Octave/MATLAB. It can approximate numerically any number of integrals over a common domain simultaneously. Improper integrals are addressed through singularity weakening coordinate transformations. Internal singularities are addressed through the use of breakpoints. Its accuracy performance is investigated thoroughly, and its running time is compared to other commonly available routines in two and three dimensions. Its running time can be several orders of magnitude faster than recursively called quadrature routines. Its performance is limited only by the memory structure of its operating environment. Included with the software are numerous examples of its invocation.
Race and attitudes toward the police: Assessing the effects of watching "reality" police programs

Compared with Whites, African Americans generally have less positive attitudes toward the police (ATP) and this is most often attributed to the differential nature of citizen-police interaction experienced by Blacks and Whites. It has been suggested that the media play an important socializing role, in the form of “vicarious” police contacts, in generating ATP. To assess this possibility, this research examined the relationship between ATP and watching television news as well as “reality” crime programming, such as COPS and America's Most Wanted. Data used in these analyses were taken from a 1996 survey of 1,492 adults residing in a southeastern metropolitan area. When other factors influencing ATP were controlled for in ordinary least squares (OLS) regressions, the frequency of watching news was positively related to ATP for Blacks and Whites alike, but watching “reality” crime programming improved ATP only for Whites, males, and those with no college experience. “Reality” crime programming increased the racial divide in ATP.
Estimating Audience Interest Distribution based on Audience Web Behavior

The increasing availability of massive data on users' online behavior presents exciting opportunities for business analytics. In particular, if we could model the distributions of interests of visitors to webpages (or websites), we could apply the result to applications including site optimization, advertisement targeting, content creation, internal offer merchandizing, sponsorship, and general customer analytics. We first present a two-stage generative model for estimating audience interest distributions (AID) for websites, based in part on estimating individual (anonymized) user interest distributions from their observed visitation patterns to labeled websites. The model yields the following interpretation: the AID is the expected interest distribution of a visitor to the website. Estimating AID is important for several reasons: (i) contextual categorization of websites is expensive and/or error prone at large scale, (ii) even under favorable assumptions, contextual categorization provides only a narrow view of user interests, and (iii) certain sorts of sites (image, video, social) do not lend themselves to easy/accurate contextual categorization. The paper then demonstrates and evaluates the model on a massive set of (anonymized) data from a large online advertising company. We show two main findings. (1) In a predictive modeling-style evaluation, for sites where user interests are (partially) known, the model predicts them well. (2) For pages where con- textual categorization does not estimate user interests well (specifically, image pages), the model does estimate them well. We also provide qualitative results demonstrating how the model can reveal interests that are not apparent from contextual categorization.
Firms as Systems of Interdependent Choices

Managers within firms have to make choices along a large number of dimensions; for instance, how to configure activities involving manufacturing and marketing, and which organizational design to employ. Since these choices interact with each other, firms can be conceived of as systems of interdependent choices. In this article, I discuss research that addresses three questions that naturally arise in this context. First, how do such systems evolve over time? Second, what role does organizational design play in whether a firm will arrive at a consistent and high-performing set of choices? Third, what are the consequences of cognitive limitations by decision makers when faced with such complex systems? The article concludes by sketching out possible future directions of research in this domain.
The prevalence of voice problems among adults in the United States

Objectives/Hypothesis Determine the prevalence of voice problems and types of voice disorders among adults in the United States. Study Design Cross-sectional analysis of a national health survey. Methods The 2012 National Health Interview Survey was analyzed, identifying adult cases reporting a voice problem in the preceding 12 months. In addition to demographic data, specific data regarding visits to healthcare professionals for voice problems, diagnoses given, and severity of the voice problem were analyzed. The relationship between voice problems and lost workdays was investigated. Results An estimated 17.9 ± 0.5 million adults (mean age, 49.1 years; 62.9% ± 1.2% female) reported a voice problem (7.6% ± 0.2%). Overall, 10.0% ± 0.1% saw a healthcare professional for their voice problem, and 40.3% ± 1.8% were given a diagnosis. Females were more likely than males to report a voice problem (9.3% ± 0.3% vs. 5.9% ± 0.3%, P < .001). Overall, 22% and 11% reported their voice problem to be a moderate or a big/very big problem, respectively. Infectious laryngitis was the most common diagnosis mentioned (685,000 ± 86,000 cases, 17.8% ± 2.0%). Gastroesophageal reflux disease was mentioned in 308,000 ± 54,000 cases (8.0% ± 1.4%). The mean number of days affected with the voice problem in the past year was 56.2 ± 2.6 days. Respondents with a voice problem reported 7.4 ± 0.9 lost workdays in the past year versus 3.4 ± 0.1 lost workdays for those without (contrast, +4.0 lost workdays; P < .001). Conclusions Voice problems affect one in 13 adults annually. A relative minority seek healthcare for their voice problem, even though the self-reported subjective impact of the voice problem is significant. Level of Evidence 4 Laryngoscope 124:2359–2362, 2014
After the Wedding Night Sexual Abstinence and Masculinities over the Life Course

This study seeks to understand the ways in which men who pledge sexual abstinence until marriage negotiate and assert masculine identities before and after marriage. Using longitudinal qualitative data, this work traces the ways in which men who pledge abstinence until marriage manage a tension between both “sacred” and “beastly” discourses surrounding sexuality. The situational and interactional gendered practices of these men highlight their attempts to resolve the incongruity between practices of sexual purity and hegemonic definitions of masculinity. I argue that a decision to pledge sexual abstinence until marriage is an example of hybrid masculinities (Bridges and Pascoe 2014) in that the postmarriage transition to a more hegemonically masculine status suggests that such practices are not challenging current gendered systems of power and inequality. These findings underscore the potential fallacy in using cross-sectional data to illustrate changes in gender relations, and demonstrate the importance ...
Properties of Light Particles Produced During Growth of Type 4 Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus

Adeno-associated satellite virus type 4, obtained by repeated undiluted passage, failed to produce distinct bands at the expected density of 1.43 g/cm(3) after density gradient centrifugation in CsCl. This phenomenon occurred regardless of the hemagglutinating activity of the starting material. Sharp bands were found at a density of 1.34 to 1.35 g/cm(3). These bands contained adenovirions and numerous satellite particles. These latter particles could be distinguished by electron microscopy from standard dense satellite particles by their flattened profiles and deep penetration of negative stains. Dense bands of satellite virus at 1.43 g/cm(3) were constantly observed when the inoculum was comprised of highly diluted seed virus. Light satellite particles had a particle to HA ratio comparable with dense particles, but possessed low infectivity. Measurements of contour lengths of extracted deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) indicate that light particles contain only a small amount of DNA, possibly less than 0.5 x 10(6) daltons, compared to 1.4 x 10(6) for the complete satellite DNA molecule.
A Direct Link between Sister Chromatid Cohesion and Chromosome Condensation Revealed through the Analysis of MCD1 in S. cerevisiae

The S. cerevisiae MCD1 (mitotic chromosome determinant) gene was identified in genetic screens for genes important for chromosome structure. MCD1 is essential for viability and homologs are found from yeast to humans. Analysis of the mcd1 mutant and cell cycle-dependent expression pattern of Mcd1p suggest that this protein functions in chromosome morphogenesis from S phase through mitosis. The mcd1 mutant is defective in sister chromatid cohesion and chromosome condensation. The physical association between Mcd1p and Smc1p, one of the SMC family of chromosomal proteins, further suggests that Mcd1p functions directly on chromosomes. These data implicate Mcd1p as a nexus between cohesion and condensation. We present a model for mitotic chromosome structure that incorporates this previously unsuspected link.
The neuron-specific enolase-bone morphogenic protein 4 transgenic mouse

Fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by congenital malformation of the great toes and by progressive, postnatal beterotopic bone formation. Although the genetic defect in FOP is not known, several lines of evidence suggest that dysregulation of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 4 may be involved in the pathophysiology of the condition. Transgenic mice that overex press BMP4 under the control of the neuron-specific enolase (Nse) promoter is the first mouse model to develop progressive, postnatal heterotopic endochondral ossification. The Nse-BMP4 transgenic mouse provides a unique opportunity to study the pathophysiology and treatment of progressive heterotopic ossification in an animal model relevant to the study of FOP.
NI-70STEREOTACTIC BIOPSY WITH AND WITHOUT INTRAOPERATIVE MRI.

BACKGROUND: Intraoperative magnetic imaging (iMRI) has been described as a useful adjunct for stereotactic brain biopsy, however, there is limited data demonstrating how this technology performs compared to biopsies done without intraoperative imaging. OBJECTIVE: To compare the results of stereotactic biopsies done with "conventional frameless stereotaxy" with those done using iMRI guidance. METHODS: A retrospective review of 93 frameless stereotactic brain biopsies from 91 patients was done. 21 cases had surgery with iMRI (PoleStar N20, Medtronic Surgical Technologies) and in 72 cases the StealthStation (Medtronic) was used. We analyzed the surgery time, lesion cross sectional area, and diagnostic yield of biopsies. RESULTS: All but one patient in the iMRI group had a diagnosis made by biopsy. The one exception was in a patient who received steroids before surgery, and in whom lesion reduction raised suspicion for lymphoma. Of biopsies performed without iMRI, 6 out of 72 patients (8.3%) did not get a diagnosis (in 3 because of inadequate sample size). These results approached significance (P = 0.58). There was 1 mortality from an iMRI biopsy case, however the iMRI itself was not utilized in this case to confirm cannula placement due to contact of the cannula with the gantry. Use of iMRI for biopsies resulted in longer surgery times compared to cases without its use; median times of 1.83 and 1.2 hours were found respectively (P < 0.001). Another consideration in our experience is that iMRI guided biopsies generally were smaller lesions with a median axial cross-sectional area of 7.8 cm, where cases without iMRI had a median axial cross-sectional area of 9.36 cm. CONCLUSION: Stereotactic biopsy with iMRI is more likely to yield a diagnosis than surgery done without iMRI. The extra time required - slightly over a half hour - is justified by this improved yield.
Fretting wear of nitrogen-implanted AISI 304 stainless steel

Abstract Fretting wear resistance of nitrogen-implanted AISI 304 stainless steel was measured and compared to that of unimplanted steel. After 5 × 10 3 cycles, unimplanted steel revealed severe damage on non-slip area and adhesive-type wear on microslip region whereas nitrogen-implanted stainless steel was still undamaged. The improved fretting wear resistance is explained to be due to the increased load carrying capacity and decreased adhesion of nitrogen-implanted steel.
Getting to the heart of the problem: Using the problems of practice approach as a starting place for creating problem‐centered instruction

It is often difficult to transfer learning from one situation to another. Learning is more likely to be transferred if instruction is situated within a realistic context, using a problem-centered instructional approach. However, it can be challenging to create problem-centered instruction that authentically represents the needs and activities of the workplace and profession. This article describes the problems of practice approach––an iterative, guided process for developing problems for problem-centered instruction.
Explant culture of adult goldfish retina: A model for the study of CNS regeneration

Conditions are described for culture of retinal explants of adult goldfish which favour outgrowth of neuritic processes onto a substratum. A growth index to quantitate the outgrowth was developed. If the optic nerve is crushed several days prior to explantation, a marked enhancement of neuritic outgrowth is seen relative to control retinas. Histological examination of the explants revealed that retinal ganglion cells in explants from unoperated eyes became hypertrophied in vitro with a time course similar to that observed in vivo following optic nerve crush. Experiments with hemiaxotomized retinas indicate that the perikaryal regenerative response is mediated intracellularly.
The Influence of Prior Thought and Intent on the Memorability and Persuasiveness of Organ Donation Message Strategies

This study examines the influence of prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card on the memorability and persuasiveness of one-sided and refutational messages about organ donation. Prior thought and intent about donation was found to exert a strong influence on belief and behavior change but not on attitude change. Regardless of message type, respondents low in prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card exhibited a negative belief change about the need for organ donation and took fewer organ donor cards (59%), whereas respondents high in prior thought and intent exhibited positive belief change and took significantly more organ donor cards (84%). Memorability of the messages was influenced by prior thought and intent, message type, and fear invoked by the messages. The next task for researchers interested in persuasion about organ donation is to find a message that induces positive belief, attitude, and behavior change in those low in prior thought and intent to sign an organ donor card.
Scapholunate advanced collapse wrist salvage

Patients with scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) wrist do not have to undergo total wrist arthrodesis; the SLAC pattern spares the radiolunate articulation, providing a basis for salvage. We report the results of 100 cases in which a technique comprised of scaphoid excision and limited wrist arthrodesis was used. The average followup period of 44 months revealed excellent functional status and a high rate of patient satisfaction. The majority of employed patients were able to return to their original jobs, and many chose to resume wrist-related recreational activities. Pain relief was good to excellent in most cases. Extension/flexion averaged 72 degrees (53% of a normal opposite wrist), radioulnar deviation 37 degrees (59%), and grip strength 80% of the opposite side. X-ray films revealed only two instances of radiolunate destruction, both in conjunction with ulnar translation of the carpus. The other 98 patients demonstrated a well-preserved radiolunate joint regardless of followup interval. Complications were few. Nonunion occurred in three cases. A dorsal impingement of the capitate and radius (12%) was felt to be technique-related and avoidable by careful capitolunate alignment.
Iterated instabilities during droplet fission

Recent observations indicate that the shape of a fluid interface undergoes repeated instabilities arbitrarily close to breakoff. We interpret this behavior as the result of successive instabilities of the similarity solution of Eggers [Phys. Rev. Lett. [bold 71], 3458 (1993)]. We show that the similarity solution is unstable to finite amplitude perturbations, with critical amplitude going to zero at the singularity. Thermal fluctuations in the fluid can trigger the instabilities.
Remote preconditioning and delayed cardioprotection in skeletal muscle.

the concept of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was introduced in 1986 by Murry, Jennings, and Reimer ([10][1]). These investigators showed that four brief 5-min periods of ischemia in canine hearts produced a marked reduction in myocardial infarct size in dogs subjected to 40 min of coronary artery
Evidence for DNA polymorphism in vivo: laser Raman microsopy of chromosomes in the single eukaryotic cells--comparison with model systems

There is now definitive evidence from Raman and X-ray studies that DNA in a relaxed condition in aqueous solution is in the standard B type conformation. On the other hand, DNA in crystals, in concentrated salt solutions and bound to proteins can exist in other configurations. The question arises: what is the structure of DNA in the nucleus of a living cell where its long length must be subjected to repeated folds in order to pack it into such a small space? To answer this question we designed and built a laser Raman microscope to take the Raman spectra of DNA in the packaged state in which it occurs in nature. Spectra have been taken of the DNA in salmon sperm, squid sperm, and the nucleus of the salivary gland of drosophila melanogaster. The majority of the deoxynucleotide residues in the DNA in the nucleus belongs to the B-type family of conformations. However, the DNA in the nucleus may have a different furanose ring pucker than it does in solution.© (1995) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Experiments on Urban Flooding Caused by a Levee Breach

Breached levees often cause extensive flood damage to urban and residential areas; there has been considerable interest in the numerical modeling of flooding of urban areas in recent years. However, comprehensive data that describe the complex flow field in residential areas are not available for validating the numerical models or for determining the extent of such damage. To fill this gap, results are presented of experiments on a scale model used as a test setup that examined the flow field in an urban area attributable to flooding caused by a levee breach. Steady state flow depths and flow velocity were measured by a point gauge and by an array of ultrasonic velocity profilers, respectively. In addition, the surface velocities were recorded in the entire flooded area by using a digital particle tracking velocimetry technique. The details of these measurements, limited flow data, and the observed flow characteristics are presented in this study. Full data sets are provided on the Internet. The results of these investigations show that closely spaced buildings act like a single obstacle with a common wake zone, and there is little flow between these buildings. The results also show that the strongest flow is in the prebreach direction and that the local topography plays an important role in distributing the flow in the flooded area. The complete data set may be utilized to validate numerical models of free surface flow.