cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
131I-Tositumomab (Bexxar®) vs.90Y-Ibritumomab (Zevalin®) Therapy of Low-Grade Refractory/Relapsed Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

The American Cancer Society estimated 66,120 new cases of non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) in the USA in 2008. Radioimmunotherapy has been shown in clinical trials to be an effective treatment for refractory/relapsed NHL. The available agents are Bexxar®, a 131I radiolabeled murine monoclonal antibody and Zevalin®, a 90Y radiolabeled murine antibody. Both target CD20 receptors present on the surface of lymphocytes. We present our clinical experience with Bexxar® and Zevalin® in the management of low-grade refractory or relapsed NHL. This is a retrospective study (Jan 2000–Jul 2006) of 67 patients with NHL, who were treated with Bexxar® (31 patients, group A) or Zevalin® (36 patients, group B) for refractory/relapsed disease. Group A included 16 men and 15 women, 35–81 years old (average, 59.3 ± 13.4). Group B included 27 men and nine women, 36–85 years old (average, 55.4 ± 13.8). Therapeutic doses ranged 40–138 mCi (average, 78.1 ± 28.2) for Bexxar® and 17–34 mCi (average, 28.8 ± 4.37) for Zevalin®. Objective responses were induced in 22 of the 31 patients (70.9%) in group A and 28 of the 36 patients (77.8%) in group B. Complete response was noted in 11 patients (35.5%), partial response in seven patients (22.6%), and mixed response in four patients (12.9%) in group A. There were five patients (16.1%) with stable disease and four patients (12.9%) with disease progression in the same group. Complete response was noted in 15 patients (41.7%), partial response in nine patients (25%), and mixed response in four patients (11.1%) in group B. There were four patients (11.1%) with stable disease and another four patients (11.1%) with disease progression in the same group. The average decreases at posttherapy nadir were 36.9% ± 0.33 (group A) and 52.6% ± 0.32 (group B) for platelets, 27.8% ± 0.27 (group A) and 34.2% ± 0.38 (group B) for leukocytes, and 4.9% ± 0.15 (group A) and 7.6% ± 0.11 (group B) for hemoglobin. Grades 3 and 4 hematological toxicity occurred in 14 patients (45.2%) treated with Bexxar® and 22 patients (61.1%) treated with Zevalin®, but was reversible. Our study suggests that clinical practice of Bexxar® and Zevalin® radioimmunotherapy is an effective and safe adjunctive treatment for patients with NHL refractory/relapsed to conventional treatment. However, due to the small number of subjects, it was not possible to determine whether differences in the outcomes or toxicities from the two agents were statistically significant.
Digital lock-detection for systematic phase noise elimination in a phase interpolator CDR

A novel solution to eliminating the systematic phase noise in a phase interpolator (PI) clock-to-data recovery (CDR) system was designed and simulated in Simulink. The proposed solution addresses the systematic jitter caused by the bang-bang phase detector using scalable digital logic.
Multi-robot position tracking

Accurate navigation is just one of the many challenges for successfully coordinating multiple robot interaction. It is especially important when trying to quantify the success of new techniques being developed to achieve coordinated formation maneuvering. This paper presents the experimental procedures followed while determining robot navigation error along with an evaluation of the resultant measurements. An inexpensive, easily configurable, camera system is presented that shows the potential to provide accurate position information. Along with a description of the system configuration, test procedures and test dat a are presented and evaluated. Finally, a comparison of the robot navigation error to that of the proposed camera system is presented.
Interaction of H 2 O with Si(111) and (100) Critical Conditions for the Growth of

The reactions of H/sub 2/O with the clean Si(111) and (100) surfaces have been studied at high temperatures (890/sup 0/-1350/sup 0/C) for H/sub 2/O pressures between 7 X 10/sup -5/ and 4 X 10/sup -1/ torr. The critical conditions involving H/sub 2/O pressure and substrate temperature which are necessary for the growth of SiO/sub 2/ have been determined, and are consistent with a thermodynamic model modified to include effects due to H/sub 2/O dissociation and SiO desorption. In addition to clean (active) and SiO/sub 2//sup -/ covered (passive) surface regions, an intermediate region is observed and is proposed to be related to a thin, nonpassivating Si/chi/O/sigma phi/H/ZETA/ film on the Si surface.
Durkheim's Evolutionary Conception of Social Change

Using criteria derived from several recent inquiries into the nature of classical social evolutionism of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, this study has endeavored to determine what Du...
A critical period during postnatal auditory development of mice

Summary CBA/J mice were given a 50 dB unilateral conductive hearing loss by removal of the left cartilaginous external auditory meatus. When the conductive loss extended from 12 to 24 days after birth, the left globular cells and left large spherical cells of the ventral cochlear nucleus were significantly smaller (P 0.05) between right and left cell sizes with conductive losses of 4–12 or 24–45 days after birth. There were significant right/left cell size differences (P
A regional scale assessment of land use/land cover and climatic changes on water and energy cycle in the upper Midwest United States.

This study examines the relative impact of regional land-cover/land-use patterns and projected future climate change on hydrologic processes. Historic, present and projected future land cover data were used to drive the variable infiltration capacity (VIC) model using observed meteorological forcing data for 1983–2007 over Wisconsin (USA). The current and projected future (year 2030) land cover data were developed using the land transformation model (LTM). The VIC model simulations were driven using downscaled and bias-corrected projected future climate forcing from three different Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) AR4 general circulation models (GCMs): HadCM3, PCM and GFDL. Sensitivity results conducted on a single grid cell show that annual average surface runoff and baseflow were increased by 8 and 6 mm, respectively, while evapotranspiration was reduced by 15 mm when a fully forested grid was converted to cropland. Results also indicate that annual average net radiation and sensible heat flux were reduced considerably due to forest-to-cropland conversion, and the reduction was more prominent in winter and spring seasons due to effect of snow albedo. Forest-to-cropland conversion also resulted in increased latent heat flux in summer (JJA) while this land transformation increased the snow water equivalent in winter (DJF) and spring (MAM). Complete conversion of forest to cropland resulted in a decrease of the radiative surface temperature on an annual basis with more cooling occurring in winter and summer. Impacts of historic deforestation were similar to what was expected based on a single grid sensitivity analysis. Copyright © 2010 Royal Meteorological Society
Evaluation of enrichment procedures for recovering Listeria monocytogenes from dairy products.

Six different enrichment media and five selective plating media were compared for their suitability for the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from dairy products. These included media used to test milk products by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and media developed by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for testing meat and poultry products. Test samples included naturally contaminated goat's milk, cultured milk products and ice cream manufactured with L. monocytogenes, and unpasteurized milk inoculated with heat- and freeze-injured cells of L. monocytogenes. Generally, the media and two-stage enrichment protocol developed by the USDA, with plating of samples after two consecutive 24-h incubation periods, yielded better recoveries than all other enrichment media incubated for 24 h. A modified USDA procedure, incorporating nonselective pre-enrichment of samples by omitting acriflavine and nalidixic acid from the primary USDA enrichment broth, and transfer of a larger volume of the initial culture broth to the secondary enrichment media, significantly increased recoveries of low numbers of sublethally stressed L. monocytogenes. Prolonged incubation of samples in the FDA enrichment broth, for 7 days, did not consistently improve recoveries over the initial 24-h incubation time of the medium. The selective plating medium developed by the USDA, lithium chloride-phenylethanol-moxalactam agar, was the most effective plating agar for isolation of L. monocytogenes following enrichment of samples in any broth culture, and increased recoveries of L. monocytogenes by 19-40% compared with other selective agar media tested.
Persistence of Armor Layers in Gravel-Bed Streams

[1] Streambed surfaces are typically coarsened, or armored, at low flows, but there is little evidence of their condition during floods, when significant hydraulic and ecologic disturbance occurs. Some flume experiments have been used to conclude that armor layers wash out during floods, although other experiments have produced a persistent armor layer. In the absence of clear field or flume evidence, we use a surface-based transport model in an inverse prediction of surface grain size as a function of transport rates observed in the field. The predicted surface grain size matches that observed at low flow and indicates that low-flow armor layers persist at large flows. In the field, transport grain size increases with transport rate, reducing or eliminating adjustments in bed surface grain size as flow and transport increase. A persistent armor layer considerably simplifies the prediction of sediment transport, hydraulic roughness, and habitat disturbance during floods.
SOCS3 regulates p21 expression and cell cycle arrest in response to DNA damage

Genotoxic agents such as ionizing radiation trigger cell cycle arrest at the G1/S and G2/M checkpoints, allowing cells to repair damaged DNA before entry into mitosis. DNA damage-induced G1 arrest involves p53-dependent expression of p21 (Cip1/Waf-1), which inhibits cyclin-dependent kinases and blocks S phase entry. While much of the core DNA damage response has been well-studied, other signaling proteins that intersect with and modulate this response remain uncharacterized. In this study, we identify Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling (SOCS)-3 as an important regulator of radiation-induced G1 arrest. SOCS3-deficient fibroblasts fail to undergo G1 arrest and accumulate in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. SOCS3 knockout cells phosphorylate p53 and H2AX normally in response to radiation, but fail to upregulate p21 expression. In addition, STAT3 phosphorylation is elevated in SOCS3-deficient cells compared to WT cells. Normal G1 arrest can be restored in SOCS3 KO cells by retroviral transduction of WT SOCS3 or a dominant-negative mutant of STAT3. Our results suggest a novel function for SOCS3 in the control of genome stability by negatively regulating STAT3-dependent radioresistant DNA synthesis, and promoting p53-dependent p21 expression.
4.4.2 Quantifying the Evolution of Goals in Requirements Engineering: A Study on the Quality Assurance Review Assistant Tool

Goal-oriented requirements engineering is becoming increasingly important, as goals help to specify requirements, provide rationales to stakeholders, and detect causes behind requirements conflicts. Measuring and understanding the manner whereby goals are understood and modeled over time can have a vital implication to many aspects of software development. Despite the importance, however, there seems to be little help available in measuring the evolution of goals. This paper presents a scheme for quantifying the evolution of goals in requirements engineering. This paper also presents a case study for this scheme using a groupware application, called the Quality Assurance Review Assistant Tool (QARAT). The data collected are analyzed in relation to several conjectures regarding the structural evolution of the goals over 11 iterations. Ultimately, studies such as these can be used to help improve cost estimation, project planning, and risk analysis activities.
Collapse of 2000 Commonwealth Avenue: Punching Shear Case Study

On January 25, 1971, two thirds of a 16-story apartment building collapsed while under construction at 2000 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts. Four workers died after a failure on the roof instigated a progressive collapse all the way to the basement, where the men were found. Fortunately, the collapse occurred slowly enough for most of the other workers to run to safety. An investigation, conducted by a commission assembled by the Mayor of Boston, painted a picture of a troubled project, with considerable confusion about responsibility for structural safety. The surviving workers' descriptions of the failure provide a textbook definition of punching shear. Low concrete strength due to inadequate protection against cold weather contributed to low punching shear strength of the flat slab. Inspection, quality control, planning, and supervision were for all practical purposes absent from the project. This paper investigates the numerous causes and lessons learned of this structural failure. Two similar cases are also reviewed.
Projecting PowerPoint presentations with a PDA.

OBJECTIVE. This article describes the use of a personal digital assistant (PDA) as a projection device for PowerPoint presentations.CONCLUSION. Advances in hardware and software have made PDA devices capable of storing, accessing, retrieving, and sharing data, and their use is becoming increasingly evident in the health care arena. In this article, I describe a use for the PDA that will further increase its value and efficiency in daily academic and teaching activities.
Experimental Study of the Multichanneling, 3 MV Rimfire Gas Switch in the Self Breakdown Mode

Many accelerators at Sandia National Laboratories utilize the Rimfire gas switch for high voltage, high power switching. In addition, there are many multichannel closing switches used in pulsed power applications. This paper presents a brief overview of a study of the multichanneling section of the Rimfire switch. The effects of multichanneling and a method to force multichanneling are presented.
What is left of futility : the convergence of anencephaly and the emergency medical treatment and active labor act

In 1986, Congress passed legislation intended to prevent hospitals from "dumping" patients who were unable to pay for their care. This legislation was appended to the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act as the Emergency Medical Treatment and Active Labor Act (EMTALA). 1 The EMTALA imposes two sets of duties on all hospitals that receive Medicare funds. Since 98% of hospitals in the United States participate in the Medicare program, EMTALA applies to nearly all hospitals in the United States. In short, hospitals with an emergency department must provide an appropriate screening examination to any patient who requests treatment. The purpose of the medical screening examination is to determine whether an "emergency medical condition" exists. If an emergency medical condition is discovered, the hospital must either provide treatment sufficient to stabilize the patient's condition or transfer the patient to another medical facility in an acceptable fashion.
Comparative Nutritional Value of Liquid Milk and Dried Milk for Young Calves

Abstract Three groups of 24 Jersey heifer calves were fed from five to nine weeks (A) calf starter without milk, (B) starter with dried skimmilk, or (C) starter with reconstituted skimmilk. Body weight gains of Group C, 13.5 kg, exceeded (P
Multilevel μTESLA: Broadcast authentication for distributed sensor networks

Broadcast authentication is a fundamental security service in distributed sensor networks. This paper presents the development of a scalable broadcast authentication scheme named multilevel μTESLA based on μTESLA, a broadcast authentication protocol whose scalability is limited by its unicast-based initial parameter distribution. Multilevel μTESLA satisfies several nice properties, including low overhead, tolerance of message loss, scalability to large networks, and resistance to replay attacks as well as denial-of-service attacks. This paper also presents the experimental results obtained through simulation, which demonstrate the performance of the proposed scheme under severe denial-of-service attacks and poor channel quality.
Biophysical and biochemical characterization of apple chlorotic leafspot virus

Abstract The particles of apple chlorotic leafspot virus (CLSV) banded in isopycnic Cs 2 SO 4 gradients at ϱ − 1.27 g/cc and contained 5.2% nucleic acid. A single nucleic acid species of MW 2.3 × 10 6 was isolated from the virus. The molecular weight and structure of CLSV particles are discussed.
Ability of the clinician and patient to predict the outcome of mifepristone and misoprostol medical abortion

We performed this analysis to evaluate the ability of both women and their clinicians to predict pregnancy expulsion after using mifepristone and misoprostol for medical abortion up to 63 days gestation. Women who participated in a multicenter, randomized trial comparing misoprostol 6-8 h vs. 23-25 h after mifepristone attended a follow-up visit approximately 7 days after mifepristone treatment. Each subject was asked if she felt she had expelled the gestational sac. Clinicians also assessed if the sac had been expelled based on the woman's history. Vaginal ultrasonography was then performed to assess the uterine cavity. Of the 1080 women enrolled in the multicenter study, 931 (86.2%) who attended the first follow-up visit by study day 12 and did not have a uterine suction aspiration prior to this visit were included in this analysis. Vaginal ultrasonography at the first follow-up visit demonstrated expulsion in 915 [98.3%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 97.2-99.0] women. Overall, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for subjects were 96.5%, 31.3%, 98.8% and 13.5%, respectively. When both the clinician and patient felt that the gestational sac had passed (n = 880 [94.5%, 95% CI: 92.9-95.9]), expulsion was confirmed by sonography in 99.1% (95% CI: 98.2-99.6) of cases. Women and clinicians are very accurate at determining expulsion of gestational sac during medical abortion with mifepristone and misoprostol without ultrasonography or a physical examination.
Multi-modal iterative adaptive processing (MIAP) performance in the discrimination mode for landmine detection

Due to the nature of landmine detection, a high detection probability (Pd) is required to avoid casualties and injuries. However, high Pd is often obtained at the price of extremely high false alarm rates. It is widely accepted that no single sensor technology has the ability to achieve the required detection rate while keeping acceptably low false alarm rates for all types of mines in all types of soil and with all types of false targets. Remarkable advances in sensor technology for landmine detection have made multi-sensor fusion an attractive alternative to single sensor detection techniques. Hence, multi-sensor fusion mine detection systems, which use complementary sensor technologies, are proposed. Previously we proposed a new multi-sensor fusion algorithm called Multi-modal Iterative Adaptive Processing (MIAP), which incorporates information from multiple sensors in an adaptive Bayesian decision framework and the identification capabilities of multiple sensors are utilized to modify the statistical models utilized by the mine detector. Simulation results demonstrate the improvement in performance obtained using the MIAP algorithm. In this paper, we assume a hand-held mine detection system utilizing both an electromagnetic induction sensor (EMI) and a ground-penetrating radar (GPR). The hand-held mine detection sensors are designed to have two modes of operations: search mode and discrimination mode. Search mode generates an initial causal detection on the suspected location; and discrimination mode confirms whether there is a mine. The MIAP algorithm is applied in the discrimination mode for hand-held mine detection. The performance of the detector is evaluated on a data set collected by the government, and the performance is compared with the other traditional fusion results.
Effect of chemisorbed oxygen on the Au, Cu-CdS barrier height

Abstract The measured barrier heights of different Au-CdS and Cu-CdS contacts ranged from 0·77 to 0·91 eV and from 0·52 to 0·63 eV, respectively. These devices were fabricated by vacuum deposition of metal (Au, Cu) onto etched CdS surfaces which were exposed to air. A simple model which takes into account chemisorbed oxygen and an interfacial layer is presented to explain the variation in Schottky barrier heights observed in this study. A density of approximately 3 × 10 11 cm −2 oxygen states on the CdS surface is calculated from the simple model. This density agrees well with the values reported in the literature. The presence of absorbed oxygen and an interfacial layer on etched CdS surfaces was confirmed by auger spectroscopy measurements.
Application of a laboratory model to the interpretation of satellite and field observations of coastal upwelling

An attempt is made to apply the results of our laboratory modeling of coastal upwelling to similar events off the west coasts of major continental masses. These include the west coasts of the U.S.A., Peru, and Baja California, Mexico. For the purpose of the present study, we ran new experiments on the effects of asymmetric ridges (similar to Mendocino escarpment) and a perturbed coastline (similar to that in the neighborhood of Point Conception) on the upwelling and the overall results were similar to symmetric cases reported in our previous studies. In general, the model suggests that the large, standing features (waves) that extend far off-shore and which are seen repeatedly in satellite (IR) images near major capes and ridges are produced as the result of interaction of the upwelling system with the coastal irregularities themselves. In the absence of any major coastal protuberances the standing features are absent also, and instead a uniform upwelled front and associated smaller scale, frontal, baroclinic eddies develop. The baroclinic eddies generated at the upwell front, those pinched-off from the upwelling system and/or those pre-existing off-shore combine to produce a complex eddy field. Measurements of the turbulent characteristics of such a field in our laboratory model have indicated that the structure of these eddies is two dimensional and geostrophic. When such eddy fields interact with the upwelling system, geostrophic jets transport the upwelled water far off-shore in the form of meandering filaments, as seen in (IR) images. An estimate of the value of the control parameter φ ∗ = g′h0/u ∗ f λs (where g′ = gδϱ is the reduced gravity, δϱ the density difference between top and bottom layers, h0 the depth of the top layer, u ∗ the friction velocity applied to the top surface, f the Coriolis parameter and λs the final width of the upwelled water at surface) for the above-mentioned regions gave values of <6. Under such circumstances, our model predicts that the standing features and the uniform upwelled front should eventually become unstable and grow to allow cyclonic eddies to pinch-off from the upwelling system, as seen repeatedly in satellite (IR) images. An estimate of a topographic Rossby β number, Rβ (see section 4.1.2), for the west coast of the U.S.A. and the laboratory model yielded a value of about Rβ ≈ 0.1 for both cases, leading us to believe in the similarity between the field and the laboratory flow. When our measurements of the characteristics of the upwelling system are compared with those seen and measured from such images and field observations, we find reasonable, and in some cases excellent, agreement.
High-performance liquid chromatographic separation of glycopeptides from nereis cuticle collagen

To facilitate the structural studies of invertebrate collagens, a sensitive and effective method was developed, using reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography for preparative isolation of the collagen subunits and their clostridial collagenase-derived peptides; the methods have been applied to Nereis cuticle collagen. The two subunits of denatured Nereis cuticle collagen, termed A and B, were initially separated by high-performance liquid chromatography. These polypeptides, with Mr of about 0.5 million, were each exhaustively digested with clostridial collagenase. The digest of the A subunit, which contains all of the uronic acid, was enriched for the uronic acid-containing glycopeptides by means of gel filtration. These glycopeptides were resolved into 23 major peaks, using reverse-phase HPLC, over a 5-h elution time, with an acetonitrile gradient (0-20%) containing 0.1% TFA. The amino acid composition data suggests that the peptides are of variable length, from 5 to 17 residues, while beta-elimination studies show that the uronic acid-containing moieties are all O-glycosidically linked to threonine residues, in the peptides examined. The amino acid sequence of one of the major glycopeptides was determined and found to be Gly-Hyp-Ala-Gly-Gly-Ile-Gly-Glu-Thr-Gly-Ala-Val-Gly-Leu-Hyp. The amino acid compositions of glycosylated and nonglycosylated peptides which had eluted, numbering about 100, showed a correspondence between hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity and emergence time from the column. We also found that the peptides most enriched in 4-hydroxyproline emerged earliest. These studies provide a foundation for elucidating the detailed structures of the large, unusual subunits of a well-characterized cuticle collagen.
The Use of Surface Waves to Estimate In-Place Strength of Concrete

Non-destructive evaluation (NDE) techniques are needed to evaluate in-place strength of concrete in structures. Often mechanical wave propagation parameters are used to establish a correlation with strength. P-wave velocity measurements are most common for this purpose, but its application can be problematic. Here the utility of surface waves is investigated. Surface wave velocity and transmission (attenuation) properties are considered, where a self-compensating approach overcomes experimental difficulties usually experienced in transmission measurements. In this paper, the testing configuration is described and the concept of the self-compensating approach introduced. Then a test series is described: surface wave velocity and wave transmission and P-wave through thickness velocity data are collected from concrete slabs of different strengths. Relations between concrete strength, wave velocity and surface wave transmission are established. Surface wave velocity and normalized surface wave velocity data correlate well with in-place strength. Transmission data also are sensitive to concrete strength but data variation must be improved.
Experimental investigation of a twice-shocked spherical gas inhomogeneity with particle image velocimetry

Results are presented from an experimental investigation into the interaction of a planar shock wave with a vortex ring. A free-falling spherical soap bubble is traversed by the incident shock wave and develops into a vortex ring as a result of baroclinically deposited vorticity (\({\nabla\rho\times\nabla p \neq 0}\)). The vortex ring translates with a velocity relative to the particle velocity behind the shock wave due to circulation. After the shock wave reflects from the tube end wall, it traverses the vortex ring (this process is called “reshock”) and deposits additional vorticity. Planar Mie scattering is used to visualize the atomized soap film at high frame rates (up to 10,000 fps). Particle image velocimetry (PIV) was performed for an argon bubble in nitrogen accelerated by a M = 1.35 shock wave. Circulation was determined from the PIV velocity field and found to agree well with Kelvin’s vortex ring model.
Three Problems for the Singularity Theory of Truth

In this paper I present three problems for Simmons’ singularity theory of truth as he presents it in Universality and the Liar. I begin with a brief overview of the theory and then present the three problems I see for it.
The guard's three bodies: linsanity, celebrity and national identity.

Jeremy Lin was largely unknown prior to the phenomenon known as ‘Linsanity’ in February 2012. This piece compares and contrasts the ways in which Lin's story – and in particular his cultural, political and national identity – has played out in the USA, Taiwan and China, and also shows how the identities created for Lin in each of these three places constitute his ‘three bodies’. The USA, China and Taiwan all lay some claim on Lin's identity. Answers to basic questions about Lin diverge in each place. The US story focuses on issues of race and overlooked ability. In China, much attention is given to Lin's intellectual and athletic abilities, as well as his ‘Chineseness’. In Taiwan, broadcasters and politicians alike highlight his Taiwanese identity, and emphasise how Lin's success shows the value of non-academic training. Writers in all three countries have focused on lessons to be learned from Lin, with humility, team spirit, hard work and family values taking prominent place. In cross-strait relations, t...
Intestinal absorption of naturally occurring sugars in the rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri, under free-swimming conditions

Abstract 1. 1. An experimental procedure has been developed for measurement of intestinal nutrient absorption in the free-swimming trout. 2. 2. The surgical operation and the anesthetic (MS 222) do not affect the intestinal absorption of sugars in experiments of short (15 min) or long (90 min) duration. 3. 3. The rate of glucose absorption in μmoles/g tissue per hr from the midgut section of the digestive tract was 10·64 and from the pyloric caeca 4·14. The midgut is the region for active sugar absorption. 4. 4. At 20 mM concentration the absorption rates of glucose, galactose and mannose from the midgut were, respectively, 10·6, 6·7 and 1·9. Sugar transport mechanism of the trout has specific structural requirements.
Playing the Numbers: The Best Bad Option

College graduates and current students are swimming in a sea of debt. As of this writing, the total amount of outstanding student loan debt has been estimated at $960 billion (Kantrowitz, 2011). Th...
Irreversible pulmonary toxicity after single course of BCNU.

Abstract Irreversible pulmonary interstitial fibrosis developed 36 days after a single course of BCNU (total, 400 mg) in a patient with a malignant brain tumor. The case is unique in that irreversible changes developed shortly after a single course of BCNU whereas heretofore such permanent changes have been associated only with multiple courses of the drug (2,000–4,000 mg). This suggests that individual differences in the local sensitivity of lung tissue may be as important as the dose of the drug in determining whether irreversible fibrosis will develop.
From “Dead” Savings to Assets for Life Perspectives on the Retirement Social Insurance Pilot Project in Hutubi, China

This article presents documentation and analysis of an asset-building pilot project in rural western China. Six case studies were conducted with the aim to study how the program affects individual and household development. From these experiences, asset ownership is seen to lead to positive effects, including steps to acquire additional assets, improved financial skills, and a more positive and stable outlook.
CIDE, a novel family of cell death activators with homology to the 45 kDa subunit of the DNA fragmentation factor

DFF45 is a subunit of the DNA fragmentation factor (DFF) that is cleaved by caspase-3 during apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which DFF45 regulates apoptotic cell death remains poorly understood. Here we report the identification and characterization of two mammalian genes, CIDE-A and CIDE-B, encoding highly related proteins with homology to the N-terminal region of DFF45. CIDE-A and CIDE-B were found to activate apoptosis in mammalian cells, which was inhibited by DFF45 but not by caspase inhibitors. Expression of CIDE-A induced DNA fragmentation in 293T cells, which was inhibited by DFF45, further suggesting that DFF45 inhibits the apoptotic activities of CIDEs. In addition to mammalian CIDE-A and CIDE-B, we identified DREP-1, a Drosophila melanogaster homolog of DFF45 that could inhibit CIDE-A-mediated apoptosis. Mutant analysis revealed that the C-terminal region of CIDE-A was necessary and sufficient for killing whereas the region with homology to DFF45 located in the N-terminus was required for DFF45 to inhibit CIDE-A-induced apoptosis. CD95/Fas-mediated apoptosis was enhanced by CIDEs but inhibited by DFF45. These studies suggest that DFF45 is evolutionarily conserved and implicate CIDEs as DFF45-inhibitable effectors that promote cell death and DNA fragmentation.
Variable-density mixing in buoyancy-driven turbulence

The homogenization of a heterogeneous mixture of two pure fluids with different densities by molecular diffusion and stirring induced by buoyancy-generated motions, as occurs in the Rayleigh–Taylor (RT) instability, is studied using direct numerical simulations. The Schmidt number, Sc, is varied by a factor of 20, 0.1 ≤ Sc ≤ 2.0, and the Atwood number, A, by a factor of 10, 0.05 ≤ A ≤ 0.5. Initial-density intensities are as high as 50% of the mean density. As a consequence of differential accelerations experienced by the two fluids, substantial and important differences between the mixing in a variable-density flow, as compared to the Boussinesq approximation, are observed. In short, the pure heavy fluid mixes more slowly than the pure light fluid: an initially symmetric double delta density probability density function (PDF) is rapidly skewed and, only at long times and low density fluctuations, does it relax to a Gaussian-like PDF. The heavy–light fluid mixing process asymmetry is relevant to the nature of molecular mixing on different sides of a high-Atwood-number RT layer. Diverse mix metrics are used to examine the homogenization of the two fluids. The conventional mix parameter, θ, is mathematically related to the variance of the excess reactant of a hypothetical fast chemical reaction. Bounds relating θ and the normalized product, Ξ, are derived. It is shown that θ underpredicts the mixing, as compared to Ξ, in the central regions of an RT layer; in the edge regions, θ is larger than Ξ. The shape of the density PDF cannot be inferred from the usual mix metrics popular in applications. For example, when θ, Ξ ≥ 0.6, characteristic of the interior of a fully developed RT layer, the PDFs can have vastly different shapes. Bounds on the fluid composition using two low-order moments of the density PDF are derived. The bounds can be used as realizability conditions for low-dimensional models. For the measures studied, the tightest bounds are obtained using Ξ and mean density. The structure of the flow is also examined. It is found that, at early times, the buoyancy production term in the spectral kinetic energy equation is important at all wavenumbers and leads to anisotropy at all scales of motion. At later times, the anisotropy is confined to the largest and smallest scales: the intermediate scales are more isotropic than the small scales. In the viscous range, there is a cancellation between the viscous and nonlinear effects, and the buoyancy production leads to a persistent small-scale anisotropy.
Introductory Material Structure and Prior Knowledge Effects On Adult Learning

In an effort to identify the effects of presenting differentially structured in troductory learning materials, adults of three levels of prior knowledge of a specific mathematics concept, numeral sets in various bases, were given two differentially structured sets of instructional materials. One set was abstract throughout and the other progressed from concrete to abstract in structure.It was found that the cognitive structure created by prior knowledge of the con cept can influence meaningful subsequent learning. Subjects with little prior knowledge benefited most from materials structured to progress from the concrete to the abstract, while subjects with high level of prior knowledge benefited more from materials that were abstract throughout.
Interaction of benzene and toluene vapors with Ru(0001) surface: relevance to MLM contamination

We report studies of the thermal and non-thermal interaction of benzene and toluene vapors with the Ru(0001) surface, a model cap layer for multilayer mirrors (MLM), using temperature programmed desorption (TPD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), low energy ion scattering (LEIS), electron stimulated desorption (ESD), low electron energy diffraction (LEED), and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A low energy electron source (100 eV) is used to simulate radiation damage on the surface produced by EUV photons. Heating of adsorbed hydrocarbons leads to a stepwise dehydrogenation and buildup a self-limited carbon monolayer. Graphene monolayer and bilayer formation on Ru by hydrocarbon pyrolysis or by carbon segregation from the sample bulk is examined as a possible way to reduce the surface contamination rate. The binding energy of the hydrocarbon molecule is found to be smaller on a graphene layer than on disordered carbon. Electron bombardment of both bare and graphene covered Ru surface in the presence of benzene and toluene leads to C-buildup. However, the presence of a graphene monolayer on Ru surface reduces the electron-induced carbon growth rate at low electron flux conditions.
Modification of Condensation Potymers

Abstract Techniques for chloromethylation of polyarylether sulfones, poly-phenylene oxide, phenolic resin, and a model compound for the polyarylether sulfone are described. The rates of quaternization of chloromethylated polyarylether sulfone, I, and the corresponding model compound, II, with triethylamine, tri-n-butylamine, and quinuclidine in either DMSO or DMSO/dioxane are reported. Second-order kinetics are observed in the quaternization of II for the entire range of substitution. In contrast, quaternization of I followed second-order kinetics during the initial 35–60% of reaction only; higher degrees of quarternization occurred at reduced rates. After evaluating the potential impact of steric hindrance, added electrolyte, and initial extent of chloromethylation, the decrease in quaternization rate at high degrees of substitution is attributed to steric effects imposed by restricted rotation of the polymer chain. Comparable retardations are not observed during the quaternization of chloromethylated po...
Role of reactive oxygen species in endothelin-induced hypertension.

Recent reports have indicated that endothelin-induced vasoconstriction in isolated aortic vascular rings may be mediated by the production of superoxide anion. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of superoxide anion in mediating the chronic renal and hypertensive actions of endothelin. Endothelin-1 (5 pmol/kg per minute) was chronically infused into the jugular vein by use of mini-osmotic pump for 9 days in male Sprague-Dawley rats and in rats treated with the superoxide anion scavenger tempol (30 mg/kg per day). Mean arterial pressure in the endothelin-1–treated rats was 141±3 mm Hg, compared with 125±2 mm Hg in control rats. Endothelin-1 increased renal vascular resistance (15.3±2.5 versus 10±1.3 mm Hg/mL per minute) and decreased renal plasma flow (6.5±0.9 versus 8.7±0.7 mL/min) in control rats. Endothelin-1 also significantly increased TBARS in the kidney and urinary 8-isoprostaglandin F 2α excretion. The increase in arterial pressure in response to endothelin-1 was completely abolished by tempol (127±4 versus 127±4 mm Hg). Tempol also markedly attenuated the renal plasma flow and renal vascular resistance response to endothelin-1. Tempol also significantly decreased the level of 8-isoprostaglandin F 2α in the endothelin-1–treated rats. Tempol had no effect on arterial pressure or renal hemodynamics in control rats. These data indicate that formation of reactive oxygen species may play an important role in mediating hypertension induced by chronic elevations in endothelin.
A VHDL synthesis approach to the IEEE P1149.5 bus standard

This paper describes an implementation strategy for the emerging IEEE standard, P1149.5 (Standard Module Test and Maintenance Bus). The approach uses the VHSIC Hardware Description Language (VHDL) to perform a top down design from the behavioral level to a synthesizable level. From the synthesizable level, a gate level VHDL netlist can be generated. A library of synthesizable VHDL modules allows various levels of user customization. By using standard building blocks, designers can concentrate on their specific P1149.5 interface requirements rather than the details of the required functions of P1149.5. >
A radix-2 FFT algorithm for Modern Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) architectures

Modern Single Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) microprocessor architectures allow parallel floating point operations over four contiguous elements in memory. The radix-2 FFT algorithm is well suited for modern SIMD architectures after the second stage (decimation-in-time case). In this paper, a general radix-2 FFT algorithm is developed for the modern SIMD architectures. This algorithm (SIMD-FFT) is implemented on the Intel Pentium and Motorola PowerPC architecture for 1D and 2D. The results are compared against Intel's implementation of the split-radix FFT for the SIMD architecture [2] and the FFTW [3]. Overall, the SIMDFFT was found to be faster than the other two implementations for complex 1D input data (ranging from 95.9% up to 372%), and for complex 2D input data (ranging from 68.8% up to 343%) as well.
Does Ginkgo biloba Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Events

Background— Cardiovascular disease (CVD) was a preplanned secondary outcome of the Ginkgo Evaluation of Memory Study. The trial previously reported that Ginkgo biloba had no effect on the primary outcome, incident dementia. Methods and Results— The double-blind trial randomly assigned 3069 participants over 75 years of age to 120 mg of G biloba EGb 761 twice daily or placebo. Mean follow-up was 6.1 years. The identification and classification of CVD was based on methods used in the Cardiovascular Health Study. Differences in time to event between G biloba and placebo were evaluated using Cox proportional hazards regression adjusted for age and sex. There were 355 deaths in the study, 87 due to coronary heart disease with no differences between G biloba and placebo. There were no differences in incident myocardial infarction (n=164), angina pectoris (n=207), or stroke (151) between G biloba and placebo. There were 24 hemorrhagic strokes, 16 on G biloba and 8 on placebo (not significant). There were only 35...
Aging, Brain, and Mobility: Progress and Opportunities

HE capacity to move is essential for functional independence and declines with age across species. Since a major aim of the field of aging is to promote prolonged functional independence, greater insights into the causes and management of age-related changes in mobility are one key to longer active life. Much is known about contributors to age-related mobility problems, especially due to cardiopulmonary, musculoskeletal, and overt neurological conditions like stroke and Parkinson’s disease. In recent years, substantial epidemiological evidence suggests that subclinical changes in the brain are associated cross-sectionally and longitudinally with
A self manageable infrastructure for supporting Web-based simulations

In this paper, we describe the design and implementationof a self-manageable multi-tiered infrastructure tosupport web-based scientific simulations. This infrastructuredemonstrates not only the successful integration ofWeb servers, simulation servers, database servers, reportsservers, data warehousing and mining, but also the abilityto achieve self manageability: self-configuring, self-healing,self-protecting and self-optimizing. A scientificsimulation program, NOMSIM (Natural Organic MatterSimulator), is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of thisinfrastructure.
The Carboxyl Terminus of the Prolactin-Releasing Peptide Receptor Interacts with PDZ Domain Proteins Involved in α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic Acid Receptor Clustering

PDZ domain proteins use the PDZ domain binding motif to bind to the C-terminal sequence of membrane proteins to help scaffold them and spatially organize the components of the intracellular signaling machinery. We have identified a sequence at the C terminus of a G protein-coupled receptor, the PrRP receptor, that shares similarities with the C-terminal sequence of α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor (AMPA-R) subunits that interact with PDZ domain proteins. When coexpressed in human embryonic kidney 293 cells, PrRP receptor was able to coimmunoprecipitate the three PDZ domain proteins known to interact with AMPA receptors: glutamate receptor interacting protein (GRIP), AMPA binding protein (ABP), and protein that interacts with C-kinase (PICK1), but not the PDZ domain protein PSD-95, which does not interact with AMPA receptors. These interactions are sequence-selective as determined by mutagenesis. Furthermore, we show that PrRP receptor forms intracellular clusters when coexpressed with PICK1, and that this clustering effect is dependent on the interaction between the PICK1 PDZ domain and the last four amino acids of PrRP receptor. We found that PrRP receptor interaction with GRIP is not protein kinase C-regulated but may be regulated by other unidentified kinase because okadaic acid dramatically reduced GRIP interaction. By in situ hybridization, we show that the PrRP receptor is expressed in neurons that also express these PDZ domain proteins. We thus demonstrate that PrRP receptor interacts with the same PDZ domain proteins as the AMPA-Rs, raising the possibility that these two proteins could be scaffolded together at the synapse. These results may help to gain important insights into PrRP functions within the central nervous system.
Evidence of a myco-heterotroph in the plant family Ericaceae that lacks mycorrhizal specificity

Myco-heterotrophy is one of the longest-studied aspects of the mycorrhizal symbiosis, but there remain many critical, unanswered questions regarding the ecology and physiology of myco-heterotrophic plants and their associated fungi. The vast majority of all myco-heterotrophs studied to date have exhibited specificity towards narrow lineages of fungi, but it is unclear whether the loss of photosynthesis in these plants is contingent upon fungal specialization. Here, we examine the fungal associates of the myco-heterotroph Pyrola aphylla (Ericaceae) and its closest green relative Pyrola picta to determine the pattern of mycorrhizal specialization. Our findings show that both plant species associate with a range of root-inhabiting fungi, the majority of which are ectomycorrhizal taxa. This study provides the first example of a eudicotyledonous myco-heterotroph that is a mycorrhizal generalist, indicating that the loss of photosynthesis in myco-heterotrophs is not contingent upon fungal specialization.