cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Francisella tularensis Harvests Nutrients Derived via ATG5-Independent Autophagy to Support Intracellular Growth

Francisella tularensis is a highly virulent intracellular pathogen that invades and replicates within numerous host cell types including macrophages, hepatocytes and pneumocytes. By 24 hours post invasion, F. tularensis replicates up to 1000-fold in the cytoplasm of infected cells. To achieve such rapid intracellular proliferation, F. tularensis must scavenge large quantities of essential carbon and energy sources from the host cell while evading anti-microbial immune responses. We found that macroautophagy, a eukaryotic cell process that primarily degrades host cell proteins and organelles as well as intracellular pathogens, was induced in F. tularensis infected cells. F. tularensis not only survived macroautophagy, but optimal intracellular bacterial growth was found to require macroautophagy. Intracellular growth upon macroautophagy inhibition was rescued by supplying excess nonessential amino acids or pyruvate, demonstrating that autophagy derived nutrients provide carbon and energy sources that support F. tularensis proliferation. Furthermore, F. tularensis did not require canonical, ATG5-dependent autophagy pathway induction but instead induced an ATG5-independent autophagy pathway. ATG5-independent autophagy induction caused the degradation of cellular constituents resulting in the release of nutrients that the bacteria harvested to support bacterial replication. Canonical macroautophagy limits the growth of several different bacterial species. However, our data demonstrate that ATG5-independent macroautophagy may be beneficial to some cytoplasmic bacteria by supplying nutrients to support bacterial growth.
Wound closure with human keratinocytes cultured on a polyurethane dressing overlaid on a cultured human dermal replacement

Background. Burn excision followed by immediate wound coverage has become the clinical standard for managing extensive burn injuries in much of the world. When sufficient autograft skin to achieve permanent wound closure is unavailable, cell culture technology has made the use of cultured human keratinocyte (HK) sheets clinically feasible. Whereas previous techniques have focused on development of multilayered, differentiated HK sheets, our attention has been drawn to using HK in a highly proliferative, less differentiated state. Time requirements for preparation of multistratified cultured HK are high, and preparatory steps may destroy important integrin adhesion molecules. Methods. We describe the use of HK cultured to single layer confluence on a polyurethane membrane(HD), with serum-free medium. HK-HD grafts were transplanted to full-thickness wounds on athymic mice (n=31). A second group of mice (DG-HK-HD, n=28) received a living human dermal replacement containing cultured fibroblasts before placement of HK-HD. Control mice received HD alone (n=4). Basement membrane proteins on healed wounds and surface integrins on cultured HK were identified by means of immunostaining and direct microscopic visualization. Results. HK cultured just to the confluent state on polyurethane membrane were positive for integrins α5 and α6, major integrins on proliferating HK. Histologic analysis showed epithelialized wounds in all groups after 21 days. Using an anti-human involucrin antibody we demonstrated the presence of HK in 64.5% of the HK-HD group, 61% of the DG-HK-HD group, and 0% in the HD group. Mice that received the living human dermal replacement containing cultured fibroblasts in combination with HK-HD grafts developed a thick, well-vascularized neodermis. Strong laminin and collagen IV staining was observed in wound areas covered with HK. Conclusions. These data show that full-thickness wounds can be closed by application of a single layer of proliferating HK cultured on a biocompatible polyurethane membrane. This technique is an alternative to the use of multilayered, differentiated HK sheets. Preparation times for HK-HD grafts should be significantly shorter than required for multilayered HK sheets, technical efforts should be less, and more extensive wound areas could be covered.
Extraction fractionation of polyvinyl acetate and of polyvinyl alcohol

Methods for rapid fractionation of polyvinyl acetate and of polyvinyl alcohol are described. By a slightly modified Fuchs' extraction technique, polyvinyl acetate can be fractionated into relatively homogeneous fractions. The ratio of osmotically determined Mn of the nonfractionated sample to that calculated from fractionation data is 1.19. Extraction fractionation of polyvinyl alcohol is complicated by the crystallinity of this polymer. The molecular weight distribution of polyvinyl alcohol can be determined, however, in relatively short time, by first reacetylating the polymer and then fractionating the obtained polyvinyl acetate.
Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement in Patients with Critical Aortic Stenosis: Rationale, Device Descriptions, Early Clinical Experiences, and Perspectives

The development of lesser invasive transcatheter techniques for aortic valve replacement (AVR) to treat high surgical risk patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) has engendered controversy among traditional cardiovascular therapists. Presently, there are two catheter-based treatment systems (the Cribier-Edwards Aortic Bioprosthesis and the CoreValve Revalving System) utilizing either a balloon-expandable or a self-expanding stent (or cage) platform which unfolds a pericardial tissue valve within the displaced diseased aortic valve. After ex vivo durability testing and animal studies, several clinical registries with these transcatheter AVR systems in almost 300 patients worldwide have demonstrated the following: (1) good acute hemodynamic performance with reduction in mean aortic valve gradients to <10 mm Hg; (2) frequent para-valvular regurgitation, which has improved with self-expanding devices and the use of larger (26 mm) valve sizes; (3) acceptable periprocedural (30-day) mortality (<10%) with the newest generation devices and improved operator techniques. Enlightened interdisciplinary treatment teams incorporating surgeons, interventionalists, and medical therapists as well as rigorously conducted randomized clinical trials will be required to determine if these innovative transcatheter AVR approaches will represent a viable therapy for high-risk patients with severe AS in the future.
Diagnosis and Management of Enteric Disease and Abdominal Catastrophe in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients With Peritonitis

Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-associated peritonitis rates have decreased significantly in recent years, especially Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aureus infections. Rates of gram-negative, polymicrobial, and fungal peritonitis have remained steady. The reported mortality of gram-negative and polymicrobial peritonitis varies widely (4%-50%). Most likely, the reason for this variability is that prognosis depends on the underlying etiology more than the specific microorganisms isolated. Gram-negative, polymicrobial, and fungal infection have variable association with documented visceral disease, and the highest mortality occurs in reports with the highest prevalence of intra-abdominal pathology. The odds ratio of death in PD patients with documented abdominal catastrophe and peritonitis is reported to be 20:1 compared with all other causes. Further reductions in PD-associated peritonitis mortality are likely to depend on earlier diagnosis and better management of intra-abdominal pathology. Presentation with hypotension, sepsis, lactic acidosis, and/or elevation of peritoneal fluid amylase should raise immediate concern for "surgical" peritonitis. Suspicion for visceral disease should also be high in patients with gram-negative, polymicrobial, and fungal infection or those who fail to improve rapidly as judged by clinical signs and symptoms, cell counts, and repeat cultures. Nonlocalizing physical examination and negative or nonspecific results of abdominal computed tomography do not rule out serious intra-abdominal disease. Immediate initiation of broad antibiotic coverage including for anaerobic infection is indicated when bowel pathology is suspected. Urgent surgical consultation, with active discussion and participation by the nephrologist, is advisable when visceral pathology is suspected and the patient is unstable or fails to improve rapidly.
Design and implementation of a secure wireless mote-based medical sensor network

A medical sensor network can wirelessly monitor vital signs of humans, making it useful for long-term health care without sacrificing patient comfort and mobility. For such a network to be viable, its design must protect data privacy and authenticity given that medical data are highly sensitive. We identify the unique security challenges facing such a sensor network and propose a set of resource-efficient mechanisms to address these challenges. Our solution includes (1) a novel two-tier scheme for verifying the authenticity of patient data; (2) an ECC-based secure key exchange protocol to set up shared keys between sensor nodes and base stations; and (3) symmetric encryption/decryption for protecting data confidentiality and integrity. We have implemented the proposed mechanisms on a wireless mote platform and our results confirm their feasibility.
Pseudo-hypopyon as the presenting feature of recurrent B-cell lymphoma

Purpose: To report a case of a pseudo-hypopyon as the presentation for recurrent B-cell lymphoma. Design: Case report. Methods: Case report with anterior segment photograph. Results: A 74-year-old man with past medical history of peripheral B-cell lymphoma developed a hypopyon 3 months after R-CHOP chemotherapy and prophylactic intrathecal chemotherapy. Anterior chamber aspirate was consistent with B-cell lymphoma. Conclusions: Pseudo-hypopyon as a manifestation of recurrent B-cell lymphoma is a rare clinical presentation of an intraocular malignancy. A high index of suspicion along with intraocular fluid analysis are essential to establish the diagnosis.
A buena poesía, pocas palabras (pero digna fronda)

Diez anos. Premio Nacional de Poesia. Editorial Universidad de Antioquia, Coleccion Premio Nacional de Poesia, Medellin, 1990.
The Implications of Social Capital for the Digital Divides in America

The existing literature is oriented toward examining how Internet access and use may affect social capital. The role of social capital in narrowing the digital divides has been frequently mentioned but few studies have empirically examined how various types of social capital may affect people's access and use of the Internet. Drawing on a two-wave national panel data set, this article aims to fill this gap. Results demonstrate that social capital facilitates Internet access and use. In particular resource-rich bonding social capital helps overcome the digital divides in access, general use, and online communication. Before the Internet can revitalize social capital, there must be the right social capital in place to close the digital divides. Highlighting the relationship between social connectivity and digital connectivity, the findings have important implications for policymakers and practitioners.
The Role of the Orphan Nuclear Receptor, Liver Receptor Homologue-1, in the Regulation of Human Corpus Luteum 3β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type II

After ovulation, ovarian 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2) expression increases to enhance the shift of steroidogenesis toward progesterone biosynthesis. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) is a transcription factor for several genes encoding steroidogenic enzymes. However, the level of SF-1 expression decreases in the human corpus luteum (CL) after ovulation. Liver receptor homolog-1 (LRH-1) is another member of the orphan nuclear receptor family. We hypothesize that LRH-1, rather than SF-1, plays an essential role in the regulation of corpus luteum steroidogenesis. Semiquantitative RT-PCR and real-time PCR were performed to quantify the level of LRH-1 expression and correlate with HSD3B2 level. Cell transfection, mutation analysis, and EMSA were performed to examine the role of LRH-1 in the regulation of HSD3B2. LRH-1 expression was higher in CL, compared with mature ovarian follicles. Cotransfection of granulosa cells with HSD3B2 and LRH-1 resulted in a 10-fold increase of transcription. DAX-1...
The Performance of Emerging Hedge Fund Managers

This paper provides the first systematic analysis of performance patterns for emerging hedge funds and managers in the hedge fund industry. Emerging managers have particularly strong financial incentives to create investment performance and, because of their size, may be more nimble than established ones. Performance measurement, however, needs to control for the usual biases afflicting hedge fund databases. Backfill bias, in particular, is severe for this type of study. After adjusting for such biases and using a novel event time approach, we find strong evidence of outperformance during the first two to three years of existence. Controlling for size, each additional year of age decreases performance by 48 basis points, on average. Cross-sectionally, early performance by individual managers is quite persistent, with early strong performance lasting for up to five years.
What can we learn by testing a program

It is conventional to start research papers on software engineering, particularly on testing and software quality, with a statement of how important software has become in the world, and the potential dangers of using it when those who construct it really don't know what they are doing. The author then goes on to show that his or her theory/method/insights/tools will make the world safe (or safer, if the author is modest) by providing the understanding that is lacking. ISSTA authors (I among them) have started many of their papers in just this way, but speaking for myself, these statements are window dressing --- they disguise my real concern. Long before software was any part of the workaday world, before there was any "software problem" or even much software, I was interested in program analysis because programs are arguably the most intriguing mathematical objects people create. I have happily pursued the study of programs for over 30 years.I wrote my first program (in ALGOL 58) in 1962 --- it failed to properly calculate a table of values of the error integral, being somewhat off in the third significant figure. (I remember the failure, and the debugging, poring over a decimal memory dump. But I can't recall the fault.) It took me until the mid-1960s to recognize that programs per se were much more interesting than their applications: I stumbled on Maurice Halstead's book [4] on self-compiling NELIAC compilers. Here was magical stuff: the master program defining a language, and itself written in that language! In my application to the University of Washington, I explained that I wanted to study computers "for themselves, not as they are used." Paul Klee, the topologist who was saddled with the task of replying to mathematics grad students that year, wrote back to assure me that "we've got a computer around here somewhere, and by the time you arrive I'm sure I can locate it." It was an IBM 7090, complete with IBSYS and FORTRAN, and who could have asked for software more in need of analysis?There were standards of respectability for a PhD dissertation even in those days, so I took up recursive function theory and the program-equivalence problem. Its application to testing is that we would like to know if the program under test differs from its functional specification --- that is, can it fail? Any understanding of programs through testing (a mechanical process) must come up against the program-equivalence problem: we cannot hope to gain full understanding, because to do so would be to solve the unsolvable problem. My dissertation was an exploration of the additional information (beyond the purely functional) needed to make the program-equivalence problem solvable [5]. What brought me to the first ISSTA in 1978 was Bill Howden's 1976 paper "Reliability of the path analysis strategy" [6].
High-order shock-capturing methods for modeling dynamics of the solar atmosphere

We use one-dimensional high-order central shock capturing numerical methods to study the response of various model solar atmospheres to forcing at the solar surface. The dynamics of the atmosphere is modeled with the Euler equations in a variable-sized flux tube in the presence of gravity. We study dynamics of the atmosphere suggestive of spicule formation and coronal oscillations. These studies are performed on observationally-derived model atmospheres above the quiet sun and above sunspots. To perform these simulations, we provide a new extension of existing second- and third- order shock-capturing methods to irregular grids. We also solve the problem of numerically maintaining initial hydrostatic balance via the introduction of new variables in the model equations and a careful initialization mechanism. We find several striking results: all model atmospheres respond to a single impulsive perturbation with several strong shock waves consistent with the rebound-shock model. These shock waves lift material and the transition region well into the initial corona, and the sensitivity of this lift to the initial impulse depends non-linearly on the details of the atmosphere model. We also reproduce an observed 3-minute coronal oscillation above sunspots compared to 5-minute oscillations above the quiet sun.
Eye Movement Abnormalities in Multiple Sclerosis

Patients with multiple sclerosis commonly describe visual symptoms that result from several eye movement abnormalities that occur from disruption of critical pathways in the brainstem, cerebellum, and cerebral hemispheres. These abnormalities include internuclear ophthalmoplegia, ocular motor palsy, ocular misalignment, pathologic nystagmus, impaired saccades, saccadic intrusions, and impaired pursuit. Detailed knowledge of these problems and their neuroanatomic localization will aid the physician by guiding diagnosis and therapeutic decision making.
Bilirubin Production and the Risk of Bilirubin Neurotoxicity

Neonatal jaundice usually occurs in the transitional period after birth, presenting as an elevation of circulating bilirubin. Bilirubin neurotoxicity can occur if the levels of bilirubin become excessive (hyperbilirubinemia). This pathologic phenotype of newborn jaundice can develop because of excessive bilirubin production or impaired conjugation, with the risk for developing bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction, depending on the degree of the resultant bilirubin load. The plasma bilirubin level thus can be used to assess an infant's risk for developing bilirubin neurotoxicity relative to an infant's age in hours. Because all infants have an impaired conjugation ability, infants at greatest risk are those who have increased bilirubin production rates, because of hemolysis, for example. Therefore, developing potential preventive strategies as well as noninvasive technologies to treat and to identify infants with increased bilirubin production rates, respectively, are tantamount to reducing the incidence of bilirubin-induced neurologic dysfunction.
The Social Construction of Ability Perceptions An Ethnographic Study of Gifted Adolescent Girls

The role of school and community contexts in the formation of gifted adolescent girls' self-perceptions of ability are explored in this article. Findings are based on an ethnographic study which used participant-observation, interviewing, and unobtrusive measures to collect data on girls' experiences in one middle school. The results of this study indicated that social interaction contributed to the development of self-perceptions of ability, and that self-perceptions of ability, in turn, influenced gifted girls' decisions about appropriate achievement-related behavior. The formation of ability perceptions was seen as a cyclic process: gifted girls' interpretations of significant others' beliefs about giftedness influenced their self-estimates of ability and classroom behaviors, and their behaviors brought them feedback about their own abilities.
Tuning in to psychological change: Linguistic markers of psychological traits and emotions over time in popular U.S. song lyrics.

American culture is filled with cultural products. Yet few studies have investigated how changes in cultural products correspond to changes in psychological traits and emotions. The current research fills this gap by testing the hypothesis that one cultural product—word use in popular song lyrics—changes over time in harmony with cultural changes in individualistic traits. Linguistic analyses of the most popular songs from 1980–2007 demonstrated changes in word use that mirror psychological change. Over time, use of words related to self-focus and antisocial behavior increased, whereas words related to other-focus, social interactions, and positive emotion decreased. These findings offer novel evidence regarding the need to investigate how changes in the tangible artifacts of the sociocultural environment can provide a window into understanding cultural changes in psychological processes.
Understanding height-structured competition in forests: is there an R for light?

Tree species differ from one another in, and display trade-offs among, a wide range of attributes, including canopy and understorey growth and mortality rates, fecundity, height and crown allometry, and crown transmissivity. But how does this variation affect the outcome of interspecific competition and hence community structure? We derive criteria for the outcome of competition among tree species competing for light, given their allometric and life-history parameters. These criteria are defined in terms of a new simple whole life-cycle measure of performance, which provides a simple way to organize and understand the many ways in which species differ. The general case, in which all parameters can differ between species, can produce coexistence, founder control or competitive exclusion: thus, competition for light need not be hierarchical as implied by R* theory. The special case in which species differ only in crown transmissivity produces neutral dynamics. The special case in which species differ in all parameters except crown transmissivity gives hierarchical competition, where the equivalent of R* is Zˆ*, the height at which trees enter the canopy in an equilibrium monoculture.
Teaching with the Macaulay Library: An Online Archive of Animal Behavior Recordings

Using video and audio recordings of animal behavior, students in a variety of courses can pose questions and gather data from diverse species and locations to test their hypotheses. Such recordings are freely available online in the Macaulay Library, the world’s largest scientifically curated archive of natural history media. Managed by the Cornell Lab of Ornithology, the Macaulay Library currently houses about 50,000 video clips and 123,300 audio recordings (including the sounds of 75 percent of the world’s bird species, and recordings dating back to 1929). This article, aimed at faculty teaching biology and environmental science courses, summarizes how to search the online archive and visualize streaming sound files with Raven Viewer. It also describes how instructors have used these tools in introductory and upper-level laboratory and lecture classes as part of the NSF-funded Online Research in Biology project.
Circumstellar Dust Disks around Stars with Known Planetary Companions

We have searched six stars with known radial velocity planetary companions for circumstellar disks. Disks are expected around stars with planetary systems that accreted from regular protoplanetary disks, and remnant disks are expected to be similar to our solar systems Kuiper Belt. To date, we have detected circumstellar disks around three such stars: 55 Cnc, o CrB, and HD 210277. All these systems now resemble mature planetary systems with Jupiter-mass companions and Kuiper Beltlike disks. Our previous detection of the 55 Cnc disk (Trilling & Brown) is included here to place that disk in the context of the other two newly detected disks. Measuring the inclinations of the disks and assuming the disks are coplanar with the planetsorbits determines the masses of the planets around these three stars to be and respectively (1 is one Jupiter mass). We also report 1.9 ~0.4 M J , 1.5 ~0.1 M J , 2.2 ~0.2 M J , M J nondetections for three stars¨51 Peg, t And, and Gl876¨that are known to have radial velocity com- panions. A number of possibilities exist to explain nondetections of disks, from the absence of a disk to limits on disk mass, radial extent, or inclination. We may also be looking through a disks central hole, especially for the nearby star Gl876. The radial brightness pro—les of each of the observed disks follow a power law with index D(5, including a power of (2 from the stellar —ux drop oU, similar to the sug- gested value for our solar systems Kuiper Belt. This likely suggests that uniform physical processes govern the Kuiper Belts population out to at least 100 AU, and may be ubiquitous among disks. Last, we discuss how disk characterizations can lead us toward re—ning theories of planetary system forma- tion. Subject headings: circumstellar matterKuiper Belt, Oort Cloudplanetary systems ¨ solar system: formation
Cardiovascular Tissue Engineering Research Support at the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute

Tissue engineering aims at building 3-dimensional living substitutes that are equal to or better than the damaged tissue to be replaced. The development of such a tissue replacement requires a multidisciplinary approach and careful attention to the optimal cell source, the interactions of growth factors and extracellular milieu, and the scaffolding design. This article is a review of the tissue engineering programs of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which support research efforts to translate novel approaches for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. Recent progress is discussed, which highlights some major questions relevant to cardiovascular tissue engineering. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute has a strong interest in tissue engineering and will continue to foster the practical, clinical, and commercial development of research discoveries in this emerging field.
Solar-System Escape Trajectories Using Solar Sails

HE trajectory dynamics of a solar sail using a simple guidance strategy is studied to find zero-cost escape trajectories from the sun in minimal time spans. We specifically focus on finding the time to reach escape energy, e = 0. We find that escape trajectories that first maximally decrease orbit energy and then maximally increase energy are generally more time efficient than escape trajectories that only maximally increase energy. Our simple guidance strategy compares well with optimized trajectories. Previous work on the topic of solar-system escape trajectories for solar sails has generally concentrated on high-energy trajectories designed for specific missions. Van der Ha and Modi 1 explored optimal solar-sail orientation for maximum increase in the total energy and angular momentum over one revolution of the spacecraft around the sun. Leipold and Wagner 2 investigated the generation of high orbital energies for solar sails using solar fly-bys. Sauer 3 has studied the optimization of solar-sail trajectories to minimize the time required to reach a certain solar distance. In contrast, our work examines the dynamics of solar-sail trajectories under simple guidance laws and focuses on their ability to escape from the solar system. An improved understanding of sail dynamics under simple guidance laws might aid in the development of sail trajectories and solar-sail missions. We develop control laws for the angle of the solar sail with respect to the sun that optimize the rate of change of the semimajor axis, so that the spacecraft will decrease or increase energy at a maximal rate. Using this control law, we analyze several different escape trajectories, including escape from initially circular and elliptic orbits. We also study escape trajectories that start with the solar sail in a circular orbit at 1 astronomical unit (AU), spiral inward towards the sun by decreasing the energy of its orbit, and then, at a specified distance from the sun, switch to increasing orbit energy until escape. This trajectory allows the solar sail to gather energy from the increased solar radiation pressure near the sun and use it to achieve escape in a shorter time span. We have examined these trajectories in terms of their required solar-sail lightness number β and time for escape. We only consider solar sails with lightness numbers less than unity because a solar sail with a lightness number greater than one can achieve direct escape by orienting the sail full on to the sun.
Incorporating social context variables into paired watershed designs to test nonpoint source program effectiveness.

Prokopy, Linda Stalker, Z. Asligul Gocmen, Jing Gao, Shorna Broussard Allred, Joseph E. Bonnell, Kenneth Genskow, Alicia Molloy, and Rebecca Power, 2011. Incorporating Social Context Variables Into Paired Watershed Designs to Test Nonpoint Source Program Effectiveness. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(1):196-202. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-1688.2010.00508.x Abstract: In a traditional paired watershed study, watersheds are selected to be as similar as possible so that conclusions may be drawn about the performance of Best Management Practices. We have extended the paired watershed concept to examine the effectiveness of watershed management programs by adding comparative criteria for social characteristics. For four different 8 or 11/12 digit hydrologic unit code (HUC) watersheds in the Midwest, we have piloted a systematic method for selecting paired subwatersheds. First, we developed a list of 11 key variables. Next, a factor analysis was conducted to determine the underlying structure of the 11 input variables. Finally, in each of the four watersheds, potential paired subwatersheds (all 14 digit HUCs) were selected using the factors in a cluster analysis. Informal interviews were then held with key informants in each watershed to provide qualitative assessments of criteria that could impact the comparability of the subwatersheds. This method for selecting paired watersheds should be helpful for other researchers to test the effectiveness of watershed management programs focused on behavior change.
Muslin-induced intracranial vasculopathic stenosis: A report of two cases

Muslin wrapping is a commonly utilized alternative technique in the treatment of aneurysms that are not amenable to direct clipping. In this case report, we describe two patients from different institutions who both required aneurysm wrapping with gauze/muslin for aneurysm reinforcement. Both patients developed an inflammatory foreign body response to muslin visible on MRI that resulted in a vasculitic stenosis. The onset of TIAs was at 6 months and 1 month postoperatively, respectively. The stenoses rapidly progressed to near occlusion despite antiplatelet therapy, and in one case, an aggressive corticosteroid regimen. One patient eventually developed leptomeningeal collateral flow that allowed tolerance of the stenosis, while the other patient required microsurgical bypass. These cases reports are the first to our knowledge that describe the adverse effects of muslin wrapping without adhesive reinforcement, as well as one of few reports to include follow-up angiographic imaging.
Disrupting the Master Narrative: Global Politics, Historical Memory, and the Implications for Naturalization Education

Dramatic increases in immigration pose challenges for democratic citizenship education to involve national members with different historical memories and current experiences of national belonging. The article draws on ethnographic research with Laotian refugees, who were the target of U.S. violence during the Vietnam War and later became naturalized U.S. citizens. The author contrasts the narrative of citizenship that informs naturalization education with complex ideologies of citizenship articulated by refugees. She argues that a nuanced understanding of citizenship can lead to more meaningful naturalization education, which is necessary to produce citizens with a full sense of national membership and agency in the democratic process. [naturalization, national belonging, citizenship education, refugees]
Should atrazine and related chlorotriazines be considered carcinogenic for human health risk assessment

Chloro-s-triazines have been a mainstay of preemergent pesticides for a number of decades and have generally been regarded as having low human toxicity. Atrazine, the major pesticide in this class, has been extensively studied. In a number of experimental studies, exposure to high doses of atrazine resulted in increased weight loss not attributable to decreased food intake. Chronic studies of atrazine and simazine and their common metabolites show an elevated incidence of mammary tumors only in female Sprague Dawley (SD) rats. On the basis of the clear tumor increase in female SD rats, atrazine was proposed to be classified as a likely human carcinogen by US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1999. With Fischer rats, all strains of mice, and dogs, there was no evidence of increased incidence of atrazine-associated tumors of any type. Evidence related to the pivotal role of hormonal control of the estrus cycle in SD rats appears to indicate that the mechanism for mammary tumor induction is specific to this strain of rats and thus is not relevant to humans. In humans the menstrual cycle is controlled by estrogen released by the ovary rather than depending on the LH surge, as estrus is in SD rats. However, the relevance of the tumors to humans continues to be debated based on endocrine effects of triazines. No strong evidence exists for atrazine mutagenicity, while there is evidence of clastogenicity at elevated concentrations. Atrazine does not appear to interact strongly with estrogen receptors α or β but may interact with putative estrogen receptor GPR30 (G-protein-coupled receptor). A large number of epidemiologic studies conducted on manufacturing workers, pesticide applicators, and farming families do not indicate that triazines are carcinogenic in these populations. A rat-specific hormonal mechanism for mammary tumors has now been accepted by US EPA, International Agency for Research on Cancer, and the European Union. Chlorotriazines do influence endocrine responses, but their potential impact on humans appears to be primarily on reproduction and development and is not related to carcinogenesis.
ZONAL TWO EQUATION k-w TURBULENCE MODELS FOR AERODYNAMIC FLOWS

Two new versions of the k - w two-equation turbulence model will be presented. The new Baseline (BSL) model is designed to give results similar to those of the original k - w model of Wilcox. but without its strong dependency on arbitrary freestream values. The BSL model is identical to the Wilcox model in the inner SOC7£; of the boundary-layer but changes gradually to the standard k - f. model (in a k - w fonnulation) towards the boundary-layer edge. The new model is also virtually identical to the k - f. model for free shear layers. The second version of the model is called Shear-Stress Transport (SSn model. It is a variation of the BSL model with the additional ability to account for the transport of the principal turbulent shear stress in adverse pressure gradient boundary-layers. The model is based on Bradshaw's assumption that the principal shear-stress is pro­ portional to the turbulent kinetic energy, which is introduced into the definition of the eddy-viscosity. Both models are tested for a large number of different fiowfields. The results of the BSL model are similar to those of the original k - w model, but without the undesirable free stream dependency. The predictions of the SST model are also independent of the freestrearn values but show better agreement with exper­ imental data for adverse pressure gradient boundary-layer flows.
Models for π + − O 16 Scattering at 270 MeV

Predictions of the Kisslinger and "local" optical models are compared to ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{+}\ensuremath{-}^{16}\mathrm{O}$ elastic differential cross sections at 270-MeV lab kinetic energy. With no adjusted parameters, the local potential gives a remarkably good fit to the data.
Early adaptations in collateral and microvascular resistances after ligation of the rat femoral artery

Collateral and microvascular (including feed artery) resistances in the rat hindlimb were determined immediately or 1 wk after ligation of the femoral artery. Collateral-to-microvascular resistance...
Studies directed toward the elucidation of the pharmacophore of steroid-based Sonic Hedgehog signaling inhibitors.

Previous work from our laboratory has established that the readily available steroid-based analog 2 of cyclopamine 1 is, like 1, a highly potent inhibitor of Hedgehog signaling. The first structure–activity relationship studies on 2, i.e., the synthesis and biological evaluation of both the C-17 epi analog 4 and the C-3 deoxy analog 11, both of which are more potent than cyclopamine 1, are described. The implications of these results for the emerging pharmacophore of these Sonic Hedgehog signaling inhibitors are discussed.
Insecticide Resistance in Field Populations of the Cotton Aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Cotton aphids, Aphis gossypii Glover, were collected for 3 yr from cotton fields in Alabama and Texas, and screened for resistance to four pyre throed and eight oregano phosphate insecticides. Resistance ratios were based on Comparisons of the LC50s of field populations with the LC50s of a susceptible laboratory population. During 1988, resistance to the pyrethroids bifenthrin and cypermethrin was low (<20-fold) to moderate (20- to 50-fold). Resistance to the organophosphates ranged from 1- to 8S-fold, and was highest to methamidophos. During 1988, resistance to several insecticides increased rapidly within fields soon after insecticide applications. Resistance during 1989 was low or not detectable; the highest resistance was to phosphamidon (≈6-fold). During 1990, resistance was widespread but generally occurred at low levels. Resistance ratios and slopes of the probit regressions were variable among years within insecticides, and resistance was not always consistent among insecticides within an insecticide class, even when aphid populations were collected within the same general areas. Multiple mechanisms of resistance may be involved, and we conclude that resistance has developed on a relatively small scale.
Abstract A31: Targeting Oncogenic Ras Activation for Cancer Prevention

Increased Ras activity levels due to active mutations of Ras are critical for tumorigenesis. These oncogenic Ras mutations are considered to be locked in a permanent “On” state and “constitutively active”. Yet, surprisingly, expression of oncogenic Ras at physiologically levels in genetically engineered mice with “knock-in” mutant Ras has little effect on most cells. Here, we demonstrated that oncogenic K-Ras is not at all constitutively active. Rather, oncogenic K-Ras can be readily activated by upstream stimulants such as diet-induced hormones (eg. Cholecystokinin) and inflammatory stimuli (eg. PGE2 or LPS). However, unlike wild-type Ras, oncogenic K-Ras is very slow to inactivate. This effect on oncogenic K-Ras signaling kinetics leads to dramatically amplified levels of Ras activity initiated by physiologic stimuli. Sustained increase of Ras activity involves a feed-forward loop in which increased Ras activity generates more inflammatory mediators which act as Ras stimulants. High Ras activity led to acinar cell senescence and generated inflammation and fibrosis resembling the histological features of chronic inflammation with abundant precancerous lesions that spontaneously progressed to cancer only in animals expressing physiologic levels of oncogenic Ras. In summary, oncogenic Ras is not constitutively active but predisposes cells to pathological alterations dependent upon Ras activity levels. Since a large population of normal healthy humans harbors Ras mutations, in addition to targeting Ras downstream signaling pathways a reduction of factors that can activate Ras signaling may provide an important alternative cancer preventive value. These data also provide a mechanistic explanation for the link between inflammation, Ras and cancer and provide insights for cancer prevention. Citation Format: Ji Baoan, Huang Haojie, Liu Yan, Daniluk Jaroslaw, Logsdon Craig. Targeting oncogenic Ras activation for cancer prevention. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Eleventh Annual AACR International Conference on Frontiers in Cancer Prevention Research; 2012 Oct 16-19; Anaheim, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Prev Res 2012;5(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A31.
Cenozoic bathyal and abyssal calcareous benthic foraminiferal zonation

Deep-sea (bathyal-abyssal) benthic foraminifera provide a potential supplement to planktonic biostratigraphy. Benthic foraminifera are more resistant to dissolution and are often found in upper bathyal, lower abyssal, and higher latitude sediments which contain impoverished planktonic faunas. The biostratigraphic utility of benthic foraminifera was previously limited by poor understanding of their taxonomy and paleobathymetric distributions. During the past ten years, study of deep-sea benthic foraminifera from Deep Sea Drilling Project (DSDP) and industry wells has provided an improved taxonomic base and empirical observations of age-depth distributions. Building on this data base, we establish 14 bathyal and 12 abyssal zones for the Cenozoic deep sea. Biostratigraphic resolution is higher in the abyssal realm during the Paleogene (9 abyssal versus 6 bathyal zones) and higher in the bathyal realm during the Neogene (3 abyssal versus 8 bathyal zones). During periods of accelerated taxonomic turnover (e.g., in the middle Miocene bathyal zone), deep-sea benthic foraminifera yield fairly refined zonations; in contrast, slow taxonomic turnover occurred during the Paleocene in the bathyal and abyssal realms and in the late Neogene in the abyssal realm, yielding few biostratigraphic subdivisions.
Tobacco Use Patterns in a Southern US HIV Clinic.

OBJECTIVES Smoking rates are two to three times higher among people living with HIV and AIDS compared with the general population, but the prevalence of tobacco use among this population in the Charleston, SC region has not been established. To understand cigarette use, previous quit attempts, historic use of cessation therapies, and interest in cessation, a quality improvement project was implemented to survey smoking behaviors among this population. METHODS During January-May 2010, HIV-infected patients arriving to the Medical University of South Carolina Infectious Diseases clinic were asked to complete a survey. Clinical and sociodemographic data were collected and analyzed using χ(2), and one-way analysis of variance models. RESULTS Of unduplicated clinic encounters, 514 (75%) of patients completed the smoking survey. Less than half of responders were current (205, 40%) or former (42, 8%) smokers, with smoking prevalence higher for Caucasian males. Among current smokers, 170 (85%) reported having ever attempted to quit with the majority making a quit attempt without medication therapy (143, 83%). Nearly half of all current smokers (97, 49%) reported an active interest in speaking with a physician about quitting. Smoking status did not have meaningful relationships with HIV biomarkers, even when stratified by race and gender. CONCLUSIONS This study supports that high rates of smoking exist in the south among people living with HIV and AIDS and demonstrated a need for smoking cessation interventions among these patients. These data have potentiated the hiring of a clinical pharmacist to aid in implementation of smoking cessation therapies in a more systematic and formal way.
The home environment: A mediator of nutrition knowledge and diet quality in adolescents.

The objective of this research was to assess adherence to the Healthy Eating Index-2010 of mothers and their adolescents (11-14 years old) and to examine the role of the home environment as a mediator of maternal nutrition knowledge and adolescent diet quality. It is hypothesized that mothers with greater knowledge impact the diet quality of their adolescents by creation of healthier home environments. A sample of 206 mother-adolescent dyads separately completed the Multidimensional Home Environment Scale, a Food Frequency Questionnaire, and a Nutrition Knowledge Scale. Body mass index-for-age percentiles were derived from weight and height measurements obtained by researcher; diet quality was estimated via the Healthy Eating Index (HEI)-2010. Percent of maximum score on nutrition knowledge for both mothers and adolescents were poor, with lowest scores on recommendations of healthy eating and physical activity (48% and 19%, respectively). A model of maternal nutrition knowledge (independent variable) and adolescent diet quality (dependent variable) indicated that greater knowledge was associated with higher scores on total fruit (p = 0.02), whole grains (p = 0.05), seafood and plant proteins (p = 0.01), and overall diet quality (p < 0.01), as well as lower scores on empty calories (p = 0.01). Inclusion of the home environment as a mediator yielded significant estimates of the indirect effect (β = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.3-1.0). Within the home environment, psychological (β = 0.46), social (β = 0.23), and environmental (β = 0.65) variables were all significant mediators of nutrition knowledge on diet quality. These results emphasize the importance of maternal nutrition knowledge and the mediating effect of the home environment on the diet quality of adolescents.
Experimental Study on Mechanism of Surface Formation for Micro-grinding of Hard Brittle Material

Micro-grinding as an method for micro-machining component of hard brittle material gets much more concerns in micro-manufacturing field,a ductile and brittle regime combined process in hard brittle material micro-grinding removal is proposed by analyzing material removal mechanism,the micro-grinding surface formation model is built by concerning and focusing on the differences between convention grinding and micro-grinding process.In order to prove the mathematical models of micro-grinding undeformed chip thickness hmand surface roughness Ra,an micro-grinding orthogonality experiment on soda-lime glass is designed and carried out.From analysis of experiment results,surface topography and surface roughness effects in micro-grinding hard brittle material are revealed,the surface formation model proposed by is also confirmed.A series of micro-machining surfaces of brittle material between Ra 78 nm to 0.98 μm is achieved,and research theory and experimental reference are provided for hard brittle material mciro-grinding surface formation mechanism.
Sanitary quality of secondary water supply in domestic ships in Xiamen Port from 2007-2010

[Objective]To understand the sanitary quality of secondary water supply in domestic ships in Xiamen Port,to provide evidence for inspection and quarantine enforcement and policy making,to ensure the drinking water safety of crews and visitors,and prevent the spread of diseases. [Methods]The monitoring records of secondary water supply in domestic ships from Xiamen Center for Disease Control and Prevention during 2007-2010 were selected for analysis and evaluation according to the "Hygienic Standard for Drinking water"(2006). [Results] Only 24.10% of tested water samples were qualified for all items.The qualified rates of turbidity,total bacterial count and total coliforms were 56.5%,36.1% and 83.3%. [Conclusion]Hygienic problems exist in secondary water supply in domestic ships in Xiamen Port from 2007-2010.Due to the low qualified rate,it is necessary to take appropriate measures,such as enhancing health supervision on water supply point and secondary water supply in domestic ships,to improve the water quality.And the scientific evaluation,rational and effective supervision mechanism should be improved gradually.