cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Rhinocricidae Systematics I: The taxonomic placement of the species of Zipyge Chamberlin, 1925 and Oxypygides Chamberlin, 1922 (Diplopoda: Spirobolida: Rhinocricidae: Oxypyginae)

The rhinocricid genera Zipyge and Oxypygides are considered to be junior synonyms of the genus Oxypyge.The following new combinations are established:Oxypyge lapidicina (Chamberlin, 1922) and Oxypyge mesites (Chamberlin, 1922), both from Oxypygides. The current status of rhinocricid generic level taxonomy is introduced, the limits of Oxypyge Silvestri are discussed, and the type specimens of the type species of the nominal genera Zipyge and Oxypygides are redescribed.
Particle swarm optimization methods for data clustering

This paper discusses the application of particle swarm optimization (PSO) to data clustering. Four different methods of PSO are tested on six test data sets and compared to k-means and fuzzy c-means. The four PSO methods, combinations of the constriction method, inertia, and the predator-prey method all out-perform k-means and fuzzy c-means in all test cases to varying degrees in terms of quantization error.
Secondary contributors to bone loss in osteoporosis related hip fractures.

Summary Osteoporosis treatment of patients with hip fractures is necessary to prevent subsequent fractures. Secondary causes for bone loss are present in more than 80% of patients with hip fractures, and therefore, assessment of Vitamin D status, disorders in calcium absorption and excretion, monoclonal gammopathies, and renal function should be performed. Identifying and managing these disorders will improve detection and enhance treatment aimed at reducing the risk of recurrent fractures in older adults.
Simultaneous multislice acquisition of MR images

The simultaneous multislice technique is a method of imaging multiple parallel slices with the number of echoes normally used to image a single slice. Images of 16 slices have been obtained from a single 128-echo acquisition. The distance between the slices can be decreased to approximately 15% of the field of view in the readout direction with the cost of significant image blurring. The image blurring is negligible when the distance between the slices approaches the field of view in the readout direction. The trade-offs are described, and equations and images are presented.
Ossifying Parotid Carcinoma ex Pleomorphic Adenoma

We present a unique case of an extensively ossified carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CXPA) in a 76-year-old man with a five-year history of a slowly growing parotid mass. Fine-needle aspiration of the mass was nondiagnostic. A computed tomography (CT) scan of the lesion revealed a well-circumscribed mass with peripheral calcification. Initial pathological analysis suggested a benign parotid mass, but rigorous decalcification revealed noninvasive CXPA. The patient underwent complete resection of the mass and remained disease-free nine months later. Extensive ossification of a seemingly benign parotid mass may mask areas of carcinoma that may progress if left untreated.
Atypical findings in cephalic herpes zoster polyneuritis: Case reports and radiographic findings

The purpose of this presentation is to report six patients who were seen because of multiple cranial nerve deficits occurring within a clinical picture of herpes zoster of the head and trunk. The clinical behavior, diagnostic methods, treatment, and outcome of the patients in this series are reviewed. The vagus and cochleovestibular nerves were affected in all of the patients. Three patients had radio-graphic evidence of a mass in the nasopharyngeal region. Malignancies were ruled out by repeated biopsies.
Role of trehalose phosphate synthase and trehalose during hypoxia: from flies to mammals.

SUMMARY Trehalose is a nonreducing disaccharide in which the two glucose units are linked in an α,α-1,1-glycosidic linkage. The best known and most widely distributed pathway of trehalose synthesis involves the transfer of glucose from UDP-glucose to glucose 6-phosphate to form trehalose-6-phosphate and UDP via the trehalose-6-phosphate synthase (TPS1). Trehalose-6-phosphate phosphatase (TPS2) then converts trehalose-6-phosphate to free trehalose. This sugar is present in a wide variety of organisms, including bacteria, yeast, fungi, insects, invertebrates and plants, and because of its particular physical features, trehalose is able to protect the integrity of cells against a variety of environmental stresses such as desiccation, dehydration, heat, cold and oxidation. Our current studies described here indicate that trehalose protects Drosophila and mammalian cells from hypoxic and anoxic injury. The mechanism of this protection is probably related to a decrease in protein denaturation through protein–trehalose interactions.
A new paradigm for XOR-catalyzed reactive species generation in the endothelium

A plethora of vascular pathology is associated with inflammation, hypoxia and elevated rates of reactive species generation. A critical source of these reactive species is the purine catabolizing enzyme xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) as numerous reports over the past 30 years have demonstrated XOR inhibition to be salutary. Despite this long standing association between increased vascular XOR activity and negative clinical outcomes, recent reports reveal a new paradigm whereby the enzymatic activity of XOR mediates beneficial outcomes by catalyzing the one electron reduction of nitrite (NO2(-)) to nitric oxide (NO) when NO2(-) and/or nitrate (NO3(-)) levels are enhanced either via dietary or pharmacologic means. These observations seemingly countervail numerous reports of improved outcomes in similar models upon XOR inhibition in the absence of NO2(-) treatment affirming the need for a more clear understanding of the mechanisms underpinning the product identity of XOR. To establish the micro-environmental conditions requisite for in vivo XOR-catalyzed oxidant and NO production, this review assesses the impact of pH, O2 tension, enzyme-endothelial interactions, substrate concentrations and catalytic differences between xanthine oxidase (XO) and xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH). As such, it reveals critical information necessary to distinguish if pursuit of NO2(-) supplementation will afford greater benefit than inhibition strategies and thus enhance the efficacy of current approaches to treat vascular pathology.
The intelligent random number technique in MCNP

A Monte Carlo learning and biasing technique that does its learning and biasing in the random number space rather than in the physical phase-space has been implemented in the Monte Carlo computer code MCNP. The technique was successfully applied on a simple penetration problem, and the results are given. The technique was also applied to a streaming problem with only marginal success.
Observations on the Mating Behavior of Captive Spotted Sand Bass (Paralabrax maculatofasciatus)

Abstract The sex allocation pattern of various populations of spotted sand bass are thought to vary from functional gonochorism to strict protogyny. The development of hypotheses explaining how such a plastic (flexible) strategy has been maintained selectively has been hindered by a general lack of information on reproductive behavior in this species. Therefore, the spawning behavior of adult, wild-caught spotted sand bass were observed in captivity under a variety of densities. Three distinct spawning modes were observed: 1) pair spawning, 2) group spawning, and 3) spawning including a sneaker male. Courtship was characterized by the following sequence: 1) a male or males approach the females, 2) one or more males make contact with the ventro-lateral surface of the female and chase the female, 3) the male contacts the ventro-lateral surface of the female and pushes her through a vertical spawning rush. Spawning behavior involved ephemeral color changes, persistent physical contact initiated by the male, ...
The ElarmS Earthquake Early Warning Methodology and Application across California

Earthquake Alarms Systems, ElarmS, is a methodology for providing warning of forthcoming ground shaking during earthquakes. The approach uses a network of seismic instruments to detect the first-arriving energy at the surface, the P-waves, and translate the information contained in these low amplitude waves into a prediction of the peak ground shaking that follows. The instruments closest to the epicenter are the first to detect the seismic energy, and by using a seismic network this information can be integrated to produce a map of future ground shaking everywhere. The ElarmS methodology uses the frequency content of the P-wave arrival to estimate earthquake magnitude, arrival times to determine location, and then predicts the ground shaking using a radial attenuation relation. All data is gathered continuously and the hazard map updated every second. As observations of peak ground shaking are also made close to the epicenter they are integrated into the hazard assessment. Here, the methodology is applied to a set of 32 earthquakes in southern California to assess the accuracy and timeliness of warning if such a system was implemented using the existing seismic network. If there was no data telemetry delays the first warning would be available before the S-wave arrival at the epicenter for 56% of the earthquakes. The average absolute magnitude error at this time is 0.44 units and the error in the average absolute peak ground acceleration [ln(PGApredicted) — ln(PGAobserved)] is 1.08. Within 5 sec warning are available for 97% of the events, the average magnitude error is 0.33 units, and the average PGA error is 1.00. To further assess the utility of ElarmS implementation in California, probabilistic warning time distribution functions are determined for cities in northern California. Using the set of future likely earthquakes provided by the Working Group on California Earthquake Probabilities (2003) the warning times that the ElarmS methodology could provide (if implemented) can be estimated, and a probability of occurrence associated. The alarm time is defined as the time when 4 sec of P-wave data is available at 4 seismic stations. At this point in time the average magnitude error is 0.5 units. The warning times range from zero seconds to over a minute, the most likely warning times range from seconds to a few tens of seconds depending on location. The largest magnitude earthquakes are also associated with the greatest warning times and it is more likely than not, that San Francisco would receive more than 20 sec warning for earthquakes generating the most damaging ground shaking.
Environmental Relationships of the Internal Political Economy of Marketing Channels

The political economy framework illuminates interplay between the internal and external sociopolitical and economic forces of marketing channels. Framing the collection and analysis of data from re...
Latent period in monkey kidney and HeLa cell monolayer cultures infected with poliomyelitis virus.

SummaryBy repeated replacement of the supernatant fluid in a culture of monkey kidney cells or HeLa cells inoculated with poliomyelitis virus, non-adsorbed parental virus can be removed, and the earliest release of progeny virus can be measured. Under the conditions described a constant latent period of 3½−4 hours was obtained for monkey kidney cultures after multiplicities of exposure ranging from 280-28 PFU/cell and for HeLa cultures after multiplicities of exposure of 0.7 PFU/cell. In the monkey kidney cells lower multiplicities of exposure increased the latent period to 4-5 hours, and in HeLa cells higher multiplicities of exposure reduced the latent period to 3−3½ hours. A variation of pH during the adsorption period between the values 6.0−8.0 did not perceptibly affect the latent period or the amount of virus released. The length of time allowed for adsorption, when greater than 15 minutes, did not affect the latent period or the amount of virus released. When only 5 minutes were allowed, the latent...
Enacting spaces of inequality: Placing global/state governance within a Tanzanian Hospital

Based on ethnographic research conducted in a government hospital in Tanzania, this article explores how global and state governance molds hospital spaces. While some spaces in the hospital are mad...
Group-based discrimination in judgments of moral purity-related behaviors: Experimental and archival evidence

Knowledge of individuals' group membership can alter moral judgments of their behavior. We found that such moral judgments were amplified when judgers learned that a person belonged to a group shown to elicit disgust in others. When a person was labeled as obese, a hippie, or "trailer trash," people judged that person's behavior differently than when such descriptors were omitted: Virtuous behaviors were more highly praised, and moral violations were more severely criticized. Such group-based discrimination in moral judgment was specific to the domain of moral purity. Members of disgust-eliciting groups but not members of other minorities were the target of harsh judgments for purity violations (e.g., lewd behavior) but not for other violations (e.g., refusing to help others). The same pattern held true for virtuous behaviors, so that members of disgust-eliciting groups were more highly praised than others but only in the purity domain. Furthermore, group-based discrimination was mediated by feelings of disgust toward the target group but not by other emotions. Last, analysis of New York Police Department officers' encounters with suspected criminals revealed a similar pattern to that found in laboratory experiments. Police officers were increasingly likely to make an arrest or issue a summons as body mass index increased (i.e., as obesity rose) among people suspected of purity crimes (e.g., prostitution) but not of other crimes (e.g., burglary). Thus, moral judgments in the lab and in the real world exhibit patterns of discrimination that are both group and behavior specific.
Satellite Relative Navigation Using Carrier-Phase Differential GPS with Integer Ambiguities

A new satellite relative navigation estimator has been developed using carrier-phase differential GPS (CDGPS) methods. This work is an initial step in an effort to extend the use of CDGPS techniques to spacecraft formations that operate at geostationary altitudes and above. The new estimator allows long baselines, achieves faster convergence to carrier-phase double-differenced integer ambiguities than other algorithms, and incorporates robust cycle slip detection and recovery. The algorithm is built up from an improved carrier-phase measurement model that fully accounts for how integer ambiguities can be obtained. To calculate the relative position solution, it uses real-time kinematic methods that do not rely on models of the spacecraft relative dynamics. It linearizes the nonlinear code and double-differenced carrier-phase measurements about the code solutions for the two spacecraft. This linearization allows long baseline distances without significant linearization errors. The inclusion of code measurements as well as carrier-phase measurements in the solution algorithm limits the ambiguity search volume to within the code solution error. This search volume is further reduced by applying an integer condition to the candidate ambiguities. The small search volume promotes rapid and reliable convergence to the correct biases. The linearized problem is solved with a least-squares, square-root information estimator, which is numerically stable and appropriate for use with computationally efficient linear methods, like the LAMBDA method, that decorrelate and estimate integer ambiguities. Tests with real and simulated terrestrial data validate both the method and the simulation environment. GPS receiver-in-the-loop tests with simulated 1 km baseline, LEO formation data show nearly instantaneous convergence to the correct integer ambiguities and relative position error magnitudes of less than 3 mm. In truth model simulations that fully simulate receiver output for a 100 km baseline, LEO formation, the estimator shows slower convergence, but relative position errors of less than 0.1 m. The different ionospheric effects over the long baseline and the GPS ephemeris errors explain the slow convergence. Carrier-phase measurement cycle slips are detected and corrected with a cycle slip recovery algorithm that performs hypothesis testing to identify which channel slipped and that estimates the number of cycles slipped on that channel. Operating on the hardware-in-the-loop data, the estimator detects and recovers from carrier-phase slips without significant degradation to the relative position solution.
Oscillations in human orbitofrontal cortex during even chance gambling

Evaluating value and risk as well as comparing expected and actual outcomes is the crux of decision making and reinforcement based learning. In this study, we record from stereotactic electroencephalograph depth electrodes in a human subject in numerous areas in the brain. We focus on the lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex while they perform a gambling task involving betting on a high card. Preliminary time-frequency analysis shows modulations in the 5-15 Hz band that is well synced to the different events of the task. These oscillations increase in both high betting scenarios as well as in losing scenarios though their effects cannot be decoupled. However, the activity between lateral and medial orbitofrontal cortex is a lot more homogenous than previously seen. Additionally, the timing of some of these oscillations occurs before even a response in the visual cortex. This evidence hints that these areas encode priors that influence our decision in future statistically ambiguous scenarios.
Greedy Approximation with Respect to Dictionaries

In this chapter we consider greedy algorithms with respect to general systems in Banach spaces. We already pointed out in Chapter 5 that greedy algorithms designed for general systems turn out to be good for the trigonometric system.
Student views on mate selection.

by the author at the University of Wisconsin. In conjunction with Dr. Ariel S. Ballif, it was now slightly revised and administered to a number of classes in courtship and marriage at Brigham Young University. It was given early in each quarter so that answers would not be influenced by class discussion. Anonymity was maintained by not requiring signatures. Nearly one hundred percent usable returns were received, from I,157 persons in all. Results from that part of the survey which pertained to make selection are summarized in Table I. Students were given these instructions:
Phosphofructokinase from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica. i. Activation by adenosine 3',5'-phosphate and by serotonin.

Phosphofructokinase from the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica has been isolated in an inactive form by a procedure involving differential centrifugation. The inactive enzyme could be activated by a combination of adenosine 39,59-phosphate (cyclic 39,59-AMP) and a thermostable fraction obtained from the incubation of a heavy particulate fraction with ATP and Mg++. Analysis of the thermostable fraction demonstrated that Mg++, ADP, and inorganic phosphate in this fraction could account for enzyme activation in the presence of cyclic 39,59-AMP. Nucleoside triphosphates were found to be nearly as effective as ADP while inorganic phosphate could be replaced by sulfate anions or hexose phosphates. Activation of the fluke enzyme was found to be readily reversible by dialysis. Sucrose gradient ultracentrifugal analysis of the enzyme before and after activation gave an S20,w of 5.5 S for the inactive enzyme and 12.8 S for the activated enzyme, suggesting the involvement of a monomer-polymer system. Anallysis of the rate of activation data suggests that the activation process behaves like a first-order reaction. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) when incubated with the heavy particulate fraction and ATP/Mg++ resulted in the formation of a thermostable fraction which can activate inactive phosphofructokinase in the absence of cyclic 39,59-AMP. The evidence indicates that serotonin activates this enzyme through the action of cyclic 39,59-AMP.
Selective Detection of In Vivo-Activated:, Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes by Limiting Dilution Analysis: Murine CTL Distribution After Allosensitization with Sponge Matrix Allografts

We have modified an existing limiting dilution analysis (LDA) technique to detect only in vivo-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) with specificity for graft alloantigens. Using this technique, we demonstrate in sponge allograft recipients that graft sites accumulate donor-reactive CTL, most of which are activated. Prior to transplantation, draining lymph nodes and peripheral blood always contain modest numbers of alloreactive CTL, none of which are activated. At the peak of rejection, only a small fraction of the lymph node CTL, and none of the peripheral blood CTL demonstrate evidence of prior activation. These observations reveal the graft-induced distribution of alloactivated, donor-reactive CTL, and raise questions regarding the use of peripheral blood to monitor immune responses associated with allograft rejection.
A single trial analysis of EEG in recognition memory: Tracking the neural correlates of memory strength.

Abstract Recent work in perceptual decision-making has shown that although two distinct neural components differentiate experimental conditions (e.g., did you see a face or a car), only one tracked the evidence guiding the decision process. In the memory literature, there is a distinction between a fronto-central evoked potential measured with EEG beginning at 350 ms that seems to track familiarity and a late parietal evoked potential that peaks at 600 ms that tracks recollection. Here, we applied single-trial regressor analysis (similar to multivariate pattern analysis, MVPA) and diffusion decision modeling to EEG and behavioral data from two recognition memory experiments to test whether these two components contribute to the recognition decision process. The regressor analysis only involved whether an item was studied or not and did not involve any use of the behavioral data. Only late EEG activity distinguishes studied from not studied items that peaks at about 600 ms following each test item onset predicted the diffusion model drift rate derived from the behavioral choice and reaction times (but only for studied items). When drift rate was made a linear function of the trial-level regressor values, the estimate for studied items was different than zero. This showed that the later EEG activity indexed the trial-to-trial variability in drift rate for studied items. Our results provide strong evidence that only a single EEG component reflects evidence being used in the recegnition decision process.
Being Arab and American: Understanding Ethnocentric Tendencies for Arab American Consumers

ABSTRACTScant research exists on Arab Americans' ethnocentric tendencies towards purchasing American-made products. This study explores the nexus among consumer ethnocentrism, empathy towards local workers, and ethnic identification. We examined ethnic identification, patriotism, dogmatism, and internationalism as potential influences on Arab Americans' ethnocentric tendencies towards purchasing products made in the US. Data were collected from 165 Arab Americans living in Michigan. We found that when Arab consumers felt empathic towards local workers, they were more ethnocentric towards purchasing local products. Arab Americans' ethnic identification neither influenced their ethnocentric tendencies towards American-made products nor their empathic feelings towards American workers. Our study provides key contributions related to minorities' preferences for locally made products.
Investigation into the origin of parasitic absorption in GaInP|GaAs double heterostructures

Despite achievements of extremely high external quantum efficiency (EQE), 99.5%, the net cooling of GaInP|GaAs double heterostructures (DHS) has never been realized. This is due to an unknown source of parasitic absorption. Prior studies have ruled out the possibility of the bulk absorption from the GaAs layer. Thus it is thought to be either at the air- GaInP interface, through the presence of dangling bonds, or in bulk GaInP through impurities. Using two-color thermallens calorimetry (based on the Z-scan technique), this study indicates that that the parasitic absorption likely originates from the GaInP bulk layers.
Quality Improvement Initiatives in Inflammatory Bowel Disease

This article serves as an overview of several quality improvement initiatives in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). IBD is associated with significant variation in care, suggesting poor quality of care. There have been several efforts to improve the quality of care for patients with IBD. Quality improvement (QI) initiatives in IBD are intended to be patient-centric, improve outcomes for individuals and populations, and reduce costs—all consistent with “the triple aim” put forth by the Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI). Current QI initiatives include the development of quality measure sets to standardize processes and outcomes, learning health systems to foster collaborative improvement, and patient-centered medical homes specific to patients with IBD in shared risk models of care. Some of these programs have demonstrated early success in improving patient outcomes, reducing costs, improving patient satisfaction, and facilitating patient engagement. However, further studies are needed to evaluate and compare the effects of these programs over time on clinical outcomes in order to demonstrate long-term value and sustainability.
Expression and distribution of all dopamine receptor subtypes (D1 – D5) in the mouse lumbar spinal cord: A real-time PCR and non-autoradiographic in situ hybridization study

Abstract Dopamine is a catecholaminergic neuromodulatory transmitter that acts through five molecularly-distinct G protein–coupled receptor subtypes (D1–D5). In the mammalian spinal cord, dopaminergic axon collaterals arise predominantly from the A11 region of the dorsoposterior hypothalamus and project diffusely throughout the spinal neuraxis. Dopaminergic modulatory actions are implicated in sensory, motor and autonomic functions in the spinal cord but the expression properties of the different dopamine receptors in the spinal cord remain incomplete. Here we determined the presence and the regional distribution of all dopamine receptor subtypes in mouse spinal cord cells by means of quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and digoxigenin-label in situ hybridization. Real-time PCR demonstrated that all dopamine receptors are expressed in the spinal cord with strongly dominant D2 receptor expression, including in motoneurons and in the sensory encoding superficial dorsal horn (SDH). Laser capture microdissection (LCM) corroborated the predominance of D2 receptor expression in SDH and motoneurons. In situ hybridization of lumbar cord revealed that expression for all dopamine receptors was largely in the gray matter, including motoneurons, and distributed diffusely in labeled cell subpopulations in most or all laminae. The highest incidence of cellular labeling was observed for D2 and D5 receptors, while the incidence of D1 and D3 receptor expression was least. We conclude that the expression and extensive postsynaptic distribution of all known dopamine receptors in spinal cord correspond well with the broad descending dopaminergic projection territory supporting a widespread dopaminergic control over spinal neuronal systems. The dominant expression of D2 receptors suggests a leading role for these receptors in dopaminergic actions on postsynaptic spinal neurons.
2040 (Brad Armstrong, 2009)

ABSTRACTThe film 2040 creates a dystopian future where the threat of deadly sexually transmitted infections leads people to rely on masturbation to pornography as their chief sexual outlet. The pornography they use features sex between humans and human-like sex robots called anabots. The narrative focuses on a male porn star who falls in love with an advanced model anabot that develops self-awareness and human emotions. The article considers whether 2040 is correct in predicting a future filled with more sophisticated sex robots or whether advances in virtual reality will make sex robots obsolete. Scenes that dramatize sex between anabots and humans allow the film to comment on the role that technology, in the forms of both pharmaceuticals and robotics, plays in the satisfaction and creation of sexual desire as well as the nature of objectification.
New Therapies for Treating Hepatitis C Virus: Impact on Laboratory Testing Recommendations and Clinical Management

Hepatitis C infection affects close to 150 million people worldwide. In the US, it is estimated that as many as 5 million people have been infected with the hepatitis C virus (HCV),7 many of whom are unaware of their infection. Some individuals clear the infection on their own, but the overwhelming majority of patients (approximately 75%) develop chronic infection, which can be asymptomatic for many years. Ultimately, chronic HCV infection can lead to cirrhosis, and potentially liver failure and hepatocellular carcinoma. In the US, HCV is now the most common indication for liver transplantation, and it accounts for more deaths each year than all other reportable infectious diseases combined, including HIV. The latest generation of direct-acting antivirals (DAA) has the potential to cure the disease in at least 95% of patients. Although the cost of these medications is slowly declining, they are still expensive (∼$30000–$100 000 per case), and states have varying health-care coverage limitations as to who can be treated. That said, the first step in eliminating the virus is identifying those with infection. To this end, the CDC has recommended one-time baby-boomer cohort screening as the prevalence of infection is highest in those born between 1945–1965. More recently, we have seen an increase in the rate of infection in individuals 20–40 years of age, which has been associated with increased injection drug use in the current US opioid epidemic. The currently recommended laboratory testing algorithm involves first screening for HCV antibodies (HCV Ab) via immunoassay. For those patients with positive HCV Ab results, follow-up HCV RNA testing is necessary to differentiate those who have spontaneously cleared the infection from those who have become chronically infected and need further medical care. Studies have shown that, even with a successful screening program, many patients do not get the necessary …
Practical Challenges of Implementing Accessibility Laws and Standards in the Self-service Environment

Self-service technologies (SSTs) must be accessible to anyone, anywhere, anytime. This leads to an interesting challenge in terms of ensuring their accessibility to people with disabilities. There are various laws, standards and guidelines aiming to describe the minimum requirements that make SSTs accessible for everyone, for example by requiring specific height and depth to interface elements and controls, requiring private audio guidance, and requiring that interface elements are tactile enough to be discoverable and identifiable by touch. In this paper, we reflect on the experiences of implementing these various accessibility requirements from an industrial perspective, and demonstrate difficulties and successes through three different case studies. The first describes the development of the tactile symbols on ATM (Automated Teller Machine) keypad, which became a de facto standard and eventually a codified legal requirement. The second case study describes a research project to make ATM touchscreens accessible for people with visual impairments, and the impact accessibility laws and standards had on the project. The third case study takes a look at the height and depth requirements for ATMs worldwide to demonstrate the challenges of their implementation and the urgent need for harmonization. Finally, broader conclusions will be drawn between the gap that can exist between standards writers and the industries that must use them, with suggestions being made as to how this process can be improved.
Behavior Bases and Habitual Domains of Human Decision/Behavior — Concepts and Applications

This article intends to integrate the findings in psychology, optimization theory and the common wisdom of our daily lives so that the basic forces in human decision/behavior and the ways to happiness and success can be more clear. First we propose a dynamic human decision/behavior model which incorporates the findings in experimental psychology. Eight hypotheses are used to summarize the behavior base for decision/ behavior. Using the model, we then discuss habitual domains, their formation, expansion and jumping out of previously restrictive ones. Some related findings in social psychology are also sketched with their relevance to our model. Finally the article focuses on the applications including selfawareness, happiness, success, decision making, persuasion, negotation, gaming and career management.
Part-II: Probabilistic Graph-Reduction Techniques

ABSTRACT We consider the problem of analyzing the reliability of a network, specifically, the probability that a given set of critical nodes within the network can communicate, given the failure probabilities for component nodes and links. This is important for network management as it identifies when a network needs to be reinforced to provide adequate reliability. It is also important in planning topological modifications to a network. This chapter presents an exact graph-reduction algorithm for solving the k-terminal reliability problem with node failures on an arbitrary network. k-terminal reliability means that a specific set of k target nodes must be able to communicate with one another. We model the network by an undirected probabilistic graph whose vertices represent the nodes and whose edges represent the links. A special feature of our model is that it allows nodes to be imperfect and associates a reliability measure with each node, assumed to succeed or fail independently. Therefore, the network reliability measure is based upon the reliability measures of the individual links and nodes. The k-terminal reliability problem is known to be NP-complete. However, for a limited set of networks, it is possible to calculate the k-terminal reliability in polynomial time. We extend the Δ-Y and the Polygon-Chain graph transformations to operate on k-terminal reliability graphs with imperfect vertices. We present an algorithm which calculates the k-terminal reliability faster than Satyanarayana and Wood's algorithm and characterize the set of networks for which our computation takes polynomial time.
Transfer-Tax Planning and Management

Once an individual has accumulated wealth, their motivations in the financial-planning process turn to not only how to protect or defend this wealth, but also how to distribute it. For this reason, this chapter explains gifts and the advantages of making gifts in transfer-tax planning and management. Many individuals think that transfer-tax (gift- and estate-tax) planning is relevant for only very high-net-worth taxpayers, but this is not true. For example, did you know that you can give away $15,000 per year, regardless of the amount of your net worth, to donees without having to file a federal gift-tax return, IRS Form 709? Just as important, did you know that once you exceed this $15,000 limit, you are required by law to file a federal gift-tax return? Yes, you will also have to include Christmas gifts on that tax return if you have given away the full $15,000 limit earlier in the same year.
Sacrospinous fixation for massive eversion of the vagina.

Massive eversion of the vagina can be treated by a variety of transvaginal and transabdominal surgical techniques. Personal experiences with the use of transvaginal fixation of the vagina to the sacrospinous ligament combined with appropriate colporrhaphy in the surgical treatment of 163 of 173 cases of massive eversion of the vagina with operation performed between 1965 and 1979 are described.
Long-term, intermittent, low-level elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1A viremia in a captive Asian elephant calf.

A 2-y-old male Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), with an elevated platelet count (1,100 × 109/L [1,100 × 103/mm3]), tested positive for elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus 1A (EEHV-1A) on convent...
Characterizing plasma conditions in radiatively heated solid-density samples with x-ray Thomson scattering

Author(s): Saunders, A. M; Lahmann, B.; Sutcliffe, G.; Frenje, J. A; Falcone, R. W; Doppner, T.
COUNTING TECHNIQUES; PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS

This chapter describes the concepts of permutations and combinations. Given a set of distinct objects, an arrangement of these objects in a definite order without repetitions is called a permutation of the set. In general, a permutation of r objects selected from a set of n objects is called a permutation of the n objects taken r at a time. The number of permutations of a set with n distinct objects is n ( n −l)( n −2)….1. The number n ( n −l)( n −2)….1 is designated by the symbol n !. A subset of r objects selected from a set of n objects is called a combination of the n objects taken r at a time. In counting problems, it should be kept in mind that if order matters, permutations should be used and if order does not matter, combinations should be used. The multiplication principle tates that if there are k ways to make a decision D 1 and then n ways to make a decision D 2 , then there are kn ways to make the two decisions D 1 and D 2 .
Lake Characteristics, Population Properties and Invasion History Determine Impact of Invasive Bivalves on Lake Nutrient Dynamics

Invasive species can have large impacts on ecosystems, including the cycling and distribution of nutrients. To determine the whole-ecosystem effects of invasive zebra mussels on lake nutrient dynamics, we sampled 10 invaded Minnesota lakes spanning a broad trophic status gradient. We conducted N and P excretion and biodeposition rate measurements and determined the C, N and P composition of dreissenid soft tissues and shell material in the study lakes. We also estimated the whole-lake biomass of live dreissenid mussels and their dead shell material, constructing comprehensive nutrient budgets for dreissenid populations in the study lakes. We used the results of our measurements and published data to estimate the contribution of dreissenids to P budgets in 24 additional lakes in Europe and North America. Results show that nutrient cycling rates and composition of soft tissues and shells vary with mussel size and lake trophic status. Zebra mussels made variable, but often large, contributions to cycling and storage of water column standing stocks of POC, PON and TP in the study and literature lakes. In some lakes, the effects of zebra mussels on P dynamics were also considerable in the context of estimated P external and internal loading, sediment sequestration and effects of other biota. We show that the impact of zebra mussels on whole-lake nutrient budgets depends on lake properties, dreissenid population characteristics and invasion history. This information can be used by ecosystem managers to prioritize invasion prevention efforts toward lakes likely to be most strongly impacted by zebra mussel invasions.
Semi-Lagrangian Global Models

Abstract : The long-term goal of this project is to develop numerical integration algorithms that will enable then the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) to achieve higher horizontal and vertical resolution, higher vertical extent, increase meteorological skill, and additional predictive constituents, all with no appreciable increase in run time efficiency.
Observations on nuclear RNA labeled with tritiated cytidine in human cancer cells in culture (Hela)

Studies on nucleic acid metabolism on a single cell level with the auto­ radiographic technique has led in various laboratories to observations which indicate that the nuclear ribonucleic acid (RNA) serves as precursor for cytoplasmic RNA 1_6. Labeled RNA precursors, as B3-cytidine were first incorporated in the cell nucleus (and nucleolus) before labeled RNA appeared in the cytoplasm. Examinations of the tritium distribution between uracil and cytosine in RNA of the BeLa tissue culture cell at different times after a limited exposure of the cells to B3-cytidine and continued growth in non­ radioactive culture medium supplemented with excess of unlabeled cytidine, demonstrated that the once synthesized RNA was preserved and that the initial distribution of the tritium to the pyrimidine bases was maintained for many hours 7. This then indicated that the autoradiographically observed shift of labeled RNA indeed represented the movement of macromolecules. Attempts to quantitate the shift of RNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm in different cell systems have resulted in controversial interpretations as to the role of the chromatin portion of the nucleus and the nucleolus. It was suggested from specific activity time curves in turnover experiments that the chromatin associated RNA is lost while the nucleolar associated RNA contributed to the cytoplasm in liver and pancreas cells 8 • In macrophages and in connective tissue cells in culture, results were interpreted to indicate that most of the nuclear RNA did not contribute to cytoplasmic RNA 9. But in the connective tissue cell, a pool of acid soluble RNA precursors seemed to exist which did not rapidly come into equilibrium with exogenous precursor in nucleoside form, and which continued to be incorporated into RNA. In the BeLa cell also, a small quantity of a labeled soluble fraction with slow turnover was present (5-10% of RNA label), but here the pool was not observed to contribute to macromolecular RNA when
Asking the Right Questions-Human Factors Considerations for Telemedicine Design

The goal of this paper was to provide a narrative review of human factors considerations for telemedicine. It also sought to provide readers a foundation of human factors thinking and methods that could be employed within their own practice. There are only a handful of articles that discuss the importance of user-centered design and human factors principles in relation to telemedicine systems. Most articles come to the conclusion that design flaws could have been avoided by involving stakeholders in the design and implementation of telemedicine. However, many of them lack the guidance for those who find themselves having to choose, implement, or use unwieldy systems. With this in mind, this paper provides a series of human factors principles, real-world questions, methods, and resources for those who may find themselves considering, implementing, sustaining, or using telemedicine in their own healthcare settings.
A Crisp(r) New Perspective on SARS-CoV-2 Biology.

Complementary genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screens performed by multiple groups reveal new insights into SARS-CoV-2 biology including aspects of viral entry, translation, replication, egress, and the genes regulating these processes. Comparisons with other coronaviruses enhances our understanding of the cellular life cycle of this medically important family of emerging viruses.
Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia

Frontal Fibrosing Alopecia (FFA) is a chronic lymphocytic cicatricial alopecia that usually involves the fronto-temporal hairline and the eyebrows in women but other presentations such as involvement of the sideburns, occipital scalp, eyelashes and body hair are also possible. Further, its presentation comes in typical and atypical patterns. FFA can be associated with lichen planus pigmentosus, facial papules, red dots, prominent veins, and increases preauricular wrinkles. It is of unknown etiology and there is no cure. Recent works have suggested association with leave in cosmetic products such as sunscreens, and possible sensitization due to cosmetic ingredients. Histopathologic and trichoscopic findings are the mainstay in obtaining an accurate diagnosis. Treatment and prognosis vary depending on severity at presentation, however, reduced progression with treatment has been demonstrated in most patients within a year.
Defect Characterization in Thick Composites by Ultrasound

In today’s application of composites, thick composites are beginning to be used for load bearing structural members. The nondestructive evaluation of composites relies heavily on ultrasound as the probing field, but the ultrasonic NDE of thick composites poses new challenges. First, to penetrate a large thickness of composite one must use ultrasound of low frequencies, but the long wavelengths at low frequencies afford only poor resolution. Secondly, with increasing thickness, the anisotropy of the material assumes a greater importance and certain simplifying assumptions acceptable in thin composites are no longer valid. Moreover, in pulsed ultrasonic measurement of thick composites, the high total attenuation associated with the large thickness and its frequency dependence often changes the spectral content of the pulses considerably [1].
Modification of a Calorimetric Oxygen Detector for use with Non-Equilibrium Hydrogen

A calorimetric method1 has been used for trace oxygen analysis in the CEL-NBS hydrogen liquefier. In this method any oxygen present is catalytically combined with the hydrogen to form water. The resulting temperature rise of the gas is measured by a sensitive thermopile. The analyzer is capable of detecting as little as 2 ppm of oxygen. With the introduction of a catalyst to produce high para liquid hydrogen in the liquefier this system no longer operates with its former precision. The boil-off gas from the liquid hydrogen receiver and from a dewar being filled is recirculated through the system. The result is a non-equilibrium ortho-para mixture in the room temperature gas at the oxygen analyzer. The catalyst used to combine the oxygen and hydrogen effectively converts this high-para gas to normal equilibrium hydrogen. Since the conversion is an endothermic reaction, the analyzer reads too low and may even give negative readings.
EPR of the Lattice Damage from Energetic Si in Silicon at 4 K

An electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) study of the lattice damage produced by 14.2 MeV neutrons in p-type silicon at 4 K is presented. The EPR measurements were made at 5 K without any intermediate warmup of the sample. Our EPR spectra indicate that each damage region, which is produced by a Si recoil of energy ≤1.89 MeV, is characterized by a high density of localized defects. A significant fraction of the lattice damage consists of distorted {110} 4-vacancies (Si-P3) embedded in a quasi-crystalline environment. Although a search for isolated vacancies was made, none was found. Even though the defects are complex and overlap, there is no evidence that a ≤1.89 MeV Si recoil produces amorphous regions at 4K. Upon annealing the lattice damage to 50 K, a trace of the Si-G6 spectrum due to (V + V)+ was observed. After annealing to 500 K, the Si-B3 center, which has recently been identified as a Si split interstitial, emerged.