cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Label-retaining cells reside in the bulge area of pilosebaceous unit: Implications for follicular stem cells, hair cycle, and skin carcinogenesis

Inconsistent with the view that hair follicle stem cells reside in the matrix area of the hair bulb, we found that label-retaining cells exist exclusively in the bulge area of the mouse hair follicle. The bulge consists of a subpopulation of outer root sheath cells located in the midportion of the follicle at the arrector pili muscle attachment site. Keratinocytes in the bulge area are relatively undifferentiated ultrastructurally. They are normally slow cycling, but can be stimulated to proliferate transiently by TPA. Located in a well-protected and nourished environment, these cells mark the lower end of the "permanent" portion of the follicle. Our findings, plus a reevaluation of the literature, suggest that follicular stem cells reside in the bulge region, instead of the lower bulb. This new view provides insights into hair cycle control and the possible involvement of hair follicle stem cells in skin carcinogenesis.
ELASTICITY IN CERTAIN BLOCK MONOIDS VIA THE EUCLIDEAN TABLE

This paper continues the study begun in [GEROLDINGER, A.: On non-unique factorizations into irreducible elements II, Colloq. Math. Soc. Janos Bolyai 51 (1987), 723–757] concerning factorization properties of block monoids of the form ℬ(ℤ n , S) where S = $$\{ \bar 1,\bar a\} $$ (hereafter denoted ℬ a (n)). We introduce in Section 2 the notion of a Euclidean table and show in Theorem 2.8 how it can be used to identify the irreducible elements of ℬ a (n). In Section 3 we use the Euclidean table to compute the elasticity of ℬ a (n) (Theorem 3.4). Section 4 considers the problem, for a fixed value of n, of computing the complete set of elasticities of the ℬ a (n) monoids. When n = p is a prime integer, Proposition 4.12 computes the three smallest possible elasticities of the ℬ a (p).
Uncertainty modelling of large deformation process using a new aggregation rule of evidence

The aggregation rule is critical when a high degree of conflict between different sources of data or expert opinions exists. In this paper, we will present a new evidence aggregation rule that makes use of Ground Probability Assignment (GPA) developed by Yager along with a proposed Credibility Factor of Evidence (CFE). Observed experimental evidences on simulation responses or commonly used values of uncertain parameters are used for the CFE estimation. The new aggregation rule is adopted for uncertainty modelling of a large deformation process represented by the Taylor impact test for which Johnson-Cook and Zerilli-Armstrong plasticity models provide different answers. The uncertainty modelling procedure also accommodates both epistemic and aleatory uncertainty embedded in material constants of the adopted plasticity models. Results of uncertainty representation, propagation and quantification for Taylor impact tests of AISI 4340 Steel have shown that the suggested aggregation rule is very efficient in recognising key information or knowledge from different sources, which helps to reduce epistemic uncertainty.
Clinical applications of positron‐emission tomography in cancer

Positron-emission tomography is a unique imaging technique that has shown promise for improving staging, treatment planning, and monitoring of cancer. When used in conjunction with a radioactive glucose analog, positron-emission tomography has proven useful for detecting malignant tissue and quantitating changes in tumor glycolysis during and after treatment. This article reviews the principles of positron-emission tomography and its clinical role in cancer treatment.
Risk factors associated with earlier age of onset in familial pancreatic carcinoma

BACKGROUND An estimated 5–10% of all pancreatic adenocarcinomas have a hereditary association. The objective of the current study was to characterize the clinical and pathologic features of familial pancreatic carcinoma and to determine potential differences in demographics, risk factors, and outcomes between familial and sporadic pancreatic carcinoma populations. METHODS A retrospective review was performed to identify patients diagnosed with pancreatic carcinoma who had an associated familial disposition. Demographic analyses and assessment of clinical features and treatment outcomes were performed for the familial subgroup, and the results were compared with observations made in the nonfamilial, or ‘sporadic’, population. RESULTS Thirty of 826 patients (3.6%) had familial pancreatic carcinoma. Baseline demographics, resectability, and metastases were similar in both the familial cohort and the sporadic cohort. The mean age of onset was slightly lower in the familial cohort (57.6 years, compared with 61 years in the sporadic cohort). However, the familial population had a significantly greater proportion of patients who were diagnosed at age < 50 years compared with the sporadic population (36.7% vs. 18.3%; P = 0.017). A positive smoking history was more commonly associated with familial pancreatic carcinoma (87% vs. 66%; P = 0.06). The overall median survival durations were 7 months and 6 months for the familial group and the sporadic group, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Patients with familial pancreatic carcinoma present at an earlier age compared with their counterparts who have nonfamilial disease. Smoking may play a significant role in the risk or promotion of pancreatic carcinoma in patients with an inherited predisposition. Cancer 2004. © 2004 American Cancer Society.
Commentary on “The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism”

(1986). Commentary on “The Social Origins of Environmental Determinism”. Annals of the Association of American Geographers: Vol. 76, No. 2, pp. 277-281.
pH and salt effects on chiral separations using affinity ultrafiltration

Abstract Affinity ultrafiltration can provide stereoselective separations using a large macroligand to selectively bind and retain one of the enantiomers. The detailed binding interactions can be strongly influenced by the solution pH and salt concentration, although there is currently little understanding of the impact of these phenomena on the overall performance of the affinity ultrafiltration process. Experimental studies were performed using a model system with bovine serum albumin as the stereoselective macroligand for the separation of D- and L-tryptophan. Binding data were obtained over a range of pH and ionic strength, with the results used to calculate the yield and purification factor during a diafiltration process using a recently developed model. L-tryptophan binding was greatest between pH 7 and 10, leading to a significant increase in purification within this pH range. Overall system performance, including the trade-offs between purification factor and yield, was examined by constructing purification factor—yield diagrams for the affinity ultrafiltration process.
High performance ZIF-8/6FDA-DAM mixed matrix membrane for propylene/propane separations

Abstract We report significantly enhanced propylene/propane (C 3 H 6 /C 3 H 8 ) selectivity in mixed matrix membranes fabricated using 6FDA-DAM polyimide and a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8). Equilibrium isotherms and sorption kinetics of C 3 H 6 and C 3 H 8 at 35 °C were studied on a 200 nm commercially available ZIF-8 sample produced by BASF. Mixed matrix dense films were formed with 6FDA-DAM and 200 nm BASF ZIF-8 particles. SEM imaging showed generally good adhesion between the ZIF-8 and 6FDA-DAM without the need for surface-treating ZIF-8. Pure gas permeation showed significantly enhanced mixed matrix ZIF-8/6FDA-DAM membrane C 3 H 6 /C 3 H 8 separation performance over the pure 6FDA-DAM membrane performance. A C 3 H 6 permeability of 56.2 Barrer and C 3 H 6 /C 3 H 8 ideal selectivity of 31.0 was found in ZIF-8/6FDA-DAM mixed matrix membrane with 48.0 wt% ZIF-8 loading, which are 258% and 150% higher than the pure 6FDA-DAM membrane, respectively for permeability and selectivity. Permeation properties of C 3 H 6 and C 3 H 8 in ZIF-8 were back-calculated by the Maxwell model for composite permeability using pure gas permeation data, leading to a C 3 H 6 permeability of 277 Barrer and C 3 H 6 /C 3 H 8 selectivity of 122. Mixed gas permeation also verified that selectivity enhancements were achievable in mixed gas environment by ZIF-8.
The IRG mouse: A two-color fluorescent reporter for assessing Cre-mediated recombination and imaging complex cellular relationships in situ†

The Cre-loxP system is widely used for making conditional alterations to the mouse genome. Cre-mediated recombination is frequently monitored using reporter lines in which Cre expression activates a reporter gene driven by a ubiquitous promoter. Given the distinct advantages of fluorescent reporters, we developed a transgenic reporter line, termed IRG, in which DsRed-Express, a red fluorescent protein (RFP) is expressed ubiquitously prior to Cre-mediated recombination and an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) following recombination. Besides their utility for monitoring Cre-mediated recombination, we show that in IRG mice red and green native fluorescence can be imaged simultaneously in thick tissue sections by confocal microscopy allowing for complex reconstructions to be created that are suitable for analysis of neuronal morphologies as well as neurovascular interactions in brain. IRG mice should provide a versatile tool for analyzing complex cellular relationships in both neural and nonneural tissues. genesis 46:308–317, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Scaling Theorems for Zero Crossings

We characterize some properties of the zero crossings of the Laplacian of signals?in particular images?filtered with linear filters, as a function of the scale of the filter (extending recent work by Witkin [16]). We prove that in any dimension the only filter that does not create generic zero crossings as the scale increases is the Gaussian. This result can be generalized to apply to level crossings of any linear differential operator: it applies in particular to ridges and ravines in the image intensity. In the case of the second derivative along the gradient, there is no filter that avoids creation of zero crossings, unless the filtering is performed after the derivative is applied.
Lake trout otolith chronologies as multidecadal indicators of high-latitude freshwater ecosystems

High-latitude ecosystems are among the most vulnerable to long-term climate change, yet continuous, multidecadal indicators by which to gauge effects on biology are scarce, especially in freshwater environments. To address this issue, dendrochronology (tree-ring analysis) techniques were applied to growth-increment widths in otoliths from lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from the Chandler Lake system, Alaska (68.23°N, 152.70°W). All otoliths were collected in 1987 and exhibited highly synchronous patterns in growth-increment width. Increments were dated, the widths were measured, and age-related growth declines were removed using standard dendrochronology techniques. The detrended time series were averaged to generate an annually resolved chronology, which continuously spanned 1964–1984. The chronology positively and linearly correlated with August air temperature over the 22-year interval (p < 0.01), indicating that warmer summers were beneficial for growth, perhaps by increasing fish metabolic rate or lake productivity. Given the broad distribution of lake trout within North America, this study suggests that otolith chronologies could be used to examine responses between freshwater ecosystems and environmental variability across a range of temporal and spatial scales.
Pain During Mogen or PlastiBell Circumcision

Routine neonatal circumcision can be a painful procedure. Although analgesia for circumcision has been studied extensively, there are few studies comparing which surgical technique may be associated with the least pain and discomfort when carried out by pediatric trainees. OBJECTIVE: We studied two commonly used techniques for circumcision to determine which was associated with less pain and discomfort. STUDY DESIGN: In a randomized, prospective, but not blinded study, newborns were circumcised either by Mogen clamp or by PlastiBell. All received dorsal nerve blocks with lidocaine. Fifty-nine well, term, newborn infants at San Francisco General Hospital were studied from 1997 to 1998. Circumcisions were carried out mostly by interns and residents in family practice and pediatrics. Pain was assessed by measuring duration of the procedure and by a simple behavioral score done sequentially. RESULTS: Dorsal nerve blocks were judged to be fully effective in over 70% of cases. Neither Mogen nor PlastiBell was associated with greater pain per 3-minute time period, but the PlastiBell technique on average took nearly twice as long as the Mogen procedure (20 vs 12 minutes). We judged that 60% of the infants had pain or discomfort associated with the procedure that was excessive. Residents and interns universally preferred the Mogen technique over the PlastiBell because of the former's simplicity. CONCLUSION: During the procedure, Mogen circumcision is associated with less pain and discomfort, takes less time, and is preferred by trainees when compared with the PlastiBell.
Family Therapy with Black, Disadvantaged Families: Some Observations on Roles, Communication, and Technique

Within a system concept role delineation and communicational patterns of black, disadvantaged families are evaluated on the basis of 15 years experience. The observations made at best are suggestive and meant to highlight certain features of a black, disadvantaged family system. In the light of these observations some suggestions regarding technique are offered, notably the use of multiple family therapy as a way of increasing therapeutic effectiveness and facilitating movement in the system.
Kinetic analysis of acetylcholinesterase inhibition by combinations of acephate and methamidophos.

Acephate pre-exposure provided protection against the inhibition of RBC and brain acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and plasma cholinesterase (ChE) activities in rats exposed to both acephate and methamidophos. In vitro addition of acephate to AChE prior to or with methamidophos also provided complete protection against AChE inhibition by methamidophos. When acephate was added to the enzyme after methamidophos, its protective effect decreased with increasing time between the additions. Since acephate has greater affinity than does methamidophos for the AChE active site (Singh, A.K., Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol., 81 (1985) 302), it is proposed that acephate provided protection by binding with the AChE active site and, therefore, preventing methamidophos from binding with the enzyme. It is also proposed that acephate prevented the initial competitive binding of methamidophos to the AChE active site and delayed the initial sequence of events essential for phosphorylation of AChE.
The first use of penicillin in the United States.

The first dose of penicillin given in the United States was administered at Yale–New Haven Hospital on 12 March 1942 to a patient dying of septicemia. As a young Yale house officer, I found myself ...
Controlling split attention and redundancy in physical therapy instruction

In this study, we examined the effectiveness of instructional materials designed to control redundancy and split attention in the teaching of complex orthopedic physical therapy skills. Participants included 41 first-year physical therapy students. The modified instruction group received a modified unit of instruction designed to reduce cognitive load, while the control group received a traditionally designed unit of instruction. Four hypotheses were tested relating to achievement on cognitive and psychomotor tests, ratings of cognitive load, and task completion times. The multivariate analysis yielded significant results for three of the four hypotheses (ES = +0.52). As predicted, the participants receiving the modified instructional materials scored significantly higher on the written post-test and psychomotor tasks, while reporting a lower level of cognitive load on both tasks. These results suggest that designers can increase the germane cognitive load by reducing the extraneous cognitive load through good instructional and message design practices.
Ecdysterone induces the transcription of four heat-shock genes in Drosophila S3 cells and imaginal discs.

Abstract Ecdysterone stimulates a 2- to 15-fold increase in the synthesis of four small heat-shock proteins (hsp) in Drosophila line S3 cells. This is accompanied by a rapid and coincident increase in the abundance of small hsp transcripts. A parallel in vivo situation is now described in imaginal discs isolated from pupariating larvae. In neither system are the high-molecular-weight heat-shock proteins, or their RNAs, induced by hormone. Nor does induction occur in variant cell lines which have acquired resistance to ecdysterone. Other genes within or contiguous to the small hsp cluster are not induced by either ecdysterone or high temperature. Induction by ecdysterone appears to be a primary hormone response.
Forging solid state microactuators through the merging of smart material and microelectromechanical systems

Microelectromechanical systems or MEMS have evolved into multiple component mechanisms. MEMS may consist of mechanical elements such as flexible beams and optical components, these elements may require precision structural pointing or manipulation. Vibrations from MEMS elements and environmental disturbances may interfere with precision motion requirements. Specific MEMS applications examined that may require microactuation control include scanning probe microscopes and microgrippers. A device merging smart material and microelectromechanical system concepts is presented as a response to MEMS active control needs. The device, approximately 2000 X 200 X 800 micrometers is a strain amplification mechanism composed of electroplated nickel. The device amplifiers stroke of piezoelectric material and is constructed using the LIGA technique. Experimental results are presented along with finite element analysis of the mechanical microamplifier indicating a viable design solution exits for solid-state microactuators.© (1997) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Two New Species of Marine Saprotrophic Sphaeroformids in the Mesomycetozoea Isolated From the Sub-Arctic Bering Sea

The genus Sphaeroforma previously encompassed organisms isolated exclusively from animal symbionts in marine systems. The first saprotrophic sphaeroformids (Mesomycetozoea) isolated from non-animal hosts are described here. Sphaeroforma sirkka and S. napiecek are also the first species in the genus possessing endogenous DNA-containing motile propagules and central vacuoles, traits that have previously guided morphological differentiation of sphaeroformids from the genus Creolimax. Phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the 18S rRNA and the ITS1-5.8S--ITS2 loci firmly place S. sirkka and S. napiecek within Sphaeroforma, extending the number of known species to six within this genus. The discovery of these species increases the geographical range, cellular variation and life history complexity of the sphaeroformids.
Use of 113Cd and 207Pb Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy to Study the Binding of Toxic and Carcinogenic Metals to Calcium Proteins

Abstract Flame atomic absorption (FAA) spectroscopy was used to quantitate levels of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in four mainstream calcium supplements, with ranges of 0.04–0.09 µg/g tablet for Cd and 0.67–0.88 µg/g tablet for Pb being observed. Following this, 113Cd and 207Pb nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies were undertaken to observe competitive binding of both metals in three different calcium‐binding model systems: calcein (a chelator), casein (Ca2+‐rich milk protein), and the calcium‐binding protein (CBP) (highly specific for Ca2+). The rationale for this study was to ascertain whether or not the presence of lead and Cd in dietary supplements was to such a degree as to warrant concern by users of the products.
An integrated numerical approach for microdamage detection using nanophotonic sensors

Photonic bandgap materials (PBM) are synthetic materials that artificially manufactured at the nano-scale to control light propagation. These crystals have the ability to control light propagation in three dimensions by opening a frequency gap in which light is forbidden to propagate. When light is reflected by a nano photonic (NP) crystal a spectral signature that is directly related to its crystalline structure periodicity can be observed. It is suggested here that microscale damage in a substrate attached to the NP sensor might result in a significant change in the spectral signature of the NP sensor, hence allowing for micro-scale damage detection and quantification. To demonstrate the use of sensors for microdamage detection in structural materials an integrated numerical modelling approach was used. The approach augments two numerical methods to simulate the effect of microdamage in the material substrate on the spectrum signature of NPC sensors. First, the finite element method (FEM) was used to simulate structural response of the NP sensor under strain induced in the substrate with and without substrate damage. Second, the results of the finite element analysis were used as inputs to simulate the optical response of the NP sensors using the finite difference time domain method (FDTD). The integrated numerical approach was applied to a wood pile NP sensor attached to a silicon substrate. The numerical analysis showed promising results. Changes in the NP spectral signatures due microdamage in the silicon substrate were successfully identified.
Neuropsychologic Function of Children with Severe Hearing Impairment

A neuropsychologic and medical study was carried out on a selected sample of 34 hearing-impaired children aged seven to 10 years at the onset of the study. In 16 children the cause of the hearing l...
Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients Hospitalized Following Pulmonary Aspiration

BACKGROUND Pulmonary aspiration is an important recognized cause of ARDS. Better characterization of patients who aspirate may allow identification of potential risks for aspiration that could be used in future studies to mitigate the occurrence of aspiration and its devastating complications. METHODS We conducted a secondary analysis of the Lung Injury Prediction Score cohort to better characterize patients with aspiration, including their potential risk factors and related outcomes. RESULTS Of the 5,584 subjects at risk for ARDS and who required hospitalization, 212 (3.8%) presented with aspiration. Subjects who aspirated were likely to be male (66% vs 56%, P P = .0004), admitted from a nursing home (15% vs 5.9%, P P P P P CONCLUSIONS Aspiration was more common in men with alcohol abuse history and a lower Glasgow Coma Scale who were admitted from a nursing home. It is independently associated with a significant increase in the risk for ARDS as well as morbidity and mortality. Findings from this study may facilitate the design of future clinical studies of aspiration-induced lung injury.
Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Snowpack Density in the Mountainous Regions of the Western United States

Abstract Snow density is calculated as a ratio of snow water equivalent to snow depth. Until the late 1990s, there were no continuous simultaneous measurements of snow water equivalent and snow depth covering large areas. Because of that, spatiotemporal characteristics of snowpack density could not be well described. Since then, the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) has been collecting both types of data daily throughout the winter season at snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) sites located in the mountainous areas of the western United States. This new dataset provided an opportunity to examine the spatiotemporal characteristics of snowpack density. The analysis of approximately seven years of data showed that at a given location and throughout the winter season, year-to-year snowpack density changes are significantly smaller than corresponding snow depth and snow water equivalent changes. As a result, reliable climatological estimates of snow density could be obtained from relatively short records. ...
Linoleic acid supplementation results in increased arachidonic acid and eicosanoid production in CF airway cells and in cftr-/- transgenic mice.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients display a fatty acid imbalance characterized by low linoleic acid levels and variable changes in arachidonic acid. This led to the recommendation that CF patients cons...
Experimental hyperlipidemia dramatically reduces access of insulin to canine skeletal muscle.

A complex sequence of steps is required for insulin to cause glucose uptake. Impairment of any one of these steps can contribute to insulin resistance. We observed the effect of insulin resistance induced by hyperlipidemia on the dynamics of insulin injected into skeletal muscle. Basal insulin euglycemic clamps (0.2mU/min/kg) with or without lipid infusions (20% at 1.5ml/min) were done on anesthetized dogs. Sequential insulin doses were administered by intramuscular injection directly into the vastus medialis of one hindleg, using the contralateral leg for comparison. Intramuscular insulin injection in normal animals caused a clear dose-dependent increment in interstitial insulin levels, as well as dose-dependent increase in leg glucose uptake. In a second group of animals, lipid was infused before and during intramuscular insulin injection to cause systemic increase in free fatty acids. In sharp contrast, systemic lipid infusion caused insulin resistance, indicated by reduced glucose infusion required to maintain euglycemia, and prevented injection-induced increase in lymphatic insulin and leg glucose uptake observed without lipid. The injected insulin was instead detected in the venous outflow from the leg. Lipid infusion caused intramuscular insulin to be diverted from interstitium into the capillary circulation, preventing a rise in intersitial insulin and any increase in local leg glucose uptake. The diversion of insulin from the interstitium under hyperlipidemic conditions may play a role in the insulin resistance observed coincident with elevated nocturnal free fatty acids as is observed in obesity.
Mineralization of contaminant uranium and leach rates in sediments from Hanford, Washington

Abstract Five U-contaminated sediment samples collected near nuclear waste storage and processing facilities at Hanford, Washington, were subjected to characterization and leach tests. Discrete U-bearing particles and U-rich areas were identified using SEM analysis, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy revealed that the U-bearing phases contained U, Si, Ca, and Fe. The presence of Al in the spectra was consistent with the observation of complex intergrowths between U-bearing and aluminosilicate solids. Analysis of U-rich regions by XANES spectroscopy showed that all the U was present as the uranyl cation ( UO 2 2 + ) . EXAFS spectroscopy indicated the presence of adsorbed uranyl and uranyl silicate precipitates. Flow-through column leach tests revealed that U release from the contaminated sediments was non-linear and U solution concentrations failed to reach steady-state conditions. In sum, the data are in accord with a model of U mineralization caused by precipitation in geochemically-isolated pore spaces. Further, the release of U from these sediments is limited by very slow dissolution kinetics of uranyl phases coupled with slow transport of uranyl from the site of removal to bulk pore solution. The data reported in this investigation call into question the efficacy of using equilibrium-based Kd models to describe the behavior of U in oxidizing environments.
Stabilization Policy: Response and Extension

In my stabilization policy paper [Obst, 1978] two results were demonstrated within the context of a simple model. First, a constant rate of growth of the money supply leads to a trade cycle (of constant amplitude) in the rate of inflation and in the unemployment rate.1 Second, a feedback money supply growth rate rule determined so that monetary growth varies inversely with changes in the inflation rate (independently of the level of the inflation rate) can both lower the inflation rate to any predetermined equilibrium level and return the economy to full employment, thus stabilizing the model. Professor Martin, in his comment [Martin, 1980], is concerned solely with the constant amplitude of the cycles generated with a constant money supply growth rate. By specifying an ad hoc adjustment mechanism for output, he is able to obtain convergence under restricted parameter values. This type of result suggests the need, in comparing policy rules, not only to verify that an activist monetary growth rule produces stability, but also to demonstrate explicitly that it can also either improve other cycle characteristics or eliminate cycles and result in monotonic convergence to equilibrium. In what follows, it will be shown that the above monetary growth rate feedback rule, if pursued with sufficient vigor, will lead to convergence without cycles in my original models and will also eliminate the trade cycle in Martin's own model. Subsequently, several defects in Martin's comment will be examined. It will be argued that Martin's output adjustment equation is not correctly specified. It should logically involve the stock excess demand function rather than his flow
Reifying and Resisting Racism from Early Childhood to Young Adulthood

This article explores parallel findings from two critical ethnographies (Miller in Whiteness, discourse, and early childhood: an ethnographic study of three young children’s understandings about race in home and community settings. University of South Carolina, Columbia, 2012; Nash in Blinded by the white: foregrounding race and racism in a literacy course for preservice teachers. University of South Carolina, Columbia, 2012) of white early childhood teacher educators using a critical race stance as they researched race and racism in two contexts: an early childhood education course and home and community settings with the author’s own three young children. In each context, the researchers/authors found that participants used discourse to both resist and reify racism. The authors share these findings, offering implications and questions for critical reframing of the socially and historically located meanings of race and racism in early childhood education and teacher education.
Observation of Stark beats in the H-like K X rays of oxygen and fluorine

Abstract K X rays of highly ionized oxygen and fluorine ions exhibit intensity oscillations as a function of electric field parallel to the beam. The nearly periodic behavior of the oscillations and the linear variation of the beat frequency with projectile velocity suggest a Stark beating between high n hydrogen-like states.
The effect of caffeine on the neurons of a mammalian sympathetic ganglion.

Abstract The effect of caffeine on the isolated superior cervical ganglion of the rabbit was studied with the use of intracellular electrodes. Caffeine (3–9 m m ) enhanced the synaptic transmission through the superior cervical ganglion and evoked in the neurons of the superior cervical ganglion rhythmic hyperpolarizations and sustained hyperpolarization. Aminophylline produced similar effects. Rhythmic caffeine-induced hyperpolarizations appeared with a peak frequency of 7.9 ± 1.2/min, their maximal amplitudes were equal to 15 mV and the durations of each was 3–4 s. The rhythmic hyperpolarization was followed by a decreased membrane resistance and reversed at the potassium equilibrium potential. The average maximal amplitude of the sustained hyperpolarization was 5.6 ± 0.6 mV. In most neurons the latter was associated with an increased membrane resistance, did not decrease or reverse at the potassium equilibrium potential and could be blocked by strophanthin (0.08 m m ) or by partial replacement of external sodium with lithium. In the rest of the neurons the sustained hyperpolarization was preceded by a brief depolarization, was accompanied by a drop in membrane resistance, and reversed as the membrane was hyperpolarized. Hexamethonium (0.1 m m ) and atropine (0.05 m m ) did not block either type of caffeine-induced hyperpolarization. The effect of caffeine (9 m m ) on sodium efflux from the ganglion loaded with 22 Na + was studied. Caffeine increased sodium efflux from the ganglion and strophanthin (0.08 m m ) blocked this effect. It is suggested that caffeine has two effects in the neurons of the superior cervical ganglion (i) rhythmic increases or a sustained increase in membrane potassium conductance; (ii) an increased extrusion of sodium by the electrogenic sodium pump. These effects of caffeine are not mediated by a cholinergic synaptic mechanism.
A local-remote telerobot system for time-delayed traded and shared control

A local-remote supervisory telerobot system providing traded and shared control has been implemented. The system has a clear separation of the local site operator control station and the remote site task execution system with a settable time delay for commands between the two. The remote site task execution system provides autonomous control, force reflecting teleoperation, shared control, and a remote system executive. The local site consists of two operator interfaces: the UMI User Macro Interface and a force reflecting teleoperation graphical interface. UMI provides supervisory control of the operator by providing the operator with a hierarchical menu system to specify autonomous and shared control tasks and to invoke the teleoperation menu. The system demonstrates the viability of ground-remote telerobot operations with an Earth-based operator control station and space-based telerobot. >
Testing gyrokinetic simulations of electron turbulence

An extensive set of tests comparing gyrokinetic predictions of temperature-gradient driven electron turbulence to power balance transport analyses and fluctuation measurements are presented. These tests use data from an L-mode validation study on the DIII-D tokamak (Luxon 2002 Nucl. Fusion 42 614) in which the local value of is varied by modulated electron cyclotron heating; the GYRO code (Candy and Waltz 2003 J. Comput. Phys. 186 545) is used to make the gyrokinetic predictions. Using a variety of novel measures, both local and global nonlinear simulations are shown to predict key characteristics of the electron energy flux Qe and long-wavelength (low-k) Te fluctuations, but systematically underpredict (by roughly a factor of two) the ion energy flux Qi. A new synthetic diagnostic for comparison to intermediate wavelength Doppler backscattering measurements is presented, and used to compare simulation predictions against experiment. In contrast to the agreement observed in the low-k Te fluctuation comparisons, little agreement is found between the predicted and measured intermediate-k density fluctuation responses. The results presented in this paper significantly expand upon those previously reported in DeBoo et al (2010 Phys. Plasmas 17 056105), comparing transport and multiple turbulence predictions from numerically converged local and global simulations for all four experimental heating configurations (instead of only fluxes and low-k Te fluctuations for one condition) to measurements and power balance analyses.
The D -bar approach to inverse scattering and nonlinear evolutions

Abstract The inverse scattering method for solving nonlinear equations can be considered as the inversion of a complex differential equation, the ∂ -equation. This viewpoint applies to multidimensional problems. The Davey-Stewartson and self-dual Yang-Mills equations and associated hierarchies are discussed, as well as the Schrodinger equation in R 3.
School Factors and the Underachievement of Gifted Students in a Talent Search Summer Program.

The topic of underachievement and how to reverse it has received a great deal of attention in the gifted education literature. The present study sought to add to the knowledge base on this issue by...
Neural correlates of inhibitory control and functional genetic variation in the dopamine D4 receptor gene.

Background The dopamine D4 receptor gene (DRD4) has been implicated in psychiatric disorders in which deficits of self-regulation are a prominent feature (e.g., attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorders) and in dopamine D4 receptor insensitivity within prefrontal regions of the brain. Our hypothesis was that carriers of 7-repeats in the Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (VNTR) of DRD4 (7R+) would recruit prefrontal brain regions involved in successful inhibitory control to a lesser degree than non-carriers (7R−) and demonstrate less inhibitory control as confirmed by observation of locally reduced blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) % signal change and lower accuracy while performing “No-Go” trials of a Go/No-Go task.
Scheduling real-time messages in combat vehicle LANs

The emergence of LAN architectures in Combat Vehicle computer system is part of an emerging new class of LAN systems. These systems operate in harsh, non-deterministic environments, and are expected to sustain faults and continue operating. The computer system perform dual functions of system control and real-time information exchange. The LANs in these systems have a hybrid message set consisting of vehicle control messages with crisply defined time constraints and real-time information with vaguely defined time constraints. Among platforms of this type, we find combat vehicles of all types, systems involved in the clean up of hazardous materials, space vehicles, and special anti-terrorist vehicles. We present the Adaptive Earliest Deadline First (AEDF) scheduling algorithm and a benefit metric for measuring performance. The AEDF scheduler was developed for the message sets found in combat vehicle LANs. This scheduler guarantees 100 percent of message time constraints under nominal conditions and optimizes scheduling under overload conditions induced by faults. The benefit metric provides an accurate means of evaluating scheduler performance based on message importance, timeliness and state.© (1999) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Parallel responses to chemotherapy in identical twin infants with concordant leukemia.

Summary A pair of monozygotic female twin infantswith acute leukemia exhibited identical clinical and hematologic phenomena, and parallel responses to chemotherapy. These observations suggest that genetic factors play a significant role in the expressions of the disease, and that such concordance furnishes an opportunity for the comparative evaluation of therapy.
Gradient-based methods for uncertainty quantification in hypersonic flows

Abstract In this paper, the use of gradient information for the acceleration of uncertainty quantification within the context of viscous hypersonic flows is examined. In particular, the variability of simulation outputs associated with uncertain parameters relating to physical models within the CFD simulation is predicted and gradient-based methods are used to reduce the cost of this prediction. The gradient of a simulation output is calculated via a discrete adjoint approach. By using an adjoint-based approach, the sensitivity of an objective to a large number of input parameters can be calculated in an efficient and timely manner. The additional information acquired from these derivative values are then leveraged to accelerate the quantification of the different forms of uncertainty: aleatory, epistemic, and mixed. For the aleatory case, gradient-enhanced surrogates, particularly Kriging models, are used to represent the dependence of the simulation output on input variables and is used as a basis for inexpensive Monte Carlo sampling. For epistemic uncertainties, a constrained, gradient-based optimization is used to determine the appropriate interval on the simulation output. Finally, for the mixed case, an optimization approach coupled with a surrogate method is used to generate the appropriate interval statistics. These strategies are demonstrated for a realistic CFD simulation utilizing a five species, two temperature real gas model with input parameters drawn from freestream conditions, transport relationships and the chemical kinetics model and the performance of these methods is assessed based on comparison with exhaustive sampling approaches.
The distribution and source of organic matter in reservoir sediments

The bottom sediments of two reservoirs, one with significant river sediment input and one without, were analyzed for organic matter content. Lake Texoma sediments average 1.0% organic carbon, of which 0.26% organic carbon is deposited by the river sediments of the Red and Washita River deltas. In Fort Gibson reservoir, where there is minimal river sediment input, the organic carbon averages 1.2% and is deposited with a strong correlation to water depth (+0.9). There is a significant difference between the C/N ratio of Lake Texoma sediments (11.5) and Fort Gibson sediments (9.6). The higher C/N ratio is suggested to be a result of the larger input of terrestrial plant debris (with a high original C/N ratio) by the rivers draining into Lake Texoma and the relatively high resistance of the lignin material in the plant debris to decomposition in the reservoir sediments.
Chromosome number and the degree of cytokinin habituation of cultured tobacco pith cells

Pith cells ofNicotiana tabacum L. cv. “Havana 425” gradually increase in degree of cytokinin habituation when serially propagated in culture. We tested the hypothesis that this variation results from changes in chromosome number. This involved inducing primary expiants of pith tissue to habituate and then analyzing clones derived from the tissues for mean chromosome number and relative growth rates on media with and without the cytokinin, kinetin. The experimental results did not support the working hypothesis. There was no conspicuous correlation between degree of habituation and chromosome number. Chromosome number, karyotypic stability and the capacity of cells for proliferation depended on the manner in which cultures had been initiated. Of particular interest was the observation that clones were predominantly diploid when isolated from pith tissues incubated on an auxincontaining medium at 35 °C.
Extended Anticoagulation Therapy for the Primary and Secondary Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism

Extending the period of anticoagulation is an active area of investigation in both primary and secondary prevention of venous thromboembolic disease. In orthopaedic surgery, particularly in patients undergoing hip surgery, there is a growing interest in using extended anticoagulation beyond that traditionally given in the postoperative period using low-molecular weight heparin, oral anticoagulants, or newer agents such as fondaparinux sodium. Most studies show a benefit to extending anticoagulation without a considerable increase in major bleeding. There have been several large clinical trials addressing the question of extending oral anticoagulation in secondary prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Just how long anticoagulation should be given in the treatment of venous thromboembolic disease remains an open question, depending on the nature of the initial VTE, associated patient risk factors and the risks of major bleeding. Future directions include the use of newer agents for anticoagulation as well as methods of better defining who will benefit most from extended anticoagulation based on an identification of risk factors with the aid of markers such as D-dimer or residual vein thrombosis.
Water-soluble porphyrin monomer—dimer systems: fluorescence dynamics and thermodynamic properties

Abstract Fluorescent dimers allow the direct determination of their thermodynamic properties from kinetic analysis of the temperature-dependent two-exponential fluorescence decay of the monomer—dimer system. Monomers and dimers of tetra(carboxyphenyl)-porphine in water at pH = 8 have lifetimes of 8.9±0.2 and 5.1±0.5 ns, respectively, at 23°C. In contrast, the monomer lifetime for tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphine in water is 1.3±0.2 ns and much shorter than for the dimer, which is 4.9±0.4 ns. Global analysis yields temperature-dependent preexponential factors from which dimer equilibrium constants, and enthalpies and entropies of dimerization can be derived. We obtained ΔH0=−5000 cm−1 and ΔS0= −8.7 cm−1 K−1 for the tetranegative porphyrin, but ΔH0=+1150 cm−1 and ΔS0= +13.4 cm−1 K−1 for the tetrapositive derivative, where dimerization seems to be entropy driven.
Identification and analysis of the simian varicella virus thymidine kinase gene

The thymidine kinase (TK) of herpesviruses, in contrast to cellular TKs, phosphorylates a variety of substrates including antiherpetic nucleoside analogues. This study reports the identification and DNA sequence of the simian varicella virus (SVV) TK gene. A32P-labeled varicella zoster virus (VZV) TK DNA probe hybridized to the HindIII B subclone of the SVV BamHI B restriction endonuclease (RE) fragment, indicating the presence of a SVV DNA sequence homologous to the VZV TK gene. DNA sequence analysis of the SVV HindIII B subclone revealed a 1014 base pair (bp) open reading frame (ORF) encoding a 337 amino acid polypeptide homologous to herpesvirus TKs. The predicted SVV and VZV TK polypeptides share 51.3% identity, and alignment of the putative protein sequence of several TK homologues suggests the position of a conserved nucleotide binding site and a nucleoside (substrate) binding site in the SVV TK. Identification of the 5′ end of the SVV TK transcript by primer extension analysis allowed a comparison of the SVV and VZV TK promoter regions indicating extensive conservation of the DNA sequence and transcription factor binding sites. Plaque reduction assays demonstrate that the SVV TK is active based on the susceptibility of SVV to acyclovir treatment and that SVV is less sensitive to acyclovir than VZV and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) in infected Vero cells. Identification of the SVV TK ORF will facilitate studies that examine the role of viral TKs in pathogenesis and antiviral sensitivity and provides a potential insertion site for the expression of foreign genes.
Fault-tolerant A/D converter using analogue voting

Analogue and digital circuits are both prone to failure because of device degradations, transient upsets and large parametric variations. Redundancy techniques, such as N-tuple modular redundancy, have been widely used to correct faulty behaviour of components and achieve high reliability for digital circuits. In this study, the authors propose a redundancy based fault-tolerant methodology for analogue circuits. In particular, the authors focus on highly reliable analogue-to-digital converter, which is a critical component in many mixed-signal systems. The authors methodology employs redundant analogue blocks and chooses the best result using an innovative analogue voter. Simulation results are reported to verify the concepts, measure the system's reliability and trade off reliability against cost and power.