cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Expansion of the ipsilateral retinal projection in the frog brain during optic nerve regeneration: sequence of reinnervation and retinotopic organization.

The sequential reinnervation and distribution of optics axons in diencephalic and mesencephalic targets was studied after crushing the optic nerve in 37 adult Rana pipiens. Following intravitreal injection of 3H-proline at various times after nerve crush the distribution of regenerating optic axons was traced using autoradiographic methods. The maximal distribution of regenerating axons was reached between 6 and 8 weeks after optic nerve crush. On the contralateral side of the brain, the distribution of fibers was similar to the normal projection. Ipsilaterally, silver grain density was greater than normal in the optic tract and projections were expanded to all optic targets on this side of the brain. These abnormal projections were sustained for a least 6 months after nerve crush. The sequence of reinnervation of targets on both sides of the brain differed from normal development. Unlike development, regenerating optic axons were found in the ipsilateral optic tract prior to the time they were found on the contralateral side of the brain. Also unlike development, regenerating axons did not begin to reinnervate targets in the anterior thalamus until several weeks after reinnervation of the posterior thalamus and tectum had begun. The expanded distribution of regenerating axons within optic targets on the ipsilateral side of the brain became evident at the time optic axons first invaded each area. Most optic axons appeared to regenerate from the point of nerve crush. The retinal stump of the crushed nerve was filled with labeled axons in all six frogs given intravitreal 3H-proline injections between 1 and 7 days after nerve crush. In addition, using a modified Fink-Heimer method, few degenerating axons were found in the retinal stump of four frogs sacrificed between 2 and 8 days after optic nerve crush. In ten frogs studied between 3 and 6 months after nerve crush, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was placed on different portions of the tectum ipsilateral to the crush. In each case HRP was retrogradely transported to ganglion cells in both retinae. The cells labeled in the ipsilateral retina corresponded in position to the same region of the contralateral retina although many fewer cells were labeled ipsilaterally. Cutting the optic tract on the side opposite the HRP placement did not affect the results. No ganglion cells were labeled in the ipsilateral retina of two frogs not receiving optic nerve crush. These results show that axons from all parts of the retina regenerate to the ipsilateral side of the brain during optic nerve regeneration and the distribution of these misrouted axons, at least to the tectum, overlaps the intact distribution from the other eye. Differences between development and regeneration in the patterns of growth of optic axons may be related to this anomaly.
Oscillatory bending of a poroelastic beam

Abstract An analytical solution of the oscillatory axial and bending loading of a poroelastic beam is presented. The pore pressure behavior in the beam is explored as a function of frequency of the applied load, the ratio of the bending to axial applied loading, and the leakage at the top and bottom of the beam. The conditions under which the pore pressure carries its largest fraction of the total applied loading are determined. The solution is illustrated using the values of the material parameters appropriate for living bone, which is a poroelastic medium. At high frequencies, in the free leakage case, our results are consistent with the notion that the percentage of the applied load carried by the pore fluid pressure is equal to the porosity of the medium.
The Changing Role of the Management Accountant: The Impact upon Accounting Education

(1985). The Changing Role of the Management Accountant: The Impact upon Accounting Education. The Journal of Business Education: Vol. 60, No. 5, pp. 198-202.
The effect of free surfaces on cascade damage production in iron

Abstract The first results have been obtained from a study intended to provide a quantitative measure of the effect of free surfaces on cascade damage evolution. A sufficient number of 10 keV iron cascades were completed to statistically evaluate variations between surface-influenced and bulk cascades. Two sets of near-surface cascades were completed; surface atoms served as the primary knockon atom (PKA) in the first set, while the PKA were located 10 lattice parameters below the surface in the second. Relative to bulk cascades, stable point defect production increased for cascades 10ao below the surface. Stable vacancy production increased further for cascades initiated at the surface, while the number of surviving interstitials decreased. The difference between the surviving vacancies and interstitials arises from sputtering and surface absorption of mobile interstitial defects. The fraction of vacancies contained in clusters increased as the cascade initiation site approached the surface, and larger vacancy clusters were formed. Conversely, no significant change in the in-cascade interstitial clustering fraction or the interstitial cluster size distribution was observed.
Routing and power allocation in asynchronous Gaussian multiple-relay channels

We investigate the cooperation efficiency of the multiple-relay channel when carrier-level synchronization is not available and all nodes use a decode-forward scheme. We show that by using decode-forward relay signaling, the transmission is effectively interference-free even when all communications share one common physical medium. Furthermore, for any channel realization, we show that there always exist a sequential path and a corresponding simple power allocation policy, which are optimal. Although this does not naturally lead to a polynomial algorithm for the optimization problem, it greatly reduces the search space and makes finding heuristic algorithms easier. To illustrate the efficiency of cooperation and provide prototypes for practical implementation of relay-channel signaling, we propose two heuristic algorithms. The numerical results show that in the low-rate regime, the gain from cooperation is limited, while the gain is considerable in the high-rate regime.
The American Fund for Public Service: Charles Garland and Radical Philanthropy, 1922-1941

Introduction An Inheritance Rejected From Progressivism to Radicalism The ACLU and a New Social Order Free from the Bonds of Old Institutions Workers Will Lay Down Their Tools To Promote the Well-Being of Mankind Pacifists as Radicals It Takes Warm Hearts Chosen to Box the Left Compass A Sane Enough Radicalism Spend It Here and Now Scientific, Pragmatic, Efficient Emancipation of Their Class in Every Sphere Bolsheviks in Patriots' Clothing Tempers Flare The Rebel Girl Comes Aboard Surveying the Left Enemies on the Left Education and Culture Recipient Testimonials "Negro Work" Passaic Vanguard Press Friction Within and Without Little Left to Repress "The Manifold Discriminations That Beset Him" Shift to Low Gear We Did Quite a Lot of Good Bibliography Index
Peptide characterization with a sulfoethyl aspartamide column.

A strong cation-exchange (SCX) high-performance liquid chromatography column (sulfoethyl aspartamide, 200 × 4.6 mm) was used to analyze more than 50 peptides, ranging in length from 5 to 20 residues. These data show that the elution positions of the peptides increase monotonically with the number of positively charged residues. [A 60-min linear gradient of 0 to 100% eluent B at 1 ml/min was used, where eluent A is 5 mM phosphate (pH 3.0)-acetonitrile (75:25) and eluent B is eluent A + 0.5 M sodium chloride.] A comparison of SCX with a standard C18 reversed-phase (RP) column [60-min linear gradient of 0 to 60% B at 1 ml/min, where eluent A is 0.1% trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and eluent B is 0.095% TFA-acetonitrile (10:90)] further demonstrates the utility of SCX in peptide characterization. SCX separated an (Arg)3-containing peptide from the Arg-deleted peptide while RP could not. In addition, SCX and RP resolved the methionine oxidation products of ACTH (4–10) (RP: Met [O]<Met [O2]<Met; SCX: Met [O]<Met<Met [O2]), suggesting a mixed-mode mechanism for the ion-exchange system. Finally, SCX separated the sulfated and non-sulfated forms of cholecystokinin (26–33) and Leu-enkephalin as well as the N-terminal acetylated forms of neurotensin (8–13) and angiotensinogen (1–14) from the respective unmodified peptides.
Theory of the spin dependence of the inelastic mean free path of electrons in ferromagnetic metals: A model study

We explore the spin dependence of the inelastic mean free path of an excited electron in a model ferromagnetic metal. The excited electron is assumed to reside in a plane-wave state, while the metal electrons are modeled within the framework of a one-band Hubbard model. We consider scattering by both Stoner excitations and by spin waves, and outline their relative importance in various energy ranges. In addition, we explore the dependence of the inelastic mean free path on the number of holes in the spin-polarized energy bands of the substrate.
Synthesis, coordination chemistry and reactivity of transition metal complexes supported by a chelating benzimidazolylidene carboxylate ligand

Abstract To construct the framework for a chelating, anionic benzimidazole-based N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) ligand (1−), N-(3,5-dimethylphenyl)benzimidazole was reacted with 2-bromoacetic acid to yield the corresponding benzimidazolium [1H2][Br]. Double deprotonation followed by metallation of [1H2][Br] with Ag2O produced the Ag–NHC complex [Ag(1)]n (2), which exhibited good solubility in organic solvents despite its multinuclear nature. Crystallographic analysis of 2 revealed a dodecametallic structure (n = 12) comprising mononuclear [Ag(1)] and dinuclear [Ag2(1)2] subunits, the latter of which featured close Ag⋯Ag contacts. Transmetallation of 1− from Ag to Ru via the reaction of [RuCl(η6-cymene)(μ–Cl)]2 with 2 afforded the Ru–NHC complex [RuCl(1)(η6-cymene)] (3), which demonstrated catalytic activity for transfer hydrogenation of C O, C N and C C bonds using isopropanol as the H2 source.
Comment on ``Cell Type Regulates Selective Segregation of Mouse Chromosome 7 DNA Strands in Mitosis''

Armakolas and Klar (Reports, 24 February 2006, p. 1146) suggested that segregation of mouse chromosome 7, after induction of a site-specific crossover between homologous chromosomes, is driven by a preferential inheritance of the old Watson and the old Crick DNA strands. However, this interpretation only considered half of the possible outcomes. The conjecture fails when all possible outcomes are examined.
Ferrous iron removal by limestone and crushed concrete in dynamic flow columns.

In-situ passive reactive barriers containing carbonate minerals show potential for dissolved iron removal from groundwater at landfill sites. The removal of Fe(II) from synthetic groundwater using limestone and crushed concrete (7–10 mm) was evaluated using dynamic flow columns. Solutions of 50 mg/L Fe(II) were passed through duplicate columns of limestone and concrete until breakthrough (250–300 days); water quality was evaluated at distinct column depths throughout the study. Each material was successful in reducing the concentration of Fe(II), with both achieving an average of greater than 99.4% iron removal (<0.3 mg/L effluent concentration) over 288 and 216 pore volumes, resulting in effective removal capacities of 4.06 and 3.80 g Fe/kg reactive material for limestone and crushed concrete, respectively. These values are less than removal capacities achieved from a sequencing batch test (32.9 and 27.9 g Fe/kg limestone and crushed concrete, respectively), a possible result of preferential flow pathways, shorter equilibration time, and formation of surface films on the reactive materials in the columns.
Deoxyharringtonine, a new antitumor alkaloid from Cephalotaxus: Structure and synthetic studies

Abstract A new alkaloid (proposed name, deoxyharringtonine) with significant antileukemic activity has been isolated from Cephalotaxus harringtonia (Forbes) K. Koch var. harringtonia cv. Fastigiata. Its structure has been established as either 2 or 3 by chemical and spectral methods. Total synthesis of the dicarboxylic acid side chain and esterification of its primary carboxyl group with natural cephalotaxine ( 1 ) yields 3 : therefore, deoxyharringtonine must be 2 .
Distinct pathways from parental cultural orientation to young children's bilingual development

Abstract Among immigrant families, parents are important socialization agents in transmitting cultural practices to their children, including the use of the heritage language (HL). In the current study, we examined whether parents' cultural orientation facilitates children's ( N = 79; M age = 5.11 years; 57% boys; 50% enrolled in HL schools) HL and English proficiency through either parents' cultural maintenance values or HL use. Whereas parents' general commitment to promoting cultural maintenance was not predictive of children's HL proficiency, the specific practice of HL use with their children supported children's HL development without adversely affecting their English proficiency. Parents' American cultural orientation was not related to children's HL development. Findings suggest that the specific practice of HL use, rather than general cultural maintenance values, represents the link by which parents' ethnic cultural orientation might support children's HL development.
Infinite symmetry algebras of extended supergravity theories

Abstract When extended supergravity theories with noncompact symmetry groups are written in a physical gauge, the noncompact symmetries join with the supersymmetries to generate an infinite-dimensional algebra. The details are worked out explicitly for a two-dimensional theory with an SU(1, 1) internal symmetry. Our analysis confirms the observation of Ellis et al. that the infinite rigid superalgebra should be obtained from the finite-dimensional local superalgebra by replacing scalar fields with their asymptotic values at infinity. The infinite algebra is described by extending the super-Poincare generators to functions on the coset space defined by the scalar fields at infinity. While mathematically nontrivial, this result is, in a certain sense, trivial from a physical point of view.
Monitoring Progression of Matrix Splitting During Fatigue Loading Through Acoustic Emission in Notched Unidirectional Graphite/Epoxy Composite

In this paper emphasis is placed on the analysis and characterization of the emission associated with matrix splitting, giving special attention to distinguishing the emission generated by actual damage progression from that generated by friction. For this purpose, double-edge notched unidirectional graphite/epoxy AS/3501-6 specimens were subjected to uniaxial tension-tension (R = 0.1) cyclic loadings. Acoustic emission was monitored using the various AE event intensities, i.e., event amplitude, duration, energy, and counts, which were analyzed in detail.
WAKE UP! The effectiveness of a student response system in large packaging classes

Large classes present many challenges in higher education. New digital technologies, such as interactive student response systems (SRSs), are promising tools for large classes. SRSs facilitate interaction between faculty members and students on an on-going basis by allowing instructors to ask multiple-choice, true/false and numerical questions during class and then analyse and display the student responses in real time. In general, SRSs consist of three basic components: a student input device (clicker), operating system software loaded onto the classroom computer, and an overhead projection system to display the questions asked and the distribution of student responses. SRSs have already been used in classrooms in a variety of fields; however, to our knowledge, they have not been used previously in packaging education. This article describes the introduction of an SRS in two packaging classes at the School of Packaging at Michigan State University. The SRS implementation is discussed and faculty and student comments and responses regarding the SRS are reported. The system motivated student participation and attendance for both classes: 75% of student respondents stated that the SRS motivated them to attend class; 57% of student respondents reported that the SRS enhanced their classroom experience; and 56% of the student respondents indicated that the system helped them to comprehend the material better. These numbers are supported by the vast majority of research studies, which indicate improved attendance, participation and comprehension when using SRSs for large classrooms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bootstrap Method for Sum-of-Poles Approximations

A bootstrap method is presented for finding efficient sum-of-poles approximations of causal functions. The method is based on a recursive application of the nonlinear least squares optimization scheme developed in (Alpert et al. in SIAM J. Numer. Anal. 37:1138---1164, 2000), followed by the balanced truncation method for model reduction in computational control theory as a final optimization step. The method is expected to be useful for a fairly large class of causal functions encountered in engineering and applied physics. The performance of the method and its application to computational physics are illustrated via several numerical examples.
Network of echoes

Abstract The decision making model (DMM) previously developed [3] , [35] has been shown to generate phase transitions, to be topologically complex as manifest by inverse power-law (IPL) degree distributions, and to produce temporal complexity through IPL distributions in the switching times between the two critical states of consensus. These properties are entailed by the fundamental assumption that the network elements in the DMM imperfectly imitate one another, which is postulated herein as the echo response hypothesis; an echo being an imperfect copy of an original signal. Some implications of this hypothesis for the human sciences are explored.
New housing construction in Phoenix: Evidence of “new suburbanism”?

Abstract Stereotypical images of suburbs as homogeneous, residential neighborhoods comprised of single-family houses on individual lots have become synonymous with sprawl. Discourses on smart growth, new urbanism, and sustainability promote increasing residential density because housing is such a large part of the built environment. Recent literature has emphasized the potential for denser residential development at the urban fringe contesting the idea of monotonically decreasing density gradients that underpin traditional location models. Analysis of new housing completions between 1990 and 2005 in rapidly-growing metropolitan Phoenix, Arizona, examined changes in the form and location of new housing constructed in 2000–2005 compared to the prior decade, to identify patterns of densification. Features included rapid decentralization of multiple-family home construction, and the emergence of a wide range of multiple-family housing forms at the fringe, including large apartment complexes in accessible freeway locations, high-end condominium developments in high-amenity areas, and subsidized apartments in less-prestigious areas. Densification no longer equates to urban infill, but takes many forms and occurs all over the metropolitan region, especially the urban fringe where “new suburbanism” may be emerging in response to the “sustainability turn” in contemporary planning.
Error detection, factorization and correction for multi-view scene reconstruction from aerial imagery

Scene reconstruction from video sequences has become a prominent computer vision research area in recent years, due to its large number of applications in fields such as security, robotics and virtual reality. Despite recent progress in this field, there are still a number of issues that manifest as incomplete, incorrect or computationally-expensive reconstructions. The engine behind achieving reconstruction is the matching of features between images, where common conditions such as occlusions, lighting changes and texture-less regions can all affect matching accuracy. Subsequent processes that rely on matching accuracy, such as camera parameter estimation, structure computation and non-linear parameter optimization, are also vulnerable to additional sources of error, such as degeneracies and mathematical instability. Detection and correction of errors, along with robustness in parameter solvers, are a must in order to achieve a very accurate final scene reconstruction. However, error detection is in general difficult due to the lack of ground-truth information about the given scene, such as the absolute position of scene points or GPS/IMU coordinates for the camera(s) viewing the scene. In this dissertation, methods are presented for the detection, factorization and correction of error sources present in all stages of a scene reconstruction pipeline from video, in the absence of ground-truth knowledge. Two main applications are discussed. The first set of algorithms derive total structural error measurements after an initial scene structure computation and factorize errors into those related to the underlying feature matching process and those related to camera parameter estimation. A brute-force local correction of inaccurate feature matches is presented, as well as an improved conditioning scheme for non-linear parameter optimization which applies weights on input parameters in proportion to estimated camera parameter errors. Another application is in reconstruction pre-processing, where an algorithm detects and discards frames that would lead to inaccurate feature matching, camera pose estimation degeneracies or mathematical instability in structure computation based on a residual error comparison between two different match motion models. The presented algorithms were designed for aerial video but have been proven to work across different scene types and camera motions, and for both real and synthetic scenes.
Temporal expression of the transforming growth factor-Beta pathway in the rabbit ear model of wound healing and scarring.

Background Despite numerous studies that have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying scar formation, this process still remains poorly understood. The importance of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) in these processes has been well recognized, and this study sought to define the temporal expression of the key members in this pathway in a well-established, clinically relevant, rabbit ear model of hypertrophic scarring. Study Design Seven-millimeter (hypertrophic) and 5-mm (nonhypertrophic) punch wounds were made on the ears of 12 rabbits. Wounds were harvested at days 0, 7, 15, 28, and 40. Results There were no appreciable histologic differences between the 5- and 7-mm wounds at days 7 and 15. At day 28, however, the 7-mm scars were considerably more hypertrophic compared with the 5-mm control scars (p Conclusions Elevated levels of TGF-β1, and possibly TGF-β2, are associated with hypertrophic scar formation.
Electron transport and emission properties of C(100)

Secondary-electron-emission spectroscopy is used to probe the transport and emission of impact-ionized electrons in single-crystal diamond. By studying the emission from a cesiated C(100) surface having a negative electron affinity (NEA), the full energy spectrum of the internal electrons is revealed in the measured energy distribution data. The kinetic energy of the electrons and the height of the surface energy barrier are measured relative to the conduction-band minimum ${E}_{c},$ which is identified in the spectra. The cesiated diamond surface is observed to be NEA, but the hydrogenated diamond surface (commonly believed to be NEA) has an electron affinity near zero and slightly positive. Analysis of the very high yield data $({\ensuremath{\delta}}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\sim}132)$ and the sharply peaked energy distribution data indicates that the transport of low-energy electrons is very efficient in C(100). An emission model is deduced that involves the surface properties of the material and the internal energy distribution of the electrons.
Lethal mutagenesis of HIV

HIV-1 and other retroviruses exhibit mutation rates that are 1,000,000-fold greater than their host organisms. Error-prone viral replication may place retroviruses and other RNA viruses near the threshold of "error catastrophe" or extinction due to an intolerable load of deleterious mutations. Strategies designed to drive viruses to error catastrophe have been applied to HIV-1 and a number of RNA viruses. Here, we review the concept of extinguishing HIV infection by "lethal mutagenesis" and consider the utility of this new approach in combination with conventional antiretroviral strategies.
Is low fertility really a problem? Population aging, dependency, and consumption

Longer lives and fertility far below the replacement level of 2.1 births per woman are leading to rapid population aging in many countries. Many observers are concerned that aging will adversely affect public finances and standards of living. Analysis of newly available National Transfer Accounts data for 40 countries shows that fertility well above replacement would typically be most beneficial for government budgets. However, fertility near replacement would be most beneficial for standards of living when the analysis includes the effects of age structure on families as well as governments. And fertility below replacement would maximize per capita consumption when the cost of providing capital for a growing labor force is taken into account. Although low fertility will indeed challenge government programs and very low fertility undermines living standards, we find that moderately low fertility and population decline favor the broader material standard of living.
Establishment of a multi-analyte serum biomarker panel to identify lymph node metastases in non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), the presence of locoregional lymph node metastases remains the most important prognostic factor and significantly guides treatment regimens. Unfortunately, currently-available noninvasive staging modalities have limited accuracy. The objective of this study was to create a multianalyte blood test capable of discriminating a patient's true (pathologic) nodal status preoperatively. Methods Pretreatment serum specimens collected from 107 NSCLC patients with localized disease were screened with 47 biomarkers implicated in disease presence or progression. Multivariate statistical algorithms were then used to identify the optimal combination of biomarkers for accurately discerning each patient's nodal status. Results We identified 15 candidate biomarkers that met our criteria for statistical relevance in discerning a patient's preoperative nodal status. A ‘random forest' classification algorithm was used with these parameters to define a 6-analyte panel, consisting of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α, carcinoembryonic antigen, stem cell factor, tumor necrosis factor-receptor I, interferon-γ, and tumor necrosis factor-α, that was the optimum combination of biomarkers for identifying a patient's pathologic nodal status. A Classification and Regression Tree analysis was then created with this panel that was capable of correctly classifying 88% of the patients tested, relative to the pathologic assessments. This value is in contrast to our observed 85% classification rate using conventional clinical methods. Conclusions This study establishes a serum biomarker panel with efficacy in discerning preoperative nodal status. With further validation, this blood test may be useful for assessing nodal status (including occult disease) in NSCLC patients facing tumor resection therapy.
Nanoparticle-Free Synthesis of Fluorescent Gold Nanoclusters at Physiological Temperature

Few-atom gold nanoclusters exhibit strong size-dependent fluorescence emission. For many applications, these clusters are preferable to quantum dots or organic fluorophores as fluorescent labels. However, the published synthetic procedures to create these nanoclusters involve toxic chemicals, are of low synthetic yield, and concurrently produce large nanoparticles. Here, we report two methods for high-yield synthesis of gold nanoclusters, utilizing physiological temperature and green chemistry. Blue, green, and red emissive nanoclusters with pH stability in a range of 6−8 were produced.
Component cognitive and motor processes of the digit symbol test: differential deficits in alcoholism, HIV infection, and their comorbidity.

Background: Alcoholism (ALC) is highly prevalent in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection (HIV), and those with comorbidity (ALC+HIV) may suffer compounded deficits in cognitive and motor functions affected by both conditions. Given that each disease can adversely affect motor, visuospatial, and executive functions, we used an expanded version of the Digit Symbol (DS) test to assess the separate and combined effects of ALC and HIV infection on these cognitive and motor components. Methods: Participants were 44 ALC, 43 HIV, 55 ALC+HIV, and 49 normal controls (NC). We modified DS test administration to assess sustained attention (grid completion speed), associative learning (number of boxes completed in 15-second epochs), and incidental learning (total number–symbol pairs correctly recalled) and also used ancillary tests of fine motor, visuospatial, and executive functions to assess their relationship with the different components of DS performance. All scores were corrected for age and education based on NC performance. Results: Neither single diagnosis group—ALC nor HIV—was impaired on DS score or grid completion speed compared with the NC group, but the dual-diagnosis ALC+HIV group was impaired. Greater lifetime alcohol consumption was associated with longer grid completion time in both ALC and ALC+HIV. The HIV group demonstrated associative learning on DS but ALC+HIV and ALC did not. All groups performed similarly on incidental learning. Multiple regression analyses demonstrated that executive functions, assessed by Color Trails 2, predicted traditional DS performance in all groups. Fine Finger Movement additionally predicted traditional DS performance and grid completion speed in HIV. Visuospatial function, assessed by ability to copy the Rey-Osterrieth complex figure, did not contribute independently to DS performance in either alcohol group. Conclusions: Alcoholism combined with HIV infection resulted in deficits in visuospatial psychomotor function, as assessed by the DS test, although deficits were not observed in either disease condition alone. Neither alcohol group showed associative learning, and both had compromised sustained attention. Combined cognitive and motor adverse effects of alcoholism and HIV infection were manifest in psychomotor speed, sustained attention, and associative learning of visuospatial material and are testimony to the dangers of alcohol abuse even in relatively healthy patients with HIV infection.
Management of Peri-implant Disease: A Current Appraisal

Abstract While the clinical science of managing peri-implant diseases is progressing, careful monitoring and preventive care of peri-implant tissue health during maintenance is paramount. Background Implants have become a routine treatment option for missing dentition. The biological complications of restored dental implants and associated supra-structures share similarities with the biofilm infections of natural dentition. Our existing paradigms of periodontal disease treatment can partially be applied to management of peri-implant disease. Approach A critical analysis of the peri-implant disease literature was conducted, anchored by a search on the MEDLINE database (2005 to present) by way of Ovid Medline®. Search terms peri-implantitis, peri-implant mucositis and peri-implant diseases were utilized. Select references within bibliographies of review articles were sought. Conclusion The dental team must play a critical role in educating patients to control plaque-biofilm associated with peri-implant tissues and associated restorations. Routine assessments at maintenance appointments allow early treatment intervention to prevent escalation of peri-implant disease. Given the infancy of clinical science surrounding peri-implantitis treatment, further, high-quality evidence based studies are expected.
Determining the amount of Si–Si bonding in CVD oxynitrides

In this work we propose a method of determining the amount of excess Si in chemical vapor deposited (CVD) oxynitrides that is due to silicon bonded to other silicon (the amount of excess Si due to more-than-normal Si–H bonds can be determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and has been dealt with adequately in the literature). The amount of Si–Si bonding in CVD oxynitride usually represents a small fraction of the total silicon ( 50%), we use the subtractive method to provide a relationship between the extinction coefficient k at a particular wavelength (250 nm) that can be used for typical samples. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polynomial approximations for Fresnel integrals in diffraction analysis

Abstract The Fresnel integrals in the diffraction analyses of Penny and Price [Penny, W.G., Price, A.T., 1944. Diffraction of water waves by breakwaters. Misc. Weapons Development Technical History 26, Artificial Harbors, Sec. 3D; Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 244 (1952) 236] are replaced by polynomial approximations for positive arguments in the range of zero to infinity. The approximations over this range of arguments have an error that is less than, or equal to, 0.002. The value of using the approximations is twofold: first, the use of polynomials is computationally efficient; second, the relative simplicity of the polynomial approximations allows for field engineering computations by hand calculators in the determination of the theoretical values of diffraction coefficients and phase relationships. The diffraction coefficient values determined for demonstration purposes are those for diffraction caused by both totally reflective or totally absorbent breakwaters, the latter referred to as a “cushion” type by Penny and Price. For either case, the breakwaters can be finite or semi-infinite. Examples are presented.
Atmosphere-land cover feedbacks alter the response of surface temperature to CO2 forcing in the western United States

In order to test the sensitivity of regional climate to regional-scale atmosphere-land cover feedbacks, we have employed a regional climate model asynchronously coupled to an equilibrium vegetation model, focusing on the western United States as a case study. CO2-induced atmosphere-land cover feedbacks resulted in statistically significant seasonal temperature changes of up to 3.5°C, with land cover change accounting for up to 60% of the total seasonal response to elevated atmospheric CO2 levels. In many areas, such as the Great Basin, albedo acted as the primary control on changes in surface temperature. Along the central coast of California, soil moisture effects magnified the temperature response in JJA and SON, with negative surface soil moisture anomalies accompanied by negative evaporation anomalies, decreasing latent heat flux and further increasing surface temperature. Additionally, negative temperature anomalies were calculated at high elevation in California and Oregon in DJF, MAM and SON, indicating that future warming of these sensitive areas could be mitigated by changes in vegetation distribution and an associated muting of winter snow-temperature feedbacks. Precipitation anomalies were almost universally not statistically significant, and very little change in mean seasonal atmospheric circulation occurred in response to atmosphere-land cover feedbacks. Further, the mean regional temperature sensitivity to regional-scale land cover feedbacks did not exceed the large-scale sensitivity calculated elsewhere, indicating that spatial heterogeneity does not introduce non-linearities in the response of regional climate to CO2-induced atmosphere-land cover feedbacks.
Different Pharmacological Properties of Two Enantiomers in a Unique β-Blocker, Nebivolol

Nebivolol is a racemic combination of d-nebivolol (+SRRR nebivolol) and l-nebivolol (-RSSS nebivolol) that differs chemically from other beta-blockers, with an absolutely symmetrical configuration developing from a central nitrogen atom. D-nebivolol and l-nebivolol divaricate pharmacologically and therapeutically, with a noticeably different profile from that of conventional beta-blockers; for instance, the selective blocking of beta(1)-adrenoceptors is determined almost exclusively by d-nebivolol. Both enantiomers act synergistically with respect to blood pressure reduction: the effect of nebivolol on heart rate is exclusively exerted by d-nebivolol, with these hypotensive effects enhanced by the addition of the l-enantiomer, which in itself does not influence systolic and diastolic blood pressure. Furthermore, this pronounced and lasting blood pressure reduction is roughly equal to the effect of conventional beta-blockers in high doses. In certain vascular districts, nebivolol stimulates endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, thereby increasing the availability of NO in the endothelium, smooth muscle, and platelets and, consequently, producing a sustained vasodilation, with decreases in peripheral resistance and blood pressure. These effects are not shared by other beta-adrenoceptor blockers used as references and mainly rely on the l-enantiomer. L-nebivolol also increases NO availability under conditions of oxidative stress by the inhibition of endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) uncoupling, thereby reducing NO inactivation. Furthermore, neither nebivolol nor its enantiomers show any intrinsic sympathomimetic activity and undesirable beta-blocker effects, such as a decrease in cardiac output, which do not occur or are less pronounced with the combination of d-nebivolol and l-nebivolol. In conclusion, the independent pharmacologic and clinical effects of d-nebivolol and l-nebivolol act synergistically to produce a cardiovascular profile that differs noticeably from that of conventional beta-blockers.
Wind power forecast and error analysis based on Forgetting Factor Least Square method

This paper reports an application of Forgetting Factors Least Square (FFLS) in the wind power forecasting field. The FFLS algorithm is applied to obtain the estimated parameter of the correction model, and then the properly structured correction model was used to correct the forecasting errors. Satisfactory experimental results are obtained for day-ahead forecast by using actual wind power data in the north of China. To make a comparison with the proposed approach, similar experiments using ordinary least squares (OLS) are also performed.
Exposing contingency plans for kinase networks.

Understanding how signaling pathways are interconnected is vital for characterizing mechanisms of normal development and disease pathogenesis. In this issue, Van Wageningen et al. (2010) examine phosphorylation networks in Sacharromyces cerevisiae with genome-wide expression profiling to identify recurring themes in signaling redundancy.
A rat model of nerve agent exposure applicable to the pediatric population: The anticonvulsant efficacies of atropine and GluK1 antagonists

Abstract Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) after nerve agent exposure induces status epilepticus (SE), which causes brain damage or death. The development of countermeasures appropriate for the pediatric population requires testing of anticonvulsant treatments in immature animals. In the present study, exposure of 21-day-old (P21) rats to different doses of soman, followed by probit analysis, produced an LD 50 of 62 μg/kg. The onset of behaviorally-observed SE was accompanied by a dramatic decrease in brain AChE activity; rats who did not develop SE had significantly less reduction of AChE activity in the basolateral amygdala than rats who developed SE. Atropine sulfate (ATS) at 2 mg/kg, administered 20 min after soman exposure (1.2 × LD 50 ), terminated seizures. ATS at 0.5 mg/kg, given along with an oxime within 1 min after exposure, allowed testing of anticonvulsants at delayed time-points. The AMPA/GluK1 receptor antagonist LY293558, or the specific GluK1 antagonist UBP302, administered 1 h post-exposure, terminated SE. There were no degenerating neurons in soman-exposed P21 rats, but both the amygdala and the hippocampus were smaller than in control rats at 30 and 90 days post-exposure; this pathology was not present in rats treated with LY293558. Behavioral deficits present at 30 days post-exposure, were also prevented by LY293558 treatment. Thus, in immature animals, a single injection of atropine is sufficient to halt nerve agent-induced seizures, if administered timely. Testing anticonvulsants at delayed time-points requires early administration of ATS at a low dose, sufficient to counteract only peripheral toxicity. LY293558 administered 1 h post-exposure, prevents brain pathology and behavioral deficits.
Effects of choice and immediacy of reinforcement on single response and switching behavior of children

Children responded on a single operandum to produce marbles or candy within a two-component multiple schedule and then were allowed to choose which component was in effect. Experiment I examined the effects of exchanging marbles after sessions for subject-selected or experimenter-selected candy. Rate of response to the single operandum was not affected. However, when the subjects could switch components, they spent the majority of time and responded at somewhat higher rates in a component where marbles were exchangable for subject-selected candy. Experiment II examined the effects of eliminating the immediate marble consequence for responses. Rate of response to the single operandum was not affected. However, when subjects could switch components they spent more time in a component where immediate marble consequences were available for responses, than where no immediate marble consequences were available.
Characterization of tokamak edge turbulence by far-infrared laser scattering and Langmuir probes

The spectra, magnitude and spatial distribution of low-frequency (ω ωci) density fluctuation have been measured by two independent experimental methods in the edge plasma of the TEXT tokamak. Good agreement between far-infrared laser scattering and Langmuir probe measurements has been achieved and the strengths of each technique are evaluated. Langmuir probes are used to directly determine the particle flux induced by edge fluctuations (Γ ∝ n×B) and collective Thomson scattering permits an extension of these observations to the plasma interior. Results are presented for typical discharge conditions in a tokamak.
Hospitality, tourism and economic growth in India

Purpose – The objective of this paper is to provide a backdrop to the Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes (WHATT) theme issue on developments in hospitality and tourism in India and its contribution to economic growth.Design/methodology/approach – The paper narrates the growth potential of tourism in India and provides a perspective on the conduct of a roundtable discussion about economic growth.Findings – The paper discusses the potential that tourism holds for India and its economic growth. It also captures the essence of the roundtable which was conducted in 2008 to capture practitioners perspectives.Originality/value – This paper relates the growth of hospitality and tourism in India to the country's overall economic growth. The paper provides academic and practitioner perspectives on some key issues.
BIS/BAS scores are correlated with frontal EEG asymmetry in intrusive and withdrawn depressed mothers

Les differences entre des meres deprimees de style different, importunes et renfermees, ont ete examinees par l'utilisation des Echelles de Comportement d'Inhibition et d'Activation (abrege BIS/BAS en anglais) et une activite electroencephalographique des regions parietales et mi-frontales. Les analyses ont revele que les meres renfermees avaient une hypoactivation de l'electroencephalographie frontale gauche, un score de Comportement d'Inhibition (abrege BIS, en anglais) plus eleve et un score Comportement d'Activation (abrege BAS, en anglais) inferieur que les meres importunes. Des analyses plus poussees montrerent que le BIS, la recompense BAS et les difference de scores BAS-BIS etaient lies a une asymetrie electroencephalographique frontale et a des scores d'autorite. Les scores BIS etaient aussi lies au style d'interaction renferme des meres, ce qui soutient l'utilisation du BIS/BAS en tant qu'instrument de depistage pour identifer les meres deprimees importunes et renfermees.
Radiofrequency ablation of pediatric vallecular cysts

Abstract Objective Pediatric congenital vallecular cysts are an infrequent cause of infantile airway obstruction that can cause difficulty breathing or feeding, and lead to failure to thrive or death. There have been many different techniques proposed for effective treatment. We present three cases of congenital vallecular cyst, all excised utilizing a bipolar radiofrequency plasma ablation (RFA) device. The bipolar RFA device provides excellent hemostasis without the risk of airway fire. We offer a review of literature and a discussion of the potential advantages of this modality in treating neonatal/infantile vallecular cysts. Methods Retrospective case series of three infants all between 2 and 3 months old who presented with failure to thrive due to partially obstructive vallecular cysts. The cysts were removed surgically utilizing a bipolar RFA device. Patients were followed by complications and signs of recurrence for periods ranging from 9 to 20 months. Results All cysts were excised completely in a single operation. All children are feeding well and without stridor or evidence of recurrence between 9 and 20 months postoperatively. Conclusions RFA appears to be an effective and safe modality for removing vallecular cysts. We were able to demonstrate complete removal of lesions in our patients. This provides an alternative to other ablative modalities in treating cystic lesions of the vallecula and larynx.
Rényi entropy and geometry

Entanglement entropy in even-dimensional conformal field theories (CFTs) contains well-known universal terms arising from the conformal anomaly. R\'enyi entropies are natural generalizations of the entanglement entropy that are much less understood. Above two spacetime dimensions, the universal terms in the R\'enyi entropies are unknown for general entangling geometries. We conjecture a new structure in the dependence of the four-dimensional R\'enyi entropies on the intrinsic and extrinsic geometry of the entangling surface. We provide evidence for this conjecture by direct numerical computations in the free scalar and fermion field theories. The computation involves relating the four-dimensional free massless R\'enyi entropies across cylindrical entangling surfaces to corresponding three-dimensional massive R\'enyi entropies across circular entangling surfaces. Our numerical technique also allows us to directly probe other interesting aspects of three-dimensional R\'enyi entropy, including the massless renormalized R\'enyi entropy and calculable contributions to the perimeter law.
Features of the GNU Ada runtime library

The Gnu Ada Runtime Library (GNARL) is being developed to support Ada 9X tasking for the Gnu NYU Ada Translator (GNAT). Together, they form a portable, freely distributable Ada 9X translation system. GNARL and GNAT communicate through a well-defined procedural interface, facilitating their independent development.Among the design goals of this translation system are portability, interoperability with other languages (in particular C), efficiency, and user extensibility. This paper provides an overview of how the GNARL supports these goals.