cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
More Than Muscles, Money, or Machismo: Latino Men and the Stewardship of Masculinity

Twenty Hispanic-/Latino-identifying men participated in a qualitative-quantitative mixed-design study centrally focused on the melding of masculinity, romantic relationships, and sexuality. The current study interrogated men’s beliefs and practices orbiting intersections of cultural heritage and dominant societal messaging about masculinity and masculine performances. Men were recruited from the community, mostly from an intra-mural sporting league for adult men. Men reported core values that guided their personal scheme of masculinity and rejected masculinities which they described as false, including the machismo role often associated with or ascribed to Latino men. The values and behavior men regarded as most desirable were those associated with caballerismo. Men rejected the notion of a singular masculinity—one uniformly available to or adopted by all men—as either desirable or practical. The majority of participants reported negligible perceived differences in masculinities across straight and gay men. Men’s narratives yielded beliefs of a contemporary gender ideology, an ideology where relationships with family, women in romantic or sexual relationships, and other men, are based on respect, fairness, and affection.
A Frog Model for CSF Secretion

Model systems ranging from the frog skin to the fish gall bladder have played an indisputable role in advancing our understanding of epithelial physiology. Apart from the curiosity and talents of scientists such as Hans Ussing and Jared Diamond, a critical factor was the simplicity and viability of the epithelia chosen for study. Almost 50 years ago, we chose the frog choroid plexus to unravel the mysteries of cerebrospinal fluid secretion using the then state-of-the art physiological, biochemical and biophysical tools. Here we summarize ion transport across the frog choroidal epithelium and our interpretation of the transport mechanisms involved. The challenge now in the era of functional genomics is to identify the transporters and channels responsible, and to extend our understanding to CSF secretion in man.
A PHASE-I DOSE-ESCALATION TRIAL OF BORON NEUTRON CAPTURE THERAPY FOR SUBJECTS WITH METASTATIC SUBCUTANEOUS MELANOMA OF THE EXTREMITIES

Three subjects have completed the New England Medical Center—Massachusetts Institute of Technology phase-I boron neutron capture therapy dose-escalation melanoma protocol. The irradiations were done with a single 15 cm diameter field of epithermal neutrons from the MIT Research Reactor employing four daily fractions. There was no observed acute boron compound toxicity or thus far, with a follow-up of 5–7 months, no radiation induced normal tissue reactions or any other untoward events related to the high oral doses of the boron compound or to the neutron irradiations. In all three cases, even at the first dose level of 1,000 RBE-cGy to normal tissue (RBEs used were: 4 for neutrons and the B-10 reaction products, and 0.5 for gamma rays), there was clear partial response of the melanoma nodules within the irradiation field in at least two of the three subjects. The next step in the protocol is to increase the dose level by 25% for an additional three subjects and to continue until moderate normal tissue radiation toxicity is observed. At that point the phase-I protocol will evolve into a phase-II protocol.
Scaling behaviour of randomly alternating surface growth processes

The scaling properties of the roughness of surfaces grown by two different processes randomly alternating in time are addressed. The duration of each application of the two primary processes is assumed to be independently drawn from given distribution functions. We analytically address processes in which the two primary processes are linear and extend the conclusions to nonlinear processes as well. The growth scaling exponent of the average roughness with the number of applications is found to be determined by the long time tail of the distribution functions. For processes in which both mean application times are finite, the scaling behaviour follows that of the corresponding cyclical process in which the uniform application time of each primary process is given by its mean. If the distribution functions decay with a small enough power law for the mean application times to diverge, the growth exponent is found to depend continuously on this power-law exponent. In contrast, the roughness exponent does not depend on the timing of the applications. The analytical results are supported by numerical simulations of various pairs of primary processes and with different distribution functions. Self-affine surfaces grown by two randomly alternating processes are common in nature (e.g., due to randomly changing weather conditions) and in man-made devices such as rechargeable batteries.
Parenting stress in autism spectrum disorder may account for discrepancies in parent and clinician ratings of child functioning

Elevated parenting stress among parents of children with autism spectrum disorder is well-documented; however, there is limited information about variability in parenting stress and relationships w...
Personal Assessment of Ability to Drive Under the Influence of Alcohol vs. Objective Measurement.

Abstract Background Alcohol intoxication often affects patient management in the emergency department. Objective This study evaluates participants’ subjective sense of impairment using ability to drive as a reference compared with measured breath alcohol concentrations (BrAC) and evaluate whether there is a gender difference. Methods In this prospective study, 55 volunteers consumed one beer and estimated their BrAC and their ability to drive. BrAC was measured objectively and participants were blinded to the value until they reached a BrAC of 0.1 g/dL. Then they stopped drinking and estimated their BrAC and ability to drive every 30 min until objective BrAC reached 0.08 g/dL. Results As BrAC increased, the association between estimated and perceived ability to drive was significantly different (p 0.08 g/dL, 20.3% affirmed the ability to drive. At BrAC levels 0.08 g/dL, 59.7% affirmed the ability to drive. At BrAC Conclusions Both genders can estimate their impaired ability to drive while drinking, but women are better at assessing their capacity to drive after drinking cessation.
Rethinking Police Expertise

This article examines a counterintuitive phenomenon: cases where claims of police expertise do not bolster but undercut police authority in court. Assertions of unique insight, training, and experience have long provided officers with a reliable claim to deference, deflecting a range of challenges to police misconduct. Yet in a variety of disputes, from coerced confessions to entrapment to excessive force, policemen’s comparative expertise emerges in the opposite posture, stoking judicial discomfort with enforcement tactics and driving adverse holdings against the state. The gap between these strategies, I argue, reflects a tension between two fundamentally distinct conceptions of expertise: what this article identifies as seeing expertise as a professional virtue or a professional technology. The virtuous view imagines expertise as a de facto institutional good, commanding authority because it presumptively improves enforcement outcomes or, simply enough, because it is valuable in itself. The technological view, by contrast, imagines it simply as an asset that facilitates the performance of investigative tasks, expanding police power in the field and thereby—like the more familiar technologies of policing, from surveillance devices to location trackers—reconfiguring what courts see as the proper balance of power between the individual and the state. Far from invariably deflecting criticism, by this view, the significance of police expertise rests on its interplay with the specific values animating the courts’ procedural doctrines in any case: what the police are expert at and how those skills intersect with the goals of a given genre of review. The courts’ dual approaches to police expertise illuminate debates about deference and competency in and beyond the criminal law. For one thing, they expose the moralistic assumptions undergirding our shared intuitions about expertise as a source of institutional authority, urging greater skepticism of a range of legal doctrines grounded on judicial self-abnegation to ostensibly more expert actors. At the same time, they complicate the conventional link between expertise and authority itself, revealing the ambiguous relationship between competency and legitimacy in a system administered by multiple, often-conflicting agents of the law. Not least, they invite us to confront our commitment to certain government tasks, like so many apparently entrusted to the police, that ironically inspire less controversy the less masterfully they are performed. Building on these insights, this article contends that courts should take a technological view of expertise in all their encounters with law enforcement, a shift that will yield more rigorous scrutiny of a broad range of police behavior. In a legal system populated by an increasingly professionalized police force, we must do away with the assumption that more expert policing is, invariably, more lawful policing, and recognize how that development raises new issues for—and imposes novel obligations on—judges committed to the protection of individual rights.
Written Testimony in a Senate Hearing on Building a Stronger Financial System: Opportunities of a Central Bank Digital Currency

Written Testimony of Lev Menand for the hearing entitled "Building a Stronger Financial System: Opportunities for a Central Bank Digital Currency" before the U.S. Senate Committee on Banking, Housing and Urban Affairs, Subcommittee on Economic Policy.
Concurrent Estimation of Finger Flexion and Extension Forces Using Motoneuron Discharge Information

Objective: A reliable neural-machine interface offers the possibility of controlling advanced robotic hands with high dexterity. The objective of this study was to develop a decoding method to estimate flexion and extension forces of individual fingers concurrently. Methods: First, motor unit (MU) firing information was identified through surface electromyogram (EMG) decomposition, and the MUs were further categorized into different pools for the flexion and extension of individual fingers via a refinement procedure. MU firing rate at the populational level was calculated, and the individual finger forces were then estimated via a bivariate linear regression model (neural-drive method). Conventional EMG amplitude-based method was used as a comparison. Results: Our results showed that the neural-drive method had a significantly better performance (lower estimation error and higher correlation) compared with the conventional method. Conclusion: Our approach provides a reliable neural decoding method for dexterous finger movements. Significance: Further exploration of our method can potentially provide a robust neural-machine interface for intuitive control of robotic hands.
Mortality Risk Factors Among Infants Receiving Dialysis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit

Objectives To identify risk factors associated with mortality for infants receiving dialysis in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU). Study design In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the Pediatrix Clinical Data Warehouse on all infants who received dialysis in the NICU from 1999-2018. Using a Cox proportional hazards model with robust standard errors we estimated the mortality hazard ratios associated with demographics, birth details, medical complications, and treatment exposures. Results We identified 273 infants who received dialysis. Median gestational age at birth was 35 weeks (interquartile values (IQV) 33-37), and median birth weight was 2570 grams (2000-3084), 8% were small for gestational age, 41% white, and 72% male. Over half of the infants (59%) had a kidney anomaly; 71 (26%) infants died before NICU hospital discharge. Factors associated with increased risk of dying after dialysis initiation included lack of kidney anomalies, Black race, gestational age Conclusion In this cohort of infants who received dialysis in the NICU over two decades, more than 70% of infants survived. The probability of death was greater among infants without a history of a kidney anomaly and those with risk factors consistent with greater severity of illness at dialysis initiation.
Women at Work, 1860-1939: How Different Industries Shaped Women's Experiences

This book examines three different groups of women - in coal mining communities, in inshore fishing communities and in agricultural labour. It demonstrates how the work these groups undertook was fundamental in shaping their experiences as women in different ways and shows that women's experiences varied within class as well as between classes. The book illustrates how mining women, despite being restricted to domestic roles, created, through meticulous housekeeping, a power base in their homes and rendered their husbands dependent on them, while a minority took so active a role in politics that they were said to be 'the backbone of the Labour Party'; how fisher women, engaging in a household economy reminiscent of pre-modern times, exercised great influence on financial decision making through their roles in baiting lines and selling fish; and how some single female agricultural labourers exercised considerable autonomy whereas those who were tied in a family economy had little independence. Overall, the book makes a very significant contribution to women's history, to labour history and to economic and social history. "This is a tremendously useful and relevant book for historians of women as well as social and labor historians." - Professor Joan Scott, Institute of Advanced Studies, Princeton University. VALERIE HALL is Professor Emerita of History at William Peace University, North Carolina
The Struggle of Father and Son: Edmund Gosse's Polemical Autobiography

(1993). The Struggle of Father and Son: Edmund Gosse's Polemical Autobiography. a/b: Auto/Biography Studies: Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 16-32.
Modelling and analysis of shell case dynamics

The paper deals with physical, mathematical and computer models of dynamics of a shell case. The model has been formulated using the results of studying the dynamics of flying objects as well as data obtained from wind tunnel tests. A numerical method of integrating the Runge-Kutta-Gill equations has been used to solve a system of ordinary differential equations that describe the shell case motion. The model has been applied to: – Analysis of parameters of motion of the aircraft gun shell case dropped from the aircraft in any 3D motion, with real parameters of the atmosphere and the air mass motion (wind and airflow behind the wing) taken into account; – Determination of zones of dispersion of shell cases in space and relative to the second-in-the-pair airplane while attacking targets in the course of formation flying.
Understanding the influence of E a and band-offset toward the conductance modulation in Al 2 O 3 and HfO 2 synaptic RRAM

In conclusion, this work highlights the contribution of E a and band-offset toward conductance change in RRAM dielectrics. Both Al 2 O 3 and HfO 2 RRAM showed a gradual conductance change suitable for synaptic applications, and the lower E a of the dielectric helps in generating higher number of vacancies during set and higher band-offset of the dielectric limiting the TAT current during reset resulting in a higher conductance change in Al 2 O 3 RRAM compared to HfO 2 RRAM.
CNS Toxoplasmosis: A Serious Complication Of Immunotherapy In The Neuromuscular Patient (P6.102)

Objective: To show that immunotherapy with medication such mycophenolate mofetil (MM) can cause very serious complication in the neuromuscular patient. Background: Toxoplasmosis gondii is known to occur in the HIV patient, post organ transplants and with tumor necrosis factors inhibitors. No reports have been described as a complication of MM. Design/methods: Two patients with neuromuscular disorders on immunotherapy, including MM, developed severe CNS toxoplasmosis. Results: Case 1: 77 year-old male with history of autoimmune generalized myasthenia gravis on MM 1500 mg twice a day and prednisone 20 mg every other day developed acute onset of dysarthria and right sided weakness. MRI 6 weeks after presentation showed multiple rim enhancing lesions. CSF analysis showed elevated protein 64 mg/dl, normal (15-45), 1 WBC and normal glucose. CSF toxoplasmosis PCR was positive. Toxoplasmosis IgG and IgM serum antibodies were positive. CD4 count was 789, normal (510-2320), HIV was negative. He was treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and leucovorin without improvement. He died 2 months after the onset of his symptoms. Case 2: 72 year-old female was diagnosed with an inflammatory myopathy on MM 1500 mg twice a day and prednisone 10 mg once a day for 2 and 1/2 years. She also received Rituximab 1000 mg IV, 7 months prior. She presented with 3 weeks of altered mental status. MRI showed multiple rim enhancing lesions. CSF analysis showed elevated protein of 124, 10 WBC (97% lymphocytes), normal glucose and positive oligoclonal bands. CSF toxoplasmosis PCR was positive. Toxoplasmosis IgG serum antibody, but IgM was negative. CD4 count was 1110, HIV was negative. She was treated with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine and leucovorin without improvement. Conclusions: Immunotherapy with medication such as MM can cause a devastating CNS toxoplasmosis in non-HIV patients with neuromuscular disorders. In contrast to the HIV infected patients, treatment is ineffective implying a different pathogenesis. Early consideration and recognition of this complication is important to possibly prevent unfavorable outcome. Disclosure: Dr. Bernardo has nothing to disclose. Dr. Chahin has nothing to disclose.
Association of alcohol consumption and sleep disordered breathing in men and women.

Study Objectives:Experimental evidence indicates that alcohol use near bedtime may exacerbate sleep disordered breathing (SDB). However, scarce research has examined the relation between moderate h...
Transoral outlet reduction for weight regain after gastric bypass: long-term follow-up

Background and Aims Dilated gastrojejunal anastomosis aperture is associated with weight regain after Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Transoral outlet reduction (TORe) has proved safe and effective for the treatment of weight regain. The objective of this study was to determine the long-term weight trend and number needed to treat for TORe. Methods This prospective series included consecutive post-RYGB patients with weight regain and a gastrojejunal anastomosis aperture greater than 15 mm. TORe was performed with a full-thickness endoscopic suturing device. Results A total of 150 patients who had regained 49.9% ± 3.6% of the weight lost after gastric bypass (4.1 ± 0.3 kg/y after nadir) before TORe. At TORe, body mass index was 40.2 ± 0.8 kg/m 2 and weight was 110.7 ± 2.2 kg. At 1 year, weight loss was 10.5 ± 1.2 kg or 24.9 ± 2.6% excess weight loss (EWL); at 2 years, weight loss was 9.0 ± 1.7 kg or 20.0% ± 6.4% EWL; at 3 years, weight loss was 9.5 ± 2.1 kg or 19.2% ± 4.6% EWL. The number needed to treat for arrest of weight regain was 1.0 at 6 months, 1.1 at 1 year, and 1.2 at 2 and 3 years. The number needed to treat to maintain weight loss of ≥5 kg from TORe was 1.2 at 6 months, 1.5 at 1 year, 1.9 at 2 years, and 2.0 at 3 years. Conclusion TORe safely and effectively arrested weight regain and provided durable weight loss with a low number needed to treat. Patients with weight regain after RYGB should be evaluated for dilation of the gastrojejunal anastomosis, as TORe can be part of a multidisciplinary strategy to address post-RYGB weight regain.
WILL THE REAL EMPATHY PLEASE STAND UP? A CASE FOR A NARROW CONCEPTUALIZATION

A longstanding problem with the study of empathy is the lack of a clear and agreed upon definition. A trend in the recent literature is to respond to this problem by advancing a broad and all-encompassing view of empathy that applies to myriad processes ranging from mimicry and imitation to high-level perspective taking. I argue that this response takes us in the wrong direction and that what we need in order to better understand empathy is a narrower conceptualization, not a broader one. I propose that empathy be conceptualized as a complex, imaginative process through which an observer simulates another person's situated psychological states while maintaining clear self–other differentiation. I defend my view through an examination of three processes: emotional contagion, a process of self-oriented perspective taking that I call “pseudo-empathy,” and empathy proper. Drawing on recent findings in social neuroscience, I highlight the differences among these processes and discuss conceptual, empirical, and normative reasons for keeping them theoretically and conceptually distinct.
Signature of Galactic Outflows as Absorption-Free Gaps in the Ly-alpha Forest

Powerful outflows from star-forming galaxies are expected to push away the neutral intergalactic medium (IGM) around those galaxies, and produce absorption-free gaps in the Ly-alpha forest. We analyze the abundance of gaps of various sizes in three high resolution spectra of quasars at z ~ 3 - 3.5. The gap statistics agrees well with a model in which galactic halos above a minimum mass scale of M_min ~ 10^10 M_sun produce bubbles with a characteristic radius of R_b ~ 0.48 Mpc/h. Both numbers are consistent with naive theoretical expectations, where the minimum galaxy mass reflects the threshold for infall of gas out of a photo-ionized IGM. The observed gaps are typically bounded by deep absorption features as expected from the accumulation of swept-up gas on the bubble walls.
Human biology of African pastoralists

Pastoralism in Africa is a subsistence tradition that has a long and complex history. During the course of several thousand years of nomadic and semi-nomadic herding practices, pastoral populations have successfully exploited African savannas and rangelands by maintaining highly mobile and low-density human populations and by maintaining symbiotic relationships between the people and their livestock. This review will cover the pastoralists' adaptations to their environments and the measures of health and adaptability of pastoralists within a biobehavioral framework. The measures that are considered are: diet and nutrition; infant, child, and adolescent growth; adult size and body composition; activity and physical fitness; reproduction; and disease. Several integrated issues (seasonal hunger, drought, sedentarization) are discussed as important areas for current and continued research.
Exercise and heart failure in the elderly

In this review, we will examine the physiological responses to exercise in elderly populations (age > 65 years) with and without evidence of heart failure. Aging per se in both men and women is associated with a ~40% lower maximum oxygen consumption in sedentary subjects. In trained individuals, this value is 25–32% lower. A smaller SV accounts for nearly 50% of these age-related differences, and the remainder is explained by a lower maximal HR and reduced oxygen extraction. Exercise training is also associated with an increase in the arteriovenous O2 difference in previously sedentary elderly men and women, which probably contributes to the overall beneficial effect of training in the elderly. However, during vigorous exercise (125 W), the cardiac output in the elderly is dependent upon an age-related increase in end-diastolic volume and stroke volume, which “compensates” partially for the age-related decrease in heart rate. Hence, in elderly individuals, the stroke volume during exercise depends upon diastolic filling. The changes that occur in the heart are also associated with an overall reduction in efferent sympathetic nerve activity. Despite this decline, the metaboreflex initiated by receptors in exercising muscles remains the main determinant of sympathetic activation (to maintain blood pressure) during exercise in the elderly. It is recognized that aging is associated with the development of heart failure, particularly in women in whom its prevalence increases >twofold from age 65–69 (6.6%) to age 85 years (14%). Almost half the people presenting with heart failure appear to have normal left ventricular systolic function, a phenomenon that is more common in women. Exercise training in elderly people with and without heart failure appears to have a beneficial effect in terms of enhancing the quality of life and functional capacity. Mortality benefit in the latter has not been established with certainty.
A comparison between isoparametric Lagrangian elements in 2D BEM

A comparison between a family of isoparametric C°-continucus elements in the context of two-dimensional elastostatics using the direct boundary element method is presented. The elements studied use Lagrangian shape functions of orders quadratic, cubic and quartic. The relative efficiencies of these elements from the viewpoint of accuracy of solution as well as cost effectiveness are examined through certain selected problems. It emerges from the present study that the quartic element is more reliable in accuracy than the lower members of the family without being necessarily more expensive.
Cholinergic drug effects and brain muscarinic receptor binding in aged rats.

Muscarinic systems are significantly altered in the brains of laboratory animals and man as a result of normal aging. Cholinergic neurotransmission in cerebral cortex and hippocampus is also severely impaired in a major age-related neurological disorder. Alzheimer's disease. The objective of these studies was to assess specific 3H-quinuclidinyl benzilate (3H-QNB) binding to brain muscarinic receptors in young, adult and senescent Fischer 344 rats, and to relate receptor changes to differences in the pharmacologic actions of cholinergic drugs. Muscarinic receptor density declined with advanced age in the frontal cortex, corpus striatum and hypothalamus, but no age-related changes in receptor affinity were observed. Specific binding of 3H-QNB in hippocampus was not significantly altered. In contrast, the in vivo effects of oxotremorine (hypothermia and antinociception) were markedly enhanced in aged rats, whereas scopolamine-induced locomotor activity was reduced. Hence, senescent rats were more sensitive to the pharmacologic actions of a cholinergic agonist, but less responsive than young rats to a muscarinic antagonist. These seemingly contradictory results of binding experiments and pharmacological studies could be due, in part, to changes in subtypes of brain muscarinic receptors with advanced age. Alternatively, the age-related differences in cholinergic drug effects may reflect a decreased ability of the senescent animal to adapt to changes in its environment.
Brush-on-disc simulation tribotesting of materials for gas turbine-compliant seal components

Abstract A brush-on-disc tribometer was used for high-speed, high-temperature sliding experiments on materials simulating conditions in turbine flexible element gas path seals. Of the polymeric, ceramic and metallic material pairs tested only superalloy wires sliding against ceramic surfaces were promising candidates. After extensive running-in, nickel-based wires wore at a rate close to 10 −8 mm 3 /N m when sliding under moderate loads at speeds to 100 m/s and temperatures to 500°C against a Cr 3 C 2 /NiCr coated counterface whose wear was also very low. Thus, useful seal life under engine operating conditions may result, depending upon allowable initial and minimum effective brush-rotor interferences.
Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic

Law, Labor, and Ideology in the Early American Republic is a fundamental reinterpretation of law and politics in America between 1790 and 1850, the crucial period of the Republic's early growth and its movement toward industrialism. The book is the most detailed study yet available of the intellectual and institutional processes that created the foundation categories framing all the basic legal relationships involving working people at work. But it also brings out the political and social significance of those categories, and of law's role in their creation. Tomlins argues that it is impossible to understand outcomes in the interaction between law and labor during the early Republic unless one also understands the pre-eminence that legal discourse was assuming at the time in American society as a whole, and the particular social and political reasons for that pre-eminence. Because of the breadth and novelty of its interpretation this is a book not just for those interested in the history of law or the history of labor, but for anyone interested in the broadstream of American political and social history.
Conversion of epoxides to bromohydrins by B-bromobis (dimethylamino) borane

Abstract Reaction of the title reagent with 1-alkene oxides regioselectively yields the corresponding 1-bromo-2-alkanols, while the more substituted bromide predominates in the cases of styrene oxide and 1-methylcyclohexene oxide.
Ramstedt's pyloromyotomy: circumumbilical versus transverse approach

Three hundred twenty infants underwent a Ramstedt pyloromyotomy for hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 182 via a transverse right hypochondrial incision and 138 via a circumumbilical incision. The overall rate of wound infections was 16% for operations performed via the umbilical approach compared with 5.5% for operations via a transverse approach despite a higher use of antibiotic prophylaxis (64% vs 13%). The rate of serious infections was similar (5.8% vs 4.9%) and there was no difference in average duration of hospital stay (4.1 vs 4.4 days). The incidence of post-operative incisional hernia was less when performed via the umbilical approach (0.7% vs 2.7%) and all umbilical incisions healed well, resulting in an apparently unscarred abdomen.
Variation in limb support influences the time to task failure for a postural contraction.

ABSTRACT The authors compared the time to task failure and muscle activation for a sustained isometric submaximal contraction with the dorsiflexor muscles when the support of the foot varied while supporting an inertial load (position task). Participants performed a supported position task (n = 8) or an unsupported position task (n = 15) while maintaining a constant angle at the ankle with an inertial load equivalent to 20% of maximal isometric contraction torque until task failure. The time to failure for the supported position task (M = 15.4 min, SD = 6.8 min) was longer than for the unsupported position task (M = 10.0 mn, SD = 6.2 min, p = .01). Electromyographic activity of the tibialis anterior differed between tasks (Session × Time, p = .028). Increasing foot support during a position task decreased muscle fatigability and altered activation of the primary agonist indicating the importance of limb support to minimize fatigue during prolonged activation of the dorsiflexor muscles.
An integration framework for product lifecycle management

Abstract The need for integrating business and technical information systems, allowing partners to collaborate effectively in creating innovative products, has motivated the design and deployment of a novel integration framework for product lifecycle management. The time is ripe for such an integration framework because of the convergence of three important developments, almost in a perfect storm: (1) maturity of standardized product data and meta-data models, and standardized engineering and business processes; (2) emergence of service-oriented architecture for information sharing; and (3) availability of robust middleware to implement them. These developments allow engineering and business objects and processes to be built or composed as modular pieces of software in the form of services that can communicate with each other and be used across different parts of a business. These modular software pieces can be reused and reconfigured in new ways as business conditions change, thereby saving time and money for companies. This paper describes the business and technical aspects of an integration framework for product lifecycle management using open standards and service-oriented architecture.
Analysis of birefringence and ultrastructure of spindles in primary spermatocytes of Nephrotoma suturalis during anaphase

Spindle apparatuses in crane-fly (Nephrotoma suturalis) primary spermatocytes have been analyzed with the aim of characterizing their ultrastructural organization during anaphase and of elucidating the relationship between ultrastructure and birefringence of chromosomal fibers. The results lead to several conclusions. Chromosomal fibers that are observed with the polarizing microscope are actually bundles of densely packed microtubules. During anaphase kinetochore microtubules, which extend from the kinetochores to the poles, shorten. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that microtubules are the structural basis of spindle fiber birefringence. However, changes in birefringence that occur during anaphase in living cells cannot be accounted for by changes either in the number or in the orientation of kinetochore microtubules. These findings have been interpreted as evidence for the hypothesis that the tensile forces operating between kinetochores and poles may induce strain birefringence in the microtubules of chromosomal fibers, which are maximally birefringent when tension appears to be greatest.
Improving Access for the Public to the Collection of the National Archives of Australia

ABSTRACTDiscusses the National Archives of Australia's changing views on the material it should acquire, retain and make accessible. Surveys of users have prompted reassessment of search tools and priorities for digital conversion.This paper is based on a presentation to the University, College and Research Libraries Section of ALIA given on 24 March 2000.
Fast multidimensional NMR spectroscopy by spin-state selective off-resonance decoupling (SITAR)

Spin-state selective off-resonance decoupling (SITAR) is applied to the amide proton-to-nitrogen-to-alpha-carbon correlation (HNCA) triple-resonance experiment by measuring the 15N chemical shift during the acquisition simultaneously with the 1H chemical shift. The simultaneous detection of both 1H and 15N chemical shifts in SITAR reduces the dimensionality of the HNCA-type experiment from three dimensions to two dimensions with a 15N chemical shift resolution of approximately 0.4 ppm. This enables the recording of triple-resonance experiments in several minutes. SITAR is furthermore applied to the amide proton-to-nitrogen-to-alpha-carbon-and-beta-carbon correlation (HNCACB) triple-resonance experiment and the 15N-resolved [1H,1H]-nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy (NOESY) experiment with similar success. The accompanied peak crowding and chemical shift degeneracy of the amide protons in the SITAR two-dimensional (2D) spectra, which are inherent properties of pseudo-dimensional experiments, are resolved by local correlation of the two sub-spectra. With this procedure a 13C--1H strip for each 15N--1H moiety is generated resulting in a three-dimensional (3D) strip list known from the conventional 3D spectra. The quality of the strip list in terms of peak crowding and chemical shift degeneracy is comparable to their corresponding 3D counterparts. An analysis-software within the CARA package is presented, which generates, visualizes and manages the SITAR spectra, the corresponding strip lists and the assignment process.
Neural network studies. 4. An extended study of the aqueous solubility of organic compounds

A study has been made of the effect of using different numbers of hidden units in a neural network modeling of the aqueous solubility of a wide range of organic compounds. A training set of 331 compounds was used and the trained neural network was tested on a prediction set of 19 compounds. Between two and five hidden units were used with varying numbers of iterations. Comparisons are made with the results obtained from our previous studies, one which used a neural network with 18 hidden units and another based on regression analysis. By using a smaller number of hidden units in this study, better performance has been obtained than either of the previous studies. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Finding a way out: lymphocyte egress from lymphoid organs

The egress of lymphocytes from the thymus and secondary lymphoid organs into circulatory fluids is essential for normal immune function. The discovery that a small-molecule inhibitor of lymphocyte exit, FTY720, is a ligand for sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors led to studies demonstrating that S1P receptor type 1 (S1P1) is needed in T cells and B cells for their egress from lymphoid organs. S1P exists in higher concentrations in blood and lymph than in lymphoid organs, and this differential is also required for lymphocyte exit. Transcriptional and post-translational mechanisms regulate S1P1 and thus the egress of lymphocytes. In this review we discuss the body of evidence supporting a model in which lymphocyte egress is promoted by encounter with S1P at exit sites. We relate this model to work examining the effects of S1P receptor agonists on endothelium.
Rapid discrimination of granitic rock compositions by low‐resolution near‐infrared reflectance

The slopes of near-infrared spectra between approximately 1 and 2 microns from quartz-bearing plutonic rocks are strongly correlated with rock chemistry determined by X-ray spectrometry. The empirically derived predictive equations provide compositional data of adequate precision and resolution to discern patterns of regional geochemical variation in granitic batholithic rocks of southern California. As an analytical method, infrared spectrometry is rapid and inexpensive, and the method has potential in applications to direct field measurements and to data from aircraft and spacecraft scanner systems of relatively low spectral and spatial resolution, provided vegetative cover and surface alteration are not prohibitively masking.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 expression in the central nervous system correlates directly with extent of disease.

Abstract To investigate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) pathogenesis in infected individuals and examine the correlation of HIV-1 expression with extent of clinical and pathologic disease, we studied spinal cords from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with a wide range of spinal cord pathology. By performing in situ hybridization with HIV-1-specific riboprobes, we detected HIV-1 RNA in all 10 cords from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients with a common, characteristic pathologic entity called vacuolar myelopathy but not in 10 control cords from HIV-1-infected and uninfected patients. In the cords from individuals with vacuolar myelopathy, the level of HIV-1 RNA expression correlated directly with extent of spinal cord pathology and clinical findings. These data support a role for HIV-1 in the pathogenesis of tissue damage and related clinical disease in infected individuals.
The structural basis of the blood-ocular barriers

In the mammalian eye, endothelial barriers are localized in the vessels of (i) the retina, (ii) optic nerve, (iii) ciliary muscle and (iv) iris. The endothelial barrier of the vessels in the retina is insensitive to drugs or autocoids, whereas the vessels of the iris may respond to pharmacological manipulations with increased permeability. Epithelial barriers are present in (i) the pigment epithelium of the retina, (ii) the nonpigmented layer of the ciliary epithelium, and (iii) the posterior layer of the iridial epithelium. The blood-retina barrier has two components, the endothelium of retinal vessels and the pigment epithelium. The blood-aqueous barrier also consists of two components: one is localized in the ciliary and iridial epithelia and protects the posterior chamber from circulating macromolecules; the other is an endothelial barrier which prevents movement of macromolecules from the lumen of the iris vessels into the iridial stroma. The walls of the anterior chamber, unlike those of the posterior chamber, are highly permeable and permit free exchange of macromolecules between the aqueous humor and the connective tissue spaces of the iris, cornea and limbus. Two factors are essential to maintain the normal composition of the aqueous humor: (i) junctional barriers along the walls of the posterior chamber and the endothelium of the iris vessels; (ii) continuous, unidirectional flow of the aqueous humor from its site of origin in the posterior chamber to its site of reabsorption at the sclero-corneal angle. When the intraocular pressure becomes lower than the episcleral venous pressure, the direction of flow of the ocular fluids is reversed and large amounts of plasma proteins enter the anterior chamber from the blood-filled Schlemm canal.
Change in motion of Pacific plate at 5 Myr BP

Alignments of volcanoes such as the Hawaiian seamount chain record the passage of oceanic plates over mantle plumes or hot-spots, and changes in the orientation of a seamount chain may indicate changes in the direction of motion of the plate within the hotspot frame of reference1. This hypothesis can be tested for the Pacific plate by comparing data from the Hawaiian volcanoes with tectonic movements inferred from the geology of adjacent plates. We have now found that the motion of the Pacific plate changed to a more northerly direction 5 Myr ago, probably as a result of the detachment of a piece of Pacific sea floor which had been subducted beneath the Fiji plateau during the Tertiary.
SOME EXAMPLES CONCERNING NORMAL AND UNIFORM NORMAL STRUCTURE IN BANACH SPACES

(Received 23 February 1989)Communicated by S. YamamuroAbstractExamples are given that show the following: (1) normal structure need not be inherited byquotient spaces; (2) uniform normal structure is not a self-dual property; and (3) no degree ofA>uniform rotundity need be present in a space with uniform normal structure.1980 Mathematics subject classification (Amer. Math. Soc.) (1985 Revision): 46 B 20.
A molecular dynamics investigation of solute trapping during rapid solidification of silicon

Abstract Solute trapping is investigated by molecular dynamics simulations of the rapid solidification of doped silicon. Interatomic forces are computed using the Stillinger-Weber potential for silicon, with modifications for silicon-impurity interactions. Properties of the crystal-melt interfacial region are determined and used to assess the validity of the assumptions underlying various models of solute trapping. The Si(111)-melt interface is smooth during growth and exhibits stepwise growth, in contrast to the atomistically rough Si(100)-melt interface which grows continuously. Impurity potential energy increases during solute trapping. Impurity atoms resist attachment to the lattice, suggesting that impurity segregation is not entirely determined by detachment kinetics. Atomic mobility in the region of the melt adjacent to the crystal surface is roughly the same as in the bulk melt, indicating that liquid state diffusivities are the appropriate values to use in solute trapping models.
Quarkonium Production in PHENIX

Abstract Quarkonia provide a sensitive probe of the properties of the hot dense medium created in high energy heavy ion collisions. Hard scattering processes result in the production of heavy quark pairs that interact with the collision medium during hadronization. These in medium interactions convey information about the fundamental properties of the medium itself and can be used to examine the modification of the QCD confining potential in the collision environment. Baseline measurements from the d+Au and p+p collision systems can be used to distinguish cold nuclear matter effects while measurements from heavy ion collision systems, Au+Au and Cu+Cu, can be used to quantify in-medium effects. PHENIX results for the production of the J / ψ for a diverse set of collision systems and energies and for the ϒ in p+p collisions are presented.
Spatio-temporal probing of apparent rotational movement

A visual bar alternately presented in vertical and horizontal orientations appeared to rotate 90° through one of two pairs of opposite quadrants. Subjects judged whether a probe dot, interjected at some delay and angular deviation from the vertical bar, appeared before or after the bar “passed through” the corresponding angular orientation. When the motion was perceived in the probed quadrant, percent “before” responses dropped abruptly from near 100% to near 0% as delay increased, and the drop occurred at longer delays for probes at larger angular deviations. Under physically identical conditions, when the motion was perceived in an unprobed quadrant, percent “before” responses varied much less with delay and insignificantly with angular position. The accuracy of the judgments in the first case suggests the internal generation of an ordered sequence of intermediate representations during each apparent rotation.
Selective induction of pancreatic ductular tumors by single doses of N-nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine in syrian golden hamsters

Summary The selectivity of response by the Syrian hamster pancreas to the neoplastic effect of N -nitrosobis(2-oxopropyl)amine (BOP) was demonstrated by single subcutaneous injections of the compound. Only occasional tumors were induced simultaneously with those of the pancreas in the biliary ducts, kidneys and lungs of a few hamsters. In the pancreas, the ductules, especially those of an intrainsular location, were the cells primarily affected. They responded to doses as low as 1/40 of the LD 50 , whereas ductal lesions were found only in some hamsters treated with doses above 1/5 of the LD 50 . Hence it is concluded that hamster ductular cells are the most responsive to the carcinogenic action of BOP.
Theory of sustainable groundwater management: an urban case study

Theoretical principles of sustainable aquifer management are laid out in this work. The premise of our treatment is that groundwater is a renewable, although depletable, natural resource. The theory of this work is aimed at aquifers with a relatively homogeneous recharge that can be approximated by a logistic growth function. Sustainable aquifer exploitation occurs when the rate of groundwater extraction is equal to or less than the natural rate of groundwater replenishment for any level of aquifer storage. There can be many levels of sustainable aquifer exploitation depending on the level of aquifer storage, but there may be only one which maximizes economic returns under a variety of economic and aquifer conditions. Different strategies for sustainable exploitation are derived depending on whether or not the analysis considers tradeoffs among (i) current and future exploitation, (ii) constant and dynamic aquifer storage conditions, and (iii) regulated and unregulated aquifer exploitation. Key factors affecting sustainable exploitation strategies include (1) the market price of groundwater; (2) the cost of groundwater extraction; (3) the aquifer storage and natural replenishment characteristics; (4) institutional and environmental regulations on groundwater extraction; and (5) the real discount rate. An example of sustainable groundwater exploitation in Santa Barbara, California, illustrates the methods of this paper.
Starvation-pesticide interactions in Juvenile Brown pelicans

Nineteen 9-week-old brown pelicans (Pelecanus occidentalism), obtained from a colony in Vero Beach, Florida, containing environmentally acquired p,p′-DDE residues, were subjected to a food deprivation experiment. Samples of brain, liver, muscle, and fat taken after one and two week periods of starvation indicated that starved birds contained significantly greater residue levels in fat compared to non-starved controls. Such differences were not observed in residues in the other tissues. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the biology of brown pelicans.