cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Reducing Sexual Risk Behavior in Adolescent Girls: Results From a Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Purpose Teenage girls in low-income urban settings are at an elevated risk for HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a sexual risk-reduction (SRR) intervention, supplemented with postintervention booster sessions, targeting low-income, urban, sexually active teenage girls. Method Randomized controlled trial in which sexually active urban adolescent girls (n = 738) recruited in a midsize northeastern U.S. city were randomized to a theory-based SRR intervention or to a structurally equivalent health promotion control group. Assessments and behavioral data were collected using audio computer-assisted self-interview at baseline, then at 3, 6, and 12 months postintervention. Both interventions included four small-group sessions and two booster sessions. Results Relative to girls in the control group, girls receiving the SRR intervention were more likely to be sexually abstinent; if sexually active, they showed decreases in (a) total episodes of vaginal sex at all follow-ups, (b) number of unprotected vaginal sex acts at 3 and 12 months, and (c) total number of sex partners at 6 months. Medical record audits for girls recruited from a clinical setting (n = 322) documented a 50% reduction in positive pregnancy tests at 12 months. Conclusions Theory-based behavioral interventions tailored to adolescent girls can help to reduce sexual risk and may also reduce unintended pregnancies. Although sexually active at enrollment, many of the girls receiving the intervention were more likely to practice secondary abstinence. Continued refinement of SRR interventions for girls is needed to ensure they are feasible, appealing, and effective.
A Novel UDP-Glucose Transferase Is Part of the Callose Synthase Complex and Interacts with Phragmoplastin at the Forming Cell Plate

Using phragmoplastin as a bait, we isolated an Arabidopsis cDNA encoding a novel UDP-glucose transferase (UGT1). This interaction was confirmed by an in vitro protein–protein interaction assay using purified UGT1 and radiolabeled phragmoplastin. Protein gel blot results revealed that UGT1 is associated with the membrane fraction and copurified with the product-entrapped callose synthase complex. These data suggest that UGT1 may act as a subunit of callose synthase that uses UDP-glucose to synthesize callose, a 1,3-β-glucan. UGT1 also interacted with Rop1, a Rho-like protein, and this interaction occurred only in its GTP-bound configuration, suggesting that the plant callose synthase may be regulated by Rop1 through the interaction with UGT1. The green fluorescent protein–UGT1 fusion protein was located on the forming cell plate during cytokinesis. We propose that UGT1 may transfer UDP-glucose from sucrose synthase to the callose synthase and thus help form a substrate channel for the synthesis of callose at the forming cell plate.
Eigenvalue and eigenvector perturbation and adaptive mesh generation in the analysis of waveguides

The use of adaptive mesh generation in the analysis of waveguide modes is described. Two types of adaptive schemes are described, both of which are extensions of the nodal perturbation scheme for the Poisson equation. Under the first scheme, one examines the change in the eigenvalue of the mode of interest and repeatedly refines the mesh until the change is acceptable. The scheme gives reliable results but is not as economic as the second. The second scheme examines the change in the normalized eigenvector from mesh cycle to mesh cycle and accordingly refines the mesh at selective locations where the change is unacceptably high. The procedure accurately extracts a particular mode of the guide with great economy. >
A simple notation for differential vector expressions in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates

SUMMARY We present a simple notation for performing differential vector operations in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, and for easily obtaining partial differential expressions in terms of the physical components. We express nth-order tensors as the summed products of the physical components and nth-order polyads of unit vectors (an extension of Gibbs dyadic notation convenient for a summation convention). By defining a gradient operator with partial derivatives balanced by the inverse scale factors, differential vector (or tensor) operations in orthogonal coordinates do not require the covariant/contravariant notation. Our primary focus is on spherical-polar coordinates, but we also derive formulae which may be applied to arbitrary orthogonal coordinate systems. The simpler case of cylindrical-polar coordinates is briefly discussed. We also offer a compact form for the gradient and divergence of general second-order tensors in orthogonal curvilinear coordinates, which are generally unavailable in standard handbooks. We show how our notation relates to that of tensor analysis/differentiaI geometry. As the analysis is not restricted to Euclidean geometry, our notation may be extended to Riemannian surfaces, such as spherical surfaces, so long as an orthogonal coordinate system is utilized. We discuss the Navier-Stokes equation for the case of spatially variable viscosity coefficients.
A Connectionist Model May Shed Light on Neural Mechanisms for Visually Guided Reaching

Abstract Formal principles of vision-based planning and control of arm movements are used to gain insight into the neurobio-logical mechanisms that underlie this important class of sen-sorimotor behavior. The primary conceptual tool used in this work has been a neurally inspired connectionist system called MURPHY that learns to reach for visual targets among obstacles, crudely based on the style of architecture and representations in sensory and motor areas of cerebral cortex. This system has provided a concrete implementation that demonstrates how areas of cerebral cortex could in principle interact to direct both sensory-locked and internally planned reaching movements. We use MURPHY'S simple, artificial “cortex” as a point of departure in the development of two high-level cortical models for visual limb control, involving the supplementary motor area (SMA), areas 5 and 7 of the posterior parietal lobe, and several visually responsive areas including V2, PO, and areas TPO and STP in the upper bank of th...
Microbial Communities in Contaminated Sediments, Associated with Bioremediation of Uranium to Submicromolar Levels

Microbial enumeration, 16S rRNA gene clone libraries, and chemical analysis were used to evaluate the in situ biological reduction and immobilization of uranium(VI) in a long-term experiment (more than 2 years) conducted at a highly uranium-contaminated site (up to 60 mg/liter and 800 mg/kg solids) of the U.S. Department of Energy in Oak Ridge, TN. Bioreduction was achieved by conditioning groundwater above ground and then stimulating growth of denitrifying, Fe(III)-reducing, and sulfate-reducing bacteria in situ through weekly injection of ethanol into the subsurface. After nearly 2 years of intermittent injection of ethanol, aqueous U levels fell below the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency maximum contaminant level for drinking water and groundwater (<30 μg/liter or 0.126 μM). Sediment microbial communities from the treatment zone were compared with those from a control well without biostimulation. Most-probable-number estimations indicated that microorganisms implicated in bioremediation accumulated in the sediments of the treatment zone but were either absent or in very low numbers in an untreated control area. Organisms belonging to genera known to include U(VI) reducers were detected, including Desulfovibrio, Geobacter, Anaeromyxobacter, Desulfosporosinus, and Acidovorax spp. The predominant sulfate-reducing bacterial species were Desulfovibrio spp., while the iron reducers were represented by Ferribacterium spp. and Geothrix spp. Diversity-based clustering revealed differences between treated and untreated zones and also within samples of the treated area. Spatial differences in community structure within the treatment zone were likely related to the hydraulic pathway and to electron donor metabolism during biostimulation.
Transcriptome annotation and marker discovery in white bass (Morone chrysops) and striped bass (Morone saxatilis)

Striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and white bass (Morone chrysops) are the parental species of the hybrid striped bass, a major U.S. aquaculture species. Currently, genomic resources for striped bass, white bass, and their hybrid lag behind those of other aquaculture species. Current resources consist of a medium-density genetic linkage map and a well-annotated ovarian transcriptome. A well-annotated transcriptome from across striped bass and white bass tissues is needed to advance both broad-based RNA-seq studies of gene expression as well as aid in more targeted studies of important genes and pathways critical for reproductive physiology and immunity. Here, we carried out Illumina-based transcriptome sequencing and annotation in both species utilizing the trinity and trinotate packages. The assembled Moronid reference transcriptomes and identified SSRs and SNPs should advance ongoing studies of reproduction, physiology, and immunology in these species and provide markers for broodstock management and selection.
Correlates of survival in patients with postinfarction ventricular septal defect

Prognostic indicators of survival in 42 consecutive patients (21 men and 21 women) with postinfarction ventricular septal defect were reviewed. Infarct location was anterior in 57%, inferior in 33%, and combined in 10%. The hospital mortality among 9 patients not receiving surgical therapy was 100%. Of the 33 surgically treated patients, 19 (58%) survived. Time from diagnosis to operation, ventricular function, and presence or absence of shock were analyzed in a logistic regression model to determine which factors carried independent prognostic value. Shock was independently predictive of operative mortality ( p p = 0.059). Kaplan-Meier survival estimates revealed 1-year survival of 70%, 5-year survival of 55%, and 10-year survival of 20%. Seventy percent of survivors were in New York Heart Association class I or II. These data show that, irrespective of ventricular function or timing of operation, the development of shock is the most important predictor of survival in postinfarction ventricular septal defect. The higher mortality in patients with inferior infarction may be associated with a greater degree of right ventricular infarction and consequent dysfunction. Finally, long-term survival and excellent functional recovery can be achieved in patients undergoing operation.
Canonical NF-κB Activation Is Essential for Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1 TES2/CTAR2 Gene Regulation

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) transforms rodent fibroblasts and is expressed in most EBV-associated malignancies. LMP1 (transformation effector site 2 [TES2]/C-terminal activation region 2 [CTAR2]) activates NF-κB, p38, Jun N-terminal protein kinase (JNK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), and interferon regulatory factor 7 (IRF7) pathways. We have investigated LMP1 TES2 genome-wide RNA effects at 4 time points after LMP1 TES2 expression in HEK-293 cells. By using a false discovery rate (FDR) of 2-fold changes in 1,916 mRNAs; 1,479 RNAs were upregulated and 437 were downregulated. In contrast to tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) stimulation, which transiently upregulates many target genes, LMP1 TES2 maintained most RNA effects through the time course, despite robust and sustained induction of negative feedback regulators, such as IκBα and A20. LMP1 TES2-regulated RNAs encode many NF-κB signaling proteins and secondary interacting proteins. Consequently, many LMP1 TES2-regulated RNAs encode proteins that form an extensive interactome. Gene set enrichment analyses found LMP1 TES2-upregulated genes to be significantly enriched for pathways in cancer, B- and T-cell receptor signaling, and Toll-like receptor signaling. Surprisingly, LMP1 TES2 and IκBα superrepressor coexpression decreased LMP1 TES2 RNA effects to only 5 RNAs, with FDRs of 2-fold changes. Thus, canonical NF-κB activation is critical for almost all LMP1 TES2 RNA effects in HEK-293 cells and a more significant therapeutic target than previously appreciated.
Update on endoscopic Management of Main Pancreatic Duct Stones in Chronic Calcific Pancreatitis

Pancreatic duct stones are a common complication during the natural course of chronic pancreatitis and often contribute to additional pain and pancreatitis. Abdominal pain, one of the major symptoms of chronic pancreatitis, is believed to be caused in part by obstruction of the pancreatic duct system (by stones or strictures) resulting in increasing intraductal pressure and parenchymal ischemia. Pancreatic stones can be managed by surgery, endoscopy, or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy. In this review, updated management of pancreatic duct stones is discussed.
Radiation transfer in photobiological carbon dioxide fixation and fuel production by microalgae

Solar radiation is the energy source driving the metabolic activity of microorganisms able to photobiologically fixate carbon dioxide and convert solar energy into biofuels. Thus, careful radiation transfer analysis must be conducted in order to design and operate efficient photobioreactors. This review paper first introduces light harvesting mechanisms used by microorganisms as well as photosynthesis and photobiological fuel production. It then provides a thorough and critical review of both experimental and modeling efforts focusing on radiation transfer in microalgae suspension. Experimental methods to determine the radiation characteristics of microalgae are presented. Methods for solving the radiation transfer equation in photobioreactors with or without bubbles are also discussed. Sample measurements and numerical solutions are provided. Finally, novel strategies for achieving optimum light delivery and maximizing sunlight utilization in photobioreactors are discussed including genetic engineering of microorganisms with truncated chlorophyll antenna.
Exploring evaluative methods for large-scale local history

Local history is a topic of proven interest to library users. Digital cultural heritage collections and aggregations offer an ever-growing wealth of digitized, primary source materials to support local history research. Yet methods for strategic development and evaluation of local history collections and aggregations remain sparse. In this paper we present a multimodal pilot study to explore methods for evaluating local history coverage in digital collections and aggregations. We explore the possibility of employing automatic classification to identify items and collections relevant to local history, and conduct an exploratory metadata analysis to discern features of collections that contribute to their usefulness for local history research.
Macrophage-melanocyte heterokaryons. I. Preparation and properties.

Mouse peritoneal macrophages, which do not synthesize DNA in vitro, were fused with melanocytes, a mouse cell strain which proliferates rapidly in vitro. DNA synthesis was induced in macrophage nuclei 2–3 hr after fusion and occurred irrespective of the number of macrophage nuclei present per melanocyte nucleus in each heterokaryon. 50–80% of macrophage nuclei initiated DNA synthesis in the 3–7 hr period after fusion. The activation of most 11–12-day chick red cell nuclei in melanocyte cytoplasm took longer than 10 hr. The lag before DNA synthesis may reflect the heterochromatin content of each nucleus. Studies with actinomycin showed that heterokaryon RNA synthesis was essential for subsequent macrophage DNA synthesis. This RNA was synthesized 1–4 hr before the DNA and was unlikely to be ribosomal RNA, since it was insensitive to <0.1 µg/ml actinomycin. Melanocytes and macrophages were treated before fusion with actinomycin and bromotubercidin to bring about a more selective inhibition of RNA synthesis. Macrophages pretreated for 1 hr with 5 µg/ml of actinomycin showed less than 20% of control RNA synthesis in the first 4 hr after fusion, but a normal activation of macrophage DNA synthesis. Pretreatment of melanocytes for 3–7 hr with 5 µg/ml bromotubercidin, a reversible inhibitor of RNA synthesis, prevented macrophage DNA synthesis without affecting macrophage RNA synthesis in the heterokaryons (81% of control). These studies showed that only melanocyte RNA synthesis was essential for the production of macrophage DNA. The exposure of one cell partner to actinomycin before fusion caused cross-toxicity of the untreated nucleus after fusion. Bromotubercidin, an adenosine analogue which is incorporated into RNA, did not give rise to such cross-toxicity after fusion. Once the macrophage nucleus becomes activated in the heterokaryon it becomes less sensitive to the action of actinomycin.
Staphylococcus aureus Agr and Sar Global Regulators Influence Internalization and Induction of Apoptosis

Staphylococcus aureus was recently shown to be internalized by and to induce apoptosis in a bovine mammary epithelial cell line, suggesting that these processes could be involved in staphylococcal pathogenesis or persistence. To examine the role of virulence factor regulators during internalization, mutant agr and sar strains of S. aureus were analyzed for their abilities to enter and induce apoptosis in epithelial cells. Like a previously characterized bovine mastitis isolate, the standard laboratory strain, RN6390 (wild type), entered the epithelial cells and subsequently induced apoptosis. In contrast, the mutant strains RN6911 (agr), ALC136 (sar), and ALC135 (agr sar) were internalized by the cultured cells at levels reproducibly greater than that for RN6390 but failed to induce apoptosis. The internalization of S. aureus was affected by growth phase, suggesting a role for agr-regulated surface proteins in this process. Furthermore, the ability to induce apoptosis required metabolically active intracellular bacteria. These data indicate that the ability of S. aureus to enter mammalian cells and induce apoptosis is dependent on factors regulated by Agr and Sar. Since transcriptional control by these global regulators is mediated by quorum-sensing and environmental factors, staphylococci may have the potential to induce several alternative effects on cells from an intracellular environment. A model for the function of the agr locus in the context of internalization, intracellular persistence, and dissemination is proposed.
The levonorgestrel intrauterine system: effective non-surgical treatment for heavy menstrual bleeding

Commentary on: Gupta J, Kai J, Middleton L, et al. ECLIPSE Trial Collaborative Group. Levonorgestrel intrauterine system versus medical therapy for menorrhagia. N Engl J Med 2013;368:128–37.[OpenUrl][1][CrossRef][2][PubMed][3][Web of Science][4] Heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), which has become the preferred terminology to describe excess menstrual bleeding or menorrhagia,1 is prevalent among reproductive age women, negatively impacts quality of life, and represents a common reason for women to seek medical care and undergo gynaecological surgery. Although numerous comparative trials have demonstrated the efficacy of the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) in treating HMB, in general, these studies have been of 1 year or less in duration and have included small numbers of participants.2 Gupta and colleagues randomised 571 women in the UK who reported HMB to placement of an LNG-IUS or ‘usual medical treatment’ and followed the participants … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DN%2BEngl%2BJ%2BMed%26rft.volume%253D368%26rft.spage%253D128%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.1056%252FNEJMoa1204724%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F23301731%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=10.1056/NEJMoa1204724&link_type=DOI [3]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=23301731&link_type=MED&atom=%2Febmed%2F18%2F6%2Fe57.atom [4]: /lookup/external-ref?access_num=000313238100003&link_type=ISI
Optimized second‐order correlation orbital manifold for single excitations in the coupled‐cluster method

The sum of the second- and fourth-order Hylleraas functionals and the Newton–Raphson optimization technique have been used to optimize a manifold of first- and second-order correlation orbitals (FOCOS and SOCOS) for the spin-restricted Hartree–Fock (RHF) wave function. The correlation orbitals are linear combinations of the RHF virtual orbitals. The computational implementation of the new method is discussed and a numerical application to a simple model system is presented to illustrate the capabilities of the proposed methodology.
Using Rate-Distortion Metrics for Real-Time Internet Video Streaming with TCP

In this paper we explore use of a new rate-distortion metric for optimizing real-time Internet video streaming with the transmission control protocol (TCP). The basic idea is to combat packet delays caused by TCP retransmissions that are essentially interpreted as errors by the streaming application. To this aim, we develop an analytical model of the expected video distortion at the decoder with respect to the expected latency for TCP packets, the channel state, and the error concealment method at the receiver. This metric is exploited with the design of a new algorithm for rate-distortion optimized encoding mode selection for video streaming with TCP (RDOMS-TCP). Real-time video streaming experiments show considerable improvement in PSNR in the range of 2 db over currently proposed TCP-based streaming mechanisms.
The Center for Engineering Design & Entrepreneurship: an evolving facility to support curricular innovations

As the College of Engineering at Penn State University implements changes to achieve its goal of educating world-class engineers, greater numbers of students from first-year through seniors are involved in industry sponsored design projects. In addition, the students are also involved in international design teams, and working collaboratively with Colleges of Business to introduce modern business skills as a integral part of engineering design curriculum. These initiatives are based on a common theme of engaging students in cross-disciplinary problem-based learning opportunities in the context of industry sponsored engineering design projects. The curriculum needed to support these initiatives has been under development since the early 1990s. To support this curricular need, a physical space is developed where the necessary tools for collaboration, design, construction and testing are made available. This facility has evolved from various forms throughout the many decades to support the curricular innovations.
Creating Value with the Patient- and Family-Centered Care Methodology and Practice: What Trainees Need to Know, Why, and Strategies for Medical Education.

Implementing the six-step Patient- and Family-Centered Care Methodology and Practice would improve experiences and outcomes while decreasing costs.
Field Emission Properties of Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized by High Temperature Arc Method and Low Temperature CVD Method

The microstructure and field emission properties of multi walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were investigated. The comparisons are made between MWNTs synthesized by high temperature arc methods and low temperature CVD methods. The results of the HRTEM image clearly exhibit characteristic features of a multi walled carbon nanotube. Raman spectrum shows a stronger peak at about 1580 cm -1 indicating the formation of a well-graphitized carbon nanotube. It also shows the high temperature arc process can produce MWNT that has perfect graphitic layer structure and high I(G)/I(D) ratio. The Ratio of G-line (sp 2 bond) and D-line(sp 3 bond) of these MWNTs are about 2.8 to 5.2. From the field emission measurement, the low onset field is about 1.4 to 2.4 V/ m, and can be attributed to highly sharp tips and high electric conductivity of MWNTs.
Experimental Method in Economic Research

I shall undertake to explain the method which we are using in Virginia to combine economic experimentation and demonstration in farm business problems. Most of our experience in this matter in Virginia has been in connection with the reorganization of dark tobacco farms in Charlotte County. In the year 1922 a detailed cost route was established which was continued in that county for two years. At the end of the third year, twenty demonstration farmers were selected and a survey record was taken of each of these twenty farms for comparison with the financial returns revealed in the detailed cost studies of the two previous years. At the same time, a detailed set of recommendations was prepared for each of these twenty farmers based upon the preceding research. These recommendations took into account the natural limitations of the farms and the personal limitations of the farmers. They were prepared by the same man who had charge of the cost route, but with the advice of the county agent, the farm management demonstrator and the agronomy specialist. They were in detail but were not voluminous. For example, for one of the farmers whose volume of business was too small and whose quality of tobacco was low, the recommendations read as follows:
ATPS-35RADIATION TREATMENT INCREASES PHOSPHATIDYLSERINE EXTERNALIZATION ON GLIOBLASTOMA CELLS – INDICATES POTENTIAL TARGET FOR THERAPY

INTRODUCTION: Glioblastoma Multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive form of primary brain tumor with a median survival of <15 months from diagnosis. Cancer-selective nanotherapeutic agents such as SapC-DOPS, which targets phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface, offer an alternative paradigm for treatment of intracranial neoplasms due to their ability to transverse the BBB without altering it. We have previously shown a strong association between surface PS levels and SapC-DOPS-induced killing of cancer cells. We hypothesized that radiation treatment would increase PS externalization in GBM cells which may enhance GBM cytotoxicity when combined with SapC-DOPS. METHODS: Cell Surface PS Analysis: Human derived GBM cells (U87ΔEGFR-Luc) were exposed to 0, 2, 6, 10 or 16 Gy then 24 hours later, the cells were stained with Annexin V-FITC and evaluated for cell surface PS using flow cytometry. Immunofluorescent Staining: Human GBM cells (U87ΔEGFR-Luc) were injected intracranially into nude mice and allowed to grow until ∼3 mm3. Microscope slide sections from these brains were probed with fluorescently labeled SapC-DOPS. The following day, slides were imaged using fluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Our study showed that fluorescently labeled SapC-DOPS selectively targeted GBM cells but did not stain normal brain tissue. In addition, we demonstrated that GBM cell lines exhibited a positive correlation between surface exposed PS levels and radiation responses. A significant increase in PS externalization was demonstrated by U87ΔEGFR-Luc cells following ionizing radiation therapy at 6, 10 and 16 Gy (p = 0.009, 0.004 and 0.001); respectively, compared to non-irradiated cells. CONCLUSIONS: We have demonstrated that SapC-DOPS effectively and specifically targets cancer cells that express high PS on their surface and have shown that radiation increases PS expression on GBM cells. These studies provide a basis for combination therapies where increasing extracellular PS via radiation therapy, coupled with SapC-DOPS may enhance cancer cytotoxicity.
Chemosis: Avoidance and Management Tips

Prolonged chemosis can be frustrating particularly following combined upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty surgery or following very large eyelid reconstruction cases. Many known risk factors for prolonged chemosis include previous periocular surgery, ocular allergy, thyroid orbitopathy, lagophthalmos, preoperative conjunctivochalasis, and prior head and neck radiation. Intraoperative factors are excessive surgical manipulation, cauterization, and swelling. For procedures involving conjunctival incisions, placement of phenylephrine drops 10–20 min prior can reduce bleeding and hemorrhage risk.
A First Look at the Guidance and Control System for the Solar Probe Plus Mission

The Solar Probe Plus mission plans to send a spacecraft to explore the inner region of the heliosphere and is currently working towards launch in 2018. Protection from the harsh solar environment is accomplished with a large thermal protection system (TPS), which includes a large shield protecting most spacecraft components and instruments from direct exposure to the Sun. Reliable attitude control is needed to keep the TPS shield between the main body of the spacecraft and the Sun for solar distances between 0.7 AU and 0.046 AU (9.86 solar radii). Proper orientation of the actively-cooled solar arrays relative to the Sun is also essential for a successful mission. This paper summarizes the conceptual design of a guidance and control system that will meet the unique needs and constraints of this mission. The overall system uses a closed-loop, 3-axis stabilized architecture. Hardware components and software functions selected to implement the necessary attitude and array control functions are described. The initial set of performance requirements for attitude knowledge, attitude control, and maneuver execution accuracy are presented.
Wyoming Samurai: The World War II Warriors of Heart Mountain. By Mike Mackey.

Wyoming Samurai: The World War II Warriors of Heart Mountain . By Mike Mackey. (Cody, WY: Western History Publications, 2015. vii + 181 pp. Illustrations, map, appendix, notes, bibliography, index. $18.95, paper.) One of the most poignant paradoxes of the American military experience in World War II was the Army service of thousands of Nisei, American citizens of Japanese ancestry. Notwithstanding an onslaught of racial injustices and indignities culminating in their mass removal from the West Coast and lengthy incarceration in American concentration camps, thousands of Japanese Americans either volunteered or accepted conscription into the U.S. Army between 1943 and 1945. Serving with remarkable courage and effect in the Military Intelligence Service (MIS) in the Pacific Theater, … emuller{at}email.unc.edu
The influence of gender on suicidal ideation following military sexual trauma among Veterans in the Veterans Health Administration

No studies have examined whether military sexual trauma, as measured and defined within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA), is associated with suicidal ideation among Veterans in VHA care, when taking prior suicide attempts into account. Research regarding the role of gender in this association is also limited. The present study examined: (1) whether military sexual trauma was associated with the presence of past-week suicidal ideation among 354 Veterans in VHA (310 men, 44 women); (2) whether gender moderated the association between military sexual trauma and suicidal ideation. Information regarding military sexual trauma, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and psychiatric diagnoses was obtained from self-report instruments and medical records. Adjusting for age, gender, combat, posttraumatic stress disorder, depressive disorders, negative affect, and lifetime suicide attempt, Veterans with military sexual trauma were significantly more likely to report suicidal ideation, compared to Veterans without military sexual trauma. Furthermore, the association between military sexual trauma and suicidal ideation was stronger for men compared to women. These results contribute to a growing literature identifying military sexual trauma as a risk factor for suicidal thoughts and behaviors among Veterans in VHA care and emphasize the importance of screening for suicidal ideation among survivors of military sexual trauma.
Henry’s Book

In October 1835 Derwent Coleridge wrote to his brother Hartley in the role of family peacemaker. Hartley had bruised the feelings of their sister Sara in his, perhaps too vigorous, attack on the veracity of her husband, Henry Nelson Coleridge’s edition of ‘specimens’ of their father’s Table Talk. Derwent struck a conciliatory tone, both admitting the merit of Hartley’s view that: ‘It [the volume] is, and could not but have been, fragmentary in respect to the conversation extracted—yet a succession of little wholes in respect of itself’,1 and defending the work on the grounds that it was clearly impossible to capture Coleridge’s conversa­tional brilliance. In this argument, the ‘little wholes’ that Henry pro­duced had their source in Coleridge’s talk, but inevitably failed in their task of accurate representation. The very nature of Coleridge’s speech made it inimitable; Derwent described it thus: ‘the heard gust of a corn-blowing wind, that came from I know not whence, and went you knew not whither—a stream, with an eddying surface, yet with an unchecked progression: the very substances broken and suggestive, rather than expressive and declarative’.
Old Politics and New Politics: The Public and Defense Spending

Lack of public support for defense spending is potentially the most severe constraint on security policy that will face West European governments in the 1990s. It is true that European governments have always been obliged to balance defense spending with the competing priorities of economic growth and social consensus. None the less, several developments have combined recently to make this task even more difficult. The oil-price shock of 1979 and the subsequent recession were the most obvious problems, as they led to conservative budgetary policies designed to reduce government deficits in an era of volatile credit and currency markets. The fear of “Eurosclerosis” added to the mood of restraint.
The Paradox of Governing by Legislating

I was saying that the problems of presidentialism are not in the executive arena but in the legislative arena. Thus far, therefore, I have answered only the easy part of the question, How strong should an intermittent president be allowed to be? Its difficult part begins with asking, How can his governing avoid parliamentary obstructionism? More exactly put, How much legislative power does a president need in order to have his legislation passed by parliament?
Household in Anthropology

The term household has been used loosely by anthropologists to refer to a residential group whose members cooperate in activities of production, consumption, or childrearing. While anthropologists have distinguished the household from the family by defining the former as a residential unit and the latter as a kinship unit, in actual usage they generally attach the term household only to groups that satisfy both kinship and residential criteria. Attempts to explain variations among households over time and space have classified households on the basis of the genealogical links between its members, assuming that groups with the same genealogical configuration will have the same social configuration. Households, however, are more than the sum of their genealogical links. They are the negotiated and transitory products of the dynamic, culturally-meaningful relations of their members. Attempts to account for the variations among households within and between societies have focused on demographic, economic, and social stratification determinants. Adaptationist approaches to households have been challenged by new theoretical approaches, including feminist theories of gender and power. This has led to a critical rethinking of the notion of ‘household strategy,’ which made an analytic construct into a social actor and obscured the meaningful social processes through which people negotiate the relations that constitute households.
Effect of Steam During Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis Using Biomass-Derived Syngas

Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) with biomass-derived syngas was performed using both iron-based 100Fe/6Cu/4K/25Al catalyst and ruthenium-based 5 % Ru/SiO2 catalyst. During FTS, different concentrations of steam were co-fed with the biomass-derived syngas to promote the water gas shift reaction and increase the H2/CO ratio. On Fe-based catalysts the increase in steam concentration led to lower conversion, while deactivation is not observed on Ru-based catalysts. XRD of the spent iron-based catalyst showed the oxidation of iron carbides. Adding steam inhibited surface carbon deposition, as measured by temperature programmed hydrogenation. The iron carbide phase could be re-carburized by flowing CO. The addition of steam had different effects on these two catalysts. Fe-based catalyst showed significantly lower methane selectivity and greater C5+ hydrocarbon selectivity, while on the Ru-based catalyst, adding steam only showed slightly decreased methane selectivity.
Ideological Misfit? Political Affiliation and Employee Departure in the Private-equity Industry

Though organizations are increasingly active participants in the political realm, little research has investigated how an organization’s heightened focus on political ideology impacts employees. We...
A review of family caregiving intervention trials in oncology

This article contains a review of literature published from 2010 to 2016 on family caregiving in oncology. An analysis of 810 citations resulted in 50 randomized trials. These trials describe the need to prepare family caregivers for the complex role they play in cancer care. Several studies have demonstrated improved quality of life for family caregivers and improved emotional support from interventions. Several studies addressed communication and relational intimacy, which are key concerns. An additional focus of these trials was in the area of caregiving tasks and ways to diminish the burden of caregiving and preparedness for this role. Further research is needed in this area given the shift to outpatient care and as family caregivers become the primary providers of care. Future research should include expanding tested models of family caregiver support in clinical practice and in diverse populations. CA Cancer J Clin 2017. © 2017 American Cancer Society. CA Cancer J Clin 2017;67:318–325. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Predictive modeling of two-component holographic photopolymers

We present a general strategy for characterizing the reaction and diffusion kinetics of polymeric holographic recording media by which key processes are decoupled and independently measured. The separate processes are combined into a predictive model that is shown to make accurate quantitative predictions of index response over three orders of exposure dose (~1 to ~10 3 mJ/cm 2 ) and feature size (0.35 to 500 microns) for a model material similar to commercial media. Several critical performance concepts also emerge from the model, including a prediction of a formulation’s maximum potential index response, insight into why a particular material may not achieve this maximum and the process that limits the recording resolution.
Anterolateral ligament injuries on magnetic resonance imaging and pivot-shift testing for rotational laxity

Maintaining anterolateral rotational stability of the knee requires a complex set of structures, most notably the anterior cruciate ligament. However, lateral knee structures such as the anterolateral ligament (ALL) also play an important role. There has been controversy over the role the ALL plays in an ACL deficient knee to maintain rotational stability. In this study, we examined ACL deficient knees with and without intact ALLs, for rotatory laxity using a pivot shift examination. This was graded using International Knee Document Committee (IKDC) criteria. MRI was used to view the ALL and its status. We found no statistically significant difference in rotational stability of ACL deficient knees, with or without intact ALLs. We did however find a statistically significant association between injury to the ALL and other concomitant lateral structures such as the lateral collateral ligament, biceps femoris tendon, and iliotibial band. This supports that the ALL works in concert with the other lateral structures in the knee and the ACL, to provide rotational stability. This suggests that as an isolated structure, the ALL's contribution to clinical rotational stability is not significant, even in the presence of an ACL tear.
Topologies and Metric Spaces

Let X be a set. A collection U of subsets of Xdefines a topologyon X if (i) the empty set O and X belong to U; (ii) the union of any collection of sets in U is in U; (iii) the intersection of finitely many elements of U is in U.
Montague, Richard (1930–1971)

Richard Montague, logician and philosopher, founded the theory of Montague grammar, a starting point for formal semantics. Montague studied at Berkeley under Tarski, and taught at UCLA from 1955 to 1971. He made major contributions to mathematical logic, then turned to the development of a theory of syntax, model–theoretic semantics, and formal pragmatics encompassing formal and natural languages. Crucial features of his theory include the truth-conditional foundations of semantics, the algebraic interpretation of the principle of compositionality, and the use of a higher-order typed intensional logic. Montague grammar became influential in linguistics by the 1970s, and evolved (with additional sources) into formal semantics.
Targeted Temperature Management; Review of Literature and Guidelines; A Cardiologist’s Perspective

Background Out of Hospital Cardiac Arrest (OHCA) remains not an uncommon occurrence in USA and the rest of the world. However, the survival to discharge following an episode of OHCA in adults is still very disappointing at around 10%. Several areas of improvement including education of general public in early Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) by bystander, chest compression first, and improvement of Emergency Medical response time have had a positive effect on the outcomes and survival but still much needs to be done. Recently, new data has emerged with regards to post resuscitation care and mild induced hypothermia (now preferably called; Targeted Temperature Management {TTM}) and several advances have been made. Conclusion The purpose of this review is to summarize and compare the most recent guidelines and also provide a practical approach to TTM especially with regards to the field of cardiology.
Motives for and impairment associated with alcohol and marijuana use among college students.

Abstract Introduction Alcohol and marijuana use are prevalent on college campuses. As recreational marijuana use is legalized, more undergraduate students may use marijuana in combination with alcohol. The motives for, frequency of, and impairment associated with dual use (alcohol and marijuana) compared to alcohol-only use may differ. We examined motives for, frequency of, and impairment associated with alcohol use and dual use at a university in a state where recreational marijuana has been legalized. Method Undergraduate college students completed an anonymous online survey (N = 430) concerning alcohol and marijuana frequency, motives, and impairment. Students were classified as either alcohol-only users (n = 279) or dual users (n = 151). Results Analyses indicated that among alcohol-only users, social motives predicted more alcohol use, while among dual users, enhancement motives predicted more alcohol and marijuana use and impairment. Coping motives predicted more marijuana use among dual users, but not more alcohol use. Frequency of alcohol and marijuana use predicted more impairment across both the alcohol-only and dual users. Conclusions Future research should examine the influence of marijuana use over time to understand how motives may change for previous alcohol-only users.
Regulation of sexual differentiation is linked to invasion in malaria parasites

In the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, the switch from asexual multiplication to sexual differentiation into gametocytes is essential for transmission to mosquitos. One of the key determinants of sexual commitment is the transcription factor PfAP2-G, which has been proposed to orchestrate this crucial cell fate decision by driving expression of gametocyte genes. We show conclusively that PfAP2-G is a transcriptional activator of gametocyte genes and identify the earliest known markers expressed during commitment. Remarkably, we also find that in sexually committed cells, PfAP2-G is associated with the promoters of genes important for red blood cell invasion and activates them through its interactions with a second transcription factor. We thus demonstrate an intriguing transcriptional link between the apparently opposing processes of red blood cell invasion and gametocytogenesis that is coordinated by the master regulator PfAP2-G. This finding has important implications for the development of new anti-malarial drugs that block the invasion of red blood cells by sexually committed cells, thereby preventing parasite transmission.
Efficacy of MEK inhibition in patients with histiocytic neoplasms

Histiocytic neoplasms are a heterogeneous group of clonal haematopoietic disorders that are marked by diverse mutations in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway1,2. For the 50% of patients with histiocytosis who have BRAFV600 mutations3–5, RAF inhibition is highly efficacious and has markedly altered the natural history of the disease6,7. However, no standard therapy exists for the remaining 50% of patients who lack BRAFV600 mutations. Although ERK dependence has been hypothesized to be a consistent feature across histiocytic neoplasms, this remains clinically unproven and many of the kinase mutations that are found in patients who lack BRAFV600 mutations have not previously been biologically characterized. Here we show ERK dependency in histiocytoses through a proof-of-concept clinical trial of cobimetinib, an oral inhibitor of MEK1 and MEK2, in patients with histiocytoses. Patients were enrolled regardless of their tumour genotype. In parallel, MAPK alterations that were identified in treated patients were characterized for their ability to activate ERK. In the 18 patients that we treated, the overall response rate was 89% (90% confidence interval of 73–100). Responses were durable, with no acquired resistance to date. At one year, 100% of responses were ongoing and 94% of patients remained progression-free. Cobimetinib treatment was efficacious regardless of genotype, and responses were observed in patients with ARAF, BRAF, RAF1, NRAS, KRAS, MEK1 (also known as MAP2K1) and MEK2 (also known as MAP2K2) mutations. Consistent with the observed responses, the characterization of the mutations that we identified in these patients confirmed that the MAPK-pathway mutations were activating. Collectively, these data demonstrate that histiocytic neoplasms are characterized by a notable dependence on MAPK signalling—and that they are consequently responsive to MEK inhibition. These results extend the benefits of molecularly targeted therapy to the entire spectrum of patients with histiocytosis. A proof-of-concept clinical trial of patients with histiocytoses with MAPK-pathway mutations showed durable responses to treatment with the MEK1 and MEK2 inhibitor cobimetinib, which indicates that histiocytic neoplasms are dependent on MAPK signalling.
A Multi-Band Passive Radiometer for Sea Salinity, Soil Moisture and Cryosphere Studies

Soil Moisture, Sea Surface Salinity and Sea Ice Extent/Age are important global geophysical parameters which are most effectively measured from space-borne instruments. We discuss an effort to outline an instrument that will extend the data timeline and improve the sensitivity of the measurements and present a new feed antenna that could enable such instrument to achieve wide spectral coverage.