cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The effect of long-term thermal exposures on the microstructure and properties of CMSX-10 single crystal Ni-base superalloys

Abstract The long-term thermal stability of CMSX-10 single crystal superalloys has been studied as a function of heat treatment and thermal exposure. The CMSX-10 alloys were subjected to long-term unstressed heat treatments at temperatures of 950 and 1050 °C for periods of 1000 and 10,000 h. The microstructures and creep properties of the samples before and after long-term thermal exposures were characterized. The γ′ coarsening was observed after all exposures and the formation of topologically close packed (TCP) phases was observed in both samples exposed at 1050 °C and the 10 kh exposure at 950 °C. High temperature creep tests were carried on these samples at 950 °C at an engineering stress of 310 MPa. The creep lives were found to deteriorate with the increase in exposure time and temperature as a result of the microstructural degradation. The coarsening of the γ′ precipitates was observed to be the main factor in the degradation of the properties.
The Plow and Agricultural Sustainability

Settled agriculture began about 10 to 13 millennia ago in the valleys of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, and other rivers. Prehistoric tools developed included a short-handled forked branch that evolved into a hoe, and a long-armed hockey-shaped stick with a curved handle called an ard. The ard, which eventually evolved into a plow, won religious sanctions in many ancient cultures such as those of Greece, China, and India. The plow-based agriculture flourished in alluvial and loess-derived soils. These soils are generally coarse-textured, less cohesive, devoid of stones and suitable for growing closely spaced cereals such as wheat (Triticum aestivum). In contrast, hoe-based agriculture dominated in regions where widely spaced roots and tuberous crops, such as cassava (Manihoc esculenta) and yam (Dioscorea spp.), were grown on sloping lands. Mechanization of plowing with the tractor during the early part of 20th century vastly expanded the land area under cultivation. However, plowing also caused erosion and ...
Cortico-limbic responsiveness to high-calorie food images predicts weight status among women.

Cortico-limbic responsiveness to high-calorie food images predicts weight status among women
The Origins of Pulmonary Artery Banding

Abstract The original report of pulmonary artery banding was published in 1952. This classic article by Muller and Dammann provides physiological justification for the operation and clinical criteria for patient selection that are just as valid today as they were 35 years ago.
Salamander limb development: Integrating genes, morphology, and fossils

The development of the tetrapod limb during skeletogenesis follows a highly conservative pattern characterized by a general proximo-distal progression in the establishment of skeletal elements and a postaxial polarity in digit development. Salamanders represent the only exception to this pattern and display an early establishment of distal autopodial structures, specifically the basale commune, an amalgamation of distal carpal and tarsal 1 and 2, and a distinct preaxial polarity in digit development. This deviance from the conserved tetrapod pattern has resulted in a number of hypotheses to explain its developmental basis and evolutionary history. Here we summarize the current knowledge of salamander limb development under consideration of the fossil record to provide a deep time perspective of this evolutionary pathway and highlight what data will be needed in the future to gain a better understanding of salamander limb development specifically and tetrapod limb development and evolution more broadly.
Straight talk on investing

Brennan, Jack. 2002. Straight Talk on Investing, What You Need to Know (New York: John Wiley and Sons). Sagner, James, 2002. The Real World of Finance; 12 Lessons for the 21st Century (New York: John Wiley and Sons).
Corrigendum to “A parametric family of cubic Thue equations” [J. Number Theory 107 (1) (2004) 63–79]

Abstract In our original paper [3] , Lemma 2.4 was not properly proved. This was done by Lee and Louboutin [2] . The gap doesn't affect the final result of the paper.
Sensor for Fluorene Based on the Incorporation of an Environmentally Sensitive Fluorophore Proximal to a Molecularly Imprinted Binding Site

A fluorescence-based chemical sensor for fluorene was created by molecularly imprinting a sol−gel comprising the bridged silsesquioxane, bis(trimethoxysilylethyl)benzene. The template was covalently bound to the sol−gel matrix using a fluorene analogue functionalized silane. After chemical removal of template via cleavage of a carbamate linkage, an amine group was left that provided an attachment site for the environmentally sensitive fluorescent probe 7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD). Fluorene binding was detected by a change in NBD fluorescence intensity induced by a difference in the local polarity around the probe when the recognition site is filled. Such an approach eliminated response to nonspecific binding to the matrix. Sensing films deposited on glass slides were shown to have response times of <60 s and detection limits below 10 parts-per-trillion. Binding experiments demonstrated that the materials had good selectivity for fluorene over close structural analogues including naphthalene, fluor...
Identification and role of the homodimerization interface of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane type 6 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP25).

The membrane type (MT) 6 matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) (MMP25) is a glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) that is highly expressed in leukocytes and in some cancer tissues. We previously showed that natural MT6-MMP is expressed on the cell surface as a major reduction-sensitive form of Mr 120, likely representing enzyme homodimers held by disulfide bridges. Among the membrane type-MMPs, the stem region of MT6-MMP contains three cysteine residues at positions 530, 532, and 534 which may contribute to dimerization. A systematic site-directed mutagenesis study of the Cys residues in the stem region shows that Cys532 is involved in MT6-MMP dimerization by forming an intermolecular disulfide bond. The mutagenesis data also suggest that Cys530 and Cys534 form an intramolecular disulfide bond. The experimental observations on cysteines were also investigated by computational studies of the stem peptide, which validate these proposals. Dimerization is not essential for transport of MT6-MMP to the cell surface, partitioning into lipid rafts or cleavage of α-1-proteinase inhibitor. However, monomeric forms of MT6-MMP exhibited enhanced autolysis and metalloprotease-dependent degradation. Collectively, these studies establish the stem region of MT6-MMP as the dimerization interface, an event whose outcome imparts protease stability to the protein.
Evaluating Methods to Account for System Errors in Ensemble Data Assimilation

AbstractInflation of ensemble perturbations is employed in ensemble Kalman filters to account for unrepresented error sources. The authors propose a multiplicative inflation algorithm that inflates the posterior ensemble in proportion to the amount that observations reduce the ensemble spread, resulting in more inflation in regions of dense observations. This is justified since the posterior ensemble variance is more affected by sampling errors in these regions. The algorithm is similar to the “relaxation to prior” algorithm proposed by Zhang et al., but it relaxes the posterior ensemble spread back to the prior instead of the posterior ensemble perturbations.The new inflation algorithm is compared to the method of Zhang et al. and simple constant covariance inflation using a two-level primitive equation model in an environment that includes model error. The new method performs somewhat better, although the method of Zhang et al. produces more balanced analyses whose ensemble spread grows faster. Combinin...
Responses of Neonates to Semi-Elective Nasotracheal Intubation With and Without Thiopental † 967

Objective: To determine the effects of pretreatment with Thiopental on heart rate, blood pressure and oxygen saturation during semi-elective nasotracheal intubation
Limitations on the Size of Miniature Electric-Field Probes

The miniature dipole probe is a useful tool for measuring the electric field at high radio and microwave frequencies. A common design for the probe consists of an electically-short antenna with a diode across its terminaIy a resistive, parallel-wire transmission line transmits the detected signal from the diode to the monitoring instrumentation. Small dipoles are desirable because they provide high spatial resolution of the field, and because they permit a frequency-independent response at higher microwave frequencies. Recent efforts have produced probes with dipole half lengths h less than one millimeter. With the advances occuring in microelectronics and thin-film technology, the construction of even smaller probes may be possible. In this paper, the limitations imposed on the sensitivity of the probe by a reduction in its physical size are determined. A model that contains noise sources for the diode and the resistive transmission Iife is used to obtain the signal-to-noise ratio for the probe, and this is examined as a function of the parameters that describe the dipole, diode, resistive transmission line, and amplifier. When the physical dimensions of the probe are reduced by the scale factor k/sub l/ (k/sub l/ < 1), the signal-to-noise ratio is found to decrease by approximately the factor k/sup 4//sub l/, and the minimum-detectable incident electric field for a fixed signal-to-noise ratio is found to increase by approximately the factor k/sub l//sup -2/. A numerical estimate is made for the sensitivity of miniature probes with dipole half lengths in the range 10 µm <= h <= 1 cm.
Method for evaluating the effects of antiarrhythmic drugs on ventricular tachycardias with different electrophysiologic characteristics and different mechanisms in the infarcted canine heart

In a canine model of myocardial infarction caused by coronary occlusion and reperfusion, ventricular tachycardia occurs spontaneously at 24 hours and has many of the characteristics of an accelerated idioventricular rhythm. It cannot be induced by premature or rapid stimulation of the ventricles; overdrive pacing during this tachycardia usually causes some transient overdrive suppression but occasionally there is overdrive acceleration. We suggest that this arrhythmia is caused mainly by enhanced automaticity. Ventricular tachycardia also can be induced by premature or rapid ventricular pacing 3 to 5 days after infarction, but it does not occur spontaneously. It can be stopped by overdrive pacing, suggesting that it is caused by reentry. Electrocardiographic features are identical to chronic, recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia in human patients. Because the arrhythmias occurring at different times probably result from different mechanisms this canine model is useful for comparing the actions of drugs on different kinds of arrhythmias. Lidocaine and procainamide generally abolished tachycardia 24 hours after infarction, but only procainamide abolished tachycardia 3 to 5 days after infarction. Isoproterenol accelerated tachycardia at both times. Verapamil did not abolish tachycardia 3 to 5 days after infarction.
Upper airway surgery of obstructive sleep apnea in pycnodysostosis: Case report and literature review

Pycnodysostosis is an autosomal recessive disorder due to a mutation in the cathepsin K gene, which causes a decrease of the bone turnover; a review of the literature suggests that pycnodysostosis is frequently associated with severe respiratory obstruction, which needs surgical treatment. The aim of this paper is to describe the surgical treatment of a 3½-year-old girl affected by Pycnodysostosis complicated by a severe sleep-related respiratory disorder. The surgical treatment, consisting of adenotonsillectomy and palatoplasty, resulted in a striking amelioration of respiratory parameters and increased posterior airway space, and allowed the patient to avoid tracheotomy while awaiting for maxillo-mandibular surgery.
Medical and physiological considerations in triathlons

Triathlons (races involving consecutive swimming, bicycling, and running) have become commonplace in the United States. These races may involve from 30 minutes to 36 hours of continuous exercise, usually in warm or hot environments. Little has been published regarding the medical and physiological aspects of these events. This paper represents the first large study to date on the subject, including both an analysis of medical complications at six triathlons as well as a prospective electrolyte study conducted at two of these races. Medical records were kept and examined for all athletes requiring treatment during a typical United States Triathlon Series (USTS) race in 1986 (1,000 starters; finish times, 2 to 4 hours), a typical Ironman Qualifier (IQ) race in 1986 (622 starters; finish times, 4 to 8 hours), and the 1982 through 1985 Hawaii Ironman World Championships (4,583 starters; finish times, 9 to 17 hours). At the USTS race, fewer than 2% (17/1,000) of the starters required aid, at the IQ, approximately 10% (61/622) of the starters were treated, and at the Ironman, an average of 17% (794/4,583) received medical attention. The most common diagnoses at the USTS and IQ were dehydration and heat exhaustion. At the Ironman, dehydration and heat problems were complicated by hyponatremia. Because hyponatremia has been reported as a complication of ultraendurance events, a prospective study was performed on 36 athletes during a USTS race and 64 athletes at the 1984 Ironman race. Prerace and postrace blood samples showed that no athletes were hyponatremic following the shorter USTS race, but 27% (17/64) of the athletes studied were hyponatremic following the Ironman race.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Neutron diffraction and electrical transport properties of CuCr2Se4

Abstract Neutron diffraction experiments on the spinel Cu[Cr 2 ]Se 4 indicate a magnetic moment of 3 μ b on each B site and 0 μ b on the A site. CuCr 2 Se 4 as well as CuRh 2 Se 4 shows metallic conductivity. Both experiments are consistent with the ionic configuration Cu 2+ [Cr 2 3+ ]Se 4 in which the Cu 2+ orbitals are delocalized and form a partially filled band.
The use of immobilized estradiol antiserum in the study of receptors and other estradiol-binding proteins.

Abstract Antiestradiol antibody immobilized on a polymer film is set in competition for tritium-labeled estradiol with estradiol receptor or antiestradiol antibody in solution. Measurement of equilibrium quantity of radiolabel in test solutions in the presence and in the absence of dissolved antibody or receptor gives a data base for evaluating the association constant and the quantity of the estradiol-complexing species in solution. The immobilized antibody method avoids the problems and uncertainties arising in the step of separating the bound from the free hormone which is the pivotal step in all currently used procedures for the determination and characterization of steroid receptors. With the exception of equilibrium dialysis, it is the only procedure presently available to study steroid antibodies and receptors in solution at unperturbed equilibrium. Using the immobilized antibody method at 4°C, 0.86 ± 0.12 × 1011 m −1 was the association constant found for estradiol receptor in rat uterine cytosol, and 2.6 ± 0.5 × 1011 m −1 was the association constant found for antiestradiol antibody raised in a rabbit to estradiol linked to bovine serum albumin via a C-6 carboxymethyloxime.
Private Property and the Regulation of Vertical Channel Systems

The roots and development of the rights of private property are traced from Aristotle to the end of the nineteenth century when the Sherman Antitrust Act was formulated. A concept of viewing injury...
Utility of the horizontal slice for stereological characterization of lineal features

SUMMARY The efficient stereological procedure for estimating the length density Lv of lineal microstructural features is further improved: the length density of long or short (or those of any arbitrary geometry) lineal features can now be estimated from the measurements performed on the projected images of vertical and horizontal slices of unknown and variable thickness. It is not necessary to identify uniquely the intersections of the lineal features with the parallel faces of the slices in the projected images and distinguish them from the images of the feature end points contained in the slices. The new technique does not involve any assumptions, and it is applicable to the lineal features of any arbitrary geometry and anisotropy. As a ‘bonus’, the same input measurements also yield an assumption-free estimate of the total number of true lineal-feature end points per unit volume Ev, and the average slice thickness.
Spatial mismatch: An equilibrium analysis

Abstract The spatial mismatch hypothesis, first stated by Kain (1968) argues that job decentralization in US cities has contributed to low incomes and high unemployment rates for black Americans. Decentralization relocates job sites to white suburban communities far from the CBD, and housing segregation prevents blacks from relocating their residences near the new workplaces. The purpose of the paper is to analyze an urban equilibrium with spatial mismatch. Despite the existence of a suburban employment center, blacks in the model are forced to live in the central zone they occupied in the original monocentric city, commuting across the white residential area to access suburban jobs. This ‘mismatch’ equilibrium is contrasted with an unrestricted equilibrium where blacks are free to locate wherever they choose.
A generalization of Hoeffding’s lemma, and a new class of covariance inequalities

Abstract We generalize Hoeffding’s lemma to apply to covariances between functions of several random variables. Our generalization leads to a new class of covariance inequalities involving the Vitali or Hardy–Krause variation. These inequalities are relevant to the study of weakly dependent processes.
Common sense and Berkeley's perception by suggestion

Abstract Significant attention has been paid to Berkeley's account of perception; however, the interpretations of Berkeley's account of perception by suggestion are either incomplete or mistaken. In this paper I begin by examining a common interpretation of suggestion, the ‘Propositional Account’. I argue that the Propositional Account is inadequate and defend an alternative, non‐propositional, account. I then address George Pitcher's objection that Berkeley's view of sense perception forces him to adopt a ‘non‐conciliatory’ attitude towards common sense. I argue that Pitcher's charge is no longer plausible once we recognize that Berkeley endorses the non‐propositional sense of mediate perception. I close by urging that the non‐propositional interpretation of Berkeley's account of mediate perception affords a greater appreciation of Berkeley's attempt to bring a philosophical account of sense perception in line with some key principles of common sense. While Berkeley's account of perception and physical o...
Streamlines and conformal invariance in Yang-Mills theories

Abstract Under the assumption of coordinate inversion symmetry and rotational invariance in euclidean space and color space, we obtain a numerical solution of the streamline equations for Yang-Mills theories. The solution nearly coincides with an ansatz proposed previously by Yung. The classical action of this ansatz is obtained analytically. The resulting average pseudoparticle interaction, which is an order of magnitude weaker than for the so called sum ansatz, no longer provides a consistent cutoff for the size integration.
Anomalous temperature dependence of exciton absorption in a mixed-type GaAs quantum well

Experimental studies of excitons in mixed-type quantum wells reveal surprisingly that in the presence of relatively low densities of trions and two-dimensional electron gases, the exciton absorption can increase significantly with increasing temperature.
Influence of age and sex on composition and lipid fluidity in miniature swine plasma lipoproteins

Abstract Age- and sex-related differences were observed in the plasma cholesterol level, the plasma concentrations of certain lipoprotein components, and the HDL lipid phase fluidity in miniature swine from post-weaning (6 weeks) through puberty (6 months), maturity (2–6 years), and old age (10–12 years). Age effects were more dominant in the males, with VLDL protein; LDL protein, triacylglycerol, and phospholipid; and HDL triacylglycerol, phospholipid, cholesterol, and polyunsaturated fatty acids showing statistically significant negative correlations with age. These effects were not observed in females. HDL cholesterol was positively correlated with age in females. Total plasma cholesterol decreased with age in males only, but plasma triacylglycerol was not influenced by age in either sex. Higher concentrations of all lipoprotein lipids were observed in the female minipigs regardless of age. HDL lipids became less fluid with age in the males alone suggesting a physical chemical basis for the lower incidence of heart disease among females. The more fluid HDL circulating in the female may be more capable of mobilizing peripheral tissue cholesterol for catabolism thus protecting her from developing atherosclerotic lesions.
Acute epiglottitis in adults

Abstract We retrospectively reviewed the medical records on all cases of acute epiglottitis in adults from each of the hospitals in Rhode Island and from the state medical examiner's office over an eight-year period (1975–1982). We found 56 cases — an annual incidence of 9.7 cases per million adults. A significant increase occurred in the last two study years. Indirect laryngoscopy proved to be more reliable in making a diagnosis than did x-ray films of the neck; all of 41 indirect examinations were performed without complications. Twenty-three percent (6 of 26) of patients in whom blood cultures had been obtained had bacteremia, all with Hemophilus influenzae. Bacteremia was associated with a high risk of airway obstruction. Four patients died, all from acute airway obstruction, for a mortality rate of 7.1 percent — a rate significantly higher than the current rate among children. Two deaths occurred after admission, while the patients were being observed without an artificial airway. We conclude that th...
Exact Solutions of Laser Rate Equations

Abstract An analytical analysis of the rate equations for three- and four-level laser systems is presented. Exact closed-form analytical relationships are derived between the inversion population density N(t), the photon number q(t) and the time t for specific values of the pump rate W p. Among the various solutions that are presented, the general analytical relationship between q(t) and N(t) for a three-level system at the threshold pump rate is derived.
A physiologic approach to laparoscopic fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Objective The authors examined indications, evaluations, and outcomes after laparoscopic fundoplication in patients with gastroesophageal reflux through this single-institution study. of Background Data Laparoscopic fundoplication has been performed for less than 5 years, yet the early and intermediate results suggest that this operation is safe and equivalent in efficacy to open techniques of antireflux surgery. Methods Over a 4-year period, 300 patients underwent laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication (252) or laparoscopic Toupet fundoplication (48) for gastroesophageal reflux refractory to medical therapy or requiring daily therapy with omeprazole or high-dose H 2 antagonists. Preoperative evaluation included symptom assessment, esophagogastroduodenoscopy, 24-hour pH evaluation, and esophageal motility study. Physiologic follow-up included 24-hour pH study and esophageal motility study performed 6 weeks and 1 to 3 years after operation. Results The most frequent indication for surgery was the presence of residual typical and atypical gastroesophageal reflux symptoms (64%) despite standard doses of proton pump inhibitors. At preoperative evaluation, 51% of patients had erosive esophagitis, stricture, or Barrett's metaplasia. Ninety-eight percent of patients had an abnormal 24-hour pH study. Seventeen percent had impaired esophageal motility and 2% had aperistalsis. There were four conversions to open fundoplication (adhesions, three ; large liver, one). Intraoperative technical difficulties occurred in 19 (6%) patients and were dealt with intraoperatively in all but 1 patient (bleeding from enlarged left liver lobe). Minor complications occurred in 6% and major complications in 2%. There was no mortality. Median follow-up was 17 months. One year after operation, heartburn was absent in 93%. Four percent took occasional H 2 antagonists, and 3% were back on daily therapy. Atypical reflux symptoms (e.g., asthma, hoarseness, chest pain, or cough) were eliminated or improved in 87% and no better in 13%. Overall patient satisfaction was 97%. Four patients have subsequently undergone laparotomy for repair of gastric perforation (1 year after operation), severe dumping, slipped Nissen, and repair of acute paraesophageal herniation. Two patients had laparoscopic revision of herniated fundoplications. Results of follow-up 24-hour pH studies were normal in 91% of patients more than 1 year after operation. In patients with poor esophageal motility, esophageal body pressure improved 1 year after operation in 75% and worsened in 10%. Conclusions Although long-term efficacy data are lacking, intermediate follow-up shows laparoscopic fundoplication to be safe and effective. A physiologic approach to evaluation and follow-up of patients with gastroesophageal disease allows the surgeon to tailor antireflux surgery to esophageal body function and follow the function of the fundoplication and esophagus after operation.
Semianalytical approach to pulsed light propagation in scattering and absorbing media

A new approach to solve the radiative transport equation for time-resolved spectroscopy is presented. A new phase function that shows much better agreement with Mie theory than Henyey-Greenstein's phase function is introduced. Initial laser beams are properly modeled. For every small time increment, precise and analytical solutions are found to satisfy the radiative transport equation for the uniform field, wide beam, and narrow beam. Computer simulations give promising results. Different conditions of initial beams, media, and medium abnormalities are discussed. A strategy for using the semianalytical solutions to reconstruct the regional distribution of the scattering attenuation coefficient and future work are described.
Stability of modulated-gravity-induced thermal convection in magnetic fields

A stability analysis is presented of modulated-gravity-induced thermal convection in a heated fluid layer subject to an applied magnetic field. The nearest correction to the critical Rayleigh number for both single and multiple frequency oscillating-gravity components is obtained by solving the linearized magnetohydrodynamic equations using the small parameter perturbation technique. The correction depends on both the applied magnetic field and the oscillating frequency. In the absence of an applied magnetic field, the correction depends on the Prandtl number only when the exciting frequency is small. However, it asymptotically approaches zero as the frequency increases, with or without the presence of a magnetic field. The heated fluid layer is more stable with gravity modulation than with any type of wall temperature modulation. The difference becomes smaller with decreasing Prandtl number Pr. This finding is of critical importance in that ground-based experiments with appropriate wall temperature modulations may be conducted to simulate the oscillating-gravity effects on the onset of thermal convection in lower-Prandtl-number fluids. For conducting melts considered for microgravity applications, it is possible to apply an external magnetic field to further inhibit the onset of modulated-gravity-induced thermal convection. This effectiveness increases with the Hartmann number Ha. For large Ha, the nearest correction term ${R}_{02}\ensuremath{\sim}{\mathrm{Ha}}^{2}$ as the magnetic Prandtl number $\mathrm{Pm}\ensuremath{\ll}1.$ However, ${R}_{02}\ensuremath{\sim}{\mathrm{Ha}}^{4/3}$ for $\mathrm{Ha}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ and $\mathrm{Pm}\ensuremath{\gg}1,$ provided that $\mathrm{Ha}l0.5\ensuremath{\pi}({\mathrm{P}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}}^{3/2}),$ which is satisfied by a majority of space melt experiments. Thus, under normal laboratory conditions applied magnetic fields are more effective in stabilizing a conducting fluid subject to an oscillating-gravity field than one subject to a constant field. If $\mathrm{Ha}g0.5\ensuremath{\pi}({\mathrm{P}\mathrm{m}/\mathrm{P}\mathrm{r}}^{3/2}),$ ${R}_{02}\ensuremath{\sim}\ensuremath{-}{\mathrm{Ha}}^{2}$ for $\mathrm{Ha}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ and $\mathrm{Pm}\ensuremath{\gg}1$ and the magnetic field becomes less effective in stabilizing thermal convection driven by oscillating gravity than that driven by the constant gravity. This is in contrast with the existing studies on thermal convection stability in a magnetic field, which show that marginal stability is independent of Pm and always increases with increasing applied field.
The role of fatty acid saturation on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins: I. Effects of whole food diets high in cocoa butter, olive oil, soybean oil, dairy butter, and milk chocolate on the plasma lipids of young men☆

The present studies were conducted to evaluate the cholesterolemic effects of whole-food diets high in stearic acid. In study no. 1, normocholesterolemic young men were fed diets high in stearic acid provided by cocoa butter (CB); oleic acid provided by olive oil (OO); linoleic acid provided by soybean oil (SO); and myristic acid (and lauric acid) provided by dairy butter (B). In study no. 2, different subjects with similar baseline characteristics were fed diets high in stearic acid provided by milk chocolate (C), CB, CB+B (4:1, MIX), and myristic (and lauric) acid provided by B. Both studies used a randomized, crossover, double-blind experimental design, and experimental subjects (n = 18 for study no. 1 and n = 15 for study no. 2) in each study consumed every diet for 26 days with a 1-month wash-out period between each experimental period. The diets provided 37% of calories from fat, of which 81% was provided by the test fat. Ten ounces (280 g) C was provided daily by the C diet. In study no. 1, the B diet was hypercholesterolemic, whereas the SO diet was hypocholesterolemic, compared with the other diets. The OO and SO diets were hypocholesterolemic compared with the CB diet. Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels, in general, paralleled the changes in plasma total cholesterol levels. SO significantly decreased apolipoprotein (apo) B levels compared with the other diets. Plasma very-low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and apo A-I levels were unaffected by the experimental diets.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Discovering the linear writing order of a two-dimensional ancient hieroglyphic script

This paper demonstrates how machine learning methods can be applied to deal with a real-world decipherment problem where very little background knowledge is available. The goal is to discover the linear order of a two-dimensional ancient script, Hieroglyphic Luwian. This paper records a complete decipherment process including encoding, modeling, parameter learning, optimization, and evaluation. The experiment shows that the proposed approach is general enough to recover the linear order of various manually generated two-dimensional scripts without needing to know in advance what language they represent and how the two-dimensional scripts were generated. Since the proposed method does not require domain specific knowledge, it can be applied not only to language problems but also order discovery tasks in other domains such as biology and chemistry.
Terrorism as Transnational Advocacy: An Organizational and Tactical Examination

This article attempts to shed light on the dynamics and machinations within terrorist organizations by incorporating a heretofore overlooked literature which is directly applicable, that of transnational advocacy networks (TANs). Terror networks have been described using every possible analogy, from multinational corporations to organized crime to the anthropomorphic classic “cut off the head, and the body will die.” In reality, terrorist organizations function in much the same way, and using many of the same techniques, as transnational advocacy networks concerned with issues like the environment or human rights. By describing these characteristics, and comparing TANs and Terror TANs (TTANs), this article aims to offer insight into the tactics and motivations that define modern, as well as the much heralded post-modern, terrorism.
The Naval Aircraft Factory, the American Aviation Industry, and Government Competition, 1919–1928

The economics of the American aircraft manufacturing industry have been determined in large measure by government aviation policies and the market for military airplanes. This was most apparent in the 1920s, when the industry suffered from sharply reduced military orders and an almost nonexistent demand for civilian aircraft. Struggling for survival, manufacturers singled out the Naval Aircraft Factory, a large navy-owned and run facility in Philadelphia, as at least partially responsible for the dislocation of their industry; they insisted that it and other forms of “government competition” be eliminated. Professor Trimble explores in this article how the ensuing controversy caused naval and civilian officials in the 1920s to develop policies that integrated the factory into naval aircraft procurement and helped to ameliorate the problems of private aircraft contractors.
The influence of episodic mood disorders on length of stay among patients admitted to private and non-profit hospitals with alcohol dependence syndrome

Episodic mood disorders are often associated with alcohol dependence. Few studies have explored the contribution of episodic mood disorders to length of stay among those hospitalized with alcohol dependence syndrome. Filling this research gap could improve care for patients while minimizing hospital utilization costs. This study was a cross-sectional analysis of the National Hospital Discharge Survey. ICD-9-CM diagnosis codes were used to identify those admitted to a private or non-profit hospital with alcohol dependence syndrome, and a co-morbid diagnosis of an episodic mood disorder (n=358). Descriptive statistics were used to highlight differences in key demographic and hospital variables between those with and without episodic mood disorders. Negative binomial regression was used to associate episodic mood disorders with hospital length of stay. Incidence rate ratios were calculated. Co-morbid episodic mood disorders (β=0.31, P=0.001), referral to a hospital by a physician (β=0.35, P=0.014), and increasing age (β= 0.01, P=0.001) were associated with longer hospital stays. Hospital patients with an admitting diagnosis of alcohol dependence syndrome were 36% more likely to have a longer hospital stay if they also had a co-morbid diagnosis of an episodic mood disorder (IRR=1.36, CI=1.14–1.62). Patients admitted to a hospital with alcohol dependence syndrome should be routinely screened for episodic mood disorders. Opportunities exist for enhanced transitional care between acute, ambulatory, and community-based care settings to lower hospital utilization.
Aging influences on pharyngeal anatomy and physiology: the predisposition to pharyngeal collapse.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder with important sequelae.1–7 Aging substantially increases the risk of obstructive apnea,8–11 although the mechanisms underlying this predisposition remain unclear.8,12–15 Most current evidence suggests that obstructive apnea results from an interaction of the anatomy of the upper airway with the control of pharyngeal dilator muscles.4 Afflicted patients have compromised pharyngeal anatomy with reduced airway lumen.16–19,20 Through reflex mechanisms that drive activation of dilator muscles, pharyngeal patency is well maintained during wakefulness.21–23 However, these protective reflexes are diminished during sleep, thereby leading to collapse of the pharyngeal airway in anatomically predisposed people.24 Thus, aging could predispose to apnea via changes in pharyngeal anatomy and biomechanics or via deterioration in the function of pharyngeal dilator muscles.25–31 By combining magnetic resonance imaging techniques with pharyngeal physiological assessments, we sought to determine the structural and functional basis for the increased propensity for airway collapse among older persons. We included normal and near-normal controls to avoid the confounding influences of repetitive pharyngeal collapse as might occur with sleep apnea.
A technique for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing frequency offset correction

This paper discusses the effects of frequency offset on the performance of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) digital communications. The main problem with frequency offset is that it introduces interference among the multiplicity of carriers in the OFDM signal. It is shown, and confirmed by simulation, that to maintain signal-to-interference ratios of 20 dB or greater for the OFDM carriers, offset is limited to 4% or less of the intercarrier spacing. Next, the paper describes a technique to estimate frequency offset using a repeated data symbol. A maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) algorithm is derived and its performance computed and compared with simulation results. Since the intercarrier interference energy and signal energy both contribute coherently to the estimate, the algorithm generates extremely accurate estimates even when the offset is far too great to demodulate the data values. Also, the estimation error depends only on total symbol energy so it is insensitive to channel spreading and frequency selective fading. A strategy is described for initial acquisition in the event of uncertainty in the initial offset that exceeds 1/2 the carrier spacing, the limit of the MLE algorithm. >
Five Approaches to Avoid When Managing the Middle School Classroom

Abstract Too often, teachers encountering difficulties with classroom management focus only on the students rather than critically examining the influence of their own approaches on student behavior. Given the particular challenges that middle school students present, certain practices and expectations exacerbate management issues, and a lack of awareness of these can position a teacher for failure. In this article, five problematic approaches to middle school classroom management are described, along with recommendations for alternatives and how to prepare for effectively managing the classroom.
How Literature Changes the Way We Think

The central thesis of Michael Mack's bold and timely defence of the arts and humanities, How Literature Changes the Way We Think, is that literature has a “unique and underappreciated capacity to m...
Safety, toleration, and pharmacokinetics of intravenous azithromycin.

To date, the clinical pharmacology of large intravenous doses of azithromycin has not been described. In the present study, single 2-h intravenous infusions of 1, 2, and 4 g of azithromycin were administered to three parallel groups (in each group, six received active drug and two received placebo) of healthy male subjects. Toleration (assessed by scores of subject-administered visual analog scale tests spanning 0 [good] to 10 [poor]), safety, pharmacokinetics, and serum motilin levels were monitored for up to 240 h after the start of each intravenous infusion. Mean nausea scores of 0.0, 0.0, 1.0, and 0.5 and abdominal cramping scores of 0.0, 0.0, 0.4, and 0.4 for 12-h periods after doses of 0, 1, 2, and 4 g of azithromycin, respectively, suggested that azithromycin was well tolerated. Because of the standardized 1-mg/ml infusates, all subjects in the 4-g dosing group complained of an urgent need to urinate. There were no consistent trends in endogenous motilin levels throughout the study. The maximum concentration of azithromycin in serum (10 micrograms/ml after a 4-g dose) and the area under the concentration-time curve (82 micrograms.h/ml after a 4-g dose) were dose related. The mean pharmacokinetic parameters were an elimination half-life of 69 h, total systemic clearance of 10 ml/min/kg, and a volume of distribution at steady state of 33.3 liters/kg. The pharmacokinetic results suggest that the long half-life of azithromycin is due to extensive uptake and slow release of the drug from tissues rather than an inability to clear the drug. Single intravenous doses of up to 4 g of azithromycin in healthy subjects are generally well tolerated, and quantifiable concentrations may persist in serum for 10 days or more.
Direct-to-Consumer Genetic Testing: Gatekeeping the Production of Genetic Information

Traditionally, the practice of genetic testing was governed by the Diagnostic Paradigm. Under the Diagnostic Paradigm an individual tested for a disease that was prevalent in his family and a medical professional guided the testing process. Yet, recently, a new genetic testing paradigm has emerged - the Consumer Paradigm. Under the Consumer Paradigm, direct-to-consumer genetic testing companies are offering online packages of multiple genetic tests that are bundled together. The individual purchases the package and undergoes testing for a large battery of tests usually without the guidance of a medical practitioner.This Essay argues that the emergence of the Consumer Paradigm signals a new step in the genetic revolution and creates a need for an additional policy focus. While in the past legal discourse focused on the removal of barriers for innovation and access, it should now also consider the need to regulate and filter the production of genetic information. Specifically, this Essay underscores the necessity of having a medical professional as a gatekeeper of the production of genetic information.This Essay argues for the need for a law mandating the guidance of a medical professional not only at the interpretation stage but also at the outset of the process - to guide individuals through the selection of tests. Not all genetic information is made equal and not all test results are similarly desirable for all people. A medical practitioner can guide individuals in selecting the genetic tests that reflect their preferences and produce the genetic information that is beneficial for them.
Hematologic Findings in Mothers and Infants of Patients with Seveke Pre-Eclampsia/Eclampsia

The clinical and hematologic findings in 42 prematurely(< 37 weeks' gestation) delivered patients with severe preeclampsia/ eclampsia were compared to those of a well-matched control group of normotensive patients. Hematocrit, platelet count, white blood count and clinical coagulopathy were evaluated for both mother and infant. The preeclamptic mothers had a significantly higher hematocrit than the control mothers (p < 0.01). There was a moderate correlation (r=0.40) between maternal and neonatal platelet count, but no correlation (r=0.03) between maternal and neonatal thrombo-cytopenia. On comparison of the two infant groups, there was no significant differences in neonatal complications or hematologic findings. Within both groups, abnormal hematologic findings were usually associated with intracranial hemorrhage, perinatal asphysia, sepsis or acidosis.
Experimental thermal expansions for solid neon, 2–14 K

Linear thermal expansion measurements are reported for free-standing samples of solid neon at temperatures from 2 to 14 K. After normalization, the results agree well with x-ray data in an overlap region between 8 and 14 K. The T = 0 Gruneisen parameter γo = 2.58(±0.05) is in excellent agreement with the results obtained from high-pressure equation of state data. Smoothed thermodynamic functions for solid neon at saturated vapor pressure are tabulated, and inconsistencies in published high-temperature bulk modulus results are discussed.
Judging by the Numbers: An Empirical Study of the Power of Story to Persuade (Test Briefs)

This document includes the test briefs sent to participants (appellate judges, law clerks, appellate lawyers and law professors) in a study of whether appellate briefs which include a strand of narrative reasoning are more persuasive than briefs which emphasize pure logic.
Major discriminatory events and risk for psychotic experiences among Black Americans.

Racism is a multidimensional construct that impacts risk for psychosis through various complex pathways. Previous research has yet to fully explore how major racial discriminatory events contribute to risk for psychotic experiences in the general population. We examined the National Survey of American Life to analyze the effects of 9 major racial discriminatory events on lifetime psychotic experiences among Black Americans. By examining each event separately, we found that police discrimination was associated with increased risk for lifetime psychotic experiences after adjusting for demographic variables, socioeconomic status, and co-occurring psychological or social problems. Being denied a promotion, being a victim of police abuse, and being discouraged from pursuing education were associated with lifetime visual hallucinations, and being discouraged from pursuing education was also associated with lifetime delusional ideation. None of the events were associated with lifetime auditory hallucinations. As a count of events, experiencing a greater range of major racial discriminatory events was associated with higher risk, particularly for lifetime visual hallucinations. Our findings point to the need for early detection and intervention efforts in community settings and multilevel efforts to eliminate racial discrimination. (PsycINFO Database Record(c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved). Language: en
Quantitative Analysis of Human Neonatal Fc Receptor (FcRn) Tissue Expression in Transgenic Mice by Online Peptide Immuno-Affinity LC-HRMS

Neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) is the homeostatic receptor responsible for the long half-life of endogenous IgG by protecting it from lysosomal degradation. Understanding systemic FcRn tissue expression is important to predict and design the half-life of therapeutic antibodies and Fc-coupled biotherapeutics. To this end, we measured human FcRn (hFcRn) tissue expression in Tg32, a human FcRn knock-in transgenic mouse model, for which a strong correlation of drug clearance to humans has been demonstrated. Building an hFcRn tissue expression profile in Tg32 was enabled by the development of a tissue preparation procedure composed of bead-based protein extraction and protein precipitation using acetone followed by pellet digestion with trypsin. Digests were then loaded onto an online peptide immuno-affinity flow configuration hyphenated with reversed phase nanoflow chromatography and coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry to quantify hFcRn derived peptides. The workflow allowed bypassing some of the challenges typically associated with membrane protein analysis. We demonstrated acceptable precision and bias for measuring hFcRn in tissue matrices, typically within 20% coefficient of variation and relative error. We also report hFcRn expression in several Tg32 tissues. We anticipate that establishing a quantitative approach for hFcRn in tissues will enable the systematic measurement of hFcRn concentrations to further increase the accuracy of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models for PK prediction of Fc-containing biotherapeutics. This is anticipated to improve the translation of pharmacokinetic data from preclinical model systems to humans.