cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Cohesion After Non-Hydrostatic Consolidation

A study was made to determine the effect of non-hydrostatic consolidation on the cohesion and friction in two saturated clays using the CFS-test procedure. The results showed that cohesion is unaffected by non-hydrostatic consolidation. The value of friction at zero CFS-test strain is increased by non-hydrostatic consolidation but the variation of friction with strain is the same as in a hydrostatically consolidated sample. In addition a time transfer of cohesion to friction was observed.
Overview of Selected DOE/NNSA Predictive Science Initiatives: the Predictive Science Academic Alliance Program and the DAKOTA Project (Invited)

This paper supports a special session on “Frontiers of Uncertainty Management for Complex Aerospace Systems” with the intent of summarizing two aspects of the DOE/NNSA Accelerated Strategic Computing (ASC) program, each of which is focused on predictive science using complex simulation models. The first aspect is academic outreach, as enabled by the Predictive Science Academic Alliance Program (PSAAP). The second aspect is the Dakota project at Sandia National Laboratories, which develops and deploys uncertainty quantification capabilities focused on high fidelity modeling and simulation on large-scale parallel computers.
Revision of the new world genus Polyamia (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)

The New World genus Polyamia DeLong is revised. Forty valid species are recognized. Two new species are described, maeata Sinada & Blocker and umniata Sinada & Blocker; two are listed as incertae sedis, cuerna DeLong and tepata DeLong. Lectotypes are designated for alboneura (DeLong), apicata (Osborn), caperata (Ball), interrupta (DeLong), and satur (Ball). New synonyms designated are acura DeLong & Thambimuttu (= texana [DeLong]), apicata alboneura (DeLong) (= apicata ), dualis DeLong & Thambimuttu (= randa DeLong & Thambimuttu), duella DeLong & Thambimuttu (= tantilla DeLong & Thambimuttu), frustrata DeLong & Thambimuttu (= tantilla ), grama DeLong (= caperata ), saxosa DeLong (= herbida ), freytagi DeLong & Martinson (= texana ), incerta Beamer & Tuthill (= tantilla ), majuscula Linnavuori & DeLong (= randa ), neoyavapai Kramer (= yavapai [Tuthill]), and vinnulus (Crumb) (= caperata [Ball]). One species, bradshawi DeLong & Thambimuttu, is transferred to Haldorus Oman; and acuticeps Linnavuori & DeLong, chiquitana Linnavuori & DeLong, and tabasca DeLong & Cwikla are transferred to Amplicephalus DeLong. The generic description of Polyamia is revised. The genus is divided into two subgenera based on characters of the male aedeagus, female abdominal sternum VII, and forewing venation. Keys to subgenera and species are included with descriptions and illustrations.
Effect of fluorination on methyl internal rotation barriers: Microwave spectra of cyclopropylfluoromethyl silane (c-C3H5SiHFCH3) and cyclopropyldifluoromethyl silane (c-C3H5SiF2CH3)

Abstract Rotational spectra for two conformers of c-C3H5SiHFCH3 (cyclopropylfluoromethyl silane, CFMS) and one conformer of c-C3H5SiF2CH3 (cyclopropyldifluoromethyl silane, CDFMS) have been observed by a combination of chirped-pulse and resonant cavity Fourier-transform microwave spectroscopy in the 7.5–16.5 GHz range. All rotational transitions were doubled by up to several megahertz into A and E states as a result of methyl group internal rotation, and analysis of measured transitions using a combined axis method yielded internal rotation barriers of ca. 6.0 kJ mol−1 for the two conformers of CFMS and ca. 5.2 kJ mol−1 for CDFMS, revealing a systematic decrease in the barrier as fluorine atoms are added to the silicon. Dipole moment information is also available for the CDFMS species.
Interleukin-6 as a biomarker for asthma: hype or is there something else?

Much of precision medicine research today seeks to find a biomarker, or like King Richard, our kingdom might be lost. The hope is that if one is successful in identifying such a biomarker [1], all will be resolved: diagnosis, prognosis and the best treatment regime identified from the morass of treatment options available. In this context, the research for a single, do-all biomarker is a truly dramatic irony because it may not exist, consider the rise and fall of C-reactive protein (CRP) or exhaled nitric oxide fraction ( F eNO). Yet such a biomarker could be quite useful in asthma, a syndrome that so often defies definition. With this mythical biomarker, one could clearly decide whether the patient has asthma, assess how severe the disease is, and even guide selection of which of the many available treatment regimens should be employed. Tantalising evidence purports IL-6 to be a biomarker for adult-onset asthma that predicts ICS use and symptoms
Propaganda and credulity

Abstract I develop a theory of propaganda which affects mass behavior without necessarily affecting mass beliefs . A group of citizens observe a signal of their government's performance, which is upwardly inflated by propaganda. Citizens want to support the government if it performs well and if others are supportive (i.e., to coordinate ). Some citizens are unaware of the propaganda (“credulous”). Because of the coordination motive, the non-credulous still respond to propaganda, and when the coordination motive dominates they perfectly mimic the actions of the credulous. So, all can act as if they believe the government's lies even though most do not. The government benefits from this responsiveness to manipulation since it leads to a more compliant citizenry, but uses more propaganda precisely when citizens are less responsive.
Kooperierende Roboter eröffnen neue Anwendungen in der Produktion

Kurzfassung Kooperierende Roboter arbeiten durch Datenaustausch in Echtzeit hoch genau zusammen. Diese Funktionalitat ermoglicht neue Anlagenkonzepte fur die Produktion, mit denen Kosten gesenkt, Prozessqualitat und Flexibilitat erhoht werden konnen. Ausgewahlte Anwendungsbeispiele stellen die unterschiedlichen Einsatzfelder von der Programm- bis hin zur vollen Bewegungskooperation exemplarisch dar. Im Vergleich mit konventionellen Losungen wird das Potenzial von kooperierenden Robotern deutlich.
Multi-omics analysis provides insight to the Ignicoccus hospitalis-Nanoarchaeum equitans association.

Abstract Background Studies of interspecies interactions are inherently difficult due to the complex mechanisms which enable these relationships. A model system for studying interspecies interactions is the marine hyperthermophiles Ignicoccus hospitalis and Nanoarchaeum equitans. Recent independently-conducted ‘omics’ analyses have generated insights into the molecular factors modulating this association. However, significant questions remain about the nature of the interactions between these archaea. Methods We jointly analyzed multiple levels of omics datasets obtained from published, independent transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics analyses. DAVID identified functionally-related groups enriched when I. hospitalis is grown alone or in co-culture with N. equitans. Enriched molecular pathways were subsequently visualized using interaction maps generated using STRING. Results Key findings of our multi-level omics analysis indicated that I. hospitalis provides precursors to N. equitans for energy metabolism. Analysis indicated an overall reduction in diversity of metabolic precursors in the I. hospitalis–N. equitans co-culture, which has been connected to the differential use of ribosomal subunits and was previously unnoticed. We also identified differences in precursors linked to amino acid metabolism, NADH metabolism, and carbon fixation, providing new insights into the metabolic adaptions of I. hospitalis enabling the growth of N. equitans. Conclusions This multi-omics analysis builds upon previously identified cellular patterns while offering new insights into mechanisms that enable the I. hospitalis–N. equitans association. General significance Our study applies statistical and visualization techniques to a mixed-source omics dataset to yield a more global insight into a complex system, that was not readily discernable from separate omics studies.
Does chronic kidney disease affect the mortality rate in patients undergoing spine surgery

The number of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and their life expectancy has been increasing. With time number of patients undergoing spine surgery has also been on a rise. This study we did a retrospective review of registry data to investigate the mortality rate of chronic kidney disease patients following spine surgery using a large, multi-center spine registry. 12,276 consecutive spine-fusion patients from January 2009 to December 2012 were included and mortality rates in patients with CKD compared to those with normal kidney function following spine surgery. Logistic regression was usedto evaluate risk of mortality following spine surgery. The average age of the cohort was 59 (SD=13.4). 53% were female. Patients who had stage 3, 4 or 5 CKD were older than non-CKD patients (mean=71,SD=9.2 vs. 59, SD=13.3). After adjusting for confounding variables, patients with stage 3 or 4 CKD had higher mortality rates than patients with normal kidney function (OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.3-2.45) Hemodialysis-dependent patients (stage 5 CKD) had even higher rates of mortality compared to patients with normal function (OR 4.18, 95% CI1.87-9.34). our findings suggest that spine surgery is associated with significantly higher mortality rates in patients with CKD compared to patients with normal kidney function. Understanding the additional morbidity and mortality of spine surgery in this medically complicated group of patients is imperative for accurate preoperative risk assessment.
THE ERKENNTNISTHEORETIKER'S DILEMMA: J. B. STALLO'S ATTACK ON ATOMISM IN HIS CONCEPTS AND THEORIES OF MODERN PHYSICS (1881)

Notable among the by-products of the late nineteenth-century controversies over the atomic theory of matter was the first full-scale contribution to the philosophy of science written in America,. John Bernard Stallo’s The Concepts and Theories of Modern Physics. The work of a lawyer and jurist largely self-trained in philosophy, its publication in 1881 provoked considerable (and mostly hostile) reaction1, for Stallo attacked atomism and mechanism at a time when scientists were still divided into vociferously opposing camps over the question of whether or not the ultimate structure of matter was atomic - indeed, were in sharp disagreement over even the utility of the hypothetical concept ’atom’ in physics and chemistry.2
On the role of aerosols, humidity, and vertical wind shear in the transition of shallow-to-deep convection at the Green Ocean Amazon 2014/5 site

Abstract. The preconditioning of the atmosphere for a shallow-to-deep convective transition during the dry-to-wet season transition period (August–November) is investigated using Department of Energy (DOE) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) GoAmazon2014/5 campaign data from March 2014 to November 2015 in Manacapuru, Brazil. In comparison to conditions observed prior to shallow convection, anomalously high humidity in the free troposphere and boundary layer is observed prior to a shallow-to-deep convection transition. An entraining plume model, which captures this leading dependence on lower tropospheric moisture, is employed to study indirect thermodynamic effects associated with vertical wind shear (VWS) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration on preconvective conditions. The shallow-to-deep convective transition primarily depends on humidity, especially that from the free troposphere, which tends to increase plume buoyancy. Conditions preceding deep convection are associated with high relative humidity, and low-to-moderate CCN concentration (less than the 67th percentile, 1274 cm −3 ). VWS, however, shows little relation to moisture and plume buoyancy. Buoyancy estimates suggest that the latent heat release due to freezing is important to deep convective growth under all conditions analyzed, consistent with potential pathways for aerosol effects, even in the presence of a strong entrainment. Shallow-only convective growth, however, shows an association with a strong (weak) low (deep) level VWS and with higher CCN concentration.
Conformal mapping via metric optimization with application for cortical label fusion

In this paper we develop a novel approach for computing conformal maps between anatomical surfaces with the ability of aligning anatomical features and achieving greatly reduced metric distortion. In contrast to conventional approaches that focused on conformal maps to the sphere or plane, our method computes the conformal map between surfaces in the embedding space formed the intrinsically defined Laplace-Beltrami (LB) eigenfunctions. Utilizing the power of LB eigenfunctions as informative descriptors of global geometry, the conformal maps computed by our method can effectively align anatomical features on cortical surfaces. By computing such feature-aware conformal maps to a group-wisely optimal atlas surface, which is also computed with metric optimization in the LB embedding space, we develop a fully automated system for cortical labeling with the fusion of labels on a large number of atlas surfaces. In our experiments, we build our system with 40 labeled surfaces and demonstrate its excellent performance with leave-one-out cross validation. We also applied the automated labeling system to cortical surfaces reconstructed from MR scans of 50 patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and 50 normal controls (NC) to illustrate its robustness and effectiveness in clinical data analysis.
Chromosomal incompatibility in Escherichia,coli K-12: A new explanation for the observed instability of minichromosome inheritance

Abstract The minichromosome pWS6 was unstable in Escherichia , coli K-12 but became stable upon transfer to Salmonella , typhimurium . The instability of pWS6 was restored when pWS6 was brought back to E. , coli , an observation consistent with the proposed phenomena of chromosomal incompatibility.
Extrahepatic Autoimmune Diseases are Prevalent in Autoimmune Hepatitis Patients and Their First-Degree Relatives: Survey Study

Background: Concurrent autoimmune illnesses contribute to increased medical burden and reduced quality of life in patients with autoimmune hepatitis (AIH). The frequency of coexisting autoimmune conditions among North American patients with AIH and their families remains incomplete. Challenges associated with disease capture in the electronic medical record, high study costs, and geographic spread of patients are formidable barriers to understanding the extent of concurrent autoimmune conditions in these groups. Objective: This objective of this study was to examine the frequency of extrahepatic autoimmune diseases (EHAD) among AIH cases and healthy controls as well as their first-degree relatives using social networking sites (SNS). Methods: We developed a 53-question survey detailing the history of autoimmune diseases. A survey link was posted at routine intervals within specific Web-based cohorts on SNS. Healthy controls, without self-reported autoimmune liver disease, were recruited from Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Continuous variables were summarized using medians and P values obtained with the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Categorical variables were compared using the chi-square test. Results: Compared with controls (n=1162), cases (n=306) were more likely to be older (median age: 49 vs 33 years), female (284/306, 92.81% vs 955/1162, 82.18%), and have an EHAD (128/306, 41.83% vs 218/1162, 18.76%; P=.001). The most frequent EHADs among cases were thyroid disease (49/306, 16.01% ), Sjogren syndrome (27/306, 8.82%), Raynaud phenomenon (23/306, 7.52%), and psoriasis (22/306, 7.19%). Overall, 55.88% (171/306) of cases and 35.71% (1601/4484) of controls reported at least 1 first-degree relative (FDR) with a history of EHAD (P=.001). Cases had a significantly higher risk of EHAD than controls after the adjustment for age, sex, race, and body mass index: odds ratio 2.46 (95% CI 1.8-3.3); P=.001. Conclusions: Patients with AIH report higher prevalence of coexistent EHAD than healthy controls, and their FDRs are also more likely to have autoimmune disorders.
Conceptual size ensembles cannot be predicted by individual item size representations

Presentation by Sneha Suresh ('19) delivered at the Rhodes College Undergraduate Research and Creative Activity Symposium (URCAS).
Vaginal bleeding/spotting with conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene, conjugated estrogens/medroxyprogesterone acetate, and placebo.

Objective: In the 1-year phase 3 Selective estrogens, Menopause, And Response to Therapy-5 trial, cumulative amenorrhea rates with conjugated estrogens/bazedoxifene (CE/BZA) were similar to placebo...
Narrow-band topology optimization on a sparsely populated grid

A variety of structures in nature exhibit sparse, thin, and intricate features. It is challenging to investigate these structural characteristics using conventional numerical approaches since such features require highly refined spatial resolution to capture and therefore they incur a prohibitively high computational cost. We present a novel computational framework for high-resolution topology optimization that delivers leaps in simulation capabilities, by two orders of magnitude, from the state-of-the-art approaches. Our technique accommodates computational domains with over one billion grid voxels on a single shared-memory multiprocessor platform, allowing automated emergence of structures with both rich geometric features and exceptional mechanical performance. To achieve this, we track the evolution of thin structures and simulate its elastic deformation in a dynamic narrow-band region around high-density sites to avoid wasted computational effort on large void regions. We have also designed a mixed-precision multigrid-preconditioned iterative solver that keeps the memory footprint of the simulation to a compact size while maintaining double-precision accuracy. We have demonstrated the efficacy of the algorithm through optimizing a variety of complex structures from both natural and engineering systems.
The Role of Omnipause Neurons During Gaze Shifts

To determine whether the brain stem generator for saccadic eye movements also participates in rapid gaze shifts when the head is free, we recorded omnipause neuron (OPN) activity in an animal free to turn both his eyes and head. The pause in OPN firing was poorly correlated with head movement duration, and electrical stimulation of the OPNs did not effect the ongoing head movement. Therefore, the OPN pause does not encode head duration. Pause duration was equally well correlated with eye and gaze duration. However, pause end was better correlated with eye than gaze end. We conclude that pause duration continues to encode eye duration when the head is free to move.
Geotechnical risk analyses and evaluation of design criteria of embankment dam systems

The integrity of the state and national system of embankment dams and levees is a crucial component in ensuring the safety of protected communities in any country. The failure of such systems due to natural or man-made hazards can have monumental repercussions, sometimes with dramatic and unanticipated consequences on human life, property and the economy of the states and the country. For highly seismic areas such as Southern California, it is critical to investigate and study the seismic response of embankment dams and levees for the afore mentioned reasons. While experimental studies of embankment dams under seismic loads is expensive, very time consuming, and limited, numerical studies usually suffer from lack of legitimate real data for verification of the developed models. However, organizations such as the California Strong Motion Instrumentation Program (CSMIP) instrument lifeline structures such as earth dams and levees with accelerometers and actively collect strong-motion data. The data obtained from CSMIP accelerometers is then processed by the Center for Engineering Strong Motion Data (CESMD) and made public for earthquake engineering applications. In this study, numerical models of existing earth embankment dams verified with site specific CESMD data are created in order to analyze their stability for a future earthquake, for post-earthquake response purposes. The seismic fragility of the modelled dams was assessed, providing insight for decision makers regarding priority areas important for matters such as maintenance, dam retrofit, or first-aid response locations for a hypothetical major earthquake. Society can benefit from increased awareness of the seismic response of the modelled structures and can be better prepared for a potential catastrophic seismic event.
Upgrading JavaCat: A Distributed System for Time-Shifted Air Traffic Scenario Generation

As technology advances in the transportation sector, safety systems are developed to aid operators and supervisors prevent potentially fatal accidents. To ensure these systems work, they must be rigorously tested with numerous scenarios to ensure the system is safe for production. However, these systems cannot be tested using real data due to the fact that operators and supervisors should not need the system on a regular basis; potentially fatal situations must be created for testing, which would put innocent civilians at risk. To overcome this obstacle, another system can generate lifelike scenarios for testing using simulations when provided with actual transportation data. This paper describes enhancements to the capabilities of an existing system that uses a genetic algorithm with the goal to create simulated situations for aircraft that can be used to test their conflict detection safety systems using timeshifted data, which would aid air-traffic controllers. The outcome is to determine the most efficient way to distribute such a system to allow for complex scenarios with massive amounts of input to run quickly. A developed software system in accordance with the research results to provide a more efficient distributed scenario generator is also presented and evaluated. The system is successful in its main goals of being deterministic, fault-tolerant, and scalable.
Big data and psychology in China

Western psychology has essentially become an independent discipline, relying on empirical laboratory research. However, the era of big data will dramatically influence the research paradigm of scientific psychology. The characteristics of big data methods coincide with Chinese folk epistemology, which provides Chinese psychology the opportunity to weaken the influence of Westernization and restructure our own psychological systems. We proposed an interactive system of TIAN, DI, and REN as a new Chinese psychological system. Based on this system, Chinese psychology can now study a wide range of subjects, from the cultural and spiritual mental representations to the influence of social situations, and further the individual's psycho-physical experiences of cognition, emotion, reasoning, morality, and behavior. Following this path, Chinese psychology can become, as termed by Auguste Comte, the "the last science". Under this new system, Chinese psychology will build a new paradigm and go beyond the dialectical dilemmas in traditional psychology, such as sample vs. population, individuals vs. patterns, situations vs. experiments, and data vs. behaviors.
Self-Efficacy Beliefs of Pre-Service Teachers Regarding Online Teaching

Technological advancement in the rapidly changing world of work demands its use in every field, including education. In the current scenario, online education is the new normal. Therefore, future teachers should be aware of multiple instructional strategies and suitable ways of using technology to assist in the development of 21st-century skills in learners. Keeping this fact into consideration, this study aims to explore the self-efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers regarding online teaching. The technological pedagogical content knowledge framework was employed to understand and describe the self-efficacy beliefs of teachers for effective pedagogical practice in a technology-enhanced learning environment. Through the use of phenomenological case study design, this research investigates the self-efficacy level, understanding, and expectations of futureteachers regarding effective online teaching. Koehler and Mishra’s TPACK framework and Bandura’s self-efficacy theory were used as the conceptual underpinnings of semi-structured interviews conducted with five pre-service teachers enrolled in a teacher education program. The study found a high level of self-efficacy perceived by pre-service teachers. Also, pre-service teachers were confident in using the TPACK framework for online teaching. The study suggests the use of technology-based materials in the courses of teacher education related to technology integration for enhancing self-efficacy beliefs of pre-service teachers regarding online teaching.
Topics of Nicotine-Related Discussions on Twitter: Infoveillance Study

Background: Cultural trends in the United States, the nicotine consumer marketplace, and tobacco policies are changing. Objective: The goal of this study was to identify and describe nicotine-related topics of conversation authored by the public and social bots on Twitter, including any misinformation or misconceptions that health education campaigns could potentially correct. Methods: Twitter posts containing the term “nicotine” were obtained from September 30, 2018 to October 1, 2019. Methods were used to distinguish between posts from social bots and nonbots. Text classifiers were used to identify topics in posts (n=300,360). Results: Prevalent topics of posts included vaping, smoking, addiction, withdrawal, nicotine health risks, and quit nicotine, with mentions of going “cold turkey” and needing help in quitting. Cessation was a common topic, with mentions of quitting and stopping smoking. Social bots discussed unsubstantiated health claims including how hypnotherapy, acupuncture, magnets worn on the ears, and time spent in the sauna can help in smoking cessation. Conclusions: Health education efforts are needed to correct unsubstantiated health claims on Twitter and ultimately direct individuals who want to quit smoking to evidence-based cessation strategies. Future interventions could be designed to follow these topics of discussions on Twitter and engage with members of the public about evidence-based cessation methods in near real time when people are contemplating cessation.
Differential outcomes of residual disease in surgically-resected non-small cell lung cancer and the importance of guideline-concordant adjuvant therapy.

Background Positive mediastinal lymph nodes, a marker for systemic disease, and positive margins, a marker for local disease, following resection of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are forms of residual disease. The objective of this study is to compare survival of patients with residual disease and to study the effect of receipt of guideline vs. non-guideline concordant care. Methods The National Cancer Database (NCDB) was used to identify patients who underwent treatment naive surgical resection with clinical stage T1-3N0-1M0 NSCLC between 2006-2016 and had pN2 disease, positive surgical margins, or both. Concordant care was determined based on form of chemotherapy and radiation, dosage, volume, modality, and duration. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and log-rank tests were used to compare five-year survival. Multivariable analysis using Cox proportional hazards modeling identified factors that contributed to worse overall survival. Results There were 8,189 patients included: pN2 (5,416), positive margins (2,386), and both (387). Five-year survival rates for all patients were pN2 (35.8%), positive margins (33.9%), and both (22.9%) (P<0.0001). On multivariable analysis, positive margins were an independent predictor of better survival relative to pN2 disease (HR =0.729, CI: 0.676, 0.787, P<0.0001). Receipt of non-guideline concordant treatment was an independent predictor of worse survival compared to receipt of guideline-concordant treatment (HR =1.61, CI: 1.504, 1.725, P<0.0001). Conclusions In upfront surgical patients, guideline-concordant treatment in the setting of residual disease is associated with better overall survival compared with non-guideline concordant treatment. Pathologic N2 disease is associated with a lower survival rate than positive resection margins, possibly reflecting the systemic nature of pN2 disease.
Impediments to Active Stock Selection and the Growth in Passive Fund Management

During the last decade, assets of passive funds have swelled while active funds have lost market share. This growth in passive investments coincides with a substantially more challenging environment for active stock selection, as reflected in a lower fraction of stocks with positive alpha, lower idiosyncratic volatility, and higher aggregate liquidity. As the opportunities to discover alpha decrease, the relation between alpha and fund costs turns significantly negative. To compensate, active managers reduce expenses and fund turnover. Nonetheless, the inverse relation between fund costs and performance leads to greater predictability in fund performance, a stronger inverse relation between fund costs and investor flows, and greater sensitivity of investor flows to past performance.
A single center evaluation of applicant experiences in virtual interviews across eight internal medicine subspecialty fellowship programs.

Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, most graduate medical education (GME) training programs conducted virtual interviews for prospective trainees during the 2020-2021 application cycle. Many internal medicine (IM) subspecialty fellowship programs hosted virtual interviews for the first time with little published data to guide best practices.To evaluate how IM subspecialty fellowship applicants perceived the virtual interview day experience.We designed a 38-item questionnaire that was sent via email to applicants in eight IM subspecialty programs at a single tertiary academic medical center (University of California, San Francisco) from September-November, 2020.Seventy-five applicants completed the survey (75/244, 30.7%), including applicants from all eight fellowship programs. Most survey respondents agreed that the length of the virtual interview day (mean = 6.4 hours) was long enough to gather the information they needed (n = 65, 86.7%) and short enough to prevent fatigue (n = 55, 73.3%). Almost all survey respondents agreed that they could adequately assess the clinical experience (n = 71, 97.3%), research opportunities (n = 72, 98.6%), and program culture (n = 68, 93.2%). Of the respondents who attended a virtual educational conference, most agreed it helped to provide a sense of the program's educational culture (n = 20, 66.7%). Areas for improvement were identified, with some survey respondents reporting that the virtual interview day was too long (n = 11) or that they would have preferred to meet more fellows (n = 10).Survey respondents indicated that the virtual interview was an adequate format to learn about fellowship programs. These findings can inform future virtual interviews for GME training programs.
Opportunities for Early Identification: Implementing Universal Depression Screening with a Pathway to Suicide Risk Screening in a Pediatric Healthcare System

Objectives To describe the implementation process and assess results of a large-scale universal depression screening program with pathways to suicide risk screening in a pediatric integrated delivery network. Study design This retrospective study analyzes depression and suicide risk screening data for 95,613 patients ages 12 to 17 years. Results Of the 95,613 adolescent patients who were screened for depression, 2.4% (2,266) screened positive for risk for moderate-severe depression (>10 Patient Health Questionnaire; PHQ; 9-item version) and 4.1% (3,942) endorsed elevated suicide risk (≥1 Columbia Suicide Severity Rating Scale; C-SSRS). Overall, 51% of screened patients who present with a primary psychiatric concern screened positive for elevated risk of suicide (2,132). Two percent of screened patients who presented with a primary medical concern screened positive for elevated risk of suicide. Nearly half (45.9%) of all elevated suicide risk screenings were from patients with a primary medical concern. Conclusions A large-scale universal depression screening program with a pathway to identify elevated suicide risk was implemented in a pediatric healthcare system using the PHQ and the C-SSRS. This screening program identified youth with moderate-severe depression and elevated risk for suicide with and without presenting psychiatric concerns across service settings.
White Racism on the Western Urban Frontier: Dynamics of Race and Class in Dubuque, Iowa (1800 —2000)

Review of: "White Racism on the Western Urban Frontier: Dynamics of Race and Class in Dubuque, Iowa (1800-2000)," by Mohammad A. Chaichian.
Components of the IFN-gamma signaling pathway in tumorigenesis

Many features of the interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) signaling pathway would suggest that it is anti-tumorigenic. The IFN-gamma signaling pathway leads to apoptosis and to the expression of immune function proteins that could cooperate with T cells in the destruction of tumor. Various lines of experimental approach have, in general, supported the hypothesis that the IFN-gamma signaling pathway is anti-tumorigenic. However, data also indicate that the idea that the IFN-gamma signaling pathway is exclusively anti-tumorigenic is too simplistic. Also, to date, very little of the knowledge regarding the anti-tumor effects of the IFN-gamma pathway has been useful in the prognosis or therapy of cancer. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding the IFN-gamma signaling pathway in tumorigenesis, with an emphasis on MHC class II induction in tumor cells and the induction of apoptosis in tumor cells. The review also indicates some future areas of investigation that offer hope for applying this knowledge in reducing cancer mortality.
Atypical presentation of Chiari I malformation with monoplegia and acquired torticollis

There are several well-known causes for pediatric torticollis. However detailed review of the literature revealed only rarely association of torticollis with syringomyelia. We present a 4-year-old girl known to have torticollis since 18 months of age who presented acutely with right upper limb mono-paresis. Investigations revealed a Chiari type I malformation with extensive syringomyelia involving the whole of spinal cord extending from C1 to the conus. She responded very well to urgent posterior fossa decompression. Syringomyelia involving the entire spinal cord is very rare in children and presentation with monoplegia, to the best of our knowledge, has not been described before. We recommend that torticollis should always be taken seriously and a thorough clinical assessment supplemented by neuroimaging should be considered.
Quantization of Pseudoclassical Systems in the Schr\"odinger Realization

We examine the quantization of pseudoclassical dynamical systems, models that have classically anticommuting variables, in the Schrodinger picture. We quantize these systems, which can be viewed as classical models of particle spin, using the generalized Gupta-Bleuler method as well as the reduced phase space method in even dimensions. With minimal modifications, the standard constructions of Schrodinger quantum mechanics of constrained systems work for pseudoclassical systems. We generalize the standard Schrodinger norm and implement the correct adjointness properties of observables and constraints. We construct the state space corresponding to spinors as physical wave functions of anticommuting variables, finding that there are superselection sectors in both the physical and ghost subspaces. The physical states are isomorphic to those of the Dirac-Kahler formulation of fermions though the inner product in Dirac-Kahler theory is not equivalent to ours.
Temporal facilitation of spastic stretch reflexes following human spinal cord injury

Recent evidence suggests that alterations in ionic conductances in spinal motoneurones, specifically the manifestation of persistent inward currents, may be partly responsible for the appearance of hyperexcitable reflexes following spinal cord injury (SCI). We hypothesized that such alterations would manifest as temporal facilitation of stretch reflexes in human SCI. Controlled, triangular wave, ankle joint rotations applied at variable velocities (30–120 deg s−1) and intervals between stretches (0.25–5.0 s) were performed on 14 SCI subjects with velocity-dependent, hyperexcitable plantarflexors. Repeated stretch elicited significant increases in plantarflexion torques and electromyographic (EMG) activity from the soleus (SOL) and medial gastrocnemius (MG). At higher velocities (≥ 90 deg s−1), reflex torques declined initially, but subsequently increased to levels exceeding the initial response, while mean EMG responses increased throughout the joint perturbations. At lower velocities (≤ 60 deg s−1), both joint torques and EMGs increased gradually. Throughout a range of angular velocities, reflex responses increased significantly only at intervals ≤ 1 s between stretches and following at least four rotations. Ramp-and-hold perturbations used to elicit tonic stretch reflexes revealed significantly prolonged EMG responses following one or two triangular stretches, as compared to single ramp-and-hold excursions. Post hoc analyses revealed reduced reflex facilitation in subjects using baclofen to control spastic behaviours. Evidence of stretch reflex facilitation post-SCI may reflect changes in underlying neuronal properties and provide insight into the mechanisms underlying spastic reflexes.
La traducción de las estrategias de cortesía en la correspondencia comercial en lengua china y lengua española

L a globalizacio n h a aumentad o h oy e n di a l a comunicacio n entr e Occidente y Orient e y l a traduccio n desempen a u n pape l fundamenta l e n est a ol a d e globaliza cio n qu e ev olucion a d e maner a v ertiginos a y acelerada . Cad a v e z so n ma s estrechos lo s contacto s entr e e l mund o d e habl a hispanic a y e l d e habl a china . E n e l ambito de l comerci o e xterio r , un o d e lo s genero s t e xtuale s ma s traducido s pr o vien e d e la correspondenci a comercia l e n chin o y espanol . E l desconocimient o po r part e del traducto r d e la s caracteristica s d e lo s genero s t e xtuale s pued e pr ov oca r malentendi do s e , incluso , impedi r l a comunicacion . Est e trabaj o tien e com o objet iv o estudia r y compara r la s estrat e gia s d e cortesi a usada s e n l a correspondenci a comercia l e n chino y e n espano l y ofrece r pauta s a lo s traductore s par a l a traduccio n d e t e xto s d e este gener o de l chin o a l espano l o vic ev ersa.
Kant and Spinozism: Trancendental Idealism and Immanence from Jacobi to Deleuze

Beth Lord: Kant and Spinozism: Trancendental Idealism and Immanence from Jacobi to Deleuze. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011, pp. x + 214. £60.00 (hb.). ISBN 0230552978. It is often assumed tha...
Needle EMG of abductor hallucis and peroneus tertius in normal subjects.

Normal values for standard concentric-needle electromyography (EMG) of the abductor hallucis (AH) and peroneus tertius (PT) muscles have not been established to date, yet both are potentially useful muscles in the diagnosis of length-dependent peripheral nerve disorders. Forty-three normal asymptomatic subjects stratified by age underwent a standard set of nerve conduction studies and concentric-needle examination to exclude asymptomatic disease and develop normal values for the AH and the PT for various EMG parameters. Fibrillation potentials were observed in the AH in 21% of normal subjects (10% 60 years old); 19% of subjects were unable to voluntarily activate the AH. All subjects could activate the PT regardless of age. No fibrillation potentials were observed in subjects < 60 years of age, whereas 9% of those older than 60 years had mild fibrillation potentials in the PT. The PT is a useful muscle in the evaluation of length-dependent peripheral neuropathy and other peripheral nerve disorders of the lower extremities, on the basis of ease of motor unit potential activation and analysis, and relative infrequency of fibrillation potentials in normal subjects.
Structures and Energetics of Hydrated Oxygen Anion Clusters

Hydration of the atomic oxygen radical anion is studied with computational electronic structure methods, considering (O(-))(H(2)O)(n) clusters and related proton-transferred (OH(-))(OH)(H(2)O)(n)(-)(1) clusters having n = 1-5. A total of 67 distinct local-minimum structures having various interesting hydrogen bonding motifs are obtained and analyzed. On the basis of the most stable form of each type, (O(-))(H(2)O)(n)) clusters are energetically favored, although for n > or = 3, there is considerable overlap in energy between other members of the (O(-))(H(2)O)(n) family and various members of the (OH(-))(OH)(H(2)O)(n)(-)(1) family. In the lower-energy (O(-))(H(2)O)(n) clusters, the hydrogen bonding arrangement about the oxygen anion center tends to be planar, leaving the oxygen anion p-like orbital containing the unpaired electron uninvolved in hydrogen bonding with any water molecule. In (OH(-))(OH)(H(2)O)(n)(-)(1) clusters, on the other hand, nonplanar arrangements are the rule about the anionic oxygen center that accepts hydrogen bonds. No instances are found of OH(-) acting as a hydrogen bond donor. Those OH bonds that form hydrogen bonds to an anionic O(-) or OH(-) center are significantly stretched from their equilibrium value in isolated water or hydroxyl. A quantitative inverse correlation is established for all hydrogen bonds between the amount of the OH bond stretch and the distance to the other oxygen involved in the hydrogen bond.
From cryo-EM, multiple protein structures in one shot

A new maximum likelihood–based algorithm allows cryo-EM structure determination of macromolecular complexes even when conformational heterogeneity is present.
Glycogen Storage Disease Type X Caused by Ochratoxin A in Broiler Chickens

Abstract Day-old broiler chickens fed graded concentrations of ochratoxin A (0, .5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 γg/g of diet) for 3 weeks were examined histopathologically for glycogen accumulation in muscle tissue using both formalin and ethanol fixatives with periodic acid-Schiff stain in a duplicate diastatic slide technique. However, glycogen could not be visualized in chicken muscle by these techniques which work with human muscle. Quantitative analysis for the glycogen itself permitted demonstration of a significant (P
Cerenkov radiation as a UV and visible light source for time-resolved fluorescence.

We demonstrate the first use of Cerenkov radiation for the measurement of fluorescence lifetimes. Relativistic β particles from the nuclear decay of 90Sr and 90Y generate a spectral continuum in a quartz waveguide. Light flashes of <100-ps duration are delivered simultaneously to a sample cell and a reference photomultiplier. A simple, digitally based cross-correlation signal processor allows extraction of the sample fluorescence decay kinetics without distortions which can result from the random excitation pulse sequence. We characterize both the pulse duration and the pulse intensity of the light that is emitted from the waveguide. Although the excitation intensity is very weak, we demonstrate that accurate lifetime measurements are possible with only a few hundred seconds of integration time. Tests on a variety of compounds illustrate the utility of the light source throughout the UV and blue regions of the spectrum. We also discuss future design improvements and potential applications of this new appr...
Kinetics and mechanism of n-butene isomerization over activated lanthanum oxide

Abstract The catalytic behavior of lanthanum sesquioxide for double-bond isomerization of the n-butenes has been studied in the temperature range 0–50 °C. Initial activity for individual conversions of all three n-butene reactants increases with increasing pretreatment temperature, due to removal of surface hydroxyls, attains a maximum following evacuation at ~650 °C, and then declines with further increase in pretreatment temperature, due to decreases in surface anion disorder. Initial reaction rates of each isomer at 0 °C are described by a Langmuirian rate equation of the form Rate = kbP/(1 + bP), which reduces to a zero-order expression in the case of 1-butene reactant. Double bond migration in the n-butenes occurs very rapidly over La2O3, but the rates of direct cis → trans interconversion are, by comparison, negligibly slow throughout the temperature range investigated, due possibly to the absence of surface sites that permit the necessary anti-π-allyl → syn-π-allyl rotation. As a result, although conversion of 1-butene involves characteristically high initial cis/trans product ratios, the sole primary product observed for both 2-butene reactants is 1-butene. Tracer studies employing the three perdeuterated n-butenes indicate that initial proton abstraction is the rate-determining step for each interconversion, and that the hydrogen transfer process involved in double-bond migration occurs via an intramolecular mechanism. Both directions of the one → cis interconversion are accompanied by a much larger initial H-D isotope effect (9 to 10) than those observed for the one → trans reaction (1 to 3), suggesting that the two reversible processes may proceed by dissimilar mechanisms or occur on different types of surface sites.
The influence of different tutor types on song learning in a natural bird population

Male Savannah sparrows, Passerculus sandwichensis, sing a single, individually distinctive song their entire life, which they presumably learn from other males in the same population. We took advantage of a strongly philopatric, known-age and known-parentage island population to examine the influence of five tutor types on song learning: a bird's social father, genetic father, natal neighbours, older breeding-year neighbours and 1-year-old breeding-year neighbours. Of 57 males banded as nestlings, there was wide variation in the tutor type with the greatest influence on song learning. Based on pairwise visual comparisons of spectrograms of all co-occurring males plus quantitative measures of similarity of digitized songs, only 12% of males sang songs that were most strongly influenced by their social father, as inferred by overall similarity of entire songs. About 45% of males were the product of extrapair paternity, but no male sang a song that was most similar to his genetic (versus social) father. Thirty-five per cent of males produced songs that were most similar to those of natal neighbours, 26% sang songs most like older breeding-year neighbours and 26% sang songs most like 1-year-old breeding-year neighbours. Neither a male's body condition at fledging nor his fledging date was related to tutor type, and tutors did not differ from nontutors in morphology, longevity or reproductive success. Savannah sparrows apparently draw upon a wide set of models heard in both their hatching and their breeding years, incorporating specific song elements into their own song rather than copying in its entirety any particular tutor's song.