cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Humor Styles, Positive Personality and Health

The research examines the relationship of sense of humor differences and positive personality qualities with perceptions of stress and well-being. Positive and negative styles of self-directed humor were assumed to have opposing relationships with perceived stress, but the relationships were predicted to be mediated through positive personality qualities. University students provided data at two points in time separated by 8 weeks. Data from time 1 was used to verify the mediation of the relationship of sense of humor with perceived stress through the positive personality qualities. A more extensive theoretical model, using longitudinal data, was tested using the sense of humor measures from time 1 and positive personality qualities at time 2 to predict perceived stress and well-being at time 2. The results from the two analyses support the proposed mediator model in which the potential health benefits of a positive humor style and the potential damage to health associated with a negative humor style are mediated through the positive personality qualities. Thus, it would appear that good humor uses can support maintaining a stable positive personality style, which has positive associations with both psychological and physical well-being.
3H-uridine uptake in human leukemia HL-60 cells exposed to extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields.

Abstract Human leukemia HL-60 cells in vitro were exposed or sham-exposed to a 60 Hz electric (3.40 mV/m) or magnetic 10 G (1 μT) field for 5 hr in an attempt to replicate the results of a previously published report (1) of increased uptake of [ 3 H] uridine in response to similar exposure conditions. The results of the present experiments indicated no treatment effect of the fields on the uridine incorporation. The ability to detect differences in [ 3 H] uridine uptake were confirmed in a negative control experiment. A ‘negative control’ experiment demonstrated a statistically significant increase in 3 H-uridine uptake for cells at 37 °C relative to those at 4 °C.
Besov Spaces of M-harmonic Functions on Bounded Symmetric Domains

New Besov spaces of M-harmonic functions are introduced on a bounded symmetric domain in ℂn. Various characterizations of these spaces are given in terms of the intrinsic metrics, the Laplace-Beltrami operator and the action of the group of the domain.
Dynamic properties of the compensatory eye-stalk rotation response of the crayfish (Procambarus clarkii

Abstract 1. 1. Eye-stalk position was recorded during sinusoidal rotary oscillation of crayfish at various frequencies and amplitudes. 2. 2. The amplitude of the response declined with oscillation frequency between 0·176 and 1·4 Hz, showing the properties of a simple low-pass filter. 3. 3. The system behaved approximately linearly only in response to peak-to-peak angular displacements below 100°.
A surprising role for TLR7

Ligation of the Toll-like receptor TLR7 in human CD4+ T cells elicits an anergic state that may contribute to CD4+ T cell hyporesponsiveness after infection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 and may also enhance propagation of this virus.
Somatocrinin, growth hormone releasing factor, stimulates secretion of growth hormone in anesthetized rats

The synthetic replicate of a 44 amino acid peptide isolated from a human pancreatic tumor which had caused acromegaly possesses high specific activity to release growth hormone (GH) in anesthetized male rats. The GH secretion induced by this peptide is dose-dependent from 50 ng to 1 μg, with plasma GH concentrations increasing more than 10-fold within 5 min of iv administration at the higher doses. Two enzymatic degradation products of the 44 residue peptide were also isolated and consist of the first 37 and 40 amino acids. All three peptides appear to possess similar potency, on a molar basis, invivo, contrary to invitro results. The specificity of these peptides on GH release was shown by their failure to alter plasma concentrations of prolactin (PRL), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and corticosterone. Based on these invivo results, the three peptides with serve as powerful tools with which to investigate the mechanisms of GH secretion.
Reproducibility of Topographic Measurements of the Normal and Glaucomatous Optic Nerve Head With the Laser Tomographic Scanner

We acquired five independent topographic images of the optic nerve head of eight normal eyes and eight eyes with primary open-angle glaucoma with a laser tomographic scanner. Each image had a field of view of 15 × 15 degrees with a resolution of 256 × 256 pixels. The pixel size was approximately 15 × 15 μm. The value of a pixel of a topographic image represented the height at this position. The mean height and the standard deviation over the five topographic images were calculated for each of the 65,536 pixel positions. The standard deviation of a single height measurement in normal eyes was 38.7 μm (range, 23.4 to 62.2 μm) for areas in the peripapillary retina and 42.6 μm (range, 24.4 to 53.7 μm) for measurements within the optic nerve head area. In glaucomatous eyes, the standard deviation was 41.2 μm (range, 23.2 to 59.6 μm) in the peripapillary retina and 49.4 μm (range, 28.1 to 72.8 μm) within the optic nerve head. There was no significant difference between the standard deviation of a single height measurement in normal and glaucomatous eyes (P = .34 within the optic nerve head area; P=.57 on peripapillary retina). No correlation was found between standard deviation of the measurements and pupil size or age of the subject.
Activation of Superoxide Ion by Reactions with Protons, Electrophiles, Secondary Amines, Radicals, and Reduced Metal· Ions

In aprotic and aqueous media the proton-induced disproportionation of superoxide ion (O−2) yields a variety of reactive species (HO2·, H2O2, HO−2, and · OH). In aprotic media O−2 rapidly degrades polychlorinated hydrocarbons (CCl4, HCCl3, and DDT) to oxygenated products (CCl4 Cl3COO·; HCCl3 Cl2C: and Cl2C=O). Alkyl halides react more slowly (BuCl BuOO· and BuOO−). Formation of O−2 in the presence of methyl viologen (MV2+), reduced flavins, esters, and low-valent transition metal complexes results in the formation of reactive oxygenating agents and reaction mimics for oxygenases [MV+-OO-, 4a-hydroperoxyflavins, RC(O)OO−, and Zn11(O2 ·)+]. Kinetic data for the proton-induced disproportionation of O−2 in water and the nucleophilic reactions of O−2 in aprotic solvents lead to the conclusion that the latter are probably of little significance for biological oxygenation reactions.
Dynamic leaching test of personal computer components.

A dynamic leaching test (DLT) was developed and used to evaluate the leaching of toxic substances for electronic waste in the environment. The major components in personal computers (PCs) including motherboards, hard disc drives, floppy disc drives, and compact disc drives were tested. The tests lasted for 2 years for motherboards and 1.5 year for the disc drives. The extraction fluids for the standard toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) and synthetic precipitation leaching procedure (SPLP) were used as the DLT leaching solutions. A total of 18 elements including Ag, Al, As, Au, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, Ni, Pd, Pb, Sb, Se, Sn, and Zn were analyzed in the DLT leachates. Only Al, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and Zn were commonly found in the DLT leachates of the PC components. Their leaching levels were much higher in TCLP extraction fluid than in SPLP extraction fluid. The toxic heavy metal Pb was found to continuously leach out of the components over the entire test periods. The cumulative amounts of Pb leached out of the motherboards in TCLP extraction fluid reached 2.0 g per motherboard over the 2-year test period, and that in SPLP extraction fluid were 75–90% less. The leaching rates or levels of Pb were largely affected by the content of galvanized steel in the PC components. The higher was the steel content, the lower the Pb leaching rate would be. The findings suggest that the obsolete PCs disposed of in landfills or discarded in the environment continuously release Pb for years when subjected to landfill leachate or rains.
Influence of temperature on the bonding mechanism of plasma-sprayed coatings☆

Abstract Although considerable work has been carried out on the bonding mechanism of sprayed coatings, the relationship between the temperatures of substrate and particle and the adhesion of the coatings was not clearly pointed out. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the influence of temperature on the adhesive mechanism of thermally sprayed coatings. In this paper the importance of the temperature of both the substrate and the particle in the adhesive mechanism is emphasized. In order to clarify the adhesive mechanism at the boundary between the coating and the spreads on it is made. The model of a uniform layer of liquid (the particle) at initial temperature Tp which is suddenly brought into contact at time zero with a substrate at initial temperature Ts is considered. The diameter of the splat particle is assumed to be much larger than its thickness; edge effects are neglected and the problem is then considered as one-dimensional heat flow. Two phase changes are under consideration: the solidification of the spray droplet and the melting of the substrate. By analogy with the method of Weiner who obtained the solution for transient heat conduction in a multiphase media, the exact solution for this solidification- melting problem is found. The solution gives the pertinent information on the thermal behaviour of both the particle and the substrate. Moreover it gives the relationship between the initial molten droplet temperature and the initial solid substrate temperature for the onset of melting in the solid. The results of the analysis indicate the importance of physical properties of both the spray droplet and the substrate in the incipient melting of the substrate and emphasize the importance of the substrate because the temperature of the particle is usually difficult to control. Obviously, a particle-substrate system where the solidification-melting conditions are easily realized has greater bond strength than a system where these conditions are difficult to meet. Thus the reason why some materials stick generally to all surfaces is clarified, particularly if the solidification-melting conditions are favourable to the creation of a metallurgical bond.
Large atom-density change at constant temperature by varying trap anisotropy in a dilute magneto-optical trap

We show that it is possible to vary the number density of a trapped sample of laser-cooled atoms in a dilute magneto-optical trap by over an order of magnitude while keeping the temperature constant. This can be accomplished by varying the relative intensity of the trapping laser beams, such that the total intensity (sum of all six beams) remains fixed. This makes the trap anisotropic, i.e., causes the shape of the cloud to be deformed, but leaves the total number N of trapped atoms unchanged, thus leading to a change in the number density. The temperature does not change because the total laser intensity, the laser detuning, and all other trap parameters stay fixed throughout the experiment.
Spatial focusing of time-reversed UWB electromagnetic waves in a hallway environment

Spatial focusing of time-reversed UWB electromagnetic waves is demonstrated in a hallway environment. Firstly, a general time domain channel model for the hallway environment has been built. This model takes into account the materials as well as the geometric configuration of the environment. Based on this model, spatial focusing of TR technique is investigated and simulation results show there is 10dB energy drop when the receiver is 1 m away from the intended receiver.
Structure of semidilute single-wall carbon nanotube suspensions and gels.

The microscopic network structure of surfactant-stabilized single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in water was investigated as a function of SWNT concentration in the semidilute (overlapping) regime using small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Most of the samples exhibit rigid rod behavior (i.e., Q-1 intensity variation) at large scattering wavevector, Q, and a crossover to network behavior (i.e., ∼Q-2 intensity variation) at low Q. The mesh size, ξ, of the network was determined from the crossover of rigid rod to network behavior in the SANS intensity profile and was found to decrease with increasing SWNT concentration. When the dispersion quality of these associating rigid rods was degraded, only ∼Q-2 intensity variation was observed at both high and low Q. Small-angle X-ray scattering measurements of the same stable dispersions were relatively insensitive to network structure because of poor contrast between SWNTs and surfactant.
Activity and mechanism of action of DuP 105 and DuP 721, new oxazolidinone compounds

The in-vitro activities of DuP 721 and DuP 105, new oxazolidinone antibacterials, were compared with those of cefazolin, cephalexin, ciprofloxacin, clindamycin, oxacillin, penicillin, and vancomycin against Gram-positive cocci. DuP 721 was approximately four-fold more active than DuP 105 with an MIC of 2.0 mg/l for 90% of the Staphylococcus aureus, beta-haemolytic streptococcus and Streptococcus faecalis strains tested, and an MIC of 4.0 mg/l for 90% of the Str. faecium, penicillin-resistant Str. pneumoniae and viridans streptococcus strains tested. DuP 105 was most active against strains of Staph. epidermidis with an MIC of 4.0 mg/l for 90% of the strains tested. There was no cross resistance between these and the other antibacterial agents that were tested. Both oxazolidinones had bacteriostatic activity in broth against susceptible organisms. Both DuP 721 and DuP 105 inhibited ribosomal protein synthesis in a cell-free system. These synthetic, orally absorbable compounds represent a new series of antibacterial agents unrelated by chemical structure to any other currently available antimicrobial agents.
Joint 2-D DOA Tracking for Multiple Moving Targets using Adaptive Frequency Estimation

In this paper, we propose a low-complexity adaptive two-dimensional (2-D) frequency estimation algorithm to jointly track 2-D direction-of-arrivals (DOAs) of multiple moving targets with a uniform rectangular array (URA). The LOAFRI subspace tracking algorithm is applied to estimate the signal subspace recursively, then an adaptive eigenvector-based frequency estimation approach is used to resolve the 2-D DOAs from the estimated signal subspace. The eigenvectors are obtained from the eigen-decomposition of an adaptively weighted matrix, whose weighting factors are updated according to the current DOA estimates and the optimization criterion derived from the perturbation analysis to minimize estimation error variance. The complexity order of the proposed algorithm is analyzed in detail to demonstrate its low computation cost, and the tracking performance is validated by simulation results.
Clinical benefits of the Boston Ocular Surface Prosthesis.

Purpose To evaluate the effects of the Boston Ocular Surface Prosthesis (Boston Foundation for Sight, Needham, Massachusetts, USA) on visual acuity (VA) and visual functioning in patients with severe corneal ectasia, irregular astigmatism, or ocular surface disease. Design Prospective, interventional case series. Methods The study examined the effects of this prosthesis on VA and visual functioning in consecutive patients with corneal ectasia, irregular astigmatism, or ocular surface disease who had failed conventional therapies and were seen at the Boston Foundation for Sight between January 1 and June 30, 2006. Outcomes were best-corrected VA using Snellen charts and visual functioning using the National Eye Institute Visual Functioning Questionnaire (NEI VFQ-25) at 6 months. Clinical data were abstracted from medical records. Results Of the 101 patients, 80 were fitted with a prosthesis in one or both eyes, and follow-up Visual Functioning Questionnaire data were obtained in 69 eyes. Best-corrected VA improved by a change in mean logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution (logMAR) units of −0.39 (converted from Snellen) with a change of −0.54 logMAR units in patients with ectasia or astigmatism and −0.22 logMAR units in patients with ocular surface disease. Mean composite visual functioning scores increased from 57.0 to 77.8 (P Conclusions The Boston Ocular Surface Prosthesis significantly improved VA and visual functioning in patients with corneal ectasia, irregular astigmatism, and ocular surface disease who had failed conventional therapies.
Patterned Block-Copolymer-Silica Mesostructures as Host Media for the Laser Dye Rhodamine 6G

Rhodamine 6G-doped mesostructured silica is prepared by an acidic sol−gel route using poly-b-poly(propylene oxide)-b-poly(ethylene oxide) (EOx−POy−EOx) block copolymer surfactants. Using low-refrac...
A composition-spread approach to developing novel materials for optical amplifiers

The composition-spread approach provides a means for evaluating the maximum photoluminescence in new systems of erbium-containing oxides. Hundreds of combinations of zinc-, bismuth-, gadolinium-, and aluminum-substituted SiO 2 are evaluated; the Er:Zn-Ge-Si-O system is particularly promising.
Missing sensors restoration for system control and diagnostics

Error free measurements are an essential requirement for system monitoring, diagnosis, and control. Measurements can be corrupted or interrupted due to sensor failure, broken links, or bad communication. Control, monitoring and diagnostics cannot operate effectively under these conditions. State estimation has been used in the past for sensors restoration. However, it requires accurate, observable and error free detailed system model. These requirements are often unattainable in hardware settings. In this paper, we propose a completely different concept based on auto-encoding and intelligent system search algorithms. The proposed technique is not model based, is hardware realizable, and is rapid enough for fast action of low inertia electromechanical systems. Hardware experimental results show the effectiveness of this technique for on-line control.
Update on the MODIS Collection 5 Processing Cloud Optical and Microphysical Algorithm and Product Validation

Over the last year, extensive improvements and enhancements to the operational global MODIS cloud optical products have been implemented. Key elements of this new Collection 5 processing algorithm will be discussed along with examples.
A binary message-passing decoding algorithm for LDPC codes

This paper presents a soft reliability-based binary message-passing algorithm for decoding LDPC codes. This algorithm outperforms the existing weighted bit-flipping algorithms with much less computational complexity. It is particularly effective for decoding LDPC codes constructed based on finite-geometries and finite fields. The proposed algorithm can be simplified for applications in communication or storage systems where either soft reliability information is not available to the decoder or a simple decoder is needed.
FREQUENCY-DEPENDENT SUCCESS OF CHEATERS DURING FORAGING BOUTS MIGHT LIMIT THEIR SPREAD WITHIN COLONIES OF A SOCIALLY POLYMORPHIC SPIDER

Although several studies have demonstrated that frequency-dependent effects can promote the maintenance of cooperative behavior in microbes, experimental evidence of frequency-dependent effects in cooperative animal societies is rare. We staged mixed phenotype feeding bouts in the spider Anelosimus studiosus, which shows a within-population social polymorphism, to determine how phenotype frequency affects the foraging success of the social (cooperative) and asocial (cheater) phenotypes. Foraging performance was inferred from average change in percent mass for the respective phenotypes after staged group foraging events. We then performed a field census of multifemale colonies of A. studiosus to determine the phenotypic composition of naturally occurring colonies. Our data indicate that asocial (i.e., cheater) individuals experience negative frequency-dependent foraging success in staged foraging contests. Asocial individuals outperform social individuals when their representation is low, but lose this competitive advantage as their relative numbers increase. Naturally occurring colonies, on average, contained 58.33% social and 41.67% asocial individuals.
Software defined radio in the electrical and computer engineering curriculum

The development of Software Defined Radio systems and their extension to Cognitive Radio Systems and Smart Radio Systems have introduced a plethora of topics and examples that can be included in the curriculum. The design of these software defined radio systems has less in common with traditional radio design and more in common with the design of Embedded Systems and Software Engineering. This purpose of this paper is to overview software defined radio from the simplest form to its most complicated form and giveexamples on how software defined radio concepts can be used as examples and exercises in a variety of Electrical Engineering and Computer Engineering courses and labs.
Toward a Constructivist Perspective: The Impact of a Mathematics Teacher Inservice Program on Students.

A constructivist-oriented inservice program provided teachers of mathematics (K-12) with intensive two-week summer institutes and weekly classroom follow-up. Pre- and post-program data on student outcomes indicate that, along with transformations in the nature and quality of mathematics activity in the classroom, students' beliefs about learning mathematics changed and elementary students' attitudes toward mathematics improved. Although the instruction they now received focused more on conceptual understanding and less on computational skill, students' scores on standardized tests assessing routine knowledge were maintained.
Conceptual design of bend, compression and final focus components of ILSE

The Induction Linac System Experiment (ILSE) includes a 180 degrees bend system, a drift compression line, and a final focus, which test the analogous features of a heavy-ion driver for inertial fusion. These components are novel in their transport of a space-charge-dominated ion beam with large head-to-tail velocity tilt. Their conceptual design is presented, including calculations of the beam envelope, momentum dispersion, and engineering design of magnets, vacuum system, diagnostics, alignment, and support. >
Measures of deficit unawareness for predicted performance experiments

Predicted performance experiments attempt to quantify an impaired individual's awareness of his or her deficit. These experiments measure perceived ability by the individual's prediction of his or her performance on a specific cognitive task and actual ability by his or her subsequent performance on that task. To date, the most comprehensive predicted performance experiment is the one proposed and implemented by McGlynn and Kaszniak (1991b). This experiment is potentially capable of removing a number of influences that may be confounded with deficit unawareness; however, it is not obvious what method of quantitative analysis best exploits this capability. In the present report, several possibilities are discussed. The limitations of McGlynn and Kaszniak's method are identified, and a more satisfying measure of deficit unawareness is proposed. ( JINS , 1996, 2 , 315–322.)
A new channel independent precoded OFDM systems robust to spectral null channels

The performance of OFDM systems may be degraded when ISI channels have spectral nulls. Also, when ISI channels have many taps, the data rate overhead due to the insertion of the cyclic prefix is high. In this paper, we propose a precoded OFDM system that may improve the performance of the OFDM systems for spectral null channels. We also propose size K/spl times/1 vector OFDM systems that reduce the cyclic prefix length by K times compared to the conventional OFDM systems. The precoding scheme is simply to insert, one or more zeros between each two sets of K consecutive information symbols, although it can be generalized to a general form. This precoding scheme may be able to remove the spectral nulls of an ISI channel without knowing the ISI channel. When no zero is inserted between each two sets of K consecutive information symbols and only each K consecutive symbols are blocked together, we obtain vector OFDM systems.
Basis material decomposition using triple-energy X-ray computed tomography

In this paper a triple energy reconstruction method in X-ray tomography is presented. It is shown that it is possible to resolve among three basis materials if three measurements are made using three properly selected energies. An appropriate statistical model has been developed as well as an efficient algorithm to solve it. In the field of medical imaging this can allow one to monitor distribution of the contrast agent in the body. It can also have significant industrial applications in the area of nondestructive evaluation where materials with K-edges in the range of energies used are likely to be encountered. A way to extend the method to more than three energies, and three materials is also suggested.
An energy-minimization framework for monotonic cubic spline interpolation

This paper describes the use of cubic splines for interpolating monotonic data sets. Interpolating cubic splines are popular for fitting data because they use low-order polynomials and have C2 continuity, a property that permits them to satisfy a desirable smoothness constraint. Unfortunately, that same constraint often violates another desirable property: monotonicity. It is possible for a set of monotonically increasing (or decreasing) data points to yield a curve that is not monotonic, i.e., the spline may oscillate. In such cases, it is necessary to sacrifice some smoothness in order to preserve monotonicity.The goal of this work is to determine the smoothest possible curve that passes through its control points while simultaneously satisfying the monotonicity constraint. We first describe a set of conditions that form the basis of the monotonic cubic spline interpolation algorithm presented in this paper. The conditions are simplified and consolidated to yield a fast method for determining monotonicity. This result is applied within an energy minimization framework to yield linear and nonlinear optimization-based methods. We consider various energy measures for the optimization objective functions. Comparisons among the different techniques are given, and superior monotonic C2 cubic spline interpolation results are presented. Extensions to shape preserving splines and data smoothing are described.
Two-cell block to development of cultured hamster embryos is caused by phosphate and glucose

The failure of hamster 2-cell embryos to develop in vitro (2-cell block) was examined with experiments in which concentrations of glucose and phosphate in the culture medium were varied. Embryos were cultured in a protein-free modified Tyrode's solution that normally contains 5.0 mM glucose and 0.35 mM sodium dihydrogen phosphate. In the presence of 0.35 mM phosphate but without glucose, 23% of 2-cell embryos reached the 4-cell stage or further after culture for 1 day and 27% after 2 days. Glucose inhibited embryo development even at 0.1 mM (4% development to greater than or equal to 4-cells after culture for 2 days); there was no dose-related inhibition above this glucose concentration. In a second experiment, phosphate levels were varied in the absence of glucose. Phosphate was highly inhibitory to development, with 97% of 2-cell embryos reaching the 4-cell stage or further after culture for 1 day in the absence of phosphate compared to 9-21% in the presence of 0.1-1.05 mM phosphate. After culture for 2 days, 26% of embryos reached the 8-cell stage or further when phosphate was absent compared to 0% development to 8-cells with 0.1 mM phosphate or higher. In a factorial experiment, phosphate blocked development when glucose was present or absent, whereas glucose did not block embryo development in the absence of phosphate. However, 2-deoxyglucose (a non-metabolizable analogue of glucose) inhibited embryo development in the absence of phosphate. These data show that the in vitro block to development of hamster 2-cell embryos is caused at least in part by glucose and/or phosphate. Deletion of these compounds from the culture medium eliminates the 2-cell block to development in virtually all embryos, and approximately 25-75% of embryos develop to the 8-cell or morula stages in vitro. The observations provide a possible explanation for the 2-cell and 4-cell blocks that occur in conventional culture media: stimulation of glycolysis by glucose and/or phosphate may result in inefficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. The data indicate marked dissimilarities in the regulation of in vitro development of early cleavage stage hamster embryos compared with embryos of inbred mice, since the latter have an inactive glycolytic pathway prior to the 8-cell stage of development and will grow from 1-cell to blastocyst with both phosphate and glucose in the culture medium.
Space-time processing for wireless communications

Space-time processing can improve network capacity, coverage, and quality by reducing co-channel interference (CCI) while enhancing diversity and array gain. This article focuses largely on the receive (mobile-to-base station) time-division multiple access (TDMA) (nonspread modulation) application for high-mobility networks. We describe a large (macro) cell propagation channel and discuss different physical effects such as path loss, fading delay spread, angle spread, and Doppler spread. We also develop a signal model incorporating channel effects. Both forward-link (transmit) and reverse-link (receive) channels are considered and the relationship between the two is discussed. Single- and multiuser models are treated for four important space-time processing problems, and the underlying spatial and temporal structure are discussed as are different algorithmic approaches to reverse link space-time professing with blind and nonblind methods for single- and multiple-user cases. We cover forward-link space-time algorithms and we outline methods for estimation of multipath parameters. We also discuss applications of space-time processing to CDMA, applications of space-time techniques to current cellular systems, and industry trends.
THE CAMBIUM AND ITS DERIVATIVE TISSUES : VI. THE EFFECTS OF HYDROGEN ION CONCENTRATION IN VITAL STAINING.

It should be emphasized, in conclusion, that the writers' investigation is a reconnaissance, and was initiated primarily in searching for more adequate techniques for the study of cytological problems. Crude as many of the data undoubtedly are, they are of some significance in outlining future trends of more intensive investigation. The occurrence of two distinct types of vacuoles within the same cell provides a valuable check upon generalizations concerning the penetration of certain dyes. The A-type vacuole affords a means of determining that a number of dyes do penetrate living plant cells readily and rapidly from acid buffers. The recognition of two distinct categories of vacuoles—which are widely distributed throughout the higher plants—and a study of their staining reactions in Group I, Group II, and Group III dyes, indicate that certain discrepancies in the literature are due to the fact that different investigators are concerned with different vacuoles and with different dyes. For an accurate visualization of the physico-chemical mechanisms of the penetration and accumulation of dyes in living cells a much wider range of reliable data is essential, both as regards the purely biological variables and the physico-chemical variables in techniques employed in their investigation. Until such data are available, generalizations from limited induction should be reduced to a minimum.
A New Method to Determine Effective Lateral Doping Abruptness and Spreading-Resistance Components in Nanoscale MOSFETs

A comprehensive technique for the accurate extraction of the effective lateral doping abruptness and the spreading-resistance components in source/drain extension (EXT) regions is presented by FET on-resistance characterization and physical resistance modeling. The spreading-resistance components under EXT-to-gate overlap, and spacer regions are successfully correlated to the lateral EXT doping abruptness by the relationship between on-resistance and overlap capacitance response measured from 90-nm-node silicon-on-insulator MOSFETs. The accurate determination of lateral doping abruptness is found to be essential for linking the external spreading resistance to intrinsic short-channel device characteristics.
Refined genetic algorithm-economic dispatch example

A genetic-based algorithm is used to solve a power system economic dispatch (ED) problem. The algorithm utilizes payoff information of perspective solutions to evaluate optimality. Thus, the constraints of classical LaGrangian techniques on unit curves are eliminated. Using an economic dispatch problem as a basis for comparison, several different techniques which enhance program efficiency and accuracy, such as mutation prediction, elitism, interval approximation and penalty factors, are explored. Two unique genetic algorithms are also compared. The results are verified for a sample problem using a classical technique. >
Disturbance of attention among schizophrenic, depressed and well mothers and their young children.

SUMMARY Comparing two groups of psychotic mothers (schizophrenic, depressed), and well mothers and their children aged 5–6 on the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) and Continuous Performance Test (CPT), these attention measures were less inter-correlated within the depressed group. Partialling both mother and child I.Q., there were no significant intergenerational relationships within any of the three diagnostic groups. Although schizophrenic mothers performed less well than mothers in the two other groups on the EFT, children of depressed mothers showed the greatest impairment in intelligence, and, covarying for intelligence, greater impairment than children in either of the two other groups on the EFT.
Direct Demodulation and Channel Filtering of Phase-Modulated Signals Using an Injection-Locked VCSEL

Detection of phase-modulated optical signals without the use of an externally generated local oscillator is demonstrated using an injection-locked vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser. When it is used in a multichannel system, this technique is also capable of actively filtering out one of the phase-modulated optical carriers. The experimental results of the proposed receiver performance in a three-channel optical system are presented here. A signal-to-noise ratio of 75 dBc/Hz is obtained.
Removing user fees: learning from international experience to support the process

Removing user fees could improve service coverage and access, in particular among the poorest socio-economic groups, but quick action without prior preparation could lead to unintended effects, including quality deterioration and excessive demands on health workers. This paper illustrates the process needed to make a realistic forecast of the possible resource implications of a well-implemented user fee removal programme and proposes six steps for a successful policy change: (1) analysis of a country's initial position (including user fee level, effectiveness of exemption systems and impact of fee revenues at facility level); (2) estimation of the impact of user fee removal on service utilization; (3) estimation of the additional requirements for human resources, drugs and other inputs, and corresponding financial requirements; (4) mobilization of additional resources (both domestic and external) and development of locally-tailored strategies to compensate for the revenue gap and costs associated with increased utilization; (5) building political commitment for the policy reform; (6) communicating the policy change to all stakeholders. The authors conclude that countries that intend to remove user fees can maximize benefits and avoid potential pitfalls through the utilization of the approach and tools described.
Deblurring and noise suppression in spatial EPR imaging

Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging has been used to map in vivo spatial distributions of endogenous and introduced free radicals. Because of the appreciable spectral linewidths of the radicals and the finite magnitude of the magnetic field gradients that encode spatial information, it is necessary to perform deblurring and noise suppression to achieve images with high spatial resolution. Recently, a regularized inverse-filtering technique for suppressing noise and blurring was described and evaluated for use with 3D single photon emission computed tomography. This filtering technique uses an a priori random image field (RIF) to specify the expected signal region and degree of smoothness in the image.
Meet Me at the Crossroads: African American Athletic and Racial Identity

How individuals define themselves has considerable implications within the realms of sport. Considering the large proportion of African Americans participating in high profile college sports, matters of identity likely become quite relevant. This article addresses issues related to athletic and racial identity contextualized in the sport domain. The potential relationship between athletic identity (Brewer, Van Raalte, & Linder, 1993) and the conceptualization of African American racial identity are explored. The framework of the Multidimensional Model of Racial Identity (MMRI; Sellers, Smith, Shelton, Rowley, & Chavous, 1998) is used to investigate the potentially varied perceptions of African American collegiate student athletes' racial identities. Specifically, the salience and centrality of athletic identity, in addition, the roles that the multiple ideologies of the MMRI may play in sport are discussed. Directions for future research of the intersection of race and sport are forwarded.
Acanthocephala of the Raccoon (Procyon lotor) with a Faunal Review of Macracanthorhynchus ingens (Archiacanthocephala: Oligacanthorhynchidae)

ABSTRACT: Nine species of acanthocephalans have previously been reported from the raccoon, Procyon lotor, from North America: Centrorhynchus conspectus, Centrorhynchus sp., Echinorhynchus gadi, Moniliformis sp., Neoechinorhynchus cylindratus, Oligacanthorhynchus tortuosa, Plagiorhynchus cylindraceus, Profilicollis botulus, and Macracanthorhynchus ingens. Herein is reported for the first time the collection of Arythmorhynchus frassoni, Centrorhynchus spinonsus, and Southwellina hispida, each from single raccoons on Ossabaw Island, Georgia. The specimen previously identified as O. tortuosa was redetermined as M. ingens. Thus, this brings the total number of acanthocephalan species reported from the raccoon to 11. Infections of raccoons with all but M. ingens were of immature worms acquired by ingestion of intermediate or paratenic hosts or worms apparently ingested with infected definitive hosts. The many extensive surveys conducted of raccoons suggest that M. ingens is the only acanthocephalan that utilize...
Vision-inspired global routing for enhanced performance and reliability

As we enter the deep submicron era, transistors are increasingly added to chips, causing the chips to become hotter in a non-uniform manner. This is due to different processing tasks in different parts of the chips. This thermal gradient also causes a great number of problems such as the reduction in reliability of chips and interconnects due to electromigration, and system performance degradation because of increased delay and lowered clock frequencies. Since these thermal issues exist, interconnect routing, especially global routing, should be performed to consider the temperature distribution of substrates and the actual delay of interconnects. In this paper, we propose a global routing method based on image processing and computer vision techniques in which the probability of chip failure due to interconnect failure is reduced, and performance degradation from increased delay is also prevented. We observed that our method reduced the number of grids in hot regions by up to 50 % when compared with a conventional router, while maintaining the delay of interconnects as small as possible.
Information theory and hypothesis testing: a call for pluralism

Summary 1. A major paradigm shift is occurring in the approach of ecologists to statistical analysis. The use of the traditional approach of null-hypothesis testing has been questioned and an alternative, model selection by information‐theoretic methods, has been strongly promoted and is now widely used. For certain types of analysis, information‐theoretic approaches offer powerful and compelling advantages over null-hypothesis testing. 2. The benefits of information‐theoretic methods are often framed as criticisms of null-hypothesis testing. We argue that many of these criticisms are neither irremediable nor always fair. Many are criticisms of the paradigm’s application, rather than of its formulation. Information‐theoretic methods are equally vulnerable to many such misuses. Care must be taken in the use of either approach but users of null-hypothesis tests, in particular, must greatly improve standards of reporting and interpretation. 3. Recent critiques have suggested that the distinction between experimental and observational studies defines the limits of the utility of null-hypothesis testing (with the paradigm being applicable to the former but not the latter). However, we believe that there are many situations in which observational data are collected that lend themselves to analysis under the null-hypothesis testing paradigm. We suggest that the applicability of the two analytical paradigms is more accurately defined by studies that assess univariate causality (when null-hypothesis testing is adequate) and those that assess multivariate patterns of causality (when information‐theoretic methods are more suitable). 4. Synthesis and applications . Many ecologists are confused about the circumstances under which different inferential paradigms might apply. We address some of the major criticisms of the null-hypothesis testing paradigm, assess those criticisms in relation to the information‐theoretic paradigm, propose methods for improving the use of null-hypothesis testing, and discuss situations in which the use of null-hypothesis testing would be appropriate. We urge instructors and practitioners of statistical methods to heighten awareness of the limitations of null-hypothesis testing and to use information‐ theoretic methods whenever prior evidence suggests that multiple research hypotheses are plausible. We contend, however, that by marginalizing the use of null-hypothesis testing, ecologists risk rejecting a powerful, informative and well-established analytical tool.
Nomenclatural emendations (Cirripedia, Pedunculata) involving the family-group names Priscansermarinidae Newman, 1996, Neolepadinae Newman, 1996 & Zeugmatolepadidae Newman, 1996

The family-group names Priscansermarinidae Newman, 1996, Zeugmatolepadidae Newman, 1996, and Neolepadinae Newman, 1996 were not accompanied by a description or definition when proposed, whereby, in light of Article 13.1.1 (International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature 1999), they are nomen nudum (Grygier in lit.). It is the purpose of this note to rectify this situation. To my knowledge the first two family-group names have not appeared in print since 1996 and therefore they are proposed anew herein, as Priscansermarinidae fam. nov. and Zeugmatolepadidae fam. nov. The third family-group, the subfamily Neolepadinae Newman, 1996, has since been recognized and variously defined by subsequent authors, including Buckeridge (2000) and Southward & Jones (2004), but since neither declare it a new taxon, in light of Article 16.1 it cannot be attributed to them. On the other hand, Yamaguchi et al. (2004) divided the included genera between two new family-groups, the tribes Neolepadini and Ashinkailepadini Yamaguchi, Newman & Hashimoto, 2004. Therefore, in accordance with Art. 36.1 (the Principle of Coordination), the Neolepadinae Yamaguchi, Newman & Hashimoto, 2004, as defined by Yamaguchi et al. (2004:111), is proposed, nom. trans., herein.
Laparoscopy is Safe and Accurate to Evaluate Peritoneal Surface Metastasis Prior to Cytoreductive Surgery

Completeness of cytoreduction is a significant predictor of long-term outcome after cytoreductive surgery (CRS) and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). Imaging has limited sensitivity to identify peritoneal metastases and therefore predict whether complete cytoreduction is possible. We reviewed our experience using laparoscopy to determine candidates for complete cytoreduction and HIPEC. This single-center, retrospective study examined patients from 2007 to 2014 who underwent laparoscopy to determine complete cytoreduction (CC-0/1)/HIPEC candidacy. Preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative data were collected. A total of 145 laparoscopies were performed on 141 patients, 72 (51.1 %) of whom were female, with a median age of 53 years (range 20–79). The primary site was appendiceal in 67 (47.5 %) patients, colorectal in 43 (30.5 %), mesothelioma in 17 (12.1 %), unknown in 9 (6.4 %), small bowel in 3 (2.1 %), gastric in 1, and ovarian in 1 (0.7 % each). Overall, 115 (81.6 %) patients had prior abdominal surgery, 111 (76.6 %) had evidence of disease on imaging, and 117 (80.7 %) underwent prior chemotherapy, with a median of 5.9 weeks between the last treatment and laparoscopy (0.9–498.9 weeks). Four (2.8 %) intraoperative complications were observed (one liver laceration, two enterotomies, and one air embolus), and nine (6.2 %) postoperative complications [four (2.8 %) Clavien grade (CG) I, three (2.8 %) CG II, one (0.7 %) CG III (return to operating room) and one (0.7 %) CG IV (transient ischemic attack)]. Forty-eight patients deemed candidates by laparoscopy underwent CRS/HIPEC (positive predictive value 82.8 %). Diagnostic laparoscopy is a safe, feasible, and accurate staging tool in patients with suspected peritoneal metastases being considered for CRS.
Psychosocial factors associated with cardiovascular reactivity in older adults

This study examined associations of psychosocial factors with cardiovascular reactivity in two groups of men and women--spouse caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease (M age = 69.4 N = 82) and controls (M age = 68.5, N = 78) group-matched for age and gender. Cardiovascular responses to an emotional task (speech sample about one's spouse) yielded higher systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP, DBP) than a spoken cognitive task, which in turn yielded higher BPs and heart rate (HR) than the baseline rest period. HR was greater in response to the two tasks than in response to the baseline period, but it did not differ across tasks. Regression models of SBP, DBP, and HR reactivity in response to the two tasks demonstrated that after controlling for hypertension and gender, combinations of hostility, anger expression, avoidance coping, Type A behavior and Expressed Emotion (criticism) explained more reactivity in response to the emotional (8-12%) than the cognitive task (4-7%). Caregivers were more reactive than controls only if they were hypertensive. Psychosocial factors may be as important in explaining reactivity in older adults as in younger adults.