cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Asian Development: Economic Success and Policy Lessons

While the world's attention has been focused on the spectacular economic success of Japan and Korea, the less developed countries of Asia have often been neglected. Asian Development closes the gap. In nontechnical style and with minimal mathematics, it presents an in-depth perspective on the economic development of fourteen countries in East, Southeast, and South Asia. Asian Development is mainly a story of success. Though some problems remain, Asian countries have shown remarkable resilience in responding to sharp changes in the international economy-oil shocks, world recession and inflation, exchange-rate and interest-rate fluctuations, and rapid technological change. The authors conclude that their ability to adjust to changing external conditions is closely related to intelligent governmental policies. Looking back they comment: "In the past, growth of the United States and Japan pulled up the growth rates of the smaller economies in the region." Looking forward, they predict: "In the future, increasingly it will be the growth of the Asian developing countries that acts as a catalyst to growth in the more advanced economies.
Dissociation of the extracellular hemoglobin of Nephtys incisa

Abstract Although the extracellular hemoglobin of Nephtys incisa possesses the two-tiered hexagonal appearance characteristic of annelid extracellular hemoglobins, it contains an additional subunit in the central cavity of the molecule. 1. 1. Its molecular size as judged by gel filtration on Sepharose C1-6B is similar to that of Lumbricus terrestris hemoglobin. 2. 2. The oxygenation curve of Nephtys hemoglobin is slightly sigmoid with P 50 = 10 torr; the Hill plot is linear with n = 1.7 at half saturation. 3. 3. The pattern of dissociation of the unreduced hemoglobin upon electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gels (PAGE) in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) was different from that of Lumbricus and other annelid extracellular hemoglobins. It exhibits two dominant subunits with molecular masses of about 66,000 and 50,000 daltons and minor subunits of lower molecular mass; this result was corroborated by gel filtration of the hemoglobin in 0.1% SDS at neutral pH. 4. 4. SDS-PAGE of the reduced hemoglobin showed that it dissociates into five subunits: three “monomeric” subunits with molecular masses in the range 11,000 to 15,000 daltons and two “dimeric” subunits in the range 27,000 to 37,000 daltons. Two-dimensional SDS-PAGE showed that the two principal subunits of unreduced Nephtys hemoglobin produced upon reduction, both “monomeric” and “dimeric” subunits. 5. 5. The iron content of Nephtys hemoglobin was determined to be 0.248 ± 0.013% wt; the corresponding minimum molecular mass of 22,400, together with the results of SDS-PAGE suggests that not all of the polypeptide chains carry heme.
Variational solution of Schrödinger's equation for the static screened Coulomb potential

A variational method is used to obtain solutions to Schroddinger's equation for a particle in a static screened Coulomb potential. Energy eigenvalues are obtained for the lowest 45 states. The analytic wave functions generated by this method are used to obtain the probabilities for spontaneous emission in the dipole approximation as a function of screening length, for transitions between tiie six lowest states. (auth)
Carbon-nanotube cold cathodes as non-contact electrical couplers

When two carbon-nanotube coated electrodes are placed at a small distance from each other, electron field emission from carbon nanotubes allows DC or AC electrical current to flow between these two electrodes. The voltage drop across these two electrodes depends on the electric field needed for field emission of electrons that carry the electrical current in the circuit and the distance between these two electrodes. For applications to high-voltage circuits, which operate at much higher voltages than what is needed across two counter electrodes to provide adequate electron field emission current, this device serves as an effective non-contact electrical power coupler. Both rectifying electrical coupling and full-wave electrical coupling have been explored and will be reported in this paper.
Representation of lesbian, gay, and bisexual people in clinical cancer trials.

Purpose Clinical trials are important tools for advancing cancer treatment, prevention, and control. To identify and describe clinical effects relevant to underserved groups, their representation in clinical trials is necessary. Lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people have been identified as a medically underserved group and their representation in cancer clinical trials is unknown. This study sought to examine LGB cancer survivor representation in cancer clinical trials.
Prospective use of the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test in febrile disorders.

The reliability of the nitroblue tetrazolium dye test as an aid in the differentialdiagnosis of febrile disorders was evaluated in a prospective study of 168 febrile patients. A nomogram previously derived was used to predict correct patient classification and these results comapred to classification on the basis of final diagnosis. The frequency of serious misclassification proved to the small. Similarity of present results to those of the retrospective study reported previously permitted pooling of the data and preparation of a revised nomogram. Equations which permit computation of specific probability of correct classification have been provided.
Jarhead analysis and detection of malicious Java applets

Java applets have increasingly been used as a vector to deliver drive-by download attacks that bypass the sandboxing mechanisms of the browser's Java Virtual Machine and compromise the user's environment. Unfortunately, the research community has not given to this problem the attention it deserves, and, as a consequence, the state-of-the-art approaches to the detection of malicious Java applets are based either on simple signatures or on the use of honey-clients, which are both easily evaded. Therefore, we propose a novel approach to the detection of malicious Java applets based on static code analysis. Our approach extracts a number of features from Java applets, and then uses supervised machine learning to produce a classifier. We implemented our approach in a tool, called Jarhead, and we tested its effectiveness on a large, real-world dataset. The results of the evaluation show that, given a sufficiently large training dataset, this approach is able to reliably detect both known and previously-unseen real-world malicious applets.
Implications of accurate usage of nutrition facts panel information for food product evaluations and purchase intentions

The nutrition facts panel on food packages was designed to provide comprehensible quantitative nutrition information that would allow consumers to make more informed food choices that could result in significant long-term health benefits. This study (1) examines how accurately consumers can use nutrient information in the facts panel to determine if a product has more or less than the recommended daily values of certain nutrients and (2) offers predictions and tests of the relationships between this usage ability and product nutrition evaluations and purchase intentions. Results show that more accurate use moderates the effect of product nutrition value on consumer evaluations, as predicted. Findings also reveal that several variables (e.g., measures of nutrition knowledge, attitude toward the “facts” label) are related to accuracy in the usage task. Implications based on these findings are offered.
A Key n → π* Interaction in N-Acyl Homoserine Lactones

Many Gram-negative bacteria employ N-acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) as signal molecules for quorum sensing. The binding of AHLs to their target LuxR-type receptor proteins can effect changes in growth, virulence, and other phenotypes. LuxR-type receptors therefore present attractive pharmaceutical targets for control of bacterial pathogenesis. Here, we present X-ray crystallographic and computational evidence that the conformation of free AHLs is biased away from the conformation observed when bound to their cognate receptor due to the influence of an n→π* interaction. In this n→π* interaction, the p-type lone pair (n) of the N-acyl oxygen overlaps with the π* orbital of the lactone carbonyl group. This overlap results in the release of approximately 0.64 kcal/mol of energy. We also show that this interaction can be attenuated by installing electron-withdrawing groups on the N-acyl chain. Modulating this previously unappreciated interaction could present a new avenue toward effective inhibitors of bacter...
ASSESSING SUSTAINABILITY OF COMMUNITY-BASED WATER UTILITY PROJECTS IN CENTRAL TANZANIA WITH THE HELP OF CANONICAL CORRELATION ANALYSIS

Improved access to clean water is important in improving health, relieving drudgery for women, and in designing and implementing effective poverty alleviation strategies. However, few empirical studies have had the objective of establishing the link between community participation and management, and sustainability of community based water utility projects. In addition, there is no consensus on the analytical techniques to use for sustainability assessment. This paper uses data collected from community water utility projects in two regions in Central Tanzania to demonstrate the use of canonical correlation analysis in sustainability assessment. The advantage of canonical correlation analysis is that the results are invariant with respect to the basis in which the variables are transformed. In addition, the analytical technique leads itself to identifying what management issues need to be addressed at the project level, to improve both community participation and management, and hence sustainability of such types of projects.
Laboratory evaluation of four coal liquefaction catalysts prepared from modified alumina supports

Abstract A blank alumina catalyst support was modified by deposition of TiO 2 , ZrO 2 or carbon, and cobalt molybdate catalysts prepared from the modified supports were evaluated in a laboratory coal liquefaction microreactor unit. Performance was referenced to a commercial CoMo/alumina catalyst, Amocat 1A, which was derived from the same blank support. All catalysts possessed very similar pore structures, and thus the effect of pore structure was practically eliminated from the comparison. The effects of support modification on catalyst performance were found to be minimal.
Changes in distortion product otoacoustic emissions during prolonged noise exposure

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the reduction in 2f 1 −f 2 distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE) amplitude resulting from prolonged noise exposures. A group of five chinchillas was exposed continuously to an octave-band noise centered at 4.0 kHz for a total of 42 days, 6 days at each of seven exposure levels. Exposure level increased in 8-dB steps from 48 to 96 dB SPL. DPOAE input-output (I/O) functions were measured at octave intervals over a range of primary tone f 2 frequencies between 1.2 and 9.6 kHz. Measurements were obtained (1) pre-exposure, (2) during days 3–6 of each 6-day exposure, and (3) 4 weeks after the final exposure. Continuous noise exposure caused a reduction in DPOAE amplitude that was greatest at f 2 frequencies within and above (3.4–6.8 kHz) the octave-band noise exposure. For these f 2 frequencies, DPOAE amplitudes decreased as exposure level increased up to approximately 72–80 dB SPL; higher exposure levels failed to cause any further reduction in DPOAE amplitude. The noise level at which DPOAE amplitude began to decrease was approximately 50 dB SPL. Above this critical level, DPOAE amplitude decreased 1.3 dB for every dB increase in noise level up to approximately 75 dB SPL.
Sample size determination in epidemiologic studies

Sample size determination is an important issue in epidemiologic studies. Standard methods for determining sample size in cohort and case-control studies have generally been restricted to dichotomous disease and exposure variables and discrete confounding variables, and are based on simplifying assumptions that could often be unrealistic. Methods for sample size determination that make less restrictive and more realistic assumptions regarding the distribution of disease, exposure and confounding variables and which more closely parallel the analyses that are performed on the data, after the study has been conducted, have been developed in recent years. In this article some recent developments in the methodology for sample size determination in epidemiologic studies are reviewed.
An algorithm for the use of symmetry in molecular self-consistent-field calculations

Abstract The application of a simple relationship between atomic orbital integrals and symmetry orbital integrals is described in connection with traditional uses of symmetry. The simple modifications for implementation in the POLYATOM molecular self-consistent-field programs are given and discussed. Examples of the effectiveness of these modifications are included.
Influence of salinity and temperature on molting and survival of the Australian freshwater crayfish (Cherax tenuimanus)

Abstract The largest freshwater crayfish in the world are found in Australia. Cherax tenuimanus, or marron, is one of these large freshwater crustaceans which has attracted considerable interest as a potential aquaculture species during the past few years. Experiments to assess the suitability of marron for culture in the Southeastern United States began at Auburn University in 1986. A 6-week bioassay was used to evaluate the effects of three temperature ranges (17 ± 1 °C, 24 ± 1 °C and 30 ± 1 °C) and three levels of salinity (0, 50 and 100 mg/l NaCl) on marron survival and molting. As temperature increased molting frequency increased but survival decreased. Salinity had no effect on number of molts, but it had a positive effect on molting success and survival. Temperatures of 25 °C and less and salinity levels of at least 100 mg/l were found to provide the best survival. Because of a need for cool temperatures and low levels of salinity, limited areas in the Southeastern United States will be suitable for marron culture.
Building a Bridge or Digging a Pipeline? Clinical Data Mining in Evidence-Informed Knowledge Building

Challenging the “bridge metaphor” theme of this conference, this article contends that current practice–research integration strategies are more like research-to-practice “pipelines.” The purpose of this article is to demonstrate the potential of clinical data-mining studies conducted by practitioners, practitioner-oriented PhD students, and methodologically pluralist researchers to promoting a truly collaborative, two-way traffic in evidence-informed knowledge building.
An examination of the determinants of day-to-day variability in individuals' urban travel behavior

Day-to-day variability in individuals' travel behavior (intrapersonal variability) has been recognized in conceptual discussions, yet the analysis and modeling of urban travel are typically based on a single day record of each individual's travel. This paper develops and examines hypotheses regarding the determinants of intrapersonal variability in urban travel behavior. Two general hypotheses are formulated to describe the effects of motivations for travel and related behavior and of travel and related constraints on intrapersonal variability in weekday urban travel behavior. Specific hypotheses concerning the effect of various sociodernographic characteristics on intrapersonal variability are derived from these general hypotheses. These specific hypotheses are tested empirically in the context of daily trip frequency using a five-day record of travel in Reading, England. The empirical results support the two general hypotheses. First, individuals who have fewer economic and role-related constraints have higher levels of intrapersonal variability in their daily trip frequency. Second, individuals who fulfil personal and household needs that do not require daily participation in out-of-home activities have higher levels of intrapersonal variability in their daily trip frequency.
Artificially induced parasystole in man due to surgically implanted myocardial pacemaker

ARASYSTOLE is a phenomenon caused by the existence of two active pacemakers, each shielded from the influence of the other and both operating at the same level either in the atria or in the ventricles. Parasystole is not a frequent electrocardiographic finding, as it was found in only 153 instances among 50,000 cases.l-4 In this condition the parasystolic impulse competes with the normotopic impulse in the process of activating the heart. This competition originates the various electrocardiographic manifestations : compensatory pause, interpolation, fusion beats, A-V dissociation, alternate activation and the like. The basic factor underlying most of these manifestations is the phenomenon of interference. revealed normal sinus rhythm and complete left bundle branch block. The chest roentgenogram showed a normal cardiac silhouette. The operation was performed on July 12, 1961Q with the technic reported by Chardack.5 The operation was uneventful. The electrodes were placed in the left ventricle 2 cm. apart, care being taken to avoid the branches of the coronary arteries. Serial electrocardiograms were performed daily after the operation. Simultaneous limb and precordial leads were recorded, with a speed of 200 mm./sec. (I/III, aVL/aVF, V&a, and V,jV,) The jollorcin~ measurements and relations were calculated from electrocardiographic tracings obtained during the first nostonerative month: L .
Transport Phenomena in Turbulent Falling Films

This study was concerned with transport phenomena in turbulent falling films, with negligible interfacial shear. Emphasis was on the development of general expressions for eddy diffusivities, which could then be utilized to predict transport coefficients for various momentum and heat- and mass transfer processes. Experiments were pursued to obtain new data for heat transfer during film evaporation, a phenomenon that involves significant boundary layer resistance at both the wall and the free interface. These new data extended the existing database by an order of magnitude in the Prandtl number. When predictions of the new model are assessed against both new and existing experimental information, good agreement was found for film thickness, sensible heat transfer at the wall, mass transfer at the free surface, and film evaporation.
Abstract 5383: The plasmonic photothermal therapy efficacy of Au NRsin vivousing a SCCHN xenograft mouse model

Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2014; April 5-9, 2014; San Diego, CA The plasmonic photothermal therapy (PPTT) is promising for the treatment of cancer because it overcomes the challenges in conventional treatments by avoiding drug resistance, surgery infections, and minimizing healthy cell destruction. It is well suited for the treatment of the squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN) as this type of cancer is readily accessible to NIR light. We have synthesized the Au nanorods (NRs) with different sizes (25nm and 40nm) and modified the particle surface with PEG stabilizer, and conjugated Au NRs with SCCHN-targeted HNSCP peptides. The new Au NRs -assisted PPTT was tested in a SCCHN xenografted tumor model. The SCCHN xenograft tumors were inoculated by injection of 1x106 Tu212 cells subcutaneously into the right flank of nude mice and allowed to grow to approximately 100 mm3. Fifty nude mice were divided into ten groups (n=5) in a way to minimize weight and tumor size differences among the groups: control group treated with PBS (A), laser treatment (diode laser, 808 nm, 1-2 W/cm2, 1cm diameter, 2 min) (B), non-targeted AuNRs ( 25nm size) with (C)or without laser treatment(D), HNSCP-Au NRs(25 nm size) with (E) or without laser treatment( F), non-targeted Au NRs (40 nm size) with (G) or without laser treatment (H), HNSCP-Au NRs(40 nm size) with (I) or without laser treatment (J). Au NRs (25 μL) at concentration of, 25 nM in PBS buffer were injected into mice via intratumoral injection. Our results showed that the Au NRs with laser treatment could significantly inhibit the tumor growth in vivo compared with that of control and laser treatment only groups (without Au NRs). In addition, the tumor targeted Au NRs didn't show enhanced antitumor efficacy compared with the non-tumor targeted Au NRs. The mice showed complete response to the PPTT didn't have tumor relapse after 15 weeks of the treatment. There are no remarkable toxicities observed. (This research was supported by the National Cancer Institute award 5U01CA151802 ) Citation Format: Xianghong Peng, Megan A. Mackey, Adegboyega Oyelere, Jun Zhang, Georgia Chen, Shuming Nie, Mostafa A El-Sayed, Dong M Shin. The plasmonic photothermal therapy efficacy of Au NRs in vivo using a SCCHN xenograft mouse model. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 105th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2014 Apr 5-9; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2014;74(19 Suppl):Abstract nr 5383. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2014-5383
Influence of boundary conditions relaxation on panel flutter with compressive in-plane loads

The influence of boundary conditions relaxation on two-dimensional panel flutter is studied in the presence of in-plane loading. The boundary value problem of the panel involves time-dependent boundary conditions that are converted into autonomous form using a special coordinate transformation. Galerkin's method is used to discretize the panel partial differential equation of motion into six nonlinear ordinary differential equations. The influence of boundary conditions relaxation on the panel modal frequencies and LCO amplitudes in the time and frequency domains is examined using the windowed short time Fourier transform and wavelet transform. The relaxation and system nonlinearity are found to have opposite effects on the time evolution of the panel frequency. Depending on the system damping and dynamic pressure, the panel frequency can increase or decrease with time as the boundary conditions approach the state of simple supports. Bifurcation diagrams are generated by taking the relaxation parameter, dynamic pressure, and in-plane load as control parameters. The corresponding largest Lyapunov exponent is also determined. They reveal complex dynamic characteristics of the panel, including regions of periodic, quasi-periodic, and chaotic motions.
Gastric bypass improves survival compared with propensity-matched controls: a cohort study with over 10-year follow-up.

Abstract Background The purpose of this study is to evaluate the long-term survival following gastric bypass using propensity-matched controls. Methods We identified all patients who either received a gastric bypass (GBP) or met criteria to receive a GBP between January 1, 2002 and December 31, 2003. Propensity matching was performed. Long-term, all-cause mortality data were collected and evaluated using Kaplan–Meier curves. Results Four hundred thirty GBP cases and 5,323 controls were identified from the enrollment period. Ultimately, 802 cases and controls (1:1 matching, 93.2% match rate) were identified using propensity matching. Median follow-up was similar between groups. Overall mortality was lower for the GBP group (odds ratio .48, 95% confidence interval .29 to .78). GBP demonstrated significantly increased survival when compared with controls (P = .002). Similar patterns were noted among diabetics. Conclusion We have demonstrated that gastric bypass provides a clear long-term survival advantage compared with nonsurgical propensity-matched controls.
Radiation effects on optical fiber links at the SSC

Abstract The Superconducting Super Collider will use optical fiber for control system data communication and precision timing throughout the 87 km proton-proton Collider. The Fiber Optic network infrastructure needs to be designed such that the performance of the links will not degrade appreciably during the 25 year life-time of the collider. It is therefore necessary to select appropriate components and, if necessary, test the fiber optic cable in a radiation environment that closely simulates the conditions of the tunnel during normal operation and various beam accidents. Many different radiation environments exist at the SSC and have been identified. Computer simulations have been performed to estimate these levels. This paper describes the effects of radiation on fiber optic cable, reviews some of the research already conducted in this field, identifies the radiation environments that will be experienced in the SSC tunnel and discusses the testing that is currently being done by the SSC to qualify the fiber in this environment. We also identify further testing needed to complete the network performance of survivability studies.
A Filial Therapy Model through a Family Therapy Lens: See the Possibilities.

The call for family-centered therapeutic services, especially for families of young children, has come from governmental organizations, professional associations, practitioners, and families. Play therapists and family therapists are prime candidates to provide such services, but professional research and literature suggest that practitioners within these fields tend to exclude members of the family system. This had led some to propose filial therapy, an outgrowth of child-centered play therapy, as a means of meaningfully integrating parents and children in treatment. However, play therapists may have difficultly conceptualizing from a family systems lens, while family therapists may struggle to see the theoretical compatibility of filial therapy with their systemic views. This article demonstrates the conceptual overlap between filial therapy and the major family therapy models with the goal of encouraging play therapists and family therapists to answer the call to provide family-centered services.
Microfluorometric quantitation of nuclear proteins and nucleic acids in cabbage root hair cells infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae

Abstract Quantitative cytofluorometric measurements of DNA, RNA, histone, total protein and protein-bound lysine and arginine were obtained on nuclei in cabbage root hair cells infected by Plasmodiophora brassicae . Within 6 to 8 h after penetration of the root hair cells, nuclear RNA, total protein and non-histone protein increased markedly, whereas histone declined. Although nuclear DNA decreased slightly as the root hair cells aged from 6 to 27 h, the parasite did not alter the DNA content of infected cells compared to noninfected cells. Losses in total histones upon infection were attributable to decreases in the lysine-rich fraction. Protein-bound arginine was unchanged by infection. Increases in nuclear RNA and protein upon infection were accompanied by enlargement of the nucleolus. Increased numbers of plasmodia within the root hair cell produced limited increases in nuclear RNA and protein.
Fluoxetine in tricyclic refractory major depressive disorder

Data regarding open-label treatment with fluoxetine following failure to respond to tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) or intolerance of TCA side effects, suggest a response rate between 51.4% and 62.1%, depending on the definition of TCA refractoriness employed. Double-blind study of this issue would extend these findings. Fluoxetine is well tolerated in patients unable to tolerate TCAs. Within this population, more than 80% of patients unable to tolerate TCAs found fluoxetine acceptable. Fluoxetine, as an alternative to polypharmaceutical augmentation, may represent a logical choice as the next step in therapy for a patient who has initially been treated with a TCA and has proven refractory or intolerant.
Multimodal CARS microscopy of structured carbohydrate biopolymers.

We demonstrate the utility of multimodal coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy for the study of structured condensed carbohydrate systems. Simultaneous second-harmonic generation (SHG) and spectrally-scanned CARS microscopy was used to elucidate structure, alignment, and density in cellulose cotton fibers and in starch grains undergoing rapid heat-moisture swelling. Our results suggest that CARS response of the O-H stretch region (3000 cm−1–3400 cm−1), together with the commonly-measured C-H stretch (2750 cm−1–2970 cm−1) and SHG provide potentially important structural information and contrast in these materials.
Doctors, Partitocrazia, and the Italian State

Political and economic forces are determinants of the social position of the professions in any country, but in Italy the political parties exercise such extensive control that no profession can function independent of political party decision making. The medical profession thus developed in close connection with the state, reflecting in the split between generalists and specialists with its professional organization (ordini) differences between the political parties. The attempt of the state to rationalize the health system and control costs through the mechanism of the Italian national health service had the ironic effect of unifying the profession in opposition and thereby increasing its strength. The case of Italy shows the standard conceptual models of professional autonomy to be incomplete because they fail to account for the central role of political parties.
An American Catholic Perspective on Urban Neighborhoods: The Lens of Monsignor Geno C. Baroni and the Legacy of the Neighborhood Movement

This essay reviews insights and actions that were prompted by a contemporary crisis of American development that was not entirely unlike the earlier crisis of growth that inspired Henry George's diagnosis and prescription for relief, reform, and renewal. It traces Catholic underpinnings of social, economic, and political thought and action and their applications to American urban life. It highlights new themes of a developing Catholic tradition that engages new problematic conditions and situations. These new themes and practices became imperatives related to current dynamics of urban and metropolitan growth. Thus this essay addresses the sources of this approach to the crisis of development found in the neighborhood movement and locates the particularly pivotal participation the Monsignor Geno C. Baroni and his vision and action regarding people and places in our time.
Osteon remodeling dynamics in Macaca mulatta: normal variation with regard to age, sex, and skeletal maturity.

As research into bone maintenance and turnover is accelerated and expanded due to public health concerns about osteopororis and other age-related changes and pathologies of bone, nonhuman animal models are becoming increasingly important as they allow for enhanced experimental manipulation and environmental control relative to humans. Old World Monkeys, such as the rhesus macaque, share physiological and developmental characteristics that make these primates particularly well suited to such studies. The purpose of this study was to characterize normal age and sex variation in osteon remodeling dynamics in skeletally immature and mature rhesus macaques. Femoral cross-sections from 75 Macaca mulatta were examined to evaluate the effect of age, sex, and skeletal maturity on osteon remodeling dynamics in this popular research primate. Results indicate that sex has a significant effect on osteon area (On.Ar), but generally is not an important contributor to normal variation in intracortical remodeling dynamics. Age and skeletal maturity, however, contribute significantly to variation in osteon population density (OPD), activation frequency (Ac.f), and bone formation rate (BFR), as is the case in humans. This study is the first to characterize normal age and sex variation in osteon remodeling in growing and adult rhesus macaques and its results support the use of this animal as a model for age-related changes and pathologies in the human skeleton.
Interaction of a nondiffracting high- order bessel (vortex) beam of fractional type α and integer order m with a rigid sphere: linear acoustic scattering and net instantaneous axial force

Closed-form analytical solutions for the acoustic scattering and net axial force of a new class of Bessel beams, termed nondiffracting Bessel vortex beams of fractional type α, are derived. This new class of Bessel beams preserves the same nondiffracting feature of conventional high-order Bessel beams of integer order. The far-field acoustic scattering field by a rigid sphere centered on the beam axis is expressed as a partial wave series involving the real number α, the scattering angle relative to the beam axis θ, and the half-conical angle β of the wave number components of the beam. Unlike the acoustic scattering properties of conventional high-order Bessel beams, the acoustic forward scattering (θ = 0°) and backscattering (θ = 180°)of Bessel vortex beams of fractional type α by a rigid sphere do not vanish unless α becomes an integer number. Furthermore, an expression for the net instantaneous axial force is derived for the case of progressive, stationary, and quasi-stationary waves. These results provide new insights into the acoustic scattering theory in the context of nondiffracting beams. The properties of nondiffracting Bessel vortex beams of fractional type α may lead to the development of an "acoustic blender" with possible applications in particle rotation, mixing, and manipulation. Imaging and other related applications may also benefit from this new type of acoustic beams.
Preliminary results for shear wave speed of sound and attenuation coefficients from excised specimens of human breast tissue

A pilot study involving 53 specimens of excised human female breast tissue was performed to provide preliminary estimates of the acoustic shear wave speed of sound and linear attenuation coefficient associated with high risk for development of invasive breast cancer. The measured shear wave properties were studied as a function of: 1. whether the tissue was presented as a 2.0 to 4.0 gram mass biopsy sample or a 2.0 to 4.0 gram mass subsample taken from a larger mastectomy source; 2. the time post-excision prior to shear wave characterization; 3. the risk factor associated with the number and types of lesions found in the specimen; and 4. the percent by volume of fat or collagen present in the sample. The shear speed of sound was found to range between 20 and 900 m/s with a tendency for lower speeds as a function of time post excision. The results for shear attenuation coefficients ranged from 300 to 9000 cm-1 and did not show a marked time dependence. Average results from mastectomy specimens differed from those for biopsies, but the difference may have been due to variations in tissue composition and time post excision before shear wave characterization.
Separate endocytic pathways regulate IL‐5 receptor internalization and signaling

Eosinophils are critically dependent on IL-5 for their activation, differentiation, survival, and augmentation of cytotoxic activity. We previously showed that the cytoplasmic domain of the hematopoietic receptor, βc, which is shared by IL-5, IL-3, and GM-CSF, is directly ubiquitinated and degraded by the proteasomes in a JAK2-dependent manner. However, studies describing the spatial distribution, endocytic regulation, and trafficking of βc-sharing receptors in human eosinophils are currently lacking. Using deconvolution microscopy and biochemical methods, we clearly demonstrate that IL-5Rs reside in and are internalized by clathrin- and lipid raft-dependent endocytic pathways. Microscopy analyses in TF1 cells and human eosinophils revealed significant colocalization of βc, IL-5Rα, and Cy3-labeled IL-5 with transferrin- (clathrin) and cholera toxin-B- (lipid raft) positive vesicles. Moreover, whereas internalized IL-5Rs were detected in both clathrin- and lipid raft-positive vesicles, biochemical data revealed that tyrosine phosphorylated, ubiquitinated, and proteasome-degraded IL-5Rs partitioned to the soluble, nonraft fractions (clathrin-containing). Lastly, we show that optimal IL-5-induced signaling requires entry of activated IL-5Rs into the intracellular compartment, as coimmunoprecipitation of key signaling molecules with the IL-5R was completely blocked when either endocytic pathway was inhibited. These data provide the first evidence that IL-5Rs segregate and traffic into two distinct plasma membrane compartments, and they further establish that IL-5R endocytosis regulates signaling both positively and negatively.
Comparing Cover Object and Leaf Litter Surveys for Detecting Red-Backed Salamanders, Plethodon cinereus

Abstract Sampling methods that can be implemented efficiently while minimizing bias are central for achieving strong statistical power in field studies. We estimated site occupancy and detection probabilities for Red-Backed Salamanders, Plethodon cinereus, using natural cover object (NCO) and leaf litter surveys and tested the power of these methods to detect occupancy differences in simulated data. Both NCO and leaf litter surveys performed well in their ability to detect P. cinereus (pˆ = 0.59 ± 0.07 [± 1 SE]; 0.49 ± 0.08, respectively) and produced similar site occupancy estimates (ψ ˆ = 0.75 ± 0.09; 0.77 ± 0.11, respectively); however, leaf litter searches took three times longer to complete. Our simulation study revealed the time required to complete leaf litter surveys limited the number of sampling sites, which reduced statistical power for detecting a 25% change in salamander occupancy between two groups of sites. Natural cover object searches provided greater power for detecting a similar cha...
The hydrogen bonding of cytosine with guanine: calorimetric and 1H-nmr analysis of the molecular interactions of nucleic acid bases.

synopsis The enthalpy of hydrogen-bond formation between guanine (G) and cytusine (C) in o-dichlorobenzene and in chloroform at 25°C has been determined by direct calorimetric measurement. We derivatized 2’-deoxyguanosine and 2‘-deoxycytidine at the 5’- and 3’-hydroxyls with triisopropylsilyl groups; these group increase the solubility of the nucleic acid bases in nonaqueous solvents. Such derivatization also prevents the rib hydroxyls from forming hydrogen bonds. Consequently, hydrogen-bond formation in our system is primarily between the bases, and to a lesser extent, between base and solvent, and can be measured directly with calorimetry. To obtain the data on baae-pair formation, we first took into account the contributions from self-association of each base, and where possible, have determined the AH of self-association. From isoperibolic titration dorimetry, our measured AH of C2 formation in chloroform is - 1.7 kcal/mol of C. Our measured AH of C : G base-pair formation in o-dichlorobenzene is - 6.65 0.32 kcal/mol. Since o-dichlorobenzene does not form hydrogen bonds, the AH of C : G base-pair formation in this solvent represents the AH of the hydrogen-bonding interaction of C with G in a nonassociating solvent. In contrast, our measured AH of C : G basepair formation in chloroform is - 5.77 f 0.20 kd/mol; thus, the absolute value of the enthalpy of hydrogen bonding in the C : G base pair is greater in o-dichlorobenzene than in chloroform. Since chloroform is a solvent known to form hydrogen bonds, the decrease in enthalpic contribution to C : G base pairing in chloroform is due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between the bases and the solvent. The AH of hydrogen bonding of G with C reported here differs from previous indirect estimates: Our measurements indicate the AH is 50% less in magnitude than the AH based on spectroscopic mensurements of the extent of interaction. We have also observed that the enthalpy of hydrogen bonding of C with G in chloroform is greater when G is in excess than when C is in excess. This increased heat is due to the formation of C : G, > complexes that we have observed using H-nmr. Although C:G2 structures have previously been observed in triplestranded polymeric nucleic acids, higher order structures have not been observed between C and G monomers in nonaqueous solvents until now. By using monomers as a model system to investigate hydrogen-bonding interactions in DNA and RNA, we have obtained the following results: A direct measurement of the AH of hydrogen bonding in the C : G complex in two nonaqueous solvents, and the first observation of C : G,, , complexes between monomers. These results reinforce the importance of hydrogen bonding in the stabilization of various nucleic acid secondary and tertiary structures.
Elasticity Analyses Of Size-Based Red And White Abalone Matrix Models: Management And Conservation

Prospective elasticity analyses have been used to aid in the management of fished species and the conservation of endangered species. Elasticities were examined for deterministic size-based matrix models of red abalone, Haliotis rufescens, and white ab- alone, H. sorenseni, to evaluate which size classes influenced population growth ( l) the most. In the red abalone matrix, growth transitions were determined from a tag recapture study and grouped into nine size classes. In the white abalone matrix, abalone growth was determined from a laboratory study and grouped into five size classes. Survivorship was estimated from tag recapture data for red abalone using a Jolly-Seber model with size as a covariate and used for both red and white abalone. Reproduction estimates for both models used averages of the number of mature eggs produced by female red and white abalone in each size class from four-year reproduction studies. Population growth rate ( l) was set to 1.0, and the first-year survival (larval survival through to the first size class) was estimated by iteration. Survival elasticities were higher than fecundity elasticities in both the red and white matrix models. The sizes classes with the greatest survival elasticities, and therefore the most influence on population growth in the model, were the sublegal red abalone (150- 178 mm) and the largest white abalone size class (140-175 mm). For red abalone, the existing minimum legal size (178 mm) protects the size class the model suggests is critical to population growth. Implementation of education programs for novice divers coupled with renewed enforcement may serve to minimize incidental mortality of the critical size class. For white abalone, conservation efforts directed at restoring adults may have more of an impact on population growth than efforts focusing on juveniles. Our work is an example of how prospective elasticity analyses of size-structured matrix models can be used to quantitatively evaluate research priorities, fishery management strategies, and con- servation options.
Concomitant Kaposi sarcoma and multicentric Castleman's disease in a heart transplant recipient

Post-transplant human herpes virus -8 (HHV-8)/Kaposi sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) infection is associated with neoplastic and non-neoplastic diseases. Kaposi sarcoma (KS), multicentric Castleman's disease (MCD), and primary effusion lymphomas (PEL) are the most common HHV-8-associated neoplastic complications described in solid organ transplant (SOT) patients. Concurrent KS and MCD have been previously described after transplantation only twice - once after liver transplantation and once after renal transplantation. We describe a unique heart transplant patient who also developed concurrent KS and MCD. To our knowledge this is the first documented case of a heart transplant recipient presenting with these two HHV-8-mediated complications at the same time.
Detection of a Babesia Species in a Bobcat from Georgia

We describe the first detection of a Babesia sp. in a Lynx rufus (Bobcat). The Bobcat was from Georgia and was coinfected with Cytauxzoon felis and a Sarcocystis sp. The Babesia species was closely related to Babesia sp. “Coco”, a parasite previously only detected in Canis familiaris (Domestic Dog). The only other Babesia sp. in North America that infects felids is a novel Babesia species in Puma concolor coryi (Florida Puma). The low prevalence of this Babesia (<1%) in Bobcats suggests that they are not the normal host or reservoir and this may have been an incidental infection.
The Role of Parents and Temperament on Children's Estimation of Physical Ability: Links to Unintentional Injury Prevention

OBJECTIVE: Unintentional injuries, the leading cause of pediatric mortality, are caused by a complex set of intrapersonal and environmental factors. The role of three critical variables--parental supervision, children's temperament, and estimation of children's physical abilities--was examined. METHODS: Sixty-four 6- and 8-year-old children completed a laboratory experiment with a parent. Both children and parents judged the child's ability to complete reaching, stepping, and crouching tasks. Parents also completed a parent-report measure of children's temperament. RESULTS: Both children and parents overestimated children's ability, although children did so more than parents. Parents of temperamentally impulsive and undercontrolled children judged that their children could complete tasks that were actually beyond the child's ability. Temperament also affected children's judgments while parents were known to be present or absent: Temperamentally impulsive and undercontrolled children were more accurate in their judgments when parents were standing next to them than when parents were hidden from view behind a one-way mirror. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism by which parental supervision might protect children from injury appears to be at least twofold: (a) Parents overestimate children's ability less frequently than children themselves, suggesting supervising parents could intervene to prevent children from attempting dangerous activities; and (b) children judge their physical abilities more cautiously when parents are present. Implications for temperament theory and for injury prevention are discussed. Language: en
Trajectory tracking control design for autonomous helicopters using a backstepping algorithm

In this paper we present a tracking controller for a class of underactuated mechanical systems, based on a backstepping procedure. This class includes an approximation of small helicopter dynamics. The need to avoid artificial singularities due to the attitude representation is the main driver behind the control design presented in this paper: to achieve this goal, we will operate directly in the configuration manifold of the vehicle. The control design provides asymptotic tracking for an approximate model of small helicopters, and bounded tracking when more complete models are considered. Simulation examples, including both point stabilization and aggressive maneuver tracking, are presented and discussed.
Mid2 Is a Putative Sensor for Cell Integrity Signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Hcs77 is a putative cell surface sensor for cell integrity signaling in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Its loss of function results in cell lysis during growth at elevated temperatures (e.g., 39°C) and impaired signaling to the Mpk1 mitogen-activated protein kinase in response to mild heat shock. We isolated the MID2 gene as a dosage suppressor of the cell lysis defect of an hcs77 null mutant. MID2 encodes a putative membrane protein whose function is required for survival of pheromone treatment. Mid2 possesses properties similar to those of Hcs77, including a single transmembrane domain and a long region that is rich in seryl and threonyl residues. We demonstrate that Mid2 is required for cell integrity signaling in response to pheromone. Additionally, we show that Mid2 and Hcs77 serve a redundant but essential function as cell surface sensors for cell integrity signaling during vegetative growth. Both proteins are uniformly distributed through the plasma membrane and are highly O-mannosylated on their extracellular domains. Finally, we identified a yeast homolog of MID2, designated MTL1, which provides a partially redundant function with MID2 for cell integrity signaling during vegetative growth at elevated temperature but not for survival of pheromone treatment. We conclude that Hcs77 is dedicated to signaling cell wall stress during vegetative growth and that Mid2 participates in this signaling, but its primary role is in signaling wall stress during pheromone-induced morphogenesis.