cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
The directional flow of visual information transfer between pedestrians

Close behavioural coupling of visual orientation may provide a range of adaptive benefits to social species. In order to investigate the natural properties of gaze-following between pedestrians, we displayed an attractive stimulus in a frequently trafficked corridor within which a hidden camera was placed to detect directed gaze from passers-by. The presence of visual cues towards the stimulus by nearby pedestrians increased the probability of passers-by looking as well. In contrast to cueing paradigms used for laboratory research, however, we found that individuals were more responsive to changes in the visual orientation of those walking in the same direction in front of them (i.e. viewing head direction from behind). In fact, visual attention towards the stimulus diminished when oncoming pedestrians had previously looked. Information was therefore transferred more effectively behind, rather than in front of, gaze cues. Further analyses show that neither crowding nor group interactions were driving these effects, suggesting that, within natural settings gaze-following is strongly mediated by social interaction and facilitates acquisition of environmentally relevant information.
Copper-dielectric cap interface with enhanced reliability for 45nm technology and beyond

A production capable preparation of a Cu-dielectric cap interface with a significantly enhanced reliability robustness has been developed for the 45nm dual damascene technology and beyond. The electromigration (EM) lifetime could be improved by a factor of 2 with an advanced in situ cleaning process (ACP) including a soft silicidation step of the Cu metallization prior to the Cu-cap deposition. The increase of the Cu metal line resistivity can be controlled and limited to <6%. Anneal experiments at high temperature underline a high thermal stability of the Cu-cap interface including the copper-silicide (CuSi) intralayer. The new ACP is applicable to Cu interconnects built with dense or porous ultra-low-k (ULK) dielectrics because the process minimizes the surface damage. This yields in a doubled dielectric breakdown strength of a Cu damascene structure with a ULK inter-level dielectric by implementation of the ACP.
The Yeast tRNA Splicing Endonuclease: A Tetrameric Enzyme with Two Active Site Subunits Homologous to the Archaeal tRNA Endonucleases

The splicing of tRNA precursors is essential for the production of mature tRNA in organisms from all major phyla. In yeast, the tRNA splicing endonuclease is responsible for identification and cleavage of the splice sites in pre-tRNA. We have cloned the genes encoding all four protein subunits of endonuclease. Each gene is essential. Two subunits, Sen2p and Sen34p, contain a homologous domain of approximately 130 amino acids. This domain is found in the gene encoding the archaeal tRNA splicing endonuclease of H. volcanii and in other Archaea. Our results demonstrate that the eucaryal tRNA splicing endonuclease contains two functionally independent active sites for cleavage of the 5' and 3' splice sites, encoded by SEN2 and SEN34, respectively. The presence of endonuclease in Eucarya and Archaea suggests an ancient origin for the tRNA splicing reaction.
Set-theoretic problems of null completion in relational databases

Abstract When considering using databases to represent incomplete information, the relationship between two facts where one may imply the other needs to be addressed. In relational databases, this question becomes whether null completion is assumed. That is, does a (possibly partially-defined) tuple imply the existence of tuples that are ‘less informative’ than the original tuple. We show that no relational algebra, that assumes equivalence under null completion, can include set-theoretic operators that are compatible with ordinary set theory. Thus, the approach of x-relations is incompatible with the axioms of a boolean algebra.
Hardness and low-temperature deformation of silica glass.

Vickers diamond pyramid hardness measurements have been made on silica glass with varying thermal history using loads up to 1000 g. Hardness was independent of load and source. From interference photographs and subsequent anneal of the indentations at temperatures belowT g, it was concluded that indentation leads primarily to densification of a volume of glass in the vicinity of the indenter. A portion of the densification which is recoverable at relatively low temperatures is attributed to molecular entanglement of the glassy network due to high pressure and shear. The other portion which is not recoverable belowT g represents an approach to the final equilibrium density of the glass. Hardness of silica glass as determined by this method is thus defined as a resistance of the material to densification.
Do residual trees increase structural complexity in Pacific Northwest coniferous forests

Green-tree retention has been promoted as an alternative management tool to create structurally complex forests that would resemble late-successional forests faster than single-aged stands planted after clearcuts. To evaluate if and how overstory residual trees were associated with a higher structural complexity, nine pairs of naturally regenerated stands, initiated between 55 and 110 yr ago with and without residual trees, were investigated. The new Structural Complexity Index (SCI) was used to relate the observed structure to residual trees and other structural components such as tree density, tree size variation, species composition, and environmental variables such as aspect, slope, and elevation. The SCI-ht, which is based on tree height variation, was negatively associated with residual trees, indicating that residual trees reduced vertical structural complexity. The SCI-dbh, which is based on the tree diameter variation, was positively associated with residual trees up to a density of 40 residual t...
New Directions for Clergy Experiencing Stress: Connecting Spirit and Body

This paper describes an online course on self care based on current research on clergy stress by Francis et al. (Pastoral Sciences/Sciences Pastorales 24(2):101–120, 2005), motivation by Miller and Rollnick (2012), self compassion by Barnard and Curry (Pastoral Psychology 61(2):149–163, 2012), will power by Baumeister and Tierney (2011), and habits by Duhigg (2012). This practical theological learning experience connects body and spirit by integrating an authentic spirituality into one’s daily experiences of coping with stress. Students shared Google document journals about implementing spiritual practices and a stress-relieving habit. Self reflection and peer support fostered a practical theological process of change in their lived theology of values, beliefs, and spiritual practices. Espoused values and beliefs were incorporated into spiritual and self care practices fostering compassion. This lived theology of compassion revealed and counteracted embedded values and beliefs, notably about God’s judgment.
STUDIES IN THE GENUS TRACHELOMONAS. II. CELL STRUCTURE AND REPRODUCTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO T. GRANDIS

IN A PREVIOUS paper (Singh, 1956), the writer described five new species of Trachelomonas and amplified the description of a sixth. The present contribution presents an account of the cell structure and the reproduction of the organisms which serve as the basis for their taxonomic disposition. There has been a paucity of morphological and cytological study of Trachelomonas (Pringsheim, 1952). Our knowledge of the genus in these respects is based mainly on the work of Klebs (1883), Wilson (1929) and Pringsheim (1952). Relevant portions of their contributions will be correlated with the author's observations in the concluding discussion in order to avoid repetition. The methods of cultivation and study have been presented in the previous paper (Singh, 1956). In addition Zettnow's method (Smith and Martin, 1948) of demonstrating flagellar structure was employed. The Hotchkiss test (Glick, 1949) and "Prussian blue" test (Glick, 1949) were performed in attempts to determine the chemical nature of the photosynthate (paramylon) and of the lorica.
Reliability and Availability Studies for Industrial Power System Analysis

Reliability and availability (R&A) studies have been made a part of the IEEE Recommended Practice For Industrial and Commercial Power System Analysis (IEEE Standard 399-1980). R&A studies should improve the selection of system configurations and components by basing decisions on quantitative information rather than on intuitive and qualitative decisions. The R&A indices for any electric power system design can be computed from knowledge of the statistical performance of individual components within the system. One of the important indices is the system overall downtime, which has a direct cost impact due to plant process interruption. In addition to R&A computation of electrical components in simple series or parallel configurations, other commonly encountered electrical power systems situations are considered such as a) scheduled maintenance of system components, b) manual switching of system components, c) transformer overloading practices, d) parallel redundant connections within a system, e) spare components available on short notice, and f) local generator units. These situations will be discussed, and the methods of calculation required to include them in R&A studies will be presented.
Dexamethasone does not alter in vitro antibacterial efficacy of gentamicin.

Objectives Aminoglycoside ototoxicity may be mitigated by administration of dexamethasone; however, dexamethasone could theoretically impair its antibacterial properties. The purpose of this experiment was to determine if dexamethasone decreases the antibacterial activity of gentamicin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) and Stapholococcus aureus (SA). Study Design In vitro microbiological assay. Methods Four separate trials of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) testing were performed for gentamicin against five PA strains and six SA strains, with and without the addition of high and low concentrations of dexamethasone. Results MICs were not changed by more than one dilution with the addition of either high or low concentrations of dexamethasone for any of the PA and SA strains. Conclusion Dexamethasone does not impair the antibacterial efficacy of gentamicin for PA and SA. This supports the role of dexamethasone as an otoprotectant with aminoglycoside therapy.
The National Board certification process as professional development: The potential for changed literacy practice

Abstract Using a communities-of-practice framework, this 2-year qualitative study centered on five elementary teachers the year following their participation in the National Board for Professional Teaching Standards certification process. Focused on teachers’ appropriation of the Board's standards and portfolio as conceptual tools related to literacy instruction, the study suggests that the National Board process does provide a learning opportunity for teachers and can positively impact teachers’ practice over time. However, personal and institutional constraints influence the degree to which teachers are able to implement instruction aligned with National Board standards.
PHOTOEMISSION EXAFS MEASUREMENTS OF Al-0 BOND LENGTHS IN Al FILMS

Presentation des resultats experimentaux obtenus sur des structures de surface des couches d'aluminium polycristallines evaporees, exposees a environ 25L d'oxygene a temperature ambiante
Action of actinomycin D on grasshopper neuroblasts in culture.

Abstract Portions of embryos of the grasshopper Chortophaga viridifasciata (DeGeer) were prepared in hanging drop cultures and maintained in a microscope incubator at 38±0.2 °C. Individual neuroblasts were mapped and observed for reaction to actinomycin D (AMD) in the presence and absence of grasshopper egg yolk. Midmitotic duration was not altered by the omission or addition of yolk or by 4 or 10 μg/ml AMD, therefore the number of cells in midmitosis at any one time indicated the number of cells normally progressing through mitosis (mitotic rate). Four and 10 μg/ml AMD depress the mitotic rate by more than 75% in cultures lacking yolk. In cultures containing yolk, 4 μg/ml had no effect but 10 μg/ml depressed the rate to the same extent as in cultures lacking yolk. These same concentrations had no effect on chromosome condensation or attenuation or upon nucleolar disappearance in very late prophase. Concentrations as low as 4 μg/ml, however, often inhibit nucleolar differentiation in late telophase. The presence of 10 μg/ml AMD in hanging-drop cultures containing yolk reduces RNA synthesis by 30% but does not significantly alter the durations of early, middle, or late prophase stages. Constant treatment with 10 μg/ml AMD did significantly increase cell cycle times, often preventing cells from completing one full cycle.
Evaluation of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) as therapeutic leads for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT)

Two of the histone deacetylases, TbDAC1 and TbDAC3, have been reported to be essential genes in trypanosomes. Therefore, we tested the activity of a panel of human histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) for their ability to block proliferation of Trypanosoma brucei brucei. Among the HDACi’s, the hydroxamic acid derivatives panobinostat and belinostat exhibited potency that appeared to make them viable candidates for development due to their reported pharmacokinetic characteristics. However, cellular pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated that these drugs were unable to kill cultured parasites at exposures seen in patients at their tolerated doses and additionally failed to show any synergistic effects in combination with pentamidine, suramin, melarsoprol, or nifurtimox. Analysis of the potency of the entire HDACi panel revealed no correlations between potency against any human HDAC isoform and inhibition of T. brucei proliferation, suggesting that the trypanosome histone deacetylases possess a unique specificity. These studies confirmed that HDAC inhibitors have potential as leads against human African trypanosomiasis but that none of the current clinical candidates can be directly repurposed. Therefore, development of HDACi’s with appropriate specificity and potency may be a viable route to a new class of anti-trypanosomal drugs.
Investigation into the aetiology of runting and stunting syndrome in chickens

Currently, the aetiology of runting and stunting syndrome (RSS) in chickens is unknown. The impact of RSS on weight gain and microscopic lesions in immunological organs and the duodenum, was investigated in 1-day-old commercial broilers at 12 days following exposure to RSS-contaminated litter. Furthermore, the presence of the viral nucleic acids of three astroviruses and one parvovirus was analysed by in situ hybridization from days 1 through 5 post exposure. A 70% decrease in weight was observed in the RSS-exposed group at the end of the experiments when compared with the unexposed controls. Lesions in the bursa of Fabricius and thymus were present in both groups but were significantly higher at the end of the study in the RSS-exposed group. In contrast, no significant difference in Harderian gland lesions was observed between the groups. Histological lesions in the duodenum were already present 24 h after exposure in the RSS-exposed group only, peaked at day 4 and declined until the end of the study. Re...
Molecular dynamics simulation of PVT properties of geological fluids and a general equation of state of nonpolar and weakly polar gases up to 2000 K and 20,000 bar

The PVT properties of CH[sub 4] from 30-360 cm[sup 3] mol and roughly from 273-2,000 K and from 100-20,000 bar have been simulated by molecular dynamics using Lennard-Jones potentials. The simulated results compare with data within 1.5% in volume. Using these simulated values and experimental PVT data, an equation of state (EOS) was developed. Because of the choice of potential, a simple scaling generalizes the EOS to predict the supercritical PVT properties of CO[sub 2], N[sub 2], CO, H[sub 2], O[sub 2], and Cl[sub 2] within an average error of about 1.5%.
Psychopharmacology of Schizophrenia in Children and Adolescents

The past 5 five years have seen major advances in the diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenia in children and adolescents. This article, reviews the clinical and diagnostic characteristics of schizophrenia in youth with an eye toward recent findings. This article also provides a more extensive review and update of the psychopharmacology of early-onset schizophrenia.
The quality movement in hospital care

The purpose is to introduce the demand for the quality movement practice in hospital care. We show both the need and application of quality monitoring, especially the need monitoring activities having auto correlated data flows of which there are many in the hospital environment. The goal is to control the flow of quality care data in the dynamic behavior of these systems of acre in hospitals. These monitoring systems are designed to control and improve changes in the hospital care environment.
A qualitative equivalent to the relativistic addition law for velocities

A QUALITATIVE EQUIVALENT TO THE RELATIVISTIC ADDITION LAW FOR VELOCITIES Luce and Marley (1969) used relativistic velocity as a motivating example for their discussion of concatenation structures with maximal elements. They did not, however, characterize the relativistic law for the addition of velocities, namely, u+o
Room-temperature testing for high critical-current-density Josephson junctions

This paper demonstrates that room-temperature resistance measurements can accurately predict the critical current and normal resistance of high critical-current-density junctions. We fabricated high critical-current-density (/spl sim/200 /spl mu/A//spl mu/m/sup 2/=20 kA/cm/sup 2/) Nb/Al/AlO/sub x//Nb Josephson junctions in cross-bridge Kelvin resistor (CBKR) test structures and measured their electrical characteristics both at 4.2 K and at room temperature. We developed a two-dimensional mathematical model of the CBKR test structure with two resistive wiring layers in order to characterize the effect of current crowding on the room-temperature measurements. We then used the model to remove the effect of current crowding from the room-temperature measurements and correlated the values of these measurements to the electrical properties of the junctions at 4.2 K. We also identified test-structure-design rules that guarantee current crowding is negligible.
Ferrofluid-based reconfigurable optofluidic switches for integrated sensing and digital data storage

We present a low-cost, reconfigurable, parallel optofluidic switch that exploits the optical and magnetic properties of water-based ferrofluid. Each switch is composed of an integrated waveguide orthogonally crossing a microfluidic channel containing high-index oil and a ferrofluid plug. The switch is turned ON or OFF by movement of the ferrofluid plug. In contrast to conventional integrated switches, ferrofluid plugs act as switching mechanisms that are portable and reconfigurable. Switches are demonstrated in parallel geometries for single and multimode waveguides. Possible applications include optofluidic memory, multiplexed sensing for lab-on-chip, or frequency-encoded laser excitation.
Primary lymphoma of the penis with rationale of treatment

Appropriate care of a patient with primary lymphoma of the penis requires consideration of the diagnoses, thorough evaluation, and knowledge of the various therapeutic approaches. A patient is presented with brief review of similar cases together with the rationale for the use of radiation therapy and chemotherapy rather than surgery.
Noninvasive Mapping of Strain Fields in a Human L4-L5 Intervertebral Disc Under Physiologically-Relevant Axial and Bending Loads

Back pain is a leading cause of lost productivity in the United States and is the most common reason for worker compensation claims [1]. Back pain often occurs in the lower (lumbar) spine due in part to the higher loads placed on it compared to the rest of the spine, including large moments during lifting activities [2]. The prevalence and debilitating nature of back pain drives the need to study the mechanical behavior of the spine under physiologically-relevant loading conditions, e.g. axial compression and anterior bending.Copyright © 2013 by ASME
Binary-star intensity ratios by the fork algorithm

The fork algorithm for accurately estimating the intensity ratio of binary stars from speckle interferometry data is presented. For brighter stars simulation results suggest that the fork algorithm can attain a signal-to-noise ratio roughly 10 times greater than that of other algorithms, such as triple correlation and shift-and-add. The results of the application of the algorithm to Capella (Alpha Aurigae) data are described.
SU-E-T-66: Characterization of Radiation Dose Associated with Dark Currents During Beam Hold for Respiratory-Gated Electron Therapy

Purpose: The main objective of this study was to estimate the radiation dose contributed by dark currents associated with the respiratory-gated electron therapy during beam hold. The secondary aim was to determine clinical benefits of using respiratory-gated electron therapy for left-sided breast cancer patients with positive internal mammary nodes (IMN). Methods: Measurements of the dark current-induced dose in all electron modes were performed on multiple Siemens and Varian linear accelerators by manually simulating beam-hold during respiratory gating. Dose was quantified at the machine isocenter by comparing the collected charge to the known output for all energies ranging from 6 to 18 MeV for a 10cm × 10cm field at 100 SSD with appropriate solid-water buildup. Using the Eclipse treatment planning system, we compared the additional dose associated with dark current using gated electron fields to the dose uncertainties associated with matching gated photon fields and ungated electron fields. Dose uncertainties were seen as hot and cold spots along the match line of the fields. Results: The magnitude of the dose associated with dark current is highly correlated to the energy of the beam and the amount of time the beam is on hold. For lower energies (6–12 MeV), there wasmore » minimal dark current dose (0.1–1.3 cGy/min). Higher energies (15–18 MeV) showed measurable amount of doses. The dark current associated with the electron beam-hold varied between linear accelerator vendors and depended on dark current suppression and the age of the linear accelerator. Conclusion: For energies up to 12 MeV, the dose associated with the dark current for respiratorygated electron therapy was shown to be negligible, and therefore should be considered an option for treating IMN positive left-sided breast cancer patients. However, at higher energies the benefit of respiratory gating may be outweighed by dose due to the dark current.« less
Dielectrophoretic assembly of oriented and switchable two-dimensional photonic crystals

We show that one- and two-dimensional crystals can be assembled from suspensions of latex or silica microspheres subjected to an alternating electric field in a gap between planar electrodes on a surface. These crystals, with areas above 25 mm2, are specifically oriented without the need for micropatterned templates. The order–disorder transitions take place within seconds and can be repeated tens of times by switching the field on and off. The particles accumulate on the surface between the electrodes due to the field gradient, align into rows along the field direction, and then crystallize into hexagonal arrays. The lattice spacings can be controlled via the electrostatic repulsion.
Control problems for parabolic equations on controlled domains

Given the one-dimensional heat equation vt = vxx on the controlled domain Q(y) = {(t, x); 0 < x < y(t), 0 < t < T} subject to some initial-boundary conditions, we study the problem of optimally selecting y(·) from some admissible class so as to maximize a given payoff of fixed duration. Q(y) is thus a controlled domain. We also study the problem in which the heat equation holds in Q(y, z) = {z(t) < x < y(t), 0 < t < T}; z minimizing, y maximizing, i.e., the differential game. The principle techniques involved are (i) transforming the controlled domain to an uncontrolled domain and then (ii) using the method of lines for parabolic equations to enable us to use known results for control systems governed by ordinary differential equations. Sufficient conditions for existence in an admissible class is given and the method of lines allows numerical techniques to be applied to determine the optimal control in our class.
The vitamin B12 activity of eggs and some materials as affected by extraction in the presence of sodium cyanide or sodium bisulfite

Abstract The B 12 activity of eggs, estimated by microbiological assay, was increased fourfold by the use of sodium cyanide in the extraction mixture. Cyanide also permitted the recovery of added crystalline B 12 . Sodium bisulfite appeared to be as effective as cyanide. Both of these compounds enhanced the apparent B 12 activity of eggs, day-old chicks, and the cecal contents of the hen, but were without effect in the assay of hen's liver, fish meal, and meat meal, or a fraction from cow manure.
Self-organization of shear bands in Ti, Ti-6%Al-4%v, and 304 stainless steel

Adiabatic shear bands self-organize themselves: this phenomenon was investigated in three different alloys ( stainless steel 304L, Ti, and Ti-6%Al-%V) through the radial collapse of a thick-walled cylinder under high-strain-rate deformation (∼10 4 s -1 ). This method was used to examine the shear-band initiation, propagation, as well as spatial distribution. The spacing of shear bands in the three materials varied widely and showed considerable differences during the initiation and propagation. Shear-band spacing is compared with the theories proposed by Grady and Kipp (momentum diffusion), Wright and Ockendon (perturbation), and Molinari (perturbation plus work hardening). Additionally, the effect of microstructural inhomogeneities on initiation is discussed. A discontinuous growth mode for shear localization under periodic perturbation is proposed based on two-dimensional growth considerations, not incorporated into the one-dimensional perturbation and momentum diffusion theories.
Biodiesel Fueled Engine Generator With Heat Recovery: Comparing Biodiesel to Diesel Performance

Carnegie Mellon University’s departments of Architecture and Mechanical Engineering have designed and installed a biodiesel fueled engine-generator with heat recovery equipment to supply electric and thermal power to an office building on campus, the Intelligent Workplace (IW). The installation was completed in early September 2007, and was commissioned through April of 2008 with standard off-road low sulfur Diesel (LSD) fuel. Additional baseline testing was conducted with LSD until October 2008, when the transition was made to a 100% soybean oil based biodiesel. The turbocharged diesel engine-generator set is operated in parallel with the local electric utility and the campus steam grid. The system is capable of generating 25 kW of electric power while providing 18 kW of thermal power in the form of steam from an exhaust gas boiler and 19 kW in the form of heated water from the engine coolant. The steam is delivered to a double-effect Lithium-Bromide (Li-Br) absorption chiller, which supplies chilled water to the IW for space cooling in the summer or hot water for space heating in the winter. Furthermore, the steam can be delivered to the campus steam grid during the fall and spring when neither heating nor cooling is required in the IW. The thermal energy recovered from the coolant provides hot water for space heating in the winter, and for regenerating a solid desiccant dehumidification ventilation system in summer. All relevant temperatures, pressures, and flows for these systems are monitored via a building automation system. Pressure versus time versus crank angle measurements are recorded in each cylinder of the engine. Emissions of nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2 ), Particulate Matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) are also monitored. The performance testing thus far indicates that biodiesel fuel performs just as well as Diesel fuel in the CHP system, providing similar amounts of electrical and thermal energy at the similar temperatures and flows at a similar overall efficiency. As expected, the engine consumes more biodiesel fuel due to the lower energy density of biodiesel fuel compared to LSD. Upon completion of the system performance testing with different types of biodiesel fuel, the operation of the engine generator with its heat recovery components will be integrated with the other HVAC components of the IW including a parabolic trough solar thermal driven Li-Br absorption chiller, a solid desiccant dehumidification ventilation system, and multiple types of fan coils and radiant heating and cooling devices. This integrated energy supply system is expected to reduce the IW’s primary energy consumption by half in addition to the 75% site energy savings already realized by architectural features as compared to the average US office space.Copyright © 2009 by ASME
In situ x-ray reflectivity and diffraction studies of the Au(001) reconstruction in an electrochemical cell.

In situ x-ray specular reflectivity and glancing-incidence-angle x-ray-diffraction measurements have been performed at the Au(001) surface in a 0.01M ${\mathrm{HClO}}_{4}$ solution under potential control in an electrochemical cell. At -0.4 V versus an Ag/AgCl electrode, the gold surface exhibits a hexagonal reconstructed layer with a mass density 21% greater than the underlying bulk layers. The reconstruction disappears above 0.5 V, and the excess atoms form a new atomic layer with a density corresponding to 22% of a bulk layer. The reconstruction fully recovers below -0.3 V.
SU-D-500-03: A Correction of Partial Volume Effect for Using PET to Define Metabolically Active Tumor Volume for Pancreatic Cancer

Purpose: Accurate delineation of tumor volume based on PET is affected by partial volume effect (PVE) that has been shown to Result in underestimations of the standardized uptake value (SUV), leading to decreased metabolically‐active tumor volume (MATV). Here we assess the impact of a PVE correction on the SUV and the PET defined MATV in patients with pancreatic cancer. Methods: A voxel‐by‐voxel PVE correction method utilizing a recovery coefficient (RC) approach is implemented for correction in the region of interest (ROI). A profile‐analysis study was used to define the ideal‐cutoff‐values (IDCVs) to threshold PET. The RC and the IDCVs were calculated using NEMA phantom. The pancreas tumor volumes were delineated on the T1 with contrast and diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI), and on the PET using four different cutoff values: 2.5‐SUV, tumor‐to‐background (T/B) ratio, 42% of SUVmax, and IDCVs. The PVE‐corrected PET and MATV were compared with the original PET, and the resulted tumor sizes were compared with those from contrast‐enhanced CT and MRI. Results: For all patients studied, the mean RC was 0.72 (ranging 0.58 – 0.81) based on tumor diameter on the CT (ranging 1.9 – 5.8) cm, and tumor‐to‐background ratio (ranging 2.4 – 8.7). The mean SUVmax values in the ROI were 8.2 (ranging 3.9 – 13.1) and 10.6 (ranging 5.57 – 16.37) g/ml, respectively, before and after PVE correction. Generally, all of the 2.5‐SUV, T/B ratio, and 42% SUVmax showed an increase of up to 34% in the MATV after PVE correction except for the IDCVs MATV was reduced by 21%. The differences between tumor sizes from CT, T1, and DWI and those from PET with PVE‐correction were reduced compared to those without correction. Conclusion: The partial volume effect correction considerably impacts PET SUV and improves the PET‐defined metabolic ‐ ally‐active tumor volume, particularly for small pancreatic tumors.
The Role of the Researcher as Participant Observer and Participant-as-Observer in the Field Situation

One of the first, as well as classic, statements on techniques of participant observation is that of Florence Kluckhohn, who defines participant observations as a …… conscious and systematic sharing, in so far as circumstances permit, in the life activities and, on occasion, in the interests and effects of a group of persons.
Characterization of shallow implants with SIMS using electron-beam-assisted oxygen bombardment with oxygen backfill

Secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiles of shallow implants of boron and arsenic in silicon have been measured. It was demonstrated that improved depth resolution was achieved at low (1.5 keV) beam energy for both O2+ and Cs+ beams. Oxygen backfill from the base pressure (10−10 Torr) to 10−6 Torr also improved the depth resolution. Simultaneous electron bombardment during oxygen backfill further improved the depth resolution, as measured both by the surface transients in the Si+ and SiO+ substrates as well as the B+ signal. The mechanism of improvement by electron bombardment during oxygen backfill was discussed and concluded to be electron-beam-stimulated oxidation of the Si surface. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PARTICLE CORRELATION ARISING FROM ISOSPIN PAIRING IN LIGHT NUCLEI

We consider a new kind of particle correlation in light nuclei consisting of neutron-proton pairs in $T=0$ states, which we call isospin pairing. The importance of such a correlation stems from the fact that the $n\ensuremath{-}p$ $T=0$ force is dominant for $A\ensuremath{\le}30$, especially for $N=Z$ nuclei. It is shown that such an isospin correlation is coherent and, among other things, can provide the necessary decrease in the ground-state band moment of inertia of $N=Z$ even-even nuclei. Detailed properties of the variational wave function are discussed. The possibility of understanding the deformation of light nuclei as a result of competition between $T=0$ and $T=1$ forces is pointed out.
Strontium-89 combined with doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer

Abstract We investigated the activity of a bone-targeting regimen consisting of strontium-89 and doxorubicin in the treatment of patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer. Three and 22 patients with androgen-independent prostate cancer and bone metastasis received doxorubicin at 15 mg/m2 and 20 mg/m2, respectively (intravenously by continuous infusion over 24 hours, once per week). All patients received strontium-89 55 μCi/kg, intravenously, every 3 months. Antitumor activity (a prostate specific antigen decrease of ≥75% from baseline) was seen in 32% of evaluable patients. Clinical benefit based on pain relief and performance improvement was achieved in 76% and 40% of patients, respectively. Strontium-89 combined with doxorubicin can be delivered with acceptable toxicities. Strontium-89 combined with doxorubicin is active in the treatment of androgen-independent prostate cancer and may be useful in future studies designed to optimize organ (bone)-specific therapies.
The anisotropies of galactic cosmic rays: 3-dimensional modeling

Abstract We report on model calculations for the anisotropies of galactic cosmic rays at the orbit of the Earth. We consider the 5 – 25 GV range where the diffusion approximation is still applicable. The predicted ecliptic and North-South components of the anisotropy in various 2-dimensional (2-D) and 3-dimensional (3-D) models are discussed. Our 3-D numerical code, including large-scale particle drifts in a model heliosphere with a wavy current sheet and corotating interaction regions (CIRs), is extended to calculate anisotropies. Simulation results obtained for the two opposite magnetic cycles are presented for 3-D models with uniform solar wind speed as well as for those with CIRs included. Recurrent 27-day variations are discussed.
Microsatellite analysis of raccoon (Procyon lotor) population structure across an extensive metropolitan landscape

Understanding population structure can lend insight into the spread of animal-borne disease, and the effects of anthropogenic land use on habitat. Raccoons are highly adaptive to human land development and can persist in a wide range of habitat types, making them ideal subjects for investigating the level of population structure in a highly fragmented area. A total of 323 raccoons were livetrapped from 7 locations encompassing 3 distinct habitat types (agriculture, urban forest preserves, and residential) across the Chicago metropolitan region (maximum distance between 2 sites was 128 km). Genetic analyses of 14 microsatellite loci indicate that although raccoon populations across the region share up to 50% of the allelic diversity, they segregated into at least 2 distinct subpopulations, dividing the Chicago metropolitan region into northern and southern groups with further structure occurring within these larger groups. Incorporating sample sites between the identified north– south groups may provide greater resolution as to where this split occurs. Although there is evidence of population structure between all sample sites, migrant analysis suggests there is enough gene flow to preserve genetic diversity throughout the population.
The Role of Authority in Science and Religion with Implications for Science Teaching and Learning

Science educators and classroom teachers often present idealized descriptions of science and religion that reflect our own misunderstandings. These generalizations are often over-simplified and inaccurate and can compound misunderstandings of both domains. The first half of this paper presents an in-depth analysis of authority issues and aims to provide science educators with a more nuanced understanding of these two domains as appropriate to introductory science classes. This analysis argues for the importance of science teachers and theorists developing better understandings of the role of scientific and religious authority in instruction and in practice. Based on this examination, the last half of the paper aims to provide guidance for building more effective introductory science instruction. This examination suggests that a primary goal of science instruction must be to develop students who are effective consumers of science information.
Variations in the Summertime Atmospheric Hydrologic Cycle Associated with Seasonal Precipitation Anomalies over the Southwestern United States

Abstract This paper examines year-to-year variations in the large-scale summertime hydrologic cycle over the southwestern United States using a suite of regional model simulations and surface- and upper-air-based observations. In agreement with previous results, it is found that observed interannual precipitation variations in this region can be subdivided into two spatiotemporal regimes—one associated with rainfall variability over the southwestern portion of the domain centered on Arizona and the other associated with variations over the southeastern portion centered on western Texas and eastern New Mexico. Because of the limited duration of the model simulation data, it is possible to only investigate one positive rainfall season over the Arizona region and one negative rainfall season over the New Mexico region. From these investigations it appears that for the positive rainfall anomalies over Arizona excess seasonal precipitation is balanced by both enhanced evaporation and vertically integrated larg...
Community-based settings and sampling strategies: implications for reducing racial health disparities among black men, New York City, 2010-2013.

Introduction Rates of screening colonoscopies, an effective method of preventing colorectal cancer, have increased in New York City over the past decade, and racial disparities in screening have declined. However, vulnerable subsets of the population may not be reached by traditional surveillance and intervention efforts to improve colorectal cancer screening rates.
Playbook of the Long Island consortium for interconnected learning (LICIL)

The Long Island Consortium for Interconnected Learning in Quantitative Disciplines (LICIL) (http://www.licil.org) was a project in the NSF program, Mathematics and Its Applications Across the Curriculum. It was an interdisciplinary initiative to create an environment to enhance how faculty teach and how students learn in mathematically based subjects. It involved ten Long Island institutions and was headquartered at SUNY-Stony Brook; the other institutions were: C. W. Post College, Dowling College, Nassau Community College, New York Institute of Technology, St. Joseph's College, Suffolk Community College, SUNY Agricultural and Technology College at Farmingdale, SUNY College at Old Westbury, and CUNY-York College. This systemic reform effort combined changes in pedagogy with curricular innovation, educational technology and coordination of instruction across departments. In trying to change how faculty teach and how students learn, LICIL sought to initiate, nurture and sustain grassroots efforts by individual faculty in their classrooms.External reviews were very enthusiastic about LICIL. The final one stated: "LICIL has accomplished a great deal and was clearly worth the investment. This is so chiefly because of the many projects it initiated, its success in bringing together people at diverse institutions and its exploration of several major educational themes and much less so because of materials it will produce. Small changes on individual campuses are more likely to last than major reform of curricula (e. g., calculus, statistics, precalculus) or mechanisms of institutions coordination."The following Playbook summarizes the lessons learned, and still being used profitably, at LICIL institutions. Many comments in the Playbook are applicable to more modest sized efforts to nurture instructional reform.
Fatigue crack growth characteristics in cast Al–Si–Mg alloys: Part II. Life predictions using fatigue crack growth data

Abstract Fatigue crack growth data are critical inputs for damage tolerant designs, which acknowledge initial flaws in materials subject to cyclic loading. Fatigue crack growth data are used for life predictions, and in addition they provide understanding of the microstructural effects on crack propagation at different stages during service life. Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM) methods have been applied to demonstrate how microstructure and heat treatment can be selected and optimized for given design requirements. Life predictions based on LEFM calculations were performed using AFGROW software. AFGROW is a life predictive tool developed by the Wright–Patterson Air Force Research Laboratory and intensely used by NASA's crack growth life prediction program. This software is used here to integrate the fatigue crack growth curves of several cast Al–Si–Mg alloys in different heat-treat conditions. Several examples of life predictions are presented through case studies representing real life applications such as automotive suspension components and cylinder blocks. The theoretical foundation of microstructure and heat-treat effects on the fatigue crack growth behavior of Al–Si–Mg alloys, were mechanistically laid out in Part I of this paper. Part II is a companion to the theoretical work (Part I), and brings to the reader's attention a practical perspective to engineering analysis and design through a simple and effective method of utilizing fatigue crack growth data. Using AFGROW software an engineering problem can be approached in two ways. First, the software can be used (and it was used in this paper) to rank and select an alloy for a given application based on experimental fatigue crack growth data on various existent materials. Second, the software can be used as an alloy/microstructure/heat treatment optimization tool for future alloy development and applications using fatigue crack growth resistance as an alloy design goal. In this case, the desired operating conditions and the expected life are imposed, and the alloy, microstructure, and crack growth characteristics required to meet them are determined. The methodology offered here can be further tailored for both direct and reverse engineering problems for any material and application.
Attenuation of Light in the Lower Atmosphere

Researches on the attenuation of light in the lower atmosphere permit the conclusions:(a) From 3500 to 5400A in distances up to 6 km the attenuation of pure air and water vapor is due to molecular scattering with negligible true absorption; (b) from 3000 to 2000A pure air possesses an absorption in addition to molecular scattering, probably due to oxygen, which increases rapidly with decreasing wavelength; (c) the degradation of visible light in normally clear air at sea, probably due to prevalent haze, is such as to reduce light to 1/10 in 10 nautical miles; (d) natural fog degrades visible light either equally across the spectrum or slightly less for red than for blue light but not enough to redden appreciably white or yellow lights.Infrared photographs to distances of 8 nautical miles through haze and fog showed objects at 0.5, 1.2, 4 and 8 miles when the haze and fog were such that objects could just be seen at 0.5, 1, 3 and 6 miles.
Repair of retrograde ascending dissection after descending stent grafting

Objective Retrograde dissection is now recognized as an important complication after thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR), but its treatment is poorly understood. Our objectives were to investigate the risks, describe the repair methods, and assess the outcomes of this complication. Methods From 2000 to 2012, 766 patients underwent TEVAR. Of these patients, 14 (1.8%), plus 1 who had undergone TEVAR elsewhere (n = 15), developed retrograde dissection after stent grafting. They had undergone TEVAR for distal aortic dissection in 7, intramural hematoma in 5, aneurysm in 2, and transection in 1. Their mean age was 65 ± 9 years. At the initial TEVAR, the left subclavian artery was covered in 9, the mean stent graft diameter was 34 ± 2 mm, and >1 device was used in 8 patients. The site of entry tear was at the greater curvature in 11 and lesser curvature in 4. One patient ruptured and died 12 days after TEVAR and never made it to the operating room. The other 14 underwent proximal aortic repair. The median interval between TEVAR and repair of retrograde dissection was 6 months; 3 patients presented within 1 month. The repair techniques included reverse frozen elephant trunk in 5, total arch repair in 4, ascending or hemiarch repair in 4, and ascending TEVAR in 1. Concomitant procedures included aortic valve repair in 4, replacement in 2, root remodeling in 1, and coronary bypass in 1. Results No operative mortality occurred. One patient underwent reoperation for bleeding. Two required a tracheostomy for respiratory failure. However, no renal failure, stroke, or spinal injury occurred. At a median follow-up of 26 months, 4 aortic reoperations had occurred: 1 distal stent graft extension for type 1b endoleak, 2 hybrid thoracoabdominal completion repairs for growth of residual distal disease, and 1 emergency TEVAR for aortobronchial fistula. The latter patient died of septic complications, and 3 other late noncardiac deaths occurred. Conclusions Retrograde ascending dissection can present as an early or a late complication after descending stent grafting because of aortic instability or disease progression and has usually been associated with descending dissection or intramural hematoma. It is a life-threatening complication that can be managed safely with early recognition and rapid delivery of open or hybrid repair.