cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
An Effective Project for Teaching Repeated-Measures Designs:

A project was developed to introduce the core principles of repeated-measures designs. Using the levels of processing approach to memory, students are prompted to engage in either shallow, moderate...
On 3-Nilpotent Obstructions to π1 Sections for \( \mathbb{P}^{1}_\mathbb{Q}\)−{0,1, \(\infty\)}

We study which rational points of the Jacobian of ℙ k 1 − { 0, 1, ∞} can be lifted to sections of geometrically 3-nilpotent quotients of etale π1 over the absolute Galois group. This is equivalent to evaluating certain triple Massey products of elements of k ∗ ⊆ H1(G k , ℤ(1)) or H1(G k , ℤ ∕ 2ℤ). For k = ℚ p or \(\mathbb{R}\), we give a complete mod 2 calculation. This permits some mod 2 calculations for k = ℚ. These are computations of obstructions of Jordan Ellenberg. ℙ1ℚ − { 0, 1, ∞}
Engineering a Molecular Railroad

It has been almost 20 yr since Spudich and his colleagues demonstrated purified fluorescent actin filaments writhing on a surface coated with purified myosin in an inverted in vitro motility assay (1). These assays, and the many techniques that have been developed since to manipulate and modify filament-associated motors in vitro, have led many to believe that biological motors will become important nanoengineering components. Still, only the first small steps have been taken toward packaging these remarkable motors into practical and useful mechanisms. Motor proteins have several engineering limitations, one of the most important being the limited range of chemical and physical conditions under which they are stable and operative. With these limitations in mind, we believe that the first practical implementation of motor proteins may be in microdevices implanted into physiological systems. The motors in such a device may transport system components between compartments as on a conveyor belt, may actuate gates or valves, or may power a microgenerator by scavenging energy from biological hosts in the form of ATP. Critical hurdles to nanoengineering with motor proteins include the development of compatible interfaces with the cold hard materials of conventional micro- and nanoengineering, the development of techniques to lay the filamentous tracks in precisely defined arrays, the development of mechanisms to couple cargos to the motors, and the development of control systems to throttle motor action and to load and unload cargo. In this chapter, we review progress towards addressing these challenges, focusing on the kinesin family of microtubule stepping motors.
Microelectrode Studies of Basal Ganglia and VA, VL and VP Thalamus in Patients With Dystonia: Dystonia-Related Activity and Somatic Sensory Reorganization

Dystonia is a movement disorder characterized by sustained muscle contractions leading to twisting movements and abnormal postures (Fahn, 1988). It is usually assumed that dystonia is driven by abnormal activity arising in the basal ganglia (Marsden et al., 1985; Hallett, 1997; Vitek et al., 1998). Additionally, there is indirect evidence that neuronal activity in a cerebellar relay nucleus of the human thalamus (Ventral intermediate - Vim) and in a pallidal relay nucleus (Ventral oral posterior - Vop) is related to dystonic movements. Lesions in Vim and Vop relieve dystonia (Laitinen, 1970; Cooper, 1976; Gros et al., 1976; Andrew et al., 1983; Tasker et al., 1988b; Tasker et al., 1988a; Cardoso et al., 1995) and stimulation of Vim and Vop can increase (Tasker et al., 1982) or decrease dystonic movements (Benabid et al., 1996). The effects of thalamic lesioning and stimulation may be related to abnormalities in sensory processing observed in the central nervous system of patients with dystonia (Tempel and Perlmutter, 1990; Reilly et al., 1992; Tempel and Perlmutter, 1995).
Acoustic Microscopy Measurements to Correlate Surface Wave Velocity and Surface Roughness

Acoustic microscopy can be used for very localized measurements of the velocity and attenuation of surface waves, and hence is a possible technique for nondestructive evaluation of near surface damage due to fatigue, machining, friction, wear, etc. Because the frequency of operation of an acoustic microscope is high, usually above 100 MHz, the wavelength of the surface wave is relatively small, and thus the roughness of the specimen may affect the wave velocity. In most cases the specimens must be polished to a metallurgical level to ensure that the true Rayleigh wave velocity, i.e., the one for a smooth surface will be measured. For some cases the specimens should, however, not be polished. For example, for the prediction of fatigue life, the roughness may increase during the fatigue test. Usually there remains a certain amount of roughness on the surface after friction, wear or machining. Polishing or any other surface preparation process may destroy the true surface condition of the specimen. Therefore, measurements should often be made for specimens with rough surfaces and it is then important to know the effect of surface roughness on the surface wave velocity in order that roughness effects can be distinguished from the effects that are of actual interest in the measurement.
Systems Approach for Modeling Interactions Among the Sustainable Development Goals Part 1: Cross-Impact Network Analysis

This article advocates for a systems approach to analyzing the SDGs, categorized as an anthropocentric network. Cross-impact analysis, a semi-qualitative, soft-systems approach is used to explore the connections among the SDGs. This approach can better capture the science underlying the SDGs' interactions in a generic manner compared to existing methods. The suggested approach enables users to: (1) get a better qualitative and quantitative understanding of how the SDGs interact; (2) detect emerging patterns resulting from those interactions; (3) use context-specific information about direct impacts to identify indirect effects; and (4) identify leverage points hidden within the SDGs. The article also discusses how network analysis complements cross-impact analysis as a mathematical approach to understanding patterns of interactions among the SDGs. The term cross-impact network analysis is proposed to describe the synergy between these two analytical methods. This article is the first of two papers systematically analyzing the interactions between the SDGs.
Implications of energy storage and climate change for pollution control under the Clean Air Act

Abstract Increased renewable energy, climate change impacts, and energy storage will affect power system dynamics and thermal plant behavior and emissions. This research explores the effects of these factors on natural gas plant start cycles and consequent emissions. Energy storage can be deployed to mitigate the emissions from increased power plant starting and stopping. Thus, a multi-pollutant, sector-wide approach to protecting air quality will be most appropriate and effective for managing future power system emissions.
Crises of Representation and Populist Challenges to Liberal Democracy

In recent years, populist leaders, movements, and parties have posed formidable challenges to liberal democracy in Europe, Latin America, and the United States. These challenges are rooted in representational crises: in particular, party systems and their diminishing capacity to integrate and represent broad popular constituencies in the democratic arena. To understand these institutional failures, it is essential to explore the changing patterns of partisan competition and representation under the constraints of market globalization and the social fragmentation which it has produced. These constraints create openings for populist contenders to politicize economic insecurities and cultural resentments, in opposition to traditional political establishments.
Brachytherapy use for favorable-risk prostate cancer continues to decline in both academic and community centers despite superior survival compared to dose-escalated external beam radiation therapy.

105Background: Several studies have highlighted the decline in brachytherapy (BT) utilization for localized prostate cancer, possibly due to reduced reimbursement, decreased provider efficiency, an...
Erratum for Riccio et al., "Characterization of Sex Differences in Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection and Herpes Stromal Keratitis Pathogenesis of Wild-Type and Herpesvirus Entry Mediator Knockout Mice".

Volume 4, issue 2, e00073-19, 2019, [https://doi.org/10.1128/mSphere.00073-19][1]. In the 2nd sentence of the importance section (PDF page 1, second paragraph) and the 1st sentence of the 2nd paragraph of the main text (PDF page 2, first full paragraph), herpesvirus stromal keratitis should be
Original ContributionsImpact of protease inhibitors on the outcome of human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients with chronic diarrhea

OBJECTIVE: The effect of protease inhibitors on the outcome of chronic HIV-related diarrhea is unknown. The aim of this study was to compare the response to treatment of chronic HIV-related diarrhea, recurrence of diarrhea, and survival in a large cohort of individuals taking protease inhibitors to the outcome in similar patients not receiving protease inhibitors. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of all patients referred between October 1993 and October 1996 at Bellevue Hospital for endoscopic evaluation of chronic HIV-related diarrhea after negative stool examination. Only patients presenting after December 1995 received protease inhibitor therapy. Follow-up data were obtained from chart review and direct telephone contact. The success of antidiarrheal therapy was compared between protease inhibitor and nonprotease inhibitor groups for patients receiving pathogen-specific therapy and for those with no pathogens found on endoscopy. RESULTS: Two hundred eighty-two of 307 patients evaluated for chronic diarrhea were followed for a mean of 69.9 ± 34.1 weeks. Patients receiving protease inhibitors had a significantly higher rate of successful response to antidiarrheal therapy (62.0% vs 33.5%, p < 0.001). Protease inhibitors were associated with a significant decrease in stool frequency (4.8 ± 4.5 vs 3.4 ± 4.6 bowel movements per day, p = 0.01), an increase in weight (2.4 ± 5.9 vs −1.6 ± 6.2 kg, p < 0.001), a decrease in recurrence of diarrhea (34.8% vs 15.3%, p = 0.02), and a longer mean survival (148 vs 118 weeks, p = 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Protease inhibitors significantly improve the outcome of antidiarrheal therapy and survival in patients with chronic HIV-associated diarrhea.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Infant Formula Fat Analog Enriched with Capric Acid

A structured lipid (SL) with a substantial amount of palmitic acid at the sn-2 position and enriched with capric acid (C), was produced in two enzymatic interesterification stages by using immobilized lipase, Lipozyme® TL IM (Novozymes North America Inc., Franklinton, NC, USA). The substrates for the reactions were high melting point palm stearin, high oleic sunflower oil and tricaprin. The SL was characterized for total and positional fatty acid profiles, triacylglycerol (TAG) molecular species, free fatty acid content, melting and crystallization profiles. The final SL contained 20.13 mol% of total palmitic acid, of which nearly 40 % was located at the sn-2 position. The total capric acid content was 21.22 mol%, mostly at the sn-1 and sn-3 positions. The predominant TAGs in the SL were oleic–palmitic–oleic, POP and CLC. The melting completion and crystallization onset temperatures of the SL were 27.7 and 6.1 °C, respectively. The yield for the overall reaction was 90 wt%. This SL might be totally or partially used in commercial fat blends for infant formula.
Modeling the effects of hyaluronic acid degradation on the regulation of human astrocyte phenotype using multicomponent interpenetrating polymer networks (mIPNs).

Hyaluronic acid (HA) is a highly abundant component in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and a fundamental element to the architecture and the physiology of the central nervous system (CNS). Often, HA degradation occurs when an overreactive inflammatory response, derived from tissue trauma or neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, causes the ECM in the CNS to be remodeled. Herein, we studied the effects of HA content as a key regulator of human astrocyte (HAf) reactivity using multicomponent interpenetrating polymer networks (mIPNs) comprised of Collagen I, HA and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate. The selected platform facilities the modulation of HA levels independently of matrix rigidity. Total astrocytic processes length, number of endpoints, the expression of the quiescent markers: Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 1 Family Member L1 (ALDH1L1) and Glutamate Aspartate Transporter (GLAST); the reactive markers: Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein (GFAP) and S100 Calcium-Binding Protein β (S100β); and the inflammatory markers: Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS), Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) and Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNFα), were assessed. Cumulatively, our results demonstrated that the decrease in HA concentration elicited a reduction in the total length of astrocytic processes and an increase in the expression of HAf reactive and inflammatory markers.
Association between Food Insecurity and Health-Related Quality of Life: a Nationally Representative Survey

Food insecurity, limited or uncertain access to enough food for an active, healthy life, affected over 37 million Americans in 2018. Food insecurity is likely to be associated with worse health-related quality of life (HRQoL), but this association has not been measured with validated instruments in nationally representative samples. Given growing interest understanding food insecurity’s role in health outcomes, it would be useful to learn what HRQoL measures best capture the experience of those with food insecurity. To determine the association between food insecurity and several validated HRQoL instruments in US adults. Cross-sectional. US adults (age ≥ 18), weighted to be nationally representative. Food insecurity was assessed with three items derived from the USDA Household Food Security Survey Module. HRQoL was assessed using PROMIS-Preference (PROPr), which contains 7 PROMIS domains, self-rated health (SRH), Euroqol-5D-5L (EQ-5D), Health Utilities Index (HUI), and Short Form-6D (SF-6D). In December 2017, 4142 individuals completed at least part of the survey (31% response rate), of whom 4060 (98.0%) reported food security information. Of survey respondents, 51.7% were women, 12.5% self-identified as black, 15.8% were Hispanic, and 11.0% did not have a high school diploma. 14.1% of respondents reported food insecurity. In adjusted analyses, food insecurity was associated with worse HRQoL across all instruments and PROMIS domains (p < .0001 for all). The magnitude of the difference between food-insecure and food-secure participants was largest with the SF-6D, EQ-5D, and PROPr; among individual PROMIS domain scores, the largest difference was for ability to participate in social roles. Food insecurity is strongly associated with worse HRQoL, with differences between food-secure and food-insecure individuals best measured using the SF-6D, EQ-5D, and PROPr. Future work should develop a specific instrument to measure changes in HRQoL in food insecurity interventions.
PEMesh: a Graphical Framework for the Analysis of the InterplayBetween Geometry and PEM Solvers.

Partial differential equations can be solved on general polygonal and polyhedral meshes, through Polytopal Element Methods (PEMs). Unfortunately, the relation between geometry and analysis is still unknown and subject to ongoing research in order to identify weaker shape-regularity criteria under which PEMs can reliably work. We propose PEMesh, a graphical framework to support the analysis of the relation between the geometric properties of polygonal meshes and the numerical performances of PEM solvers. PEMesh allows the design of polygonal meshes that increasingly stress some geometric properties, by exploiting any external PEM solver, and supports the study of the correlation between the performances of such a solver and geometric properties of the input mesh. Furthermore, it is highly modular, customisable, easy to use, and provides the possibility to export analysis results both as numerical values and graphical plots. PEMesh has a potential practical impact on ongoing and future research activities related to PEM methods, polygonal mesh generation and processing.
Treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Publisher Summary Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a malignant tumor of hepatocytes arising in the setting of liver disease and cirrhosis. The three major risk factors for the development of HCC are cirrhosis resulting from hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, chronic hepatitis B virus infection, and alcoholism. The increase in incidence and mortality because of HCC is a result of the increased number of patients with cirrhosis because of HCV. A definitive diagnosis of HCC is made by finding the characteristic histologic changes of HCC in a pathologic specimen from a patient. A tentative diagnosis can be made in the absence of a tissue specimen by the use of radiologic imaging techniques. The curative therapies available for HCC attempt to remove or ablate the HCC, while leaving enough functional hepatic mass to prevent hepatic failure. These include hepatic resection, orthotopic liver transplantation, ethanol injection, and radiofrequency ablation. There are few randomized studies comparing different strategies for the treatment of HCC. Most studies contain heterogeneous populations of patients with varying levels of tumor aggressiveness and hepatic reserve. This makes it difficult to compare the outcomes of patients within or among studies. Palliative therapies are used that include chemoembolization, systemic chemotherapy, and a variety of experimental modifications of established procedures.
Influence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid on the long-term oxidation state distribution of plutonium

Abstract Spectrophotometry was used to study the effect of EDTA on plutonium oxidation state distribution as a function of time, pH, and ligand-to-metal ratio (L/M) under anoxic conditions. Novel Pu(V)-EDTA absorption bands were identified at 571, 993, 1105, and 1150 nm with molar absorption coefficients of 15 ± 1, 6 ± 1, 10 ± 1, and 10 ± 1 cm−1M−1, respectively. Pu(V)-EDTA spectral changes occurred at L/M
Outcomes of primary radiotherapy with or without chemotherapy for advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma: A systematic review

BACKGROUND Surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy is the accepted standard for treatment of advanced oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC); however, alternative evidence suggests that definitive (chemo)radiotherapy may have similar outcomes. METHODS Systematic review was performed to assess the therapeutic value of radiotherapy or chemoradiotherapy as a primary modality for treating OCSCC. Meta-analysis of outcomes was performed between articles comparing radiotherapy and primary surgical treatment. RESULTS Meta-analysis showed less favorable results of radiotherapy compared to surgery: overall survival at 3-years (odds ratio [OR] = 0.51; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.77) and 5-years (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.29-0.60); disease-specific survival at 3-years (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.32-0.96) and 5-years (OR = 0.55; 95% CI = 0.32-0.96). Odds of feeding tube dependency were higher in primary radiotherapy group (OR = 2.67; 95% CI = 1.27-5.64). CONCLUSIONS Results of this study support the current perspective favoring primary surgical treatment for OCSCC in the absence of surgical contraindications.
Sensing, capturing, and interrogation of single virus particles with solid state nanopores

Solid-state nanopores have gained much attention as a bioanalytical platform. By virtue of their tunable nanoscale dimensions, nanopore sensors can a spatial resolution that spans a wide range of biological species from a single-molecule to a single virus or microorganism. Several groups have already used solid-state nanopores for tag-free detection of viruses. However, no one has reported use of nanopores to capture a single virus for further interrogation by the electric field inside nanopores. In this paper we will report detection of single HIV-1 particle with solid-state nanopores and demonstrate the ability to trap a single HIV-1 particle on top of a nanopore and force it to squeeze through the pore using an electric field.
A Snapshot of Availability of U.S. Congressional Committee Hearings

Abstract U.S. congressional hearings are among the most heavily used sources of government information made available through the Federal Depository Library Program. The traditional distribution of full-text hearings in tangible format (paper and microfiche) is only beginning to be supplemented by online distribution through GPO Access. Alternate online sources of committee hearings are the Web pages of individual congressional committees. This study identifies and tallies the number of hearings held by committees of the 105th and 106th Congresses and distributed in tangible format by the Government Printing Office. Data from the initial step is then compared to those listed on GPO Access and congressional committee Web sites between October 2001 and May 2002 to determine the comprehensiveness of the online lists. Finally, the study tabulates and compares the availability of full-text hearings records (transcripts) on both the GPO Access and congressional committee sites. Although the study indicates full...
Utilization of foot care services among homeless adults: Implications for advanced practice nurses

Purpose: To present the findings of a survey that examined the reason(s) for use of foot care services among homeless adults in a mid-size southeastern city. Data sources: Data were collected using an 18-item questionnaire. One hundred homeless adults (65 males, 30 females) were asked about their level of foot care use, including under what circumstances foot care services might be used. Conclusion: Foot conditions are an important concern among homeless individuals. To add to the complexity of foot-related problems, many respondents (N= 56) from this survey reported a history of diabetes, hypertension, and peripheral vascular disease. The majority (N= 92) of those surveyed value healthy feet and education related to foot care. Condition of shoes, socks, and foot odor was identified by participants (n= 62) as a major deterrent to using foot care services. Implication for practice: To increase use of foot care programs among homeless adults, services must be offered during the day time when they are not competing to secure nightly shelter. Foot care programs should be innovative and tailored to their unique needs and address concern for sensitivity to feet, sock, and shoe condition; cost; specific services provided; competing needs; source of care; and how to access these services.
Aptamers as potential nucleic acid pharmaceuticals.

Abstract In vitro selection is a technique for the isolation of nucleic acid ligands that can bind to proteins with high affinity and specificity, and has potential applications in the development of new pharmaceuticals. This review summarizes the protein targets that have successfully elicited nucleic acid binding species (also known as “aptamers”) and explores examples of how they might be developed for clinical use. In particular, the use of aptamers for the alleviation of blood clotting and the treatment of AIDS are considered.
Minimization of polypeptide energy. X. A global search algorithm.

Abstract In order to find the global minimum of the energy of a polypeptide, it is necessary to perform a global search, rather than a local one as is carried out by most standard minimization algorithms. A technique is described for locating the global minimum by means of a relatively efficient search over all possible conformations; after investigation, it eliminates whole regions of conformation space not likely to contain the lowestative minimum. An illustr test of it on “tetraglycine” is presented.
Designation of Multiple-star Components

Hierarchical multiple stars need designations for individual components, for super-components (several bodies that act as single dynamical center and are often measured jointly) and sub-systems. Hierarchical designations like those proposed for WMC can satisfy all needs, but designations will have to be frozen and will not reflect true hierarchy in the future as new components are discovered. Hence, a clearing house (WMC on the web?) is needed to maintain unique and consistent designations. The hierarchy can be coded separately and flexibly by reference to parent super-components. As an example, these ideas are applied to a real quintuple star HR 1706.
Fine-Grained 3-D IC Partitioning Study With a Multicore Processor

Low power is widely considered as a key benefit of 3-D integrated circuits (ICs), yet there have been few thorough design studies on how to maximize power benefits in 3-D ICs. In this paper, we present design methodologies to reduce power consumption in 3-D ICs using a large-scale commercial-grade multicore microprocessor (OpenSPARC T2). To further improve power benefits in 3-D ICs on the top of the traditional 3-D floorplanning, we evaluate the impact of 3-D IC partitioning: block folding and bonding styles. In addition, the impact of block folding and bonding style on 3-D thermal is investigated. Last, we examine the power distribution network impact on 3-D power benefit. With aforementioned methods combined, our 3-D designs provide up to 21.7% power reduction over the 2-D counterpart under the same performance.
Endoscopic Treatment of Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis and Smoldering Acute Pancreatitis

Recurrent acute pancreatitis (RAP) is a challenging condition that can lead to chronic pancreatitis and long-term morbidity. Etiology-based treatment can potentially have an impact on the natural history of RAP and its progression to chronic pancreatitis. In cases of divisum-associated RAP and idiopathic RAP, several studies have been performed to evaluate the efficacy of endoscopic therapy in alleviation of symptoms and frequency of AP events. This review discusses the literature available on these topic as well as touching on the role of endoscopic therapy in smoldering acute pancreatitis.
Cavitation and Bubble Dynamics

This book describes and explains the fundamental physical processes involved in bubble dynamics and the phenomenon of cavitation. It is intended as a combination of a reference book for those scientists and engineers who work with cavitation or bubble dynamics and as a monograph for advanced students interested in some of the basic problems associated with this category of multiphase flows. A basic knowledge of fluid flow and heat transfer is assumed but otherwise the analytical methods presented are developed from basic principles. The book begins with a chapter on nucleation and describes both the theory and observations of nucleation in flowing and non-flowing systems. The following three chapters provide a systematic treatment of the dynamics of the growth, collapse or oscillation of individual bubbles in otherwise quiescent liquids. Chapter 4 summarizes the state of knowledge of the motion of bubbles in liquids. Chapter 5 describes some of the phenomena which occur in homogeneous bubbly flows with particular emphasis on cloud cavitation and this is followed by a chapter summarizing some of the experiemntal observations of cavitating flows. The last chapter provides a review of the free streamline methods used to treat separated cavity flows with large attached cavities.
An architectural framework for network convergence through application level presence signaling

Over the past few years we have witnessed steady progress toward convergence in communications. We believe we are now witnessing convergence beyond just media transport. Further, abstract application level signaling technologies are poised for takeoff and will serve as the unifying fabric for multi-dimensional convergence. Our research shows that such a signaling mechanism known as “presence”, combined with advances in namespace and security technology, will enable ultimate service innovations.
Gender Norms and Women's Political Representation: A Global Analysis of Cabinets, 1979–2009

What role does the international diffusion of gender norms play in determining recent increases in women's political representation? We argue that norm diffusion has larger positive effects on women's cabinet representation than on women's legislative representation. We also show that within cabinets, norm diffusion affects low-prestige appointments more than high-prestige appointments. We test these arguments using an original database of ministers from 1979 to 2009 and find that the association of women's representation with three separate indicators of international diffusion—levels of women's representation among neighboring states, levels of women's representation among intergovernmental organization partners, and time since ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women—is consistent with our arguments.
Basis of finite element methods for solid continua

Finite element methods can be formulated from the variational principles in solid mechanics by relaxing the continuity requirements along the interelement boundaries. The combination of different variational principles and different boundary continuity conditions yields numerous types of approximate methods. This paper reviews and reinterprets the existing finite element methods and indicates other alternative schemes. Plate bending problems are used to compare the relative merits of the various methods.
TOXICITY EVALUATION OF STRAINS OF CELLULOMONAS

Five strains of Cellulomonas (ATCC 482, ATCC 488, ATCC 491, ATCC 15724 and ATCC 21399) were evaluated for toxicity. Extracts of cells in both water and oil as well as the cell free spent broth injected into fertile chicken eggs were not lethal to the embryos. Viable organisms inoculated in rats, mice and rabbits by oral, subcutaneous and intraperitoneal routes respectively, did not cause generalized or localized infection nor abnormal changes in the vital organs. The sexual maturity, fertility and the vital organs of adult rats as well as the vital data of their progeny were not affected by feeding 10% protein from all strains.
The Superstructure of an Antimicrobial Peptide, Alamethicin, in Lipid Membranes

In this work we investigate the effect of membrane hydration and hydrophobic mismatch on the Alm channel superstructure in an oriented multilayer sample by x-ray scattering. Wide angle x-ray scattering (WAXS) near 1.4 A-1 indicates that the lipid chain region is not much perturbed by the incorporation of up to 10 mole percent Alm. Low angle x-ray scattering (LAXS) indicates that when the sample is very dry, which promotes interactions between neighboring bilayers, a body centered tetragonal crystal packing of Alm channels is formed. As the hydration level increases closer to biological conditions, the separation between bilayers increases, the interbilayer interactions weaken, and the crystalline order disappears while considerable diffuse scattering remains. The effect of hydrophobic mismatch is examined for two mono-unsaturated lipids, diC18:1PC and diC22:1PC, that differ in bilayer thickness by 7.3 A. There is also additional in-plane scattering at a medium q of 0.7 A−1 that our analysis suggests may not be from the Alm channel structure.
Laryngeal image biofeedback for voice disorder patients

Summary Laryngeal image biofeedback (LIB) is a new therapeutic technique for selected patients with abnormal vocal production. In particular, patients with false vocal fold phonation or psychogenic aphonia/dysphonia who have failed traditional voice therapy have been found to respond to LIB. The apparatus and procedure used for this technique are presented along with suggested criteria for patient selection.
Processing, Structure, and High-Temperature Superconductivity

The superconducting behavior in oxygen defect perovskite oxides is found to depend on the amount and order of oxygen in the structure. In the case of Y1Ba2Cu3O9−y, the highest and sharpest transitions are related to ordering of one-dimensional Cu-O ribbons in the structure which are in turn coupled to a network of adjacent 2-dimensional Cu-O sheets. The isostructural rare earth derivatives of Y1Ba2Cu3O9−y are found to display similar behavior.
Computation of Unsteady Viscous Marine-Propulsor Blade Flows—Part 2: Parametric Study

Time-accurate solutions of the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are presented, which address through model problems, the response of turbulent propeller-blade boundary layers and wakes to external-flow traveling waves. In Part I, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology flapping-foil experiment was simulated and the results validated through comparisons with data. The response was shown to be significantly more complex than classical unsteady boundary layer and unsteady lifting flows thus motivating further study. In Part 2, the effects of frequency, waveform, and foil geometry are investigated. The results demonstrate that uniquely different response occurs for low and high frequency
The scope of experience of advanced endoscopy (4th year) training-a survey of advanced fellowship programs (AFP) in North America. Rig S. Patel* MD and the ASGE committee on training

The scope of experience of advanced endoscopy (4th year) training-a survey of advanced fellowship programs (AFP) in North America. Rig S. Patel* MD and the ASGE committee on training
The surface viscosity of detergent solutions as a factor in foam stability

Abstract A rotational viscometer, capable of providing theological data for surface films on solutions of surface active agents, has been developed and is described in detail. Surface viscosity data have been obtained with a group of detergents and detergent mixtures specially selected to illustrate the role of surface viscosity in the stability of the foams obtained from the solutions by beating. Foams of highest stability appear to be produced from solutions showing appreciable surface viscosity; solutions yielding foams of very poor stability show very low surface viscosity. Some foams of intermediate stability which rapidly become thin and tenuous, although relatively persistent in total volume, appear as exceptions to the rule. It is suggested that the change in specific surface, in addition to the change in foam volume, with time is necessary to characterize properly the processes taking place. Finally, it is suggested that detergents yielding foams of high foam stability consist of two or more compounds, one of which has high solubility and provides a reservoir of surface active material of poorly developed coherence; and the other of which, though much lesser in amount and also less soluble, provides the necessary coherence in the mixed surface film.
Modeling Detonation Experiments on Triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)-Based Explosives LX-17, PBX 9502, and Ultrafine TATB

Previously determined ignition and growth reactive flow model parameters for detonating LX-17 (92.5% triaminotrinitrobenzene [TATB], 7.5% Kel-F binder), PBX 9502 (95% TATB, 5% Kel-F), and pure ultrafine TATB were used to calculate the results of two new experiments. Continuous detonation velocity measurements were made using embedded fiber optic (EFO) diagnostic probes in ambient temperature (25°C) LX-17 cylinders of various diameters. In double-cylinder corner turning tests, the times required for cold (−54°C), warm (75°C), and 25°C LX-17, PBX 9502, and ultrafine TATB detonation waves to propagate around 90° corners were measured. The calculated detonation velocities and arrival times agreed closely with the measurements from both experiments.
Ureteral Access Sheath Provides Protection against Elevated Renal Pressures during Routine Flexible Ureteroscopic Stone Manipulation

Background and Purpose: New-generation flexible ureteroscopes allow the management of proximal ureteral and intrarenal pathology with high success rates, including complete removal of ureteral and renal calculi. One problem is that the irrigation pressures generated within the collecting system can be significantly elevated, as evidenced by pyelovenous and pyelolymphatic backflow seen during retrograde pyelography. We sought to determine if the ureteral access sheath (UAS) can offer protection from high intrarenal pressures attained during routine ureteroscopic stone surgery. Patients and Methods: Five patients (average age 72.6 years) evaluated in the emergency department for obstructing calculi underwent percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) tube placement to decompress their collecting systems. The indications for PCN tube placement were obstructive renal failure (N = 1), urosepsis (N = 2), and obstruction with uncontrolled pain and elevated white blood cell counts (N = 2). Flexible ureteroscopy was subsequen...
On the design of non-interactive, left invertible systems†

Abstract Now techniques are developed for achieving a maximum number of zero entries in the closed-loop transfer matrices of left invertible, linear multivariable systems through the employment of linear state variable feedback in conjunction with input dynamic compensation. Necessary and sufficient conditions are also presented for obtaining desired non-interactive structures for this class of systems. The question of simultaneous stabilization of the decoupled structures is also fully resolved. The procedures employed provide new insight regarding some related disturbance rejection questions. Numerous examples are presented in order to illustrate and clarify the presentation.
Differential Gene Expression and Epiregulation of Alpha Zein Gene Copies in Maize Haplotypes

Multigenic traits are very common in plants and cause diversity. Nutritional quality is such a trait, and one of its factors is the composition and relative expression of storage protein genes. In maize, they represent a medium-size gene family distributed over several chromosomes and unlinked locations. Two inbreds, B73 and BSSS53, both from the Iowa Stiff Stock Synthetic collection, have been selected to analyze allelic and non-allelic variability in these regions that span between 80–500 kb of chromosomal DNA. Genes were copied to unlinked sites before and after allotetraploidization of maize, but before transposition enlarged intergenic regions in a haplotype-specific manner. Once genes are copied, expression of donor genes is reduced relative to new copies. Epigenetic regulation seems to contribute to silencing older copies, because some of them can be reactivated when endosperm is maintained as cultured cells, indicating that copy number variation might contribute to a reserve of gene copies. Bisulfite sequencing of the promoter region also shows different methylation patterns among gene clusters as well as differences between tissues, suggesting a possible position effect on regulatory mechanisms as a result of inserting copies at unlinked locations. The observations offer a potential paradigm for how different gene families evolve and the impact this has on their expression and regulation of their members.
In vitro assessment of archaeosome stability for developing oral delivery systems.

The in vitro stability of archaeosomes made from the total polar lipids of Methanosarcina mazei, Methanobacterium espanolae or Thermoplasma acidophilum, was evaluated under conditions encountered in the human gastrointestinal tract. At acidic pH, multilamellar vesicles (MLV) prepared from T. acidophilum lipids were the most stable, releasing ∼80, 20, 10 and 5% of encapsulated 14C-sucrose at pH 1.5, 2.0, 2.5 and 6.2, respectively, after 90 min at 37°C. Archaeosomes from M. mazei lipids were the least stable. For each type of total polar lipid, unilamellar vesicles (ULV) were less stable than the corresponding MLV vesicles. Pancreatic lipase had relatively minor effect on the stability of archaeosomes made from either of the three types of total polar lipids, causing the release of 12–27% of the encapsulated 5(6)-carboxyfluorescein (CF) from ULV and MLV after 90 min at 37°C. In simulated human bile at pH 6.2, MLV from M. mazei total polar lipids lost 100% of the encapsulated CF after 90 min at 37°C, whereas those from the polar lipids of M. espanolae or T. acidophilum lost ∼85% of the marker. Pancreatic lipase and simulated human bile had no synergistic effect on the release of carboxyfluorescein from ULV or MLV prepared from any of the total polar lipids. After 90 min in the combined presence of these two stressors at pH 6.2, the leakage of fluorescein conjugated bovine serum albumin from MLV prepared from T. acidophilum lipids was similar to that of CF, and 13% of the initially present vesicles appeared to be intact. These results indicate that archaeosomes show stability properties indicative of potential advantages in developing applications as an oral delivery system.
CHANGES IN PATTERNS OF CORTICOSTERONE SECRETION CONCURRENT WITH MIGRATORY FATTENING IN A NEOTROPICAL MIGRATORY BIRD

Several studies on free-living birds have shown a change in corticosterone secretion (elevated baseline levels and a reduced corticosterone response to stress) during migration. It was not known, however, if this change was concurrent with the development of migratory condition or if it was an independent response to unknown environmental stressors experienced by the birds prior to capture. In this study, a Neotropical annual migrant, the yellow-rumped warbler (Dendroica coronata), held under controlled laboratory conditions, was used to test the Migration Modulation Hypothesis (MMH): during the migratory period migrants exhibit (1) elevated baseline corticosterone to facilitate migratory fattening and (2) a reduced corticosterone stress response, a means by which skeletal muscle needed for migration can be protected against catabolism by high levels of corticosterone. Fifteen hatching-year warblers were maintained on insect larvae and water ad libitum for 43 weeks, experiencing two transitions from a short- to long-day photoperiod to bring them into spring migratory condition. Corticosterone profiles comprising three blood samples from each individual (baseline at the time of initial disturbance and 30 and 60 min later), body mass, fat reserves, molt, and state of cloacal protuberance (males only) were measured at key intervals throughout the study. Over the entire study, mean baseline corticosterone levels were positively correlated with mean body mass, which increased predictably in response to long days. Individual baseline corticosterone was not correlated with individual body mass at any time. During periods when the birds were lean and held on short days, the corticosterone stress profiles were characterized by low initial hormone concentration followed by a significant increase in corticosterone with handling time. In response to long days, the warblers showed a significant increase in body mass and fat reserves concurrent with corticosterone stress profiles characterized by significantly elevated baseline levels and no further increase in corticosterone with handling time. These results support both components of the MMH illustrating changes in corticosterone secretion concurrent with migratory fattening but the exact nature of this change is unknown.
A note on a relevance estimate and its improvement

In this paper the effect of iterating the improvement procedure is examined. It is shown that applications of the improvement factor beyond the first time are ineffectual, and that the factor is but a scale factor.
New prodiginines from a ketosynthase swap.

The prodiginine antibiotics exhibit antitumor and immunosuppressive activity. In this issue of Chemistry & Biology, Reynolds and coworkers [1] demonstrate that new prodiginines can be obtained by substituting a FabH ketosynthase for the RedP ketosynthase in the undecylprodiginine biosynthetic gene cluster.
Room Temperature 1.06-0.53 μm Second Harmonic Generation with MgO:LiNbO 3

Second harmonic generation conversion efficiency of 45% was obtained with a 12 mm long specially grown and cut MgO:LiNbO3 crystal and fundamental peak power density of 140 MW/cm2.
Effects of ipratropium bromide on bradykinin nasal provocation in chronic allergic rhinitis.

Summary Bradykinin (BK) induces albumin exudation and glandular secretion in chronic allergic rhinitis subjects. Since bradykinin may stimulate nociceptive sensory nerves, neural reflex arcs could contribute to the secretion process. Six chronic allergic rhinitis subjects received 1000nm bradykinin by unilateral nasal provocation using the method of Raphael et al. This dose induces optimal contralateral glandular secretion. Ipratropium bromide (80μg) or saline were applied topically before the challenges. Total protein, albumin, glycoconjugate, and lysozyme were measured in lavage fluids. On the ipsilateral side, bradykinin induced significant total protein, glycoconjugate, and albumin secretion. None of these were affected by ipratropium. On the contralateral side, total protein and glycoconjugates were increased by bradykinin, while albumin and lysozyme were not significantly affected. Ipratropium bromide completely ablated total protein and glycoconjugate secretion on the contralateral side indicating that cholinergic reflexes mediated the glandular secretion. In chronic allergic rhinitis, bradykinin directly stimulated albumin secretion, but also stimulates nociceptive neuron–parasympathetic nerve reflexes to induce glandular secretion. The reflex loop was apparent on the contralateral side to the unilateral bradykinin challenge. This loop induced mucoglycoconjugate, but not serous cell, secretion in chronic allergic rhinitis subjects and can be inhibited by iptratropium bromide.
Role of monoamines in sexual behavior of the female guinea pig

Ovariectomized guinea pigs, rendered sexually receptive by injections of estradiol benzoate and progesterone, were treated with drugs that are known to affect monoamine receptor activity. Treatment with the dopamine receptor stimulant apomorphine or the serotonin agonist LSD resulted in a suppression of lordosis behavior that lasted for several hours. The noradrenergic receptor stimulant chlonidine potentiated the performance of lordosis (i.e., increased the duration of individual lordosis responses), while the noradrenergic receptor blocker phenoxybenzamine abolished sexual receptivity. Administration of dopaminergic or serotonergic receptor blockers (pimozide and methysergide, respectively) did not facilitate lordosis. In fact, methysergide produced a brief inhibition of sexual behavior. The results indicate that noradrenergic neurons may be involved in the induction of female sexual behavior in the guinea pig. Dopamine, and possibly serotonin, may serve as transmitters that inhibit lordosis in this species.
Approaches to ethnic conflict and the protection of human rights in post‐communist Europe: The need for preventive diplomacy

Ethnic conflict in post‐communist states is often caused by human rights abuses stemming from the lack of democratic institutions and other politico‐legal mechanisms for resolving inter‐ethnic disputes. This article compares the legal approach to the management of ethnic conflict and the protection of human rights in post‐communist states with the political approach of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE), with specific reference to Estonia and Albania. It concludes that while the Council of Europe often sets the standards and norms regarding the treatment of minorities, it is the OSCE, especially through the work of the High Commissioner on National Minorities, that has the capability to accommodate ethnic tensions more effectively. Post‐Cold War conflicts require new means of resolution: quiet preventive diplomacy and human rights protection are the foundations for managing multi‐ethnic tensions before they become violent. In short, a multi‐dimensional preventive diplomacy regi...