cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Solution Structures for Imposing Boundary Conditions in Mesh Free Analysis of Heat Conduction Problems

One of the main advantages of meshless methods is that it eliminates the mesh generation, but it is still necessary to place nodes with controlled spacing variation on the boundary and within the domain. However, due to lack of connectivity between nodes it is more difficult to interpolate the field variables and impose boundary conditions. In this paper, a mesh free method is presented for analysis using a structured grid that does not conform to the geometry of the domain. The geometry of the domain is independent of the structured grid and is represented using implicit equations. The implicit equations of the boundaries can be used to construct solution structures that satisfy boundary conditions exactly even though the nodes of the grid are not on the boundaries of the domain. The solution structures are constructed using the implicit equations of the boundary together with a piece-wise interpolation over the structured grid. The implicit equations are also used to construct step function of solid such that its value is equal to unity inside the solid and zero outside. The step function of the solid is used for volume integrations needed for the analysis. The traditional weak form for Poisson’s equation is modified by using this solution structure to eliminate the surface integration terms. The accuracy and implementation of the present mesh free method is illustrated for two-dimensional heat conduction problems governed by Poisson’s equation. Satisfactory results are obtained when compared with analytical results and results from commercial finite element software.Copyright © 2005 by ASME
Health concerns of men with osteoarthritis of the knee.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine health concerns of men with osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee for use in the design of appropriate nursing interventions. DESIGN/SAMPLE: A one-group, descriptive design was used with a convenience sample of 104 men with a clinical diagnosis of OA of the knee. METHODS: All participants were recruited from a VA hospital/clinic located in Missouri. They were surveyed using the Arthritis Impact Measurement Scales 2 (AIMS2). FINDINGS: The men in this sample were most concerned about pain, walking and bending, and mobility. They rated their present health as fair to good, but in 10 years they predicted their health would be worse and their arthritis would be a major problem. CONCLUSIONS: Based on these findings, interventions for men with OA should focus on strategies to deal with pain and decreased mobility and on fostering hope for the future.
Vibrational fine structure of C5 via anion slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging

High-resolution anion photoelectron spectra of cryogenically cooled C5− clusters are reported using slow photoelectron velocity-map imaging spectroscopy. We resolve vibronic transitions to the ν2 stretching mode and multiply excited ν5, ν6, and ν7 bending modes of neutral C5 with significantly higher accuracy than previous experiments. Weak transitions to Franck-Condon (FC) forbidden singly excited bending modes are made possible by Herzberg-Teller coupling between electronic states of the neutral cluster. In addition, we resolve vibrational fine structure corresponding to different angular momentum states of multiply excited bending modes. The observation of this multiplet structure, some of which is FC forbidden, is attributed to Renner-Teller coupling between vibrational levels in the C5− ground electronic state.
First Report of Soybean Rust (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) on Florida Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) in Alabama

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, was detected on Florida Beggarweed (Desmodium tortuosum) for the first time in Alabama in November, 2009. The pathogen was not observed in 2010 or 2011, probably because of the exceptionally dry, hot weather in the region. The pathogen was observed on multiple mature leaves of plants, evenly distributed through a field at the Wiregrass Research and Extension Center in Headland, Alabama, located in the southeast region of the state. Florida Beggarweed can serve as an overwintering host for SBR. Symptoms on leaves were consistent with SBR symptoms previously described on soybeans (1). Sori in multiple pustules were observed on the undersurface of the leaves. Urediniospores and paraphyses were observed microscopically and identified as P. pachyrhizi. Symptomatic leaves from 20 plants were analyzed using an Envirologix monoclonal antibody strip test kit at the Auburn University Plant Diagnostic Laboratory. A subsample of 20 plants were positive f...
Differential endophenotypic markers of narcissistic and antisocial personality features: A psychophysiological investigation

Abstract This study investigated the differential psychophysiological correlates of narcissistic and antisocial personality features in a college student sample. Skin conductance (SC), respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and pre-ejection period (PEP) were monitored while participants watched a countdown to an aversive noise blast and viewed emotionally valenced slides. Results indicated that narcissistic personality features were unrelated to SC reactivity during the countdown, whereas antisocial personality features were negatively related to SC reactivity. Narcissistic personality features were also related to RSA decreases and PEP shortening while viewing happy slides, whereas antisocial personality features were not. Taken together, these findings suggest differential endophenotypic markers of narcissistic and antisocial personality features despite their clinical similarities.
Effect of prolonged thyroid administration on aged male rats.

TISSUES from nineteen aged unaltered male Holtzman strain rats (average body-weight 374.4 gm.) which had been administered orally 0.18 mgm. of ‘Proloid’ daily (Warner-Chilcott purified thyroid extract) from the age of 14 months to death at 24 months were compared anatomically with those of ten control animals (average body-weight 352.7 gm.) to note any gross or histological anatomical variations induced by the drug. The tissues were fixed immediately following death in buffered 10 per cent formalin and processed routinely by the paraffin method. The tissues examined were testis (including epididymis), kidney, liver, pancreas, buccal gland, seminal vesicle, aorta (both thoracic and abdominal), superior and inferior vena cava, heart, spleen, pituitary, adrenal, prostate and thyroid glands, costal cartilage with surrounding skeletal muscle, diaphragm, trachea, lung, levator ani muscle, abdominal skin and all levels of the gastrointestinal tract including upper and lower œsophagus, fundic and pyloric stomach, duodenum, jejunum, upper and lower ileum, caecum, ascending, transverse and descending colon and rectum. The sections were stained for examination by the following methods1–3 : (1) haemotoxylin and eosin; (2) the Goldner connective tissue stain; (3) the McMannus periodic acid–Schiff technique ; (4) the catalysed lead tetraacetate–Schiff technique; (5) the Rinehart–Abu'l–Haj modification of the Hale dialysed iron procedure for acid polysaccharides; (6) the periodic acid–Foot reticular connective tissue stain; (7) the orcein procedure for elastic tissues. It was felt that these methods, when used in comparison, would adequately disclose any possible histochemical variations from the normal.
Performance of NIF Ignition type implosions

Summary form only given. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) is conducting 192-beam implosion experiments with laser energies as high as 1.3 MJ, with the unprecedented energy and pulse shaping control required for ignition type experiments. The NIF ignition program is executed via the National Ignition Campaign (NIC), a partnership between Los Alamos National Laboratory, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, General Atomics, the University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics and Sandia National Laboratories, with other national and international partners notably MIT. The x-ray driven targets are either layered cryogenic tritium(T)-hydrogen(H)-deuterium(D) ice in doped plastic ablator shells or gas filled plastic shell emulants. Implosion tuning to achieve a high, generalized Lawson criterion and ignition has four phases. The first two phases involve tuning of the hohlraum and capsule to produce the correct x-ray radiation drive, symmetry, and shock timing conditions. This talk will focus on the measurements of the imploded core in the third phase. The layered targets for this phase have a cryogenic layered mixture of T, H and D, where the deuterium concentration is only several percent to keep the neutron yield low, and the T:H ratio is adjusted to keep the density that of equi-molar DT. The final step is DT ignition implosions with expected gains of 10-20. For this third phase many diagnostics are used. Yields and ion temperatures are measured to accuracies <;10% by several diagnostics. The shape of the imploded core, measured by time and spectrally resolved x-ray imaging and neutron imaging is used to tune the isotropy of the x-ray drive. Compressed areal densities, obtained from the number of neutrons down-scattered by the areal density of the compressed THD fuel, are measured by two different types of instruments. Areal density at measured particular times before full implosion time, are measured in emulant targets by the energy loss of the protons produced from the D-He3 reaction. Implosion time and duration are measured by x-ray, neutron and gamma emissions. The talk will review results to date and compare them against the generalized Lawson criterion.
Cognitive and Neuropsychological Correlates of Academic Achievement: A Levels of Analysis Assessment Model:

Regression techniques were used to evaluate whether combining a subtest of a cognitive battery and a subtest of a neuropsychological battery contributes to educational asessment. The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Halstead Reitan Battery for Older Children (9-14), the Wide Range Achievement Test, and the Analytical Reading Inventory were administered to 49 children aged 10 to 12 referred to a medical center for assessment of school learning problems. Correlations between subtests in the cognitive battery (WISC-R) and the neuropsychological battery (Halstead-Reitan) indicated both common and unique variance between these batteries. When combinations of a cognitive and a neuropsychological subtest were compared to a single cognitive or neuropsychological subtest alone, significantly more variance in word decoding, reading comprehension, and arithmetic was explained by combinations than by single subtests. These findings show that cognitive and neuropsychological subtests are ...
Why density augmentation occurs in dilute supercritical solutions

Abstract The conventional explanation of the density augmentation in a supercritical solvent, observed spectroscopically when a small amount of a solute was added, involved the clustering of the solvent about individual solute molecules. Here it is suggested that the augmentation is not caused by the solute, but rather it is due to the preexisting near critical fluctuations in the pure solvent and the preference of the solute for the high density regions of the supercritical solvent. It is also shown that the local composition of the solute molecules about a solute molecules is enhanced compared to its bulk composition.
From elite circles to power networks: Turkish soccer clubs in a global age, 1903–2005

Emerging as a key site of popular culture in contemporary Turkey, soccer occupies a prominent position in the everyday life of most Turkish citizens. This essay examines the evolution of Turkish soccer clubs in the last 100 years with reference to nationalist, populist and commercial forms of domination. Pursuing an historical analysis, the essay argues that the Turkish soccer clubs have had different modalities in each regime‐type that can be demonstrated by examining the social composition and political economy of Turkish clubs.
Assessing machine-learning algorithms and image-and lidar-derived variables for GEOBIA classification of mining and mine reclamation

This study investigates machine-learning algorithms and measures derived from RapidEye satellite imagery and light detection and ranging lidar data for geographic object-based image analysis classification of mining and mine reclamation. Support vector machines, random forests, and boosted classification and regression trees classification algorithms were assessed and compared with the k-nearest neighbour k-NN classifier. For geographic object-based image analysis classification of mine landscapes, the use of disparate data i.e. lidar data improved overall accuracy, whereas the use of complex, object-oriented variables such as object geometry measures, first-order texture, and second-order texture from the grey-level co-occurrence matrix decreased or did not improve the classification accuracy. Support vector machines generally outperformed k-NN and the ensemble tree classifiers when only using the band means. With the incorporation of lidar-descriptive statistics, all four algorithms provided statistically comparable accuracies. K-NN suffered reduced classification accuracy with high-dimensional feature spaces, suggesting that a more complex machine-learning algorithm may be more appropriate when a large number of predictor variables are used.
THE SEC: AN EXAMINATION OF ITS STRUCTURE, POWERS AND PROCEDURES

The author examines the historical and political background to the creation of the Securities and Exchange Commission, identifying the use made by its architects of earlier English company legislation to define its regulatory remit; before making a detailed evaluation of its structure and powers. The paper continues by setting out the major procedural functions of the Commission before ending with a comparative analysis of its regulatory functions and effectiveness.
A process model of fare decision making for integrated transit systems

Abstract Based on interviews with transit officials in several American cities, a process model for evaluating proposals to integrate local transit properties into an area-wide transportation system is developed. Relevant factors for a data base are discussed and the information processing flows are described. In this model, negotiation between the participants plays an important role in constructing and assessing revenue allocation plans.
The skin conductance orienting response to semantic stimuli: Significance can be independent of arousal

The characteristics of stimuli that elicit skin conductance responses (SCRs) have been conceptualized in varied ways, with strong emphasis on the significance or arousing quality of stimuli. Our goal was to determine whether "significance" can be shown to have an effect on SCRs independent of "arousal," using words as stimuli. Ratings of words indicated that significance is partially independent of arousal. In Study 1, SCRs from 43 participants during presentation of 20 significant, nonarousing words with a negative valence that were either depression related or potentially self-referent and 20 nonsignificant words matched on valence and arousal showed a main effect of significance. In Study 2 (N=44), significant, nonarousing words were sampled more broadly to examine the effects of self-reference and valence. Significance, rather than just negativity or self-reference, elicited SCRs independently of arousal. SCRs to significant words may reflect cognitive and attentional processes that, in turn, might prove useful for the assessment of the cognitive aspects of anxiety.
On the limb darkening of planetary atmospheres in the thermal infrared

Solution of angular distribution of outgoing thermal radiation from planetary atmosphere, using Chandrasekhar diffuse scattering and transmission functions
Combined linguistic and sensor models for machine learning

this work builds on a cognitive theory called dynamic logic and considers the relationship between language and cognition. We explore the idea of dual models that combine linguistic and sensor features. We demonstrate that simultaneous learning of textual and image data results in formation of meaningful concepts and subsequent improvement in concept recognition.
The pharmacology of recurrent inhibition in the supraoptic neurosecretory system.

Abstract A pharmacological study of recurrent inhibition in the supraoptic neurosecretory system of the cat has been conducted in an attempt to identify the inhibitory transmitter in this pathway. Acetylcholine (muscarinic component), glycine and GABA were considered as possible transmitters mediating this inhibitory pathway. Antagonists to the depressant actions of these substances on neurosecretory cells were tested on both unit responses and the inhibitory pathway. Although atropine, strychnine, picrotoxin and bicuculline were able to block the pharmacologic depressions, they were all ineffective in antagonizing the recurrent inhibition when applied either microelectrophoretically or intravenously. It is thus unlikely that either acetylcholine, glycine or GABA participate in this inhibitory pathway. Norepinephrine was also considered as a candidate for inhibitory transmitter. However, since recurrent inhibition was present in cats whose norepinephrine-containing terminals were destroyed by pretreatment with 6-hydroxydopamine, we do not think norepinephrine is the transmitter. The possibility that the neurosecretory product ADH might also serve a synaptic function and mediate the recurrent inhibition was investigated by microelectrophoretic administration of ADH to neurosecretory cells. The fact that a good correlation was found between those cells exhibiting recurrent inhibition and those depressed by ADH supports the idea that ADH may serve as a transmitter in this recurrent inhibitory pathway.
Active agents, intelligence and quantum computing

Abstract This paper reviews evidence from neuroscience and quantum computing theory in support of the notion of autonomy in the workings of cognitive processes. Deficits in speech, vision, and motor abilities are described to show how cognitive behavior is not based just on incoming sensory data. Active agents, to which the conscious mind may not have access, are described. Recent developments in quantum computing, of relevance to machine intelligence, are also examined.
Flotation Cost Allowance Methodologies: A Synthesis Using Present Value Analysis

This article demonstrates a consistency amongst several alternative flotation cost recovery methodologies using present value analysis. All of the recovery methodologies assume that the stockholder is made whole through time. The key difference among them is the temporal pattern of cost recovery. It is shown that the appropriateness of prospective application of a particular flotation methodology is dependent upon prior regulatory treatment. The article provides a framework for addressing the issues concerning the proper market price-to-book value ratio and the appropriateness of an adjustment even if a utility has no plans to sell new common stock.
Thermally-Driven Nanoparticle Array Growth from Atomic Au Precursor Solutions

We observe spontaneous formation of hexagonal and square arrays of sub-10-nm Au nanoparticles by asymmetric heating of a novel precursor material, alkanethiol-passivated atomic Au cluster solutions, on amorphous carbon films. Nanoparticle shape, array symmetry, and lattice constant are controlled by substrate temperature and solvent composition. It is shown that definition of the array lattice points precedes complete particle formation, ruling out an entropy-driven “hard sphere”-type self-assembly process. Mechanisms for monolayer array formation are discussed.
Mapping the distribution of the outer hair cell motility voltage sensor by electrical amputation

The outer hair cell (OHC) possesses a nonlinear charge movement whose characteristics indicate that it represents the voltage sensor responsible for OHC mechanical activity. OHC mechanical activity is known to exist along a restricted extent of the cell's length. We have used a simultaneous partitioning microchamber and whole cell voltage clamp technique to electrically isolate sections of the OHC membrane and find that the nonlinear charge movement is also restricted along the cell's length. Apical and basal portions of the OHC are devoid of voltage sensors, corresponding to regions of the cell where the subsurface cisternae and/or the mechanical responses are absent. We conclude that the physical domain of the motility voltage sensor corresponds to that of the mechanical effector and speculate that sensor and effector reside within one intra membranous molecular species, perhaps an evolved nonconducting or poorly conducting voltage-dependent ion channel.
Noncontact fluorescence thermometry of acoustically levitated waterdrops

Noncontact thermometry based on the fluorescence excitation spectrum of aqueous Eu3+(EDTA) near 579 nm allows us to measure the temperature of an evaporating drop of water. The results for drop diameters in the 500-μm–3-mm range confirm theoretical temperature predictions for steady state evaporation. Calibration of the excitation spectrum in a constant temperature cell indicates that ±1.0°C resolution is possible for temperatures below 20°C. The spectrum depends only on the solution temperature when Eu3+(EDTA) concentrations are below 1 × 10−3 M and when the solution pH is between 4.0 and 10.0. Excitation spectra from levitated waterdrops contain additional noise which degrades the temperature resolution to ±1.2°C. With this technique we are able to follow the temperature change in an evaporating drop of water as a monolayer of 1-octadecanol forms on the surface and retards the evaporation.
GABAA transmission is a critical step in the process of triggering homeostatic increases in quantal amplitude

When activity levels are altered over days, a network of cells is capable of recognizing this perturbation and triggering several distinct compensatory changes that should help to recover and maintain the original activity levels homeostatically. One feature commonly observed after activity blockade has been a compensatory increase in excitatory quantal amplitude. The sensing machinery that detects altered activity levels is a central focus of the field currently, but thus far it has been elusive. The vast majority of studies that reduce network activity also reduce neurotransmission. We address the possibility that reduced neurotransmission can trigger increases in quantal amplitude. In this work, we blocked glutamatergic or GABAA transmission in ovo for 2 days while maintaining relatively normal network activity. We found that reducing GABAA transmission triggered compensatory increases in both GABA and AMPA quantal amplitude in embryonic spinal motoneurons. Glutamatergic blockade had no effect on quantal amplitude. Therefore, GABA binding to the GABAA receptor appears to be a critical step in the sensing machinery for homeostatic synaptic plasticity. The findings suggest that homeostatic increases in quantal amplitude may normally be triggered by reduced levels of activity, which are sensed in the developing spinal cord by GABA, via the GABAA receptor. Therefore, GABA appears to be serving as a proxy for activity levels.
Rationale for cholesterol lowering

Evidence from research in five areas (epidemiology, experimental pathology, clinical medicine, clinical genetics, and clinical trials) provides the basis for current strategies for lowering cholesterol levels. Current interest in this field has been intensified by new information on the mechanisms of pathogenicity of cholesterol-rich plasma lipoproteins, by the results of clinical trials of cholesterol-lowering that demonstrate reduced rates of atherosclerosis progression as well as reduced incidence of clinical end points of atherosclerotic disease, and by the availability of new drugs and drug combinations that effectively lower the level of cholesterol-rich lipoproteins in the blood. Current research on the influence of certain species of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoproteins on atherosclerosis and its complications has the potential to widen the scope of intervention strategies. Available evidence is, however, sufficient to warrant a broad-based effort to translate into clinical practice our ability to lower cholesterol.
Hadron structure in the ladder model

Abstract The (flavor non-singlet) Green function to find a far off-shell quark in a hadron is obtained in the renormalization group improved ladder model for QCD in the space-like axial gauge. Particular attention is paid to the role of the singularity in the gluon propagator.
Cyclines E, des acteurs clés de la spermatogénèse

Objectif Les cyclines E (E1 et E2) sont des elements cles de la regulation du cycle cellulaire. Cependant, leur invalidation respective n’a pour seule consequence qu’une fertilite reduite chez les mâles E2 − / − . Afin de mieux comprendre le role des cyclines E dans la spermatogenese, nous avons etudie leur expression dans le testicule murin. Materiel et methodes Comparaison de l’expression de E1 et E2 (qPCR, hybrydation in situ, western blot et immunofluorescence) et des phenotypes des souris mâles sauvages, E1 + / + E2 − / − , E1 + / − E2 − / − et Stra8-Cre E1 flox / flox E2 − / − (doublement invalidees dans les cellules meiotiques). Resultats On observe une dissociation entre l’expression des ARNm de E1 (present des spermatogonies aux spermatocytes) et la proteine (uniquement detectee dans les spermatogonies). L’expression de E2 (ARNm et proteine) est, elle, specifique au spermatocytes I, du stade zygotene au stade diplotene. La generation de souris mâles E1 + / + E2 − / − , E1 + / − E2 − / − et Stra8-Cre E1 flox / flox E2 − / − induit une diminution de la fertilite, proportionnelle a la perte d’alleles. Chez les mâles E1 + / + E2 − / − , subfertiles, l’expression de la proteine E1 est up-regulee dans les spermatocytes, compensant partiellement la perte de E2. Les mâles E1 + / − E2 − / − et Stra8-Cre E1 flox / flox E2 − / − sont azoospermiques, par apoptose des spermatocytes I au stade pachytene (plus precocement chez les mâles Stra8-Cre E1 flox / flox E2 − / − ), secondaire a des anomalies de formation du complexe synaptonemal, des associations chromosomiques heterologues, et a la persistance de nombreuses cassures double-brins. Conclusion Ces resultats revelent un role inattendu et crucial des cyclines E au cours de la meiose, et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives dans la comprehension des mecanismes de l’infertilite masculine.
Invoking Practical Magic: New Social Movements, Hidden Populations, and the Public Screen

This essay explores the relationships between mass media and new social movements with hidden populations. The Neo-Pagan Movement and the film Practical Magic are examined to identify possible relationships between media and movements' identity constructions. Using the concept of polysemy I argue that social movement scholars need to consider the active interpretation and incorporation of media by social movement actors, not only the interpretation and incorporation of the movement by the media. Previous studies primarily examine what the culture industry does to social movements. This study explores what members of movements can do with texts provided by the culture industry.
Splenic denervation blocks leptin-induced enhancement of humoral immunity in Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus).

Nontropical rodents have evolved adaptations to maximize winter survival, including alterations in reproduction, energy balance and immunity. Short-day-housed Siberian hamsters display reductions in body fat and decreases in humoral immunity compared with long-day hamsters. The hormone leptin, secreted by adipose tissue, varies in response to changes in body fat and has been implicated in photoperiodic changes in immunity. In addition, the metabolic effects of this hormone appear to be mediated by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS). Very little is known, however, regarding the role of the SNS in regulating the effects of leptin on immunity. The goal of the present study was to examine the effects of splenic denervation on leptin-induced immune enhancement of short-day Siberian hamsters. Male hamsters were housed in long (LD 16:8) or short days (LD 8:16) for 10 weeks. Half of the animals in each photoperiod received surgical denervations of the spleen; the remaining animals received sham operations. In addition, animals in each group were implanted with osmotic minipumps containing either leptin or vehicle. Hamsters were then injected with keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) and serum anti-KLH antibody production was assessed. Short-day hamsters displayed decreased humoral immunity in short versus long days; leptin attenuated the short-day decrease but did not enhance immunity of long-day hamsters. Furthermore, splenic denervation blocked the leptin-induced increase in immunity in short-day hamsters. Collectively, these data suggest that leptin plays an important role in regulating seasonal changes in humoral immunity of Siberian hamsters and the effects of leptin occur, at least in part, via changes in the SNS innervation of lymphoid tissue.
Effect of ethionine on the urinary nitrogenous constituents of adult rats.

Abstract Ethionine caused an increase in the urinary excretion of ammonia, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and non-ethionine α-amino N in fasted rats. The excretion of both ethionine and non-ethionine α-amino N was increased by orchiectomy and decreased either by simultaneous injection of methionine or cysteine, or by testosterone treatment. Some of the implications of these findings are discussed.
A Lesbian-Feminist Journey Through Queer Nation

This article is an auto-ethnographical review of the political experiences and literary career of one of the early lesbian feminist critics and theorists. It poses the question: what does it mean to be shaped by one theoretical and political discourse (Lesbian Feminism) and then thrust by historical change into another (Queer Theory)? With the author's life and work as a frame and exemplar, it illustrates the development of lesbian feminist thought. Ultimately, it argues that the insights and values of Lesbian Feminism should not be suppressed by those of Queer Theory, and calls upon lesbian feminists to re-insert themselves into current scholarly and theoretical debates.
Stereoelectronic Effects and General Trends in Hyperconjugative Acceptor Ability of σ Bonds

A systematic study of general trends in σ acceptor properties of C−X bonds where X is a main group element from groups IVa−IIa is presented. The acceptor ability of the C−X σ bonds in monosubstituted ethanes increases when going to the end of a period and down a group. Enhancement of acceptor ability of C−X σ bonds as one moves from left to right in periods parallels the increase in electronegativity of X, whereas augmentation of acceptor ability in groups is opposite to the changes in electronegativity of X and in the C−X bond polarization, following instead the decrease in the energy of σ*C-X orbitals when one moves from the top to the bottom within a group. This simple picture of acceptor ability of σ bonds being controlled by electronegativity in periods and by σ* orbital energy in groups is changed in monosubstituted ethenes where the role of electronegativity of the substituent X becomes more important due to increased overlap between σ orbitals. The combination of several effects of similar magnitu...
Anomalous fracture behaviour in polyethylenes under fatigue and constant load

The fracture behaviour of two copolymers of polyethylene were studied under fatigue and constant load. There is an anomaly because one resin was stronger under fatigue loading and the other under a constant load. The fatigue parameters that were investigated were waveform, frequency,R, and time under maximum and minimum stress. The fatigue failure was described in terms of the stretching of the fibril in a craze under the maximum stress and bending of the fibril under the minimum stress, whereas only fibril stretching occurs under a constant load. The damage per cycle by stretching is much less than the damage per cycle by bending the fibril. It is proposed that molecular weight has a greater influence on fatigue fracture than on fracture under a constant load.
Divergent reactions to olfactory foraging cues between two ecologically similar, sympatric hermit crab species

Relatively little is known about how sensory differences between species can influence community dynamics and interspecific competition. For animals that rely on chemical (olfactory) cues to forage, subtle differences in the olfactory capabilities between species could influence the foods that the species consume and thus permit coexistence between ecologically similar species. This study identified olfactory foraging cues used by two ecologically similar, sympatric hermit crab species, Clibanarius digueti Bouvier, 1898 and Paguristes perrieri Bouvier, 1895. Additionally, the behavioral chemosensitivities to olfactory cues were compared between the two species. Results show that the two species use different chemical cues to mediate their foraging behaviors, despite similarities in their olfactory chemosensitivity. This sensory differentiation provides a plausible mechanism by which the species relax interspecific food competition enough to permit coexistence.
American triracial isolates: Their status and pertinence to genetic research

(1957). American triracial isolates: Their status and pertinence to genetic research. Eugenics Quarterly: Vol. 4, No. 4, pp. 187-196.
Relevance of dyslipidemia in the elderly

Summary Although correcting dyslipidemia is accepted as one of the fundamental preventive measures for avoiding coronary disease, there are no data establishing the efficacy of such treatment for primary prevention of initial coronary events in the elderly. The rationale for treatment requires extrapolation from data on the middle aged. Nevertheless, there appears to be enough evidence to support the recommendation that the hardy elderly who have sustained a coronary event be treated (Figure 1) and that those who have not yet had an event, but who have dyslipidemia with a poor multivariate risk profile, also be treated. The latter have a risk of coronary disease of similar magnitude to those who have already survived an initial event. Thus, despite lack of clinical trial data, the dyslipidemic elderly whose life expectancy is not otherwise compromised, appear to merit treatment with due regard to their overall nutritional requirements.
Targeting the affective and cognitive aspects of chronic neuropathic pain using basal forebrain neuromodulation: rationale, review and proposal.

Abstract Chronic pain is a major health problem in developed countries where it may affect as much as 20% of the adult population. There have been no significant clinical breakthroughs in therapeutic options for persons with chronic neuropathic pain. These limitations underscore the importance of developing new therapies for this disabling pain syndrome. We have reviewed the limitations of the present treatment strategies for chronic pain, neurophysiology of somatosensory transmission and nociception, mechanisms of neuropathic pain, the concept of a “pain matrix” and the “top-down” modulation of pain, and the cognitive affective role in processing of the pain experience. We found that affective and cognitive aspects of pain constitute important considerations in achieving improvements in the outcomes of pain neuromodulation in patients with chronic neuropathic pain. Based on our review, we propose that future novel neuromodulatory therapeutic strategies should be directed at areas in the brain that are involved in the neural mechanisms of reward valuation and appetitive motivation such as nucleus accumbens, ventral tegmental area, and prefrontal cortex.
Pattern Formation in Hydra Head Regeneration

SYNOPSIS. I have reinvestigated the “classical” Hydra transplantation phenomena, using experiments of simple design and large sample sizes. All experiments involved transplanting small tissue fragments from a donor hydra to a host. Both of the effects which are considered to demonstrate “head inhibition” in hydra (removing the head of the host, and placing transplants at different distances from the host's head) can be explained by assuming a diffusible inhibitory substance produced in the head; the apparent half-life of the substance is 2 hr and the apparent diffusion constant 2 × 10−6cm2/sec. In contrast, the two effects which are considered to demonstrate the “head activation” probably have different mechanisms. The “head activation gradient” is controlled by a factor with a half-life of 36 hr or more; the “activation increase” of head regeneration has an apparent half-life of about 12 hr. Further new findings are (i) that the head inhibition is restored quite late in head regeneration, (ii) that some head inhibitor appears to be produced in hydra's body, and (iii) that injury produces a local increase in the head activation. All these results can be rationalized by a new version of the Gierer-Meinhardt model; this model also accounts quantitatively for the changes in transplantation properties during head regeneration and for the proportioning of hydra's body and head. In simulations the model has 9 independent parameters but predicts 17 seemingly independent results. The model is thus more than trivially successful, and seems suitable as a guiding hypothesis for further work.
Method for measuring the gel water-holding capacity of milk powders

Abstract A new method was developed to measure gel water-holding capacity of gelled, reconstituted, skim milk powder. It depends on the solubility of the powder and the action of rennin and acid on the milk proteins. The functional property, gel water-holding capacity, as measured by this method could be used to compare the quality of different kinds of milk powders.
Evidence of aliphatics in nascent soot particles in premixed ethylene flames

Abstract Chemical composition of nascent soot in burner-stabilized, premixed ethylene–oxygen–argon flames was studied using micro-FT-IR spectroscopy. The flames have an identical unburned gas composition with equivalence ratio equal to 2.07, but they differ in cold gas velocity. Nascent soot was sampled using a dilution probe over a range of burner surface-to-probe separation. The particles were deposited on thin-film substrates in a cascade impactor at two cut sizes of D 50 = 10 and 56 nm. The micro-FT-IR spectra revealed the presence of aliphatic C–H, aromatic C–H and a number of oxygenated functionalities. Spectral analyses were made to quantify variations of the aliphatic and aromatic C–H groups with flame temperature and sampling position. Results show that the aliphatic-to-aromatic C–H ratio is greater than unity in all cases, indicating the presence of an appreciable amount of aliphatic C–H bonds in nascent soot. The relative content of aliphatic components was found to increase with an increase in the maximum flame temperature. To examine the nature of these aliphatic constituents, a thermal desorption–chemical ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry was used to softly fragment a soot sample and ionize the fragments. Results suggest that the aliphatic constituents are alkylated aromatics with molecular weights spanning from 200 to 900 amu. This work provides definitive and quantitative observations that aliphatics are abundant at early stages of soot mass and size growth.
Infrared spectrqscopy of CO on NaCl film and NaCl(100)

Abstract Adsorbed molecules on alkali halide surfaces serve as model systems for the study of physisorption, two dimensional phase transitions, vibrational relaxation, laser induced desorption, and surface chemistry. With few exceptions, previous measurements of these substrates have used films rather than well defined crystal faces. We report here, for the first time, comparisons of the infrared spectroscopy of CO on NaCl film and NaCl(100). For monolayer coverage, the vibrational frequency of CO is the same on film or on the (100) face. However, the bandwidth is considerably more narrow on the well defined surface. Polarization measurements show that CO is aligned perpendicular to the (100) face. The narrow and easily observed absorption features will make the infrared spectroscopy of adsorbed molecules a sensitive probe of well defined alkali halide surface interactions.
Phase Retrieval in Ultrashort-Laser-Pulse Measurement Using Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating

Frequency-Resolved Optical Gating (FROG) uses two-dimensional phase-retrieval to measure ultrashort laser pulses. We study the performance of the generalized projections (GP) algorithm to retrieve the intensity and phase of complex ultrashort laser pulses.
Holocene lake-level trends in the Rocky Mountains, U.S.A.

Abstract The availability of water shapes life in the western United States, and much of the water in the region originates in the Rocky Mountains. Few studies, however, have explicitly examined the history of water levels in the Rocky Mountains during the Holocene. Here, we examine the past levels of three lakes near the Continental Divide in Montana and Colorado to reconstruct Holocene moisture trends. Using transects of sediment cores and sub-surface geophysical profiles from each lake, we find that mid-Holocene shorelines in the small lakes (4–110 ha) were as much as ∼10 m below the modern lake surfaces. Our results are consistent with existing evidence from other lakes and show that a wide range of settings in the region were much drier than today before 3000–2000 years ago. We also discuss evidence for millennial-scale moisture variation, including an abruptly-initiated and -terminated wet period in Colorado from 4400 to 3700 cal yr BP, and find only limited evidence for low-lake stands during the past millennium. The extent of low-water levels during the mid-Holocene, which were most severe and widespread ca 7000–4500 cal yr BP, is consistent with the extent of insolation-induced aridity in previously published regional climate model simulations. Like the simulations, the lake data provide no evidence for enhanced zonal flow during the mid-Holocene, which has been invoked to explain enhanced mid-continent aridity at the time. The data, including widespread evidence for large changes on orbital time scales and for more limited changes during the last millennium, confirm the ability of large boundary-condition changes to push western water supplies beyond the range of recent natural variability.
Detecting infrequent deception.

Recent proposals for using the polygraph and similar devices in routine screening have been aimed at detecting deception in situations sometimes characterized by low base rates. Equations are developed that show that extraordinarily high levels of accuracy would be needed to detect infrequent deception. In this context, the debate over the accuracy of these methods is irrelevant; the accuracy needed to detect infrequent deception far exceeds the levels claimed by the most enthusiastic proponents of these detection techniques. The limits on the use of any particular test of deception can be determined by considering the base rate for deception and the proportion of the nondeceptive population that fails the test. When the base rate is less than. 10, these limits are extremely restrictive.
Complex pharmacokinetics of a humanized antibody against human amyloid beta peptide, anti-abeta Ab2, in nonclinical species.

Anti-Aβ Ab2 (Ab2) is a humanized monoclonal antibody against amino acids 3–6 of primate (but not rodent) amyloid β (Aβ) and is being evaluated for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This study was conducted to predict the human pharmacokinetics of Ab2. In vivo PK profile of Ab2 in preclinical species and in vitro mechanistic studies in preclinical and human systems were used for pharmacokinetic predictions. In Tg2576 and PSAPP mice that have ~100-fold higher circulating levels of human Aβ compared to humans, elimination of Ab2 was target-mediated, such that exposure was 5–10 fold lower compared to wild-type rodents or to PDAPP mice that have human Aβ concentrations in plasma similar to humans. In cynomolgus monkeys, the t1/2 of Ab2 was faster (<2.5 days) compared to that of the control antibody (~13 days). The fast elimination of Ab2 in cynomolgus monkeys was linked to off-target binding to cynomolgus monkey fibrinogen that was also causing incomplete recovery of Ab2 in cynomolgus monkey serum in blood partitioning experiments. Ab2 had significantly weaker to undetectable binding to human (and mouse) fibrinogen and had good recovery in human serum in blood partitioning experiments. These data predict that elimination of Ab2 in healthy or AD humans is expected to be slow, with t1/2 similar to that observed for other humanized antibodies.
A use of simulation in the study of inter-nation relations

Macmillan talks to Khrushchev. Eisenhower talks to DeGaulle. Can the nations' representatives be better trained for such vital meetings? Just as “generals” compete in simulated war games, can “chiefs of state” and “foreign ministers” learn their skills from similar games among nations? Alliances, international parleys, governmental conferences, and internal decisions all are part of the simulation techniques suggested below. Exciting possibilities for the development of international relations theory and training are in the offing.
Interaction of Vitamin A and Dieldrin on Mallard Liver Lipids and Biotin Content

Abstract The effect of chronic ingestion of a low level of dieldrin (1 mg./kg. body weight) was studied on Mallards fed a diet either adequate or deficient in vitamin A. No gross symptoms of dieldrin toxicity were observed after twelve weeks on experimental diets. After five weeks marked foot pad keratinzation occurred in pesticide-fed ducks. Vitamin A deficient birds had significantly reduced liver weight when compared to the other treatment ducks. There was no effect of feeding pesticide on vitamin A content of the liver, but biotin per gram of liver was significantly (P Liver fatty acid composition was altered either by pesticide ingestion or vitamin A deficiency. There were significant (P Ingestion of dieldrin at this level had a marked depressant effect on liver biotin content and altered fatty acid composition possibly by interference in enzyme systems involved in lipid metabolism.
An analysis of replica control

Early replica control work focused on maintaining the availability of an object despite the unavailability of its copies. More recent work has focused on improving the response time, autonomy, and scalability of the earlier work while preserving their availability characteristics. The authors analyze the several ways the new algorithms make such improvements. >
Housing, Not Handcuffs: Homeless Misrecognition and “SafeGround Sacramento's” Homeless Activism

Oppositional communities must necessarily rally members to a shared cause, plan organized actions around which minimal agreement must be forged, and bring to bear a unified voice to address social and political concerns. However, inspired by Jacques Ranciere's idea that “politics” at its base is a struggle over “distributions of the sensible” framed by discourses and representations of “who counts” in a political community, this article explores “SafeGround Sacramento's,” a group of homeless activists' efforts to build “dissensus” through self-produced media and other strategies. These strategies challenge efforts to exclude, politically and symbolically, homeless persons from broader political communities. In doing so, I argue that such efforts supplement traditional perspectives on homelessness, oppositional politics, and the rhetoric of social movements.
The 2′,3′-cAMP-adenosine pathway

Our recent studies employing HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry to analyze venous perfusate from isolated, perfused kidneys demonstrate that intact kidneys produce and release into the extracellular com...