cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Identification of basilosaurid archaeocetes (Mammalia, Cetacea) collected in Egypt by Richard Markgraf (1901–1916)

Chicago Field Museum FMNH P-12343 includes a cranium and dentary of a late Eocene archaeocete whale. These were acquired from the commercial fossil dealer Friedrich Kranz of Bonn in 1914–1915, after being collected by Richard Markgraf in Fayum, Egypt. Both were regarded as a single specimen identified in museum records as Prozeuglodon osiris. However, the cranium and dentary differ in preservation and in size, and cannot be parts of the same individual specimen nor belong to the same species. Comparison with other Fayum archaeocetes indicates that the cranium is Stromerius nidensis from the Qasr el-Sagha Formation, and the dentary is Dorudon atrox from the underlying Birket Qarun Formation. Fossils collected by Markgraf are found in museums all over the world, but he was neither a paleontologist nor stratigrapher, and identifications and ages of fossils he sold commercially cannot be accepted uncritically.
Cannabis Abstinence During Treatment and One-Year Follow-Up: Relationship to Neural Activity in Men

Cannabis is among the most frequently abused substances in the United States. Cognitive control is a contributory factor in the maintenance of substance-use disorders and may relate to treatment response. Therefore, we assessed whether cognitive-control-related neural activity before treatment differs between treatment-seeking cannabis-dependent and healthy individuals and relates to cannabis-abstinence measures during treatment and 1-year follow-up. Cannabis-dependent males (N=20) completed a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) cognitive-control (Stroop) task before a 12-week randomized controlled trial of cognitive–behavioral therapy and/or contingency management. A healthy-comparison group (N=20) also completed the fMRI task. Cannabis use was assessed by urine toxicology and self-report during treatment, and by self-report across a 1-year follow-up period (N=18). The cannabis-dependent group displayed diminished Stroop-related neural activity relative to the healthy-comparison group in multiple regions, including those strongly implicated in cognitive-control and addiction-related processes (eg, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and ventral striatum). The groups did not differ significantly in response times (cannabis-dependent, N=12; healthy-comparison, N=14). Within the cannabis-dependent group, greater Stroop-related activity in regions including the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was associated with less cannabis use during treatment. Greater activity in regions including the ventral striatum was associated with less cannabis use during 1-year posttreatment follow-up. These data suggest that lower cognitive-control-related neural activity in classic ‘control' regions (eg, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and dorsal anterior cingulate) and classic ‘salience/reward/learning' regions (eg, ventral striatum) differentiates cannabis-dependent individuals from healthy individuals and relates to less abstinence within-treatment and during long-term follow-up. Clinically, results suggest that treatment development efforts that focus on enhancing cognitive control in addition to abstinence may improve treatment outcomes in cannabis dependence.
Suppression of subgingival Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans in localized juvenile periodontitis by systemic tetracycline

The current study assessed the clinical and microbiological effects of systemic antimicrobial therapy alone in Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans-infected adolescents with periodontal disease. The study involved 6 localized juvenile periodontitis patients 13-18 years of age, who harbored high numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans in subgingival plaque samples. The periodontal lesions were microbiologically monitored by selective culture, and clinically assessed for probing pocket depth and periodontal attachment level 3 months prior to baseline, and at 3, 6, 12, and 24 months posttreatment. Tetracycline-HCl (250 mg/QID) was prescribed until 1 week after subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans was no longer detectable or for a maximum of 8 weeks. During 3 months prior to treatment, pocket depth was unchanged, and was then significantly reduced from an average of 7.1 mm to 5.1 mm 12 months after treatment (p = 0.02). The mean change in clinical attachment level was a gain of 1.4 mm between baseline and 12 months (p = 0.02). 3 of the 6 patients were still infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans after 8 weeks of antibiotic therapy and 4 subjects were infected at 12 months. Numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans were still suppressed in most lesions. There was a strong association between mean numbers of A. actinomycetemcomitans in periodontal pockets and mean change in probing attachment level at any given time point. For 22 available comparisons, derived from all time points, there was a strong association (r = 0.68) between subgingival A. actinomycetemcomitans and change in probing attachment level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
On the size of graphs labeled with condition at distance two

A labeling of graph G with a condition at distance two is an integer labeling of V(G) such that adjacent vertices have labels that differ by at least two, and vertices distance two apart have labels that differ by at least one. The lambda-number of G, λ(G), is the minimum span over all labelings of G with a condition at distance two. Let G(n, k) denote the set of all graphs with order n and lambda-number k. In this paper, we examine the sizes of graphs in G(n, k). We modify Chvatal's result on non-hamiltonian graphs to obtain a formula for the minimum size of a graph in G(n, k), and we use an algorithmic approach to obtain a formula for the maximum size. Finally, we show that for any integer j between the maximum and minimum sizes there exists a graph with size j in G(n, k). © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Free radical reactions photosensitized by the human lens component, kynurenine: An EPR and spin trapping investigation

We have undertaken electron paramagnetic resonance and spin trapping investigations of the photochemistry of kynurenine (KN), a natural component of the human eye and close analog of the principal chromophore in the young human lens 3-OH-kynurenine O-glucoside (3HKG). 5,5-Dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO) was employed as a spin trap. We found that upon UV irradiation (> 300 nm) KN photoreduces oxygen to superoxide radical (in DMSO) and nitromethane (CH3NO2) to a nitromethane radical anion (CH3NO2.-) (in air-free buffers, pH 7 and 9.5). KN also sensitized photooxidation of cysteine, NADH, EDTA, azide, and ascorbate; oxygen greatly accelerated this process. Oxidation of cysteine, NADH, and EDTA was accompanied by superoxide radical formation. Cysteinyl and azidyl radicals were detected as DMPO adducts. We also observed that KN undergoes photodegradation to a product(s) whose photosensitizing capacity is greater than that of KN itself. We postulate that: (i) 3HKG may be able to photoinitiate free radical reactions in vivo, and (ii) oxygen is an important factor determining the yields of free radical processes initiated by lenticular chromophores.
Apparatus for measuring spectra of radioisotopes with half-lives from one second down to a millisecond☆

Abstract An apparatus was built and used satisfactorily to measure the energy spectra and half-lives of short-lived delayed proton and alpha-particle emitters produced in the Oak Ridge isochronous cyclotron. The equipment is easily adjustable to measure half-lives in the range of a msec to one sec. This technique can be used to measure the spectrum of any type of radiation simply by inserting a suitable detector.
A qualitative model for the dynamics of cognitive processes

Abstract A qualitative model is constructed for adaptive processes and, in particular, for Piaget's theory of cognitive development. One of its main features is to describe the threshold period between stages of development. The basic approach is to isolate some general properties of Piaget's theory, and then use Thom's catastrophe theory as the major tool to obtain a geometric representation for a certain aspect of this theory.
An authorization model for multimedia digital libraries

In this paper we present a generalized authorization model for multimedia digital libraries. Our aim is to support the enforcement of access control requirements of the original data sources without the need to create a new, unified model for the digital library. We integrate the three most widely used access control models (i.e., mandatory, discretionary, and role-based) within a single framework, allowing seamless accesses to data protected by these security models. In particular, we address the access control needs of continuous media data while supporting quality of service (QoS) requirements and preserving operational semantics. The technical core of the paper focuses on the development of metadata and the corresponding metastructure to represent authorization policies and QoS requirements and shows their applicabilty to continuous media. We define our security objects based on the Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL), which controls multimedia presentations. Following the synchronization constructs 〈par〉 and 〈seq〉 of SMIL, we define a normal form for multimedia streams, called SMIL normal form. SMIL normal form provides a syntax-independent representation of semantically equivalent multimedia data. SMIL normal form compositions are extended (decorated) with RDF statements, representing security and QoS metadata. Interpretation of these statements and, therefore, the authorization and QoS requirements of the decorated multimedia object are defined by the metastructure, represented as a DAML+OIL ontology. We propose the concept of generalized subject that encompasses all access permissions of a given user regardless of the multiple permissions in different access control models. Finally, we develop methods to generate secure views for each generalized subject and retrieve them using a secure multimedia server.
FDA perspectives on supplement use by patients on antithrombotic therapy.

Good afternoon. My name is Myong-Jin Kim, and I am from the Office of Clinical Pharmacology and Biopharmaceutics, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. Now that Dr. Jason Woo of CFSAN has presented the overview of dietary supplements and the regulatory issues related to it, I am going to share with you some of the examples of drug labels that contain dietary supplement interactions. In addition, the findings of the post-marketing adverse event reports (FDA Adverse Event Reporting System, AERS) of dietary supplements and warfarin or aspirin interactions will be presented. The best example of dietary supplements listed in the drug interaction section of label is St. John’s wort. Based on the mechanistic information, the current labeling recommendation is that for drugs that are substrates of CYP3A or P-glycoprotein, and where the products’ efficacy may be reduced when co-administered with St. John’s wort, St. John’s
A phylogenetic study of endo-beta-1,4-glucanase in higher termites

Cellulose is the most abundant polymer in the world and termites are the most important metazoan cellulose processors. Termites are divided into lower and higher termites, with the latter being the most derived and most specious. Although termites are known for their ability to digest wood, members of the family Termitidae (higher termites) are nutritionally diverse in their use of cellulose. This study investigated the evolution of endogenous cellulases in 25 species of higher termites, using phylogenetic inferences from mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear (28S) ribosomal RNA and endo-β-1,4-glucanase sequences. The translated endo-β-1,4-glucanase amino acid order in all 41 sequences obtained showed high similarity to endo-β-1,4-glucanases in the glycosyl hydrolase family 9. The inferred endo-β-1,4-glucanase phylogenetic tree showed congruency with the mitochondrial/nuclear tree, with the fungus-growers being the most basal group and the soil/litter- and wood/lichen/grass/litter-feeders being the most distal diphyletic feeding groups. The bacterial comb-grower formed a separate clade from the fungus-growers and is sister groups with the soil/litter- and wood/lichen/grass/litter-feeders. There was also a strong diphyletic relationship between endo-β-1,4-glucanases of upper layer soil-feeders and the other soil-feeders. Within the monophyletic wood/lichen/grass/litter-feeding termites’ subclade, the nasutitermitines were polyphyletic and a strong diphyletic relationship was observed in the most distal lichen- and the grass/litter-feeders groups.
LEARNING THE STRUCTURE OF AUGMENTED BAYESIAN CLASSIFIERS

The naive Bayes classifier is built on the assumption of conditional independence between the attributes given the class. The algorithm has been shown to be surprisingly robust to obvious violations of this condition, but is is natural to ask if it is possible to further improve the accuracy by relaxing this assumption. We examine an approach where naive Bayes is augmented by the addition of correlation arcs between attributes. We explore two methods for finding the set of augmenting arcs, a greedy hill-climbing search, and a novel, more computationally efficient algorithm that we call SuperParent. We compare these methods to TAN; a state-of the-art distribution-based approach to finding the augmenting arcs.
Comment on “Test of the gauge-invariant formulation of quantum mechanics”

Abstract We point out that Yang's recent emphasis on the difference between the Rabi spin-flip probability amplitudes calculated in the rotating-wave approximation (RWA) in the conventional method and in his “gauge-invariant formulation” is unjustified. RWA introduces error of the order of the Bloch-Siegert shift in both calculations. Thus, it is meaningless to emphasize on difference of this order when RWA is used. Mathematical inconsistency in Yang's calculation is also noted.
Late acute effect of S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) in hens

Abstract Oral administration of a single dose of S, S, S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF) caused immediate cholinergic effects in most treated hens, which were rapidly relieved by atropine sulfate treatment. Small single oral doses caused gross ataxia which regressed with time in most treated hens. Large oral doses caused a “late acute” effect 24 to 48 h after administration. The clinical sings of the “late acute” effect were identical to those produced by n-butyl mercaptan (nBM), a hydrolytic product of DEF, and were not relieved by atropine sulfate. The administration of nBM did not result in neuropathologic lesions but resulted in slightly increased brain AChE and plasma BuChE activities. It is concluded that orally administered DEF is rapidly metabolized in the gastrointestinal tract to nBM, which causes the “late acute” effect.
The E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates inflammatory signaling pathways by controlling the function of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20

The E3 ligase Itch negatively regulates inflammatory signaling pathways by controlling the function of the ubiquitin-editing enzyme A20
Withanolides from Physalis hispida

Nine new withanolides (1–9), withahisolides A–I, were isolated along with nine known compounds (10–18) from the aerial parts of Physalis hispida. The structures of 1–9 were elucidated through a variety of spectroscopic techniques, while the structures of 1 and 2 were confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis. Compounds 1–3 are the first withanolides with nonaromatic six-membered ring D moieties. In addition, withanolide 8 represents a novel withanolide skeleton due to the absence of a C-13–C-17 bond within the steroidal nucleus.
The Nonsystemic Opposition

Understanding a phenomenon requires, first, that we name it properly. In reference to Russia, the terms "extrasystemic opposition," "antisystemic opposition," and "nonsystemic opposition" all fall short as descriptions of what separates opposition parties from those in power, and a new vocabulary is needed.
AUTUMN MIGRATION AND SELECTION OF ROCK CREVICES AS HIBERNACULA BY BIG BROWN BATS IN COLORADO

Movements, distribution, and roosting requirements of most species of temperate-zone bats in autumn are poorly understood. We conducted the 1st radiotelemetry study of autumn migrations and prehibernation roost selection of bats in western North America. Big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus, n ¼ 55) in the Poudre River watershed, Colorado, moved from low-elevation summer ranges to high-elevation locations in autumn, where they roosted in rock crevices during the period leading up to winter hibernation. We characterized rock crevices used as roosts in autumn at these higher elevations at microhabitat and landscape scales. We used logistic regression combined with an information theoretic approach to determine which variables were most important in roost selection. At the microhabitat scale, autumn roosts were higher to the ground above and below the exit point and were in deeper crevices that had more constant temperatures than randomly selected crevices. At the landscape scale, aspect of the hillside was important, with autumn roosts typically facing north–northwest. Autumn roosts fell into 2 categories: those used for a few days (transient roosts) and those used for � 7 days and presumed to be hibernacula. Temperature regimes in the presumed hibernacula appear to provide optimal conditions for use of winter torpor, whereas transient roosts may offer passive rewarming and energy savings for bats still active in early autumn. Elevational segregation of sexes also was documented in our region, with a preponderance of females found at lower elevations and males at higher elevations in summer. Sex ratios at higher elevations became even in autumn. Use of short elevational migrations and selection of hibernation sites in rock crevices may be a common overwintering strategy of insectivorous bats of western North America.
Pseudohyperkalaemia associated with leukaemic cell lysis during pneumatic tube transport of blood samples

Pseudohyperkalaemia is relatively uncommon in children, but needs to be considered in cases where extreme hyperkalaemia is associated with normal renal function. A previously well 12 year-old boy presented with new onset T cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia associated with a high peripheral blood white cell count. Plasma biochemistry tests on a blood sample sent to the laboratory using a pneumatic tube system showed a high plasma potassium level of 16.6 mmol/l, with otherwise normal electrolytes and renal function. A 12-lead electrocardiogram was normal, with no changes suggestive of hyperkalaemia. Pseudohyperkalaemia was suspected, and further samples transported to the laboratory by foot showed normal plasma potassium levels. It was subsequently demonstrated that the pseudohyperkalemia was due to the lysis of leukaemic white cells during the transport of blood samples from the ward to the laboratory within the pneumatic tube system. Paediatricians caring for children with haematological malignancies need to be aware of this cause of pseudohyperkalaemia so that unnecessary treatment, including the commencement of acute dialysis, is avoided. We recommend that blood samples collected from children with high white cell count malignancies are transported to the laboratory by foot rather than in pneumatic tube systems.
Liquid crystals and cholesterol nucleation during equilibration in supersaturated bile analogs

Abstract In recent work, apparent liquid crystal agglomeration to form typical solid cholesterol microcrystals was frequently observed photomicrographically in bile samples from prairie dogs fed a cholesterol-enriched diet, prior to solid crystal formation. We therefore have conducted a systematic study of time course lipid compositional changes in the mesophase and micellar phase constituents of bile analog solutions while undergoing cholesterol nucleation during equilibration. On the basis of these studies, we conclude that the nucleation process for microcrystal formation most likely occurs within the mesophase component which is only the first of a two-step transition in a sequential series of physical ordering processes. We deduce that mesophase formation must have a lower kinetic energy requirement and that the second step (microcrystal formation) must be rate limiting. In keeping with theoretical considerations, structural evidence for increased hydration is demonstrable near the point of complete equilibration when the mesophase is dissolving.
High-strength optical glasses for high-fluence laser applications

Fused silica spatial filter lenses for high-fluence lasers like Nova and Beamlet can experience optical damage on the vacuum side if the tensile stress due to pressure differential exceeds the threshold level. The damage is initiated by slow crack growth and culminates into catastrophic crack growth when the stress intensity approaches the critical value. If the elastic energy released by lens flexure, which is proportional to square of the stress, is high the lens can implode into several fragments causing further damage to associated equipment. This paper presents an alternate approach for designing and manufacturing high strength optical glasses which will not experience tensile stresses in excess of threshold level. Consequently, lenses made from these glasses will not be subjected to slow crack growth and their laser-damage threshold will be significantly higher. Furthermore, the lens thickness can be reduced by 50 to 70 percent thereby improving its optical performance over a wide range of wavelengths. The trade-offs between strength, lens thickness and stored elastic energy are discussed.
Protein microarrays and proteomics

The system-wide study of proteins presents an exciting challenge in this information-rich age of whole-genome biology. Although traditional investigations have yielded abundant information about individual proteins, they have been less successful at providing us with an integrated understanding of biological systems. The promise of proteomics is that, by studying many components simultaneously, we will learn how proteins interact with each other, as well as with non-proteinaceous molecules, to control complex processes in cells, tissues and even whole organisms. Here, I discuss the role of microarray technology in this burgeoning area.
Interface extinction and subsurface peaking of the radiation pattern of a line source

The radiation pattern of a line source lying along the plane interface of two dielectric half-spaces is calculated. It is found that the pattern at the interface has a null (interface extinction); that the pattern in the upper half-space, whose index of refraction is taken to be less than that of the lower half-space, has a single lobe with a maximum normal to the interface; and that the pattern in the lower half-space (subsurface region) has two maxima (peaks) straddling symmetrically a minimum. Interpretation of these results in terms of ray optics, Oseen's extinction theorem, and the Cerenkov effect are given.
HOPE for community college students: The impact of merit aid on persistence, graduation, and earnings

Community colleges play a major role in postsecondary education, yet previous research has emphasized the impact of merit aid on four-year students rather than two-year students. Furthermore, researchers have focused on the impact of merit aid on enrollment and outcomes during college, but to my knowledge, none have yet considered the impact of aid on earnings after college. This paper utilizes discontinuities in eligibility criteria for a large merit scholarship to examine the local impact of aid on student outcomes both during college and after college. The findings suggest that reducing the cost of community college does not impact persistence, academic performance, degree completion, expected earnings, or short-term earnings after college for marginally eligible students.
The Evaluation of Patients with Traumatic Cataracts by Ultrasound Technologies

Surgery for traumatic cataracts is a potentially complex procedure. Clinically, traumatic cataracts may be difficult to thoroughly assess due to the presence of other significant ocular damage including corneal scars, posterior synechiae, and vitreous hemorrhage. Frequently, surgery involves surprises regarding the integrity of the posterior capsule and zonular structure. Careful ophthalmic imaging using ultrasound technologies may result in finer pre-operative detail regarding lens support structures, and may therefore give the surgeon the advantage when planning surgery. Imaging techniques most applicable to pre-operative evaluation include B scan ultrasound, 20MHz ultrasound, and ultrasound biomicroscopy. Important modifications to technique that can be made depending on the integrity of lens support structures include adjustment of wound location, adjustment in the technique for cataract removal, and possible use of a capsular tension ring.
Organization of cortical and subcortical projections to anterior cingulate cortex in the cat

The aim of the experiments reported here was to identify cortical and subcortical forebrain structures from which anterior cingulate cortex (CGa) receives input in the cat. Deposits of retrograde tracers were placed at nine sites spanning the anterior cingulate area and patterns of retrograde transport were analyzed. Thalamic projections to CGa, in descending order of strength, originate in the anteromedial nucleus, lateroposterior nucleus, ventroanterior nucleus, rostral intralaminar complex, reuniens nucleus, mediodorsal nucleus, and laterodorsal nucleus. Minor and inconsistent ascending pathways arise in the paraventricular, parataenial, parafascicular, and subparafascicular thalamic nuclei. The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala, the hypothalamus, the nucleus of the diagonal band, and the claustrum are additional sources of ascending input. Cortical projections to CGa, in descending order of strength, derive from posterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex, motor cortex (areas 4 and 6), parahippocampal cortex (entorhinal, perirhinal, postsubicular, parasubicular, and subicular areas), insular cortex, somesthetic cortex (areas 5 and SIV), and visual cortex (areas 7p, 20b, AMLS, PS and EPp). In general, the limbic, sensory, and motor afferents of CGa are weak. The dominant sources of input to CGa are other cortical areas with highorder functions. This finding calls into question the traditional characterization of cingulate cortex as a bridge between neocortical association areas and the limbic system.
Molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease

The abnormal appearance of cerebral β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) and neurofibrillary tangles are the major pathological characteristics of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The disease in some early onset cases develops due to mutations in the gene coding for the β-amyloid precursor protein (βAPP), although the majority (> 80%) of early onset familial AD is caused by a gene on chromosome 14. Advances in the understanding of the normal and abnormal processing of βAPP and the association and role of the APOE locus in late onset disease are discussed. The existing theoretical pathogenic models of AD do not satisfactorily encompass these findings and the specific roles of βAPP and Aβ are not clear. Particularly, it is unknown whether, in the general case, these molecules are central to disease causation or are secondarily inculcated by abnormalities in fundamental regulatory processes such as calcium homeostasis or phosphorylation status
Mechanisms of pore water organic matter adsorption to montmorillonite

The extent and mechanisms of adsorption of marine pore water organic matter to montmorillonite were studied in a series of batch and sequential adsorption experiments. Pore water natural organic matter (pNOM) and easily extracted natural organic matter (eNOM) were collected from Liberty Bay (Puget Sound, WA, USA) sediments. The pNOM and eNOM were each divided into two size fractions using a 1000 D ultrafilter. Batch adsorption isotherms were approximately linear, and the >1000 D fractions of both pNOM and eNOM had larger partition coefficients (Kd) than the 1000 D pNOM and eNOM, and ∼1.6 l/kg for 1000 D fractions during batch isotherm experiments. Adsorption of NOM was found to decrease with increased temperature, suggesting that hydrophobic effects were not the dominant adsorption mechanisms in this system. Ion exchange was also not an important adsorption mechanism because adsorption increased with ionic strength. The observed enhancement in adsorption with ionic strength indicated that van der Waals interactions were important in the adsorption of NOM. Ligand exchange was found to be a significant mechanism since the presence of SO42− in solution reduced the amount of NOM adsorbed. Ca2+ enhanced adsorption slightly more than Na+, suggesting that cation bridging was involved. The relative contributions of van der Waals interactions, ligand exchange and cation bridging were estimated to be approximately 60%, 35% and 5%, respectively, for adsorption of NOM in a CaCl2 solution.
Spectral response during modulation of hybrid ion implanted selectively oxidized VCSELs

Summary form only given. Selectively oxidized vertical cavity surface emitting lasers (VCSELs) have demonstrated record performance, but due to strong index confinement created by the buried oxide layers these lasers typically operate in multiple transverse optical modes. High power single mode VCSEL operation would be desirable for many applications, including data transmission in single mode optical fiber. Recently we achieved record high single mode continuous wave output (>5 mW) from 850 nm VCSELs fabricated using a hybrid ion implantation and selective oxidation device structure. Here we report a side mode suppression ratio of 35 dB during large signal modulation and determine that thermal lensing is partially responsible for the modal discrimination in these VCSELs.
Undegraded vitellogenin polysomes from female insect fat bodies

Fat body cells of vitellogenic females of the cockroach Leucophaea maderae contain a prominent population of large polysomes of approximately 35–40 ribosomes whereas fat bodies of non-vitellogenic females or males of any age do not have these polysomes. Anti-vitellogenin recognizes newly synthesized nascent vitellogenin associated with these large polysomes. Adenosine labelled RNA is likewise precipitated by anti-vitellogenin primarily in the region of this class of polysomes. It is concluded that the class of large polysomes represents the vitellogenin polysomes.
Prototype Software Model for Designing Intruder Detection Systems with Simulation

This article explores using discrete-event simulation for the design and control of defence oriented fixed-sensor- based detection system in a facility housing items of significant interest to enemy forces. The key issues discussed include software development, simulation-based optimization within a modeling framework, and the expansion of the framework to create real-time control tools and training simulations. The software discussed in this article is a flexible simulation environment where the data for the simulation are stored in an external database and the simulation logic is being implemented using a commercial simulation package. The simulation assesses the overall security level of a building against various intruder scenarios. A series of simulation runs with different inputs can determine the change in security level with changes in the sensor configuration, building layout, and intruder/guard strategies. In addition, the simulation model developed for the design stage of the project can be modified to produce a control tool for the testing, training, and real-time control of systems with humans and sensor hardware in the loop.© (1998) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Social disruption theory and crime in rural communities: Comparisons across three levels of tourism growth

Abstract The study compares rural tourism places under different growth levels in terms of crime effects. Adopting social disruption theory, the study hypothesized that average crime rates would differ for tourism counties with different growth levels, and that high growth tourism counties would experience the greatest increase in average crime rates. The study used data from a sample of rural Colorado tourism communities. Results partially supported the hypothesis and confirmed some results of the relationships between rapid growth and crime identified in previous boomtown studies. The results of the study provide useful insights to public leaders and policy makers engaged in processes of evaluating alternative tourism growth strategies for their community.
The effect of temperature on oxide scale adherence during descaling operations

Abstract The oxide adherence and initial growth kinetics of oxide scales on type 1018 steel have been investigated at temperatures of 900, 1000 and 1100 °C. The adherence was measured using a controlled water spray quench. Mass gain versus time curves and metallographic observations were used to study the kinetics and adherence at each temperature. The steel exhibited exfoliation at 900 and 1100 °C but showed remarkable adherence at 1000 °C. The behavior was explained in terms of the interplay of classical oxidation theory and increased plasticity at elevated temperatures.
1567 MUSCLE ULTRASTRUCTURE AND HISTOCHEMISTRY IN REYE'S SYNDROME

Muscle histochemistry and ultrastructure was studied on percutaneous muscle biopsies from 3 patients with Reye's syndrome 3, 11 and 14 years old. Two or 3 sequential samples were obtained from each patient using 4.0 and 5.0 mm Bergstrom needles. No complications were observed in spite of prolonged PT and PTT. H & E sections were normal but significant lipid accumulation was seen on oil red 0 stained sections of tissue obtained between the first and tenth days of illness. The lipid was distributed fairly evenly throughout type I muscle fibers. Lipid content decreased slowly and was normal after about 6 weeks. Oxidative enzyme and other histochemical stains (NADH, succinic dehydrogenase, ATPase, acid phosphatase, modified trichrome) were normal. The major ultrastructural abnormality observed was loss of cristae in most mitochondria along with vacuolization and pleomorphic shapes. Lipid vacuoles were prominent in the cytoplasm. One biopsy revealed numerous electron-dense crystalline arrays of 100-120 A particles, similar in appearance to virus particles. Ultrastructural changes returned to normal after several weeks. Lipid accumulation and mitochondrial abnormalities in muscle tissue closely parallel those seen in liver tissue. Percutaneous muscle biopsy appears to be a safe and effective technique for the diagnosis of Reye's syndrome.
The photoelectron spectra of some iron tricarbonyl complexes of 4π-electron donor ligands

Abstract The photoelectron spectra of eighteen compounds which are dienes or diene—iron tricarbonyl complexes have been investigated. A comparison of the photoelectron spectra of the dienes and corresponding iron carbonyl complexes has yielded the values of the perturbation energies for the two π orbitals of the diene moiety caused by interaction with Fe(CO) 3 . These perturbation energies are relatively constant (Δπ 1 = 0.89 ± 0.07 eV, Δπ 2 = 0.22 ± 0.06 eV) throughout the series. They have been employed to estimate the π ionization energies of the organic transient species cyclobutadiene (8.29 and 11.95 eV) and trimethylenemethane (8.36 and 11.79 eV), two novel molecules which have not been studied successfully by photoelectron spectroscopy to date.
Localized stress relaxation by impression testing

Abstract A small flat-ended cylindrical punch was impressed onto the surface of an LiF single crystal. The impression was made in an Instron at a constant cross-head speed. At a certain depth of the impression the crosshead was stopped and the load relaxation with time was recorded. It was found that the velocity-stress exponent for dislocation motion obtained in this way was identical with that obtained by conventional stress relaxation techniques using bulk samples. However, this new method caused only local deformation of the specimen and used very little material in the process.
Brief report: The influence of posttraumatic stress on unprotected sex among sexually active adolescent girls and boys involved in the child welfare system of the United States

While posttraumatic stress (PTS) has been positively associated with risky sexual behavior (RSB) among adult women, there is a paucity of research examining PTS in relation to RSB among adolescent girls and boys. This study aimed to replicate findings among adult women with sexually active adolescents (179 females and 106 males) involved in a national study of children in the United States child welfare system. After controlling for age and the complex study design, sexually active adolescent girls with clinically significant PTS symptoms were more than seven times more likely than those without such symptoms to report unprotected intercourse. In contrast, sexually active adolescent boys with clinically significant PTS symptoms were less likely than those without such symptoms to report unprotected intercourse. Research is needed to 1) understand the mechanisms linking PTS and RSB, 2) further explore gender differences reported here, and 3) inform RSB interventions in this high-risk population.
Developmental toxicity of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is not dependent on expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPARα) in the mouse

Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) are members of a family of perfluorinated compounds. Both are environmentally persistent and found in the serum of wildlife and humans. PFOS and PFOA are developmentally toxic in laboratory rodents. Exposure to these chemicals in utero delays development and reduces postnatal survival and growth. Exposure to PFOS on the last 4 days of gestation in the rat is sufficient to reduce neonatal survival. PFOS and PFOA are weak agonists of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-alpha (PPAR alpha). The reduced postnatal survival of neonatal mice exposed to PFOA was recently shown to depend on expression of PPAR alpha. This study used PPAR alpha knockout (KO) and 129S1/SvlmJ wild type (WT) mice to determine if PPAR alpha expression is required for the developmental toxicity of PFOS. After mating overnight, the next day was designated gestation day (GD) 0. WT females were weighed and dosed orally from GD15 to 18 with 0.5% Tween-20, 4.5, 6.5, 8.5, or 10.5mg PFOS/kg/day. KO females were dosed with 0.5% Tween-20, 8.5 or 10.5mg PFOS/kg/day. Dams and pups were observed daily and pups were weighed on postnatal day (PND) 1 and PND15. Eye opening was recorded from PND12 to 15. Dams and pups were killed on PND15, body and liver weights recorded, and serum collected. PFOS did not affect maternal weight gain or body or liver weights of the dams on PND15. Neonatal survival (PND1-15) was significantly reduced by PFOS in both WT and KO litters at all doses. WT and KO pup birth weight and weight gain from PND1 to 15 were not significantly affected by PFOS exposure. Relative liver weight of WT and KO pups was significantly increased by the 10.5mg/kg dose. Eye opening of PFOS-exposed pups was slightly delayed in WT and KO on PND13 or 14, respectively. Because results in WT and KO were comparable, it is concluded that PFOS-induced neonatal lethality and delayed eye opening are not dependent on activation of PPAR alpha.
Gastric cancer in young patients: demographic, clinicopathological, and prognostic factors in 92 patients.

Background: This investigation was undertaken to define the demographic, clinicopathological, and prognostic factors relevant to young patients with gastric adenocarcinoma.
Disproportionality and Disaster: Hurricane Katrina and the Mississippi River‐Gulf Outlet*

Objectives. Although many observers have interpreted Hurricane Katrina's damage to New Orleans as a case of nature striking humans, we draw on the sociological concept of the growth machine to show that much of the damage resulted instead from what humans had done to nature—in the name but not the reality of “economic development.” Methods. We triangulate findings from multiple qualitative techniques, including first-hand fieldwork, interviews, and analyses of historical records. We focus on a particularly telling illustration: the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet, a transportation canal. Results. Although the canal was widely predicted to deliver prosperity, it mainly created environmental damage, destroying wetlands that had formerly protected New Orleans from hurricanes. Despite enthusiastic predictions about its economic importance—plus millions of dollars in ongoing federal investments—the “outlet” was used by only a dozen of the ships for which it was designed during the entire last year before Katrina hit. Conclusions. This was clearly not a case of an “enduring conflict” between the environment and the economy; it was a case where economic benefits to a tiny number of beneficiaries created profound costs to the environment, and to humans in turn. Claims about supposed “economic benefits” from environmentally harmful projects need to be examined more closely in other contexts, as well.
Transport and stability of long-pulse, high-current electron beams in ion focused regime plasma channels for advanced accelerators

Data are presented demonstrating efficient transport (up to 76% instantaneous current transport) of long-pulse high-current electron beams in preformed plasma channels. Channels were created by low-energy electron beam ionization of monatomic gases. These transport efficiencies are comparable to optimum values obtained in previous long-pulse electron beam transport experiments in laser-preionized DEA (diethylaniline). Experimental results show the development of both ion hose instability and microwave emission indicative of REB (relative electron beam) plasma electron two-stream instability. Significant microwave emission was observed in the S-band (2.1-4.3 GHz) only when the neutralization fraction exceeded unity. >
An Integrative Approach to Understanding the Combinatorial Histone Code at Functional Elements

Summary: The rapid advancement of genomic technology has revealed the enormous complexity and combinatorial nature of chromatin modifications. To facilitate interpretation of the combinatorial nature of chromatin, we have developed a novel method to integrate all chromatin datasets into distinct nucleosome types (nucleosome alphabet). We have applied this approach to Saccharomyces cerevisiae, generating a nucleosome alphabet, which forms chromatin motifs when mapped back to the genome. By applying novel chromatin alignment and global word search approaches, we have defined distinctive chromatin motifs for introns, origins of replication, tRNAs, antisense transcripts, double-strand-break hotspots and DNase hypersensitive sites, and can distinguish genes by expression level. We have also uncovered strong associations between transcription factor binding and specific types of nucleosomes. Our results demonstrate the uses and functionality of defining a chromatin alphabet and provide a unique and novel framework for exploring chromatin architecture.
US obstetrician-gynaecologist's prevention and management of obesity in pregnancy

A survey regarding management of obesity in pregnancy was mailed to 787 practising members of the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG); 433 responded of whom 353 practised obstetrics. Most (79.2%) had read ACOG Committee Opinion, 'Obesity in Pregnancy,' and rated it helpful (68.6%) or very helpful (17.2%). Most responding physicians (91.2%) use BMI to assess their patients weight status; fewer (63.4%) use pre-pregnancy BMI to modify their pregnancy weight gain recommendation. Having read the Committee Opinion and being a woman were independent factors associated with using pre-pregnancy BMI. Responding physicians that had read the Committee Opinion were more knowledgeable about obesity-related pregnancy complications; but even among those physicians, only 32.2% were aware that maternal obesity is a risk factor for fetal neural tube defects. The responding physicians appeared well-versed on appropriate practice for caesarean delivery for obese patients whether they had read the Committee Opinion or not.
NGF‐producing transfected 3T3 cells: Behavioral and histological assessment of transplants in nigral lesioned rats

The rodent fibroblast clonal cell line, 3T3, was retrovirally transfected with the rat nerve growth factor (NGF) gene and selected for NGF synthesis. This study tested the hypothesis that transplanted 3T3 cells, transfected to secrete nerve growth factor (3T3NGF+), change motor behavioral indices created by striatal denervation in a dose-dependent fashion. 3T3NGF+ cells were transplanted into the lateral ventricle of rats following ipsilateral lesions of the substantia nigra pars compacta by stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine (10 μg), an established lesion model. Control groups included vehicle injections and transplanted untransfected cells. The extent of the lesions was measured by determining rotational behavior before and two weeks after transplantation. Immediately prior to transplantation, cells were incubated with the fluorescent dye marker, Dil. To assess cell viability, whole brains were cryosectioned and examined for Dil-labeled 3T3 cells using fluorescent microscopy. The number Uf Dil-labeled profiles in five animals per group were counted in at least five noncontiguous sections per animal. From these data a statistically derived estimate of viable, transplanted 3T3 cells was obtained. The number of surviving transplanted cells correlated with the behavioral changes measured. The 3T3NGF + transplants reduced rotational behavior, while control 3T3 transplants exacerbated rotational behavior. Thus, while NGF delivery was found to be beneficial, it was apparent that naive 3T3 had detrimental effects. These results underscore the importance of making doseresponse measurements when attempting transplantbased modifications of CNS behavior. © 1995 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Treatment of multidrug-resistant pulmonary tuberculosis with interferon-γ via aerosol

Summary Background Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is associated with substantial morbidity, despite drug therapy. Interferon-γ, a cytokine produced mainly by CD4 T lymphocytes, can activate alveolar macrophages, important effector cells in host immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis . We investigated safety and tolerability of aerosolised interferon-γ in patients with MDR-TB, and assessed its efficacy in terms of sputum-smear grades. Methods We did an open-label trial of aerosol interferon-γ given to five patients with smears and cultures positive for pulmonary MDR-TB, despite documented adherence to therapy. The patients received aerosol interferon-γ 500 μg three times a week for 1 month. Safety and tolerability were assessed, and, as well as routine clinical assessments, sputum samples for smear and culture were collected at entry and weekly. Computed tomography scans of the chest were done at baseline and after therapy ended. Findings Interferon-γ was well tolerated by all patients. In all five, bodyweight stabilised or increased. Sputum acid-fast-bacillus smears became negative in all patients, and the time to positive culture increased (from 17 to 24 days, not significant), which suggested that the mycobacterial burden had decreased. The size of cavitary lesions was reduced in all patients, 2 months after treatment had ended. Interpretation Preliminary data suggest that aerosol interferon-γ is a well-tolerated treatment that may be useful as adjunctive therapy in patients with MDR-TB who are otherwise not responding well to therapy.