cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Conscious sedation interview for psychogenic pseudosyncope

Abstract Objective We attempted treatment of chronic psychogenic pseudosyncope with serial conscious sedation interviews. Method Three conscious sedation interviews were performed. Results The patient's symptoms lessened significantly, and improvement lasted for 3 months; however, gradually, her symptoms returned to prior level of severity. Conclusion Conscious sedation interviews may improve symptoms of the psychogenic pseudosyncope, but the improvement may be temporary.
Risk remaining from fine particle contaminants after vacuum cleaning of hard floor surfaces.

In the indoor environment, settled surface dust often functions as a reservoir of hazardous particulate contaminants. In many circumstances, a major contributing source to the dust pool is exterior soil. Young children are particularly susceptible to exposure to both outdoor derived soil and indoor derived dust present in the indoor dust pool. This is because early in life the exploratory activities of the infant are dominated by touching and mouthing behavior. Inadvertent exposure to dust through mouth contact and hand-to-mouth activity is an inevitable consequence of infant development. Clean-up of indoor dust is, in many circumstances, critically important in efforts to minimize pediatric exposure. In this study, we examine the efficiency of vacuum cleaner removal of footwear-deposited soil on vinyl floor tiles. The study utilized a 5 × 10 foot (c. 152.5 × 305 cm) test surface composed of 1-foot-square (c. 30.5 × 30.5 cm) vinyl floor tiles. A composite test soil with moderately elevated levels of certain elements (e.g., Pb) was repeatedly introduced onto the floor surface by footwear track-on. The deposited soil was subsequently periodically removed from randomly selected tiles using a domestic vacuum cleaner. The mass and loading of soil elements on the tiles following vacuuming were determined both by wet wipe collection and by subsequent chemical analysis. It was found that vacuum cleaner removal eliminated much of the soil mass from the floor tiles. However, a small percentage of the mass was not removed and a portion of this residual mass could be picked up by moistened hand-lifts. Furthermore, although the post-vacuuming tile soil mass was sizably reduced, for some elements (notably Pb) the concentration in the residual soil was increased. We interpret this increased metal concentration to be a particle size effect with smaller particles (with a proportionately higher metal content) remaining in situ after vacuuming.
Examining change using regression analysis: Three approaches compared

Although social scientists are frequently faced with the task of assessing the correlates of change, the methods for doing so are often misunderstood. This analysis compares three approaches for dealing with this task using regression procedures: (a) change or difference score (Time2 ‐ Time1 [T2 ‐ T1] as the dependent variable with T1 score included as a covariate; (b) T2 score as the dependent variable and T1, score as a covariate; and (c) residualized T2 score as the dependent variable. All are shown to result in identical interpretations of the relationship between substantive variables and change. We argue, however, that the use of difference scores as the dependent variable is generally preferable (when T1, score is controlled) because the resulting analysis deals directly with adjusted change.
Fundamental limit of ebeam lithography

Particle beams with collimated discrete charged carriers such as electrons have been employed to lithographically transfer design patterns onto the photoresist for fabrication of devices, such as photomasks. In this paper, we use a single standard deviation σ of total blur based on Gaussian convolution kernel to address the limit of ebeam lithography, where the total blur is constituted of several mechanisms, including space charge effect within the ebeam, shot noise, resist diffusion, and photoacid fluctuation, etc. Based on the Gaussian blur imaging formalism including both electron forward scattering and backward scattering, we derive a fundamental principle based analysis to address the patterning resolution limit, local pattern density (LPD) dependent critical dimension (CD) proximity bias, CD non-linearity, image edge-slope, 2D corner pull back and 2D touch corner structures. Assuming a minimum normalized image log slope of NILS >= 1 across all LPD is required for high volume manufacturability, the requirement of maximum total blur can be derived as σ≤CD/2.4 for a given exposed feature size targeted to pattern. The objective of this paper is to establish a predictive model with simplicity for fundamental limit of ebeam lithography, and accordingly to define the requirement of blur reduction for meeting technology roadmap spec. The key emphasis of this paper is to highlight that mask patterning capability is becoming resolution limited with equipment and material available today. This is an inflection point! An integrated plan for total blur reduction is urgently needed for ebeam lithography to continue enabling technologies moving beyond 45nm and 32nm nodes.
Natural RNA interference directs a heritable response to the environment

RNA interference can induce heritable gene silencing, but it remains unexplored whether similar mechanisms play a general role in responses to cues that occur in the wild. We show that transient, mild heat stress in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans results in changes in messenger RNA levels that last for more than one generation. The affected transcripts are enriched for genes targeted by germline siRNAs downstream of the piRNA pathway, and worms defective for germline RNAi are defective for these heritable effects. Our results demonstrate that a specific siRNA pathway transmits information about variable environmental conditions between generations.
Free energy control of reaction pathways in electrogenerated chemiluminescence

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) from 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) in acetonitrile has been examined following reaction of its radical ions with various donors and acceptors by using high speed potential pulses at a microelectrode. The reaction pathways were identified by examining the reaction orders of the limiting reagents and by comparison of the temporal emission pulses with simulated reaction schemes. For reactions with a free energy value more negative than that required to directly form the excited state singlet (3.06 eV), first-order behavior was observed for DPA radical ions indicating direct singlet formation (S-route). For the remaining systems the reaction order was second order in DPA radical ions, indicative of excited singlet formation via triplet−triplet annihilation (T-route). Despite evidence of triplet quenching by the unreacted radical ions, the efficiency of photon production at high concentrations of DPA by the T-route (0.012) approached that of the S-route, and is much hig...
Knowledge Based Control in Micro-Architecture Design

This paper describes the principles and implementation of design-process control in a micro-architecture compiler. The knowledge-base relies on both local and global evaluations to determine strategies to achieve global goals and then implements those strategies by manipulating hardware allocations and search heuristics. A system overview and annotated sample run are presented.
Percutaneous intervention in the solitary kidney

The solitary kidney, either after nephrectomy or on a congential basis, may be impaired by infection, stones, obstruction, and trauma. Because of the possibility of further renal compromise by damage of the remaining nephron units, there is reluctance to utilize percutaneous techniques in cases of solitary kidney, and surgery is often used as an alternative. We report 15 cases of solitary kidney in which interventional radiologic techniques (i.e., percutaneous nephrostomy, ureteral stenting, ureteral dilatation, and stone extraction) were attempted for the preservation of renal function, either as a permanent solution or as a temporizing maneuver prior to definitive therapy. In each case, these goals were achieved and there were no complications.
Teaching activities of social scientists in medical and public health schools

Abstract In this paper, we identify and raise some of the issues related to the teaching endeavors of social scientists in schools of medicine and public health. The findings presented are based on a survey of social scientists teaching in medical and public health schools in the United States and Canada, in 1965. Four central issues are discussed in this paper: (1) the level at which social science should be introduced to students, (2) the content to be taught, (3) the method of presentation, and (4) the organization and support of social scientists in these health professional schools.
Statistical estimation for the scale parameter of the gamma distribution based on grouped data

This paper discusses point estimation for the scale parameter, λ, of gamma distribution based on grouped data. The existence and uniqueness of the MLE of λ are examined. It is shown that the MLE of λ is strongly consistent and is asymptotically unbiased.
Incidence of Important Hemobilia Following Transhepatic Biliary Drainage: Left-Sided Versus Right-Sided Approaches

Our purpose here is to describe our experience with important hemobilia following PTBD and to determine whether left-sided percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) is associated with an increased incidence of important hemobilia compared to right-sided drainages. We reviewed 346 transhepatic biliary drainages over a four-year period and identified eight patients (2.3%) with important hemobilia requiring transcatheter embolization. The charts and radiographic files of these patients were reviewed. The side of the PTBD (left versus right), and the order of the biliary ductal branch entered (first, second, or third) were recorded. Of the 346 PTBDs, 269 were right-sided and 77 were left-sided. Of the eight cases of important hemobilia requiring transcatheter embolization, four followed right-sided and four followed left-sided PTBD, corresponding to a bleeding incidence of 1.5% (4/269) for right PTBD and 5.2% (4/77) for left PTBD. The higher incidence of hemobilia associated with left-sided PTBD approached, but did not reach the threshold of statistical significance (p = 0.077). In six of the eight patients requiring transcatheter embolization, first or second order biliary branches were accessed by catheter for PTBD. All patients with left-sided bleeding had first or proximal second order branches accessed by biliary drainage catheters. In conclusion, a higher incidence of hemobilia followed left- versus right-sided PTBD in this study, but the increased incidence did not reach statistical significance.
Aluminum oxide catalyzed isomerization of acylated cycloalkenes

Abstract A homologous series of cyclic olefins and their corresponding 1-methyl derivatives were acylated using acetic anhydride/zinc chloride system. The resulting mixtures were, after appropriate analysis, isomerized quantitatively to the conjugated enones by adsorption on neutral alumina. A detailed, general experimental procedure is given.
Charge transfer in multicomponent oxides

The transfer of charge between different ions in an oxide plays an essential role in the stability of these compounds. Since small variations in charge can introduce large changes in the total energy, a correct description of this phenomenon is critical. In this work, we show that the ionic charge in oxides can strongly depend on its atomic environment. A model to assign point charges to atoms as a function of their atomic environment has recently been proposed for binary alloys [C. Wolverton, A. Zunger, S. Froyen, and S.-H. Wei, Phys. Rev. B 54, 7843 (1996)] and proven to be very successful in screened solids such as semiconductors and metals. Here, we extend this formalism to multicomponent oxides and we assess its applicability. The simple point-charge model predicts a linear relation between the charge on an atom and the number of unlike neighbors, and between the net value of the charge and the Coulomb field at a given site. The applicability of this approach is tested in a large-supercell self-consistent tight-binding calculation for a random Zr-Ca-O alloy. The observed fluctuations of the ionic charge about the average linear behavior (as a function of the number of unlike neighbors) was larger than 0.25 electrons even when many shells of atomic neighbors were considered in the fit. This variation is significant since it can introduce large errors in the electrostatic energy. On the other hand, for small absolute values of the charge, the ionic charge varied linearly with the Coulomb field, in agreement with previous findings. However, for large Coulomb fields, this function saturates at the formal chemical charge.
Weighted area technique for electromechanically enabled logic computation with cantilever-based NEMS switches

Nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) is an emerging nanoscale technology that combines mechanical and electrical effects in devices. A variety of NEMS-based devices have been proposed for integrated chip designs. Amongst them are near-ideal digital switches. The electromechanical principles that are the basis of these switches impart the capability of extremely low power switching characteristics to digital circuits. NEMS switching devices have been mostly used as simple switches to provide digital operation, however, we observe that their unique operation can be used to accomplish logic functions directly. In this paper, we propose a novel technique called 'weighted area logic' to design logic circuits with NEMS-based switches. The technique takes advantage of the unique structural configurations possible with the NEMS devices to convert the digital switch from a simple ON-OFF switch to a logical switch. This transformation not only reduces the delay of complex logic units, but also decreases the power and area of the implementation further. To demonstrate this, we show the new designs of the logic functions of NAND, XOR and a three input function Y = A + B. C, and compose them into a 32-bit adder. Through simulation, we quantify the power, delay and area advantages of using the weighted area logic technique over a standard CMOS-like design technique applied to NEMS.
Central neurocircuitry associated with emesis

Ingestion of toxin, traumatic events, adverse drug reactions, and motion can all result in nausea and emesis. In addition, cyclic vomiting syndrome is quite prevalent in the pediatric population. Coordination of the various autonomic changes associated with emesis occurs at the level of the medulla oblongata of the hindbrain. Chemosensitive receptors detect emetic agents in the blood and relay this information by means of neurons in the area postrema to the adjacent nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS). Abdominal vagal afferents that detect intestinal luminal contents and gastric tone also terminate in the NTS (gelatinosus, commissural, and medial subnuclei). The NTS is viscerotopically organized into subnuclei that subserve diverse functions related to swallowing (subnucleus centralis), gastric sensation (subnucleus gelatinosus), laryngeal and pharyngeal sensation (intermediate and interstitial NTS), baroreceptor function (medial NTS), and respiration (ventrolateral NTS). Neurons from the NTS project to a central pattern generator (CPG), which coordinates the sequence of behaviors during emesis, as well as directly to diverse populations of neurons in the ventral medulla and hypothalamus. Thus, it is critical to realize that there is not an isolated "vomiting center," but rather groups of loosely organized neurons throughout the medulla that may be activated in sequence by a CPG. The newer antiemetic agents appear to block receptors in the peripheral endings of vagal afferents to reduce "perception" of emetic stimuli and/or act in the dorsal vagal complex. A primary site of action of 5-HT(3)-receptor antagonists is by means of the vagal afferents. Neurokinin-1 receptor (NK(1)R) antagonists are antiemetics, because they act at a site in the dorsal vagal complex. Part of their effectiveness may be the result of inhibition of the NK(1)R on vagal motor neurons to prevent fundic relaxation, which is a prodromal event essential for emesis. Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (Delta(9)-THC), the major psychoactive component of marijuana, can be therapeutically useful as an antiemetic. The site of action of Delta(9)-THC is on cannabinoid CB1 receptors in the dorsal vagal complex. However, it decreases fundic tone and antral motility. It is not easy to predict the potential antiemetic effects of drugs that alter motility. Although antiemetic drugs are available for management of acute chemotherapeutic-induced emesis, few treatments are effective for delayed emesis or cyclic vomiting syndrome.
Intake of fiber and nuts during adolescence and incidence of proliferative benign breast disease.

Objective We examined the association between adolescent fiber intake and proliferative BBD, a marker of increased breast cancer risk, in the Nurses’ Health Study II.
γ Interferon transduced 9L gliosarcoma. Cytokine gene therapy and its relevance to cellular therapy with alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes

In earlier studies, we demonstrated that intratumoral infusions of alloreactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes (aCTL), sensitized to the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens of the host, effectively retarded the intracranial growth of Fischer 9L gliosarcoma. We further demonstrated that continuousin vitro exposure to gamma-interferon (γIFN) upregulates MHC on 9L gliosarcoma cells and that they were better targets of anti-Fischer aCTL. We hypothesized that the efficacy of cellular therapy with aCTL could be further improved byin situ transduction of the tumor with retroviral vectors coding forγIFN, which would generate continuous secretion of the cytokine and maintain upregulated MHC expression by the tumor cells. 9L gliosarcoma and Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (tk) transductants of those cells were transduced with a retrovirus carrying the murineγIFN gene. By limiting dilution, clones of these cells, designated 9Lγ7, 9Lγtk8, and 9Lγtk10, which produced similar levels ofγIFN (383–411 ngγIFN/106 cells/24h) were isolated. The production ofγIFN by one clone, 9Lγ7, was stable when monitored over 6 weeksin vitro. The clones also demonstrated upregulated MHC class I expression, and the tk-transduced clones maintained their sensitivity to ganciclovir. Compared to the wildtype cells, 9Lγ7 had approximate 6- and 1.5-fold increases in the relative antigen densities of MHC I and II, respectively. Addition of exogenousγIFN to 9Lγ7 cultures did not significantly increase the MHC expression. In cytotoxicity assays, 9Lγ7 cells, or 9Lγ7 incubated with exogenousγIFN, were better targets of aCTL than the parental 9L cells. The growth rate of 9Lγ-transduced cells was decreased compared to the wildtype cells bothin vitro andin vivo. Proliferation studies with transwell plated 9L, 9Lγ7, and 9Lγtk10 cells in various combinations revealed that the secreted cytokine itself caused a decrease in proliferation. However, the transduced cells exhibited a much reduced growth rate, which likely was a consequence of redirected metabolic activity of the cells.In vivo growth of the 9L and 9Lγ7 tumors in rat brains given identical inoculums similarly demonstrated significantly reduced 9Lγ7 tumor volumes at various timepoints, indicative of slower growth of theγIFN-producing tumors.
The relationship between maternal and paternal psychological symptoms and ratings of adolescent functioning

Families with an adolescent between the ages of 11 and 18 years participated in a study examining the relationship between parental depressive and anxiety symptomatology and parental ratings of adolescents' functioning. This study indicated that mothers, fathers, and adolescents exhibited significant cross-informant correspondence (i.e. correlations) and very few significant differences in ratings of adolescents' functioning. After controlling for demographic variables and the ratings of other informants, mothers' depressive symptomatology was a significant predictor of mothers' ratings of adolescents' internalizing and externalizing behavior problems and competence. With regard to fathers' ratings, fathers' depressive symptomatology was a significant predictor of adolescents' internalizing behavior problems and competence, whereas fathers' depressive and anxious symptomatology was a significant predictor of adolescents' externalizing behavior problems. The findings of this study suggested the importance of considering maternal and paternal depressive symptomatology when parents are asked to provide ratings of their adolescents' functioning.
Dynamic response of high-speed PIN and Schottky-barrier photodiode layers to nonuniform optical illumination

We calculate the transient response of a PIN photodiode including the effects of diffusion currents for optical generation in arbitrarily thick p, i, and n regions (i.e., for short absorption lengths) for sinusoidal, impulse, and, where possible, step optical inputs. Analytic solutions are obtained for the sinusoidal and impulse responses; the impulse response may be used to compute the step response and the response to arbitrarily-shaped input functions. These results are extended to Schottky-barrier photodiodes. The impact of these results on device analysis and design is discussed. Methods of improving high speed device performance are suggested. >
Infection Surveillance in Long-Term Care Facilities

Since the inception of hospital infection control programs several decades ago, surveillance has been an indispensable part of nosocomial infection control efforts. The Study of the Efficacy of Nosocomial Infections (SENIC) found that infection surveillance was one of the essential components of an infection control program associated with successful prevention of nosocomial infections.' The benefits of surveillance in this setting include the generation of useful data to plan infection control/ prevention efforts, the early detection of hospital epidemics, improvement in infection control practices by the informal teaching that takes place during surveillance activities, and improvement in infection control practices by virtue of the "Hawthorne" effect.
AN ASSESSMENT OF RAPE REFORM: VICTIM AND CASE TREATMENT UNDER MICHIGAN'S MODEL

This examination of Michigan's model rape reform law focuses on the comparability between the treatment of sexual and other violent assaults. Discriminate function and correlation analyses were conducted to discern similarities and/or differences in the handling of assaults in a jurisdiction operating under the model reform code. Research results indicated that implementation achieved reform desires to rid unique requirements and practices in sexual assault case prosecutions in some areas, but that continued differential treatment persisted in· other areas. The successes as well as failures in accomplishing reform goals are discussed. Conclusions emphasize the continual need for victim services and advocacy.
Can Computers Teach Problem-Solving Strategies to Students with Mild Mental Retardation?

In this investigation, students with mild mental retardation were provided with an animated tutorial computer program to learn mathematical problem solving. after training, results indicated that all students obtained significant gains from pretests to posttests; further, all students reported positive attitudes toward computers after training. transfer of computer-assisted problem solving to paper-and-pencil problem solving was less consistent. anecdotal observations indicated that students appeared to rely on asking the adult trainer for assistance during initial tutorial sessions, but demonstrated more independence at the concluding sessions. implications for future research and practice are discussed on the basis of these preliminary findings.
Circadian clock in cell culture: I. Oscillation of melatonin release from dissociated chick pineal cells in flow-through microcarrier culture

The avian pineal gland contains circadian oscillators that regulate the rhythmic release of melatonin. We have developed a dissociated chick pineal cell culture system in order to begin a cellular analysis of this vertebrate circadian oscillator. Dissociated pineal cells maintained in cyclic light conditions (LD 12:12) released melatonin rhythmically. The release of melatonin was elevated during the dark and low during the light. A circadian oscillation of melatonin release persisted for at least 5 cycles in constant darkness with a period close to 24 hr; however, there was a gradual damping of the amplitude. Analysis of the rhythm revealed that the observed damping was consistent with either desynchronization of multiple oscillators within the cultures or damping of individual oscillators. The circadian oscillation of melatonin release persisted for up to 4 cycles under conditions of constant light; however, the oscillation was strongly damped and the period of the oscillation was lengthened significantly. Thus, dissociated pineal cells express a persistent circadian oscillation of melatonin release in constant darkness, and properties of this oscillation are modulated by light treatment in vitro. This flow-through cell culture method for dissociated chick pineal cells should provide a useful model for the analysis of a vertebrate circadian system at the cellular level.
The effect of smoking on the time course release of catecholamines and corticotropin releasing (CRH) hormone

46 OBJECTIVE: Genome-wide screening studies of the chorioamniotic membranes have identified an unexpected increased expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in spontaneous labor at term. This protein is a member of the TGF-b superfamily and was originally discovered as an inducer of bone formation, but has other biological functions such as induction of cycloxygenase 2, which is involved in the production of prostaglandins. The objective of the study was to determine if BMP-2 mRNA and protein expression are altered in the chorioamniotic membranes of patients with preterm labor (PTL) and term labor. STUDY DESIGN: Chorioamniotic membranes were obtained from patients with and without labor at term (n = 44), preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) with and without histologic chorioamnionitis (n = 26) and PTL with and without histologic chorioamnionitis (n = 18). The expression of BMP-2 was studied using quantitative RT-PCR and immunofluorescence (IF). RT-PCR was performed with specific primers and IF with specific antibodies. Non-parametric statistics were used for analysis. RESULTS: (1) The median BMP-2 mRNA expression was significantly higher in the membranes of patients with spontaneous labor at term compared with patients not in labor at term (P = .02). Similar results were demonstrated for protein expression by IF; (2) BMP-2 mRNA expression was increased in women with histologic chorioamnionitis regardless of membrane status (P = .044); (3) There was no difference in BMP-2 expression between women with PTL and preterm PROM. CONCLUSION: (1) BMP-2 expression is increased in spontaneous labor at term as well as in PTL associated with chorioamnionitis regardless of membrane status; (2) Our observations confirm the value of unbiased genomic techniques in enumerating factors that were previously not recognized to be involved in parturition.
Aspirin Usage Pre-race to Prevent Cardiac Arrest in Marathon Runners during Races

sup-porting inﬂammation as the triggering cause for such events.These ﬁndings in aggregate demonstrate sudden cardiacdeath mediated by atherothrombosis during marathons inpreviously healthy runners with silent coronary heartdisease. Aspirin prophylaxis is evidence-based by validatedclinical paradigms for prevention, which is endorsed by theAmerican Heart Association for such persons at above-average cardiovascular risk.What message should susceptible marathon runnersreceive on this risk similar to the Food and Drug Admin-istration’s advisory on azithromycin in patients with un-derlying heart disease?
Sodium currents in vagotomized primary afferent neurones of the rat.

1Nodose ganglion neurones (NGNs) become less excitable following section of the vagus nerve. To determine the role of sodium currents (INa) in these changes, standard patch-clamp recording techniques were used to measure INa in rat NGNs maintained in vivo for 5–6 days following vagotomy, and then in vitro for 2–9 h. 2Total INa and INa density in vagotomized NGNs were similar to control values. However, steady-state INa inactivation in vagotomized NGNs was shifted −9 mV relative to control values (V11/2sol;2, −74 ± 2 vs.−65 ± 2 mV, P < 0.01) and INa activation was shifted by −7 mV (V11/2sol;2, −21 ± 2 vs.−14 ± 2 mV, P < 0.006). INa recovery from inactivation was also slower in vagotomized NGNs (fast time constant, 2.8 ± 0.4 vs. 1.6 ± 0.3 ms, P < 0.02). 3The fraction of INa resistant to 1 μm tetrodotoxin (TTX-R) was halved in vagotomized NGNs (21 ± 8 vs. 56 ± 8 % of total INa, P < 0.05). This change from TTX-R INa to TTX-sensitive (TTX-S) INa may explain altered INa activation, inactivation and repriming in vagotomized NGNs. 4The contribution of alterations in INa to NGN firing patterns was assessed by measuring INa evoked by a series of action potential (AP) waveforms. In general, control NGNs produced large, repetitive TTX-R INa while vagotomized NGNs produced smaller TTX-S INa that rapidly inactivated during AP discharge. We conclude that TTX-R INa is important for sustained AP discharge in NGNs, and that its diminution underlies the decreased AP discharge of vagotomized NGNs.
GEOHAZARDS '88GEOHAZARDS '88

Durant's prophetic observation provided the perfect mantra for GEOHAZARDS '88, a symposium highlighting research on the causes, effects, and prediction of geologic and hydrologic hazards, held November 17–18, 1988, at the U.S. Geological Survey's Western Region Headquarters in Menlo Park, Calif. All three research divisions of the Survey—Geologic, Water Resources, and National Mapping—contributed to the program. USGS has long been engaged in research on hazardous environments resulting from geologic and hydrologic factors, and that research has been especially vigorous at its Western Region offices. It was appropriate therefore that this forum convene at the locus of tectonic ferment on the edge of the North American plate, adjacent to the San Andreas fault. An open house for the general public highlighting all aspects of USGS programs followed the symposium November 19. The purpose of GEOHAZARDS '88 was to provide an opportunity for USGS scientists and other investigators to talk with local, state, and federal officials who must react to the findings of Earth science research with judicious policy decisions. Making such decisions is neither easy nor enviable. Yet the citizenry demands and is entitled to enlightened policy regarding the hazardous geologic and hydrologic conditions with which we necessarily live, particularly on the west coast. California serves as de facto proving ground for building codes and land-use decisions because of the high frequency with which they are tested by natural events somewhere in the state.
Beyond Consent: Seeking Justice in Research, edited by Jeffrey P. Kahn, Anna C. Mastroianni, and Jeremy Sugarman. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998. 208 pp.

A history of injustices to diverse groups of human subjects in medical research has resulted in concerted efforts by U.S. policymakers in the second half of the twentieth century to provide greater protection for future subjects. However, in the context of patient populations demanding better therapies, potential medical advances, and greater attention to issues of social justice, Kahn, Mastroianni, and Sugarman set out to reconceptualize the principle of justice in human subjects research to address these urgent concerns. In Beyond Consent, Kahn and colleagues advance a framework of justice in terms of access to participation in research, instead of protection. Their worthy cause, developed out of collaboration on the White House Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments, aims to demonstrate how previously unaddressed notions of justice now require greater consideration in research. Specifically, they emphasize how fairness requires a greater distribution of risks and benefits, and that “equals should be treated equally.” The volume does not report new research findings but rather draws on multidisciplinary approaches, including law, medicine, philosophy, history, and health policy, to argue that justice must go beyond informed consent. The editors posit that this challenge to protectionism is necessary given the heightened urgency for patients to benefit from investigational therapies although they incur increased risks.
Folksongs of Illinois (2 vols.), CD with accompanying booklet

Reviewed Medium: book Year: 2007 Pages: 56 Publisher: Illinois Humanities Council ISBN: 978-0-252-03242-4 (hard cover). Prices: $12.99 USD(hard cover).
Preliminary neutron scaling of the TAMU 460 kJ plasma focus

Summary form only given. The results from preliminary scaling studies on the TAMU dense plasma focus (DPF) using the deuterium fusion reactions will be presented. A particular emphasis of this scaling study will be the comparison between the TAMU DPF and the DPF 6.5 results from the Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory in 1973. The capacitor bank for the TAMU machine stores 460 kJ at a charge voltage of 60 kV. It can deliver >3 MA into a plasma focus load with a rise time of /spl sim/5 /spl mu/s. Physically, this bank is divided into six modules with 44.4 /spl mu/F in 24 capacitors. The energy storage at full voltage is <80 kJ per module. While the energy storage per capacitor is low at /spl sim/3.3 U/can, the reversal rating for these capacitors is 80%. Each module is discharged through a single high-current rail switch. The six modules deliver their current to the plasma focus load through 72, RG-17/14 coaxial cables. The primary neutron yield detectors for this facility are the Los Alamos standard silver detectors that use four geiger tubes in a (30 cm /spl times/30 cm /spl times/15 cm) block of polyethylene and 0.254 mm thick silver foils. Time of flight detectors located near the experiment and outside a 60-cm thick concrete shield wall will provide prompt and energy-resolved neutron generation data.
Importance of Season and Size of Release to Stocking Success for the Blue Crab in Chesapeake Bay

A critical step toward optimizing the success of stock enhancement is to identify release strategies that maximize survival and enhance growth of released hatchery-reared individuals. A key, but often overlooked, consideration for optimizing release strategies is the interaction of factors (e.g., release season, release size, stocking density, release habitat, etc.). Here, we summarize seasonal and size-dependent patterns of survival and growth for juvenile blue crabs using long-term field tethering and experimental releases of hatchery-reared cohorts within the Rhode and South Rivers, Maryland, USA, and review the direct and interactive effects of these factors. Survival of both tethered and free-ranging hatchery-reared juvenile crabs was high in early spring and fall and lowest in summer. Survival was largely independent of size during spring and fall, but increased with size in summer, indicating that optimal size at release varies seasonally. Hatchery-reared juveniles from spring releases grew rapidly...
Composition Dependence of Phase Separation and Crystallization in Deeply Undercooled Zr-(Ti-)Cu-Ni-Al Alloys

Different bulk glass forming alloys in the neighborhood of Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 (Vit105) have been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). Along the Ti/Al line in composition space, Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10− x Ti5+ x with – ≤ x ≤ +2.5, the glass transition temperature, T g, and the undercooled liquid regime (the difference between the first crystallization temperature and the glass transition temperature) continually decrease with increasing x. SANS measurements of annealed alloys show interference maxima, giving evidence for decomposition on the nanometer scale, up to a critical temperature T c. In contrast to T g, T c increases with x and thus intercepts with T g in the range –2.5 ≤ x ≤ –1.25, depending on the time scale of the experiment. At this composi- tion, significant changes in DSC traces and XRD patterns are observed. Additional isothermal DSC experiments show that the onset times for crystallization are significantly different for temperatures below and above T c. We conclude that T c, respectively the relation between T c and T g, determines the crystallization behavior and the thermal stability of these bulk metallic glasses.
Encapsulation of silver via nitridation of Ag/Ti bilayer structures

Ag/Ti bilayer films deposited on silicon dioxide substrates were annealed in ammonia ambient in the temperature range of 400–600 °C. Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) have shown that Ti segregates to both the surface to form a TiN(O) layer and to the Ti/SiO2 interface to form a Ti-oxide/Ti-silicide bilayer. The annealed bilayer structure had minimal Ti accumulations in Ag. Resistivity values of ~2 µΩ-cm were obtained in encapsulated Ag bilayer films, which are comparable to that of the as-deposited. X-ray analysis confirmed the absence of intermetallic phase transformation.
The Spirit in the Church: The Universal Christ, Particular Spirit and Christian Unity

Modern theology has had difficulty in producing an ecclesiology that makes the full visible unity of the church an essential aspect of the church's nature. One reason for this is that important modern ecclesiologies are built on a trinitarian model that either subordinates the Spirit to the Son, or reduces the Spirit to a vague, invisible ‘domain of resonance’, with the result that the church itself is either subordinated or rendered invisible. A new trinitarian model is needed, one that shows how the Spirit cooperates with the Son to produce a visibly united church.
Consumer choice of dwelling, neighborhood and public services☆

Previous microeconomic analyses of consumer choice in the housing market have either assumed the independence of irrelevant alternatives or have represented housing heterogeneity by some arbitrary aggregation of dwellings. This paper presents an empirical analysis of housing choice based upon individual households and dwellings which also estimates the degree of independence of neighborhood and dwelling characteristics. The empirical results suggest that the independence assumption may be inappropriate and also that housing choice may be more sensitive to variations in workplace accessibility than is indicated by the more restricted model of household choice.
Sustainability: The launch of Spaceship Earth

Adam Rome revisits five prescient classics that first made sustainability a public issue in the 1960s and 1970s.
A simple integrated microfluidic device for the multiplexed fluorescence-free detection of Salmonella enterica

Rapid, inexpensive and simplistic nucleic acid testing (NAT) is pivotal in delivering biotechnology solutions at the point-of-care (POC). We present a poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) microdevice where on-board infrared-mediated PCR amplification is seamlessly integrated with a particle-based, visual DNA detection for specific detection of bacterial targets in less than 35 minutes. Fluidic control is achieved using a capillary burst valve laser-ablated in a novel manner to confine the PCR reagents to a chamber during thermal cycling, and a manual torque-actuated pressure system to mobilize the fluid from the PCR chamber to the detection reservoir containing oligonucleotide-adducted magnetic particles. Interaction of amplified products specific to the target organism with the beads in a rotating magnetic field allows for near instantaneous (<30 s) detection based on hybridization-induced aggregation (HIA) of the particles and simple optical analysis. The integration of PCR with this rapid, sequence-specific DNA detection method on a single microdevice presents the possibility of creating POC NAT systems that are low cost, easy-to-use, and involve minimal external hardware.
Efficient one-to-many broadcasting for resource-constrained wireless networks

Efficient one-to-many broadcasting is an essential function in dense or large-scale wireless systems managed by a sink or gateway. This paper describes HASTE, a novel heuristic designed for broadcast tree production. Minimizing maximum hop count reduces worst case broadcast latency, while maximizing the number of leaf nodes reduces the number of transmitted messages. The algorithm is designed to be used with current wireless routing protocols that have the capability to push tree configurations into the network. We evaluated HASTE against an approximation algorithm and found that it consistently produces trees with lower latencies and fewer transmissions. HASTE was also evaluated using a packet simulator and a novel approach using Bloom filters was proposed to include tree configuration information in packets. The results show that the HASTE generated spanning tree can be efficiently pushed into the network achieving high packet delivery rates with minimal overhead in packet transmissions.
Constructing Orthogonal Latent Features for Arbitrary Loss

A boosting framework for constructing orthogonal features targeted to a given loss function is developed. Combined with techniques from spectral methods such as PCA and PLS, an orthogonal boosting algorithm for linear hypothesis is used to efficiently construct orthogonal latent features selected to optimize the given loss function. The method is generalized to construct orthogonal nonlinear features using the kernel trick. The resulting method, Boosted Latent Features (BLF) is demonstrated to both construct valuable orthogonal features and to be a competitive inference method for a variety of loss functions. For the least squares loss, BLF reduces to the PLS algorithm and preserves all the attractive properties of that algorithm. As in PCA and PLS, the resulting nonlinear features are valuable for visualization, dimensionality reduction, improving generalization by regularization, and use in other learning algorithms, but now these features can be targeted to a specific inference task/loss function. The data matrix is factorized by the extracted features. The low-rank approximation of the data matrix provides efficiency and stability in computation, an attractive characteristic of PLS-type methods. Computational results demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach on a wide range of classification and regression problems.
Early Childhood Poverty: Short and Long-Run Consequences Over the Lifespan

Poor children begin school well behind their more affluent peers and the gaps persist over the school years. Low-income families experience higher levels of stress than more affluent families and these disparities may affect children’s development. Economic theory suggests that children from poor families lag behind their economically advantaged counterparts in part because their parents have less time and money to invest in them. Little of the existing literature has been able to estimate the impacts of low family income during the very earliest years of a child’s life – the time when children are developing rapidly and may be very sensitive to family and home conditions. Similarly few studies have been able to examine the consequences of poverty during childhood for outcomes measured in adulthood. This is an important omission in the literature not only because it limits understanding of the intergenerational reproduction of poverty but also because the goals of childhood anti-poverty policies are often characterized in terms of their impacts on children’s life chances.
The Potential Uses of Operational Earthquake Forecasting

This article reports on a workshop held to explore the potential uses of operational earthquake forecasting (OEF). We discuss the current status of OEF in the United States and elsewhere, the types of products that could be generated, the various potential users and uses of OEF, and the need for carefully crafted communication protocols. Although operationalization challenges remain, there was clear consensus among the stakeholders at the workshop that OEF could be useful.
On the Promotion of Party's System Construction and Ruling Capability

System construction is one of fundamental,overall,stable and long-term issue of our party.With the requirement of the times and practice,it involves all through the construction of party's ruling capability,which will be promoted on the implemention of the Standing System of the Party Congress and institutionalization of inner-party democracy in the new historic era.
The comparative analysis on architectural structure and decorative elements of mosque in China and foreign countries——A case study of the Great Mosque in Xi′an and the golden roof monastery in Jerusalem

Architecture is a carrier of historical material,moral and culture.The Great Mosque in Xi′an can be an important evidence of the fusion of Islamic culture and Chinese traditional culture;To study Islamic culture with Chinese characteristics,this paper analyzed the architectural structure and decoration of the Great Mosque in Xi′an and the golden roof monastery in Jerusalem and found a fact that the decoration of the Great Mosque in Xi′an has mixed Chinese traditional culture and Islamic culture.From the view of beasts,clouds,couplets,plum and bamboo and other architectural decoration,we can see the aesthetics idea of Muslim has been affected by Chinese confucian etiquette and buddhist culture under the circumstance of living with Han in a long time.
Explorations in the Theory of Partition Zeta Functions

We introduce and survey results on two families of zeta functions connected to the multiplicative and additive theories of integer partitions. In the case of the multiplicative theory, we provide specialization formulas and results on the analytic continuations of these “partition zeta functions,” find unusual formulas for the Riemann zeta function, prove identities for multiple zeta values, and see that some of the formulas allow for p-adic interpolation. The second family we study was anticipated by Manin and makes use of modular forms, functions which are intimately related to integer partitions by universal polynomial recurrence relations. We survey recent work on these zeta polynomials, including the proof of their Riemann Hypothesis.
The Co-Ordination of Policies for full Employment and Price Stability

The task of co-ordinating policies for the maintenance of full employment and a stable price level is not an easy one in the best of circumstances. It is not made any easier by the generally polemical atmosphere in which discussions of alternative policies have usually proceeded. Such discussions are centred on a double dichotomy between two approaches to the cause of inflation and between value judgments as to the relative importance to be attached to inflation and to unemployment. At the risk of distorting and oversimplifying some people’s views, it seems worth while to begin the discussion by outlining briefly some approaches to the problem of the relation between full employment policy and price stabilization policy.