cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Effect of Soil Solarization and Cover Crops on Populations of Selected Soilborne Plant Pathogens in Western Oregon

Field experiments were conducted in silty-clay loam in Corvallis, OR during the summers of 1995 and 1996 to study the effects of green manure cover crops (Sudan grass, rape, and barley), soil solarization, soil fumigation, and combinations of those treatments on population densities of soil pathogens Verticillium dahliae, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Pratylenchus penetrans, and Agrobacterium rhizogenes. Nylon mesh bags containing soil infested with V. dahliae and Phytophthora cinnamomiwere buried 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm deep. Soil solarization was performed over a 54- to 59-day period using a 0.6-mil clear polyethylene film. Maximum soil temperatures recorded at depths of 5, 10, 20, and 30 cm were 53, 48, 39, and 34°C in solarized soil, respectively; these temperatures were 8 to 16°C higher than in corresponding nonsolarized plots. Soil samples were collected before, during, and after solarization to quantify pathogen populations at those four depths. Pot or field studies were conducted subsequent to treatments to determine the effects of treatments on susceptible plants. Soil solarization, cover crops plus solarization, or fumigation with metam sodium resulted in a significant decrease (P< 0.05) in density of P. cinnamomi populations at all four depths and reduced (P< 0.05) V. dahliae at 5 and 10 cm. In greenhouse assays of solarized soils, disease severity was reduced (P< 0.05) for Verticillium spp. on eggplant and Phytophthora spp. on snapdragons. Cover crops alone were not effective in reducing P. cinnamomi and V. dahliae populations. Agrobacterium spp. population densities declined within solarized plots and incidence of crown gall on 'Mazzard' cherry rootstock planted in solarized plots was reduced significantly. Population densities of Pratylenchus penetranswere reduced in the upper 30-cm soil profile by solarization.Solarization for an 8-week period during the warmest months of summer could provide an additional management alternative for several important soilborne pathogens in western Oregon.
Nano-Raman Spectroscopy: Surface Plasmon Emission, Field Gradients, and Fundamentally Near Field Propagation Effects

Nano-Raman spectra differ from far-field Raman spectra. The differences result from a strong electric field gradient near the metal tip, propagation, and polarization, but the dependence upon probe-sample distance can only be explained by the inclusion of surface plasmons and the near-field, non-propagating terms of the dipole emission. A simple model based upon these components accurately describes distance-dependent data measured with a near-field scanning optical microscope. Our essentially near-field model will apply generally to Raman spectroscopy near a nanoscale conductor.
Drinking motives for self and others predict alcohol use and consequences among college women: the moderating effects of PTSD.

Abstract Although drinking motives have been shown to influence drinking behavior among women with trauma histories and PTSD, no known research has examined the influence of drinking motives on alcohol use and alcohol-related consequences for women with PTSD as compared to women with a trauma history but no PTSD and women with no trauma history. Therefore, the present study sought to examine the associations between drinking motives women held for themselves as well as their perception of the drinking motives of others and their own alcohol use and consequences, and whether this was moderated by a history of trauma and/or PTSD. College women ( N = 827) were categorized as either having no trauma exposure ( n = 105), trauma exposure but no PTSD ( n = 580), or PTSD ( n = 142). Results of regression analyses revealed that women with trauma exposure and PTSD consume more alcohol and are at greatest risk of experiencing alcohol-related consequences. A diagnosis of PTSD moderated the association between one's own depression and anxiety coping and conformity drinking motives and alcohol-related consequences. PTSD also moderated the association between the perception of others' depression coping motives and one's own consequences. These findings highlight the importance of providing alternative coping strategies to women with PTSD to help reduce their alcohol use and consequences, and also suggest a possible role for the perceptions regarding the reasons other women drink alcohol and one's own drinking behavior that may have important clinical implications.
The infection of leafhoppers by Western X-disease virus III. salivary, neural, and adipose histopathology☆

Abstract Thirty-five days after exposure oft he leafhopper Colladonus montanus (Van Duzee) to celery infected with peach Western X-disease virus (WXV), or 26 days after injection with infectious extracts or hemolymph, histopathological symptoms could be detected in the leafhopper. Dark-staining neural lesions, confined to the perineurium, appeared earliest and were most conspicuous in stained sections of the optic lobe of the brain, but occurred also on other parts of the brain and on the other cephalic and thoracic ganglia. The cytoplasm of the serous cells of the anterior lobe of the salivary glands became dense and dark-staining. An increasing number of cells became involved during the period 26–48 days after injection. By day 48, many insects had died, possibly as a result of the failure of vital functions associated with one or both of these tissues. One insect, which failed to transmit WXV to any of 5 test plants during its inoculation access period of 48 days, was found to have pathological lesions in the brain, but not in the serous cells. Inclusion bodies found in fat body cells were symptomatic of viral infection, but inclusion bodies present in various salivary cells of diseased insects resembled those less commonly found in healthy vectors. Crystals were commonly present in the ventriculus of insects feeding on diseased plants, but never in insects infected by injection.
Some effects of application of mechanical shock at varying stages of development upon the survival and hatching time of British salmonid eggs.

A standard mechanical shock, by dropping, was applied to eggs of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) and Atlantic salmon (S. salar L) at several different stages of development to assess variation in sensitivity to mechanical shock during the course of development. Other experiments tested the effect of drifting along 10 m of experimental channel upon the survival of trout eggs at two stages of development.
Gas-Saturated Pool Boiling Heat Transfer From Smooth and Microporous Surfaces in FC-72

The effects of surface treatments and gassy-subcooling on pool boiling heat transfer are quantified by testing both smooth and treated surfaces at gassy-subcooling levels from 0°C to 40°C (1 atm) and 40°C to 85°C (3 atm). Incipient and nucleate boiling wall superheats decrease over this range of gassy-subcooling. At gassy-subcooling levels greater than 20°C, the boiling curves for the smooth surface indicate two distinct regions governed by different heat transfer mechanisms, one in which the boiling process is influenced by the presence of dissolved gas, the other by boiling of the pure liquid. The critical heat flux (CHF) for each surface continually increases with increased levels of gassy-subcooling and the CHF sensitivity to gassy-subcooling is higher for the treated surface. The CHF increase due to combined surface treatment and gassy-subcooling (85°C) is ∼400 percent (78 W/cm 2 ).
Studies on Carbon-14 Tagged Fatty Acid Esters

Abstract Fatty acid containing the cyclopropene structure have been demonstrated to have profound physiological effects on rats and chickens. Salmon-colored yolks and pink whites result from cyclopropene-containing fatty acids in the diet of laying hens and rather high concentrations of the cyclopropene caused hens to cease laying. Other studies demonstrated that the presence of cyclopropene in the diet resulted in the death of the embryo in fertile eggs. Phelps et al. (1965) have prepared the most comprehensive review of the field to date. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE At the present time, our synthetic procedures have not been refined to the point where pure carbon-14 tagged methyl sterculate can be isolated. This study was conducted by feeding a mixture of a tagged synthetic methyl sterculate prepared by the procedures of Lind and Deutschman (1967) and Schlosser et al. (1968). In order to determine the effect of the tagged cyclopropene in this synthetic mixture on…
Macromolecular binding of 14 C or 3 H-cortisol in thymus suppernatant fraction in vivo and in an explant system in vitro.

Accumulation of 3H-cortisol in the thymus after intraperitoneal injection is low, and reaches a maximum within 15 minutes when about 0.2 percent of the radioactive dose is present at 1 nM in the gland. There is extensive binding of cortisol radioactivity in the soluble fraction at 2 to 15 minutes after injection of the radioactive material. Sixty to 85 percent of radioactivity of the soluble fraction is bound as measured by ultrafiltration. After 15 minutes the extent of binding decreases slowly. Decay of bound radioactivity in vivo is first order and has a half-life of about 80 min. The steroid appears to be bound to a protein (s) whose binding capacity is destroyed by trypsin but not by lipase, RNase, DNase or neuraminidase. The binder is relatively unstable to gel filtration. Binding is temperature-sensitive and the extent of binding in a given sample decreases, nearly linearly, from 60 to 80% at 0° to less than 20% at 50°C. The radioactive material in this fraction appears to be primarily unmetabolize...
Soft Tissue Reconstruction of the Forehead and Temple

Facial plastic surgeons have many opportunities to treat defects of the forehead and temporal areas. The most common causes of defects to these areas are soft tissue trauma from motor vehicle accidents, burn injuries, and surgical resection of skin malignancies. The forehead can be a source of soft tissue for defect coverage, particularly for some nasal reconstructive procedures. The potentially large donor defect would ultimately require creative wound closure techniques. Although esthetic concerns are of great importance in forehead and temple reconstruction, it is of equal importance to preserve the function of motor and sensory nerves. Respecting the position of facial landmarks, such as the eyebrows and hairline, can be challenging when one is attempting to maintain symmetry of the contralateral normal side during forehead and temple reconstruction.
Biodegradable Implants for the Treatment of Osteochondral Defects in a Goat Model

Full-thickness, circular, 7 × 7 mm, osteochondral defects were created in the weight-bearing aspect of the medial femoral condyle in skeletally mature female Spanish goats. Four treatment approaches were used to manage the osteochondral defects. Defects were left (a) empty (negative control), (b) filled with a two-phase biodegradable polymeric implant, (c) filled with the implant plus 180 ng transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), or (d) filled with the implant plus 1,800 ng TGFβ. At 16 weeks following surgery, resurfacing of osteochondral defects was found to be incomplete in all groups. Biomechanical and histologic evaluation of the neocartilage showed that slightly better quality repair was promoted by the two implant groups containing TGFβ. The use of the two-phase biodegradable implant for delivering TGFβ seems to be beneficial insofar as structural quality of subchondral bone is concerned, although even in these two groups new cartilage did not fill the defects completely.
Incidence and significance of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the water environment

(1974). Incidence and significance of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons in the water environment. C R C Critical Reviews in Environmental Control: Vol. 4, No. 1-4, pp. 69-83.
Anatomic guide and sonography for surgical repair of leg muscle lacerations.

Abstract Background There were over 110,000 leg laceration cases reported in the United States in 2011. Currently, muscle laceration is repaired by suturing epimysium to epimysium. Tendon-to-tendon repair is stronger, restores the muscle's resting length, and leads to a better functional recovery. Tendons retract into the muscle belly following laceration and surgeons have a difficult time finding them. Many surgeons are unfamiliar with leg muscle anatomy and the fact that the leg muscles have long intramuscular tendons that are not visible in situ . A surgical anatomic guide exists to help surgeons locate forearm tendons; no such guide exists for tendons in the leg. Materials and methods The leg tendon ends of 11 cadavers were dissected, measured, and recorded as percentages of leg length. High-frequency ultrasound was used to locate tendon ends in three additional cadavers. These locations were compared with the actual tendon ends located via dissection. Results There was little variation in tendon end position within the cadaver group, between men and women or right and left legs. The data are presented as an anatomic guide to inform surgeons of the tendon ends' likely locations in the leg. Conclusion The location of leg intramuscular tendon ends is predictable and the anatomic guide will help surgeons locate tendon ends and perform tendon-to-tendon repairs. Ultrasound is a potentially effective tool for detection of accurate location of repairable tendon ends in leg muscle lacerations.
Some Predictions of the Dashen-Gell-Mann Program Concerning the Asymptotic Behavior of the Form-Factors and the Threshold Behavior of the Scaling Functions nu W**2. 2. Diquark Model for Baryons

Baryons are viewed as the two-body bound states, composed of a quark and a new pointlike object which can be regarded as two quarks glued together (diquark). The spin of the diquark can be either zero or one, and its charge is simply the sum of charges of the individual quarks that form the diquark. From the group-theoretical point of view the diquarks are regarded as spinors from the (reducible) representation 6 \ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{} 6 of the SU(6) group. We discuss the scaling properties of the diquark model and make a number of predictions concerning the scaling behavior of the invariant structure functions of the proton and the neutron target. We stress that the umbilical cord with the current algebra can easily be broken, and that most predictions of the diquark model can be obtained without reference to the Dashen---Gell-Mann program.
WE‐C‐T‐617‐09: The Radiological Physics Center's Anthropomorphic Quality Assurance Phantom Family: New Developments

Purpose: To develop quality assurance (QA) phantoms that simulate specific treatment sites for the purpose of credentialing institutions for participation in NCI‐sponsored advanced technology clinical trials. Method and Materials: The Radiological Physics Center (RPC) has developed an extensive credentialing program for institutions wishing to participate in clinical trials that use advanced technologies such as IMRT. This program includes questionnaires and irradiation of an anthropomorphic QA phantom specifically designed for the trial. These QA phantoms typically are water‐filled plastic shells with imageable targets, avoidance structures, and heterogeneities that contain TLD and radiochromic filmdosimeters. Three new trials are presently under development; 1) extracranial stereotactic radiotherapy for liver metastases, 2) IMRT for endometrial or cervical cancer and 3) advanced RT for mesothelioma. New phantoms or target/dosimetry inserts have been designed to meet the credentialing needs for the three trials listed above. Results: A new liver phantom has been designed and constructed. The liver phantom contains two targets within the liver and three organs at risk (OAR); the stomach, kidney and spine. This phantom will be placed on a 2D reciprocating table to include target motion in the AP and SI directions. A new target/dosimetry insert has been designed for the RPC's existing thorax phantom that will include an OAR for the liver and dosimeters in the lung and in the chest wall. Finally, another target/dosimetry insert has been designed for the pelvic phantom that will include a vagina, cervix, bladder and rectum. Conclusion: The RPC has been and will continue to be proactive and responsive to the needs of the study groups as new treatment modalities are used for new clinical trials. This work was supported by PHS grant CA10953 and CA081647 awarded by NCI, DHHS.
Optical trapping, excitation, and detection of polystyrene beads in a fiber-based silicon V-groove system

A four-fiber optical trapping/detection system build on silicon, utilizing the natural alignment of anisotropically etched Si V-grooves for positioning of the optical fibers, has been demonstrated. Two, pigtailed laser diodes emitting at 830 nm are connected to cleaved, single-mode, counter- propagating fibers, which are used for trapping polystyrene beads. Orthogonal to the trapping fibers are two additional fibers: one fiber is connected to a laser diode emitting at 660 nm (excitation source) and the opposing detection fiber is connected to a spectrometer. Changes in the relative intensity of the trapping light and the excitation light are used to indicate the capture and position of a bead in the trap. The spectrometer may be interfaced with a computer allowing for complete automation for position, size and fluorescence detection of the trap with an eventual goal of integration with MEMS (Micro ElectroMechanical Systems) and lab on a chip (LOC) technology.© (2001) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Existence Theorem for Periodic Solutions of Higher Order Nonlinear Differential Equations

Abstract We study the existence of periodic solutions to differential equations of the form L ( x ) + g ( t , x , x ′,…, x ( m ) ) = f ( t ) with L ( x ) = x ( m ) + a m − 1 x ( m − 1) + ··· + a 1 x ′.
Q-tip pap smear: Should it be done routinely in patients who have developmental disabilities?

In some patients with mental retardation, a Q-tip pap smear obtained blindly from the upper vagina may be the only cytologic smear obtainable without subjecting the patient to heavy sedation or to examination under anesthesia. The efficacy of blind Q-tip smears has not been previously determined. Of 31 Q-tip smears obtained from patients with CIN, the Q-tip smear identified the abnormality in 10 (32%) patients. For those patients who will not submit to examination without anesthesia or sedation, routine screening with multiple smears, obtained on an annual basis has the potential to identify many cases of CIN which otherwise would not be identified at all, and in certain patients, this method outweighs the risks of heavy sedation or general anesthesia. Because of the greatly reduced sensitivity of the Q-tip pap, every effort should be made to help the patient and/or her family or guardian to understand the implications and risks of this method. However, if an examination under anesthesia is performed for other indications, a complete gynecologic examination and a direct smear should be obtained at that time.
Evolution of a Negative-Rule Fuzzy Obstacle Avoidance Controller for an Autonomous Vehicle

A fuzzy obstacle avoidance controller is designed for an autonomous vehicle. The controller is given the capability for obstacle avoidance by using negative fuzzy rules in conjunction with traditional positive ones. Negative fuzzy rules prescribe actions to be avoided rather than performed. A rule base of positive rules is specified by an expert for directing the vehicle to the target in the absence of obstacles, while a rule base of negative rules is experimentally determined from expert operation of the vehicle in the presence of obstacles. The consequents of the negative-rule system are codified into a chromosome, and this chromosome is evolved using an evolutionary algorithm. The resulting fuzzy system has far fewer rules than would be necessary for an obstacle avoidance controller using purely positive rules, while in addition retaining greater interpretability.
Relation of Aeration to the Activity of Proliferation-Promoting Factors from Injured Cells

IN earlier tests of the proliferation-promoting activity of materials from injured cells (‘intercellular wound hormones’) in which yeast was used as the test organism1, the test cultures were grown in rocker tubes with continuous shaking2. This subjected them to appreciable aeration. In recent investigations of wound hormones, yeast was again employed as the test organism, but was cultured in stationary, cotton-plugged tubes suspended in a water bath. At intervals of several hours, the tubes were removed from the water bath, shaken, and the yeast population determined with a photo-electric densitometer. In these later experiments, all preparations failed to show appreciable activity, though they had been prepared strictly in accordance with previously used techniques1.
A role for Myc in facilitating transcription activation by E2F1.

Previous work has demonstrated that E2F proteins regulate the expression of various genes encoding proteins essential for DNA replication and cell-cycle progression. E2F1 in particular is required for the initial entry to the cell cycle from a quiescent state and is required for the activation of other E2F genes. Other work has demonstrated a role for the Myc transcription factor in the activation of a large number of genes associated with cell growth, including E2F genes. We now show that Myc is required to allow the interaction of the E2F1 protein with the E2F gene promoters. As such, Myc thus provides a link between the development of a growth-competent state during the initial stage of G1 and the activation of genes essential for DNA replication at G1/S.
Surface structure of Si(112)

Abstract The Si(112) surface has been studied with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). A (1 × 2) surface reconstruction was observed with LEED, and both this reconstruction and a longer period, pseudo-ordered domain structure have been imaged with STM. The shape of the domains is determined by the anisotropy of the (1 × 2) nucleation. The Si(112) surface is somewhat less reactive to acetylene than low-index surfaces of silicon, and atomic hydrogen has only a limited effect on the (1 × 2) reconstruction. Deposition of a small amount of aluminum induces a (6 × 1) reconstruction of the surface.
Effect of optimized and standard cycle ergometry on VO2 max in trained cyclists and runners.

(1989). Effect of Optimized and Standard Cycle Ergometry on VO2max in Trained Cyclists and Runners. Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport: Vol. 60, No. 4, pp. 373-378.
Remanufacturing of commercial returns in a market with a variable quality tolerance

The flow of returned products is becoming a significant concern for many manufacturers. The total value of commercial returns, which is defined as products returned by customers for any reasons within a specified warranty period, is estimated at about $100 billion a year in the United States. Therefore, these returns need to be remanufactured, recycled, and reused in order to utilize their value and reduce the environmental impact and disposal costs. In this research, various aspects influencing the efficiency of the remanufacturing activities have been studied with the main objective of maximizing the net profit for the manufacturer. Two key decision policies affecting the performance of such systems are the target quality for components used in the primary product and duration of the time returned products are accumulated before they are remanufactured. The major contribution of this research is the incorporation of a customer quality tolerance function to estimate product return rate. Since with a given level of product deficiency some customers may decide to return a product while others would be happy to keep it, inclusion this function reflects a more realistic approach for estimation of the return rate. The application of the proposed model has been demonstrated by several numerical examples.
A Digital Optical Processing System

Digital optical processing (DOP) was conceived to encompass the advantages of both electronic and optical processors, which are parallelism, flexibility, and high accuracy. In this paper we discuss the concept of parallelism, how it applies to DOP differently than to Electronic Parallel Processing, and other potential advantages in using DOP. A PLZT device will also be described which can perform a series of logic or memory operations. From several of these PLZT devices a DOP is constructed to illus-trate some of its programmability features.© (1983) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
Low-pressure/temperature formation of twinned quartz

Submicrometre-sized quartz crystals were synthesized at 60°C and atmospheric pressure in an alkaline slurry containing SiO 2 , CaO and Al 2 O 3 . The crystals were heavily twinned. It was possible to to detect the Japan and Friedel twin laws together with the twisted-quartz law
Mass spectral identification and positional mapping of aflatoxin B1—Guanine adducts in oligonucleotides

The biological consequences of a carcinogen—DNA adduct are defined by the structure of the lesion and its position within the genome. Electrospray ionization ion trap mass spectrometry (ESI-ITMS) is shown here to be a sensitive and rapid approach capable of defining both of these parameters. Three isomeric oligonucleotides of the sequence 5′-CCGGAGGCC modified by the potent human carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) at different guanines were analyzed by ESI-ITMS. All three samples possessed the same molecular ion confirming the presence of an intact aflatoxin moiety in each oligonucleotide. In addition, each sample displayed a characteristic fragmentation pattern that permitted unambiguous identification of the site of modification within the sequence. Furthermore, an AFB1-modified oligonucleotide was converted under alkaline conditions to its more stable formamidopyrimidine (FAPY) derivative. Analysis of this sample revealed the presence of a molecular ion corresponding to the presence of the FAPY adduct and a distinctive fragmentation pattern that paralleled the known chemical stability of the FAPY metabolite. This approach should be of general use in the determination of not only the nature and site of covalent modifications, but also the chemical stability of DNA adducts.
tudor, a gene required for assembly of the germ plasm in Drosophila melanogaster

Abstract Developmental analysis of a newly isolated maternal effect grandchildless mutant, tudor ( tud ), in Drosophila melanogaster indicates that tud + activity is required during oogenesis for the determination and/or formation of primordial germ cells (pole cells) and for normal embryonic abdominal segmentation. Regadless of their genotype, progeny of females homozygous for strong alleles ( tud 1 and tud 3 ) never form pole cells, apparently lack polar granules in the germ plasm, and approximately 40% of them die during late embryogenesis exhibiting severe abdominal segmentation pattern defects. Females carrying weak allele, tud 4 , produce progeny with some functional pole cells and form polar granules approximately one-third the size of those observed in wild-type oocytes and embryos. No segmentation abnormalities are observed in the inviable embryos derived from tud 4 / tud 4 females.
Developing strategies for global markets: An evolutionary perspective

Abstract As the global landscape becomes populated by an increasingly diverse array of companies of different sizes, from different industries and of varied national origins, developing a strategy to compete effectively in global markets becomes ever more complex. How can companies of all kinds compete effectively in an increasingly diverse global landscape? The authors suggest that the appropriate response depends on a firm's level of involvement in international markets: whether a firm is just entering international markets, is aggressively expanding its international presence or is attempting to rationalize far-flung global operations. Focusing on three different industries, processed foods, automobiles and motor scooters, the authors identify appropriate strategies for leveraging competitive advantage at each phase of international involvement. They show how three paramount tasks, learning, building and leading, must evolve through each phase.
Subwavelength Optics: From Expanding Scalar Optics Limits to On-Chip Integration

We demonstrate novel optical devices for controlling vector optical fields in free space, as well as new concept for
AB INITIO CALCULATIONS OF THE CHARGE STATE OF A FAST HEAVY ION STOPPING IN A FINITE TEMPERATURE TARGET

We present a calculation of the time dependent charge state of a heavy projectile traversing a finite temperature target. The calculation uses an average-atom model to integrate the rate equations.
Identification of prolidase as a high affinity ligand of the ErbB2 receptor and its regulation of ErbB2 signaling and cell growth

ErbB2, an important membrane-bound receptor tyrosine kinase, was discovered nearly 30 years ago, but a natural ligand has never been found previously. ErbB2 is also an important oncogene and anticancer target, and its overexpression in cancer is associated with poor disease prognosis. Here, we report that human prolidase (PEPD) is a high affinity ligand of ErbB2 and binds as a homodimer to subdomain 3 in the extracellular domain of this receptor. In ErbB2-overexpressing cells, both ErbB2 monomers and activated dimers exist. PEPD bound to ErbB2 monomers relatively slowly but caused ErbB2 dimerization, ErbB2 phosphorylation and downstream signaling. In contrast, PEPD bound rapidly to ErbB2 homodimers and rapidly silenced ErbB2 dimer-Src signaling, a key oncogenic pathway of ErbB2, by disrupting the association of Src with ErbB2. PEPD also caused pronounced ErbB2 depletion, resulting from ErbB2 internalization and degradation. Moreover, PEPD strongly inhibited the DNA synthesis, anchorage-independent growth and invasion and migration of cells that overexpressed ErbB2 but had no effect on cells without ErbB2 overexpression. Cells became sensitized to PEPD upon achieving stable ErbB2 overexpression. Thus, the impact of PEPD on ErbB2 is predominantly inhibitory, and PEPD targets cells addicted to ErbB2. PEPD is also a dipeptidase, but its enzymatic function is not involved in ErbB2 modulation. These findings revise our understanding of ErbB2 and PEPD and may be especially important for combating ErbB2-positive cancers.
Speech acceptability and olfaction in laryngectomees

A number of hypotheses concerning the causal relationships and interrelationships between esophageal speech acceptability, olfactory abilities, and airflow volume in laryngectomees were tested. To assess the hypotheses, data were collected from 25 laryngectomees and comprised the following: (1) A measure of speech acceptability using a standard passage of prose; (2) odor identification test results in which 14 common odorants were used; (3) odor threshold test results in which an 11-step aqueous dilution series of l-butanol was used and: (4) a measure of nasal airflow volume in liters per minute. The null hypotheses linking speech acceptability, olfaction, and airflow volume were all tested and none of the path coefficients was significant. The results are discussed in relation to observations made by Gilchrist [Acta Otolaryngol. (Stockh.) 75:511-518 (1973)], who noted that those esophageal speakers who attained good speech maintained a greater sensitivity to smell. The findings in the present study do not support Gilchrist's observations.
Fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight infants." Results of macromineral balance studies

The mineral adequacy of fortified mothers' milk for very low birth weight (VLBW) infants was tested during their first two postnatal months. Metabolic balance and serum Ca, P, Mg, Na, and K values were evaluated at 2.5 and 6 weeks of life in 32 VLBW infants (
The Tec family of tyrosine kinases in T cells, amplifiers of T cell receptor signals.

ITK and Rlk/Txk are the predominant Tec family of tyrosine kinases expressed in T cells, and are involved in T cell antigen receptor mediated activation of T cells. These kinases require prior activation of Lck, Zap-70 and PI3-kinase for efficient activation. They share major substrates with both Lck and Zap-70, however the pathways they regulate are unclear. Recent evidence suggests that these kinases may not activate unique pathways, but instead serve as amplifiers for the upstream kinases Lck and Zap-70. This review will discuss the evidence for this view.
Synthesis and coordination properties of trifluoromethyl decorated derivatives of 2,6-bis[(diphenylphosphinoyl)methyl]pyridine N-oxide ligands with lanthanide ions.

Phosphinoyl Grignard-based substitutions on 2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine followed by N-oxidation of the intermediate 2,6-bis(phosphinoyl)methylpyridine compounds with mCPBA give the target trifunctional ligands 2,6-bis[bis(2-trifluoromethylphenyl)phosphinoylmethyl]pyridine 1-oxide (2a) and 2,6-bis[bis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)phosphinoylmethyl]pyridine 1-oxide (2b) in high yields. The ligands have been spectroscopically characterized, the molecular structures confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction methods, and the coordination chemistry surveyed with lanthanide nitrates. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analyses are described for the coordination complexes Nd(2a)(NO3)3, Nd(2a)(NO3)3·(CH3CN)0.5, Eu(2a)(NO3)3, and Nd(2b)(NO3)3·(H2O)1.25; in each case the ligand binds in a tridentate mode to the Ln(III) cation. These structures are compared with the structures found for lanthanide coordination complexes of the parent NOPOPO ligand, [Ph2P(O)CH2]2C5H3NO.
Adult attachment, self-efficacy, perspective taking, and conflict resolution.

Parents (N= 124) completed surveys assessing their adult attachment style, conflict resolution style, social self-efficacy, and perspective taking. Findings supported hypothesized relationships between secure attachment and mutual forms of conflict resolution. More equivocal support was obtained for hypothesized pairings of specific nonsecure attachment styles and nonmutual conflict styles. Findings suggested mediating effects for social competencies (social self-efficacy and perspective taking), which accounted for some of the negative association between attachment avoidance and mutual conflict style. Follow-up analyses identified mediating effects of social competencies on specific combinations of attachment and conflict styles–thus suggesting avenues for counseling interventions.
Buried S-Nitrosocysteine Revealed in Crystal Structures of Human Thioredoxin†,‡

We have determined the 1.65 A crystal structure of human thioredoxin-1 after treatment with S-nitrosoglutathione, providing a high-resolution view of this important protein modification and mechanistic insight into protein transnitrosation. Thioredoxin-1 appears to play an intermediary role in cellular S-nitrosylation and is important in numerous biological and pathobiological activities. S-Nitroso modifications of cysteines 62 and 69 are clearly visible in the structure and display planar cis geometries, whereas cysteines 32, 35, and 73 form intra- and intermolecular disulfide bonds. Surprisingly, the Cys 62 nitroso group is completely buried and pointing to the protein interior yet is the most readily formed at neutral pH. The Cys 69 nitroso group is also protected but requires a higher pH for stable formation. The helix intervening between residues 62 and 69 shifts by approximately 0.5 A to accommodate the SNO groups. The crystallographic asymmetric unit contains three independent molecules of thioredoxin, providing three views of the nitrosated protein. The three molecules are in general agreement but display subtle differences, including both cis and trans conformers for Cys 69 SNO in molecule C, and greater disorder in the Cys 62-Cys 69 helix in molecule B. Possible mechanisms for protein transnitrosation with specific geometric requirements and charge stabilization of the nitroxyl disulfide reaction intermediate are discussed.
Who Monitors the Monitor? The Effect of Board Independence on Executive Compensation and Firm Value

Recent corporate governance reforms focus on board independence and encourage equity ownership by directors. We analyze the efficacy of these reforms in a model where both adverse selection and moral hazard are present at the level of the firm's management. Delegating governance to the board improves monitoring but creates another agency problem because directors themselves avoid effort and are dependent on the CEO. We show that as the board's dependence on the CEO increases, its monitoring efficiency may increase even as incentive efficiency deteriorates with respect to compensation contracts awarded to the managers. This endogenous tension implies - contrary to the assumptions underlying recent reforms - that outside shareholders' value can indeed decrease (increase) as board independence increases (falls). Moreover, and again contrary to the general presumption in the literature, higher equity incentives for the board sometimes may increase (equity-based) compensation awards to management.
Dangers of succinylcholine in anesthesia

Recent reports have suggested that carcinoma of the tonsil and adjacent structures (tonsillar pillars, adjacent soft palate and lateral pharyngeal wall) can be treated with improved survival rates by combining definitive surgery with planned preoperative radiotherapy. Experience to date does not clearly demonstrate the ideal dose of preoperative radiotherapy; however, in general it appears that survival rates improve in proportion to increasing dosage of preoperative radiation. The use of preoperative radiation in doses approaching or exceeding tumoricidal levels (6,000-6,500 rads at approximately 1,000 rads/week) has been limited by the unacceptable complication rate to be expected. The rate of major complications reported has ranged from 18 percent to almost 47 percent. For the past three years, all patients seen by the Department of Otolaryngology of the Upstate Medical Center with malignancies involving the tonsil and its adjacent structures have been managed by a combined modality of 5,500 rads preoperative radiotherapy followed by definitive surgical resection, using distant, unirradiated flaps for repair where necessary. There were 33 patients in the group, including three T2, 20 T3 and 10 T4 lesions. Joint evaluation and planning of treatment between radio-therapy and otolaryngology coupled with meticulous attention to various aspects of surgical management has yielded the results reported in the table. The major complication rate has been limited to 3.03 percent. These results indicate that it is possible to undertake extensive resections for carcinoma of the tonsil and adjacent structures after high-dose preoperative radiotherapy without incurring any significant increase in morbidity over surgery alone.
Dynamic stomatal behavior and its role in carbon gain during lightflecks of a gap phase and an understory Piper species acclimated to high and low light

Steady-state and dynamic stomatal and assimilation responses to light transients were characterized in sun- and shade-acclimated plants of Piper auritum, a pioneer tree, and Piper aequale a shade-tolerant shrub from a tropical forest at Los Tuxtlas, Veracruz, Mexico. Despite essentially identical steady-state responses of stomatal conductance to PFD of P. aequale and P. auritum shade plants, the dynamic responses to lightflecks were markedly different and depended on the growth regime. For both species from both growth environments, the increase in stomatal conductance occurring in response to a lightfleck continued long after the lightfleck itself so that the maximum stomatal conductance was not reached until 20-40 min after the lightfleck. Closing then occurred until stomatal conductance returned to near its original value before the lightfleck. Plants that were grown under light regimes similar to those of their natural habitat (high light for P. auritum and shade for P. aequale) had large maximum excursions of stomatal conductance and slower closing than opening responses. Plants grown under the opposite conditions had smaller excursions of stomatal conductance, especially in P. auritum, and more symmetrical opening and closing. The large and hysteretic response of stomatal conductance of P. aequale shade plants to a lightfleck was shown to improve carbon gain during subsequent lightflecks by 30-200%, depending on lightfleck duration. In contrast the very small stomatal response to lightflecks in P. auritum shade plants, resulted in no significant improvement in use of subsequent lightflecks.
Poly(vinyl alcohol)/collagen/hydroxyapatite hydrogel: Properties and in vitro cellular response

The objective of this study was to develop "bone-like" poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)/hydroxyapatite (HA)/type I collagen (Col) hydrogel composites that stimulate adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of osteoblastic cells. The hydrogel composites were prepared by mixing PVA with nanoscale HA and Col using a physical mixing method. The concentration of the components was optimized during formulation development. PVA/Col/HA hydrogels were characterized for viscoelasticity, degree of swelling, mechanical strength, embedded erythromycin drug release, and cellular response of both osteoblastic MC3T3 cells and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. Compressive strength tests confirmed that the PVA coating possessed greater elasticity and was mechanically enhanced by the freeze-thaw treatment. PVA/Col/HA gel is biocompatible and nontoxic to MC3T3 preosteoblasts, and the reinforcement from HA and Col reduced the inflammatory response from macrophages. Our findings demonstrate that PVA composites are biocompatible, and enhance cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation in vitro. We propose that PVA/Col/HA hydrogels represent one of the promising implant surface coating matrices for the improvement of implant osseointegration.
Effect of Total Voltage on Breakdown in Vacuum

The results of a series of high voltage breakdown tests between metal electrodes in high vacuum are reviewed, with consideration of the observed inverse relation between cathode gradient at breakdown and gap length. This leads to the conclusion that the current that flows between electrodes as the conditions for high voltage breakdown are approached must involve positive ions from the anode. The deposition of anode material upon the cathode, which would occur in the event of such positive-ion emission, was found to take place. As final proof of this hypothesis, interelectrode current at constant cathode gradient was found to vary with voltage.
The Infinitesimal Jackknife with Exploratory Factor Analysis

The infinitesimal jackknife, a nonparametric method for estimating standard errors, has been used to obtain standard error estimates in covariance structure analysis. In this article, we adapt it for obtaining standard errors for rotated factor loadings and factor correlations in exploratory factor analysis with sample correlation matrices. Both maximum likelihood estimation and ordinary least squares estimation are considered.
Diffraction of a plane skew electromagnetic wave by a wedge with general anisotropic impedance boundary conditions

The three dimensional problem of diffraction of a skew incident plane wave by a wedge with anisotropic impedance boundary conditions is explicitly solved by the probabilistic random walk method. The problem is formulated in terms of two certain components of the electric and magnetic fields which satisfy independent Helmholtz equations but are coupled through the first-order boundary conditions. The solution is represented as a superposition of the geometric waves that are completely determined by elementary methods and of the waves diffracted by the apex of the wedge. The diffracted field is explicitly represented as the mathematical expectation computed over the trajectories of a two-state random motion which runs in a complex space and switches states under the control of stochastic equations determined by the problem's geometry and by the boundary conditions
Two-dimensional shock tube flow for dense gases

Non-stationary oblique shock wave reflections for fluids in the dense gas regime are examined for selected cases. A time-accurate predictor-corrector TVD scheme with reflective boundary conditions for solving the Euler equations simulates the evolution of a wave field for an inviscid van der Waals gas near the thermodynamic critical point. The simulated cases involve shock tube flows with compressive wedges and circular arcs. Non-classical phenomena, such as disintegrating shocks, expansion shocks, composite waves, etc., demonstrate significant differences from perfect gas flow fields over similar geometries. Detailed displays of wave field structures and thermodynamic states for the dense gas flow fields are presented and analysed.
Combining models of capacity supply to handle volatile demand: The economic impact of surplus capacity in cloud service environments

In the paper at hand we analyze the capacity planning problem of a service vendor providing a business process characterized by volatile demand to his customers. Thereby, we consider the situation that the service vendor executes certain activities by himself whereas specific parts of the business process are outsourced to external providers. For the outsourced parts, the vendor can choose between different models of capacity supply (MCS) that are offered by external providers differentiating with respect to elasticity of provided capacity and the underlying pricing model. Thereby, in addition to the two ''traditional'' MCS dedicated capacity and elastic capacity, recent developments in information technology enable the on-demand use of surplus capacity from an external providers' market. Since an integrated analysis of these three MCS is still missing in common literature, we develop an optimization model allowing for the simultaneous consideration of the three different MCS within an integrated queuing system. By analyzing the optimization model with help of a discrete event simulation, we study the question of how these different MCS may be combined to minimize the total operating costs of the service vendor considering volatile demand. The simulation results show that combining different MCS tends to be favorable in contrast to the stand-alone usage of a certain MCS. In particular, combining the additional option of using surplus capacity with ''traditional'' MCS promises cost advantages. Our optimization model therewith provides first insights in the potential economic benefits of IT-enabled MCS.
Immunomodulatory approaches to augment phagocyte-mediated host defense for treatment of infectious diseases.

Abstract Neutrophils, monocytes, and tissue-based macrophages are major cellular components of the innate immune system, which represents the initial line of host defense against invading pathogens. Four cytokines-granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)--have received increasing attention as potential adjunctive immunomodulatory agents for treatment of infectious diseases. Studies conducted in vitro and in vivo have shown that G-CSF, GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma can augment the functional antimicrobial activities of neutrophils. Similarly, GM-CSF, M-CSF, and IFN-gamma up-regulate multiple antimicrobial mechanisms in monocytes and macrophages. Studies conducted in animal models have shown the potential use of each of these cytokines for the treatment of infections caused by a variety of bacterial, fungal, and parasitic diseases. Because clinical experience with these immunomodulatory cytokines is relatively limited and currently investigational, controlled clinical trials will be necessary to define specific indications for the administration of these cytokines in therapeutic regimens.