cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Duration of restraint and isolation stress as a model to study the dark-cutting condition in cattle.

Holstein steer calves (n = 32; 156 +/- 33.2 kg average BW) were used to evaluate the duration of restraint and isolation stress (RIS) on endocrine and blood metabolite status and the incidence of dark-cutting LM. Calves were blocked by BW and assigned randomly within blocks to one of four stressor treatments: unstressed controls (NS) or a single bout of RIS for 2, 4, or 6 h. Venous blood was collected via indwelling jugular catheters at 40, 20, and 0 min before stressor application and at 20-min intervals during RIS. Unstressed calves remained in their home stanchions and, except for blood sampling, were subjected to minimal handling and stress. Serum cortisol and plasma lactate concentrations were increased (P 0.80) affect plasma NEFA concentrations. Calves were slaughtered within 20 min of completion of RIS, and muscle samples were excised from right-side LM at 0, 0.75, 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h after exsanguination for quantifying LM pH, and glycogen and lactate concentrations. The pH of the LM from calves subjected to 6 h of RIS exceeded 6.0, and was greater (P < 0.05) at 24 and 48 h postmortem than the pH of NS calves or calves subjected to 2 or 4 h RIS. Muscle glycogen concentrations did not differ (P = 0.16; 25.58, 10.41, 13.80, and 14.41 micromol/g of wet tissue weight for NS and 2-, 4-, and 6-h RIS, respectively), and LM lactate concentrations tended to be lower (P = 0.08) in calves subjected to 6 h of RIS. At 48 h after exsanguination, the LM from calves subjected to 6 h of RIS had more (P < 0.05) bound and less (P < 0.05) free moisture than did the LM from NS calves or calves subjected to 2 or 4 h of RIS. Additionally, the LM from RIS calves was darker (lower L* values; P < 0.05) than the LM of NS calves. Visual color scores for the LM were greatest (P < 0.05) for calves subjected to 6 h of RIS and least (P < 0.05) for NS calves. Subjecting lightweight Holstein calves to 6, 4, and 2 h of RIS resulted in six (75%), two (25%), and two (25%) carcasses characteristic of the dark-cutting condition, respectively. There were no dark-cutting carcasses produced from NS calves. Thus, RIS may be a reliable animal model with which to study the formation of the dark-cutting condition.
A Quick Construction of Tangents to an Ellipse

(2000). A Quick Construction of Tangents to an Ellipse. The College Mathematics Journal: Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 131-131.
Dilatation of the Spleen. Stimulation of Nerves; Effect of Autonomic Drugs

Schafer and Moore,1 using dogs as experimental animals and measuring splenic volume by use of the plethysmograph, obtained in only 2 isolated cases dilatation of the spleen as a result of stimulation; the first by slow and weak stimulation of the splanchnic nerve, the second by stimulation of the splenic nerve of an excised, perfused spleen 3 hours after removal from the body. Cleland and Tait,2 also using dogs and measuring the length of the exteriorized spleen, obtained dilatation of the spleen only as a result of constriction of the splenic vein when they stimulated the vein directly, or the phrenic nerve by which this vein is innervated.In the majority of our experiments we used decapitate cats, but in several cases we employed amytalized dogs and cats. Since plethysmographic methods for registering volume of the spleen, particularly increases in volume, were found to be unsatisfactory, changes in the area of the exteriorized spleen, registered by the method of Cook and Rose,3 were taken as a measure ...
Stability of vesicular stomatitis virus at varying hydrogen ion concentrations.

Discussion and SummaryThe present results are in conformity with the data of Galloway and Elford5 concerning the instability of vesicular stomatitis virus at pH values of 4.0 or less. The use of more sensitive experimental hosts and determination of 50% mortality endpoints, however, showed that in-activation of virus was achieved only at pH 2.0. Extension of studies beyond the pH value of 9.6 reported by Galloway and Elford (5) revealed the striking resistance of virus to inactivation by alkaline environments. It would appear that the wide range of stability of vesicular stomatitis virus may render it a likely prospect for purification by means of the ion exchange resins.
Comparison of methods for the quantitative determination of tall oil fatty acids by gas chromatography

A gas-chromatography procedure, using methyl margarate as an internal standard, has been applied to the quantatitive determination of unsaturated tall oil fatty acids. Such an internal standard is necessary for accurate analyses, especially if components of the unknown are present which are not sufficiently volatile to be measured in the chromatograph. The acids are converted to methyl esters before being chromatographed. The preparation of reliable standards, methods of esterification, accuracy obtained on prepared standards using both thermal conductivity and beta-ray ionization detectors, and analyses of tall oil samples, are discussed.
Review on The Studies of Scondary Pollution and Prevention Measures for Worn Out Vehicle Recycle in China

As the rapid development of the economy,national living standards,the rapid development of the automotive industry,the retain number of automobile in china is more and more large.The environment pollution and security pressure brought up by the waste vehicles are become more and more serious.Up to date,the main technology of resources related to the waste vehicles is immature,not to mention the fix-technologies,maintenance is also very rough,which cause secondary pollution is very serious.This paper reviews the domestic and foreign recycling of worn out vehicle waste generated by the secondary pollution,comprehensive summary of the development experience of foreign countries,combined with China's actual conditions,worn out vehicles on China's waste recycling industry has put forward reasonable proposals secondary pollution control.
Treatment with the nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME provides a survival advantage in a mouse model of Kras mutation-positive, non-small cell lung cancer.

// Nicole L.K. Pershing 1, * , Chi-Fu J. Yang 2, * , MengMeng Xu 1 , Christopher M. Counter 1, 3 1 Department of Pharmacology & Cancer Biology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 2 Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA 3 Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA * These authors have contributed equally to this work Correspondence to: Christopher M. Counter, email: count004@mc.duke.edu Keywords: nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, non-small cell lung cancer, RAS, preclinical trial Received: December 07, 2015 Accepted: May 12, 2016 Published: June 7, 2016 ABSTRACT Oncogenic mutations in the gene KRAS are commonly detected in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This disease is inherently difficult to treat, and combinations involving platinum-based drugs remain the therapeutic mainstay. In terms of novel, pharmacologically actionable targets, nitric oxide synthases (NOS) have been implicated in the etiology of KRAS -driven cancers, including lung cancer, and small molecular weight NOS inhibitors have been developed for the treatment of other diseases. Thus, we evaluated the anti-neoplastic activity of the oral NOS inhibitor L-NAME in a randomized preclinical trial using a genetically engineered mouse model of Kras and p53 mutation-positive NSCLC. We report here that L-NAME decreased lung tumor growth in vivo, as assessed by sequential radiological imaging, and provided a survival advantage, perhaps the most difficult clinical parameter to improve upon. Moreover, L-NAME enhanced the therapeutic benefit afforded by carboplatin chemotherapy, provided it was administered as maintenance therapy after carboplatin. Collectively, these results support the clinical evaluation of L-NAME for the treatment of KRAS mutation-positive NSCLC.
High pressure liquid chromatographic determination of sulfisoxazole in dosage forms: collaborative study

A reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatographic method for the determination of sulfisoxazole in tablets, solution, and ointment dosage forms was collaboratively studied by 7 laboratories. The method uses a C18 column, an acetonitrile-acetic acid-water mobile phase, sulfadimethoxime as the internal standard, and photometric detection at 254 nm. Collaborators were supplied samples of 2 commercial tablets, 1 synthetic tablet powder, 1 commercial and 1 synthetic ophthalmic solution, and 1 commercial ophthalmic ointment. Mean recoveries of sulfisoxazole from the synthetic tablet powder and ophthalmic solution were 99.9 and 100.0%, respectively. Mean coefficients of variation for all samples analyzed were less than 2%. The method was adopted interim official first action.
Stimulation of H fields of Forel decreases total lung resistance in dogs.

Although there is considerable evidence that the H fields of Forel of the posterior diencephalon play an important role in the regulation of cardiovascular function, little is known about the role these areas play in the control of airway caliber. In chloralose-anesthetized paralyzed dogs, we used both electrical and chemical means to stimulate the H fields of Forel, while we monitored breath-by-breath changes in total lung resistance (TLR), a functional index of airway caliber. Electrical stimulation (200-250 microA, 80 Hz, 0.75 ms) of 82 histologically confirmed sites significantly decreased TLR from 9.2 +/- 0.4 to 7.9 +/- 0.4 cmH2O.l-1.s (P less than 0.01). The bronchodilation evoked by electrical stimulation was unaffected by beta-adrenergic blockade with propranolol but was abolished by cholinergic blockade with atropine. The increases in airway caliber evoked by stimulation were often accompanied by increases in phrenic nerve activity. Chemical stimulation of 21 of 82 sites with microinjections of DL-homocysteic acid (83 nl, 0.2 and 0.5 M), which stimulates cell bodies but not fibers of passage, also decreased TLR from 8.3 +/- 0.5 to 7.3 +/- 0.5 cmH2O.l-1.s (P less than 0.03). We conclude that stimulation of cell bodies in the H fields of Forel produces bronchodilation by withdrawal of cholinergic tone to airway smooth muscle.
Why Are Humans Vulnerable to Alzheimer’s Disease?

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a serious public health issue, and a treatment for the disease has been elusive. Evolutionary approaches to medicine may contribute to understanding why humans are vulnerable to AD and how to best approach research into clinical interventions. Since AD generally manifests late in life, it is often thought to be invisible to natural selection; however, an examination into APOE, the only unequivocal risk gene for AD, reveals that AD may, in fact, be subject to selection. Given this, antagonistic pleiotropy and environmental mismatch are explored as possibilities for our vulnerability to AD. In addition, the amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and paired helical filament tau (PHFtau) neurofibrillary tangles that characterize AD are considered from the perspective of evolution. These disease hallmarks are generally thought to promote neurodegeneration in AD, but may in fact be harmless by-products of a pathological process such as oxidative stress, or even beneficial adaptations to protect the brain from actual harmful processes. The spread of misfolded Aβ and synaptic propagation of PHFtau is considered, as are comparative perspectives on AD-like patterns in nonhuman species. The implications of evolutionary thinking for clinical practice and research are evaluated, especially with regard to the caution that must be taken when directly targeting tau and amyloid, as many drug trials have recently attempted.
Fabry-Perot resonator design for the measurement of surface reflectivity

There is considerable interest in the development of composite materials used for reflectors within radio telescopes. To determine the surface reflectivity of composites at millimetre-wave frequencies, a measurement setup using a Fabry-Perot resonator has been developed at Q-Band (33–50 GHz). Fabry-Perot resonators are well known to give high-Q resonances and are suitable to measure low-loss materials. Open resonators have the inherent advantage that the quality of resonance is not affected by any sidewalls or corner air gaps, as in waveguide resonators, and various samples of mirrors can be easily swapped within the system. We will outline the design guidelines and measurement procedure of the resonator. Measured results of known metals are provided to demonstrate the setup and to provide relative metrics for future composite material testing.
Inward Rectifying Properties of Nucleus Accumbens Neurones in Vitro

Neurones from the nucleus accumbens septi when recorded in vivo (White and Wang, 1984; Yang and Mogenson, 1984) or in vitro (Uchimura et al., 1989a) have the particular characteristic that they do not fire spontaneously. In fact these cells have a resting membrane potential in the range of -70, -80 mV which is below the threshold for spike activation (-60 mV). Cell excitabi­lity is regulated by a number of extrinsic and intrinsic factors, such as neurotransmitters acting on specific membrane receptors and voltage-gated conductances. Among the voltage-dependent conduc­tances, the anomalous rectifier play a crucial role. This membrane current was first studied by Katz (1949) who noticed that in frog skeletal muscle fibres hyperpolarization is associated with an increase in membrane potassium conductance. It was called anomalous rectification because it operates in the opposite direction to that predicted by the electrodiffusion equation (Goldman, 1943; Hodgkin and Katz, 1949); therefore this current is inwardly directed. Subsequent studies have shown the existence of two classes of inward rectifiers: one with fast kinetics, carried by potassium ions, which is selectively blocked by barium and another, with slow kinetics, selective to sodium and potassium ions, which is insensitive to barium but it is blocked by cesium.
COMPARISONS OF MASTITIS SCREENING TEST RESULTS FROM QUARTER, BUCKET AND BULK MILK SAMPLES

Summary Milk from four dairy farms in southern Wisconsin was examined over a period of one year in a study that was undertaken: (a) to determine the agreement between results of mastitis screening ...
Effective Fashion Brand Extensions: The Impact of Limited Edition and Perceived Fit on Consumers'Urgency to Buy and Brand Dilution (Doctoral - 2nd place)

The purpose of this study is to understand how an apparel brand can develop a successful brand extension with a retailer for short and long-term success. For short-term success, this study measures consumers’ urgency to buy.
Consigned to Purgatory: The Uncertain Fate of the 2016 Overtime Exemption Rule

After the failure of Roosevelt’s National Industrial Recovery Act, the Fair Labor Standards Act succeeded in bringing hourly workweek limitations, minimum wage guarantees, and overtime assurance to America’s workers. However, from its inception, several categories were exempt from these protections, and those categories have grown and changed over the years. One such category, present since the original FLSA, is the so-called “white collar” or “EAP” exemption. This provision exempts full-time salaried executive, administrative, and professional employees from the FLSA’s overtime and minimum wage provisions. These EAP exemptions have undergone numerous developments and changes in their eighty-year history, most recently with rulemaking initiated by former President Obama in 2014 and undertaken by the Department of Labor. This most recent update was supposed to take effect in December of 2016, but a Texas judge issued a nationwide injunction suspending the rule’s effective date. With the rule on hold and a new administration and Department of Labor taking the reins, the future of these “white collar” exemptions is uncertain. The new Department of Labor could leave the exemption in its pre-update 2004 form, defend the rule’s validity at the appellate court level, or undertake a new rulemaking process. Whichever course the new administration chooses will have widespread implications for workers and employers alike. This note reviews the history and development of these “white-collar” exemptions, analyzes the reasoning and purpose behind them, and discusses their future under the new administration.
Art, Ecological Restoration, and Art Education

The authors of this paper aim to foster, among art educators and their students, an awareness of how many contemporary artists are promoting and facilitating ecological restoration. We ground the work of these artists historically and discuss their work as it promotes a view of humans as an interconnected part of nature as opposed to masters over nature. The artwork of Helen Harrison and Newton Harrison in Oregon is offered as a contemporary example to which art educators can refer as they involve their students in ecologically restorative projects. Additional suggestions are given for involving art educators and students in ecological theory and artistic creation.
Endothelial transcriptomics reveals activation of fibrosis-related pathways in hypertension

Hypertension poses a significant challenge to vasculature homeostasis and stands as the most common cardiovascular disease in the world. Its effects are especially profound on endothelial cells tha...
Stress and Brain Function

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses how the hippocampus, prefrontal cortex and amygdale are affected by stress, and how these stress-induced changes relate to changes in behavior. Located in the medial temporal lobe, the hippocampus is one of the most plastic and sensitive regions of the brain. It is crucially important in both cognitive function and emotionality. While glucocorticoids are a key part of stress-induced changes in hippocampal structure and function, particularly during periods of repeated or chronic stress, they can have effects that are independent of an actual stressor. Excitatory amino acids (EAAs) are described in the section that focuses on how stress and stress mediators interact with this system. EAAs are released by the mossy fiber pathway, and can be regulated by adrenal steroids. For instance, one consequence of restraint stress is significantly elevated extracellular glutamate. Another important factor to consider as a stressor in the modern world that has impacts on brain function is socioeconomic status (SES). It is largely the case that individuals with lower SES are exposed to more environmental toxins in the environment.
The Howling Wilderness of the Maladaptive Struggle in Belgrade in New York

Between 1974 and 1975, Zoran Popovic, a conceptual artist from Belgrade, Yugoslavia, and his wife Jasna Tijardovic, an art historian, spent a year in New York. During that time they engaged closely...
Healthcare Mistreatment and Avoidance in Trans Masculine Adults: The Mediating Role of Rejection Sensitivity.

Objectives Given that prior mistreatment can lead to heightened vigilance to and perceptions of future rejection, the present study examined whether this heightened vigilance, known as rejection sensitivity, mediates the association between healthcare mistreatment and healthcare avoidance in trans masculine (TM) adults. Method Between 2015 and 2016, 150 TM adults completed a comprehensive survey assessing socio-demographics, sexual health, and healthcare experiences. A 5-item scale assessing participants' sensitivity to rejection in healthcare scenarios was administered and psychometrically evaluated. Structural equation modeling was used to test whether rejection sensitivity in healthcare mediated the relationship between lifetime mistreatment in healthcare and past 12-month healthcare avoidance among TM adults. Results Overall, 68% of participants had experienced some form of mistreatment in healthcare in their lifetime and 43% had avoided healthcare in the past 12 months. For 5% of the sample, healthcare avoidance in the past 12 months resulted in a medical emergency. Path analyses revealed that healthcare mistreatment was positively correlated with rejection sensitivity and sensitivity was positively correlated with past 12-month healthcare avoidance. Rejection sensitivity mediated the relationship between mistreatment and healthcare avoidance (all p-values < 0.05). Conclusion Rejection sensitivity may contribute to healthcare avoidance among stigmatized TM patients; however, longitudinal research is needed to establish the temporal ordering of these processes. Multilevel interventions to reduce healthcare discrimination and help TM adults cope with the psychological and behavioral consequences of stigma are recommended.
Argumentation and interpersonal justification

There are distinct but legitimate notions of both personal justification and interpersonal justification. Interpersonal justification is definable in terms of personal justification. A connection is established between good argumentation and interpersonal justification.
Plasminogen interactions with platelets in plasma

In this report we used a fluorescent flow cytometry-based assay to examine plasminogen binding to platelets in plasma. Our data indicate that platelets activated in platelet-rich plasma (PRP) by adenosine-5′- diphosphate (ADP) or thrombin bind plasminogen to their surface. Fab fragments of the monoclonal antibody LJ-CP8 that are directed against the fibrinogen binding site on the glycoprotein (GP) IIb-IIIa complex inhibit both plasminogen and fibrinogen binding to ADP-stimulated platelets as does 5 mmol/L EDTA. Platelet aggregation and plasminogen and fibrinogen binding are also concurrently inhibited by the Gly-Arg- Asp (RGD) analogue Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (GRGDS) when it is added to PRP before ADP stimulation. The scrambled peptide analogue SDGRG has no effect. The monoclonal antibody 6D1, directed against the von Willebrand factor binding site on GPIb, has no effect on plasminogen- platelet binding, nor does antithrombospondin antibody. epsilon- Aminocaproic acid (EACA), however, inhibits plasminogen binding to ADP- activated platelets. These data indicate that plasminogen binds to platelets activated in plasma, that binding occurs on platelet GPIIb/IIIa, and that binding may be mediated via plasminogen association with fibrinogen via lysine binding domains. Finally, we found both plasminogen and fibrinogen on resting platelets in PRP and demonstrated that they are equally displaced by EDTA, LJ-CP8, and 10E5 (an additional anti-GPIIb/IIIa monoclonal antibody). Plasminogen is also equally displaced by EACA. These data suggest that plasminogen is also bound to GPIIb/IIIa on resting platelets, possibly also via interaction with fibrinogen.
Sighted Children's Knowledge of Environmental Concepts and Ability to Orient in an Unfamiliar Residential Environment:

In an unfamiliar residential neighborhood, 24 10- and 6 year olds were individually evaluated and compared on their conceptual knowledge of a residential neighborhood. The findings indicate there a...
Quivers with Automorphisms

12.1.1. An admissible automorphism of the graph (\({\bf{I}},H,h \mapsto [h]\)) consists, by definition, of a permutation a : I → I and a permutation a : H → H such that for any h ∈ H, we have [a(h)] = a[h] as subsets of I and such that there is no edge joining two vertices in the same a-orbit.
Oxidative Addition of Dihydrogen, Boron Compounds, and Aryl Halides to a Cobalt(I) Cation Supported by a Strong-Field Pincer Ligand.

Cationic cobalt(I) dinitrogen complexes with a strong-field tridentate pincer ligand were prepared, and the oxidative addition of polar and nonpolar bonds was studied. Addition of H2 to [(iPrPNP)Co(N2)]+ (iPrPNP = 2,6-bis((diisopropylphosphaneyl)methyl)pyridine) in deuterated tetrahydrofuran (THF) resulted in rapid oxidative addition and formation of the cis-Co(III) dihydride complex, cis-[(iPrPNP)Co(H)2L]+, where L = THF or N2. The addition of H2 was reversible as evidenced by the dynamics observed by variable-temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy and the regeneration of [(iPrPNP)Co(N2)]+ upon exposure to dinitrogen. In contrast, addition of HBPin (Pin = pinacolato), B2Pin2, and aryl halides resulted in the formation of net one-electron oxidation products: cationic Co(II)–boryl and Co(II)–halide/aryl complexes, respectively. All products were structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography, and the electronic structures were determined by a combination of magnetic moment measurements, electron paramagnetic...
Coherent Broadening of a Microresonator Frequency Comb to an Optical Octave for f-2f Self-Referencing

While, microresonator-based frequency combs ("microcombs") have attracted significant attention in recent years [1-3], a major unsolved challenge is the f-2f self-referencing of this type of comb generator. Recent work has shown 2f-3f self-referencing with help of transfer lasers [4]. Here, we show a microcomb with 16.4 GHz mode spacing that is coherently broadened to an optical octave. In addition we show coherent frequency-doubling of light from 2222 nm to 1111 nm.
How Data Scientists Use Computational Notebooks for Real-Time Collaboration

Effective collaboration in data science can leverage domain expertise from each team member and thus improve the quality and efficiency of the work. Computational notebooks give data scientists a convenient interactive solution for sharing and keeping track of the data exploration process through a combination of code, narrative text, visualizations, and other rich media. In this paper, we report how synchronous editing in computational notebooks changes the way data scientists work together compared to working on individual notebooks. We first conducted a formative survey with 195 data scientists to understand their past experience with collaboration in the context of data science. Next, we carried out an observational study of 24 data scientists working in pairs remotely to solve a typical data science predictive modeling problem, working on either notebooks supported by synchronous groupware or individual notebooks in a collaborative setting. The study showed that working on the synchronous notebooks improves collaboration by creating a shared context, encouraging more exploration, and reducing communication costs. However, the current synchronous editing features may lead to unbalanced participation and activity interference without strategic coordination. The synchronous notebooks may also amplify the tension between quick exploration and clear explanations. Building on these findings, we propose several design implications aimed at better supporting collaborative editing in computational notebooks, and thus improving efficiency in teamwork among data scientists.
Chromatin regulation and dynamics in stem cells

In eukaryotes, DNA is highly compacted within the nucleus into a structure known as chromatin. Modulation of chromatin structure allows for precise regulation of gene expression, and thereby controls cell fate decisions. Specific chromatin organization is established and preserved by numerous factors to generate desired cellular outcomes. In embryonic stem (ES) cells, chromatin is precisely regulated to preserve their two defining characteristics: self-renewal and pluripotent state. This action is accomplished by a litany of nucleosome remodelers, histone variants, epigenetic marks, and other chromatin regulatory factors. These highly dynamic regulatory factors come together to precisely define a chromatin state that is conducive to ES cell maintenance and development, where dysregulation threatens the survival and fitness of the developing organism.
Augmented Vehicular Reality: Enabling Extended Vision for Future Automobiles

Autonomous vehicle prototypes today come with line-of-sight depth perception sensors like 3D cameras. These 3D sensors are used for improving vehicular safety in autonomous driving, but have fundamentally limited visibility due to occlusions, sensing range, and extreme weather and lighting conditions. To improve visibility and performance, we explore a capability called Augmented Vehicular Reality (AVR). AVR broadens the vehicle's visual horizon by enabling it to wirelessly share visual information with other nearby vehicles. We show that AVR is feasible using off-the-shelf wireless technologies, and it can qualitatively change the decisions made by autonomous vehicle path planning algorithms. Our AVR prototype achieves positioning accuracies that are within a few percentages of car lengths and lane widths, and it is optimized to process frames at 30fps.
Against Privatized Censorship: Proposals for Responsible Delegation

From beheadings to hate speech, the internet is awash in material that poses risks to a range of state objectives. And in light of recent events — from Facebook’s role in the genocide in Myanmar to the way in which social media was used by the perpetrator of the Christchurch massacre — the question is no longer whether, but how, states will regulate social media platforms. Governments, however, have responded to the problem of harmful online content by privatizing censorship. Germany, France, Australia, the United Kingdom, and the European Union are joining countries such as China, Russia, and Thailand in enacting laws that delegate to platforms extensive authority to censor speech on their behalf. This Article is the first to examine the legality of privatized censorship. Using international law as a baseline, the Article demonstrates that censorship by social media platforms that is done in response to state mandate or coercion is in fact state action that must comply with human rights norms. It further argues that naked delegations, unaccompanied by safeguards, are unlawful under human rights law. The Article then develops a framework for the lawful regulation of social media platforms. The Article considers proposals for accountability based in both law and code, arguing that regulators must not only establish oversight mechanisms but must also seek changes in platform structure and business models in order to ensure the responsible governance of online speech.
Optimal control of the local electromagnetic response of nanostructured materials: Optimal detectors and quantum disguises.

We consider the problem of optimization of an effective trapping potential in a nanostructure with a quasi-one-dimensional geometry. The optimization is performed to achieve certain target optical properties of the system. We formulate and solve the optimization problem for a nanostructure that serves either as a single molecule detector or as a “quantum disguise” for a single molecule.
Customer Bargaining Power and Strategic Financial Reporting

We investigate whether economic bargaining incentives between suppliers and customers affect financial reporting decisions. We posit that firms with major customers will strategically classify certain costs as cost of goods sold rather than as selling, general, and administrative expenses in order to deflate their gross margin and reduce the bargaining power of their major customers. Holding profitability constant, we find customer concentration (our proxy for major customers with bargaining power) is positively associated with a higher ratio of cost of goods sold to selling, general and administrative expenses. To distinguish between strategic cost classification and differences in real economic cost structure associated with customer concentration, we use external monitoring as a moderating variable and show that greater monitoring by auditors and analysts attenuates the association. Taken together, our results suggest that customer considerations can play an important role in suppliers’ financial reporting decisions.
Long peripheral catheters in neonates: filling the gap between short peripheral catheters and epicutaneous-caval catheters?

Introduction Non-critically ill neonates at times require venous access to provide peripherally compatible infusions for a limited period (more than 3 days). In such a situation, short peripheral cannulas are not appropriate as their average duration is about 2 days, while-on the other hand-epicutaneous-caval catheters may be too invasive. In these patients, insertion of long peripheral cannulas may be an effective option. Methods In this observational retrospective study, we revised all "long" peripheral catheters (4 and 6 cm long) inserted by direct Seldinger technique in our neonatal intensive care unit when peripheral venous access was required for more than 3 days. Results We inserted 52 2Fr polyurethane catheters, either 4 cm long (n = 25) or 6 cm long (n = 27) in 52 patients. Mean dwelling time was 4.17 days (range 1-12). Most devices were inserted in the cephalic vein (n = 18, 35%), and the rest in the saphenous vein (n = 11, 21%) and other superficial veins. There was no significant correlation between the duration of the device and type of infusion (p = 0.40). The main complications were infiltration (n = 16, 31%) and phlebitis (n = 8, 15%). The rate of removal due to complications was significantly higher (p Conclusion In our experience, 2 Fr 4-6 cm long peripheral catheters may be a valid option for neonates requiring peripherally compatible infusions for more than 3 days. The limits of this study are the necessity of training in the technique of insertion and the small size of our sample. The longest dwell was observed in neonates weighing >2000 g at the time of LPC insertion.
Application of Probability of Paternity Calculations to an Alleged Incestuous Relationship

An alleged case of incest between half siblings has been examined by standard blood grouping and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) serology. The data were analyzed statistically using single and joint possibilities of paternity. The existence of the alleged relationship between the two parties in question is quite probable.
Formative and Punitive Assessment

Matthew Hayden takes aim at high stakes uses of student assessments to evaluate, reward, and penalize teachers. He argues convincingly that such uses of assessments are misguided and counterproductive. In making that argument, he relies on aspects of my analysis in “Academic Standards and Constitutive Luck,” evidence that teachers’ efforts account for only three percent of measurable variation in student achievement, and the research of my colleagues, Richard Ryan and Edward Deci. His essay may be regarded as a friendly amendment or extension of my own, and I am sympathetic to his main conclusions. We agree that students and teachers should not be judged on the basis of results they cannot control, we agree that grades should be used to promote learning and fair equality of opportunity, and we agree that the information provided by assessment of student learning should be used formatively to promote good teaching — and rarely, if ever, to sanction teachers without more direct knowledge of the quality of their teaching. The logic by which Hayden extrapolates from fairness-to-students to fairness-to-teachers is not as straightforward as it seems, however.
Homogeneous spectra and nonlinear controllability

The purpose of this presentation is to discuss and expand the notion of state controllability for homogeneous polynomial systems. It is demonstrated how the state controllability is related to the spectra defined by these systems, and how interesting algebraic relations are captured using this spectral approach. >
Leases As Security Devices

Leases have priority over mortgages and other security devices if they were entered into prior to the security devices and if the leases were duly recorded, or in the alternative, the lessee can prove that the holder of the security device had actual notice of the lease’s existence. Which means, that should the creditor seek to foreclose on the premises, the lessee has a protected right to remain on the premises pursuant to the terms of the lease. This holds true for a subsequent purchaser of the property either at the foreclosure sale or thereafter.
A simple conceptual generator for the Internet graph

The evolution of the Internet during the last years, has lead to a dramatic increase in the size of its representation as a graph at the Autonomous System (AS) level. Reproducing a smaller size snapshot of the AS graph is important for studying protocols in realistic settings. The objective of our work, is to create a generator that accurately emulates and reproduces the distinctive properties of the Internet graph. Our approach is based on (a) the incorporation of the jellyfish-like structure of the Internet and (b) the consideration of the peer-to-peer and customer-provider relations between ASs. We are the first to capture the distinctive structure of the Internet graph together with utilizing the information provided by the AS relationships in order to create a tool for generating a realistic representation. Compared with existing generators, our tool does not try to satisfy specific metrics; instead, it tries to remain faithful to the conceptual model of the Internet structure. In addition, our approach can lead to (i) the identification of important attributes and patterns in the Internet AS topology, and (ii) the extraction of valuable information on various relationships between ASs and the corresponding impact on the Internet structure.We implement our graph generator and evaluate it using one of the largest and most recent datasets for the AS topology. Our evaluations clearly show the ability of our tool to capture the structural properties of the Internet topology at the AS level with high accuracy. Finally, we discuss how our generator can not only reproduce, but also shrink the input graph while maintaining its unique structure and properties.
Microsatellite markers for the endangered razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus, are widely applicable to genetic studies of other catostomine fishes

We developed 10 polymorphic microsatellite markers for the federally endangered razorback sucker, Xyrauchen texanus. PCR optimization and cross-species amplification experiments indicated that these markers will be useful for analysis of fine-scale population structure in razorback and two other sucker species; the white sucker, Catostomus commersonii and the Rio Grande sucker, C. plebeius. Alleles at locus Xte4 did not overlap when compared between razorback and bluehead (C. discobolus) suckers and permits detection of F1 hybrids. These microsatellite markers appear widely applicable for identifying genetic consequences of population decline, hatchery rearing and release, and hybridization in razorback and other castostomine suckers.
Morphologic and histochemical characteristics of a spared subset of striatal neurons in Huntington's disease.

We have previously found that a biochemically distinct subset of neurons, containing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate diaphorase (NADPH-d), is selectively resistant to the degenerative process that affects the striatum in Huntington's disease (HD). We report the morphologic and histochemical characteristics of these striatal neurons and their distribution with respect to the histochemical compartments as defined by acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity. Sections of striatum were stained histochemically for NADPH-d and AChE and immunocytochemically for somatostatin and neuropeptide Y-like immunoreactivity. The diaphorase endproduct was contained within medium-sized neurons which corresponded morphologically to a category of aspiny interneurons. Combined techniques showed that NADPH-d, somatostatin, and neuropeptide Y coexisted within the same neurons in controls and patients with HD. The density of these neurons was greater in the ventral putamen and the nucleus accumbens than in the remainder of the striatum. The distinctive AChE pattern of high and low enzyme activity was altered in HD. The AChE-rich matrix zone was markedly reduced in size, while the total area of zones of low enzyme activity was not different from that found in control striatum. The distinctive AChE pattern of high and low enzyme activity was altered in HD. The AChE-rich matrix zone was markedly reduced in size, while the total area of zones of low enzyme activity was not different from that found in control striatum. The relation between these AChE chemical compartments and the distribution of preserved diaphorase neurons remained intact; NADPH-d neurons were predominantly observed in the matrix zone.
Structure‐function studies of FGF‐1: Dissociation and partial reconstitution of certain of its biological activities

We reported previously that the mitogenic activities of FGF-1 (acidic FGF) could be dissociated from its receptor-binding activities by site-directed mutagenesis of lysine 132 to a glutamic acid. Although the mutant FGF-1 protein binds to the high-affinity tyrosine-kinase receptors, stimulates tyrosine-kinase activity, and promotes expression of immediate-early genes, it is not mitogenic for a variety of tested cell lines. Interestingly, the mutant FGF-1 is capable of other functions associated with the wild-type protein such as promotion of mesoderm formation in Xenopus animal caps. The mutant exhibits a reduced apparent affinity for heparin-Sepharose compared to the wild-type protein. The relationship between the reduced heparin affinity and lack of mitogenic activity of this mutant is not clear. Recent data indicates the relationship is not as simple as reduced stability of the protein. When NIH 3T3 cells are transfected with expression vectors encoding either wild-type or mutant FGF-1, a transformed phenotype can be seen in cells overexpressing the wild-type FGF-1, whereas cells overexpressing mutant FGF-1 appear normal. Analysis of lysates of these cells indicates that a tyrosine-kinase cascade, distinct from that associated with the high-affinity cell surface receptors, has been activated in the wild-type transfected cells but not in the mutant transfected cells. Although both transfected cell lines contain FGF-1 cell surface receptors as judged by crosslinking studies, the wild-type transfectants are refractory to exogenous FGF-1, whereas the mutant transfectants respond normally.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Information and productivity: On defining information output (II)

Abstract Productivity is a measure of the ratio between output and input. In information systems and services, there are difficulties in limiting and defining outputs in terms that are meaningful and useful. The following are some of the qualities necessary. An output must be an identifiable product or service. It must have a ‘terminal’ quality in the same sense that this is a point at which the process can be costed. An output should be the result of a process in which value is added to the item that enters the system at the beginning. To be most useful, the output should be in a ‘form’ that can be used in the future where we will wish to analyze the impact of information on productivity—the other side of the coin.
A Virtual Environment Task-Analysis Tool for the Creation of Virtual Art Exhibits

This paper describes the creation of a hypothetical virtual art exhibit using a virtual environment task analysis tool. The Virtual Environment Task Analysis Tool (VETAT-ART) is a paper-and-pencil tool developed to provide structure and guidance to the needs-analysis process that is essential to the development of lifelike virtual exhibits. To illustrate its potential usefulness, VETAT-ART is applied to the design of a historical art exhibit. The first part of the article draws a general profile of our sample application. It introduces organizational-, user-, and task-related factors typically collected when designing or modifying most computer-based systems. The second part of the paper presents the user and task requirements unique to the creation of a virtual environment. Task requirements determine the contents of various storyboards and draw the architecture of the environment. Storyboards describe the images, sounds, sensations, and scents to be found in individual galleries. The architecture establishes a sensible order in which the galleries may be accessed. User requirements determine the human sensory, cognitive, and ergonomic needs relevant to the key activities museum visitors are expected to perform. Activities include visualization and inspection, exploration, and the manipulation of virtual artifacts. Eight goal-categories define user requirements. Visual, auditory, and haptic requirements are determined by humansensory issues. Features relevant to memory capacity, information load, and mental models describe cognitive issues. Physical and physiological considerations are determined by human ergonomics. The third section of the paper suggests usability goals and possible measures of success. In conclusion, limitations and potential extensions of the tool are discussed.
Reduced Power Transition Fault Test Sets for Circuits With Independent Scan Chain Modes

This brief considers circuits with multiple scan chains where each scan chain can operate in shift, functional, or hold mode independently of the other scan chains. For circuits where the hardware overhead of controlling the scan chains independently is acceptable, this brief describes a procedure whose goal is to generate a test set that achieves the same transition fault coverage as a test set that consists of both broadside and skewed-load tests, but where the shift mode is used as few times as possible during the first patterns of the tests. This allows the circuit to operate closer to its functional operation conditions, and reduces the power dissipation during the second patterns of the tests, which are applied at-speed.
Changing indications for keratoplasty

We conducted a clinical and pathologic review of 1,057 recipient corneal buttons on file at the Wilmer Institute, to assess the incidence of corneal conditions treated with keratoplasty, and how these have changed (1941-1973). Regrafting was the most frequent indication for keratoplasty in the last ten years in this series. Some corneal diseases, such as inflammatory conditions, decreased in relative importance as an indication for keratoplasty, while others such as aphakic bullous keratopathy (including vitreous touch) and Fuchs' endothelial dystrophy increased.
Understanding anaphors in story dialogue.

Previous research has identified two processes that play an important role in anaphor resolution. An activation process increases the accessibility of an anaphor’s referent; a suppression process diminishes the accessibility of its nonreferents. In this study, we examined how these processes operate when reference to two story characters shifts rapidly, as it does in story dialogue. Dialogue raises interesting questions about how the antecedent of an anaphor becomes the most activated entity in the reader’s discourse model. Do readers suppress an anaphor’s nonreferent even though that same entity is likely to be the referent of a subsequent anaphor? Are activation and suppression processes triggered by the anaphor itself or by cues that signal a change of speaker? We found that an anaphor’s antecedent is activated differently in dialogue than it is elsewhere in a narrative. Our results suggest that readers use knowledge about the structure of dialogue to anticipate the referent of an upcoming anaphor.
Condensation of DNA by Spermatid Basic Nuclear Proteins

Two transition proteins, TP1 and TP2, participate in the repackaging of the spermatid genome early in mammalian spermiogenesis, coincident with the first detectable changes in chromatin condensation. Using an optical trap and a two-channel flow cell to move single DNA molecules into buffer containing protein, we have measured the rates of DNA condensation and decondensation induced by the binding of Syrian hamster transition proteins TP1 and TP2 and protamines P1 and P2. The results show that both transition proteins condense free DNA, with rates similar to those of protamine 1 and 2. DNA molecules condensed with TP1 were significantly less stable than DNA condensed by protamine or by TP2. Experiments conducted with a peptide corresponding to the C-terminal 25 residues of TP2 showed that this domain is responsible for condensing DNA. Experiments conducted with two fragments of TP1 containing arginine and lysine residues demonstrated that DNA binding by TP1 must involve more than these basic sequences. Zinc facilitated the condensation of DNA by P2 but not by TP2. The dissociation rates of TP2 and P2 from DNA were not affected by the addition of zinc.