cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Instruction

In "Evaluation of instruction" by Peter K. Gessner [11 May 1973, p. 569], sentence 4, paragraph 2, column 1, should read as follows: "It would seem likely that such an evaluative device would not differentiate between students able to solve the first problem presented to them and those who, although they may have been able to solve the fifth problem variant presented to them, failed to solve the first four."
Changes in Preservice Teacher Attitudes Toward Inclusion

Despite federal mandates to educate students with disabilities in the least restrictive environment, teachers continue to have mixed feelings about their own preparedness to educate students with disabilities in the general education setting. However, research has demonstrated that teachers with more positive attitudes toward inclusion are more apt to adjust their instruction and curriculum to meet individual needs of students and have a more positive approach to inclusion. The purpose of this study was to examine the change in preservice teachers’ beliefs and attitudes about inclusive practices following an introductory special education course, paired with a 24-hr practicum. Results suggest that a special education course paired with a field experience working with students with disabilities can significantly influence preservice teachers’ attitudes toward inclusion.
Human impacts on the nitrogen cycle

Humans are greatly perturbing the global nitrogen cycle. Perhaps the best evidence for this perturbation comes from air trapped in layers of quasipermanent ice in the Arctic and the Antarctic. Ice cores taken from these two polar regions give us a 2000‐year record of the Earth's atmospheric composition. This record indicates a striking constancy in nitrous oxide concentrations, at approximately 285 parts per billion, for nearly 1500 years. (See figure 2.) Since about 1600 AD, however, nitrous oxide concentrations have been increasing, and the present‐day atmospheric burden of this gas is greater than at any other time in the past two millennia. Furthermore, nitrous oxide concentrations continue to increase, currently at a rate of about 0.3% per year. These variations indicate that many nitrogen flows are now larger than in preindustrial times, and other evidence suggests that human activity is responsible. (See figure 1.).
Liquid supports for ultraviolet atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization.

Atmospheric pressure (AP) liquid matrices for ultraviolet (UV) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) are presented. Doping a known organic chromophore, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (CHCA), into liquid media yielded a homogenous sample system with simplified sample preparation, increased sample lifetime, and added utility for APMALDI ion sources. Compared with vacuum situations, AP matrices are not as limited by vapor pressure, so liquid matrix formulations can focus on desorption and ionization versus vacuum stability and source contamination. The parameters studied include chromophore concentration, liquid support variations, and quantitation capability. Chromophore concentration adjustments provided insight into the necessary absorbance for UV-APMALDI and demonstrated the importance of laser penetration depth. Liquid support variations allowed adjustments of sample lifetime and analyte solvents. Extended sample lifetime is beneficial for instrument tuning and source optimization; however, increased liquid viscosity lowers signal intensity. The shot-to-shot reproducibility, as examined with individual ion packets, suggests that the liquid matrix can alleviate some inconsistencies seen with solid MALDI, suggesting a possibility for better quantitation. The measurements for laser penetration depth, solution viscosity, and solvent additives could add to the information on MALDI mechanisms. The liquid matrix offers advantages that complement current MALDI methods. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatically assessing the quality of student-written tests

Software testing is frequently being added to programming courses at many schools, but current assessment techniques for evaluating student-written software tests are imperfect. Code coverage measures are typically used in practice, but that approach does not assess how much of the expected behavior is checked by the tests and sometimes overestimates the true quality of the tests. Running one student's tests against others' code (known as all-pairs testing) and mutation analysis are better indicators of test quality but both of them posed a number of practical obstacles to classroom use. This proposal describes technical obstacles behind using these two approaches in automated grading. We propose novel and practical solutions to apply all-pairs testing and mutation analysis of student-written tests, especially in an automated grading context. Experimental results of applying our techniques in eight CS1 and CS2 assignments submitted by 147 students show feasibility of our solution. Finally, we discuss our plan to combine the approaches to evaluate tests of assignments having large amounts of design freedom and explain their evaluation plan.
A statistical study of the central plasma sheet: Implications for substorm models

The University of Iowa Lepedea on board ISEE 1 is used to investigate the characteristics of the central plasma sheet under all levels of geomagnetic activity. Positive ion responses from 1 eV to 45 keV are used in this study. All the periods during 1978 when the central plasma sheet is encountered are included. This study excludes all boundary layer samples. The results of this study show that the central plasma sheet consists of plasma with high thermal energy (several keV) but low bulk speeds. This remains true even during high geomagnetic activity. The main effect of increasing activity is heating of the plasma sheet, preferentially at the high-latitude boundaries.
Subcutaneous heparin does not increase postoperative complications in neurosurgical patients: An institutional experience.

Abstract Introduction Prophylaxis for venous thromboembolic disease continues to pose a challenging management problem in postoperative neurosurgical patients, particularly those in the intensive care unit (ICU). This study evaluates neurosurgical patients admitted to the surgical ICU (SICU) at a tertiary hospital and compared those who had received subcutaneous unfractionated heparin (SQUFH) to those who did not. This study was conducted to better evaluate if the administration of SQUFH to neurosurgical patients is safe and whether the administration of SQUFH is an independent risk factor for bleeding in this patient population. Methods Retrospective analysis was performed on prospectively collected data on all postoperative neurosurgical patients admitted over the course of 11 years to the SICU at Long Island Jewish Medical Center. This study included neurosurgical patients who received SQUFH and those who did not. Data acquired included demographic information, hemodynamic monitoring, pharmacologic interventions, laboratory results, and survival outcomes as well as occurrences of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and pulmonary embolism. Subcutaneous unfractionated heparin for venous thromboembolic prophylaxis were dosed according to previously established literature based hospital protocols. Data were analyzed by χ 2 , Fisher exact test, Mann-Whitney U test, or the product limit method, where appropriate. Results Five hundred twenty-two neurosurgical patients were included in the study. Two hundred thirteen patients (40.8%) with mean age of 58 years received SQUFH (133 patients received SQUFH within 24 hours of surgery and 80 patients received SQUFH 24 hours postoperatively). Once SQUFH was initiated, it was continued until discharge from the hospital. Three hundred nine patients (59.2%) with mean age 57.8 years received no anticoagulation. In the SQUFH patient population, 72 patients (33.8%) had a diagnosis of subarachnoid hemorrhage compared with 125 patients (40.5%) from the group who had not received anticoagulation. There was no significant difference in ICU length of stay between the groups, 5.8 ± 5.4 (no deep vein thrombosis prophylaxis), and those receiving SQUFH, 6.7 ± 6.1 (over 24 hours) and 5.9 ± 4.8 (over 24 hours). No postoperative hemorrhages were observed (confirmed by computed tomography of the brain) in any of the neurosurgical patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, intracerebral hemorrhage, or subdural or epidural hemorrhage. No instances of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) or pulmonary embolism (PE) were observed. Conclusions Administration of SQUFH dosed according to the risk for thromboembolism does not appear to contribute to postoperative hemorrhage in neurosurgical patients. This study supports the concept that the administration of SQUFH is safe in postoperative neurosurgical population.
Wijsman convergence of convex sets under renorming

LET (X, p> BE A metric space. A natural way to define convergence for a sequence of nonempty closed subsets (A,) of X to a nonempty closed subset A is to insist that we have pointwise convergence of the associated sequence of distance functionals for the sets A, to the distance functional for the set A: for each x E X, c&(x, A) = lim d,(x, A,). Convergence in this sense is just convergence with respect to the weak topology on the nonempty closed subsets CL(X) of X determined by the family of distance functionals (d,(x, e): x E X), the so-called Wijsman topology z,(,) [l-8] determined by the metric p. Here, of course, each functional of the form d,(x, 0) is a function of a closed set variable. Unfortunately, different metrics may give rise to different Wijsman topologies, even if the metrics are uniformly equivalent (see, e.g. [4, Section 41). It turns out [6, theorem 3.11 that if we vary our metrics over the class C(X) of metrics that give rise to the topology of X as well as varying x over X, the resulting family
Reactions of Laser-Ablated Cu with NO: Infrared Spectra and Density Functional Calculations of CuNO+, CuNO, Cu(NO)2, and Cu(NO)2- in Solid Neon and Argon

Laser-ablated copper atoms react with NO molecules in excess neon and argon during condensation to form the CuNO and Cu(NO)2 complexes as major products and Cu(NO)2(NO)* as a minor product. In addition, the CuNO+ cation and Cu(NO)2- anion are also formed. The product absorptions are identified from isotopic shifts and splitting patterns in the matrix infrared spectra and are supported by DFT calculations of isotopic frequencies. Sequential annealing increases CuNO and Cu(NO)2, and then CuNO gives way to Cu(NO)2 and Cu(NO)2(NO)*, a dinitrosyl with a third inequivalent NO subgroup. The isolated mononitrosyl and dinitrosyl species provide a scale to estimate local charge on CuNO and Cu(NO)2 sites in Cu-exchanged zeolite catalyst systems.
The evolution of homoerotic behavior in humans.

Abstract This paper presents a theoretical model for the evolution of same-sex sexual behavior, or homoerotic behavior, in humans. Contrary to the traditional study of the topic, the emphasis is on homoerotic behavior itself, irrespective of sexual orientation. It is an inferential model drawn from cross-species evidence, cross-cultural evidence, and current evolutionary theory. It is posited that humans evolved a disposition for homoerotic behavior because it increased same-sex affiliation among peripheralized hominids and indirectly influenced rates of survival and reproductive success. The implications for the conceptualization of same-sex sexual behavior and future research are indicated.
Establishing Qualitative Geographic Sample Size in the Presence of Spatial Autocorrelation

Sample size is a crucial feature of all research projects, especially affecting generalizability and manipulation or control in quantitative studies and transferability and discovery in qualitative...
Reply to M. Chao et al

We would like to thank Drs Chao and Gibbs for their interest in our report. As pointed out, our study presented data supporting that early-stage (I and IIa) colon cancer patients experienced similar benefits from postoperative surveillance as late-stage (IIb and III) patients, with salvage rates of 35.9% and 37%, and median survival after second surgery of 51.2 and 35.8 months, respectively. Our study also showed that patients with early-stage disease were less likely to experience multiple sites of recurrence (3.6%) compared with patients with latestage disease (28.6%). We concluded that some patients with earlystage disease can and do benefit from postoperative surveillance. We acknowledge that ours was not a comparative effectiveness study, rather it was a study undertaken to provide data to inform an unresolved clinical question. Data from the Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy (COST) trial of laparoscopic versus open colectomy for cancer provided a unique opportunity to establish the potential benefit of observing patients with early-stage disease, a population for which there are no guidelines and for which there are diverse and inconsistent clinical practices. This data was gathered and reported in a manner similar, if not identical, to the processes used to generate existing surveillance guidelines. We fully agree with Drs Chao and Gibbs that there are limitations to our study. Current surveillance tests, such as carcinoembryonic antigen, are neither highly sensitive nor highly specific, and there are unintended consequences, both emotional and economic, from false positives. We also agree that all clinical practices should undergo rigorous comparative effectiveness analyses, considering risks, benefits, and costs, and should be reported in terms that allow uniform cross-specialty comparisons. Although it was beyond the scope of our project to assess the economic and social impact of implementing a surveillance program, the findings did compel us to state the patient benefits that surveillance provided to the population under investigation. We would not expect a single study, such as this, to set policy, but it at least it starts to address an unresolved clinical question that is repeatedly raised by patients and practitioners.
Multiple renal cell carcinoma in solitary kidney

An unusual case of asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma presenting as multiple tumors in a solitary kidney is presented. A literature review suggests that the prognosis is improved for those patients with a longer interval between tumors and for those who undergo surgical therapy.
Experimental investigation of residual saturation in mixed-wet porous media using a pore-scale approach

Wettability is an important factor in terms of flow distribution and the amount of oil left behind in a petroleum reservoir after primary, secondary, and tertiary recovery processes. In fact, most alkaline flooding operations are aimed at wettability reversal. Therefore, a good understanding of how wettability, and other relevant factors (e.g., fluid saturation and porosity), affects displacement efficiency and fluid distribution at the pore-scale can lead to successful predictions of flow properties at the macroscale. In this study, pore-scale two-phase fluid flow in a synthetic mixed-wet granular media was investigated using X-ray microCT. Analysis of residual fluid structures in granular media composed of a mixture of glass and plastic beads (ranging from 0.4 to 0.6 mm in diameter) showed that the number of trapped water blobs was 2.4 times greater than that of oil, whereas most of the blobs were between 0.0001 and 0.001 mm3 in size (i.e., 100 times smaller than in the case of uniform wettability), and were smaller than the mean pore volume (0.03 mm3). The ratio of surface area to blob volume showed a slight tendency of water blobs to wet a higher surface area of the grains than oil blobs, for blob volumes larger than the mean pore size; this phenomenon can be attributed to stronger wetting affinity of the glass grains to the water phase than that of the plastic grains to the oil phase. Furthermore, statistical analysis of the distance between residual oil and water blobs to each solid surface confirms preferential wetting affinity of oil and water to plastic and glass surfaces, respectively.
Crankshaft motion in a highly congested bis(triarylmethyl)peroxide.

Crankshaft motion has been proposed in the solid state for molecular fragments consisting of three or more rotors linked by single bonds, whereby the two terminal rotors are static and the internal rotors experience circular motion. Bis-[tri-(3,5-di-tert-butyl)phenylmethyl]-peroxide 2 was tested as a model in search of crankshaft motion at the molecular level. In the case of peroxide 2, the bulky trityl groups may be viewed as the external static rotors, while the two peroxide oxygens can undergo the sought after internal rotation. Evidence for this process in the case of peroxide 2 was obtained from conformational dynamics determined by variable-temperature 13C and 1H NMR between 190 and 375 K in toluene-d8. Detailed spectral assignments for the interpretation of two coalescence processes were based on a correlation between NMR spectra obtained in solution at low temperature, in the solid state by 13C CPMAS NMR, and by GIAO calculations based on a B3LYP/6-31G** structure of 2 obtained from its X-ray coor...
Superior-inferior stability of the shoulder: Role of the coracohumeral ligament and the rotator interval capsule

Objective To study the superior-inferior stabilizing functions of the coracohumeral ligament (CHL) and the rotator interval capsule (RIC) with use of a material testing machine. Material and Methods The axial translations of the humerus with the superior-inferior translation force of 30 N applied were recorded under the following joint capsule conditions: (1) intact, (2) vented, (3) the CHL sectioned, and (4) the RIC incised in six cadaver shoulders. The order of sectioning was changed for conditions 3 and 4 in six other cadaver shoulders. Results With the arm in internal and neutral rotations, venting the capsule significantly increased the superior-inferior translation, which was unaffected by further sectioning of the CHL and the RIC. With the arm in external rotation, only the CHL contributed significantly to inferior stability, whereas both this ligament and the RIC contributed to superior stabilitv to a lesser degree. Conclusion The CHL is a stabilizer in superior-inferior directions with the arm in external rotation, and the intra-articular pressure that is maintained by the intact RIC is a stabilizer in superior-inferior directions with the arm in internal and neutral rotations. These findings may provide a scientific background to support closure of the interval space to stabilize the shoulder and may explain part of the superior instability observed in shoulders with rotator cuff tears.
Control of octahedral rotations in (LaNiO 3 ) n /(SrMnO 3 ) m superlattices

Oxygen octahedral rotations have been measured in short-period (LaNiO${}_{3}$)${}_{n}$/(SrMnO${}_{3}$)${}_{m}$ superlattices using synchrotron diffraction. The in-plane and out-of-plane bond angles and lengths are found to systematically vary with superlattice composition. Rotations are suppressed in structures with $mgn$, producing a nearly unrotated form of LaNiO${}_{3}$. Large rotations are present in structures with $mln$, leading to reduced bond angles in SrMnO${}_{3}$. The metal-oxygen-metal bond lengths decrease as rotations are reduced, in contrast to behavior previously observed in strained, single-layer films. This result demonstrates that superlattice structures can be used to stabilize nonequilibrium octahedral behavior in a manner distinct from epitaxial strain, providing a novel means to engineer the electronic and ferroic properties of oxide heterostructures.
High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of phenylephrine and its conjugates in human plasma using solid-phase extraction and electrochemical detection

Abstract An HPLC method for the determination of phenylephrine and its conjugates in human plasma was developed and validated. The method for quantitation involved extraction of diluted plasma (subject to hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase for 30 min with 500 units of enzyme per 0.1 ml of plasma at 37°C for the conjugates) on solid-phase weak cation-exchange cartridges followed by elution of the analyte and the internal standard (ethylnorphenylephrine) with 5% triethylamine in methanol. Analysis was carried out on a 15 cm ODS stationary phase using ion-pair reversed-phase chromatography. An electrochemical detector operated at + 1.15 V vs. Ag/AgCl was employed for detection. The standard curves were linear in the range 1.0–50.0 ng ml −1 for phenylephrine and 25.0–500.0 ng ml −1 for phenylephrine obtained from its conjugates. The limit of quantitation was 2.0 ng ml −1 (RSD = 17%) and 25.0 ng ml −1 (RSD = 18%), respectively. Acceptable accuracy and precision were obtained during intra- and inter-batch analyses for both the assays.
A study of the potentiation of pentobarbital anesthesia by glucose and its metabolites.

It was shown that the injection of concentrated solutions of glucose into rats immediately after recovery from pentobarbital anesthesia caused a return to anesthesia. The simultaneous administration of glucose and pentobarbital resulted in a longer period of anesthesia than did the injection of pentobarbital alone. The effect of various glucose metabolites upon blood glucose levels and upon blood pH in rats was studied. A comparison of the levels of pentobarbital in the liver, brain, and blood of rats following administration of pentobarbital alone, and pentobarbital and glucose, was made. Also investigated was the influence of high blood glucose levels upon the induction time of anesthesia and upon sleeping time produced by pentobarbital. A possible mechanism of glucose potentiation of pentobarbital anesthesia is suggested.
In vivo desensitization of a paranoid schizophrenic

Abstract Systematic desensitization and operant conditioning were applied to a paranoid schizophrenic inpatient who for 6 years believed the CIA would kill him outside the hospital. After desensitization the patient spent increasing amounts of time outside the hospital where appropriate social behaviors were reinforced.
Photometry of Comet Kohoutek (1973f)

Data are reported which provide the first large, homogeneous set of photoelectric and infrared photometry obtained for any comet. Assuming an albedo of 0.5 (a high albedo is assumed because of the large ratio of gas to dust in Kohoutek), the diameter of the nucleus of the comet is estimated to be 10 to 15 km. Based on a comparison with the infrared spectrum of Comet Bennett, it was calculated that the latter had about 16 times as much dust as Kohoutek. The data are used to obtain an evaluation of O'Dell's (1971) expression for the albedo of cometary dust grains in terms of the integrated infrared surface brightness and the surface brightness of scattered light in the continuum.
PREPARATION OF A QUICK‐COOKING BROWN RICE PRODUCT USING A CENTRIFUGAL FLUIDIZED BED DRIER

A quick-cooking brown rice product was developed using the centrifugal fluidized bed drier (“CFB”) concept. The high heat transfer rates in the CFB equipment provided a dry quick-cooking brown rice in about 5 min drying time, after precooking. Preparation time for the finished product was 10–15 min, about one-fourth that required for raw brown rice. Protein, vitamin, and mineral contents were comparable to raw brown‘rice and higher than white rice. Selected processing conditions were successfully used on a continuous CFB unit, producing about 40 1b/hr finished product. Yields were high, as very few broken kernels were observed.
Receptor proteins on newborn Balb/c mouse brain cells for coxsackievirus B3 are immunologically distinct from those on HeLa cells

Abstract Newborn Balb/c mice are highly susceptible to infection by the six coxsackievirus serotypes of group B (CVB) and it is known that receptors for these viruses are in highest concentration in the brain as compared to other tissues. Therefore, proteins from the brain tissues of these animals were solubilized (Brain-Ext) and characterized for the identification of mouse brain receptor (MBR) proteins. Virus-blot analyses of Brain-Ext suggested that each of three virus variants of CVB3-(N, W and RD) recognized four receptor proteins designated p46, p44, p36 and p33 according to their molecular size. Similar analyses of cultured neurons from newborn Balb/c mice revealed the presence of the same four receptor proteins, while astrocytes appeared to posses only p46 and/or p44. Isoelectric focusing of Brain-Ext, focused MBR proteins in the pH range 4.0–8.5, with a peak around pH 5.7. P46 was found to be neuraminidase sensitive. A polyclonal rat antiserum (anti-MBR) protected cultured neurons and astrocytes against infection by CVB3, inhibited virus binding to these cells and recognized the same four receptor proteins on western-blots as detected on virus-blots by CVB3. However, a rabbit polyclonal anti-HeLa cell antiserum, which strongly binds to HeLa cells and protects them from CVB3 infection, neither recognized any of the receptor proteins in western-blot analyses of Brain-Ext nor inhibited CVB3 infection on cultured neurons and astrocytes. Conversely, anti-MBR did not recognize any of the receptor proteins by western-blot analysis of HeLa cell extracts nor did it inhibit CVB3 infection of HeLa cells. These results indicate that the mouse brain cell receptor proteins for CVB3 are immunologically distinct from those of HeLa cells. Further immunologic analysis of the MBR proteins, using rat antisera to p46, p36 and p33, respectively, revealed that they are related.
Soft magnetic layers for low-field-detection magnetic sensors

Abstract We have investigated a wide variety of soft magnetic layers as sense layers for magnetic-field sensors. We find that in thin-film form, some of these soft materials can have susceptibilities ( χ ) approaching those of the corresponding bulk material. In general, the highest χ values occur in trilayer structures with a non-magnetic film separating two soft magnetic films. The alloy Ni 77 Fe 14 Cu 5 Mo 4 of the mu-metal family is the softest thin-film material we have found, and we can achieve hard-axis χ values above 10 5 in trilayer structures. The hard axis is preferred for magnetic sensors due to its near-linear response. The major impediment we have found to using these very soft layers in low-field sensors is that the χ value decreases by almost two orders of magnitude when the soft structure is incorporated in a standard spin valve or tunnel junction. The problem appears to be stiffening of the soft layer by the stray field from ripple in the pinned layer. A partial solution is found in the use of a synthetic antiferromagnetic as the pinned film. The antiferromagnetic alignment appears to have a canceling effect on the stray field.
Embryonic ultrasonographic measurements: crown-rump length revisited.

Abstract New endovaginal probes will result in many investigators reexamining the crown-rump length data first generated with static arm and abdominal real-time scanners. As new tables are produced, only through better understanding of the anatomy of early embryos can we realize what we are actually seeing and measuring (or at least attempting to measure). Furthermore, as we try to correlate early embryonic size with gestational age, we realize that the crown-rump measurement is not applicable in principle or in nomenclature when the embryo is <18 mm long. When first seen, the embryo is relatively straight; a measurement of its size is best described as "greatest length." As the embryo curves into a C-shaped, tadpolelike structure, the greatest measurement along the long axis is actually a neck-rump measurement. Further unfolding of the head and regression of the tail finally allow an accurate crown-rump measurement (at about 18 mm) as we have used it for almost two decades. Early embryonic stages and characteristics are reviewed and methods of measurement of early embryonic size are explained. (Am J Obstet Gynecol 1991;165:497-501.)
Space debris tracking needs improvements, report states

With more and more space debris littering the skies above Earth, the U.S. Air Force Space Command (AFSPC) needs to keep up with demands to track the debris and prevent collisions with satellites by improving the U.S. Strategic Command's Joint Space Operations Center (JSpOC) infrastructure, modernizing software, and increasing the ability to more easily incorporate new algorithms and sensor data into its system, according to a 6 September report by a U.S. National Research Council committee. “If there is a single message of this study, it is that the Air Force needs to encourage a change in culture to emphasize openness—in transparency of its algorithms, in the interaction of its people with the user community and the scientific community, and in its providing of a reasonable amount of sensor tracking data to the scientific community for testing algorithms,” according to the report, entitled Continuing Kepler's Quest: Assessing Air Force Command's Astrodynamics Standards. “The Air Force needs to position the JSpOC—and its overall space situational awareness system—to rapidly evaluate, adapt, and adopt evolving technologies to meet community needs proactively.”
Molecular analysis of lacI mutations in Rat2 cells exposed to 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene: evidence for DNA sequence and DNA strand biases for mutation.

Abstract The Rat2 ™ cell line carries 50–70 stably integrated copies per cell of a λ/lacI shuttle vector as a target for mutagenicity testing. Rat2 ™ cells were exposed to 1 and 10 μg/ml of 7,12-dimethylbenz[ a ]anthracene (DMBA) for 24 h at 37 °C in the presence of primary rat hepatocytes, and grown to confluence. The shuttle vector was rescued from untreated and mutagen-treated cells and mutant frequencies were determined. The low and high doses of DMBA induced mutant frequencies that were 7-fold (25 ±4.9 × 10 −5 ) and 33-fold (127 ±19.9 × 10 −5 ) higher, respectively, than the spontaneous mutant frequency (3.8 + 0.7 × 10 −5 ). DNA sequence analysis of the DMBA-induced lacI −1 mutants indicated that they contained mainly basepair substitution mutations at A : T and G : C, and that A : T → T : A and G : C → T : A transversions were the predominant types. In addition, 23 of 28 (82%) A : T basepair substitution mutations occurred with the mutated dA, the putatively adducted base, on the coding strand. Furthermore, 20 of the 28 (71%) A:T mutations had the mutated dA flanked 5′ by a dC, and 17 of these were A : T → T:A transversions, suggesting a sequence preference for this mutation. Except for a higher proportion of G : C → A : T transitions in the low dose data, the mutational profiles from low and high doses of DMBA were similar. These results indicate that DMBA mutagenesis in the lacI gene of Rat2 ™ cells displays distinct DNA sequence and DNA strand preferences.
A flagellum based study of semiconductor nanofabrication through magnetotaxis

Magnetospirillum magneticum (AMB-1), which belong to alpha-protobacterium are gram-negative, single-celled prokaryotic organisms consisting of a lash-like cellular appendage called flagella. These filamentous structures are made up of a protein called flagellin that in turn consist of four sub-domains, two inner domains (D0, D1) made up of alpha-helices and two outer domains (D2, D3) made up of beta sheets. It is wrapped in a helical fashion around the longitudinal filament with the outermost sub-domain (D3) exposed to the surrounding environment. This study focuses on the interaction of the D3 with semiconducting as well as metallic single-walled carbon nanotubes (m-SWNT) and in turn presents the interactive forces between the SWNT and D3 from the perspective of size and type of SWNT. It is found that the SWNT interacts the most with glycine and threonine residues of flagellin both electrostatically as well as through van der waals. Further, the viability of magnetotactic bacteria Magnetospirillum magneticum (AMB-1) in the presence of SWNT is experimentally investigated and it is found that magnetotaxis in AMB-1 is preserved without any toxic effects due to SWNT. It is proposed that AMB-1 can be used as an efficient carrier of carbon nanotubes through its flagellum for semiconductor nanofabrication tasks.
Source and seed populations for relativistic electrons: Their roles in radiation belt changes

© 2015. American Geophysical Union. All Rights Reserved. Strong enhancements of outer Van Allen belt electrons have been shown to have a clear dependence on solar wind speed and on the duration of southward interplanetary magnetic field. However, individual case study analyses also have demonstrated that many geomagnetic storms produce little in the way of outer belt enhancements and, in fact, may produce substantial losses of relativistic electrons. In this study, focused upon a key period in August-September 2014, we use GOES geostationary orbit electron flux data and Van Allen Probes particle and fields data to study the process of radiation belt electron acceleration. One particular interval, 13-22 September, initiated by a short-lived geomagnetic storm and characterized by a long period of primarily northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF), showed strong depletion of relativistic electrons (including an unprecedented observation of long-lasting depletion at geostationary orbit) while an immediately preceding, and another immediately subsequent, storm showed strong radiation belt enhancement. We demonstrate with these data that two distinct electron populations resulting from magnetospheric substorm activity are crucial elements in the ultimate acceleration of highly relativistic electrons in the outer belt: the source population (tens of keV) that give rise to VLF wave growth and the seed population (hundreds of keV) that are, in turn, accelerated through VLF wave interactions to much higher energies. ULF waves may also play a role by either inhibiting or enhancing this process through radial diffusion effects. If any components of the inner magnetospheric accelerator happen to be absent, the relativistic radiation belt enhancement fails to materialize.
Transmitter Predistortion for Simultaneous Improvements in Bit Rate, Sensitivity, Jitter, and Power Efficiency in 20 Gb/s CMOS-Driven VCSEL Links

The effect of applying feed-forward equalization (FFE) on the transmitter side is studied for three different full optical links. In contrast to all previous works, the FFE settings are optimized for a complete link, rather than just the vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser output. The approach results in dramatic improvements in total link performance: >; 6 dB in sensitivity, 3X in timing margin, and 2X in power efficiency at 15 Gb/s, and a record 5.7 pJ/bit at 20 Gb/s.
Addiction to Oncogenes—the Achilles Heal of Cancer

A series of recent studies are providing tantalizing hints of new therapeutic approaches for combating cancer. In his Perspective, Weinstein discusses new work ( Jain et al.) demonstrating that even brief inactivation of an oncogene can permanently reverse the malignant phenotype of some types of tumor.
OnTimeDetect: Dynamic Network Anomaly Notification in perfSONAR Deployments

To monitor and diagnose bottlenecks on network paths used for large-scale data transfers, there is an increasing trend to deploy measurement frameworks such as perfSONAR. These deployments use web-services to expose vast data archives of current and historic measurements, which can be queried across end-to-end multi-domain network paths. Consequently, there has arisen a need to develop automated techniques and intuitive tools that help analyze these measurements for detecting and notifying prominent network anomalies such as plateaus in both real-time and offline manner. In this paper, we present a dynamically adaptive plateau-detection (APD) scheme and its implementation in our “OnTimeDetect” tool to enable consumers of perfSONAR measurements within the data-intensive scientific communities in overcoming their existing limitations of network anomaly detection and notification. We empirically evaluate our APD scheme in terms of accuracy, agility and scalability by using measurement traces collected by OnTimeDetect tool from worldwide perfSONAR deployments in HPC communities.
Molecular relaxations in ester-terminated, amide-based dendrimers

This study utilized Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of- Flight Mass Spectrometry, Thermogravimetric Analysis, Differential Scanning Calo- rimetry, X-Ray Diffraction, and Dielectric Analysis to assess the viscoelastic and structural properties of three generations of tert-butyl and methyl ester, amide-based dendrimers. The effect of generation number and functionality on glass-transition temperatures and corresponding apparent activation energies, obtained via adherence to WLF behavior, were determined. Both were found to increase with increasing generation number and bulkiness of terminal functionalities. WLF constants, C1 and C2, allowed the determination of free volume, and thermal expansion coefficients, respectively. Secondary transitions, conforming to Arrhenius behavior, were also char- acterized and increased in temperature with generation number. The apparent activa- tion energy was greater when the matrix was crystalline. Dielectric relaxation re- sponses were analyzed to yield dielectric strengths of the molecular relaxations which increased with generation number and were comparable for both tert-butyl and methyl esters in the glass-transition region. Electrical properties of the dendrimers were dominated by ionic conductivity in the high temperature region. In order to unmask the glass transition, the data were treated in terms of the electric modulus. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys 37: 2025-2038, 1999
EPIZOOTIOLOGIC STUDIES OF AVIAN VACUOLAR MEYLINOPATHY IN WATERBIRDS

Epizootic avian vacuolar myelinopathy (AVM) was first recognized as a neurologic disease in bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) and American coots (Fulica americana )i n Ar- kansas, USA in 1994 and 1996, respectively, but attempts to identify the etiology of the disease have been unsuccessful to date. Between 1998 and 2001, wing clipped sentinel birds (wild Amer- ican coots and game farm mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)) were released at Lake Surf, North Carolina, a lake with recurrent outbreaks of AVM, in order to gain a better understanding of the epizootiology of the disease. As early as 5-7 days post-release, sentinel coots and mallards showed neurologic signs of disease and were confirmed with AVM upon histologic examination of their brains. Serial releases of sentinel mallards during the summer, fall, and winter of 2000-01 dem- onstrated that exposure to the causative agent at a threshold sufficient to manifest disease was seasonal and occurred over abou ta2m operiod, during November and December. Our findings that disease onset can be very rapid (5-7 days) and that exposure to the causative agent of AVM is site-specific, seasonal (late fall to early winter), and occurs over a relatively short duration (several months) supports the hypothesis that the disease is caused by a chemical substance, most likely of natural origin.
A Tribute to the Life and Accomplishments of Birdwell Finlayson

Purpose: Birdwell Finlayson was a talented researcher and clinician whose pioneering work in the field of urolithiasis led him to worldwide prominence in urology. We researched his life and accomplishments to provide a historical account of his career.Materials and Methods: The archives of the Department of Urology and the University of Florida Health Science Center Library were searched for publications, photographs and other records relating to Doctor Finlayson. Additionally, we interviewed many of his friends and colleagues for more information.Results: Birdwell Finlayson was born in Pocatello Bannock, Idaho. He completed a urology residency and obtained a Ph.D. in biophysics at the University of Chicago. In 1967 he joined the faculty at the University of Florida. His interest in understanding the fundamentals of stone formation led to the discovery that crystal retention at a site of nephron injury was essential for stone formation. This fixed particle hypothesis continues to serve to as the foundatio...
Experimental demonstration of evanescent coupling from optical fiber tapers to photonic crystal waveguides

Experimental results demonstrating nearly-complete mode-selective coupling to photonic crystal waveguides from optical fiber tapers are presented. 98% power transfer with a 20 nm bandwidth, and an effective coupling length of 20 /spl mu/m is observed.
Aggregation of rhodamine 6G in porous silica gels

Abstract Concentration-dependent changes of absorption spectra of rhodamine 6G (R6G) embedded in silica gel films have been investigated. Dimers of R6G molecules in the gel matrix have been found at concentrations of about 0.1 M. The dimer and monomer spectra as well as the dimerization critical radius have been determined. The dependence of the dimerization strength on the duration of polycondensation reaction was observed. To explain these results, a fractal approach has been proposed and compared with other treatments.
If “Woman” is Just an Empty Category, Then Why Am I Afraid to Walk Alone at Night? Identity Politics Meets the Postmodern Subject

This essay is a set of extended reflections on a book that has both attracted much commentary and exercised a considerable influence in current thinking about gender. This book, Joan Scott's Gender and the Politics of History, ' has had an especially powerful impact upon historians, for it is through her eyes that many of us have become acquainted with post-structuralist thought, particularly the ideas of Jacques Derrida. At the same time, Scott has become the spokesperson for gender history, the individual whose thoughts on women and gender are perhaps most widely known among those who otherwise know very little of feminist theory and the decades of scholarship and struggle on which it rests. There is much to admire in Scott's book, for as anyone who looks at the history of women must agree, discursively constructed conceptions of masculine and feminine have exerted enormous force in shaping both lives and opportunities. But lurking at the heart of Scott's call to recognize gender as a "useful category" of analysis lies a radical attack on the naive suppositions of all previous feminist scholarship: a rejection of that ingenuous chain of reasoning which links subjectivity and experience to the hope that oppressed persons, too, might find some agency in history. This rejection seems to rest upon the proposition that social identities are established solely through a process of differentiation analogous to that which Saussure identified as the structural ground of linguistic systems of meaning. The positive identity of one term (in this case, the socially powerful) emerges
A Bayesian Approach to Key-Finding

The key-profile model (originally proposed by Krumhansl and Schmuckler, and modified by Temperley) has proven to be a highly successful approach to key-finding. It appears that the key-profile model can be reinterpreted, with a few small modifications, as a Bayesian probabilistic model. This move sheds interesting light on a number of issues, including the psychological motivation for the key-profile model, other aspects of musical cognition such as metrical analysis, and issues such as ambiguity and expectation.
Strontium optical lattice clock with high accuracy and stability

Techniques of modern quantum optics allows for the preparation of atoms in well controlled quantum states ideal for precision measurements and tests of fundamental laws of physics. We report on our recent progress with a highly stable and accurate optical atomic clock based on ultracold fermionic 87Sr atoms confined in a one dimensional optical lattice. Currently, we have carried out a detailed evaluation of our clock at the 10-16 level and can report stability at 2 times 10-15 level at one second. At typical operating parameters for the clock we observe evidence of a density dependent clock shift. Operating the clock at a particular excitation ratio of ground state and excited clock state we observe a shift consistent with zero.
Shock-induced focal arrhythmias: not driven by calcium?

i Shock-induced focal arrhythmias have been documented experimentally and are plausible mechanisms for clinically bserved postshock transient ectopic beats and reinduction of trial and ventricular fibrillations. This important clinical problem usually occurs after cardioversion and needs more focused research studies. Postshock focal arrhythmias and dysfunctions are likely associated with shock-induced electroporation, which is characterized by the transient formation of aqueous pores in the cardiomyocyte membrane. The tranient electroporation-induced pores allow free movement of ons and lead to loss of intracellular potassium and intracellular ccumulation of sodium and calcium. A previous study using icroelectrode recordings showed that high-intensity shocks in a clinically relevant range) could induce repetitive spontaeous activities in papillary muscles. In the same study, sponaneous firing of myocytes was found to be closely associated ith shock-induced diastolic depolarization and increased conraction, both of which could be explained by shock-induced lectroporation. The intriguing but unresolved question reains: How does electroporation lead to focal arrhythmias? A omprehensive study by Sowell and Fast in this issue of Hearthythm takes a significant step toward resolving this question.
Monitoring a correctional mental health care system: the role of the mental health expert.

Class action litigation has been instrumental in jail and prison reform over the past four decades. This article provides a very brief introduction underlying the legal basis for such litigation. It focuses on the role of the mental health expert in monitoring a correctional mental health care system as a result of class action litigation including issues related to selection of the expert, development of the remedial plan, and monitoring of the implementation of the remedial plan. The importance of policies and procedures and a quality improvement process is emphasized. Essential elements of the monitoring process, prior to and during the site assessment, are described. Inmates and correctional staff alike have benefited substantially from such litigation in the form of increased resources and positive changes in institutional culture. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adam Smith and the Economy as a System of Power

The wisdom of Adam Smith has as its preeminent monument the fundamental paradigm of modern economic theory. The Smithian view, as it has come to be articulated as the conventional paradigm of economics, encompasses the play of spontaneous economic activity, the allocation of resources through market forces, efficiency comprehended in terms of self-interest or personal maximization of well-being, and the regulatory hand of competition. While it is recognized that such harmony as is achieved in this system is very rough indeed and that the operation of the market takes place only within and as structured by the social control forces of morals, religion, custom, education, and the law,1 the Smithian world, as perceived through modern economics, is constituted by the interplay of individual economic actors engaged in voluntary exchange through the mechanism of a competitive market. Smithian economics is thus seen as the economics of a spontaneous, generally beneficent, powerfully productive economic system, analysed in terms of the impersonal forces of the market; it is the economics of individuals voluntarily choosing from among the opportunities available to them in such a way as to achieve a constrained maximization of their welfare.