cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
High-Dose Radiation Increases Notch1 in Tumor Vasculature.

Purpose The aim of this study is to characterize the effects of high-dose radiation therapy (HDRT) on Notch signaling components of the tumor vasculature. Methods and Materials Human umbilical vein endothelial cells monolayers were exposed to different single fraction doses of irradiation; ribonucleic acid RNA was isolated and polymerase chain reaction was performed for Notch signaling components. The vascular response to radiation therapy was examined in a xenograft model of neuroblastoma. Tumors were treated with 0 Gy, 2 Gy, and 12 Gy single fraction doses and analyzed by double immunofluorescence staining for Notch1, Notch ligands Jagged1 and Dll4, and the endothelial cell (EC) marker endomucin. To assess the role of Notch in vivo, NGP xenograft tumors expressing Fc or Notch1-1-24-decoy (a novel Notch inhibitor) were treated with 0 Gy and 12 Gy. Immunofluorescence staining for endomucin and endomucin/αSMA was performed to analyze the effect of combination treatment on tumor EC and endothelial-to-mesenchymal-transition (EndMT), respectively. Results In human umbilical vein endothelial cells monolayers doses ≥8 Gy increased expression of NOTCH1, JAG1, and Notch target genes HEY1 and HEY2 as early as 6 hours after irradiation. In vivo, 12 Gy significantly increased Notch1 and Jagged1 in tumor ECs compared with 0 Gy or 2 Gy after 72 hours. Combining HDRT with Notch inhibition using the Notch1-1-24-decoy resulted in a greater loss of EC coverage of tumor vessels than HDRT alone at 6 hours and 72 hours post treatment. Notch inhibition reduced EndMT induced by HDRT, as indicated by diminished αSMA staining in ECs. Conclusions HDRT induced Notch1 expression and increased Notch1 signaling in the endothelial component of tumor vasculature, which was not observed with lower doses. This increase in Notch1 activation might protect tumor vessels from HDRT induced damage and regulate EndMT process.
Eclipse and CVS for group projects

Group projects can be difficult for the instructor to evaluate; students, also, complain about time management and member participation problems. However, working in groups can be valuable for learning course material as well as developing skills vital in the workplace. This paper explores how the open source version control system, CVS, can be used to help students work together with less dependence on synchronous meetings; instructors can also use the system to monitor group member contributions.
Evidence-Based Medicine in Otolaryngology Part XII: Assessing Patient Preferences:

ObjectiveTo provide a contemporary resource to update clinicians and researchers on the current state of assessment of patient preferences.Data SourcesPublished studies and literature regarding pat...
Lysosomal Exocytosis Releases Pathogenic α-Synuclein Species from Neurons

SUMMARY Considerable evidence supports the release of pathogenic aggregates of the neuronal protein α-Synuclein (αSyn) into the extracellular space. While this release is proposed to instigate the neuron-to-neuron transmission and spread of αSyn pathology in synucleinopathies including Parkinson’s disease, the molecular-cellular mechanism(s) remain unclear. Here we show that pathogenic species of αSyn accumulate within neuronal lysosomes in mouse brains and primary neurons. We then find that neurons release these pathogenic αSyn species via SNARE-dependent lysosomal exocytosis; proposing a central mechanism for exocytosis of aggregated and degradation-resistant proteins from neurons.
But do you think I’m cool? Developmental differences in striatal recruitment during direct and reflected social self-evaluations

Abstract The current fMRI study investigates the neural foundations of evaluating oneself and others during early adolescence and young adulthood. Eighteen early adolescents (ages 11–14, M = 12.6) and 19 young adults (ages 22–31, M = 25.6) evaluated whether academic, physical, and social traits described themselves directly (direct self-evaluations), described their best friend directly (direct other-evaluations), described themselves from their best friend's perspective (reflected self-evaluations), or in general could change over time (control malleability-evaluations). Compared to control evaluations, both adolescents and adults recruited cortical midline structures during direct and reflected self-evaluations, as well as during direct other-evaluations, converging with previous research. However, unique to this study was a significant three-way interaction between age group, evaluative perspective, and domain within bilateral ventral striatum. Region of interest analyses demonstrated a significant evaluative perspective by domain interaction within the adolescent sample only. Adolescents recruited greatest bilateral ventral striatum during reflected social self-evaluations, which was positively correlated with age and pubertal development. These findings suggest that reflected social self-evaluations, made from the inferred perspective of a close peer, may be especially self-relevant, salient, or rewarding to adolescent self-processing – particularly during the progression through adolescence – and this feature persists into adulthood.
Analysis of fatty acids

Publisher Summary There has been a great interest by consumers for nutritious foods. This interest has caused the food industry to work on decreasing the caloric content of foods, while increasing the nutritiousness of their products. These products are high fiber breads, cereals, and other bakery products and low fat or non-fat foods, where fats and oils are replaced by fat mimetics. Fat substitutions in the formulation of food products and the health claims associated with the increased health benefits have caused the food and drug administration (FDA) to review once again their labeling policies for foods. One of the areas covered by the FDA is fat content, with specific rules relating to fatty acid content. These rules are in the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) 21, Part 101.9, “Nutrition Labeling of Food.” The information requires that fatty acids be calculated as triglycerides in three categories: saturated, polyunsaturated and monounsaturated. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are defined as the cis-cismethylene-interrupted type, saturated fatty acids are defined as the sum of all fatty acids containing no double bonds and monounsaturated fatty acids are defined as those of the cis-monounsaturated type. The analysis of saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids by gas chromatography is covered in detail in this chapter and it focuses on improvements made during the past 10 years.
Quantum Coherence Accelerating Photosynthetic Energy Transfer

We show how long-lasting coherence enhances energy transfer rate in a photosynthetic complex based on an analysis of data collected using a newly developed twocolor electronic coherence photon echo technique and theoretical simulations.
Inheritances, Intergenerational Transfers, and the Accumulation of Health

Research on inheritances has largely focused on the motives of the bequeathing. Regardless of the motivations of the giving generation prior to death, wealth is transferred, and this additional money may have an impact on the receiving generation. In particular, inheritances may be correlated with individuals’ health for several reasons. First, there may be a causal effect; inheritances provide additional financial resources allowing recipients to purchase inputs to health and health care. A large literature on socioeconomic status (SES) and health investigates the effect of financial resources on health. Second, inheritances may signal the overall strength of a dynasty. This dynastic strength would manifest itself in both better health and more ability to leave a bequest. Inheritances could be associated with better health because parents who will eventually bequeath wealth to their children may have disproportionately higher SES, which improves the health outcomes of the children. Third, bequests (and a bequest motive) may signal a stronger interest in one’s child. This reminder to the child could improve his emotional well-being. This paper
A sphere-forming scarab beetle (Ceratocanthinae: Hybosoridae) in Dominican amber

The ability of beetles to form defensive spheres is a rare trait and confined to representatives in the families Clambidae, Leiodidae and Hybosoridae. However, the most compact spheres are formed by members of the Neotropical genus Ceratocanthus (Ceratocanthinae: Hybosoridae). A representative in Dominican amber described as Ceratocanthus emarginatus sp.n. differs from all known members of the genus by its unique notched clypeus. Additional specimens of at least two other species suggest that these sphere-forming beetles were fairly diverse in the Dominican amber forest.http://www.zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:4329D0DA-57BD-4CEA-9464-ABD5D1577FC9
Reclaiming Lost Ground: Arthur Morgan and the Miami Conservancy District Labor Camps

(2001). Reclaiming Lost Ground: Arthur Morgan and the Miami Conservancy District Labor Camps. The Historian: Vol. 64, No. 2, pp. 367-390.
Kinetic and thermodynamic evaluation of the reversible N-heterocyclic carbene-isothiocyanate coupling reaction: applications in latent catalysis.

Using stopped flow and other spectroscopic techniques, the thermodynamic parameters of the coupling reaction between 1,3-dimesitylimidazolylidene and phenyl isothiocyanate were determined (Ho = −96.1 kJ mol−1 and ΔSo = −39.6 J mol−1 K−1). On the basis of these data which indicated that the reaction was reversible (Keq = 5.94 × 1014 M−1 at 25 °C; kf = 252 M−1 s−1; kr = 4.24 × 10−13 s−1), the adduct formed from the two aforementioned coupling partners was used as a latent catalyst to facilitate the [2 + 2 + 2] cyclotrimerization of phenyl isocyanate and the polymerization of dl-lactide.
Deoxyhypusine synthase from rat testis : purification and characterization

Deoxyhypusine synthase is the first enzyme involved in the post-translational formation of hypusine, a unique amino acid that occurs at one position in a single cellular protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A). This NAD-dependent enzyme catalyzes the formation of deoxyhypusine by transfer of the butylamine portion of spermidine to the ϵ-amino group of a specific lysine residue in the eIF-5A precursor. Its purification from rat testis was accomplished by ammonium sulfate fractionation and successive ion-exchange chromatographic steps, followed by chromatofocusing on a hydrophilic resin (Mono P). A pI of 4.7 was determined by isoelectric focusing. Amino acid sequences of five tryptic peptides of the pure enzyme did not correspond to any sequences in the protein data banks. The enzyme migrates as a single band on SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with an apparent monomer molecular mass of ∼42,000 Da. Matrix-assisted laser desorption mass spectrometry gave a monomer mass of 40,800 Da. There is evidence, however, that the active enzyme exists as a tetramer of this subunit. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies to the 42-kDa protein precipitated deoxyhypusine synthase activity. The enzyme shows a strict specificity for NAD. Purified deoxyhypusine synthase catalyzes the overall synthesis of deoxyhypusine and, in the absence of the eIF-5A precursor, catalyzes the cleavage of spermidine.
Tγ cell subset specificity of lymphocyte reactive factors in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus sera

Sera from 34 patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA), 31 patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), and 22 normal controls were studied for microcytotoxicity before and after clearing in the ultracentrifuge. Normal T cells as well as T gamma and non-T gamma subpopulations were used. Before ultracentrifugation all test sera showed apparent T gamma cell specificity in the microcytotoxicity assay where rabbit complement was added. JRA and SLE sera produced much higher proportions of cell killing than normal controls. Ultracentrifugal clearing resulted in marked diminution in microcytotoxicity of JRA and some SLE sera. However, a considerable proportion of lupus sera continued to show T cell subset cytotoxicity after ultracentrifugal clearing. No evidence for significant alteration of T gamma rosetting capacity was recorded when ultracentrifuge-cleared test sera were preincubated with T cells prior to T gamma EA rosette formation. Apparent T gamma cytotoxic specificity in some uncleared JRA and SLE sera may relate to high molecular weight materials (IgM and immune complexes) present in such samples, whereas in others it relates to lymphocyte reactive antibody with subset reactivity.
A Situational Model of Sexual Assault Prevention through Bystander Intervention

Bystander intervention is a potentially potent tool in the primary prevention of sexual assault but more information is needed to guide prevention programs (Banyard 2008). Undergraduates (378 women and 210 men, primarily White) at a central coast California university completed an anonymous questionnaire measuring five barriers identified by the situational model of bystander intervention (Latane and Darley 1970) and bystander intervention behavior. As expected, the barriers were negatively correlated with intervention, were greater for men than for women, and intervention likelihood was affected by perceptions of victim worthiness, especially for men. Hypotheses predicting a positive relationship between having a relationship with the potential victim or perpetrator and intervention were supported. Implications for sexual assault bystander intervention programming are provided.
The impact of local authorities on labour party economic policy

This article questions to what extent the Labour Party is prepared to build on local authority experience in its policy statements and in practice. With the demise of the AES, Labour has been searching for a new political economy, publishing three policy statements in March this year. The author argues that while the impact of local authorities on these documents is unmistakable, the Labour Party has yet to take all their ideas on board.
Gamma knife radiosurgery for recurrent salivary gland malignancies involving the base of skull.

Background. The management of skull base recurrence of salivary gland tumors is challenging, because complete surgical resection and fractionated reirradiation are seldom possible. Experience is being gained with radiosurgery for this indication. Methods. From 1994–2000, eight patients with 16 skull base recurrences of salivary gland tumors underwent Gamma Knife radiosurgery at the University of California San Francisco. Local freedom from progression (FFP), regional FFP, locoregional FFP, and survival times were measured from the date of radiosurgery and estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. All patients experienced symptomatic response, usually pain resolution. The median local FFP, regional FFP, locoregional FFP, and survival times were 15.4, 12.0, 10.0, and 21.2 months, respectively. The 1-year local FFP probabilities are 93% and 59%, respectively. Local FFP, allowing for salvage radiosurgery, was 100% at 1 year and 75% at 2 years. Five of seven patients with locoregional failure underwent repeat radiosurgery, successfully achieving control for an additional 4.4 to 13.4 months in four patients. One patient had radiation necrosis develop. Conclusion. Radiosurgery provided good local control and symptomatic relief in patients with recurrent salivary gland malignancies involving the base of skull. In patients with good performance status, radiosurgery should be considered as salvage treatment. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 25: 210–216, 2003
Power of language ideologies: Challenging the notion of foreign loanwords in Japanese-as-a-foreign-language classroom

In foreign language (FL) classrooms, students are rarely alerted to the politics behind a particular use of words. The recent introduction of critical literacy in some FL classrooms has pushed students to understand the ways texts influence how we perceive and act in society. Nonetheless, some of the basic linguistic notions have yet to be challenged in FL classrooms, preventing critical literacy from achieving its full potential. We examined Kumagai's critical literacy project in an intermediate Japanese-as-a-foreign-language classroom at a college in the north-eastern US. The project encouraged students to question the textbook's prescriptive explanation regarding the use of katakana (a Japanese syllabary system that the textbook explains to be for foreign loanwords). Analysis of classroom interactions and students' reflection papers revealed that the notion of foreign loanword stifled the students' critical thinking. We argue that it is because the notion supports an absolute and static foreign/Japanes...
Structure of an E3:E2~Ub complex reveals an allosteric mechanism shared among RING/U-box ligases

Despite the widespread importance of RING/U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases in ubiquitin (Ub) signaling, the mechanism by which this class of enzymes facilitates Ub transfer remains enigmatic. Here, we present a structural model for a RING/U-box E3:E2~Ub complex poised for Ub transfer. The model and additional analyses reveal that E3 binding biases dynamic E2~Ub ensembles toward closed conformations with enhanced reactivity for substrate lysines. We identify a key hydrogen bond between a highly conserved E3 side chain and an E2 backbone carbonyl, observed in all structures of active RING/U-Box E3/E2 pairs, as the linchpin for allosteric activation of E2~Ub. The conformational biasing mechanism is generalizable across diverse E2s and RING/U-box E3s, but is not shared by HECT-type E3s. The results provide a structural model for a RING/U-box E3:E2~Ub ligase complex and identify the long sought-after source of allostery for RING/U-Box activation of E2~Ub conjugates.
The Ethics of Authentic Transformational Leadership

In response to worries about the morality of transformational leadership, Bass and Steidlmeier [Leadersh. Q. 10 (1999) 181] distinguish between authentic transformational leadership and inauthentic or pseudo-transformational leadership. The present article analyzes the conception of authenticity at the core of this normative account of leadership. I argue that the distinction between authentic transformational leadership and pseudo-transformational leadership fails to ground a sufficient response to ethical concerns about transformational leadership. To the extent that this theory holds that altruism suffices for ethical success, it misses the fact that leaders sometimes behave immorally precisely because they are blinded by their own values. In the end, we can expect that this kind of blindness will come to bear importantly on the moral psychology of leadership and, in some cases, encourage transformational leaders to believe that they are justified in making exceptions of themselves on the grounds that their leadership behavior is authentic.
Rip Current: Science and Threat Communication

ABSTRACT Leatherman, S. P., 2014. Rip current: Science and threat communication. There have been major advances in defining the nature of rip currents and how to communicate this threat to the public. The 3rd International Rip Current Symposium built upon previous professional gatherings and further advanced our understanding of these dangerous currents. It is an exciting time to be working in a coastal science that is rapidly developing and evolving with such importance to public safety at the world's foremost recreational areas—surf beaches.
Exclusion of malignancy in thyroid nodules with indeterminate fine-needle aspiration cytology after negative 18f-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography: Interim analysis

In all, 20% of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsies of thyroid nodules have an indeterminate diagnosis; of these, 80% are found to be benign after thyroidectomy. Some previous reports indicate that positron emission tomography (PET) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) imaging may predict malignancy status. We now report results on the first 51 patients in the largest prospective study of FDG-PET in patients with an indeterminate thyroid nodule FNA. Eligible patients had a dominant thyroid nodule that was palpable or ≥1 cm in greatest dimension as seen by ultrasonography, and indeterminate histology of the FNA biopsy specimen. Participants underwent preoperative neck FDG-PET alone or FDG-PET with computed tomography (FDG-PET/CT). Images were evaluated qualitatively and semiquantitatively using the maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax). Final diagnosis was determined by histopathologic analysis after thyroidectomy. Descriptive statistical analysis was performed. A total of 51 patients underwent preoperative FDG-PET or FDG-PET/CT. Studies without focally increased uptake localized to the lesion were considered negative. For all lesions (10 malignant, 41 benign), the sensitivity, specificity, positive-predictive value (PPV), and negative-predictive value (NPV) were 80%, 61%, 33%, and 93%, respectively. Postoperatively, two malignant and six benign lesions were found to be <1 cm by pathology examination; one lesion was not measured. When these lesions were excluded, the sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 100%, 59%, 36%, and 100%, respectively. Based on these preliminary data, FDG-PET may have a role in excluding malignancy in thyroid nodules with an indeterminate FNA biopsy. This finding justifies ongoing accrual to our target population of 125 participants.
Correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer and visual field in eyes with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy

Purpose To evaluate correlations between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness with visual field (VF) sensitivities in eyes with nonartertic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION). Design Case-control study in an academic, institutional setting. Methods One eye from 21 patients with NAION and 32 healthy participants were included in this prospective study. Humphrey visual field (HVF) sensitivities were obtained from standard achromatic HVF test (24-2 SITA). RNFL was measured with scanning laser polarimetry (SLP, GDx-VCC) and optical coherence tomography (OCT, StratusOCT). Correlations were evaluated between RNFL and sensitivities from global, hemifields, and regional locations of the VF pertinent to the RNFL distribution. A total of 15 NAION eyes had inferior altitudinal HVF defects, and their global and regional RNFL was compared with that of control eyes. The main outcome measure was correlation between HVF sensitivities and RNFL. Results Correlations of global, hemifield, and sectorial HVF sensitivities with RNFL were greater when RNFL was measured with OCT than with SLP, except for nasal and inferonasal sectors. RNFL thickness was far lower in the hemiretinas corresponding to the relative unaffected hemifield in eyes with altitudinal VF defect compared with controls. Conclusions In patients with NAION, RNFL measured by OCT provided better correlation to HVF changes than SLP did. Both instruments showed decreased RNFL in NAION eyes with altitudinal VF defects compared with control eyes, demonstrating loss of RNFL even in sectors of the optic disk that corresponded to relatively unaffected hemifield, suggesting greater damage beyond the extent estimated by VF methods.
Retrovirus-mediated gene transfer into rat salivary gland cells in vitro and in vivo.

A retroviral vector DAP that encodes the human placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) and the neomycin-resistant gene was used to transduce the salivary gland-derived cell line A5 in vitro and acina...
Opponent-process theory and drug conditioning: an assessment for conditioned stimulant-induced movement.

Opponent-process theory occupies an important place in drug conditioning because it accounts for conditioned drug effects which are opposite to those induced by the drug itself. It has not been established, however, whether there is an opponent-process component to stimulant drug induced conditioned effects. In the present study the unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model was used to examine this issue. Two groups of Sprague-Dawley rats with equivalent 6-OHDA lesions were administered five apomorphine treatments (0.05 mg/kg s.c.) either paired or unpaired to a 10-min test chamber placement. Apomorphine induced vigorous contralateral rotation and suppressed all ipsilateral rotation. While the apomorphine-induced contralateral rotation response can be conditioned to the test, environment cues, the critical test of opponent-process theory in the present study was whether the opposite response of ipsilateral rotation would also become conditioned as a latent opponent-process response to the exteroceptive test environment cues associated with the apomorphine drug state. The postacquisition saline test for conditioning showed that the paired group exhibited higher rates of contralateral and ipsilateral rotation compared to the unpaired group. In addition, when the animals were subsequently tested with the dopaminergic receptor antagonist, haloperidol (0.5 mg/kg), unexpectedly, contralateral rotation was enhanced in the paired group, whereas, ipsilateral rotation was suppressed in both groups. While these findings are, in part, compatible with an opponent-process mechanism, the data supported a simpler explanation; namely, the mechanism of differential habituation in the two groups due to a blocking effect of apomorphine on habituation selectively in the paired group. The haloperidol enhancement of contralateral rotation in the paired group was attributed to the suppression of ipsilateral rotation which acted as competing response during the saline test for conditioning. Thus, the present results provide no support for an opponent-process effect but are consistent with the development of a behavioral sensitization effect as a consequence of chronic dopaminergic stimulant drug treatment.
Platelet activation patterns in platelet size sub-populations: differential responses to aspirin in vitro.

Circulating platelets are heterogeneous in size and structure. Whether this translates into differences in platelet function and efficacy of antiplatelet therapy is unclear. Hence, we decided to investigate the activation patterns among different platelet populations differentiated by size, and to compare the inhibitory effects of aspirin in these populations. Circulating platelets from 9 healthy volunteers were separated by size and stratified into the largest and smallest quintiles. Platelets were stimulated with 75 μM arachidonic acid (AA), 10 μM ADP or 25 μM TRAP. Alpha-granule protein secretion and expression (P-selectin, VWF, fibrinogen), surface-protein activation (activated integrin αIIbβ3) were assessed. Platelet thromboxane B2 (TxB2) synthesis following AA stimulation was measured in vitro before and after incubation with 265 μM aspirin. Reticulated (juvenile) platelets were assessed using thiazole orange staining. A greater number of large platelets in the largest quintile were reticulated compared with the smallest quintile (6.1 ± 2.8% vs. 1.2 ± 1.5% respectively, p < 0.001). Larger platelets also synthesized more TxB2 than small platelets both before (1348 ± 276 pg/mL vs. 1023 ± 214 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.01) and after aspirin (1029 ± 190 pg/mL vs. 851 ± 159 pg/mL, respectively, p = 0.03). After stimulation with each agonist, a greater proportion of large platelets bound fibrinogen, VWF, P-selectin and activated integrin αIIbβ3 than small platelets both in the presence and in the absence of in vitro aspirin. In an in vitro setting, large platelets appear to be more active than small platelets and continue to be more active even after in vitro aspirin. Platelets exhibit heterogeneity in size and structure. Whether this translates into platelet function and efficacy of antiplatelet therapy is unclear. We evaluated platelet functional properties and the effects of aspirin on separated platelet subpopulations in an in vitro setting. Platelets were sorted into the largest and smallest size quintiles using flow cytometry forward scatter. Alpha-granule protein release, dense granule content, surface protein activation and thromboxane synthesis were significantly greater in large platelets compared with small platelets, before and after stimulation with arachidonic acid, ADP and TRAP. Even after incubation with aspirin, large platelets continued to be more active than small platelets. In conclusion, large platelets are more active than small platelets and aspirin fails to eliminate these differential activation properties.
IT acceptance: managing user—IT group boundaries

Users and IT personnel typically belong to different organizational units with different objectives and values. This often creates a perceived boundary between the two units, reducing the degree to which users accept the installation of new IT. Much IT research suggests that increased user involvement and influence on IT development can overcome user - IT personnel differences and thereby increase user acceptance. However, the realization of this objective can be problematic when implementing new IT in large organizations within which such user involvement is impractical.This study examines a case of IT adoption in view of Social Identity Theory, which focuses on how identification with groups affects individuals' beliefs and behavior. As hypothesized, users' acceptance of the IT increased when they believed that the inter-group boundary between them and the IT group was reduced and when they believed that they shared values with the IT group. Both of these beliefs increased when the IT group was perceived to be responsive to user requests. The results suggest that, even in large organizations where user influence on IT development is limited, IT group responsiveness can increase user acceptance of new IT.
Differentiating members of the thiazolidinedione class: a focus on safety

Troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone are members of the thiazolidinedione (TZD) class - antidiabetic agents that have proven efficacy in the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. All three agents are believed to mediate their effects via activation of the gamma isoform of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR gamma). Despite this common mechanism of action, they all have unique chemical structures and receptor-binding affinities, and consequently, in addition to the class effects (probably mediated through PPAR gamma), each TZD has a unique safety profile. Side effects have been categorized as unique to individual TZDs, or common to the class of drug. Of the unique effects, the best characterized is hepatotoxicity, which has been associated specifically with troglitazone to date. Studies with rosiglitazone and pioglitazone indicate that hepatotoxicity is not a class effect. Further differences in the safety profiles of these agents arise because the oxidative metabolism for each agent occurs by distinct cytochrome pathways: troglitazone and pioglitazone involve CYP 3A4 and CYP 2C8 whereas rosiglitazone is principally metabolized by CYP 2C8. CYP 3A4 is involved in the metabolism of over 150 drugs, hence the potential for drug interactions with troglitazone and pioglitazone is much greater than with rosiglitazone. Class effects include edema, slight reductions in hemoglobin and hematocrit (due to hemodilution), weight gain and alterations in plasma lipid profiles. This article considers safety data obtained from both clinical trials and clinical practice as a means of differentiating among troglitazone, rosiglitazone and pioglitazone.
Thermally and photochemically induced vinyl-hydrogen activation of [η4-1,2:3,4-(trans-1,3,5-hexatriene)](η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt: Regio- and stereospecific hydrogen migrations

[η4-1,2:3,4-(trans-1,3,5-hexatriene)](η5-cyclopentadienyl)cobalt (3) undergoes dimerization to form a flyover carbene, 5, with concomitant elimination of one equivalent of trans-1,3,5-hexatriene. Structure 5 thermally rearranges via a metal-mediated [1,5]-H shift to carbene 6: Ea = 29.1 ± 0.4 kcal mol−1, log A = 11.6 ± 0.6. The structures of 5 and 6 were confirmed by single crystal X-ray determination. Low temperature irradiation of 6 generates 13 which undergoes a thermally induced reversion to 6: Ea = 19.4 ± 0.9 kcal mol−1, log A = 10.0 ± 1.3. Deuterium labeling studies indicate the mechanisms involved in these CH transformations are intramolecular, regio-, and stereospecific. The chemical study of this system is extended to include a variety of homologous CpCo(triene) complexes. A comparison between the triene approach to the formation of these flyover pentadienyl carbenes and direct carbene addition is described.
Negative Elongation Factor-Mediated Suppression of RNA Polymerase II Elongation of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Lytic Gene Expression

ABSTRACT Genome-wide chromatin immunoprecipitation assays indicate that the promoter-proximal pausing of RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) is an important postinitiation step for gene regulation. During latent infection, the majority of Kaposi9s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) genes is silenced via repressive histone marks on their promoters. Despite the absence of their expression during latency, however, several lytic promoters are enriched with activating histone marks, suggesting that mechanisms other than heterochromatin-mediated suppression contribute to preventing lytic gene expression. Here, we show that the RNAPII-mediated transcription of the KSHV OriLytL, K5, K6, and K7 (OriLytL-K7) lytic genes is paused at the elongation step during latency. Specifically, the RNAPII-mediated transcription is stalled by the host9s negative elongation factor (NELF) at the promoter regions of OriLytL-K7 lytic genes during latency, leading to the hyperphosphorylation of the serine 5 residue and the hypophosphorylation of the serine 2 of the C-terminal domain of the RNAPII large subunit, a hallmark of stalled RNAPII. Consequently, depletion of NELF expression induced transition of stalled RNAPII into a productive transcription elongation at the promoter-proximal regions of OriLytL-K7 lytic genes, leading to their RTA-independent expression. Using an RTA-deficient recombinant KSHV, we also showed that expression of the K5, K6, and K7 lytic genes was highly inducible upon external stimuli compared to other lytic genes that lack RNAPII on their promoters during latency. These results indicate that the transcription elongation of KSHV OriLytL-K7 lytic genes is inhibited by NELF during latency, but can also be promptly reactivated in an RTA-independent manner upon external stimuli.
Synchronous colorectal adenocarcinoma and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST)

Background Little is known about the synchronous occurrence of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) and other gastrointestinal tumors. We present two cases of an invasive colon cancer with a synchronous small-bowel GIST; immunohistochemistry studies were performed to evaluate possible genetic similarities.
Channel charge control in multi-channel Modfet's

Channel charge control in multiple channel modulation doped FET devices (MODFET) is analyzed using one-dimensional self-consistent quantum mechanical theory. Schrodinger and Poisson equations are solved self-consistently for an arbitrary number of parallel heterostructure quantum wellsat finite temperatures. It has been shown that the total channel charge underthe gate follows the superposition principle only for a few channels, whilefor a larger number of parallel channels a saturation effect is observed. For example, for a typical multi-channel AlxGa1−x As/GaAs heterostructure with 10 parallel channels (5 quantum wells) the totalchannel charge is only about 8 times larger than in a single channel. We also show using a pseudo two-dimensional approach that the application of a lateral channel potential reduces the total channel charge per channel for multi-well heterostructures.
World review of the parasitoids of the southern green stink bug, Nezara viridula (L.) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae).

A survey of published and unpublished information was used to compile a list of insect parasitoids recorded emerging from Nezara viridula (L.) in the field worldwide. Fifty-seven species among two families of Diptera and five families of Hymenoptera are recorded; 41 are egg parasitoids. No hyperparasitoids are known. Most species are not closely associated with N. viridula , although some are well adapted and the status of others is unclear. Six species of Nearctic and Neotropical Tachinidae are well adapted to adult N. viridula and could become established in new areas; they also attack large nymphs. There are no effective parasitoids specific to nymphs. The scelionid Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), probably of Old World origin, is the most widespread egg parasitoid and now occurs with N. viridula in the New World, coastal Africa, southern Europe, Pakistan, Australia, New Zealand, and some Pacific islands. Unique complexes of egg parasitoids occur in parts of Africa and eastern Asia. Based on the distribution of the genus Nezara and its species' color polymorphs and egg parasitoid complexes, N. viridula is considered to be of Ethiopian origin. African and Asian egg parasitoids in the genera Trissolcus, Telenomus , and Gryon , plus six New World Tachinidae, should be considered for establishment against N. viridula elsewhere.
Effectiveness of Selective Use of Intravenous Pyelography in Patients Presenting to the Emergency Department with Ureteral Colic.

Objective: To determine whether IV pyelography (IVP) is required routinely for all patients presenting to the ED with ureteral colic. Methods: A randomized prospective study was conducted with 2 patient groups—a routine IVP group, in which all patients underwent IVP, and a selective IVP group, in which patients were treated, observed, and released without undergoing IVP unless they experienced continued symptoms. The study was performed in a large university-affiliated, community hospital ED. Participants were patients aged 18–65 years with signs and symptoms consistent with ureteral colic. Results: Among the 40 patients enrolled in the routine IVP group, 26 had positive studies, 8 of which necessitated hospitalization. Among the 41 patients randomized to the selective IVP group, there were only 19 IVPs performed, of which 6 were positive and 4 necessitated hospitalization. Compared with the routine IVP group, there were 54% fewer FVPs performed and a 51 % lower admission rate in the selective IVP group. Despite the fact that fewer IVPs were performed in the selective IVP group, clinical outcomes in the 2 groups were similar, without significant complication in either group. Conclusions: IVPs do not need to be routinely performed for all patients presenting to the ED with ureteral colic. The decision to perform an IVP may be dictated by symptoms that persist after initial evaluation and treatment.
Monocentric fungi on species of rhizosolenia from saline habitats

Eight monocentric fungi are reported in two provisionally identified species ofRhizosolenia from sea-water. Only two species are assigned specific names. These areRhizophydium planktonicum Canter andR. fragilariae Canter. A fungus with depressed-globose sporangia is included as a form ofR. fragilariae. Two unidentified species ofChytridium are reported. A fungus tentatively assigned toZygorhizidium and a form provisionally assigned toPetersenia are also reported and described insofar as their characteristics are known.
Exchange rate dynamics and international effects of monetary shocks in monetary, equilibrium models

Abstract This paper analyzes the ability of open-economy extensions of Lucas's (1990) liquidity model to explain features of observed nominal and real exchange rate dynamics and responses of key variables to monetary shocks. The two-country models that we consider are inhabited by multi-member households who face cash-in-advance constraints on goods purchases and shocks to each country's technology and money growth rate. Countries are linked by trades in goods and currencies. Qualitative and quantitative implications of the model economies for exchange rate dynamics and behaviors of other key variables are examined.
The O'Donoghue triad revisited: Combined knee injuries involving anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament tears

We identified 60 consecutive patients with combined anterior cruciate and medial collateral ligament (ACL-MCL) disruptions that were incurred during athletic endeavors. Each underwent acute reconstruction of the ACL. The arthroscopic data obtained at the time of reconstructive surgery was reviewed in order to determine the incidence of O'Donoghue's triad (the "unhappy triad"), consisting of ACL, MCL, and medial meniscus tears. Patients were subdivided into two groups for analysis based upon the degree of MCL injury at time of presentation (Group I, 35 patients with a second-degree sprain; Group II, 25 patients with a complete, or third-degree injury). Medial meniscus tears were an uncommon finding. Lateral meniscus tears significantly out-numbered medial meniscus tears in both groups, occurring in 25 (71%) of Group I patients and 8 (32%) of those in Group II. Even chondral fractures of the lateral femoral condyle outnumbered medial meniscus tears [6 (17%) versus 4 (11%)] in patients with a second-degree MCL sprain. Furthermore, when present in Group I patients, tears of the medial meniscus were associated with a concomitant lateral meniscus injury. Group II patients were more likely (60%) than Group I not to have any meniscal abnormality at all. We conclude that the classic O'Donoghue triad is, in fact, an unusual clinical entity among athletes with knee injuries; it might be more accurately described as a triad consisting of ACL, MCL, and lateral meniscus tears. This injury combination appears to be more common when an incomplete, or second-degree, tear of the medial collateral has occurred.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
PowerPoint in the Psychology Classroom: lessons from multimedia learning research

Teaching in higher education often involves giving a lecture that is accompanied by PowerPoint slides. It is common practice for slides to adhere closely to PowerPoint’s defaults, but these and other similar designs violate principles of multimedia learning. In this article, the psychological theories that apply to slide comprehension processes are described, with an explanation as to how ‘common-practice’ slides do not incorporate recommendations that arise from them. The authors identify ways in which an alternative structure, called the Assertion-Evidence (A-E) slide structure, better embodies these principles. They present introductory steps for instructors who are interested in redesigning their slides. Figures are used to illustrate both common-practice and A-E slide structures. University lectures often include PowerPoint slides. However, PowerPoint’s default settings, which lead the user to create a phrase headline followed by a list with or without an image, does not comply with psychological principles of multimedia learning (Mayer, 2009; Mayer & Moreno, 2003). Moreover, our own surveys of slides have found that most slide creators in professional communities rely heavily on these settings (Garner, Alley, Gaudelli, & Zappe, 2009). In contrast, multimedia learning principles call for the judicious use of specific types of images, removal of extraneous details, signalling of conceptual relationships, and narration that augments rather than repeats the information on the slide (Mayer, 2005b). In this article we highlight four multimedia learning principles and the theory that supports their application to PowerPoint slides. We provide examples of common-practice slides which violate multimedia principles. We then describe an alternative slide structure called the AssertionEvidence (A-E) slide structure. Examples of A-E slides then illustrate how this structure better embodies multimedia learning principles. We close with some steps that instructors can take towards adopting the structure.
Concentration-dependent respiratory response of guinea pigs to paraquat aerosol.

Six groups of male English smooth-haired guinea pigs were exposed to a paraquat aerosol for 4 h. Concentrations of the paraquat ion aerosols ranged from 0.83 to 2.07 mg/m3. Over 85% of the particles in the aerosol were found to be under 0.65 μm. Tidal volume and respiratory frequency of each animal were measured prior to exposure, immediately following exposure, and 18 h following exposure. These parameters were monitored during air breathing and a 10% CO2 challenge using a whole body plethysmograph fitted with a head chamber. A concentration-related decrease in tidal volume and increase in respiratory frequency were found 18 h following exposure when breathing air and the CO2 mixture. Inspection of the flow-volume (V-VT) loops showed abnormal rectangular shapes 18 h following exposure, also varying with the concentration and indicative of lung restriction with a hyperventilation pattern. This study provides quantitative information on the respiratory toxicity following a paraquat inhalation exposure and qualitative description of its effect on the respiratory pattern. The measurements made may be of value in the search of antidotes for this important herbicide.
The Impact of Group-as-a-Whole Work on Anxiety and Depression in a Severely Mentally Ill Population∗

This study explored the impact of a group-as-a-whole processing group on 11 severely mentally ill adult clients residing in a long term care facility over 30 weeks. Participants were evaluated for the effect of the group on anxiety and depression, using the Beck Depression Index (BDI-II) and the Beck Anxiety Index (BAI). This longitudinal study incorporated measurements at 4 time points, 10 weeks apart, and utilized a control group. The results demonstrated a significant reduction in anxiety for the experimental group, and a significant drop in depression in the experimental compared to the control group.
From measurements to sustainable choices [Persepectives]

For measurement of energy consumption to be truly useful for sustainability measures, the measurement of energy consumption in a building must be real-time, frequent, holistic, and most importantly disaggregated. Holistic implies that measurements must encompass all forms of energy use, both direct (electricity and natural gas) and indirect (water embedded energy), and being disaggregated requires that energy use must be at the level of devices and appliances as opposed for the whole building. Conventional solutions to measuring disaggregated end use of electricity and water require deploying at each end-point precalibrated in-line mesh networked sensors for measuring voltage/current, water flow rate, etc. Besides being costly, such “direct sensors”are aesthetically intrusive, and often need costly professional installation and impose network management burden.
The preparation and characterization of silica gels doped with copper complexes

Abstract Silica gels doped with [Cu(C 5 H 5 N) 4 ] 2+ (C 5 H 5 N = Py), CuCl 2 -HOCH 2 CH 2 OH and Cu(CH 3 COO) 2 -NH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 Si-(OC 2 H 5 ) 3 (CH 3 COO = OAc, C 2 H 5 = Et) have been prepared and examined by X-ray diffraction, electron spin resonance, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermal gravimetric analysis and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Different dopants have different interactions with the silica alcogels depending on the chemistry of the dopants: [Cu(Py) 4 ] 2+ forms chemical bonds with the hydroxyl oxygens on the surface of the silica matrix; in Cu(OAc) 2 -NH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 Si(OEt) 3 -doped alcogels, the siloamine enters into the sol-gel reaction and Cu(OAc) 2 coordinates to the -NH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 ligand of the precursor. However, there is no evidence for bond formation between copper and the hydroxyl groups on the silica surface in the CuCl 2 -HOCH 2 CH 2 OH-doped alcogels. The TEM images show a homogeneous and uniform distribution of copper particles on the reduced CuCl 2 -HOCH 2 CH 2 OH- and Cu(OAc) 2 -NH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 Si(OEt) 3 -doped xerogel surface. The type of nitrogen adsorption isotherms of doped silica xerogels are unaffected by the dopant concentration. However, their surface areas do depend on the level of dopant. The microstructure of the silica matrix is primarily determined by the pH of the initial reactants, at least in the [Cu(Py) 4 ] 2+ -doped case.