cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
A Case for Adding a Social—Behavioral Standard to Standards-Based Education With Schoolwide Positive Behavior Support as Its Basis:

A B S T R A C T There is a growing recognition of the importance and effectiveness of instruction not only in academics but also in social and character development. This new understanding has provided the impetus for reforming how schools address behavior and discipline to foster an environment that facilitates learning. Attention to standards-based education, though currently focused exclusively on academic learning, provides a tried and tested conceptual approach to student achievement that can be used to adopt a social and behavioral standard for holding schools accountable for providing an environment that facilitates learning. Efforts to align special and general education systems provide a context in which a social—behavioral standard and its indicators can be addressed. Instruction and assessments that encompass the individualized approach of special education as well as the school improvement and accountability approach of standards-based education can then be referenced against new social— behav...
Signaling integration in the rugae growth zone directs sequential SHH signaling center formation during the rostral outgrowth of the palate

Abstract Evolution of facial morphology arises from variation in the activity of developmental regulatory networks that guide the formation of specific craniofacial elements. Importantly, the acquisition of novel morphology must be integrated with a phylogenetically inherited developmental program. We have identified a unique region of the secondary palate associated with the periodic formation of rugae during the rostral outgrowth of the face. Rugae function as SHH signaling centers to pattern the elongating palatal shelves. We have found that a network of signaling genes and transcription factors is spatially organized relative to palatal rugae. Additionally, the first formed ruga is strategically positioned at the presumptive junction of the future hard and soft palate that defines anterior–posterior differences in regional growth, mesenchymal gene expression, and cell fate. We propose a molecular circuit integrating FGF and BMP signaling to control proliferation and differentiation during the sequential formation of rugae and inter-rugae domains in the palatal epithelium. The loss of p63 and Sostdc1 expression and failed rugae differentiation highlight that coordinated epithelial–mesenchymal signaling is lost in the Fgf10 mutant palate. Our results establish a genetic program that reiteratively organizes signaling domains to coordinate the growth of the secondary palate with the elongating midfacial complex.
Genetic and Phenotypic Differences between Legionella pneumophila Strains

Legionnaires' disease is a potentially lethal pneumonia that is primarily due to infection by the species Legionella pneumophila, although more than 40 other species are known. Certain L. pneumophila subgroups, particularly serogroup 1, are associated with the majority of the epidemics. The genetic bases for these differences in virulence have not been determined. Three strains, AA100, JR32, and Lp01, have been used in many molecular pathogenesis studies of L. pneumophila. We found genetic differences between these strains by PCR and Southern analyses that may be related to their ability to cause disease. We also examined the distribution of these genetic loci in clinical and environmental isolates of Legionella and found a correlation between the presence of two of these loci, rtxA and lvh, and the ability to cause disease in humans. Examination of the interactions of these strains with host cells suggested that they differ in important phenotypic characteristics including adherence, entry, and intracellular replication. Furthermore, in the mouse model of infection they display differing levels of replication in lungs. These studies emphasize the importance of further investigation into the genetic makeup of these strains, which is likely to lead to the identification of additional factors involved in Legionella pathogenesis.
A new PROMISE algorithm in networks with shared risk link groups

Shared risk link group (SRLG) has been widely recognized as an important concept in survivable optical networks. The issues of avoiding the so-called "traps" in the path determination phase and maximizing bandwidth sharing are more challenging in providing shared SRLG protection than in providing shared path protection without considering SRLG. In this paper, we extend a algorithm for the scheme of protection with multiple segments (PROMISE) to provide efficient SRLG protection. The proposed algorithm uses a novel dynamic programming technology and achieves a higher bandwidth efficiency and lower request blocking probability.
Oxidation of mercury by bromine in the subtropical Pacific free troposphere

Mercury is a global toxin that can be introduced to ecosystems through atmospheric deposition. Mercury oxidation is thought to occur in the free troposphere by bromine radicals, but direct observational evidence for this process is currently unavailable. During the 2013 Nitrogen, Oxidants, Mercury and Aerosol Distributions, Sources and Sinks campaign, we measured enhanced oxidized mercury and bromine monoxide in a free tropospheric air mass over Texas. We use trace gas measurements, air mass back trajectories, and a chemical box model to confirm the origin and chemical history of the sampled air mass. We find the presence of elevated oxidized mercury to be consistent with oxidation of elemental mercury by bromine atoms in this subsiding upper tropospheric air mass within the subtropical Pacific High, where dry atmospheric conditions are conducive to oxidized mercury accumulation. Our results support the role of bromine as the dominant oxidant of mercury in the upper troposphere.
Public Policy, Same-Sex Marriage, and Exemptions for Matters of Conscience

This symposium article addresses the wisdom of affording an exemption to those who have religious objections to promoting same-sex unions. The article discusses some of the difficulties in limiting the reach of such exemptions both with respect to the “objected to” groups to whom it might apply and with respect to the kinds of activities that might fall within the exemption. The article explains some of the dangers implicated in affording such an exemption - if the policy is triggered only with respect to members of the LGBT community, then it would enforce second-class citizenship, and if the policy is not so limited, then it might lead to increased balkanization in our country. The article concludes that an exemption would be problematic for both constitutional and public policy reasons.
Psychotropic medication use in hospitalized patients with borderline personality disorder

Abstract Introduction: Use of medications to treat symptoms of borderline personality disorder (BPD) is controversial. The purpose of this study was to describe psychotropic medication use in hospitalized patients with BPD and compare with a control group. Methods: A retrospective chart review was conducted on hospitalized patients aged 18-65 years having a diagnosis of BPD and compared them with a control group of patients with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) without a personality disorder. Patients were excluded from the BPD group if other personality disorders were recorded. Charts were reviewed for demographics and psychotropic medication usage both prior to admission and at discharge. Results: This study included 165 patients (85 in BPD; 80 in MDD). Prior to admission and upon discharge, patients in the BPD group were prescribed significantly more psychotropic medications than patients with MDD (3.21 vs 2.10; P < .001 and 2.87 vs 2.35; P < .05, respectively). Patients in the BPD group ...
Shared Mental Models at the Intra- and Inter-Team Level: Applications to Counter-Terrorism and Crisis Response for Homeland Security:

Critical to meeting the needs arising from an increasing emphasis on homeland security is a fuller understanding of how to maximize the interactions among a diverse group of people and organization...
Annular Space-Time Focusing in Fused Silica

We describe simulations of nonlinear space-time focusing of femtosecond annular beams in silica. Adjusting the chirp of μJ pulses traversing a pair of concentric gratings leads to pronounced plasma blue-shift, and enhanced material modification localization.
Pion Capture in Li 6 and Li 7 , the Formation of H 4 , a Search for H 5

The breakup of $^{6}\mathrm{Li}$ and $^{7}\mathrm{Li}$ into two charged particles following ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ capture is studied. The branching ratios for the reactions ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+^{6}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}2^{3}\mathrm{H} (3.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4})$, ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+^{7}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}\mathrm{H}+^{4}\mathrm{H} (3.7\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4})$, and ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+^{7}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{3}\mathrm{H}+^{4}\mathrm{H}^{*} (4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4})$ are measured. The energy of the ground state and first excited state ($^{4}\mathrm{H}^{*}$) of particle-unstable $^{4}\mathrm{H}$ are found to be 2.9 and 6.1 MeV above the energy of the unbound $^{3}\mathrm{H}+n$. An upper limit is set for the branching ratio of the reaction ${\ensuremath{\pi}}^{\ensuremath{-}}+^{7}\mathrm{Li}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}^{2}\mathrm{H}+^{5}\mathrm{H} (l2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4})$.
A study of antigenic properties of bacteriophage

The phenomenon of bacteriophagy was first observed by Twort.1 This author described a translucent change that took place in staphylococcus colonies inoculated on agar from vaccinia. These translucent areas transplanted to fresh agar sometimes gave a similar growth, but many times no growth occurred. A translucent or glassy colony subcultivated on agar along with a normal colony showed a predominance of the glassy or translucent colonies. When these colonies were diluted with water and passed through a porcelain filter, the filtrate when mixed with staphylococcus on an agar slant reproduced the glassy colonies. D'Herelle 2 described a similar reaction for B. dysenteriae Shiga. He found that when a mixture of broth and feces from patients recovering from dysentery was incubated for several hours and then filtered, a clear sterile filtrate was obtained, possessing the property of clarifying a thick suspension of dysentery bacilli. If a trace of this cleared suspension was added to a second suspension of the bacilli, clarification again took place. This could be continued indefinitely. This phenomenon of microbic transmissible autolysis (Bordet) is usually referred to as "d'Herelle's phenomenon." D'Herelle considers this phenomenon to be brought about by an ultramicroscopic virus, which is a parasite of the bacteria. Lysis of the bacteria is a result of the growth of this ultramicroscopic parasite. Bordet3 thinks this lytic phenomenon, instead of being due to the agency of an invisible parasite, is in reality an autolysis, a process of autophagy. According to this author, microbic lysis may be regarded as the consequence of a nutritive vitiation of the bacterial metabolism, primarily induced by some external disturbing influence. Bordet conceives that this vitiation would cause the production of a lytic chemical principle, a very active substance, determining the lysis, and, moreover,
Natural Products as Leads for Tuberculosis Drug Development

New therapeutics are urgently needed to combat the immense disease burden of tuberculosis and related mycobacterial diseases worldwide. Natural products continue to provide leads for the development of novel drugs to treat the rapidly growing numbers of patients with multi- and extensively-drug resistant tuberculosis. This review presents natural products and synthesized analogues with anti-mycobacterial activity published between 2006 through 2009. Structure activity relationships, synthetic analogues and newly reported activities of known compounds reported during this period are also included.
643 Elevated Acetoacetate, Oxidative Stress and Mcp-1 Levels in Cord Blood of Infants of Diabetic Mothers

Background Infants of diabetic mothers (IDM) are at increased risk for metabolic complications. Type 1 and some type 2 diabetic patients have elevated levels of ketone bodies acetoacetate (AA) and β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) in addition to hyperglycemia. The effect of ketonemia on the inflammatory markers in infants of diabetic mothers is unknown. Objective The aim of this study is to examine how hyperketonemia in diabetic mothers affects markers of inflammation and oxidative stress in their offspring. Methods Blood was obtained from 23 diabetic mothers and 13 healthy mothers, and their infants’ umbilical cords at the delivery. IL-8, MCP-1 and protein carbonyl (protein oxidation) levels were determined by ELISA. U937 human monocyte cell culture was used to examine the effect of AA and BHB on secretion of MCP-1. Results There was a significant increase in the levels of AA in cord blood of diabetic mothers compared with cord blood of healthy mothers. A significant increase in the levels of protein oxidation (p Conclusion This study suggest that blood levels of AA, oxidative stress and MCP-1 are elevated in IDM, which may contribute to the development of the metabolic complications seen in IDM.
Imagined Community of Education Voices From Refugees and Immigrants

To challenge deficit thinking concerning immigrants and refugees in urban schools, we engaged members of local immigrant and refugee communities from China, Mexico, Liberia, and Sudan in focus group discussions about their prior educational experiences, their hopes and aspirations for education, and the supports and challenges they encountered in their perceived reality of PK-12 education in the United States. In an effort to promote asset-based approaches, we employed Yosso’s framework in our analysis to highlight the community cultural wealth and to describe the process of creating an “imagined community” of education shared among our participants.
A dense medium electromagnetic scattering model for the InSAR correlation of snow

Snow characteristics, such as snow water equivalent (SWE) and snow grain size, are important characteristics for the monitoring of the global hydrological cycle and as indicators of climate change. This paper derives an interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) scattering model for dense media, such as snow, which takes into account multiple scattering effects through the Quasi-Crystalline Approximation. The result of this derivation is a simplified version of the InSAR correlation model derived for relating the InSAR correlation measurements to the snowpack characteristics of grain size, volume fraction, and layer depth as well as those aspects of the volume-ground interaction that affects the interferometric observation (i.e., the surface topography and the ratio of ground-to-volume scattering). Based on the model, the sensitivity of the InSAR correlation measurements to the snow characteristics is explored by simulation. Through this process, it is shown that Ka-band InSAR phase has a good sensitivity to snow grain size and volume fraction, while for lower frequency signals (Ku-band to L-band), the InSAR correlation magnitude and phase have a sensitivity to snow depth. Since the formulation depends, in part, on the pair distribution function, three functional forms of the pair distribution function are implemented and their effects on InSAR phase measurements compared. The InSAR scattering model described in this paper is intended to be an observational prototype for future Ka-band and L-band InSAR missions, such as NASA's Surface Water and Ocean Topography and NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar missions, planned for launch in the 2020–2021 time frame. This formulation also enables further investigation of the InSAR-based snow retrieval approaches.
Voltage-Gated Na+ Channels: Not Just for Conduction

Voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSCs), composed of a pore-forming α subunit and up to two associated β subunits, are critical for the initiation of the action potential (AP) in excitable tissues. Building on the monumental discovery and description of sodium current in 1952, intrepid researchers described the voltage-dependent gating mechanism, selectivity of the channel, and general structure of the VGSC channel. Recently, crystal structures of bacterial VGSC α subunits have confirmed many of these studies and provided new insights into VGSC function. VGSC β subunits, first cloned in 1992, modulate sodium current but also have nonconducting roles as cell-adhesion molecules and function in neurite outgrowth and neuronal pathfinding. Mutations in VGSC α and β genes are associated with diseases caused by dysfunction of excitable tissues such as epilepsy. Because of the multigenic and drug-resistant nature of some of these diseases, induced pluripotent stem cells and other novel approaches are being used to screen for new drugs and further understand how mutations in VGSC genes contribute to pathophysiology.
Primary care for persons with disabilities. An overview of the problem

This article outlines the ongoing health care needs of people with disabilities and how organized health care, particularly primary care, often fails to address these needs in a timely fashion. The article's central argument is that managed care and the ferment present in health care today present enormous opportunities for rehabilitation providers and others to develop creative solutions to address the shortcomings of the present health care system.
Where are Dependent Chi-Squared Tests in Market Research Texts?

Multiple answers per respondent are not properly analyzed with chi‐squared contingency‐table analysis because the normal tabled critical values of the chi‐squared statistic for a specified alpha level no longer apply. Current marketing research texts ignore these dependent analysis situations frequently addressed by student researchers. An appropriate testing procedure is to scale down the individual chi‐squared test significance levels and use specialized tables to obtain critical values that control the probability error rate. An approximation procedure is provided that can be used in th classroom. Similar procedures could be easily discussed in introductory research texts.
Defining one Pacific Northwest among Many Possibilities: The Political Construction of a Region and Its River during the New Deal

The myth of the natural union between the Columbia River and the Pacific Northwest hides this union's political origins and content. During the New Deal, regional planners defined a Pacific Northwest unified by the Columbia River in order to claim the river and its federal developments as the region's own.
The development of a concept inventory for engineering graphics

A concept inventory is an instrument that helps identify concepts that students do not understand, and identify which misconceptions are the most prevailing. Concept Inventories can also be used in course design to identify potential topics and aid in assessment. Misconceptions can be deep-seated ideas and therefore challenging to overcome in terms of learning. The use of a quality inventory in engineering graphics may help address such matters. Presently, there exists no nationally normed and validated instrument that can be used in engineering graphics courses to assess misconceptions and competencies. In a previous project, a Delphi Study was used to help identify fundamental topics in the area of engineering graphics. The research team collaborated to produce items that attempted to address these concepts. Piloting these initial items helped improve the item stems and provided a starting point on the formation of distractors. Revised items were compiled into a trial instrument, from which data is being collected at the time of paper submission. Analysis will be conducted on the results of the trial instruments and further refinement will occur.
Perspective of the Graduating Medical Student: The Ideal Curriculum for the Fourth Year of Undergraduate Medical Education.

ABSTRACTObjective: To explore medical students' perspective regarding the fourth year of medical school and common educational activities thereof. Methods: The authors surveyed students graduating in 2012 with a military service obligation about the importance of common fourth-year activities, the proportion of the fourth year devoted to these activities, and important considerations for the fourth-year curriculum. The authors calculated mean importance scores for educational activities and mean proportions of the fourth year that should be devoted to certain activities. Two reviewers independently coded free-text answers to identify and calculate frequencies for common themes. Results: The response rate was 40% (376/942). Participants rated activities related to improving clinical skills and securing the residency of their choice as more than activities such as learning business skills, conducting research, and studying basic sciences. Participants indicated that electives and direct patient care should ...
Monetary policy rules in light of the great recession

Abstract At least four heterodox theories have gained increasing popularity in response to the Great Recession. These include a revival of old Keynesian macroeconomics, the view that the central bank should try to prevent asset price bubbles, the NeoFisherian perspective, and market monetarism, which is my own view. All of these perspectives can be seen as the profession wrestling with the implications of near-zero interest rates. In my view, pre-2008 macro theory provides all of the tools we need to understand the Great Recession. A policy of nominal GDP targeting, perhaps guided by market forecasts, could have greatly moderated the 2007-09 slump.
A Two-Step Econometric Estimation of Covariates of Side Selling: The Case of Coffee Cooperatives in Southwest Ethiopia

ABSTRACTDespite their apparent economic benefit to smallholder farmers, cooperatives are vulnerable to the problem of side selling. Using cross-sectional household data and Cragg’s regression model, we identified the determinants of side selling by coffee cooperative farmers in southwest Ethiopia. The bootstrapping technique was applied to extract average partial effects from the model coefficients. Certified, elder and educated farmers who have off-farm income and trust in the cooperative leadership have been found to side-sell significantly less. Nonetheless, cooperative group size and late payment favoured more side selling. Based on these findings, possible interventions are highlighted for improving cooperative members’ commitment and the performance of coffee cooperatives in the region.
“Negative capacitance” in resistor-ferroelectric and ferroelectric-dielectric networks: Apparent or intrinsic?

In this paper, we describe and analytically substantiate an alternate explanation for the negative capacitance (NC) effect in ferroelectrics (FE). We claim that the NC effect previously demonstrated in resistance-ferroelectric (R-FE) networks does not necessarily validate the existence of “S” shaped relation between polarization and voltage (according to Landau theory). In fact, the NC effect can be explained without invoking the “S”-shaped behavior of FE. We employ an analytical model for FE (Miller model) in which the steady state polarization strictly increases with the voltage across the FE and show that despite the inherent positive FE capacitance, reduction in FE voltage with the increase in its charge is possible in a R-FE network as well as in a ferroelectric-dielectric (FE-DE) stack. This can be attributed to a large increase in FE capacitance near the coercive voltage coupled with the polarization lag with respect to the electric field. Under certain conditions, these two factors yield transient NC effect. We analytically derive conditions for NC effect in R-FE and FE-DE networks. We couple our analysis with extensive simulations to explain the evolution of NC effect. We also compare the trends predicted by the aforementioned Miller model with Landau-Khalatnikov (L-K) model (static negative capacitance due to “S”-shape behaviour) and highlight the differences between the two approaches. First, with an increase in external resistance in the R-FE network, NC effect shows a non-monotonic behavior according to Miller model but increases according to L-K model. Second, with the increase in ramp-rate of applied voltage in the FE-DE stack, NC effect increases according to Miller model but decreases according to L-K model. These results unveil a possible way to experimentally validate the actual reason of NC effect in FE.
HIV-1 Tat trans-activates in the Absence of its Target

The human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) is the etiologic agent of the acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome (AIDS). Transcription of HIV-1 is regulated by the virally encoded trans-activator, Tat (Varmus, 1988; Cullen and Greene, 1989; Jones 1989; Sharp and Marciniak, 1989; Pavlakis and Felber, 1990). Tat acts at the 5′ LTR to greatly increase levels of viral RNA and proteins (Rosen et al, 1985; Peterlin et al, 1986; Muessing et al., 1987). Tat has been shown to be essential for efficient viral replication and cytopathology (Dayton et al., 1986; Fisher et al., 1986).
On Non-Linear Magnetostatics: Dual-Complementary Models and “Mixed” Numerical Methods

A rationale for the use of “mixed” methods and “mixed” elements in non-linear magnetostatics.
The possible role of metal ions and clays in prebiotic chemistry

Eight homoionic bentonites were prepared using alkali, alkaline earth, and transition metal ions as counterions. The interaction of the clays with 5'-AMP was studied and it was found that the alkali metal-substituted clays did not remove any nucleotide from dilute solution, and that zinc-bentonite adsorbed the most (98%). In addition, study of the interaction of seven other nucleotides with zinc-bentonite showed that the purine nucleotides were more strongly absorbed than the pyrimidine nucleotides. Langmuir isotherms were obtained for these systems and the adsorption data were explained by the adsorption coefficient and the accessibility of metal for binding.
Current Perspectives on Sustainable Forest Management: North America

Increased availability of current forest resource information provides an opportunity to evaluate the continued concerns about forest sustainability in North America. The purpose of this study is to assess and discuss the current state and trends of North American forest resources, sustainable forest management, and their implications for forest sustainability. Recent information indicates that forest sustainability in North America is not under threat. Forest area, inventory, and carbon stocks have been increasing while wood harvest has been declining. Large expanses of forest resources are covered by management plans, and many forests are certified. The areas of concern include forest fires and bark beetle infestations in primarily public forests in the western USA and Canada, and continued loss of forest cover in Mexico. Despite progress made in gathering information on forest resources, evaluating forest sustainability remains challenging. Practicing sustainable forest management is made difficult by unfavorable market conditions and the ensuing lack of funding, challenges in developing and implementing forest management plans, and uncertainties including potential impacts of climate change, population growth, and changing markets.
Comparison of In-Hospital Bleeding and Cardiovascular Events with High-Dose Bolus Tirofiban and Shortened Infusion to Short-Duration Eptifibatide as Adjunctive Therapy for Percutaneous Coronary Intervention

Potent platelet inhibition is one of the most important medical interventions to prevent ischemic complications during and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Practice has evolved with the introduction of potent oral P2Y12 inhibitors that provide quick, effective platelet inhibition, and the need for routine glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs) has decreased. Additionally, a shorter duration of GPI infusion has been shown to be safe with adequate oral antiplatelet loading, but clinical outcome data are limited to eptifibatide. This single-center, retrospective cohort study analyzed in-hospital outcomes for patients who received adjunctive GPI therapy for PCI before and after an institution-wide switch to high-dose bolus tirofiban with shortened infusion from short-duration eptifibatide. The primary end point was a composite in-hospital outcome of major and minor bleeding and cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, coronary artery bypass grafting, ischemic stroke, and target vessel revascularization). Secondary end points included bleeding and cardiovascular event types. A total of 357 and 446 patients received eptifibatide and tirofiban, respectively, from February 1, 2014 through September 30, 2017. Thirty five eptifibatide and 46 tirofiban patients experienced an in-hospital composite event (9.8% vs 10.3%, p = 0.81). There was no difference found between in-hospital bleeding (6.4% vs 5.4%, p = 0.52) or cardiovascular events (5.6% vs 6.5%, p = 0.60) with the use of eptifibatide or tirofiban, respectively. Multivariable analysis showed that patients with transradial access or an indication of unstable angina were less likely to experience an in-hospital composite event (OR 0.30 and 0.19, respectively, p
Improving the detection specificity of endogenous MRI for reactive oxygen species (ROS).

BACKGROUND The detection of tissue reactive oxygen species (ROS) using endogenous MRI methods has great potential applications in research and the clinic. We recently demonstrated that ROS produce a significant T1 -shortening effect. However, T1 or T1 -weighted contrast is not specific, as there are many other factors that alter tissue T1 . PURPOSE To investigate whether the presence of ROS alters tissue environmental conditions such as the proton exchange rate (K ex ) to improve the detection specificity of endogenous ROS MRI. STUDY TYPE Prospective. SUBJECTS/PHANTOM The ROS-producing phantoms consisted of fresh egg white treated with H2 O2 and healthy mice injected with pro-oxidative rotenone. FIELD STRENGTH/SEQUENCE T1 mapping was performed based on fast spin-echo sequence and K ex was evaluated using chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) MRI with varied saturation power (QUESP) on a 9.4 T animal scanner. ASSESSMENT Phantom experiments were conducted to evaluate the overall K ex of CEST-expressing metabolites in fresh egg white treated with H2 O2 of various concentrations (0, 0.025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.25 v/v%). The egg white phantom continuously produced ROS for more than 3 hours. Various experiments were performed to rule out potential contributing factors to the observed K ex changes. In addition, in vivo MRI study was conducted with a well-established rotenone-exposed mouse model. STATISTICAL TESTS Student's t-test. RESULTS Egg white phantoms treated with H2 O2 of various concentrations showed a 26-85% increase in K ex compared with controls. In addition, the K ex of egg white is negligibly affected by other potential confounding factors, including paramagnetic contrast agents (<11%), oxygen (2.3%), and iron oxidation (<10%). Changes in temperature (<1°C) and pH (ΔpH <0.1) in H2 O2 -treated egg white were also negligible. Results from the in vivo rotenone study were consistent with the phantom studies by showing reduced T1 relaxation time (6%) and increased K ex (9%) in rotenone-treated mice. DATA CONCLUSION We demonstrate that the specificity of endogenous ROS MRI can be improved with the aid of proton exchange rate mapping. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 2 Technical Efficacy Stage: 2 J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:583-591.
Distinct functional classes of excitatory neurons in mouse V1 are differentially modulated by learning and task engagement

Abstract Learning can cause significant changes in neural responses to relevant stimuli, in addition to modulation due to task engagement. However, it is not known how different functional types of excitatory neurons contribute to these changes. To address this gap, we performed two-photon calcium imaging of excitatory neurons in layer 2/3 of mouse primary visual cortex before and after learning of a visual discrimination. We found that excitatory neurons show striking diversity in the temporal dynamics of their response to visual stimuli during the behavior, and based on this we classified them into transient, sustained, and suppressed groups. Notably, these functionally defined cell classes exhibit different visual stimulus selectivity and modulation by locomotion, and were differentially affected by training condition. In particular, we observed a decrease in the number of transient neurons responsive during behavior after learning, while both transient and sustained cells showed an increase in modulation due to task engagement after learning. The identification of functional diversity within the excitatory population, with distinct changes during learning and task engagement, provides insight into the cortical pathways that allow context-dependent neural representations.
HydraRoute: A Novel Approach to Circuit Routing

Routing for dense circuits is a major challenge for VLSI physical design. Most routing approaches rely at least partially on a "rip-up and reroute" scheme, where solution quality and run times can be impacted profoundly by the order in which nets are routed. Other routing tools rely on backtracking methods embedded in integer linear programming solvers. In this paper, we present a novel approach which avoids backtracking, and largely eliminates the routing order considerations, by constructing a large number of routings simultaneously. By keeping "options open," our approach sidesteps conflicts. Our approach is a factor of ten faster than other recent work, reduces via counts by 30% or more, and is competitive on both wire length and completion rates. The approach is simple, scalable, and adaptable to the complex constraints of modern circuit fabrication processes.
Retrospective study of lithium use for institutionalized mentally retarded individuals with behavior disorders.

Severely and profoundly mentally retarded institutionalized residents (N = 74) who received lithium carbonate for various behavior disorders were followed in a 10-year retrospective study. Their disorders had not been responsive to other medications or treatments. Behavioral data had been recorded regularly and coordinated with medication use. Subjects who demonstrated a sustained major reduction or elimination of behavioral symptoms were classified as lithium responders (n = 31). Characteristics that indicated greater likelihood of response included older age and presenting symptoms of psychosis, although all characteristics studied were seen in both the responder and nonresponder group. Language: en
Prophets without Honor: Peripheral Actors in Kenyan Journalism

In sub-Sahara Africa, periphery contributors exist in a liminal space. They are at once valorized and treated with suspicion by the local journalism and political fields. Valorization occurs when they engage with, and challenge, journalism from the global north, and the opposite occurs when they do the same for the local fields. Focusing on the former and not the latter is a disservice to the complicated and nuanced relationship these actors have with the journalism field and perpetuates a mythologized and romanticized narrative about the redemptive qualities of online platforms.
Association of Physician Peer Influence With Subsequent Physician Adoption and Use of Bevacizumab.

Importance Understanding adoption of new cancer therapies may help identify opportunities to increase use for high-value indications. Objective To determine whether use of bevacizumab in 2005 to 2006 by oncologists’ peers was associated with greater bevacizumab use among oncologists in 2007 to 2010. Design, Setting, and Participants This cohort study of physicians and their patients took place in 51 randomly selected hospital referral regions in the United States. Participants were 44 012 fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years or older with cancers of the colorectum, lung, breast, kidney, brain, or ovary treated by 3261 oncologists in 2005 to 2010 and assigned to one of 252 communities. Data were analyzed in 2017 to 2018. Exposures Among patients treated with chemotherapy during 2007 to 2010 by an oncologist who had not treated patients with bevacizumab in 2005 to 2006, models assessed the association of bevacizumab use with rates of bevacizumab use in their physician’s community of connected physicians in 2005 to 2006. Models adjusted for patient and physician characteristics and physician, practice, and community random effects. Main Outcomes and Measures Receipt of bevacizumab. Results A total of 34 750 patients (14 126 [40.6%] aged ≥75 years; 21 321 [61.4%] female) with cancers of the colorectum, lung, breast, kidney, brain, and ovary were treated with chemotherapy in 2005 to 2006 in the 51 hospital referral regions. Among 9262 patients treated in 2007 to 2010 by 829 physicians whose patients did not use bevacizumab in 2005 to 2006, 3654 (39.5%) were aged 75 years or older and 6227 (67.2%) were female. The rate of bevacizumab use relative to other chemotherapy in 2007 to 2010 by tertile of use (bevacizumab for 6.2% of all patients receiving chemotherapy) among their physician’s peers in 2005 to 2006 was 10.0%, 9.5%, and 13.6%, respectively. After adjustment, use of bevacizumab in 2007 to 2010 was greater among physicians in communities with the highest rates of bevacizumab use in 2005 to 2006 compared with those whose peers were in the lowest tertile of bevacizumab use in 2005 to 2006 (adjusted odds ratio, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.20-2.25). Conclusions and Relevance This study found that an increase in oncologists’ adoption and use of bevacizumab in the years after its approval was associated with their peer physicians being earlier adopters. As organizations seek to provide better care at lower costs, interventions that leverage physician ties may help to promote adoption of high-value use of new cancer treatments and deimplementation of low-value therapies.
Regulation of CRF mRNA in the Rat Extended Amygdala Following Chronic Cocaine: Sex Differences and Effect of Delta Opioid Receptor Agonism.

Background Cocaine withdrawal activates stress systems. Females are more vulnerable to relapse to cocaine use and more sensitive to withdrawal-induced negative affect. Delta opioid receptors modulate anxiety-like behavior during cocaine withdrawal in rats. This study measured the time course of gene regulation of one of the main stress peptides, corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), and its type 1 receptor in male and female rats as well as the ability of the delta opioid receptor agonist SNC80 to normalize cocaine withdrawal-induced changes in CRF mRNA. Methods Rats were injected with cocaine or saline 3 times daily for 14 days. Brains were collected 30 minutes, 24 hours, 48 hours, 7 days, and 14 days following the last injection. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus, central amygdala, and bed nucleus of the stria terminalis were processed for quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR measurement of CRF and CRFR1 mRNA. Additional rats received SNC80 during early cocaine withdrawal, and CRF mRNA was measured in the central amygdala. Results CRF mRNA was elevated in the central amygdala at 24 hours and the paraventricular nucleus at 48 hours of cocaine withdrawal in males and females. Significant sex differences in cocaine-induced CRF upregulation were found in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis at 30 minutes and 24 hours. SNC80 administration attenuated the increase in CRF mRNA in the central amygdala of female rats only. Conclusions CRF mRNA regulation during cocaine withdrawal is sex, time, and brain region dependent. Administration of a delta opioid receptor agonist during early withdrawal may ameliorate stress-related negative affect in females by abrogating the induction of CRF mRNA.
Changing wages and employment by skill in Taiwan, 1978-1996: The roles of education policy, trade, and immigration

Since the 1970s, Taiwan's labor market has been characterized as a smooth functioning, highly integrated and nearly full employment market, which also enjoying high growth in labor earnings. Unlike most developed countries, the average unemployment rate in Taiwan was under 3 percent over the 1978--1996 period. Unskilled labor shortage problem has forced many industrial companies to move abroad where have cheaper labor costs. In 1990, the government began to invite foreign temporary unskilled workers from the Philippines, Thailand, Malaysia, and Indonesia. Most foreign workers are in manufacturing and construction industries. About the same time, the Taiwan government also has been implementing several major educational reform policies. One policy was to increase the number of two-year and four-year colleges, causing the number of college graduates to increase dramatically since 1990;In this study, the impacts of these two labor supply shocks, i.e. foreign unskilled labor and local skilled labor, on the Taiwan labor market are examined using the 1978--1996 "Survey of Family Income and Expenditure" in Taiwan. The effects of Taiwan's international trade on the relative labor demand shifts are also analyzed. We find there is little effect of imported foreign unskilled workers on employment and wages for both local skilled and unskilled workers. In the long run, foreign unskilled workers tend to be complements for both local skilled and unskilled workers. The increase in number of college graduates has, not surprisingly, reduced the returns to education for the young college graduates but not for the more experienced college graduates, suggesting that the average quality of college education has been declined and the young college graduates and more experienced college graduates are not close substitutes. Women's share in every industry has been dramatically increased and the gender earnings gap in Taiwan was significantly reduced during this period, although wage differentials against women still persist. The lower-educated workers and women were favored in the prediction from the trade effect. However, the trend has been gradually shifted to the higher-educated workers.
PM2.5 and ozone air pollution levels have not dropped consistently across the US following societal covid response

Analysis of a large national dataset of fine particulate matter (PM2 5) and ozone air pollution from the US Environmental Protection Agency indicate opposing differences in average concentrations during the covid response period, relative to expected levels These are the two most important pollutants in terms of public health impacts and non-attainment in the US Post- covid response, average PM2 5 levels are modestly higher (~10%) than expected;average ozone levels are lower (~7%) However, the size of the post-response ozone anomaly is decreasing with time In addition, no individual US state had lower-than-expected PM2 5 for all weeks post- covid response, and only one US state (California) met that criteria for ozone Two non-covid factors, meteorology and regional transport, do not fully explain observed trends These findings are unexpected given the large reduction in many householdâ€™s activities associated with â€œstay at homeâ€ and other covid responses We hypothesize that this result partly arises from the fact that ozone and the majority of PM2 5 are secondary pollutants formed in the atmosphere from emissions from many sources (i e , not just traffic) Preliminary analysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) data in a few cities reveals substantially lower-than-expected (~31%) concentrations post-covid NO2 is a primary pollutant and is much more strongly associated with traffic than PM2 5 or ozone /br
Younger Age as a Risk Factor for Gynecologic Cancer–related Lymphedema: A Systematic Review

Background/aim Treatment of gynecologic cancers may lead to the development of lower limb lymphedema. As the course of lymphedema is chronic and progressive, early diagnosis plays a significant role in decreasing morbidity. Therefore, risk assessment is of utmost importance. In this study, we aimed to investigate the impact of age on lymphedema development after treatment for gynecologic cancers. Materials and methods The search of 3 databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Cochrane) revealed 7 relevant articles, which reported either odds ratios or hazard ratios as an outcome measure. Results A positive relationship between younger age and lower limb lymphedema was shown by 3 articles, while 2 noted increased incidence with older age. The remaining articles reported no significant relationship. Conclusion Younger age is a risk factor for gynecologic cancer-related lymphedema. However, as individual studies have not included all types of gynecologic cancers, results may not be generalizable.
Measurement of an AGN Central Mass on Centiparsec Scales: Results of Long-Term Optical Monitoring of Arp 102B

The optical spectrum of the broad-line radio galaxy Arp 102B has been monitored for more than thirteen years to investigate the nature of the source of its broad, double-peaked hydrogen Balmer emission lines. The shape of the lines varied subtly; there was an interval during which the variation in the ratio of the fluxes of the two peaks appeared to be sinusoidal, with a period of 2.16 years and an amplitude of about 16% of the average value. The variable part of the broad H-alpha line is well fit by a model in which a region of excess emission (a quiescent ``hot spot'') within an accretion disk (fitted to the non-varying portion of the double-peaked line) completes at least two circular orbits and eventually fades. Fits to spectra from epochs when the hot spot is not present allow determination of the disk inclination, while fits for epochs when it is present provide a measurement of the radius of the hot spot's orbit. From these data and the period of variation, we find that the mass within the hot spot's orbit is 2.2 +0.2/-0.7 times 10^8 solar masses, within the range of previous estimates of masses of active galactic nuclei. Because this mass is determined at a relatively small distance (~1000 AU) from the central body, it is extremely difficult to explain without assuming that a supermassive black hole lies within Arp 102B. The lack of any systematic change in the velocity of the blue peak over time yields a lower limit on the combined mass of the two bodies in a binary black hole model like that of Gaskell (1983) of 10^10 solar masses.
Large generator rotor distortion sensing monitoring technology research

In view of the shortage of direct measurement method for shafting of large generator sets, this paper proposes a sensor monitoring technology based on illumination emphasis. The article first introduces the research status of the shaft torque of thermal power units, and expounds the theory of mode interference and the theory of twist sensing. Then, the LP mode simulation of single-mode fiber and two-mode fiber is carried out, which is an effective method for symmetrical higher-order mode. Finally, the simulation of the mode interferometer, the spectrum and the phase during twisting is carried out. It is clarified that the non-circular symmetrical mode with π phase difference electric field distribution is the key inducement of the interferometric phase jump and spectrum flipping in twisting measurement. This article provides theoretical guidance for subsequent device fabrication and spectral distortion analysis.