cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
CU2CL: A CUDA-to-OpenCL Translator for Multi- and Many-Core Architectures

The use of graphics processing units (GPUs) in high-performance parallel computing continues to become more prevalent, often as part of a heterogeneous system. For years, CUDA has been the de facto programming environment for nearly all general-purpose GPU (GPGPU) applications. In spite of this, the framework is available only on NVIDIA GPUs, traditionally requiring reimplementation in other frameworks in order to utilize additional multi- or many-core devices. On the other hand, OpenCL provides an open and vendor-neutral programming environment and runtime system. With implementations available for CPUs, GPUs, and other types of accelerators, OpenCL therefore holds the promise of a "write once, run anywhere" ecosystem for heterogeneous computing. Given the many similarities between CUDA and OpenCL, manually porting a CUDA application to OpenCL is typically straightforward, albeit tedious and error-prone. In response to this issue, we created CU2CL, an automated CUDA-to-OpenCL source-to-source translator that possesses a novel design and clever reuse of the Clang compiler framework. Currently, the CU2CL translator covers the primary constructs found in CUDA runtime API, and we have successfully translated many applications from the CUDA SDK and Rodinia benchmark suite. The performance of the automatically translated applications via CU2CL is on par with their manually ported counterparts.
Effects of changes in hip position on actions of spinal inhibitory interneurons in humans.

The aim of the present study was to establish whether in healthy human subjects the actions of group I muscle afferents arising from the same spinal segments as the soleus innervation (e.g., common peroneal nerve; CPN) or from more proximal spinal segments (femoral nerve; FN) on the soleus H-reflex are modified by changes in hip position. Control and conditioned soleus H-reflexes were elicited and recorded via conventional methods. In seated subjects, CPN and FN stimulation resulted in similar effects to the soleus H-reflex to that previously reported in healthy subjects. However, during hip angle changes, CPN stimulation at the C-T interval of 2 ms resulted in soleus H-reflex depression only when the hip was flexed at 30°, whereas with the hip flexed or extended at 10° the H-reflex was facilitated. CPN stimulation delivered at 100 ms also induced soleus H-reflex facilitation regardless of the hip angle tested. The heteronymous reflex facilitation (conditioned H-reflex with FN stimulation) did not vary sy...
Exploring the parameter space of the Green–Ampt model

This study systematically investigates the entire parameter space of the Green–Ampt model for water infiltration and allows for arbitrary constant hydraulic head boundary conditions, any column inclination, hydrophilic and hydrophobic porous media, and a nonzero initial cumulative infiltration. There are five infiltration and five liquid-withdrawal scenarios which differ with respect to the direction of flow and the sign of the acceleration of the liquid. We present analytical solutions for these flow scenarios and 2D phase diagrams that show which flow scenario is predicted depending on the model parameters. All liquid infiltration scenarios, except accelerating downward infiltration (ADI), have already been reported by Green and Ampt. For liquid withdrawal, however, only decelerating downward flow has previously been reported, which is representative of drainage to the water table. We present experimental evidence that ADI may occur in hydrophobic media.
PRE- AND POSTDIALYSIS SESSION PERFORMANCE OF CHRONIC RENAL FAILURE PATIENTS ON COGNITIVE TASKS

Chronic Renal Failure (CRF), like many serious maladies, can interfere with a child's ability to learn. Although some information is available on adults, a review of the literature has revealed little information on children and adolescents. This study which is part of a longitudinal research project, examined the pre- and postdialysis session performance of (N-11) CRF patients on tasks of attention, learning, and problem solving. Contrary to findings with adults, essentially no differences were found between pre- and postdialysis session performance. Slight but no statistically significant performance gains were found between first vs. second test administration of each cognitive measure. The results were discussed in terms of the methodological problems and relevance of conducting research on children and adolescents with CRF, and the implementation of a long-term research program designed to collect cognitive data on such patients over the initial diagnosis, dialysis, and post-transplant periods.
Time out of mind

According to standard physics textbooks, time is a fundamental, not a derived, dimension of reality, which can be bent only in the never‐never wonderland of sub‐atomic and near light‐speed phenomena. Thus posited, time constitutes the fourth axis of the material universe. Indeed, the common mathematical conceptualization is that of a line, the time line.
Role of Positive Feedback in the Atrioventricular Nodal Wenckebach Phenomenon

In the atrioventricular (AV) nodal Wenckebach phenomenon, there is a progressive increase in the P-R interval and a concomitant reduction in the R-P interval. Two series of experiments were conducted on anesthetized dogs to ascertain whether the changes in the P-R interval depended on the associated changes in the R-P interval. In one series of experiments, the atrium was paced at various basic cycle lengths, and a single test cycle was interposed about every 100 beats. When the test cycle was very short, the increase in the P-R interval sometimes exceeded the associated reduction in the R-P interval. During the subsequent basic cycle, although the P-P interval was much greater than it was during the test cycle, there was a further reduction in the R-P interval. When this change in the R-P interval was appreciable, AV conduction failed despite the increase in cycle length. In the second series of experiments, the AV nodal Wenckebach phenomenon was induced by rapid atrial pacing. When the stimulation mode was suddenly altered to maintain a constant R-P interval, the Wenckebach rhythm immediately ceased, although the mean heart rate had not changed significantly. Therefore, it appears that above a critical heart rate a positive feedback loop is established in which an increase in the P-R interval evokes a corresponding decrease in the R-P interval. In turn, the curtailed R-P interval that reflects a less complete recovery of AV nodal excitability elicits a still greater increase in the P-R interval. This cycle continues until an impulse is ultimately blocked. Clamping the R-P interval opens the feedback loop and terminates the arrhythmia.
Molecular Evidence for Lysogeny in Lactobacillus acidophilus and Characterization of a Temperate Bacteriophage

Abstract Thirty-five strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus were examined for the presence of inducible bacteriophage. Treatment of L. acidophilus CFM11, CFM12, and CFM13 with .12μg/ml mitomycin C resulted in inductive lysis. Lysates contained structurally complete phage particles with isometric heads and long concentrically banded tails. Phage lysates exhibited no activity against 31 strains of L. acidophilus and 9 strains of eight additional Lactobacillus species. Thirty putative phage-free variants of L. acidophilus CFM11 were obtained. Lysates containing phage la11 inhibited all variants but did not plaque on any of them. The genome of temperate phage la11 showed homology with the genomes of the parental strain, L. acidophilus CFM11, and 20 noninducible variants but not those of five prophage-cured variants. The buoyant density of phage la11 was 1.43 g/cm 3 . Treatment of the phage la11 genome with restriction endonucleases indicated that it was double stranded DNA. Agarose gel electrophoresis of uncut and restricted la11 DNA indicated a molecular size of 45 to 48kb.
Exact solutions for a generalized Mestel disc, and for truncated Toomre discs

On developpe les solutions exactes pour la densite de surface et la vitesse de rotation d'un type de disque a troncature, infiniment applati et autogravitant, dont la vitesse de rotation approche une valeur constante alors que le rayon de troncature reste large
EXPERIMENTAL METHODS FOR MEASURING X-RAY ABLATION RESPONSE OF SURFACES

X-ray ablation from surfaces plays an important role in chamber response for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) systems. Although similar in many respects to laser-induced ablation, X-ray ablation differs significantly in the mechanisms for energy deposition. Surface response differs far various materials, with same exhibiting kineticalfy limited surface vaporization, bubble nucleation and met ejection, and solid surface spall This article introduces the experimental methods which have been developed to measure material removal depths, melt depths, and postirradiation surface characteristics which identify primary removal mechanisms. Results art discussed for three specific materials—fused silica, boron carbide, and aluminum—to illustrate the primary removal mechanisms. Combined with appropriate physical models, the experimental measurements allow accurate prediction of material X-ray response under conditions characteristic of ICF chambers.
Kweli ndugu yanga—the Religious Horizons of "Humans Are Primates"

Th e opening Swahili phrase, meaning “Truly my kin”, was uttered by Dian Fossey’s guide when both encountered their first free-living gorilla. Th e theme of kinship, often deemed the ultimate in evolutionary connection and a privileged relationship recognized by all ethical systems, can be used to connect our species not only to primates and mammals, but to all life. But examples abound of religious leaders who have resisted this connection, denying that humans really belong in the categories “mammal” or “primate” or, perish the thought, “ape” or “animal”. Less well known is that many religious and cultural traditions have recognized these connections in profound ways, thereby providing a religious horizon for the evolutionary point of view.
Biological Species of Armillaria Mellea in North America

Armillaria mellea consists of at least ten reproductively isolated groups, the equivalent of “biological species.” Each biological species possesses bifactorial heterothallism with compatibility di...
Use of Sieved Compost Plus Hydrogel for Solid Matrix Priming of Carrot Seeds

In this study we report the water release curve of a compost-based carrier for solid matrix priming and its effects on carrot seed germination. ‘Danvers Half Long’ and ‘Nantes Scarlet’ carrot (Daucus carota) seeds were primed for 7 d at 15°C in a carrier consisting of 5:1:5.7 sieved compost: hydrogel:distilled water (based on weight) equaling a water potential of −1.0 MPa. Seeds were blended with carrier at 1:10, 1:20, 1:30, or 1:40 (based on weight) and compost priming was compared with a polyethylene glycol (PEG) priming procedure. Germination testing at 20-30°C (16-8 h) in darkness indicated that all compost priming treatments hastened seed germination more than PEG priming. Compost priming at 1:30 increased final germination percentage (FGP) for ‘Nantes Scarlet’ (FGP = 85%) compared to PEG primed (FGP = 72%) seeds but ‘Danvers Half Long’ FGP was similar for all treatments. For both cultivars, seeds that were compost primed had reduced G (days to 10% FGP) and G (days to 50% FGP) compared to PEG primed ...
Effect of retrobulbar hyaluronidase on pseudophakic cystoid macular edema

Abstract We compared the effect of presence or absence of hyaluronidase in the retrobulbar anesthetic injection in 609 patients undergoing extracapsular cataract surgery with posterior chamber lens implantation. We found no significant difference with or without hyaluronidase in the retrobulbar injection with regard to cystoid macular edema rate or postoperative visual results.
A revised model of the molecular structure of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction

Abstract The recently reported amino acid sequence of the alpha subunit of Electrophorus indicates that a previous hypothesis presented of the molecular structure of the acetylcholine receptor at the neuromuscular junction based on the sequence of the alpha subunit of Torpedo is improbable: an “essential” glu (13) of Torpedo is replaced by ser (13) which cannot subsume the function for glu (13) postulated in the hypothesis. This paper presents a new hypothesis which is applicable to both Electrophorus and Torpedo . A mode of rigorously testing the hypothesis provided by the irreversible blocker, lophotoxin, is described.
Direct observation of physician counseling on dietary habits and exercise: Patient, physician, and office correlates

Background. This study documented the frequency and correlates of directly observed physicians' counseling on dietary habits and exercise in private medical practices. Methods. Trained medical students observed physician, office, and patient characteristics in 4344 patient visits in 38 nonmetropolitan primary care physician offices. Results. Counseling rates ranged from 0% in some offices to 55% in others. Physicians counseled patients on dietary habits in 25% of visits and exercise in 20% of visits. Physicians counseled new patients 30% more often than established ones (P < 0.05). Dietary counseling was associated with having dietary and exercise brochures in the office (P < 0.05). When counseling occurred, physicians (rather than patients) initiated both dietary and exercise counseling 61% of the time. Counseling for dietary habits was associated with counseling for exercise (P < 0.05); some physicians may be more likely to give preventive counseling. Counseling was not associated with physicians' age, years in practice, or number of patients per week. Conclusion. Physician counseled patients in 20–25% of visits, and this was not affected by physician characteristics. Results suggest that physician counseling protocols and other office prompts should be developed and promoted. Strategies targeting both physician and the health care system may improve the consistency of physician preventive counseling practices.
Characterization of three forms of rabbit microsomal cytochrome P-450 by peptide mapping utilizing limited proteolysis in sodium dodecyl sulfate and analysis by gel electrophoresis

Abstract Limited proteolysis of three forms of rabbit liver microsomal cytochrome P -450 by Staphylococcus aureus V 8 protease, α-chymotrypsin, or papain in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate produces peptide fragments having a unique molecular weight distribution for each cytochrome. These differences are observed for the major cytochrome P -450 induced by phenobarbital and two forms induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo- p -dioxin. Our results indicate that the primary structures of these three cytochromes are substantially different. In addition, the characteristic pattern of peptide fragments produced from each cytochrome facilitates the identification of the cytochromes in microsomal preparations when peptide mapping is utilized in conjunction with polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. Using this methodology, the occurrence and induction of the cytochromes in tissue preparations can be monitored.
Quality of Service Evaluations of On Demand Mobile Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols

A mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is a set of wireless mobile nodes that can communicate with each other without using any fixed infrastructure. It is also necessary for MANET devices to communicate in a seamless manner. There are multiple routing protocols that have been developed for MANETs. There is a need to support real time and multimedia applications in MANETs as they gain popularity. MANETs require an efficient routing protocol and quality of service (QoS) mechanism in order to support multimedia applications such as voice and video. Such applications have strict quality of service requirements such as bandwidth, delay, and jitter. Design and development of routing algorithms with QoS support is experiencing increased research interest. This paper evaluates the QoS performance of MANETs by comparing the results of using AODV and DSR routing protocols. Using the OPNET Modeler, we have conducted an extensive set of performance experiments for these protocols with a wide variety of settings. The results show that DSR would be the best protocol to use with voice based traffic as long as mobility is kept to a minimum. As network size and mobility increases, AODV is the better choice due to the on-demand nature allowing for much higher mobility because of the non-caching nature of the routes. However, when resource intensive applications such as voice and video are introduced, the on-demand nature of AODV severely hampers network performance. Even with QoS, AODVs route discovery cannot keep up with the requirements of these applications and this is where DSR's route caching truly shines.
Intelligent Computerized Treatment or Artificial Aphasia Therapy

Abstract The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) programming and computer-assisted instruction (CAI) as presented by Guyard, Masson and Quiniou represents a new stage in the development of treatment software for the rehabilitation of aphasic patients. The authors propose a logical extension of contemporary treatment software, the current state of which ‘continues to perseverate at the drill level’ (Lover0 1987, p. 158). A1 programs could expand the scope, responsiveness and flexibility of aphasia treatment software so that the computer program would determine the type, sequence and rate of stimuli presented based on evaluation of the patient's responses. Researchers (e. g. Barr and Geigenbaum 1982) describe this union between A1 and CAI as ‘intelligent CAI’ (ICAI). While valued in education, the appIication of ICAI has not been successfully adopted by rehabilitation primarily due to two related factors fundamental to the nature of aphasia treatment: the heterogeneity of the aphasic population and ...
Male infertility: a critical review of pharmacologic management

Introduction: Male factor infertility contributes partially and solely to the problem of childlessness in around 50% of the cases. Unfortunately, 30 – 50% of the etiologies of male infertility are unknown and therefore, no specific therapy can be instituted. Evidence-based medical therapy for male infertility is an attractive research area where a large number of clinical trials, controlled and uncontrolled, using different types of medications have been conducted yielding variable results and outcomes. Areas covered: In this review, we summarize and evaluate the most important and most recent information pertaining to the use of different medications in male infertility and assign level of evidence to these medications. An extensive literature search was performed using the search engines: Pubmed, Science-direct, Ovid and Scopus. Expert opinion: Male infertility represents a very challenging area of clinical medicine. Many different types of medications have been tried and very few have had satisfactory ...
Capitalizing on Grass: The Science of Agrostology and the Sustainability of Ranching in the American West

While concepts of environmental accounting and sustainability may have emerged originally in the context of European forests, they would later be extended to many other places, including the vast A...
A comparison between the concentration of prostaglandin F in human plasma and serum

Abstract The concentration of prostaglandin F (PGF) has been measured in serum and plasma samples prepared under different conditions from the antecubital vein blood of 4 non-pregnant and 7 pregnant women. Prostaglandin F concentrations were less than 41 pg/ml in 19 samples of serum or plasma prepared by centrifugation within 30 minutes of collection. When the blood was allowed to clot at room temperature for 24 hours, highly variable, but usually markedly increased concentrations of PGF (
Protein retention and liver aminotransferase activities in Atlantic salmon fed diets containing different energy sources

Abstract Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) fingerlings (14.4 g) were fed diets containing either glucose, dextrin, raw corn starch and lipid, or a high protein U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service open-formula diet (ASD2-30) for 12 weeks. Significant differences in weight gain and feed: gain ratio were not observed among salmon fed the diets containing glucose, dextrin or ASD2-30. Diets containing dextrin and glucose supported greater protein retention and reduction in alanine aminotransferase activity than the other diets. Activity of aspartate aminotransferase was not affected by the dietary treatment. Protein retention correlated highly with alanine aminotransferase activity.
Analysis and diagnostic testing of a bridge

Abstract The paper deals with analytical and experimental study to determine the cause of transverse crack patterns on two parallel seven-span haunched steel-girder bridges. Major cracks are concentrated between the beginning and the middle of the third span. The crack patterns are symmetric with respect to the fourth span and can be found on both bridges. Diagnostic tests were performed with crawling-speed and high-speed trucks. The measured distribution factors are consistently more uniform than code-specified values and the impact factors are smaller than specified values. Tests on concrete cores indicated that the water/cement ratio is higher than code specified ratio and that the strength of concrete is greater than specified. Three-dimensional finite-element analysis indicated that stresses in the slab due to live load do not match with existing crack patterns. However, the analysis of the concrete pouring sequence showed that maximum concrete stresses are large and the locations correspond to those of the most severe slab cracking. Therefore, it is concluded that the bridge deck slab cracks resulted primarily from the deck pouring sequence, combined with concrete shrinkage. Since the primary causes of cracks are not active anymore, an epoxy injection method has been recommended to seal cracks.
Preliminary Evaluation of Various Training Components on Accuracy of Direct Behavior Ratings.

This study examined the impact of various components of rater training on the accuracy of rating behavior using Direct Behavior Rating-Single Item Scales (DBR-SIS). Specifically, the addition of frame-of-reference and rater error training components to a standard package involving an overview and then modeling, practice, and feedback was investigated. In addition, amount of exposure to the direct training component (i.e., number of practice and feedback opportunities) was evaluated, and the rates at which behavior was displayed were carefully manipulated to control for and evaluate training impact by target and rate of behavior. The sample consisted of undergraduate students assigned to one of 6 possible conditions. Overall findings suggested that completion of a training package did result in enhanced accuracy when using DBR-SIS to rate academic engagement and disruption. However, results also supported that the most comprehensive package of DBR training may not always result in greater improvements over a standard package involving direct training. In general, a more intensive training package appeared beneficial at improving ratings for targets that had previously been difficult to rate accurately (e.g., medium rate disruptive behavior). Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.
Contextualism and compositionality

I argue that compositionality (in the sense of homomorphic interpretation) is compatible with radical and pervasive contextual effects on interpretation. Apparent problems with this claim lose their force if we are careful in distinguishing the question of how a grammar assigns interpretations from the question of how people figure out which interpretations the grammar assigns. I demonstrate, using a simple example, that this latter task must sometimes be done not by computing a derivation defined directly by the grammar, but through the use of pragmatic background knowledge and extragrammatical reasoning, even when the grammar is designed to be fully compositional. The fact that people must sometimes use global pragmatic mechanisms to identify truth conditions therefore tells us nothing about whether the grammar assigns truth conditions compositionally. Compositional interpretation (or the lack thereof) is identifiable not by the mechanisms necessary to calculating truth conditions, but by the structural relation between the interpretation of a phrase in context and the interpretations of its parts in that same context. Even if this relation varies by context, an invariant grammar is possible if grammars can “invoke” pragmatic concepts; but this does not imply that grammatical theory must explain these concepts or incorporate a theory of pragmatics.
Influence of temperature and food availability on the biochemical composition and mortality of juvenile Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) during the over-winter period

Abstract Over-winter mortality of juvenile aquacultured northern quahogs (=hard clams), Mercenaria mercenaria, is a significant problem for the Mid-Atlantic and Northeast aquaculturists. Although protecting seed from predators improves survival, significant mortalities still frequently exceed 50%. The mortality has been attributed to severe winter temperatures, however, this suggestion has yet to be systematically investigated. We hypothesize that extended periods of low water temperatures (
A REVERSED TURING TEST OF HUMAN RANDOM NUMBER GENERATION

Based upon distinctions between true randomness, probabilistic randomness, and stochastic randomness, a reversed Turing Test was performed to compare human-generated to computer-generated random numbers. Tests of three hypotheses showed that humans more often fail to behave randomly when assessed by a “probabilistic interrogator” (based on distribution-free nonparametric tests) than by a “stochastic interrogator” (based on parametric testing), that computer-generated numbers displayed both probabilistic and stochastic randomness, and that human failure to pass the reversed Turing Test may be attributed to a nonrandom response pattern embedded in the group data corresponding to the highly automatized human counting skill. In addition to supporting the ubiquitous observation that humans do not behave randomly, these findings suggest that humans, unlike computers, may spontaneously interpose relative amounts of order that preclude successful random generation requiring relative amounts of disorder.
The influence of experience on negotiation performance

Abstract The purpose of the study was to explore whether experience improves or possibly debilitates people's ability to reach mutually beneficial negotiation outcomes. The impact of different kinds of experience on performance was examined, including negotiators' experience with the bargaining task, their bargaining opponent, and the type of skill required to reach mutually beneficial outcomes. The major research findings were that negotiators were able to apply the integrative skills learned in one task to different negotiation situations. Whereas this was true for logrolling skills (negotiators' ability to make mutually beneficial tradeoffs between issues), bargainers' ability to use compatible skills (recognize similar interests) was markedly limited. Improvements in performance over time occurred when negotiators had experience with tasks involving integrative potential, specifically, logrolling potential; otherwise, experience did not lead to better performance. Negotiation performance was not affected by the bargainer's familiarity with the other party. Finally, improvements in performance were associated with greater judgment accuracy about the other party and higher bargaining aspirations. The research findings suggest that judgment accuracy and aspirations are key ingredients for successful negotiation outcomes.
Three-dimensional measurement of essential tremor.

A mechanical linkage device was used to measure the three-dimensional position of the fingertip during a postural task. Thirty patients with essential tremor were tested simultaneously with the device, uniaxial accelerometry, and clinical tremor measures. Eighteen patients were tested again 16 ± 4 days later. The device accurately recorded the three-dimensional behavior of essential tremor. Measures from the device included mean three-dimensional velocity, mean three-dimensional dispersion, and power of the three-dimensional acceleration. The logarithms of these measures were strongly correlated (r = .841–.984) with all clinical measures including self-reported tremor disability. The device measures were reliable within and between testing sessions (intraclass correlation coefficients = .971–.977). The performance of the device was superior to uniaxial accelerometry, most likely as a result of the three-dimensional nature of the measurements. We conclude that essential tremor can be validly and reliably quantified during a postural task providing the recording device records movement in three dimensions and the measurements are logarithmically transformed.
A new potent inhibitor for angiotensin converting enzyme: (R,S)-captopril-F3

Abstract Trifluoromethyl analogs of captopril, i.e (R,S)- and (S,S)-captopril-f3, are synthesised and submitted to in vitro assay for inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE). It is found that (R,S)-captopril-f3 is substantially more potent than captoril (captopril-f3: IC50= 2.9 × 10−10 M). Stereoelectronic and conformational effects attributed to trifluoromethyl incorporation serve to explain the enhanced inhibitory activity.
Taming the fierce roller: an "enhanced" understanding of cellular differentiation in Volvox.

Few organisms offer a better opportunity to explore the mechanisms of cellular differentiation, and their origins, than Volvox. Volvox consists of just two cell types, germ and soma, and is the most complex member of a family of green algae that includes unicellular and multicellular relatives. At the heart of the cell-fate determination program of Volvox carteri is the regA gene, which encodes a putative transcriptional repressor that prevents somatic cells from expressing reproductive functions. Stark et al. have dissected the regA gene to determine how its expression is restricted to somatic cells. Their results suggest that regA expression is controlled by multiple enhancers, the most important of which prevents transcription in reproductive cells. While these findings shed light on Volvox development, they also raise a new set of questions about the mechanisms that control the germ-soma dichotomy in this organism.
Science writers’ reactions to a medical “breakthrough” story

In numerous incidences, the news coverage of medical research has incited unjustified optimism or fear. The medical literature provides an archive of the scientific community’s condemnation of these misleading reports, but little is known about how they are judged by newsmakers. This study explored science writers’ reactions to a controversial New York Times story that inflated the hopes of thousands of cancer patients. More than 60 science writers in the US, Canada, and Great Britain participated in a 12-day email discussion triggered by the Times article. We analyzed 255 of these email postings and coded (1) positive and negative critiques of the Times story, (2) references to the article’s repercussions including the creation of false hope, (3) attributions of responsibility for the resulting public misunderstanding, and (4) suggestions to improve the public’s comprehension of medical research news. The participating science writers generally responded negatively to the controversial article: 83% of the critiques were unfavorable. In addition, the science writers in the sample were cognizant and concerned about the impact of their work on the public, and accepted the largest share of the responsibility for the false hope created by the news coverage of medical research. Finally, the suggestions offered by respondents to improve the public’s understanding of medical research news were similar to those proposed by the scientific community. Thus, some commonality exists between how scientists and science writers believe the news coverage of medical research could be improved. r 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
Transient gas-liquid flow in horizontal pipes: Modeling the flow pattern transitions

The theory for predicting flow pattern transition under transient flow conditions is developed and compared with experiment. This work represents an extension of the methods presented by Taitel and Dukler (1976) for steady state flows. Under transient conditions, flow pattern transitions can take place at flow rates substantially different than would occur under steady flow conditions. In addition, flow patterns can appear which would not be expected for a slow change in flow rates along that same path. Methods are presented for predicting the flow rates at which flow pattern transitions will take place during flow transients. The method also reveals when spurious flow patterns will appear.
Planar bipedal walking with foot rotation

This paper addresses the key problem of walking with both fully-actuated and underactuated phases. The studied robot is planar, bipedal, and fully actuated in the sense that it has feet with revolute, actuated ankles. The desired walking motion is assumed to consist of three successive phases: a fully-actuated phase where the stance foot is flat on the ground, an underactuated phase where the stance heel lifts from the ground and the stance foot rotates about the toe, and an instantaneous double support phase where leg exchange takes place. The main contribution of the paper is to provide a provably asymptotically stabilizing controller that integrates the fully-actuated and underactuated phases of walking. By comparison, existing humanoid robots, such as ASIMO and Qrio, use only the fully-actuated phase (i.e., they only execute flat-footed walking), or RABBIT, which uses only the underactuated phase (i.e., it has no feet, and hence walks as if on stilts). The controller proposed here is organized around the hybrid zero dynamics of Westervelt et al. (2003) in order that the stability analysis of the closed-loop system may be reduced to a one-dimensional Poincare map that can be computed in closed form.
Response to Giufre et al

To the Editor—We thank Guifre et al for sharing their interesting data regarding the clonal distribution of Escherichia coli clinical isolates from their locale in relation to resistance phenotype, and we support their call for more such studies [1]. Their findings agree closely with ours regarding the predominance, since at least 2006, of sequence type (ST) 131 and, specifically, its H30 subclone, among fluoroquinolone-resistant (FQ-R) E. coli isolates, as compared to ST131's quite low prevalence among fluoroquinolone-susceptible (FQ-S) E. coli isolates [2]. A novel observation by Giufre et al pertains to the relative prevalence of the H30 ST131 subclone, compared with that of other ST131 subclones (mainly, H22), within the minor ST131 subset among FQ-S isolates. Specifically, Guifre et al found that the H30 subclone accounted for 13 (72%) of their 18 total FQ-S ST131 isolates from 2006, 2009, and 2012 combined [1]. In contrast, we have consistently found that the H30 subclone's contribution to the FQ-S subset within ST131 is relatively small (<25%), including in our initial convenience sample study [2], a subsequent nationwide systematic survey of E. coli isolates from US veterans in 2011 [3], and a recent population-based survey from Olmsted County, Minnesota [4]. Although these differences could simply reflect study design differences, they also may indicate true geographical differences in the prevalence of FQ-S H30 subclone isolates. The relative prominence of FQ-S H31 isolates observed by Giufre et al suggests that factors other than just the FQ-R phenotype, such as high metabolic potential [5] or enhanced virulence, may partially explain, at least in some locales, the H30 subclone's dramatic success over the past decade. We agree strongly with Giufre et al that FQ resistance likely emerged within the H30 ST131 subclone on a single occasion, in a FQ-S H30 progenitor, via a specific combination of mutations in gyrA and parC, followed by the explosive expansion of the new FQ-R H30 subset [1]. Elucidation of the basis for the H30 ST131 subclone's dramatic expansion after it acquired FQ resistance should provide critical insights into what allows an E. coli clone to “go viral,” which could lead to the development of sorely needed preventive interventions. Giufre et al have contributed additional evidence implicating the ST131 H30 subclone as the currently most successful strain of extraintestinal pathogenic E. coli. Because of its clinical predominance and multidrug resistance, the H30 lineage conceivably has as great a social and economic impact as that of any lineage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Role of Renal Nerves in Mediating the Hypertensive Effects of Nitric Oxide Synthesis Inhibition

Abstract Recent studies suggest that enhanced renal sympathetic nervous activity plays an important role in mediating the renal hemodynamic and electrolyte excretion changes associated with acute inhibition of NO synthesis. The purpose of this study was to determine the importance of renal nerves in mediating the long-term hypertensive and renal actions of NO synthesis blockade. To achieve this goal, we infused N G -nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) at a rate of 25 μg/kg per minute for 2 weeks in control dogs and in bilaterally renal-denervated dogs. NO synthesis blockade in control dogs increased arterial pressure by 18%, from 94±3 to 111±4 mm Hg, and decreased heart rate from 74±4 to 57±4 beats per minute (bpm). L-NAME also decreased renal plasma flow from 195±18 to 166±18 mL/min while having no effect on glomerular filtration rate (67±7 versus 63±6 mL/min). In the renal-denervated dogs, inhibition of NO synthesis increased arterial pressure by 14%, from 92±4 to 105±5 mm Hg, and decreased heart rate from 80±4 to 65±5 bpm. Renal plasma flow in this group decreased from 195±20 to 165±20 mL/min, whereas glomerular filtration rate remained unchanged (66±6 versus 64±6 mL/min). In addition, renal excretion of sodium and water in response to L-NAME was similar in each group. The results of this study indicate that the long-term hypertensive and renal effects of NO synthesis inhibition in the dog are not dependent on activation of the renal sympathetic nervous system.
Mirror-image reversal of coronal computed tomography scans.

Objectives/Hypothesis: Mirror-image reversal of coronal computed tomography (CT) scans can be a significant problem in patient care, potentially leading to wrong-sided surgery and malpractice suits. There is no literature describing the problem of mirror-image reversal of coronal CT scans. Generally, medical errors are not widely published: however, with the emphasis on reduction of errors in medicine, this topic should be openly discussed. Study Design: Retrospective review of patient care and an assessment of current methods. Methods: Two cases of mirror-image reversal of coronal CT scans were reviewed, and the authors found that each case represented a different type of error. In the first case, the error was recognized in the operating room. The second case resulted in wrong-sided surgery, and a law-suit was filed. These two separate occurrences led to a review of the methods for determining right versus left side for orienting and labeling of CT scans. Orientation of coronal scans depends on whether the patient is prone or supine. Thus, technician input is required. If a labeling mistake is made, radiologists may not readily catch the mistake because of the symmetry of the head and neck anatomy. Results: A review of the markings on each scan should provide the otolaryngologist with enough information to determine whether the scan is mislabeled. Conclusion: The incidence of mislabeled coronal CT scans is unknown. This error can result in inappropriate patient care and lawsuits for wrong-sided surgery. Awareness of the potential problem and open discussion of interpretation and prevention are necessary.
Peptide mimicry of the meningococcal group C capsular polysaccharide.

Abstract Sequence analysis of the variable regions of the heavy and light chains of the anti-idiotypic antibody 6F9, which mimics the meningococcal group C capsular polysaccharide (MCP), was performed. The immunogenic site on 6F9 responsible for inducing an anti-MCP antibody response was determined by means of sequence and computer model analysis of these data. Complementarity-determining region 3 (CDR3) was found to be unique in that the sequence tract YRY was exposed on the surface. A synthetic peptide spanning the CDR3 domain was synthesized and complexed to proteosomes (meningococcal group B outer membrane protein). Immunizations of BALB/c mice with the peptide-proteosome complex resulted in a significant anti-MCP antibody response. Immunized mice were protected against infection with a lethal dose of Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C.
Structure from motion-a critical analysis of methods

Existing methods for structure from motion are classified and analyzed and mathematical relationships among them are shown. Their behavior on the same synthetic data is evaluated, examining the effect of noise, initial estimates, and the amount of motion. The missing necessary polynomial constraint on the singular values of R.Y. Tsai and T.S. Huang's (1981) essential parameter matrix is shown, and related linear methods for less general SFM problems and their necessary polynomial constraints are derived. The experiments show that for data which the constraints are satisfied, linear methods work correctly and quickly, and where they are not applicable, polynomial methods may work but are slower. >
A Modulated Scattering Technique for Measurement of Field Distributions

Electric field distributions can be measured accurately by passing a short metal dipole through the field and recording the wave scattered by the dipole. Ordinarily the method is difficult to use since the scattered signal is small, critical tuning adjustments are required, and careful attention to stability is necessary. However, by placing a nonlinear impedance at the center of the dipole and applying an audio voltage though slightly conducting threads, the scattered wave can be modulated. This makes it possible to relax the tuning and stability requirements and at the same time to increase the sensitivity of the measurements.
Synchronization Using Pulse Edge Tracking in Optical Pulse-Position Modulated Communication Systems

A pulse-position modulated (PPM) optical communication system using narrow pulses of light for data transmission requires accurate time synchronization between transmitter and receiver. The presence of signal energy in the form of optical pulses suggests the use of a pulse edge-tracking method of maintaining the necessary timing. In this report the edge-tracking operation in a binary PPM system is examined, taking into account the quantum nature of the optical transmissions. Consideration is given first to "pure" synchronization using a periodic pulsed intensity, then extended to the case where position modulation is present and auxiliary bit decisioning is needed to aid the tracking operation. Performance analysis is made in terms of timing error and its associated statistics. Timing error variances are shown as a function of system signal-to-noise ratio.
On Correcting Bursts (and Random Errors) in Vector Symbol $(n, k)$ Cyclic Codes

In this communication, simple methods are shown for correcting bursts of large size and bursts combined with random errors using vector symbols and primarily vector XOR and feedback shift register operations. One result is that any (n, k) cyclic code with minimum distance > 2 can correct all full vector symbol error bursts of length n-k-1 or less if the error vectors are linearly independent. If the bursts are not full but contain some error-free components, the capability of correcting bursts up to n-k or less is code dependent. Also, vector symbol decoding with Reed-Solomon component codes can correct, very simply, with probability ges 1- n(n - k)2-r, all cases of e les n - k - 1 r-bit random errors in any cyclic span of length les n - k. The techniques often work when there is linear dependence. In cases where most errors are in a burst but a small number of errors are outside, the solution, given error-correcting capability, can be broken down into a simple solution for the small number of outside errors, followed by a simple subtraction to reveal all the error values in the burst part.
Affective symptoms in the chronic stage of traumatic brain injury: a study of married couples

A convenient sample of 60 brain-injured subjects and their spouses was evaluated cross-sectionally in the chronic stage of recovery on self-rated measures of sensory, motor, cognitive and behavioural disability and on the SCL-90-R depression and anxiety subscales. A majority of the brain-injured subjects, who were on average almost 6 years post-injury, demonstrated elevations on the affective symptom scales, with almost 70% showing depression and 50% showing anxiety. The spouses of the brain-injured individuals also demonstrated significantly elevated affective symptom scales, with 73% acknowledging symptoms of depression and 55% demonstrating symptoms of anxiety. For the individuals with brain injury, those with higher self-ratings of cognitive disability and social aggression had higher self-ratings of depression and anxiety. In contrast, spouse gender appeared to have the greatest association with the presence of elevation affective responses, with female spouses having higher levels of depression and anxiety than male spouses. These findings are discussed in terms of the reactionary nature of affective disturbances in the chronic stage of recovery.
Diminished efficiency in the oceanic silica pump caused by bacteria-mediated silica dissolution

Previous laboratory findings indicated that marine bacteria accelerate biogenic silica (bSiO2) dissolution rates in the sea by degrading the organic coating surrounding diatom frustules and exposing the underlying silica to chemical attack by undersaturated seawater. We examined the effectiveness of bacterial activity in facilitating in situ bSiO 2 dissolution during a diatom bloom in Monterey Bay, California, following moderate upwelling. Inhibition of bacterial activity with antibiotics and protease inhibitors reduced specific bSiO2 dissolution rates (Vdis) at five of six stations, with a reduction of 44 6 27% (mean 6 SD, n 5 6, range 22‐91%) over 24 h. Reduced Vdis in inhibitor treatments corresponded with reductions in abundance, production, and proteolytic activity of attached bacteria. Dissolution rates were highly correlated with protease activity integrated from the surface down to the depth where each dissolution was measured, suggesting that increased Vdis with depth in the upper 20‐80 m of the ocean is caused by the progressive removal of organic matter from frustules during sinking. Facilitation of bSiO 2 dissolution by in situ bacterial assemblages varied between stations and was likely influenced by the physiological condition of resident diatom assemblages. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and 16S rRNA gene sequencing of bacteria colonizing in situ diatom assemblages confirmed previous findings that specific bacterial phylotypes (Cytophaga/ Flavobacteria/Bacteriodes; a and g subclasses of Proteobacteria) mediate bSiO2 dissolution.