cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Observations on the motor control of brief teeth clenching in man.

Summary Without artificial feedback control, maximum voluntary isometric contractions were performed for about 1 s by six subjects. Randomly selected surface electromyograms of the anterior temporalis and masseter muscles suggested that, in some cases, the motor control of the entire isometric contraction might have been preprogrammed through the phenomenon of anticipation. In the majority of cases, the control of the initial contraction phase might have been preprogrammed, followed by a phase of servo-controlled motor activity. As a functional basis for the servo-control of isometric force generation, it was suggested that compartmentalized ‘extrafusal and intrafusal motor units’ were recruited and decruited in an orderly manner, and periods of alphamotor inhibition were interpreted as signs of switching from one control scheme to another, possibly via a transcortical loop.
Interleukin-4- and Interleukin-13-Mediated Alternatively Activated Macrophages: Roles in Homeostasis and Disease

The macrophage, a versatile cell type prominently involved in host defense and immunity, assumes a distinct state of alternative activation in the context of polarized type 2 immune responses such as allergic inflammation and helminth infection. This alternatively activated phenotype is induced by the canonical type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13, which mediate expression of several characteristic markers along with a dramatic shift in macrophage metabolic pathways that influence surrounding cells and tissues. We discuss recent advances in the understanding of IL-4- and IL-13-mediated alternatively activated macrophages and type 2 immune responses; such advances have led to an expanded appreciation for functions of these cells beyond immunity, including maintenance of physiologic homeostasis and tissue repair.
Prader-Willi syndrome: Current understanding of cause and diagnosis

Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is characterized by hypotonia, obesity, hypogonadism, short stature, small hands and feet, mental deficiency, a characteristic face, and an interstitial deletion of the proximal long arm of chromosome 15 in about one-half of the patients. The incidence is estimated to be about 1 in 25,000, and PWS is the most common syndromal cause of human obesity. DNA abnormalities, usually deletions or duplications of chromosome 15, have been identified in individuals with PWS with or without recognizable chromosome 15 deletions. Paternal origin of the chromosome 15 deletion by cytogenetic and DNA studies has been found in nearly all PWS individuals studied. No cytogenetic evidence for chromosome breakage has been identified, although an environmental cause (e.g., paternal hydrocarbon-exposed occupations) of the chromosome 15 abnormality has been proposed. PWS patients with the chromosome 15 deletion are more prone to hypopigmentation compared with PWS individuals with normal chromosomes, but no other clinical differences are consistently identified between those with and without the chromosome deletion. Anthropometric, dermatoglyphic, and other clinical findings indicate homogeneity of PWS patients with the chromosome deletion and heterogeneity of the nondeletion patients. A review of our current understanding of the major clinical, cytogenetic, and DNA findings is presented, and clinical manifestations and cytogenetic abnormalities are summarized from the literature.
Monitoring Clinical Trials in Multiple Testing Sites: Can Good Laboratory Practice and Proficiency Testing Assure Uniform Testing?

As a means of ensuring laboratory quality, national regulatory schemes, such as the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA’88) in the United States, require good laboratory practices - basically analogous to good manufacturing practices in the drug industry - and pro ficiency testing. Laboratory regulations mandated to ensure clinical relevance of patient tests, however, may not provide the quality needed for drug efficacy trials. To allow valid conclusions to be drawn in drug efficacy trials, the introduction of intralaboratory protocols for clinical laboratories designed to produce the quality results needed is proposed. It is postulated that these protocols, while enhancing the quality of the data, will decrease, not increase, the cost of the trials.
Shedding Light on Police Culture: An Examination of Officers’ Occupational Attitudes

Research on police culture has generally fallen within one of two competing camps—one that depicts culture as an occupational phenomenon that encompasses all police officers and one that focuses on...
Time to Positivity of Blood Cultures for Children with Streptococcus pneumoniae Bacteremia

We report on a 3-year (1 January 1996 through 31 December 1999) retrospective chart review of children with Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteremia to identify the time to identification of growth of S. pneumoniae in blood culture and to attempt to identify clinical predictors of early versus late growth of S. pneumoniae in culture. The time to detection of S. pneumoniae in blood culture for immunocompetent patients ranged from 4.4 to 25.9 hours (h), with a mean of 11.5 h (standard deviation, 2.8). There was no difference in the time to detection for immunocompromised versus immunocompetent patients. The 10th and 90th deciles for time to detection among immunocompetent patients were 9.2 and 14.0 h, respectively. There were no differences in white blood cell count, absolute neutrophil count, or height of fever between the lowest and highest decile groups. Ninety percent of blood cultures yielding S. pneumoniae are noted positive within 14 h, and no clinical or laboratory parameters accurately predicted early versus late growth of S. pneumoniae in blood culture.
STUDIES OF AEDES TRISERIATUS (DIPTERA: CULICIDAE) OVIPOSITION ATTRACTANTS. EVIDENCE FOR ATTRACTANT PRODUCTION BY KAOLIN-TREATED LARVAE

Larvae of both Aedes triseriatus (Say) and Aedes atropalpus (Coquillett) produce oviposition attractants active for A. triseriatus, even when the larvae are pretreated with kaolin. These experiments demonstrate that the earlier observed attractancy of larval holding waters was not simply due to the presence of waste matter or associated microorganisms from the larval gut. It is further shown that the active material may be extracted directly from the larvae into hexane or ether. It is also demonstrated that the larval produced oviposition attractants of these species are similar in their ability to attract gravid females of A. triseriatus.
On Conceptualization, Evidence and Impact: A Response to Hudson, Lagendijk and Peck

M ARKUSEN A. (2003) On conceptualization, evidence and impact: a response to Hudson, Lagendijk and Peck, Reg. Studies 37 , 747-751. Contemporary human geographers must work to clarify and translate new critical theory insights for a broader audience. Better evidence will both strengthen the theory-building exercise and render our insights more powerful in the real world of policy and action. In response to the critics of my original "fuzzy concepts' paper, I welcome their several contributions - the case for fuzziness as a tactical move, the need for subtle rather than grand critique and the means for strengthening qualitative research methods. I pose three further questions. Who is welcomed and/ or excluded as participants in the dialogue? What is the usefulness of the deductive/ inductive distinction? Is there a quantitative/qualitative divide? I argue for engaging additional academic and lay participants and for moving beyond the fetishism of the two methodological dualisms. M ARKUSEN A. (2003) La conc...
Regional Multipliers: WAIO vs. RIMS:

This article outlines the survey approach as it is used in building the Washington Input-Output Models (WAIO), and compares its multiplier estimates for Washington state with those of the Regional Input-Output Modeling System (RIMS) as developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce. The author finds that RIMS multipliers differ—often substantially—from those of WAIO.
Reciprocal Influences of Changes in the Perceived Status of Intellectual Property Officials

In 2008, soon after the status of the Director of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (PTO) as “Head of a Department” under the Appointments Clause was questioned, the power to appoint high level, but inferior officers, was returned to the Secretary of Commerce. Parties already challenging rates set by the Copyright Royalty Board (CRB) in Intercollegiate Broadcasting System, Inc. v. Copyright Royalty Board became aware of the issue. They likewise, but belatedly, challenged the capacity of the Librarian of Congress to appoint Copyright Royalty Judges (CRJs), as inferior officers.In 2009, the D.C. Circuit choose not to resolve that important issue on the basis of “hasty, inadequate and untimely briefing,” particularly when doing so “call[ed] into question the status of every registered American copyright.” In a 2012 opinion, it finds that the Librarian is an executive officer capable of appointing CRJs (itself an important holding). But it also concludes that CRJs are principal, not inferior, officers. Finding inadequate oversight otherwise, it severs a restriction on the Librarian’s removal power.This paper, focusing on the court’s findings with regard to oversight, examines the reciprocal implications for administrative patent and trademark judges whose manner of appointment led, if indirectly, to the result in Intercollegiate. Such an examination is appropriate because there are many parallels between PTO judges and CRJs. It is also timely in light of ongoing, comprehensive changes in the roles of administrative patent judges.The paper concludes that the Director’s ability to supervise through his membership and that of other high-level PTO officials on PTO boards is ample to address concerns that might be spawned by Intercollegiate.
Neoliberal and disciplinary environmentality and ‘sustainable seafood’ consumption: storying environmentally responsible action

This article invokes a neoliberal and disciplinary governmentality lens in a political ecology of education framework to analyze educational programming at Long Beach, California’s Aquarium of the Pacific. I begin by briefly describing governmentality as Foucault and neo-Foucauldian scholars have theorized the concept, followed by a discussion of the emergence of green governmentality and environmentality in political ecology. Next, I invoke a political ecology of education framework informed by neoliberal and disciplinary environmentality to analyze institutional and teaching practice at the Aquarium. In this analysis, I demonstrate how the institution’s funding structure, placement within the entertainment markets of the southern California area, and commitment to ocean conservation education all influence how the Aquarium conceptualizes itself and its work. I focus on the case of the Blue Cavern Show and the Seafood for the Future program, which work in tandem to define a problem (declining fish stocks...
A phase I trial of panobinostat and epirubicin in solid tumors with a dose expansion in patients with sarcoma

ABSTRACT Background Treatment options for sarcoma are limited. Histone deacetylase inhibitors increase the efficacy of topoisomerase II inhibitors by promoting access to chromatin and by down-regulating DNA repair. Thus, combined panobinostat and epirubicin therapy was evaluated to treat refractory sarcoma. Patients and methods Patients with advanced solid tumors were enrolled in a 3 + 3 dose-escalation phase I trial of panobinostat given on days 1, 3, and 5 followed by 75 mg/m2 of epirubicin on day 5 in 21-day cycles, with a dose expansion at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) in 20 sarcoma patients. Peripheral blood mononucleocyte histone acetylation was also evaluated. Results Forty patients received 20–60 mg panobinostat. Dose-limiting toxicities included thrombocytopenia, febrile neutropenia, and fatigue at 60 mg, defining a panobinostat MTD at 50 mg. Four responses were seen in 37 assessable patients, all after progression on prior topoisomerase II inhibitors. For those with sarcoma, 12 of 20 derived clinical benefit (1 partial response and 11 stable disease, median overall survival 8.3 months), including 8 of 14 previously progressed on topoisomerase II therapy. Treatment benefits correlated with increased histone acetylation and decreased neutrophil count on day 5. Conclusions Panobinostat and epirubicin treatment is well tolerated and may reverse anthracycline resistance. Changes in histone acetylation and associated decrease in neutrophil count correlated with clinical benefit and warrant investigation as predictive biomarkers. Clinical trial This trial is registered at www.Clinicaltrials.gov , Identifier: NCT00878904.
Microvascular thrombosis: a serious and deadly pathologic process in multiple diseases

Much of our understanding of the pathogenesis of thrombosis has long been based on observations made on large blood vessels. Nevertheless, there has been a recent shift in our attention to the microvasculature and to how microcirculatory occlusion affects function of various organs in diseases. This article provides an overview of microthrombosis in small blood vessels, with discussion of the progressive stages of its development. The initial event is triggered by a variety of diseases, followed by a second phase when multiple contributory factors amplify the process with the final phase of microvascular occlusion and microvascular thrombosis. The outcome is either recovery or injury to the affected organ. If the process is generalized, it is often associated with catastrophic or fatal outcomes. Our current knowledge of the major role of contributory factors leads to a new paradigm. A therapeutic approach limited to a single target of the underlying pathogenic factor, such as the use of anticoagulants, is insufficient and too often unsuccessful. Simultaneous management of all the contributory factors should therefore be considered.
Abstract 3815: Murine tumors demonstrate variable responses to ischemia-reperfusion injury

Introduction: Acute ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) of normal tissues causes an inflammatory reaction initiated by binding of auto-reactive IgM antibody to an ischemia-induced self-antigen. Whether this inflammatory cascade also affects cancers - for example, after acute I/R during surgical resection or in conditions of chronic ischemia - is unclear. We examined the effect of I/R injury in three murine tumor models: B16F10 melanoma, Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC), and small intestinal adenomas of the APC min/+ mouse. Methods: LLC and B16F10 cell lines were implanted into the hindlimbs of C57BL/6 mice. Ischemia was induced by external tourniquet ligation of the femoral vessels. Small intestinal tumors in APC min/+ mice were subjected to ischemia by vascular clip occlusion of the superior mesenteric artery. Control animals underwent hindlimb ischemia to the non-tumor bearing hindlimb or laparotomy alone. Following graded times of ischemia and reperfusion, tumors and surrounding normal tissue were harvested for histological examination. Immunohistochemistry was performed for IgM and activated caspase-3. For hindlimb injury, mice were recovered and followed for LLC and B16F10 tumor growth. Results: Ischemia-reperfusion causes injury of LLC and B16F10 tumors. In contrast, intestinal adenomas of APC min/+ mice showed no signs of injury following ischemia, despite induction of necrosis and apoptosis of adjacent normal intestinal epithelium. Tumor susceptibility to ischemic injury correlated with immuno-histochemical deposition of IgM antibody. Ischemic injury of B16F10 significantly reduced tumor growth (36% volume reduction compared to control injury, p Conclusions: The three murine tumor models examined are each affected differently by an acute I/R injury, in contrast to the conserved inflammatory cascade induced in normal tissues following ischemia. APC min/+ adenomas evade ischemia-induced IgM binding and injury. While both LLC and B16F10 are acutely injured, the long term effects on growth are divergent. Targeted manipulation of the host inflammatory response to ischemia-reperfusion may be a method to influence tumor progression and growth. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 101st Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2010 Apr 17-21; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2010;70(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 3815.
Illustrations of Fungi—XXIX

The smaller gill-fungi are usually difficult to determine because the species are numerous and lack conspicuous distinctive characters. Those shown on the accompanying plate, which is the work of Miss Eaton, represent Marasmius, Prunulus, Gymnopus, and other genera. None of them are large enough to be of economic importance. Specimens of Marasmius have been determined by Professor L. H. Pennington.
Response ofPanicum maximum Jacq. to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense

The effects on plant dry weight and acetylene reduction activity after applyingAzospirillum brasilense (strain 13t) to guineagrass,Panicum maximum Jacq., grown in clay pots under greenhouse conditions, are reported and discussed.
HIV antibody detection results among different population in Quxian,2010-2014

Objective To understand the situation and infection characteristics of HIV infection among different population in Quxian from 2010 to 2014, to provide the basis for HIV/AIDS surveillance and prevention in Quxian. Methods Detection and epidemiological data of different populations in Quxian from 2010 to 2014 were analyzed. Results A total of 246818 serum samples were detected in 5 years with 208 HIV-positive cases, the positive rate was 0.84‰. The positive rate of HIV antibody: voluntary counseling and testing were 25.54‰; special monitoring population were 1.05 ‰; the inpatients population were 0.45‰; plasma donation population were 0.03‰. Population distribution of HIV: most of them were young and middle-aged, as 52.40% were aged between 20 to 49; the male were more than female, accounting for 75.48%; the professions were mainly farmers, accounting for54.33%; degree of education were mainly with elementary school and junior high school, accounting for 37.02% and 29.81%; it was mainly the local citizens, accounting for 96.15%. Route of transmission was mainly sexual transmission, accounting for 97.12%.Conclusion HIV infection status are not optimistic in Quxian, and HIV infection population are mainly people with voluntary counseling and testing; route of transmission is mainly sexual transmission. It is necessary to continue to strengthen the monitoring range, promote the education of life style among adolescents and the aged, and popularize the knowledge of sex safety in order to contain the prevalence and spread of AIDS in our county.
A phase 1 study of buparlisib and bevacizumab in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma progressing on vascular endothelial growth factor‐targeted therapies

Background The phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is dysregulated in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC). Buparlisib is a pan-PI3K inhibitor with activity in advanced solid tumors. The primary objective of the current study was to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and dose-limiting toxicities of buparlisib and bevacizumab in patients with mRCC. Secondary objectives included efficacy, biomarker discovery, and additional toxicity. Methods This was a standard 3 + 3 dose escalation study of buparlisib (at a dose of 60-100 mg/day) and bevacizumab (at a dose of 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks). After the MTD was defined, 15 patients were accrued to the expansion cohort. Results Thirty-two patients were accrued (3 were treated at 60 mg/day, 21 were treated at 80 mg/day, 6 were treated at 100 mg/day, and 2 patients never received therapy). The majority of patients had clear cell histology (87%) and 50% had received ≥2 prior lines of therapy. The MTD of buparlisib was 80 mg/day and that of bevacizumab was 10 mg/kg every 2 weeks. A total of 28 patients discontinued therapy: 17 because of disease progression, 7 because of toxicity, and 4 for other reasons. Dose-limiting toxicities included rash/pruritis, elevated lipase/amylase, anorexia, and psychiatric disorders (suicidal ideation, depression, and cognitive disturbances). Of the 30 patients who received at least 1 dose, 13% achieved a partial response (95% confidence interval, 4%-31%). Two patients harboring activating PI3KA mutations achieved 42% and 16% maximal tumor shrinkage, respectively. Conclusions Buparlisib at a dose of 80 mg/day with bevacizumab was found to be a tolerable regimen with preliminary activity in vascular endothelial growth factor-refractory mRCC. The benefit of this combination may be of interest for future mRCC trials, possibly in a selected patient population. Cancer 2016;122:2389-2398. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Transgender youth and suicidal behaviors: Applying the interpersonal psychological theory of suicide

The interpersonal psychological theory of suicide (IPTS) was used to examine suicidal thoughts and behaviors among 129 transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) youth. Youth were categorized according to their gender identities: female-to-male (FTM), male-to-female (MTF), female-to-different-gender (FTDG), and male-to-different gender (MTDG). Higher percentages of suicidal ideation were reported by FTDG and FTM youth; and higher percentages of suicide attempts by FTDG and MTDG youth. Perceived burdensomeness and thwarted belongingness were significantly related to suicidal ideation and/or suicide attempts. Experiences of painful, provocative and harmful events and acquired capability significantly predicted suicide attempts. The findings support IPTS in explaining suicidal behaviors among TGNC youth. Implications for prevention and intervention efforts are discussed.
Perceived Treatment Needs Among Women With Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders and PTSD.

ABSTRACTObjective: Perception of need is a key factor that influences decisions to seek help and complete treatment for substance use and mental health problems. In the current study, we examine patterns of perceived treatment needs among women with co-occurring substance use disorders and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and explore how these patterns are associated with demographics, psychosocial variables, and treatment-related factors. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the Women and Trauma Study from the National Institute on Drug Abuse's Clinical Trial Network was conducted. The sample included 353 women with co-occurring substance use disorders and PTSD (full or subthreshold) receiving outpatient substance abuse treatment. Latent class analysis was used to examine patterns of perceived treatment need and multinomial logistic regression was used to identify characteristics associated with these patterns. Results: The sample included women between the ages of 18 and 65 (mean = 39.2, SD = 9.3) an...
A New Metric to Measure Cache Utilization for HPC Workloads

High performance computing (HPC) systems continue to add cores and memory to keep pace with increases in data processing needs, resulting in increased data movement across the memory hierarchy. With these systems becoming more and more energy constrained, data movement costs in terms of energy and performance cannot be neglected. Conventional techniques for modeling and analyzing data movement across the memory hierarchy have proven to be inadequate in helping computer architects and system designers to optimize data movement. In this work, we present modeling approaches to help capture and better understand cache utilization in the various levels of the memory hierarchy. We define a new metric, average cache references per evictions (ACRE), as a measure of cache utilization. We observed that the ACRE values for L1 cache varies from 18 to 210 for Mantevo miniapps and from 11 to 55 for GraphBIG benchmarks. ACRE values for L2/L3 caches were observed to be around 1 for all benchmarks. Such cache utilization metrics provide more meaningful insights about the data movement occurring across the memory hierarchy, enabling computer architects and system designers to better manage and minimize data movement and in turn reduce energy and even improve performance.
Non-negative matrix factorization for non-parametric and unsupervised image clustering and segmentation

We propose a new non-parametric level set model for automatic image clustering and segmentation based on non-negative matrix factorization (NMF). We show that NMF: (i) clusters the image into distinct homogeneous regions and (ii) provides the local spatial distribution of each region within the image. Furthermore, NMF has a controllable resolution and can discover homogeneous regions as small as one pixel. Coupled with the level-set approach, NMF is an efficient method for image segmentation. The proposed model is unsupervised and relies on local histogram modeling to define an energy functional, whose optimization leads to the final segmentation. A unique and desirable feature of the proposed method is that it does not incorporate any spurious model parameters; hence, the optimization is performed only w.r.t level set functions. We apply the proposed Non-parametrIc Unsupervised SegmentatioN approach (geNIUS) to synthetic and real images and compare it to three state-of-the-art parametric and non-parametric level set approaches: the localized Gaussian distribution fitting model (LGDF) [1], the local histogram fitting (LHF) model [2], and our recent work: NMF-LSM in [3]. The proposed geNIUS model results in a superior accuracy and more efficient implementation, which is a result of its free-model parameter feature.
Recovery of non-rigid motion and structure

The elastic properties of real materials provide constraint on the types of non-rigid motion that can occur, and thus allow overconstrained estimates of 3-D non-rigid motion from optical flow data. It is shown that by modeling and simulating the physics of non-rigid motion it is possible to obtain good estimates of both object shape and velocity. Examples using grey-scale and X-ray imagery are presented, including an example of tracking a complex articulated figure. >
Immunohematologic Complications after Nonmyeloablative Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Transplantation in Patients with Sickle Cell Disease

Abstract Background: Hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplantation can cure sickle cell disease (SCD). Anonmyeloablative conditioning regimen has lower morbidity and mortality, and typically results in donor-derived erythrocytes and stable mixedchimerism of recipient- and donor-derived leukocytes. There is a risk ofimmunohematologic complications due to red cell antibodies induced by transfusions during theperi-transplantation period or exposure to donor antigens from the HPC graft. We described the incidence ofimmunohematologic complications in a cohort of patients with SCD undergoing HPC transplantation. Study design and methods: All patients with SCD (42 with HLA-matched and 19 withhaploidentical donors) enrolled in 3 clinical trials before March 31, 2015, were retrospectively evaluated for the formation of new red cell antibodies after transplantation or any red cell incompatibility between donor and recipient. Results: Of the 61 patients, 9 experienced immunohematologic complications. Before HPC transplantation, 3 patients had antibodies that were incompatible with their donors. After HPC transplantation, new antibodies were observed in 6 patients (11 allo-, 2 auto-), 3 of whom developed antibodies that were incompatible with donor or recipient red cells, while 3 developed antibodies that were compatible. The occurrence of new alloantibodies was not significantly associated with allo- or autoantibodies at enrollment, number of pre-enrollment transfusions, recipient sex, or ABO blood group. On average, the 3 patients with antibodies at enrollment that were incompatible with donor red cells received more red cell transfusions and depended on transfusion for longer time periods than comparison groups (51 vs. 13 units, p =0.015; 419 vs. 38 days, p =0.009). Among the 9 patients withimmunohematologic complications, the clinical course was highly variable: some had no significant effects attributable to the antibodies, while others experienced prolongedreticulocytopenia, severe anemia, or became almostuntransfusable. In the 47 patients who maintained their grafts long-term,immunohematologic complications did not negatively impact hemoglobin concentration or hemoglobin S expression after transfusion independence. There was no significant correlation betweenimmunohematologic complications and graft failure, rejection or death. Conclusions: Immunohematologic complications occurred in 15% of patients with SCD undergoingnonmyeloablative HPC transplantation. Clinical effects ranged from seemingly insignificant to potentially fatal. The formation of new antibodies was not predictable. In individuals with SCD, careful evaluation of donor and recipient phenotypes using red cell genotyping aids in preventing and managingimmunohematologic complications. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
Improved Redox State Increases Aged Skeletal Muscle Performance

Muscle redox status regulates diverse aspects of skeletal muscle function, including mitochondrial energetics and contractile performance. In aging skeletal muscle mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to altered redox homeostasis creating a feedforward cycle. Despite this, the role of redox status and its dynamic nature has not been adequately explored as it relates to the decline in skeletal muscle performance with age. To identify mechanisms linking redox status to aged skeletal muscle function we used two long-term treatment strategies to reduce oxidative stress and restore redox homeostasis in aged mice. The first treatment strategy used a short mitochondrial-targeted peptide, elamipretide (SS-31), that our lab has previously shown to acutely improve mitochondrial bioenergetics and muscle fatiguability while also enhancing glutathione redox potential in aged mice. Treating with SS-31 (3 mg/kg) for 8 weeks recapitulates all of the acute improvements while also increasing resting ATP levels and improving treadmill performance compared to both pre-treatment baseline performance and age matched controls. Increased performance was associated with improved redox status as indicated by lower 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adducts and reversal of age-related changes in protein S-glutathionylation. Our second treatment strategy used the powerful antioxidant astaxanthin delivered through the chow of mice at a target dose of 300 mg/kg/day. Astaxanthin treatment paired with exercise training for 8 weeks in aged animals showed a significant improvement in skeletal muscle specific force compared to untreated controls and a trend toward improved treadmill performance. Taken together these results suggest that altering skeletal muscle oxidative stress to restore redox homeostasis is a viable strategy for improving muscle function with age.
Slow tourism, food and cities : pace and the search for the "good life"

1. Introduction: The rise of slow in a fast world Michael Clancy Part 1: Locating Slow: The philosophical and sociological roots of the Slow movement 2. 'Travel too fast and you miss all you travel for': Slower mobilities and the politics of pace Jennie Germann Molz 3. Slow tourism: a theoretical framework Viviana Calzati and Paola de Salvo 4. Slow travel and tourism: new concept or new label? Peter McGrath and Richard Sharpley 5. Practicing slow: political and ethical implications Michael Clancy Part 2: Places and Practices of Slow 6. Creative tourism as slow tourism Roberto Lavarini and Rosantonietta Scramaglia 7. Slow food in slow tourism Paolo Corvo and Raffaele Matacena 8. Slow and intelligent cities: When slow is also smart Giovanni Tocci 9. Between slow tourists and operators: expectations and implications of a strategic cross-border proposal Moreno Zago 10. Cittaslow: The Emilia-Romagna case Gabriele Manella Part 3: Comparative Perspectives 11. Successful integration of slow and sustainable tourism: a case study of food tourism in the alpine region of Algovia, Germany Katia Laura Sidali and Maria de Obeso 12. The experiential value of slow tourism: A Spanish perspective Jose Manuel Hernandez-Mogollon, Elide Di-Clemente, Ana Maria Campon-Cerro and Jose Antonio Folgado-Fernandez 13. Embedding Slow Tourism and the 'Slow Phases' framework: The case of Cambridge, UK Michael B. Duignan and Chris Wilbert 14. Drinking in the good life: Tourism mobilities and the slow movement in wine country Donna Senese, Filippo Randelli, John Hull, and Colleen Hiner 15. Conclusion: The promises and pitfalls of slow Michael Clancy
Review of Performance Metrics for Community-Based Planning for Resilience of the Transportation System:

Community resilience depends on the resilience of the lifeline infrastructure and the performance of the disaster-related functions of local governments. State and federal resilience plans and guidelines acknowledge the importance of the transportation system as a critical lifeline in planning for community resilience and in helping local governments to set recovery goals. However, a widely accepted definition of the resilience of the transportation system and a structure for its measurement are not available. This paper provides a literature review that summarizes the metrics used to assess the resilience of the transportation system and a categorization of the assessment approaches at three levels of analysis (the asset, network, and systems levels). Furthermore, this paper ties these metrics to relevant dimensions of community resilience. This work addresses a key first step required to enhance the efficiency of planning related to transportation system resilience by providing (a) a standard terminolog...
Self-report Ratings and Inventories

This chapter reviews self-report methods in psychotherapy research since the second edition of The Handbook of Psychotherapy and Behavior Change (Garfield & Bergin, 1978). Its topic is limited to studies either using self-report ratings or inventories or doing research and development (R & D) on self-report devices. It is also mainly limited to studies of adult psychotherapy, behavior therapy, or cognitive therapy: individual rather than group, chiefly outpatient. In the space allotted to this chapter, the aim has had to be reasonable sampling rather than comprehensiveness.
Network-Based Research on Rural Opioid Use: an Overview of Methods and Lessons Learned.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a thorough overview of methods used for recruitment, network data collection, and network data management in a network-based study of rural people who use drugs (PWUD) and to offer methodological recommendations for future research on rural drug use. The Social Networks among Appalachian People (SNAP) study recruited a cohort of 503 rural PWUD via respondent-driven sampling (RDS) and has retained more than 80% of eligible participants over 7–9 years. SNAP has yielded important methodological insights, including that (1) RDS referral was non-random and disproportionately involved kin and (2) interviewer-administered questionnaires were successful in eliciting accurate name and age information about network members. The SNAP experience suggests that RDS was a successful recruitment strategy for rural PWUD and questionnaires administered by community-based interviewers in the context of a Certificate of Confidentiality could elicit detailed data on PWUD risk networks.
Fifty years of progress in ice engineering

The literature reporting scientific and engineering investigations on ice has grown rapidly in the past 50 years, and increased by a factor of at least ten in the past 20 years. A review is presented of advances in engineering for ice problems during this period, including ice formation in rivers, lakes, and oceans; ice forces on structures; bearing capacity of ice covers; and atmospheric icing. The difficulties faced by engineers due to the unique physical and mechanical properties of ice and its normal thermal state are emphasized.
Quick Review of Theories of Elastic Deformation

This chapter reviews conventional theories of elastic deformation. Kinematic and dynamics of solid-state media under deformation are considered based on fundamental concepts such as the position vector, displacement vector, and mechanics of a spring-mass system. Mathematical descriptions of these concepts are discussed in somewhat detail to facilitate the derivation of the field equations discussed in Chap. 4. Some emphasis is laid on the description of deformation as a linear transformation, as it constitutes the foundation of the present theory. Other useful concepts such as the strain tensor, stress tensor, and constitutive relation of elastic media are discussed as well. Diagonalization of these tensors is discussed in conjunction with the significance of the underlying physics. From the constitutive equation, elastic wave equations are derived. In Chap. 5, the wave characteristics of the displacement field in the elastic regime are discussed as a part of the general dynamics of solid-state media that the present theory describes comprehensively.
The controversial sun

The sun serves as an important test case for a variety of problems related to stellar structure and evolution as well as fundamental physics. The sun also influences the terrestrial environment through its varied outputs. These two aspects of the solar interior combine to generate a surprising level of controversy for such an inherently simple star. I review three topics each of which is the subject of some degree of controversy: 1) the solar neutrino problem, 2) the status of modeling and observational efforts to understand the solar cycle of activity, and 3) observational efforts to detect and identify solar g-modes.
Bcl-2 antisense therapy in hematologic malignancies.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Overexpression of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein is noted in various malignant disorders. In patients with hematologic malignancies, increased production of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein is associated with chemotherapy resistance, aggressive clinical course, and poor survival. Bcl-2 is an important molecular target. Downregulating Bcl-2 can potentially reverse inherent tumor resistance to, and possibly improve response to therapy. This review focuses on the preclinical data, as well as the current clinical information available on oblimersen, a novel antisense approach targeting Bcl-2 in malignant hematologic disorders. RECENT FINDINGS Early clinical trials have shown single-agent activity of oblimersen in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and thus, provide proof of principle for antisense therapy. Phase I and phase II studies using oblimersen in combination with conventional chemotherapy have shown encouraging results in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and acute myeloid leukemia. Phase III studies in patients with multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia have completed accrual and results are awaited. SUMMARY Bcl-2 is a clinically meaningful target in patients with hematologic malignancies. Downregulation of the Bcl-2 oncoprotein can be achieved with oblimersen (antisense molecule specific for Bcl-2). Early clinical results suggest a possible role of this antisense approach in targeting Bcl-2. Ongoing clinical trials will establish the clinical utility of oblimersen in patients with hematologic malignancies.
Regulation of Cellular Genes by Cytomegalovirus

Cytomegaloviruses (CMVs) are members of the betaherpesviruses with the prototype of this classification group being human CMV. Animal CMVs, such as simian, guinea pig, rat, and murine CMV, have also been used to study betaherpesvirus replication and pathogenesis. Human and animal CMVs have many genes in common. For example, murine CMV, the most widely used model for CMV pathogenesis, has 78 open reading frames (ORFs) in common with the greater than 200 ORFs of human CMV. Two human viruses that are also genetically related to human CMV are human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6) and HHV-7 which are associated with a disseminated infection in children called roseola. Depending on location and economic status, between 40 and 90% of the population is infected with human CMV. The virus is the leading cause of congenital birth defects which include brain damage and sight and hearing defects. The virus also establishes disseminated infections in immunosuppressed individuals that can result in pneumonitis, retinitis, hepatitis, and gastroenteritis (Alford and Britt, 1990; Ho, 1991). The stromal and epithelial tissues are frequently damaged by CMV infection. In addition, both human and animal CMVs infect vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells. CMV DNAs are detectable in lesions of the blood vessel (Melnick et al., 1994). A correlation between CMV infection of smooth muscle cells and migration of these cells has been shown, and it is
The Frugivore Community and the Fruiting Plant Flora in a New Guinea Rainforest: Identifying Keystone Frugivores

The flora at Crater Mountain Biological Research Station in Papua New Guinea is very diverse: 228 tree species ( 10 cm DBH) on a single hectare. However, the vertebrate fauna (169 bird and 31 mammal species) is less diverse than many tropical sites. At least 47% of bird species and 29% of mammal species are partially frugivorous. Using data on relative abundance, mass, and degree of frugivory for all frugivorous vertebrates at Crater, we generated a crude “index of importance” for each species. Using the fruit size and mass data from 400 plant species, we exclude fruits either too large or too heavy for each frugivore to disperse, yielding a “possible diet” for each species. Four species (a cassowary, a hornbill, a h fruit pigeon and a flying fox) stand out as being crucial dispersers for a large subset of the plant community. The frugivore with the highest importance ranking, Casuarius bennetti, is highly effective as a disperser. Cassowaries appear to be a keystone frugivore, especially for large-fruited plant species (67 species > 50 g at our study site). The method employed is fairly simple and quickly identifies candidates for keystone frugivore status. However, further life history studies are recommended for confirmation of f importance when using this method.
A lemma for relative conormals spaces

We prove a result on the relationship between the relative conormal space of an analytic function f on affine space and the relative conormal space of f restricted to a hyperplane slice, at a point where the relative conormal space of f is “microlocally trivial”. This result is intended to be used as a lemma to prove other conormal results by induction via hyperplane slicing. We present two proofs, one algebraic and one topological, since the methods may lead to other results in this area.
Othello the Negro

This chapter relies upon a close reading of several texts: Du Bois’ The Souls of Black Folk, Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks, Shakespeare’s The Tragedy of Othello the Moor of Venice, Melville’s Benito Cereno, and Ellison’s Invisible Man. The philosophical framework in this section is established by the thought of Sartre, Heidegger, Merleau-Ponty, and Lacan that are employed to assemble an account of the phenomenology of subaltern beings and their revolutionary ambitions.
The Effect of Therapy Dogs on Preoperative Anxiety

Animal-assisted interventions have been used to improve human psychological and physiological wellbeing. Research studies on the effects of therapy dogs have found that the companionship of a dog s...
PHYSIOLOGIC DEFINITION OF BPD: IS THERE SOMETHING NEW?

Objective To verify if “physiologic definition” of BPD is more useful than classic definition. Methods Neonates with BW 500–1250 g were prospectively studied to evaluate incidence of BPD. Respiratory outcome at 28 days and/or 36 wks PMA was defined in 2 ways: a clinic one based on O2 administration and a physiologic one based on O2 administration and saturations. Neonates who received FiO2 ⩽0.30 with or without CPAP were eligible. The test was divided into 3 parts, baseline, challenge and post-test: every minute we recordered ptcO2, ptcCO2, HR, RR, SpO2. Presence of apnoea (breathing cessation >20 sec) and bradycardia (HR Results 21 neonates were tested, 2 were examined at 28 days and 36 wks PMA. At 28° day BPD incidence passed from 50.8% (clinical definition) to 44.2% (physiological definition), because 4/15 (27%) passed the test. At 36 wks PMA BPD incidence passed from 21.3% to 15%, because 4/8 (50%) passed the test. The mean ptcCO2 was significantly higher in neonates that failed the test (p Conclusions In our study the test was used as a clinical guide and performed not only at 36 wks PMA as reported in the literature but also at 28 days and in neonates with CPAP. The ptcCO2 and SpO2 resulted in being good criteria for predicting test’s failures.
XPS and SSIMS Characterization of Surfaces Modified by Plasma Deposited Oligo(Glyme) Films

Oligo(glyme) plasma deposited films (PDFs) are of interest as biomaterials because of their ability to resist protein adsorption and cellular attachment.1 Oligo(glyme) plasma precursors (CH3−O−(CH2CH2O)n−CH3 (n=1−4)) contain the same repeat unit as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and are therefore expected to impart a PEG- or PEO-like character to a sample surface.* The minimally-adhesive properties of PEO-modified surfaces have been attributed to “passive” chemical properties such as the absence of sites for receptor binding2, hydrophobic attraction3,4 and ionic interaction. There is evidence that the surface structure is also involved in preventing adsorption—that more “active” steric, osmotic, and entropic repulsive forces arise between mobile, hydrated PEO chains and approaching biomolecules.4,5 But since fragmentation, rearrangement, crosslinking, polymerization, and etching reactions can all occur during plasma deposition6,7, the structure and chemistry of oligo(glyme) PDFs can be expected to differ considerably from that of PEO.
Does expertise moderate the seductive allure of reductive explanations

Abstract Non-experts are unduly attracted to explanations of scientific phenomena that contain irrelevant reductive language (e.g., explanations of biological phenomena that mention chemistry; Hopkins, Weisberg, & Taylor, 2016). To determine if expertise would reduce this reasoning error, the current study recruited individuals with graduate-level training in six scientific fields and in philosophy (N = 580) and asked them to judge explanations for phenomena from those fields. Like the novices in Hopkins et al. (2016), scientists' ratings of bad explanations were influenced by reductive information when viewing phenomena from outside their field of expertise, but they were less likely to show this bias when reasoning about their own field. Higher levels of educational attainment did improve detection of bad explanations. These results indicate that advanced training in science or logic can lead to more accurate reasoning about explanations, but does not mitigate the reductive allure effect.
Progress and trends in the utilization and adoption of palliative care in patients with terminal gynecologic cancer in the United States: A study of 4,264 women.

11606Background: To determine the factors associated with the utilization of palliative care (PC) in patients with metastatic gynecologic cancer who died while hospitalized. Methods: Data were extr...