cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
Fenvalerate Penetration, Metabolism, and Excretion in Pyrethroid-Susceptible and Resistant Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Fenvalerate was significantly less toxic to Heliothis Virescens (F.) (PEG 87 strain) third instars than to pyrethroid-susceptible BCIRL-S strain third instars; the resistance ratio estimated from LD90s at 48 h was 79.2. Studies with fenvalerate-14C revealed that the toxicity differential had a pharmacokinetic component consisting of slower penetration and faster metabolism of the pyrethroid in PEG 87 larvae as compared with BCIRL-S larvae. Enhanced excretion of fenvalerate equivalents in PEG 87 larvae was of minor importance. However, the interstrain difference in fenvalerate pharmacokinetics was not sufficient to account fully for the difference in toxicity. Nerve insensitivity, which previously has been shown to be present in PEG 87 larvae, most likely was involved.
Effect of varying the 1–4 intramolecular scaling factor in atomistic simulations of long-chain N-alkanes with the OPLS-AA model

A comprehensive molecular dynamics simulation study of n-alkanes using the optimized potential for liquid simulation with all-atoms (OPLS-AA) force field at ambient condition has been performed. Our results indicate that while simulations with the OPLS-AA force field accurately predict the liquid state mass density for n-alkanes with carbon number equal or less than 10, for n-alkanes with carbon number equal or exceeding 12, the OPLS-AA force field with the standard scaling factor for the 1–4 intramolecular Van der Waals and electrostatic interaction gives rise to a quasi-crystalline structure. We found that accurate predictions of the liquid state properties are obtained by successively reducing the aforementioned scaling factor for each increase of the carbon number beyond n-dodecane. To better understand the effects of reducing the scaling factor, its influence on the torsion potential profile, and the corresponding gauche-trans conformer distribution, heat of vaporization, melting point, and self-diffusion coefficient for n-dodecane were investigated. This relatively simple procedure enables more accurate predictions of the thermo-physical properties of longer n-alkanes.
Experimental setup for investigating blood flow measurement by microwave methods

This paper presents a setup and measurement results for the proof-of-concept study of the feasibility of measuring flow from heating and cooling thermal response upon applying microwave heating at 900 MHz. A temperature regulated bath/pump system and microwave heating apparatus are used. With respect to various water flow rates, distinct variations in terms of the temperature rise and fall time responses (measured at a depth of about 8 mm in water) versus the flow rate, and their steady-state levels, upon applying microwave heating, are observed. This method is of particular interest in non-invasive measurement of blood perfusion using microwave heating and radiometry. Further discussions in regard to the setup improvement and perfusion estimation from the thermal response measurements are provided.
Application and losses analysis of ANPC converters in doubly-fed induction generator wind energy conversion system

This paper presents the application and losses analysis of three-level active neutral-point-clamped (ANPC) back-to-back converters in a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind energy conversion system (WECS). A phase-shifted sinusoidal PWM strategy with the advantages of doubling the apparent switching frequency and better balancing loss distribution among switches is employed for the ANPC back-to-back converters. Comparative losses analysis between three-level ANPC and traditional NPC converters is conducted based on the applications in a 1.5 MW DFIG WECS. Moreover, dynamic modeling and control strategies for the DFIG WECS are introduced. Finally, simulation analysis of the three-level ANPC converters excited 1.5 MW DFIG WECS is carried out. The simulation results verified the advantages of ANPC converters and the corresponding modulation strategy on improving loss distribution and doubling apparent switching frequency in this WECS application.
Aggregation of Certain Medicinal Amines in Aqueous Solutions of Their Salts

The osmotic coefficient and the equivalent conductance of aqueous solutions of certain medicinal amine salts were determined in order to examine their aggregating properties. Procaine HCl and tripelennamine HCl formed small ionic micelles. Partially ionized micelles of approximately constant size were the main constituent of solutions of dibucaine HCl and bromodiphenhydramine HCl. Tetracaine HCl and diphenhydramine HCl formed aggregates of different sizes in their solutions. No definite conclusion could be drawn about the types of aggregates that were present in solutions of pyrilamine maleate. An apparent critical micelle concentration (CMC) was obtained only for dibucaine HCl and bromodiphenhydramine HCl. From the CMC values at 0° and 25° it was concluded that the standard enthalpy change associated with formation of micelles in solutions of these two salts was practically zero. This finding together with a negative change in the standard free energy of micellization indicated that the process of micelle formation was mainly an entropy effect.
Assessing Standards in the ?Real? Kindergarten Classroom

The importance of using standards as key components in the curriculum is documented in both popular and professional literature. One aspect of integrating standards into the curriculum is the role of assessment. The focus of this paper is to prepare early childhood teachers to assess children's knowledge of the standards within the routines and centers provided in the kindergarten learning environment. Teachers can use this information to develop authentic assessment strategies which typically occurs in a child's learning during center and group time.
Stop Complaining! The Social Costs of Making Attributions to Discrimination

Recent research indicates that stigmatized people may avoid claims of discrimination because such attributions are costly in terms of perceived control over outcomes and social self-esteem. The authors hypothesized that minimization of discrimination also occurs in part because negative social costs accompany attributions to discrimination. In Experiment 1, an African American who attributed a failing test grade to discrimination was perceived as a complainer and was less favorably evaluated in general than was an African American who attributed his failure to the quality of his test answers. This overall devaluation occurred regardless of the objective likelihood that discrimination occurred. Experiment 2 replicated these findings and revealed that this devaluation generally occurred only when the target made discrimination attributions, not when he made other external attributions. The social costs of making attributions to discrimination may prevent stigmatized people from confronting the discriminatio...
Preoperative endorectal brachytherapy in the treatment of locally advanced rectal cancer: Rethinking neoadjuvant treatment

Abstract Prior to the introduction of preoperative treatment and modern surgical technique, recurrence rates for locally advanced rectal cancer ranged from 30% to 50%. Since the widespread adoption of total mesorectal excision and preoperative chemoradiation therapy (CRT), local recurrence rates have reduced considerably to only 5–10%. However, preoperative treatment comes at a cost with significant acute and late toxicity. Additionally, 2 standards of care have emerged—1 week of radiation alone vs 5 weeks of concurrent chemoradiation. In this review, we evaluate toxicity associated with preoperative treatment as well as the key pathological factors that influence outcome in patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. Additionally, we discuss endorectal brachytherapy, an alternative preoperative treatment that may result in equivalent or improved response rates with less toxicity when compared to conventional CRT.
A priori precision estimation for neutron Triples counting

The nondestructive assay of Plutonium bearing items for criticality, safety, security, safeguards, inventory balance, process control, waste management and compliance is often undertaken using correlated neutron counting. In particular Multiplicity Shift Register analysis allows one to extract autocorrelation parameters from the pulse train which can, within the framework of a simple interpretational model, be related to the effective 240Pu spontaneous fission mass present. The effective 240Pu mass is a weighted sum of the 238Pu, 240Pu and 242Pu masses so if the relative isotopic composition of the Pu can be established from the measured 240Pu effective mass one can estimate the total Pu mass and also the masses of the individual isotopes, example the fissile species 239Pu and 241Pu. In multiplicity counting three counting rates are obtained. These are the Singles, Doubles and Triples rates. The Singles rate is just the gross, totals or trigger rate. The Doubles and Triples rates are calculated from factorial moments of the observed signal triggered neutron multiplicity distributions following spontaneous fission in the item and can be thought of as the rate of observed coincident pairs and coincident triplets on the pulse train. Coincident events come about because the spontaneous fission and induced fission chains taking place in the item result in bursts of neutrons. These remain time correlated during the detection process and so retain information, through the burst size distribution, about the Pu content. In designing and assessing the performance of a detector system to meet a given goal it is necessary to make a priori estimates of the counting precision for all three kinds of rates. This is non-trivial because the counting does not obey the familiar rules of a Poissonian counting experiment because the pulse train has time correlated events on it and the train is sampled by event triggered gates that may overlap. For Singles and Doubles simple approximate analytical empirical rules for how to estimate the variance have been developed guided by theory and refined by experiment. However, for Triples no equivalent rules have been put forward and tested until now. In this work we propose an analytical expression, the CSH relation, for the variance on the Triples count and exercise it against experimental data gathered for Pu items measured in the Los Alamos National Laboratory's Epithermal Neutron Multiplicity Counter (ENMC). Preliminary results are encouraging and reasonable agreement with observation, considered fit for scoping studies, is obtained. We have also looked at the behavior using Monte Carlo simulations.
Measuring improvement in energy efficiency of the US cement industry with the ENERGY STAR Energy Performance Indicator

The lack of a system for benchmarking industrial plant energy efficiency represents a major obstacle to improving efficiency. While estimates are sometimes available for specific technologies, the efficiency of one plant versus another could only be captured by benchmarking the energy efficiency of the whole plant and not by looking at its components. This paper presents an approach used by ENERGY STAR to implement manufacturing plant energy benchmarking for the cement industry. Using plant-level data and statistical analysis, we control for factors that influence energy use that are not efficiency, per se. What remains is an estimate of the distribution of energy use that is not accounted for by these factors, i.e., intra-plant energy efficiency. By comparing two separate analyses conducted at different points in time, we can see how this distribution has changed. While aggregate data can be used to estimate an average rate of improvement in terms of total industry energy use and production, such an estimate would be misleading as it may give the impression that all plants have made the same improvements. The picture that emerges from our plant-level statistical analysis is more subtle; the most energy-intensive plants have closed or been completely replaced and poor performing plants have made efficiency gains, reducing the gap between themselves and the top performers, whom have changed only slightly. Our estimate is a 13 % change in total source energy, equivalent to an annual reduction of 5.4 billion/kg of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions.
Vapor Pressures, Mass Spectra and Thermal Decomposition Processes of Bis(2,2-Dintropropyl)acetal (BDNPA) and Bis(2,2-Dinitropropyl)formal (BDNPF)

Simultaneous thermogravimetric modulated beam mass spectrometry (STMBMS) and Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR) instruments have been used to measure the mass spectra, measure vapor pressures and evaluate the thermal decomposition mechanism of bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)acetal (BDNPA) and bis(2,2-dinitropropyl)formal (BDNPF). The high mass accuracy FTICR mass spectra provide the chemical formulas of the ion fragments formed in the mass spectra of BDNPA, BDNPF and their decomposition products, and provide a basis for predicting possible structures of the ion fragments. The heat of vaporization (ΔvapH) and vapor pressure at 25 °C are 93.01±0.38 kJ/mol and 1.4532+0.40/−0.27 mPa for BDNPA, and 84.77±0.88 kJ/mol and 2.20+1.87/−1.07 mPa for BDNPF. STMBMS data support a nitro-nitrite (NO2→ONO) rearrangement mechanism for both compounds. Upon rearrangement, both NO and NO2 are cleaved from the structure, thus producing a ketone radical. The nitro-nitrite rearrangement begins to occur at appreciable rates between 160 and 180 °C. Additional decomposition products include amines, imines and amides, as well as CO2 and H2O at higher temperatures. STMBMS mass loss data suggest the formation of a residue during the decomposition of BDNPA and BDNPF. The major difference between the decomposition of the two compounds is the slower reaction rate of BDNPF. We postulate that the less sterically hindered formal carbon of BDNPF subjects it to interactions with an intermediate, thus forming a complex and delaying its release. Methods to elucidate complex thermal decomposition mechanisms from STMBMS data are illustrated.
Caveolin‐1 regulates proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells

Caveolin-1 is a scaffolding protein of cholesterol-rich caveolae lipid rafts in the plasma membrane. In addition to regulating cholesterol transport, caveolin-1 has the ability to bind a diverse array of cell signaling molecules and regulate cell signal transduction in caveolae. Currently, there is little known about the role of caveolin-1 in stem cells. It has been reported that the caveolin-1 null mouse has an expanded population of cells expressing stem cell markers in the gut, mammary gland, and brain, suggestive of a role for caveolin-1 in stem cell regulation. The caveolin-1 null mouse also has increased bone mass and an increased bone formation rate, and its bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have enhanced osteogenic potential. However, the role of caveolin-1 in human MSC osteogenic differentiation remains unexplored. In this study, we have characterized the expression of caveolin-1 in human bone marrow derived MSCs. We show that caveolin-1 protein is enriched in density gradient-fractionated MSC plasma membrane, consisting of ~100 nm diameter membrane-bound vesicles, and is distributed in a punctate pattern by immunofluoresence localization. Expression of caveolin-1 increases in MSCs induced to undergo osteogenic differentiation, and siRNA-mediated knockdown of caveolin-1 expression enhances MSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Taken together, these findings suggest that caveolin-1 normally acts to regulate the differentiation and renewal of MSCs, and increased caveolin-1 expression during MSC osteogenesis likely acts as a negative feedback to stabilize the cell phenotype.
Severe Truncal Valve Stenosis: Diagnosis and Management

Severe truncal valve stenosis, due to dysplastic valve, may be found in a small number of patients with truncus arteriosus. Its presence complicates the surgical management of this anomaly due to lack of optimal therapeutic options and associated ventricular dysfunction. We report a case of truncal root replacement using a homograft for the management of such condition, and review the literature related to its management and outcome.
Observations of mesoscale cellular convection from the marine stratocumulus phase of "fire"

A common mode of convection within the atmospheric boundary layer, mesoscale cellular convection (MCC), assumes the form of an organized array of three-dimensional polygonal cells. This study employs aircraft data, collected off the coast of California during the marine stratocumulus phase of the First ISCCP (International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project) Regional Experiment (FIRE), to investigate the closed cell variety of MCC. Forty-five transects of closed marine mesoscale convective cells are utilized in this study. Data from these transects are used to calculate first-order and scale-dependent second-order kinematic, thermodynamic, and radiation statistics. From these statistics, a conceptual model of closed MCC is constructed detailing the horizontal and vertical structure of the cells in coupled as well as decoupled boundary-layer environments.
I-PpoI and I-CreI homing site sequence degeneracy determined by random mutagenesis and sequential in vitro enrichment

Plasmid libraries containing partially randomized cleavage sites for the eukaryotic homing endonucleases I-PpoI and I-CreI were constructed, and sites that could be cleaved by I-PpoI or I-CreI were selectively recovered by successive cycles of cleavage and gel separation followed by religation and growth in Escherichia coli. Twenty-one different I-PpoI-sensitive homing sites, including the native homing site, were isolated. These sites were identical at four nucleotide positions within the 15 bp homing site, had a restricted pattern of base substitutions at the remaining 11 positions and displayed a preference for purines flanking the top strand of the homing site sequence. Twenty-one different I-CreI-sensitive homing sites, including the native site, were isolated. Ten nucleotide positions were identical in homing site variants that were I-CreI-sensitive and required the addition of SDS for efficient cleavage product release. Four of these ten positions were identical in homing sites that did not require SDS for product release. There was a preference for pyrimidines flanking the top strand of the homing site sequence. Three of the 24 I-CreI homing site nucleotide positions apparently lacked informational content, i. e. were permissive of cleavage when occupied by any nucleotide. These results suggest that I-PpoI and I-CreI make a large number of DNA-protein contacts across their homing site sequences, and that different subsets of these contacts may be sufficient to maintain a high degree of sequence-specific homing site recognition and cleavage. The sequential enrichment protocol we used should be useful for defining the sequence degeneracy and informational content of other homing endonuclease target sites.
Successful amblyopia therapy initiated after age 7 years: compliance cures.

Objective To report successful therapy for anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia initiated after age 7 years. Methods A consecutive series of 36 compliant children older than 7 years (range, 7.0 to 10.3 years; mean, 8.2 years) at initiation of amblyopia therapy for anisometropic (19 patients; mean age, 8.3 years), strabismic (9 patients;mean age, 8.0 years), or anisometropic and strabismic (8 patients; mean age, 8.0 years) amblyopia was studied. Initial (worst) visual acuities were between 20/50 and 20/400 (log geometric mean, –0.83 [antilog, 20/134] for all patients; −0.88 [antilog, 20/151] for anisometropic patients; −0.70 [antilog, 20/100] for strabismic patients; and –0.88 [antilog, 20/151] for anisometropic and strabismic patients). Initial (worst) binocularity was absent or reduced in all cases. Therapy consisted of (1) full-time standard occlusion (21 patients; mean age, 8.0 years), (2) total penalization (7 patients; mean age, 7.8 years), or (3) full-time occlusive contact lenses (8 patients; mean age, 8.8 years). Results Final (best) visual acuities were between 20/20 and 20/30 for all 36 patients. Final (best) binocularity was maintained or improved for 22 (61%) of 36 patients, including 16 anisometropic patients (84%), 2 strabismic patients (22%), and 4 anisometropic and strabismic patients (50%). Conclusion Given compliance, therapy for anisometropic and strabismic amblyopia can be successful even if initiated after age 7 years.
Itravenous desensitization to beta-lactam antibiotics

Patients allergic to penicillin (PCN) often require treatment with beta-lactam antibiotics for life-threatening bacterial infections. In this article, we review our experience with rapid intravenous desensitization for patients who gave a history of PCN allergy and who had hypersensitivity demonstrated by skin tests. Skin testing was performed with both prick and intradermal techniques and with the recommended antibiotic as well as PCN G, penicilloyl polylysine, and a minor determinant mixture. Patients were transferred to the intensive care unit, and desensitization was performed with a buret technique that required minimal preparation and was easily applied to any antibiotic. Fifteen desensitizations in 12 patients were associated with no immediate reactions. One patient developed a delayed reaction consisting of a pruritic rash and angioedema. A second patient developed a more serious delayed serum sickness-like illness with fever, rash, eosinophilia, abnormal liver function tests, and urinary abnormalities. These reactions did not necessitate stopping the antibiotic, although the latter patient required corticosteroids to suppress his symptoms. Rapid intravenous desensitization is a rapid, safe, and effective technique for patients demonstrating hypersensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics who require therapy with these medications.
Pronunciation, perception, and power: helping non-native English speakers find their voice in the workplace

Not long ago, I was hired to work with an Indian pharmaceutical researcher on his pronunciation and presentation skills. According to the American human resources (HR) director, many people in the ...
Saying Goodbye, yet Staying Engaged in the Community

This Especially for High School Teachers article is the author’s last editorial in her role as the Precollege Assistant Editor and touches on her experiences and opportunities as she served the Journal in this role. Articles from the December 2011 issue of the Journal of Chemical Education are also highlighted, particularly several articles that focus on organic chemistry and the use of lab experiments in new and insightful ways.
Novel applications of X-ray analysis to microelectronic materials and devices

Abstract X-ray analysis has been important for advanced understanding of many microelectronic materials. Examples described in this paper are drawn from work on metal conductor lines and on semiconductors. In situ studies of Al and Al(Cu) conductor lines by X-ray microbeam diffraction and fluorescence have been used to test models and to obtain key parameters for electromigration in polycrystalline metals and alloys. EXAFS and high resolution X-ray diffraction have given information about local strains, defect complexes and deformation potentials in studies of group III, IV, and V impurities in silicon. Real-time high resolution diffraction measurements of optically induced structural changes in GaAlAs:Sn and GaAlAs:Si have provided tests for structural models of the DX-center. Some of these examples illustrate advances in X-ray analysis made possible by high brightness synchrotron X-ray sources.
A Precision Plan-to-Action Mapper for Vehicle Control

The vehicle control system described in this paper consists of a discrete controller that computes the control parameters in two major steps: Geometric dynamic planning and plan-to-action mapping. Geometric dynamic planning computes a nominal motion, or ‘gd-plan’ of the vehicle for one control interval. Plan-to-action mapping computes the control parameters so that the gd-plan is performed. This control structure allows the independent modeling of two essential control concepts: motivation and knowledge. Motivation is modeled by computing a desired geometric-dynamic plan. Knowledge is represented through plan-to-action mapping as an approximation of the plant’s inverse system function. This paper describes the development of an extremely precise plan-to-action mapper for use in a vehicle control system that is based on empirical data. This approach is majorm step towards the development of a control structure that is indeed able to adapt to any given plant, or specifically any given vehicle. The paper first describes the development of a suiteable database capturing the vehicle’s input/output behavior. This database can then be used by a curve fitting process to find a formula for the relationship between the vehicle’s; geometric-dynamic behavior and the vehicle’s control inputs. Finally, a number of simulation runs are done to demonstrate the effectiveness of the approach.Copyright © 2002 by ASME
On the nonabelian tensor square of a 2-Engel group

In this paper we determine the nonabelian tensor square of the free 2-Engel group of rank 3 and of the Burnside group on 3 generators of exponent 3. Both tensor squares are nilpotent groups of class 2. The calculatory method used is based on the concept of a crossed pairing. Some of the expansion formulas and verifications occuring in this context require extensive calculations. A computer program written in the GAP language assisted in completing these symbolic computations.
Start-up time of CMOS oscillators

This paper describes the evolution of signals in CMOS inverter-based oscillators during start-up. The time constant characterizing the exponential increase of the oscillation amplitude is determined by a small-signal analysis of the resonant circuit, and the dependence of this time constant on circuit parameters is examined. Calculation of the initial value of currents and voltages generated when power is applied to the inverter is explained. Oscillator start-up under various conditions is analyzed and different types of resonators are taken into account. The total oscillator starting time can be determined from the present work. Results of experimental work carried out on the oscillator of the microprocessor MC68HC04P3 with ceramic and quartz resonators agree well with the calculated values. Oscillograms illustrate how the start-up occurs.
Journeys of an Icon: The Provenance of the 'Boston Goddess'

The traditional account of the delivery of the gold and ivory Minoan Snake Goddess to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, by a Cretan immigrant, formerly a workman at Knossos, is a fabrication. Previously unpublished documents reveal that two American archaeologists with close ties to the Museum were directly involved in transporting the statuette, in June 1914. Neither was interested in personal profit; rather, they acted as middlemen, apparently for a senior employee of Arthur Evans at Knossos who had previously offered the statuette to a German scholar. The Cretan origins of the Goddess are thus confirmed. Yet the information presented here solves only one of the Goddess's mysteries. For, notwithstanding affinities to excavated material, the statuette lacks a verifiable archaeological provenience. Despite the wishful thinking of many over the past 85 years, to employ the Goddess as evidence of ancient Cretan art, culture, and religion, let alone to authenticate other unprovenienced -Minoan- figurines, is methodologically unsound. Forgers as well as illicit excavators were active in early 20th-century Crete. The Boston Goddess nonetheless remains valuable historiographically as her journeys shed light on the traffic in cultural property at the beginning of the last century, contemporaneous attitudes towards prehistoric Cretan civilization, and modern myths of its recovery.
Ge-Au interface formation vs. Si-Au interface formation: Are they different processes?

Abstract We found that two phases are formed during the deposition of Au overlayers on cleaved Ge(111). UV photoemission experiments with synchrotron radiation detected a Ge-Au compound with well-defined stoichiometry and a second phase of nearly-pure gold. The formation of a stoichiometric compound is in sharp contrast with the formation of alloys with variable stoichiometry during Au deposition on Si. From our experiments the Ge-Au interface appears more similar to the transition metal-Si interfaces than to Si-Au.
ST‐segment elevation in lead aVR greater than that in lead V1, secondary to diffuse myocardial ischemia from prolonged hypotension

The prediction of significant left main or diffuse three-vessel coronary artery disease is crucial in patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome. ST-segment elevation in aVR has been reported to be associated with left main coronary artery obstruction or severe diffuse coronary artery disease in acute coronary syndrome. Herein we report another cause for this ECG finding, that is diffuse ischemia not due to left main coronary artery obstruction or diffuse coronary artery disease but secondary to prolonged hypotension.
Ureide metabolism in higher plants

Abstract The synthesis, transport and assimilation of the ureides, allantoin and allantoic acid, in higher plants is reviewed. Evidence indicates that in nodulated legumes ureides are synthesized from products of N2-fixation via purine synthesis and degradation. Their synthesis in other plants also appears to be via purine degradation but is dependent on the inorganic nitrogen source fed to the plant; greatest ureide production is associated with ammonium assimilation. The use of ureides rather than amides for N-transport from the root to the shoot via the xylem stream results in an improved carbon economy of the plant. Good evidence for the transport of ureides in the phloem is lacking for most species examined although it is assumed to be important, particularly in fruit and seed development. Ureides are stored and assimilated mainly in the shoot. The precise pathways, localization and regulation of ureide assimilation are poorly understood and require further investigation. Similarities exist between the properties of the enzymes involved in ureide assimilation in higher plants and in micro-organisms. However, the evidence that light appears to be involved in ureide assimilation in green tissues suggests that different regulatory mechanisms may exist in plants compared with micro-organisms. The economically important legume crops such as soybeans, cowpeas and Phaseolus sp. are all ureide producers. To aid our understanding of the productivity of these plants knowledge of how ureide-N is converted into seed protein is essential.
Revisiting the interpretation of positive sinus CT findings: A radiological and symptom-based review

Objective It is widely believed that a high percentage of normal, healthy patients without sinusitis symptoms have abnormal findings on sinus CT. Experiences of the authors of this study suggest otherwise. Study Design Cross-sectional survey. Subjects and Methods Head/sinus CT scans of 50 consecutive patients from each of three study groups were reviewed. Group 1 consisted of patients without any sinus symptoms. Group 2 consisted of patients with acute headache symptoms. Group 3 consisted of patients with complaints consistent with chronic sinusitis. CT scans were evaluated with the Lund-Mackay scoring system. Results In the asymptomatic patient group (group 1), six (3%) patients had positive sinus CT scan findings, compared with 11 (5.5%) in the acutely symptomatic group (group 2), and 32 (64%) in the chronically symptomatic group (group 3). In the chronically symptomatic group (group 3), 64 percent of patients were allergic compared with 18% of the acute headache group (group 2) and 8 percent of the asymptomatic patient group (group 1). Conclusion Results of this study suggest that symptomatic sinus patients are much more likely to have positive sinus CT scan findings than asymptomatic patients. Conversely, normal healthy patients should not be expected to have abnormal sinus CT scans.
706-1 Preconditioning Ischemia Time Determines the Degree of Glycogen Depletion and Infarct Size Reduction in Rat Hearts

Infarct size reduction after ischemic preconditioning has been reported as an all-or-nothing response, with a threshold of 2 to 5 min of preconditioning ischemia time. Furthermore, infarct size reduction is associated with glycogen depletion before prolonged ischemia. We sought to determine whether increasing preconditioning ischemia time results in progressive myocardial glycogen depletion and infarct size reduction and if so, whether infarct size reduction correlates with glycogen depletion before prolonged ischemia. Therefore, ventilated rats underwent a single episode of preconditioning ischemia lasting 1.25 (n = 18), 2.5 (n = 20), 5 (n = 9), or 10 (n = 16) min, or multiple episodes cumulating in 10 (2 × 5 min, n = 17) or 20 (4 × 5 min, n = 13 or 2 × 10 min, n = 14) min of preconditioning ischemia time, all followed by 5 min of reperfusion. Control rats (n = 22) were not preconditioned. In separate groups, glycogen was determined before whereas infarct size was determined after prolonged ischemia (45 min) and reperfusion 120 min). Myocardial glycogen levels and infarct size are shown as a function of preconditioning ischemia time. Download : Download high-res image (103KB) Download : Download full-size image In addition, infarct size reduction correlated with glycogen depletion before prolonged ischemia (r = 0.98; 19 P l 0.001). Thus, increasing preconditioning ischemia time results in progressive myocardial glycogen depletion and infarct size reduction, reaching a maximal effect when the preconditioning ischemia time is ≥5 min. This maximal effect may be due to marked depletion of myocardial glycogen stores before prolonged ischemia
Life and Death at Paloma: Society and Mortuary Practices in a Preceramic Peruvian Village

Life and Death at Paloma: Society and Mortuary Practices in. Preceramic Peruvian Village. Jeffrey Quilter. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989. xvi. 280pp. $25.00(cloth). ISBN 0-87745-194-X
A theoretical treatment of the sources of variability in the output of pattern classifiers

Previously, several instances of variability in the output of pattern classifiers that have the same Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve have been observed. We present a theoretical framework for understanding some sources of this variability, which result in classifiers with monotonically related outputs. We restrict our analysis to pattern classifiers that discriminate between two linearly separable classes. We show that variability in the output of pattern classifiers can arise due to differences in the functional mappings between their inputs and outputs. We further identify some practical situations wherein such variability in the output of such pattern classifiers arises. These include situations in which there are differences in (a) the datasets employed for training and evaluation of classifiers, (b) the a priori probabilities of the two classes, or (c) the stochastic processes employed for training the different pattern classifiers. Previously, we proposed a technique based on the matching of the histograms of differently distributed classifier output to reduce the variability in their diagnostic performance and their output values. Here, we prove theoretically and demonstrate empirically on simulated data, that for monotonically related classifier outputs, this technique successfully learns the true monotonic transformation function that exists between different pattern classifier outputs.
Potential roles of myoglobin autoxidation in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury

The source(s) of reactive partially reduced oxygen species associated with myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury remain unclear and controversial. Myoglobin has not been viewed as a participant but is present in relatively high concentrations in heart muscle and, even under normal conditions, undergoes reactions that generate met (Fe3+) species and also superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and other oxidants, albeit slowly. The degree to which the decrease in pH and the freeing of copper ions, as well as the variations in pO2 associated with ischemia and reperfusion increase the rates of such myoglobin reactions has been investigated. Solutions of extensively purified myoglobin from bovine heart in 50 mM sodium phosphate buffer were examined at 37 degrees C. Sufficiently marked rate increases were observed to indicate that reactions of myoglobin can indeed contribute substantially to the oxidant stress associated with ischemia/reperfusion injury in myocardial tissues. These findings provide additional targets for therapeutic interventions.
Rational management of fibromyalgia.

The publication of the American College of Rheumatology report on the criteria for the classification of fibromyalgia (FM) in 1990 resulted in an upsurge in interest in this problem with an outpouring of worldwide research and funding. Since 1990, there have been over 2000 papers published about this disorder. This increased research focus resulted in a paradigm shift in our understanding of FM. The major changes came from three arenas: (1) epidemiologists, who persuasively showed that ACR-defined FM is at one end of a continuous spectrum of chronic musculoskeletal pain; (2) rheumatologists, who demonstrated that FM patients have abnormalities in the processing of sensory information allied with subtle neuroendocrine dysfunction; and (3) pain scientists, who provided evidence that nociceptive mechanisms in FM have features that are similar to other chronic pain states. It is interesting to reflect how these ‘‘new’’ explanations for FM symptomatology hark back to the nineteenth century. The notion that reversible functional disturbances of the nervous system are important in understanding symptoms without obvious peripheral pathology (‘‘medically unexplained symptoms’’) is a 19th-century concept referred to by Charcot as a dynamic or functional lesion. In Charcot’s writing about hysteria he noted, ‘‘there is without doubt a lesion of the nervous centers but where is it situated? What is its nature?—Certainly it is not a circumscribed organic lesion of a destructive nature—but one of those lesions which escape the present means anatomical investigation, and which for want of a better term, we may designate a ‘dynamic’ or ‘functional’ lesion.’’ In the 20th century, Freud and his followers developed the concept of ‘‘somatization’’. This is a strictly psychologic concept whereby individuals experience and communicate
Vibrational analysis of cyclo(d-Ala-l-Ala) in two crystalline forms. Effect of structure on peptide group and CH modes☆

Abstract Cyclo( d -Ala- l -Ala) has been found by X-ray diffraction to crystallize in two forms with different hydrogen bond patterns and strengths and different conformations of the CαHαCβH3 group. We have done a comprehensive analysis of the Raman and i.r. spectra of both forms and their N-deuterated derivatives. Spectra were taken of oriented single crystals, polycrystalline powders, and aqueous solutions, allowing a virtually complete vibrational assignment. Systematic, distinct differences were observed in the modes of the CONH group and in the CH stretching and bending modes. These spectral differences have been correlated with the different molecular and crystal structures. In particular, the width and sub-band structure of the NH stretch mode and the splittings of the CO stretch are shown to be related to the hydrogen bond pattern, and the NH bend modes are found to be relatively as sensitive to the hydrogen bond strength as is the NH stretch. The differences in the CHα bend modes show that both conformations exist in solution. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations have been done to understand the frequency shifts of the NH and CHα stretch modes in the two forms. Normal mode calculations were also done.
Mucin biosynthesis in the bovine goblet cell induced by Cooperia oncophora infection

Mucin hypersecretion is considered to be one of the most common components of the immune response to gastrointestinal nematode infection. However, investigations have not been conducted in the Cattle-Cooperia oncophora system to verify the findings largely derived from murine models. In this study, we examined the expression of seven mucins and seven enzymes in the mucin biosynthesis pathway involved in O-linked glycosylation in the bovine small intestine including goblet cells enriched using laser capture microdissection during a primary C. oncophora infection. At the mRNA level, MUC2 expression was significantly higher in both lamina propria and goblet cells at 28 days post-infection compared to the naive control. MUC5B expression at the mRNA level was also higher in lamina propria at 28dpi. Expression of MUC1, MUC4, MUC5AC, and MUC6 was extremely low or not detectable in goblet cells, columnar epithelial cells, and lamina propria from both naive control and infected animals. Among the seven enzymes involved in post-translational O-linked glycosylation of mucins, GCNT3, which may represent one of the key rate-limiting steps in mucin biosynthesis, was up-regulated in goblet cells, columnar epithelial cells, lamina propria, and gross small intestine tissue during the course of infection. Western blot analysis revealed that MUC2 glycoprotein was strongly induced by infection in both gross small intestine tissue and its mucosal layer. In contrast, the higher MUC5B protein expression was observed only in the mucosal layer. Immunohistochemistry provided further evidence of the mucin glycoprotein production and localization. Our results provided insight into regulation of mucin biosynthesis in various cell types in the bovine small intestine during gastrointestinal nematode infection and will facilitate our understanding of mucins and their role in immune response against parasitic nematodes.
Experiences with head injuries in a regional neurosurgical unit

A review of all patients with major head injuries transferred to a regional neurosurgical unit for the years 1975 and 1976 has been carried out for comparison with the total number of patients with head injury admitted to district general hospitals of the region. Fifty-four per cent of patients admitted to the neurosurgical unit have resumed their old occupation and 20 per cent died. The significance of these figures is discussed, particularly in the light of the need for a more comprehensive policy for treating head injuries within the United Kingdom.
Peripheral blood stem cell mobilization: The CXCR2 ligand GROβ rapidly mobilizes hematopoietic stem cells with enhanced engraftment properties

Chemokines direct the movement of leukocytes, including hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells, and can mobilize hematopoietic cells from marrow to peripheral blood where they can be used for transplantation. In this review, we will discuss the stem cell mobilizing activities and mechanisms of action of GROβ, a CXC chemokine ligand for the CXCR2 receptor. GROβ rapidly mobilizes short- and long-term repopulating cells in mice and/or monkeys and synergistically enhances mobilization responses when combined with the widely used clinical mobilizer, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The hematopoietic graft mobilized by GROβ contains significantly more CD34neg, Sca-1+, c-kit+, lineageneg (SKL) cells than the graft mobilized by G-CSF. In mice, stem cells mobilized by GROβ demonstrate a competitive advantage upon long-term repopulation analysis and restore neutrophil and platelet counts significantly faster than cells mobilized by G-CSF. Even greater advantage in repopulation and restoration of hematopoiesis are observed with stem cells mobilized by the combination of GROβ and G-CSF. GROβ-mobilized SKL cells demonstrate enhanced adherence to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and VCAMpos endothelial cells and home more efficiently to bone marrow in vivo. The marrow homing ability of GROβ-mobilized cells is less dependent on the CXCR4/SDF-1 axis than cells mobilized by G-CSF. The mechanism of mobilization by GROβ requires active matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), which results from release of pro-MMP-9 from peripheral blood, and marrow neutrophils, which alters the stoichiometry between pro-MMP-9 and its inhibitor tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1, resulting in MMP-9 activation. The efficacy and rapid action of GROβ and lack of proinflammatory activity make it an attractive agent to supplement mobilization by G-CSF. In addition, GROβ may also have clinical mobilizing efficacy on its own, reducing the overall time and costs associated with peripheral blood stem cell transplantation.
The percutaneous femoral artery approach to selective coronary arteriography

Experience in performing 267 selective coronary arteriograms by both the exposed brachial artery and percutaneous femoral artery techniques has proved the latter to be the technique of choice. The percutaneous femoral artery approach obviates the need for performing a cutdown over the small caliber brachial artery with the associated difficulties of catheter manipulation from this vessel. We have been able to intubate the left coronary artery with ease in all of 122 patients in whom this approach was attempted. The right coronary has been selectively entered in approximately 90% of these patients. The stability of the position of the catheter in the coronary ostia during manipulation of the patient, coughing, and deep breathing is an outstanding feature of this technique.
Novel Roles for Saccharomyces cerevisiae Mitotic Spindle Motors

The single cytoplasmic dynein and five of the six kinesin-related proteins encoded by Saccharomyces cerevisiae participate in mitotic spindle function. Some of the motors operate within the nucleus to assemble and elongate the bipolar spindle. Others operate on the cytoplasmic microtubules to effect spindle and nuclear positioning within the cell. This study reveals that kinesin-related Kar3p and Kip3p are unique in that they perform roles both inside and outside the nucleus. Kar3p, like Kip3p, was found to be required for spindle positioning in the absence of dynein. The spindle positioning role of Kar3p is performed in concert with the Cik1p accessory factor, but not the homologous Vik1p. Kar3p and Kip3p were also found to overlap for a function essential for the structural integrity of the bipolar spindle. The cytoplasmic and nuclear roles of both these motors could be partially substituted for by the microtubule-destabilizing agent benomyl, suggesting that these motors perform an essential microtubule-destabilizing function. In addition, we found that yeast cell viability could be supported by as few as two microtubule-based motors: the BimC-type kinesin Cin8p, required for spindle structure, paired with either Kar3p or Kip3p, required for both spindle structure and positioning.
Effect of similarity upon learning in children

Abstract It was hypothesized that formal intralist similarity would interfere more with paired-associate learning in children than would conceptual similarity. Performance in five experimental and two control conditions was examined for Grades 4–6. Formal similarity interfered more with the learning of items low in meaning while conceptual similarity seemed to interfere more with highly meaningful material. Overall, children respond like adults to the various dimensions of similarity.