cssi/SciSciGPT-SciSciNet huggingface dataset:
On the Efficacy of Bayesian Inference for Nonidentifiable Models

Abstract Although classical statistical methods are inapplicable in point estimation problems involving nonidentifiable parameters, a Bayesian analysis using proper priors can produce a closed form, interpretable point estimate in such problems. The question of whether, and when, the Bayesian approach produces worthwhile answers is investigated. In contrast to the preposterior analysis of this question offered by Kadane, we examine the question conditionally, given the information provided by the experiment. An important initial insight on the matter is that posterior estimates of a nonidentifiable parameter can actually be inferior to the prior (no-data) estimate of that parameter, even as the sample size grows to infinity. In general, our goal is to characterize, within the space of prior distributions, classes of priors that lead to posterior estimates that are superior, in some reasonable sense, to one's prior estimate. This goal is shown to be feasible through a detailed examination of a particular t...
Nonequilibrium Green’s functions and nonlinear quantum transport coefficients

Nonlinear quantum transport coefficients are discussed in terms of nonequilibrium Green's functions, and are finally expressed in terms of retarded Green's functions alone for the case of impurity scattering. These results are well adapted to describe nonlinear steady state dc- and ac- as well as transient-current response (linear and bilinear) to time-dependent and spatially inhomogeneous electric fields, and can also accommodate an ambient magnetic field.
Respiratory responses to temperature and hypoxia in the nonindigenous Brown Mussel, Perna perna (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), from the Gulf of Mexico

Abstract The respiratory responses to increasing temperature and progressive hypoxia were examined relative to temperature acclimation in the nonindigenous, brown mussel, Perna perna (Mytilidae) from the Gulf of Mexico. When oxygen uptake rate ( V O 2 ) was recorded at near full air O 2 saturation, rate–temperature curves for Texas specimens of P. perna were sigmoidal, V O 2 generally increasing with increasing temperature but becoming suppressed as temperatures approached 10 and 30 °C, corresponding closely to this species' incipient thermal limits. At each tested temperature, V O 2 did not differ among individuals acclimated to 15, 20, or 25 °C. Lack of thermal acclimation was also reflected in acclimatory Q 10 values>1.0 (range=1.34–2.14) recorded across acclimation groups at test temperatures equivalent to acclimation temperature. Low acute respiratory Q 10 values in all acclimation groups across 15–20 °C indicated a limited capacity for thermal regulation of V O 2 within this temperature range. The ability of P. perna to regulate O 2 uptake with progressive hypoxia was temperature-dependent, increasing from poor O 2 regulation at 10 °C to good regulation at 30 °C. The O 2 regulatory ability of P. perna and other open-water mytilids in declining O 2 concentrations does not greatly differ from that of estuarine heterodont bivalves, suggesting that it is not a major factor preventing open-water species, such as P. perna , from invading estuarine environments. However, P. perna 's inability to regulate O 2 uptake at temperatures>25 °C combined with its relatively low upper thermal limit of 30 °C will likely prevent it from establishing permanent estuarine populations on Gulf of Mexico shores.
An Analysis of Low-Level Jets in the Greater Ross Ice Shelf Region Based on Numerical Simulations

Abstract An analysis of the presence and location of low-level jets (LLJs) across the Ross Ice Shelf region in Antarctica is presented based on the analysis of archived output from the real-time Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS). The method of self-organizing maps (SOMs) is used to objectively identify different patterns in column-averaged wind speed (over the approximately lowest 1200 m of the atmosphere) as an identifier to the location of LLJs. The results indicate three primary LLJs in the region. The largest and most dominant LLJ is along the Transantarctic Mountains by the Siple Coast and the southern end of the Ross Ice Shelf. The second LLJ extends from the base of Byrd Glacier and curves to the north passing by the eastern extremes of Ross Island. The third LLJ extends from the base of Reeves Glacier and curves to the north across the western Ross Sea. A strong seasonality is observed in the frequency and intensity of the LLJs with the highest values for wind speed and the size of the ...
Frequency-dependent feedback control of plasma instabilities

A general theory of simultaneous feedback stabilization of multimode oscillations in collisionless magnetized plasma is developed for reactive and dissipative instabilities. The gain and phase requirements of the feedback circuit are obtained using familiar stabilization techniques. From causality and stability considerations further requirements on phase and gain are determined for a physically realizable feedback system. It is shown that unstable modes can be suppressed without driving new instabilities or causing stable modes to become unstable. Although this method of stabilization provides marginal stability for instabilities of the reactive type by correctly choosing the frequency dependence of the feedback gain, this problem can be overcome, and the stability properties of the feedback loop can be improved. Applications to some known reactive instabilities are included as examples.
The Far Infrared Explorer (FIRE)

We describe the Far IR Explorer, a MIDEX-class orbital mission designed to survey the entire sky at millimeter and sub-millimeter wavelengths. The primary science goal of FIRE is to map the Cosmic Microwave Background with 20′ resolution and 1 ppm precision. In addition, FIRE will measure diffuse radio and infrared emission from the Galaxy with unprecedented sensitivity, and will uniformly survey the entire sky to a limiting flux density of < 100 mJy (3 σ).
The global distribution of the time-average wind stress curl from NSCAT

Abstract The time-average wind stress curl field for the global ocean is computed from the wind retrievals of the NASA Scatterometer (NSCAT) mission spanning the period 1 October 1996–29 June 1997. Particular attention is paid to large-amplitude, small-scale “patchiness” in the average wind stress curl over the major ocean basins, and to long and narrow wind stress curl features that occur along ocean eastern boundary regions. The 9-month-average wind stress curl field from NSCAT is examined at 0.5°, 1°, and on a Gaussian grid consistent with T62 truncation in a spectral forecast model. The latter field is compared with the average wind stress curl field from NCEP analyses for the same period. Artifacts in the NCEP average overlap the regions of boundary wind stress curl extrema in the high-resolution averages from NSCAT. The artifacts are attributed to the effects of spectral truncation and tall near-coastal topography in the NCEP forecast model. Possible explanations are discussed for the boundary wind ...
HIV cell-to-cell transmission: effects on pathogenesis and antiretroviral therapy.

HIV spreads more efficiently in vitro when infected cells directly contact uninfected cells to form virological synapses. A hallmark of virological synapses is that viruses can be transmitted at a higher multiplicity of infection (MOI) that, in vitro, results in a higher number of proviruses. Whether HIV also spreads by cell–cell contact in vivo is a matter of debate. Here we discuss recent data that suggest that contact-mediated transmission largely manifests itself in vivo as CD4+ T cell depletion. The assault of a cell by a large number of incoming particles is likely to be efficiently sensed by the innate cellular surveillance to trigger cell death. The large number of particles transferred across virological synapses has also been implicated in reduced efficacy of antiretroviral therapies. Thus, antiretroviral therapies must remain effective against the high MOI observed during cell-to-cell transmission to inhibit both viral replication and the pathogenesis associated with HIV infection.
Different preferences or different opportunities? Explaining race differentials in the academic achievement of friends

A popular explanation for race and ethnic disparities in academic achievement is that minorities are exposed to different peers and have different opportunities to make friends with high-achievers. Although we know that adolescents from different race and ethnic groups attend different schools and that they choose different friends, we do not know how these different opportunities affect the friends they make. This paper fills this gap by studying how the opportunities within adolescents’ schools affect race and ethnic differences in the academic characteristics of friends. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and the conditional logit and opportunities framework, I account for adolescents’ different opportunities to make friends both within and across schools. Ignoring their different opportunities, Black and Latino adolescents’ nominated friends have significantly lower levels of achievement than white adolescents. After accounting for their different opportunities to make friends within and between schools, race and ethnic differences in the achievement characteristics of friends disappear. If Black and Latino adolescents’ opportunity structures were identical to white adolescents’, their probabilities of nominating high-achieving friends would not differ.
Intrathecal huperzine A increases thermal escape latency and decreases flinching behavior in the formalin test in rats.

Huperzine A (HupA) is an alkaloid isolated from the Chinese club moss Huperzia serrata and has been used for improving memory, cognitive and behavioral function in patients with Alzheimer's disease in China. It has NMDA antagonist and anticholinesterase activity and has shown anticonvulsant and antinociceptive effects in preliminary studies when administered intraperitoneally to mice. To better characterize the antinociceptive effects of HupA at the spinal level, Holtzman rats were implanted with intrathecal catheters to measure thermal escape latency using Hargreaves thermal escape testing system and flinching behavior using the formalin test. Intrathecal (IT) administration of HupA showed a dose-dependent increase in thermal escape latency with an ED50 of 0.57 μg. Atropine reversed the increase in thermal escape latency produced by 10 μg HupA, indicating an antinociceptive mechanism through muscarinic cholinergic receptors. The formalin test showed that HupA decreased flinching behavior in a dose-dependent manner. Atropine also reversed the decrease in flinching behavior caused by 10 μg HupA. A dose-dependent increase of side effects including scratching, biting, and chewing tails was observed, although antinociceptive effects were observed in doses that did not produce any adverse effects.
Cross-race recognition deficit and visual attention: do they all look (at faces) alike?

An eye-tracking study was conducted to examine cross-race recognition deficit (CRRD) or own-race bias in cross-racial eyewitness identification. It is known in the legal community that cross-racial eyewitnesses are often wrong, resulting in a number of erroneous convictions in the United States.Forty participants in a racially diverse area of the U.S. watched a video of a property crime being committed and then returned about 24 hours later to pick the suspect out of a photo array while their eyes were tracked. A majority of participants misidentified the suspect or believed he was not in the lineup. Correct identifications were higher than expected when the eyewitness and suspect were of the same race. Conversely, misidentifications were higher than expected in the cross-race condition.Three clusters emerged from comparison of the eye-path sequences. A "quick and confident" cluster contained largely white eyewitnesses and white suspects. A "mixed results" cluster was largely cross-race cases. A "cautious confirmation" cluster consisted of more black eyewitnesses and black suspects. ANOVAs to analyze distribution of attention revealed a main effect only for eyewitness race. An interaction effect of eyewitness race and suspect race -- indicating a connection between visual attention and CRRD -- was not found.
Services for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders

Recommendations for improving school and community-based services for children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) in the state of Virginia were investigated. Participants consisted of 783 parents...
Deploying regional jets to add new spokes to a hub

Abstract A common use of regional jets has been to add new spokes to existing hubs. This paper estimates a model to explain the 36 new links that were added by Delta Air Lines affiliate Comair to its Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky Airport hub between 1996 and 2001. Distance, population of the spoke city, and number of flights offered through alternative hubs were strong predictors of new service. The coefficients of the model were validated by using them to predict new links added over the same period at Atlanta, Georgia. The majority of these new routes were operated by regional jets owned by another Delta affiliate, Atlantic Southeast Airlines.
Secondary causes of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is becoming the most common cause of chronic liver disease in the developing world, found in 17-30% of the population in Western countries and 2-4% worldwide. Defined as the accumulation of fatty acid content greater than 5% of liver weight, NAFLD is a spectrum of disease ranging from simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. The pathophysiology of NAFLD involves increased de novo synthesis of fatty acids in hepatocytes, the retention of lipids due to impaired hepatocyte apolipoprotein secretion or beta-oxidation. The well-known primary causes of NAFLD are obesity, type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. However, other less common conditions can cause a similar clinical and histologic picture, and should be considered in patients who present with NAFLD but do not have traditional risk factors. In this review, we discuss uncommon but important causes of NAFLD, including inborn errors of metabolism, iatrogenic causes, viral hepatitis, and nutritional disorders to provide practicing clinicians with an understanding of the less well recognized causes of NAFLD.
Structure of the Rhodobacter sphaeroides Light-Harvesting 1 β Subunit in Detergent Micelles†,‡

The light harvesting 1 antenna (LH1) complex from Rhodobacter sphaeroides funnels excitation energy to the photosynthetic reaction center. Our ultimate goal is to build up the structure of LH1 from structures of its individual subunits, much as the antenna can self-assemble from its components in membrane-mimicking detergent micelles. The β subunit adopts a nativelike conformation in Zwittergent 3:12 micelles as demonstrated by its ability to take the first step of assembly, binding BChl a. Multidimensional NMR spectroscopy shows that the β subunit folds as a helix(L12-S25)−hinge(G26-W28)−helix(L29-W44) structure with the helical regions for the 10 lowest-energy structures having backbone rmsds of 0.26 and 0.24 A, respectively. Mn2+ relaxation data and the protein−detergent NOE pattern show the C-terminal helix embedded in the micelle and the N-terminal helix lying along the detergent micelle surface with a 60° angle between their long axes. 15N relaxation data for residues L12−W44 are typical of a well-o...
Building a Delay-Tolerant Cloud for Mobile Data

Mobile data usage is on a tremendous rise, due not only to increasing number of users but also to an increase in the number of applications that transfer data over the network. Moreover, applications for sharing, sensing, and collaboration have become more popular, causing significant amounts of data to be generated on devices. Managing this data -syncing it to the cloud, or with other users or devices- is a crucial and often challenging part of writing mobile apps and services. In spite of plenty of good advice and best practices from OS vendors and network operators, storing and transferring mobile data is fraught with issues. On the one hand, an app developer needs to worry about the semantics of data storage and synchronization, while on the other, about the end-user experience, which maybe impacted by poor and intermittent network connectivity. To address the needs of the app developers and the end-users, we have built Izzy: a platform to rapidly develop and deploy data-centric mobile apps. Izzy provides well-defined and easy to use semantics for accessing local storage and for synchronizing data with a remote, scalable, global store. Izzy also provides global store access to the cloud-resident part of the applications (if any) through a similar server API. Last but not least, Izzy is designed to be frugal: it conserves mobile device resources by applying delay-tolerance and data reduction techniques (message coalescing and compression) across applications on a mobile device. In this paper we present the design of Izzy and our early experiences with using it.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Hepatocyte Growth Factor Levels Are Differentially Elevated in Patients with Advanced Retinopathy of Prematurity

Although the roles of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in angiogenesis are well described, the putative roles of these factors in retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) remain unknown. We evaluated VEGF and HGF protein levels in subretinal fluid of eyes with ROP, and expression of their corresponding receptors in retrolental membranes associated with stage 5 ROP. We examined subretinal fluid samples from eyes using rhegmatogenous retinal detachment as a control. VEGF and HGF were differentially elevated in eyes with ROP. In Stage 5 ROP (n = 22), the mean VEGF and HGF levels were 14.77 ± 14.01 ng/ml and 16.56 ± 9.62 ng/ml, respectively. Interestingly, in patients with active stage 4 ROP, mean VEGF levels were highly elevated (44.16 ± 18.72 ng/ml), whereas mean HGF levels remained very low (4.77 ± 2.50 ng/ml). Next, we investigated in vivo expression of VEGF receptor-2 and HGF receptor in retrolental membranes from 16 patients with stage 5 ROP. Both VEGF receptor-2 and HGF receptor proteins were detected mainly in posterior portions of the membrane as well as in vessel walls and along the retinal interface where angiogenesis was active. These findings together suggest that VEGF and HGF play important roles in the pathogenesis of ROP.
Combining One-Sided Binomial Tests

Abstract Six methods of combining k independent binomial test statistics are compared with respect to their median significance levels, asymptotic relative efficiencies, and accuracy of null distribution approximations. The test statistics considered are the minimum significance level, Fisher's omnibus test, the likelihood ratio, an approximate likelihood ratio, the Mantel-Haenszel statistic, and the sum of chis. Fisher's test and the likelihood ratio perform relatively well for all alternative hypotheses. The Mantel—Haenszel procedure performs well when departures from the null hypotheses are similar for all tests. The minimum is sensitive to the situation in which most of the parameters assume the null value. The sum-of-chis procedure tends to assign too much weight to individual binomial statistics with large standard errors, whereas the approximate likelihood ratio assigns too much weight to statistics with small standard errors.
The Well-Being of Older Women: The Importance of Pet and Human Relations

The present study sought to determine whether attachment to companion animals is significantly related to the physical and psychological well-being of older women. Network resources, network intera...
Taxes, redistribution, and growth

Abstract This paper develops a simple model to study the effects of growth on economic policy, and, in particular, on redistributive taxation. I do not explain economic growth; I assume it is exogenous, and ask how changes in the growth rate (and in several other variables) affect the outcome of a political process that determines taxes and transfers. It is shown that faster-growing economies will choose more or less redistribution, depending on risk aversion. In the empirically relevant case, the model predicts lower taxes in faster-growing economies.
Atrial natriuretic factor in hypovolemic tachycardia

Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) is released in response to many stimuli which increase right atrial pressure. Following hemorrhage pigs lowered their atrial pressures, developed a tachycardia and increased ANF levels. Electrical pacing increased heart rate and ANF levels. There is a stimulus to ANF release other than atrial stretch, probably heart rate.
INFLUENCE OF ESTRADIOL AND TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATES ON SKELETAL ATROPHY FROM DISUSE AND ON NORMAL BONES OF MATURE RATS11

IT IS A common clinical experience to observe an atrophy of the bones of an extremity which has been paralyzed for a considerable time. This form of atrophy from disuse also occurs in bones which, although not injured, are immobilized incidental to the treatment of a fracture of another bone. The degree of the atrophy may be markedsince its presence is frequently demonstrable by ordinary roentgenograms. Allison and Brooks (1921) produced atrophic changes of the bones of dogs by section of nerves, or by excision of the upper end of the humerus. Using roentgenographic and histologic techniques, they observed the gross and minute changes that occurred in theatrophic bones. Two animals were employed to demonstrate changes in chemical composition of the humeri after 24 and after 256 days of brachial paralysis.
A single-scattering correction for the seismo-acoustic parabolic equation

An efficient single-scattering correction that does not require iterations is derived and tested for the seismo-acoustic parabolic equation. The approach is applicable to problems involving gradual range dependence in a waveguide with fluid and solid layers, including the key case of a sloping fluid–solid interface. The single-scattering correction is asymptotically equivalent to a special case of a single-scattering correction for problems that only have solid layers [Kusel et al., J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 121, 808–813 (2007)]. The single-scattering correction has a simple interpretation (conservation of interface conditions in an average sense) that facilitated its generalization to problems involving fluid layers. Promising results are obtained for problems in which the ocean bottom interface has a small slope.
Experimental toxicity and metabolism of 1,2,6-hexanetriol.

Abstract The toxicity of 1,2,6-hexanetriol was determined in rats, rabbits, and dogs. In rats the LD50 values are 16 ml/kg orally, 10 g/kg intraperitoneally, and 5.6 ml/kg intravenously. Inunctions of 2 ml/kg 30 times within 6 weeks produced no effect in rabbits. Fed in the diet of rats for 2 years, a 5% concentration reduced growth, increased relative kidney weight during the first year, and resulted in some cloudy swelling in liver and pancreas, but 1% was without deleterious effect. In the diet of dogs for 2 years, 1% was without effect. In rats, 79% of a large dose was found in the urine within 24 hours, apparently unchanged and unconjugated. The triol is not converted to glycogen and stored in the liver. Approximately 0.1% of the dose appears in rat urine as oxalic acid. The triol is considerably more potent a diuretic than glycerin. Hexanetriol is not appreciably toxic to rats, rabbits, and dogs when given in either single or repeated doses by various routes. It is essentially unmetabolized by rats.
Comparative insulation in vespertilionid bats

Abstract 1. 1. Physical insulation was examined in five North American bats: Lasiurus borealis. Lasiurus cinereus, Myotis lucifugus, Myotis keenii, and Eptesicus fuscus. 2. 2. Lasiurines were more insulated than the other three species, which appears to be related to the habits of these species; lasiurines are solitary, occupying tree roosts, whereas Myotis and Eptesicus species are colonial and commonly occur in environmentally protected roosts, buildings and caves. 3. 3. Seasonal changes were found to occur in insulation with winter pelts being more insulative than summer ones.
Successful surgical treatment of atrial fibrillation. Review and clinical update.

Atrial fibrillation is the most common of all sustained cardiac arrhythmias, yet it has no effective medical or surgical therapy. During the past decade, multipoint computerized electrophysiological mapping systems were used to map both experimental and human atrial fibrillation. On the basis of these studies, a new surgical procedure was developed for atrial fibrillation. Between September 25, 1987, and July 1,1991, this procedure was applied in 22 patients with paroxysmal atrial flutter (n = 2), paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (n = 11), or chronic atrial fibrillation (n = 9) of 2 to 21 years' duration. All patients were refractory to all antiarrhythmic medications, and each patient failed to receive the desired therapeutic benefits of an average of five drugs administered preoperatively. There were no operative deaths and all perioperative morbidity resolved. All 22 patients have been successfully treated for atrial fibrillation with surgery alone. Three patients developed one late isolated episode of atrial flutter at 5, 6, and 15 months postoperatively, and each of these patient's symptoms is now controlled by a single antiarrhythmic drug. Preservation of atrial transport function has been documented in all patients postoperatively, and all have experienced marked clinical improvement. ( JAMA . 1991;266:1976-1980)
Subsurface CO2 storage in geologic traps–Procedures for evaluating trap adequacy

Abstract The oil and gas industry has a long history of evaluating the adequacy of subsurface traps for containing buoyant fluids and has developed methods for weighing the geologic probability of trap leakage when limited data are available. We have adapted these methods for evaluating the adequacy of sub-surface saline formation traps for CO 2 storage. A principal difference in the evaluation for gas and oil exploration versus CO 2 storage is that the probability of leakage is viewed differently. The oil and gas industry tolerates substantial leak probabilities in exploration if the potential gas or oil accumulation is sufficiently large, but the tolerance for CO 2 leakage (i.e. the probability of injected CO 2 returning to the surface) will likely be much lower, and that low tolerance has the potential to limit the amount of CO 2 injected into a subsurface trap. We consider three types of saline formation traps: • Depleted gas or oil fields • Drilled trap structures that failed to discover commercial gas or oil volumes • Undrilled trap structures Each of these types has some probability of CO 2 leakage, but the geologic probability is smaller and better constrained in depleted gas or oil fields and greater and more uncertain in untested structures. However, each of these trap types still possess some geologic probability of leakage. We evaluate the overall probability by considering for each trap element (e.g., capillary seal capacity) the likelihood that each element is adequately developed and the quality and quantity of data available to make that judgment. By following procedures applied to gas and oil trap evaluation, we arrive at probability distributions for a range of CO 2 fill limits. What this analysis reveals, however, is that if we fill traps with CO 2 to levels with minimal probability of CO 2 leakage, the volume of CO 2 that could be stored in subsurface traps is small. Moreover, all traps will, on average, have huge remaining pore volumes that could accommodate additional CO 2 storage and could go unfilled (i.e. pore volumes with a higher probability of leakage). We propose an evaluation method based on a series of redundant traps in a fill-leak sequence. The purpose of secondary and tertiary traps arranged in series is that they allow for filling the primary trap to its uncertain fill limit while minimizing the chance of leakage to the surface.
Cardiac troponin I and acute lung injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

There are few predictors of acute lung injury (ALI) or the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). We hypothesized that cardiac troponin I, which is associated with cardiovascular morbidity, would also predict ALI. We prospectively enrolled 171 consecutive patients with SAH. Troponin was routinely measured on admission and the next day and subsequently if abnormal. We prospectively recorded the maximum troponin, in-hospital events, and clinical endpoints. ALI and ARDS were defined by standard criteria. Acute lung injury was found in 10 patients (6%), ARDS in an additional 14 (8%), and pulmonary edema without lung injury in 9 (5%). Maximum troponin was different in patients without lung injury or pulmonary edema (0.03 [0.02–0.12] mcg/l), ALI (0.17 [0.04–1.4]), or ARDS (0.31 [0.9–1.8], P < 0.001). In ROC analysis, a cutoff of 0.04 mcg/l had 91% sensitivity and 42% specificity for ALI or ARDS (AUC = 0.75, P < 0.001). Troponin was associated with ALI or ARDS after accounting for neurologic grade in multivariate models without further contribution from pneumonia, packed red cell transfusion, gender, tobacco use, coronary artery disease, vasospasm, depressed ejection fraction on echocardiography, or CT grade. Lung injury was associated with worse functional outcome at 14 days, but not at 28 days or 3 months. Troponin I is associated with the development of ALI after SAH.
Effect of Feeding Fusarium Roseum F. Sp. Graminearum Contaminated Corn and the Mycotoxin F-2 on the Growing Chick and Laying Hen,

Abstract MYCOTOXICOSES are recognized as an important and wide-spread problem in livestock production. The fungus Fusarium roseum, which occurs in stored corn, has been associated with fertility problems in dairy cattle (Mirocha et al., 1968b), hyperestrogenism in swine (Nelson et al., 1966) and has been demonstrated to possess estrogenic properties which cause uterine proliferation in rats (Christensen et al., 1965; and Mirocha et al., 1967). This particular fungus has been studied in detail and the specific estrogenic compound, called F-2 (zearalenone), has been isolated and chemically identified (Stob et al., 1962; Urry et al., 1966; Christensen et al., 1965; and Mirocha et al., 1968a). Meronuck et al. (1970) in a series of experiments studying Penicillium and two species of Fusarium found these to be toxic to young turkeys and chickens. The objectives of the studies reported here were to evaluate the effect of feeding Fusarium roseum contaminated corn and the purified…
Inferences on Sample Size: Sequences of Samples

Abstract : In earlier papers various aspects of analysis of possibly incomplete random samples have been discussed. These analyses all apply to data from a single random sample only. The present paper describes some extensions of these methods when sets of samples are available. When more than one sample is available, the field of hypotheses, alternate to that of having complete samples, becomes much richer. Some of the more interesting possible situations are discussed, though no exhaustive general theory is developed. A secondary aim of this paper is to lay foundations for later extension of the methods to cases when the analytical forms of the distribution(s) of observed random variable(s) are not completely known.
DCCD binds to cytochrome b6 of a cytochrome bf complex isolated from spinach chloroplasts and inhibits proton translocation

Abstract Radiolabeled N,N′ -dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) was bound selectively in a time- and concentration-dependent manner to cytochrome b6 of an enzymatically active cytochrome bf complex isolated from spinach chloroplasts. Maximum labeling of cytochrome b6 was observed with 30 nmol DCCD per nmol cytochrome b6 in the cytochrome bf complex incubated for 30–60 min at 12 °C. After incubation of the cytochrome bf complex with DCCD under these conditions, the rate of proton ejection in the complex reconstituted into liposomes was decreased approximately 65–70% when compared to controls; however, under these same conditions the rate of electron transfer through either the soluble bf complex or the complex reconstituted into liposomes was only decreased around 20%. These results suggest that the mechanism of proton translocation through the cytochrome bf complex of spinach chloroplasts is similar to that of the cytochrome bc 1 complex from yeast mitochondria in which proton pumping but not electron transfer is also inhibited by DCCD ( D. S. Beattie and A. Villalobo, 1982 , J. Biol. Chem. 257, 14,745-14,752).
Union Security Rights at the Polls: A Call for Modeling Right-to-Work Voting

From 1944 to 1986, 19 states held 27 referendums on right-to-work legislation, with 22.5 million people voting on the proposals. Despite its prominence as a public issue, most research on right-to-work laws focuses on their industrial relations impacts, and not on employees’ individual rights to refrain from joining unions or those same employees’ responsibilities to support their bargaining unit representative. Nor has there been any research on what citizen groups determine those rights and responsibilities in a right-to-work referendum. This study explores a potential operational model of anti-right-to-work voting with a multiple regression analysis of Missouri’s 1978 right-to-work election results, and hopes to serve as a stimulus to additional research on these particular dimensions of the right-to-work issue.
The genetic structure of a tribal population, the Yanomama Indians V. Comparisons of a series of genetic networks*,†

SUMMARY The model of Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards was used to investigate the gentic relationships of thirty-seven Yanomama villages. Using gene frequency data from eleven genetic systems (MNS, P, Rh, Duffy, Kidd, Diego, Lewis, haptoglobin, Ge, PGM, and acid phosphatase), three hierarchical levels of analysis were carried out. The first level involved in the construction of a gentic network, based on genetic distance between villages, for each of three historically defined clusters of villages. Upon comparing the results with ethnohistory there was shown to be a good agreement between the historical development of a cluster and its genetic network. At the second level of analysis a genetic network was constructed in similar fashion for nineteen villages of the Western Yanomama subgroup, including the three village clusters previously analysed. At this level the integrity of the village clusters was largely maintaine, exceptions being due to specific socio-political events that resulted in changes of the composition of the village gene pool. The highest level resulted in the construction of a network for all thirty-seven villages which showed three of the five geographically defined tribal subgroups as distinct entities. The result of these analyses indicate that the model of Cavalli-Sforza and Edwards can under certain circimstances be used when the requirements of the midel arenot met, and furthermore that the rate of divergence of human populations may approach a steady state at the level of major tribal subgroupings.
Health assessment and screening during adolescence.

The "medical checkup," like hot dogs and apple pie, has become an American tradition. Adolescents have checkups requested by schools, summer camps, sports teams, employers, parents, and, less frequently, themselves. At such times, a cursory chat between the teenager and health professional, followed by a quick physical examination, is unlikely to detect the most prevalent and significant health problems of young people today. The very nature of such an interaction may even serve to alienate the teenager from the health care system or provider. Alternatively, if properly focused and thorough, a checkup may not only uncover important areas of disease or dysfunction, but also should initiate a meaningful dialogue and relationship between the adolescent patient and health professional. A checkup generally occurs when an individual feels well and visits a medical professional without complaint or a checkup may be had in conjunction with medical attention to a specific problem. In either case, the primary purpose of a checkup is health assessment and screening. Health screening has been defined by the World Health Organization as ". . . the presumptive identification of unrecognized disease or defect by the application of tests, examinations, or other procedures which can be applied rapidly." The purpose of health screening is to detect a problem (or problems) before it would usually become apparent or before medical attention is sought, with the intent of initiating treatment at an earlier and more optimal time, so as to prevent or favorably alter its course and consequences. Screening is not in itself diagnostic.
Low summer water temperatures influence occurrence of naturalized salmonids across a mountain watershed

Abstract We investigated relationships between the absence of salmonids and low summer water temperatures across a 150-km2 Rocky Mountain watershed. A model predicting maximum July water temperature (MJT) from measurements of perennial stream length, wetted width, and midrange basin elevation was developed from temperature data obtained at 20 sites across the watershed. The model was used to predict MJT in 75 reaches across the watershed where salmonids were sampled. The lowest predicted MJT in reaches where age-0 and juvenile–adult brook trout Salvelinus fontinalis were observed was 9°C. The lowest predicted MJT in reaches where age-0 progeny of the genus Oncorhynchus spp. (i.e., rainbow trout O. mykiss or cutthroat trout O. clarkii) were observed was 13°C and where Oncorhynchus spp. adults where observed was 12°C. The probability of occurrence of both age-0 and adult brook trout and Oncorhynchus spp. increased as MJT increased above these thresholds. Our results indicate that low MJT in some portions of...
Health Effects of Exposure to Diesel Engine Emissions: A Summary of Animal Studies Conducted by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Health Effects Research Laboratories at Cincinnati, Ohio

In order to evaluate the potentially harmful effects of diesel engine emissions, inhalation exposure studies were carried out using a variety of animal species and strains, and measuring a wide range of toxicological parameters. Exhaust was provided by a 6 cylinder Nissan diesel engine operated 20 hours/day, 7 days/week, during a 2 month preliminary trial and 8 hours/day, 7 days/week during a 2 year, 4 month long-term study. The exhaust was diluted to produce a concentration of 6 mg/m3 particulate matter during the preliminary study and during the first year of the long term study and 12 mg/m3 thereafter. Exposure to diesel emissions did not result in detectable genotoxic effects as measured by increases in sister chromatid exchange (SCE), micronucleus testing and metaphase analysis in Chinese hamster and mouse bone marrow cells or in the morphology of cat sperm. SCE in lung cells from Syrian hamsters, however, was increased at the higher exposure level. The incidence of heritable mutations was not increa...
Defending White Democracy: The Making of a Segregationist Movement and the Remaking of Racial Politics, 1936–1965

Jason Morgan Ward, Defending White Democracy: The Making of a Segregationist Movement and the Remaking of Racial Politics, 1936–1965 (2011), xi + 252 (University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hil...
Aqueous strong electrolyte solution activity coefficients and densities from fluctuation solution theory

A model based on direct correlation function integrals (DCFIs) has been completed and used to describe the thermodynamic properties of single-salt aqueous electrolyte solutions. The principal advance is that parameters fitted only to activity coefficients are able to predict solution densities and compressibilities up to saturation concentrations over wide ranges of temperature and pressure. Though the parameter set involves a total of eight quantities for each salt, three, and potentially others, can be found from ionic additivity relations. Further, the parameters are constants or have linear or quadratic temperature variations up to 300°C. The model has been applied to 15 salts of all charge types involving mono- and divalent species. Correlation of activity coefficient data is normally more accurate than current models, especially near saturation such as for lithium halides up to 20 molar. The predicted densities are commonly within experimental error even up to 100 MPa.
Comparing the Dynamic Performances of Power Hardware-in-the-Loop Interfaces

This paper presents an evaluation of two interface design solutions for power hardware-in-the-loop experiments. The evaluation is performed according to four figures of merit that focus on both the dynamic and steady-state performances of the interface systems. An analytical process is then used to both compare the different interfaces and, more importantly, to define a design procedure based on an optimization problem. The primary advantage of the proposed approach is that the figures of merits can be calculated by accounting not only for the topology of the interface but also for the structure and characteristics of the controller adopted for the interface itself.
1,10‐Phenanthroline, 4,7‐Dimethoxy

[92149-07-0] C14H12N2O2 (M.W. 240.26) InChI = 1S/C14H12N2O2/c1-17-11-5-7-15-13-9(11)3-4-10-12(18-2)6-8-16-14(10)13/h3-8H,1-2H3 InChIKey = ZPGVCQYKXIQWTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent used as a chelating ligand for a variety of transition metal-catalyzed processes5-7, 11-14) Physical Data: (mp 209–210 °C). Solubility: soluble in methanol, N-methylpyrrolidinone, dimethylsulfoxide, acetone, 1,4-dioxane(aq), dichloromethane, chloroform, hot toluene. Analysis of Reagent Purity: 1H NMR, EA. Form Supplied in: tan to white solid. Small quantities are commercially available. Preparative Methods: from 4,7-dihydroxy-1,10-phenanthroline, chlorination with POCl3 or POCl3/PCl5, followed by nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the resulting 4,7-dichloride with NaOMe.5, 15 Purification: dissolution in methanol and precipitation from H2O (pH <9). Recrystallization from hot toluene or benzene. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: 4,7-dimethoxy-1,10-phenanthroline is thermally stable and stable to oxidation. 1,10-Phenanthrolines readily absorb 1 equiv of water. Contact with skin, or eyes, or inhalation can cause irritation. This compound is harmful if swallowed. Wear proper protective apparel when working with this reagent.
Calmodulin kinase II activity is required for normal atrioventricular nodal conduction.

Background Multifunctional Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is abundant in myocardium. CaMKII activity is augmented by catecholamine stimulation, which enhances AV nodal conduction, suggesting the hypothesis that CaMKII also contributes to AV nodal conduction properties. Objectives The purpose of this study was to test the potential role of CaMKII in regulating AV nodal conduction in heart. Methods We developed a novel mouse with genetic CaMKII inhibition by cardiac-specific expression of autocamtide 3 inhibitory peptide (AC3-I) mimicking a conserved sequence of the CaMKII regulatory domain. We also engineered a control transgenic mouse with cardiac expression of an inactive, scrambled version of AC3-I (autocamtide 3 control peptide [AC3-C]) and performed electrophysiologic measurements in vivo and in Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts. Results AC3-I and AC3-C were abundantly expressed in AV nodal cells. AC3-I mice with implanted ECG telemeters showed enhanced Wenckebach-type AV conduction block after isoproterenol (present in 9/9 mice) compared with AC3-C mice (present in 1/5 mice, P = .005). Intracardiac recordings showed significant PR and AH interval prolongation in AC3-I mice at baseline and after isoproterenol compared with AC3-C mice. HV durations were not different. Langendorff-perfused AC3-I hearts had significantly prolonged Wenckebach cycle lengths and AV nodal effective refractory periods compared with AC3-C hearts, whereas sinus node recovery time and left ventricular effective refractory times were similar between these genotypes. Conclusions These studies define CaMKII as a critical determinant of normal and catecholamine-stimulated AV nodal conduction responses.
The North American Free Trade Agreement

Despite the emphasis that Hillary Clinton and Barack Obama placed on the need to renegotiate the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) during the Democratic Party primary debates in the USA i...
Suicide in Adolescents With Disruptive Disorders

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the psychiatric risk factors for suicide in adolescents with disruptive disorders. Method Fifty-nine adolescent suicide completers and 18 community controls, both having a probable or definite current DSM-III diagnosis of disruptive disorders, were compared. Results Adolescents with disruptive disorders who committed suicide had higher rates of current substance abuse, past suicide attempt, family history of substance abuse, and family history of mood disorder than disruptive community controls. Conclusions Disruptive adolescents appear to be at risk for completed suicide when comorbid substance abuse and past history of suicide attempt are present. The risk increases if the adolescents have a past history of physical abuse and if they have parents with substance abuse and mood disorders. Clinicians should be aware of these risk factors and implement active interventions to prevent suicide. Treatment should focus on treating not only the adolescents, but also their family members. The findings of this study also highlight the need for future research in the prevention of suicide in adolescents with disruptive disorders and comorbid substance abuse.
Preoxygenation, Reoxygenation, and Delayed Sequence Intubation in the Emergency Department

e Abstract—Background: The goal of preoxygenation is to provide us with a safe buffer of time before desaturation during Emergency Department intubation. For many intubations, the application of an oxygen mask is sufficient to provide us with ample time to safely intubate our patients. However, some patients are unable to achieve adequate saturations by conventional means and are at high risk for immediate desaturation during apnea and laryngoscopy. For these patients, more advanced methods to achieve preoxygenation and prevent desaturation are vital. Discussion: We will review the physiology of hypoxemia and the means to correct it before intubation. Next, we will discuss apneic oxygenation as a means to blunt desaturation and the optimal way to reoxygenate a patient if desaturation does occur. Last, we will discuss the new concept of delayed sequence intubation, a technique to be used when the discomfort and delirium of hypoxia and hypercapnia prevents patient tolerance of conventional preoxygenation. Conclusions: These new concepts in preoxygenation and reoxygenation may allow safer airway management of the high-risk patient. © 2010 Elsevier Inc.
Electronic transport in extended systems: Application to carbon nanotubes

We present an efficient approach to describe the electronic transport properties of extended systems. The method is based on the surface Green's function matching formalism and combines the iterative calculation of transfer matrices with the Landauer formula for the coherent conductance. The scheme is applicable to any general Hamiltonian that can be described within a localized orbital basis. As illustrative examples, we calculate transport properties for various ideal and mechanically deformed carbon nanotubes using realistic orthogonal and nonorthogonal tight-binding models. In particular, we observe that bent carbon nanotubes maintain their basic electrical properties even in the presence of large mechanical deformations.